cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Von Willebrand factor levels do not predict or diagnose radiation pneumonitis

In search for an index of endothelial injury that would provide an early diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis, we investigated the plasma levels of von Willebrand Factor (Factor VIII Related Antigen, FVIII:RAg) in 14 patients undergoing pulmonary irradiation. This study was based on observations indicating that damage to the endothelium-rich pulmonary parenchyma may produce alterations in the synthesis, storage or release of FVIII:RAg, detectable in plasma. There was no correlation between FVIII:RAg levels and radiation pneumonitis, radiation dose, volume of irradiated lung, tumor burden, or time-interval between exposure and sampling. The heterogeneity of the neoplasms and the inconstant effects of radiation in the tumor vasculature are among several variables that may explain this lack of correlation. The plasma levels of FVIII:RAg cannot be used to diagnose or predict radiation pneumonitis.
Efficiency bound calculations for a time series model, with conditional heteroskedasticity

Abstract This note presents an algorithm for calculating an efficiency bound among a class of estimators for a continous time financial economics model and a martingale taxation model.
Cleavage cracking resistance of high angle grain boundaries in Fe–3%Si alloy

Abstract High angle grain boundaries in steel offer an important resistance to the propagation of cleavage cracks that affects the fracture toughness and can modulate the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of fracture downward. This behavior has been studied now in bicrystals of Fe–3%Si alloy in detail. It was noted that the twist misorientation across a high angle boundary has a more profound effect on cleavage fracture resistance than the tilt misorientation. Specific measurements of such resistance over a random selection of high angle grain boundaries in bicrystals and associated fractographic studies have led to quantitative models of the resistance that high angle grain boundaries offer to cleavage cracks. The study has also revealed a transition from pure cleavage to mixed cleavage around 0 °C for this alloy above which the observed definite increment of fracture work could be associated with the sigmoidal plastic bending and rupture of ligaments left between separate cleavage strips in the adjoining grain.
A new model for a required senior research experience

This paper describes a new way of implementing a required undergraduate research experience. In addition to the project itself, this experience also includes a senior capstone seminar that teaches students how to do research, a scholarly capstone paper, and a capstone conference that reproduces the feel of an actual scientific meeting. This paper describes these experiences along with an assessment of how it has worked in its first years of operation.
Development of an Acyl Sulfonamide Anti-Proliferative Agent, LY573636·Na†

The synthesis of 5-bromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid 2,4-dichlorobenzoylamide sodium salt on multikilogram scale is described. The initial clinical supplies were made using carbonyl diimidazole to converge the two fragments. A more efficient acid chloride process has been developed, which also provides better control of impurities and color throughout the synthesis.
A Secure One-Way Hash Function Built from DES

Applying a one-way hash function is a useful preliminary to digitally signing a message, both for security and efficiency. Several proposals for building such a function out of DES have been shown to be insecure. This talk studies a proposal due to Davies, and provides some evidence for its security. We prove security under a black box model. That is, we consider algorithms which call the encryption function via an oracle, and calculate the expected running time for a randomly chosen block cipher. This mirrors attacks on the system which do not rely on special properties of the encryption function. Under this model, we show that, given Y, finding a message hashing to y requires 0(264) encryptions. However, if the opponent is also given some legitimately signed messages, a speedup is possible, proportional to the total length of such material. This can be foiled by adding a running count to each block. The resulting system provably requires O(264) steps to break, even given large amounts of signed material. By modifying the model, these results can be strengthened to show that tbe existence of weak keys and the complementation property of DES do not help the forger. Any successful attack would have to use more subtle properties of DES.
Child abandonment: Historical, sociological and psychological perspectives

Even though the act of physical child abandonment is a relatively common occurrence, it remains an understudied social phenomena. It has been an act of parents since earliest times, but even in our modern enlightened society, children are still ejected from their homes and physically abandoned in frightening numbers. Even though attention has been directed toward the understanding and combating of the numerous variations of child abuse and neglect, the problem of physical abandonment is rarely discussed until sensationalistic news reports emerge to remind us that children are still left in parks or on street corners. To further understand this phenomena of child abandonment, this paper reviews the literature and examines the process from historical, sociological and psychological perspectives. This report looks to stimulate further interest in physical child abandonment and its precursor, psychological child rejection, as forms of child abuse and neglect which can and should be combated by proper psychiatric intervention.
Candidates, Money, and Voters-Assessing the State of Congressional Elections Research

In this field essay I summarize recent findings on congressional elections with an eye toward identifying the gaps, contradictions, and questions that still remain. I organize the discussion around three related topics: candi dates, campaign finance, and voters. I examine our understanding of who runs and who does not run for Congress, and raise questions about the notion of challenger quality and how it has been measured. My focus then shifts to a discussion of the effects of money in congressional elections, highlighting unresolved questions about the influence of incumbent spending on election outcomes. I then examine the literature on voters in congressional elections, bringing together work that ties candidates and campaigns to their effects on individual voting decisions. I then conclude the essay by discussing how different research approaches might advance our understanding of congressional elections.
School-based child care for children of teen parents: evaluation of an urban program designed to keep young mothers in school

