cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal sensor geometry for tomographic below ground imaging of objects in a region of interest

In this paper, we present a unique Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technique currently under development to image deeply buried targets over relatively small areas of regard. This GPR computes the optimal sensor geometry for a given bistatic and multi-static radar distribution of transmitters and receivers operating in the microwave band of frequencies. There are M receivers, and they can be arranged arbitrarily. In addition to that, we have N transmitters that we can also arrange in the same way. Each receiver can process all frequencies from the multiple transmitters. The transmitters are deployed above ground, while the receivers are in the space between the surface of the ground and the multitude of transmitters. Radio frequency (RF) tomography is developed using Green's functions and Maxwell's equations to develop an algorithm for imaging underground targets. The targets are assumed to be inside a region of interest (ROI). The design includes different transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) geometries, such as concentric circles and concentric squares. Based on these different geometries we determine which distribution is best for imaging depths of shallow buried targets. Also, the development of the optimal sensor geometry is investigated in order to provide the best configurations and increase overall tomographic imagery. Simulation results show excellent performance in the absence of significant unknown disturbances.
Cultural Worldviews and Political Process Preferences

Objectives Cultural theory (CT) is often leveraged to explain policy preferences and risk perceptions. While scholars often make claims regarding CT's relationship with political process preferences, these remain largely untested. This study explores the relationship between CT and individual preferences toward the process in which political decisions are made. Methods Using national survey data (n = 900), we identify two political process preference dimensions in exploratory factor analysis: compromise and expediency. To operationalize CT, survey items from cultural cognition theory are formed into cultural measures. We use bivariate and multivariate analysis to explore key relationships. Results Those with more egalitarian/communitarian worldviews value compromise in political decision making, while those with individualist/hierarchical worldviews are less likely to value compromise. We find no relationship between expediency and cultural worldviews. Conclusion This research suggests that CT is useful for understanding some, but not all, dimensions of political process preferences. While those with egalitarians/communitarian worldviews may be more accepting of policy decisions produced under compromise, other common tropes regarding the relationship between CT and process preferences should be carefully applied.
An Extravagant Gift From a Grateful Patient

media-1vid110.1542/5787668327001PEDS-VA_2017-2837Video AbstractGift giving is psychologically and culturally complex. In any context, a gift can have multiple meanings. In the context of the doctor-patient relationship, the giving of gifts and decisions about whether to accept gifts raise complex ethical issues. In this essay, a number of pediatric oncologists discuss the ethical considerations that should guide physicians as they decide how to respond to an extravagant gift from a family.
Quantification in Hungarian

This chapter illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Hungarian, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS IN B LYMPHOCYTES

Publisher Summary The events that transpire in B lymphocytes upon interaction of their surface Ig with an appropriate ligand has been studied by various researchers. This chapter presents the reaction of the cell to ligand-receptors complexing in the absence of any cooperative signal from the thymic helper cells. The studies presented in the chapter have used as ligand either anti-Ig or specific antigen. The general design of the experiments discussed in the chapter is to treat lymphocytes in vitro with a rabbit IgG having antibody activity against various classes of Ig and then to follow the interaction by various immunocytochemical or biochemical procedures. The IgG can be labeled with fluorescein, radioiodine, or ferritin and then is followed by immunofluorescence, by autoradiography, or by electron microscopy, respectively.
Equity Audits as a Tool of Critical Data-Driven Decision Making: Preparing Teachers to See Beyond Achievement Gaps and Bubbles

As schools and teachers utilize data-driven decision-making processes to identify and remediate struggling students, systemic conditions that contribute to students’ learning opportunities are ofte...
E-108 Aladin study: automated large artery occlusion detection in stroke imaging study – a multicenter analysis

