cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Apology for French Torturers: L’Ennemi intime (2007)

In the early twenty-first century, France very publicly confronted its past military policy of torture during the Franco-Algerian War (1954–1962). While former generals spoke to the press (General Paul Ausseresses and General Jacques Massu), French veterans’ post-trauma stress disorder provoked millennial media interest. Florent Emil Siri’s 2007 film L’Ennemi Intime grapples with this new approach to the Franco-Algerian War; there are three torture sequences in which our protagonist, who begins as an anti-torture proponent, plays a vital, but vacillating role (he disrupts one torture session, tortures an Algerian man to death in the second, and in the third prevents a fellow sergeant from torturing himself). A study of the three scenes reveals France’s difficult negotiation in the millennium, sympathising with the torturer’s situation while conscious of the ethics and consequences of such heinous behaviour. While Marnia Lazreg’s thorough and innovative book Torture and the Twilight of Empire allows no concessions for French military crimes, in Waltzing with Bachir: Perpetrator Trauma and Cinema, Raya Morag finds such sympathetic torturer portrayals (in Israeli documentary films concerning the First and Second Intifadas) serve a greater social need and purpose. For this reason, the article sites both authors, revealing the very complicated nature of films concerning historical torture.
Concurrent treatment of PTSD and alcohol use disorder via telehealth in a female Iraq veteran.

Background and Objectives A growing literature provides evidence for the use of integrated treatments (e.g., Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure; COPE); however, no known studies have applied COPE via telehealth. Method COPE was delivered via telehealth to treat one black female veteran with combat trauma and alcohol use disorder. Results The patient demonstrated significant reductions in alcohol consumption and PTSD and depressive symptoms. Conclusions and Scientific Significance Although preliminary, findings demonstrate that integrated treatment via telehealth is feasible and effective, and may be useful for female veterans reluctant to seek services at male-dominated VAMCs. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–2)
Oxidation of Substituted Catechols at the Air–Water Interface: Production of Carboxylic Acids, Quinones, and Polyphenols

Anthropogenic activities contribute benzene, toluene, and anisole to the environment, which in the atmosphere are converted into the respective phenols, cresols, and methoxyphenols by fast gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Further processing of the latter species by HO• decreases their vapor pressure as a second hydroxyl group is incorporated to accelerate their oxidative aging at interfaces and in aqueous particles. This work shows how catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 3-methoxycatechol (all proxies for oxygenated aromatics derived from benzene, toluene, and anisole) react at the air–water interface with increasing O3(g) during τc ≈ 1 μs contact time and contrasts their potential for electron transfer and in situ production of HO• using structure–activity relationships. A unifying mechanism is provided to explain the oxidation of the five proxies, which includes the generation of semiquinone radicals. Functionalization in the presence of HO• results in the forma...
From Rod Models to Line Segments

This chapter focuses on number line segment activities taken from one session of the year-long intervention investigating how 4th grade students build fraction ideas (Schmeelk, 2010). The videotapes of the session provide data for a narrative that has been partitioned into an analytic, entitled “Imagining the Density of Fractions.” This analytic provides illustrations of the students ordering fractions on a number line segment between zero and one based on their rod models.
Kinetic modeling of the γ phase in Ti-Al-Nb alloys

