cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Coalescent Time in the Presence of Background Fertility Selection

Selection ultimately entails differential reproductive success over several generations. This can be measured as a correlation of the number of progeny an individual has with the number of progeny its parent had. This correlation could have a genetic or a cultural basis. The effect of such a correlation is to multiply the single generation sampling variance (Vδp) in the diffusion approximation for fixation time by (1−b)+b×(1+r)/(1−r), where b×rn is the correlation between the number of progeny of an individual and its ancestor n generations ago (e.g., b is the heritability and br is the resultant parent–offspring progeny number correlation if the progeny number is genetically determined). This results in a reduction of the fixation or coalescent time by division by this factor. Sex differences in this correlation have been observed, and this provides an explanation for the difference of coalescent times of y-chromosomes and mitochondria.
When is H3 stable to asymmetric distortion

The theory of the second-order Jahn-Teller effect is used to show that for sufficiently short bond lengths H3 should be stable to asymmetric distortion. This prediction has been confirmed by ab initio MCSCF calculations.
High resolution electron microscope lattice images of powdered gallstones

Abstract Atomic structural images of gallstones were characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy. Regardless of the types of gallstones there was a broad spectrum of crystal size and perfection observed in the stone particles. The crystalline zones in the stone matrix were characterized by well-defined, strongly bounded, ordered arrangement of atoms or atom clusters, while the amorphous zones were characterized by an interlacing network of granulo-fibrillar substructures. The granulo-fibrillar substructures in the amorphous zone could be seen to bond tightly to the lattice fringes in the crystalline zone along the interfaces between two zones. The crystal lattices at the boundary between the crystals were very well matched with the periodicity of atoms continuous through the two crystals. It is hoped that these new electron microscopic data principally related to the structural organization in the gallstones at the atomic or near-atomic level are helpful to a more complete understanding of the micromechanisms of gallstone formation.
Environmental factors associated with early reading achievement in the developing world: A cross-national study

Abstract Educational research from the developed world is often used as the basis for policies and programs in the developing world. However, local contextual factors should be taken into consideration in any transfer of research findings. This study examines associations that socioeconomic status (SES) and the home literacy environment (HLE) have with reading achievement in the developing world. Models that predict reading achievement are created and the patterns across countries are analyzed. The correlation coefficients for achievement and SES, as well as achievement and HLE are compared. Significant between-country variation in the best proxies for SES and HLE is discovered. Results from this study suggest that education efforts in the developing world must consider local contexts to achieve their goals.
Participation and Embodied Action in Preadolescent Girls' Assessment Activity

Assessments provide a principal way in which girls in their peer group make sense out of experience. The grammar of an emerging assessment utterance provides for local social organization, as participants take up stances with respect to the target. In this article, I examine participation during assessments in the midst of a gossip session in which 11-year-old American girls evaluate the captain of a softball game and his girlfriend who have excluded them from the game. Through talking and embodied action, together girls articulate their moral positions regarding how members of their age cohort should treat one another. Differentiated forms of coparticipation occur. Not only what one says but also how one positions the body can display a participant's entitlement to perform negative commentary. As girls link assessments to categories of person, local notions of culture are made visible.
Description of Nine New Species of Culex, Seven from Panama and Two from Venezuela (Diptera, Culicidae)

No apologies are made for the length of the descriptions of the male terminalia given in this paper. The parts are so complicated, and in many good species are so nearly alike, that only by close attention to minute details of structure can specific differences be determined. Good figures assist in describing species, but because of the difficulties inherent in portraying a three-dimensional object in two dimensions, complete verbal descriptions are desirable, to indicate the orientation of the parts. In the following descriptions the fact that those parts which are apparently dorsal are morphologically ventral, and vice versa (owing to the torsion of the terminalia through 180° after emergence of the imago), has been indicated where necessary.
Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation.

GCL (glutamate–cysteine ligase) is a heterodimer of a GCLC (GCL catalytic subunit) that possesses all of the enzymatic activity and a GCLM (GCL modifier subunit) that alters the Ki of GCLC for GSH. We hypothesized that the expression of GCLM and the association of GCLM with GCLC were responsible for the apparent increase in GCL activity state observed in the liver of rats fed low-protein diets or in hepatocytes cultured in low-sulphur amino acid-containing medium. Therefore we conducted a series of studies using rats and a human hepatoma (HepG2/C3A) cell line to assess the role of GCLM and holoenzyme formation in the regulation of GCL activity in response to sulphur amino acid intake or availability. Increases in GCL activity in rat liver, as well as in HepG2 cells, were due to the additive effects of changes in the amount of GCLC and the kcat for GCLC. The increase in the kcat for GCLC was associated with increased holoenzyme formation, which was associated with an increase in the molar ratio of GCLM to GCLC. Furthermore, our results indicate that the GCLM level in rat liver is always limiting and that up-regulation of the GCLM level results in increased holoenzyme formation and an increase in the kcat. This is the first report demonstrating that the catalytic efficiency of rat GCL is increased by holoenzyme formation and the first demonstration of differential up-regulation of the GCL subunits in response to cysteine deprivation.
Effects of reticular stimulation in altered adrenal states

