cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Telemedicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Purpose To determine the perceived utility and demand for the application of telemedicine for improved patient care between nonsurgical dental practitioners (GPs) and oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMS). Materials and Methods Two distinct questionnaires were made, one for GPs and one for OMSs. The GP questionnaire was sent to practicing Virginia Dental Association members on an e-mail list (approximately 2,200). The OMS questionnaire was sent by the Virginia Society of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery to members on an e-mail list (approximately 213). Questionnaires included questions about access to care, benefits of telemedicine consultations, reliability of telemedicine consultations, and perceived barriers against and opportunities for the implementation of telemedicine. The questionnaire was completed by 226 GP and 41 OMS respondents. Results There was a significant difference among responses of GPs based on practice location: rural patients had a longer average time from referral to OMS consultation (P = .003), rural patients traveled longer distances (P Conclusion According to the present findings, telemedicine could be an important step in the right direction for overcoming current issues with patient access to care and increasing health care costs. The benefits of telemedicine technology have been documented and will continue to be seen with wider application of its use in other areas of health care such as oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Mass Education, Global Capital and the World: The Theoretical Lenses of István Mészáros and Immanuel Wallerstein. Tom Griffiths and Robert Imre. New York, NY: Palgavre McMillan, 2013. 232 pp. $79.63.

What attracted me to Mass Education, Global Capital and the World: The Theoretical Lenses of Istvan Meszaros and Immanuel Wallerstein was the broadness of its title. Just by reading the cover I had...
Comparisons of the changes of sulfation and phosphorylation in malignancy.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some comparisons of the changes of sulfation and phosphorylation in malignancy. In the 1950s, there was a lot of interest over sulfate activation and transfer. Later, Huttner showed that the sulfation of proteins is much more frequent than anticipated. He rightly assumed that the high instability of tyrosine sulphate ‘Tyr(S03)’ to strong acid was responsible for this neglect. In view of acid instability, Huttner used enzymatic protein degradation combined with alkaline hydrolysis with Ba(OH)2 to which tyrosine sulfate is less sensitive, but the high temperature at which he used it is still partly degraded. The uninhibited growth of malignantly transformed tissue is partly because of the loss of membrane-bound fibronectin. The addition of fibronectin to transformed cells will normalize them more or less.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to Predict Pressure Drop and Flow Behavior in the Near Wellbore Region of a Frac-Packed Gas Well

Well completion plays a key role in reservoir production as it serves as a pathway that connects the hydrocarbon bearing rock with the wellbore, allowing formation fluids (e.g. oil, gas, water) to flow into the well and then up to production facilities on the surface. Frac-packing completion (F&P) is a well stimulation technique that vastly increases the fluid transport capability of the near wellbore region in comparison with the original formation capacity by filling fractures and perforation tunnels with high-permeability proppant, thus enabling higher production rates for the same pressure drop. Hence, it is of interest for the production engineer to have an accurate description of the actual and predicted production performance in terms of pressure drop and flowrate after the F&P completion process is done. However, in developing a mathematical model of this scenario two critical challenges should be faced: (a) as fluid flows at high flowrates it begins to deviate from linear behavior, i.e. Darcy’s law is no longer valid, (b) compressible fluid flow behavior in the near wellbore region cannot be intuitively predicted due to the geometrical complexity introduced by the well completion (e.g. perforation tunnels and fractures). Additionally, this kind of mathematical model must take into account the existence of three different domains: reservoir (porous, low permeability), completion region (porous, high permeability), and free flow region.In view of these complications, this study presents a computational approach to model and characterize the near wellbore region with F&P completion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, combining a non-linear (non-Darcy or Forchheimer) real gas flow in porous media with a turbulence model for the free flow region. This study is classified into three parts: 1) verification case, 2) Darcy vs. non-Darcy flow, and 3) erosion analysis. All simulation cases are assumed to be isothermal, steady state gas flow. Streamlines are implemented to identify the possible kinds of flow regimes, or patterns, in the near wellbore region and it is shown that gas flow pattern can be high unpredictable. Turbulence production and erosional velocity limit are also analyzed. Finally, mathematical correlations for well completion performance of this particular case study are derived using data curve fitting.In conclusion, the CFD approach has proven to be a powerful yet flexible computational tool that can help the production and/or reservoir engineer to predict flow behavior as well as production performance for a gas producing well with F&P completion, while providing an insightful graphical description of pressure and velocity distribution in the near wellbore region.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Understanding Electoral Frauds Through Evolution of Russian Federalism: The Emergence of ‘Signaling Loyalty’

