cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning tunneling microscopy investigations of cadmium stearate bilayers and dipalmitoyl phosphotidylcholine monolayers on graphite

Bilayers of cadmium stearate (Cd-stearate) and monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) have been assembled on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates and investigated in air using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). STM images of Cd- stearate bilayers reveal a regular two-dimensional lattice of high tunneling current vertices which are separated by 4 - 6 angstroms. Few defects are observed in these lattices. 'High (tau) ' bilayers, which were deposited with a transfer ratio, (tau) approximately equals 2.0, have monoclinic lattices whereas the lattices of 'low (tau) ' bilayers, with (tau) equals 1.4 - 1.6, are orthorhombic. Molecular resolution STM data is also presented for DPPC monolayers prepared by the conventional Langmuir-Blodgett vertical deposition method. In monolayers of these structurally more complex amphiphiles, greater disorder is evident. Prolonged STM scanning of either Cd-stearate bilayers or DPPC monolayers induces modification of the 'native' crystalline structure presumably due to tip-film interactions.
Pediatric pharmacotherapy in the PharmD curriculum: Course design and student self-assessment of learning outcomes achievement

Abstract Background The typical pharmacy school provides limited opportunities for focused pediatric pharmacotherapy discussions. This finding served as the impetus for development of an elective course on pediatric pharmacotherapy. The purpose of this study was to describe course design and evaluate students' self-assessment of learning outcome achievement in a pediatric pharmacotherapy course. Methods Thirty second-year pharmacy students were enrolled in a ten-week pediatric pharmacotherapy elective course. This course integrated numerous teaching strategies and provided several opportunities for formative and summative feedback. Students completed a pre- and post-course survey consisting of 20 items. Pre- and post-course surveys were compared to evaluate changes in student self-assessments of learning achievement following this course. Results Twenty-nine and 27 students responded to the pre- and post-course survey, respectively. There was a significant improvement in post-survey results for all items that examined students' self-assessment of competency in course learning outcomes ( p ≤ 0.036). Conclusions Following completion of a pediatric pharmacotherapy course, significant improvements were observed in students' self-assessment of learning outcome achievement. The course design appeared to have facilitated these improvements. Since this course was an elective offering, additional means of educating pharmacy students on the care of pediatric patients may need to be considered.
Ice-producing processes in a North Dakota cumulus cloud

Abstract The early development of ice particles in a convective cloud is monitored using radar and instrumented aircraft. Observed ice particle concentrations (∼ 1000 m −3 ) at the −13°C level in updraft regions are consistent with recent suirvey of ice nuclei concentrations but are high compared to earlier surveys. An adiabatic parcel model with an ice nucleation parameterization based on the more recent surveys produces an initial ice particle population at the −13°C level that closely resembles that observed. The observations suggest that in this cloud ice particles first nucleated in the air rising in the updraft region below this level. These particles began to grow to precipitation sizes just as the updraft began to collapse. Due to lack of supercooled cloud water, ice particles that nucleated later at higher and colder levels did not grow to precipitation sizes. Maximum concentrations of small graupel particles reached only 2 × 10 4 m −3 near the −10°C level in the cloud even though cloud-top temperatures as low as −40°C were attained.
Private Security and Democracy: Lessons from the US in Iraq

Arguments about the importance of democracy for international behavior assume that states rely on military organizations rather than “hired guns.” With the growth of the private security market this assumption no longer holds true. Focusing on the United States, we use original data to compare the impacts of using private military/security forces and military forces on attributes identified as endemic to democracies: constitutionalism, transparency, and public consent. Our evidence indicates that forces raised via contract are harder to learn about and thus less transparent than military forces. Largely due to lowered transparency, Congress has a harder time exercising its constitutional role, which impedes constitutionalism. Finally, though the public is just as sensitive to the deaths of private forces as it is to military deaths, it is less likely to know about them. Thus the lack of transparency also circumvents meaningful public consent. We conclude with a consideration of the potential implications ...
Immunological and chemical studies of phenylalanyl sRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli.

