cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical properties of play a technical analysis of significant properties for video game preservation

Digital preservation for video games and electronic entertainment is an important endeavor to preserve the history and significance of the game design and development field. However, in practice, it is often difficult to tell what parts of preservation strategy must be emphasized in order to preserve the gameplay experience at an appropriate level of expectation of each stakeholder group. In preservation, we often talk about the concept of “significant properties” to determine which aspects of an experience must be preserved in order to faithfully recreate the experience for the stakeholder. This paper examines the concept of “significant properties” from a technical/layered approach, examining how the concept of significant properties relates to console hardware, firmware, peripherals, and play experience.
Variable-Temperature Studies of Laser-Initiated 5T2 → 1A1 Intersystem Crossing in Spin-Crossover Complexes: Empirical Correlations between Activation Parameters and Ligand Structure in a Series of Polypyridyl Ferrous Complexes

Results are presented from a variable-temperature solution-phase laser photolysis study of the 5T2 → 1A1 intersystem crossing in a series of related complexes: [Fe(tpen)](ClO4)2, [Fe(tppn)](ClO4)2, [Fe(tptn)](ClO4)2, [Fe(t-tpchxn)](ClO4)2, and [Fe(dpa)2](ClO4)2. The hexadentate ligands are formed with four 2-pyridylmethyl arms attached to ethylenediamine (tpen), 1,2-diaminopropylene (tppn), 1,3-diaminopropylene (tptn), or trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (t-tpchxn). The dpa ligand is a tridentate analogue of these ligands, namely, bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. The complex [Fe(mtpen)](ClO4)2·2/3H2O, where mtpen is the same as tpen except one of the pyridyl rings has a 6-methyl substituent, crystallizes in the space group C2/c, which at 173 K has a unit cell with a = 41.390(13) A, b = 9.5239(16) A, c = 24.016(6) A, β = 108.24(3)°, and Z = 12. Refinement with 2844 observed [F > 5.0σ(F)] reflections gave R = 0.075 and Rw = 0.076. The complex [Fe(tppn)](ClO4)2·2/3H2O crystallizes in the space group P21/n, which at 2...
Assessing internal contamination after the detonation of a radiological dispersion device using a 2×2-inch sodium iodide detector

The detonation of a radiological dispersion device may result in a situation where individuals inhale radioactive materials and require rapid assessment of internal contamination. The feasibility of using a 2×2-inch sodium-iodide detector to determine the committed effective dose to an individual following acute inhalation of gamma-emitting radionuclides was investigated. Experimental configurations of point sources with a polymethyl methacrylate slab phantom were used to validate Monte Carlo simulations. The validated detector model was used to simulate the responses for four detector positions on six different anthropomorphic phantoms. The nuclides examined included (241)Am, (60)Co, (137)Cs, (131)I and (192)Ir. Biokinetic modelling was employed to determine the distributed activity in the body as a function of post-inhalation time. The simulation and biokinetic data were used to determine time-dependent count-rate values at optimal detector locations on the body for each radionuclide corresponding to a target committed effective dose (E50) value of 250 mSv.
Light's Diamond Jubilee and the engineer

The story of progress in electrical engineering can be written in terms of the lives of Edison Medalists, who have contributed to its advancement. In this year of celebration of Light's Diamond Jubilee, one should note with pride and satisfaction their many discoveries.
Is Comparative Literature Ready for the Twenty-First Century?

In her article, "Is Comparative Literature Ready for the Twenty-First Century?" Eva Kushner observes that throughout its history, comparative literature has internalized as part of its own objectives and directives a major challenge: The need to renew its problematics and curriculums in response to the inherent diversity of literature within culture. She emphasizes that the vitality of the discipline depends on an authentic pluralism capable of resisting the dominance of unanalyzed hierarchies and universals. Acknowledging that the entire history of world literature remains the potential material of comparative literature studies, Kushner favours an "open system" approach. The concept of an open system may be paradoxical but it is not selfcontradictory: Its openness guarantees that access to canonization will be truly global while its systematicity guarantees that all data will be treated with equivalent criteria. Finally, Kushner favours an inductive rather than a monumentalizing approach to literary history and considers theory as a reflective process rather than an a priori framework. Eva Kusher, "Is Comparative Literature Ready for the Twenty-First Century?" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000):
The relationship between frontal brain asymmetry and exercise addiction

