cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catastrophic photometric redshift errors: weak-lensing survey requirements

We study the sensitivity of weak-lensing surveys to the effects ofcatastrophicredshift errors ‐ cases where the true redshift is mis-estimated by a significant amount. To compute the biases in cosmological parameters, we adopt an efficient linearized analysis where the redshift errors are directly related to shifts in the weak-lensing convergence power spectra. We estimate the numberN spec of unbiased spectroscopic redshifts needed to determine the catastrophic error rate well enough that biases in cosmological parameters are below statistical errors of weaklensing tomography. While the straightforward estimate ofN spec is!10 6 , we find that using only the photometric redshifts withz!2.5 leads to a drastic reduction inN spec to!30000 while negligibly increasing statistical errors in dark-energy parameters. Therefore, the size of the spectroscopic survey needed to control catastrophic errors is similar to that previously deemed necessary to constrain the core of thez s ‐z p distribution. We also study the efficacy of the recent proposal to measure redshift errors by cross-correlation between the photo-zand spectroscopic samples. We find that this method requires!10 per cent a priori knowledge of the bias and stochasticity of the outlier population, and is also easily confounded by lensing magnification bias. The cross-correlation method is therefore unlikely to supplant the need for a complete spectroscopic-redshift survey of the source population.
Measurement of the infrared complex Faraday angle in semiconductors and insulators

We measure the infrared (wavelength λ = 11 − 0.8 μm; energy E = 0.1 − 1.5 eV) Faraday rotation and ellipticity in GaAs, BaF2, LaSrGaO4, LaSrAlO4, and ZnSe. Since these materials are commonly used as substrates and windows in infrared magneto-optical measurements, it is important to measure their Faraday signals for background subtraction. These measurements also provide a rigorous test of the accuracy and sensitivity of our unique magneto-polarimetry system. The light sources used in these measurements consist of gas and semiconductor lasers, which cover 0.1 - 1.3 eV, as well as a custom-modified prism monochromator with a Xe lamp, which allows continuous broadband measurements in the 0.28 - 1.5 eV energy range. The sensitivity of this broadband system is approximately 10 μrad. Our measurements reveal that the Verdet coefficients of these materials are proportional to λ-2, which is expected when probing with photon energies below the band gap. Reproducible ellipticity signals are also seen, which is unexpected since the photon energy is well below the absorption edge of these materials, where no magnetic circular dichroism or magnetic linear birefringence should occur. We suggest that the Faraday ellipticity is produced by the static retardance of the photoelastic modulator and other optical elements such as windows, which convert the polarization rotation produced by the sample into ellipticity. This static retardance is experimentally determined by the ratio of the Faraday rotation and ellipticity signals, which are induced by either applying a magnetic field to a sample or mechanically rotating the polarization of light incident on the photoelastic modulator and/or other optical components.
Construction of carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines: synthesis of glycosyl amino acids by olefin cross-metathesis

Abstract The synthesis of biologically relevant glycosyl amino acids from corresponding O-allyl glycosides is described. The procedure involves a cross-metathesis reaction with Fmoc- l -allylglycine benzyl ester, followed by reduction of the resulting olefin via catalytic hydrogenation, with the concomitant release of the free acid. This method has also been applied to the breast and prostate cancer antigen Globo-H, to afford a hexasaccharide glycosyl amino acid that has been previously incorporated in a polyvalent antitumor vaccine.
Minimum energy mobile wireless networks

We describe a distributed position-based network protocol optimized for minimum energy consumption in mobile wireless networks that support peer-to-peer communications. Given any number of randomly deployed nodes over an area, we illustrate that a simple local optimization scheme executed at each node guarantees strong connectivity of the entire network and attains the global minimum energy solution for stationary networks. Due to its localized nature, this protocol proves to be self-reconfiguring and stays close to the minimum energy solution when applied to mobile networks. Simulation results are used to verify the performance of the protocol.
15-cm Mercury Multipole Thruster

