cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional Stress and Heart Disease: Clinical Recognition and Assessment

The authors review recognition of the stressed individual, the stressors and, to the extent possible, the individual with cardiovascular responses to stress which raise the risks of acute CHD endpoints.
The Yakutat terrane: Dramatic change in crustal thickness across the Transition fault, Alaska

We present new constraints on the crustal structure of the Yakutat terrane and evidence of the role of the Transition fault in southern Alaska. The Yakutat terrane south of Yakutat Bay includes crystalline crust that is 24–27 km thick overlain by sedimentary units that are 4.5–7.5 km thick. The Yakutat terrane crustal thickness and velocity structure are consistent with an oceanic plateau origin. The southern edge of the Yakutat terrane is bounded by the Transition fault, which is imaged as a near-vertical fault zone ∼1 km wide. The Transition fault is coincident with a dramatic change in Moho depth from 32 km for Yakutat oceanic plateau crust to 11.5 km for Pacific Ocean crust occurring over a horizontal distance of 0–5 km. There is no evidence for underthrusting of the Pacific Ocean crust beneath the Yakutat terrane at the Transition fault. We argue that the Yakutat terrane formed on the Kula or Farallon plate and was later juxtaposed next to younger Pacific Ocean crust by the Transition fault.
Response to the Case Study of To Transplant or Not to Transplant

Mr. S is a 38-year-old patient who is being seen by Dr. H for a lipid disorder related to renal failure. He is being considered for a renal transplant in the near future, and Dr. H has been asked to make an evaluation and a recommendation to the transplant program regarding the patient’s suitability for transplantation. In taking the history, when Dr. H happened to comment on the fact that Mr. S looked like a Harley rider, the patient told Dr. H that he was and that, in fact, he had ridden his cycle to the appointment. When asked where his helmet was, he told Dr. H that he didn’t use one saying, “When it’s my time, it’s my time.” Dr. H feels that since personal risk behaviors such as drug use and tobacco use disqualify one as a transplant candidate, then this type of risk-taking behavior certainly should. Indeed, Dr. H thinks that the patient should not be given a kidney transplant since he has such blatant disregard for his personal health and safety. Dr. H feels that it would simply not be a wise or prudent use of limited resources.
A novel class of naturally occurring halogenated pyrroles, 1,1′-dimethyl-3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromo-2,2′-bipyrrole, 5,5′-dichloro-1,1′-dimethyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetrabromo-2,2′-bipyrrole, and 1,1′-dimethyl-3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachloro-2,2′-bipyrrole

Crystal structure determinations of the three title hexahalogenated bipyrroles, (I) C10H6Br6N2, (II) C10H6Br4Cl2N2, and (III) C10H6Cl6N2, reveal essentially planar pyrrole rings having dihedral angles of 64.7, 65.1, and 64.2° between the least-squares planes, favoring in each case a closer methyl–halogen conformation. All three complexes crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with the following cell dimensions: (I) a = 12.654(3) A, b = 8.853(2) A, c = 13.753(3) A, α = β = γ = 90°, Z = 4; (II) a = 12.438(6) A, b = 8.753(6) A, c = 13.696(3) A, α = β = γ = 90°, Z = 4; (III) a = 12.088(6) A, b = 8.566(4) A, c = 13.486(8) A, α = β = γ = 90°, Z = 4.
Synthesis of Cycloalkyl Substituted 7-Azaindoles via Photoredox Nickel Dual Catalytic Cross-Coupling in Batch and Continuous Flow.

An efficient photoredox/Ni dual catalytic Csp2–Csp3 cross-coupling protocol in a continuous-flow regime to synthesize a variety of regioisomeric cycloalkyl substituted 7-azaindoles has been developed. These transformations proceed efficiently under mild conditions (blue LED light irradiation at 30 °C over 40 min residence time in mixed solvent systems). Reactions are easy to perform and afford most of the desired 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-cycloalkyl substituted 7-azaindoles in moderate-to-good yield.
A Review of Visual and Oculomotor Outcomes in Children With Posterior Fossa Tumors.

