cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of synthesis and activity of bovine adrenocortical NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase by ACTH.

Abstract Primary, monolayer cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells have been utilized to demonstrate that ACTH regulates the synthesis and thus the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The temporal pattern of induction correlates well with that previously reported for cytochromes P-45017α and P-450C21, microsomal steroid hydroxylases serviced by P-450 reductase. Results of in vitro translation studies suggest that ACTH regulates P-450 reductase synthesis at the transcriptional level and show that the adrenocortical enzyme is synthesized as the mature form. The action of ACTH to induce P-450 reductase synthesis in the adrenal cortex can be mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP, but not by phenobarbital which induces P-450 reductase synthesis in liver.
Intuitions of the transparency of idioms: Can one keep a secret by spilling the beans?

Abstract The meanings of many idioms are perceived as relatively transparent, that is, we see a connection between the expressions and their meanings. We propose that an important source of these intuitions is language users′ attempts to make sense of conventional expressions. In two experiments, subjects learned either the original meaning of an unfamiliar idiom or its conceptual opposite, e.g., for the idiom The goose hangs high, either "things look good" or "things look bad." The learned meaning was perceived as more transparent and the nonlearned less transparent, regardless of whether subjects learned the original meaning or its opposite. In addition, the nonlearned meaning became less transparent with increased use of the idiom. Theories of idioms must be able to distinguish between transparency that results from conventional use and transparency which is more conceptually motivated.
Effects of vascular elastosis on uterine blood flow and perfusion in anesthetized mares.

In the uterus of the mare, data obtained using transrectal Doppler ultrasonography indicate that uterine blood flow (UBF) is dynamic and changes throughout the estrous cycle. Degenerative lesions in the uterus are associated with subfertility and infertility. Among these lesions, vascular elastosis has been reported in aged, multiparous, and infertile mares. Angiosis of the uterine vasculature could potentially compromise UBF. The objectives of this experiment are to determine levels of UBF and perfusion of reproductively healthy mares and compare them to levels of subfertile/infertile mares affected by uterine vascular elastosis. Twenty mares were classified on the basis of degree of vascular degeneration and stage of cycle. A fluorescent microsphere technique was used to measure reproductive organ perfusion, where microspheres were injected into the left ventricle of the heart and became trapped in capillary beds in proportion to blood flow and tissue perfusion. The reproductive tract was removed, sectioned, and the fluorescent intensity evaluated to measure blood flow and perfusion. Additionally, full-thickness samples of the uterine wall were examined postmortem to further assess the degree of vascular degeneration in all layers of uterine wall. The mean value of uterine perfusion for the control mares during estrus (n = 5) was higher (P 0.05) during estrus (n = 5) and diestrus (n = 5); 5.9 and 7.2 mL/min/100g, respectively. Uterine perfusion in subfertile/infertile mares affected by elastosis was lower than that of control mares during both estrus (P < 0.01) and diestrus (P < 0.01). The differences in baseline levels of perfusion between the control and elastosis groups indicate that elastosis of the uterine vasculature is associated with decreased uterine perfusion during both phases of the estrous cycle. In the uterus, a compromise in UBF could have implications in endometrial glandular development, postbreeding endometritis, uterine clearance, development of the conceptus, and overall fertility.
Static mean-field theory for molecular vibrations: Self-consistent correlation corrections

Abstract We present an improvement to the self-consistent field (SCF) scheme for coupled vibrations, assuming that the correction to the SCF wavefunction can also be approximately written as a product of single-mode functions. This defines a self-consistent correlations method, whose computational effort scales linearly with the mode number. We test the method by a series of model computations on nonbending triatomics in local coordinates. The scheme seems to be simple and general for correcting SCF wavefunctions for coupled anharmonic vibrations.
MIB1 as a possible predictor of recurrence in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus.

Abstract Objective Immunohistochemical analysis of MIB1, p53, estrogen, and progesterone receptors can provide prognostic information in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Since predictors of recurrence for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LESS) are still unknown, a battery of immunostains was performed to find markers, which might be useful to predict prognosis. Methods Eleven patients with an average age of 43.8 years (range 27–76) were identified with stage I LESS. Immunostains, including MIB1, p53, ER, and PR, were evaluated by two pathologists, independently. Results All tumors were positive for ER and PR; 1/11 was positive for p53; MIB1 ranged from 0 to 20% positive tumor nuclei. Mitotic counts ranged from 0 to 7/10 hpf. Two patients developed recurrences. One had a pelvic recurrence 7 years after diagnosis. This tumor had a mitotic count of 1/10 hpf, MIB1 expression in 10% of nuclei, and focal p53 expression. A second patient developed pulmonary metastases 10.8 years after diagnosis; the tumor showed a mitotic count of 7/10 hpf and MIB1 expression in 20% of nuclei, but was negative for p53. There was a significant difference in MIB1 reactivity scores between patients who did or did not develop recurrence ( P = 0.0303). A marginally significant association was detected between MIB1 ( P = 0.0896) or p53 ( P = 0.0833) positivity and length of recurrence-free survival. Conclusion Although MIB1 and p53 appear to be useful prognostic markers, a larger study would be necessary to confirm their validity.
Transport, Mixing and Stirring Processes in a Louisiana Estuary: A Model Study

