cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global expression for representing cohesive-energy curves. II.

Schlosser et al. (1991) showed that the R dependence of the cohesive energy of partially ionic solids may be characterized by a two-term energy relationship consisting of a Coulomb term arising from the charge transfer, delta-Z, and a scaled universal energy function, E*(a *), which accounts for the partially covalent character of the bond and for repulsion between the atomic cores for small R; a* is a scaled length. In the paper by Schlosser et al., the normalized cohesive-energy curves of NaCl-structure alkali-halide crystals were generated with this expression. In this paper we generate the cohesive-energy curves of several families of partially ionic solids with different crystal structures and differing degrees of ionicity. These include the CsCl-structure Cs halides, and the Tl and Ag halides, which have weaker ionic bonding than the alkali halides, and which have the CsCl and NaCl structures, respectively. The cohesive-energy-curve parameters are then used to generate theoretical isothermal compression curves for the Li, Na, K, Cs, and Ag halides. We find good agreement with the available experimental compression data.
The incidence of compartment syndrome after flexible nailing of pediatric tibial shaft fractures

Purpose Pediatric tibial shaft fractures are common injuries encountered by the orthopaedic surgeon. Flexible intramedullary nailing has become popular for pediatric patients with tibial shaft fractures that require operative fixation. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence of, and the risk factors for, compartment syndrome (CS) after flexible intramedullary nailing of these injuries.
THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL LOCAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE UPON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR

Despite substantial amounts of federal assistance to local public transportation, ridership has declined considerably in the country as a whole since 1964, suggesting an ineffective government program. A city-by-city comparison of assistance received with changes in transit ridership shows that declines in transit usage were least in cities receiving the most federal aid, and greatest in cities receiving the least aid. This demonstrates that federal aid has had an impact upon travel behavior. Indeed, it is the single most important factor explaining differences between cities in travel behavior changes in the 1970's.
A Causal Link Between Handwashing and Risk of Infection? Examination of the Evidence

To examine evidence of a causal link between handwashing and risk of infection, a review of published literature from 1879 through 1986 was conducted. In the 107 years studied, 423 articles specifically related to handwashing were found. Articles were categorized as studies to evaluate products (50.8%), review articles (29.1%), behavioral studies (10.9%), methodologic studies (2.8%), studies linking handwashing to infection (3.3%), and other (3.1%). There was an increase in the proportion of handwashing articles published in the 1980s with the rate (9.4/10(5) citations/year) being almost double that of any other period studied. Nonexperimental and experimental studies related to handwashing were reviewed and evidence for a causal association evaluated. Except for specificity, all the elements for causality, including temporality, strength, plausibility, consistency of the association, and dose response were present. It was therefore concluded that emphasis on handwashing as a primary infection control measure has not been misplaced and should continue.
A Two-Stage Model Based Iterative Learning Control Scheme for a Class of MIMO Mismatched Linear Systems

This paper discusses the tracking control problem for a class of multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) mismatched linear systems, where there are disturbances in different channels from the control input and the real-time feedback signal is not the output of interest. This mismatch makes it difficult to achieve high tracking performance for the interested output. To address this problem, two model based iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms, namely reference ILC and torque ILC, are designed for different injection locations in the closed loop system. An ad hoc hybrid scheme is proposed to make transitions between the two ILC stages for them to work properly at the same time. The proposed scheme is validated through the experimental study on a single-joint indirect drive system.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
First, tell the truth: a dialogue on human rights, deception, and the use of smokeless tobacco as a substitute for cigarettes.

The use of smokeless tobacco as a substitute for cigarettes raises many scientific and ethical issues, as the fictitious discussion below reveals
State Policies and Language Access in California's HMOs: Public Reporting and Regulation of HMOs' Language Services

Objective. Describe the status of language access services for California’s limited English proficient (LEP) health maintenance organization (HMO) members within the context of voluntary public reporting and anticipated state regulation. Study design. Descriptive analysis of longitudinal data provided by health plans. Methods. Retrospective, descriptive analysis of responses to voluntary annual/biennial surveys of commercial, Medicare, Medicaid, and Healthy Families HMOs, 2003–2008. Results. From 2003 to 2008, during California’s public reporting of HMO language services, the percentage of HMOs providing in-person interpretation free of charge to consumers increased to over 80% across all product lines. By 2008, the percentage of commercial HMO plans matching new LEP members to providers by language increased to 70%, while 79% provided telephone interpretation services in at least seven languages. Conclusions. Increasingly HMOs provide language access services for LEP Californians, perhaps resulting from public reporting and anticipated state regulation, although similar trends in other states cannot be ruled out.
Memory latency effects in decoupled architectures

