cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A calculus for java's reference objects

Java's Reference objects provide the programmer with limited control over the process of memory management. Although reference objects are often helpful, they introduce nondeterminism into program evaluation and lead to ambiguous program outcome. In this paper we present a calculus to formally reason about Java's Reference objects. We model multiple levels of reference objects in a single calculus and apply a different garbage collection policy to each one of them. Accordingly, weak references are given the semantics of eager collection and soft references are given the semantics of lazy collection. In addition, we constrain garbage collection with the scarcity of two resources: time and space. We demonstrate the viability of our calculus by modeling a Java program which addresses a commonly-encountered caching problem. Using our model, we reason about the program's evaluation and interaction with the garbage collector.
On a theorem of Ankeny and Rivlin concerning maximum modulus of polynomials

Let be a polynomial of degree n and let . Then it is well known that . Further, if p(z)≠ 0 in |z| < 1 then it was proved by Ankeny and Rivlin that . In this paper we sharpen both of these inequalities.
Wavelength Conversion Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

We describe a scheme for wideband conversion of optical signals in optical fibers. The wavelength dependence and modulation speed of the process are investigated experimentally and theoretically, including the effect of the pump-probe velocity mismatch.
Intussusception in the 1970s: Indications for operation

Abstract Eighty-one patients with proven intussusception were treated at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital from 1970–1974. One died. Seven of these had ileo-ileal intussusception, all treated surgically. Seventy-four had colonic components of their intussusceptions. In 58 of these patients (78%), reduction was attempted at barium enema, successfully in 32. Hydrostatic reduction was abandoned and the patient operated upon when the intussusception was not pushed out of the colon, when barium failed to reflux into several loops of ileum, or when there was a large persistent filling defect in the cecum or terminal ileum. Primary operation without barium enema was done in 16 patients. The appearance of intestinal obstruction by abdominal x-ray seemed to give the best warning about the complicated, incarcerated, or gangrenous intussusception. Primary operation is, therefore, advised for the patient with intussusception if there is x-ray evidence of intestinal obstruction. The age of the patient and the duration of his symptoms do not seem important in this regard, except as they correlate with peritonitis or obstruction. For the patient without peritonitis or intestinal obstruction, attempted reduction of the intussusception at barium enema seems safe and effective, regardless of the patient's age or duration of his symptoms.
Biological communities of a nutrient enriched salina

Abstract The plant and animal associations in the ponds of a solar salt-producing system (salina) in Long Island, Bahamas are described before, during and after the addition of fertilizers. After fertilization, most organisms were found in the thick, several-layered bottom mats that developed. The mats consisted mostly of blue-green algae and bacteria with lesser amounts of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and diatoms. The growth and succession of plants and the development of mats following fertilization coincided with an increase in water salinity and water color compared with the conditions before fertilization. With the increasing levels of salinity, the production of salt increased in the salina.
A study of transference and solvation phenomena—VIII magnesium chloride in water, water-ethanol solutions

Abstract Transference and solvation phenomena associated with magnesium chloride in water and water-ethanol solvents have been studied as a function of concentration and solvent composition. The transference number and grammes of solvent transferred from anode to cathode are presented graphically and discussed in terms of relative solvation of the magnesium and chloride ions. In mixed solvents evidence is presented to substantiate the formation of MgCl + . Using Hittorf transference numbers and grammes of solvent transferred from anode to cathode, true transference numbers have been calculated for the salt in the various solvent systems. In addition relative solvation numbers were determined and used to substantiate explanations of the solvation of the cation and anion.
A nascent peptide is required for ribosomal bypass of the coding gap in bacteriophage T4 gene 60

Bacteriophage T4 DNA topoisomerase gene 60 contains a 50 nucleotide untranslated region within the coding sequence of its mRNA. Translational bypass of this sequence by elongating ribosomes has been postulated for the mode of synthesis of an 18 kd polypeptide specified by the split coding segments. Ribosome bypass of the untranslated region also occurs when a segment of gene 60 is fused to lacZ and expressed in E. coli. The efficiency of bypass in these gene 60-lacZ fusions approaches 100%. Here, mutations that delete, insert, or substitute nucleotides from gene 60-lacZ fusions are examined. Essential features necessary for high level gap bypass emerging from this analysis are a cis-acting nascent peptide sequence, a short duplication bordering the gap, and a stop codon contained in a stem-loop structure at the 5' junction of the gap.
The effect of ultrasound on the attractiveness of acoustic mating signals.

