cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of nerve fiber diameters in the region of the dorsal spinocerebellar and spinocervical tracts in the cat.

Nerve fibers in the region of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) and the spinocervical tract (SCT) in the adult cat were measured at various spinal levels. Fiber measurements were made from photographs of transverse sections of Epon embedded material that had been fixed by vascular perfusion with a paraformaldehyde solution, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, and stained with Azur II-methylene blue. The fiber diameter histograms from the region of the DSCT exhibited a bimodal distribution and between 50 to 75% of the fibers had a diameter of less than 5 μ. The presence of a subpopulation of large sized nerve fibers was identified between the 10 to 15 μ diameter intervals and this subpopulation appeared to decrease in size at the rostral spinal segments. This observation agrees with the electrophysiological studies of Lundberg and Oscarsson ('60) who found that the conduction velocity of the DSCT decreases at rostral levels. The fiber diameter measurements from the region of the SCT appeared to exhibit a unimodal distribution and between 40 to 75% of the fibers in this region had a diameter of less than 5 μ. By omission of fibers less than 5 μ, it could be shown that the mean values of the SCT decreased at successively rostral spinal levels. However, when the cumulative frequency distributions of the SCT data from different spinal levels were compared, a definite trend of statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level could not be established. The average fiber density (number of fibers/mm2) of the DSCT was 16,617 and the average fiber density of the SCT was 15,927. The heterogeneous organization of the dorsolateral fasciculus is discussed.
Conchal cartilage butterfly graft in primary functional rhinoplasty.

Objective: To validate the use of the conchal cartilage butterfly graft in primary functional rhinoplasty and to review our experience using this technique. Study Design: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent conchal cartilage butterfly graft reconstruction of the nasal valve in primary rhinoplasty. Method: A retrospective analysis using patient questionnaires was performed. Data were collected to determine patient satisfaction about nasal breathing and cosmesis after the procedure. Results: Among the patients, 90% (n = 90) had improved breathing, 88% (n = 88) were satisfied with their postoperative cosmesis, and 89% said they would recommend the procedure to a friend who had similar preoperative symptoms. Conclusion: Conchal cartilage butterfly graft has now been shown to be successful in primary functional rhinoplasty, just as it has previously been proven effective in secondary rhinoplasty. Although we have had success with many techniques for the correction of internal nasal valve collapse, we have found the conchal cartilage butterfly graft to be another outstanding technique for the appropriately selected patient. Laryngoscope, 2009
Accuracy of portable glucose meters for rapid determination of amniotic fluid glucose levels

This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of use of three commercially available portable blood glucose meters to measure amniotic fluid glucose(AFG) levels as compared to an accepted laboratory standard. A prospective study of amniotic fluid from 101 consecutive amniocenteses was performed. Glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid was assessed by hexokinase method in our hospital laboratory (control) and by using three portable meters: Advantage (ADV) (Boehringer Mannheim), Glucometer Elite (ELT) (Bayer), and One Touch II Hospital (T-2) (Lifescan). Twenty consecutive amniotic fluid samples were sent to the laboratory in two vials, the first without additive and the second with potassium oxalate to prevent metabolic activity, to assess the effect of cellular metabolism and time delay on amniotic fluid glucose concentrations. Data are reported as mean +/-SE and were assessed by one-way ANOVA. Of the 101 patients studied, 29 were of gestational age > or = 20 wks. The remaining 72 patients were < 20 wks. All three ambulatory meters demonstrated a linear relationship with control (all P < 0.001). Given a slope of almost 1.0 (m = 0.94) and a y-intercept approaching zero (b = 4.3), the OT2 proved to correlate best with control. ELT: (r2 = 0.55, m = 0.79, b = 22.2) and ADV: (r2 = 0.74, m = 1.45, b = 16.9) both overestimated amniotic fluid glucose. When AFG was < 30 mg/dl via laboratory standard, OT2: (r2 = 0.78, m = 1.05, and b = -2.20, P < 0.001), ADV: (m = 1.02, b = 24.1, r2 = 0.12, P = 0.133). The One Touch II Hospital accurately predicted amniotic fluid glucose at the bedside with excellent correlation including with laboratory standard glucose levels < 30 mg/dl. ADV and ELT proved too inaccurate for clinical use. Control samples were not affected by additives or time delay. These findings confirm that AFG determinations can be obtained rapidly with the OT2 meter at the bedside.
Losing Selves: Dementia Care as Disruption and Transformation