Abstract A mobility database for the γ-TiAl phase in the Ti-Al-Nb system was created by a critical assessment of experimental diffusion data found in literature. Optimization of mobilities and diffusion modeling was performed using the DICTRA (DIffusion Controlled TRAnsformations) software. Agreement was found between the experimental and calculated diffusion coefficients. The database was further validated with a diffusion couple consisting of 46Ti-54Al and 31Ti-55Al-14Nb alloys. The experimental data and final optimization revealed Nb-dependent effects on the diffusivities of all three elements. The Nb diffusivity increases with Nb content, and the Ti and Al diffusivities vary with composition in both binary and ternary alloys.
High-throughput sequencing of the chloroplast and mitochondrion of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to generate improved de novo assemblies, analyze expression patterns and transcript speciation, and evaluate diversity among laboratory strains and wild isolates.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular chlorophyte alga that is widely studied as a reference organism for understanding photosynthesis, sensory and motile cilia, and for development of an algal-based platform for producing biofuels and bio-products. Its highly repetitive, ~205-kbp circular chloroplast genome and ~15.8-kbp linear mitochondrial genome were sequenced prior to the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Here, high coverage shotgun sequencing was used to assemble both organellar genomes de novo. These new genomes correct dozens of errors in the prior genome sequences and annotations. Genome sequencing coverage indicates that each cell contains on average 83 copies of the chloroplast genome and 130 copies of the mitochondrial genome. Using protocols and analyses optimized for organellar transcripts, RNA-Seq was used to quantify their relative abundances across 12 different growth conditions. Forty-six percent of total cellular mRNA is attributable to high expression from a few dozen chloroplast genes. RNA-Seq data were used to guide gene annotation, to demonstrate polycistronic gene expression, and to quantify splicing of psaA and psbA introns. In contrast to a conclusion from a recent study, we found that chloroplast transcripts are not edited. Unexpectedly, cytosine-rich polynucleotide tails were observed at the 3'-end of all mitochondrial transcripts. A comparative genomics analysis of eight laboratory strains and 11 wild isolates of C. reinhardtii identified 2658 variants in the organellar genomes, which is 1/10th as much genetic diversity as is found in the nucleus.
Catalytic liquefaction of pine sawdust and in-situ hydrogenation of bio-crude over bifunctional Co-Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract Catalytic liquefaction is an effective method for bio-crude production, but the development of efficient catalysts remains a challenge. Bifunctional Co/HZSM-5, Zn/HZSM-5 and Co-Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts were integrated with zinc hydrolysis to produce upgraded bio-crude. Co or Zn modified HZSM-5 catalysts improved the yields of bio-crude and gas compared to no catalyst treatment. Co or Zn modified HZSM-5 catalysts decreased the contents of oxygenated compounds including ketones, acids, alcohols and phenols. Co or Zn loaded HZSM-5 catalysts improved the hydrocarbons contents. Compared to monometallic Co/HZSM-5 and Zn/HZSM-5, bimetallic Co-Zn/HZSM-5 generated bio-crude with higher quality due to the synergistic effect of Co and Zn on HZSM-5 support. Co-Zn/HZSM-5 produced the highest bio-crude yield at 67.38 wt%, and the highest hydrocarbons content of bio-crude produced was 18.59%.
Language Abilities, Phonological Awareness, Reading Skills, and Subjective Fatigue in School-Age Children With Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss:

Although reading outcomes for children with hearing loss are improving, too many of these children continue to display persistent reading difficulties. Because of these difficulties, there is an on...
Epigenetic biomarkers in toxicology

Epigenetics encompasses heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequences. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histones, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Proper functioning of these processes orchestrates important biological activities including: regulation of gene transcription; X-chromosome inactivation; silencing of transposons; and maintenance of higher order chromatin structures. Abnormalities associated with these epigenetic processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, most particularly cancers. The differences between normal and abnormal functioning of these processes are useful as biomarkers of disease, especially as indicators of detection, prognosis, and determination of treatment responses.
Animal Models Used in HIV Gene Therapy

In the beginning of HIV research, there were no murine models for HIV, as HIV could not infect murine cells. During the last decade, immunodeficient mouse models were refined and could be applied for engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells, generating a functional human immune system in these animals. Human immune cells generated in vivo could then be infected with HIV, and anti-HIV gene therapy applications could be tested in these mice. Nonhuman primates are also utilized for HIV research; however, the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or a hybrid HIV–SIV needs to be applied for viral challenges.
Dipole Instruments for Sketching in Hardware with Embedded Acoustics

Sketching in hardware with embedded acoustics can be challenging due to the newness of the technology and the complexity of realizing completed instruments. Following a brief review of established iterative design practices in computer music, the author provides some tips for sketching in hardware with embedded technology using Satellite CCRMA. The tips are exemplified through a series of ``dipole instruments,'' which radiate sound approximately like dipole acoustic sources at low frequencies.
“I Want You to Be/Just like You Used to Be, Darling”: Choreographing the Newport Waltz

Anxiety over the relationship between authenticity—the real, immediate, organic object or image—and imitation—the manufactured, packaged, approximated commodity—has been a “recurring metaphysical preoccupation” in American civilization, according to Americanist Miles Orvell, inspiring an obsession with the folk, the organic, the original, and the natural, and driving a “consuming effort to restore contact with real things.” This tension was driven by the mass-manufacture of consumer goods, each one of which was an exact duplicate of every other, and by the dominance and pervasiveness of the machine, which replicated, reproduced, and standardized. Orvell’s argument can be elaborated into the domain of sound and expression to locate a cultural anxiety about the authenticity and idiosyncrasy of musicians and performances, an anxiety that Rinzler, like Lomax, learned to live with.
“They really don't want to see us”: How cleaners experience invisible ‘dirty’ work

