cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the unreality of some phonological rules

Abstract The results of a number of experiments reported in the literature suggest that some supposedly productive rules lack psychological reality. The implication of these results for the theory of generative phonology is sometimes ignored on the grounds that these results reflect speakers' ‘performance’ rather than ‘competence’. Given this type of objection, it is necessary to conduct further studies to ascertain whether speakers have knowledge of rules as part of their ‘competence’. A case study of a bi-dialectal speaker of Coastal and Inland Taiwanese reveals that, instead of producing surface tonal alternants in accordance with putative underlying tones and a set of bi-dialectal tone sandhi rules, the subject seems to rely on lexical listing for the pronunciation of tonal alternants. The lack of a phonological process on the part of the subject can not be explained as due to failure in ‘performance’ because the behaviour of the subject is observed in her normal speech situation rather than in a psycholinguistic test. Since Taiwanese tone sandhi rules are supposedly fully productive, the conclusion of this study is that these tone sandhi rules are unreal. Moreover, because these unreal tone sandhi rules are by no means special or abnormal but rather represent phonological rules in general, we conclude that the theory of generative phonology has questionable psychological reality.
Balancing Engagement and Detachment in Caregiving

Purpose: To investigate how caregivers balance engagement with detachment to cope with cumulative demands and losses. Design: Qualitative, descriptive. Population, formal and informal caregivers in the United States. A sample of 14 was studied between 1992 and 1994. Methods: Data were collected in open-ended interviews, then were coded and analyzed using grounded-theory methods. Credibility and fittingness were established. Results: Caregivers who balance engagement and detachment can affect outcomes without needing to control outcomes. Such caregivers are pragmatic and make conscious choices based on their emotional needs. They set and maintain limits and boundaries and are able to monitor the balancing process while recognizing the importance of practicing self-care. Conclusions: The longer and more intense a caregiver's involvement, the more important it is to learn to balance engagement and detachment. Caregivers may need to learn effective balancing skills.
Smokers eligible for a clinical trial

Abstract PURPOSE: Recruitment and retention of minority participants is often the rate-limiting step towards successful completion of clinical trials. Participants who are eligible, and express interest in, enrolling into a trial will sometimes not return for their randomization visit. Factors associated with failure to return for randomization are largely unknown. METHODS: We compared 287 eligible African American (AA) smokers who enrolled, but did not return for randomization (NR), to 500 AA smokers who returned and were randomized (R) to participate in a study comparing culturally sensitive educational materials to usual care materials for smoking cessation in AAs. An analysis was conducted on variables potentially associated with not returning for randomization. RESULTS: Table 1 Table 1 . Variables * NR R p-value Age (yrs) 39.8 42.9 Male 48.1 39.8 0.024 Cigs per day 18.1 19.8 0.018 Age of smoking 17.1 17.5 0.275 Lower tar 44.3 61.2 Plan to quit 78.4 91.6 Told to quit 53.3 67.6 Heavy drinking 42.9 25.8 ⩾HS education 61.3 75.6 >6th grade literacy 59.2 71.8 Proactively recruited 76.9 34.8 Regular care 31.7 54.0 Health insured 25.5 35.6 0.007 Have own transport 36.9 49.2 * Continuous variables expressed as means and categorical as percent (%). CONCLUSIONS: Potential NR participants differed in a number of ways from those who returned for randomization. Better understanding of these factors may allow researchers to target recruitment efforts, potentially resulting in enhanced accrual and retention, and therefore, generalizability.
Stock transactions volume and the 1978 capital gains tax reduction

The purpose of the research reported here was to see whether the accumu-lated evidence since 1979 is consistent with the hypothesis that the capital gains tax cuts in the Revenue Act of 1978 caused...
Evaluation and management of adnexal mass in pregnancy

With widespread use of ultrasound in early pregnancy, incidental adnexal masses are detected frequently. This article reviews the differential diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, and current treatment options for adnexal masses in pregnancy. With the increased sophistication of ultrasound, observation has become a more viable option. However, for those masses suspicious for malignancy, at risk for torsion, or clinically symptomatic, surgical management is warranted. With increasing numbers of successful laparoscopic procedures reported in pregnancy, laparoscopy appears to be a safe option with trained and experienced providers.
Hydrodynamic pressure in a dam-reservoir system

Abstract A comparison of three approaches to the solution of the dam-reservoir interaction problem is presented. A 400-ft high concrete gravity dam, its reservoir and the rigid foundation are subjected to seismic ground motion. The computer programs ADINA-5 and EAGD-84 produced analyses which compared closely. Westergaard's added mass theory in general produced conservative results for both horizontal ground motion and the combined horizontal and vertical ground motion. Westergaard's theory produced results which were not comparable for the vertical only ground motion.
The context of introducing IT/IS-based innovation into local government in Colombia