.Previous laboratory studies (Nolen & Hoy 1986b) have shown that the phonotactic responses of flying crickets are influenced by the relative intensities of attractive (mating signal) and repulsive (predator) stimuli. At the functional level, these results suggest that predator cues (ultrasound) can change the attractiveness of a calling song. Using extracellular recordings from cervical connectives it was shown that, like other field crickets, Gryllus rubens (south-eastern field cricket) is sensitive to ultrasound. This ultrasonic sensitivity has probably evolved in response to predation pressure from echolocating bats. Using acoustic playback under field conditions, it was tested whether the relative attractiveness of two male calling songs was influenced by the simultaneous broadcast of ultrasound. A simulated male calling song of G. rubens was broadcast at two different intensities (109 and 103 dB) from two sound traps that caught flying crickets attracted to the songs. Simulated bat ultrasound was broadcast simultaneously with the high-intensity calling song (109 dB) and the relative catch in each of the two traps was measured. The intensity of the ultrasound was varied on different nights. The relative attractiveness of the high-intensity sound trap decreased significantly as the intensity of the ultrasound broadcast with it was increased. For the lowest of the ultrasound broadcast levels, the relative attractiveness did not differ from that expected for two calling songs broadcast without ultrasound. Thus, increased levels of simulated predation risk decreased the attractiveness of the calling song associated with it. These are the first field experiments to show that predation risk in the form of simulated bat ultrasound influences the phonotactic behaviour of flying crickets.
A multicast scheme for parallel software-only video effects processing

We have developed a parallel software-only processing system for creating real-time video effects such as titling and compositing (e.g., picture-in-picture) using compressed Internet video sources. The system organizes processors into a hierarchy of levels. Processes at each level of the hierarchy can exploit different types of parallelism and coordinate the actions of lower levels. To control the effect, control messages must be distributed to processors in the hierarchy while preserving the independence of each level. This requires a control mechanism that supports efficient delivery of messages to groups of processors, tunable reliability semantics, and recoverable state information. We describe a mechanism that meets these requirements that uses IP-Multicast, the Scalable Reliable Multicast protocol, and the Scalable Naming and Announcement Protocol. We also describe an optimization that provides a flexible framework for linking the control of different aspects of one or more related video effects.
Notes on the “Modified” Lab Library System

Teaching listening comprehension requires an approach and techniques different from those used in the teaching of the other language skills. A great variety of teaching devices for teaching and testing listening comprehension has been developed in our Hebrew program.6 These devices are presented to the teachers at our monthly in-service sessions and in the course of the years these suggestions have been improved and refined by the actual classroom experience of our teachers.
Electronic Spectra, Excited-State Geometries, and Molecular Electrostatic Potentials of Hypoxanthine: A Theoretical Investigation†

The ground-state geometry of hypoxanthine was optimized at the MP2, B3LYP, and HF levels by employing the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vertical singlet transition energies were calculated at the CASSCF/ 6-31+G(d), TD-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), and CIS/6-311++G(d,p) levels by using the MP2-, B3LYP-, and Hartree−Fock-optimized geometries, respectively. In the case of the CASSCF calculations, the active space consisted of the 2σ, 6π, and 4π* orbitals. The σ orbitals were used to compute the nπ* transitions. The effects of dynamic correlation on the CASSCF energies were considered at the second-order multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate perturbation (MCQDPT2) theory. The effect of hydration was considered by including three water molecules in the first solvation shell of hypoxanthine. The geometry of the molecule was also optimized in the lowest singlet ππ* and nπ* excited states at the CIS/6-311++G(d,p) level. The characteristics of the ground and excited-state potential energy surfaces were ascertained from a ha...
The role of transcription factor Runx2 in tumor infiltrating T cells

Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a promising treatment for melanoma patients with a clinical response rate of about 50%. However, half of patients treated do not respond to this therapy, underlining the need for improvement . One of the limitations of ACT is the poor effector function of transferred T cells influenced by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In order to identify pathways which may contribute to this observation, we used a murine ACT model in which mice bearing established B16 tumors were treated with Pmel T cells which recognize the melanoma antigen gp100 in the context of H-2Db. Pmel T cells were recovered on day 6 and 13, after transfer, from the tumor and spleen of treated mice and their gene expression patterns were compared. We found that 720 genes were differentially expressed by T cells recovered from the tumor site compared to those recovered from the spleen. Amongst the differentially expressed genes were several transcription factors, including Runx2, Rora, E2F1 and Tcf7. After an initial in vivo screen, Runx2 overexpressing Pmels conferred a worse antitumor effect when compared to the control Pmels (median tumor size 30.7 vs 20.7 mm 2 respectively on day 7 after T cell transfer, p<0.05). We also found fewer numbers of circulating Pmels in mice that received Runx2 overexpressing Pmels when compared to mice that received control Pmels. In addition, there was decreased accumulation of Runx2 overexpressing Pmels at the tumor site when compared to the control Pmel (Median luciferase output of 2.0X10 7 vs 9.0X10 7 photons/s/cm 2 /sr, respectively on day 6 after T cell transfer, p value =0.042). To further interrogate the role of Runx2 in T cells, we assessed the production of IFN-g after stimulation in vitro with either plate bound anti-CD3 or gp100 expressing tumor cells. We found that IFN-g production was comparable between Runx2 overexpressing Pmels and control Pmels after anti-CD3 stimulation. However, IFN-g production was impaired in Runx2 overexpressing Pmels upon stimulation with tumor cells. Furthermore, in vitro characterization also revealed that Runx2 overexpressing Pmels have decreased proliferation and display an apoptotic phenotype. Taken together, our studies suggest that Runx2 regulates apoptosis, proliferation and IFN-g production in tumor reactive T cells. Further studies to mechanistically understand these findings are ongoing.
Visual Attention as a Function of Sex and Apparel of Stimulus Object: Who Looks at Whom?.