Use was made of preparations of phenylalanyl sRNA synthetase purified approximately 200-fold from a wild-type strain of Escherichia coli and from a mutant strain that possesses an altered form of this enzyme for which reactivity with p -fiuorophenylalanine is reduced. The purified preparations were antigenic in rabbits, inducing the formation of precipitating and enzyme-inhibiting antibodies. Inhibition of enzyme activity by rabbit antisera was quantitatively similar in the three assay systems commonly employed for aminoacyl sRNA synthetases. The antisera were equally inhibitory for activity in unfractionated extracts and for the purified enzyme. Enzymological analysis of the purified preparations demonstrated that the different reactivity of the mutant enzyme with p -fiuorophenylalanine was the result of a sixfold increase in K m and a 25-fold decrease in V max for this substrate. Nevertheless, the mutant enzyme appeared immunochemically indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme. The purified preparations had only low levels of aminoacyl sRNA synthetase activity for other amino acids tested, and were homogeneous by immunochemical criteria. This apparent homogeneity after only a 200-fold purification implies that phenylalanyl sRNA synthetase comprises 0·5% of the total cell protein. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be approximately 160,000. A cell with a total protein content of 3 × 10 −7 μ g ought, therefore, to contain approximately 6000 molecules of phenylalanyl sRNA synthetase.
A patient with ectopic cortisol production derived from malignant testicular masses

This article describes a patient with Cushing syndrome presumably attributable to an adrenocortical carcinoma arising from testicular adrenal rest cells. The authors discuss treatment options for adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent hypercortisolism and highlight the difficulties in determining the origin of ectopic cortisol production. Background A 65-year-old man presented to an oncology clinic with bilateral testicular masses, lower extremity edema, and cushingoid appearance. Investigations Measurements of serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, testicular ultrasound and abdominal CT scans, and review of histopathology to identify the cellular origin of the ectopic cortisol production. Diagnosis Cushing syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of a markedly elevated 24-hour urine free cortisol level and classic cushingoid features. The etiology of Cushing syndrome was determined to be an adrenocortical carcinoma arising from testicular adrenal rest cells. Nevertheless, the possibility of a malignant Leydig cell tumor with ectopic cortisol production could not be excluded. Management Mitotane and metyrapone were used to decrease cortisol production. Excess mineralocorticoid activity was blocked with spironolactone; sodium retention was also managed with sodium restriction and diuretics. Despite initial success with this regimen, the patient died as a result of tumor progression and complications of poorly controlled hypercortisolism.
Pretreatment with intraventricular basic fibroblast growth factor decreases infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Basic fibroblast growth factor is a polypeptide with potent multipotential trophic effects on central nervous system cells, including neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. In particular, it promotes the survival of a wide variety of brain neuron in vitro, and protects these neurons against the effects of several neurotoxins, including excitatory amino acids, hypoglycemia, and calcium ionophore. Since lack of substrate delivery, excitatory amino acid toxicity, and calcium entry into cells appear to be important processes in neuronal death after ischemia, we tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with basic fibroblast growth factor limits infarct size in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. Mature male Long-Evans rats received either continuous intraventricular infusion of basic fibroblast growth factor (1.2μ/day; with or without heparin, added to stabilize the growth factor) or vehicle alone for 3 days before focal ischemic infarcts were made in the right lateral cerebral cortex by permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and temporary (45-minute) bilateral carotid occlusion. Intraoperative measurements of core temperarure, arterial blood pressure and blood gases, blood glucose concentration, and hematocrit, and postoperative measurements of temperature revealed no differences among vehicle- versus basic fibroblast growth factor–treated animals. Twenty-four hours later, animals were killed, brains were removed and stained to visualize cortical infarcts, and infarct volume was determined by image analysis. Overall, we found a 25% reduction in infarct volume in basic fibroblast growth factor– (N = 25) versus vehicle-treated (N = 23) animals (p < 0.01). This reduction was not enhanced by the addition of heparin. These data show that pretreatment with intraventricular basic fibroblast growth factor limits infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
Normal Blood Supply to the Human His Bundle and Proximal Bundle Branches

The three major coronary arteries of 10 normal human hearts were injected with differentially colored gelatin mass for histologic determination of the blood supply to the His bundle and proximal bundle branches. The His bundle was dually supplied by the A-V node artery and the first septal branch of the left anterior descending artery in nine hearts, but entirely by the A-V node artery in one. The proximal right bundle branch was supplied by both the A-V node artery and septal branch in five hearts, only the septal branch in four, and the A-V node artery alone in one. The anterior half of the left bundle branch was dually supplied by the A-V node artery and septal branch in four hearts, entirely by the septal branch in five, and the A-V node artery alone in one. The posterior half of the left bundle branch was supplied by the A-V node artery alone in five hearts, dually by the A-V node artery and septal branch in four, and by the septal branch alone in one. The blood supply to most of the human His bundle and its proximal branches is thus dual in origin, with anastomosis principally within the His bundle.
Organogold chemistry II. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)gold(III)

Abstract Tris(pentafluorophenyl)gold(III) (I) has been prepared as a stable compound in ether solution at room temperature and has been characterized as the triphenylphosphine adduct (II). Attempted isolation of (I) gave metallic gold and decafluorobiphenyl. The 19 F NMR spectrum of (II) is analyzed in terms of structure and electronic properties and compared to similar measurements on the gold(I) derivatives.
Toward transparent molecular wires: electron and energy transfer in transition metal derivatized conducting polymers

