cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South

Abstract In the American South, postbellum economic development may have been restricted in part by white landowners' access to low-wage black labor. This paper examines the impact of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 on black out-migration and subsequent agricultural development. Flooded counties experienced an immediate and persistent out-migration of black population. Over time, landowners in flooded counties modernized agricultural production and increased its capital intensity relative to landowners in nearby similar non-flooded counties. Landowners resisted black out-migration, however, benefiting from the status quo system of labor-intensive agricultural production. (JEL J15, J43, N32, N52, N92, Q54, R23)
Nonthermal production of dark radiation and dark matter

Dark matter may be coupled to dark radiation: light degrees of freedom that mediate forces between dark sector particles. Cosmological constraints favor dark radiation that is colder than Standard Model radiation. In models with fixed couplings between dark matter and the Standard Model, these constraints can be difficult to satisfy if thermal equilibrium is assumed in the early universe. We construct a model of asymmetric reheating of the visible and dark sectors from late decays of a long-lived particle (for instance, a modulus). We show, as a proof of principle, that such a model can populate a sufficiently cold dark sector while also generating baryon and dark matter asymmetries through the out-of-equilibrium decay. We frame much of our discussion in terms of the scenario of dissipative dark matter, as in the Double-Disk Dark Matter scenario. However, our results may also be of interest for other scenarios like the Twin Higgs model that are in danger of overproducing dark radiation due to nonnegligible dark-visible couplings.
Synthesis of spirooxindoles via asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

Abstract An efficient method was developed for the asymmetric synthesis of 2′-alkyl-4′aryl-1 H -spiro[indole-3,3′-pyrrolidin]-2-ones, which are potential inhibitors of the p53–MDM2 interaction. Our X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that this 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition proceeds with high stereoselectivity but differently from previously published results.
Efficient heat-bath sampling in Fock space

We introduce an algorithm for sampling many-body quantum states in Fock space. The algorithm efficiently samples states with probability approximately proportional to an arbitrary function of the second-quantized Hamiltonian matrix element connecting the sampled state to the current state. We apply the new sampling algorithm to the recently developed semistochastic full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo (S-FCIQMC) method, a semistochastic implementation of the power method for projecting out the ground state energy in a basis of Slater determinants. Our new sampling method requires modest additional computational time and memory compared to uniform sampling but results in newly spawned weights that are approximately of the same magnitude, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of projection. A comparison in efficiency between our sampling algorithm and uniform sampling is performed on the all-electron nitrogen dimer at equilibrium in Dunning's cc-pVXZ basis sets with X ∈ {D, T, Q, 5}, demonstrating a large gain in efficiency that increases with basis set size. In addition, a comparison in efficiency is performed on three all-electron first-row dimers, B2, N2, and F2, in a cc-pVQZ basis, demonstrating that the gain in efficiency compared to uniform sampling also increases dramatically with the number of electrons.
$h$-Polynomials via Reduced Forms

The flow polytope $F_{\widetilde{G}}$ is the set of nonnegative unit flows on the graph $\widetilde{G}$. The subdivision algebra of flow polytopes prescribes a way to dissect a flow polytope $F_{\widetilde{G}}$ into simplices. Such a dissection is encoded by the terms of the so called reduced form of the monomial $\prod_{(i,j)\in E(G)}x_{ij}$. We prove that we can use the subdivision algebra of flow polytopes to construct not only dissections, but also regular flag triangulations of flow polytopes. We prove that reduced forms in the subdivision algebra are generalizations of $h$-polynomials of the triangulations of flow polytopes. We deduce several corollaries of the above results, most notably proving certain cases of a conjecture of Kirillov about the nonnegativity of reduced forms in the noncommutative quasi-classical Yang-Baxter algebra.
A Validated Method for Identifying Unplanned Pediatric Readmission.

Objective To validate the accuracy of pre-encounter hospital designation as a novel way to identify unplanned pediatric readmissions and describe the most common diagnoses for unplanned readmissions among children. Study design We examined all hospital discharges from 2 tertiary care children's hospitals excluding deaths, normal newborn discharges, transfers to other institutions, and discharges to hospice. We performed blinded medical record review on 641 randomly selected readmissions to validate the pre-encounter planned/unplanned hospital designation. We identified the most common discharge diagnoses associated with subsequent 30-day unplanned readmissions. Results Among 166 994 discharges (hospital A: n = 55 383; hospital B: n = 111 611), the 30-day unplanned readmission rate was 10.3% (hospital A) and 8.7% (hospital B). The hospital designation of "unplanned" was correct in 98% (hospital A) and 96% (hospital B) of readmissions; the designation of "planned" was correct in 86% (hospital A) and 85% (hospital B) of readmissions. The most common discharge diagnoses for which unplanned 30-day readmissions occurred were oncologic conditions (up to 38%) and nonhypertensive congestive heart failure (about 25%), across both institutions. Conclusions Unplanned readmission rates for pediatrics, using a validated, accurate, pre-encounter designation of "unplanned," are higher than previously estimated. For some pediatric conditions, unplanned readmission rates are as high as readmission rates reported for adult conditions. Anticipating unplanned readmissions for high-frequency diagnostic groups may help focus efforts to reduce the burden of readmission for families and facilities. Using timing of hospital registration in administrative records is an accurate, widely available, real-time way to distinguish unplanned vs planned pediatric readmissions.
Electrically Conductive Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks

