cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-type specific expression of Na+,K+-ATPase catalytic subunits in cultured neurons and glia: evidence for polarized distribution in neurons

Abstract Na+,K+-ATPase (the sodium pump) is a family of proteins consisting of catalytic (α) and glycoprotein (β) subunit isoforms which are differentially expressed in excitable tissue. To gain insight into the cell-type distribution of sodium pump protein, we determined the expression pattern of fetal rat telencephalic cultures, of telencephalic cultures depleted of neurons, and of pure astrocyte cultures. Isoform-specific antibodies were used for immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, with supplemental [3H]ouabain binding to assess levels of functional α2/α3 protein. The results show that neurons of mixed telencephalic cultures uniquely express α3 and high levels of α1. The marked similarity in the distribution of microtubule-associated protein-2 and α1 immunocytochemical staining strongly suggests that α1 subunits are enriched in dendrites. Further, highly correlative growth cone-associated protein-43 and α3 staining is consistent with a preferential expression of α3 subunits in axons, which are also characterized by low levels of α1 and no α2 immunoreactivity. Process-bearing glia are intimately associated with neuronal aggregates and express high levels of both α1 and α2 protein, as well as GFAP. Interestingly, polygonal, flat glia not within neuronal aggregates are weakly immunopositive only for α1 and GFAP. Pure astrocytic cultures possess appreciable α1 protein and GFAP, but lack both α2 and α3 immunoreactivity. As predicted by the immunohistochemical findings, [3H]ouabain binding was low in pure astrocytic cultures, and much higher in the neuron-enriched mixed cultures. These observations confirm that neurons express all three catalytic isoforms of the sodium pump. They also suggest that specific α-isoforms may be polarized to targeted membrane regions of neurons. Further, glia intimately associated with neurons express α2, bind significant amounts of [3H]ouabain, and possess much higher levels of α1 and GFAP compared to glia not near neurons. Thus, neurons may regulate glial sodium pump expression.
Width distribution for random-walk interfaces.

Roughening of a one-dimensional interface is studied under the assumption that the interface configurations are continuous, periodic random walks. The distribution of the square of the width of interface, ${\mathit{w}}^{2}$, is found to scale as P(${\mathit{w}}^{2}$)=〈${\mathit{w}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$\ensuremath{\Phi}(${\mathit{w}}^{2}$/〈${\mathit{w}}^{2}$〉) where 〈${\mathit{w}}^{2}$〉 is the average of ${\mathit{w}}^{2}$. We calculate the scaling function \ensuremath{\Phi}(x) exactly and compare it both to exact enumerations for a discrete-slope surface evolution model and to \ensuremath{\Phi}'s obtained in Monte Carlo simulations of equilibrium and driven interfaces of chemically reacting systems.
Cytodifferentiation of pituitary primordia transplanted to the kidney capsule of adult hosts.

This study demonstrates the ability of pituitary anlagen from 12- and 15-day embryonic rats to undergo cytodifferentiation in a site distant from that of its normal juxtaposition with the hypothalamus. Pituitary anlagen (PA) were isografted from 12- and 15-day-old embryonic donors to under the kidney capsule of intact adult female rats. Seventeen days later the grafts were recovered and processed for light and electron microscopy (LM and EM). Four of six 12-day and all five 15-day PA grafts developed into adenohypophyseal-like tissues. At the light as well as EM level, no consistent quantifiable differences could be detected between the glandular tissues that developed from the two different donor groups. While most of the cells within anterior pituitary-like tissue were chromophobic at the LM level, some cells were stained positive with periodic acid-Schiff and Orange G. Examination by EM revealed that most cells within the glandular portions of the grafts were granular and that these cells could be grouped into three general categories based on their secretory granule morphology. The sizes of the secretory granules ranged from 150-550 nm in diameter. Clear examples of exocytosis of the granules were evident in grafts of both 12- and 15-day PA, usually in areas of the graft that were more vascularized. In some cells exocytosis was extensive. Agranular cells in the graft parenchyma included follicular and undifferentiated cells. The results of this investigation suggest that kidney capsule grafts may prove useful in elucidating the factors that influence pituitary development.
Trajectory optimization for maneuvering satellites

Abstract This paper proposes an algorithm to compute optimal trajectories for a maneuvering satellite by using a nonlinear programming representation of an optimal control problem. In this problem, a satellite must be located at a given final position with given velocity from initial position and velocity without passing a prohibited region such as the atmosphere while achieving minimum fuel consumption. Optimal control theory is applied to obtain a set of ordinary differential equations subject to two-point boundary conditions (TPB) on the adjoint system. Then an exact penalty function method is employed to obtain the optimal trajectories by solving the TPB problem as initial conditions for the adjoint system and an unknown final time are regarded as decision variables. This formulation, where the optimal control technique and the nonlinear programming method are incorporated, permits more systematic and flexible algorithm implementation.
Tempered fractional time series model for turbulence in geophysical flows