This paper examines the dynamics of introducing IT/IS into local municipalities in Colombia. It addresses the factors that drive the introduction of geographical information systems into public organizations. The analysis is based on data generated from documents and direct interviews in two local municipalities. The findings indicate that technological innovations are introduced by middle managers. These managers find ways to take advantage of existing information technologies and thereby transform their organizational processes. External catalysts such as new political environments combined with internal factors, such as local champions and technological awareness, were necessary for mobilizing resources and breaking organizational barriers that hinder innovations.
EMG pattern analysis for patient-responsive control of FES in paraplegics for walker-supported walking

The use of electromyographic (EMG) pattern analysis to provide upper-motor-neuron paraplegics with patient-responsive control of FES (functional electrical stimulation) for the purpose of walker-supported walking is discussed. The system described uses above-lesion surface EMG signals to activate standing and walking functions in a patient-responsive manner. This system was been experimentally applied to paraplegics since early 1982. Below-lesion response-EMG control from the stimulated sites was added in 1987 to regulate stimuli levels in the face of fatigue. Although transcutaneous FES alone is being used the system is applicable in principle to implantable FES systems. >
Preparation and calibration of the 1978 National Bureau of Standards tritiated-water standards

Abstract The National Bureau of Standards activity standards for tritiated water, SRM 4926 and SRM 4927, have been recalibrated by the method of internal gas-proportional counting, and a new series of standards has been prepared. These standards are used in measurements made by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Organization (IAEA/WMO) Tritium Monitoring Network. The agreement between the 1961 and 1978 gas counting measurements is 0.7%, assuming the adopted half-life of 12.35 yr. The results are, however, in complete agreement if, instead, a half-life of 12.44 yr is used. A half-life of 12.43 ± 0.05 yr, based on measurements of the NBS tritiated-water standards over a span of 18 yr, is suggested.
Antibiotic monitoring as a surveillance tool for nosocomial infections

A programme for surveillance of nosocomial infections utilizing antibiotic review was developed and carried out at Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, USA. Over a 6-month period 1083 charts were reviewed on the surgical units by an infection control practitioner utilizing two methods of surveillance for nosocomial infections. The first method utilized positive laboratory cultures, admission data and head nurse interviews. The second method used a prevalence study of all surgical patients on antibiotic therapy and all positive culture reports. A comparison of both methods revealed that all nosocomial infections were realized using antibiotic review. It was also noted that 16.2 per cent of nosocomial infections were missed by not using antibiotic review as a surveillance tool. We also noted that the overall percentage of patients with nosocomial infections not cultured was 10.5 per cent. Our conclusions were that antibiotic review is a useful instrument that can successfully be incorporated into any currently existing infection control surveillance programme.
Hippocampal or neocortical lesions on magnetic resonance imaging do not necessarily indicate site of ictal onsets in partial epilepsy

Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in identifying structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy. The assumption that such focal lesions invariably predict the site of seizure origin may not be correct, however. We report a series of 20 adults with medically intractable partial epilepsy, where high-resolution brain MRI disclosed a unilateral, focal, hippocampal, or neocortical lesion as the only abnormality in each case; nevertheless, based on electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, ictal onsets arose from a completely different location than that of the MRI lesion. All patients underwent epilepsy surgery, with the operations based on ictal EEG findings, and all were followed at least 2 years after the resection. After the most recent follow-up examination, 50% (10/20) of the patients were completely seizure-free, 35% (7/20) had at least a 75% reduction in the number of seizures, and 15% (3/20) had less than a 75% reduction in the number of seizures. We conclude that the identification of a focal, structural, hippocampal, or neocortical lesion on brain MRI is not always indicative of the site of seizure origin in partial epilepsy. Furthermore, in cases of discordance between MRI and EEG data, a good outcome after epilepsy surgery is possible if EEG ictal onsets are definitive.
Flaw density examinations of a clad boiling water reactor pressure vessel segment

Abstract As part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Heavy-Section Steel Technology Program, studies have been conducted to determine flaw density in a section of reactor pressure vessel cut from the Hope Creek Unit 2 vessel. This boiling water reactor vessel was never in service. One objective was to evaluate the approximate 0.7- by 3-m (2- by 10-ft) segment of the vessel provided using ultrasonic flaw detection methods performed with both ASME Code techniques and supplemental ultrasonic methods. A second objective was to evaluate the inner surface stainless steel cladding for cracks with a high sensitivity penetrant examination. Both objectives were successfully completed. Five Code-recordable indications were detected ultrasonically; however, all were found to be anomalies associated with the cladding. One flaw was detected by the supplemental ultrasonic tests, and it was analyzed destructively. This flaw was pipelike indication, about 20 mm (0.8 in.) long extending along the length of the longitudinal weld in which it was located and was about 20 mm below the cladding surface. The flaw had a through-wall dimension (or length) of about 6 mm (0.24 in.) for an approximate 3-mm (0.1-in.) distance along the 20-mm major length. No flaws were detected by the penetrant examination of the cladding surface.
Rice kernel phenolic content and its relationship with antiradical efficiency

