cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel asynchronous registers for sequential circuits with quantum-dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are nano-scale devices for implementing logic circuits. The disadvantage of QCA circuits is that its layout determines the timing of the circuit. This is the “layout = timing” problem in QCA circuits. Null convention logic (NCL) has been proposed as a solution to this problem. However the asynchronous registers used in NCL are bulky and require a large number of QCA cells. We propose a new architecture for these asynchronous registers that results in a 75% decrease in the number of QCA cells used in them. At the heart of the new register is a newly designed threshold gate. We have used the proposed register to implement an NCL-based serial adder. This new adder is fully asynchronous and therefore solves the “layout = timing” problem to a large extent. Our new adder also requires fewer QCA cells than previously proposed serial adders.
Shaping of a scroll wave filament by cardiac fibers

Scroll waves of electrical excitation in heart tissue are implicated in the development of lethal cardiac arrhythmias. Here we study the relation between the geometry of myocardial fibers and the equilibrium shape of a scroll wave filament. Our theory accommodates a wide class of myocardial models with spatially varying diffusivity tensor, adjusted to fit fiber geometry. We analytically predict the exact equilibrium shapes of the filaments. The major conclusion is that the filament shape is a compromise between a straight line and full alignment with the fibers. The degree of alignment increases with the anisotropy ratio. The results, being purely geometrical, are independent of details of ionic membrane mechanisms. Our theoretical predictions have been verified to excellent accuracy by numerically simulating the stable equilibration of a scroll filament in a model of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type.
Incorporation of water into olivine during nebular condensation: Insights from density functional theory and thermodynamics, and implications for phyllosilicate formation and terrestrial water inventory

Using density functional theory, we have examined the hydration mechanism of olivine with the objective of understanding the reaction pathways toward the formation of crystalline serpentine and brucite. It is found that further supply of water beyond saturation of the adsorption sites on olivine surfaces leads to the formation of amorphous brucite and serpentine molecules, with the latter forming in the subsurface domain. The calculated activation energy for this process is ~25 kJ mol−1, which permits formation of the amorphous materials well within the life span of the solar nebula. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations show that the adsorbed water in olivine is stable at least up to 900 K—a finding that is in accord with independent experimental studies. Thus, adsorption plus subsurface reaction of H2O in olivine could have taken place at temperatures considerably higher than the stability limit of hydrous minerals in the nebular condition. Using the DFT derived enthalpy of adsorption data, and reasonable approximation for the entropy of adsorption, we have calculated the fractional coverage of the reactive surface sites of olivine grains of spherical geometry by adsorbed water, and the corresponding ocean equivalent water (OEW) that could have been accreted into the Earth. These results suggest that adsorption and the associated subsurface hydroxylation of olivine grains might have been responsible for a significant fraction of the Earth's water budget. The adsorption of water into olivine crystals in the solar nebula might also have led to the delivery of water to other planetary bodies.
In vitro regulation of mammary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by palmitoyl coenzyme A, acetate, and polyamines.

An in vitro study was conducted to determine whether bovine mammary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GGPD) activity was regulated by palmitoyl coen- zyme A (Con), acetate, spermidine, and putrescine and whether these effects were dependent upon stage of lactation. Early lactation explants incubated in media contain- ing palmitoyl CoA or acetate had reduced (P c 0.01) GGPD activity compared with incubated control explants. GGPD activity in early lactation explants was reduced (P c 0.05) when incubated with 5 pM palmitoyl CoA or 1 mM acetate compared with 25 pM palmitoyl CoA or 10 mM acetate. Spermidine (0.4 mM) reversed (P c 0.05) palmitoyl CoA-induced inhibition of early lactation GGPD activity at 5 pM, but not at 25 pM palmitoyl CoA. GGPD activity in early lactation explants was decreased (P c 0.05) when treated with putrescine (0.4 mM) compared with explants treated with spermidine. Addition of acetate in combination with 5 FM palmitoyl CoA reversed GGPD inhibition (P e 0.05 for 1 mM and P e 0.01 for 10 mM) while addition of either level of acetate in combination with 25 pM palmitoyl CoA failed to reverse GGPD inhibition. GGPD activity was higher (P c 0.01) in early lactation than mid-lactation explants. No statistical differences (P > 0.1) were found among any treatments in explants from mid-lactation cows. We conclude that palmitoyl CoA and acetate will inhibit GGPD activity in early lactation, but not mid- lactation explants; addition of spermidine will reverse this inhibition.
Side-by-side pairing of the XY bivalent in spermatocytes and the ubiquity of the H-Y locus.

