cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recursive models for constructive set theories

Abstract We define recursive models of Martin-Lof's (type or) set theories. These models are a sort of recursive realizability; in fact, we show that for implication-free formulae of HAω, satisfaction in the model coincides with mr-HEO realizability. Using an idea of Aczel, we extend the model to a recursive model of the constructive set theories of Myhill and Friedman. Our models can be described without presupposing any knowledge of Martin-Lof's theories, and may make them seem less mysterious. We use our models to obtain several metamathematical results, for example consistency and independence results concerning continuity of functions on compact metric spaces. On the other hand, Martin-Lofs (latest) theories refute continuity of functions from NN to N, as well as Church's thesis, although a show that all provably well-defined functions are continuous.
Lesions of basolateral amygdala impair extinction of CS motivational value, but not of explicit conditioned responses, in Pavlovian appetitive second-order conditioning

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is important for the modification of the motivational significance of events through associative learning. In previous work, we found that BLA was critical for the acquisition of conditioned reinforcement value to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with food. Unlike normal rats, rats with neurotoxic lesions of the BLA failed to acquire Pavlovian second-order conditioning to an auditory stimulus paired with the first-order visual CS in the absence of food. In this experiment, we examined the role of BLA in the extinction of the previously acquired conditioned reinforcement value of a Pavlovian CS. Rats received first-order visual CS-food pairings prior to either BLA- or sham-lesions. Subsequent CS-alone extinction training reduced the ability of the visual CS to reinforce second-order conditioning of an auditory stimulus in the sham-lesioned rats, but not in the BLA-lesioned rats. Despite this persistence of the conditioned reinforcement value of the visual first-order CS in the BLA-lesioned rats, no effects of the lesions were observed on extinction of the explicit behavioural conditioned responses elicited by that CS.
Systems Biology Approach to Identify Gene Network Signatures for Colorectal Cancer

In this work, we integrated prior knowledge from GWAS studies or gene signatures (curated gene sets from MSigDB and/or GeneSigDB), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene/protein network modeling together to identify gene network signatures from microarray data. We demonstrated how to apply this approach into discovering gene network signatures for colorectal cancer (CRC) from microarray datasets at three levels - genome, transcriptome, and proteome. First, we use GSEA to analyze the microarray data through enriching differential genes in different CRC-related gene sets from two publicly-available up-to-date gene set databases - Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) and Gene Signatures Database (GeneSigDB). Second, we compare the enriched gene sets through enrichment score (ES), false-discovery rate (FDR) and nominal p-value. Third, we construct an integrated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network through connecting these enriched genes by using a human annotated and predicted protein interaction (HAPPI) database, with a confidence score (CS) labeled for each interaction. Finally, we map differential expression values onto the constructed network to build a comprehensive network model containing visualized genome, transcriptome, and proteome data. The results show that although MSigDB is more suitable for GSEA analysis than GeneSigDB, the integrated PPI network connecting the enriched genes from both MSigDB and GeneSigDB can provide more complete view for discovering gene signatures. We also find several important sub-network signatures for colorectal cancer, such as TP53 sub-network, PCNA sub-network and IL8 sub-network, corresponding to apoptosis, DNA repair, and immune response respectively.
Kinetics of insulin internalization and processing in adipocytes: effects of insulin concentration.

We have studied the effect of insulin concentration on the kinetics of insulin internalization and efflux in isolated rat adipocytes. To determine internalization rates adipocytes were incubated with 125I-insulin at 37 degrees C; and at frequent, early time points surface-bound and intracellular insulin were quantitated. Surface-bound and intracellular insulin were discriminated by the sensitivity of the former to rapid dissociation by a pH 3.0 buffer at 4 degrees C. From this data the endocytotic (internalization) rate constant (ke) was calculated for six insulin concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 100 ng/ml. Ke was found to decrease in an insulin concentration-dependent manner (P less than .001). Thus, values for ke were 0.121 +/- 0.006 min-1 versus 0.074 +/- 0.011 min-1 at 0.3 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml, respectively. The decrease in ke did not parallel insulin concentration-dependent changes in insulin receptor affinity indicating it was not the result of an inability of low affinity receptors to be internalized. The kinetics of insulin efflux were determined by loading various concentrations of 125I-insulin into the adipocyte interior, washing away surface-bound and extracellular insulin, and then monitoring the subsequent efflux of pre-loaded insulin into medium that contained the same concentration of insulin used in the loading step. The overall rate of efflux was independent of insulin concentration. In summary, these results show that at high insulin concentrations the efficiency of insulin internalization is impaired. In contrast, the rate of insulin efflux is unaffected.
Molecular Structure of Cyclic Diguanylic Acid at 1 Å Resolution of Two Crystal Forms: Self-association, Interactions with Metal Ion/Planar Dyes and Modeling Studies

