cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise training mitigates ER stress and UCP2 deficiency-associated coronary vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) activation are opposing modulators of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Exercise reduces atherosclerosis plaques and enhances endothelial function. Our aim was to understand how exercise affects ER stress and UCP2 activation, and how that relates to endothelial dysfunction in an atherosclerotic murine model. Wild type (C57BL/6, WT) and apolipoprotein-E-knockout (ApoEtm1Unc, ApoE KO) mice underwent treadmill exercise training (EX) or remained sedentary for 12 weeks. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation was determined in the presence of an eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME), UCP2 inhibitor (genipin), and ER stress inducer (tunicamycin). UCP2, ER stress markers and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling were quantified by western blotting. p67phox and superoxide were visualized using immunofluorescence and DHE staining. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured by nitrate/nitrite assay. ACh-induced vasodilation was attenuated in coronary arterioles of ApoE KO mice but improved in ApoE KO-EX mice. Treatment of coronary arterioles with L-NAME, tunicamycin, and genipin significantly attenuated ACh-induced vasodilation in all mice except for ApoE KO mice. Exercise reduced expression of ER stress proteins, TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling cascades, and Bax expression in the heart of ApoE KO-EX mice. Further, exercise diminished superoxide production and NADPH oxidase p67phox expression in coronary arterioles while simultaneously increasing UCP2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in the heart of ApoE KO-EX mice. Routine exercise alleviates endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic coronary arterioles in an eNOS, UCP2, and ER stress signaling specific manner, and resulting in reduced TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activity and oxidative stress.
Opiate vs non-opiate prescription medication for pain control after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Abstract Purpose Research indicates that most providers give opiates after endoscopic sinonasal surgery. The effectiveness of non-opiate medications after sinonasal surgery is poorly understood and most studies do not assess medication failure. This study compares oral opiate, oral opiate and topical steroid, and oral non-opiate pain control. Patient call-backs are used as a proxy for pain medication failure. Materials and methods This study compares three medication regiments after sinonasal surgery for 180 adults with chronic rhinosinusitis. Patients were instructed to take acetaminophen for mild pain. For moderate/severe pain, patients used: 1) oxycodone-acetaminophen, 2) oxycodone-acetaminophen + budesonide nasal rinses, or 3) meloxicam + acetaminophen. Patients were instructed to call clinic if pain was not controlled. Descriptive statistics compared cohorts. Chi-square tests compared call-backs between cohorts. Logistic regression adjusted for baseline differences in covariates, comorbidities, and operative sites. Results Cohorts had similar age, sex distribution, disease features, and extent of surgery. The meloxicam cohort had less subjects with pain disorders. The oxycodone cohort had less subjects with diabetes, septoplasty, and turbinate reduction. After adjusting for baseline differences and using oxycodone as the reference group (n = 50), the odds of calling clinic for poorly controlled pain was 0.18 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.05–0.6) in the meloxicam cohort (n = 45) and 0.19 (95% CI:0.07–0.5) in the oxycodone + budesonide rinses cohort (n = 85). Conclusion In this study, both meloxicam and oxycodone + budesonide rinses were more effective at controlling pain after sinonasal surgery than oxycodone alone.
Raciolinguistic Ideologies of Spanish Speakers in a California Child Welfare Court

This chapter demonstrates that metalinguistic communities can draw on language ideologies about non-group members to construct their own social identity. Drawing on data from an ethnographic study of parents and legal professionals in a California child welfare court, Lopez-Espino argues that social workers, judges, and attorneys routinely use the category of “Spanish speakers” in ways that implicitly emphasize their own English-dominant language practices as standard and normative. Building on existing scholarship on raciolinguistic ideologies (Flores and Rosa 2015), Lopez-Espino argues that legal professionals conflate being Spanish-dominant as indicative of lacking “sophistication,” lacking legal status, being passive, and having deficient cultural practices of child-rearing. The chapter concludes that the circulation of such raciolinguistic ideologies can negatively affect racialized and minoritized persons’ access to a fair and equitable legal experience.
Aphasic status epilepticus: electroclinical correlation.

