cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Look It, This is how You Know:” Family Forest Walks as a Context for Knowledge-Building About the Natural World

ABSTRACTThis case study focuses on a Native American family's experience on a walk in an urban forest preserve. Drawing on interaction analysis traditions, we analyze video data and transcript data to characterize how learning unfolds in place, in this case an urban forest. We build on this analysis, as well as the work of Indigenous scholars, to theoretically develop walking, reading, and storying land as a methodology for making sense of physical and biological worlds.
Pb1−xSnxTe photovoltaic diodes and diode lasers produced by proton bombardment

Abstract N-p junction photovoltaic detectors in Pb0.88Sn0.12Te and laser diodes in both PbTe and Pb0.88Sn0.12Te fabricated using proton bombardment to create the n-type layer are reported. Zero-bias resistance area products as high as 1.4 Ω-cm2 at 77°K and 966 Ω-cm2 at 15°K were observed for 15-mil-square Pb0.88Sn0.12Te photodiodes. At 77°K, peak detectivities at 7.5 μm as high as 2.5 × 1010 cmHz1 2 /W were measured. At 15°K, the peak detectivity occurred at 10.2 μm and in reduced background was greater than 10 12 cmHz1 2 / W . Both PbTe and Pb0.88Sn0.12Te laser diodes operated CW at 4.2°K. The PbTe diodes exhibited single mode CW laser operation up to at least 50°K and pulsed operation up to at least 80°K.
Soft Tissue Augmentation of the Temporal Brow in Browlifting Surgery

Over the past decade, improved appreciation of facial aging changes have modified management considerations for facial rejuvenation. In the brow region, traditional changes of soft tissue descent due to loss of skin elasticity and gravitational effect have been updated to include soft tissue and bony volume loss (deflation).1,2 Thus, optimal management of age-related brow ptosis should address these changes.
Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials for Nuclear Waste Effluent Treatment

Over the past 48 years, nuclear defense activities have produced large quantities of nuclear waste that now require safe and permanent disposal. The major high-level radioactive waste accumulations are stored at Hanford in the southeastern desert of Washington State and at Savannah River in South Carolina. The magnitude of the problem is enormous. There are 177 storage tanks of a million-gallon plus size nearly filled with high level waste at Hanford alone. Much of the waste was placed in the tanks with no records kept of their content. Over a period of time new additions were made to the tanks as needed so that the inventory of content is at best approximate. In order to prevent corrosion of the tanks the pH was raised to above 13 which resulted in the precipitation of large quantities of hydroxides. Thus, Hanford must not only deal with huge amounts of liquid waste, but must also develop methods of treating the solid waste.
Reflection grating concept for the Lynx X-Ray Grating Spectrograph

The Lynx X-ray Grating Spectrograph (XGS) is responsible for providing high throughput and spectral resolution for soft x-ray energies. This instrument will help characterize the formation of galaxies and a large-scale structure in the universe. Such goals require large effective areas, >4000 cm2, and high resolving power, R > 5000, over much of the low-energy band, 0.2 to 2.0 keV. A concept design for the XGS using reflection gratings has the potential to achieve these requirements. The design uses achievable grating parameters, efficient packing of the grating array, and a compact detector layout. The concept is presented along with a detailed discussion of the considerations made in its determination.
Model Comparisons and Scoring

Up to this point, we have focused on what is considered the Big 3 in predictive analytics: regression, decision trees, and neural networks. However, these are not the only methods available to us. Other methods have been developed, and their use has begun to become more widespread. The predictive analytics landscape has had significant growth as we see more opportunities to apply these techniques in new and interesting applications. Business practices of yesteryear stressed giving the customer what they want. Business practices of tomorrow will focus on giving the customer what they need but are not aware that they need it yet. There is what often seems like an infinite amount of data available, and we are no longer constrained by computer processors that were incapable of performing the calculations needed to evaluate a model in a timely manner.
Time-Resolved Diffraction Studies of Ion Exchange: K+ and Na+ Exchange into (Al, Ge) Gismondine (GIS) Na24Al24Ge24O96·40H2O and K8Al8Ge8O32·8H2O

