cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unpacking Team Familiarity: The Effects of Geographic Location and Hierarchical Role

Examination of team productivity finds that team familiarity, i.e., individuals' prior shared work experience, can positively impact the efficiency and quality of team output. Despite the attention given to team familiarity and its contingencies, prior work has focused on whether team members have worked together, not on which team members have worked together, and under what conditions. In this paper, I parse overall team familiarity to consider effects of geographic location and the hierarchical roles of team members. Using data on all software-development projects completed over 3 years at a large Indian firm in the global outsourced software services industry, I find that team familiarity gained when team members work together in the same location has a significantly more positive effect on team performance compared with team familiarity gained while members were collaborating in different locations. Additionally, I find that hierarchical team familiarity (a manager's experience with front-line team members) and horizontal team familiarity (front-line team members' experience gained with one another) have differential effects on project team performance. These findings provide insight into the relationship between team experience and team performance.
Influenza and Inequality: One Town's Tragic Response to the Great Epidemic of 1918 – By Patricia J. Fanning

The idea that an epidemic can be a lens that brings a variety of social issues into focus is not new, but it is a useful analytical tool. Patricia J. Fanning has used this tool, at times effectivel...
Laser-induced transformation of freestanding carbon nanotubes into graphene nanoribbons

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) were successfully produced by using a laser to transform the tubular structure of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A laser beam was controlled to scan along the longitudinal axis of the freestanding aligned CNT sheets in air. As a result of the thermal interactions between the laser beam and CNTs, local oxidation was observed to happen at the graphitic walls of CNTs. This oxidative phenomenon was assisted by the laser-induced thermal expansion of the graphitic tube which transformed the tubular structure of CNTs. The direction of the laser irradiation led to the production of two-dimensional GNRs. The produced GNRs were freestanding and featured smooth surfaces. This laser scanning method was simple and industrially scalable to continuously produce GNRs.
Concurrent iterative reconstruction algorithms (CIRAs) in multi-headed SPECT systems

We are developing concurrent iterative reconstruction algorithms (CIRAs) that use partial sets of projection data to perform iterative reconstruction concurrently with data acquisition. In this study, we investigate CIRAs for multi-headed SPECT systems by simulating data for clinically relevant configurations. We study CIRAs for multi-headed SPECT under three different clinically feasible instances and identify the camera geometries and data acquisition protocols that are favorable for the convergence rates of CIRAs. We demonstrate that CIRA converges faster if projections from widely differing angular views, rather than from consecutive angular views, are available early during the data acquisition. Specifically, we show that CIRAs with single-headed and triple-headed systems show similar convergence rates, and are more efficient than CIRAs with the opposed dual-headed systems. In all cases, CIRAs take less total time to acquire and reconstruct images than conventional reconstruction methods with single-headed or multi-headed SPECT systems.
Comments on the coherent-state representation of a scalar field in the early universe

Previous work on the coherent states of a cosmological scalar field is extended to illustrate the effect of spacetime curvature on the coherent-state parametrization. Coherent states for the "flat Kasner" ("Rindler wedge") cosmology are constructed as an example. It is shown that the coherent-state representation is invariant under a conformal transformation which does not alter the definition of positive frequency.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A review of the literature.

American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) experience high rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We reviewed existing literature to address three interrelated questions: (1) What is the prevalence of PTSD and PTSD symptoms among AI/ANs? (2) What are the inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities in AI/ANs, and do they differ from those in the general U.S. population? (3) Are studies available to inform clinicians about the course and treatment of PTSD in this population? We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases and a database on AI/AN health, capturing an initial sample of 77 original English-language articles published 1992–2010. After applying exclusion criteria, we retained 37 articles on prevalence of PTSD and related symptoms among AI/AN adults. We abstracted key information and organized it in tabular format. AI/ANs experience a substantially greater burden of PTSD and related symptoms than U.S. Whites. Combat experience and interpersonal violence were consistently cited as leading causes of PTSD and related symptoms. PTSD was associated with bodily pain, lung disorders, general health problems, substance abuse, and pathological gambling. In general, inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities appear similar to those in the general U.S. population. Substantial research indicates a strikingly high incidence of PTSD in AI/AN populations. However, inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities in AI/ANs, and how they may differ from those in the general population, are poorly understood. Very few studies are available on the clinical course and treatment of PTSD in this vulnerable population.
El Caballero de los Leones: la carnavalesca farsa felina en el Quijote

Inconfundiblemente el leon ocupa un lugar privilegiado en el antiguo y abigarrado corpus del bestiario, pues su figura iconico-literaria ha sido a traves de los siglos sumamente emblematica si bien...
Nonenzymatic galactosylation of human LDL decreases its metabolism by human skin fibroblasts

