cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring pollen flow in forest trees: an exposition of alternative approaches

Abstract Steady reduction of once-extensive forested habitats into isolated fragments will have unintended consequences for genetically disrupted tree populations. Gene flow in forest trees involves both pollen and seed flow, and here we describe two alternative analytical models for pollen flow analysis, PARENTAGE and TWOGENER . With PARENTAGE models, we can assess the numbers and frequency spectra of pollinating males for a single female, and the spatial distribution of those pollinating males. Parentage analysis establishes the male parentage of offspring, and uses the inter-parent distances to establish the spatial distribution of pollination. With TWOGENER analysis, we gauge the degree of pollen pool non-overlap of widely spaced females, to derive estimates of the effective number of fathers per mother and the average distance of pollination. Parentage analysis suggests large numbers of fathers per mother while TWOGENER analysis suggests smaller numbers of ‘effective pollinators’. Because of TWOGENER’s emphasis on “effective pollen flow”, it tends to yield shorter average pollination distances. The two approaches are complementary, but suited to different sampling designs and questions. Here, we attempt to reconcile sometimes-divergent findings while also discussing emerging findings on pollen movement across complex landscapes.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of Lafia–Obi bituminous coal in a fluidized-bed chamber for air- and oxy-fuel combustion technologies

Abstract Coal still remains the most plentiful and dominant fossil fuel. Coal is an inhomogeneous organic fuel formed mainly from decomposed plant matter consisting of aromatic and hydroaromatic structures joined by short aliphatic chains whereby aromaticity increases with coalification rank. The use of coal, particularly for electricity generation, is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. In this research study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to simulate air–coal and oxy-coal flow, combustion, and emission characteristics in a fluidized-bed combustion chamber. This work investigates Lafia–Obi coal, which is found in the Middle Benue Trough (MBT) of Nigeria. As far as the authors are aware, this research presentation represents the first CFD-based assessment and analysis for any Nigerian coal. Realistic primary objectives of fluidized-bed combustion research in Nigeria would be the following: (1) establishing an understanding of the physics and emission characteristics of various fuels (coal, waste, etc.) in the country with a view to future scale-up; and (2) developing and establishing measures to curb pollutant emissions in such future power plants for electricity generation. The pertinent combustion parameters of this research were validated with existing experimental data; good agreement was achieved. This work furthers the understanding of the Lafia–Obi coal combustion mechanism and its potential utilization as fuel for future coal-power plants for electricity generation in Nigeria.
Coronary Artery Injury Due to Catheter Ablation in Adults Presentations and Outcomes

Background— Currently, only anecdotal information exists on the presentation and outcome of coronary arterial injury after ablation procedures. Methods and Results— Four patients who sustained coronary artery injury of a cohort of patients undergoing 4655 consecutive ablation procedures (0.09%) are described. The patients’ mean age was 45±11 years, and 1.8±0.5 prior ablation attempts had been unsuccessful. Coronary injury occurred from epicardial ventricular tachycardia ablation in 2 patients (irrigated radiofrequency ablation in one and cryoablation in the other) and ablation within the middle cardiac vein with irrigated radiofrequency in 2 patients. All involved branches of the right coronary artery. Acute occlusion presenting with ST-segment elevation immediately after ablation was recognized during the procedure in 2 cases. Occlusion failed to respond to nitroglycerin or balloon dilation, and stenting was required in both cases. Acute myocardial infarction occurred 2 weeks after epicardial ablation as...
Spinal cord tumours: advances in genetics and their implications for treatment

Tumours of the spinal cord, although rare, are associated with high morbidity. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for patients with this disease, and offers the best chance for cure. Such surgical procedures, however, carry substantial risks such as worsening of neurological deficit, paralysis and death. New therapeutic avenues for spinal cord tumours are needed, but genetic studies of the molecular mechanisms governing tumourigenesis in the spinal cord are limited by the scarcity of high-quality human tumour samples. Many spinal cord tumours have intracranial counterparts that have been extensively studied, but emerging data show that the tumours are genetically and biologically distinct. The differences between brain and spine tumours make extrapolation of data from one to the other difficult. In this Review, we describe the demographics, genetics and current treatment approaches for the most commonly encountered spinal cord tumours--namely, ependymomas, astrocytomas, haemangioblastomas and meningiomas. We highlight advances in understanding of the biological basis of these lesions, and explain how the latest progress in genetics and beyond are being translated to improve patient care.
Glyceride biosynthesis in swine adipose tissue microsomes

Abstract 1. 1. Optimum assay conditions for the palmitoyl CoA: sn -glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase were determined in swine ( Sus domesticus ) adipose tissue microsomes, employing the palmitoyl-CoA generating system. 2. 2. About half of the total palmitate incorporated was present in diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fractions, suggesting an active phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in swine adipose tissue microsomes. 3. 3. Microsomes isolated from bovine and ovine perirenal adipose tissue also showed similar incorporation of fatty acids into neutral glycerides. 4. 4. When equimolar amounts of [9,10- 3 H] oleic and [1- 14 C] palmitic acids were used as acyl donors, palmitic acid was preferentially incorporated into the 2-position of the glycerides and oleic acid at the 1-position, thus mimicking the distribution of fatty acids in natural swine adipose tissue triacylglycerols.
The Ethics of Poverty Tourism

