cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
119 CLONING AND STRUCTURE OF THE BOVINE 21 HYDROXYLASE GENE

21 hydroxylase is a single specific 49000 dalton microsomal cytochrome P450 termed P450c21. Using two chemically synthesized oligonucleotide probes, we screened a bovine genomic DNA library, and identified a phage, λE11, carrying the gene for P450c21. The identity of λE11 was proven by initiating dideoxy sequencing from the two oligonucleotides directly on the full-length, uncleaved phage template. Hybridization of total bovine genomic DNA to λE11 restriction fragments indicates some DNA in or near the P450c21 gene contains repetitive sequences. Northern blots indicate the primary gene transcript is 6.8 to 9.5 kb long and that the mature mRNA exists in two principal forms of about 2.2 and 2.4 kb in length. Southern blots indicate there are two copies of the gene in the bovine genome. Sequence analysis of a 1141 bp EcoRI fragment of the gene shows three complete exons and a portion of a fourth exon. The intron/exon arrangement is similar to that seen for the P450c gene induced in liver by 3-methylcholanthrene but not to that of the P450e gene induced by phenobarbital. This sequence analysis correctly determines the amino acid sequence of 148 amino acids of this important enzyme. This cloned 1141 bp fragment cross-hybridizes to human genomic DNA indicating it is a useful probe for studying the human P450c21 gene in patients having 21 hydroxylase deficiency.
Endotoxin pretreatment protects against the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride: role of cytochrome P450 suppression

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is known to potentiate the toxicity of many hepatotoxicants. However, exposure to a sublethal dose of LPS renders animals tolerant to a lethal dose of LPS, and protects against the toxicity of some chemicals. This study was designed to examine the effects of LPS pretreatment on acetaminophen- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury in LPS-sensitive C3H/OuJ and LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. Pretreatment of male C3H/OuJ mice with a single injection of LPS (0. 1 mg/kg, ip, for 24 h) protected against the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4), 30 mg/kg), as indicated by serum alanine aminotransferase activity. In contrast, pretreatment of C3H/HeJ mice with 0.1 or 10 mg/kg LPS afforded no protection against the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen and CCl(4). In an attempt to determine the mechanism of LPS-induced protection against acetaminophen- and CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in C3H/OuJ mice, liver cytochrome P450 was determined 24 h after LPS injection. LPS treatment caused a 26% decrease in total P450 content in C3H/OuJ but not in C3H/HeJ mice. CYP3A-catalized testosterone 6 beta-, 2 beta-, and 15 beta-hydroxylation was decreased 40% by LPS only in C3H/OuJ mice. To determine whether the differences to LPS-response in the two stains of mice is mediated by a strain-related difference in the release of cytokines, mice were pretreated with interleukin-1 (IL-1 alpha, 5 x 10(5) U/mouse), and the hepatoprotection and hepatic P450 enzymes were examined. IL-1 alpha pretreatment equally protected against the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and CCl(4) in both strains, and suppressed the total microsomal P450 and P450 enzyme-catalyzed testosterone hydroxylation to a similar extent. In conclusion, LPS pretreatment suppressed hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and protected against the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and CCl(4) in LPS-sensitive C3H/OuJ mice, but not in LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ mice. This protective effect of LPS appears to be mediated through the release of cytokines such as IL-1 alpha, which in turn suppresses the cytochrome P450 responsible for the activation of acetaminophen and CCl(4) to reactive metabolites.
INDICATOR OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AS AN AID TO PROCESSING

ABSTRACT The technological expectations for the new copper oxide high-temperature superconductors are tremendous. To produce electronic devices quickly and efficiently out of these superconductors, the copper oxide materials can now be inspected during or after processing at room temperature, for homogeneity and process completion, by an optical microscopy technique. The individual crystals that are the superconductors can be identified by their own characteristic color in any optical microscope equipped to view materials through crossed polarizers, with reflected light from a ‘daylight’ source. The method is described in detail and has been applied to the processing of single crystals, polycrystalline bulk and thin films.
Isotopic composition of trapped krypton and xenon in chondrites

Abstract The isotopic compositions of Kr and Xe in some carbonaceous and disequilibrium chondrites are reported. The following isotopic abundances of Kr and Xe in the trapped primordial heavy rare gas component are obtained: 78 Kr: 80 Kr: 82 Kr: 83 Kr: 84 Kr: 86 Kr = 0.01920: 0.6490: 0.6507: 3.230: 1.000 and 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe: 124 Xe = 0.00452: 0.00406: 0.0809: 0.1613: 0.815: 1.000: 0.381: 0.320 . These trapped gases are compared with those in the terrestrial atmosphere. The nature of the anomalies is discussed.
School Achievement and Behavior of Children With Mild or Moderate Health Conditions