Abstract A great deal of research has concentrated on long range electron and energy transport in transition metal-based systems, including molecular donor-acceptor assemblies, electron and energy transfer cascades, dendrimers, and derivatized polymer systems. In an effort to improve efficiencies for electron and energy transport over large distances, several groups have now turned to conjugated systems. Several challenges exist to incorporating conducting materials/polymers in the study of photoinduced electron and energy transfer: solubility and processibility of the materials, thermal stability and limitations on direct spectroscopic characterization due to band gap absorptions. We have prepared a new series of conducting materials that provides for direct incorporation of chromophores and electrophores within the backbone of a conducting polymer. Energy transfer dynamics between conducting polymer bridges and porphyrin or metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophores can be controlled through intermolecular interactions in solid vs solution samples. We have also developed a methodology to incorporate transmissive benzothiophene-type polymers such as polyisothianaphthene (PITN) within a copolymer assembly. These new materials are now being used to investigate long range electronic coupling and have potential applications that range from artificial photosynthesis to light emitting diodes.
Effects of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 on cerebral arteries of newborn pigs.

Abstract: We examined effects of topical application of leukotrienes (LT) C4, D4, and E4 on cerebral arteries of newborn pigs in vivo. Diameters of pial arteries were measured using a cranial window method during application of artificial cerebrospinal fluid without drug, and cerebrospinal fluid containing LT C4, D4, and E4 (1, 10, 100, 1000, and 5000 ng/ml). Control diameters ranged from 51–345 μm. All three LT constricted pial arteries in a dose-dependent manner, with a threshold for detectable response at 10 ng/ml (7 ± 3% for LTD4). The magnitude of constrictor response at the highest dose was 23 ± 3% for LTC4, 17 ± 2% for LTD4, and 17 ± 3% for LTE4. The specific receptor antagonist FPL 55712 blocked the constrictor response to LT. We conclude that LT are potent constrictors of cerebral arteries in newborn pigs.
Multispectral cytometry of single bio-particles using a 32-channel detector

Detecting biological particles and subsequently identifying them in a very short period of time is highly desirable, but a very difficult task. There are several pathways for developing rapid detection systems. For example, one can reduce sample size to a very small volume, and amplify cellular components by PCR technology with a view to identifying antigen-specific molecules. Alternatively, antibody-based assays allow for detection and identification of a variety of well-characterized pathogens. The system we propose utilizes flow cytometry technology to rapidly detect spectral fingerprints or organisms. However, the current limit for simultaneously detectable fluorescence signals in flow cytometry is around 12-15. Making these measurements is very complex and the necessity for advanced spectral overlap calculations creates a number of difficult problems to solve in a short period of time. Next-generation instruments can either increase the number of detectors or modify the principles of collection. If the detector system were simplified, the overall cost and complexity of single-cell analytical systems might be reduced. This requires changes in both hardware and software that allow for the analysis of 30 or more spectral signals. Further, analysis of complex data sets requires some completely new approaches, particularly in the area of multispectral analysis. This presentation describes the key components and principles involved in building a next-generation instrument which can collect simultaneously 32 bands of fluorescence from a particle in less than 5 microseconds. This would allow the analysis of several thousand bioparticles per second. The flow cytometry system based on our new detector would be designed to be portable and low cost.
Genetic characterization of reduced melanin formation in tuber tissue of Solanum hjertingii and hybrids with cultivated diploids

The degree of enzymatic browning in tubers was examined quantitatively in five plant introduction (PI) accessions ofSolanum hjertingii and in hybrids of this species with cultivated diploids that had high enzymatic browning. Polyphenol oxidase activity and melanin formation inS. hjertingii accessions was subjected to an analysis of variance. There was significant variation in melanin formation within accessions but the between accession component was not significant. This indicates that it would be most advantageous to select low melanin formation by evaluating individual genotypes within an accession. Significant variation for PPO activity existed between accessions, indicating that selection on the basis of accession means would be the best means of selecting for lower PPO activity. Both parameters were much lower in allS. hjertingii genotypes compared to tetraploid cultivars known for their susceptibility to internal blackspot when mechanically damaged. The reduced browning inS. hjertingii was due to a lack of PPO activity and not the shortage of substrate. Progenies, and parents of four crosses between selectedS. hjertingii genotypes and cultivated diploids were measured for PPO activity and melanin formation. The mean performance of the progenies was closest to theS. hjertingii parent in all cases. Degree of dominance indicated nearly complete dominance or overdominance in the direction of theS. hjertingii parent. These results are discussed in light of other work which indicates that protein antigenic to PPO antibody is present inS. hjertingii. It appears that inactive PPO is present in the tubers. The pronounced dominance of low PPO activity and suppression of melanin formation in the hybrids withS. hjertingii is promising for the utility of this wild species as a source of genetic factors that, upon introgression into the cultivated potato gene pool, would suppress browning.
Investigations of photolysis and rebinding kinetics in myoglobin using proximal ligand replacements.