Tumors of the posterior fossa represent the most common solid malignancy of childhood and can affect the visual system in several ways. This article outlines the relevant visual anatomy affected by these tumors and reviews the visual and oculomotor outcomes associated with the following 3 most common tumor types—medulloblastoma, juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, and ependymoma. The available data suggest that the rate of permanent vision loss is low (5.9%-8.3%), with patients having juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma demonstrating the best outcomes. The rate of long-term strabismus (25%-29.1%) and nystagmus (12.5%-18%) is higher and associated with significant morbidity.
Noise variance estimation for 5G wireless networks under pilot contamination

Large-scale multi-cell multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) is expected to be one of the enabling technologies for fifth generation (5G) time division duplexing (TDD) systems. One of the major challenges faced by this technology is the pilot contamination issue where interference from users in the neighboring cells may significantly impact the performance of the channel estimation process. There are different strategies proposed in the literature to overcome the pilot contamination issue. However, most of these works assume perfect knowledge of the noise variance in the channel estimation process which is not the case in realistic systems. In this paper, we study the pilot contamination issue in multi-cell MU-MIMO cellular networks and propose two noise variance estimators; 1) maximum likelihood, and 2) method of moments estimators which can be used for the channel estimation under the pilot contamination. We evaluate the performance of these noise estimators, and the impact of the noise estimation on the channel estimation performance. Further, the existing literature shows that the effects of the pilot contamination on the channel estimation is vanished when the angle-of-arrival of the desired and interfering users do not overlap. Using a pilot assignment strategy from the existing literature, we evaluate channel estimation performance at mmWave frequencies for large antenna array regime considering recently developed 5G channel models. Our simulation results show that under pilot contamination, better channel estimation can be achieved at mmWave bands compared to low frequency scenarios.
Using culture and psychology to counter the Taliban’s violent narratives

Scholars, politicians, and policy-makers have increasingly pointed to the role of narratives in recruiting militants and justifying violence, highlighting the need for counter-narratives that promote peace. However, few have offered concrete guidelines on how to construct counter-narratives. This exploratory study uses prototype theory from social psychology to analyse Taliban narratives written in Arabic on the historical figure Maḥmūd of Ghaznī (971-1030), who is portrayed as a figure worthy of emulation. Key themes emerge from the Taliban's narratives: potential ingroup members are defined as Sunni Muslims who are committed to jihad; deviant Muslims must become Sunnis; non-Muslims must be converted and humiliated; and Taliban leaders should emulate Maḥmūd of Ghaznī's attributes. Contrasting the Taliban's narratives of Maḥmūd of Ghaznī with the historical record reveals themes that are culled empirically around which counter-narratives could be constructed.
Molecular architectures of Pen and Pal: Key enzymes required for CMP‐pseudaminic acid biosynthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil-dwelling Gram positive bacterium that has been utilized as a biopesticide for well over 60 years. It is known to contain flagella that are important for motility. One of the proteins found in flagella is flagellin, which is post-translationally modified by O-glycosylation with derivatives of pseudaminic acid. The biosynthetic pathway for the production of CMP-pseudaminic acid in B. thuringiensis, starting with UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), requires seven enzymes. Here, we report the three-dimensional structures of Pen and Pal, which catalyze the first and second steps, respectively. Pen contains a tightly bound NADP(H) cofactor whereas Pal is isolated with bound NAD(H). For the X-ray analysis of Pen, the site-directed D128N/K129A mutant variant was prepared in order to trap its substrate, UDP-GlcNAc, into the active site. Pen adopts a hexameric quaternary structure with each subunit showing the bilobal architecture observed for members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The hexameric quaternary structure is atypical for most members of the superfamily. The structure of Pal was determined in the presence of UDP. Pal adopts the more typical dimeric quaternary structure. Taken together, Pen and Pal catalyze the conversion of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-l-N-acetylaltrosamine. Strikingly, in Gram negative bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori, only a single enzyme (FlaA1) is required for the production of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-l-N-acetylaltrosamine. A comparison of Pen and Pal with FlaA1 reveals differences that may explain why FlaA1 is a bifunctional enzyme whereas Pen and Pal catalyze the individual steps leading to the formation of the UDP-sugar product. This investigation represents the first structural analysis of the enzymes in B. thuringiensis that are required for CMP-pseudaminic acid formation.
Disordered kagomé spin ice

Artificial spin ice is made from a large array of patterned magnetic nanoislands designed to mimic naturally occurring spin ice materials. The geometrical arrangement of the kagome lattice guarantees a frustrated arrangement of the islands’ magnetic moments at each vertex where the three magnetic nanoislands meet. This frustration leads to a highly degenerate ground state which gives rise to a finite (residual) entropy at zero temperature. In this work we use the Monte Carlo simulation to explore the effects of disorder in kagome spin ice. Disorder is introduced to the system by randomly removing a known percentage of magnetic islands from the lattice. The behavior of the spin ice changes as the disorder increases; evident by changes to the shape and locations of the peaks in heat capacity and the residual entropy. The results are consistent with observations made in diluted physical spin ice materials.
Next generation distributed and networked autonomous vehicles: Review

Designing next generation autonomous system requires careful architecture planning, data handling, multi-layered distributed computing platform, and ethical consideration for better decision making. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of existing literature and futuristic road map in the design of autonomous systems.
Skin-Sparing Total Mastectomy

