cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of range-free anchor-free localization in a wsn under wormhole attack

Localization is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. Currently, most localization protocols assume a benign environment. This paper studies how a localization protocol can be affected by attacks, especially those like wormhole attacks that don't need to capture the keys used in the network, and how such an attack can be detected and defended in distributed scheme. By applying several localization algorithms, this paper first shows that wormhole attacks are a serious threat to all these algorithms, based on simulation in NS-2. The paper first evaluates the effects of wormhole attacks on several Range-Free Anchor-Free (RFAF) localization algorithms based on hop-counting and connectivity techniques. Then, the paper presents an RFAF localization algorithm called Wormhole-resilient Geographic Distributed Localization (WGDL), which embeds a wormhole detecting/recovering mechanism: if this mechanism detects wormhole attacks in location computation, then it will restore the localization by freezing the wormhole affected area. Simulations show that the proposed detection method is effective on different network placements, and that the mechanism has both a low False Toleration Rate (FTR) and a low False Detection Rate (FDR) in detecting wormhole attacks.
Co-Opting Moore's Law: Vaccines and Medicines made from a Wafer

In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, described the trend that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year since 1958. This trend has continued to today, enabled by advances in photolithography which has taken the minimum feature size of transistors down from about 10 microns in 1970 to 0.045 microns (45 nm) today. In biological terms, this corresponds to going from the size of a red blood cell to the size of a single virus particle! As such, this top-down nano-fabrication technology from the semiconductor industry is, for the first time, in the size range to be relevant for the design of medicines, vaccines and interfacially active Janus particles. This lecture will describe the design, synthesis and efficacy of organic nano- and micro-particles using a top-down nano-fabrication technique we developed called PRINT (Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates). PRINT is a continuous, roll-to-roll, high resolution molding technique that allows the fabrication of precisely defined micro- and nano-particles in a continuous manner with control over chemical composition, size, shape, deformability and surface chemistry. With these ‘nanotools’, we are establishing definitive biodistribution maps to elucidate the interdependent roles that size, shape, deformability and surface chemistry play on particle distribution as a function of different dosage forms (IV, IP, inhaled, subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc). This information is setting the stage for the design of highly effective chemo-therapeutics, chemo-preventions and cancer vaccines which will be described.
Neogene planktonic foraminiferal zones, California, and some geologic implications

Abstract Planktonic events indicate that Neogene Planktonic Foraminiferal zones 4–8 correspond approximately with the Lower Miocene, the Saucesian Stage of California (about 22.5 m.y. to 15.3 m.y. in K-A ages); zones 9–12 correspond approximately with the Middle Miocene, the Relizian-Luisian stages (about 15.3 m.y. to 11 m.y. in K-A ages); zones 13–18 correlate generally with the Upper Miocene, the Mohnian-Delmontian stages (about 11 m.y. to about 3 m.y. in K-A ages); Pliocene zones 19–21 correlate with the Repettian, Venturian and possibly Lower Wheelerian stages (about 3 m.y. to about 1.79 m.y. in K-A ages); and Pleistocene zones 22 and 23 correspond to much of the Wheelerian Stage and all younger units. Planktonic biostratigraphy suggests that the Lomita-Timms Point complex is less than 1 m.y. in age in contrast to glauconite K-A ages of about 3 m.y. Opening of the Gulf of California about 4 m.y. ago allows for the influx of uppermost Miocene biofacies there; it is unnecessary and improbable to suggest that the mouth of the Gulf opened later than the head of the Gulf of California. The average duration for planktonic zones was: Early Miocene, 1.5 m.y. each; Middle Miocene, about 1 m.y. or less each; Late Miocene, about 1.6 m.y. each; Pliocene, about 0.4 m.y. each; the Pleistocene zones are not defined well in radiometric ages and cannot be recognized in temperate areas such as California and Italy. Planktonic zones are two or three times longer in duration for the cool or cold intervals; this is harmonious with the concept that evolutionary rates are greater in the tropics than in temperate and boreal regions. Maximum sedimentation rates for the Early Miocene were about 140 m/m.y, for the Middle Miocene they were about 500 m/m.y., for the Late Miocene they were about 250 m/m.y., and for the Pliocene and Pleistocene they were about 2,000 m/m.y. The rapid rates for the Plio-Pleistocene are similar to those today in Santa Barbara Basin; they may be less, on the average, than higher rates recognized for the Late Pleistocene in basins of the continental borderland.
WAVE PROPAGATION IN A BUBBLY LIQUID AT SMALL VOLUME FRACTION

