cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart rate changes in functional capacity evaluations in a workers' compensation population

OBJECTIVE Functional Capacity Evaluations (FCEs) have been utilized by healthcare professionals for over twenty years to provide an objective assessment of an individual's ability to safely perform functional work activities. Biomechanical observations have been established as a reliable method of determining safe maximal performance levels during dynamic lift testing in FCEs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate heart rate (HR) responses between participants in two performance levels (biomechanical safe-maximal and sub-maximal) and to attempt to establish a minimum threshold for HR changes that should be expected during specific functional testing protocols within FCEs. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 500 men and women aged 20 to 85 years whom were injured on the job. METHODS Variables measured included resting HR, pre-test HR, peak-HR, and resting blood pressure. Percent HR change was calculated for the safe-maximal and sub-maximal performance level groups. RESULTS Statistically significant differences (p=0.0000000306) were found in HR change from pre-test to peak HR between performance level groups. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant differences were found in percent change in pre-test to peak HR, between the safe-maximal and sub-maximal performance level groups. This study provides the foundation for further research in establishing appropriate minimum expected changes in HR during FCE testing allowing clinicians to make more confident judgments relative to performance level.
The Relationship between Mobility Strategies and Site Structure

The spatial organization of hunter-gatherer sites has been the subject of numerous studies over the past 25 years (e.g., Yellen 1977; Binford 1978, 1987; Brooks and Yellen 1987; Hitchcock 1987; Whitelaw 1989 and others). These studies have yielded similar conclusions regarding observed cross-cultural and diachronic variability. The factors are ecological in their orientation. They are that (1) the threat of predators determines camp area in terms of mean hearth-to-hearth distance, or how dispersed a camp is; (2) subsistence strategies and the in-stitutionalization of sharing food (attributed to the size of hunted resources) influence site nucleation; (3) site population is a critical variable for determining camp size; and (4) seasonal and climatic differences create intragroup spatial variation (e.g., Whitelaw 1983; Gould and Yellen 1987; O’Connell 1987). The interrelationship of these four ecological factors is thought to explain the cross-culture variability that exists in the size and structure of modern hunter-gatherer camps, which is considered to be relevant to variability in past sites.
The Theory of the Displaced Ideal

If one obtains an accurate measurement of the net attractiveness (or utility) of each available alternative, one can predict with reasonable accuracy that a person will choose the alternative which is “most attractive.” So, the problem of the prediction of choice becomes the technical problem of measurement and mechanical search. To be able to predict the outcome accurately does not necessarily add to our understanding of how a person makes a decision. Furthermore, if the alternatives are complex and multi-attributed, then the measurement of utility could be too difficult to be practical. The real question concerns the process by which the decision maker structures the problem, creates and evaluates the alternatives, identifies relevant criteria, adjusts their priorities and processes information.
Push-pull architecture eliminates chain length effects on exciton dissociation

Recent development of small molecule non-fullerene acceptors has led to remarkable performance when incorporated in organic photovoltaic devices. These non-fullerene acceptors typically consist of about 10 aromatic rings arranged in an alternating electron-rich/electron-deficient architecture reminiscent of push–pull polymers, making them “push–pull oligomers”. Without the extended conjugation length of a polymer, it is perhaps surprising that devices incorporating oligomeric non-fullerene acceptors perform so well. To investigate exciton dissociation as a function of chain length, we synthesized a series of donor–acceptor block copolymers consisting of a conjugated homopolymer electron donor, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), covalently linked to a push–pull polymer electron acceptor, poly-((2,5-dihexylphenylene)-1,4-diyl-alt-[4,7-bis(3-hexylthiophen-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-2′,2′′-diyl) (PPT6BT). By adjusting synthetic parameters, the chain length of each block is selectively tuned. The block copolymers are dissolved as isolated chains in dilute solutions and intramolecular charge transfer is quantified. When the P3HT block is very short (<3 nm), charge transfer is inhibited. Nevertheless, efficient charge transfer is observed for PPT6BT block lengths ranging from essentially a single repeat unit to 16 nm. This indicates that the polarized nature and charge transfer character of excited states generated along push–pull polymers facilitate exciton dissociation.
The Digital Nomad Lifestyle: (Remote) Work/Leisure Balance, Privilege, and Constructed Community

This paper overviews key concepts about the digital nomad lifestyle, which is defined as the ability for individuals to work remotely from their laptop and use their freedom from an office to travel the world. This concept has found a lifestyle movement that sells itself via personal blogs, Instagram feeds, in-person conferences, news features, and numerous e-books. Based on interviews with thirty-eight self-described nomads, this paper overviews the digital nomad lifestyle around the themes of privilege, inequality, leisure, work, and community. Stebbins’ (International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 1, 43–53, 2018) concept of serious leisure provides one theoretical perspective, in addition to other sociological theories of leisure, work, and community.
Citizen Science and the Politics of Environmental Data

