cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global structure of visual space as a united entity

Visual space (VS) is the final product of the series of processes, physical, physiological, and perceptual. Two planes in VS are discussed. Though each can be regarded as Riemannian space of constant Gaussian curvature K, a plane passing through the eyes that extends in the depth direction is hyperbolic (K<0) whereas a plane appearing fronto-parallel is Euclidean (K=0). Empirical and mathematical bases for this structure of VS are presented. How VS is related to the stimulus condition is complex and dynamic, but the intrinsic structure of VS per se is homogeneous in the sense that we can see global congruence and/or similarity between figures, provided the corresponding physical objects are appropriately adjusted. All percepts appear at finite distances and VS is closed. Perceptual structure of natural scene, e.g. appearance of the horizon, is discussed.
A comparative analysis of strike models during periods of rapid inflation: 1967–1977

This paper examines the ability of the existing strike literature, as typified by the strike models of Ashenfelter and Johnson (1969) and Shalev (1980), to explain the pattern of strike activity in the United States in the period 1967 to 1977. After demonstrating the limited ability of these models to explain the strike activity during this period, an alternative model is proposed which is related to the “Pure Bargaining Theories” that stress the role of economic forces in terms of their effect on uncertainty in the bargaining process.
Attenuation of blocking with the omission of a delayed US

Two experiments used rats in a CER paradigm to examine the relationship between static-cue conditioning and the attenuation of blocking with a US-omission procedure. Experiment 1 showed that the attenuation of blocking was correlated with static-cue conditioning. Experiment 2 showed that manipulations that normally enhance static-cue conditioning resulted in the attenuation of blocking effect. The implications of these results for current theories of Pavlovian conditioning are discussed.
Relationship between Absorbance Spectra and Particle Size Distributions for Quantum-Sized Nanocrystals

The shape of the absorbance edge for a suspension of semiconductor quantum particles is influenced both by the electronic transition and the distribution of band gaps in the system. Using a suitable model to relate the absorption energy to the particle radius, we demonstrate this relationship by inferring the particle size distribution from the absorbance spectrum of a suspension of ZnO quantum particles, and comparing it to the distribution obtained from transmission electron microscope images. This analysis is broadly applicable to quantum particle suspensions of many of the II−VI or III−V compound semiconductors.
GM1 ganglioside protects nucleus basalis from excitotoxin damage: reduced cortical cholinergic losses and animal mortality.

Ten days after bilateral injections of ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis, rats injected daily (i.m.) with ganglioside GM1 were protected from anterograde degeneration of cholinergic projections to the fronto-lateral cortex. This protection was reflected by reduced losses (associated with ibotenic acid lesions) of cortical acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and lowered animal mortality.
A computer model for probabilistic leak-rate analysis of nuclear piping and piping welds

Abstract This paper describes the development of a computer code entitled PSQUIRT for probabilistic evaluations of leak rate in nuclear piping. It is based on (1) the Henry-Fauske model of two-phase flow for thermal-hydraulic analysis and (2) an estimation model for elastic-plastic fracture-mechanics analysis. In both analyses, uncertainties arise due to the incomplete knowledge of the crackmorphology variables and statistical scatter of the pipe material properties. The relevant parameters required to conduct these analyses were modeled as random variables. Henceforth, the above thermal-hydraulic and fracture-mechanics models were put in a probabilistic format to allow statistical variability of input and determination of their effects in pipe fracture and leak-before-break (LBB) evaluations. A standard Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to perform the probabilistic analysis. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the PSQUIRT code. Probabilistic analyses were performed by PSQUIRT for a stainless steel and a carbon steel pipe. Histograms were developed for leakage rate and flaw size in these pipes for LBB applications. The results suggest that the variability of leak rate can be significant due to statistical scatter of crack-morphology parameters. Using these histograms, the subsequent fracture stability of a leaking crack, actural or hypothetical, can be evaluated by either a deterministic or a probabilistic method.
Organization and lateralization of reaching in infants: An extension of Bresson et al.

Abstract This study tested whether the development of one-handed and collaborative two-handed reaching for an object on a support found by Bresson et al. ( Neuropsychologia 15, 311–320, 1977) was related to the fluctuation in hand preference for manipulation and/or banging following duplicated syllable babbling onset found by Ramsay ( Devl Psychol. 20, 64–71, 1984). Ramsay found that a preference for object manipulation and/or banging with the right hand emerged on the week of babbling onset, temporarily disappeared 3–4 weeks later and then re-emerged on the subsequent (fifth) week. In the present study, a preference for one-handed reaching with the right hand for objects on a support was present only on the fifth week after babbling onset. No evidence was found for a hand preference in collaborative two-handed reaching.
Using the R/S statistic to analyze AE data