Caregiving is a process of transformed identities and reconstructed relations. The disruption of Alzheimer’s disease affects both the individual with dementia and the person providing care. One becomes enselfed in dementia, the other transformed into a caregiver. Using data from twenty qualitative interviews with family caregivers, this article traces the transformative process by which the previous relational selves of both participants become casualties of the disease. Findings suggest that the ill person in this dyad is silenced through dementia, leaving the caregiver narratives to become the morality tales of transformation from disorder to order, from havoc to meaningful interaction. By becoming caregivers, family members construct value in their struggles to negotiate the disorder of illness and recreate meaningful and affirming selves and relationships.
A Community Atmosphere Model With Superparameterized Clouds

In 1999, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) scientists Wojciech Grabowski and Piotr Smolarkiewicz created a "multiscale" atmospheric model in which the physical processes associated with clouds were represented by running a simple high-resolution model within each grid column of a lowresolution global model. In idealized experiments, they found that the multiscale model produced promising simulations of organized tropical convection, which other models had struggled to produce. Inspired by their results, Colorado State University (CSU) scientists Marat Khairoutdinov and David Randall created a multiscale version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). They removed the cloud parameterizations of the CAM, and replaced them with Khairoutdinov's high-resolution cloud model. They dubbed the embedded cloud model a "super-parameterization," and the modified CAM is now called the "SP-CAM." Over the next several years, many scientists, from many institutions, have explored the ability of the SP-CAM to simulate tropical weather systems, the day-night changes of precipitation, the Asian and African monsoons, and a number of other climate processes. Cristiana Stan of the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions found that the SP-CAM gives improved results when coupled to an ocean model, and follow-on studies have explored the SP-CAM's utility when used as the atmospheric component of themore » Community Earth System Model. Much of this research has been performed under the auspices of the Center for Multiscale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes, a National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center for which the lead institution is CSU.« less
Content and Organization of a Scientific Paper

This section is placed at the beginning of a manuscript and must convey everything presented: what the research was about, where, why and how it was conducted and what it means relative to the current state of knowledge. It should consist of one paragraph of 250 or fewer words (i.e., no more than 3% of length of manuscript). Abstracts always are written in the past tense, thus, the best quality abstracts are written after the remainder of the manuscript is finished. Bibliographic services publish only the title and abstract of manuscripts. When conducting a literature search, researchers may read abstracts of perhaps 100s of papers in which the titles possibly have bearing on an aspect of their work. Only if the content of the abstract seems relevant will researchers progress to reading the article from which the abstract was derived. Therefore, great care must be used to write an abstract so it correctly reflects the contents of the manuscript in a precise and concise manner that can stand alone. Furthermore, it must contain no figures, tables or references to them, or material not presented in the body of the manuscript; except for critique papers, no literature citations should be included. Also, it should not contain acronyms or jargon, even with definitions, not readily known to the general reading audience of the publication in which the manuscript will be published.
The He3+d→t+2p reaction

The energy spectra of tritons produced in the d+He3→t+2p reaction have ben obtained at numerous angles by bombardment of a He3 gas target by 11.7 and 14.0 MeV deutrons, and of a deuterium gas target by 21 MeV He3 ions. The spectra are markedly dependent on the angle of observation, but exhibit a shape which can be interpreted as influenced by a final state interaction in the residual two-proton system. Absolute cross sections were obtained. Mass identification was with ΔE and E detector pulses operating an analogue computer system. Spectral data were taken with various energy resolutions, FWHM in the range from 120 to 400 keV; laboratory angles from 4° to 36° were covered with an angular acceptance of better than 0.8°. The 14 and 21 MeV experiments were designed to cover practically the whole c.m. angular range. The angular distributions, parametrized in terms of residual energy of the di-proton system, show marked structure suggestive of both charge exchange and stripping mechanisms modulated in a complex fashion by the 2p final state interaction. The results suggest that in systems of this type final state interaction parameters cannot be extracted without detailed attention to the reaction mechanism. Comparison of this reaction channel with the elastic and the α+p exit channels indicates similarities which should be exploited in theoretical studies of this five-body system.
Commitment to the environment and student support for “green” campus initiatives

Past research has demonstrated that commitment to the environment strongly predicts global pro-environmental intentions. This research is the first to examine whether the commitment to the environment model predicts college students’ endorsement of institutional-level changes that may be proposed by university or college administration. Participants were 96 college men and 142 college women who completed questionnaires designed to assess commitment to the environment constructs, willingness to sacrifice for the environment, and support for a series of campus conservation initiatives. A path analysis revealed that the commitment model predicted college students’ endorsement of hypothetical “green” campus initiatives. Specifically, commitment to the environment mediated the paths from satisfaction and investments to hypothetical green campus initiatives. Results suggest that endorsement of green campus initiatives may be better received on campuses by students who recognize their interdependence with the environment, characterized by high commitment to the natural environment.
Neighborhood based detection of anomalies in high dimensional spatio-temporal sensor datasets