Transport and mixing processes in a broad and shallow estuary in Louisiana, Terrebonne/Timbalier Basin, are examined using a depth-integrated two-dimensional numerical model. Using current meter records previously obtained, the model calibration yielded correlation coefficients between simulated and observed current components of 0·89–0·95. It appears that the bottom friction in the bay is relatively large with a Manning's coefficient of 0·07 producing the best results. The large bottom friction appears to be due to a combined effect of currents and the surface wave field which is not explicitly accounted for in the numerical model. Despite the small tidal range, tidal forcing dominates circulation in the bay. During equatorial tides, tidal currents on the order of 20 cm s−1could develop in a broad area of the bay while in tidal passes currents could reach 50–60 cm s−1. During tropic tides, strengths of the currents in the bay could easily be double those during equatorial tides. Local wind forcing is also important in controlling general flow direction inside the bay, in particular during equatorial tides. Flushing time, estimated by a particle tracking technique, was 27 days, that appears to be in agreement with observations. Horizontal diffusivities computed using tracer particles are comparable to the previous estimates of horizontal diffusion coefficients compiled by Okubo (1974). The larger values appear to be due to coastal trapping. Mixing of water masses, based on particle tracking, is found to consist of continuous stretching, folding and break-up of material lines due to interaction of wind-driven and tidal currents with bottom and coastal topography. Time evolution of the boundary between the two water masses depends on the initial tidal phase. However, this dependence lasts only until coastal trapping becomes dominant in controlling the time evolution of the boundary. Coastal trapping appears to be an important process by which stirring and mixing processes are enhanced, thus making stirring and mixing ‘ more efficient ’ and ‘ chaotic ’. Those observations point to the need to resolve small-scale shear flow patterns, in both space and time, and detailed bottom and coastal topography in order to understand transport, stirring and mixing processes in the broad, shallow estuaries typical of the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Method of ranked residuals for binary texture filtering of additive symmetric noise

Textures are degraded by Gaussian noise in the process of image acquisition. The restoration of a texture is very important for later texture analysis and classification. In this paper, the method of ranked residuals is proposed to restore binary texture which is corrupted by Gaussian noise. This method not only deletes the noise but also preserves all details of a texture. In addition, it has the property of preserving any line endings (not necessarily straight) and any boundary (concave or convex) at any orientation, edges, and corners. The main idea of ranked residual method is that it selects the windowed pixels that are closest to the windowed central value as the subset and chooses an estimator (median, mean, LMS, etc.) to estimate the central value. This allows us to adapt our choice of subsets. Therefore whatever the shape of texture looks like, the filter can preserve the texture detail and eliminate the noise at the same time. Some synthetic and real textures are used to demonstrate the properties of this filter.
THE NATURE OF THE RING-OPENING PROCESS IN A SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPYLMETHYLIRON COMPLEX

Irradiation of CpFe(CO)2(2,2-dimethylcyclopropylmethyl) (4) in the absence and presence of triphenylphosphine leads to the ring-opened and CpFe(CO)(PPh3)CH2CMe2CHCH2) (7). These are interconverted ...
Isolation and characterization of bovine mammary endothelial cells

The isolation and maintenance in culture of bovine mammary gland endothelial cells is described. The uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate was used to purify the endothelial cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The morphology of the purified cells is similar to that of endothelial cells from other species. The isolation of bovine mammary endothelial cells is potentially significant to study the role of the endothelium during inflammatory responses.
Using pareto optimality to coordinate distributed agents

Pareto optimality is a domain-independent property that can be used to coordinate distributed engineering agents. Within a model of design called Redux, some aspects of dependency-directed backtracking can be interpreted as tracking Pareto optimality. These concepts are implemented in a framework, called Next-Link, that coordinates legacy engineering systems. This framework allows existing software tools to communicate with each other and a Redux agent over the Internet. The functionality is illustrated with examples from the domain of electrical cable harness design.
A method of predicting the ‘diameter effect’ for heat transfer and friction of drag-reducing fluids

Abstract A multilayered velocity profile has been assumed to exist for ‘drag reducing’ fluids flowing in a pipe. The profile is characterized by a logarithmic portion offset by an increment Δ u + from that pertaining to a Newtonian fluid. For a given fluid Δ u + is assumed to be determined by the shear velocity u r On this basis a method is proposed by which one may predict the effect of changes in diameter on the friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Relationship of Corn and Soybean Yield to Soil and Terrain Properties

