cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of U.S. quick service on the health and patronage of Chinese urban consumers.

Over the last decade there has been a rapid development of United States quick service restaurant companies such as KFC and McDonalds in China. Increasingly urban Chinese consumers patronize these restaurants as a way to experience American culture. For some it is becoming a part of their eating pattern. Recent health studies have demonstrated that nutritional diseases are increasing in China. This study accessed urban Chinese consumers' perceptions about U.S. quick service restaurants and their knowledge about the nutritional value that U.S. quick service food can provide. This study revealed that Chinese consumers' perceptions and knowledge about U.S. quick service impacts their patronage. Additionally, the study determined correlation between consumer patronage and reported health status as well as consumers' length of patronage negative influence on their health status. The results of this study will help U.S. quick service restaurants in educating consumers on nutrition and improving the menus.
Cognitive Dysfunction Mediates the Effects of Poor Physical Fitness on Decreased Functional Independence in Heart Failure

Aim Heart failure (HF) patients require assistance with activities of daily living (ADL). Poor physical fitness has recently been identified as a contributor to the high rates of disability in HF, though the mechanisms for such effects are unclear. Although not previously examined, decreased fitness might adversely impact ADL in HF through its known association with cognitive impairment, a key correlate of self-care abilities in this population. We sought to test this possibility using a model-based approach. Methods A total of 197 patients with HF completed a physical fitness test and a neuropsychological test battery. A total ADL composite was derived from the Lawton Brody scale. Structural equation modeling tested whether cognitive function mediated the association between physical fitness and total ADL. Results Fitness was reduced, and cognitive dysfunction and impaired ADL were prevalent. The initially significant association between fitness and total ADL was attenuated when cognitive function was introduced as a mediator. This model showed good fit (comparative fit index = 0.91: root mean-square error of approximations = 0.077) with a significant indirect pathway between physical fitness and total ADL through cognitive function: Decreased physical fitness was associated with cognitive dysfunction (β = 0.35), which predicted greater assistance with ADL (β = 0.22). Conclusions Poor physical fitness might lead to decreased functional independence in HF through its negative effects on cognitive function. Prospective studies are required to confirm our findings, identify other mechanisms by which poor fitness impacts ADL, and examine whether exercise interventions can improve cognition and help preserve ADL independence in HF. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 174–181.
Measurement of sample and plasma properties in solution-cathode glow discharge and effects of organic additives on these properties

Solution-cathode glow discharge was studied in an attempt to further elucidate the processes involved in the plasma. Spectroscopic and electrical properties were measured with and without the influence of three organic modifiers: formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. Degradation products (CO, C2, and CH) of the modifiers were detected in the plasma spectroscopically. Properties of solutions before and after exposure to the discharge were compared. The effects of organic additives on these solution properties were measured. A single, simple mechanism was not consistent with the data, so a multi-part mechanism is proposed for solution and analyte transport into the plasma. Evaporation from the cathode surface, droplet generation, and chemical generation of volatile species may each play a role.
Test-Microstructural Dependence of Fracture Energy Measurements in Ceramics

This paper first reviews the microstructural dependence of fracture energy (y) for the typical fracture mechanics techniques used for ceramics. Next both agreement and substantial disagreement between the different techniques, for example, as a function of grain size, porosity, and second phase contents, are discussed in terms of microstructural-test interactions, such as effects of microcracking. Then strength and other related mechanical behavior are compared with predictions from y measurements, showing important disagreements which are related to the same factors effecting y tests, that is, microstructural-crack size factors.
Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) distribution in the rat central nervous system

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is the primary cytosolic substrate of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors. Following tyrosine phosphorylation IRS-1 binds to and activates specific proteins containing SH2 domains. Using biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, we have mapped the distribution of IRS-1 in the CNS of the adult rat and compared it with that of insulin and IGF-I receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase), a signaling molecule functionally related to IRS-1. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiments demonstrate the presence of substantial amounts of IRS-1, insulin receptor, and PI-3 kinase in the brain. IRS-1 immunoreactivity is widely distributed in neurons from several areas of the brain and spinal cord. The cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, many hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, the basal ganglia, the cerebellar cortex, the brainstem nuclei, and the lamina X of the spinal cord are particularly rich of immunopositive nerve cells. In these areas most of the neurons immunoreactive for IRS-1 are also stained by either anti-insulin receptor or anti-IGF-I receptor antibodies as well as PI-3 kinase antiserum. IRS-1 immunostaining was very weak or totally absent in neurons of the olfactory bulb, the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, and the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, despite the fact that these areas were immunolabeled with antibodies against insulin or IGF-I receptors and/or PI-3 kinase. These results show that neurons in the adult rat CNS are endowed with some of the components of the early signaling pathway for growth factors of the insulin/IGF-I family, although IRS-1 has a distribution distinct from that of the two receptors.
Evaluation of a Community-Scale Drinking Water Treatment System