Plant phenolics exert beneficial effects on human health and may also prevent oxidative deterioration of food. Two field experiments were carried out for characterising phenolics in rice. The first assay was conducted in 1999 and 2000 in Beaumont, TX and included five light-brown, two purple and 10 red pericarp coloured cultivars. 'Bran colour' was highly statistically significant for both bran phenolic concentration and antiradical efficiency (p < 0.001). 'Year' and its interaction with bran colour were not significant for the analysed traits, suggesting that seasonal differences and their interactions may not affect phenolic content or antiradical efficiency. The accessions ranged from 3.1 to 45.4mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g −1 bran and from 10.0 to 345.3 µM trolox equivalents (TE) g −1 bran for total phenolic content and antiradical efficiency respectively. The light-brown bran genotypes exhibited the lowest values for phenolic content and antiradical efficiency, whereas red bran ones displayed ca 10 times higher total phenolic content and more than 50 times higher tannin content than light-brown ones. The two purple lines showed either low or high values for the studied traits. Antiradical efficiency of rice bran extracts was highly positively correlated with total phenolic content (r = 0.99 ∗∗∗ ), suggesting that phenolics are the main compounds responsible for the free radical-scavenging activity in rice bran extracts. In the second field experiment (Stuttgart, AR, 2001 and Beaumont, TX, 2000), 133 coloured rice cultivars were analysed for total phenolic content in whole grain. The accessions showed a large variation for total phenolics, ranging from 0.69 to 2.74mg GAE g −1 grain. The data confirmed previous results suggesting bran colour as the main factor affecting phenolic concentration in rice kernel and seasonal effects and their interactions as not significant. The results also confirm that within red and purple bran groups can be found the highest phenolic concentrations in rice kernel. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypocretins: Waking, Arousal, or Action?

The role of hypocretin (orexin) neurotransmission in waking and arousal, though of intense interest, is poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Mileykovskiy et al., 2005 demonstrate that, in general, hypocretin neurons are minimally active during both sleep and quiet waking. In contrast, these neurons display robust activity during periods of alert and/or active waking.
Flow-induced instability of an elastic tube with a variable support

Abstract Equations are developed governing the stability of a fluid-conveying tube which is clamped at the upstream end and free at the other with a variable knife-edge support at some interior point. Using these equations, the stability characteristics of such a configuration are analyzed numerically. Of particular interest is the effect on stability response produced by a change in support position.
Residual stress profiles in optical fibers determined by the two-waveplate-compensator method

Stress-induced birefringence impacts the performance of many optical devices. Techniques are needed to measure accurately stress profiles in optical fibers. The two-waveplate-compensator (TWC) method allows the accurate measurement of small retardations. The full-field TWC method is applied here to measure the two-dimensional retardation distribution of single-mode fibers with a spatial resolution of 0.45 μm and a sensitivity of 0.07 nm. Axial stress profiles are hence determined along the axis of the fiber. The stress profiles determined with the TWC method are in good agreement with profiles previously reported in the literature while containing less noise and resolving more details.
To Have and to Hold Perceptions of Marital Rape

The perceptions surrounding marital versus stranger rape were investigated in a sample of 195 undergraduates. Subjects rated their reactions to one of two hypothetical rape scenarios that were exactly the same in form and content except for the identification of the man as the woman's husband (marital condition) or as a stranger (stranger condition). Factor analysis of the questions used to assess perceptions revealed one strong factor that was labeled rape-supportive beliefs. Consistent with previous research on date rape, individuals were significantly more likely to minimize the seriousness of rape perpetrated by a husband than rape perpetrated by a stranger. In general, the female subjects considered rape a more serious event than the male subjects. However, an unexpected gender-by-relationship interaction was found on two of the rape-supportive questions. Some evidence suggested that sex role expectations influence the perceptions of marital rape. The results are discussed within a sex role socializa...
Path cover number, maximum nullity, and zero forcing number of oriented graphs and other simple digraphs