Abstract This study examined the effects of the school-based Early Childhood Centers for Children of Teen Parents Program. Designed to keep young mothers in school, the program provides needed support to urban young mothers including free on-site child care for their infants and toddlers, parenting classes, and referral to other service agencies. Archived school record information was collected on teen mothers who participated in the program (n=81) and on a group of teen mothers who had applied for the program but did not receive services (n=89). Controlling for pre-service differences, participant mothers were found to have better school attendance and deemed to be at lower overall risk than were the non-participant young mothers. Significant differences were also evident in the graduation rates of these young mothers—70% of the participant mothers graduated, 28% of the non-participant young mothers graduated. Logistic regression correctly classified graduation/drop-out status in 76% of the cases. School attendance, mother's age at birth of the child, and participation/non-participation in the program were significant predictors. Percent core courses passed and average risk scores did not significantly add to prediction. Implications and future areas of study are discussed.
A conserved blueprint for the eye

Although the eyes of all organisms have a common function, visual perception, their structures and developmental mechanisms are quite diverse. Recent research on eye development in Drosophila has identified a set of putative transcription factors required for the earliest step of eye development, specification of the field of cells that will give rise to the eye. These factors appear to act in a hierarchy, although cross-regulation may amplify the eye fate decision or promote progression to the next step. Surprisingly, homologous proteins are also involved in vertebrate eye development, suggesting that this regulatory network was present in a primitive common ancestor and that it has been adapted to control visual organ formation in multiple species. The identification of genes acting upstream and downstream of these transcription factors will contribute to our understanding of the establishment of a developmental field, as well as of the divergence of regulatory pathways controlling the formation of eye structures.
Loss of ovarian 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase activity induced by human chorionic gonadotropin is correlated with In vivo substrate availability

Abstract Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to hypophysectomized immature rats caused a rapid reduction in ovarian microsomal 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase activity (cytochrome P45017α) with a concomitant large increase in serum progesterone (P4) level. Pretreatment with cycloheximide (Cycio) or aminoglutethimide (Ag) prevented these effects of hCG, while Actinomycin d (Act-D) or Azastene, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were ineffective. In ovaries with enzyme activity increased by 48 h exposure to pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, hCG also caused a large decrease in enzyme activity but only after a lag period of about 2 h: P4 levels were increased simultaneously. Administration of Cyclo. or puromycin (Puro) caused a loss of enzyme activity without changing P4 levels, but both inhibitors prevented some of the loss of activity and rise in P4 induced by hCG. AG and Act D completely inhibited the enzyme reducing action of hCG, as well as the increase in P4 synthesis, in these animals. P4 applied directly onto one ovary of an animal given hCG plus AG reduced enzyme activity by 69%. The results are consistent with the interpretation that increased substrate concentration is one of but not the only important factor in loss of hydroxylase/lyase activity induced by a sudden large increase in luteinizing hormone activity.
ON THE WIND ASYMMETRY OF HURRICANES

Abstract The difference in the wind speeds across hurricanes (from the “dangerous” to the opposite semi-circle) is often greater than twice the speed of propagation of the storm. The traditional explanation of the speed asymmetry of such storms must, then, be regarded as only a partial one. A speed asymmetry (in the same sense) must exist in the wind field as seen by an observer moving with the storm. Simple reasoning in terms of non-fluence lines (loci of points of parallel flow) applied to the simple model of a hurricane, consisting of a cyclonic indraft point plus its associated hyperbolic point, leads to the expected asymmetry in the relative field of flow.
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles Resource management and quality adaptation in distributed multimedia networks

In this paper, the problem of allocating multiple finite resources to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) needs of multiple applications along multiple QoS dimensions is presented. A mathematical model that captures the dynamics of such adaptive problem is presented. This model formulates the problem as multiple-choice multidimensional 0-1 knapsack problem (MMKP), an NP-hard optimization problem. A heuristic algorithm is then proposed to solve the MMKP. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm finds 96% optimal solutions on average, and outperforms other heuristic algorithms for MMKP. Furthermore, the time required is on average 50% to 70% less than that required by other benchmark heuristics. These two properties make this heuristic a strong candidate for use in real-time applications.
Speaking the Buick Language: Capturing, Understanding, and Exploring Brand Identity With Shape Grammars