Abstract A system of effective equations for wave propagation in a bubbly liquid with a small gas volume fraction is obtained. The derivation consists of averaging the basic equations of the two-phase flow and then using the method of matched asymptotic expansions in order to define the microscopic problem. The resulting system consists of a continuity equation with a source term and a momentum equation with forcing terms. These terms are coupled to a canonical microscopic problem for the motion of a single bubble. The system accounts for the nonlinear effects of the translation of the bubble centers and the oscillation of the bubble interfaces including the spherically symmetric mode and all the asymmetric modes. The system remains valid regardless of the order of magnitude of the gas volume fraction relative to the reciprocal of the bubble number density.
Surface Chemistry of Copper(I) Acetamidinates in Connection with Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Processes

The thermal chemistry of copper(I)-N,N′-di-sec-butylacetamidinate on Ni(110) single-crystal and cobalt polycrystalline surfaces was characterized under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). A complex network of reactions were identified, starting with the dissociative adsorption of the precursor, from its dimeric form in its free state to a monomer once bonded to the nickel surface. The dissociation of a C–N bond in the acetamidinate ligand at ∼200 K leads to the formation of adsorbed 2-butene and N-sec-butylacetamidinate. Some of the latter intermediates hydrogenate around 300 K to release N-sec-butylacetamidine into the gas phase, while the remaining adsorbed species dissociate further around 400 K, as the copper atoms become reduced to a metallic state, possibly to form acetonitrile and a sec-butylamido surface species that reacts further at 485 K to release 2-butene. By 800 K, only copper and a small amount of carbon ca...
Metabolic Evaluation of First-time and Recurrent Stone Formers

Evaluation of stone formers should include careful attention to medications, past medical history, social history, family history, dietary evaluation, occupation, and laboratory evaluation. Kidney stones are associated with obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, and may be a harbinger of diabetes. Twenty-four–hour urine collections are most often appropriate for patients with recurrent stones or complex medical histories. They may be appropriate for some first-time stone formers, including those with comorbidities or large stones. Uric acid stones are usually associated with low urine pH, whereas calcium phosphate stones are most often associated with high urine pH. Very high urine pH suggests infection with ureaseproducing organisms. Young age and infrequent features, such as decreased glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, or extremely high urine oxalate excretion, should lead to consideration of some rare genetic causes of stone disease, such as Dent disease and primary hyperoxaluria.
Free-Flying Experiment To Measure The Schawlow-Townes Linewidth Limit Of A 300 Thz Laser Oscillator

Recent advances in laser diode-pumped solid state laser sources permit the design and testing of laser sources with linewidths that approach the Schawlow-Townes limit of 1 Hz/mW of output power. Laser diode pumped solid state ring oscillators have been operated with CW output power levels of 25 mW at electrical efficiencies that exceed 6 percent. These oscillators are expected to operate for lifetimes that approach those of the laser diode sources which is now approaching 20,000 hours. The efficiency and lifetime of these narrow linewidth laser sources will enable space measurements of gravity waves, remote sensing applications (including local range rate and measurements), and laser sources for frequency and time standards. A free-flight experiment, 'SUNLITE', is being designed to measure the linewidth of this all-solid-state laser system.
Anaphylactic reaction associated with sulindac

Reported is the case of an anaphylactic reaction following sulindac ingestion. A 64-year-old man developed marked shortness of breath following the ingestion of a 200-mg sulindac tablet. On admission he had a palpable blood pressure of 50 mm Hg and diffuse inspiratory and expiratory wheezes on auscultation. He demonstrated marked cardiovascular instability for 24 hours following the adverse reaction. He was treated successfully with a continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine, a corticosteroid, and an antihistamine. Recovery was complete. This case demonstrates that caution is needed in prescribing sulindac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
The Allied Health care Professions: New fields for philosophical exploration

This presentation is designed to stimulate philosophers' interest in the Allied Health Professions, as areas of inquiry appropriate to philosophical reflection and particularly rewarding to those with a major focus on value and its experience. With their careful attention to the ways in which value is present in human experience, their second-order principles for designating priority relations among conflicting values, their ability to transfer the results of sustained inquiry into issues of responsibility and decision making from one context to another, philosophers should find the study of the Allied Health Professions rewarding and fulfilling. But with the longstanding commitment to education and the new commitment to applied ethics and values represented by the emergence of institutes and centers devoted to value inquiry in the many professions, philosophers will find these fields increasingly receptive to measured overtures to integrate the humanistic concerns of philosophy into the Allied Health Science curriculum. Attention to the nature and theory of the activities of the Allied Health Professions may also serve to limit the hegemony of medicine in bioethics courses and texts, and thus better enable teachers of bioethics to assist pre-professional students in understanding their chosen professions as embodying the values about which axiology and ethics theorize.
Traumatic Unilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

