cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Enzyme Secretion from Individual Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Aleurone Protoplasts

A method was developed to detect [alpha]-amylase gene expression and [alpha]-amylase secretion from individual barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya) aleurone protoplasts. Protoplasts are incubated in liquid media with or without hormones and embedded in a thin film of agarose and starch, where they remain viable for up to 24 h. [alpha]-Amylase secreted by individual protoplasts digests the starch, and starch hydrolysis is visualized after 45 min by staining the preparation with I2KI. After I2KI staining, secreting protoplasts are surrounded by a clear, starch-free halo visible by light microscopy. The formation of starch-free halos is dependent on the synthesis and secretion of [alpha]-amylase and is not caused by carry-over of preformed enzyme from incubation media. Treating protoplasts with inhibitors of protein synthesis or exposing them to anaerobic conditions for 2 h before embedding them in agarose prevents the formation of halos. When [alpha]-amylase secretion is observed by counting the percentage of secreting protoplasts, the data are comparable to that obtained by measuring [alpha]-amylase secretion from a population of cells. The response of individual protoplasts to gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid measured by the thin-film method is almost identical to the response of populations of protoplasts to these hormones, validating the utility of this method. Although not generally practical for quantifying secretion, the thin-film method is uniquely useful in distinguishing secreting from nonsecreting protoplasts. In none of our experiments did more than 60% of the protoplasts secrete [alpha]-amylase when exposed to GA3, even though more than 95% of the protoplasts in the preparations were viable. Similar results were obtained when the response to GA3 was assayed at the level of gene transcription by visualizing the transient expression of a plasmid containing the promoter from [alpha]-amylase fused to the reporter gene glucuronidase in single protoplasts. The thin-film secretion assay also revealed that the response of a population of protoplasts to GA3 was not uniform with time. The effect of GA3 treatment was to gradually increase the percentage of responding protoplasts up to a maximum of 50 to 60%. Abscisic acid, which inhibits [alpha]-amylase secretion by GA3-treated protoplasts, reduced the proportion of protoplasts that secrete the enzyme.
An envelope for Mohr's circle in seismically excited three‐dimensional structures

A previously developed response-spectrum-based procedure for computing the envelope that bounds the time-varying realizations of Mohr's circle at any prescribed location within a two-dimensional structure is extended for use with three-dimensional structures subjected to as many as three translational components of ground acceleration. The proposed envelope, which is completely defined by quantities that are routinely used and calculated in conventional response spectrum analyses, is developed for the general case in which the principal directions of the earthquake, along which the ground accelerations are uncorrelated, are unknown. The accuracy of the proposed envelope is evaluated by comparing it to the results of an ensemble of time-history analyses performed on a concrete arch dam using simulated accelerograms. It is found that the proposed envelope has a level of accuracy that is suitable for structural design and analysis. The largest observed difference between the simulated and predicted mean envelopes is less than 5%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activated mesenchymal stem cells increase wound tensile strength in aged mouse model via macrophages.

Abstract Background Wound healing is impaired in the aged. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can exert beneficial effects in wounds; however, promoting healing in the challenging setting of aged skin may require additional potency. MSCs can enhance the production of pro-regenerative cytokines and growth factors when activated with interferon gamma. We hypothesized that the increased potency of activated MSC could be used to facilitate wound healing in the aged mice. Methods Young and old C57BL6 mice underwent incisional wounds and were treated with naive MSCs, activated MSCs, or vehicle to examine MSC effects on tensile strength in the aged skin. To test whether the benefits of MSC treatment could be attributed to the participation of host macrophages, liposomal clodronate was used to deplete host macrophages. Results In older mice, tensile strength of healing wounds was significantly lower than that in younger mice. Older mice treated with activated MSCs showed significant increases in tensile strength restoring the strength to that observed in younger mice. Macrophage depletion abrogated the beneficial effect of MSC. Conclusions Activated MSCs restored wound tensile strength in the aged mice, and this effect was dependent on host macrophage activity. These data provide encouraging support for the development of activated MSC therapies for enhanced tissue regeneration, especially for older population groups.
Effects of d-amphetamine on self-aggression and posturing in stumptail macaques

The behavioral effects of d-amphetamine sulfate were studied in adult male stumptail macaques living within a large heterogeneous group in an outdoor enclosure. Among five subjects that received a range of doses (.01 to .3 mg/kg), d-amphetamine increased self-aggressive behavior and abnormal posturing in subjects that exhibited these types of behavior prior to drug administration, but it had no effect in subjects not exhibiting those activities in the absence of the drug. For the former subjects, the dose-effect curves for self-aggression were of an inverted U-shape analogous to the effect of d-amphetamine on schedule-controlled behavior. Over the range of doses studied, the curve for abnormal posturing was monotonic. The data indicate that d-amphetamine can have effects on untrained behavior in individual animals in a quasinatural environment that are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the behavioral effects observed in other laboratory environments, and that d-amphetamine does not evoke or increase a behavioral response in individual subjects that do not exhibit the response in the absence of the drug.
Screening policy options: An approach and a case study example

