cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrino decay in the doublet majoron model

Abstract A new majoron model is presented within the framework of the seesaw mechanism. Its Higgs sector consists of only doublet representations and the lepton-number violation takes place at the same scale of the electroweak symmetry breaking. This model is different from the singlet- or triplet-majoron model in several respects: it is free from the ϱ-parameter constraint and it provides moderately fast neutrino decay, but the constraint from the stellar cooling of red giants is satisfied only with an imposed approximate symmetry. At τ neutrino as heavy as 10 MeV is possible in this model despite various cosmological and astrophysical constraints.
Beyond Tariffs and Quotas: Why Don't African Manufacturers Export More?

There has been much concern about Africa's recent export performance. Even though tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade have been falling, Africa's share of world exports has declined and most African countries remain highly dependent on a narrow range of primary commodities for export earnings. The author looks at factors that affect the export performance of manufacturing enterprises in eight African countries. In addition to enterprise characteristics (such as size, ownership, and education of the manager), policy-related variables also affect export performance. Manufacturing enterprises are less likely to export in countries with restrictive trade and customs regulation and poor customs administration. In contrast, there is less evidence that the quality of domestic transportation infrastructure has a large impact on export performance. Although the coefficient on this variable is negative, it is statistically insignificant in most model specifications.
Hitting time of quantum walks with perturbation

The hitting time is the required minimum time for a Markov chain-based walk (classical or quantum) to reach a target state in the state space. We investigate the effect of the perturbation on the hitting time of a quantum walk. We obtain an upper bound for the perturbed quantum walk hitting time by applying Szegedy's work and the perturbation bounds with Weyl's perturbation theorem on classical matrix. Based on the definition of quantum hitting time given in MNRS algorithm, we further compute the delayed perturbed hitting time and delayed perturbed quantum hitting time (DPQHT). We show that the upper bound for DPQHT is bounded from above by the difference between the square root of the upper bound for a perturbed random walk and the square root of the lower bound for a random walk.
Hierarchical cheap talk

We investigate situations in which agents can only communicate to each other through a chain of intermediators, for example because they have to obey institutionalized communication protocols. We assume that all involved in the communication are strategic, and might want to influence the action taken by the final receiver. The set of outcomes that can be induced in pure strategy perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium is a subset of the equilibrium outcomes that can be induced in direct communication, characterized by Crawford and Sobel (1982). Moreover, the set of supportable outcomes in pure equilibria is monotonic in each intermediator’s bias, and the intermediator with the largest bias serves as a bottleneck for the information flow. On the other hand, there can be mixed strategy equilibria of intermediated communication that ex ante Pareto-dominate all equilibria in direct communication, as mixing by an intermediator can relax the incentive compatibility constraints on the sender. We provide a partial characterization of mixed strategy equilibria, and show that the order of intermediators matters with respect to mixed equilibria, as opposed to pure strategy ones.
Scalable Methods for Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations of Near-separable Tall-and-skinny Matrices

Numerous algorithms are used for nonnegative matrix factorization under the assumption that the matrix is nearly separable. In this paper, we show how to make these algorithms scalable for data matrices that have many more rows than columns, so-called "tall-and-skinny matrices." One key component to these improved methods is an orthogonal matrix transformation that preserves the separability of the NMF problem. Our final methods need to read the data matrix only once and are suitable for streaming, multi-core, and MapReduce architectures. We demonstrate the efficacy of these algorithms on terabyte-sized matrices from scientific computing and bioinformatics.
Enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acid esters by aldol coupling using a chiral quaternary ammonium salt as catalyst

Abstract A variety of chiral β-hydroxy-α-amino acids and derivatives thereof can be synthesized enantioselectively using the aldol reaction of an aldehyde, the glycinate 1 and the cinchonidine-derived catalyst 2, as indicated in Schemes 1 and 2 and Table 1.
Stereospecific synthesis of α-C-glycosyl derivatives (“α-C-glycosides”) of N-acetylneuraminic acid by samarium-mediated reductive desulfonylation of a glycosyl phenylsulfone

Abstract A samarium-mediated Barbier reaction was performed to afford N -acetylneuraminic acid α - C -glycosyl compounds (“ α - C -glycosides”) in excellent yield. The neuraminic acid phenyl sulfone or 2-pyridyl sulfone derivatives reacted with ketones or aldehydes resulting in the instantaneous and stereospecific formation of Neu5Ac α - C -glycosides. The phenyl and the 2-pyridyl sulfone derivatives were equally effective in this reaction. Finally, this procedure was successfully applied to the preparation of C -disaccharide, α -Neu5Ac-(2→6) Gal.
A behavioral theory of multi-lane traffic flow. Part II: Merges and the onset of congestion

