cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders to Comply with Healthcare Procedures: Theory and Research

All children should have scheduled visits to various healthcare providers. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 12 scheduled well-child care visits between 3–5 days of age and age 3, and yearly visits thereafter (Mozingo, 2009). General developmental surveillance should occur during these visits, as well as developmental screening, when indicated. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2010) also recommended an immunization schedule for children of age 0 through 6 years. The 2010 schedule includes 25 shots during the first 15 months of life that generally are given during the well care visits.
Modeling Nerve Compression in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Nerve function loss can result from a variety of conditions that are either sudden onset like head and spinal cord trauma or slowly develop from chronic pressure as in the case of carpal tunnel syndrome. In either case we see compression ofthe nerve ultimately resulting in axon demyelination and loss of signal conduction. For chronic conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, treatments focus on alleviating symptoms. Some patients undergo surgery which can be successful in relieving pressure on the median nerve by inflamed surrounding tendons. Symptoms of classical carpal tunnel syndrome have been debated and sometimes patients experiencing similar numbness and pain in the hand do not necessarily have the underlying condition of a compressed median nerve. Therefore, better markers are needed for determining true cases of nerve compression as well as clinical measures to indicate the need for surgical treatment. We have demonstrated a correlation between clinically observed nerve compression derived from MRI slides and clinically observed increases in conduction delay. We have done this by computationally modeling a myelinated axon with various levels of compression and finding the increase in conduction delay from a normal control with no compression. We show that conduction delay measurements could be used as a clinical tool to determine the amount of nerve compression present in a patient of mild carpal tunnel syndrome although further data is required to create a fully predictive model.
Sex-Role Differentiation in Preschoolers: Effects of Maternal Employment

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether maternal employment affects sex-role differentiation in preschoolers, and whether this relationship varies as a function of the sex of the child, father's presence or absence, and/or the sex of the child's siblings (N = 398 boys and girls, mean age 51.2 months). The dependent measure consisted of a maximally reliable composite z score derived from five tests (Draw-A-Person, Occupational Preference, Nadleman Recall, Toy Preference, It Scale for Children). The fact of the mother working and the social status of her occupation were unrelated to sex-role differentiation, regardless of whether the child was a girl or a boy; had brothers, sisters, both, or was an only child; or came from an intact or nonintact family. However, the main effect for sex and the sex of child X sex of sibling interaction were significant.
Where Do We Stand with Closed-Loop Systems and Their Challenges?

Treatments for type 1 diabetes have advanced significantly over recent years. There are now multiple hybrid closed-loop systems commercially available and additional systems are in development. Cha...
Effects of Religious Service Attendance and Religious Importance on Depression: Examining the Meta-analytic Evidence

Garssen et al. provide meta-analytic evidence, from longitudinal studies with control for baseline outcomes, for protective associations of religious service attendance and religious importance wit...
Production of Strange Particles by π − − p Interactions near Threshold

Observations have been made, in a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, of the production and decay of strange particles produced by the interaction of 960-Mev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons with protons. The total strange particle production cross section was measured to be 1.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 millibarns. The cross section is 0.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 millibarn for ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ production, 0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 millibarn for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{K}^{+}$ production, and is 0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 millibarn for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{K}^{+}$ particles. Production angular distribution was peaked somewhat backwards for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ hyperons. These cross sections, together with other data, are interpreted as indicating the existence of a very strong interaction for the production of strange particles which extends over a small radius. The decay products of the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ hyperons from ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ production were preferentially aligned with the incoming beam, a result suggesting a spin of $\frac{3}{2}$ for the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$. Decay distributions for ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ particles resulting from ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ decay, and for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ mesons, were consistent with isotropy.
Alcohol Pads and Nonsterile Gloves in Preparation of Aflibercept.

Use of nonsterile gloves and an alcohol pad does not significantly impact the contamination of the rubber septum of the aflibercept vial. Other contamination points might instead be explored for endophthalmitis risk.
Genetic Testing for Neonatal Respiratory Disease

Genetic mechanisms are now recognized as rare causes of neonatal lung disease. Genes potentially responsible for neonatal lung disease include those encoding proteins important in surfactant function and metabolism, transcription factors important in lung development, proteins involved in ciliary assembly and function, and various other structural and immune regulation genes. The phenotypes of infants with genetic causes of neonatal lung disease may have some features that are difficult to distinguish clinically from more common, reversible causes of lung disease, and from each other. Multigene panels are now available that can allow for a specific diagnosis, providing important information for treatment and prognosis. This review discusses genes in which abnormalities are known to cause neonatal lung disease and their associated phenotypes, and advantages and limitations of genetic testing.
Overtly Headed XPs and Irish Syntax-Prosody Mapping