Abstract Many people want to feel valued and included but being invisible may undermine one's sense of belonging and meaningful engagement. Some employees may face chronic invisibility due to job stigma (e.g., ‘dirty’ work), overnight shifts, and/or spatial separation from coworkers and customers. We examine how people make sense of feeling invisible at work: what people experience when they are not seen or are treated as though they cannot be seen. We sought to understand when workers feel invisible, how they make sense of these experiences, and the consequences for their work and well-being. To examine how people experience invisibility, we conducted an inductive phenomenological analysis. Data included open-ended questions from a survey of 199 university building cleaners and in-depth conversations with a subset of 12 cleaners. Three major themes emerged: how cleaners experienced invisibility, what invisibility feels like, and why they were rendered invisible. Cleaners experienced invisibility at work (not being recognized or acknowledged by customers) and invisibility of work (feeling that work is ignored or unappreciated). They varied in how they made sense of invisibility, experiencing anger, resignation, ambivalence, and relief. Cleaners also identified several mechanisms to explain why they were rendered invisible, including class injury, customer absentmindedness, and the spatial and temporal structure of work. We summarize these findings by conceptualizing invisibility as an intersubjective phenomenon that creates and sustains various critical boundaries at work—between worker/client, dirty/clean, repugnant/respectable, undignified/worthy. We conclude with a call for greater research on work that is invisible and ‘dirty’, and the people rendered invisible in the process, to make this work more equitable and dignified.
SINGLE-CENTER OUTCOMES OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION REFERRAL POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (cardiac rehab) leads to reduction in cardiovascular mortality, decrease in hospital readmissions, and improvements in quality of life. Despite the significant positive effects associated with cardiac rehab, only 20-30% of eligible patients participate in the
Evaluating the performance of a decentralized graywater treatment system in a living building at Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USA.

Decentralized graywater treatment systems are growing in popularity as the threat of water scarcity rises and wastewater's potential as a resource is recognized. In 2016, Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, completed construction of the R.W. Kern Center, a Living Building that incorporates physical filters and two constructed wetlands to treat graywater produced on-site. Grab samples of graywater were collected from four sites between August 2016 and March 2019. This study characterizes mixed graywater from all the building's fixtures and graywater from a coffee bar. Untreated mixed graywater was observed with median concentrations of 180 mg/L for total suspended solids (TSS), 190 mg/L for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ), and 15 mg/L for total nitrogen (TN), primarily in the form of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Concentrations of TSS, BOD5 , and TN were reduced by 92%, 96%, and 73%, respectively, by the Kern Center's treatment system. Preliminary data from coffee bar effluent establish a wide range of high-strength graywater quality. Because Living Buildings by design explore the connections between people and their built environments, this study also found that the behaviors of building occupants, particularly the cafe staff, had a direct impact on the functioning of the Kern Center's decentralized graywater treatment system. PRACTITIONER POINTS: On-site decentralized graywater treatment systems paired with waterless composting toilets are effective in reducing a building's water use and in meeting net-zero water goals. Constructed wetlands can effectively treat graywater produced in a central campus building with public spaces, office spaces, and a coffee bar. On-site decentralized graywater treatment systems require cooperation from both building occupants and water operators in order to function properly.
Effect analysis of racecadotril granules combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of infants with moderate and severe acute watery diarrhea

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of racecadotril granules combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of infants with moderate and severe acute watery diarrhea. Methods 90 infants with moderate and severe acute watery diarrhea in our hospital from April 2015 to August 2016 were selected as the research object, and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group, 45 cases in each group. The control group was treated with racecadotril granules, and the observation group was treated with racecadotril granules combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Observed the treatment effect of diarrhea of two groups, monitored the dehydration time, diarrhea frequency in 24 h, and adverse reactions of two groups. Results The total effective rate (97.78%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (80.00%), with statistically significant difference between the two groups (P 0.05). Conclusion Racecadotril granules combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of infants with moderate and severe acute watery diarrhea has reliable clinical curative effect, with good control effect on diarrhea and high clinical safety, is worth popularizing. Key words: Diarrhea; Racecadotril granules; Saccharomyces boulardii
Elevated Perceived Risk for HIV as a Barrier to Accessing Health Care Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

We sought to examine how self-perception of risk for HIV and HIV status information avoidance are related to HIV testing uptake and engagement in routine health care among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM)—the group at highest risk for HIV in the USA. To do so, we used generalized linear modeling and serial mediation modeling to assess data from 342 HIV-negative BMSM collected from 2017 to 2019 in Atlanta, GA, USA. Participants reported considerable concern for testing HIV-positive; 40% reported believing they would test positive for HIV; 27% reported being “extremely concerned about getting HIV”; and 17% reported worrying about HIV “all the time”. Mediation analyses demonstrated that greater concern for HIV was associated with longer intervals since the last HIV test and the last health-care appointment. BMSM perceived themselves to be at considerable risk for HIV, but critically, this outlook did not yield improved health-care behaviors. Findings highlight the need to reconceptualize our public health approach to reaching BMSM. Emphasizing risk behavior and targeting efforts toward BMSM may have unintended consequences and need to be reevaluated. Despite continued efforts to improve HIV-related outcomes, we are failing to meet the needs of BMSM.
Nonlocal rung-3.5 correlation from the density matrix expansion: Flat-plane condition, thermochemistry, and kinetics.

