cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide expression profiling reveals genes associated with amphotericin B and fluconazole resistance in experimentally induced antifungal resistant isolates of Candida albicans

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify changes in the gene expression profile of Candida albicans associated with the acquisition of experimentally induced resistance to amphotericin B and fluconazole. Methods: C. albicans SC5314 was passed in increasing concentrations of amphotericin B to generate isolate SC5314-AR. Susceptibility testing by Etest revealed SC5314-AR to be highly resistant to both amphotericin B and fluconazole. The gene expression profile of SC5314-AR was compared with that of SC5314 using DNA microarray analysis. Sterol composition was determined for both strains. Results: Upon examination of MICs of antifungal compounds, it was found that SC5314-AR was resistant to both amphotericin B and fluconazole. By microarray analysis a total of 134 genes were found to be differentially expressed, that is up-regulated or down-regulated by at least 50%, in SC5314-AR. In addition to the cell stress genes DDR48 and RTA2, the ergosterol biosynthesis genes ERG5, ERG6 and ERG25 were up-regulated. Several histone genes, protein synthesis genes and energy generation genes were down-regulated. Sterol analysis revealed the prevalence of sterol intermediates eburicol and lanosterol in SC5314-AR, whereas ergosterol was the predominant sterol in SC5314. Conclusion: Along with changes in expression of these ergosterol biosynthesis genes was the accumulation of sterol intermediates in the resistant strain, which would account for the decreased affinity of amphotericin B for membrane sterols and a decreased requirement for lanosterol demethylase activity in membrane sterol production. Furthermore, other genes are implicated as having a potential role in the polyene and azole antifungal resistant phenotype.
Friendlee: a mobile application for your social life

We have designed and implemented Friendlee, a mobile social networking application for close relationships. Friendlee analyzes the user's call and messaging activity to form an intimate network of the user's closest social contacts while providing ambient awareness of the user' social network in a compelling, yet non-intrusive manner.
A “Forgetting Journal” for Memory Courses

(1984). A 'Forgetting Journal' for Memory Courses. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 111-112.
Negation as refutation

A refutation mechanism is introduced into logic programming, dual to the usual proof mechanism; then negation is treated via refutation. A four-valued logic is appropriate for the semantics: true, false, neither, both. Inconsistent programs are allowed, but inconsistencies remain localized. The four-valued logic is a well-known one, due to Belnap, and is the simplest example of the Ginsberg bilattice notion. An efficient implementation based on semantic tableaux is sketched; it reduces to SLD resolution when negations are not involved. The resulting system can give reasonable answers to queries that involve both negation and free variables. Also, it gives the same results as Prolog when there are no negations. Finally, an implementation in Prolog is given. >
NAAG peptidase inhibitors block cognitive deficit induced by MK-801 and motor activation induced by d-amphetamine in animal models of schizophrenia

The most widely validated animal models of the positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia involve administration of d-amphetamine or the open channel NMDA receptor blockers, dizocilpine (MK-801), phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. The drug ZJ43 potently inhibits glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), an enzyme that inactivates the peptide transmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and reduces positive and negative behaviors induced by PCP in several of these models. NAAG is an agonist at the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3). Polymorphisms in this receptor have been associated with expression of schizophrenia. This study aimed to determine whether two different NAAG peptidase inhibitors are effective in dopamine models, whether their efficacy was eliminated in GCPII knockout mice and whether the efficacy of these inhibitors extended to MK-801-induced cognitive deficits as assessed using the novel object recognition test. ZJ43 blocked motor activation when given before or after d-amphetamine treatment. (R,S)-2-phosphono-methylpentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), another potent NAAG peptidase inhibitor, also reduced motor activation induced by PCP or d-amphetamine. 2-PMPA was not effective in GCPII knockout mice. ZJ43 and 2-PMPA also blocked MK-801-induced deficits in novel object recognition when given before, but not after, the acquisition trial. The group II mGluR antagonist LY341495 blocked the effects of NAAG peptidase inhibition in these studies. 2-PMPA was more potent than ZJ43 in a test of NAAG peptidase inhibition in vivo. By bridging the dopamine and glutamate theories of schizophrenia with two structurally different NAAG peptidase inhibitors and demonstrating their efficacy in blocking MK-801-induced memory deficits, these data advance the concept that NAAG peptidase inhibition represents a potentially novel antipsychotic therapy.
From Terror to Joy: Automatic Tuning to Positive Affective Information Following Mortality Salience

