cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TATA box occupancy in the SV40 transcription elongation complex.

In order to gain insight into requirements for template activation and commitment in mammalian transcription, TATA site occupancy was measured in native SV40 viral transcription complexes that were in the process of transcription elongation at the time of cell lysis. This was accomplished by quantifying resistance to restriction enzyme digestion of transcription complexes in nuclear lysate. The rate of cleavage at the TATA site of the late gene in the native complex was slower than that of a bare DNA control, both for wild-type virus and for a virus containing a TATA consensus sequence. These results suggest that the TATA site in the transcription elongation complex in vivo is occupied with transcription factor TBP/TFIID. When considered in light of previous work, these findings support a model in which transcription activation involves reinitiation from a promoter that contains both activator and TFIID bound in a stable complex.
Image reconstruction using the phase variance algorithm

In many imaging situations the quality of the image is degraded by phase errors. In this paper we describe an algorithm for correcting phase errors. It is applicable to cases in which the phase- error-degraded complex Fourier transform of the aberrated image is available; these include imaging with heterodyne sensors or with interferometric sensors. The phase-error correction algorithm is a variation on the iterative Fourier transform (phase retrieval) algorithm. It uses a support constraint on the object, making it useful for imaging bright objects on dark backgrounds. It can be extended to include uncertainties in both the modulus and the phase of the Fourier transform.
The supply and demand of motivated labor: When should we expect to see nonprofit wage gaps?☆

Abstract Evidence on whether nonprofit workers earn less than for-profit workers is mixed. I argue that we should only expect wage gaps when labor demand of the nonprofit sector of an industry is low. When labor demand is high, there are not enough “motivated” workers to fulfill demand, so nonprofits must raise wages. I find empirical evidence consistent with these predictions. Penalties for working in a nonprofit are largest in areas where nonprofits require a small share of the labor force. In these same locations, the quality of work is higher than in for-profits.
A single-step method for identifying individual resources

Many methods of analysis have been used to test whether animals use resources in proportion to availability. Many of the most commonly used methods have been criticized because they ignore the induced correlation among cells in the multinomial classification table due to the unit-sum constraint. Some methods are also flawed because they assume that relocation data can be pooled across animals even though the animals may select habitats differently. We propose a method, based on the maximum of the joint chi-square, to compare habitat usage to availability for individual animals. This method is combined with a follow-up multiple comparison technique that takes account of the unit-sum constraint. We compare our proposed method to a method based on the sum of individual chi-squares and a method based on compositional analysis by analyzing data on gray partridge and ringnecked pheasant resource use. Simulation is also used to compare methods by evaluating their Type I error rates.
The Performance Rights Act: Radio Broadcasting Faces Major Challenge in Long Battle Against Music Licensing

In 2009, Congressional subcommittees approved a bill which would impose a performance fee on radio stations playing music over the air, known as the Performance Rights Act (PRA). Passage of the PRA could historically alter the relationship between the radio broadcast industry and the music industry. Terrestrial broadcast radio stations have paid music licensing agencies fees to songwriters and composers but never to the artists. This study examines the acrimonious relationship radio broadcasters have had with the music licensing agencies over the past eight decades, and the potential impact of the PRA on the future of terrestrial radio.
Multiscale blind deconvolution of sensor-array signals via scale transform

In this paper we introduce a multi-scale deconvolution technique performed in the scale-domain. In sensor array applications such as in radar, sonar and seismic processing, the sensor outputs are modeled as the convolution of the unknown source signal with various unknown system impulse responses that are scaled versions of each other with unknown scale parameters. In many applications these signals or the scaling parameters are needed to be estimated only from the sensor outputs. In our earlier work, we estimated the unknown scale parameters by using properties of the scale transform and then employed existing deconvolution algorithms. Here, we derive the multi-scale blind deconvolution algorithm in the scale transform domain. The performance of the method is illustrated using simulation examples.
Guidelines for the Use of Nebulizers in the Home and at Domiciliary Sites: Report of a Consensus Conference

Guidelines for the use of nebulizers outside of the hospital were developed at the request of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to assist in the preparation of Medicare criteria for reimbursement. The National Association for Medical Direction of Respiratory Care (NAMDRC) convened a consensus conference in Leesburg, Va, with physician representatives from the major medical organizations involved in adult and pediatric respiratory care. Members of the health-care industry also were invited to participate. After review of the pertinent references, members of the faculty were preassigned topics for presentations during the first day of the meeting. Three workshops were organized to address segments of the consensus statement and to develop written reports. Each report was reviewed by the entire group and then finalized. The Consensus Conference recommends that a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with reservoir chamber is the preferred mode of aerosol therapy for patients outside of the hospital. The circumstances under which a small-volume nebulizer (SVN) may be appropriate are described. The medications that may be administered by SVN are identified with recommendations as to the usual doses to be prescribed. A cost analysis of the various modes of aerosol therapy is presented. These guidelines should be of value to physicians who are prescribing aerosol therapy in the home and also to policy makers who are developing guidelines for reimbursement.
Global Perspectives for Teachers : An Urgent Priority

