cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON BIOLUMINESCENCE : XVII. FLUORESCENCE AND INHIBITION OF LUMINESCENCE IN CTENOPHORES BY ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT.

1. Small dumps of the luminous cells of Mnemiopsis cannot readily be stimulated mechanically but will luminesce on treatment with saponin solution. Larger groups of luminous cells (such as are connected with two paddle plates) luminesce on mechanical stimulation. This suggests that mechanical stimulation to luminesce occurs chiefly through a nerve mechanism which has been broken up in the small dumps of luminous tissue. 2. The smallest bits of luminous tissue, even cells freed from the animal by agitation, that will pass through filter paper, lose their power to luminesce in daylight and regain it (at least partially) in the dark. 3. Luminescence of the whole animal and of individual cells is suppressed by near ultra-violet light (without visible light). 4. Inhibition in ultra-violet light is not due to stimulation (by the ultra-violet light) of the animal to luminesce, thereby using up the store of photogenic material. 5. Animals stimulated mechanically several times and placed in ultra-violet light show a luminescence along the meridians in the same positions as the luminescence that appears on stimulation. This luminescence in the ultra-violet or "tonic luminescence," is not obtained with light adapted ctenophores and is interpreted to be a fluorescence of the product of oxidation of the photogenic material. 6. Marked fluorescence of the luminous organ of the glowworm (Photuris) and of the luminous slime of Chatopterus may be observed in ultra-violet but no marked fluorescence of the luminous substances of Cypridina is apparent. 7. Evidence is accumulating to show a close relation between fluorescent and chemiluminescent substances in animals, similar to that described for unsaturated silicon compounds and the Grignard reagents.
The Feasibility of Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in the Management of Acute Severe Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, California) is an effective therapy for patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) who are at high-risk for surgery [(1)][1]. Experience with using the MitraClip in patients with acute MR
Outcomes in patients with glenoid labral lesions: a cohort study

Background/aim For patients presenting with glenoid labral pathologies, there is little information on how operative interventions affect long-term outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study evaluated outcomes in operative and non-operative patients presenting with labral tears versus labral degenerations. Methods Participants completed a pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Veterans RAND 12-item Health Survey, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons instrument, Scapular Assistance Test (SAT), Shoulder Activity Level, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation at baseline and at 6-month, 12-month and 2-year follow-ups. χ 2 and Student9s t-test were used to test the differences between categorical and continuous variables. Analysis of variance investigated the differences between groups, and linear regression analyses explored the relationship of baseline characteristics with outcome scores. Results After 2 years, the operative cohort (n=68) significantly improved in all measures. The non-operative cohort (n=55) showed significant improvements in all scores except the mental component summary (MCS) and pain VAS. Labral tear patients (n=52) within the operative group (n=28) significantly improved in all measures except MCS. Non-operative labral tear patients (n=24) indicated significant improvements in all measures except MCS, VAS and SAT. Labral degeneration patients (n=71) within the operative group (n=27) significantly improved in all measures except MCS and SAT. Non-operative labral degeneration patients (n=44) indicated significant improvements in all measures except the physical component summary, MCS, VAS and SAT. Conclusion Patients who were surgically treated for labral tears or degenerations had significantly improved outcomes and HRQoL scores after 2 years compared with the non-operative cohort.
Hughes Tarsoconjunctival Flap 1

Patients should be evaluated and deemed appropriate for such surgical intervention. Patients with large margin-involving lower lid defects are candidates for this procedure. The choice of technique for eyelid reconstruction should be discussed with the patient and the appropriate procedure tailored to the individual patient’s needs and anatomy. Patients should be educated about the risks and benefits of the procedure and those pertaining to any appropriate alternatives. Hughes flaps result in functional closure of the eye for 3–6 weeks before a second stage is performed to sever the conjunctival flap. From a reconstructive perspective it is advantageous to have independent blood supplies to both the anterior and posterior eyelid lamella, but temporary closure may not be appropriate for monocular patients or children at risk of amblyopia. In such cases, consideration should be given to a Tenzel flap, a sliding tarsoconjunctival flap for smaller horizontal defects, or to a free tarsal graft for larger defects.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Hemiarthroplasty in the Management of Complex Articular Fractures and Fracture-dislocations of the Proximal Humerus:

BackgroundThis study compares open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus hemiarthroplasty (HA) in the management of proximal humerus fracture-dislocations and complex articular humeral head...
Central xanthoma of the mandible associated with hyperlipidemia: A rare presentation

