cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry at the Uncertainty Limit This contribution is an extended version of a recent commentary published in Nature, in the new section Concepts.([1]) The invitation by the Editor of Angewandte Chemie made me steer the piece towards chemistry questions and provide the experimental-theoretical bridge relevant to molecular dynamics.

Spatial and temporal resolution with, until recently, an unimaginable precision—about 0.01 A and 10 fs, respectively—are today possible thanks to femtochemistry. However, this atomic-scale resolution raises fundamental questions from quantum mechanics: the Uncertainty Paradox. How is it that this is not an obstacle, and what are the future directions? are the themes of this Essay.
Relativistic Model for Electroproduction of Nucleon Resonances

We have made a simple model to obtain some estimates of the inelastic form factors for electron excitation of the nucleon resonances. The model is covariant and gauge invariant, and satisfies all the general requirements of the theory. It relies heavily on the lead of previous theoretical work on the form factor for the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$, $\frac{3}{2}$ (1238-MeV) level. The basic idea is to take from experiment the knowledge of which nucleon states are resonant. We then look at single-pion electroproduction and project out the relevant multipoles from a covariant, gauge-invariant set of graphs which are thought to play an important role as an excitation mechanism. The multipoles are then multiplied by a final-state enhancement factor which provides a resonance mechanism. We give some theoretical justification for this procedure. If just the electron is detected, one measures the virtual-photon width for formation of the resonance, and our result contains the possibility that the resonance can decay into other channels than just $\ensuremath{\pi}+N$. We calculate only the inelastic form factors. The individual contributions of the resonance levels are normalized to photoabsorption, where such data exist. We keep $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $N$ exchange as an excitation mechanism, and treat the over-all contribution of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ exchange as a single parameter, with which we are able to fit all the existing inelastic-electron-scattering data. We actually find two equally acceptable fits with quite different properties. The $\ensuremath{\omega}$-nucleon coupling constant we get from this analysis is in reasonable agreement with other determinations of this quantity. Form factors for all the nucleon levels up through 2650 MeV are presented out to momentum transfers of interest in the SLAC experiments.
Devastation of adult stem cell pools by irradiation precedes collapse of trabecular bone quality and quantity

Stem cell depletion and compromised bone marrow resulting from radiation exposure fosters long-term deterioration of numerous physiologic systems, with the degradation of the skeletal system ultimately increasing the risk of fractures. To study the interrelationship of damaged bone marrow cell populations with trabecular microarchitecture, 8- and 16-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were sublethally irradiated with 5 Gy of (137)Cs γ-rays, and adult stem cells residing in the bone marrow, as well as bone quantity and quality, were evaluated in the proximal tibia after 2 days, 10 days, and 8 weeks compared with age-matched controls. Total extracted bone marrow cells in the irradiated 8-week, young adult mice, including the hematopoietic cell niches, collapsed by 65% ± 11% after 2 days, remaining at those levels through 10 days, only recovering to age-matched control levels by 8 weeks. As early as 10 days, double-labeled surface was undetectable in the irradiated group, paralleled by a 41% ± 12% and 33% ± 4% decline in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N), respectively, and a 50% ± 10% increase in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) compared with the age-matched controls, a compromised structure that persisted to 8 weeks postirradiation. Although the overall collapse of the bone marrow population and devastation of bone quality was similar between the "young adult" and "mature" mice, the impact of irradiation--and the speed of recovery--on specific hematopoietic subpopulations was dependent on age, with the older animals slower to restore key progenitor populations. These data indicate that, independent of animal age, complications arising from irradiation extend beyond the collapse of the stem cell population and extend toward damage to key organ systems. It is reasonable to presume that accelerating the recovery of these stem cell pools will enable the prompt repair of the skeletal system and ultimately reduce the susceptibility to fractures.
First steps in language acquisition.

Abstract The roots of language acquisition in preverbal cognitive and communicative systems and the early development of comprehension and production of language between 8 and 30 months are described. Individual differences in language learning patterns emerge from the interaction of the child's theory of communicative function, the child's prelinguistic cognitive organization, and the model of the language presented to him or her by adults and other children.
Realizing “strategic” voting in presidential primaries:

Those who study vote choice in presidential nominating contests often ask, “Are voters sincere (voting with their ‘true’ preferences), are they sophisticated (giving more weight to a candidate’s ch...
Automated podcasting solution expands the boundaries of the classroom

