cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surrogate-based Optimization for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes

Abstract The development of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes has been facilitated by recent advances in the process simulation area. However, since the simulations are usually complex and the analytical expressions of the model can be unknown, it is difficult to directly apply traditional optimization techniques in such cases. Therefore, we propose a novel surrogate-based optimization approach to address such difficulties. Our algorithm is suitable to solve black-box constrained optimization problems. The effectiveness of this method is illustrated with several two-dimensional benchmark problems and a case study from the pharmaceutical manufacturing process.
Joint Community Health Needs Assessments as a Path for Coordinating Community-Wide Health Improvement Efforts Between Hospitals and Local Health Departments

Objectives. To examine the association between hospital–local health department (LHD) collaboration around community health needs assessments (CHNAs) and hospital investment in community health.Methods. We combined 2015 National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) Forces of Change, 2013 NACCHO Profile, and 2014–2015 Area Health Resource File data to identify a sample of LHDs (n = 439) across the United States. We included data on hospitals’ community benefit from their 2014 tax filings (Internal Revenue Service Form 990, Schedule H). We used bivariate and multivariate regression analyses to examine LHDs’ involvement in hospitals’ CHNAs and implementation strategies and the relationship with hospital investment in community health.Results. The LHDs that collaborated with hospitals around CHNAs were significantly more likely to be involved in joint implementation planning activities than were those that did not. Importantly, LHD involvement in hospitals’ implementation strategies was as...
Efficacy of a Goal Setting and Implementation Planning Intervention on Firefighters' Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Bycura, DK, Dmitrieva, NO, Santos, AC, Waugh, KL, and Ritchey, KM. Efficacy of a Goal Setting and Implementation Planning Intervention on Firefighters' Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3151-3161, 2019-The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a goal setting and implementation planning (GSIP) intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness among firefighters. Male career firefighters (N = 20) from a large municipal fire department were assigned to an intervention arm (n = 12) or passive control arm (n = 8) of a 14-week study involving cardiorespiratory exercise. The intervention consisted of GSIP coaching at baseline and support throughout the study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed through a standardized physical protocol for firefighters (Candidate Physical Ability Test) at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 14 weeks time points, using the Cosmed K4b portable metabolic system to measure physiological variables. Using intention-to-treat principles, we employed a 2-level multilevel model to examine the effect of intervention group on intercept and change over time on primary outcomes of interest: oxygen transport and utilization (VO2), heart rate (HR), and respiratory exchange ratio (R). Results demonstrated that the intervention and control groups both exhibited a significant increase in VO2 (B = 0.143, SE = 0.025, p < 0.001) and a decline in R (B = -0.003. SE = 0.001, p < 0.01) over the course of the study. Although both groups exhibited improvements on 2 of the 3 cardiorespiratory outcomes, subjects assigned to the intervention did not exhibit superior outcomes when compared to the control group. Given the improvements we observed in 2 out of 3 outcomes across both conditions, future research may consider testing effectiveness of interventions consisting of functional training exercises that closely translate to firefighting tasks over time periods sufficient to elicit aerobic metabolic adaptations.
Resistance to Infection

Without the equivalent of a copper or fungicide spray, virtually all realistic control measures for plant virus diseases in the field fall into two categories (Fraser, 1990), (i) preventing the virus and the plant from coming in contact in a manner that can initiate an infection (Chapter 14), and (ii) biologically based interference with virus replication, spread or symptom induction. The intimate interaction of virus and cell is demanding on any potential anti-viral and, thus far, none are inexpensive. “Curing” a plant virus disease usually is economical only for propagation stock, accomplished by long term plant culture at elevated temperature (“thermotherapy”), chemotherapy or plant micropropagation. Preventing virus-plant contact may involve clean stock programs and/or at least minimal applications of pesticides to control virus vectors (Jones, 2004). Biologically based interference is considered in Chapters 1, 6 and 13 and here.
Left ventricular isovolumic flow sequence during sinus and paced rhythms: new insights from use of high-resolution Doppler and ultrasonic digital particle imaging velocimetry.

Objectives We sought to clarify the role of isovolumic intervals during a cardiac cycle by in vivo visualization of left ventricular (LV) intracavitary flow dynamics. Background Asynchronous LV deformation during isovolumic contraction (IVC) and isovolumic relaxation (IVR) might represent a transient feature of myocardial wall mechanics that reverses the direction of blood flow. Methods In 10 beating porcine hearts, the changes in LV intracavitary flow were recorded at baseline and after LV epicardial and right atrial pacing with high-resolution Doppler and contrast echocardiography. Two-dimensional vector flow fields were generated offline from B-mode contrast images with particle imaging velocimetry. Results During IVC, flow from the LV apex accelerated toward the base, whereas blood from the base was redirected toward the outflow through formation of an anterior vortex. Conversely, during IVR, flow was initially directed toward the apex and then briefly reversed toward the base. Epicardial pacing from the LV base altered the stages of flow redirection during the pre-ejection period and delayed mitral valve closure (28 ± 14 ms vs. 61 ± 13 ms, p Conclusions Isovolumic intervals are not periods of hemodynamic stasis but, rather, phases with dynamic changes in intracavitary flow. Experimentally induced aberrant epicardial electrical activation alters stages of flow redirection and prolongs the pre-ejection period. Normal electromechanical activation through the His-Purkinje system in mammalian hearts maintains an inherent synchrony with the sequence of intracavitary flow redirection.
Pigments in Crustacean Compound Eyes

