cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues in the Development of Large, Distributed, and Reliable Software

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses major problems that remain in software engineering, including fuzzy requirements, continual changes in requirements during development, difficulty in prediction of resource requirements, feasibility evaluation, testing, meeting non-functional goals such as performance and reliability, coordination of a large number of developers, and interaction of non-technical factors like managerial policies with the technical factors. For tackling these problems, several models of software development life cycle have been proposed, such as the conventional waterfall model, rapid prototyping model, automatic programming model, spiral model, and reusability-driven development model. The chapter presents a classification of software engineering techniques into phase-dependent and phase-independent parts and shows that almost all models use a subset of these techniques to define a new methodology for software development. The chapter describes the way to understand the requirements of a user and discusses two kinds of design activities—knowledge-based design and system design. It also discusses the issues of software metrics and software reliability theory, with examples from existing software reliability models.
Photophosphorylation in intact algae: Effects of inhibitors, intensity of light, electron acceptor and donors

The luciferin-luciferase method was used to determine ATP extracted from darkmaintained and light-exposed samples of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. A few measurements on Synechococcus lividus (a bluegreen thermophile, clone 65°C) are also reported. 1. The light-minus-dark ATP levels (JATP) from aerobic cells of Chlorella and Anacystis were negative; however, JATP from Synechococcus was positive. Large positive JATP was obtained in regularly grown (RG: moderate light) Chlorella treated with oligomycin; dark levels were reduced, light levels remained essentially unaffected. In high-light exposed (HLE) Chlorella, oligomycin reduced both light and dark ATP levels, but positive A ATP was still obtained. However, in Anacystis, which has a different organization of thylakoid membrane, oligomycin severely reduced both the light and the dark ATP levels and the JATP remained negative. 2. The oligomycin (12 fit*) treated Chlorella and the untreated Anacystis and Synechococcus show the presence of cyclic photophosphorylation under conditions in which the non-cyclic electron flow from photosystem II to photosystem I is blocked by 10 f*M 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU), or not allowed to operate by the absence of CO2. Cyclic photophosphorylation ranged from 10-30% of the maximum JATP in RG, to 40-50% in HLE Chlorella. In RG Chlorella, cyclic and non-cyclic (in the absence of DCMU) photophosphorylation (JATP) saturate at about 10 ergs cm" sec" and 10 ergs cmsec" red (>640 nm) light, respectively; a lag was observed in the light curve. 3. In Chlorella, the addition of the photosystem I electron acceptor methyl viologen (MV; 1 nut) increased JATP by twofold. Further addition of DCMU (25 ^M) reduced this to the level observed with DCMU alone. If 1 mil reduced dichlorophenol indophenol or phenazine methosulphate (DCPIPH2 or PMSH2, respectively) was added along with DCMU, the JATP level was 30-40% of the control. Further addition of MV increased the JATP to be 70-80% of that of the control. These and other results confirm the presence of both non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation in vivo, the former predominating in Chlorella, and the latter in Anacystis and Synechococcus.
The Impact of Parent's Health Literacy on Pediatric Asthma Outcomes

Background: Health literacy has been associated with health disparities in many disease outcomes, including children's asthma. Parents are responsible for most of children's healthcare. Therefore, parents' health literacy may impact children's health outcomes, including asthma control. This study sought to determine the association between parent health literacy and children's asthma control among a cohort of predominately minority urban children aged between 6 and 12 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed children with asthma and their parents at a single outpatient visit. English-speaking parents and their children, aged between 6 and 12 years with physician-diagnosed asthma, were eligible for this study. Healthcare providers assessed asthma control and severity, and parents completed demographic, health literacy, asthma control, and asthma knowledge measures. Children completed a pulmonary function test as part of the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scoring. Results: A total of 281 parent-child dyads provided data, with the majority of parents being mothers and African American, with a high school level education or less. Lower parent health literacy was associated with worse asthma control as rated both by the provider (p=0.007) and the ACQ (p=0.013), despite only moderate concordance between ratings (ρ=0.408, p<0.0001). Lower parent health literacy also was associated with less asthma knowledge, which was associated with worse asthma control. Conclusions: Higher parent health literacy was associated with more parent asthma knowledge and better child asthma control. Pediatric providers should consider tailoring education or treatment plans or utilizing universal precautions for low health literacy.
Protein pathway analysis in Clinical Proteomics using protein microarrays

Molecular diagnostics research within the field of cancer is increasingly focused on detecting low-abundance protein endpoints that can be used to define a patient's disease more completely. Protein microarrays represent an important Clinical Proteomics tool for directly measuring protein endpoints in samples extracted from patient tissues. By combining laser capture microdissection, arraying devices, validated isoform-specific antibodies and advanced reporter technology tools, Clinical Proteomics laboratories are currently generating molecular portraits of cancer cells harvested from patient biopsies.:
Reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with the Ge(100) surface

