cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Toxicology and Safety of Fragrances

The consumer today hears more about toxicology and safety than even health professionals did 20 years ago. Yet it is the rare consumer that purchases a fine perfume, an aftershave, a cosmetic or any other of the hundreds of available fragranced products and questions whether it is safe to use. There are several reasons for this.
Development status of projection optics and illumination optics for EUV1

Final adjustment of EUV1 projection optics was completed and its performance was evaluated. Wavefront error of 0.6nmRMS in average through the exposure field was achieved. The maximum and minimum wavefront errors in the whole field were 0.8nmRMS and 0.3nmRMS, respectively. Flare of the projection optics was estimated from the measured power spectrum density (PSD) of each aspheric mirror of the projection optics. The flare value for Kirk pattern with the radius of 1μm was estimated to be about 10%. Completed projection optics was installed into the main body of EUV1. Optimization of polishing process was further pursued. Consequently, LSFR of 38pmRMS, MSFR of 80pmRMS and HSFR of 68pmRMS were achieved. Assemble of the illumination-optics unit for EUV1 was completed and its performance was evaluated using an illumination-optics test stand. Irradiation uniformity on the mask plane, pupil fill and so on were measured with the test stand using a visible light and EUV radiation. Completed illumination-optics unit was installed into the main body of EUV1. Reflection-type spectral purity filter (SPF) and high-NA projection-optics design were investigated as new R&D items for the future optics of EUV exposure tools.
Effects of selenium on azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis

Summary Groups of male Sprague—Dawley rats were maintained on three regimens: I. basal diet plus 0.05% 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-McDAB), II. same as I plus 6 ppm selenium (Na2SeO3) in the drinking water, and III. same as I plus 6 ppm selenium added to the diet in the form of a high selenium yeast. The 3′-MeDAB was incorporated in the diet for 8 weeks and then removed. The selenium supplements in Groups II and III were continued for an additional 4 weeks. At sacrifice the liver tumor incidence was ascertained as the ratio of animals with tumors/total number of surviving animals per group. Selenium reduced the incidence from 92% (11/12) in the Group I control, to 46% (7/15) in Group II and to 64% (9/14) in Group III.
Self-Esteem, Cultural Identity, and Generation Status as Determinants of Hispanic Acculturation

The impact of self-esteem, cultural identity, and generation status on acculturation was empirically examined using a sample of 110 Hispanic American college students. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that self-esteem and generation status positively influenced acculturation, whereas Hispanic cultural identity negatively affected acculturation. A discussion of these findings and the study’s limitations are presented and the implications for future research are outlined.
INHIBITION OF PRECIPITIN FORMATION IN THE GUINEA-PIG WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.

Cyclophosphamid (aber nicht 6-Mercaptopurin oder Vincaleukoblastin) verhindert die primare Antikorperbildung beim Meerschweinchen. Auch bei fortgesetzter Stimulation mit dem spezifischen Antigen bleiben die Tiere relativ refraktar. Dieser Hemmeffekt wird weitgehend aufgehoben, wenn das Antigen mit Freund's Adjuvans injiziert wird.
Speech spectrograms using the fast Fourier transform

An important aid in the analysis and display of speech is the sound spectrogram, which represents a time-frequency?intensity display of the short-time spectrum.1-3 With many modern speech facilities centering around small or medium-size computers, it is often useful to generate spectrograms digitally, online. The fast Fourier transform algorithm provides a mechanism for implementing this efficiently.
Descriptive nomograms of adjuvant radiotherapy use and patterns of care analysis for stage I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results population study.

BACKGROUND. Although endometrial cancer remains the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States, differing approaches to adjuvant radiotherapy treatment for early disease exist within the medical community because of the lack of a national consensus. METHODS. The authors studied patterns of adjuvant care for stage I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma using a large United States population database. A retrospective analysis was conducted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute from 1988 to 2002, and 26,923 women with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma were selected. The following prognostic factors were analyzed: age, race, stage, grade, year of diagnosis, SEER registry location, and use and type of postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Adjuvant RT was coded as none, external-beam RT (EBRT), brachytherapy (BR), or a combination of the 2 (EBRT + BR). RESULTS. Higher tumor grade and stage led to greater use of RT. The odds ratio (OR) for adjuvant RT was 3.4 for stage IB versus stage IA and 51.8 for stage IC/II versus stage IA. The effect of grade depended on stage: for stages IA and IB, the OR was 2.9 for grade 2 versus grade 1 and 11.7 for grade 3/4 versus grade 1; whereas, for stage IC/II, the OR was 1.5 for grade 2 versus grade 1 and 2.0 for grade 3/4 versus grade 1. Within stage I, increasing substage and grade increased the odds of EBRT with or without BR compared with BR alone. Race did not effect the choice of therapy (all P > .1). Geographic location had a significant effect on overall RT use and therapy choice. CONCLUSIONS. To the authors' knowledge, this was the largest patterns of care analysis to date of adjuvant RT in patients with stage I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma. The current study revealed that there is significant diversity in the use of adjuvant RT across the United States, and the results reflected the absence of a national consensus on adjuvant treatment for early-stage disease. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Dynamical problems of continuous media with random boundary data

