cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological effects of a conducted electrical weapon on human subjects.

Study objective Sudden death after a conducted electrical weapon exposure has not been well studied. We examine the effects of a single Taser exposure on markers of physiologic stress in healthy humans. Methods This is a prospective trial investigating the effects of a single Taser exposure. As part of their police training, 32 healthy law enforcement officers received a 5-second Taser electrical discharge. Measures before and for 60 minutes after an exposure included minute ventilation; tidal volume; respiratory rate (RR); end-tidal PCO 2 ; oxygen saturation, pulse rate; blood pressure (systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure); arterialized blood for pH, PO 2 , PCO 2 , and lactate; and venous blood for bicarbonate and electrolytes. Troponin I was measured at 6 hours. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t tests. Results At 1 minute postexposure, minute ventilation increased from a mean of 16 to 29 L/minute, tidal volume increased from 0.9 to 1.4 L, and RR increased from 19 to 23 breaths/min, all returning to baseline at 10 min. Pulse rate of 102 beats/min and systolic blood pressure of 139 mm Hg were higher before Taser exposure than at anytime afterward. Blood lactate increased from 1.4 mmol/L at baseline to 2.8 mmol/L at 1 minute, returning to baseline at 30 minutes. pH And bicarbonate decreased, respectively, by 0.03 and 1.2 mEq/L at 1 minute, returning to baseline at 30 minutes. All troponin I values were normal and there were no EKG changes. Ventilation was not interrupted, and there was no hypoxemia or hypercarbia. Conclusion A 5-second exposure of a Taser X26 to healthy law enforcement personnel does not result in clinically significant changes of physiologic stress.
Batteries Not Included: Powering the Ubiquitous Computing Dream

Mobile devices can never become truly ubiquitous without a suitably "invisible" power source.
Analytical models for understanding misbehavior and MAC friendliness in CSMA networks

Nodes using contention-based CSMA protocols are susceptible to the misbehavior of other nodes and also have little flexibility in controlling quality of service. To address the misbehavior problem, continuous-time protocols are proposed. The effects of ''misbehavior'' on the QoS of all nodes in the system caused by changing the cheater's arrival rate and backoff rate are studied. The problem of flexibility in controlling QoS is addressed by introducing the concept of ''MAC friendliness'' where nodes can adjust arrival rates and backoff rates while maintaining a fixed share of the channel. The continuous-time system is modeled using an iterative method and matrix exponential distributions. Collision probabilities are determined both by the channel utilization of the entire system, as well as the actual stage within the backoff process. The model itself is a key contribution because it is accurate over all ranges of traffic loads and models both queueing within nodes and contention for the channel.
Aging-related temporal constraints to stability and instability in postural control

In this study, we review the evidence that older adults tend to have both a shorter time to lose stability in the maintenance of standing posture and the functionally related but inverse problem of needing more time to reacquire stability in transitioning to a postural state. These age-related time limitations to processes of stability are hypothesized to enhance the probability of falling with aging and the problems that can occur in the transition between activities, such as sitting to standing and standing to walking. The potential role of fitness and health variables in mediating the temporal constraints on the acquisition and loss of postural stability in aging is discussed.
IRON REQUIREMENT FOR THE HYDROGENASE OF DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS.

Abstract Aged preparations of the hydrogenase of D. desulfuricans develop a requirement of ferrous iron for activity. This supports the view that ferrous iron is a part of the active enzyme. It is suggested that inactivation during storage of the enzyme results from the loss of ferrous iron by the enzyme and oxidation of the iron to the ferric state. Concurrently, some sulfhydryl groups can be oxidized to the disulfide form. This hypothesis accounts for the restored activity either by addition of ferrous iron or of dithionite.
The position of the margin of the gingiva.

Abstract Although the exact mechanism is unknown, certain empirical correlations make it possible to predict changes in the position of the free gingival margin. This information is useful in attaining pocket elimination and preserving periodontal health.
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the thrombopoietin-receptor gene, but not the thrombopoietin gene, with differences in platelet count.

Little is known about the mechanisms explaining the wide variation in platelet counts (PLT) and other hematologic parameters in humans. We previously showed that the sexbased difference in hematocrit was associated with nucleotide variation in the erythropoietin receptor gene (EPOR). We sought to identify new polymorphisms of the human thrombopoietin (TPO) and thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR) genes to determine any associations with blood PLT counts. We screened TPO and TPOR for polymorphisms using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. Association of polymorphisms was studied in 304 normal subjects with low or high PLT counts. Distribution of allelic frequency was analyzed by the Chi-square statistic. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with two alleles were found in TPO and TPOR. The TPO SNP was a G to A transition at nucleotide 5753, and the TPOR SNP was a C to A transversion at position 550 in the 5 0 -promoter area. The allelic frequencies were 0.54 for G and 0.46 for A of TPO, and 0.62 for C and 0.38 for A of TPOR in a Caucasian population. The frequency of the TPOR allele ‘‘C’’ was significantly higher in subjects with high PLT count (>258 k/mm 3 ) versus low PLT count ( 258 k/mm 3 ) versus males with low PLT count (<212 k/mm 3 ). In contrast, the frequency of the TPO alleles was not related to blood PLT counts. An association of TPO and TPOR allele distribution to red and white blood cell parameters was seen. These new SNPs found for the human TPO and TPOR genes help explain variations in blood PLT counts and may be useful in patient studies related to the roles of TPO and/or TPOR in disease. Am. J.
Stationary Markov processes related to stable Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes and the additive coalescent