Discussion of global issues became prominent in the '60s and '70s when changes in human culture began to have effects that transcended national and regional boundaries. Hampered by contro versy and indirection, global perspectives in teacher education programs have been slow to develop, but recent world events have created support for education in global perspectives. Many educators and policymakers now agree that schools need to educate students in the issues of global interdependence. Some of the concepts in educational reform, however, such as "cul tural literacy," risk fragmenting global information into narrowly defined subjects or distorting it with chauvinism. A global perspective is more than courses on world geography and world history; it requires a holistic approach that gives students an understanding of themselves and their relationship to the world community. The article closes with a discussion of some of the changes necessary to develop a richer global curriculum.
Creatine Increases Survival and Delays Motor Symptoms in a Transgenic Animal Model of Huntington's Disease

There is substantial evidence for bioenergetic defects in Huntington's disease (HD). Creatine administration increases brain phosphocreatine levels and it stabilizes the mitochondrial permeability transition. We examined the effects of creatine administration in a transgenic mouse model of HD produced by 82 polyglutamine repeats in a 171 amino acid N-terminal fragment of huntingtin (N171-82Q). Dietary supplementation of 2% creatine significantly improved survival, slowed the development of motor symptoms, and delayed the onset of weight loss. Creatine lessened brain atrophy and the formation of intranuclear inclusions, attenuated reductions in striatal N-acetylaspartate as assessed by NMR spectroscopy, and delayed the development of hyperglycemia. These results are similar to those observed using dietary creatine supplementation in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD and provide further evidence that creatine may exert therapeutic effects in HD.
THE USE OF COSTART AT BURROUGHS WELLCOME COMPANY

COSTART was chosen as the vocabulary for reporting adverse experiences from clinical trials at Burroughs Wellcome Company. Three major factors precipitated this decision: The Product Surveillance and Epidemiology Department had been using it for several years; our colleagues in the united Kingdom were coding reports on marketed drugs in COSTART for better comparability, and it met our preference for using broad terminology. An additional consideration was that it is the vocabulary developed by the Food and Drug Administration. A simple set of rules facilitates application of COSTART to clinical trial reports. When an investigationol drug is marketed, the coding of adverse experiences in COSTART makes transfer of this in formation lo the Department of Product Surveillance and Epidemiology easy. In the same way, foreign reports become comparable with those generated in this country.
PROOF OF PARTIAL-WAVE DISPERSION RELATIONS IN PERTURBATION THEORY

The partial-wave dispersion relation for the nucleonnucleon scattering is proved in every order of perturbation theory. A partial-wave dispersion relation for the pionnucleon scattering is proved only for the graphs in which the two external pion lines are attached to the nucleon open polygon. (auth)
Access to the environment and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: To determine the potential relation between satisfaction with life after spinal cord injury and access to the environment as measured by selected items from the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART). Design: Prospective, correlational/predictive study using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 18 Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems of Care. Subjects: Adult persons with traumatic-onset spinal cord injury ( n = 650) evaluated at 1 or 2 years postinjury. Outcome Measure: Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Predictor Variables: Demographic characteristics, impairment and disability classifications, medical complications, rehabilitation insurance status, occupational status as measured by the CHART Occupation Scale, self-perceived health (from SF-36), and access to the environment as measured by items from the CHART Mobility Scale. Results: Access to the environment was positively and linearly associated with satisfaction with life, demonstrated both positive and negative change over time, and was positively associated with subject's neurologic status. Access to the environment added to the explanatory model to predict life satisfaction even after all other independent measures were accounted for. Conclusion: Access to the environment (an "outside the person" factor) is important in predicting satisfaction with life for persons with spinal cord injury. The measure of access to the environment developed here is promising and worthy of further exploration and expansion.
Spatio‐temporal variation in Markov chain models of subtidal community succession

In this paper we ask whether succession in a rocky subtidal community varies in space and time, and if so how much affect that variation has on predictions of community dynamics and structure. We describe succession by Markov chain models based on observed frequencies of species replacements. We use loglinear analysis to detect and quantify spatio-temporal variation in the transition matrices describing succession. The analysis shows that space and time, but not their interaction, have highly significant effects on transition probabilities. To explore the ecological importance of the spatio-temporal variability detected in this analysis, we compare the equilibria and the transient dynamics among three Markov chain models: a time-averaged model that includes the effects of space on succession, a spatially averaged model that include the effects of time, and a constant matrix that averages over the effects of space and time. All three models predicted similar equilibrium composition and similar rates of convergence to equilibrium, as measured by the damping ratio or the subdominant Lyapunov exponent. The predicted equilibria from all three models were very similar to the observed community structure. Thus, although spatial and temporal variation is statistically significant, at least in this system this variation does not prevent homogeneous models from predicting community structure.
Mitigating angular misalignment from atmospheric effects in FSO links