A 15-cm multipole ion thruster was adapted for use with mercury propellant. During the optimization process, the magnetic field was found to: 1) define the region where the bulk of ionization takes place; 2) influence the magnitudes and gradients in plasma properties in this region; and 3) control impedance between the cathode and main discharge plasmas in hollow cathode thrusters. The mechanisms for these functions are discussed. Data from SERT II and cusped magnetic field thrusters are compared with those measured in the multipole thruster. The performance of this thruster is shown to be similar to that of the other two thrusters. Means of achieving further improvement in the performance of the multipole thruster are suggested. that the magnetic field configuration within an ion thruster discharge chamber plays a prominent role in determining thruster performance. It has been found1 that in addition to containing primary electrons long enough to provide significant ionization probability, a magnetic field which diverges toward the screen electrode provides more uniform ion density there. It was suggested by King, et al., 5 and substantiated by Beattie3 that a critical field line passing from the downstream end of the cathode pole piece to the anode pole piece, when revolved about the thruster axis to form a surface of revolution, represents the upstream boundary of the region within which the bulk of the propellant ionizations occur. The screen grid forms the downstream boundary of this region which is commonly called the primary electron region. The distance between the surface of revolution of the critical field line and the screen grid at a given radius deter- mines the relative ionization probability for a neutral propellant atom at that radius. Beattie2 also found that there was a strong interrelationship between the proximity of the anode to that critical field line and the plasma properties obtained in the discharge chamber, particularly Maxwellian electron temperature. Isaacson and Kaufman6 reported a multipole magnetic field thruster design which yielded a primary electron region that was essentially cylindrical in shape. It was shown to operate efficiently using argon and xenon as propellants and to have a very flat beam current density profile. Because it appeared to operate as efficiently as could be expected with these propellants, and because this design can be scaled easily to various sizes, an investigation of its use with mercury propellant was undertaken. This multipole design had not been operated on mercury nor had it been operated using a hollow cathode, so some optimization of the chamber was required before meaningful comparisons could be made against other thruster designs. Parameters varied during this optimization process included the discharge chamber length, the field strength, and the axial location of electron injection from the cathode discharge chamber into the main discharge chamber.
Phosphine-Initiated General-Base-Catalyzed Quinolone Synthesis

Phosphinocatalysis provides a new approach toward 3-substituted-4-quinolones. A simple procedure, which uses Ph3P as an inexpensive catalyst and S-phenyl 2-(N-tosylamido)benzothioates and activated alkynes as starting materials, provides direct access to several 3-aroyl-4-quinolones and methyl 4-quinolone-3-carboxylate esters. The reaction presumably occurs through general base catalysis, with the initial addition of Ph3P to the activated alkyne generating the phosphonium enoate zwitterion, which acts as the strong base that initiates the reaction.
Experiments on corn pressure in silo cells – translation and comment of Janssen's paper from 1895

The German engineer H.A. Janssen gave one of the first accounts of the often peculiar behavior of granular material in a paper published in German in 1895. From simple experiments with corn he inferred the saturation of pressure with height in a granular system. Subsequently, Janssen derived the equivalent of the barometric formula for granular material from the main assumption that the walls carry part of the weight. The following is a translation of this article. The wording is chosen as close as possible to the original. While drawings are copied from the original, figures displaying data are redone for better readability. The translation is complemented by some bibliographical notes and an assessment of earlier work, wherein Hagen predicted the saturation of pressure with depth in 1852, and Huber-Burnand demonstrated that saturation qualitatively as early as in 1829. We conclude with a brief discussion of more recent developments resting on Janssen's work.
Bijections on two variations of noncrossing partitions

We find bijections on 2-distant noncrossing partitions, 12312-avoiding partitions, 3-Motzkin paths, UH-free Schroder paths and Schroder paths without peaks at even height. We also give a direct bijection between 2-distant noncrossing partitions and 12312-avoiding partitions.
7α,11β-Dimethyl-19-nortestosterone: a potent and selective androgen response modulator with prostate-sparing properties

7α,11β-Dimethyl-19-nortestosterone, made by 1,6-methyl addition to 17β-acetoxy-11β-methylestra-4,6-dien-3-one, was a highly potent and selective androgen response modulator, with enhanced androgen receptor binding, androgenic activity and anabolic:androgenic ratio over its two monomethyl homologs.
Lipschitz continuity of inner-outer factorization

Abstract Conditions are provided under which inner and outer factor of H ∞ functions (on the unit disk) can be found which depend Lipschitz continuously on data.
Synthesis and SAR/3D-QSAR studies on the COX-2 inhibitory activity of 1,5-diarylpyrazoles to validate the modified pharmacophore

Diverse analogs of 1,5-diarylpyrazoles having 3-hydroxymethyl-4-sulfamoyl (SO2NH2)/methyl sulfonyl (SO2Me)-pheny group at N1 were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) inhibitory activity. The SAR study mainly involved the variations at positions C-3, C-5 and N1 of the pyrazole ring. Several small hydrophobic groups at/around position-4 of C-5 phenyl, viz. 3,4-dimethylphenyl analog 9, 3-methyl-4-methylsulfanylphenyl analog 14 and 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenyl analog 17, exhibited impressive COX-2 inhibitory potency. In general, the sulfonamide analogues with a CHF2 at C-3 were found to be more potent than those having a CF3 group. The three dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship comprising comparative molecular field analysis (3D-QSAR-CoMFA) afforded the models with high predictivity which further validated the acceptance of hydroxymethyl (CH2OH) group in the hydrophilic pocket of the COX-2 enzyme.
Algebraic methods in approximation theory

This survey gives an overview of several fundamental algebraic constructions which arise in the study of splines. Splines play a key role in approximation theory, geometric modeling, and numerical analysis; their properties depend on combinatorics, topology, and geometry of a simplicial or polyhedral subdivision of a region in R k , and are often quite subtle. We describe four algebraic techniques which are useful in the study of splines: homology, graded algebra, localization, and inverse systems. Our goal is to give a hands-on introduction to the methods, and illustrate them with concrete examples in the context of splines. We highlight progress made with these methods, such as a formula for the third coefficient of the polynomial giving the dimension of the spline space in high degree. The objects appearing here may be computed using the spline package of the Macaulay2 software system.
Identification Of Unique Objects In High Resolution Aerial Images