Introduction Large Vessel Occlusion (LVO) for Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) remains a public health issue as there is significant morbidity and mortality when left untreated. Timely recognition, therefore, is of utmost significance, as there are validated therapeutic options involving cerebrovascular reperfusion. Best patient care relies on tailored and expeditious clinical identification, using multimodal neuroimaging and facilitating referrals to comprehensive centers. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-guided technologies applied to medical fields are being used increasingly and may improve LVO recognition. We present an AI-based algorithm for LVO detection. Methods A multi-center retrospective analysis of CTAs, randomly picked from retrospective cohort of AIS patients, with and without anterior circulation LVOs, admitted at three tertiary stroke centers, from 2014–2017, was performed. CTAs were analyzed and graded by experienced stroke neurologists for presence and site of occlusion to establish the ground truth. These same studies were analyzed by Viz-AI-Algorithm v3.04 – a Convolutional Neural Network programmed to detect MCA-M1 and/or ICA-T occlusions. Our primary analysis included ICA-T and/or MCA-M1 LVOs versus non-LVOs/more distal occlusions. Our secondary analysis also included proximal MCA-M2 vs non-LVOs. Results Interim analysis of 875 CTAs, of three tertiary stroke centers, show: 49.5% males, bNIHSS 15[IQR 10–20], bASPECTS 10[8–10]. Of all, 45.9% were considered as having LVO, and homogenous baseline characteristics among groups was found. Primary analysis shows an accuracy of 86%, sensitivity of 90.1%, specificity of 82.5, PPV of 81.8 and NPV of 90.6; AUC 86.3% (95% CI 0.83–0.90, p≤0.001) and ICC 84.1% (95% CI 0.81–0.86; p≤0.001). Maximal running time of the algorithm was under five minutes. Conclusion Viz-AI-Algorithm has an impressive performance for detection of proximal intracranial LVO recognition. Endeavors to optimize detection of the MCA-M2 and all intracranial ICA occlusions have been enforced, as well as posterior circulation. So far, this is the first AI-algorithm for detecting intracranial anterior circulation LVOs. Disclosures C. Barreira: None. M. Bouslama: None. J. Lim: None. A. Al-Bayati: None. Y. Saleem: None. T. Devlin: None. D. Haussen: None. M. Froehler: None. J. Grossberg: None. B. Baxter: None. M. Frankel: None. R. Nogueira: None.
Heterogeneous Pulmonary Response After Tracheal Occlusion: Clues to Fetal Lung Growth.

Abstract Background Understanding inconsistent clinical outcomes in infants with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) after tracheal occlusion (TO) is a crucial step for advancing neonatal care. The objective of this study is to explore the heterogeneous airspace morphometry and the metabolic landscape changes in fetal lungs after TO. Methods Fetal lungs on days 1 and 4 after TO were examined using mass spectrometry–based metabolomics, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), the number of airspaces, and tissue-to-airspace ratio (TAR). Results Two morphometric areas were identified in TO lungs compared with controls (more small airspaces at day 1 and a higher number of enlarged airspaces at day 4). Global metabolomics analysis revealed a significant upregulation of glycolysis and a suppression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in day 4 TO lungs compared with day 1 TO lungs. In addition, there was a significant increase in polyamines involved in cell growth and proliferation. Locally, FLIM analysis on day 1 TO lungs demonstrated two types of heterogeneous zones—similar to control and with increased oxidative phosphorylation. FLIM on day 4 TO lungs demonstrated appearance of zones with enlarged airspaces and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, accompanied by a decrease in the FLIM “lipid-surfactant” signal. Conclusions In normal fetal lungs, we report a novel temporal pattern of varied morphometric and metabolic changes. Initially, there is formation of zones with small airspaces, followed by airspace enlargement over time. Metabolically day 1 TO lungs have zones with increased oxidative phosphorylation, whereas day 4 TO lungs have a shift toward glycolysis in the enlarged airspaces. Based on our observations, we speculate that the “best responders” to tracheal occlusion should have bigger lungs with small airspaces and normal surfactant production.
The Social Origins of Human Prosociality

From early in life, children help, comfort, and share with others. Recent research has deepened scientific understanding of the development of prosociality - efforts to promote the welfare of others. This article discusses two key insights about the emergence and early development of prosocial behavior, focusing on the development of helping. First, children's motivations and capabilities for helping change in quality as well as quantity over the opening years of life. Specifically, helping begins in participatory activities without prosocial intent in the first year of life, becoming increasingly autonomous and motivated by prosocial intent over the second year. Second, helping emerges through bidirectional social interactions, starting at birth, in which caregivers and others support the development of helping in a variety of ways and young children play active roles, often influencing caregiver behavior. The question now is not whether, but how social interactions contribute to the development of prosocial behavior. Recent methodological and theoretical advances provide exciting avenues for future research on the social and emotional origins of human prosociality.
(Spin-)density-functional theory for open-shell systems: Exact magnetization density functional for the half-filled Hubbard trimer

According to the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem of density-functional theory (DFT), all observable quantities of systems of interacting electrons can be expressed as functionals of the ground-state density. This includes, in principle, the spin polarization (magnetization) of open-shell systems; the explicit form of the magnetization as a functional of the total density is however unknown. In practice, open-shell systems are always treated with spin-DFT, where the basic variables are the spin densities. Here the relation between DFT and spin-DFT for open-shell systems is illustrated and the exact magnetization density functional is obtained for the half-filled Hubbard trimer. Errors arising from spin-restricted and -unrestricted exact-exchange Kohn-Sham calculations are analyzed and partially resolved via the exact magnetization functional.
Vasculature-Driven Biomechanical Deformable Image Registration of Longitudinal Liver Cholangiocarcinoma Computed Tomographic Scans.

