cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proximity of arthroscopic ankle stabilization procedures to surrounding structures: an anatomic study.

Purpose To examine the anatomy of the lateral ankle after arthroscopic repair of the lateral ligament complex (anterior talofibular ligament [ATFL] and calcaneofibular ligament [CFL]) with regard to structures at risk. Methods Ten lower extremity cadaveric specimens were obtained and were screened for gross anatomic defects and pre-existing ankle laxity. The ATFL and CFL were sectioned from the fibula by an open technique. Standard anterolateral and anteromedial arthroscopy portals were made. An additional portal was created 2 cm distal to the anterolateral portal. The articular surface of the fibula was identified, and the ATFL and CFL were freed from the superficial and deeper tissues. Suture anchors were placed in the fibula at the ATFL and CFL origins and were used to repair the origin of the lateral collateral structures. The distance from the suture knot to several local anatomic structures was measured. Measurements were taken by 2 separate observers, and the results were averaged. Results Several anatomic structures lie in close proximity to the ATFL and CFL sutures. The ATFL sutures entrapped 9 of 55 structures, and no anatomic structures were inadvertently entrapped by the CFL sutures. The proximity of the peroneus tertius and the extensor tendons to the ATFL makes them at highest risk of entrapment, but the proximity of the intermediate branch of the superficial peroneal nerve (when present) is a risk with significant morbidity. Conclusions Our results indicate that the peroneus tertius and extensor tendons have the highest risk for entrapment and show the smallest mean distances from the anchor knot to the identified structure. Careful attention to these structures, as well as the superficial peroneal nerve, is mandatory to prevent entrapment of tendons and nerves when one is attempting arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. Clinical Relevance Defining the anatomic location and proximity of the intervening structures adjacent to the lateral ligament complex of the ankle may help clarify the anatomic safe zone through which arthroscopic repair of the lateral ligament complex can be safely performed.
THE INERTIAL LIFT ON A RIGID SPHERE TRANSLATING IN A LINEAR SHEAR FLOW FIELD

Abstract The shear-induced inertial migration of a rigid sphere has been studied experimentally using a homogeneous shear flow apparatus. The experimentally measured migration velocities have been compared with those predicted by the asymptotic formulas previously given by Saffman and McLaughlin. The analysis of a sphere translating in a shear field in the presence of a single wall has been extended to the case of a sphere translating in a fluid undergoing a uniform shear between two parallel walls.
A Lidar Instrument To Measure H2O And Aerosol Profiles From The NASA ER-2 Aircraft

Plans to develop the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) instrument to conduct scientific experiments aboard a NASA U-2 (ER-2) aircraft are described. The LASE measurement objectives are listed, and the design of the LASE instrument is discussed, including performance criteria for the laser transmitter, wavemeter, telescope, optical receiver, and associated electronics. The instrument function is depicted with a block diagram, and layouts of various components are presented.
Blue, red and blue plus red light control of chloroplast pigment and pigment-proteins in corn mesophyll cells: Irradiance level-quality interaction

Corn (Zea mays L. cv. OP Golden Bantum) was grown under low irradiance blue, red or blue plus red light. Red was more effective than blue light for synthesis of Chl a, b and light-harvesting proteins (LHC-2) associated with photosystem 2(PS2). Blue light was slightly more effective for synthesis of light-harvesting proteins (LHC-1) associated with photosystem 1 (PS1), but below a fluence rate of 1 μmol m−2 s−1 the response to blue vs that to red depended on irradiance level. Blue light containing a small amount of red light was as effective as red light for Chl a and b synthesis, but no more effective than blue light for LHC-2 synthesis. Adding small amounts of blue light to red repressed the effect of red light on LHC-2 synthesis and produced irradiance response curves similar to those produced by blue alone for LHC-2 synthesis. This repression by blue light depended on the ratio of red to blue and the level of the blue light.
The disintegration of compressed tablets

A new type of apparatus for determining the disintegration rate of compressed tablets is described. Methods previously described are briefly reviewed. Data on results obtained by the new procedure are reported.
Origin of the sunspot modulation of ozone: Its implications for stratospheric NO injection

Abstract The measured modulation of cosmic rays deposited in the stratosphere over a sunspot cycle produces an oscillating source of stratospheric NO with an 11-yr (quasi) period. The resulting modulation of ozone over this period is calculated and is shown to give good agreement with available measurements of the time lag, the latitude dependence and the magnitude of cyclic variations of ozone. This correlated modulation is then used to discuss the effect on ozone of the injection of NO into the stratosphere from artificial sources, viz. a fleet of supersonic transports and nuclear bomb explosions in the atmosphere.
Molecular dynamics-based approaches for enhanced sampling of long-time, large-scale conformational changes in biomolecules