The pairing mechanism of the XY bivalent, the possibility of crossing-over between X and Y chromosomes during meiotic prophase, and the location of the H-Y locus are of interest with regard to genetic control mechanisms, male gametogenesis, and testicular organization. A whole-mount electron microscope technique has permitted the study of a large number of mouse and hamster spermatocytes to evaluate the spatial relationship of sex chromosomes and autosomes. X and Y chromosomes showed a transient, extensive side-by-side pairing segment along most of the length of the Y chromosome. This extensive pairing segment, may cause genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes. The finding of a small unpaired paracentro-meric region of the Y chromosome could be related to a locus of totally sex-linked gene(s) that determine the development of the testis from the undifferentiated embryonic gonad.
Real-Time Aerodynamic Parameter Estimation without Air Flow Angle Measurements

A technique for estimating aerodynamic parameters in real time from flight data without air flow angle measurements is described and demonstrated. The method is applied to simulated F-16 data, and to flight data from a subscale jet transport aircraft. Modeling results obtained with the new approach using flight data without air flow angle measurements were compared to modeling results computed conventionally using flight data that included air flow angle measurements. Comparisons demonstrated that the new technique can provide accurate aerodynamic modeling results without air flow angle measurements, which are often difficult and expensive to obtain. Implications for efficient flight testing and flight safety are discussed.
A regression spline model for developmental toxicity data

Observed dose-response patterns of data from several developmental toxicity experiments appear to be nonlinear and should be characterized by an appropriate model to adequately fit this observed pattern. Information from these animal studies of ambient substances that are noncarcinogenic, yet potentially toxic, to humans is used by federal protection agencies (Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Food and Drug Administration) to determine safe exposure levels, such as no observed adverse effects level and benchmark dose. We have developed a flexible regression linear B-spline model for application to developmental toxicity dose-response data from animal studies of these noncarcinogens. We apply our model to data from two CD-1 mice studies of the National Toxicology Program; the observed dose-response pattern from both appears nonlinear: (1) experiment of 131 pregnant mice allocated over five exposure levels (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% diet) of diethylhexyl phthalate and (2) experiment of 111 pregnant mice exposed to five levels (0, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day) of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. In each study, we measure litter response as the proportion of adversely affected fetuses. Upon applying our B-spline model to the data from both studies, we predict nonlinear dose-response, with improvement over the more typical logistic dose-response model in each of the two studies.
Hepatic allograft abscess with hepatic arterial thrombosis

Background Intrahepatic abscess (IA) is an uncommon complication after liver transplantation (OLTx) usually found in the setting of hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT) often with associated biliary tree necrosis and/or stricture. Conventional treatment of IA in this setting has required retransplantation. Methods A retrospective review of 274 patients (287 OLTx) from September 1991 through September 1996 was performed. Median follow-up was 3.6 years. Diagnosis of HAT was confirmed by arteriography and IA was documented by computerized tomography. Percutaneous drainage of the abscess and stenting of biliary strictures, if present, was achieved using conventional interventional radiology techniques. Results The diagnosis of hepatic artery complication was made in 14 patients (5.1%), 2 of whom required retransplantation. Hepatic artery thrombosis associated with solitary IA was found in 3 patients (1%) who were transplanted in our center and in 1 additional patient followed up at our center but transplanted elsewhere. All 4 patients had complete resolution of IA using this approach. Three of the 4 patients are alive and well, with the fourth patient succumbing to recurrent hepatitis B infection resulting in allograft failure. Conclusions Solitary hepatic allograft abscesses associated with HAT respond to percutaneous drainage and antibiotics, obviating the need for retransplantation in this setting.
A simple conceptual model of cirrus horizontal inhomogeneity and cloud fraction

A simple conceptual model of horizontal inhomogeneity and cloud amount in cirrus clouds has been formulated on the basis that internal horizontal inhomogeneity in the ice mixing ratio is due to variations in the cloud depth, which are assumed to be Gaussian. The use of such a model was justified by the observed relationship between the normalized variability of cloud depth and both the cloud amount and the normalized variability of the ice-water mixing ratio (and extinction). Using radar cloud-depth data as input, the model reproduced well the in-cloud ice-water mixing ratio histograms obtained from horizontal aircraft runs during the FIRE-II cirrus campaign. For totally overcast cases the histograms were almost Gaussian, but changed as cloud amount decreased to distributions which peaked at the lowest non-zero ice value and decreased rapidly and monotonically towards higher ice values for cloud amounts below 90%. Cloud amounts and average ice-water mixing ratios for cases with observed distributions of cloud depth were predicted by the model to within 15% and 31% of the observed values. This model could be used as a starting point in the development of a GCM parametrization of the ice mixing-ratio probability distribution function and cloud amount, if a means of diagnosing the depth of the saturated layer and the standard deviation of cloud depth from basic large-scale meteorological parameters could be determined. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A Diagnosis of Cancer: Understanding and Empowering the Patient

