cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barriers to patient-centered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care with African American patients who use drugs: Social construction of the typical and ideal care visit.

ABSTRACTBackground: A successful patient-provider relationship ensures that patients are treated as individuals and receive appropriate care for their unique circumstances. For this to occur, the relationship needs open communication and trust. African American persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) and who smoke crack cocaine are at elevated risks of poor health outcomes and are often lost to care. In addition, providers often experience difficulty serving this population. Although some barriers are documented in the peer-reviewed literature, this study sought to provide in-depth context to the relationship and how it is constructed. Methods: Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care providers and their patients, specifically PWIDs and persons who smoke crack cocaine, in publicly funded HIV clinics in low-resource urban communities. n = 31 patients and n = 7 providers were interviewed about their perceptions of the other and the relationship. Interview tr...
Galenos - Generic Advanced Low-Cost Trans-European Network Over Satellite - Inthe Operating Room of The Future: OP 2000

Abstract Modern video-, communication- and computer-technologies have enabled the realization of extended competence networks, which allow physicians, although distributed over several different locations, to work in a collaborative way. In the GALENOS project a generic interactive broadband satellite network has been established with a unified and low-cost technology. Using the Win Vicos communication software, a variety of telemedical applications have been realized in the network, that currently connects 14 sites in six countries. The new possibilities that this distributed medical intelligence enables, will contribute to a continuous improvement in treatment and care of patients.
Importance of a 4-Alkyl Substituent for Activity in the Englerin Series

The ring closing metathesis/transannular etherification approach to the englerin nucleus was adapted to provide two key intermediates for analogue synthesis: the 4-desmethyl Δ5,6 tricycle and the 4-oxo Δ5,6 tricycle. The former was elaborated to 4-desmethyl englerin A and the latter served as a common precursor for englerin A, 4-ethyl englerin A, and 4-isopropyl englerin A. 4-Desmethyl englerin A was less active than the natural product by an order of magnitude, but the 4-ethyl and 4-isopropyl analogues were comparable in activity to englerin A. These results are consistent with the premise that the 4-alkyl group enforces the binding conformation of the cinnamoyl ester substituent. Furthermore, they suggest that 4-alkyl englerin structures may prove to be useful tool compounds.
Uncontrollable and Unobservable Transitions

Consider the situation where the controller is not allowed to influence certain transitions in the plant Petri net. It is illegal (in most cases1) for the Petri net controller to include an arc from one of the controller places to any of these uncontrollable plant transitions, because these arcs are the mechanism by which the controller exerts its power to inhibit events.
Platelet Rich Plasma: Current Indications and Use In Orthopaedic Care

“Platelet Rich Plasma” (PRP) is a ubiquitous term for a type of therapy that applies autologous platelets collected from whole blood and then concentrated via centrifuge that are re-applied to injured musculoskeletal tissue. The intent of most PRP therapies is to locally create or support a “healing response,” that instigates earlier healing, or to initiate a response in chronic degenerative and painful tissue. Complicating research efforts are the high number of different types and methods of PRP therapies, and the multiple anatomic and tissue sites of treatment that may potentially benefit from PRP. One of the greatest challenges in the development of PRP therapy have been translating promising laboratory and animal study results to clinical studies’ outcomes. While enthusiasm for PRP therapy has often exceeded the evidence to support therapeutic benefits, recent studies and experience does support the use of specific types of PRP therapy in specific degenerative and injury patterns.
Biologic and Physical Principles of Total Body Irradiation for Allogeneic and Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children with Leukemia and Lymphoma

Following Roentgen’s discovery of x-rays in the twilight of the nineteenth century, only a decade or so elapsed before the birth of total body irradiation (TBI), described by Dessauer in 1907 as the “x-ray bath.” In 1927, Teschendorf first described the favorable results he had achieved using TBI in the treatment of the lymphomas. Five years later, Heublein reported on a group of patients with lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and leukemia treated with TBI at Memorial Hospital in New York. In the 1990s, we are still struggling with the nuances of TBI and, in particular, how it is best used in conditioning regimens for bone marrow trasplantation (BMT). The relatively new art of BMT remains fraught with complex issues, and the increasing use of and lymphomas and its emerging role in the treatment of solid tumors have led to a reexamination of the effects of various conditioning regimens, not only in terms of tumor cell kill and prevention of rejection, but also in relation to long-term organ toxicity. Prior to receiving TBI as part of their conditioning regimens for BMT, children have often been exposed to various agents such as cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, causing subclinical damage to such organs as kidney and lung which must be factored into considerations of long-term organ toxicity.
Temporal-Spatial Data

In this chapter we discuss the temporal-spatial characteristics inherent in certain data; e.g., temperature readings. Then a technique for analyzing temporal-spatial data will be introduced. This technique consists of three components: detecting change points in the temporal sequence of the data, deriving a probability model to capture the spatial characteristics of the data, and inferring from the probability model to discover any interesting association patterns. We will show the application of the technique to analyze an important kind of temporal-spatial data: temperature readings.
The Effect of Sample Size on Estimated Limits for and X Control Charts

