cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eating patterns and unhealthy weight control behaviors are associated with loss-of-control eating following bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Loss-of-control (LOC) eating is associated with poor weight-loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. It is not clear whether eating patterns (e.g., total number of daily meals/snacks, eating after suppertime, eating when not hungry) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (e.g., smoking, using laxatives) are associated with or predictive of LOC eating. Objectives To examine whether eating patterns and unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated with LOC eating and, if so, whether they predict LOC eating in bariatric patients. Setting Multicenter study, United States. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery–2 study. Assessments were conducted before surgery and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 months after surgery. Logistic mixed models were used to examine the longitudinal associations between eating patterns, unhealthy weight-control behaviors, and LOC eating. Time-lag techniques were applied to examine whether the associated patterns and behaviors predict LOC eating. Results The participants (n = 1477) were mostly women (80%), white (86.9%), and married (62.5%). At the time of surgery, the mean age was 45.4 ± 11.0 years and the mean body mass index was 47.8 ± 7.5 kg/m2. The total number of daily meals/snacks, food intake after suppertime, eating when not hungry, eating when feeling full, and use of any unhealthy weight-control behaviors were positively associated with LOC eating (P Conclusion Meal patterns and unhealthy weight control behaviors may be important intervention targets for addressing LOC eating after bariatric surgery.
Coastlines, Coastal Cities, and Climate Change: A Perspective on Urgent Research Needs in the United States

This paper builds upon and is intended as a companion to Friedman et al. (2020), “Research Priorities for Achieving Healthy Marine Ecosystems and Human Communities in a Changing Climate,” (Front. Mar. Sci. 7:5), but with a more explicit focus on research needed to improve the resilience and survivability of coastal communities as they face existential threats from climate change. And our perspective is also somewhat different, being based on our experiences over a combined nearly 95 years of work in research, management, and policy, much of it related to coastal environments and their communities, rather than expert deliberation within a large group. We present a shorter list of 25 research priorities targeted to coastal communities, some modified slightly and others extensively from recommendations selected from Friedman et al. (2020) and some new. These priorities are intended to help start more discussion of needs with and within communities, help focus research attention on actions that have potential to identify critical decision points and make positive differences for communities. We conclude that priority research should be undertaken with urgency and a much greater level of trans- and interdisciplinary and community-participatory approaches than yet seen.
Case 12. Extragenital Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicans Mimicking Hypopigmented Mycosis Fungoides

Akilov and colleagues discuss the importance of differential diagnostics in mycosis funogides.
The Value of Information Disclosure: Evidence from Mask Consumption in China

We study the effect of information provision on avoidance behavior, using China's staggered roll-out of air pollution information and a unique dataset of high-frequency mask purchase transactions. Employing a generalized difference-in-differences approach, we estimate that the provision of air pollution information increases expenditures on PM2.5 respirators by 32%, which is mainly driven by improved information quality and the addition of PM2.5 index. The effect is enhanced by increased attention to pollution alerts and it is more pronounced during heavily polluted days. Our results shed light on the benefits of information provision through inducing avoidance behavior to reduce air pollution exposure.
674 Changes in Objectively-Measured Adolescent Sleep and Light Exposure During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: U.S. adolescents have high rates of insufficient sleep. School closures and stay-at-home orders were implemented to mitigate disease spread during the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Without the restriction of imposed early school start times, we hypothesized that adolescents would have longer, later, and less variable sleep compared to pre-COVID-19. We further hypothesized these changes would be associated with increased and later light exposure. Methods: High school students age 14-19 years with <7h sleep on school nights completed two weeks of at-home monitoring. The Pre-COVID-19 week took place between October 2018-February 2020 and the COVID-19 week occurred in May 2020 during statewide stay-at-home orders. Participants wore an accelerometer to assess sleep and light exposure while completing a concurrent sleep log. Paired-samples t-tests examined differences in sleep and light between Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19. Pearson correlations assessed associations between change in sleep and change in light. Results: Participants (N=16) were 16.5 ±1.2-years-old at Pre- COVID-19, 70.6% female, 68.8% White, and 25.1% Hispanic. Youth were participating in online learning due to in-person school closures and only 2 participants (14.3%) had a set start time, while the remainder reported learning per their own schedule. Youth obtained approximately one hour more weekday sleep per night during the COVID-19 week compared to Pre-COVID-19 (p<0.001). Bed and waketimes were significantly delayed on weekdays and weekends during COVID-19 compared to Pre-COVID-19 (p< 0.01). The greatest change was a delay in weekday waketime of 2.9±0.9h (p<0.001). Social jetlag during COVID-19 was reduced by 1/3 compared to Pre- COVID-19 (p=0.02). Average 24h lux levels were 2.5x higher during the COVID-19 week compared to Pre- COVID-19 (p=0.008). Change in average lux and timing of light were not significantly associated with change in sleep duration or timing. Conclusion: An unintended effect of the switch to online learning may have been affording adolescents the opportunity to obtain longer and more regular sleep. Understanding the impact of these changed sleep behaviors on daytime functioning, academic performance, and health outcomes is particularly urgent as schools plan for the remainder of the academic year and eventual return to in-person learning.
Reorganization of CDW stacking in 1T-TaS2 by an in-plane electrical bias

