cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF SLIP POTENTIAL DURING CART PUSHING AND PULLING

Abstract This paper presents results of a study conducted to determine minimum friction levels between the floor and footwear required in cart pushing and pulling to reduce accidents caused by slipping. Experiments involving pushing and pulling a cart were con ducted in the laboratory. Eight subjects with different body weights (ranging from 50 to 80 kg.) were tested for three different hand forces (98, 196 and 294 newton), three different cart handle heights (66, 109 and 152 cm high) and two different moving speeds (1.8 and 3.6 km/hour). A low handle required less friction level (av. 0.3) than a high handle (av. 0.6) in pulling. A high handle required less friction level (av. 0.3) than a low handle (av. 0.7) for all test conditions. The required friction increased significantly as hand force increased. As expected a heavy person exerting a light force (required for the task) and using a slow speed of movement proved to reduce the slip potential.
Differential plasticity of microglial cells in the rostrocaudal neuraxis of the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice following mating and stud male exposure.

Abstract The formation of an olfactory recognition memory by female mice for the stud male pheromones requires two fundamental conditions: incidence of mating and retention of the stud male with the female for a critical 6 h interval following mating. This biologically critical recognition memory results from plasticity of reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). In this study, a microglia marker antibody (ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein, Iba1) was used to determine how mating and stud pheromones affect microglia in the AOB rostrocaudal axis in female mice. The results showed that compared with estrus and mating only, mating and pheromone exposure significantly increased Iba1 immunoreactivity in the AOB evidenced by increased complexity of ramified microglial processes characteristic of resting microglial morphological phenotype, particularly in the rostral AOB. The density of Iba1 staining after mating and stud pheromone exposure was higher in the rostral – compared to caudal – AOB and was most prevalent in the external plexiform layer, the site of reciprocal mitral-granule dendrodendritic synapses. While cells with activated phenotype were observed in caudal AOB during estrus, mating/pheromone exposure appeared to induce a morphological transformation to the resting microglia phenotype. Since previous evidence implicate the rostral AOB in processing pheromonal signals and microglial cells monitor active synapses, these observations have important functional implications for a potential role for microglia in processing pheromonal signals in the AOB during the formation of olfactory memory.
Development of non-phosphorylated cyclic thioether peptide binding to the Grb2-SH2 domain

One of the critical intracellular signaling pathways involves specific interactions between growth factor receptors and the adaptor protein Grb2. These interactions normally involve specific tyrosine phosphorylated regions in receptors and other cognate proteins. Following the lead of our recent findings that a phage library based non-phosphorylated disulfide linked 11-mer peptide inhibited such interactions, we report here the synthesis of novel redox-stable cyclic peptide analogs. These include thioether cyclized and backbone cyclized structures. The thioether analog was prepared under mild conditions from an N-terminally chloroacetylated and C-terminally cysteine extended peptide precursor. The thioether peptide showed equipotent binding affinity for the Grb2-SH2 domain (IC50=10–15 μM) when compared to the disulfide cyclized lead-peptide. The bioactive thioether linked peptide was demonstrated to offer advantages to the disulfide cyclized peptides under physiological conditions.
DistDLB: Improving cosmology SAMR simulations on distributed computing systems through hierarchical load balancing

Cosmology SAMR simulations have played a prominent role in the field of astrophysics. The emerging distributed computing systems provide an economic alternative to the traditional parallel machines, and enable scientists to conduct cosmological simulations that require vast computing power. An important issue of conducting distributed cosmological simulations is about performance and efficiency. In this paper, we present a dynamic load balancing scheme called DistDLB that is designed to improve the performance of distributed cosmology simulations. Distributed systems, e.g. the Computation Grid, usually consist of heterogeneous resources connected with shared networks. By considering these features of distributed systems and unique characteristics of cosmology SAMR simulations, DistDLB focuses on reducing the redistribution cost through a hierarchical load balancing approach and a run-time decision making mechanism. Heuristic methods have been proposed to adaptively adjust load balancing strategies based on the observation of the current system and application state. Our experiments with real-world cosmology simulations on production systems indicate that the proposed DistDLB scheme can effectively improve the performance of cosmology simulations by 2.56-79.14% as compared to the scheme that does not consider the heterogeneous and dynamic features of distributed systems. ems.
LIFE CYCLE MODEL OF PARTISANSHIP DEVELOPMENT An Analysis of Aggregate Electoral Instability Following the Enfranchisement of Women

Phillip Converse's life cycle explanation of partisan strengthening implies there should have been an abrupt and relatively durable increase in the level of aggregate instability in the electorate following the enfranchisement of women in 1920. Using a technique originally developed by William Flanigan and Nancy Zingale (1974), state-level instability data and county-level instability data for Colorado were examined. These data reveal no abrupt and enduring increase in instability following the enfranchisement of women.
Simple phenol and phenolic compounds in food flavor