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of multi-lane freeway traffic past on-ramps, building on the continuum model of part I and focusing on the onset of congestion. The main complication is that rabbits (fast vehicles) entering from an on-ramp usually stay on the shoulder lane(s) of the freeway for some distance before merging into the fast lane(s). An idealization is proposed, where this distance is taken to be the same for all vehicles. As a result, the system behaves as if there was a fixed buffer zone downstream of the on-ramp where entering rabbits cannot change lanes. The model of part I is extended to capture the peculiarities of traffic within such a buffer zone, including its two end-points: the “entrance” and the “merge”. The onset of congestion is described by means of waves. The paper shows that this highly idealized model (and its more realistic cousins) explains qualitatively all the puzzling facts discussed in part I without introducing obviously unreasonable phenomena. A typical sequence of events during the onset of congestion is predicted to be as follows: (i) increased on-ramp flows and the ensuing merging maneuvers into the median (passing) lane generate a (fast-moving) queue at the merge that grows on the median lane(s) of the buffer; (ii) when the speed in this queue drops below the level on the shoulder lanes, a 1-pipe queue forms at the merge, which then grows upstream across all lanes; (iii) if the front of this queue moves slowly forward, as per the model of part I, then the lane-flows at the merge would be at “capacity” from then on (with roughly the same speed across all lanes) but downstream of the front there would be a “discharge state” with less total flow . Therefore, an observer downstream of the merge would see this discharge state before the capacity state, and would record a drop in flow followed by a recovery. If the front of the queue would move slowly backward, then the sequence of events following (ii) is somewhat different.
Wireless Sensor Network Modeling Using Modified Recurrent Neural Networks: Application to Fault Detection

This paper presents a dynamic model of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and its application to sensor node fault detection. Recurrent neural networks (NNs) are used to model a sensor node, the node's dynamics, and interconnections with other sensor network nodes. An NN modeling approach is used for sensor node identification and fault detection in WSNs. The input to the NN is chosen to include previous output samples of the modeling sensor node and the current and previous output samples of neighboring sensors. The model is based on a new structure of a backpropagation-type NN. The input to the NN and the topology of the network are based on a general nonlinear sensor model. A simulation example, including a comparison to the Kalman filter method, has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Sovereign wealth funds and shareholder activism: applying the Ryan-Schneider antecedents to determine policy implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the propensity of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) for shareholder activism and their potential impact on corporate governance.Design/methodology/approach – The study highlights the relationships between SWFs and corporate governance and also applies eight antecedents/determinants of institutional activism to analyze whether SWFs have a predisposition for shareholder activism.Findings – The study only finds two instances of SWF activism. Additionally, it finds that despite their mostly passive investments, SWFs possess a natural tendency toward shareholder activism. Some are more likely to engage in activism than others, however. SWFs with a higher proportion of their assets invested in equities, those with portfolios fully or partially constructed to emulate the broader financial markets through indexing, and those that depend less on external fund managers are the likeliest candidates for activism. The study also finds that the regulatory environment can cu...
Angular Momentum Transfer and Lack of Fragmentation in Self-Gravitating Accretion Flows

Rapid inflows associated with early galaxy formation lead to the accumulation of self-gravitating gas in the centers of proto-galaxies. Such gas accumulations are prone to nonaxisymmetric instabilities, as in the well known Maclaurin sequence of rotating ellipsoids, which are accompanied by a catastrophic loss of angular momentum (J). Self-gravitating gas is also intuitively associated with star formation. However, recent simulations of the infall process display highly turbulent continuous flows. We propose that J-transfer, which enables the inflow, also suppresses fragmentation. Inefficient J loss by the gas leads to decay of turbulence, triggering global instabilities and renewed turbulence driving. Flow regulated in this way is stable against fragmentation, while staying close to the instability threshold for bar formation—thick self-gravitating disks are prone to global instabilities before they become unstable locally. On smaller scales, the fraction of gravitationally unstable matter swept up by shocks in such a flow is a small and decreasing function of the Mach number. We conclude counterintuitively that gas able to cool down to a small fraction of its virial temperature will not fragment as it collapses. This provides a venue for supermassive black holes to form via direct infall, without the intermediary stage of forming a star cluster. Some black holes could have formed or grown in massive halos at low redshifts. Thus the fragmentation is intimately related to J redistribution within the system: it is less dependent on the molecular/metal cooling but is conditioned by the ability of the flow to develop virial, supersonic turbulence.
The TAO Accelerator Simulation Program