Abstract Recently, it has been proposed that the dynamics of the global geomagnetic current system are consistent with a self-organized critical (SOC) state. Based on that idea, sandpile models of the auroral electrojet index AE have been constructed and compared with data. The Hurst R/S statistic is a powerful test for the presence of SOC, which is applied to AE time series. Those results are compared with the results of the R/S statistic for both the solar wind time series (Bz, vsw, etc.) and auroral oval magnetometer time series. We find that the solar wind acts as if it was in a SOC state, and that the AE index time series indicates that AE is in a nearly identical SOC state. We cannot rule out the possibility that the AE results, which are the response to the solar wind, are a reflection of the solar wind SOC state. However, the local measures (ground station magnetometer readings; ground station dynamical signals) give evidence of a different type of SOC state within the magnetosphere.
Performance of commercially available immunoassay-based field test kits for petroleum fuel hydrocarbons in soil

On-site field analytical methods have the potential to reduce the time and cost of assessing and remediating hazardous waste sites. Immunoassay-based methods are rapidly becoming a significant component in the arsenal of field analytical methods. However, the full potential of such alternative analytical methods will not be realized until their effectiveness has been experimentally validated. In this study, the performance of two immunoassay-based test kits for the analysis of petroleum fuel hydrocarbons in soil was evaluated. One kit was used in a semiquantitative format, the other in a quantitative format. The samples analyzed were either solvent or soil spiked with either a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX), or gasoline. Of the 50 assays made with the semiquantitative test, 5 were false positives and 1 was a false negative. A soil matrix effect was observed that could account for false-positive results. Experimental results obtained with the use of the quantitative test with the BTEX mixture (68 assays) correlated well with expected results; R2 values of 0.976–0.983 and slopes of 0.94–0.97 were obtained. With gasoline (38 assays), R2 values of 0.957–0.987 and slopes of 0.76–0.78 were obtained. The lower slopes obtained with gasoline are indicative of the lower immunoreactivity of that particular sample of gasoline relative to the BTEX mixture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 1:135–144, 1997
Forensic blood evidence analysis using RNA targets and novel molecular tools

In the realm of forensic investigation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is a good source for specimen analysis, owing to tissue-specific expression patterns for many transcripts. Thus, differentiation of bodily fluids collected at a crime scene is possible if the proper target mRNA is identifiable and detectable using molecular methods. With the analysis of menstrual blood evidence, for example, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of genes encodes proteins involved in extracellular matrix breakdown during tissue remodeling, and in particular MMP11 and MMP7 mRNA have proven useful for forensic blood evidence analysis. Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) is a highly sensitive RNA transcription-based amplification method used to detect gene expression. As an emerging real-time technology, NASBA holds promise as a tool to rapidly and sensitively amplify mRNA markers associated with the MMP genes to verify the presence of menstrual blood in a forensic sample, and has a number of advantages compared to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The purpose of this review is to overview the current state of mRNA analysis in forensic evidence casework and to highlight areas of research, progress, and development in the near-term future that will lead to reduction of case evidence backlog in crime laboratories in developed countries.
Mutations That Induce Constitutive Activation and Mutations That Impair Signal Transduction Modulate the Basal and/or Agonist-stimulated Internalization of the Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor

Previous results from this laboratory suggested that the same active conformation of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHR) is involved in the stimulation of G proteins and in triggering the internalization of the bound agonist. We have now analyzed two naturally occurring, constitutively active mutants of the human LHR. These mutations were introduced into the rat LHR (rLHR) and are designated L435R and D556Y. Cells expressing rLHR-D556Y bind human choriogonadotropin (hCG) with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation does not affect the internalization of the free receptor, but it enhances the internalization of the agonist-occupied receptors approximately 3-fold. Cells expressing rLHR-L435R also bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 47-fold increase in basal cAMP, and do not respond to hCG with a further increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors approximately 2- and approximately 17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the rLHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing rLHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. The finding that membranes expressing rLHR-L435R (a system where internalization does not occur) respond to hCG with an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity supports this suggestion.
Reconstruction of viruses from solution x-ray scattering data

A model-based method for reconstructing the 3D structure of icosahedrally-symmetric viruses from solution x-ray scattering is presented. An example of the reconstruction, for data from cowpea mosaic virus, is described. The major opportunity provided by solution x-ray scattering is the ability to study the dynamics of virus particles in solution, information that is not accessible to crystal x-ray diffraction experiments.
Neural processing of intentional biological motion in unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: an fMRI study.

