cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refugee Children’s Adaptation to American Early Childhood Classrooms: A Narrative Inquiry

Researchers have suggested that a paucity of research exists on refugee youth in early childhood education settings. Arguing that children’s stories provide educators a valuable resource for understanding the meaning children make of initial cross-cultural experiences, this article presents a narrative inquiry into the stories and artwork of three early childhood students, along with the narratives of their families, all Karen refugees from Myanmar. Examining what these stories reveal about the children’s initial experiences in an American early childhood setting, we share their stories of adaptation, their experiences of cultural dissonance, and their illustrations of change over time. In addition to developing these themes, we also promote the use of multi-modal storytelling and the collection of family stories in narrative inquiries into young children’s experience. As educators strive to provide high-quality educational experiences for all children, listening to children’s stories of their adaptation experience and the narratives of their families may help us to foster smooth transitions into American early childhood classrooms for young refugee students. Keywords: Karen Refugees, Early Childhood Education, Narrative Inquiry Over 300,000 men, women, and children are currently seeking asylum or have been granted refugee status in the United States. Of course, that number more than triples when we look at refugee migration globally. Over 10 million refugees have looked to other countries to provide a safe haven during times of conflict or persecution in their native countries (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2011). The large population of refugees in the U.S., as well as around the globe, creates challenges for educators as they determine the best ways to embrace refugee youth and adapt their classroom practices to provide an education that meets the needs of all students. As schools across the U.S. continue to become more diverse, the schooling of refugees is becoming a prominent topic in the field of education. Educational research on refugee youth and schooling has been critiqued for conflating
Lamb Shift in High-Z Atoms

Most of the qualitative features of the structure of atoms, molecules, and solids are well described by the many-electron Schrodinger equation with an instantaneous Coulomb interaction between electrons and nuclei. However, relativistic effects can play an important role in the quantitative description of such systems, as discussed in the accompanying papers in these proceedings. For a many-electron system, the relativistic description is formulated in terms of a sum of one-electron Dirac Hamiltonians with an effective instantaneous external potential and a suitable form of the relativistic electron-electron interaction, such as the Breit interaction. Questions concerning the detailed formulation, methods of calculation, and associated problems are addressed in the accompanying papers.
Strong Field Predictions for Negative Ions in Short Laser Pulses

We review our recent studies of a two-electron system in an intense short-pulse laser field. This system is one-dimensional in space but it retains many of the quantum mechanical and electron correlation properties of a negative ion. We use numerical techniques to determine exactly the system’s fully correlated two-electron wave functions Ψ(x1, x2, t) and from these we can determine the system’s response to laser pulses. For our model system we discuss detachment and ionization probabilities including aspects of stabilization, as well as photoelectron spectra and a novel two-electron coherence effect. These permit one to make qualitative and quantitative predictions for laboratory experiments on negative ions.
Factors Influencing Adolescents' Income and Expenditures

Using the 1992 National Survey of Families and Households, this study examined factors influencing sources and amounts of adolescents' income and family expectations regarding expenditure of market earnings. Special attention was given to gender differences. There were 1165 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 in the sample. About half the sample received an allowance with younger adolescents and Black adolescents significantly more likely to receive one. About 43% of the sample were paid extra for doing jobs at home. Boys were significantly more likely to be paid for jobs at home than girls. However, girls received more money for the extra jobs than boys. Half of the sample was employed in the market place. Girls were significantly more likely to be employed than boys. White adolescents were more likely to be employed than adolescents of other racial groups, and older adolescents were more likely than younger ones to be working outside the home. Approximately 20% of the sample were expected to contribute to family expenses, 25% were expected to save half or more of their income for the future, and close to half of all respondents were expected to spend all of their income on whatever they chose.
Thioxanthones. II. Studies on the hydrogen-bonding capacity of lucanthone.

Lucanthone (1-diethylaminoethylamino-4-methylthioxanthone) is a bacteriostatic and carcinostatic agent, and combines readily with DNA. N11-Methyl substitution results in virtual deletion of these activities. It has been postulated that this effect is due to loss of the capacity to form in an intermolecular hydrogen bond. Suitable investigations of electronic and vibrational spectra indicate the presence of a stable intramolecular amino-carbonyl proton bond in lucanthone. The studies reveal no evidence of interaction between strong hydrogen-bonding acids or bases and the carbonyl or secondary amine substituents. Consequently, the reduced biological and biochemical activity concomitant with N-methyl substitution is not attributable to a diminished capacity to form intermolecular proton bonds. In fact, the capability of lucanthone in this regard is lower than that of the less active N-methyl derivative, in which the nonbonding 2p orbital of the carbonyl function is free to interact with hydrogen-bonding acids.
Television, computer and portable display device use by people with central vision impairment.