This study examined regular classroom teachers' perceptions of the academic and social behavior of children with mild or moderate health conditions. It was found that children with certain conditions were more likely to exhibit school problems than were children with other conditions. Children on prescribed behavior-controlled drugs had the greatest evidence of school problems; those with hearing losses exhibited the most positive teacher-perceived behavior.
Mammalian species richness and morphological complexity along an elevational gradient in the arid south‐west

Summary AimWe examined the relationship between species richness and morphological complexity of terrestrial mammal communities along an elevational gradient. LocationThe gradient is in the Sonoran Desert in Southern California and extends from a sand dune habitat near sea level to coniferous forest ending at >2600 m. MethodsMorphological diversity, characterized by both size and shape of coexisting mammal species, was estimated within and between sites from projections of variables on principal components axes. Similarities among species were calculated as Euclidean distances. To tease apart size and shape, we constructed two principal component analyses: one based on log-transformed original measurements, the other on log-transformed proportional shape variables. To test whether species number accounted for the morphological diversity at each site we designed two null models. The models generated were random communities generated from the forty-two-species pool. Indices of morphological diversity for real communities were compared with the results of 500 simulations of each null model. ResultsSpecies richness varied along the gradient, peaking in the mid-elevation agave-ocotillo habitat. Morphological diversity of shapes and sizes correlated strongly with species richness. Locomotor, tooth, and skull traits were all important in distinguishing among species. Main conclusionsTwo important patterns emerged: (1) diversity of both sizes and of shapes of species within communities correlated positively with species number, and both sets of variables behaved similarly across this gradient; (2) the most species rich sites were not composed of specialists on these best places, but rather, a community of species derived from overlapping faunal groups.
Young APOE4 targeted replacement mice exhibit poor spatial learning and memory, with reduced dendritic spine density in the medial entorhinal cortex.

The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE-e4) allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and may predispose individuals to Alzheimer's-related cognitive decline by affecting normal brain function early in life. To investigate the impact of human APOE alleles on cognitive performance in mice, we trained 3-mo-old APOE targeted replacement mice (E2, E3, and E4) in the Barnes maze to locate and enter a target hole along the perimeter of the maze. Long-term spatial memory was probed 24 h and 72 h after training. We found that young E4 mice exhibited significantly impaired spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze compared to E3 mice. Deficits in spatial cognition were also present in a second independent cohort of E4 mice tested at 18 mo of age. In contrast, cognitive performance in the hidden platform water maze was not as strongly affected by APOE genotype. We also examined the dendritic morphology of neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex of 3-mo-old TR mice, neurons important to spatial learning functions. We found significantly shorter dendrites and lower spine densities in basal shaft dendrites of E4 mice compared to E3 mice, consistent with spatial learning and memory deficits in E4 animals. These findings suggest that human APOE-e4 may affect cognitive function and neuronal morphology early in life.
Gist: A Mobile Robotics Application of Context-Based Vision in Outdoor Environment

We present context-based scene recognition for mobile robotics applications. Our classifier is able to differentiate outdoor scenes without temporal filtering relatively well from a variety of locations at a college campus using a set of features that together capture the "gist" of the scene. We compare the classification accuracy of a set of scenes from 1551 frames filmed outdoors along a path and dividing them to four and twelve different legs while obtaining a classifi- cation rate of 67.96 percent and 48.61 percent, respectively. We also tested the scalability of the features by comparing the classification results from the previous scenes with four legs with a longer path with eleven legs while obtaining a classification rate of 55.08 percent. In the end, some ideas are put forth to improve the theoretical strength of the gist features.
Revealing Talent: Informal Skills Intermediation as an Emergent Pathway to Immigrant Labor Market Incorporation

In today's fast-changing urban labor markets, skill formation is crucial to long-term income security and occupational advancement. While most studies emphasize the skills that workers acquire through formal training and educational programs, a less understood but equally important concern is how workers acquire skills through informal means and then how they demonstrate and defend skills for which they have no formal credentials. This is especially important when considering the labor market participation of less-educated immigrant workers with limited formal training and credentialing support. How do these immigrant workers develop, demonstrate, and defend their skills in receiving community labor markets? What factors facilitate or hinder these processes? How might skill formation be institutionalized in order to enhance immigrant labor market incorporation? In this paper we examine these questions through a study of Latino immigrant workers in North Carolina's construction industry. In particular, we ...
Evaluation of neural plasticity in adult stem cells

The role of stem cells has long been known in reproductive organs and various tissues including the haematopoietic system and skin. During the last decade, stem cells have also been identified in other organs, including the nervous system, both during development and in post-natal life. More recently, evidence has been presented that stem cells thought to be responsible for the generation of mature differentiated cells of one organ, such as haematopoietic stem cells, may have the ability to also differentiate across lineages and contribute to tissues other than haematopoietic cells, including neuronal tissue, suggesting that easily accessible stem cells sources may one day be useful in the therapy of ischaemic (stroke) and also degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Here, we will evaluate the validity of such claims based on a number of criteria we believe need to be fulfilled to definitively conclude that certain stem cells can give rise to functional neural cells that might be suitable for therapy of neural disorders.
Anticoagulation interruptus: not without risk.