Time-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used to study ion-exchange mechanisms and pathways in K+ and Na+ forms of an aluminogermanate with the zeolite gismondine topology (AlGe−GIS). The Na+ and K+ forms differ in their distribution of extraframework cations with the Na+ ions ordered in the C-centered monoclinic Na−AlGe−GIS of unit-cell dimensions a = 14.490(3) A, b = 9.3840(2) A, c = 23.530(5) A, and β = 105.90(3)° and K+ ions disordered in the I-centered monoclinic K−AlGe−GIS of unit-cell dimensions a = 10.311(2) A, b = 9.749(1) A, c = 10.238(1) A, and β = 90.000(2)°. Rietveld structure refinements indicate K+ first occupies sites K2, K4, and K6 in the [101] channel of the Na−AlGe−GIS structure. After 10% (±2%) K+ exchange into the [101] channel, the I2/a unit cell forms and subsequent replacement of Na+ is consistent with site independent exchange along the [101] and [201] channels. Ion exchange proceeded to approximately 90% (±1%) substitution of K+ into Na−AlGe−GIS wi...
Using Information Flow to Design an ISA that Controls Timing Channels

Information-flow control (IFC) enforcing languages can provide high assurance that software does not leak information or allow an attacker to influence critical systems. IFC hardware description languages have also been used to design secure circuits that eliminate timing channels. However, there remains a gap between IFC hardware and software; these two components are built independently with no abstraction for how to compose their security guarantees. This paper presents a proposal for an instruction set architecture (ISA) that can provide the appropriate abstraction for joining hardware and software IFC mechanisms. Our ISA describes a RISC-V processor that tracks information-flow labels at run time and uses these labels to eliminate or mitigate timing channels. To make the ISA more practical, it allows constrained downgrading of information; it permits trading off security for performance; and still offers control primitives such as system calls. We prove timing-sensitive noninterference modulo downgrading and nonmalleability for programs executing our ISA. This involves novel restrictions on the mutability of labels beyond previous dynamic IFC systems. Furthermore, we define specific security conditions which correct hardware can implement to provide software-level security and sketch how such hardware may be designed and verified.
Is the key to better PISA math scores improving spatial skills

The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) testing is conducted every 3 years by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; oecd.org ) with 15-year-olds across the globe. Students complete a battery of tests in science, reading, and mathematics and complete an attitudinal survey. The goal of the PISA testing is to determine, broadly, if children are prepared for successful adulthoods. This means that items on the test are application- and not theoretically based. The mathematics portion of the PISA test includes problems in four content subtest areas: (1) change and relationships, (2) quantity, (3) uncertainty and data, and (4) space and shape. The subscale most closely related to spatial cognition is space and shape. Developers of the mathematics portion of the test indicate that student scores on subset areas 1 through 3 also depend on a child’s understanding of space and shape; thus, the space and shape construct is a key to overall performance on the test. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, it examines PISA data by subtest for several countries by analyzing trends between high-performing countries and other countries of interest with a particular focus on the subtest scores for space and shape. Second, the paper examines the relationship between scores on individual released items from PISA and scores on standard instruments designed to assess spatial skills for students from the USA. Findings indicate that success on PISA items is significantly correlated with scores on tests of spatial cognition. This finding means that improving spatial skills could be an overlooked strategy to improve student performance on large-scale tests of student achievement and has the potential to ultimately better prepare children for successful adulthoods.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Willingness to Pay, and Patient Preferences About Genetic Testing and Subsequent Risk Management for Cancer Prevention.

Knowledge, attitudes, and patient preferences about genetic testing and subsequent risk management for cancer prevention among average risk populations are understudied, especially among Hispanics. This study was to assess these items by conducting an in-person survey in this understudied population. We conducted in-person surveys using a self-administered, structured questionnaire among young women in 2017. Survey questions were adapted from other validated surveys. This study had 677 participants in the final analyses. Data were collected in 2017 and analyzed in 2018 and 2019. Participants had little knowledge about genes or breast cancer risk, but most felt that genetic testing for cancer prevention is “a good idea” (87.0%), “a reassuring idea” (84.0%), and that “everyone should get the test” (87.7%). Most (64.0%) of these women would pay up to $25 for the test, 29.3% would pay $25–$500, and < 10% would pay more than $500 for the test. When asked about a hypothetical scenario of high breast cancer risk, 34.2% Hispanics and 24.5% non-Hispanics would choose chemoprevention. Women would be less likely to choose risk reduction procedures, such as mastectomy (19.6% among Hispanics and 15.1% among non-Hispanics) and salpingo-oophorectomy (11.8% among Hispanics and 10.7% among non-Hispanics). In this low-income, mostly Hispanic population, knowledge about genetic testing and cancer risk is poor, but most have positive opinions about genetic testing for cancer prevention. However, their strong preference for chemoprevention and lesser preference for prophylactic surgeries in a hypothetical scenario underscore the importance of genetic counseling and education.
The great raced and gendered outdoors: white male spatiality in Alexander Payne's Nebraska and David Lynch's The Straight Story