This paper examines screening procedures in the context of developing an understanding of, and dialogue about, strategic problems. Such a dialogue process is seen as providing a ‘thinking structure’ for policy type problems. Within this dialogue, many different inputs and analyses of assumptions should be reviewed and discussed as a prelude to policy choice. A case example drawn from the electronics industry is presented, followed by a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of such approaches.
M ICHAEL H ERB , All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies , SUNY Series in Middle Eastern Studies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). Pp. 381. $75.50 cloth, $25.95 paper.

With this book, Michael Herb makes a significant contribution to the debate on monarchism and its resiliency in the Middle East and North Africa. Relying on archival materials, a small number of interviews, and secondary literature, Herb compares the fortunes of twelve monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa and one monarchy in Afghanistan. By comparing the fate of eight successful monarchies with that of five failed monarchies, Herb seeks to understand which variable best accounts for the success of monarchical rule. A secondary task of the work is to evaluate the future of monarchical institutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Herb asks, “Is revolution—the destruction of these institutions—a necessary step toward political development in the region? Is it possible that political development can occur in the Middle East as it did in some places in Europe, through the adaptation and evolution of traditional institutions, rather than through their destruction?” (p. 256).
Unifying Mechanisms of Action of the Anticancer Activities of Triterpenoids and Synthetic Analogs

Triterpenoids such as betulinic acid (BA) and synthetic analogs of oleanolic acid [2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO)] and glycyrrhetinic acid [2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18β-oleana-1,12-dien-30-oc acid (CDODA)] are potent anticancer agents that exhibit antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic activities. Although their effects on multiple pathways have been reported, unifying mechanisms of action have not been reported. Studies in this laboratory have now demonstrated that several triterpenoids including BA and some derivatives, celastrol, methyl ursolate, β-boswellic acid derivatives, and the synthetic analogs CDDO, CDODA and their esters decreased expression of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors and several pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated genes in multiple cancer cell lines. The mechanisms of this response are both compound- and cell context-dependent and include activation of both proteasome-dependent and -independent pathways. Triterpenoid-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has now been characterized as an important proteasome-independent pathway for downregulation of Sp transcription factors. ROS decreases expression of microRNA-27a (miR-27a) and miR-20a/miR-17-5p and this results in the induction of the transcriptional "Sp-repressors" ZBTB10 and ZBTB4, respectively, which in turn downregulate Sp and Sp-regulated genes. Triterpenoids also activate or deactive nuclear receptors and G-protein coupled receptors, and these pathways contribute to their antitumorigenic activity and may also play a role in targeting Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 which are highly overexpressed in multiple cancers and appear to be important for maintaining the cancer phenotype.
Having Many Choice Options Seems Like a Great Idea, But . . .: Student Perceptions About the Level of Choice for a Project Topic in a Marketing Course

Many educators today emphasize student engagement and self-regulated learning, including giving students choices. However, research suggests that too much choice can have negative consequences such as feelings of stress and regret. An experimental design wherein students were offered different numbers of choice options when previewing, as in a syllabus or other course description, a major class project in a hypothetical Retailing Management course, examined the effects of within-course choice on perceptions of the course. The results indicate that, before they are required to engage in the course choices and make an actual decision, students prefer to have more choice. This is evidenced by their perceptions of the course’s desirability and value to their future careers, perceptions of the quality and fairness of the course instructor, and emotional reactions to the level of choice. However, when required to engage in the choice, students responded more positively to having fewer choices. Likewise, student...
An 850 year record of climate and fluctuations of the iceberg-calving Nellie Juan Glacier, south central Alaska, U.S.A.