1339 ing with patients under these circumstances need to allow them and their families the time they need to process what they are hearing and be prepared to repeat key points of information or even schedule a follow-up meeting to review what has been said. One of the most important concepts for patients and their families to understand is the multidisciplinary, team-based nature of cancer diagnosis and therapy. As professionals, we need to inform patients that a variety of different health professionals will be working with them in the days, weeks, and months ahead. Radiologists can help introduce the team approach at the outset by clearly indicating their own role in this larger team effort, and explaining that many other physicians will also be helping to provide effective, empathetic, and patient-centered care. For example, the radiologist can say, “My main role has been to find the cancer on imaging and to obtain a sample of the tumor, but other members of the team, including an oncologist and possibly a surgeon, will now begin to play a greater role.” It is important to recall that many patients diagnosed with cancer do not feel particularly ill. If the cancer has been discovered on a screening examination or as an incidental finding on an imaging examination performed for unrelated reasons, the patient may look and feel perfectly healthy. Forty percent of locoregional breast cancer recurrences are actually diagnosed in the absence of symptoms [4]. Hence, some patients may react to the diagnosis with frank disbelief. After all, why should people who feel perfectly well accept surgery and drugs that they believe will make them look and feel sick? A Diagnosis of Cancer: Understanding and Empowering the Patient
Stable high-power TE/sub 01/ gyro-TWT amplifiers

The stability of high power gyro-TWT amplifiers operating in the low-loss TE/sub 01/ mode of cylindrical waveguide has been studied, Linear theory has been used to determine the threshold start-oscillation beam current for absolute instability in the operating mode and the critical section lengths for the dominant gyro-BWO interactions occurring at various cyclotron harmonics in other waveguide modes. The performance of the amplifier was evaluated with a nonlinear, self-consistent slow-timescale simulation code. Utilizing interaction sections whose lengths are less than the threshold start-oscillation length and are separated by attenuating severs for isolation, two stable three-section devices have been designed which are predicted to yield: (1) a peak output power of 230 kW at 35 GHz with an efficiency of 23%, a saturated gain of 46 dB and a constant-drive bandwidth of 6% for a 100 kV, 10 A electron beam with an /spl alpha/=/spl nu//sub /spl perp// //spl nu//sub z/=1.0 and an axial velocity spread /spl Delta//spl nu//sub z///spl nu//sub z/=5% and (2) 105 kW at 94 GHz with 21% efficiency, 45 dB saturated gain and 5% constant-drive bandwidth for a similar 5 A electron beam. In addition, the design of the 0 dB input/output couplers and the MIG electron gun are given. Due to the low loss of the TE/sub 01/ mode, both of these amplifiers can be operated continuously. >
Challenges to informed consent

New developments in biomedical research and healthcare may mark the end of the traditional concept of informed consent
Highly alignment tolerant 10 Gb/s links using very large core plastic optical fiber

We experimentally demonstrate error-free 10Gb/s transmission over the largest core size fiber ever reported. A transverse tolerance of ±30µm is demonstrated for both the VCSEL source and PIN diode receiver.
Retarded models for PC board interconnects-or how the speed of light affects your SPICE circuit simulation

It is shown that retardation effects, due to the finite speed of electromagnetic interactions, play a significant role for PC-board interconnects. It is demonstrated that in some cases errors of more than an order of magnitude result in some frequency components when retardation is neglected. Extensions to a circuit simulator are introduced that make it possible to do retarded circuit simulation. Specifically, an algorithm to extend SPICE-level simulators to include retardation is presented. Comparisons with analytical equations, the method of moments, and with measurements show good agreement. >
Determination of lumefantrine in small-volume human plasma by LC–MS/MS: using a deuterated lumefantrine to overcome matrix effect and ionization saturation

Background: To support pediatric study, a method to determine lumefantrine (LF) with small sample volume is needed. Matrix effect (ME) is a daunting issue in LF quantification in human plasma with LC–MS/MS. Results: Here we report an LC–MS/MS method with a deuterated LF as the internal standard (IS). Plasma sample (25 µl) was acidified with 5% formic acid prior to extraction with ethyl acetate. The recovery was over 80%. The absolute ME was within the range of 100 ± 8% for both LF and the IS, but cumulative ME was observed via large variation of IS signal. The cumulative ME and ionization saturation were overcome with the co-eluting LF-D9 as the IS. The linear range of calibration curve was 50–20,000 ng/ml. Conclusion: ME and ionization saturation was overcome with a deuterated IS. The method utilized a small sample volume, suitable for pediatric study with capillary tube blood collection method.
Learning to interpret natural language navigation instructions from observations