This study uses two U.S. films – Nebraska (2013) and The Straight Story (1999) – to examine the centrality and framing power of hegemonic white masculinity for common conceptions in the United Stat...
Effects of Post-Etch Microstructures on the Optical Transmittance of Silica Ridge Waveguides

Silica waveguides are often etched by reactive ion etch (RIE) processes. These processes can leave residual topography that can increase optical loss. We investigated the relation between optical loss and various RIE etch. A wet etch step meant to remove microstructures was also considered and compared. Ridge waveguides were fabricated in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited films by three different RIE processes, each with a different gas composition, pressure setting, and applied power setting. Half of each set of waveguides were also subjected to a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The waveguides were tested for optical transmission via the cutback method. The transmission vs waveguide length measurements were plotted to fit an exponential curve and the optical loss and measurement uncertainty for each waveguide set was calculated. Clear distinctions in optical loss were found between the different RIE processes. The HF treatment also has an effect, significantly reducing optical loss for two processes and increasing it for the third. Of the tested RIE processes, one can be suggested for silica waveguides. It results in the lowest optical loss and coincidently has the fastest etch rate.
Elastic Intramedullary Nailing of Pediatric Both-Bone Forearm Fractures.

Background Elastic intramedullary nailing of both-bone pediatric forearm fractures is used to treat unstable fractures that fail conservative management with closed reduction and casting, open injuries, or injuries with neurovascular compromise. Description Small incisions are used to enter the medullary canal of the distal end of the radius and proximal part of the ulna, avoiding injury to the adjacent physis. The elastic nail is advanced to the fracture site under fluoroscopic guidance. The fracture is reduced with traction and manipulation, and the nail is passed across the fracture site to stabilize the forearm. Alternatives Closed reduction and casting is the mainstay of treatment in most pediatric forearm fractures. If conservative treatment fails, these fractures can be surgically managed with elastic intramedullary nails or with plate and screw fixation. Rationale Elastic intramedullary nailing of pediatric forearm fractures provides a minimally invasive alternative to treat unstable fractures that fail closed reduction and casting. It has been shown to be a reliable method of achieving anatomic union with excellent function of the injured upper extremity in most patients with very few complications related to the surgery1-3. Expected outcomes We advise patients that in >90% of children treated with this technique, we achieve anatomic union with excellent wrist and elbow function. Usually, the nails can be removed 6 to 12 months after the procedure. Complications related to infection, nonunion, malunion, compartment syndrome, and neurovascular compromise are rare1-3. Important tips Position the patient and fluoroscopy machine to allow easy access to the elbow and wrist throughout the procedure.Use a sharp-pointed awl to access the medullary canal without injuring the adjacent physes of the distal end of the radius or proximal part of the ulna.Contour the radial implant to allow easy passage and to establish the anatomic radial bow.Traction and direct manual pressure can be used to reduce the fractured fragments to allow passage of the implants across the fracture site.A small open reduction of the fracture site should be performed after ≥3 failed attempts at obtaining a closed reduction.The nails should be cut so that they can be buried subcutaneously but easily accessed for later removal without injuring the adjacent physes.
Perceived impact of short-term professional development for foreign language teachers of adults: a case study

Using Desimone's (2009) framework for studying the effects of teacher professional development (PD), this qualitative study examines the effectiveness and impact of a 10-week professional development course on 31 foreign language (FL) instructional faculty and staff in a U.S. Government language school. Data sources included 31 K-W-L reflections, 15 questionnaire responses, and nine semistructured interviews from course participants. Etic and emic analysis revealed evidence of Desimone's framework as well as emerging themes that showed the importance of modeling, expanding the professional community, confirming beliefs, increasing confidence, and developing a learner-centered mindset to effective PD for FL teachers. These emerging themes are presented as an expansion of Desimone's core conceptual framework based on contextual factors specific to PD for FL instructors of adult learners. The results of this study can inform the development and evaluation of FL teacher PD and ground future studies in this context using Desimone's framework.
Computable Structure Theory: Within the Arithmetic

In mathematics, we know there are some concepts - objects, constructions, structures, proofs - that are more complex and difficult to describe than others. Computable structure theory quantifies and studies the complexity of mathematical structures, structures such as graphs, groups, and orderings. Written by a contemporary expert in the subject, this is the first full monograph on computable structure theory in 20 years. Aimed at graduate students and researchers in mathematical logic, it brings new results of the author together with many older results that were previously scattered across the literature and presents them all in a coherent framework, making it easier for the reader to learn the main results and techniques in the area for application in their own research. This volume focuses on countable structures whose complexity can be measured within arithmetic; a forthcoming second volume will study structures beyond arithmetic.
To move or not to move?: page migration for irregular applications in over-subscribed GPU memory systems with DynaMap