Despite often showing behaviorally typical levels of social cognitive ability, unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder have been found to show similar functional and morphological deficits within brain regions associated with social processing. They have also been reported to show increased activation to biological motion in these same regions, such as the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), relative to both children with autism and control children. It has been suggested that this increased activation may represent a compensatory reorganization of these regions as a result of the highly heritable genetic influence of autism. However, the response patterns of unaffected siblings in the domain of action perception are unstudied, and the phenomenon of compensatory activation has not yet been replicated. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the neural responses to intentional biological actions in 22 siblings of children with autism and 22 matched controls. The presented actions were either congruent or incongruent with the actor’s emotional cue. Prior studies reported that typically developing children and adults, but not children with autism, show increased activation to incongruent actions (relative to congruent), within the pSTS and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We report that unaffected siblings did not show a compensatory response, or a preference for incongruent over congruent trials, in any brain region. Moreover, interaction analyses revealed a sub-region of the pSTS in which control children showed an incongruency preference to a significantly greater degree than siblings, which suggests a localized deficit in siblings. A sample of children with autism also did not show differential activation in the pSTS, providing further evidence that it is an area of selective disruption in children with autism and siblings. While reduced activation to both conditions was unique to the autism sample, lack of differentiation to incongruent and congruent intentional actions was common to both children with ASD and unaffected siblings.
Components using fence guide for millimetre-wave applications

Feasibility of fence-guide components is examined in the 26–40 GHz band. Results of studies on various bends, tapered terminations, resonators and ring structures are presented. Existence of irregular wave modes and field leakage is investigated. Solid-state devices can be implemented to realise mixers, detectors, oscillators etc. This low-loss guiding structure is particularly suited for realising millimetre-wave integrated front ends.
Sonographic evaluation of peyronie disease

In this case report we illustrate and discuss the use of high frequency, superficial organ, real-time ultrasound scanning in the evaluation of patients with Peyronie disease.
Fabrication of a maxillary prosthesis using dental implants and an "overdenture" attachment. A clinical report.

A .%-year-old woman with controlled hypothyroidism and mild arthritis began treatment in 1971. The patient’s maxillary teeth and several mandibular teeth were lost as a result of periodontitis. A blade implant was placed in the mandibular right quadrant at that time. The region is still healthy and providing excellent support. The patient’s major concern was an inability to function properly with her conventional maxillary complete denture because of a chronic gagging reflex. She retained the denture with adhesive for many years. Intramucosal inserts were placed to eliminate the use of denture adhesives and minimize the patient’s severe gag reflex by improving maxillary denture stabilizati0n.l The inserts allowed fo:r removal of some of the acrylic resin on the palate, which reduced the gag reflex. The denture was well retained for 3 years, after which the underlying mucosal tissues became hypertrophied, inflamed, and irritated, resulting in the removal of the intramucosal inserts. The tissues were conditioned by use of a series of soft lining materials after minimal surgical revision. With the advent of the intramobile cylinder implants (IMZ), (Interpore International, Irvine, Calif.), osteointegrated dental implant system, a new maxillary prosthesis using dental implants was planned. Preoperative panoramic and intraoral radiographs indicated sufficient vertical bone height and proper bone pattern to accept endosseous implants (Fig. 1). To achieve stablility of the maxillary prosthesis over the IMZ dental implants, many different concepts were considered, including magnets, O-ring attachments, Ceka attachments, and the Stern ERA (APM Sterngold, Atteboro, Mass.) attachment. The ERA “overdenture” attachment was selected because of its resilient properties.
Using Infrared Spectroscopy of Cyanylated Cysteine To Map the Membrane Binding Structure and Orientation of the Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptide CM15

The synthetic antimicrobial peptide CM15, a hybrid of N-terminal sequences from cecropin and melittin peptides, has been shown to be extremely potent. Its mechanism of action has been thought to involve pore formation based on prior site-directed spin labeling studies. This study examines four single-site β-thiocyanatoalanine variants of CM15 in which the artificial amino acid side chain acts as a vibrational reporter of its local environment through the frequency and line shape of the unique CN stretching band in the infrared spectrum. Circular dichroism experiments indicate that the placements of the artificial side chain have only small perturbative effects on the membrane-bound secondary structure of the CM15 peptide. All variant peptides were placed in buffer solution, in contact with dodecylphosphatidylcholine micelles, and in contact with vesicles formed from Escherichia coli polar lipid extract. At each site, the CN stretching band reports a different behavior. Time-dependent attenuated total refl...
Pregnancy-dependent Expression of Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), LIF Receptor-β and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in the Porcine Female Reproductive Tract