Accuracy of alignment is a key factor for successfully establishing and maintaining connections in networks of freespace optical links, and is particularly critical when one or both of the transceivers are moving. Scintillation and other atmospheric effects create beam deflections that further complicate the alignment process by creating rays that enter the receiver at an angle to the optical axis. This paper theoretically studies the effective angular misalignment that can be caused by such deflections and mitigation methods for a traditional free-space optical link. The theory uses Gaussian beam propagation and system theory to determine the optical power distribution at the receiver lens and the position of the beam at the lens focal point. Coordinate transformation and overlap integrals are used to assist in calculating the amount of power collected by the lens and incident on the collecting core of the fiber. The use of a fiber bundle at the focal plane of the lens is investigated as a possible method for reducing the receiver sensitivity to misalignment. The simulation results show that some reduction in misalignment sensitivity within some practical system design limits.
Ignition sensitivity and electrical conductivity of an aluminum fluoropolymer reactive material with carbon nanofillers

The safe handling of powdered energetic material composites requires an understanding of their response to electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition stimuli. In this study, a binary composite of aluminum (Al) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is tailored for ESD ignition sensitivity by varying the concentration of highly electrically conductive nanofillers. The goal is to understand ESD ignition response of Al + PTFE when nanofiller loadings are added to the base mixture that negligibly affect combustion but significantly alter ignition and the electrical conductivity of the mixture. Previous work has shown a correlation between electrical conductivity and ESD ignition sensitivity. The nanofillers examined include carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene nano platelets (GNP), and combinations of CNT and GNP. Adding CNT creates an electrical conductivity percolation threshold at a lower volume fraction compared to GNP. Hence, CNT are the controlling nanofiller that creates a percolating network when a combination of CNT and GNP are used. Various mixing methods are examined including sonication techniques and dry mixing. Results show that a composition insensitive to ESD ignition became sensitive by controlling its electrical conductivity through nanofiller addition.
Pressure and temperature dependence of reactions proceeding via a bound complex. An approach for combustion and atmospheric chemistry modelers. Application to HO + CO → [HOCO] → H + CO2

Elementary bimolecular processes that involve formation of a chemically activated intermediate species are common. We address the general problem of modeling these processes and describe the necessary and sufficient information that must be specified to assure that a kinetics model will extrapolate the rate constants for those reactions over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The approach is illustrated for the system centered around the HOCO intermediate. Here, specification of the temperature and pressure dependence of three rate constants, k(T,P) and the temperature dependence of two equilibrium constants, K(T), is necessary and sufficient, viz: Rate constants are cast in the form of an analytical expression, suggested by Troe, and appropriate parameters are tabulated.
DYNASORE, AN INHIBITOR OF DYNAMIN, INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE

Dynasore was recently developed as a small molecule, selective non-competitive inhibitor of the protein dynamin. This inhibitor has been shown to block dynamin-dependent endocytosis and is now used commonly to study vesicular recycling at synapses. We have measured the effects of dynasore on spontaneous and evoked transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction and shown that, in addition to inhibiting endocytosis, dynasore increases the probability of transmitter release. Furthermore, we have shown that dynasore exposure leads to an increase in resting intra-terminal calcium, but this effect does not completely account for the dynasore-mediated increase in the probability of transmitter release. Therefore, in interpreting effects of the dynamin inhibitor dynasore at synapses, one must be alert to potential increases in presynaptic calcium concentration and transmitter release probability.
Program evaluation and improvement based on cost-effectiveness analyses☆

Abstract This paper has presented a program evaluation model which seeks to provide a reformed view of the process. In the first section, the methodology was described in terms of four interrelated phases; evaluability assessment, resource analysis, implementation inquiry and operational planning. These phases correspond to the developmental life of a school program and the procedures they embody can be linked to significant findings in educational research and evaluation dating back to the early 1900's. Some of the most important milestones in this vast literature were cited. In the second section, some examples of the type of results and analyses provided through use of the methodology are presented. These analyses operationalize terms such as instructional effects, resource requirements and program replicability. These results were drawn from a comparative year long study of three competing programs and the accompanying discussion seeks to indicate how these data provide meaningful comparative information on the relative effects and cost-effectiveness of these programs. In the final section, some implications of the use of the methodology for school program improvement are discussed. In this discussion, the data from the comparative inquiry are used. They show how school curriculum planners and evaluators might collaborate to apply this methodology in the selection, modification, implementation and ongoing improvement of complex multi-year programs such as those used to provide basic skills instruction. Collectively, use of this methodology should provide a reformed view of the activities involved and perspective taken on these critical school activities.
Relative Enterotoxigenicity of Coliform Bacteria

