cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The segmentation of the HMD market: optics for smart glasses, smart eyewear, AR and VR headsets

This paper reviews the various optical technologies that have been developed to implement HMDs (Head Mounted Displays), both as AR (Augmented Reality) devices, VR (Virtual Reality) devices and more recently as smart glasses, smart eyewear or connected glasses. We review the typical requirements and optical performances of such devices and categorize them into distinct groups, which are suited for different (and constantly evolving) market segments, and analyze such market segmentation.
Further study on crack growth model of buried pipelines exposed to concentrated carbonate–bicarbonate solution

Abstract This paper develops and validates a physical crack growth model for stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue for pipelines exposed to concentrated carbonate–bicarbonate solution, assuming that the crack growth is dominated by repeated rupture of passive film at the crack tip. A further analysis indicates that the crack growth in gas line is controlled by the stress corrosion cracking mechanism but the crack growth of liquid line is governed by the corrosion fatigue mechanism. Both cyclic-loading-enhanced stress corrosion cracking and mechanical fatigue may affect the crack growth. Finally, the procedure for field application is outlined.
Structural and functional studies of WlbA: A dehydrogenase involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid .

2,3-Diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid (ManNAc3NAcA) is an unusual dideoxy sugar first identified nearly 30 years ago in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O:3a,d. It has since been observed in other organisms, including Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Five enzymes are required for the biosynthesis of UDP-ManNAc3NAcA starting from UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Here we describe a structural study of WlbA, the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase that catalyzes the second step in the pathway, namely, the oxidation of the C-3′ hydroxyl group on the UDP-linked sugar to a keto moiety and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This enzyme has been shown to use α-ketoglutarate as an oxidant to regenerate the oxidized dinucleotide. For this investigation, three different crystal structures were determined: the enzyme with bound NAD(H), the enzyme in a complex with NAD(H) and α-ketoglutarate, and the enzyme in a complex with NAD(H) and its substrate (UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminuronic a...
Accumulation of C-terminal fragments of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 leads to synaptic loss and cognitive deficits in human TDP-43 transgenic mice.

Abstract Accumulation of the transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, collectively known as TDP-43 proteinopathies. The most common TDP-43 proteinopathies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP–43-positive inclusions, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, share overlapping neuropathological and clinical phenotypes. The development and detailed analysis of animal models of TDP-43 proteinopathies are critical for understanding the pathogenesis of these disorders. Transgenic mice overexpressing mutant human TDP-43 (herein referred to as hTDP-43) are characterized by neurodegeneration and reduced life span. However, little is known about the behavioral phenotype of these mice. Here we report the novel finding that hTDP-43 mice develop deficits in cognition, motor performance, and coordination. We show that these behavioral deficits are associated with the accumulation of nuclear and cytosolic TDP-43 C-terminal fragments, a decrease in endogenous TDP-43 levels, and synaptic loss. Our findings provide critical insights into disease pathology, and will help guide future preclinical studies aimed at testing the effects of potential therapeutic agents on the onset and progression of TDP-43 proteinopathies.
The influence of the microstructure on the hardness of sintered hydroxyapatite

Abstract The Vickers hardness, H V , was measured for 42 sintered monophase hydroxyapatite (HAP) specimens having volume fraction porosities, P, that ranged from 0.02 to 0.31 and average grain sizes between 1.7 μm and 7.4 μm. The H V versus porosity behavior of the sintered HAP specimens were successfully described by the exponential function of porosity, H V = H 0 exp(– bP ), where the least-squares fit values of the zero-porosity hardness H 0 and the constant b were 6.00±0.7 GPa and b =6.03, respectively. The function H V = H 0 exp(− bP ) is consistent with a minimum solid area model proposed by Rice. In contrast to the strong dependence of hardness on porosity, there was no clear trend of hardness as a function of grain size, for the grain size range included in this study.
Beyond the Radiograph: Radiological Advances in Surgery

Advancements in imaging techniques and the development of new radiological modalities have opened exciting venues for furthering surgical specialties. From the initial and innovative discovery of the radiograph by Roentgen, radiology has found an important and central role in the expansion of surgical possibilities. In this historical review, the innovation and discoveries behind the development of the radiograph, fluoroscopy, angiography and ultrasound are examined. Additionally, the use of these imaging modalities in surgery is discussed. Learning from the discoveries of history's giants, we hope to advance our own knowledge and create new possibilities, a future that will hold great promise for the radiologists and surgeons of tomorrow.
Relationship between Fractal Geometry and Fractography