Abstract Incubation of human LDL with galactose in vitro resulted in a glycosylated-LDL containing radiolabel covalently attached to apo B. The rate of radiolabel incorporation was proportional to the time of incubation and concentration of carbohydrate. The rate of incorporation of galactose into apo B was higher than with glucose or mannose. The nonenzymatic glycosylation of LDL decreased its uptake and metabolism by the high affinity, receptor dependent process for LDL in normal human skin fibroblasts.
Monte Carlo simulations of the Galileo energetic particle detector

Abstract Monte Carlo radiation transport studies have been performed for the Galileo spacecraft energetic particle detector (EPD) in order to study its response to energetic electrons and protons. Three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiation transport codes, MCNP version 4B (for electrons) and MCNPX version 2.2.3 (for protons), were used throughout the study. The results are presented in the form of “geometric factors” for the high-energy channels studied in this paper: B1, DC2, and DC3 for electrons and B0, DC0, and DC1 for protons. The geometric factor is the energy-dependent detector response function that relates the incident particle fluxes to instrument count rates. The trend of actual data measured by the EPD was successfully reproduced using the geometric factors obtained in this study.
Percutaneous coronary intervention for major bifurcation lesions using the simple approach: risk of myocardial infarction.

Recent data has suggested that simple (main vessel only) stenting is the preferred approach for patients with bifurcation lesions. We sought to determine the feasibility and outcomes of this approach in a year long inclusive registry. From August, 2004–2005, a registry of 1,600 consecutive patients undergoing PCI was reviewed. Patients undergoing PCI for major bifurcation lesions––≥70% stenosis in a major (≥2 mm) side branch and/or main vessel––were identified by review of the angiograms. Angiographic, clinical and treatment predictors of final SB compromise (≥70% stenosis and/or less than TIMI 3 final flow) were identified. Hundred and fifty eight patients who underwent initial stenting of the main vessel with subsequent rescue of the side branch if SB compromise occurred (“Provisional Main Vessel Stenting”) comprised the analysis population. Permanent SB compromise occurred in 16% of patients and was associated with an increased risk of large periprocedural MI and renal failure. Independent predictors of permanent SB compromise were lack of pre-PCI beta blockers, presence of diabetes mellitus, main vessel eccentric lesion and small SB vessel diameter. Among unselected patients with major bifurcation lesions undergoing a “simple” stenting approach, there is a significant rate of large periprocedural infarction and side branch compromise.
COMMUNITY‐EQUIPOISE AND THE ETHICS OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS

This paper critically examines a particular strategy for resolving the central ethical dilemma associated with randomized clincial trials (RCTs) -- the "community equipoise" strategy (CE). The dilemma is that RCTs appear to violate a physician's duty to choose that therapy which there is most reason to believe is in the patient's best interest, randomizing patients even once evidence begins to favor one treatment. The community equipose strategy involves the suggestion that our judgment that neither treatment is to be preferred (that there obtains a state of "equipoise") is to be assessed according to a community rather than an individual standard. Thus, though a physician may personally believe that there is some reason to prefer one treatment, patients can legitimately be randomized if there remains disagreement in the community of medical professionals. Rationales in favor of this conception include the following: (i) medical knowledge is best understood as residing in the community, (ii) the judgments of others count as evidence, and so should change one's own opinion, (iii) subjects would not be better off outside the trial, and (iv) the point of any trial is the resolution of dispute in the medical community. I critically examine these rationales and argue that they are insufficient. Amongst the problems are tensions between various of these underlying rationales, and important ambiguities in just what the CE criterion is to amount to. Finally, I argue that even if use of CE was justified, it would not justify carrying out RCTs anywhere near long enough to discharge our duty to gain reliable knowledge on which to base safe and effective medical practice. Hence, we need some different justification for carrying out RCTs.
Some graphs with chromatic number three

Abstract A question of P. Erdos is solved by showing that certain graphs have chromatic number at most three. The proof proceeds by showing a conjecture of Erdos and Bollobas holds, namely, that under certain circumstances, a graph which contains an odd circuit must contain an odd circuit with diagonal.
A New Approach to Assemble Tolerance Analysis Based on CE/TOL

Quality indicators (precision, durability, reliability) of the mechanical products are heavily depended on their tolerance to select reasonable. According to the technical requirements and the processing program of the product in whole or in parts, the parts and components can be allocated on a reasonably tolerance, and the balance can be found between the product's features and manufacturing costs. In this paper, Pro / E modeling tools are used to design parts and assembly. In the assembly process, assembly of components designed is analyzed and synthezed by the using of CE/TOL (tolerance analysis) module of Pro/E. we obtained the percentage contribution of each unit feature to the functional requirement. A percentage contribution can help designer to decide which tolerance is tighten or loosen. The application of the tolerance analysis approacch in a simple three-dimensional sample was also discussed in this paper. Results show that this approach makes manufacturing costs and the probability of excessive interference and accuracy reduce. The accuracy of the product is improved.
Trinidad and Tobago Television Advertising as Third Space: Hybridity as Resistance in the Caribbean Mediascape

