cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herpesvirus infection of the liver.

All of the human herpesviruses can produce mild liver disease in the course of systemic illness. However, primary hepatic involvement is uncommon. Disease caused by the alphaherpesviruses (herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 [HSV-1/2], varicella-zoster virus [VZV]) in particular can result in fulminant hepatic necrosis and death. Although antiviral therapy is potentially lifesaving, the diagnosis often is missed because disease can present without typical skin lesions, oral or genital ulceration, hepatomegaly, or suggestive laboratory findings. Immaturity (i.e., neonates), pregnancy, and immunocompromise have been identified as risk factors for virus-associated primary hepatic necrosis and for liver involvement in systemic herpesvirus disease. Fatal HSV-1/2 cases have been described in immunocompetent persons in whom diagnosis is delayed because of minimal suspicion. Fulminant hepatic necrosis rarely has been reported after primary infection with the betaherpesviruses, human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), which do not routinely cause hepatitis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised host; infection of the liver is frequent and protean in its manifestations. Acute infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and to a lesser extent by CMV is characterized by a mild chemical hepatitis. Serious herpesvirus infections of the hepatic allograft, such as CMV-associated sclerosing cholangitis, EBV-associated B lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma, and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-associated Kaposi's sarcoma can occur after liver transplant. This article reviews the liver diseases caused by the human herpesviruses.
On solenoidal high-degree polynomial approximations to solutions of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations

The cell discretization algorithm, a nonconforming extension of the finite element method, is used to obtain approximations to the Navier-Stokes equations for viscous steady-state incompressible flow. An implementation using polynomial bases is described that permits the use of approximations that exactly satisfy the solenoidal requirement. A Galerkin basis is constructed and, starting with the solution of the associated Stokes problem, Newton's method can be used to generate an approximate solution. A unique solution exists if the viscosity is sufficiently large; here an a posteriori computation is described that tests if uniqueness is likely to hold and gives an error estimate showing closeness of the approximation. Tests of the algorithm applied to problems in polygonal domains are described where approximations are 10th degree polynomials.
Differential neuropharmacological effects of mu, kappa and sigma opioid agonists on cortical EEG power spectra in the rat. Stereospecificity and naloxone antagonism.

Abstract The study was designed to determine and compare the acute effects of the enantiomers of mu, kappa and sigma opioid agonists on the cortical EEG with the spectral analysis technique. The relative ability of naloxone to antagonize such effects was also assessed. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic cortical EEG and temporalis muscle EMG recording electrodes, and with permanent indwelling external jugular cannulae. (−)-Methadone (mu agonist) produced increases in spectral power over the zero to 10 Hz range, while (−)-ketocyclazocine (kappa agonist) produced increases in the 5–8 Hz band as a predominant peak. The (+)enantiomers of methadone and ketocyclazocine were inactive. The drug (+)-SKF-10,047 (sigma agonist), produced a predominant spectral peak in the 7–9 Hz band that was associated with behavior that suggested psychotomimetic effects. The effects of morphine (mu agonist) on EEG and EEG power spectra were more sensitive to antagonism by naloxone than those produced by ketocyclazocine. The effects of(±)-SKF-10,047 and (+)-SKF-10,047 were not antagonized by 10 mg/kg of naloxone, while the effects of (−)-SKF-10,047 were partially antagonized by lOmg/kg of naloxone. These findings further delineate the specificity of the differential effects of mu, kappa and sigma opioid agonists on the EEG and EEG power spectra in the rat.
The Impact of Prior Decisions on Subsequent Valuations in a Costly Contemplation Model

This paper develops and tests a model of how recall of information from past decisions affects subsequent related decisions. A boundedly rational individual has to determine her willingness to pay for a good that she previously considered purchasing at a given price, or provide valuations for a set of goods that she previously ranked in order of preference. The individual is ex ante uncertain about her utility from consumption of the goods and can exert costly cognitive effort to reduce this uncertainty. We show that incorporating information from a prior decision has three primary effects: (a) Valuations are expected to exhibit higher variance---in particular, the spread of valuations between the most and least preferred alternatives increases; (b) decision makers will, in expectation, exert more effort during the valuation phase; and (c) the relative impact of prior decisions on valuation spread increases, the more each attribute contributes to overall utility. The model predictions are then tested in a series of controlled lab experiments.
The photolysis of 2‐fluorocyclohexanone in the 313‐nm region. The elimination of hydrogen fluoride from vibrationally excited fluorocyclopentane