Tree-ring cross-dates of 46 glacially killed trees show that the tidewater Nellie Juan Glacier, Alaska, advanced seawardduringthe16thand17thcenturies AD.Ice- scarredtrees at the late-Holocene end moraine indicate that theterminus wasat its recent maximum from 1842 to 1893. Historical observations and photographs show that subse- quent slow retreat changed to rapid iceberg-calving retreat after 1935, and that the tide- water terminus had withdrawn about 3.3km from the late-Holocene maximum by 1992. Comparison with paleoclimate records from nearby land-terminating glaciers and an 850year tree-ring-width chronology indicates that the timing of the 19th-century max- imum stand of Nellie Juan Glacier was controlled by changes in summer temperature and radiation. However, rapid iceberg-calving retreat did not begin until 40years of slow retreat hadbrought the tidewater terminusback fromthe terminal moraine shoal.There- fore,boththedimensionsoftheterminalmoraineshoalandthemagnitudeanddurationof climate changewereimportant in initiating rapid retreat of thistidewaterglacier system.
Personal reflections from the fifth editor of Human Factors

The fifth editor of Human Factors provides reflections on journal publication spanning four volumes printed from 1976 to 1980. During that period, most of the publication and management activities were handled by volunteer efforts of the editor, the editorial board, and the editor's organization. Electronic word processing was not readily available, and most publication tasks required laborious clerical support, resulting in long publication lags. The editor provides reflection on the steps taken by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society to separate editorial and production activities during that period to provide more support for the journal editorial duties. This resulted in the Society becoming its own publisher, building the beginning of a publication staff in the central office, and increasing the published page count. Rigorous editorial reviews were used to improve the scientific quality of the journal. The publication emphasis was on empirical research, but theoretical articles and research reviews were also considered for publication. Regular journal articles, short research notes, and special topics were published as ways to broaden the scientific coverage and shorten the publication lag.
Follow the St. Petersburg College Library as They Enter the Blogosphere.

Abstract Libraries throughout history have utilized some method of communicating resources and services to their communities. Verbal communication progressed into newsletters, event calendars, bookmarks, and posters. More recently, technological advancements have allowed individuals to communicate ideas beyond the confined pages of a book or newsletter and into the vastness of cyberspace. Web logs, or blogs, are considered a “new” cultural phenomenon, and they certainly have impacted the mainstream media. Libraries are, again, on the cutting edge of this technology. So, follow St. Petersburg College Library as they enter into the blogosphere. This article will outline the development of St. Petersburg College's Library Blog (SPCLB)-including the mission of the blog, posting procedures and policies, selecting blog authoring/management software, the overall template design and code changes, and unique site visit statistics, all while introducing syndication technology and other blogging advancements, such a...
Computationally-efficient phased-mission reliability analysis for systems with variable configurations

Several techniques and a software tool for reliability analyses that generally apply to fault-tolerant systems operating in phased-missions are given. Efficient models, using Markov chains without an explosion of the state space, are provided for missions consisting of multiple phases, during which the system configuration or success criteria can change. In different phases, the failure rates and the fault and error handling models can also change, and the duration of any phase can use deterministic or random models. An efficient reconfiguration procedure that is computationally more efficient than any existing technique is developed. The technique is demonstrated using a numerical example to show the effects of mission phases on the system reliability. >
Adaptation of mesenteric lymphatic vessels to prolonged changes in transmural pressure

In vitro studies have revealed that acute increases in transmural pressure increase lymphatic vessel contractile function. However, adaptive responses to prolonged changes in transmural pressure in...
Homeland security and privacy sensitive data mining from multi-party distributed resources

Defending the safety of an open society from terrorism or other similar threats requires intelligent but careful ways to monitor different types of activities and transactions in the electronic media. Data mining techniques are playing an increasingly important role in sifting through large amount of data in search of useful patterns that might help us in securing our safety. Although the objective of this class of data mining applications is very well justified, they also open up the possibility of misusing personal information by malicious people with access to the sensitive data. This brings up the following question: Can we design data mining techniques that are sensitive to privacy? Several researchers are currently working on a class of data mining algorithms that work without directly accessing the sensitive data in their original form. This paper considers the problem of mining distributed data in a privacy-sensitive manner. It first points out the problems of some of the existing privacy-sensitive data mining techniques that make use of additive random noise to hide sensitive information. Next it briefly reviews some new approaches that make use of random projection matrices for computing statistical aggregates from sensitive data.
Risk-taking behaviours in zebra finches affected by mercury exposure

The trade-off between starvation and predation risk is of paramount importance to songbirds and many other small organisms. A contaminant with metabolic or neurological effects may hinder a bird's ability to manage these ecological risks, which are contingent on metabolic state and require cognitive assessments. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous pollutant that is associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive failure, altered behaviour and increased mortality in aquatic organisms. It was recently discovered that MeHg can enter terrestrial food webs and affect songbirds that eat contaminated invertebrates. Research on behavioural effects of environmentally relevant doses of MeHg in songbirds is a conservation priority as this pollutant is widespread, poorly regulated, increasing and understudied in terms of sublethal effects such as abnormal behaviours. To help close this knowledge gap, we examined how MeHg affects behavioural strategies in captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata. We quantified the birds' responses to risk by measuring regulation of body mass, vigilance behaviour, willingness to move away from dense cover in search of food and reluctance to return to foraging after a disturbance. Dosed and undosed birds were placed in an experimental arena and were videorecorded over 3 days of increasing perception of predation risk. We found that MeHg-exposed birds, compared to control birds, (1) lost significantly more mass and (2) waited significantly longer to forage under the highest predation risk. Our results indicate that MeHg-exposed birds may react more strongly to threat of predation and thereby increase their risk of starvation. To our knowledge this is the first mechanistic study of how a pervasive pollutant may alter optimal decision making, and therefore potentially survival, in songbirds.
Measuring success: Results from a national survey of recruitment and retention initiatives in the nursing workforce