We argue that the pattern of fraudulent elections in Russia can be explained by combining ideas about federalism with a formal signaling game model. We argue that the changing pattern of electoral frauds from the mid-1990s to the 2000s can be explained by changes in rational strategies of regional governors tied to the evolution of Russian federal relations. While in the mid-1990s Russian governors provided the center with favorable electoral outcomes in exchange for political, institutional and financial resources, in the 2000s political recentralization led governors to send signals about their loyalty to the Center by means of fraudulently augmented turnout, receiving certain rewards in exchange, such as postelectoral fiscal transfers. The argument is supported by statistical analysis of empirical data.
Sleep quality among low-income young women in southeast Texas predicts changes in perceived stress through Hurricane Ike

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To document the time course of perceived stress among women through the period of a natural disaster, to determine the effect of sleep quality on this time course, and to identify risk factors that predict higher levels of perceived stress. DESIGN: Longitudinal study from 2006-2012. SETTING: Community-based family planning clinics in southeast Texas. PARTICIPANTS: There were 296 women aged 18-31 y who experienced Hurricane Ike, September 2008. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered every 2 mo from 6 mo before to 12 mo after Hurricane Ike. Sleep quality was assessed 1 mo after Hurricane Ike using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Good sleep was defined as a PSQI summary score RESULTS: Over the entire period of 18 mo (6 mo before and 12 mo after the hurricane), perceived stress was significantly higher among poor sleepers compared to good sleepers, and only good sleepers showed a significant decrease in perceived stress after Hurricane Ike. In addition, a higher level of perceived stress was positively associated with greater Ike damage among poor sleepers, whereas this correlation was not observed among good sleepers. In the final multivariate longitudinal model, Ike-related subjective stressors as well as baseline major life events and emotional dysregulation among poor sleepers predicted higher levels of perceived stress over time; among good sleepers, additional factors such as lower levels of self-control and having a history of a psychiatric disorder also predicted higher levels of perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep quality after Hurricane Ike, an intense natural disaster producing substantial damage, impacted changes in perceived stress over time. Our findings suggest the possibility that providing victims of disasters with effective interventions to improve sleep quality could help to reduce their perceived stress over time. © 2014 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC. Language: en
Adaptive Water Governance Project: Assessing Law, Resilience and Governance in Regional Socio-Ecological Water Systems Facing a Changing Climate

The article will summarize the findings of the Adaptive Water Governance Project, an interdisciplinary project bringing together legal and resilience scholars. The AWG project explores means to link ecological resilience and the law and policy governing the process of water management in complex, multi-jurisdictional water basins. The project focuses on assessing resilience to climate change in six North American water basins which provide examples of heavily regulated and developed social-ecological system. A common goal that informs the work of the AWG team is to meet the challenge of posing solutions in recognition of the fact that we do not write on a clean slate. Rather than propose a new form of governance, we focus on bridging existing governance to proposed approaches asking how we might get there from here. The perspective legal scholars bring to the study of resilience and adaptive governance is the recognition that legal systems, while establishing boundaries and fostering a primary goal of economic and social stability, nevertheless are inherently adaptable and have throughout history responded to new challenges. The AWG Project asks four questions on the role of law in adaptive governance. (1) What is the role of law in setting boundaries by identifying approaching thresholds or tipping points in the system? (2) What is the role of law in creating either a disturbance or window of opportunity in which adaptive forms of governance may emerge? (3) What is the role of law in presenting barriers to adaptive forms of governance? (4) What is the role of law in facilitating adaptive forms of governance? Our basin assessments reveal the role of law in: establishing boundaries, that once crossed, signal approaching thresholds; in creating conditions for establishment of rights that alter expectations sufficiently to open a window to new and sometimes collaborative approaches to water governance; in providing an avenue for the development of new process tools to facilitate emergence of adaptive forms of governance; and in presenting barriers to adaptation as a result of rigid and fragmented authority.
Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes That Contain the Diamidoamine Ligands [(C6F5NCH2CH2)2NMe]2-, [(3,4,5-C6H2F3NCH2CH2)2NMe]2-, and [(3-CF3C6H4NCH2CH2)2NMe]2-

