cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Shenfu Injection on Circulation Function in Infants Undergoing Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass

Objective To investigate whether Shenfu(SF) injection has protective effect on circulation function in infants undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass.Methods Thirty-six patients within 3 years old with congenital heart disease were randomly divided into SF injection group(n=18) and control group(n=18).The SF group were treated with 1 mL/kg SF intravenous injection after inducing of anesthesia,the control group were infused with 1 mL/kg saline intravenously.The changes of hemodynamics during surgery,time needed for sinus rhythm emerging on electrocardiogram(ECG) after arteriae aotra patency dose of vaso-active drugs intra-and postoperatively and recovery time during postoperative period were observed.Results In SF group,mean artery pressure(MAP) was higher and heart rate(HR),central venous pressure(CVP) lower than control group(P0.05),and the doses of dopamine,dobutamine,mininong were lower intra-and postoperatively than control group(P0.05),and the extubation time and intensive care unit(ICU) stay time were shorter during postoperative period(P_a0.05)than control group.Conclusion SF injection has protective effect on cardiac function in infants undergoing operation on heart.
Staff Perceptions of the Benefits of Religion in Health and Human Services Nonprofits: Evidence from International Development

Some argue faith-based organizations (FBOs) provide desirable moral or spiritual components to health and human service provision, and that services are more effective due to staffs more supportive approach. However, the majority of research has been conducted in the United States, and has focused on the experiences of Christian FBOs. This article examines the benefits that FBO staff in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka believe religious identity brings to the work of their organizations, based on interviews with more than 100 staff of Buddhist, Catholic, Druze, Orthodox Christian, Protestant Christian, Shiite Muslim, and Sunni Muslim FBOs, as well as secular NGOs. The interview data indicate that staff members from most of the religious traditions included in the study believe the faith orientation of their organization brings benefits to their service provision. However, these perceived benefits differ based on country context. Some of these benefits are similar to those often mentioned in the literature on FBOs in the United States; however, other benefits are quite different than those discussed in the US literature.
Acquired Undescended (Ascended) Testis: Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

AbstractA total of 7 boys 4 to 10 years old was evaluated for undescended testes. All patients had been seen previously by a pediatric urologist and diagnosed as having a retractile testis. In fact 4 boys had undergone surgical correction of a contralateral undescended testis at an earlier date at which time the testis in question could be manipulated into the scrotum. Another boy was examined under anesthesia and the operation was canceled because the testis could be brought into the scrotum. Subsequently, on followup evaluation 2 to 8 years later the ipsilateral testis could not be manipulated into the scrotum. Of the boys 6 then were treated with a short course of human chorionic gonadotropin. Four patients had a positive response but in 3 the testis was undescended again at examination 6 months later. Of the boys 6 ultimately underwent orchiopexy. Boys with highly retractile testes require periodic examination until puberty to ensure that those testes do not ascend secondarily.
Elucidating the Functional Roles of Spatial Organization in Cross-Membrane Signal Transduction by a Hybrid Simulation Method

The ligand-binding of membrane receptors on cell surfaces initiates the dynamic process of cross-membrane signal transduction. Recent experiments revealed that molecular components in signal transduction are not randomly mixed, but spatially organized into distinctive patterns that lead to very different gene-expression profiles. However, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms and functional impacts of this spatial-temporal regulation. Here we developed a hybrid computational method that decomposes signaling networks into two simulation modules. The physical process of binding between receptors and ligands are simulated by a diffusion-reaction algorithm, while the downstream biochemical reactions are modeled by stochastic simulation of Gillespie algorithm. Using this method, we tested the dynamics of a simple signaling system. We found that spatial aggregation of membrane receptors is able to either amplify or inhibit downstream signaling outputs, depending on the clustering mechanism. Moreover, by providing higher binding avidity, the co-localization of ligands into multi-valence complex modulates signaling in very different ways that are closely related to the binding affinity between ligand and receptor. We also found that the temporal oscillation of the signaling pathway from genetic feedback loops can be modified by receptors clustering. Our method demonstrates the functional importance of spatial organization in cross-membrane signal transduction.
51st International Mathematical Olympiad

(2010). 51st International Mathematical Olympiad. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 320-323.
The ground stone components of drills in the ancient Near East: Sockets, flywheels, cobble weights, and drill bits