Analyses of Irish phonological phrasing (Elfner 2012 et seq.) have been influential in shaping Match Theory (Selkirk 2011), an OT approach to mapping syntactic to prosodic structure. We solve two constraint ranking paradoxes concerning the relative ranking of Match and StrongStart. Irish data indicate that while XPs with silent heads can fail to map to phonological phrases in certain circumstances, overtly headed XPs cannot. They also indicate that rebracketing due to the constraint StrongStart occurs only sentence-initially, contrary to predictions. We account for these puzzles by invoking Van Handel's (2019) Match constraint which sees only XPs with overt heads, and by positing a new version of StrongStart which only applies to material at the left edge of the intonational phrase. Our analysis is developed using the Syntax-Prosody in Optimality Theory application (SPOT) and OTWorkplace.
Geographic disparities and temporal changes of diabetes prevalence and diabetes self-management education program participation in Florida.

Background Although Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) programs are recommended to help reduce the burden of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, Florida is one of the states with the lowest DSME participation rates. Moreover, there is evidence of geographic disparities of not only DSME participation rates but the burden of diabetes as well. Understanding these disparities is critical for guiding control programs geared at improving participation rates and diabetes outcomes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (a) investigate geographic disparities of diabetes prevalence and DSME participation rates; and (b) identify predictors of the observed disparities in DSME participation rates. Methods Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for 2007 and 2010 were obtained from the Florida Department of Health. Age-adjusted diabetes prevalence and DSME participation rates were computed at the county level and their geographic distributions visualized using choropleth maps. Significant changes in diabetes prevalence and DSME participation rates between 2007 and 2010 were assessed and counties showing significant changes were mapped. Clusters of high diabetes prevalence before and after adjusting for common risk factors and DSME participation rates were identified, using Tango's flexible spatial scan statistics, and their geographic distribution displayed in maps. Determinants of the geographic distribution of DSME participation rates and predictors of the identified high rate clusters were identified using ordinary least squares and logistic regression models, respectively. Results County level age-adjusted diabetes prevalence varied from 4.7% to 17.8% while DSME participation rates varied from 26.6% to 81.2%. There were significant (p≤0.05) increases in both overall age-adjusted diabetes prevalence and DSME participation rates from 2007 to 2010 with diabetes prevalence increasing from 7.7% in 2007 to 8.6% in 2010 while DSME participation rates increased from 51.4% in 2007 to 55.1% in 2010. Generally, DSME participation rates decreased in rural areas while they increased in urban areas. High prevalence clusters of diabetes (both adjusted and unadjusted) were identified in northern and central Florida, while clusters of high DSME participation rates were identified in central Florida. Rural counties and those with high proportion of Hispanics tended to have low DSME participation rates. Conclusions The findings confirm that geographic disparities in both diabetes prevalence and DSME participation rates exist. Specific attention is required to address these disparities especially in areas that have high diabetes prevalence but low DSME participation rates. Study findings are useful for guiding resource allocation geared at reducing disparities and improving diabetes outcomes.
Advances in monitoring and evaluation in low- and middle-income countries

Data to inform and improve health care systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been facilitated by the development of monitoring and evaluation (ME the data requirements of donors; improved national economies enabling LMICs to invest more in ME and rapid advances in digital technologies. Progress has included the training and expansion of an M&E workforce, the creation of systems for data collection and use, and processes for assessing and ensuring data quality. Controversies have included the development of disease-specific systems that do not coordinate with each other, and a growing burden on health care deliverers to collect data for a proliferating number of health and process indicators. Digital technologies offer the promise of real time data and quick adaptation but also raise ethical and privacy concerns. The desire for speed can cast large-scale evaluations, considered by some to be the gold standard, in an unfavorable light as slow and expensive. Accordingly, there is a growing demand for speedy evaluations that rely on routine health information systems and privately collected "big data" from electronic health records and social media.
Early Immunosuppression and Rapid Recovery of Cardiogenic Shock in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome From Convalescent COVID-19.