Abstract A spatial correlation method is formulated for linear dynamical problems in continuum mechanics with random boundary data. The essential feature of the method is the formulation of a nonstochastic mixed initial-boundary value problem for the (matrix) spatial correlation function of the (vector) state variable. Whenever the Green's function of the (stochastic) problem can not be obtained in terms of known functions, a numerical solution of the meansquare response and other second order response statistics by the spatial correlation method is several hundred folds more efficient than any other available method. Further improvements in the computational efficiency of the method for a steady state stationary response process are also noted.
THE ANATOMY OF SECRETION IN THE FOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID GLAND II. The Effect of Acute Thyrotrophic Hormone Stimulation on the Secretory Apparatus

This paper reports a study by phase contrast and electron microscopy of changes observed in the thyroid gland of the rat at 1, 2, 12, and 24 hours following an injection of thyrotrophic hormone. Examination by phase contrast microscopy reveals that follicular cells contain numerous colloid droplets 1 and 2 hours after injection. By 12 and 24 hours, the colloid droplets are no longer present, and individual follicles appear to be subdividing into smaller units. The droplets are assumed to contain newly synthesized colloid, and their development was studied by electron microscopy. During the period of active secretion, increase in number of the Golgi vesicles leads to enlargement of this organelle. At its periphery small colloid droplets appear to form from large Golgi vesicles. As they form, their content becomes more adielectronic, and fine dense particles less than 75 A in diameter appear in their matrix. Small- and medium-sized droplets lying in the apical region of the cell contain numerous dense particles scattered in their moderately adielectronic content. Large, mature droplets in the same region have a relatively dielectronic content resembling follicular colloid and no longer contain dense particles. The follicular cells appear to utilize apical pseudopodia to release the content of mature droplets into the follicular lumen. Other droplet-like inclusions occur in follicular cells, but they do not seem to be directly concerned with secretion.
Investigations of UV photolysis of PVP-capped silver nanoparticles in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon

This study investigated the effect of UV irradiation on the characteristics and toxicity of 50 nm (nominal diameter) polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The photolysis resulted in a decrease in average particle size as measured by field flow fractionation interfaced with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The decrease in size was attributed to the photo-induced oxidation of the PVP and dissolution of metallic silver. Moreover, photolysis of the AgNPs in solutions containing DOC appeared to give rise to small nanoparticles (~5 nm) formed via reduction of dissolved silver ions. These results were consistent with photolysis of AgNO3 solutions initially devoid of nanoparticles. Thus, the carbon-containing constituents of DOC serve as reducing agents for Ag+, primarily under conditions of UV irradiation. The standard zooplankton model, Daphnia magna, indicated that the toxicity of nanosilver was significantly reduced when the AgNPs have been exposed to UV light. Observed toxicity was further reduced when AgNPs in DOC-containing solutions were exposed to UV. These results suggest that environmentally relevant conditions such as DOC and UV light are important mitigating factors that mediate the aquatic toxicity of AgNPs.
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis as a genetic disorder: a review

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of multiple, symmetric nonencapsulated fat masses in the face, neck, and other areas. The typical presentation of MSL consists of massive lipomatous deposits around the neck which has given rise to the classic description of a buffalo hump or horse collar. The etiology is unknown although autosomal dominant or mitochondrial inheritance has been postulated based on several affected families and tissue studies. We reviewed the current literature and present a 43-year-old male with a circumferential neck mass composed of multiple nonencapsulated lipomas. His family history is unique with eight family members over three generations.
Radial Wind Super-Obs from the WSR-88D Radars in the NCEP Operational Assimilation System