Abstract Purpose Deformable image registration (DIR) of longitudinal liver cancer computed tomographic (CT) images can be challenging owing to anatomic changes caused by radiation therapy (RT) or disease progression. We propose a workflow for the DIR of longitudinal contrast-enhanced CT scans of liver cancer based on a biomechanical model of the liver driven by boundary conditions on the liver surface and centerline of an autosegmentation of the vasculature. Methods and Materials Pre- and post-RT CT scans acquired with a median gap of 112 (32-217) days for 28 patients who underwent RT for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. For each patient, 5 corresponding anatomic landmarks in pre- and post-RT scans were identified in the liver by a clinical expert for evaluation of the accuracy of different DIR strategies. The first strategy corresponded to the use of a biomechanical model-based DIR method with boundary conditions specified on the liver surface (BM_DIR). The second strategy corresponded to the use of an expansion of BM_DIR consisting of the auto-segmentation of the liver vasculature to determine additional boundary conditions in the biomechanical model (BM_DIR_VBC). The 2 strategies were also compared with an intensity-based DIR strategy using a Demons algorithms. Results The group mean target registration errors were 12.4 ± 7.5, 7.7 ± 3.7 and 4.4 ± 2.5 mm, for the Demons, BM_DIR and BM_DIR_VBC, respectively. Conclusions In regard to the large and complex deformation observed in this study and the achieved accuracy of 4.4 mm, the proposed BM_DIR_VBC method might reveal itself as a valuable tool in future studies on the relationship between delivered dose and treatment outcome.
Repurposing a drug targeting peptide for targeting antimicrobial peptides against Staphylococcus

Targeted therapies seek to selectively eliminate a pathogen without disrupting the resident microbial community. However, with selectivity comes the potential for developing bacterial resistance. Thus, a diverse range of targeting peptides must be made available. Two commonly used antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), plectasin and eurocin, were genetically fused to the targeting peptide A12C, which selectively binds to Staphylococcus species. The targeting peptide did not decrease activity against the targeted Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but drastically decreased activity against the nontargeted species, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. This effect was equally evident across two different AMPs, two different species of Staphylococcus, four different negative control bacteria, and against both biofilm and planktonic forms of the bacteria. A12C, originally designed for targeted drug delivery, was repurposed to target antimicrobial peptides. This illustrates the wealth of ligands, both natural and synthetic, which can be adapted to develop a diverse array of targeting antimicrobial peptides.
Three-Dimensional Printing: A Catalyst for a Changing Orthopaedic Landscape.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging tool in provider and patient education, surgical planning, and the design and implementation of medical devices and implants.Recent decreases in the cost of 3D printers along with advances in and cost reduction of printable materials have elevated 3D pr
Epitaxy of Small Organic Molecules

Abstract Crystal growth phenomena are critical in the creation of organic thin-film materials and devices. Insight into the fundamental epitaxial processes of interface formation, nucleation, and surface transport can be obtained from epitaxy on organic single-crystal surfaces. Applications demand the creation of organic-inorganic interfaces between organic crystalline thin films and inorganic metal or insulator substrates for which deposition yields thin films with structures ranging from amorphous layers to epitaxial crystals. Epitaxial methods include organic molecular beam deposition, vapor transport, and solution phase deposition. Each method provides unique kinetic processes and opportunities in interface formation, the design of thin-film crystals with favorable morphologies, and to yield particular crystalline polymorphs. Organic epitaxial structures can be characterized by a wide variety of structural and microscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction and scattering, optical probes, scanning probe microscopy, and electron diffraction and microscopy. The scope of organic epitaxial techniques are expanding to include multicomponent organic compounds and large low-symmetry molecules relevant to biomaterials.
Contributions of Cerebellar White Matter Microstructure to Social Difficulty in Nonverbal Learning Disability