Three types of drills are known from antiquity: the bow drill, the pump drill and the crank drill. Each type often included ground stone components - sockets, weights and flywheels. However, these components are inconspicuous; on their own they are almost never associated with drills. The result is that the drill is nearly invisible in many assemblages, particularly those of the proto-historic and historic periods, from the Chalcolithic through to late antiquity. In this article I focus on the identification of the possible ground stone components of each of these drill types. The means by which these components were attached or applied to the drill shaft is examined and the way that they related to the rotary motion of drills is laid out. I briefly discuss the historical development of each type, referencing more detailed studies, where available. This study should be seen as a prelude to a more comprehensive study that will test hypotheses by means of experiment and catalogue more completely and precisely the ground stone components of drills that have been unidentified or misidentified in archaeological contexts.
Between a rock and a cold place

Marc Rayman, mission director of NASA's Dawn mission, talks to Laura Faye Tenenbaum about what we are learning about Vesta and Ceres – the two largest objects in the main asteroid belt
Integration of control, protection and supervisory systems in hydro power plants - state of art and trends

This paper seeks to present and analyze: the new distributed control, protection and supervisory systems that are starting to be applied on hydro power plants; to point out the main differences over centralized systems; and to comment trends in their development.
Dominant transverse-electric polarized emission from 298 nm MBE-grown AlN-delta-GaN quantum well ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

III-nitride based ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) are of considerable interest in replacing gas lasers and mercury lamps for numerous applications. Specifically, AlGaN quantum well (QW) based LEDs have been developed extensively but the external quantum efficiencies of which remain less than 10% for wavelengths <300 nm due to high dislocation density, difficult p-type doping and most importantly, the physics and band structure from the three degeneration valence subbands. One solution to address this issue at deep UV wavelengths is by the use of the AlGaN-delta-GaN QW where the insertion of the delta-GaN layer can ensure the dominant conduction band (C) - heavyhole (HH) transition, leading to large transverse-electric (TE) optical output. Here, we proposed and investigated the physics and polarization-dependent optical characterizations of AlN-delta- GaN QW UV LED at ~300 nm. The LED structure is grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) where the delta-GaN layer is ~3-4 monolayer (QW-like) sandwiched by 2.5-nm AlN sub-QW layers. The physics analysis shows that the use of AlN-delta-GaN QW ensures a larger separation between the top HH subband and lower-energy bands, and strongly localizes the electron and HH wave functions toward the QW center and hence resulting in ~30-time enhancement in TEpolarized spontaneous emission rate, compared to that of a conventional Al0.35Ga0.65N QW. The polarization-dependent electroluminescence measurements confirm our theoretical analysis; a dominant TE-polarized emission was obtained at 298 nm with a minimum transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized emission, indicating the feasibility of high-efficiency TEpolarized UV emitters based on our proposed QW structure.
Rural and Urban Differences in Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescents in Florida

The national teen birth rate is higher in rural compared to urban areas. While national data suggest rural areas may present higher risk for adverse sexual health outcomes among adolescents, it is unknown whether there are differences within the state of Florida. Overall, Florida has poorer sexual health indicators for adolescents compared to national rates. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in sexual behaviors among Florida adolescents by rural-urban community location. This study includes baseline data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in Florida high schools. Of the 6316 participants, 74% were urban and 26% were rural. Participants responded to questions on sexual behaviors, sexual behavior intentions, and demographics. We estimated the effect of rural-urban status on risk outcomes after controlling for demographic variables using generalized linear mixed models. More teens from rural areas reported ever having sex (24.0%) compared to urban teens (19.7%). No significant differences were observed for most of sexual behaviors assessed. Nonetheless, urban participants were less likely to intend to have sex without a condom in the next year compared to rural participants (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.92). Overall, there were no major differences in sexual behaviors between rural and urban adolescents in Florida. However, sexual intentions differed between rural and urban adolescents; specifically, rural adolescents were more likely to intend to have sex without a condom in the next year compared to urban adolescents. Understanding the specific disparities can inform contraception and sexual health interventions among rural youth.
Deterrence or taboo? Explaining the non-use of nuclear weapons during the Indo-Pakistani post-tests nuclear crises

The literature on the India–Pakistan nuclear conundrum has neglected the impact of the international normative environment on India and Pakistan’s nuclear behavior. This article fills that gap, by ...
Quantitative Rheometry of Thin Soft Materials Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation

In the inertial limit, the resonance frequency of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is related to the coupled mass on the quartz sensor through the Sauerbrey expression that relates the mass to the change in resonance frequency. However, when the thickness of the film is sufficiently large, the relationship becomes more complicated and both the frequency and damping of the crystal resonance must be considered. In this regime, a rheological model of the material must be used to accurately extract the adhered film’s thickness, shear modulus, and viscoelastic phase angle from the data. In the present work we examine the suitability of two viscoelastic models, a simple Voigt model (Physica Scripta 1999, 59, 391–396) and a more realistic power-law model (Langmuir 2015, 31, 4008−4017), to extract the rheological properties of a thermoresponsive hydrogel film. By changing temperature and initial dry film thickness of the gel, the operation of QCM was traversed from the Sauerbrey limit, where viscous losses d...
Heterogeneous Reactions in Aerosol