Simple phenol and phenolic compounds occur in a vast portion of our diet. This review attempts to discuss their occurrences relative to our food supply. In addition, their chemical, nutritional, and sensory properties are explored, as well as methods for their isolation, identification, and quantitation.
Evaluating the exploration efficiency of oil and gas firms using SFAS 69 supplemental disclosures

Abstract Investors and other users of financial statements often analyze financial statement information to evaluate the exploration efficiency of oil and gas firms. One approach commonly employed is to calculate an average per-unit cost of finding and developing oil and gas reserves using data disclosed by oil and gas firms in the footnotes to their financial statements. These average finding costs ratios, while widely used, are by no means universally accepted as providing meaningful insight into the exploration efficiency and potential profitability of an oil and gas firm. In fact, a number of financial analysts who specialize in oil and gas firms have argued that these finding costs ratios in fact provide no useful insights into how well a company has done. The purpose of our paper is to evaluate the usefulness of these finding costs measures as indicators of exploration efficiency and potential profitability. Our approach involves comparing the statistical association between various finding costs measures to a benchmark measure of exploration efficiency derived from a Cobb-Douglas regression. We also compare these finding costs measures to two commonly used financial statement measures of profitability—return on sales and return on assets—to evaluate whether finding costs are useful as indicators of profitability. Our results indicate that finding costs ratios calculated from readily available financial statement data provide useful insight into both exploration efficiency and the potential profitability of an oil and gas firm. Our findings are important because they provide empirical evidence useful in resolving a debate within the financial analyst community concerning the utility of these finding costs ratios.
An Evaluation of the Battelle Developmental Inventory for Determining Special Education Eligibility

The implementation of P.L. 99-457 requires the identification of appropriate instruments for use in making program eligibility decisions for infants, toddlers, and preschool children. One test that...
Dual Functions of Phospholipase Dα1 in Plant Response to Drought

Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) has been shown to mediate the abscisic acid regulation of stomatal movements. Arabidopsis plants deficient in PLDα1 increased, whereas PLDα1-overexpressing tobacco decreased, transpirational water loss. In the early stage of drought, the decrease in water loss was associated with a rapid stomatal closure caused by a high level of PLD in PLDα1-overexpressing plants. However, in the late stage of drought, the overexpressing plants displayed more susceptibility to drought than control plants. PLDα1 activity in the overexpressing plants was much higher than that of control plants in which drought also induced an increase in PLDα1 activity. The high level of PLDα1 activity was correlated to membrane degradation in late stages of drought, as demonstrated by ionic leakage and lipid peroxidation. These findings indicate that a high level of PLDα1 expression has different effects on plant response to water deficits. It promotes stomatal closure at earlier stages, but disrupts membranes in prolonged drought stress. These findings are discussed in relation to the understanding of PLD functions and potential applications.
Novel Organic and Polymeric Materials for Solar Energy Conversions

Abstract Organic or ‘plastic’ solar cells are attractive for solar photoelectric energy conversion applications where low cost (such as large area), lightweight, and flexible shape are desired. The photoelectric power conversion efficiencies of currently reported organic/polymeric photovoltaic materials are still relatively low (typically less than 10% under AM 1.5 and one Sun intensity), and the three major losses are still severe, i.e., the ‘photon loss’ due to mismatch of materials energy gaps versus the sunlight photon energies, the ‘exciton loss’ and the ‘carrier loss’ due to poor solid state morphologies of existing polymeric donor/acceptor binary systems. Therefore, both molecular frontier orbitals (HOMOs, LUMOs) and phase morphologies need to be engineered to further enhance the efficiency. In this paper, our recent efforts on frontier orbital and energy gap engineering and terminal functionalizations of conjugated polymer blocks, and a donor-bridge-acceptor type block copolymer approach will be reviewed. For instance, a new donor-bridge-acceptor or DBA type conjugated block copolymer system has been successfully synthesized, characterized, and solar cells based on the new materials has been preliminarily tested revealing better performance of the block copolymer system versus the donor/acceptor simple blend system. In addition, dye sensitized polymer and organic/inorganic hybrid nanostructure solar cells were also investigated as dyes absorb more sunlight photon and have more available energy levels and gaps that can better match the solar spectrum than traditional solar cells.
East–west trending magnetic anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars: Modeling analysis and interpretation