Abstract A method is described for estimating barbiturate susceptibility in cats in terms of the dose of anesthetic required to block the EEG arousal response evoked by direct stimulation of the reticular formation of the brain stem. The progressive changes in the EEG pattern with increasing doses of pentobarbital following rostral reticular stimulation are presented. The pattern in adrenalectomized, hormone-supported cats does not vary from normal, except that the same changes occur at lower anesthetic doses. Adrenalectomized cats supported with DCA were more susceptible than adrenalectimized CA supported cats, which were more susceptible than normals. Cats receiving both DCA and CA were not statistically different from either normal or CA cats. It is postulated that a lack of glucocorticoid and possibly of either epinephrine or DCA may be responsible for the increased anesthetic susceptibility.
Prognostic scoring systems: facing difficult decisions with objective data.

In the United States, at least 6% of all hospital beds are in the intensive care unit (ICU) or coronary care unit. The cost of treating a patient in an intensive care unit averages from 3,500 per day. At least 10–40% of intensive care patients will not survive to hospital discharge. Today, every major category of disease may be found in the modern ICU; common diagnoses are septicemia, postsurgical complications, cerebrovascular accidents, gastrointestinal bleeding, neoplasia, and respiratory failure. ICUs employ some of the most sophisticated medical technology, routinely monitoring the cardiopulmonary performance of patients and often providing assisted ventilation. ICUs are high intensity in terms of their staffing, involving 24-hour physician supervision and nurse:patient ratios from 1:3 to 1:1.
Comparison of immune functional parameters following in vitro exposure to natural and synthetic amphetamines.

AbstractThe potential of synthetic and natural amphetamines to modulate cellular immune effector and regulatory mechanisms was evaluated in an in vitro exposure system. Murine splenic lymphocytes and elicited peritoneal macrophages were cultured with 0.0001-100 μM of amphetamine sulfate, methamphetamine hydrochloride, or the (S) or (R) isomers of cathinone hydrochloride. T-lymphocyte regulatory function was assessed by quantitating the production of cytokines, and T-lymphocyte effector function was assessed by the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). B-lymphocyte function was measured by proliferation, and natural immunity was assessed by quantitating basal and IL-2 augmented natural killer (NK) cell activity. None of the compounds tested had any direct effect on cellular viability. Exposure to amphetamine resulted in a significant suppression of IL-2, but not IL-4, production by T-lymphocytes, as well as a suppression of B-lymphocyte proliferation only at the highest amphetamine concentration exam...
Zebrafish egg manipulation using ultrasound microbeam

60-MHz lithium niobate single crystal single-element ultrasonic transducers with an f-number (f#) of 0.6 were developed for acoustic microbeam applications. The f# of the transducer is the smallest ever reported on the study of single beam acoustic tweezers. With tightly focused ultrasound microbeam, a single Zebrafish egg as large as ~1.6 mm diameter was demonstrated to be manipulated two dimensionally in water. This is for the first time that the utilization of acoustic microbeam for manipulating such large organism is reported. The preliminary result shows the ultrasound microbeam is versatile that can manipulate the particles or organisms not only in micron scale, but also in millimeter scale. Besides, the demonstration also suggests the potential of ultrasound microbeam for organism sorting applications.
Sib understanding of genetics and attitudes toward carrier testing for X‐linked severe combined immunodeficiency

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is the most common genetic form of SCID, a rare disease with profoundly impaired immunity. SCID was previously fatal but now can be treated by bone marrow transplantation. Mapping of XSCID in 1985 and identification of the disease gene, IL2RG, in 1993 made possible patient and carrier diagnosis. We assessed understanding of the genetics of XSCID in adult sibs recruited from families in which a proband had enrolled in our protocols and had attended an XSCID family workshop. Thirty-seven female and three male sibs completed a questionnaire and semistructured interview. Overall knowledge of genetics of XSCID was excellent. An overwhelming majority of participants (93%) believed that daughters should be tested for XSCID carrier status; 89% would prefer to have their own daughter tested prior to age 18 years (M = 9, median = 12), and 34% would test at birth. Moreover, 89% felt they would disclose carrier results to their daughter before adulthood (M = 12 years, median = 12); 51% would tell prior to adolescence. XSCID sibs were optimistic about medical science and assertive in their search for the latest information. Genetic information should be made available to families over time and should include discussion of reproductive risks for sons surviving with XSCID and daughters as they grow up. We recommend that genetic counseling for XSCID include children in age-appropriate discussions and that counselors help parents weigh benefits of early testing and disclosure versus the potential harm of loss of child autonomy.
Cultural Transmission Without Essentialism: A Response to Riv-Ellen Prell