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are candidate embryo-maternal signalling molecules which are present within the uterine luminal micro-environment. We examined the relative expression of the mRNAs encoding LIF and IL-6, as well as the LIF-binding subunit (LIFR-beta) of the LIF receptor and, as a potential downstream cytokine-responsive gene, beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), in porcine peri-implantation conceptuses, and in placenta and endometrium during early and mid-pregnancy. Peri-implantation spherical and filamentous conceptuses expressed LIFR-beta and beta(2)m mRNAs with no LIF mRNA present. Rapid development in days 11/12 spherical conceptuses to the filamentous stage was accompanied by transiently increased IL-6 gene expression. The corresponding endometrium, in contrast, expressed LIF in addition to these other mRNAs. LIFR-beta, IL-6 and beta(2)m, but not LIF mRNAs, were expressed in the Jag-1 cell line, an in vitro model for porcine day 14 trophoblast. The greatest steady-state amounts of LIF, LIFR-beta and IL-6 mRNAs in both the endometrium and placenta were evident at the post-implantation stages (days 30 and 60>day 18 of pregnancy). Treatment of porcine endometrial explants with human recombinant (hr)LIF or hrIL-6 resulted in no change in, or diminished, the presence of endometrial beta(2)m mRNA, respectively. Addition of LIF to peri-implantation conceptus explant cultures, in contrast, induced beta(2)m mRNA synthesis. These results highlight the potential importance of both the endometrium and placenta as sources, as well as targets, of these cytokines throughout pregnancy. Cytokine modulation of beta(2)m, a known in vitro mitogen, may constitute one mechanism for local control of trophoblast and endometrial proliferation.
Soil moisture retrieval from WindSat using the single channel algorithm toward a blended global soil moisture product from multiple microwave sensors

Soil moisture has long been recognized as one of the critical land surface initial conditions for numerical weather, climate hydrological predictions, particularly for transition zones between dry and humid climates. However, none of the currently existing soil moisture products has been used operationally in these models because of their consistency and reliability issues. A consistent and qualitatively reliable global soil moisture product is thus in desire to make good use of observations from different microwave sensors, such as AMSR-E, WindSat and TMI. This study explores the potential of WindSat data for producing such a product using the single channel algorithm (SCA) for soil moisture retrieval in conjunction with field observations for calibrating the algorithm and for validation. The preliminary results show good agreement between the results from WindSat and NASA AMSR-E product both in terms of spatial pattern and magnitude. The validation results show that the differences between the retrieved soil moisture from WindSat data and the ground measurements are below 0.05 (vol/vol) in most cases, meaning a great potential of WindSat data for producing a blended product. Further cross calibration between the brightness temperatures from different sensors might be needed for producing such a blended product.
Towards generating a patient's timeline: Extracting temporal relationships from clinical notes

Clinical records include both coded and free-text fields that interact to reflect complicated patient stories. The information often covers not only the present medical condition and events experienced by the patient, but also refers to relevant events in the past (such as signs, symptoms, tests or treatments). In order to automatically construct a timeline of these events, we first need to extract the temporal relations between pairs of events or time expressions presented in the clinical notes. We designed separate extraction components for different types of temporal relations, utilizing a novel hybrid system that combines machine learning with a graph-based inference mechanism to extract the temporal links. The temporal graph is a directed graph based on parse tree dependencies of the simplified sentences and frequent pattern clues. We generalized the sentences in order to discover patterns that, given the complexities of natural language, might not be directly discoverable in the original sentences. The proposed hybrid system performance reached an F-measure of 0.63, with precision at 0.76 and recall at 0.54 on the 2012 i2b2 Natural Language Processing corpus for the temporal relation (TLink) extraction task, achieving the highest precision and third highest f-measure among participating teams in the TLink track.
On a class of Gibbs potential-based nonlinear elastic models with small strains

The aim of this paper is to show that it is possible to develop a fully internally consistent model for an isotropic elastic body that has nonlinear response relations but with small strains, if one chooses to begin from a Gibbs potential (or complementary energy) rather than the classical Helmholtz potential (or strain energy). We demonstrate the practical applicability of such a model and also compare the results of exact solutions (internal pressurization of a circular cylinder and the bending of a rectangular block) for incompressible materials undergoing finite deformations with corresponding exact solutions based on small deformations. Surprisingly, the results show quite remarkable agreement up to maximum strains of nearly 20–30 %. Given that most applications of nonlinear elastic materials are in this range, the results have broad implications for the ability to consistently use small deformation nonlinear theories for a wide class of applications than hitherto considered. We also show that the nonlinear compatibility equations play a key role in determining the applicability of this approach. In particular, we show that for 3-D bodies whose dimensions are of comparable orders of magnitude (i.e., excluding rod-like or shell-like bodies), the finite deformation compatibility condition ensures that small strains and strain gradients imply small relative rotations and hence small deformations. For thin bodies (rods, plates and shells), it is well-known result that small strains do not lead to small deformations due to the possibility of large rotation gradients thus leading to other possible approximations.
Ethical escape routes for underground ethnographers