A new accelerator design and analysis simulation program based on the Bmad relativistic charged particle dynamics library has been developed at Cornell University. Called Tao (Tool for Accelerator Optics), it implements the essential ingredients needed to solve many simulation problems. This includes the ability to design lattices subject to constraints, simulate errors and changes in machine parameters, and simulate machine commissioning including simulating data measurement and correction. Tao is designed to be easily customizable so that extending it to solve new and different problems is relatively straight forward. The capability to simultaneously model multiple accelerator lattices, both LINACs and storage rings, along with the ability to inject from one lattice to another allows for the design and commissioning of large multi stage accelerators.
Differentiating the production mechanisms of the Higgs-like resonance using inclusive observables at hadron colliders

We present a study on differentiating direct production mechanisms of the newly discovered Higgs-like boson at the LHC based on several inclusive observables. The ratios introduced reveal the parton constituents or initial state radiations involved in the production mechanisms, and are directly sensitive to fractions of contributions from different channels. We select three benchmark models, including the SM Higgs boson, to illustrate how the theoretical predictions of the above ratios are different for the gg, b $ \overline{b} $ (c $ \overline{c} $ ), and q $ \overline{q} $ (flavor universal) initial states in the direct production. We study implications of current Tevatron and LHC measurements. We also show expectations from further LHC measurements with high luminosities.
A metadata registry from vocabularies up: the NSDL registry project

The NSDL metadata registry is designed to provide humans and machines with the means to discover, create, access and manage metadata schemes, schemas, application profiles, crosswalks and concept mappings. This paper describes the general goals and architecture of the NSDL Metadata Registry as well as issues encountered during the first year of the project's implementation.
Hashing Algorithms for Large-Scale Learning

Minwise hashing is a standard technique in the context of search for efficiently computing set similarities. The recent development of b-bit minwise hashing provides a substantial improvement by storing only the lowest b bits of each hashed value. In this paper, we demonstrate that b-bit minwise hashing can be naturally integrated with linear learning algorithms such as linear SVM and logistic regression, to solve large-scale and high-dimensional statistical learning tasks, especially when the data do not fit in memory. We compare b-bit minwise hashing with the Count-Min (CM) and Vowpal Wabbit (VW) algorithms, which have essentially the same variances as random projections. Our theoretical and empirical comparisons illustrate that b-bit minwise hashing is significantly more accurate (at the same storage cost) than VW (and random projections) for binary data.
Under What Assumptions Do Site-by-Treatment Instruments Identify Average Causal Effects?:

The increasing availability of data from multisite randomized trials provides a potential opportunity to use instrumental variables (IV) methods to study the effects of multiple hypothesized mediators of the effect of a treatment. We derive nine assumptions needed to identify the effects of multiple mediators when using site-by-treatment interactions to generate multiple instruments. Three of these assumptions are unique to the multiple-site, multiple-mediator case: (1) the assumption that the mediators act in parallel (no mediator affects another mediator); (2) the assumption that the site-average effect of the treatment on each mediator is independent of the site-average effect of each mediator on the outcome; and (3) the assumption that the site-by-compliance matrix has sufficient rank. The first two of these assumptions are nontrivial and cannot be empirically verified, suggesting that multiple-site, multiple-mediator IV models must be justified by strong theory.
2-Trimethylsilylvinylboranes: highly reactive and selective diels-alder equivalents of 2-trimethylsilylvinyl alcohol and acetylene

Abstract The readily available 2-trimethylsilylvinyl-9-BBN ( 1 ) is a highly reactive and selective dienophile. The Diels-Alder products are easily converted into trimethylsilylcyclohexenols and 1,4-cyclohexadienes.
Stereoselective aldol addition reactions of Fischer carbene complexes via electronic tuning of the metal center for enolate reactivity

Abstract The aldol reactions of tetracarbonyl(phosphine)methyl(methoxy)methylene chromium complexes and pentacarbonylmethyl (dialkylamino)methylene chromium complexes with aldehydes and ketones were examined. The reactions of the phosphine complexes give only aldol condensation products, but the desired aldol addition products can be isolated from the reactions of amino carbene complexes. This was attributed to the greater reactivity of the enolates of amino carbene complexes which is supported by a determination of the thermodynamic acidity of the dimethylamino complex 13 (p K a =20.4). The aldol reactions of amino complexes with α-chiral aldehydes occur with very high facial selectivities rivaling the best methods that have been developed for facial selectivity in the aldol reaction. The aldol reactions of amino complexes can be considered as direct synthons for amides since amide functions can be obtained in the oxidative cleavage of the aldol adducts of these complexes. As illustrative of the versatility of carbene complexes, it is also demonstrated in a photo-induced carbon-homologative demetallation, that in combination with the aldol addition reaction the unique reactions of carbene complexes provide powerful and novel overall transformations.
A dónde va la administración pública estadounidense