The gas-phase photolysis of 2-fluorocyclohexanone at 313 nm and 120°C is reported. The primary dissociative step appears to be The 1-fluoropentanediyl species can disproportionate to form the 1- and 5-fluoro-1-pentenes, or cyclize to form vibrationally excited fluorocyclopentane. The latter molecule either undergoes collisional stabilization or decomposes unimolecularly to give cyclopentene and HF. The half-quenching pressure for the latter reaction was 2 torr. The disproportionation-to-combination ratic for the diradical was found to be 1.2. Some brief preliminary experiments on the liquid-phase photolysis of 2-chlorocyclohexanone and 2-fluorocyclohexanone are also described.
Particle image velocimetry in viscoelastic fluids and particle interaction effects

Two main assumptions in laser doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are that tracer particles are following the flow faithfully and that they are not interacting hydrodynamically or affecting the flow field. It has been shown, however, that particles in polymeric fluids even in low volumetric concentrations (ϕ < 1 % v/v) can interact profoundly because of the viscoelastic nature of the background fluid, leading even to particle chain or string formation. The objective of this study is to determine how these interactions can affect the flow conclusions drawn from PIV measurements. We chose a highly viscoelastic and shear thinning fluid and confirmed that particle string formation does occur rapidly in a simple shear flow of this fluid. Then, we measured via PIV, the fully developed velocity profile in the mid-plane of a square channel over a wide range of particle loadings 0.005–0.2 % v/v. The measurements confirm that despite the chaining process, there is no discernible effect of particle interaction on PIV velocity measurements.
Osteosarcoma of bone

The definition of osteosarcoma requires that a malignant tumor of bone produce osteoid or bony matrix. With this as a basic definition, osteosarcoma of bone can be divided into several clinicopathologic entities based on clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic features. The tumors can be broadly divided into those arising within the bone and those arising on the surface of bone. Most intraosseous osteosarcomas are high-grade malignant tumors that occur in children and adolescents. A small number occur in older patients, and they may be related to a preexisting condition, such as Paget's disease or radiation. The site of the lesion has prognostic importance. Osteosarcoma of the jaws is associated with an especially good prognosis, whereas the same kind of tumor involving the skull has a very poor prognosis. Most osteosarcomas of the surface of bone are well or moderately differentiated and are associated with an excellent prognosis.
Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia, USA

Abstract Maintaining and/or conserving organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in the soil using management practices can improve its fertility and productivity and help to reduce global warming by sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 and N 2 . We examined the influence of 6 years of tillage (no-till, NT; chisel plowing, CP; and moldboard plowing, MP), cover crop (hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) vs. winter weeds), and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha −1 ) on soil organic C and N concentrations in a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) under tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and silage corn ( Zea mays L.). In a second experiment, we compared the effects of 7 years of non-legume (rye ( Secale cereale L.)) and legume (hairy vetch and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.)) cover crops and N fertilization (HN (90 kg N ha −1 for tomato and 80 kg N ha −1 for eggplant)) and FN (180 kg N ha −1 for tomato and 160 kg N ha −1 for eggplant)) on soil organic C and N in a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) under tomato and eggplant ( Solanum melogena L.). Both experiments were conducted from 1994 to 2000 in Fort Valley, GA. Carbon concentration in cover crops ranged from 704 kg ha −1 in hairy vetch to 3704 kg ha −1 in rye in 1999 and N concentration ranged from 77 kg ha −1 in rye in 1996 to 299 kg ha −1 in crimson clover in 1997. With or without N fertilization, concentrations of soil organic C and N were greater in NT with hairy vetch than in MP with or without hairy vetch (23.5–24.9 vs. 19.9–21.4 Mg ha −1 and 1.92–2.05 vs. 1.58–1.76 Mg ha −1 , respectively). Concentrations of organic C and N were also greater with rye, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and FN than with the control without a cover crop or N fertilization (17.5–18.4 vs. 16.5 Mg ha −1 and 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.31 Mg ha −1 , respectively). From 1994 to 1999, concentrations of soil organic C and N decreased by 8–16% in NT and 15–25% in CP and MP. From 1994 to 2000, concentrations of organic C and N decreased by 1% with hairy vetch and crimson clover, 2–6% with HN and FN, and 6–18% with the control. With rye, organic C and N increased by 3–4%. Soil organic C and N concentrations can be conserved and/or maintained by reducing their loss through mineralization and erosion, and by sequestering atmospheric CO 2 and N 2 in the soil using NT with cover crops and N fertilization. These changes in soil management improved soil quality and productivity. Non-legume (rye) was better than legumes (hairy vetch and crimson clover) and N fertilization in increasing concentrations of soil organic C and N.
Hierarchial implicit dynamic least-square solution algorithm

