cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectra of CNbO, CMO-, OMCCO, (C2)MO2, and M(CO)x (x = 1−6) (M = Nb, Ta) in Solid Neon

Laser ablated niobium and tantalum atoms have been reacted with CO molecules during condensation in excess neon. The Nb(CO)x and Ta(CO)x (x = 1−6) carbonyls formed during sample deposition or on annealing are the major products. The novel CNbO carbide−oxide molecule was produced on visible photolysis via isomerization of the NbCO carbonyl. The ONbCCO and OTaCCO molecules were formed by near-UV−vis photon-induced rearrangement of the Nb(CO)2 and Ta(CO)2 dicarbonyls and further rearrange to the (C2)NbO2 and (C2)TaO2 molecules on UV photolysis. Evidence is also presented for the CNbO-, CTaO-, Nb(CO)x-, and Ta(CO)x- anions. The product absorptions were identified by isotopic substitution (13C16O, 12C18O, and mixtures), electron trapping with added CCl4, and density functional calculations of isotopic frequencies.
A COMMUTATOR TEST FOR TWO ELEMENTS TO GENERATE THE FREE ALGEBRA OF RANK TWO

Each of these automorphisms sends the commutator (X, Y) = X~ Y' XY to a conjugate of {X, Y) or (X, Y)~K Using this, Nielsen showed further that two elements X', Y' (freely) generate F if and only if (X, Y') is a conjugate of (X, Y) or (X,Y)~. In [1, p. 197] Cohn conjectured that there were analogous results for the free associative algebra on two generators X, Y over a (commutative) field k. This was vindicated when Makar-Limanov [7] (cf [6]) and Czerniakiewicz [3] independently showed that the group of/c-algebra automorphisms of this free /c-algebra, k(X, Y>, is generated by the automorphisms of the form
Integrated Structural and Optical Modeling of the Orbiting Stellar Interferometer

The Integrated Modeling of Optical Systems (IMOS) Integration Workbench at JPL has been used to model the effects of structural perturbations on the optics in the proposed Orbiting Stellar Interferometer (OSI). OSI consists of 3 pairs of interferometers and delay lines attached to a 7.5 meter truss. They are interferometrically monitored from a separate boom by a laser metrology system. The spatially distributed nature of the science instrument calls for a high level of integration between the optics and support structure. Because OSI is designed to achieve micro-arcsecond astrometry, many of its alignment, stability, and knowledge tolerances are in the submicron regime. The spacecraft will be subject to vibrations caused by reaction wheels and on-board equipment, as well as thermal strain due to solar and terrestrial heating. These perturbations affect optical parameters such as optical path differences and beam co-parallelism which are critical to instrument performance. IMOS provides an environment that allows one to design and perturb the structure, attach optics to structural or non-structural nodes, trace rays, and analyze the impact of mechanical perturbations on optical performance. This tool makes it simple to change the structure and immediately see performance enhancement/degradation. We have employed IMOS to analyze the effect of reaction wheel disturbances on the optical path difference in both the science and metrology interferometers.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Study of the Factors that Influence the Coagulation of Milk in the Alcohol Test

Summary 1. A slight increase in the magnesium or calcium content will cause a positive alcohol test; an increase of potassium, sodium, chloride, citrate, and phosphate, will not cause a positive alcohol test. 2. The effect of the calcium and magnesium on the alcohol test is counteracted by the citrates and phosphates in the milk. A positive test with fresh milk depends mainly upon the relative amounts of these four salts present in it. 3. A high calcium content in a ration fed to cows can cause coagulation of milk in the alcohol test. 4. The effect of milk salts is of such importance that it can easily account for any lack of correlation between the alcohol test, acidity, and bacterial counts. The effect of acidity and the milk salts are additive. 5. Prepared rennet will cause a positive reaction in the alcohol test. The degree to which a sample of milk becomes positive will depend on the amount of rennet and the time it is allowed to act. 6. The coagulating enzymes produced by rennet forming organisms, numbering 856,000 per cubic centimeter are sufficient to cause a positive alcohol test. However, rennet forming organisms must be regarded as a minor factor in the alcohol test for their prevalence in milk rarely approaches this figure.
High strain-rate compression testing of a short-fiber reinforced aluminum composite

Abstract Compression behavior of 15–26 V f % Saffil ™ short-fiber reinforced Al-1.17wt.%Cu alloy metal matrix composites has been determined over a strain-rate range of approximately 10 −4 to 2×10 3 s −1 . The strain-rate sensitivity of composite samples at 4% strain, tested parallel and normal to the plane of reinforcement, was found to be higher than that of unreinforced alloy in the strain-rate range studied. Quantitative analysis of fiber fragment lengths from samples tested to different strain levels showed that, at small strains, high strain-rate testing induced a relatively shorter fiber fragment length distribution in the composite compared to quasi-static testing. At quasi-static strain rates, the fiber strengthening effect was found to increase with increasing V f % and was higher in samples tested parallel to the planar random array. The observed anisotropy of the composite at quasi-static strain rates was also observed to continue into the high strain-rate regime. Microscopic observations on composite samples tested quasi-statically and dynamically to a range of strains showed that the major damage process involved during compression testing was fiber breakage followed by the microcracking of the matrix at relatively large strains. Fiber breakage modes were found to be mostly shearing and buckling.
Urea facilitates quantitative estimation of DNA damage in situ by preventing its degradation.