Fractal geometry has been used to describe irregular fracture surfaces in a quantitative way. The fractal dimensional increment has been related to the fracture toughness of the material through the elastic modulus and a characteristic structure parameter, a0. The study of fractography has shown the relationship between the flaw/mirror size ratio and the fracture toughness. An experimental observation has shown that the fracture toughness is related to the elastic modulus through another structure parameter, b0. Combining all of these relationships leads to the conclusion that the fractal dimensional increment, D*, is directly related to the flaw/mirror size ratio. Experimental measurements of the fractal dimension and the flaw/mirror size ratio on glasses, a glass-ceramic, polycrystalline ceramics, and a single crystal all agree with the prediction. The implication of this finding is that there is a linear scaling law in operation at fracture between the energy of crack initiation and of microbranching and is reflected in the features on the fracture surface.
Gas and hydrogen isotopic analyses of volcanic eruption clouds in Guatemala sampled by aircraft

Gas samples were collected by aircraft entering volcanic eruption clouds of three Guatemalan volcanoes. Gas chromatographic analyses show higher H2 and S gas contents in ash eruption clouds and lower H2 and S gases in vaporous gas plumes. H isotopic data demonstrate lighter isotopic distribution of water vapor in ash eruption clouds than in vaporous gas plumes. Most of the H2O in the vaporous plumes is probably meteoric. The data are the first direct gas analyses of explosive eruptive clouds, and demonstrate that, in spite of atmospheric admixture, useful compositional information on eruptive gases can be obtained using aircraft.
Risk Assessment: The Predictive Validity of the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory with African Americans and Girls

Risk assessments like the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) are widely used by juvenile justice systems to identify young offenders that are likely to reoffend. These instruments are also used for case management purposes, to determine areas of criminogenic risk that are amenable to intervention. This study explored the risk–recidivism relationship between YLS/CMI score and reoffense rates over 24 months for African Americans (n = 459), Whites (n = 509), boys (n = 694), and girls (n = 274). The YLS/CMI had an area under the curve (AUC) coefficient of .63 overall; however, subgroup differences in distribution of recidivism by risk level were found. Moreover, subscales for the YLS/CMI had differential predictive validity for the respective subgroups. Future study should account for macrolevel risk factors like policing and surveillance levels, which are currently excluded from the assessment.
A new certification framework for the port reduced static condensation reduced basis element method

Abstract In this paper we introduce a new certification framework for the port-reduced static condensation reduced basis element (PR-SCRBE) method, which has been developed for the simulation of large component based applications such as bridges or acoustic waveguides. In an offline computational stage we construct a library of interoperable parametrized reference components; in the subsequent online stage we instantiate and connect the components at the interfaces/ports to form a system of components. To compute a “truth” finite element approximation of the (say) coercive elliptic partial differential equation on the component based system we use a domain decomposition approach. For an efficient simulation we employ two different types of model reduction — a reduced basis (RB) approximation within the interior of the component (Huynh et al. 2013) and empirical port reduction (Eftang and Patera 2013) on the ports where the components connect. We demonstrate the well-posedness of the PR-SCRBE approximation and introduce a new certification framework. To assess the quality of the port reduction we use conservative fluxes. We adapt the standard estimators from RB methods to the SCRBE setting to derive an a posteriori error estimator for the RB-error contribution. In order to combine the a posteriori estimators for both error contributions and derive a rigorous a posteriori error estimator for PR-SCRBE we adapt techniques from multi-scale methods and component mode synthesis. Finally, we prove that the effectivity of the derived estimator can be bounded. We provide numerical experiments for heat conduction and linear elasticity to show that the derived a posteriori error estimator provides an effective estimator. Moreover we demonstrate the applicability of the introduced certification framework by analyzing the computational (online) costs.
The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective

"Tsou, one of the country's senior and most widely respected China scholars, has for more than a generation been producing timely and deeply informed essays on Chinese politics as it develops. Eight of these (from a wide variety of sources) are gathered here with a substantial new introduction. Tsou considers events not simply from the point of view of a widely read political scientist (even political philosopher) and a concerned Chinese, but also in the light of history, the dynamics of Marxism-Leninism, individual personalities, and humane realism." Charles W. Hayford, "Library Journal""
Quantitative proteomic approaches for biomarker discovery

The rapid advances in proteomic technologies have made possible systematic analysis of hundreds to thousands of proteins in clinical samples with the promise of uncovering novel protein biomarkers for various disease conditions. We will discuss in this review article current MS and protein chip-based quantitative proteomic approaches and their application in biomarker discovery. The emphasis will be placed on new quantification strategies employing stable isotopic labeling coupled with MS/MS, and antibody-based protein chips and nanodevices. The strength and weakness of each technology are briefly highlighted.
Lattice sum formula for the phonon dynamical matrix in FCC and BCC metals