This paper develops an implicit type transient solution strategy which possesses hierarchial levels of application. In particular, due to the manner of formulation, stiffness updating, assembly inversion, solution constraint, as well as iteration are all performed at a localized level. The level of iterative calculations depends on the type of hierarchial partitioning employed, namely degree of freedom, nodal, elemental, material/nonlinear group, substructural, and so on. Since the iterative solution process and application of constraints are applied at a local level, the resulting so-called hierarchial implicit solution algorithm possesses very stable and efficient numerical properties and is highly storage efficient. To demonstrate the scheme, the results of several benchmark examples are presented. These enable comparisons with the Newton-Raphson solved implicit transient solution method. Overall the comparisons illustrate the superior stability and efficiency of the hierarchial scheme.
Synthesis and characterization of new, modified terphenyl ligands: Increasing the rotational barrier for flanking rings

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of some new terphenyl ligands, modified by meta alkyl substitution on the central ring are described. The new ligands were designed for potential applications in the stabilization of novel low valent main group species or transition metal heteronuclear multiply bonded compounds. Compounds 1 - I - C 6 H 1 - 2 , 6 - Ph 2 - 3 , 5 - Pr 2 i (1), 1 - I - C 6 H 1 - 2 , 6 - Mes 2 - 3 , 5 - Pr 2 i (3) (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), 1 - I - C 6 H 1 - 2 , 6 - Trip 2 - 3 , 5 - Pr 2 i (5) (Trip = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) and 1 - I - C 6 H 1 - 2 , 6 - Dipp 2 - 3 , 5 - Pr 2 i (6) (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) were obtained by addition of two equivalents of the corresponding aryl Grignard reagent to the benzyne intermediate generated by lithiation with BunLi of the starting material 2,4-dichloro-5-isopropylcumene, followed by quenching with iodine. The lithium salts of 2 and 4 were obtained treatment of the parent terphenyl iodides with one equivalent of nBuLi. All compounds were isolated as either colorless crystals or as white powders. They were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and (in the case of 1 and 3) by X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations were performed on model terphenyl molecules in an attempt to estimate how much the rotation barriers of the flanking aryls can be influenced by substitution by alkyl groups of the two meta positions on central ring.
Modeling of the removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing

A new model for the rate of material removal in chemical mechanical polishing has been developed. It is, for the first time, demonstrated that there is a critical pressure resulted from the interaction between the slurry and the pad. The critical pressure can either be positive upward exerted on the wafer or negative downward sucking on the wafer. Moreover, the critical pressure is shown to depend on the relative velocity between the wafer and the pad, the viscosity of the slurry and the pad surface. The removal rate at zero applied load can be significant in the case of a negative downward critical pressure. On the other hand, in the case of a positive upward critical pressure, the CMP removal will not occur until the applied load becomes larger than the critical one.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation by FGF-2 in the presence of fibrinogen requires αvβ3

We have shown previously that fibrin(ogen) binding potentiates the capacity of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) to stimulate endothelial cell (EC) proliferation. We have now investigated the receptor requirement for EC proliferation by fibrinogen-bound FGF-2. ECs were cultured with 25 ng/mL FGF-2 with or without 10 microg/mL fibrinogen, and proliferation was measured as (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Proliferation was increased 2.4 +/- 0.5-fold over medium alone with FGF-2 and increased significantly more to 4.0 +/- 0.7-fold with fibrinogen and FGF-2 (P < .005). Addition of 7E3 or LM609, antibodies to alpha(v)beta(3), inhibited EC proliferation with fibrinogen-bound FGF-2 by 80% +/- 8% (P < .001) or 67% +/- 14% (P < .002), respectively, to levels significantly less than that observed with FGF-2 alone (P < .001). Neither LM609 nor 7E3 exhibited any inhibition of activity with FGF-2 alone. Peptide GRGDS caused dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation by fibrinogen-bound FGF-2 of 31% +/- 8%, 45% +/- 9%, and 68% +/- 11% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated a direct specific association between alpha(v)beta(3) and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in ECs and fibroblasts when exposed to both FGF-2 and fibrinogen but not with vitronectin. We conclude that fibrinogen binding of FGF-2 enhances EC proliferation through the coordinated effects of colocalized alpha(v)beta(3) and FGFR1.
Dose-dependent effect of continuous subcutaneous verapamil infusion on experimental acute pancreatitis in mice