Owing to their outstanding structural, chemical, and functional diversity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention over the last two decades in a variety of energy-related applications. Notably missing among these, until recently, were applications that required good charge transport coexisting with porosity and high surface area. Although most MOFs are electrical insulators, several materials in this class have recently demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity and high charge mobility. Herein we review the synthetic and electronic design strategies that have been employed thus far for producing frameworks with permanent porosity and long-range charge transport properties. In addition, key experiments that have been employed to demonstrate electrical transport, as well as selected applications for this subclass of MOFs, will be discussed.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzoxaboroles as Potential Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

Several novel benzoxaborole derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-formylphenylboronic acid utilizing Baylis–Hillman reaction, Barbier allylation, Passerini reaction, and aldol reaction protocols as the key step. All the synthesized benzoxaboroles have been evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities.
Did the Economic Stimulus Payments of 2008 Reduce Labor Supply?: Evidence from Quantile Panel Data Estimation

Explores whether the economic stimulus payments of 2008 had significant impacts on labor supply.
Fundamental analysis and subsequent stock returns

Abstract This paper re-examines the Ou and Penman (1989) conclusion that fundamental analysis identifies equity values not currently reflected in stock prices, and thus systematically predicts abnormal returns. Their fundamental summary measure Pr , the estimated probability of an earnings increase, also proxies for firm size and CAPM risk. After controlling cross-sectional differences in CAPM beta and firm size, no significant incremental predictive ability is attributable to Pr . The Pr measure is interpreted as a proxy for expected return differences rather than as new evidence of a systematic market underreaction to the future earnings signal inherent in current financial statements.
Capacity Scaling for MIMO Two-Way Relaying

This paper considers capacity scaling in the recently proposed two-way MIMO (multiple input multiple output) relay channel. In the two-way relay channel, two nodes use a relay for exchanging data with each other. Under the assumption that each node has perfect receive channel state information and all nodes work only in half duplex mode, this paper shows that the sum capacity scales linearly with the number of transmit antennas and logarithmically with the number of relays, as the number of relays grows large. This result shows that with two- way relay channels it is possible to asymptotically (in the number of relays) obtain full-duplex performance while using only half-duplex nodes.
Simultaneous percutaneous nephrolithotomy and early endoscopic ureteric realignment for iatrogenic ureteropelvic junction avulsion during ureteroscopy

We present a case report of successful management of ureteropelvice junction avulsion during ureteroscopy successfully managed with simultaneous percutaneous nephrolithotomy and early endoscopic ureteral realignment.
Enantioselective β-Alkylation of Aldehydes through an Organocatalyzed C–C Bond-Scission Reaction

A novel organocatalyzed C–C bond-scission reaction of saturated aldehydes containing a suitable leaving group at the β-position was used for the in situ formation of iminium intermediates, which were then captured by nucleophiles to achieve a direct enantioselective β-alkylation of aldehydes. Within short reaction times, the corresponding β-alkylated aldehyde products were obtained in high yields (48–87%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (84–98%).
Fundamental Groups of Manifolds with Positive Sectional Curvature and Torus Symmetry

In 1965, Chern posed a question concerning the extent to which fundamental groups of manifolds admitting positive sectional curvature look like spherical space form groups. The original question was answered in the negative by Shankar in 1998, but there are a number of positive results in the presence of symmetry. These classifications fall into categories according to the strength of their conclusions. We give an overview of these results in the case of torus symmetry and prove new results in each of these categories.
Crystalline and Liquid Structure of Zinc Chloride Trihydrate: A Unique Ionic Liquid

