cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O surgimento do movimento #vidasnegrasimportam

Um movimento contra a brutalidade policial eclodiu e abalou a sociedade americana ate o seu cerne. Houve protestos diarios nas semanas apos o anuncio de que dois policiais brancos nao seriam indiciados pelo assassinato de dois homens negros desarmados. Desde novembro de 2014, dezenas de milhares de pessoas participaram de atos, acoes diretas e toda forma de protesto para se manifestar contra o racismo, a brutalidade e a injustica no âmago das instituicoes legais americanas. Surgia o movimento Black Lives Matter. Este artigo apresenta a visao da autora a respeito deste movimento social.
Abstract B25: Demographic characteristics and peripheral blood clinical laboratory variables predict irAE occurrence in patients with advanced melanoma receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy

Background: Although immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) are commonly seen in anti-PD-1 monotherapy-treated patients, their predictive biomarkers are still lacking. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, clinical data were collected from 141 advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy at Massachusetts General Hospital from Sept. 2009 to Dec. 2017. Demographic characteristics, baseline, and early-on-treatment (median 3 weeks after anti-PD-1 monotherapy initiation) routine laboratory variables were collected and correlated with occurrence of irAEs in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: 80/141 (56.7%) patients developed irAEs after anti-PD-1 monotherapy initiation. Significant independent predictive variables (P Conclusions: Scoring system based on simple, easily accessible, and routinely tested biomarkers could be used to help predict the risk of irAEs occurrence in anti-PD-1 monotherapy-treated advanced melanoma patients. Citation Format: Xue Bai, Michelle S. Kim, Gyulnara Kasumova, Justine Cohen, Donald Lawrence, Christine Freedman, Riley Fadden, Krista Rubin, Tatyana Sharova, Keith Flaherty, Ryan Sullivan, Genevieve Boland. Demographic characteristics and peripheral blood clinical laboratory variables predict irAE occurrence in patients with advanced melanoma receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B25.
The Erosion of Public Trust and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines— More Action is Needed

As states and health systems prepare to deliver severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines to the American public, a confluence of factors has the potential to interfere with these efforts: misinformation about coronavirus disease 2019, vaccine hesitancy, and the erosion of the American public's trust in the vaccine regulatory process due to recent and ongoing events. Broad action is needed to address these issues, including improved and consistent communication by the Food and Drug Administration, restoration of the Centers for Disease Control as an independent and science-driven institution, and more aggressive policies to counteract misinformation, particularly on social media platforms.
Explaining SNAP Nonparticipation among Food-Insecure Poor and Near-Poor Households with Dependent Children

Why households eligible for SNAP do not participate has perplexed scholars. Explanations exist, but few explore whether SNAP nonparticipation coincides with private food assistance. Applying an inn...
Kienböck’s disease of the lunate

Osteonecrosis of the lunate or Kienbock’s disease is an entity that has been recognized for over a century. It was first described by the Austrian radiologist, Robert Kienbock, and is characterized by progressive pain and dysfunction of the wrist typically without any history of acute trauma. In this chapter, we will discuss the known pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, imaging, and treatments available.
From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore

A magnificent celebration of --and an essential introduction to--African American life and culture. Within the chapter on folk art, which includes a sixteen-page color insert, guilts, dolls, sculpture, and painting get their due. From the famous to the anonymous, From My people is Dance's gift back to her culture.
Modeling Adolescent Development and Alcohol Use in Animals

Though certain characteristics found in human adolescents are clearly unique, there are other key characteristics of this developmental stage that are common across a number of species. Animal models offer researchers unique insight into the effects of alcohol on the adolescent. This age period is particularly important for study, because this is the time during which many people first experiment with alcohol. It is possible that features of the adolescent brain may in fact predispose a youngster to behave in ways that place him or her at particular risk for experimenting with alcohol or other drugs. In addition to behavioral changes, a number of important physiological alterations occur during adolescence, including changes in brain regions implicated in modulating the reinforcing effects of alcohol and other drugs of abuse.
Countermeasure for space flight effects on immune system: nutritional nucleotides

Microgravity and its environment have adverse effects on the immune system. Abnormal immune responses observed in microgravity may pose serious consequences, especially for the recent directions of NASA for long-term space missions to Moon, Mars and deep Space exploration. The study of space flight immunology is limited due to relative inaccessibility, difficulty of performing experiments in space, and inadequate provisions in this area in the United States and Russian space programs (Taylor 1993). Microgravity and stress experienced during space flights results in immune system aberration (Taylor 1993). In ground-based mouse models for some of the microgravity effects on the human body, hindlimb unloading (HU) has been reported to cause abnormal cell proliferation and cytokine production (Armstrong et al., 1993, Chapes et al. 1993). In this report, we document that a nutritional nucleotide supplementation as studied in ground-based microgravity analogs, has potential to serve as a countermeasure for the immune dysfunction observed in space travel.
Neural control of the sphincter of Oddi. Physiologic role of enkephalins on the regulation of basal sphincter of Oddi motor activity in the cat.