This paper focuses on the severe page thrashing problem that can arise when running large irregular memory access applications on limited GPU memory systems. Such memory over-subscription causes very poor performance in the currently on demand (eager) or page-group granularity access-counter based (lazy) page migration mechanisms found in NVIDIA's UVM drivers. Our detailed analysis of these executions reveals a very novel insight: rather than duplicate the responsibility of catering to both temporal and spatial locality in both GPU caches and its memory, it is better for the former to simply cater to the temporal aspect, and the latter to the spatial aspect, thereby saving precious memory system capacities. Based on this, we build an adaptive page migration scheme, called DynaMap, that (i) uses a compiler pass to instrument off-the-shelf CUDA UVM applications for spatial utilization tracking, (ii) dynamically sets a spatial utilization threshold to determine migration based on memory pressure and access characteristics, and (iii) enhances the current NVIDIA UVM driver to dynamically migrate the page (from the host memory to the GPU) based on the threshold. Using 7 irregular applications from public benchmark suites, we implement DynaMap on a real system with different over-subscription ratios to show speedups as much as 2.5X (34% on the average) over state-of-the-art UVM implementations.
Competency-Based Experiential-Expertise and Future Adaptive Learning Systems

In the near future an international career and life-long learning ecosystem will be developed to not only support the growing dependence of international/global remote work teams and roles but to facilitate new technology that will enable learning to be more ubiquitous and available at the point-of-need. This paper describes the competency-based experiential-expertise (CBEE) learning and performance management support model that is designed for this future learning ecosystem. The model stems from applied research conducted with the military over the last decade, and other research going as far back as the early 1970’s [1] that argued today’s industrial education system does not prepare people for real occupational work, and limits access to those most in need of education. It’s suggested the current academic model simply cannot keep up with the growing or changing performance ability demands from new industries or new jobs in old industries [2, 3]. There are efforts in play to change the industrial-based academic model of learning for all its obsolescence, and to adopt a more competency-based approach [4, 5, 6, 7]. However, even if successful, the academic model still doesn’t provide a means to manage the development and tracking of ability regarding existing, new or future workers in the nation's occupational labor force. Therefore, many hours and lots of money will still be required and spent for learning that either is not needed, doesn’t meet expectations or does not fix problems in occupational performance. This condition can be avoided if a single, data-driven, competency standard is followed and integrated into a joint academic/vocational training approach. To help support this idea, this paper describes a model and methodology of learning that works within the coming learning ecosystem, and consists of new ALS technology that must be researched further, and invested in to make learning more cost-effective regarding our future labor force, and provide learners with a greater return-on-investment.
Associations among average parental educational attainment, maternal stress, and infant screen exposure at 6 months of age.

Abstract Evidence suggests that increased use of screens early in life may have negative developmental consequences for children. However, little is known concerning parental factors that predict initial screen exposure in infancy. The primary goal of this study was to examine whether parental educational attainment and maternal stress were associated with infant screen exposure by 6 months of age. A diverse sample of mothers (N = 93) was recruited prenatally. In a follow-up visit when the infants were six months of age (N = 82), we examined factors that may be associated with initial infant exposure to screens. First, mothers reported whether they had already exposed their infants to screens. Thereafter, those mothers who reported already having exposed their infants to screens were further queried to determine the extent of infant screen use. Results demonstrated that among infants exposed to screens, mothers reported an average of nearly 3 h of daily screen use. Average parental educational attainment, but not maternal stress, was significantly associated with initial infant exposure. Of those families who endorsed screen exposure by 6 months, 70 % reported a screen in the room where the child sleeps, nearly half reported using screens to help calm the infant, and about a third reported using a screen at least sometimes during meals, when going to sleep, and while waiting. Parental education around infant screen use behaviors may be important to help promote child development and outcomes.
Do crocodiles have a zona incerta

In mammals, the zona incerta is thought to be involved in a number of behaviors: visceral activity; arousal; attention; and posture and locomotion. These diverse and complex features suggested that the zona incerta functions as a global or integrative node. Nevertheless, despite multiple investigations into its anatomy, physiology, and behavior in a variety of mammals, no specific character identifies the zona incerta besides its appearance in fiber-stained material and its relationship to surrounding structures. One such structure is the thalamic reticular nucleus whose caudal pole often contains some intermingled cells of the zona incerta. In crocodilians, the entopeduncular nucleus abuts the caudal pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus and displays different immunohistochemical properties and soma size when compared with neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus itself. To determine if neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus differed from those in the thalamic reticular nucleus in Alligator mississippiensis, the entopeduncular nucleus was investigated using Golgi methodology. The morphology and soma size of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus differed from those in the thalamic reticular nucleus and indicated that these two areas are indeed separate neuronal aggregates. Based on these data and the known relationships of the zona incerta to surrounding structures in mammals, the entopeduncular nucleus of crocodilians is suggested to be the counterpart of the zona incerta of mammals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Theory of Fluorophore-Metallic Surface Interactions

