cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience with software watermarking

There are at least four US patents on software watermarking, and an idea for further advancing the state of the art was presented by C. Collberg and C. Thomborsen (1999). The new idea is to embed a watermark in dynamic data structures, thereby protecting against many program-transformation attacks. Until now there have been no reports on practical experience with this technique. We have implemented and experimented with a watermarking system for Java based on the ideas of Collberg and Thomborsen. Our experiments show that watermarking can be done efficiently with moderate increases in code size, execution times and heap-space usage, while making the watermarked code resilient to a variety of program-transformation attacks. For a particular representation of watermarks, the time to retrieve a watermark is on the order of one minute per megabyte of heap space. Our implementation is not designed to resists all possible attacks; to do that, it should be combined with other protection techniques, such as obfuscation and tamperproofing.
Which Synthetic Voice Should I Choose for an Evocative Task

We explore different evaluation methods for 4 different synthetic voices and 1 human voice. We investigate whether intelligibility, naturalness, or likability of a voice is correlated to the voice’s evocative function potential, a measure of the voice’s ability to evoke an intended reaction from the listener. We also investigate the extent to which naturalness and likability ratings vary depending on whether or not exposure to a voice is extended and continuous vs. short-term and sporadic (interleaved with other voices). Finally, we show that an automatic test can replace the standard intelligibility tests for text-to-speech (TTS) systems, which eliminates the need to hire humans to perform transcription tasks saving both time and money.
Sequential Deterministic Optimization in Reservoir Operation

Reduction of computation in reservoir operation optimization problems can be made through a modification of the optimization technique instead of limiting development of the system models. Considerations are presented herein which lead to the development of a modified application of deterministic optimization techniques. The modification enables reduction of computation to take place while achieving results that approximate the optimum. The modified application of dynamic programming is made for a single reservoir system illustrating the technique and the achievement of near optimum performance.
Electronic Evidence Annotated Bibliography

This bibliography covers law review articles, internet articles and blogs published primarily during or after 2005 on all aspects of electronic evidence including related subject area of ethics and family law. Articles for which the title is self-explanatory or that concern only a single case, state, or statute are cited, but not annotated.
THE REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY PROGRAM: A NATIONAL MEDICAL INFORMATION NETWORK

In 1980, the Regional Medical Library Program celebrated the fifteenth birthday of the legislation that authorized it. Since its birth with the passage of the Medical Library Assistance Act in 1965, the Program has grown from one with activities localized by region into a truly national network. With coordination by the National Library of Medicine, the RML Network moves into the next decade with expanded goals and objectives that take into account new technologies, as well as traditional library services.
Challenges of programming multi-core microprocessors

In this presentation we describe some of the programming difficulties posed by multi-core microprocessors. The presentation begins with a review of existing techniques for implicitly deriving parallel programs from sequential code and for writing explicitly parallel programs. We claim that many of the programming abstractions for parallel program have been honed for the developed of closed world software like operating system kernels and are not suitable for application development in a modular manner. We then review some new technology from various research groups around the world that shows promise for multi-core development. Examples of mechanisms describe include join patterns, transactional memory and nested data parallelism. We also describe some of the considerable verification challenges confronted by parallel program developers and then review some advances in formal analysis which may help to mitigate this issue. Finally, we consider the evolution of current multi-processor architectures and discuss whether there are alternative ways of organizing processors, memories and other compute elements to support a high level parallel processing programming paradigm. (30 pages)
Behavioral Treatment for Headaches in Children: A Practical Guide for the Child Psychologist

Headache is a highly prevalent condition and is the leading cause for school absences. Despite the rich literature supporting behavioral treatments for headache, many child psychologists mistakenly perceive that they lack appropriate training to treat children with headache. Likewise, many physicians feel underprepared to refer the child for behavioral treatments. This article serves as a primer, providing tools for the general child psychologist or mental health provider by answering frequently asked questions. First, we provide a concise background on pathophysiology and medical care for headache. We then detail aspects of behavioral interventions for headache, including a case example. We included a limited list of up-to-date references most relevant to the child psychologist who does not treat headache on a regular basis to support further reading. By reviewing this primer, local mental health professionals can provide children with headache access to high-quality, evidence-based clinical care closer to home.
Carbohydrate Reserves in Mertensia Arizonica as Related to Growth, Temperature, and Clipping Treatments

Growth of aerial stems and carbohydrate content of the caudices of Mertensia arizonica var. Leonardi were determined at several stages of development under controlled conditions. Carbohydrate analyses were made similarly for field—grown plants, with and without single clipping treatments at several stages of development. Best growth and accumulation of carbohydrate occurred at controlled temperature alternations of 20°C (day) and 10°C (night). The trends in carbohydrate levels were the same for growth under controlled conditions and in the field: an initial decrease during early vegetative growth followed by an increase to the time of senescence of aerial stems. Single clipping treatments had no effect on carbohydrate levels nor on the timing of utilization and storage.
A Phase I, First-in-Human Study of AMG 780, an Angiopoietin-1 and -2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