Postcolonial literature has mostly overlooked advertising in its discussion of national identity formation and the discursive rupture after colonial hegemony. Focused on the Caribbean nation Trinidad and Tobago, this article reconsiders the positions of scholars who have judged the Caribbean cultural sphere as heavily influenced by external aesthetics and the Caribbean mediascape as dominated by imported texts. Building upon Homi Bhabha's work (1990b), the author examines the construction of a mediated Third Space, by which local voices have become active participants in the culmination of a Trinidad and Tobago mediascape. The author examines the discourses that circulated within 1 television commercial break on TV6 (the country's most popular television station at the time of this study) and uses textual analysis to focus on 2 locally produced television advertisements. This analysis aligns with the academic positioning of Caribbean producers as actively wielding power in the negotiation of national and ...
Some problems in Venus' aeronomy

Abstract Models are presented for the height distribution of various photochemically active gases in Venus' upper atmosphere. Attention is directed to the chemistry and vertical transport of odd hydrogen (H, OH, HO 2 , H 2 O 2 ), odd oxygen (O, O 3 ), free chlorine (Cl, ClO, ClOO, Cl 2 ), CO, O 2 , H 2 and H 2 O. Supply of O 2 may play a limiting role in the formation of a possible H 2 SO 4 cloud on Venus. The supply rate is influenced by both chemical and dynamical processes in the stratosphere, and an analysis of recent spectroscopic data for O 2 implies a lower limit to the appropriate eddy coefficient of about 3 × 10 5 cm 2 /sec. The abundances of thermospheric O and CO are determined largely by vertical mixing, and an analysis of Mariner 10 measurements of Venus' Lyman α airglow suggests that the eddy coefficient in the lower thermosphere may be as large as 5 × 10 7 cm 2 sec. The corresponding values for the mixing ratios of O and CO at the ionospheric peak are approximately 1 per cent. The Lyman α data could be reconciled with larger values for thermospheric O, and smaller values for the vertical eddy coefficient, if non-thermal loss processes were to play a dominant role in hydrogen escape, and if the corresponding flux were to exceed 10 7 atoms/cm 2 /sec. A sink of this magnitude would imply major depletion of Venus' atmospheric water over geologic time, and would appear to require mixing ratios of H 2 O in the lower atmosphere in excess of 4 × 10 −4 . The extensive component to the Lyman α emission measured by Mariner 5 may be due to resonance scattering of sunlight by hot atoms formed by charge transfer with O + . The H scale height, therefore, may reflect the temperature of positive ions in Venus' topside ionosphere.
Data analysis for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI-based cerebral perfusion measurements: correcting for changing cortical CSF volumes

The time evolution of the histogram (number of pixels versus signal intensity) is used to calculate delta R2 parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain. This method partially corrects for partial volume effects and is an improvement over the approach using the signal intensity as a function of time when confounding factors such as changing cortical cerebrospinal fluid volumes are involved. The maximum value for delta R2 is found to correlate with relative cerebral blood flow as assessed by xenon inhalation and can be used to discriminate between vascular dementia and healthy volunteers. With this method, the normal range for delta R2 values is found to be the same for both young (19-40 years old) and elderly (65-85 years old) healthy volunteers.
The synthesis of optimal controls for linear, time-optimal problems with retarded controls

Optimization problems involving linear systems with retardations in the controls are studied in a systematic way. Some physical motivation for the problems is discussed. The topics covered are: controllability, existence and uniqueness of the optimal control, sufficient conditions, techniques of synthesis, and dynamic programming. A number of solved examples are presented.
Transplantation of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair.