1T-TaS2 is a 2D quantum material supporting charge density waves (CDWs) at room temperature. The strong correlations in this material make its electrical properties extremely sensitive to external stimuli such as an electrical bias and illumination. Recently, we demonstrated that the optical properties of this material also considerably change with electrical bias and light. With light, we showed that the CDW domains across layers stack differently and thus result in a unity-order change in the refractive index. Here, we demonstrate that an in-plane electrical bias also changes the CDW stacking in 1T-TaS2. However, the stacking change with electrical bias opposes that with illumination. Our experiments at room temperature suggest that an in-plane electrical bias sets the CDWs sliding and making way for the higher energy stacking configurations to switch to the ground-state stacking. The demonstration here sheds light on the origin of the giant electro-optical effect previously observed in 1T-TaS2 and paves the way for low-power MHz-fast electrically tunable optical devices.
Safe, Delta-v-Efficient Spacecraft Swarm Reconfiguration Using Lyapunov Stability and Artificial Potentials

Spacecraft swarms can achieve mission objectives otherwise impossible by monolithic satellites. To this end, swarms need to autonomously reconfigure their relative motion while complying with space...
Integrating a Patient Safety Conference into Graduate Medical Education

Objectives The Institute of Medicine has established aims for improvement in patient care that emphasize safe, timely, effective, efficient, equitable, and patient-centered medicine. This goal is echoed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).
Central-city income redistribution and the flight to the suburbs: A stylized model

Abstract This paper characterizes the optimal tax policy of a central-city government whose goal is to redistribute income from the rich to the poor to maximize the intertemporal utility of the latter group. Since redistribution erodes the tax base by stimulating suburban flight on the part of the rich, choosing the optimal path for the income tax rate is a problem in optimal control. The nature of the solution to the problem is shown to depend crucially on the level of the discount rate and the time path of exogenous income for the poor.
Effects of the low loss polymers on the dielectric behavior of novel aluminum-filled high-k nano-composites [embedded capacitor applications]

We report the innovative development of a low-cost high dielectric constant polymer-based composite that combines the advantages of polymer-ceramic and polymer-metal systems for embedded capacitor application. This novel material uses low cost self-passivated aluminum particles as the filler for the polymer composites. The thin self-passivated Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ layer forms a nanoscale insulating boundary outside of the metallic spheres, which has dramatic influence on the electrical behavior of the resulting composites. The nanoscale insulating oxide layer allows the aluminum composites to have a high dielectric constant as a percolation system; on the other hand, the insulating oxide layer confines the electrons within an aluminum particle, thus keeping a very low loss of the composites. Details of both particle and polymer materials are given in this paper. This study may have a broad impact since it reveals a category of new dielectric composites filled by metal with either self-passivated or coated insulating boundary layers.
Asymptotic connectivity of low duty-cycled wireless sensor networks

In this paper we study the asymptotic connectivity of a low duty-cycled wireless sensor network, where all sensors are randomly duty-cycled such that they are on/active at any time with a fixed probability. A wireless network is often said to be asymptotically connected if there exists a path from every node to every other node in the network with high probability as the network density approaches infinity. Within the context of a low duty-cycled wireless sensor network, the network is said to be asymptotically connected if for all realizations of the random duty-cycling (i.e., the combination of on and off nodes) there exists a path of active nodes from every node to every other node in the network with high probability as the network density approaches infinity. With this definition, we derive conditions under which a low duty-cycled sensor network is asymptotically connected. These conditions essentially specify how the nodes' communication range and the duty-cycling probability should scale as the network grows in order to maintain connectivity
Fast Algorithms for Transversal Matroid Intersection Problems

Algorithms for the maximum weight transversal matroid intersection problems are presented. Efficient implementations are given for various special cases. For the convex transversal matroid intersection, our strongly-polynomial algorithm and scaling algorithm run in time O(nm log n) and O(√n(m + n log*n)log(nN)), respectively, where n and m are the rank and the cardinality of the matroid, respectively, and N is the largest magnitude of a weight assuming all the weights are integral.
Verbal and non-verbal cues in the communication of emotions