Decoupled computer architectures partition the memory access and execute functions in a computer program and achieve high-performance by exploiting the fine-grain parallelism between the two. These architectures make use of an access processor to perform the data fetch ahead of demand by the execute process and hence are often less sensitive to memory access delays than conventional architectures. Past performance studies of decoupled computers used memory systems that are interleaved or pipelined, and in those studies, latency effects were partially hidden due to interleaving. A detailed simulation study of the latency effects in decoupled computers is undertaken in this paper. Decoupled architecture performance is compared to single processors with caches. The memory latency sensitivity of cache based uniprocessors and decoupled systems is studied. Simulations are performed to determine the significance of data caches in a decoupled architecture. It is observed that decoupled architectures can reduce the peak memory bandwidth requirement, but not the total bandwidth, whereas data caches can reduce the total bandwidth by capturing locality. It may be concluded that despite their capability to partially mask the effects of memory latency, decoupled architectures still need a data cache. >
Efficacy and Safety of Darusentan: A Novel Endothelin Receptor Antagonist

Objective:To summarize the role of the endothelin system (ETS) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and evaluate the potential usefulness of darusentan, a selective endothelin type A (ETA) receptor antagonist, in the treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure (CHF).Data Sources:A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1966–February 2008), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–February 2008), and EMBASE (1990–February 2008) using the search terms endothelin, darusentan, LU 135252, hypertension, and heart failure.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Studies evaluating the role of the ETS in CVD and the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of darusentan for the treatment of hypertension and CHF were included.Data Synthesis:Darusentan represents a novel treatment strategy for patients with resistant hypertension. Its safety and efficacy have been evaluated in the treatment of hypertension and CHF. Darusentan selectively blocks the ETAreceptor, promoting vasodilatation and preven...
Percutaneous Therapy for Renal Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) accounts for 10% of cases of renal artery stenosis. This study evaluates the anatomic and functional outcomes of endovascular therapy for symptomatic renal artery FMD at an academic medical center. A retrospective analysis of records from patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty (PTRA) found 14 patients (all female) who underwent 19 interventions on 18 renal artery segments. Significant cardiovascular comorbidities were few in this patient population. The PTRA technical success rate was 95%. There were no periprocedural mortalities. Primary patency rates were 81%, 69%, 69%, and 69% at 2, 4, 6, and 8 years. Assisted primary patency rates were 87%, 87%, 87%, and 87% at 2, 4, 6, and 8 years. The restenosis rate was 25% at 8 years. Clinical benefit (improved or cured hypertension) was seen in 79% of patients overall; 65% of patients maintained this benefit at 8 years by life-table analysis. Percutaneous endovascular intervention for clinically symptomatic FMD of the renal arteries is technically successful, safe, and durable. Most patients demonstrate immediate clinical benefit and retain durable functional outcomes.
A multiscale overlapped coupling formulation for large-deformation strain localization

We generalize the multiscale overlapped domain framework to couple multiple rate-independent standard dissipative material models in the finite deformation regime across different length scales. We show that a fully coupled multiscale incremental boundary-value problem can be recast as the stationary point that optimizes the partitioned incremental work of a three-field energy functional. We also establish inf-sup tests to examine the numerical stability issues that arise from enforcing weak compatibility in the three-field formulation. We also devise a new block solver for the domain coupling problem and demonstrate the performance of the formulation with one-dimensional numerical examples. These simulations indicate that it is sufficient to introduce a localization limiter in a confined region of interest to regularize the partial differential equation if loss of ellipticity occurs.
PLAQUE ASSAY PROCEDURE FOR COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS

Deig, E. Frank (University of California, Berkeley), and H. M. S. Watkins. Plaque assay procedure for Colorado tick fever virus. J. Bacteriol. 88:42–47. 1964.—A reproducible plaque assay procedure is described for the quantitation of Colorado tick fever virus in a cell line established from embryonic hamster tissue. Under the best conditions, plaques approximately 4 mm in diameter were formed after incubation at 37 C of 4 to 6 days. Several environmental variables in the procedure were studied. Efficiency was increased markedly by combining the virus during adsorption with serum proteins, and by carrying out this step at 25 C rather than at 37 C. The overlay medium used contained metabolites which promoted cell viability for periods greater than 1 week, and allowed plaques to develop. Plaque formation was relatively insensitive to a variation in pH between 7.1 and 8.1 (with optimal concentrations of bicarbonate). However, plaque development was inhibited with medium containing greater than 0.22% bicarbonate (at optimal pH), or when the initial pH was less than 7.0.
Studies in Paget's disease and their relevance to oncology