This paper presents the results of the assessment of a community-scale drinking water treatment system by students from the University of _____ School of Engineering, working in collaboration with members of the organization Living Waters for the World. This system, installed worldwide in communities facing a severe lack of sustainable, clean drinking water, uses microfiltration and ozone to treat water. Evaluation of the system required analysis of several water quality parameters and the development of a chlorine disinfection table. It was determined that the ozone disinfection system effectively treats water, removing bacteria that indicate the presence of pathogens that could cause adverse health effects in humans.
Manufacture and design of composite grids

Grid structures have been in use for decades. Many were made of reinforced concrete or metals. Grids made of composite materials offer high stiffness and strength at low mass that are competitive with traditional composite laminates. Commonly available manufacturing processes such as filament winding, pultrusion and tubes made from female molds are used to produce composite grids. Cost effective grids can then be made in large sizes and quantities. Grids derive their global stiffness and strength from their ribs. They are fundamentally different from laminates which derive theirs from plies. The models for stiffness and failure modes can be viewed as simple extensions of laminated plate theory. It is hoped that grids will emerge as one of the common structural forms along with solid, stiffened and sandwich panels. Potential applications of composite grids are also mentioned.
Wind-Related Heat Transfer Coefficient for Flat-Plate Solar Collectors

Etude experimentale en soufflerie du coefficient de transfert thermique par convection pour un collecteur solaire plan monte dans le toit d'une maquette de bâtiment. On fait varier l'inclinaison du toit et le nombre de Reynolds
Insulin modulation of Na+/Li+ countertransport: impact on hypertension and diabetes

The presence in human red blood cells (RBC) of insulin receptors led us to examine the role of insulin in the regulation of Na/Li and Na/H exchanges (EXCs) that we previously reported to have high activity in hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. To this end, red cells of fasted normotensive subjects were incubated for 1 h with insulin (0–100 μU/ml) to study the external Na+ activation at ten Na+ concentrations. We found that insulin increased twofold theKm for Na+ to activate Na/H and Na/Li EXC. Insulin also modulated the activity of Na/Li EXC in vivo because theKm for Na was significantly higher in the fed than in the fasted state. In the fed state the highKm for Na+ caused an incomplete saturation of Li+ efflux between 70 and 150 mM Na+ which led to underestimation of theVmax andKm. To correctly determine theVmax andKm for the extracellular Na+ of Na/Li EXC it is critical to control the feeding status of cases and controls and to ensure complete saturation of the flux. We have studied the Na+-activation kinetics of Na/Li EXC in fed normoalbuminuric and nephropathic patients, raising Na+ concentrations up to 280 mM under isosmotic conditions to avoid cell shrinkage. Under such conditions, Na/Li EXC shows significantly higherKm andVmax values in nephropathic than in normoalbuminuric patients; this finding may explain the different results obtained by others in fed diabetic patients. The kinetic alterations of Na/Li EXC are also shared by patients with insulin-resistant hypertension as well as by red blood cells of fasted control subjects exposed in vitro to insulin action. We propose, therefore, that hyperinsulinaemia and/or a hyper-responsiveness of this Na+ antiporter to insulin are linked to the phenotypic alterations of Na/Li EXC in diabetes and hypertension.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Kaolinite and Illite in Underclays

Oriented slides of twelve different mixtures of kaolinitic and illitic underclays were studied with the X-ray spectrometer and the resulting curves were evaluated on the basis of the area of the 001 peaks. Although the areas from the unmixed components varied greatly, within any given mixture the two clays were quantitatively comparable on the basis of a 1/1 001 peak area ratio. The considerable peak area variations from slide to slide are the result of different degrees of preferred orientation and are not due to any appreciable differences in crystallinity. Mixed-layering of expandable material with the illitic component does not affect the quantitative comparisons significantly.
Crystal structures of two intensely sweet proteins.

Abstract Three-dimensional structures of two intensely sweet proteins (thaumatin and monellin) have been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. Despite their resemblance in taste, the two proteins have no significant similarities in their crystal structures or amino acid sequences; and yet the two proteins are immunologically cross-reactive.
Studies on the electron transport system XXX. DPNH-cytochrome c reductase I

Abstract A highly active DPNH-cytochrome c reductase has been isolated from beef-heart mitochondria. The best preparations of the enzyme catalyze the reduction by DPNH of approx. 50–60 μmoles cytochrome c /min/mg protein at 38°. The enzymic activity is completely inhibited by Amytal, p -chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, antimycin A, SN-5949 or 2-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and is stimulated by EDTA. The preparation contains DPNH flavoprotein, cytochromes b and c 1 , Coenzyme Q and non-heme iron and is essentially free of succinic-cytochrome c reductase as well as cytochrome oxidase activity.
The value of monophasic capacitance of few-electron systems