Abstract Developing and maintaining a consistent brand statement is an important aspect of developing a successful product. However, maintaining that statement is difficult due in part to the inconsistent and often insufficient understanding of brand by marketing, engineering, and industrial design. This paper presents shape grammars as a method for encoding the key elements of a brand into a repeatable language, which can be used to generate products consistent with the brand. A detailed investigation into the history of Buick styling reveals the brand characteristics of the front view of Buick vehicles, which are then captured in a shape grammar.
Measurements of magnetic interaction through silver in epitaxial Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Magnetic interactions between Fe layers in Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been observed using Mossbauer spectroscopy. By measuring the temperature dependence of the hyperfine field at the Fe layers, characteristics of the spin-wave spectrum can be deduced. As the Ag thickness between layers is increased, the magnetic interaction between Fe layers decreases, and the spin-wave spectrum undergoes a transformation from three-dimensional to quasi-two-dimensional.
Application of radioimmunoassay to the renin-angiotensin system and to aldosterone

Abstract Many of the factors regulating the renin-angiotensin system have been defined by means of a bioassay method based on the hypertensive effect, in the nephrectomized rat, of angiotensin II generated by the action of renin on its plasma substrate. The bioassay has now been largely replaced by a simpler and more sensitive radioimmunoassay based on the generation of angiotensin I in the same system. The radioimmunoassay of aldosterone in plasma has been possible using antisera developed to aldosterone-albumin conjugates. Cross-reactivity to other steroids is low, but their greater abundance in plasma necessitates chromatographic purification before the immunoassay step. The radioimmunoassay of aldosterone in plasma is simpler and more sensitive than measurement by double isotopic techniques. Simultaneous measurement of renin activity and aldosterone in plasma, now possible by radioimmunoassay, should provide a more precise definition of the interrelationship of the two hormonal systems.
A new method for recording and reproducing cast orientation on a survey table

Cast position on a survey table is determined with an inclinometer, allowing tilt to be measured in 1-degree increments in the frontal and sagittal planes. With this device, cast reorientation is simplified and tilt modifications can be accomplished accurately because of direct visualization of tilt measurements in the 2 planes.
Estrogen induction of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in mouse vaginal tissue

Abstract The conversion of progesterone to 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was measured in mouse vaginal tissue. The enzyme was confined to the 105,000 × g supernatant of tissue homogenates and the requirement for reduced NADP demonstrated. The Initial rates of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were determined in the cytosol of tissues from four-day estrogen-treated and untreated animals. The rate of 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one formation per vagina was increased 15-fold by estrogen stimulation. This increase could not be accounted for on the basis of increased organ weight or increased availability of cofactor. These findings indicate that 20α-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase induction in the mouse vaginae is under estrogen control.
Phonon-phonon interactions in liquid helium

This is a short review of recent experimental and theoretical studies of phonon interactions in superfluid helium. Phonon--phonon scattering in helium is strongly influenced by the conservation laws and by the peculiarities of the phonon dispersion relation. Theory predicts that because of these factors the spontaneous decay rate varies dramatically with phonon energy, and experiments have confirmed this prediction. The conservation laws can also be used to show that phonon--phonon collisions are predominantly small-angle scattering. We discuss the influence of this special property of phonon collisions on the hydrodynamics of the phonon gas, and we consider the solutions of the hydrodynamic equations in several situations of experimental interest.
The CORE project: Technical shakedown phase and preliminary user studies

The CORE project is an electronic library prototype that provides networked access to the full text and graphics content of American Chemical Society journals and associated Chemical Abstracts Service indexing since 1980 (some 250 journal years of data). The database is coded in Standard Generalized Markup Language (translated from original typography codes) which captures the structural richness of the original document and provides flexibility for indexing, searching, and display. The prototype provides a full‐scale laboratory environment in which to explore issues of database structure, user interface capabilities, and information retrieval questions on a large, real‐world scholarly electronic journal database. The complete database, representing more than 600,000 pages of full text and graphics, will be the largest electronic corpus of its kind. Scheduled for availability at Cornell in late 1993, this database will be available for use by the Cornell Chemistry Department faculty and students on a loca...
Induction of mutation in Micrococcus radiodurans by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

Micrococcus radiodurans was highly resistant to the lethal effect of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) but it was sensitive to the mutagenic action of this chemical. The induction of mutation was not significantly modified by the culture growth phase. This last finding leads to the assumption that the mutation takes place at some distance from the replication fork. Moreover, a low concentration of MNNG induced mutations that were added to those subsequently obtained from a second exposure to a higher concentration of the alkylating agent. Thus, M. radiodurans does not seem to have an inducible error-free repair system for alkylation damage. Furthermore, incubation in the presence of chloramphenicol did not modify the mutation rate, indicating that protein synthesis is not involved in the mutagenic process.
Economic Impacts of Ozone and Acid Rain: Discussion