Reminders of death tend to produce strong cognitive and behavioral responses, but little or no emotional response. In three experiments, mortality salience produced an automatic coping response that involved tuning to positive emotional information. Subjects showed increased accessibility of positive emotional information (Experiments 1 and 3) and gave more weight to positive emotion in their judgments of word similarity (Experiment 2) after contemplating death than after thinking about dental pain. This automatic coping response was found both after a delay (Experiments 1 and 2) and directly after the mortality-salience manipulation (Experiment 3), which suggests that the coping process begins immediately. Tuning to positive emotional information in response to mortality salience was unconscious and counterintuitive (Experiment 3). These findings shed light on the coping process that ensues immediately following mortality salience and help to explain why a delay is often necessary to produce effects in line with terror management theory.
Systematic effects of foreground removal in 21-cm surveys of reionization

21-cm observations have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the high-redshift Universe. Whilst extremely bright radio continuum foregrounds exist at these frequencies, their spectral smoothness can be exploited to allow efficient foreground subtraction. It is well known that - regardless of other instrumental effects - this removes power on scales comparable to the survey bandwidth. We investigate associated systematic biases. We show that removing line-of-sight fluctuations on large scales aliases into suppression of the 3D power spectrum across a broad range of scales. This bias can be dealt with by correctly marginalizing over small wavenumbers in the 1D power spectrum; however, the unbiased estimator will have unavoidably larger variance. We also show that Gaussian realizations of the power spectrum permit accurate and extremely rapid Monte Carlo simulations for error analysis; repeated realizations of the fully non-Gaussian field are unnecessary. We perform Monte Carlo maximum likelihood simulations of foreground removal which yield unbiased, minimum variance estimates of the power spectrum in agreement with Fisher matrix estimates. Foreground removal also distorts the 21-cm probability distribution function (PDF), reducing the contrast between neutral and ionized regions, with potentially serious consequences for efforts to extract information from the PDF. We show that it is the subtraction of large-scale modes which is responsible for this distortion, and that it is less severe in the earlier stages of reionization. It can be reduced by using larger bandwidths. In the late stages of reionization, identification of the largest ionized regions (which consist of foreground emission only) provides calibration points which potentially allow recovery of large-scale modes. Finally, we also show that (i) the broad frequency response of synchrotron and free-free emission will smear out any features in the electron momentum distribution and ensure spectrally smooth foregrounds and (ii) extragalactic radio recombination lines should be negligible foregrounds.
Leave No Discipline Behind.

The current wave of school reform, with its emphasis on assessment of basic reading, writing, and math skills, has resulted in a diminished role for other core subjects. In the United States, the No Child Left Behind Act calls for the addition of assessments in science, but it seems that social studies will be a core discipline that is left behind. Already, time devoted to social studies instruction in elementary schools has been reduced—a development that has no small number of educators worried. This article makes the case for preserving social studies instruction by focusing on the content literacy skills taught in reading and language arts. The authors question which skills are necessary for effective social studies learning. It is their belief that reading and comprehension strategies are central to the development of social studies concepts. The authors describe crosscurricular ways to use vocabulary development, writing, and story mapping so that language arts can help bridge the divide between social studies and the other core subjects emphasized in current school reform initiatives.
Efficiency-constrained particle swarm optimization of a modified bernstein polynomial for conformal array excitation amplitude synthesis

As various enabling technologies advance, conformal phased arrays are finding more numerous applications. Because a conformal array is curved, new far field pattern behaviors emerge and many of the traditional linear and planar phased array synthesis methods are not valid. This paper starts by reviewing the equations for the far field of a curved phased array, and provides a generalized definition of aperture efficiency appropriate for conformal arrays. A modified Bernstein polynomial, defined with just five parameters, is introduced which provides a flexible method to specify a variety of smooth unimodal amplitude distributions that are shown to give good sidelobe levels and aperture efficiencies. By using particle swarm optimization of the modified Bernstein polynomial parameters constrained to provide a specified aperture efficiency, a family of aperture distributions and corresponding far field patterns is produced that allows aperture efficiency to be traded for sidelobe level.
The role of P-glycoprotein in drug resistance in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplastic cancer of the plasma cells that involves the bone marrow. The majority of patients with MM initially respond to chemotherapy, but they eventually become resistant to later drug therapy. One of the reasons for drug resistance in patients with MM is efflux transporters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the most studied of the multidrug resistance proteins, and is up-regulated in response to many chemotherapeutic drugs. This up-regulation of P-gp causes a decrease in the intracellular accumulation of these drugs, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we focus on the role of P-gp in drugs used for patients with MM. P-gp has been found to be an important factor with regard to drug resistance in many of the drug classes used in the treatment of MM (proteasome inhibitors, anthracyclines, alkylating agents and immunomodulators are examples). Thus, our further understanding of its mechanism and inhibitory effects will help us decrease drug resistance in patients with MM.
Challenging Pharmaceutical Industry Political Power in Maine and Vermont