Purpose To survey the viewing experience (e.g. hours watched, difficulty) and viewing metrics (e.g. distance viewed, display size) for television (TV), computers and portable visual display devices for normally-sighted (NS) and visually impaired participants. This information may guide visual rehabilitation.
Preoperative quadriceps strength predicts functional ability one year after total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Quadriceps weakness is common after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as is longterm disability. We hypothesized that preoperative quadriceps strength would be the best predictor of postoperative functional ability when compared to preoperative pain or knee range of motion (ROM). METHODS: Forty subjects (mean age 63 +/- 8 yrs, body mass index 29.4 kg/m2 +/- 4.2) were tested 2 weeks before and one year after TKA. Quadriceps strength was measured isometrically, pain was quantified using the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) bodily pain subset, and knee flexion range of motion (ROM) was assessed by goniometer. Performance based functional assessment included the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and a timed Stair Climbing Test (SCT). The Knee Outcome Survey (KOS) and the SF-36 questionnaires were used to quantify perceived function. The ability of preoperative factors to predict postoperative outcomes was analyzed using hierarchical regression. Differences in means before and one year after surgery were analyzed using paired t tests. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in all functional measures assessed (p 0.05). Neither preoperative pain nor knee ROM were significant predictors of any functional measure (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative quadriceps strength plays a dominant role in predicting one-year SCT and TUG functional measures, but it is not a good predictor of score on self-report questionnaires. Preoperative bodily pain and knee flexion ROM are poor predictors of all functional outcome measures.
The use of large doses of progesterone in delaying the onset of labor after premature spontaneous rupture of the membranes: II

Abstract This is a report on the use of high dosage of progesterone on fourteen consecutive patients with ruptured membranes at 18 to 32 weeks' gestation. Four women delivered during the first hospital day. Progesterone did not stop the labor or interfere with the convalescence. None of these infants lived. In the others labor was delayed from over five days to term. Two were delivered at term with living babies. Three were delivered on the sixth hospital day, and none of these infants lived beyond the seventh day. One other premature infant was delivered in the forty-fourth week of amenorrhea with a birth weight of 1,830 grams. He survived. The fetal salvage uncorrected was thus 21.4 per cent. Intrapartum bleeding occurred five times. Four patients had foul lochia, but morbidity was not serious. Delay in the onset of labor was greater than that statistically predicted.
Parasitism and Calfhood Diseases

That animals can and do acquire an effective immunity against helminth parasites has been demonstrated extensively experimentally, and the fact that domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and horses become adults while maintaining good health in spite of constant exposure to reinfection long has suggested that immunity must be important to such survival. Although our attempts to date to vaccinate calves against helminth parasites have either failed or been unsatisfactory because of the pathosis induced by the experimental vaccines, the results are not surprising or discouraging. In contrast to the long history of immunization research on bacterial and viral diseases, only within a relatively short time have serious efforts been directed at exploiting hostal immunity for prevention and control of helminthic diseases. Unlike the comparatively simple structures of viruses and bacteria, helminths are complex multicellular animals with vast arrays of antigens and complicated physiological and immunological interactions with their hosts. Much more fundamental information on helminth-bovine interactions, on helminth antigens, and on cattle antibody systems must be developed before progress on control of cattle helminths by vaccination can be meaningful.
Does preoperative carotid stenosis screening reduce perioperative stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

A number of institutions routinely perform carotid artery ultrasound screening before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to identify carotid artery disease requiring revascularization before or during CABG, with the expectation of reducing perioperative neurologic events. The assumptions are that carotid disease is causally related to perioperative stroke and that prophylactic carotid revascularization decreases the risk of post-CABG neurologic events. Although carotid artery stenosis is a known risk factor for perioperative stroke in patients undergoing CABG, it might be a surrogate marker for diffuse atherosclerotic disease rather than a direct etiologic factor. Moreover, the benefit of prophylactic carotid revascularization in patients with asymptomatic unilateral carotid disease is uncertain. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature for evidence that preoperative carotid artery screening, by identifying patients with significant carotid artery stenosis and altering their management, reduces perioperative neurologic events in those undergoing CABG.
Transport properties of LiCoPO4 and Fe-substituted LiCoPO4

Abstract LiCoPO 4 is a promising cathode material to enable high energy, abuse tolerant Li-ion batteries. However, LiCoPO 4 has relatively poor electronic conductivity which may be improved by chemical substitution. In this work, the ionic and electronic conductivities of dense, polycrystalline LiCoPO 4 and Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ -substituted LiCoPO 4 (Li 1− x Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 PO 4 ) are measured and compared. Both materials are predominantly ionic conductors with relatively good bulk ionic and relatively poor electronic conductivities. Li 1− x Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 PO 4 exhibits both higher bulk ionic and electronic conductivity. The increased bulk ionic conductivity of Li 1− x Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 PO 4 is believed to originate mainly from extra Li vacancies and the increased electronic conductivity is believed to originate mainly from creating more mobile hole polarons compared to LiCoPO 4 as a result of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ substitution.
A New Image Denoising Framework Based on Bilateral Filter

