cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bending and Borrowing in Mongolia, and Beyond

Globalization is commonly viewed as an act of de-territorialization (see Appadurai 1990). By implication, globalization studies investigate the flow of money, communication, beliefs, or—as is the case in this book—the travel of educational reforms from one cultural context to another. Such a research endeavor is more ambitious than it appears. The greatest challenge is to avoid falling into the trap of first establishing national boundaries, only to demonstrate afterwards, that these boundaries have indeed been transcended. Reforms do not have a home base, a territory, or a nationality, and therefore do not “belong” to a particular educational system. Individuals conceive reforms and, depending on where they are geographically and institutionally situated and how well they are globally networked, succeed in having their ideas disseminated worldwide. This book is not about global policy entrepreneurs or policy networks that carry some ideas forward at the expense of others. Rather this book is about understanding why policy makers in one country—Mongolia—refer to globalization, that is, generate reform pressure by pointing at educational reforms in other countries.
Mesencephalic representations of recent experience influence decision making.

The decisions we make are influenced by recent experience, yet it is not known how this experience is represented in the brain. For decisions about when, where and how to move, researchers have hypothesized that recent experience might influence activity in a region of the brainstem – the central trunk of the brain – that is known to be involved in movement. When deciding when, where and how to move, several areas of the brain are involved in selecting the optimal action. Recent studies suggest that groups of neurons known as locomotor brainstem nuclei may also contribute to making decisions about movements. Thompson et al. investigated whether a brainstem locomotor area called the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPTg) nucleus in mice might contribute to decision making rather than just conveying the selected response. The mice were trained to recognize particular odors and move to either the left or right to collect a food reward. While the mice were selecting an action, the activity of neurons in the PPTg nucleus reflected the action they had chosen on a previous experience and the outcome of that choice (i.e. whether they received a reward). These representations of past experiences influenced the upcoming decision the mice were about to take. The findings of Thompson et al. suggest that the PPTg nucleus might play a critical role in the process of selecting the optimal action. Future work will examine what kinds of information about the environment or recent experience have the biggest effect on the activity of this region.
The Potential Usefulness of Varios Lymphokines as an Effective Therapeutic Tool against Disseminated Neoplasia

This study was undertaken to assess the antitumour efficacy of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) when used together at non-toxic dosages. Our study was the first study of its kind assessing the efficacy of these to lymphokines against a disseminated non-immunogenic pulmonary metastasis (MCA-106) tumour model
Fluorescence Imaging for Cancer Screening and Surveillance

The advent of fluorescence imaging (FI) for cancer cell detection in the field of oncology is promising for both cancer screening and surgical resection. Particularly, FI in cancer screening and surveillance is actively being evaluated in many new clinical trials with over 30 listed on Clinical Trials.gov . While surgical resection forms the foundation of many oncologic treatments, early detection is the cornerstone for improving outcomes and reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The applications of FI are twofold as it can be applied to high-risk patients in addition to those undergoing active surveillance. This technology has the promise of highlighting lesions not readily detected by conventional imaging or physical examination, allowing disease detection at an earlier stage of development. Additionally, there is a persistent need for innovative, cost-effective imaging modalities to ameliorate healthcare disparities and the global burden of cancer worldwide. In this review, we outline the current utility of FI for screening and detection in a range of cancer types.
Coil Embolization of Spontaneous Splenic Arteriovenous Fistula for Treatment of Portal Hypertension

BACKGROUND Splenic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare cause of portal hypertension which may manifest with abdominal pain, diarrhea, ascites, and/or hematemesis. Fistula formation may be traumatic or spontaneous. Eighty-six percent of spontaneous splenic AVFs occur in women, and 55% are associated with a preexisting splenic artery aneurysm. CASE REPORT A 64-year-old Caucasian female with unremarkable past medical history presented with new onset of left lower quadrant abdominal pain and persistent diarrhea. CTA demonstrated dilated mesenteric veins consistent with portal hypertension. A 1-cm splenic artery aneurysm associated with a splenic AVF was identified and confirmed by celiac angiography. The splenic artery was embolized both distal and proximal to and within the aneurysm sac. Completion arteriography showed minimal flow throughout the splenic artery, and there was no flow into the splenic AVF. CONCLUSIONS Traditionally, splenectomy has been the definitive treatment, but coil embolization has been recently reported. Successful coil embolization of a splenic AVF is described. Physicians should be aware of this pathology as an etiology of portal hypertension.
Agency Costs of Idiosyncratic Volatility, Corporate Governance, and Investment