We use laser flash photolysis and time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of CO-bound H93G myoglobin (Mb) mutants to study the influence of the proximal ligand on the CO rebinding kinetics. In H93G mutants, where the proximal linkage with the protein is eliminated and the heme can bind exogenous ligands (e.g., imidazole, 4-bromoimidazole, pyridine, or dibromopyridine), we observe significant effects on the CO rebinding kinetics in the 10 ns to 10 ms time window. Resonance Raman spectra of the various H93G Mb complexes are also presented to aid in the interpretation of the kinetic results. For CO-bound H93G(dibromopyridine), we observe a rapid large-amplitude geminate phase with a fundamental CO rebinding rate that is ∼45 times faster than for wild-type MbCO at 293 K. The absence of an iron proximal ligand vibrational mode in the 10 ns photoproduct Raman spectrum of CO-bound H93G(dibromopyridine) supports the hypothesis that proximal ligation has a significant influence on the kinetics of diatomic ligand binding ...
Myocarditis--continuing clinical and pathologic confusion.

Abstract Myocarditis remains a controversial disease. The history and clinical features on presentation are nondiagnostic and investigation results are usually nonspecific. Endomyocardial biopsy is a useful tool, but is inconsistent in its ability to make or refute the diagnosis. Cardiac imaging contributes little to determining the cause of heart failure. Monoclonal antibodies and new serologic assays may improve diagnostic precision in the future, but there remains the difficult question as to how best to help the patient when the diagnosis of myocarditis is confirmed. Immunosuppressive therapy may be of benefit, but this has never been proven, and although newer therapies including antiviral agents show promise, rest and supportive measures remain today the only rational treatment for myocarditis.
Cochlear injuries induced by the combined exposure to noise and styrene.

Abstract Workers exposed to industrial solvents are also frequently exposed to mechanical noise. In this study, a combination of a continuous noise (100 dB SPL) and an impact noise (110 dB SPL) was used to mimic the noise exposure in the workplace. A noise band of 10–20 kHz was used to induce a cochlear injury in the same cochlear region in the rat as styrene exposure. Styrene levels of 300 and 400 mg/kg were applied to induce outer hair cell (OHC) loss limited to the third row of the middle turn, but without significant cochlear functional loss. The combined exposures of the noise and styrene for 3 weeks caused greater threshold shifts than the noise alone, although the styrene alone did not induce significant threshold shift. Correspondingly, the combined exposures induced OHC losses that were greater than the summated OHC losses induced by the noise and styrene exposure alone. Apoptosis in Deiters cells was also examined after a short-term exposure (7 days) to a combined exposure of a high-level styrene (800 mg/kg) and the noise. The styrene-noise synergistic interaction was also observed in the Deiters cells. The synergistic interaction between the noise and styrene suggests that each of the exposures alone (noise or styrene) may cause stress, temporary alteration, or nonlethal injury in cochlear cells and the combined exposure strengthens the stress leading to cell death.
Effects of exogenous antioxidants on the levels of endogenous antioxidants, lipid-soluble fluorescent material and life span in the housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract Effects of exogenous antioxidant administration (0.5% and 2% ascorbate, β-carotene and α-tocopherol in sucrose) on life-span, metabolic rate, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, levels of glutathione, inorganic peroxides and chloroform-soluble fluorescent material (lipofuscin) were examined in adult male houseflies. Administration of antioxidants at a level of 0.5% did not affect life-span, whereas, 2% ascorbate and α-tocopherol decreased average life-span. Metabolic rate of flies was unaffected, except by 2% ascorbate, which caused a decrease. Superoxide dismutase activity was depressed by 2% ascorbate at all ages, and by β-carotene and α-tocopherol in older flies. Catalase activity was unaffected except by α-tocopherol at younger ages. Glutathione concentration was decreased by ascorbate and β-carotene at both concentrations administered. Inorganic peroxides (H 2 O 2 ) were increased by 2% β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Only high concentrations of ascorbate and β-carotene decreased the level of soluble fluorescent material. Results suggest that administration of exogenous antioxidants causes a compensatory depression of endogenous defenses
Temperature of incubation as a critical factor in the behavior of avian bronchitis virus in chicken embryos