The bilateral filter is a nonlinear filter that does spatial averaging without smoothing edges; it has shown to be an effective image denoising technique in addition to some other applications. There are two main contributions of this paper. First, we provide an empirical study of the optimal parameter selection for the bilateral filter in image denoising applications. Second, we present an extension of the bilateral filter: multi-resolution bilateral filter, where bilateral filtering is applied to low-frequency subbands of a signal decomposed using an orthogonal wavelet transform. Combined with wavelet thresholding, this new image denoising framework turns out to be very effective in eliminating noise in real noisy images. We provide experimental results with both simulated data and real data.
Assessing Writing in Cross-Curricular Programs: Determining the Locus of Activity.

Abstract Writing across the curriculum (WAC) programs had their genesis in grass-roots efforts to promote attention to writing in all disciplinary areas. At first based on generic faculty-development activities with little regard to systemic and institutional concerns, WAC programs are now more often engaged in assessment and research of writing, especially to measure the effects of the program on student learning and development. Yet little scholarship in WAC has analyzed assessment efforts in light of locations and types of WAC activities. This essay first describes two axes, one representing the “space” or location of WAC activity, and the other representing levels of assessment and other research on writing. When brought together, these axes create a matrix of possible types and centers of WAC activity. A case is made for the department or academic program as a locus of activity for WAC implementation and assessment that has not been fully explored in program development.
THE MECHANISM OF 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE (DPG) INSTABILITY IN THE RED CELLS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT

In the red cells from newborn infants, 2, 3-DPG declines more rapidly upon incubation than it does in the cells from normal adults. The red cells from 10 cord blood samples and 10 adults were incubated for 4 hours in the presence or absence of glucose (10 mM), with fluoride (10 mM), or iodoacetate (0.5 mM), to determine if Impaired 2, 3-DPG synthesis or accelerated breakdown was responsible for the 2, 3-DPG instability. Assays of DPG mutase, the enzyme responsible for DPG synthesis, were also performed on hemolysates. In the absence of glucose or in the presence of IAA, an inhibitor that acts proximal to the point of DPG synthesis, DPG levels declined more rapidly in the cells of the newborn (0.82 μmoles/ml/hr vs 0.50). The net synthetic rates appeared similar, averaging 0.37 μmoles/ml/hr in the infant and 0.42 in the adult. Fluoride, an agent that blocks glycolysis distal to the site of 2, 3-DPG synthesis, produced a rise in 2, 3-DPG in the cells of adults (0.25 μmoles/ml/hr), while DPG levels declined in the newborn. DPG mutase activity was similar in both infants and adults. These findings suggest that the DPG instability observed in the cells of the infant is a result of accelerated DPG breakdown and not a consequence of an impairment of glycolysis.
MAXIMAL DIMENSIONS OF UNIFORM SIERPINSKI FRACTALS

We studied the invariant fractals in convex N-gons given by N identical pure contractions at its vertices with non-overlapping images, which we called uniform Sierpinski fractals. We provided the explicit formulae for the maximal contraction ratio RN, and the maximal Hausdorff dimension hN, for the uniform Sierpinski fractals. We used maximal N-grams and principal crossing points as the main tools.
Highly Efficient Differentiation of Functional Hepatocytes From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great potential for use in regenerative medicine, novel drug development, and disease progression/developmental studies. Here, we report highly efficient differentiation of hiPSCs toward a relatively homogeneous population of functional hepatocytes. hiPSC-derived hepatocytes (hiHs) not only showed a high expression of hepatocyte-specific proteins and liver-specific functions, but they also developed a functional biotransformation system including phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and phase III transporters. Nuclear receptors, which are critical for regulating the expression of metabolizing enzymes, were also expressed in hiHs. hiHs also responded to different compounds/inducers of cytochrome P450 as mature hepatocytes do. To follow up on this observation, we analyzed the drug metabolizing capacity of hiHs in real time using a novel ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We found that, like freshly isolated primary human hepatocytes, the seven major metabolic pathways of the drug bufuralol were found in hiHs. In addition, transplanted hiHs engrafted, integrated, and proliferated in livers of an immune-deficient mouse model, and secreted human albumin, indicating that hiHs also function in vivo. In conclusion, we have generated a method for the efficient generation of hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and it appears that the cells function similarly to primary human hepatocytes, including developing a complete metabolic function. These results represent a significant step toward using patient/disease-specific hepatocytes for cell-based therapeutics as well as for pharmacology and toxicology studies.
Do IT service centers promote school enrollment? Evidence from India☆