∗Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057 (berliner@stolaf.edu), (coxn@stolaf.edu). Research of N. Cox supported by NSF DMS 0750986 †Department of Mathematics, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057 (brownc@carleton.edu). Research supported by NSF DMS 0750986. ‡Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 (jmsdg7@iastate.edu), (warnberg@iastate.edu), (myoung@iastate.edu). Research of J. Carlson supported by ISU Holl funds. Research of M. Young supported by NSF DMS 0946431. §Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, (lhogben@iastate.edu) and American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94306 (hogben@aimath.org). ¶Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3840 (jason.hu@berkeley.edu). Research supported by NSF DMS 0750986. ‖Department of Mathematics, Pomona College, 610 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711 (klj02011@mymail.pomona.edu). Research supported by NSF DMS 0750986. ∗∗Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Central College, Pella, IA 50219 (manternachk1@central.edu). Research supported by ISU Holl funds. ††Natural and Mathematical Science Division, Culver-Stockton College, Canton, MO 63435 (tpeters319@gmail.com).
The effect of thermomechanical processing on the creep behavior of Alloy 690

Abstract The effect of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and elevated-temperature creep behavior of Alloy 690 was investigated. Commercially available sheet was subjected to four cycles of cold rolling to 25% deformation followed by annealing at 1000 °C for 1 h. Both the resultant microstructure and the original microstructure were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction. The thermomechanically processed microstructure exhibited a slightly lower fraction of twins and a smaller average grain size than the original microstructure. Tensile–creep experiments were performed in an open-air environment at temperatures between 650 and 690 °C and stresses between 75 and 172 MPa. The measured creep stress exponents (4–5) activation energies (320–368 kJ/mol) suggested that dislocation creep with lattice self-diffusion was dominant. The thermomechanically processed microstructure exhibited significantly worse creep resistance than the original as-processed microstructure. Thus, cyclic strain and annealing processing, which has been shown to improve the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility of Alloy 690, is not recommended for enhancing the creep resistance.
Trauma-Focused CBT for Traumatic Grief in Military Children

Although military children are typically as resilient as the general child population, the ongoing conflict has exposed military children to unusual stressors such as repeated deployment, severe injury, or the death of a parent or sibling. U.S. forces have experienced more than 5,600 casualties during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with growing numbers of suicides among Service members. These deaths have affected thousands of military children. Most bereaved military children experience adaptive grief characterized by deep sadness, longing for the deceased person, and being comforted by positive memories of the deceased. A smaller number of military children develop childhood traumatic grief, characterized by trauma symptoms that interfere with adaptive grieving. Children with traumatic grief get “stuck” on the traumatic aspects of the death such as picturing the imagined or real details of the death; imagining the pain their loved one experienced in the moments before dying; wishing for revenge; and becoming angry at those who do not understand or share the child’s thoughts and feelings about the death. These children avoid reminders of the deceased person. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for children with trauma symptoms including those with traumatic grief. TF-CBT may be particularly suitable for military families. This article describes the clinical application of TF-CBT for traumatic grief in military children.
In vivo validation of the bystander effect

The bystander effect post radionuclide decay describes the biologic response(s) of cells not directly targeted by the radiation insult. Recently, we demonstrated that the specific irradiation of human tumor cells in vivo leads to a bystander effect in subcutaneously growing tumors. These in vivo findings 1) call for the re-evaluation of approaches currently used for estimating the risks to individuals/populations inadvertently exposed internally to radioactivity (e.g., alpha particles) as well as to patients undergoing routine diagnostic nuclear medical procedures, and 2) impact significantly the current dogma for assessing the therapeutic potential of internally administered radionuclides.
The great Cenozoic ice sheet

Abstract Ocean-floor sediments contain a record of Quaternary continental glaciations in which global cooling prevails over a 100,000 year cycle and the intensity of the last glacial maximum is as strong as any of the earlier glaciations. Yet, the areal extent of Quaternary glacial drift in North America and Eurasia during the last glaciation is much less extensive than during several earlier glaciations. In an attempt to explore this problem, two versions of a Great Cenozoic Ice Sheet were reconstructed. The minimum version transformed a frozen bed beneath high interior ice domes and along southern margins during the last glaciation into a thawed bed during more extensive earlier glaciations. This allowed thinner ice to cover a larger area with little change in ice volume, thereby satisfying both the continental and oceanic records of Quaternary glaciation. The maximum version extended frozen basal conditions beneath high interior ice domes and along southern margins, so that a greater areal extent could only be accommodated by thicker ice. A greater ice volume is required in this case, and would seem to put the Great Cenozoic Ice Sheet in the late Tertiary, where some evidence for global cooling on a 400,000 year cycle exists and might provide the longer timespan needed to produce a larger ice sheet.
Individual strategies for coping with the stigma of severe mental illness

Persons with severe mental illness must cope not only with the symptoms of their disease but also with social and self-stigma. Societal attitudes toward severe mental illness lead to lost opportunities for education, employment, and housing. Self-stigma occurs when individuals assimilate social stereotypes about themselves as persons with severe mental illness. Self-stigma results in a loss of self-esteem, diminished self-efficacy, and a hesitancy to participate in society at large. This paper will outline a number of cognitive behavioral strategies for coping with social and self-stigma, including secrecy, selective disclosure, Socratic questioning, and cost/benefit analysis.
Mining causal topics in text data: iterative topic modeling with time series feedback