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify common components of diversity pipeline programs across a national sample of nursing institutions and determine what effect these programs have on increasing underrepresented minority enrollment and graduation. Design Linked data from an electronic survey conducted November 2012 to March 2013 and American Association of Colleges of Nursing baccalaureate graduation and enrollment data (2008 and 2012). Participants Academic and administrative staff of 164 nursing schools in 26 states, including Puerto Rico in the United States. Methods Chi-square statistics were used to (1) describe organizational features of nursing diversity pipeline programs and (2) determine significant trends in underrepresented minorities' graduation and enrollment between nursing schools with and without diversity pipeline programs Results Twenty percent ( n = 33) of surveyed nursing schools reported a structured diversity pipeline program. The most frequent program measures associated with pipeline programs included mentorship, academic, and psychosocial support. Asian, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander nursing student enrollment increased between 2008 and 2012. Hispanic/Latino graduation rates increased (7.9%–10.4%, p = .001), but they decreased among Black (6.8%–5.0%, p = .004) and Native American/Pacific Islander students (2.1 %–0.3%, p ≥ .001). Conclusions Nursing diversity pipeline programs are associated with increases in nursing school enrollment and graduation for some, although not all, minority students. Future initiatives should build on current trends while creating targeted strategies to reverse downward graduation trends among Black, Native American, and Pacific Island nursing students.
Trajectory Planning of Differentially Flat Systems with Dynamics and Inequalities

Trajectory planning of dynamic systems, in near real-time, is important for aerospace systems, specially, unmanned air vehicles and launched munitions. Trajectory plans that do not consider the governing dynamic equations, applicable path and actuator constraints may be unrealizable during execution. The purpose of this paper is to propose a trajectory planning scheme for a class of dynamic systems, referred to as differentially flat systems. The planner is motivated from on-line computations and is aimed to satisfy the state equations, path and actuator constraints, and given initial and terminal constraints. The essence of the approach is demonstrated by two examples: (i) a hardware implementation on a spring-mass-damper system to demonstrate real-time capabilities during pursuit; (ii) trajectory planning of a PVTOL to illustrate the application to nonlinear problems.
Can the electroweak vacuum be unstable

The electroweak vacuum need not be absolutely stable. For certain top-quark and Higgs-boson masses in the minimal standard model, our vacuum is instead metastable with a lifetime exceeding the present age of the Universe. It has been suggested that a metastable vacuum is generally ruled out because high-energy cosmic-ray collisions would have long ago induced its decay. I argue that the reasoning for this conclusion is erroneous. As a consequence, upper bounds on the top-quark mass derived from stability arguments are relaxed. Also presented is an analytic method for accurately approximating the lifetime of the vacuum from the effective potential without solving for the 0(4) bounce solution numerically.
On-line error detection in wireless RF transmitters using real-time streaming data

In this paper, a novel on-line error detection technique for wireless RF transmitters is proposed. Spectral features of the real time streaming data are monitored at the baseband input of the system to trigger the on-line tests whenever specific conditions on these spectral features are met. Embedded spectral sensors at specific RF nodes that generate DC output values are used to monitor the spectral response signature of the system to the real time data. The spectral features at the baseband input and the corresponding spectral signature at the RF node are jointly processed by the DSP in the system to determine the 'health' of the transmitter. The major contribution of this work is in the development of an error detection scheme that determines the health of the complex RF systems based on random streaming data as opposed to prior test methods that rely on the use of a controlled test stimulus and therefore must be run off-line.
A new longevity record for the Pacific Golden-Plover

We monitored a marked Pacific Golden-Plover (Pluvialis fulva) over many seasons on a wintering ground in Hawaii. The bird died at a minimum age of 21 yr 3 mo, thus demonstrating the potential for a long lifespan in some individuals and setting a new longevity record for the species.
Franciscan mélanges: coherent blocks in a low-density, ductile matrix