DCIS not amenable to breast conservation or patient requesting mastectomy, to be followed with reconstruction. Breast cancer treatment in select patients, to be followed with reconstruction. Prophylaxis of carcinoma in select high-risk patients, to be followed with reconstruction.
Teaching soc using video games to improve student engagement

This paper introduces a project-based course for the emerging field of system-on-chip (SoC). SoC is allowing for a new perspective on embedded system education. Previous undergraduate embedded system courses have always based around the use of low-end 8-bit/16-bit microcontrollers (e.g. PIC, Freescale, AVR). The low-end microcontrollers are good at teaching input/output interface but do not fully explore the connection of designing the hardware and software interface. SoC allows for a student to design an embedded system that bridges the two areas of computer science and engineering. This paper will describe how a new course in SoC uses an engaging assignment of creating a video game system. A student will appreciate the hardware and software side of todays embedded computer systems after completing this course since the course will require the design of hardware and the design of a software system. The paper will show the layout of the current SoC course and offer suggestions on how the course can be modified to meet the academic rigor for different programs in computer engineering.
Herniorrhaphy in Cirrhosis: Operative Approach and Timing

Hernia management is a common component of surgical practice; however, the treatment of this problem is complex in the setting of cirrhosis and requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of end-stage liver disease to maximize outcomes in those patients that would benefit from operative repair. Multiple aspects of the pathophysiology of cirrhosis can alter outcomes in these patients. Increased intra-abdominal pressure from ascites exacerbates weakening of abdominal fascia, resulting in umbilical hernias or worsening of incisional defects. Malnutrition in these patients can lead to muscle wasting which further undermines abdominal wall architecture (Eher et al. Surgery 150:542–546, 2011). Perioperative management may be complicated by variceal bleeding, exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy, elevated risk of infectious complications given these patients’ relative immunocompromised state, and fulminant hepatic failure.
Cache Bypassing and Checkpointing to Circumvent Data Security Attacks on STTRAM

Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STTRAM) is promising for cache applications. However, it brings new data security issues that were absent in volatile memory counterparts such as Static RAM (SRAM). This is primarily due to the fundamental dependency of this memory technology on ambient parameters such as magnetic field and temperature that can be exploited to tamper with the stored data. The magnetic attack could be gradually ramping and/or sudden in nature. In this paper, we propose three techniques to avoid errors in presence of magnetic attack, (a) stalling where the system is halted during attack; (b) cache bypass during gradually ramping attack where the last level cache (LLC) is bypassed and the upper level caches interact directly with the main memory; and, (c) checkpointing along with bypass during sudden attack where the processor states are saved periodically and the LLC is written back at regular intervals. During attack, the system goes back to the last checkpoint and the computation continues with bypassed cache. We performed simulation for different duration and frequency of attack on SPLASH and PARSEC benchmark suites. The results show an average of 13 percent IPC degradation and 6.5 percent energy overhead for a one-time attack lasting for 100 percent of the execution time for cache bypass. For checkpointing to mitigate sudden attack, results show 10 percent IPC degradation and 4.5 percent energy overhead for attack lasting for 50 percent of the execution time.
“My Kids Come First—Education Second”: Exploring the Success of Women Undergraduate Adult Learners

This phenomenological study explored the success of women undergraduate adult learners at a predominantly traditional-aged, mid-size, public master’s comprehensive institution in the Midwest. Five ...
Soil microbiomes and climate change

The soil microbiome governs biogeochemical cycling of macronutrients, micronutrients and other elements vital for the growth of plants and animal life. Understanding and predicting the impact of climate change on soil microbiomes and the ecosystem services they provide present a grand challenge and major opportunity as we direct our research efforts towards one of the most pressing problems facing our planet. In this Review, we explore the current state of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on soil microorganisms in different climate-sensitive soil ecosystems, as well as potential ways that soil microorganisms can be harnessed to help mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. In this Review, Jansson and Hofmockel explore the impacts of climate change on soil microorganisms in different climate-sensitive soil ecosystems and the potential ways that soil microorganisms can be harnessed to help mitigate the negative consequences of climate change.
Meeting the Conflicting Goals of Low-Power and Resiliency Using Emerging Memories : (Invited Paper)

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies are being aggressively explored to replace and/or assist conventional CMOS technology. Although NVMs can cut down leakage power, achieve low footprint and allow compute capability along with storage, they suffer from new sources of variability. We review the noise sources associated with NVMs and describe resilience enhancement techniques for both memory and computing. We also present security applications where noise and variability is desirable.
Post-treatment analysis of irreversible electroporation waveforms delivered to human pancreatic cancer patients