Paget's disease and bone metastases in cancer patients share many common properties. Both are characterized by a localized increase in osteoclast (OCL) formation leading to bone resorption. In both Paget's disease and bone metastases the increased OCL formation and the increased osteoclastogenic nature of the bone microenvironment are mediated by common factors, namely interleukin (IL)-6 and RANK ligand (RANKL). Available data suggest that in the case of Paget's disease there is increased RANKL and IL-6 production, and IL-6 enhances the responsivity of the OCL precursors to RANKL, contributing to the elevated numbers of OCLs. In patients with multiple myeloma, 95% to 100% of whom develop bone lesions, both IL-6 and RANKL levels are increased. Bisphosphonates bind locally to the surfaces of the bone undergoing osteoclastic resorption to inhibit this process. Paget's disease has in the past and will continue in the future to provide a model to test the efficacy of bisphosphonates in inhibiting bone resorption. Paget's disease provides an ideal model in which to investigate the efficacy of the new third-generation bisphosphonates in the treatment of bone metastases as well as nonmalignant bone disease.
POAM III observations of the anomalous 2002 Antarctic ozone hole

[1] The 2002 southern hemisphere winter was marked by unusually large wave activity, culminating with an unprecedented major warming in late September. This led to an ∼250 DU increase in column ozone near the pole as measured by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument. POAM measurements of unusually high ozone mixing ratio throughout most of the stratosphere resulted primarily from air from outside the polar vortex being transported to the POAM measurement latitude. In the altitude region where chemical ozone loss from chlorine catalyzed chemistry occurs (below 600 K potential temperature) the 2002 ozone loss was similar to previous years up to the time of the major warming. The ozone loss diminished after this time (about 1 week earlier than usual), resulting in up to 20% less chemical ozone loss within the vortex than in previous winters. This corresponds to partial column ozone values below 600 K inside the polar vortex that were ∼25 DU larger in 2002 than in previous years.
Isolation and characterization of the mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) pollen major allergen, Jun a 1

Abstract Background: Cedar pollens are important causes of seasonal allergic disease in diverse geographic areas. Objective: A major allergen from mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) pollen, termed Jun a 1, was isolated and characterized. Methods: Water-soluble pollen glycoproteins were extracted, salt precipitated, and purified with use of concanavalin A affinity chromatography or HPLC. The purified fractions were characterized by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Binding of allergen-specific IgE from the sera of cedar-hypersensitive patients was detected by ELISA and antigen-specific responses of peripheral blood T cells by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Results: The major extractable cedar pollen glycoprotein had a molecular weight and N-terminal amino acid sequence that was similar to that of the major allergen Cha o 1, from Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and Cry j 1, from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica). IgE from cedar-hypersensitive patients' sera bound to the isolated glycoprotein. Conclusion: The predominance of Jun a 1 in the soluble proteins of mountain cedar pollen and its high degree of homology with Cha o 1 and Cry j 1 make it likely to be the major allergen of this pollen. Amino acid sequence conservation also makes Jun a 1 a potential target for cross-reactivity between these pollen allergens. The observed reactivity of IgE from the sera of Japanese cedar–sensitive patients with Jun a 1 is consistent with this proposition. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:608-12.)
Radiotherapy is associated with improved survival in adjuvant and palliative treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas.

Purpose Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (EHC) are rare tumors of the biliary tree because of their low incidence, large randomized studies examining radiotherapy (RT) for EHC have not been performed. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adjuvant and palliative RT in the treatment of EHC in a large patient population. Methods and Materials This was a retrospective analysis of 4,758 patients with EHC collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Results Patients underwent surgery (28.8%), RT (10.0%), surgery and RT (14.7%), or no RT or surgery (46.4%). The median age of the patient population was 73 years (range, 23–104), 52.5% were men, and 80.7% were white. The median overall survival time was 16 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 15–17), 9 months (95% CI 9–11), 9 months (95% CI 9–10), and 4 months (95% CI 3–4) for surgery and RT, surgery, RT, and no RT or surgery, respectively. The overall survival was significantly different between the surgery and surgery and RT groups ( p p Conclusion These results suggest that palliative RT prolongs survival in patients with EHC. The benefit associated with surgery and RT was significant on univariate analysis but not after controlling for potential confounders using the propensity score. Future studies should evaluate the addition of chemotherapy and biologic agents for the treatment of EHC.
The molecular biology of esophageal and gastric cancer and their precursors: Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and growth factors

The evolution of sequential histological changes from normal cells through invasive cancer affords the cancer biologist the opportunity to identify separate molecular steps involved in cancer progression. As one studies the development of human carcinoma, it becomes apparent that multiple genetic alterations affecting both cellular proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are involved during the development and progression of both esophageal and gastric cancers. The different histological forms of both esophageal and gastric carcinomas as well as their differing etiologies result in the possibility that a spectrum of genetic changes is involved in different tumor types. p53 abnormalities occur frequently in tumors arising in both organs, and in both sites p53 abnormalities can be observed in precancerous lesions as well as in overt cancer. Subsequent abnormalities affecting other genes (eg, epithelial growth factor receptors [EGFRs]) potentially enhance the growth potential of tumors. This review focuses on abnormalities of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and growth factors commonly found in cancers of the esophagus and stomach.
Depositional environments and processes in Upper Cretaceous nonmarine and marine sediments, Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska

Abstract A 178-m-thick stratigraphic section exposed along the lower Colville River in northern Alaska, near Ocean Point, represents the uppermost part of a 1500 m Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic section. Strata exposed at Ocean Point are assigned to the Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff formations. Three major depositional environments are identified consisting, in ascending order, of floodplain, interdistributary-bay, and shallow-marine shelf. Nonmarine strata, comprising the lower 140 m of this section, consist of fluvial distributaries, overbank sediments, tephra beds, organic-rich beds, and vertebrate remains. Tephras yield isotopic ages between 68 and 72.9 Ma, generally consistent with paleontologic ages of late Campanian–Maastrichtian determined from dinosaur remains, pollen, foraminifers, and ostracodes. Meandering low-energy rivers on a low-gradient, low-relief floodplain carried a suspended-sediment load. The rivers formed multistoried channel deposits (channels to 10 m deep) as well as solitary channel deposits (channels 2–5 m deep). Extensive overbank deposits resulting from episodic flooding formed fining-upward strata on the floodplain. The fining-upward strata are interbedded with tephra and beds of organic-rich sediment. Vertical-accretion deposits containing abundant roots indicate a sheet flood origin for many beds. Vertebrate and nonmarine invertebrate fossils along with plant debris were locally concentrated in the floodplain sediment. Deciduous conifers as well as abundant wetland plants, such as ferns, horsetails, and mosses, covered the coastal plain. Dinosaur skeletal remains have been found concentrated in floodplain sediments in organic-rich bone beds and as isolated bones in fluvial channel deposits in at least nine separate horizons within a 100-m-thick interval. Arenaceous foraminifers in some organic-rich beds and shallow fluvial distributaries indicate a lower coastal plain environment with marginal marine (bay) influence. Marginal marine strata representing interdistributary bay deposits overlie the nonmarine beds and comprise about 15 m of section. Extensive vegetated sand flats, shoals, and shallow channels overlain by shallow bay deposits (less than 7 m deep), containing storm-generated strata characterize the marginal marine beds. Abundant bioturbation and roots characterize the stratigraphic lowest bay deposits; bioturbated sediment, pelecypods, barnacles, and benthic microfossils are found in the overlying bay storm deposits. The sediments abruptly change upward from hummocky cross-stratified bay deposits to a muddy marsh deposit containing shallow organic-rich channels to prograding nonmarine to marginal marine beds. Transgressive, abundantly fossiliferous shallow-marine strata more than 13 m thick comprise the uppermost exposures at Ocean Point. The marine beds overlie nonmarine and bay strata and represent an environment dominated episodically by storms. The age of the marginal marine and marine beds is late Maastrichtian based on pollen.
AdaTree: Boosting a Weak Classifier into a Decision Tree

We present a boosting method that results in a decision tree rather than a fixed linear sequence of classifiers. An equally correct statement is that we present a tree-growing method whose performance can be analysed in the framework of Adaboost. We argue that Adaboost can be improved by presenting the input to a sequence of weak classifiers, each one tuned to the conditional probability determined by the output of previous weak classifiers. As a result, the final classifier has a tree structure, rather than being linear, thus the name "Adatree". One of the consequences of the tree structure is that different input data may have different processing time. Early experimentation shows a reduced computation cost with respect to Adaboost. One of our intended applications is real-time detection, where cascades of boosted detectors have recently become successful. The reduced computation cost of the proposed method shows some potential for being used directly in detection problems, without need of a cascade.
Intravital imaging of green fluorescent protein using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy ☆

Imaging a fluorophore in a living tissue presents several unique problems. The fluorescence from the labeled cell(s) may be weak, the labeled cells may be buried deep within tissue and the presence of a fluorophore may render the cells photo-sensitive. Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM) offers several advantages in meeting these challenges. We show that TPLSM provides greater sensitivity, better resolution and less photo-bleaching, as compared to confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The dramatically reduced photo-bleaching makes it possible to image cells continuously for long periods of time. Therefore, TPLSM allows a safer and higher-resolution means of imaging living cells labeled with a variety of fluorophores, including green fluorescent protein.
Differentiating the differentiation models : A comparison of the retrieving effectively from memory model (REM) and the subjective likelihood model (SLiM)