Like all photoreceptor organs, crustacean compound eyes produce pigments that interact with the light impinging upon them. Here, the term “pigment” refers to molecules that absorb light in the visual range, at wavelengths between about 330 and 700 nm. The two major classes of pigments in crustacean eyes are first the visual pigments, the photosensitive molecules that capture light and set in motion the complicated processes that signal its presence, and second the photostable pigments that must be present to regulate the light within the eye.
Addressing Unintended Consequences of Gender Diversity Interventions on Women’s Sense of Belonging in STEM

Validated interventions that increase bias literacy (i.e., knowledge of gender bias) and decrease sexism are critical to addressing pervasive gender biases in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, interventions that highlight existing gender inequities may inadvertently act as a social identity threat cue for women. Including identity-safe cues in diversity interventions (i.e., suggesting that women are valued in STEM) may lessen these problematic outcomes. To explore this possibility, we conducted three experiments utilizing Video Interventions for Diversity in STEM (VIDS), a validated diversity intervention relying on high quality videos to convey the existence of gender bias in STEM. Consistent with prior research, relative to control conditions, VIDS led to greater bias literacy and lower gender bias among both men and women (Experiments 1 and 2) and encouraged women’s intentions to take collective action (Experiment 2). At the same time, compared to control conditions, VIDS resulted in lower sense of belonging in the sciences, greater negative affect, and greater self-reported social identity threat, both among women from the general U.S. population (Experiments 1 and 2) and female scientists (Experiment 3). Including identity-safe cues, which present a positive female scientist role model (Experiment 2) or suggest that gender bias can be overcome (Experiments 2 and 3), helped alleviate VIDS’ harmful effects on women’s belonging and trust in the sciences, but had limited impact on stereotype threat. These findings highlight the need for researchers and practitioners to examine potential unintended negative consequences of diversity interventions and investigate techniques to buffer such outcomes.
Ileal transcriptome analysis in obese rats induced by high-fat diets and an adenoviral infection.

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic affecting millions of people. Obesity and associated health consequences tend to be complicated by diverse causes and multi-systemic involvement. Previous studies have investigated obesity induced by a single factor, such as a high-fat diet (HF) of typical energy-dense food and infection by an adipogenic virus, such as a widely studied human adenovirus serotype 36 (Ad-36). In this study, we hypothesized and investigated the synergistic effect of two causal factors, HF and Ad-36, in obesity induction. The 7-week-old Wistar rats (n = 1214/group) were randomly divided into weight-matched groups and induced for obesity with mock-control, HF, Ad-36, or HF + Ad-36 for 8–30 weeks, and compared for obesity phenotype. A global transcriptomic RNA-Seq analysis was used to profile signature gene response pathways in ileal tissues from 8-week control and obese animals during this early phase of obesity induction. HF only and particularly co-administration of Ad-36 and HF (HF + Ad-36) induced significant obesity in rats (p < 0.05 or p < 0.005). Compared with either Ad-36 or HF alone, HF + Ad-36 treatment significantly aggravates obesity in rats regarding body weight (n = 12–14/group) and adiposity index (n = 6–7). Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of intestinal tissues revealed signature genes on an inter-systemic scale, including many genes in the pathways of circadian rhythm and antiviral immunity focusing on IFN signaling. Ad-36 exacerbated the induction of obesity in rats compared with those treated with HF alone. Gene-responsive pathways involved in circadian rhythm and antiviral immunity in ileal tissues were significantly (p < 0.05, and FDR < 0.01) regulated during the early phase of obesity induction. This study provided a co-factorial model for obesity induction and profiled molecular targets for further validation and molecular manipulation.
Conserved juxtamembrane domains in the yeast golgin Coy1 drive assembly of a megadalton-sized complex and mediate binding to tethering and SNARE proteins

The architecture and organization of the Golgi complex depend on a family of coiled-coil proteins called golgins. Golgins are thought to form extended homodimers that are C-terminally anchored to Golgi membranes, whereas their N termini extend into the cytoplasm to initiate vesicle capture. Previously, we reported that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae golgin Coy1 contributes to intra-Golgi retrograde transport and binds to the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and multiple retrograde Golgi Q-SNAREs (where SNARE is soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor). Here, using various engineered yeast strains, membrane protein extraction and fractionation methods, and in vitro binding assays, we mapped the Coy1 regions responsible for these activities. We also report that Coy1 assembles into a megadalton-size complex and that assembly of this complex depends on the most C-terminal coiled-coil and a conserved region between this coiled-coil and the transmembrane domain of Coy1. We found that this conserved region is necessary and sufficient for binding the SNARE protein Sed5 and the COG complex. Mutagenesis of conserved arginine residues within the C-terminal coiled-coil disrupted oligomerization, binding, and function of Coy1. Our findings indicate that the stable incorporation of Coy1 into a higher-order oligomer is required for its interactions and role in maintaining Golgi homeostasis. We propose that Coy1 assembles into a docking platform that directs COG-bound vesicles toward cognate SNAREs on the Golgi membrane.
Optimal Sampling and Updating for Minimizing Age of Information in the Internet of Things