A scalable podcast solution developed at the University of Washington makes the podcasting of class lectures easy for faculty by automating the capture, uploading, and delivery of MP3 audio recordings.University of Washington staff create online class blog-space for participating instructors at the beginning of the quarter. Class location and meeting times are scheduled via a web interface. After the schedule has been established, the entire recording process happens seamlessly in the background while the instructor teaches.A podcast server automatically captures data from networked MP3 streaming devices, which are wired into the classroom's PA system. The audio capture routine stops at the end of class and the resulting MP3 file is scripted to be published in a corresponding class blog where it is made available to students via an RSS feed.Students are able to listen to the MP3 recordings online, or they can click on the provided link to subscribe to the podcast. Once students subscribe to a podcast, subsequent lectures are delivered automatically to the students' computers. These recordings can be played on personal computers, laptops, portable MP3 players, and some cell phones.This convenient teaching and learning technology provides students with the ability to engage in lecture review and enhance their understanding of the material covered in class. The University's scalable podcasting solution helps to create the links between teaching and learning, and expands the boundaries of the traditional classroom.
The unanticipated complexity of the selectivity-filter glutamates of nicotinic receptors

Only two of the four glutamates in the selectivity filter of the muscle acetylcholine receptor contribute to the single-channel conductance, with side chain torsional flexibility and microenvironment properties having a previously unrecognized role.
A sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor agonist modulates brain death-induced neurogenic pulmonary injury.

Lung transplantation remains the only viable therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease. However, the full utilization of this strategy is severely compromised by a lack of donor lung availability. The vast majority of donor lungs available for transplantation are from individuals after brain death (BD). Unfortunately, the early autonomic storm that accompanies BD often results in neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), producing varying degrees of lung injury or leading to primary graft dysfunction after transplantation. We demonstrated that sphingosine 1–phosphate (S1P)/analogues, which are major barrier-enhancing agents, reduce vascular permeability via the S1P1 receptor, S1PR1. Because primary lung graft dysfunction is induced by lung vascular endothelial cell barrier dysfunction, we hypothesized that the S1PR1 agonist, SEW-2871, may attenuate NPE when administered to the donor shortly after BD. Significant lung injury was observed after BD, with increases of approximately 60% in bronchoalveolar lavag...
Image Artifacts in Real-Time Ultrasound:

A survey of image artifacts in real-time ultrasound is presented. Spatial mapping of detected echoes is based on several assumptions, and violation of any of these assumptions creates artifacts. Dr...
Kinetic Limit for a System of Coagulating Planar Brownian Particles

We study a model of mass-bearing coagulating planar Brownian particles. The coagulation occurs when two particles are within a distance of order e. We assume that the initial number of particles N is of order |loge|. Under suitable assumptions of the initial distribution of particles and the microscopic coagulation propensities, we show that the macroscopic particle densities satisfy a Smoluchowski-type equation.
Is there a Harvestability Differential in Fish

Abstract An attempt is made to demonstrate that the availability of fish to the angler in TVA reservoirs is not strictly correlated with their relative abundance. Crappie, which are subjected to much heavier fishing pressure than bass, are caught at a much lower rate as demonstrated by creel census and return of tagged fish. It is suggested that it may be possible to calculate a factor for differential availability of fish.
Aging and sex-related changes in the outer retina of Japanese quail

Age-related changes in the outer retina of Japanese quail 3 months to 3 years of age have been assessed with light and electron microscopy. A major difference was observed between males and females in the accumulation of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Females showed greater densities of lipofuscin granules, larger granules, and more lipofuscin per RPE cell than did males of comparable ages. In addition, a small but significant decrease (14-16%) in photoreceptor nuclear densities occurred in the temporal retina of both 1-year females and 3-year males. An overall correlation of -.77 between photoreceptor densities and amount of lipofuscin was observed, with a correlation of -.88 for females, alone. No male/female differences were observed with regard to age-related changes in height of RPE cells. Major differences in calcium metabolism and demand associated with egg-laying in females may underlie the observed sex-related differences that occur in the outer retina of this relatively short-lived, domestic species.
Simulated Life Cycles of Persistent Anticyclonic Anomalies over the North Pacific: Role of Synoptic-Scale Eddies.