We propose a new time series model for velocity data in turbulent flows. The new model employs tempered fractional calculus to extend the classical 5/3 spectral model of Kolmogorov. Application to wind speed and water velocity in a large lake are presented, to demonstrate the practical utility of the model.
Retinoids and the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome comprises a number of metabolic disorders, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired fasting glucose, that contribute to increased cardiovascular d...
Combining phylogenetic and ecological niche modeling approaches to determine distribution and historical biogeography of Black Hills mountain snails (Oreohelicidae)

We aim to show how a combination of molecular systematics and ecological niche modelling approaches can be used to test historical biogeographical hypotheses for species of conservation concern. We focus on the land snail genus Oreohelix (Oreohelicidae), a group found throughout the Rocky Mountains. In addition to its larger distribution, a group of Oreohelix is also found in the Black Hills of Wyoming and South Dakota, an isolated, easternmost extension of the Rocky Mountains. We determine the number, distribution, and relationships of Black Hills Oreohelicids, which are a current conservation concern due to their fragmented distribution. We compared Black Hills groups to those in the main part of the Rockies to test historical biogeographical patterns that explain current diversity. We collected mtDNA data (COI and 12S sequences) from multiple populations of Oreohelix throughout the Black Hills and in adjacent populations in the Rocky Mountains to construct phylogenetic hypotheses. To determine whether favourable environmental conditions currently exist between the Black Hills and the north-eastern Rocky Mountains, we used DesktopGARP to generate an ecological niche model for distinct lineages discovered in the molecular phylogenetic analysis. Results show that all Black Hills populations are likely Oreohelix cooperi and that little genetic differentiation exists within this clade. In addition, Black Hills groups are genetically similar or identical to populations found in the Judith Mountains and Bighorn Mountains (north-eastern Rockies). Ecological niche models show that suitable environmental conditions may exist between eastern Rockies and Black Hills O. cooperi samples. Taken together, the phylogenetic and niche model data, along with the low vagility of the snails, support passive long-distance dispersal as a likely explanation for current arrangement of biodiversity.
A Unified and Quantitative Receptor Model for the Microtubule Binding of Paclitaxel and Epothilone

Paclitaxel and epothilone represent the two major classes of antimicrotubule agents that promote tubulin polymerization and, presumably, mitotic arrest during cell division. A common minireceptor binding site model at β-tubulin has been constructed for these structurally divergent compounds. Utilizing 20 amino acids identified in photoaffinity labeling experiments, the 3-D model correlates measured and predicted Ki's with r = 0.99 and rms(ΔGcalc − ΔGexp) = 0.2 kcal/mol. In addition, the model predicts the affinity of compounds not used in the training set and explains much of the SAR for the paclitaxel and epothilone families.
Synthesis and characterization of a family of two related quaternary selenides: Na8Eu2(Si2Se6)2 and Na9Sm(Ge2Se6)2

Abstract In this work, two related quaternary rare earth selenide phases were synthesised using the molten flux method. Na 8 Eu 2 (Si 2 Se 6 ) 2 crystallizes in C 2/ m with cell parameters a = 7.0898(10) A, b = 12.228(2) A, c = 7.9499(11) A, β = 107.427(2)° and V = 657.6(2) A 3 ( Z = 1). This structure comprises layers of [Eu 2 (Si 2 Se 6 ) 2 ] 8− that are in the (1 1 0) planes; each contains ethane-like (Si 2 Se 6 ) 6− units oriented along c , or perpendicular to the planes. This phase is reminiscent of the family of M 2 P 2 S 6 well-known layered phases and we prepared the series where the main group metal was Si or Ge and the chalcogen was Se or Te. Na 9 Sm(Ge 2 Se 6 ) 2 is a related structure, also crystallizing in C 2/ m with cell parameters a = 7.9158(15) A, b = 12.244(2) A, c = 7.1048(13) A, β = 106.99(1)° and V = 658.6(2) A 3 ( Z = 1). This structure comprises layers of [Sm 2 (Ge 2 Se 6 ) 2 ] 9− similar to the selenosilicate yet contains ethane-like (Ge 2 Se 6 ) 6− units oriented along a , i.e. parallel to the layers. We have investigated the family of solids changing the chalcogen atoms (S, Se and Te) and evaluating how the structure changes with chalcogen and with the tetrelide atom (Ge, Si). In addition to single crystal diffraction studies, Raman, diffuse reflectance UV–vis and photoluminescence measurements (for Eu phases) have been used to characterize these compounds.
Further Studies on Skimmilk Agar for Routine Milk Counts