Molybdenum and tungsten complexes have been prepared that contain three different types of diamidoamine ligands of the type [(ArNCH2CH2)2NMe]2- ([ArNMe]2-, where Ar = C6F5, 3,4,5-F3C6H2, 3-CF3C6H4). The starting materials, which are of the type [Et3NH]{[ArNMe]MCl3}, are prepared from MCl4 reagents and the ligand upon addition of triethylamine. X-ray studies for [Et3NH]{[C6F5NMe]MoCl3}, [Et3NH]{[C6F5NMe]WCl3}, and [Bu4N]{[3-CF3C6H4NMe]MoCl3} reveal that the amido nitrogens are approximately cis to one another in a distorted-pseudooctahedral environment. Addition of various alkylating reagents to various [Et3NH]{[ArNMe]MCl3} species led to the formation of [C6F5NMe]MoMe2 (3), [C6F5NMe]Mo(CH2CMe3)Cl (4b), [C6F5NMe]W(CH2CMe3)Cl (5), [3,4,5-F3C6H2NMe]Mo(CH2CMe3)Cl (8), [3,4,5-F3C6H2NMe]Mo(CH2CMe3)(CCMe3) (9), [3,4,5-F3C6H2NMe]Mo(CH2SiMe3)2 (10), [3,4,5-F3C6H2NMe]W(CH2CMe3)(CCMe3) (11a), [3,4,5-F3C6H2NMe]W(CH2SiMe3)(CSiMe3) (11b), [3-CF3C6H4NMe]Mo(CH2SiMe3)2 (13), [3-CF3C6H4NMe]Mo(CH2CMe3)Cl (14), and [3-CF3C6H...
Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations.

Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.
Improving Quality of Care and Outcomes for Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) results in substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs, yet quality of care varies widely and is frequently inadequate. Performance improvement registries have been developed to improve the quality of care and outcomes for patients with HF in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. HF registries in the United States include ADHERE, OPTIMIZE-HF, GWTG-HF, and IMPROVE HF. These registries collect data on clinical characteristics, admission, hospital, discharge, and/or outpatient care, as well as outcomes. Web-based tools that provide real-time feedback of performance and other quality measures benchmarked to other sites and national data are frequently utilized. Process-of-care improvement tools, including evidence-based clinical decision support, customizable order sets, and patient education are also used. Participation in performance improvement registries has been associated with substantial improvements in the use of guideline-recommended therapies for HF in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Conformity with HF quality measures has also been shown to improve and disparities in care have also been reduced or eliminated. There have also been improvements in clinical outcomes. This paper reviews the evidence that participation in HF performance improvement registries is associated with improved use of guideline-recommended HF therapies, better conformity with quality measures, and improved outcomes in patients with HF.
Massive Colonic Hemorrhage

Recent advances in the diagnosis of the specific cause and the specific site of massive colonic hemorrhage have revolutionized emergency surgery for this problem.
Congestion games with polytopal strategy spaces

Congestion games are a well-studied class of games that has been used to model real-world systems such as Internet routing. In many congestion games, each player's number of strategies can be exponential in the natural description of the game. Most existing algorithms for game theoretic computation, from computing expected utilities and best responses to finding Nash equilibrium and other solution concepts, all involve enumeration of pure strategies. As a result, such algorithms would take exponential time on these congestion games. In this work, we study congestion games in which each player's strategy space can be described compactly using a set of linear constraints. For instance, network congestion games naturally fall into this subclass as each player's strategy can be described by a set of flow constraints. We show that we can represent any mixed strategy compactly using marginals which specify the probability of using each resource. As a consequence, the expected utilities and the best responses can be computed in polynomial time. We reduce the problem of computing a best/worst symmetric approximate mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium in symmetric congestion games to a constraint optimization problem on a graph formed by the resources and the strategy constraints. As a result, we present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for this problem when the graph has bounded treewidth.
Self-renewing Monolayer of Primary Colonic or Rectal Epithelial Cells

Background & aims Three-dimensional organoid culture has fundamentally changed the in vitro study of intestinal biology enabling novel assays; however, its use is limited because of an inaccessible luminal compartment and challenges to data gathering in a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix. Long-lived, self-renewing 2-dimensional (2-D) tissue cultured from primary colon cells has not been accomplished. Methods The surface matrix and chemical factors that sustain 2-D mouse colonic and human rectal epithelial cell monolayers with cell repertoires comparable to that in vivo were identified. Results The monolayers formed organoids or colonoids when placed in standard Matrigel culture. As with the colonoids, the monolayers exhibited compartmentalization of proliferative and differentiated cells, with proliferative cells located near the peripheral edges of growing monolayers and differentiated cells predominated in the central regions. Screening of 77 dietary compounds and metabolites revealed altered proliferation or differentiation of the murine colonic epithelium. When exposed to a subset of the compound library, murine organoids exhibited similar responses to that of the monolayer but with differences that were likely attributable to the inaccessible organoid lumen. The response of the human primary epithelium to a compound subset was distinct from that of both the murine primary epithelium and human tumor cells. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a self-renewing 2-D murine and human monolayer derived from primary cells can serve as a physiologically relevant assay system for study of stem cell renewal and differentiation and for compound screening. The platform holds transformative potential for personalized and precision medicine and can be applied to emerging areas of disease modeling and microbiome studies.
Information Asymmetry Around News Announcements: Evidence from Option Trading Activity Predicting Stock Returns