Poverty tours - actual visits as well as literary and cinematic versions - are characterized as morally controversial trips and condemned in the press as voyeuristic endeavors. In this collaborative essay, we draw from personal experience, legal expertise, and phenomenological philosophy and introduce a conceptual taxonomy that clarifies the circumstances in which observing others has been construed as an immoral use of the gaze. We appeal to this taxonomy to determine which observational circumstances are relevant to the poverty tourism debate. While we do not defend all or even most poverty tourism practices, we do conclude that categorical condemnation of poverty tourism is unjustified.
Seasonal patterns in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of skin and eye in upstate New York

Seasonal patterns in diagnosis were examined for 2403 melanomas of the skin and 238 melanomas of the eye diagnosed among residents of upsatate New York State in 1975 to 1979 and reported to the population-based New York State Cancer Registry. The previously reported summer peak in diagnosis of melanoma of the lower extremity in females was confirmed and shown to hold for melanomas diagnosed at both early and late clinical stages; increased recognition of earlier stage melanomas in summer months is an unlikely explanation for this peak. For skin melanomas at other anatomic sites, seasonal patterns by sex and clinical stage at diagnosis were more complex. A previously unreported seasonal pattern was evident for trunk melanomas in males, with a March–April peak. Significant seasonal variations in diagnosis of melanomas of the eye were evident for both males and females, but the seasonal patterns differed between the sexes. Possible explanations for these findings on skin and eye melanomas were discussed with reference to psychosocial and hormonal factors as well as ultraviolet stimulation.
Biogenetic-type syntheses of isoprenoid and diisoprenoid derivatives of orcinol

Abstract The products formed by condensation of orcinol with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, with geraniol, and with linalool in aqueous solutions of organic acids have been separated and identified. C-isoprenyl- and C-geranyl-orcinols are obtained as major products. Minor amounts of the corresponding hydrates, chromans, chroman hydrates, and hexahydroxanthene derivatives are also formed.
A two-layer evolution strategy particle swarm optimization algorithm for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles at residential distribution grid

This paper proposes a two-layer evolution strategy particle swarm optimization (ESPSO) algorithm to integrate PHEVs into a residential distribution grid. A novel business model is developed for PHEVs to provide ancillary service and participate in peak load shaving. A virtual time-of-use rate is proposed to reflect the load deviation of the system. Then, an objective function is designed to aggregate the peak load shaving, power quality improving, charging cost, battery degradation cost and frequency regulation earnings into one cost function. The ESPSO approach can benefit the system in four aspects by: (1) improving the power quality; (2) reducing the peak load; (3) providing frequency regulation service; and (4) minimizing the total virtual cost. Finally, various simulations are carried out based on different control strategies, and the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Particle density in the plasmasphere during quiet periods

Abstract Density distribution of plasmaspheric particles in the equatorial plane is derived from a model of plasmaspheric streaming, which may produce S q current system in the lower ionosphere, and from one integral of motion, which seems to be generally valid for steady-state magnetospheric convection. The results satisfy not only the observed features of S q variation but also the observed pattern of the density distribution in the magnetospheric equatorial plane during quiet periods.
The neurobiology of fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome, the leading known cause of heritable mental retardation, is associated with mutations of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. Neurobiological research has characterized several gene-brain-function correlations in fragile X syndrome, although no complete pathogenic mechanisms have yet been elucidated. This report summarizes current knowledge of the neurobiology of fragile X syndrome. Published research findings are presented along with a discussion of the relevance of neurobiological data to the neurobehavioral phenotype and genetic mechanisms associated with the FMR1 mutation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell-cycle related regulation of poly(A) polymerase by phosphorylation

THE poly(A) tail found on almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs1,2 is important in enhancing translation initiation and determining mRNA stability3,4. Control of poly (A)-tail synthesis thus has the potential to be a key regulatory step in gene expression and is indeed known to be important during early development in many organisms5. To study a possible basis for such regulation, we examined phosphorylation of poly(A) polymerase (PAP) by p34cdc2/cyclin B (maturation/mitosis-promoting factor, MPF). We show here that PAP can be phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by MPF. Consistent with this, PAP becomes hyperphosphorylated both during meiotic maturation ofXenopus laevis oocytes and in HeLa cells arrested at M phase, times in the cell-cycle when MPF is known to be active6,7. We show further that hyperphosphorylation by MPF dramatically reduces the activity of purified PAP, and that PAP isolated from mitotic HeLa cells is similarly inhibited by hyperphosphorylation. This repression probably contributes to the well established reductions in poly (A) + RNA and/or protein synthesis known to occur in M-phase cells8–15.
Thermal Denaturation and Aggregation of Actomyosin from Atlantic Croaker