Abstract The effect and physiologic role of enkephalins on the sphincter of Oddi was studied in the cat. Leucine- and methionine-enkephalin caused an initial sphincter of Oddi contraction followed by a more prolonged relaxation. The excitatory effect of leucine-enkephalin was antagonized partially by atropine and by methysergide infusion. It was completely blocked by a combination of atropine and methysergide infusion, by tetrodotoxin, by 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion induced by reserpine, and by 5-hydroxytryptamine tachyphylaxis. Naloxone infusion decreased sphincter of Oddi motor activity, which was reversed by tetrodotoxin. Maximal sphincter of Oddi relaxation was induced by doses of naloxone (40 μg/kg) that antagonized a maximal dose of morphine. Higher doses of naloxone (640 μg/kg) were needed to block maximal doses of enkephalin (8 μg/kg). The enkephalin inhibitory action was blocked only by tetrodotoxin. These findings indicate that (a) leucine-enkephalin has two receptor sites on the sphincter of Oddi—one at the serotonergic neurons and the other at noncholinergic, nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons, and (b) opioid peptides participate in the intramural excitatory pathway to the sphincter of Oddi.
Job Performance Aiding Systems Technology Selection Algorithm

A nine-step selection algorithm is described which relates personnel aptitude, experience, task and equipment complexity, and degree of proceduralization in a decision chain for choosing optimum combinations of job performance aids (JPAs) and training technologies. The algorithm has been useful in (1) identifying JPA research and technology gaps, (2) identifying candidate JPA systems for Navy personnel, maintenance and training tradeoff analyses, and (3) in selecting specific JPA systems for test and evaluation in the Navy Performance Aids Test and Evaluation project. The algorithm development has also included efforts to identify and evaluate specifications and guidelines available for JPA procurement/implementation and to highlight areas where information should be gathered for an integrated JPA/training/maintenance/personnel user handbook.
The function of repeating: The relation between word class and repetition type in developmental stuttering.

Background It is already known that preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) tend to stutter on function words at the beginning of sentences. It is also known that phonological errors potentially resulting in part-word repetitions tend to occur on content words. However, the precise relation between word class and repetition type in preschool-age stuttering is unknown. Aims To investigate repetitions associated with monosyllabic words in preschool-age CWS. Specifically, it was hypothesized that repetition type should vary according to word class in preschool-age CWS and children who do not stutter (CWNS). Methods & Procedures Thirteen preschool-age CWS and 15 preschool-age CWNS produced age-appropriate narratives, which were transcribed and coded for part-word repetitions (PWR) and whole-word repetitions (WWR) occurring on monosyllabic words. Each repetition type was also coded for word class (i.e., function versus content). Outcomes & Results Results indicated that although CWS and CWNS were significantly more likely to produce PWR on content words, this tendency did not differ between the two talker groups. Further, CWS and CWNS did not differ in their tendencies to produce PWR versus WWR overall, but the tendency to produce repetitions on function words was significantly greater for CWS versus CWNS. Conclusions & Implications Findings are taken to suggest that repetitions of monosyllabic words in young children are not easily explained from the perspective of phonological errors, but may instead be considered from an incremental planning of speech perspective.
TNF-alpha and insulin resistance: summary and future prospects.

While the causes of obesity remain elusive, the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance is a well-established fact [1]. Insulin resistance is defined as a smaller than normal response to a certain dose of insulin, and contributes to several pathological problems of obese patients such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Several pieces of evidence indicate that the cytokine tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) is an important player in the state of insulin resistance observed during obesity. In this review we will try to summarize what is known about the function of TNF-a in insulin resistance during obesity and how TNF-α interferes with insulin signaling.
Physical and economic aspects of resource quality: The cost of oil supply in the lower 48 United States, 1936–1988

Abstract For the past half century, the average cost of finding new oil in the lower 48 U.S. has increased in a non-linear fashion. The average cost of producing oil decreased then increased over the same period, with costs rising since the mid-1960s. These results indicate that the cost increasing effects of resource depletion have outweighed the cost decreasing effects of technological improvements in the two primary stages of the oil supply process. Finding and production costs are also highly correlated with the rate of effort expended in each stage, and short-run changes in the rate of effort drive average costs above or below the long-run trend. Previous models which ignored the interplay between short- and long-run effects on cost produced misleading results concerning the scarcity of crude oil in the U.S. The drilling boom of the early 1980s arrested the rate of decline in new additions to reserves, but the average costs associated with those additions were the highest on record. Attempts to sustain production in the lower 48 U.S. through massive drilling programs targeting the large number of undiscovered small fields and infill drilling in existing fields are likely to drive average costs even higher.
High-resolution biomedical gas chromatography. Study of urinary steroid metabolite ratios of women with breast lesions using open-tubular glass capillary columns.