The effective operation of time-critical Internet of things (IoT) applications requires real-time reporting of fresh status information of underlying physical processes. In this paper, a real-time IoT monitoring system is considered, in which an IoT device samples a physical process with a sampling cost and sends the status packet to a given destination with an updating cost. The optimal status sampling and updating process is designed to minimize the average age of information (AoI) at the destination under an average energy cost constraint at the device. This stochastic optimization problem is formulated as an infinite horizon average cost constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). Using a Lagrangian method, the CMDP is transformed into an unconstrained Markov decision process (MDP), where the optimal policy for the CMDP is a randomized mixture of two deterministic policies for the unconstrained MDP. It is shown that the optimal policy for the unconstrained MDP is of threshold type with respect to the AoI state of the device and the AoI state of the destination. This reveals a fundamental tradeoff between the average AoI of the destination and the sampling and updating costs. Then, a structure-aware algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal policy for the CMDP. Finally, the impact of the wireless channel dynamics on the system performance is studied while demonstrating that channels having a large mean channel gain and less scattering can achieve better AoI performance.
Biomedical applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles: a potent redox modulator and drug delivery agent

Abstract Redox imbalances in the body occur in numerous pathological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, wound healing, and neurodegenerative disease. Modulation of this imbalance via external agents is challenged by pharmacokinetics issues, such as delivery and targeting to desired disease sites, as well as drug stability and dosing. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) are highly unique catalytic antioxidants with scavenging capacity across a broad spectrum of agents, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The nanoparticle format imparts elevated surface oxygen vacancies that support potent scavenging of oxidants, while CONP's capacity to cycle between the Ce3+/Ce4+ states results in a theoretically inexhaustible catalyst. Because of these highly favorable features, CONP has tremendous potential to serve as a redox-modulating therapeutic for various biomedical applications. In this chapter, we summarize their application to various pathological conditions where ROS/RNS imbalances contribute to disease progression. We also highlight the manipulation of CONP size, shape, surface properties, and functional groups for targeted drug delivery.
A Goddess and a Pañcāyat President: Narrative, Sanctity, and Authority in Rural Tamil Nadu

In an examination of the interdependent relationship between narrative and ritual, this article discusses a ritual dilemma solved through narrative to explore how narrative sustains authority usually enacted, validated, and supported by ritual practice. In the Tamil village of Nagamalai Pudukkottai, Jeyakumar, the pancāyat president, must perform as a cāmiyāti (“god dancer”) possessed by the village’s most powerful form of divinity, Taṭātakai Ammaṉ, to substantiate his family’s long lineage of traditional authority. For seventeen years, however, Jeyakumar was unable to substantiate his authoritative claim through ritual; instead, he and his constituents relied on narratives, including a migration myth. Narrative did not replace the importance of ritual in Nagamalai Pudukkottai, but rather, the usually obligatory tie to the goddess was deferred and his legitimacy was maintained through narrative. Village claims to authority depend upon negotiating the connections among the village migration myth, the local goddess temple myth, personal experience narratives, and everyday conversational narratives and stories. Each of these narrative genres claims authority differently but works as part of an interdependent folklore system to confirm the village’s sacrality and leadership. Jeyakumar’s authority is further strengthened by local folk mythologies that integrate nearby Madurai’s more formalized Mīnākṣī tradition into local religiosity surrounding Taṭātakai Ammaṉ.
Powering DNA strand-displacement reactions with a continuous flow reactor

Living systems require a sustained supply of energy and nutrients to survive. These nutrients are ingested, transformed into low-energy waste products, and excreted. In contrast, synthetic DNA strand-displacement reactions typically run within closed systems provided with a finite initial supply of reactants. Once the reactants are consumed, all net reactions halt and the system ceases to function. Here we run DNA strand-displacement reactions in a continuous flow reactor, infusing fresh reactants and withdrawing waste, enabling the system to dynamically update its outputs in response to changing inputs. Running DNA strand-displacement reactions inside of continuous flow reactors allows the system to be re-used for multiple rounds of computation, which could enable the execution of more elaborate information processing tasks, including single-rail negation and sequential logic circuits.
Parental fatigue before and after ventilation tube insertion in their children.