Summary Purpose: Aphasic status epilepticus (ASE) in otherwise awake patients is a rare phenomenon. We present a series of nine consecutive patients with ASE to characterize clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging findings. Methods: Nine patients in ASE were identified between July 2006 and December 2009 at our institution. Each was evaluated by the neurology service and monitored with video-electroencephalography (EEG) for at least 24 h. Thorough, repeated language testing was correlated with EEG findings. Key Findings: All nine patients were right-handed with subacute or chronic left hemispheric lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All patients had mixed aphasia, three presenting with persistent aphasia from onset and six with episodic speech impairment, which became persistent in five of the six. The initial 30-min EEG demonstrated electrographic seizure in only five patients (56%), despite the presence of aphasia during the recording. Left hemispheric periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS) were seen in two patients, and left hemispheric slowing in two patients. Continuous video-EEG monitoring confirmed electrographic seizure activity in all nine patients. Peak electrographic seizure frequency varied from continuous to once every 2 h and was not associated with fluctuations in the speech deficit. EEG seizures resolved abruptly in three patients and gradually over up to 4 days in six patients. Clinical improvement was delayed in eight of the nine patients, and four patients retained some aphasia at discharge, 2–4 days after EEG seizure resolution. Significance: Standard EEG is sensitive for detection of abnormalities in the dominant hemisphere in patients with ASE. However, continuous EEG is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and monitor treatment, since clinical symptoms do not correlate with electrographic seizure activity and do not provide sufficient information to guide treatment decisions.
Stacking order dependent mechanical properties of graphene/MoS2 bilayer and trilayer heterostructures

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are two-dimensional materials that show promise for flexible electronics and piezoelectric applications, but their weak mechanical strength is a barrier to practical use. In this work, we perform nanoindentation simulations using atomistic molecular dynamics to study the mechanical properties of heterostructures formed by combining MoS2 with graphene. We consider both bi- and tri-layer heterostructures formed with MoS2 either supported or encapsulated by graphene. Mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus, bending modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain, are extracted from nanoindentation simulations and compared to the monolayer and homogeneous bilayer systems. We observed that the heterostructures, regardless of the stacking order, are mechanically more robust than the mono- and bi-layer MoS2, mainly due to the mechanical reinforcement provided by the graphene layer. The magnitudes of ultimate strength and fracture strain are similar for both the bi- and tri-layer heterostructures, but substantially larger than either the mono- and bi-layer MoS2. Our results demonstrate the potential of graphene-based heterostructures to improve the mechanical properties of TMDC materials.
The dynamics of the dietary transition in the developing world

Publisher Summary Human history is characterized by a series of changes in the diet and nutritional status. This chapter explores the dietary and overall nutritional change from a broad historical perspective. The concept of transitions or movement from one state or condition to another is used to capture the dynamic nature of diet. It is important to understand these broad changes in dietary patterns and the factors considered as determinants or important correlates of the patterns of dietary change. The ultimate goal is to understand the various factors that cause or are associated with these dietary changes so that one can better understand how to promote dietary change systematically. The transitions that have occurred in nutrition are avoidable and an understanding of the patterns and sources of change will serve as a basis for future interventions at the population level to lead to more healthful transitions. The theory of the nutrition transition posits that these changes or stages relate to the complex interplay of changes in patterns of agricultural, health, and socioeconomic factors, among others. It is relatively easy to present a case that to understand the nutrition transition one requires a broad-based examination of the patterns and determinants of dietary change. One needs to be concerned with food supply to agricultural systems and agricultural technology, as well as to the factors that affect the demand and use of food, which include economic resources, demographic patterns, various cultural, and knowledge factors associated with food choice, and also disease patterns, sociological considerations, such as the role of women and family structure.
α‐Phenylglutaric Anhydride

α-phenylglutaric anhydride product: α-Phenylglutaric Anhydride Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; elimination, dehydration; hydrolysis, nitriles
Bivalency Is Required for Anticapsular Monoclonal Antibodies To Optimally Suppress Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by the Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule

Encapsulated cells of Cryptococcus neoformans are potent activators of the alternative complement pathway. Previous studies found that monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the major capsular polysaccharide, termed glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), can markedly suppress the ability of the capsule to accumulate C3 from normal human serum via the alternative pathway. The present study examined the abilities of F(ab)2 and Fab fragments of three MAbs (MAbs 439, 3C2, and 471) to mediate the suppressive effect. The results showed that F(ab)2 fragments of all three MAbs suppressed activation and binding of C3 via the alternative pathway in a manner similar to that of intact antibodies. In contrast, Fab fragments of MAb 439 and MAb 3C2 showed no suppressive activity, and Fab fragments of MAb 471 were markedly reduced in suppressive activity. Indeed, there was an earlier accumulation of C3 on encapsulated cryptococci in the presence of the Fab fragments. Study of subclass switch families of MAb 439 and MAb 471 found that MAbs of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass with increased flexibility in the hinge region (IgG2b) had less suppressive activity than MAbs of IgG subclasses with less flexibility (IgG1 or IgG2a). Taken together, these results indicate that cross-linking of the capsular matrix is an essential component in suppression of the alternative complement pathway by anti-GXM MAbs.
Sex-Related Values and Attitudes of College Students: A Sexism Scale vs the Semantic Differential