In this commentary, I reflect on the differences between two independent citizen approaches to monitoring radiological contamination, one in Belarus after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident and th...
Limits of special material detectability fundamental to idealized dual-energy radiographic systems

Abstract Analysis of dual-energy radiographic approaches to the detection of “special” material, i.e. contraband, in otherwise innocuous scenes, such as maritime cargo containers encountered at ports of entry, reveals fundamental limitations of data obtained along a single line-of-sight. The basic equations that describe idealized systems are presented and analyzed so as to identify challenges that are only exacerbated by scatter, noise, and measurement uncertainty. In the mono-energetic limit, the instrumentation and measurement techniques reduce to a system of linear equations that are simple to treat: it is shown that there exists a threshold for the minimum amount of high-Z material that can be detected unambiguously (without the risk of false positive or false negative indications), even when the background materials are of finite and of well-known variety. The threshold depends on the quality of prior information about the cargo and the selection of probing energies, and can therefore be minimized by good system design practices and measurement procedures, but persists as a general challenge to security operations. In discussion of this result, it is noted that techniques incorporating other prior information, such as the geometry of cargo and potential contraband, along with data from 2D imaging, have far greater potential. As an example, a simple data analysis method capable of differentiating high-Z spheres from those of more common material is presented. This simple example demonstrates that, although simple line-of-sight transmission radiography may suffer fundamental limitations, there remains good cause to be optimistic about the potential for image analysis in radiographic material identification.
Negotiating Advance Directives in a Navajo Context

The introduction of Advance Directives in the second half of the twentieth century allows patients to make end-of-life decisions while they are mentally and emotionally fit to do so. However, despite the efforts of health care professionals to get Americans to prepare Advance Directives, the response of Americans has been disappointing, even more so among Native Americans. This essay explains how Navajo traditionally conceive of death and dying and how Advance Directives and medical practices clashed with their conceptions. In an effort to encourage Navajo patients to complete Advance Directives at Fort Defiance Hospital medical personnel participated in cultural-sensitivity training and introduced Navajo-centered approaches for documenting end-of-life decisions and supportive care. This summary of the approach taken at Fort Defiance Hospital demonstrates the success of using culturally sensitive accommodations.
Capturing anaphylaxis through medical records: Are ICD and CPT codes sufficient?

Abstract Objective The identification of anaphylaxis cases is imperative for optimal clinicalprovider knowledge deficiencies in diagnosis and treatment and the efficacy of reimbursement codes, such as International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and current procedural terminology (CPT) codes, in detecting anaphylaxis. Data Sources Pubmed. Study Selections Recent and clinically relevant literature on anaphylaxis and provider knowledge, ICD, CPT, Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS), and E-codes were selected and reviewed. Results Reimbursement codes are used to detect anaphylaxis in administrative claims databases. Inaccurate recognition of the diagnosis by providers, underreporting, and cause identification are challenges faced by health researchers using reimbursement codes for anaphylaxis case identification. Anaphylactic shock–specific ICD codes were noted to have a positive predictive value (PPV) of 52% to 53% of anaphylaxis events compared with physician chart review, which was improved to 63% to 67.3% when used in conjunction with anaphylaxis symptom-specific ICD, CPT, HCPCS, and E-codes 31, 34, and 35. Conclusion Education of providers to properly diagnose and treat anaphylaxis requires systematic and educational investments. The ICD codes specific to anaphylactic shock have suboptimal PPV to identify anaphylaxis in administrative claims databases. Use of algorithms incorporating other reimbursement codes improve the PPV, but they are limited by inaccurate diagnoses and underreporting of anaphylaxis. Future ICD-11 reclassification may improve anaphylaxis detection by reimbursement codes.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CARDIOGENIC SHOCK RECEIVING EXTRACORPOREAL LIFE SUPPORT

Refractory cardiogenic shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has high mortality. The underlying cardiovascular diagnosis may influence outcomes and have implications for patient selection and management on ECMO. This study evaluated outcomes of patients with
A Partocracy with Chinese Characteristics: Governance System Reform under Xi Jinping

Regime resilience is a frequent theme in Chinese political research. This article examines China’s latest effort to enhance the regime’s political stability by modernizing its governance system. It...
Visual chunking as a strategy for spatial thinking in STEM

Working memory capacity is known to predict the performance of novices and experts on a variety of tasks found in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). A common feature of STEM tasks is that they require the problem solver to encode and transform complex spatial information depicted in disciplinary representations that seemingly exceed the known capacity limits of visuospatial working memory. Understanding these limits and how visuospatial information is encoded and transformed differently by STEM learners presents new avenues for addressing the challenges students face while navigating STEM classes and degree programs. Here, we describe two studies that explore student accuracy at detecting color changes in visual stimuli from the discipline of chemistry. We demonstrate that both naive and novice chemistry students’ encoding of visuospatial information is affected by how information is visually structured in “chunks” prevalent across chemistry representations. In both studies we show that students are more accurate at detecting color changes within chemistry-relevant chunks compared to changes that occur outside of them, but performance was not affected by the dimensionality of the structure (2D vs 3D) or the presence of redundancies in the visual representation. These studies support the hypothesis that strategies for chunking the spatial structure of information may be critical tools for transcending otherwise severely limited visuospatial capacity in the absence of expertise.
Progress towards xenogenic tolerance.