Many applications require analyzing textual topics in conjunction with external time series variables such as stock prices. We develop a novel general text mining framework for discovering such causal topics from text. Our framework naturally combines any given probabilistic topic model with time-series causal analysis to discover topics that are both coherent semantically and correlated with time series data. We iteratively refine topics, increasing the correlation of discovered topics with the time series. Time series data provides feedback at each iteration by imposing prior distributions on parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed framework is effective.
Pseudo-likelihood estimation for discretely observed multitype Bellman–Harris branching processes

Abstract This paper presents a method for parametric estimation in the class of multitype Bellman–Harris branching processes when the data consist of cell counts collected on several colonies observed at discrete time points. This sampling scheme arises frequently in biology to analyze cell proliferation in tissue culture. We investigate the use of a pseudo-likelihood approach in this context. It is defined from the mean vectors and variance–covariance matrices of the numbers of cells. The proposed estimator is strongly consistent and asymptotically normal as the number of observed colonies goes to infinity. In situations where these two moments have no closed-form expressions their values can be replaced by simulation-based approximations. The resulting simulated pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator is asymptotically equivalent to the pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator as the number of simulation increases. We illustrate the proposed method via two examples, and evaluate its finite sample properties through simulations.
Lending versus giving : the economics of foreign assistance

Historically, very little attention has been devoted to assessing the costs and benefits of concessional loans vs. grants as the means of transferring resources to developing countries. This paper argues that this omission is in part due to the lack of an acceptable analytic construct within which to measure the costs to donors and benefits to recipients of loans and grants. The paper proposes such a framework and explores some of the policy implications for development assistance policy, in particular the trade-off between the volume of assistance and the terms of that aid. The objective is to lay the groundwork for a more constructive dialogue between borrowers and lenders which, hopefully, could foster foreign assistance flows of greater value to developing countries.
Application of logical effort techniques for speed optimization and analysis of representative adders

This paper presents the transistor-level analysis of contemporary 64-bit adders. The logical effort technique is applied to provide more descriptive presentation of the delay and circuit architecture. It also enables optimization of gate size for optimal performance. The selected adders are dynamic carry-lookahead adder (DCLA), static carry-select adder (SCSA), dynamic Kogge-Stone adder (DKSA) and Ling/conditional-sum adder (DLCNSA). The results match well with simulation using 0.18 /spl mu/m, 1.8 V CMOS. Adders with fewer levels in the critical path show superior performance. In particular, for dynamic adders, a 0.6-FO4 per-gate delay improvement was observed.
Reproducing plantation society: Women and land in colonial South Carolina

Some women in colonial South Carolina inherited, possessed, and sold real property. This article examines how and why women took on roles as landowners. Such practices were part of a range of innovative strategies designed to hand down plantation capital to the next generation. High mortality rates in the region challenged white families as they sought to establish their children within the planter class. Recent scholarship on women in South Carolina has identified instances in which “female planters” wielded control over land and slaves, temporarily assuming authority otherwise reserved for men. Tracing the presence of female landowners in land records, plantation advertisements, and court records reveals that although women made up only a small minority of landowners, they performed an important role in transmitting land and bringing it into production. Unlike their counterparts in other slave societies, white women in the Lowcountry were engaged directly in managing the domestic economies of plantation...
Trace measurements of colchicine by adsorptive stripping voltammetry.

Abstract A highly sensitive voltammetric method for trace measurements of the alkaloid colchicine is described. The method is based on the controlled adsorptive accumulation of the drug at the hanging mercury drop electrode, followed by voltammetric determination of the surface species. The adsorptive stripping response is evaluated with respect to preconcentration time and potential, solution pH, voltammetric waveform and other variables. With a 10-min preconcentration, a detection limit of 1.3 × 10 −10 M is obtained. The relative standard deviation (at the 1 × 10 −7 M level) is 1.1%. Applicability to urine analysis is illustrated.
Breaking Singles Up: Sexual Satisfaction among Men and Women

ABSTRACT Using the National Health and Social Life Survey, we investigate sexual satisfaction by marital status and gender. We disaggregate the “single” category into “never-married” and “ever-married” individuals, rather than lumping never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed individuals into the “single” category. We argue that the use of a combined category neglects variation between never-married and ever-married single individuals due to differences in age and life-course transitions. We find that self-reports of physical and emotional sexual satisfaction vary between ever-married and never-married single individuals, and also between men and women. Further, we find that intimacy and commitment beliefs are associated with only emotional sexual satisfaction for women but with both physical and emotional sexual satisfaction for men.
Comparing the force and motion conceptual evaluation and the force concept inventory