Previous research on the causes of exercise addiction has focused primarily on the relationships among personality traits, social influences, and disordered eating (Bamber, Cockerill, & Carroll, 2000; Beals, 2004). Few studies, however, have examined the psychophysiological nature of exercise addiction. In a related area of research in which brain activity has been related to affect and mood, results show that frontal asymmetry, as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), is associated with negative emotions. More specifically, greater activity at right frontal electrode sites is found among individuals suffering from negative affect and depression. Because a defining feature of exercise addiction is the use of exercise to control negative mood states, it is expected that those with exercise addiction exhibit different frontal activity. This study explores the hypothesized relationship between exercise addiction and the level of baseline frontal activity asymmetry, as measured by EEG. Regularly active wome...
Infant Discrimination of Faces in Naturalistic Events : Actions Are More Salient Than Faces

Despite the fact that faces are typically seen in the context of dynamic events, there is little research on infants' perception of moving faces. L. E. Bahrick, L. J. Gogate, and I. Ruiz (2002) demonstrated that 5-month-old infants discriminate and remember repetitive actions but not the faces of the women performing the actions. The present research tested an attentional salience explanation for these findings: that dynamic faces are discriminable to infants, but more salient actions compete for attention. Results demonstrated that 5-month-old infants discriminated faces in the context of actions when they had longer familiarization time (Experiment 1) and following habituation to a single person performing 3 different activities (Experiment 2). Further, 7-month-old infants who have had more experience with social events also discriminated faces in the context of actions. Overall, however, discrimination of actions was more robust and occurred earlier in processing time than discrimination of dynamic faces. These findings support an attentional salience hypothesis and indicate that faces are not special in the context of actions in early infancy.
The Incest Taboo and the Mating Patterns of Animals

W jrE HAVE noted a new wave of interest in the theoretical and empirical study of the incest taboo. This is manifested by Slater's (1959) paper and by three papers on the subject at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meetings in 1961: Margaret Mead, "A Re-Examination of the Problem of Incest," Peter J. Wilson, "Incest-A Case Study," and Melvin Ember, "The Incest Taboo and the Nuclear Family." We have felt moved by this activity to present the results of a work group which met in the Spring of 1956 at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, to consider the problem of the origins of the incest taboo. The group consisted of the authors and the late Alfred L. Kroeber. After several months of work, the seven members of the group presented a mutually acceptable theoretical formulation at a seminar for Fellows at the Center. We hoped to move on to a well-documented publication, but this has proved impossible.1 We have been handicapped by our dispersion over several universities and have hitherto been hesitant to publish because we wished to assemble more materials on the limitations of inbreeding in animals and to construct various models of the population genetics of small, inbred groups. Although we have abandoned hope of more ample publication, we believe that the current interest in theories of incest justifies the publication of a schematic statement of the approach we developed in 1956. A few minor changes or elaborations of the 1956 seminar are specifically noted. The incest taboo in any society consists of a set of prohibitions which outlaw heterosexual relationships between various categories of kinsmen. Almost always, it includes prohibitions on sexual relations between brother and sister, father and daughter, mother and son. Invariably, where any prohibitions are present, other, non-primary relatives are tabooed as well. There are rare cases where the taboos seem to have been abandoned. In the main, these involve very small groups in some way or other isolated from other populations to a degree which makes it impossible to maintain the taboo if the group is to reproduce at all. There are other cases where sexual relations between brother and sister or father and daughter are permitted or prescribed for special categories (e.g. chiefs, kings), or under special circumstances (e.g. ritual). It must be emphasized, however, that in the very societies where these sexual relations are permitted to some people, or under some circumstances, they are forbidden
A brief history of molecular electronics

The field of molecular electronics has been around for more than 40 years, but only recently have some fundamental problems been overcome. It is now time for researchers to move beyond simple descriptions of charge transport and explore the numerous intrinsic features of molecules.
Integrating distributed multimedia systems and interactive television networks

Recent advances in networks, storage and video delivery systems are about to make commercial deployment of interactive multimedia services over digital television networks a reality. The emerging components individually have the potential to satisfy the technical requirements in the near future. However, no single vendor is offering a complete end-to-end commercially-deployable and scalable interactive multimedia applications systems over digital/analog television systems. Integrating a large set of maturing sub-assemblies and interactive multimedia applications is a major task in deploying such systems. Here we deal with integration issues, requirements and trade-offs in building delivery platforms and applications for interactive television services. Such integration efforts must overcome lack of standards, and deal with unpredictable development cycles and quality problems of leading- edge technology. There are also the conflicting goals of optimizing systems for video delivery while enabling highly interactive distributed applications. It is becoming possible to deliver continuous video streams from specific sources, but it is difficult and expensive to provide the ability to rapidly switch among multiple sources of video and data. Finally, there is the ever- present challenge of integrating and deploying expensive systems whose scalability and extensibility is limited, while ensuring some resiliency in the face of inevitable changes. This proceedings version of the paper is an extended abstract.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Planning and controlling the performance analysis of a large teleprocessing, production computer system