OBJECTIVE To determine if there is a difference in fatigue for caregivers of children with otitis media pre and post ventilation tube insertion (VTI). METHODS Consecutive parents presenting with children at a pediatric otolaryngology practice at an academic medical center with recurrent otitis media who met criteria for VTI or who were following up within 6 weeks of VTI were surveyed with the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ), a Visual Analogue Fatigue Scale (VAS-F), and demographic questions. RESULTS No significant demographic differences were found (P < 0.05) in the preop versus postop groups. 101 parents participated, 88 mothers and 13 fathers. 59.4% were married or cohabitating, 18.8% were single, 10.9% were divorced, and 10.9% declined to answer. 45.5% were aged 18-29 years, 50.1% were 30-39 years, 2.9% were 40+ years, 1.0% declined to answer. 53.0% were college graduates. 46 (45.5%) were preop and 55 (54.5%) were postop. There were no statistical differences between these groups for age, gender, marital status, education level or number or children in the household. Mean VAS-F, with 0 being worst fatigue and 10 being normal, was 5.256 in the preop group and 6.777 in the postop group (p < 0.001). Mean CFQ, with higher numbers meaning worse fatigue, was 15.749 in the preop group and 11.804 in the postop group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Parental fatigue can have significant effects on the family. Fatigue in parents whose children have otitis media has not been previously described. VTI for recurrent otitis media in children is associated with improved fatigue in their parents.
Personal Air Pollution Monitoring Technologies: User Practices and Preferences

Long-term exposure to air pollution can cause adverse health effects. Many efforts are underway to develop affordable, portable, and accurate technologies to help people monitor air pollution regularly. Although personal, wearable air pollution monitoring technologies are popular among some technology enthusiasts and citizen scientists, we know little about air pollution monitoring practices and preferences of lay individuals. We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study (n = 321) to understand people’s current air pollution monitoring practices and their requirements for personal air pollution monitoring technologies. Although concerned about the adverse effects of air pollution (94%), less than 10% reported checking the levels of air pollution at least once a week. Respondents were more likely to carry a monitoring device as a bag accessory (74%) or wear it on their wrist (42%), than around their shoes, waist, or neck. If monitoring were available, however, it was unclear how much that would manifest behavior changes in individuals. We discuss how our findings can inform future technology design.
Distribution of crayfish in the Southern Basin of Lake Michigan and the Greater Chicago Region

Abstract Crayfish represent important links in aquatic food webs because they have diverse, omnivorous diets and are an important source of energy for fishes and birds. Crayfish have the ability to increase sediment transport through bioturbation, some are considered ecosystem engineers due to their burrowing habits, and crayfish invasions have been linked to large declines in biodiversity and changes in ecosystem structure and function. Despite their ecological importance and the threats that invasive crayfishes pose, the distribution of crayfishes in the Laurentian Great Lakes is not well studied. Here, we report on four years of intensive crayfish surveys in the southwestern portion of the Lake Michigan Basin, a region with diverse freshwater ecosystems and few previous records of crayfish distribution. From 2015 to 2018, baited minnow traps and SCUBA were used to document the distribution and abundance of crayfish across streams, rivers, inland lakes, and Lake Michigan. Six species of crayfish were captured, including two invasive species. The invaders are the widely distributed and abundant Faxonius rusticus (rusty crayfish) and Procambarus clarkii (red Swamp crayfish), a species early in the invasion phase. Native species were found in fewer habitat types and were less abundant than invasive F. rusticus. Comparing our results to previous sampling showed that native crayfish distribution and diversity have declined at the same time that F. rusticus has spread over recent decades. There is potential for new and recently introduced invaders, such as the red swamp crayfish, to further alter ecosystems.
BAM15 treats mouse sepsis and sepsis-AKI, linking circulating mitochondrial DNA and tubule reactive oxygen species

The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex and heterogeneous; hence, a precision medicine strategy may be required. Acute kidney injury (AKI) following sepsis portends higher mortality. Overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a potential mediator of sepsis and sepsis-induced AKI. BAM15 is a chemical uncoupler that dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient without generating mtROS, and improves experimental renal ischemic injury. We injected BAM15 into mice at 0 or 6 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) treated with fluids and antibiotics. BAM15 reduced mortality, even when started at 6 hours, when mice were ill, and reduced kidney damage but did not affect other organs. Serial plasma and urinary levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were increased following CLP, and decreased after BAM15 (at 0 and at 6 hours). In vitro BAM15 prevented mtROS overproduction and mtDNA release from septic kidney tubule cells; mtROS generation correlated with mtDNA release. BAM15 also promotes mitochondrial biogenesis signaling. We conclude that BAM15 is an effective preventive and therapeutic candidate in experimental sepsis, and that BAM15 and mtDNA are mechanistically linked via mtROS, which may form a drug-companion diagnostic pair to improve precision medicine approaches to diagnosing and treating clinical sepsis.
Acoustic differences between Chilean and Salvadoran Spanish /s/.