Abstract High-resolution urinary steroid matabolic profiles have been utilized in a study of these groups of women with breast pathologies, a pre-menopausal group with benign fibrocystic lesions and two post-menopausal groups, one with benign lesions and one with malignant lesions. Sixty-meter borosilicate-glass open-tubular capillary columns coated with SE-30 containing dispersed particles of Silanox 101 were employed, with temperature programming from 200° at 1°/min. The theoretical plate efficiencies of the columns ranged from 125,000 to 150,000. Four products of liver enzymic reduction of the 3-oxo-4-ene moiety of the steroidal A/B ring system were quantified. Teh ratio of ethiocholanolone to androsterone (Et/An0 was taken as a reflection of the relative activities of 5β-H and 5α-H oxidoreductases acting on testosterone. The ratio of tetrahydrocortisol to allo-tetrahydrocortisol (THF/a-THF) was taken as a reflection of the relative activities of 5β-H and 5α-H oxidoreductases acting on cortisol. Each individual was thus characterized by two sets of data detemined from two separate ratios of metabolites, one from testosterone and one from cortisol. Three out of four pre-menopausal females with benign breast lesions had both Et/An and THF/a-THF ratios (“pattern B”) similar to those commonly associated with males. Moreover, a significant number of females in both post-menopausal lesion groups had metabolite ratios (“pattern C”) that have never been observed for healthy control subjects or for the pre-menopausal pathological group. Two questions are posed: (1) are low ratios of both Et/An and THF/a-THF, viz., pattern B, in some way associated with the development of benign fibrocystic breast lesions by pre-menopausal women/; and (2) are unusually high metabolite ratis, viz., pattern C, associated with the development of breast lesions by women who have passed the menopause?
Minimizing the environmental impacts of oil and gas development: the challenge of finding the right regulatory balance

The author argues some of the "best industry practices" considering environmental issues regarding oil and gas industry.
Characterization of benzodiazepine receptors with fluorescent ligands.

Fluorescein conjugates of the high-affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligands Ro 15-1788 and Ro 7-1986 were synthesized. The binding of these fluorescent ligands (BD 621 and BD 607) to benzodiazepine receptors was characterized by direct fluorescence measurement. Both the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of BD 621 and BD 607 and the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) estimated by fluorescence monitoring were consistent with values obtained by using radioligand binding techniques. The binding of BD 621 and BD 607 assessed by fluorescence measurement was reversible, abolished by photoaffinity labeling with Ro 15-4513, and unaffected by a variety of substances that do not bind to benzodiazepine receptors. The potencies of chemically diverse benzodiazepine receptor compounds to inhibit fluorescent ligand binding were highly correlated (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001), with potencies obtained from radioligand binding techniques. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using direct fluorescence meas...
Care of the organ donor

Since 1952 when the first kidney transplant was accomplished, nearly 400,000 transplantations have been performed with donors being from both deceased and living donors. However, almost 100,000 patients with end-stage organ failure remain on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list for organ transplantation.
New Parochialism, Sources of Community Investment, and the Control of Street Crime

Research Summary We examined Seattle, Washington's Neighborhood Matching Fund (NMF), a unique neighborhood improvement program that provides city funding for projects organized within neighborhoods. We found an inverse relationship between NMF funding and violent crime rates, a relationship that is stronger in poorer neighborhoods. The relationship also is stronger as funds accumulate within the neighborhoods over time. These findings suggest that investment and neighborhood participation can have both short-term and long-term crime reduction effects. Policy Implications The Neighborhood Matching Fund program is associated with significant reductions in crime, even though the program and its projects are not aimed specifically at crime reduction. This observation suggests that policies that encourage neighbors to interact with each other and that facilitate interactions and physical improvements can help reduce crime by improving neighborhood conditions and social relationships. Investments in neighborhoods by the city also can help counteract the negative effects of private disinvestment.
The experience of risk as ‘measured vulnerability’: health screening and lay uses of numerical risk