Fifty-one college students individually completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and then viewed 22 slides. Unknown to the subjects the slide projector was connected to a computer which automatically recorded the amount of time the subject viewed each slide. The first and last slides were fillers. The remaining 20 slides were equally distributed among these categories: women clothed, women in bathing suits, men clothed and men in bathing suits. Men looked longer at both slide categories of women than the slides of men. Women, though, looked longest at slides of clothed women. The sex role categorizations were not significantly related to viewing times for either sex. The data are interpreted in terms of intrasex competitiveness and intersex attraction.
The Value of 'Boutique' Financial Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions

Over the period of 1995-2006, about 19% of acquirers and 25% of targets hire boutique banks as their M&A advisors. The expertise of boutique advisors in M&A advisory services may identify them as niche players in the industry. This paper is the first to investigate how merging firms choose between boutique and full service advisors and how this choice affects deal outcomes in M&A transactions. Firms are more likely to choose boutique advisors when facing a deal with greater complexity. After controlling for the endogenous choice of advisors by merging firms, we find that the deal premium paid in mergers is lower if boutique advisors are used on the acquirer side, indicating that acquirers’ shareholders benefit from the expertise of boutique advisors. On the other hand, we do not find that boutique advisors charge higher advisors fees, suggesting that boutique players are pressured by fierce competition from full service banks for market share.
Personality and injury risk among professional hockey players

Background: Although much is known about risk for athletic injury, research on the roles of individual differences in personality and temperament on athletic injury has lagged. We hypothesized that professional athletes with high sensation-seeking and extraversion scores, and with low effortful control scores, would experience more injuries over the course of a season, would have more severe injuries, and would miss more total days of play. Methods: Prospective design with questionnaire report at time one and injury tracking throughout an 18-week athletic season. Setting: Professional hockey team in the United States. Participants: Eighteen professional hockey players (ages 21-33). Measurements: Players completed self-report personality (Sensation-Seeking Scale, Form V) and temperament (the Adult Temperament Questionnaire) measures. Quantity and severity of injury, as well as playing time missed, were tracked for 18 weeks. Results: On average, players experienced almost 6 injuries causing a loss of 10 playing days through the season. Those players scoring high on Boredom Susceptibility and Total Sensation-Seeking incurred more total injuries. Those scoring high on temperamental neutral perceptual sensitivity suffered more severe injuries. Conclusions: Athletes who suffered more injuries reported a preference for stimulating environments and boredom with non-stimulating environments. Injury severity was not correlated with sensation-seeking but was related to temperamental perceptual sensitivity. Implications for identification of injury-prone athletes, pre-injury training, and post-injury treatment are discussed.
Ridge migration and asymmetric sea-floor spreading

Abstract We propose that asymmetric sea-floor spreading occurs as a consequence of the relative motion between ridges and slow-moving mantle material below. A fluid mechanical model of asymmetric spreading predicts that the trailing flank of a ridge migrating with respect to the mantle spreads fastest. Observed asymmetries are compared to those predicted by ridge migration velocities. Although the magnitude of the asymmetry appears to depend as much on local effects as on the migration of the ridge, the direction of asymmetry agrees with our prediction in most locations. In contrast, models in which the ridge attempts to remain above a source fixed in the mantle predict the opposite direction of asymmetry. Other models, which attribute asymmetric spreading to asymmetric cooling, require large deviations from the standard depth-age relationship, while our model does not.
A ‘tale of two cultures’—reflections on a dialogical study of a Jewish and a Catholic secondary school