Abstract Globalization has changed job opportunities in much of the developing world. In India, outsourcing has created a new class of high-skill jobs which have increased overall returns to schooling. Existing evidence suggests education may broadly respond to this change. We use microdata to evaluate the impact of these jobs on local school enrollment in areas outside of major IT centers. We merge panel data on school enrollment from a comprehensive school-level administrative dataset with detailed data on Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) center location and founding dates. Using school fixed effects, we find that introducing a new ITES center causes a 5% increase in the number of children enrolled in primary school; this effect is localized to within a few kilometers. We show the effect is driven by English-language schools, consistent with the claim that the impacts are due to changes in returns to schooling, and is not driven by changes in population or income resulting from the ITES center. Supplementary survey evidence suggests that the localization of the effects is driven by limited information diffusion.
1,2-CF bond activation of perfluoroarenes and alkylidene isomers of titanium. DFT analysis of the C–F bond activation pathway and rotation of the titanium alkylidene moiety

Abstract Isomeric alkylidene complexes syn- and anti-(PNP)Ti [CtBu(C6F5)](F) (1) and (PNP)Ti [CtBu(C7F7)](F) (2) have been generated from C–F bond addition of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) and octafluorotoluene (C7F8) across the alkylidyne ligand of transient (PNP)Ti≡CtBu (A) (PNP− N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2), which was generated from the precursor (PNP)Ti CHtBu(CH2tBu). Two mechanistic scenarios for the activation of the C–F bond by A are considered: 1,2-CF addition and [2 + 2]-cycloaddition/β-fluoride elimination. Upon formation of the alkylidenes 1 and 2, the kinetic and thermodynamic alkylidene product is the syn isomer, which gradually isomerizes to the corresponding anti isomer to ultimately establish an equilibrium mixture (when using 1, 65/35) if the solution is heated in benzene to 105 °C for 1 h. Single crystal X-Ray crystallographic data obtained for the two isomers of 2 (and syn isomer of 1) are in good agreement with computed DFT-optimized models. Our calculations suggest convincingly that the isomerization process proceeds via a concerted rotation involving a heterolytic bond cleavage about the alkylidene bond. The two rotamers are thermodynamically very close in energy and interconvert with an estimated barrier of ∼26 kcal/mol. The electronic reason for this unexpectedly low barrier is investigated.
Evaluation of a combined treatment approach for childhood apraxia of speech

The current study investigated the impact of a dual treatment approach that included stimulability training protocol (STP) paired with a modified core vocabulary treatment (mCVT) on the speech sounds produced by children with CAS. The combined treatment was assessed for changes in consistency and expansion of the phonetic inventories of four participants. The children participated in 20 treatment sessions over the course of 10 weeks. Each session was comprised of 10 minutes of stimulability training and 45 minutes of mCVT that included words that were chosen by the child and his or her parents. The words were restricted to contain at least one complex phoneme that was omitted from the child's inventory. All children evidenced inventory expansion (average of five sounds) and increased percentage consonants correct (PCC; average of 20% increase), and three of the four children evidenced increased consistency in sound use. The effectiveness of STP paired with mCVT is explained by principles of motor and phonological learning.
Reply to ``Comment on `Quantum diffusion of 3 He impurities in solid 4 He't''

Grigor'ev in the preceding Comment has argued against the values of the vacancy activation energies we used to analyze the diffusion of $^{3}$ He impurities in solid $^{4}$ He. In addition, he claimed that Pusharov's theory with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathrm{D}}$ replaced by ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathrm{D}}$ /8 can explain the data. The activation energies we use, \ensuremath{\Phi}=11.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 K, are consistent with other experimental measurements. Pusharov's theory of phonon scattering is essentially identical to Eq. (16) of our article [Phys. Rev. B 48, 16 577 (1993)] for the phonon collision frequency and both fail to fit the data by very large factors.
Optical Beating of Polychromatic Light and Its Impact on Time-Resolved Spectroscopy. Part II: Strategies for Spectroscopic Sensing in the Presence of Optical Beating

Time-resolved spectroscopy can be compromised by optical beating, which is inherent to polychromatic light sources and signals. For incoherent light sources, the random interference can partially or completely mask the spectroscopic signature of interest if the time dynamics of the interference are similar to or faster than that of the signature. Part I of this review focused on the theory of this process with an emphasis on thermal light sources, and in this part, four methods to mitigate or circumnavigate the detrimental impact of interference on time-resolved spectroscopy are reviewed: use of light with a controlled, non-stochastic phase, use of narrow-bandwidth light, averaging, and pulse referencing.
Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell Performance Using Polymer Wicks for Passive Water Management