The enterotoxigenicity of 12 strains of coliform bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of persons with either acute diarrhea or tropical sprue and of 13 strains of the same species isolated from urine (GU) cultures was determined. Fractions of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins of each strain were separated by ultrafiltration, and the effect of graded concentrations (range, 100 microgram-10 pg/ml) on water transport was assessed by in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. Enterotoxigenic activity was defined as inducement of net secretion of water. All 12 of the GI strains and six of 13 GU strains elaborated enterotoxins, but there was a millionfold quantitative difference in the potency of the toxins produced. All of the GI strains produced one or both forms of toxin, which had a minimal effective concentration of as low as 0.1-10 ng/ml, whereas the GU strains produced toxins of weak or, rarely, of intermediate potency.
Double waffle-cone technique using twin Solitaire detachable stents for treatment of an ultra-wide necked aneurysm.

Abstract Several stent-supported coiling techniques have been devised for treating wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms including the Y-stent and waffle-cone constructs. The Y-stent technique is not technically possible with obtusely oriented daughter vessels, and the waffle-cone method is inadequate for aneurysms with necks exceeding the stent’s maximal expansion diameter. We describe here the novel use of the Solitaire electrolytically detachable slotted stent (Solitaire, ev3, Irvine, CA, USA) featuring large-sized cells to fashion a concentric “double waffle-cone” construct. This method enabled the doubling of the neck coverage to treat an ultra-wide necked middle cerebral aneurysm with obtusely oriented daughter branches. The technique relies on the intra-cell crossing of the first stent using the second stent delivery microcatheter and fine tuning the relative position with the aid of cross-sectional cone-beam computed tomographic angiography to achieve optimal coverage of the neck prior to detachment of the stents in position. A retrievable stent with large cells such as the Solitaire device is optimal for this application given the need for relative adjustment of the deployment before final stent release to avoid under- or over-penetration of the distal stent struts into the aneurysm dome. An additional advantage of this approach over the kissing-stent technique is the absence of intraluminal stent struts, which was confirmed here by down-the-barrel cross-sectional imaging. The double waffle-cone construct enabled the successful coiling of the aneurysm with no post-procedural ischemic events detected on diffusion-weighted MRI and with stable complete embolization and no residual filling or in-stent stenosis at 6 month follow-up.
An upper bound for the diameter of a polytope

The distance between two vertices of a polytope is the minimum number of edges in a path joining them. The diameter of a polytope is the greatest distance between two vertices of the polytope. We show that if P is a d-dimensional polytope with n facets, then the diameter of P is at most 132^d^-^3(n-d+52).
Spatial patterns in the location decisions of US credit unions

Building on central place theory, we offer a series of simple location models for US credit unions. Credit unions are historically viewed as a community-based strategy designed to fill voids in spatial financial markets. Unlike banks and more traditional retail financial institutions, our results show that credit unions operate in areas with a low concentration of retail banks. This suggests that credit unions do not follow the “herd” mentality that dominates traditional retail banking institutions. Instead they cluster around common bonds of association. That is credit unions are fundamentally capturing a different market than traditional banks and do not behave in a pro-competitive manner with banks. In the spirit of Bitter et al. (J Geogr Syst 9:7–27, 2007), we compare the overall performance of geographically weighted regression with a set of both spatial and non-spatial estimators. We find that the spatial estimators generally performed better than the aspatial estimators, and there is significant spatial heterogeneity in some of the determinants of credit union concentrations. Results on individual variables of interest tend to be stable across the different estimators lending confidence to our hypothesis that credit unions serve niche markets.
Query transformation in an instructional database management system

A database management system designed for instructional use should offer facilities usually not required in a commercial environment. One of the most important features desirable in such a system is its ability to perform query transformation. The use of an universal symbol and tree manipulation system to perform query translation, decomposition and optimization is described in the paper. Examples of transformation rules required to translate SQL expressions into equivalent QUEL expressions, decompose SQL expressions into parse trees and perform optimization of expressions based on relational algebra are shown.An experimental relational DBMS using the above approach is currently under development at the University of Houston. It supports various nonprocedural query languages within a single system, using a unified database dictionary. Cross-translation between various query languages is allowed. The results of every important phase of the query transformation during its execution are interactively available to the system user.
A High-Scanning-Rate Storage Device for Computer Applications