Emerging evidence suggests that the cerebellum may contribute to variety of cognitive capacities, including social cognition. Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is characterized by visual-spatial and social impairment. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have shown that children with NVLD have altered cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity, which is associated with various symptom domains. However, little is known about cerebellar white matter microstructure in NVLD and whether it contributes to social deficits. Twenty-seven children (12 with NVLD, 15 typically developing (TD)) contributed useable diffusion tensor imaging data. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to quantify fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cerebellar peduncles. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist, providing a measure of social difficulty. Children with NVLD had greater fractional anisotropy in the left and right inferior cerebellar peduncle. Furthermore, right inferior cerebellar peduncle FA was associated with social impairment as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist Social Problems subscale. Finally, the association between NVLD diagnosis and greater social impairment was mediated by right inferior cerebellar peduncle FA. These findings provide additional evidence that the cerebellum contributes both to social cognition and to the pathophysiology of NVLD.
Exploring the Relationship Between Professional Development Experience and Skills in Educational Technology Integration Among Primary EFL Teacher

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in professional development (PD) opportunities afforded to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers based on years of teaching experience related to foreign language teaching. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven primary schools with 60 primary EFL teachers in a middle-sized urban school district in China. Descriptive statistics and multiple Chi-square tests were used in the study. The results indicated that more experienced primary EFL teachers had the least technological pedagogical knowledge, which is contrary to the traditional concept that more experienced teachers have better teaching knowledge. The study suggests the need to support EFL teachers in China with technology-based PD training including teachers with varied years of teaching experience, in order to enhance their instructional skills.
Globalization and the Legitimacy of International Telecommunications Standard-Setting Organizations

In a 1991 article, Stanley Besen and Joseph Farrell, two well-known economists, put forward the opinion that the preeminence of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in international telecommunications standardization was soon coming to an end.1 Since its founding in 1865 in Paris as the International Telegraph Union, the ITU has been a major forum for international telecommunications standardization,2 along with other organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The ITU/ISO-IEC system evolved into a comprehensive and elaborate process for standardization that worked effectively for more than a century. However, as the transition to a global information society accelerated in the 1980s, dissatisfaction with the time-consuming and contentious standard-setting process in the ITU began to rise. The creation of Regional Standards Organizations (RSOs) like the Standards Committee Tl of the United States, the Japanese Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) was symptomatic of this dissatisfaction. Besen and Farrell argued that the rise of more efficient alternative organizational structures challenged the preeminence of the ITU as a standard-setter. The on-going contest between the ITU and RSOs is an interesting illustration of the challenges and conflicts inherent in globalization. As a body created by the cooperative efforts of states and dominated by national
SiO2Al2O3 ratios of ZSM—5 crystals measured by electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction

Abstract An X-ray diffraction technique has been developed for estimating the SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 ratio in ZSM—5 crystals with ratios varying from 30 to 150. The 26 value in degrees for the (10, 0, 0; 804) peak minus the 2θ value for the (0, 10, 0) peak is used for the measurement. Both bulk and electron microprobe analyses of individual crystals were used to check the composition of the crystals. Similar Δ2θ values were obtained with NH4+, Na+, and H+ as exchangeable cations. After the crystals were used as catalysts, their Δ2θ values decreased, indicating a decrease in the a axis of approximately 0.05 A and an increase in the b axis of approximately 0.05 A. Two possible causes of these shifts are changes in the SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 ratio of the ZSM—5 framework, or filling of the pores of the zeolite.
Effects of Temperature-Dependent Molecular Absorption Coefficients on the Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing of the Earth Surface

The effect of temperature-dependent molecular absorption coefficients on thermal infrared spectral signatures measured from satellite sensors is investigated by comparing results from the atmospheric transmission and radiance codes LOWTRAN and MODTRAN and the accurate multiple scattering radiative transfer model ATRAD for different atmospheric profiles. The sensors considered include the operational NOAA AVHRR and two research instruments planned for NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS): MODIS-N (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir-Mode) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer). The difference in band transmittance is as large as 6 percent for some thermal bands within atmospheric windows and more than 30 percent near the edges of these atmospheric windows. The effect of temperature-dependent molecular absorption coefficients on satellite measurements of sea-surface temperature can exceed 0.6 K. Quantitative comparison and factor analysis indicate that more accurate measurements of molecular absorption coefficients and better radiative transfer simulation methods are needed to achieve SST accuracy of 0.3 K, as required for global numerical models of climate, and to develop land-surface temperature algorithms at the 1-K accuracy level.
Momentary atrial electrical axes: III. A-V nodal rhythm