Farmers will be better able to implement site-specific management practices when they understand the causes of spatial and temporal variability of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in their fields. Our objectives were to determine if a data set containing 20 soil and terrain variables could explain spatial yield variability better than a subset of seven more easily measured variables and to determine whether the relative importance of factors in explaining yield variability differed between corn and soybean or between wet and dry years. Yield data were collected for 11 yr in a 16-ha field in central Iowa. Soil and terrain variables measured included: A horizon depth, carbonate depth, pH, coarse sand, sand, silt, clay, organic C, N, Fe, K, P, and Zn; and seven easily measured variables: electrical conductivity, soil color, elevation, slope, profile curvature, plan curvature, and depression depth. Factor analysis of the variables followed by regression of yield on the resulting factors showed that the 20-variable set explained more of the spatial variation in yield than the subset of seven variables. Further, the analysis of the 20-variable data set showed that soybean yield was affected more by pH, more by closed depressions in wet years, and less by curvature in dry years than corn yield. Similarly, yield was negatively affected by closed depressions and lower landscape positions in wet years, whereas these factors had either no effect or a positive effect in dry years. Alternately, curvature had a negative effect in dry years and no effect in wet years.
Outcome expectancy, locus of attribution for expectancy, and self-directed attention as determinants of evaluations and performance

Abstract Are internal versus external attributions of responsibility for prior outcomes important determinants of subsequent performances? or is their effect limited to influencing the affective and evaluative experiences that are associated with the task outcomes? Recent theoretical statements appear to differ on this issue. The present study examined the question, while at the same time testing the influence of self-directed attention on the process under investigation. Subjects attempted a series of mazes in collaboration with an ostensible cosubject (actually a confederate). The pair experienced either three consecutive sucesses or three consecutive failures. Subjects were led to perceive the responsibility for these outcomes as residing primarily with themselves or primarily with their partner. Self-focus was manipulated (by a mirror) prior to attempting a fourth maze and completing a set of rating scales. Success-condition subjects performed better on the fourth maze in the mirror's presence than in its absence, whereas failure-condition subjects tended to perform more poorly in the mirror's presence than in its absence. The manipulation of internal versus external attributions did not influence behavior, but did influence subjects' affective and evaluative reactions to themselves and their partner. Discussion centers on the relationship between these findings and other recent findings in the areas of attribution and achievement-related behavior.
Dynamical disorder in presence of exponential sink

Abstract In this Letter we show an elegant application of the path integral based method developed recently [J. Chem. Phys. 124 (2006) 204111] to calculate the lower bound to the survival probability of a particle diffusing in a harmonic well in presence of an exponential sink. Our lower bound is always finite and well behaved and does not blow up like the approximate survival probability when calculated using second-order cumulant expansion for some decorrelation time scales [J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 19061]. The problem can be mapped onto the problem of electron transfer dynamics in single protein molecule where the electron transfer rate shows an exponential dependence on the edge to edge distance between the donor and the acceptor.
Extension of the Nagayama Triangle for Visualization of Party Strengths

The Nagayama triangle represents the conceptually allowed area when the vote or seat shares of the second-running contestant are graphed against the shares of the top contestant. This research note points to various uses of this tool in the study of Duvergerian processes.
Wellness promotion as a life‐long endeavor: Promoting and developing life competencies from childhood

Presented here are arguments for reframing school psychologists as agents-of-change for children's entire life spans through creating positive patterns that promote healthy living. Such a focus on children's strengths and the enhancement of wellness, in contrast to the current pathology-driven model of school psychology, may even develop a cadre of healthier professionals. Wellness begins at home, and the brightest prospect for engaging children in positive activities is a “mental-health enhancer” role model who has personally addressed the goals of wellness, health improvement, and affiliation with constructive communities of friends, colleagues, and family. We offer some justification for a reformulation to the positive, data why this might be beneficial, and some speculative means for how a school psychologist can “take the high road.” © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 131–141, 2004.
Arthroscopically Assisted Treatment of Navicular Osteochondral Defect Using Flowable Collagen, Iliac Crest Bone Marrow Aspirate and Fibrin Glue: A Case Report.

A 32-year-old male recreational athlete presented with activity-related chronic dorsal midfoot pain. Conservative treatment, including a prolonged period of immobilization, physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and use of a bone stimulator, failed to resolve his symptoms. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a cystic appearing focus within the navicular in conjunction with a osteochondral lesion within the proximal articular surface of the navicular. This case report presents an arthroscopically assisted treatment of a navicular osteochondral lesion using curettage and backfilling with fibrin glue, flowable collagen, and autogenous bone grafting.Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV
Cell attachment and neurite stability in NG108-15 cells: what is the role of microtubules?