Abstract Maps of the vector components of the martian crustal magnetic field over the strongly magnetized Terra Cimmeria/Sirenum region are constructed using Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer data. Although pronounced east–west trending anomalies are present on the radial and north field component maps at the mapping altitude (∼360–380 km), these trends are much less prominent at the lower aerobraking altitude (∼90–150 km). Comparisons with similar maps produced using artificial data at the aerobraking altitude indicate that elongated sources in this region may have maximum lengths along the martian surface of ∼500 km and maximum aspect ratios of ∼2. Iterative forward modeling of several relatively isolated anomalies in the mapped region yields paleomagnetic pole positions consistent with those estimated in previous studies of other anomalies using mapping phase and science phasing orbit data. On this basis, it is inferred that sources in the studied region are most probably magnetized primarily in northward or southward directions. Using this additional constraint, iterative forward modeling is then applied to determine a magnetization distribution that is consistent with data at both the aerobraking altitude and the mapping altitude. The model magnetization distribution, which includes 41 discrete sources, again indicates no highly elongated sources. An examination of surface geology in the region as well as a consideration of the global distribution of anomalies suggests that magmatic intrusions (e.g., subsurface dike swarms), cooling in the presence of water, are the most likely sources of the magnetic anomalies.
Efficient learning of multi-step best response

We provide a uniform framework for learning against a recent history adversary in arbitrary repeated bimatrix games, by modeling such an agent as a Markov Decision Process. We focus on learning an optimal non-stationary policy in such an MDP over a finite horizon and adapt an existing efficient Monte Carlo based algorithm for learning optimal policies in such MDPs. We show that this new efficient algorithm can obtain higher average rewards than a previously known efficient algorithm against some opponents in the contract game. Though this improvement comes at the cost of increased domain knowledge, a simple experiment in the Prisoner's Dilemma game shows that even when no extra domain knowledge (besides that the opponent's memory size is known) is assumed, the error can still be small.
Optimum Stratified Cycle Counting

Abstract Cycle counting is a recently devised procedure for continuously updating inventory record accuracy as a replacement for an annual complete inventory count. Cycle counting has been shown to provide greater inventory record accuracy for financial control and for production planning and purchasing operations. However, cycle counting procedures have used an arbitrary basis for classifying inventoried items and for setting the count frequency within each class. In this paper, cycle counting is characterized as stratified statistical sampling. Procedures are shown for maintaining the statistical accuracy required for financial control while reducing the amount of sampling and counting costs. Other criteria can be similarly used. These procedures include the Tschuprow-Neyman optimum allocation rule, the Dalenius-Hodges strata identification rule, a search for an optimum number of strata and improvements in the cycle counting procedures and crew size toward an optimum level: compatible methodologies. A n...
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND VIDEOGRAMMETRY METHODS FOR SOLAR SAILS AND OTHER GOSSAMER STRUCTURES

Ultra-lightweight and inflatable gossamer space structures are designed to be tightly packaged for launch, then deploy or inflate once in space. These properties will allow for in-space construction of very large structures 10 to 1000 meters in size such as solar sails, inflatable antennae, and space solar power stations using a single launch. Solar sails are of particular interest because of their potential for propellantless propulsion. Gossamer structures do, however, have significant complications. Their low mass and high flexibility make them very difficult to test on the ground. The added mass and stiffness of attached measurement devices can significantly alter the static and dynamic properties of the structure. This complication necessitates an alternative approach for characterization. This paper discusses the development and application of photogrammetry and videogrammetry methods for the static and dynamic characterization of gossamer structures, as four specific solar sail applications demonstrate. The applications prove that high-resolution, full-field, non-contact static measurements of solar sails using dot projection photogrammetry are possible as well as full-field, noncontact, dynamic characterization using dot projection videogrammetry.
Structural Determinants of the Regulation of Kir Channels by Cholesterol

A variety of ion channels are regulated by cholesterol, a major lipid component of the plasma membrane whose excess is associated with multiple pathological conditions. However, the mechanism underlying cholesterol sensitivity of ion channels is unknown. We have recently shown that an increase in membrane cholesterol strongly suppresses inwardly rectifying Kir2 channels. Here we show that cholesterol sensitivity of Kir2 channels depends on a specific region of the C-terminus of the cytosolic domain of the channel, the CD loop. Furthermore, we also show that KirBac1.1, a bacterial homologue of mammalian Kir channels, is also suppressed by the elevation membrane cholesterol when incorporated into liposomes. These findings suggest that Kir channels are directly regulated by membrane cholesterol and provide first insights into the structural determinants of the sensitivity of Kir2 channels to cholesterol introducing the critical role of the cytosolic domain in cholesterol dependent channel regulation.
Enhanced vortex-pinning strength and magnetic-irreversibility via columnar defects in single crystal Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