The need to withhold anticoagulation in patients requiring elective surgery poses a particularly important challenge when the risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism is high. In spite of the increasing use of prosthetic heart valves and the increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the aging population, Kovacs et al1 make the important point in this issue of Circulation that there is a paucity of information in the literature to guide the clinician to optimal care. This observation motivated the design of the prospective study they report. Patients’ anticoagulation therapy was discontinued before surgery. There were 3 reporting phases: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. See p 1658 In the preoperative phase, warfarin was stopped 5 days before the procedure and replaced with dalteparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin administered at a dose of 200 IU/kg on the mornings of the third and second days before the procedure. On the morning of surgery, dalteparin was administered at 100 IU/kg. For patients whose international normalized ratio (INR) was >1.4 on the day before surgery, 1 mg oral vitamin K was prescribed. For those patients requiring vitamin K, INR measurement was repeated the day of surgery, and if >1.4, postponement of surgery was considered. Aspirin was stopped 7 days before the surgery. …
The Effect of In-Group/Out-Group Status on Memory for Consistent and Inconsistent Behavior of an Individual

Research has demonstrated better memory for behavior inconsistent wvith an expectation when the target is an individual. When the target is a group, consistent information is better recalled than inconsistent or irrelevant. In this study, the target was an individual, but the expectation derived from his or her membership in a social (gender) group. Mention of the target's gender was sufficient to evoke the gender stereotype, resulting in better memory for gender-inconsistent than consistent items, but only when the target was a member of the gender out-group. The explanation proposed is that low variability is expected among out-group members, rendering inconsistent behaviors particularly surprising. Individuals who perceived the target's gender group more stereotypically showed a marginally reliable tendency to better recall the inconsistent behaviors. Impressions of the target were driven by the target's gender and were largely unrelated to the contents of memory.
Optimum Sampled-Data Systems with Quantized Control Signals

Optimum design of sampleddata systems with quantized control signals is considered. The control signals m i (k) are members of a set [- CL , ... - C2 , - C1 , 0, C 1 , C 2 , ... C L ] where c i ≫ 0, i= 1, 2,... L, and C k ≫C j for k≫j. By selecting a proper set [c i ], a design compromise between the extremes of proportional control systems and relay control systems is achieved. Dynamic programming techniques are used in carrying out the optimum design. Both minimum summed-square-error systems and minimum -N systems are discussed and illustrated for dynamic performance.
A reliability function in the three dimensional parametric space and the study of digital systems

The reliability of various digital systems are discussed, and an equation for the reliability function is obtained using Markov model with three parameters. >
A proportional share resource allocation algorithm for real-time, time-shared systems

We propose and analyze a proportional share resource allocation algorithm for realizing real-time performance in time-shared operating systems. Processes are assigned a weight which determines a share (percentage) of the resource they are to receive. The resource is then allocated in discrete-sized time quanta in such a manner that each process makes progress at a precise, uniform rate. Proportional share allocation algorithms are of interest because: they provide a natural means of seamlessly integrating real and non-real-time processing; they are easy to implement; they provide a simple and effective means of precisely controlling the real-time performance of a process; and they provide a natural means of policing so that processes that use more of a resource than they request have no ill-effect on well-behaved processes. We analyze our algorithm in the context of an idealized system in which a resource is assumed to be granted in arbitrarily small intervals of time and show that our algorithm guarantees that the difference between the service time that a process should receive and the service time it actually receives is optimally bounded by the size of a time quantum. In addition, the algorithm provides support for dynamic operations, such as processes joining or leaving the competition, and for both fractional and non-uniform time quanta. As a proof of concept we have implemented a prototype of a CPU scheduler under FreeBSD. The experimental results shows that our implementation performs within the theoretical bounds and hence supports real-time execution in a general purpose operating system.
Magnetic Field Modification of Electron Beam Dose Distributions in Inhomogeneous Media