Purpose: To assess the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, tumor vascular response, tumor response, and pharmacodynamics of AMG 780, a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit the interaction between angiopoietin-1 and -2 and the Tie2 receptor. Experimental Design: This was a phase 1 dose-escalation study of patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard treatment without previous antiangiogenic treatment. AMG 780 was administered by intravenous infusion every 2 weeks (Q2W) in doses from 0.1 to 30 mg/kg. The primary endpoints were incidences of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and adverse events (AEs), and pharmacokinetics. Secondary endpoints included tumor response, changes in tumor volume and vascularity, and anti-AMG 780 antibody formation. Results: Forty-five patients were enrolled across nine dose cohorts. Three patients had DLTs (0.6, 10, and 30 mg/kg), none of which prevented dose escalation. At 30 mg/kg, no maximum-tolerated dose was reached. Pharmacokinetics of AMG 780 were dose proportional; median terminal elimination half-life was 8 to 13 days. No anti−AMG 780 antibodies were detected. At week 5, 6/16 evaluable patients had a >20% decrease in volume transfer constant (Ktrans), suggesting reduced capillary blood flow/permeability. The most frequent AEs were hypoalbuminemia (33%), peripheral edema (29%), decreased appetite (27%), and fatigue (27%). Among 35 evaluable patients, none had an objective response; eight achieved stable disease. Conclusions: AMG 780 could be administered at doses up to 30 mg/kg Q2W in patients with advanced solid tumors. AMG 780 treatment resulted in tumor vascular effects in some patients. AEs were in line with toxicity associated with antiangiopoietin treatment.
Effect of Storage Time at 37℃ on the Quality of Giant Panda Semen

Percentage of viability,kinetic rating,and sperm motility index(SMI) were chosen to evaluate giant panda semen stored at 37℃ after ejaculation every 15 minutes.The data showed that:After the 45th minute,the kinetic rating began to drop remarkably(P 0.05) ;the percentage of viability began to drop at the 105th minute;during the 0 ～ 45th minute,sperm motility did not change markedly(78.8% ～ 75.5%,P 0.05),but during the 60th ～ 90th minute it was 69.5% ～ 64%(P 0.05).During the 90th ～ 120th minute,the kinetic rating and sperm motility both had changed remarkably(P 0.05).So we concluded that the time that sperm is stored at 37℃ should not be longer than 75 minutes.During the first 45 minutes,the percentage of viability,kinetic rating,and sperm motility were in the best status.And it is the best time for artificial insemination.
Antireflux Ureteroileal Reimplantation: An Alternative for Urinary Diversion

Direct antireflux ureteroileal reimplantation with a short (2 to 2.5 cm.) intraintestinal ureteral segment was used in 14 patients with 26 ureters reimplanted into the ileum as part of a bladder augmentation procedure, substitution cystoplasty or continent supravesical diversion. Our incidence of reflux was 3.8 per cent (1 ureter), while ureteroileal obstruction occurred in 11.4 per cent (3 ureters). The over-all short-term technical success (maximum 18 months) with this operation was 84.8 per cent. These encouraging results make antireflux ureteroileal reimplantation an attractive alternative for its use in urinary tract reconstruction with ileal reservoirs.
Anticipatory Guidance for the Adolescent: Has It Come of Age?

Anticipatory guidance for adolescents should include discussions regarding important preventive health issues such as safety, substance abuse, sexual activity, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation. A thoughtful review of these common adolescent concerns stimulates open discussions and instills among youth a feeling of security about having a medical "home." Failure to address these topics may raise unnecessary barriers and provoke a sense of eviction from the health-care system. Teenagers who expect to find help in the pediatrician9s office must not feel abandoned at a time when their needs for comprehensive services are greatest. It is our role to identify high-risk behaviors early, arrange for follow-up as indicated, and facilitate a smooth transition to an adult-oriented physician at an appropriate time. Adolescent Health Statistics The reasons for addressing these issues are compelling and urgent. Accidents are the leading cause of mortality among adolescents. Each year, an estimated 15 000 to 18 000 deaths occur among teens from automobile-related injuries. Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs are factors in many of these fatalities. There are approximately 6000 adolescent homicide victims annually; gunshot wounds account for many of these deaths. More than 400 youth die from bicycle accidents and more than 50% of all motorcyclists9 deaths occur in 15- to 24-year-olds.
Highway Salvage Excavations in the Upper Tonto Basin, Arizona

