cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ovarian Cancer risk factors and Their Mechanism of Action

Ovarian cancer continues to be one of the deadliest and lethal form of gynecological cancer affecting younger and older woman. Understanding various factors that could lead to ovarian cancer and how they are able to drive its progression, metastasis and survival might help in its treatment and prevention. This paper aims to review different risk factors both genetic and environmental that could lead to the development of ovarian cancer and their mechanism of action. The research methods used in this study follows the principles outlined by [1]. It is a comprehensive literature review on ovarian cancer risk factor. The role of genetics and environmental risk factors in ovarian carcinogenesis and their mechanism of action created a theoretical foundation of the paper. A new model is presented to encapsulate highly dynamic interaction between ovarian carcinogenesis and the mechanism of action of some associated risk factors. The contribution of the study is intended to review and summarize the theoretical and empirical knowledge that should inspire new discussions and directions for further research activity. The model highlights various factors that can trigger the development of ovarian cancer namely; TP53, BRCA genes, Cigarette smoke and Talc powder and how they are able to promote ovarian cancer. Various have been done about how mutation of certain genes and some environmental factors could lead to ovarian carcinogenesis. However, more research is needed to further understand how their mechanism of action. The content of this paper will be useful in devising a better screening, treatment and preventive measure towards the ovarian cancer. This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of ovarian cancer to efficiently aid medical practitioners and researchers to device better prevention and treatment plan to combat ovarian cancer.
Identifying Redundant Flow Limits on Parallel Lines

Many power system optimization problems constrain line flows with limits specified in terms of the magnitudes of apparent power or current flows. The set of line-flow constraints may have redundancies (i.e., the feasible space may be unchanged upon removal of a subset of the line-flow constraints), which unnecessarily complicate optimization problems. This letter describes an algorithm for identifying redundant line-flow constraints corresponding to certain parallel lines. After formulating the constraints as ellipsoids in the voltage variables, redundancies are detected from the absence of intersections between pairs of ellipsoids corresponding to parallel lines. This algorithm is demonstrated using several large test cases.
miR-33: A Metabolic Conundrum

The miR-33 microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cholesterol/lipids, and may represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. A recent report by Price et al. showed that miR-33 knockout (KO) mice exhibit obesity, insulin resistance, and increased food intake, suggesting that metabolic regulation by miR-33 is more complex than was previously known.
Scalable Construction-Based Parsing and Semantic Analysis

In ScaNaLU 2002, Chang et al presented a scalable natural language formalism called Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG) (Chang et al., 2002). ECG makes deep understanding systems possible because it is a rigorous, unified formalism that incorporates the semantic and pragmatic insights found in cognitive linguistics. The work described in this paper builds on (Chang et al., 2002) because it leverages the ECG formalism to perform deep, scalable construction-based parsing and semantic analysis.
Measurements of Inclusive Resonance Cross Sections for Quark-Hadron Duality Studies

Inclusive electron-proton and electron-deuteron inelastic cross sections have been measured at Jefferson Lab, in the resonance region, at large Bjorken X. These measurements extended previous Hall C measurements to a larger four-momentum transfer (up to 7.5 GeV2) and larger x (up to 0.92). These measurments were used for quark-hadron duality studies, construction of Cornwall-Norton moments and extraction of higher-twists.
Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, and Civil War, 1914–1921, written by Laura Engelstein

This behemoth chronicle brings up important questions about how to write histories of world-historical events. Should the author approach them in a strictly chronological, chronicle-like manner? This has the advantage of showcasing the bewildering complexity of simultaneity—events occurring in different parts of the former empire overwhelming first the Provisional Government and then the Bolsheviks as they struggle to retain power. The thematic approach to history loses the immediacy of the chronicle but offers in-depth analysis of trends and contexts. Unfortunately, Engelstein artificially reorganizes her meticulous chronicle into
Detection of Incipient Faults in Post-Fault Systems Subject to Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control1

: This paper is concerned with designing a detection scheme of incipient faults in Post-Fault Systems (PFS) subject to Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control (AFTC). The difficulty lies in the adaptivity of the AFTC that simultaneously counteracts the effect of new incipient faults on system performance. This makes some of conventional fault-detection strategies ineffective. Three existing faultdetection schemes are investigated to find which one is the best tool for detection of incipient faults. It turns out that the Unknown Input Observer (UIO) is the most suitable tool to achieve this tough task where the UIO is designed to decouple the incipient faults from the AFTC such that the residual is sensitive only to the incipient faults. Simulation study is presented using an aircraft example to test the three fault detection approaches. It is verified that the UIO is the most effective tool in detecting incipient faults in PFS subject to AFTC. Copyright © 2006 IFAC.
Student exam performance in flipped classroom sections is similar to that in active learning sections, and satisfaction with the flipped classroom hinges on attitudes toward learning from videos