In this paper we compare and contrast student's pretest/post-test performance on the Halloun-Hestenes force concept inventory (FCI) to the Thornton-Sokoloff force and motion conceptual evaluation (FMCE). Both tests are multiple-choice assessment instruments whose results are used to characterize how well a first term, introductory physics course promotes conceptual understanding. However, the two exams have slightly different content domains, as well as different representational formats; hence, one exam or the other might better fit the interests of a given instructor or researcher. To begin the comparison, we outline how to determine a single-number score for the FMCE and present ranges of normalized gains on this exam. We then compare scores on the FCI and the FMCE for approximately 2000 students enrolled in the Studio Physics course at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute over a period of eight years (1998--2006) that encompassed significant evolution of the course and many different instructors. We found that the mean score on the FCI is significantly higher than the mean score on the FMCE, however there is a very strong relationship between scores on the two exams. The slope of a best fit line drawn through FCI versus FMCE data is approximately 0.54, and the correlation coefficient is approximately $r=0.78$, for preinstructional and postinstructional testings combined. In spite of this strong relationship, the assessments measure different normalized gains under identical circumstances. Additionally, students who scored well on one exam did not necessarily score well on the other. We use this discrepancy to uncover some subtle, but important, differences between the exams. We also present ranges of normalized gains for the FMCE in a variety of instructional settings.
Spectral behavior of Jupiter near 1 MHz

Emission from Jupiter has been observed by the IMP-6 spacecraft at 25 frequencies between 425 and 9900 kHz covering the period April 1971 to October 1972. The Jovian bursts were identified through the phase of the observed modulated signal detected from the spinning dipole antenna. Approximately 500 days of data have been scanned for Jupiter emissions with a positive detection of at least 382 events. The static spectral behavior of the emission has been investigated and can be divided naturally into three types. Type one (normal) shows a high correlation with earth-based observations and follows the same spectral behavior. These bursts are seldom detected much below 1 MHz. The second type (md-frequency) occurs near or below 1 MHz and shows low and high-frequency cutoffs. The emission peak is near 900 kHz with a 3 db bandwidth of approximately 450 kHz. A third type consists of a complex combination of the previous types.
Closed versus open partial meniscectomy: Postoperative changes in the force-velocity relationship of muscle

This study compares the effects of closed and open partial meniscectomies on the in vivo force-velocity relationship of the knee extensors. One group of normal subjects (controls, N = 7) and two groups of patients (closed partial meniscectomy, N = 9; open partial men iscectomy, N = 6) participated in this study. Each volunteer was tested on three occasions (presurgery, 20 days postsurgery, and 42 days postsurgery) for maximal knee extension torque at 0, 48, 96, 144, and 192°/sec using an isokinetic dynamometer. Maximal knee extension torques were recorded at a specific joint angle (30° below the horizontal plane) for all test speeds. Presurgically, the injured leg exhibited a uni form impairment of approximately -20%. At 20 days postsurgery, a substantial difference was evident be tween the two groups of patients. For the closed group, the mean (±SE) impairment was -19.5 ± 2.2, -23.9 ± 2.8, -31.5 ± 4.0, -37.5 ± 5.3, and - 34.5 ± 6.1% at 0, 48, 96, 144, and 192°/sec, respectively. In contrast, the correspo...
Magnetoelastic coupling within a Landau model of phase transitions: Application to the frustrated triangular antiferromagnet CsNiCl 3

A model Landau free energy is proposed in order to describe elastic coupling to spin degrees of freedom in systems exhibiting phase transitions which involve long-range magnetic order. Using rigourous symmetry arguments, various interaction terms are derived for magnetic materials with a hexagonal crystal structure. The model is applied to the frustrated triangular antiferromagnet CsNiCl${}_{3}$ and used to analyze and correlate a wide variety of experimental results such as the magnetic phase diagram, magnetization, strains, and elastic constant measurements at low temperatures. Good agreement between the model and the data is obtained for the temperature and magnetic field dependence of ${C}_{33}$ and ${C}_{66}$ in the vicinity of phase transitions. In particular, the analysis shows that the anomaly observed in the field dependence of ${C}_{33}$, close to the spin-flop phase boundary (${H}_{\mathit{SF}}\ensuremath{\simeq}2$ T), is dominated by the field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility. It is also found that higher order magnetoelastic coupling terms are required to reproduce the qualitative behavior of the elastic constants in the vicinity of the phase transitions. Our results demonstrate that a straightforward mean-field model which incorporates the correct system symmetries provides a powerful tool for relating complex spin configurations to the elastic and other response functions. The present work also serves to complement and expand our earlier results [G. Quirion et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 077202 (2006)].
DHT Concentrations in Human Prostate Cancer Tissue