ABSTRACTUnder contract with the Arizona Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads, the Arizona State Museum conducted archaeological excavations in four prehistoric ruins in the Tonto National Forest during January and February, 1967, as a part of the Highway Archaeological Salvage Program. Two pithouses, eight surface rooms, two mescal pits, and a number of other features were uncovered. The sites appear to show a seasonal occupation with a relatively strong dependence on the gathering and use of mescal or agave. Local ceramics are entirely plainware with the few decorated pottery types recovered indicating trade relations to the northeast. These sites represent a late occupation of the area, probably between A.D. 1200 and 1300. Cultural affiliation with the Southern Sinagua is indicated.
Life Course Research

Recognizable life course research emerged in the social and behavioral sciences in the first half of the 20th century, although it was uncommon (Buhler, 1935; Thomas & Znaniecki, 1927). It is only since the mid-1970s, however, that the term “life course” began to be used frequently and scholars began to describe their studies as life course research (e.g., Elder, 1974; Hogan, 1978). Indeed, it was not until the 1980s, that consensus began to emerge about the differences between life course and related terms, especially life cycle (e.g., O’Rand & Krecker, 1990). Since then, the volume, quality, and sophistication of life course research has increased dramatically.
Automated prediction of HIV drug resistance from genotype data.

HIV/AIDS is a serious threat to public health. The emergence of drug resistance mutations diminishes the effectiveness of drug therapy for HIV/AIDS. Developing a computational prediction of drug resistance phenotype will enable efficient and timely selection of the best treatment regimens. A unified encoding of protein sequence and structure was used as the feature vector for predicting phenotypic resistance from genotype data. Two machine learning algorithms, Random Forest and K-nearest neighbor, were used. The prediction accuracies were examined by five-fold cross-validation on the genotype-phenotype datasets. A supervised machine learning approach for automatic prediction of drug resistance was developed to handle genotype-phenotype datasets of HIV protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT). It predicts the drug resistance phenotype and its relative severity from a query sequence. The accuracy of the classification was higher than 0.973 for eight PR inhibitors and 0.986 for ten RT inhibitors, respectively. The overall cross-validated regression R2-values for the severity of drug resistance were 0.772–0.953 for 8 PR inhibitors and 0.773–0.995 for 10 RT inhibitors. Machine learning using a unified encoding of sequence and protein structure as a feature vector provides an accurate prediction of drug resistance from genotype data. A practical webserver for clinicians has been implemented.
Post-Traumatic, Drug-Resistant Epilepsy and Review of Seizure Control Outcomes from Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trials of Brain Stimulation Treatments for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

Background: Many post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) patients become resistant to medications. Nervous stimulation as a treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is an active area of clinical investigation. Objective: To summarize methods, reported seizure control outcome measures, and adverse events from blinded, randomized control trials (RCTs) for selected invasive brain stimulation (IBS) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) treatment options in patients with DRE. Methods: PubMed was searched for articles from 1995-2014, using search terms related to the topics of interest. Available relevant articles reporting the outcomes of interest were identified and data was extracted. Articles in the reference lists of relevant articles and clinicaltrials.gov were also referenced. Results: Eleven articles were analyzed with a total of 795 patients identified. Studies showed that select nervous stimulation treatments significantly reduced seizure frequency in patients with DRE.
High Throughput Light Absorber Discovery, Part 1: An Algorithm for Automated Tauc Analysis.

High-throughput experimentation provides efficient mapping of composition–property relationships, and its implementation for the discovery of optical materials enables advancements in solar energy and other technologies. In a high throughput pipeline, automated data processing algorithms are often required to match experimental throughput, and we present an automated Tauc analysis algorithm for estimating band gap energies from optical spectroscopy data. The algorithm mimics the judgment of an expert scientist, which is demonstrated through its application to a variety of high throughput spectroscopy data, including the identification of indirect or direct band gaps in Fe2O3, Cu2V2O7, and BiVO4. The applicability of the algorithm to estimate a range of band gap energies for various materials is demonstrated by a comparison of direct-allowed band gaps estimated by expert scientists and by automated algorithm for 60 optical spectra.
On the Performance of Asynchronous Sensor Networks for Detection

Energy efficiency is of principal concern when designing sensor networks for distributed measurement applications. Wireless sensor networks comprising many energy-efficient nodes with asynchronous sleep/awake cycles offer a low power, cost effective and simple alternative to planned and synchronized networks. Detecting the presence of a target is a common problem in many sensor network applications. We develop a mathematical model to represent an asynchronous sensor network and provide a comparison of this type of a network against a benchmark scheduled network for a detection application. This comparison is drawn first assuming that the probability of detection is one if the target is present within a sensing radius of a sensor node. A more realistic comparison of the networks is then made by relaxing this assumption. We show that for applications where a moderate detection coverage is sufficient, the asynchronous sensor network compares well with a scheduled network and is thus a promising alternative to traditional sensor network architectures.
Regulation of Active ICAM-4 on Normal and Sickle Cell Disease RBCs via AKAPs Is Revealed by AFM