Abstract Contribution of long range interatomic forces to the phonon dynamical matrix in monatomic metals, is calculated for central forces for all neighbours except the first. A closed formula is given for radial forces, assuming interatomic oscillatory potential.
Hydrogen pressure and crack tip stress effects on slow crack growth thresholds in an iron-based superalloy

Summary IN903 slow crack growth thresholds decreased as hydrogen pressure increased and reached a lower limiting value of 30 MPa-m1/2 at a pressure of approximately 100 MPa. This transition to lower limiting threshold value behavior corresponded to a transition from slip band to intergranular failure. The slow crack growth threshold values were consistently lower than fracture toughness values and were associated with different fracture modes at similar hydrogen concentrations. The hydrogen concentrations were calculated from gas phase equilibrium expressions assuming no stress field interactions near the crack tip. Based on the assumption that the interaction between hydrogen and crack tip stress fields is as strong in this fcc superalloy as in bcc and hcp alloys, recalculation of the hydrogen concentrations at threshold showed that the hydrogen concentrations at threshold were significantly higher than calculated without consideration of stress effects. The recalculated crack tip hydrogen concentrations were also much higher than the concentrations in hydrogen charged samples. Most importantly, threshold and fracture toughness failure modes correlated with hydrogen concentration. From the relationship between void growth to failure at matrix carbides during slip band fracture and hydrogen concentration, it was shown that the near crack tip hydrogen concentration at threshold during slow crack growth in 20.7 MPa hydrogen gas was approximately 6000 appm. This hydrogen concentration corresponded to a partial molar volume of hydrogen equal to 2.0±0.3 cm3/mol. The surong interaction between hydrogen and near crack tip stress fields was responsible for the greater susceptibility of IN903 to slow crack growth in hydrogen gas than indicated by fracture toughness values. As a consequence, rapid tests such as fracture toughness and tensile tests for determination of hydrogeninduced crack growth susceptibility cannot be used to indicate crack growth susceptibility in hydrogen gas unless the effects of stress and rate of redistribution on near crack tip hydrogen concentration are considered.
Causal Modeling Predicting Psychological Adjustment of Korean-Born Adolescent Adoptees

Summary Self-concept theory and ethnic identity theory imply causal relations among positive parent-child relationship, ethnic pride, and psychological adjustment of children who were intercountry adopted. This study used linear measurement and structural equation models to test the plausibility of the causal model dealing with the relations among indexes of parent's support of ethnic background, positive parent-child relationship, collective self-esteem, and psychological adjustment in a sample of 241 Korean-born adolescent adoptees. Consistent with the expectations of the self-concept theory and the ethnic identity development theory, the findings show that a more positive parent-child relationship, in which the parents support their children's ethnic identity development and share ethnic socialization experiences, predicts better psychological adjustment of the adopted children. Policy and practice implications of the findings are discussed.
High-resolution infrared spectra of CH3I

Abstract The i.r. spectra of the perpendicular bands v5 + v6 and v3 + 2v6 of CH3I have been measured with a resolution of about 0.03 cm−1. These bands form a Fermi doublet and the Fermi resonance has been analysed to give a value for the cubic normal-coordinate force constant ¦k356¦= 20 cm−1. A second Fermi doublet of CH3I, v2 + v5 and v2 + v3 + v6, has been measured with a resolution about 0.09 cm−1 and a partial analysis of the rotational fine structure has been made. Several other perturbations have been detected in these bands besides the Fermi resonance.
The reuse of uses in Smalltalk programming

Software reuse, a long-standing and refractory issue in software technology, has been specifically emphasized as an advantage of the object-oriented programming paradigm. We report an empirical study of expert Smalltalk programmers reusing user interface classes in small graphical applications. Our primary goal was to develop a qualitative characterization of expert reuse strategies that could be used to identify requirements for teaching and supporting reuse programming. A secondary interest was to demonstrate to these experts the Reuse View Matcher—a prototype reuse tool—and to collect some initial observations of this tool in use during reuse programming. We observed extensive “reuse of uses” in the programmers' work: they relied heavily on code in expample applications that provided an implicit specification for reuse of the target class. We called this implicit specification a “usage context.” The programmers searched for relevant usage contexts early. They repeatedly evaluated the contextualized information to develop solution plans, and they borrowed and adapted it when the sample context suited their immediate reuse goals. The process of code development was highly dynamic and incremental; analysis and implementation were tightly interleaved, frequently driven by testing and debugging. These results are considered in terms of the tradeoffs that inhere in the reuse of uses and the teaching and tool support that might improve the efficiency and accuracy of this approach to reuse.
Maternal anemia associated with walkable distance to healthy food sources in Bronx, New York