The subjective likelihood model [SLiM; McClelland, J. L., & Chappell, M. (1998). Familiarity breeds differentiation: a subjective-likelihood approach to the effects of experience in recognition memory. Psychological Review, 105(4), 734– 760.] and the retrieving effectively from memory model [REM; Shiffrin, R. M., & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REM—Retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 145–166.] are often considered indistinguishable models. Indeed both share core assumptions including a Bayesian decision process and differentiation during encoding. We give a brief tutorial on each model and conduct simulations showing cases where they diverge. The first two simulations show that for foils that are similar to a studied item, REM predicts higher false alarms rates than SLiM. Thus REM is not able to account for certain associative recognition data without using emergent features to represent pairs. Without this assumption, rearranged pairs have too strong an effect. In contrast, this assumption is not required by SLiM. The third simulation shows that SLiM predicts a reversal in the low frequency hit rate advantage as a function of study time. This prediction is tested and confirmed in an experiment.
Pristiophorus lanae sp. nov., a new sawshark species from the western North Pacific, with comments on the genus Pristiophorus Müller & Henle, 1837 (Chondrichthyes: Pristiophoridae).

* Corresponding author Abstract A new species of sawshark, Pristiophorus lanae sp. nov., is described from off the Philippine Islands. The new species is the second member of the genus Pristiophorus described from the western North Pacific and can be separated from its closest geographic congener, P. japonicus, by having fewer rostral teeth in front of rostral barbels (17-26 versus 25-32), mouth at corners extending forward to below the rear margin of the eye versus extending below the rear one-third of eye margin, a greater mouth width at 6.9-7.8 times into pre-oral length (versus 5.8-6.9), eye length into head length (15.6- 15.9 versus 9.8-13.2), mouth width into head length 9.0-10.0 versus 7.4-8.5 times, head width at nostrils 5.2-6.1 times into pre-orbital length versus 3.9-4.9 times, shorter prebarbel length (from snout tip to barbel) of 50.7-54.5% of preoral length versus 53.6-59.2%, a snout angle of 10.6-13.0° versus 12.4°-14.6°, and lateral trunk denticles with flat crowns that are imbricated versus erect crowns that are not imbricated. The number of monospondylous vertebrae is slightly lower in P. lanae (43-48) versus P. japonicus (51-52). The genus is reviewed, with a revised key to its species presented.
Hyperspectral target detection in a whitened space utilizing forward modeling concepts

This paper addresses the issue of radiance domain target detection in hyperspectral imagery based on forward modeling of a target reflectance spectrum. The work focuses on taking advantage of generated target spaces and how to incorporate them into a detection scheme. Analysis was performed in a whitened space where lack-of-fit issues can be magnified. From this, two types of detectors were generated, one based on utilizing all vectors in a target space and another, similar detector, utilizing all target space vectors in a lower dimensional space. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results show that the new detectors perform better than previously implemented methodologies.
The dawn of Kinetic Cyber

Cyber attacks are often called non-violent or non-kinetic attacks, but the simple truth is that there is a credible capability to use cyber attacks to achieve kinetic effects. Kinetic Cyber refers to a class of cyber attacks that can cause direct or indirect physical damage, injury or death solely though the exploitation of vulnerable information systems and processes. Kinetic cyber attacks are a real and growing threat that is generally being ignored as unrealistic or alarmist. These types of attacks have been validated experimentally in the laboratory environment, they have been used operationally in the context of espionage and sabotage, and they have been used criminally in a number of attacks throughout the world. While these types of attacks have thus far been statistically insignificant, the rapid growth and integration of cyber physical systems into everything from automobiles to SCADA systems implies a significant kinetic cyber threat in the near future. It is imperative that the security community begin to take these types of threats seriously and address vulnerabilities associated with cyber physical systems and other devices that could be utilized to cause kinetic effects through cyber attacks.
Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use of Benzodiazepines in the Management of Status Epilepticus

Benzodiazepines are potent and effective drugs for the management of acute seizures and status epilepticus. Lorazepam, diazepam, and clonazepam have been the most widely studied of the benzodiazepines in the treatment of status epilepticus. In 47 studies of these drugs involving 1,455 patients, lasting control of status epilepticus was achieved in 79% of the patients. None of these benzodiazepines is clearly superior to another for the effective control of status epilepticus. Differences in pharmacokinetic parameters, therefore, will influence the choice of drug. All three benzodiazepines are lipid-soluble and enter the brain within seconds to minutes after intravenous administration. Diazepam, however, is very lipid-soluble and highly protein-bound and thus has a very large volume of distribution of unbound drug. As a result, the effective duration of action of diazepam in status epilepticus is only 20 to 30 min, whereas that of lorazepam, which has a much smaller volume of distribution of unbound drug, is at least several hours after a single intravenous injection. This allows the orderly administration of an antiepileptic drug for long-term seizure control after status epilepticus has been controlled. For this reason, lorazepam is preferable for the initial management of status epilepticus. Continuous intravenous infusion of diazepam has been used successfully in the management of some patients with status epilepticus refractory to initial treatment.
Application of Bayesian spatial statistical methods to analysis of haplotypes effects and gene mapping.