ABSTRACTThe Franciscan Complex comprises the largely sedimentary basement of the California Coast Ranges. This classic trench deposit has undergone a series of superimposed tectonic events since the end of Jurassic time, involving accretion, high-pressure (HP) recrystallization, buoyancy and wedge-driven exhumation, and transcurrent slip. Processes reflect plate convergence, transpressive-orthogonal subduction, and transpressive–transtensive offset. Besides stratigraphically intact strata, the Franciscan displays widespread melanges of four main types: diapiric serpentinite intrusions, sedimentary olistostromes, broken formations, and tectonic block-in-matrix units. In the northern Coast Ranges, melanges are especially prevalent in the Central Belt, but also occur in the Eastern and Coastal belts. Diapirs show upward, buoyant flow relative to wall rocks, but some also appear to have involved wedge-driven thrusting. Many serpentinite diapirs and tectonic melanges contain exotic metamafic inclusions rimmed ...
Demonstrating the Effects of Processing on the Structure and Physical Properties of Plastic Using Disposable PETE Cups

An educational activity is described in which the structure and physical properties of disposable plastic cups were directly related to the method of processing. The mechanical properties of specimens cut from the walls of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETE) cups, oriented parallel and perpendicular to the thermoforming direction, were measured in tension. The parallel sample displayed greater elastic moduli, yield stress, and predominantly ductile deformation behavior compared to the relatively weaker and more brittle perpendicular sample. This observed mechanical anisotropy was related to the processing-induced orientation of polymer molecules within the cup. This activity, which is suitable as a classroom demonstration, short laboratory task, or an outreach activity, effectively demonstrates the relationship between polymer processing, structure, and properties without the use of large-scale melt processing equipment.
Regulatory and T Effector Cells Have Overlapping Low to High Ranges in TCR Affinities for Self during Demyelinating Disease

Having regulatory T cells (Tregs) with the same Ag specificity as the responding conventional T cells is thought to be important in maintaining peripheral tolerance. It has been demonstrated that during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis there are myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)--specific Tregs that infiltrate into the CNS. However, the affinity of naturally occurring polyclonal Tregs for any self-antigen, let alone MOG, has not been analyzed in the periphery or at the site of autoimmune disease. Utilizing the highly sensitive micropipette adhesion frequency assay, which allows one to determine on a single-cell basis the affinity and frequency of polyclonal Ag-specific T cells directly ex vivo, we demonstrate that at peak disease MOG-specific Tregs were progressively enriched in the draining cervical lymph nodes and CNS as compared with spleen. These frequencies were greater than the frequencies measured by tetramer analysis, indicative of the large fraction of lower affinity T cells that comprise the MOG-specific conventional T cell (Tconv) and Treg response. Of interest, the self-reactive CD4(+) Tconvs and Tregs displayed overlapping affinities for MOG in the periphery, yet in the CNS, the site of neuroinflammation, Tconvs skew toward higher affinities. Most of the MOG-specific Tregs in the CNS possessed the methylation signature associated with thymic-derived Tregs. These findings indicate that thymic-derived Treg affinity range matches that of their Tconvs in the periphery and suggest a change in TCR affinity as a potential mechanism for autoimmune progression and escape from immune regulation.
Selectin-carbohydrate interactions during inflammation and metastasis

L-, E-, and P-selectin are membrane-anchored, C-type lectins that initiate tethering and rolling of flowing leukocytes on endothelial cells, platelets, or other leukocytes during inflammation. The selectins bind to sialylated, fucosylated, or, in some cases, sulfated glycans on glycoproteins, glycolipids, or proteoglycans. However, they bind with relatively high affinity or avidity to only a few, appropriately modified glycoproteins on leukocytes or endothelial cells. One leukocyte mucin, PSGL-1, tethers flowing leukocytes to P-selectin on activated platelets or endothelial cells, and also helps tether leukocytes to L-selectin on other leukocytes. The physiologic expression of the selectins is tightly controlled to limit the inflammatory response. But dysregulated expression of the selectins may contribute to inflammatory and thrombotic disorders, and perhaps to tumor metastases.
Making a Meaningful Difference: Learning From People, Practice, and Research

EDITOR’S NOTE : This article is adapted from the address Ms. Delahanty delivered as the recipient of the American Diabetes Association’s (ADA) Outstanding Educator in Diabetes Award for 2015. She delivered the address in June 2015 at the Association’s 75th Scientific Sessions in Boston, Mass. A webcast of this speech is available for viewing at the ADA website ( ).
Thermal-Structural Design and Optimization of Engine Exhaust-Washed Structures