To measure sexist attitudes, 50 men and 50 women completed two instruments One was a nondisguised type—the Rombough-Ventimiglia Sexism Scale; the other disguised—the semantic differential with ratings on sex-role concepts. On the basis of scores on the Rombough-Ventimiglia Scale, men were divided into High (traditional) and Low (emancipated) scoring groups. The same procedure was followed for women's scores. As expected the Rombough-Ventimiglia scales showed significant differences between High and Low attitude groups and also between men and women. However, the semantic differential comparisons between High and Low scoring groups for men show significant differences on only three of the 36 concepts rated; women's scores show 10 significant differences. Comparisons between men and women on the semantic differential show significant differences on 20 concepts. The results can be interpreted as indicating that men may introduce a certain element of distortion in responding to conventional sexism scales.
Treatment of a hypertaurodontic maxillary second molar in a patient with 10 taurodonts: a case report.

Abstract Introduction Taurodontism is an aberration in tooth morphology characterized by vertically enlarged pulp chambers, apical displacement of pulp floors, and short roots. So far in the literature, no more than 8 taurodonts have been reported in 1 patient. The aim of this case report was to describe the endodontic management of a hypertaurodont maxillary second molar and to present a rare case with 10 taurodonts in a black man with a biometric analysis using cone-beam computed tomographic imaging. Methods An 18 year-old black man was referred to the postgraduate endodontic clinic for emergency treatment. The patient's medical history was noncontributory. Tooth #2 had lingering pain in response to the cold test and was positive to both percussion and palpation. Radiographic examination showed the characteristics of taurodontism and periapical radiolucency around the root apices of tooth #2. Tooth #2 was diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. The tooth was endodontically treated in 2 appointments. A panoramic radiograph showed multiple taurodontism. At the follow-up, a cone-beam computed tomographic scan was taken to further evaluate and diagnose taurodontism. Ten molars showed taurodontism including 7 hypertaurodonts, 2 mesotaurodonts, and a hypotaurodont. High variations of root canal anatomy were observed among taurodonts including maxillary and mandibular hypertaurodonts with C-shape canals. Conclusions The present case describes 10 taurodonts in a patient with no specific syndromes and endodontic treatment of a hypertaurodont maxillary second molar. Cone-beam computed tomographic imaging may be useful in the evaluation and management of the anatomic complexity of roots and root canals of taurodonts.
Phospholipid synthesis in aging potato tuber tissue.

The effect of activation ("aging") of potato tuber slices on their phospholipid metabolism was investigated. Aged slices were incubated with (14)C labeled choline, ethanolamine, methionine, serine, and acetate. In all cases, the incorporation of radioactivity into the lipid fraction increased with the length of time the slices were aged. This incorporation was shown to be true synthesis and not exchange between precursors and existing phospholipids.The increased incorporation of labeled choline into lipids was mainly due to an increase in its uptake by the tissue, the presence of actidione during aging prevented this increased uptake. The increase in the incorporation of labeled acetate into lipids resulted from the development of a fatty acid synthetase during aging. In the case of ethanolamine, both its uptake into the tissue and its incorporation into the lipid fraction increased.The phospholipids formed from these precursors were identified by paper and thin-layer chromatography. The major compound formed from choline was lecithin, while phosphatidylethanolamine and a small amount of lecithin were formed from ethanolamine.
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling of Caregiver Psychological Distress Over Time

Competing theories of adaptation and wear-and-tear describe psychological distress patterns among family caregivers. This study seeks to characterize psychological distress patterns in family caregivers and identify predictors. One hundred three caregivers of care recipients with primary malignant brain tumors were interviewed within 1, 4, 8, and 12 months post-diagnosis regarding psychological distress; care recipients were interviewed regarding clinical/functional characteristics. Group-based trajectory modeling identified longitudinal distress patterns, and weighted logistic/multinomial regression models identified predictors of distress trajectories. Group-based trajectory modeling identified high-decreasing (51.1 % of caregivers) and consistently low (48.9 %) depressive symptom trajectories, high-decreasing (75.5 %) and low-decreasing (24.5 %) anxiety trajectories, and high (37.5 %), moderate (40.9 %), and low-decreasing (21.6 %) caregiver burden trajectories. High depressive symptoms were associated with high trajectories for both anxiety and burden, lower caregivers age, income, and social support, and lower care recipient functioning. Our data support the adaptation hypothesis; interventions should target those at risk for persistent distress.
Chemistry and surface morphology of soil particles from Luna 20 LRL sample 22003

Optical and scanning electron microscopy, scanning electron microprobes and energy dispersion techniques were applied in an analysis of six siliceous glass spheres, five siliceous glass-bonded agglutinates and one breccia fragment from Luna 20 sample 22003. It is theorized that local meteor impact processes might have been responsible for the formation of most of the glass spheres and that the impacts of relatively high velocity particles might have been responsible for the craters observed on the surfaces of the spheres. The concentrations of iron spherules on the surfaces of the glass spheres were generally lower than in similar Apollo 11 and 12 glass spheres.
Sandy signs of a tsunami's onshore depth and speed