Abstract The performance analysis of a large computer production system at IBM is described. It employs a System/370 Model 155 in the Information Management System (IMS) program product which is used to support manufacturing, finance, and document control, and employs multiple terminals. A major objective of the performance analysis is to provide a data center function with the information to predict resource (the System/370 Model 155 CPU and channels) utilization and terminal response time characteristics for various teleprocessing rates. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was used by the programmers, systems users, and data center to study the performance analysis plan at preselected points in time and review the progress of the plan in a practical, reality-oriented manner. The performance analysis plan provided management and technical people from various functions with a definitive statement which was used to periodically evaluate project progress in meeting the original technical and scheduled objectives. It served as a valuable communication base for all involved. The PERT checkpoint reviews insured that we were using the programmers and user data and information correctly, determine if everyone was still in agreement, and reaffirm that the planned activities were understood and supported. These PERT review meetings served as a basis for updating, deleting, and adding hardware, software, and applications information when required. The PERT review meetings were documented and provided an audit trail of progress. The performance analysis itself will be described, which is structured to be carried out in stages—information requirements, information collection, manual performance analysis, and finally the full performance analysis using a computer model. This step-by-step approach ensured that the analysis could be continued, changed, or stopped at different checkpoints in the overall project cycle.
Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE: To identify gender differences in social and behavioral factors associated with antiretroviral adherence.
Job loss and depression: the role of subjective expectations.

Although the importance of expectations is well documented in the decision-making literature, a key shortcoming of the empirical research into effects of involuntary job loss on depression is perhaps its neglect of the subjective expectations of job loss. Using data from the US Health and Retirement Study surveys we examine whether the impact of job loss on mental health is influenced by an individual’s subjective expectations regarding future displacement. Our results imply that, among older workers in the age range of 55–65 year, subjective expectations are as significant predictors of depression as job loss itself, and ignoring them can bias the estimate of the impact of job loss on mental health.
Submarine hot springs: Origin of life?

The observations of hydrothermal systems along midoceanic spreading centers by the deep-diving submarine, Alvin, have led to numerous geological theories to explain phenomena ranging from heat flow to the formation of massive sulfide deposits. Unusual life in the forms of giant tube worms and mussels (Eos, Dec. 29, 1981) have been found to live along the submarine hot springs in chemically reducing and normally toxic sulfurous environments. Analyses of data over the past year or two have formed the basis of new life-evolution schemes. J.B. Corliss, J.A. Baross, and S.E. Hoffman have outlined a process by which concentrations of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and metals may have reacted, in several steps, to produce living organisms within or adjacent to submarine hydrothermal systems (Oceanol. Acta, 59–69, 1981).
Photographic Survey of the Occurrence of Bundle-Sheath Extensions in Deciduous Dicots

In a survey of over 300 nonevergreen dicots in 69 families, many species were found to have translucent patterns attributed to the presence of bundle-sheath extensions (BSE) on the small and ultimate veinlets. The BSE have been shown by others to inhibit transverse air movement within leaves, and it has been suggested that they are important passageways between vascular tissue and the palisade. The only characteristic found to be associated with prominent BSE is that more trees have such features than herbaceous plants. However, many important herbs have them also, including soybeans and sunflowers.
Nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in adolescent rats

A number of clinical reports have noted that women are more vulnerable to tobacco abuse than men, and adolescent females are especially vulnerable to nicotine addiction. Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a widely used technique for determining the rewarding effects of drugs with abuse potential in animal models. Several studies have reported that nicotine was ineffective in eliciting CPP in rats; while others have observed conditioned place aversion (CPA) rather than preference for nicotine. One recent investigation established CPP in adolescent female rats, however at a reasonably high dose; while a second reported dose dependence of nicotine-induced CPP in male but not female rats. The present study was designed to determine the lowest dose necessary to induce CPP to nicotine in adolescent female rats. Nicotine-induced CPP was obtained at a subcutaneous dose of 0.03 mg/kg (salt content) using a biased conditioning paradigm. Higher doses produced aversion and lower doses provided no rewarding or aversive effects. CPP persisted for at least 3 weeks following conditioning in the absence of further nicotine treatment. In contrast with results from adolescent human females and males, age-matched male rats also evidenced CPP at this very low dose of nicotine. These results indicate that even a low dose of nicotine is reinforcing and addicting in both adolescent male and female rats and brings into question the suggestion that nicotine induces greater addicting capacity in adolescent girls than boys.
The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