A buffer containing 7 M urea was used to successfully prevent DNA degradation of in situ damaged fish skin and resulted in reproducible high molecular weight DNA. This treatment in combination with a quantitative gel electrophoresis technique permitted estimation of small changes induced in unlabeled DNA per unit molecular weight after treatment with a DNA damaging agent (e.g., ultraviolet irradiation).
Miniature high-frequency magnetic amplifiers for magnetic memory sensing

Amplifiers of the magnetic modulator type have been found useful for amplifying signals as small as 10?13 to 10?17 watts.1,2 The most common design utilizes balanced cores and a flux coupled output circuit separate from the excitation circuit. The output is the difference output of the cores and is predominantly second harmonic in content. The zero drift is small because core unbalance results only in generation of a fundamental output component which can be supressed by filtering,3 and the elimination of ?series-connected? loads in the excitation circuit reduces drifts arising from excitation amplitude fluctuations 4 Parallel connection of windings which introduces problems of d-c resistance balancing, and the use of output rectifiers which results in drifts arising from d-c feedback, are also avoided to reduce zero drift further.
Nucleotide sequence of the 5′-and 3′-domains for rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA

By direct RNA sequence analysis we have determined the primary structures of both the 5' and 3' domains for rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA. Purified 18S rRNA was labeled in vitro at either its 5' or 3' terminus with 32P, base-specifically fragmented enzymatically and chemically, and the resulting fragments electrophoretically fractionated by size in adjacent lanes of 140 cm long polyacrylamide sequencing gels run in 90% formamide. A phylogenetic comparison of both the mammalian 5' proximal 400 residues and the 3' distal 301 nucleotides with the previously determined yeast and Xenopus laevis 18S rRNA sequence shows extensive conservation interspersed with tracts having little homology. Clusters of G + C rich sequences are present within the mammalian 5' domain which are entirely absent in both the Xenopus laevis and yeast 18S rRNAs. Most base differences and insertions within the mammalian 18S rRNA when compared with yeast or Xenopus rRNA result in an increase in the G + C content of these regions. We have found nucleotide sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA directly permits detection of both cistron heterogeneities and mapping of many of the modified bases.
STRESS FIELD AND FRACTURING OF SOLID PROPELLANT DURING ROCKET FIRING

T occurrence of crazing, cracking, or fracturing in viscoelastic .materials has been attributed to its strong association with the presence of tensile stress.2 In the problem of studying fracturing of solid propellant during rocket firing, the determination of the stress distribution in the solid propellant must be made as a prerequisite. However, because of the development of the anisotropic properties of the solid propellant as a result of microscopic nonhomogeneity in its constituents, the stress analysis must be based upon anisotropic viscoelastic considerations. Using general indicial notations and summation convention over repeated diagonal indices, the anisotropic constitutive equations in linear infinitesimal viscoelasticity may be deduced from invariant considerations. Under certain restrictions the stress tensor cr(x,l) at time t can be related to the history of the infinitesimal strain tensor aj(x,t — T) where 0 < r < <», i.e., -"£ (1)
Research on System of Quality Assessing and Defects' Information Managing of Strip Steel Surface

Under the demand of steel enterprise’s production and consumer’s usage, by way of making up and improving continuous function of steel strip surface defects inspection system on-line, the system of grade assessing of surface quality and defects’ information of strip steel has been set up based on quality statistical method. The system of steel strip surface quality grade assessing standards has been analyzed by many steel enterprises in different countries and gotten the limitations of some of the standards. According to the rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association of America and the feature of Chinese steel enterprise production, the grade assessing standards of steel strip surface quality has been established. Based on character of steel strip surface defects’ information, through the analysis of the requirement, aim and function, system of grade assessing of surface quality and defects’ information managed of strip steel has been developed to fit the demand of the enterprises and consumers.
Enantioselective molecular recognition between beta-sheets.