This study examines the role of synoptic-scale eddies during the development of persistent anticyclonic height anomalies over the central North Pacific in a general circulation model under perpetual January conditions. The General Circulation Model (GCM) replicates the basic characteristics of the evolution of the anomaly patterns found in observations. The life cycle is characterized by the rapid establishment of the major anomaly center and considerably longer maintenance and decay phases, which include the development of downstream anomaly centers. The simulation also shows a realistic evolution of synoptic-scale activity beginning with enhanced activity off the east coast of Asia prior to onset, followed by a northward shift of the Pacific storm track, which lasts throughout the maintenance phase. The initial enhancement of synoptic-scale eddy activity is associated with a large-scale cyclonic anomaly that developes over Siberia several days prior to the onset of the main anticyclonic anomaly over the central North Pacific. The observations, however, show considerable interdecadel variability in the details of the composite onset behavior; it is unclear whether this variability is real or whether it reflects differences in the data assimilation systems. The role of the time mean flow and synoptic-scale eddies in the development of the persistent Pacific anomalies is studied within the context of a kinetic energy budget in which the flow is decomposed into the time-mean, low-frequency (timescales longer than 10 days), and synoptic (timescales less than 6 days) components. The budget, which is carried out for the simulation at 500 mb, shows that the initial growth of the persistent anticyclonic anomalies is associated with barotropic conversions of energy, with approximately equal contributions coming from the mean flow and the synoptic-scale eddies. After onset the barotropic conversion from the mean flow dominates, whereas the decay phase is associated with baroclinic processes within the low-frequency flow.
Risk-stratified outcomes of nonmyeloablative, HLA-haploidentical BMT with high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide

Related HLA-haploidentical blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) with high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is being increasingly used because of its acceptable safety profile. To better define outcomes of nonmyeloablative (NMA) HLA-haploidentical BMT with PTCy, 372 consecutive adult hematologic malignancy patients who underwent this procedure were retrospectively studied. Risk-stratified outcomes were evaluated using the refined Disease Risk Index (DRI), developed to stratify disease risk across histologies and allogeneic BMT regimens. Patients received uniform conditioning, T-cell–replete allografting, then PTCy, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. Six-month probabilities of nonrelapse mortality and severe acute graft-versus-host disease were 8% and 4%. With 4.1-year median follow-up, 3-year probabilities of relapse, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 46%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. By refined DRI group, low (n = 71), intermediate (n = 241), and high/very high (n = 60) risk groups had 3-year PFS estimates of 65%, 37%, and 22% (P < .0001), with corresponding 3-year OS estimates of 71%, 48%, and 35% (P = .0001). On multivariable analyses, the DRI was statistically significantly associated with relapse, PFS, and OS (each P < .001). This analysis demonstrates that the DRI effectively risk stratifies recipients of NMA HLA-haploidentical BMT with PTCy and also suggests that this transplantation platform yields similar survivals to those seen with HLA-matched BMT.
Transcription factor-induced epigenetic reprogramming

Mammalian development has been thought to be a one-way process, which starts with a few embryonic founder cells, that become more and more restricted and ultimately give rise to all specialized cell types of the body. The cloning of the sheep Dolly from an adult mammary gland cell has refuted this dogma and demonstrated that the developmental clock of a mature cell can be “reprogrammed” by the egg into that of an embryonic cell, which can support development of a clone. Reprogramming research has enormous therapeutic potential in humans as it may allow for the derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells from patients’ cells suffering from degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or diabetes; because ES cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the body when exposed to the right combination of growth factors, these cells may provide a unique source of replacement tissue for regenerative medicine. Because of the legal, ethical and logistic restraints of nuclear transfer, it would be desirable to find alternative ways to generate patient-specific stem cells. Indeed, a recent discovery indicated that ectopic expression of the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 is sufficient to confer a pluripotent state upon the fibroblast genome, generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, these cells were not identical to ES cells produced from fertilized embryos in their transcriptional and epigenetic states and their developmental potential. Using novel selection approaches, we have recently generated iPS cells directly from fibroblasts and characterized their epigenetic state and differentiation potential. Like ES cells, female iPS cells showed reactivation of a somatically silenced X chromosome and underwent random X inactivation upon differentiation. Moreover, genome-wide analysis of two key histone modifications, H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation, indicated that iPS cells are highly similar to ES cells. Consistent with these observations, iPS cells gave rise to viable high degree chimeras with contribution to the female germ line. Together, these data show that transcription factorinduced reprogramming leads to the global reversion of the somatic cell epigenome into an ES-like state.
A comprehensive examination of CYP19 variation and risk of breast cancer using two haplotype-tagging approaches.

Numerous studies point to a positive relationship between elevated levels of estrogens and increased risk of breast. Androgens are converted to estrogens by the aromatase enzyme, which is encoded by the CYP19 gene. We recently published resequencing data on 88 polymorphisms identified in that gene. The hypothesis tested in this study was that polymorphisms, or haplotypes, in CYP19 are related to risk of breast cancer. Incident cases of breast cancer were identified through the Division of Medical Oncology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Controls were patients visiting Mayo for an annual medical examination. Controls were frequency matched to cases based on age and region of residence. Tag-polymorphisms were selected using 2 methods: (1) 12 variants using the tag-selection method of Carlson et al. (Am J Hum Genet 74:106–120, 2004); and (2) 12 variants using the haplotype method of Stram (Genet Epidemiol 27:365–374, 2004). Six SNPs were selected by both methods. Genotyping was conducted using SNPStream, TaqMan and RFLP analyses. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analyses were conducted among all cases and controls, or stratified by estrogen receptor alpha (ER) status and/or menopausal status. A total of 750 cases (60% postmenopausal) and 732 controls (75% postmenopausal) were included. No association with breast cancer risk was detected for individual variants, selected tagSNPs or hap-tag SNPs despite 80% power to detect OR as low as 1.49 for minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.10. Similarly, stratified analyses based on ER status or menopausal status failed to detect any association with breast cancer risk. These analyses suggest that variants of CYP19 are not associated with risk of breast cancer.
Do pregnant women accurately report sleep time? A comparison between self-reported and objective measures of sleep duration in pregnancy among a sample of urban mothers