Does technological change heighten agency problems? This paper identifies a fundamental conflict of interest between managers and shareholders in risk-taking decisions and explores its implications for corporate investment and firm value. In particular, we develop and test the hypothesis that, by increasing firm-specific uncertainty, technology shocks drive a wedge between the risk preferences of shareholders and those of relatively under-diversified managers. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that entrenched managers respond to increases in idiosyncratic risk by making more conservative investment decisions, which include relatively less investment in R&D, more investment in PPE, and more diversifying acquisitions. In addition, we document significant value losses for shareholders from these conservative managerial decisions. Overall, our analysis suggests that agency problems can explain winners and losers from technological progress, thus highlighting firm-specific risk as an important and previously overlooked source of agency costs.
Your Search Path Tells Others Where to Park: Towards Fine-Grained Parking Availability Crowdsourcing Using Parking Decision Models

A main challenge faced by the state-of-the-art parking sensing systems is to infer the state of the spots not covered by participants’ parking/unparking events (called background availability) when the system penetration rate is limited. In this paper, we tackle this problem by exploring an empirical phenomenon that ignoring a spot along a driver’s parking search trajectory is likely due to the unavailability. However, complications caused by drivers’ preferences, e.g. ignoring the spots too far from the driver’s destination, have to be addressed based on human parking decisions. We build a model based on a dataset of more than 55,000 real parking decisions to predict the probability that a driver would take a spot, assuming the spot is available. Then, we present a crowdsourcing system, called ParkScan, which leverages the learned parking decision model in collaboration with the hidden Markov model to estimate background parking spot availability. We evaluated ParkScan with real-world data from both off-street scenarios (i.e., two public parking lots) and an on-street parking scenario (i.e., 35 urban blocks in Seattle). Both of the experiments showed that with a 5% penetration rate, ParkScan reduces over 12.9% of availability estimation errors for all the spots during parking peak hours, compared to the baseline using only the historical data. Also, even with a single participant driver, ParkScan cuts off at least 15% of the estimation errors for the spots along the driver’s parking search trajectory.
Experimental models for evaluating non-genomic estrogen signaling.

Abstract Non-genomic effects of estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling have been described for decades. However, the mechanisms and physiological processes resulting solely from non-genomic signaling are poorly understood. Challenges in studying these effects arise from the strongly nucleophilic tendencies of estrogen receptor, and many approaches to excluding ERα from the nucleus have been explored over the years. In this review, we discuss past strategies for studying ERα’s non-genomic action and current models, specifically H2NES ERα, first described by Burns et al. (2011). In vitro and preliminary in vivo data from H2NES ERα and H2NES mice suggest a promising avenue for pinpointing specific non-genomic ERα action.
Null-space-based marginalization: Analysis and algorithm

In SLAM, the size of the state vector tends to grow when exploring unknown environments, causing the ever-increasing computational complexity. To reduce the computational cost, one needs to continuously marginalize part of previous states (features and/or poses). This can be achieved by using either the null-space operation or Schur complement based marginalization. The former was originally developed particularly for visual-inertial odometry (VIO), while the latter is the standard approach to reduce the state vector in bundle adjustment (BA). In this paper, for the first time ever, we prove that under mild assumptions (i.i.d. white Gaussian noise model and same linearization points) these two techniques retain the same amount of information about the state, which is validated with real-world experiments. Moreover, based on this key insight, we derive analytically the left null-space expressions for multi-state constraint Kalman filter (MSCKF)-based VIO, which is verified through Monte-Carlo simulations.
Agri-Food and Rural Development: Sustainable Place-Making

Agri-Food and Rural Development explores the vital need for “sustainable adaptation” in the farming and food system through the application of place-based technologies and businesses that are well-...
Conflict and well-being: a comparative study of health-related quality of life, stress, and insecurity of university students in the West Bank and Jordan

A significant body of research indicates that the conflict environment is detrimental to the quality of life and well-being of civilians. This study assesses the health-related quality of life, stress, and insecurity of the West Bank, which has been engaged in conflict for seven decades, in comparison to a demographically and culturally similar population in Jordan, a neighboring nation with no conflict. We expect the Jordanian sample to report better functioning. We collected 793 surveys from university students (mean age = 20.2) in Nablus, West Bank (398 [50.2%]) and Irbid, Jordan (395 [49.8%]). The survey instrument consisted of the SF-36 to measure HRQoL, the PSS-4 to measure stress, and an insecurity scale, along with demographic characteristics. Our findings indicate that outcomes in the West Bank were not significantly worse than in Jordan, and in some cases represented better functioning, especially in the SF-36 measures. Our counterintuitive results suggest that health and well-being outcomes are dependent on many factors in addition to conflict. For one, it may be that the better perceived health and well-being of the Palestinians is because they have developed a culture of resilience. Additionally, Jordanians are undergoing a period of instability due to internal struggles and surrounding conflicts.
Structural neuroimaging in neuropsychology: History and contemporary applications.