Xanthoma is a common, self-limiting cutaneous lesion of non-Langerhans cell, lipid-laden foamy histiocytes that is often concomitant with hyperlipidemia. The intraosseous counterpart is rarely encountered and typically presents as a painless, expansile osteolytic process in the context of hyperlipidemia or normolipidemia. Only a scant number of gnathic xanthomas have been reported in the otolaryngologic literature. We report the clinical, laboratory, radiographic, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies of a mandibular lesion discovered in an asymptomatic 16-year-old male, and associated with 2 previously unreported comorbidities, namely hyperlipidemia and vitamin D deficiency.
Gynecologic Bleeding Complications in Postmenarchal Female Adolescents Receiving Antithrombotic Medications.

Abstract Study Objective The prevalence, clinical features, and management of gynecologic bleeding complications and health care provider awareness of these in postmenarchal adolescents receiving antithrombotic medications has rarely been addressed in the literature. We sought to address these issues in a review of our experience in a pediatric tertiary care center. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective chart review was conducted with institutional review board approval from 2004 to 2014, on eligible postmenarchal adolescents receiving antithrombotic medications. Descriptive statistics were used. Results Sixty-eight adolescents received antithrombotic medications (thromboembolism in 67 of 68; 99%; cardiac causes in 4 of 68; 6%), which included enoxaparin, warfarin, unfractionated heparin, alteplase, fondaparinux, and aspirin. Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) screening questions were documented by treating hematologists in 52 of 68 patients (76%; 95% confidence interval, 65%-86%). Adolescent gynecology consult was requested for 25 of 68 patients (37%). After antithrombotic medications were started, 13 of 68 (19%) developed HMB. Anemia was found in 43% of patients tested (18 of 42); 50% (9 of 18) and 78% patients (14 of 18) received packed red blood cell transfusion and iron therapy, respectively. Five patients (5 of 68; 7%) developed hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, 40% (2 of 5) were treated with surgery, 16% (1 of 5) received transfusions, and 100% (5 of 5) received or continued progesterone-only therapy with no recurrence. Conclusion Adolescents receiving antithrombotic medications are at risk of developing gynecologic bleeding complications, which can result in anemia, hospitalization, transfusions, or surgery. Provider awareness/screening of HMB as a bleeding complication of antithrombotic medications is less than optimal. Future prospective studies in adolescents receiving antithrombotic medications are needed to better evaluate provider awareness and the prevalence of gynecologic bleeding complications, which can lead to effective management.
Group Divisible Difference Sets and Their Multtplers

Abstract Let G be an abelian group of order mn and H be a subgroup of order n. A group divisible (GD) difference set for ( G, H ) with parameters ( m, n, k, λ 1 , λ 2 ) is a subset D ⊂ G with |D| = k such that If H = {0} and λ 2 = λ, then a group divisible difference set is a ( v, k , λ)-difference set in the classical sense. Some of the principal contributors to the theory of difference sets are Hall and Mann. Let v = mn and t be an integer such that ( t, v ) = 1. The integer t is called a multiplier of D iff for some group element g, tD = D + g. Difference sets and their multipliers is indeed one of the most elegant and deep subjects in combinatorics. Hall proved his beautiful multiplier theorem in 1936. We proved a general theorem on the subject of multipliers of group divisible difference sets and obtained many interesting results. This theorem contains theorems of Hall, Mann, Turyn, Hoffman, Jacobs and Elliott and Butson as special cases. A cyclic affine plane of order n is equivalent to an ( n + 1, n - 1, n , 0, 1)- DG difference set for g = Z n2-1 H = ( n + 1)G. We use the multiplier theorems to prove the non-existence of cyclic affine planes of order n, n ⩾ 5,000, n not a prime power.
Transition-Metal Compatibilization of Polymer Blends

The desirable properties of polymer-polymer blends have led to considerable research on transition-metal compatibilization of nitrogen-based and diene polymer blends. Polymers of interest are poly(vinylamine), poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(ethyleneimine), poly(L-histidine), 1,2-polybutadiene and cis-polybutadiene. Binary polymer/transition-metal complexes exhibit synergistic thermal properties. The poly(vinylamine)/cobalt complex with 3 mol% cobalt showed a Tg enhancement of ≈ 140°C in comparison to the undiluted polymer. Binary mixtures of the polymers of interest are incompatible. It was attempted to compatibilize these blends with a transition-metal salt. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate successfully compatibilizes blends of poly(vinylamine) and poly(ethyleneimine).
Bose as Teacher—The Early Years