We examine patterns of option trading activity around news announcements. Combining a database of option volume by trade type with a database of news releases, we find that option trading activity is unusually high both immediately before news days and on news days. As option volume on both days is a stronger predictor of future stock returns than option volume on other days, the trading advantage of informed option traders stems from their ability to analyze publicly available information as well as anticipate upcoming news events. Our main contribution is to show that where informed option traders trade depends on whether news releases are anticipated. We show theoretically that, when no news is scheduled to be released, informed traders prefer long option positions to short option positions and that the opposite is true ahead of scheduled news releases. Consistent with this, we find that purchases of options predict returns on news days and ahead of unscheduled events, but not before scheduled events, and sales of options are informative only ahead of scheduled news releases.
Zinc Dyshomeostasis in Neuronal Injury

Given the emerging pathogenic role played by intracellular Zn2+ accumulation in neuronal death and the fact that the ion seems to promote injury with greater potency compared to Ca2+, Zn2+ may be an underappreciated mediator of excitotoxicity, which has for the most part been thought of as a purely Ca2+-dependent phenomenon. Moreover, the deleterious effects of cytosolic [Ca2+]i increases in ischemia should perhaps be reevaluated in light of emerging data regarding the Ca2+ dependence of intracellular mobilization of Zn2+. The observation that intracellular Zn2+ release from mitochondria is particularly prominent in the case of large, glutamate-evoked [Ca2+]i rises, coupled with the likely probability that Ca2+-induced mitochondrial ROS generation would also promote Zn2+ release from MTs, offers the possibility of a more complex injury paradigm than previously imagined. In such a model, glutamate-driven [Ca2+]i rises might actually serve as an “accomplice” to spark the release of the true ionic mediator of neuronal damage: Zn2+.
Targeting a Dark Excited State of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid by Antiretroviral Thioesters Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy.

HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NCp7) is a two Cys2 HisCys zinc knuckle (N-Zn and C-Zn) protein that plays a key role in viral replication. NCp7 conformational dynamics is characterized by NMR relaxation dispersion and chemical exchange saturation transfer measurements. While the N-Zn knuckle is conformationally stable, the C-Zn knuckle interconverts on the millisecond timescale between the major state, in which the zinc is coordinated by three cysteines and a histidine, and two folded minor species (with populations around 1 %) in which one of the coordination bonds (Cys413-Sγ-Zn or His421-Nϵ2-Zn) is hydrolyzed. These findings explain why antiretroviral thioesters specifically disrupt the C-Zn knuckle by initial acylation of Cys413, and show that transient, sparsely-populated ("dark"), excited states of proteins can present effective targets for rational drug design.
A phase II trial of LEE011 in combination with everolimus in the treatment of advanced well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of foregut origin.

TPS546Background: Changes in the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor pathway are believed to contribute to the development of well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WDNETs). In the pre-clinica...
Mouse but not zebrafish requires retinoic acid for control of neuromesodermal progenitors and body axis extension.

Abstract In mouse, retinoic acid (RA) is required for the early phase of body axis extension controlled by a population of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) in the trunk called expanding-NMPs, but not for the later phase of body axis extension controlled by a population of NMPs in the tail called depleting-NMPs. Recent observations suggest that zebrafish utilize depleting-NMPs but not expanding-NMPs for body axis extension. In zebrafish, a role for RA in body axis extension was not supported by previous studies on aldh1a2 (raldh2) mutants lacking RA synthesis. Here, by treating zebrafish embryos with an RA synthesis inhibitor, we also found that body axis extension and somitogenesis was not perturbed, although loss of pectoral fin and cardiac edema were observed consistent with previous studies. The conclusion that zebrafish diverges from mouse in not requiring RA for body axis extension is consistent with zebrafish lacking early expanding-NMPs to generate the trunk. We suggest that RA control of body axis extension was added to higher vertebrates during evolution of expanding-NMPs.
CURIOSITIES OF SPIN-CROSSOVER FERRIC SCHIFF-BASE COMPLEXES

Abstract Ferric spin-crossover transition metal complexes exhibit unusual properties in the solid state. In many cases a Boltzmann distribution over electronic states is not seen. In several cases incomplete transitions are seen. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, 57Fe Mossbauer and EPR data are presented for a particular series of ferric spin-crossover complexes in an effort to understand the origin of these non-equilibrium effects. It has been found that mechanically grinding the ferric compounds which normally show complete transitions yields compounds exhibiting incomplete transitions. A certain percentage of the molecules in each ground sample persists in the high-spin state even at very low temperatures. Grinding the sample also makes the transition more gradual. Doping the ferric complexes into the isostructural cobalt(III) and chromium(III) complexes has a similar effect. It appears that all of the effects of grinding or doping a spin-crossover complex and the factors that determine whether a given complex exhibits a gradual or sudden transition can be explained by the nucleation and growth mechanism of phase transitions in solids. One of our complexes is unique in having a spin-flipping rate commensurate with the reciprocal of the 57Fe Mossbauer timsecale.
Equipment for Remote Dismantling