Previous studies on modifications of the standard agar plating medium approved by the American Public Health Association revealed that a combination containing 2.0 per cent fluid skimmilk, 0.5 per cent Bacto peptone, 0.1 per cent each of Bacto beef extract and glucose and 1.5 per cent agar, gave counts on 618 pasteurized milk samples which were from two to four times as large as corresponding counts using the approved standard agar (1). On 137 samples of raw milk, the counts with the modified medium were only slightly greater than those on the standard agar. The presence of skimmilk increases the size of the colonies and permits differentiation of acid-producing and caseolytic types. Excessive amounts of skimmilk may be precipitated in the medium while less than 2 per cent will not allow definite differentiation of colony types (2). Tryptone, a trypsin hydrolyzed casein, is superior to peptone as a source of nitrogen (3, 4). Bowers and Hucker in their media comparisons have shown that an agar containing 0.5 per cent tryptone, 0.1 per cent glucose, and 1.5 per cent agar, gave the highest counts. They also found that bacterial counts on this agar might be increased slightly by the addition of 0.5 per cent skimmilk.
Does Altered Retrograde Coupling Between and RyR1 and the DHPR Contribute to Malignant Hyperthermia

In skeletal muscle, intermolecular communication between the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is bi-directional; orthograde coupling (skeletal excitation-contraction coupling) is observed as depolarization-induced Ca2+ release via RyR1 and retrograde coupling is manifested by increased L-type Ca2+ current via the DHPR. The initial goal of this study was to determine whether the conformational state of RyR1 regulates DHPR gating. In this regard, we found that exposure of normal myotubes to ryanodine (200 μM, 1 hr, 37°C) caused an increase in L-type current at less depolarized test potentials as a result of a ∼5 mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. Likewise, charge movements of ryanodine-treated myotubes were shifted ∼13 mV to more hyperpolarizing potentials. The observation that pharmacologically-induced conformational changes in RyR1 affected DHPR gating raised the possibility that mutations in RyR1 that are linked to malignant hyperthermia (MH) may also affect DHPR gating. To this effect, the I-V relationship for L-type currents in cells originating from mice carrying an MH-linked mutation in RyR1 (R163C) were shifted to more hyperpolarizing potentials (∼7 mV for both HET and HOM) in comparison to WT cells. Compared to WT cells, HET and HOM cells both displayed a greater sensitivity to the L-type channel agonist ±Bay K 8644 (10 μM). Interestingly, L-type currents in normal myotubes were inhibited by the anti-MH drug dantrolene. Our present results and similar observations made with mice carrying another MH-linked mutation (Y522S; Chelu et al., 2006; Durham et al., 2008) suggest that altered retrograde coupling interactions may contribute to the aberrant Ca2+ handling associated with MH episodes. Supported by NIH NS24444 and AR44750 to K.G.B., NIH AR052354 to P.D.A. and MDA 4155 to R.A.B.
The Selection of Plastic Materials for Blood Bags

The procedures used in the preparation of blood components together with the processes used in the manufacture of multiple blood bag systems impose a unique combination of requirements that severely limits the selection of plastics. Plasticized PVC, the plastic used in the first blood bags introduced by Carl Walter over 40 years ago, remains the material of choice today. Blood bag material research has focused on two areas: (1) the development of containers with increased gas permeability for the storage of platelet concentrates; and (2) the reduction or elimination of plasticizer contamination of stored blood components. This research has led to the development of several second-generation containers that have improved the quality and extended the allowable storage period of platelet transfusion products. Plastics virtually free of extractives are available for the storage of platelets and plasma, but elimination of plasticizers from RBC products has not yet been achieved.
Pharmacokinetics of selamectin following intravenous, oral and topical administration in cats and dogs

The pharmacokinetics of selamectin were evaluated in cats and dogs, following intravenous (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), topical (24 mg/kg) and oral (24 mg/kg) administration. Following selamectin administration, serial blood samples were collected and plasma concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After intravenous administration of selamectin to cats and dogs, the mean maximum plasma concentrations and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were linearly related to the dose, and mean systemic clearance (Clb) and steady-state volume of distribution (Vd(ss)) were independent of dose. Plasma concentrations after intravenous administration declined polyexponentially in cats and biphasically in dogs, with mean terminal phase half-lives (t(1/2)) of approximately 69 h in cats and 14 h in dogs. In cats, overall Clb was 0.470 +/- 0.039 mL/min/kg (+/-SD) and overall Vd(ss) was 2.19 +/- 0.05 L/kg, compared with values of 1.18 +/- 0.31 mL/min/kg and 1.24 +/- 0.26 L/kg, respectively, in dogs. After topical administration, the mean C(max) in cats was 5513 +/- 2173 ng/mL reached at a time (T(max)) of 15 +/- 12 h postadministration; in dogs, C(max) was 86.5 +/- 34.0 ng/mL at T(max) of 72 +/- 48 h. Bioavailability was 74% in cats and 4.4% in dogs. Following oral administration to cats, mean C(max) was 11,929 +/- 5922 ng/mL at T(max) of 7 +/- 6 h and bioavailability was 109%. In dogs, mean C(max) was 7630 +/- 3140 ng/mL at T(max) of 8 +/- 5 h and bioavailability was 62%. There were no selamectin-related adverse effects and no sex differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. Linearity was established in cats and dogs for plasma concentrations up to 874 and 636 ng/mL, respectively. Pharmacokinetic evaluations for selamectin following intravenous administration indicated a slower elimination from the central compartment in cats than in dogs. This was reflected in slower clearance and longer t(1/2) in cats, probably as a result of species-related differences in metabolism and excretion. Inter-species differences in pharmacokinetic profiles were also observed following topical administration where differences in transdermal flux rates may have contributed to the overall differences in systemic bioavailability.
Breast Biopsy: A Pathologist’s Perspective on Biopsy Acquisition Techniques and Devices with Mammographic–Pathologic Correlation

