cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method of analyzing rectal surface area irradiated and rectal complications in prostate conformal radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a method of analyzing rectal surface area irradiated and rectal complications in prostate conformal radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Dose-surface histograms of the rectum, which state the rectal surface area irradiated to any given dose, were calculated for a group of 27 patients treated with a four-field box technique to a total (tumor minimum) dose ranging from 68 to 70 Gy. Occurrences of rectal toxicities as defined by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) were recorded and examined in terms of dose and rectal surface area irradiated. For a specified end point of rectal complication, the complication probability was analyzed as a function of dose irradiated to a fixed rectal area, and as a function of area receiving a fixed dose. Lyman’s model of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) was used to fit the data. Results: The observed occurrences of rectal complications appear to depend on the rectal surface area irradiated to a given dose level. The patient distribution of each toxicity grade exhibits a maximum as a function of percentage surface area irradiated, and the maximum moves to higher values of percentage surface area as the toxicity grade increases. The dependence of the NTCP for the specified end point on dose and percentage surface area irradiated was fitted to Lyman’s NTCP model with a set of parameters. The curvature of the NTCP as a function of the surface area suggests that the rectum is a parallel structured organ. Conclusions: The described method of analyzing rectal surface area irradiated yields interesting insight into understanding rectal complications in prostate conformal radiotherapy. Application of the method to a larger patient data set has the potential to facilitate the construction of a full dose-surface-complication relationship, which would be most useful in guiding clinical practice. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), Dose-surface histogram, Conformal radiotherapy, Prostate cancer.
Reversible and irreversible modification of erythrocyte membrane permeability by electric field.

Electric fields of a few kV/cm and of duration in microseconds are known to implant pores of limited size in cell membranes. We report here a study of kinetics of pore formation and reversibility of pores. Loading of biologically active molecules was also attempted. For human erythrocytes in an isotonic saline, pores allowed passive Rb+ entry formed within 0.5 μs when a 4 kV/cm electric pulse was used. Pores that admitted oligosaccharides were introduced with an electric pulse of a longer duration in an isosmotic mixture of NaCl and sucrose. These pores were irreversible under most circumstances, but they could be resealed in an osmotically balanced medium. A complete resealing of pores that admitted Rb+ took approximately 40 min at 37°C. Resealing of pores that admitted sucrose took much longer, 20 h, under similar conditions. In other cell types, resealing step may be omitted due to stronger membrane structures. Experimental protocols for loading small molecules into cells without losing cytoplasmic macromolecules are discussed.
Phagocytosis in the light-damaged albino rat eye: light and electron microscopic study.

Retinal photoreceptor degeneration was induced by exposing albino rats to fluorescent illumination at elevated environmental temperatures. Fine carbon particles were injected intravenously or directly into the vitreous body or anterior chamber of the eye. The resulting pattern of invasion, migration, and egression of carbon-filled phagocytes in eyes with degenerated retinas was reconstructed from a time sequence series of light and electron microscopic tissue sections. Retinal debris, such as damaged photoreceptor outer segments and carbon particles, was most frequently removed by two populations of cells possessing phagocytic properties: mononuclear cells of vascular origin and pigment epithelial cells. After retinal damage, mononuclear cells appeared first in the vitreous body and later, in time sequence, progressively deeper in the inner plexiform layer and out to the bipolar nuclear layer, where they were seen within, or partially within, retinal capillaries. After intravenous carbon injection, however, marked phagocytes were not seen in the retina. Carbon-filled phagocytic cells were observed in the choroidal connective tissue and blood vessels after intravenous injection, but not after intravitreal injections of carbon. Therefore, retinal phagocytes did not appear to leave the eye through the choroidal circulation. Pigment epithelial cells proliferated by mitotic activity, occurred as single cells separated from Bruch's membrane, and were seen among the degenerated outer segments. After direct exposure to carbon particles, pigment cell phagosomes contained both carbon and lamellated discs of degenerated outer segments. Whether these cells exited from the eye through retinal capillaries or returned to Bruch's membrane to reestablish continuity in the pigment epithelium could not be determined.
Differential parsing of EGFR endocytic flux among parallel internalization pathways in lung cancer cells with EGFR-activating mutations