Purpose of review To describe the most recent progress towards tolerance in xenotransplantation. Recent findings Mixed chimerism and thymic transplantation have been used to promote tolerance in xenotransplantation models. Intra-bone bone marrow transplantation is a recent advance for mixed chimerism, which promotes longer lasting chimerism and early graft function of subsequent organ transplantation. The hybrid thymus, an advancement to the vascularized thymokidney and vascularized thymic lobe, is being developed to allow for both donor and recipient T-cell selection in the chimeric thymus, encouraging tolerance to self and donor while maintaining appropriate immune function. Regulatory T cells show promise to promote tolerance by suppressing effector T cells and by supporting mixed chimerism. Monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD2 may promote tolerance through suppression of CD2+ effector and memory T cells whereas Tregs, which express lower numbers of CD2, are relatively spared and might be used to promote tolerance. Summary These findings contribute major advances to tolerance in xenotransplantation. A combination of many of these mechanisms will likely be needed to have long-term tolerance maintained without the use of immunosuppression.
On the computational complexity of curing non-stoquastic Hamiltonians.

Quantum many-body systems whose Hamiltonians are non-stoquastic, i.e., have positive off-diagonal matrix elements in a given basis, are known to pose severe limitations on the efficiency of Quantum Monte Carlo algorithms designed to simulate them, due to the infamous sign problem. We study the computational complexity associated with ‘curing’ non-stoquastic Hamiltonians, i.e., transforming them into sign-problem-free ones. We prove that if such transformations are limited to single-qubit Clifford group elements or general single-qubit orthogonal matrices, finding the curing transformation is NP-complete. We discuss the implications of this result. Non-stoquastic Hamiltonians are known to be hard to simulate due to the infamous sign problem. Here, the authors study the computational complexity of transforming such Hamiltonians into stoquastic ones and prove that the task is NP-complete even for the simplest class of transformations.
Retrospective SPECT/CT dosimetry following transarterial radioembolization.

Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) effectively treats unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors through intra-arterial injection of Yttrium-90 (90 Y) beta particle emitting microspheres which implant around the tumor. Current dosimetry models are highly simplistic and there is a large need for an image-based dosimetry post-TARE, which would improve treatment safety and efficacy. Current post-TARE imaging is 90 Y bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT and we study the use of these images for dosimetry. Retrospective image review of ten patients having a Philips HealthcareTM SPECT/CT following TARE SIR-Spheres® implantation. Emission series with attenuation correction were resampled to 3 mm resolution and used to create image-based dose distributions. Dose distributions and analysis were performed in MIM Software SurePlanTM utilizing SurePlanTM Local Deposition Method (LDM) and a dose convolution method (WFBH). We sought to implement a patient-specific background subtraction prior to dose calculation to make these noisy bremsstrahlung SPECT images suitable for post-TARE dosimetry. On average the percentage of mean background counts to maximum count in the image across all patients was 9.4 ± 4.9% (maximum = 7.6%, minimum = 2.3%). Absolute dose increased and profile line width decreased as background subtraction value increased. The average value of the LDM and WFBH dose methods was statistically the same. As background subtraction value increased, the DVH curves become unrealistic and distorted. Background subtraction on bremsstrahlung SPECT image has a large effect on post-TARE dosimetry. The background contour defined provides a systematic estimate to the activity background that accounts for the scanner and patient conditions at the time of the image study and is easily implemented using commercially available software. Using the mean count in the background contour as a subtraction across the entire image gave the most realistic dose distributions. This methodology is independent of microsphere and software manufacturer allowing for use with any available products or tools.
Personality and Fit