Accurate and reliable detection of unique objects is an important component of an image understanding system. The objects are considered to have a unique pattern and should be recognized based upon their own characteristics. An object detection approach applicable to high resolution aerial images is developed in the paper. The methodologies incorporate features such as minimal sensitivity to the backgrounds on which objects may appear, ability to detect objects appearing in arbitrary orientations, and use of a unified set of operators to analyze various levels of details. Specifically, the gray-level co-occurrence matrix is used to provide the early vision operators. Results of several experiments show promise for the proposed methods. The methods can constitute an important part of an object identification system in which use of such properties as object size, shape, reflectance, etc., is possible.
Iron-catalyzed solvent-free conversion of alcohols and phenols into diphenylmethyl (DPM) ethers

A catalytic amount of iron salts enables the solvent-free preparation of diphenylmethyl (DPM) ethers of alcohols and phenols at moderate temperatures.
The effects of estrogens progestogen oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices on fasting triglyceride and insulin levels.

283 women volunteers from the Jackson Memorial Hospital family planning clinic were studied before and after 6-12 months postpartum or poststerilization hysterectomy using either combination type oral contraceptives containing ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol or ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol; an oral progestogen ethynodiol diacetate; the estrogens mestranol or ethinyl estradiol; or an IUD. It was found that the triglyceride level in the IUD and ethinyl diacetate groups decreased while the level increased during the 6 months of mestranol and ethinyl estradiol therapy and change persisting at 12 months. These results suggest that the triglyceride change is ane estrogen dose-dependent effect. Since there were no significant insulin level changes lipid alterations appear independent of the carbohydrate changes.
A microprogramming support tool for pipelined architectures

We describe a software tool to aid the development of microcode for horizontal, pipelined architectures. The tool is a preprocessor for microcode source that allows the programmer full flexibility to optimize code, but removes many of the tedious and error-prone aspects of microprogramming. It automatically allocates floating-point registers, expands complex instructions, and analyzes code for pipeline-related errors.We have written a working version of the tool for the Weitek XL-8032 floating-point chip set, a horizontal architecture with pipelined sequencer and floating-point datapaths. Although the tool was designed for the XL architecture, the algorithms used are applicable to other parallel/pipelined architectures.This paper argues for the existence of such tools, summarizes the algorithms needed to analyze control and data flow in the presence of pipelining, and characterizes the tool's performance based on nine microcoded routines written for a real-time 3-D graphics system.
Vibrational spectra of carbohydrates.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of the vibrational spectra of carbohydrates. Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the techniques most adapted techniques for the study of hydrogen bonding, which is the indicator of molecular interaction in the aqueous solutions of sugars. A polyatomic molecule, such as sugar, may be regarded as a system of masses joined by bonds having spring-like properties. The vibration of each of the masses (atoms) can be resolved into components parallel to the x, y, and z axis of a Cartesian system of coordinates. The harmonic approximation is applied in which any motion of the molecule is resolved in a sum of displacements parallel to the Cartesian coordinates and these are called “fundamental, normal modes of vibration.” The analysis of crystallographic results shows the important role played by anomeric center in the structure of sugars. Infrared dichroism in polysaccharides was applied to obtain information on the orientation of chemical groups in the crystalline structure. The computational calculation of the frequencies of carbohydrates' vibration is also elaborated in the chapter.
Stability in a Continuously Stratified Fluid

Techniques used for study of stability in homogeneous flow are cited and applied to problems with density stratification; results are restricted to instabilities of large wavelength; effect of small density stratification in modifying different types of instability of parallel flows of shear-layer and jet types is considered, and simple approximate formulas for long-wave stability characteristics are given.
Capture bounds for visibility-based pursuit evasion ☆

Abstract We investigate the following problem in the visibility-based discrete-time model of pursuit evasion in the plane: how many pursuers are needed to capture an evader in a polygonal environment with obstacles under the minimalist assumption that pursuers and the evader have the same maximum speed? When the environment is a simply-connected (hole-free) polygon of n vertices, we show that Θ ( n 1 / 2 ) pursuers are both necessary and sufficient in the worst-case. When the environment is a polygon with holes, we prove a lower bound of Ω ( n 2 / 3 ) and an upper bound of O ( n 5 / 6 ) for the number of pursuers that are needed in the worst-case, where n is the total number of vertices including the hole boundaries. More precisely, if the polygon contains h holes, our upper bound is O ( n 1 / 2 h 1 / 4 ) , for h ≤ n 2 / 3 , and O ( n 1 / 3 h 1 / 2 ) otherwise. We then show that with additional assumptions these bounds can be drastically improved. Namely, if the players' movement speed is small compared to the “feature size” of the environment, we give a deterministic algorithm with a worst-case upper bound of O ( log ⁡ n ) pursuers for simply-connected n-gons and O ( h + log ⁡ n ) for multiply-connected polygons with h holes. Further, if the pursuers are allowed to randomize their strategy, regardless of the players' movement speed, we show that O ( 1 ) pursuers can capture the evader in a simply connected n-gon and O ( h ) when there are h holes with high probability.
A Deterministic Polynomial-Time Algorithm for Constructing a Multicast Coding Scheme for Linear Deterministic Relay Networks