The study of fluorescence of molecules situated near nano-sized metal particles has been the subject of considerable experimental interest in recent years, largely due to important biological applications and the emergence of nano-technology.
Improving Cluster-Based Algorithm Selection

There are a number of benefits to the ISAC methodology which have been touched upon in the previous chapters. In addition to those, it is also a transparent approach. Each cluster can be identified and analyzed for what makes it different from all the others. What are the features that are most different for a cluster that help differentiate it from its neighbors? Such analysis can then motivate understanding of why a particular solver performs well on one group of instances and not another. Identifying clusters where all solvers perform poorly can help direct research to developing novel solvers with a specific target benchmark. Clusters can also help identify what regions of the problem space have not yet been properly investigated. Yet with the introduction of new, more powerful techniques, this chapter focuses on presenting how the ISAC methodology can be improved without sacrificing its transparency. Specifically, the chapter will review some of the assumptions that have been made in the previous chapters and show whether they have been justified. It will then show how taking into account the performances of the solvers in a portfolio can help guide the clustering process.
Documenting a Rare Tornado Merger Observed in the 24 May 2011 El Reno–Piedmont, Oklahoma, Supercell

AbstractUnique observations of the interaction and likely merger of two cyclonic tornadoes are documented. One of the tornadoes involved in the interaction was the enhanced Fujita scale (EF5) El Reno–Piedmont, Oklahoma, tornado from 24 May 2011 and the other was a previously undocumented tornado. Data from three S-band radars: Twin Lakes, Oklahoma (KTLX); Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN); and the multifunction phased-array radar (MPAR), are used to detail the formation of the second tornado, which occurred to the northwest of the original tornado in an area of strong radial convergence. Radar data and isosurfaces of azimuthal shear provide evidence that both tornadoes formed within an elongated area of mesocyclone-scale cyclonic rotation. The path taken by the primary tornado and the formation location of the second tornado are different from previous observations of simultaneous cyclonic tornadoes, which have been most often observed in the cyclic tornadogenesis process. The merger of the two tornadoes occurred d...
Acquisition of Domain Knowledge

Linguistic knowledge in Natural Language understanding systems is commonly stratified across several levels. This is true of Information Extraction as well. Typical state-of-the-art Information Extraction systems require syntactic-semantic patterns for locating facts or events in text; domain-specific word or concept classes for semantic generalization; and a specialized lexicon of terms that may not be found in general-purpose dictionaries, among other kinds of knowledge.
Pattern Learning by Functional-Differential Neural Networks with Arbitrary Path Weights

This paper proves the universal theorem on associative learning that culminates my 1967–1972 articles on this subject. The theorem is universal in the following sense. It says that if my associative learning laws were invented at a prescribed time during the evolutionary process, then they could be used to guarantee unbiased associative learning in essentially any later evolutionary specialization. That is, the laws are capable of learning arbitrary spatial patterns in arbitrarily many, simultaneously active sampling channels that are activated by arbitrary continuous data preprocessing in an essentially arbitrary anatomy. The learning of arbitrary space-time patterns is also guaranteed given modest requirements on the temporal regularity of stimulus sampling, as in avalanches and generalizations thereof.
Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA data reveals notable signaling pathways

A signal transduction pathway (STP) is a network of intercellular information flow initiated when extracellular signaling molecules bind to cell-surface receptors. Many aberrant STPs have been associated with various cancers. To develop optimal treatments for cancer patients, it is important to discover which STPs are implicated in a cancer or cancer-subtype. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) makes available gene expression level data on cases and controls in ten different types of cancer including breast cancer, colon adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, low grade glioma, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, and uterine corpus endometriod carcinoma. Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis (SPIA) is a software package that analyzes gene expression data to identify whether a pathway is relevant in a given condition. We present the results of a study that uses SPIA to investigate all 157 signaling pathways in the KEGG PATHWAY database. We analyzed each of the ten cancer types mentioned above separately, and we perform a pan-cancer analysis by grouping the data for all the cancer types. In each analysis several pathways were found to be markedly more significant than all the other pathways. We call them notable. Research has already established a connection between many of these pathways and the corresponding cancer type. However, some of our discovered pathways appear to be new findings. Altogether there were 37 notable findings in the separate analyses, 26 of them occurred in 7 pathways. These 7 pathways included the 4 notable pathways discovered in the pan-cancer analysis. So, our results suggest that these 7 pathways account for much of the mechanisms of cancer. Furthermore, by looking at the overlap among pathways, we identified possible regions on the pathways where the aberrant activity is occurring. We obtained 37 notable findings concerning 18 pathways. Some of them appear to be new discoveries. Furthermore, we identified regions on pathways where the aberrant activity might be occurring. We conclude that our results will prove to be valuable to cancer researchers because they provide many opportunities for laboratory and clinical follow-up studies.
Polarization Decay in a BCS Paired Fermi Gas