Abstract The spatial and temporal densities of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) raw radar radial wind represent a rich source of high-resolution observations for initializing numerical weather prediction models. A characteristic of these observations is the presence of a significant degree of redundant information imposing a burden on an operational assimilation system. Potential improvement in data assimilation efficiency can be achieved by constructing averages, called super-obs. In the past, transmission of the radar radial wind from each radar site to a central site was confined to data feeds that filter the resolution and degrade the precision. At the central site, super-obs were constructed from this data feed and called level-3 super-obs. However, the precision and information content of the radial wind can be improved if data at each radar site are directly utilized at the highest resolution and precision found at the WSR-88D radar and then transmitted to a central site for proces...
Parenchymal sparing surgery for central renal tumors in patients with hereditary renal cancers.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Nephron sparing surgery has become accepted surgical practice for removing of renal tumors. The resection of central lesions has been thought to be more surgically challenging than that of peripheral tumors. We analyzed our experience with renal preservation surgery in patients with small hereditary central renal tumors.Materials and Methods:: From 1992 to 2000 we performed 116 partial nephrectomies with 44 kidneys (38%) demonstrating central renal masses. Central renal tumors were defined radiologically as those completely encircled by parenchyma or transgressing the interpapillary line on computerized tomography. We compared this group to a similar series of 67 patients with hereditary renal cancer with only peripheral based tumors.Results:: Mean tumor size was 3.2 cm (range 1.5 to 7.5). Mean operative time was 352 minutes (range 70 to 830). Renal hypothermia and vascular clamping were used in 19 of 44 procedures (41%). Mean ischemic time was 55 minutes (range 16 to 143). Mean blood lo...
Calcium imaging of infrared-stimulated activity in rodent brain.

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a promising neurostimulation technique that can activate neural tissue with high spatial precision and without the need for exogenous agents. However, little is understood about how infrared light interacts with neural tissue on a cellular level, particularly within the living brain. In this study, we use calcium sensitive dye imaging on macroscopic and microscopic scales to explore the spatiotemporal effects of INS on cortical calcium dynamics. The INS-evoked calcium signal that was observed exhibited a fast and slow component suggesting activation of multiple cellular mechanisms. The slow component of the evoked signal exhibited wave-like properties suggesting network activation, and was verified to originate from astrocytes through pharmacology and 2-photon imaging. We also provide evidence that the fast calcium signal may have been evoked through modulation of glutamate transients. This study demonstrates that pulsed infrared light can induce intracellular calcium modulations in both astrocytes and neurons, providing new insights into the mechanisms of action of INS in the brain.
Ventricular function after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries

Abstract The theoretical advantages of anatomical repair have resulted in the widespread use of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. However, preservation of systemic ventricular performance and late functional results have not been well documented. To evaluate late postoperative ventricular function, we reviewed 53 consecutive patients undergoing arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with or without a ventricular septal defect over the 8-year period from March 1985 to 1993. Forty-two patients had simple transposition of the great arteries and 11 patients had associated ventricular septal defects that were closed at operation. Mean age at operation was 1.8 months (range, 1 day to 36 months), and mean patient weight was 3.8 kg (range, 1.8 to 15.6 kg). All but 8 patients were neonates. There were six operative deaths (11.3%, 6/53) and two late deaths during a median follow-up of 23 months (range, 0.1 to 99.5 months). Actuarial survival at 8 years was 83% ± 6%. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has not been identified, and 9 patients (20%, 9/45) have right ventricular outflow tract gradients exceeding 20 mm Hg, 3 of whom have required reoperation. Eighteen patients have mild neo-aortic valve regurgitation. All survivors are currently in New York Heart Association class I, and are in sinus rhythm. Systolic left ventricular function is well preserved with ejection fractions greater than 0.60 in all survivors followed up for more than 4 months (41 patients). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index is elevated in only 1 patient, a patient who had pulmonary artery banding as a neonate. The left ventricular mass index is within the normal range in 35 patients. The arterial switch operation is associated with decreasing operative risk and excellent preservation of systemic ventricular function over the medium-term follow-up period.
Relative and interactive effects of plant and grazer richness in a benthic marine community.

The interactive effects of changing biodiversity of consumers and their prey are poorly understood but are likely to be important under realistic scenarios of biodiversity loss and gain. We performed two factorial manipulations of macroalgal group (greens, reds, and browns) and herbivore species (amphipods, sea urchin, and fish) composition and richness in outdoor mesocosms simulating a subtidal, hard-substratum estuarine community in North Carolina, USA. In the experiment where grazer richness treatments were substitutive, there were no significant effects of algal or herbivore richness on final algal biomass. However, in the experiment in which grazer treatments were additive (i.e., species-specific densities were held constant across richness treatments), we found strong independent and interactive effects of algal and herbivore richness. Herbivore polycultures reduced algal biomass to a greater degree than the sum of the three herbivore monocultures, indicating that the measured grazer richness effects were not due solely to increased herbivore density in the polycultures. Taking grazer density into account also revealed that increasing algal richness dampened grazer richness effects. Additionally, the effect of algal richness on algal biomass accumulation was far stronger when herbivores were absent, suggesting that grazers can utilize the increased productivity and mask the positive effects of plant biodiversity on primary production. Our results highlight the complex independent and interactive effects of biodiversity between adjacent trophic levels and emphasize the importance of performing biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments in a realistic multi-trophic context.
Phase-Space Analysis of Time-Correlation Functions