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with the Ge(100)-(2×1) surface are investigated. The possibility of a surface Diels–Alder reaction ([4+2] cycloaddition), as well as a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction are explored. The surface reactions are followed by ultraviolet photoelectron and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopies. The vibrational spectroscopy results are compared with theoretically predicted frequencies for each of the possible surface reactions.
Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumor: A light microscopic, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and flow cytometric study

The clinical, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of 22 intra-abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumors are presented. Ten tumors also were studied by electron microscopy, and flow cytometry was performed in 11 cases. Nineteen patients were male and three were female; their ages ranged from 17 to 38 years (mean, 27 years). With the exception of one case, which arose in the scrotum, all the tumors originated within the abdomen or pelvis and multiple peritoneal nodules were typical. Five tumors also involved the retroperitoneum. The study demonstrates that the range of histology these tumors can display is broader than has been realized previously. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings show evidence for epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuroendocrine phenotypes, raising the possibility that the tumors may be blastomas. Nine tumors were diploid, one tetraploid, and one aneuploid. Sixteen patients died of widespread metastases 8 to 50 months (mean, 25 months) from the time of diagnosis, and five were alive with known evidence of disease. One patient had no evidence of recurrence, but the follow-up of the case was only 10 months.
In Vitro Susceptibility Studies with Netilmicin: Comparison of a 10-μg Netilmicin Disk with a Standardized 10-μg Gentamicin Disk

Abstract Netilmicin is a new, semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic active against some gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. In this study we compared a 10-μg netilmicin disk with the standardized 10-μg gentamicin disk in terms of their abilities to predict probable clinical susceptibility to netilmicin. The agar dilution procedure of the International Collaborative Study of the World Health Organization and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration standardized disk test procedure were used. The gentamicin disk failed to predict the clinical susceptibility to netilmicin of 26 of 118 isolates previously shown by the agar dilution technique to to be netilmicin susceptible. The netilmicin disk correctly predicted probable susceptibility of all 26 isolates, including 20 shown by the agar dilution procedure to be resistant to gentamicin. These studies demonstrate the need for a separate netilmicin disk for use in agar diffusion disk susceptibility tests.
Influence of electric fields and gas adsorption on the surface self-diffusion of metals and on the growth of microcrystallites

Abstract A survey of the influence of electric fields and impurities upon surface rearrangements of the refractory metals W, Ta, and Nb is given. This includes the measurement of activation energies for surface self-diffusion at high electric fields ( ⋍ 2 × 10 7 V/cm ) and the surface structural changes at low fields ( ⋍ 2 V/cm , dc-effect). The influence of the electric field on crystallite (whisker) growth is discussed briefly.
Altered condylar morphology associated with disc displacement in TMJ dysfunction: Observations by MRI

Magnetic resonance images of 276 TM joints in 138 symptomatic patients were analyzed in a retrospective study to determine the condylar shape and size and to correlate it with internal derangement. Internal derangement by MRI was noted in 66% of the TM joints. Our study demonstrates that the regressive condylar changes in TM joints with internal derangement were more common (61%) than proliferative bony changes (39%). On the converse, none of the TM joints with regressive condyles revealed normal disc. The altered bony morphology also correlated with the severity of internal derangement, i.e. bony changes in TM joints with anterior closed lock were noted in 64% compared to 45% with reducible disc. The cause and effect relationship of the regressive condylar remodeling and disc abnormality is not clear and needs further study.
Inhibition of p38 MAP Kinase Activity Up-Regulates Multiple MAP Kinase Pathways and Potentiates 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Induced Differentiation of Human Leukemia HL60 Cells

Differentiation therapy for neoplastic diseases has potential for supplementing existing treatment modalities but its implementation has been slow. One of the reasons is the lack of full understanding of the complexities of cellular pathways through which signals for differentiation lead to cell maturation. This was addressed in this study using HL60 cells, a well-established model of differentiation of neoplastic cells. SB 203580 and SB 202190, specific inhibitors of a signaling protein p38 MAP kinase, were found to markedly accelerate monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells induced by low concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)). Surprisingly, inhibition of p38 activity resulted in sustained enhancement of p38 phosphorylation and of its in vitro activity in the absence of the inhibitor, indicating up-regulation of the upstream components of the p38 pathway. In addition, SB 203580 or SB 202190 treatment of HL60 cells resulted in a prolonged activation of the JNK and, to a lesser extent, the ERK pathways. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that in HL60 cells an interruption of a negative feedback loop from a p38 target activates a common regulator of multiple MAPK pathways. The possibility also exists that JNK and/or ERK pathways amplify a differentiation signal provided by 1,25D(3).
Familial ureteral abnormalities syndrome: genomic mapping, clinical findings.