A 23-year-old man was admitted for a closed head injury following a fall from a height of 5 meters from a ladder. Because of a C-7 burst fracture, a halo and halo vest were applied approximately 9 hours following the fall. Approximately 21 hours after the accident, the patient complained of diplopia. On neuro-ophthalmology evaluation, a unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia was noted. MRI of the brain, performed 3 days after application of the halo and vest, showed a small infarct at the posterior aspect of the inferior midbrain, slightly left of midline. At 9.5 weeks there was 90% improvement of the internuclear ophthalmoplegia noted. Of the reported cases in the medical literature of traumatic internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 30 (83.33%) cases were male and 6 (16.67%) were female. The mean age was 31.7. 54% of the cases were bilateral; 46% unilateral. Mechanisms include: motor vehicle accident: 28 (41.79%), fall: 7 (10.45%), blunt trauma: 11 (16.42%), penetrating trauma 1: (1.49%), bike accident 3: (4.48...
Central phosphenes in man: A report of three cases ☆

Abstract Chronic thalamic electrodes were implanted via the occipital lobe in three patients for the relief of intractable pain. Electrical stimulation of the electrode tract passing through the visual system led to the production of central phosphenes. These phosphenes were described as round, square, triangular, or rectangular. Some were white, some were patterned in black and white, and others were colored. Good visual angle constancy was demonstrated for one phosphene. Phosphenes were reliably evoked over the period of implantation. The temporal history of stimulation affected the location, brightness and threshold of the phosphene. The type of phosphene evoked by stimulation in the optic radiation area depends on the site of stimulation and the pulse frequency employed. Some phosphenes appear to move away from the fixation point, while others are stable for the duration of stimulation.
Minding the Store: Are Entrepreneurial Retailers More Successful?

This article discusses why many retailers fail. In a 2006 Journal of Retailing article, David Griffith of Michigan State University, Stephanie Noble of the University of Mississippi, and Quimei Chen of the University of Hawaii look at whether entrepreneurial skills aid performance of small retail stores. The study showed that entrepreneurial retail managers were better able to develop knowledge resources related to regulatory agencies, suppliers, competitors and customers. An entrepreneurial orientation to management did not influence small retailers' ability to capitalize on competitor or customer knowledge resources.
Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy Does Not Affect Hydrogen Production on Lactulose Breath Test in Subjects with IBS

Evidence suggests a role for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in IBS. Recently, the question has arisen whether the lactulose breath test (LBT) is abnormal in IBS subjects due to overlapping GERD and proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) usage. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of an abnormal LBT in IBS patients either receiving or not receiving PPI therapy. Consecutive Rome I positive IBS patients referred for LBT completed a questionnaire regarding their symptoms and medication use. All subjects then underwent an LBT. The prevalence of abnormal breath test results and hydrogen production were compared based on PPI usage. Of a total of 555 (429 female) subjects, 106 (19.1%) subjects reported current PPI use. Among those on PPI, 46.2% had a positive LBT. This was not different from the 56.3% positive LBT in non-PPI subjects (OR = 0.67, CI = 0.436–1.017, P = 0.06). No differences in hydrogen parameter were seen with PPI. The average amplitude of rise (first peak) in PPI users was 28.0 ± 35.3 ppm from baseline; in non-PPI users it was 27.5 ± 29.1 ppm (P = 0.89). The average rise in the second peak in PPI users was 48.5 ± 43.8 ppm from baseline; in non-PPI users, it was 49.3 ± 37.6 ppm (P = 0.87). The time to first peak in PPI users was 56.4 ± 23.0 min; in non-PPI users, it was 58.2 ± 26.1 min (P = 0.58). However, among subjects receiving PPI only 7.5% had methane detection on LBT, which is significantly different from the 15.4% of subjects not taking PPI. PPI therapy does not effect hydrogen production on lactulose breath tests in IBS patients. However, there may be an effect on methane.
Multiple prepubertal growth spurts in children of the Fels Longitudinal Study: comparison with results from the Edinburgh Growth Study.