A previously healthy 39-year-old man presented in cardiogenic shock with evidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome of adults 2 months after a mild case of coronavirus disease 2019. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and pulse-dose corticosteroids with rapid resolution of his symptoms and normalization of biventricular function. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
Awareness, Timing and Reasons for Choosing Marketing As a College Major

This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey on junior and senior level marketing majors at a midwestern university. The objectives were to determine how they become aware of marketing as a major/career, when they make the decision to become a marketing major and to determine some of the reasons for that choice.
Mechanical Performance of Composite Sandwich Beams with Syntactic Foam Cores

A design concept for composite wind tunnel compressor blades at NASA Ames Research Center was based on a sandwich construction composed of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) skins bonded to a syntactic foam core. The detailed design and analysis of this blade required the input of the elastic and strength properties of the sandwich constituents. Available standards that apply to regular foams and honeycomb cores were found to be partly inadequate for this purpose. An improved testing procedure and its analysis that provided the basic elastic and strength properties are reported in this paper. Tensile, compressive, and shear properties of the foam and skin are identified using beam deflection and failure mode analysis. Constituent properties derived from beam flexure tests culminate in a general strategy of comparing analytical parameters to results found experimentally. The beam failure modes are found to be either in compressive failure of the skin or in shear failure of the core. This matched the analytical predictions. The deflection of the beam in a three-point flexure test was also found to correlate well with the analytical model. The study concludes that the correlation between experimental results and the analytical predictions will enable the designer to predict the mechanical behavior and strength of a sandwich beam design. Furthermore, it allows for the experimental analysis of a sandwich beam without having to separate its constituent materials.
Effects of Female-Female Aggression in a Sexual/Unisexual Species Complex

The maintenance of sexual reproduction is still a largely unresolved question in evolutionary biology, and one of the most puzzling aspects of this is the coexistence of sexual and asexual females. This often leads to widespread niche overlap, posing an interesting challenge to competitive exclusion theory. In this study, we investigate how the aggressive behaviors between females in a sexual/unisexual mating complex of mollies (Poecilia latipinna and P. formosa) differ, and the effects these behaviors have on both the performer and receiver of aggressive acts. We exposed females to five treatments: (1) alone (control); (2) a large and small sexual female; (3) a large sexual female and a small unisexual female; (4) a small sexual female and a large unisexual female; and (5) a large and small unisexual female. We found that P. formosa females were on average more aggressive over time when compared to their sexual hosts, P. latipinna. The females of P. formosa, however, incurred a higher cost of being aggressive. Large, aggressor females of this species had a lower body fat content than their conspecific recipients. By contrast, P. latipinna females showed no differentiation between aggressors and recipients. Here, we combine life history methodology and behavioral observations to show that female competition can in fact be quantitatively measured and that these aggressive behaviors are costly to perform. The adaptive value of this interspecies aggression is not yet completely understood, but sexual competition, access to resources, and position within the shoal are all possible functions.
Can Naughty Be Nice for Investors: A Multi-Factor Examination of Vice Stocks

This article examines the return characteristics of a portfolio of US 'vice stocks', firms that manufacture and sell socially irresponsible products such as alcohol, tobacco, gaming services and national defense. First of all, I construct a portfolio using the daily returns of 41 vice stocks over the period October 2007 to October 2013 and find the Jensen’s alpha (CAPM), Fama-French Three Factor and Carhart Four-Factor results for the entire portfolio, the entire portfolio during bear and bull markets, and each vice industry individually. Full-period results show a positive, yet insignificant alpha for the entire portfolio and each vice industry. Bear market results show a positive and significant alpha for the entire portfolio as well as for all industry portfolios except the tobacco industry. Bull market results for the portfolio are less conclusive with a significant alpha only in the three and four-factor models.
Legal Systems: Private

Private legal systems are non-state institutionalized means for obtaining compliance with the norms or rules of a social order. They comprise the numerous forms of social control that are part of group or organizational life, but that are not formally part of state law. Private legal systems are important because more people are directly governed by them, than they are by state law, yet they are not accountable. Private legal systems bring about conformity to the normative expectations of their collective setting through administering either positive or negative sanctions. Their administration of justice can range from minimal to well-developed. They vary in type, and have differing levels of formality and informality. They have been analyzed from the perspective of legal pluralism, but recent research has challenged this approach as being inadequate to explain the interwoven relationship between law and private legal systems. Instead a constitutive theory of law drawing on postmodernist insights has been developed that better explains this interrelationship.
STREPTOCOCCAL L-FORMS IV. : Comparison of the Metabolic Rates of a Streptococcus and Derived L-Form.