Human healthy (wild-type (WT)) and homozygous sickle (SS) red blood cells (RBCs) express a large number of surface receptors that mediate cell adhesion between RBCs, and between RBCs and white blood cells, platelets, and the endothelium. In sickle cell disease (SCD), abnormal adhesion of RBCs to endothelial cells is mediated by the intercellular adhesion molecule-4 (ICAM-4), which appears on the RBC membrane and binds to the endothelial αvβ3 integrin. This is a key factor in the initiation of vaso-occlusive episodes, the hallmark of SCD. A better understanding of the mechanisms that control RBC adhesion to endothelium may lead to novel approaches to both prevention and treatment of vaso-occlusive episodes in SCD. One important mechanism of ICAM-4 activation occurs via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA)-dependent signaling pathway. Here, we employed an in vitro technique called single-molecule force spectroscopy to study the effect of modulation of the cAMP-PKA-dependent pathway on ICAM-4 receptor activation. We quantified the frequency of active ICAM-4 receptors on WT-RBC and SS-RBC membranes, as well as the median unbinding force between ICAM-4 and αvβ3. We showed that the collective frequency of unbinding events in WT-RBCs is not significantly different from that of SS-RBCs. This result was confirmed by confocal microscopy experiments. In addition, we showed that incubation of normal RBCs and SS-RBCs with epinephrine, a catecholamine that binds to the β-adrenergic receptor and activates the cAMP-PKA-dependent pathway, caused a significant increase in the frequency of active ICAM-4 receptors in both normal RBCs and SS-RBCs. However, the unbinding force between ICAM-4 and the corresponding ligand αvβ3 remained the same. Furthermore, we demonstrated that forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, significantly increased the frequency of ICAM-4 receptors in WT-RBCs and SS-RBCs, confirming that the activation of ICAM-4 is regulated by the cAMP-PKA pathway. Finally, we showed that A-kinase anchoring proteins play an essential role in ICAM-4 activation.
Rodent Models To Examine In Vivo Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis

The experimental demonstration of the influence of hormones on the genesis of mammary tumors in rodents was begun in 1913 by Lathrop and Loeb, who demonstrated that mammary tumors were more frequent in outbred multiparous mice than in nulliparous mice of the same strain (1). Three years later, Lathrop and Leob reported that ovariectomy of mice at an early age either completely inhibited or greatly delayed the appearance of mammary tumors (2). Since these reports, countless numbers of studies have been reported documenting the exquisite control by the endocrine system of the genesis, development and growth of the rodent mammary tumor. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an assemblage of the currentin vivo mouse and rat mammary tumor models most commonly utilized by the tumor biologist intent on understanding mammary tumor — hormonal regulatory processes; a succinct review of the endocrine responsiveness of these mammary tumor models is provided.
Abstract 219: Diabetes-induced Mitochondrial Dna Damage and Cardiac Dysfunction are Aggravated Due to Low Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (aldh2) Activity in Aldh 2*2 (e487k) Knock-in Mutant Mice

A prevalent mutation (E487K) in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2, a cardiac mitochondrial enzyme, in East Asians (ALDH2*2) reduces ALDH2 activity and thereby increases aldehyde toxicity. Decreased A...
Gauging Investor Perceptions of Analysts' Research Portfolio Structures

We study the relation between the market reaction to analyst recommendation changes and the structure of analysts' research portfolios. We find that analysts maintain more positive recommendations for stocks that belong to the "core industry" in their research portfolios, and are more likely to upgrade these core stocks. Consequently, analysts with more diversified research portfolios make less optimistic recommendations and are less likely to upgrade their recommendations. When we control for endogeneity in analysts' research portfolio choice, we find that the market's reaction is quite sensitive to research portfolio structure. Specifically, recommendation changes for non-core stocks generate stronger announcement returns and trading volume than for core stocks, and recommendation changes made by diversified analysts generate stronger market reactions than those made by specialized analysts. The patterns in trading volume are more pronounced for large trades. Finally, all the above documented patterns are significantly less pronounced after the passage of Regulation Fair Disclosure.
Pushing the limits of optical nanoscopy: Imaging whole cells at sub-20-nm 3D resolution and living cells in multiple colors

Optical Nanoscopy (super-resolution) techniques such as STED and FPALM/PALM/STORM (single-molecule switching, SMS) microscopy utilize either targeted or stochastic switching of fluorescent molecules to achieve ∼25 nm spatial resolution — about 10-fold below the diffraction limit. [1] The last years have seen many improvements that make these technologies suitable for a rapidly expanding range of applications.
Test-retest reliability of ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot motor function.