Modern curative radiotherapy requires higher doses to the tumor volume and, necessarily, minimal doses to the surrounding normal tissues. Attempts to use heavy charged particles to achieve such optimization are currently under investigation in many centers. Our data indicate that a static, superimposed magnetic field on a clinical electron therapy beam also offers the capability of some “tailoring” of isodose distributions. Furthermore, a variable, superimposed magnetic field minimizes those tissue generated dose heterogeneities which are inherent with all charged particle beams. We suggest that magnetically modified, clinically available electron beams also offer a practical and less expensive means of achieving tailored, heterogeneity-corrected, isodose distributions.
Bodies Real and Virtual: Joseph Rock and Enrico Caruso in the Sino-Tibetan Borderlands

In 1934, during twenty-eight years of wandering west China, the American botanist Joseph Francis Charles Rock made a brief trip to England. He clipped the obituary of an old friend from the Times and pasted it in his diary. On the facing page, he pasted a photograph two decades old, and wrote this caption:J. F. Rock (standing) with his older friend Fred Muir, Entomologist at the Haw[aii] Sugar Planter's Exp[eriment] Sta[tion], Honolulu. Photographed in our home in Liloa Rise (Breaside), Honolulu in the spring of 1913, while our phonograph played Spiritu Gentile, Caruso singing.
Code-length-based universal extraction for blind signal separation

We propose a blind signal separation algorithm (CLUE) that uses the sum of the individual code lengths of the extracted signals as a measure of the separation performance. The new technique combines a widely-available universal data compression routine with any single-parameter search procedure. Unlike previous approaches, the proposed method is model-free and does not rely on the moment values of the signals for its separation performance. An example shows the algorithm's efficiency in separating mixtures of image, audio, and text data.
On-chip actuation of an in-plane compliant bistable micromechanism

A compliant bistable micromechanism has been developed which can be switched in either direction using on-chip thermal actuation. The energy storage and bistable behavior of the mechanism is achieved through the elastic deflection of compliant segments. The Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model was used for the compliant mechanism design, and for analysis of the large deflection flexible segments. To achieve on-chip actuation, the mechanism design was optimized to allow it to be switched using linear motion thermal actuators. The modeling theory and analysis are presented for three design iterations, with two iterations fabricated in the MUMP's process and the third in the SUMMiT process.
A low-resolution photometric map of Mars

Abstract Values of the relative luminance of the various areas of Mars derived from over 3500 visual estimates in white, green, and red light made near the favorable oppositions of 1941 and 1958 are combined to produce a low-resolution (∼10°), smoothed photometric map of Mars near perihelion. Tables V to VII give the mean relative luminance β as a function of areographic longitude λ at 9° intervals and latitude β at 7° intervals for the equatorial and polar regions, the latter at different seasons. Instrumental and atmospheric effects on the apparent contrast of the dark areas, in particular Syrtis Major, are discussed and the true reflectivity of the darkest regions is estimated (A ν ⋍ 0.04) . Calculations of the effects of finite resolution in visual, photographic, and photoelectric observations are presented for a photometric model of Syrtis Major.
Parallel Phylogenetic Inference

Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have created large data sets upon which phylogenetic inference can be performed. However, current research is limited by the prohibitive time necessary to perform tree search on even a reasonably-sized data set. Some parallel algorithms have been developed but the biological research community does not use them because they do not trust the results from newly developed parallel software. This paper presents a new phylogenetic algorithm that allows existing, trusted phylogenetic software packages to be executed in parallel using the DOGMA parallel processing system. The results presented here indicate that data sets that currently take as much as 11 months to search using current algorithms, can be searched in as little as two hours using as few as eight processors. This reduction in the time necessary to complete a phylogenetic search allows new research questions to be explored in many of the biological sciences.
Therapeutic Alternatives in Primary Aortic Salmonellosis—A Case Report:

Salmonella infection of the abdominal aorta has been associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Two cases of primary aortic Salmonellosis are reported, illustrating alternative approaches to surgical therapy. Improved di agnostic techniques, changing surgical options, and newer antibiotics have led to increased survival.
Switched-at-Birth Twins in the Canary Islands: Revisited / Research Reports: Parkinson's Disease Discordance, Assisted Reproductive Technology and Neonatal Surgery, Double Embryo Transfer in a Cynomolgus Monkey, Mathematical Analysis of a Twin Convention Conundrum / Media Highlights: Twin Inventors, Basketball Duo, Two Comedians, Paired Designers, Two Musicians, Two Comedians, Twins’ Birth Interval

Switched-at-birth twins from Las Palmas, Gran Canaria in Spain drew international attention in May 2008 following news reports of their unexpected reunion. I visited Las Palmas in September 2009 to research this case and presented the findings in Segal and Blandon-Gitlin (Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 115-119) and in a book, Someone Else's Twin: The True Story of Babies Switched at Birth (Segal, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, 2011). I traveled again to Las Palmas in November 2012 to meet with the twins, their families, and their attorneys and have updated my findings in this article. Next, new twin research on Parkinson's disease discordance, neonatal surgery, double embryo transfer in a cynomolgus monkey, and a convention conundrum are presented. Media highlights concerning twin inventors, basketball players, rappers, designers, musicians, and birth intervals are also summarized.
Community screening for heart failure: ready for prime time?