Panos, Charles (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, and Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.). Streptococcal L-forms. IV. Comparison of the metabolic rates of a Streptococcus and derived L-form. J. Bacteriol. 84:921–928. 1962.—Glycolytic rates of hexoses, amino sugars, pentoses, two-carbon compounds, and certain intermediates of glycolysis and the adaptive response to glucose of a group A Streptococcus and its derived L-form were compared. It was found that removal of the streptococcal cell wall did not result in the loss of the homolactic characteristic of the parent coccus or in a marked increase in the metabolism of certain glycolytic intermediates by the L-form. It was shown that (i) a major difference exists between the coccus and its L-form in the metabolism of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine; (ii) apparently, a loss of selectivity and internal control occurred in the transformation to the L-form; and (iii) this form, unlike the parent coccus, displayed an adaptive response to glucose. These data were not the result of an internal loss of essential cofactors or enzymes by diffusion from within the L-form. Nor could they be accounted for by dry-weight differences due to loss of the streptococcal cell wall. Finally, it was observed that the sonically disintegrated L-form in 0.5 m NaCl was capable of a glycolytic activity of 46% of that of the total intact culture. These data suggest that the conversion of a streptococcus to the L-form is accompanied by an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism as well as the loss of the cell wall. Previously reported data are in agreement with these findings and support the conclusion that the resulting form is not merely a bacterial cell without a rigid cell wall.
The Impact of Wetlands Rules on the Prices of Regulated and Proximate Houses: A Case Study

Federal, state and local wetlands protection laws that restrict landowners’ ability to develop their properties in certain ways could decrease the value of the affected properties. However, the regulations could also give benefits to nearby neighbors who no longer need worry about increased development in their area. Given that some properties may decline in value, while others increase, the impact on individual properties must be determined empirically. This study uses a data set from Newton, Massachusetts to examine the impact of wetlands laws on the regulated properties, as well as on proximate properties. Looking at house sales data from 1988 through 2005, the hedonic technique is used to estimate the effect of wetlands regulations on single family home prices and finds that having wetlands on a property decreases its value by 4% relative to non-regulated properties. Homes that are contiguous to regulated houses do not experience any change in price. Thus it seems unlikely that neighbors are receiving any benefit from knowing that further development is restricted in their immediate vicinity.
Quantitation of lymphocyte proliferative response to allogeneic cells and phytohemagglutinin by flow cytofluorometry. II. Comparison with [14C]thymidine incorporation.

Abstract Lymphocyte blast transformation in response to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or by allogeneic cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture has been quantitated using acridine orange (AO) staining and flow cytofluorometry. The method involves staining of fixed cells with AO in such a manner that RNA stains metachromatically red and DNA stains green. “Pyroninophillic” blast cells with increased cytoplasmic RNA are identified by their high AO red fluorescence per cell and can be counted by flow cytofluorometry in stimulated and unstimulated cultures. A comparison was made of the proliferative response of stimulated normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as determined by AO cytofluorometry and by incorporation of [14C]thymidine into parallel microcultures. The two methods show a similar proliferative response to varying concentrations of PHA and to increasing strength of mixed lymphocyte interaction. AO cytofluorometry can separately and simultaneously measure the increase in number of stimulated cells (proliferative response) and per-cell RNA synthesis (nonproliferative response) in response to immunologic stimulation.
Entropic trapping of macromolecules by mesoscopic periodic voids in a polymer hydrogel

The separation of macromolecules such as polymers and DNA by means of electrophoresis, gel permeation chromatography or filtration exploits size-dependent differences in the time it takes for the molecules to migrate through a random porous network. Transport through the gel matrices, which usually consist of full swollen crosslinked polymers1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, depends on the relative size of the macromolecule compared with the pore radius. Sufficiently small molecules are thought to adopt an approximately spherical conformation when diffusing through the gel matrix1, whereas larger ones are forced to migrate in a snake-like fashion3,4,5. Molecules of intermediate size, however, can get temporarily trapped in the largest pores of the matrix, where the molecule can extend and thus maximize its conformational entropy. This ‘entropic trapping’ is thought to increase the dependence of diffusion rate on molecular size6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Here we report the direct experimental verification of this phenomenon. Bragg diffraction from a hydrogel containing a periodic array of monodisperse water voids confirms that polymers of different weights partition between the hydrogel matrix and the water voids according to the predictions of the entropic trapping theory. Our approach might also lead to the design of improved separation media based on entropic trapping.
Spectroscopy without Lasers

A discussion is given of the relative merits of grating spectroscopy, interferometry, and laser spectroscopy. The contributions of classical spectroscopy, particularly to our knowledge of the spectra of free radicals and molecular ions, are briefly summarized. Finally some philosophical remarks are made concerning the accuracy with which molecular constants can be determined for polyatomic molecules in excited electronic states.
Inhibition of nonlysosomal calcium-dependent proteolysis by glycine during anoxic injury of rat hepatocytes