Tsunamis rank among the most devastating and unpredictable natural hazards to affect coastal areas. Just 3 years ago, in December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami caused more than 225,000 deaths. Like many extreme events, however, destructive tsunamis strike rarely enough that written records span too little time to quantify tsunami hazard and risk. Tsunami deposits preserved in the geologic record have been used to extend the record of tsunami occurrence but not the magnitude of past events. To quantify tsunami hazard further, we asked the following question: Can ancient deposits also provide guidance on the expectable water depths and speeds for future tsunamis?
Fracture Analysis of an All-Ceramic Bearing System

Abstract This paper summarizes the fracture mechanism of an all-ceramic duplex spin bearing which was tested to failure to establish a design load margin. This bearing is part of a gyro-optics assembly being developed for use in an infrared seeker. The analysis revealed that machining-induced microcracks grew in the inner raceway beneath a ball. These microcracks coalesced to form macrocracks which led to fracture of the inner race and the failure of the bearing system.
Improved oscillator phase locking by use of a modulated electron beam in a gyrotron.

A new method of microwave oscillator phase locking, exploiting the extended nature of the gyroklystron configuration, is accomplished by modulation of the electron beam before it reaches the cavity oscillator. The amount of power required to give phase locking in a gyrotron is decreased by more than an order of magnitude from that predicted by Adler's theory. In addition, oscillator priming is observed at drive powers far below all other systems tested to date. These new methods provide the coherence required of rf sources for linear accelerators and may enhance gyrotron performance for fusion heating.
Creating and exploring web form repositories

We present DeepPeep (http://www.deeppeep.org), a new system for discovering, organizing and analyzing Web forms. DeepPeep allows users to explore the entry points to hidden-Web sites whose contents are out of reach for traditional search engines. Besides demonstrating important features of DeepPeep and describing the infrastructure we used to build the system, we will show how this infrastructure can be used to create form collections and form search engines for different domains. We also present the analysis component of DeepPeep which allows users to explore and visualize information in form repositories, helping them not only to better search and understand forms in different domains, but also to refine the form gathering process.
A prospective reevaluation of transient ischemic attacks as a risk factor for death and fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is generally considered a risk factor for death and cardiovascular events. This assumption is based on comparisons of the survival of the TIA population with that of the general population. Such comparisons may provide biased estimates of the risk associated with TIA because the general population is usually more healthy than TIA patients.Using a prospective case-control study design, we report the comparison of a TIA population (n = 280) and a control group (n = 399) with a comparable cardiovascular risk factor burden. Proportional hazards analysis was used to compare survival time and time to fatal or nonfatal stroke and/or myocardial infarction for the two study groups. Comparisons were made without adjustment for risk factors and after adjustment for age, race, sex, and major cardiovascular risk factors.Before adjustment for age-race-sex or risk factors, TIA proved to be a risk factor for early mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction (P < .05). Adjustment for age-r...
New endemic species of Aneilema and Commelina (Commelinaceae) from Somalia

Three new, endemic species of Commelinaceae from central and southern Somalia are described. Aneilema trispermum is unique in the genus in having capsules with three one-seeded locules. The annual, buff-orange-flowered Commelina arenicola differs from the annual C. subulata Roth and related perennials in having a capsule with an indehiscent dorsal locule. Commelina frutescens has a unique shrubby habit.
Long-term pair bonding and genetic evidence for monogamy among urban coyotes (Canis latrans)

Coyotes (Canis latrans) occur across North America in many types of ecosystems, including urban areas, yet certain aspects of coyote behavior remain obscure. Previous observational studies have provided evidence that coyotes are socially monogamous; however, the degree to which coyotes exhibit genetic monogamy has not previously been determined. We used radiotelemetry and genetic techniques to determine the mating system of an urban coyote population. We obtained samples from 236 coyotes captured during 2000–2006 in the Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area of Illinois. Individuals were genotyped using 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among 18 litters comprising 96 offspring, we found no evidence of polygamy, and detected a single instance of a double litter (pups from different parents sharing the same den). The 2 mated pairs that contributed to the double litter had not interbred. However, the relatedness values shared between 1 mated pair and the pups that were not their offspring suggested that they were closely related, possibly as cousins or grandparents/ grandoffspring. Across all radiocollared mated pairs, mean home range overlap for the male and female was 80.1% (SD 5 13.4). Among 7 mated pairs, 3 of which were radiotracked over multiple years, there was no evidence of mate abandonment and multiyear monogamy was maintained. Despite the high food resources available and high population density, urban coyotes display no variability in their monogamous mating system.
Io’s theothermal (sulfur) – Lithosphere cycle inferred from sulfur solubility modeling of Pele’s magma supply