Abnormal development of the ureter during embryogenesis, when occurring in multiple family members, appears to be a genetically determined defect with autosomal dominant inheritance and high penetrance, which can lead to significant kidney damage, renal failure, and death. We have studied 48 individuals within a large kindred in which ureteral-related abnormalities (including vesicoureteral reflux, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, duplicated ureters, and medullary sponge kidney) were segregated. Family members who had not had previous diagnostic studies were evaluated for presence or absence of ureteral abnormalities and we attempted to map the locus for this familial ureteral abnormalities syndrome (FUAS). These studies identified 11 asymptomatic individuals, previously assumed to be unaffected, with minor abnormalities. When linkage analysis between the inheritance of ureteral abnormalities and six marker loci glyoxalase I (GLO-1), major histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A, B, and DR/DQ), D6S288, and factor XIII antigen (F13A1) on the short arm of chromosome 6 was performed, the lod scores significantly rejected linkage over a 77.1-cM distance. These findings are in contrast to previous data suggesting linkage between the presence of ureteral abnormalities and HLA, and indicate the possibility of genetic heterogeneity of FUAS.
Preparation and Mechanical Property of Super-Light Aluminum Foam

Aluminum foams with low relative density, especially less than 0.1, persist unique physical, mechanical and acoustic properties. There is a need of this modern material for special applications and scientific research. However, preparation of this super-light metal foam is quite difficult for the cell size of the foams would increase with its porosity. In this study, carbon fibers are used as novel stabilize additive for aluminum foams and the influence of alloying elements on cell wall thickness and area of Plateau border are studied. The results indicate that the cell wall thickness and bubble coarsening rate of the foam would decrease much when Mg is added into the melt and the relative density of prepared foam can be as low as 0.08. Results of compressive tests reveal the fact that these aluminum foams show a lower compressive strength. The plastic deformation region of this new foam is long and it performs good energy absorption capacity.
Factors in Fish Modifying Methylmercury Toxicity and Metabolism

We report here some results of a long-term (19 month) study with cats fed methylmercury (MeHg) in nutritionally balanced diets based on fish. By using either freshwater pike (low in Se) or canned tuna (high in Se) as the major protein source, basal diets with low levels of MeHg were prepared having different Se content, all Se being of natural origin. The basal diets produced no signs of toxicity or pathological changes over the l9-month period. In cats fed basal diets spiked with medium or high levels of MeHg, evidence for delayed onset of toxic effects from the added MeHg was observed with the tuna diets compared to pike diets. In brain, muscle, and blood, the activity of GSH peroxidase, a selenoenzyme, was decreased by Hg. In liver, substantial accumulation of Hg with Se occured (molar Hg/Se ratio approximately 1.4 to 1.8) but GSH peroxidase activity was unaffected. We suggest that the coaccumulation of Hg and Se in liver measures the extent to which MeHg has been metabolically transformed by metabolism to Hg++, and inactivated by deposition as a Hg/Se complex of low bioavailability. The accumulation of Hg and Se in liver was much greater in cats fed tuna compared to pike, out of proportion to the relatively small differences in Hg and Se content of the tuna and pike basal diets. Some mechanisms are described by which selenium, vitamin E, and other factors might facilitate MeHg breakdown to inorganic Hg during long term low level exposure to MeHg.
Intersubject Variability in Particle Deposition Does not Explain Variability in Responsiveness To Methacholine

SUMMARY How variable is the deposition of inhaled methacholine (MCH) in the respiratory tract during a challenge test? Does this variability contribute to the variability of airway responsiveness? Toexamine these questions we estimated the deposition of polydisperse MCHdroplets by measur­ ing the deposition of surrogate diethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS)droplets that were similar in size (1.5 urn) but monodlsperse. Light scattering photometry and flow measurements were used to compute Inspired and expired DEHSparticle number. Deposition of DEHS during 4 breaths was measured twice at baseline and after every dose of MCHduring an abbreviated challenge test in 16 subjects. Deposition was then compared with reactivity. Reactivity to MCHwas expressed as the dose-response slope; it was calculated as percent final change in FEV,/cumulative dose MCHInhaled. Dose-response slopes ranged from zero(nonreactive) to -15.0 (very reactive) %/llmol (mean - 3.2 ± 5.3 SO).Seven subjects had a 20% or greater decrement in FEV, after their highest MCH dose. Baseline DEHS deposition, which ranged from 66 to 84% (mean 77 ± 5 SO), was not significantly different between responders and nonresponders and was not a significant predictor of the dose-response slope. Reactivity was significantly associated with an Increase in deposition produced by MCH(p < 0.007). This increase was small, however (relative change < 7%), so that the effect on the deposited dose of MCH was minimal. We conclude that, with the breathing pattern used, individual differences in DEHS (and MCH)deposition were small and contributed little to intersubject variability of respon­ siveness to inhaled MCH. AM REV RESPIR DIS 1991; 144:649-654
Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible-factor pathway in glioma growth and angiogenesis