The flipped classroom is a teaching innovation in which instructional content is delivered out of the classroom, often via videos, and the class period is used for application of the course materia...
PD-1 versus PD-L1 inhibitors for previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA).

e20511Background: PD-1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab; PD-1i) and PD-L1(atezolizumab, avelumab; PD-L1i) inhibitors have been evaluated in patients with advanced NSCLC who failed first line therapy. We p...
Just-in-Time Interdisciplinary Education for Hospice Care of Ventricular-Assist Device Patients

Introduction: Ventricular-assist devices (VADs) offer end-stage heart failure patients a chance to live longer and better. VAD patient numbers are growing, as is the need for their hospice care, whether they die from cardiac or noncardiac causes. But many hospices do not accept VAD patients because of unfamiliarity with the technology. In 2017, there were no hospice agencies in our area accepting VAD patients. Case Description: Mr. S was a 61-year-old man with a VAD implanted in 2011. In 2016, he was diagnosed with metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, underwent surgical resection, and suffered many postoperative complications. In January 2017, he was hospitalized for a driveline infection and bacteremia. During that stay, Mr. S opted for comfort care with the goal of returning home. The only chance of Mr. S's going home rested on our hospice agency's accepting him. In less than two weeks, our hospice staff partnered with the patient's VAD team to develop the competencies to care for Mr. S. He was stabilized at our inpatient unit and then spent several weeks at home before symptoms required return to inpatient care. When Mr. S became unresponsive, his family chose to inactivate the VAD; Mr. S's death followed quickly and peacefully. Our agency now routinely provides hospice care for VAD patients. Discussion: It is increasingly important that hospice agencies accept VAD patients seeking hospice care. By drawing on educational resources available from VAD patients' acute-care hospital-based VAD teams, interdisciplinary education of hospice staff can be accomplished quickly and effectively.
A reasoning model based on an extended dempster-shafer theory

The Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory of evidence suggests a coherent approach to aggregate evidence bearing on groups of mutually exclusive hypotheses; however, the uncertain relationships between evidence and hypotheses are difficult to represent in applications of the theory. In this paper, we extend the multivalued mapping in the D-S theory to a probabilistic one that uses conditional probabilities to express the uncertain associations. In addition, Dempster's rule is used to combine belief update rather than absolute belief to obtain results consistent with Bayes' theorem. The combined belief intervals form probability bounds under two conditional independence assumptions. Our model can be applied to expert systems that contain sets of mutually exclusive and exhaustive hypotheses, which may or may not form hierarchies.
Review of "Network sense: methods for visualizing a discipline," by Mueller, D. N. (2017). Fort Collins, Colorado: WAC Clearinghouse.

Derek N. Mueller's Network Sense: Methods for Visualizing a Discipline (2017) presents a compelling argument for adding distant reading and thin description to the Rhetoric, Composition, and Writing Studies (RCWS) research methods portfolio. Not only can these methods help professionals address information overload, but the methods also support disciplinary wayfinding and network awareness for veteran and initiate practitioners and scholars alike. Network Sense's explicit goal is to help current and new members in RCWS avoid information overload and better understand their discipline and where it is going. Mueller's presentation and evidence builds upon lived academic experience of ever-expanding growth in research, conferences, publications, and professional activities in RCWS. Similarly, his detailing the dearth of non-local, reliable, and consistently gathered data articulates the experience and lived frustration of many scholars. Finally, his presentation and analysis regarding the increasing number of scholars cited at the end of the long tail as opposed to having more repeatedly cited authors explains the felt experience of sharing or disciplinary niching or potential diffusion. Winning the 2018 Computers and Composition Distinguished Book Award, as well as the 2019 Research Impact Award by the Conference on College Composition and Communication, underscores this book's value to its fields.
Dopamine Oppositely Modulates Synaptic Integration in Striosome and Matrix Striatal Spiny Neurons

Corticostriatal synaptic integration is partitioned among striosome (patch) and matrix compartments of the dorsal striatum, allowing compartmentalized control of discrete aspects of behavior. Despite the significance of such organization, it is unclear how compartment-specific striatal output is dynamically achieved, particularly considering new evidence that overlap of afferents is substantial. Here we show that dopamine oppositely modulates glutamatergic synaptic integration in striosome and matrix striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Activation of postsynaptic D1-type dopamine receptors promoted the generation of long-lasting synaptically-evoked “up-states” in matrix SPNs but opposed it in striosomes, which were more excitable under basal conditions. Compartment-specific differences in dendritic L-type voltage gated calcium channel (L-VGCC) availability determined the direction of dopaminergic modulation: manipulating L-VGCC engagement could reverse compartment-specific responses to D1 receptor activation. These results support a novel mechanism for the selection of striatal circuit components, where fluctuating levels of dopamine will shift the balance of compartment-specific striatal output.
Landscape-level variation in Bt crops predict Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance in cotton agroecosystems