Abstract Objective To establish test-retest reliability of Intrinsic Foot Muscle (IFM) motor function measured using ultrasound imaging (USI). Setting Laboratory. Design Reliability Study. Participants 24 healthy young adults without history of ankle-foot injury. Main outcome measures Ultrasound measures of Abductor hallucis (AbdH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), quadratus plantae (QP) and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness were assessed on 2 occasions, 3–10 days apart. The IFM were measured at rest, during active and resisted contraction, and during IFM exercises using USI and reported as activation ratios. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,k ) and interpreted as being excellent >0.75, 0.40-0.75 as fair to good, and Results Reliability of AbdH, FDB, QP, and FHB CSA and thickness resting measures were excellent (0.76–0.98). Active and resisted measures and IFM exercises had good to excellent reliability (0.66-0.99). Standard error of measurement (SEM) of resting CSA thickness measures ranged from 0.09 to 0.14 cm 2 and 0.05-0.09 cm. Minimal detectable change (MDC) for CSA resting measures ranged from 0.25 to 0.40 cm 2 and 0.14-0.24 cm for thickness measures. IFM activation SEM during exercises ranged from 0.01 to 0.11, with MDCs ranging from 0.03 to 0.31. Conclusion There is potential utility for USI assessment of IFM neuromotor function in research and clinical practice.
A Replication of “Agency Problems of Excess Endowment Holdings in Not-for-profit Firms” (Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2006):

Core, Guay, and Verdi explore whether excessive levels of cash (“endowments”) are associated with nonprofits’ growth in program spending and fixed assets, agency problems, or donors’ monitoring eff...
Metering water: Analyzing the concurrent pressures of conservation, sustainability, health impact, and equity in use

Abstract This study focuses on the impacts of water and sanitation (WatSan) development with particular attention to how the technopolitical practice of water metering prompts critical discussion on the conflicting pressures of conservation, sustainability, health impact and equable access to water resources. The very act of metering is imbued with political and social expectations stemming from development organizations. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, triangulating data from interviews, focus groups, surveys, participatory mapping, and participant observation over a period of two years. Data show that while metering regimes were designed by NGOs to ensure equal access, system sustainability and safety, and deforestation prevention (goals that community members supported), through both the meters’ presence as technological constructs and due to the cost of water as gauged by the meters the practice placed undue pressure on certain groups, including large families, students, renters, and households with low incomes or seasonal income shortages. In short, water metering served to delimit true and equal access to safe water. This calls into question the utility of the ubiquitous practice and the continued proliferation of water metering in WatSan development, especially in areas that are water-rich and already have non-capitalocentric and/or locally-generated water management and conservation practices, policies, and trainings (whether formal or informal). This discussion is useful as a window into the unforeseen and hidden aspects of implementing power-laden development technologies, such as metering, and the ways in which individuals may eschew such systems in passive ways that go unchecked by monitoring and evaluation schemas. Additionally, the work critically interrogates the pairing of metering with systems that require water to remove waste from households (e.g., through flush toilets) and the appropriate design of these systems.
ON THE STABILITY OF A BIAXIALLY STRESSED ELASTIC MATERIAL WITH A FREE SURFACE UNDER VARIATIONS IN SURFACE SHAPE

Consider a crystal with spatial dimensions large compared to atomic spacing. Suppose that the crystal is not subject to externally applied surface traction for the moment. The crystal material will tend to alter its overall shape in order to reduce its total free energy. If the temperature of the crystal is not too low, the material can respond to this tendency by one or more of several mass transport mechanisms to actually change its shape. The principal mechanisms are surface diffusion, bulk diffusion and condensation-evaporation. If these are the primary mechanisms by which changes in free energy can occur, and if the surface energy per unit area γ > 0 is relatively insensitive to local orientation of the surface with respect to crystallographic axes, then slightly wavy surfaces of the crystal tend to become flat, at least away from the edges of the crystal, in order to minimize the free surface energy [1, 2].
Basics of Trusted Platforms

Trusted Computing is constrained by legacy issues, customer expectations, legal matters, privacy, and disaster recovery. Many aspects of Trusted Computing come as no surprise to anyone versed in the art of information security: one must provide process isolation and can’t avoid certificates, authorisation or authentication; one must provide a good level of security, avoid global secrets, abide by the principle of separation of privilege, and deal with dictionary attacks. On the other hand, Trusted Computing is distinguished by concepts such as Roots of Trust, authenticated platform boot, platform attestation, and privacy-friendly platform identification and platform recognition. All types of trusted platform have a particular trusted platform lifecycle, from design to decommissioning.
Permissively Finitely Structured Networks