Drawing on material gathered during case studies of a Jewish and a Catholic secondary school, I introduce a number of different stories from the staff, and students in the schools and from myself as the researcher. I argue that these can be understood as forms of dialogue in which voices can be heard in some detail. They throw light on various, sometimes conflicting, views within two particular faith‐based schools and on the wider educational dialogue.
Time course of blood volume change with carbon monoxide inhalation and its contribution to the overall cardiovascular response.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats inhaled 500 ppm CO continuously for 42 days in order to examine the blood volume response in a time course manner. Plasma volume as measured by Evan's blue dye dilution technique did not change significantly from the control value of 3.96% of body weight (BW). Total blood volume estimated using plasma volume and hematocrit increased steadily from 7.34% of BW to 11.69%, almost entirely as the result of a more than 2-fold increase in erythrocyte mass (3.42% increased to 7.55%). Absolute blood volume increased from 28.51 ml to 58.26 ml; normal growth contributed to this increase, i.e. BW increased from 350.0 g to 499.1 g. “Real hematocrit” determined by dye dilution increased from 46.5% to 64.6%, reaching a near-equilibrium level within 15 days. Hemoglobin concentration increased from 13.68 g/dl to 20.07 g/dl, and erythrocyte count increased from 6150000 per cubic mm to 9140000 per cubic mm. Minor changes in erythrocyte indices (i.e. mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume) occurred during the 42 days. Concurrently, the weight of right ventricle increased more than left ventricle + septum, reflecting somewhat greater right-sided cardiomegaly. Increases in both ventricles were correlated with changes in blood volume and hematocrit. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide activity increased 2.5 fold after 15 and 30 days of CO exposure, possibly reflecting increasing atrial stretch caused by increased blood volume. Like the polycythemic hypervolemic state of chronic hypoxic hypoxia, blood volume in CO hypoxia increases solely through addition of erythrocytes.
Impact of Distal Side Water and Residue 315 on Ligand Binding to Ferric Mycobacterium tuberculosis Catalase−Peroxidase (KatG)†

The catalase-peroxidase (KatG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is important for the virulence of this pathogen and also is responsible for activation of isoniazid (INH), an antibiotic in use for over 50 years in the first line treatment against tuberculosis infection. Overexpressed Mtb KatG contains a heterogeneous population of heme species that present distinct spectroscopic properties and, as described here, functional properties. A six-coordinate (6-c) heme species that accumulates in the resting enzyme after purification is defined as a unique structure containing weakly associated water on the heme distal side. We present the unexpected finding that this form of the enzyme, generally present as a minority species along with five-coordinate (5-c) enzyme, is the favored reactant for ligand binding. The use of resting enzyme samples with different proportional composition of 5-c and 6-c forms, as well as the use of KatG mutants with replacements at residue 315 that have different tendencies to stabilize the 6-c form, allowed demonstration of more rapid cyanide binding and preferred peroxide binding to enzyme containing 6-c heme. Optical-stopped flow and equilibrium titrations of ferric KatG with potassium cyanide reveal complex behavior that depends in part on the amount of 6-c heme in the resting enzymes. Resonance Raman and low-temperature EPR spectroscopy clearly demonstrate favored ligand (cyanide or peroxide) binding to 6-c heme. The 5-c and 6-c enzyme forms are not in equilibrium on the time scale of the experiments. The results provide evidence for the likely participation of specific water molecule(s) in the first phases of the reaction mechanism of catalase-peroxidase enzymes.
Real-Time MR Imaging–guided Laser Atrial Septal Puncture in Swine

Purpose The authors performed this study to report their initial preclinical experience with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided atrial septal puncture by using a MR imaging–conspicuous blunt laser catheter that perforates only when energized. Materials and Methods The authors customized a 0.9-mm clinical excimer laser catheter with a receiver coil to impart MR imaging visibility at 1.5 T. Seven swine underwent laser transseptal puncture under real-time MR imaging. MR imaging signal-to-noise ratio profiles of the device were obtained in vitro. Tissue traversal force was tested with a calibrated meter. Position was corroborated with pressure measurements, oximetry, angiography, and necropsy. Intentional non-target perforation simulated serious complication. Results Embedded MR imaging antennae accurately reflected the position of the laser catheter tip and profile in vitro and in vivo. Despite having an increased profile from the microcoil, the 0.9-mm laser catheter traversed in vitro targets with similar force (0.22 N ± 0.03) compared with the unmodified laser. Laser puncture of the atrial septum was successful and accurate in all animals. The laser was activated an average of 3.8 seconds ± 0.4 before traversal. There were no sequelae after 6 hours of observation. Necropsy revealed 0.9-mm holes in the fossa ovalis in all animals. Intentional perforation of the aorta and atrial free wall was evident immediately. Conclusions MR imaging–guided laser puncture of the interatrial septum is feasible in swine and offers controlled delivery of perforation energy by using an otherwise blunt catheter. Instantaneous soft tissue imaging provides immediate feedback on safety.
Locally homogeneous pseudo-Riemannian manifolds

Abstract The work of Cartan, Nomizu, Singer, Tricerri and Vanhecke on manifolds with transitive algebras of Killing vector fields is extended to the pseudo-Riemannian case.
A Middle Devonian symbiotic relationship involving a gastropod, a trepostomatous bryozoan, and an inferred secondary occupant