A comparison of the Vermont and Maine cases of attempting to control pharmaceutical prices in the year 2000 shows that the Maine legislators were more successful in challenging pharmaceutical industry political power. This comparison shows that challenging the industry was aided by (1) mobilizing public support through grassroots organizations, (2) including independent pharmacists in negotiations over the legislation, and (3) developing state purchasing power leverage.
Devolving Authority and Expanding Autonomy in Japanese Prefectures and Municipalities

The English-language scholarship generally describes Japan as a centralized developmental state. However, while “developmentalism” does describe Japan's strategic economic approach, “centralized” no longer accurately depicts its spatial development process. This article argues that local autonomy is not equivalent in Japan, but rather, varies based upon a jurisdiction's population size and economic base. Large cities, important employment centers, and heavily populated prefectures have greater authority and influence than do smaller, less affluent communities. This article also asserts that the role prefectures play in the development planning process has been greatly undervalued. It then concludes that this combination of factors suggests that today's Japanese State is something more complex than the term “centralized” connotes.
Stability in the Popularity of Television Programs among Children and Adolescents.

This study analyzed changes in the popularity (ratings) of television programs over the duration of a television season. Results indicated that popularity was quite stable and increased as the season wore on, especially among younger viewers.
Assessing Stakeholder Perspectives on Invasive Plants to Inform Risk Analysis

Abstract Conservation and land management decisions often are based primarily on natural science, but could be more successful if human influences were effectively integrated into decision making. This is especially true for efforts to manage invasive plants, whose arrival is usually the product of deliberate human introduction. Risk-assessment models that predict the probability that a nonnative plant will naturalize or invade are useful tools for managing invasive plants. However, decisions based on such models could affect stakeholders differently. Careful assessment of risk-analysis methodologies should consider the importance of stakeholder participation. We surveyed the perceptions of four stakeholder groups (conservation professionals, master gardeners, professional horticulturists, and woodland landowners) in Iowa about invasive plants, general management approaches, and risk-assessment models. We also examined whether or not a stakeholder's nature relatedness plays a role in shaping his or her re...
USING TEST ORACLES AND FORMAL SPECIFICATIONS WITH TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT

This paper illustrates how Test Oracles and Formal Specifications, with appropriate tool support, can be used with Test-Driven Development (TDD). In TDD, the test code is a formal documentation of the required behavior of the component or system that is being developed, but this documentation is necessarily incomplete and often over-specific. We describe an alternative approach to TDD that is to develop the specification of the required behavior in a formal notation as a part of the TDD process and to generate test oracles from that specification. We present the results of using this approach to develop programs used in a project at the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at Memorial University.
AGING AND COHORT SUCCESSION: INTERPRETATIONS AND MISINTERPRETATIONS

The two processes of aging and cohort succession underlie many of the changes and trends of concern to social scientists, and as the relevant data accumulate, better understanding of both individual and social change becomes more nearly attainable. The purpose of this article is to further such understanding by providing guideposts for the analysis of data that often appear to be deceptively simple. Language: en
Fields and Vision