Glioblastomas, like other solid tumors, have extensive areas of hypoxia and necrosis. The importance of hypoxia in driving tumor growth is receiving increased attention. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is one of the master regulators that orchestrate the cellular responses to hypoxia. It is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is stable in hypoxic conditions but is rapidly degraded in normoxia. The function of HIF-1 is also modulated by several molecular mechanisms that regulate its synthesis, degradation, and transcriptional activity. Upon stabilization or activation, HIF-1 translocates to the nucleus and induces transcription of its downstream target genes. Most important to gliomagenesis, HIF-1 is a potent activator of angiogenesis and invasion through its upregulation of target genes critical for these functions. Activation of the HIF-1 pathway is a common feature of gliomas and may explain the intense vascular hyperplasia often seen in glioblastoma multiforme. Activation of HIF results in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activator inhibitor, transforming growth factors alpha and beta, angiopoietin and Tie receptors, endothelin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, adrenomedullin, and erythropoietin, which all affect glioma angiogenesis. In conclusion, HIF is a critical regulatory factor in the tumor microenvironment because of its central role in promoting proangiogenic and invasive properties. While HIF activation strongly promotes angiogenesis, the emerging vasculature is often abnormal, leading to a vicious cycle that causes further hypoxia and HIF upregulation.
Pindolol augmentation of treatment-resistant depressed patients.

Background Recent uncontrolled reports describe a dramatic and rapid improvement of depressive symptoms in patients treated with the combination of pindolol and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The present study attempts to replicate those findings. Method Ten outpatients with current DSM-III-R major depressive disorder who had failed to obtain or maintain an appropriate response to an adequate trial of antidepressant drug were included in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Subjects received pindolol 2.5 mg p.o. t.i.d. or placebo for 2 weeks in addition to their current antidepressant. Clinical monitoring, vital signs, and behavioral ratings were performed weekly for the duration of the study. Results Pindolol was well tolerated by all patients. None of the subjects experienced significant symptom worsening during the addition of either placebo or active drug. At the end of the 2-week trial, there was no statistically significant difference between pindolol augmentation and placebo. Two patients had a categorical response during placebo treatment. No categorical responses were observed during pindolol augmentation. Conclusion This study failed to replicate the rapid and dramatic response to pindolol augmentation in treatment-resistant depressed patients.
Current Sharing in the Early Stages of a Wire Array Z-Pinch on the COBRA Accelerator

Summary form only given. In this experiment we examine the temporal evolution of the current distribution among individual wires and pairs of wires in wire array z-pinches using different wire materials (e.g., aluminum and tungsten). To accomplish this we electrically isolate the wires, or pairs of wires, from each other using segmented load hardware. Each segment is able to hold one or two wires and is electrically connected to one return current post. Experimental goals include determining the relative timing of the initiation of coronal plasma around each wire and the effect of the spacing between the wires on that timing. The individual Rogowski coils, calibrated using a separate pulser, record time-dependent current information for each return current post. In addition, optical streak images and laser backlighting images of the wire initiation process are obtained, and a load voltage monitor enables estimates of the energy deposited in the wires during the plasma formation process to be made. Electrical diagnostics are synchronized to a timing accuracy of less than 1 ns.
The Associations of Adolescent Invulnerability and Narcissism With Problem Behaviors

This study examined the correlations between invulnerability, narcissism, self-esteem, delinquency, and aggression in a sample of at-risk adolescents. Participants were 213, 16–18 year-olds (169 male, 44 female). As expected, narcissism and invulnerability were related to delinquency and aggression. However, maladaptive narcissism predicted unique variance in delinquency and relational aggression. A negative effect for self-esteem emerged for predicting delinquency when controlling for narcissism and perceived invulnerability. The distributions of narcissism and invulnerability indicated that these constructs may not, as a rule, be elevated in such youth. Some preliminary implications for the role of these variables in adolescent problem behaviors are presented.
An image processing-based method for quantification of microvasculature

The characteristic of microscopic vascular data is that it contains many tiny vessels with branching and complex structure. The quantification of these vascular networks is crucial in diagnose of vascular abnormalities, surgical planning, and monitoring disease progress or remission. Therefore, We have developed a computerized system for automatically measuring the vascular data of a microscopic image. The major component of this system is an image processing-based method for quantitative analysis and a fast and accurate vessels extraction method.
A proposed test for determining physical working capacity at the oxygen consumption threshold (PWCVO2).