We propose a new way to construct a multicast coding scheme for linear deterministic relay networks. Our construction can be regarded as a generalization of the well-known multicast network coding scheme of Jaggi to linear deterministic relay networks and is based on the notion of flow for a unicast session that was introduced by the authors in earlier work. We present randomized and deterministic polynomial-time versions of our algorithm and show that for a network with g destinations, our deterministic algorithm can achieve the capacity in [log(g+1)] uses of the network and has the fastest construction time among algorithms for this problem.
Caudal Epidural Anesthesia Reduces Blood Loss During Hypospadias Repair

We studied 24 boys who were randomized to receive caudal epidural anesthesia with 0.33 ml.kg.-1 0.25% bupivacaine either before (group A) or after (group B) Mathieu repair of distal hypospadias. The 2 groups did not differ in regard to age or weight, and all boys received a standardized anesthetic with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Intraoperative blood loss was measured with sponge weights and microcalibrated suction canisters. Halothane requirements were reduced in group A (0.5 versus 1.1 plus or minus 0.1%, p less than 0.001). Measured blood loss was reduced in group A (16 plus or minus 10 ml. versus 31 plus or minus 17 ml., p less than 0.01). Operating time was reduced in group A (92 plus or minus 13 minutes versus 103 plus or minus 14 minutes, p less than 0.05). There was no apparent difference in postoperative pain relief between the 2 groups. We conclude that caudal epidural anesthesia can reduce blood loss and improve surgical conditions during hypospadias repair.
Laser Pointing Stability Measured by an Oblique-incidence Optical Transmittance Difference Technique

We describe an oblique incidence optical transmittance difference technique for determining the pointing stability of a laser. In this technique, we follow the angular drift a monochromatic laser beam by measuring the relative changes in transmittance through a parallel fused quartz window for s- and p- polarized components of the beam in response to the drift. This method is shown in the present experiment to have the sensitivity to detect angular changes in the range of 1.7 νradians. To demonstrate the technique we measured the angular drifts of two commercially available lasers.
Cross-spectrum measurement of thermal-noise limited oscillators

Cross-spectrum analysis is a commonly used technique for the detection of phase and amplitude noise of a signal in the presence of interfering uncorrelated noise. Recently, we demonstrated that the phase-inversion (anti-correlation) effect due to amplitude noise leakage can cause complete or partial collapse of the cross-spectral function. In this paper, we discuss the newly discovered effect of anti-correlated thermal noise that originates from the common-mode power divider (splitter), an essential component in a cross-spectrum noise measurement system. We studied this effect for different power splitters and discuss its influence on the measurement of thermal-noise limited oscillators. We provide theory, simulation and experimental results. In addition, we expand this study to reveal how the presence of ferrite-isolators and amplifiers at the output ports of the power splitters can affect the oscillator noise measurements. Finally, we discuss a possible solution to overcome this problem.
Quaternary Neptunium Compounds: Syntheses and Characterization of KCuNpS3, RbCuNpS3, CsCuNpS3, KAgNpS3, and CsAgNpS3

The five quaternary neptunium compounds KCuNpS3, RbCuNpS3, CsCuNpS3, KAgNpS3, and CsAgNpS3 (AMNpS3) have been synthesized by the reaction of Np, Cu or Ag, S, and K2S or Rb2S3 or Cs2S3 at 793 K (Rb) or 873 K. These isostructural compounds crystallize as black rectangular plates in the KCuZrS3 structure type in space group Cmcm of the orthorhombic system. The structure comprises MS4 (M = Cu or Ag) tetrahedra and NpS6 octahedra that edge share to form ∞2[MNpS3−] layers. These layers are separated by the alkali-metal cations. The Np−S bond lengths vary from 2.681(2) to 2.754(1) A. When compared to the corresponding isostructural Th and U compounds these bond distances obey the expected actinide contraction. As the structure contains no S−S bonds, formal oxidation states of +1/+1/+4/−2 may be assigned to A/M/Np/S, respectively. From these results a value of 2.57 for the bond-valence parameter r0 for Np4+−S2− has been derived and applied to the estimation of the formal oxidation states of Np in the binary NpxSy...
Augmented Feedback in Adaptive Motor Skill Training