The behavior of spatial objects is under the influence of nearby spatial processes. Therefore in order to perform any type of spatial analysis we need to take into account not only the spatial relationships among objects but also the underlying spatial processes and other spatial features in the vicinity that influence the behavior of a given spatial object. In this paper, we address the outlier detection by refining the concept of a neighborhood of an object, which essentially characterizes similarly behaving objects into one neighborhood. This similarity is quantified in terms of the spatial relationships among the objects and other semantic relationships based on the spatial processes and spatial features in their vicinity. These spatial features could be natural such as a stream, and vegetation, or man-made such as a bridge, railroad, and chemical factory. The paper also addresses the identification of spatio-temporal outliers in high dimensions, in their neighborhood.
Microcomputer-based artificial vision support system for real-time image processing for camera-driven visual prostheses.

It is difficult to predict exactly what blind subjects with camera-driven visual prostheses (e.g., retinal implants) can perceive. Thus, it is prudent to offer them a wide variety of image processing filters and the capability to engage these filters repeatedly in any userdefined order to enhance their visual perception. To attain true portability, we employ a commercial off-the-shelf battery-powered general purpose Linux microprocessor platform to create the microcomputer-based artificial vision support system (µAVS^2) for real-time image processing. Truly standalone, µAVS^2 is smaller than a deck of playing cards, lightweight, fast, and equipped with USB, RS- 232 and Ethernet interfaces. Image processing filters on µAVS^2 operate in a user-defined linear sequential-loop fashion, resulting in vastly reduced memory and CPU requirements during execution. µAVS^2 imports raw video frames from a USB or IP camera, performs image processing, and issues the processed data over an outbound Internet TCP/IP or RS-232 connection to the visual prosthesis system. Hence, µAVS^2 affords users of current and future visual prostheses independent mobility and the capability to customize the visual perception generated. Additionally, µAVS^2 can easily be reconfigured for other prosthetic systems. Testing of µAVS^2 with actual retinal implant carriers is envisioned in the near future.
Inferring similarity between music objects with application to playlist generation

The growing libraries of multimedia objects have increased the need for applications that facilitate search, browsing, discovery, recommendation and playlist construction. Many of these applications in turn require some notion of distance between, or similarity of, such objects. The lack of a reliable proxy for similarity of entities is a serious obstacle in many multimedia applications.In this paper we describe a simple way to automatically infer similarities between objects based on their occurrences in an authored stream. The method works both for audio and video. This allows us to generate playlists by emulating a particular stream or combination of streams, recommend objects that are similar to a chosen seed, and derive measures of similarity between associated entities, such as artists.
Shear Thickening Creep in Superplastic Silicon Nitride

A novel shear-thickening phenomenon has been observed in superplastic silicon nitrides compression tested between 1500" and 1600°C. Liquid-enhanced creep of SiAlONs undergoes a transition from Newtonian behavior to shear-thickening behavior at a characteristic stress, with the strain rate sensitivity increasing from unity to around 2. The transition stress is always around 20 MPa, even though the Newtonian flow stress is very sensitive to temperature, grain size, and phase composition. Rheopexic hysteresis, manifested as a slow stress relaxation to a steady-state value after a strain rate decrease, was also observed in the shear-thickening regime. We attribute the cause for shear thickening to a repulsive force between initially wetted SiAlON grains, which form a "dry" and "rigid" bridge in between when pressed above a characteristic stress, possibly due to the contact of the residue Stern layers on the opposing grain/liquid interfaces. A micromechanical model, which takes into account the stress variation among differently oriented grain boundaries, has been formulated to assess the effect of "rigid" grain boundaries. A continual stochastic rearrangement of grain configurations and a relatively thick Stern layer are suggested as the necessary prerequisites for shear thickening in liquid-enhanced creep. [Key words: sialons, superplastic, shear, creep, models.]
MODELING AND MEASURING THE ECONOMIC ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Designing and managing an economy's technology infrastructure requires both accurate economic models and data to drive them. Previous models treat technology as a homogeneous entity, thereby precluding assessing investment barriers affecting infrastructure elements. The model presented overcomes this deficiency by disaggregating the knowledge production function into key elements of the typical industrial technology based on the distinctly different investment incentives associated with each element. Without such a model, the economist's ability to assess important market failures associated with investment in the major technology elements, including those with infrastructure (public-good) characteristics, is compromised. Unfortunately, even with the correct knowledge production function, the required data are difficult to collect. This forces government agencies, which fund a majority of technology infrastructure research, to use second-best approaches for economic analyses. The second half of this paper...
An Empirical Analysis of Hedonic Regression and Grid‐Adjustment Techniques in Real Estate Appraisal

Multiple regression analysis has become increasingly popular when appraising residential properties for tax purposes. Alternatively, most fee appraisers and real estate brokers use the traditional sales comparison approach. This study combines the two techniques and uses multiple regression to generate the adjustment coefficients used in the grid adjustment method. The study compares the combined grid-regression method with ordinary regression and defines the market conditions under which each method is likely to be more effective. The grid-regression method is found to be more accurate for relatively homogeneous housing markets, and the multiplicative percentage adjustment method (MPAM) the preferred approach.
Heavy quark potentials and quarkonium binding

I review recent progress in studying in-medium modification of inter-quark forces at finite temperature in lattice QCD. Some applications to the problem of quarkonium binding in potential models are also discussed.
Ontogeny of the effect of antipsychotic drug treatment on neurotensin concentrations in the rat brain.