In many cases, as in this session, it is convenient to lump acid rain and ozone together when discussing the effects of air pollution on agricultural, forest, and aquatic resources. As noted by Forster and Phillips, both are secondary pollutants with effects that extend beyond the immediate emission source area. However, there are also some important differences between the two that make it difficult to synthesize research on their economic effects. Some of these differences are apparent in the papers presented here, while others have not been explicitly recognized. Before discussing the specific content of either paper, I would like to highlight some of these differences. First, although acid rain can result in production losses such as decreased forestry growth and losses to commercial fisheries, many of its effects relate to nonmarket goods. These include reductions in the recreational value of aquatic resources and in genetic diversity among fish populations. Forster and Phillips discuss a number of studies of nonmarket valuation that have addressed acid rain control. The research on ozone, on the other hand, has
Experimental Viral Infections of the Temporal Bone. I. Experimental Otitis Media Due to Vaccinia Virus in Hamsters

Clinical and pathologic studies of patients with smallpox suggest that conductive hearing loss is a frequent complication of smallpox and that it is due to otitis media. A possible experimental model for this hearing loss has been developed by study of the pathogenesis of acute vaccinia virus infections of hamster middle ears. Infant hamsters developed severe necrotic otitis media, and vaccinia viral antigen was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining in large confluent areas of epithelial cells lining the middle ear. Juvenile hamsters developed a patchy, less severe infection of the middle ear, most of which was present along the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles. Adult hamsters did not develop middle ear infection. These findings support the argument that variola (smallpox) virus can cause otitis media in humans and that viral infection of the middle ear may be the cause of hearing loss. Infection with variola (smallpox) virus results in considerable mortality and morbidity, and hearing loss is common in survivors [1, 2]. Conductive hearing loss was found in 26% of patients with acute smallpox, and sensorineural hearing loss was found in 9% [1]. Many patients with smallpox had otitis media, and it was suspected that this infection was of viral origin. Of 18 pairs of temporal bones from patients who died of smallpox [3], nine pairs showed acute necrotizing otitis media with polyposis, focal necrosis, hyperemia, and round cell infiltration in the middle ear, tympanic membrane, and eustachian tube; a typical Guarnieri body was identified in the epithelial layer of the tympanic membrane in one case, a finding suggesting that the otitis media may have been due to variola virus infection of the middle ear. This report describes the pathogenesis of middle ear infections caused by vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine virus), which is closely related to variola virus, in infant, juvenile, and adult hamsters. These infections were studied in an at
Celiac Disease and Hypothyroidism

Abstract Background Celiac disease is more common in patients with hypothyroidism. Malabsorption of levothyroxine has not been studied in this population. We sought to determine if levothyroxine dosing was influenced by the presence and treatment of celiac disease. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at an academic medical center. Cases had hypothyroidism and celiac disease. Controls had hypothyroidism alone and were selected randomly through the endocrinology clinic records. Celiac disease was defined as representative pathology with positive serology. Age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, creatinine, and medical comorbidity were assessed for cases and controls. The levothyroxine dose and weight-based levothyroxine dose necessary to maintain a euthyroid state was evaluated for controls, and before and after celiac disease therapy for cases. Results Celiac disease was identified in 152 patients, and 22 patients had concomitant hypothyroidism (14.5%). Seven cases met inclusion criteria. Overall, 200 control patients were identified. The mean celiac disease pretreatment levothyroxine dose and weight-based levothyroxine dose needed to maintain a euthyroid state were higher in cases than in controls (154 μg vs 106 μg, P =.007, and 2.6 μg/kg vs 1.3 μg/kg, P P =.03; and 2.64 μg/kg vs 1.89 μg/kg, P =.04). All cases required at least 125 μg of levothyroxine initially to maintain a euthyroid state. Conclusions Levothyroxine malabsorption likely occurs with hypothyroidism and untreated celiac disease. Absorption may improve after celiac disease treatment. Screening for celiac disease in patients with hypothyroidism requiring elevated levothyroxine doses warrants further investigation.
Effect of human stem cells labeled with ferumoxides-poly-L-lysine on hematologic and biochemical measurements in rats.

PURPOSE: To determine whether ferumoxides–poly-l-lysine (PLL) complex–labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or ferumoxides-PLL complex alone alters hematologic, blood chemistry, renal function, and/or liver function measurements after being intravenously infused into rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five rats (group 1) received intravenous injections of labeled MSCs, and 25 additional rats (group 2) received intravenous injections of ferumoxides-PLL complex only. Complete blood counts, liver and renal function test results, and serum electrolyte and iron concentrations were measured for 42 days after the injections and compared with those measured in five control rats (group 3). To determine the duration of labeled MSCs in the circulation, venous blood was serially drawn from five additional rats (group 4) that were injected with labeled MSCs. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher protected least significant difference post hoc tests were used to statistically analyze results. P < .05 was con...
Intraspecific aggression of Peromyscus leucopus