The purpose of this chapter is to lay a foundation for a theory of random walks on transfinite networks, a subject that will be explored in Chapter 7. What is needed for this purpose is not only the uniqueness of the node voltages but also a maximum principle for them. The desired principle will assert that in a sourceless subsection every internal node voltage is less than the voltage at some bordering node of the subsection and greater than the voltage at another bordering node of the subsection — except in the case when all the node voltages within the subsection are identical. The uniqueness of the node voltages has already been established under the hypotheses of Theorem 5.5-4 and Corollary 5.5-5. The maximum principle is established in Section 6.3, and for this purpose we will impose stronger conditions than those used for uniqueness. In particular, we will assume that the network NT is not only finitely structured but that the contraction paths can be chosen so that every one of them is permissive. These conditions will also suffice for our theory of transfinite random walks. Some ancillary results that are also established in this chapter are Kirchhoff’s current law for a cut at an isolating set, the feasibility of exciting Nν by a pure voltage source, the boundedness of all the node voltages by the value of that voltage source, and another maximum principle expressed in terms of currents.
Combining Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Machine Learning for Molecular Recognition of Myocardial Infarction.

Lipid profile changes in heart muscle have been previously linked to cardiac ischemia and myocardial infarction, but the spatial distribution of lipids and metabolites in ischemic heart remains to be fully investigated. We performed desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging of hearts from in vivo myocardial infarction mouse models. In these mice, myocardial ischemia was induced by blood supply restriction via a permanent ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. We showed that applying the machine learning algorithm of gradient boosting tree ensemble to the ambient mass spectrometry imaging data allows us to distinguish segments of infarcted myocardium from normally perfused hearts on a pixel by pixel basis. The machine learning algorithm selected 62 molecular ion peaks important for classification of each 200 μm-diameter pixel of the cardiac tissue map as normally perfused or ischemic. This approach achieved very high average accuracy (97.4%), recall (95.8%), and precision ...
Do Pentraxins Bind to Fungi in Invasive Human Gastrointestinal Candidiasis

Tissue from 13 autopsy cases with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis was studied for the binding of the pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and serum amyloid P component (SAP) to fungal surfaces. Invasive candidal infection was demonstrated using a hematoxylin and eosin stain and a Gomori methenamine silver stain (GMS). Immunohistochemistry was performed with CRP and PTX3 monoclonal antibodies and did not demonstrate CRP or PTX3 bound to fungi (0 of 13 cases), although CRP was extensively deposited on human tissue. A polyclonal antibody to SAP showed that SAP was bound to fungi in 12 of 13 cases. Although all three pentraxins have been reported to bind to fungi or bacteria, only SAP was bound to filamentous and yeast forms of Candida in human tissue, as detected by immunohistochemistry. SAP was abundantly present on fungi and may have affected the host innate immune response to the invading fungi.
Methodology for diagnosing crack patterns in masonry structures using photogrammetry and distinct element modeling

Abstract Understanding the causes of damages on existing structures can augment preservation, renovation, and rehabilitation efforts. The aim of this work is to outline a method for diagnosing the most probable causes of cracks on existing structures using a combination of photogrammetry and distinct element modeling (DEM). Five experimental, masonry walls were constructed and cracked; the state of the wall before and after cracking was recorded using photogrammetry. Using distinct element modeling, each test wall was subjected to a variety of loading conditions including the same load case which was used to crack the wall during experimental testing. The crack patterns in the simulations were compared to the experimental crack patterns using a combined qualitative and quantitative method. The simulation which most closely reflected the existing damage patterns was selected as the most probable cause of the damages. For each of the test walls, the real simulated load had the closest fractional distance to the existing damage patterns captured by photogrammetry. This method was then applied to diagnose possible causes of cracking on a foundation wall in the Baptistery of San Giovani in Florence, Italy.
Translingual Practice, Strategic Participation, and Meaning-Making:

This case study examines one third-grade teacher’s strategic participation in translingual practice and the ways that this participation shaped emerging bilingual students’ meaningful engagements w...
Scalable Processing of Spatial-Keyword Queries