Commentary on: Ledwidge M, Gallagher J, Conlon C, et al. Natriuretic peptide-based screening and collaborative care for heart failure. STOP-HF Randomised trial. JAMA 2013;310:66–74.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem, with an increasing prevalence. There is an increasing focus on prevention of HF by improved management of cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is predictive of outcome in the general population1 and among patients with established cardiovascular disease.2 More than half of the population aged over 45 years can be classified as ACC/AHA stage A or B for risk of developing symptomatic HF.3 This was a pragmatic, prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) based in the community in Ireland. The study was conducted in the setting of a concurrent community-based cardiovascular … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D310%26rft.spage%253D66%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.7588%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23821090%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2013.7588&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23821090&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F3%2F107.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000321253000024&link_type=ISI
Protest News Framing Cycle: How The New York Times Covered Occupy Wall Street

This article introduces a protest news framing cycle and presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of news attention and framing of protest movements. To identify the frame-changing dynamic occurring over time, a content analysis of the news coverage of Occupy Wall Street was conducted on 228 articles and 37 editorials in The New York Times from the start of the protest in September 2011 until long after the protest had subsided in July 2014. The article identifies longitudinal changes in news frames about the economic substance of the protest and the ensuing conflict between protesters and city officials during the occupation. Findings suggest that conflict had a significant impact on the number of news stories about the protest. Further, the results demonstrate how news framing opportunities changed as the movement reached different stages of the news attention cycle. As the movement grew, journalists focused on the movement’s economic grievances, including economic inequality, bank bailouts, and foreclosures. As the movement peaked, news attention shifted to the intensifying conflict between city officials and protesters.
Integrated Dynamic Modeling of Contaminant Fate and Transport within a Soil-Plant System

Contaminants found in the soil and in the atmosphere frequently fi nd their way into plants. Because plants are at the bott om of the food chain, analysis of this pathway contributes to health risk assessment studies. On the other hand, plants that exist at a contaminated site have a potenti al eff ect on contaminant transformati on and migrati on within the soil or the atmosphere. In this study, a modeling framework was developed to integrate the plant pathway into soil contaminant transport models. A soil–plant system model was developed by coupling soil moisture distributi on, contaminant transport, plant life cycle, and plant pathway models. The outcome unifi es single-medium conti nuous models with multi media compartmental models in a fl exible framework. The framework recognizes that plants are dynamic biologic systems that regulate their life cycle in interacti on with existi ng conditi ons in the ambient environment, which signifi cantly infl uence the dynamics of the overall complex system. The model developed was applied to a hypotheti cal contaminati on scenario where the eff ect of plants on contaminant migrati on within the system was investi gated. Also, the outcome of the plant pathway as it responds to water fl ow and contaminant transport dynamics was analyzed. A mass balance analysis found that the processes of volati lizati on and root water uptake are very criti cal in determining the contaminant fate within the system. A sensiti vity analysis showed that the contaminant concentrati on within the plant is signifi cantly aff ected by the variati on in the values of the retardati on factor, transpirati on stream concentrati on factor, and contaminant half-life within the plant. The outcome of these applicati ons refl ects the eff ect of multi ple levels of complexity associated with plant growth and root water uptake representati ons within the soil.
Death and transfiguration among bacteria

When bacteria are placed in sub-optimal environments, they can respond by increasing the frequency of mutants created by base substitution, frame-shift and transposition mutations. Also, during periods of restrictive growth, 'dead' bacterial cells may transfer genetic material to neighboring colony-forming cells. This can be beneficial, resulting in a heterogeneous population that may exhibit differentiation and even produce killer cells. These discoveries reveal several conundrums about the control of an organism over mutations and the supposed randomness of genetic variation.
Clitic doubling or object agreement: the view from Amharic

Object agreement is the realization of phi features on v, whereas clitic doubling is often analyzed as the movement of a D head in order to attach to a verb. In principle, these two phenomena are distinct, but in practice they can be difficult to distinguish. In this paper, I take up the issue for the Amharic object marker, a morpheme that co-varies with the phi features of an internal argument. Evidence from its distribution and morphological form indicate that it is a doubled clitic, but it also displays a handful of properties characteristic of agreement. Building on some of the most recent clitic doubling research, I develop an Agree-based clitic doubling analysis of the object marker that accounts for both its doubled clitic-like and agreement-like properties. Overall, the paper is a case study in how to distinguish clitic doubling and agreement in a particular language, and an investigation of how to capture the relationship between these two deeply similar phenomena in linguistic theory.
Effects of Posting Examinations and Answer Keys on Students’ Study Methods and Test Performance