A pilot study of a 48-week course of pioglitazone demonstrated significant improvements in the biochemical and histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of stopping pioglitazone. Twenty-one patients with NASH were treated with pioglitazone (30 mg/day) for 48 weeks and underwent baseline and end-of-treatment evaluation including liver biopsy. Thirteen patients were followed for at least 48 weeks after stopping therapy and 9 underwent repeat liver biopsy. Statistical comparisons were made to evaluate whether discontinuation of pioglitazone resulted in a reversal of improvements seen on therapy. Stopping pioglitazone was associated with subsequent elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase levels (from 34 ± 13 to 70 ± 39 IU/l), decrease in adiponectin (from 9.7 ± 9.1 to 5.1 ± 4.5 μg/ml), worsening insulin sensitivity (HOMA Index: from 2.9 ± 1.8 to 5.5 ± 5.4), and increase in total hepatic fat (from 30% ± 32% to 71% ± 33%) despite no change in average body weight compared to the end of treatment. Repeat liver biopsy in 9 patients revealed significant worsening of parenchymal inflammation (from 1.2 ± 0.7 to 2.9 ± 1.1) and steatosis (from 0.9 ± 0.6 to 2.1 ± 1.3) but no change in fibrosis (from 1.1 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 1.3). NASH was again present on liver biopsy in 7 patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that long-term therapy with pioglitazone may be necessary to maintain improvements in disease activity in patients with NASH, although weight gain during treatment may ultimately limit its beneficial effects. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Effects of digitoxin on the ultrastructural myocardial changes in the rat subjected to chronic exercise

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Group A (control rats); Group B (rats receiving 0.15 mg of digitoxin per 100 g of body weight daily for 6 days of each week); Group C (swimming control rats); and Group D (swimming rats receiving digitoxin in the manner of Group B). The exercised animals swam 6 hours daily, 6 days a week until 400 to 1,500 hours of total swimming time had been reached. Electron microscopic data indicated that although the number of mitochondria increased in hearts from rats subjected to swimming, degeneration occurred in a significant proportion of the mitochondria. The swimming rats given digitoxin, unlike the untreated swimming rats, had insignificant mitochondrial damage. Therefore, mitochondrial integrity, in relation to the morphologic appearance, is apparently better preserved in the swimming rat receiving digitoxin than in the untreated swimming rat.
Electrical activity in the neuromuscular unit can influence the molecular development of motor neurons

During the first few weeks of postnatal life spinal motor neurons develop electrophysiological, morphological, and molecular features that are characteristic of adult motor neurons. To understand how the acquisition of the mature neuronal phenotype is regulated, we have examined the expression of the motor neuron cell surface proteoglycan recognized by monoclonal antibody Cat-301 in the hamster. Previously we found that Cat-301 immunoreactivity is not present on motor neurons at birth and that by the end of the second postnatal week all motor neurons are Cat-301-positive. Surgical and pharmacological lesion studies have shown that the onset of Cat-301 expression depends upon input from both large-diameter primary afferents and from supraspinal afferents. Once the Cat-301 proteoglycan is expressed on motor neurons, its continued expression is independent of these inputs. These studies suggested that motor neuron maturation depends upon the coordination of several afferent inputs during the first postnatal weeks of life. Our previous studies could not address whether segmental and descending afferents (i) provide a chemical signal (such as a trophic factor) or (ii) confer a pattern of neuronal activity upon motor neurons that then results in the expression of the Cat-301 proteoglycan. The present experiments examine the role of electrical activity in motor neuron maturation. In normal animals, all sciatic motor neurons are Cat-301-positive by Postnatal Day 19 (P19). Chronic application of the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX), to the sciatic nerve in neonatal animals reduces the percentage of Cat-301-positive motor neurons found at P21 by one-third. This reduction is not due to a nonspecific inhibition of all protein synthesis, because the expression of two other motor neuron antigens proceeds normally in TTX-treated neonates. Blockade of neuromuscular transmission in neonates by Botulinus toxin A also reduces the percentage of Cat-301-positive motor neurons. Cat-301 expression is not tied simply to neuronal activity, because chronic application of TTX to the sciatic nerve, or Botulinus toxin A to muscles, in the adult does not reduce Cat-301 expression. These findings indicate that electrical activity generated within the neuromuscular unit in early postnatal life can influence the acquisition of mature molecular properties by motor neurons.
Influence of estrogen on thyroid function.