Due to the discreteness of electronic charges in a nanoscale system, capacitance is defined in terms of the total interaction energy of N-electrons confined in a dielectric sphere. Specifically, the distribution of N-electrons is obtained from minimization of the total Coulomb and polarization interaction energy and the formation energy, the work done on the system. Our discrete charge dielectric (DCD) model gives rise to an electrostatic capacitance agreeing with the N=1 and ~ cases. For nanometer-size devices, the Schrodinger equation should be used; however, for size greater than 10nm, the Poisson equation accounts for spatial symmetry properties resulting from the discrete nature of interacting electrons. Without metallic components, the equal potential landscape does not coincide with our spherical boundary except for the N=1 case. There is a special configuration associated with each N. Hence, the capacitance defined is monophasic, representing a single electrostatic phase. The most important application of this work may lie in optoelectronics and biological systems.
Mental health referral and services for maltreated children and child protection evaluations of children with special needs: A national survey of hospital- and community-based medically oriented teams

Abstract Objective To survey the self-perceived capability of medically oriented child maltreatment teams in the US to provide mental health referrals and services when needed and to evaluate children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Methods Mailed questionnaire with 5 items related to mental health, 12 items on services for CSHCN, and 28 items on financial issues previously reported. Results Responses were received from 320 of 472 organizations (67.8%); 153 respondents had at least 1 physician or nurse practitioner and were included in the analysis; 91 were hospital-based teams (HBTs); and 62 were community-based teams (CBTs). CBTs were significantly more likely to offer mental health treatment (65.0% vs 35.6%). When mental health services were needed in another language, only half (50.7%) indicated that services were available in Spanish, less than a third (29.3%) could find services in sign language, and only 20.3% expected to find services for patients who used other languages. Of all children evaluated, 31.2% had special health care needs. CBTs reported seeing significantly more CSHCN than HBTs (38.3% vs 26.5%). Over two-thirds (67.7%) did not have a special program or specialized staff to serve CSHCN. Overall, teams had some training and experience with CSHCN. Children who were deaf were evaluated by 84.5% of teams, while only 50.5% reported using professionally trained sign language interpreters. Most teams (82.2%) indicated that more time was needed to evaluate CSHCN, and 69.1% found arranging for mental health treatment for CSHCN more difficult than children without special needs. Conclusions Medically oriented child maltreatment teams are generally able to arrange for mental health services for the children served, and most feel capable of serving CSHCN. Significantly more mental health service providers are needed for children and families who communicate in languages other than English (e.g., Spanish, American Sign Language [ASL]). Practice implications Our results suggest that medically oriented child maltreatment teams and mental health services for maltreated children would improve gaps in services by: (1) recruiting and training bilingual professionals, (2) ensuring that children or family members who are deaf receive professional ASL services, and (3) ensuring that training is provided related to the needs of CSHCN.
Dissociation of analgesic and hyperphagic responses following 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) elicits both analgesic and hyperphagic responses in rats. While pituitary dysfunction, decreased dopamine availability, or neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment decreases 2DG hyperphagia, they increase 2DG analgesia. In contrast, 2-DG analgesia alone is decreased by repeated 2-DG injections, while 2-DG hyperphagia alone is decreased following naloxone prretreatment. The present four experiments examined further mechanisms subserving these two induced responses. In the first experiment, rats were deprived of food for 6 h following 2-DG (600 mg/kg). While 2-DG hyperphagia persisted in the absence of glucoprivation, 2-DG analgesia failed to occur after this delay. In the second experiment, acute exposure to inescapable foot shock (4 mA, 0.5 s/5 s for 1 h) preceded administration of 2-DG (600 mg/kg). While 2-DG hyperphagia was eliminated by this procedure, 2-DG analgesia was significantly potentiated. In the third experiment, repeated morphine (10 mg/kg) injections over ...
Workflow coordination for service-oriented multiagent systems

From a multiagent viewpoint, a workflow is a dynamic set of tasks performed by a set of agents to reach a shared goal. We show herein that commitments among agents can be used to model a workflow and coordinate their execution of it. From a service-oriented computing viewpoint, a workflow can be represented as a set of services and a specification for the control and data flows among these services to address some business needs. As a formal declarative knowledge representation model, ontology is used as a basis for agent-based workflow execution and coordination. This paper presents methodologies to map an Ontology Web Language for Services (OWL-S) representation for a workflow to a CPN graph, a graphical and mathematical modeling tool for describing and analyzing information processing systems, and then infer commitments and causal relationships from the CPN graph. We provide an example scenario to describe our algorithms.
Study of the molecular weight of bark extracts and products of their reaction with formaldehyde.