Background/Aims: The mechanism by which glycine protects against hepatocyte death during anoxia remains unclear. Nonlysosomal proteolysis, including calpain proteolysis, has been implicated as a mechanism of lethal cell injury. However, the effect of glycine on nonlysosomal proteolysis is unknown. The aim of this study was to ascertain if glycine cytoprotection is associated with inhibition of nonlysosomal proteolysis. Methods: Rat hepatocyte suspensions were rendered anoxic using an anaerobic chamber. Cell viability was measured by propidium iodide fluorometry. Nonlysosomal protease activity was quantitated by the release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble free amines or tyrosine. Calpain protease activity was measured using a fluorogenic substrate. Results: Glycine and alanine (but not valine) markedly improved cell viability during anoxia in a concentration-dependent manner. During anoxia, the majority of nonlysosomal proteolysis (60%) was dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ . Glycine only inhibited that portion of nonlysosomal proteolysis that was dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ . Amino acids inhibited the anoxia-stimulated increase in calpain protease activity with the same specificity and concentration-dependence observed for cytoprotection. Glycine was more potent in directly inhibiting purified m-calpain as compared with μ-calpain protease activity. Conclusions: Glycine may exert its cytoprotective activity during lethal anoxic hepatocyte injury, in part by inhibiting Ca 2+ -dependent degradative, nonlysosomal proteases, including calpains.
Identification and transcriptional analysis of the Escherichia coli htrE operon which is homologous to pap and related pilin operons.

We have characterized a new Escherichia coli operon consisting of two genes, ecpD and htrE. The ecpD gene encodes a 27-kDa protein which is 40% identical at the amino acid level to the pilin chaperone PapD family of proteins. Immediately downstream of the ecpD gene is the htrE gene. The htrE gene encodes a polypeptide of 95 kDa which is processed to a 92-kDa mature species. The HtrE protein is 38% identical to the type II pilin porin protein PapC. The ecpD htrE operon is located at 3.3 min on the genetic map, corresponding to the region from kbp 153 to 157 of the E. coli physical map. The htrE gene was identified on the basis of a Tn5 insertion mutation which resulted in a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype above 43.5 degrees C. The transcription of this operon is induced with a temperature shift from 22 to 37 or 42 degrees C but not to higher temperatures, e.g., 50 degrees C. Consistent with this result, the temperature-induced transcription was shown to be independent of the rpoH gene product (sigma 32). The transcription of this operon was further shown to require functional integration host factor protein, since himA or himD mutant bacteria possessed lower levels of ecpD htrE transcripts. Among the three transcriptional start sites discovered, one, defined by the P2 promoter, was found to be under the positive regulation of the katF (rpoS) gene, which encodes a putative sigma factor required for the transcription of many growth phase-regulated genes.
The Practice Guidelines: an impressive overview of the state of our art.

like most busy practitioners who accept an optional project, I had second thoughts after accepting Bob Klein’s invitation to write a commentary on Bernard et al.’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for Group Psychotherapy. Having read through the Practice Guidelines several times, however, I am pleased that I took on this project and feel enriched and inspired by it. Written by several of this country’s leading group practitioners, the Practice Guidelines are lengthy, thorough, thoughtful, and amply referenced. They address basic topics in psychodynamic group psychotherapy and combine clinical wisdom and research data. The guidelines target as its readership the practitioners of dynamic, interactional, and relationally-based group therapy. They are broader than treatment standards or treatment guidelines and aspirational rather than prescriptive and mandatory. As someone with extensive clinical experience—and hopefully wisdom—I have been invited to discuss the inherent issues raised by the Practice Guidelines from a clinical perspective. Before doing that, I feel that the reader is entitled to know something about the basic principles that inform my clinical work. These principles include but are not limited to the following ideas:
Arenas of language use

When we think of the ways we use language, we think of face-to-face conversations, telephone conversations, reading and writing, and even talking to oneself. These are arenas of language use--theaters of action in which people do things with language. But what exactly "are" they doing with language? What are their goals and intentions? By what processes do they achieve these goals? In these twelve essays, Herbert H. Clark and his colleagues discuss the collective nature of language--the ways in which people coordinate with each other to determine the meaning of what they say. According to Clark, in order for one person to understand another, there must be a "common ground" of knowledge between them. He shows how people infer this "common ground" from their past conversations, their immediate surroundings, and their shared cultural background. Clark also discusses the means by which speakers design their utterances for particular audiences and coordinate their use of language with other participants in a language arena. He argues that language use in conversation is a collaborative process, where speaker and listener work together to establish that the listener understands the speaker's meaning. Since people often use words to mean something quite different from the dictionary definitions of those word, Clark offers a realistic perspective on how speakers and listeners coordinate on the meanings of words. This collection presents outstanding examples of Clark's pioneering work on the pragmatics of language use and it will interest psychologists, linguists, computer scientists, and philosophers. Herbert H. Clark is professor in the Department of Psychology at Stanford University andcoauthor, with E. V. Clark, of "Psychology of Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics."
Preparing Students to Fit Within the Hospitality Industry Culture: Does the Educational Background Make a Difference?