The purpose of this study was 3-fold: (a) to determine if the mathematical model used to estimate the electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) and physical working capacity at the heart rate threshold (PWC HRT) could be applied to V02 measurements, (b) to propose a new fatigue threshold called the physical working capacity at the oxygen consumption threshold (PWC V O2), and (c) to compare the power output at the to those of the EMGFTP, PWC HRT, and ventilatory threshold (VT). Fifteen adult volunteers (mean age +- SD = 22 +- 2 years) performed a maximal cycle ergometer test to determine VO2 peak and VT as well as 4 8-minute submaximal work bouts for the determination of PWC HRT, EMG FT, and PWC VO2. A 1-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post hoc comparison indicated that PWCHRT (84 +- 36) was significantly (p < 0.05) less than EMGFT (126 +- 51), but there were no differences for (111 +- 44) and VT (111 +- 60) versus PWC HRT or EMGFT PWC V O2 . The results of this study indicated that (a) the mathematical model used to determine the PWCHRT and EMGFT was applicable to the measurement of V O2 and could be used to estimate the PWC V O2 during cycle ergometry, (b) there was a difference in the mean power outputs that corresponded to the fatigue thresholds determined from EMG and heart rate measurements, and (c) the PWC V O2 test may provide a useful submaximal technique for estimating the VT.
DOPANT FLEXIBILITY AND PROCESSABILITY STUDIES WITH ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE, FACE-TO-FACE METALLOMACROCYCLIC POLYMERS

In doping experiments on the cofacially arrayed phthalocyanine polymer [Si(Pc)O]n using high potential quinone, halogen, or nitrosyl electron acceptors, the achievable degree of partial oxidation, the inhomogeneity of the doping process, and the conductivity mechanism remain remarkably constant. Using wet spinning techniques, it has proven possible to prepare electrically conductive fibers of [Si(Pc)O]n alone or blended with the high performance aramid polymer Kevlar.
Upregulation of p18Ink4c expression by HPV E6 via p53-miR-34a pathway

Binding of p53 to miR-34a promoter activates the expression of tumor suppressive miR-34a. Our previous study demonstrated that oncogenic HPV infection downregulates miR-34a expression through degradation of p53 mediated by E6. In searching for miR-34a targets, we found that miR-34a mainly downregulates p18Ink4c, a CDK4/6 inhibitor induced by E2F transactivation. HPV18+ HeLa cells with ectopic miR-34a expression or by E6 siRNA knockdown-induced expression of miR-34a had a substantially reduced expression of p18Ink4c in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on p16Ink4a, another member of CDK4/6 inhibitor family. Further investigation showed an increased p18Ink4c level in cervical cancer tissues by western blotting as compared to normal cervix. By immunostaining of tissue arrays, an increased expression of p18Ink4c was found in 68% of cervical cancer tissues, but only in 6.6% of normal cervical tissues. Moreover, specific inhibition of miR-34a expression in CaSki cells promoted the expression of p18Ink4c. Raft cultures with HPV16 or HPV18 infections also showed an increased p18Ink4c expression. In a reporter assay, we demonstrated that disruption of the miR-34a seed match from p18Ink4c promoted luciferase activity in the presence of ectopic miR-34a. As a cell cycle regulatory protein in normal cells, the increased p18Ink4c expression by E6-induced p53 destabilization and miR-34a reduction in cervical cancer would lead to suppress cell cycling and proliferation. However, viral E7 expressed in cervical cancer cells inactivates pRB and disassociates E2F from pRB, resulting in disruption of normal G1 checkpoint. Thus, an increased p18Ink4c in the cervical cancer cells would not affect the cell growth. To test this hypothesis, we knocked down p18Ink4c expression by siRNA in both HPV18-positive HeLa cells and HPV-negative HCT116 cells, a colon cancer cell line that contains an intact G1 checkpoint. As we predicted, knocking down p18Ink4c expression promoted the growth of HCT116 cells but had no effect on HeLa cells. Altogether, our data indicate that p18Ink4c is a miR-34a target and its increased expression in cervical cancer tissues can be used as a new biomarker for cervical cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Heparin resistance and the potential impact on maintenance of therapeutic coagulation

Background and objectives: The main aim of this review is to summarize the literature with respect to the impact of anticoagulation monitoring strategies and therapeutic strategies to manage heparin resistance and optimize anticoagulation with cardiac surgery. Methods: This review was generated using peer-reviewed manuscripts pertinent to this topic that were identified using a computer-based Medline search. Results: There are a small number of well-controlled prospective, randomized studies, some of which suggest that bleeding and transfusion can be attenuated by refining heparin monitoring techniques by sustaining better anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass especially when applied to operative cases that involve complex procedures that require long intervals on cardiopulmonary bypass. Recent studies indicate that antithrombin III concentrates can be used to treat heparin resistance and thereby enhance preservation of the hemostatic system during CPB. A few recent retrospective analyses suggest that low ATIII concentration is associated with negative outcomes. Conclusions: The literature indicates that enhanced anticoagulation via more sophisticated heparin monitoring schemes can reduce bleeding and transfusion and that antithrombin III concentrates can be used to effectively manage heparin resistance during cardiac surgery. Well-controlled, randomized studies are needed to better define the relative importance of AT IIII supplementation with respect to either the management of heparin resistance or with respect to optimization of anticoagulation during CPB and specifically if these interventions are able to decrease the incidence of bleeding and/or thrombotic complications.
Passage to Arcadia