The denaturation of croaker actomyosin was studied with respect to the important role of coagulation and gelation phenomena in the manufacture of gel-type meat and fish products. Measurements of turbidity (A600), viscosity, calcium ATPase activity, total sulfhydryl groups and protein coagulation of croaker actomyosin solutions during heating at a constant temperature increase of 1°C/min revealed no loss of enzymic activity nor evidence of protein aggregation prior to reaching a temperature of 37–40°C, at which point the protein coagulated with corresponding loss of ATPase activity and sulfhydryl groups and an increase in turbidity. The degree of protein coagulation was highly dependent on the protein concentration. An observed increase in the apparent viscosity over the 30–35°C temperature range was postulated to result from interaction of protein molecules due to noncovalent forces.
Design issues for through-wafer optoelectronic multicomputer interconnects

The paper presents several design issues associated with the implementation of a three dimensional optically interconnected parallel processing system. A technique for improving bit error rate in low power multistage networks is presented. Error detection codes are transmitted along with message data to guarantee the integrity of the data during each optical hop. To realize three dimensional through silicon wafer interconnect, thin film emitters and detectors operating at a wavelength of 1.3 /spl mu/m (to which silicon is transparent) will be bonded to the silicon circuitry. A transfer diaphragm process is used to realize this integration; this process has been used to demonstrate the basic concept: a single silicon circuit has been integrated with both a thin film emitter and detector operating at 1.3 /spl mu/m wavelength (K.H. Calhoun et al., 1993). We utilize one possible integration scenario to illustrate the trade offs associated with a system of this type, which includes device design, circuit design, and issues which include manufacturability, alignment tolerance, crosstalk, and power dissipation.
A stab at approximating minimum subadditive join

Let (L, *) be a semilattice, and let c : L → [0,∞) be monotone and increasing on L. We state the Minimum Join problem as: given size n sub-collection X of L and integer k with 1 ≤ k ≤ n, find a size k sub-collection (x'1, x'2, . . ., x'k) of X that minimizes c(x'1 * x'2 * ... * x'k). If c(a * b) ≤ c(a) + c(b) holds, we call this the Minimum Subadditive Join (MSJ) problem and present a greedy (k - p + 1)-approximation algorithm requiring O((k-p)n+ np) joins for constant integer 0 < p ≤ k. We show that the MSJ Minimum Coverage problem of selecting k out of n finite sets such that their union is minimal is essentially as hard to approximate as the Maximum Balanced Complete Bipartite Subgraph (MBCBS) problem. The motivating by-product of the above is that the privacy in databases related k-ambiguity problem over L with subadditive information loss can be approximated within k - p, and that the k-ambiguity problem is essentially at least as hard to approximate as MBCBS.
A numerical study on rotating-shaft spindles with nonlinear fluid-dynamic bearings

The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical model predicting the shock response of a rotating-shaft spindle motor with nonlinear fluid-dynamic bearings (FDBs). The paper consists of three parts. The first part is to modify an existing linear spindle vibration model to include arbitrary FDB nonlinearity. The model consists of a rotating part, a stationary part, and nonlinear FDB. Equations of motion are derived and numerically integrated to predict nonlinear shock response of the spindle. The second part summarizes requirements on global coordinates and operating points in formulating nonlinear FDB-load characteristics to be used in the nonlinear spindle model. If bearing stiffness and damping appear as nonlinear functions of bearing eccentricity in local coordinates, the global-bearing stiffness and damping matrices can be obtained through coordinate transformation. The third part of this paper is to apply the mathematical model to various hard disk drive designs. When FDB nonlinearity appears as stiffening springs and dampers, the nonlinear spindle model predicts a slight increase in resonance frequencies and a slight decrease of resonance amplitude for the half-speed whirls. Also, peak amplitude of shock response from the nonlinear analysis is much less than that obtained from the linear analysis.
Temporal Dynamics of Human Masticatory Sequences

GERSTNER, G. E. AND T. CIANFARANI.Temporal dynamics of human masticatory sequences. PHYSIOL BEHAV64(4) 457‐ 461, 1998.—Many motor behaviors produced by humans and other mammals are temporally segmented. That is, sequences of rhythmic or repetitive behavior occur as a series of brief, 2- to 4-s bouts separated from each other by pauses or posture adjustments. Little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying temporal segmentation, although several hypotheses have been advanced. Experimental and modeling studies are currently underway to gain insight into this phenomenon. One of the problems hampering advancement is the lack of relatively simple behavior models that can be studied in both humans and other mammals. We have recently reported that temporal segmentation occurs in guinea pig chewing sequences. Thus, it seems logical to explore whether temporal segmentation occurs in human chewing sequences as well. Toward this end, the current study evaluated the temporal dynamics of chewing sequences in humans. Thirteen subjects were videotaped on campus eating areas during lunch-time. Inter-occlude intervals, i.e., time between maximum jaw closures, were calculated using a custom computer program, which also recorded whether the interval represented a chew or a pause in chewing. Chewing rate, pause durations, and chewing burst durations, i.e., duration of continuous chewing uninterrupted by pauses, were calculated. Median chewing burst duration for the sample was 2.91 s. This corroborates other studies’ findings of 3-s temporal segmentation in repetitive movements. We conclude that automatic chewing sequences contain temporal segmentation. Future work is required to gain insight into whether the physiological mechanisms of this time-based phenomenon are similar among different species. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.
Age and Correlation of the Eocene Ulatisian and Narizian Stages, California