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells rely on effective internal water transport to provide stable performance. Many water management schemes require high heat, high pressure, or high flow rates — effectively introducing parasitic losses and reducing round-trip efficiency. In this work, a radial, non-recirculating, unitized regenerative fuel cell prototype with passive water transport is designed and tested. The cell features a 5 cm2 active area with 1.2 mm wide by 0.6 mm high gas flow channels. Porous polymer wicks are fabricated in the cathode side flow channels and coupled with a bulk water storage structure. The resulting wicks are 0.3 mm wide and 0.6 mm high. Discharge operating voltage measured during current control testing resulted in 1 V at open circuit, 0.8 V at 0.3 A·cm−2, and 0.2 V at 1 A·cm−2. Charge operating current density measured during voltage control testing resulted in 0.1 A·cm−2 at 1.5 V, 0.3 A·cm−2 at 1.6 V, and 0.8 A·cm−2 at 2 V. During the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) conditioning procedure, degradation in operating current density is seen over a 30–100 minute time span.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Intracellular distribution of transgenic bacterial β-galactosidase in central nervous system neurons and neuroglia

Bacterial beta-galactosidase is widely used as a marker for gene expression and in cell tracing experiments. In a survey of three transgenic mouse lines expressing beta-galactosidase in the central nervous system (CNS) under the control of different promoters, we find substantial variation in the intracellular distribution of the lacZ protein. In line M beta P5, transgene beta-galactosidase expression is driven by a promoter/enhancer fragment from the oligodendrocyte-specific myelin basic protein gene; however, electron microscopy of histochemically stained preparations reveals transgene expression not only in oligodendrocytes but also in some neurons. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining show the beta-galactosidase protein distributed throughout the perikaryal cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes and in processes reaching to myelin sheaths. By contrast, immunoreactive protein appears restricted in neurons to one or a few small perikaryal immunoreactive granules. The granules are visible in the electron microscope as amorphous inclusion bodies of moderate electron density and lack a limiting membrane. Histochemical staining patterns with X-gal and Bluo-gal echoed the protein distribution: diffuse distribution of enzyme protein yielded cells filled with substrate, while punctate enzyme distribution yielded restricted or punctate histochemical staining. Examination of two other lines using different promoter/enhancers to drive expression in the CNS showed both diffuse and punctate beta-galactosidase immunolocalization and histochemical staining. The amount of protein synthesized or other properties, yet unidentified, intrinsic to the target cells may determine the intracellular distribution of beta-galactosidase. In retroviral marking studies, clone members have been identified as those cells filled with X-gal reaction product. This approach may underestimate both clone size and the minimum number of divisions separating the members of each clone.
Ecology and epidemiology of dermatophyte infections

Our knowledge of ecology and epidemiology of dermatophytes and the factors influencing their transmission has helped us understand better the natural history of dermatophytoses. It seems that the anthropophilic agents of scalp infection are being eradicated in developing nations. The exception is Trichophyton tonsurans-related tinea capitis in North America. Microsporum canis is a prevalent agent of tinea capitis in many regions of the world, and this could be related to close association of humans with their pets. Trichophyton violaceum is endemic in certain parts of Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America but not in North America. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common cause worldwide of tinea pedis, nail infection, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. Although the incidence of tinea capitis is declining in developed nations, tinea pedis and onychomycosis are becoming more common. The increased use of athletic shoes both by men and women and communal bathing could be contributing factors. Five or six species account for most dermatophytoses globally.
Growth of highly resistive Ga‐polar GaN by LP‐MOVPE

Electrical characteristics of 1.3 µm thick GaN films were investigated with respect to the polar type. Unintentionally doped N-polar GaN grown on nitrided sapphire substrates had a hexagonal facetted morphology and consistently exhibited a high n-type conductivity with a sheet resistance of ∼10 Ω/sq, corresponding to a carrier concentration on the order of 1019 cm–3. In contrast, Ga-polar GaN films grown on low temperature AlN buffer layers showed a high sheet resistance of ∼109 Ω/sq. GaN films of mixed polarity exhibited sheet resistance in-between the two extreme values obtained for polarity pure films. The results of this work show that the existence of N-polar domains (even on the nano-scale) in an otherwise Ga-polar matrix significantly decreases the insulating properties of unintentionally doped GaN films. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature and Cloud Cover, but Not Predator Urine, Affect Winter Foraging of Mice

Although homeotherms likely experience costs of both predation risk and thermoregulation while foraging, it is unclear how foragers contend with these costs. We used foraging trays placed in sheltered microsites to determine whether temperature, a direct cue of predator presence (predator urine) and an indirect cue of predation risk (cloudy nights) affect foraging of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in winter. Mice were presented with urine from bobcats, Lynx rufus, red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, and coyotes, Canis latrans, an herbivore (whitetailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus), and a water control. To measure rodent foraging, we used seeds of millet mixed with sand to quantify giving-up densities (the number of seeds left in each foraging tray). Giving-up density was not affected by predator urine. Rather, rodent foraging was affected by an interaction of temperature and weather. On overcast nights, when predation risk was likely lower, mice foraged more when soil temperature was higher, presumably reducing thermoregulatory costs. On clear nights, foraging was low regardless of soil temperature, presumably because foraging was more risky. These results suggest that mice consider thermoregulatory costs and predation risk when making foraging decisions, and that the indirect cue afforded by weather, rather than the direct cue of predator urine, is among the cues used to make foraging decisions. Moreover, these results suggest that sensitivity to a particular cue is likely to be context-dependent.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma in post-transplant patients