Abstract Surface deposits of volatile compounds such as water (Earth) or sulfur (Io) on volcanically active bodies suggest that a magmatic distillation process works to concentrate volatiles in surface reservoirs. On Earth, this is the combined hydrologic and tectonic cycle. On Io, sulfurous compounds are transferred from the interior to the surface reservoirs through a combination of a mantle-sourced magmatic system, vertical cycling of the lithosphere, and a sulfur-dominated crustal thermal system that we here call the “theothermal” system. We present a geochemical analysis of this process using previously inferred temperature and oxygen fugacity constraints of Pele’s basaltic magma to determine the behavior of sulfur in the ionian magmas. Sulfate to sulfide ratios of Pele’s magma are −4.084 ± 0.6 and −6.442 ± 0.7 log 10 units, comparable to or lower than those of mid-ocean ridge basalts. This reflects the similarity of Io’s oxidation state with Earth’s depleted mantle as previously suggested by Zolotov and Fegley (Zolotov, M.Y., Fegley, B. [2000]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2789–2792). Our calculated limits of sulfur solubility in melts from Pele’s patera (∼1100–1140 ppm) are also comparable to terrestrial mid-ocean ridge basalts, reflecting a compositional similarity of mantle sources. We propose that the excess sulfur obvious on Io’s surface comes from two sources: (1) an insoluble sulfide liquid phase in the magma and (2) theothermal near-surface recycling.
Contribution of O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase to resistance to 1,3‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea in human brain tumor‐derived cell lines

To assess the possible role of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in resistance of brain neoplasms to the clinically important chloroethylating agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), we quantitated MGMT activity, BCNU survival, and the effect of ablating MGMT activity on the sensitivity of 14 human medulloblastoma- and glioma-derived cell lines. BCNU resistance, measured as 10% survival dose (LD10), differed eightfold among the lines. Elimination of measurable MGMT activity with the substrate analogue inhibitor O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) revealed a variable but limited contribution of MGMT to survival. In no case did O6-BG reduce LD10 by more than 3.4-fold. In contrast, 06-BG reduced the LD10 for N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine up to 31-fold in the same cell lines (Bobola MS, Blank A, Berger MS, Silber JR, Mol Carcinog 13:70–80, 1995). Variability in BCNU survival, manifested as a sevenfold range of LD10, persists after measurable MGMT was eliminated, indicating that another mechanism or mechanisms is operating to limit cytotoxicity. Cells alkylated while suspended in growth medium are more resistant to BCNU and display less dependence on MGMT than cells treated while proliferating on a plastic substratum. When alkylated in suspension, most of the lines are either unresponsive to O6-BG or contain a subpopulation that did not respond to O6-BG. Our results demonstrate that BCNU resistance is multifactorial and that MGMT makes a modest contribution to resistance in our lines. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Odor Emission Rate Estimation of Indoor Industrial Sources Using a Modified Inverse Modeling Method

Odor emission rates are commonly measured in the laboratory or occasionally estimated with inverse modeling techniques. A modified inverse modeling approach is used to estimate source emission rates inside of a postdigestion centrifuge building of a water reclamation plant. Conventionally, inverse modeling methods divide an indoor environment in zones on the basis of structural design and estimate source emission rates using models that assume homogeneous distribution of agent concentrations within a zone and experimentally determined link functions to simulate airflows among zones. The modified approach segregates zones as a function of agent distribution rather than building design and identifies near and far fields. Near-field agent concentrations do not satisfy the assumption of homogeneous odor concentrations; far-field concentrations satisfy this assumption and are the only ones used to estimate emission rates. The predictive ability of the modified inverse modeling approach was validated with measured emission rate values; the difference between corresponding estimated and measured odor emission rates is not statistically significant. Similarly, the difference between measured and estimated hydrogen sulfide emission rates is also not statistically significant. The modified inverse modeling approach is easy to perform because it uses odor and odorant field measurements instead of complex chamber emission rate measurements.
Synchronous adenocarcinoma and carcinoid of the uterine cervix: Immunohistochemical study of a case and review of literature

Mixed neoplasms, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid, have been reported to occur in several areas of the body, including gastrointestinal tract, breast, prostate, lung, skin, and kidney. Mixed tumors of the uterine cervix are very rare. Their histogenesis, immunohistochemical profile, and prognosis are not well established. Here, we report a case of a 49-year-old female with infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the cervix within which was found a separate nodule of small cell endocrine carcinoma.
Lithographically Fabricated Optical Antennas with Gaps Well Below 10 nm