Using the recently developed phase-space techniques for the treatment of quantum-mechanical problems, we set up a procedure for calculating multitime-correlation functions in terms of the joint distribution functions. The correlation functions are then expressed simply as integrals over the associated phase space. Explicit expressions are given for these joint distribution functions, in terms of Green's functions of the $c$-number equations of motion for the phase-space equivalent of the density operator. Using these joint distribution functions, an exact regression theorem is rederived, and the connection with the multitime correspondence between classical and quantum stochastic processes is discussed.
Polybutadiene hydroperoxide by singlet oxygen: its grafting and morphology in polystyrene matrix

Singlet oxygen was used to synthesize hydroperoxide functional groups onto a polybutadiene. These hydroperoxides served as grafting sites for the preparation of polybutadiene-modified polystyrene by a bulk polymerization process. As anticipated, the dispersed polybutadiene droplet size decreased as the level of hydroperoxidation increased. Various types of morphology, similar to those of butadiene–styrene diblock and styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer systems, were obtained. Furthermore, at an extremely high level of hydroperoxidation, a unique reticular structure of polybutadiene was developed.
Impact of the 1996 welfare reform on child and family well‐being

This article examined the impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using a sample of 1,681 single mothers living in poverty, this study compared the effects of economic well-being and home environment scores on their children during pre- and post-Welfare Reform years. Following the 1996 Welfare Reform, fewer mothers received cash payments, and those who did received lower payments, while more mothers worked at low-paying jobs. Negative impacts were more pronounced for less educated mothers. The effects of family income and home environment scores on children were different before and after the 1996 Welfare Reform. Maternal education moderated these associations. Instead of enforcing the current “work first” mandate, this research supports giving priority to maternal education to enhance child and family well-being in low-income families. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N-nitroso compounds: evidence for their presence in airborne particles

Chemical, infrared, and thermal energy analyses have provided evidence for the presence of the N-nitroso functional group in extracts of airborne particles. The total molar N-nitroso concentrations in New York City air are equivalent to the total concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Since 90 percent of the N-nitroso compounds that have been tested are carcinogens, the newly discovered but untested materials may represent a significant environmental hazard.
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a pea ornithine transcarbamoylase (argF) and comparison with other transcarbamoylases

We used a PCR-based library screening method to isolate a 1.4 kb pea leaf cDNA encoding ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase). The cDNA contains a single major ORF of 375 amino acids whose deduced sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with other OTCases. The predicted molecular mass of 41 361 Da for this protein is approximately the 40 kDa size of the polypeptide that is immunoprecipitated with OTCase antibody afterin vitro translation of pea leaf mRNA.In vivo, OTCase occurs as a trimer of identical 36.5 kDa polypeptides, suggesting that this enzyme is synthesized as a cytosolic precursor protein. Southern blot analysis indicates that multiple OTCase genes occur in pea. An abundant 1.4 kb transcript is seen in northern blots of total RNA isolated from the leaves and roots of light- and dark-grown pea seedlings.
Analytical Isolation, Separation and Identification of Mutagens from Nonvolatile Organics of Drinking Water

Abstract A general procedure has been developed for the concentration/fractionation of mutagenic residue organics from small, >5OL, and large, to 12OOL, volumes of drinking water obtained from a variety of sources. This procedure features concentration of the residue organics chromatographically by passage of the water through XAD-2 and XAD-7 resins in specially designed columns, details of which are given. The residue organics are eluted from the resins via organic solvents, followed by solvent removal and subsequent bioassay for mutagenicity. Then the residue organics are fractionated via a coupled bioassay/analytical fractionation method which progressively focuses to the bioactive constituents of the complex mixture of residue organics. In this report, results for the optimal operation and validation of the concentration system are given, using drinking water derived from an industrially polluted river system, a wilderness river system and a major aquifer system. The predominant type of mutagenesis ob...
Atmospheric signals at high latitudes in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model

The authors report evidence for a ca. 40 month signal in air pressure simulated in a general circulation model, together with two further natural signals previously found, the ca. 26 month quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the ca. 14 month atmospheric Chandler tide. These 3 natural signals interact with the annual cycle and its harmonics to create a rich spectrum of summation and difference tones. Theoretically the authors expect 33 tones to be produced and evidence for 29 of these is found. The three classes of signals combined to contribute 51% of total variance, and range in period from 2 to 68 months. These results indicate that the spectrum of atmospheric variations on these time scales is discrete, unlike that of a chaotic system.
Electrochemical response patterns to histamine, bombesin, and pentagastrin in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa.