Background: Contrary to the common assumption of a single midspurt, the heights of children measured at 6-monthly intervals in the Edinburgh Growth Study appear to show multiple prepubertal growth spurts of 2–3-year duration. The Edinburgh study relied on inspection of empirical accelerations to identify the spurts.Aim: The work aimed to study this phenomenon with velocity maxima and minima of kernel-smoothed heights in the more extensive 6-monthly data from the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. Velocity maxima and minima for two sets of triplets in the Fels data were also examined for concordance of prepubertal growth patterns in the identical and fraternal members.Subjects: Subjects were 167 boys and 152 girls with complete or nearly complete 6-monthly height measurements from 2 to 18 years of age.Methods: Because the number of spurts detected by kernel smoothing was found to be sensitive to the bandwidth of the smooth, a preliminary study to determine the best choice of bandwidth was carried out. With th...
Low-level determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air using the palmes tube

Abstract Measurements below 300 ppb h using the Palmes Tube are limited by exposure of the samplers during preparation, absorption of nitrogen dioxide in the acrylic body of the sampler, storage life of the samplers, and sensitivity of the analytical procedure. Methods which achieve a limit of detection of 30 ppb h are discussed.
Group Health’s Participation In A Shared Decision-Making Demonstration Yielded Lessons, Such As Role Of Culture Change

In 2007 Washington State became the first state to enact legislation encouraging the use of shared decision making and decision aids to address deficiencies in the informed-consent process. Group Health volunteered to fulfill a legislated mandate to study the costs and benefits of integrating these shared decision-making processes into clinical practice across a range of conditions for which multiple treatment options are available. The Group Health Demonstration Project, conducted during 2009–11, yielded five key lessons for successful implementation, including the synergy between efforts to reduce practice variation and increase shared decision making; the need to support modifications in practice with changes in physician training and culture; and the value of identifying best implementation methods through constant evaluation and iterative improvement. These lessons, and the legislated provisions that supported successful implementation, can guide other states and health care institutions moving towar...
Particle size and interfacial effects on thermo-physical and heat transfer characteristics of water-based α-SiC nanofluids

The effect of average particle sizes on basic macroscopic properties and heat transfer performance of alpha-SiC/water nanofluids was investigated. The average particle sizes, calculated from the specific surface area of nanoparticles, were varied from 16 to 90 nm. Nanofluids with larger particles of the same material and volume concentration provide higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity increases than those with smaller particles because of the smaller solid/liquid interfacial area of larger particles. It was also demonstrated that the viscosity of water-based nanofluids can be significantly decreased by pH of the suspension independently from the thermal conductivity. Heat transfer coefficients were measured and compared to the performance of base fluids as well as to nanofluids reported in the literature. Criteria for evaluation of the heat transfer performance of nanofluids are discussed and optimum directions in nanofluid development are suggested.
Fundamental studies of ion injection and trapping of electrosprayed ions on a quadrupole ion trap

Abstract The quadrupole ion trap is a highly versatile and sensitive analytical mass spectrometer. Because of the advantages offered by the ion trap, there has been intense interest in coupling it to ionization techniques such as electrospray which form ions externally to the ion trap. In this work, simulation and experiment were employed to study the injection of electrosprayed ions into the quadrupole ion trap in a Finnigan MAT LCQ LC/MS n mass spectrometer. SIMION v6.0 was chosen for the simulation studies because it allowed the actual ion trap electrode geometry including endcap holes to be simulated. The endcap holes weaken the rf trapping field in the region near the holes; this distortion of the field is important when ions have large axial excursions as they do in ion injection. In addition, the field penetrates out the endcap holes and affects ions as they approach the ion trap. The results of simulating ions started outside the ion trap agreed well with experimentally obtained ion injection data of the effect of q z during injection. From these simulations, a model for the process by which injected ions are trapped was developed. Injected ions can be trapped even with the modest helium buffer gas pressures commonly used (≈1 mTorr) because ions naturally oscillate for long times (and therefore distances) at certain q z values and initial rf phases. This allows enough collisions to occur to damp the ions’ excess kinetic energy.
Alternative Polyadenylation Blooms

Alternative polyadenylation generates mRNAs with 3' untranscribed regions of different lengths, often affecting transcript stability. Hornyik et al., in this issue of Developmental Cell, and Liu et al. now demonstrate a role for alternative polyadenylation in gene silencing and the regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The system of two spinning disks in the torus

Abstract We study the system of two spinning disks in the torus. We show how to reduce this non-Hamiltonian system to a three dimensional measure preserving reversible map. We establish that, in contrast to the case of elastic collisions, this system may have periodic orbits with all Floquet exponents on the unit circle.
Phosphatase PTEN is inactivated in bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to cyclic strain.