BACKGROUND Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) damage to Bt cotton and maize has increased as a result of widespread Bt resistance across the USA Cotton Belt. Our objective was to link Bt crop production patterns to cotton damage through a series of spatial and temporal surveys of commercial fields to understand how Bt crop production relates to greater than expected H. zea damage to Bt cotton. To do this, we assembled longitudinal cotton damage data that spanned the Bt adoption period, collected cotton damage data since Bt resistance has been detected, and estimated local population susceptibility using replicated on-farm studies that included all Bt pyramids marketed in cotton. RESULTS Significant year effects of H. zea damage frequency in commercial cotton were observed throughout the Bt adoption period, with a recent damage increase after 2012. Landscape-level Bt crop production intensity over time was positively associated with the risk of H. zea damage in two- and three-toxin pyramided Bt cotton. Helicoverpa zea damage also varied across Bt toxin types in spatially replicated on-farm studies. CONCLUSIONS Landscape-level predictors of H. zea damage in Bt cotton can be used to identify heightened Bt resistance risk areas and serves as a model to understand factors that drive pest resistance evolution to Bt toxins in the southeastern United States. These results provide a framework for more effective insect resistance management strategies to be used in combination with conventional pest management practices that improve Bt trait durability while minimizing the environmental footprint of row crop agriculture. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Analysis and Benchmarking of Radial Flux Cycloidal Magnetic Gears with Reduced Permanent Magnet Piece Count Using Consequent Poles

Magnetic gears employ magnetic fields, rather than teeth, to perform the gearing action. At large gear ratios, cycloidal magnetic gears (CyMGs) can achieve higher torque densities than the more common coaxial magnetic gears. This paper compares CyMG topologies with consequent pole (CP) rotors against CyMGs with more conventional surface permanent magnet (SPM) rotors. CyMGs with CP rotors require less PM pieces than CyMGs with SPM rotors, which may simplify manufacturing. Each topology is optimized using a genetic algorithm with 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The simulation results demonstrate that CyMGs with CP rotors achieve lower VTD values than CyMGs with SPM rotors. However, if using a CP inner rotor eliminates the need for a PM retention sleeve and enables the use of a smaller effective air gap, CyMGs with CP rotors can achieve higher PM STs at high gear ratios than CyMGs with SPM rotors. CyMGs with CP rotors generally experience similar perpendicular magnetic forces and slightly higher eccentric magnetic forces, relative to CyMGs with SPM rotors. The optimal 2D designs are further investigated using 3D FEA, and, within this design set, the CyMGs with CP rotors experience more significant end effects than the CyMGs with SPM rotors.
Test results of Ya-21u thermionic space power system

The Soviet-made TOPAZ-II space nuclear power system unit designated Ya-21u underwent a total of 15 tests both in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) (1989--1990) and in the US (August 1993 to March 1995) for a cumulative test/operation time of 7681 h at conditions far exceeding design limits. These tests included steady-state operation at different power levels, fast start-ups and power optimizations, and shock and vibration tests. Test results are presented and analyzed. Results indicate a gradual change in the performance parameters such as the optimum cesium pressure and optimum load voltage. The electric power and conversion efficiency of the unit at an input thermal power of 105 kW decreased from 3.7 kW (electric) and 4% in the test in the USSR to 2.13 kW (electric) and 2.3% in the last test in the US. A discussion and qualitative assessment of potential causes of the performance changes of the Ya-21u unit are given.
Atomic Structure and Properties of the (310) Symmetrical Tilt Grain Boundary (STGB) in SrTiO3. Part I: Atomistic Simulations

The relaxed structure and energy of the (310) symmetrical tilt grain boundary (STGB) in SrTiO3 have been calculated using static lattice energy minimization methods. In principle, the (310) GB plane can either be a cation-rich, positively charged “SrTiO” plane or a negatively charged oxygen plane, and both scenarios have been considered in this report. The effect of point-defect reconstruction at the GB core region, manifested either as completely missing columns or as half-filled columns of ions as suggested by experiments, has been analyzed. The results indicate that while Schottky defects are very strongly preferred energetically at the GB core, there is not significant gain in energy by having half-filled columns, as opposed to fully-dense and fully-empty columns, at the GB core. The simulation results have been analyzed in the context of Pauling's rules of crystal chemistry and bicrystallography. The results form the basis for an objective comparison with experimental studies in Part II of the paper.
Investigation of localised centrality metrics for collaborative networks: what can they reveal?