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a focal ablation therapy that uses high voltage, short electrical pulses to destroy tumor tissue. The success of treatment directly depends on exposure of the entire tumor to a lethal electric field magnitude. However, this exposure is difficult to predict ahead of time and it is challenging for clinicians to determine optimal treatment parameters. One method clinicians rely upon for the cessation of pulse delivery is to monitor the resistance value of the tissue, as the cells within the tissue will undergo changes during electroporation. This work presents a computational model which incorporates human pancreatic tumor conductivity, and compares predicted and measured output currents from IRE treatments of human patients. The measured currents vary widely from patient to patient, suggesting there may areas of high local conductivity in the treatment area.
Indirectness and Intentions in Metasemantics

This paper argues in favor of an indirect metasemantics for the standard for gradable adjectives. Specifically, it argues that multiple factors work to fix this parameter’s value, and it is a further matter of context just how those multiple factors combine in any given case. The paper then asks how much an indirect metasemantics must depart from an intention-based metasemantics. The indirect metasemantics presented gives speakers’ intentions a limited role, but more fully intention-based but indirect metasemantics are possible. The paper goes on to argue in favor of a less intentional metasemantics, via observation of the role of non-intentional aspects of cognition in fixing standards for gradable adjectives. The paper ends by considering implications of such a view for the nature of communication.
Acceptability and Short-Term Outcomes of a Brief, Bystander Intervention Program to Decrease Bullying in an Ethnically Blended School in Low-Income Community.

Bullying is a significant problem in the USA, with 1 in 5 middle school students reporting being a target of bullying. Although prevalence rates of bullying are higher among students in low-income communities and among minority students in ethnically blended schools, the majority of research on bullying prevention has been conducted with primarily White samples. Further, many available anti-bullying programs require significant resources for implementation, leading to barriers for schools in low-income communities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a brief, bystander preventive intervention (STAC) adapted to be culturally appropriate for students in ethnically blended schools in low-income communities. The STAC acronym stands for the four strategies students are taught to use to intervene in bullying behavior: “stealing the show,” “turning it over,” “accompanying others,” and “coaching compassion.” Participants were sixth grade students (N = 147) at an ethnically blended school in a low-income community. The social validity of the program was assessed through measures of program acceptability, student learning, and use of intervention strategies in bullying situations. Program outcomes included bullying behavior, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety. Results indicated that students trained in the adapted STAC program found the program to be acceptable, reported a significant increase in knowledge and confidence, and reported using the program strategies post-training. Students also reported a significant decrease in bullying behavior, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety. Findings suggest that the adapted STAC program is a promising approach for bullying prevention for ethnically blended middle schools in low-income communities.
Harnessing mobile health technology to support long-term chronic illness management: exploring family caregiver support needs in the outpatient setting.

Objective Family caregiving is an important public health issue, particularly with the aging population. In recent years, mobile health (mHealth) technology has emerged as a potential low-cost, scalable platform to address caregiver support needs, and thereby alleviate the burden on caregivers. This study sought to examine the support needs of family caregivers in their lived experiences of outpatient care to inform the development of a future mHealth intervention. Materails and methods We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews in 2 outpatient hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) clinics at a large academic medical center in the Midwestern United States. A thematic analysis was performed to define emerging themes. Results Qualitative data analysis identified 5 primary themes that HCT caregivers faced: (I) lifestyle restrictions due to the patient's immunocompromised state; (II) Unmet needs due to limitations in the current resources, including unfamiliar medical tasks without necessary trainings; and (III) caregivers' adaptive strategies, including reformation of social relationships with family and friends. Based on these findings, we suggest 3 design considerations to guide the development of a future mHealth intervention. Conclusions The findings herein captured the family caregiver's lived experiences during outpatient care. There was broad agreement that caregiving was challenging and stressful. Thus, effective and scalable interventions to support caregivers are needed. This study provided data to guide the content and design of a future mHealth intervention in the outpatient setting.
Evaluation of four commercial test for detection of ceftiofur in waste milk tank samples

Antimicrobial resistance is a great concern for human and animal health. Over the years increasing concern has been established over drug resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, including ceftiofur. Drug use in lactating animals commonly results in drug residues in the milk that in the U.S. is frequently used as a feed source for pre-weaned calves. This milk is commonly called waste milk, and also includes milk from cows with high somatic cell counts (SCC) and fresh cows. Feeding waste milk to preweaned calves has been shown to potentially result in a higher selection of cephalosporin resistant bacteria. The objective on this study was to evaluate factors affecting the specificity, specificity and predictive values of 4 commercially available tests (labeled for detecting beta-lactam drug residues in comingled milk) when testing waste milk (WM) tank samples.
Dairy Producer Opinions and Farm Practices Used to Assure Milk and Dairy Beef Quality