The ability to understand natural-language instructions is critical to building intelligent agents that interact with humans. We present a system that learns to transform natural-language navigation instructions into executable formal plans. Given no prior linguistic knowledge, the system learns by simply observing how humans follow navigation instructions. The system is evaluated in three complex virtual indoor environments with numerous objects and landmarks. A previously collected realistic corpus of complex English navigation instructions for these environments is used for training and testing data. By using a learned lexicon to refine inferred plans and a supervised learner to induce a semantic parser, the system is able to automatically learn to correctly interpret a reasonable fraction of the complex instructions in this corpus.
Intelligent Cable Shovel Excavation Modeling and Simulation

Cable shovel excavators are used for primary production of geomaterials in many surface mining operations. A major problem in excavation is the variability of material diggability, resulting in varying mechanical energy input and stress loading of shovel dipper-and-tooth assembly across the working bench. This variability impacts the shovel dipper and tooth assembly in hard formations. In addition, the geometrical constraints within the working environment impose production limitations resulting in low production efficiency and high operating costs. An intelligent shovel excavation (ISE) technology has been proposed as a potential solution to these problems. This paper addresses the requirements of the dynamic models of the cable shovel underlying the ISE technology. The dynamic equations are developed using the Newton–Euler techniques. These models are validated with real-world data and simulated in a virtual prototype environment. The results provide the path trajectories, dynamic velocity and accelerat...
Cognitive/emotional dissonance as growth points in learning to teach

While teaching has long been considered an emotional practice with teachers’ daily practices recognized as being permeated with emotional meanings and influences, as teacher educators we are often perplexed by how best to respond to novice teachers’ expressions of emotion. In this study, we document the practices that characterize our work as teacher educators in assisting novice teachers in the processes of learning-to-teach. Specifically, we explore how instances of cognitive/ emotional dissonance that often emerge in these practices signal growth points in novice teacher development. The empirical data come from a teacher education practice designed to create multiple opportunities for novice teachers to participate in a range of authentic activities associated with the teaching of English as a second language (ESL). The findings bring to the surface the inherent challenges of both recognizing and capitalizing on instances of cognitive/emotional dissonance as growth points in novice teacher development.
Airway Smooth Muscle as a Target in Asthma and the Beneficial Effects of Bronchial Thermoplasty

Airflow within the airways is determined directly by the lumenal area of that airway. In this paper, we consider several factors which can reduce airway lumenal area, including thickening and/or active constriction of the airway smooth muscle (ASM). The latter cell type can also contribute in part to inflammation, another feature of asthma, through its ability to take on a synthetic/secretory phenotype. The ASM therefore becomes a strategically important target in the treatment of asthma, given these key contributions to the pathophysiology of that disease. Pharmacological approaches have been developed to elicit relaxation of the ASM, but these are not always effective in all patients, nor do they address the long-term structural changes which impinge on the airway lumen. The recent discovery that thermal energy can be used to ablate smooth muscle has led to the development of a novel physical intervention—bronchial thermoplasty—in the treatment of asthma. Here, we review the evolution of this novel approach, consider some of the possible mechanisms that account for its salutary effects, and pose new questions which may lead to even better therapies for asthma.
Managed care best practices: the road from diagnosis to recovery: access to appropriate care.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a painful, functionally impairing, and frequently recurring condition. A costly illness for employers, depression contributes to reduced functioning, decreased work productivity, and absenteeism. In addition, costs associated with comorbidities in people who have depression are higher when they are compared with the costs in people who do not have depression. In patients with either coronary or cerebral vascular disease, depression significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To highlight some of the challenges faced by primary care providers when they deliver mental health services and to provide an overview of an integrated behavioral health and medical benefit plan implemented as one solution to improve overall depression outcomes and reduce associated depression costs. SUMMARY: Because of the high prevalence and significant impact of depression, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening adults for depression in clinical practices that have systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up. However, depression appears to be only partially recognized and inadequately treated in primary care due somewhat to several challenges that primary care practitioners face when they manage a mental health diagnosis along with comorbid medical illnesses. CONCLUSION: Integrating the medical and behavioral health benefits in a health plan allows for depression screening and the opportunity to direct patients to seek treatment when needed. Preliminary results of this effort in one managed care plan show reduced use of hospital services, days gained at work, and improved adherence to antidepressant therapy. A different component of this plan design includes patient care coaching as well as support of primary care’s efforts by providing expert telephone consultation about treatment plans and allowing billing for adequate time spent with depressed patients.
Lens: A Faceted Browser for Research Networking Platforms