The results of this study indicate that charts with subgroups of size n require about 400/(n-1) samples, and X charts require about 300 values to estimate control limits that perform like known limits. The results also indicate that using estimated con..
Small Cell Urothelial Carcinoma

Small cell urothelial carcinoma remains virtually indistinguishable from its counterpart in the lung. Typically comprised of small, round blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, these tumors are associated with a very rapid proliferation rate and early metastases. Upstaging at surgery is quite common and is likely the reason for the poor clinical outcomes seen with initial cystectomy. Recent data from the first clinical trial in small cell urothelial cancer suggest more long-term survivors when chemotherapy is given prior to cystectomy. Chemotherapy followed by radiation may be a reasonable alternative in patients with tumors clinically confined to the bladder. However, the frequent presence of other variant histology and carcinoma in situ associated with small cell urothelial cancer may be one reason for the higher relapse rates, including local failure in the bladder, seen with bladder irradiation. Unfortunately, the prognosis in the setting of metastatic disease remains quite poor with an average life expectancy on the order of 1 year. Additional data indicate the incidence of brain metastases may be as high as 50 % in patients with stage 3 or greater tumors, suggesting a subset of patients in which one may consider prophylactic cranial irradiation. However, the numbers of patients treated with these paradigms remain low. Additional work is required to optimize the treatment for patients with this rare malignancy.
Association between insufficient sleep and suicidal ideation among adolescents.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the association between insufficient sleep and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Data for this study came from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. A sample of 13,659 adolescents aged 14–18 years (51.8% female) were analyzed using logistic regression with suicidal ideation as the outcome variable and insufficient sleep as the main explanatory variable. Of the 13,659 adolescents, 2,409 representing 17.6% experienced suicidal ideation during the past 12 months and three out of four adolescents (75.2%) had insufficient sleep on an average school night. Controlling for all other predictors, the odds of experiencing suicidal ideation were 1.35 times higher for adolescents who had insufficient sleep relative to those who had sufficient sleep on an average school night (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.16–1.58). Other factors associated with suicidal ideation include female gender, sexual minority, history of traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization, feeling sad or hopeless, being slightly or very overweight, and substance use. Physical activity was inversely associated with suicidal ideation. School counselors, clinicians, and practitioners should consider adequate sleep as an important intervention in suicide prevention.
Typical Opioid use After Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy

Study Objective To describe typical narcotic requirements after benign minimally invasive hysterectomy and evaluate patient risk factors for higher narcotic use. Design In a prospectively collected data set as part of a randomized controlled trial comparing single-dose preoperative gabapentin use to nonusers, women undergoing a benign minimally invasive hysterectomy were assessed for total narcotic use and subjective pain scores at 2 weeks postoperatively via phone. Results from this trial resulted in no difference between groups, therefore the data set was utilized to assess typical narcotic use at 2 weeks postoperative. Total narcotic use was then compared across surgical specialties (generalist, urogynecology, minimally invasive gynecology [MIGS]). Patient demographics and operative details were compared between top quartile users versus regular users. Setting Single academic affiliated community hospital. Patients or Participants From June 2016 to June 2017, women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications via a minimally invasive approach were approached to participate. Inclusion was limited to patients of high volume surgeons (more than 20 hysterectomies annually) within the generalist, MIGS, and urogynecology divisions. Women were excluded if known to have a contraindication to gabapentin, acetaminophen, or celecoxib use, or if their procedure was converted to laparotomy for any indication. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results A total of 109 women had data at 2 weeks postoperative to be analyzed for cohort analysis. The median oral narcotic requirement was 40 morphine milligram equivalents [MME] (interquartile range 0 – 96). Patients undergoing surgery with MIGS providers required less postoperative narcotics than those with a generalist trained surgeon (15 MME versus 75 MME, p = 0.007). Younger age and prior laparoscopic surgery were also found to be associated with high narcotic utilization after benign hysterectomy. Conclusion Typical oral narcotic requirements after benign minimally invasive hysterectomy are minimal with median use equivalent to approximately five tablets of oxycodone (5 milligrams).
Mosaicism for KCNJ5 Causing Early-Onset Primary Aldosteronism due to Bilateral Adrenocortical Hyperplasia.