Abstract The molecular weights of sodium hydroxide extracts of various barks were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Products of these bark extracts were then obtained by allowing those extracts to react with formaldehyde or with formaldehyde and phenol. Following this, the molecular weight of the products were determined to investigate their reactivity. The molecular weight and reactivities of bark extracts toward formaldehyde differed with respect to species and extraction conditions. Reactivity was improved by adjusting the pH of reaction mixture before the reaction. After reacting with formaldehyde, bark extracts of high temperature extraction decreased their molecular weight, whereas those of low temperature extraction decreased their molecular weight; however, the molecular weight of low temperature extracts increased by adjusting the pH of the extracts to the same level as the high temperature extracts before the reaction. The chromatogram of acetylated samples obtained from three reactants (southern pine bark extracts, formaldehyde and phenol) shifted toward the higher molecular weight side, as compared to that of extracts before reaction.
Morphometry of the obstructed detrusor: I. Review of the issues

Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural studies on the rabbit detrusor following partial bladder outlet obstruction indicate the necessity of morphometry in evaluating structure of the dysfunctional detrusor. This report presents a review of the issues involved in such morphometry, as a prelude to presentation of a comprehensive protocol for this purpose in a subsequent report. In the present report, obstructive changes in the structure of smooth muscle are reviewed, the parameters that should be evaluated are defined, the limitations of detrusor morphometry are presented, and the guidelines for a meaningful morphometric protocol for use in future studies on the dysfunctional detrusor are outlined.
Negative images of mycobacteria in aspiration biopsy smears from the lymph node of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Report of a case and a review of the literature

Negative images of acid-fast bacilli were observed in Diff-Quik-stained smears of lymph node aspirates from a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. The significance of this finding in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of this infection is discussed and the literature pertaining to this observation is reviewed.
An experimental study of natural language programming

Abstract An experiment is described which gives data related to the usefulness and efficiency of English as a programming language. The experiment was performed with the NLC system, described herein, and used twenty-three paid volunteers from a first course in programming. Subjects were asked to solve two problems, namely (1) solution of linear equations and (2) gradebook averaging. A total of 1581 English sentences were typed, 81% of which were processed correctly. The remaining 19% were rejected because of questionable user syntax or system inadequacies. In most cases, subjects were able to paraphrase a rejected input in terminology understandable by the system. The overall success rate at solving an entire problem, within the 2½ h time constraint of the experiment, was 73·9%. In short, the system was an effective problem solver for the selected classes of problems and users. Many system failures resulted from “bugs” or syntactic oversights which appear amenable to easy repair. None of the Standard concerns about natural language programming related to vagueness, ambiguity, verbosity or correctness was a significant problem, although minor difficulties did arise occasionally.
Effects of uncoupled motion on performance.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether human exposure to vehicle motion specifically affects performance on a similar, yet uncorrelated, driving task and to observe the motion/simulator sickness symptoms that were associated with the real vehicle motion and the driving task. BACKGROUND: Past research has shown uncoupled motion can affect a person's performance on a task as well as induce motion sickness. METHODS: Ten participants (age range = 19-25 years) completed an uncorrelated driving task while seated in a stationary real vehicle and a moving real vehicle. RESULTS: The results show participants took longer to complete the motion condition, t(9) = 1.96, p Language: en
Titanium silicide/germanide formation on submicron features for high mobility SiGe channel field effect transistors

The formation of self-aligned Ti(Si(1−x)Ge(x))2 on submicron lines is described. The silicide/germanide is formed by reacting sputtered Ti with epitaxially grown Si(1−x)Ge(x) of composition and thickness relevant to high mobility Si(1−x)Ge(x) channel field effect transistors. Ti(Si(1−x)Ge(x))2 formation on narrow lines was carried out on phosphorous doped material, because of the well known difficulties of forming silicide on heavily n-doped silicon. A companion set of boron doped blanket films was also processed. The results show that the process temperature required for the minimization of silicide/germanide sheet resistance is reduced as compared to silicide formation on Si alone. However, the silicide/germanide films agglomerate with increased high temperature processing more easily than pure silicide. The thermal stability is degraded more for films with higher Ge content and is a strong function of dopant type. Silicide/germanide formation on phosphorous doped Si(1−x)Ge(x) layers with x = 10% have a line width dependence similar to silicide formation. Formation on phosphorous doped Si(1−x)Ge(x) layers with x = 27% display an inverse line width dependence, with higher overall sheet resistance. Formation of silicide/germanide on blanket films of boron doped Si(1−x)Ge(x) with x = 27% behaved similar to the formation of silicide on silicon.
Mispredictions and misrecollections: Challenges for subjective outcome measurement