A trapped gas of atomic fermions is polarized by an incident laser pulse. The induced polarization decays through emission of radiation. The radiative coupling of the atoms, and the angular distribution of radiation is shown to be sensitive to the interactions between the fermions, including anomalous pair correlations which characterize the superfluid state.
Robust Bayesian methods for Stackelberg security games

Recent work has applied game-theoretic models to real-world security problems at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Federal Air Marshals Service (FAMS). The analysis of these domains is based on input from domain experts intended to capture the best available intelligence information about potential terrorist activities and possible security countermeasures. Nevertheless, these models are subject to significant uncertainty---especially in security domains where intelligence about adversary capabilities and preferences is very difficult to gather. This uncertainty presents significant challenges for applying game-theoretic analysis in these domains. Our experimental results show that standard solution methods based on perfect information assumptions are very sensitive to payoff uncertainty, resulting in low payoffs for the defender. We describe a model of Bayesian Stackelberg games that allows for general distributional uncertainty over the attacker's payoffs. We conduct an experimental analysis of two algorithms for approximating equilibria of these games, and show that the resulting solutions give much better results than the standard approach when there is payoff uncertainty.
Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children

Children with sleep disorders are often inattentive or hyperactive, and some carry a diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) until their sleep disorder is detected. However, the potential behavioral impact of undiagnosed sleep disorders is not known. We sought to determine whether children with higher levels of inattention and hyperactivity more frequently have symptoms of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). We surveyed parents of 2-18-year-old patients at a child psychiatry clinic (n = 70) and a general pediatrics clinic (n = 73) to assess the children's behavior, snoring, complaints of restless legs at night, and daytime sleepiness. A validated pediatric sleep questionnaire provided the explanatory variables, and a scale for inattention and hyperactivity, derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), provided the dependent variable. Habitual snoring was more frequent (33%) among children who carried a diagnosis of ADHD than among the other children at the psychiatry or general pediatric clinics (11 and 9%, respectively, chi-square test, p = 0.01). Snoring scores, derived from six snoring- and SRBD-related question items, were associated with higher levels of inattention and hyperactivity. The complaint of restless legs and a composite score for daytime sleepiness showed some evidence, though less consistent, of an association with inattention and hyperactivity. The association of snoring with inattention and hyperactivity suggests that SRBDs and perhaps other sleep disorders could be a cause of inattention and hyperactivity in some children. If a causal effect is present, our data suggest that 81% of habitually snoring children who have ADHD--25% of all children with ADHD--could have their ADHD eliminated if their habitual snoring and any associated SRBD were effectively treated.
Pushing Back Studies of Galaxies Toward the Dark Ages: High-Redshift Lyman alpha Emission-Line Galaxies in the Field

Lyman alpha emission presents a means of identifying very high redshift galaxies, provided such objects can be reliably distinguished from foreground emission-line galaxies. Here we report on a program of imaging and spectroscopic studies being conducted with the Keck telescope, in concert with additional efforts from the ground and with HST, to study such high-redshift objects over the range from z=3 to 7. The first deep narrow-band imaging studies with Keck are used to show that strong Lyman alpha emitters, such as have been seen in high-redshift quasar fields at z>4.5, can be found in the field populations. Based on studies of the HDF and the Hawaii Survey Fields these are significant contributors to the star formation rates at these epochs.
Measurement of deformations at the microscopic level using higher resolution digital moire

The high resolution digital moire technique for the measurement of deformations at the microscopic level is presented. The grating printed on the object surface is imaged onto the detector of a TV camera and is recorded using a digital image processor. The Fourier transform method of fringe analysis is applied on the grating images recorded before and after deformation, and the deformation field is obtained by comparing the phase map of the grating before deformation with that after deformation. The factors governing the detection of deformations are discussed. The technique is applied for the measurement of deformations in the vicinity of the crack tip in a compact tension specimen of an aluminum alloy.
Vehicle Identification Via Sparse Representation