An effective breast biopsy team requires detailed communication, particularly between radiologists and pathologists, to achieve the most accurate and useful diagnostic information from each minimally invasive breast biopsy procedure. A number of different biopsy devices are available and lend themselves to different imaging and clinical situations. The effect of biopsy size and number of biopsy fragments on diagnostic accuracy is discussed, with particular emphasis on biopsies directed at calcifications. In this context, differentiation of atypical hyperplasias from low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ depends not only on accurate targeting but also sufficient biopsy size. Some of the commonly used image-directed biopsy devices and site marking techniques are listed. Regular radiology–pathology correlation conferences foster collegial understanding of the strengths and limitations of each other’s analytical techniques and can lead to better patient care.
When are neighbours 'dear enemies' and when are they not? The responses of territorial male variegated pupfish, Cyprinodon variegatus, to neighbours, strangers and heterospecifics

Abstract Dear enemy recognition reduces the costs of territorial defence in some species, but not others, when a neighbour is more threatening to a resident's fitness than an intruder. I asked whether dear enemy effects were fixed in a particular species, or if the reduced aggression between a resident and neighbour was disrupted by the presence of potential mating opportunities. Observing variegated pupfish, Cyprinodon variegatus , in the field and in the laboratory, I examined the effects of a female's presence in a male's territory on residents' aggressive responses to conspecific neighbours and strangers as well as heterospecific opponents. Although reduced aggression consistent with dear enemy recognition was seen between conspecific neighbours in the absence of females, the presence of a female in a male's territory instigated comparably greater aggression between the neighbours. No reduction in aggression was seen between pupfish males and heterospecific opponents. These findings suggest that dear enemy recognition may be a flexible, rather than a fixed, feature of the relationship of neighbouring conspecific males. Despite the disruption in dear enemy recognition caused by a female, residents in the laboratory faced with neighbours spent more time associating with the female than residents faced with strangers. This allowed the residents to secure as many spawns as did males who had been faced with no competitor. Residents faced with any other type of opponent had reduced reproductive success, suggesting that the dear enemy relationship between residents and neighbours is more complex than simply a reduction in aggression. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Outcomes of a research‐driven laboratory and literature course designed to enhance undergraduate contributions to original research

This work describes outcomes of a research-driven advanced microbiology laboratory and literature research course intended to enhance undergraduate preparation for and contributions to original research. The laboratory section was designed to teach fundamental biochemistry and molecular biology techniques in the context of an original research project. Site-directed mutants of a gene of interest were constructed, and the effects of mutations on the resulting enzymes were analyzed. Students were also introduced to the literature surrounding their project, electronic literature databases, and preparation of computer-generated slides for oral presentations. Student progress was evaluated through a laboratory report written as scientific manuscript, an oral presentation, a 10-page written review, and an essay examination. In the semester following the laboratory course, four of the 14 undergraduates joined the host laboratory to continue their projects as individual undergraduate researchers. Quantifiable outcomes of the course and subsequent undergraduate research included i) production of eight new site-directed mutants and preliminary characterization of the corresponding enzymes, ii) training of four individual undergraduate researchers prior to joining the laboratory, iii) publication of a manuscript with results from two undergraduate researchers, and iv) presentation of two posters with undergraduate co-authors at a national meeting. This research-driven approach may be applicable to enhance undergraduate contributions to other original research projects that have defined goals achievable within the timeframe of a single semester.
Natural killer cells play divergent roles in shaping the outcome of hepatitis C virus recurrence following liver transplantation.

End-stage liver disease related to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. Recurrence is almost universal, and HCV infection significantly impairs patient and allograft survival following LT. The spectrum of histologic injury related to HCV recurrence is highly variable, ranging from mild histologic abnormalities to allograft cirrhosis in up to 30% of recipients by the fifth postoperative year. Although this is an active and promising area of research, we currently cannot reliably identify patients who will develop progressive HCV recurrence. Thus, identifying variables before LT that predict more aggressive HCV recurrence is of importance, particularly in the context of donor organ shortage. The immune response is a critical determinant of clinical outcome in both the acute and chronic phases of HCV infection. Liver injury secondary to HCV infection is thought to be immune-mediated and not to result from the direct cytopathic effects of the virus. Considerable gaps exist in our understanding of how the immune response influences HCV recurrence postLT. In this setting, the infection of an HCV-naive allograft in some ways resembles acute HCV infection, and this suggests a role for innate immune mechanisms in recurrent HCV disease outcome. In this issue of Liver Transplantation, Espadas de Arias and colleagues contribute to our understanding of the potential role of natural killer (NK) cells in the antiviral immune response of LT recipients, adding important information to an emerging area of research.
Incorporating the viewer's point of regard (POR) in gaze-contingent virtual environments