Paleogene strata crop out along the western boundary of the San Joaquin Basin, in the Santa Barbara Embayment, and in the San Diego Basin, California. Eocene strata are represented by the Ulatisian and Narizian benthic foraminiferal stages (middle and late Eocene, respectively) of Mallory (1959). These provincial stages are used currently for both age assignment and interbasin correlation. Planktonic foraminifers in the Rose Canyon Shale, Poway Conglomerate, and the Matilija, Cozy Dell, Lodo, and Sacate Formations suggest that these formations, as a whole, range in age from late early Eocene to late middle Eocene. Previous authors assigned various elements of the aforementioned formations either to the Ulatisian or Narizian stages. Planktonic foraminiferid species suggest that the Ulatisian stage ranges in age from late early Eocene to early middle Eocene, and the Narizian stage ranges in age from early middle Eocene to late middle Eocene. The time-transgressive nature of ecologically controlled benthic foraminifers is apparent. Furthermore, stages based on benthic foraminifers are not valid means of correlation between tectonically discrete basins of deposition. The occurrence of Subbotina patagonica (Todd) in both the Rose Canyon Shale and Cozy Dell Formation suggests time-equivalence of the two units (early middle Eocene in age).
Infection Prevention Considerations Related to New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase Enterobacteriaceae: A Case Report

A 60-year-old American man who was hospitalized in India for 4 weeks after an intracranial bleed was transferred by air ambulance to a 249-bed community hospital in Maryland in January 2011. His clinical course is described elsewhere. Here, we describe the infection prevention considerations surrounding his care in the hospital. A sputum sample obtained from the patient grew a New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing (NDM) Klebsiella pneumoniae (NDM-KP) strain and panresistant Acinetobacter species, among other pathogens. Two weeks later, a perirectal swab sample grew an NDM-1 Salmonella Senftenberg (NDM-SS) isolate, described elsewhere. Gut decolonization was attempted with rifaximin 300 mg every 12 hours for 12 days. The patient was discharged home 4.5 months later. He was readmitted to the hospital within 1 week and died shortly thereafter. In recognition of his epidemiological risk factors, empiric contact isolation was instituted by the infectious disease physician who was consulted when the patient experienced a fever 24 hours after hospital admission. Once the NDM-KP strain was identified, a 1:1 nursing protocol was instituted for the patient; respiratory therapists, however, continued to care for other Patients. The patient's nurses were empowered to enforce strict contact isolation. Visitors were restricted to the patient's immediate family members. The hospital implemented an intensive education and communication program for the professional staff, nurses, respiratory therapists, ancillary personnel, and the patient's family.
Think Locally, Act Globally: Understanding Home Institution Library Engagement among Study-Abroad Students

This study focuses on developing an understanding of U.S. study-abroad students’ knowledge and confidence levels in using their home institution libraries from abroad. Data from a questionnaire survey administered to students at the time of active engagement in ten different study-abroad programs in Costa Rica are presented; the data reveal relative uncertainty by the students about the possibilities of interfacing with their home institution libraries while abroad. Further consideration of this distinct user group is warranted, and the article includes data-driven recommendations for better serving our study-abroad students.
Macrophages: important accessory cells for reproductive function

Macrophages are found throughout reproductive tissues. To determine their role(s), we have studied mice homozygous for a null mutation (Csfm(op)) in the gene encoding the major macrophage growth factor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). Both male and female Csfm(op)/Csfm(op) mice have fertility defects. Males have low sperm number and libido as a consequence of dramatically reduced circulating testosterone. Females have extended estrous cycles and poor ovulation rates. CSF-1 is the principal growth factor regulating macrophage populations in the testis, male accessory glands, ovary, and uterus. However, analyses of CSF-1 nullizygous mice suggest that the primary reproductive defect is in the development of feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Although not correlating with deficiencies of microglia populations, electrophysiological investigations indicate an impairment of neuronal responses. This suggests that microglia, under the influence of CSF-1, act to organize neuronal connectivity during development and that the absence of this function results in a perturbation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Macrophages also appear to have functions in the differentiated tissues of the reproductive system, including having a positive influence on steroidogenic cells. These data suggest that macrophages, through their trophic functions, can be considered as essential accessory cells for normal reproductive functioning.
Adhesive properties of polyisophthalamides

Poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) was shown to possess good adhesive properties at temperatures up to 100°C. and under wet conditions. Poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) was blended with both epoxy resins and plasticizers to give adhesive joints with strengths greater than that of the unmodified polymer. The adhesive bond strengths of the aromatic polyamides to aluminum in homologous series of poly(alkylene isophthalamide) increased with increasing diamine chain length.
The Sublime Science of Simple Souls: Rousseau's Philosophy of Truth

SummaryThough it has rarely been the subject of academic criticism, there is a philosophy of truth that animates Jean-Jacques Rousseau's broader philosophical system. This philosophy of truth was unique for its time—in the same way as the whole of Rousseau's thought—in its emphasis on feeling over reason, the heart over the mind, the simple over the sophisticated, the useful over the demonstrable, the personal over the systematic. Rousseau's philosophy of truth might be more accurately called a ‘philosophy of truthseeking’ or an ‘ethics of truthseeking’, because its focus is on the pursuit and acquisition of truth rather than on the nature of truth itself. What was needed, Rousseau believed, was a guide back to the simple truths of human happiness—truths that were immediately apparent to us in our natural state but have become opaque in society. This article describes Rousseau's normative philosophy of truthseeking, of what human beings must do if they hope to (re)discover the truths of human happiness. T...
A breadth-first course in multicore and manycore programming

The technique of scaling hardware performance through increasing the number of cores on a chip requires programmers to learn to write parallel code that can exploit this hardware. In order to expose students to a variety of multicore programming models, our university offered a breadth-first introduction to multicore and manycore programming for upper-level undergraduates. Our students gained programming experience with three different parallel programming models, two of which are less than five years old and targeted specifically to multicore and manycore computing. Assessments throughout the semester showed that the course gave students a broad base of experience from which they will be able to understand ongoing developments in the field.
Synthesis of pemoline-d5: A metabolic probe for hyperactivity

The drug, pemoline-d5, 2-imino-5-phenyl-d5-4-oxazolidinone, was prepared by a four step synthesis from benzene-d6. The synthetic sequence required the preparation of dichloroaceto-phenone-d5, mandelic acid-d5 and ethyl mandelate-d5. Mass spectral as well as infrared data of the labelled drug are also presented.
Development of a Closed-Loop Strap Down Attitude System for an Ultrahigh Altitude Flight Experiment

A low-cost attitude system has been developed for an ultrahigh altitude flight experiment. The experiment uses a remotely piloted sailplane, with the wings modified for flight at altitudes greater than 100,000 ft. Mission requirements deem it necessary to measure the aircraft pitch and bank angles with accuracy better than 1.0 deg and heading with accuracy better than 5.0 deg. Vehicle cost restrictions and gross weight limits make installing a commercial inertial navigation system unfeasible. Instead, a low-cost attitude system was developed using strap down components. Monte Carlo analyses verified that two vector measurements, magnetic field and velocity, are required to completely stabilize the error equations. In the estimating algorithm, body-axis observations of the airspeed vector and the magnetic field are compared against the inertial velocity vector and a magnetic-field reference model. Residuals are fed back to stabilize integration of rate gyros. The effectiveness of the estimating algorithm was demonstrated using data from the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Systems Research Aircraft (SRA) flight tests. The algorithm was applied with good results to a maximum 10' pitch and bank angles. Effects of wind shears were evaluated and, for most cases, can be safely ignored.
Effects of cytoskeletal disrupting agents on replication of bovine endothelium

Colchicine and vinblastine inhibited endothelial cell migration but had no effect on the stimulation of replication seen at wound edges in cultures of endothelium at stationary density. This is in contrast to the effects of cyto-chalasins which inhibit both migration and replication at wound edges. Moreover, colchicine and vinblastine stimulated cell replication in the unwounded, confluent monolayer. This effect has kinetics similar to the stimulation of replication at a wound edge and is associated with an initial retraction of cell borders, leaving gaps between cells. Cytochalasin D inhibited the growth response to microtubule disrupting agents but did not prevent cell retraction. Stimulation of replication by microtubule disrupting agents was not dependent on serum but was synergistic with serum in cultures rinsed repeatedly with serum-free medium. The replication occurred prior to any cell loss. When, however, cells were allowed to complete mitosis, about one-half of the daughter cells detached from the monolayer so that there was no increase in cell density. We conclude that microtubule disrupting agents are the first agents found to be effective in stimumating growth of vascular endothelium at saturation density. These data further suggest that colchicine and vinblastine stimulate cell growth in a manner similar to wounding, where cell movement is a prerequisite to cell replication.
Non-local Spirantization in Breton

Among the most striking morphosyntactic characteristics shared by the Celtic languages are their elaborate consonant mutation systems. It is clear from the most cursory inspection that in such systems, the range of possible syntactic relations between mutation triggers and their targets is subject to principled limits. In a recent paper, Zwicky (1984) has hypothesized that trigger-target relations are universally restricted by the constraint in (1): (1) The trigger determining a rule feature for a morphophonemic rule must be adjacent to the affected word and c-command it (Zwicky, 1984:389).
Esophageal strictures: Etiology and diagnosis