Hemodynamic forces, including cyclic strain (CS) and shear stress (SS), have been recognized as important modulators of vascular cell morphology and function. PTEN (also known as MMAC1/TEP1) is a lipid phosphatase that leads to a decrease in intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PIP3) and therefore can modulate the stimulating effect of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In this study, we focused on the upstream regulators of the PI3K-Akt pathway by assessing Akt, PTEN, casein kinase 2 (CK2) (a kinase that catalyzes phosphorylation of PTEN), and PI3K activity in endothelial cells (EC) exposed to CS. The activity of phospho-PTEN (n = 4) and phospho-CK2 (n = 4) increased in a time-dependent fashion, reaching maximal activity by 10 min of CS stimulation. The peak of phospho-Akt activity (n = 4) occurred later, at 60 min. Akt activity was altered by transfection of EC with dominant negative PTEN plasmids. Furthermore, CS increased PIP3 immunoreactivity in a time-dependent manner, reaching maximal activity after 60 min of CS stimulation, and these effects were affected by transfection of EC with dominant negative PTEN plasmids. Inhibition of PTEN activity had no effect on CS-mediated cell proliferation but inhibited CS-mediated suppression of apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 515–526, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Proliferation of astroglia from the adult human cerebrum is inhibited by ethanol in vitro

Chronic alcoholism is associated with atrophy of the adult brain, while fetal exposure to ethanol can cause microencephaly. Since astroglial pathology is a common feature of ethanol exposure in both humans and animal models, the direct influence of ethanol on proliferation of human astroglia from the gray and white matter of adult temporal lobe was determined and compared. Astroglial cultures were exposed to constant concentrations of ethanol at realistic social and clinical levels (0.1, 0.2 or 0.5%; w/v) for 1 to 5 days. Proliferation was quantified by bromodeoxyuridine labeling and enumeration of replicating cells. Ethanol exposure significantly inhibited proliferation of both gray and white matter astroglia in a dose and duration dependent manner. Gray matter was slightly more sensitive than white matter to inhibition by low to moderate concentrations of ethanol; in contrast, white matter was more sensitive to high ethanol concentrations. Maximum inhibition was 20% in gray matter and 25% in white matter. Human astroglial proliferation was directly inhibited in the absence of neurons, microglia, neuronal degeneration or systemic factors that have confounded in vivo studies. Restricted astroglial proliferation may underlie aspects of the astroglial pathology associated with ethanol exposure.
Metal anesthesia circuit components stop the progression of laser fires.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether metallic Y-pieces and elbows would halt the progression of a laser-induced endotracheal tube fire. Design: A segment of polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube was attached to either an all-plastic anesthesia circle breathing system (n = 5) or a circuit consisting of a metal Y-piece and elbow with plastic hoses (n = 5). In each case, an Nd-YAG laser was used to ignite the endotracheal tube segment and attached anesthesia circuit as 5 L/min of oxygen was flowing through them. Setting: Research laboratory of a university-affiliated metropolitan medical center. Measurements and Main Results: The flames from the endotracheal tubes burned through the 22 mm hoses that were part of the all-plastic circuits in 49.5 ± 8.8 seconds (mean ± SD). In none of the trials with the metal components did the fire advance beyond the endotracheal tube's 15 mm adapter. Conclusions: Metal circuit components halt the progression of laser-induced endotracheal tube fires toward the anesthesia machine.
Coaching preferences of adolescent youths and their parents

Abstract This study compared preferred coaching styles of children and their parents using the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980). The LSS preferred form was revised and then administered to children ranging from 10 to 18 years of age who competed in summer youth sport leagues and to one parent within each family unit (n = 239). A doubly multivariate repeated measure MANOVA revealed a significant multivariate difference for adolescent athletes and their parents on the five subscales of the LSS. Discriminant function and univariate analyses indicated that male and female children and their parents differed on autocratic and democratic behavior and children had a significantly higher score on democratic behavior and social support than did their parents. Parents, coaches, and researchers in youth sports could use the revised LSS to determine children-athletes’ preferences for coaching styles and for developing more effective programs.
Stultifying Politics Today: The “Natural Science” Model in American Political Science—How is it Natural, Science, and a Model?

This article “follows the actors” to examine the high regard for “the natural science model” in contemporary American political science. How this model is accepted as a science remains an ongoing struggle for epistemic control. This conflict shapes ideological and institutional struggles over who dictates to whom how the “study of politics” is conducted in evolving mainstream professional networks as well as civil society at large given the organizational dynamics of the contemporary American research university. These approaches to “studying politics today” also appear to be “stultifying politics today” inasmuch as this putative methodological objectivity exerts a dulling effect on civic discourse, political vision, and active citizenship.
NEOSPOROSIS-ASSOCIATED BOVINE ABORTION IN PENNSYLVANIA

Abstract Neospora caninum was found in fetal tissues of 34 of 688 cases of bovine abortion submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System during the period from May 1994 to November 1996. The aborted fetuses ranged in gestational age from 3 to 8 months. Microscopic lesions consisted primarily of encephalitis and myocarditis. A labeled (strept) avidin–biotin staining procedure using anti- N. caninum polyclonal rabbit serum revealed N. caninum organisms within the fetal brain (27 of 27), heart (10 of 13), placenta (5 of 6), kidney (2 of 2), liver (1 of 4) and skeletal muscle (1 of 1).
Human liver glucokinase gene: cloning and sequence determination of two alternatively spliced cDNAs.