Background Somatic variants in KCNJ5 are the most common cause of primary aldosteronism (PA). There are few patients with PA in whom the disease is caused by germline variants in the KCNJ5 potassium channel gene (familial hyperaldosteronism type III-FH-III). Methods A 5-year-old patient who developed hypertension due to bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia (BAH) causing PA had negative peripheral DNA testing for any known genetic causes of PA. He was treated medically with adequate control of his PA but by the third decade of his life, due to worsening renal function, he underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. Results Focused exome sequencing in multiple nodules of his BAH uncovered a "hot-spot" pathogenic KCNJ5 variant, while repeated Sanger sequencing showed no detectable DNA defects in peripheral blood and other tissues. However, whole exome, "deep" sequencing revealed that 0.23% of copies of germline DNA did in fact carry the same KCNJ5 variant that was present in the adrenocortical nodules, suggesting low level germline mosaicism for this PA-causing KCNJ5 defect. Conclusions Thus, this patient represents a unique case of BAH due to a mosaic KCNJ5 defect. Undoubtedly, his milder PA compared with other known cases of FH-III, was due to his mosaicism. This case has a number of implications for the prognosis, treatment, and counseling of the many patients with PA due to BAH that are seen in hypertension clinics.
Expanded vocal inclusivity

The information age has eschewed the guards at the gate, allowing for freer access to information and idea exchange. As such, the international community has received a bird’s-eye view to the actua...
Formulation of protein–polyphenol particles for applications in food systems

Consumers are demanding healthy nutritious foods rich in protein (both plant and animal) and biologically-active phytochemicals from plants, which can help the body to sustain a stronger immune system and fight against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the conditions required to enhance the concentration of bioactive phenolics and protein in aggregate particles formed with whey or rice protein isolates and polyphenol-rich berry juices (cranberry and blueberry), and to evaluate properties associated with food structural functionality and stability. Different protein concentrations (10, 15 and 20% w/w) and mixing durations were tested in order to study their effects on particle formation. Addition of juices significantly increased the aggregation of whey proteins in suspensions at pH 4.5, resulting in a trimodal distribution of protein-polyphenol particles: sizes at 5 μm, 30 μm, and above 100 μm. However, the addition of polyphenol-rich juices did not markedly alter aggregation or particle size distribution for rice proteins, as compared to rice protein particles formed with imitation juice. The particles formed with 10% w/w whey protein and blueberry juice yielded the highest total phenolic (27 mg g-1 particle) and protein content (805 mg g-1 particle); therefore, only 25 g of protein-polyphenol particles delivered simultaneously 20 g of protein, and the equivalent blueberry polyphenols (∼0.64 g total polyphenolics) in two servings (150 g) of blueberries. Particles formed with whey protein and blueberry juice significantly improved foam stability and drainage half-life. Protein-polyphenol particles can be designed as ingredients to stabilize food structures and to increase delivery of health protective polyphenols and proteins in the diet.
Longitudinal Assessment of Ellipsoid Zone Mapping Parameters in Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease With Associated Macular Edema

Purpose:This work evaluated the longitudinal dynamics of ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with macular edema and their relation to outcomes.Methods:Clinical characteris...
Water management strategies for PGM-free catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract Platinum group metal–free (PGM-free) catalysts are promising candidates to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Because of their low activity, larger loadings are used resulting in thicker catalyst layers. Transport, particularly water management, thereby becomes a more prominent performance factor. Currently, very few works attempted to understand water management in PGM-free catalyst layers, mainly because of other challenges that had to be overcome first, such as enhancing their activity and durability. The field has also been active in a hypothesis discussion of micropores flooding that led to the belief that poor stability of the PEFC performance is linked to active sites flooding within the micropores. We present here an overview of recent advances in understanding water management in the PGM-free catalyst layer for oxygen reduction reaction in PEFCs and provide an opinion on design guidance in optimizing catalyst layers to avoid flooding.
An expedient process for reducing the formation of process-related impurities during solid-phase synthesis of potential nucleic acid-based drugs

With the intent of mitigating the formation of process-related impurities during solid-phase synthesis of DNA or RNA sequences, a hydroxylated controlled-pore glass support conjugated to three, five or seven hexaethylene glycol spacers was prepared and demonstrated to provide a more efficient and robust synthesis process. Indeed, the use of a support conjugated to five hexaethylene glycol spacers led to a 19% up to 42% reduction of process-related impurities contaminating synthetic nucleic acid sequences, when compared to that obtained from the same DNA/RNA sequences synthesized using a commercial long-chain alkylamine controlled-pore glass support under highly similar conditions.
A 16-Element Fully Integrated 28GHz Digital Beamformer with In-Package 4×4 Patch Antenna Array and 64 Continuous-Time Band-Pass Delta-Sigma Sub-ADCs

This paper presents a fully-integrated 28GHz mm-wave digital beamformer, combined with a custom-designed 8-layer LTCC substrate 4×4 patch antenna array, for a complete 16-element single-chip mm-wave-to-digital beamforming system. 16-element digital beamforming in a single IC represents an excellent tradeoff between die size, signal loss, and I/O routing complexity. Optimum placement of the ADCs, together with the use of four 27GHz PLLs, shortens both LO and mm-wave signal routing and reduces signal loss. ADC sampling of a high (1GHz) IF enables single-phase mm-wave LO routing and moves the I/Q mixing into the digital domain. A 4× parallel band-pass ADC structure provides in-built FIR filtering for additional harmonic suppression and anti-alias filtering. Bit-stream processing takes advantage of the short bit-width outputs of the RX slices to implement digital beamforming with area and energy-efficient MUXes. The prototype 16-element beamformer generates four independent, simultaneous beams. Over-the-air measurements confirm accurate 3D beam patterns, indicate a measured overall noise figure of 7dB, and QAM-4 EVM of -18dB.
Projected Climate Change Impacts on Hurricane Storm Surge Inundation in the Coastal United States