This paper examines seven acoustic properties of /s/ in Chilean Spanish (CS) and Salvadoran Spanish (ES). Acoustic measurements from 36 speakers, balanced for gender and dialect, reveal several cross-dialectal differences: CS /s/ was significantly longer than ES /s/ in coda position and had a higher spectral center of gravity. Two findings were mitigated by gender: women in both dialects were more likely to voice /s/, but the magnitude of the difference in voicing between male and female speakers was greater in CS. There were no differences in relative intensity in CS, while in ES, /s/ used by males has significantly lower relative intensity than /s/ used by females. No dialect differences were found for variance, kurtosis, or skewness. While both CS and ES are frequently collocated under the umbrella of “/s/ weakening dialects,” our results show that tokens of non-deleted /s/ are acoustically distinct. These findings suggest that shorter duration and lower spectral energy in ES could be the result of a looser or backer constriction of /s/ and may have implications for work examining cross-dialectal differences in /s/ lenition at the phonetics/phonology interface.
Abstract PO-130: Macropinocytosis at the nexus of crosstalk in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment

A feature of tumor cells is the acquisition of nutrients via macropinocytosis, an endocytic form of protein scavenging that functions to support metabolism and proliferation in the context of a nutrient-depleted tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide evidence that macropinocytosis is also operational in the tumor stroma. We find that glutamine deficiency triggers macropinocytic uptake in patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors. Mechanistically, stromal macropinocytosis is dependent on a CaMKK2-AMPK signaling axis that activates Rac1. We find that these signaling events are potentiated via an enhancement of cytosolic Ca2+ caused by glutamine limitation. Interestingly, glucose deprivation, which robustly enhances AMPK activation, does not activate Rac1 and fails to induce uptake in CAFs. We determine that the selectivity of the observed macropinocytic response is mediated by the glutamine depletion-induced upregulation of ARHGEF2, a Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor. We elucidate that macropinocytosis has dual function in CAFs – it serves as a source of intracellular amino acids that sustain CAF viability, and it provides extracellular amino acids that promote tumor cell survival. By specifically ablating macropinocytosis in the stroma, we demonstrate that macropinocytosis-deficient CAFs are unable to enhance PDAC tumor growth. Current efforts are focused on how different metabolic inputs in the tumor microenviroment can differentially regulate the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling axis in stromal cells. These results highlight the functional role of macropinocytosis in the tumor stroma and provide a mechanistic understanding of how nutrient deficiency can control stromal protein scavenging. Citation Format: Yijuan Zhang, M. Victoria Recouvreux, Michael Jung, Koen Galencamp, Yunbo Li, Olga Zagnitko, David Scott, Andrew Lowy, Cosimo Commisso. Macropinocytosis at the nexus of crosstalk in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-130.
Sexual Dysfunction, Epidemiology of.

Over the past two decades, sexual dysfunction in men and women has been the topic of significant inquiry and research. Included in this article are explanations of each of the dysfunctions and their relationship to the sexual response cycle, discussion of the classification systems, and estimated prevalence rates for both men and women. In addition, the authors discuss common risk factors and mention typical treatment strategies currently available for each of the dysfunctions.
A novel approach for robust high-resolution DOA estimation

The proposed method is based on the signal eigenvectors of the covariance matrix being a linear combination of the direction vectors which contain the DOA information. By applying a high-resolution frequency estimation algorithm to an element sequence of a combination of signal eigenvectors, the proposed method has better performance at low SNR. For example, it is about 5 dB more robust to noise than spatial-smoothed MUSIC and Minimum-Norm. >
Size is everything

Bulk matter melts and freezes in a predictable manner. Not so clusters of atoms in their tens, hundreds or thousands, which have very different properties. They have no fixed melting temperature at a given pressure, but instead have melting ranges of temperature in which solid and liquid coexist. New work provides the first quantitative demonstration of how the melting temperature of such clusters depends on their size. But the pattern that emerges is highly irregular, and the challenge of finding its physical basis remains.
Of Dreams, Phantoms, and Places: Andrey Bely's Petersburg

This paper will examine the idea of place, which is central to Andrey Bely's symbolist novel Petersburg. The title itself implies place, as well as emphasizes that Petersburg—the city—is the main hero of Bely's work. Perceptions of place combined with, and related to, those of dreams and phantoms can be understood within the larger framework of the novel by examining how they impose themselves upon the lyrical self of the author, and how he transforms them into a fabric of images. This understanding could be achieved by approaching the novel through a careful reading of one of its chapters. Chapter six of Petersburg seems to be an ideal starting point for an analysis of dreams, phantoms, and places. References to other chapters or sections of Petersburg will be made wherever it is relevant. However, it is in chapter six that the texture of the symbolic design and the vision of Bely's novel is realized.
Riemann–Roch for Algebraic Stacks: I