Abstract Chemistry in the atmosphere is driven by the photochemical production of reactive gas-phase species, such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals. These highly oxidizing species react with aerosols when they collide with the surface of particles containing organic species in processes that are heterogeneous. The nature of the surface of these particles and the properties of the condensed phase play a large role in the kinetics of reactive uptake and the subsequent chemical transformations that occur. This chapter will explore how heterogeneous reactions lead to changes in the composition and physical properties of aerosols, the techniques applied to understand these transformations, and the effects of chemical changes on the role of aerosols in the atmosphere.
Effects of thermal treatments on 10 major phenolics and their antioxidant contributions in Acer truncatum leaves and flowers.

This study aimed to investigate effects of thermal treatments on major phenolics and their antioxidant contributions in Acer truncatum leaves and flowers (ATL and ATF, respectively). With ultra per...
Forecasting Renewable Energy for Grid Operations

Forecasting of renewable energy takes on an increasingly important role in the power grid with the rapid expansion of wind and solar energy. We discuss the potential applications of renewable energy forecasts for system operators, renewable power producers, and other participants in the electricity market, and give a brief overview of forecasting methods for wind and solar energy. Whereas further improvements in point forecast accuracy are certainly desirable, we argue that good estimates of forecast uncertainty are also of major importance to better handle renewable energy in grid operations. Looking ahead, we conclude that improved forecasting systems and corresponding decision support tools are key solutions to enable a clean, reliability, and cost-efficient future electricity grid driven by renewable resources.
Nutritional and Dietary Interrelationships with Diseases of Feedlot Cattle

High concentrate feedlot rations are incriminated in the development of several problems in feedlot cattle. Discussions of ruminal lactic acidosis, mycotic rumenitis, hepatic abscesses, cauda vena cava thrombosis, pulmonary arterial thromboembolism, bloat and acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (atypical interstitial pneumonia) are presented.
Charcot Marie Tooth

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), or hereditary peripheral neuropathy, is the most common inherited neurological disease. CMT affects both motor and sensory nerves, causing difficulty walking due to foot drop and numbness, or neuropathic pain. The subtypes of CMTs vary by nerve conduction study and inheritance patterns. Multiple genes have been associated with CMT, and the different CMTs exhibit autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial inheritance patterns. The most common form, CMT1A, is caused by a duplication of the PMP22 gene. Genetic counseling should address inter- and intra-familial phenotypic variability and discuss management issues.
How Smartphone Technology Can Link the Theoretical, Policy, and Practical Contexts of Community Supervision Reform: Voices from the Field

The purpose of this article is present how Smartphone technology can facilitate a model of community supervision that is based on a positive probation paradigm. As more scholars, policy makers, and...
Associations of Parental Marijuana Use With Offspring Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use and Opioid Misuse

Importance Marijuana use is increasing among adults and often co-occurs with other substance use; therefore, it is important to examine whether parental marijuana use is associated with elevated risk of substance use among offspring living in the same household. Objective To examine associations of parental marijuana use with offspring marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol use and opioid misuse. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used survey data from the 2015 through 2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which provide nationally representative data on adolescents or young adults living with a parent (the mother or the father). Annual average percentages were based on survey sampling weights. Final analyses were conducted September 21 through 23, 2019. Exposures Parental marijuana use status. Main Outcomes and Measures Offspring self-reported use of marijuana, tobacco, or alcohol or misuse of opioids. Results Survey respondents included 24 900 father-offspring or mother-offspring dyads sampled from the same household. Among mothers living with adolescent offspring, 8.2% (95% CI, 7.3%-9.2%) had past-year marijuana use, while 7.6% (95% CI, 6.2%-9.2%) of mothers living with young adult offspring had past-year marijuana use. Among fathers living with adolescent offspring, 9.6% (95% CI, 8.5%-10.8%) had past-year marijuana use, and 9.0% (95% CI, 7.4%-10.9%) of fathers living with young adult offspring had past-year marijuana use. Compared with adolescents whose mothers never used marijuana, adjusted relative risk (ARR) of past-year marijuana use was higher among those whose mothers had lifetime (without past-year) marijuana use (ARR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6;P = .007), less than 52 days of past-year marijuana use (ARR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7;P = .02), or 52 days or more of past-year marijuana use (ARR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2;P = .02). Compared with young adults whose mothers never used marijuana, adjusted risk of past-year marijuana use was higher among those whose mothers had lifetime (without past-year) marijuana use (ARR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7;P = .001), less than 52 days of past-year marijuana use (ARR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.3;P = .049), or 52 days or more of past-year marijuana use (ARR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5;P = .002). Compared with adolescents whose fathers never used marijuana, adolescents whose fathers had less than 52 days of past-year marijuana use were more likely to use marijuana (ARR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7;P = .006). Compared with young adults whose fathers never used marijuana, young adults whose fathers had 52 days or more of past-year marijuana use were more likely to use marijuana (ARR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.9;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, parental marijuana use was associated with increased risk of substance use among adolescent and young adult offspring living in the same household. Screening household members for substance use and counseling parents on risks posed by current and past marijuana use are warranted.
Broadband Nonreciprocity Enabled by Strong Coupling of Magnons and Microwave Photons