Collaborative web 2.0 applications, such as blogs, collaborative bookmarking, file sharing etc., have increased significantly in popularity. In these user-centric applications users are not only consumers, but also contributors. By contributing content to the system, users become part of the network and relationships between users and content can be derived. Social network metrics can be used to identify key users, however, evaluating network metrics for a large scale network can be expensive. For this reason this paper explores the utility of localised network metrics. Experimental results and analysis are presented on a large collaborative IBM bookmarking network called Dogear to investigate the ability to identify central users.
Investigation and a practical compact network model of thermal stress in integrated circuits

This paper first investigates the non-uniform spatial thermal distribution in sub-100nm integrated circuits. A practical network-based Compact Thermal Modeling (CTM) technique has been proposed to model this thermal stress. The proposed technique, which can be integrated with modern CAD tools, represents IC package as a network in which a set of boundary nodes serve as surrogates for physical regions of the chip. In this network a junction node represents the chip's power junction, and arcs permit thermal communication between adjacent nodes. Due to the complex nature of micro- and nano-systems, the discrete models (resulting from the finite element method (FEM) or other methods) are usually very large (of the order of 100,000). Even though modern computers are able to handle engineering problems of this size, the system-level simulation would become prohibitive if the detailed models were directly used. The proposed CTM is condensed using Static Matrix Condensation methodology where the system matrices obtained by the spatial discretization of heat transfer partial differential equation (PDE) are reduced by the elimination of heat sources, surface nodes and internal nodes, however maintaining the thermal communication among the nodes. The formal conversion of governing PDE systems to low-dimensional ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems is to reduce the complexity, and at the same time preserve the accuracy of the model. The reduced system can be used to either synthesize a resistive network or formulate a set of connection equations to be connected to higher simulation levels.
DM-GRASP Is Necessary for Nonradial Cell Migration during Chick Diencephalic Development

Cell migration is fundamental to normal CNS development. Radial migration, along radial glial fibers, has been the principal pathway studied, however, nonradial or tangential cell migration has increasingly been identified at all levels of the CNS. Receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix molecules have all been shown to participate in radial cell migration. In contrast, the molecular basis of nonradial cell migration has only recently begun to be elucidated. Using replication defective retroviral vectors we have determined the location and time when nonradial cell migration begins in the developing chick diencephalon. We have identified three molecules that are expressed in spatially and temporally restricted domains that are consistent with them playing a role in nonradial cell migration. One of these molecules, DM-GRASP, a transmembrane protein with five extracellular Ig domains, is expressed on the nonradially migrating cells in addition to axons. To test the hypothesis that DM-GRASP participates in guiding nonradial cell migration, we injected a replication-defective retroviral vector used for lineage tracing followed by a DM-GRASP blocking antibody. Embryos injected with the blocking antibody showed a near complete block in nonradial cell migration specifically where DM-GRASP is expressed. Furthermore, morphological analyses revealed disruption of the normal architecture of the diencephalon indicating nonradial cell migration is necessary for normal morphological development of the brain. Our data indicate that DM-GRASP is necessary for nonradial cell migration in the chick diencephalon and have provided a system to further explore the function of nonradial cell migration during CNS development.
Electronic and vibrational properties of 2D materials from monolayer to bulk

The placement of two dimensional (2D) materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) at the forefront of materials and device research was pioneered by the discovery of graphene, an atomically thin 2D allotrope of carbon obtained through mechanical exfoliation [1]. These 2D materials possess a wide range of electronic behaviors from insulator to metallic, resulting from their in-plane strong covalent bonds and their weaker out-of-plane coupling [2]. The intrinsic bandgap of the semiconducting TMDCs makes them materials of choice for next-generation low-dimensional optical and electronic devices for defense and civilian applications. These 2D van der Waal (vdW) materials hold promise for a range of electronic, thermoelectric and optoelectronic devices such as field effect transistor (FET), light emitting device (LED), energy harvesting devices and ultrafast optical devices [3].
Phylogeny and biogeography of western Indian Ocean Rousettus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

We examined patterns of genetic variation in Rousettus madagascariensis from Madagascar and R. obliviosus from the Comoros (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli). Genetic distances among individuals on the basis of 1,130 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) locus were estimated from specimens collected from 17 sites on Madagascar, 3 sites on Grande Comore, 3 sites on Anjouan, and 2 sites on Moheli. We observed little variation in Madagascar and nearshore island samples (maximum 1.1%) and interisland Comoros samples (maximum 1.8%). In contrast, pairwise distances between different sampled sites on Madagascar and the Comoros varied from 8.5% to 13.2%. For 131 Malagasy animals, 69 unique haplotypes were recovered with 86 variable sites, and for 44 Comorian individuals, 17 unique haplotypes were found with 30 variable sites. No haplotype was shared between Madagascar and the Comoros, adding to previous morphological evidence that these 2 populations should be considered separate species. Cytb data showed that Rousettus populations of Madagascar (including nearshore islands) and the Comoros are respectively monophyletic and display no geographic structure in haplotype diversity, and that R. madagascariensis and R. obliviosus are strongly supported as sister to each other relative to other Rousettus species. Genotypic data from 6 microsatellite loci confirm lack of geographic structure in either of the 2 species. In pairwise tests of population differentiation, the only significant values were between samples from the Comoro Islands and Madagascar (including nearshore islands). Estimates of current and historical demographic parameters support population expansion in both the Comoros and Madagascar. These data suggest a more recent and rapid demographic expansion in Madagascar in comparison with greater population stability on the Comoros. On the basis of available evidence, open-water crossings approaching 300 km seem rarely traversed by Rousettus, and, if successful, can result in genetic isolation and subsequent differentiation. DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-283.1.
Information technology supporting fast food phone-in order responsiveness