Esophageal strictures are circumscribed narrowings of the esophageal lumen that are a common cause of dysphagia. A peptic etiology is the most common cause of esophageal strictures. Other causes include pills, neoplasms, infections, radiation, sclerotherapy, caustic substances, systemic diseases, extrinsic compression, and congenital esophageal stenosis. Each cause of stricture has a different pathophysiologic mechanism. The clinical presentation of the patient with an esophageal stricture typically provides important clues to the etiology of a stricture. The two diagnostic tests used for esophageal strictures are barium radiography and endoscopy.
A New Skeleton of Palaeosinopa didelphoides (Mammalia, Pantolesta) from the Early Eocene Fossil Butte Member, Green River Formation (Wyoming), and Skeletal Ontogeny in Pantolestidae

ABSTRACT A new subadult partial skeleton of a pantolestid is reported from the late early Eocene Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation. Although the specimen displays a full permanent dentition, the presence of unfused elbow epiphyses (typically the first epiphyses to close), together with a short skull, shallow dentaries, and incompletely erupted third molars, indicates that it was a young juvenile. This adds to evidence that pantolestids had relatively early eruption of permanent premolars and late epiphyseal closure. Based on molar size and morphology, including presence of a well-developed paraconid, the specimen is attributed to Palaeosinopa didelphoides. Despite differences in skeletal size and robustness among the three known Fossil Butte pantolestid skeletons, all of which are skeletally subadult, similarity in molar size (and morphology, to the extent that it is visible) suggests that the three skeletons represent three growth stages of P. didelphoides. If this interpretation is correc...
Massive Pleural Effusion in Diffuse Granulomatous Disease

Although recurrent, massive pleural effusions frequently are associated with malignancy, they rarely occur in granulomatous diseases of the lung. We report the case of a 50-year-old man with a recurrent, massive pleural effusion and a diffuse granulomatous disease that involved the lung, the lymphatics, and bone marrow. The cause of the effusion and granulomatous disease is not entirely clear; however, the effusion did resolve with antifungal therapy and a brief course of corticosteroids.
The Use of Mouse-Human and Human-Human Hybridomas in Human Genetics and Immunology

In order to investigate the molecular basis of human immunodeficiencies and to understand the immunological basis of human autoimmune diseases, it is important to be able to clone the genes for human immunoglobulin chains and the autoantibodies responsible for the pathogenesis of the autoimmune diseases respectively.
Effect of Environmental Temperature on Healthy Chicks and Chicks Inoculated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Abstract THE experiment reported herein was designed to measure the performance of healthy and diseased chickens at temperatures of 12.6°C., 18.2°C. and 23.8°C. Hudson (1931) found that mortality among chicks infected with bronchitis virus and exposed to 18.2°C. was 60 percent as compared with 32 percent for those groups maintained at 37.7°C. In experiments conducted by Prince et al. (1962a, b, 1967), 4 week old chicks were inoculated with infectious bronchitis virus and subjected to environmental temperatures ranging from 9.3°C. to 23.8°C. and relative humidities of 52, 70 and 90 percent. Feed consumption was greater at the lower temperatures and weight gain was not significantly affected by temperature or relative humidity. Superior performance in terms of feed consumption and feed efficiency (kg. gain per kg. feed) was observed at the 23.8°C. environment. In a study with healthy chicks during the period from 5 to 10 weeks of age Milligan and Winn . . .
Cheatgrass and Grazing Rangelands

Abstract The presence of annual grasses creates a controversy between livestock men and grazing administrators involving the following question: Do annual grasses indicate overgrazing? Would the annual grasses be largely absent from Nevada ranges if there had been no grazing? Should the carrying capacity of a range predominantly annual be based upon the perennials? Has anyone a practical method by which annuals can be replaced and perennials reestablished in a density which would permit saying that the range had been brought back to its pioneer carrying capacity? Is it reasonable to look at a range and if annuals predominate say the range is overstocked and a reduction in livestock numbers should be made ? … And if the answers are largely negative, will we not then have to live with the annuals and learn to make the most profitable use of them?
The oxygen isotope and cation exchange chemistry of feldspars