Abstract We consider some classes of stationary, counting-measure-valued Markov processes and their companions under time reversal. Examples arise in the Levy–Ito decomposition of stable Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes, the large-time asymptotics of the standard additive coalescent, and extreme value theory. These processes share the common feature that points in the support of the evolving counting measure are born or die randomly, but each point follows a deterministic flow during its lifetime.
Fast Control of Linear Systems Subject to Input Constraints

Efficient design of high performance automatic control systems is extremely important for high technology systems. To get the best hardware cost-to-performance ratio, it is desirable to design a controller that takes full advantage of actuator capabilities, but this can lead to nonlinear behavior due to actuator saturation. The saturation nonlinearities in the system may have severe effects on system performance due to, for example, integrator windup. In this paper, a new design method is presented based on Lyapunov stability theory. By incorporating the actuator constraints directly in the design method, better utilization of the available control effort can be ensured in achieving desired system behavior.
Non-peptide oxytocin receptor ligands and hamster circadian wheel running rhythms

The synchronization of circadian rhythms in sleep, endocrine and metabolic functions with the environmental light cycle is essential for health, and dysfunction of this synchrony is thought to play a part in the development of many neurological disorders. There is a demonstrable need to develop new therapeutics for the treatment of neurological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, and oxytocin is currently being investigated for this purpose. There are no published reports describing activity of oxytocin receptor ligands on mammalian circadian rhythms and that, then, is the purpose of this study. Non-peptide oxytocin receptor ligands that cross the blood brain barrier were systemically injected in hamsters to determine their ability to modulate light-induced phase advances and delays of circadian wheel running rhythms. The oxytocin receptor agonist WAY267464 (10 mg/kg) inhibited light induced phase advances of wheel running rhythms by 55%, but had no effect on light-induced phase delays. In contrast, the oxytocin receptor antagonist WAY162720 (10 mg/kg) inhibited light-induced phase delays by nearly 75%, but had no effect on light-induced phase advances. Additionally, WAY162720 was able to antagonize the inhibitory effects of WAY267464 on light-induced phase advances. These results are consistent for a role of oxytocin in the phase-delaying effects of light on circadian activity rhythms early in the night. Therefore, oxytocin may prove to be useful in developing therapeutics for the treatment of mood disorders with a concomitant dysfunction in circadian rhythms. Investigators should also be cognizant that oxytocin ligands may negatively affect circadian rhythms during clinical trials for other conditions.
Definitive exclusion of biliary atresia in infants with cholestatic jaundice: the role of percutaneous cholecysto-cholangiography

Definitive exclusion of biliary atresia in the infant with cholestatic jaundice usually requires operative cholangiography. This approach suffers from the disadvantage that sick infants are subjected to a time-consuming and potentially negative surgical exploration. The purpose of this study was to determine if percutaneous cholecysto-cholangiography (PCC) prevents unnecessary laparotomy in infants whose cholestasis is caused by diseases other than biliary atresia. This study is a 10 year retrospective review of all infants with persistent direct hyperbilirubinemia and inconclusive biliary nuclear scans who underwent further evaluation for suspected biliary atresia. A gallbladder ultrasound (US) was obtained in all patients. When the gallbladder was visualized, further imaging by PCC was done under intravenous sedation; otherwise, the standard operative cholangiogram (OCG) was performed, with liver biopsy as indicated. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of PCC, especially with respect to preventing a laparotomy. There were 35 infants with suspected biliary atresia, with a mean age of 8 weeks (range 1–14 weeks). Nine infants whose gallbladder was visualized by ultrasound underwent PCC that definitively excluded biliary atresia. Of this group, the most frequent diagnosis (five patients) was total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. The other 26 infants with absent or decompressed gallbladder had laparotomy and OCG, which identified biliary atresia in 16 patients (61%). Laparotomy was avoided in all 9 patients who underwent PCC, thus reducing the negative laparotomy rate by 47%. There were no complications associated with PCC. Several alternative techniques to operative cholangiogram have been described for the definitive exclusion of biliary atresia, but many of these have distinct drawbacks. Advances in interventional radiology techniques have permitted safe percutaneous contrast evaluation of the biliary tree. Identification of a normal gall bladder on sonogram is highly predictive of the absence of biliary atresia. Further confirmation can be accurately obtained by a combination of PCC and percutaneous liver biopsy.
Effects of 4-pyridine aldoxime on nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea pigs