Research networking platforms, such as VIVO and Profiles Networking provide an information infrastructure for scholarship, representing information about research and researchers-their scholarly works, research interests, and organizational relationships. These platforms are open information infrastructures for scholarship, consisting of linked open data and open-source software tools for managing and visualizing scholarly information. Being RDF based, faceted browsing is a natural technique for navigating such data, partitioning the scholarly information space into orthogonal conceptual dimensions. However, this technique has so far been explored through limited queries in research networking platforms-not allowing for instance full graph based navigation on RDF data. In this paper we present Lens a client-side user interface for faceted navigation of scholarly RDF data. Lens is based on Exhibit, which is a lightweight structured data-publishing framework, but extends Exhibit for expressive SPARQL-like queries and scales it up for navigating amounts of RDF data. Lens consumes data in VIVO ontology, the de facto schema for researcher networking systems. We show how Lens provides better usability over current faceted browsers for research networking platforms.
Accelerating Dynamic Programming

Dynamic Programming (DP) is a fundamental problem-solving technique that has been widely used for solving a broad range of search and optimization problems. While DP can be invoked when more specialized methods fail, this generality often incurs a cost in efficiency. We explore a unifying toolkit for speeding up DP, and algorithms that use DP as subroutines. Our methods and results can be summarized as follows. (1) Acceleration via compression. Compression is traditionally used to efficiently store data. We use compression in order to identify repeats in the table that imply a redundant computation. Utilizing these repeats requires a new DP, and often different DPs for different compression schemes. We present the first provable speedup of the celebrated Viterbi algorithm (1967) that is used for the decoding and training of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Our speedup relies on the compression of the HMM's observable sequence. (2) Totally monotone matrices. It is well known that a wide variety of DPs can be reduced to the problem of finding row minima in totally monotone matrices. We introduce this scheme in the context of planar graph problems. In particular, we show that planar graph problems such as shortest paths, feasible flow, bipartite perfect matching, and replacement paths can be accelerated by DPs that exploit a total-monotonicity property of the shortest paths. (3) Combining compression and total monotonicity. We introduce a method for accelerating string edit distance computation by combining compression and totally monotone matrices. In the heart of this method are algorithms for computing the edit distance between two straight-line programs. These enable us to exploits the compressibility of strings, even if each string is compressed using a different compression scheme. (4) Partial tables. In typical DP settings, a table is filled in its entirety, where each cell corresponds to some subproblem. In some cases, by changing the DP, it is possible to compute asymptotically less cells of the table. We show that Θ(n3) subproblems are both necessary and sufficient for computing the similarity between two trees. This improves all known solutions and brings the idea of partial tables to its full extent. (5) Fractional subproblems. In some DPs, the solution to a subproblem is a data structure rather than a single value. The entire data structure of a subproblem is then processed and used to construct the data structure of larger subproblems. We suggest a method for reusing parts of a subproblem's data structure. In some cases, such fractional parts remain unchanged when constructing the data structure of larger subproblems. In these cases, it is possible to copy this part of the data structure to the larger subproblem using only a constant number of pointer changes. We show how this idea can be used for finding the optimal tree searching strategy in linear time. This is a generalization of the well known binary search technique from arrays to trees. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
A tunneling emitter bipolar transistor

We propose a new device-a Tunneling Emitter Bipolar Transistor (TEBT)-where the enhancement of the emitter injection efficiency is achieved by utilizing a very large difference in the tunneling probabilities for electrons and holes in a thin doped graded AlGaAs layer. This layer is inserted between the n-type GaAs emitter and p-type GaAs base. This device should have a high emitter efficiency and low parasitic resistances.
Should I send now or send later? A decision-theoretic approach to transmission scheduling in sensor networks with mobile sinks

Mobile sinks can significantly extend the lifetime of a sensor network by eliminating the need for expensive hop-by-hop routing. However, a sensor node might not always have a mobile sink in transmission range, or the mobile sink might be so far that the data transmission would be very expensive. In the latter case, the sensor node needs to make a decision whether it should send the data now, or take the risk to wait for a more favorable occasion. Making the right decisions in this transmission scheduling problem has significant impact on the performance and lifetime of the node. In this paper, we investigate the fundamentals of the transmission scheduling problem for sensor networks with mobile sinks. We first develop a dynamic programming-based optimal algorithm for the case when the mobility of the sinks is known in advance. Then, we describe two decision theoretic algorithms which use only probabilistic models learned from the history of interaction with the mobile sinks, and do not require knowledge about their future mobility patterns. The first algorithm uses Markov Decision Processes with states without history information, while the second algorithm encodes some elements of the history into the state. Through a series of experiments, we show that the decision theoretic approaches significantly outperform naive heuristics, and can have a performance close to that of the optimal approach, without requiring an advance knowledge of the mobility. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creatine kinase overexpression improves ATP kinetics and contractile function in postischemic myocardium