On-chip signal transmission in both the classical and quantum regimes would benefit from broadband nonreciprocity (strictly one-way transmission) to overcome signal instabilities and enhance channel capacity. Engineering such nonreciprocity in integrated microwave circuits has long been a challenge. This study utilizes strong coupling between chiral microwave photons and magnons, those collective excitations of magnetization, to break time-reversal symmetry and increase the nonreciprocity bandwidth by two orders of magnitude. This approach is promising for an emerging class of nonreciprocal devices for coherent information processing.
Balancing between Open and Closed: Co-Creation in Magazine Journalism

This study examines the impact of co-creation on magazine journalism by drawing on data from a structured, sequenced online co-creation process in an established consumer magazine. Co-creation is examined as a method for open journalism. Co-creation surprises and even shocks journalists, as they face the “real” reader, in intensive online reader engagement, instead of the imagined “ideal reader.” Journalists compromise quality, feature journalism to comply with readers’ wishes, thus breaking the reader contract and consistency in the magazine concept. Co-creation created a strong feeling of ownership over the magazine among readers; however, the end result was disappointment for both journalists and readers due to the failed content-integration process. Co-creation established a connection between the readers, which strengthened the magazines’ community-creator function. The findings indicate that co-creation is a more challenging method in journalism than crowd- sourcing. This article contributes to the study of open journalism and the digital future of magazines.
Effects of Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy Adherence and Radiation on Recurrence and Survival Among Older Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer

The Cancer and Leukemia Group-B 9343 (CALGB 9343) trial demonstrated that women aged ≥ 70 years with early-stage breast cancer can safely omit radiation therapy (RT) and be treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) alone. AET adherence is low, leaving an undertreated cohort who may be at increased risk of recurrence and death. We hypothesized that AET adherence and adjuvant treatment choice impact recurrence and survival among CALGB 9343 eligible women. SEER-Medicare was used to identify CALGB 9343 eligible women who underwent BCS between 2007 and 2016. Medicare claims were used to identify AET use, and the proportion of days covered by AET was used to categorize adherent (PDC ≥ 0.80) versus nonadherent patients (PDC < 0.80). Recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. In total, 10,719 women were identified, of whom 780 (7.3%) underwent BCS alone, 1490 (13.9%) underwent BCS + RT, 1663 (15.5%) underwent BCS + AET, and 6786 (63.3%) had BCS + RT + AET. Among women treated with BCS + AET, adherent patients had lower recurrence than did nonadherent patients (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50–0.85). With respect to adjuvant treatment combinations, there was no recurrence difference between the BCS + RT + AET group and BCS + AET group (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.54–1.21). There was equivalent cancer-specific but worse overall survival in the BCS + AET group versus the BCS + AET + RT group. While BCS + RT + AET may represent overtreatment for some, AET nonadherent women who omit RT are at risk for worse outcomes. Treatment decisions regarding RT omission should be tailored to the individual patient, taking into consideration the chances of AET nonadherence and the patients’ own risk tolerance.
How do big gifts affect rival charities and their donors

Abstract This paper examines the effect of big gifts on rival charities. Using novel information on big gifts, I find evidence of positive spillovers on donations and charitable activities for charities that are “close” to the recipient of a big gift, but negative spillovers on organizations that are viewed as substitutes. Positive spillovers are strongest for smaller gifts and smaller charities, suggesting that charities are first to react when they are less visible to donors.
Pragmatics and Clinical Work

The complaining imperative of the epigraph of this chapter appears in T. S. Eliot’s “Fragment of Agon.” “But I’ve gotta use words when I talk to you” carries with it an impact that is greater than the sum of its grammatical elements and words. The imperative impact comes not only from parsing the phrase but also from the context in which it is said. These include (at the least) the transactional status of the individual who is speaking, the paralinguistics or pitch tone and prosody of the speaker, and the movements, gestures, and facial expressions that accompany the speech of the speaker. All these behaviors occur naturally and spontaneously and in varying forms and combinations when individuals speak with each other.
NMR Measurements of Intracellular Ions in Living Systems