Awareness of the viewer's gaze position in a virtual environment can lead to significant savings in scene processing if fine detail information is presented `just in time' only at locations corresponding to the participant's gaze, i.e., in a gaze-contingent manner. This paper describes the evolution of a gaze-contingent video display system, `gcv'. Gcv is a multithreaded, real-time program which displays digital video and simultaneously tracks a subject's eye movements. Treating the eye tracker as an ordinary positional sensor, gcv's architecture shares many similarities with contemporary virtual environment system designs. Performance of the present system is evaluated in terms of (1) eye tracker sampling latency and video transfer rates, and (2) measured eye tracker accuracy and slippage. The programming strategies developed for incorporating the viewer's point-of-regard are independent of proprietary eye tracking equipment and are applicable to general gaze- contingent virtual environment designs.
A Probabilistic Framework for Risk Prediction of Gas Turbine Engine Components With Inherent or Induced Material Anomalies

Rare anomalies may be introduced during the metallurgical or manufacturing processes that may lead to uncontained failures of aircraft gas turbine engines. The risk of fracture associated with these anomalies can be quantified using a probabilistic fracture mechanics approach. In this paper, a general probabilistic framework is presented for risk assessment of gas turbine engine components subjected to either inherent or induced material anomalies. A summary of efficient computational methods that are applicable to this problem is also provided.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Attachment-Based Family Therapy with a 13-Year-Old Girl Presenting with High Risk for Suicide

This article describes the application of Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) to the treatment of a 13-year-old female adolescent presenting with high risk of suicide, complicated by a history of depression and sexual trauma. The article begins with an overview of ABFT, including (a) how attachment theory guides treatment; (b) the structure of the clinical model; and (c) the data that provide empirical support. A case example is then presented that exemplifies the primary clinical procedures used to reach therapeutic goals in ABFT, including attachment repair and autonomy/competence promotion. Weekly changes in suicide ideation and depression scores are presented. The article concludes with a discussion about implications for family-based treatment of suicidal youth.
A Versatile Shotgun Source for Engineering and Groundwater Seismic Surveys

We describe an electrical seismic gun that is capable of firing 8-gauge blank black powder shells in a water‐filled borehole under relatively high hydrostatic pressures. The new seismic gun is a modified version of the electrical shotgun source for engineering seismic surveys introduced by Pullan and MacAulay (1987). Our modifications seal the firing circuit and 8-gauge shell against water entry so underwater detonation will occur reliably at depths to at least 80 m (0.9 MPa atmospheric pressure). Source energy is controlled by varying the size of the black powder load in the shell from 50 grains to 500 grains (10 kJ to 100 kJ). Although our seismic gun may be used in any seismic application suitable for modest explosive charges, it was initially developed as a versatile source for use in seismic investigations of the shallow subsurface (primarily engineering and groundwater studies). As of this writing, the gun has been used for optimum offset and CMP high‐resolution seismic reflection profiling, enginee...
Dendrimers as Solubilizing Groups for Conducting Polymers: Preparation and Characterization of Polythiophene Functionalized Exclusively with Aliphatic Ether Convergent Dendrons

The first conducting polythiophene, having only dendritic solubilizers, has been prepared using a Stille coupling approach. The use of second and third generation aliphatic ether convergent dendrons as a solubilizing platform facilitated the preparation of dendrimer-oligothiophene hybrid macromonomers having minimal substitution. Polymers were then prepared via an A2 + B2 step-growth polymerization between an oligothiophene−dibromide macromonomer and 2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene using Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 as the catalyst. Both the dendrimer size and the dendrimer to thiophene unit ratio were variables that required optimization in order to obtain a solution-processable conducting polymer. Conductivities as high as 200 S/cm were measured for iodine doped thin films of the polythiophene with six thiophene repeat units for each third generation dendron.
Simple examples with features of renormalization for turbulent transport

Two simple exactly solvable models for turbulent transport are introduced and discussed here with complete mathematical rigour. These models illustrate several different facets of super-diffusion and renormalization for turbulent transport. The first model involves time dependent velocity fields with suitable long-range correlations and the complete renormalization theory is developed here in detail. In addition rigorous examples are developed by using variants of this model where the effective equation for the ensemble average at large scales and long times is diffusive despite the fact that each realization exhibits catastrophic large-scale instability. The second model introduced previously by the authors involves transport-diffusion in simple shear layers with turbulent velocity statistics. The theories of renormalized eddy diffusivity and higher-order statistics are surveyed here. An extreme limiting case of the theory involving turbulent velocity statistics with long-range spatial correlations but gaussian white noise in time is discussed in detail. Both the renormalized theory of eddy diffusivity and exact explicit equations for second-order correlations related to the pair distance function are developed in complete detail here in this instructive limiting case.
Shortage of full-time faculty in dermatology.