The results of an investigation of the use of photographic techniques for high-scanning-rate digital storage are presented.The most promising technique, that of utilizing a projection system and a rotating mirror, is described in detail. In this system, the binary-digital information recorded on a photographic medium in the form of spots is projected on a rotating mirror by a device similar to a common slide projector. The image reflected from the rotating mirror sweeps past a row of stationary photoelectric transducers and causes the transducers to “read” the stored information.Experiments conducted with a simple slide projector and a rotating mirror resulted in a reading rate of 250,000 cps, with a mirror speed of 3600 rpm and a memory pattern of 110 lines per inch.A system using a memory pattern that is 4 by 4 inches and that contains 16 × 10 6 bits of information, each bit being 0.0005 by 0.002 inch, is proposed. This information would be written in parallel channels, each approximately 40 bits in width and 4 inches in length. Schemes for reading each of the channels repeatedly and for reading the channels successively are discussed. The reading rate should be greater than 1 million words per second.
Osteosarcoma of the hand

Two cases of osteogenic sarcoma in the hand are reported, with a discussion of the literature.
A paradigm for building diagnostic expert systems by specializing generic device and reasoning models

This paper describes a generic schematic knowledge representation, acquisition, and manipulation system (SKRAM) applied to diagnostic problem solving in analog circuits. SKRAM is a general purpose declarative, schema-oriented system composed of five layers: (1) an object-oriented implementation layer, (2) a logical layer defining object features, i.e., relations and attributes, (3) an epistemological layer at which schemata are introduced as knowledge packages, (4) a semantic or conceptual layer where meaning is attached to schemata by defining an interpretation mechanism, and (5) a domain layer containing objects and schemata which represent knowledge of the application domain. SKRAM supports the acquisition and maintenance of general and specific knowledge and constructs models of the entities in the application domain, e.g., models of the structure and function of electronic circuits. An example of the use of the declarative representation in the domain of analog circuits is given and the architecture is contrasted with other architectures in similar and related domains.
Incorporation of Waste Materials into Portland Cement Clinker Synthesized from Reagent‐Grade Chemicals

In this study, the feasibility of using waste materials to manufacture Portland cement was investigated. Reagent-grade chemicals were used to synthesize a Portland cement clinker with a tightly controlled composition. Then, calcium oxide-bearing waste materials, specifically fly ash and blast furnace slag, were combined with the reagent-grade chemicals. The synthetic cements were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and isothermal calorimetry. Results show that Portland cement can be successfully synthesized by replacing reagent-grade chemicals with up to 40% fly ash and 60% slag incorporation. These synthetic cements possess early-age hydration behavior similar to a commercial Type I/II Portland cement.
The supraglottal articulation of prominence in English: Linguistic stress as localized hyperarticulation

The results of an articulatory investigation of the supraglottal correlates of linguistic prominence in English, and a proposal of a unified description of linguistic stress are reported. Three models of stress are evaluated: that prominence expands jaw movement, that stress expands an abstract articulatory scale involving the opening and closing of the vocal tract, and that stress involves a localized shift toward hyperarticulate speech. A corpus of x‐ray microbeam records of sensible speech is studied, within which the stress pattern is controlled and is checked by means of an intonational analysis. Jaw movement data yield similar results to earlier studies, but kinematic differences interpreted with reference to a gestural theory suggest that different subjects use different articulatory strategies to articulate stress contrasts. In addition, the jaw, lip, and tongue interact in the articulation of stress in subject dependent ways. Thus the articulation of stress should be formulated in terms of abstract articulatory goals, rather than in terms of individual articulator positioning. Finally, the data show that stress affects the articulation of nonsonority distinctions such as backness in vowels and point of articulation in consonants. A hyperarticulation model of stress is discussed in terms of these results.
Producing Workers: The Politics of Gender, Class, and Culture in the Calcutta Jute Mills

As the politicization of cultural identities-based on religion, ethnicity, gender, race-has come to play a central role in shaping relations between and among peoples, issues of difference raise unsettling questions about how identities overlap and group interests are represented. Using the jute mills of Calcutta as a case study, Leela Fernandes reveals that these interconnections play a fundamental role in shaping both the political actions of workers and the representation of their interests.
Effect of Fruit Firmness and Processing Parameters on the Particle Size Distribution in Applesauce, of Two Cultivars

The effects of fruit firmness, finisher speed, and finisher screen size on the weighted average particle size in processed applesauce was investigated for two cultivars. Cultivar differences were significant with largest differences exhibited at very hard firmness levels. A decrease in particle size was observed with decreasing finisher screen size for all applesauce samples analyzed. A significant interaction was found between fruit firmness and finisher speed. Two theories are proposed to explain this interaction: Theory I is based on a residence time model and Theory II is based on a disintegration force model.
Perchlorate adsorption on polycrystalline gold electrodes in aqueous perchloric acid

