cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation and evolution of mammalian corticospinal somata with special reference to primates

The morphology of the somata originating the corticospinal tract was examined in 24 species of mammals to identify commonalities and major sources of variation among the different species. Horseradish peroxidase was applied to a hemisection of the spinal cord at the C1-C2 junction. After tetramethylbenzidine processing, the labeled somata throughout the cerebral cortex were plotted and counted. Then, 23 morphological characteristics of the corticospinal somata were examined, including their number, size, and density across the cortical surface. The results show that morphological characteristics of corticospinal somata are closely related to an animal's body, brain, and cerebral cortex size. That is, mammals with large neocortical surfaces tend to have larger as well as more corticospinal somata; mammals with large bodies tend to have corticospinal somata that are less densely distributed. Moreover, the probable increase in the ratio of local noncorticospinal somata to corticospinal somata implies that the evolution of the corticospinal tract was accomplished by an increase in "support" or "server" cells as well as an increase in the size of the tract itself. The results also show that several characteristics are reliably related to an animal's taxonomic classification and hence its ancestry. Comparisons among three mammalian lineages indicate that some characteristics may have changed uniquely in the anthropoid primate lineage, and thus, presumably, in the human lineage. The results suggest that if morphological characteristics of the corticospinal tract important in the evolution of the specialized motor abilities in anthropoid primates are sought, then examination of the role of changes in soma diameter, rostral (motor)/caudal (sensory) ratios of density, concentration, surface density, and volume density may be more instructive than examination of the total number of corticospinal neurons alone.
Organization and quantitative analysis of kainate receptor subunit GluR5-7 immunoreactivity in monkey hippocampus

A monoclonal antibody specific for GluR5-7 (mAb-4F5) has been used to characterize the distribution of kainate class glutamate receptor subunits in monkey hippocampus. Immunolabeled neurons were present in all subfields of the hippocampus as well as the dentate gyrus and subiculum. Quantitative immunofluorescence analysis by confocal microscopy demonstrated differential levels of immunoreactivity such that the highest intensities were in neurons within CA1 and subiculum as compared with those within CA3 or dentate gyrus. The regional differences in levels of subunit immunoreactivity correlate with the relative vulnerability of hippocampal neurons in several neurodegenerative disorders.
Passionate love and anxiety in young adolescents

Two studies tested the hypothesis that young adolescents who experience a great deal of anxiety will be more likely to experience passionate love as well. In the first study, 24 boys and 17 girls, ranging in age from 12 to 14, were given the Child Anxiety Scale (which measures trait anxiety) and the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS). In the second study, 32 adolescent girls and 32 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 13 to 16, were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (which measures both trait and state anxiety) and the JLS. The studies found significant correlations between anxiety (both state and trait) and JLS scores in these young adolescents.
Random Renormalization Group Operators Applied to Stochastic Dynamics

Let X(t) be a fixed point the renormalization group operator (RGO), R p,r X(t)=X(rt)/r p . Scaling laws for the probability density, mean first passage times, finite-size Lyapunov exponents of such fixed points are reviewed in anticipation of more general results. A generalized RGO, $\mathcal{R}_{P,n}$ where P is a random variable, is introduced. Scaling laws associated with these random RGOs (RRGOs) are demonstrated numerically and applied to subdiffusion in bacterial cytoplasm and a process modeling the transition from subdiffusion to classical diffusion. The scaling laws for the RRGO are not simple power laws, but are a weighted average of power laws. The weighting used in the scaling laws can be determined adaptively via Bayes’ theorem.
Plant cytochrome P450s from moss to poplar

This review represents the first attempt to define the origins of the major P450-containing pathways in plants. Comparative genomics with five complete P450 gene sets from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with 39 sequences, Physcomitrella patens (moss) with 71 sequences, rice with 356 sequences, Arabidopsis with 246 sequences and Populus with 312 sequences is used to estimate how old each gene family is and to identify the most ancient P450s and their pathways. The pathways included are the phenylpropanoid and lignin pathways, the gibberellin pathway, the oxylipin/jasmonate pathway, the basic flavonoid pathway, the brassinosteroid pathway, the abscisic acid pathway and the cutin synthesis pathway. An effort is made to identify at least some examples of P450s that have emerged at many different levels of the evolutionary bush, from the base to the tips.
The genetics of left-right development and heterotaxia

Looping of the primitive heart tube is one of the earliest and most crucial steps in cardiac morphogenesis. Cardiac looping is dependent on normal left-right development, and defects in left-right development result in both heterotaxia and complex congenital heart disease. Single gene defects result in the wide spectrum of heterotaxy phenotypes, and conversely, different gene defects result in similar heterotaxy phenotypes. Elucidation of the molecular-genetic mechanisms of left-right development will greatly increase our understanding of the etiology of this complex group of congenital heart defects.
Separation and Quantitation of Urinary Phthalates by HPLC