THAT important relationships exist between thyroidal and gonadal function has long been suspected but, especially in man, these relationships have been only incompletely denned. Although attempts have been made to show that clinical or “subclinical” alterations in thyroid function cause menstrual or obstetric abnormalities, many studies have suffered from a lack of precise methods of evaluating thyroid activity. Also, many studies have been further hampered by a lack of data on the possible influence of ovarian hormones themselves on thyroid function or on the responsiveness of tissue to the circulating thyroid hormone. The studies to be reported were undertaken to investigate the influence of estrogen on the activity on the thyroid. Preliminary investigations in this department (1) indicated that the administration of estrogen led to a rise in the serum precipitable iodine (SPI). These studies are now extended and an effort is made to elucidate the mechanism of the estrogen-induced rise in the SPI.
Acquisition of antigen presentasome (APS), an MHC/costimulatory complex, is a checkpoint of memory T-cell homeostasis

Immunologic memory is associated with the activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cells, followed by clonal deletion and survival of a small number of memory T cells. This study establishes that effector and rested memory T cells can acquire major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/CD80 molecules (antigen presentasome [APS]) upon activation in vitro and after vaccination in vivo. We demonstrate for the first time that acquisition of APS by rested memory T cells is correlated with increased levels of apoptosis in vivo and up-regulation of caspase-3, bcl-x, bak, and bax in our in vitro studies. Moreover, our results demonstrate that memory T cells with acquired APS can indeed become cytotoxic T lymphocytes and kill other cells through perforin-mediated lysis. In addition, they retained the production of interferon γ and T-helper 2 (Th2) type cytokines. The acquisition of APS by memory T cells might be an important checkpoint leading to the clonal deletion of the majority of effector T cells, possibly allowing the surviving cells to become long-term memory cells by default.
Effects of low-level sarin and cyclosarin exposure on white matter integrity in Gulf War Veterans

Abstract Background We previously found evidence of reduced gray and white matter volume in Gulf War (GW) veterans with predicted low-level exposure to sarin (GB) and cyclosarin (GF). Because loss of white matter tissue integrity has been linked to both gray and white matter atrophy, the current study sought to test the hypothesis that GW veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure have evidence of disrupted white matter microstructural integrity. Methods Measures of fractional anisotropy and directional (i.e., axial and radial) diffusivity were assessed from the 4 T diffusion tensor images (DTI) of 59 GW veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure and 59 “matched” unexposed GW veterans (mean age: 48 ± 7 years). The DTI data were analyzed using regions of interest (ROI) analyses that accounted for age, sex, total brain gray and white matter volume, trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, current major depression, and chronic multisymptom illness status. Results There were no significant group differences in fractional anisotropy or radial diffusivity. However, there was increased axial diffusivity in GW veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure compared to matched, unexposed veterans throughout the brain, including the temporal stem, corona radiata, superior and inferior (hippocampal) cingulum, inferior and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, internal and external capsule, and superficial cortical white matter blades. Post hoc analysis revealed significant correlations between higher fractional anisotropy and lower radial diffusivity with better neurobehavioral performance in unexposed GW veterans. In contrast, only increased axial diffusivity in posterior limb of the internal capsule was associated with better psychomotor function in GW veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure. Conclusions The finding that increased axial diffusivity in a region of the brain that contains descending corticospinal fibers was associated with better psychomotor function and the lack of significant neurobehavioral deficits in veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure hint at the possibility that the widespread increases in axial diffusivity that we observed in GW veterans with predicted GB/GF exposure relative to unexposed controls may reflect white matter reorganization after brain injury (i.e., exposure to GB/GF).
Predictable quality of service atop degradable distributed systems

High performance and distributed computing systems such as peta-scale, grid and cloud infrastructure are increasingly used for running scientific models and business services. These systems experience large availability variations through hardware and software failures. Resource providers need to account for these variations while providing the required QoS at appropriate costs in dynamic resource and application environments. Although the performance and reliability of these systems have been studied separately, there has been little analysis of the lost Quality of Service (QoS) experienced with varying availability levels. In this paper, we present a resource performability model to estimate lost performance and corresponding cost considerations with varying availability levels. We use the resulting model in a multi-phase planning approach for scheduling a set of deadline-sensitive meteorological workflows atop grid and cloud resources to trade-off performance, reliability and cost. We use simulation results driven by failure data collected over the lifetime of high performance systems to demonstrate how the proposed scheme better accounts for resource availability.
Development of a photo-fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid

Abstract Atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) is an integral part of HO x (OH and HO 2 ) and NO x (NO and NO 2 ) cycles. In the arctic atmosphere measurements of HONO are an important part of understanding the dynamics of snow-air chemistry and atmospheric photochemistry. The low levels of HONO present in such regions necessitate the development of instrumentation with low detection limits. An improved method of detecting HONO is introduced in this paper, using photo-fragmentation and laser-induced fluorescence. HONO is photo-fragmented into OH and NO at 355 nm. OH is then probed using a wavelength of 282 nm and the fluorescence of OH is observed at 309 nm. The instrument is calibrated using HONO produced from the reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite. The detection limit of this method is 15 pptv for 1-min integration time with 35% uncertainty.
A Region-Based Approach to Digital Image Registration with Subpixel Accuracy

Automatic registration of images with translational, rotational, and scaling differences is discussed. To register two images from the same scene, first, the images are segmented and closedboundary regions in the images are extracted. Next, centers of gravity of closed-boundary regions are taken as control points and correspondence is established between the control points. Using this correspondence, the original images are then revisited and the segmentation process is refined in such a way that the obtained corresponding regions become optimally similar. This enables determination of centers of gravity of the regions up to subpixel accuracy. Finally, registration parameters are determined by the least squares error criterion.
Interaction of acetaldehyde with plasma proteins of the renin-angiotensin system

Abstract Chronic alcohol abuse may lead to hypertension by stimulating the activity of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). While there are reports on the alcohol associated increase of angiotensin II in rats and increases of plasma renin activity in rats and human alcoholics, the exact mechanisms of stimulation of the RAS activity is not clear. This study provides evidence for a biochemical interaction of acetaldehyde, the primary oxidative metabolite of ethanol, upon bilaterally nephrectomized (NEPEX) rat plasma that contains significant quantities of angiotensinogen and lacks active renin. Rat plasma served as the source of renin in this study. Preincubation of NEPEX plasma with 0.2 M acetaldehyde at 4°C for 2 h resulted in a 21% increase in the angiotensin I (A I) formation by the rat plasma renin and 27% increase in the A I formation by the trypsinized rat plasma renin. When the rat plasma which contains modest quantities of endogenous angiotensinogen in addition to renin was preincubated with 0.2 M acetaldehyde at 4°C for 2 h, the rate of A I formation was increased by 10%. Equivalent amounts of ethanol did not modify the rate of A I generation when added to NEPEX plasma or rat plasma. These results suggest the possibility of a biochemical interaction of acetaldehyde with the renin substrate which may enhance the activity of the RAS cascade, thereby contributing to hypertension in chronic alcoholics.
Status and prospects for fusion energy from magnetically confined plasmas

A broad review is presented of the status and outlook of achieving fusion energy production by the confinement of high temperature plasmas with magnetic fields. The paper describes the basic features of the fusion process, plasma confinement principles and concepts with emphasis on the Tokamak, issues of materials development, descriptions of the major components and subsystems of fusion reactors, prospects for power plants, the policy in the United States of magnetic fusion energy and the international aspects of this endeavor.
Global anomalies in Yang-Mills theories in higher dimensions☆

Abstract A general method is described for finding a class of fermion representations that can lead to Z 2 anomalies. These anomalies are shown to exist in arbitrary D = 4 k dimensions. Examples are given.
The Social Language of Time: The Time Perspective–Social Network Connection

Time perspective (TP) is a pivotal cognitive process through which people perceive, interpret, and negotiate their physical and social worlds. This study identifies unique patterns in the quality of social relationships that were associated with different TP dimensions. Low support and high conflict with family characterized past-negative TP. Large networks and high support from family distinguished past positive TP. Large networks with more support and companionship from friends/acquaintances typified present hedonistic TP. Having highly supportive significant others was associated with high future TP. Multidimensional time perspective is an essential cognitive process influencing human social behavior.
Three Catch Questions

By “catch questions” I mean questions in physics to which all of us are somewhat tempted to give the wrong answers until we have thought them over carefully. They are of the greatest pedagogic value and so it seems to me that this department of the journal might serve well as a forum for their presentation. To start the ball rolling, I will contribute three that have been “sprung” on me by various friends.
Phase selection in electrohydrodynamic atomization of alumina