Morris, P. J., Linsley, R. M. & Cottrell. J. F. 1991 01 15: A Middle Devonian symbiotic relationship involving a gastropod, a trepostomatous bryozoan. and an inferred sceondary occupant. Lethaia, Vol. 24. pp. 55–67. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. The high-spired gastropod Palaeozygopleuru (Loxonematacea) of the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian) in New York State is often entrusted by the trepostomatous bryozoan Leptotrypella (Hetero-trypidae). The form of this enerustation leads us to infer a secondary occupant that dwelled in empty shells of Palaeozygopleura while the bryozoan grew upon them. Encrusted specimens usually have an open aperture, thin or no enerustation on the apertural side of the gastropod shell. and thick encrustation on the abapertural side. While the aperture is invariably open. the columellar and parictal lips of the aperture, and the apertural face of the first whorl are usually encrusted. While the gastropod is alive, this area rests upon the dorsal surface of the foot and the remainder of the shell rests upon the substratc. These encrustation patterns suggest that an occupant of the shell. other than the gastropexl. prevented overgrowth of the aperture and oriented the shell aperture-down. This allowed ahapertural growth of the bryozoan. The presence of thin encrustation on the apertural side of the shell is problematical. It requires either the presence of a secondary occupant capable of holding a thinly encrusted shell off the substrate, or the ability of the juvenile bryozoan colony to extend onto portions of the shell that were in contact with the substrate. The presence of a secondary occupant. such as a sipunculan worm. capable of lifting the shell, but usually resting it aperture-down on the substrate seems the most suitable explanation for the nature of the encrustation. Gastropoda. bryozoa. symbiosis. Devoniun. hermit crab, Sipuncula
A Review of Postpartum Psychosis

Objective: The objective is to provide an overview of the clinical features, prognosis, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of postpartum psychosis. Methods: The authors searched Medline (1966–2005), PsycInfo (1974–2005), Toxnet, and PubMed databases using the key words postpartum psychosis, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, organic psychosis, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. A clinical case is used to facilitate the discussion. Results: The onset of puerperal psychosis occurs in the first 1–4 weeks after childbirth. The data suggest that postpartum psychosis is an overt presentation of bipolar disorder that is timed to coincide with tremendous hormonal shifts after delivery. The patient develops frank psychosis, cognitive impairment, and grossly disorganized behavior that represent a complete change from previous functioning. These perturbations, in combination with lapsed insight into her illness and symptoms, can lead to devastating consequences in...
Cluster-growth processes on a two-dimensional lattice

Computer simulations of cluster formation on a two-dimensional lattice have been carried out with the use of a model in which each occupied lattice site in the cluster exerts an independent (multiplicative) screening effect on further growth. The model used in this work is very similar to that investigated by Rikvold and is also related to the models of Eden and of Sawada, Ohta, Yamazaki, and Honjo. If the screening length ($\ensuremath{\lambda}$) is finite (as is the case for the Eden, Rikvold, and Sawada-Ohta-Yamazaki-Honjo models), we find $D=d=2$, where $D$ is the Hausdorff dimensionality of the cluster and $d$ is the Euclidean dimensionality. However, for some model parameters the structure of finite clusters on a length scale less than approximately $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ may be characterized to a good approximation by an effective Hausdorff dimensionality ${D}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (${D}^{\ensuremath{'}}l2$). For the case of an infinite screening length, the screening effect at distance ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{n}$ from the $n\mathrm{th}$ occupied lattice site is given by $S({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{n})=\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{A}{{|{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{n}|}^{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}})$. In this case, the Hausdorff dimensionality is no longer 2, and its value depends on the exponent $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. By analyzing density-density correlation functions and the dependence of the radius of gyration on the cluster size (number of occupied lattice sites), we find that in the $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit $D\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{5}{3}$ produces clusters which resemble those formed in the Witten-Sander model of diffusion-limited aggregation.
Decision-making at menopause: a randomized controlled trial of a computer-based hormone therapy decision-aid.

Abstract Objective Decision-making at menopause remains a challenge for women and their health care providers as the paradigm for hormone therapy continues to evolve. The role of decision-support for this process remains to be defined. Methods A randomized controlled trial of a computer-based hormone therapy (HT) decision-aid versus a control intervention consisting of a printed pamphlet among 177 post-menopausal women receiving care in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Results Participants found the computer-based decision-aid easy to use and retained risk information incorporated from emerging scientific data. There was no difference between groups with respect to the primary outcomes of knowledge, satisfaction with decision, decisional conflict or HT use. A trend was reported towards decreased decisional conflict in the evidence in decision-making ( p =0.07) and factors of uncertainty ( p =0.06) domains among the subset of participants who were on HT at baseline and used the computer-based decision-aid. Conclusion The computer-based decision-aid was able to effectively incorporate emerging scientific information but was no more effective than a printed pamphlet control with regard to improving decision-process outcomes. Practice implications The incremental benefit of a complex versus simpler decision-aid for post-menopausal women remains to be established prior to widespread dissemination of interactive computer-based HT decision-aids.
Shock-wave compression of vitreous and rutile-type GeO2: A comparative study