Due to the existence of parallel pathways for receptor endocytosis and their complexities, a quantitative understanding of receptor endocytosis in normal and pathological settings requires computational analysis. Here, we develop a mechanistic model of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis to determine the relative contributions of three parallel pathways: clathrin-dependent internalization mediated by mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), an endogenous EGFR kinase inhibitor that links EGFR to endocytic proteins; clathrin-dependent internalization mediated by the ubiquitin ligase CBL, which can be sequestered by the regulatory protein Sprouty2; or alternative pathways that may be non-clathrin mediated. We applied the model to interpret our previous measurements of EGFR endocytosis in lung cancer cells. Interestingly, our results suggest that MIG6 is responsible for at least as much wild-type EGFR internalization as CBL, indicating that a significant fraction of internalizing EGFR may be incapable of driving signaling. Model results also suggest that MIG6's endocytic function is reduced for the kinase-activated and internalization-impaired EGFR mutants found in some lung cancers. Analysis of Sprouty2 knockdown data indicates that Sprouty2 regulates EGFR endocytosis primarily by controlling EGFR expression, rather than by sequestering CBL, and supports the notion that CBL-mediated internalization is impaired for EGFR mutants. We further demonstrate that differences in internalization between wild-type and mutant EGFR cannot explain differences in EGF-mediated EGFR degradation without concomitant changes in EGFR recycling, which we previously quantified. This work provides new quantitative insights into EGFR trafficking in lung cancer and provides a framework for studying parallel endocytosis pathways for other receptors.
USA's Destiny? Regulating Space and Creating Community in American Shopping Malls

Summary. In North American cities, shopping malls are heralded as the new town square. Historically, the town square was a place where diverse people came together and where politics, economics and sociability were intermingled. However, shopping centres, which are separated from the old downtown by distance or design, seem for many people to be the new heart of public and social life. It is argued in this article that the regulation of the spaces of the mall is intended to create ‘community’ rather than a ‘public’. In the process of creating community, the political potential of public space and the quality of publicity created are contorted so as to muffle political opposition and critique in the name of civility. This argument is illustrated through an examination of the Carousel Center Mall in Syracuse, New York.
IL-1RL2 and Its Ligands Contribute to the Cytokine Network in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated disease in European populations; it is characterized by inflammation and altered epidermal differentiation leading to redness and scaling. T cells are thought to be the main driver, but there is also evidence for an epidermal contribution. In this article, we show that treatment of mouse skin overexpressing the IL-1 family member, IL-1F6, with phorbol ester leads to an inflammatory condition with macroscopic and histological similarities to human psoriasis. Inflammatory cytokines thought to be important in psoriasis, such as TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-23, are upregulated in the mouse skin. These cytokines are induced by and can induce IL-1F6 and related IL-1 family cytokines. Inhibition of TNF or IL-23 inhibits the increased epidermal thickness, inflammation, and cytokine production. Blockade of IL-1F6 receptor also resolves the inflammatory changes in human psoriatic lesional skin transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. These data suggest a role for IL-1F family members in psoriasis.
Time-series analysis of the female percentage of arrests for property crimes, 1960–1985: A test of alternative explanations

We examine rival explanations of trends in the female share of offending in property crimes since 1960, with particular emphasis on the gender equality or “liberation” thesis. The alternative explanations examined focus on trends in the economic marginality of females and trends in formal policing. The analysis is based on U.S. arrest data covering the 1960–1985 period, with data from a variety of sources that provide aggregate measures of each of the alternative explanations. The findings do not support the traditional liberation thesis. Instead they show that trends in the female share of offending are largely a function of trends in formal policing, and less so of trends in the economic marginalization of females. These findings based on U.S. data are consistent with those of other researchers who have reported recently on cross-national data. At the end of the report, we discuss the significance of our findings for research and theory on female crime.
Metal-Hydrogen Bond Cleavage Reactions of Transition Metal Hydrides: Hydrogen Atom, Hydride, and Proton Transfer Reactions

Abstract Cleavage of the M-H bond of transition metal hydrides can result in delivery of a hydride (H−), hydrogen atom (H), or proton (H+) to an organic or organo-metallic substrate. Hydrogen atom transfer from a metal hydride to an olefin is an endothermic reaction; the rate at which different metal hydrides carry out this reaction is mainly dependent on the bond dissociation energy of the M-H bond. Hydrogen atom transfer from a metal hydride to a carbon-centered radical is an exothermic reaction in which the rate is largely determined by steric demands of the ligands of the metal hydride, with thermodynamics playing a less important role. Some neutral metal hydrides can function as hydride donors to carbocations. Anionic metal hydrides also exhibit hydridic reactivity, but in some cases the actual M-H bond cleavage step involves hydrogen atom transfer as a part of a radical chain reaction. Neutral metal hydrides can function as nucleophiles and as weakly coordinating ligands to coordinatively unsaturate...
Using the observer-based psychophysical procedure to assess localization acuity in toddlers who use bilateral cochlear implants.