Recent developments in computer vision and neural network theory lead to a field-theoretic model of information processing in the visual system. We review this theory and examine its role in providing new computational paradigms.
Chapter 27. Recent Developments in the Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the recent developments of mass spectrometry in the analysis of peptides and proteins. An absolute requirement for the successful mass spectrometric analysis of any compound is the production of ions of the molecule in the gas phase. In this method, the compound of interest is ionized and desorbed from a surface by the application of a strong electric field. Several different types of mass analyzers are used to determine the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions produced from peptides and proteins. These include the double focusing electric and magnetic deflection mass analyzer (MA), the quadrupole MA, the time-of-flight MA, and the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MA. The most important single piece of information obtained with mass spectrometry that helps to characterize a peptide or protein is its molecular weight. Mass spectrometric peptide mapping has become an established and powerful structural tool for the analysis of proteins. The general strategy involves chemical or enzymatic degradation of the protein, followed by mass spectrometric molecular weights (MW) determination of the resulting peptides. One of the most important applications of mass spectrometry for protein analysis is the detection and definition of posttranslational modifications. Frequently, posttranslational modifications are initially detected by MW determination of chemically or enzymatically generated peptide fragments of the protein. Mass spectrometry has also been used to provide information on the carboxytermini of proteins, the structure of the peptide network of pneumococcal peptidoglycans, iodination sites in cytochrome C, and the correct MW of proteins. During the production of peptide ions large amounts of energy are deposited in the ionized molecule. At the end of the chapter, it is predicted that mass spectrometry is likely to become an increasingly important analytical tool for the biomedical scientist who works with peptides and proteins.
Abstract T P213: An Interactive Video Improves the Understanding of a Hypothetical Adaptive Acute Stroke Trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The communication of adaptive clinical trials can be more difficult due to the increased complexity of the design itself, especially in an emergent, time-sensitive setting such as with acute stroke patients. We hypothesized that introducing brief, comprehension questions into a video explaining a hypothetical acute stroke trial would improve the understanding of the trial allocation procedure and increase patient participation. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adult patients presenting to the emergency department. After obtaining verbal consent, patients were randomized to one of four groups: They watched a video with either an RAR or a standard hypothetical acute stroke trial, with or without the addition of interactive comprehension questions. These questions addressed research procedures relevant to the consent process and operation of the trial. Subjects were asked whether they would consent to the trial and if they could identify the method of randomization and allocation used. RESULTS: A total of 720 patients were enrolled. A significantly higher proportion of individuals in the RAR interactive video group (85.9%) correctly identified the trial allocation method assigned versus the RAR uninterrupted video group (60.4%), absolute increase: 25.5% (95% confidence interval, 17-33%). Additionally, there was significantly higher trial participation in the RAR interactive video group (table). CONCLUSIONS: Integrating structured comprehension questions into the consent process of a hypothetical acute stroke trial increased understanding of the RAR trial design and further attracted more research participation. Improving the communication of the trial procedures within a simulated situation that mimics the rapid discussion regarding an emergency research trial is beneficial and should be incorporated into future acute stroke trials ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Host-Parasite Interactions in Molluscs

The phylum Mollusca is second only to the Arthropoda in both number and diversity of living species. Representatives include not only the readily recognized gastropods (snails, slugs and limpets) and bivalves (e.g., oysters, mussels and clams) but also the ‘brainy’ cephalopods including octopus and squid, and more primitive representatives such as chitons. These animals occur in a huge variety of terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Interest in their pathogens and parasites arises primarily from the role of gastropods in the transmission of trematodes of medical and veterinary importance. Perhaps the most important of these are the human infecting schistosomes, estimated to parasitize 200 million people world wide. In addition, molluscs such as oysters, clams, mussels as well as gastropod “escargots” are increasingly being raised for human consumption, in both the developed and developing world. There are thus clear medical and economic needs to obtain a full understanding of molluscan pathogens, the capabilities of the molluscan immune systems, and how these interact to determine the outcome of a host-parasite encounter.
The future of Erdoğan and the AKP

ABSTRACTTurkish politics is complex and, at times, comes close to being bizarre. When the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi [AKP]) came to power it embarked on ambitious economic and political reforms that at last promised to bring embedded democracy to Turkey. Yet, since 2007, most of the initial reforms have regressed, deepening societal cleavages that threaten the stability of the country, and a popularly elected president threatens to change the parliamentary democratic system with an autocratic presidential order. While the AKP can celebrate in its unprecedented four election victories since 2002, its recent actions should give concern to anyone who cares about the future of Turkey.
Diurnal Activity Patterns of Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in an Illinois Sand Area

The temporal and spatial distribution patterns of the syrphids Ceriana abbreviata (Loew), Mallota bautias (Walker), M. posticata (F.), Somula decora Macquart, Sphiximorpha signifera (Loew), and Spilomyia hamifera Loew were examined in an Illinois sand area. In the morning, adults congregated in fields near flowering Cornus drummondi Meyer, C. racemosa Lam., and Sambucus canadensis L. where food and mates were plentiful. Around midday, as food availability declined and hygrothermal stress increased in open areas, the syrphids entered an oak-hickory forest where hygrothermal conditions were more favorable. In the afternoon, females of M. posticata and S. decora oviposited in rot cavities in trees, and males defended mating territories around these larval habitats. Adults of M. posticata performed the same behaviors at artificial oviposition sites that were placed in the forest understory. On days when the temperature in the forest exceeded 29Â°C, the activity curve of both sexes of M. posticata changed from unimodal to bimodal, the afternoon lull corresponding to the hottest part of the day. The overall behavior of these 6 syrphids may have been selected in response to food availability, hygrothermal stress, and mating success.
Acid-catalyzed reactions of epoxides for atmospheric nanoparticle growth.