As I was preparing to offer comments on Riv-Ellen’s Sklare Award address, I pulled from my bookshelf a back issue of Contemporary Jewry and re-read Riv-Ellen’s remarks when she served as respondent to Charles Liebman’s Sklare lecture 11 years ago (Prell 2001). For a lecture today that is grappling with the question of how culture is transmitted, I am struck by the continuities that link Riv-Ellen’s concerns now with the questions that preoccupied Charles. I would note that this is the second successive year that the Sklare addressee has taken up these quintessentially Liebmanesque questions of normativity, boundaries, and transmission. And for all the many and deep differences between the intellectual stance adopted by Riv-Ellen and that which Steven Cohen staked out in his Sklare address last year, I think it is clear that Charles Liebman remains a very present absence, as the colleagues to whom he was a dear mentor entreat the field to not lose his important voice, even in spite of his passing. In comparing Riv-Ellen’s Sklare response a decade ago and her address today, one can see a strong consistency in her position as she debated Liebman. And yet, in the absence of her then interlocuter, if the conversation they engaged in is to proceed, it now falls to her to channel Charles’ voice herself and represent both sides of the argument. But Prell is not Liebman and cannot take Liebman’s stance. Nor would she want to. Nor is she calling on others to do so. Rather, what she can do is take up Charles’ voice in a way that is authentic to her own, reforming and reframing it in the process. And so the question is posed: can we forge a synthesis that might affirm the importance of boundaries and the importance of cultural transmission without abandoning the intellectual gains that came by recognizing the socially constructed and potentially oppressive nature of imposed boundaries? In Riv-Ellen’s words, ‘‘How do we take culture seriously without insisting on a stable core, and how do
Correlating Storm Surge Heights with Tropical Cyclone Winds at and before Landfall

AbstractThis paper investigates relationships between storm surge heights and tropical cyclone wind speeds at 3-h increments preceding landfall. A unique dataset containing hourly tropical cyclone position and wind speed is used in conjunction with a comprehensive storm surge dataset that provides maximum water levels for 189 surge events along the U.S. Gulf Coast from 1880 to 2011. A landfall/surge classification was developed for analyzing the relationship between surge magnitudes and prelandfall winds. Ten of the landfall/surge event types provided useable data, producing 117 wind–surge events that were incorporated into this study. Statistical analysis indicates that storm surge heights correlate better with prelandfall tropical cyclone winds than with wind speeds at landfall. Wind speeds 18 h before landfall correlated best with surge heights. Raising wind speeds to exponential powers produced the best wind–surge fit. Higher wind–surge correlations were found when testing a more recent sample of data...
Distinct Determinants of tRNA Recognition by the TrmD and Trm5 Methyl Transferases

TrmD and Trm5 are, respectively, the bacterial and eukarya/archaea methyl transferases that catalyze transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine (AdoMet) to the N1 position of G37 in tRNA to synthesize m1G37-tRNA. The m1G37 modification prevents tRNA frameshifts on the ribosome by assuring correct codon-anticodon pairings, and thus is essential for the fidelity of protein synthesis. Although TrmD and Trm5 are derived from unrelated AdoMet families and recognize the cofactor using distinct motifs, the question of whether they select G37 on tRNA by the same, or different, mechanism has not been answered. Here we address this question by kinetic analysis of tRNA truncation mutants that lack domains typically present in the canonical L shaped structure, and by evaluation of the site of modification on tRNA variants with an expanded or contracted anticodon loop. With both experimental approaches, we show that TrmD and Trm5 exhibit separate and distinct mode of tRNA recognition, suggesting that they evolved by independent and non-overlapping pathways from their unrelated AdoMet families. Our results also shed new light onto the significance of the m1G37 modification in the controversial quadruplet-pairing model of tRNA frameshift suppressors.
What is Ebola