Hypothesis: Localization acuity will emerge in deaf children who receive bilateral cochlear implants (BI-CIs) before the age of 3 years but not in age-matched children who use a single device. Background: There is a growing clinical trend in which infants with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss are receiving BI-CIs by 3 years. Although there is general agreement that better communicative and educational outcomes are achieved when the first implant is provided at a young age, there are few behavioral data showing the functional benefits of providing infants with BI-CIs. One potential benefit of BI-CIs is improved localization acuity, which develops within the first few years of life. Methods: Two groups of children with chronological ages ranging from 26 to 36 months participated: 1) children with normal hearing (n = 8) and 2) children with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (n = 18). Of the children who are deaf, 10 used BI-CIs, and 8 used unilateral cochlear implants. Localization acuity was measured with a single interval 2-alternativeforced choice right/left discrimination task, and minimum audible angles were computed at a performance level of 80% correct. Behavioral data were collected using the observer-based psychophysical procedure. Results: Preliminary results show that the observer-based psychophysical procedure is a feasible method to measure localization acuity in children with normal hearing and in deaf children with cochlear implants and that localization acuity is emerging in toddlers with BI-CIs but not yet in toddlers with unilateral
Changing “Course” Reconceptualizing Educational Variables for Massive Open Online Courses

In massive open online courses (MOOCs), low barriers to registration attract large numbers of students with diverse interests and backgrounds, and student use of course content is asynchronous and unconstrained. The authors argue that MOOC data are not only plentiful and different in kind but require reconceptualization—new educational variables or different interpretations of existing variables. The authors illustrate this by demonstrating the inadequacy or insufficiency of conventional interpretations of four variables for quantitative analysis and reporting: enrollment, participation, curriculum, and achievement. Drawing from 230 million clicks from 154,763 registrants for a prototypical MOOC offering in 2012, the authors present new approaches to describing and understanding user behavior in this emerging educational context.
Electron microscopic studies of Moll's gland cyst.

Several Moll's gland cysts from 4 different patients were studied with the light and electron microscopes. The cysts were lined with a combination of several different epithelia, such as completely keralinized epithelium, glycogen-rich, stratified squamous epithelium with incompletely keratinized luminal cells, sweat duct epithelium, and secretory cells. In one case in addition to the above components, secretory-type wall cells contained very large lamellar inclusions which were PAS positive and diastase resistant. It was concluded that Moll's gland cyst is composed of dilated duct of the Moll's gland and secretory segment; the proportion of each segment is variable but the portion showing ductal differentiation is usually predominant and typical secretory epithelium is not always seen.
Understanding precision nitrogen stress to optimize the growth and lipid content tradeoff in oleaginous green microalgae

Nitrogen deficiency promotes lipid formation in many microalgae, but also limits growth and lipid productivity. In spite of numerous studies, there is poor understanding of the interactions of growth and lipid content, the time course of lipid accumulation and the magnitude of nitrogen deficiency required to stimulate lipid formation. These relationships were investigated in six species of oleaginous green algae, comparing high and low levels of deficiency. Nitrogen stress typically had disproportionate effects on growth and lipid content, with profound differences among species. Optimally balancing the tradeoffs required a wide range in nitrogen supply rate among species. Some species grew first and then accumulated lipids, while other species grew and accumulated lipids concurrently which resulted in increased lipid productivity. Accumulation of high lipid content generally resulted from a response to minimal stress. The data highlight the tremendous biodiversity that may be exploited to optimally produce lipids with precision nitrogen stress.
The prognostic significance of nutritional status in advanced colorectal cancer

RESULTS: So far a total of 678 women (36% AAm and 64% CAm) have been enrolled and data have been collected for women (n 267) enrolled in 2001. The incidence of Her-2/neu positive tumors among AAm and CAm women was 38.2% and 23.6%, respectively (95% CI: 1.14-3.51). After adjusting for potential confounders such as tumor stage, grade, age at the time of diagnosis, and estrogen receptor status, the observed higher incidence of Her-2/neu positive tumors among AAm women was not significant. CONCLUSION: Preliminary analyses suggest that the incidence of Her-2/neu positive breast tumors is higher among AAm women. This observed incidence, however, is likely due to pathologic characteristics of tumor rather that a difference in the underlying molecular biology of tumor.
Personality Development: Continuity and Change Over the Life Course

The development of personality across the human life course may be observed from three different standpoints: the person as actor (behaving), agent (striving), and author (narrating). Evident even in infancy, broad differences in social action patterns foreshadow the long-term developmental elaboration of early temperament into adult dispositional traits. Research on personal strivings and other motivational constructs provides a second perspective on personality, one that becomes psychologically salient in childhood with the consolidation of an agentic self and the articulation of more-or-less stable goals. Layered over traits and goals, internalized life stories begin to emerge in adolescence and young adulthood, as the person authors a narrative identity to make meaning out of life. The review traces the development of traits, goals, and life stories from infancy through late adulthood and ends by considering their interplay at five developmental milestones: age 2, the transition to adolescence, emerging adulthood, midlife, and old age.
Systematic Management: The Search for Order and Integration

A comparative examination of late nineteenth-century worker productivity, machine utilization, and management methodology reveals the importance of process-oriented organization in American factories, where the highest technical skills were directed not at making products, as in Europe, but at making production lines. This orientation, together with a rapidly changing environment, required a particular kind of management and a new awareness of the management function.
Sensitivities of Neurotropic Arboviruses to Human Interferon