ABSTRACT. Levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been measured in prostate tissue from both treated and untreated patients with cancer of the prostate and have been compared with values found in untreated benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and a variety of non–androgen target tissues. Average DHT in 17 patients with untreated cancer was 3.2 ng/g compared with an average of 5.0 ng/g in 17 patients with BPH (P<0.01). Non-androgen target tissues averaged 0.93 ng/g and all contained <1.8 ng/g except for bile, a component of which was shown to move with DHT in our thin-layer chromatography system. In prostate cancer tissue from 3 out of 4 estrogen-treated patients, DHT levels were similar to untreated cancer whereas 1 patient had a value resembling non–androgen target tissues. Among 6 other patients previously treated with combined castration and estrogen or castration alone, 2 had prostate DHT concentrations similar to untreated
Emission Characteristics of Vacuum Spark Discharges

A study of the total radiation in the visible region from vacuum spark discharges between electrodes of aluminum, magnesium, copper, and carbon has been made. With a capacitance of 21.6 µf charged to potentials up to 20 kv and inductance variable from 2.4 to 45 µh, peak currents up to 65 000 amperes were obtained. Oscilloscope traces of the output voltage from a photocell show that for the underdamped discharge the light output closely follows the current oscillations, dropping to zero between current cycles. The maximum light intensity in a single spark train varies as the third to the seventh power of the peak discharge current, or with the 3/2 to the 7/2 power of the discharge energy, depending on the electrode material and the inductance. For a given electrode material, the exponent increases as the inductance is decreased, while at constant current the maximum light intensity decreases slightly as the inductance is decreased. With aluminum electrodes ranging from 12 to 116 inch in diameter, the maximum light intensity varies inversely with the electrode cross-sectional area. Estimates of current densities as high as 100 000 amperes per cm2 in a 10 000-ampere aluminum spark were made from measurements of the anode spots on the electrodes. Bursts of luminous vapor from the anode, apparently not a part of the current-carrying column, appear to constitute the principal source of light in the critically damped aluminum spark.
4th workshop on graphical documentation: UML style guidelines

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the de facto standard for visually representing modern software systems. This workshop will explore UML style guidelines and their effect on the efficacy of UML diagrams in the context of graphical program documentation. This work is part of an ongoing research program focused on assessing system redocumentation techniques. The workshop is a sequel to workshops held at SIGDOC 2001, SIGDOC 2002, and IWPC 2003.
Combining the language model and inference network approaches to retrieval

The inference network retrieval model, as implemented in the InQuery search engine, allows for richly structured queries. However, it incorporates a form of ad hoc tf.idf estimates for word probabilities. Language modeling offers more formal estimation techniques. In this paper we combine the language modeling and inference network approaches into a single framework. The resulting model allows structured queries to be evaluated using language modeling estimates. We explore the issues involved, such as combining beliefs and smoothing of proximity nodes. Experimental results are presented comparing the query likelihood model, the InQuery system, and our new model. The results reaffirm that high quality structured queries outperform unstructured queries and show that our system consistently achieves higher average precision than InQuery.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Differences in Hotel Performance Following 9/11

Abstract Not all hotels participated equally in the recent industry plunge—brought on by both recession and terrorism—and not all are recovering at the same rate.
Regional differences in fiber tractography predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with infantile Krabbe disease.

Background Krabbe disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by rapid demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The only available treatment, unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation, is effective only if performed before clinical symptoms appear. Phenotypic expressions of disease-causing mutations vary widely, but genotype–phenotype relationships are unclear. Therefore, we evaluated diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography with volumetric analysis as a biomarker of early white matter changes and functional disability in presymptomatic infants.
The role of inductive generalizations in Sellars' theory of explanation

Wilfrid Sellars' theory of explanation is a rich and complicated analysis of a most complex issue. It is based on his commitment to scientific realism and to his belief that any adequate philosophy of science must provide the foundation for a theory of scientific development ([8]-[13]). In what follows I provide a partial explication of Sellars' account of explanation in which I show how using Sellars' approach provides a coherent integration of statistical generalizations into the discussion of explanation. My point of departure is Hempel's attempt to solve the Theoretician's Dilemma ([2]) by requiring that theories provide not only for deductive systematization, but inductive systematization as well. Sellars, I argue, provides the justification for what Hempel only assumes. He does so at some cost, however. We are forced to give up the primacy of the deductive-nomological model of explanation, D-N. This is not to say that we must abandon it, but rather subsume it under Sellar's more general account. In general, I will be quite brief with respect to what I have to say about Hempel. His view simply has to be assumed as the starting point.
Estradiol administration to ovariectomized rats potentiates mephedrone-induced disruptions of nonspatial learning