• A persistent shortage of full-time faculty exists in dermatology. Despite the addition of 124 new full-time faculty since 1971 through 1972,136 training programs in 1974 through 1975 were actively seeking 88 new full-time faculty and believed they needed 243. With a net gain of 30 new faculty a year, it will take 2.93 years to add 88 new faculty that are being actively sought and 5.16 years to add 155 more that are urgently needed. During this eight years, demand for new faculty will increase, so that figures of need may remain essentially unchanged in 1982 through 1983 as between 1971 through 1972 and 1974 through 1975. Expertise that was most needed was in immunology, electron microscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and biochemistry; many accept faculty in any area or with no special training. Measures should be taken to attract and retain more dermatologists in full-time academic positions. ( Arch Dermatol 113:297-301, 1977)
Numerical solution to hybrid fuzzy systems

In this paper we study numerical methods for hybrid fuzzy differential equations by an application of the Euler method for fuzzy differential equations. We prove a convergence result and give several numerical examples to illustrate the theory.
Relation between biological potency and clearance rates of gonadotropins in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.

Abstract Clearance of exogenous gonadotropins was studied in the lizard Anolis carolinensis in relation to the problem of variations in potency ratios between LH and FSH of different species of hormone. Studies with unlabeled bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) gonadotropins revealed that the FSH had a much longer persistence time in the lizard than did LH; this was confirmed by direct immunological measurements of circulating hormone and by temporal profiles in the stimulation of gonadal androgen production in the lizard. Bullfrog FSH and LH labeled with 125 I had similar clearance rates; the clearance of ( 125 I) Rana LH was slower than that of the unlabeled preparation. In contrast, similar studies with unlabeled sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) hormones indicated that the LH is cleared more slowly than is FSH. These differences between the pairs of frog and turtle gonadotropins are consistent with the difference in LH/FSH potency ratios observed for the two species of hormone in the in vivo Anolis lizard testes weight bioassay. Thus, these data provide additional insights into the variability in effects of different species of gonadotropins: the relatively high potency of some species of LH may be related in part to increased half-lives.
Milk fever and calcium metabolism.

Allen, W.M. & Sansoni, B.F. Milk lever and calcium metabolism. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 19–29. W.M. Allen, Department of Functional Pathology, AFRC Institute for Research on Animal Diseases, Campion, Newbury, Berkshire RC16 ONN, England.
Impact of clinical volume on scholarly activity in an academic children's hospital: trends, implications, and possible solutions.

To evaluate the effect of changes in clinical volume on scholarly activities in an academic pediatric radiology department. For each academic year from 1995 to 2000 we queried the departmental radiology information system for clinical examination volume and work complexity expressed in work relative value units (RVU) per full-time equivalent (FTE) radiologist. Publication activity by faculty and fellows was assessed by an electronic (Medline) search for all peer-reviewed articles. Departmental presentations at annual meetings of four major radiological societies were determined from published proceedings. The relationship between scholarly activity and clinical volumes was assessed by linear regression. Over the 6-year study period, the number of clinical exams per FTE radiologist increased by 17 % (P < 0.05) and the number of RVUs per FTE radiologist increased by 46 % (P < 0.02). During the same period, the number of peer-reviewed publications per FTE radiologist decreased by 69 % (P < 0.01 by linear regression), while number of presentations at national meetings dropped by 16 % (P = NS). Number of clinical examinations and RVU per FTE were both strong predictors of decreasing publication rate (r = –1, P < 0.04), but not of academic presentations at national meetings. There was no correlation between clinical and academic productivity for individual faculty in the final year of the study (r < 0.01, P = NS). Increases in clinical workload have negatively affected the academic productivity of pediatric radiologists at a large children's hospital.
Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review.

Introduction: Drugs are estimated to cause about 10 – 25% of all cases of gynecomastia. Over the course of several decades, multiple medications have been implicated in the development of gynecomas...
Open Fractures of the Foot and Ankle An Evidence-Based Review

Open fractures have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Morbidity and mortality rates have improved with the advancements in infectious disease, plastic and reconstructive surgery, as well as damage control orthopaedics. Despite these advancements, few reports have focused on management of open foot and ankle fractures. This review outlines evidence- based principles for open fracture management and how these principles are applied to the foot and ankle.
66 ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING OF STEM CELLS DERIVED FROM ADULT PORCINE LIVER AND FAT