The relationship between walkable access to healthy food sources and risk of anemia in pregnancy was evaluated for a cohort of 4678 women who initiated prenatal care in the year 2010 at an academic medical center in Bronx, New York. After geocoding patient residences, street network distances were obtained for the closest healthy food sources, which were identified from multiple databases. For lower-income patients, as indicated by Medicaid or lack of health insurance, those who lived less than 0.25miles from a healthy food source were less likely to be anemic when compared to those who lived farther (adjusted OR=0.65, 95% CI 0.48, 0.88). Patients with commercial insurance showed no effect. These results help to understand how a nutritionally-mediated condition such as anemia during pregnancy can be affected by one's built environment, while also highlighting the importance of conditioning on socioeconomic status for these types of studies.
Forgiveness and marital quality: Precursor or consequence in well-established relationships?

To examine potential causal relations between forgiveness and marital quality a sample of married couples (N = 91) provided data regarding forgiveness and marital quality on two occasions separated by a 12-month interval. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direction of effects. For women, paths emerged from forgiveness to marital quality and vice versa. For men, the direction of effect was from marital quality to forgiveness. The concurrent association between the two constructs mediated the longitudinal relationship between them for wives but not for husbands. These results are discussed in relation to an emerging body of theory and research on the role of forgiveness in marriage.
Thermocapillary migration of a small chain of bubbles

The quasistatic thermocapillary migration of a chain of two or three spherical bubbles in an unbounded fluid possessing a uniform temperature gradient is investigated in the limit of vanishing Reynolds and Peclet numbers. The line of bubble centers is permitted to be either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the undisturbed temperature gradient. The governing equations are solved by a truncated‐series, boundary‐collocation technique. Results are presented which demonstrate the impact of the presence of other bubbles on a test bubble. In the three‐bubble case, a simple pairwise‐additive approximation is constructed from the reflections solution, and found to perform well except when the bubbles are close to each other. Also, features of the flow topology in the fluid are explored. Separated reverse flow wakes are found in the axisymmetric problem, and other interesting structures are noted for the case in which the line of centers is perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient. The observed flow structure is shown to be the result of superposition of simpler basic flows.
Numerical computation of distortions in magnetic fields and induced currents in physiological solutions produced by microscope objectives

Identifying distortions produced by commonly employed microscope objectives and their components in uniform DC and 60 Hz AC magnetic fields is important in imaging studies involving exposure of cells to spatially uniform or nonuniform magnetic fields. In this study, DC and 60 Hz AC magnetic flux densities were numerically computed in the presence of finite element models of various components of commonly utilized microscope objectives, as well as a model of a complete objective. Also computed were the distortions in the current density induced by an applied time-varying magnetic field in a physiological buffer contained within a Petri dish. We show that the magnetic flux density could be increased up to 65% in the presence of the nickel–chrome plating of an objective housing and that the presence of ferromagnetic components like a screw or spring could produce peaks that are 7% higher than the undistorted value of magnetic flux density. In addition, a slight tilt of 1% in the objective with respect to the magnetic field could cause a 93% deviation in magnetic flux density from the unperturbed value. These results correlate well with previously published experimental measurements that showed the presence of significant and sometimes asymmetric distortions in both DC and 60 Hz magnetic fields. Moreover, this study further reports that induced current density changed up to 37% compared to values in the absence of the objective. The existence of distortions in applied magnetic fields and induced currents could affect the interpretation of results of cell function studies if it is assumed that the cells are exposed to uniform magnetic flux densities in the presence of a microscope objective. Such assumptions of uniform magnetic flux density could also account for the lack of reproducibility in several studies that examined changes in intracellular calcium by imaging techniques. Bioelectromagnetics 22:463–469, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Speech recognition for resource deficient languages using frugal speech corpus

Building speech recognition application for resource deficient languages is a challenge because of the unavailability of a speech corpus. Speech corpus is a central element for training the acoustic models used in a speech recognition engine. Constructing a speech corpus for a language is an expensive, time consuming and laborious process. This paper addresses a mechanism to develop an inexpensive speech corpus, for resource deficient languages Indian English and Hindi, by exploiting existing collections of online speech data to build a frugal speech corpus. For the purpose of demonstration we use online audio news archives to build a frugal speech corpus. We then use this speech corpus to train acoustic models and evaluate the performance of speech recognition on Indian English and Hindi speech.
Production and characterization of attosecond electron bunch trains