It has been well documented that treatment with haloperidol and other typical antipsychotic drugs increase neurotensin (NT) concentrations in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus in adult rats. The NT neuronal system has been found to undergo distinct age-related changes in the rat brain, and therefore, it is of interest to examine the ontogeny of the effects of antipsychotic drug treatment on NT concentrations. In order to determine when, or if, antipsychotic drug treatment has an effect on NT-containing neurons in the developing rat, rat pups received a single dose of haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle at 9, 14, or 20 days after birth. Regional brain NT concentrations were then measured using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Treatment with haloperidol had no effect on NT concentrations in any brain region in 10-day-old rat pups. At 15 days of age, haloperidol significantly increased NT concentrations in the caudate nucleus (120% of control, P < 0.05). At 21 days of age, haloperidol increased NT concentrations in the caudate nucleus (193% of control, P < 0.001) and nucleus accumbens (126% of control, P < 0.005) similar to that seen in adult animals. There were no statistically significant gender-related differences found in any age or treatment group studied. These findings indicate that there is a specific time point during postnatal development when rat brain NT systems become responsive to antipsychotic drug administration. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Internationalisation in US higher education: studying the Middle East in the American university

This paper examines the organisation of the production of knowledge about international issues in US higher education, drawing on six case studies of Middle East studies. We review three key findings. First, we suggest that the American model for studying ‘the international’ is rooted in a default, and outmoded, way of thinking about international issues, which we call ‘thinking nationally’. Second, we find that teaching and research about the Middle East are centred in the humanities rather than in the social sciences. Third, we suggest that professional schools, rather than the arts and science core, are emerging as drivers of innovation in teaching and research about the Middle East on US campuses.
Acidic electroless copper deposition on aluminum-seeded ABS plastics

Abstract Copper (Cu) was successfully deposited onto aluminum (Al)-seeded acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) plastics in acidic electroless baths containing 15 wt.% copper sulfate and 5 wt.% of any of the acids including sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), or acetic acid (CH 3 COOH). Cu crystals were formed on the Al-seeded ABS surfaces deposited from all of the four acidic baths. Electroless Cu deposition was carried out at both room temperature and 60 °C, and the deposition rate was dramatically increased at the elevated temperature. Conductive Cu layers were developed on ABS surfaces only from the H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , and CH 3 COOH baths but were not from the HNO 3 one, and the possible reason of failure of the HNO 3 bath is discussed. The electrolessly Cu deposited ABS surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The adhesion of conductive Cu layers to the ABS substrates was assessed and showed excellent strength. The acidic baths developed in this study may provide more alternative options for plating on plastics (POP) via the acidic electroless Cu deposition route.
12/15 Lipoxygenase Mediates Monocyte Adhesion to Aortic Endothelium in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice Through Activation of RhoA and NF-κB

Objectives— 12/15 lipoxygenase (12/15LO) has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation and atherosclerosis. In the current study, we identified mechanisms through which 12/15LO mediates monocyte:endothelial interactions in vivo in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoEKO), a well-characterized mouse model of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— In apoEKO mice that are also deficient in 12/15LO (doubleKO), monocyte adhesion to aorta in vivo was reduced by 95% in doubleKO mice compared with apoEKO mice. Inhibition of 12/15LO in apoEKO mice in vivo using CDC (Cinnamyl-3,4-Dihydroxy-a-Cyanocinnamate) prevented monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium in apoEKO mice. Aortic endothelium of apoEKO mice had significant activation of rhoA compared with doubleKO aortic endothelium. Further, apoEKO aorta displayed significant activation of NF-κB. DoubleKO aorta displayed little nuclear localization of NF-κB. Finally, we found significant upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on apoEKO aortic endothelium compared with doubleKO endothelium. Inhibition of rhoA and PKCα significantly reduced NF-κB activation, ICAM-1 induction, and monocyte adhesion to aorta. Conclusions— We conclude that 12/15LO products activate endothelial rhoA and PKCα. Activation of rhoA and PKCα cause activation and translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus, which, in turn, results in induction of ICAM-1. Induction of ICAM-1 on aortic endothelium stimulates monocyte:endothelial adhesion in vivo in apoEKO mice.
Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database