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the early years of teaching of Professor R. C. Bose. Professor Bose set highly imaginative but quite difficult topics for the student's investigation. In the second place, the student had to supply substantial originality. Professor Bose seemed totally unaware of the modern trend where the thesis advisor shows the student how to solve a part of the problem and then suggests that he carry it further with some inconsequential generalization. Instead, Professor Bose expected students to discover appropriate theorems on their own and develop sound techniques for their proof. At this stage, he would read every word, frequently rewrite entire sections to improve the exposition, and sometimes find important refinements or extensions of the results. While this was helpful, the really important element is that he forced the students to do genuine research from the outset. Professor Bose made the students feel that his overwhelming desire was to see each of the students succeed. Nothing else seemed to matter to Professor Bose.
The Role of Supervision in Teacher Development

This book aims to unpack one of the most difficult issues facing teacher education: What is the role of supervision in the development of teachers? The purpose of this chapter is to examine theory and research in supervision and evaluation and to place the contributions made by this book along a continuum of what we know about field supervision of student teachers.
Getting Acquainted: How Knowing About Colleague’s Personal Lives Impacts Workplace Interactions

At work, individuals learn about their colleagues’ personal lives in a multitude of ways, yet we lack a systematic understanding of how the resulting personal knowledge impacts interpersonal dynami...
Optical Characteristics of Narrow Band Gap InAs/InAsSb Superlattices

The minority carrier lifetime is one of the important material characterization tools for determining the potential device performance of infrared detectors, since it affects the dark current as well as the quantum efficiency. Significant improvements of the minority carrier lifetime have been recently observed for Ga-free type-II InAs/InAsSb SLs. To optimize the InAs/InAsSb SL based materials and further improve the device performance at longer wavelengths, detailed study of mechanisms limiting the lifetime in these SLs is needed. In this presentation, the temperature dependence of the minority carrier lifetime in a LW InAs/InAsSb SL is reported.
DMSO EVOL™ as novel non-toxic solvent for polyethersulfone membrane preparation

The possibility of replacing traditional toxic solvents normally employed during the preparation of polymeric membranes with greener alternatives represents a great challenge for safeguarding the human health and protecting the environment. In this work, an improved and pleasant-smelling version of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), i.e., DMSO EVOL™, was used as “greener solvent” for the preparation of polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration (MF) membranes using a combination of non-solvent and vapor-induced (NIPS and VIPS, respectively) phase separation technique for the first time. The effect of two different additives polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic®) together with polyethylene glycol (PEG) on membrane properties and performances has been also evaluated. The membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical resistance, pore size, and water permeability. The obtained results show that DMSO EVOL™ is able to replace 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which is a more toxic solvent normally used for the preparation of PES membranes. Furthermore, it was possible to tune the produced membranes in the range of MF (0.1–0.6 μm).
Persistent Low-level Viremia While on Antiretroviral Therapy Is an Independent Risk Factor for Virologic Failure

BACKGROUND Whether persistent low-level viremia (pLLV) predicts virologic failure (VF) is unclear. We used data from the US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS), to examine the association of pLLV and VF. METHODS NHS subjects who initiated combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) after 1996 were included if they had 2 or more VLs measured with a lower limit of detection of ≤50 copies/mL. VF was defined as a confirmed VL ≥200 copies/mL or any VL >1000 copies/mL. Participants were categorized into mutually exclusive virologic categories: intermittent LLV (iLLV) (VL of 50-199 copies/mL on <25% of measurements), pLLV (VL of 50-199 copies/mL on ≥25% of measurements), high-level viremia (hLV) (VL of 200-1000 copies/mL), and continuous suppression (all VL <50 copies/mL). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between VF and LLV; hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented. RESULTS Two thousand six subjects (median age 29.2 years, 93% male, 41% black) were included; 383 subjects (19%) experienced VF. After adjusting for demographics, VL, CD4 counts, ART regimen, prior use of mono or dual antiretrovirals, and time to ART start, pLLV (3.46 [2.42-4.93]), and hLV (2.29 [1.78-2.96]) were associated with VF. Other factors associated with VF include black ethnicity (1.33 [1.06-1.68]) and antiretroviral use prior to ART (1.79 [1.34-2.38]). Older age at ART initiation (0.71 [0.61-0.82]) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (0.68 [0.51-0.90]) or integrase strand transfer inhibitor use (0.26 [0.13-0.53]) were protective. CONCLUSION Our data add to the body of evidence that suggests persistent LLV is associated with deleterious virologic consequences.
Insights Into LSTM Fully Convolutional Networks for Time Series Classification