The rung-3.5 approach to density functional theory constructs nonlocal approximate correlation from the expectation values of nonlocal one-electron operators. This offers an inexpensive solution to hybrid functionals’ imbalance between exact nonlocal exchange and local approximate correlation. Our rung-3.5 correlation functionals also include a local complement to the nonlocal ingredient, analogous to the local exchange component of a hybrid functional. Here, we use the density matrix expansion (DME) to build rung-3.5 complements. We demonstrate how these provide a measure of local fractional occupancy and use them to approximate the flat-plane condition. We also use these complements in a three-parameter nonlocal correlation functional compatible with full nonlocal exchange. This functional approaches the accuracy of widely used hybrids for molecular thermochemistry and kinetics. The DME provides a foundation for practical, minimally empirical, nonlocal correlation functionals compatible with full nonlocal local exchange.
Transitions in hookah (Waterpipe) smoking by U.S. sexual minority adults between 2013 and 2015: the population assessment of tobacco and health study wave 1 and wave 2.

Tobacco smoking using a hookah (i.e., waterpipe) is a global epidemic. While evidence suggests that sexual minorities (SM) have higher odds of hookah use compared to heterosexuals, little is known about their hookah use patterns and transitions. We sought to examine transitions between hookah smoking and use of other tobacco and electronic (e-) products among SM adults aged 18 years of age and older versus their heterosexual counterparts. We analyzed nationally representative data of ever and current hookah smokers from Wave 1 (2013–2014; ever use n = 1014 SM and n = 9462 heterosexuals; current use n = 144 SM and n = 910 heterosexuals) and Wave 2 (2014–2015; ever use n = 901 SM and n = 8049 heterosexuals; current use n = 117 SM and n = 602 heterosexuals) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Comparisons between groups and gender subgroups within SM identity groups were determined with Rao-Scott chi-square tests and multivariable survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression models were estimated for transition patterns and initiation of electronic product use in Wave 2. Ever and current hookah smoking among SM adults (ever use Wave 1: 29% and Wave 2: 31%; current use Wave 1: 4% and Wave 2: 3%) was higher than heterosexuals (ever use Wave 1: 16% and Wave 2: 16%; current use Wave 1: 1% and Wave 2: 1%; both p < 0.0001). Among SM adults who reported hookah use at Wave 1, 46% quit hookah use at Wave 2; 39% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products while 36% of heterosexual adults quit hookah use at Wave 2 and 36% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products. Compared with heterosexuals, SM adults reported higher use of hookah plus e-products (Wave 2 usage increased by 65 and 83%, respectively). Compared to heterosexuals, in addition to higher rates of hookah smoking, higher percentages of SM adults transitioned to hookah plus e-product use between 2013 and 2015. Results have implications for stronger efforts to increase awareness of the harmful effects of hookah as well as vaping, specifically tailored among SM communities.
Risk of Nursing Home Use among Older Americans: The Impact of Psychiatric History and Trajectories of Cognitive Function.

OBJECTIVE Mental illness and cognitive functioning may be independently associated with nursing home use. We investigated the strength of the association between baseline (1998) psychiatric history, eight-year cognitive function trajectories, and prospective incidence of nursing home use over a ten-year period while accounting for relevant covariates in U.S. adults aged 65 and older. We hypothesized that self-reported baseline history of psychiatric, emotional or nervous problems would be associated with greater risk of nursing home use, and that cognition trajectories with the greatest decline would be associated with subsequent higher risk of nursing home use. METHODS We used eight waves (1998-2016) of Health and Retirement Study data for adults aged 65 years and older. Latent class mixture modeling identified four distinct cognitive function trajectory classes (1998-2006): low-declining, medium-declining, medium-stable, high-declining. Participants from the 1998 wave (N = 5628) were classified into these four classes. Competing risks regression analysis modeled the sub-hazard of nursing home use between 2006 and 2016 as a function of baseline psychiatric history and cognitive function trajectories. RESULTS Psychiatric history was independently associated with greater risk of nursing home use (SHR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.51, p<.01), net the effects of life course variables. Further, "low declining" (SHR 2.255, 95% CI 1.70-2.99, p<.001) and "medium declining" (2.103, 95% CI 1.69-2.61, p<.001) trajectories predicted increased risk of nursing home use. DISCUSSION Evidence of these associations can be used to educate policymakers and providers about the need for appropriate psychiatric training for staff in community-based and residential long-term care programs.
Geographic Information System

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data. Geospatial data describe both the location and attributes of spatial features. A GIS comprises the components of hardware, software, data, people, and organization. Prompted by the introduction of PCs and graphical user interfaces, GIS flourished in the 1980s. Now GIS is an indispensable tool in resource management, emergency planning, crime analysis, public health, land records management, precision farming, and many other fields. Geospatial data are spatially referenced and can be either vector or raster. Common GIS operations include data acquisition, data management, data query, vector data analysis, raster data analysis, and data display. An important trend is the integration of desktop GIS, web GIS, and mobile technology, which has already led to the development of location-based services, collaborative web-mapping, and volunteered geographic information. Keywords: geographic information system; geospatial; location-based services; spatial analysis
Recent Developments in Spectromicroscopy with the X1-SPEM