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry was performed with polycrystalline gold electrodes in aqueous perchloric acid electrolytes in the concentration range 10−3 M HClO4 to HClO4·5.5 H2O (approx. 7 M). In the so-called double layer region the diffuse layer capacity minimum was identified from the current minimum. The resulting potential of zero charge, Upzc, (vs. SHE and corrected for the liquid junction potential) does not change systematically with the perchloric acid concentration. The onset of oxygen adsorption at high potentials, U 1 2 , is constant vs. RHE in the whole concentration range investigated. The results indicate that the interaction of perchlorate with polycrystalline gold is weak at potentials between Upzc and the oxygen adsorption potential U 1 2 .
Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors mediate sensorimotor gating deficits produced by intracerebral dizocilpine administration in rats.

Prepulse inhibition refers to the inhibition by a weak prepulse of the startle response to an intense stimulus. Prepulse inhibition is thought to provide an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, a putative central inhibitory process by which an organism filters information from its environment. Prepulse inhibition deficits are observed in schizophrenia patients and in rats treated with psychotomimetic compounds, such as the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine or dizocilpine maleate. In rats, phencyclidine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits are blocked by clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine, which are multireceptor antagonists and atypical antipsychotics, or by prazosin, which is a selective alpha1-adrenergic antagonist. The dorsal hippocampus and amygdala are two of the brain regions shown to contribute to the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. The present study tested the hypotheses that quetiapine or prazosin would prevent deficits in prepulse inhibition produced by dizocilpine infusion into the dorsal hippocampus or amygdala. In separate groups of rats, either quetiapine (0 or 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or prazosin (0 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 15 min prior to bilateral infusion of dizocilpine (0 or 6.25 microg/0.5 microl/side) into either the dorsal hippocampus or amygdala. Rats were placed into startle chambers immediately after intracerebral drug infusion and prepulse inhibition was assessed. Confirming previous studies, prepulse inhibition was decreased after either intra-dorsal hippocampus or intra-amygdala infusions of dizocilpine. Both quetiapine and prazosin blocked the prepulse inhibition deficits produced by intracranial dizocilpine administration. Startle reactivity was increased by dizocilpine infusion into either region; these effects were not blocked by either quetiapine or prazosin. These results indicate that non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists may disrupt sensorimotor gating via actions within the dorsal hippocampus or amygdala, and that alpha1-adrenergic receptors distal to these sites might mediate this effect.
THE STEROL ESTERS OF HOUSEFLY EGGS.

Abstract 1. 1. The free sterols and sterol esters from adult female houseflies and eggs were separated by column chromatography. The sterol ester fraction accounted for about 41 per cent of the total sterol from housefly eggs but only about 8·4 per cent in the female flies. 2. 2. Analysis of the fatty acids from the sterol ester fraction of the eggs showed these to be composed of greater than 90 per cent C16 and C18 mono-unsaturated fatty acids with the C18 acids accounting for about 78 per cent of the total. 3. 3. The fatty acids from the triglyceride fraction of the eggs and female flies differed from the egg sterol esters in that they contained less unsaturation and a predominance of C16 fatty acids.
Protonation and Alkylation of a Dinuclear Nickel Thiolate Complex.

Reaction of a dinuclear Ni thiolate complex featuring both terminal and bridging thiolate ligands with 1 equiv of an alkylating agent leads to the production of a dinuclear complex where one of the terminal thiolate ligands has reacted to form a thioether ligand. The product of one such reaction has been crystallographically characterized. This structure reveals that little change in the core structure of the complex occurs upon alkylation. Similarly, reaction of the dinuclear Ni complex with 1 equiv of H+ leads to the isolation of a dinuclear complex containing a thiol ligand. The structure of this complex is deduced from NMR and XAS spectroscopy. Again, little change in structure can be detected. Nonetheless, the redox properties of the complex are dramatically affected. Thus protonation provides one possible mechanism for modulating the redox potential of metalloenzymes containing Ni thiolate active sites without affecting the structure of the Ni site.
MILA--S: generation of agent-based simulations from conceptual models of complex systems