In this paper we establish Riemann–Roch and Lefschtez–Riemann–Roch theorems for arbitrary proper maps of finite cohomological dimension between algebraic stacks in the sense of Artin. The Riemann–Roch theorem is established as a natural transformation between the G-theory of algebraic stacks and topological G-theory for stacks: we define the latter as the localization of G-theory by topological K-homology. The Lefschtez–Riemann–Roch is an extension of this including the action of a torus for Deligne–Mumford stacks. This generalizes the corresponding Riemann–Roch theorem (Lefschetz–Riemann–Roch theorem) for proper maps between schemes (that are also equivariant for the action of a torus, respectively) making use of some fundamental results due to Vistoli and Toen. A key result established here is that topological G-theory (as well as rational G-theory) has cohomological descent on the isovariant etale site of an algebraic stack. This extends cohomological descent for topological G-theory on schemes as proved by Thomason.
An Unusual Pathway for the Synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate by the Purine-requiring Organism Artemia salina

Brine shrimp are incapable of synthesizing purines de novo and seemingly have a complex nucleotide metabolism involving conversion of stored diguanosine 5′,5″′-(P1, P4-tetraphosphate) into ATP. When nucleosides uniformly labeled with 14C are administered to the organism, its ATP shows an unusual labeling pattern. When [U-14C]adenosine is used as a precursor, the purine moiety is primarily incorporated into ATP, whereas when brine shrimp are exposed to [U-14C]guanosine, the ribose component is preferentially incorporated into ATP. This selective labeling of the purine and ribose moieties of ATP occurs at early time intervals after exposure to the labeled nucleoside, whereas AMP and ADP have [14C]purine to [14C]ribose ratios similar to that of the original nucleoside administered. Thus there appears to be a route from adenosine and guanosine to ATP that does not proceed through AMP and ADP. A pathway is proposed involving the direct participation of diguanosine 5′,5″′-(P1,P4-tetraphosphate) as an intermediate.
Freeze-fracture analysis of phloem structure in plant tissue cultures. I. The sieve element reticulum.

During the differentiation of phloem sieve elements, the endoplasmic reticulum undergoes unique modifications to form the sieve element reticulum (SER) which persists in mature, functioning sieve tubes. Cisternae of the SER lack ribosomes and are restricted to the periphery of the sieve element at late stages of development. Some of the SER is seen as single cisternae that are in close contact with the sieve element plasma membrane. Thin sections and freeze-fracture images of sieve elements formed in tissue cultures demonstrate that the SER consists of both single cisternae and regions of stacked cisternae at some stages of maturity. The unstacked regions of the SER are continuous with the cisternae of the stacked regions. In freeze-fracture images the single cisternae adjacent to the plasma membrane are seen to be fenestrated and the openings allow continuity between the plasma membrane and the cell lumen. It is concluded that the interface between the SER and the plasma membrane of the sieve element serves to allow membrane functions such as proton efflux, proton—sucrose cotransport and compensating movements of ions to occur in a microenvironment that is separated from the moving translocation stream in the sieve element lumen. Passage of water and translocated solutes from the plasma membrane or the SER/PM interface to the interior of the cell is enhanced by the openings in the fenestrated regions of the SER. It is suggested tha the SER may also play a role in channeling ATP from mitochondria associated with the SER to the proton-pumping ATPase in the plasma membrane and that the SER may function in the uptake and release of potassium ions in the sieve element.
Experience with Integrally-Cast Compressor and Turbine Components for a Small, Low-Cost, Expendable-Type Turbojet Engine

Experiences with integrally-cast compressor and turbine components during fabrication and testing of four engine assemblies of a small (29 cm (11 1/2 in.) maximum diameter) experimental turbojet engine design for an expendable application are discussed. Various operations such as metal removal, welding, and re-shaping of these components were performed in preparation of full-scale engine tests. Engines with these components were operated for a total of 157 hours at engine speeds as high as 38,000 rpm and at turbine inlet temperatures as high as 1256 K (1800 F).
Patient acceptance of oral contraceptives. II. The private patient.

Abstract Oral contraceptives were employed in a private practice for a total of 2,594 cycles over a 9½ year interval. Only 40 of 126 patients discontinued medication for various reasons during the course of study. Population characteristics were compared with those of an indigent group previously studied for factors considered relevant to acceptability. Liver function studies performed serially in those patients sampled at random revealed no significant alterations of hepatic function. One patient was studied with endocrinologic assays for assessment of ovulatory parameters through her last two medicated cycles and during her first cycle after stopping medication. The safety of any new drug is confirmed through long-term usage. The reported experiences further support the safety of these progestogen-estrogen combinations. Oral contraceptives were readily acceptable and provided an effective method of family planning in a private patient practice.
Brown Dwarfs--Faint at Heart, Rich in Chemistry

Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to power a stellar nuclear engine, so they are cool and dim when compared to stars, but have a comparatively rich molecular chemistry. In her Perspective, Lodders explains how the chemical signatures of brown dwarfs are being used to classify them. Brown dwarf atmospheres contain clouds, which form in a similar way to those in the atmospheres of giant planets such as Jupiter. However, whereas Jupiter9s cloud layers range from icy clouds at the top to refractory ceramics deep inside, the hottest brown dwarfs may only have the most refractory clouds. This rich chemistry is recorded in the spectra of brown dwarfs and can be used as a "thermometer" to categorize them.
Simple, Inexpensive Procedure for the Disruption of Bacteria