At the last International Symposium on X-Ray Microscopy, held at Brookhaven National Lab in 1987, we contemplated the possibility of a photoemission microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) [1]. Subsequently we designed, developed and commissioned a first generation scanning photoemission microscope, the X1-SPEM, at beamline X1A at the NSLS, and recorded first images [2,3]. More recently, we reported the first submicron images of any photoemission microscope utilizing primary photoelectrons [4]. Here, we will present further improved images and establish the present limititations of the instrument in spatial and energy resolution, as well as elemental and chemical sensitivity. We will furthermore outline the estimated performance of an improved second generation instrument.
Assisted and Independent Living - The User Perspective

There is little doubt that the elderly population of the world is growing. The greatest growth in this segment of society happens to be in the industrialized nations and is becoming a serious public policy issue, which will have a dramatic economic impact. Many approaches to solving this problem have been presented from various perspectives. In the current work, we examine the challenges associated with the users of services for the elderly. While much of todayA¢â‚¬â„¢s discussion centers on technologies and best practices, it is essential that the user be considered in any proposed solutions.
Evaluation of Multilouvered-Fin-Based Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Energy Harvesting Systems

Heat exchanger modules with thermoelectric generators are being used to harness energy from automobile exhaust flows. This paper focuses on increasing the hot-side heat transfer for improved performance of the thermoelectric generators using internal louvered fins. The flow and heat transfer behavior inside the exhaust-pipe test section are modeled using computational fluid dynamics. The multilouvered fins basically have multi-flat-plate behavior and enhance the heat transfer by deflecting the air from its original path and aligning it with the plane of the louvers. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are compared with the baseline flow in a channel without louvered fins. Optimization of the louvered fin geometry is performed to determine the configuration that provides highest heat transfer while providing least pressure drop across the pipe length.
High dietary phytase levels maximize phytate-phosphorus utilization but do not affect protein utilization in chicks fed phosphorus- or amino acid-deficient diets

Four trials investigated the effect of high levels of three phytase enzymes on P and protein utilization in chicks. The three phytases were derived from Aspergillus (Fungal Phytase 1), Peniophora (Fungal Phytase 2), and E. coli. Within each assay, 8-d-old male chicks were given ad libitum access to their experimental diet for 10 to 14 d. For Trials 1, 2, and 3, the basal diet was a corn-soybean meal diet deficient in P that was analyzed to contain 23% CP and 0.38% total P (0.10% estimated available P, as-fed basis). Phytase supplementation levels were based on the assessment of phytase premix activity (i.e., P release from Na phytate at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C). In Trial 1, supplementation of inorganic P from KH2PO4 (0 to 0.20%) resulted in a quadratic (P < 0.05) response in weight gain, gain:feed, and tibia ash concentration but a linear (P < 0.01) increase in tibia ash weight. Tibia ash was higher (P < 0.01) for chicks fed E. coli phytase than for those fed Fungal Phytase 1 at 500, 1,000, and 5,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg, but did not differ between these two phytases at 10,000 FTU/kg. In Trial 2, E. coli phytase supplementation at 1,000 FTU/kg maximized growth and bone responses, whereas addition of either of the two fungal phytases resulted in increasing responses up to 5,000 and 10,000 FTU/kg. Dietary addition of Fungal Phytase 2 resulted in the poorest (P < 0.01) responses among the three phytases. Escherichia coli phytase supplementation at 10,000 FTU/kg in Trial 3 resulted in tibia ash (millligrams) responses that were greater (P < 0.05) than those resulting from either 0.35% inorganic P supplementation or 10,000 FTU/kg of Fungal Phytase 1 or 2. Trial 4 showed that E. coli phytase supplementation at either 500 or 10,000 FTU/ kg did not improve protein efficiency ratio (gain per unit of protein intake) of chicks fed low-protein soybean meal or corn gluten meal diets that were first-limiting in either methionine or lysine, respectively. These results demonstrate that high dietary levels of efficacious phytase enzymes can release most of the P from phytate, but they do not improve protein utilization.
Rural Nurses: Lifestyle Preferences and Education Perceptions