El presente articulo aborda el problema de hacia donde van las ideas y el estudio de la Administracion Publica en Estados Unidos y cual es la mejor manera de trazar su rumbo. El texto comienza presentando un punto de vista historico del problema, en donde queda claro que las actuales confusiones intelectuales no solo provienen de lo relativamente joven que es la investigacion y la especializacion en Administracion Publica, sino que tienen su origen en fuentes historicas y herencias culturales mucho mas profundas. A continuacion, el autor presenta los contornos actuales de esta disciplina y reflexiona acerca de sus campos de especializacion, sus tecnicas cientificas, su metodologia y sus categorias emergentes. Por ultimo, se ofrece una perspectiva de la direccion que puede tomar la ciencia administrativa estadounidense y a este respecto el inexistente sentido de Estado de esta nacion (arraigado en su singular diseno constitucional) seguira enmarcando su peculiar pensamiento acerca de la Administracion Publica
Progress on indium and barium single ion optical frequency standards

We report progress on /sup 115/In/sup +/ and /sup 137/Ba/sup +/ single ion optical frequency standards using all solid-state sources. Both are free from quadrupole field shifts and together enable a search for drift in fundamental constants.
Convergence Speed in Distributed Consensus and Averaging

We study the convergence speed of distributed iterative algorithms for the consensus and averaging problems, with emphasis on the latter. We first consider the case of a fixed communication topology. We show that a simple adaptation of a consensus algorithm leads to an averaging algorithm. We prove lower bounds on the worst-case convergence time for various classes of linear, time-invariant, distributed consensus methods, and provide an algorithm that essentially matches those lower bounds. We then consider the case of a time-varying topology, and provide a polynomial-time averaging algorithm.
Notes on generalized global symmetries in QFT

It was recently argued that quantum field theories possess one-form and higher-form symmetries, labelled ‘generalized global symmetries.’ In this paper, we describe how those higher-form symmetries can be understood mathematically as special cases of more general 2-groups and higher groups, and discuss examples of quantum field theories admitting actions of more general higher groups than merely one-form and higher-form symmetries. We discuss analogues of topological defects for some of these higher symmetry groups, relating some of them to ordinary topological defects. We also discuss topological defects in cases in which the moduli ‘space’ (technically, a stack) admits an action of a higher symmetry group. Finally, we outline a proposal for how certain anomalies might potentially be understood as describing a transmutation of an ordinary group symmetry of the classical theory into a 2-group or higher group symmetry of the quantum theory, which we link to WZW models and bosonization.
Inequality of Income and Wealth in the Long Run: A Kaldorian Perspective

The paper examines the determinants of income and wealth inequality in a Kaldorian model. The approach is different from both the mainstream approach that stresses properties of production function and the Kaleckian approach that emphasizes the long-run adjustment of utilization. The analysis identifies several developments that may have increased inequality since the 1980s, including the shift of the power relation in favor of top managerial pay, the decline in the retention rate, increasing share buybacks, rising indebtedness of lower-income households and stock market booms. In contrast to Piketty's explanation, the decline in the natural growth rate reduces inequality in this Kaldorian framework.
Design of peptides, proteins, and peptidomimetics in chi space

Peptide and protein biological activities depend on their three dimensionals structures in the free state and when interacting with their receptors/acceptors. The backbone conformations such as α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and so forth provide critical templates for the three-dimensional structure, but the overall shape and intrinsic stereoelectronic properties of the peptide or protein important for molecular recognition, signal transduction, enzymatic specificity, immunomodulation, and other biological effects depend on arrangement of the side chain groups in three-dimensional chi space (their χ1, χ2, etc. torsional angles) In this paper we explore approaches to the de novo design of polypeptides and peptidomimetics with biased or specific conformational/topographical properties in chi space. We consider computational and experimental methods that can be used to examine the effects of specific structural modifications in constraining side chain groups of amino acid residues and their similarities in chi space to the natural amino acids to evaluate what sort of mimetics are likely to minic normal amino acids. We then examine some of the asymmetric synthetic methods that are being developed to obtain the amino acid mimetics. Finally, we consider selected examples in the literature where these specialized amino acids have been incorporated in biologically active peptides and the specific insights they have provided regarding the topographical requirements for bioactive peptide potency, selectivity, and other biochemical and pharmacological properties. Constraints in chi space show great promise as useful tools in peptide, protein, and peptidomimetic de novo design of structures and pharmacophores with specific stereostructural, biochemical and biological properties. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 43: 219–266, 1997
Non-linear Transport in Quantum-Hall Smectics