The water/ZnCl2 phase diagram in the vicinity of the 75 mol % water composition is reported, demonstrating the existence of a congruently melting phase. Single crystals of this 3-equiv hydrate were grown, and the crystal structure of [Zn(OH2)6][ZnCl4] was determined. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction and IR and Raman spectroscopy along with reverse Monte Carlo modeling demonstrate that a CsCl-type packing of the molecular ions persists into the liquid state. Consistent with the crystalline and liquid structural data, IR spectroscopy demonstrates that the O–H bonds of coordinated water do not exhibit strong intermolecular hydrogen ion bonding but are significantly weakened because of the water’s coordination to Lewis acidic zinc ions. The O–H bond weakening makes this system a very strong hydrogen-bond donor, whereas the ionic packing along with the nonpolar geometry of the molecular ions makes this system a novel nonpolar, hydrogen-bonding, ionic liquid solvent.
Gas Turbine Film Cooling: Flowfield due to a Second Row of Holes

Flowfield measurements with relevance to gas turbine film cooling were carried out behind a second row of holes located 40 hole diameters downstream of a first row and staggered with respect to it. The effects of the thicker boundary layer and that of injection from the first row were examined. Experiments were carried out for jet-to-mainstream density ratios of 1 and 2 and results compared to those obtained by Pietrzyk et al. (1989a,b) behind the first row. Results show that the dominant structures identified in the flowfield downstream of the first row were also present behind the second row. Due to the thicker boundary layer, though, the mean flowfield and the turbulence and shear stress fields were altered. One of the significant results was that the thicker boundary layer enables the jets to penetrate deeper into the mainstream.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
Analysis and Design of Smart PV Modules

This paper explores the design of smart photovoltaic (PV) modules-PV modules in which PV cells in close proximity are electrically grouped to form pixels and are connected to dc-dc converter blocks which reside embedded in the back pane of the modules. An auto-connected flyback converter topology processing less than full power is used to provide high gain and perform maximum power point tracking. These dc-dc converters interface with cascaded H-bridge inverter modules operating on feed-forward control for dc-link voltage ripple rejection. By means of feed-forward control, a significant reduction in dc link capacitance is achieved by enduring higher dc link ripple voltages. The dc link electrolytic capacitors are replaced with film capacitors, thus offering an improvement in the reliability of the smart PV module. The proposed configuration is capable of producing 120 V/240 V ac voltages. The PV module now becomes a smart ac module by virtue of embedded intelligence to selectively actuate the individual dc-dc converters and control the output ac voltages directly, thus becoming a true plug-and-power energy system. Such a concept is ideal for curved surfaces such as building-integrated PV system applications where gradients of insolation and temperature cause not only variations from PV module to PV module but also from group to group of cells within the module itself. A detailed analysis along with simulation and experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed concept.
Stochastic resonance during a polymer translocation process

We have studied the occurrence of stochastic resonance when a flexible polymer chain undergoes a single-file translocation through a nano-pore separating two spherical cavities, under a time-periodic external driving force. The translocation of the chain is controlled by a free energy barrier determined by chain length, pore length, pore-polymer interaction, and confinement inside the donor and receiver cavities. The external driving force is characterized by a frequency and amplitude. By combining the Fokker-Planck formalism for polymer translocation and a two-state model for stochastic resonance, we have derived analytical formulas for criteria for emergence of stochastic resonance during polymer translocation. We show that no stochastic resonance is possible if the free energy barrier for polymer translocation is purely entropic in nature. The polymer chain exhibits stochastic resonance only in the presence of an energy threshold in terms of polymer-pore interactions. Once stochastic resonance is feasible, the chain entropy controls the optimal synchronization conditions significantly.
The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants

Many studies have examined Americans' immigration attitudes. Yet prior research frequently confounds multiple questions, including which immigrants to admit and how many to admit. To isolate attitudes on the former question, we use a conjoint experiment that simultaneously tests the influence of nine immigrant attributes in generating support for admission. Drawing on a two-wave, population-based survey, we demonstrate that Americans view educated immigrants in high-status jobs favorably, whereas they view those who lack plans to work, entered without authorization, are Iraqi, or do not speak English unfavorably. Strikingly, Americans' preferences vary little with their own education, partisanship, labor market position, ethnocentrism, or other attributes. Beneath partisan divisions over immigration lies a broad consensus about who should be admitted to the country. The results are consistent with norms-based and sociotropic explanations of immigration attitudes. This consensus points to limits in both theories emphasizing economic and cultural threats, and sheds new light on an ongoing policy debate
Cervix Cancer Screening Guideline Judgments Are Not Explicit and Transparent

To the Editor The new screening guidelines for the “prevention and early detection of cervical cancer” were jointly published by the American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP), and American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) in the American Journal of Clinical Pathology , CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians , and the Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease on March 14, 2012.1 I am asking for more transparency and more explicit disclosure of the judgments about risk and harm thresholds and trade-offs. The guideline panels used the GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system to provide a framework for the guideline development process. An integral aspect of the GRADE process is that the grading of the recommendations must be explicit, and that the judgments made by the panels to determine the balance between benefits and risks be explicit and not hidden. I appreciate that there are supplemental materials, including the work of the subgroups that you have made available online.2 I also appreciate that most professionals will not have time to read the entire guideline article, much less the supplemental materials, and that patients and stakeholders will likely not access these materials. The guideline publication explains the difference between strong and weak recommendations, acknowledges that both types were included in the document, but does not stipulate which recommendations were strong and which were …
Inclusion of a Simple Dynamic Inflow Model in the Blade Element Momentum Theory for Wind Turbine Application