Several studies have shown that humans extend their interpersonal behavioral patterns onto their interaction with computers. Based on this finding, research in human-computer interaction acknowledges the need to detect the users' expressions of emotion. However, we discovered that most of the current research is confined to emotion synthesis. In this investigation, we explored the role of verbal and non-verbal information in the communication of emotions. By training emotion-specific language and prosodic models on a corpus consisting of several thousands of sad, angry, or neutral speech segments from English movies, we showed that a classification system based on these models achieved an accuracy comparable to the accuracy of human listeners performing the same task.
Structural Basis of Transcription Inhibition by CBR Hydroxamidines and CBR Pyrazoles

CBR hydroxamidines are small-molecule inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) discovered through high-throughput screening of synthetic-compound libraries. CBR pyrazoles are structurally related RNAP inhibitors discovered through scaffold hopping from CBR hydroxamidines. CBR hydroxamidines and pyrazoles selectively inhibit Gram-negative bacterial RNAP and exhibit selective antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we report crystal structures of the prototype CBR hydroxamidine, CBR703, and a CBR pyrazole in complex with E. coli RNAP holoenzyme. In addition, we define the full resistance determinant for CBR703, show that the binding site and resistance determinant for CBR703 do not overlap the binding sites and resistance determinants of other characterized RNAP inhibitors, show that CBR703 exhibits no or minimal cross-resistance with other characterized RNAP inhibitors, and show that co-administration of CBR703 with other RNAP inhibitors results in additive antibacterial activities. The results set the stage for structure-based optimization of CBR inhibitors as antibacterial drugs.
‘It's complicated’: Facebook's relationship with the need to belong and depression

‘Facebook depression’ findings have been mixed. One reason for the conflicting results may be Facebook's complex relationship with relatedness needs and depressive symptoms. Thus, this article reviewed the existing literature to better elucidate these associations. Facebook use appears to be motivated by both connection and disconnection (and vice versa), which in turn, has implications for users’ mental health. Additionally, Facebook engagement promoting connection (e.g., dialog with friends) seems to improve well-being whereas disconnecting activities (e.g., evaluative social comparisons) may lead to negative consequences. A key to understanding ‘Facebook depression’ may be to explore Facebook's built-in features, which may be provoking and proliferating users’ negative affect. This article identifies established theories related to these mechanisms, in order to guide future research.
Structural and environmental controls on Antarctic ice shelf rift propagation inferred from satellite monitoring

[1] Iceberg calving from ice shelves accounts for nearly half of the mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, yet our understanding of this process is limited. The precursor to iceberg calving is large through-cutting fractures, called “rifts,” that can propagate for decades after they have initiated until they become iceberg detachment boundaries. To improve our knowledge of rift propagation, we monitored the lengths of 78 rifts in 13 Antarctic ice shelves using satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer between 2002 and 2012. This data set allowed us to monitor trends in rift propagation over the past decade and test if variation in trends is controlled by variable environmental forcings. We found that 43 of the 78 rifts were dormant, i.e., propagated less than 500 m over the observational interval. We found only seven rifts propagated continuously throughout the decade. An additional eight rifts propagated for at least 2 years prior to arresting and remaining dormant for the rest of the decade, and 13 rifts exhibited isolated sudden bursts of propagation after 2 or more years of dormancy. Twelve of the fifteen active rifts were initiated at the ice shelf fronts, suggesting that front-initiated rifts are more active than across-flow rifts. Although we did not find a link between the observed variability in rift propagation rate and changes in atmospheric temperature or sea ice concentration correlated with, we did find a statistically significant correlation between the arrival of tsunamis and propagation of front-initiated rifts in eight ice shelves. This suggests a connection between ice shelf rift propagation and mechanical ocean interaction that needs to be better understood.
Exploring hydrobiogeochemical processes of floating treatment wetlands in a subtropical stormwater wet detention pond