As clinical and epidemiological research turns increasingly to statistical probabilities in the identification and management of disease, numerous risk factors have emerged that are applied to individual health surveillance. However, the application of statistical risk is interpreted differently by lay persons from the way it is by public health or medical professionals. This paper examines the experience of being designated as at risk of a serious health condition. Specifically, an examination of the experiences of people with elevated blood cholesterol levels and men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels is presented in order to characterise the risk experience. This paper deals primarily with how being at risk symbolically alters health identities, with an introduction to the concept of measured vulnerability. Measured vulnerability refers to the capacity for scientifically-derived statistical measures that are intended to tame randomness and provide certainty in managing risk to, instead, produce uncertainty and anxiety in those to whom the statistic is applied.
A Review of: “Man and the Universe: An Islamic Perspective”

In Man and the Universe, al-Badawi aims chiefly to develop and outline an Islam-based cosmological framework that can ground and ultimately inform social interventions. Of its seven main chapters, ...
The Zeeman effect revisited

Abstract We announce three new rigorous results for the quantum mechanical hydrogen atom in constant magnetic field: (i) Borel summability of the small field perturbation series, (ii) detailed large field asymptotics, and (iii) non-degeneracy of the ground state Ω0 and a proof that it has L z Ω 0 = 0 for all values of the field.
The UWMAK-II study: A conceptual design of a helium cooled, solid breeder, Tokamak fusion reactor system

UWMAK-II is a conceptual design study of a low s, circular Tokamak fusion power reactor. The aim of the study has been to perform a self-consistent analysis of a probable future fusion power system based on the philosophy that design decisions, wherever possible, should be conservative and should be based on present technology. As such, this system will not be the smallest, the least expensive, or the optimum Tokamak reactor. Rather, it represents a feasible system which we use to assess the technological problems uncovered and to examine possible solutions. The plasma is designed to generate 5000 MW(th) during a pulse and 1709 MW(e) continuously based upon a burn cycle with a 90 min burn and a 6.5 min rejuvenation period. The plasma carries a current of 14.9 MA and is designed with a double null poloidal divertor for impurity control and particle pumping. In addition, a low Z liner in the form of a carbon curtain is included to eliminate any source of high Z impurities. Plasma heating to ignition involves the use of neutral beam heating for a 10 sec period during which 200 MW of 500 keV deuterium atoms are injected into the plasma. The blanket design employs helium cooling and the solid lithium-bearing compound, lithium aluminate (Li2Al2O4) for breeding tritium. The structural material is 316 stainless steel and beryllium is used as a neutron multiplier. The neutron radiation environment produces radiation damage that considerably influences blanket and system performance. The most significant effect is the loss of ductility which appears to limit the usable lifetime of the blanket first wall to about 2 yr at a 14 MeV neutron wall loading of 1.16 MW/m2. The solid breeder blanket minimizes the tritium inventory but because of the low fractional burnup in the plasma and the need for roughly a one day reserve of fuel, the inventory is 17.7 kg. Induced radioactivity levels in the structure are of the order of 1 Ci/W(th) at shutdown after two years of operation. The main contributors to the activity are 54Mn(t12 = 300 day) and 57Ni(t12 = 36.4 hr). Afterheat levels are slightly above 1% of thermal power but the afterheat power density is low, less than 0.1 w/g. The power cycle involves a HeNa intermediate heat exchanger followed by a sodium—steam system. The sodium intermediary is used to minimize tritium leakage through the power cycle and to provide a working fluid for thermal energy storage such that continuous electrical output is produced despite a pulse plasma cycle. A materials resource study has been completed for a UWMAK-II type system and beryllium appears to present a particular problem with regard to adequate resources. Other materials that could present problems of procurement include chromium and nickel. A preliminary economic analysis has been carried out to identify major cost areas and this is described.
A single 1- or 5-second light pulse at night inhibits hamster pineal melatonin

Adult male Syrian hamsters maintained under 6-h light, 18-h dark cycles (lights out daily from 1200–0600 h) were exposed to either 1 or 5 sec light either 8 h (at 2000 h) or 12 h (at 2400 h) into the dark phase. The light had an irradiance of 32,000 μW/cm2. With both light pulse durations and at both times, melatonin levels were depressed to daytime values 30 min after the onset of the light pulse. Whereas pineal melatonin production eventually increased to high nighttime values in hamsters exposed to 1 sec light at either 2000 or 2400 h and in animals receiving a 5-sec light pulse at 2000 h, when the 5-sec light occurred at 2400 h, pineal melatonin levels remained low for the remainder of the night. Thus, both the placement and the duration of light exposure appear to be important in determining the ability of light to depress melatonin production in the Syrian hamster. (Endocrinology 118: 1906–1909, 1986)
Economic feasibility of producing sweet sorghum as an ethanol feedstock in the southeastern United States.