Abstract The studies described indicate that temperature can play an unexpectedly important role in the growth, virulence, and population changes of an animal virus. Strain B, a recently isolated strain of avian bronchitis virus, was lethal for eggs incubated at 38° but not 34°, following allantoic inoculation. The ultimate yield of virus in eggs kept at these temperatures was identical, although the rate of viral multiplication at 34° was considerably slower. Both a sparing effect and delay in death resulted when eggs infected with the B strain were exposed to a temperature change from 38° to 34°, depending upon the time when the change was made. On the other hand, strain A, an egg-adapted strain, was lethal for eggs incubated at 34° or 38° and was pathogenic for suckling mice following intracerebral inoculation. Unlike the B strain, strain A produced lesions on the chorioallantois and killed eggs when inoculated via this route. When strain A was maintained in the brain of suckling mice for twenty-five serial passages, the original population was replaced by one that was lethal for eggs incubated at 34° but not at 38°, the apparent optimum temperature for this virus. Conversely, after several passages in the allantoic sac of eggs incubated at 38°, a subline was obtained which killed embryos more slowly at 34° and more rapidly at 38° than the parent virus; in addition, it was less virulent for suckling mice.
Credibility and uncertainty associated with accident management actions

Abstract Accident management is a soon-to-be mandated function of nuclear utilities that has significant uncertainties related to its implementation. Not the least of these are the uncertainties associated with the recovery actions that will play into the A/M plans. Uncertainty arises from human performance, situational hazards and influences, and the credibility of preparedness. These uncertainties are discussed in hopes that a qualitative analysis of uncertainty will aid in establishing credible accident management actions.
Herpesvirus ateles: transformation in vitro of marmoset splenic lymphocytes.

Four lymphoblastoid cell cultures were established by transformation of marmoset splenic lymphocytes in vitro with Herpesvirus ateles (HVA). The association of HVA with each cell line was demonstrated by the recovery of HVA from the lymphoblastoid cells or from the culture fluids and by the demonstration of HVA antigens in a small percentage of cells of each lymphoblastoid culture. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in three cultures examined but herpesvirus virions were observed in only one of three cell lines. The four cell cultures had properties of T-lymphocytes.
Expressed and measured vocational interests: Distinctions and definitions.

A conceptual look at the distinction between expressed and measured interests is undertaken. Instead of denoting two different aspects of "vocational interests," expressed and measured interests refer to distinct psychological constructs. Expressed interests are specific intentions and measured interests are what people conventionally mean by "vocational interests." Using research on how intentions and attitudes predict behavior, I suggest an explanation for why expressed interests have and will always better predict career choice. This analysis concludes that the terms "expressed" and "measure" should be reconsidered— using parallel terms for different concepts obscures important differences and can create unproductive problems.
Addressing competing logics between the mission of a religious university and the demands of intercollegiate athletics

The purpose of this study was to examine the strategies within a faith-based university for managing competing institutional logics of its NCAA Division II affiliated athletic department. Utilizing a case study methodology, the authors collected data from athletic department members and university administrators and faculty. Within the context of this study, our data indicated that the religious academic culture of the university often conflicted with the athletic expectations of winning and marketing the university. Our findings indicated certain strategies that were effective for resolving the conflicting logics within the athletic department. Particularly, members of the athletic department drew from the strong religious culture of the university to guide their operations. The implications of this research within the field of sport management and broader organizations are discussed.
Preliminary characterization of toxins from the straw itch mite, Pyemotes tritici, which induce paralysis in the larvae of a moth.

Abstract M. D. Tomalski , W. A. Bruce , J. Travis and M. S. Blum . Preliminary characterization of toxins from the straw itch mite, Pyemotes tritici , which induce paralysis in the larvae of a moth. Toxicon 26, 127 – 132, 1988. — Homogenates of whole mites Pyemotes tritici paralyze larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella . Injection of these homogenates into larvae produces symptoms identical to those obtained by bites from female mites. Since the paralytic activity is destroyed by heat and proteolytic enzymes and retained during dialysis, the toxic compounds appear to be proteins. Two protein fractions which differ both in molecular weight and toxicity were found following gel filtration of whole mite extracts. Larvae that are injected with proteins from the high molecular weight ( c . 250,000) fraction (designated TxP-HMW) develop flaccid-muscle paralysis after 4 – 12 hr, while proteins in the low molecular weight fraction ( c . 21,000) (designated TxP-LMW) induce a rapid, muscle-contracting paralysis.
Fertilization in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract The observations of various workers have fairly definitely established the fact that the maximum functional life of the sperm in the oviduct of the hen is about one month. Dunn 2 obtained a fertile egg thirty days after the removal of the male and Crew 3 recorded the last fertile egg on the thirty-second day. The different workers are in agreement that after about 12 or 14 days following the removal of the males, a flock will show a rapid decline in the percentage of fertility. This would indicate that the average span of life of the sperm in the oviduct is reached soon after this period. Another explanation would be that the supply of sperm has been depleted through polyspermy or a clearing of the oviduct due to repeated passage of eggs. That the latter is an important factor seems improbable since Crew 4 carried out an experiment utilizing pullets which did . . .
Exact solution for forced capillary-gravity waves in a circular basin under Hocking's edge condition