Pairs of lactating female Peromyscus leucopus exhibited high levels of aggression toward each other as did mature male pairs in encounters staged in a neutral arena. Lactating female P. leucopus were found to be aggressive toward and dominant over adult males. Females, but not males behaved aggressively toward juvenile conspecifics. The results are discussed in the context of field studies of the social structure of P. leucopus .
Parallel nonbinary LDPC decoding on GPU

Nonbinary Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are a class of error-correcting codes constructed over the Galois field GF(q) for q > 2. As extensions of binary LDPC codes, nonbinary LDPC codes can provide better error-correcting performance when the code length is short or moderate, but at a cost of higher decoding complexity. This paper proposes a massively parallel implementation of a nonbinary LDPC decoding accelerator based on a graphics processing unit (GPU) to achieve both great flexibility and scalability. The implementation maps the Min-Max decoding algorithm to GPU's massively parallel architecture. We highlight the methodology to partition the decoding task to a heterogeneous platform consisting of the CPU and GPU. The experimental results show that our GPU-based implementation can achieve high throughput while still providing great flexibility and scalability.
Abstract 3575: Angiotensin-(1-7) and temozolomide provide combinatorial inhibition of glioblastoma cell growth

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an anaplastic, highly cellular, poorly differentiated tumor, is the predominant malignant brain tumor diagnosed in adults. Standard treatment for glioblastoma consists of surgical resection and radiation with the possible addition of chemotherapy. For example, temozolomide, an orally active imidazotetrazinone pro-drug that exerts its anti-neoplastic effect by interfering with DNA replication, proved to be efficacious in patients with glioblastoma. Even with aggressive therapy, the average survival rate for most patients is less than one year. This poor prognosis suggests a need for novel approaches for the treatment of glioblastoma. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], an endogenous, seven amino acid peptide targeting the mas receptor, significantly reduced the serum-stimulated growth of human G48a glioblastoma cells isolated from a primary, high-grade astrocytoma. Incubation of the glioblastoma cells for 4 days with 100 nM Ang-(1-7) or 10 μM temozolomide caused a greater than 40% reduction in cell growth. More importantly, an additive inhibition (72.0% decrease) of glioblastoma cell growth was obtained by co-incubation of Ang-(1-7) and temozolomide. The combinatorial effect of the two drugs suggests differing mechanisms of action. Treatment of human G48a cells with 100 nM Ang-(1-7) reduced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2, by 66.8% and 45.5% (n = 3), respectively, indicating that the anti-proliferative effects may occur, at least in part, through inhibition of the ERK signal transduction pathway. The decrease in ERK activation was associated with a 4.8 ± 1.3-fold increase in the dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP1/MKP-1 (n = 4; p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3575.
Amperometric determination of palladium with 2-(o-Hydroxyphenyl) Benzoxazole

A method for the amperometric determination of palladium is presented, which involves the formation of a palladium-2-(o-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole inter complex salt. The method is primarily recommended for the accurate determination of palladium in solutions containing only traces of other platinum elements. Of the several diverse ions studied, only iridium interfered seriously with the determination of palladium; however, this element is easily removed from palladium according to the standard procedure2. The data obtained in the amperometric investigation of the palladium-2-(o-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole interaction were in agreement with the results obtained in the gravimetric study of the same reaction7.
Concurrent cisplatin, 5-FU, paclitaxel, and radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer.

Purpose: Phase I–II data regarding neoadjuvant cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), paclitaxel, and radiation (PFT-R) from our institution demonstrated encouraging pathologic complete response (pCR) rates. This article updates our experience with PFT-R, and compares these results to our experience with cisplatin, 5-FU, and radiation therapy (PF-R) in locally advanced esophageal cancer. Patients and Methods: We searched the Massachusetts General Hospital cancer registry for esophageal cancer patients treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy between 1994–2002. Records of patients treated with curative, neoadjuvant therapy were examined for chemotherapeutic regimen. Outcomes of patients treated with PF-R or PFT-R were assessed for response to therapy, toxicity, and survival. Results: A total of 177 patients were treated with neoadjuvant therapy with curative intent; 164 (93%) received PF-R (n = 81) or PFT-R (n = 83). Median overall survival was 24 months. After a median follow-up of 54 months for surviving patients, 3-year overall survival was 40% with no significant difference between PF-R (39%) and PFT-R (42%). Conclusions: Our findings failed to demonstrate an improvement in pCR or survival with PFT-R vs. PF-R. These results do not support this regimen of concurrent neoadjuvant PFT-R in esophageal cancer, and suggest that further investigations into alternative regimens and novel agents are warranted.
Pattern of failure of the homografted canine heart.