Abstract This study examines the feasibility of producing sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an ethanol feedstock in the southeastern United States through representative counties in Mississippi. We construct enterprise budgets along with estimates of transportation costs to estimate sweet sorghum producers’ breakeven costs for producing and delivering sweet sorghum biomass. This breakeven cost for the sweet sorghum producer is used to estimate breakeven costs for the ethanol producer based on wholesale ethanol price, production costs, and transportation and marketing costs. Stochastic models are developed to estimate profits for sweet sorghum and competing crops in two representative counties in Mississippi, with sweet sorghum consistently yielding losses in both counties.
Tire-Induced Surface Stresses in Flexible Pavements

Site observations of flexible-pavement distress in various countries indicate frequent occurrence of longitudinal cracking in the top asphalt concrete layer. Analytic and numerical studies of multilayer elastic systems subject to wheel loads have linked longitudinal cracking to surface tensile stresses. However, due to the complexity of tire-pavement interaction resulting from tire geometry and loading conditions, accurate and fully representative distribution of surface stresses remains partly unknown. An attempt is made to provide information on surface stresses that derives from both theory and experiments. In particular, contact mechanics solutions are analyzed to gain information on loads that are subsequently used in performing numerical evaluation of surface stresses. Examples of three-dimensional computations using the finite-element code ABAQUS illustrate the analysis. The results indicate a greater potential for tensile stresses outside the tire treads than in the middle of the treads.
Use of immunogold preembedding technique to detect hepatitis A viral antigen in infected cells

Localization of virus and viral antigen in cell cultures infected with a rapidly replicating isolate of strain HM-175 of hepatitis A virus (HA- pHM-175) was accomplished by using immunogold probes. Cells infected under one-step growth curve conditions were prefixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.1-0.001% saponin at ap- propriate times postinfection for detection of max- imum virus and viral antigen. An indirect labeling technique was employed using monoclonal anti- body to HAV followed by 5 nm gold-antimouse IgG conjugate. Cells were then fixed by standard electron microscopy techniques and thin sec- tioned. This prefixation technique allowed pene- tration of the immunogold probes and moderate preservation of ultrastructure. Within infected cell cytoplasm, numerous antigenic sites were la- beled with six to 200 gold particles. Two types of cells were infected with HAV and somewhat dif- ferent results were obtained with the two cell types. In BS-C-1 cells, where a cytopathic effect (CPE) was not observed, myelin figures were im- munogold labeled or frequently were located near immunogold-labeled sites. Vesicles containing vi- ruslike particles (14-22 nm) were also observed. A significant observation in infected FRhK-4 cells was the presence of multivesicular bodies labeled with immunogold. Microfilaments were com- monly seen near the multivesicular bodies. Our results demonstrate that the choice of prefixation method for immunogold labeling should be empir- ically determined for the cell type and condition.
Does tailoring on additional theoretical constructs enhance the efficacy of a print-based physical activity promotion intervention?

Objective: To enhance a previously efficacious individually tailored physical activity (PA) promotioninterventionbyaddingtheoreticalconstructstothetailoredfeedback. Design: Werandomlyassigned248healthy, underactive (moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA] min/week 90) adults (meanage 48.8 years, SD 10.0) to receive either (a) a theoretically tailored (based on 5 constructs fromthe transtheoretical model and socialcognitive theory [SCT]) print-based PA promotion intervention(print ) or (b) the same theoretically tailored print-based PA promotion intervention plus enhancedtailoring addressing 5 additional SCT constructs ( enhanced print ). Main Outcome Measure: The 7-dayphysical activity recall administered at baseline, Month 6, and Month 12, with outcomes operationalizedas percentage achieving 150 min/week of MVPA. Results: When controlling for covariates, there was anonsignificant trend in favor of the enhanced print condition reflecting 46% and 50% greater odds ofachieving 150 min/week of MVPA at Month 6 and Month 12, respectively. Conclusion: Enhancedtailoring based on additional theoretical constructs may result in marginal improvements in physicalactivity outcomes.Keywords: individual tailoring, transtheoretical model, socialcognitive theory
New Results for Time-Optimal Three-Axis Reorientation of a Rigid Spacecraft