This communication asks whether homochiral or heterochiral interaction is preferred between enantiomeric β-sheets and finds that homochiral pairing is strongly preferred. Interactions between β-sheets occur widely among proteins through pairing of the hydrogen-bonding edges. Although the hydrogen-bonding edges of both l- and d-β-sheets put forth the same pattern of hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups, the side chains point in opposite directions. Homochiral pairing of β-sheets generates structures in which the pleats and side chains of adjacent β-strands are parallel to each other, while heterochiral pairing of β-sheets generates structures in which the pleats and side chains are antiparallel. To test which pairing is preferred, we have prepared and studied the interactions of β-sheets 1a−d, which comprise all l-amino acids, and β-sheets 2a−c, which comprise all d-amino acids. Previous studies in our laboratory have established that these compounds form well-defined dimers in organic solvents. In the ...
Behavioral Continuity and Change in Local Song Populations of Village Indigobirds Vidua chalybeate

Des populations locales de V.c. sont munies de marques colorees et leur chant est enregistre dans le Lochinvar National Park, Zambie, de 1972 a 1979. Types de chant pour un individu de V.c. et comparaison avec le chant des voisins; continuite du repertoire et variations intraindividuelles; survie et continuite des types de chant et repertoires au sein de populations locales; evolution culturelle de la tradition d'un type donne de chant; organisation sociale et variations de la structure du chant; epreuves experimentales d'apprentissage du chant
Formatt: correcting protein multiple structural alignments by sequence peeking

We present Formatt, a multiple structure alignment program based on the Matt purely geometric multiple structural alignment program, that also takes into account sequence similarity when constructing alignments. We show that Formatt is superior to Matt in alignment quality based on objective measures (most notably Staccato sequence and structure scores) while preserving the same advantages in core length and RMSD that Matt has as a flexible structure aligner, as compared to other multiple structure alignment programs on popular benchmark datasets. Applications include producing better training data for threading methods.
Parallel implementation of the split-step and the pseudospectral methods for solving higher KdV equation

Numerical simulations show that higher order KdV equation under certain conditions has a self-focusing singularity, which means that the solution of the equation blows up in finite time. In this paper, two numerical schemes: the split-step Fourier transform and the pseudospectral methods are used to investigate this self-focusing singularity problem. Parallel algorithms for the proposed schemes are designed and implemented. FFTW-MPI algorithm designed by Matteo Frigo and Steven Johnson is used for parallel implementation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The parallel algorithms are implemented on an SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor computer and experiments show that a considerable speedup is attained.
Genome‐wide linkage analysis for aggressive prostate cancer in Utah high‐risk pedigrees

BACKGROUND It has been proposed that studying alternative phenotypes, such as tumor aggressiveness, may be a solution for overcoming the apparent heterogeneity that has hindered the identification of prostate cancer (PC) genes. We present the results of a genome-scan for predisposition to aggressive PC using the Utah high-risk pedigree resource. METHODS We identified 259 subjects with aggressive PC in 57 extended and nuclear families. Parametric and non-parametric multipoint linkage statistics were calculated for a genome-wide set of 401 microsatellite markers using the MCLINK software package. Stratification analyses by the number of affected subjects per pedigree (<5, ≥5) and the average age at diagnosis of affected subjects (<70 years, ≥70 years) were also performed. RESULTS No significant results were observed at the genome-wide level, but suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosomes 9q (HLOD = 2.04) and 14q (HLOD = 2.08); several pedigrees showed individual evidence for linkage at each locus (LOD > 0.58). The subset of pedigrees with earlier age at onset demonstrated nominal linkage evidence on chromosomes 3q (HLOD = 1.79), 8q (HLOD = 1.67), and 20q (HLOD=1.82). The late-onset subset showed suggestive linkage on chromosome 6p (HLOD = 2.37) and the subset of pedigrees with fewer than five affected subjects showed suggestive linkage on chromosome 10p (HLOD = 1.99). CONCLUSIONS Linkage evidence observed on chromosomes 6p, 8q, and 20q support previously reported PC aggressiveness loci. While these results are encouraging, further research is necessary to identify the gene or genes responsible for PC aggressiveness and surmount the overarching problem of PC heterogeneity. Prostate 67: 605–613, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of ischemia and reperfusion on sarcolemmal function in perfused canine hearts.

The report deals with the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on purified sarcolemma obtained from canine myocardium of perfused supported heart preparations. Perfusion was carried out with a perfluorochemical (FC-43). Ischemia was produced by intermittent total clamping of inflow and outflow followed by release until the decrease in dP/dt max had become stabile. Purity of sarcolemmal vesicles was ascertained with marker enzymes: succinate cytochrome c reductase (for mitochondria), K + -stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphate (K + -pNPPase), (Na + /K + ) ATPase and adenylate cyclase (for SL). In addition Na + /Ca 2+ -exchange characteristics for SL were determined. Sidedness of vesicles was ascertained by means of adenylate cyclase activity using sarcolemmal preparations treated and untreated with alamethicin. Emplhasis was placed on ATP-dependent Ca 2+ uptake, phosphorylation of sarcolemmal vesicles and yield of SL proteins. Ischemia and reperfusion resulted in a significant reduction in adenylate cyclase activity. This decline was significant following ischemia and reperfusion. The yield of protein recovered from SL vesicles from ischemic-reperfused heart preparations was also significantly decreased. Both initial rate of ATP-dependent Ca 2+ uptake and maximal Ca 2+ uptake fell significantly following ischemia and reperfusion. The initial rate of phosphorylation also dropped significantly. These disturbances in SL Ca 2+ transport following ischemia and reperfusion are probably a part of the general deficit in Ca 2+ translocation.
Cold atom Raman spectrography using velocity-selective resonances