Reduced myofibrillar ATP availability during prolonged myocardial ischemia may limit post-ischemic mechanical function. Because creatine kinase (CK) is the prime energy reserve reaction of the heart and because it has been difficult to augment ATP synthesis during and after ischemia, we used mice that overexpress the myofibrillar isoform of creatine kinase (CKM) in cardiac-specific, conditional fashion to test the hypothesis that CKM overexpression increases ATP delivery in ischemic-reperfused hearts and improves functional recovery. Isolated, retrograde-perfused hearts from control and CKM mice were subjected to 25 min of global, no-flow ischemia and 40 min of reperfusion while cardiac function [rate pressure product (RPP)] was monitored. A combination of 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments at 11.7T and biochemical assays was used to measure the myocardial rate of ATP synthesis via CK (CK flux) and intracellular pH (pHi). Baseline CK flux was severalfold higher in CKM hearts (8.1 ± 1.0 vs. 32.9 ± 3.8, mM/s, control vs. CKM; P < 0.001) with no differences in phosphocreatine concentration [PCr] and RPP. End-ischemic pHi was higher in CKM hearts than in control hearts (6.04 ± 0.12 vs. 6.37 ± 0.04, control vs. CKM; P < 0.05) with no differences in [PCr] and [ATP] between the two groups. Post-ischemic PCr (66.2 ± 1.3 vs. 99.1 ± 8.0, %preischemic levels; P < 0.01), CK flux (3.2 ± 0.4 vs. 14.0 ± 1.2 mM/s; P < 0.001) and functional recovery (13.7 ± 3.4 vs. 64.9 ± 13.2%preischemic RPP; P < 0.01) were significantly higher and lactate dehydrogenase release was lower in CKM than in control hearts. Thus augmenting cardiac CKM expression attenuates ischemic acidosis, reduces injury, and improves not only high-energy phosphate content and the rate of CK ATP synthesis in postischemic myocardium but also recovery of contractile function.
THE ANEMIA OF SCURVY EFFECT OF VITAMIN C DIET ON BLOOD FORMATION IN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY OF GUINEA PIGS

1. Weight loss, progressive anemia, and a moderate increase in reticulated red blood cells occurred in seventeen guinea pigs on a diet deficient in vitamin C. 2. The histological changes of the bone marrow removed from guinea pigs with scurvy showed large numbers of erythrogenic cells, but scant evidence of active maturation to the adult erythrocyte. 3. A reticulocyte response was induced in guinea pigs with scurvy when fed orange juice daily. 4. The histological changes of the bone marrow removed from guinea pigs during the reticulocyte response showed large numbers of mitotic figures and relatively more adult red blood cells than in the bone marrow from guinea pigs with scurvy that had not been treated with orange juice. 5. It is concluded from this study that the anemia of experimentally induced scurvy in the guinea pig is largely dependent upon vitamin C deficiency resulting in retarded maturation of the red blood cell.
Ovarian metabolism of xenobiotics

At birth, the mammalian ovary contains a finite number of primordial follicles, which once depleted, cannot be replaced. Xenobiotic exposures can destroy primordial follicles resulting in premature ovarian failure and, consequently, early entry into menopause. A number of chemical classes can induce premature ovarian failure, including environmental, chemotherapeutic and industrial exposures. While our knowledge on the mechanistic events that occur in the ovary with chemical exposures is increasing, our understanding of the ovary's capacity to metabolize such compounds is less established. This review will focus on three chemicals for which information on ovarian metabolism is known: trichloroethylene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 4-vinylcyclohexene. The current state of understanding of ovarian bioactivation and detoxification processes for each will be described.
Synthesis and Accumulation of Proinsulin and Insulin during Development of the Embryonic Rat Pancreas

Endocrine B cells differentiate normally in embryonic rat pancreatic rudiments cultured in vitro. The specific concentration of immunoreactive insulin based on total protein increases by about 1000-fold during the developmental period, corresponding to days 13–20 of gestation. The rate of (pro)insulin synthesis, measured from the level of radioactive leucine incorporated into insulin, quantitatively accounts for the insulin accumulated during this period. In addition, the relative incorporation of leucine into proinsulin compared to insulin is constant during development and is similar to that found in the B cells of adult islets. Thus, there appears to be no significant change in the rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin during B cell differentiation.
Cells-In-Frames: a system overview

Cells-In-Frames provides an efficient mechanism for integrating both voice and data traffic on an existing campus network that is currently supporting legacy LAN workstations. The solution suggested by this article is to export ATM services within standard LAN frames. Each frame will carry the traffic from one or more ATM cells, but any given LAN frame is associated with only one ATM virtual circuit. The widely different qualities of service required for voice and data traffic is achieved rough the use of AAL1 and AAL5 services. The AAL functions are split appropriately between the workstation and the LAN switch that interfaces to an ATM backbone network. With the use of the Q.2931 signalling protocols defined for ATM, Cells-in-Frames achieves a long-sought-after goal of providing switched networking services to LAN-attached workstations.
Kistrin, a polypeptide platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, enhances and sustains coronary arterial thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine preparation.