Abstract Cyclic ribodiguanylic acid, c-(GpGp), is the endogenous effector regulator of cellulose synthase. Its three dimensional structure from two different crystal forms (tetragonal and trigonal) has been determined by x-ray diffraction analysis at I A resolution. Both structures were solved by direct methods and refined by block-matrix least squares refinement to R-factors of 0.112 (tetragonal) and 0.119 (trigonal). In both crystal forms, two independent c-(GpGp) molecules associate with each other to form a self-intercalated dimer. All four c-(GpGp) molecules have very similar backbone conformation. The riboses are in the C3′-endo pucker with pseudorotation angles ranging from −7.2° to 16,5° and the bases have anti glycosyl χ angles (−175.5° to 179.7°). In the tetragonal form, a hydrated cobalt ion is found to coordinate to two N7 atoms of adjacent guanines, forcing these two guanines to destack with a large dihedral angle (33°). This metal coordination mechanism has been noted previously in other Pt-...
Partitioning of carbon an SO2-sulfur in a native grassland.

The seasonal assimilation and within-plant partitioning of 14CO2-carbon and 35SO2-sulfur in field plots of mixed-grass prairie was investigated, as was the dry deposition of 35SO2 onto surfaces of dead leaves, litter, and soil, and possible effects of continuous low-level SO2 fumigation on these processes. The proportion of total net-assimilated carbon found below-ground was 45% in May, 51% in July, and 17% in September. As the season progressed, greater proportions of assimilate were partitioned to 5–20 cm depths and less to the 0–5 cm depth. Rhizomes and crowns received greater proportions in late season. Significant fractions of total 34SO2-deposited sulfur were recovered on dead leaf surfaces as well as litter and soil, suggesting estimates of SO2 removal based on stomatal resistance alone are inadequate. Only 4% to 7% of total deposited sulfur was translocated belowground, with most going to 0–5 cm roots. In July much greater proportions of the total translocated SO2-sulfur were found in deeper depths than in September. On SO2-fumigated plots roots had lower total sulfur concentrations than controls. Furthermore, while on control plots total sulfur in roots at 5–20 cm increased from May to July and decreased from July to September, on fumigated plots there was a decrease followed by an increase suggesting that SO2 uptake by shoots interferes with the normal pattern of root sulfur uptake and redistribution within the plant. Continuous SO2 fumigation also seemed to stimulate root growth in July, possibly through a stimulation of photosynthesis.
From endophenotypes to evolution: social attachment, sexual fidelity and the avpr1a locus

Both medical and evolutionary genetics increasingly emphasize the importance of subtle, quantitative measures of phenotype. One such ‘endophenotype,’ the distribution of vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR), is a recent focus for studies of social behavior. In animal studies, the neural distribution of V1aR has been linked to both social attachment and patterns of sexual fidelity. At a genetic level, a microsatellite in the cis-regulatory region of the avpr1a locus has been linked to variation in both brain and behavior. Both sets of data become more complex as the mechanistic and evolutionary details are examined more fully. I briefly summarize recent work from animal and human studies of avpr1a and highlight parallels between comparative and clinical approaches.
Autoimmune chronic urticaria is caused by IgG3 and IgG1 autoantibodies to the α subunit of the IgE receptor

Abstract We have isolated IgG subclasses from patients with chronic urticaria and compared the histamine releasing capability of each subclass with that of the whole IgG. IgG2 was previously shown to be negative. By affinity chromatography employing Protein G we have isolated the IgG from 9 patients and two control subjects. IgG3 was purified from the whole IgG by chromatography on Protein A, which binds IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4. IgG3 is obtained in the effluent. The IgG3 was concentrated to its plasma level (about 1 mg/ml) and contamination with other subclasses was determined by ELISA with subclass specific antibodies and was less than 10%. IgG1 plus IgG2 plus IgG4 were eluted from the column with glycine-HCl, (pH 3.0) and concentrated to the plasma level of whole IgG (about 10 mg/ml). The whole IgG and the two IgG subclass preparations were incubated with basophils of an atopic subject and assayed for histamine release. The IgG3 fraction accounted for most of the basophil histamine capability in one patient, while IgG1 (plus IgG2 and IgG4) was responsible for histamine release in a second patient. Both fractions contributed to histamine release in the remaining 7 but histamine release by IgG3 exceeded that of IgG1 (plus IgG2 and IgG4) in 5 of these. We conclude that the histamine release in chronic urticaria is due to IgG3 and IgG1 anti α.
Critical-velocity effects in vibrating superleaks: Vortex nucleation processes

We develop a theory which concerns how the operation of a vibrating superleak transducer is affected by the nucleation of vortices in the pores of the superleak. At large drive amplitudes a significant chemical potential difference is established between the two sides of the superleak. As a result, both the first- and second-sound waves generated by the transducer show interesting structure. The study of this structure may provide a useful means of experimentally probing vortex nucleation processes in superfluids.
PSMAGE: Balanced map generation for StarCraft