Motivation: Deep metagenomic sequencing of biological samples has the potential to recover otherwise difficult-to-detect microorganisms and accurately characterize biological samples with limited prior knowledge of sample contents. Existing metagenomic taxonomic classification algorithms, however, do not scale well to analyze large metagenomic datasets, and balancing classification accuracy with computational efficiency presents a fundamental challenge. Results: A method is presented to shift computational costs to an off-line computation by creating a taxonomy/genome index that supports scalable metagenomic classification. Scalable performance is demonstrated on real and simulated data to show accurate classification in the presence of novel organisms on samples that include viruses, prokaryotes, fungi and protists. Taxonomic classification of the previously published 150 giga-base Tyrolean Iceman dataset was found to take <20 h on a single node 40 core large memory machine and provide new insights on the metagenomic contents of the sample. Availability: Software was implemented in C++ and is freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/lmat Contact: vog.lnll@99nella Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A three-dimensional model of Lake Superior with ice and biogeochemistry

Abstract The formation of winter ice on Lake Superior has been shown to be important in determining the annual thermal cycle of the lake and long-term trends of surface water temperature increase. However, modeling studies of Lake Superior to date have not included dynamic and thermodynamic ice cover. These physical characteristics of the lake in turn can have significant impacts on biogeochemical cycling within the lake. We present a new three-dimensional model of Lake Superior that includes a dynamic and thermodynamic ice model and a biogeochemical model. Results from the model forced by observed meteorological conditions for the period 1985 to 2008 are discussed and compared with available observations. Modeled long-term interannual trends in increasing water temperature and decreasing ice cover are compared with observed rates. In the model, total annual gross primary productivity is found to correlate positively with mean annual temperature and negatively with mean winter ice-cover magnitude.
Hierarchical memory with block transfer

In this paper we introduce a model of Hierarchical Memory with Block Transfer (BT for short). It is like a random access machine, except that access to location x takes time f(x), and a block of consecutive locations can be copied from memory to memory, taking one unit of time per element after the initial access time. We first study the model with f(x) = xα for 0 ≪ α ≪ 1. A tight bound of θ(n log log n) is shown for many simple problems: reading each input, dot product, shuffle exchange, and merging two sorted lists. The same bound holds for transposing a √n × √n matrix; we use this to compute an FFT graph in optimal θ(n log n) time. An optimal θ(n log n) sorting algorithm is also shown. Some additional issues considered are: maintaining data structures such as dictionaries, DAG simulation, and connections with PRAMs. Next we study the model f(x) = x. Using techniques similar to those developed for the previous model, we show tight bounds of θ(n log n) for the simple problems mentioned above, and provide a new technique that yields optimal lower bounds of Ω(n log2n) for sorting, computing an FFT graph, and for matrix transposition. We also obtain optimal bounds for the model f(x)= xα with α ≫ 1. Finally, we study the model f(x) = log x and obtain optimal bounds of θ(n log*n) for simple problems mentioned above and of θ(n log n) for sorting, computing an FFT graph, and for some permutations.
Vocal Emotion Recognition by Normal-Hearing Listeners and Cochlear Implant Users

The present study investigated the ability of normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant users to recognize vocal emotions. Sentences were produced by 1 male and 1 female talker according to 5 target emotions: angry, anxious, happy, sad, and neutral. Overall amplitude differences between the stimuli were either preserved or normalized. In experiment 1, vocal emotion recognition was measured in normal-hearing and cochlear implant listeners; cochlear implant subjects were tested using their clinically assigned processors. When overall amplitude cues were preserved, normal-hearing listeners achieved near-perfect performance, whereas listeners with cochlear implant recognized less than half of the target emotions. Removing the overall amplitude cues significantly worsened mean normal-hearing and cochlear implant performance. In experiment 2, vocal emotion recognition was measured in listeners with cochlear implant as a function of the number of channels (from 1 to 8) and envelope filter cutoff frequency (50 vs 400 Hz) in experimental speech processors. In experiment 3, vocal emotion recognition was measured in normal-hearing listeners as a function of the number of channels (from 1 to 16) and envelope filter cutoff frequency (50 vs 500 Hz) in acoustic cochlear implant simulations. Results from experiments 2 and 3 showed that both cochlear implant and normal-hearing performance significantly improved as the number of channels or the envelope filter cutoff frequency was increased. The results suggest that spectral, temporal, and overall amplitude cues each contribute to vocal emotion recognition. The poorer cochlear implant performance is most likely attributable to the lack of salient pitch cues and the limited functional spectral resolution.
A Shadow-Price Frontier Measurement of Profit Efficiency in Chinese Agriculture