Survey questions are commonly used to assess sleep duration because of their low cost and convenience. Responses to these questions correlate moderately with objectively measured sleep duration in nonpregnant individuals, but little is known about the validity of self-reported sleep measures in pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which self-reported gestational sleep duration assessed by questionnaire predicted objectively measured gestational sleep duration via actigraphy. We analyzed data from 80 mothers enrolled in an ancillary study of Project BABIES, a prospective cohort study of urban, pregnant women. Sleep measurements were collected in midpregnancy and included 7 days of wrist actigraphy, a sleep log, and survey questions about sleep time adapted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Mean measured gestational sleep duration derived from actigraphy was 6.87 h [standard deviation (SD) 0.87], and questionnaire-assessed nocturnal sleep time averaged 7.29 h (SD 1.84). While the difference between measures did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07 for paired samples t test), over half (62 %) of participants reported a habitual average nightly sleep time that differed more than 1 h from their average actigraphically measured sleep duration (39 % overestimated by more than an hour; 23 % underestimated by more than an hour). There was no correlation between measures (r = 0.007; 95 % confidence interval −0.21, 0.23). Questionnaire-derived reports of usual sleep hours do not reflect objectively measured sleep time in urban, pregnant women. Actigraphy is preferable to accurately assess gestational sleep duration.
Managing Labour Migration in Malaysia: Guest Worker Programs and the Regularisation of Irregular Labour Migrants as a Policy Instrument

Abstract:Malaysia was built on immigration and, like other labour-importing countries, acknowledges the case for temporary labour migration as a solution to labour shortages in the country. The government has endorsed guest worker programs that are typically short term, and that include a range of restrictions to regulate the movement of low-skilled foreign workers. Most exclude explicit reference to labour protections. The State’s low-skilled labour policy essentially vacillates between ensuring a continual supply of cheap labour and instigating crackdowns on undocumented migrants. Although the State originally imposed higher levies on skilled migrants, it has recently amended this policy and currently offers skilled migrants pathways to permanent residence and citizenship. Nevertheless, the sustained reliance on cheap labour and the way the policy is managed are preventing Malaysia from moving up the value chain. Additionally, the activities of labour brokers, disparities in the foreign labour levy syst...
The photon-ionization cross-section of indium acceptors in silicon

Abstract Optical absorption and Hall data for In-doped-Si crystals have been used to determine the photo-ionization cross-section σ I ( h υ). The spectral dependence accords with prior reports, and with simple deep impurity models. However, we find a maximum σ I of 3.3 × 10 -17 cm 2 , several times smaller than previous estimates, thus removing the need for a large effective-field correction.
Spectral degradation effects in an 86 cm3 Ge(HP) detector

Abstract By considering the various contributions to the full width half-maximum (fwhm) energy resolution of an 86 cm 3 germanium detector, a simple semi-empirical formula has been developed which relates the fwhm to the incident gamma-ray energy. A best fit to experimental data yielded a χ 2 of 20 for 29 degrees of freedom over the energy range 59 keV to 3254 keV.
Levels in the identifying of orientation by preschool children

Abstract A new approach to understanding the perception of orientation proposes that the first level in the processing of orientation information results in perceiving whether a shape is upright or nonupright; nonupright orientations are not distinguished from each other. As predicted, children of 3 and 4 years discriminated upright from nonupright pictures more readily than they discriminated the nonuprights (upside down and sideways) from each other. The angular differences between the pairs of discriminanda (whether 90 or 180°) had no effect on performance. the difficulty of distinguishing between nonuprights could not be attributed simply to a lack of attention to the dimension of orientation. The theory appears to have considerable generality, and provides a basis for understanding (1) perception of the orientation of both realistic and geometric shapes, and (2) similarities in orientation perception observed between children and adults.
Antibody to Hereditary Human Gamma-Globulin (Gm) Factor Resulting from Maternal-Fetal Incompatibility

Multiple samples of serum from a Gm(a-) female mated to a Gm(a+) male were obtained before, during, and after each of four normal uncomplicated pregnancies and tested for antibody to human gamma globulins of differing genetic types. An agglutinator for the Gm(a) factor first appeared in the mother9s serum during the third trimester of the fourth pregnancy. The newborn (male) was genotypically Gm(a+), since his serum contained, in addition to maternal Gm(a-) gamma globulin, small amounts of Gm(a+) gamma globulin.
Encouraging Peer Dialogue in the Geography Classroom: Peer Editing to Improve Student Writing.