It is well established that the power generated by a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) is a function of the number of blades B, the tip speed ratio λr (blade tip speed/wind free-stream velocity) and the lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) of the airfoil sections of the blade. The previous studies have shown that Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is capable of evaluating the steady-state performance of wind turbines, in particular it can provide a reasonably good estimate of generated power at a given wind speed. However in more realistic applications, wind turbine operating conditions change from time to time due to variations in wind velocity and the aerodynamic forces change to new steady-state values after the wake settles to a new equilibrium whenever changes in operating conditions occur. The goal of this paper is to modify the quasi-steady BEM theory by including a simple dynamic inflow model to capture the unsteady behavior of wind turbines on a larger time scale. The output power of the wind turbines is calculated using the improved BEM method incorporating the inflow model. The computations are performed for the original NREL Phase II and Phase III turbines and the Risoe turbine all employing the S809 airfoil section for the turbine blades. It is shown by a simple example that the improved BEM theory is capable of evaluating the wind turbine performance in practical situations where operating conditions often vary in time.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Taphonomic features of benthic Foraminifera in a temperate setting; experimental and field observations on the role of abrasion, solution and microboring in the destruction of foraminiferal tests

Benthic foraminifera recovered from sediments in the waters surrounding San Juan Island, Washington, were examined to assess taphonomic damage and to compare magnitude of the taphonomic agents of abrasion, solution and microboring to studies done in tropical settings. Abrasion experiments of 24, 72, 120 and 240 hour duration were run on fresh Elphidiella hannai and Islandiella limbata, two hyaline benthic foraminifera common in the Puget Sound region. Results show that styles of taphonomic damage observed in field sediment samples, including impact pitting, scratching, caving, and exfoliation, were produced on experimentally manipulated groups in as few as 24 hours
Controls on valley width in mountainous landscapes: The role of landsliding and implications for salmonid habitat

A fundamental yet unresolved question in fluvial geomorphology is what controls the width of valleys in mountainous terrain. Establishing a predictive relation for valley floor width is critical for realizing links between aquatic ecology and geomorphology because the most productive riverine habitats often occur in low-gradient streams with broad floodplains. Working in the Oregon Coast Range (western United States), we used airborne lidar to explore controls on valley width, and couple these findings with models of salmon habitat potential. We defined how valley floor width varies with drainage area in a catchment that exhibits relatively uniform ridge-and-valley topography sculpted by shallow landslides and debris flows. In drainage areas >0.1 km 2 , valley width increases as a power law function of drainage area with an exponent of ∼0.6. Consequently, valley width increases more rapidly downstream than channel width (exponent of ∼0.4), as derived by local hydraulic geometry. We used this baseline valley width–drainage area function to determine how ancient deep-seated landslides in a nearby catchment influence valley width. Anomalously wide valleys tend to occur upstream of, and adjacent to, large landslides, while downstream valley segments are narrower than predicted from our baseline relation. According to coho salmon habitat-potential models, broad valley segments associated with deep-seated landsliding resulted in a greater proportion of the channel network hosting productive habitat. Because large landslides in this area are structurally controlled, our findings indicate a strong link between geologic properties and aquatic habitat.
Beyond the Numbers: Measuring the Information Content of Earnings Press Release Language*