On 23 March 2014, the World Health Organization first announced a new Ebola virus outbreak that started in December 2013 in the eastern part of the Republic of Guinea. Human infections shortly emerged in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. On 30 September 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed through laboratory testing the first Ebola virus infection diagnosed in the USA, in a patient who travelled from West Africa to Texas. On 6 October 2014, the first human infection occurring outside of Africa was reported, in a Spanish nurse who treated two priests, both of whom died, and on 23 October 2014, the first human infection was reported in New York City. To date, the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak is the longest, largest, and most persistent one since 1976, when the virus was first identified in humans, and the number of human cases exceeded, as of mid-September 2014, the cumulative number of infections from all the previous outbreaks. The early clinical presentation overlaps with other infectious diseases, opening differential diagnosis difficulties. Understanding the transmission routes and identifying the natural reservoir of the virus are additional challenges in studying Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. Ebola virus is as much a public health challenge for developing countries as it is for the developed world, and previous outbreaks underscored that the relative contribution of the risk factors may differ among outbreaks. The implementation of effective preparedness plans is contingent on integrating teachings from previous Ebola virus outbreaks with those from the current outbreak and with lessons provided by other infectious diseases, along with developing a multifaceted inter-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary framework that should be established and shaped by biomedical as well as sociopolitical sciences.
Synthesis and application of DNA-CdS nanowires within a minute using microwave irradiation.

A very fast, electroless, microwave method is described to synthesize electrically conductive CdS nanowires on DNA just within 60 s. The electrical characterization indicates that the CdS wires are continuous, have very low contact resistance, and exhibit Ohmic behavior. Highly selective deposition on DNA is obtained by specific complexation between the Cd(II) ion and DNA, followed by decomposition of thioacetamide to S2− to form CdS. The nanowires are found to have a diameter of 140−170 nm and a length of ∼8−12 μm. The one-step process developed here does not perturb the overall conformation of the DNA chain. The nanowires we fabricated can be used as building blocks for functional nanodevices, tiny computers, sensors, and optoelectronics.
Optical subband coding system

We propose an optical subband coding scheme, which consists of subband decomposition and reconstruction using multichannel spatial filtering. The undersampled subband signals may be considered as a multiresolution representation. A passband signal can be converted down to a lowpass signal through a combination of undersampling and lowpass filtering. Conversely, a lowpass signal can be shifted up to a bandpass signal using a combination of oversampling and bandpass filtering.
The short term effect of educational debt on job decisions

Abstract This paper studies the effect of educational debt on a college attendee's future wage and wage growth. I hypothesize that those who took larger loans to pay for college are subject to higher borrowing interest rates and thus prefer income profiles with higher initial earnings, sacrificing future income growth, relative to those who did not take on large educational debt. Using data for men in the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey, I find that higher educational debt is associated with higher initial wage rate the year after finishing school and lower wage growth over the next 4 years.
A Framework for Understanding Physics Instruction in Secondary and College Courses.

The continued downward spiral of enrolment in physical sciences in the USA and Europe has science educators concerned on both sides of the Atlantic. Physics has been particularly hard‐hit, with the percentage of students choosing to major in the subject at the lowest level in decades. University physics has a reputation as a difficult, abstract subject with little application to the real world and introductory physics has little impact on students' conception of the discipline. Understanding how students experience their initial exposure to physics instruction could help physics educators to make the kind of targeted curriculum changes that will bring students back to physics without compromising intellectual rigor. This study makes use of qualitative methods of interview, observation and document analysis to explore how secondary and university students experienced introductory physics laboratory instruction in the Western United States. A framework relating the academic programme, the instructors, stude...
Abstract 5363: Aggregation rather than monoclonal expansion explains ovarian cancer spheroid formation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Purpose: It is thought that a subpopulation of ovarian cancer cells possess stem cell like properties and are responsible for both the emergence of cancer and for subsequent chemoresistance and recurrence. A common approach used to enrich for cancer stems cells in vitro involves culture in selective media on low attachment plates resulting in non-attached multicellular spheres. Spheroids are present in ascites fluid of women with ovarian cancer, and may contain stem cells responsible for metastasis and recurrence. Our objective was to address whether spheroids are truly monoclonal in origin and arise from expansion of a single common progenitor cell. Procedures: We cultivated 5 ovarian cancer cell lines (DOV13, HEYC2, OVCAR2, OVCAR3, and PEO4) to confluence in monolayer cultures. The cell lines were chosen for their ability to form spheroids as well as variation in expression of the stem cell marker CD133 (OVCAR2, OVCAR3 CD133+, others negative). The cells were trypsinized to form single cell suspensions and plated at densities ranging from 100 to 5000 cells per plate in stem cell-selective media in ultra-low attachment culture dishes. A Zeiss Axio Observer microscope was used for time-lapse photography of the plated cells at 5-minute intervals over a 24-hour period. In addition, single cell suspensions were subjected to flow activated cell sorting to plate one cell in each well of 96-well Costar ultra-low cluster plates to monitor clonal formation of spheroids. Results: Cells were dissociated and plated under stem cell-selective conditions and 288 images of each cell line were recorded over 24 hours. The cells were found to begin to aggregate within two to four hours, regardless of cell numbers plated. By 24 hours post-plating, there was pronounced aggregation in 5/5 (100%) cell lines with formation of tightly compacted spheroid structures in 4/5 (80%) cell lines. Single cells in the 96-well plates showed no evidence of spheroid formation over a 14-day observation period. Conclusion: We observed spheroid formation in both CD133 positive and negative ovarian cancer cell lines. Formation occured due to cellular aggregation rather than clonal expansion from a single progenitor with stem cell properties. Although cellular aggregation may be relevant to ovarian cancer biology, these data suggest that spheroid formation should be viewed with caution if used as a proxy for monoclonal expansion of ovarian cancer stem cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5363. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5363
Keratoconus and progressive cone dystrophy