Abstract This paper describes the first author's experiments with improving students’ writing in the geography classroom using peer editing exercises to encourage peer dialogue. The ‘Editing Guides’ presented here were developed by the authors for the geography classroom and have been used by the first author in all of her systematic upper level geography courses. The theory of audience‐centred communication is presented as a rationale for using the editing guides and a simple plan for integrating writing instruction into the geography class is presented. The inclusion of peer editing assignments in the course curriculum increased peer dialogue and resulted in improved student writing.
Localization of mitochondrial DNA base excision repair to an inner membrane-associated particulate fraction

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains high levels of oxidative damage relative to nuclear DNA. A full, functional DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway is present in mitochondria, to repair oxidative DNA lesions. However, little is known about the organization of this pathway within mitochondria. Here, we provide evidence that the mitochondrial BER proteins are not freely soluble, but strongly associated with an inner membrane-containing particulate fraction. Uracil DNA glycosylase, oxoguanine DNA glycosylase and DNA polymerase gamma activities all co-sedimented with this particulate fraction and were not dissociated from it by detergent (0.1% or 1.0% NP40) treatment. The particulate associations of these activities were not due to their binding mtDNA, which is itself associated with the inner membrane, as they also localized to the particulate fraction of mitochondria from 143B (TK-) rho(0) cells, which lack mtDNA. However, all of the BER activities were at least partially solubilized from the particulate fraction by treatment with 150-300 mM NaCl, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are involved in the association. The biological implications of the apparent immobilization of BER proteins are discussed.
Effects of sand fences on coastal dune vegetation distribution

Abstract Sand fences are important human adjustments modifying the morphology of developed shores. The effects of sand fences on sediment transport and deposition in their initial stages have been well studied, but little is known about the effect of deteriorated sand fences that have become partially buried low scale barriers within the dune, potentially benefiting vegetation growth by protecting it from onshore stress. Data on vegetation, topography and fence characteristics were gathered at three dune sites in Ocean City, New Jersey on September 2007 and March 2008 to evaluate the effect of fences within the dune on vegetation distribution. Variables include: distance landward of dune toe, degree of sheltering from onshore stressors, net change in surface elevation (deposition or erosion), vegetation diversity and density, presence of remnant fence, and distance landward of fence. Results for the studied environment reveal that 1) vegetation diversity or density does not increase near remnant fences because most remnants are lower than average vegetation height and can not provide shelter; but 2) vegetation distribution is related to topographic variables, such as degree of sheltering, that are most likely the result of sand accretion caused by fence deployment. Fence deployment that prioritizes the creation of topographically diverse dunes within a restricted space may increase the diversity and density of the vegetation, and the resilience and value of developed dunes. Managers should consider the benefits of using sand fences on appropriately wide beaches to create a protective dune that is also diverse, functional and better able to adapt to change.
Tourette syndrome associated with pervasive developmental disorder: Is there an etiological relationship?

Early reports of cases of co-occurrence of Tourette syndrome (TS) and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) suggested a rare and random association but also the possibility that the disorders may share common pathophysiological mechanisms. Subsequent reports speculated that the presence of TS or tics may be a marker for a benign form of PDD. In this paper three children with pervasive developmental disorder are described. In two of the children, symptoms of TS co-occurred since early childhood and the third child evidences lip licking. The father of the latter child has TS, relatives of the second child showed chronic motor tics, and the father of the third child shows symptoms suggestive of a mild expression of a TS diathesis. Evidence from the case histories combined with prior reports of co-occurrence of the disorders suggest the possibility that the pathophysiological disturbance that underlies TS may be responsible for the presence of PDD and that the PDD that results is a benign variant of the disorder.
Emotions in Social Computer Games: Relations with Bullying, Aggression, and School Belonging

This article explores the set of emotions expressed by middle school youth n = 96 when participating in a social computer game. In this article, we present the design of the game, the instruments used to assess bullying in the physical world, and the analysis of the emotions expressed during gameplay and their association with aggressive behaviors. Participants completed surveys on bullying experiences prior to playing the game. The game required participants to form teams and answer two sets of trivia questions, in competitive and cooperative stages. Results show a relation between the roles that participants have in their physical social environment and how they play the virtual game, in terms of the type of emotions they display.
Pentamidine and fatal hypoglycemia.