The objective of this study was to assess dairy producer opinions, awareness, and farm practices relative to use of antibiotics on dairy farms and milk quality assurance. A secondary objective was to determine producers' familiarity with and completion of the Ten Point Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program.
Duration of exposure to a prehospital advanced airway and neurological outcome for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) studies have focused on the benefits and harms of placing an intra-arrest advanced airway, but few studies have evaluated the benefits and harms after successful placement. We hypothesize that increased time in the tumultuous prehospital environment after intra-arrest advanced airway placement results in reduced patient survival. Methods This was a secondary analysis of adult, non-traumatic, OHCA patients with an advanced airway placed in the PRIMED trial. The exposure variable was the time interval between successful advanced airway placement and Emergency Department (ED) arrival. The outcome was cerebral performance category (CPC) 1 or 2 at hospital discharge. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for Utstein variables and resuscitation-associated time intervals, was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results The cohort of complete cases included 4779 patients. The median time exposed to a prehospital advanced airway was 27 min (IQR 20–35). The total prehospital time was 39.4 min (IQR 32.3−48.1). An advanced airway was placed intra-arrest in 3830 cases (80.1%) and post-return of spontaneous circulation (post-ROSC) in 949 cases (19.9%). Overall, 486 (10.2%) of the cohort achieved the CPC outcome, but this was higher in the post-ROSC (21.7%) versus intra-arrest (7.5%) cohort. CPC was not associated with the time interval from advanced airway placement to ED arrival in the intra-arrest airway cohort (aOR 0.98, 95%CI 0.94−1.01). Conclusions In OHCA patients who receive an intra-arrest advanced airway, longer time intervals exposed to a prehospital advanced airway are not associated with reduced patient survival.
Problem Posing in Primary School Teacher Training

The chapter reports results of a survey whose aim was to contribute to research in the area of problem posing in teacher training. The core of the research project was empirical survey with qualitative design. Preservice and in-service teachers were posing problems in the environment of fractions and reflected on this activity in writing. Analysis of the posed problems and participants’ reflections were to answer the following questions: (a) What shortcomings can be identified in the posed problems? (b) How are the posed problems perceived by preservice and in-service teachers? (c) What relations are there between quality of the posed problems and perception of this activity by their authors?
Displacement and Product Shift: Empirical Evidence from Oregon Rivers

Satisfaction has frequently been suggested as a goal for recreation management, but empirical research has not supported the simple bivariate density-satisfaction model. Explanations for these find...
Labor Market Outcomes for Persons with Long Term Disabilities and College Educations

This study focuses on the labor market consequences of long term disability for persons who had the opportunity to receive a university education and rehabilitation services. The sample matches persons with disabilities with a similar sample of university graduates without disabilities. In this paper, we focus on the salary outcomes for these two groups. We also report results for specific functional limitations. The advantages of a college education and advanced degrees allow persons with long term disabilities to compete quite well in the job market. The salary differentials that we estimate for this sample of long term disabled persons are quite small compared to the gaps typically estimated for disabled persons. The negative aspect of our results is that there appears to be a residual of the difference in salaries across persons with disabilities that is correlated with the negative opinions held by the general populations about persons with these disabilities. The introduction of a measure of health that should be correlated with productivity serves to increase rather than decrease the point estimates of the role of attitudes on wages. We therefore cannot dismiss the possibility that wage discrimination remains for even highly qualified persons with long term disabilities.
Artificial Neural Networks

In the early days of artificial intelligence (AI), artificial neural networks (ANNs) were considered a promising approach to find good learning algorithms to solve practical application problems [189]. Perhaps, a certain unjustified hype was associated to their use, since, nowadays, ANNs seem to have less appeal for researchers. In fact, they are not considered to be among the top 10 data mining techniques [237]. Moreover, publications using ANNs are found not to be backed by a sound statistical analysis [75] and that statistical evaluation of ANNs experiments is a necessity [74]. There are, however, applications in which ANNs have been successfully used. Among such applications, there are the applications in the agricultural-related areas which are discussed in Section 5.4 of this chapter. Therefore, even though they may not be so appealing for some researchers anymore, we decided to dedicate this chapter to ANNs.
DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A STEERING WHEEL VIBRATION SIMULATOR