Abstract Undifferentiated NG108-15 cells forming rapid-onset neurites were acutely exposed to nocodazole or trypsin. Resorption, cell rounding and detachment were delayed or prevented by 5′-deoxy,5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA), which selectively enhanced the strength of attachment responses. However, taxol, which stabilized microtubules, did not protect cell shape appreciably when trypsin or mechanical stimuli were used to decrease the strength of attachment. Together with numerous control experiments, this evidence suggests that the mechanical properties of microtubules do not contribute acutely to maintaining cell shape, though microtubules may play an indirect regulatory role (e.g. through their interactions with actin and substratum attachment sites). Patterns of trypsin-induced resorption resembled those seen ‘spontaneously’ in NG108-15 cells growing on laminin, and in fibroblastic CHO cells, suggesting that these results may be both physiologically relevant and applicable widely to many cell types.
In Vitro and In Vivo Isotope Effects with Hepatitis C Protease Inhibitors: Enhanced Plasma Exposure of Deuterated Telaprevir versus Telaprevir in Rats

Telaprevir 2 (VX-950), an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV(a)) NS3-4A protease, is in phase 3 clinical trials. One of the major metabolites of 2 is its P1-(R)-diastereoisomer, 3 (VRT-394), containing an inversion at the chiral center next to the alpha-ketoamide on exchange of a proton with solvent. Compound 3 is approximately 30-fold less active against HCV protease. In an attempt to suppress the epimerization of 2 without losing activity against the HCV protease, the proton at that chiral site was replaced with deuterium (d). The compound 1 (d-telaprevir) is as efficacious as 2 in in vitro inhibition of protease activity and viral replication (replicon) assays. The kinetics of in vitro stability of 1 and 2 in buffered pH solutions and plasma samples, including human plasma, suggest that 1 is significantly more stable than 2. Oral administration (10 mg/kg) in rats resulted in a approximately 13% increase of AUC for 1.
Risk factors for complications after ERCP: a multivariate analysis of 11,497 procedures over 12 years.

Background Complications of ERCP are an important concern. We sought to determine predictors of post-ERCP complications at our institution. Methods GI TRAC is a comprehensive data set of patients who underwent ERCP at our institution from 1994 through 2006. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate 4 categories of complications: (1) overall complications, (2) pancreatitis, (3) bleeding, and (4) severe or fatal complications. Independent predictors of complications were determined with multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 11,497 ERCP procedures were analyzed. There were 462 complications (4.0%), 42 of which were severe (0.36%) and 7 were fatal (0.06%). Specific complications of pancreatitis (2.6%) and bleeding (0.3%) were identified. Overall complications were statistically more likely among individuals with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) (odds ratio [OR] 1.91) and after a biliary sphincterotomy (OR 1.32). Subjects with a history of acute or chronic pancreatitis (OR 0.78) or who received a temporary small-caliber pancreatic stent (OR 0.69) had fewer complications. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was more likely to occur after a pancreatogram via the major papilla (OR 1.70) or minor papilla (OR 1.54) and among subjects with suspected SOD with stent placement (OR 1.45) or without stent placement (OR 1.84). Individuals undergoing biliary-stent exchange had less-frequent pancreatitis (OR 0.38). Biliary sphincterotomy was associated with bleeding (OR 4.71). Severe or fatal complications were associated with severe (OR 2.38) and incapacitating (OR 7.65) systemic disease, obesity (OR 5.18), known or suspected bile-duct stones (OR 4.08), pancreatic manometry (OR 3.57), and complex (grade 3) procedures (OR 2.86). Conclusions This study characterizes a large series of ERCP procedures from a single institution and outlines the incidence and predictors of complications.
The “green book” twenty years on: A new look at the research program of Isard and Liossatos's “spatial dynamics and optimal space‐time development”*

The publication in 1979 of Isard and Liossatos's \textit{Spatial Dynamics and Optimal Space-Time Development} marked the culmination of a progression of papers in which the authors explored parallels between processes modeled in theoretical physics and the spatial development of social systems. While providing a rigorous, incisive and exhaustive treatment of the subject, the book has begotten little secondary scholarship. This research note revisits the research program of what the senior author called his “green book”, assesses it from the present perspective, and considers how it might be continued in the light of recent theoretical, methodological and computational developments.
Light summation and the perceived length of moving lines

Abstract Twenty-four S s viewed an arc-line with red and green sections rotating at 60 r.p.m. around a central point of fixation. When the leading half of the arc was red and the second half green, S s reported seeing red followed by yellow. With order of color reversed, S s reported seeing green followed by orange. The apparent length of the arc-line was shorter when rotating than when stationary. An explanation is proposed in terms of excitation-inhibition, funneling and light summation.
The Two-Step Exercise Electrocardiogram A Double-Blind Evaluation of Its Use in the Diagnosis of Angina Pectoris