Background : The recruitment and retention of rural nurses is often complex, costly and difficult. Administrators report new graduates are often unprepared for the role and little is known about their perceptions of lifestyle and education preparedness. There is also insufficient information about why nurses choose rural generalist roles. Purpose: The study investigated relationships among lifestyle preferences, perceptions of educational preparedness for the rural generalist role, and the intent to move. Methods: Participants in a rural nurse residency answered online survey questions requiring both qualitative and quantitative responses. The study employed a descriptive, correlation design. Results: The sample (n = 106) consisted of both novice and expert rural nurses from 22 states. “Proximity” was given as the main reason for choosing the rural generalist role. Most participants rated their education as ineffective. A significant 11% intended to move. One hundred percent of those with intent to move worked fewer than 12 months. Preference for the rural lifestyle and a particular community influenced the choice for the first employment position rather than a desire for the rural generalist role. Perceptions of preparedness influenced the intent to move. Conclusion: Findings suggest community-based strategies highlighting recreation, climate, cultural opportunities, and relationships can improve nurse recruitment and retention. Academic and professional development education are proposed for rural nurse preparedness. Keywords : Rural Nurse, Recruitment, Retention, Administration, Education
The Retirement of the Baby Boomers: Will They Get Their Ham and Eggs?

Current debates over “saving social security” may fuel future disruptive social movements of elderly baby boomers. Such elderly movements appeared in the 1930s and 1940s in California. Political entrepreneurs of that era turned these movements into profitable schemes with major repercussions.
Aerial Sorocarp Development By the Aggregative Ciliate, Sorogena Stoianovitchae*: Sorogena stoianovitchae: SOROCARP DEVELOPMENT

SYNOPSIS. Sorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury & Olive, an epiphytic ciliate found in various parts of the world, has a trophic stage that feeds on members of the ciliate genus Colpoda. When grown in the presence of the food ciliate, it multiplies rapidly. When the cells become abundant they aggregate at the water surface on inserted plant fragments or floating pollen grains, the sides of culture dishes, or on floating films such as those deposited by bacteria or pollen grains. an aggregate mounds up and becomes ensheathed above the water level, after which the mass of cells called a sorogen rises aerially at the apex of a stalk deposited at its base. the tapering, noncellular stalk consists of a conspicuously furrowed sheath that encloses a mucilaginous matrix. At completion of stalk development the cells of the sorogen become encysted. the sorocysts are commonly discharged by fracturing of the drying sorus. Alternating light and dark conditions are required for sorocarp development.
Oligomerization of fatty acids as a possible source for high molecular weight hydrocarbons and sulphur-containing compounds in sediments

ln an attempt to understand some of the possible mechanisms for the formation of high molecular weight hydrocarbons present in oils and source rocks, artificial maturation experiments have been performed with naturally-occurring fatty acids (C~6-C26) both in the presence and absence of the clay mineral bentonite and elemental sulphur. The heating experiments, performed at 300°C for 168 h, resulted in the formation of complex mixtures of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (> C4o) and organic sulphur compounds, comprising mainly di- and trimerization products of the original fatty acids. In the presence of bentonite, and absence of elemental sulphur, relatively high proportions of di- and trimerization products were obtained with the total amounts of saturate hydrocarbons recovered being 30-40% of the weight of the original fatty acid. The presence of elemental sulphur in the reaction mixtures leads to preferential decarboxylation and little if any oligomerization. Furthermore the presence of elemental sulphur leads to the formation of series of 2,5-dialkylthiophenes and 2,4-di-n-alkylbenzo(b)thiophenes. The high molecular weight compounds produced in these experiments were analysed by high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC), direct insertion probe-mass spectrometry (DIP-MS) and, in selected cases, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this paper, the results of these investigations are discussed in terms of the possible origin of the high molecular weight hydrocarbons and organic sulphur compounds recently isolated from different geological materials.
How Do Plant Diseases Caused by Xylella fastidiosa Emerge

Emerging plant diseases frequently have significant economic, environmental, cultural, and social impacts. The prediction of new disease emergence, associated with new pathogens or not, remains a difficult and controversial topic. The main factors driving epidemics are often only identified several years after outbreaks, generally revealing that a limited number of factors are associated with the emergence of specific groups of pathogens. This pattern is illustrated in the insect-borne xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, an organism associated with several new plant diseases in different regions of the globe. Research during the last decade focusing on several severe disease outbreaks has led to substantial changes in our understanding of X. fastidiosa biology, ecology, and evolution. This new information has not only led to new insights into aspects of the biology of this bacterium and its interactions with plant and insect hosts, but also made available a phylogenetic framework that has allowed for better inferences concerning factors leading to the emergence of diseases. Here we identify and discuss these main pathways leading to epidemics caused by X. fastidiosa. Our ultimate goal was to raise critical questions and issues for academics and regulatory agencies alike, since the information generated during the last decade has both raised new questions but also clarified old ones.
Optimizing for grade or profit in mineral processing circuits — Circuit analysis

Abstract Circuit analysis is applied to the general optimization of mineral processing circuits. Four functions are defined: feed, selectivity, composition and criteria. After defining the criteria function that is to be optimized, the general method of optimization is shown in closed form. Two examples are given. That optimum grade and recovery do not coincide is proven.
The highly troubled ethical environment of the life insurance industry : Has it changed significantly from the last decade and if so, why?