This chapter describes the various forms of personality among individuals and how their personality can contribute to their “fit” with their organization. This chapter discusses various personality frameworks such as the DISC profile, the Big 5, and Myers-Briggs’ perspectives. We also explain how one’s beliefs and value systems guide one’s decision-making processes. The chapter concludes with a review of the concept of “person-environment fit” and its various subcomponents.
Perspectives of internal medicine physicians regarding medication abortion provision in the primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand medication abortion attitudes and interest in future provision among Internal Medicine primary care providers (IM PCPs), and to characterize barriers to provision. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a survey with IM attendings and trainees at a large academic medical center in Western Pennsylvania. We used descriptive statistics to characterize attitudes towards medication abortion provision, including the belief that it is within their scope of practice and interest in future provision, and to explore perceived barriers to provision. We used logistic regression models to assess factors associated with each of these attitudes. RESULTS: Of 397 eligible attendings and trainees, 121 (30%) completed the survey. Among those surveyed, 44% believed medication abortion is within the scope of practice of IM PCPs with trainees and female-identifying providers being significantly more likely to believe medication abortion is within their scope of practice compared to attending physicians and male physicians (60% vs 30%, p < 0.01 and 53% vs 31%, p = 0.01, respectively). Similarly, 43% endorsed interest in future provision, with trainees (67% vs 23%, p < 0.001) and female providers (54% vs 27%, p = 0.002) being more likely to express interest. The most cited barriers to provision included limited training in residency (70%) and low familiarity with abortion medications (57%). CONCLUSIONS: Many IM providers- particularly trainees- believe medication abortion is within their scope of practice and would like to provide this care. Interventions are needed to provide education and assistance complying with state and federal regulations to enable safe and efficient medication abortion provision by IM providers. IMPLICATIONS: IM departments and residency programs should seek to ensure training is offered to clinicians interested in providing medication abortion as a part of their primary care practice.
Concentric and Eccentric Force Changes with Elastic Band and Isotonic Heavy Resistance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

# Background Inclusion of resistance training as part of a general fitness program to improve health, and lower risk of disease and injury is well established. Two common options to improve strength are elastic bands and weights. Comparison between elastic bands (as the sole resistance) to isotonic strengthening for concentric and eccentric strength outcomes following the use of low repetitions/heavy resistance has not been reported. # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose was to examine the effects of a four-week isotonic low repetitions/heavy resistance strengthening program compared to a low repetitions/heavy resistance elastic band strengthening program on shoulder external rotation, hip abduction, and elbow flexion concentric and eccentric isokinetic force production in college aged untrained females. # Study Design Randomized Trial # Methods Twenty healthy females performed pre-and-post isokinetic (60 degrees/second) concentric/eccentric testing of the elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, and hip abductors. Participants were randomly assigned to a four-week independent low repetitions/heavy resistance strengthening program performed with either elastic bands or isotonic exercises. # Results A significant (p 0.05) effect of time was found for shoulder external rotator concentric and eccentric forces for both groups, the isotonic group’s hip abduction concentric and eccentric force production and elastic band group’s elbow flexion concentric force production. No significant effect of intervention (p >0.05) on concentric or eccentric elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, or hip abductors force production was found, with pre-test and post-test values being similar between groups. # Conclusion Health care practitioners and coaches can consider the prescription of a heavy resistance training program with elastic bands or isotonic exercises for an independent exercise program and expect similar concentric and eccentric muscle force changes. # Level of Evidence Level 2b
Mechanistic insight into electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using Lewis acid-base pairs

Abstract In this study, fac-[Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) is used as a Lewis base catalyst and [Zn(cyclam)]2+(cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) is used as a Lewis acid co-catalyst. The thermodynamic effect of the [Zn(cyclam)]2+ on the redox activity of the ReI(bpy) catalyst for CO2 reduction has been investigated experimentally using cyclic voltammetry and computationally using density functional theory (DFT). Both experimental and computational results reveal that [Zn(cyclam)]2+ facilitates the Cl− ion dissociation by forming an inner-sphere interaction. As a result, the addition of [Zn(cyclam)]2+ shifts the ReI(bpy) first reduction to less negative potential, enabling the catalyst to be activated with less energy input. Moreover, we are proposing that [Zn(cyclam)]2+ decreases the CO2 reduction overpotential by the ReI(bpy) complex by stabilizing the CO2 binding energy.
Principles of space-time-matter: cosmology, particles and waves in five dimensions

One of the main components is to work with theories on how to embed and model phenomena in xD space. For working with space and time four-dimensional models and for working with space, time and mat...
Hallucinations During Experimental Intoxication

Hallucinations commonly occur during the course of prolonged alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. As noted by Alpert (1970), theories regarding the etiology of this phenomenon usually distinguish those hallucinatory episodes which demonstrate a latent schizophrenia unmasked by alcohol from those perceptual sequelae secondary to the physiologically hyperexcitable state of withdrawal. On retrospective questionnaires (Alpert, 1970) and in clinical studies of subjects experiencing acute withdrawal psychoses (Victor and Hope, 1953, Gross, et al., 1963, 1966, 1970, 1971) alcoholic hallucinations demonstrated little relationship to an underlying schizophrenia. Because they are commonly sensory in character, associated with diminished light and sensory input, and spatially oriented these events seem quite distinct from the emotional state caused by alcohol and the personality of the drinker.
Development as Tragedy: The Asian Development Bank and Indigenous People in Cambodia