In terms of human disease, the arboviruses producing the greatest number of clinical cases of central nervous system illness in the United States are St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, La Crosse (LAC) virus (the predominant pathogenic member of the California encephalitis virus group), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus [1]. Although clinical illness due to LAC virus tends to be relatively mild, SLE in elderly persons and WEE, particularly in infants, can be highly lethal encephalitic processes [2, 3]. In previous reports, we have detailed the measurement of interferon in the brains of persons dying from SLE and WEE [4, 5]. In the case of SLE, the maximal concentration of interferon measured was equivalent to 75 international reference units (IRU)/g (wet weight) of tissue. In contrast, a concentration of interferon equivalent to 4,800 IRU was found in the brain of a person dying from WEE. These patients were all > 60 years of age. In vitro experiments with mononuclear cells from adult nonimmune volunteers confirmed that WEE
Bose?Einstein condensates in the presence of a magnetic trap and optical lattice: two-mode approximation

In this paper we study the solutions to a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with harmonic and periodic potentials, motivated from the recent interest in these models as mean-field descriptions of Bose–Einstein condensates. We use a two-mode Galerkin approximation to study the dynamics of the full model. The phase plane and stability analysis of the reduced model yield very good agreement with the findings of the full partial differential equation. A particularly interesting finding of the stability analysis is a spontaneous symmetry breaking through a branching bifurcation, resulting in the stabilization of asymmetric states and the destabilization of symmetric or anti-symmetric ones. We also highlight the important differences between the cases of symmetric potentials and those of weakly asymmetric potentials.
AVIAN INFLUENZA SHEDDING PATTERNS IN WATERFOWL: IMPLICATIONS FOR SURVEILLANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSMISSION, AND DISEASE SPREAD

Despite the recognized importance of fecal/oral transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) via contaminated wetlands, little is known about the length, quantity, or route of AI virus shed by wild waterfowl. We used published laboratory challenge studies to evaluate the length and quantity of low pathogenic (LP) and highly pathogenic (HP) virus shed via oral and cloacal routes by AI-infected ducks and geese, and how these factors might influence AI epidemiology and virus detection. We used survival analysis to estimate the duration of infection (from virus inoculation to the last day virus was shed) and nonlinear models to evaluate temporal patterns in virus shedding. We found higher mean virus titer and longer median infectious period for LPAI-infected ducks (10-11.5 days in oral and cloacal swabs) than HPAI-infected ducks (5 days) and geese (7.5 days). Based on the median bird infectious dose, we found that environmental contamination is two times higher for LPAI- than HPAI-infectious ducks, which implies that susceptible birds may have a higher probability of infection during LPAI than HPAI outbreaks. Less environmental contamination during the course of infection and previously documented shorter environmental persistence for HPAI than LPAI suggest that the environment is a less favorable reservoir for HPAI. The longer infectious period, higher virus titers, and subclinical infections with LPAI viruses favor the spread of these viruses by migratory birds in comparison to HPAI. Given the lack of detection of HPAI viruses through worldwide surveillance, we suggest monitoring for AI should aim at improving our understanding of AI dynamics (in particular, the role of the environment and immunity) using long-term comprehensive live bird, serologic, and environmental sampling at targeted areas. Our findings on LPAI and HPAI shedding patterns over time provide essential information to parameterize environmental transmission and virus spread in predictive epizootiologic models of disease risks.
Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) for Clinical Detection of Influenza in Children

Background. Validated clinical scales, such as the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS), have not been used to differentiate influenza (FLU) from other respiratory viruses. Methods. Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort presenting to the emergency department (ED) with an influenza-like infection from 2008 to 2010. Subjects were children aged 0 to 19 years who had a venipuncture and respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction. Demographics and CARIFS items were assessed during the ED visit; comparisons were made between FLU and non-FLU subjects. Results. The 203 subjects had median age 30.5 months; 61.6% were male. Comorbid conditions (51.2%) were common. FLU was identified in 26.6%, and were older than non-FLU patients (69.7 vs 47.9 months, P = .02). Demographic, household factors, and mean CARIFS score did not differ between FLU (33.7), and non-FLU (32.0) (mean difference 1.6, 95% CI: −2.0 to 5.2) groups. Conclusions. CARIFS cannot discriminate between FLU and non-FLU infection ...
Waves in a gas in solid-body rotation

The axial and transverse wave motions of an inviscid perfect gas in isothermal solid-body rotation in a cylinder are investigated. Solutions of the resulting eigenvalue problem are shown to correspond to two types of waves. The acoustic waves are the rotational counterparts of the well-known Rayleigh solutions for a gas at rest in a cylinder. The rotational waves, whose amplitudes and frequencies go to zero in the non-rotating limit, exhibit phase speeds both larger and smaller than the speed of sound. The effect of rotation on the frequency and structure of these waves is discussed.
The mechanism of the photooxidation of 1‐(9‐phenanthryl)‐4‐phenyl‐1‐buten‐3‐yne