This paper presents the findings of two surveys conducted in April 2003 of Chartered Life Underwriters (CLUs) and Chartered Financial Consultants (ChFCs) who are members of the Society of Financial Service Professionals. The first survey of 3000 CLUs and ChFCs – the life insurance industry’s most highly regarded professionals – was aimed at identifying the key ethical issues faced by professionals working in the life insurance industry today. A comparison of these findings with those of earlier studies conducted in 1990 and 1995 suggests that while the key ethical issues facing those working in the life insurance business today are essentially the same as those encountered during industry’s highly troubled ethical environment of the early 1990s, these issues are perceived as presenting somewhat less serious problems than in the past. The second survey of 3000 CLUs and ChFCs was aimed at determining the extent to which these professionals perceive the industry created Insurance Marketplace Standards Association (IMSA) as having contributed to any change in the ethical environment that has taken place. The findings suggest that IMSA has played an important role in influencing senior managers to more strongly encourage and support ethical market conduct, a critical step in improving the industry’s ethical environment.
GEOGRAPHY IN VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA

(1990). GEOGRAPHY IN VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 109-113.
Globalization and Child Labor: Review of the Issues

The impact of economic globalization on low-income families in the global North and South provides the context for this article, which focuses primarily on the exploitation of child labor in agriculture, manufacturing, and the sex trade.The article reviews the relationship between economic globalization, poverty, and child labor, and highlights the ineffectiveness of domestic laws and international conventions for protecting children's rights and well-being. Solutions to the problems of child labor will necessarily have to address the underlying processes of economic globalization that are exacerbating global poverty and, consequently, increasing the need for poor families to depend on the paid labor of their children for survival.
Translational efficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid is negatively regulated by phorbol ester in GT1-7 cells.

Our laboratory and others have reported that treatment of GT1-7 cells with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), inhibits transcription of the pro-GnRH gene and decreases messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. We were interested in whether translation of the existing GnRH mRNA decreases in parallel with these other indexes of biosynthesis after PMA treatment. GT1-7 cells were treated with PMA (100 nM) or vehicle for 0, 1, or 4 h. The cytosolic ribosome-associated RNA was isolated and layered on a continuous (10-40%) sucrose gradient, and fractions were analyzed for the distribution of ribosome-associated GnRH mRNA through the gradient by ribonuclease protection assay. The mRNA found in the lighter fractions is associated with fewer ribosomes per RNA, suggesting that these fractions are translated less efficiently, and RNA recovered from heavier fractions has a higher number of ribosomes per mRNA, representing mRNA that is more actively translated. We found that the distribution of the ribosome-a...
Implications of Elevated CO2-Induced Changes in Agroecosystem Productivity

SUMMARY Since CO2 is a primary input for crop growth, there is interest in how increasing atmospheric CO2 will affect crop productivity and alter cropping system management. Effects of elevated CO2 on grain and residue production will be influenced by crop selection. This field study evaluated soybean [C3; Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and grain sorghum [C4; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cropping systems managed under conservation tillage practices and two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ambient and twice ambient) for three growing seasons. Elevated CO2 increased soybean and sorghum yield by 53% and 17% increase, respectively; reductions in whole plant water use were also greater for soybean than sorghum. These findings suggest that increasing CO2 could improve future food security, especially in soybean production systems. Elevated CO2 increased aboveground residue production by > 35% for both crops; such shifts could complement conservation management by increasing soil surface cover, thereby reducing soil ero...
Carcinoma of the anal canal, a clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases

Among 188 patients presenting with carcinoma of the anal canal the predominant cell types were squamous cell (56%) and nonkeratinizing basaloid (35%). Thirteen patients who had predominantly small (less than or equal to 2 cm) and only superficially invasive squamous cell lesions were treated with local excision, and although one required later abdominal perineal (AP) resection for local recurrence, all were apparently cured. Local excision should be preferred as initial treatment for such lesions. One hundred eighteen patients with squamous cell and nonkeratinizing basaloid carcinomas were primarily treated with AP resection. The operative mortality rate was 2.5%. Among 114 patients who survived surgery and had adequate follow-up, 40% developed recurrent disease, and 71% have survived 5 or more years. Pathologic staging based on depth of tumor invasion and regional nodal involvement was strongly predictive of survival as was tumor histology with progressively poorer survival rates from low-grade squamous cell to high-grade squamous cell to nonkeratinizing basaloid types. Tumor size was inversely related to prognosis and was strongly associated with stage. Squamous cell anal carcinoma was dominantly a local disease with approximately 70% of patients presenting with tumor apparently limited to the bowel wall, only 20% with regional node involvement and only 2% with distant metastasis. Even among those patients who recurred after AP resection approximately 80% had all known disease still limited to the pelvic area. Corresponding figures for nonkeratinizing basaloid tumors were 50 percent presenting limited to the bowel wall, 30% with regional nodes, 20% with distant metastasis, and 60% with initial recurrence limited to the pelvis. Among the 13 patients studied with small cell anal carcinoma, the authors found the disease to be very virulent either initially presenting with or rapidly evolving into diffuse dissemination. Only one of the seven patients who could be treated surgically survived 5 years. As is true for small cell carcinomas primary to other sites, this neoplasm should be regarded as a systemic disease. With these findings as a foundation, possible future strategies for management of anal carcinoma are discussed.
On the imaging of Pt atoms in zeolite frameworks