A series of puppy hearts was homografted into the necks of adult dogs. The grafts were followed for viability by palpation and by electrocardiograms. Of the grafts studied none functioned longer than one week. Others removed on successive days after transplantation revealed a pattern of failure that suggests that incompatibility to the homografted canine heart is blood-borne.
Th1 CD4+ lymphocytes delete activated macrophages through the Fas/APO-1 antigen pathway

The Fas/APO-1 cytotoxic pathway plays an important role in the regulation of peripheral immunity. Recent evidence indicates that this regulatory function operates through deletion of activated T and B lymphocytes by CD4+ T cells expressing the Fas ligand. Because macrophages play a key role in peripheral immunity, we asked whether Fas was involved in T-cell-macrophage interactions. Two-color flow cytometry revealed that Fas receptor (FasR) was expressed on resting murine peritoneal macrophages. FasR expression was upregulated after activation of macrophages with cytokines or lipopolysaccharide, although only tumor necrosis factor-alpha rendered macrophages sensitive to anti-FasR antibody-mediated death. To determine the consequence of antigen presentation by macrophages to CD4+ T cells, macrophages were pulsed with antigen and then incubated with either Th1 or Th2 cell lines or clones. Th1, but not Th2, T cells induced lysis of 60-80% of normal macrophages, whereas macrophages obtained from mice with mutations in the FasR were totally resistant to Th1-mediated cytotoxicity. Macrophage cytotoxicity depended upon specific antigen recognition by T cells and was major histocompatibility complex restricted. These findings indicate that, in addition to deletion of activated lymphocytes, Fas plays an important role in deletion of activated macrophages after antigen presentation to Th1 CD4+ T cells. Failure to delete macrophages that constitutively present self-antigens may contribute to the expression of autoimmunity in mice deficient in FasR (lpr) or Fas ligand (gld).
The Post-Collective Village: A Tale of Two Transitions

Summary This paper provides an ethnographic look at economic change in rural areas of remote regions of Russia and China. While the structural conditions of agriculture at the outset of reform partially explain the dramatically different trajectories of reform seen in my study sites, the current state of economic stagnation or economic development in these areas should not primarily be seen as a legacy of pre-reform conditions. It is largely the economic policies pursued by the Russian and Chinese governments that have created or failed to create the conditions that enable post-socialist farmers to take advantage of market opportunities.
Facial Ulceration in a Patient With Crohn's Disease

Question: A 55-yearold woman with longstanding ileocolonic Crohn’s disease presented with a facial lesion. She had previously undergone a total proctocolectomy and end-ileostomy for disease that was refractory to prednisone, 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, and adalimumab. In 2010, she developed an ulcerating lesion on her face, between the left naris and left upper lip. A biopsy showed dermal neutrophilic infiltration (Figure A), and wound cultures did not demonstrate infection. The lesion worsened despite treatment with certolizumab pegol, topical tacrolimus, and intralesional steroids. The patient was admitted for severe facial pain associated with worsening of the ulcerating lesion. She had no gastrointestinal symptoms. On physical examination, there was a 2 2-cm ulcer superior to the left upper lip with a full-thickness defect, through which a tooth could be seen (Figure B). The borders f the ulcer had a raised, violaceous edge overhanging the ulcer bed. What is the diagnosis? Look on page 1258 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information n submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Dimethylamino-fluorenes: ligands for detecting β-amyloid plaques in the brain

Abstract Formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Detection of Aβ plaques in the brain will be potentially useful in early diagnosis and monitoring the progression of the disease. A series of novel Aβ aggregate-specific ligands based on fluorenes, which are simple and rigid tricyclic molecules, are synthesized and characterized. Starting with 2- or 3-aminofluorenes, 1a-1f, the amino group was converted to the N,N-dimethylamino group (2a-2f) in excellent yield. It was found that 7-iodo-2-N,N-dimethylaminofluorene (2f) showed an extremely high binding affinity to preformed Aβ40 aggregates (K i = 0.9 nM). In vitro autoradiography study using brain sections obtained from transgenic mice (Tg2576) with [ 125 I]2f showed exquisitely high specific binding to Aβ plaques. The same section also displayed an equivalent labeling when stained by Thioflavin-S, a commonly used fluorescent dye for Aβ plaques. When [ 125 I]2f was injected intravenously into normal mice, it exhibited an excellent brain uptake. Taken together the data suggest that [ 125 I]2f may be useful as an in vivo imaging agent to detect Aβ plaques in the brain.
The Importance of Photoprocessing in Protoplanetary Disks

Midplane models of protoplanetary disks find that the cold temperatures in the outer parts of the disk ensure that virtually all molecules are accreted onto the grains.
A coupled assay measuring Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85C enzymatic activity