Methoxime (MMB-4) is a leading candidate oxime acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator to replace pralidoxime (2-PAM) for therapeutic treatment of nerve agent intoxication. 4-Pyridine aldoxime (4-PA) is a synthetic starting material, a breakdown product, and a probable metabolite of MMB-4. There is a possibility that 4-PA may adversely interact with the nerve agent, thereby affecting nerve agent toxicity and biological AChE activity. This study evaluated the effects of 4-PA on sarin (GB)-, cyclosarin (GF)-, and VX-induced toxicity and AChE activity in blood, brain, and peripheral tissues of guinea pigs. Animals were pretreated with atropine methyl nitrate (1.0 mg/kg, im) 15 min prior to subcutaneous administration with 1.0× LD50 of GB, GF, or VX and then treated 15 min after the administration of nerve agents with 4-PA (3.5, 7.0, or 14.0 mg/kg, im). The dose–response effects of 4-PA alone were also examined. Toxic signs and lethality were monitored, blood and tissues were collected, and AChE activities were determined at 60 min after nerve agent administration. Under the condition of this study, all animals exposed to nerve agents exhibited some degree of toxic signs such as salivation, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and convulsions. 4-PA at the three doses tested neither induced toxic signs nor altered the toxicity of GB, GF, or VX at the 1.0× LD50 exposure dose. Additionally, it did not modify the AChE activity in blood, brain, and peripheral tissues by itself or affect the AChE activity inhibited by a 1.0× LD50 dose of these three nerve agents in guinea pigs.
Hyperlexia as a variant of developmental language disorder

Abstract Memory and associative reasoning skills of 10 hyperlexic children are examined. The results suggest superior visual and isolated auditory memory skills along with impaired associative language ability. The results are discussed in relation to various theories of hyperlexia.
Vicarious Radiometric Calibrations of EOS Sensors

Abstract Four methods for the in-flight radiometric calibration and cross calibration of multispectral imaging sensors are described. Three make use of ground-based reflectance, irradiance, and radiance measurements in conjunction with atmospheric measurements and one compares calibrations between sensors. Error budgets for these methods are presented and their validation is discussed by reference to SPOT and TM results and shown to meet the EOS requirements in the solar-reflective range.
Distribution in a single address space operating system

The recent appearance of architectures with flat 64-bit virtual addressing opens an opportunity to reconsider the way our operating systems use virtual address spaces. We are building an operating system called Opal for these wide-address architectures. The key feature of Opal is a single global virtual address space that extends to data on long-term storage and across the network. Hardware-enforced memory protection exists within this single address space.This paper outlines our ideas for extending Opal to a distributed environment, focusing on the naming and binding of data and services to allow uniform treatment across the network. Our central point is that although the meaning of names (i.e., the entities denoted by those names) should be uniform throughout the network, at a lower level the binding of names to physical data or servers may vary with the node uttering the name, in order to accommodate caching, replication, and migration. This principle affects Opal's handling of both data names (virtual addresses) and resource names (capabilities).
Keeping Biological Anthropology in Anthropology, and Anthropology in Biology

Considerable tension among the subfields has existed within the discipline of anthropology. As a result, some anthro- pology departments have splintered, and the hallmark "holistic approach" of anthropology has been considered more myth than reality. However, as promoted by the American Anthropological Association and the American Anthropologist for over one hundred years, enhancing the holistic nature of anthropology remains an important and necessary endeavor. This article provides an introduction to this special issue of the American Anthropologist, which focuses on the subfield of biological anthropology. Hopefully, as a result, in- creased connections among the subfields will be fostered, for the betterment of both biological anthropology and anthropology in general. The underlying theme of this article and the subtext for the entire special issue is clear: Biological anthropology needs anthro- pology, and anthropology needs biological anthropology. (Keywords: biological anthropology, subfields, four-field approach, holistic)
A rapid scanning strip for tri- and dinucleotide short tandem repeats