Some new results for a classical minimum-time rest-to-rest maneuver problem are presented. An inertially symmetric rigid body is considered. For the case in which the magnitude of the control is constrained while the control direction is left free, we analytically prove that the eigenaxis maneuver is the time-minimum solution by using Pontryagin's principle. For the case in which the three components of the control are independently constrained, we discover six- and seven-switch solutions for reorientation angles of less than 72 deg by using a hybrid numerical approach. The seven-switch solutions are consistent with the classical results, and the six-switch solutions are reported here for the first time. We find that the two sets of solutions are widely separated in state and control spaces. However, the two locally optimum maneuver times are very close to each other, although the six-switch control always has a slightly shorter time. Simulation results that illustrate and validate the new findings are summarized. Although no conclusive proof is available to date, we believe the six-switch maneuvers to be global extrema.
The influence of defects on the response of titanium/SiC fiber composites to thermal exposure

Abstract The effect of thermal exposure on the mechanical properties of Timetal 1100/SCS-6 (SiC) fiber composites has been evaluated. Unidirectional composites were exposed and tensile tested in the transverse (90°) and longitudinal (0°) orientation. Two panels were sectioned into samples, thermally exposed, and tested in the transverse orientation; one contained well-spaced fibers, while the other had a high degree of fiber-fiber contact. Likewise, two groups were tested in the longitudinal orientation. These panels all had good fiber spacing, but some contained large regions of poor matrix-ply bonding, while others were predominantly well-consolidated. The poor spacing in the transverse samples and the poor matrix-ply bonding in the longitudinal samples strongly affected the residual properties of the composite following exposure. In effect, these defects increased the volume of the matrix that was embrittled by the environment during exposure in air, thereby resulting in degradation of the matrix and the fiber-matrix interface. Well-consolidated composites with good fiber spacing retained a large percentage of their as-fabricated properties following exposure.
THE QUESTIONABLE ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS AN OCCUPATIONAL SCREENING DEVICE

Employers optimally pursue activities which facilitate the coordinating of employee characteristics and the requirements of the job. One allegedly important employee characteristic is the level of education. Employees with higher levels of education are rewarded with higher wages than employees with lower levels. This may occur if higher levels of education make an employee truly more productive or if because of an employer's beliefs only those individuals with higher levels of education are allowed to enter the higher paying positions (occupational screening). The above propositions are testable, depending crucially upon the theoretical model employed for determining occupational choices. We shall compare the implications of two possible occupation choice models: (1) enter the job which offers the highest lifetime income, (2) enter the job which offers the highest level of overall satisfaction. We estimate these two models using the NBER-TH data sample. By distributing our estimated results and the actual distribution of occupations over the education levels of high school, some college and BA we can see if more or less people are expected to enter specific occupations at each education level. Support for screening exists if more people are expected in high status occupations at low education levels than are actually in those occupations. When comparing the estimated results for each model we see different outcomes emerge. The latter indicates that screening does not exist while the former does. We present arguments as to why we feel that the second model is the more correct and appropriate and, consequently, why we feel that education is not an effective screening device.
Effects of a School-Based Social Skills Training Program for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability

Social deficits are a core characteristic of individuals with autism spectrum disorders and co-occurring intellectual disabilities (ASD-ID). Despite persistence of these deficits into adolescence, few social skills interventions have been empirically evaluated for older individuals with ASD-ID. The present investigation adapted an efficacious protocol for adolescents with ASD, video-based group instruction (VGI), and extended the procedure to 4 adolescents in a public high school setting. A multiple probe across behaviors design demonstrated the effectiveness of VGI for teaching novel social behavior to three of the four participants, with mixed outcomes for the fourth participant. Long-term maintenance was observed for two participants, though generalization outcomes were mixed. The results support using VGI within high school curricula for some adolescents with ASD-ID.
Regulation of the metabolism of 1,2-diacyglycerols and inositol phasphates that respond to receptor activation

Abstract This review assimilated information on the regulation of the metabolism of those inositol phosphates and diacylglycerols that respond to receptor activation. Particular emphasis is placed on the regulation of specific enzymes, the occurrence of isoenzymes, and metabolic compartmentalization; the overall aim is to demonstrate the significance of these activities in relation to the physiological impact of the various cell signalling processes.
The use of race winnings, ratings and a performance index to assess the effect of thermocautery of the soft palate for treatment of horses with suspected intermittent dorsal displacement. A case-control study in 110 racing Thoroughbreds