The prevalence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) emphasizes the need for new antitubercular drugs. An essential component of the drug discovery process is the development of tools to rapidly screen potential drug libraries against important biological targets. Similarly to well-documented M. tb targets, the antigen 85 (Ag85) enzymes are involved in the maintenance of the mycobacterial cell wall. The products synthesized by these mycolyltransferases are the cell wall components most responsible for the reduced permeability of drugs into the bacterial cell, thereby linking Ag85 activity directly with drug resistance. This article presents the development of a high-throughput colorimetric assay suitable for direct monitoring of the enzymatic activity. The assay uses a synthetic substrate containing three chemical moieties: an octanoyl fatty acid, beta-D-glucose, and p-nitrophenyl. In the context of the assay, Ag85 catalyzes the removal of the fatty acid and releases p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. The glucoside is hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase to release the p-nitrophenolate chromophore. With this assay, the K(M) and k(cat) values of Ag85C were determined to be 0.047 +/- 0.008 mM and 0.062 s(-1), respectively. In addition, the assay exhibits a Z' value of 0.81 +/- 0.06, indicating its suitability for high-throughput screening applications and drug development.
Ignition and Burning of a Layer of Incomplete Combustion Products

Abstract An ignition criterion for lean premixed and diffusion flame burning is developed using classical empirical relations for lean premixed flammability limits and an analogy between limit premixed and diffusion flames first noted by Simmons and Wolfhard. The ignition criterion is validated by comparison with ignition experiments using a layer of products of incomplete com- bustion. The criterion, developed to allow prediction of the ignition of the upper layer in compart- ment fires, is compatible with zone fire models. Three modes of layer burning were observed. Mode one burning was a ring flame surrounding the buoyant diffusion flame feeding the layer. Mode two burning occurred when the ring flame deformed to include finger-like extensions away from the plume. Mode three was burning of layer gases at the layer/air interface. All three modes were diffusion flames. The rate of burning was controlled by the flammability of the layer such that the ignition criterion was just satisfied during layer burning.
Complications of spinal fluid drainage in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a report of 486 patients treated from 1987 to 2008.

Objective Spinal fluid drainage reduces paraplegia risk in thoracic (TAA) and thoracoabdominal (TAAA) aortic aneurysm repair. There has not been a comprehensive study of the risks of spinal fluid drainage and how these risks can be reduced. Here we report complications of spinal fluid drainage in patients undergoing TAA/TAAA repair. Methods The study comprised 648 patients who had TAA or TAAA repair from 1987 to 2008. Spinal drains were used in 486 patients. Spinal fluid pressure was measured continuously, except when draining fluid, and was reduced to Results Twenty-four patients (5%) had bloody spinal fluid. CT exams showed seven had no evidence of intracranial hemorrhage, 14 (2.9%) had intracranial blood without neurologic deficit, and three with intracranial bleeding and cerebral atrophy had neurologic deficits (1 died, 1 had permanent hemiparesis, and 1 with transient ataxia recovered fully). Two patients without bloody spinal fluid or neurologic deficit after surgery presented with neurologic deficits 5 days postoperatively and died from acute on chronic subdural hematoma. Neurologic deficits occurred after spinal fluid drainage in 5 of 482 patients (1%), and 3 died. The mortality from spinal fluid drainage complications was 0.6% (3 of 482). By univariate and multivariate analysis, larger volume of spinal fluid drainage (mean, 178 mL vs 124 mL, P Conclusion Strategies that reduce the volume of spinal fluid drainage but still control spinal fluid pressure are helpful in reducing serious complications. Patients with cerebral atrophy are at increased risk for complications of spinal fluid drainage.
RSV infection--an immune balancing act: commentary on the article by Bem et al. on page 650.

RSV Infection—An Immune Balancing Act: Commentary on the article by Bem et al . on Page 650
Zone collector and transfer device for thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Recently I have begun to use two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (tlc) in place of paper chromatography for the kinetic analysis of photosynthetic incorporation of tracer carbon into plant metabolites. Because our general experimental approach (1–3) generates a large number of tlc fractions of widely different radioactivity, an economical, convenient, and rapid technique for collecting and transferring tlc zones to liquid-scintillation vials was required. Many zone collectors have been described (4–11) but were judged inadequate because of one or more of the following disadvantages: potential contamination by adsorbent from previous use adhering to the device, clogging of fritted glass filters, need for cleaning and drying prior to reuse, or need for a separate device for each sample. This report describes a device which is free of these disadvantages and is suitable for rapid collection and transfer of a series of zones.
An analytical investigation of shape control of large space structures by applied temperatures