Cation exchange experiments between alkali and alkaline-earth feldspars and corresponding 2-3 molal aqueous chloride solutions were performed at a fluid pressure of one kilobar over the temperature range 350°-800°C. Oxygen isotope analyses of the exchanged feldspar indicate that essentially complete oxygen isotope equilibration between solution and feldspars accompanies the cation exchange. Oxygen isoptope fractionations obtained this way were proved to be equilibrium fractionations by their agreement with those obtained by true isotope exchange reactions between synthetic feldspars and pure water. The oxygen isotope fractionation factor (alpha) between alkali feldspar and water in the temperature range studied is given by the expression 10 3 ln alpha=2.91 (10 6 T -2 )-3.41. No isotope fractionation was discernible between albite and potassium feldspar. However, the alkali feldspars were found to concentrate O 18 relative to the alkaline-earth feldspars, indicating a relationship between the Al/Si ratio in feldspar and tendency to concentrate O 18 . The plagioclase-water fractionation follows the equation: 10 3 ln alpha=(2.91-0. 76beta)(10 6 T -2 )-3.41-0.41beta where beta is the An content of plagioclase. Observations made during the course of this work suggest that the mechanism of oxygen and cation exchange in these experiments involves fine-scale solution and redeposition in a fluid film at the interface between exchanged and unexchanged feldspar. A mechanism involving simple solid-state diffusion cannot explain the observed communication between the oxygen at the interfacial boundary and the solution.
Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878 (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) on white-tailed deer in southern Texas

The deer ked, Lipoptena mazamae, was the most prevalent ectoparasite (64%) detected on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas. Prevalence and abundance of keds were highest on deer living in areas of “dense” vegetation or sandy soils. Among ecologic factors studies, flooding appeared to significantiy reduce the prevalence of all keds and numbers of unfed adults on deer. Transmission of keds from dam to offspring was suggested.
GENETIC ORGANIZATION AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CIRSIUM.

Relationships involving progenitor and derivative species pairs have been documented for a number of plant taxa. In this study, we used starch-gel electrophoresis to examine the probable relationship between Cirsium pitcheri, an endemic thistle restricted to the shorelines of the Great Lakes, and Cirsium canescens, a closely related species of the central Great Plains (U.S.A.). The species shared the same enzyme loci but differed greatly in levels of genetic diversity. C. pitcheri was genetically much less variable than its congener, with fewer polymorphic loci and significantly lower heterozygosity. The genetic variation in C. pitcheri represents a depauperate subset of the alleles present in C. canescens, consistent with the hypothesis that the two species represent a progenitor-derivative species pair. We suggest that C. pitcheri migrated into newly created dune habitats in the Great Lakes region near the end of the Wisconsin glaciation and that its low genetic variability results from repeated and probably prolonged population bottlenecks which accom- panied its movement.
Role of Yolk in Chick Embryo Mortality Induced by the Feeding of Sterculia Foetida Oil

Abstract INTRODUCTION CHICK embryo mortality may be induced by the feeding of oils containing cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Schneider et al. (1961) reported that the daily administration of 50 mg. of Sterculia foetida oil (S.F.O.) to individual hens may result in nearly 100% embryo mortality. Excessive embryo mortality was also observed by Kemmerer et al. (1965) who fed diets containing S.F.O. or crude cottonseed oil. Both oils contain substantial quantities of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. There are no detailed studies to indicate whether the cyclopropenoid fatty acids of these oils are the only factors which cause embryo mortality. McDonald and Shenstone (in Phelps et al., 1965), however, reported 100% embryo mortality in an experiment in which purified sterculic acid, the major cyclopropenoid of S.F.O., was fed. The amount of sterculic acid fed (25 mg. per hen, daily) was approximately equivalent to that supplied by 50 mg. of S.F.O. in the studies of Schneider…
TNF-alpha induces endothelial cell F-actin depolymerization, new actin synthesis, and barrier dysfunction.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) influences pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier function in vitro. We studied whether recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) regulates endothelial barrier func...
Dissociating graft-vs-host disease from the graft-vs-leukemia effect of allogeneic T cells: the potential role of IL-2.

CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are responsible for the initiation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) which limits the efficacy of human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Activated T cells are a rich source of cytokines in vitro, and many of these same molecules are also found in graft-versus-host reactions (GVHR) and GVHD. However, T cells are not the only source of these soluble mediators. Cytokines control the actions of many cell types both in vitro and in vivo, so these soluble factors can easily influence the actions of both the engrafted hematopoietic cells and the host's cells. The complex manner in which cells and cytokines interact in GVHR and GVHD is reviewed here. We speculate that cytokine cascades play major roles in many aspects of GVHR and GVHD.
Underdeveloped Themes in Qualitative Research: Relationship With Interviews and Analysis.

Purpose In this methodological article, the authors address the problem of underdeveloped themes in qualitative studies they have reviewed. Various possible reasons for underdeveloped themes are examined, and suggestions offered. Organizing construct Each problem area is explored, and literature support is provided. The suggestions that are offered are supported by the literature as well. Findings The problem with underdeveloped themes in certain articles is related to 3 interconnected issues: (a) lack of clear relationship to the underlying research method, (b) an apparent lack of depth in interviewing techniques, and (c) lack of depth in the analysis. Underdeveloped themes in a qualitative study can lead to a lack of substantive findings that have meaningful implications for practice, research, and the nursing profession, as well as the rejection of articles for publication. Fully developed themes require knowledge about the paradigm of qualitative research, the methodology that is proposed, the effective techniques of interviewing that can produce rich data with examples and experiences, and analysis that goes beyond superficial reporting of what the participants have said. Analytic problem areas include premature closure, anxiety about how to analyze, and confusion about categories and themes. Conclusions Effective qualitative research takes time and effort and is not as easy as is sometimes presumed. The usefulness of findings depends on researchers improving their research skills and practices. Implications for practice Increasingly researchers are using qualitative research to explore clinically important issues. As consumers of research or members of a research team, clinical nurse specialists need to understand the nature of this research that can provide in-depth insight and meaning.
Hedgehog Signalling in Prostate Morphogenesis