Calcium antagonists may limit experimental tissue injury by membrane stabilization. We studied the effects of verapamil on pancreatic ultrastructure and zymogen extraction during diet-induced acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced in female Swiss-Webster mice by feeding a choline- and methionine-deficient diet (CD) supplemented with 1% ethionine (CDE). Varying doses of verapamil in normal saline were infused continuously at a rate of 0.5μl/hr for 96 hr through subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The pancreata were examined blindly by light microscopy and by electron microscopy. Zymogen extracted from pancreatic tissue was measured and expressed per gram of protein. Mean histological scores, calculated according to a formula that incorporates the extent of necrosis, inflammation, acidophilia, and edema, were 14.1±4, 10.3±2, 9.9±4, 5.9±7, 12.5±4, and 12.7±4 for CDE-fed animals receiving 0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12μM verapamil daily, respectively. Animals fed normal diet or CD had scores of 0±0. Histological scores were significantly lower in animals treated with 0.56μm verapamil compared to animals who received no verapamil (p<0.05) and was associated with reduced dissolution of the zymogen granule membrane on EM. Mean extracted trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content were reduced in the CD- and CDE-fed mice. The reduction in mean trypsinogen content reached statistical significance in CDE-fed mice treated with verapamil 0.56μM daily. Mean chymotrypsinogen content was also significantly reduced in the CD-fed mice and in mice treated with 0.56μm and 0.84μM of verapamil daily. Increasing doses of verapamil protect against diet-induced pancreatitis in mice. This protection is associated with reduction in zymogen granule membrane dissolution.
Presence of CFTR in the conjunctival epithelium

Purpose. To determine the presence of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the conjunctiva and examine the possibility of its regional expression in rabbit, rat and porcine conjunctival epithelia given distinct differences in morphological appearance between the bulbar and palpebral epithelia. Methods. Two specific anti-CFTR antibodies, against different epitopes in the R domain of the CFTR molecule were used in immunofluorescent labeling of frozen fixed sections isolated from the bulbar and palpebral regions of fresh rabbit, porcine and rat conjunctivae. CFTR expression was also determined in the rabbit conjunctival epithelium using RT-PCR methods. Results. CFTR immunoreactivity in the conjunctival epithelium exhibits polarized expression and is associated with the apical domain of conjunctival epithelial cells. An identical pattern of staining obtained in porcine cryosections using either of the anti-human CFTR antibodies confirmed the specificity of the positive apical stai...
Psychologists' clinical evaluations and attitudes: An examination of the influence of gender and sexual orientation

Becoming aware of factors that may affect differential treatment of clients is necessary for psychologists to practice competently. Scholarly writing and empirical studies have suggested that therapist gender, client gender, and client sexual orientation are 3 such factors. This study examined therapist gender, client gender, and client sexual orientation in relation to psychologists' attitudes and clinical evaluations for clients. Results indicated that female psychologists held more positive attitudes and treatment expectations for clients than did male psychologists and that some psychologists hold inconsistent attitudes toward female clients generally and lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients in particular. Continuing education and consultation are recommended to increase psychologists' awareness of gender and sexual orientation issues and potential influences in treatment.
Elimination of the linear energy-dependence of nonlocal optical potentials.

An optical nonlocal potential depending linearly on the energy is transformed into a phase-equivalent energy-independent potential which depends on the angular momentum via l(l+1). The transformation is exact, can be performed for a large class of nonlocal potentials, and can be interpreted in terms of physics. The relation between hard and structural core for phase-equivalent potentials is discussed.
Continuous antegrade infusion of adriamycin as adjuvant therapy for upper tract urothelial malignancies.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity of antegrade chemotherapy delivered continuously as adjuvant treatment for patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Methods. During a 6-year interval, 12 patients with upper tract transitional cell malignancies underwent continuous antegrade intraluminal infusion chemotherapy (CAIIC) with adriamycin. After placement of percutaneous access and surgical treatment of the primary lesion, patients received 5-day cycles of CAIIC. Patients received between two and four treatment cycles at 2-week intervals. After therapy, patients with no evidence of residual disease were then monitored long-term with retrograde pyelography and upper tract cytology. Results. Twelve patients underwent a total of 35 5-day cycles of CAIIC. No patient experienced hematologic and/or local/regional toxicity during or after drug infusion. Three patients were treated for upper tract carcinoma in situ, and 9 patients had discrete exophytic tumors. Two patients died (treatment unrelated) before a final assessment of therapeutic outcome, leaving 10 patients available for evaluation of the therapeutic response. One patient with carcinoma in situ and 5 of 7 patients with discrete upper tract tumors remained disease free after surgery and adjuvant therapy. Both patients with discrete tumors in whom therapy failed had residual gross disease after primary surgical treatment. Conclusions. CAIIC using adriamycin was well tolerated for periods of up to 5 days over multiple cycles. Early data suggest a limited efficacy in treating patients with gross residual disease. The efficacy of this approach in preventing the recurrence of upper tract disease after surgical ablation awaits further assessment.
Eportfolio: A Tool for Constructing a Narrative Professional Identity.