Hospitality programs want to prepare their graduates to fit within the organizational culture of the industry. The mean scores of college seniors from hospitality programs were compared to seniors pursuing a degree in either business or liberal arts on the Hospitality Culture Scale. The hospitality students differed significantly from others with regard to Customer Relationships and Motivation. Hospitality students differed from business students when it came to Job Satisfaction and from liberal arts on the Risk Taker measure. The hospitality and business students varied from liberal arts students on the factors, Principles, Propitiousness, Leadership, and Accuracy, but not from each other.
Tertiary paleomagnetism of the North Cascade Range, Washington

We have obtained paleomagnetic data for the southern tip of the middle Tertiary Chilliwack Composite Batholith, located on the Canada-United States border about 125 km E of Vancouver, B.C. Thirty-four separately oriented samples were collected along a road traverse 1.5 km long located along State Highway 22, about 20 km NE of Marblemount, Washington. The mean direction after magnetic cleaning is: D, 182.8°; I, −65.0°; α95, 1.5°. This corresponds to a paleomagnetic pole at 87.5°N, 267.5°E, close to other poles for Tertiary plutons from the North Cascades and only slightly displaced from Tertiary reference poles from the craton. We conclude that the North Cascades block has not been rotated or suffered major internal disruption since perhaps late Eocene time, in marked contrast to all the terranes that surround it.
Comparison of advertising strategies between the indoor tanning and tobacco industries

The indoor tanning industry is large and continues to grow, with 2007 domestic sales in excess of $5 billion. Advertising is central to shaping the consumer's perception of indoor tanning as well as driving industry demand. This article aims to identify key drivers of consumer appeal by comparing tanning advertising strategies to those used by tobacco marketers. Tobacco advertising was selected as a reference framework because it is both well documented and designed to promote a product with known health hazards. Two thousand advertisements from 4 large tobacco advertisement databases were analyzed for type of advertisement strategy used, and 4 advertising method categories were devised to incorporate the maximum number of advertisements reviewed. Subsequently, contemporary tanning advertisements were collected from industry magazines and salon websites and evaluated relative to the identified strategy profiles. Both industries have relied on similar advertising strategies, including mitigating health concerns, appealing to a sense of social acceptance, emphasizing psychotropic effects, and targeting specific population segments. This examination is a small observational study, which was conducted without rigorous statistical analysis, and which is limited both by the number of advertisements and by advertising strategies examined. Given the strong parallels between tobacco and tanning advertising methodologies, further consumer education and investigation into the public health risks of indoor tanning is needed.
Amnesic effects of lithium chloride in chicks.

Abstract Newly-hatched chicks were given intracranial injections of lithium chloride either before or after being trained in a one-trial passive avoidance task. Twenty minutes after training, memory of the aversive experince was found to be unaffected regardless of the time injections had been given. Retrieval measured 24 hr later, however, was severely impaired in chicks that had been injected 4 min before training, less so in those injected 2 min before, and unaffected in chicks treated 10 sec after training. Thus, while LiCl does not interfere with mnemonic processes necessary for short-term retrieval, it does seem to act with a delayed effectiveness to disrupt an early stage in the development of long-term memory. Previous studies indicate that immediately upon training a metastable memory trace becomes activated which seems to function as behaviorally-retrievable memory for the next hour or so, and which, within the first 45 sec, induces the growth of a behaviorally latent precursor to long-term memory. The present effects of LiCl can be interpreted in these terms as having selectively disrupted formation of the latter precursor component.
Milling-Induced Disorder of Pharmaceuticals: One-Phase or Two-Phase System?

ABSTRACT: During milling, components are subjected to shear and tensile stresses, which can result in physical phase transformations. The purpose of the work described in this report is to understand the pathway by which two test compounds, d -salicin and γ-indomethacin, undergo a crystalline to amorphous transformation during cryomilling. The results show that the transformation cannot be described by a standard one-phase or two-phase disordering mechanism. In the one-phase model, a continuous set of states exist, linking perfect crystalline with completely amorphous material, whereas the two-phase model of disorder depicts the material as a binary mixture of crystalline and amorphous fractions. Instead, a model is proposed where two one-phase regions, defected crystalline and amorphous regions, are separated by a distinct transition.
The Neglected Role of Resource Manager in Residency Training

Objective The goal of this study was to investigate residency training in the four roles of systems-based practice: patient care advocate, team member, information integrator, and resource manager.
Growth of an Indigenous Algal Consortium on Anaerobically Digested Municipal Sludge Centrate: Photobioreactor Performance and Modeling