Abstract Using a method of analysis of the P wave, recorded in three planes of the chest as previously described, we have studied the curves of the consecutive momentary atrial axes in A-V nodal rhythm. In three dimensions, the curves pass up, back, and to the left. The curves obtained in so-called “coronary” nodal rhythm resemble those of ordinary sinus rhythm, passing down, variably forward, and to the left. The available evidence is surveyed, and it is concluded that this latter type of nodal rhythm is actually merely an example of sinus rhythm with relatively rapid conduction of the impulse through the A-V junctional tissues.
PROPANE/METHANE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Propane is used to extend the range of a methane-fueled car in this project. A feedback loop system for mixture control allows the use of propane or methane or any proportion of the two gases. A refuelling system for propane was devised that allows a refill from a low pressure propane source or a high pressure methane source. The purpose of this paper is to report on the feasibility of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), propane, methane, and various fuel mixtures of propane and methane as potentially viable alternative motor fuels. The Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) at Western Washington University (WWU) has been conducting tests of these fuels to determine levels of vehicle performance and fuel economy.
An Introduction to the GIMP Tool Kit

The purpose of this article is to give a short overview of what gtk+ is, what it can do and where to gather more information
Public Relations For A National Observatory

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a government-funded organization providing state-of-the-art observational facilities to the astronomical community on a peer-reviewed basis. In this role, the NRAO must address three principal constituencies with its publicrelations efforts. These are: the astronomical community; the funding and legislative bodies of the Federal Government; and the general public. To serve each of these constituencies, the Observatory has developed a set of public-relations initiatives supported by public-relations and outreach professionals as well as by management and scientific staff members. The techniques applied and the results achieved in each of these areas are described.
Emerging Policy and Practice Issues (2015)

This paper, presented at the West Government Contracts Year in Review Conference (covering 2014), attempts to identify the key trends and issues in U.S. federal procurement for 2014. Consistent with prior practice, this chapter offers extensive coverage of the federal procurement, grant, and defense spending trends and attempts to predict what lies ahead, particularly with regard to legislative and executive activity (which, this year, was highlighted by Executive Order activity). The paper discusses, in addition to data, changes to OFPP and DoD leadership and the continued Defense Department Better Buying Power Initiative (now in version 3.0) and acquisition performance measurement (or metrics).
Optics of a granular imaging system (i.e. “orbiting rainbows”)

Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5603 ABSTRACT In this paper, we present some ideas regar ding the optics and imaging aspects of granular spacecraft . Granular spacecraft are complex systems composed of a spatially disordered distribution of a large number of elements, for instance a cloud of gr ains in orbit. An example of this application is a spaceborne observatory fo r exoplanet imaging, where the primary collecting aperture is a cloud of small particle s instead of a monolithic aperture. Keywords: imaging system, dynamics, control, integrated modeling, granular media 1. INTRODUCTION Orbiting Rainbows is a Phase II NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) study that is investigating the creation of a space-based observatory from granular media. The goal of this research is to identify ways to optically manipulate and maintain the shape of a cloud of dust-like matter so that it can function as an adaptive surface with useful electromagnetic characteristics in the optical or microwave bands. The investigators are developing a technology roadmap with the goal of constructing a very large and lightwe ight granular aperture by sh aping a cloud of micron-sized particles. This cloud optic will be relatively simple to packag e, transport, and deploy. It is reconfigurable and can be re-targeted; the focal length is variable and it will be self-healing and ultimately disposable. With near-term plans to build 30 meter ground-based telescopes for astronomy, the demand for higher resolution optics in space continues to grow not only for exo-planet detection, but also for earth-based science, including hyper-spectral imaging and for monitoring of the oceans and land masses (e.g. seismic monitoring). The useful engineering properties of a cloud of granular matter in space are virtually unknown. Granular matter is considered to be the fifth state of matter (after solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma) by virtue of its peculiar response characteristics (cohesiveness, fluid behavi or, compactification, phase transformation capability, and others). However, it is a fact that the dynamics, controllable properties, and consequent benefits of engineering and manipulating granular matter such as dust grains, powders, and granular spacecraft is poorly known to the space exploration community. Recent work
The Test Engineer's Assistant revisited-refinements on a prototype software tool

The approaches currently used for adding testability into system designs are based on ad-hoc testing methods or on the experience of a design team supported by testing experts. This paper presents a design methodology and a knowledge-based CAD environment that allows a system designer to incorporate testability into a design in a formal, verifiable way which also provides clear documentation for this activity. Prototype CAD tools have been built and have met with limited in-house use success. The design and implementation of the current prototype tools, collectively known as the Test Engineer's Assistant (TEA) tools, along with lessons learned and elements of a more robust system will be presented. >
SIGNIFICANCE OF THORIUM, URANIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN SOME EARLY PRECAMBRIAN GRAYWACKES FROM WYOMING AND MINNESOTA.