Designing a well balanced map for a real-time strategy game might be time consuming. This paper presents an algorithm, called PSMAGE, for generating balanced maps for the popular real-time strategy (RTS) game StarCraft. Our approach uses Voronoi diagrams to generate an initial map layout, and then assigns different properties to each of the regions in the diagram. Additionally, PSMAGE includes a collection of evaluation metrics, aimed at measuring how balanced a map is.
Stability of outer planetary systems

The conditions for stability in the Liapunov-Hill sense of outer planetary systems are given in terms of radii of planetary orbits. The outer planets of the solar system are found stable and the possible existence of other than the presently known planets between Jupiter and Pluto are indicated. The existence of other planetary systems with arbitrary mass ratios of the primaries is suggested, and the stability conditions for such systems are derived.
Evolution of personality disorder diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

This article reviews the history and evolution of the diagnosis of personality disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from its first edition in 1952 through its fourth edition in 1994. The article also traces the earliest origins of personality disorders (e.g., Hippocrates) through the modern foundational works of Pritchard, Schneider, and Horney. Analysis of the changes across the editions of the DSM suggest slow but steady progress in the clarification and classification of personality disorders, although formidable challenges remain. A call for future research as to reliability and validity of personality disorders is made, and suggestions for research are offered.
In vivo studies on receptor pharmacology of the human eccrine sweat gland.

The receptor pharmacology of the human sweat gland was studiedin vivo. The axon-reflex response was mediated by nicotinic receptors which were activated by nicotine and acetylcholine, but not pilocarpine, and inhibited by hexamethonium. The direct response was mainly muscarinic, responding to pilocarpine and acetylcholine. A component of the direct response was nicotinic, since it was activated by nicotine and blocked by hexamethonium in a dose-dependent manner. The axon-reflex response to nicotine and acetylcholine was partially blocked by pilocarpine, especially when application of pilocarpine preceded the procedure. The inhibition of the nicotinic response may be secondary to M1 antagonism since pilocarpine is an M2 agonist and M1 antagonist and pirenzepine, a specific M1 antagonist, caused similar effects as pilocarpine.
A hard look at angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure

Multiple trials over the past several years have examined indications for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction, both acutely after myocardial infarction and in chronic heart failure. Yet despite these data, there is still confusion regarding the efficacy of ARBs as monotherapy in these patient populations, as well as the specific indications for combination ARB/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. We examine the key differences among the trials-including the ACE inhibitor dose, the ARB and its dose, blood pressure reduction, and patient populations-to present our perspective on ARB use, alone or in combination with ACE inhibitors, in patients with chronic heart failure and post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction. We conclude that ACE inhibitors remain the first-line therapy for left ventricular dysfunction. Angiotensin receptor blockers should be reserved for monotherapy in ACE intolerant patients and for combination therapy in symptomatic class II/III patients with chronic heart failure.
In Vivo Evaluation of Dacron Velour as a Nonthrombogenic Surface

The healing properties of Dacron velour were evaluated after its implantation in the canine aorta, vena cava, and left atrial appendage. A high incidence of thrombosis was observed, both in sacrificed animals and those that died spontaneously. The thrombus was invariably tightly adherent to the wall of the graft. No evidence of peripheral embolization was apparent. Histologic examination did not reveal anything unique in the healing of Dacron velour but rather it conformed to the healing process previously described with other Dacron vascular prostheses.
Mechanisms of Surface Precipitation and Dissolution of Barite: A Morphology Approach

Abstract Barite (BaSO 4 ) was synthesized at normal pressure and room temperature by mixing sodium sulfate and barium chloride solutions by gentle flow (0.5 ml/min.). The well-formed rectangular and rhombohedral crystals with smooth faces formed from solutions with low degrees of supersaturation. Most precipitates became single crystals. We employed the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe barite dissolution by chemical agent diethylenetrinitrilopentaacetic acid. Molecular modeling was used to assist the interpretation of the surface reaction. A kinetic model for the pit growth (initial dissolution) on the surface was evaluated. With SEM microanalysis of barite and kinetic model of pit growth, important surface phenomena and mechanisms of dissolution can be hypothesized. Surface phenomena and composition are very important in barite dissolution. Experimental results suggest that the initial dissolution starts on the two lowest energy surfaces: (001) and (210), and that the etch pits are elongated in one direction on the (210) surface and formed cavities on the (001) surface. The simulated surface structures by molecular modeling can aid the interpretation the pit formation on those selected surfaces.
Surface energy and wetting behavior of reservoir rocks

Abstract An accurate description of the surface chemistry of the reservoir rock–fluid system is essential to understand the attractive forces between the various phases (crudes, brines and the rock surface). These physico-chemical interactions determine the fundamental nature of the reservoir wettability and the wetting behavior of fluids on the reservoir rock surface. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is used to characterize the surface chemistry of a Saudi Arabian reservoir rock (henceforth referred to as ‘reservoir rock’) at different moisture coverage and temperatures. This information combined with the surface tension of the interacting reservoir fluids is utilized to develop a new method for quantifying wettability in terms of a wettability index. This index is based on the relative magnitude of the work of adhesion between the rock surface and the competing oleic/aqueous phase.
Sodium/proton antiport is required for growth of Escherichia coli at alkaline pH.