Abstract Floating treatment wetland (FTW) is one of the emerging best management practices (BMPs) for stormwater treatment where macrophytes provide a suitable root-zone environment for microorganisms that allow the plants to remove nutrients through direct uptake into their tissue. In this study, four floating mats with native Florida aquatic macrophytes were deployed in a 340 m2 subtropical stormwater wet detention pond. A fountain in the pond and peat moss used to hold the substrate for plant species on the floating mats are both assumed to add nutrients to the water column. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of nutrient removal through the four floating mats and explore associated effects of simultaneous hydrological and biological controls related to various hydrobiogeochemical processes for nutrient removal in a multimedia pond environment. Nutrient concentrations in both inlet and outlet were monitored continuously over 13 months, with episodic (storm events) and routine (non-storm events) sampling plans carried out in parallel to justify the efficacy of the FTWs. Nutrient values within the water column and the sediment were compared before (Phase I) and after (Phase II) the deployment of the FTWs to prove the proposed hypotheses. An additional phase (Phase III) after the removal of the FTWs was added to enhance the understanding of ecosystem response. For non-storm events, phosphorus removal was substantial because of the increase in the initial concentrations, presumably due to resuspension of nutrients into the water column from the fountain operation; about 47.7% total phosphorus (TP) and 79.0% orthophosphate (OP) were removed. The removal rates of total nitrogen (TN), nitrite– and nitrate–nitrogen ( NO x – N = N O 2 − – N + N O 3 − – N ) , and ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N) were also calculated as 15.7, 20.6, and 51.1%, respectively. Without the uptake by plants, the nutrient removal decreased to different degrees when comparing those in non-storm events during Phase II. Considering plant species, nutrient uptake and assimilation by soft rush (Juncus effusus) was much higher than that by pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) through both leaves and roots in this case. For soft rush, uptake rate in spring is much higher than that in fall. About 77.0 g N and 8.8 g P were removed from pond water via uptake and assimilation during the second phase. Despite organic nitrogen accumulation due to the pickerelweed leaf debris sedimentation, the organic nitrogen concentration in pond water was still kept at a low level, which implies that the ecosystem is capable of efficiently managing the withered plants and circulating nutrients.
Assessment of the local windblown component of dust in the western United States

[1] We estimated the contributions of windblown dust from nearby area sources to dust concentrations at Class I areas in the western United States including Alaska and Hawaii. The approach utilized multivariate linear regression of dust concentrations against categorized wind conditions (wind direction and speed) for all 2001–2003 data for 70 Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sites. Statistically significant associations between dust concentrations and at least one of the wind variables were found at 41 sites with correlation coefficients as high as 0.97. At some sites, primarily in New Mexico and Texas, windblown dust from nearby sources accounted for up to 3 μg m−3 over the 2001–2003 period. In addition, the impact of local windblown dust sources during the 20% worst visibility days when dust was the major component of visibility reduction (worst dust days) was examined. A total of 608 worst dust days were identified for 2001–2003, mostly at Class I areas in southwestern states during spring and summer with 24-h average dust concentrations as high as 153 μg m−3. Windblown dust from local sources was present with statistical confidence on many of the worst dust days at sites in New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, southern Texas, and Death Valley in California. A smaller percentage of worst dust days were associated with local windblown dust in Arizona and other sites in southern California, suggesting either nonwindblown or distant sources of dust. The methods discussed can serve as a useful, semiquantitative tool for identifying sites where local wind conditions affect dust concentrations.
Doppelganger: Twins' Disruption of the Assumptions of Constancy and Uniqueness of Self in Everyday Life

The ubiquitous presence of the assumptions of constancy and uniqueness of self in everyday life renders them virtually undetectable. A radical disruption of these assumptions through an experiment involving identical twins lays bare the varieties of “extrinsic” and “intrinsic” rationalizations and convictions concerning the performer and the audience that protect the above dual assumptions of social cognition and communication.
Theory is king? But first, what is theory?

Avison and Malaurent (2014) offer the confessional ethnography of Schultze (2000) as an illustration of ‘theory light’ (a term that they invent) to serve as a contrast to ‘theory is king’ (a term, coined by Straub, 2009, that has taken on a life of its own, the underlying concept of which Avison and Malaurent call into question). At the same time, without much difficulty, one could just as readily interpret Schultze’s confessional ethnography as an illustration of ‘theory rich’ and thereby fashion an argument that Schultze’s confessional ethnography indeed follows what has become the edict that ‘theory is king’ (assuming that one were to subscribe to this edict in the first place). How one interprets Schultze’s confessional ethnography vis-a-vis the ‘theory is king’ edict depends, of course, on what one’s conception of ‘theory’ is. In this commentary, I will discuss ‘what theory is,’ ramifications of ‘what theory is’ for Schultze’s confessional ethnography.
Dualities between $ \mathcal{N} = 8 $ superconformal field theories in three dimensions

We show that an infinite family of N=6 d=3 superconformal Chern-Simons-matter theories has hidden N=8 superconformal symmetry and hidden parity on the quantum level. This family of theories is different from the one found by Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis and Maldacena, as well as from the theories constructed by Bagger and Lambert, and Gustavsson. We also test several conjectural dualities between BLG theories and ABJ theories by comparing superconformal indices of these theories.
A Method for Localized Variation of the Paths of Two Paraxial Rays