We have studied velocity-selective resonances in the presence of a uniform magnetic field and shown how they can be used for rapid, single-shot assessment of the ground state magnetic sublevel spectrum in a cold atomic vapor. Cold atoms are released from a magneto-optical trap in the presence of a small bias magnetic field (≈300 mG) and exposed to a laser field comprised of two phase-locked counterpropagating beams connecting the two ground state hyperfine manifolds. An image of the expanded cloud shows the velocity-selected resonances as distinct features, each corresponding to specific magnetic sublevel, in a direct, intuitive manner. We demonstrate the technique with both 87Rb and 85Rb, and show the utility of the technique by optically pumping into particular magnetic sublevels. The results are shown to agree with a theoretical model, and are compared to traditional Raman spectroscopy.
Resorbable Polylactic Acid Interbody Spacers with Vertebral Autograft for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Objective Resorbable polylactic acid spinal implants have recently become commercially available. These spacers carry the advantages of allowing for clear visualization of new bone growth, eliminating the risk of pathogen transmission, and providing for consistent biomechanical quality. However, previously published reports on the use of these spacers have all utilized bone morphogenetic proteins to supplement the fusion. This report describes our early experience with the use of these devices for interbody reconstruction in anterior cervical discectomy with fusion. Methods Twenty patients underwent an anterior cervical discectomy with fusion at 30 levels during an 18-month period. All patients were implanted with polylactic acid interbody spacers using the Smith-Robinson technique. Supplementary anterior cervical plating was applied using unicortical semiconstrained screws, and the spacers were filled with vertebral endplate autograft bone shavings. Seven of the patients were smokers, and three were diabetics. Radiographic fusion was determined with dynamic cervical spine x-rays, and clinical responses were determined using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey, Odom's criteria, Nurick scores, and functional outcome swallowing score dysphagia scores. Follow-up averaged 11.6 months. Results Of the 9 patients with myelopathy, all experienced clinical improvement, with the mean Nurick score improving from 2.7 to 1.3. Of the 14 patients who had radiculopathy, 9 had complete resolution of symptoms, 4 experienced some improvement, and 1 had no improvement. All 20 patients demonstrated radiographic fusion at last follow-up as demonstrated by bridging bone between the vertebral bodies and the absence of motion on dynamic x-rays. Conclusion Resorbable polylactic acid interbody spacers are safe and effective for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Use of locally harvested vertebral endplate bone packed within the spacer is sufficient to promote fusion in anterior cervical discectomy with fusion.
The Norplant System: easy to insert, easy to remove.

The most effective reversible contraceptive method currently available to women is Norplant which contains 6 subdermally inserted levonorgestrel-containing capsules. It protects against pregnancy for up to 5 years and does not depend on user compliance. It can be removed at any time to restore fertility. Extensive patient education and counseling before its insertion increases patient acceptance of side effects and satisfaction. The main side effect is irregular menstrual patterns. Levonorgestrel thickens the cervical mucus and in most cycles inhibits ovulation. Providers should use a specially-marked trocar to insert all 6 capsules at a uniform depth and a uniform distance from the 2 mm incision. Insertion lasts 10-15 minutes. Less than 1% of patients experience infection at the insertion site. When a patient requests removal providers should conduct preremoval counseling to address possible misperceptions. Removal takes 15-30 minutes to complete. About 2-4 cc of 2% lidocaine injected under the capsule tips nearest to the original insertion site should reduce discomfort during removal. This also lifts the capsule tips making it easier to remove them. The removal incision should be made close to these tips and a few millimeters higher up on the arm than the insertion incision. A curved mosquito clamp is used to gain access to and to grasp the capsules. The provider can use a scalpel or an open gauze sponge to gently release the fibrous tissue sheath around each capsule. Another clamp is used to remove the capsule. A new set of capsules can be inserted at the same site after removal of all the old capsules. Removal difficulties occur in about 13% of cases. They may include nonpalpable capsules poorly positioned or misshapen capsules and heavy fibrous sheath encasing the capsules. The first 2 difficulties can be a result of poor insertion. Providers can well manage unusual removals.
In situ transmission electron microscopy observations of twinning in lanthanum aluminate

Lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO[sub 3]) has recently become of interest to the superconductor community as a substrate material for growing epitaxial films of YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7] (YBCO). LaAlO[sub 3] has a rhombohedral crystal structure at room temperature and undergoes a transformation to a cubic structure at high temperature. The phase transformation on cooling leads to the formation of twins. This twinning may cause problems in using LaAlO[sub 3] as a substrate. This paper details in-situ observations in the electron microscope of twinning in LaAlO[sub 3] crystals cycled from room temperature to [approximately] 875 C and back.
Hydrogeochemistry and gas compositions of the Uinta Basin: A regional-scale overview