Abstract The design and control of a steering wheel vibration simulator capable of reproducing a set of desired vibration/acceleration signals is presented. The simulator is to be used in characterizing human perception of vibration as transmitted to the hand through the steering wheel. Accelerometers were used to record the acceleration at the top of the steering wheel in both the up-down (z) and side-to-side (y) directions. A two degree-of-freedom controller was synthesized with a stabilizing feedback controller designed using linear matrix inequality techniques and a zero phase error tracking feedforward controller. Simulation and experimental results to verify key steps of the design process and the effectiveness of the simulator are presented.
Neuroscience data bases

The creation of databases for the field of neuroscience research is both a necessary and formidable challenge. It is desirable and necessary to be able to understand and integrate the vast amount of experimentally derived data collected around the globe. This data is growing exponentially, as well as increasing in complexity and sophistication due to the capabilities of the newest technologies that are being applied. We are now beginning to understand the structural, functional and developmental aspects of the nervous system at finer and finer levels of granularity. Creating databases is a formidable challenge because the data are diverse being derived from chemical, biophysical, structural, morphological, physiological or behavioural sources, with each domain having its own characteristic parameters. The article reviews the important developments that have led to this new field of neuroinformatics and the efforts that are underway in the USA and around the world to make this a true international research effort.
SIR DYNAMICS WITH ECONOMICALLY DRIVEN CONTACT RATES

The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model has greatly evidenced epidemiology despite its apparent simplicity. Most applications of the SIR framework use a form of nonlinear incidence to describe the number of new cases per instant. We adapt theorems to analyze the stability of SIR models with a generalized nonlinear incidence structure. These theorems are then applied to the case of standard incidence and incidence resulting from adaptive behavioral response based on epidemiological-economic theory. When adaptive behavior is included in the SIR model multiple equilibria and oscillatory epidemiological dynamics can occur over a greater parameter space. Our analysis, based on the epidemiological-economic incidence, provides new insights into epidemics as complex adaptive systems, highlights important nonlinearities that lead to complex behavior, and provides mechanistic motivation for a shift away from standard incidence, and outlines important areas of research related to the complex-adaptive dynamics of epidemics.
Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: the M. D. Anderson experience.

BACKGROUND Approximately 20–30% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and an anthracycline develop recurrent disease. It has been reported that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is effective in this setting. The authors report the experience of The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with As2O3 in the treatment of patients with recurrent APL. METHODS Twelve patients who developed recurrent APL after treatment with ATRA were included. Patients received intravenous As2O3 0.15 mg/kg per day until they achieved a complete remission (CR) or up to a maximum of 60 days. Their median age was 44 years (range, 26–72 years), and the median duration of first remission was 52 weeks (range, 23–292 weeks). RESULTS All 12 patients achieved a CR. The median time to achieve CR was 52 days (range, 27–75 days). Seven of 10 evaluable patients achieved a molecular remission (i.e., polymerase chain reaction [PCR] analysis was negative for the gene encoding fusion of the nuclear receptor for retinoic acid to the PML gene at the time of CR; 70% of patients; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.93), and all other patients had negative PCR results after they received postremission therapy. All patients received subsequent therapy: Four patients received As2O3 alone, six patients received As2O3 with other chemotherapeutic agents, and two patients received idarubicin plus ATRA without As2O3. Eight patients continued in CR after a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 9–45 months). Side effects were mild, except for two patients who developed Grade 2 and 3 peripheral neuropathy, respectively; one of those patients required discontinuation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS As2O3 is effective and well tolerated therapy for patients with recurrent APL. Molecular remission may be achieved at the time of CR in the majority of patients, and remissions are durable. Cancer 2003;97:2218–24. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11314
The 25 October 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake (Mw 7.8) and the tsunami hazard presented by shallow megathrust ruptures

The 25 October 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia earthquake (M_w 7.8) ruptured the shallow portion of the subduction zone seaward of the Mentawai islands, off-shore of Sumatra, generating 3 to 9 m tsunami run-up along southwestern coasts of the Pagai Islands that took at least 431 lives. Analyses of teleseismic P, SH and Rayleigh waves for finite-fault source rupture characteristics indicate ∼90 s rupture duration with a low rupture velocity of ∼1.5 km/s on the 10° dipping megathrust, with total slip of 2–4 m over an ∼100 km long source region. The seismic moment-scaled energy release is 1.4 × 10^(−6), lower than 2.4 × 10^(−6) found for the 17 July 2006 Java tsunami earthquake (M_w 7.8). The Mentawai event ruptured up-dip of the slip region of the 12 September 2007 Kepulauan earthquake (M_w 7.9), and together with the 4 January 1907 (M 7.6) tsunami earthquake located seaward of Simeulue Island to the northwest along the arc, demonstrates the significant tsunami generation potential for shallow megathrust ruptures in regions up-dip of great underthrusting events in Indonesia and elsewhere.
Science Skills for Information Technology

Science Skills for Information Technology is a new 5-credit course designed in the Spring of 1997 for the NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies (NWCET). It was designed to help Information Technology students take advantage of the unique problem-solving approaches of science and mathematics. It is part of the ongoing efforts of the NWCET to infuse science and math into Information Technology curricula. The course was designed by Arthur F. Goss, a Physics and Astronomy Instructor at Bellevue Community College (BCC) in Bellevue, Washington.
Local conformational changes in the Vibrio Na+/galactose cotransporter.