Objective Neuropsychology's origins began long before there were any in vivo methods to image the brain. That changed with the advent of computed tomography in the 1970s and magnetic resonance imaging in the early 1980s. Now computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are routinely a part of neuropsychological investigations with an increasing number of sophisticated methods for image analysis. Method This review examines the history of neuroimaging utilization in neuropsychological investigations, highlighting the basic methods that go into image quantification and the various metrics that can be derived. Neuroimaging methods and limitations for identify what constitutes a lesion are discussed. Likewise, the influence of various demographic and developmental factors that influence quantification of brain structure are reviewed. Conclusions Neuroimaging is an integral part of 21st Century neuropsychology. The importance of neuroimaging to advancing neuropsychology is emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record
Long-Term Cancer Specific Anxiety in Men Undergoing Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer: Findings from a Large Prospective Cohort.

Purpose: Active surveillance is the preferred management of low risk prostate cancer. Cancer specific anxiety during active surveillance remains under studied. We evaluated long-term anxiety in men on active surveillance to determine whether interventions must be tailored to improve adherence.Materials and Methods: A total of 413 men enrolled in active surveillance at a single tertiary care center completed quality of life surveys as part of routine care. A modified version of the MAX-PC (Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer) was used to determine cancer specific anxiety. Generalized estimating equations were applied to evaluate the association between anxiety and the duration on surveillance. Additionally, we examined associations between anxiety and patient age, marital status, Gleason score, the number of positive cores, family history and overall health.Results: Median patient age was 61 years, median prostate specific antigen at diagnosis was 4.4 ng/ml and 95% of the patients had Gleason 6 dise...
Oxidation of ABTS by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase encapsulated into sol–gel glass.: Effects of glass matrix on reactivity

Abstract Encapsulation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by the sol–gel method into silica (SiO 2 ) or alkylated silica (RSiO 2 , in which R is Me or Pr) yields biocatalytic glasses designated HRP@SiO 2 and HRP@RSiO 2 . These new enzyme composite materials catalyze one-electron oxidation by H 2 O 2 of the dye 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) into the radical cation ABTS + . In the presence of excess H 2 O 2 , ABTS + is converted into a mixture of at least five compounds. This undesirable side-reaction can be suppressed by using stoichiometric amount of H 2 O 2 . The effects of ABTS concentration and ionic strength of the buffer on the ABTS + yield and the apparent rate constant were investigated. The catalyst HRP@MeSiO 2 achieves higher ABTS + yields (70–85%) than HRP@SiO 2 and HRP@PrSiO 2 (30–40%) do. The apparent rate constants for HRP@MeSiO 2 are 7–10 times higher than those for HRP@SiO 2 and HRP@PrSiO 2 . When the ionic strength of the buffer is raised, the rate constants increase for HRP@SiO 2 and HRP@PrSiO 2 , and do not change for HRP@MeSiO 2 . The diminished electrostatic interaction between the negatively-charged substrate, ABTS, and the surface of methylated silica is the main cause for the increased catalytic efficiency. These results are important for understanding of encapsulated and otherwise immobilized enzymes. The possible electrostatic effects should be taken into consideration in the choice of the matrix materials used in the design of biosensors, supported catalysts, and other composite materials.
RNA Polymerases and Transcription Factors

All eukaryotes, including fungi, possess three nuclear RNA polymerases. RNA polymerase I is specialized for the synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA precursor, which is processed to form the 17–18S, 5.8S, and 25–28S rRNAs. RNA polymerase II is responsible for synthesis of all mRNAs and most small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs (snRNAs and scRNAs). RNA polymerase III is responsible for synthesis of tRNAs and 5S rRNAs, as well as a few snRNAs and scRNAs.
The bottom line: capital’s production of social inequalities and environmental degradation