The properties of hurricanes directly influence storm surges; however, the implications of projected changes to the climate are unclear. Here, we simulate the storm surges of historical storms under present day and end of century climate scenarios to assess the impact of climate change on storm surge inundation. We simulate 21 storms that impacted the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coasts of the continental U.S. from 2000-2013. We find that the volume of inundation increases for 14 storms and the average change for all storms is +36%. The extent of inundation increases for 13 storms, and the average change for all storms is +25%. Notable increases in inundation occur near Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, the west coast of Florida, the Carolinas, and New Jersey. Our calculations of inundation volume and extent suggest that at the end of the century, we can expect hurricanes to produce larger storm surge magnitudes in concentrated areas, as opposed to surges with lower magnitudes that are widespread. We examine changes in maximum wind speed, minimum central pressure, translation speed, and radius of the 33 ms−1 wind to assess the impacts of individual storm characteristics on storm surge. We find that there is no single storm characteristic that directly relates to storm surge inundation or its climate induced changes. Even when all the characteristics are considered together, the resulting influences are difficult to anticipate. This is likely due to the complexity of the hydrodynamics and interactions with local geography. This illustrates that even as climate change research advances and more is known about projected impacts to hurricanes, implications for storm surge will be difficult to predict without explicit numerical simulation.
Multiscale investigation of the mechanisms controlling the corrosion of borosilicate glasses in hyper-alkaline media

The overarching goal of the present multiscale investigation is to unearth the kinetics and mechanisms of corrosion of borosilicate glasses in hyper-alkaline (pH = 13) environments as a function of...
Perceived Burdens and Benefits Associated with Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Type 1 Diabetes Across the Lifespan.

Background:Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) help people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) improve their glycemic profiles but are underutilized. To better understand why, perceived CGM burdens and benef...
Integrated Testing Strategy for the Safety of Botanical Ingredients: A Case Study with German Chamomile Constituents

Introduction: German chamomile is a botanical ingredient commonly used in cosmetics, thus determination of skin sensitization effects of German chamomile constituents is critical for the safety of ...
The Impact of Exoskeletal-Assisted Walking on the Immune System of Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Systemic inflammation is commonly observed in persons with SCI and is inversely correlated with mobility. In the general population, light-moderate intensity exercise such as walking reduces risk of stroke, CVD and reduces systemic inflammation. Powered exoskeletons for persons with SCI offer a means to provide physical activity through overground ambulation. It is currently unclear if, and to what extent, exoskeletal-assisted walking (EAW) leads to health benefits associated with walking. A pilot case series was performed to determine if EAW impacts whole blood gene expression in persons with chronic SCI.
Protein Structure Prediction with Mass Spectrometry Data.

Knowledge of protein structure is crucial to our understanding of biological function and is routinely used in drug discovery. High-resolution techniques to determine the three-dimensional atomic c...
An investigation of bilateral asymmetries in electrodermal activity

Research in cerebral laterality supports the idea that functional differences between the left and right hemispheres exist with respect to cognitive style and perceptual ability. Related research, which has examined autonomic nervous system (ANS) correlates of cerebral laterality, suggests that a component of the ANS, electrodermal activity (EDA), is also lateralized. Some findings in the literature report the occurrence of bilateral asymmetries in phasic and tonic EDA as a function of a left or right hemisphere preference for information processing. This experiment used normal male subjects who were either left or right movers in a test of Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement (CLEM). This selection procedure served to maximize a subject’s preference for either a right or left hemisphere mode of information processing. Bilateral EDA was recorded continuously while subjects performed a visual recognition task using word (left hemisphere) and shape (right hemisphere) stimuli. The data do not support the contention that performance on a procedure chosen to selectively activate a given hemisphere elicits asymmetric tonic and/or phasic EDA. The results show no significant difference in the frequency of elicited skin conductance responses under either of the experimental conditions. Bilateral tonic EDA rose continuously over time and did not vary in either hand as a function of task. The present results fail to offer support for either of the hypotheses which argue for I) increased contralateralexcitation with selective hemispheric activation, or 2) increased contralateralinhibition of the EDR with hemispheric arousal.
An Index of the Quality of Official Development Assistance in Health