Scientists use both conceptual models and executable simulations to help them make sense of the world. Models and simulations each have unique affordances and limitations, and it is useful to leverage their affordances to mitigate their respective limitations. One way to do this is by generating the simulations based on the conceptual models, preserving the capacity for rapid revision and knowledge sharing allowed by the conceptual models while extending them to provide the repeated testing and feedback of the simulations. In this paper, we present an interactive system called MILAfiS for generating agent-based simulations from conceptual models of ecological systems. Designed with STEM education in mind, this user-centered interface design allows the user to construct a Component-Mechanism-Phenomenon conceptual model of a complex system, and then compile the conceptual model into an executable NetLogo simulation. In this paper, we present the results of a pilot study with this interface with about 50 middle school students in the context of learning about ecosystems.
Interactions of Perfluorinated Surfactant with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Critical Micelle Concentration and Solubility Enhancement Measurements

Abstract Perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) are characterized by high chemical and thermal stability and are used in a wide range of products and processes. Some current uses of these compounds lead to the releases of persistent fluorocarbons into the environment. The effects of a PFS on the behavior of hydrocarbons such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not well understood. This study investigated the PFS–PAH interactions through critical micelle concentration (CMC) and solubility enhancement measurements. An anionic PFS, lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS) and two PAHs (phenanthrene and pyrene) were used. CMC values of LiFOS measured by three different methods fell in the range of 5.5–7.4 mM at 22±1°C, and showed a small dependence of CMCs on the PAH probe molecules. Mole fraction micellar partition coefficient ( K mic ) values were found to be 2.27×10 2 , 7.74×10 3 , and 1.25×10 4 for oxygen, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively, at 22±1°C. Log K mic values for oxygen and PAHs were linearly correlated with the log values of octanol–water partition coefficients (log K ow ), showing that hydrophobic interactions with LiFOS micelles are favorable enough to increase apparent solubilities across a range of solute hydrophobicities. Overall, PFSs are shown to have less favorable interactions with PAHs because of the restrictions in practically usable chain length with PFS and mutual phobicity between hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons, compared to hydrocarbon surfactants.
“I don't like to live nowhere but here”: The shelter as mediator of U.S. homeless youth's identity formation

Identity formation, from a sociocultural perspective, involves people choosing from among the variety of historical and cultural resources available to them for living their values, making a commitment to a particular life course, and grounding their hope in the future. Researchers in the past have argued that homeless shelters provide few such resources for children and youth to form healthy identities. At the same time, these researchers have not examined how young people themselves make sense of the shelters in which they live in the course of their own development. This article examines how children living in two small family shelters in a large southeastern city understand the shelter as a place they call home in relation to their families, friends, and themselves. Implications for the study of identity formation of homeless children and youth are discussed.
Confessions of a doubtful shaman

While the research literature is full of glowing reports of amazing success stories, this article enlightens the troops in the trenches with a disaster the author encountered in 1997 trying to implement distance learning of two classes in technology. Though we all want to hear success stories, many times we learn more from failure. This personal narrative explores what went wrong and what can be learned from the mistakes of others in the field
Generalized k-tuple colorings of cycles and other graphs

Abstract Stahl's concept of k -tuple coloring the nodes of a graph is extended to specify that adjacent nodes must have i colors in common. Complete results for a minimum such coloring are obtained for bipartite graphs and odd cycles. Partial results are shown for complete graphs.
Inhibition of cholesterol crystal formation by apolipoproteins in supersaturated model bile

Apolipoproteins A-1 and A-2 were purified from human plasma. At concentrations present in human bile these proteins prolonged the nucleation time of cholesterol monohydrate crystals when added to model systems of supersaturated bile. In contrast, apolipoprotein C-3 and other serum proteins did not have this effect. Also, when human gallbladder bile was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography, apolipoproteins A-1 and A-2 were among the proteins present in a fraction of bile enriched in potent inhibitors of cholesterol crystal nucleation. These findings suggest that apolipoproteins A-1 and A-2 in supersaturated human gallbladder bile could inhibit the rate of formation of solid cholesterol crystals and thus help to prevent spontaneous cholesterol gallstone formation in humans.
Computation and meaning of Gabor coefficients

Several recent works [1,2,3) have discussed the role of the Gabor transform as a tool for signal detection and feature extraction in the presence of noise. Gabor, or more generally Weyl—Heisenbrerg, expansions of signals provide a greater degree of sensitivity to local phenomena such as local frequency changes as compared to classical Fourier methods. To be an effective tool, such expansions should highlight relatively few components and not spread signal energy throughout an unreasonably large number of components. An important first step in applying the Gabor transform to detect a signal is to maximally exploit a priori signal knowledge to design an appropriate weighting function as a window on input data. The effect of such a window in practice is to reduce the dimension of the signal search space. If complete signal information is known at the outset, then the optimal signal processing strategy is the matched filter, which reduces the search—space to one dimension. In this work, we fix a window and provide tools for measuring how well various subspaces of signals can be analyzed relative to the window. In a Fourier signal processing strategy, signal decay rate (along with that of its Fourier transform) and signal smoothness usually serve as the essential a priori information necessary to set sampling rates and establish error estimates. This information will not be sufficient for an effective application of the Gabor transform. The Zak transform plays a key role in several works [4,5,6,7] dealing with the Gabor transform. The function formed from the ratio of the Zak transform of a signal to the Zak transform of the window will provide essential information about the window's effectiveness in compactly representing signal information. Various subspaces of signals will be defined by functional properties of the quotient. In general, the quotient is doubly periodic but is not necessarily continuous. However, under rather general conditions, Fourier coefficients can be defined which in some cases determine the coefficients of a Weyl-Heisenberg expansion. It is natural to ask whether these coefficients can be used to provide a (discrete) time—frequency representation of the signal relative to the fixed window independent of their role in a Weyl—Heisenberg expansion.
A generator for producing irregular time periods.