The geochemistry of formation fluids (water and hydrocarbon gases) in the Uinta Basin, Utah, is evaluated at the regional scale based on fluid sampling and compilation of past records. The deep formation water is dominated by Na-Cl type where halite dissolution has the greatest effects on water chemistry. Its distribution and composition is controlled by both the lithology of geological formations and regional hydrodynamics. The origin of the saline waters in the southeastern basin is interpreted to be a mix of ancient evaporatively concentrated seawater with meteoric water recharged in the geological past, which has experienced water-rock interactions. At the basin scale, three-dimensional mapping of the dissolved solid contents further reveals that (1) in the northern Uinta Basin bordering the Uinta Mountains, significant flushing of the deep basinal brines up to 6-km (3.7-mi) depth by meteoric water has occurred, and (2) in the central basin groundwater discharge areas along the Green River Valley, regional upwelling of saline waters from 2- to 3-km (1.2- to 1.8-mi) depth is occurring. Moreover, gas composition and water-gas stable isotope characteristics in the central to southeastern basin indicate the presence of a deep, thermogenic, and regionally continuous gas deposit. In particular, gases sampled in this region from the Wasatch Formation and Mesaverde Group indicate a similar source rock (type III kerogen of the deeply buried, thermally mature Mesaverde Group in the central to northern basin) as well as migration from the Natural Buttes gas field toward the southeastern basin. Evidence for biogenic methane formation is observed only in the upper Green River Formation in the central to northern Uinta Basin. Here, the organic-rich, immature Green River shales experience meteoric water invasions and formation fluid chemistry, and stable isotope compositions are diagnostic of microbial methanogenesis.
Thermal Requirements for Emergence of Overwintered Sorghum Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Emergence of adults of the overwintered generation of Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.) in sorghum fields in Texas was monitored during 1979, 1980 and 1981. Differences in emergence times and distribution among years was a function of soil temperature and rainfall. A heat unit accumulation model incorporating a rainfall adjustment factor was developed which described adult emergence in the spring. Adults initiated emergence after accumulating 431 centigrade heat units (based on mean daily 10 cm soil temperatures starting on 1 April) above a threshold temperature of 14.8°C, whereas, 679 and 977 heat units were required for 50 and 95% emergence, respectively. Adults from larvae that overwintered in Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) spikelets emerged after similar heat unit accumulations as those that overwintered in sorghum spikelets. The time that C. sorghicola initiated diapause in one year had little effect on the timing or distribution of emergence the following spring. No midges terminated diapause and emerged as adults in the same season that diapause was initiated. Of the diapausing midges, 23% failed to emerge until the 2nd spring and 2.6% emerged the 3rd spring, but times and distributions of emergence were similar for all the years
Impact of Garlic Organosulfides on p21H-ras Processing

This study describes the novel anticarcinogenic activity of diallyl disulfide, a naturally occurring organosulfide from garlic. Oral administration of diallyl disulfide resulted in a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of the growth of H-ras oncogene transformed NIH 3T3 cells implanted in nude mice. The effect of diallyl disulfide was apparent in terms of delay in the appearance of measurable tumors, tumor volume and tumor weight. On the other hand, the growth of H-ras oncogene transformed tumors was not inhibited by dipropyl disulfide, a naturally occurring saturated analog of diallyl disulfide. The diallyl disulfide-mediated inhibition of H-ras oncogene transformed tumor growth correlated with the inhibition of p21(H-ras) membrane association. The levels of membrane-associated p21(H-ras) were markedly lower in the tumors of diallyl disulfide-treated mice than in those of controls. An opposite trend, however, was evident for the cytosolic p21(H-ras). The results of this study indicate that diallyl disulfide inhibits the growth of H-ras oncogene transformed tumors in vivo by inhibiting the membrane association of p21(H-ras) and that the allyl group may be an important determinant in the inhibitory effect of this organosulfide on tumor growth.
The K+-H+ Exchanger, Nigericin, Modulates Taste Cell pH and Chorda Tympani Taste Nerve Responses to Acidic Stimuli

The relationship between acidic pH, taste cell pH(i), and chorda tympani (CT) nerve responses was investigated before and after incorporating the K(+)-H(+) exchanger, nigericin, in the apical membrane of taste cells. CT responses were recorded in anesthetized rats in vivo, and changes in pH(i) were monitored in polarized fungiform taste cells in vitro. Under control conditions, stimulating the tongue with 0.15 M potassium phosphate (KP) or 0.15 M sodium phosphate (NaP) buffers of pHs between 8.0 and 4.6, KP or NaP buffers did not elicit a CT response. Post-nigericin (500 × 10(-6) M), KP buffers, but not NaP buffers, induced CT responses at pHs ≤ 6.6. The effect of nigericin was reversed by the topical lingual application of carbonyl cyanide 3-chloro-phenylhydrazone, a protonophore. Post-nigericin (150 × 10(-6) M), KP buffers induced a greater decrease in taste cell pH(i) relative to NaP buffers and to NaP and KP buffers under control conditions. A decrease in pH(i) to about 6.9 induced by KP buffers was sufficient to elicit a CT response. The results suggest that facilitating apical H(+) entry via nigericin decreases taste cell pH(i) and demonstrates directly a strong correlation between pH(i) and the magnitude of the CT response.
The Impact of CEO Tenure on Cooperative Governance