Dismantling of the Sodium Reactor Experiment at Rockwell International’s Nuclear Development Field Laboratory in Chatsworth, California required the development of remotely operated tooling to dissect the reactor vessels and internal piping.
GaAs Solar Cells on V-Grooved Silicon via Selective Area Growth

Interest in integrating III-Vs onto Si has recently resurged as a promising pathway towards high-efficiency, low-cost tandem photovoltaics. Here, we present single-junction GaAs solar cells grown monolithically on on-axis Si (001) substrates using V-grooves, selective area growth, and aspect ratio trapping to mitigate defect formation without the use of expensive, thick graded buffers, along with homoepitaxially grown GaAs solar cell test structures. The GaAs buffer grown directly on Si is free of antiphase domains and exhibits a relatively low TDD of $\pmb{4\times 10^{7}}$ cm−2, despite the lack of a graded buffer. These demonstration solar cells show promise for further improvements to III- V lSi tandems to enable cost-comoetitive ohotovoltaics.
CHAPTER 14 – Radiation of Characiform Fishes: Evidence from Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences

This chapter illustrates a few representative characiform taxa and summarizes molecular phylogenetic studies of characiform fishes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. It compares data sets comprising increasing levels of taxonomic divergence among closely related species and genera of “piranhas” and “pacus” within the subfamily Serrasalminae, among subfamilies within the family Characidae, among families of Characiformes, and among orders of Ostariophysans The first part of the chapter presents phylogenetic hypotheses derived from each data set and discusses their validity based on comparative analyses of base substitution patterns. It presents phylogenies obtained from analysis of a nuclear protein-coding gene: ependymin. This gene codes for a major glycoprotein component of the extracellular fluid in the brain of fishes. Finally, a short discussion of the systematic and biogeographic implications of the phylogenetic results is included. It only reviews the most significant phylogenetic results obtained in the evidence from ependymin sequences and provides evidence obtained from mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) sequences for; various mt DNA data sets; compensatory mutations; and phylogenetic relationships among Serrasalmin genera, characiform families, and Ostariophysan orders.
The Impact of a City-Level Minimum Wage Policy on Supermarket Food Prices by Food Quality Metrics: A Two-Year Follow Up Study.

Objective: To examine the effects of increasing minimum wage on supermarket food prices in Seattle over 2 years of policy implementation, overall and differentially across food quality metrics. Methods: Prices for the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition (CPHN) market basket of 106 foods were obtained for 6 large supermarket chain stores in Seattle (“intervention”) and for the same chain stores in King County (“control”) at four time points: 1-month pre- (March 2015), 1-month post- (May 2015), 1-year post- (May 2016), and 2-years post-policy implementation (May 2017). Prices for all food items were standardized and converted to price per 100 kcal. Food quality metrics were used to explore potential differential price increases by (a) food groups, as defined by US Department of Agriculture; (b) NOVA food processing categories, and (c) nutrient density quartiles, based on the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3. Separate difference-in-differences linear regression models with robust standard errors, examined price differences per 100 kcal overall, clustered by store chain, and stratified by each food quality metric. Results: There were no overall market basket price changes attributable to Seattle’s minimum wage policy. Moreover, no minimum wage effect was detected by USDA food group, food processing, or nutrient density categories. Conclusions: Local area supermarket food prices were not impacted by Seattle’s minimum wage policy 2 years into policy implementation and after the first increase to $15/h overall or by sub-classification. Low-income workers may be able to afford higher quality diets if wages increase yet supermarket prices stay the same.
Novel potent and m2-selective antimuscarinic compounds which penetrate the blood-brain barrier

Summary A series of 5-[[[(dialkylamino)alkyl]-1-phenyl]acetyl]-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[ b,e ][1,4]diazepin-11-ones 1 were prepared as potential m 2 -selective ligands. The binding affinities and selectivities of these compounds for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes were determined. The best m 2 -selective antimuscarinic agent studied was 5-[[4-[4-(diisobutylamino)butyl]-1-phenyl] acetyl]-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[ b,e ][1,4]diazepin-11-one 1h (DIBD), which caused a significant reduction in (R,R)-3-quinuclidinyl-[ 125 I]-4-iodobenzilate ((R,R)-[ 125 I]-4IQNB) binding in brain regions known to contain a high percentage of m 2 -receptors. Thus DIED penetrates the blood-brain barrier and exhibits in vivo selectivity for the m 2 subtype. In contrast, neither DIBA, AF-DX 116, nor AQ-RA 741 caused a significant m 2 -selective reduction in (R,R)-[ 125 I]-4IQNB binding in the brain regions studied.
Evaluation of patient education materials for stereotactic radiosurgery from high-performing neurosurgery hospitals and professional societies.