We report the production of optically spaced attosecond electron microbunches produced by the inverse free-electron-laser (IFEL) process. The IFEL is driven by a Ti:sapphire laser synchronized with the electron beam. The IFEL is followed by a magnetic chicane that converts the energy modulation into the longitudinal microbunch structure. The microbunch train is characterized by observing coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) at multiple harmonics of the bunching. Experimental results are compared with 1D analytic theory showing good agreement. Estimates of the bunching factors are given and correspond to a microbunch length of 410 attosec FWHM. The formation of stable attosecond electron pulse trains marks an important step towards direct laser acceleration.
Example of a Regge daughter trajectory for I = 1, Y = 0 boson resonances

Abstract A number of known I =1, Y =0 boson resonances are assigned to two Regge trajectories by combining the information from both a Chew-Frautschi plot and an imaginary spin versus real spin (Regge trajectory) plot. One trajectory is conjectured to be the daughter of the other and several predictions are made about the quantum numbers of known resonances. In addition, the masses and widths of some new resonances are predicted.
Post-deposition treatments of plasma-sprayed YBaCuO coatings deposited on nickel

Abstract As-sprayed YBaCuO coatings do not exhibit superconductivity because of the non-equilibrium solidification conditions of molten particles on the substrate and to the deposit's loss of oxygen. Therefore post-deposition treatments are required to restore the superconductivity. In this study, post-deposition treatments were carried out on thick YBaCuO coatings (200 micro) deposited on cold nickel substrates to modify their microstructure, to restore the oxygen content and to improve their superconducting properties. These treatments consist in heating the coatings at various temperatures above 950 °C followed by controlled solidification cycles. The effect of these treatments on the microstructure of the coatings was assessed and the interaction between the coatings and the nickel substrate was also examined. Solidification cycles including a low cooling rate near the non-congruent melting temperature of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x and involving a temperature gradient were carried out to create a texture.
Corrigendum to "A novel downscaling technique for the linkage of global and regional air quality modeling" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9169–9185, 2009

Recently, downscaling global atmospheric model outputs (GCTM) for the USEPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Initial (IC) and Boundary Conditions (BC) have become practical because of the rapid growth of com- putational technologies that allow global simulations to be completed within a reasonable time. The traditional method of generating IC/BC by profile data has lost its advocates due to the weakness of the limited horizontal and vertical variations found on the gridded boundary layers. Theoret- ically, high quality GCTM IC/BC should yield a better re- sult in CMAQ. Unfortunately, several researchers have found that the outputs from GCTM IC/BC are not necessarily better than profile IC/BC due to the excessive transport of O 3 aloft in GCTM IC/BC. In this paper, we intend to investigate the effects of using profile IC/BC and global atmospheric model data. In addition, we are suggesting a novel approach to re- solve the existing issue in downscaling. In the study, we utilized the GEOS-Chem model out- puts to generate time-varied and layer-varied IC/BC for year 2002 with the implementation of tropopause determin- ing algorithm in the downscaling process (i.e., based on chemical (O3) tropopause definition). The comparison be-
Teaching comments: intercultural communication skills in the digital age

This paper explores the pedagogical and conceptual issues that accompany the integration of intercultural communication skills into the secondary curriculum by analyzing the interactions of 102 adolescents in Spain and the USA during a 15-week, classroom-based, international online exchange. Focusing on the skills of discovery and interaction within a model of intercultural communicative competence, I examined the ways in which adolescent students displayed these skills through their online comments as well as the extent to which participants themselves perceived that their partnerships were successful. The findings from this study demonstrate that the adolescents displayed a range of interactional features that have been previously documented as interculturally strategic in research with post-secondary students engaged in similar online exchange projects. Such skills form part of a larger construct of intercultural communicative competence that, in turn, folds into the types of new literacy skills needed...
Space-time complexity in optical computing

Given certain simple and well defined operations and complexity measures, the product of spatial complexity with temporal complexity must exceed a certain minimum problem complexity if that processor is to solve that problem. Some optical processors violate that condition in a favorable direction (anomalously small temporal complexity). We next extend the requirement to embrace those optical processors. In its final form, the theorem requires that the product of spatial, temporal, and fanin complexities equal or exceed the problem complexity.
The potential of accelerating early detection of autism through content analysis of YouTube videos.

Autism is on the rise, with 1 in 88 children receiving a diagnosis in the United States, yet the process for diagnosis remains cumbersome and time consuming. Research has shown that home videos of children can help increase the accuracy of diagnosis. However the use of videos in the diagnostic process is uncommon. In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of applying a gold-standard diagnostic instrument to brief and unstructured home videos and tested whether video analysis can enable more rapid detection of the core features of autism outside of clinical environments. We collected 100 public videos from YouTube of children ages 1–15 with either a self-reported diagnosis of an ASD (N = 45) or not (N = 55). Four non-clinical raters independently scored all videos using one of the most widely adopted tools for behavioral diagnosis of autism, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS). The classification accuracy was 96.8%, with 94.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity, the inter-rater correlation for the behavioral domains on the ADOS was 0.88, and the diagnoses matched a trained clinician in all but 3 of 22 randomly selected video cases. Despite the diversity of videos and non-clinical raters, our results indicate that it is possible to achieve high classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity as well as clinically acceptable inter-rater reliability with nonclinical personnel. Our results also demonstrate the potential for video-based detection of autism in short, unstructured home videos and further suggests that at least a percentage of the effort associated with detection and monitoring of autism may be mobilized and moved outside of traditional clinical environments.
When the Blood Glucose and the HbA1c Don’t Match: Turning Uncertainty Into Opportunity