This paper treats lens systems which consist of spherical and plane refracting surfaces, and for which fixed values of the indices of refraction have already been assigned. Simple algebraic equations are derived which allow changes to be made in the curvatures of two consecutive surfaces, together with changes in two specified vertex separations, subject to the following invariance condition: the heights and slope angles of both the marginal and principal paraxial rays must be left unchanged at all surfaces of the system other than the two surfaces undergoing modification. These equations may be considered to constitute a generalized “bending”, although no attempt is made to retain the Petzval contribution as an invariant. The use of a series of such “bendings”, applied independently at separate elements of the system, for certain adjustments of the third-order aberrations is immediately evident. Lagrange’s invariant allows a surprisingly concise formulation of the final equations. If the first surface of an element is located at the primary focal point of the second surface, a separate solution is derived in which only two lens parameters are to be changed. These results are apparently new, although similar results for single paraxial rays are well known. Tentative suggestions as to additional applications are made.
A superdislocation model of crack shielding by a plastic wake

Many crack growth experiments use the relation between stress intensity and crack growth velocity to characterize the cracking response, particularly in situations where fatigue and environmental effects like hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking and liquid metal embrittlement are involved. However, due to crack shielding effects, the use of the applied K (K{sub app}), or J, may not accurately reflect the near tip K (K{sub tip}). In fact, in real materials K{sub app} would never equal K{sub tip} as a result of crack shielding. Crack shielding, one of the so called extrinsic toughening mechanisms, is a result of the interaction of a crack with other singularities and the internal stresses. In this paper the authors introduce a method of estimating the U* integral by a superdislocation model. The authors want to point out the U* used in Freund and Hutchinson' work originally includes strain energy in both active zone and the wake, because their work seeks the shielding effect from both. However, this paper is aimed at evaluating only the plastic wake effect, and the active zone effect treated as a part of the J{sub tip}.
Structure and adsorption characteristics of silane coupling agents on silica and E-glass fiber; dependence on pH

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the adsorption of silane coupling agents on silica and E-glass fiber surfaces. The structures of the adsorbed species of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) coupling agent under various preparation conditions are postulated based on an interpretation of the NH deformation and SiOH stretching modes. The amount of γ-APS deposited on high-surface-area silica depends on the pH of the treating solution. On the contrary, the amounts of adsorption of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) coupling agents are independent of pH. The number of adsorbed molecules of γ-MPS and VS is comparable to that of γ-APS only at its acidic pH. The unique adsorption of γ-APS on the silica surface is partly due to the structure of the γ-APS itself in the treating solution. When E-glass fiber is used as the substrate, the amount of γ-APS adsorption in affected by pH but less than observed with silica powder. The structure of γ-APS is affected by the presence of carbon dioxide when the pH range of the silane solution is between 6 and 12.
David McDowell (1963–2014)

The above photo of David M. McDowell, MD, was taken just 10 weeks before his death and captures his attitude and approach to life. He stands with his brother Tom atop Machu Picchu with a huge smile...
Radical Acts of Influence: Thoughts on Anxiety, History, and the Culture of the Copy

Our current disciplinary fascination with all manner of architectural copies—witness journals dedicated to the “Quote,” panels on architectural doubles, derivatives, and replicas, books on Chinese ...
Changes in the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and laminin during immune rejection of skeletal muscle

Extracellular matrix is known to play an important role during development and maintenance of various tissues. In the present study, changes in two extracellular matrix glycoproteins, fibronectin and laminin, were investigated in skeletal muscle undergoing immune rejection. Purified antibodies against fibronectin and laminin were used to analyze the matrix by indirect immunofluorescence at various intervals after transplantation of extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats. Fibronectin and laminin were localized in the pericellular basement membrane zone of the normal myofibers; however, the cytoplasm was devoid of both glycoproteins. Transplanted muscle grafts underwent a process of degeneration and then an initial regeneration during the first 7 days. This regeneration effort ceased with the onset of muscle rejection in 14-day transplants. At this time, fibronectin was seen in the cytoplasmic region as well as the extracellular matrix of myofibers and myotubes. At later time intervals, an increased intensity of staining for fibronectin was seen throughout the rejected muscle. In muscle grafts undergoing regeneration but not rejection (i.e., nonantigenic grafts), such an increase in the presence of fibronectin was not seen ( Gulati et al., 1982). The distribution of laminin did not change during the rejection process and was localized in the basement membrane zone of myofibers and myotubes, although the overall configuration of the basement membranes was deformed and collapsed. It appears that the basement membranes are resistant to degradation, and staining for laminin persists in rejected muscle. These results show marked changes in the extracellular matrix of muscle undergoing rejection. The appearance of fibronectin during the initial stages of muscle rejection may have a causal relationship to the process of immune defence mechanism; however, the exact role of fibronectin remains elusive.
Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation After Cardiac Global Ischemia and Reperfusion: Role of Warm Blood Cardioplegia