Although new particle formation accounts for about 50% of the global aerosol production in the troposphere, the chemical species and mechanism responsible for the growth of freshly nucleated nanoparticles remain largely uncertain. Here we show large size growth when sulfuric acid nanoparticles of 4–20 nm are exposed to epoxide vapors, dependent on the particle size and relative humidity. Composition analysis of the nanoparticles after epoxide exposure reveals the presence of high molecular weight organosulfates and polymers, indicating the occurrence of acid-catalyzed reactions of epoxides. Our results suggest that epoxides play an important role in the growth of atmospheric newly nucleated nanoparticles, considering their large formation yields from photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds.
Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics: a clinical-electroencephalographic study

A subacute form of encephalopathy was observed in 7 patients with a history of severe chronic alcoholism. These episodes lasted about 1 to 6 weeks and were characterized by epileptic seizures (grand mal, focal motor), prominent EEG abnormalities with focal features (slowing, spiking, "PLEDs") and neurological deficits such as hemianopsia or hemiparesis. These changes resolved with symptomatic (mainly anticonvulsive) treatment but recurrences occurred in 3 cases. The clinical picture does not fit any of the known CNS complications of chronic alcoholism and there seems to be no relationship to alcohol withdrawal. Impressive EEG abnormalities strongly differ from the mild abnormalities or normal tracings found in other CNS complications of alcoholism. The pathogenetic mechanisms are essentially obscure; vascular changes might play a contributory role in some of the cases.
Participation in Small Groups

This essay reviews the literature on participation in small groups. Studies are distinguished as concerned with (a) identifying social or psychological factors that are assumed to be responsible for distributions of speaking opportunities in groups or (b) assessing the effect of participation hierarchies on group process and outcomes. Five general classes of antecedents are identified: member, group, and task characteristics; technology; and time. Three types of participation effects are also identified: individual* and group-level effects and effects on interaction. Two general criticisms are provided: First, a theory of participation is needed that specifies the role of antecedents on participation and how such antecedents play a role in participation outcomes; second, studies of participation should consider the role of discourse in the distribution of opportunities to speak. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Persistent Sydenham’s Chorea

Patients with Sydenham’s chorea (SC) seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1993-1998, were followed prospectively to determine the proportion with persistent symptoms more than 2 years (Group 2, N=16), and clinical features that might differentiate patients with duration less than 2 years (Group 1, N=16).
Cell Culture, Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Maize, Rice, Sorghum and Millets

The importance of the cereal grains as a worldwide source of human and livestock feed has been a major impetus for the use of plant breeding and husbandry to improve their productivity. Productivity has continued to improve, but at increasing costs (16). Cell and molecular biology offer possible avenues for plant improvement, especially when used in conjunction with conventional breeding. The inadequacy of monocot cell culture technology has been a serious shortcoming in learning more about the biological nature of economically important traits such as disease resistance, stress tolerance and yield. These shortcomings have been most limiting for in vitro selection and genetic transformation where the end product is a regenerated plant from callus or cell cultures. Recovery of plants from cell cultures of monocots has been difficult, especially in germplasm suited for rapid incorporation into breeding populations.
International Organizations and Their Approaches to Fostering Development

Multilateral agencies define and operationalized health and development in a variety of ways. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank are two dominant actors in health and development. Each espouses a different ideal of health as it relates to the process of development. The WHO defines health as a human right, and focuses on health outcomes as inputs to and the result of development. The World Bank’s approach to development focuses largely on macro-economic growth as input to human capabilities . The World Bank became a leading actor in international health policy in the 1990s when it operationalized health as an outcome of financial and health care systems. This chapter looks at programming efforts by the WHO and the World Bank to foster development via investment in health or through macro-economic adjustment. Results are mixed. Efforts to improve primary care were successful in improving health outcomes of children under five, but made little impact on maternal mortality . Structural adjustment programs achieved moderate success with medium- to long-term economic growth but increased health inequities. These mixed achievements resulted in an effort by the United Nations to foster a multi-sectoral approach to development espoused in the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals .
Efficiency Considerations for Group Sequential Designs with Adaptive Unblinded Sample Size Re-assessment

Clinical trials with adaptive sample size re-assessment, based on an analysis of the unblinded interim results (ubSSR), have gained in popularity due to uncertainty regarding the value of $$\delta $$ at which to power the trial at the start of the study. While the statistical methodology for controlling the type-1 error of such designs is well established, there remain concerns that conventional group sequential designs with no ubSSR can accomplish the same goals with greater efficiency. The precise manner in which this efficiency comparison can be objectified has been difficult to quantify, however. In this paper, we present a methodology for making this comparison in a standard, well-accepted manner by plotting the unconditional power curves of the two approaches while holding constant their expected sample size, at each value of $$\delta $$ in the range of interest. It is seen that under reasonable decision rules for increasing sample size (conservative promising zones, and no more than a 50% increase in sample size) there is little or no loss of efficiency for the adaptive designs in terms of unconditional power. The two approaches, however, have very different conditional power profiles. More generally, a methodology has been provided for comparing any design with ubSSR relative to a comparable group sequential design with no ubSSR, so one can determine whether the efficiency loss, if any, of the ubSSR design is offset by the advantages it confers for re-powering the study at the time of the interim analysis.
Retinoblastoma: A Global Perspective