Text data that is associated with location data has become ubiquitous. A tweet is an example of this type of data, where the text in a tweet is associated with the location where the tweet has been issued. We use the term spatial-keyword data to refer to this type of data. Spatial-keyword data is being generated at massive scale. Almost all online transactions have an associated spatial trace. The spatial trace is derived from GPS coordinates, IP addresses, or cell-phone-tower locations. Hundreds of millions or even billions of spatial keyword objects are being generated daily. Spatial-keyword data has numerous applications that require efficient processing and management of massive amounts of spatial-keyword data. This book starts by overviewing some important applications of spatial-keyword data, and demonstrates the scale at which spatial-keyword data is being generated. Then, it formalizes and classifies the various types of queries that execute over spatial-keyword data. Next, it discusses important and desirable properties of spatial-keyword query languages that are needed to express queries over spatial-keyword data. As will be illustrated, existing spatial-keyword query languages vary in the types of spatial-keyword queries that they can support. There are many systems that process spatial-keyword queries. Systems differ from each other in various aspects, e.g., whether the system is batch-oriented or stream-based, and whether the system is centralized or distributed. Moreover, spatial-keyword systems vary in the types of queries that they support. Finally, systems vary in the types of indexing techniques that they adopt. This book provides an overview of the main spatial-keyword data-management systems (SKDMSs), and classifies them according to their features. Moreover, the book describes the main approaches adopted when indexing spatial-keyword data in the centralized and distributed settings. Several case studies of {SKDMSs} are presented along with the applications and query types that these {SKDMSs} are targeted for and the indexing techniques they utilize for processing their queries. Optimizing the performance and the query processing of {SKDMSs} still has many research challenges and open problems. The book concludes with a discussion about several important and open research-problems in the domain of scalable spatial-keyword processing.
Us vs. Them: Political Polarization and the Politicization of Everything

The American public is deeply divided by politics. Polarization is no longer contained only within American politics, and it seeps into the larger national culture through the media. Even the majority of the public who tries to avoid politics cannot escape the hot rage of political polarity, because it is seemingly everywhere. Dagnes examines the reasons for the polarization, including the development of identity politics and the way elections have become vicious individual battles in a much larger partisan war. There are political, ideological, and financial victories to be claimed in these clashes and with this much at stake, the battles are intensifying. The fights about candidates or issue positions are simplified in order to be understandable, which make them ideal for media coverage. Hence, our polarization is lucrative for the media and politically beneficial for those who fight well, which is why the public hears about political divisions frequently and with such intensity. These fights spill over into the broader American culture, and now there are political fights in entertainment, sports, and consumer culture. This is one more reason for the current partisan news.
Does debridement improve clinical outcomes in people with diabetic foot ulcers treated with continuous diffusion of oxygen

Objective This post hoc analysis evaluates the association between the frequency of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) debridement and the proportion of ulcers treated with active continuous diffusion of oxygen (CDO) that heal in a 12-week evaluation period. Materials and methods There were 146 patients with DFUs (77% men; average age, 56.3 ± 12.4 years) enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study to receive either active CDO or an otherwise fully operational placebo device. Patients were followed for 12 weeks or until wound closure. All patients received identical offloading, dressings, and follow-up. Ulcer debridement was left to the discretion of the treating physician and recorded from physician self-report as a dichotomous variable. Results A significantly higher proportion (204%) of ulcers healed in the CDO group compared with the placebo (46.2% vs. 22.6%, respectively; P = .016). The relative performance of active CDO over placebo became greater when frequent debridement was used (51.2% vs. 21.3%, respectively; P = .006). Conclusions A significantly greater percentage of healing was recorded in patients receiving active CDO therapy than those receiving a placebo device in addition to standard wound care with identical dressings, debridement recommendations, and offloading. The relative performance of CDO appears to increase with the use of frequent debridement.
Flood Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies for Flood-Prone Urban Areas

Flooding events are expected to increase due to climate change. Because of this, cities across the country need to implement flood mitigation strategies in order to ensure the safety and health of their residents. These cities need improved modeling and sensing capabilities to determine which areas (streets, residential neighborhoods, etc.) are flooding in real-time or are vulnerable to flooding from extreme weather events. Both an objective way to monitor stormwater structures and a methodology to rank such structures in accordance to maintenance needs would be valuable. To rank storm structures by peak flow, the methodology consists of using geographic information system (GIS) data combined with Arc Hydro tools to calculate the peak flow of inlet structures grouped by diameter via the rational method. The sensing system is an optical sensor that communicates using LoRa to a The Things Network node. A virtual machine running a Python script extracts the data from The Things Network and places it in an SQLite3 database that can be used for visualization and analysis by decision-makers. Both the GIS-based stormwater infrastructure assessment methodology and flood sensor system are demonstrated using neighborhoods in the City of Charlottesville as a case study.
Romantic partners’ weight criticism and Latina/o/x young adults’ relationship instability:

Negative interactions between romantic partners, such as when one partner criticizes another about their weight, are associated with poor relationship outcomes. The purpose of the study was to exam...
Refugees, Discrimination, and Barriers to Health

Using an interpretive phenomenological analysis, we explored refugees’ experiences with discrimination and social determinants of health in a southern city of Texas, within the context of recent pu...
The New Struggle