Abstract To enhance vortex pinning in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, single crystals were irradiated with energetic heavy ions to create columnar defects. Irradiations were made at various angles from the c-axis. The pinning energy U0 was investigated by ac magnetometry near B(Tirr), the limit of quasistatic magnetic irreversibility. Irradiation increased U0 by a factor of ∼3, relatively independent of the ion-beam exposure, which increased both Jc and the irreversible BT regime. Independence of Jc and U0 from the magnetic-field orientation suggests the predominance of strong pins interacting with 2-D pancake vortices.
The Hindi passive 1

Abstract Hindi has a construction that is used to make a negative statement (explicitly or implicitly), to ask a question or to make a conditional statement about the ability of the underlying subject to perform an action; this construction resembles the Hindi passive construction in several respects and has been called “passive”; by researchers of Hindi. This paper presents evidence that this construction, in spite of its superficial resemblance with the true passive, should not be analysed as passive.
Relation of College Students' Self-Perceived and Measured Health-Related Physical Fitness:

This study examined the relation of college students' self-perceived and measured physical fitness. Students (30 men, 30 women; M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 1.4) completed the Physical Self-description Questionnaire and four fitness tests: air displacement plethysmography, submaximal treadmill test, curl-up test, and sit-and-reach test. Significant correlations were obtained for self-perceived physical fitness with measured body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, and flexibility (r = .33-.62). Significant correlations were also found between self-perceived overall fitness and actual body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and muscular endurance (|r| = .26-.55). These findings suggest that college students can gauge their own fitness in terms of four distinct health-related components with some accuracy.
Discrimination of Candida species by paper spray mass spectrometry

Abstract Ambient ionization mass spectrometry using paper spray is utilized for rapid discrimination of Candida species without sample preparation. The experiment is based on characteristic lipid profiles and is an extension to a procedure used for the discrimination of bacteria. Candida colonies were smeared onto filter paper pre-cut to a sharp tip, subsequently wetted with solvent and held at high potential. Charged droplets released by field emission were sucked into the mass spectrometer inlet and mass spectra were recorded. Eight closely related Candida species with clinical relevance and known phylogeny were investigated. Numerical data fusion of the positive and negative ion mass spectra and multivariate statistics (principal component analysis, followed by linear discriminant analysis) allowed species level discrimination with a prediction rate of ca. 90%.
Determination of the kinematically redundant active prismatic joint variable ranges of a planar parallel mechanism for singularity-free trajectories

Abstract Based on its simple structure, base-fixed actuators, high payload capacity, high accuracy, and high mechanical rigidity, the 3- R RR mechanism 1 is a practical planar parallel manipulator. However, the 3- R RR mechanism is known to have singular loci within its workspace affecting its use. A recent paper by these authors introduced a singularity avoidance algorithm for the 3- R RR mechanism using kinematic redundancy. This paper extends the earlier work and allows for determination of the required ranges of the kinematically redundant active prismatic joint variables of a mechanism to allow given trajectories to be singularity-free. Since for a kinematically redundant mechanism the initial configuration is crucial for redundancy resolution, the proposed algorithm uses permutations to consider all possible points where kinematic redundancy resolution begins. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated through simulation.
COMPOSITION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF YAM (DIOSCOREA SPECIES) FLOUR PREPARED USING DIFFERENT PROCESSES

Five processes were evaluated for producing flour from yam (Dioscorea) tubers. Variations in processes included drying raw peeled slices of tubers in a forced-air oven, a solar dryer and a drum dryer before milling. Tubers, both peeled and unpeeled, were also boiled before drying in an oven and milling. Flours with acceptable sensory qualities were produced using all test procedures; however, considering the need for human and mechanical energy input, flours produced from raw tubers involving oven- or solar-drying appear to be most practical for application in developing countries where yam tubers are an integral part of the human diet.
Identification of genetic variation that determines human trehalase activity and its association with type 2 diabetes.

A prior linkage scan in Pima Indians identified a putative locus for type two diabetes (T2D) and body mass index (BMI) on chromosome 11q23-25. Association mapping across this region identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the trehalase gene (TREH) that were associated with T2D. To assess the putative connection between trehalase activity and T2D, we performed a linkage study for trehalase activity in 570 Pima Indians who had measures of trehalase activity. Strong evidence of linkage of plasma trehalase activity (LOD = 7.0) was observed in the TREH locus. Four tag SNPs in TREH were genotyped in these subjects and plasma trehalase activity was highly associated with three SNPs: rs2276064, rs117619140 and rs558907 (p = 2.2 × 10−11–1.4 × 10−23), and the fourth SNP, rs10790256, was associated conditionally on these three (p = 2.9 × 10−7). Together, the four tag SNPs explained 51 % of the variance in plasma trehalase activity and 79 % of the variance attributed to the linked locus. These four tag SNPs were further genotyped in 828 subjects used for association mapping of T2D, and rs558907 was associated with T2D (odds ratio (OR) 1.94, p = 0.002). To assess replication of the T2D association, all four tag SNPs were additionally genotyped in two non-overlapping samples of Native Americans. Rs558907 was reproducibly associated with T2D in 2,942 full-heritage Pima Indians (OR 1.27 p = 0.03) and 3,897 “mixed” heritage Native Americans (OR 1.21, p = 0.03), and the strongest evidence for association came from combining all samples (OR 1.27 p = 1.6 × 10−4, n = 7,667). However, among 320 longitudinally studied subjects, measures of trehalase activity from a non-diabetic exam did not predict those who would eventually develop diabetes versus those who would remain non-diabetic (hazard ratio 0.94 per SD of trehalase activity, p = 0.29). We conclude that variants in TREH control trehalase activity, and although one of these variants is also reproducibly associated with T2D, it is likely that the effect of the SNP on risk of T2D occurs by a mechanism different than affecting trehalase activity. Alternatively, TREH variants may be tagging a nearby T2D locus.
Containment of herbicide resistance through genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome.