Abstract Objective Patients on immunosuppressant therapy after transplantation have an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. The risk of developing solid tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract in this population has been less defined. We present five patients that subsequently developed oral squamous cell carcinoma after transplantation. Study design Retrospective chart review and literature review. Results Three bone marrow and two heart transplant patients were subsequently diagnosed with oral (oral cavity or oropharynx) carcinoma. The timing of diagnosis of oral cancer after transplant ranged from 18 months to 17 years post-transplantation. Conclusions Patients with a history of transplantation should be routinely assessed for the potential development of oral neoplastic lesions. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in transplant patients can be more aggressive and clinically mistaken for chronic graft versus host disease. It is therefore reasonable to consider early biopsy in these patients to guide the need for intervention.
Value Pluralism and the Problem of Judgment: Farewell to Public Reason

This essay examines the significantly different approaches of John Rawls and Hannah Arendt to the problem of judgment in democratic theory and practice.
Identification of abnormal chromosomal complement in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded placental tissue

The objective of this project was to assess the efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific DNA probes to identify chromosome number in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental specimens. Using this approach, 75 per cent of the karyotypes in 20 formalin-fixed placental samples (comprising aneuploids, triploids, and normals) were correctly identified. As this technology improves, the ability to obtain information regarding chromosomal abnormalities in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental tissue should improve as well. This technology can potentially provide important cytogenetic information even when fresh tissue is not available for standard karyotypic analysis.
Independent component analysis of 2-D electrophoresis gels

We present a novel application of independent component analysis (ICA), an exploratory data analysis technique, to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels, which have been used to analyze differentially expressed proteins across groups. Unlike currently used pixel-wise statistical tests, ICA is a data-driven approach that utilizes the information contained in the entire gel data. We also apply ICA on wavelet-transformed 2-DE gels to address the high dimensionality and noise problems typically found in 2-DE gels. Also, we use an analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) approach as a benchmark for comparison. Using simulated data, we show that ICA detects the group differences accurately in both the spatial and wavelet domains. We also apply these techniques to real 2-DE gels. ICA proves to be much faster than ANOVA, and unlike ANOVA it does not depend on the selection of a threshold. Application of principal component analysis reduces the dimensionality and tends to improve the performance by reducing the noise.
Yb2Pt2Pb: Magnetic frustration in the Shastry-Sutherland lattice

We have synthesized single crystals of ${\text{Yb}}_{2}{\text{Pt}}_{2}\text{Pb}$, which crystallize in the layered ${\text{U}}_{2}{\text{Pt}}_{2}\text{Sn}$-type structure, where planes of Yb ions lie on a triangular network. Here, we report the results of magnetization, specific heat, and electrical resistivity experiments. The lattice constants and high temperature magnetic susceptibility indicate that the Yb ions are trivalent, while the Schottky peaks in the specific heat show that the ground state is a well isolated doublet. A significant magnetic anisotropy is observed, with the ratio of susceptibilities perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic planes differing by as much as a factor of 30 at the lowest temperatures. Antiferromagnetic order occurs at a N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}=2.07\text{ }\text{K}$. Evidence of short range magnetic fluctuations is found in the magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity, which have broad peaks above ${T}_{N}$, and in the slow development of the magnetic entropy at ${T}_{N}$. Our experiments indicate that ${\text{Yb}}_{2}{\text{Pt}}_{2}\text{Pb}$ is a quasi-two-dimensional and localized moment system, where strong magnetic frustration may arise from the geometry of the underlying Shastry-Sutherland lattice.
Development of a Microscopic Laser Interferometry System for Precision Surface Measurement

A new technique for the evaluation of precision surfaces using laser interferometry is presented. Laser interferometry creates a fringe pattern which contains information about the surface texture of the specimen. The technique presented compares the ideal fringe pattern to the actual fringe pattern to determine the height deviation on the specimen. In this paper, a simulation model is used to predict the fringe pattern for a given surface. The surface topography of a groove on a computer hard disk is then reconstructed from an experimentally obtained fringe pattern. The reconstruction process is verified by comparing the reconstructed surface to a photograph of the actual surface.
High-resolution imaging through horizontal path turbulence

We describe a method that we believe will for the first time allow diffraction-limited imaging through ground-level turbulence with large apertures and at large distances (e.g., 1mm resolution at 1km and at a wavelength of 1μm). The key lies in collecting image data in the spatial frequency domain via the method of Fourier telescopy and in taking suitable time averages of the Fourier telescopy signal magnitude and phase. The method requires active illumination of the target with laser light, and the time averages required will likely be of many seconds duration, if not minutes. The scheme will thus not be suitable for time-varying scenes.
Test of Quantum Electrodynamics and the Study of Heavy Leptons.