Abstract Foodservice establishment managers seeking to gain a competitive advantage in operating multiple units in one local area have anew type of information tool available. The systems include call-routing, data base and reporting software, in conjunction with a PC-based telecommunications network between units. Using it, phone-in orders can be expedited to the unit in closest proximity to the customer for pickup or delivery. Also, on-line customer records equip order takers to service callers on a more personable and, potentially, a more profitable basis. System management reports assist decision makers in more effective menu and operations management.
The good, bad, and ugly: Using ketamine for ED pediatric patients

Summary Ketamine is a drug that is being administered with increasing frequency in the emergency department. Nurses must be thoroughly familiar with the "good" and "bad" effects of the drug to optimize patient care and prevent "ugly" complications.
Promoting healthy adolescent behavior and development: Issues in the design and evaluation of effective youth programs

Abstract The problems of health and development faced by contemporary adolescents require that our communities have greater access to effective, adequately scaled, and sustained youth-serving programs. These 3 dimensions of youth programs are discussed, and the role of evaluations is specified, especially those aimed at program improvement and community empowerment, in facilitating efforts to promote the positive development of young people. These areas of development include competence, confidence, character, connection, and caring/compassion—the “five C's” of positive youth development. Ten features of effective positive youth development programs are described, and the importance of engaging policymakers in order to broadly disseminate and sustain effective programs is stressed. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Video Snapshots: Creating High-Quality Images from Video Clips

We describe a unified framework for generating a single high-quality still image ("snapshot”) from a short video clip. Our system allows the user to specify the desired operations for creating the output image, such as super resolution, noise and blur reduction, and selection of best focus. It also provides a visual summary of activity in the video by incorporating saliency-based objectives in the snapshot formation process. We show examples on a number of different video clips to illustrate the utility and flexibility of our system.
Equine SCID: mechanistic analysis and comparison with murine SCID.

Abstract V(D)J rearrangement is the molecular mechanism by which an almost limitless number of unique immune receptors is generated. V(D)J rearrangement involves two DNA breaks and religations – resulting in two DNA joints; coding and signal joints. If V(D)J recombination is impaired (as in murine SCID (C.B-17 mouse] or RAG [Recombinase Activating Genes) deficient mice), B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte development is blocked and severe immunodeficiency results. The first animal model of SCID was reported in Arabian foals in 1973. Recently we demonstrated that the mechanistic defect in SCID foals is V(D)J recombination. However, the impairment of V(D)J recombination in SCID foals is phenotypically distinct from SCID mice in that both signal and coding joint ligation are impaired. Furthermore, though equine SCID and murine SCID have definite phenotypic differences, both defects are likely to be the result of defective expression of the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase.
A serial founder effect model for human settlement out of Africa

The increasing abundance of human genetic data has shown that the geographical patterns of worldwide genetic diversity are best explained by human expansion out of Africa. This expansion is modelled well by prolonged migration from a single origin in Africa with multiple subsequent serial founding events. We discuss a new simulation model for the serial founder effect out of Africa and compare it with results from previous studies. Unlike previous models, we distinguish colonization events from the continued exchange of people between occupied territories as a result of mating. We conduct a search through parameter space to estimate the range of parameter values that best explain key statistics from published data on worldwide variation in microsatellites. The range of parameters we use is chosen to be compatible with an out-of-Africa migration at 50–60 Kyr ago and archaeo–ethno–demographic information. In addition to a colonization rate of 0.09–0.18, for an acceptable fit to the published microsatellite data, incorporation into existing models of exchange between neighbouring populations is essential, but at a very low rate. A linear decay of genetic diversity with geographical distance from the origin of expansion could apply to any species, especially if it moved recently into new geographical niches.
Analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 profiles of prospective anonymous oocyte donors in relation to the outcome of the donor selection process.

Abstract Objective: To examine the scores of prospective anonymous oocyte donors on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in four outcome groups. Design: Chart review. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): One hundred fifty prospective anonymous oocyte donors who underwent a preliminary screening and a 1-hour structured psychological interview and who completed the MMPI-2. Intervention(s): Psychological evaluation prior to donation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Scores on the MMPI-2 and outcomes of the donor selection process. Result(s): Seventy (47%) women were accepted as donors and completed one donation cycle; 30 (20%) were accepted as donors but did not donate because of medical reasons or relocation; 18 (12%) were accepted as donors but were noncompliant; and 32 (21%) were rejected as donors because of psychological concerns. Statistically significant differences were found between outcome groups on scales F, K, 1, 2, 7, 8, and 0. Although these differences were statistically significant, all group subscale mean scores were in the average to low-average range and differences between group means were small. Conclusion(s): The MMPI-2 differentiates between prospective donor outcome groups, but psychologists need to interpret the results of the MMPI-2 carefully in the context of clinical interview information.
Role of water stress in differential aluminum tolerance of two barley cultivars grown in an acid soil