We propose a method to analyze haplotype effects using ideas derived from Bayesian spatial statistics. We assume that two haplotypes that are similar to one another in structure are likely to have similar risks, and define a distance metric to specify the appropriate level of closeness between the two haplotypes. Through the choice of distance metric, varying levels of population genetics theory can be incorporated into the modeling process, including some that allow estimation of the location of the disease causing mutation(s). This location can be estimated, along with the other parameters of the model, using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the model on two real datasets, a well-known dataset used to fine-map the gene for cystic fibrosis, and one used to localize the gene for Friedreich's ataxia.
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids: Velocity Profiles, Viscosity Data, and Laminar Flow Friction Factor Equations for Flow in a Circular Duct

Newtonian fluid flow in a duct has been studied extensively, and velocity profiles for both laminar and turbulent flows can be found in countless references. Non-Newtonian fluids have also been studied extensively, however, but are not given the same attention in the Mechanical Engineering curriculum. Because of a perceived need for the study of such fluids, data were collected and analyzed for various common non-Newtonian fluids in order to make the topic more compelling for study. The viscosity and apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids are both defined in this paper. A comparison is made between these fluids and Newtonian fluids. Velocity profiles for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flow in a circular duct are described and sketched. Included are profiles for dilatant, pseudoplastic and Bingham fluids. Only laminar flow is considered, because the differences for turbulent flow are less distinct. Also included is a procedure for determining the laminar flow friction factor which allows for calculating pressure drop. The laminar flow friction factor in classical non-Newtonian fluid studies is the Fanning friction factor. The equations developed in this study involve the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor which is preferred for Newtonian fluids. Also presented in this paper are viscosity data of Heinz Ketchup, Kroger Honey, Jif Creamy Peanut Butter, and Kraft Mayonnaise. These data were obtained with a TA viscometer. The results of this study will thus provide the student with the following for non-Newtonian fluids: • Viscosity data and how it is measured for several common non-Newtonian fluids; • A knowledge of velocity profiles for laminar flow in a circular duct for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids; • A procedure for determining friction factor and calculating pressure drop for non-Newtonian flow in a duct.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Hybrid Approach for Large Cache Performance Studies

Recent technology trends are leading to the possibility of computer systems having last level caches significantly larger than those that exist today. Traditionally, cache effectiveness has been modeled through trace-driven simulation tools, however, these tools are not up to the task of modeling very large caches. Because of the limited length of available traces, the tools cannot capture behavior across long enough periods of time to adequately simulate a very large cache. We present mprofiler, a tool that characterizes the memory access pattern of workloads, and present a novel hybrid modeling technique that models cache behavior across a much larger time scale than previously possible. Our methodology combines memory access patterns captured by different tools (e.g., mprofiler) at different time scales and develops analytical techniques that allow spanning the required time frame and predicting the performance of very large caches.
Management of Post-vitrectomy Persistent Vitreous Hemorrhage in Pseudophakic Eyes

Abstract Purpose To prospectively assess the effect of neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet peripheral capsulotomy on postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients with a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implant and an intact posterior capsule. Design Interventional case series. Methods This is a prospective case series, clinical practice. Patients Five vitrectomized, diabetic, pseudophakic patients with persistent vitreous cavity hemorrhage remaining after vitrectomy were selected. They all had a posterior chamber IOL implant with an intact posterior capsule. Additionally, they had all undergone laser panretinal photocoagulation in the involved eye in the past for diabetic retinopathy. Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy outside the optic of the IOL was performed in victrectomized diabetic patients to treat the remaining vitreous cavity hemorrhage. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and fundus examination were measured and done immediately after the laser procedure, in 7 days and in approximately 3 months. Results The visual acuity was improved at the time of the first follow-up. However, a mild elevation of IOP was noticed in some patients, which was treated with topical dorzolamide. The final visual acuity was dramatically improved, to 20/30 or better, and the IOP was normalized without medication within a few weeks in all five cases. No neovascularization of the iris or elsewhere was noticed in any case. Conclusions Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser peripheral capsulotomy appears to be a safe and effective management procedure in treating postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients who have previously undergone cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implant, intact posterior capsule, and extensive panretinal photocoagulation. The vitreous hemorrhage cleared completely in all five cases.
Identification of germline transcriptional regulatory elements in Aedes aegypti