The dynamic compression of both vitreous and rutile-type GeO_2 has been studied throughout the pressure range 0–160 GPa (1.6 Mbar). At sufficiently high pressures (respectively >35 GPa and >70 GPa) both materials attain densities greater than those expected for the rutile phase at the same pressure. These results may be explained in terms of transformation of both vitreous and rutile-type GeO_2 to a common high-pressure phase or state with a zero-pressure density ∼5% greater than that of the rutile polymorph. The vastly different thermal regimes associated with the two Hugoniots allow important deductions to be made concerning the elastic and thermodynamic properties of shocked germanium dioxide. In particular, an effective Gruneisen parameter of 1.24 ± 0.1 is required at a density of 7.4 g/cm^3. Inconsistency between this value and those calculated from the Vashchenko-Zubarev model suggests that the latter may not provide an adequate description of the thermal properties of close-packed germanates and silicates.
A fluorescence probe analysis of possible conformational changes in the sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase of synoptic membranes induced by nucleotide, sodium, potassium and ouabain☆

In the presence of a specific ionic environment, sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) bound the inhibitor ouabain, inducing an apparent protein conformational change. Ouabain reversed a specific potassium-induced depression in fluorescence intensity and quantum yield of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS) and 2-p-toluidinyl-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (TNS) bound to a membrane preparation containing Na+,K+-ATPase isolated from guinea pig brain synaptic membranes (SM). The characteristics of the chromophore-bound SM were specifically changed when ouabain was added under the same conditions known to facilitate specific Na+,K+-ATPase-ouabain interaction. All changes followed a time course similar to that observed for ouabain binding. The life time and relaxation time of fluorescence of TNS bound-SM were also altered by ouabain under these ionic conditions suggesting an alteration in environment of the dye and/or Brownian movement of the probe-containing particles. These data are compatible with the suggestion that ouabain binding to Na+,K+-ATPase involves specific ligand-induced conformational changes. The inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase by cardiac glycosides presumably results from these effects.
Effectiveness versus efficacy of treatment of hypertension for stroke prevention

It has been a privilege for me to serve as your President for the last 2 years. This office has permitted me to see the prodigious amount of work that is done so well by the chairs of the committees and the committees, which handle all of the issues before they are presented to the Executive Board. They are working on your behalf; please tell them that you appreciate their dedication. I certainly do. You probably also know what an effective staff we have in the Academy office. They, too, are dedicated, hard-working people, and when you see that a job is well done, you should tell them. I am very grateful for the help they have given me, particularly in the last 2 years. I am also grateful and indebted to my wife, Pat, who has supported me all these years, even before I was in medical school, when she was the only one of us who earned a living for more years than I like to remember. In my presentation today, I am going to describe the population-based research resource with which I work. I will also discuss hypertension, including its relative risk for ischemic stroke, and the prevalence of hypertension and the effect of treatment. I am going to show you that, in spite of the efficacy of treatment for hypertension shown in clinical trials, we can show no evidence of effectiveness of treatment in the whole population and that the incidence of ischemic stroke has declined at least as much in persons without hypertension as in those with hypertension. Then, I will discuss some putative risks that might have a role in this decline. The unique capabilities for population-based epidemiologic research in Olmsted County and Rochester, Minnesota, are the result of an unusual set of circumstances. …
RENDERING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLAR CORONAL STRUCTURES

An X-ray or EUV image of the corona or chromosphere is a 2D representation of an extended 3D complex for which a general inversion process is impossible. A specific model must be incorporated in order to understand the full 3D structure. We approach this problem by modeling a set of optically-thin 3D plasma flux tubes which we render these as synthetic images. The resulting images allow the interpretation of the X-ray/EUV observations to obtain information on (1) the 3D structure of X-ray images, i.e., the geometric structure of the flux tubes, and on (2) the internal structure using specific plasma characteristics, i.e., the physical structure of the flux tubes. The data-analysis technique uses magnetograms to characterize photospheric magnetic fields and extrapolation techniques to form the field lines. Using a new set of software tools, we have generated 3D flux tube structures around these field lines and integrated the plasma emission along the line of sight to obtain a rendered image. A set of individual flux-tube images is selected by a non-negative least-squares technique to Provide a match with an observed X-ray image. The scheme minimizes the squares of the differences between the synthesized image and the observed image with a non-negative constraint on the coefficients of the brightness of the individual flux-tube loops. The derived images are used to determine the specific photospheric foot points and physical data, i.e., scaling laws for densities and loop lengths. The development has led to Computer efficient integration and display software that is compatible for comparison with observations (e.g., Yohkoh SXT data, NIXT, or EIT). This analysis is important in determining directly the magnetic field configuration, which provides the structure of coronal loops, and indirectly the electric currents or waves, which provide the energy for the heating of the plasma. We have used very simple assumptions (i.e., potential magnetic fields and isothermal corona) to provide an initial test of the techniques before complex models are introduced. We have separated the physical and geometric contributions of the emission for a set of flux tubes and concentrated, in this initial study, on the geometric contributions by making approximations to the physical contributions. The initial results are consistent with the scaling laws derived from Yohkoh SXT data.
Parent Perceptions of Communication Behaviors at Formally Assessed Stage Transitions in Young Children at Risk for Being Nonspeaking