Two studies are presented in which a two-dimensional pursuit tracking task was used to teach a complex perceptual motor skill. The primary emphasis in these studies was to test the need for augmented task difficulty feedback in adaptive training situations where changes in task difficulty rather than performance improvements represent training progress. Augmented feedback was provided either auditorially or visually or both. However, no reliable effects due to feedback were found in either training time-to-criterion or transfer tracking accuracy. In both studies students trained adaptively performed more accurately in transfer.
Crystal structure and chemistry of a complex indium phosphate framework material, (ethylenediammonium)In3P3O12(OH)2

Abstract The chemistry and structure of a novel indium phosphate material (RIPS-4), (H3NCH2CH2NH3)In3-P3O12(OH)2, are described. RIPS-4 was synthesized using ethylene diamine as a structure-directing organic agent. The X-ray crystal structure was determined from a 12×12×42 μm3 crystal in space group C2/m with a=18.662(4) A, b=6.600(2) A, c=12.573(3) A and β=120.92(1)°. The structure consists of a complex edge- and vertex-shared open framework of InO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra enclosing cavities occupied by ethylenediamonium ions. One set of octahedra share opposing edges to form chains along the b-axis matching the structural unit in rutile (TiO2). This rutile edge-shared chain has its projecting oxygen atoms shared with the vertexes of either a PO4 tetrahedron or a second type of InO6 octahedron. The O atoms are 2-connected, each to one In and one P, except for two protonated O atoms (hydroxyl groups) that connect to two and three In atoms, giving three- and four-coordinate O atoms, respectively.
Synthesis and Utility of Dihydropyridine Boronic Esters

When activated by an acylating agent, pyridine boronic esters react with organometallic reagents to form a dihydropyridine boronic ester. This intermediate allows access to a number of valuable substituted pyridine, dihydropyridine, and piperidine products.
The impact of price variability on cash/futures market relationships: implications for market efficiency and price discovery.

This study investigates the relationship between cash and futures prices of soybeans and soybean meal from 1992 to 2013. Error correction models are estimated for the prices of both commodities. An exogenous measure of price variability is included in both models to determine if variability increases the speed with which cash and futures prices return to their long-run equilibrium relationship. This is used to measure the impact of price variability on short-run market efficiency and the price discovery process. The findings indicate that the level of price variability influences market adjustment rates and the price discovery process.
Gender and racial differences in peer effects of limited English students: a story of language or ethnicity?

There is a perception among native born parents in the USA that the increasing number of immigrant students in schools creates negative peer effects on their children. In North Carolina, there has been a significant increase in immigrants, especially those with limited English language skills. Recent data suggests that North Carolina has the eighth largest English-language learner (ELL) student population and over 60 % of immigrants are from Latin America and the Caribbean. While past research suggests negative though negligible peer effects of Limited English (LE) students and black students on the achievement of other students, potential peer effects of students from Latin America in general have not been considered. In this paper, we attempt to identify both LE student and Latin American (LA) student peer effects by separately utilizing fixed effects methods that allow us to deal with the potential selectivity across time and schools. On average, we find no evidence of negative peer effects of LE students on females and white students but note small negative effects on average on males and black students. We also find that, holding constant other factors, an increase in the share of LA students does not create negative peer effects on native students’ achievement. Rather, it is the limited English language skills of some of these students that lead to small, negative peer effects on natives. JEL Classification: I20, I21, J15, J24.
Segment Inventories for Speech Synthesis

Speech synthesis may be based on a segmentation of the speech continuum either into simultaneous components or into successive time segments. The time segments may be of varying size and type: phonemes, phoneme dyads, syllable nuclei and margins, half-syllables, syllables, syllable dyads, and words.In order to obtain an estimate of the size of the segment inventory for each type of segment, a phonological study was made of the particular phoneme sequences which occur in English, particularly in relation to the immediate constituents of the syllable (nucleus and margin) and to the syllable. An estimate was also made of the number of prosodic conditions required for each type of phoneme sequence.It was found that in general there is a direct relationship between the length of the segment and the size of the inventory. However, when the borders of the proposed segments do not coincide with the borders of linguistic units, the inventory has to be relatively large.The value of using the various types of segmen...
What Do Inventories Tell Us about News-Driven Business Cycles?

There is widespread disagreement over the quantitative contribution of news shocks to business-cycle fluctuations. This paper provides a simple identifying restriction, based on inventory dynamics, that tightly pins down this contribution. Structural models predict that finished-good inventories should fall when there is an increase in consumption and investment induced by news shocks. A structural VAR with these sign restrictions indicates that news shocks account for at most 20 percent of output volatility. Since inventories comove positively with consumption and investment in the data, shocks that generate negative comovement cannot account for the bulk of fluctuations.
The Physical Activity Movement and the Definition of Physical Education

The purpose of this Viewpoint article is to reconsider the definition of physical education by highlighting the student learning that can and does occur by way of multiple opportunities for physical activity participation.
Isolation of Thermophilic Fungi from Self-Heated, Industrial Wood Chip Piles

Thermophilic fungi isolated from self-heated wood chips stored at a paper factory included Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile Cooney & Emerson, C. thermophile var. dissitum Cooney & Emerson, Hu...
Dual-sensor fluorescent probes of surfactant-induced unfolding of human serum albumin.