Abstract A human liver glucokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) cDNA was isolated from a liver cDNA library. This cDNA (hLGLK1) appeared to be full length [2548 base pairs (bp) plus additional poly(A) residues], as its size was consistent with a single 2.8-kilobase (kb) glucokinase mRNA on Northern blot analysis of liver poly(A)+ RNA. The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1392 bp that predicted a protein of 464 amino acids and a molecular mass of 52 kDa; this protein has 97% identity to rat liver glucokinase. Fourteen residues on the amino terminus of the predicted human liver glucokinase, however, differed completely from those of the predicted rat liver enzyme and could be explained by alternative splicing of a 124-bp cassette exon in human cDNA. A second glucokinase cDNA (hLGLK2), missing the 124-bp cassette exon, was isolated by PCR amplification of human liver cDNA. The hLGLK2 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1398 bp from an ATG codon at position 164, encoding a predicted protein of 466 residues, 98% identical to the rat enzyme, but different from the predicted protein of hLGLK1 cDNA by 16 amino-terminal residues. In contrast, hLGLK1 cDNA contains multiple initiator codons upstream of the predicted initiator codon at position 294 within the cassette exon. Translation of the two mRNAs in vitro by a reticulocyte lysate system resulted in proteins of the expected size (52 kDa) for both mRNAs; yet hLGLK2 mRNA was translated four to six times more efficiently. These results suggested that the alternative splicing of a cassette exon in hLGLK1 resulted in an mRNA with an upstream initiator codon and reduced function. The relative biological activity of the two isoforms of human glucokinase and their possible developmental and/or metabolic regulation remain to be determined.
Smokeless tobacco abstinence effects and nicotine gum dose

There were two experiments on abstinence from smokeless tobacco. The purpose of the first experiment was to determine abstinence effects from smokeless tobacco. The purpose of the second experiment was to examine the effects of different doses of nicotine gum on smokeless tobacco abstinence effects. The subjects were male Copenhagen smokeless tobacco users who underwent 3 days of baseline measurement while continuing to use smokeless tobacco ad libitum, and 5 days of the experimental condition. In the first experiment, the subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups and compared: continuous smokeless tobacco users (n=10), and deprivation plus no nicotine gum (n=10). In the second experiment, subjects were assigned randomly and in a double-blind fashion to one of three groups and compared: (1) deprivation plus 0 mg nicotine gum (n=20); (2) deprivation plus 2 mg nicotine gum (n=20); and (3) deprivation plus 4 mg nicotine gum (n=20). The first experiment showed significant increases upon abstinence for the following variables: (1) craving; (2) difficulty concentrating; (3) restlessness; (4) excessive hunger; (5) eating; (6) reaction time; (7) variability of reaction time and (8) total withdrawal scores for both the self-rated and the observer-rated forms. The second experiment showed that nicotine gum failed to significantly reduce smokeless tobacco abstinence effects, although those with high cotinine levels may receive some benefit from nicotine gum.
Cation antiphase boundaries in ionic crystals based on anion close packing

Abstract Characteristic planar lattice defects have been observed in ionic crystals based on a close packed anion' structure. They are characterized as antiphase boundaries with regard to cation arrangement in the approximately perfect anion lattice, and are referred to as “Cation Antiphase Boundaries” (CAB). Cation antiphase boundaries are classified into two types depending on the symmetry operation involved. The CAB which is formed by translating a part of a crystal by the shortest anion-anion vector is called as CAB of the first sort, and that with a symmetry operation other than translation is called a CAB of the second sort. The latter causes twinning of the crystal owing to its symmetry operation. Among the principal crystal structures based on the close packing of anions, spinel, corundum, ilmenite and olivine type structures are expected to show CAB of the first sort. CAB of the second sort are expected to appear in zinc blende, wurtzite, corundum, ilmenite and olivine type structures. The occurence of CAB is attributed to the formation of the crystal nucleus which contains incoherent cation arrangement in the close-packed anion array.
Accounting standards, health care, and retired American workers: An institutional critique☆

Abstract The Financial Accounting Standards Board in 1990 issued an accounting standard (SFAS 106) that requires U.S. companies to apply accrual accounting techniques to obligations arising from employee postretirement health care plans. Despite significant economic implications for current and future retirees, U.S. workers and labor groups were conspicuously absent from deliberations preceding the issuance of the standard. This paper critically examines, from an institutional perspective, how American workers were effectively denied a voice in the debate over their future health care benefits despite several avenues through which they can ostensibly express themselves.
Effects of chronic alcohol consumption and aging on dopamine D2 receptors in Fischer 344 rats.