Sustainability is a contested concept that has been at the center of discussions of natural and social scientists for decades. Mainstream conceptualizations, predicated upon the “three-legged stool” and “triple bottom line model,” argue that questions of economic, social, and environmental sustainability are of equal importance. However, in actuality, the “economic” leg of the stool is given primacy in these analyses. These mainstream conceptions take for granted that economic means the capitalist system, failing to assess how its growth dynamics undermine sustainability. Capitalism, as a historically distinct political-economic system, depends on expropriation and exploitation, creating social inequalities and environmental degradation increasingly on a global scale. Critical sustainability confronts the logic of capital, directly challenging this very system in an effort to create substantive equality, meet human needs, and protect the conditions of life.
Dynamic regulation of PIF5 by COP1-SPA complex to optimize photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Light signal provides the spatial and temporal information for plants to adapt to the prevailing environmental conditions. Alterations in light quality and quantity can trigger robust changes in global gene expression. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two groups of key factors regulating those changes in gene expression are CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS/DEETIOLATED/FUSCA (COP/DET/FUS) and a subset of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors called PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs). Recently, rapid progress has been made in characterizing the E3 ubiquitin ligases for the light-induced degradation of PIF1, PIF3 and PIF4; however, the E3 ligase(s) for PIF5 remains unknown. Here, we show that the CUL4COP 1- SPA complex is necessary for the red light-induced degradation of PIF5. Furthermore, COP1 and SPA proteins stabilize PIF5 in the dark, but promote the ubiquitination and degradation of PIF5 in response to red light through the 26S proteasome pathway. Genetic analysis illustrates that overexpression of PIF5 can partially suppress both cop1-4 and spaQ seedling de-etiolation phenotypes under dark and red-light conditions. In addition, the PIF5 protein level cycles under both diurnal and constant light conditions, which is also defective in the cop1-4 and spaQ backgrounds. Both cop1-4 and spaQ show defects in diurnal growth pattern. Overexpression of PIF5 partially restores growth defects in cop1-4 and spaQ under diurnal conditions, suggesting that the COP1-SPA complex plays an essential role in photoperiodic hypocotyl growth, partly through regulating the PIF5 level. Taken together, our data illustrate how the CUL4COP 1- SPA E3 ligase dynamically controls the PIF5 level to regulate plant development.
The Economics of Science, Neoliberal Thought, and the Loss of Democracy

I consider this chapter the linchpin that connects the chapters around the theme of science and democracy. I begin with a look at the rise and dominance of the Neoliberal Thought Collective and how this collective has destroyed democracies in the United States in particular. I rely on the work of Philip Mirowski and Wendy Brown in this section. This I discuss the tradition of distrusting and public involvement in science and the creation of the myth that science is inherently democratic and people need not get involved. I include of critique of Friedrich Hayek, Michael Polyani, and Thomas Kuhn’s work from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s in which they rationalize the separation of science from democratic, public institutions and suggest the republic of science is merely for scientists. I also note how recent thought, especially the work of Helga Nowotny, in some ways accepts this argument developed by Hayek, Polyani, and Kuhn. I think move into a discussion of Harry Collins and Robert Evans’ work on expertise and how their model can promote more public involvement in science matters.
Epidural analgesia in the era of enhanced recovery: time to rethink its use?

Previous assessments of the impact of epidural analgesia (EA) on outcomes after colorectal surgery were related to the period before widespread implementation of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. This study evaluates the impact of EA on postoperative recovery after colectomy using recent multicenter data. Patients who underwent elective colectomy from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data (2014–2015) were identified. Demographics, comorbidities, diagnosis, procedure type and approach, and postoperative complications associated with EA were assessed. Impact of EA on postoperative ileus, length of stay (LOS), and prolonged LOS (defined as LOS > 75 percentile) was evaluated for all, open, and laparoscopic cases using univariable and multivariable analyses. Of 9045 elective colectomy procedures, 3081 (34.1%) received EA. Epidural analgesia was associated with greater rates of postoperative ileus (15.9% vs. 10.8%, p < 0.0001), superficial (5.5% vs. 4%, p = 0.001) and deep (1.8% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.0001) wound infections, pulmonary embolism (0.8% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.004), deep vein thrombosis (1.3% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.01), sepsis/septic shock (4.6% vs. 3.1%, p < 0.0001), unplanned reintubation (1.5% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.003), cardiac complications (1.2% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.03), and transfusion (9.1% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.0001). Postoperative length of stay (LOS) [mean (SD), days: 6.7(6.2) vs. 5(4.5) days, p < 0.0001] was greater for EA. On multivariable analysis, EA had no impact on postoperative ileus for all and laparoscopic cases. However, EA increased the likelihood for ileus (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02–1.78) after open colectomy alone. Similarly, EA did not influence prolonged LOS for all and laparoscopic cases but was independently associated with prolonged LOS after open colectomy (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.8). Epidural analgesia was not associated with improved recovery after elective colectomy in the era of ERAS.
The relationship between the directions of myocardial bridges and of the branches of the coronary arteries in the human heart.