At Emory University’s Goizueta Business School, eportfolio serves as the foundation for a sequence of assignments in our core “Communication and Professional Development” course. Our philosophy und...
The sign of the orientation parameter in electron-photon coincidence experiments

Steph et al. (1980) have proposed a model for the orientation parameter which attributes positive transfer of angular momentum to long-range attractive atomic polarisation potentials and negative transfer to electron-electron repulsion. This model is based on a classical grazing picture for the collision and has received considerable attention due to its intuitive appeal. The authors show that quantal calculations reveal that the physical effects of this model are not of primary importance in determining the sign of the orientation parameter.
Household mobility and cellular telephone demand

Cellular telephones are mobile, and this mobility is one of the key factors influencing the demand for cellular service. This article examines the household demand for cellular telephone and finds that the numbers of vehicles and drivers in the household strongly influence the demand for cellular telephones. Income has the strongest effect. We find some evidence that telephone landlines and cellular telephone service are substitutes. The results are based on data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey conducted the US Department of Transportation.
Political influence and the ratification of the income tax amendment

The adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was perhaps the single most important event in the history of government growth in the 20th century. By vastly increasing the effective tax base available to the federal government, the Sixteenth Amendment removed the single constraint that might have prevented the enormous expansion of federal spending since 19 13. Historians have often portrayed the emergence of a federal income tax as part of the Populist/Progressive campaign to “soak the rich” as an end in itself. In a series of recent papers, Baack and Ray have proposed an alternative theory. They argue that support for the Sixteenth Amendment was a function of the extent to which organized interest groups in a state expected to benefit from the growth of federal spending that an income tax would allow. Hitherto neglected, however, has been the question of the incentives confronting political decisionmakers in their income tax votes, whether in the Congress or in state legislatures. What did individual politicians have to gain, or to lose, from the enactment of a federal income tax? Did nonideological factors play any significant role in the decision by individual politicians to support or oprose the income tax? The present paper is designed to explore the extent to which the degree of political influence available to the relevant political actors affected their decisions in relation to the federal income tax. The paper is divided into five sections. First the history of the federal income tax in the United States prior to the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 is reviewed. Then previous explanations given by historians for the emergence of a federal income tax are considered, including some recent alternatives presented by economists, and an alternative explanation based on the relative political influence of key decisionmakers is offered. Our empirical model of the income tax creation process is then presented, as well as an explanation of our
The architecture of the shoulder in some mammals.

A series of nine features of the shoulder girdle, chosen as having functional significance in relation to the movements of the shoulder in arboreal locomotion, have been studied in 1188 specimens of 194 genera of mammals. The features were defined metrically and examined by means of a multivariate statistical technique: viz. canonical analysis. The study has shown that those mammals which are nonarboreal differ considerably among themselves and form the arboreal forms. But the myriad shapes of the shoulder girdle in a wide range of mammals (e.g. some marsupials, edentates, rodents, carnivores and primates) which climb or forage in trees, can be summarized mathematically by a very small number of similar canonical variates. This information correlates well with that of a previous series of studies carried out on the primates alone. The biological information that was postulated as being reflected by the individual canonical variates for the primates is also apparent for the arboreal mammals. The different variates separate the forms in ways which are consonant with what is known about the function of the shoulder in locomotion. Aspects of the shape of the shoulder defined by the analysis appear to be discernible from an examination of the contribution of the original variables to each individual canonical variate. This seems to confirm that the shape of the shoulder girdle within a very wide range of mammals is limited by a very small number of underlying factors of biological significance. One interpretation of the results suggests that the genetic model of the mammalian shoulder may have been sufficiently fixed at an early stage in the evolution of the class as to place considerable constraints upon the subsequent evolution of the shoulder in the different Orders.
Information sources and risk attitudes of large-scale farmers, farm managers, and agricultural bankers.

Views of large-scale farmers, professional farm managers, and agricultural bankers on sources of information as well as sources of and responses to risk in agriculture are explored. The groups rated nine or more information sources at 3.0 or higher on a 5-point scale for production decisions. Fewer sources were rated as important for marketing and financial decisions. Internal information sources such as records, tenants, or borrowers were highly rated. In contrast to large-scale farmers, both farm managers and agricultural bankers rated professional colleagues as important information sources. Responses were similar with respect to sources of and managerial responses to risk, and in their self-assessment of management skills. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Designing with fuzzy logic