A shadow-price profit frontier model is developed to examine production efficiency of Chinese farm households. The model incorporates price distortions but retains the advantages of stochastic frontier properties. The shadow prices and shadow profit are derived through a behavioral profit function. Empirical results using household survey data show that the conventional assumption of profit maximization based on market prices is inappropriate. Farmers' resource endowment and education influence their allocative efficiency. Family size, per capita net income, and family members operating as village leaders are positively related to households' production efficiency. Reducing market distortions should increase farm households' production efficiency.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF TAXATION

The consequences of taxation matter for the optimal design of the tax system. Those consequences depend on behavioral responses to taxation, as summarized by the elasticity of taxable income. Although this elasticity depends on characteristics of preferences, such as the elasticity of substitution between goods and leisure, it also depends on the avoidance technology, and on the response of government to avoidance behavior. It depends on the size of states, and the amount of tax coordination and harmonization. To some degree the elasticity of response can be affected by government policies, and the government need not accept it passively, but rather should put in place policies that optimally determine it.
Image data compression by predictive coding II: encoding algorithms

This paper deals with predictive codihg techniques for efficient transmission or storage of two-level (black and white) digital images. Part I discussed algorithms for prediction. Part II deals with coding techniques for encoding the prediction error pattern. First, we survey some schemes fore ncoding if the error pattern is assumed to be memoryless. Then a method is developed for encoding certain run-length distributions. Finally, some experimental results for sample documents are presented.
Are Multiracial Adolescents at Greater Risk? Comparisons of Rates, Patterns, and Correlates of Substance Use and Violence Between Monoracial and Multiracial Adolescents

Rates and patterns of substance use and violent behaviors among multiracial adolescents were examined and compared with 3 monoracial groups, European, African, and Asian Americans. The relationships between ethnic identity and the subjective experience of racial discrimination, substance use, and violent behavior were also examined. The authors found multiracial adolescents reporting higher rates of problem behaviors. Several significant relationships between ethnic identity and racial discrimination were found with these problem behaviors.
Corrections on the History and Design of Haitian Creole Scrabble

Additional comments to Hebbletwhaite " Scrabble as a tool for Haitian Creole literacy ." in JPCL 24:2.
Magnetic anisotropies of quantum dots doped with magnetic ions

Magnetic anisotropies in quantum dots (QDs) doped with magnetic ions are discussed in terms of two frameworks: anisotropic $g$ factors and magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy. It is shown that even a simple model of zinc-blende $p$-doped QDs displays a rich diagram of magnetic anisotropies in the QD parameter space. Tuning the confinement allows us to control magnetic easy axes in QDs in ways not available for the better-studied bulk dilute magnetic semiconductors.
Electrophoretic Patterns in Hemolymph Protein of Cabbage Looper during Development of the Parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae

The electrophoretic hemolymph protein patterns of 4th- and 5th-stage larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (H¼bner), were studied during development of the internal parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck). Parasitized larvae contained fewer protein bands 2 days following parasitization than did nonparasitized larvae. However, as the parasitoid developed the number and concentration of the bands increased. The general patterns of parasitized larvae resembled those of nonparasitized individuals. Two additional fractions were observed in parasitized larvae; both were of relatively high electrophoretic mobility. One was observed only in 5th-stage larvae 5 and 6 days following parasitism, the other frequently in all but 4th-stage larvae shortly after parasitism. The latter fraction was found also in larvae exposed to female parasitoids but in which parasite progeny could not be found. Developmental rates of parasitized larvae differed from nonparasitized individuals. Insects parasitized in early 4th stage did not appear to progress beyond late 4th stage even 6 days following parasitism.
Spatial Analysis of Counts of Western Com Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults on Yellow Sticky Traps in Corn: Geostatistics and Dispersion Indices

Studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to investigate the spatial distribution of counts of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, adults on yellow sticky traps in field corn. Samples were collected over 3 consecutive wk in July of each year using modified Pherocon A. M. traps placed in a 7 by 7 grid covering 0.84 ha in each of 24 cornfields. Dispersion indices indicated that counts of western corn rootworms on traps were aggregated. Geostatistic analyses, which are based on the relative position of samples, revealed that counts were nonrandomly distributed at least half the time at all population densities. Correlograms showed significant spatial relation in 46 of 72 trap-weeks (63%). Semivariograms, constructed from those 46 trap-weeks, were linear 55% of the time, suggesting the presence of gradients within the sampled portion of each field. The presence and type of spatial pattern was not correlated with mean density. Traps should be placed >30 m apart to obtain counts that are spatially independent.
55 A DIABETES EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM FOR OLDER LATINOS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS

Introduction In 2002, 18.2 million people in the U.S. (6.3% of the population) had diabetes mellitus. Due to this, patient education, self-management skills and behavior change has become a fundamental component for interventions aiming to improve diabetes management. However, more information is needed regarding the content of the discussions during such interventions. We hypothesize that the content of the discussions in a diabetes, patient-centered empowerment program, will differ between Latino and African American groups, and will be driven by participants, not the facilitator. Methods At the end of each two hour, diabetes class (24 Latino and 13 African American), the facilitator filled out a “post-session content” form where the degree to which a topic was covered (using a scale from 1-5, 5 being the highest), with specific notation of whether the discussion focused on solutions or barriers was recorded. Nine content areas were identified: Diet, Exercise, Prescription Medications, Self-Management, Acute and Chronic Complications, Emotions experienced with DM, Health Care-Seeking Behavior and interactions with health care professionals, the impact of the Environment and Social Support in managing DM and participating in Goal Setting. These content areas were coded and qualitative analysis of the discussion content was completed using SAS software producing means and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. Results Three out of the nine content areas were initiated and led by participants in the Latino group while in the African American groups, participants directed seven out of nine content areas. Additionally, patients9 preferences for working through specific aspects of diabetes disease management differed per group. Furthermore, participants in the Latino groups focused on the solutions for 4 content areas and the barriers for 5 content areas, while the African American groups focused more on the solutions for each content area relating to their diabetes management. Conclusion These results can help facilitators understand the behavioral learning preferences9 of their participants, allowing facilitators to more effectively plan and lead participant driven discussions.
Ultralow Power and the New Era of Not-So-VLSI

A confluence of application requirements and physics leads us to types of chips to design. A new generation of ultralow-power (ULP) chips will build upon research over the past several decades but these techniques, once considered niche, will rise to the top of the agenda for many organizations. Microprocessors pay attention to power consumption for two reasons: thermal design power (TDP) and overall current drain. The microprocessor market is driven by high levels of functionality and integration; power and thermal are nuisances. In contrast, the motivation for ULP as a key operational characteristic comes from IoT and related applications. These types of systems are severely limited by the amount of power available. They must also meet very low cost points. IoT is driven by very low costs to create a trillion-sensor market. Since the market is very sensitive to total installed cost, not just the cost of silicon, the cost of the power supply and the cost of wiring become important factors in the design. Explores the special features of ultra-low power VLSI systems, discusses applications for their use, and examines new areas of design that will improve on these technologies.
Moritz Steinschneider and the noble dream of objectivity

The critical assessment of Steinschneider's work at the turn of the nineteenth century was part of a much wider fascination and engagement with scholarship and the value of objectivity in general, when realism dominated literary and visual culture. Steinschneider's eulogies indeed reverberate with the fierce nineteenth-century debates about the nature of Jewish scholarship and about the ideals of detachment and objectivity. During the 1840s, when the campaigns for emancipation and reform intensified and converged, the young Steinschneider prepared himself for a career in the rabbinate, working actively for the rejuvenation of Judaism and supporting the efforts of Zacharias Frankel. The debate over detachment and objectivity acquired an even greater virulence with the emergence of Zionism. To be sure, some Zionists saw nineteenth-century Jewish scholarship as a source of legitimization for the national understanding of the Jews. Keywords:Jews; Judaism; Moritz Steinschneider; Zacharias Frankel; Zionism
Transparent Parametrizations of Models for Potential Outcomes

We consider causal models involving three binary variables: a randomized assignment Z, an exposure measure X, and a final response Y . We focus particular attention on the situation in which there may be confounding of X and Y , while at the same time measures of the effect of X on Y are of primary interest. In the case where Z has no effect on Y , other than through Z, this is the instrumental variable model. Many causal quantities of interest are only partially identified. We first show via an example that the resulting posteriors may be highly sensitive to the specification of the prior distribution over compliance types. To address this, we present several novel “transparent” re-parametrizations of the likelihood that separate the identified and nonidentified parts of the parameter. In addition, we develop parametrizations that are robust to model mis-specification under the “intent-to-treat” null hypothesis that Z and Y are independent.
THE CONTEMPORARY STUDY OF HISTORY: Southern

[The study of medieval history has long flourished in England, and R. W. Southern (b. 1912) has continued that tradition. Both heir and innovator, he has added new, empathetic insights to the study of the Middle Ages, often guided by his belief, stated in his best-known and beautifully wrought work, The Making of the Middle Ages (1953), that “the significant events are often the obscure ones, and the significant utterances are often those of men withdrawn from the world and speaking to a very few.” He has also been concerned with the changing character and function of history, as his Inaugural Lecture, delivered in 1961 and reprinted below, attests.
Interlayer transport through a graphene/rotated boron nitride/graphene heterostructure