Abstract Histamine, bombesin, and pentagastrin produced different patterns of changes in short circuit current, electric conductance, potential difference, and acid secretion in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa. Histamine produced a gradual increase in electric conductance, parallel to the increase in acid secretion, and a transient rise in short circuit current. Bombesin induced an abrupt increase in electric conductance and in short circuit current, which peaked after 8 minutes. Pentagastrin also produced an increase in short circuit current, which peaked after 8 minutes; electric conductance, however, rose more gradually. Bombesin produced only a short term increase in acid secretion. These experiments show that histamine, bombesin, and pentagastrin affect gastric mucosa by different mechanisms. Histamine may have a more pronounced effect on the fusion process and activation of the tubulovesicular system of the parietal cell; bombesin may act by transiently increasing the permeability of the basolateral membrane. Pentagastrin seems to have an effect on both the basolateral membrane and the tubulovesicular acid secretory apparatus. These observations are not consistent with the hypothesis that histamine is the final common mediator for the effects of other secretagogues.
Effect of Estrogens and Androgens on Growth of Mammary Fibroma in Rats.

A pure mammary fibroma was implanted subcutaneously in the inguinal region of 6 different groups of rats: 1) females 2) castrate females 3) estrogen-injected castrate females 4) males 5) castrate males and 6) estrogen-injected castrate males. The success of implantation and the rate of growth of the implants was definitely greater in the groups injected with estrogen. Physiological levels of androgens had no demonstrable effect on this tumor. Transplantability and growth rate of fibromas was greater in estrogen-injected castrate males 59.3% than in estrogen-injected castrate females 43.3%. Malignant connective tissue tumors of the mammary gland lose the ability to respond to hormones.
Effects of metals on the behaviour and oxygen consumption of the mud snail

Abstract The behaviour and oxygen consumption rates of adult mud snails, exposed to five metals individually (arsenic, cadmium, copper, silver and zinc) and to one combination of two metals (cadmium and copper), have been examined. The oxygen uptake of distressed and retracted snails was found to be lower than that of controls after exposure to all individual metals except cadmium, which resulted in an elevation of oxygen consumption. The combination of copper and cadmium resulted in a lower rate than either metal alone.
Asymmetric Synthesis Using Sulfinimines (N-Sulfinyl Imines)

Abstract Sulfinimine-derived polyfunctionalized chiral building blocks, often prepared in one pot, provide efficient access, with a minimum of chemical manipulation, to enantiopure, multifunctional amine derivatives including piperidines and pyrrolidines.
Broadband THz aqueous blackbody calibration source

We describe a broadband calibration source for the millimeter-wave to terahertz (THz) frequency range, the Aqueous Blackbody Calibration (ABC) source. The blackbody in this design is a body of water, which is extremely absorptive at these frequencies, held by an expanded polystyrene (EPS) holder in a very specific shape, and kept at a uniform known temperature. The undesirable reflectance at the interfaces between the water and the walls of the EPS container is significantly reduced by the use of an "optical trap" geometry. The shape of the custom-molded container is designed so that all radiation incident within the entrance aperture and solid angle of the source undergoes two TE and two TM 45-degree reflections off the water-EPS interface. This ensures an effective emissivity > 98.5% over the operating band, and has been verified by measurements of EPS transmittance and geometric optics simulation over the entire band. In addition, the effective reflectance of the source is characterized at selected frequencies within the 0.1-2.0THz range.
REVERSIBILITY OF VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY NEUROLOGIC SYNDROME DURING CHRONIC CHILDHOOD CHOLESTASIS

To determine the reversibility of neurologic abnormalities due to vitamin E (E) deficiency, we prospectively studied the effects of E repletion on 14 children with chronic cholestasis, well-documented E deficiency, and characteristic sural nerve or muscle lesions: Group A(n=2)- both age 20 mo., no neurologic signs; Group B(n=3)- age <3 yrs., with characteristic neurologic signs; Group C(n=9)- ages 5-17 yrs., with neurologic signs. E repletion was achieved by oral (n=4; 60 to 90 IU/kg/day) or intramuscular (n=10;1.0-1.5 IU/kg/day) dl-a-tocopherol. Child neurologists performed serial neurologic exams each 6-12 mo., assigning a neurologic score based on rating each of 12 neurologic signs from 0 (normal) to 3+ (severely abnormal). The mean neurologic scores for each group at 6 month time intervals were (Table):
Exploiting homophily effect for trust prediction

Trust plays a crucial role for online users who seek reliable information. However, in reality, user-specified trust relations are very sparse, i.e., a tiny number of pairs of users with trust relations are buried in a disproportionately large number of pairs without trust relations, making trust prediction a daunting task. As an important social concept, however, trust has received growing attention and interest. Social theories are developed for understanding trust. Homophily is one of the most important theories that explain why trust relations are established. Exploiting the homophily effect for trust prediction provides challenges and opportunities. In this paper, we embark on the challenges to investigate the trust prediction problem with the homophily effect. First, we delineate how it differs from existing approaches to trust prediction in an unsupervised setting. Next, we formulate the new trust prediction problem into an optimization problem integrated with homophily, empirically evaluate our approach on two datasets from real-world product review sites, and compare with representative algorithms to gain a deep understanding of the role of homophily in trust prediction.
Bifurcations in elastic-plastic materials