Abstract A method was developed for the separation and quantitation of plasticizers and their metabolites from human urine using HPLC, Urine was diluted with an equal volume of water and extracted at pH 2.0 with diethyl ether, The extract was dried, the solvent vacuum stripped, and the residue dissolved in methanol for injection into the chromatograph. A C18 reverse phase column containing 10 μ particles was used for the analysis. Ionic suppression, 0.5% acetic acid in water, at pH 3.0 was used to resolve the acidic components. A step gradient of acetonitri1e:water (containing acetic acid) was used to elute the polar metabolites as well as the non-polar plasticizers. Mass spectrometry was used t o identify the compounds in the HPLC fractions. From the HPLC fractions of the urine extract collected, phthalic acid, MEHP, DEHP and normal urinary constituents (e.g., hippuric and benzoic acid derivatives) were identified
Contributions and limitations of the cognitive neuropsychological approach to treatment: Illustrations from studies of reading and spelling therapy

Background : Cognitive neuropsychological research is focused on improving the understanding of cognitive processes and representations underlying normal tasks such as reading and spelling, on the basis of impaired performance of these tasks after brain damage. Functional architectures of cognitive tasks developed through this approach have often assisted speech-language pathologists and other therapists in understanding the task to be treated, and in identifying the impaired and spared components of the task to be treated in each individual with brain damage. Aims : To review the benefits and limitations of this approach, focusing on illustrations from treatment of reading and spelling, and to provide ideas about how the limitations might be addressed. Contributions : We provide examples that demonstrate how disruption of particular cognitive functions in the process of reading or spelling might be identified and rationally treated. Additionally, we provide some illustrations of how limitations of this a...
Cholangiocyte primary cilia in liver health and disease

The epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts (i.e., cholangiocytes), like many cell types in the body, have primary cilia extending from the apical plasma membrane into the bile ductal lumen. Cholangiocyte cilia express proteins such as polycystin-1, polycystin-2, fibrocystin, TRPV4, P2Y12, AC6, that account for ciliary mechano-, osmo-, and chemo-sensory functions; when these processes are disturbed by mutations in genes encoding ciliary-associated proteins, liver diseases (i.e., cholangiociliopathies) result. The cholangiociliopathies include but are not limited to cystic and fibrotic liver diseases associated with mutations in genes encoding polycystin-1, polycystin-2, and fibrocystin. In this review, we discuss the functions of cholangiocyte primary cilia, their role in the cholangiociliopathies, and potential therapeutic approaches.
Factor VIII Activity in Haemophilic Plasma unmasked by Synthetic Organic Anions

HAEMOPHILIA A is generally regarded as a hereditary deficiency of antihaemophilic globulin (factor VIII). Some investigators, however, believe that antihaemophilic globulin may be inhibited rather than deficient. Most recent studies with monospecific antisera against antihaemophilic globulin have shown that patients with haemophilia A possess normal amounts of factor VIII, but which is biologically inactive2,3. Furthermore, treating plasma from patients with haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease with succinic acid produced protein fractions with antihaemophilic activity separable by chromatography4. These observations indicate that haemophilia A might well be caused by a defective or inhibited factor VIII molecule.
Successful recovery of esophageal patency in 2 patients with complete obstruction by using combined antegrade retrograde dilation procedure, needle knife, and EUS needle

Background Esophageal occlusion is typically caused by cancer or postradiation changes; it is difficult to treat, with poor surgical outcomes. The combined antegrade retrograde dilation (CARD) method has been used to endoscopically restore the esophageal lumen after complete occlusion by cancer or postradiation changes, with good preliminary results. Reproducing this technique and improving its speed and convenience would be advances in treating this difficult clinical problem. Objective A demonstration of 2 alternative endoscopic techniques for treating complete esophageal obstructions. Design The CARD method was performed in 2 patients with unresectable cancer and complete esophageal occlusion. In the first patient, a needle knife was used to cut through the obstruction, instead of removing it piecemeal with biopsy forceps before over-the-wire dilation. In the second patient, an EUS needle was used to cross a particularly long obstruction, which allowed subsequent dilation and recanalization. Setting A tertiary referral center. Patients Two patients with complete esophageal obstruction secondary to head and neck cancer, with associated radiation therapy. Results In both cases, this method resulted in successful recanalization of the occluded lumen in a relatively short amount of time, without complications. Limitations The small number of patients in this series. Conclusions The CARD needle-knife method may be a safe, effective, and efficient approach to complete esophageal occlusion. In addition, the CARD-EUS needle method may be an preferable technique to cross long obstructions quickly; however, more experience will be required.
On Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Production in the Collapsing and Rotating Envelope