Genetic manipulation of the porcine genome to produce genetically modified pigs for various biomedical and agriculture applications has been hampered by the lack of an ideal cell type that can grow in culture for a long period of time and is amenable to various genetic manipulations with high efficiency. The cell type currently used for various genetic manipulations is fetal fibroblast. These cells have very limited life span in culture and the efficiency of gene targeting is very low. There is no report of isolation of functional embryonic stem cells (ESC) from pig that would have been used to produce transgenic pigs with high efficiency as has been possible in mice. Recently, porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have been reported by 3 groups. However, they have yet to be tested for genetic manipulations and production of transgenic pigs. In this study, we developed a simple but novel strategy to recover stem cells from adult porcine liver and adipose tissues. Small colonies with few cells became visible as early as 2 to 3 days under reduced oxygen conditions on collagen-coated plates, and a full-grown colony with a fibroblast-like morphology took 10 to 14 days to form. Ten single colonies per tissue were isolated, subcultured, and monitored for growth and gene expression. Both of these cell types maintained steady growth through 70 population doublings (at the time of writing) and are still growing without any change in their morphology. Reverse transcription PCR was used to monitor gene expression. Both cell types show strong expression of c-Myc and KLF4. Moreover, low expression of Oct-4 and Lin28, 2 important genes related to pluripotency, was also detected in cells derived from adipose tissues, indicating that these cells could be easily reprogrammed to pluripotent state. These cells maintained a normal karyotype after long-term culture. Cell lines with stable genetic modifications and extended expression of transgene were obtained when these cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the neomycin resistance gene and selected under G418. Further, these 2 cell types, liver stem cells (LSC) and fat stem cells (FSC), and fetal fibroblasts (FF) as a control were used as nuclear donors to produce somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The average fusion rates were 87, 81, and 89% for LSC, FSC, and FF, respectively. Of 2 recipients receiving nuclear transfer embryos produced with each cell type, one established pregnancy at Day 30 (50%). Efficiencies were 5% (11 fetuses/223 embryos transferred), 1.8% (4 fetuses/228 embryos transferred),and 5% (11 fetuses/219 embryos transferred) for LSC, FSC, and FF, respectively. Thus, these adult liver and fat stem cells are attractive cell types for cloning valuable adult animals with high efficiency and for SCNT transgenesis.
A new double-tuned probed for concurrent 1H and 31P NMR☆

Abstract A new method for double tuning NMR probes, utilizing a parallel LC trap in series with the usual tuning capacitor, is described. This method of probe tuning provides both resonances to a single input, creating an ideal probe for concurrent 31 P and 1 H NMR. The sensitivity of this probe at 31 P is not appreciably different from single-tuned probes. This circuit design has the advantages of requiring fewer reactive components and is easily generalized to more than two resonances.
Separation of bile pigments by thin layer chromatography

Abstract Separation of bile pigments by ascending thin layer chromatography is described. Unesterified pigments separate on polyamide layer with methanol-water (3:1), the esterified ones on Silica Gel G with benzene-ethanol (100:8). Pigments inseparable in the above systems are separated: free violins and verdins on polyamide TLC with methanol-10% ammonia-water (9:1:2), esterified urobilin and stercobilin on Silica Gel G with chloroform-ethanol (100:2).
Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents

The construct of emotion dysregulation increasingly has been used to explain diverse psychopathologies across the lifespan. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; K. L. Gratz & L. Roemer, 2004) represents the most comprehensive measure of the construct to date and exhibits good reliability and validity in adults; however, the measure has yet to be tested in adolescents. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the DERS in a community sample of 428 adolescents (ages 13-17 years). Exploratory factor analysis supported a 6-factor structure consistent with the 6 DERS subscales. Internal consistencies for the subscales were good to excellent (alphas ranged from .76 to .89). In support of the measure's construct validity, the DERS exhibited robust correlations with psychological problems reflecting emotion dysregulation, specifically depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, alcohol use, and drug use. Intercorrelations among the DERS subscales ranged from negligible to high (range: r = .04 to r = .68), and potential problems with discriminant validity were noted. In general, results support the reliability and validity of the DERS as a measure of emotion dysregulation in adolescents.
The Socio-institutional Dynamics of Urban Climate Governance: A Comparative Analysis of Innovation and Change in Durban (KZN, South Africa) and Portland (OR, USA)

The past two decades have seen an impressive expansion of municipal engagement with climate change. Yet while interest has broadened, actions remain shallow. This is in part because climate policies fit uneasily into existing bureaucratic structures and practices. Effective climate programmes require adaptive and innovative responses that span departmental divisions. This challenges siloised municipal offices that are embedded in their own organisational cultures and technical practices. Understanding those challenges is crucial to understanding urban responses to climate change, but they remain critically understudied. This paper helps to fill that gap by looking at the experiences of two cities, Durban (KZN, South Africa) and Portland (OR, USA) as they attempt to put in place integrated responses to climate change. To do so, it brings together complementary critical perspectives drawn from the study of bureaucracies and complex institutions in sociology and geography. This hybrid critical framework is u...
Dead-zone digital controller for improved dynamic response of power factor preregulators