Purpose. To review research from the behavioral sciences that demonstrates how predictions of future events – and memories of past events – are often systematically biased.Method. Description of how these biases present challenges for subjective outcome measurement in rehabilitation settings, and for measuring health utility.Results. Two new techniques for outcome measurement that have been specifically designed to resist these biases – Ecological Momentary Assessment and the Day Reconstruction Method are successful.Conclusion. We propose that these techniques could be adopted for measuring rehabilitation outcomes.
Self-Deception, Self-Pretence, and Emotional Detachment

Sur la possibilite de l'auto-illusion ("self-deception") sans postuler l'existence d'erreurs de jugement ou de croyances fausses. L'A. defend cette possibilite, contre plusieurs AA. recents.
Autism at 70 — Redrawing the Boundaries

Though the DSM-5 definition of autism refers to it as a spectrum, in important ways it represents an effort to define the syndrome more sharply. It thus reflects one of the central themes in the history of autism: a debate over where to set its boundaries.
Cognitive structure and the use of social space

The tendency for many girls to be less proficient in mathematics than boys is accounted for by their anticipated family roles, i.e., by the cultural mandate that they be primarily committed to thegemeinschaft of the family. This encourages them to focus on the practical affairs of everyday life rather than to venture out to the hypothetical. Being tied to thegemeinschaft also means that they stay close to home, making less use of physical space, and therefore remaining inhibited in their spatial conceptualization. The restriction in the use of physical space together with their commitment to thegemeinschaft restricts their social space as well, i.e., helps keep their social relationships on a simple rather than on a complex level, thereby limiting their universalistic relationships in favor of particularistic ones. The three factors—concern with the practical, limited use of physical space, and the emphasis on particularistic relationships—combine to discourage the taste, and perhaps even the capacity, for the abstract thinking which is most needed in mathematics. “I argue that the higher intellectual faculties ... have evolved as an adaptation to the complexities of social living...” —N. K. Humphrey
Sequence analyses and structural predictions of double-stranded RNA segment S1 and VP7 from United States prototype bluetongue virus serotypes 13 and 10.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of segment S1 and the deduced amino acid sequence of VP7 from bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 13 was determined. Sequences were obtained by use of standard dideoxy DNA sequencing and by direct sequencing of genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The dsRNA was sequenced with a new dideoxy protocol that produces 300 to 350 bases per set of reactions. Segment S1 is 1156 by long and contains one long open reading frame capable of coding for 349 amino acids. The protein, VP7, is rather hydrophobic, and has a calculated molecular weight of 38,619 and a net charge of +1.5 at pH 7.0. Segment S1 of BTV-13 has 79.6% of its nucleotides conserved when compared with segment S1 of BTV-10. While most of these differences occur at the third codon position of the open reading frame, the differences between the 89-base-long, 3′ noncoding regions occur predominantly in pockets at positions 1092–1098, 1112–1114, and 1125–1129. Potential stem-loop structures encompassing the stop codon of the open reading frame are proposed for both serotypes. Comparisons of VP7 from BTV-13 and BTV-10 indicate that 93.7% of the amino acid residues are conserved, including a single lysine at position 255. Secondary structure predictions infer an eight-stranded β-barrel structure between residues 150 and 250. This putative β-barrel may serve as a target for the development of drugs to combat bluetongue disease. Comparable structures detected in the core proteins of single-stranded RNA viruses from both plants and animals suggest that these viruses and BTV had a common origin.
NAD(P)H oxidase V from Lactobacillus plantarum (NoxV) displays enhanced operational stability even in absence of reducing agents

Abstract Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as l -sugars and keto acids are favorably accessed through selective oxidation of sugar alcohols and amino acids, respectively, catalyzed by NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases. Cofactor regeneration from NAD(P)H conveniently is achieved via water-forming NAD(P)H oxidases (nox2), which only need molecular oxygen as co-substrate. Turnover-dependent overoxidation of the conserved cysteine residue in the active site of water-forming NADH oxidases is the presumed cause of the limited nox2 stability. We present a novel NAD(P)H oxidase, NoxV from Lactobacillus plantarum , with specific activity of 167 U/mg and apparent kinetic constants at air saturation and 25 °C of k cat,app = 212 s −1 and K M,app = 50.2 μM in the broad pH optimum from 5.5 to 8.0. The enzyme features a higher stability than other NAD(P)H oxidases against overoxidation, as is evidenced by a higher total turnover number, in the presence (168,000) and, most importantly, also in the absence (128,000) of exogenously added reducing agents. While the native enzyme shows exclusively activity on NADH, we engineered the substrate binding pocket to generate variants, G178K,R and L179K,R,H that accommodate and oxidize both NADH and NADPH as substrates.
Is there a metric for mineral deposit occurrence probabilities