BACKGROUNDKistrin is a 68-amino acid polypeptide from the venom of the Malayan pit viper Agkistrodon rhodostoma, which inhibits the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor. Its effect on thrombolysis, reocclusion, and bleeding associated with administration of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was studied in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis.METHODS AND RESULTSCoronary patency was monitored for 2 hours by ultrasonic flow probe and repeated coronary angiography. The rt-PA was given as 0.45-mg/kg bolus injections at 15-minute intervals until recanalization or to a maximum of four boluses. Four groups of four or five dogs were studied: a control group that received intravenous heparin (4,000-unit bolus and 1,000 units each hour) and three groups that received heparin and 0.48, 0.24, or 0.12 mg/kg kistrin, administered as a 10% bolus injection and an infusion during a 60-minute period. In the control group, reflow occurred in four of five dogs within 37 +/- 47 minutes but was followed by c...
A Review of Pharmacotherapies for Substance Abuse

New pharmacotherapies have been developed for acute withdrawal and maintenance treatments of alcohol and opioid dependence but not for cocaine dependence. Highdose, long-acting benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and two antiseizure agents-carbamuxepine and valproate-are being used for alcohol withdrawal. For maintenance treatment, opioid antagonists and various serotonergic agents, such as fluoxetine and ondansetron, show promise. For opioid dependence, clonidine-na ltrexone detomyication appears quite cost-effective, and buprenoqhine and LAAM (Ievo-alpha-acetylmethadol)s how promise for both detoxification and maintenance. More work is needed, however, to discover an effective agent for target populations of cocaine abusers.
Balancing Autonomy with Paternalism for Psychiatric Patients? Ambiguities in Personal Choice and Adcance Directivesments

Cultural attitudes towards mentally and physically challenged and handicapped fellow-humans have changed from culture to culture and from century to century. But all cultures seem to have visible or hidden recognition of the dignity and uniqueness and sometimes divine characteristics of the handicapped. From bodily and mentally challenged acrobats and artists in the Chinese Imperial Court and the residences of European feudals to the divination of certain psychiatric persons in Eastern and Western cultures to limited legal rights of self-determination for the incompetent in many contemorary democracies, there is a wide range of acceptance and refusal of the 'other' who is different to most of us. In this paper I will discuss more specifically some selected aspects of the genuine competence of those who have been declared legally incompetent in accordance with certain cultural preconceptions or neurological or psychiatric criteria for tests.
Visualization of Multiple Listener Room Acoustic Equalization With the Sammon Map

In this paper, a new method, using the Sammon map, is proposed for visualizing room responses and room response equalization. Specifically, the map provides an important perspective on the formation of clusters of acoustic room responses when cluster validity measures are unable to clearly identify the number of clusters. Additionally, the Sammon map can also be used for displaying the uniformity of the equalized responses at multiple positions. Furthermore, the map does not impose significant computational requirements, when the number of measured responses is reasonably small, and hence can be readily implemented for analyzing multiple position (viz., multiple listener) room equalization performance
In vitro blocking and oxytocic effects of water-soluble estrogens on pregnant human, mouse, and rat uteri.

Abstract An in vitro blocking effect of the spontaneous uterine activity by water-soluble estrogens upon pregnant term human, mouse, and rat uterine strips is demonstrated An in vitro oxytocic-like, augmenting effect upon spontaneous uterine activity with lower doses of E 2 S (5 μg per milliliter) on pregnant term mouse uterine strips is demonstrated. In vitro reversal of the suppressive effect caused by the water-soluble estrogens is demonstrated in the mouse preparations with the addition of KCl in concentrations of 3 to 18 mM. per liter. Water-soluble hydrocortisone in equivalent concentrations to the water-soluble estrogen concentrations does not suppress pregnant term mouse myometrial strips in vitro.
Can statins alter coronary plaque composition assessed by radiofrequency backscatter intravascular ultrasound

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid deposition in the vascular wall. Atherosclerotic plaque composition and the rate of plaque progression are highly variable. Fibrotic plaque usually results in stable
The Force of Law