Abstract Oligonucleotides representing 60 trinucleotide (21mers) and four dinucleotide (20mers) tandem repeats were directly synthesized and arrayed onto an aminated polypropylene substrate. DNA samples of different complexities (a CAG-containing 21mer oligonucleotide, PCR fragments of 200 to 3,000 bp, and cosmids with 31 to 35 kb inserts) were radiolabelled and hybridized to the oligonucleotide array at various temperatures. When compared to sequence data available from the test DNAs, the reverse blot system specifically identified various tri- and dinucleotide short tandem repeats (STRs) in every case. Moreover, there was no random or cross hybridization to nonspecific sequences. It was possible to detect as few as three repeated units in a particular location, as shown for (CCT)n, (GCC)n and (CAC)n triplets in cosmid DNA. Varying the hybridization stringency can enhance the detection of STRs. This single-step reverse blot system therefore allows the rapid, specific and sensitive identification of various STRs in DNA sources of different complexity.
Morphological and genomic characterization of the polydnavirus associated with the parasitoid wasp Glyptapanteles indiensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus (GiPDV) is essential for successful parasitization of the larval stage of the lepidopteran Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) by the endoparasitic wasp Glyptapanteles indiensis. This virus has not been characterized previously. Ultrastructural studies of GiPDV showed that virions had a rod-like or rectangular form and each contained as many as ten nucleocapsids enclosed by a single unit membrane envelope. Field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) analysis of the virus genomic DNA revealed that GiPDV had a segmented genome composed of 13 dsDNA segments, ranging in size from approximately 11 kb to more than 30 kb. Four genomic segments were present in higher molar concentration than the others. Further characterization of the GiPDV genome yielded several cDNA clones which derived from GiPDV-specific mRNAs, and Northern blot analysis confirmed expression of isolated cDNA clones in the parasitized host. Each was present on more than one GiPDV genomic DNA segment, suggesting the existence of related sequences among DNA segments. It has been proposed previously that in polydnavirus systems, genome segmentation, hypermolar ratio segments and segment nesting may function to increase the copy number of essential genes and to increase the levels of gene expression in the absence of virus replication. The present data support this notion and suggest that GiPDV morphology and genomic organization may be intrinsically linked to the function and evolutionary strategies of the virus.
Surveying Writing Practices across the Curriculum: Models and Findings.

This writer provides a brief look at four writing across the curriculum research models, along with a set of recommenda tions for those who might wish to develop similar models.
Therapeutic Communication with Psychotic Clients

With the current emphasis on evidence-based practice, the significance of the social worker–client relationship as a prerequisite to client goal attainment has been de-emphasized. This is particularly problematic with regard to practice with psychotic clients, with whom practitioners often have difficulty establishing therapeutic relationships. The purposes of this article are to examine the communication deficits of persons with psychotic disorders and, with an extended example, to describe five intervention guidelines for social workers toward the goal of developing positive working relationships with them.
Targeted suppression of the ferroxidase and iron trafficking activities of the multicopper oxidase Fet3p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fet3 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a multicopper oxidase tethered to the outer surface of the yeast plasma membrane. Fet3p catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+; this ferroxidation reaction is an obligatory first step in high-affinity iron uptake through the permease Ftr1p. Here, kinetic analyses of several Fet3p mutants identify residues that contribute to the specificity that Fet3p has for Fe2+, one of which is essential also to the coupling of the ferroxidase and uptake processes. The spectral and kinetic properties of the D278A, E185D and A, Y354F and A, and E185A/Y354A mutants of a soluble form of Fet3p showed that all of the mutants exhibited the normal absorbance at 330 nm and 608 nm due to the type 3 and type 1 copper sites in Fet3p, respectively. The EPR spectra of the mutants were also equivalent to wild-type, showing that the type 1 and type 2 Cu(II) sites in the proteins were not perturbed. The only marked kinetic defects measured in vitro were increases in KM for Fe2+ exhibited by the D278A, E185A, Y354A, and E185A/Y354A mutants. These results suggest that these three residues contribute to the ferroxidase specificity site in Fet3p. In vivo analysis of these mutant proteins in their membrane-bound form showed that only E185 mutants exhibited kinetic defects in 59Fe uptake. For the Fet3p(E185D) mutant, KM for iron was 300-fold greater than the wild-type KM, while Fet3p(E185A) was completely inactive in support of iron uptake. In situ fluorescence demonstrated that all of the mutant Fet3 proteins, in complex with an Ftr1p:YFP fusion protein, were trafficked normally to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that E185 contributes to Fe2+ binding to Fet3p and to the subsequent trafficking of the Fe3+ produced to Ftr1p.
Understanding help seeking within the context of searching digital libraries

To date, there has been little empirical research investigating the specific types of help-seeking situations that arise when people interact with information in new searching environments such as digital libraries. This article reports the results of a project focusing on the identification of different types of help-seeking situations, along with types of factors that precipitate them among searchers of two different digital libraries. Participants (N = 120) representing the general public in Milwaukee and New York City were selected for this study. Based on the analysis of multiple sources of data, the authors identify 15 types of help-seeking situations among this sample of novice digital library users. These situations are related to the searching activities involved in getting started, identifying relevant digital collections, browsing for information, constructing search statements, refining searches, monitoring searches, and evaluating results. Multiple factors that determine the occurrences of each type of help-seeking situation also are identified. The article concludes with a model that represents user, system, task, and interaction outcome as codeterminates in the formation of help-seeking situations, and presents the theoretical and practical implications of the study results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LARYNGEAL CHEMOREFLEX - NEWBORN APNEA AND SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)