Structures located aft of embedded engines on low observable aircraft, known as engine exhaust-washed structures (EEWS), are exposed to a combined loading environment that includes transient thermal effects in addition to conventional structural loading. Design in this environment is often complicated by non-intuitive, configuration-specific thermoelastic structural responses to elevated temperature and combined loading that result from design dependent thermal loads. In this work, the basic thermal-structural responses of EEWS components are explored to demonstrate the need for multidisciplinary optimization in EEWS design. A gradient-based thermal-structural optimization framework is developed to aid in the design of these components where thermal effects exhibit transient behavior. The framework involves properly updating both spatial and temporal design dependent thermal loads in structural optimization while managing transient thermoelastic responses as constraints. The framework is demonstrated on two structures that are subjected to combined thermal-structural loading where thermal effects are time varying.
Glucocorticoids suppress corneal lymphangiogenesis

Purpose To determine whether glucocorticoids suppress corneal lymphatic vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) or induce lymphatic vessel regression. Methods We measured human lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and collagen-induced tubulogenesis in culture conditions with and without dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid. We developed a modification of the mouse corneal suture model that allowed us to visualize lymphatic vessel growth (with suture) or regression (suture removed) using immunofluorescence and microscopic techniques. We administered dexamethasone or vehicle control to mice with sutured corneas. We visualized and quantified the corneal lymphatic vessels. We measured vascular endothelial growth factor-C and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression in unsutured or sutured corneas using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results High-dose dexamethasone did not change the proliferation or tubulogenesis properties of human lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro. We demonstrated suppressed corneal lymphatic vessel growth rather than lymphatic vessel regression in mice treated with dexamethasone. Expressions of corneal vascular endothelial growth factor-C and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA were similar in mice treated with or without dexamethasone. Conclusions Dexamethasone suppressed new lymphatic vessel growth and did not induce lymphatic vessel regression. These findings identify a novel mechanism of glucocorticoid action: suppression of corneal lymphangiogenesis.
Somatosensory deficits in post‐ACL reconstruction patients: A case–control study

Introduction: Diminished cutaneous detection thresholds have been identified in patients with multiple orthopedic conditions, and these phenomena may occur in postanterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in lower extremity cutaneous detection thresholds exist in post-ACLR patients when compared with healthy controls. Methods: Fifteen individuals who were post-ACLR and 15 individuals who had no history of knee injury participated. Light touch cutaneous detection thresholds were assessed at 4 locations on the foot and ankle (first metatarsal, fifth metatarsal, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus). Nonparametric statistics examined group differences between the sites. Results: ACLR subjects had decreased cutaneous sensation at the first metatarsal and medial malleolus compared with healthy controls. Conclusions: Somatosensory deficits are present in post-ACLR patients. Future research should investigate these phenomena longitudinally in post-ACLR individuals along with somatosensory targeted interventions. Muscle Nerve 55: 5–8, 2017
The EEG in epilepsy

In dieser Ubersichtsarbeit werden die Indikationen zu einer EEG-Ableitung bei Patienten, die an einer Epilepsie leiden, dargestellt. Weiter wird eine Definition der Potentialformen gegeben, die als epilepsietypisch gelten und eine Unterscheidung anderer Wellenformen, die hiermit verwechselt werden konnen, erlauben. Es folgt ein Uberblick uber die interiktalen und iktalen EEG-Muster, die bei fokalen und generalisierten Epilepsien vorkommen.
A multi-paradigm solution for an ancient puzzle

This paper presents alternate and nifty illustrations to programming, both using traditional programming languages and using a hardware description language for the nine linked rings - an ancient Chinese puzzle and perhaps China's greatest mechanical puzzle. Played by royalty and peasants alike in ancient China, the nine linked rings puzzle consists of a looped handle and nine interlocking rings. Each ring is locked to the ring before it. The goal is to remove all nine rings from the puzzle's handle. The basic premise to the solution is - to remove a ring, the ring before it must be the lead ring. In order to make any ring a lead ring, all other in front of it must be removed. The puzzle is intrinsically recursive and therefore dovetails with a recursive solution. However, a declarative solution using the logic paradigm also demonstrates the strength and expressiveness of the paradigm. A third solution is presented using a synthesized and somewhat unnatural iterative algorithm to solve the puzzle. And ultimately, a hardware description language, VHDL, is used to demonstrate the fourth approach. Unlike traditional algorithm development which assumes an underlying machine architecture, this approach is based on custom finite state machine. This approach is most similar to the logic based solution, with the horn clauses replaced with partially constrained, next state logic. The synthesis of the hardware algorithm then "solves" the problem, and produces the "hardware" which enumerates steps in the procedure. The nine rings puzzle is well suited to demonstrating "algorithm as hardware." Since the solution to the problem is easily demonstrated in each of the programming paradigms, it is a useful tool to illustrate the differences in approach when using custom hardware versus a processor. Although inherently recursive, the puzzle provides a foundation to form several algorithms and solutions using a variety of programming models. The nine linked rings puzzle is yet another great example of taking an ancient puzzle and applying modern day algorithmic approaches to express computations in a variety of approaches.
Dynamic surface control techniques applied to horizontal position control of a quadrotor