In this paper, we propose a system using video cameras to perform vehicle identification. We tackle this problem by reconstructing an input by using multiple linear regression models and compressed sensing, which provide new ways to deal with three crucial issues in vehicle identification, namely, feature extraction, online vehicle identification database buildup , and robustness to occlusions and misalignment. The results show the capability of the proposed approach.
A Logistics‐based Inventory Model for JIT Procurement

Although some recent articles have extended the traditional economic order quantity models to JIT purchasing, their value is limited by the simplistic nature of the underlying assumptions. Implementation of JIT procurement is a lengthy and complex process and it is important to recognize the interrelationships between the investments in the different subsystems of the procurement system to suit JIT and the resultant cost and lead time structures. It is also important o consider the variability in demand and lead time. Presents an inventory‐theoretical model that takes these considerations into account and illustrates its application with a numerical example. This model facilitates the choice of an optimal combination of the investment and the shipment lot size to minimize the total annual cost in each period as a firm progressively adopts JIT procurement.
Quantization of chloroplast DNA using dot blot filter hybridization with double-stranded probes

Hybridization characteristics of purified chloroplast DNA, immobilized in ‘dot blots’ on nitrocellulose filters using radiolabeled chloroplast DNA restriction fragments or recombinant DNA probes were investigated. Conditions are described which provide a near linear relationship between amounts of hybridization and amounts of immobilized DNA. A standard curve constructed using such data provided a simple means for quantizing specific chloroplast DNA sequences in partially purified total DNA from protoplast extracts. Using this technique, DNA sequences corresponding to about 0.01 % of the total immobilized DNA could be detected.
Pharmacy Leader's Role in Hospital Emergency Preparedness Planning.

The Director’s Forum column is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. Environmental disasters and terrorist attacks demonstrate that it is imperative for both a hospital and community to have an emergency preparedness plan. The goal of this article is to provide health-system pharmacy leaders with a practical approach in developing an emergency operations plan (EOP) that can be activated in the event of a disaster. Pharmacy leaders should (1) review government and community disaster responses and understand the movement of drug supply for each response, (2) create a pharmacy disaster plan, (3) list the essential medications and determine their inventory levels, and (4) establish a staff training program to enhance understanding and implementation of the EOP. If successfully developed and executed, a hospital pharmacy department’s EOP has a high rating of success in meeting patient-centered needs in the unforeseen event of a disaster
Gyrfalcon nest distribution in Alaska based on a predictive GIS model

The gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) is an uncommon, little studied circumpolar Arctic bird that faces conservation concerns. We used 455 historical nest locations, 12 environmental abiotic predictor layers, Geographic Information System (ArcGIS), and TreeNet modeling software to create a spatially explicit model predicting gyrfalcon breeding distribution and population size across Alaska. The model predicted that 75% of the state had a relative gyrfalcon nest occurrence index value of 60%. Areas of high predicted occurrence were in northern and western Alaska. The most important predictor variable was soil type, followed by sub-surface geology and vegetation type. Nine environmental factors were useful in predicting nest occurrence, indicating complex multivariate habitat relationships exist. We estimated the breeding gyrfalcon population in Alaska is 546 ± 180 pairs. The model was 67% accurate at predicting nest occurrence with an area under the curve score of 0.76 when assessed with independent data; this is a good result when considering its application to the entire state of Alaska. Prediction accuracy estimates were as high as 97% using 10-fold cross validation of the training data. The model helps guide science-based management efforts in times of increasing and global pressures for this species and Arctic landscapes.
Microfluidic Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyethylene-Glycol Microspheres for Controlled Delivery of Proteins and DNA Nanoparticles

Polymeric microspheres represent an injectable platform for controlling the release of a variety of biologics; microspheres may be combined in a modular fashion to achieve temporal release of two or more biomolecules. Microfluidics offers a versatile platform for synthesizing uniform polymeric microspheres harboring a variety of biologics under relatively mild conditions. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a bioinert polymer that can be easily tailored to encapsulate and control the release of biologics. In this study, we report the microfluidic synthesis of biodegradable PEG-based microparticles for controlled release of growth factors or DNA nanoparticles. Simple changes in microfluidic design increased the rate of microparticle formation and controlled the size of the microspheres. Mesh size and degradation rate were controlled by varying the PEG polymer weight percent from 7.5 to 15% (w/v), thus tuning the release of growth factors and DNA nanoparticles, which retained their bioactivity in assays of cell ...
How Does the Solvent Control Electron Transfer? Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Simplest Charge Transfer Reaction