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector for the yellow fever and dengue viruses, and is also responsible for recent outbreaks of the alphavirus chikungunya. Vector control strategies utilizing engineered gene drive systems are being developed as a means of replacing wild, pathogen transmitting mosquitoes with individuals refractory to disease transmission, or bringing about population suppression. Several of these systems, including Medea, UD^MEL, and site-specific nucleases, which can be used to drive genes into populations or bring about population suppression, utilize transcriptional regulatory elements that drive germline-specific expression. Here we report the identification of multiple regulatory elements able to drive gene expression specifically in the female germline, or in the male and female germline, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. These elements can also be used as tools with which to probe the roles of specific genes in germline function and in the early embryo, through overexpression or RNA interference.
The cycle of biogenic sulfur compounds over the Amazon Basin: 1. Dry season

The concentrations of SO2, methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, H2S, aerosol sulfate, and methanesulfonate over the Amazon Basin during the July/August dry season were determined from samples collected by the NASA research aircraft. The results indicate that biogenic emissions represent an important, if not the dominant, source of sulfur to the atmosphere over Amazonia. Per unit area, the wet continental tropics appear to have about the same reduced sulfur emission flux as the oceanic area average (about 6 nmol/sq m per min), consistent with the fact that the aerosol sulfate concentration over the Amazon Basin is similar to the excess sulfate levels over the remote oceans. However, since the wet tropical continents represent only about 3 percent of the earth's surface, their global contribution is modest; it is also small relative to the anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuel burning.
TRPM2 channel regulates endothelial barrier function.

Oxidative [Au1]stress, through the production of oxygen metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide[Au2] (H2O2), increases vascular endothelial permeability and plays a crucial role in several lung diseases. The transient receptor potential (melastatin) 2 (TRPM2) is an oxidant-sensitive, nonselective cation channel that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, including the vascular endothelium. We have demonstrated the involvement of TRPM2 in mediating oxidant-induced calcium entry and endothelial hyperpermeability in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Here, we provide evidence that neutrophil activation-dependent increase in endothelial permeability and neutrophil extravasation requires TRPM2 in cultured endothelial cells. In addition, protein kinase Cα (PKCα) that rapidly colocalizes with the short (nonconducting) TRPM2 isoform after exposure to hydrogen peroxide positively regulates calcium entry through the functional TRPM2 channel. Thus, increase in lung microvessel permeability and neutrophil sequestration depends on the activation of endothelial TRPM2 by neutrophilic oxidants and on PKCα regulation of TRPM2 channel activity. Manipulating TRPM2 function in the endothelium may represent a novel strategy aimed to prevent oxidative stress-related vascular dysfunction.
The Treatment of Migraine Headaches in Children and Adolescents

Effective management of migraine headache in children and adolescents requires a balanced approach with an individually tailored regimen targeted to treat an acute attack at its onset, blended with bio-behavioral measures, and, in about 1/3 of patients, daily preventive medicines. The key first step is to assess the disability imposed by the recurrent headache pattern, the headache "burden." Once the burden is established decisions can be made toward selecting the most appropriate course of action. All patients will benefit from some basic bio-behavioral suggestions such as regular sleep, exercise, and eating schedule, moderation of caffeine, and identification of triggers. In addition, all patients should have a readily available analgesic to be used at the onset of a migraine attack. A subset of migraineurs will have sufficient headache burden to necessitate use of daily preventative medications. Unfortunately, there is limited controlled data to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based guideline, however, the most rigorously studied agents for acute treatment are ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and "triptan" nasal spray forms of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan; all of these have shown safety and efficacy in controlled trials. For preventive treatment, flunarizine, not available in the U.S., is the only agent that has demonstrated efficacy in placebo controlled trials, but encouraging data is emerging regarding the use of several antiepileptic agents such as topiramate, disodium valproate, and levetiracetam, as well as the antihistamine cyproheptadine and the antidepressant amitriptyline.
Importance of Low-Frequency Contributions to Eddy Fluxes Observed over Rough Surfaces

Abstract Eddy covariance flux observations at a deciduous temperate forest site (83 days) and at a boreal forest site (21 days) are analyzed for midday periods (1100–1400 LT). Approximate stationarity of the time series is demonstrated, and the ensemble-averaged roughness sublayer cospectra are presented. Spectral and cospectral forms in the roughness sublayer are more peaked than those found in an inertial sublayer. They exhibit similar forms dependent on (z − d)/(h − d), where d is the displacement height and h is the canopy height. The inertial-layer spectral forms are recovered when observations are made where this scaled height is approximately 4. For a sample summer at the midlatitude deciduous forest, large eddies with periods from 4 to 30 min contribute about 17% to surface eddy fluxes of heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO2). Much larger contributions can occur in light-wind conditions. This effect, likely caused by the passage of convective boundary layer eddies, is not observed when using...
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Biological Systems