Summary Reasons for performing the study: There have been no reports of the efficacy of thermocautery of the soft palate (TSP) assessed objectively as a treatment of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Objective: To compare: racing performance of horses that underwent thermocautery of the soft palate with matched controls; and ‘Racing Post ratings’ (RPR) with prize money won (RE) and a performance index (PI) for each of the horses in the study. Hypothesis: Thermocautery of the soft palate has no beneficial effect on racing performance and the 3 measures of performance are significantly related. Methods: The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 110 horses and each was matched with 2 controls. Changes in performance were compared statistically. RPR, RE and PI were analysed using a regression model. Results: The percentage of horses that improved in performance following the procedure was 28–51% for the 3 measures of performance, compared to 21–53% for the matched controls. There was no significant effect of the procedure on the changes in RPR or RE. There was a significant effect of the procedure on the change in PI (P = 0.015) with more treated horses achieving an improved PI and fewer acquiring a worse PI than matched control horses. The measures of performance showed significant correlation. Conclusions: Thermocautery of the soft palate alone may not be the most efficacious treatment of DDSP. Potential relevance: Production of a reliable measure of racehorse performance may be possible.
Protective inoculation against tuberculosis in infants by the use of heat-killed human tubercle bacilli*

Summary 1. Seventy-three infants were inoculated intramuscularly with heat-killed virulent human tubercle bacilli. 2. The method of injection, the development of allergy and the possible production of immunity have been discussed.
Markets in licenses and efficient pollution control programs

[Introduction] Artificial markets have received some attention as a means of remedying market failure and, in particular, dealing with pollution from various sources. Arrow has demonstrated that when externalities are present in a general equilibrium system, a suitable expansion of the commodity space would lead to Pareto optimality by bringing externalities under the control of the price system. Since his procedure is to define new commodities, each of which is identified by the type of externality, the person who produces it and the person who suffers it, his conclusion is pessimistic. Each market in the newly defined commodities involves but one buyer and one seller, and no forces exist to compel the behavior which would bring about a competitive equilibrium.
FUNCTIONS OF COATED VESICLES DURING PROTEIN ABSORPTION IN THE RAT VAS DEFERENS

The role of coated vesicles during the absorption of horseradish peroxidase was investigated in the epithelium of the rat vas deferens by electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Peroxidase was introduced into the vas lumen in vivo. Tissue was excised at selected intervals, fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, sectioned without freezing, incubated in Karnovsky's medium, postfixed in OsO(4), and processed for electron microscopy. Some controls and peroxidase-perfused specimens were incubated with TPP,(1) GP, and CMP. Attention was focused on the Golgi complex, apical multivesicular bodies, and two populations of coated vesicles; large (> 1000 A) ones concentrated in the apical cytoplasm and small (<750 A) ones found primarily in the Golgi region. 10 min after peroxidase injection, the tracer is found adhering to the surface plasmalemma, concentrated in bristle-coated invaginations, and within large coated vesicles. After 20-45 min, it is present in large smooth vesicles, apical multivesicular bodies, and dense bodies. Peroxidase is not seen in small coated vesicles at any interval. Counts of small coated vesicles reveal that during peroxidase absorption they first increase in number in the Golgi region and later, in the apical cytoplasm. In both control and peroxidase-perfused specimens incubated with TPP, reaction product is seen in several Golgi cisternae and in small coated vesicles in the Golgi region. With GP, reaction product is seen in one to two Golgi cisternae, multivesicular bodies, dense bodies, and small coated vesicles present in the Golgi region or near multivesicular bodies. The results demonstrate that (a) this epithelium functions in the absorption of protein from the duct lumen, (b) large coated vesicles serve as heterophagosomes to transport absorbed protein to lysosomes, and (c) some small coated vesicles serve as primary lysosomes to transport hydrolytic enzymes from the Golgi complex to multivesicular bodies.
Reactively sputtered TiN coatings for tribological applications

Abstract The results of tribological studies carried out on TiN sputter-coated ferrous and non-ferrous materials are presented. A disc magnetron system was used to sputter TiN reactively onto samples suitable for standard friction and wear tests. The tests carried out show that thin films of reactively sputtered TiN, typically 5 microm thick, provide good wear protection for ferrous and non-ferrous surfaces subjected to sliding and rolling contacts. Cutting tests with coated cermet tool inserts show that reactive sputtering is also useful for improving the performance of cutting tool inserts. The results obtained suggest that magnetron reactive sputtering can be useful to enhance the wear resistance of finished precision components.
Response predictions in regressions on panel data

In this paper we consider the problem of obtaining best linear unbiased estimators of individual response coefficients in a Random Coefficient Linear Regression (RCR} Model, comparing alternative estimators for these response vectors through a simulation study. We also provide an empirical example that illustrates the estimation procedure proposed here.
On the connection between balanced proper orthogonal decomposition, balanced truncation, and metric complexity theory for infinite dimensional systems