Recent transport experiments have established that two-dimensional electron systems with high-index partial Landau level filling, ν* = ν − [ν], have ground states with broken orientational symmetry. In a mean-field theory, the broken symmetry state consists of electron stripes with local filling factor [ν] + 1, separated by hole stripes with filling factor [ν]. We have recently developed a theory of these states in which the electron stripes are treated as one-dimensional electron systems coupled by interactions and described by using a Luttinger liquid model. Among other things, this theory predicts non-linearities of opposite sign in easy and hard direction resistivities. In this article we briefly review our theory, focusing on its predictions for the dependence of non-linear transport exponents on the separation d between the two-dimensional electron system and a co-planar screening layer.
Decreasing Herpes Simplex Viral Infectivity in Solution by Surface-Immobilized and Suspended N,N-Dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine

Purpose To explore surface-immobilized and suspended modalities of the hydrophobic polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine (DMPEI) for the ability to reduce viral infectivity in aqueous solutions containing herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2.
N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-, N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-, and N-(4,4-diethoxybutyl)-6-hydroxy hexanamides as new linking agents for carbohydrates and proteins

Abstract The title compounds have been conveniently synthesized by the addition reaction of e-caprolactone and the corresponding, readily available ω-aminoalkyl dialkyl acetals. The free aldehydes, formed from sugar glycosides bearing the described hexanamides as aglycons, can be readily linked to proteins by reductive amination to give neoglycoconjugates.
AN OPTIMAL PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING WEAK VISIBILITY OF A SIMPLE POLYGON

The problem of detecting the weak visibility of an n-vertex simple polygon P is that of finding whether P is weakly visible from one of its edges and (if it is) identifying every edge from which P is weakly visible. In this paper, we present an optimal parallel algorithm for solving this problem. Our algorithm runs in O(log n) time using O(n/log n) processors in the CREW PRAM computational model, and is very different from the sequential algorithms for this problem. Based on this algorithm, several other problems related to weak visibility can be optimally solved in parallel.
STB model and transport properties of pyrolytic graphites

Structure and texture of pyrolytic graphites (PG) make it unlikely that the three dimensional electron-energy bands of ideal graphite would provide an adequate basis for a discussion of electron transport processes over a broad temperature range. 1 We propose to demonstrate that a coherent description of PG layer-plane phenomena can be based on a parabolic two band system with cylindrical equal-energy surfaces, which are located around the vertical Brillouin zone edges. In this simple two-band model (STB model), band overlap and effective mass must be interpreted as phenomenological parameters to be derived from experiments on highly heat-treated pure PG; with p-type (boron doped) specimens, the objective is to describe the situation from the shift of the Fermi level, on the assumption that the presence of trapping centers would not inject major perturbations in the band structure.
On the stability the least squares Monte Carlo

Consider least squares Monte Carlo (LSM) algorithm, which is proposed by Longstaff and Schwartz (Rev Financial Studies 14:113–147, 2001) for pricing American style securities. This algorithm is based on the projection of the value of continuation onto a certain set of basis functions via the least squares problem. We analyze the stability of the algorithm when the number of exercise dates increases and prove that, if the underlying process for the stock price is continuous, then the regression problem is ill-conditioned for small values of the time parameter.
Analyzing Agent-Based Models Using Category Theory

Agent-based models are a useful technique for rapidly prototyping complex social systems, they are widely used in a number of disciplines and can yield theoretical insights that are different from those produced by a variable based analysis. However, it remains difficult to compare the results of two models and to validate the performance of an agent-based simulation. In this paper, we present a case study on how to analyze the relationship between agent-based models using category theory. Category theory is a powerful mathematical methodology that was originally introduced to organize mathematical ideas according to their shared structure. It has been successfully employed in abstract mathematical domains, but has also enjoyed some success as a formalism for software engineering. Here we present a procedure for analyzing agent-based models using category theory and a case study in its usage at analyzing two different types of simulations.
Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study

Objectives To evaluate whether happiness can spread from person to person and whether niches of happiness form within social networks. Design Longitudinal social network analysis. Setting Framingham Heart Study social network. Participants 4739 individuals followed from 1983 to 2003. Main outcome measures Happiness measured with validated four item scale; broad array of attributes of social networks and diverse social ties. ResultsClustersofhappyand unhappypeoplearevisible in the network, and the relationship between people ’s happiness extends up to three degrees of separation (for example, to the friends of one’s friends’ friends). People whoaresurroundedbymanyhappypeopleandthosewho arecentralinthenetworkaremorelikelytobecomehappy in the future. Longitudinal statistical models suggest that clustersofhappinessresultfromthespreadofhappiness and not just a tendency for people to associate with similarindividuals.Afriendwholiveswithinamile(about 1.6km)andwhobecomeshappyincreasestheprobability that a person is happy by 25% (95% confidence interval 1% to 57%). Similar effects are seen in coresident spouses (8%, 0.2% to 16%), siblings who live within a mile (14%, 1% to 28%), and next door neighbours (34%, 7% to 70%). Effects are not seen between coworkers. The
Luck or skill? An examination of the Ehrlich–Simon bet