This paper investigates whether long-tenured cooperative Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) are successful in negotiating less monitoring, resulting in the cooperative being agent-driven. Utilizing a sample of the 1000 largest U.S. agricultural cooperatives, we examine whether boards of long-tenured CEOs exhibit differences in composition, formal committees, or procedures that may indicate these boards are more lenient monitors. We find long-tenured CEOs experience less board monitoring. This result is primarily due to a difference in procedural mechanisms, rather than board composition. However, it is unclear whether monitoring leniency is an indication of the CEO’s ability to negotiate less monitoring. It remains a possibility that CEOs with shorter tenures also influence the board; but their recommendations may be heavily influenced by noncompulsory conformance with stricter corporate governance regulations, including Sarbanes Oxley legislation.
An intervention for relational and physical aggression in early childhood: A preliminary study

Abstract A preventive intervention for reducing physical and relational aggression, peer victimization, and increasing prosocial behavior was developed for use in early childhood classrooms. Nine classrooms were randomly assigned to be intervention rooms ( N = 202 children) and nine classrooms were control rooms ( N = 201 children). Classroom was the unit of analysis and both observations and teacher-reports were obtained at pre and post-test. Focus groups were used to develop the initial program. The 6-week program consisted of developmentally appropriate puppet shows, active participatory sessions, passive concept activities and in vivo reinforcement periods. Preliminary findings suggest that the “Early Childhood Friendship Project” tended to reduce physical and relational aggression, as well as physical and relational victimization and tended to increase prosocial behavior more for intervention than control classrooms. Teachers and interventionists provided positive evaluations of the program and there is evidence for appropriate program implementation.
Hybrid supervisory control for real-time embedded bus rapid transit applications

Complex large-scale embedded systems arise in many applications, in particular in the design of automotive systems, controllers, and networking protocols. In this paper, we attempt to present a review of salient results in modeling of complex large-scale embedded systems, including hybrid systems, and review existing results for composition, analysis, model checking, and verification of safety properties. We then present a library of vehicle models designed for vehicle following [cruise control (CC), adaptive CC (ACC), cooperative ACC (CACC)]. The models and controllers attempt to cross the chasm between theory and practice by capturing real-world challenges faced by industry and making the library accessible in a public domain form, with a gradation of levels of complexity. The most complex level was used for controller design and simulation for a bus rapid transit demonstration. Experimental results are shown.
A Probabilistic Approach to Source Code Authorship Identification

There exists a need for tools to help identify the authorship of source code. This includes situations in which the ownership of code is questionable, such as in plagiarism or intellectual property infringement disputes. Authorship identification can also be used to assist in the apprehension of the creators of malware. In this paper we present an approach to identifying the authors of source code. We begin by computing a set of metrics to build profiles for a population of known authors using code samples that are verified to be authentic. We then compute metrics on unidentified source code to determine the closest matching profile. We demonstrate our approach on a case study that involves two kinds of software: one based on open source developers working on various projects, and another based on students working on assignments with the same requirements. In our case study we are able to determine authorship with greater than 70% accuracy in choosing the single nearest match and greater than 90% accuracy in choosing the top three ordered nearest matches
Heterodyning time resolution boosting for velocimetry and reflectivity measurements

A theoretical technique is described for boosting the temporal resolving power by several times, of detectors such as streak cameras in experiments that measure light reflected from or transmitted through a target, including velocity interferometer (VISAR) measurements. This is a means of effectively increasing the number of resolvable time bins in a streak camera record past the limit imposed by input slit width and blur on the output phosphor screen. The illumination intensity is modulated sinusoidally at a frequency similar to the limiting time response of the detector. A heterodyning effect beats the high frequency science signal down a lower frequency beat signal, which is recorded together with the conventional science signal. Using 3 separate illuminating channels having different phases, the beat term is separated algebraically from the conventional signal. By numerically reversing the heterodyning, and combining with the ordinary signal, the science signal can be reconstructed to better effective time resolution than the detector used alone. The effective time resolution can be approximately halved for a single modulation frequency, and further decreased inversely proportional to the number of independent modulation frequencies employed.
Atypical indications for OtoScan laser-assisted myringotomy.