Metal nanostructures that effi ciently capture or radiate electromagnetic waves at optical frequencies offer a means to concentrate electromagnetic energy into deep subwavelength regions. Wessel noted that these structures can therefore be considered antennas. [ 1 ] Recent work has focused on more effi cient designs, termed ‘optical antennas’, which employ small gaps or very sharp tips. [ 2‐4 ] Optical antennas present opportunities for ultrasensitive spectroscopy, near-fi eld scanning optical microscopy, and compact subwavelength light sources. [ 5‐7 ] However, the achievable feature sizes are usually determined by fabrication, being approximately given by the gap size or tip sharpness. Here, we report a top-down fabrication procedure to fabricate pairs of nanoparticles separated by a controllable gap size that can be as small as 3 nm. As an application, we show that the enhancement factors of surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) increase signifi cantly for smaller gap sizes, indicating greatly enhanced electromagnetic fi elds within the gaps. We anticipate that the fabrication method we introduce here for nanoparticle pairs with nanoscale gaps would be useful not only for SERS, where it could potentially enable single-molecule sensitivity, but also for other applications in plasmonics. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical method, enabling molecules to be identifi ed through their characteristic vibrational spectra. Through SERS, the Raman cross-section of molecules adsorbed to nanostructures can be increased by orders of magnitude. SERS has attracted renewed attention since the fi rst demonstrations of singlemolecule sensitivity. [ 8 , 9 ] Increasing the adoption of the SERS technique further, however, requires fabrication methods capable of routinely delivering reproducible substrates with high enhancement factors. Dimer structures, consisting of two metallic nanoparticles closely placed together, are the simplest optical antenna structures that are confi rmed to be single-molecule SERS active. [ 10 , 11 ] It is believed that substantial electromagnetic fi elds generated in dimer gaps are one of the main enhancement mechanisms in single-molecule SERS. [ 12 , 13 ] This motivates the development of a reproducible
Finite Element Analysis of Ramming in Ovis canadensis

The energy produced during the ramming of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) would be expected to result in undesirable stresses in their frontal skull, which in turn would cause brain injury; yet, this animal seems to suffer no ill effects. In general, horn is made of an α-keratin sheath covering a bone. Despite volumes of data on the ramming behavior of Ovis canadensis, the extent to which structural components of horn and horn-associated structure or tissue absorb the impact energy generated by the ramming event is still unknown. This study investigates the hypothesis that there is a mechanical relationship present among the ramming event, the structural constituents of the horn, and the horn-associated structure. The three-dimensional complex structure of the bighorn sheep horn was successfully constructed and modeled using a computed tomography (CT) scan and finite element (FE) method, respectively. Three different three-dimensional quasi-static models, including a horn model with trabecular bone, a horn model with compact bone that instead of trabecular bone, and a horn model with trabecular bone as well as frontal sinuses, were studied. FE simulations were used to compare distributions of principal stress in the horn and the frontal sinuses and the strain energy under quasi-static loading conditions. It was noticed that strain energy due to elastic deformation of the complex structure of horn modeled with trabecular bone and with trabecular bone and frontal sinus was different. In addition, trabecular bone in the horn distributes the stresses over a larger volume, suggesting a mechanical link between the structural constituents and the ramming event. This phenomenon was elucidated through the principal stress distribution in the structure. This study will help designers in choosing appropriate material combinations for the successful design of protective structures against a similar impact.
Memory for ideas: Synonym substitution

Subjects memorized sentences that contained a word with a synonym in English. There were large numbers of synonym substitution responses in recall (varying from 6.0% in Experiment I to 27.7% in Experiment III). Synonym substitution responses tended to be unidirectional and occurred with roughly equal frequency in abstract and concrete sentences. The results were interpreted as opposed to surface structure theories of sentence memory, since explanation in terms of word associations and sequential dependencies proved unsuccessful. The results were also taken to be opposed to image theories of sentence memory, since image theories predict few ff any synonym substitution responses for abstract sentences, while Experiment III found large numbers of synonym substitutions in both abstract and concrete sentences. The results support the position that memory for sentences is in terms of nonlinguistic, nonimage, abstract representations (ideas).
Adenine nucleotides, transport activity and hypoxic necrosis in the thick ascending limb of Henle