A rich database was assembled to test the validity of contradictory claims about the effects of policy regarding posting of code-protected individual student scores and keyed examination questions. Four second-year lecture courses, each in a specialty area and each testing using multiple-choice examinations at the end of quarters, were compared. Two of the courses follow the practice of regularly posting scores and keyed questions; one holds review sessions during subsequent quarters to discuss some questions, while the other allows students to review their tests in a proctored room without access to paper and pencil. Students completed a questionnaire reporting the hours they spent studying for each test using a variety of methods, including old examinations, and estimates of the proportion of repeat questions on each test. Because most of the questionnaires were signed, it was possible to match self-reported study patterns with actual test scores and with overall GPA. Other information, such as test reliability, grading patterns, and National Board performance, was also gathered. A focus group was conducted. Results showed that students customized their study patterns and there was a minor clustering of practices such as late start for studying and use of old exams. Students with higher overall GPAs and those intending to specialize scored higher on tests. There were no associations between hours spent studying using any approach, including old exams, and test performance. There were no differences between course characteristics of the two courses that posted and the two courses that did not post exams, including National Board performance. Potential reasons why there was no association between hours or type of examination preparation and test scores are discussed. The focus group revealed that there are multiple goals among students regarding what they hope to achieve in the testing situation and that perfect performance was not a goal. Because there was no direct effect of posting exams on student test performance and because the practice of not posting exams created a climate of distance between students and faculty members, it is suggested that exams be posted as a regular policy.
Improving Mediators’ Decision-Making by Becoming Conscious of the Unconscious Cognitive Considerations for Reflection to Attain Social-Psychological Goals

Drawing on abundant research on decision-making, expertise and cognitive psychology, I propose that in the dynamic, fast-paced and often uncertain circumstances of mediation, automatic intuitive decisions dominate mediators’ decisions. Although faulty at times, automatic decisions could also be of high quality and gradually improve. Research shows that experts can improve the quality of automatic intuitive judgments. Considering the interplay between conscious and unconscious cognitive processing, I propose that the quality of mediators’ automatic judgments can improve by intense conscious reflection. It would especially benefit a wider, complex range of intangible goals such as social-psychological that have been typically overlooked. The formation of cognitive processing underpinning unconscious automatic decisions are reviewed to support these propositions and to show that learning and conscious activities play a decisive role in shaping automatic decisions. To reinforce the argument for the necessity of continuous professional development, two necessary conditions for evaluating the quality intuitive judgments are presented: 1) An environment that provides constant exposure to regularly repeated cues, and 2) sufficient opportunities for learning the environment. Discussing examples from an observational study conducted in a psychology laboratory on mediators, who mediated a simulated conflict in a psychology laboratory, provides additional support for the importance of reflective, professional development. Since no empirical study on the effectiveness of reflective processing was found in mediation, I also draw from research in other fields such as management and medicine to show that systematic intense reflection supports forming complex domain schema and subsequently improves the quality of automatic judgments. An example of reflective protocol I developed is found in the Appendix.
Retentive strength of implant-supported CAD-CAM lithium disilicate crowns on zirconia custom abutments using 6 different cements.

Abstract Statement of problem The optimal retention of implant-supported ceramic crowns on zirconia abutments is a goal of prosthodontic treatment. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the retentive strength of implant-supported IPS e.max CAD-CAM (e.max) crowns bonded to custom zirconia implant abutments with different cements. Material and methods An optical scan of a zirconia custom abutment and a complete-coverage modified crown was designed using an intraoral E4D scanner. One hundred twenty lithium disilicate crowns (IPS e.max CAD) were cemented to 120 zirconia abutment replicas with 1 of 6 cements: Panavia 21 (P21), Multilink Hybrid Abutment (MHA), RelyX Unicem 2 (RXU), RelyX Luting Plus (RLP), Ketac Cem (KC), and Premier Implant (PI). The specimens were stored at 37°C in 100% humidity for 24 hours. Half of the specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles. The retentive force was measured using a pull-out test with a universal testing machine. Mean retentive strengths (MRS) were calculated using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test (α=.05). Results The MRS (MPa) after 24-hour storage were P21 (3.1), MHA (2.5), RXU (2.5), RLP (1.3), KC (0.9), and PI (0.5). The MRS after thermocycling were MHA (2.5), P21 (2.2), RLP (1.8), KC (1.4), RXU (1.1), and PI (0.3). P21 had the highest MRS after 24-hour storage ( P P P Conclusions The cements tested presented a range of retentive strengths, providing the clinician with a choice of more or less retentive cements. MHA was the most retentive cement after thermocycling. Thermocycling significantly affected the retentive strengths of the P21 and RXU cements.
Nerval and Rousseau