Na+ and sugar transport by cotransporters (symporters) is thought to occur as a series of ordered ligand-induced conformational changes. To localize these conformational changes in a bacterial Na+/galactose cotransporter, we have employed a combination of cysteine-scanning and fluorescence techniques. Single or pairs of cysteine residues were introduced into the external face of a cysteine-less Vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/glucose cotransporter for expression in Escherichia coli, and each transporter was purified using affinity chromatography. All the mutant proteins retained transport activity in bacteria and proteoliposomes. Each mutant was exposed to two different fluorescence reagents, ThioGlo3 or pyrene maleimide, that are essentially nonfluorescent until they react with a thiol. Fluorescence was recorded as a function of time and ligand concentrations. The reagents specifically labeled six of the seven cysteine mutants, but only in Cysteine 423 was the fluorescence affected by ligands. The rate of...
Roots and wings: a pilot of a mind-body-spirit program.

The overwhelming supply and demand for holistic health information and services suggest the need for integrative medical centers to offer experientially based educational programs. Seventeen individuals participated in a pilot of a 12-week multidisciplinary program titled Roots and Wings. Self-reported pre- and post measures were completed by 11 participants and indicated promising outcomes across the dimensions of physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Participants had a statistically significant decrease in physical and psychological symptoms and an increase in daily spiritual experiences. Statistically significant positive changes were also found for psychological attitudes and health locus of control in addition to indicators of behavior, satisfaction and attitudes relevant to the goals of Roots and Wings. The content of the program and the implications of these findings for nurse educators are discussed.
SEEING EDUCATION RELATIONALLY: THE “BOTTOM AND THE TOP”

Education perpetuates inequality directly, in that messages distributed by schools are linked to student social class. A specific focus on the response of white working‐class and minority students' attitudes to school (in the USA) reveals that elites maintain themselves not only through their own education but also through the education of others; and that those at the bottom contribute to the maintenance of class structure through their own creative response to wider ranging inequalities, and the way these inequalities are mediated in schools.
Structured propostions and sentence structure

It is argued that taken together, two widely held claims ((i) sentences express structured propositions whose structures are functions of the structures of sentences expressing them; and (ii) senteces have underlying structures that are the input to semantic interpretation) suggest a simple, plausible theory of propositional structure. According to this theory, the structures of propositions are the same as the structures of the syntactic inputs to semantics they are expressed by. The theory is defended against a variety of objections.
Principal curves for nonlinear feature extraction and classification

We present an improved unbiased algorithm for determining principal curves in high dimensional spaces, and then propose two novel applications of principal curve to feature extraction and pattern classification--the Principal Curve Feature Extractor (PCFE) and the Principal Curve Classifier (PCC). The PCFE extracts features from a subset of principal curves computed via the principal components of the input data. With its flexible partitioning choice and non- parametric nature, the PCFE is capable of modeling nonlinear data effectively. The PCC is a general non-parametric classification method that involves computing a principal curve template for each class during the training phase. In the test or application phase, an unlabeled data point is assigned the class label of the nearest principal curve template. PCC performs well for non-gaussian distributed data and data with low local intrinsic dimensionality. Experiments comparing the PCC to established classification methods are performed on selected benchmarks from the UC Irvine machine learning database and the PROBEN1 benchmark dataset, to highlight situations where PCC is advantageous for feature extraction, data characterization, and classification.
Synthesis and reactivity of bis-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl diiododialane (Cp*AlI)2: an aluminium(II) precursor to (Cp*Al)4.