Evidence is presented indicating that Escherichia coli requires the Na + /H + antiporter and external sodium (or lithium) ion to grow at high pH. Cells were grown in plastic tubes containing medium with a very low Na + content (5–15 μM). Normal cells grew at pH 7 or 8 with or without added Na + , but at pH 8.5 external Na was required for growth. A mutant with low antiporter activity failed to grow at pH 8.5 with or without Na + . On the other hand, another mutant with elevated antiporter activity grew at a higher pH than normal (pH 9) in the presence of added Na + or Li + . Amiloride, an inhibitor of the antiporter, prevented cells from growing at pH 8.5 (plus Na + ), although it had no effect on growth in media of lower pH values.
Approximate analysis of a dynamic scheduler for self-similar video traffic in ATM networks

Performance evaluation methods that have been used so far failed to capture the real characteristics of network traffic. This is especially true when the service times are general such as the variable bit rate (VBR) video, which is proven to be self-similar. In the paper, diffusion approximation methods are proposed to analyse a dynamic scheduler for self-similar VBR video traffic in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. The proposed scheme employs a coupled queueing system that has been used extensively in the modelling of computer and communication systems. Diffusion approximations methods are used to decouple a queueing system which represents an ATM network node into separate G/G/1 queues. Real MPEG video traces are used in the discrete event simulation. Results are compared with the approximation, and are found to work very well under different traffic conditions.
Occult subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions of the equine tarsocrural joint.

Objective— To report the clinical signs, diagnosis, management, and outcome of horses with occult sub-chondral osseous cyst-like lesions of the tarsocrural joint. Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Twelve horses with subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions (SOCLs) in the tarsocrural joint. Methods— Information about history, examination findings, diagnostic techniques, and surgical procedures as obtained from medical records. Outcome was determined by patient re-evaluation and telephone communication with the referring veterinarian, owner, or trainer. Results— Horses were aged from 3 to 29 years. Lameness (2 weeks to 1 year) varied from moderate to severe. Synovial fluid analyses (9 horses) yielded changes consistent with suppurative inflammation and positive bacterial culture was obtained in 4 horses. Eight of 9 horses that had intra-articular analgesia had a dramatic reduction in lameness. No abnormalities were detected on tarsal radiographs in 10 horses. Scintigraphy identified foci of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the distal tibia or talus of all horses, and the lesion was further characterized by computed tomography in 7 horses. SOCLs were identified in the medial malleolus (5), intertrochlear groove of the talus (4), lateral malleolus (2), and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (1). One horse was euthanatized, 6 horses had surgical debridement, and 5 horses were managed conservatively. Four horses treated surgically (67%) returned to soundness. Conservatively treated horses continued to exhibit lameness but 2 were sufficiently sound for light pleasure riding. Conclusions— Occult lesions of the tarsus not visible on radiographs can be detected by computed tomography and scintigraphy and may be a source of lameness. Clinical Relevance— SOCL, possibly of septic origin, should be a differential diagnosis for persistent lameness localized to the tarsocrural joint without radiographic abnormalities. Surgical debridement of the lesions may offer the best prognosis for a return to athletic soundness.
Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland of the Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii): Influence of age and insulin-induced hypoglycemia

The nocturnal rises in pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin levels were compared in young (25–35 days old) and adult (at least 1 year old) Richardson's ground squirrels. When expressed as NAT activity per pineal gland, the nighttime rise in the activity of this enzyme was less in young than in the adult animals; conversely, the melatonin content of the pineal glands of young animals was higher at one point (4 a.m., 8 hours after darkness onset) when compared to that in adult squirrels. When data were expressed relative to total protein, the NAT and melatonin rhythms in the pineals of young and adult animals were very similar. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on both daytime and nighttime NAT and melatonin levels in the pineal gland of the Richardson's ground squirrel was also assessed. Low daytime levels of these constituents were not influenced by the administration of 10 units insulin, a treatment which caused a marked drop in circulating glucose levels. At night, when pineal NAT and melatonin levels were high insulin injection had a very modest stimulatory effect on NAT activity (one point was elevated above saline injected controls) while melatonin levels remained unchanged by the treatment. These findings in the ground squirrel in reference to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and Stressors in general, appear to differ from those in the rat where stress can have a substantial influence or both low daytime and high nighttime levels of pineal NAT and melatonin.
Effectiveness of a new long cytology brush in the evaluation of malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective study.