History is rife with conflicts between indigenous peoples and outsider groups. These confrontations have a timeless and often tragic quality. They are revealing because they juxtapose sometimes radically different manifestations of the human condition, and highlight tensions between divergent and often contradictory worldviews. While past conflicts played out under the rubric of colonialism or Manifest Destiny, today's confrontations are undertaken in the name of economic development. One such drama is underway in the Northeast Provinces of Cambodia, with substantial funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). But contemporary development stories are different from older stories of colonization. Development agencies are exporting aid and technical assistance, with the dual objectives of market building and state building. Increasingly, these initiatives have social as well as economic components. Modern development comes complete with roads, schools and health clinics, along with pledges to reduce poverty. This is not all. Indigenous communities are now invited to participate in the process of their own development. Where such participation is not possible, development agencies will expend additional resources to build the indigenous capacity to do so.This paper focuses on "development" as embodied in the policies and practices of international agencies like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. It examines economic development as its own distinct set of beliefs and attempts to frame and justify a narrative of "development as tragedy." Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia face other obvious threats, such as land grabbing, deforestation and environmental degradation. These threats reflect the more naked avarice of economic markets and a predatory state. As such, these threats are more consistent with a narrative of "development as exploitation." The narratives of exploitation and tragedy are complementary and not competitive. Each teaches different lessons. A tragedy in the Aristotelian sense is a drama that invokes deep feelings of fear and pity in the audience. The sense of tragedy is driven by the protagonist's adherence to a mistaken set of briefs that inevitably condemns his conduct to have disastrous consequences, foreseeable to the audience but often not the actor. This article critically evaluates certain ADB Reports on indigenous peoples to learn not so much what the Reports teach about native tribes, but what they reveal about the worldview and mistaken beliefs of the ADB and modern industrial societies. These documents are used as artifacts. Theories about economic development act like mirrors, revealing important insights into the belief systems of modern societies. A careful analysis of the Reports illustrates how the problems of indigenous peoples are often mere projections of the ADB's own beliefs, beliefs that are themselves largely driven by the Bank's underlying economic models. Framing the problem as a conflict between disparate worldviews further reveals the limitations of participation as a policy tool.
Identification of the milk fat globule membrane proteins.: II. Isolation of major proteins from electrophoretic gels and comparison of their amino acid compositions

Abstract The fat globule membranes of milkare derived from the apical plasma membrane of the mammary secretory cells. The nature of the membrane proteins, as isolated from cows' milk, has been studied by the use of discontinuous and continuous SDS-gel electrophoresis. Six methods of preparation of milk fat globule membrane suggested by various authors were tested; gel electrophoresis showed that five major bands were present, independent of the method of preparation. The apparent molecular masses of these proteins as determined on SDS-gel (15% T) were 167, 142, 64, 49 and 46 kDa, respectively. The 167 kDa band stained only with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, while the 142 kDa band stained only with Coomassie blue; the last three bands stained with both. Delipidated membranes were extracted stepwise with water, 0.02 M NaCl and 0.6 M NaCl. The 64 kDa band appears to be nearly insoluble, while the bands of 142, 49 and 46 kDa are fractionated by this procedure. The resolution of all these proteins by electrophoresis was superior to that achieved by molecular sieve chromatography, and so electrophoretic extraction was used to isolate the major proteins. Dansyl chloride derived proteins were used as markers. Amino acid compositions of the recovered proteins were obtained and are compared.
PROPERTIES OF F' STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI SUPERINFECTED WITH F-LACTOSE AND F-GALATOSE EPISOMES.

Echols, Harrison (University of Wisconsin, Madison). Properties of F′ strains of Escherichia coli superinfected with F-lactose and F-galactose episomes. J. Bacteriol. 85:262–268. 1963.—A study of F′ superinfection of F′ strains of Escherichia coli by F Lac P and F Gal indicates that superinfecting F Lac P may achieve a stable existence along with native F Lac P in approximately 1% of the recipient F′ population. The stable presence of F Gal, on the other hand, leads to a displacement or suppression of F Lac P when F Gal is used as a superinfecting agent or as the native episome. The majority of F′ bacteria used as recipients neither acquire in stable form the superinfecting F-linked genes nor demonstrate gene activity immediately after attempted transfer, as judged by alkaline phosphatase synthesis directed by an F-transferred P+ gene. This failure to show gene activity suggests that the F′ bacteria which are sterile as recipients exclude transfer rather than inhibit subsequent multiplication.
The interaction of stress and park use on psycho-physiological health in older adults.