Irradiation of 1-(9-phenanthryl)-4-phenylbutenyne (1) in aprotic solvents containing oxygen gives two products, namely a photocyclization product, 1-phenyltriphenylene 3, as is usually formed from diarylbutenynes, and a photooxidation product (2), derived from cyclopropapyrone. The formation of the latter product is rather specific to the butenyne 1. Both products arise from singlet- excited butenyne, probably via the same cycloallene intermediate 4. Supposedly, this intermediate is converted by triplet oxygen into a 1,2-dioxetane, having an exocyclic double bond, from which the oxidation product can be formed by ring opening and further rearrangements. The negligible photooxidation of other butenynes is ascribed to the much shorter lifetime of the corresponding cyclic allenes.
Predicting the Future: Personal Jurisdiction for the Twenty-First Century

Recently, a number of earthbound courts have had to determine whether they have personal jurisdiction over defendants who conduct their business in cyberspace. This article uses the emerging cyberjurisdiction caselaw to criticize the Supreme Court's Constitutional doctrine of personal jurisdiction, looking backward at where the doctrine has come from and forward to where it should be going. In particular, the article finds that the Court's increasing emphasis on the foreseeability of suit in the forum state paradoxically renders the outcome of any particular case unpredictable, not only for denizens of cyberspace, but for persons engaged in more mundane transactions. The article proposes doctrinal and procedural reforms needed to make the resolution of both analog and digital disputes more efficient and more just.
Escaping From Predators: An Integrative View of Escape Decisions

List of contributors Foreword Ron Ydenberg and Larry Dill Acknowledgements 1. Escape behaviour: importance, scope, and variables William E. Cooper, Jr and Daniel T. Blumstein 2. Theory: models of escape behaviour and refuge use William E. Cooper, Jr 3. Mammals Theodore Stankowich and Eigil Reimers 4. Birds Anders Pape Moller 5. Reptiles William E. Cooper, Jr 6. Fish and amphibians Patricia A. Fleming and Philip W. Bateman 7. Invertebrates Philip W. Bateman and Patricia A. Fleming 8. Prey behaviours during fleeing: escape trajectories, signalling and sensory defences Paolo Domenici and Graeme D. Ruxton 9. Hiding time in refuge Jose Martin and Pilar Lopez 10. Vigilance, alarm calling, pursuit deterrence and predation inspection Guy Beauchamp 11. Determinants of lizard escape performance: decision, motivation, ability, and opportunity Kathleen L. Foster, Clint E. Collins, Timothy E. Higham and Theodore Garland, Jr 12. Sensory systems and escape behaviour Luke P. Tyrrell and Esteban Fernandez-Juricic 13. The physiology of escape Yoav Litvin, D. Caroline Blanchard and Robert J. Blanchard 14. Maternal and genetic effects on escape: a prospective review Lesley T. Lancaster 15. The personality of escape Pilar Lopez and Jose Martin 16. Best practice for the study of escape behaviour Daniel T. Blumstein, Diogo S. M. Samia, Theodore Stankowich and William E. Cooper, Jr 17. Afterword Daniel T. Blumstein and William E. Cooper, Jr Index.
A valid question: Could hate speech condition bias in the brain?

Here, we respond to three peer commentaries on our paper, ‘A hypothetical neurological association between dehumanization and human rights abuses’.1 In that paper, we hypothesized that dehumanizing implicit biases dampen the response of neural mechanisms of pain empathy to (and thereby reduce empathy for) implicitly subordinated or dehumanized targets, perhaps offering some insight into the association of dehumanization with human rights abuses.2 The commentaries we respond to are by Professor Robert Mark Simpson,3 Judge Morris B. Hoffman,4 and Dr Alexandra Roginsky and Professor Alexander Tsesis.5 We thank them all for their time and input.
Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea‐Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions

Mechanistic investigations of the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of coumarin with tetramethylethylene mediated by thiourea catalysts reveal that the reaction is enabled by a combination of minimized aggregation, enhanced intersystem crossing, and altered excited-state lifetime(s). These results clarify how the excited-state reactivity can be manipulated through catalyst–substrate interactions and reveal a third mechanistic pathway for thiourea-mediated organo-photocatalysis.
Reduced-Pressure UV Photo-Oxidation of Organic Contaminants on Si Surfaces