A double-blind study was made to evaluate the two-step exercise electrocardiographic test (Master) as a means of differentiating between anginal and nonanginal chest pain in 100 consecutive patients. A high percentage of false-positive results in nonanginal cases and a number of false negatives in anginal cases greatly impaired the usefulness of the test for this purpose. When Master's criterion of an ST depression of 0.5 mm. or more was employed, there were 39 per cent false positives and 12 per cent false negatives. Stricter criteria progressively diminished the number of false positives, but resulted in increasing numbers of false negatives. Even if 1 mm. or more of ST depression was required, there were 8 per cent false positives and 43 per cent false negatives. There were no false positives only when the ST segment was depressed 2 mm. or more. Although an ischemic type of ST depression may be more significant for angina pectoris than the J type, in our series ischemic ST depressions also occurred mor...
A load factor based mean-variance analysis for fuel diversification

Fuel diversification implies the selection of a mix of generation technologies for long-term electricity generation. The goal is to strike a good balance between reduced costs and reduced risk. The method of analysis that has been advocated and adopted for such studies is the mean–variance portfolio analysis pioneered by Markowitz (Markowitz, H., 1952. Portfolio selection. Journal of Finance 7(1) 77–91). However the standard mean–variance methodology, does not account for the ability of various fuels/technologies to adapt to varying loads. Such analysis often provides results that are easily dismissed by regulators and practitioners as unacceptable, since load cycles play critical roles in fuel selection. To account for such issues and still retain the convenience and elegance of the mean–variance approach, we propose a variant of the mean–variance analysis using the decomposition of the load into various types and utilizing the load factors of each load type. We also illustrate the approach using data for the state of Indiana and demonstrate the ability of the model in providing useful insights.
Allocating Assets in Retirement Savings to Avoid Downside Risk

An investor saving for retirement attempts to allocate as sets in a manner that provides enough savings to produce a secure post retirement income. Falling short of the desired saving level has a large negative impact on retirement income and is a major concern for the investor. We empirically investigate the allocation of assets between equities and less risky bonds constrained by a desire to minimize the size and occurrence of a short fall. Contrary to much of the theoretical finance literature, we find that the investor should decrease the portion of saving in equities as the retirement date approaches.
Unexpected sense dependence of the effect of a magnetic field on delayed fluorescence

Abstract Delayed fluorescence intensity from pyrene and methylene phenanthrene crystals alters when an applied, steady magnetic field is reversed. This sense dependence vanishes at high fields. It is maximum along the pyrene two-fold axis and zero in the mirror plane.
Possibility of radiochemical observation of day-night matter oscillations in light of current solar neutrino results.

Calculations are presented to show how large a day-night effect would be seen in appropriately modified radiochemical detectors for the [Delta][ital m][sup 2], sin[sup 2]2[theta] regions allowed by the present gallium, [sup 37]Cl, and Kamiokande solar neutrino results.
Instrumental Analysis of Biodiesel Content in Commercial Diesel Blends: An Experiment for Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry.

The potential of replacing petroleum fuels with renewable biofuels has drawn significant public interest. Many states have imposed biodiesel mandates or incentives to use commercial biodiesel blends. We present an inquiry-driven experiment where students are given the tasks to gather samples, develop analytical methods using various instrumental methods, such as HPLC, 1H-NMR, and ATR-FTIR, make measurements, and analyze the results to determine the volume percent of biodiesel in commercial diesel blends. The project develops students’ appreciation of the usefulness of chemistry by working with “real” samples from their daily lives, and skills to critically compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of various instrumental techniques for quantitative analysis.
Free urinary amino acid excretion in patients with familial polyposis of the colon

The free urinary amino acids excretion per 24 hr of the neutral and acidic amino acids did not reveal any diagnostic abnormality in five patients with familial polyposis of the colon with or without associated desmoid tumors and osteomas. One patient with Klinefelter's syndrome and familial polyposis had a urinary acid excretion pattern indistinguishable from his brother, who had familial polyposis and normal chromosomes. It is suggested that patients with familial polyposis deserve intensive biochemical study as this represents a prototype hereditary malignant disease.
Spin–flip non-orthogonal configuration interaction: a variational and almost black-box method for describing strongly correlated molecules