Abstract When strain-softening, elastic-plastic materials are loaded into the plastic regime they often exhibit deformations that are localized into small regions at some point in the loading process. This intense localized deformation limits the formability of materials and will often quickly lead to failure with continued loading. Localized deformation is often associated with satisfaction of the classical discontinuous bifurcation criterion. Here we propose that the loss of strong ellipticity criterion should be used in place of the classical discontinuous bifurcation criterion as a necessary condition for localization. The application of the strong ellipticity criterion implies that a bifurcation mode associated with loss of positive definiteness of the symmetric part of the acoustic tensor must be identified rather than a mode associated with the first zero eigenvalue of the acoustic tensor itself. The eigensystem for the symmetric part of the tangent modulus tensor is obtained for several different plasticity models. This eigensystem provides information about deformation modes associated with both diffuse and discontinuous bifurcations. Material properties, boundary conditions and body geometry are all shown to affect the diffuse and localized deformation modes that are generated. Numerous experimental observations of necking and localization in metal specimens subject to various boundary conditions are explained with the proposed approach.
The meaning of mammographic breast density in users of postmenopausal hormone therapy

High breast density on mammography is associated with a four to six-fold increased risk of breast cancer [1,2]. A review of eight cohort studies concluded that women with the highest breast density using Wolfe’s method of classification compared with the lowest density have a relative risk of 5.2 (CI=3.6–7.5) for breast cancer [3]. Increased density is also a problem because it impairs the detection of breast masses (microcalcifications are less obscured by surrounding dense tissue than masses) [4]. A failure to detect masses because of high density would cause an increase in interval cancers (cancers that present between mammographic screenings). Difficulties in reading high density mammograms also produce false positive recalls (patients who are recalled for assessment and found not to have cancer). Being recalled for reassessment after an initial mammogram is a cause of significant psychological stress [5]. In addition, at least 25% of the overall cost of mammographic screening in one US program was attributed to investigations of false positive readings [6]. These two problems, an increase in interval cancers (a decrease in mammographic sensitivity) and an increase in false positive recalls (a decrease in mammographic specificity), are consistent with a decrease in the detection of cancer. Thus, the concern with dense breasts in postmenopausal women is a reduced quality of mammograms with a decrease in the ability to detect early breast cancers. Factors that are associated with greater breast density are nulliparity, older age at first birth, and current use of postmenopausal hormone therapy [7]. Mammographically dense breasts reflect a high proportion of stromal, ductal, and glandular tissue. The likelihood of dense breasts decreases with advancing age and increasing body weight as glandular tissue is replaced by fat [7]. The link with nulliparity supports the contention that a full term pregnancy early in life produces a change in structure in the breast that persists throughout life and is associated with resistance to proliferation.
POTATO PROTEIN CONCENTRATES: THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS METHODS OF RECOVERY UPON YIELD, COMPOSITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Potato processing effluents represent a potential source of valuable protein as well as a major waste disposal problem. Potato protein is commonly recovered by heat (in excess of 90°C) with pH adjustment between 3.5 and 5.5. The present study compared yield, and some compositional, and functional characteristics of potato protein concentrate (PPC) recovered with either HCl or FeCl3 (pH 3.0, 20–22°C), or HCl/heat (pH 4.8, 98–99°C). Under pilot plant conditions, recoveries of 22.7, 36.7, and 37.5% of the crude protein (N × 6.25) were obtained with HCl, FeCl3, and HCl/heat, respectively. Crude protein content of the PPC precipitated by HCl, FeCl3, and HCl/heat were 65.6, 57.5, and 78.2% respectively. Ash and vitamin C values were higher in those PPC recovered at room temperature, with Fe content being highest in the PPC recovered with FeCl3. The nitrogen solubility of the FeCl3 precipitate, at pH 7.0, was 1.5 and more than 7 times that of the HCl, and HCl/heat precipitates, respectively. Whipping capacity of PPC was not influenced by precipitation method. The most favorable fat absorption and water absorption capacities were exhibited by the HCl and HCl/heat precipitates, respectively.
Fetal sex and differential survival in preeclampsia and eclampsia

Purpose We investigate sex differences in the incidence of stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and perinatal mortality among singletons born to mothers with preeclampsia or eclampsia.
Effect of Different Dopants on Polymer Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Flakes

Two types of dopants are incorporated into polymer cholesteric liquid crystal (PCLC) materials to change their dielectric properties. Conductive dopants consisting of either carbon-based or metallic particles show large increases in composite conductivity with percolation thresholds of from 0.4 vol% to 30 vol%, depending on the size and shape of the dopant particles. Inorganic insulating dopants change the dielectric constant from 2 (neat PCLC) to < 10 at dopant levels of ∼ 30 vol%, accompanied by an increase in density. These composites offer opportunities for use of PCLC's as particles or flakes in reflective displays.
Cyclic AMP regulates transcription of the genes encoding human chorionic gonadotropin with different kinetics