In the poetry of Theocritus and Virgil, the pastoral landscape of Arcadia was developed as an ideal region of benevolent nature, shepherds and hunters, and the ardent springs of poetry. In Virgilian nature, close to the sources of art and scholarship, meditation could be practiced, and awareness of ultimate reality achieved. During the Middle Ages, a severe kind of Arcadia was brought to life in monasteries and hermitages. In the Renaissance, Arcadia was further developed as a realm of humanistic study, combining solitude in nature with book learning. Arcadia was later reimagined as a distant classical landscape of the arts and humanities. In late modernity, the humanities are challenged by the norms of totalizing reason, and a sense of historical closure. Drawing upon an anonymous journal, the author seeks passage to Arcadia.
A modified model, simulation, and tests of a full-scale sailing yacht

Sailing yachts have great potential to act as future long-term oceanic observing platforms, yet to date there have not been complete autonomous sailing systems robust enough to handle long term operation in the harsh and continually changing ocean environment. The basis of control system design is a mathematical model capable of describing and capturing the physics based dynamics of the sailboat. The mathematical model represents the system to be controlled, however, a sailing yacht is a very difficult system to model from a controls perspective because of its heavy reliance on the uncontrolled spatial and temporal distribution of the wind. Presented in this paper is a modified aerodynamic force model which includes the sail angle as a control input to the sailing yacht system. The new model has been incorporated into a 4 degree of freedom (DOF) rigid body dynamic yacht model, and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations shows model exhibits similar behavior to that observed in full scale sailing yacht sea trial data. Data taken aboard a Precision 23 day-sailer is analyzed, and it is found that the model is a likely candidate for including sail input to a physics based dynamic model for identification and control system design.
Humanism and Fact-Finding in Medicine

The scientific revolution, which had its fundamental beginnings in the 16th century, generated a singularly productive method of investigating the natural world. The method entailed, basically, learning how things worked by the analysis of complex matter into its components. Facts were generated and tested through experiments that others (skeptics) could reproduce. As Isaac Newton once explained: "Although the arguing from Experiments and Observations by Induction be no Demonstration of general Conclusions; yet it is the best way of arguing which the Nature of Things admits of...By this way of Analysis we may procede from Compounds to Ingredients, and from Motions . . .
Tariffs and Schumpeterian growth

Abstract The paper develops a dynamic multi-country, multi-commodity model of Schumpeterian growth, trade, and tariffs. The presence of a nontraded final good sector generates differences in long-run growth across countries. Furthermore, if the growth intensity of the nontraded good is lower than the growth intensity of traded goods, then the liberalization of trade raises the long-run growth of all trading partners. The paper also analyzes the implications of multilateral, bilateral and unilateral schemes of trade liberalization for long-run growth and welfare.
Food utilization by insects: Interpretation of observed differences between dry weight and energy efficiencies

Over 80% of the values of approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of assimilated food to biomass (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) calculated using energy terms are greater than the corresponding dry weight (DW) values, based on data for over 65 species (38 studies; number of comparative values: AD=139, ECD=128 and ECI=169). Largest positive differences (energy>DW values) are 30 (AD, ECD) and 24 (ECI) percentage points and largest negative differences (energy DW efficiency values are commonly expected for AD because of the generally greater energy content of food than feces, and for ECD and ECI because of the generally greater energy content of insect biomass than ingested and assimilated food. Deviations from predicted differences in surveyed literature data are discussed in terms of possible methodological sources of error. RESUME L'utilisation de la nourriture par les insectes: interpretation des differences observees entre poids sec et rendement energetique Plus de 80% des valeurs de la digestibilite approchee (AD), de l'efficacite de la conversion de la nourriture assimilee en biomasse (ECD) et de l'efficacite de la conversion de l'aliment ingere (ECI), calculees en termes energetiques, et obtenus a partir de donnees sur 65 especes, sont superieures aux valeurs des poids secs correspondants (DW): 38 etudes; valeurs comparatives: AD=139, ECD=128, ECI=169. Les plus importantes differences positive (energie>valeurs DW) sont de 30 (AD, ECD) et de 24 (ECI) centiemes (les differences negatives les plus fortes=9 (AD), 11 (ECD) et 8 (ECI); ces differences sont moindres pour ECI (71% des differences tombent a 0 et +5 centiemes), et AD (68%), suivi de ECD (seulement 47% tombent entre 0 et + 5). Ces differences peuvent varier avec la temperature, l'alimentation et d'autres facteurs; les differences tendent a croitre (particulierement pour ECD et ECI) quant on les compare plus tard avec des stades plus precoces. Energie>aux valeurs d'efficacite DW sont generalement attendues pour AD par suite du contenu energetique superieur de l'aliment a celui des excrements, et pour ECD et ECI par suite du contenu energetique generalement plus eleve pour la biomasse de l'insecte que pour l'aliment ingere et assimile. Les ecarts par rapport aux differences predites dans les donnees de la litterature examinee sont analysees en considerant les sources possibles d'erreurs methodologiques.
Trends in highly scalable crossbar-based packet switch architecture