The authors compared parent-perceived communication behaviors for formally assessed stages longitudinally for 42 infants at risk for being nonspeaking. They compared perceived communication behaviors at assessed transitions to communicative stages (intentional behavior, intentional communication, symbolic communication) and found systematic differences between parent observations and formal observations of early skills. Parents' perceptions of an increase in their children's communicative signals and functions tended to occur at different points relative to each formally assessed transition. The results indicate that early communication transitions are not single qualitative shifts but a continuum of skills that are gradually developed and differently interpreted according to the means of observing the change.
Amelioration of infant sleep disturbances. II: Effects of scheduled awakenings by compliant parents

Twelve infants and toddlers who exhibited spontaneous awakening and crying episodes during the night were subjected to scheduled awakenings by their parents. Scheduled awakenings were determined from individual baseline data, and these consisted of awakening, feeding, and consoling the child about 15 to 30 minutes before typical spontaneous awakening times. Once spontaneous awakenings were precluded, scheduled awakenings by the parents were faded out and posttreatment data were collected. The technique appeared effective for most children when the parents complied with the procedure.
Physical Results from Unphysical Simulations

We calculate various properties of pseudoscalar mesons in partially quenched QCD using chiral perturbation theory through next-to-leading order. Our results can be used to extrapolate to QCD from partially quenched simulations, as long as the latter use three light dynamical quarks. In other words, one can use unphysical simulations to extract physical quantities---in this case the quark masses, meson decay constants, and the Gasser-Leutwyler parameters ${L}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{8}.$ Our proposal for determining ${L}_{7}$ makes explicit use of an unphysical (yet measurable) effect of partially quenched theories, namely the double-pole that appears in certain two-point correlation functions. Most of our calculations are done for sea quarks having up to three different masses, except for our result for ${L}_{7},$ which is derived for degenerate sea quarks.
Economic Development and Subsistence Farming: The Case of the Mende of Upper Bambara Chiefdom, Sierra Leone

Neo-Marxists and other dependency theorists explain declining domestic food production in Sub-Saharan Africa as the result of increasing production of export crops. This paper examines the Mende agrarian household in Upper Bambara Chiefdom, Sierra Leone, at three points in time (circa 1900, 1945, and 1967) and argues for the reverse causality: the Mende have become commercial farmers of cocoa and coffee because they now lack sufficient labor for self-sufficiency in staple food production.
All that wheezes: A young infant with a mediastinal mass

Wheezing infants are frequently encountered in the emergency department. Bronchiolitis is the most commonly seen cause. Radiographs are not recommended in the routine management of bronchiolitis. We present the case of a young wheezing infant with a mildly abnormal chest x-ray whose cystic hygroma caused life-threatening respiratory distress soon after he was admitted to the hospital.
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS AS POTENTIAL SUSTAINED-RELEASE COATINGS.

The characteristics of the absorption of prednisolone were studied both in intact dogs and in ligated segments of the intestinal tract. Absorption of uncoated prednisolone was essentially complete in 2 hours. Following the administration of copolymer-coated pellets, absorption was extended over a period of 10-12 hours.
Surrogate measures of dietary intake

In studying health and disease in elderly subjects, information may be needed concerning current or past dietary intake. Regardless of whether emphasis is placed on current or past intake, the validity of self-reported dietary information probably diminishes with increasing respondent age. In studying diet in elderly subjects, obtaining information from surrogate sources may improve data quality and provide information otherwise unavailable for decreased or incompetent subjects. This review addresses availability of data from surrogates, validity of surrogate responses, and methodological issues in analysis of surrogate data. This literature review documents that surrogate respondents can provide dietary information, but the data on elderly persons are extremely limited. The literature also indicates that surrogate dietary data may introduce misclassification in analytical investigations, but that surrogate data may be useful in descriptive studies. Methodological studies on surrogate reporting should facilitate research on diet and disease in elderly subjects.
Water-Depth Control of Fusulinid Distribution: ABSTRACT

Detailed field study of a thin sequence of Middle Pennsylvanian rocks in central Colorado reveals that faunas comprising abundant mature fusulinids lived in water deeper than 40 ft. Juveniles rarely became established in water as shallow as 15 ft, but unfavorable conditions associated with shallow water precluded development to maturity. Absolute depth figures are based on: (1) knowledge of the position of the shore of maximum transgression, (2) knowledge of the form of the surface on which marine beds were deposited, and (3) interpretation that distribution of faunal and floral groups in central Colorado was controlled by depth or by factors directly affected by depth. End_of_Article - Last_Page 550------------
Impurity element effects on the toughness of 9Cr-1Mo steel