d l a i uring the past 50 years, we have seen enormous rogress in the prevention and treatment of acute yocardial infarction (MI), one of the most prominent iseases in the Western world. As a result, the ncidence and prevalence of acute MI has declined radually, and mortality and morbidity have decreased. owever, because of increased life span following MI, he incidence of congestive heart failure is increasing apidly. Heart failure directly results from death of cardiomycytes and an inability of the heart to effectively egenerate this damaged region. These pathophysioogic events lead to a process of cardiac remodeling that nvolves fibrosis, changes in wall stress, scar expansion, nd, if the injury is large enough, heart failure. For these atients, heart transplantation is the only current, denitive treatment option. Currently, no approved clinical therapy treats the nderlying defect in ischemic injury: the death of ardiomyocytes. As a result, heart failure has become he most prevalent cardiovascular disease in this cenury and likely will strain health care costs as patients ive longer. In the past few years, cell therapy has emerged as a ossible treatment for many types of disease. Translanting cells that can differentiate and replace dead or ysfunctional cardiomyocytes and vasculature could be definitive therapy for cardiac ischemic injury. In 1998, the first pre-clinical therapeutic benefit of ransplanted cells was demonstrated after skeletal-musle myoblast transplantation into the rabbit heart. ince then, a number of cell types have been translanted into injured myocardium with promising reults. This review focuses on the current scientific basis or cell-based cardiac regeneration and provides an
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring rectal cancer response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Purpose To prospectively monitor the response in patients with locally advanced nonmucinous rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The histopathologic finding was the reference standard. Methods and Materials The institutional review board approved the present study. A total of 62 patients (43 men and 19 women; mean age, 64 years; range, 28–83) provided informed consent. T 2 - and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans (b value, 0 and 1,000 mm 2 /s) were acquired before, during (mean 12 days), and 6–8 weeks after CRT. We compared the median apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) between responders and nonresponders and examined the associations with the Mandard tumor regression grade (TRG). The postoperative nodal status (ypN) was evaluated. The Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to evaluate the relationships among the pretherapy ADCs, extramural vascular invasion, early percentage of increases in ADCs, and preoperative ADCs. Results Low pretreatment ADCs ( −3 mm 2 /s) were correlated with TRG 4 scores ( p = .0011) and associated to extramural vascular invasion with ypN+ (85.7% positive predictive value for ypN+). During treatment, the mean percentage of increase in tumor ADC was significantly greater in the responders than in the nonresponders ( p 23% ADC increase had a 96.3% negative predictive value for TRG 4. In 9 of 16 complete responders, CRT-related tumor downsizing prevented ADC evaluations. The preoperative ADCs were significantly different ( p = .0012) between the patients with and without downstaging (preoperative ADC ≥1.4 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s showed a positive and negative predictive value of 78.9% and 61.8%, respectively, for response assessment). The TRG 1 and TRG 2–4 groups were not significantly different. Conclusion Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging seems to be a promising tool for monitoring the response to CRT.
OO-CASE tools: an evaluation of Rose

Abstract Object-oriented software development utilizes new design methodologies. These methodologies can be supported by computer-aided software engineering tools, such as Rational Rose. A survey of software developers identifies the demand for various features, and reveals strengths and need for improvements in Rational Rose. Overall, respondents indicated that Rational Rose provides strong support for OO design, but could additional support for teamwork, prototyping, and improvements in ease of use.
Risk of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Among 120 908 US Veterans With Hepatitis C Virus Infection

cidence rates of ITP were 30.2 and 18.5 per 100000 person-years, and for AIHA they were 11.4 and 5.0 per 100000person-years,respectively.HepatitisCviruswas associated with elevated risks for ITP (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3) and AIHA (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8-4.2). The ITP incidencewasincreasedamongbothuntreatedandtreated HCV-infectedpersons(HR,1.7;95%,CI,1.3-2.2andHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5-3.7, respectively), whereas AIHA incidencewaselevatedonlyamongtreatedHCV-infectedpersons (HR, 11.6; 95% CI, 7.0-19.3). Conclusions: Individuals infected with HCV are at an increasedriskforITP,whereasthedevelopmentofAIHA seems to be associated with HCV treatment. It may be beneficial to test individuals newly diagnosed as having ITP for HCV infection.
Learning and Teaching in College: An Ecological Perspective

L earning about rangeland ecology and management (and related disciplines) in college settings can be enhanced if faculty members have a better under- standing both of underlying educational concepts and associated learning processes, and how students develop in- tellectually during their college experience. To do this, we need a framework that combines knowledge and perspectives from the disciplines of cognitive psychology, adult education, and ecology. Even though not immediately apparent, psychological, educational, and ecological literatures are linked by analogies and a common, transferable language. If this language becomes more accessible across these disciplines, bridges can be built to enhance learning and teaching. I will have to stretch some analogies; i.e., concepts and processes that apply to individual plants and plant communities will be applied to individual stu- dents and classroom communities, and strategies for improv- ing rangeland weed management will be compared to strategies for improving student learning. My focus is on undergraduate education, and the need for educators to shift from a teacher- centered approach to a learner-centered approach. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i3_call
Effect of different swallow time intervals on the nutcracker esophagus