Earnings press releases are ‘‘the major news event of the season for many companies as well as investors, analysts, financial media, and the market’’ (Mahoney and Lewis 2004). The information content of earnings press releases has increased significantly over time (Kross and Kim 2000; Lo and Lys 2001; Francis, Schipper, and Vincent 2002a, 2002b; Landsman and Maydew 2002; Collins, Li, and Xie 2005) and has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in press release length. Specifically, the number of words used in earnings press releases increased approximately five times between 1980 and 1999 (Francis et al. 2002b). This trend continued over our sample period, with median earnings press release length increasing to more than 1,700 words by 2003, a greater than 90 percent increase from 1998. This dramatic increase in the sheer number of words used in earnings press releases suggests an important question: Does the language used throughout an earnings press release provide a signal regarding managers’ expectations about future performance? If so, does the market respond to this information? Earnings press releases are characterized as a disclosure mechanism revealing a ‘‘package of information’’ to investors (Francis et al. 2002b). An important element of this information package is language used in the earnings press release, which provides the unifying framework within which earnings are announced and other quantitative and qualitative disclosures are made. Prior research on earnings press releases examined the incremental information content of specific, qualitative disclosures like officers’ comments. For instance, officers’ comments communicating good and bad news about the future are informative above and beyond the announcement of earnings per se (Hoskin, Hughes, and Ricks 1986; Francis et al. 2002b). The information revealed to investors via earnings press release language, however, likely extends beyond specific officers’ comments. Consistent with this proposition, promotional language in press releases (including, but not limited to, earnings press releases) is observed not only in officer comments, but also in the more prevalent, nonquotation sections of the release (Maat 2007). We argue that managers use language throughout an earnings press release to signal, both directly and more subtly, their expectations about future performance. Managers’ earnings press release language varies significantly across firms and ranges from straightforward to promotional (Mahoney and Lewis 2004). Managers generally report financial performance in comparative terms, and so we expect managers’ earnings press release
Iron-Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates and Aryl/Vinyl Tosylates with Aryl Grignards

The iron-catalyzed coupling of aryl sulfamates and tosylates with aryl Grignard reagents is reported for the first time. The methodology employs air-stable, low-cost FeF3·3H2O and the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand IPr·HCl as the preligand to form a long-lived catalyst upon treatment with aryl Grignards. The reaction provides a range of cross-coupled products in good-to-excellent yields. In contrast to previous reports with aryl chlorides, these reactions proceed with low levels of Grignard homocoupling regardless of the iron source.
Redesigning journal club in residency

The gap between production and implementation of knowledge is the main reason for the suboptimal quality of health care. To eliminate this gap and improve the quality of patient care, journal club (JC) in graduate medical education provides an opportunity for learning the skills of evidence-based medicine. JC, however, continues to face many challenges mainly due to poorly defined goals, inadequate preparation, and lack of interest. This article presents an innovative model to prepare and present JC based on three pillars: dialogical learning through group discussion, mentored residents as peer teachers, and including JC as part of a structured curriculum to learn evidence-based medicine. This engaging model has the potential to transform JC from a moribund session that is daunting for residents into a lively discussion to redefine clinical practice using the most current evidence.
Race and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism: How Scoring High in Authoritarianism Does Not Necessarily Lead to Support for Right‐Wing Candidates*

Objectives Authoritarianism has a long history suggesting that it is primarily a phenomenon of the right. However, I argue that this has led to scholars overlooking the potential that, in some contexts, authoritarianism can lead to support for left-wing candidates. African-American voters in the United States provide such a context. A key component of right-wing authoritarianism is that individuals will support whom they believe to be their rightful leader. In the United States, who one believes to be their group's rightful leader is contingent on the race of the voter and the party of the candidate. I hypothesize that as African-American voters' level of authoritarianism increases, they will be more likely to support the left-wing Democratic candidate. Methods I test this hypothesis with a national sample of voters after the 2012 U.S. presidential election. I estimate multiple logit models predicting the probability of voting for Obama, the key independent variables being respondents' right-wing authoritarian score, their race, and the interaction of these two variables. Results The results present strong support for my hypothesis that an increase in right-wing authoritarianism increases the probability of African-American voters choosing Obama. Conclusion The results show that the effect of authoritarianism on vote choice is contingent on race/ethnicity. Too often, scholars have overlooked the potential that whom individuals deem to be their established authority is contingent on the political context. These results challenge scholars to provide a more nuanced approach to how authoritarianism influences behavior.
High-gain-predictor-based output feedback control for time-delay nonlinear systems

This paper designs a high-gain predictor for output feedback control of nonlinear systems in the presence of input, output, and state delays. The high-gain predictor realizes the states appearing in the output feedback control in terms of predictive state, delayed state, and current state. The system includes internal and external dynamics, and the closed-loop system under state feedback is required to be asymptotically stable and locally exponentially stable. Positively invariant sets are found to verify boundedness, exponential stability, and performance recovery. In the simulation, a saturated sliding mode control is applied to demonstrate the performance recovery of the closed-loop system, and the fact that the high-gain-predictor parameter has a lower bound related to time delays.
Changes in Wisconsin’s Large Private Forests, 1999–2015: Land Ownership, Conservation, and Recreational Access

ABSTRACTForestland divestment by vertically integrated forest products companies (VIFPCs) has spurred significant forest ownership change. To illuminate these dynamics, we examined land sales after VIFPC divestment, subsequent acquisitions of conserved land, and trends in recreational access in Wisconsin. We documented changes from 1999 to 2015 with analysis of tax program records and profiles of the state’s largest investor owners, Plum Creek and The Forestland Group. Nearly all VIFPC land was sold to investors, public agencies, or smaller corporate and private owners. State tax and land acquisition programs buffered these changes: 70% of large private ownership land was retained in the forest tax program and another 16% was acquired by public and nonprofit owners. More than one-quarter of divested forestland was placed in conservation easements. Nonetheless, large private forestland open to public recreation declined by almost one-third. Investor strategies and conservation programs shaped the provision...
Deformation in the mantle wedge associated with Laramide flat-slab subduction