This paper introduces dynamic surface control (DSC) techniques to formulate concise sliding mode controllers to control the horizontal position of an underactuated quadrotor. Sliding mode control is a popular type of robust nonlinear control method. However, traditional methods on handling underactuated model such as integrator backstepping and dynamic input augmentation could lead to the explosion of terms when time derivatives are taken in controller designs. It makes sliding mode controllers only feasible for highly simplified dynamic models. We solve the term explosion problem by introducing DSC filters in synthetic controls, so that a full quadrotor model can be used for horizontal controller designs.
Low-calcium diets increase both production and clearance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats

Administration of large doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] to animals induces 1,25(OH)2D3 side-chain oxidative pathways. This study determined if the elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 seen in rats fed low-Ca diets is associated not only with an increased production rate (PR) but also with an increased metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of the hormone. In vitamin D-replete rats fed a Ca-deficient diet for 3-4 wk, the PR increased 21-fold, plasma levels 15-fold, and the MCR by 37%. The increased MCR in Ca-deficient rats was associated with a 48% increase in hepatic microsomal UDP glucuronyl transferase enzyme activity, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism by homogenates of liver and small intestinal mucosa was unchanged. In contrast to the effects of low-Ca diets, acute (7 h) pharmacological elevation of plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 to 1.5 ng/ml in normal rats did not influence the MCR. Thus chronically elevated 1,25(OH)2D3 levels are necessary to stimulate clearance. In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2D3 clearance in rats can be stimulated not only by chronic pharmacological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 but also by the physiological stimulus of a low-Ca diet. Hence, plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 levels can be regulated by changes in both PR and MCR.
Detecting changes in student behavior from clickstream data

Student clickstream data can provide valuable insights about student activities in an online learning environment and how these activities inform their learning outcomes. However, given the noisy and complex nature of this data, an on-going challenge involves devising statistical techniques that capture clear and meaningful aspects of students' click patterns. In this paper, we utilize statistical change detection techniques to investigate students' online behaviors. Using clickstream data from two large university courses, one face-to-face and one online, we illustrate how this methodology can be used to detect when students change their previewing and reviewing behavior, and how these changes can be related to other aspects of students' activity and performance.
A new estimator of proportion with a linear function using data from two-decks randomized response model

ABSTRACTA new estimator for estimating the proportion of a potentially sensitive attribute in survey sampling has been introduced by solving a linear equation. The proposed estimator has been compared with the estimator proposed by Odumade and Singh (2009) with equal protection to all of the respondents. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator are investigated through exact numerical illustrations for different choices of parameters. A non randomized response approach has been suggested. A scope for further research has also been pointed out.
Isaiah 52 in the Book of Mormon: Notes on Isaiah's Reception History

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of Mormonism to American religion, little attention has been given to the novel uses of Isaiah in foundational Mormon texts. is paper crosses two lines of inquiry: the study of American religion, with an eye to the role played in it by Mormonism, and the study of Isaiah’s reception history. It looks at the use of Isa 52:7-10 in the Book of Mormon, arguing that that volume exhibits four irreducibly distinct approaches to the interpretation of Isaiah, the interrelations among which are explicitly meant to speak to nineteenth-century American Christianity.
The Best Defense is a Good Offense: Responding to a Strategic Shift in the NFL

Competitive dynamics research has provided scholars and practitioners with a better understanding of the strategic interplay between competitors, including the ongoing moves and countermoves as fir...
In Defense of the Explanationist Response to Skepticism

A promising response to the threat of external world skepticism involves arguing that our commonsense view of the world best explains the sensory experiences that we have. Since our commonsense view of the world best explains our evidence, we are justified in accepting this commonsense view of the world. Despite the plausibility of this Explanationist Response, it has recently come under attack. James Beebe has argued that only a version of the Explanationist Response that provides an a priori justification of inference to the best explanation can hope to respond to two serious objections. Additionally, he has argued that providing such an a priori justification requires an acceptable account of a priori probability and that it is unclear whether such an account can be developed. In this paper I argue that Beebe fails to provide adequate support for either of these claims.
Effect of Driving Contexts on Driver Acceptance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) has been developed to enhance driver performance and comfort and improve transportation safety. The potential benefits of these technologies include: redu...
Responsiveness to Change of Functional Limitation Reporting: Cross-sectional Study Using the Intermountain ROMS Scale in Outpatient Rehabilitation