Health is one of the largest and most complex aid sectors: 16 percent of all aid went to the health sector in 2009. While many stress the importance of aid effectiveness, there are limited quantitative analyses of the quality of health aid. In this paper, we apply Birdsall and Kharas’s Quality of Official Development Assistance (QuODA) methodology to rank donors across 23 indicators of aid effectiveness in health. We present our results, track progress from 2008 to 2009, compare health to overall aid, discuss our limitations, and call for more transparent and relevant aid data in the sector level as well as the need to focus on impact and results.
Consuming Traditions: Modernity, Modernism, and the Commodified Authentic

Preface 1. Selling Authenticity Part One: Commodified Nostalgia and the Country Aesthetic 2. The Past is a Present Country: Model Towns and Commercial Utopias 3. Buying Time: E. M. Forster and the Neo-Nostalgic Home Part Two: Urban Authenticities 4. The Vanishing Act of Commercialism: Selfridges, Modernity, and the Purified Marketplace 5. "Lustrous Behind Glass": Woolf, Window Shopping, and Authentic Display Conclusion: Modernist Excursions
Carpal tunnel syndrome severity staging using sonographic and clinical measures

Introduction Ultrasonography may be valuable in staging carpal tunnel syndrome severity, especially by combining multiple measures. This study aimed to develop a preliminary severity staging model using multiple sonographic and clinical measures. Methods Measures were obtained in 104 participants. Multiple categorization structures for each variable were correlated to diagnostic severity based on nerve conduction. Goodness-of-fit was evaluated for models using iterative combinations of highly correlated variables. Using the best-fit model, a preliminary scoring system was developed, and frequency of misclassification was calculated. Results The severity staging model with best fit (rho 0.90) included patient-reported symptoms, functional deficits, provocative testing, nerve cross-sectional area, and nerve longitudinal appearance. An 8-point scoring scale classified severity accurately for 79.8% of participants. Conclusions This severity staging model is a novel approach to carpal tunnel syndrome evaluation. Including more sensitive measures of nerve vascularity, nerve excursion, or other emerging techniques may refine this preliminary model. Muscle Nerve 51: 838–845, 2015
In Vivo Effects of Mutations in Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Enhancer II

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) enhancer II (EnII) is located upstream of the major pregenomic RNA promoter and is thought to play an important role in the insertional activation of the N-myc2 gene during WHV hepatocarcinogenesis. WHV EnII is recognized by at least three host transcription factors: HNF-1, HNF-4, and Oct-1. Here, the roles of these EnII-binding factors in viral transcription and replication have been further examined. In HepG2 cells transiently transfected with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene whose expression is dependent upon EnII, mutations in either the HNF-1 or the HNF-4 site strongly reduced CAT activity, while ablation of the Oct-1 site decreased CAT expression only twofold. Mutations in more than one site completely abolished reporter expression. These same mutations were also tested in an overlength WHV genome for their impact on viral replication and gene expression. In transfected HepG2 cells, lesions in the HNF-1 site inactivated pregenomic RNA expression and viral reverse transcription, with only minimal effects on the expression of other viral mRNAs. By contrast, Oct-1 site lesions had no effect on either viral RNA synthesis or DNA replication, and HNF-4 site lesions produced a modest reduction of pregenomic RNA but had no impact on viral DNA synthesis. Testing of the mutants in susceptible woodchucks revealed that, as expected, viruses with lesions in the HNF-1 site were nearly noninfectious, while mutants with lesions at the Oct-1 site were fully replication competent. HNF-4 site mutants were replication competent but may display reduced levels of replication in the intact animal host. We conclude that (i) EnII is primarily devoted to the regulation of pregenomic RNA in WHV, (ii) HNF-1 is essential for EnII function in vivo, and (iii) HNF-4 plays a demonstrable but adjunctive role in EnII function.
Do green tech policies need to pass the consumer test?: The case of ethanol fuel

Abstract This paper investigates a question sometimes overlooked by policymakers and regulators, namely the need of a robust value proposition for green technologies to successfully enter the market. In particular, results from consumer choice models are used to develop measures of consumer acceptance of ethanol blends and flex-fuel vehicles is studied, a fuel–vehicle system that has received attention in a variety of federal and state policies. The analysis suggests that, under projected fuel prices and given the characteristics of the competing vehicle–fuel systems, consumers are unlikely to substitute ethanol blends for gasoline. The analysis also highlights the need for further research in this area.
Photography, Fine Art Photography, and the Visual Arts: 1900–2001

This essay represents the relationships between photography, fine art photography, and the visual arts as they developed in the United States between 1900 and 2001. Th ough photography had come to be acknowledged as a legitimate form of artistic pursuit by the early part of the 20th century, it was considered a minor one. This was regardless of the fact that photography's introduction had had a significant impact on our perception and our visual culture. Instead, this evaluation was premised on the fact that photography as a medium had no historical precedent, and if any parallel was to be drawn it would be with that of printmaking, whose conventions of editioning it would eventually adopt. From the point of view of the “Academy,” “art” was fixed in concept and form, because it reflected values that were eternal. While this position allowed for the emergence of new styles, which were historically contingent on one another, it did not readily allow for new forms and media. Consequently, abstract art or the material experimentation of the early avant-garde would become integrated into art's history after much critical debate and adjustment. By contrast, for most of the 20th century, photography would exist in a world of parallel institutions, circumscribed by their own history.
An Ointment for the Fly