In this paper, the connection between two important model reduction techniques, namely balanced proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and balanced truncation is investigated for infinite dimensional systems. In particular, balanced POD is shown to be optimal in the sense of distance minimization in a space of integral operators under the Hilbert-Schmidt norm. Whereas balanced truncation is shown to be a particular case of balanced POD for infinite dimensional systems for which the impulse response satisfies certain finite energy constraints. POD and balanced truncation are related to certain notions of metric complexity theory. In particular both are shown to minimize different n-widths of partial differential equation solutions including the Kolmogorov, Gelfand, linear and Bernstein n-widths. The n-widths quantify inherent and representation errors due to lack of data and loss of information.
Publications: A valid measure of faculty contribution?

Abstract Publication productivity of academic accountants has been variously measured and used to rank accounting faculties as well as accounting doctoral programs. Implicit in the results of these studies is the assumption that publications are a surrogate measurement of the contribution of faculty members. This study presents evidence of the declining publication productivity of academic accountants throughout their careers and discusses some implications of this phenomenon for performance evaluation.
The Efficiency of Soviet Industry

This study provides two alternative measures of technical efficiency for Soviet industry. When standard practices are followed, and each republic's output is compared to that achieved by the sector's “best practice” frontier, substantial dispersion in technical inefficiency scores is found. However, when the data are disaggregated so that different republics are permitted to have different frontiers (based upon variations in their output mixes and heterogeneous technologies) generally higher estimates of technical efficiency with less variation are the result. When considered in the context of the literature, these results suggest that Soviet industry was technically efficient yet allocatively inefficient. It is argued that this result is to be expected from a centrally planned system.
Love bites: male fang use during coercive mating in wolf spiders

Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes are common, as mating tactics and strategies that increase fitness benefits for one sex may incur costs for the other. As a consequence, antagonistic coevolution between the sexes often results in a complex arms race between male persistence and female resistance. Coercive mating (e.g., forced copulation) likely benefits males by increasing the probability of mating; however, costs to females may be high, including injury or even death. Here, we report on a study of the use of fangs by males of the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) during forcible mating with resistant females, which results in hemolymph loss and scar tissue formation in females. Microscopic inspection revealed that fang wounds (evidenced by scar tissue) were absent on unmated (virgin) females but were found on mated females and were significantly more frequent in coercively mated females. Experimental fang immobilization studies found no difference in copulation success between experimental (fangs immobilized) and control (sham manipulation) males. However, males that had use of their fangs had significantly longer copulation duration. These findings represent a previously unknown male mating tactic in spiders and an unrecognized potential cost of mating for female spiders.
Harnessing Soft Computations for Low-Budget Fault Tolerance

A growing number of applications from various domains such as multimedia, machine learning and computer vision are inherently fault tolerant. However, for these soft workloads, not all computations are fault tolerant (e.g., a loop trip count). In this paper, we propose a compiler-based approach that takes advantage of soft computations inherent in the aforementioned class of workloads to bring down the cost of software-only transient fault detection. The technique works by identifying a small subset of critical variables that are necessary for correct macro-operation of the program. Traditional duplication and comparison are used to protect these variables. For the remaining variables and temporaries that only affect the micro-operation of the program, strategic expected value checks are inserted into the code. Intuitively, a computation-chain result near the expected value is either correct or close enough to the correct result so that it does not matter for non-critical variables. Overall, the proposed solution has, on average, only 19.5% performance overhead and reduces the number of silent data corruptions from 15% down to 7.3% and user-visible silent data corruptions from 3.4% down to 1.2% in comparison to an unmodified application. This unacceptable silent data corruption rate is even lower than a traditional full duplication scheme that has, on average, 57% overhead.
Clinical use of crizotinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Discoveries over the last decade have fundamentally transformed the way we define lung cancer. Gone are the days of the simple binary classification system of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Today, accurate identification of the histological and molecular subtype of NSCLC is required for selecting standard cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapies. The identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK) rearrangements in 5-7% of NSCLC patients and the rapid clinical development of crizotinib for these patients is the most recent clinical example necessitating the proper identification of the molecular characteristics of NSCLC for treatment decisions. The discovery of ALK rearrangements in NSCLC serendipitously coincided with the development of crizotinib for other ALK or MET driven malignancies. The clinical development of crizotinib for ALK-positive NSCLC patients has been an amazing success story of translational medicine that relied on the prior clinical experience of other targeted predecessors (i.e. erlotinib in EGFR mutant NSCLC) and a com- pound ready for clinical development to gain expedited FDA approval. This review discusses the clinical development and use of crizotinib in NSCLC.