The coordinated interaction of breathing and swallowing which is developed by 32-34 weeks human gestation is reflex in nature. Chenosensitivity of the laryngeal area can be shown to influence this interaction. A relationship between disturbances of this coordination, newborn apnea and SIDS is postulated. A laryngeal reflex which is elicited by chemical stimulation has been studied in a standardized manner in 18 newborn lambs using acute and chronic preparations. Water, various concentrations of salts and foreign (e.g. formula) solutions, applied above a tracheostomy. cause reflex hypoventilation or apnea, rapid swallowing, hypertension and blood flow redistribution (increase in carotid artery flow, decreased flow in descending aorta), with variable bradycardla. Normal ventilation can be restored by application of 154meq/l saline. We have demonstrated that 1) the reflex is not all or none, but graded and dose-response in type with respect to all components: stimulus, response and recovery. 2) cardiovascular changes are an integral part of the reflex and not due to hypoxia 3) laryngeal sensitivity and the reflex can be altered by chemical modification of taste reception (by potassium gynmenate and miraculin). It is concluded that:(1)Taste receptors present in the laryngeal area are also the likely receptor for mediation of the reflex; (2) this is a useful model to study newborn apnea and (3) the reflex may be involved in the etiology of SIDS.
Preclinical evaluation of the Kyocera Gyro centrifugal blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass

The Kyocera Gyro pump has been developed as a completely seal-less centrifugal pump to overcome the problems of the conventional centrifugal pumps. The Gyro pump is a double pivot bearing-supported centrifugal pump with several specific design features, including its eccentric inlet port. We investigated the feasibility of the Gyro pump for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a bovine model, comparing it with the BioMedicus pump (BP-80). Ten healthy calves (5: Gyro pump, 5: BP-80) underwent 6 h of mildly hypothermic CPB at approximately 33 degrees C. Both pumps provided more than 50 ml/kg/min without any incidents. The haemodynamics of both groups remained stable within the normal range. All haematology and biochemistry data demonstrated no significant differences between the two groups. However, values of plasma-free haemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase were less throughout the experiments of the Gyro pump than those of the BP-80. To obtain flow equivalent to that of the BP-80, the Gyro pump needed less rotational speeds than the BP-80 (2749.7 +/- 233.3 versus 3170.6 +/- 300.8 rpm. p < 0.05). Less rotational speed in addition to the difference in operating principle may contribute to less blood damage during the CPB OF the Gyro pump. After pumping for CPB, no leakage or thrombus formation was observed in either pump. The present study indicated that the Kyocera Gyro pump can be applied as a centrifugal pump for CPB with the same performance as the BP-80 and with relatively less haemolysis than the BP-80.
Syntheses of isotope‐labeled tobacco‐specific nitrosamines and their metabolites

We report here on the syntheses of three deuterium-labeled tobacco-specific nitrosamines namely [2,4,5,6-d4]nitrosonornicotine([2,4,5,6-d4]NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-[2,4,5,6-d4]pyridyl)-1-butanone ([2,4,5,6-d4]NNK), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-[2,4,5,6-d4]pyridyl)-1-butanol ([2,4,5,6-d4]NNAL). A metabolite of NNK and myosmine, 4-hydroxy-1-(3-[2,4,5,6-d4]pyridyl)-1-butanone, was also synthesized. The synthetic strategy reported here is similar to that reported in the literature for the preparation of corresponding unlabeled compounds. The commercially available [2,4,5,6-d4]ethylnicotinate was used as starting material. During the course of these syntheses [2,4,5,6-d4]myosmine and [2,4,5,6-d4]nornicotine were obtained as stable intermediates. These isotope-labeled compounds are useful internal standards for quantification of TSNA and their metabolites in smokers in molecular epidemiological studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silk damping at a redshift of a billion: new limit on small-scale adiabatic perturbations.

We study the dissipation of small-scale adiabatic perturbations at early times when the Universe is hotter than $T\ensuremath{\simeq}0.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$. When the wavelength falls below the damping scale ${k}_{D}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, the acoustic modes diffuse and thermalize, causing entropy production. Before neutrino decoupling, ${k}_{D}$ is primarily set by the neutrino shear viscosity, and we study the effect of acoustic damping on the relic neutrino number, primordial nucleosynthesis, dark-matter freeze-out, and baryogenesis. This sets a new limit on the amplitude of primordial fluctuations of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathcal{R}}^{2}l0.007$ at $1{0}^{4}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\lesssim}k\ensuremath{\lesssim}1{0}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and a model-dependent limit of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathcal{R}}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3$ at $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}1{0}^{20--25}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Length and force of the gastrocnemius and soleus during gait following tendo Achilles lengthenings in children with equinus

Abstract Nine subjects (12 sides) with cerebral palsy who walked in equnius were evaluated prior to and 1 year after surgical tendo Achilles lengthening. Gastrocnemius and soleus length [Gait Posture, 6 (1997) 9] and plantarflexor force [Gait Posture, 6 (1997) 9; J Biomech, 23 (1990) 495] were calculated. The length of the gastrocnemius and soleus increased significantly ( P P
Taxation and pricing when consumers value freedom

Suppose that beyond valuing the goods he consumes, a person also values freedom, which increases with the number of different bundles he can afford. We show that citizens may therefore favor proportional taxes over lump-sum taxes, progressive taxes over proportional taxes, quantity rationing over price increases, and fixed fees allowing unlimited use of a service.
Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance.