Laramide crustal deformation in the Rocky Mountains of the west-central United States is often considered to relate to a narrow segment of shallow subduction of the Farallon slab, but there is no consensus as to how deformation along the slab-mantle lithosphere interface was accommodated. Here we investigate deformation in mantle rocks associated with hydration and shear above the flat-slab at its contact with the base of the North American plate. The rocks we focus on are deformed, hydrated, ultramafic inclusions hosted within diatremes of the Navajo Volcanic Field in the central Colorado Plateau that erupted during the waning stages of the Laramide orogeny. We document a range of deformation textures, including granular peridotites, porphyroclastic peridotites, mylonites, and cataclasites, which we interpret to reflect different proximities to a slab-mantle-interface shear zone. Mineral assemblages and chemistries constrain deformation to hydrous conditions in the temperature range ∼550–750°C. Despite the presence of hydrous phyllosilicates in modal percentages of up to 30%, deformation was dominated by dislocation creep in olivine. The mylonites exhibit an uncommon lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in olivine, known as B-type LPO in which the a-axes are aligned perpendicular to the flow direction. The low temperature, hydrated setting in which these fabrics formed is consistent with laboratory experiments that indicate B-type LPOs form under conditions of high stress and high water contents; furthermore, the mantle wedge context of these LPOs is consistent with observations of trench-parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge above many modern subduction zones. Differential stress magnitudes in the mylonitic rocks estimated using paleopiezometry range from 290 to 444 MPa, and calculated effective viscosities using a wet olivine flow law are on the order of 1019−1023 Pa s. The high stress magnitudes, high effective viscosities, and high strains recorded in these rocks are consistent with models that invoke significant basal shear tractions as contributing to Laramide uplift and contraction in the continental interior.
Memory, Communication, and Statistical Queries

If a concept class can be represented with a certain amount of memory, can it be efficiently learned with the same amount of memory? What concepts can be efficiently learned by algorithms that extract only a few bits of information from each example? We introduce a formal framework for studying these questions, and investigate the relationship between the fundamental resources of memory or communication and the sample complexity of the learning task. We relate our memory-bounded and communication-bounded learning models to the well-studied statistical query model. This connection can be leveraged to obtain both upper and lower bounds: we show strong lower bounds on learning parity functions with bounded communication, as well as the first upper bounds on solving generic sparse linear regression problems with limited memory.
Control of Condensed Phase Molecular Excitation with Intense Infrared and Visible Chirped Pulses

Chirped ultrashort laser pulses in the mid-infrared and visible are used to experimentally control population transfer in condensed phase molecules.
Convex behavioral model (in)validation via Jensen-Bregman divergence minimization

This paper considers the problem of determining whether two pairs of (noisy) time sequences (u; y) are behaviors of the same (unknown) underlying system. That is, whether these pairs are admissible input/output trajectories for some suitable initial condition. This problem is relevant to many practical scenarios arising not only in the context of control and systems identification, e.g. model (in)validation and fault detection, but also in other fields, including computer vision and image processing. Our main result shows that this problem can be reduced to minimizing the Jensen-Bregman logdet divergence between two suitable constructed Grammian matrices, a problem that can be efficiently solved using recently introduced methods. This result is illustrated with two non-trivial examples: activity recognition from video sequences and fault detection in a bearing rig.
Medical indexing in the United States

This article discusses the US market for medical indexing, education, training, common issues in indexing medical topics, tools used in the indexing process, and indexing standards.
Robust Contextual Outlier Detection: Where Context Meets Sparsity

Outlier detection is a fundamental data science task with applications ranging from data cleaning to network security. Recently, a new class of outlier detection algorithms has emerged, called contextual outlier detection, and has shown improved performance when studying anomalous behavior in a specific context. However, as we point out in this article, such approaches have limited applicability in situations where the context is sparse (i.e., lacking a suitable frame of reference). Moreover, approaches developed to date do not scale to large datasets. To address these problems, here we propose a novel and robust approach alternative to the state-of-the-art called RObust Contextual Outlier Detection (ROCOD). We utilize a local and global behavioral model based on the relevant contexts, which is then integrated in a natural and robust fashion. We run ROCOD on both synthetic and real-world datasets and demonstrate that it outperforms other competitive baselines on the axes of efficacy and efficiency. We also drill down and perform a fine-grained analysis to shed light on the rationale for the performance gains of ROCOD and reveal its effectiveness when handling objects with sparse contexts.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Interface Positions during the Solidification of AN Aqueous Sodium Carbonate Solution around a Vertical Cylinder