A 33-year-old woman had keratoconus and retinal cone dystrophy, an association that has not been reported previously. The family history suggested a recessive inheritance pattern. Genetic probes for these conditions are needed to determine whether the coincidental occurrence of keratoconus and cone dystrophy is due to a genetic relationship or was a chance event.
Conformational changes associated with the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.

Abstract Crystalline ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (3-phospho- d glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerising), EC 4.1.1.39) isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates is partially inactivated by cold treatment and fully reactivated by simple heating in the absence of sulfhydryl reagents and effectors. Since the reversible cold inactivation of this bifunctional enzyme does not involve a gross change in the association state of subunits, a subtle conformational change induced by low temperatures was implicated (Chollet, R. and Anderson, L.L. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176, 344–351). Chemical modification of the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes by 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) and p-mercuribenzoate at 25°C revealed no difference in the number of free -SH groups per mol protein. However, the reactivity of the sulfhydryl residues on the inactivated protein was considerably greater than that of the reactivated enzyme. Pretreatment of the two proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate completely abolished the difference in -SH reactivity, indicating its dependence on protein conformation. Both the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes enhanced the fluorescence intensity of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and caused a blue shift of the emission maximum from 510 to 472 nm. When the inactivated enzyme was reactivated by heating, the increase in catalytic activity was closely paralleled by a concomitant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the ANS. protein complex at 25°C. Fluorescence titration experiments revealed that the decrease in fluorescence intensity accompanying heat reactivation of the inactivated enzyme was due to a reduction in the number of hydrophobic sites available for ANS binding rather than to a change in the dissociation constant of the ANS · protein complex. These results indicate that the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase is associated with a reversible change in the conformation of the protein. This cold-induced conformational change results in a greater exposure of sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic regions to the external environment and is closely paralleled by changes in the catalytic activity of the protein. By analogy to other oligomeric enzymes also subject to reversible cold inactivation, perhaps low temperatures induce a partial dissociation of the octameric structure of the hydrophobic catalytic subunits, but complete dissociation is arrested in some unknown manner by the small hydrophilic subunits.
Discrimination in resolving systems. V. Pseudoephedrine — fluoromandelic acid diastereomers

Abstract Resolution of the isomeric 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-fluoromandelic acids with (+)-(1S;2S)-pseudoephedrine in 95% ethanol produces both well and poorly discriminating, hydrated and unsolvated binary salts. Seven observed diastereomeric phases are represented by five crystal structure types including three of the four types observed in the pseudoephedrine mandelates. Type a: monoclinic hemihydrate less-soluble (L) (R)-3'-fluoromandelate and more-soluble (M) (R)-4'-fluoromandelate (I); type b: orthorhombic unsolvated M (S)-2'-fluoromandelate; type c: orthorhombic unsolvated L (R)-2'-fluoromandelate; type d: orthorhombic dihydrate M (S)-3'-fluoromandelate and L (S)-4'-fluoromandelate; type e: monoclinic unsolvated M (R)-4'-fluoromandelate (II). Largest (15-fold) discriminating solubilities in 95% ethanol are found between the diastereomers with 2'-fluoromandelic acid, 50% more than in the corresponding ephedrine system. Principle interionic interactions are hydrogen-bonds between protonated secondary ammonium ions and carboxylates. Infinite chains of these are found in type c, with a four-atom repeating unit H-N(+)-H.O(-C(-)-O) [C(2)(1)(4)], and in types b and d, with a six-atom repeating unit H-N(+)-H.O-C(-)-O [C(2)(2)(6)]. Water of crystallization intervenes in the chains of type a but not of type d hydrated salts, according with higher average dehydration temperatures in the former. Hydrated salts in general are excessively soluble in 95% ethanol.
Identification of Fast-Rate Systems Using Slow-Rate Image Sensor Measurements