The variations of the direction of the myocardial bundles of the bridges over coronary arteries and branches were studied in relation to the direction of the vessels over which they are found. The investigation was performed on 82 hearts of individuals whose death was accidental and unrelated to cardiac disease. The hearts were obtained from cadavers of individuals of either sex and different racial groups, whose age ranged from 7 to 68 years. The angle between the direction of the musculature and of the vessels may explain why in some cases there is no change in the structure of the “pontine portion” of the wall.
Game Face Expressions and Performance on Competitive Tasks

Facial expressions influence both affective and cardiovascular responses to stress. However, previous research focuses primarily on positive expressions and is limited regarding additional facial expressions utilized on a day-to-day basis. This study examined an expression that is colloquially called a "Game Face": which refers to a serious, focused or determined facial expression. The current study examined whether Game Face expressions would influence psychophysiological response (e.g., heart rate and skin conductance) and performance. In an investigation of physical performance (Study 1), participants (N = 62) were asked to complete the cold-pressor task. Study 2 tested cognitive performance utilizing a puzzle task. Participants (N = 62) were divided into two groups and were asked to complete a puzzle. In both studies, one group was asked to make a Game Face, and the other was given no instruction related to facial expression. Results show no significant differences in performance on the physical task. In terms of cognitive performance, results reveal significantly better performance in the Game Face group. Additionally, assessments of skin conductance show that participants, who employed the Game Face during the cognitive task, displayed significant decreases from baseline following the puzzle manipulation. These results are promising regarding performance on a cognitive task and sympathetic nervous system activation, in concert with making a Game Face.
Construct validity of the Executive Function Performance Test-enhanced (EFPT-e) in individuals with breast cancer

Date Presented 04/05/19 The EFPT-e is a new version of the EFPT functional cognitive assessment. The EFPT-e was developed to address a need for a functional cognitive assessment consisting of more complex tasks to assess milder forms of executive dysfunction. A cross-sectional study design evaluated the construct validity of the EFPT-e in the breast cancer population. The EFPT-e demonstrated good construct validity within this population. Primary Author and Speaker: Anna Boone Additional Authors and Speakers: Timothy Wolf
Fertility Considerations for Gender Diverse Youth

Hormonal interventions for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth may have a negative impact on fertility. Reversible gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs do not appear to have significant effects on fertility. Partially irreversible hormonal interventions like estrogen and testosterone may or may not impair fertility. Guidelines published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and the Endocrine Society state that counseling about potential risks and fertility preservation options should occur prior to initiating these therapies. This chapter will characterize what is known regarding infertility risk associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, testosterone, and estrogen; outline fertility preservation options for birth-assigned males and females; describe research on fertility-related attitudes and psychosocial considerations among TGD adults and youth; and highlight ethical and financial considerations.
Computational discovery of non-mutational tumor-restricted antigens reveals evidence of immunoediting in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

6564Background: We previously identified 107 expression-based tumor antigens (EbTAgs) defined as genes with negligible expression in healthy tissue and overexpression in cancer. EbTAgs present nove...
A generalized forward fit for neutron detectors with energy-dependent response functions

To date, most of the analysis of neutron time-of-flight data from inertial confinement fusion experiments has focused on the relatively small range of energies corresponding to the primary neutrons from deuterium–deuterium and deuterium–tritium fusion and has, therefore, employed instrument response functions (IRFs) corresponding to monoenergetic 2.45-MeV or 14.03-MeV neutrons. For the analysis of time-of-flight signals corresponding to broader ranges of neutron energies, accurate treatment of the data requires the use of an energy-dependent IRF. This work describes interpolation of the IRF for neutrons of arbitrary energy, construction of an energy-dependent IRF, and application of this IRF in a forward fit via matrix multiplication. As an example of the application of this method, an analysis of synthetic data relevant to tritium–tritium fusion experiments at the Omega Laser Facility is discussed. This example is used to illustrate the differences between a forward fit that uses an energy-dependent IRF and a forward fit that uses a monoenergetic IRF. Use of the energy-dependent IRF is shown to result in accurate inference of the fit parameters of interest.
Research Handbook on Comparative Corporate Governance: Introduction

This chapter introduces the Research Handbook on Comparative Corporate Governance and surveys several of the central themes addressed in the book. Most corporate governance research deals with the interaction between board members, officers, and shareholders, primarily in large, publicly traded corporations. Considerable volumes of literature thus are preoccupied with reducing conflicts of interest between shareholders and management, and consequently minimizing agency cost, thus vindicating the narrow finance perspective. Given the predominance of controlling shareholders around the globe, the literature increasingly focuses acutely on conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders. In a comparative or international context, research also often addresses all groups whose interests are affected by corporate activities and who have some degree of influence on corporations, such as creditors and employees. The book attempts to take a broad perspective. It deals with interactions between boards and shareholders, as well as minority and controlling shareholders. We cover legal duties and their enforcement, as well as the balance of powers generated by the institutional setup. Nevertheless, the interests of other “stakeholders” are very much present. The authors also explore corporate purpose, including short-termism, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. In addition, the book tackles key debates in the field, including the significance of legal origins for the development of corporate law, convergence in corporate governance, and the appropriate choice of research methods in comparative corporate governance scholarship.
The influence of Friedrich Engels on Alexander Bogdanov’s Basic Elements of the Historical View of Nature