Despite the common understanding of law as coercive a number of important legal theorist, including Hart, Raz, Finnis and Oberdiek, have long held that law is not inherently coercive. This position stems from the rejection of earlier jurisprudential models of law, forwarded by Austin and Bentham, which erroneously described law as little more than state sponsored coercion. In noting what was wrong in the older models, that law is importantly normative and authoritative, modern theorists have dismissed what was right, that law is inherently coercive. This piece argues that law is inherently coercive. The piece first distinguishes coercion from sanctions, arguing that neither is a subset of the other. The piece then clarifies a model of coercion which, though explicit in understanding coercion as sensitive to a moral balance does not rely on Kantian models which locate coercion solely in a threat to violate the rights of others. Rather the model identifies coercion as a restriction imposed on another's will. Given this model of coercion the piece argues that without understanding law as coercive one cannot delineate the concept of law from other competing normative systems. Against the arguments of many leading jurisprudence scholars, the piece argues that coercion in law cannot be understood as necessary merely in light of human weakness but rather is a conceptual necessity. Lastly, it is argued law's coercion offers intriguing implications for the long running analytical jurisprudence debate regarding the role moral principles play in the definition and criteria of law as well as powerful suggestions regarding the need and form of moral justification needed in our political morality.
Are we fearful of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Assessing the need for tube drainage following percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Objective: The objective was to demonstrate that percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) can be safely performed with a tubeless or totally tubeless drainage technique. Introduction: Standard PCNL includes nephrostomy tube placement designed to drain the kidney and operative tract at the conclusion of the procedure. Modern technique trend is tubeless PCNL and totally tubeless PCNL, which are performed without standard nephrostomy drainage. We aim to reinforce current literature in demonstrating that PCNL can be safely performed using a tubeless technique. With compounded supportive data, we can help generate a trend toward a more cost-effective procedure with improved pain profiles and patient satisfaction, as previously shown with the tubeless technique. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 165 patients who underwent PCNL treatment was performed. Of this group, 127 patients underwent traditional nephrostomy drainage following PCNL. A tubeless procedure was performed in the remaining 38 patients. Patient's postoperative stone size and burden as well as complication profiles were analyzed. Largest stone size and total stone burden was similar between the groups. Results: Patient characteristics and demographic information were compared and no significant statistical difference was identified between the groups. Complication rates between the groups were compared and no statistical difference was noted. A total of 23 patients had at least one postoperative complication. Conclusion: Tubeless and totally tubeless PCNL demonstrates equivalent outcomes in the properly selected patient group when compared to PCNL performed with a nephrostomy tube. Although this is not the first study to demonstrate this, a large majority of urologists continue standard nephrostomy placement after PCNL. More studies are needed that demonstrate safety of this practice to shift the pendulum of care. Thus, tubeless and totally tubeless PCNL can be performed safely and effectively, which has previously been shown to improve cost, patient pain profiles, and length of hospitalization.
Power Spectral Densities and Ambient Noise Cross-Correlations at Long Beach

The dense seismic array in Long Beach, California is located in an urban environment along the Pacific Ocean. There are a variety of noise sources influencing the ambient seismic noise field, both natural (such as the Pacific Ocean) and anthropogenic (such as traffic) in origin. To understand the temporal and spatial influences of these sources, we calculate noise power spectral densities (PSD). From spatial maps of noise PSD, we find that energy from the Pacific Ocean dominates the noise field at frequencies below 2 Hz, while energy from roads and Interstate 405 dominate the noise field at frequencies above 2 Hz. From maps of noise PSD over time, or spectrograms, we observe diurnal fluctuations in energy that are in accord with expected fluctuations in human activity. We expect the noise source distribution to be more homogeneous at higher frequencies, and this is in agreement with ambient noise cross-correlation results at frequencies spanning 0.5 Hz to 2 Hz and 2 Hz to 4 Hz.
Investigation and Analysis on AIDS Related Knowledge among Middle School Students in Dachang Area

[Objective] To know the knowledge,attitude and practice about AIDS control among middle school students in Dachang area,and status of health education about AIDS control in different schools,so as to guide the special health education and propaganda about AIDS related knowledge among middle school students. [Methods]With random cluster sampling,the questionnaire survey was performed among middle school students in this area. [Results]The total awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge among middle school students in this area was 68.79%,and the awareness rate of junior middle school students and senior middle school students was 64.19% (6347/9888) and 73.61% (6937/9424) respectively. There was significant difference among five junior middle schools (χ2=80.77,P0.01). There was significant difference between junior middle school and senior middle school (χ2=199.46,P0.01). [Conclusion]The total awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge among middle school students in this area does not meet the requirements for creating the demonstration area of comprehensive AIDS control,and there is lack of understanding of AIDS related knowledge. The health education and propaganda about AIDS related knowledge in different junior middle schools has difference,and the development is unbalanced.
Black Voices, White Power: Members of the Black Press make Meaning of Media Hegemony

When a former Black editor says he was told that Blacks do not care about news by his White boss and a Black deejay is told that his commentary is too hard hitting and not to go to an event featuri...
Acute recognition and management of congestive heart failure.

The acute diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure requires a combination of many clinical skills. Specifically, the physician must be proficient in cardiac physiology, technical expertise, history and physical examination, pharmacotherapy, and interpretation of the cardiopulmonary profile generated by invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Using the principles described, hemodynamic stratification of patients can be accomplished, and this allows targeted therapy, using a variety of mechanical, procedural, and mainly pharmacologic options. Relevant tips and strategies on the management of acute heart failure are presented here.