In this paper, we propose a method to identify the frequency response of a fast-rate motion system using measurements from a slow-rate image sensor. The integrative nature of the sensor produces a blurred image of the observed moving feature, e.g., of a laser beam deflected on a steering mirror, when the image moves much faster than the exposure period. The key concept of this paper is to extract the parameters describing the motion of the observed feature from the image blur by treating the image sensor as a nonlinear temporal-to-spatial transformation, under a known input excitation, i.e., a sinusoid. The output signal amplitude and phase characterize the frequency response of the system at the specific excitation frequency. This problem is posed as a nonlinear minimization: finding parameters to match the predicted spatial distribution with the measurement. The nonlinear mapping is shown to be noninvertible; therefore, the solution of the nonlinear minimization is nonunique. Two methods are proposed for avoiding this aliasing problem: 1) by imposing a continuity constraint and 2) by solving the minimization over two different exposure periods. The efficacy of the proposed frequency response identification approach for a multi-input/multioutput system is experimentally demonstrated by accurately obtaining the frequency response of a fast steering mirror up to 500 Hz using a 30-Hz CCD camera.
Evaluation of metabolism models for free-water dissolved oxygen methods in lakes

Free-water measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) in lakes are becoming common and provide opportuni- ties for estimating ecosystem processes, such as gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R). The models used to estimate metabolism often subsume biological processes into one parameter each for GPP and R. However, high-frequency DO observations made over days show diverse patterns at multiple time scales, suggesting a complex suite of processes controls DO dynamics. Can we improve metabolism estimates and pre- dictive ability for DO at diel scales by adding complexity to the models? In this study, we use data from two north temperate lakes to test a variety of metabolism models representing a suite of non-linear metabolic processes. To test whether alternative models can be discriminated, we simulated DO with assumed parameter values and auto-regressive noise, and fit the models to the simulated DO. The most complex model could be discriminated from simpler models and provided the most accurate and precise predictions. However, when models were fit to observed DO data from the sensor network, the simplest model predicted DO as well as the most complex one. The added complexity did not improve model performance. An analysis of the model resid- uals indicates that physics may explain some of the DO pattern not predicted, especially high-frequency oscil- lations and anomalies that appear to coincide with weather patterns. Under reasonably stable weather condi- tions and at scales of a few days, simple metabolism models explain the bulk of diel DO variability.
Isolation and characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract A rapid and convenient procedure for isolating human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from erythrocytes has been developed and yields enzyme with a specific activity of 33–52. The physical and catalytic properties of the enzyme are similar to those of rabbit muscle enzyme. Reassociation of freshly isolated human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with washed erythrocyte membranes increases the specific activity and stability of the enzyme suggesting that enzyme-membrane interactions may have an important effect on the conformation and catalytic activity. That the human enzyme behaves as a dimer of dimers, similar to the behavior or rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is suggested by its half-of-the-sites reactivity toward 4-iodoacetamido-1-naphthol. The human enzyme binds nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide, a structural analog of NAD+, with negative cooperativity, further indicating its similarity to rabbit muscle enzyme.
Parking lot design by interactive computer graphics

Abstract An Interactive Computer Graphics Parking (ICG-PARK) Program which provides an efficient way to design parking lots is described. Using ICG-PARK program, composite pictures of the system can be generated by computer graphics quickly and accurately. The modification or redesign of such pictures can be done easily through interactive display systems. The area under study is initially drawn with fixed objects. The user can then proceed to any desired subroutine by using the interactive capabilities of the system. The length, direction of row(s) of parking spaces and the dimension of the parking stalls are given by the user each time through the interactive device when a parking stall drawing subroutine is called. Row(s) of parking stalls are drawn on a subpicture. When attached to the cross cursor, it can be moved to the desired location. The approximation of a curve can be drawn by calling the curve drawing subroutine recurrently. The design vehicle minimum turning path curve is provided, and can be used to check the adequacy of the aisle, entrance, and exit layout. The CRT screen can be erased either entirely or partially and redrawn at any time. Finally, a hardcopy of a satisfactory parking lot layout plan can be obtained through the plotter.
DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE/ZALCITABINE/NEVIRAPINE IN HUMAN PLASMA BY ION-PAIR HPLC