Glyphosate is a potent herbicide. It works by competitive inhibition of the enzyme 5-enol-pyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes an essential step in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. We report the genetic engineering of herbicide resistance by stable integration of the petunia EPSPS gene into the tobacco chloroplast genome using the tobacco or universal vector. Southern blot analysis confirms stable integration of the EPSPS gene into all of the chloroplast genomes (5000–10,000 copies per cell) of transgenic plants. Seeds obtained after the first self-cross of transgenic plants germinated and grew normally in the presence of the selectable marker, whereas the control seedlings were bleached. While control plants were extremely sensitive to glyphosate, transgenic plants survived sprays of high concentrations of glyphosate. Chloroplast transformation provides containment of foreign genes because plastid transgenes are not transmitted by pollen. The escape of foreign genes via pollen is a serious environmental concern in nuclear transgenic plants because of the high rates of gene flow from crops to wild weedy relatives.
Channel estimation, overhead, and outage for PSAM-OFDM

Ever growing demand for wireless services and a dearth of quality spectrum requires more efficient use of available bandwidth. Cross-layer design has the potential for more efficient system design than is possible considering each layer in isolation. In this article, we consider goodput optimization of pilot-symbol assisted modulation with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PSAM-OFDM). Here goodput accounts for both the training overhead at the physical layer (PHY) and re-transmission of lost blocks at the medium access control (MAC) layer. We present a novel formulation of the cross-layer goodput metric using natural extensions of the mean and variance of the mutual information of PSAM-OFDM found in the literature. From this formulation we identify a practical tradeoff between the frequency-diversity offered by a channel and the signal overhead necessary to exploit that diversity. This has direct implications for the optimization of time-scaled OFDM signals (e.g. channelized OFDM). We show that our optimization of channel bandwidth results in higher aggregate goodput than alternatives proposed in the literature. Finally, we show that the conventional optimization of pilot power allocation to maximize physical layer throughput (considering only physical layer overhead) also maximizes the cross-layer goodput.
Some Effects of Chronic Gamma Irradiation on Mouse Testis

Mice exposed to 12, 24, 43, and 74 r gamma radiation per day were observed with reference to the following parameters and compared with controls: testis weights, testis areas in section, tubular areas in section, Chalkley counts on cell types and on empty space within and surrounding the tubules, and srecial counts of type A and intermediate spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, and leptotene spermatocytes. The results show that under prolonged gamma irradiation testis weights decrease concomitantly with the loss of spermatogenic cells from the tubules. Measurements of cross sectional areas of testes and tubules were found to decrease along with testis weight. There is an increase in the relative area occupied by the Sertoli cells surviving the gamma doses, because of decreasing tubular dimensions. Spermatogonia under 12 and 24 r/day survive with low levels of mitotic activity. At higher intensities they do not survive beyond 2000 r cumulated dose. Spermatocytes vanish due to lack of recruitment as well as through irradiation death. Their disappearance time is intensity-dependent, The same is true of spermatids and spermatozoa. (auth)
Guest Editors' Introduction: Tablet PC Technology--The Next Generation

Early adopters in higher education have developed Tablet PC teaching platforms that incorporate active learning techniques and support in-class collaborations.
Relation of ventricular premature beats to underlying heart disease

Abstract The relation between ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and physiologic disease was investigated in 305 patients who had 24-hour Holter monitoring tests, cardiac catheterization and angiography. Both frequency and Lown class of VPBs were measured. Analyses showed that occurrence of VPBs at an average frequency of more than 2 per hour or occurrence of complex VPBs (Lown class greater than 2) have the highest association with the presence and severity of cardiac disease. Using these criteria, VPB severity was then compared with extent of ventricular wall motion abnormality (right anterior oblique projection segments), ejection fraction, end-diastolic pressure, category of disease (normal, coronary artery disease [CAD], valvular heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy), age and severity of CAD (major coronary arteries with >75 % diameter reduction). Severe VPBs defined either by complexity or frequency were significantly correlated with extent of wall motion abnormality, ejection fraction, category of disease and age. Severe VPBs were not significantly correlated with end-diastolic pressure or severity of CAD. Discriminant analysis then showed that in addition to wall motion abnormality and ejection fraction, category of disease and age are independently correlated with VPB severity.
Low carbon steel weld metal microstructures: The role of oxygen and manganese