Publisher Summary Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides a unique methodology for noninvasive physiological measurements in living systems. It allows a direct visualization of anatomical structure in 1 H magnetic resonance imaging and measurements of flow and intracellular metabolites in whole animals and humans, along with spectroscopic measurements of intracellular ions and metabolites in perfused tissue, organ and cell systems. This chapter focuses on the development and use of NMR techniques for the measurement of intracellular ions in living systems. The chapter covers the recent advances made in the measurement of intracellular ions in cell suspensions and in perfused tissue, organ, and cell systems. It also discusses the recent applications of 23 Na NMR. The most common NMR method for the study of intracellular sodium ions employs membrane–impermeable highly anionic hyperfine shift reagents. These paramagnetic reagents, because of their localization in the extracellular compartment and the short range of their paramagnetic effects, interact only with the extracellular sodium ions, shifting their resonance away from the largely unaffected intracellular resonance. This allows the direct observation of the intracellular 23 Na resonance, the intensity of which is proportional to the intracellular sodium ion concentration.
Microfluidics: reframing biological enquiry

The underlying physical properties of microfluidic tools have led to new biological insights through the development of microsystems that can manipulate, mimic and measure biology at a resolution that has not been possible with macroscale tools. Microsystems readily handle sub-microlitre volumes, precisely route predictable laminar fluid flows and match both perturbations and measurements to the length scales and timescales of biological systems. The advent of fabrication techniques that do not require highly specialized engineering facilities is fuelling the broad dissemination of microfluidic systems and their adaptation to specific biological questions. We describe how our understanding of molecular and cell biology is being and will continue to be advanced by precision microfluidic approaches and posit that microfluidic tools - in conjunction with advanced imaging, bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches - will transform biology into a precision science.
Effect of Phospholipase C Hydrolysis of Membrane Phospholipids on Membranous Enzymes

The response of several Escherichia coli membranous enzymes to hydrolysis of up to 95% of membrane phospholipid has been investigated. Purified phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus was utilized in these studies. The rate and extent of digestion of E. coli phospholipids was independent of whether the lipid was associated with membrane protein or extracted from membranes and sonically dispersed. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were completely hydrolyzed, while cardiolipin was partially resistant to hydrolysis by phospholipase C. Acyl-CoA:glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase and NADH oxidase were inactivated at a rate very similar to the rate of hydrolysis of total lipids. Acyl-CoA:1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase was inactivated to an extent of 50% during hydrolysis of 50% of membrane phospholipid. The remaining activity was stable to continued hydrolysis of phospholipid. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase remained completely active after hydrolysis of 95% of membrane phospholipids. These results show the heterogeneity of membranous enzymes with respect to their dependence upon the presence of intact membrane phospholipids. The lack of effect of membranous lipid-protein interactions on the accessibility of phospholipids to phospholipase C hydrolysis was shown in general by the similarity in the rates of hydrolysis by phospholipase C of membranous and isolated phospholipids. More specifically, the similarity in the rate of hydrolysis of phospholipids and the rates of inactivation of certain membranous enzymes suggests that these enzymes are dependent on phospholipids whose susceptibility to phospholipase C hydrolysis is similar to the bulk of membrane phospholipids.
Environmental NMR: High‐resolution Magic‐angle Spinning

Environmentally significant materials including soils, plant tissues, melanin pigments, and urban surface films possess swollen or swellable constituents that are not studied ideally using either solution- or solid-state NMR. Beginning in the 1970s and accelerating during the past 15 years, high-resolution (HR)-MAS techniques have been developed to study these challenging materials, yielding unprecedented molecular detail and informing mechanistic hypotheses. This valuable information has been forthcoming without the need for soil or tissue extraction, and without subjecting the macromolecular entities of interest to chemical degradation. In this overview, we focus on practical HR-MAS NMR strategies, including both methodological fundamentals and illustrative architectural findings for soil organic matter, plant protective polymers and biomass, and ultraviolet-resistant melanin pigments. In addition to the acquisition of one-dimensional spectra tailored for mobile or immobilized constituents of whole soils, we illustrate the use of HR-MAS in conjunction with two-dimensional NMR experiments [COSY, TOCSY, heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC)] to elucidate the macromolecular chemistry of terrestrial plant litter decomposition and environmental stress resistance at plant surfaces.
A New Type of Resource Curse? Effect of Natural Resource Pipelines on Development and Regime Change in Developing Countries