Purpose of Review This paper will review the current literature on retinoblastoma (Rb) treatment and epidemiology worldwide, with a focus on interventions to improve survival in developing countries.
Effects of Visual Impairment, Gender, and Age on Self-determination

This survey of 54 students with visual impairments (aged 8–23 years) who participated in a one-week summer sports camp examined the opportunities they were given for self-determination at home, at ...
Apolipoprotein E genotype impact on memory and attention in older persons: the moderating role of personality phenotype.

Objectives To determine if phenotypic personality traits modify the association of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with different domains of cognitive function. Design Cross-sectional. Methods 172 non-demented older adults were administered the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing memory, attention, executive function, language, and visuospatial ability, and underwent APOE genotyping. Multivariate (multiple-dependent variable) regression models predicting cognitive domains tested APOE interactions with personality traits, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Results The APOE e4 allele showed small to modest main effects on memory and executive function (1/3 SD deficits for carriers, p < .05), with e2 status evidencing minimal and non-significant benefit. Neuroticism interacted with both e2 and e4 alleles in associations with attention scores (p = .001), with e2 benefits and e4 deficits being marked at high Neuroticism (Mean [M] covariate-adjusted Z-score = .39 for e2, −.47 for e4). The association of e4 with memory was moderated by Conscientiousness (p < .001), such that e4 memory deficits were apparent at low Conscientiousness (M = −.56), but absent at high levels of Conscientiousness. Weaker patterns (p < .05) also suggested e4-related detriments in executive function only at lower Conscientiousness, and e2 memory benefits only at higher Openness. Conclusions Conscientiousness and Neuroticism moderate APOE associations with memory and executive function. As such, they may be useful phenotypic markers in refining the prognostic significance of this polymorphism. Effect-modifying personality traits also provide clues about behavioral and psychological factors that influence the cognitive impact of APOE. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of Peripheral Arterial Dynamics

Abstract The effect of distal reflections on the peripheral arterial pulse contour is examined by means of a computer and an in-vivo simulation of arterial dynamics.
Meeting the Productivity Challenge through Microcomputer Applications

Productivity has become a focal concern of many U.S. organizations in an effort to streamline operations and effectively meet foreign competition. It is important not only for professional managers but for educators to study productivity measures, enhance quality, and strive for new methods which enrich our society. The ultimate challenge is to better use tools such as microcomputers to enhance productivity through improved decision making. The paper presents a microcomputer productivity model which addresses these needs while providing a useful educational application.
A 1.6 mg/kg dose of epicatechin in a supplemented cocoa mixture yielded the largest acute decrease in food intake in humans

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that epicatechin doses of 1.6, 3.2 and 4.8 mg per kg of body weight in a non-alkalized cocoa beverage cause significant acute decreases in human appetite that increase with increasing dose. Methods We conducted a four-way randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled double-blinded human trial with 28 healthy, non-obese, young-adult male participants. Our primary measure of appetite was ad libitum pizza intake 150 min after beverage ingestion. We used linear mixed models analyses. Results Compared to our placebo, the beverages containing 1.6, 3.2 and 4.8 mg per kg of body weight caused mean decreases in pizza intake of 984.3 kJ (18.1%, p = .002), 588.0 kJ (10.8%, p = .06) and 623.2 kJ (11.4%, p = .049), respectively. There were no reported adverse side effects related to the ingested beverages. Conclusions In our randomized trial two doses of epicatechin larger than1.6 mg/kg did not cause larger acute decreases in pizza intake.
Review: A House in the Sun: Modern Architecture and Solar Energy in the Cold War, by Daniel A. Barber