A review of relevant welding literature as well as ongoing research at the University of Illinois at Chicago indicate the important influences of manganese and oxygen on the weld metal microstructure of low carbon steel welds. These microstructures are composed of several distinct ferrite morphologies, bainite, and other microconstituents. Both manganese and oxygen affect the transformation behavior of the weld metal as it cools from the austenitic range. A high oxygen content, in the form of oxide inclusions, shifts the transformation curve to the left by increasing the number of effective nucleation sites for high temperature transformation products (proeutectoid and side-plate ferrite). Manganese, on the other hand, shifts the transformation curve to the right, thereby increasing the weld metal hardenability and promoting the formation of lower temperature transformation products (acicular ferrite, bainite). Welds with a high proportion of acicular ferrite possess superior fracture toughness because the short, interlocking needles resist crack propagation.
Intercavernous carotid artery aneurysm.

A 76-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a 1-week history of inability to move her left eye and lid lag. Her symptoms were initially mild but had been progressively worsening over the preceding several days. After a discussion with her primary care provider, she was prompted to go to the ED for further evaluation. She reported no headache, nausea, or vomiting, and denied having similar symptoms in the past. On physical examination, the patient was afebrile and had normal vital signs. She had a midline left pupil with ptosis and complete loss of extraocular movements. Her pupils were 4 mm bilaterally, the left was sluggishly reactive, and her visual acuity out of the affected eye was grossly normal. Her right eye appeared to be unaffected. She had no other cranial nerve deficits and was otherwise neurologically intact. A noncontrast head computed tomography scan demonstrated a peripherally calcified mass in the left cavernous sinus (Figure 1). Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography was then performed, showing a 10 15 18-mm aneurysm of the intercavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery (Figure 2.) The patient was subsequently admitted to the Medicine service, and a consult was placed to Neurointerventional Surgery.
Changes in running kinematics and kinetics in response to a rockered shoe intervention

Background: A suggested link between ambulatory mechanics and injury development has resulted in significant interest the development of footwear to change locomotion patterns. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there will be significant changes in the kinematics and kinetics at the ankle and minimal changes at the knee and hip in the mechanics of running in a shoe with a sagittal plane curvature relative to a flat soled shoe. Methods: During running 3-D lower extremity kinematics and kinetics for 19 healthy volunteers were quantified using an optoelectronics system and a force plate. Data were collected for a flat sole conventional shoe (New Balance 658 (Control)) and a shoe with a rounded sole in the sagittal plane (Masai Barefoot Technologies (MBT)). Data were compared for the two shoe conditions using paired Student t-tests (alpha = 0.05). Findings: The ankle dorsi-flexion angles at heel-strike and mid-stance were greater, while the ankle plantar and dorsi-flexion moments and peak ankle joint power were significantly lower with the MBT relative to the control (P < 0.05). Decreases in the first medial GRF peak and the peak anterior GRF peak were also found for running in the MBT shoe. Interpretation: Despite a major difference in sole geometry, accommodations to the rockered sole were found only at the ankle. These results suggest changes in ankle kinematics and kinetics may be used to minimize the effect of changes in sole rocker on limb dynamics. Thus, changes in shoe rocker may offer potential therapeutic opportunities for running related conditions at the ankle without substantial risk to the knee or hip.
GROUND CLAY AS A PLASTICIZING AGENT1

A series of tests to determine the relative tensile strength of mortars containing hydrated lime and finely-ground raw clay used as plasticizing agents have been conducted. These tests reveal no distinct ditrerence between the two materials in this respect.
Adaptive segmentation of coronary angiograms

The problem of unsupervised segmentation of coronary angiograms is investigated. An algorithm which uses an iterative line search procedure to adapt the segmentation thresholds is proposed. This algorithm is parallel in nature, and could be implemented on a disturbed computer architecture. Based on the angiogram's histogram, two thresholds are obtained which classify the pixels into three types: artery, background, and unclassified, The threshold adaptation is an iterative process. A heuristic line search is conducted throughout the neighborhoods of the unclassified pixels. The results of the search are used to adapt the thresholds. The process is continued until all pixels are classified as either artery or background. The algorithm was implemented on an IBM PC/AT-based imaging system and tested with coronary arteriogram images. Preliminary results demonstrated the algorithm's usefulness in enhancing the arterial structure, even under low signal-to-noise ratios. Furthermore, the segmentation was achieved within a few iterations. >
Nuclear Receptors and the Hormonal Regulation of Drosophila Metamorphosis