A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of zidovudine (AZT)/zalcitabine (ddC)/nevirapine in human plasma. Plasma samples were treated using a solid-phase extraction procedure. The analytes were separated using a mobile phase containing 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (containing 8 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid, sodium salt)-acetonitrile (86:14, v/v) with pH adjusted to 3.2 with phosphoric acid on an octylsilane column (150 × 3.9 mm I.D.) with UV detection at 265 nm. Aprobarbital was chosen as internal standard. The method was validated over the range of 57.6–2880 ng/mL for AZT, 20.2–2020 ng/mL for ddC and 53.2–13300 ng/mL for nevirapine. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy were less than 10.7% and intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 13.7%. Extraction recoveries of all analytes from plasma were higher than 88.5%. The assay should be applicable for pharmacokinetic studies and routine monitoring of these drugs in plasma.
Pores in the mammalian nuclear membrane.

Resume La microscopie electronique de sections minces de la membrane nucleaire du pancreas de souris demontre l'existence d'une structure en pores. Les parties internes et externes de la membrane nucleaire se rejoignent a la peripherie des pores qui traversent ainis completement la membrane. Les pores sont d'un diametre suffisant (200–300 A) pour permettre le passage des molecules proteiques on nucleiques les plus grosses.
Analytical Prediction of the Transition to Chaos in Porous Media Natural Convection

The failure of the linear stability analysis to predict accurately the transition point from steady to chaotic solutions in porous media natural convection motivates this study. A weak non-linear solution to the problem is shown to produce an accurate analytical expression for the transition point as long as the validity condition and consequent accuracy of the latter solution is fulfilled. The analytical results are compared to accurate computational solutions showing an excellent fit within the validity domain of the analytical solution.© 2008 ASME
Learning from Experience: Integrating Students’ Everyday Lives into the Urban Community College Sociology Classroom

Over 40 percent of today’s college students are enrolled at community colleges. While the institutions of community colleges have been gaining national attention given this growing statistic, we do not engage in large scale conversations about teaching practices that best benefit our local populations. This paper looks at the risks and rewards of incorporating students’ everyday life experiences into the classroom in an introduction to sociology course. This course is developed in an urban setting giving students tools both to see the world as sociologists and to critically analyze persistent inequalities in society. These goals are accomplished through challenging classroom conversations and culminate in a project where students collect data through their lived experience and analyze it as sociologists. While this style of teaching provides unique and often unexpected challenges, it creates a strong active learning environment in the classroom, confronts important social problems, and holds potential for consciousness raising and social change in the local community.
Plastic flow and fracture in Pd80Si20 near Tg

Above about 0.7Tg, plastic flow in Pd80Si20 becomes homogeneous in the normal ranges of strain rate of short term laboratory experiments. In this range samples exhibit considerable anelasticity before general yield. Load maxima are observed simultaneously with general yield and are followed soon after by a classical behavior of slanted necking, and a mixture of rupture and fracture accompanied by elongations of about 3% typical of a non-hardening rupturing solid of the given thickness and gauge length. This relatively stable behavior has permitted measurement of the stress exponents m of the strain rate for the material at flow at these temperatures. These exponents decrease to unity as the test temperature approaches Tg. The temperature dependence of the flow stress and its strain rate dependence are in good accord with Argon's recent theory for plastic flow in metallic glasses.
계란 알레르기 환아에서 인플루엔자 백신 접종의 안정성에 대한 연구

Purpose: Although influenza vaccine contains some residual egg protein (ovalbumin), recent studies have been reported that the influenza vaccine is even safe for patients with egg allergy. The object of this study was to assess the safety of influenza vaccination and estimate the risk factors of allergic reactions to influenza vaccination in children with egg allergy. Methods: The medical records of 108 children were reviewed retrospectively, those were diagnosed as egg allergy at Department of Pediatrics in Severance Children’s Hospital between January 2006 and December 2011. All of them were vaccinated with very low ovalbumin concentration (≤0.12 μg/mL). Patients were vaccinated in graded doses by the international guideline. Subjects without allergic reactions to influenza vaccine among egg allergy patients were recruited as control subjects. Results: Only 12 subjects of patients had adverse reactions to influenza vaccination. There were no significant relationships between adverse reactions to influenza vaccine and their own history of other allergy, history of breast feeding or graded vaccination. The egg allergy symptoms or egg-specific IgE levels were not associated with adverse reactions to influenza vaccination. Conclusion: These results show that patients with egg allergy may have adverse reactions with influenza vaccine, but severe adverse reactions are rare as general population. Therefore, the patients with egg allergy can be safe vaccinated with influenza vaccine, regardless of severity of allergic reaction after egg ingestion or methods of vaccination. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2013;1:333-338)
THE DUAL BEAM PICOSECOND CONTINUUM TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF SHORT-TIME-SCALE TRANSMISSION SPECTRA