Background Cancer detection rates with biliary brush sampling remain disappointingly low. A low cellular yield is often the limiting factor in making a diagnosis of malignancy. The new Cytolong brush (Cook Endoscopy, Winston-Salem, NC) is 3 mm in diameter, 5 cm long, with stiffer bristles oriented at 45° on a 7F sheath. We hypothesized that this new brush might improve cancer detection rates by increasing cellular yield. Methods Patients found to have a biliary stricture suspicious for neoplasia on ERCP were randomized to undergo brush sampling for cytology with a standard Geenen brush (GB; Cook Endoscopy, Winston-Salem, NC) [3 mm in diameter, 1.5 cm long, bristles oriented at 90° on a 6F sheath] or the Cytolong brush (CB). Repeat sampling was then performed with the other brush. Stricture dilation was not performed prior to brushing. Specimen results were considered normal, atypical (considered benign), highly atypical (suspicious for cancer), or malignant. All specimens were assigned a cellularity score (0 to 3, insufficient to excellent). Final diagnosis was based on cytologic results plus surgery, EUS, autopsy, or clinical follow-up. Results From November 2001 to July 2003, 102 patients had specimens obtained from 94 malignancies (47% pancreatic cancer). The cancer detection rate was 25 of 94 (27%) using CB and 28 of 94 (30%) with GB ( p = NS). No patient had positive cytology results with CB and negative cytology results with GB. The yield of the two brushes combined was 28 of 94 (30%). Cancer detection rates of 28% (18 of 64) and 31% (20 of 64) were found for CB and GB, respectively, in distal biliary strictures, and 23% (7 of 30) and 27% (8 of 30) in proximal strictures ( p = NS). Insufficient or limited cellularity was seen less frequently with CB (11 of 98) than with GB (17 of 98), and the mean cellular yield was greater with CB than GB (2.6 vs 2.4, p = 0.006). Summary Despite improved cellularity, cancer detection rates were not improved by using the larger Cytolong brush in this study. There was no statistical difference between the brushes in both proximal and distal biliary strictures. Conclusions The yield of biliary brush cytology at ERCP remains low. Increasing brush size and bristle stiffness does not increase detection rates. Newer devices and processing techniques are required to allow detection rates to approach those attained in other GI tract malignancies.
Leaves in Class: Recent Text Editions of Whitman's Work

Reviews Whitman, Leaves of Grass and Other Writings, ed. Michael Moon (Norton Critical Edition, 2002); Whitman, Selected Poems, ed. Harold Bloom (American Poets Project, 2003); and Whitman, Poetry and Prose, ed. Shira Wolosky (2003).
BKLT equations for the coupled NN-πNN system

Abstract It is shown that the Baer, Kouri, Levin and Tobocman (BKLT) many-body scattering formalism provides a simple and formally exact set of dynamical equations for the transition amplitudes for a phenomenological hamiltonian model of the coupled NN- π NN system. The Δ isobar can be included as a π N scattering resonance or the Δ N mode may be introduced as a third sector of Focke space. Similarly, the dibaryon resonance can be treated as a Δ N scattering resonance or it can be treated as a distinct particle requiring a fourth sector of Focke space.
High resolution imaging with a polyimide-etalon all-optical ultrasound transducer

We previously reported the performance of an all optical high-frequency ultrasound transducer consisting of a UV absorbing polyimide film integrated into an etalon receiver. In this work, we demonstrate the imaging capabilities of a synthetic array of these elements in two different configurations: (1) fixed transmitter, scanning receiver and (2) fixed receiver, scanning transmitter. The first configuration involved a 2 mm transmitting element and a 33 μm receiver element scanned over a 2 × 2 mm aperture at 30 μm increments. The reconstruction of two 50 μm wires placed at 1.2 mm and 4.9 mm depth demonstrated an axial resolution of 41 μm and 42 μm, respectively, and a lateral resolution of 73 μm and 137 μm, respectively. The second configuration involved a fixed, 33 μm receiver and a 200 μm transmitting element scanned over a 2 × 0.2 mm aperture at 20 μm increments. Imaging of an 80 μm wire placed at 4.3 mm depth yielded an axial resolution of 37 μm and a lateral resolution of 145 μm.
The construction of Huffman-equivalent prefix code in NC

In this paper, we show that an optimal prefix code (Huffman-equivalent code) over Σ = {0,1,...,σ} for any n letters a1,...,an of frequency f1,...,fn can be constructed in O(log2n) time, using only polynomial number of processors. This is done by a uniform reduction of optimal prefix coding problem to a min-plus circuit value problem of polynomial size and linear degree. Thus we can use the parallel circuit evaluation algorithms presented in [7] and [8] to construct a time-efficient and processor-efficient parallel algorithm for optimal prefix coding problem.
Tumor-Derived G-CSF Facilitates Neoplastic Growth through a Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell-Dependent Mechanism