Excerpt To the editor: Hypoglycemia has occurred in 10% to 30% of patients treated with pentamidine forPneumocystis cariniipneumonia (1, 2). This adverse reaction is reported to occur 5 to 13 days ...
Compressive sensing with dispersion compensation on non-linear wavenumber sampled spectral domain optical coherence tomography

We propose a novel compressive sensing (CS) method on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). By replacing the widely used uniform discrete Fourier transform (UDFT) matrix with a new sensing matrix which is a modification of the non-uniform discrete Fourier transform (NUDFT) matrix, it is shown that undersampled non-linear wavenumber spectral data can be used directly in the CS reconstruction. Thus k-space grid filling and k-linear mask calibration which were proposed to obtain linear wavenumber sampling from the non-linear wavenumber interferometric spectra in previous studies of CS in SDOCT (CS-SDOCT) are no longer needed. The NUDFT matrix is modified to promote the sparsity of reconstructed A-scans by making them symmetric while preserving the value of the desired half. In addition, we show that dispersion compensation can be implemented by multiplying the frequency-dependent correcting phase directly to the real spectra, eliminating the need for constructing complex component of the real spectra. This enables the incorporation of dispersion compensation into the CS reconstruction by adding the correcting term to the modified NUDFT matrix. With this new sensing matrix, A-scan with dispersion compensation can be reconstructed from undersampled non-linear wavenumber spectral data by CS reconstruction. Experimental results show that proposed method can achieve high quality imaging with dispersion compensation.
Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline

This past year has seen significant advances in our understanding of the physiology of emotion. Attention continues to focus on the amygdala and its interconnections with prefrontal cortical regions. New evidence underscores the importance of lateralization for emotion. There are also new findings on the physiological predictors of individual differences in emotional behavior and experience, and on the role of autonomic arousal in emotional memory.
Ultra-low voltage, ultra-small mode volume silicon microring modulator

We show GHz modulation in a 2.5 µm radius silicon micro-ring, with only 150 mV peak-peak drive voltage and an electro-optic modal volume of only 2 µm3. The swing voltage and the micro-ring modulator are the smallest demonstrations so-far in silicon. The presented approach lays the ground work for a new class of high speed low voltage modulators enabling, seamless integration of nanophotonics with low voltage digital CMOS nano-electronics.
Intensive care is cost-effective in carotid endarterectomy

The purpose of this study was to analyze the utilization, cost profile, and predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) services after carotid endarterectomy. A retrospective medical record review of all patients undergoing isolated carotid endarterectomy by a vascular surgery service at one university hospital during a 12-month period was performed. Eighty-four patients undergoing 91 carotid endarterectomies were identified for review. All carotid endarterectomy patients at the authors' institution were routinely admitted to an ICU postoperatively. Sixty-five of the 91 patients (71.4%) required ICU interventions, the majority of which were intravenous antihypertensive therapy. There were no deaths in the group. There was one non-fatal stroke (1.1%), and one non-fatal myocardial infarction (1.1%). There were three reoperations (3.3%): two for hematoma and one for a change in neurological status. One patient required reintubation. Five of the six major adverse events after carotid endarterectomy occurred within 12 hours postoperatively. No preoperative factors predicted a significant risk for complications following carotid endarterectomy. There is no reliable predictor that carotid endarterectomy patients will require postoperative interventions or develop adverse outcomes. Mandatory intensive care immediately after carotid endarterectomy upholds high safety standards, avoids the uncertainty of preoperative ICU planning, and avoids the high cost of a recovery room stay to determine the need for intensive care. In addition, costs may be further reduced as the ICU length of stay may be decreased if there are no necessary interventions or complications after 12 hours of intensive care.
Chemisorption geometry of formate on Ti2(110) by photoelectron diffraction

Abstract We have combined photoelectron diffraction in both scanned-angle and scanned-energy modes with Hartree-Fock calculations to investigate the interface structure of HCOO− on TiO2(110). Formate anions bind through the oxygens to Ti cation rows along [001] with a 2× periodicity and an OCO bond angle of 126 ± 4°. Each anion binds to two Ti cations with an adsorbate-substrate bond distance of 2.0 ± 0.1 A.
Comparison between genetic and gradient-based optimization algorithms for solving electromagnetics problems

This paper compares the application of genetic algorithms and traditional gradient-based algorithms to various optimization problems in electromagnetics. Gradient algorithms work well for a small number of continuous parameters. Genetic algorithms are best for a large number of quantized parameters. Both antenna array and scattering optimization examples are shown. >
The Relationship between Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Genital Body Image and Sexual Health