We present results from axisymmetric, time-dependent hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a gaseous envelope collapsing onto a black hole (BH). We consider gas with such small angular momentum that, after an initial transient, the flow in the HD case accretes directly onto a BH without forming a rotationally supported torus. However, in the MHD case, even with a very weak initial magnetic field, the flow settles into a configuration with four components: (1) an equatorial inflow, (2) a bipolar outflow, (3) polar funnel outflow, and (4) polar funnel inflow. We focus our analysis on the second flow component of the MHD flow, which represents a simple yet robust example of a well-organized inflow/outflow solution to the problem of MHD jet formation. The jet is heavy, highly magnetized, and driven by magnetic and centrifugal forces. A significant fraction of the total energy in the jet is carried out by a large-scale magnetic field. We review previous simulations, in which specific angular momentum was higher than that assumed here, and conclude that our bipolar outflow develops for a wide range of the properties of the flow near the equator and near the poles. Future work on such a simple inflow/outflow solution will help to pinpoint the key elements of real jets/outflows as well as help to interpret much more complex simulations aimed at studying jet formation and the collapse of magnetized envelopes.
Mathematical formulation and studies of the risk parameters involved in HIV transmission

The probability of becoming infected with HIV is formulated in terms of the total number of sexual contacts (N), the probability that a sexual act is infectious (r) and the prevalence (p). Using the appropriate equations we studied the effect of reducing each of the risk factors on lowering the probability of infection. We show that for many realistic situations the probability of becoming infected by multiple partners is equal to the probability of becoming infected by one partner in a monogamous relationship given that the prevalence is the same in both cases; however if the multiple partners are chosen over time from a pool of a growing prevalence, then one is better off in a monogamous relationship where that partner is chosen early in the epidemic.
A Study of the Role of Heterogeneities in the Initial Stages of Corrosion of Glazes Using Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry (DIM)

Common processes used in glazed ceramic production often result in a glaze with a heterogeneous microstructure. Heterogeneities may be due to residual batch materials, intentionally added colorants and opacifiers and/or the products of devitrification and phase separation. To study the effect of heterogeneities in the corrosion process, dynamic imaging microellipsometry was used in-situ in aqueous solutions to measure spatially and temporally resolved changes in the surface of glasses (model glazes). The measurements showed increased durability near inclusions. Residual stress fields surrounding the heterogeneities influenced the results. Decoupling of chemical and mechanical factors causing this increased durability was not possible.
Lipid Metabolism in Non-Uremic and Uremic Dogs During and After Hemodialysis with Acetate

Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were elevated in dogs after nephrectomy induced uremia. Plasma triglyceride concentrations remained constant during a 4-hour period of hemodialysis of uremic and non-uremic dogs against an acetate concentration of 39. 5 mM (delivering 3 mEq/Kg/hr) plus infusion of 12. 5 µ;Ci/Kg/hr of acetate-1-14C, but rose progressively following dialysis. Radioactivities in plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters increased during dialysis and continued to rise in the post dialysis period, whereas 14C activity in free fatty acids and free cholesterol increased during dialysis and decreased post-dialysis. Acetate 14-C incorporation into plasma triglycerides was similar in the uremic and non-uremic groups, but incorporation into plasma cholesterol was higher in the uremics. Liver triglyceride concentrations and radioactivities at 12 hours were higher in the uremic dogs. At this time, adipose tissue 14C incorporation was also higher in uremic dogs but no ...
Germanium(II)-Inserted η5-closo-Germacarboranes and Their Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Crystal Structure of 1-Ge(C10H8N2)-2,3-(Me3Si)2-2,3-C2B4H4

The reaction of GeCl 4 with the nido-carborane dianionic salts NaLi[(Me 3 Si)(R)C 2 B 4 H 4 ] (R=SiMe 3 , Me, or H) produced closo-1-Ge II -2,3-(SiMe 3 ) 2 -2,3-C 2 B 4 H 4 , closo-1-Ge II -2-(SiMe 3 )-3-(Me)-2,3-C 2 B 4 H 4 , and closo-1-Ge II -2-(SiMe 3 )-2,3-C 2 B 4 H 5 . In addition to the corresponding neutral nido-carborane precursors, the Ge(IV)-inserted derivatives of commo-bis(germacarborane), [(Me 3 Si)(R)C 2 B 4 H 4 ] 2 Ge IV , were also produced when R=SiMe 3 , Me, and H. The closo-germacarboranes react slowly with 2,2'-bipyridine in benzene to form electron donor-acceptor complexes
Acceptability of Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Using Self-collected Vaginal Swabs Among College Women

Abstract Objective: To assess the acceptability of sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing using self-collected vaginal swabs (SCVS) among college women. Participants: First-year female students (N = 483). Methods: Participants were offered free testing for 3 STIs using SCVS in April 2010 and later completed a survey regarding their testing decision and experiences. Results: Sixty-four percent (n = 310) accepted testing; of these, 98% found it easy or very easy to understand the SCVS instructions, and 93% found it easy or very easy to collect the specimen. Among the 36% who did not participate in testing, most had scheduling conflicts or did not perceive a risk for STIs; only 26% felt uncomfortable about the SCVS procedure. Among all women, SCVS was preferred over other STI testing methods. Conclusions: STI testing using SCVS was acceptable to the majority of college women and could increase the uptake of testing among sexually active college women.
A visual fuzzy cluster system for patient analysis