The rugged energy landscape of biomolecules together with shortcomings of traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations require specialized methods for capturing large-scale, long-time configurational changes along with chemical dynamics behavior. In this report, MD-based methods for biomolecules are surveyed, involving modification of the potential, simulation protocol, or algorithm as well as global reformulations. While many of these methods are successful at probing the thermally accessible configuration space at the expense of altered kinetics, more sophisticated approaches like transition path sampling or Markov chain models are required to obtain mechanistic information, reaction pathways, and/or reaction rates. Divide-and-conquer methods for sampling and for piecing together reaction rate information are especially suitable for readily available computer cluster networks. Successful applications to biomolecules remain a challenge.
Vibronic coupling and polyatomic spectra

Abstract A theoretical account of the vibronic intensity borrowing in polyatomic spectra is described and applied to the 3200 A n → π * absorption of pyrazine and the 3700 A π → π * absorption of pyrene. It is shown that the asymmetry between absorption and emission, as well as the frequency of the inducing mode in the lowest excited singlet state, are correctly predicted for both of these systems.
Inverse temperature and annealing phenomena during degradation of crosslinked polyolefins

Abstract The radiation-thermal degradation of several types of commercial cable insulation materials (semi-crystalline crosslinked polyolefins) was investigated as a function of temperature in the range of 22–120 °C. Mechanical property deterioration surprisingly occurred most rapidly at the lowest temperatures. This unusual phenomenon was corroborated by fundamental differences in the degradation mechanism at elevated and ambient temperatures. Annealing at elevated temperatures of samples that had been aged at or near room temperature led in some cases to significant recovery of mechanical properties (elongation at break) and concurrent changes in gel content (additional crosslinking) and density. The importance of molecular mobility in the semi-crystalline materials and the nature of the additional crosslinking reaction as contributors to these anomalous behaviors are evaluated and discussed. The observed inverse temperature/aging dependence is due to a combination of the semi-crystalline morphology of the materials, and a specific crosslinking reaction, which can act as a repair mechanism at elevated temperatures, but is dormant at ambient conditions.
Fathers, Mothers and Marriages: What Shapes Adoption Conversations in Families with Young Adopted Children?

ABSTRACT We explored factors that influence parental involvement in adoption dialogues in 66 internationally adoptive, heterosexual couples with 4- to 7-year old children. Correlates of adoption involvement varied by parent sex. Mothers were more involved in talking about adoption than fathers, but adoption involvement was also correlated within couples. Emphasis on the difference between biological versus adoptive parenting, quality of the marital relationship, and child characteristics were differentially associated with maternal and paternal involvement. Findings suggest an intricate interplay between the marital and co-parental dynamics that shape the early communication process within adoptive families.
Dating violence education: What do student learn?

The purpose of this study is to understand how a social change approach to dating violence education affects the ways in which students think about physical abuse in dating relationships. The program was designed to simulate a typical two-hour workshop format, using small group discussion and short lecture. a total of 331 participants, recruited from introductory psychology classes, attended one of 22 small group sessions; 14 received the Program condition (n=219), 8 the Comparison condition (n=119). Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The results revealed significant differences between the Program and Comparison groups which remained stable over a three-week period, as well as specific gender differences. Women were more likely to view violence in relationships from a structural perspective, were more knowledgeable about dating violence and responding to survivors, and were less likely to blame the victim. In addition, discriminant analyses showed that attitudes towards survivors and response towards survivors emerged as the most important content separating Program and Comparison group males, while attitudes toward survivors, a structural explanation for dating violence, and general knowledge about dating violence were the best discriminators for females. Finally, implications for educating students about physical abuse in dating relationships were examined, including the need to address power and control issues.
Characterization of a fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of c-kit and the Fc region of human IgG expressed in a baculovirus system.

Abstract The extracellular domain of c-kit , which is the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), was fused genetically to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1. This chimeric protein, c-kitFc, was then expressed in the baculovirus system. The fusion product was secreted into the serum-free culture medium as a soluble dimeric form of approximately 210 Kda. The recombinant protein was easily purified by protein A affinity chromatography at approximately 25 μg protein per ml of medium. Binding assay and cross-linking assay showed that the fusion protein retained high affinity for binding SCF (Kd=0.3 nM). Addition of the chimeric protein into the culture medium of SCF-dependent cells inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the dimeric c-kitFc protein can be used as an antagonist of SCF for the study of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Lack of cross-scale linkages reduces robustness of community-based fisheries management.