An analytical procedure for the static shape control of flexible space structures subjected to thermal distortions is developed which is based on prescribing temperatures in control elements having much higher coefficients of thermal expansion than the main structure. The temperatures at the control elements are defined so as to minimize the overall thermal distortion of the structure from its ideal shape, and a matrix equation is obtained which can be solved for the set of optimum control temperatures. A formulation of the procedure for continuous structures governed by differential equations and a formulation for discrete (finite element modeled) structures governed by matrix equations are presented. The equations from the continuous formulation are employed for the shape control of a simple beam distorted by nonuniform heating, and the discrete formulation is applied in a general purpose finite-element structural analysis computer program for the shape control of a 750 m radiometer antenna reflector dish subjected to orbital heating. A reduction in thermal distortion by a factor of nearly 50 was obtained with the use of only seven control elements. Results for four different sets of control locations for the antenna are presented in which reductions in distortion of up to a factor of four were obtained.
A time series analysis technique for effective thermal strain imaging in atherosclerotic plaques by reducing large cardiac motion induced artifacts

Large lipid pools in vulnerable plaques, in principle, can be detected using thermal strain imaging (TSI). The practical challenge for in vivo cardiovascular application of TSI is that the thermal strain is about an order of magnitude smaller than the peak mechanical strain caused by cardiac pulsation and the former is often masked by the latter. ECG gating is a widely adopted method for motion compensation, but it is often susceptible to electrical and physiological noise. In this paper, we present an ECG-free time series analysis approach to separate the thermal strain from the mechanical strain in in vitro experiments using vessel mimicking phantom where the cardiac pulsation is simulated by a pulsatile pump.
The intra-industry effects of the acquisition of Dow Jones

We examine the intra-industry effects associated with the acquisition of Dow Jones and Company by News Corporation. We test the significance of the market's reaction to news releases throughout 2007 using event study methods. We find evidence of a direct relation between the stock price reaction of Dow Jones and the stock price reaction of its competitors, indicating that the market viewed the acquisition as beneficial to Dow Jones's industry rivals.
The inhibition of DNA repair in primary rat hepatocyte cultures by aphidicolin: Evidence for the involvement of alpha polymerase in the repair process

Abstract The effect of aphidicolin on the repair of chemically induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes was examined. Alkaline elution analysis of DNA damage and autoradiographic examination of unscheduled DNA synthesis both indicate that the repair of DNA damage was inhibited by aphidicolin. Because aphidicolin has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of alpha polymerase, these results suggest that the alpha polymerase plays an active role in the repair of rat hepatocyte DNA.
Digital assets for the next millennium

Over the past decade, a variety of digital imaging projects have been carried out in archives, libraries, and museums. This paper discusses the difficulties in moving from a series of digital projects to a digitization program, and the ensuing transformation in thinking from digital objects to digital assets that needs to occur. It also discusses the problems archives and museums face in managing, preserving, and providing continuing access to these digital assets and potential models for their long‐term management.
Revealing Latent Strategy Structures from Expert Critical Care Nurses

It is common knowledge that operators controlling dynamic environments use different types of strategies and choose strategies for different reasons. We have been using a Threat-Strategy Interview (TSI) procedure based on the threat and error management view to elicit strategies. However, there is a need for a method to uncover strategies and sub-strategies from subject matter expert (SME) interviews. This study explored an algorithmic procedure for the generation of strategy organization from participant sorts of strategies, tactics, and actions mentioned by SMEs during structured TSIs. Clusters that emerged from N x N agreement matrices of rater judgments on strategies collected from pediatric intensive care unit nurses allowed for the identification of strategy structures that were similar to those that emerged after lengthy discussion but did so in considerably less time. Through the use of this agreement matrix, we hope to uncover the latent structure of strategies from experienced nurses and, ultima...
Migrant labor in agriculture: an international comparison.

The May 1984 Conference on Migrant Labor in Agriculture at the University of California-Davis discussed papers by 22 farm labor experts from 12 nations. Each industrial nation utilizes a different set of public and private policies to supply workers for labor-intensive agriculture but none is entirely satisfactory. Labor-intensive agriculture is becoming more dependent on workers who are shut out of labor markets. Some countries have simply accepted foreign workers in agriculture while others have adopted policies to integrate farm and nonfarm labor markets. Polices to reduce agricultures reliance on workers-without-options include restructuring employment practices to employ fewer seasonal workers for longer periods mechanizing production and importing fruits and vegetables from nearby developing countries. This article explains the salient features of labor-intensive agriculture the various polices for obtaining seasonal farmworkers and options to reduce farmings dependence on migrant labor. (authors)
Discussion of “How disclosure quality affects the level of information asymmetry”

Brown and Hillegeist (2007) examine how disclosure quality relates to information asymmetry. Specifically, the authors show that the negative association between the overall quality of a firm’s disclosures and the average level of information asymmetry is primarily driven by the negative association between disclosure quality and the frequency of information events. My discussion focuses on issues surrounding proxies for information asymmetry and disclosure quality the authors use. I also suggest some venues for future research.