Alexander Bogdanov’s first work of philosophy, Basic Elements of the Historical View of Nature, was fundamentally influenced by Friedrich Engels. As a Marxist philosopher seeking to elaborate a comprehensive, systematic, and scientific worldview appropriate for worker–students, Bogdanov found inspiration in Engels’s Anti-Duhring, which provided him with his monist conception of being and his ‘historical view of nature’ and pointed him toward three critical elements of his work: the monism of motion (energy), Spinoza’s naturalist and determinist system, and Charles Darwin’s conception of natural selection. Bogdanov’s overall goal was to demonstrate that in nature, life, the psyche, and society there is no such thing as self-generated motion; all change occurs because of external action. For the individual and for society this means that existence determines consciousness, and societies evolve as a result of their struggle for existence, which is manifested first and foremost in labor.
Understanding the Health Characteristics and Treatment Choices of Older Men with Stress Urinary Incontinence.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the health characteristics and current treatment choices of male stress urinary incontinence (mSUI) patients to inform patient-centered decision-making. METHODS We identified a cohort of mSUI patients aged ≥65 at UCSF and San Francisco VA. Using retrospective chart review and telephone interviews, we ascertained demographics, incontinence characteristics, Charlson Comorbidity Index (score ≥ 4 indicates significant morbidity), frailty with Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, functional dependence with activities of daily living (ADL), calculated life expectancy, and assessed mental health and quality of life (QOL). Bivariate analysis evaluated associations between subject characteristics and ultimate treatment type (conservative vs surgery; sling vs sphincter). Logistic multivariable models evaluating treatment choice were also constructed. RESULTS The 130 participants had a mean age of 75 and a mean incontinence score of 14.2 representing moderately bothersome incontinence. Nearly 80% had significant morbidity, three-quarters had >50% 10-year mortality risk, 10% needed help with 1 + ADL and 22% had a TUG >10 seconds indicating frailty. The mean physical and mental QOL scores were similar to the general population. Anxiety and depression were reported by 3.9% and 10%. In univariate and multivariable analysis, only incontinence characteristics were associated with conservative vs surgical treatment choice (P CONCLUSION Multi-morbidity, functional dependence, frailty, and limited life expectancy are common among older men with mSUI, yet current treatment choices appear to be driven by incontinence characteristics. As such, mSUI surgery should be considered among men across the spectrum of health and life expectancy.
Monitoring Attendant Program: A Cost-Effective Quality Solution to Off-Hour Coverage of an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit

ABSTRACT.We wanted to improve technical recording of seizures, behavioral intervention during seizures, and patient safety during non-regular working hours in this Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. Due to fiscal constraints, it was not possible to employ registered EEG technologists during these non-regular hours for continuous patient observation. A Monitoring Attendant system was developed drawing employees from Worker Compensation. After a training program is completed, monitoring attendants provide continuous patient observation, perform intervention during seizures, ensure patient safety, and fix uncomplicated equipment problems. Since instituting this system, we have lost fewer seizures because of recording malfunction or patient noncompliance. The overall cost of staffing the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit has decreased and an economic benefit to Worker Compensation has been seen. A retrospective analysis shows no decrease in patient length of stay. This program has successfully showed that work-injured employee...
Induction theorems on the stable rationality of the center of the ring of generic matrices

Following Procesi and Formanek, the center of the division ring of rn x n generic matrices over the complex numbers C is stably equivalent to the fixed field under the action of Sn, of the function field of the group algebra of a ZSn-lattice, denoted by Gn. We study the question of the stable rationality of the center Cn over the complex numbers when rn is a prime, in this module theoretic setting. Let N be the normalizer of an rn-sylow subgroup of Sn. Let M be a ZSn-lattice. We show that under certain conditions on M, inductionrestriction from N to Sn does not affect the stable type of the corresponding field. In particular, C(Gn) and C(ZG0ZN Gn) are stably isomorphic and the isomorphism preserves the Sn-action. We further reduce the problem to the study of the localization of Gn at the prime n; all other primes behave well. We also present new simple proofs for the stable rationality of Cn over C, in the cases r = 5 and rn 7.
Artificial Cellular Development in Optimization and Compilation