The early 1980s are sometimes termed a New or Second Cold War, as the US inaugurated a new period of vigorous rearmament. Particular centers of tension and potential combat included Western Europe, with the new missiles as a destabilizing force. Fighting raged over large areas of Central America, as the US tried to suppress guerrilla movements, and prevent the further spread of Communist-allied movements. US forces were also engaged in Lebanon. The President’s “Reagan Doctrine” envisaged bringing down Communist regimes around the world, whether by armed intervention or by covert destabilization. This policy was highly effective in Afghanistan. So severe were the multiple crises that in 1983, the Soviets expected an imminent outbreak of armed hostilities.
Reconstruction of Piecewise Smooth Surfaces Using Simple Analog and Hybrid Networks

Many problems in early vision can be formulated in terms of minimizing a cost or energy function. Examples are shape-from-shading, edge detection, motion analysis, structure from motion, and surface interpolation. (A review can be found elsewhere.(1)) Poggio and Koch(2) showed that quadratic variational problems, an important subset of early-vision tasks, can be “solved” by linear, analog electrical or chemical networks. However, in the presence of discontinuities the cost function is nonquadratic, raising the question of designing efficient algorithms for computing the optimal solution. We will show in the case of surface interpolation, a common problem in early vision, how the use of line processes leads to nonconvex energy functions and demonstrate how this problem can be solved by the use of hybrid or purely analog electrical networks, related to those proposed by Hopfield and Tank.(3) These results suggest a novel computational strategy for solving early-vision problems in both biological and real-time artificial vision systems.
Malformations and Defects of Genetic Origin in Domestic Animals

To clarify matters at the beginning, I consider that reproduction has failed whenever a fertilized egg does not produce eventually a viable animal, with normal anatomy and physiology, and capable of normal development. Because a malformation like polydactyly can be harmless, while an invisible “inborn error of metabolism” like galactosemia can be lethal, I have extended the title orginally assigned to me to permit inclusion of defects other than malformations.
Characterization of hepatitis delta antigen: specific binding to hepatitis delta virus RNA.

Abstract It has previously been shown that human hepatitis virus delta antigen has an RNA-binding activity (Chang et al., J. Virol. 62:2403-2410, 1988). In the present study, the specificity of such an RNA-protein interaction was demonstrated by expressing various domains of the delta antigen in Escherichia coli as TrpE fusion proteins and testing their RNA-binding activities in a Northwestern protein-RNA immunoblot assay and RNA gel mobility shift assay. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA bound specifically to the delta antigen in the presence of an excess amount of unrelated RNAs and a relatively high salt concentration. Both genome- and antigenome-sense HDV RNAs and at least two different regions of HDV genomic RNA bound to the delta antigen. Surprisingly, these two different regions of HDV genomic RNA could compete with each other for delta antigen binding, although they do not have common nucleotide sequences. In contrast, this binding could not be competed with by other viral or cellular RNA. Since both the genomic and antigenomic HDV RNAs had strong intramolecular complementary sequences, these results suggest that the binding of delta antigen is probably specific for a secondary structure unique to the HDV RNA. By expressing different subdomains of the delta antigen, we found that the middle one-third of delta antigen was responsible for binding HDV RNA. Neither the N-terminal nor the C-terminal domain bound HDV RNA. Binding between the delta antigen and HDV RNA was also demonstrated within the HDV particles isolated from the plasma of a human delta hepatitis patient. This in vivo binding resisted treatment with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 0.5% Nonidet P-40. In addition, we showed that the antiserum from a human patient with delta hepatitis reacted with all three subdomains of the delta antigen, indicating that all of the domains are immunogenic in vivo. These studies demonstrated the specific interaction between delta antigen and HDV RNA.
Disadvantaged family background and depression among young adults in the United States: the roles of chronic stress and self-esteem.

Although several longitudinal studies have demonstrated that having a disadvantaged family background is a risk factor for subsequent symptoms of depression, few studies have examined the mediating mechanisms that explain this long-term relationship. Thus, this study uses US national longitudinal data and integrates social stress theory with the life course perspective by focusing on two mediating mechanisms—the chronic stress of poverty and self-esteem during the transition to adulthood. Results reveal that self-esteem largely mediates the inverse relationship between parental education and levels of depressive symptoms in young adulthood. However, the inverse relationship between parental occupational prestige and depressive symptoms among young adults is not mediated by self-esteem, but rather long durations of poverty across 16 years. Overall, these findings suggest that different components of family socioeconomic status can leave a lasting imprint on mental health via the self-concept and the chronic stress of poverty throughout the journey to adulthood. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Epidemic Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis

Most clinicians would agree that there is no reason to obtain a magnetic resonance (MR) scan to evaluate a patient with viral conjunctivitis. We scheduled a patient for an annual MR scan to monitor his optic nerve meningiomas. By coincidence, he had florid viral conjunctivitis the day the scan was performed. It showed severe eyelid edema, contrast enhancement of the anterior orbit, enlargement of the lacrimal gland, and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. Adenovirus produces deep orbital inflammation, in addition to infection of the conjunctival surface.