Daniel A. Barber A House in the Sun: Modern Architecture and Solar Energy in the Cold War New York: Oxford University Press, 2016, 352 pp., 136 illus. $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780199394012 The pages of Daniel A. Barber's A House in the Sun: Modern Architecture and Solar Energy in the Cold War literally glisten. The volume's thick, glossy paper, of a type usually reserved for monographs on canonical figures like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, gives the subject of the postwar solar house a material presence befitting the historical attention it has long deserved but only recently begun to attract. The glare each page casts under overhead light makes the reader feel a bit like a family depicted in one of the book's many revealing archival photographs. A husband, wife, and little boy wear dark sunglasses as they pose for a publicity shot while picnicking on a neat lawn. All around them is the intense shininess produced by a parabolic solar stove kitted out to roast hot dogs and by an expansive solar collector forming the roof of their single-family house—in this case, the fourth experimental demonstration dwelling constructed in the 1950s by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as part of its Solar Energy Fund. In the photograph, the family gazes out at a bright, hot “possible future,” to use Barber's term, where the confluence of modern design, renewable energy systems, and the single-family house were seen to hold the twin promise of national energy security and new forms of domestic life. In A House in the Sun we look back at that past's future, but with the hindsight that the highly staged photograph stands as much for a vision unattained as it does for a critical, albeit largely forgotten, episode in the history of modern architecture. The historiography of solar power, such as it is, echoes the discontinuous trajectories of the personalities and technologies that constitute its primary subjects. Since the 1950s, when the engineer Maria Telkes led …
The neurobiology of depression, ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: Is it glutamate inhibition or activation?

Abstract The discovery of the antidepressant effects of ketamine has opened a breakthrough opportunity to develop a truly novel class of safe, effective, and rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs). In addition, the rapid and robust biological and behavioral effects of ketamine offered a unique opportunity to utilize the drug as a tool to thoroughly investigate the neurobiology of stress and depression in animals, and to develop sensitive and reproducible biomarkers in humans. The ketamine literature over the past two decades has considerably enriched our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic stress, depression, and RAADs. However, considering the complexity of the pharmacokinetics and in vivo pharmacodynamics of ketamine, several questions remain unanswered and, at times, even answered questions continue to be considered controversial or at least not fully understood. The current perspective paper summarizes our understanding of the neurobiology of depression, and the mechanisms of action of ketamine and other RAADs. The review focuses on the role of glutamate neurotransmission – reviewing the history of the “glutamate inhibition” and “glutamate activation” hypotheses, proposing a synaptic connectivity model of chronic stress pathology, and describing the mechanism of action of ketamine. It will also summarize the clinical efficacy findings of putative RAADs, present relevant human biomarker findings, and discuss current challenges and future directions.
Introducing Voltage-Level Dependent Parameters to Synthetic Grid Electrical Topology

Building synthetic power system test cases for testing, demonstrating, and cross-validating new innovations in smart grid applications is of great importance. In this paper, we propose a new two-phase methodology to enhance our random-topology synthetic grid modeling, called RT- nestedSmallWorld , by introducing voltage-level dependent parameters. Unlike the original per unit format of electrical topology in the model, the voltage-level dependent parameters will distinguish between transmission lines and transformers as we found different characteristics for them in terms of per unit and actual impedances. This could also help integrate relative geographical information to our synthetic grid model in the form of approximate line length and dependence on nominal voltage level. The interdependence of parameters and variables on the nominal voltage level is observed from actual power system data in North America. Next, the interdependence is mathematically formulated and verified using grid physical constraints derived from Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws to serve in the building of random-topology transmission network for synthetic grids.
Integrating animal welfare into wildlife policy: a comparative analysis of coyote management programs in California, United States and Ontario, Canada

Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are native to North America and are frequently seen in and around urbanized areas. As human population grows and urban sprawl encroaches on coyote habitat, human-coyote conflicts increase. Faced with the need to find solutions, policy-makers, and conservationists are challenged with the task of designing coyote management programs that would ensure public safety while conserving the species. The need to consider the welfare of individual animals, as encompassed by the emerging field of Compassionate Conservation, adds an additional challenge. By examining two coyote management programs’ case studies in North America—one in Long Beach, California and another in Oakville, Ontario—the benefits of adopting compassionate solutions are illustrated. As exemplified by Oakville’s strategy, compassionate programs promote the moral treatment of animals while proving to be economically and socially superior to strategies employing lethal measures. Such strategies adopt proactive, rather than reactive responses to human-coyote encounters and invest heavily in public engagement and education. Through the development, implementation, and regulation of non-lethal wildlife management policies, more cities and towns will be able to meet the needs of the stakeholders involved in coyote-human conflict while sparing the life of the animal.
Fault Exclusion in Multi-Constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems

This paper comprehensively investigates the fault exclusion problem in multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In future GNSS, the heightened likelihood of fault detection events will cause more interruptions in the continuity of the navigation operation. The main contribution of this paper is to establish the theoretical basis to quantify the contributions of fault events on continuity risk, therefore allowing us to assess the desired exclusion function performance based on specific continuity requirements. Accordingly, a new real-time exclusion algorithm is developed, for which the upper bounds on integrity risks are rigorously derived. Using the new method, performance is comprehensively investigated for two important civil aircraft navigation operations using various numbers of constellations. We show that high service availability can be achieved for both operations.
Decision Making Under Ambiguity: A Note