Campus committees for supervising research ethics have developed rules and procedures that are indifferent to the emergent nature of ethnographic research. As a result, participant-observing fieldworkers have appreciated that, independent of their ethical commitments, they cannot comply with official regulations. Resolution of the fieldworker's dilemma requires limiting review jurisdiction to funded studies; articulating the meaning of regulatory language defining auspices, exemptions, waiver, and research; and, above all, developing a culture of legality in campus ethics administration.
Template-Directed Syntheses of Configurable and Reconfigurable Molecular Switches

Two self-complexing compounds based on donor-acceptor interactions, one comprised of a π-electron-deficient cyclo-bis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT 4 + ) ring attached to a side-arm component containing π-electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) units, and the other comprised of a CBPQT 4 + ring carrying two side-arms, one containing a TTF unit and the other a DNP unit have been synthesized. 'H NMR spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry have revealed that, while the latter compound behaves as a reconfigurable redox-active molecular switch involving only the side-arm containing the TTF unit in a self-complexing role with the CBPQT 4 + ring (the side-arm containing the DNP unit is essentially a 'spectator'), the former compound behaves as a molecular switch that is reversible and reconfigurable when its starting self-complexing conformation is retained, but becomes only configurable and irreversible when the self-complexing conformation is partially transformed into 'uncomplexed' conformation on oxidation of the TTF unit.
Changes in phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition are associated with altered skeletal muscle insulin responsiveness in normal man

The fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle cell membrane phospholipids (PLs) is known to influence insulin responsiveness in man. We have recently shown that the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and not phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), from skeletal muscle membranes is of particular importance in this relationship. Efforts to alter the PL fatty acid composition in animal models have demonstrated induction of insulin resistance. However, it has been more difficult to determine if changes in insulin sensitivity are associated with changes in the skeletal muscle membrane fatty acid composition of PL in man. Using nicotinic acid (NA), an agent known to induce insulin resistance in man, 9 normal subjects were studied before and after treatment for 1 month. Skeletal muscle membrane fatty acid composition of PC and PE from biopsies of vastus lateralis was correlated with insulin responsiveness using a 3-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Treatment with NA was associated with a 25% increase in the half-maximal insulin concentration ([ED50] 52.0 +/- 7.5 to 64.6 +/- 9.0 microU/mL, P < .05), consistent with decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Significant changes in the fatty acid composition of PC, but not PE, were also observed after NA administration. An increase in the percentage of 16:0 (21% +/- 0.3% to 21.7% +/- 0.4%, P < .05) and decreases in 18:0 (6.2% +/- 0.5% to 5.1% +/- 0.4%, P = .01), long-chain n-3 fatty acids (1.7% +/- 0.2% to 1.4% +/- 0.1%, P < .01), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids ([PUFAs] 8.7% +/- 0.8% to 8.0% +/- 0.8%, P < .05) are consistent with a decrease in fatty acid length and unsaturation in PC following NA administration. The change in ED50 was significantly correlated with the change in PUFAs (r = -.65, P < .05). These studies suggest that the induction of insulin resistance with NA is associated with changes in the fatty acid composition of PC in man.
A selectionist view

The Causes of Molecular Evolution. By John H. Gillespie. Oxford University Press: 1992, Pp. 336. £25, $35.
Visualizing CH* chemiluminescence in sooting flames

Abstract This investigation presents and validates a method to visualize CH* chemiluminescence in a sooting non-premixed flame. Excited-state CH radicals (A2Δ → X2Π, denoted CH*), upon relaxing, emit a photon in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, giving what is seen as a faint blue glow. Optical methods, especially those that rely on passive emission, provide a simple and non-intrusive means to characterize combustion; however, in the presence of hot solid particles – particularly soot – chemiluminescent emission can be obscured by blackbody radiation. This paper describes an image post-processing technique where flame emission is imaged through multiple filters near the CH* emission band in order to infer and filter the contribution of continuum radiation from soot in the CH* band. This information is then used to produce a soot-free image of CH* chemiluminescence.
A facet analysis of visualization for environmental management

Abstract One approach to organizing the world of visualization is to try to reduce the many issues to just a few dimensions or facets. The purpose of this oversimplification is to create a map, a framework to keep us from being lost in the details and losing sight of the societal and scientific goals which lead us to create visualizations in the first place. When the impressive demonstrations of technology are over and we have all had a chance to find out what some of those lengthy acronyms mean, we will be faced with complex decisions affecting the fate of the environment.
Morphine and intracranial self-stimulation in the hypothalamus and dorsal brainstem: differential effects of dose, time and site.