Adenine nucleotides, transport activity and hypoxic necrosis in the thick ascending limb of Henle. Thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) necrosis in the isolated perfused kidney is an important model of renal hypoxia, but physiologic and metabolic correlation with this morphologic damage has been inadequate. More precise estimation of TAL adenine nucleotides in this model was obtained in the present study by high pressure liquid chromatography analysis of biopsy samples from the inner stripe of the outer medulla during perfusion. The inner stripe, which is the zone where TAL are concentrated, showed ATP depletion and low adenylate energy charge (AEC) early in perfusion prior to the appearance of TAL necrosis. Free water clearance (C H 2 O ) was used as an estimate of TAL transport activity; the C H 2 O observed during 90 minute perfusions was found to be predictive of the extent of TAL necrosis in each experiment. The results support the idea that there is significant medullary hypoxia in the isolated perfused kidney and that TAL solute transport is a determinant of injury in this model. In further studies, the effects of ouabain (10 -3 M), furosemide (10 -4 M) or acidosis (pH 7.0 rather than the usual pH 7.4) on TAL transport activity and adenine nucleotide levels were compared. All three maneuvers have been shown previously to reduce TAL injury in the isolated perfused kidney. Addition of ouabain or furosemide reduced C H 2 O and TAL necrosis in parallel while acidosis had no effect on fc H 2 O during perfusion. Both ouabain and furosemide attenuated ATP depletion and resulted in higher AEC while acidosis had no effect on these indices of cellular hypoxia. Therefore, the mechanism of cytoprotection by acidosis appears distinct from that of ouabain or furosemide. The latter appear to inhibit TAL transport activity with a consequent reduction of O 2 demand and attenuation of medullary hypoxia. In contrast, the morphologic protection of TAL by acidosis occurs despite transport activity, medullary ATP depletion and energy imbalance equivalent to that of control perfusions. Therefore, acidosis appears to exert a direct effect on the cellular events which lead from established hypoxia to complete morphologic disruption.
Multivariate Areal Interpolation for Continuous and Count Data

Abstract Geographic information system (GIS) users often need to disaggregate and reaggregate data collected in polygons, but classical kriging models only allow for data collected in points. We discuss our implementation of areal interpolation, a kriging-based disaggregation technique, in the Geostatistical Analyst extension of ArcGIS 10.1 for Gaussian, binomial, and overdispersed Poisson data. All methods allow for surfaces of prediction standard errors. We also allow for the use of a secondary cokriging variable, which can be any of the three above-mentioned distributions. Our areal interpolation model overcomes several computational problems, such as how to handle polygons of vastly different sizes and how to analyze polygons that are overlapping or disjoint. For Gaussian data averaged over polygons, the output is a surface predicting the value at each individual location. Gaussian polygonal data may arise when continuous point measurements are averaged to polygons in order to protect privacy or reduce overhead, and the original point data is discarded. For polygons containing Poisson counts, the output is a surface predicting the density of counts at each location in the data domain. Our model allows for overdispersed counts and for different observation times between polygons. The output for binomial data is a surface predicting the underlying risk at each location of seeing an individual with a certain trait. Each polygon of the input data must contain a count and a population value. The latter indicates the number of individuals sampled, and the former indicates the number of sampled individuals with a certain trait. Once a prediction surface has been created, predictions can be aggregated back to a new set of polygons. This allows for the collection of data over one set of polygons and the prediction for a different set of polygons. We discuss diagnostic options for determining how well the data fits a model, and we demonstrate areal interpolation with three case studies.
Binding characteristics of Fc receptors for IgG on human peripheral blood Tγ lymphocytes and “L” lymphocytes: A technical report

Abstract The binding capacity of Fc receptors for IgG on human blood T (E-rosette forming) cells has been compared with non-T cells (B cells and “L” cells) by several EA-rosette methods and immunofluorescence. It has been established previously that B cells possess low avidity (or density) Fc-IgG receptors that can be detected by rosette formation with sensitized bovine RBC. L cells, the C3 receptor negative subset of non-T, non-B cells possess high avidity (or density) Fc-IgG receptors detected by human red blood cells (RBC) sensitized with Ripley anti-CD serum and these cells have the capacity to bind small aggregates of IgG at 4°C. Using several double marker techniques which included a “Ripley-equivalent” EA-rosette procedure, we have shown that 7% of freshly prepared blood lymphocytes possess both receptors for sheep RBC and high avidity Fc-IgG receptors indistinguishable from those on L cells. Approximately one-third of lymphocytes with high avidity Fc-IgG receptors in unseparated preparations were Tγ cells. Paired studies on unseparated and purified T lymphocytes revealed that after the E-rosette procedure an additional 7 to 14% of lymphocytes with low avidity Fc-IgG receptors appeared. Fc receptors on this subset were detected only by sensitized bovine RBC. Approximately 3% of blood lymphocytes possess neither E, Ig, or Fc receptors. These studies have shown that Fc receptors on Tγ cells can have heterogeneous binding avidities and that the expression and avidity of Fc-IgG receptors on Tγ cells is affected by the technical manipulation of these cells.
Where the action isn't