Acentral principle in science and medicine is that the more independent pieces of evidence there are that agree, the more convincing it is that a hypothesis—or diagnosis—is valid. The opposite is also true: discordant information leads to uncertainty. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for clinicians caring for people with diabetes to encounter individuals in whom HbA1c and blood glucose simply do not match. Sometimes, there is an obvious explanation such as hemolytic anemia. But when it occurs in people with reliable blood glucose records and ostensibly normal peripheral blood and reticulocyte counts, without evidence of hemoglobinopathy, hemolytic disorder, blood loss/transfusion, or nutritional deficiency such as iron, folate, or vitamin B12, we are left with the questions of how the discordant information should be treated and what it means for patient care. Part of the challenge is that even the best characterization of the association between HbA1c and blood glucose shows an imperfect relationship in populations. For example, at an HbA1c of 6.0%, the mean blood glucose has a 95% CI ranging from 100 to 152 mg/dL. This overlaps with the 95% CI for the mean blood glucose at an HbA1c of 7.0%, which is 123–185 mg/dL (1). Such wide variation reinforces the notion that HbA1c and blood glucose are not exactly equivalent. Moreover, it raises the question of whether a binary cut point for HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes, such as 6.5% (2), is an adequate representation of blood glucose and suggests that reliance only on HbA1c could miss persons with diabetes and falsely diagnose those without (3,4). But, if we obtain both glucose measurements and HbA1c, we are left with what to do with discordant information. Three explanations are commonly advanced to explain the spread in the …
Characteristics of Owners of Thrift Deposits in Commercial Banks and Savings & Loan Associations

Multiple discriminant analyses of consumer owners of thrift deposits in commercial banks and savings and loan associations show that measures obtained by a standard pencil-and-paper psychological t...
Mammalian epidermal keratin Isolation and characterization of the α-helical proteins from newborn rat

Abstract Neutral buffer-insoluble proteins extracted from newborn rat epidermis with alkaline urea have been purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 columns run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 60 000 and 68 000, respectively have been isolated and characterized. Spectropolarimetric studies show both of them to be α-helical in contrast to the non-helical heavier and lighter species also solubilized with alkaline urea. The amino acid composition of the two proteins, their electrophoretic behavior and their immunological characteristics are essentially identical. Both proteins appear to be major constituents of rat epidermal tonofilaments.
Distribution‐Abundance Relationships of Some Arizona Landbirds: A Matter of Scale?

Distribution and local abundance of 62 landbird species were measured in winter across an elevational gradient in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The number of 35-m radius plots and the number of habitats occupied by the species were positively correlated with their average abundances within occupied plots and habitats. Common species were no more conspicuous than rare ones, as measured by detectability on variable distance point counts. The same species that were most abundant locally also were most abundant on Christmas bird counts across Arizona and throughout the western United States. The positive correlation between distribution and abundance of winter landbirds appears to be neither an artifact of conspicuousness, nor a consequence of the geographic scale of comparison. Rather, it seems to be an intrinsic property of the species themselves, and one that has important ecological and evolutionary implications. An individualistic approach to avian ecology is indicated, emphasizing comparisons of rare and common species.
Roles of Doping, Temperature, and Electric Field on Spin Transport Through Semiconducting Channels in Spin Valves

Manipulation of spin information in semiconductors has been the topic of both experimental and theoretical studies. In this paper, the theoretical compact models for the spin-relaxation length (SRL) in nondegenerately doped silicon and gallium arsenide are presented. These models account for the impact of impurity doping and phonons on mediating spin relaxation. In addition, the models are exhaustively calibrated with the published experimental data. It is shown that the SRL at room temperature in Si drops from 5 to 1 μm as the doping increases from 1014 to 1019 cm-3. However, the SRL in GaAs is independent of doping for nondegenerate doping levels. While the rolloff of the SRL with temperature in Si depends upon the doping concentration, the rolloff of the SRL for nondegenerately doped GaAs is doping independent and proceeds as T-1, where T is the operating temperature. The models of the SRL in conjunction with spin drift-diffusion equation are used to study the steady-state spin transport in both the conventional and nonlocal semiconducting spin-valve geometries. The presence of an electric field leads to a clear enhancement of spin injection and transport efficiency in the conventional spin-valve geometry. The degradation in the spin injection and transport efficiency with the channel length is much steeper in nonlocal spin valves as compared to that in the conventional spin valves.
Chromatographic separation of milk proteins: a review.