Two extrinsic fluorescent probes, 3-(dimethylamino)-8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-cyclohepta[a]naphthalen-7-one (1) and 7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydrophenanthren-4(1H)-one (2), are used to probe the unfolding of human serum albumin by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). These probes respond separately to the polarity and H-bond-donating ability of their surroundings. Competitive binding experiments show that fluorophore 1 binds to site I (domain IIA) and 2 binds to site II (domain IIIA). The local acidity of 1 in site I is out of the sensing range of 1, whereas the local acidity of 2 in site II is calculated to be nearly zero on Catalan’s solvent acidity index. Both probes show that the first two equivalents of bound SDS result in a decrease in the local polarity of the binding sites. Each subsequent equivalent of SDS gives rise to a dramatic increase in polarity until HSA is saturated with seven molecules of SDS at the end of the specific binding domain. Compound 2 experiences an increase of acidity of 0.10 on Catala...
REDUCTION OF THIONOESTERS TO ETHERS BY TRIORGANOTIN HYDRIDES

Abstract Esters 1 are efficiently deoxygenated to the corresponding ethers 3 in two steps by first conversion to the thionoesters 2 and subsequent reduction of these by triorganotin hydrides.
Pediatric surgical oncology

Pediatric surgical oncology is a relatively new and rapidly evolving field. This textbook, edited by Dr. Richard Andrassy, endeavors to provide a single source for current practice trends. It is aimed at those physicians involved in the care of children with cancer but specifically the family practitioner, general pediatrician, general surgeon, pediatric surgeon, and pediatric surgical sub-specialist. Many of the authors have contributed expert opinions on subjects for which they are surgical representatives for the Children’s Cancer Group. This is the second book entitled Pediatric Surgical Oncology (the first was edited by Dr. Dan Hays). It is therefore appropriate that he begin the current text with an overview of the interesting history of the development of the field. Dr. Andrassy manages to add charming anecdotes of the important figures in the field. He then continues to the “General Principles” chapter, which serves as an introduction to the rest of the text. The book has been divided into two main parts, with the first being general management issues in children with cancer and the second with chapters devoted to each of the main pediatric oncology topics. The initial chapters include an overview of anesthetic concerns, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular biology, minimally invasive surgery, and vascular access as it pertains to care. It then focuses on specific important points in care for pediatric oncology patients. In general, the initial chapters are a good review of each topic. The molecular biology chapter was extremely well written, and provides the reader with an excellent foundation for understanding future developments in research and treatment. The chapters that address specific tumors are perhaps the best portion of this book. They are up-to-date, well written, and explain to the reader the current approaches to management of each topic. These chapters review important management issues and provide insightful interpretations of important studies that have gone into establishing the current protocols. The reader gains and appreciates the evolving field of pediatric surgical oncology. Overall, the aim of the editor was not to provide an all-inclusive summary of present treatment modalities but as a single source for current practice trends. In general, the book achieves this goal. Some topics could have included further information of current active areas of investigations and research. However, in an age of rapidly evolving technology where areas of interest may change over a matter of months, we realize this is likely impossible. Therefore, we would highly recommend this book as a prerequisite for all surgeons looking after children with cancer and be available in all children’s hospital libraries as an important reference to current pediatric surgical oncology management.
Calculation of Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds.

The aqueous solubility of 14 organic solutes has been calculated from their octanoL/water partition coefficient and from their solute activity coefficient in octanol at infinite dilution. The solute activity coefficients were calculated from the Flory-Huggins and Hildebrand-Scatchand (FH-HS) equations and were found to be in good agreement with the activity coefficients detennined from GC specific retention volume measurements. The calculated solubilities were in good agreement with the experimental solubilities.
Biphilic Organophosphorus Catalysis: Regioselective Reductive Transposition of Allylic Bromides via PIII/PV Redox Cycling

We report that a regioselective reductive transposition of primary allylic bromides is catalyzed by a biphilic organophosphorus (phosphetane) catalyst. Spectroscopic evidence supports the formation of a pentacoordinate (σ5-P) hydridophosphorane as a key reactive intermediate. Kinetics experiments and computational modeling are consistent with a unimolecular decomposition of the σ5-P hydridophosphorane via a concerted cyclic transition structure that delivers the observed allylic transposition and completes a novel PIII/PV redox catalytic cycle. These results broaden the growing repertoire of reactions catalyzed within the PIII/PV redox couple and suggest additional opportunities for organophosphorus catalysis in a biphilic mode.
Collinear and Soft Limits of Multi-Loop Integrands in N=4 Yang-Mills

It has been argued in arXiv:1112.6432 that the planar four-point integrand in $ \mathcal{N} = 4 $ super Yang-Mills theory is uniquely determined by dual conformal invariance together with the absence of a double pole in the integrand of the logarithm in the limit as a loop integration variable becomes collinear with an external momentum. In this paper we reformulate this condition in a simple way in terms of the amplitude itself, rather than its logarithm, and verify that it holds for two- and three-loop MHV integrands for n > 4. We investigate the extent to which this collinear constraint and a constraint on the soft behavior of integrands can be used to determine integrands. We find an interesting complementarity whereby the soft constraint becomes stronger while the collinear constraint becomes weaker at larger n. For certain reasonable choices of basis at two and three loops the two constraints in unison appear strong enough to determine MHV integrands uniquely for all n.
New intermetallics YbAu2In4 and Yb2Au3In5.