A visual fuzzy cluster (VFC) system is developed to assist physicians in interactively detecting and refining cluster partitions for patients with acute upper respiratory infections. The VFC system assists physicians in discovering relationships among patients by applying a fuzzy cluster algorithm to analyse a case base of patient findings. The algorithm discovers similarities among patients, while at the same time identifying atypical patients. The system visually presents the fuzzy cluster solutions on a three-dimensional animated display. Physicians then interactively manipulate icons representing patients to explore and refine the fuzzy cluster solution. Initial experiences with the VFC prototype are encouraging and support the claims that the system improves physician understanding and allows physicians to take advantage of visual recognition and manipulation skills to define and label patient groupings. The resulting labels and cluster centres or prototypes offer insight into the set of patient feat...
A double percentage bridge

Description. This instrument is essentially a double bridge supplied with two slide wires which are used in equalizing the ratio coils. The resistance of the ratio coils bears such a relation to that of the slide wires that the ratio coils may be used as the auxiliary coils in a percentage bridge.Advantages. In addition to simplifying the process of equalizing the ratio coils, this device offers a simple and exact method of balancing the bridge without shunting either of the standards or resorting to the rather unsatisfactory method of interpreting galvanometer deflections.Some suggestions are given concerning details of construction.
Structure and dynamics of polyethylene nanocomposites

The structure and dynamics of linear monodisperse polyethylene (PE) melts (C160H322 and C440H882) containing homogeneously distributed spherical nanoparticles were investigated. The PE chains were simulated using a coarse-grained model and a Monte Carlo algorithm. Two variables were considered: (i) the wall-to-wall distance between particles d and (ii) the interaction energy between monomers and particles. The various chain structures changed greatly with d while the monomer−particle interaction had little effect. The average size, shape, and orientation of PE chains did not differ significantly from those of a neat melt. Bridge segments were more stretched relative to segments in the neat melt, and the stretch increased with increasing d. However, the number of bridge segments decreased markedly with increasing d. The chain dynamics were monitored by computing the Rouse relaxation modes and the MSD. The dynamics were slowed by both geometric (confinement by fillers) and energetic (monomer−particle energ...
Instrumentation and algorithm for ultrasound tissue differentiation

A high-speed microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system has been designed and constructed. The primary application of the system is to measure the backscattered ultrasound energy from acoustic inhomogeneous media, such as human liver tissue. The system has been bench-tested and then tested successfully in normal operating conditions. Pattern recognition algorithms have been applied to differentiate between normal and abnormal liver cases. The reference vector consists of features extracted from the average values of the attenuation and backscattering coefficients of 25 normal liver subjects. The algorithm has been used successfully on 15 subjects with different types of liver abnormalities. >
The 1.25 A resolution refinement of the cholera toxin B-pentamer: evidence of peptide backbone strain at the receptor-binding site.

Abstract Crystals of the 61 kDa complex of the cholera toxin B-pentamer with the ganglioside GM1receptor pentasaccharide diffract to near-atomic resolution. We have refined the crystallographic model for this complex using anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms to a conventional crystallographic residual R=0.129 for all observed Bragg reflections in the resolution range 22 A to 1.25 A. Remarkably few residues show evidence of discrete conformational disorder. A notable exception is a minority conformation found for the Cys9 side-chain, which implies that the Cys9-Cys86 disulfide linkage is incompletely formed. In all five crystallographically independent instances, the peptide backbone in the region of the receptor-binding site shows evidence of strain, including unusual bond lengths and angles, and a highly non-planar (ω=153.7(7)°) peptide group between residues Gln49 and Val50. The location of well-ordered water molecules at the protein surface is notable reproduced among the five crystallographically independent copies of the peptide chain, both at the receptor-binding site and elsewhere. The 5-fold non-crystallographic symmetry of this complex allows an evaluation of the accuracy, reproducibility, and derived error estimates from refinement of large structures at near-atomic resolution. We find that blocked-matrix treatment of parameter covariance underestimates the uncertainty of atomic positions in the final model by approximately 10% relative to estimates based either on full-matrix inversion or on the 5-fold non-crystallographic symmetry.
Discovering Voting Groups in the United Nations

The discussion of voting groups or blocs within the United Nations General Assembly has long been a popular pastime. It is, of course, merely a special case of a wider concern with groups and coalitions in all aspects of international politics. With the apparent loosening of the early postwar bipolarity it is increasingly important to discern the number, composition, and relative strength of whatever coalitions of nations may emerge from the present seemingly transitional period.Voting groups in the General Assembly provide a relevant datum, though hardly the only one, for an effort to identify these groups. The United Nations gives no perfect image of broader international politics; due to the one-nation one-vote principle and to the fact that it is not a world government with authority to enforce its decisions, power relationships within the Assembly are not the same as in other arenas, such as functional or geographic ones. It might well be argued that because of the majority-rule principle the smaller and poorer states have an incentive to band together in the UN that they do not have elsewhere. Thus the discovery of a “bloc” of underdeveloped countries in the UN proves nothing about the cohesion of that “bloc” in other contexts. Yet votes in the General Assembly do provide a unique set of data where many national governments commit themselves simultaneously and publicly on a wide variety of major issues.
Small x gluons in nuclei and hadrons