Abstract Six cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), were screened under controlled environmental conditions for tolerance to Al stress and water stress imposed separately and in combination with one another. Plants were grown for 4 weeks in waxed cartons containing 1 kg of acid, Al‐toxic Tatum, subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult) at high (pH 4.3) or low (pH 6.3) Al stress. During the final 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. Plant growth responses and symptoms of Al toxicity suggested that a wide range of cultivar sensitivity existed. ‘Manchurian’, ‘S‐212’, ‘S‐254’, and ‘S‐265’ were relatively tolerant to Al toxicity while cultlvars ‘Romania HS‐52’ and ‘RM‐52’ were extremely sensitive. Under high Al stress and high water stress, chloroplasts in cells from the Al‐sensitive cultivar ‘Romania HS‐52’ were smaller and contained less starch than chloroplasts from the Al‐tolerant cultivar ‘Manchurian’. Furthermore, the smaller chlo...
Dose--effect relationships for femoral fractures after multimodality limb-sparing therapy of soft-tissue sarcomas of the proximal lower extremity.

Purpose We investigated the clinical and dosimetric predictors for radiation-associated femoral fractures in patients with proximal lower extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Methods and Materials We examined 131 patients with proximal lower extremity STS who received limb-sparing surgery and external-beam radiation therapy between 1985 and 2006. Five (4%) patients sustained pathologic femoral fractures. Dosimetric analysis was limited to 4 fracture patients with full three-dimensional dose information, who were compared with 59 nonfracture patients. The mean doses and volumes of bone (V d ) receiving specified doses (≥30 Gy, 45 Gy, 60 Gy) at the femoral body, femoral neck, intertrochanteric region, and subtrochanteric region were compared. Clinical predictive factors were also evaluated. Results Of 4 fracture patients in our dosimetric series, there were three femoral neck fractures with a mean dose of 57.6 ± 8.9 Gy, V30 of 14.5 ± 2.3 cc, V45 of 11.8 ± 1.1 cc, and V60 of 7.2 ± 2.2 cc at the femoral neck compared with 22.9 ± 20.8 Gy, 4.8 ± 5.6 cc, 2.5 ± 3.9 cc, and 0.8 ± 2.7 cc, respectively, for nonfracture patients ( p Conclusions These dose–volume toxicity relationships provide RT optimization goals to guide future efforts for reducing pathologic fracture rates. Prophylactic femoral intramedullary nailing may also reduce fracture risk for susceptible patients.
In Situ X-ray Absorption Study of Surface Complexes: Selenium Oxyanions on α-FeOOH

A novel application of x-ray absorption spectroscopy has provided structural information for ions sorbed at oxide-water interfaces. As an example, in situ extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements of adsorbed selenate and selenite ions at ah α-FeOOH(goethite)—water interface have been performed; these measurements show that selenate forms a weakly bonded, outer-sphere complex and that selenite forms a strongly bonded, inner-sphere complex. The selenite ion is bonded directly to the goethite surface in a bidentate fashion with two iron atoms 3.38 angstroms from the selenium atom. Adsorbed selenate has no iron atom in the second coordination shell of selenium, which indicates retention of its hydration sphere upon sorption. This method provides direct structural information for adsorbed species at solid-liquid interfaces.
Objective spin and the Rivlin-Ericksen model

The skew part of the velocity gradient is split into objective and non-objective parts. A particular decomposition is suggested by a reinterpretation of Stokes' ideas for modeling stress in a fluid. The corresponding objective skew stretch rate appears in the correct reduced form of the Rivlin-Ericksen model. Constitutive equations for viscous fluids and viscoplastic materials are developed as special cases of this result. These equations describe a wide range of behavior observed in shearing flows.
Synergism between penicillin G and the antimicrobial ether lipid, rac-1-dodecylglycerol, acting below its critical micelle concentration.

rac-1-Dodecylglycerol (DDG) and penicillin G (Pen G) act synergistically to dramatically lower the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each other in four Gram-positive bacteria studied. At one-half its MIC, DDG ether lowered the MIC of Pen G 10- to 80-fold. Under the same conditions, Pen G lowered the MIC of DDG 4- to 7.5-fold.
Wave aberrations in rhesus monkeys with vision-induced ametropias