Community-based management and the establishment of marine reserves have been advocated worldwide as means to overcome overexploitation of fisheries. Yet, researchers and managers are divided regarding the effectiveness of these measures. The “tragedy of the commons” model is often accepted as a universal paradigm, which assumes that unless managed by the State or privatized, common-pool resources are inevitably overexploited due to conflicts between the self-interest of individuals and the goals of a group as a whole. Under this paradigm, the emergence and maintenance of effective community-based efforts that include cooperative risky decisions as the establishment of marine reserves could not occur. In this paper, we question these assumptions and show that outcomes of commons dilemmas can be complex and scale-dependent. We studied the evolution and effectiveness of a community-based management effort to establish, monitor, and enforce a marine reserve network in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Our findings build on social and ecological research before (1997–2001), during (2002) and after (2003–2004) the establishment of marine reserves, which included participant observation in >100 fishing trips and meetings, interviews, as well as fishery dependent and independent monitoring. We found that locally crafted and enforced harvesting rules led to a rapid increase in resource abundance. Nevertheless, news about this increase spread quickly at a regional scale, resulting in poaching from outsiders and a subsequent rapid cascading effect on fishing resources and locally-designed rule compliance. We show that cooperation for management of common-pool fisheries, in which marine reserves form a core component of the system, can emerge, evolve rapidly, and be effective at a local scale even in recently organized fisheries. Stakeholder participation in monitoring, where there is a rapid feedback of the systems response, can play a key role in reinforcing cooperation. However, without cross-scale linkages with higher levels of governance, increase of local fishery stocks may attract outsiders who, if not restricted, will overharvest and threaten local governance. Fishers and fishing communities require incentives to maintain their management efforts. Rewarding local effective management with formal cross-scale governance recognition and support can generate these incentives.
Indwelling ileostomy valve device

Complications after construction of a continent ileostomy may require reoperation to restore continence. Although most patients accept another operation, a few refuse further operative intervention. In such patients we have employed an indwelling ileostomy valve device. A Silastic tube with a circumferential balloon to provide a leakproof seal functionally replaces the nipple valve that has failed. In 14 patients, the valve device has maintained continuous and voluntary control over evacuation without untoward local or systemic effects. If further investigation continues to support this approach to maintaining continence, use of an indwelling ileostomy valve device might be preferable to continued creation of the nipple valve.
Selective propylene oxidation over a copper‐tin oxide catalyst

The mixed oxide system of copper and tin and the active single oxide, Cu/sub 2/O, were compared for reducibility of the copper ion, relative number and type of active sites, and reaction kinetics. The enhanced selectivity of the mixed oxides may result from the formation of highly selective sites at the expense of less selective sites. The reducibility of the copper ion in the mixture is influenced by the oxidation state of the tin ion. The reactant and product reaction orders are the same for both catalysts but the mixed oxides are more sensitive to inhibition by water. The catalyst composition affects the energetics of the reaction over the copper-tin oxide catalysts.
A Self-Tuning Analog Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller

We present a platform for implementing low power self-tuning analog proportional-integral-derivative controllers. By using a model-free tuning method, the platform overcomes problems typically associated with reconfigurable analog arrays. Unlike a self-tuning digital PID controller, our prototype controller combines the advantages of low power, no quantization noise, high bandwidth and high speed. The prototype hardware uses a commercially available field programmable analog array and particle swarm optimization as the tuning method. We show that a self-tuned analog PID controller can outperform a hand-tuned solution and demonstrate adaptability to plant drift
Intraventricular fat from a ruptured sacral dermoid cyst: clinical, radiographic, and pathological correlation: Case report

✓ The authors report a unique case of a dermoid cyst that ruptured into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space following trauma, resulting in dissemination of cyst contents into the ventricles and cerebrospinal subarachnoid spaces. An intraspinous source should be considered when intraventricular fat is identified without a clear intracranial source.
Sur les variétés sous-riemanniennes de contact isotropes

On isotropic sub-Riemannian contact manifolds. In this Note, we show that contrary to the dimension 3 case, isotropic contact sub-Riemannian manifolds of dimension greater than 3 do not exist. To cite this article: A.-R. Mansouri, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004).  2004 Academie des sciences. Publie par Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.
Existence of Mirror Machines Stable Against Interchange Modes

The existence of a wide class of poloidal vacuum-field configurations where the magnetic field has a finite local minimum value on a circle is pointed out, and this phenomena is related to the existence of stable mirror machines. (C.E.S.)
Modeling gas flow in PEMFC channels: Part I – Flow pattern transitions and pressure drop in a simulated ex situ channel with uniform water injection through the GDL