Enfield's The anatomy of meaning is a pathbreaking exploration of multimodal communication based on Lao video recordings and fieldwork. Of special interest is his notion of composites, through which he addresses the question of cross-modal integration—how it is that signs in different modalities cohere, speech and gesture being his focus. For whom, to what degree, and through what means do composites coalesce? Does this notion denote a kind of cross-modal orderliness or the achievement of orderliness—perhaps through heuristics and inference-making? As I detail the book's engagement with this issue and compare it with others—especially recent discussions of “textuality” in linguistic anthropology and older structuralist approaches to behavioral events—I suggest that Enfield's notion is best viewed as a methodological operator. It is a notion that performs a kind of methodological displacement, pushing against an entrenched logocentrism while spurring us to view communicative events as multiplex, cross-modal assemblages. (Multi-modal, cross-modal, gesture, interaction, video, Lao)
Novel mode of action of spinosad: Receptor binding studies demonstrating lack of interaction with known insecticidal target sites

Abstract The ability of spinosyn A to either enhance or displace binding to selected insecticidally-relevant receptors was investigated using a number of radioligands including, [ 3 H]imidacloprid and [ 3 H]ivermectin in tissues from the ventral nerve cord (VNC) membranes of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana and head membranes from the housefly, Musca domestica . In these insect neural tissues, spinosyn A does not appear to alter the binding of a number of radioligands suggesting that spinosyn A does not interact directly with a variety of known receptors, including nicotinic or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-based insecticidal target sites. However, available data are consistent with spinosyn A interacting with a site distinct from currently known insecticidal target sites, thus supporting a novel insecticidal mechanism of action for the spinosyns.
In vivo imaging of bladder cancer using prototype endoscope-adaptable system providing parallel RGB and NIR autofluorescence image acquisition

A prototype instrument developed to provide simultaneously ordinary visual endoscopy together with NIR autofluorescence imaging via parallel image acquisition is demonstrated. The two images are recorded concurrently, and the instrument interfaces with any ordinary endoscope. Preliminary results of a pilot study focused on imaging of bladder tumors in vivo using this instrumentation are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of this instrumentation design, imaging methodology and define the current limitation for further development of the system.
Low iron storage and mild anemia in postural tachycardia syndrome in adolescents

We reported low iron storage in neurally mediated syncope (NMS). While reduced red cell mass indicative of anemia has been reported in POTS, iron indices and hemoglobin (Hb) data were not reported. We investigated whether POTS, like NMS, is associated with low iron storage and anemia. Thirty two children evaluated in 2007 and 2008 for probable POTS by a standing or tilt test or both at Texas Children’s Hospital were included in a retrospective study. We measured serum ferritin (SF) and Hb values. We defined iron deficiency as SF 3 months and increased HR of >30 BPM or HR of >120 BPM within 10 min of standing or 70° tilt. Twenty four children had POTS, ages 12–18 years, 17 (71 %) were females. Value range (median) of SF 2–289 μg/L (25), Hb 11.5–14.6 (12.5) in females and 12–15.9 g/L (13.6) in males. Patients with POTS, when compared with normal US pediatric population had higher prevalence of low iron storage (50 vs. 14 %), iron deficiency (25 % of teenage girls vs. 9 %, and 16 % of teenage boys vs. 1 %), and anemia (18 % of teenage girls vs. 1.5 %, and 43 % of teenage boys vs. 0.1 %). Low iron storage and mild anemia are associated with POTS suggesting that low iron storage is a potentially pathophysiologic factor in both POTS and NMS.
Representations of Children in the East African Slave Trade

This article argues that children were prominently featured in the abolitionist literature for East Africa primarily to appeal to the sentimental instincts of European readers. It examines a number of different sources dating from the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by both Europeans and Africans. While not all sources from this period on children and slavery were overtly sentimentalized, in the context of the abolition movement it is not surprising that most were. At the same time, it suggests that however filtered through European interlocutors these accounts are also valuable to historians because they provide a space for African voices to be heard.
400 element ErAs:InGaAs/InGaAlAs superlattice power generator

We report the fabrication and characterization of thin film power generators composed 400 p- and n-type ErAs:InGaAs/InGaAlAs superlattice thermoelectric elements. The thermoelectric elements incorporate erbium arsenide metallic nanoparticles into the semiconductor superlattice structure to provide charge carriers and create scattering centers for phonons. 10 µm p- and n-type InGaAs/InGaAlAs superlattices with embedded ErAs nano-particles were grown on InP substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Thermal conductivity values were measured using the 3ω method and cross-plane Seebeck coefficients were determined using Seebeck device test patterns. 400 element ErAs:InGaAs/InGaAlAs thin film power generators were fabricated from superlattice elements 10 µm thick and 200 µm × 200 µm in area. The output power was 4.7 milliwatts for an external electrical load resistor of 150 Ω at about 80 K temperature difference drop across the generator. We discuss the limitations to the generator’s performance and provide suggestions for further improvement.