Electrohydrodynamic atomization’has been adapted to produce Al2O3 powders ranging in size from 10 nm to 300 μm. Microstructural characterization using x-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy reveals changes in phase selection as a function of particle size, hence supercooling. Amorphous powders are common below 100 nm in diameter. Cubic spinel γ is found in single phase form between 100 nm and 2μm, and partially transformed to δ between 2 and 20 μm. There is also evidence of σ and θ or a precursor of θ forming directly from the liquid above 5 μm. The stable corundum structure is consistently found above 20 μm but exhibits three different morphologies: faceted, dendritic, and cellular. Phase selection is examined on the basis of fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic considerations and results from computer models predicting the thermal history of the powders. It is concluded that metastable phases require the elimination of catalytic sites for the nucleation of a and are thus more likely to form in the smaller powders. Furthermore, submicron powders achieve sufficiently high cooling rates to preserve the metastable phases formed (γ), but those higher than ∼ 1 μm experience a thermal excursion long enough to transform γ to more stable forms of Al2O3.
A New Look in Latin American Relations: A Report on the Denver UNESCO Conference

We asked the author to let us publish this report on the Denver UNESCO conference. The report might be titled, "How Not to Run an International Conference." It suggests that the applied anthropologist could have a vital role in advising those who plan such conferences.
Nanomolar derivatizations with 5-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester for fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis

Abstract The ability of 5-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to derivatize amino acids at very low concentrations has been investigated. CFSE can derivatize nanomolar concentrations of amino acids, which represents a 1000-fold improvement compared to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Although the reactive probe is not fluorogenic, few hydrolysis products result from derivatization, leading to relatively clean electropherograms compared to FITC derivatization. Derivatizations of γ-aminobutyric acid suggest that CFSE may be a practical amine-reactive fluorescent probe for the quantification of neurotransmitters in microdialysates.
Intentional Overdose with Insulin Glargine and Insulin Aspart

Reports of intentional massive overdoses of insulin are infrequent. A review of the literature revealed no reports of overdose attempts with either insulin glargine or insulin aspart. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman without diabetes mellitus who intentionally injected herself with an overdose of both products, which belonged to her husband. She arrived at the emergency department 15 hours after her suicide attempt, which took place the night before. Her husband had checked her blood glucose level throughout the night and had given her high-carbohydrate drinks and foods. The patient had a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, and numerous suicide attempts. She recovered from the resulting hypoglycemia after 40 hours of dextrose infusion and was transferred to a mental health facility. The main danger associated with insulin overdose is the resultant hypoglycemia and its effects on the central nervous system; hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia also can develop with excess insulin administration. Dextrose infusion, with liberal oral intake when possible, and monitoring for electrolyte changes, making adjustments as needed, are recommended for the treatment of intentional insulin overdose.
Preventive, lifestyle, and personal health behaviors among physicians.

This study examines personal health behaviors and wellness, health-related lifestyles, and prevention screening practices among licensed physicians. An anonymous questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 1,875 physicians practicing in California. Data from 763 returned questionnaires (41%) were analyzed. Our data show that 7% of this sample were clinically depressed, 13% reported using sedatives or tranquilizers, over 53% reported severe to moderate stress, and only 38% described their level of daily stress as slight. About 4% self-reported recent marijuana use. More than 6% screened positive for alcohol abuse and 5% for gambling problems. Thirty-five percent of participants reported “no” or “occasional” exercise. About 27% self-reported “never” or “occasionally” eating breakfast. In addition, 34% reported 6 or fewer hours of sleep daily, while 21% self-reported working more than 60 hours per week. Physicians’ excessive number of work hours (more than 65 hours per week) was associated with lack of exercise, not eating breakfast, and sleeping fewer than 6 hours per night. California physicians report breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening behaviors that exceeded population estimates in California and Healthy People 2010 national goals. Additional interventions designed to improve physicians’ lifestyles and personal health behaviors should be encouraged. A focus on creating healthy lifestyles will benefit physicians as much as the general population.
Current aspects of nuclear imaging in clinical oncology.

This presentation will focus on the recent developments in nuclear medicine that relate to diagnosis and staging in the cancer patient. The commercial availability of new Anger cameras as well as longitudinal tomographic scanning devices has improved gallium imaging significantly. This has enhanced tumor detection and resulted in better use of gallium scanning in the cancer patient. Areas of controversy have also developed. In particular, the question of whether or not the gallium scan can be used to avoid mediastinoscopy in some cases of bronchogenic carcinoma will be detailed. Techniques in nuclear medicine must be carefully integrated with other noninvasive investigation such as CT and ultrasound. At Yale, the authors have gathered considerable data indicating the best way to interact nuclear medicine radionuclide scintigraphy of the liver with the ultrasound examination. Our approach to this problem for the detection of focal disease in the liver will be discussed. 99mTc-HIDA has proven useful in a wide variety of biliary disorders. Use of scintigraphy in the evaluation of cholangio-enteric bypass procedures in the cancer patient will be reviewed. Cancer 47:1154–1158, 1981.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Patients with Physical Disabilities