Nature creates systems made of many cells that work in parallel, by using a developmental process. The development starts with a single cell which divides and divides again, generating a coherent parallel distributed system. We show how this simple idea of cell division can be exploited using computers, either for optimization or for automatic parallel compilation. In both cases, the object being generated is a parallel distributed networks. For describing cellular development we use a language that can express in a unified and simple format all our past results.
Design of adaptive overlays for multi-scale communication in sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, energy and communication bandwidth are precious resources. Traditionally, layering has been used as a design principle for network stacks; hence routing protocols assume no knowledge of the application behavior in the sensor node. In resource-constrained sensor-nodes, there is simultaneously a need and an opportunity to optimize the protocol to match the application. In this paper, we design a network architecture that efficiently supports multi-scale communication and collaboration among sensors. The architecture complements the previously proposed Abstract Regions architecture for local communication and collaboration. We design a self-organizing hierarchical overlay that scales to a large number of sensors and enables multi-resolution collaboration. We design effective Network Programming Interfaces to simplify the development of applications on top of the architecture; these interfaces are efficiently implemented in the network layer. The overlay hierarchy can adapt to match the collaboration requirements of the application and data both temporally and spatially. We present an initial evaluation of our design under simulation to show that it leads to reduced communication overhead, thereby saving energy. We are currently building our architecture in the TinyOS environment to demonstrate its effectiveness.
The Impact of Breast Cancer and Its Treatment on Marital Functioning

This article reviews the research that has examined the impact of breast cancer and its treatment on the patient's marital relationship. Breast cancer and its treatment affect not only the patient, but also her intimate partner and their relationship, including their communication, sexual relationship, and role identities. Both positive and negative effects of the experience have been identified. Predictors of marital adjustment following breast cancer are also reviewed, including demographic factors, illness factors, and characteristics of the couple. The strongest predictor of the impact of the cancer experience appears to be the premorbid quality of the relationship. A methodological critique identifies limitations of past research, and suggestions for future research are addressed. Finally, two theoretical paradigms that may account for the impact of breast cancer on relationships are discussed.
A two-phase fast hidden line removal algorithm

A computationally fast algorithm for hidden line removal is presented. It handles the case of objects with curved faces rather than just polygons. The algorithm spatially sorts the drawing curved lines into a number of squared grid cells partitioning the drawing plane to reduce the amount of complex geometric computations for line intersections. Hidden line segments in the algorithm are separated into two types and processed in different phases. The algorithm achieves, on the average, nearly linear time complexity.
Impact of environmental regulations on control of copper ion concentration in the DIII-D cooling water system

Tokamaks and industrial users are faced with the task of maintaining closed-loop, low conductivity, low impurity, cooling water systems. Operating these systems concentrates the impurities in the water requiring subsequent disposal. Environmental regulations are making this increasingly difficult. This paper will discuss the solution to the problem of removing and disposing of copper ions in the DIII-D low conductivity water system. Since the commissioning of the Doublet facility in 1976, the quality of the water in the 3000 gpm system that cools the DIII-D vacuum vessel coils, power supplies and auxiliary heating components has been controlled with mixed-bed ion exchangers. Low ion levels, particularly copper, are required to operate this equipment. In early 1992, the company that leases and regenerates DIII-D ion exchangers said they no longer can accept these resin beds for regeneration due to the level of copper ion an the resin. This change in policy, a change that has been adopted throughout their industry, was necessary to assure that the Metropolitan Sewerage System of the City of San Diego stays in compliance with State of California regulations end EPA-mandated national pre-treatment standards and regulations. A cost effective solution was implemented which utilizes a reverse osmosis filtration system with the ion exchangers for make-up water. Levels of copper ion disposed to the sewer are in compliance with government standards. These measures have thus far proved effective in maintaining low conductivity and overall good quality cooling water. Specifically, this paper discusses DIII-D deionized cooling water quality requirements and an effective means to meet these requirements in order to be in compliance with government regulations for copper ion disposal. The problems discussed, the alternatives considered and the approach taken would be readily applicable to any deionized cooling water system containing copper where EPA standards and regulations are mandated.
Composition of lipids of lima beans and certain other beans

The glyceride fractions of lima beans and four other types of beans were shown to consist mainly of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids, together with smaller amounts of stearic and oleic acids. Trace components of the lima bean lipid fraction include n-penta-decanoic and n-heptadecanoic acids. Seasonal variations were found not to be significant. Immature lima beans were shown to be similar to mature beans in composition. A very high proportion of linolenic acid, associated with a high iodine value, has been noted for all types of beans investigated. The proportion of unsaponifiable matter was high in most cases. For lima beans, it was found to consist mainly of stigmasterol and of β-sitosterol.
Beneficial Pre-ECT Ketamine Infusion in a Patient with Treatment-Resistant Depression

Received November 1, 2013; revised November 27, 2013; accepted November 29, 2013. From Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Ann Schwartz, 80 Jesse Hill Jr Dr, P.O. Box 26238, Atlanta, Georgia 30303; e-mail: aschwa2@ emory.edu & 2014TheAcademy of PsychosomaticMedicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case Report
Intramolecular reactions of (alkenyldimethylsilyl)carbenes