Traditionally, mineral resource assessments have been used to estimate the physical inventory of critical and strategic mineral commodities that occur in pieces of land and to assess the consequences of supply disruptions of these commodities. More recently, these assessments have been used to estimate the undiscovered mineral wealth in such pieces of land to assess the opportunity cost of using the land for purposes other than mineral production. The field of mineral resource assessment is an interdisciplinary field that draws elements from the disciplines of geology, economic geology (descriptive models), statistics and management science (grade and tonnage models), mineral economics, and operations research (computer simulation models). The purpose of this study is to assert that an occurrenceprobability metric exists that is useful in “filling out” an assessment both for areas in which only a trivial probability exists that a new mining district could be present and for areas where nontrivial probabilities exist for such districts.
AN EFFECTIVE CURRICULUM FOR A FOODSERVICE SYSTEMS EDUCATION

Today's foodservice professional has to have a broad background in such diverse areas as food production, personnel management, quality control, financial management, computer sciences, marketing, sanitation, facilities engineering, and more. The task of developing a foodservice systems education curriculum to satisfy this need is very complex and has been studied by numerous educators in the foodservice systems-related fields. This study was conducted at the request of the president of The Society For Foodservice Systems as a service to its members. In the preparation of this paper, personal interviews were conducted with a number of executives in the foodservice industry and many others were surveyed through the mail as to what competencies they expected of graduates of a 4-year program in Foodservice Systems. In addition, the curricula that were being offered at 36 universities in the United States that provided Foodservice Systems programs were evaluated. These results were then compared to determine where the gaps were between what our universities offered and what the foodservice industry expected of our graduates. A final consideration in the development of an effective curriculum was the evaluation of foodservice trends and prognostications made for the foodservice industry by knowledgeable executives and educators.
Interaction of reward magnitude and conditioned fear on the consummatory response

Three experiments are reported in which tone offset was associated with shock using a modified CER procedure. Ss were then tested for response suppression to the tone when given 4, 11.5 or 32% sucrose solution. Results indicated that there was less response suppression in the 32% Ss compared to the 4% Ss. This persisted despite wide variations in values of critical parameters.
Coping with Uncertainty in International Business

International business, as compared with domestic business, is usually characterized by increased uncertainty. A study of 10 multinational companies uncovered several methods of coping with uncertainty. This paper focuses on 2 methods which may not be apparent control and flexibility. A framework of analysis suggesting appropriate methods for coping with uncertainty is also developed.
Development of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in chick embryos: Target innervation, neurotrophin receptors, and cell death

The goal of this study was to determine whether processes of neurons in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Mes V) of chick embryos arrive in their peripheral target prior to the period of developmental cell death, and to determine whether neurons with early target contact survive to a greater extent than neurons with processes that reach their peripheral target later. The arrival of Mes V nerve fibers in the masticatory muscles was determined by injecting the fluorescent tracer DiI, and the position of labeled and unlabeled neurons was mapped in subdivisions of the Mes V nucleus. Developmental changes in the numerical configuration of Mes V subdivisions were studied in DiI-labeled as well as Nissl-stained material. The expression of law-affinity (p75) neurotrophin receptors was investigated throughout development of the Mes V nucleus with in situ hybridization to assess whether and how levels of expression of this trophic receptor may relate to target innervation and cell death. The extent of cell death was evaluated by counting pyknotic nuclei. Processes of Mes V neurons invade their peripheral target between 5 and 7 days of incubation (E5–7). At E7–12, between 800 and 1,400 labeled Mes V neurons were distributed throughout the two main subdivisions of the Mes V nucleus, the tectal commissure and the optic tectum. Only few Mes V neurons were labeled in the posterior commissure or outside the brain. Cell counts in Nissl-stained material from E7–13 revealed that the numbers of Mes V neurons in the optic tectum decreased to about 40–60%, and in the tectal commissure to 20–25%, whereas Mes V neurons in the posterior commissure disappeared almost entirely. Few Mes V neurons remained in the leptomeninges at E8–10, but a considerable number was found outside the midbrain at E11, indicating ongoing migration of some Mes V neurons. Neurotrophin receptors were differentially expressed in the Mes V nucleus: Before and after the period of cell death, 90–100% of Mes V neurons expressed neurotrophin receptors, whereas during, and immediately preceding the period of developmental cell death (E9–E13), merely 70% of Mes V neurons expressed this receptor. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early target contact may provide an advantage for the survival of Mes V neurons and that competition for trophic factors may occur in the peripheral target of this nucleus prior to the period of cell death. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Vivo Systematic Desensitization in a Single-Session Treatment of an 11-Year Old Girl's Elevator Phobia