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between refractive errors and high-order aberrations in infant rhesus monkeys. Specifically, we compared the monochromatic wave aberrations measured with a Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor between normal monkeys and monkeys with vision-induced refractive errors. Shortly after birth, both normal monkeys and treated monkeys reared with optically induced defocus or form deprivation showed a decrease in the magnitude of high-order aberrations with age. However, the decrease in aberrations was typically smaller in the treated animals. Thus, at the end of the lens-rearing period, higher than normal amounts of aberrations were observed in treated eyes, both hyperopic and myopic eyes and treated eyes that developed astigmatism, but not spherical ametropias. The total RMS wavefront error increased with the degree of spherical refractive error, but was not correlated with the degree of astigmatism. Both myopic and hyperopic treated eyes showed elevated amounts of coma and trefoil and the degree of trefoil increased with the degree of spherical ametropia. Myopic eyes also exhibited a much higher prevalence of positive spherical aberration than normal or treated hyperopic eyes. Following the onset of unrestricted vision, the amount of high-order aberrations decreased in the treated monkeys that also recovered from the experimentally induced refractive errors. Our results demonstrate that high-order aberrations are influenced by visual experience in young primates and that the increase in high-order aberrations in our treated monkeys appears to be an optical byproduct of the vision-induced alterations in ocular growth that underlie changes in refractive error. The results from our study suggest that the higher amounts of wave aberrations observed in ametropic humans are likely to be a consequence, rather than a cause, of abnormal refractive development.
Cyanoketenes. Synthesis and cycloadditions to formimidates

PP Tetrahedron Letters No. 11, Pergamon Ress. CYANOKETENES. Printed in Great Britain. SYNTHESIS AND CYCLOADDITIONS TO FORMIMIDATES Donna M. Kunert, Richard Chambers, Department of Chemistry, Frank Mercer, Louis Hernandez, Jr., and Harold W. Moore University of California, Irvine, California (Received in USA 19 November 1977; received in UK for publication 23 We have previously undergoes thermolysis reported that p-azido-a-chloro- go analogous thermolyses that the corresponding to give the respective a-bromo- halocyanoketenes, January A aT lF-crotonolactone y-methoxy- in refluxing benzene to give chlorocyanoketene Reported here is the observation (2%) and methylformate. and a-iodo-analogs (la) and&. ofA under- In addition, it is reported that these halocyanoketenes, 2a-c, as well as tert-butyl-, 2d and methylcyanoketene, readily undergo stereospecific cycloadditions to a variety of formimidates to give %aZe- tidinones (b-lactams), E. h a, B -crotonolactones, The fi-azido-a-halo-y-methoxy- yields from the corresponding diazido-1, I-benzoqixones, 2 e.g., tert-butyl-1,4_benzoquinone, cyanoketenes. cyclic along with the appropriately 2,5-diazido-3,6-dimethyl- ,z to formimidates that these cyanoketenes undergo stereospecific and thioformimidates to give P-azetidinones groups reside in a trans arrangement, i.e., _ 4a-z. substituted 2,5- to a variety of substituted of chloro-, was accomplished. bromo-, activity of mono- iodo-, methyl-, The salient result of this study is cycloaddition to a wide variety of in which the J-cyan0 and the 4-protio In addition, $ was used as a model and con- verted to the anion, 6 which reacts stereospecifically with a variety of electrophiles P’ 2-azetidinones having further elaboration at position -3, @. , Ja&. For the halocyanoketenes, reported and 2,5-diazido-3,6-di- provide the best known precursors a detailed study of the cyclcadditions and tert-butylcyanoketene the observation previously In view of the renewed interest in the synthesis and biological j3-lactams, formimidates were prepared in high mucohalic acids3 by the general procedure These azidobutenolides for the synthesis of la.’ c,s, to give the cycloadditions were accomplished by refluxing a solution con- 48 -butenolides, a, and 1.1 equivalents of the ap- taining 1.0 equivalent of the ,+azido- u-halo- A propriate formimidate benzene solution, for several hours. respectively, For the alkylcyanoketenes, z,,e, a benzene and chloro- containing 0.5 equivalents of the 2,5-diazidoquinone added to a refluxing benzene solution containing 1.1 equivalents of the formimidate. was slowly After an ad- ditional hour the solvent was removed in vacuoand the product purified by chromatography crystallization. The yields reported for the 2-azetidinones,&, or re- are those obtained for the puri-
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper and Copper Oxide Thin Films from Copper(I) tert-Butoxide

The low-temperature deposition of thin-film materials from molecular transition-metal precursors is an area of rapidly growing interest. We now describe the deposition of copper-containing films from copper(I) tert-butoxide tetramer, (Cu(O-t-Bu)){sub 4}, which was chosen because it is one of the more volatile molecular derivatives of copper known. These results are related to efforts directed toward the chemical vapor deposition of thin films of the new copper oxide based high-temperature superconductors.
Modeling the Self-Organization Property of Keratin Intermediate Filaments