A reduced-pressure ultraviolet (UV) photo-oxidation process is described for the removal of organic contamination from Si surfaces with concomitant growth of an ultra-thin oxide passivation layer. As in situ photo-generation of ozone (O3) from dioxygen (O2) is impractical at millitorr pressures, a 2% O3/O2 mixture from an ozone generator is fed to the surface conditioning chamber. UV/O3 surface conditioning employing simultaneous 254/185 nm UV irradiation results in essentially complete removal of carbon contamination in 180 s at 100 mTorr and 100–200°C. Kinetics studies employing cyclohexane-contaminated Si(100) surfaces suggest that carbon removal occurs via two consecutive first-order processes: initial fast photo-oxidation of adsorbed cyclohexane to readily desorbed products and slower photo-oxidation of adsorbed carbonyl intermediates to CO2 and H2O. The activation energies for both processes are 2–3 kcal/mol, consistent with the involvement of photo-generated atomic oxygen species. Self-limiting growth of an ultra-thin oxide passivation layer occurs concomitantly with carbon removal. At saturation, the oxide layer is only 3–4 A thick, and the growth kinetics are described by a first-order Langmuirian adsorption model.
A Western-Fed Diet Increases Plasma HDL and LDL-Cholesterol Levels in ApoD-/- Mice

Objective Plasma apolipoprotein (apo)D, a ubiquitously expressed protein that binds small hydrophobic ligands, is found mainly on HDL particles. According to studies of human genetics and lipid disorders, plasma apoD levels positively correlate with HDL-cholesterol and apoAI levels. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that apoD was a regulator of HDL metabolism.
Microstructural Evolution of AI/Ni and Ni/AI Bilayer Thin Films

The growth and microstructural evolution of Al/Ni and Ni/AI bilayer thin films have been investigated as a function of Al and Ni layer thickness and thermal treatment by transmission electron microscopy. Studies were also made of Al and Ni single layers of varying thickness. All films were grown by dc magnetron sputtering using carbon coated Cu TEM grids as substrates. For the bilayers, the Al thickness was fixed at either 3.5 or 7.0 nm while the Ni thickness was varied systematically from 3.2 to 12.8 nm. Deposition sequence significantly influenced bilayer microstructure even in as-deposited samples. Al/Ni bilayers generally exhibited a finer microstructure than Ni/AI. In the 3.5 nm Al/Ni bilayers no conclusive electron diffraction evidence was found for elemental Al while for the reverse sequence both Al and NiAl3 diffraction rings were found. In the 7.0 nm Al/Ni bilayers diffraction rings due to Al were observed. The reverse sequence again produced both Al and NiAl3 diffraction rings. Interestingly, diffraction rings due to the Ni layers were found for all samples but were consistently measured at positions corresponding to a 2.5–3.5% increase in interplanar spacing. Annealing at 385°C produced evidence for generalized grain growth and strong accentuation of the electron diffraction rings due to the NiAl3 phase. Again, deposition significantly influenced annealed bilayer microstructure. For the Al/Ni sequence annealing produced polycrystalline N1AI3 island/like structures, while for Ni/AI bilayers, annealing promoted the growth of small NiAl3 crystals uniformly distributed in the film.
Study on risk assessment of transmission and distribution equipments

Risk assessment for transmission and distribution equipments is an effective means for improving and strengthening equipment safety and management.The basic theories and methods concerning risk analysis of transmission and distribution equipments were out1ined in this paper, the application range and advantages and disadvantages of all the methods were explained.The research findings and application status for risk assessment of equipments at home and abroad in the recent years were reviewed, the main frame, model and method of risk assessment in guide rule issued by State Grid Corporation were analyzed according to the developments of risk assessment in China, And the points of view about implementation of the guide rule were presented, in order to provide some ideas for risk assessment in power enterprise.
Micro-neuroanatomy of the Vagus, Superior Laryngeal, and Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves

The micro-neuroanatomy of the vagus nerve (VN), superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and their respective central connections are complex. While there has been some clarity amongst animal and human studies, there is considerable debate regarding central contributions and topography, as well as peripheral fiber types, topographical organization, and function. This chapter will discuss the micro-neuroanatomy of the central connections, neural ganglia, and each nerve separately. Meanwhile, because the micro-neuroanatomy provides information regarding the form underlying the function of the larynx, further consideration of laryngeal dysfunction is addressed through additional sections covering age-related changes, neural injury, and neural regeneration.
Augmenting Reality Through Wearable Devices

Wearable devices such as smart watches, fitness bands, and other easily concealable sensors are become ever more ubiquitous in today’s society. People are often checking their steps, heart rate, or text messages, with the same ease in which they would check the time only a few years ago. With all the data being collected and shared there is a new opportunity to leverage this information to better inform augmented reality. With wearable devices, there is the ability to create a fully personal augmented reality experience, tailored to the user’s preferences, abilities and bio-metrics. This includes the ability to track things like heart rate and skin temperature, and inform runners when they are overheating, or suggest to sedentary workers that they perform exercise, and take the stairs, but when combined with rich interactive narrative, rules, and goals the feedback from these devices become an augmented reality game.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Cyclometalation Chemistry of Tantalum Terphenyl Compounds