ABSTRACTFuzzy logic the logic underlying approximate, rather thanexact, modes of reasoning is finding applications that range fromprocess control to biomedical engineering. It aims at modeling theimprecise modes of reasoning that play an essential role in the human ability to make rational decisions in an uncertain and inexact environment [1,9].This paper is a tutorial to enlighten outsiders or beginnersin the use of fuzzy logic system by providing broad scope overview,especially on fuzzy logic design, and also the results of researchof fuzzy application in robotics are also presented. At first, thefuzzy sets and fuzzy rules are explained as well as fuzzy logictheory regarding our research. A neural network (connectionist)model for fuzzy logic control and decision system in their neuralnetwork structure and learning ability [5]. The description of thesystem by using mathematical model, linguistic rules and parameterdistribution are discusseth INTRODUCTI ON Fuzzy logic is a technique for performing computations whenexplicit mathematical models are difficult to specify. Experts
Early weight gain related to later weight gain in adolescents on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether early weight gain in adolescents on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) predicts continued excessive weight gain and identify risk factors of early weight gain. METHODS: Adolescents (n=97) initiating DMPA were eligible to participate. Height and weight were assessed at baseline and at 6 12 and 18 months. Early weight gain was defined as more than a 5% weight gain after 6 months of DMPA use. Mean body mass index (BMI) at 6-month intervals was estimated based on early weight-gain status (5% or less gain compared with greater than 5% gain). Analysis of variance modeling was used to compare group BMI at each time point. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance modeling was used to explore the association between early weight gain and percentage change in BMI at 12 and 18 months of DMPA use. RESULTS: Twenty patients (21%) had early weight gain. Mean BMI for the 5% or less group and greater than 5% group was 23.4 and 24.5 (P=.31) 23.3 and 26.6 (P=.009) 24.2 and 28.7 (P=.007) and 25.7 and 32.1 (P=.01) at 0 6 12 and 18 months respectively. Early weight gain was significantly associated with percentage change in BMI at 12 and 18 months (P<.001). No risk factors for early weight gain were identified. CONCLUSION: Adolescents who experience more than 5% weight gain after 6 months of DMPA use are at risk for continued excessive weight gain. Weight gain after 6 months on DMPA can be used to identify adolescents at risk for continued weight gain and appropriate counseling can be done at this time point. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Expanded duties of auxiliaries: a survey of opinions of Georgia dentists

All active, practicing dentists in Georgia were surveyed to determine whether they favored a modification in the state’s dental practice act to permit expanded functions for auxiliaries. The dentists were questioned on the delegation of 50 specific duties that Georgia dentists currently perform. From the responses to the delegation of these duties, the impact on consumers of a change in the dental practice act was determined. Georgia dentists indicated approval of the delegation of 13 of 41 reversible functions; they did not approve delegation of any irreversible function. Younger dentists, members of dental school faculties, salaried dentists, and specialists favored the delegation of more functions. Dentists who employed no auxiliaries were more likely to delegate duties than those who employed auxiliaries. Because the dentists did not favor delegation of functions in restorative procedures, a change in the practice act would probably not affect consumers.
Delineation of seasonal changes of chlorophyll frontal boundaries in Mediterranean Coastal waters with Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner data

Abstract The seasonal changes in chlorophyll-like pigment distribution in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions) were monitored during the year 1979. Data were collected from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), carried on the Nimbus-7 satellite. A series of cloud-free images covering the whole year was selected and processed to evaluate chlorophyll-like pigment concentrations. The upwelling subsurface radiance of the ocean ( L ss ) was extracted from the apparent upwelling signal reaching the satellite sensor ( L O ) using an algorithm removing atmospheric effects. Chlorophyll-like pigment concentration ( C ) was then derived from L ss in different wavelengths. Characteristic boundaries between water masses with different phytoplankton content were obtained. The results demonstrate that phytoplankton distribution is a good indicator of seasonal variations of oceanic fronts. Features such as coastal upwellings, cyclonic eddies, or plume of the Rhone river could be monitored.
Climatic response to high‐latitude volcanic eruptions

[1] Strong volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of SO2 into the lower stratosphere, which over time, are converted into sulfate aerosols and have the potential to impact climate. Aerosols from tropical volcanic eruptions like the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption spread over the entire globe, whereas high-latitude eruptions typically have aerosols which remain in the hemisphere in which they where injected. This causes their largest radiative forcing to be extratropical, and the climate response should be different from that of tropical eruptions. We conducted a 20-member ensemble simulation of the climate response to the Katmai eruption (58°N) of 6 June 1912 using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE climate model. We also produced an additional 20-member ensemble for a 3 times Katmai (3x Katmai) eruption to see the impact the strength of the eruption has on the radiative as well as the dynamical responses. The results of these simulations do not show a positive Arctic Oscillation response like past simulations of tropical volcanic eruptions, but we did find significant cooling over southern Asia during the boreal winter. The first winter following Katmai and the second winter following 3x Katmai showed strong similarities in lower stratospheric geopotential height anomalies and sea level pressure anomalies, which occurred when the two cases had similar optical depth perturbations. These simulations show that the radiative impact of a high-latitude volcanic eruption was much larger than the dynamical impact at high latitudes. In the boreal summer, however, strong cooling over the Northern Hemisphere landmasses caused a decrease in the Asian monsoon circulation with significant decreases of up to 10% in cloud cover and warming over northern India. Thus the main dynamical impact of high-latitude eruptions is in the summer over Asia.
Withholding and withdrawing dialysis from elderly ESRD patients: part 1 -- a historical view of the clinical experience.