In 1961, Daniel Ellsberg used the following choice problem to demonstrate that expressions of uncertainty are not totally captured by the concept of “probability.” Imagine two urns, each containing red and black balls. Although it is known that Urn 1 contains 100 balls, the proportions of red and black balls are unknown. Urn 2, on the other hand, contains 50 red and 50 black balls. Furthermore, imagine that you can win $100 by naming the appropriate color (red or black) of a ball to be drawn at random from Urn 1. Would you bet on red, black, or be indifferent between the two? What would your answer be if the drawing were to be made from Urn 2?
Triple antifungal therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in a neutropenic pediatric patient.

Straightforward reports of unusual drug experiences are included in this section. While selected references may be cited, the purpose of a Drug Experience report is not to present an extensive review of the literature. A related section, Grand Rounds, includes papers that are well-documented patient case reports with a thorough review of the important literature to help put the case in perspective. Authors should report serious adverse drug reactions to the FDA medical products reporting program (MedWatch). Such reporting will not jeopardize the chances that AJHP will publish manuscripts on the same drug reactions.
Facets of growth in the EDA market

According to Dataquest, in 1995, EDA software revenue (excluding that from platforms, service, and maintenance) grew by 17.2%. In contrast, semiconductor revenues grew by 36%. Hence, despite impressive growth last year, if we use semiconductors as a surrogate for EDA buyers, EDA software revenue grew at only half the growth rate of its buyers. This is not a revelation but a consistent trend through the last few years. It cannot represent a comforting situation for EDA vendors; When times are good, they can accept these numbers, which demonstrate growth in EDA to the financial markets. The author argues about what will happen at the next downturn in the semiconductor business?.
A mixed methods examination of adolescents' reasons for pretending to text.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine reasons adolescents give for pretending to text in various social situations. Pretending to text was conceptualized as when a person uses a cellphone to make it look like they are texting, but they are not actually sending messages. Little research is available from the adolescent perspective regarding self-presentation and avoidance when using digital devices in social contexts. Methods A convergent mixed methods approach was used to understand the experience of high school sophomores, juniors, and seniors (n = 216) in the United States. Chi-square analyses and t-tests were used to examine differences between those who pretended to text and those who did not. Qualitative data were analyzed using van Manen's line-by-line approach. Results & conclusions Participants indicated they pretended to text for reasons of avoidance, to maintain a positive appearance, and sometimes to provide a sense of security if they felt unsafe in a situation. This study uses self-presentation to further understand adolescent perceptions of pretending to text.
Genetic Variation in a Cellular Adhesin Suggests Self-Discrimination Driven by Ecological Competition in Yeast

Kin selection can explain most examples of altruism, with kin recognition common in many animal systems. In microbes, cooperative behaviors involving cell-cell adherence generally rely on “kind” recognition, in which a greenbeard locus signals cooperation regardless of overall relatedness. However, in motile microbes that must locate one another and avoid cheaters, rare examples of kin- and self-recognition have been reported; variable membrane-associated proteins confer discrimination. In contrast, clonal growth of non-motile microbes generates patches of highly-related individuals, thus obviating the need for discriminatory systems. Instead, kind-recognition adhesion can serve as an adaptive strategy for a lineage in ecological competition. Here we use population genetic data to investigate Flo11, a membrane-anchored adhesion protein required for social phenotypes in the budding yeast, and find evidence that it functions in both ways. Surprisingly, the regions implicated in cell-cell interaction exhibit a signature of positive selection, suggesting the possibility of a recognition system in which cells preferentially interact with like kinds. At an upstream activation site, there is evidence for balancing selection, thus suggesting selection on variegated gene expression, which has been proposed as an adaptive strategy in clonal yeast populations. Phenotypic assays support these inferences and demonstrate that different alleles confer a competitive advantage. Unlike in motile microbes where cheater avoidance is driving the evolution of recognition, competition among clones may be the evolution of homophilic binding in S. cerevisiae. Thus, the interplay between inter-clone competition and intra-clone cooperation in spatially structured microbial communities may lead to complex recognition systems.
Immunity to CRISPR-Cas9

Evaluation of patient serum samples commonly reveals preexisting anti-Cas9 antibodies and T cells.
Hybrid Closed-Loop Control Is Safe and Effective for People with Type 1 Diabetes Who Are at Moderate to High Risk for Hypoglycemia.

Abstract Background: Typically, closed-loop control (CLC) studies excluded patients with significant hypoglycemia. We evaluated the effectiveness of hybrid CLC (HCLC) versus sensor-augmented pump (...