We compare the relative merits of high-resolution bright-field imaging in the TEM and high-angle annular-dark-field imaging (Z-contrast) in the STEM, for the detection and measurement of small ( <1 nm) noble-metal clusters in zeolites. Pt in K-zeolite L is used as an example system. It is confirmed that high-resolution bright-field imaging is better suited for resolving the zeolite framework. However, even with contrast enhancements gained from image-processing techniques, such as Fourier-filtering, bright-field images are ineffective for detecting clusters containing fewer than ∼ 20 Pt atoms in supports thicker than ∼ 10 nm. This is attributed mainly to ambiguous phase contrast speckle patterns associated with beam-damaged regions of the zeolite framework. Z-contrast images obtained with a STEM high-angle annular detector using a ∼ 0.2 nm probe are shown to be capable of detecting single Pt atoms against a ∼ 20 nm thick zeolite support. However, the precision with which atomic-sized clusters can be located relative to the unit cell is limited by the beam-damage-induced distortion of the zeolite framework.
Seeking and receiving social support on Facebook for surgery.

Abstract Social networking sites such as Facebook provide a new way to seek and receive social support, a factor widely recognized as important for one's health. However, few studies have used actual conversations from social networking sites to study social support for health related matters. We studied 3,899 Facebook users, among a sample of 33,326 monitored adults, who initiated a conversation that referred to surgery on their Facebook Wall during a six-month period. We explored predictors of social support as measured by number of response posts from “friends.” Among our sample, we identified 8,343 Facebook conversation threads with the term “surgery” in the initial post with, on average, 5.7 response posts (SD 6.2). We used a variant of latent semantic analysis to explore the relationship between specific words in the posts that allowed us to develop three thematic categories of words related to family, immediacy of the surgery, and prayer. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the association between characteristics of the Facebook user as well as the thematic categories on the likelihood of receiving response posts following the announcement of a surgery. Words from the three thematic categories were used in 32.5% (family), 39.5 (immediacy), and 50.7% (prayer) of root posts. Few user characteristics were associated with response in multivariate models [rate ratios, RR, 1.08 (95% CI 1.01, 1.15) for married/living with partner; 1.10 (95% CI 1.03, 1.19) for annual income > $75,000]. In multivariate models adjusted for Facebook user characteristics and network size, use of family and prayer words in the root post were associated with significantly higher number of response posts, RR 1.40 (95% CI 1.37, 1.43) and 2.07 (95% CI 2.02, 2.12) respectively. We found some evidence of social support on Facebook for surgery and that the language used in the root post of a conversation thread is predictive of overall response.
State-Dependent Changes in the Electrostatic Potential in the Pore of a GluR Channel

The M2 loop and the M3 segment are the major pore-lining domains in the GluR channel. These domains determine ion permeation and channel block processes and are extensively involved in gating. To study the distribution of the membrane electric potential across the GluR channel pore, we recorded from α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid receptors containing M2 and M3 cysteine substitutions in the GluR-A subunit and measured the voltage dependence of the modification rate of these substituted cysteines by methanethiosulfonate reagents either in the presence or absence of glutamate. In the presence of glutamate, the voltage dependence became gradually stronger for positions located deeper in the pore suggesting that the electrostatic potential drops fairly uniformly across the pore in the open state. In contrast, in the absence of glutamate, the voltage dependence was biphasic. The difference in the electrostatic potential in the presence and absence of glutamate had an apparent maximum in the middle of the extracellular vestibule. We suggest that these state-dependent changes in the membrane electric potential reflect a reorientation of the dipoles of the M2 loop α-helices toward and away from the center of the channel pore during gating.
Variability in the shapes of satellite cells in normal and injured frog sartorius muscle.

Surface topography of satellite cells is examined in the scanning electron microscope after application of a new method to eliminate connective tissue components. We describe the overall shape of satellite cells in normal frog muscle and show the range of variation in normal structure. Small increases in the width of tails and changes in the cell outline occur after muscle injury in vivo and after incubation in vitro. These changes may be signs of early mobilization of satellite cells related to their eventual role in muscle regeneration.