Abstract Background: Working memory (WM) deficits in schizophrenia have been associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) dysfunction in neuroimaging studies. We previously found increased DLPFC activation in schizophrenic versus normal subjects during WM performance (Manoach et al 1999b) . We now have investigated whether schizophrenic subjects recruit different brain regions, particularly the basal ganglia and thalamus, components of frontostriatal circuitry thought to mediate WM. Methods: We examined regional brain activation in nine normal and nine schizophrenic subjects during WM performance using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed a modified version of the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm that included a monetary reward for correct responses. We compared high and low WM load conditions to each other and to a non-WM baseline condition. We examined activation in both individual subjects and averaged group data. Results: Relative to normal subjects, schizophrenic subjects exhibited deficient WM performance, at least an equal magnitude of right DLPFC activation, significantly greater left DLPFC activation, and increased spatial heterogeneity of DLPFC activation. Furthermore, only the schizophrenic group activated the basal ganglia and thalamus, even when matched for task performance with the normal group. Conclusions: Aberrant WM performance and brain activation in schizophrenia may reflect dysfunction of frontostriatal circuitry that subserves WM. Future studies will elucidate the contribution of the anatomical components of this circuitry to WM deficits.
Safety and feasibility of femoral catheters during physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit.

Abstract Objective Femoral catheters pose a potential barrier to early rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to concerns, such as catheter removal, local trauma, bleeding, and infection. We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and safety of physical therapy (PT) in ICU patients with femoral catheters. Design, Setting, and Patients We evaluated consecutive medical ICU patients who received PT with a femoral venous, arterial, or hemodialysis catheter(s) in situ. Measurements and Main Results Of 1074 consecutive patients, 239 (22%) received a femoral catheter (81% venous, 29% arterial, 6% hemodialysis; some patients had > 1 catheter). Of those, 101 (42%) received PT interventions, while the catheter was in situ, for a total of 253 sessions over 210 medical ICU (MICU) days. On these 210 MICU days, the highest daily activity level achieved was 49 (23%) standing or walking, 57 (27%) sitting, 25 (12%) supine cycle ergometry, and 79 (38%) in-bed exercises. During 253 PT sessions, there were no catheter-related adverse events giving a 0% event rate (95% upper confidence limit of 2.1% for venous catheters). Conclusions Physical therapy interventions in MICU patients with in situ femoral catheters appear to be feasible and safe. The presence of a femoral catheter should not automatically restrict ICU patients to bed rest.
The use of MNCP for neutronics calculations within large buildings of fusion facilities

The calculation of nuclear parameters within fusion facilities is complicated by the complex geometry and large size of the proposed buildings housing the reactors. These complications make it impossible to use a single model, or code, to calculate the transport of neutrons from the plasma out into the rest of the building. In this paper, coupling two calculational models is demonstrated in calculating the operational dose rates in ITER building. The neutron and gamma fluxes during operation are calculated from the plasma region out to the cryostat of the machine using a two-dimensional discrete ordinates model (the subject of a companion paper) whereas a Monte Carlo MCNP model is applied in the rest of the building. In using this coupling approach, numerous joint Probability Mass Functions (PMFs) for the different phase space variables are used and constituted a specially-written source subroutine that is linked to MCNP. Along with the problem of proper source sampling and characterization, the physical size of the building, in comparison to the tally region, drastically complicates the calculation. As a result of this, the use of non-analog techniques are needed to help in the transport of particles in regions far away from the source (which is the NBI duct in this case). The fact that good results were easily achieved in the NBI room where there is a direct line of sight to the plasma, but as the detectors are placed further away, the results degenerate, exemplifying the need to use variance reduction techniques. Various techniques in the MCNP calculations are applied and compared and their usefulness is discussed. It is shown that MCNP can be used, in a limited fashion, to focus on specific high importance regions within large buildings such as in ITER.
The trend and pattern in attitudes toward abortion in the United States, 1965–1977

Using replicated questions from nationwide surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center in 1965 and yearly in 1972 through 1977, this paper traces the trend in attitudes toward abortion and examines these attitudes in relation to several sociodemographic characteristics known to be related to the attitudes. People have become remarkably more tolerant of abortion since 1965, although there has been relatively little change in overall level of approval in the 1970's. Approval remains strongly related to education, race, and religion and rather weakly related to age, with little evidence of polarization or homogenization in attitudes by people in different sociodemographic aggregates.
The effect of omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically ill neonatal foals