Abstract Objective Nutcracker esophagus (NE) is defined as the presence of peristaltic contractions in which the average distal esophageal amplitude is greater than 180 mm Hg. The underlying mechanism responsible for these abnormalities is not known. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that NE might be caused by a defect in the inhibitory pathway controlling esophageal peristalsis. Methods Eight patients with NE (seven women, 1 man, mean age 50 yr) and eight age- and sex-matched normal volunteers (seven women, 1 man, mean age 48 yr) underwent a special protocol using three-channel (3, 8, and 16 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter) solid state esophageal manometry to evaluate deglutitive inhibition. Ten pairs of 5 ml of wet swallows were given at each of five different time intervals (30, 20, 15, 10, and 5 s). Pairs of swallows were spaced by 30 s, and different time intervals were spaced by 1 min. Tracings were recorded using a computer program and blindly automatically analyzed for both amplitude and duration of the contraction separately for the first and second swallow of each pair. Presence of deglutitive inhibition or muscle refractoriness was assessed according to interactions between the first and second swallow of the pair. Results were found abnormal when larger than the mean percent variation of the second and first swallow calculated for the 30-s interval, considered as baseline for each participant. Statistics included paired and nonpaired nonparametrical comparisons as appropriate. Results The median amplitude for the NE was 202 mm Hg (range 186–376) and for the controls was 118 mm Hg (range 64–167) (p = 0.0002). The median duration in the NE group was 5.1 s (range 4–9.3) versus 4.1 (range 3.3–5.0) for the controls (p = 0.02). The percent variation in duration (p = 0.31), amplitude (p = 0.42), and propagation velocity of the peristaltic waves (p = 0.69) did not differ between the control and NE groups. Peristalsis frequency dropped at the 5-s interval for both studied groups (p = 0.84). Conclusion Central and local inhibitory mechanisms induced by closely timed swallows are preserved in the NE and do not explain the mechanism of the high amplitude and long duration contractions.
The role of employee effort in satisfaction with service transactions

Abstract We examine how one aspect of the service encounter, perceived employee effort, affects customer satisfaction with service transactions. Results from two empirical studies indicate that perceived effort has a strong positive impact on transaction satisfaction, and this effect is not eliminated when the perceived success of the service outcome is statistically controlled. This shows that employee effort is appreciated by customers in its own right, regardless of its impact on the outcome. Additional analyses show that outcome can bias effort judgments. That is, when customers do not get the service outcome they want, they are less likely to recognize employee effort and hard work. The study results suggest implications for motivation, attribution, and customer satisfaction theories, as well as for managing the service encounter.
[O I] 63 Micron Absorption in NGC 6334

The [O I] 63 μm transition has been imaged around five far-infrared (FIR) and radio continuum sources in the southern massive star formation region NGC 6334. The [O I] 63 μm line is found in absorption toward the FIR continuum source NGC 6334V. This is only the second case in which the [O I] 63 μm line has been seen in absorption against a continuum source. From the depth of the absorption line, the minimum column density of oxygen is calculated to be N(O0) 5 × 1018 cm-2. This amount of oxygen is consistent with [O I] 63 μm absorption due to atomic gas in the foreground molecular cloud. The [O I] 63 μm line is found in emission toward the other four sources observed: NGC 6334, sources A, C, D, and E. Single-component photodissociation region (PDR) models suggest densities of n ~ 104 cm-3 for these sources, based on previously observed [O I] 145 μm and [C II] 158 μm intensities. However, unphysically large far-ultraviolet (FUV) fields are implied for three of the sources, particularly for NGC 6334A. Neither one- nor two-component photodissociation region models can explain the anomalously low [O I] 63 μm intensity toward NGC 6334A nor the absorption toward NGC 6334V. We suggest that self-absorption of the [O I] 63 μm line, such as has been suggested toward DR 21, is suppressing the observed [O I] 63 μm intensity. This underestimate leads to an overestimate of the derived FUV field strengths throughout NGC 6334. The discovery of several more star-forming sites in which the [O I] 63 μm is in absorption or is self-absorbed implies that this line is not always a reliable PDR diagnostic because the PDR models do not treat the radiative transfer through the molecular cloud.
Theoretical model of superconductivity and the martensitic transformation in A 15 compounds

The effect of the martensitic transition on superconductivity in the $A15$ compounds is examined theoretically. The BCS pairing potential is added to the Peierls potential in the Gorkov model of the martensitic transition. We find that the two potentials compete to open an energy gap on the common portion of Fermi surface and that one phase transition depresses the other. It is found that the ${T}_{c}=17$ K in ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si includes a 0.3-K reduction due to this competition and that superconductivity arrests the development of tetragonality below 17 K. It is predicted that at high pressure (\ensuremath{\sim} 25 kbar) the martensitic transition will be precluded.
Cloning of a novel human ELF-1-related ETS transcription factor, ELFR, its characterization and chromosomal assignment relative to ELF-1.