We have long since rejected the idea that Madame de Stael brought romanticism to France from Germany. We are also quite aware, in spite of Lasserre and Irving Babbitt, that there is a great deal in romanticism that is not in Rousseau, and a great deal in Rousseau that is not in romanticism. It now remains for us to look for some truth between these extremes. Categorical answers to questions regarding Rousseau's influence on this period in literary history will probably never be found, but esthetic insights into the matter may be gained by a study of the relationships between Jean-Jacques and the outstanding poets of the movement.
The Effect of Presentation and Accompaniment Styles on Attentional and Responsive Behaviors of Participants with Dementia Diagnoses

Eight persons (7 females & 1 male) with moderately-severe to severe dementia diagnoses residing at an urban healthcare facility, participated in this study. Informed consent procedures were followed and agreed upon by participants and their families. The participants ranged in age from 73-90 years, with an average age of 81 years. An experienced board-certified music therapist led 16 singalong sessions. The sessions were divided into 4 sessions of each of the following 4 conditions in randomized order of presentation: (a) live music of simple guitar accompaniment, (b) live music of complex guitar accompaniment, (c) recorded music of simple guitar accompaniment, and (d) recorded music of complex guitar accompaniment. Results indicated no significant differences in the amount of singing by the group for the 4 conditions. However, there were significant differences in group behavior related to the 4 conditions before and after song presentations, including attention, leaving the group, reading lyrics, compliments, and applause. Implications for music therapy training and programming are discussed.
Any Proofs for the Calvinism-Capitalism Thesis? The Exemplars of the ‘Rule' Reexamined

AbstractThe paper reconsiders the Weber Thesis of Calvinism and modern capitalism assumed in a causal association or affinity and congruence as the independent and dependent variable, respectively within his social economics. The analysis focuses on the Weber Thesis in its historical component by identifying and reexamining its supposed proofs in historically Calvinist societies. It thus reconsiders the presumed exemplars of the Calvinism-capitalism ‘rule’ in most of these societies. Specifically, it identifies and analyzes certain relevant historical deviations from the Weber Thesis in the assumed exemplars of its ‘rule’. The first major deviation is that pre-industrial capitalism as an economic its spirit and practice arises and exists prior to Calvinism in Calvinist and other Western societies. The second deviation is that modern industrial capitalism develops and expands long after the rise and extension and actually during the decline of Calvinism in these societies. Generally, the paper aims to cont...
Programming Modular Robots in a Simulated Environment for Hardware Control Validation

This paper presents a simulation environment to control modular robots in a program which is directly applicable for hardware control. Computer simulations provide a powerful tool for visualizing robotic systems as evidenced by myriad environments developed for prototyping, designing, and testing robots. In the presented simulation environment, code written for hardware control can be validated within the simulation with a minor modification due to the close integration of the hardware and simulation control software. The simulation environment is built atop Ch, the C/C++ interpreter which provides the capability to remotely control robots through code, Open Dynamics Engine, which accurately models the dynamics of the bodies, and OpenScene-Graph, used to provide 3D visualization. Multiple experiments were run which proved the accuracy of the simulation by comparing results with the hardware control code in both single- and multi-robot situations.© 2013 ASME
Synthesis and Lithium Intercalation Properties of Na0.5 − x Li x MnO2 + δ and Na0.5 − x MnO2 + δ Cathodes

oxides were synthesized by reducing sodium permanganate with sodium iodide in aqueous solutions followed by firing at . The sample fired at had a layer structure,whereas those fired at had a tunnel structure. Ion‐ exchange and sodium‐extraction reactions of gave, respectively, and maintaining the layer or tunnel structures. The ion‐exchanged samples exhibited better electrochemical properties than the sodium‐extracted samples. The layered obtained by the ion‐exchange reaction exhibited an initial capacity of about at , and the tunnel obtained by the ion‐exchange reaction exhibited an initial capacity of about at . ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Cachexia among US cancer patients

AbstractBackground: Cancer cachexia is a debilitating condition and results in poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to assess hospitalization incidence, patient characteristics, and medical cost and burden of cancer cachexia in the US.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for 2009. Five cancers reported to have the highest cachexia incidence were assessed. The hospitalization incidence related to cachexia was estimated by cancer type, cost and length of stay were compared, and descriptive statistics were reported for each cancer type, as well as differences being compared between patients with and without cachexia.Results: Risk of inpatient death was higher for patients with cachexia in lung cancer (OR = 1.32; CI = 1.20–1.46) and in all cancers combined (OR = 1.76; CI = 1.67–1.85). The presence of cachexia increased length of stay in lung (IRR = 1.05; CI = 1.03–1.08), Kaposi’s sarcoma (IRR = 1.47; CI = 1.14–1.89) and all cancers combined (IRR...
Contrastive foot structure in Franconian tone-accent dialects*