Alcohol and other drugs of abuse (AODA) are of great medical and social concern. Patients with physical injury requiring rehabilitation may be at particular risk of AODA due to pain, physical handicaps, mood disturbances, vocational difficulties, and problems of self-image. Their access to AODA, however, is often temporarily or permanently limited. In this literature review, we have explored various aspects of AODA in physically disabled patients. Frequently, AODA are involved in the cause of physical injuries. The average use and abuse of alcohol prior to injury was high. Postinjury alcohol use and abuse frequently declined or remained unchanged. Some non-alcohol drug use and problems increased postinjury, particularly during initial periods. Postinjury abuse of AODA is particularly important with regard to the disruption of the rehabilitation process. Use of adequate control groups and analysis at multiple postinjury time points is recommended in future investigations.
Localization of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in visual areas of the turtle brain

The hormone melatonin is believed to play an important role in the regulation of both circadian and circannual rhythms. In mammalian vertebrates melatonin receptors are discretely localized, with broader distributions reported in avians and reptiles. To examine the sites at which melatonin may act in the turtle brain, 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites were assessed using quantitative autoradiography. Specific binding sites were primarily restricted to forebrain structures with a wide distribution in visual recipient areas. The distribution of melatonin sensitive sites within the turtle visual system suggests that the ability to transduce received photoperiodic signals in the reptilian brain is broadly distributed within the central nervous system.
Chromatin architectural proteins

The accessibility of eukaryotic DNA is dependent upon the hierarchical level of chromatin organization. These include (1) intra-nucleosome interactions, (2) inter-nucleosome interactions and (3) the influence of non-histone chromatin architectural proteins. There appears to be interplay between all these levels, in that one level can override another or that two or more can act in concert. In the first level, the stability of the nucleosome itself is dependent on the number and type of contacts between the core histones and the surrounding DNA, as well as protein–protein interactions within the core histone octamer. Core histone variants, post-translational modifications of the histones, and linker histones binding to the DNA all influence the organization and stability of the nucleosome. When nucleosomes are placed end-to-end in linear chromatin arrays, the second level of organization is revealed. The amino terminal tails of the histone proteins make contacts with adjacent and distant nucleosomes, both within the fiber and between different fibers. The third level of organization is imposed upon these ‘intrinsic’ constraints, and is due to the influence of chromatin binding proteins that alter the architecture of the underlying fiber. These chromatin architectural proteins can, in some cases, bypass intrinsic constraints and impart their own topological affects, resulting in truly unique, supra-molecular assemblages that undoubtedly influence the accessibility of the underlying DNA. In this review we will provide a brief summary of what has been learned about the intrinsic dynamics of chromatin fibers, and survey the biology and architectural affects of the handful of chromatin architectural proteins that have been identified and characterized. These proteins are likely only a small subset of the architectural proteins encoded within the eukaryotic genome. We hope that an increased understanding and appreciation of the contribution of these proteins to genome accessibility will hasten the identification and characterization of more of these important regulatory factors.
Logical Basis of Dimensionality.

The isolation of dimensions from a data matrix has been traditionally formulated in terms of an al gebraic or geometric model. Order analysis was de veloped as a method of multidimensional analysis and scaling based on the theory of Boolean algebra. The order analytic algorithm utilizes functions of the propositional calculus in lieu of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the general linear model. Also, the graphic presentation of latent space in coordinates of the Euclidian space is paralleled in ordering- theoretic models by dendrograms of the test space. A conceptual outline of order analysis is presented, followed by an empirical comparison of factor and order analysis solutions of a sample data problem. Resulting factor and order analytic structures are evaluated in terms of meeting criteria of simple structure and correct reflection of broad cognitive categories. In addition, the relations of proximity and dominance are discussed from the perspectives of both Cartesian and Leibnitzian theories of di men...
Changes in phospholipid composition of lung surfactant during development in the fetal lamb

Abstract The lung surfactant isolated from pulmonary fluid of fetal sheep changes both in amount and composition during gestation. Total phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its most surface-active components, disaturated PC, are present at very low levels 3–4 weeks prior to term and rise to adult levels 3–4 days before birth. The acidic phospholipids appear with a different time course. Phosphatidylserine reaches elevated levels about 21 days before birth. Phosphatidylinositol begins to increase at about 130 days of gestation. Phosphatidylglycerol is not a component (less than 1%) of the surfactant in this fetal lung fluid. At term, phosphatidylinositol is the major acidic phospholipid found in these fluids.