The κ1-m-terphenyl complex of tantalum, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3Cl ([ArTol2] = 2,6-di-p-tolylphenyl), has been synthesized by the reaction of [Ta(NMe2)3Cl2]2 with two equivalents of [ArTol2]Li. [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3Cl provides access to a variety of monoalkyl compounds, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3R (R = Me, Et, Prn, Bun, and Np; Np = CH2But), via the reactions with the corresponding RLi. In addition, the reaction of [Ta(NMe2)3Cl2]2 with excess [ArTol2]Li affords the bis(terphenyl) complex, [ArTol2]2Ta(NMe2)3, while the reaction of [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3Cl with LiBH4 gives the borohydride complex, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3(κ2-BH4). The dichloride compound, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)2Cl2, which is obtained via the reaction of [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3Cl with Me3SiCl, provides access to a series of dialkyl derivatives, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)2R2 (R = Me, Et, Prn, Bun, and Np), via the reactions with the corresponding RLi. The κ1-m-terphenyl ligands in these complexes are susceptible to metalation. Thus, [ArTol2]Ta(NMe2)3R eliminates RH to afford [κ2-ArTol,Tol′]Ta(NM...
Single-Molecule DNA Polymerase Dynamics at a Bacterial Replisome in Live Cells.

PolC is one of two essential replicative DNA polymerases found in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The B. subtilis replisome is eukaryotic-like in that it relies on a two DNA polymerase system for chromosomal replication. To quantitatively image how the replicative DNA polymerase PolC functions in B. subtilis, we applied photobleaching-assisted microscopy, three-dimensional superresolution imaging, and single-particle tracking to examine the in vivo behavior of PolC at single-molecule resolution. We report the stoichiometry of PolC proteins within each cell and within each replisome, we elucidate the diffusion characteristics of individual PolC molecules, and we quantify the exchange dynamics for PolC engaged in lagging strand synthesis. We show that PolC is highly dynamic: this DNA polymerase is constantly recruited to and released from a centrally located replisome, providing, to our knowledge, new insight into the organization and dynamics of the replisome in bacterial cells.
Partial attitude consensus for underactuated satellite clusters

In this paper, we consider two problems dealing with the partial attitude synchronization of a multi-satellite system in which the satellites, modeled as rigid bodies, are underactuated. Having control authority about only two of the three principal axes, the objective is to align the uncontrolled third axis of all satellites such that they point along the same direction. Two control laws are proposed, one which aligns two satellites towards the same direction in inertial space, and another one which synchronizes an N-satellite system such that the satellites align their underactuated axes towards a fixed inertial direction. The synchronization discrepancy between the satellites is expressed in a unique parameterization that describes the uncontrolled axis of one satellite in the frame of the other via a stereographic projection, while the velocity discrepancy is described using a partial angular velocity difference.
Single-Molecule Characterization of E. Coli Pol III Core Catalytic Activity

Antibiotic resistance is a growing health problem. Hence new antibiotics and new antibiotic targets are critically needed. Bacterial DNA polymerases are potentially attractive targets for the development of new antibiotics because, while the process of DNA replication is conserved, the structures and interactions of the proteins involved vary considerably between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA polymerase III (Pol III) is the replicative DNA polymerase in E. coli and is composed of 10 subunits that tightly coordinate leading and lagging strand synthesis. The core of the polymerase (Pol III core) contains the catalytic polymerase subunit, α, the 3′ → 5′ proofreading exonuclease, e, and a subunit of unknown function, θ. Here we employ optical tweezers to characterize Pol III core activity on a single DNA molecule. We quantify the transitions between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) during Pol III core activity via constant force measurements, in which the change in extension can be used to determine the rate of polymerization or exonucleolysis at forces below the melting transition force. These experiments are performed at forces greater than the force at which dsDNA and ssDNA stretching curves cross; therefore, while polymerization is inhibited, exonucleolysis is favored by force. We show that the application of tension facilitates the inter-molecular transfer of the primer between the polymerase and exonuclease subunits of the Pol III core assembly. Here we report the dependence of these catalytic rates on template tension and find the zero-force polymerization rate of Pol III core to be 38 ± 9 nts/s. We show that the dwell times of processive events between pauses for polymerization and exonucleolysis are 0.7 ± 0.1 s and 0.3 ± 0.1 s, respectively, suggesting distinct DNA binding dynamics during the polymerase and exonuclease activities.
Simulating tolerance - a collective behavior observed in dynamic social networks

Research into social network systems has observed a phenomenon, named tolerance, through simulations. Tolerance is defined as agent's willingness to maintain an unrewarding connection. We have presented a mathematical model of tolerance to predict the n-tolerance of an agent. We use a real world dataset in the experiments and adjust variables and procedure to achieve desirable results. This work has shown that tolerance is not just a side-effect of the decision rule chosen for the system, nor is it a purely sociological theory, but an observable trait of dynamic social networks in real-world situations.
Simultaneous, quantitative detection of multiple biomarkers in human breast cancers using multicolor nanoparticles

619 Background: Conventional methods of detecting breast cancer biomarkers are hampered by a lack of adequate quantification and/or an inability to detect multiple targets on small quantities of ti...
Flexible reconfigurable antenna with MIMO configuration