Abstract In 1980, Paul Ehrlich and Julian Simon placed a famous bet on whether the prices of a bundle of natural resources would rise or fall over the ensuing decade. Simon won the bet as the real price of the bundle fell significantly, and the result of this bet has been taken as proof that technological progress is likely to overcome that of any Neo-Malthusian concerns about natural resource scarcity. Contrary to the popular perception, however, an examination of the price history of the identical bundle of goods from 1900 to 2008 shows that Ehrlich and not Simon would have won a majority of the bets over the past century and would have done so by a wide margin.
Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans

It is important to know what wealthy Americans seek from politics and how (if at all) their policy preferences differ from those of other citizens. There can be little doubt that the wealthy exert more political influence than the less affluent do. If they tend to get their way in some areas of public policy, and if they have policy preferences that differ significantly from those of most Americans, the results could be troubling for democratic policy making. Recent evidence indicates that “affluent” Americans in the top fifth of the income distribution are socially more liberal but economically more conservative than others. But until now there has been little systematic evidence about the truly wealthy, such as the top 1 percent. We report the results of a pilot study of the political views and activities of the top 1 percent or so of US wealth-holders. We find that they are extremely active politically and that they are much more conservative than the American public as a whole with respect to important policies concerning taxation, economic regulation, and especially social welfare programs. Variation within this wealthy group suggests that the top one-tenth of 1 percent of wealth-holders (people with $40 million or more in net worth) may tend to hold still more conservative views that are even more distinct from those of the general public. We suggest that these distinctive policy preferences may help account for why certain public policies in the United States appear to deviate from what the majority of US citizens wants the government to do. If this is so, it raises serious issues for democratic theory.
Octahedral tilting evolution and phase transition in orthorhombic NaMgF3 perovskite under pressure

[1] Rietveld refinement of monochromatic synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction data was used to study the evolution of octahedral tilting in the orthorhombic NaMgF3 perovskite under pressure. Hydrostatic pressure conditions were ensured up to 16 GPa using helium as a pressure medium. The tilting angles of MgF6 octahedral framework were observed to increase with increasing pressure. The compression mechanism was observed to be dominated by the shortening of the octahedral Mg-F bond below 6 GPa, and then controlled by the increase of the octahedral tilting above 12 GPa. The bulk modulus of NaMgF3 was estimated as 76.0 ± 1.1 GPa. A phase transition was observed at about 19.4 GPa in a separate run when silicone oil was used as pressure medium, and this high-pressure phase could be rationalized in term of a post-perovskite structural model.
Dynamic capita mobility, capital market risk, and exchange rate misalignment : evidence from seven Asian Countries

This paper investigates the dynamic capital mobility, time-varying capital market risk and exchange rate misalignment of seven Asian countries with special reference to Japan, in an attempt to find the causes and policy implications of financial crisis in East Asia. A study of dynamic capital mobility can serve many useful purposes. First, even in the absence of capital and exchange rate controls, there are periods when capital flows are smoother than others. Second, from a policy perspective, it is rewarding to know whether capital markets have indeed become more closely linked across other countries. Increased capital mobility not only reflects the influence of various liberalization measures taken in each country, but also provides obvious suggestions about management of the exchange rate. The tremendous problems faced with Asian crisis countries point to the policy dilemma in financially open economics. This paper is organized as follows: Section two provides the dynamic capital mobility of seven Asian countries. Section three estimates the time-varying capital market risk of these countries using a GARCH model. Section four investigates the misalignment of Asian countries' exchange rate vis-a-vis the Japanese yen and section five concludes.
A Facile Synthesis of Ketones from Organoboranes Using Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)

Abstract Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), in refluxing methylene chloride, has been found to be an effective and convenient reagent for the oxidation of organoboranes to the corresponding ketones in good yield.
Evolving Multimodal Networks for Multitask Games

Intelligent opponent behavior makes video games interesting to human players. Evolutionary computation can discover such behavior, however, it is challenging to evolve behavior that consists of multiple separate tasks. This paper evaluates three ways of meeting this challenge via neuroevolution: 1) multinetwork learns separate controllers for each task, which are then combined manually; 2) multitask evolves separate output units for each task, but shares information within the network's hidden layer; and 3) mode mutation evolves new output modes, and includes a way to arbitrate between them. Whereas the fist two methods require that the task division be known, mode mutation does not. Results in Front/Back Ramming and Predator/Prey games show that each of these methods has different strengths. Multinetwork is good in both domains, taking advantage of the clear division between tasks. Multitask performs well in Front/Back Ramming, in which the relative difficulty of the tasks is even, but poorly in Predator/Prey, in which it is lopsided. Interestingly, mode mutation adapts to this asymmetry and performs well in Predator/Prey. This result demonstrates how a human-specified task division is not always the best. Altogether the results suggest how human knowledge and learning can be combined most effectively to evolve multimodal behavior.
New Flow-Through Centrifuge Without Rotating Seals Applied to Plasmapheresis