Abstract The ETS gene family encodes a group of proteins that function as transcription factors under physiological conditions and, if aberrantly expressed, can lead to cellular transformation. ETS transcription factors are characterized by a unique conserved DNA binding domain. A subset of these proteins is rearranged with EWS in Ewing tumors (ET). We recently described a spectrum of ETS genes coexpressed with EWS-FLI1 in an ET cell line to define proteins that potentially compete in target site selection. We now report on the cloning and characterization of a novel ETS family member, ELFR, displaying 92% homology to ELF-1 in its DNA binding domain while diverging in the rest of the protein. ELFR expression was found in a very tissue restricted pattern with the highest abundancy in placenta. We also report the chromosomal assignment of ELFR and ELF-1 to Xq26 and 13q13, respectively, by means of fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH).
Diffusion equation and its application to SMD inspection

The diffusion equation has received increasing attention in the fields of image analysis and computer vision for tasks such as image smoothing, image enhancement, feature extraction as well as dominant point detection. In this paper, the diffusion equation is applied to the inspection of surface mounted devices. It is shown experimentally that diffusion-equation-based methods could render very good discriminating features. The inspection experiments show that the correct inspection rate of the diffusion-equation- based method is very high for both training boards and test boards.
On the impact of data integration and edge enrichment in mining significant signals from biological networks

The influx of high-throughput biotechnologies has resulted in considerable amounts of available and untapped data, useful for both interpretation and extrapolation. Due to the fact that the noise to signal ratio in most biological databases are non-trivial, single source analysis techniques may suffer from relatively high false-positive and false-negative rates. In addition, use of a single data source does not allow for the discovery of the novel relationships that can only be derived from multiple sources. Recently, the use of gene correlation networks has emerged to assist in the discovery of previously unknown genetic relationships and the identification of significant biological functions. Such networks provide a useful mechanism to model experimental results obtained from expression data and capture a snapshot of the expression as well as the temporal changes in various experiments. In addition, gene Ontology is often integrated with biological networks within the analysis process as a source of domain knowledge. In this project, we evaluate the use of Gene Ontology, not simply as an assessment tool, but as a basic component in building the correlation networks. We implemented a network integration algorithm that uses both gene expression data (experimental knowledge) and gene ontology data (domain knowledge) to build a biologically-rich correlation model. Then, we analyzed the resulting networks for topological changes and biological significance changes. Our main hypothesis is that the integrated networks would reduce the harmful effects of outliers from imperfect data while maintaining the high concentration of network substructures that are likely to reveal novel, biologically-significant relationships. In addition, using the concept of "guilt by association", we analyzed the clusters of the integrated networks and found that there was a significant increase of enrichment scores relative to the original networks. We show, through motif and pathway analysis, that integrated networks tend to cluster with higher biological significance.
The Fractal Nature of Premixed Turbulent Flames

Abstract Two-dimensional flame structure measurements of a freely propagating premixed turbulent flame were examined for fractal character over a range of turbulent Reynolds numbers from 52 to 1431 and Damkohler numbers from 10 to 889. The fractal dimension was found to increase with u'/SL, from 2.13 at u'/SL of 0.25 to 2.32 at u'/SL of 11.9. An inner cutoff was not identified due to limited spatial resolution, however, it was shown that the inner cutoff was smaller than the Gibson scale for the conditions studied. The outer cutoff was found to occur at scales comparable to the integral scale, however, the cutoff was a gradual, rather than sharp, transition from fractal behavior. A heuristic relationship between the turbulent flame surface fractal dimension and u'/SL was developed which agrees well with the fractal dimension measurements made in this study, as well as those made in a number of different flame configurations.
CD40-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for immunoglobulin class switch recombination to IgE.

Abstract Background : Signaling through CD40 activates multiple kinases and signal pathways that drive diverse CD40-mediated biologic functions. The specific pathways activated by CD40 signaling involving CD40-dependent Ig class switch recombination (CSR) have not been defined. Objective : We sought to dissect CD40-activated signaling required for CD40-mediated Ig CSR by using the specific signal pathway inhibitors, with the emphasis on CD40-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling in CD40-mediated CSR to IgE. Methods : Human B cells were costimulated with IL-4 plus anti-CD40 in the presence or absence of specific signal pathway inhibitors. Ig production, kinase phosphorylation, IgH ϵ germline transcripts and Sμ-Sϵ recombination were examined, and their relationships were analyzed. Results : CD40-dependent IgE induction was inhibited by the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 but not by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-specific inhibitor PD98059 or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-specific inhibitor LY294002. CD40 activation of p38 MAPK correlated with CD40-dependent IgE production, and IgE suppression by SB203580 correlated with the inhibition of CD40-activated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Suppression of IgE production by SB203580 was not due to inhibition of cell proliferation because SB203580 did not suppress IL-4 plus α-CD40-induced cell proliferation. SB203580, but neither PD98059 nor LY294002, inhibited CD40-dependent Sμ-Sϵ recombination, as determined by using a digestion circularization PCR assay. The inhibitory effects of SB203580 on IgE production and Sμ-Sϵ recombination were directly related to its ability to suppress production of Ig ϵ germline transcripts. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that p38 MAPK is required for CD40-mediated class switching to IgE. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:421-8.)
Comment on dinuclear complex-ions in molten salts⋆