Following an injury to her hand in an elevator door, an 11-year-old girl refused to ride in elevators. This was frequently a significant problem for her mother because elevator use was often necessary for both mother and daughter. Based on the child's choice of coping strategies, four self-calming statements were developed. A behavioral hierarchy was designed for in vivo exposure. Using the individualized coping strategies and exposure therapy, the child resumed elevator use without detectable fear. Heart rate and subjective self-reported fear ratings were monitored during treatment. By one year later no reocurrence was reported.
R-Ras Signals through Specific Integrin α Cytoplasmic Domains to Promote Migration and Invasion of Breast Epithelial Cells

Specificity and modulation of integrin function have important consequences for cellular responses to the extracellular matrix, including differentiation and transformation. The Ras-related GTPase, R-Ras, modulates integrin affinity, but little is known of the signaling pathways and biological functions downstream of R-Ras. Here we show that stable expression of activated R-Ras or the closely related TC21 (R-Ras 2) induced integrin-mediated migration and invasion of breast epithelial cells through collagen and disrupted differentiation into tubule structures, whereas dominant negative R-Ras had opposite effects. These results imply novel roles for R-Ras and TC21 in promoting a transformed phenotype and in the basal migration and polarization of these cells. Importantly, R-Ras induced an increase in cellular adhesion and migration on collagen but not fibronectin, suggesting that R-Ras signals to specific integrins. This was further supported by experiments in which R-Ras enhanced the migration of cells expressing integrin chimeras containing the α2, but not the α5, cytoplasmic domain. In addition, a transdominant inhibition previously noted only between integrin β cytoplasmic domains was observed for the α2 cytoplasmic domain; α2β1-mediated migration was inhibited by the expression of excess α2 but not α5 cytoplasmic domain-containing chimeras, suggesting the existence of limiting factors that bind the integrin α subunit. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we found that R-Ras induced migration on collagen through a combination of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C, but not MAPK, which is distinct from the other Ras family members, Rac, Cdc42, and N- and K-Ras. Thus, R-Ras communicates with specific integrin α cytoplasmic domains through a unique combination of signaling pathways to promote cell migration and invasion.
Growth Regulation of Cultured Human Nevus Cells

Cells isolated from congenital melanocytic nevi and cultured in vitro have growth characteristics that resemble their pre-malignant stage in situ. A serum-free, chemically defined medium has been developed that allows continuous growth of established nevus cultures for up to several months. Like primary melanoma cells, nevus cells in high-calcium. containing W489 medium require insulin for growth. In contrast to melanoma cells, nevus cells in serum-free medium require the presence of α-melanocyte – stimulating hormone, which enhanced intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In contrast to the requirements of normal human melanocytes from newborn foreskin, congenital nevus cells grow with less dependency on basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nevus cultures contain bFGF-like activity, and they express bFGF mRNA. Nevic cells of compound nevi also express bFGF mRNA in situ but only in the junctional areas. These results indicate that bFGF plays an important growth regulatory role for nevus cells in vitro and in vivo.
Assessing the Effects of the Physical, Psychological, and Social Dimensions of Health on the Use of Health Services*

the use of health services; and (2) that the effects of these three dimensions of health are manifest in an additive rather than in an interactive fashion. To test these assumptions, multiple regression analyses are performed using a modified version of the generic model of access to medical care in order to predict eight different types of health services utilization. The results compel us to accept the additivity assumption, while rejecting the equality assumption. Moreover, contrary to Mechanic's assertion, psychological health was found to have the least impact of any of the three dimensions of health on the use of health services. We then discuss two possible explanations (i.e., differences in the populations studied and the measurement of the independent variables) that might account for the disparity between Mechanic's and our own findings. Although further study is needed before any firm conclusions may be drawn, the evidence suggests that Mechanic's findings may be specific to the HMO populations that he sampled.
Development of an Instrument to Measure Enjoyment of Computer Game Play

This article reports on the development of an instrument designed to measure the enjoyment of computer game play. Despite the enormous technological progress in the field of computer games, enjoyment of computer game play is still not a well-defined construct. Based on Nabi and Krcmar's (2004) tripartite model of media enjoyment, a survey questionnaire was developed to measure computer game players' affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Expert consultation, exploratory, and confirmatory card sorting sessions were used to refine the instrument. A survey of computer game players was subsequently conducted to test the instrument. Reliabilities and construct validities were analyzed. Findings and their implications were discussed.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks reinforced by in situ‐precipitated silica–titania, silica–zirconia, and silica–alumina mixed oxides

Several novel fillers, specifically silica–titania, silica–zirconia, and silica–alumina mixed oxides, have been successfully precipitated into poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks using a sol-gel approach. The resulting filled networks were found to have very good mechanical properties. In comparison with networks filled only with silica, these materials had good extensibilities as well as high strengths. Filler particle diameters were generally several hundred angstroms, but were found to decrease with increase in crosslink density of the networks. The distributions of particle size were relatively narrow, and there was very little particle aggregation. The presence of in situ silica–titania and silica–zirconia mixed oxides can also increase the onset temperature for degradation of the PDMS. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Managing transitions to uncertain future states