A simple circuit is described which produces “random” timed periods for the presentation of stimuli, etc., in psychophysiologic research. The circuit takes advantage of the basic irregularity in flash rate of inexpensive incandescent flasher lamps sold for use in Christmas lighting displays. Increased irregularity in timing is provided by charging a capacitor when flashes occur in two bulbs simultaneously. A 4-layer diode and associated circuitry produce a contact closure output.
Molecular genetics of aortic valve disease.

Purpose of reviewBicuspid aortic valve is the most common type of cardiac malformation and predisposes to aortic valve calcification, which is the third leading cause of heart disease in adults. These seemingly temporally disparate diseases have been described as having genetic influences but limite
The action of cordycepin on nascent nuclear RNA and poly(A) synthesis in regenerating liver

Abstract Following a 5 min pulse of [5-3H] orotic acid via the portal vein, the specific radioactivity of non-poly(A)heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) reaches a peak at 12 h after partial hepatectomy. In contrast, poly(A)-HnRNA was maximally elevated only at 2 h after operation. After intraportal injection of cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) 1 min before [5-3H] orotic acid, a dose-dependent inhibition of nuclear HnRNA and rRNA occurred. Fractionation of HnRNA on poly(U)-Sepharose following 20 mg/kg of cordycepin revealed that a 65% reduction occurred in the labeling of poly(A)-HnRNA while non-poly(A)-HnRNA was reduced by 43%. Studies of the pool size and specific radio-activity of UTP in control and cordycepin-treated animals indicated no significant alterations in these parameters. Assessment of poly(A) size using poly(A)-HnRNA annealed with oligo(dT)10 as template primer for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, showed that 20 mg/kg of cordycepin inhibited nuclear polyadenylylation by 43%; no alteration in the binding of poly(A)-HnRNA to Millipore filters occurred at this dose of cordycepin. These results indicate that cordycepin is a non-selective inhibitor of nuclear RNA and poly(A) synthesis in regenerating rat liver.
Analytical Conditions for Impacts and Stuck Motions in a Constrained Cantilever Beam

This paper discusses the forced vibration of a constrained cantilever beam with impact and stuck interactions using any number of modes of vibration. Impacting chatter and stuck phenomena are investigated for the cantilever beam with the constraints at the free end, and analytical conditions for motion switching at the boundary are developed. From the analytical conditions, numerical simulations of periodic motions with motion switching are performed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency selectively up-regulates delta6-desaturase expression and activity indices in rat liver: prevention by normalization of omega-3 fatty acid status.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of perinatal dietary omega-3 ( n -3) fatty acid depletion and subsequent repletion on the expression of genes that regulate long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in rat liver and brain. It was hypothesized that chronic n -3 fatty acid deficiency would increase liver Fads1 and Fads2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression/activity and that n -3 fatty acid repletion would normalize this response. Adult rats fed the n -3–free diet during perinatal development exhibited significantly lower erythrocyte, liver, and frontal cortex LC n -3 fatty acid composition and reciprocal elevations in LC omega-6 ( n -6) fatty acid composition compared with controls (CONs) and repleted rats. Liver Fads2 , but not Fads1 , Elovl2 , or Elovl5 , mRNA expression was significantly greater in n- 3–deficient (DEF) rats compared with CONs and was partially normalized in repleted rats. The liver 18:3 n -6/18:2 n -6 ratio, an index of delta6-desturase activity, was significantly greater in DEF rats compared with CON and repleted rats and was positively correlated with Fads2 mRNA expression among all rats. The liver 18:3 n -6/18:2 n -6 ratio, but not Fads2 mRNA expression, was also positively correlated with erythrocyte and frontal cortex LC n -6 fatty acid compositions. Neither Fads1 or Fads2 mRNA expression was altered in brain cortex of DEF rats. These results confirm previous findings that liver, but not brain, delta6-desaturase expression and activity indices are negatively regulated by dietary n -3 fatty acids.