:Guest Editor's Introduction: Most of the continuous flow centrifuge devices utilized a rotary seal, typically consisting of a pair of discoid structures, one of which moves with the rotor while the other remains stationary. Although the rotary seals had been satisfactorily used in various techniques such as countercurrent elutriation and field-flow fractionation, when applied for blood processing, a sealless structure is more preferable to prevent cellular damage. This paper was concerned with the first flow-through centrifuge without rotating seals, and describes the principle and basic designs of a sealless continuous flow centrifuge. This paper was printed in Science vol. 189, page 999–1000 (1975), and reprinted here with permission.
Communing with Disaster: What We Can Learn from the Jusen and the Savings and Loan Crises

Now that the Japanese economic miracle has soured into the Japanese economic meltdown, scholars are confronted with a new challenge: instead of trying to penetrate the secret of Japan’s successes, they must try to unravel the enigma of its misfortunes. Professors Curtis Milhaupt and Geoffrey Miller (1997) have performed a great service in documenting one of the most dramatic of those misfortunes – the collapse of the jusen companies. Professor Shinsaku Iwahara (1997) has also performed an equally valuable service by placing this event in the larger context of Japanese politics and society. But despite its record setting scale, the jusen problem was not unprecedented; Japan merely followed in the footsteps of its economic mentor, the United States, which experienced a very similar financial meltdown about a decade earlier. This commentary briefly describes that event – the U.S. savings and loan crisis – and then draws some tentative conclusions on the basis of a comparison of the two events.
Does Market Incompleteness Matter

This paper argues that incompleteness of intertemporal financial markets has little effect (on welfare, prices, or consumption) in an economy with a single consumption good, provided that traders are long-lived and patient, a riskless bond is traded, shocks are transitory, and there is no aggregate risk. In an economy with aggregate risk, a similar conclusion holds, provided traders share the same CRRA utility function and the right assets are traded. Examples demonstrate that these conclusions need not hold if the wrong assets are traded or if the economy has multiple consumption goods.
The Impact of Political Uncertainty and Abnormal Market Conditions on Institutional Trading Behavior

This article investigates the impact of political uncertainty and abnormal market conditions on institutional trading behavior. The study finds that institutional investors are net buyers during abnormal market decreases and net sellers during abnormal market increases. Institutional investors’ net buying activity declines because of aversion to political uncertainty. Institutional investors face high price impact during times of high political uncertainty and abnormal market conditions. In abnormal market declines, institutional sells face a 2.98% price impact. In abnormal market increases, institutional buys generate a price impact of 3.24%. This study also finds that high political uncertainty increases price impact during abnormal market declines by up to 0.10%.
Systematic fluctuation expansion for neural network activity equations

Population rate or activity equations are the foundation of a common approach to modeling for neural networks. These equations provide mean field dynamics for the firing rate or activity of neurons within a network given some connectivity. The shortcoming of these equations is that they take into account only the average firing rate, while leaving out higher-order statistics like correlations between firing. A stochastic theory of neural networks that includes statistics at all orders was recently formulated. We describe how this theory yields a systematic extension to population rate equations by introducing equations for correlations and appropriate coupling terms. Each level of the approximation yields closed equations; they depend only on the mean and specific correlations of interest, without an ad hoc criterion for doing so. We show in an example of an all-to-all connected network how our system of generalized activity equations captures phenomena missed by the mean field rate equations alone.
Resource Estimation Methodology for Multimedia Applications

Reducing the product development cycle time is one of the most important and challenging problems faced by the industry today. As the functionality and complexity of devices increases, so does the time required to design, test, and develop the devices. Developing products rapidly in the face of this increasing complexity requires new methodologies and tools. This paper presents a methodology for estimating the resources consumed by a video decoder. The proposed methodology enables resource estimation based on high level user requirements. Component architecture for a H.264 video decoder is developed to enable design space exploration. The resources required to decode H.264 video are estimated based on a measure of the complexity of the H.264 bitstreams and the target architecture. The proposed approach is based on the hypothesis that the complexity of a H.264 video bitstream significantly influences resource consumption and the complexity of a bitstream can thus be used to determine resource estimation. The bitstream complexity is characterized to capture the data dependencies using a process called Bitstream Abstraction. The decoder is componentized and component level resource requirements determined in a process called Decoder Abstraction. The proposed methodology uses Bitstream Abstraction together with Decoder Abstraction to estimate resource requirements. A component model for the H.264 video decoder is developed. Resources consumed by each component are determined using the VTune performance analyzer. These resource estimates and video bitstream complexity are used in developing a parametric model for resource estimation based on bitstream complexity. The proposed methodology enables high level resource estimation for multimedia applications without a need for extensive and time consuming simulations.
A simple example of Dirichlet process mixture inconsistency for the number of components