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are induced under diverse pathologic conditions, including neoplasia, and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. While the mechanisms by which MDSC mediate immunosuppression are well-characterized, details on how they develop remain less understood. This is complicated further by the fact that MDSC comprise multiple myeloid cell types, namely monocytes and granulocytes, reflecting diverse stages of differentiation and the proportion of these subpopulations vary among different neoplastic models. Thus, it is thought that the type and quantities of inflammatory mediators generated during neoplasia dictate the composition of the resultant MDSC response. Although much interest has been devoted to monocytic MDSC biology, a fundamental gap remains in our understanding of the derivation of granulocytic MDSC. In settings of heightened granulocytic MDSC responses, we hypothesized that inappropriate production of G-CSF is a key initiator of granulocytic MDSC accumulation. We observed abundant amounts of G-CSF in vivo, which correlated with robust granulocytic MDSC responses in multiple tumor models. Using G-CSF loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we demonstrated for the first time that: 1) abrogating G-CSF production significantly diminished granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; 2) ectopically over-expressing G-CSF in G-CSF-negative tumors significantly augmented granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; and 3) treatment of naive healthy mice with recombinant G-CSF protein elicited granulocytic-like MDSC remarkably similar to those induced under tumor-bearing conditions. Collectively, we demonstrated that tumor-derived G-CSF enhances tumor growth through granulocytic MDSC-dependent mechanisms. These findings provide us with novel insights into MDSC subset development and potentially new biomarkers or targets for cancer therapy.
Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ground Cover in the New Jersey Pine Region

At least since the late 19th century foresters have been searching for an economically feasible method of returning the present forests of the New Jersey pine region to levels of higher production (Vermeule, Pinchot, Hollick, Smith, and Gifford 1900). Slow but continuous progress has been made since that time in fire control, public education, and the acquisition of knowledge of the silvicultural relationships of the forest trees. Now after nearly 15 years of experimentation by state and federal investigators, the application of prescribed burning has been suggested as a silvicultural practice for improving the upland forests of the region. As a result of its success in experimental areas, the practice shows promise of becoming wide-spread in the near future. Hence, it becomes more important that we understand as many as possible of the effects that will be created by the increased use of the practice. The foresters have and will continue to accumulate data on estimated timber yields and per acre costs of the management practice. Various other interested groups in and around the area are cooperating with the foresters in initiating studies of the broader aspects of the practice. At present there are several questions that warrant careful investigation. First, will the change in vegetation resulting from the practice make any significant alteration in the hydrologic relationships of the region? This study is already past the planning stage. Second, how will the management practice influence the wildlife in this very important game-producing area of the state? Third, how will the practice influence the productive potential of the forest soils of the region? Fourth, how will the practice influence agricultural industries, now flourishing in the region, through altering helpful and harmful insect populations and by increasing or decreasing the abundance of native plant species that harbor pathogens of cultivated species? These are some of the questions which should be investigated while such a management plan as prescribed burning is in the early stages of application. Several cooperating workers have already published on the methods used and the effectiveness of this practice in favoring the more valuable pine over the less valuable oak species (Little 1946, Little, Allen, and Somes 1948, Little, Allen, and Moore 1948, Somes and Moorhead 1950). For the most part, these studies have been focused on the arborescent species, data having been obtained on (1) growth, survival, and damage to individuals already present and (2) the effect of altered conditions on the reproduction of the various species. The present study is concerned with the influence of this management practice on the shrub, herb, and moss layers of the plant community. Prescribed burning is based on the principle that fire judiciously used favors a fire subclimax forest of high pine composition. Data obtained by the authors cited above indicate that these pine stands
Difference in analgesia following epidural blockade in patients with postoperative or chronic low back pain.

Subjective responses of continuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine were compared in 30 patients with acute (postoperative) or chronic (low back) pain. In the acute pain patients, sensory block was 4 dermatomes at 9 h and 6 dermatomes at 64 h. Corresponding values in the chronic pain patients were 8 and 6 dermatomes respectively. Motor blockade of the lower limbs was more profound in the acute pain group. The acute pain patients had significantly better pain relief (VAS: 85-96% vs. 55-70%) and a significantly higher proportion of these patients reported a global score of 3 (excellent; 80% vs. 7%). The mean dosage of bupivacaine decreased in the acute pain group from 21.0 +/- 5.7 (mean +/- S.D.) mg/h at 9 h to 15.1 +/- 8.5 mg/h at 64 h. Corresponding values for the chronic pain group were 20.7 +/- 5.9 and 12.0 +/- 6.0 mg/h respectively. Mean plasma concentration of bupivacaine increased from 1.2 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml at 9 h to 2.1 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml at 64 h in the acute pain patients and was 0.8 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml at 9 h to 1.0 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml at 64 h in the chronic pain patients. The incidence of side effects was approximately the same in both groups. No signs of accumulation or toxic reactions to bupivacaine were seen.
Impact of the geriatric medication game on pharmacy students' attitudes toward older adults.