Small volumes (1 to 2 ml) of bacterial cultures, with turbidities ranging from 3 to 10, were disrupted 50 to 90% (measured as a decrease in turbidity) within 2 min, by shaking them on a Vortex-type mixer in the presence of glass beads. This method of disrupton was effective for cells in the following genera: Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia. After low-speed centrifugation, the resulting extract can be used as potential sources for enzymes, transforming deoxyribonucleic acids, cell walls, membranes, etc.
Mass Balance Studies

A well-designed mass balance study significantly expands information about the pharmacological behavior of an active compound. A preclinical mass balance study can elucidate excretory pathways, organ distribution of parent drug and metabolites, and metabolic profiles. This article focuses on the design, methodologies, and expertise required for the conduct of preclinical mass balance studies. Keywords: mass balance study; preclinical studies; study design; pharmacokinetics; absorption
‘The we of me”: The member of the wedding's novel alliances

(1996). ‘The we of me”: The member of the wedding's novel alliances. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 111-135.
Dynamical changes in the ENSO system in the last 11,000 years

A thorough analysis of a proxy El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) record indicates that a bifurcation occurred in the ENSO system sometime around 5,000 years b.p. As a result of this bifurcation the attractor became higher dimensional and a new mechanism of instability was introduced. As a consequence of these changes the system switched from a dynamics where the normal condition (La Nina) was dominant to a dynamics characterized by more frequent and stronger El Nino events.
Programs and Systems for On-Line Computers in Low Energy Nuclear Physics

A conference held five years ago this month served, among other things, to introduce the notion to a substantial representation from the community of experimental nuclear physicists that a stored program computer could be used as a powerful, flexible tool for extending the scope of, as well as for aiding in the detailed execution of their experimental programs. The appreciation of the possibilities which were raised were colored by a simultaneous apprehension. The physicists worried about how extensive an effort they would have to make, how intimately they would have to be involved in order to use a computer on-line to an experiment. In short - who was going to write the programs? The answer was, unfortunately, not long in coming - they were. The potential gains for some classes of users were such that they did not wish to leave the restricted world of wired-program analyzers which, after all, were sufficient unto their needs. For others, however, the ends justified the means of the task. This latter group set about creating the programs and, in fact, the systems of programs that were necessary. This paper discusses some of the programming approaches which are in use or are under development for handling all or some features of experiment procedures. Because this conference has reports directly by several of the users, the emphasis here will be to review and compare rather than describe any in great detail.
Preparation of cisplatin using microwave heating and continuous-flow processing as tools

Abstract Microwave heating has been used for the small-scale preparation of cisplatin, [ cis -PtCl 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ], in isomerically pure form without concomitant formation of Magnus’ salt, [Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ][PtCl 4 ]. In scaling up the reaction to the gram level, continuous-flow processing was employed.
Gravity's rainbow (microwave anisotropy and gravitational waves)

Could COBE DMR be detecting the imprint from a spectrum of gravitational waves generated during inflation? The conventional inflationary prediction had been that the cosmic microwave anisotropy is dominated by energy density fluctuations generated during inflation and that the gravitational waves contribute negligibly. The authors report on recent work that has shown that the conventional wisdom may be wrong; specifically, gravitational waves may dominate the anisotropy in inflationary models where the spectrum of perturbations deviates significantly from scale invariance (e.g., extended and power-law inflation models and extreme versions of chaotic inflation). If gravitational waves do dominate at the large-angular scales measured by COBE DMR, the expectation and interpretation of anisotropies on small-angular scales is profoundly altered.
Telomeres and telomerases.

The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are defined by specilized nucleoprotein complexes called telomeres. Telomeres impart stability to the genome and are of general interest due to their unique structure and unconventional mode of synthesis. Recent work has identified new components of the telomere complex and expanded our understanding of the role of terminal structures in maintaining cell viability.
NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement: test of the controlling influence of zfs rhombicity for S = 1.

Abstract Prior theoretical work has predicted that the NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (NMR-PRE) produced by electron spin S = 1 ions is highly sensitive to orthorhombic terms in the static zero field splitting (zfs) tensor. Zfs orthorhombicity (which implies chemical inequivalence of the three principal directions of the zfs-principal axis system and is described by the zfs E -parameter) is predicted to suppress the NMR-PRE profoundly relative to the reference cylindrical zfs-limit situation. This expectation was tested experimentally by a comparison of the zfs-limit NMR-PRE produced by [Ni(II)(en) 3 ] 2+ (en = ethylenediamine), a trigonal complex which lacks zfs-rhombicity, with the zfs-limit NMR-PRE produced by two orthorhombic complexes, [Ni(II)(en) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] 2+ and [Ni(II)(en)(H 2 O) 4 ] 2+ . As predicted, the zfs-limit NMR-PRE produced by the orthorhombic complexes in the proton resonance of a dioxane probe species in the solvent was strongly suppressed (by factors of approximately 5 and 7, respectively) relative to the comparable measurement on the trigonal complex. The suppression of the NMR-PRE due to the orthorhombic zfs terms is counteracted by an applied Zeeman field, leading to a predicted rise in the NMR-PRE with increasing Zeeman field strength; this rise occurs when the Zeeman energy is comparable to the orthorhombic zfs splitting, 2 E. This second prediction of theory was likewise confirmed: the expected rhombicity-induced magnetic field dependence in the NMR-PRE was observed for the orthorhombic complexes but not for the trigonal complex.
Energy transfer studies between Ne* and H2O