In this paper, we report the development, implementation, and assessment of a novel method for describing strongly correlated systems, spin-flip non-orthogonal configuration interaction (SF-NOCI). The wavefunction is defined to be a linear combination of independently relaxed Slater determinants obtained from all possible spin-flipping excitations within a localized orbital active-space, typically taken to be the singly occupied orbitals of a high-spin ROHF wavefunction. The constrained orbital optimization of each CI basis configuration is defined such that only non-active-space orbitals are allowed to relax (all active space orbitals are fixed). A number of simplifications and benefits arise due to the fact that only a restricted number of orbital rotations are permitted, (1) basis states cannot coalesce during SCF, (2) basis state optimization is better conditioned due to a larger effective HOMO-LUMO gap, (3) smooth potential energy surfaces are easily obtained, (4) the Hamiltonian coupling between two basis states with non-orthogonal orbitals is greatly simplified. To illustrate the advantages over a conventional orthogonal CI expansion, we investigate exchange coupling constants of bimetallic complexes, the avoided crossing of the lowest singlet states during LiF dissociation, and ligand non-innocence in an organometallic complex. These numerical examples indicate that good qualitative agreement can be obtained with SF-NOCI, but dynamical correlation must be included to obtain quantitative accuracy.
Embarrassed, but Not Depressed: Eye Opening Lessons for Cerebellar Learning

Cellular mechanisms of plasticity must be linked to circuit mechanisms of behavior to understand learning and memory. Studies of how learning occurs in cerebellar circuits for classical conditioning of eyeblinks are meeting this challenge admirably. Several recent papers have added to the richness of our understanding of cerebellar learning by correlating complex aspects of learned behaviors with hitherto underappreciated properties of the cerebellar circuit.
Solubility properties of neuronal tubulin: Evidence for labile and stable microtubules

The solubility properties of tubulin and microtubules in pure cultures of sympathetic neurons were examined by electron microscopic and biochemical techniques. For morphological analyses, neurons were extracted with Triton X-100 in the presence or absence of 1 mM CaCl2, and the resulting detergent-extracted residues were examined for microtubules. In parallel experiments, the solubility of tubulin was determined under various solution conditions. Detergent-extracted residues of neurons prepared without Ca2+ contained many microtubules. Neurite residues prepared in the presence of Ca2+ also contained microtubules, but at substantially lower numbers than in residues prepared without Ca2+. The biochemical data parallel the morphological observations. Following detergent-extraction under microtubule stabilizing conditions, 30% of the tubulin was detergent-soluble (i.e. unpolymerized), while 70% was detergent-insoluble (i.e. polymerized). A more detailed examination of the solubility properties of tubulin indicated that 62% was detergent-insoluble but soluble in buffers containing mM CaCl2, while 5-8% was detergent and Ca2+-insoluble. A variety of control experiments indicated that non-specific adsorption of tubulin onto detergent-insoluble components of the cultures, assembly of tubulin onto pre-existing microtubules, and incomplete extraction of tubulin from cells contributed minimally to the levels of Ca2+-soluble and insoluble tubulin obtained with the extraction conditions used. These results indicate that (a) the majority of neuronal tubulin is assembled into microtubules which disassemble upon treatment with Ca2+ and (b) a portion of the neuronal tubulin is assembled into microtubules which show the unusual property of Ca2+-stability.
Resources and incentives for the adoption of systematic software reuse

Systematic software reuse (SSR) is a software development methodology through which organizations identify common functionality among applications within a domain and build prefabricated software assets to plug and play in various custom solutions. Despite the hype and various prescriptive methods that detail the process of implementing SSR, very few organizations are able to materialize the promises set forth by the technology. Overemphasis on the technical infrastructure at the expense of the behavioral and administrative aspects is heavily cited as the main barrier to the success of reuse programs. Attempts to make software reuse work have mainly focused on establishing incentives to motivate software developers to utilize the principles of reuse. In this paper, we take an economic view to the implementation of SSR within organizations and contend that the success of SSR will depend on resource exchanges among developers and utilizers of reusable software. The need to establish organizational incentives will depend on developers' perceptions of the availability of resources. The paper develops a model for SSR and tests the model using data collected at four different reuse programs in three multinational organizations.
Posttransplant metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents after liver transplantation: A systematic review

During long-term follow-up, 18% to 67% of pediatric liver transplant recipients are overweight or obese, with rates varying by age and pretransplant weight status. A similar prevalence of posttransplant obesity has been seen in adults. Adults also develop posttransplant metabolic syndrome and, consequently, cardiovascular disease at rates that exceed the rates in age- and sex-matched populations. Posttransplant metabolic syndrome has never been studied in pediatric liver transplant recipients, and this population is growing as transplant outcomes continue to improve. Here we systematically review the literature for each component of metabolic syndrome-obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance-in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Their rates of obesity are similar to the rates in children in the general U.S. population. However, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are more common than would be expected in transplant recipients according to age, sex, and obesity severity. Immunosuppressive medications are major contributors. The limitations of previous studies, including heterogeneous methods of diagnosis, follow-up times, and immunosuppressive regimens, hinder the analysis of risk factors. Importantly, no studies have reported graft or patient outcomes associated with components of metabolic syndrome after pediatric liver transplantation. However, if the trends in children are similar to the trends seen in adults, these conditions may lead to significant long-term morbidity. Further research on the prevalence, causes, and consequences of posttransplant metabolic syndrome in pediatric liver transplant recipients is needed and will ultimately help to improve long-term outcomes.
INACTIVATION OF DEPOLARIZATION- INDUCED CALCIUM UPTAKE IN RAT BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES

The inactivation of depolarization-induced Ca uptake into rat brain synaptosomes was demonstrated biochemically by comparing45Ca fluxes after various intervals of predepolarization achieved by abruptly increasing {K+}0. The chemical composition of the medium was maintained throughout the predepolarization and Ca uptake steps. Under these conditions, inactivation was dependent on depolarization, i.e., basal unstimulated Ca uptake in the presence of 5 mM {K+}0 did not inactivate. Inactivation of stimulated Ca uptake was dependent on the predepolarization interval, moderately dependent on {Ca}0 and relatively independent of membrane potential, i.e., {K+}0 and ions such as Ni2+ and Co2+ that blocked Ca uptake. Both cinnarizine and lidoflazine blocked stimulated Ca uptake in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting the % inactivation. Although the amount of stimulated uptake increased greatly between 10 and 30°C, the % inactivation was unaffected by temperature. These findings suggest that inactivation of the presynaptic Ca uptake is an intrinsic property of the channel independent of calcium uptake.
A thermal desorption study of methyl formate from W(100) and its relevance to the catalytic production of methane

Abstract Previous work has suggested that methyl formate is a possible intermediate in the catalytic production of methane from formaldehyde on a tungsten (100) single crystal. To test this hypothesis, a study of methyl formate interaction with W (100) has been performed. The major products desorbed upon heating a saturated layer of methyl formate on W(100) were hydrogen and carbon monoxide. However, a significant yield of formaldehyde and small amounts of methane, carbon dioxide, and several organic products believed to be methyl formate, glycolaldehyde, and methyl alcohol were also observed. The thermal desorption products and their desorption kinetics from methyl formate adsorbed on W (100) were very similar to those from formaldehyde on W (100). A sequence of reactions which might account for this similar behavior is suggested.
Connection between elastic and conductive properties of microstructures with Hertzian contacts

The observation is made that the elastic compliance and the thermal/electric conductivity of a Hertzian contact depend on the contact geometry in a similar way. Being extended to a system of multiple contacts (a granular material, or a contact of two rough surfaces) it yields an explicit connection between the effective conductivity and the effective (incremental) elastic compliance. Being independent of the contact geometries, this cross-property connection allows one to estimate the elastic compliance from the electric conductivity data. Another observation is that this cross-property connection is very similar to the one for a material with cracks . This implies that such connections are more or less independent of the nature of discontinuity and can be applied, for example, to cracks with partial contacts between the faces or to a granular material with microcracked grains.
A Bayesian Model of Conditioned Perception

We argue that in many circumstances, human observers evaluate sensory evidence simultaneously under multiple hypotheses regarding the physical process that has generated the sensory information. In such situations, inference can be optimal if an observer combines the evaluation results under each hypothesis according to the probability that the associated hypothesis is correct. However, a number of experimental results reveal suboptimal behavior and may be explained by assuming that once an observer has committed to a particular hypothesis, subsequent evaluation is based on that hypothesis alone. That is, observers sacrifice optimality in order to ensure self-consistency. We formulate this behavior using a conditional Bayesian observer model, and demonstrate that it can account for psychophysical data from a recently reported perceptual experiment in which strong biases in perceptual estimates arise as a consequence of a preceding decision. Not only does the model provide quantitative predictions of subjective responses in variants of the original experiment, but it also appears to be consistent with human responses to cognitive dissonance.
Simulation study of a robust algorithm for soil moisture and surface roughness estimation using L-band radar backscatter

Abstract Various inversion algorithms have been developed to obtain estimates of soil moisture and surface roughness parameters from multifrequency, multiangle, and multipolarization radar reflectances. Since the penetration depth for radar signals increases with wavelength, an inversion algorithm using widely separated frequencies does not yield comparable probing depths. Furthermore, existing algorithms assume a linear relationship between the radar backscatter coefficient (in dB) and soil parameters, such as the volumetric soil moisture, soil surface roughness and surface slope. This assumption is valid only over a narrow range of soil parameters, thereby restricting its operational use under realistic conditions. Our research specifically explored the use of inversion algorithms based on L‐Band radar reflectances at 1 GHz and 2 GHz frequencies in order to retain relatively consistent probing depths. In order to extend the range of applicability, a non‐linear exponential‐type relationship was developed...
On Optimal Balking Rules and Toll Charges in the GI/M/1 Queuing Process