Ann-Arbor, Michigan Aims: Pelvic organ prolapse involves physical changes to the genitals, potentially distressing to women. We hypothe- sized poorer genital body image in prolapsed women versus controls and that genital body image would correlate with sexual health. Methods: Seventy-four sexually active women, 13 with prolapse, 24 with surgically corrected prolapse, 37 without prolapse, completed the Genital Self Image Scale (GSIS-20), Body Esteem Scale (BES), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Results: In prolapsed women median GSIS-20 scores were 28/40, women with surgically cor- rected prolapse 32/40 and never prolapsed 34/40 (x 2 ¼ 9.6, P < 0.01). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences between prolapsed and never prolapsed groups (P < 0.05). After adjusting for BES, GSIS-20 correlated with overall FSFI (r ¼ 0.384, P < 0.01), and its subscales of desire (r ¼0.34, P < 0.05) and satisfaction (r ¼ 0.41, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Women with prolapse are at risk for poorer genital body image and reduced sexual health. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:1145-1148, 2012. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pre- and postnatal expressions of NMDA receptors 1 and 2B subunit proteins in the normal rat cortex.

Abstract The NMDA receptor is one of the ionotropic glutamate receptors essential for excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. The present study examined the ontogenies of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B during development (embryonic days: (E) 14, 15, 16, 17 and postnatal days: (P) 0, 5, 10, 20, and 60). The immunoreactivities of both NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B were visualized and semi- quantified simultaneously using batch-matched procedures during the developmental period. In addition, the heteromeric coassembly of NMDAR1 (NR1) and NMDAR2B (NR2B) was analyzed throughout development using immunocoprecipitation blots. Differential developmental expressions were observed between the two NMDA receptor subunits. Although both NR1 and NR2B were already expressed on cortical neurons at E14, NR1 immunoreactivity was lower than NR2B but increased up to P20 then was lower at the last sampling day (P60). By comparison, the high NR2B immunoreactivity at E14 increased until P5, and until the next sample day (P60). Despite the early embryonic protein expressions in prenatal cortex both NR1 and NR2B immunocoprecipitation analyses showed that NR1–NR2B coassembly was not initially detectable until birth (P0), and increased up to P20. This suggests that the physically interactive NMDAR1-2B complex may contribute to the plasticity of early postnatal development characterized by axonal dendritic synaptogenesis.
Stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer--management options and risk-benefit considerations.

The results obtained with primary retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND) in 464 patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ-cell (NSGC) testicular cancer over a period of 25 years (1965–1989) were reviewed. Results were analyzed in clinical terms and subdivided into early (1965–1978) and contemporary (1979–1989) findings so as to be comparable with series using radiotherapy or surveillance. Between 1965 and 1978 (86 clinical stage A patients), the overall relapse rate of 15% (n=13) was similar to that obtained in radiotherapy series but the survival (98.8% after RPLND) was superior to that achieved with irradiation (87%). From 1979 to 1989, 378 clinical stage A cases had primary RPLND, of whom 29% (n=111) had cancerous nodes. The relapse rate for pathological stage A patients (n=267) was 11% and two patients died. The rate of relapse for pathological stage B patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy was 32%. No relapse was seen among 46 pathological stage B patients given postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The mortality of 0.7% observed among 378 clinical stage A RPLND cases was lower than the 2% value reported in surveillance series. Although not statistically significant, these consistent results reported for two eras (pre- and postplatinum) spanning a period of 25 years suggest a sound basis for the surgical approach. The anatomic and medical principles in oncology, which have supported this approach, remain cogent today. They are discussed herein. Now that nerve-sparing techniques have been developed, the one long-term morbidity of RPLND (i.e., anejaculation) can be avoided. It would seem appropriate to have nerve-sparing RPLND techniques in any armamentarium dealing with clinical stage A disease.
The Cultural Construction of Risk Understandings through Illness Narratives

A study of breast cancer screening and treatment decisions suggests that risk understandings are influenced by the dominant illness narrative of restitution within Anglo-Western cultures. Restitution stories reflect the cultural values of personal responsibility and control in combating disease and returning to a life of normalcy. In the context of breast cancer, individuals seek restitution by following the dictums of biomedicine, which promotes early detection as prevention, aggressive treatment as cure, and reconstructive surgery as concealment. Our findings suggest that these risk understandings contribute to the consumption of health-care interventions that exceeds medical guidelines in this country.
Kinetics of the helix-coil transition in DNA.