The intermetallic compounds YbAu2In4 and Yb2Au3In5 were obtained as single crystals in high yield from reactions run in liquid indium. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data of YbAu2In4 showed that it crystallizes as a new structure type in the monoclinic space group P21/m and lattice constants a = 7.6536(19) A, b = 4.5424(11) A, c = 9.591(2) A and β = 107.838(4)°. The YbAu2In4 compound is composed of a complex [Au2In4]3− polyanionic network in which the rare-earth ions are embedded. Yb2Au3In5 crystallizes in the polar space group Cmc21 with the Y2Rh3Sn5 type structure and lattice constants a = 4.5351(9) A, b = 26.824(5) A, and c = 7.4641(15) A. The gold and indium atoms define a complex three-dimensional [Au3In5] network with a broad range of Au−In (2.751(2) A−3.0518(16) A) and In−In (3.062(3) A−3.3024(19) A) distances. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of YbAu2In4 revealed a transition at 25 K. Below the transition, the susceptibility of YbAu2In4 follows Curie−Weiss behavior with an effective paramagn...
An Efficient Asymmetric Biomimetic Transamination of α-Keto Esters to Chiral α-Amino Esters

An efficient asymmetric biomimetic transamination of α-keto esters with quinine derivatives as chiral bases was described. A wide variety of α-amino esters containing various functional groups can be synthesized in high yield and enantioselectivity.
Prosecuting Beyond the Rule of Law: Corporate Mandates Imposed through Deferred Prosecution Agreements

U.S. corporate criminal enforcement policy allows prosecutors to enter into deferred and nonprosecution agreements (D/NPAs) that impose corporate reformmandates on firms with detected misconduct. This article concludes that the process governing prosecutors’ use of D/NPAmandates is inconsistent with the rule of law. The rule of law requires that individual executive branch actors not be given sufficient authority to restrict the rights of others to achieve personal aims, including idiosyncratic conceptions of the public interest. To satisfy the rule of law, modern governments granting discretion to executive branch actors constrain this authority by limiting the scope of authority granted and requiring external oversight of decisions. Formal enforcement through pleas and formal agency rule-making employ both mechanisms to constrain discretionary authority. By contrast, prosecutors who use D/NPAs to create and impose newduties face few limitations on the scope of their ex ante authority to intervene. They also face little oversight through judicial review. This broad grant of discretion to individual prosecutors’ offices is inconsistent with the rule of law.
Synthesis of Functionalized Phenanthrenes via Regioselective Oxidative Radical Cyclization

The majority of Sn-mediated cyclizations are reductive and, thus, cannot give a fully conjugated product. This is a limitation in the application of Sn-mediated radical cascades for the preparation of fully conjugated molecules. In this work, we report an oxidatively terminated Bu3Sn-mediated cyclization of an alkyne where AIBN, the commonly used initiator, takes on a new function as an oxidative agent. Sn-mediated radical transformation of biphenyl aryl acetylenes into functionalized phenanthrenyl stannanes can be initiated via two potentially equilibrating vinyl radicals, one of which can be trapped by the fast 6-endoclosure at the biphenyl moiety in good to excellent yields. The efficient preparation of Sn-substituted phenanthrenes opens access to convenient building blocks for the construction of larger polyaromatics.
Decision Space and Capacities in the Decentralization of Health Services in Fiji; Comment on “Decentralisation of Health Services in Fiji: A Decision Space Analysis”

The study of decentralization in Fiji shows that increasing capacities is not necessarily related to increasing decision space of local officials, which is in contrast with earlier studies in Pakistan. Future studies should address the relationship among decision space, capacities, and health system performance.
‘Lords of the dance’ as double agents: elite actors in and around the legal field

This article starts from the useful image of professions as “Lords of the Dance” playing central roles in constructing and managing institutions. Drawing on our own comparative research and Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological approach, we present an alternative and in part complementary analysis of the presumed phenomenon. We suggest that a focus on professions generally, the legal profession, or the professional services firm as the unit of analysis neglects the key role of a relatively small group of double agents and brokers, typified by elite lawyers or jurists who combine forms of social, familial, learned and political other capital with stature within the profession. These individuals broker institutional change in part through their professional stature but also on behalf of themselves and the interests that they represent. The model comes from law but can be found also with other groups, including a small number of investment bankers and business consultants. The article explores the genesis of this role through the interaction between legal fields and fields of state power in Europe, the role of the elite double agent in brokering change, and how it has evolved to privilege especially a relatively small number of professors in Germany, barristers in Great Britain, and French advocates – in each context acting both inside the law but also above, below, and around through their connections to other social groups. The conclusion of the paper seeks both to contrast the approach taken in this article to the literature on professions and organizations, and to suggest how this approach can be used also to examine the processes of U.S.-led globalization, where the counterpart elite jurist is the corporate lawyer statesperson.
Deterministic and probabilistic binary search in graphs