Summary Graphical and computer evaluation of association constants in dilute molten reciprocal salt mixtures are compared in an attempt to explain agreement in the calculated values for K1 and K2 and discrepancies in calculated dinuclear association constants.
Investigation of error notifications through categorization

Program analysis tools often output error notifications that novice and industry programmers both have trouble understanding. The lack of expressive, scalable error notifications makes programming difficult to novice developers and hinders the progress of industry developers. Here, I propose a taxonomy of error notifications containing categories each with a model syntax for error notifications of similar type. By categorizing error notifications into 39 categories, and developing a questionnaire to aid in the categorization process, error notification creators can edit and refine existing error notifications as well as use the categories to create expressive, scalable error notifications that offer developers a better opportunity to resolve errors.
Chapter 10; Individuals with Developmental Disabilities and Their Caregivers

SUMMARY Adults with Developmental Disabilities (DD) are experiencing increased longevity and the projected number of older persons with DD is expected to double by 2020. As a result, concerns have been raised that agencies and professional staff are ill-prepared to address the increased needs of an older population with lifelong disabilities. The caregiving life of familis of person with DD now spans multiple decades and is increasingly a feature of advanced age for parents and grandparents, and of old age for siblings. Problem behaviors, onset or poor management of mental health concerns and inadequate planning for their aging years are the biggest barriers to successful aging for persons with developmental disabilities. However, psychosocial interventions have the potential to alleviate these barriers and promote positive aging for older persons with developmental disabilities. The evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions will be examined within this article.
The relation of management to perceived role performance for professionals

Two empirical studies of 95 research scientists and 155 university professors indicate that professionals in formal organizations perceive themselves at higher levels of role performance in the presence of the organic system of management set forth by Burns and Stalker in their research of the English and Scottish electronics industries in the 1950's. The findings suggest that managers should adopt the organic system with a view toward eliciting higher levels of actual role performance from the professionals in their organizations.
Quantitation of immunoglobulin adsorption to plastics.

Abstract Adsorption of 125I-labelled rabbit IgG to plastics (cellulose nitrate, polyallomer, polystyrene, polyvinyl) was primarily dependent on initial antibody concentration and, to a lesser extent, on time allowed for adsorption. The highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml) gave the highest quantities adsorbed after 18 h at room temperature. This concentration, however, gave the lowest percent adsorption (6.5 to 12.0%) of the initial amount. IgG concentration of 10 μg/ml resulted in 25.0 to 65.1% adsorption over the same time period; at 1 μg/ml, 47.0 to 96.6% of the initial amount was adsorbed. All of the plastics tested adsorbed IgG to approximately the same degree, with the exception of cellulose nitrate. This plastic adsorbed 32 to 49% less than the others, under maximal adsorption conditions.
A computer study of systematic sound symbolism in classical Japanese verse

The analysis of sound symbolism in poetry is one of the more promising applications of computational methods. This paper proposes using database software with spreadsheet capabilities to give maximum versatility in the examination of consonant alliteration. In this case the database is drawn from a 10th century anthology of classical Japanese verse called theKokinshu. In recent years scholars have pointed out a few obvious examples of sound symbolism inKokinshu poetry. This study attempts to show that with these few notable exceptions, poetry of the period seems to have striven toward a balance in sound, avoiding techniques such as word initial alliteration which might call attention to itself.
Tissue restricted and stage specific transcription is maintained within 411 nucleotides flanking the 5′ end of the chicken α-skeletal actin gene

alpha-skeletal actin message levels have been shown to be tightly regulated in chicken primary myoblast cultures. To test for gene elements required for muscle cell specific expression, DNA sequences containing the 5'-flanking regions of the chicken alpha-skeletal actin, beta-cytoplasmic actin, and the histone H2b genes were linked to the coding sequences of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and transfected into myogenic and non-myogenic cells. In contrast to beta-actin CAT hybrids, the alpha-skeletal actin CAT constructions displayed restricted CAT expression in transfected non-myogenic cells. We showed that a 411 nucleotide fragment flanking the 5' end of of the alpha-skeletal actin gene was responsible for a 9-15 fold increase in CAT enzymatic activity during myoblast fusion, versus only a transient 2 fold rise for the beta-actin and histone flanking sequences. These results indicate that DNA sequences within 411 bp of the 5' terminus of the alpha-skeletal actin gene influenced its cell type and stage specific expression.
Mechanical Properties of Dry‐Pressed Alumina Green Bodies