In the last decade there have been many experiments designed to test the validity of quantum electrodynamics and to study heavy leptons. In earlier days one performed experiments of the type γ + A → A + e+ + e−,1) whereby one checked the electron propagators at small distances. These types of experiments are limited to an accuracy of ≃ 5% by the lack of precise knowledge of nuclear form factors and by the difficulty in monitoring the incident photon flux. With the construction of e+e− and e−e− colliding beams, we by-pass most of these difficulties, as we have a purely electrodynamic system (to order α4) and can use the low- momentum-transfer part of the interaction (as in the small-angle e+e → e+e− process) to monitor the interaction rate and compare the large-angle (with large-momentum transfer) part of the interaction with the prediction of QED, such as angular distributions, energy dependence, etc.
Incidence of silent postoperative pulmonary emboli in geriatric patients.

: In an attempt to ascertain the incidence of post-operative pulmonary emboli (including early small emboli) in the elderly, 50 surgical patients (age range, 21–91) were studied both preoperatively and postoperatively by means of the following: lung scintiscanning (four views), electrocardiograms, chest roentgenograms, and determinations of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin. These tests were performed twice postoperatively at one-week and two-week intervals. In 4 cases the postoperative lung scan findings were compatible with recent pulmonary emboli, although the patients were asymptomatic. There was no consistent correlation with serum enzyme elevations, nor with the sex of the patient, type of operation, type of anesthesia, or diabetic status. All 4 patients with indications of postoperative emboli were over 40 years of age, and 3 of them had undergone their operations in the lithotomy position. The overall incidence of positive findings with postoperative lung scanning was 8 per cent, but in patients over 40 years of age it was 10 per cent. In view of the significant incidence of postoperative pulmonary emboli and the possible age correlation, further study is needed to ascertain the feasibility of prophylactic postoperative anticoagulation therapy in elderly patients.
Combination of TRAIL gene therapy and chemotherapy enhances antitumor and antimetastasis effects in chemosensitive and chemoresistant breast cancers

We recently found that breast cancer cell lines that are resistant to chemotherapy or to the recombinant TRAIL protein are susceptible to TRAIL gene therapy. However, it is unclear whether a combination of TRAIL gene therapy and chemotherapy will have enhanced antitumor activity or can be used for the treatment of metastasis. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of TRAIL gene therapy and chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, irinotecan, and floxuridine, in different breast cancer cell lines. In all the cell lines tested, including a breast cancer cell line that is resistant to chemotherapy, the combination of TRAIL gene therapy and cytotoxic agents had either a synergistic or an additive effect. An in vivo study showed that aerosolized administration of an adenovector expressing the GFP-TRAIL fusion protein from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (designated Ad/gTRAIL) also decreased the number of lung metastases from both doxorubicin-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell lines. The combination of TRAIL gene therapy and chemotherapy resulted in a further reduction of lung metastatic nodules with minimal toxicity. These results suggest that a combination of TRAIL gene therapy and chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of metastatic diseases.
TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF Ti50Ni47Fe3 ALLOY :I. INCOMMENSURATE AND COMMENSURATE PHASES

The transformation behavior of TiNiFe alloys of nominal composition Ti50Ni47Fe3 has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and electrical resistance measurements, between room temperature and -196°C. Based on the present results and complementary neutron and x-ray diffraction data, charge density wave (CDW) phenomena and associated phase transitions were found to be involved in the "premartensitic" behavior of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloys. The crystal structure of the high temperature parent phase was confirmed to be the CsCl(B2) structure. Upon cooling below room temperature, 1/3(110) and 1/3(111) superlattice reflections appeared, coincident with the onset of an electrical resistance anomaly (increase). The "1/3" superlattice reflections were observed to intensify with decreasing temperature, and close inspection showed that such reflections deviate slightly from the exact 1/3 positions relative to the parent CsCl structure, suggesting the formation of an incommensurate superlattice over a 12°C temperature range. The appearance of the "1/3" superlattice reflections is interpreted to be associated with the formation of CDW's. A second "premartensitic" effect was found to occur approximately 12°C below the onset of the initial "normal-to-incommendurate" transition. This subsequent phase change involves a structural transition from a "distorted" CsCl parent to a rhombohedral product, during which the "1/3" superlattice reflections are shifted to precise 1/3 positions. The rhombohedral distortion is effected by a homogeneous expansion along directions, allowing the lattice and CDW's to lock-in and become commensurate.
Wideband probe-fed circularly polarised circular loop antenna

A wideband probe-fed circularly polarised circular loop antenna is presented. The wideband performance is achieved by introducing a parasitic loop inside the original loop that is driven by a feed probe. It is found that the 2 dB axial ratio bandwidth can be increased from 6% for a single circular loop to 16% by the introduction of a parasitic loop.
Stable and high-power few cycle supercontinuum for 2D ultrabroadband electronic spectroscopy.