We numerically study the effects of a high gluon density at small x on the evolution of the gluon distribution function in both hadrons and nuclei. Using a newly derived, Wilson renormalization group-based evolution equation which includes n to $1$ gluon ladder fusion, we find a significant reduction in the nuclear gluon distribution function for large nuclei at zero impact parameter at energies relevant for BNL RHIC and CERN LHC experiments.
Effects of extraction, solvents, cold pressing, and period of storage upon oven stability of raw peanut oil

Keeping time (oven stability, 60 C), oleate/linoleate ratios, peroxide values, and free fatty acid numbers were determined on oils from 5 peanut varieties grown at 2 Texas locations in 1972. Cold-pressing within polyethylene bags (bag-pressing) resulted in increased oven stabilities and better correlations between oleate/linoleate ratios and oven keeping times in comparison to cold-pressed oils. Average relative storage stabilities for the solvent extracted oils were: chloroform-methanol (3:1) ≫ cyclohexane ≈ ether > acetone ≈ bag-pressed > cold-pressed. Correlations of oleate/linoleate ratios and keeping times were increased using low peroxide ether in place of reagent grade ether. Extracted oils from samples including skins appeared to have longer keeping times than those minus skins. Oven keeping times and correlations with oleate/linoleate ratios decreased with extended peanut storage times (11 months), but the use of chloroform-methanol tended to compensate for this effect. For samples taken from storage after 3 and 6 months, the following average correlations were obtained: bag-pressed, 0.27; chloroform-methanol (without skins), 0.87; chloroform-methanol (with skins), 0.90; ether (reagent), 0.49; ether (low peroxide), 0.89; cyclohexane, 0.87; and acetone, 0.62. Generally poor correlations were found between oven stability and peroxide and free fatty acid numbers. Differences in the degree to which minor components are extracted from the cotyledons and skins, interaction between the oils, and residual traces of solvents or trace impurities in solvents were suggested as possible factors leading to differences in keeping times of solvent extracted oils.
The photochemistry of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) and trichloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(III) in chloroform

Abstract AuCl(PPh 3 ) in chloroform under 254 nm irradiation is converted to AuCl 3 (PPh 3 ), which is itself converted photochemically to HAuCl 4 . The absorption of light by both AuCl(PPh 3 ) and the solvent lead to oxidation to AuCl 3 (PPh 3 ), but the photosubstitution of AuCl 3 (PPh 3 ) is solely metal-initiated. The latter photoreaction frees up PPh 3 , which reacts thermally with HAuCl 4 to yield AuCl 3 (PPh 3 ) and with AuCl 3 (PPh 3 ) to yield AuCl(PPh 3 ) and PPh 3 Cl 2 .
Excitatory versus inhibitory modulation by ATP of neurohypophysial terminal activity in the rat

Much is now known about the electrophysiological properties of the magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin neurones are characterized by an intermittent high frequency discharge during suckling that leads to the pulsatile release of oxytocin into the blood and to subsequent milk ejection. Vasopressin neurones are characterized by their asynchronous phasic activity (bursting) during maintained vasopressin release and the subsequent regulation of water balance. In both cases, it is the clustering of spikes, albeit with different time courses for each peptide, that facilitates hormone release. The mechanism underlying this differential facilitation is one of the major unanswered questions in neuroendocrinology. This paper considers recent evidence that indicates that ATP, co-secreted with vasopressin and oxytocin, may play a key role in the regulation of stimulus—secretion coupling in the neurohypophysis. The activity of the type (II) Ca2+-activated K+ (Kca) channel found in the nerve terminals was significantly increased in the presence of ATP on the cytoplasmic side of the channel. Extracellular ATP, in contrast, inhibited the type II Kca current in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, intracellular and extracellular ATP exert opposite effects on the type II Kca channel of neurohypophysial terminals. Furthermore, ATP opens P2±2 channels to increase intracellular [Ca2+] in the nerve terminals and subsequent arginine vasopressin (AVP) release. In contrast, adenosine, acting via A1 receptors, specifically inhibits only the N-type Ca2+ channel, thus decreasing neuropeptide release. These multiple, conflicting effects of ATP and its metabolite adenosine could explain the patterns of AVP release observed during physiological stimulation in vivo.
Elevated Liver Enzymes Indicating a Diagnosis of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy

A 27-year-old man presented to an internal medicine clinic to establish primary care. His past medical history was significant for elevated liver transaminases found during laboratory monitoring while taking isotretinoin for acne. He had an extensive workup spanning 7 years including serial hepatic function panels after withholding isotretinoin, viral serologies, and two liver biopsies, which eventually led to a diagnosis of an idiopathic elevation in serum transaminases. During his present evaluation, he endorsed complaints of significant muscle soreness with strenuous activity despite conditioning. Creatine kinase was found to be elevated at 11,778 U/l. Nerve conduction studies and electromyogram indicated a myopathy. DNA sequencing confirmed a diagnosis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. The aminotransferases are most notable for their association with liver pathology; however, they are also present in other tissues such as heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle. Muscle pathology, including the inherited muscular dystrophies, are often identified by elevations in creatine kinase, but can also be suggested by elevations of aminotransferases. This case illustrates that myopathies should be considered in patients with otherwise unexplained elevations in liver aminotransferases.
QUARK POTENTIAL MODEL OF BARYON SPIN - ORBIT MASS SPLITTINGS

Abstract We show that it is possible to make the P-wave spin-orbit mass splittings in Λ baryons consistent with those of nonstrange baryons in a naive quark model, but only by introducing additional terms in the quark-quark effective interaction. These terms might be related to contributions due to pomeron exchange and sea excitations. The implications of our model in meson spectroscopy and nuclear forces are discussed.
Similarity between the histopathology of White Spot Syndrome Virus and Yellow Head Syndrome Virus and its relevance to diagnosis of YHV disease in the Americas

The similarity of lesions, especially of the lymphoid organ (LO), caused by severe white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection and those once thought to be diagnostic for yellow head virus (YHV) infection have been the cause of misdiagnosis of YHV disease at several pathology laboratories in the Americas. In order to illustrate this similarity, and to demonstrate the risk of misdiagnosis, specimens of shrimp Penaeus setiferus and P. vannamei, experimentally infected with WSSV, were examined by conventional H&E histology and by in situ hybridization (ISH) with nonradioactively labeled gene probes specific for detection of each virus. H&E analysis of shrimp with severe WSSV infection revealed the presence of severe necrosis of the lymphoid organ and of the fibrous connective tissue that were very similar to that caused by YHV infection. Five representative shrimps, displaying severe lymphoid organ necrosis, were selected and subjected to in situ hybridization with the gene probe specific for detection of YHV, and the results were negative. When the same specimens were subjected to in situ hybridization with the WSSV-specific gene probes, a strong positive reaction to the probes was observed both systemically and within the lymphoid organ. Clinical samples of 10 shrimps originating from several Latin American countries and diagnosed with severe WSSV infection by H&E histology and displaying severe lymphoid organ necrosis were also examined by in situ hybridization. No reaction to the YHV probe was observed in any of these specimens. Hence, we have concluded that severe infection by WSSV may result in systemic necrosis, and necrosis of the lymphoid organ, in particular, which is very similar to that caused by YHV. Since the presence of YHV has not been confirmed in the Americas, it is recommended that in cases when YHV infection may be suspected after conventional H&E analysis, additional evidence should be obtained by other means such as in situ hybridization with a YHV-specific probe and/or by RT-PCR.
Evidence of ion intercalation mediated band structure modification and opto-ionic coupling in lithium niobite

The theoretically suggested band structure of the novel p-type semiconductor lithium niobite (LiNbO2), the direct coupling of photons to ion motion, and optically induced band structure modifications are investigated by temperature dependent photoluminescence. LiNbO2 has previously been used as a memristor material but is shown here to be useful as a sensor owing to the electrical, optical, and chemical ease of lithium removal and insertion. Despite the high concentration of vacancies present in lithium niobite due to the intentional removal of lithium atoms, strong photoluminescence spectra are observed even at room temperature that experimentally confirm the suggested band structure implying transitions from a flat conduction band to a degenerate valence band. Removal of small amounts of lithium significantly modifies the photoluminescence spectra including additional larger than stoichiometric-band gap features. Sufficient removal of lithium results in the elimination of the photoluminescence response supporting the predicted transition from a direct to indirect band gap semiconductor. In addition, non-thermal coupling between the incident laser and lithium ions is observed and results in modulation of the electrical impedance.
Estimation of the Standard Free Energy of Formation of Metal Arsenates, Selenates, and Selenites

An empirical method developed for estimating the standard free energy of formation (ΔG* f ) of solid phases is evaluated for metal arsenates, selenates, and selenites. A free energy function of a solid phase is found to be linearly correlated to a function of the metal oxide ΔG* f and the aqueous metal ion ΔG* f for the compound groups examined. The values estimated by this method are, on average, within ±10.9, 10.4, and 12.0 kJ mol −1 of the experimental arsenate, selenate, and selenite values, respectively. A method for estimating the ΔG* f of hydrated metal arsenates and selenites is also evaluated. The estimated standard free energy of formation values of hydrated arsenates and selenites, on average, are within ±23.7 and 10.0 kJ mol −1 , respectively, of the observed values. The error involved in estimating metal arsenate, selenate, and selenite ΔG* f values are comparable to those obtained when the estimation technique was applied to other compound types
Navier-Stokes equations on Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds

The Navier-Stokes equations are a system of nonlinear evolution equations modeling the flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid. One ingredient in the analysis of this system is the stationary, linear system known as the Stokes system, a boundary value problem (BVP) that will be described in detail in the next section. Layer potential methods in smoothly bounded domains in Euclidean space have proven useful in the analysis of the Stokes system, starting with work of Odqvist and Lichtenstein, and including work of Solonnikov and many others. See the discussion in Chapter III of [10] and in [17], for the case of flow in regions with smooth boundary. A treatment based on the modern language of pseudodifferential operators can be found in [18]. In 1988, E. Fabes, C. Kenig and G. Verchota [6], extended this classical layer potential approach to cover Lipschitz domains in Euclidean space. In [6] the main result concerning the (constant coefficient) Stokes system on Lipschitz domains with connected boundary in Euclidean space, is the treatment of the L-Dirichlet boundary value problem (and its regular version). To achieve this, the authors solve certain auxiliary Neumann type problems and then exploit the duality between these and the original BVP’s at the level of boundary integral operators. P. Deuring and W. von Wahl [4] made use of the analysis in [6] to demonstrate the short-time existence of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in bounded Lipschitz domains in threedimensional Euclidean space. It was necessary in [4] to include the hypothesis that the boundary be connected. The hypothesis that the boundary be connected pervaded much work on the application of layer potentials to analysis on Lipschitz domains. It was certainly natural to speculate that this restriction was an artifact of the methods used and not ∗Partly supported by NSF grant DMS-9870018. †Partially supported by NSF grant DMS-9877077. 1991Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 35Q30, 76D05, 35J25; Secondary 42B20, 45E05.
UDP-(5F)-GlcNAc acts as a slow-binding inhibitor of MshA, a retaining glycosyltransferase

Glycosyltransferase enzymes play important roles in numerous cellular pathways. Despite their participation in many therapeutically relevant pathways, there is a paucity of information on how to effectively inhibit this class of enzymes. Here we report that UDP-(5F)-GlcNAc acts as a slow-binding, competitive inhibitor of the retaining glycosyltransferase MshA from Corynebacterium glutamicum (K(i) approximately 1.6 muM). The kinetic data are consistent with a single-step inhibition mechanism whose equilibration is slow relative to catalysis. We believe that this is the first slow-onset inhibitor to be reported for the glycosyltransferase family of enzymes. The potent inhibition of the enzyme by the fluoro-substituted substrate is consistent with the involvement of an oxocarbenium transition-state structure, which has been previously proposed for this family of enzymes. Additionally, although several members of the GT-B enzyme family, including MshA, have been shown to undergo a conformational change upon UDP-GlcNAc binding, the kinetic data are inconsistent with a two-step inhibition mechanism. This suggests that there may be other conformations of the enzyme that are useful for the design of inhibitors against the large family of GT-B glycosyltransferase enzymes.
Thirty Years of JRB/JLR: A Retrospective of Reading/Literacy Research:

Each volume/issue of the past 30 years of the Journal of Reading Behavior/Journal of Literacy Research, the journal of the National Reading Conference (nrc), was hand-searched to examine trends in literacy research. Perusal of research articles and special features of the journal revealed trends across decades in authorship, participants, methods, themes, and topics. Findings include that the major themes of text, tests and assessment, and instruction shifted in importance over the three decades. Unlike results of an earlier review of nrc yearbooks, the nrc journal has contained more reports of quantitative than qualitative research. Recommendations are made to conduct more integrative reviews and qualitative studies, including special populations, varied ethnic and cultural groups, and second-language learners.
Dipole localization in patients with epilepsy using the relistically shaped head model

Dipole sources were localized in 3 patients with epilepsy using both the realistically shaped head model and the 3-sphere model. Interictal spikes were recorded from 63 closely spaced scalp electrodes. The scalp, skull, and brain surfaces were digitized from a MRI of each patient's head, and each surface was tessellated by 1600 triangles. Single dipole fits to the EEG were performed using both the realistically shaped head model and the 3-sphere model. The 2 models localized dipoles to positions that differed from one another by 1-3 cm. For dipoles localized to the temporal lobe, the most important difference between models was that the realistically shaped head model localized the dipole lower in the brain than the 3-sphere model. The realistically shaped head model was more in accordance with the ECoG findings than the 3-sphere model.
STAT3 integrates cytokine and neurotrophin signals to promote sympathetic axon regeneration.

Abstract The transcription factor STAT3 has been implicated in axon regeneration. Here we investigate a role for STAT3 in sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI) — a common injury in humans. We show that NGF stimulates serine phosphorylation (S727) of STAT3 in sympathetic neurons via ERK1/2, in contrast to cytokine phosphorylation of Y705. Maximal sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro requires phosphorylation of both S727 and Y705. Furthermore, cytokine signaling is necessary for NGF-induced sympathetic nerve sprouting in the heart after MI. Transfection studies in neurons lacking STAT3 suggest two independent pools of STAT3, phosphorylated on either S727 or Y705, that regulate sympathetic regeneration via both transcriptional and non-transcriptional means. Additional data identify STAT3-microtubule interactions that may complement the well-characterized role of STAT3 stimulating regeneration associated genes. These data show that STAT3 is critical for sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, and identify a novel non-transcriptional mode of action.
Interactions between atria and ventricles during interference-dissociation and complete A-V block