Abstract We present an exact solution obtained by Green's function method for the linear problem of time-reduced equations governing the forced motion of capillary-gravity waves on water in a circular basin generated by the prescribed horizontal oscillations of its side wall under Hocking's edge conditon [L.M. Hocking, “The damping of capillary-gravity waves at a rigid boundary”, J. Fluid Mech. 179, 253 (1987)]. We also obtain an exact solution based on an infinite system of linear equations via the Fourier-Bessel expansion method proposed by Miles [“On forced capillary-gravity waves in a circular cylinder”. Wave Motion 23, 387 (1996)] for this problem, and show that the two solutions in quite different forms are indeed the same.
Non-planar distortions of, and polarization of luminescence from, ππ* states of some nitrogen heterocyclic compounds☆

Abstract Polarization of luminescence is used to demonstrate the extent to which the emitting ππ * states of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds is distorted along the out-of-plane coordinates through vibronic coupling with nπ * states.
Study on the synthesis of ZnO/K2SO4 composite material by sol–gel method and its photocatalytic properties

A novel photocatalytic composite material ZnO/K2SO4 was prepared using sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The preliminary experimental results indicated that the as-prepared composite material exhibited good photocatalytic performance in the degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution. The results indicate that 92.54% of the initial methyl orange was degraded after 30 min of ultraviolet light irradiation by adding 0.15 g ZnO/K2SO4 composite material into 50 mL methyl orange solution.
Modernization and Political Development in the Middle East

The process of political development includes the elements of nationalism, specialized government structures, institutionalization, participation, urban leadership, secularization and social mobility. Application of these criteria to the Middle East reveal that the Arab nations remain in a transitional phase for a variety of reasons. Israel, on the other hand manifests all the elements of political development and is unique in that these elements preceded the technological modernization.
Empiricism, Objectivity, and Explanation

L'A. presente les problemes et debats scientifiques souleves par l'explication de theories. Il montre sur quoi se fondent les oppositions entre pragmatistes et partisans de l'empirisme constructif ou une conception differente de l'objectivite joue un role essentiel
Subdivision Schemes for Thin Plate Splines

Thin plate splines are a well known entity of geometric design. They are defined as the minimizer of a variational problem whose differential operators approximate a simple notion of bending energy. Therefore, thin plate splines approximate surfaces with minimal bending energy and they are widely considered as the standard "fair" surface model. Such surfaces are desired for many modeling and design applications. Traditionally, the way to construct such surfaces is to solve the associated variational problem using finite elements or by using analytic solutions based on radial basis functions. This paper presents a novel approach for defining and computing thin plate splines using subdivision methods. We present two methods for the construction of thin plate splines based on subdivision: A globally supported subdivision scheme which exactly minimizes the energy functional as well as a family of strictly local subdivision schemes which only utilize a small, finite number of distinct subdivision rules and approximately solve the variational problem. A tradeoff between the accuracy of the approximation and the locality of the subdivision scheme is used to pick a particular member of this family of subdivision schemes. Later, we show applications of these approximating subdivision schemes to scattered data interpolation and the design of fair surfaces. In particular we suggest an efficient methodology for finding control points for the local subdivision scheme that will lead to an interpolating limit surface and demonstrate how the schemes can be used for the effective and efficient design of fair surfaces.
Spelling Shinzwani: Dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoro Islands

This paper surveys the history of dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoros — a former French colony in the Indian Ocean — with special reference to issues of literacy, identity, and politics. Evidence ranging from 16th century wordlists to contemporary bilingual/bidirectional dictionaries, as well as colonial, missionary, and scholarly approaches to lexicography and orthography in the Comoros, are examined and compared. While Arabic-influenced writing systems have a long history in the Comoros, the experiences of colonialism and independence in the 20th century introduced French- and phonemically-influenced systems. As the Comoros move into the 21st century, linguists and ethnographers are attempting to assist with questions of standardization, literacy, and dictionary construction. The situation remains fluid, with considerations of tradition, modernity, nationalism, and representation to be taken into account. This paper seeks to address the complex interrelationships between orthographic choice and ethnic identity in the Comoros, with special reference to the development of the first bilingual/bidirectional Shinzwani-English dictionary.
Changing patterns of medication use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a Medicaid population