A combined input and crosspoint queued (CICQ) switch is receiving significant attention to be the next generation high speed packet switch for its scalability; however, a multi-cabinet implementation of a combined input and crosspoint queued (CICQ) switch unavoidably introduces a large round-trip time (RTT) latency between the line cards and switch fabric, resulting a large crosspoint (CP) buffer requirement. In this paper, virtual crosspoint queues (VCQs) that significantly reduces the CP buffer requirement of the CICQ switch is investigated. The VCQs unit resides inside the switch fabric, is dynamically shared among virtual output queues (VOQ) from the same source port, and is operated at the line rate, making the implementation practical. A threshold-based exhaustive round-robin (T-ERR) arbitration is employed to reduce buffer hogging at VCQ. The T-ERR at VCQ and CP arbiters serves packets residing in a longer queue more frequently than packet residing in a shorter queue. Consequently, the T-ERR, drastically increases the throughput of the CICQ switch with small CP buffers. A multi-cabinet implementation of CICQ switch do not support multicasting traffic well since a combination of small CP buffer in the switch fabric and a large RTT latency between the line cards and switch fabric results in non-work conservation of the intra-switch link. Deployment of multicast FIFO buffer between the input buffer and CP buffer shows a promise. With its ability to achieve high throughput independent of RTT and switch port size, the integration of the VCQ architecture and T-ERR scheduler to the CICQ switch is ideal for supporting ever-increasing Internet traffic that requires higher data rate, larger switch size, and efficient multicasting.
High-Tc superconductors—a radiation-effects laboratory

High-critical-temperature superconductors can be viewed as ceramic materials from a structural point of view and metallic superconductors from a properties perspective. This duality makes the sematerialsex citing subjects for radiation-effects research. Observations from irradiation studies clearly illustrate ceramic-like damage processes, as well as effects on superconducting properties similar to those found in metallic superconductors.
Advances in elevated diode technologies for integrated circuits: progress towards monolithic instruments

Integrated circuit manufacturing capabilities have reached the stage where it is technically and economically feasible to create new components that may be monolithically combined with them to create unique devices. One of the most elementary yet reliable of such monolithic components is the elevated diode. These diodes may be used to detect or generate light for parallel photodetection or photogeneration applications, such as imaging, chemical detection, or displays. Because new materials are required for all implementations, various process flows and integration challenges are discussed. In particular, focus on interconnection to the top and bottom of the junction is considered. In addition, since the elevated diode concept gives the designer control of such parameters as junction thickness, semiconductor bandgap, and light emission spectrum, the issues that drive junction design are presented for both the elevated photodiode and elevated OLED. Finally, because of the decoupling of diode size and pixel size, and the presence of new materials, novel pixel circuits are considered to achieve novel or greater pixel-level functionality, and because material behaviour may dictate the method to drive the junction. The new possibilities that these junctions present create a new realm of applications and are initial examples of a new class of devices called monolithic instruments.
Maximum principle of optimal control for functional differential systems

We show that the maximum principle holds for optimal periodic control problems governed by functional differential equations under a Lipschitz condition on the value functional. Generalizations to other boundary conditions are also considered.
Tribological coatings for lubrication over multiple thermal cycles

article Nanocomposite materials demonstrating multiple temperature-adaptive mechanisms including diffusion, oxidation and/or catalysis mechanisms to yield low friction coefficients of b0.2 from room temperature to 700 °C were combined with diffusion barrier layers in coatings with different architectures (e.g., layer thicknesses, number of layers, etc.) to examine adaptation of contact surface chemistry and morphology over multiple thermal cycles. Multilayered coatings consisting of ceramic-metal nanocomposite adaptive lubricant layers separated by diffusion barriers allowed adaptation to occur only upon exposure of the lubricant layer by wear, which resulted in prolonged wear life at static and cycled temperatures. It was also observed that a relationship between the number of adaptive lubricant layers and the number of thermal cycles existed, where one thermal cycle consumed two adaptive lubricant layers. The thickness of the adaptive coating layers was also important because diffusion- and oxidation-based adaptation in these particular coatings required a minimum volume of solid lubricant material. The surface roughness of the adaptive coating materials played a significant role in their performance within multilayered coatings, where rough coatings (N100 nm Ra) failed after relatively few sliding cycles. The utility and application of adaptive coatings materials providing lubrication over multiple thermal cycles is discussed.
Infrared to green conversion in LiYF4:Yb,Ho

Abstract A simple model consisting of three simultaneous rate equations is used to explain the conversion of infrared excitation to green emission by LiY0.799 Yb0.2 Ho0.001 F4. From rate parameters determined by experiments performed in the small signal region, large signal behavior is calculated; 30 per cent conversion efficiency is predicted.
Can shortened midtrimester cervical length predict very early spontaneous preterm birth