Aging and chronic alcohol consumption are each accompanied by significant changes in dopamine and dopamine receptors. This study extended previous work by investigating the combined effects of chronic alcoholism and aging on total dopamine D 2 receptors in brain areas associated with the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic systems. In addition, the effects of chronic alcohol consumption and aging on the high-affinity state of D 2 receptors and their conversion to the low-affinity form is included. Quantitative autoradiography was used to assess [ 3 H]spiperone-labeled D 2 receptors in tissue sections from 5- to 14- and 24-month Fischer 344 rats that were pair-fed a control or 6.6% (v/v) ethanol-containing liquid diet for 6 weeks. In addition, D 2 receptors were determined in rats given the control liquid diet ad libitum. The results of these experiments demonstrated age-related changes in the nigrostriatal system. There was an age-related loss of total dopamine D 2 receptors in the rostral and caudal striatum (∼25% decrease in B max ). This decline in D 2 receptors may be associated with changes in motor function. Despite the age-related decline in D 2 receptors, there were no significant differences in the proportion of striatal receptors in the high-affinity form or in their conversion to the low-affinity state. Both aging and chronic alcohol consumption produced significant changes in the concentration of D 2 receptors in brain areas associated with the mesocorticolimbic system. That is, the specific binding of [ 3 H]spiperone was decreased in the frontal cortex of aged rats. In addition, chronic alcoholism was associated with a significant increase (∼20%) in the B max for D 2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Nonetheless, neither age nor chronic alcohol consumption altered the proportion of high-affinity D 2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens or their conversion to the lower affinity state. The observed changes in D 2 receptors in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens are of interest because of the involvement of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine areas in the rewarding properties of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Although aging and chronic alcoholism both produced significant changes in dopamine D 2 receptor concentrations, alcohol did not accentuate the age-related loss of D 2 receptors. We cannot eliminate the possibility that a more prolonged exposure or higher ethanol dose may potentiate age-related changes in the dopaminergic system.
DSM-5 Changes and the Prevalence of Parent-Reported Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome

We used survey methodology to assess parent-reported autism symptomology in 758 individuals (639 males; 119 females) with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Caregivers reported whether their child with FXS had been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and endorsed symptoms based on a list of observable behaviors related to ASD diagnoses. Symptom counts were categorized based on DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria. Based on behavioral symptoms endorsed by caregivers, 38.7 % of males and 24.7 % of females met criteria for DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of autistic disorder. Significantly fewer males (27.8 %) and females (11.3 %) met criteria for ASD based on DSM-5 criteria. Although 86.4 % of males and 61.7 % of females met criteria for the restricted and repetitive behavior domain for DSM-5, only 29.4 % of males and 13.0 % of females met criteria for the social communication and interaction (SCI) domain. Relaxing the social communication criteria by one symptom count led to a threefold increase in those meeting criteria for ASD, suggesting the importance of subthreshold SCI symptoms for individuals with FXS in ASD diagnoses. Findings suggest important differences in the way ASD may be conceptualized in FXS based on the new DSM-5 criteria.
New on-line adaptive algorithm for nonlinear system identification and control

Neural-based nonlinear system identification and control suffers from the problem of slow convergence, and selection of a suitable architecture for a problem is made through trial and error. There is the need for an algorithm that would provide an efficient solution to these problems. This paper presents one possible solution. Unlike the backpropagation algorithm that trains a fixed structure, in the algorithm presented in this paper, the network is built slowly in a step-by-step fashion. This evolving architecture methodology permits an optimal allocation of hidden nodes that avoids training on outliers and at the same time, provides sufficient complexity for the approximation of a data set. Through simulation examples we show that this algorithm also exhibits faster convergence properties than the usual multi- layered neural network algorithms. Finally, we examine some common ideas between this architecture and fuzzy logic systems.
Seeing Deep Structure From the Interactions of Surface Features

Transfer is typically thought of as requiring individuals to “see” what is the same in the deep structure between a new target problem and a previously encountered source problem, even though the surface features may be dissimilar. We propose that experts can “see” the deep structure by considering the first-order interactions of the explicit surface features and the second-order relationships between the first-order cues. Based on this speculative hypothesis, we propose a domain-specific bottom-up instructional approach that teaches students explicitly to focus on deriving the first-order interactions cues and noticing the second-order relationships among the first-order interaction cues. To do so, researchers and instructional designers need to first extract from experienced solvers or experts how they derive such first-order cues. Transfer is assumed to be based on the similarities in the second-order relationships, which are familiar everyday relationships such as equal to, greater than, and so forth.
Trends in Use of Alcohol and Other Substances on Television.