Long short-term memory fully convolutional neural networks (LSTM-FCNs) and Attention LSTM-FCN (ALSTM-FCN) have shown to achieve the state-of-the-art performance on the task of classifying time series signals on the old University of California-Riverside (UCR) time series repository. However, there has been no study on why LSTM-FCN and ALSTM-FCN perform well. In this paper, we perform a series of ablation tests (3627 experiments) on the LSTM-FCN and ALSTM-FCN to provide a better understanding of the model and each of its sub-modules. The results from the ablation tests on the ALSTM-FCN and LSTM-FCN show that the LSTM and the FCN blocks perform better when applied in a conjoined manner. Two z-normalizing techniques, z-normalizing each sample independently and z-normalizing the whole dataset, are compared using a Wilcoxson signed-rank test to show a statistical difference in performance. In addition, we provide an understanding of the impact dimension shuffle that has on LSTM-FCN by comparing its performance with LSTM-FCN when no dimension shuffle is applied. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the LSTM-FCN when the LSTM block is replaced by a gated recurrent unit (GRU), basic neural network (RNN), and dense block.
Genetic regulation of linear growth

Linear growth occurs at the growth plate. Therefore, genetic defects that interfere with the normal function of the growth plate can cause linear growth disorders. Many genetic causes of growth disorders have already been identified in humans. However, recent genome-wide approaches have broadened our knowledge of the mechanisms of linear growth, not only providing novel monogenic causes of growth disorders but also revealing single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that affect height in the general population. The genes identified as causative of linear growth disorders are heterogeneous, playing a role in various growth-regulating mechanisms including those involving the extracellular matrix, intracellular signaling, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Understanding the underlying genetic defects in linear growth is important for clinicians and researchers in order to provide proper diagnoses, management, and genetic counseling, as well as to develop better treatment approaches for children with growth disorders.
Bio-Genesis Scandal Features Lack of Credibility and Corroborating Evidence

Players potentially suspended as a result of the Bio-Genesis scandal will likely have a strong defense due to Major League Baseball's lack of credible witnesses and positive drug tests.
Central thalamic inactivation impairs the expression of action‐ and outcome‐related responses of medial prefrontal cortex neurons in the rat

The mediodorsal (MD) and adjacent intralaminar (IL) and midline nuclei provide the main thalamic input to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and are critical for associative learning and decision-making. MD neurons exhibit activity related to actions and outcomes that mirror responses of mPFC neurons in rats during dynamic delayed non-match to position (dDNMTP), a variation of DNMTP where start location is varied randomly within an open octagonal arena to avoid confounding behavioral events with spatial location. To test whether the thalamus affects the expression of these responses in mPFC, we inhibited the central thalamus unilaterally by microinjecting muscimol at doses and sites found to affect decision-making when applied bilaterally. Unilateral inactivation reduced normalized task-related responses in the ipsilateral mPFC without disrupting behavior needed to characterize event-related neuronal activity. Our results extend earlier findings that focused on delay-related activity by showing that central thalamic inactivation interferes with responses related to actions and outcomes that occur outside the period of memory delay. These findings are consistent with the broad effects of central thalamic lesions on behavioral measures of reinforcement-guided responding. Most (7/8) of the prefrontal response types affected by thalamic inactivation have also been observed in MD during dDNMTP. These results support the hypothesis that MD and IL act as transthalamic gates: monitoring prefrontal activity through corticothalamic inputs; integrating this information with signals from motivational and sensorimotor systems that converge in thalamus; and acting through thalamocortical projections to enhance expression of neuronal responses in the PFC that support adaptive goal-directed behavior.
Discrete Community Assemblages Within Hypersaline Paleolake Sediments of Pilot Valley, Utah