Background Little is known about the readability and utility of patient education materials for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to evaluate such materials from high-performing neurosurgery hospitals and professional societies through an analysis of readability and educational content. Methods In this cross-cross sectional study, 61 websites associated with the top 50 neurosurgery and neurology hospitals according to U.S. News & World Report (USNWR) and 11 predetermined professional medical societies were queried. Identified SRS education materials were analyzed by 6 readability indices. Educational content was assessed by 10 criteria based on surveys of patients' perspectives about SRS. Results Fifty-four materials were identified from the target population (45 from USNWR hospital websites and 9 from professional society websites). Mean readability of materials ranged from 11.7 to 15.3 grade level, far more difficult than national recommendations of sixth and eighth grade. Materials were found to have deficiencies in educational content. Compared with high-performing hospitals, materials from websites of professional societies were longer (P = .002), and more likely to discuss risks and benefits specific to SRS (P = .008), alternative treatment options (P = .05) and expected outcomes or postprocedure descriptions (P = .004). Hospital materials were also more likely to favor brand-specific terminology (eg, GammaKnife) over generic terminology (eg, radiosurgery; P = .019). Conclusion Publicly available online patient educational materials for SRS are written at reading levels above national recommendations. Furthermore, many lack information identified as important by patients. Reevaluation and improvement of online SRS educational materials on a national scale are warranted.
Doctor(ing) Ambedkar: Casting Caste and the Politics of Publishing

This essay examines the politics of publication and distribution of Dalit writings within the global publishing industry by focusing on Arundhati Roy’s book-length introduction, “The Doctor and the...
A Unified Framework for Data Poisoning Attack to Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning

In this paper, we proposed a general framework for data poisoning attacks to graph-based semi-supervised learning (G-SSL). In this framework, we first unify different tasks, goals, and constraints into a single formula for data poisoning attack in G-SSL, then we propose two specialized algorithms to efficiently solve two important cases --- poisoning regression tasks under $\ell_2$-norm constraint and classification tasks under $\ell_0$-norm constraint. In the former case, we transform it into a non-convex trust region problem and show that our gradient-based algorithm with delicate initialization and update scheme finds the (globally) optimal perturbation. For the latter case, although it is an NP-hard integer programming problem, we propose a probabilistic solver that works much better than the classical greedy method. Lastly, we test our framework on real datasets and evaluate the robustness of G-SSL algorithms. For instance, on the MNIST binary classification problem (50000 training data with 50 labeled), flipping two labeled data is enough to make the model perform like random guess (around 50\% error).
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Conductivity of the First Large Organic Electron Intercalates of Graphite

The intercalation of graphite with various alkali metal and rare-earth oxides has been well characterized [1]. However, the synthesis of organic intercalates of graphite has, up to now, been limited to solvent inclusion of small-ring systems. Reported here are the first intercalates of graphite with large aromatic ring systems that are used to form organic metals.
2018 Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Enrollments:

In contrast to previous years, enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States were relatively stable from 2015 to 2018. Although strategic communication sequences re...
Human presence outweighs non-anthropogenic factors as a driver of avian nest parasite loads

Human presence and landscape change can alter many aspects of ecological communities and can interact with natural factors to change host–parasite dynamics. In the study reported here, we tested whether an anthropogenic factor, urbanization, affected the abundance and size of hematophagous ectoparasites (swallow bugs: Oeciacus vicarius) found in the nests of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). We also examined how swallow bug infestations might be affected by multiple non-anthropogenic biotic and abiotic factors, including season, nest mass, nest colony size, the history of colony occupation, and the presence of other parasitic and non-parasitic arthropods in cliff swallow nests. Our sample included 73 nests collected from 18 cliff swallow colonies in Northern Colorado, USA. Results indicated that swallow bug loads were most strongly predicted by human land use and density, with urban colonies having much heavier infestations than rural colonies. Swallow bugs were more numerous in colonies that were known to have been recently occupied by cliff swallows, and in nests that contained high numbers of other parasitic arthropods, including fleas and ticks. Swallow bug population size did not vary with season, nest mass, or nest colony size, and none of our measured factors predicted swallow bug body length. Results suggest that cities may exacerbate harmful effects of avian ectoparasites by promoting large population sizes, and that these effects may be compounded by the presence of multiple parasitic species in heavily infested nests.
A Control-Theoretic Approach to Precoding for Multi-Cast Multi-Beam over Satellite