In this work, a dual-beam measurement technique is presented to measure the short-time-scale optical properties of novel materials. It is shown that the picosecond continuum probe source obtained from nonlinear interaction with H2O/D2O is highly variable and does not permit detection of small changes in absorption /transmission spectra. The dual-beam approach is proposed to allow simultaneous measurement of a sample's properties in both the excited and steady states. As an example, the technique is applied to the picosecond transmission spectrum of light-emitting porous silicon. Photo-induced absorption is observed at a level that could not be detected without the new technique.
Early locomotor and social effects in vasopressin deficient neonatal rats

Abstract This study investigated behavioral differences between neonatal rats with vasopressin AVP deficiency (di/di) and those with little (+/di) or no deficiency (+/+) using a number of open field metrics. Infant rats (pups) at days 7 and 10 postpartum were videotaped in individual and group trials in a temperature-controlled arena for 12 min. Pups were tracked every 5 s for tip-of-the-nose and base-of-the-tail coordinate positions. These positional data were transformed, using computer algorithms, into measures of activity, change in orientation, distance moved, cells occupied, wall contact, number of corners visited, and degree of aggregation. Analysis of these data revealed some phenotypic differences among genotypes for 7-day-old pups in individual trials, but there was no clear pattern of genotypic differences. By day 10, however, there were dramatic differences. AVP deficient pups differed significantly from both +/+ and +/di pups on most individual and group metrics. As measured by effect size, group effects were especially large. The behavioral results were consistent with previous findings in adult di/di rats and indicated that 10-day-old di/di pups were hyperactive and had social deficits. AVP deficient pups also appeared to have accelerated locomotor development and to exhibit stereotypic behavior. These results suggest that Brattleboro, di/di, pups are a potentially important animal model for investigating the role of AVP in early locomoter and social development. These behavioral metrics are generalizable to infants of other rodent species and thus may allow early behavioral phenotyping and the assessment of behavioral deficits.
Characterization of Leishmania major phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2 and their inhibition by choline analogs

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in the membranes of the human parasite Leishmania. It is synthesized via two metabolic routes, the de novo pathway that starts with the uptake of choline, and the threefold methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. Choline was shown to be dispensable for Leishmania; thus, the methylation pathway likely represents the primary route for PC production. Here, we have identified and characterized two phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases, LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2. Both enzymes are expressed in promastigotes as well as in the vertebrate form amastigotes, suggesting that these methyltransferases are important for the development of the parasite throughout its life cycle. These enzymes are maximally expressed during the log phase of growth which correlates with the demand of PC synthesis during cell multiplication. Immunofluorescence studies combined with cell fractionation have shown that both methyltransferases are localized at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterologous expression in yeast has demonstrated that LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2 complement the choline auxotrophy phenotype of a yeast double null mutant lacking phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity. LmjPEM1 catalyzes the first, and to a lesser extent, the second methylation reaction. In contrast, LmjPEM2 has the capacity to add the second and third methyl group onto phosphatidylethanolamine to yield (lyso)PC; it can also add the first methyl group, albeit with very low efficiency. Finally, we have demonstrated using inhibition studies with choline analogs that miltefosine and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide are potent inhibitors of this metabolic pathway.
Hot-Shot Gas Source for Pulsed MHD Accelerator

A hot-shot-type nitrogen source has been developed which will produce the desired gasdynamic properties required for pulse-type MHD accelerator experiments. The source stagnation conditions are Ts == 9000 °K and ps = 1400 atm. Usable flow time of the source is approximately 3 msec, and the source pressure decay rate is 15% (msec)". A real-gas expansion (N2) can be made for typical gasdynamic parameters which agrees with measured channel values within experimental accuracy by accounting for contamination and seed material (KNs). Evidence presented supports the conclusion that highly ablative liners (Delrin, Teflon, etc.) considerably degrade the performance of high-pressure, high-temperature discharge devices. BN liners have an average contamination of 4% by weight; lower contamination is probably possible with lower stagnation temperatures.
Factors influencing the use of the rubber dam

The year of the dentist’s graduation, the location of his school of training, the usual length of his appointment, and the restorative materials he commonly uses were correlated with the dentist’s use of the rubber dam. Evolution of the results is presented.