Centrate from dewatering anaerobically digested municipal sludge is a particular concern in wastewater treatment, as it contains high ammonia concentrations and is often recycled to the head of the plant, reducing efficiency. Algae have the potential to remove ammonia from this wastewater, while producing biomass that can be used as an energy feedstock. In this research, an indigenous algal consortium was cultivated on municipal sludge centrate in a semi-continuous photobioreactor under natural light conditions. The goals of this research were to (1) enrich an algal consortium capable of growth on sludge centrate; (2) determine the main species of the consortium;(3) measure biomass, lipid production, and nutrient removal rates; and (4) develop a simple model to describe the system. The results suggested that Chlorella sp. was the dominant species (95 %) in the consortium. Mean biomass productivity was 5.2 g m−2 day−1, which was relatively high compared with other studies carried out with high ammonia strength wastewaters. Lipid production was low, comprising only 10 % of total biomass. The algal consortium effectively removed nutrients from the centrate, with observed mean removal efficiencies for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand of 65, 72, and 8 %, respectively. A simple irradiance-based model was developed from the fundamental Michaelis-Menten photosynthesis-irradiance (PI) response for photosynthetic organisms. A good fit to the experimental data was obtained with the irradiance-based model (R 2 = 0.96), indicating that the system was light limited. The results show that biomass production can be predicted based on irradiance only.
Discriminations of interaural phase differences

Listeners were asked to discriminate between two pulsed sinusoids, one presented with an interaural phase delay θ and the other presented with a longer delay θ + Δθ. Frequency of the sinusoids ranged from 250 to 4000 Hz. The difference threshold for Δθ was defined as the dependent variable. This threshold increased as θ increased from zero degrees to half the period of the sinusoid, then decreased as θ was further increased to a full period of the sinusoid. As θ was increased to half the period of the sinusoid, the lateral image appeared to shift away from midline toward the ear leading in time; but as θ was increased beyond half a period of the sinusoid, the lateral image appeared to shift toward the midline from the ear lagging in time. These results were obtained at 250, 500, and 900 Hz. At 2000 Hz, the value of Δθ remained a constant as θ was varied, while at 4000 Hz the lateral image was not moved by any interaural delay. The results imply that (1) for frequencies less than 2000 Hz, lateral discriminations based on interaural phase differences are more acute toward midline than at either side, and (2) for frequencies greater than 2000 Hz, changes in interaural phase are unable to shift the lateral image.
Thinking comparatively about religion and war

In contrast to the period when the Journal of Religious Ethics began publishing, the study of religion in relation to war and connected issues has prospered in recent years. This article examines three collections of essays providing comparative perspectives on these topics, two recently authored studies of Buddhism and Islam in relation to war, and a compendious collection of texts on Western moral tradition concerning war, peace, and related issues from classical Greece and Rome to the present.
Exploring Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent genes' role in viral lymphomagenesis using transgenic mice

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus and associated with Kaposi sarcoma as well as two B cell lymphoproliferative disorders: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease. We reported that the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) transgenic mice developed splenic follicular hyperplasia and showed increased germinal center formation. Here we report that the KSHV LANA-induced B cell activation is CD19 dependent and LANA restores the marginal zone defect in CD19-/- mice. To test KSHV latent genes' role in viral lymphomagenesis, we generated mice expressing all KSHV latency-associated genes. All of the transgenic mice induced mature B cell activation. Further characterization of the mice expressing all KSHV latency-associated genes is currently underway.
Selective Exposure Under Conditions of Low Information Utility

This study investigated the degree to which utility of information moderates attitude-congruent selective exposure. A 2 × 2 experimental design using attitude consonance (high–low) and information utility (high–low) was conducted. The results indicated that while the high-utility condition was preferred regardless of consonance, low-utility consonant information was preferred over low-utility dissonant information.
Pointwise Identification of Elastic Properties in Nonlinear Hyperelastic Membranes―Part I: Theoretical and Computational Developments

We present an innovative method for characterizing the distributive elastic properties in nonlinear membranes. The method hinges on an inverse elastostatic approach of stress analysis that can compute the wall stress in a deformed convex membrane structure using assumed elastic models without knowing the realistic material parameters. This approach of stress analysis enables us to obtain the wall stress data independently of the material in question. The stress and strain data collected during a finite inflation motion are used to delineate the elastic property distribution in selected regions. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical and computational underpinnings of the method and demonstrate its feasibility using numerical simulations involving a saclike structure of known material property.
MO-D-224A-03: Dependence of Planar IMRT QA On MLC Positional Inaccuracies