An experimental investigation is presented concerning the solidification of an aqueous sodium carbonate solution around a vertical cylinder. The liquid-mushy and mushy-solid interface locations are determined by the pulse-echo ultrasonic measurement technique. Four concentrations, 10, 15, 20, and 25% mass fractions of sodium carbonate, are tested with the vertical cylinder at -20°C. Ultrasonically measured interface locations are compared with visual observations of the liquid-mushy interface and the temperature measurement of the mushy-solid interface. The ultrasonically measured liquid-mushy interface locations are shown to be in good agreement with visual observations. High attenuation and scattering of the ultrasonic pulse in the musky region made the location of Ike mushy-solid interface difficult to determine ultrasonically.
A spatial analysis of homicide across Brazil's municipalities

Examining homicide across Brazil’s 5,562 municipalities, we find that violence nearby has a positive effect on local violence (diffusion effect), violence exerts an unusual negative spatial effect in small clusters of communities in northeastern Brazil, and a prominent poverty-reduction program (Bolsa Familia [BF]) has mixed effects. The spatial dimensions of violence complement existing non-spatial research on violence in Brazil, and the results regarding BF offer a spatial complement to research on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, clarifying the sources of violence in Latin America’s largest country and shedding light on the content and geographic targeting of violence reduction policies.
Product Market Competition and Managerial Disclosure of Earnings Forecasts: Evidence from Import Tariff Rate Reductions

ABSTRACT: This study examines the effect of product market competition on managerial disclosure of earnings forecasts using large reductions in U.S. import tariff rates to identify an exogenous inc...
Superhard Mixed Transition Metal Dodecaborides

Solid solutions of mixed metal dodecaborides of ZrB12, YB12, and ScB12 were prepared by arc-melting and studied for their mechanical properties. Zr1–xYxB12 formed an essentially perfect solid solution, closely following Vegard’s law. Zr1–xScxB12 and Y1–xScxB12 undergo a face centered-cubic to body-centered tetragonal transition at 90–95 at. % Sc as determined by powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The compounds Zr0.5Y0.5B12, Zr0.5Sc0.5B12, and Y0.5Sc0.5B12 are superhard (Vickers hardness ≥ 40 GPa) and demonstrate an increase in hardness to 45.8 ± 1.3, 48.0 ± 2.1, and 45.2 ± 2.1 GPa under a load of 0.49 N, respectively, compared to 40.4 ± 1.8, 40.9 ± 1.6, and 41.7 ± 2.2 GPa for pure ZrB12, YB12, and ScB12, respectively. In addition, Zr0.5Y0.5B12, Zr0.5Sc0.5B12, and Y0.5Sc0.5B12 solid solutions show a substantial increase in oxidation resistance to approximately 630, 685, and 695 °C, respectively, when compared to other superhard metal borides (e.g., ∼400 °C for WB4) and their all...
What Makes Situational Informatics Tasks Difficult

Organizers of the informatics contest Bebras in many countries face the obstacle of how to state the difficulty of contest tasks and problems accurately. This is essential if tasks with good prediction of success are to be selected for the contest.
Semi-supervised Knowledge Transfer for Deep Learning from Private Training Data

Some machine learning applications involve training data that is sensitive, such as the medical histories of patients in a clinical trial. A model may inadvertently and implicitly store some of its training data; careful analysis of the model may therefore reveal sensitive information. To address this problem, we demonstrate a generally applicable approach to providing strong privacy guarantees for training data: Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles (PATE). The approach combines, in a black-box fashion, multiple models trained with disjoint datasets, such as records from different subsets of users. Because they rely directly on sensitive data, these models are not published, but instead used as "teachers" for a "student" model. The student learns to predict an output chosen by noisy voting among all of the teachers, and cannot directly access an individual teacher or the underlying data or parameters. The student's privacy properties can be understood both intuitively (since no single teacher and thus no single dataset dictates the student's training) and formally, in terms of differential privacy. These properties hold even if an adversary can not only query the student but also inspect its internal workings. Compared with previous work, the approach imposes only weak assumptions on how teachers are trained: it applies to any model, including non-convex models like DNNs. We achieve state-of-the-art privacy/utility trade-offs on MNIST and SVHN thanks to an improved privacy analysis and semi-supervised learning.
Recent results from the electric and magnetic field instrument suite and integrated science (EMFISIS) on the Van Allen Probes