Won for All . How the Drosophila Genome Was Sequenced. By Michael Ashburner . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2006. 123 pp. $19.95, £11. ISBN 0-87969-802-0. The author offers a short, lively account (almost resembling diary extracts) of the collaborative effort that sequenced the Drosophila genome.
Introduction to microelectronic fabrication

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, References, and Problems.) Preface. 1. An Overview of Microelectronic Fabrication. A Historical Perspective. An Overview of Monolithic Fabrication Processes and Structures. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Processes. Basic Bipolar Processing. Safety. 2. Lithography. The Photolithographic Process. Etching Techniques. Photomask Fabrication. Exposure Systems. Exposure Sources. Optical and Electron Microscopy. Further Reading. 3. Thermal Oxidation of Silicon. The Oxidation Process. Modeling Oxidation. Factors Influencing Oxidation Rate. Dopant Redistribution During Oxidation. Masking Properties of Silicon Dioxide. Technology of Oxidation. Oxide Quality. Selective Oxidation and Shallow Trench Formation. Oxide Thickness Characterization. Process Simulation. 4. Diffusion. The Diffusion Process. Mathematical Model for Diffusion. The Diffusion Coefficient. Successive Diffusions. Solid-Solubility Limits. Junction Formation and Characterization. Sheet Resistance. Generation-Depth and Impurity Profile Measurement. Diffusion Simulation. Diffusion Systems. Gettering. 5. Ion Implantation. Implantation Technology. Mathematical Model for Ion Implantation. Selective Implantation. Junction Depth and Sheet Resistance. Channeling, Lattice Damage, and Annealing. Shallow Implantation. Source Listing 6. Film Deposition. Evaporation. Sputtering. Chemical Vapor Deposition. Epitaxy. Further Reading. 7. Interconnections and Contacts. Interconnections in Integrated Circuits. Metal Interconnections and Contact Technology. Diffused Interconnections. Polysilicon Interconnections and Buried Contacts. Silicides and Multilayer-Contact Technology. The Liftoff Process. Multilevel Metallization. Copper Interconnects and Damascene Processes. Further Reading. 8. Packaging and Yield. Testing. Wafer Thinning and Die Separation. Die Attachment. Wire Bonding. Packages. Flip-Chip and Tape-Automated-Bonding Processes. Yield. Further Reading. 9. MOS Process Integration. Basic MOS Device Considerations. MOS Transistor Layout and Design Rules. Complementary MOS (CMOS) Technology. Silicon on Insulator. 10. Bipolar Process Integration. The Junction-Isolated Structure. Current Gain. Transit Time. Basewidth. Breakdown Voltages. Other Elements in SBC Technology. Layout Considerations. Advanced Bipolar Structures. Other Bipolar Isolation Techniques. BICMOS. 11. Processes for Microelectromechanical Systems-MEMS. Mechanical Properties of Silicon. Bulk Micromachining. Silicon Etchants. Surface Micromachining. High-Aspect-Ratio Micromachining: The LIGA Molding Process. Silicon Wafer Bonding. IC Process Compatibility. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.
Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation: techniques to confirm guidewire location.

To the Editor, We read with interest the article by Aoyama et al. regarding a novel technique to confirm the location of guidewires, and we have a few suggestions to supplement correct internal jugular venous (IJV) cannulation and catheter placement. We agree with the authors’ observation that the guidewire may not always be visible during ultrasoundguided IJV cannulation and commend them for the novel technique they devised to identify guidewire location. We practice several maneuvers at our own institution to assist with identification of the guidewire during central venous cannulation. We perform these maneuvers either alone or in sequence, especially if the guidewire is difficult to visualize. One of the maneuvers involves placing the ultrasound probe either in plane or obliquely over the guidewire to assist with guidewire identification. It is advantageous to hold the ultrasound probe in line because a significant length of the guidewire can be visualized in the vein, the guidewire’s location in the internal jugular vein can be confirmed, and distal arterial cannulation by the guidewire, if any, can be detected. A second maneuver we use to assist with identification of the guidewire in the internal jugular vein involves wiggling the guidewire while it is held close to the entry point in the skin with the ultrasound probe in a transverse position. Our third maneuver involves gradually increasing the pressure exerted by the ultrasound probe over the vein until the vein collapses. When this is followed by the sudden release of the probe, it leads to changes in the intraluminal pressure and movement of the guidewire within the lumen of the vein, thus assisting in its identification. We suggest using multiple techniques to confirm guidewire location in the internal jugular vein, especially in cases of difficult visualization. This will minimize complications and improve patient safety.
Hegel and the Metaphysics of Absolute Negativity