This paper considers a GI/M/1 queuing process with an associated linear cost-reward structure and stationary balking process, and, based on a probabilistic analysis of the system, it derives optimal joining rules for an individual arrival, as well as for the entire community of customers. For the infinite-horizon, average-reward criterion, it shows that, among all stationary policies, the optimal strategies are control-limit rules of the form: join if and only if the queue size is not greater than some specific number. However, it finds that, in general, exercising self-optimization does not optimize public good. Accordingly, the paper explores the idea of controlling the queue size by levying tolls-thus achieving the system's over-all-optimal economic performance. Finally, it analyzes a "competition" model in which customers face a service agency that is a profit-making organization, and shows it to be similar to the monopoly model of price theory.
Incidence of secondary malignancies among patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia: An analysis of the SEER database.

BACKGROUND: Waldenstr€ macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent malignancy that predominantly affects older individuals who are at risk for secondary malignancies (SMs). The objective of this study was to characterize the incidence of SMs after a diagnosis of WM with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. METHODS: With SEER-13 data (1992-2011), standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the rates of solid and hematologic SMs in WM patients versus the general population. The analysis was stratified by age, sex, race, year of diagnosis, and latency from the WM diagnosis. RESULTS: Among 4676 patients with WM, 681 SMs were recorded. The overall SIR was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.38-1.61), and the median time to an SM was 3.7 years. The cumulative incidence of SMs was 10% at 5 years and 16% at 10 years. The risk was significantly increased for cancers of the lungs, urinary tract, and thyroid; melanoma; aggressive lymphoma; and acute leukemia. The SIR for SMs in patients with WM was increased, regardless of age, sex, race, or year of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with WM had a 49% higher risk of SMs than the general population. The selectively increased risk for hematologic SMs and certain solid SMs may be associated with transformation, therapy, and immune dysregulation. Cancer 2015;000:000-000. V C 2015 American Cancer Society.
Participant-driven GSS: Quality of Brainstorming and Allocation of Participant Resources

This paper examines the relationship between time duration and the quality of brainstorming output. Quality of brainstorming output is operationalized using creativity and feasibility measures. Results indicate that brainstorming quality does decrease over the duration of the brainstorming session. Results also indicate the number of off-topic and non-solution brainstorming output increases significantly over time. These findings are discussed in light of participant-driven group support systems
Field-testing ecological and economic benefits of coffee certification programs.

Coffee agroecosystems are critical to the success of conservation efforts in Latin America because of their ecological and economic importance. Coffee certification programs may offer one way to protect bio- diversity and maintain farmer livelihoods. Established coffee certification programs fall into three distinct, but not mutually exclusive categories: organic, fair trade, and shade. The results of previous studies demonstrate that shade certification can benefit biodiversity, but it remains unclear whether a farmer's participation in any certification program can provide both ecological and economic benefits. To assess the value of coffee certification for conservation efforts in the region, we examined economic and ecological aspects of coffee pro- duction for eight coffee cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that were certified organic, certified organic and fair trade, or uncertified. We compared vegetation and ant and bird diversity in coffee farms and forests, and inter- viewed farmers to determine coffee yield, gross revenue from coffee production, and area in coffee production. Although there are no shade-certified farms in the study region, we used vegetation data to determine whether cooperatives would qualify for shade certification. We found no differences in vegetation characteristics, ant or bird species richness, or fraction of forest fauna in farms based on certification. Farmers with organic and organic and fair-trade certification had more land under cultivation and in some cases higher revenue than uncertified farmers. Coffee production area did not vary among farm types. No cooperative passed shade-coffee certification standards because the plantations lacked vertical stratification, yet vegetation variables for shade certification significantly correlated with ant and bird diversity. Although farmers in the Chiapas highlands with organic and/or fair-trade certification may reap some economic benefits from their certification status, their farms may not protect as much biodiversity as shade-certified farms. Working toward triple certification (organic, fair trade, and shade) at the farm level may enhance biodiversity protection, increase benefits to farmers, and lead to more successful conservation strategies in coffee-growing regions.
An Overview of Sediment Organic Matter Records of Human Eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region

The isotopic and molecular compositions of organic matter buried in lake sediments provide information that helps to reconstruct past environmental conditions and to assess impacts of humans on local ecosystems. This overview of sedimentary records from the North American Great Lakes region describes examples of applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions. These lakes experienced a succession of human-induced environmental changes that started after completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. Agricultural deforestation in the mid-nineteenth century released soil nutrients that increased algal productivity and caused an associated increase in algal biomarkers in sediment records. Eutrophication that accompanied magnified delivery of municipal nutrients to the lakes in the 1960s and 1970s created excursions to less negative δ13C values in sediment organic matter. Increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates mirror the isotopic evidence of eutrophication in the Great Lakes.