Abstract The application of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration to total skimmilk protein, casein, whey proteins, and enzymes are briefly reviewed.
Control-Related Motivations and Information Security Policy Compliance: The Role of Autonomy and Efficacy

Employees’ failures to follow information security policy can be costly to organizations, causing organizations to implement security controls to motivate secure behavior. Information security research has explored many control-related motivations (e.g., self-efficacy, response efficacy, and behavioral control) in the context of ISP compliance; however, the behavioral effects of perceptions of autonomous functioning are not well understood in security contexts. This paper examines employee autonomy as a control-related motivation from the lens of self-determination theory and psychological reactance theory. Self-determination theory is widely used in other disciplines to explain intrinsically driven behavior, but has not been applied to security research. Psychological reactance theory is also widely used, but is only beginning to receive attention in security research. Self-determination and psychological reactance offer complementary yet opposite conceptualizations of trait-based autonomy. This paper posits that perceptions of trait-based autonomy influence self-efficacy and response efficacy. Through a survey of government employees, we provide support for several hypotheses. We also discuss important directions for the use of self-determination theory and psychological reactance theory in future research.
THE STRUCTURE OF GEOGRAPHY AND ITS POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GENERALIST EDUCATION FOR PLANNING

(1966). THE STRUCTURE OF GEOGRAPHY AND ITS POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GENERALIST EDUCATION FOR PLANNING. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 63-68.
Understanding valvular heart disease in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases

Specific systemic autoimmune diseases are associated with distict valvular heart disorders. We discuss the valvular disorders associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, the systemic vasculitides, and scleroderma.
PIP2 is Required to Couple the Voltage-Sensing Domain to the Pore for the Activation of KCNQ1 by Voltage

Voltage-gated ion channels are vital for the generation of action potentials that orchestrate various physiological processes. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphophate (PIP2) is a membrane lipid that modulates several voltage-gated channels (TRP, HCN, CaV, Kv, KCNQ). KCNQ channels are unique in that they cannot be activated by voltage in the absence of PIP2 and the loss of KCNQ channel activity due to PIP2 depletion is known to be physiologically relevant. Although residues governing PIP2 sensitivity have been identified for several KCNQ channels, it is unclear where PIP2 binds and what it does to channel gating. Voltage-dependent gating involves coupled conformational changes in the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) and the pore domain (PD) providing three possible mechanisms of PIP2 action: VSD activation, PD opening, or coupling between VSD activation and PD opening. We combine voltage-clamp fluorometry wih expression of a voltage-sensitive lipid-phosphatase in order to measure VSD activation and PD opening simultaneously while manipulating PIP2 abundance. We find that PIP2 is not necessary for VSD activation; however, PIP2 is required for VSD-PD coupling. Deriving a simple mathematical model, we find that PIP2 regulation of coupling is sufficient to recapitulate the experimental results without any direct effects on PD opening. These findings suggest PIP2 may bind at the VSD-PD interface that, in KCNQ1, is densely populated with basic residues near the intracellular face of the membrane. By mutating these residues and measuring the effects on channel function, PIP2 sensitivity and VSD-PD coupling, we propose a PIP2 binding site. In our resulting model, the negatively charged PIP2 headgroup resolves the electrostatic repulsion between basic residues on the VSD and the PD, thus holding the two domains together and allowing the transfer of conformational energy between them.
Study of traffic statistics of assembled burst traffic in optical burst-switched networks

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is considered as a promising switching technique for building the next generation optical Internet. In OBS networks, one important issue is how the performance will be affected by bursts assembled from packets, which is the basic transmission unit in OBS. In this paper, we study the fundamental statistic properties such as the burst length distribution, inter-arrival time distribution, as well as correlation structure of assembled burst traffic from burst assembly algorithms. From both theoretical and empirical results, it is demonstrated that after the assembly, the traffic will in general approach the Gaussian distribution. In particular, the variance of assembled traffic decreases with the increase in the assembly window size and the traffic load. However, the long range dependence in the input traffic will not change after assembly. Such smoothed assembled traffic will enhance the OBS performance by reducing burst loss and increase OBS throughput. This result is useful for the future study of OBS node and networks.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regional Suicide Rates in Scotland

The suicide rate in 1990 of the nine major regions in Scotland was not associated with marriage, birth, mortality, or infant mortality rates.
Mycobacterium abscessus: a rare cause of vascular graft infection

Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) following vascular reconstructive surgery is an uncommon but serious complication and is associated with high morbidity as well as mortality rate. Staphylococcal species are the most common organisms causing PVGI. Mycobacterium abscessus is a very rare cause of PVGI and poses a significant diagnostic and management dilemma. To the best of our knowledge, we report the third documented case of M. abscessus vascular graft infection that was diagnosed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scan and treated successfully.
Comparison of stem-spermatogonial renewal and mitotic activity in the γ-irradiated mouse and rat

Abstract The Sprague-Dawley rat exceeds the CRF 1 mouse in number of isolated or purported stem cells per unit area of seminiferous tubule by a factor of 2.1, yet the mouse exceeds the rat in number of first-generation spermatogonia (A 1 ) per unit of tubule by a factor of 1.8. This difference could lead to an interspecies difference in irradiation response and help clarify the identity of spermatogonial stem cell. To test this thesis, mice and rats were irradiated with 600 R of 60 Co γ-radiation and killed at postirradiation intervals of 1–16 weeks. Both tubular whole mounts and cross sections were evaluated. The species did not differ in percent survival of isolated spermatogonia, but the mouse exceeded the rat in survival and/or production of A 1 or clonal spermatogonia by a factor of 5. By week 16 after irradiation, the mouse testis had regained 67% of its preirradiation weight, in contrast to the rat's 52%. Clonal renewal was in progress by the end of the 2 (mouse) and 3 (rat) weeks and was substantially complete by the 8 week. In both species the isolated population, however, diminished throughout the first 8 weeks and was renewed between 8 and 16 weeks. Clonal renewal was not accompanied by an increase in the number of isolated spermatogonial mitoses, but was accompanied by increases in the mitosis of pairs and clones and the apparent splitting of existing clones to form additional clones. Thus, the mouse's superiority in the rate and completeness of spermatogonial renewal was apparently due to the attributes of the undifferentiated A 1 spermatogonial clone
The biology and clinical features of non-small cell lung cancers with EML4-ALK translocation.

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) acts as a dominant oncogenic driver following chromosomal rearrangements in certain cancers including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC with ALK translocation occurs in a specific subset of patients and results in unique clinical features. Crizotinib is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK kinase that has recently been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. Treatment with crizotinib results in clinical benefit rate of 85%–90% and a median progression-free survival of 9–10 months for this molecular subset of patients. Ongoing studies will define the impact of crizotinib on overall survival and provide insights into the resistance mechanisms and potential activation of alternate pathways. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors also appear promising in the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC patients, based on early results. This article reviews the characteristics, treatment, and ongoing research in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC.
The interaction between predation and competition

Understanding how interactions between species contributes to the maintenance of species diversity is a fundamental question in ecology. New theoretical results presented by Peter Chesson and Jessica Kuang highlight the mutually interdependent roles of predation and competition in governing coexistence. They find that each mechanism can promote diversity through diverse relationships with the particular species, or limit diversity through narrow relationships that pit certain species against each other. Each mechanism can also undercut the effects of the other, or work together promoting diversity, depending on the circumstances. Competition and predation are the most heavily investigated species interactions in ecology, dominating studies of species diversity maintenance. However, these two interactions are most commonly viewed highly asymmetrically. Competition for resources is seen as the primary interaction limiting diversity, with predation modifying what competition does1, although theoretical models have long supported diverse views1,2,3,4,5. Here we show, using a comprehensive three-trophic-level model, that competition and predation should be viewed symmetrically: these two interactions are equally able to either limit or promote diversity. Diversity maintenance requires within-species density feedback loops to be stronger than between-species feedback loops. We quantify the contributions of predation and competition to these loops in a simple, interpretable form, showing their equivalent potential to strengthen or weaken diversity maintenance. Moreover, we show that competition and predation can undermine each other, with the tendency of the stronger interaction to promote or limit diversity prevailing. The past failure to appreciate the symmetrical effects and interactions of competition and predation has unduly restricted diversity maintenance studies. A multitrophic perspective should be adopted to examine a greater variety of possible effects of predation than generally considered in the past. Conservation and management strategies need to be much more concerned with the implications of changes in the strengths of trophic interactions.
An investigation of Harper-Dorn creep—II. The flow process

Abstract Several deformation mechanisms have been proposed to explain the flow process of Harper-Dorn creep. The implications of these various mechanisms are compared with the available experimental data, and it is concluded that flow occurs by the climb of edge dislocations under saturated conditions. Using the theoretical model for this process, it is possible to specify the experimental criteria for observations of Harper-Dorn creep in terms of the upper limiting stress and the lower limiting grain size.