Abstract The two-phase flow in the gas channels of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is studied with an ex situ setup using a gas diffusion layer (GDL) as the sidewall of the channels. Air is supplied at the channel inlet manifold and water is supplied continuously and uniformly through the GDL along the length of the channel. This is different from the simultaneous air and water introduction at the inlet of the channel as studied by previous two-phase flow researchers. The GDL is compressed between the gas channels and the water chambers to simulate PEMFC conditions. The superficial velocity for air and water ranged from 0.25 to 34.5 m/s and 1.54 × 10−5 to 1.54 × 10−4 m/s, respectively. The ex situ setup was run in both vertical and horizontal orientations with two GDLs, – Baseline (Mitsubishi Rayon Co. MRC 105 with 5 wt.% PTFE and coated with an in-house MPL by General Motors) and SGL 25 BC – and three channel treatments – hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and untreated Lexan, with contact angles of 116°, 11° and 86°, respectively. No appreciable effect was noted because of the orientation, GDL type or channel coatings. The flow regime is observed at different locations along the channel and is expressed as a function of the superficial air and water velocities. Flow regime criteria are developed and validated against the range of ex situ data observations. A new variable water flow rate pressure drop model is developed in order to account for the variation of water entering the channel at multiple locations along the flow length. Pressure drop models are developed for specific flow regimes and validated against experimental data. The models are able to predict the experimental pressure drop data with a mean error of less than 14%.
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Vascular Remodeling and Atherogenesis The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Vascular remodeling, defined as any enduring change in the size and/or composition of an adult blood vessel, allows adaptation and repair. On the other hand, inappropriate remodeling, including its absence, underlies the pathogenesis of major cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Since degradation of the extracellular matrix scaffold enables reshaping of tissue, participation of specialized enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has become the object of intense recent interest in relation to physiological ("good") and pathological ("bad") vascular remodeling. Experimental evidence acquired in vitro and in vivo suggests that the major drivers of vascular remodeling, hemodynamics, injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, regulate MMP expression and activity. Alternatively, nonspecific MMP inhibition seems to oppose remodeling, as suggested by the inhibition of intimal thickening and outward arterial remodeling. An emerging concept is that MMP-related genetic variations may contribute to heterogeneity in the presentation and natural history of atherosclerosis. The hypothesis that MMPs contribute to weakening of atherosclerotic plaques is especially attractive for the potential development of therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing plaque disruption ("the ugly"), a major cause of acute cardiovascular events. However, the current lack of appropriate experimental tools, including availability of specific MMP inhibitors and pertinent animal models, still limits our understanding of the many actions and relative contributions of specific MMPs. Our future potential ability to control vascular remodeling via regulation of MMPs will also depend on reaching a consensus of what is indeed "good" or "bad" vascular remodeling, concepts that have continued to evolve and change.
An empirical study of the classification performance of learners on imbalanced and noisy software quality data

Data mining techniques are commonly used to construct models for identifying software modules that are most likely to contain faults. In doing so, an organization's limited resources can be intelligently allocated with the goal of detecting and correcting the greatest number of faults. However, there are two characteristics of software quality datasets that can negatively impact the effectiveness of these models: class imbalance and class noise. Software quality datasets are, by their nature, imbalanced. That is, most of a software system's faults can be found in a small percentage of software modules. Therefore, the number of fault-prone, fp, examples (program modules) in a software project dataset is much smaller than the number of not fault-prone, nfp, examples. Data sampling techniques attempt to alleviate the problem of class imbalance by altering a training dataset's distribution. A program module contains class noise if it is incorrectly labeled. While several studies have been performed to evaluate data sampling methods, the impact of class noise on these techniques has not been adequately addressed. This work presents a systematic set of experiments designed to investigate the impact of both class noise and class imbalance on classification models constructed to identify fault-prone program modules. We analyze the impact of class noise and class imbalance on 11 different learning algorithms (learners) as well as 7 different data sampling techniques. We identify which learners and which data sampling techniques are most robust when confronted with noisy and imbalanced data.
The Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4 Gene, SOX10, Is a Novel Tumor-associated Antigen Identified in a Patient with a Dramatic Response to Immunotherapy

In this study, we have identified, for the first time, the presence of de novo cellular immune reactivity against the transcription factor SOX10, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes obtained from a patient who experienced a dramatic clinical response to immunotherapy. SOX10 acts as a critical transactivator of tyrosinase-related protein-2 during melanoblast development and a potent transactivator of micropthalmia-associated transcription factor, which is considered to be a master gene that controls the development and postnatal survival of melanocytes. Mutations in SOX10 result in Waardenburg syndrome type 4. The overlapping epitopes AWISKPPGV and SAWISKPPGV, designated SOX10: 332–340 and SOX10: 331–340, respectively, were recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte clone M37 in an HLA-A2-restricted fashion.
Identification of Residues Required for RNA Replication in Domains II and III of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein

The NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important but undefined role in viral RNA replication. NS5A has been proposed to be a three-domain protein, and the crystal structure of the well-conserved amino-terminal domain I has been determined. The remaining two domains of NS5A, designated domains II and III, and their corresponding interdomain regions are poorly understood. We have conducted a detailed mutagenesis analysis of NS5A domains II and III using the genotype 1b HCV replicon system. The majority of the mutants containing 15 small (8- to 15-amino-acid) deletions analyzed were capable of efficient RNA replication. Only five deletion mutations yielded lethal phenotypes, and these were colinear, spanning a 56-amino-acid region within domain II. This region was further analyzed by combining triple and single alanine scanning mutagenesis to identify individual residues required for RNA replication. Based upon this analysis, 23 amino acids were identified that were found to be essential. In addition, two residues were identified that yielded a small colony phenotype while possessing only a moderate defect in RNA replication. These results indicate that the entire domain III region and large portions of domain II of the NS5A protein are not required for the function of NS5A in HCV RNA replication.
Expression of the Full-Length Form of gp2 of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Completely Restores Respiratory Virulence to the Attenuated EHV-1 Strain KyA in CBA Mice

Wild-type equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strains express a large (250-kDa) glycoprotein, gp2, that is encoded by EUs4 (gene 71) located within the unique short region of the genome. DNA sequence analysis revealed that EUs4 of the pathogenic EHV-1 strain RacL11 is an open reading frame of 2,376 bp that encodes a protein of 791 amino acids. The attenuated EHV-1 vaccine strain KyA harbors an in-frame deletion of 1,242 bp from bp 222 to 1461 and expresses a truncated gp2 of 383 amino acids. To determine the relative contribution of gp2 to EHV-1 pathogenesis, we compared the course of respiratory infection of CBA mice infected with either wild-type RacL11, attenuated KyA, or a recombinant KyA that expresses the full-length gp2 protein (KyARgp2F). Mice infected with KyA lost a negligible amount of body weight (0.18% total weight loss) on day 1 postinfection and regained weight thereafter, whereas mice infected with KyARgp2F or RacL11 steadily lost weight beginning on day 1 and experienced a 20 and 18% loss in body weight, respectively, by day 3. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses revealed higher numbers of T and B lymphocytes and an extensive consolidation consisting of large numbers of Mac-1-positive cells in the lungs of animals infected with KyARgp2F compared to animals infected with KyA. RNase protection analyses revealed increased expression of numerous cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), MIP-1, MIP-2, interferon -inducible protein, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and T-cell activation gene 3 at 12 h postinfection with KyARgp2F. Three independent DNA array experiments confirmed these results and showed a 2- to 13-fold increase in the expression of 31 inflammatory genes at 8 and 12 h postinfection with KyARgp2F compared to infection with KyA. Taken together, the results indicate that expression of full-length gp2 is sufficient to restore full respiratory virulence to the attenuated KyA strain and raise caution concerning the inclusion of full-length gp2 in the development of EHV-1 vaccines.
A Guide to the Legislative History of the America Invents Act: Part II of II

This article is the second in a two-part series examining the origins and the legislative commentary on the provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. This second article addresses the AIA's enactment of a prior-user right, its repeal of the false-marking qui tam action and the best-mode defense and the 1952 Act's deceptive-intent restrictions, its authorization of supplemental examination and post-grant review of patents and special review of business-method patents, its revisions to inter partes proceedings, its limits on joinder of defendants and on use of evidence relating to advice of counsel, its authorization of virtual marking of patents, and its modification of the deadline for seeking a patent-term extension. The article is organized by the sections of title 35 that are significantly amended by the AIA, and then by the uncodified sections of the AIA.
Exercise for people in early- or mid-stage Parkinson disease: a 16-month randomized controlled trial.

Background Exercise confers short-term benefits for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Objective The purpose of the study was to compare short- and long-term responses among 2 supervised exercise programs and a home-based control exercise program. Design The 16-month randomized controlled exercise intervention investigated 3 exercise approaches: flexibility/balance/function exercise (FBF), supervised aerobic exercise (AE), and home-based exercise (control). Setting This study was conducted in outpatient clinics. Patients The participants were 121 individuals with PD (Hoehn & Yahr stages 1–3). Interventions The FBF program (individualized spinal and extremity flexibility exercises followed by group balance/functional training) was supervised by a physical therapist. The AE program (using a treadmill, bike, or elliptical trainer) was supervised by an exercise trainer. Supervision was provided 3 days per week for 4 months, and then monthly (16 months total). The control group participants exercised at home using the National Parkinson Foundation Fitness Counts program, with 1 supervised, clinic-based group session per month. Measurements Outcomes, obtained by blinded assessors, were determined at 4, 10, and 16 months. The primary outcome measures were overall physical function (Continuous Scale—Physical Functional Performance [CS-PFP]), balance (Functional Reach Test [FRT]), and walking economy (oxygen uptake [mL/kg/min]). Secondary outcome measures were symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] activities of daily living [ADL] and motor subscales) and quality of life (39-item Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale [PDQ-39]). Results Of the 121 participants, 86.8%, 82.6%, and 79.3% completed 4, 10, and 16 months, respectively, of the intervention. At 4 months, improvement in CS-PFP scores was greater in the FBF group than in the control group (mean difference=4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2 to 7.3) and the AE group (mean difference=3.1, 95% CI=0.0 to 6.2). Balance was not different among groups at any time point. Walking economy improved in the AE group compared with the FBF group at 4 months (mean difference=−1.2, 95% CI=−1.9 to −0.5), 10 months (mean difference=−1.2, 95% CI=−1.9 to −0.5), and 16 months (mean difference=−1.7, 95% CI=−2.5 to −1.0). The only secondary outcome that showed significant differences was UPDRS ADL subscale scores: the FBF group performed better than the control group at 4 months (mean difference=−1.47, 95% CI=−2.79 to −0.15) and 16 months (mean difference=−1.95, 95% CI=−3.84 to −0.08). Limitations Absence of a non-exercise control group was a limitation of the study. Conclusions Findings demonstrated overall functional benefits at 4 months in the FBF group and improved walking economy (up to 16 months) in the AE group.
Forward-Rate Bias, Contingent Knowledge, and Risk: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries

This paper reconsiders the inability of REH-based risk-premium models to account for the wide-spread nding that the forward exchange rate appears to be a negatively biased predictor of the future spot rate. The forward discount anomaly, as it is called, has led researchers to consider the possibility that market participants are irrational. Recent research has found that the size of the negative bias tends to be smaller for developing than developed countries. This result has been used to further support the irrationality view. In this study, we show that the forward discount anomaly is an artifact of ignoring the structural instability in the processes driving exchange rate movements. Once the structural change is taken into account, we nd not only nd that countries in both groups are characterized by both positive and negative biases, but that developed countries tend to have a larger average forward bias than developing countries. The paper provides evidence that a new risk-premium model that jettisons the standard notion of rationality and relates risk to how far the asset price has deviated from its historical benchmark can account for the variation in the bias across countries. Contrary to most of the literature, this study provides strong support that the variation in the bias across developed and developing countries is in part due to time-varying risk premiums.
A note on the relic silverfish Tricholepidion gertschi (Zygentoma)

Abstract The primitive silverfish Tricholepidion gertschi Wygodzinsky has traditionally been considered to be the sole surviving member of the family Lepidotrichidae, originally described from a middle Eocene fossil in Baltic amber. The fossil species, however, possesses apomorphic traits uniting it with more typical Zygentoma, and Lepidotrichidae in the traditional sense is grouped solely on plesiomorphic features. Tricholepidion is a relic of a more ancient diversification than Lepidotrichidae or even Lepidotrichidae + Euzygentoma (= Neozygentoma). Tricholepidion is therefore segregated into a separate family, Tricholepidiidae, familia novum, and Lepidotrichidae is restricted to Lepidothrix in Baltic amber.
Transcriptional initiation under conditions of anoxia-induced quiescence in mitochondria from Artemia franciscana embryos.

SUMMARY In response to anoxia, embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana are able coordinately to downregulate metabolism to levels low enough to permit survival for several years at room temperature. In addition to dramatic decreases in free ATP levels and heat production, intracellular pH drops from 7.8 to 6.3 overnight. Use of isolated mitochondria to study transcriptional responses to anoxia offers several advantages: (1) the localized nature of transcript initiation, processing and degradation, all of which may be followed in organello ; (2) the relatively simple cis- and trans-machinery involved and (3) the ability to provide relevant physiological treatments in vitro . In response to anoxic incubation of embryos in vivo for 4 h followed by anoxic mitochondrial isolation and anoxic transcription assay at pH 6.4, a significant decrease in overall UTP incorporation (77%) was seen after 30 min relative to normoxic, pH 7.9 controls. A less severe inhibition of transcription under anoxia (52%) was observed compared with controls when pH was raised to 7.9. Similarly, under normoxia, the incubation at low pH (6.4) reduced transcription by 59%. Ribonuclease protection assays showed that the contribution of in vitro initiation during the assay fell from 78% at pH 7.9 to approximately 32% at pH 6.4 under either normoxic or anoxic conditions. DNA footprinting of putative transcriptional promoters revealed proteins at regular intervals upstream of the 12S rRNA in the control region, which previously had been indirectly inferred to contain promoters for H-strand transcription. The area between 12 030 and 12 065 contains a sequence in the tRNA leu gene believed to bind the transcription termination factor mTERF or TERM, and we provide the first evidence that this sequence is protein-bound in A. franciscana . However, our hypothesis that initiation is reduced at low pH because of a change in DNA binding by mitochondrial transcription factors was not confirmed. We propose that regulation of initiation may be mediated by covalent modification or by protein—protein interactions not detected by footprinting.
Modeling of vehicle driving conditions using transition probability models