ABSTRACT Choriocarcinoma cell lines characteristically synthesize and secrete the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as well as the intact heterodimer. Treatment of one such cell line, BeWo, with 8-bromo-adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) causes at least a 10-fold increase in the concentration of the mRNA encoding each subunit. Changes in mRNA concentrations are associated with similar changes in transcription rates of both the CGα and CGβ genes, although the kinetics of their transcriptional responses are different. Transcription of the α-subunit gene increases rapidly and becomes maximal within 1 hr after addition of 8-Br-cAMP. By contrast, transcription of the CGβ gene increases slowly and progressively for at least 8 hr after treatment with 8-Br-cAMP. The slow transcriptional response of the CGβ gene(s) appears to be unique compared to that of other cAMP-responsive genes, and suggests that the cyclic nucleotide may regulate transcription of the CG genes by different...
A complete ridge-line potential for complex fragment emission

Cross sections were measured for fragments (4<Z<27) from the 5.0,6.2,6.9,8.0,10.2 and 12.7 MeV/N63Cu+12C reactions. Excitation functions were constructed for each Z value, and a nearly complete set of mass-asymmetric barriers has been obtained for75Br. There is excellent agreement between the experimentally determined barriers and the finite-range model calculations, while there is strong disagreement with the liquid-drop model calculations.
Cytoplasmic p63 immunohistochemistry is a useful marker for muscle differentiation: An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic study

TP63, a member of the TP53 gene family, is a nuclear marker of myoepithelial cells. Antibody against p63 is frequently used to aid in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, as well as in the identification of myoepithelial cells in other tissues including the breast. p63 is also a marker for squamous cell carcinoma. Recently, it was found that all p53 family members are involved in regulating the process of muscle differentiation through the retinoblastoma (RB) protein. Ablation of these p53 family functions blocks the differentiation program and promotes malignant transformation by enabling cooperating oncogenes to transform myoblasts. We therefore studied p63 expression in a number of neoplasms with myogenic differentiation. Immunohistochemical staining for p63 was performed on paraffin sections from 38 rhabdomyosarcomas, five leiomyomas, five leiomyosarcomas, five rhabdomyomas, five rhabdomyomatous Wilms tumors, three normal cardiac muscles, one medullomyoblastoma, one pleuropulmonary blastoma with rhabdomyomatous differentiation, and one teratoma with prominent rhabdomyoblasts. Each case was also stained with desmin. Unlike the nuclear staining scored in myoepithelial cells, only cytoplasmic staining for p63 was considered positive. Of 38 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, 36 showed cytoplasmic p63 staining; 24 of these showed highlighting of cross-striations superior to that of desmin. In addition, 5/5 rhabdomyomas, 5/5 rhabdomyomatous Wilms tumors, 1/1 pleuropulmonary blastoma with rhabdomyomatous differentiation, 1/1 teratoma with atypical rhabdoblasts, and 1/1 medullomyoblastoma exhibited cytoplasmic p63 staining. Normal cardiac muscle samples (3/3) also demonstrated positive cytoplasmic staining and distinct cross-striations. Smooth muscle tumors exhibited only very focal and faint cytoplasmic staining in 5/5 leiomyomas and 4/5 leiomyosarcomas. Immunoelectron microscopic study of skeletal muscle showed p63 localization to the Z bands of sarcomeres. We conclude that p63 immunostain is a sensitive marker for skeletal muscle differentiation and highlights the cross-striations of strap cells with exceptional definition.
Influences of prey- and predator-dependent processes on cadmium and methylmercury trophic transfer to mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Factors affecting CH3Hg and Cd trophic transfer from six invertebrates and a juvenile fish prey to mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were investigated using prey-dependent and predator-dependent a...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to chronic left‐sided cardiac dysfunction in dogs

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a description of a physiological finding rather than a diagnosis. Pulmonary arterial pressure is the result of interactions among pulmonary blood flow (right ventricular cardiac output), pulmonary vascular impedance and post-capillary pressure (typically reflecting left atrial pressure). When elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure (systolic/diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure > approximately 30/19 mmHg at rest) are accompanied by increased left atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial hypertension may be considered secondary to left-heart failure. Introduction of Doppler methods to diagnose pulmonary arterial hypertension has increased the awareness of the prevalence and importance of pulmonary arterial hypertension dogs with left-heart failure. Increasing understanding of the mechanism of development of pulmonary venous hypertension and reactive pulmonary arterial hypertension in dogs with left-heart disease has led to the development of successful additive therapies for progressive clinical signs in the setting of chronic therapy for congestive heart failure due to left-sided valvular and myocardial dysfunction. Because effective therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to chronic left-sided cardiac dysfunction are now available, screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension should be a regular part of the Doppler echocardiographic examination in a clinical setting of chronic therapy for left-sided congestive heart failure due to valvular or myocardial disease.
Fundamental constants - the ultimate metric