57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy had an exceptional impact on the development of iron-based metallobiochemistry (we might call it 57Fe-based metallobiochemistry) and its offspring, bioinorganic chemistry. Right from the outset, the new technique has shed considerable light on the nature of various biological problems. In particular, the application of Mossbauer spectroscopy has led to the discovery of previously unknown clusters as well as cluster assemblies that has stimulated research into new biochemical avenues. Moreover, the application of Mossbauer spectroscopy has made possible the characterization of many intermediates in the catalytic cycle of enzymes that sustain life. Some of the intermediates studied have life times of only a few milliseconds and had to be trapped by rapid quench techniques. For these endeavors, the researchers could draw on parallel developments in biological electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and, as we shall see, EPR has been a productive complement to biological Mossbauer spectroscopy all the way.
Processo empreendedor: estudo de caso na empresa ADM LOG Transportes rodoviários ltda.

O tema empreendedorismo tem atraido muitos interesses, principalmente por estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento economico e social de uma regiao e/ou pais. Este artigo busca apresentar o processo empreendedor na ADM LOG Transportes Rodoviarios Ltda. Os objetivos norteadores doe trabalho foram: entender o processo empreendedor segundo a literatura, esclarecer as principais caracteristicas do transporte excedente e compreender como se deu o processo empreendedor na organizacao estudada. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando-se da abordagem qualitativa e do enfoque exploratorio. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa passou por fases distintas, como pesquisa bibliografica, entrevista em profundidade e analise de conteudo. Quanto ao metodo utilizado, o estudo de caso, permitiu entender o fenomeno processo empreendedor no contexto da organizacao. O processo empreendedor analisado neste estudo aconteceu por acaso, apesar da influencia do fator externo historico familiar. O processo tambem foi dinâmico, devido a necessidade de atender uma demanda de um irmao (familia), o que, em seguida, foi um fator determinante para a mudanca de estilo de vida do empreendedor e dedicacao exclusiva ao transporte excedente de cargas. Percebeu-se ainda que, no caso estudado, nao houve um processo exaustivo de analise e planejamento antes da ativacao, bem como, no decorrer das diversas etapas do empreendimento.
Clinical Epidemiologic Studies on Children with Transient Synovitis of Hip

Objective To investigate the clinical epidemiologic features of transient synovitis(TS) of hip in children occurred in Shen-zhen district.Methods The medical files were reviewed and a standard questionnaire was filled according to the conditions of 705 cases such as pathogeny,clinical manifestation,therapy and prognosis.Results Transient synovitis occurred in a sporadic form all the year round.The peak age of patients with TS was 3-7 years old.The ratio of boys to girls was 2.9:1.About 19.3% patients were attacked an upper respiratory tract infection and 11.9% patients attributed the symptoms to trauma or severe activities before 1 week.A varying degree of painful limp and restriction of movement at the hip were found clinically.All of cases were cured by skin traction.The incidence of recurrence was 6.95%.Conclusions Male predominance is found in TS.It is characteristic of sporadic form in the 4 seasons and intently relation to an upper respiratory tract infection and trauma or severe activities.TS is recurrent and the prognosis is good by skin traction.
Effects of N Fertilization on Yield and Dry Matters of High Quality Rice,Tianyou 3301

Effects of nitrogen(N) fertilization on yield and dry matter content of the high quality rice,Tianyou 3301,were studied.The results showed that the grain yield correlated to N application.The optimal N application was determined to be 205.06 kg·hm-2 for the highest yield of 10 350.83 kg·hm-2.The economical N application was 192.70 kg·hm-2 that would provide an estimated yield of 10 341.37 kg·hm-2.To produce 100 kg of the grains,the highest and the most economical N application rates were 1.98 and 1.86 kg,respectively.An optimum N application could produce more and bigger spikes,more total spikelets per m2 as well as higher seed set than otherwise.Either higher or lower application rate would result in lowered yields.Furthermore,moderate levels of the N fertilization could increase the dry matter productivity during the middle and later growth period,as well as the stored substances accumulated before the heading and the photosynthetic substances produced after the heading.The crop growth rate(CGR) had a linear correlation with the N application in field vegetative growth period.They had a parabolic correlation in the middle and late growth period.Consequently,in order to improve CGR in the middle and late growth period,heavy N fertilization needed to be implemented.
The Messy Process of Making Environmental Policy

With congressional approval ratings hovering at record lows, most Americans think of policymakers as relishing jabs at their opponents, often through attack ads. Indeed, it is easy to make the argument that more and more Americans are grateful for their DVRs and the ability to fast-forward commercials. With such tactics commonplace, it may come as a surprise to find out that Senator Bernie Sanders, an independent from Vermont, has never used attack ads or television commercials in his campaigns (Nichols 2012). To interact with his constituents, Senator Sanders prefers knocking on doors and attending town hall meetings (Nichols 2012).