The prostate gland has not traditionally been a popular model system in developmental biology, and mechanistic studies of prostate morphogenesis have generally lagged behind work in other well-characterised systems. The mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in prostate development and the role of testosterone as an inducer of prostate morphogenesis have certainly been a subject of enduring interest, but the lack of molecular markers for prostate differentiation and of transgenic models with prostate-specific mutations have hindered molecular studies. This is changing, and recent findings have catalysed rapid advances in our understanding of prostate development. Studies have shown striking parallels between morphogenetic signals that regulate prostate morphogenesis and paradigms developed from work done in classic developmental model systems. Several growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 10, bone morphogenetic protein 4 and transforming growth factor β1 apparendy play similar roles in the foetal prostate as in other embryonic structures. A major signalling molecule in diverse developmental systems, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has emerged as a subject of paramount interest in prostate biology. This is in part because of its key role in prostate ductal morphogenesis and differentiation but, largely, because Shh has recently been identified as a factor that promotes human prostate cancer growth. Therefore, the hedgehog signalling pathway is a promising target for therapies to slow or arrest prostate tumour growth.
Transcriptional Reactivation of the FMR1 Gene. A Possible Approach to the Treatment of the Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability, caused by CGG expansion over 200 repeats (full mutation, FM) at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene and subsequent DNA methylation of the promoter region, accompanied by additional epigenetic histone modifications that result in a block of transcription and absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The lack of FMRP, involved in multiple aspects of mRNA metabolism in the brain, is thought to be the direct cause of the FXS phenotype. Restoration of FMR1 transcription and FMRP production can be obtained in vitro by treating FXS lymphoblastoid cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine, demonstrating that DNA methylation is key to FMR1 inactivation. This concept is strengthened by the existence of rare male carriers of a FM, who are unable to methylate the FMR1 promoter. These individuals produce limited amounts of FMRP and are of normal intelligence. Their inability to methylate the FMR1 promoter, whose cause is not yet fully elucidated, rescues them from manifesting the FXS. These observations demonstrate that a therapeutic approach to FXS based on the pharmacological reactivation of the FMR1 gene is conceptually tenable and worthy of being further pursued.
Progressive and Conservative “Freedom” Through the Lens of FOX and MSNBC:

This research examines the framing of health care and immigration policy debates by high profile cable television (TV) pundits on FOX News and MSNBC. The study uses an interpretive framework to app...
Systematic Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias with Emphasis on Non-lethal Disorders

Dysplasias are defects arising during the prenatal stage of development that continue expression in postnatal life and may be primary or secondary. Primary skeletal dysplasias result from mutated genes and are expressed in mesenchymal tissues. Secondary dysplasias result from extraosseous factors causing developmental abnormalities of the skeletal system. As knowledge of clinical medicine, molecular biology, and genetics advance, the number of known skeletal dysplasias has been growing by leaps and bounds. Radiology plays a major role in caring for these patients. This chapter provides an overview of the more common and/or more interesting skeletal dysplasias that a radiologist may encounter in practice, emphasizing the non-lethal disorders. The latest nosology and classification of skeletal dysplasias was introduced in 2006 comprising 37 groups and each group has between 2 and 23 entities. This classification is the basis of our presentation. However, various entities are discussed in alphabetical order to make it easier for the readers to refer to specific disorders. Achondroplasia is the most common non-lethal skeletal dysplasia and the most common lethal entity is thanatophoric dysplasia. Four categories of helpful hints are described to make learning and remembering skeletal dysplasias easier for the readers.
A multimodal end-of-turn prediction model: learning from parasocial consensus sampling

Virtual human, with realistic behaviors and social skills, evoke in users a range of social behaviors normally only seen in human face-to-face interactions. One of the key challenges in creating such virtual humans is to give them human-like conversational skills, such as turn-taking skill. In this paper, we propose a multimodal end-of-turn prediction model. Instead of recording face-to-face conversation data, we collect the turn-taking data using Parasocial Consensus Sampling (PCS) framework. Then we analyze the relationship between verbal and nonverbal features and turn-taking behaviors based on the consensus data and show how these features influence the time people use to take turns. Finally, we present a probabilistic multimodal end-ofturn prediction model, which enables virtual humans to make real-time turn-taking predictions. The result shows that our model achieves a higher accuracy than previous methods did.