Broadband supercontinuum (SC) pulses in the few cycle regime are a promising source for spectroscopic and imaging applications. However, SC sources are plagued by poor stability, greatly limiting their utility in phase-resolved nonlinear experiments such as 2D photon echo spectroscopy (2D PES). Here, we generated SC by two-stage filamentation in argon and air starting from 100 fs input pulses, which are sufficiently high-power and stable to record time-resolved 2D PE spectra in a single laser shot. We obtain a total power of 400 μJ/pulse in the visible spectral range of 500–850 nm and, after compression, yield pulses with duration of 6 fs according to transient-grating frequency-resolved optical gating (TG-FROG) measurements. We demonstrate the method on the laser dye, Cresyl Violet, and observe coherent oscillations indicative of nuclear wavepacket dynamics.
Raising Revenue and Raising Hell

It was a time of greenbacks, goldbugs, and grangers; milquetoast mugwumps; single-taxers, socialists, standpatters, and the Sugar Trust. Calls for more taxes filled the air. Populist Mary Lease urged Americans to "raise less corn and more hell," and even Andrew Carnegie piously endorsed an estate tax "by which the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life." All that hell-raising pushed an income tax through Congress in 1 894, but a year later, the Supreme Court granted relief to Charles Pollock, a ten-share stockholder in the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, leaving Justice Henry Brown to moan in dissent that "the decision involve[d] nothing less than the surrender of the taxing power to the moneyed class." The Populist Party demanded that "[t]he power of government in other words, of the people should be expanded ... to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually cease in the land." By the summer of 1914, oppression, injustice, and poverty were still around, but the Constitution had a Sixteenth Amendment, and the power to collect corporate excise and personal income taxes rested in the hands of the Treasury Department. But still, with all that hell-raising, I wouldn't wanted to work there.1 How different things looked by 1919. Historians have called the World War I era a fiscal revolution, and Ajay Mehrotra does not dissent, seeing the dawn of a "modern era of fiscal governance, one based primarily on
Double Ion Production in Argon and Xenon Ion Thrusters

A model describing the doubly charged ion densities in argon and xenon ion thrusters is presented. Doubly charged ions are shown to be produced in significant numbers from both the neutral and singly ionized states. Doubly-to-singly charged ion density ratios calculated using this model are compared to experimental values of this ratio measured in the 15-cm multipole thruster, using both propellants. Agreement between theory and experiment is shown to be good.
Energetics of Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides in the Monterey Bay Area

AbstractA detailed energy analysis of the barotropic and baroclinic M2 tides in the Monterey Bay area is performed. The authors first derive a theoretical framework for analyzing internal tide energetics based on the complete form of the barotropic and baroclinic energy equations, which include the full nonlinear and nonhydrostatic energy flux contributions as well as an improved evaluation of the available potential energy. This approach is implemented in the Stanford Unstructured Nonhydrostatic Terrain-Following Adaptive Navier–Stokes Simulator (SUNTANS). Results from three-dimensional, high-resolution SUNTANS simulations are analyzed to estimate the tidal energy partitioning among generation, radiation, and dissipation. A 200 km × 230 km domain including all typical topographic features in this region is used to represent the Monterey Bay area. Of the 152-MW energy lost from the barotropic tide, approximately 133 MW (88%) is converted into baroclinic energy through internal tide generation, and 42% (56...
The Age Gap in the 2008 Presidential Election

The 2008 presidential election suggests a significant realignment among voters entering the electorate, with younger voters deviating considerably from older voters in their partisan preferences. Barack Obama won the vote of those under 30 years old by a 66% to 32% margin and first time voters favored him by an overwhelming margin of 69–30%. The fact that the age gap between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton during the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination contest was also among the largest age gaps in American electoral history suggests that part of the age gap was undoubtedly due to the appeal of Obama with younger Americans. Part of the age gap, however, was also due to the unpopularity of the George W. Bush administration. The strong youth vote for Obama in 2008 was thus both pro-Obama and anti-Bush in nature. The huge age gap in 2008 suggests a split of the electorate along generational lines and the long-term consequences of the age gap appear to overwhelmingly favor the Democratic Party. George W. Bush’s unpopular and divisive presidency helped to make the youngest generation of American voters increasingly Democratic in their vote preference. This suggests that if younger Americans follow other generations in keeping the same partisan voting patterns throughout their life, the Democrats are potentially poised to make considerable gains in future elections.