The standard theoretical description used to describe electron transfer is Marcus theory, which maps the polarization of the solvent surrounding the reactants onto a reaction coordinate, q. The questions we address in this paper are: How many and what types of solvent degrees of freedom constitute q? Is it appropriate to treat the solvent as a dielectric continuum? Our approach to answer these questions relies on the study of the simplest possible charge transfer systems: we choose atomic systems that have only electronic degrees of freedom so that any spectroscopic changes that occur during the course of the reaction directly reflect the motions of the surrounding solvent. Our methods for characterizing these systems consist of both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and femtosecond pump−probe experiments. Using MD, we find that even though solvent rotational motions appear to dominate the electronic relaxation when only the solute's charge changes, the slow translational motions of the few closest so...
A computer-based readability analysis of patient-reported outcome questionnaires related to oral health quality of life

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the readability of published patient-related outcome (PRO) questionnaires completed by persons with oral disease and to compare the readability results to existing data about average reading levels for adults living in the United States. Methods A search was conducted via Pubmed and Google Scholar to identify PRO oral health-related questionnaires completed by patients. Reading grade levels were analyzed for 10 oral health-related PRO questionnaires using three readability formulas. Results The most significant results were as follows: • FORCAST formula of the ten PRO's examined, three were written at the 7th grade reading level, two at the 8th grade reading level, two at the 9th grade reading level, and the remaining three at the 10th grade reading level or higher. • Readability varied greatly across the questionnaires and formulas, with 17 of the 30 total calculations (52%) showing readability above the 5th to 6th grade level recommended by health literacy experts. Conclusion Developers of PRO questionnaires should consider readability as another testable construct. Practice implications To obtain the most useful information for treatment planning and outcomes assessments, the dental professional should consider the reading level needed to understand a particular PRO questionnaire.
Field dynamics of coherent synchrotron radiation using a direct numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations

We present and discuss the properties of the coherent electromagnetic fields of a very short, ultrarelativistic bunch in a rectangular vacuum chamber inside a bending magnet. The analysis is based on the results of a direct numerical solution of Maxwell's equations together with Newton's equations. We use a new dispersion-free time-domain algorithm which employs a more efficient use of finite element mesh techniques and, hence, produces self-consistent and stable solutions for very short bunches. We investigate the fine structure of the coherent synchrotron radiation fields. We also discuss coherent edge radiation. We present a clear picture of the field using the electric field lines constructed from the numerical solutions. This method should be useful in the study of existing and future concepts of particle accelerators and ultrafast coherent light sources, where high peak currents and very short bunches are envisioned.
Radiation dose and response of desmoid tumors

Sherman and colleagues in this issue review the M. D. Anderson Hospital experience in the treatment of 45 patients with desmoid tumors by radiation alone or combined with surgery for positive or uncertain margins ( 18). The local control rates were 7 1% and 77% for radiation alone and radiation plus surgery, respectively. These results constitute powerful further support for the use of radiation in the treatment of patients whose desmoid tumors are not resectable because of anatomic, technical or general medical factors. The label desmoid tumor is applied to a group of benign but locally aggressive neoplasms which display a great heterogeneity in local aggressiveness. For example, there is not an inevitable progression of the disease in the untreated patient. Spontaneous regressions are documented
Semiclassical dynamics of shock wave propagation and energy redistribution among vibrational modes in a morse molecular lattice

Abstract Semiclassical cluster models for the propagation of shock waves and the calculation of energy redistribution among the intermolecular and intramolecular vibrational modes in solids has been applied to a linear N-C-C-N, molecular lattice with Morse interaction potentials. The quantum eigenstates for a cluster are generated and the interactions between neighboring clusters are then considered as time-dependent perturbations which induce transitions among the cluster eigenstates. In this study, two different semiclassical methods have been developed and used in the computations. The two methods differ in that one of them allows for quantum-classical feedback. Calculations using the two semiclassical methods yielded similar results, both for the total energy or the mode energies of each molecule. In addition, the total energy of each molecule computed from the semiclassical methods was similar to that obtained by integrating the classical equations of motion. However, the mode energies calculated by using the classical method were very different from those by the semiclassical methods. Energy redistribution among the molecules and among the different vibrational modes was not uniform and regular, according to the two semiclassical calculations and the classical calculations.
Hematocrit fluctuations after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract A decrease in hematocrit has been reported 12 hours after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); however, the etiology and clinical significance are uncertain. 1 Significant blood loss is potentially dangerous in patients with tenuous coronary perfusion. This study was undertaken to determine the degree and duration of hematocrit change and the incidence of transfusion after PTCA.