Objective. To examine the impact of participation in the Geriatric Medication Game on pharmacy students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward older adults and familiarity with common disabilities that affect them and the process of seeking health care. Design. In the game, first-year pharmacy students “became” older adults during a 3-hour pharmacy practice laboratory. They were given aging-related challenges (eg, impaired vision or mobility) and participated as patients in simulated healthcare scenarios, such as a visit to a physician's office and a pharmacy. Assessment. After playing the game, students completed a 5-question reflection about their experiences and attitudes toward older adults. Content analysis was performed to identify themes from 4 years of student (n = 625) reflections. Predominant themes included: improved attitudes toward older adults, better understanding of patient experiences, and increased willingness to provide assistance. Conclusions. Incorporating the Geriatric Medication Game into the pharmacy curriculum may facilitate students’ understanding of the challenges that older adults face and improve future interactions.
Multilayer Microelectromechanical Structures for Material Property Characterization

A new class of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for material characterization is presented. These multilayered structures are lateral resonators which allow the determination of material properties of the different materials making up the system. Of particular significance is the ability to characterize many new materials previously untestable by resonant techniques. The basic lateral resonant structures are made of a single material, usually doped polycrystalline silicon, with beams anchored to the substrate at one end and supporting a rigid mass at the other. The rigid mass has a comb-shaped region on each side for electrostatically actuating and sensing the motion. The use of this electrostatic comb drive requires that the structure be made of a material that is electrically conductive. Thus, the class of materials which is amenable to characterization by resonance techniques has been somewhat limited. Multilayer structures, tested in conjunction with these basic monolithic structures, permit properties of both the base material and the subsequent layers to be determined. Stiffness and mass density of many new materials can be obtained by comparing the behavior of multilayer structures with their single-layer counterparts. Experimental designs and the associated analytical techniques for obtaining various properties are presented.
Setting the P.A.C.E. for Student Success in Intermediate Accounting

ABSTRACT: The Department of Accounting at our university implemented a Principles of Accounting Competency Exam (PACE) in an attempt to stem the high failure and withdrawal rates in Intermediate Accounting I. To support the PACE, we created a menu of study alternatives for students needing remedial instruction. During the period under review, we observed evidence of improvement in student success in Intermediate I. This discussion describes the PACE and its implementation during Fall 2006, but more importantly, it describes the supplemental measures we have taken to prepare students for the PACE.
WITHIN- AND ACROSS-CHANNEL PROCESSES IN MODULATION DETECTION INTERFERENCE

Modulation detection interference (MDI) describes the effect of an amplitude‐modulated sound on detection of amplitude modulation (AM) on a spectrally distant target sound. In MDI, AM detection is worsened by an AM interfering sound. Previous research has implicated both within‐channel and across‐channel processes as the basis for MDI. This study examined the detection of 10‐Hz sinusoidal AM as a function of the spectral relationship, gating synchrony, and ear of presentation of the target and interfering sounds. Using a 993‐Hz target sound, AM detection improved as the frequency of the interferer increased from 1250 to 2188 Hz, and as it decreased from 788 to 450 Hz. MDI was less for continuous interferers than for interferers gated synchronously with the target. In the continuous interferer conditions, however, MDI was still greatest for interferers most proximal to the target. The effects of frequency proximity and gating asynchrony were also evident using interferers presented to the ear contralateral...
Depositional environments and stratigraphy of a Cambrian mixed carbonate/terrigenous platform deposit: West-central UTAH, USA

The Whirlwind Formation (middle Middle Cambrian) is exposed in several block-faulted ranges in west-central Utah. It was studied in the Canyon, Drum, Dugway, Fish Springs, House, and Wah Wah ranges, where 11 sections were measured and 6 others examined. The Whirlwind is composed of intercalated thin-bedded to laminated limestone, siltstone, and shale, and contains distinctive olive-weathering trilobite packstones. The unit averages about 40 meters in thickness and generally forms a prominent slope between more resistant carbonate strata.
Issues of adrenoceptor behavior in respiratory and cutaneous disorders of atopic allergy

Abstract Emergence of the radioligand binding technology in the study of adrenoceptors has resulted in an array of new problems in current research on bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. These include (1) the similarities and differences between agonist-induced desensitization and manifestations of β-adrenergic subsensitivity in diseases of atopic allergy; (2) the nature of the reciprocal changes in α- and β-adrenergic reactivities as well as in their respective receptor concentrations; and (3) consideration of the various developmental mechanisms that may be operative in the induction of β-adrenergic subsensitivities in atopic disease.
Synthesis of 25-hydroxy[26,27-3h]vitamin D3 with high specific activity.

Abstract A synthesis of radiochemically pure 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 with a specific activity of 160 Ci/mmol is reported. The structure and biological activity of the radiolabeled compound was verified by comigration on high-pressure liquid chromatography with synthetic 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 to constant specific activity, and by conversion in vitro to 1α,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 with the chick kidney 1α-hydroxylase.
Statistical Diagnostics to Identify Galactic Foregrounds in B -Mode Maps

Ongoing searches for primordial gravitational waves have a new way to identify possible contaminations from cosmic dust.
Isolation from porcine cardiac muscle of a Ca2+-activated protease that partially degrades myofibrils.