A review in Part 1 (utilizing US, Canadian and European sources) of the historical and current practices of using age as a selection criterion for dialysis patients demonstrates different national policies and practices. The medical and psychosocial data regarding elderly dialysis patients yield mixed conclusions, but suggest much more positive patient experiences than are generally acknowledged. Part 2 of this paper presents a range of ethical arguments about rationing dialysis therapy for the elderly as a matter of governmental or helath care system policy, based on various ethical principles and notions of “distributive justice.” The seeming greater ethical consensus for not using age per se as a criterion for individual treatment decisions is not reflected in current clinical practice. Finally, discontinuing dialysis has been supported on ethical grounds, and the overall practice of caring for elderly dialysis patients can be facilitated by careful decisionmaking procedures and the provision of appropriate emotional support for patients, families and caregivers, also discussed in Part 2.
High-speed high-performance liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins

Abstract Over the last thirty years the name HPLC has been synonymous with high-speed liquid chromatography and during the last ten years we have experienced a dramatic increase in the speed of analysis particularly as far as the separation of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, is concerned. With a solid grounding in the chromatographic theories, column technology has been mainly responsible for the advances in this field. Recent development show that columns packed with micropellicular or gigaporous stationary phases of the bidisperse or the bimodal type facilitate rapid mass transfer between the mobile and stationary phases and thus can deliver high resolution separations in a very short time. This suggests that HPLC has the potential to be the prime analytical technique for on-line monitoring of biotechnological processes in real time. Further enhancement of the speed of separation comes from the use of elevated temperatures. The role of temperature in HPLC has largely been ignored and most commercial instruments are not equipped with appropriate temperature control. Results presented here strongly suggest, however, that elevated column temperature may find increasing use in the HPLC of large molecules. In such analytical applications temperature programming may also play a major role provided columns with low heat capacity, such as packed fused-silica capillaries, gain wider employment in HPLC.
Designing Surveys for HCI Research

Online surveys are widely used in human-computer interaction (HCI) to gather feedback and measure satisfaction; at a glance many tools are available and the cost of conducting surveys appears low. However, there is a wide gap between quick-and-dirty surveys, and surveys that are properly planned, constructed, and analyzed. This course examines survey research approaches that meet HCI goals, selecting the appropriate sampling method, questionnaire design best practices, identifying and avoiding common survey biases, and questionnaire evaluation. Attendees will gain an appreciation for the breadth and depth of surveys in HCI, combined with keys to conducting valid, reliable, and impactful survey research themselves.
Alpha-acids do not contribute bitterness to lager beer

The impact of alpha-acids on the bitterness intensity of lager beer was investigated using a trained panel and a psychophysical test with a consumer panel. A trained panel evaluated samples with an...
Maturation of the macroreticulocyte.

Summary: With anaemia the erythroid marrow maturation pattern of the rat is altered so that macroreticulocytes containing increased amounts of haemoglobin, water, ribosomes and ribonucleic acid are released into circulation. This was shown to be accompanied by a reduction in the marrow iron transit time, a measurement of the maturation time of marrow reticulocytes, and possibly by the occurrence of skipped mitoses during maturation. Despite the premature release, increased volume and haemoglobin content of these macroreticulocytes, they matured normally without apparent splenic sequestration or significant cell death in the first 10 days. At the same time they underwent shrinkage by loss of both cell water and some haemoglobin. This appeared to be an intravascular phenomenon where macrocytes were remodelled, possibly by cell fragmentation, until a population with near normal indices was obtained.
A model of dynamic climate governance: dream big, win small

In this article, I develop and evaluate a model of dynamic climate governance. The model is based on the premise that global warming is such a complex problem that present political realities do not allow an immediate solution to it. I propose that current mitigation activities should focus on building technological and political transformation potential to enable more ambitious climate cooperation in the future. Successful international climate cooperation could comprise a series of politically feasible “small wins” guided by a “big dream” of a comprehensive future climate regime. The analysis contributes to the emerging literature on the dynamics of climate governance by showing how coherence between multiple independent climate policies can be achieved, both across policymakers and over time. To illustrate how the model can be used, I apply it to technology agreements and North–South climate finance.
Reproductive and diurnal rhythms regulate vocal motor plasticity in a teleost fish.