Stress can have a negative influence on psychological and physical health, particularly among older adults. However, park-based leisure experiences, can have a positive influence upon mood states, ...
Subjects presented at ASHP Midyear Clinical Meetings, 1967-90

The subject matter and trends of presentations made at ASHP Midyear Clinical Meetings (MCMs) were studied. A computerized database of information from MCM and Annual Meeting (AM) program and abstract books was created. The data were analyzed to determine the distribution of MCM presentations by subject and by author for the period 1967 to 1990, determine if there were differences in subjects covered between MCMs and AMs, explore the proposition that there has been duplication of material in MCM presentations, and evaluate the frequency with which MCM presentations have been published in ASHP journals. The total number of presentations made at MCMs from 1967 through 1990 was 8180, while the total for the AMs was 1547 for the two periods (1962-71 and 1985-90) studied. The most common keywords in titles were "pharmacy," "drug," "patient," "hospital," and "service." All International Pharmaceutical Abstracts subject categories and two other categories were represented; presentations in the institutional pharmacy practice category were the most frequent, while pharmacognosy-related presentations were least frequent. The overwhelming number of authors made only one presentation and were listed as the first author. The subjects of presentations were similar between AMs and MCMs. A tendency toward duplication of material was found. Of the 8180 MCM presentations, at least 1005 were published in an ASHP journal. Between 1967 and 1990, presentations at MCMs covered a wide range of subjects but were sometimes duplicative or not on the cutting edge.
The Distributive Politics of Enforcement

Why do some politicians tolerate the violation of the law? In contexts where the poor are the primary violators of property laws, I argue that the answer lies in the electoral costs of enforcement: Enforcement can decrease support from poor voters even while it generates support among nonpoor voters. Using an original data set on unlicensed street vending and enforcement operations at the subcity district level in three Latin American capital cities, I show that the combination of voter demographics and electoral rules explains enforcement. Supported by qualitative interviews, these findings suggest how the intentional nonenforcement of law, or forbearance, can be an electoral strategy. Dominant theories based on state capacity poorly explain the results.
Repair of heteroduplex DNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes

We have hypothesized that the inheritance of heteroallelic markers during recombination of homologous DNAs in Xenopus oocytes is determined by resolution of a heteroduplex intermediate containing multiple single-base mismatches. To test this idea, we prepared synthetic heteroduplexes carrying 8 separate mispairs in vitro and injected them into oocyte nuclei. DNA was recovered and analyzed directly, by Southern blot-hybridization, and indirectly, by cloning individual repair products in bacteria. Mismatch correction was quite efficient in the oocytes; markers on the same strand were commonly co-corrected, indicating a long-patch mechanism; and the distribution of markers was very similar to that obtained by recombination. This supports our interpretation of the recombination outcome in terms of a resection-annealing mechanism. The injected heteroduplexes carried strand breaks (nicks) as a result of their method of preparation. We tested the idea that mismatch correction might be nick-directed by ligating the strands of the heteroduplex substrate to form covalently closed circles. Repair in oocytes was still efficient, and long patches predominated; but the pattern of recovered markers was quite different than with the nicked substrate. This suggests that nicks, when present, do indeed direct repair, but that, in their absence, recognition of specific mismatches governs repair of the ligated heteroduplexes.
Some aspects of the catalytic activity of π-allylnickel iodide

Abstract The polymerization of butadiene catalyzed by π-allylnickel iodide proceeds predominantly by a living polymer mechanism which may, however, be influenced to a certain extent by the solvent. The rates of propagation as well as of a chain transfer reaction increase in the series benzene The stereospecific dimerization of styrene to trans-1,3-diphenyl-1-butene with the same catalyst was found to involve a π-allylic mechanism, comparable with that of butadiene polymerization. Other monomers which are unable to form a π-allylic structure destroy the catalyst. Styrene exerts a strong chain transfer action on the polymerization of butadiene drastically reducing the molecular weight (styrene end groups); there is also some copolymerization (inner styrene groups).
Intraspecific Competition Studies of the Melon Leaf Miner, Liriomyza pictella (Thomson) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The melon leaf miner, Liriomyza pictella (Thomson), competes with various species of insects and spider mites on the same hosts, especially on several varieties of melons. Field population surveys conducted during 1954 and 1955 indicated that heavy infestations of the melon aphis, Aphis gossyppii Glover, and spider mites, Tetranychus spp., on melon leaves were detrimental to the population increase of the melon leaf miner on the leaves thus affected. In addition to interspecific competition from A. gossyppii and Tetranychus spp., there was evidence that intraspecific competition, together with parasitism, played an important role in reducing the population level of the melon leaf miner when it reached high numbers.
Characterization and survival of Cercospora sojina in Ohio.