Abstract The management of organizational change is a challenging task in any context. When events create a situation in which the future is uncertain, the task becomes even more difficult. In this article, I have tried to explore this difficulty, building on the views expressed by Charles Brown in the accompanying interview and using AT&T as a case in point. Although the nature of the problems inherent in managing transition to uncertain futures has become clearer, the solutions have not. What has been presented here is merely a first attempt at proposing some basic approaches for dealing with such situations. As such, it is an effort to extend our knowledge about how to manage organizational change effectively.
Meaning in life and psycho-spiritual functioning: a comparison of breast cancer survivors and healthy women.

Purpose:Incorporating holistic health perspectives, this study compared and examined relationships among meaning in life, spirituality, perceived stress, and psychological distress in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and healthy women.Methods:Standardized self-report measures were completed once by all participants (N = 78).Findings:Group comparison revealed statistically significant variances across the measures. Covariate analysis identified BCS without children had less meaningful lives and greater stress and distress than BCS with children and participants without cancer. Significant correlations (p > .001) between meaning in life and spirituality (r = .43), stress (r = -.39), and distress (r = -.41) were also identified.Conclusion:Personal factors (i.e., being a parent) may be especially important in BCS. Also, psychological and spiritual variables are highly correlated, suggesting the use of an integrated term psycho-spiritual functioning.Implications:Holistic nursing interventions can facilitate self-...
Electronic and structural properties of molecular C36

Abstract Electronic and structural properties of several isomers of molecular C 36 are investigated using the pseudopotential density functional approach. These calculations show that substitutional doping with nitrogen can lead to a 10% decrease in the C–C bond lengths of C 36 , and this effect is explained using a simple example. Further, we have calculated endohedral binding energies and demonstrate that C 36 is perhaps the smallest fullerene size which can easily trap a range of atoms. The NMR chemical shifts, evaluated for the two lowest energy fullerene isomers, show that they are sufficiently different chemically to be distinguishable experimentally.
Mechanisms by which extracellular ATP and UTP stimulate the release of prostacyclin from bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Abstract Extracellular ATP and UTP caused increases in the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and the intracellular level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), a second messenger for calcium mobilization, prior to the release of prostacyclin (PGI2) from cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells. The agonist specificity and dose-dependence were similar for nucleotide-mediated increases in IP3 levels, [Ca2+]i and PGI2 release. An increase in [Ca2+]; and PGI2 release was observed after addition of ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, to BPAE cells incubated in a calcium-free medium. The addition of ATP to the ionomycin-treated cells caused no further increase in [Ca2+]i or PGI2 release. The inability of ATP to cause an increase in [Ca2+]i or PGI2 release in ionomycin-treated cells was apparently due to the ionomycin-dependent depletion of intracellular calcium stores since the subsequent addition of extracellular calcium caused a significant increase in both [Ca2+]i and PGI2 release. Introduction of BAPTA, a calcium buffer, into BPAE cells inhibited ATP-mediated increases in [Ca2+]i and PGI2 release, further evidence that PGI2 release is dependent upon an increase in [Ca2+]i. The increase in [Ca2+]i elicited by ATP apparently caused the activation of a calmodulin-dependent phospholipase A2 since trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of calmodulin, and quinacrine, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, prevented the stimulation of PGI2 release by ATP. Furthermore, ATP caused the specific hydrolysis of [14C]arachidonyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine and the generation of free arachidonic acid, the rate-limiting substrate for PGI2 synthesis, prior to the release of PGI2 from BPAE cells. These findings suggest that the increase in PGI2 release elicited by ATP and UTP is at least partially dependent upon a phospholipase C-mediated increase in [Ca2+]i and the subsequent activation of a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase A2. ATP analogs modified in the adenine base or phosphate moiety caused PGI2 release with a rank order of agonist potency of adenosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (ADPβS) > 2-methylthioATP (2-MeSATP) > ATP, whereas α, β methyleneATP and β, γ methyleneATP had no effect on PGI2 release.
Underconsultation and lack of follow-up for alcohol abusers in a university hospital.

Abstract In a prospective chart audit of university hospital medical inpatients, an alcohol-use history was not recorded in 22% of the charts. Alcohol abuse was recorded in 21% of them. A retrospective chart audit of patients previously discharged from the same wards revealed that psychiatric or other substance abuse consultation had been requested for only 21% of patients in whom a clear-cut alcohol abuse history had been obtained and recorded. These data suggest the need for more screening and consultation for alcohol abuse by primary care physicians and more involvement of consultation-liaison psychiatrists in the care of patients with alcohol abuse.