The effects of the trace impurity elements, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, on the impact toughness of a 9Cr-1Mo steel were investigated. The results of Charpy impact tests showed that the additions of all three elements produced a decrease in the upper shelf energy and an increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). Above 0.04% P and 0.4% Si, the upper shelf energy decreases sharply. Additions of over 0.03% P or 0.4% Si cause an increase in the DBTT. Trace amounts of sulfur were found to have a much greater detrimental effect than phosphorus. Impurity segregation and delta ferrite content are used to explain the decrease in toughness produced by the addition of P and Si, respectively. Sulfur promotes non-metallic inclusions and intergranular fracture thus producing embrittlement.
Validity of Nucleolar Number for Identification of the Diploid-Tetraploid Gray Treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor

Abstract The identification of the cryptic diploid-tetraploid Gray Treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor, from preserved specimens is problematic using conventional methods, such as karyotyping. Nucleolar number has been used as an index of ploidy for this purpose, based on the assumption of a single nucleolus per chromosome set. However, cytogenetic studies of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) have shown that putative secondary NORs occur in some populations of the diploid, H. chrysoscelis. This study demonstrates that secondary NORs in the diploid genome are associated with additional nucleoli in interphase cell nuclei. The number of nucleoli is proportional to the total number of primary and secondary NORs, not ploidy level, and, therefore, is not a valid character for identification of specimens from populations having secondary NORs. Because little is known about the frequency of secondary NORs in most H. chrysoscelis populations, nucleolar number should be avoided as a primary means of spe...
Expressive Applications of Constraint Logic Programming

This introduction to the Constraint Logic Programming language CLP(ℜ) uses applications to provide insight to the language‘s strengths. An overview of CLP(ℜ) is followed by a discussion of three applications that illustrate the language‘s unifying treatment both of numeric and symbolic computing and of engineering analysis and synthesis problems. Another discussion dissects the interpreter‘s constraint solver and clarifies how a problem‘s search space can be restricted declaratively. The final example is an extended description of the construction of a network of interpreters, which can be used to distributively solve a set of linear equations. This extension requires no modification of the CLP(ℜ) interpreter and points out the benefits of revisiting established algorithms vis-a-vis CLP(ℜ).
The regulation of transmitter expression in postembryonic lineages in the moth Manduca sexta. I. Transmitter identification and developmental acquisition of expression.

The majority of the neurons in the adult nervous system of Manduca sexta are born postembryonically, during larval life. Stereotypic arrays of identifiable neuroblasts generate their clonal families or lineages commencing at the end of the second larval instar through pupal day 2, when the neuroblasts die (Booker and Truman, 1987a). We have used immunohistochemical techniques to follow the neurochemical differentiation of GABA and a peptide similar to molluscan small cardioactive peptide B (SCPB) in identified lineages. We report here the distribution and developmental acquisition of the expression of these putative transmitters. There are 24 postembryonic lineages in the second thoracic ganglion of the larvae (Booker and Truman, 1987a). Immunoreactivity against GABA and SCPB is seen only in a subset of these 24 clonal families. GABA immunoreactivity is confined to the progeny of the E, K, M, N, T, and X neuroblasts and is expressed by most or all of the neurons in these lineages. The SCPB-like immunoreactivity is found in a subset of the neurons in only two clonal groups, the K and M groups, and is colocalized with GABA. These results show that, though heterogeneity in transmitter type exists (GABA, GABA/SCPB), members of a given lineage share at least some features (GABA) in common. The onset of transmitter expression was followed in detail for the K- and M-lineage neurons. During the larval stages, the postembryonic lineage cells are developmentally arrested in a partially differentiated state (Booker and Truman, 1987a) and do not express transmitter immunoreactivity at this time. Their maturation resumes with the onset of metamorphosis.
Pesticide-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Augments NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway in Primary Microglia

Sustained neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the key pathophysiological processes of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease(PD). The resident microglia in the brain are a major source of inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway has been recognized as a major contributor of neuroinflammatory insult in CNS. In the present study, we show that neurotoxic pesticide-induced mitochondrial impairment amplifies the NLRP3 inflammasome proinflammatory cascade in primary microglia. Primary mouse microglia treatment with LPS increased NLRP3 and pro-IL1b expression. LPS-primed microglial cells exposed to the pesticide rotenone, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cleavage of pro-IL1b,indicating that mitochondrial impairment heightened the proinflammatory response in microglia. Morphological analysis revealed, rotenone significantly increased mitochondrial circularity and solidity in LPS-primed microglia relative t...