Thorium, uranium, and potassium concentrations have been measured by gamma-ray spectrometry in graywacke sequences from the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and the Knife Lake area of Minnesota. Thorium concentrations are compatible with the clay, quartz, and lithic contents of the rocks, but the uranium contents are low, thus yielding Th/U ratios in the neighbourhood of 5 or above. Assuming that all post-depositional elemental abundance variations in the graywackes have been caused solely by radioactive decay since the rocks were formed (about 3 · 109 years ago), the initial Th/U ratios would have been in the range of 3–4. If the graywackes are random samples of the continental crust at their time of formation, them these data support the data of Fahrig and Eade (1968) to the effect that the continental crust 3 · 109 years ago had a Th/U ratio significantly higher than that of the whole earth.
Selection for Pyrethroid Resistance, Reversion, and Cross-Resistance with Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

A strain of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), resistant to dimethoate was selected in the greenhouse with fluvalinate. After 10 selections over 10 mo, the strain was 482- and 1,380-fold resistant to fluvalinate at the LC50 and LC90, respectively. Predictably, we observed a high level of cross-resistance to all other pyrethroids tested (LC50 ratios ranging from 10.1-fold for cypermethrin to 128-fold for bifenthrin) and to DDT (53.8-fold). Among organophosphates and carbamates, cross-resistance was moderate to parathion (16.9-fold), low to bendiocarb (3.8-fold), and marginal or absent to dimethoate (2.6-fold), formetanate (2.1-fold), carbosulfan (1.6-fold), abamectin (0.4-fold), and acephate (0.4-fold). In the absence of selection over 20 mo, resistance declined significantly to 108- (LC50) and 51.2-fold (LC50).
Human papillomavirus vaccine update.

Abstract This article provides an overview of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the burden of HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer, in the United States. The article presents an overview of HPV vaccination, including the efficacy and safety of the HPV vaccine, recommendations for vaccination in the adolescent population, as well as points to counter several of the common barriers to vaccination. This information is valuable to providers in their efforts to consistently and strongly recommend HPV vaccination.
International law and institutions: The oceans and beyond

Abstract This article explores the evolving roles of international law and institutions—both regional and global—in furthering sound ocean management. Its purpose is to stimulate a further exchange of views and information on this subject, with a view to considering how their development in the oceans context may contribute to an effective response to other problems of global environmental management. The author is concerned with three aspects of the functions of international law and institutions and how they may be improved: the development of scientific data and analysis, oversight and enforcement, and effective coordination.
Electrostatic shielding in patterned carbon nanotube field emission arrays

As the morphologies of patterned carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission arrays become more complex, it is critical to examine the interactions of individual emitters in close proximity to one another. The number of active emission sites in dense arrays can be severely inhibited by electrostatic shielding. To explore this effect, we have fabricated an array of microscale CNT bundles with varying diameters. Field enhancement was found to increase with decreasing bundle diameter. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed a corresponding increase in the number of stray CNT tips as the bundle diameter decreased. These CNT tips were not as heavily shielded, resulting in improved emission current density. Our results confirm that electrostatic shielding significantly affects the field enhancement of dense arrays, particularly in terms of the number of emitters actively participating in the field emission process.
Towards preventing QR code based attacks on android phone using security warnings

QR (Quick Response) code has become quite popular in recent years due to its large storage capacity, ease of generation and distribution, and fast readability. However, it is not likely that users will be able to find out easily the content encoded, typically URLs, until after they scan QR codes. This makes QR codes a perfect medium for attackers to conceal and launch their attacks based on malicious URLs. We believe that security hardening on QR code scanners is the most effective way to detect and prevent the potential attacks exploiting QR codes. However, little attention has been paid to the security features of QR code scanners so far in literature. In this paper, we investigated the current status of existing QR code scanners in terms of their detection of malicious URLs exploited for two well-known attacks: phishing and malware. Our study results show the existing scanners either cannot detect or can very poorly detect those two attacks. Hence, we propose a QR code solution called SafeQR that enhances the detection rate of malicious URLs by leveraging two existing security APIs to detect phishing and malware attacks: Google Safe Browsing API and Phishtank API. Additionally, a visual warning scheme was carefully designed and implemented to enable users to better heed warnings. A user study was designed and conducted to investigate the effectiveness of our scheme compared with the methods adopted by existing QR code scanners.
Combined use of COSY and double quantum two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy for elucidation of spin systems in polymyxin B

Two-dimensional single quantum correlation NMR spectroscopy (COSY) and two-dimensional double quantum NMR spectroscopy (2QT) are used to study spin systems in the 1H NMR spectrum of polymyxin B. Because of different frequency relationships, the two types of two-dimensional NMR experiments are found to be highly complementary. This is demonstrated by combined use of COSY and 2QT spectroscopy to obtain a complete analysis of the complicated spectral overlap which occurs in the 1H NMR spectrum of polymyxin B.
Phonological error patterns in developmental verbal dyspraxia.