The reaction between compounds of the type [CH2CH(CH2)n](CH3)2SiCH2Cl and sodium has been studied. Intermediacy of the corresponding carbene (or carbenoid reagent) is proposed and evidence for intramolecular carbene addition to the olefinic linkage is presented in the case where n=0, 2 and 3.
Performing bitwise logic operations in cache using spintronics-based magnetic tunnel junctions

Recent exciting developments in the emerging field of spintronics have enabled rapid advances in spintronic devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). While MTJs are being primarily used as the basic devices in non-volatile memory, they have also been shown to accomplish primitive logic functions. However, the spintronic nature of the logic operation makes it challenging to accomplish tasks such as cascading of logic gates, operations on multiple outputs, and various combinations of these. In order to enable these primary functions, we propose the idea of adding interconnections between MTJ devices in a spintronic memory array. With this added connectivity, we show that the memory array gains the ability to perform bitwise logic operations on the data stored within it without intermediate computing circuits. We demonstrate that the basic logic operations of NAND, AND, OR and XOR operations can be performed in the memory array using the memory devices themselves. We describe the algorithms for performing the logic operations in memory and introduce the notion of a 'footprint' to compare the complexities of the operations in terms of their memory usage, data requirements and time steps. Taking into account the minimum interconnection requirements of these logic functions, we propose the design of a general spintronic logic-in-cache block and demonstrate the ADD function with it.
PROFILE OF FIBER TYPES AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF FIVE BOVINE MUSCLES

Histochemical, histological and physico-chemical parameters of the longissimus, psoas major, gluteus medius, semitendinosus and semimembranosus beef muscles were investigated. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among muscles for fiber type, cross-sectional fiber area, sarcomere length, visual color, percent reflectance, myoglobin content, hemoglobin content, water-holding capacity, transmission value, pH, moisture content, ether extractable constituents and protein content. Inner and outer areas of the semitendinosus and semimem-branosus muscles differ histochemically in fiber type and color.
Approaches to based storage in PL/I

In this paper it is shown how the topic of BASED storage in PL/I can be used to illustrate a wide variety of concepts in intermediate level courses in data structures and programming languages. Because most instructors introduce the topic only from the point of view of a linked list, the true meaning of BASED storage and POINTERs is lost in the maze of practical problems which these features can be used to solve. Because BASED storage allows the programmer close access to physical storage, an understanding of these features goes a long way toward clarifying the behind the scenes actions involved in implementing and using data structures in high level languages.
Economic production of a product and replenishment of its raw materials

Abstract In this paper a search procedure is suggested for determining the economic manufacturing policy for a product and the economic ordering policy for the raw materials required by the product. The objective is to determine an operating policy that minimizes the total relevant cost. An example is solved to illustrate the procedure.
Rethinking algorithm-based fault tolerance with a cooperative software-hardware approach

Algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) is a highly efficient resilience solution for many widely-used scientific computing kernels. However, in the context of the resilience ecosystem, ABFT is completely opaque to any underlying hardware resilience mechanisms. As a result, some data structures are over-protected by ABFT and hardware, which leads to redundant costs in terms of performance and energy. In this paper, we rethink ABFT using an integrated view including both software and hardware with the goal of improving performance and energy efficiency of ABFT-enabled applications. In particular, we study how to coordinate ABFT and error-correcting code (ECC) for main memory, and investigate the impact of this coordination on performance, energy, and resilience for ABFT-enabled applications. Scaling tests and analysis indicate that our approach saves up to 25% for system energy (and up to 40% for dynamic memory energy) with up to 18% performance improvement over traditional approaches of ABFT with ECC.
Optical nonlinearities enhanced by using carrier transport

For many applications such as spatial light modulators, optical nonlinearities with high sensitivity are desirable. Carrier transport, coupled with the use of internal fields, resonant enhancement near the band-edge and selective carrier confinement by use of hetero-structures, offer ways to enhance the sensitivity of optical nonlinearities. This is particularly true in semiconductors, which show the largest known optical nonlinearities, defined in terms of the saturation value of the optically-induced index change per absorption length. In addition, semiconductors exist with a high level of fabrication technology, making complex device structures practical. Three examples of enhanced optical nonlinearities due to carrier transport which have been demonstrated in our laboratory will be discussed [ 1 , 2 J : 1) Lengthening of carrier lifetimes due to separation of optically-induced charges within internal fields. As an example, ultra-sensitive band-filling has been observed in hetero- Schottky barriers; 2) Using optically induced modulation of the Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE) within a n-i-p-i structure to increase the index change per induced carrier density over that measured from band-filling; 3) Enhanced photo-refractive effect observed using electro-refraction and operating near the bandedge in semi-insulating semiconductors. These concepts have lead to some very promising experimental results.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.