Introduction. 'A completely altered view of logic' 1. The Hegelian concept, absolute negativity, and the transformation of philosophical critique 2. Hegel's complex relationship to 'pre-Kantian' metaphysics 3. Hegelian skepticism and the 'idealism of the finite' 4. Skeptical implications for the foundations of natural science 5. The methodology of finite cognition and the ideal of mathematical rigor 6. 'Die Sache Selbst' - absolute negativity and Hegel's speculative logic of content 7. Absolute negation and the history of logic.
PLEBISCITO DE DESTITUIÇÃO, APERFEIÇOAMENTO DADEMOCRACIA

O plebiscito de destituicao e o procedimento democratico de afastamento definitivo dos cargos que ocupam representantes que, por uma razao ou outra, perderam a confianca do povo que os elegeu. Esse instituto democratico existe em alguns paises do mundo, notadamente nos Estados Unidos, onde vem sendo adotado com sucesso e sem grandes problemas pelo menos desde 1903. O presente artigo descreve o que e a eleicao de retirada, revisa a experiencia internacional e discute suas vantagens e desvantagens para o sistema politico de um pais. Finalizamos com uma discussao sobre a oportunidade de sua implementacao no Brasil, dada a atual conjuntura.
Ophthalmic antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis: a controlled, longitudinal study.

Purpose To analyze the emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis after repeated conjunctival exposure to topical macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Design Prospective, controlled, longitudinal study with 1-year follow-up. Participants Forty-eight eyes of 24 patients undergoing serial unilateral intravitreal (IVT) injections for choroidal neovascularization. Methods Subjects received 4 consecutive monthly unilateral IVT injections and then were treated as needed. Each subject was assigned randomly to 1 of 4 antibiotics (azithromycin 1%, gatifloxacin 0.3%, moxifloxacin 0.5%, ofloxacin 0.3%) and used only their assigned antibiotic after each injection. Conjunctival culture specimens of the treated and untreated fellow eye (control) were obtained at baseline and after each injection. All bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Main Outcome Measures Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and multidrug resistance of S. epidermidis. Results After 4 consecutive treatments, a total of 58 isolates of S. epidermidis each were isolated from control and treated eyes. Resistance to 3 or more antibiotics was present in 69% of S. epidermidis isolated from control eyes compared with 90% from treated eyes ( P S. epidermidis were cultured from control and treated eyes, respectively, from the fifth until the final injection. Resistance to 5 or more antibiotics was present in 48% of control eyes compared with 71% of treated eyes ( P S. epidermidis developed resistance to third-generation ( P P P P P S. epidermidis resistant to macrolides ( P P P Conclusions Conjunctival S. epidermidis repeatedly exposed to fluoroquinolone or azithromycin antibiotics rapidly develop resistance. Coresistance to other antibiotics also was observed. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
The Death Penalty in the Post‐Furman Era: A Review of the Issues and the Debate

This is a review of the issues and debate over capital punishment in the United States during the post-Furman era (since 1972). It encompasses a review of the legal issues, highlighting major U.S. Supreme Court cases in which the constitutionality of the death penalty has been challenged. These constitutional challenges have included issues of arbitrariness and race discrimination in the application of the death penalty. Also considered is the Court's ‘evolving standards of decency’ test in terms of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment – relative to the execution of juveniles and the mentally retarded and whether lethal injection is cruel and unusual. The post-Furman era death penalty debate is comprised of two phases, both raised questions about public confidence in the criminal justice system. Phase one, occurring in the 1980s and early 1990s, was concerned with the lengthy appeal process and the lack of finality in capital cases. Phase two emerged in the late 1990s and 2000s and focused on the accuracy (wrongful convictions) and fairness (arbitrariness and discrimination) of the administration of capital punishment. The DNA revolution and a parade of high-profile exonerations in the United States contributed to this latter phase. Finally, the death penalty debate is considered from an international and human rights perspective.
Abrupt shifts in relaxin and progesterone secretion by aging luteal cells: luteotropic response in hysterectomized and pregnant pigs.

Although a prominent role of conceptuses in the hormonal control of normal parturition in the pig is well founded, mechanisms are entrained that cause a timed relaxin release and an abrupt decrease in progesterone secretion in the complete absence of the uterus. This study focused on the steroidogenic and peptide hormone secretory capacities of aging porcine luteal cells in culture on specific days during a narrow window (days 110–116) when abrupt shifts occur in their function. Dispersed luteal cells (3 × 105 cells/well) from hysterectomized and pregnant gilts on days 110, 113, and 116 after estrus were cultured for 24 h with porcine (p) LH, pPRL, prostaglandin Ex (PGE1), PGE2) and (Bu)2cAMP. Progesterone and relaxin concentrations in cells preceding culture and in the spent medium were quantified by RIA. Progesterone in cells before culture was less (P < 0.05) than that released into the medium, while relaxin levels were greater (P < 0.05) than those in the medium. Relaxin stored in luteal cells of hyst...
Predictive validity of initial fear avoidance beliefs in patients with low back pain receiving physical therapy: is the FABQ a useful screening tool for identifying patients at risk for a poor recovery?