Abstract Phonological error patterns are analyzed in a group of 10 children presenting symptoms consistent with Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia. Results indicate a dominance of “sequentially constrained” errors primarily involving sound and syllable omissions and timing errors. Rank-order correlations among the phonological errors and between phonological errors and develomental indices suggest that these children have a specific expressive language problem dominated by phonological errors of sequential reduction. Interpretation of the data points to a central motor planning deficit. Comparisons are made with other studies depicting neuropsychological deficits in similar children.
Are alternative coalification paths possible for terrestrial coal

It is generally assumed that the coalification of terrestrial kerogens proceeds along an orderly, progressive path from lignitic to anthracitic coal. However, when information concerning the volatile compounds present in coal (the average volatilization rate (AVR) determined by thermogravimetry) is compared with the hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio, some subbituminous coal samples that have relatively low H/C ratios (less than or equal to 0.75) appear to contain insufficient amounts of hydrogen to be transformed into high-volatile bituminous coal. These samples also have relatively high oxygen to carbon (O/C) ratios (> 0.14). The positions of these samples on an AVR vs. H/C plot suggests that their transformation to the high-volatile bituminous rank would not be possible unless hydrogen in some form were added from an external source. The results suggest that all terrestrial coal may not necessarily pass through all preceding ranks. Alternative coalification paths may be possible as a result of differences in the composition of precursor plant material, the conditions prevalent during peatification, and the temperature, pressure, and confining-pressure conditions during coalification.
Rations in cold Arctic environments: recent American military experiences

The provision of an adequate diet is important to the success of any military operation, even more so when the rigors of a cold environment are imposed. Drawing on recent US military experiences, this article looks at some of the nutritional criteria to be considered and at lessons learned from recent field studies. Research to date suggests that, in order to support additional energy expenditure and to provide an adequate diet, 4500 kcal (18.83 MJ) per man per day are required. It is difficult to be precise about the optimum ratios of protein, fat, and carbohydrate; recommendations are made from the literature rather than from experimental evidence. Protein and salt might need to be further restricted, particularly when water supplies are limited. Little convincing evidence is available to demonstrate an increased tolerance to cold resulting from intakes of vitamins and minerals over and above recommended levels. Approximately 3 liters of water per man per day must be considered as a working minimum.
On-chip microdialysis system with flow-through sensing components

Abstract Microdialysis probes have been used for diabetes treatment as continuous monitoring system coupled to a glucose sensor. An on-chip microdialysis system with in-line sensing electrodes is demonstrated. As a first step towards greater biosensor integration with this miniaturized microdialysis system, a stacked system with in-line sensing electrodes was developed. Impedance electrodes sputtered within the microchannels were used to determine fluid electrical resistance from a dialyzed phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, which characterizes solution conductivity as a function of PBS concentration. The permeability of the membrane to the salt ions was obtained as 0.246 ± 0.028 μm/s (15 nm pores). Subsequently, experiments measuring PBS dialysis in the time-domain at 64.4% recovery were conducted. The PBS concentration of the reservoir was changed in both a step response and sinusoidally with an 800 s period. The subsequently measured impedance indicates that the system is able to continuously track concentration changes in the reservoir with a 210 s system response delay. Most of this delay is due to the dead volume within the tubing between the syringe pumps and the microsystem. In addition, the predicted response was modeled using linear systems theory and matches the experimental measurements ( r = 0.98). This system is expected to have the proper sensitivity to track physiologically relevant concentration changes of biomolecules such as glucose (which has a physiological maximum change rate of ∼4 mg/dl min with a periodicity of 1 h or greater) with minimal lag time and amplitude reduction.
Organometallic chemistry: Catalyst takes control to heart

Some transition-metal catalysts control organic reactions so that, given a choice of two mirror-image products, only one forms. The metal atom in these catalysts has been ignored as a source of control — until now. Alkene metathesis (also called olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation) is an organic reaction widely used to synthesize products including medicines, polymers and fuels. Its importance was recognized in 2005, when Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs and Richard Schrock shared the Nobel prize for work on metathesis. A new class of molybdenum-based chiral catalyst, capable of initiating alkene metathesis with exceptional efficiency and enantioselectivity, is reported in this issue. The new catalysts bear a stereogenic metal centre and carry only monodentate ligands. Their effectiveness was demonstrated in an enantioselective synthesis of the Aspidosperma alkaloid, quebrachamine, via a metathesis reaction that cannot be promoted by any of the previously reported catalysts.
The Role of Eye Movements in Learning to Read and Reading Disability