The purpose of this study was to examine if morphine, a drug of abuse, exerts site-specific effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Rats, implanted with dorsal brainstem (DB) and hypothalamic (HYP) electrodes, bar-pressed for ICSS at two current intensities eight hours a day during six days each of predrug saline, morphine (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 10.0 mg/kg) and postdrug saline conditions. There were three patterns of drug effects: “pure” depressions, “pure” facilitations and a biphasic pattern (depressions followed by facilitations). Repeated morphine administration modified the temporal patterning of these effects: shortened duration of depressions and produced earlier onsets of facilitations. Within an animal, DB electrodes displayed more depressions than the HYP electrodes. Tolerance to the depressant effects, observed frequently, occurred occasionally to the facilitative effects of morphine. The drug effects on ICSS were dissociated from those observed on other behavioral measures, and thus are no...
Studies in ageing—VIII hormonal concentration and homeostatic adjustment in Drosophila

The physiological effects of altering the hormonal concentration in Drosophila melanogaster were studied. Hosts and donors consisted of the Swedish-b8 inbred females. The experiments were performed in a series asynchronously. In one series, corpus-allatum complexes from freshly emerged donors were transplanted individually into 10-day-old females; in another series, one ring gland from 80 to 85 hr old larvae was injected into each 14-day-old host; in still another series, experiments similar to the previous series were performed, except that hosts were injected with ring glands on the 3rd day of adult life. Controls were made by injecting approximately 0·001 μl of Ringer's solution into individual females synchronously with hosts in a series. The adult life span and egg production of the experimental and control populations were measured at 25 ± 0·50°C. No differences were observed in the adult longevity or fecundity of hosts receiving injections of corpus-allatum complexes, whereas transplantations of ring glands into younger and older females produced a life-shortening effect without a change in the fecundity. The deleterious effects observed in hosts are explained as due to an increase in the concentration of ecdyson which interferes with the normal metabolic processes. The reduced life span and unaffected egg production in females are considered in terms of homeostatic mechanisms which insure the period of normal reproduction. It is suggested that the kind of flexibility observed in the present experiments is generally retained by living systems and that therefore it is possible to improve the physiology of organisms by interfering with them.
The parasite–host interface in the zonetail butterfly ray, Gymnura zonura (Bleeker), infected with Hexacanalis folifer (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea)

A wild-caught specimen of the zonetail butterfly ray, Gymnura zonura (Bleeker), harboured numerous specimens of Hexacanalis folifer Cielocha & Jensen, 2011 (Systematic Parasitology, 79, 1-16; Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) within its spiral intestine. The cestodes were primarily attached in single rows along the base of mucosal folds, each associated with a nodular mucosal thickening. Microscopically, the scolex was embedded within the submucosa and muscularis; the attachment sites were marked by ulceration and necro-proliferative inflammation demarcating the parasite from normal host tissues. Physical attachment of the cestode was restricted to the anterior portion of its scolex where presumed tegumental secretions from the apical organ contributed to a cementing intermediate layer blending with necrotic host cells. The presence of tegumental differentiation between the apical organ and the scolex proper, associated with presumed different roles in attachment, correlated with ultrastructural observations of the surface modifications on the scolex. Despite the locally severe pathological change, insignificant morbidity owing to this particular host-parasite relationship is suggested.
COMPARISONS OF LEADER AND SUBORDINATE DESCRIPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR

Recent evidence suggests high agreement among subordinates in their perceptions of their leader's behavior on the Consideration (C) and Initiating Srructure (S) dimensions of leadership, but little agreement between subordinate and leader descriptions of the leader's behavior (Evans, 1972). The present research is a further study of leader-subordinate agreement on leader behavior and inter-subordinate agreement, and includes an evaluation of the relationship bemeen perceptions of leadership and subordinate job satisfaction. Twenty-seven middle-level supervisors and 151 subordinates in a state mental hospital participated as Ss (15 RN supervisors and 12 supervisors from personnel, business, and dietary departments). Supervisors and subordinates (5 or 6 per supervisor) completed the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (Halpin & Winer, 1957) to describe the supervisor's behavior on the dimensions of Consideration and Initiating Structure of leadership. subordinates also completed the Job Descriptive Index (Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969) as measures of their own job satisfaction. The Job Descriptive Index scales include measures of satisfaction with the work itself, co-workers, supervision, pay, and promotion opportunities. No significant correlations were found between leaders' self-reports and average subordinates' reports on C (r = .26) or S (r = .11). Horsr's ( 1949) Coefficient of Agreement indicated significant inter-subordinate agreement on both Consideration (r = .76) and Initiating Structure (r = .52). Leaders' self-reports of these were not significantly correlated with subordinate satisfaction measures of the Job Descriptive Index. However, subordinate reports of behavior description were correlated with several subordinate job satisfaction measures: Consideration correlated .67 with supervision (p < .01), .45 with promotions (p < .05), and .57 with the total scale (p < .01); Initiating Strucrure correlated .44 with the work itself (p < .05), .73 with supervision (p < .Ol), and .57 with the total scale (p < .01). The present findings were consistent with Evans (1972) in indicating significant agreement among subordinates about the leader's Consideration and Initiating Structure, but a lack of agreement between leaders and subordinates. Subordinate reports of these behaviors of a leader were significantly correlated with subordinate job satisfaction, but leaders' selfreports were not significantly related to satisfaction.
Impact of Thermal Storage Option for CHP Systems on the Optimal Prime Mover Size and the Need for Additional Heat Production

Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration systems provide both electricity and useful heat to a building. CHP systems can result in lower operational cost, primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emissions when compared to the standard alternative of purchasing electricity from the grid and supplying heat from a boiler. However, the potential for these benefits is closely linked to the relationship between the ratio of power to heat supplied by the CHP system and the ratio of power to heat demanded by the building. Therefore, the benefits of the CHP system also vary with the size of the prime mover.In the model presented in this paper, the CHP system is base-loaded, providing a constant power-to-heat ratio. The power-to-heat ratio demanded by the building depends on the location and the needs of the building, which vary throughout the day and throughout the year. At times when the CHP system does not provide the electricity needed by the building, electricity is purchased from the grid, and when the CHP system does not provide the heat needed by the building, heat is generated with a supplemental boiler. Thermal storage is an option to address the building’s load variation by storing excess heat when the building needs less heat than the heat produced by the CHP system, which can then be used later when the building needs more heat than the heat produced by the CHP system.The potential for a CHP system with thermal storage to reduce cost, PEC, and emissions is investigated, and compared with both a CHP system without thermal storage and with the standard reference case. This proposed model is evaluated for three different commercial building types in three different U.S. climate zones. The size of the power generation unit (PGU) is varied and the effect of the correspondingly smaller or larger base load on the cost, PEC, and emissions savings is analyzed. The most beneficial PGU size for a CHP system with the thermal storage option is compared with the most beneficial PGU size without the thermal storage option. The need for a supplemental boiler to provide additional heat is also examined in each case with the thermal storage option.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
3D.BAS, a QuickBasic program for three-dimensional stereo-scatterplots of XYZ data

Abstract 3D.BAS creates simple stereoscopic pairs of triaxial scatterplot graphs, thereby allowing examination of XYZ data in perceptually three-dimensional displays that can provide 30 cm or so of “apparent depth”. The stereograms can be viewed on-screen with standard stereoscopes or with the naked eye, if you know how, or they can be printed out, cut apart, and viewed like stereophotos. The graphs can show up to five parameters, comprising three continuous variables and either a fourth continuous variable shown by pie-sector symbols or up to two discontinuous variables shown by choices of symbols and/or colors coded to class or grade membership. A particular goal is graphical summary of numerous Munsell color measurements.
A Discrete-Time Queuing Analysis of Conveyor-Serviced Production Stations

This paper analyzes production stations that operate in conjunction with conveyors. Two types of production stations are considered: 1 loading stations that load processed material to the conveyor, and 2 unloading stations that remove material from the conveyor. An operating policy, the sequential range policy, is proposed as a method for operating the production stations. An analysis of the sequential range policy is given. The system is considered as a discrete-time queuing process with a stationary Bernoulli arrival rate. In-process storage is treated as a Markov process discrete in time and discrete in space. The expected number of units in storage and the expected delay per unit produced are derived. Certain economic problems are considered.
Gain processes in blue-light-emitting quantum structures: the role of excitons and biexcitons

Gain processes in connection with exciton localization in wide gap quantum wells ar investigated theoretically. A simulation of uncorrelated composition fluctuations in (Zn,Cd)Se as well as (Ga,In)N QWs yields considerable densities of localization sites. The localization energies calculated for representative site ensembles show that up to two excitons can be localized at every site. The bi-exciton is even stronger localized than the single exciton. A rate equation model is used for the occupation kinetics of the localize exciton-bi-exciton system. Taking further into account the fourfold spin degeneracy of the exciton state, it is shown that the localized bi-excitons provide more gain and at lower densities than localized single excitons. These results are in agreement with the experimentally detected low-density gain regime in Zn0.8Cd0.2Se QWs. Conditions for extending this gain regime up to room temperature are presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Statistical analysis of transcallosal propagation of spikes arising from the mesial frontal area