This work explores an initial step in defining a principled and control-theoretic framework for multi-beam broadband satellite systems in a novel and challenging scenario of hybrid terrestrial-satellite mobile system architectures. Advanced control-theoretic design principles for a bent-pipe satellite payload concept for forward paths will be highlighted for: i) broadcast (point-to-multi-point) downlink on forward paths; ii) tradeoffs between terrestrial mobile network congestions and data transmission rates; and iii) judicious coordination of actual data rates and resilient precoding strategies under uncertainty for achieving reliable feeder link transmission by the ground gateway. The expected results will also help reveal new insights on risk-sensitive satellite-to-user downlinks and multicast transmission in the presence of frequency reuses as well as potential congestions from primary terrestrial mobile network counterparts.
A Self-Calibrating Halo-Based Group Finder: Application to SDSS

We apply a new galaxy group finder to the Main Galaxy Sample of the SDSS. This algorithm introduces new freedom to assign halos to galaxies that is self-calibrated by comparing the catalog to complementary data. These include galaxy clustering data and measurements of the total satellite luminosity from deep imaging data. We present constraints on the galaxy-halo connection for star-forming and quiescent populations. The results of the self-calibrated group catalog differ in several key ways from previous group catalogs and halo occupation analyses. The transition halo mass scale, where half of halos contain quiescent central galaxies, is at M_h~10^12.4 Msol/h, significantly higher than other constraints. Additionally, the width of the transition from predominantly star-forming halos to quiescent halos occurs over a narrower range in halo mass. Quiescent central galaxies in low-mass halos are significantly more massive than star-forming centrals at the same halo mass, but this difference reverses above the transition halo mass. We find that the scatter in logM* at fixed M_h is ~0.2 dex for massive halos, in agreement with previous estimates, but rises sharply at lower halo masses. The halo masses assigned by the group catalog are in good agreement with weak lensing estimates for star-forming and quiescent central galaxies. We discuss possible improvements to the algorithm made clear by this first application to data. The group catalog is made publicly available.
Papillary Dermal Elastolysis Secondary to Combination Nivolumab and Cabiralizumab Therapy: Histiocytes and Dermal Mucin as Clues to the Diagnosis

ABSTRACT Papillary dermal elastolysis has been described in the setting of experimental combination nivolumab and cabiralizumab immunotherapy. We report a third patient with distinctive, generalized atrophic macules that developed after a morbilliform eruption during a clinical trial for treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Histopathological findings demonstrated diminished elastic fibers in the papillary dermis, associated with a histiocyte-rich infiltrate and increased dermal mucin, features that should clue the dermatopathologist to this condition.
A fast multigrid method for solving incompressible hydrodynamic problems with free surfaces

The focus of this work is the development of a finite-volume multigrid Euler scheme for solving three-dimensional, fully nonlinear ship wave problems. The flowfield and the a priori unknown free surface location are calculated by coupling the free surface kinematic and dynamic equations with the equations of motion for the bulk flow. The evolution of the free surface boundary condition is linked to the evolution of the bulk flow via a novel iteration strategy that allows temporary leakage through the surface before the solution is converged. The method of artificial compressibility is used to enforce the incompressibility constraint for the bulk flow. A multigrid algorithm is used to accelerate convergence to a steady state. The scheme is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental results for the Wigley parabolic hull. Waterline profiles from bow to stern are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The computed wave drag compares favorably with both theory and experiment for a wide range of Froude numbers. Overall, the present method proves to be accurate and efficient.
Worldviews, Pluralism, and Loss of Confidence in Reason

This chapter turns more directly to the loss of confidence in reason that is a characteristic feature of modern democracies. After introducing the notion of a worldview, and its important features, along with the defining questions that one should ask about one’s worldview, we then present a causal argument/process to explain how democratic culture arrived at a loss of confidence in reason leading to the problem of worldview pluralism. This causal argument identifies the various steps that democratic societies went through over time with regard to the practice of freedom; it shows how democratic nations moved from a position of freedom in theory but not so much in practice, to the emergence of a number of incommensurable worldviews that give rise to a contentious pluralism, and to a loss of confidence in reason. The chapter then considers one way this is manifested in the growing phenomenon of anti-realism about knowledge, reflects on how people respond to this phenomenon, and considers how over time worldviews become ideologies. It concludes with a consideration of worldview pluralism as a cultural phenomenon.
Linking Solid-State Reduction Mechanisms to Size-Dependent Reactivity of Metal Oxide Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion

The reactivity of copper oxide (CuO) particles in chemical looping combustion (CLC), a promising indirect combustion process that facilitates carbon capture, was investigated by measuring CuO phase...
Free Will and Moral Responsibility