The elastic modulus and the tensile strength of uniaxially pressed alumina-kaolin green bodies were measured using noncontact ultrasound and diametral compression, respectively. These properties showed a strong dependence on the green density and, therefore, the compaction stress. The dependence on density was compared with theoretical models and these did not accurately describe the observed behavior. Possible causes of the discrepancies with the theoretical derivations are discussed. The choice of binder was shown to play a critical role in determining the elastic modulus, strength, strength variability, and fracture morphology.
A new vitamin D analog, 2MD, restores trabecular and cortical bone mass and strength in ovariectomized rats with established osteopenia.

An orally active, highly potent analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 2MD, restores trabecular and cortical bone mass and strength by stimulating periosteal bone formation and decreasing trabecular bone resorption in OVX rats with established osteopenia. Introduction: The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of long-term treatment with 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25(OH)2D3 (2MD) on restoring bone mass and bone strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats with established osteopenia and 2MD effects on bone formation and bone resorption on trabecular and cortical bone surfaces. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley female rats were sham-operated (sham) or OVX at 4 months of age. Beginning at 8 weeks after OVX, OVX rats were orally dosed with 2MD at 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 ng/kg/day for 16 weeks. Serum calcium was measured at 6, 13, and 16 weeks after treatment, and bone mass and structure, bone formation, bone resorption, and bone strength were determined at the end of the study. Results: Serum calcium did not change significantly with 2MD at 0.5 or 1 ng/kg/day, whereas it significantly increased at 2.5, 5, or 10 ng/kg/day. 2MD significantly and dose-dependently increased total body BMD, total BMC, and stiffness of femoral shaft (FS), maximal load and stiffness of femoral neck, and toughness of the fifth lumbar vertebral body (L5) at all doses compared with OVX controls. In 2MD-treated OVX rats, there was a dose-dependent increase in total BMD and total BMC of the distal femoral metaphysis (DFM), trabecular bone volume of L3, ultimate strength and stiffness of L5, and maximal load of FS compared with OVX controls at dosages ≥1 ng/kg/day. At dosages >2.5 ng/kg/day, most of the bone mass and bone strength related parameters were significantly higher in 2MD-treated OVX rats compared with sham controls. Bone histomorphometric analysis of L3 showed dose-dependent decreases in osteoclast number and osteoclast surface on trabecular bone surface and a dose-dependent increase in periosteal bone formation associated with 2MD treatment. Conclusions: 2MD not only restored both trabecular and cortical bone mass but also added bone to the osteopenic OVX rats beyond that of sham controls by stimulating bone formation on the periosteal surface and decreasing bone resorption on the trabecular surface. 2MD increased bone mass and strength at doses that did not induced hypercalcemia.
Rates of photooxidation induced crosslinking and chain scission in thermoset polymer coatings II. Effect of hindered amine light stabilizer and ultraviolet light absorber additives

Abstract The chemical stress relaxation behavior of two acrylic/melamine clearcoats has been investigated to determine the effect of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and ultraviolet light absorbers (UVA) on the rates of photooxidation induced crosslink/chain scission and crosslink formation. The addition of a HALS to one of the clearcoats, Mel′-A, slows the rate of crosslink/chain scission and in high enough concentrations stops the formation of crosslinks. In the other clearcoat, Mel′-N, the addition of small amounts of either HALS or UVA slows the rate of photooxidation. The overall changes in crosslink density are the same for Mel′-A containing small amounts of HALS and for Mel′-A containing moderate amounts of both HALS and UVA, indicating that the same changes in crosslink density can be achieved by different degradation pathways. These findings indicate that small changes in clearcoat stabilization packages can have dramatic effects on long-term weathering performance of acrylic/melamine coatings.
A Definition of Knowledge and All Its Ramifications

Abstract Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance, Volume I, Knowledge and Knowledge Production, by Fritz Machlup, Princeton University Press, 1980, xxix + 272 pages, $17.50.
Trisomy 14 mosaicism: Case report and review

Complete or partial trisomy 14 is compatible with life. However, in the former case, mosaicism is probably always present. A case of trisomy 14 mosaicism is reported. Comparisons are made with other trisomy 14, trisomy 14 mosaicism, and duplication 14q cases previously reported. As a group, they share some clinical manifestations. The phenotype consists of multiple congenital anomalies, including microcephaly, broad nose, wide mouth, high or cleft palate, micrognathia, congenital heart disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and mental retardation. The present patient also has asthma, eczema, and developmental asymmetry.