The introduction of a hydrocarbon pipeline system into a region comes with a series of economic, social, and political implications, not to mention having international and environmental repercussions. As a product of huge investments, long negotiations, and strategic relationships, resource pipelines affect countries through which they pass. Since, the issue of natural resource pipelines is largely disregarded in discussing the political and economic aspects of the resource curse, we have limited information about the mechanisms that these pipelines affect the countries they pass through. Because of this limited theoretical foundation, while focusing only on resource transit countries, this article evaluates the applicability of existing theories of natural resources on explanations regarding pipelines. Still, these initial evaluations are preliminary and this article is rather a theory testing piece that evaluates the previous literature natural resources and questions the applicability and possible problems in explaining natural resource transit countries. In this paper, I will be fleshing out the mechanisms in which transit fees as well as oil and natural gas subsidies work in resource transit countries. So far the literature on resource curse or nontax revenues have not addressed to the issues of transit fees or resource subsidies. Therefore, focusing on two well-known resource transit cases, Belarus and Georgia, the article pursues to answer or at least set a design to explain several related questions on possible causal mechanisms: How does introduction of a pipeline system affect a country’s economic development? Does it diversify import-export ties, using income from these sources as a tool to eradicate poverty, inequality, and increase human capital? Or do pipelines contract the economic opportunities of countries they pass through despite new capital investments? Further, how does a pipeline affect the characteristics of a regime? Do the economic effects of the pipeline system spill over the political realm? Do pipelines create economic ties other than resource trade or do they have even inescapable political ramifications? In the end, is introduction of a pipeline system an advantage for a country or does it also produce economic and political drawbacks at the same time? In the end, this piece calls for further research to examine the effect of resource transit on development and regime type. In conducting further investigation regarding this research, the aim will be providing external validity for the initial preliminary theoretical formation and causal mechanisms through employing large N analysis on resource transit countries.
Scalable automated verification via expert-system guided transformations

Transformation-based verification has been proposed to synergistically leverage various transformations to successively simplify and decompose large problems to ones which may be formally discharged. While powerful, such systems require a fair amount of user sophistication and experimentation to yield greatest benefits – every verification problem is different, hence the most efficient transformation flow differs widely from problem to problem. Finding an efficient proof strategy not only enables exponential reductions in computational resources, it often makes the difference between obtaining a conclusive result or not. In this paper, we propose the use of an expert system to automate this proof strategy development process. We discuss the types of rules used by the expert system, and the type of feedback necessary between the algorithms and expert system, all oriented towards yielding a conclusive result with minimal resources. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate that such a system is able to automatically discover efficient proof strategies, even on large and complex problems with more than 100,000 state elements in their respective cones of influence. These results also demonstrate numerous types of algorithmic synergies that are critical to the automation of such complex proofs.
Second-hand effects of college drinking and educational experiences: Findings from an analysis of pooled cross-sections

AbstractAims: Research from several countries has demonstrated the prevalence of exposure to alcohol’s second-hand effects. This study adds to this literature with an examination of the relationships between exposure and grades and school satisfaction among the US college and university students. Methods: The study used pooled cross-sectional data from the four rounds (1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001) of the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (N = 53,061). Random samples of students at four-year colleges and universities completed self-report mailed surveys and provided information on the frequency of their exposure to alcohol’s second-hand effects, their own drinking behaviour, college grades, school satisfaction and backgrounds. Findings: Multilevel, multivariate logit analyses showed significant, negative associations between exposure to second-hand effects and both grades and school satisfaction (p < 0.05). These effects were pronounced among abstainers and light drinkers compared to stud...
Bargaining by Children

We study the development of bargaining behavior in children age seven through 18, using ultimatum and dictator games. We find that bargaining behavior changes substantially with age and that most of this change appears to be related to changes in preferences for fairness, rather than bargaining ability. Younger children make and accept smaller ultimatum proposals than do older children, Even young children are quite strategic in their behavior, making much smaller dictator than ultimatum proposals. Boys claim to be more aggressive bargainers than girls do, but they are not. Older girls make larger dictator proposals than older boys, but overall participants dictator proposals differ more by height than by sex. We argue that the existence of systematic differences in bargaining behavior across age and sex supports the argument that culture is a determinant of economic behavior, and suggests that people acquire this culture during childhood.
Reference and perspective in intuitionistic logics