In this paper, a reconfigurable folded slot antenna with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration is reported. Two orthogonal antennas are used to form the MIMO antenna system for better isolation. The proposed antenna system is designed, simulated and fabricated on a flexible substrate to be used for conformal structures. A p-i-n diode is integrated to each element of the MIMO system. When the p-i-n diode is OFF, the antenna is dual-band at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. When the p-i-n diode is ON, the antenna is single band at 2.4 GHz. The proposed MIMO antenna system works for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications.
Generalized Poisson Distributions: Properties and Applications

(1990). Generalized Poisson Distributions: Properties and Applications. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 168-168.
Boredom as a seeking state: Boredom prompts the pursuit of novel (even negative) experiences

Building on functional models of emotion, we propose that boredom creates a seeking state that prompts people to explore new experiences, even if those experiences are hedonically negative. Specifically, as emotional responses fade, boredom motivates the pursuit of alternative experiences that differ from the experience that resulted in boredom. Participants who reported a higher degree of boredom after a neutral task were more likely to choose negative experiences (Study 1). Compared with a low-boredom condition, participants in a high-boredom condition desired novel experiences and, as a result of this desire, were more likely to choose novel negative experiences (Study 2). In Study 3, participants were made bored by positive or negative stimuli. Participants in the positive-boredom conditions were more likely to choose a novel experience that was more negative; participants in the negative-boredom conditions were more likely to choose a novel experience that was more positive. These findings reveal that boredom motivates people to seek out novel experiences that elicit different (even more negative) feelings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
BMP signalling specifies the pyloric sphincter.

Sphincters are muscular valves that form at the boundaries between organs of the gut; for example, the pyloric sphincter forms at the junction of the small intestine and stomach. We show here that signalling by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from the avian small intestine induces the cells of the adjacent gizzard (the equivalent of the stomach in the chicken) primordium to form a sphincter. This finding and related studies of the role of Hox genes in the specification of the iliocaecal sphincter1 provide insights into the processes by which new cell fates are specified at the borders between distinct embryological domains.
Incidence of PI3K pathway aberrations and their impact on response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes.

588Background: TNBC cell lines characterized as mesenchymal (M) and luminal androgen receptor (LAR) commonly have aberrations in the PI3K pathway. However, the incidence in human tumors and impact on response to therapy is less clear. Methods: Pre-treatment biopsies were collected from TNBC patients (pts) prior to NACT. Tumors were categorized into 5 groups using the Pietenpol criteria (Lehmann JCI 2011): basal-like (BL) comprised of BL-1 and BL-2, M comprised of M and mesenchymal stem-like, immunomodulatory (IM), LAR, or unspecified (UNS). Using RNAseq data, variants were identified in 16 PI3K pathway genes: AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, CRKL, IRS2, MTOR, PIK3CA, PIK3CG, PIK3R1, PTEN, RICTOR, RPTOR, RNF43, TSC1, TSC2. Results: Data was available in 63 pts (N = 4 stage I; N = 41 stage II; N = 18 stage III). There was no significant association between stage and subtype. 67 PI3K pathway variants were identified in 39 (62%) tumors. The incidence of mutated tumors and their differential response to NACT defined by resid...
Driver Drowsiness Detection and Measurement Methods

This chapter provides an overview of driver drowsiness detection (DDD) and measurement methods and organizes them by category. The five main categories are: subjective, physiological, vehicle-based, behavioral, and hybrid. Most DDD systems being developed today rely on either vehicle-based measures—notably the steering wheel movement (SWM) and the standard deviation of lane position (SDLP)—or methods based on the detection of behavioral clues, e.g., closing of the eyes, yawning and nodding of the head.
Subjective reactions of students to a programed workbook for a continental classroom course

mended supplementary readings. This group was designated the experimental group. The remaining viewers did not receive the workbook, but took the course in the usual manner, i.e., viewing television, using the official text, and reading whatever supplementary materials they chose. This group was designated as the control group.2 Among the college students viewing Continental Classroom were approximately 80 high school students in the San Diego school system. The fact that high school students were taking this 1 The programed workbook written by Albert E. Hickey and Sanford M. Autor, was keyed to the official text by Mosteller, Rourke, and Thomas. The project, conducted by the Northeastern University Automated Teaching Project, was supported by grants from the Fund for the Advancement of Education and the Learning Resources Institute. Dr. Hickey was head of the Northeastern University Automated Teaching Project. The survey reported here was a part of the total project and was conducted by New England Con' sultants, Inc. The authors are president and vice-president, respectively, of this survey research organization. The conclusions and interpretations made by the authors are their own and do not imply official endorsement by those supporting and coordinating this project. 2 An equally important portion of the assessment of the supplementary workbook was a comparison of the experimental and control groups on the mid-term and final examinations given as a part of the course. The objective measure of the effectiveness of the programed workbook was not the responsibility of the authors. This portion of the research was conducted by Drs. Hickey and Autor.