This paper considers modeling of vehicle driving conditions using transition probability models (TPMs) for applications of dynamic optimization. The properties of transition probabilities for vehicle speed, vehicle acceleration, and road grade are discussed based on the analysis and experimental vehicle data. The KL-divergence is shown to provide an effective metric that can differentiate similar driving conditions from dissimilar ones.
Mathematical Modeling of Eukaryotic Cell Migration: Insights Beyond Experiments

A migrating cell is a molecular machine made of tens of thousands of shortlived and interacting parts. Understanding migration means understanding the self-organization of these parts into a system of functional units. This task is one of tackling complexity: First, the system integrates numerous chemical and mechanical component processes. Second, these processes are connected in feedback interactions and over a large range of spatial and temporal scales. Third, many processes are stochastic, which leads to heterogeneous migration behaviors. Early on in the research of cell migration it became evident that this complexity exceeds human intuition. Thus, the cell migration community has led the charge to build mathematical models that could integrate the diverse experimental observations and measurements in consistent frameworks, first in conceptual and more recently in molecularly explicit models. The main goal of this review is to sift through a series of important conceptual and explicit mathematical models of cell migration and to evaluate their contribution to the field in their ability to integrate critical experimental data.
Recovery from in vitro unresponsiveness of sensitized murine lymph node cells

Abstract The in vitro growth retarding and/or cytopathic effect of lymph node cells (LNC) from C 57 BL 6 J female mice sensitized to the histocompatibility alloantigens of A/Sn female target cells could be reduced or eliminated by incubating the sensitized C 57 BL 6 J LNC with heat decomplemented A/Sn or ( C 57 BL 6 J × A J )F 1 serum, as compared to C 57 BL 6 J serum, prior to incubating the LNC with the A Sn target cells. The sensitized LNC rendered unresponsive (“desensitized”) to the allogeneic target cells by the respective allogeneic or semiallogeneic serum could recover full antitarget cell activity during subsequent incubation in the absence of such serum.
Wavelet-Based Trend Detection and Estimation†

where it is assumed that the expected value of X(t) is zero. There is no commonly accepted precise definition for trend, but it is usually spoken of as a nonrandom (deterministic) smooth function representing long-term movement or systematic variations in a series (for example, Priestley (1981) refers to a trend as “. . . a tendency to increase (or decrease) steadily over time . . . [or to] fluctuate in [a] periodic manner,” while Kendall (1973) states that “the essential idea of trend is that it shall be smooth . . . ”). The problem of testing for or extracting a trend in the presence of noise is thus somewhat different from the closely related problem of estimating a function or signal S(t) buried in noise. While the model Y (t) = S(t) +X(t) has the same form as Equation (1), in general S(t) is not constrained to be smooth and thus can very well have discontinuities and/or rapid variations.
Working Toward a Common Goal? Three Case Studies of Brownfields Redevelopment in Environmental Justice Communities

Environmental protection and remediation present complex problems involving aspects of both natural and social systems. Within modern environmentalism, two separate but related trends?the environmental justice movement and brownfields redevelopment?try in different ways to foster innovative and enduring solutions to environmental problems. The environmental justice movement attempts to create equal access to environmental resources and equal protection from ecological hazards for all communities. Brownfields redevelopment attempts to restore abandoned, contaminated sites sufficiently so that they can again be utilized. This paper analyzes whether the environmental justice movement and brownfields redevelopment are compatible solutions to ecological problems. In particular, this analysis focuses on whether the minority and low-income communities these movements seek to benefit are satisfied with brownfields redevelopment. Case studies of brownfields redevelopment in three Michigan environmental justice communities reveal that brownfields redevelopment seems to benefit communities and generate community satisfaction regarding redevelopment, but satisfaction is higher when a greater amount of citizen input is accepted and implemented by the local government. This suggests that brownfields redevelopment and environmental justice do in fact work toward common goals, but that this work has its greatest overlap when public participation actually impacts the course of redevelopment. This result is not surprising given the theoretical compatibility of environmental justice and brownfields redevelopment?the goals of the two solutions largely overlap, and it seems only on the issue of public participation that they diverge.
Judicial Procedures Relating to the Use of Force

This article discusses the usefulness of international courts, and particularly the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in settling disputes involving the use of force. The author begins by: (1) noting possible distinctions between use-of-force disputes and other types of disputes; (2) discussing past decisions of the ICJ and other judicial bodies involving such disputes; (3) analyzing the role of judicial organs in use-of-force case as contemplated by the U.N. Charter; and (4) considering possible legal barriers to the adjudication of use-of- force disputes. The author concludes that there are not, in fact, any inherent legal barriers to the ICJ’s adjudication of such disputes.Based on this conclusion, the author then suggests: (1) the types of situations where adjudication of such use-of-force disputes is likely to be most promising; (2) the possible advantages and disadvantages of adjudication in use-of-force situations; (3) the circumstances where adjudication in use-of-force situations is likely to occur; (4) measures which might enhance the ICJ’s ability to resolve such disputes; and (5) the possible future of the court’s role in resolving use-of-force disputes.
Exploration of hotel managers' training evaluation practices and perceptions utilizing Kirkpatrick's and Phillips's models