The physics of the creation, loss, and transport of radiation belt particles is intimately connected to the electric and magnetic fields which mediate these processes. A large range of field and particle interactions are involved in this physics from large-scale ring current ion and magnetic field dynamics to microscopic kinetic interactions of whistler-mode chorus waves with energetic electrons. To measure these kinds of radiation belt interactions, NASA implemented the two-satellite Van Allen Probes mission. As part of the mission, the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) investigation is an integrated set of instruments consisting of a tri-axial fluxgate magnetometer (MAG) and a Waves instrument which includes a tri-axial search coil magnetometer (MSC). These wave measurements include AC electric and magnetic fields from 10Hz to 400 kHz. We show examples of density determinattion and plasmapause identification as determined by the upper hybrid resonance, low frequency ULF pulsations, EMIC waves, and whistler mode waves including upper and lower band chorus. These data are compared with particle measurements to show relationships between wave activity and particle energization.
Learning a Probabilistic Latent Space of Object Shapes via 3D Generative-Adversarial Modeling

We study the problem of 3D object generation. We propose a novel framework, namely 3D Generative Adversarial Network (3D-GAN), which generates 3D objects from a probabilistic space by leveraging recent advances in volumetric convolutional networks and generative adversarial nets. The benefits of our model are three-fold: first, the use of an adversarial criterion, instead of traditional heuristic criteria, enables the generator to capture object structure implicitly and to synthesize high-quality 3D objects; second, the generator establishes a mapping from a low-dimensional probabilistic space to the space of 3D objects, so that we can sample objects without a reference image or CAD models, and explore the 3D object manifold; third, the adversarial discriminator provides a powerful 3D shape descriptor which, learned without supervision, has wide applications in 3D object recognition. Experiments demonstrate that our method generates high-quality 3D objects, and our unsupervisedly learned features achieve impressive performance on 3D object recognition, comparable with those of supervised learning methods.
MODERATE OA IN PATIENTS <50: BEST TREATED WITH ARTHROSCOPIC DEBRIDEMENT – AFFIRMS

Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is a challenging clinical problem in young patients. Given the possibility of early glenoid component loosening in this population with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), and subsequent need for early revision, alternative treatment options are often recommended to provide pain relief and improved range of motion. While nonoperative modalities including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy focusing on rotator cuff strengthening and scapular stabilization may provide some symptomatic relief, young patients with glenohumeral OA often need surgery for improved outcomes. Joint preserving techniques, such as arthroscopic debridement with removal of loose bodies and capsular release, with or without biceps tenotomy or tenodesis, remains a viable nonarthroplasty option in these patients. Clinical studies evaluating the outcomes of arthroscopic debridement for glenohumeral OA in young patients have had favorable outcomes. Evidence suggests that earlier stages of glenohumeral OA have more favorable outcomes with arthroscopic debridement procedures, with worse outcomes being observed in patients with complete joint space loss and bipolar chondral lesions. More advanced arthroscopic options include inferior osteophyte excision and axillary neurolysis or microfracture of chondral lesions, both of which have demonstrated favorable early clinical outcomes. Patients with some preserved joint space and small osteophytes can avoid arthroplasty and have improved functional outcomes after arthroscopic debridement for glenohumeral OA. Caution should be advised when indicating this procedure for patients with large osteophytes, grade IV bipolar lesions, biconcave glenoids, and complete loss of joint space.
Using Periodicity to Obtain Partition Congruences

Abstract In this paper, we generalize recent work of Mizuhara, Sellers, and Swisher that gives a method for establishing restricted plane partition congruences based on a bounded number of calculations. Using periodicity for partition functions, our extended technique could be a useful tool to prove congruences for certain types of combinatorial functions based on a bounded number of calculations. As applications of our result, we establish new and existing restricted plane partition congruences, restricted plane overpartition congruences and several examples of restricted partition congruences.
Dapper: Data Plane Performance Diagnosis of TCP

With more applications moving to the cloud, cloud providers need to diagnose performance problems in a timely manner. Offline processing of logs is slow and inefficient, and instrumenting the end-host network stack would violate the tenants' rights to manage their own virtual machines (VMs). Instead, our system Dapper analyzes TCP performance in real time near the end-hosts (e.g., at the hypervisor, NIC, or top-of-rack switch). Dapper determines whether a connection is limited by the sender (e.g., a slow server competing for shared resources), the network (e.g., congestion), or the receiver (e.g., small receive buffer). Emerging edge devices now offer flexible packet processing at high speed on commodity hardware, making it possible to monitor TCP performance in the data plane, at line rate. We use P4 to prototype Dapper and evaluate our design on real and synthetic traffic. To reduce the data-plane state requirements, we perform lightweight detection for all connections, followed by heavier-weight diagnosis just for the troubled connections.