Background The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) require physical therapists document patients' functional limitations. The process is not standardized. A systematic approach to determine a patient's functional limitations and responsiveness to change is needed. Objective The purpose of this study is to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) responsiveness to change using 7-level severity/complexity modifier scale proposed by Medicare to a derived scale implemented by Intermountain Healthcare's Rehabilitation Outcomes Management System (ROMS). Design This was a retrospective, observational cohort design. Methods 165,183 PROs prior to July 1, 2013, were compared to 46,334 records from July 1, 2013, to December 31, 2015. Histograms and ribbon plots illustrate distribution and change of patients' scores. ROMS raw score ranges were calculated and compared to CMS' severity/complexity levels based on score percentage. Distribution of the population was compared based on the 2 methods. Sensitivity and specificity were compared for responsiveness to change based on minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Results Histograms demonstrated few patient scores placed in CMS scale levels at the extremes, whereas the majority of scores placed in 2 middle levels (CJ, CK). ROMS distributed scores more evenly across levels. Ribbon plots illustrated advantage of ROMS' using narrower score ranges. Greater chance for patients to change levels was observed with ROMS when an MCID was achieved. ROMS narrower scale levels resulted in greater sensitivity and good specificity. Limitations Geographic representation for the United States was limited. Without patients' global rating of change, a reference standard to gauge validation of improvement could not be provided. Conclusions ROMS provides a standard approach to identify accurately functional limitation modifier levels and to detect improvement more accurately than a straight across transposition using the CMS scale.
Hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder--an update.

Carcinoma in situ (Tis) of the urinary bladder is usually treated with conservative measures such as fulguration and intravesical chemotherapy. The majority of patients, however, will experience disease recurrence and the only effective treatment for recurrent resistant carcinoma in situ of the bladder has been cystectomy and urinary diversion. The necessity for such a radical approach has been demonstrated, yet the use of surgery of such magnitude and consequence for superficial cancer is unfortunate.
Cancer Stem Cell Metabolism and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Malignant tumors contain heterogeneous populations of cells in various states of proliferation and differentiation. The presence of cancer stem or initiating cells is a well-established concept wherein quiescent and poorly differentiated cells within a tumor mass contribute to drug resistance, and under permissive conditions, are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. A number of studies have identified molecular markers that are characteristic of tissue-specific cancer stem cells (CSCs). Isolation of CSCs has enabled studies on the metabolic status of CSCs. As metabolic plasticity is a hallmark of cancer cell adaptation, the intricacies of CSC metabolism and their phenotypic behavior are critical areas of research. Unlike normal stem cells, which rely heavily on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their primary source of energy, or cancer cells, which are primarily glycolytic, CSCs demonstrate a unique metabolic flexibility. CSCs can switch between OXPHOS and glycolysis in the presence of oxygen to maintain homeostasis and, thereby, promote tumor growth. Here, we review key factors that impact CSC metabolic phenotype including heterogeneity of CSCs across different histologic tumor types, tissue-specific variations, tumor microenvironment, and CSC niche. Furthermore, we discuss how targeting key players of glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways has shown promising results in cancer eradication and attenuation of disease recurrence in preclinical models. In addition, we highlight studies on other potential therapeutic targets including complex interactions within the microenvironment and cellular communications in the CSC niche to interfere with CSC growth, resistance, and metastasis.
Perceptions of Firm-Specific Human Capital: An empirical exploration

Drawing on human capital theory, strategy scholars have emphasized firm-specific human capital as a source of sustained competitive advantage. This study challenges some critical implicit assumptions of extant theory by exploring how workers actually think about firm-specificity. We test several theoretical predictions using longitudinal data from Korea and the United States. Contrary to extant theory, we find that organizational tenure and commitment are negatively related to workers’ reported firm-specificity of their skills. Consistent with this, we also find that employees in managerial occupations report that their skills are relatively less firm-specific. Employer provided on-the-job training was not significantly linked with employee reports of firm-specificity. This may call into question the assumed relationship between firm-specific skills and sustained competitive advantage. We offer explanations for these counterintuitive findings and discuss the implications for future theoretical and empirical work on firm-specificity.
THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN IN PRECAMBRIAN ORGANIC MATTER

The δD of ancient petroleums and extracts of Precambrian sediments range from −69.2 to −163.7. While these values overlap the range found in the lipid fraction of living plants, it is likely that processes have occurred in ancient sediments which exchange organically bonded hydrogens. Any record of Precambrian photosynthesis contained in the hydrogen isotopes of the original organic matter may be obscured.