was 57 yrs (interquartile range: 48–65). The proportion of patients who had a current DMARD prescription on the index date increased from 62% in 1995 to 71% in 2004 (P < 0.001). MTX was the most commonly used DMARD. By the end of 2004, 22% of patients had a current prescription for a biologic, and etanercept represented 51% of all biologic therapies. During the study period, the overall utilization of glucocorticoids decreased from 46% to 38% (P < 0.001), whereas NSAID utilization increased from 33% to 38% (P < 0.001), and use of narcotics increased from 38% to 55% (P < 0.001). A secondary analysis that identified RA patients based on diagnosis codes alone, showed similar patterns, but lower DMARD utilization which increased from 33% to 52% overall and from 0% to 16% for biologics. Conclusions. The utilization of DMARDs increased in TennCare patients with RA, and by 2004, use of biologics was substantial. Although glucocorticoid utilization decreased, use of both NSAIDs and narcotics increased.
Trust and responsiveness in strain-test situations: A dyadic perspective

In this behavioral observation study, the authors tested predictions derived from various trust models concerning how individuals who are high vs. low in chronic trust perceive and behave during strain-test discussions with their romantic partners. Partners in 92 married/cohabitating couples identified and discussed 2 major strain-test issues in their relationship. Each partner (when in the role of asker) identified something she or he really wanted to do or accomplish that required the greatest sacrifice by his or her partner (in the responding role). Each videotaped discussion was then rated by trained coders. The results revealed that (a) high trust responders were more accommodating during the strain-test discussions than low trust responders; (b) high trust askers were more open/collaborative with the accommodation they received during the discussions than low trust askers; (c) high trust askers overestimated the amount of accommodation they received from their responding partners (relative to coder’s ratings); (d) when in discussions that were more threatening, high trust askers showed a correction effect by reporting larger pre- to postdiscussion increases in state trust; and (e) when asked to make larger sacrifices, high trust responders showed a similar correction effect by displaying greater accommodation. These findings are discussed in terms of mutual responsiveness processes in relationships.
Automated analysis of phased-mission reliability

A method for automated analysis of phased mission reliability which considers the problem in terms of the construction of a continuous-time discrete-state Markov model and uses a standard Markov-chain solution technique that is adapted to the problem of phased missions is presented. The resulting state space is the union of the states in each independent phase, rather than the sum. This results in a model that can be substantially smaller than those required by other methods. A unified framework which is used for defining the separate phases using fault trees and for constructing and solving the resulting Markov model is discussed. The usual solution technique is altered to account for the phased nature of the problem. The framework is described for a previously published, simple three-component, three-phase system. An example in which a hypothetical two-phase application involving a fault-tolerant parallel processor is considered is given. The approach applies where the transition rates (failure and repair rates) are constant and where the phase change times are deterministic. >
A Review of Kaon Factory Proposals

Nuclear physics issues and particle physics issues for a kaon factory are discussed. Kaon factory accelerator proposals are then considered. Secondary beam considerations are covered and hardware development for a kaon factory is discussed. The prospects for construction are presented. 9 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs. (GHT)
Matrix Proteoglycans: From Molecular Design to Cellular Function

The proteoglycan superfamily now contains more than 30 full-time molecules that fulfill a variety of biological functions. Proteoglycans act as tissue organizers, influence cell growth and the maturation of specialized tissues, play a role as biological filters and modulate growth-factor activities, regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and skin tensile strength, affect tumor cell growth and invasion, and influence corneal transparency and neurite outgrowth. Additional roles, derived from studies of mutant animals, indicate that certain proteoglycans are essential to life whereas others might be redundant. The review focuses on the most recent genetic and molecular biological studies of the matrix proteoglycans, broadly defined as proteoglycans secreted into the pericellular matrix. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular organization of the protein core, the utilization of protein modules, the gene structure and transcriptional control, and the functional roles of the various proteoglycans. When possible, proteoglycans have been grouped into distinct gene families and subfamilies offering a simplified nomenclature based on their protein core design. The structure-function relationship of some paradigmatic proteoglycans is discussed in depth and novel aspects of their biology are examined.
Performance of a fiber reinforced polymer web core skew bridge superstructure. Part II: failure modes and parametric study

A finite element model, validated using field test data, has been developed to study the structural behavior of a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) web core skew bridge superstructure. The failure modes are considered in this second part of a two-part paper. The multi-step finite element analysis is performed to study the structural strength failure based on the Tsai-Hill theory. Moreover, the shear transfer capacity and the local buckling behavior of the bridge superstructure are investigated. Using the finite element model, a parametric study is considered to assess the contributions of the individual structural components to the structural behavior. Parameters including the integral parapet, web thickness, and configuration are considered. This parametric study revealed several possible design improvements to this kind of FRP bridge construction.
A Novel Metabolite of Maleic Hydrazide in the Tobacco Plant

A new metabolite of maleic hydrazide (MH; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) was isolated from MH-treated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. The purified metabolite was identified as MH-N-β-D-glucoside by means of TLC, FAB-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analyses.
Threading immobilized DNA molecules through a solid-state nanopore at >100 μs per base rate.