Abstract Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) of soybean, caused by Cercospora sojina, has increased in incidence and severity during the last 3 years in Ohio and caused substantial economic losses for the firs...
Multicultural text sets: Organizing for critical thinking

Literacy today goes beyond decoding text to critically considering information from multiple perspectives and one's own life experiences in order to understand the issues and participate actively and meaningfully in society. The organizational strategy described here provides a basis for readers to consider various cultural perspectives through intertextual connections across texts. Emphasis is placed on the need for educators themselves to experience such thinking through the creation of multicultural text sets in order to realize the significance of such experiences for their students.
On the preparation and properties of dihematoporphyrin ether, the tumor-localizing component of HPD.

— A porphyrin mixture derived from hematoporphyrin and termed HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative) is used for localization and therapy of tumors. The major localizing component of HPD has been provisionally identified as a dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE). In this study, we describe HPLC procedures for analytical and preparative separation of HPD components. Optimal conditions for DHE formation were determined. A comparison of absorbance and fluorescence spectra in different solvents indicate that DHE aggregates are substantially more stable than are the analogous hematoporphyrin structures. Studies on the interaction between DHE and tumor cells indicate an initial binding of the drug at lipophilic membrane sites, followed by gradual relocation to intracellular loci.
Clofarabine ± Fludarabine with Once Daily i.v. Busulfan as Pretransplant Conditioning Therapy for Advanced Myeloid Leukemia and MDS

Although a combination of i.v. busulfan (Bu) and fludarabine (Flu) is a safe, reduced-toxicity conditioning program for acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (AML/MDS), recurrent leukemia posttransplantation remains a problem. To enhance the conditioning regimen's antileukemic effect, we decided to supplant Flu with clofarabine (Clo), and assayed the interactions of these nucleoside analogs alone and in combination with Bu in Bu-resistant human cell lines in vitro. We found pronounced synergy between each nucleoside and the alkylator but even more enhanced cytotoxic synergy when the nucleoside analogs were combined prior to exposing the cells to Bu. We then designed a 4-arm clinical trial in patients with myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Patients were adaptively randomized as follows: Arm I–Clo:Flu 10:30 mg/m2, Arm II—20:20 mg/m2, Arm III—30:10 mg/m2, and Arm IV–single-agent Clo at 40 mg/m2. The nucleoside analog(s) were/was infused over 1 hour once daily for 4 days, followed on each day by Bu, infused over 3 hours to a pharmacokinetically targeted daily area under the curve (AUC) of 6000 μMol-min ± 10%. Fifty-one patients have been enrolled with a minimum follow-up exceeding 100 days. There were 32 males and 19 females, with a median age of 45 years (range: 6-59). Nine patients had chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (BC: 2, second AP: 3, and tyrosine-kinase inhibitor refractory first chronic phase [CP]: 4). Forty-two patients had AML: 14 were induction failures, 8 in first chemotherapy-refractory relapse, 7 in untreated relapse, 3 in second or subsequent relapse, 4 were in second complete remission (CR), and 3 in second CR without platelet recovery (CRp), 2 were in high-risk CR1. Finally, 1 patient was in first CRp. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was tacrolimus and mini-methorexate (MTX), and those who had an unrelated or 1 antigen-mismatched donor received low-dose rabbit-ATG (Thymoglobulin™). All patients engrafted. Forty-one patients had active leukemia at the time of transplant, and 35 achieved CR (85%). Twenty of the 42 AML patients and 5 of 9 CML patients are alive with a projected median overall survival (OS) of 23 months. Marrow and blood (T cell) chimerism studies at day +100 revealed that both in the lower-dose Clo groups (groups 1+2) and the higher-dose Clo groups (groups 3+4), the patients had a median of 100% donor (T cell)-derived DNA. There has been no secondary graft failure. In the first 100 days, 1 patient died of pneumonia, and 1 of liver GVHD. We conclude that (1) Clo ± Flu with i.v. Bu as pretransplant conditioning is safe in high-risk myeloid leukemia patients; (2) clofarabine is sufficiently immunosuppressive to support allo-SCT in myeloid leukemia; and (3) the median OS of 23 months in this high-risk patient population is encouraging. Additional studies to evaluate the antileukemic efficacy of Clo ± Flu with i.v. Bu as pretransplant conditioning therapy are warranted.
Exploring Exotic Kinetics: An Introduction to the Use of Numerical Methods in Chemical Kinetics

The use of numerical methods to solve systems of partial differential equations for chemical kinetics is introduced using a Mathematica notebook. The principles of numerical integration are briefly presented. The Runge–Kutta algorithm is used to explore two simple mechanisms as well as an auto-catalyzed system (Lotka–Volterra) which exhibits exotic kinetic behaviors.
Suppression of Cyanogen Bands for the Spectrographic Analysis of Erbium Oxide