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) has been found in several over-the-counter products that are abused by humans, but very little is known about its behavioral effects and abuse liability. The present study examined the effects of mephedrone (1-10 mg/kg) on learning in female rats, as well as its interaction with the ovarian hormone estradiol. More specifically, female rats were trained to respond under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences and then ovariectomized. Following ovariectomy, mephedrone dose-effect curves were obtained during periods of 17β-estradiol administration and periods without estradiol administration. Unlike mephedrone, which was administered acutely (i.p.) before the experimental sessions, 17β-estradiol was administered via subcutaneous Silastic capsules containing 25% 17β-estradiol and 75% cholesterol. In general, mephedrone produced dose-dependent rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects in the acquisition and performance components of the schedule in all subjects. However, when estradiol was present, three of the four rats were more sensitive to the rate-decreasing effects of mephedrone, and all of the subjects were more sensitive to its error-increasing effects. These data indicate that estradiol can potentiate the disruptive effects of mephedrone on both the acquisition and performance of complex behavior in female rats.
Electronic sensors with living cellular components

For more than three decades, it has been possible to use microlithographically fabricated extracellular electrodes to record action potential (AP) signals from electrically active cells such as neurons of intact organisms. There has also been a steady evolution of techniques to interface between electronic circuits and neural or cardiac cells cultured on arrays of such electrodes, mainly directed toward basic science goals. More recently, such combinations of living cells and electronics have been harnessed as tools for the detection of chemical and biological toxins, and for screening of pharmacologically active compounds. This paper presents a survey of the relevant technologies, cell types available, specific requirements for applications, and discussion of opportunities for future development.
Mucosal nerve deficiency in chronic childhood constipation: a postmigration defect?

Abstract Purpose Idiopathic chronic childhood constipation (ICCC) includes children who are severely constipated and who are resistant to behavioral or medical treatments. These children are distinguished from those with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) by the presence of enteric ganglia in rectal biopsy specimens. We investigated potential autonomic dysfunction by examining nerves in rectal mucosa. Methods Immunostaining, confocal microscopy, and nerve analysis were performed on formalin-fixed and on Zamboni-fixed rectal biopsy specimens from children who were severely constipated. A computer-assisted neuron tracing technique was used to determine mucosal nerve density in Zamboni-fixed biopsy sections. Results Nerves in Zamboni-fixed biopsy specimens were better stained than in formalin-fixed biopsy specimens. Regardless of fixation method, a deficiency of mucosal nerves was observed in ICCC when compared to children who are not constipated. Analysis of autotraced mucosal nerves confirmed the deficiency in ICCC biopsy specimens. Mucosal nerves were also severely deficient in patients with HSCR, even in transitional segments that contained ganglia. Conclusions Most patients with ICCC had decreased innervation of the rectal mucosa. Because mucosal nerves are critical for the peristaltic reflex, water secretion, and absorption, their deficiency can be related to patient constipation. Mucosal nerve density provides a pathologic basis for diagnosis of dysfunction in children who do not have HSCR but are chronically constipated. The study validates the neuron tracing method for objective evaluation of mucosal innervation.
Nursing Facility Compliance With Do-Not-Hospitalize Orders

Purpose: This study sought to determine whether nursing homes comply with residents’ do-not-hospitalize (DNH) orders prohibiting inpatient hospitalization. Design and Methods: With the use of data from the nationally representative 1996 Nursing Home Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a multivariate logistic regression model was developed. Results: Three percent of residents had DNH orders. These residents were half as likely to be hospitalized. Residents in not-for-profit or public facilities were less likely to be hospitalized than those in for-profit homes. Hospitalization was more likely among men, racial or ethnic minorities, those with more diagnosed health conditions, and those in facilities in the South compared with those in the Midwest. Hospitalized residents with DNH orders had no limitations of activities of daily living, were not located in hospital-based nursing homes, were less likely to be in a for-profit facility, and were sicker than nonhospitalized residents with DNH orders. Implications: Improved education regarding advance directives, particularly DNH orders, is necessary for health care practitioners and patients. More consistent and rigorous policies should be implemented in nursing facilities.
Templates for sequential assembly of DNA based nanostructures

Elements of the design, synthesis, cloning, amplification, isolation and characterization of template strands of DNA applicable to the parallel construction of nanostructures via sequential assembly processes are described. Particularly, codes have been filed within bacteria which can be accessed to obtain one micron long single stranded DNA molecules which contain multiple copies of a 32nm repetitive sequence. Characterization of these template strands has been performed using atomic force microscopy.
On optimization and possibility measures

It is shown in this paper that optimization problems can be expressed in terms of possibility measures and related measures. When the constraints are elastic, the formulation of optimization is stated via the extension of set-functions. Basic properties of possibility measures and the integration with respect to a possibility measures are discussed.