The steroid hormone ecdysone regulates the major post-embryonic transitions during the Drosophila life cycle, including the onset of, and progression through, metamorphosis. Reviewed here are several recent studies that together give insight into both the transduction of the ecdysone signal itself as well as other possible hormonal signaling events associated with metamorphosis. Genetic studies of the two components of the ecdysone receptor, EcR and usp , demonstrate that they are essential for the initiation of metamorphosis in Drosophila . These genes are not, however, required for some earlier events that prepare the animal for metamorphosis. Instead, the orphan nuclear receptor DHR78 appears to regulate these events, possibly in response to an as yet unidentified hormone. An additional role for usp , independent from EcR function, has also been uncovered in epidermis and cuticle development, suggesting a possible role for usp in integrating ecdysone and juvenile hormone signals.
Infant Responses to Impending Collision: Optical and Real

Twenty-four infants ranging in age from 2 to 11 weeks responded to symmetrically expanding shadows, which optically specify an approaching object, with an integrated avoidance response and upset. This response did not occur for asymmetrically expanding shadows nor for contracting shadows that specify an object on a miss path and a receding object. The response was observed in all the infants regardless of age, and the addition of kinetic depth information to the displays did not increase the intensity or likelihood of the response. In a second experiment, seven infants defensively reacted to the approach of a real object except when it was on a miss path.
The technical communication practices of Russian and US aerospace engineers and scientists

Two studies were conducted in order to investigate the technical communication practices of Russian and US aerospace engineers and scientists. Both studies had the same five objectives: to solicit the opinions of aerospace engineers and scientists regarding the importance of technical communication to their professions; to determine the use and production of technical communication by aerospace engineers and scientists; to seek their views about the appropriate content of the undergraduate course in technical communication; to determine aerospace engineers' and scientists' use of libraries, technical information centers, and online databases; and to determine the use and importance of computer and information technology to them. Responses to a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to Russian aerospace engineers and scientists at the Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) and to their US counterparts at the NASA Ames Research Center and the NASA Langley Research Center are presented. >
ON THE FACILITATIVE ROLE OF THE ECONOMIST IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- CASE STUDY OF A GEORGIA SHRIMP HARBOR INVESTMENT

This study of the Georgia commercial fishery was but hopefully provocative to those economists con- concerned with demand for new port facilities that cerned with real world problems and willing to enter would best serve the shellfish industry, shrimpers, controversial situations. Economic development, as middlemen and consumers of fishery products. typically encountered, is often controversial. Seldom According to Carley, the shrimp fishery, in most in the modern economy do we find a Pareto optimum years, makes up more than 80 percent of the value of development that makes some people better off while all species landed [3]. Current shrimp landings are leaving no one worse off. Even when this ideal is around eight to nine million pounds annually. In realized in the long-run, lack of instantaneous adjust- recent years fishermen have complained that facilities ment to new parameters of development means that on Georgia's coast have become inadequate for new investment or organizational change is threaten- docking space, for adequately disposing of wastes, for ing to someone. Furthermore, both those threatened fueling and icing trawlers and for unloading modern by development and those who stand to gain may shrimp trawlers. have recognized relative merits of a particular Complaints by fishermen concerning possible development long before it comes to an economist's price discrimination and the general development of attention. This speaks well of the free enterprise the fishing industry in Georgia were the source of system, but may be disconcerting to the ivory tower proposals to construct at least one new port facility economist whose hope is that "my results" will be as a demonstration. This facility would provide dock used by other economists or decision-makers who space, fuel sales, ice sales, boat and engine repairs and will, in turn, produce development efforts. Although other services. Outlets would be provided for sale of the domino theory may be valid, all too frequently products to handlers or processors locating within the the dominoes fail to fall because of the scarcity of facility. Product handlers would be exposed to larger practicing economists in active development efforts. volumes of product, possibly attracting more investPerhaps timeliness is the key word in efforts to ment to the area by processors, dealers and support work in the real world. Unless the development industries.
PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION ACROSS AN ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT: A ROLE FOR PREDATORS AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ON THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES

Changes in age/size-specific mortality, due to such factors as predation, have potent evolutionary consequences. However, interactions with predators commonly impact prey growth rates and food availability and such indirect effects may also influence evolutionary change. We evaluated life-history differences in Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, across a gradient in predation. Rivulus are located in (1) "high predation" sites with large piscivores, (2) "Rivulus/guppy" sites with guppies, and (3) "Rivulus-only" sites with just Rivulus. Rivulus suffer higher mortality with large predators, and guppies may prey upon small/young Rivulus in Rivulus/guppy environments. In turn, population densities decline while growth rates increase in both localities compared to Rivulus-only sites. To explore how the direct and indirect effects of predators and guppies influence trait diversification in Rivulus, we examined life-history phenotypes across five rivers. High predation phenotypes exhibited a smaller size at reproduction, a greater number of eggs that were smaller, and increased reproductive allotment. Such changes are consistent with a direct response to predation. Rivulus from Rivulus/guppy sites were intermediate; they exhibited a smaller size at reproduction, increased fecundity, smaller eggs, and larger reproductive allotment than Rivulus-only fish. These changes are consistent with models that incorporate the impacts of growth and resources.
Endoscopic extraperitoneal herniorrhaphy. A 5-year experience.

Background: This report reviews our experience with 512 groin hernias treated by a laparoscopic extraperitoneal approach over the past 5 years. We detail the modifications that have been made to this procedure and compare our morbidity and recurrence rates with other laparoscopic and open herniorrhaphy techniques.
On the interpretation of SKS splitting measurements in the presence of several layers of anisotropy

SUMMARY Concerns over the validity of expressions derived by Montagner et al. that link SKS splitting measurements to the variation with depth of anisotropic parameters in the upper mantle have been recently expressed, pointing out that the long period approximations applied by these authors may not be valid for the frequency range commonly used in SKS studies, and in particular, that the anisotropy splitting parameters should depend on the order in which different anisotropy layers are arranged with depth. We show here that indeed, measurements of splitting time and fast axis direction performed at individual azimuths do depend on the order of layering, however, the expressions of Montagner et al. concern station-averaged quantities that do not depend on the order of layers. It is therefore correct to use these expressions in joint inversions of surface waveforms and SKS station-averaged splitting measurements. On the other hand, the depth-dependent sensitivity of surface waveforms naturally provides constraints on the order of layering. Having clarified this confusion, we extend the expressions of Montagner et al. to the case of a tilted axis of symmetry and non-vertical incident waves, and show that station-averaged estimates of ‘effective’ splitting parameters: splitting time, fast axis direction and tilt of the fast axis, can be related to the integral with depth of quantities, which now depend not only on the local splitting time and fast axis direction, but also on the local tilt of the fast axis, thus providing constraints also on the variation of the tilt with depth. We show that the effective parameters used as constraints in the inversion can be obtained either from the measurement of splitting intensity, or through a parameter search and cross-convolution method. In particular, in the case when the effective tilt is significant, the splitting intensity no longer presents 180° periodicity with azimuth, providing a diagnostic tool for the presence of such tilts in the upper mantle. Thus, combining body-wave and surface wave observations also has the potential of constraining the variation with depth of the tilt of the fast axis of anisotropy, a geodynamically important parameter.
Effects of high-protein vs. high- fat snacks on appetite control, satiety, and eating initiation in healthy women

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-protein afternoon yogurt snack improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake compared to other commonly-consumed, energy dense, high-fat snacks. Twenty, healthy women (age: 27 ± 2 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2) completed the randomized crossover design study which included 3, 8-h testing days comparing the following 160 kcal afternoon snacks: high-protein yogurt (14 g protein/25 g CHO/0 g fat); high-fat crackers (0 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat); and high-fat chocolate (2 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat). Participants were acclimated to each snack for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, the participants consumed a standardized breakfast and lunch; the respective snack was consumed 3-h post-lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed throughout the afternoon until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was then provided. The consumption of the yogurt snack led to greater reductions in afternoon hunger vs. chocolate (p < 0.01). No differences in afternoon fullness were detected. The yogurt snack also delayed eating initiation by approximately 30 min compared to the chocolate snack (p < 0.01) and approximately 20 min vs. crackers (p = 0.07). The yogurt snack led to approximately 100 fewer kcals consumed at dinner vs. the crackers (p = 0.08) and chocolate (p < 0.05). No other differences were detected. These data suggest that, when compared to high-fat snacks, eating less energy dense, high-protein snacks like yogurt improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake in healthy women.
DIOLCUS VARIEGATUS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMOIDEA: SCUTELLERIDAE), A CARIBBEAN SPECIES ESTABLISHED IN SOUTH FLORIDA

Abstract Diolcus variegatus (Herrich-Schaeffer), a species previously know from the Greater Antilles, was recently discovered in the Homestead area of South Florida. It is abundant and apparently well established on Malvastrum corchorifolium (Desc.) Britt. ex Small. (Malvaceae). This is the first Florida and United States record for this species. Diolcus variegatus is described and figured and a key to Scutelleridae occurring in Florida is provided to facilitate recognition of this species in Florida.