For data assumed to come from a finite mixture with an unknown number of components, it has become common to use Dirichlet process mixtures (DPMs) not only for density estimation, but also for inferences about the number of components. The typical approach is to use the posterior distribution on the number of clusters — that is, the posterior on the number of components represented in the observed data. However, it turns out that this posterior is not consistent — it does not concentrate at the true number of components. In this note, we give an elementary proof of this inconsistency in what is perhaps the simplest possible setting: a DPM with normal components of unit variance, applied to data from a "mixture" with one standard normal component. Further, we show that this example exhibits severe inconsistency: instead of going to 1, the posterior probability that there is one cluster converges (in probability) to 0.
Preparation of 4,5‐Dihydronaphth[2,1‐c]isoxazoles from Dilithiated 2‐Tetralone Oxime and Select Esters

Abstract Dilithiated 2‐tetralone oxime, prepared in excess lithium diisopropylamide, was condensed with aromatic esters, such as methyl 4‐methoxybenzoate, followed by cyclization of the C‐acylated intermediate with aqueous acid to give dihydronaphthisoxazoles, 4,5‐dihydronaphth[2,1‐c]isoxazoles.
Stereoselective conjugate additions of allyl silanes and enol silyl ethers to a chiral 2-substituted-2-cyclohexen-1-one

Conjugate additions of allyl silanes (the Sakurai reaction) and enol silyl ethers (the Mukaiyama-Michael addition) to chiral 2-amidocyclohexenone1 occur in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivities.
Strategies for the generation of molecularly imprinted polymeric nitroxide catalysts.

Two strategies for preparing catalytically active molecularly imprinted nitroxide-containing polymers are outlined. Both strategies rely upon the thermal rearrangement chemistry of tertiary amine N...
Elastically adaptive deformable models

We present a technique for the automatic adaptation of a deformable model's elastic parameters within a Kalman filter framework for shape estimation applications. The novelty of the technique is that the model's elastic parameters are not constant, but spatio-temporally varying. The variation of the elastic parameters depends on the distance of the model from the data and the rate of change of this distance. Each pass of the algorithm uses physics-based modeling techniques to iteratively adjust both the geometric and the elastic degrees of freedom of the model in response to forces that are computed from the discrepancy between the model and the data. By augmenting the state equations of an extended Kalman filter to incorporate these additional variables, we are able to significantly improve the quality of the shape estimation. Therefore, the model's elastic parameters are always initialized to the same value and they are subsequently modified depending on the data and the noise distribution. We present results demonstrating the effectiveness of our method for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional data.
The Rule of Law in the Fight against Terrorism

What is the role of legal limits on executive power, if any, when citizens demand more security from terrorism, and allowing executive officials legal flexibility of action appears necessary to achieve it? We develop a game-theoretic model to show that when the executive faces increased electoral incentives to provide security and has legal flexibility to choose any policy it finds optimal, security from terrorism can actually decrease. In contrast, when the executive faces increased electoral incentives to provide security and there is an explicit legal limit on executive counterterrorism activities, security from terrorism increases. We also show that the executive achieves the objective of terrorism prevention more effectively when there are some limitations on its counterterrorism powers. The article provides a security rationale for legal limits on executive power and has implications for understanding how to design the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.
Connectivity of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

We address the percolation-based connectivity of large-scale ad hoc heterogeneous wireless networks, where secondary users exploit channels temporarily unused by primary users and the existence of a communication link between two secondary users depends on not only the distance between them but also the transmitting and receiving activities of nearby primary users. We introduce the concept of connectivity region defined as the set of density pairs-the density of secondary users and the density of primary transmitters - under which the secondary network is connected. Using theories and techniques from continuum percolation, we analytically characterize the connectivity region of the secondary network and reveal the tradeoff between proximity (the number of neighbors) and the occurrence of spectrum opportunities. Specifically, we establish three basic properties of the connectivity region-contiguity, monotonicity of the boundary and uniqueness of the infinite connected component, where the uniqueness implies the occurrence of a phase transition phenomenon in terms of the almost sure existence of either zero or one infinite connected component; we identify and analyze two critical densities which jointly specify the profile as well as an outer bound on the connectivity region; we study the impacts of secondary users' transmission power on the connectivity region and the conditional average degree of a secondary user and demonstrate that matching the interference ranges of the primary and the secondary networks maximizes the tolerance of the secondary network to the primary traffic load. Furthermore, we establish a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for connectivity, which lead to an outer bound and an inner bound on the connectivity region.