What an intuitionist may refer to with respect to a given epistemic state depends not only on that epistemic state itself but on whether it is viewed concurrently from within, in the hindsight of some later state, or ideally from a standpoint "beyond" all epistemic states (though the latter perspective is no longer strictly intuitionistic). Each of these three perspectives has a different--and, in the last two cases, a novel--logic and semantics. This paper explains these logics and their semantics and provides soundness and completeness proofs. It provides, moreover, a critique of some common versions of Kripke semantics for intuitionistic logic and suggests ways of modifying them to take account of the perspective-relativity of reference.
XY model with random p -fold anisotropy: Dynamics and statics near two dimensions

The phase structure and renormalization-group behavior of the $\mathrm{XY}$ model in a random $p$-fold anisotropy is studied via time-dependent Langevin formulation. The dynamics and statics are derived in two dimensions and extended to $2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions. We find that a spin-glass-like phase at intermediate length scales becomes paramagnetic at large length scales as a result of the unbinding of vortices. In $2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions a pure $\mathrm{XY}$-type transition occurs for ${p}^{2}g8$ into a low-temperature quasi-spin-glass phase with a finite susceptibility. A random-bond interaction is generated via renormalization.
Abstract 3941: HAF promotes the switch from HIF-1α to HIF-2α signaling during chronic hypoxia and promotes stem cell characteristics

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Most solid tumors and their metastases experience periods of hypoxia, which promotes tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia is also an important micro-environmental factor supporting the maintenance of pluripotent cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSCs) within the stem cell niche. The clinical relevance of CSCs is underscored by their resistance to cytotoxic therapies, invasive potential and role in tumor recurrence. Critical mediators of the hypoxia response are the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Although they have some overlapping functions, the HIFs are generally non-redundant whereby HIF-1α regulates the acute metabolic changes required for hypoxic survival, whereas HIF-2α promotes the adaptation to chronic hypoxia, including the maintenance of CSCs. However, the mechanism determining selectivity for HIF-1α versus HIF-2α activation is unclear. Here we describe a new mechanism for the switch between HIF-1α and HIF-2α dependent transcription during chronic hypoxia by the hypoxia associated factor (HAF). HAF is overexpressed in a number of tumor types and is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates HIF-1α independently of oxygen and pVHL, thus targeting HIF-1α for proteasomal degradation. HAF also binds to HIF-2α but at a different site than it binds to HIF-1α, increasing HIF-2α transactivation without causing its degradation. Hence HAF switches cellular dependence from HIF-1α towards HIF-2α, resulting in the activation of HIF-2α specific target genes (MMP9, OCT3/4)and the simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α specific target genes (CA-IX, DDIT4). HAF itself is hypoxia regulated - decreasing during acute hypoxia, but increasing with hypoxic duration. Hence HAF is a key determinant of HIF-2 versus HIF-1 activation in response to hypoxia. Using cell-free recombinant proteins and in vitro binding assays, we show that HAF binding to HIF-2α requires a novel eukaryotic post-translational modification of HIF-2α within a unique region of HIF-2 that is absent from HIF-1. HAF binding to HIF-2α is increased in cells exposed to prolonged hypoxia and promotes the transcription of HIF-2α target genes important in CSC maintenance such as OCT3/4 and SOX2. HAF levels are elevated in CD133+ U87 glioblastoma stem/progenitor cells and HAF knockdown decreases neurosphere formation suggesting a key role for HAF in the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype. The HAF-induced switch to HIF-2α dependent transcription promotes invasion and enriches the proportion of stem/progenitor CD133+ U87 cells. This increases the rate of tumor take and increases tumor morbidity in vivo. Funded by NIH CA095060, CA17094, CA098920 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3941. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3941
Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate: A novel avenue for cancer therapeutics

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic lipid mediator that has been shown to regulate cell growth, cell survival, cell invasion, vascular maturation, and angiogenesis, processes that are important for cancer progression. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Visentin et al. demonstrate that a monoclonal antibody that binds S1P with extremely high affinity and specificity significantly slows tumor progression and associated angiogenesis in several animal models of human cancer. Their results suggest that S1P not only affects tumor cells themselves, but also is permissive or required for the actions of angiogenic factors, and thus may be a bona fide cancer target.
Functional imaging studies: linking mind and basic neuroscience.