The suppression of cyanogen bands from direct current arc spectra by using atmospheres of argon, helium, and carbon dioxide, and binary mixtures of these gases with oxygen has been investigated. Analytical working curves for the determination of dysprosium, thulium, and holmium in erbium oxide have been prepared from spectra of samples arced in an atmosphere of 80% argon - 20% oxygen. Cyanogen bands were eliminated to permit the use of sensitive lines in these regions; background intensity was also reduced.
A Federal Income Tax Perspective of the NFL Concussion Class Action Settlement

This work sought to comprehend the tax implications for those former players of the National Football League (NFL) who are making personal injury claims against the league for expenses they endured since they retired. To achieve this objective, Section I of this paper contextualizes the concussion debate by highlighting studies of head trauma on NFL players to show the settlement of personal injury claims may not be enough with respect to the impending complex federal income tax issues some players will experience. Sections II and III interprets the Internal Revenue Code and the specific sections applicable to the former NFL players for injured parties contemplating reimbursement for past or future related medical expenses. Lastly, Section IV presents recommendations to each party (i.e., retired players and the NFL) on how to possibly revise the settlement to achieve better tax consequences.
Domain-swapped chain connectivity and gated membrane access in a Fab-mediated crystal of the human TRAAK K + channel

TRAAK (TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ channel, K2P4.1) K+ ion channels are expressed predominantly in the nervous system to control cellular resting membrane potential and are regulated by mechanical and chemical properties of the lipid membrane. TRAAK channels are twofold symmetric, which precludes a direct extension of gating mechanisms that close canonical fourfold symmetric K+ channels. We present the crystal structure of human TRAAK in complex with antibody antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) at 2.75-A resolution. In contrast to a previous structure, this structure reveals a domain-swapped chain connectivity enabled by the helical cap that exchanges two opposing outer helices 180° around the channel. An unrelated conformational change of an inner helix seals a side opening to the membrane bilayer and is associated with structural changes around the K+-selectivity filter that may have implications for mechanosensitivity and gating of TRAAK channels.
Polarity determined growth of carbon nanotubes of different alignments

Growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different alignments, including surface-bounded and vertically aligned arrays, on metallic electrodes was achieved by applying electric voltages of different polarities on metallic electrodes during the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. Surface-bounded CNTs were found to crawl out from the positively charged electrodes. In contrary, vertically aligned CNTs dominated the negatively charged electrodes. The alignment control was ascribed to the movement of catalyst-nanoparticles (NPs) under the influence of external electric field. The surface-bounded CNTs were ascribed to the repulsive forces between the catalyst NPs and the anodes. The vertically aligned CNTs were ascribed to the joint interactions of catalyst-cathode interactions and tube-tube interactions. This investigation suggests a convenient approach to control the alignment of CNT arrays for applications in different fields.
Limiting battery performance parameters for polyacetylene

The discovery that polyacetylene, [CH]x could be reversibly electrochemically oxidized or reduced (‘doped’)1 has led to its usage as an electrode in light-weight rechargeable storage batteries2,3. Using a 100-µm thick electrode comprised of 20–30 nm diameter fibrils4, performance characteristics slightly superior to those of the lead-acid battery have been achieved. Our cyclic voltammetry study utilizing ultrathin ( 95% have been obtained with a Li/salt/[CH]x system. The potential of polyacetylene electrodes for light-weight rechargeable batteries is, therefore, several orders of magnitude higher than presently recognized.
Applying dry powder coatings to pharmaceutical powders using a comil for improving powder flow and bulk density

Abstract A method for applying nano-sized silicon dioxide guest particles onto host pharmaceutical particles (a.k.a. “dry-coating” or “nanocoating”) has been developed using conventional pharmaceutical processing equipment. It has been demonstrated that under selected conditions, a comil can be used to induce sufficient shear to disperse silicon dioxide particles onto the surfaces of host particles such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) without significant host particle attrition. In accordance with previous studies on dry coating, the dispersed silicon dioxide adheres to the host particle surface through van der Waals attractions, and reduces bulk powder cohesion. In this work, laboratory and pilot scale comils were used to dry coat pharmaceutical API and excipient powders with 1% w/w silicon dioxide by passing them through the mill with an appropriate combination of screen and impeller. In general, the uncoated powders exhibited poor flow and/or low bulk density. After dry coating with a comil, the powders exhibited a considerable and in some cases outstanding improvement in flow performance and bulk density. This coating process was successful at both the laboratory and pilot scale with similar improvements in flow. The superior performance of the coated powders translated to subsequent formulated blends, demonstrating the benefit of using nanocoated powders over uncoated powders. This particle engineering work describes the first successful demonstration of using a traditional pharmaceutical unit operation that can be run continuously to produce uniform nanocoating and highlights the substantial improvements to powder flow properties when this approach is used.