Purpose: This work aims to investigate the sensitivity of IMRT QA done by means of planar dosimetry to MLC positional inaccuracies. Also we propose an accurate method for measurement of MLC positioning errors using the 2D diode array. Methods: A method to measure the MLC position errors by using 2D‐arrary of 455 diodes (MapCheck, Sun Nuclear) is developed. Our method utilizes the fact that each diode's signal will be most sensitive to the MLC position error when its center coincides with the edge of a MLC leaf where a small deviation from the accurate position produces sharp increase or decrease in the diode output. We designed various multi‐segmented test patterns based on this principle that can evaluate the MLC deviations with sub‐mm accuracy at multiple MLC banks simultaneously. By using this information as a deviation histogram, we created deliberately erroneous IMRT fields with varying standard deviations of MLC leaf position error. MapCHECK planar dose analysis is performed and the sensitivity of the IMRT QA procedure to MLC position inaccuracy using MapCHECK device is evaluated. Results: Our results indicate that for SIEMENS Primus and MD machines, the MLC positional errors show a standard deviation of about +/− 0.7mm. Right after the MLCcalibration, this deviation might reduce to 0.55mm. It has been found that a single leaf position can vary by as much as 1mm between two consecutive measurements. Fields with less number of segments that are generated by Direct Aperture Optimization are found to be less sensitive to these errors by measurements with deliberately modified fields with random MLC inaccuracies. Conclusion: A method to accurately quantify MLC position is proposed and used to obtain a distribution of leaf position errors for many leaves at multiple banks. The sensitivity of planar dosimeter to the MLC positioning errors is investigated.
On Systems and International Regimes

As the consequences of science and technology impinge more and more on international relations, states attempt to deal with the promise and dangers implicit in these consequences by the creation of international regimes. The nature and scope of such regimes are justified, in part, by the scientific and technological givens with which they are to deal. Increasingly, however, the process of justification is dominated by constructs and arguments taken from systems theory, thus mixing the epistemological styles of the natural and the social sciences. It is often not clear whether justification in terms of systems theory is rhetoric or based on demonstrated isomorphisms. The article seeks to answer this question by presenting a four-fold typology of systems theories together with their assumptions and relevance to the creation of international regimes. The article then examines three specific proposals for international action on science and technology, prepared under OECD auspices, in order to demonstrate the extent to which they rely on systems theory and to determine how persuasive the systemic justification is. The conclusion: there is an inverse relationship between the elaborateness of the systemic justification and the acceptability of the regime on logical, empirical, and moral grounds.
Hydrogen concentration gradients in cathodically charged austenitic stainless steel

An x-ray diffraction technique has been developed to make in-situ measurements of hydrogen concentration profiles from which diffusivity and solubility values are calculated. Hydrogen is supplied to the metal surface by cathodically polarizing it in a bath of 1N H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ electrolyte. The incident x-ray beam penetrates a thin layer of electrolyte solution at the surface of the sample, thus, x-ray diffraction profile changes can be recorded as a function of charging time and temperature. The applied potential prevents outgassing of the specimen during the measurement. The x-ray diffraction profiles are deconvoluted to remove the ..cap alpha../sub 1//..cap alpha../sub 2/ doublet and noncompositional broadening effects. Composition-depth profiles are then obtained from an intensity band transformation of the deconvoluted data. A diffusion coefficient is determined by fitting a solution to Fick's second law to the concentration-depth profile. The technique described here was used to measure hydrogen diffusivity in stainless steel in the temperature range 20/sup 0/--80 /sup 0/C.
Silencing mutant ATXN3 expression resolves molecular phenotypes in SCA3 transgenic mice.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the deubiquitinating enzyme, Ataxin-3. Currently, there are no effective treatments for this fatal disorder but studies support the hypothesis that reducing mutant Ataxin-3 protein levels might reverse or halt the progression of disease in SCA3. Here, we sought to modulate ATXN3 expression in vivo using RNA interference. We developed artificial microRNA mimics targeting the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) of human ATXN3 and then used recombinant adeno-associated virus to deliver them to the cerebellum of transgenic mice expressing the full human disease gene (SCA3/MJD84.2 mice). Anti-ATXN3 microRNA mimics effectively suppressed human ATXN3 expression in SCA3/MJD84.2 mice. Short-term treatment cleared the abnormal nuclear accumulation of mutant Ataxin-3 throughout the transduced SCA3/MJD84.2 cerebellum. Analysis also revealed changes in the steady-state levels of specific microRNAs in the cerebellum of SCA3/MJD84.2 mice, a previously uncharacterized molecular phenotype of SCA3 that appears to be dependent on mutant Ataxin-3 expression. Our findings support the preclinical development of molecular therapies aimed at halting the expression of ATXN3 as a viable approach to SCA3 and point to microRNA deregulation as a potential surrogate marker of SCA3 pathogenesis.