In pursuit of developing solid-state nanopore-based DNA sequencing technology, we have designed and constructed an apparatus that can place a DNA-tethered probe tip near a solid-state nanopore, control the DNA moving speed, and measure the ionic current change when a DNA molecule is captured and released from a nanopore. The probe tip’s position is sensed and controlled by a tuning fork based feedback force sensor and a nanopositioning system. Using this newly constructed apparatus, a DNA strand moving rate of >100 μs/base or <1 nm/ms in silicon nitride nanopores has been accomplished. This rate is 10 times slower than by manipulating DNA-tethered beads using optical tweezers and 1000 times slower than free DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores reported previously, which provides enough temporal resolution to read each base on a tethered DNA molecule using available single-channel recording electronics on the market today. This apparatus can measure three signals simultaneously: ionic current th...
Application of Kalman Filters to Assembly Signature Monitoring Using Empirical Process Models

It is desirable to use sets of transducer measurements, or signatures, to ensure that a correct operation was performed in an automatic machine. However, many assembly processes operate without a model known from first principles. The lack of an analytical process model prevents the application of the mathematical filtering techniques necessary to estimate the signature of a process based on available measurements. This paper demonstrates a method for utilizing a Kaiman filter with a least squares regression model of strictly empirical process data.
A trace cache microarchitecture and evaluation

As the instruction issue width of superscalar processors increases, instruction fetch bandwidth requirements will also increase. It will eventually become necessary to fetch multiple basic blocks per clock cycle. Conventional instruction caches hinder this effort because long instruction sequences are not always in contiguous cache locations. Trace caches overcome this limitation by caching traces of the dynamic instruction stream, so instructions that are otherwise noncontiguous appear contiguous. In this paper, we present and evaluate a microarchitecture incorporating a trace cache. The microarchitecture provides high instruction fetch bandwidth with low latency by explicitly sequencing through the program at the higher level of traces, both in terms of (1) control flow prediction acid (2) instruction supply. For the SPEC95 integer benchmarks, trace-level sequencing improves performance from 15 percent to 35 percent over an otherwise equally sophisticated, but contiguous, multiple-block fetch mechanism. Most of this performance improvement is due to the trace cache. However, for one benchmark whose performance is limited by branch mispredictions, the performance gain is almost entirely due to improved prediction accuracy.
Empirical evaluation of a popular cellular phone's menu system: theory meets practice

A usability assessment entailing a paper prototype was conducted to examine menu selection theories on a small screen device by determining the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction of a popular cellular phone's menu system. Outcomes of this study suggest that users prefer a less extensive menu structure on a small screen device. The investigation also covered factors of category classification and item labeling influencing user performance in menu selection. Research findings suggest that proper modifications in these areas could significantly enhance the system's usability and demonstrate the validity of paperprototyping which is capable of detecting significant differences in usability measures among various model designs.
Central ghrelin increases food foraging/hoarding that is blocked by GHSR antagonism and attenuates hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neuronal activation

The stomach-derived "hunger hormone" ghrelin increases in the circulation in direct response to time since the last meal, increasing preprandially and falling immediately following food consumption. We found previously that peripheral injection of ghrelin potently stimulates food foraging (FF), food hoarding (FH), and food intake (FI) in Siberian hamsters. It remains, however, largely unknown if central ghrelin stimulation is necessary/sufficient to increase these behaviors regardless of peripheral stimulation of the ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)]. We injected three doses (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μg) of ghrelin into the third ventricle (3V) of Siberian hamsters and measured changes in FF, FH, and FI. To test the effects of 3V ghrelin receptor blockade, we used the potent GHSR antagonist JMV2959 to block these behaviors in response to food deprivation or a peripheral ghrelin challenge. Finally, we examined neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in response to peripheral ghrelin administration and 3V GHSR antagonism. Third ventricular ghrelin injection significantly increased FI through 24 h and FH through day 4. Pretreatment with 3V JMV2959 successfully blocked peripheral ghrelin-induced increases in FF, FH, and FI at all time points and food deprivation-induced increases in FF, FH, and FI up to 4 h. c-Fos immunoreactivity was significantly reduced in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, but not in the arcuate nucleus, following pretreatment with intraperitoneal JMV2959 and ghrelin. Collectively, these data suggest that central GHSR activation is both necessary and sufficient to increase appetitive and consummatory behaviors in Siberian hamsters.