Translational to rotational energy trasfer between metastably excited Ne* and ground-state H 2 O using crossed molecular beams is reported at five collision energies between 113 and 260 mcV. The exchange is very efficient, and appears to proceed directly from translation to the rotational levels of the H 2 O molecule rather than via a vibrationally perturbed complexes as has been suggested for the Ar* plus CO 2 system.
Predictors and Protective Factors in the Prevention and Treatment of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders

Contemporary adolescents are at a higher risk for developing a substance use disorder. Risk factors serve as predictors for identifying youths at the greatest risk for developing these disorders. Protective factors serve to protect adolescents from developing the substance use disorders. First-time drug use can be prevented through the “model program” modalities implemented through prevention research. However, when youths fall through the cracks and develop a substance dependency on alcohol or other substances, treatment strategies promise hope for adolescents who are experiencing the onset of substance dependency.
[Non-medical therapy of myofascial pain].

In einer prospektiven Studie wurde untersucht, ob es nichtmedikamentose Therapiemethoden gibt, die akute und chronische myofasziale Schmerzen nachhaltig bessern konnen. 83 Patienten mit chronischen Ruckenschmerzen (Schmerzanamnese durchschnittlich 4,4 Jahre) wurden vor und nach manueller Triggerpunkttherapie und 1–2 Jahre nach der Behandlung nach der Schmerzintensitat anhand visueller Analogskala befragt. Die Schmerzintensitat zwischen Ausgangs- und Follow-up-Wert sank signifikant. Manuelle Triggerpunkttherapie kann chronische Ruckenschmerzen nachhaltig bessern, wenn deren Ursache in der Muskulatur liegt.
Production of pathogenic antibodies: Cognate interactions between autoimmune T and B cells:

A select population of autoimmune T-helper (T(H)) cells drive the production of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies in SLE. These T(H) cells recognize nucleosomal peptides that are processed and presented by the anti-DNA B cells that they help. The critical peptide epitopes for the T(H) cells reside in the core histones of the nucleosome particle. Remarkably, the nucleosomal peptide epitopes do not obey the rule of MHC-restriction; they can be promiscuously presented and recognized in the context of diverse MHC alleles. Such promiscuous antigens, called pantigens, are also recognized by autoimmune T cells, in a degenerate fashion, and this promiscuous recognition is conferred by the lupus TCR alpha chains. High-affinity interactions between the lupus TCRs and MHC-nucleosomal peptide complex due to reciprocally charged residues probably overcome the requirement for MHC restriction. These studies open up the possibility of developing 'universally' tolerogenic epitopes for therapy of lupus in humans despite their diversity of HLA alleles. The results also have profound implications regarding the selection of autoimmune T cells in the lupus-prone thymus and their expansion in the periphery. Furthermore, the T(H) cells, as well as B cells of lupus, have a regulatory defect causing markedly increased and prolonged expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L), which mediates abnormal co-stimulatory signals to autoimmune B cells, sustaining the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. These observations suggest a new paradigm for B cell hyperactivity in lupus and provide alternative targets for immunotherapy. Indeed, giving only three injections of anti-CD40L antibody in a one-week period to mice with manifest lupus selectively blocks the pathogenic autoimmune response and delays the development of lupus nephritis by one year (equivalent to three decades in humans). Thus, possession of promiscuous, high-affinity receptors and prolonged expression of CD40L by lupus T cells probably lowers activation threshold, leading to an autoimmune response against nucleosomes derived from apoptotic cells that are normally ignored by the immune system.
Information-seeking behaviors of podiatric physicians.

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the information-seeking behaviors of podiatric physicians as they search for answers to clinical questions that arise during patient care visits. Methods: Invitations to participate in an Internet survey were e-mailed to alumni of the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine (now Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine [KSUCPM]). Twenty-nine questions surveyed the types and frequency of information that podiatric physicians need during patient care visits, which information resources are used by podiatric physicians, and which barriers podiatric physicians encounter when seeking information in general. Results: With 143 completed surveys, results of this study indicate a preference for searching the Internet over using colleagues and print literature. The most common need is for drug information, and common barriers include lack of time and cost of accessing information. Results are similar to those for physicians and other health-care providers see...