Use of an alternative aluminium(III) starting material has led to the isolation of a new aluminium(II) diiododialane, which functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of (Cp*Al)4, reacts oxidatively with methyllithium, and undergoes oxidative cleavage of the Al–Al bond with an aryl azide.
A tree search algorithm for designing a cellular manufacturing system

Abstract This paper formulates a 0–1 programming model for designing a cellular manufacturing system. The advantages of the model are discussed. A tree search algorithm based on the general assignment problem is developed. Computational experience of the algorithm is also reported.
A second-order statistical method for spectrum sensing in correlated shadowing and fading environments

Spectrum sensing is one of the most important tasks of cognitive radios (CRs) in future wireless systems and of user equipments (UEs) in next generation wireless networks (NGWNs). Therefore, deciding whether a specific portion of radio frequency (RF) spectrum is occupied or not is of paramount importance for all sorts of future wireless communications systems. In this study, a spectrum sensing method that employs a second-order statistical approach is proposed for detecting fast fading signals in spatially correlated shadowing environments. Analysis and performance results are presented along with the discussion related to the performance comparison of energy detection method.
Pleistocene relief production in Laramide mountain ranges, western United States

Gently sloped summits and ridges (collectively referred to as summit flats) are abundant in many Laramide ranges in the western United States. The erosion rate of summit flats is ~10 m/m.y., on the basis of the concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides. Because erosion rates in valleys between summit flats are an order of magnitude faster, relief within these ranges is currently increasing by about 100 m/m.y. If summit-flat erosion is slower than rock uplift driven by the isostatic response to valley erosion, then this relief production could result in increased summit elevations. The mean depth of material eroded from a smooth surface fit to existing summit flats varies from 280 to 340 m in four Laramide ranges, based on geographic information system (GIS) analyses of digital elevation models. This erosion would result in a maximum of 250‐300 m of rock uplift, assuming Airy isostasy. However, because the Laramide ranges examined here are narrow relative to the flexural wavelength of the lithosphere, erosionally driven rock uplift is limited to ~ 50‐100 m. Over the past several million years, summit erosion would approximately offset this rock uplift. Therefore, we conclude that summit elevations have remained essentially constant even though several hundred meters of relief has been produced. On the basis of valley and summit erosion rates and the average depth of erosion, we estimate that relief production in Laramide ranges began at ca. 3 Ma. We hypothesize that this relief production was climatically driven and was associated with the onset or enhancement of alpine glaciation in these ranges.
Bidirectional Reflectance Measurement of Microstructural Silicon Surfaces

Knowledge of the bidirectional reflectance of silicon wafers is needed for the modeling prediction of the emitted and reflected radiation detected by radiometric thermometers, so that these instruments can be properly employed in industrial applications, such as rapid thermal processing chambers [1]. In a previous study [2], the bidirectional reflectance was observed to be sensitive to the surface roughness and coating configuration. For a typical silicon wafer, the surface could be polished, thin-film coated, randomly rough, or patterned. The characteristic parameters of the surface topography fall into the microscale or even nanoscale range. The present paper focuses on the bidirectional reflectance measurement of silicon wafers with thin-film coatings on their randomly rough sides. The reflectance distribution out of the incidence plane is also measured for the sake of a thorough characterization of surface scattering.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
In vitro sonothrombolysis with duplex ultrasound: first results using a simplified model.

Background: The main aim was to study the effects of ultrasound (US) alone, in combination with an US contrast agent (UCA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), or the combination of
Electron Spectroscopic Studies of CH3OH Chemisorption on Cu2O and ZnO Single-Crystal Surfaces: Methoxide Bonding and Reactivity Related to Methanol Synthesis

Adsorption of CH3OH on Cu2O(111), ZnO(0001), and ZnO(1010) has been investigated with XPS, NEXAFS, variable-energy photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and SCF-Xα Scattered Wave (SW) molecular orbital calculations. At high coverage (≥25.0L), CH3OH is adsorbed as molecular multilayers on all three surfaces. At low temperatures (140 K) and coverage (0−0.6L), CH3OH is deprotonated to form chemisorbed methoxide on all of the surfaces investigated. Under these conditions the C1s XPS peak positions are 289.5, 290.2, and 290.2 eV below the vacuum level, respectively. Annealing the CH3O-/Cu2O(111) surface complex to 523 K produces no other surface intermediate. Alternatively, at temperatures above 220 K on the ZnO(0001) surface methoxide decomposes to produce a formate intermediate that is stable at the methanol synthesis reaction temperature (523 K). No formate surface intermediate is observed on the ZnO(1010) surface. The NEXAFS spectrum of chemisorbed methoxide on the Cu2O(111) surface exhibits a σ* shape resonan...
Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1-m length, ≥10-cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean-climate, medium-sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km-1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW-redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altering nucleosomes during DNA double-strand break repair in yeast

Although chromatin remodeling has a key role in the regulation of gene expression, it is also important for other chromatin-based processes such as DNA repair, replication and recombination. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors have unique roles in disrupting histone–DNA interactions and are targeted to gene promoters to ‘loosen’ chromatin for access of transcription factors. Recently, three chromatin remodeling factors with roles in transcriptional regulation have also been shown to be present at sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in yeast. These factors control different aspects of DSB repair, suggesting that chromatin remodeling constitutes a key mechanism to preserve genome integrity.