1. Can We Ever Be Really, Truly, Ultimately, Free?: Mark Bernstein (Purdue University). 2. On an Argument for the Impossibility of Moral Responsibility: Randolph Clark (University of Georgia). 3. Deliberation and Metaphysical Freedom: E. J. Coffman (University of Notre Dame) and Ted A. Warfield (University of Notre Dame). 4. Alienation, Autonomy, and the Self: Laura Waddell Ekstrom (College of William and Mary). 5. Neurobiology, Neuroimaging, and Free Will: Walter Glannon (University of Calgary). 6. Frankfurt-Style Counterexamples and Begging the Question: Steward Goetz (Ursinus College). 7. Freedom, Obligation, and Responsibility: Prospects for a Unifying Theory: Ishtiyaque Haji (University of Calgary). 8. Moral Responsibility and Buffered Alternatives: David P. Hunt (Whittier College). 9. Decisions, Intentions, and Free Will: Alfred R. Mele (Florida State University). 10. Where Frankfurt and Strawson Meet: Michael McKenna (Ithaca College). 11. Freedom, Responsibility and the Challenge of Situationism: Dana K. Nelkin (University of California, San Diego). 12. Freedom with a Human Face: Timothy O'Connor (Indiana University). 13. Defending Hard Incompatibilism: Derk Pereboom (University of Vermont). 14. Free Will and Respect for Persons: Saul Smilansky (University of Haifa). 15. PAPistry: Another Defense: Daniel Speak (Azusa Pacific University). 16. The Trouble with Tracing: Manuel Vargas (University of San Francisco). 17. Blameworthiness, Non-robust Alternatives, and the Principle of Alternative Expectations: David Widerker (Bar Ilan University). 18. More on "Ought" Implies "Can" and the Principle of Alternate Possibilities: Gideon Yaffe (University of Southern California).
Cytologic and histologic outcome following an atypical cervical smear.

Abstract Four hundred and eighty women with atypical cervical smears were identified through a cancer detection program. Patients were followed with repeat smears, and without biopsy, as long as clinically and cytologically warranted. The class of the first follow-up smear was found to be useful in predicting which patients would eventually develop suspicious or positive smears. Those with atypical smears were almost three times as likely to progress cytologically as those with negative smears. Fourteen per cent had suspicious smears on the first follow-up visit. The probability of developing a suspicious or positive smear was 34 per cent during the first year of follow-up, 16 per cent during the second year, and 4 per cent thereafter. Among the 359 patients with atypical smears on initial screening, 94 had histologic diagnoses. The invasive cancer rate was 4.5 per 100 atypical smears, and the in situ cancer rate was 3.1 per 100.
Using stereotypes to understand one's interactive partner

Psychologists note that humans regularly use categories to simplify and speed the process of person perception [1]. The influence of categorical thinking on interpersonal expectations is commonly referred to as a stereotype. This research explores the construction and use of stereotypes in human-robot interaction. We present a novel algorithm that creates generalized models of a robot's interactive partner. The results of this work have potential implications for social robotics, autonomous agents, and possibly psychology.
The Stability of Automatic Programs for Numerical Problems

Many classes of methods for numerical problems can be characterized by parameters. For example, Adams methods for integrating ordinary differential equations can be characterized by the step size and order. In many cases it is known that a method is stable for fixed values of those parameters, whereas many programs vary those parameters in order to reduce computation time. This paper examines the effects on stability of changes to two kinds of parameters—“discrete” and “continuous” — corresponding to the parameters of order and step size in the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conditions are given that are sufficient to ensure that these changes do not affect stability. These results are applied to two classes of automatic methods for ordinary differential equations—one based on unequal interval quadrature formulas, the other based on interpolation and equal interval quadrature formulas.
Excitation of the Delta resonance in the 12C(e,e') reaction.

The inclusive (e,e') scattering from nuclei is studied with the assumption that the electromagnetic production of pions from the nucleon can be described by a model consisting of the conventional Born term and a ..delta..-excitation term. We show that the global features of the recent data of the inclusive /sup 12/C(e,e') reaction in the GeV energy region can be described by the following procedures: (1) the parameters of the constructed one-body and two-body current operators are fitted to the total cross sections of ..gamma..N..--> pi..N, p(e,e'), and ..gamma..d..-->..np; (2) the medium effect on the ..delta.. propagation is treated according to the information extracted from the ..delta..-hole model calculation. It is found that the two-body mechanism of ..delta.. annihilation by the nuclear medium improves the fit to the data in the ''dip'' region. The predicted magnitudes in the ..delta.. region are lower than the data, indicating the importance of more complicated multinucleon mechanisms.