Several prospective studies examining patients receiving physical therapy support the predictive validity of FABQ subscale scores. This has lead to the proposition that the FABQ would be a useful screening tool, permitting early identification of patients at risk for a poor outcome with an opportunity to modify the treatment accordingly. However, the predictive validity of the FABQ within physical therapy practice has yet to be examined. Predictive validity was analyzed between the FABQ-PA, FABQ-W using both disability and pain as the dependent variables using Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise hierarchical linear regression modeling controlling for baseline variables. Separate analyses were run for patients with private health insurance and those receiving workers’ compensation. Further analysis of predictive validity was performed by dichotomizing the outcome of physical therapy. Patients were coded as having a poor outcome if they failed to achieve a minimum clinically important change in disability over the course of treatment. The accuracy of previously reported cut-off scales for both the FABQ-W and FABQ-PA were examined for both payor types. Results of the hierarchical linear regression analyses for patients with private insurance showed neither the FABQ-PA nor the FABQ-W score significantly improved the explained variance in change in pain or disability. For patients receiving workers’ compensation, only the FABQ-W subscale score significantly contributed to the model after controlling for the other baseline variables for both changes in disability and pain. Only the FABQ-W subscale was predictive of poor outcome and this was only identified in the worker’s compensation group. The results suggest that the work subscale of the FABQ might be an appropriate screening tool to identify patients with work-related LBP who are at risk for a poor outcome with routine physical therapy. Neither FABQ subscale was predictive of outcome for patients with private insurance, and the use of the FABQ, as a screening tool for patients with non-work-related LBP was not supported.
Auctioning Vertically Integrated Online Services: Computational Approaches for Real-Time Allocation

We develop three auction-based pricing and allocation solution methods for the case where a capacity-constrained online service provider offers multiple classes of unique, one-time services with differentiated quality. Consumers desire exactly one of the many service classes offered. We call such a setting a vertically integrated online services market. Examples of these services are webcasting of special events over the Internet, provision of video-on-demand, and allocation of grid computing resources. We model the pricing and allocation decision faced by firms in such a setting as a knapsack problem with an added preference elicitation dimension. We present a variety of computational solution approaches based on adaptations of the traditional greedy heuristic for knapsack problems. The solution approaches vary in efficacy depending on whether bidders are restricted to bid in one service class or allowed to bid in multiple service classes, as well as on the overall variability of the demand. In the case bidders can bid in multiple classes but are interested in consuming only one service class, a direct application of the heuristics developed for the single service case results in a nonfair allocation. We develop a novel data structure to eliminate the unfair allocation while maintaining the original computation complexity of the simpler setting. The paper contributes by presenting a menu of auction clearing mechanisms for selling vertically integrated online services.
Programmed ventricular stimulation in mitral valve prolapse: Analysis of 36 patients

Abstract Programmed ventricular stimulation with 3 extrastimuli was performed in 36 patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Among 11 patients without transient cerebral symptoms, none had inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), whether or not nonsustained VT or ventricular premature complexes (VPC) were present during ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings. These patients remained well without antiarrhythmic drug therapy for 6 to 57 months (mean 23) of follow-up. Two patients with recurrent unexplained syncope and no documented ventricular arrhythmia during electrocardiographic monitoring also had no inducible VT or VF. Among 20 patients with syncope or presyncope and documented nonsustained VT or VPCs during electrocardiographic monitoring, polymorphic nonsustained VT was induced in 8, sustained unimorphic VT in 2, and VF in 3. In 1 patient who had inducible polymorphic nonsustained VT, electrocardiographic monitoring during syncope showed sinus rhythm. Among 3 patients with a history of sustained VT or VF, unimorphic VT was induced in each. Patients with MVP who have asymptomatic ventricular ectopic activity and no inducible VT may have a benign prognosis without treatment. In patients who have transient cerebral symptoms and documented nonsustained VT or VPCs, VT or VF is inducible in 65%, most often polymorphic VT. It is unclear in which patients this finding is clinically significant and in which it is a nonspecific response to programmed stimulation.
Parenting satisfaction among fathers with alcoholism

This study examined parenting satisfaction among a clinical sample of 88 men with alcoholism at baseline and 6-month and 12-month follow-up. Findings indicated no overall improvements in parenting satisfaction from the outset of treatment across assessments. Alcohol consumption variables were associated with parenting satisfaction at the bivariate level, and changes in alcohol consumption from pre to post treatment emerged as a significant predictor of changes in parenting satisfaction over the course of the study. Greater decreases in alcohol consumption were associated with greater improvement in parenting satisfaction.