Abstract Objectives. Experiments were designed to determine whether coronary endothelial dysfunction after cardiac global ischemia and reperfusion could be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic solution. Background. The coronary endothelium produces endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) to prevent vasospasm and thrombosis. After ischemia and reperfusion, endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) is diminished as a result of G-protein dysfunction. Methods. Dogs were exposed to extracorporeal circulation in 37°C (group 1) or 28°C (groups 2 and 3). The heart was ischemic for 120 min while continuous warm blood cardioplegic solution (group 1) or intermittent cold (4°C) crystalloid cardioplegic solution (group 2) was infused into the aortic root. Cardioplegic solution was not used in group 3 animals. The heart was then allowed to function for 60 min of reperfusion. Results. Endothelium-derived relaxation in response to acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate and sodium fluoride of the coronary rings of group 1 was significantly different from that of groups 2 and 3 but was not significantly different from that of group 4. In contrast, EDR in response to the receptor-independent calcium ionophore agonist A23187 was not significantly different between the four groups. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that platelet adhesion and aggregation, area of microthrombi, disruption of endothelial cells and separation of the intercellular junction could be found in coronary segments of groups 2 and 3 but not in vessels of groups 1 and 4. Conclusions. These experiments suggest that cardiac global ischemia and reperfusion impair receptor-mediated release of EDRF from the coronary endothelium with G-protein dysfunction. This type of coronary endothelial dysfunction can be prevented by continuous anterograde infusion of warm blood cardioplegic solution during global ischemia. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:681–7)
The first-time RD&E manager

Abstract The education, training and work experiences of most technical professionals necessitate the recognition of specific types of training and support in order to facilitate a successful transition from technical to managerial responsibities. Traditional management development programs usually do not address these particular needs. This paper provides a description and discussion of the major elements involved in this transition process.
Method for evaluating anaerobic digester performance

Abstract The degradation rate and efficiency of digestion processes is typically measured by introducing a substrate or pollutant into a digester and then monitoring the effluents for the pollutant or substrate, a costly and slow process. A new method for rapid measurement of the rates and efficiencies of anaerobic degradation of pollutants and lignocellulose substrates from various pretreatments is described. The method uses micro-reactors (10–30 mL) containing a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria obtained from a working anaerobic digester. The rate of degradation of pollutants and metabolic heat rate are measured in parallel sets of micro-reactors. Measurement of metabolic rate and pollutant degradation simultaneously is an effective means of rapidly examining pollutant degradation on a micro-scale. Calorimetric measurements alone allow rapid, relative evaluation of various substrate pretreatment methods.
Code compaction for parallel architectures

There are two principal methods used to exploit the parallelism available on a parallel machine: the program to be executed can be optimized by hand, or the program can be automatically converted to parallel machine code by a compiler. The first method usually derives parallelism at the procedure level; a parallel program is written in a high-level language and typically has various modules executing in parallel. By contrast, the compiler methodically transforms the program into parallel code using various transformations, such as code movement. The automatic conversion of a program to parallel code is called compaction or parallelization. This paper describes the evolution of a new compaction program and presents a new algorithm for determining legal code movements. A simulator of the target architecture was used to estimate the execution times of a sample suite of programs before and after compaction. The results verify that substantial advantages arise from applying this compaction technique.
RecBCD is required to complete chromosomal replication: Implications for double-strand break frequencies and repair mechanisms

Several aspects of the mechanism of homologous double-strand break repair remain unclear. Although intensive efforts have focused on how recombination reactions initiate, far less is known about the molecular events that follow. Based upon biochemical studies, current models propose that RecBCD processes double-strand ends and loads RecA to initiate recombinational repair. However, recent studies have shown that RecBCD plays a critical role in completing replication events on the chromosome through a mechanism that does not involve RecA or recombination. Here, we examine several studies, both early and recent, that suggest RecBCD also operates late in the recombination process - after initiation, strand invasion, and crossover resolution have occurred. Similar to its role in completing replication, we propose a model in which RecBCD is required to resect and resolve the DNA synthesis associated with homologous recombination at the point where the missing sequences on the broken molecule have been restored. We explain how the impaired ability to complete chromosome replication in recBC and recD mutants is likely to account for the loss of viability and genome instability in these mutants, and conclude that spontaneous double-strand breaks and replication fork collapse occur far less frequently than previously speculated.
The preparation of InAs1−xSbx alloys and strained-layer superlattices by MOCVD

Epitaxial layers of InAs1−xSbx (0.0⩽x⩽1.0) have been prepared by MOCVD in a vertical, atmospheric pressure quartz reaction chamber. Trimethylindium (TMI), trimethylantimony (TMSb), and arsine in H2 were used as the source materials. The best surface morphologies and sharpest X-ray patterns were obtained for a growth temperature of 475°C, a TMI/(TMSb+AsH3) molar ratio equal to 1.00, and a growth rate of less than 1.0μ/h. The growth efficiencies of InSb and InAs1−xSbx at 475°C are 3500 and 2000 μ/mol In, respectively. The growth rates were found to be thermally activated. The solid composition of the ternary can be predicted by a thermodynamic model from the starting partial pressures of the reactants. Strained-layer superlattices (SLS's) of the type InAs1−xSbx have been prepared by a purge/growth technique. The SLS's were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of residual tension between the superlattice and the buffer layer or the buffer layer and the substrate can result in the formation of microcracks and misfit dislocations. Residual defects on the substrate also result in the formation of dislocations. These dislocations can be minimized by growing the superlattices on top of a step graded buffer layer which eliminates the microcracks.
Protein Phase Diagrams II: Nonideal Behavior of Biochemical Reactions in the Presence of Osmolytes