Abstract 1. It is emphasized that during interference-dissociation and complete A-V block atria and ventricles are not always entirely independent. 2. Ventricular capture or A-V synchronization may occur during interference-dissociation. 3. Retrograde conduction to the atria, fortuitous forward conduction, ventriculoatrial arrhythmia, or A-V synchronization may occur during complete A-V block. 4. Each of these phenomena is described and illustrated. 5. Attention is drawn to discrepancies in usage of the important terms “dissociation” and “interference.”
Deficiency in the nuclear‐related factor erythroid 2 transcription factor (Nrf1) leads to genetic instability

Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) regulates cellular stress response genes, and has also been suggested to play a role in other cellular processes. We previously demonstrated that hepatocyte-specific deletion of Nrf1 in mice resulted in spontaneous apoptosis, inflammation, and development of liver tumors. Here, we showed that both fibroblasts derived from Nrf1 null mouse embryos and fibroblasts expressing a conditional Nrf1 allele showed increased micronuclei and formation of abnormal nuclei. Lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf1 in SAOS–2 cells also resulted in increased micronuclei, abnormal mitosis and multi-nucleated cells. Metaphase analyses showed increased aneuploidy in Nrf1−/− embryonic fibroblasts. Nuclear defects in Nrf1-deficient cells were associated with decreased expression of various genes encoding kinetochore and mitotic checkpoint proteins. Our findings suggest that Nrf1 may play a role in maintaining genomic integrity, and that Nrf1 dysregulation may induce tumorigenesis.
Evaporation Enhancement by Protein Films

Evaporation of water takes place more rapidly from buffered solutions of ovalbumin or hemoglobin than from solutions of certain surface-active agents or from buffer alone. The effect appears to be connected with adsorption of protein.
Recovery of G2 cells in pea root meristems: Survival and mitotic delay following irradiation

Abstract The effects of γ-irradiation on (1) the capacity of G2 cells to complete one post-irradiation mitosis and (2) mitotic delay of these G2 cells have been investigated. Recovery with respect to both of these parameters of damage can occur in the absence of any progression through the cell cycle; however, the kinetics of recovery suggest that the two parameters, i.e. failure to divide and delay in division, reflect damage to different systems in the cells. Conditions of extreme hypoxia prevent recovery from damage leading to failure to divide, while recovery with respect to mitotic delay is very much less sensitive to such conditions. An inhibitor of DNA synthesis, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, while preventing passage of cells through S, has no effect on either recovery system. Finally, a comparison of the radiosensitivity of the whole meristem in terms of its subsequent growth with that of a population of its component cells demonstrates that the former may be quite independent of the latter.
The Behavior of Electromagnetic Fields at Edges

The behavior of an electromagnetic field in the neighborhood of the common edge of angular dielectric or conducting regions is determined from the condition that the energy density must be integrable over any finite domain (the so-called edge condition). Two cases are treated in detail 1) A region consisting of a conducting wedge and two different dielectric wedges with a common edge. 2) A region consisting of two different dielectric wedges with a common edge. It is also shown that near such edges, electrostatic and magnetostatic fields will exhibit the same behavior as the electromagnetic field.
A Yugoslav Workers' Council

In this paper I am reporting on one aspect of research I undertook in August, 1959, in a Yugoslav factory. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the function of the workers' council. A previous field study in a Polish factory during the summer of 1957 had shown that the actual participation of workers in the management of their factory was minimal, if any. And yet the vast legal, institutional, and organizational changes introduced in Eastern European countries in the economy have been carried out without any prior theoretical or empirical investigation of the problem of workers' sharing the managerial decisions. Lenin himself made only vague statements on this point.
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Pentachlorophenol in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Hubbard-Hubbard broiler chickens were fed graded levels (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm) of pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing less than .0023% octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) for 8 weeks. Tissue samples for PCP, OCDD, and pentachloroanisole (PCA) were cleaned up via gel permeation chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography employing electron capture detection. Kidney weights were significantly increased by the 100 ppm and 1000 ppm PCP diet. Weights of all other organs including the body weights were significantly lowered by the 1000 ppm PCP diet. Except for the control group, histopathologic examination of the liver revealed bile duct proliferation and some fatty changes in all of the 6-week-old birds. Examination of the brain, liver, gizzard, pancreas, intestine, proventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart revealed no histopathological lesions in the treated or control birds. Significant linear relationships were found between PCP accumulation in tissues and the concentration of dietary PCP. Accumulation of PCP was greatest in the kidney followed by liver, heart, leg, breast, gizzard, and fat. The high residue levels in the kidney and liver may reflect principal routes of elimination and metabolism. Following a 5 week withdrawal of PCP from the diet, PCP residues were still present in the adipose tissue of all treated birds. Residue levels in the kidney and liver were reduced at the first and third week of withdrawal, but a continuous decline was interrupted by a slight elevation in residue level at the fifth week of withdrawal from the chemical.