We consider the following natural generalization of Binary Search: in a given undirected, positively weighted graph, one vertex is a target. The algorithm’s task is to identify the target by adaptively querying vertices. In response to querying a node q, the algorithm learns either that q is the target, or is given an edge out of q that lies on a shortest path from q to the target. We study this problem in a general noisy model in which each query independently receives a correct answer with probability p > 1/2 (a known constant), and an (adversarial) incorrect one with probability 1 − p. Our main positive result is that when p = 1 (i.e., all answers are correct), log2 n queries are always sufficient. For general p, we give an (almost information-theoretically optimal) algorithm that uses, in expectation, no more than (1 − δ) logn/1 − H(p) + o(logn) + O(log2 (1/δ)) queries, and identifies the target correctly with probability at leas 1 − δ. Here, H(p) = −(p logp + (1 − p) log(1 − p)) denotes the entropy. The first bound is achieved by the algorithm that iteratively queries a 1-median of the nodes not ruled out yet; the second bound by careful repeated invocations of a multiplicative weights algorithm. Even for p = 1, we show several hardness results for the problem of determining whether a target can be found using K queries. Our upper bound of log2 n implies a quasipolynomial-time algorithm for undirected connected graphs; we show that this is best-possible under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH). Furthermore, for directed graphs, or for undirected graphs with non-uniform node querying costs, the problem is PSPACE-complete. For a semi-adaptive version, in which one may query r nodes each in k rounds, we show membership in Σ2k−1 in the polynomial hierarchy, and hardness for Σ2k−5.
A Human-in-the Loop Evaluation of a Coordinated Arrival Departure Scheduling Operations for Managing Departure Delays at LaGuardia Airport

LaGuardia (LGA) departure delay was identified by the stakeholders and subject matter experts as a significant bottleneck in the New York metropolitan area. Departure delay at LGA is primarily due to dependency between LGA's arrival and departure runways: LGA departures cannot begin takeoff until arrivals have cleared the runway intersection. If one-in one-out operations are not maintained and a significant arrival-to-departure imbalance occurs, the departure backup can persist through the rest of the day. At NASA Ames Research Center, a solution called "Departure-sensitive Arrival Spacing" (DSAS) was developed to maximize the departure throughput without creating significant delays in the arrival traffic. The concept leverages a Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) operations that create and manage the arrival schedule to the runway threshold and added an interface enhancement to the traffic manager's timeline to provide the ability to manually adjust inter-arrival spacing to build precise gaps for multiple departures between arrivals. A more complete solution would include a TSS algorithm enhancement that could automatically build these multi-departure gaps. With this set of capabilities, inter-arrival spacing could be controlled for optimal departure throughput. The concept was prototyped in a human-in-the- loop (HITL) simulation environment so that operational requirements such as coordination procedures, timing and magnitude of TSS schedule adjustments, and display features for Tower, TRACON and Traffic Management Unit could be determined. A HITL simulation was conducted in August 2014 to evaluate the concept in terms of feasibility, controller workload impact, and potential benefits. Three conditions were tested, namely a Baseline condition without scheduling, TSS condition that schedules the arrivals to the runway threshold, and TSS+DSAS condition that adjusts the arrival schedule to maximize the departure throughput. The results showed that during high arrival demand period, departure throughput could be incrementally increased under TSS and TSS+DSAS conditions without compromising the arrival throughput. The concept, operational procedures, and summary results were originally published in ATM20151 but detailed results were omitted. This paper expands on the earlier paper to provide the detailed results on throughput, conformance, safety, flight time/distance, etc. that provide extra insights into the feasibility and the potential benefits on the concept.
On the feasibility of wearable exotendon networks for whole-hand movement patterns in stroke patients

Fully wearable hand rehabilitation and assistive devices could extend training and improve quality of life for patients affected by hand impairments. However, such devices must deliver meaningful manipulation capabilities in a small and lightweight package. In this context, this paper investigates the capability of single-actuator devices to assist whole-hand movement patterns through a network of exotendons. Our prototypes combine a single linear actuator (mounted on a forearm splint) with a network of exotendons (routed on the surface of a soft glove). We investigated two possible tendon network configurations: one that produces full finger extension (overcoming flexor spasticity), and one that combines proximal flexion with distal extension at each finger. In experiments with stroke survivors, we measured the force levels needed to overcome various levels of spasticity and open the hand for grasping using the first of these configurations, and qualitatively demonstrated the ability to execute fingertip grasps using the second. Our results support the feasibility of developing future wearable devices able to assist a range of manipulation tasks.