The role of eye movements in learning to read and reading disability is reviewed. Characteristics of eye movements during reading for skilled, beginning, and disabled readers are discussed. It is argued that eye movements are not a cause of reading problems and that training children with reading problems to make smooth, efficient eye movements will not increase their reading ability. Rather, eye movement characteristics during reading reflect the difficulty that children have understanding written text.
BVRcIc OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSES OF THE DWARF DETACHED BINARY V1043 CASSIOPEIA AND A COMMENT ON PRECONTACT W UMa'S

Complete Bessel BVR{sub c}I{sub c} light curves of V1043 Cassiopeia [2MASS J00371195+5301324, Mis V1292, USNO-A2.0 1425-00875743, {alpha}(2000) = 00{sup h}37{sup m}11.{sup s}95, {delta}(2000) = +53 Degree-Sign 01'32.''5] are analyzed. The system is a member of the small group of pre-contact W UMa binaries (PCWBs). Its light curve has the appearance of an Algol (EA) light curve, however it is made up of dwarf solar type components in a detached mode with a period of only 0.6616 days. The analysis includes a period study, an improved ephemeris, a mass ratio search, and a simultaneous BVR{sub c}I{sub c} Wilson-Devinney solution. We document about 20 other PCWBs given in the literature. Several have RS CVn-like properties.
Assessing the Key to Effective Coaching in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: The Therapist-Parent Interaction Coding System

This paper describes the initial evaluation of the Therapist-Parent Interaction Coding System (TPICS), a measure of in vivo therapist coaching for the evidence-based behavioral parent training intervention, parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT). Sixty-one video-recorded treatment sessions were coded with the TPICS to investigate (1) the variety of coaching techniques PCIT therapists use in the early stage of treatment, (2) whether parent skill-level guides a therapist’s coaching style and frequency, and (3) whether coaching mediates changes in parents’ skill levels from one session to the next. Results found that the TPICS captured a range of coaching techniques, and that parent skill-level prior to coaching did relate to therapists’ use of in vivo feedback. Therapists’ responsive coaching (e.g., praise to parents) was a partial mediator of change in parenting behavior from one session to the next for specific child-centered parenting skills; whereas directive coaching (e.g., modeling) did not relate to change. The TPICS demonstrates promise as a measure of coaching during PCIT with good reliability scores and initial evidence of construct validity.
Breaking the shackles of the physical page: Site level authoring for XML using ASML.

A major problem with web authoring today is the page-at-a-time HTML approach. As web sites grow larger and more complex, it is essential that tools treat the site as a single, large, hypermedia document. Even newer technologies such as XML are still shackled by this dependence on the physical page relationship. This poster describes the use of ASML site-level processing in conjunction with XML content to author web sites as a single hypertext document. ASML treats a web site as a single large hypermedia document. Within the structure of a site, content can be several modules, corresponding to a logical hierarchy of the data. This approach to authoring simplifies the production of sites that present content in different forms and allows for simpler management of link and final presentation format consistency.
A theoretical basis for the entrainment of chemostat populations

Model analysis reveals that if cell growth rate is dependent upon physiological age (or size), then oscillation of a limiting concentration of essential nutrilite over the cell growth cycle acts to entrain the growth of cells comprising chemostat populations. Experiments, in which chemostat populations of Schizosaccaromyces pombe were subjected to oscillations in a growth limiting concentration of glucose, have provided evidence supporting the major prediction of the model. Finally, the functional relationship between the present type of cell growth model and other recently proposed cell growth models is discussed.
Partially adaptive estimation of autoregressive processes via a normal mixture

This paper extends some asymptotic results in Phillips (J. Econometrics 64 (1994) 123) for a partially adaptive estimator of linear regression models to autoregressive processes. It also provides some Monte Carlo results illustrating the potential efficiency gains of the estimator relative to least squares when extreme values occur.
Threshold Relative Humidity Duration Forecasts for Plant Disease Prediction

Abstract Duration of high relative humidity periods is an important component of many plant disease development models. Performance of forecasts of this quantity, based on the model output statistics 3-h temperature and dewpoint forecasts produced by the National Meteorological Center, is examined for selected locations. A probability model for high relative humidity duration conditional on these forecasts is presented, which succinctly describes forecast performance and would be straightforward to implement operationally. The forecast humidity duration intervals are relatively broad, but their transformation into probability forecasts of disease severity ratings, illustrated for the case of potato late blight, can produce good results.