Interlayer electron transport through a graphene/hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/graphene heterostructure is strongly affected by the misorientation angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ of the h-BN with respect to the graphene layers with different physical mechanisms governing the transport in different regimes of angle, Fermi level, and bias. The different mechanisms and their resulting signatures in resistance and current are analyzed using two different models, a tight-binding, nonequilibrium Green function model and an effective continuum model, and the qualitative features resulting from the two different models compare well. In the large-angle regime $(\ensuremath{\theta}g{4}^{\ensuremath{\circ}})$, the change in the effective h-BN band gap seen by an electron at the $K$ point of the graphene causes the resistance to monotonically increase with angle by several orders of magnitude, reaching a maximum at $\ensuremath{\theta}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. It does not affect the peak-to-valley current ratios in devices that exhibit negative differential resistance. In the small-angle regime $(\ensuremath{\theta}l{4}^{\ensuremath{\circ}})$, umklapp processes open up new conductance channels that manifest themselves as nonmonotonic features in a plot of resistance versus Fermi level that can serve as experimental signatures of this effect. For small angles and high bias, the umklapp processes give rise to two new current peaks on either side of the direct tunneling peak.
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Outcome Predictor Genes OPAL1 and RANTES Modulate Transformation by the V-Abl Oncogene

B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer of childhood. While it represents a highly curable malignancy, a significant number of children still relapse or present with disease that is resistant to therapeutic intensification. With the increasing intensity of curative treatment, there is also an increased incidence of late effects that adversely affect the quality of life of survivors. Previously, a large scale microarray gene expression analysis was undertaken in order to identify genes predictive of outcome that could enhance risk classification, thereby identifying children who might be cured with less intensive therapy or those who fail current regimens and require novel therapies for cure. From analysis of 254 pediatric ALL samples registered to various COG clinical trials, gene expression classifiers were identified that are highly predictive of poor and favorable outcome in precursor B-cell ALL. The goal of this project is to study the biologic function and role in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis of the genes predictive of outcome and to determine whether any of these genes may serve as novel drug targets. To this end, we have developed a system to examine the effect of these genes on the cancer-promoting activity of the v-Abl oncogene. We have established pre-B cell lines by infecting primary mouse bone marrow cells with a virus expressing v-Abl. These lines were then engineered to express two of the genes we identified that were associated with poor or good treatment outcomes, RANTES (CCL5) and OPAL1 respectively. Consistent with the association of RANTES expression with poor outcome, v-Abl/RANTES pre-B cells are more proliferative than v-Abl cells, and form larger colonies in methylcellulose cultures without added cytokines. OPAL1 had the opposite effect on pre-B cell growth. V-Abl pre-B cells expressing OPAL1 were less proliferative and generated fewer colonies in methylcellulose cultures. To determine whether RANTES made the v-Abl pre-B cells more leukemic, we transplanted v-Abl or v-Abl/RANTES pre-B cells into syngeneic mice. Mice were noticeably ill 30 days post-transplant. Mice injected with v-Abl/RANTES cells had enlarged lymph nodes and increased numbers of white cells in their peripheral blood. The percentage of pre-B cells in the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen was higher in v-Abl/RANTES transplanted mice compared to v-Abl transplanted mice. Currently our data demonstrates that the outcome genes are playing a mechanistic role in the susceptibility of leukemic cells to therapy, and are not merely epiphenomenon. This suggests that the products of these genes and their associated pathways may be novel drug targets. Such targeted therapy has the potential of being less toxic than current nonspecific treatment regimens.
Electrostatically actuated 1 × 2 micro-mechanical optic switch

A micro-opto-mechanical 1/spl times/3 switch has been realised using silicon oxynitride (SiON) planar waveguide technology. The operational principle of the switch is based on the mechanical deflection of a cantilever beam due to electrostatic interaction. The device concept and performance is reported. The switch is monolithically integrated on a silicon substrate and has many potential applications in fibre-optic local area networks.
30 years of constraint programming

This talk reviews 30 years of constraint programming. It surveys computational and modeling progress, provides some historical perspectives on current research topics, explores some of the challenges faced by constraint-programming technology, and contrasts its development with mixed-integer programming. It also argues that the key strengths of constraint programming will be ubiquitous future optimization systems and describes some of the significant engineering steps to be taken for realizing this vision.
Line Resistance Reduction in Advanced Copper Interconnects

Via resistance reduction in Cu interconnects was achieved through a pre-liner dielectric nitridation process prior to pure Ta liner deposition. Replacing TaN with Ta in the conventional liner stack reduces Cu via resistance, while the nitridation treatment maintains the interconnect integrity and reliability. Comprehensive evaluations including adhesion tests, parametric measurements, and electromigration evaluations of the pre-liner dielectric nitridation process were carried out to confirm the feasibility of reducing via resistance in advanced-node Cu/ultralow-k back-end-of-the-line interconnects.