The proposed changes to the SI are generating considerable debate and discussion not just in metrology but also in the field of fundamental constants. This is an excellent time to reflect on general topics involving fundamental constants, units and the SI. In particular, it is useful to prepare for some of the obvious questions that will be forthcoming from the general public.
Pharmacodynamic interaction of recombinant human interleukin-10 and prednisolone using in vitro whole blood lymphocyte proliferation

Prednisolone, a commonly used synthetic corticosteroid, and IL-10, a cytokine under investigation for strong antiinflammatory properties, are being contemplated as a potential joint therapeutic regimen in immune disorders. Their pharmacodynamic interactions were examined in blood from healthy adult male and female volunteers using an in vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated whole—blood lymphocyte proliferation technique. Isobolograms along with parametric competitive and noncompetitive interaction models were used to determine the nature and intensity of interactions. Single drug effects show prednisolone more efficacious in inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation with an IC50 of 3.3 ng/mL and Imax value of 1, signifying complete suppression. Analogous parameters for IL-10 were 16.2 ng/mL for IC50 and 0.89 for Imax. There were no significant differences in the single drug immunosuppressive effects among genders. Their joint effects showed additive interaction based on isobolographic analysis. Parametric analysis using the competitive interaction model described their interaction as slightly synergistic, while the noncompetitive interaction modeling indicate a small degree of antagonism. Also, the joint effects in females tend to be more antagonistic than males. Concomitant use of prednisolone and IL-10 should thus reflect the net additive responses to concentrations of each agent. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:1334–1342, 2002
ANAESTHESIA IN A PARTURIENT WITH OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

A 20-yr-old primigravida at 38 weeks gestation with premature rupture of membranes and evidence of fetal distress required urgent Caesarean section. The diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta had been made 4 days earlier. The patient refused a regional anaesthetic. Difficulties in the administration of general anaesthesia to patients with osteogenesis imperfecta were recognized and managed accordingly. These problems are discussed and the importance of early antenatal assessment of such patients by the department of anaesthesia is emphasized.
EXPLAINING RATE CHANGES IN DELINQUENT ARREST TRANSITIONS USING EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS

Many aspects of the criminal career are amenable to empirical analysis, and in recent years we have witnessed a proliferation of research in the areas of individual offense frequency, arrest frequency, career length, and crime-switching patterns. This research analyzes the effects of explanatory variables on the rate at which officially detected juvenile offenders move from one crime type to another, and the statistical techniques used take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the data. An arrest is considered an event that occurs at a given point in time, and event history analysis is used to model the transition rate from one crime type to another as a function of offense history and offender characteristics. This transition rate encompasses two aspects of the criminal career process: the rate at which arrests take place and the likelihood of transition from arrest to arrest.
Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: challenges and therapeutic advances. Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

In the United States, approximately 30% of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients are also infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both viruses share similar routes of transmission. Unlike HIV or hepatitis B virus, HCV is curable if treated and the patient achieves a sustained virologic response. The impact of coinfection includes greater morbidity and mortality, with higher rates of opportunistic disease, development of cirrhosis, and death. The standard of treatment for HIV-HCV coinfection is similar to that for HCV monoinfection and consists of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. As with HCV monoinfection, the best predictor of response to therapy for HIV-HCV coinfection is infection with an HCV genotype other than genotype 1 or 4. Adherence to treatment is critical for improving response to HCV therapy. However, considerable toxicities are associated with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin and pose particular problems in the coinfected patient. Coinfected patients are more likely to experience significant weight loss with HCV therapy. Neutropenia and anemia are both common laboratory abnormalities that necessitate dosage reductions and are concerns for development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining events. The effect of CD4(+) cell count has been evaluated both as a factor in response to HCV therapy and in stratification of risk for infection. Immunosuppression is not a contraindication to HCV therapy, although CD4(+) counts above 350 cells/mm(3) are associated with increased response rates in patients with HCV genotype 1 coinfection. Antiretroviral therapy does need to be adjusted to minimize adverse effects. Concomitant use of zidovudine is contraindicated because of its profound exacerbation of bone marrow suppression. The use of didanosine is also not indicated during HCV therapy because of the risks of hepatic decompensation. Controversy exists regarding the use of abacavir. Newer agents for HCV include the protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir. Although results with the protease inhibitors are highly encouraging, their effects in coinfected patients have not been evaluated. Treatment for HCV in patients with HIV poses potential obstacles to success, but the benefits of viral eradication warrant the challenge of therapy.