Objective To describe the role of OtoScan laser-assisted myringotomy (OtoLAM) for indications other than chronic otitis media or recurrent acute otitis media. Study Design Cross-sectional review. Methods Twenty-seven office-based OtoLAM procedures were performed in 21 patients for “atypical” reasons. The indications included middle ear dysfunction with necessary air travel (n = 10) or hyperbaric oxygen treatment (n = 6), mastoiditis with postauricular cellulitis (n = 2), canal exostosis prohibiting tympanostomy (n = 1), acute otitis media accompanied by seizures (n = 1), and chronic middle ear effusion in a patient with hemophilia (n = 1). Results In each of the 20 cases available for follow-up, middle ear disease resolved with closure of the laser-assisted myringotomy. At a later date, two patients (10%) underwent another OtoLAM in the opposite ear and four patients (20%) required repeat OtoLAM in the same or both ears. Three patients (15%) ultimately underwent myringotomy tube placement because of recurrent middle ear dysfunction. Conclusions Although this report contains preliminary data, the data suggest that OtoLAM may provide an additional option in the care of certain patients who have previously been treated with myringotomy tubes.
Location, cooperation and communication: An experimental examination

Abstract This study examines freeform non-binding communication and simplification as devices to facilitate cooperative outcomes using a fixed-price location choice duopoly in the spirit of Hotelling[Hotelling, H., 1929. Stability in competition, Economic Journal 39, 41–57]. We extend Brown-Kruse et al. [Brown-Kruse, J., Cronshaw, M.B., Schenk, D.J., 1993. Theory and experiments on spatial competition, Economic Inquiry 31(1), 139–165] which studied freeform communication for a uniform customer distribution. This work tests two more distributions that make collusion more or less risky. We also test a simple 2×2 model with similar Nash equilibrium predictions. When subjects cannot communicate, cooperation is easier to achieve and sustain in the 2×2 model. However, freeform communication is a robust facilitator of joint profit maximizing outcomes regardless of risk in cooperating.
Optimizing effort: increased efficiency of motor memory with time away from practice

In motor tasks, efficiency can be measured via the commands that are produced to accomplish a goal. To maximize efficiency, the nervous system should produce task-relevant motor commands while avoiding behaviors that are task-irrelevant. The current view is that this is achieved through training, i.e., the optimum motor commands are learned by trial and error. However, in contrast to this view, there are numerous examples in which during an experiment, task-irrelevant commands are continuously produced. To address this, we trained human volunteers to reach in a force field. With practice, they learned to produce forces that compensated for the field, generating task-relevant commands that were necessary to achieve success. As expected, training also resulted in generalization, the transfer of learning to other movements. We designed the task so that any forces produced as a result of generalization were unnecessary and therefore task-irrelevant. Importantly, there were no explicit cues to indicate that production of these forces was task-irrelevant. Rather, the only indicator was effort itself. Could this inefficiency of the motor commands be reduced? We found that even with extensive practice, the production of task-irrelevant forces persisted. However, if subjects were given sufficient time away from practice (6 or 24 h but not 3 or 30 min), they spontaneously reduced production of the task-irrelevant forces. Therefore, practice alone was insufficient to allow for increased efficiency of motor output. Time away from practice was a required element for optimization of effort.
The occurrence and morphogenesis of melanocytes in the connective tissues of the PET/MCV mouse strain.

Mammals, as a rule, are described as having melanocytes of neural crest origin confined almost entirely to the skin. Of the organs other than skin which have been described as possessing melanocytes are portions of the gonado-genital apparatus of the Opossum (Burns, 1939), and, in the house mouse, tissues of the nictitans, the meninges of the brain, the parathyroids, the thymus and harderian glands (Markert & Silvers, 1956), and the parathyroids of C58 mice (Dunn, 1949). The present investigation has been made in a strain of mice in which melanocytes are found in the connective tissues throughout much of the body. This strain originated several years ago in the Department of Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, from a cross between inbred C3H and black mice of unknown breed obtained from a local pet shop. Because of the latter circumstance, the line-bred progeny have been termed the PET/MCV strain.
Integrin β1 is critical for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion.

Background Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor, GRP-R, are critically involved in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are responsible for GRP/GRP-R–induced cell migration and invasion remain unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the cell signals involved in GRP/GRP-R–mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. Methods Human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH, LAN-1, and IMR-32 were used for our study. Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed after GRP (10−7 M) stimulation. The cDNA GEArray Microarray kit was used to determine GRP-R–induced gene expression changes. Protein and membrane expression of integrin subunits were confirmed by Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis. siRNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000. For scratch assay, a confluent monolayer of cells in 6-well plates were wounded with micropipette tip and observed microscopically at 24 to 72 h. Results GRP increased neuroblastoma cell migration and expressions of MMP-2 whereas the TIMP-1 level decreased. GRP-R overexpression stimulated SK-N-SH cell migration and upregulated integrin α2, α3, and β1 protein as well as mRNA expression. Targeted silencing of integrin β1 inhibited cell migration. Conclusion GRP/GRP-R signaling contributes to neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. Moreover, the integrin s1 subunit critically regulates GRP-R–mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion.
Pre-clinical characterization of GMP grade CCL21-gene modified dendritic cells for application in a phase I trial in non-small cell lung cancer.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that transduction of human dendritic cells (DC) with adenovirus encoding secondary lymphoid chemokine, CCL21, led to secretion of biologically active CCL21 without altering DC phenotype or viability. In addition, intratumoral injections of CCL21-transduced DC into established murine lung tumors resulted in complete regression and protective anti-tumor immunity. These results have provided the rationale to generate a clinical grade adenoviral vector encoding CCL-21 for ex vivo transduction of human DC in order to assess intratumoral administration in late stage human lung cancer. In the current study, human monocyte-derived DC were differentiated by exposure to GM-CSF and IL-4 from cryopreserved mononuclear cells obtained from healthy volunteers. Transduction with clinical grade adenoviral vector encoding CCL21 (1167 viral particles per cell) resulted in secretion of CCL21 protein. CCL21 protein production from transduced DC was detected in supernatants (24–72 hours, 3.5–6.7 ng/4–5 × 106 cells). DC transduced with the clinical grade adenoviral vector were > 88% viable (n = 16), conserved their phenotype and maintained integral biological activities including dextran uptake, production of immunostimulatory cytokines/chemokines and antigen presentation. Furthermore, supernatant from CCL21-DC induced the chemotaxis of T2 cells in vitro. Viable and biologically active clinical grade CCL21 gene-modified DC can be generated from cryopreserved PBMC.
DESIGN DECISION TEMPLATES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION FOR DISTRIBUTED DESIGN AND SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION

In this paper, we describe issues arising in distributed design and fabrication, where fabrication of prototypes is performed by Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies. The focus is on a design-manufacture collaboration problem, namely the transfer of design information from the design organization to a manufacturing organization. In other research, this has been called the need for a “clean digital interface.” In the context of designing and fabricating a prototype, we explore two factors: the types of design and product information to be transferred from design to manufacturing, and which types of decisions can be made by the manufacturer regarding the prototype. As a representative product design process, we focus on three main activities, including material and SFF process selection, geometric tailoring (detailed design for manufacture modifications), and process planning. Further we investigate three interfaces between design and manufacturing organizations, one interface before each main activity. We demonstrate that a series of design decision templates can be used to transfer design information between the design and manufacturing organizations in support of the main activities. Furthermore, we demonstrate the implementation of these decision templates in a distributed design and fabrication environment called the Rapid Tooling TestBed. An example scenario is explored to illustrate the usage of two of the decision templates. Results show that, for the decision templates utilized, the templates are sufficient to specify design freedom to the manufacturer, enabling the manufacturer to assume more decision-making responsibility during the development of prototypes.
Constitutional Craftsmanship and the Rule of Law: Organizational Arrangement, Moral Imagination, and the Separation of Powers

Is "rule of law" anything more than a fictional allusion? After all, "law" is an abstract noun, and abstract nouns can't rule. Only people can rule. Rule of law is a fiction, one that has been around since ancient times. Whether, or under what circumstances, rule of law might be an ideal type rather than just a convenient fiction is the topic of this paper. For rule of law to be an ideal type that plausibly describes actual practice, it is necessary for governance to follow polycentric principles. This paper explores whether there are constitutional arrangements under which it could reasonably be claimed that governance reflects a deep level operation of a rule of law despite the surface level recognition rulership can be exercised only by people.
Coordination chemistry of new sulfur containing ligands—XVIII: Metal complexes of ferrocenedithiocarboxylate

Abstract Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of ferrocenedithiocarboxylate have been prepared. The spectroscopic properties of the Cu(II) center are compared to that in bis(ferrocenecarboxylate)copper(II) and in bis(cyclopentadienedithiocarboxylate)copper(II). Results indicate that the presence of the ferrocene group dominates the electronic structure in all cases.
Abstract 5575: Strigolactones: a novel class of plant hormones inhibit cancer cell and cancer stem-like cell growth and survival.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a novel class of plant hormones produced in roots and regulate new above ground shoot branching, by inhibiting self-renewal of undifferentiated meristem cells. Here we show that Strigolactone analogues are able to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of several different types of cancer cells including breast, prostate, lung, colon and osteosarcoma cells but not ‘non-cancer’ lines. Given the therapeutic problem of cancer recurrence which is hypothesized to be due to drug resistant cancer stem cells, we also tested the ability of Strigolactone analogues to inhibit cancer stem cell growth. We show that Strigolactones are potent inhibitors of self-renewal and survival of breast cancer cell lines grown as cancer stem cell enriched mammospheres and even a short exposure leads to irreversible effects on mammosphere dissociation and cell death. Cell cycle analysis showed that all five strigolactone analogues induced G2/M arrest, coupled with increased percentages of cells in the sub-G1 fraction. AnnexinV staining confirmed that Strigolactone treatment induced apoptosis. Strigolactone treatment was hallmarked by increased expression of genes involved in stress signaling, as well as apoptosis, metabolic function and cellular adhesion. Immunoblot analysis of strigolactone treated cells also revealed increased phosphorylation of the stress activated MAPKs: p38 and JNK1/2 and decreased phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT. In summary, Strigolactones are promising candidates for anticancer therapy by their ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cell lines derived from a wide array of different cancers. Citation Format: Ronit I. Yarden, Claire B. Pollock. Strigolactones: a novel class of plant hormones inhibit cancer cell and cancer stem-like cell growth and survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5575. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5575 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.