ABSTRACTTraining is one human resource development practice found in most organizations, however, studies showed that little attention is given to the importance of training evaluation in real life...
Oral cancer education training methods: A comparison of self‐study and didactic approaches

Abstract Background. Dentists’ competence and comfort level in detecting oral cancer may be strongly influenced by their dental school training. The purpose of this study was to compare the demonstrated knowledge of oral cancer topics among students receiving lectures and those learning the material through self‐instruction at two dental schools. Methods. Students at School 1 received 17 hours of lectures on various topics in oral cancer, including epidemiology, etiologic factors, histopathology, clinical appearance, clinical management and treatment, and oral complications. Lecture topics reflected material in the assigned text. Students at School 2 received only an introductory lecture, followed by a ten‐week self‐paced course using the same text used in School 1. At the end of the courses, the students at the two schools received identical 50‐item final examinations. Results. The students who had received the lectures and assigned readings scored significantly higher than did those assigned self‐instru...
Advertising and the S-Curve: A New Approach

A flexible class of sigmoid or “S-shaped” functions useful in estimating the relationship between advertising and sales or market share is developed. The class, called the “odds” models, consists o...
Dry Creek – The Removal of a Barrier to Fish Passage and Restoration of a Stream in Napa County, California

Habitat for our native fish species has been limited since the dam building era of the 1950s and 1960s. Dry and Hopper Creeks are tributaries to the Napa River and both comprise some of the highest quality anadromous salmonid habitat on the Pacific Coast. With the cooperation of vineyard landowners, Napa County Resource Conservation District, USDA NRCS, the California Department of Fish and Game, and other partnering agencies, a concrete flashgate dam structure that prevented the upstream movement of Chinook and steelhead salmon was identified as a major barrier to fish passage in the Napa River watershed and was removed. Prior to removal, a series of treatments were designed and in the summer of 2007 the dam was replaced with vortex boulder weirs, riprap along the bank toes, and brush mattresses on the banks. After a representative first storm season, the project has performed well.
Seaforth World Naval Review 2016

Seaforth World Naval Review 2016 is the eighth in a series of comprehensive annual global naval affairs reference works. The editor, Conrad Waters, has organized the book into four logical sections...
Analysis on the efficacy of Hepatitis B Vaccine in the supervised children born to HBsAg carrier mothers in Shunyi district of Beijing

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Hepatitis B vaccine in the children born to HBsAg carrier mothers under the Hepatitis B vaccine immunity strategy of Beijing Shunyi District.Methods: The supervising blood serum data of the children born to HBsAg carrier mothers in the years from 2005 to 2009 were collected.The positive rate of HBsAg,anti-HBs,anti-HBc and the protective rate were analyzed.Results: A total of 287 children born to HBsAg carrier mothers were vaccinated according to the Hepatitis B vaccine immunity strategy of Beijing.The infective rate of HBV and protective rate of HepB were 2.79% and 96.72% respectively.The infective rate of HBV of the children born to HBsAg and HBeAg carrier mothers was higher than the rate of the children born to HBsAg carrier mothers.The positive rate of anti-HBs was 83.97%.There were statistics significance in different years.The anti-HBs positive rate of the children who first needle were timely was higher than the rate of the children who first needle were no timely.The GMC of anti-HBs was 138.44 mIU per mL.The anti-HBs GMC of 2007,2008 and 2009 were higher than those of 2005 and 2006.The anti-HBs GMC of the children who the first needle was timely was higher than that of the children who the first needle was no timely.The anti-HBs GMC of the children who HBIG were adopted was higher than that of the children who HBIG weren′t adopted.Conclusion: The Hepatitis B vaccine immunity strategy of Shun Yi District had good immunological and protective efficacy to HBV interruption of perinatal transmission.
The role of phenotypes (diagnoses) in genetic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related child psychopathology.

The new medical genetics and its molecular, population, and statistical techniques offer a cadre of tools that will improve the child psychiatrist’s ability to diagnose and treat children who exhibit emotional and behavioral disorders. To take advantage of these remarkable advances, child psychiatry must enhance the likelihood that scientific expeditions into gene discovery are informed by a taxonomy that meets the criteria of a genetic nosology. As the taxonomic approach is refined, there may be more success in identifying genetic and environmental risks for attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Hypertension in pregnancy.

120 patients with hypertension in pregnancy were treated with protoveratrine (puroverine-Sandoz PVS 295, and PVA) both the short-acting and the retard forms being used.