Keratin intermediate filaments (IFs) fulfill an important function of structural support in epithelial cells. The necessary mechanical attributes require that IFs be organized into a crosslinked network and accordingly, keratin IFs are typically organized into large bundles in surface epithelia. For IFs comprised of keratins 5 and 14 (K5, K14), found in basal keratinocytes of epidermis, bundling can be self-driven through interactions between K14's carboxy-terminal tail domain and two regions in the central α-helical rod domain of K5. Here, we exploit theoretical principles and computational modeling to investigate how such cis-acting determinants best promote IF crosslinking. We develop a simple model where keratin IFs are treated as rigid rods to apply Brownian dynamics simulation. Our findings suggest that long-range interactions between IFs are required to initiate the formation of bundlelike configurations, while tail domain-mediated binding events act to stabilize them. Our model explains the differences observed in the mechanical properties of wild-type versus disease-causing, defective IF networks. This effort extends the notion that the structural support function of keratin IFs necessitates a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic determinants, and makes specific predictions about the mechanisms involved in the formation of crosslinked keratin networks in vivo.
Stochastic approaches to inversion problems in optics

Image restoration, image smoothing, and probability law estimation are important inverse problems in optics. Within the past 10 or so years, much progress has been made toward their resolution. These problems are often ill-posed mathematically. However, such concepts as maximum entropy, maximum likelihood, binay decision discrimination, median window filtering, MAP estimation, and minimum Fisher information have proven invaluable in regularising, or reducing, the ill-posed nature of the problems. In particular, those concepts which measure uncertainty or disorder have played a central role. Given noise-prone data, concepts that describe maximal disorder (maximum entropy, minimum Fisher information, minimal bina y discrimination) exert a smoothing influence on the solutions that drastically reduces noise propagation into the output. Given insufficient but noise-free data, as in the probability estimation problem, the principle of minimum Fisher information, in particular, creates smooth estimates which, of...
Effect of a second metal (Y, K, Ca, Mn or Cu) addition on the carbon dioxide reforming of methane over nanostructured palladium catalysts

Abstract The CO2 reforming of CH4 to synthesis gas was investigated over nanostructured Pd/Al2O3 catalysts promoted by various additives (K, Ca, Y, Mn and Cu) using a stoichiometric feedstock mixture. In order to understand the effect of the additives on the surface properties and catalytic performance of the catalysts, fresh and spent samples were characterized by a number of techniques, such as N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, CO-chemisorption, H2-TPR, TPO, Raman and TEM. Additives strongly modified the reduction properties of Pd species and metal surface dispersion. The results showed that the addition of Y or Ca to Pd/Al2O3 slightly increased the initial activity expressed as CH4 and CO2 conversions, which is attributed to decreased reducibility of Pd species and enhanced Pd dispersion. In contrast, while the addition of K, Mn and Cu similarly reduced the reducibility of Pd species, their surface metal dispersions apparently decreased owing to decoration effect or alloy formation. This leads to lower initial activities for the modified catalysts than Pd/Al2O3. On the other hand, stability of catalysts activity during the long-term tests was associated with Pd sintering resistance as well as carbon deposition. The CO2 reforming of CH4 was ceased over Pd/Al2O3 after around 4.5 h of reaction due to catalyst bed blockage caused by the large amount of carbon deposition. The carbon formation was accelerated by Pd sintering. Among all catalysts, Y-modified Pd/Al2O3 showed the best stability with almost no activity loss in 20 h of reaction. This is probably because that the addition of Y to Pd/Al2O3 notably suppresses carbon formation and metal sintering and maintains Pd particle size below 10 nm. This particle size is crucial, below which carbon formation can be completely avoided under the present reforming conditions. For catalysts with other additives the catalytic activities decreased to different degrees after long-term tests, due to metal sintering and carbon deposition.
Altered colony-forming activities of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells in mice following short-term in vivo exposure to parathion.

This paper describes a study of hematopoiesis in parathion-treated mice. Adult mice (48 C57B1/6) were given a daily dose of parathion (4 mg/kg p.o.) or corn oil vehicle (5 ml/kg p.o.) for 14 days. During the pesticide and the examination period, treated animals showed no signs of poisoning and had normal body weights. On days 2, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 14 following parathion or corn oil, femoral marrow cells were assayed in vitro for granulocyte/monocyte (CFU-gm), erythroid (CFU-e and BFU-e), megakaryocyte (CFU-meg), stromal (CFU-str) and multipotential (CFU-mix) hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocyte counts were elevated on days 2 and 5, while platelet counts were not increased until day 12. No change was observed in either hematocrits or numbers of marrow cells. BFU-e were reduced (23% of control) by day 7, then increased to 137% of control by day 14. CFU-e were reduced (41% of control) on day 9, then increased to 71% of control by day 14. CFU-mix were 130% of control (day 2), then declined to control values by day 5. On days 12 and 14, CFU-mix colonies decreased to 40% of control. CFU-str were reduced at all time points examined. CFU-gm were 123%, 136% and 130% of control on days 7, 12 and 14, respectively, while CFU-meg were increased (145% of control) on day 7. The data suggest that parathion alters the cloning potential of bone marrow precursor stem cells.