The kinetics of the helix-coil transition have been investigated for T2 and T7 phage DNA in a formamide-water-salt mixed solvent using a slow temperature perturbation technique (applicable to kinetic processes with rate constants ⩽ 3 min−1). In this solvent degradation of the DNA is effectively suppressed. Complex kinetic curves are observed by absorbance and viscosity measurements for the response to denaturing perturbations in the transition region. Analysis of the decay curves indicates that the denaturation reaction in this time range can be treated as a first-order reaction with a variable first-order rate parameter, k, the derivative of the logarithm of the absorbance or viscosity change with respect to time. In the approach to denaturation equilibrium in the transition region, the rate parameter is determined only by the instantaneous extent of denaturation of the molecules. Near equilibrium, the rate parameter assumes a constant value characteristic of the equilibrium state. In this region, where the denaturation reaction proceeds as a simple first-order process, both the decay of absorbance (reflected local conformational change) and the decay of solution viscosity (reflecting macromolecular conformational change) are characterized by the same constant value of k. In 83% formamide, 0.3M Na+, the rate parameter k for T2 DNA decreases from an extrapolated value of 2.0 min−1 at 0% denaturation to 0.11 min−1 at 90% denaturation. Rate parameters determined for T7 DNA at the same counterion concentration and fraction of denaturation are approximately five times as large as those cited for T2 DNA, indicating an inverse proportionality of rate constant to molecular length. On the other hand, simple first-order kinetic responses with constant k are obtained for renaturing perturbations within the transition, indicating that the mechanism of rewinding differs, in most cases, from that of unwinding. Only in the limit of very small perturbations about a given equilibrium position are the rate constants k obtained from denaturing and renaturing perturbations equal. For perturbations of finite size, it appears possible that an intramolecular initiation or nucleation event may precede rewinding and limit the rate of this reaction. The rate parameters again are approximately inversely proportional to molecular weight. The one exception to the first-power dependence on molecular weight appears when temperature jumps are made upward into the post-transition region. Here the molecular-weight dependence is second power, but complications arising from the different strand-separation properties of T2 and T7 DNA's make interpretation difficult. The previously used model of friction-limited unwinding appears to fit all the observations except for the molecular-weight dependence.
Alterations in mRNA expression of duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in aged wistar rats

Previously, we reported that uptake of calcium into isolated duodenal cells and duodenal brush border membrane vesicles decreased in senescence. Decreases in duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptor number and 9k vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) were also observed in aged rats. In this study, we examined the steady state mRNA levels of duodenal 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor and CaBP in both adult (6-month-old) and old (24-month-old) rats. We identified one major band of 4.4 kb for 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor mRNA. The size of the transcript was not affected by age. The content of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor mRNA (normalized with poly(A)+ RNA) decreased 23% in the aged rat as compared to the adult rat. The expression of CaBP was also examined. A single band of 0.6 kb was observed for CaBP mRNA. The size of CaBP mRNA was not altered with age. However, the abundance of CaBP mRNA (normalized with poly(A)+ RNA) was reduced 20% in the senescent rat. Thus, the results in the present study were consistent with our previous findings that the number of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptors and the level of CaBP declined in the aged rat. However, the precise mechanism leading to the age-related deficit in mRNA expression remains to be elucidated.
The paradoxical growth hormone reaction after intravenous glucose in the newborn.

Intravenous glucose tests (0.5 g/kg body weight) were performed in 13 newborn infants during their first 3 days of life. The variations in blood glucose, insulin and GH values were studied. In all patients there was a rise in plasma insulin. The correlation between initial insulin rise and glucose assimilation constant was 0.503 which is almost significant. The glucose load provoked a very variable response in plasma GH concentration, some infants showed a rise, others a fall. If the newborns were grouped according to this reaction it appeared that the GH response could be explained using Wilder's law of initial value. This hypothesis, however, did not stand up to a thorough statistical analysis including a discussion of a less well-known statistical error. In contrast to insulin secretion, GH apparently plays no major role in the short term regulation of the blood sugar in the newborn.
Phosphorus Incorporation in modified chemical vapor deposition

Phosphorus doping in vapor phase glass formation in modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is investigated to facilitate understanding the cause of concentration gradients within individual MCVD layers. These inhomogeneities are evident in all MCVD preforms and fibers as slight wiggles in the deposited cladding material. Phosphorus is chosen as a representative dopant with the goal of determining the optimal process conditions to maximize incorporation or reduce the concentration gradients. Possible applications are in the fine tuning of MCVD processes to eliminate perturbations which may be the source of microbending losses and in the fabrication of gradient-index lenses by MCVD techniques. This model is also applicable to the previously demonstrated1 modification of dopant profiles during sintering in the VAD process to achieve a more carefully controlled index profile.
Toward a new sociology of revolutions

Including a discussion of James B. Rule, Theories of Civil Violence (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988); Rod Aya, Rethinking Revolutions and Collective Violence: Studies on Concept, Theory, and Method (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1990); Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, editors, Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Farideh Farhi, States and Urban-Based Revolutions: Iran and Nicaragua (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990); and Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).