OBJECTIVE: The imaging of brain activity with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging has assumed a central position in psychiatry. Functional imaging signals arise from changes in the neurophysiological parameters of glucose and oxygen consumption mediated by blood flow. METHOD: Recent in vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) neurochemical studies have established a quantitative coupling between the rates of glucose oxidation and glutamate neurotransmitter flux in rats and humans, thereby linking measured neurophysiological parameters to brain function. RESULTS: These results show that in the awake, resting, and unstimulated states, 70%–80% of brain energy consumption is devoted to the same glutamate/glutamine neurotransmitter signaling as are the small percentages stimulated by tasks. Furthermore, in anesthetized animals, in which unstimulated activity is reduced, the total signal rather than a particular increment is required for a response. CONCLUSIONS: On this...
The effect of training procedures on fixed-interval responding following septal lesions in rats

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of training procedures on fixed-interval (FI) performance of rats with septal lesions. In Experiment 1, rats with septal lesions that had extensive preoperative FI experience responded at higher rates than did control rats in early periods of the FI and at lower rates during the later period of the FI for the first 10 sessions after surgery. Their subsequent FI behavior became equivalent to that of control rats. In Experiment 2, septal rats that were trained on an FI schedule of reinforcement entirely after surgery by gradually increasing the FI requirements had FI performance equivalent to that of rats with control operations. The results suggest that septal lesions result in a transient disruption in the FI performance of rats with previous FI experience without affecting the acquisition of appropriate FI behavior.
Characteristics of oral movements in rats during and after chronic haloperidol and fluphenazine administration

Rats were chronically administered either haloperidol (HAL) or fluphenazine (FLU) via depot injections for 8 months, given these same drugs in their drinking water for the next 2 months, and then withdrawn from the drugs. Throughout the experiment the animals were tested repeatedly in an enclosed tube using a computerized device which measured computer-scored movelets (CSMs) and, in the latter half of the experiment, were also scored by a human observer in the tube, as well as in an open cage, for observed oral movements (OMs). In the tube, the animals in both neuroleptic-treated groups showed initial decreases in the number of CSMs and made sluggish CSMs; these effects were generally larger in the FLU animals. After 6 months of chronic neuroleptics, the HAL-treated animals showed increased oral movements, both as reported by the human observer and in CSMs of all amplitudes, and this effect increased upon drug withdrawal. FLU-treated animals showed a more persistent depression of both OMs and CSMs of large amplitudes. However, the behavior most characteristic of both neuroleptic-treated groups was the gradual development of increases in CSMs of the smallest amplitudes measurable. A different pattern was observed in the open cage test, where both neuroleptic groups showed significant increases in vacuous OMs during drug administration which rapidly became attenuated upon drug withdrawal. These results indicate a complex syndrome of oral activity in the drugged animals which changed over time. The measure of oral activity which most clearly showed the time-course for late-onset changes in oral activity was CSMs of the smallest amplitudes.
Synthesis, characterization, and osteocompatibility evaluation of novel alanine‐based polyphosphazenes

This study deals with the synthesis and in vitro osteocompatibility evaluation of two novel alanine-containing biodegradable ester polyphosphazenes as candidates to form self-setting composites with hydroxyapatite (HAp) precursors. The two novel biodegradable polyphosphazenes synthesized were poly[(ethyl alanato)1.0(ethyl oxybenzoate)1.0 phosphazene] (PN-EA/EOB) and poly[(ethyl alanato)1.0(propyl oxybenzoate)1.0 phosphazene] (PN-EA/POB). The polymers were characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Biodegradability and percentage water absorption of the polymers were evaluated by following the mass change in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C. PN-EA/POB underwent faster degradation and showed higher water absorption compared to PN-EA/EOB. Both polymers became insoluble in common organic solvents following hydrolysis presumably due to crosslinking reactions accompanying the degradation process. Osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation on PN-EA/EOB and PN-EA/POB was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by using a biochemical assay. Both PN-EA/EOB and PN-EA/POB supported the adhesion and proliferation of primary rat osteoblast cells in vitro. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of the osteoblast cells cultured on the polymers was confirmed by the alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, these biodegradable amino-acid-based polyphosphazenes are promising new materials for forming self-setting bone cements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Autoradiographic study of cell migration during histogenesis of cerebral cortex in the mouse.

AUTORADIOGRAPHY with thymidine labelled with tritium has proved useful for the study of histogenesis in the mammalian brain1–6. Labelled thymidine injected into animals becomes incorporated almost exclusively into deoxyribonucleic acid of cells preparing to divide and remains in their nuclei as a permanent label; the radioactivity is diluted to half with each cell division7. When the autoradiographic method is applied to tissues of animals killed serially, one can determine the time and place of origin of cells, their route and rate of migration, and their ultimate fate.
Hough transform based corner detection for laser beam positioning

In laser beam alignment in addition to detecting position, one must also determine the rotation of the beam. This is essential when a commissioning new laser beam for National Ignition Facility located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. When the beam is square, the positions of the corners with respect to one another provides an estimate of the rotation of the beam. This work demonstrates corner detection in the presence or absence of a second order non-uniform illumination caused by a spatial mask. The Hough transform coupled with illumination dependent pre-processing is used to determine the corner points. We show examples from simulated and real NIF images.