Abstract Objective The study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that shortened midtrimester cervical length is more predictive of early ( Study design This is a secondary analysis of a blinded, multicenter observational study of 183 women with a prior preterm birth. Vaginal sonography was begun at 16 to18 weeks' gestation and scheduled every 2 weeks (maximum 4 scans per patient). Cervical length and any observed dynamic shortening were recorded at each visit to determine the shortest observed cervical length from 16 to 24 weeks' gestation. The shortest cervical length measurements were categorized as less than 25 mm, 25 to 29 mm and 30 mm or greater. The initial cervical length was also compared with the shortest cervical length to categorize patients on the basis of the timing of cervical shortening 30 mm or less. Contingency table, linear regression, and survival analysis were used to analyze the relationship between cervical length groups and spontaneous preterm birth. Results In both the less than 25 mm and 25 to 29 mm groups, the incidence of spontaneous midtrimester birth ( P P Conclusion Shortened cervical length in the midtrimester preferentially predicts early, as opposed to later, spontaneous preterm birth in high-risk women.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding a UV-damaged DNA binding factor defective in xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells

XPE binding factor (XPE-BF) is deficient in a subset of patients from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E. Binding activity copurifies with a 125 kDa polypeptide (p125) that binds to DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and many other agents. We isolated cDNA encoding a polypeptide with a predicted amino acid sequence that matched the sequences of eleven tryptic peptides derived from digestion of XPE-BF purified from human placenta. In vitro transcription and translation of the cDNA yielded a polypeptide of 125 kDa that bound specifically to UV-damaged DNA. Therefore the cDNA encodes either all or the major component of XPE-BF.
A simple theory on the gain saturation effect of large scale longitudinal photon density distribution in semiconductor lasers

Abstract It is shown by a simple theory that the large scale longitudinal photon density distribution has negligible effect on the gain saturation of semiconductor lasers.
Beyond sacrifice: Milton and the atonement

In Paradise Lost, Milton imagines a cosmos at odds with orthodox theology, making a heretical departure that parallels his reluctance to dwell on the Crucifixion and his Arian Christology. Belief in a plurality of worlds threatens the integrity of the Trinity: it exalts the omnipotence of the creator, while it limits the significance of the redeemer. In effect, it produces a tension best resolved by Milton’s position that the Father and the Son are two distinct beings—the former uncreated, infinite, and immutable and the latter created, finite, and changeable. This distinction enables Milton to fashion a theory of salvation that transforms Christ’s sacrifice from a singular, traumatic event to an ethical decision that other created beings can emulate. These heterodox views constitute the theological underpinnings of his radical republicanism, which embraces an idea of human dignity and agency antithetical to the tyrannical politics of torture and blood sacrifice. (GC)
Experimental investigating method on displacement and deformation of rubber elements

The pattern presents an experimental method to investigate the displacement and deformation of rubber elements. Because of the large deformation feature, the moire method with co-moving coordinate is used in the experiment. The paper introduces the choice of experimental material, the loading means and the arrangement of grating. Finally, an example of lip-type sealing ring is given, the experimental result shows that the method is feasible.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Suppression of the immune response by a soluble complement receptor of B lymphocytes

The CD19-CR2 complex of B lymphocytes contains proteins that participate in two host-defense systems, the immune and complement systems. The ligand for the subunit of the immune system, CD19, is not known, but the complement receptor subunit, CR2 (CD21), binds activation fragments of the C3 component of the complement system and may mediate immunopotentiating effects of complement. A recombinant, soluble CR2 was prepared by fusing the C3-binding region of the receptor to immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). The (CR2)2-IgG1 chimera competed with cellular CR2 for C3 binding and suppressed the antibody response to a T cell-dependent antigen when administered to mice at the time of immunization. This inhibitory effect of (CR2)2-IgG1 demonstrates the B cell-activating function of the CD19-CR2 complex and suggests a new method for humoral immunosuppression.
Cell of origin, germinal center versus nongerminal center, determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray, does not correlate with outcome in patients with relapsed and refractory DLBCL

A number of prognostic factors affect outcome in patients with relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including refractory disease and the second-line age-adjusted international prognostic index. In de novo DLBCL, the cell of orgin, as determined by expression microarray analysis or immunohistochemistry (IHC), predicts event-free survival (EFS). We evaluated the cell of origin, as well as other pathologic markers of outcome, on the repeat biopsy specimen of 88 transplantation-eligible patients undergoing ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide (ICE) second-line chemotherapy (SLT) followed by high-dose therapy (HDT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) to see if were they prognostic in the salvage setting. Pretreatment clinical factors were well balanced between the cohorts. There was no significant difference in response to SLT, HDT, event-free or overall survival based on the cell of origin or any of the common pathologic markers examined. The cell of origin as determined by IHC does not predict outcome in transplantation-eligible patients with relapsed or primary refractory DLBCL.