ObjectiveTo study the connections between bilateral mesial frontal (MF) regions.MethodsWe evaluated synchrony of spikes, recorded by subdural electrodes, arising from bilateral MF regions using cross correlation in MF epilepsy. A seven-year-old boy with intractable daily bilateral asymmetric tonic seizures and a normal MRI was investigated. To confirm the lateralization of epileptogenicity, subdural electrodes were implanted bilaterally. Only spikes of an amplitude of 400 μV or more were analyzed.ResultsOf 92.4% (194/210) of the left MF spikes recorded for 30 minutes, an approximately synchronous spike was also detected in the right MF region. Cross correlation analysis demonstrated that for 88.7% of the bilateral MF spikes (172/194, 88.7%) the left MF spike led the contralateral spikes with relative fixed peak-to-peak intervals (18.9 ± 11.1 ms) and high cross correlation values (0.81 ± 0.10). An estimated conduction velocity of 7.2 ± 9.8 m/sec was calculated (assuming no synaptic delay). After a second period of more extended invasive EEG monitoring, a left partial frontal lobectomy was performed and the patient immediately had a few brief seizures before remaining seizure-free for a follow-up period of 14 months.ConclusionWe conclude that the propagation of spikes between bilateral MF regions most likely occurs mainly through myelinated callosal fibres. In addition, this cross correlation method showed that the left MF spikes, most of the time, preceded the right MF spikes suggesting that the epileptogenic zone was localized in the left MF region.
Creating a Business Process Diagram and Database Queries to Detect Billing Errors and Analyze Calling Patterns for Cell Phone Service

In this case, students develop a business process diagram to understand the business situation and create database queries to detect billing discrepancies and manage costs for corporate cell phone service. Using a database query tool or audit software, students query a database with tables for call details, invoices, invoice details, plan rates, and users on plan. The queries are representative of those that accountants could develop to analyze transaction‐level data to detect errors and develop insights about business operations. Query‐based approaches to analyzing transaction data can enable businesses to make sense of their operations and ensure that they and their trading partners comply with their mutual agreements. The case is appropriate for students with rudimentary database querying proficiency, e.g., at the level developed by Borthick et al.'s (2001) case on assuring compliance for responses to website referrals. No auditing expertise is needed. The case is appropriate for database analysis in a...
Thinning of aperiodic antenna arrays for low side-lobe levels and broadband operation using genetic algorithms

In this paper we present and discuss the thinning of antenna arrays that are based on aperiodic tilings. Aperiodic tilings are a class of tilings that cover the plane without gaps or overlaps and do not exhibit any long-range translational symmetry. By utilizing these tilings in array design it is possible to generate naturally thinned arrays that exhibit broadband properties. We show that by using a genetic algorithm (GA) it is possible to further thin such aperiodic arrays in order to minimize the side-lobe levels (SLL) while simultaneously enhancing the desirable broadband properties. The technique is demonstrated by considering the design of a specific thinned aperiodic array and comparing its performance to a thinned periodic array.
Is photomorphogenic shade avoidance adaptive? Perspectives from population biology

Photomorphogenic shade avoidance responses provide an ideal model system for integrating genetic, physiological and population biology approaches to the study of adaptive plasticity. The adaptive plasticity hypothesis predicts that shade avoidance phenotypes induced by low ratios of red to far-red light (R:FR) will have high relative fitness in dense stands, but will suffer a fitness disadvantage at low density. Experiments with transgenic and mutant plants in which photomorphogenic genes are disabled, as well as phenotype manipulation by means of altered R:FR, strongly support the shade avoidance hypothesis. The observation of photomorphogenic ecotypes in different selective environments also suggests that the shade avoidance response has undergone adaptive evolution. Quantitative genetic variation in R:FR sensitivity has been detected in wild populations, indicating that the evolutionary potential exists for response to natural selection. However, evolutionary response may be constrained by genetic correlations among developmentally linked traits. Therefore it cannot be assumed that an observed suite of photomorphogenic responses represents an adaptive optimum for every trait.
Ischemic bowel after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: limited resection based on fluorescein assessment of bowel viability

m 8 fl ( Small bowel obstruction (SBO) occurs in 1.5–4% of atients after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass LRYGB) [1–5] and results from internal hernia in 30–50% f cases [1, 6]. Three potential internal hernia defects result rom RYGB: the jejunojejunostomy mesenteric defect, Peersen’s defect, and the transverse mesocolon defect [2]. outine closure of all three defects with continuous nonaborbable suture has been advocated [7]. A strangulated hernia can result in bowel ischemia or nfarction and may necessitate resection. Assessment of owel viability is critical for ensuring resection of noniable bowel while preserving the maximal length of viable owel. Bowel viability can be determined by visual inspecion alone or combined with fluorescein assessment (FA), ransserosal pulse oximetry, Doppler flow examination, or econd-look laparotomy [8–11]. Extensive resection resultng in a small bowel length of 100 cm has been associated ith short bowel syndrome and lifelong dependence on arenteral nutrition [12], a devastating complication after YGB. We present a case of extensive bowel ischemia after RYGB. Assessment of bowel viability with FA and secnd-look laparotomy allowed the preservation of a signifiant length of small intestine and the avoidance of short owel syndrome.