Summary Reasons for performing the study: Administration of omeprazole paste per os to healthy neonatal foals has been shown to effectively increase intragastric pH, but has not been evaluated in sick neonatal foals. Objectives: To determine the effect of orally administered omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically ill neonatal foals requiring nasogastric intubation. Methods: Intragastric pH was measured continuously for 24 h using an indwelling electrode and continuous data recording system in hospitalised neonatal foals age ≤2 days. Intragastric pH was measured for 12 h prior to (pretreatment period) and 12 h following (post treatment period) treatment with omeprazole paste (4 mg/kg bwt per os). All foals displayed periods of acidity (pH <4) prior to treatment. Statistical analysis compared pre- and post treatment mean and median intragastric pH, and percentage of time below pH 4. Results: Eight foals were evaluated age 1–3 days, a gestational age of at least 320 days or reported to be full term. The mean (3.19 ± 1.50 vs. 6.20 ± 0.93) and median (4.6 ± 1.7 vs. 6.86 ± 0.89) pH were significantly higher and the percentage of time below pH 4 (32.25 vs. 1.1%) was significantly lower in the post treatment compared to the pretreatment period. Conclusion: Omeprazole paste effectively increases intragastric pH in clinically ill neonatal foals after one dose at 4 mg/kg bwt orally.
Cultured human cornea healing process after free-electron-laser ablation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the healing process in cultured human cornea after infrared Free Electron Laser ablation. Fresh human cadaver cornea was ablated using the Free Electron Laser at the amide II band peak (6.45 micrometers ). The cornea was then cultured in an incubator for 18 days. Haze development within the ablated area was monitored during culture. Histologic sections of the cornea showed complete re-epithelialization of the lased area, and ablation of the underlying Bowman's layer and stroma. The endothelium appeared unaffected. Cultured human corneas may provide useful information regarding the healing process following laser ablation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Graphene Films and Ribbons for Sensing of O2, and 100 ppm of CO and NO2 in Practical Conditions

Graphene films and ribbons were grown on Ni-coated Si substrates using the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. We report the structure, morphology, and quality of graphene films and ribbons. The semiconducting nature of the CVD-grown graphene was observed by studying resistance−temperature variation in the range 25 to 200 °C, using the four-point probe method. Graphene exhibited an increase of resistance upon exposure of CO and a decrease in resistance upon pure O2 and NO2 exposures. It was observed that graphene films show sensor signal ∼3 and 35 for 100 ppm of CO and 100 ppm of NO2 whereas the graphene ribbons show the sensor signal values of 1.5 and 18 for 100 ppm of CO and 100 ppm of NO2. The gas sensor mechanism was observed to be mainly dependent on the charge carrier transfer on conducting graphene surfaces caused by the adsorption of gases.
Nonparametric Bayesian estimation of a survival function under the proportional hazard model

Let X1,...,Xn be the true survival times of n individuals which are randomly censored on the right by Y1,...,Yn. Let SX and SY be the survival function of X and Y respectively. Under the proportional hazard model for some β > 0. Assuming a Dirichlet process prior, D(α), for SX an estimator is derived. These estimators are the Bayesian extension of the maximum likelihood estimator derived by Abduskhurov(1984) and Cheng and Lin (1984,1987). It is shown that these estimators are mean square consistent, almost sure consistent and converge to a zero mean Gaussian process on finite intervals. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the estimator.
Fragrance material review on methyl salicylate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of methyl salicylate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Evaluation of human recession defects treated with coronally advanced flaps and either enamel matrix derivative or connective tissue. Part 1: Comparison of clinical parameters.

Background: Recession defects around teeth have been treated with a variety of surgical techniques. Most of the literature suggests that the subepithelial connective tissue graft has the highest percentage of mean root coverage with the least variability. Previous studies have demonstrated that enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has the ability to improve clinical parameters. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of enamel matrix derivative placed under a coronally advanced flap to subepithelial connective tissue placed under a coronally advanced flap in patients with recession type defects. Methods: Twenty patients with incisors or premolars presenting with a facial recession of ≥4 mm in contralateral quadrants of the same jaw were treated; 17 patients completed the study. One tooth in each patient was randomized to receive either a coronally advanced flap with a subepithelial connective tissue graft (control) or a coronally advanced flap with EMD (test). Clinical parameters measured...
Rediscoveries and Reformulations: Humanistic Methodologies for International Studies