In the age of biochemical systems biology, proteomics, and high throughput methods, the thermodynamic quantification of cytoplasmatic reaction networks comes into reach of the current generation of scientists. What is needed to efficiently extract the relevant information from the raw data is a robust tool for evaluating the number and stoichiometry of all observed reactions while providing a good estimate of the thermodynamic parameters that determine the molecular behavior. The recently developed phase-diagram method, strictly speaking a graphical representation of linkage or Maxwell Relations, offers such capabilities. Here, we extend the phase diagram method to nonideal conditions. For the sake of simplicity, we choose as an example a reaction system involving the protein RNase A, its inhibitor CMP, the osmolyte urea, and water. We investigate this system as a function of the concentrations of inhibitor and osmolyte at different temperatures ranging from 280 K to 340 K. The most interesting finding is that the protein-inhibitor binding equilibrium depends strongly on the urea concentration—by orders-of-magnitude more than expected from urea-protein interaction alone. Moreover, the m-value of ligand binding is strongly concentration-dependent, which is highly unusual. It is concluded that the interaction between small molecules like urea and CMP can significantly contribute to cytoplasmic nonideality. Such a finding is highly significant because of its impact on renal tissue where high concentrations of cosolutes occur regularly.
Flow visualization using tobacco mosaic virus

A flow visualization technique using dilute solutions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is described. Rod-shaped TMV-particles align with shear, an effect that produces a luminous interference pattern when the TMV solution is viewed between crossed polarizers. Attractive features of this technique are that it is both transparent to the naked eye and benign to fish. We use it here to visualize the evolution and decay of the flows that they produce. We also report that dilute solutions of Kalliroscope are moderately birefringent and so may similarly be used for qualitative in situ flow visualizations.
Development of a radio frequency excited local impedance probe

Abstract Local void fraction measurements were made with a Karlsruhe type impedance probe. The probe was operated at radio frequency to minimize sensitivity to liquid phase resistivity. Two types of signal thresholding were used: level and derivative. A dual beam X-ray system was used as a calibration standard for the radio frequency excited impedance probe. Calibration was performed in vertical air/water flows. Derivative thresholding was found to be preferable to level thresholding, however, in both schemes hydrodynamic and surface tension effects were observed below a liquid superficial velocity of 0.5 m/s. Table salt (NaCl) was added to the water to verify the probe's response to changing water resistivity. Derivative thresholding appeared to work quite well but level thresholding was found to be inadequate due to the change in capacitance.
The Effect of Arterialization of the Coronary Sinus in Dogs on Mortality Following Acute Coronary Occlusion

The mortality rates were determined in two groups of dogs following acute circumflex artery occlusion. Both groups were surgically prepared in the same manner. In a group of 20 dogs the coronary sinus was cannulated to divert the blood into the left jugular vein. Circumflex artery ligation resulted in 70 per cent mortality within one hour. In a second group of 10 dogs the coronary sinus was arterialized from the left subclavian artery and the sinus mean pressure was held at 50 mm. Hg. In this group circumflex artery ligation resulted in 100 per cent survival for one hour. Statistical analysis shows the results to be highly significant. The results strongly suggest that arterialization of the coronary sinus protects the hearts of dogs from ventricular fibrillation following coronary artery ligation.
G1 interpolation of mesh curves

Abstract The paper studies the interpolation of mesh curves by a G 1 smooth surface of rectangular Bezier patches. Two methods are presented, using (a) Bezier patches of degree 6 × 6 , and (b) Bezier patches of degree 4 × 4 . In the first case, the twists are decoupled, and the algorithm is local. In the second case, the patches are of lower degree, but the algorithm is global. In both cases, the algorithms are stable.
Spectroscopic characterization of the X 1Σ0+ and C 1Π1 states of the ZnAr van der Waals molecule

Abstract Spectroscopic constants and potential curves for the X 1 Σ 0+ and C 1 Π 1 states of ZnAr were determined by laser-induced fluorescence of ZnAr van der Waals molecules prepared and cooled in a supersonic jet of oven-generated zinc vapor and argon gas.
Is there any role for protein hydrolysates to premature newborns