Seasonal and circadian rhythms control fundamental physiological processes including neural excitability and synaptic plasticity that can lead to the periodic modulation of motor behaviors like social vocalizations. Parental male midshipman fish produce three call types during the breeding season: long duration (min to >1 h) advertisement `hums', frequency and amplitude modulated agonistic `growls' (s), and very brief (ms) agonistic `grunts' produced either singly or repetitively as `grunt trains' for up to several minutes. Fictive grunts that establish the temporal properties of natural grunts are readily evoked and recorded in vivo from vocal occipital nerve roots at any time of day or year by electrical microstimulation in either the midbrain periaqueductal gray or a hindbrain vocal pre-pacemaker nucleus. Now, as shown here, the longer duration fictive growls and hums can also be elicited, but are restricted to the nocturnal reproductive season. A significant drop in call threshold accompanies the fictive growls and hums that are distinguished by their much longer duration and lower and more regular firing frequency. Lastly, the long duration fictive calls are dependent upon increased stimulation time and intensity and hence may result from activity-dependent changes in the vocal motor circuit that are themselves modulated by seasonal and circadian rhythms.
The Abstraction Hierarchy and its Extension beyond Process Control

Rasmussen's abstraction hierarchy — more recently called the abstraction-decomposition space (ADS) — has been used for years within the process control domain and is increasingly being used to analyze and model ‘intentional’ systems. The ADS has been the basis for Work Domain Analysis and Ecological Interface Design. However, the researchers new to the ‘Danish’ approach to cognitive engineering have often found using the ADS to be difficult and confusing, particularly when applying it to systems outside process control. A ‘new’ set of labels associated with the five levels of the means-ends dimension of the ADS are suggested. These new labels suggest a much tighter logical relation between means-ends levels and thereby make it more clear what characteristics, functions, and resources of a domain belong at what level of abstraction. Second, an illustration of how these new labels might extend the ADS to intentional systems will be presented and discussed.
Effects of simple and regressed discrepancy models and cutoffs on severe discrepancy determination

Concern over the growing number of students identified as learning disabled has led school districts to examine the criteria for determination and the means by which they are operationalized. Two frequently used methods for determining a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement, a key criterion in LD determination, were applied to a sample of 344 students to determine how a change in method might influence the rates and characteristics of students meeting this criterion. The results indicate an increase in numbers when a regression method is used over a simple difference score method. When the change proposed included moving to a more severe cutoff score, the pattern reversed and a 20% decrease was observed. Although IQ correlated with the discrepancies when the simple difference score method was used, no correlation was observed when regression was employed, indicating that regression may be a more equitable method for calculating severe discrepancies. Neither method resulted in disproportionate racial representation among those meeting the severe discrepancy criterion.
Phenamide, a fungicidal metabolite from Streptomyces albospinus A19301. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties.

A new derivative of phenylalanine, phenamide, was discovered from the fermentation broth of an actinomycete identified as a member of the Streptomyces albospinus cluster. Phenamide was purified using successive C18 reverse phase and cation exchange chromatography. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Its molecular formula, C 14 H 20 N 2 O 3 , was determined by HRFAB-MS. Phenamide showed activity against Septoria nodorum,the causal agent of wheat glume blotch.
Finite Exposure Time, Astronomical Speckle Transfer Function

The effects of finite exposure time (used to record astronomical speckle data) on the speckle transfer function are shown to be highly dependent on the details of the atmospheric turbulence in the optical path as well as on the deterministic wavefront aberrations of the optical system. Both Taylor turbulence, where a frozen layer or layers are convected across the aperture, and Mintzer turbulence, where the turbulence is boiling and stationary, are taken into account. Computations have been made for some typical cases of the time integrated speckle transfer function for various combinations of Taylor and Mintzer turbulence with focused and defocused optical systems.
Distribution-free posterior analysis of econometric models

Very often, one needs to perform (classical or Bayesian) inference, when essentially nothing is known about the distribution of the dependent variable given certain covariates. The paper proposes to approximate the unknown distribution by its non-parametric counterpart—a step function—and treat the points of the support and the corresponding density values, as parameters, whose posterior distributions should be determined based on the available data. The paper proposes distributions should be determined based on the available data. The paper proposes Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to perform posterior analysis, and applies the new method to an analysis of stock returns. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collective Descriptive Representation and Black Voter Mobilization in 2008

Although record turnout in the 2008 election is primarily credited to Obama’s candidacy, did the presence of black elected officials in the state legislature play a role in mobilizing black voters? Did patterns of mobilization differ among black voters? Using the 2008 American National Election Study that I merged with contextual data, I find that disengaged black voters in states with a greater number of black state legislators, or what I refer to as collective descriptive representation, were more likely to be contacted, and as a result, were more likely to vote. On the other hand, neither collective descriptive representation nor being contacted influenced the political behavior of engaged black voters. This suggests that in 2008, descriptive representation and experiencing contact mattered more for mobilizing disengaged black voters than for mobilizing engaged black voters.
Too much of a good thing: NLRC4 and autoinflammation

![Figure][1] Insight from Mark Anderson NOD-like receptor (NLR) family members are intracellular molecules that play a key role in innate sensing. Upon ligand binding in the cytosol, NLRs assemble a multimeric complex that includes the adaptor protein ASC and procaspase-1. This assembled