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgments Introduction: voyages of rediscovery Part I: Recovering Western Antiquity: 1. The dialectical logic of Thucydides' Melian Dialogue 2. Aristotelian political methodologies 3. Toynbee's Jesus: computational hermeneutics and the continuing presence of classical Mediterranean civilization Part II.The Humanistic Science of the Modern Classics: 4. The humanistic moment in international studies: reflections on Machiavelli and Las Casas 5. Can the end of power politics be part of the concepts with which its story is told? A Leibnizian reply 6. Rescuing 'reason' from the 'rationalists': reading Vico, Marx and Weber as reflexive institutionalists 7. An Orwellian Lasswell: humanistic scientist Part III. Contemporary Humanistic Reformulations: 8. Fairy tales, tragedies and world histories: testable structuralist interpretations 9. Beneath Tit-for-Tat: the contest of political economy fairy tales within SPD protocols 10. Emancipatory empiricism: toward the renewal of empirical peace research 11. The presumption of anarchy in world politics: on recovering the historicity of world society 12. The return of practical reason to international theory References Index.
Increased responsiveness of rheumatoid factor-producing B cells in seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To compare the frequencies and responsiveness of rheumatoid factor (RF)–producing B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Frequencies of IgM+, IgG+, and RF+ B cells were determined by limiting-dilution analysis of purified peripheral blood B cells from 6 patients with seropositive RA, 8 patients with seronegative RA, and 7 normal controls. B cell help was provided by cloned T helper cells, which were stimulated by either anti-CD3 or the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED). IgM and IgG antibodies and RF in culture supernatants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. In the presence of anti-CD3–stimulated T helper cells, 2–10% of B cells from normal individuals secreted IgM and IgG antibodies. The frequency of RF+ B cells was low and ranged from 1:182 to 1:885 (RF+: IgM+) B cells. In patients with seropositive RA, the numbers of Ig-producing B cells were reduced by a factor of 2, while the fraction of RF+ B cell precursors was expanded by more than 50-fold (7–20% of IgM+ B cells; P = 0.004). Patients with seronegative RA had higher frequencies of RF-producing B cells (1.5–6% of IgM+ B cells) than normal individuals (P = 0.002), but not to the same extent as seropositive patients (P = 0.002). Stimulation of B cells using SED preferentially induced RF+ B cells in normal controls and in patients with seronegative and seropositive RA. Conclusion. B cell precursors with the potential to secrete RF were detectable in high frequencies in normal individuals and in patients with seropositive and seronegative RA. In all donors, these B cells could be stimulated with the bacterial superantigen SED. In normal individuals, RF+ B cells remained nonresponsive to help provided by anti-CD3–activated T cells, but were responsive in RA patients. Seronegative and seropositive RA form a continuous spectrum of disease, with a higher number of RF-secreting B cells in the seropositive patients.
Levy fights: variations on a theme

Abstract Levy's original ideas on limit distributions for sums of identically distributed random variables with infinite second moments are applied to a variety of topics including generating nondifferentiable lacunary series, the Riemann hypothesis, and turbulent diffusion.
Common dilemmas in combined individual and group treatment

The treatment of patients in combined individual and group therapy presents a challenge in terms of theory and technique. The inevitable paradoxes that arise in this modality can confound even the most experienced clinician. This paper delineates some of the conflicts, examines some of the advantages and disadvantages of combined treatment, and addresses the contraindications for some patients.
Intercellular adhesivity and pupal morphogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster.

Leg and wing imaginal discs of mature larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster when treated with 0.1% trypsin for 5–10 min underwent a change in shape that closely resembled normal pupal morphogenesis. Simultaneously, the cells of the disc epithelium changed in shape from tall columnar to cuboidal. Colcemid eliminated microtubules but was without effect on the shape of the imaginal discs or their cells. Tryptic digestion reduced non-junctional intercellular adhesivity but septate desmosomes and gap junctions remained intact.
Neglected organization and management issues in mental health systems development

Fragmented and often uncoordinated public services for the more severely mentally ill are often characteristic of the current U.S. mental health system. The creation of local mental health authorities has been promoted as part of a solution, as has happened in Wisconsin at the county level and is championed in the ongoing Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funded innovative service sites for severely mentally ill adults. There are indications that these innovative mental health authorities will fall short of fulfilling their promise. Basic principles from the management and organizations literature are used to identify several organization and management issues that may have been neglected. These include resource management, attention to system goals, monitoring and feedback, and the promotion of desirable interorganizational cultures.
Use it or lose it: How neurogenesis keeps the brain fit for learning

The presence of new neurons in the adult hippocampus indicates that this structure incorporates new neurons into its circuitry and uses them for some function related to learning and/or related thought processes. Their generation depends on a variety of factors ranging from age to aerobic exercise to sexual behavior to alcohol consumption. However, most of the cells will die unless the animal engages in some kind of effortful learning experience when the cells are about one week of age. If learning does occur, the new cells become incorporated into brain circuits used for learning. In turn, some processes of learning and mental activity appear to depend on their presence. In this review, we discuss the now rather extensive literature showing that new neurons are kept alive by effortful learning, a process that involves concentration in the present moment of experience over some extended period of time. As these thought processes occur, endogenous patterns of rhythmic electrophysiological activity engage the new cells with cell networks that already exist in the hippocampus and at efferent locations. Concurrent and synchronous activity provides a mechanism whereby the new neurons become integrated with the other neurons. This integration allows the present experience to become integrated with memories from the recent past in order to learn and predict when events will occur in the near future. In this way, neurogenesis and learning interact to maintain a fit brain.