UNLABELLED The use of hydrolysed cow's milk formula seems to increase beyond what is recommended based on evidence regarding allergy-preventive effect. Infants born preterm are sometimes given such formulas without proven effect. CONCLUSION If the use of hydrolysed cow's milk formula is based on allergy-preventive aspects, evidence-based recommendations should be followed.
Analysis of finite-duration wide-band frequency sweep signals for ocean tomography

A group of amplitude and frequency modulated signals which generate narrow synthesized pulses are described. The pulse-compression properties of these signals should approach those of maximal (M) sequence phase-modulated signals now commonly used in ocean experiments. These amplitude-tapered linear frequency-sweep (chirp) type signals should be accurately reproducible with most acoustic sources since they have controllable limited-bandwidth frequency content and differentiable phase. The Doppler response of the signals is calculated using a wideband approach, where the frequency shift from relative motion is not constant throughout the waveform. The resultant Doppler effect on the matched-filter output is a function of the signal duration. The signals are suitable for use with tunable resonant transducers, and have adequate Doppler response for use with Lagrangian ocean drifters. >
Low-frequency transitions and critical currents in the superconducting surface sheath

Abstract Direct observations of the waveform corresponding to the penetration of small, low frequency ac magnetic flux into a type II superconductor in superconducting sheath state have been made. The model suggested by these experiments is confirmed by further measurements of the complex permeability and consistent with previous experiments.
Analysis of periodic structures via a time-domain finite-element formulation with a Floquet ABC

An accurate absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is presented for three-dimensional time-domain finite-element (FEM-TD) analysis of infinitely periodic structures. The proposed ABC serves to truncate the computational domain in the nonperiodic directions and it is highly effective to absorb both the fundamental and the higher order Floquet modes. The formulation is applicable both for scattering and radiation analysis. Validation results are presented that demonstrate the ability of the FEM-TD to obtain highly accurate results over a broad frequency band that includes frequencies where a higher order Floquet mode is propagating (nonevanescent)
Salience as a Factor in the Impact of Issues on Candidate Evaluation

' Angus Campbell, Phillip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960); Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). 2 See, for example, Michael J. Shapiro, "Rational Political Man: A Synthesis of Economic and Social Psychological Perspectives," American Political Science Review, 63 (December 1969), 1106-1119; Peter B. Natchez and Irvan C. Bupp, "Candidates, Issues, and Voters," in Edward C. Dreyer and Walter A. Rosenbaum, eds., Political Opinion and Behavior: Essays and Studies, 2nd ed. (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1970); David E. RePass, "Issue Salience and Party Choice," American Political Science Review, 65 (une 1971), 389-400; John E. Jackson, "Intensities, Preferences, and Electoral Politics," Social Science Research, 2 (September 1973), 231-246; Samuel A. Kirkpatrick and Melvin E. Jones, "Issue Publics and the
Implementing Electronic Notification in Los Angeles: Citizen Participation Politics by Other Means

Abstract This paper considers whether new information and communication technologies have significant effects on citizen participation by evaluating the development of a major innovation in electronic governance. We analyze the creation of an electronic system in Los Angeles to provide stakeholders a warning of upcoming political decisions and an opportunity to furnish feedback. We evaluate this innovation not only as a technological innovation that affects citizens’ capacity and motivation for participation but also as an alternative institutional means for involving citizens in policy making and public administration. To place this experiment within this larger institutional perspective, we draw upon the lessons of historical reforms aimed to expand citizen participation. We find that although technology does positively affect individuals’ capacity and motivations, technology, by itself, does not overcome the political, institutional, and behavioral impediments that have limited previous participatory r...
The Development of the Woman Child Psychiatry Researcher—A Review

Abstract Greater efforts should be made to recruit women into child psychiatry research. Women's tendencies to minimize their creativity and to avoid competition and criticism and women's underrepresentation and isolation in research and academia should be addressed. Nontraditional lateral tracks should be developed for women during phases of intense professional and personal demands. Mentorships, stimulating collegial relationships, and open forums at local and national levels to address these issues may encourage women's growth as child psychiatry researchers. In addition, changes for improving hiring, promoting, and facilitating career development for women are mandated. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1991, 30, 6:1009–1014.
Improvement of polarographic precision by a comparative technique

Comparative techniques are described which give an increase in precision of 100-fold over conventional polarography. By interchanging cells during measurement, certain electrode and cell inequalities are minimized. Major constituents of many matrices may be determined onμg amounts of sample with a precision as good as 2 parts in 10000. The technique is illustrated by the determination of copper, cadmium, and zinc in several materials.
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Hückel Hamiltonian for carbon-60

Abstract Exploiting the symmetry of the molecule C 60 , we obtain the precise algebraic and numerical expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Huckel problem for C 60 .