Abstract A protein fraction displaying Ca2+-activated proteolytic activity has been isolated from porcine cardiac muscle. The crude enzyme was purified approximately 2000 fold by isoelectric precipitation followed by gel permeation chromatography and by ion exchange chromatography. The partially purified enzyme exhibited optimal activity against either cardiac myofibril or casein substrates between pH 7.5 and 8.0, and in the presence of 1 m m Ca2+ and at least 2 m m 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme removes Z-discs from skeletal and cardiac myofibrils and also removes the density from intercalated discs of cardiac myofibrils. The enzyme hydrolyzes troponin-T and troponin-I of both cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibrils in vitro. In its proteolytic effect on either cardiac or skeletal myofibrils and in all other properties examined, the Ca2+-activated, cardiac protease is similar to a Ca2+-activated protease (CAF) recently purified from porcine skeletal muscle (Dayton, W. R., Reville, W. J., Goll, D. E. and Stromer, M. H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2159–2167). It is possible that the Ca2+-activated, cardiac protease plays a role in degradation of myofibrils in injured myocardial cells.
Stable isotope ratios in archived striped bass scales suggest changes in trophic structure

Stable carbon isotope ratios were measured in archived striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), scales to identify changes in the feeding behaviour of this species over time. Striped bass tissue and scale samples were collected from Rhode Island coastal waters during 1996 and archived scale samples (1982–1997) were obtained from Chesapeake Bay. Known striped bass prey items were also collected from Chesapeake Bay and analysed for δ13C. A significant correlation was observed between carbon isotope ratios in striped bass scales and muscle tissue (r2 = 0.52; P < 0.05). Carbon isotope ratios were enriched (less negative) in scales relative to muscle tissue by about 3‰. Carbon isotope ratios in archived striped bass scales from Chesapeake Bay increased significantly from −16.7 ± 0.2‰ in 1982 to −15.1 ± 0.3‰ in 1997. Benthic species, especially invertebrates, were isotopically enriched relative to pelagic fish species collected from the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. Prey samples collected from riverine locations within Chesapeake Bay were isotopically depleted relative to those collected in the open portion of the Bay. The changes in the carbon isotope ratios of the striped bass scales could be related to changes in the relative proportions of pelagic and benthic food items in the diet of striped bass or to changes in the feeding locations of this species. In either case, there have been changes in the feeding behaviour and/or relationships of the striped bass between 1982 and 1997. Such changes may be related to changing ecological conditions within the estuary, which could influence the health of Chesapeake Bay striped bass.
Synthesis of complexes of the type [Cr en2FX]X

Recent i n t e r e s t in the chemistry o f the f l uo ro complexes of C r ( l l l ) has prompted us to repor t the synthesis o f a ser ies of new b is (e thy lened iamine) ch romium( l l l ) compounds. These complexes are apparent ly the f i r s t known examples of b is (e thy lenediamine) compounds which contain in add i t ion to the f l uo ro l igand another monodentate groun which is not the aquo or hydroxo l igand. The syn the t i c method is based on the e a r l i e r work of Dahme ( I ) who was able to prepare the [Cr en2(OH)FI ÷ ion in aqueous so l u t i on . This ion was used as the s t a r t i n q mater ia l since the f l uo ro l igand was already incorporated and the tedious job of i n se r t i ng the Fgroup could be avoided. The new complexes prenared in th i s i nves t i ga t i on a l l appear to invo lve a c~s arranqement of the F-X groups. This is supported by the u l t r a v i o l e t and v i s i b l e snectra of these complexes, and in one case by the reso lu t i on of a complex in to i t s on t i ca l ant ipodes.
A model for synthesis of the fixturing configuration in pin-array type flexible machining fixtures

Abstract This paper presents a model for the synthesis of the fixturing configuration in pin-array type flexible machining fixtures. These fixtures possess an array of pins that hold parts by conforming to their shape. The proposed algorithm aims to achieve a specified level of fixture–workpiece conformability and stable equilibrium while keeping the workpiece rigid body motion due to fixture elastic deformation at or below a user-specified value. Specifically, the model finds the minimum clamping loads and the optimal number, position and dimensions of the pins necessary to achieve the conformability and stiffness goals for a workpiece having an arbitrary geometry and subjected to quasi-static machining/assembly forces. Experimental data for the X-clamp ® flexible pin-array vise is used to validate the proposed synthesis model.
Dynamic pseudopotential theory of phonons in twelve cubic metals.

The dynamic pseudopotential model for phonons in metals involves division of each ion into an inner-ion core and a last-filled electron shell. Vibrations of the cores and shells have different amplitudes. Only Coulomb interactions, screened by the conduction-electron sea, enter the theory. The core and shell pseudopotentials involve just one parameter each, and these are determined phenomenologically for Na, K, Rb, Cu, Ag, Au, Ca, Sr, Ba, Yb, Al, and Pb. Distortion of the ions is found to be very important in the heavy metals. A recently discovered anomaly in the phonon dispersion of Ba can be attributed to exchange interactions between the (last-filled) shell and the conduction-electron sea. The (so far unmeasured) spectra for fcc Sr and bcc Yb are predicted.