Franconian has a contrast between two tone accents, commonly referred to as Accent 1 and Accent 2. Traditional autosegmental analyses of the phenomenon suggest that this opposition derives from the presence of lexical tone. In contrast to this ‘tonal approach’, I argue that the Franconian accent contrast is based on contrastive foot structure – there is no tone in the lexicon. This ‘metrical approach’ not only accounts for the tonal differences between the accents, but also captures a variety of facts that are hard to incorporate into a synchronic tonal analysis, involving morphological alternations between Accent 1 and Accent 2, as well as the effects of vowel duration, vowel quality and consonant quality on accent-class membership. The metrical analysis of these patterns is in line with similar approaches to tone-accent contrasts in North Germanic and Scottish Gaelic.
Influence of forage level and naloxone injection on feed intake, digestion, and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations in dairy heifers.

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers (287 +/- 26 kg) in a 4 x 4 Latin square were used to evaluate the effects of naloxone injection and forage level on dietary intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestibility, and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with naloxone injection (0 vs .3 mg/kg; saline vs naloxone, respectively) and forage level (20 vs 100%; concentrate vs forage) as factors. Stanchioned heifers were allowed 21 d for adaptation before a 5-d collection period. Plasma samples were collected several times on d 1 and daily at 0730. Concentrate-fed heifers consumed more feed (P < .10) than forage-fed heifers. Naloxone injection decreased (P < .10) feed intake (grams/kilogram BW) at 1 and 2 h after feeding on d 1. On d 3 at 24 h after feeding, naloxone-injected heifers had increased DM (P < .10) intakes compared with control (saline-injected) heifers. Concentrate-fed heifers had decreased (P < .10) ruminal pH and increased total ruminal VFA concentration. Acetate proportion was decreased (P < .10) and propionate proportion increased in concentrate-fed heifers. Naloxone-injected heifers had decreased (P < .10) total VFA concentrations and increased propionate proportions. Concentrate-fed heifers had greater (P < .10) DM, OM, and CP digestibilities as well as increased plasma (P < .10) insulin, urea N, and glucose concentrations but decreased (P < .10) GH and NEFA concentrations. Naloxone injection increased (P < .10) plasma insulin concentration. Naloxone injection in dairy heifers reduces intake up to 2 h after injection, alters ruminal fermentation patterns, and increases plasma insulin concentration.
Iron Biominerals: An Overview

Biomineralization processes, by which organisms form inorganic minerals, are broadly distributed and occur in almost every phylum of the biological world1,2,3. There is a large diversity of minerals formed, with over 60 currently known1. The cations of the most widely occuring minerals are the divalent alkaline earths Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba. These are paired with the anions carbonate, hydroxide, oxalate, oxide, phosphate, sulfate and sulfide. Silica, hydrous silicon oxide, also occurs widely in algae (Table 1). These minerals function as exo- and endoskeletons, cation storage, lenses, gravity devices and in other roles in various organisms.
Making Electronic Health Records (EHRs) Work: Informal Talk and Workarounds in Healthcare Organizations

A key provision of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 mandated that electronic health records (EHR) be adopted in US healthcare organizations by 2015. The purpose of this study is to examine the communicative processes involved as healthcare workers implement an EHR and make changes, known as workarounds. Guided by theories in social influence, and diffusion of innovations, we conducted a survey of healthcare professionals using an EHR system in an organization. Our structural equation modeling (SEM) and multiple regression results reveal coworker communication, in the form of informal social support and feedback, play an important role in whether people engage in workarounds. Understanding this relationship is important because our study also demonstrates that workarounds predict healthcare employees' overall satisfaction with the EHR system. Specifically, workarounds are associated with higher perceptions of the EHR's relative advantage, higher perceptions of EHR implementation success, and lower levels of resistance to EHR change. This study offers a health communication contribution to the growing research on EHR systems and demonstrates the persuasive effects that coworkers have on new technology use in healthcare organizations.
FGF23 and Nutritional Metabolism

The discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has provided a more complete understanding of the regulation of phosphate and mineral homeostasis in health and in chronic kidney disease. It has also offered new insights into stratification of risk of cardiovascular events and death among patients with chronic kidney disease and the general population. In this review, we provide an overview of FGF23 biology and physiology, summarize clinical outcomes that have been associated with FGF23, discuss potential mechanisms for these observations and their public health implications, and explore clinical and population health interventions that aim to reduce FGF23 levels and improve public health.