This paper presents a simple control method for improvement of dynamic responses in a digitally controlled low-harmonic rectifier with power factor correction (PFC). The controller uses a fixed or self-adjusting dead zone in analog-to-digital conversion to eliminate the output capacitor ripple from the voltage control loop. The proposed control methods are tested in a completely digitally controlled 200 W boost PFC operating at 200 kHz switching frequency. Experimental results show that the simple controller implementation results in low current harmonics and significantly improved output voltage transient responses.
Spectral compensation for tissue attenuation and transmit intensity in ultrasonic detection of microbubbles by harmonic method

Tissue perfusion can be assessed by harmonic imaging of microbubbles which are highly nonlinear and produce strong harmonic components as they scatter the incident ultrasound. However, the harmonic magnitude also depends on the pressure of the transmitted ultrasound and the attenuation of the intervening tissues in the ultrasound path. Thus, the harmonic magnitude may not be a reliable indicator of the presence or absence of microbubbles, and hence, tissue perfusion. Here, we propose a parameter called harmonic to squared fundamental ratio (HSFR) that, under ideal conditions, completely compensates for the effects of tissue attenuation and transmit pressure for superior microbubble detection. In experiments, the target tested is 0.01% microbubble solution or water (as a control). The echoes from these targets obtained with different transmit pressures and attenuation pads are used to compute the HSFR. HSFR is able to separate the microbubble solutions from the control with a single threshold for all combinations of attenuation and transmit intensity tested.
Coordinated transport of phosphorylated amyloid-β precursor protein and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase–interacting protein-1

The transmembrane protein amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and the vesicle-associated protein c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase–interacting protein-1 (JIP-1) are transported into axons by kinesin-1. Both proteins may bind to kinesin-1 directly and can be transported separately. Because JIP-1 and APP can interact, kinesin-1 may recruit them as a complex, enabling their cotransport. In this study, we tested whether APP and JIP-1 are transported together or separately on different vesicles. We found that, within the cellular context, JIP-1 preferentially interacts with Thr668-phosphorylated APP (pAPP), compared with nonphosphorylated APP. In neurons, JIP-1 colocalizes with vesicles containing pAPP and is excluded from those containing nonphosphorylated APP. The accumulation of JIP-1 and pAPP in neurites requires kinesin-1, and the expression of a phosphomimetic APP mutant increases JIP-1 transport. Down-regulation of JIP-1 by small interfering RNA specifically impairs transport of pAPP, with no effect on the trafficking of nonphosphorylated APP. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of APP regulates the formation of a pAPP–JIP-1 complex that accumulates in neurites independent of nonphosphorylated APP.
Role of thyroxine in the postnatal development of rat hepatic tryptophan oxygenase and ornithine aminotransferase.

The activities of tryptophan oxygenase and ornithine aminotransferase are known to increase markedly in rat liver during the postnatal period. The aim of this study was to determine whether thyroxine regulates the development of these two enzymes. It was found that hyperthyroidism had no effect on the activity of tryptophan oxygenase, but caused a modest increase of ornithine aminotransferase activity at 10 days of age. The latter effect persisted in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that it was not secondary to elevation of plasma corticosterone. When thyroxine was administered together with cortisone acetate, elevation of ornithine aminotransferase activity was substantially greater than that observed with cortisone acetate alone. It is concluded that the postnatal development of hepatic ornithine aminotransferase is primarily controlled by glucocorticoids, but that the effect of these hormones may be potentiated by thyroxine. 0 1985 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Is the applicability of Web-based surveys for academic research limited to the field of information technology?

Currently, the Internet provides researchers with the opportunity to conduct online surveys in a more efficient and effective way than was previously allowed by traditional means. While the popularity of online data collection methodology has increased, only a limited number of studies have been done related to the topic of using Web-based surveys specifically for academic research. The purpose of this research project-in-progress is twofold. The first objective is to explore potential differences in attitudes toward using Web-based surveys as a tool for academic research among information technology versus non-information technology researchers. The second goal is to investigate the relationship between participants' degree of computer literacy and their acceptance of and trust in Web-based surveys.
Common Mode and Differential Mode Analysis of Three Phase Cables for PWM AC Drives

This paper proposes a new 3-phase transmission line model with the first successful use of 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to extract and predict cable R-L-C parameters over a wide range of frequencies. The significance is that the FEA methodology to extract high frequency parameters were shown to be accurate and eliminates costly cable testing. The 3-phase FEA parameters can also be transformed for use with historical single-line transmission line models. The FEA approach allows unsymmetrical cables to be studied in a 3-phase cable-drive and motor simulation setting. FEA predicted vs. measured R-L-C parameters as function of frequency was within 5-10%. A 3-phase drive-cable-motor power electronic simulator program using predicted FEA parameters to predict CM current and DM motor overshoot (ringing) voltage was found to be within 7-15% of measured waveforms from 10 ft to 1000 ft cable length variation for two different cable type configurations. Analysis provided is also applicable to power system transient studies on AC line connected equipment.