The present study reports on a content analysis of the usage of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs during two recent television seasons. In each season a composite week of the three commercial networks' programming was videotaped, including one episode of each prime time and Saturday morning fictional series. Analyses showed that alcohol predominated in both seasons, accounting for more than two thirds of all the coded substance acts. More than two acts of alcohol use were found per hour in each season. From 9–11 p.m. it exceeded three instances per hour in the first season analyzed, and bordered on five instances per hour in the second season. Males and females participated in alcohol acts in proportion to and in quantities similar to their representation in the population of television characters, and those characters between 20–34 years old were more likely to be heavier drinkers. The middle class did heavier drinking as did comic characters.
Comment on "measuring a photonic qubit without destroying it.

A Comment on the Letter by G. J. Pryde et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 190402 (2004). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
The effects of phospholipid and factor Va on the inhibition of Factor Xa by antithrombin III

Abstract The rate of inhibition of Factor Xa by antithrombin III was found to be influenced by either phospholipid or Factor Va combined with phospholipid. Our results confirmed that Factor Va and phospholipid could protect Factor Xa from inhibition. However, when antithrombin III levels were extrapolated to infinity, the protective effect of lipid and Factor Va were eliminated and the rate of inhibition was accelerated. This indicated that the protective effect that was observed at low antithrombin III concentrations in the presence of phospholipid and Factor Va was due to inhibition of binding of the inhibitor to Factor Xa.
Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae(16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitumwas cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.
Seeing Is Believing: Neural Representations of Visual Stimuli in Human Auditory Cortex Correlate with Illusory Auditory Perceptions

In interpersonal communication, the listener can often see as well as hear the speaker. Visual stimuli can subtly change a listener’s auditory perception, as in the McGurk illusion, in which perception of a phoneme’s auditory identity is changed by a concurrent video of a mouth articulating a different phoneme. Studies have yet to link visual influences on the neural representation of language with subjective language perception. Here we show that vision influences the electrophysiological representation of phonemes in human auditory cortex prior to the presentation of the auditory stimulus. We used the McGurk effect to dissociate the subjective perception of phonemes from the auditory stimuli. With this paradigm we demonstrate that neural representations in auditory cortex are more closely correlated with the visual stimuli of mouth articulation, which drive the illusory subjective auditory perception, than the actual auditory stimuli. Additionally, information about visual and auditory stimuli transfer in the caudal–rostral direction along the superior temporal gyrus during phoneme perception as would be expected of visual information flowing from the occipital cortex into the ventral auditory processing stream. These results show that visual stimuli influence the neural representation in auditory cortex early in sensory processing and may override the subjective auditory perceptions normally generated by auditory stimuli. These findings depict a marked influence of vision on the neural processing of audition in tertiary auditory cortex and suggest a mechanistic underpinning for the McGurk effect.
The importance of accounting for the area of the medullary cavity in cross-sectional geometry: A test based on the femoral midshaft

Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001KEY WORDS bone mechanical properties; periosteal CSG; external dimensionsABSTRACT In cross-sectional geometric (CSG) stud-ies, both the subperiosteal and endosteal contours are con-sidered important factors in determining bone bendingrigidity. Recently, regression equations predicting CSGproperties from a section’s external dimensions weredeveloped in a world-wide sample of human long bones.The results showed high correlations between some sub-periosteally derived and actual CSG parameters. We pres-ent a theoretical model that further explores the inﬂuenceof endosteal dimensions on CSG properties. We comparetwo hypothetical femoral midshaft samples with the sametotal subperiosteal area but with percentages of corticalbone at the opposite ends of published human variationfor population sample means. Even in this relativelyuncommon scenario, the difference between the samplesin the resultant means for predicted femoral polar secondmoment of area (J) appears to be modest: power analysisindicates that a minimum sample size of 61 is needed todetect the difference 90% of the time via a t-test. More-over, endosteal area can be predicted—although with sub-stantial error—from periosteal area. Despite this error,including this relationship in subperiosteally derived esti-mates of J produces sample mean estimates close to truemean values. Power analyses reveal that when similarsamples are used to develop prediction equations, a mini-mum sample of hundreds or more may be needed to distin-guish a predicted mean Jfrom the true mean . Theseresults further justify the use of regression equationsestimating J from periosteal contours when analyzingbehaviorally induced changes in bone rigidity in ancientpopulations, when it is not possible to measure endostealdimensions. However, in other situations involving com-parisons of individual values, growth trends, and senes-cence, where relative cortical thickness may vary greatly,inclusion of endosteal dimensions is still important. Am JPhys Anthropol 143:612–624, 2010.