Abstract Hypersaline paleolake sediments are understudied ecosystems whose microbial ecology is largely unknown. Here we present mineralogical, geochemical, and small-subunit 16S rRNA gene sequence data on one such environment, the Pilot Valley Basin (PVB), a sub-basin of ancient Lake Bonneville located in northwest Utah. PVB exhibits a variety of aqueous minerals including phyllosilicates, carbonates, and sulfates, as well as microbially-induced sedimentary structures. As perchlorate occurs naturally (up to 6.5 ppb) in Pilot Valley sediments, and because recent evidence suggests that it is subject to biotic reduction, PVB has been proposed as a Mars analog site for astrobiological studies. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to investigate microbial diversity and community structure along horizontal and vertical transects within the upper basin sediments and beta diversity analyses indicate that the microbial communities in Pilot Valley are structured into three discrete groups. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the main archaeal phylum, Euryarchaeota, make up ~23% of the sequences, while OTUs belonging to three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides and Gemmatimonadetes, constitute ~60-70% of the sequences recovered at all sites. Diversity analyses indicate that the specific composition of each community correlates with sediment grain size, and with biogeochemical parameters such as nitrate and sulfate concentrations. Interestingly, OTUs belonging to the phylum Gemmatimonadetes are co-located with extreme halophilic archaeal and bacterial taxa, which suggests a potential new attribute, halophilicity, of this newly-recognized phylum. Altogether, results of this first comprehensive geomicrobial study of Pilot Valley reveal that basin sediments harbor a complex and diverse ecosystem.
Salvage craniotomy for treatment-refractory symptomatic cerebral radiation necrosis.

Background The incidence of symptomatic radiation necrosis (RN) has risen as radiotherapy is increasingly used to control brain tumor progression. Traditionally managed with steroids, symptomatic RN can remain refractory to medical treatment, requiring surgical intervention for control. The purpose of our study was to assess a single institution's experience with craniotomy for steroid-refractory pure RN. Methods The medical records of all tumor patients who underwent craniotomies at our institution from 2011 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed for a history of preoperative radiotherapy or radiosurgery. RN was confirmed histopathologically and patients with active tumor were excluded. Preoperative, intraoperative, and outcome information was collected. Primary outcomes measured were postoperative KPS and time to steroid freedom. Results Twenty-four patients with symptomatic RN were identified. Gross total resection was achieved for all patients. Patients with metastases experienced an increase in KPS (80 vs 100, P < .001) and required a shortened course of dexamethasone vs patients with high-grade gliomas (3.4 vs 22.2 weeks, P = .003). RN control and neurological improvement at 13.3 months' follow-up were 100% and 66.7%, respectively. Adrenal insufficiency after rapidly tapering dexamethasone was the only morbidity (n = 1). Overall survival was 93.3% (14/15) at 1 year. Conclusion In cases of treatment-refractory symptomatic RN, resection can lead to an overall improvement in postoperative health status and neurological outcomes with minimal RN recurrence. Craniotomy for surgically accessible RN can safely manage symptomatic patients, and future studies assessing the efficacy of resection vs bevacizumab may be warranted.
Mindfulness for HIV-infected youth for disease acceptance and antiretroviral adherence

Background: Youth living with HIV have poor rates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), increasing the potential for both progression of HIV disease and the likelihood of HIV transmission. Mindfulness-based interventions are effective for improving psychological symptoms and coping. Additionally, our pilot data suggest that mindfulness may also be beneficial for HIV medication adherence. …
The effects of stating contingency-specifying stimuli on compliance in children

Abstract The present investigation examined whether distinguishing between the discriminative and function-altering properties of contingency-specifying stimuli (CSS) is of heuristic value in conceptualizing child compliance. Groups of “compliant” and “noncompliant” children were instructed to place several blocks in a box. During half of the trials the children had an immediate opportunity to respond to the instruction (IOR), and during the other trials the children's opportunity to respond was delayed by 10 min (DOR). Results showed that 5 of the 8 children were more likely to comply in the IOR condition, whereas the 3 remaining children were equally compliant in IOR and DOR conditions. In addition, the study investigated the influence of condition presentation sequence on child compliance. Thus, half of the children entered the IOR condition first, and the other half entered the DOR condition first. Results showed no differences in compliance for 3 of 4 children in the IOR-first sequence. However, in the DOR-first sequence, all children, regardless of classification, were more compliant in IOR than in DOR conditions. Presentation order appeared to strongly influence compliance and could likely have affected the results of prior investigations.
Gender and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Treatment Barriers among College Students with Suicidal Ideation

Understanding barriers to treatment-seeking among college students with suicidal ideation (SI) is critical to campus suicide prevention efforts. We used data from the Healthy Minds Study to test fo...
Women Entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): The LAC Difference

Despite the obstacles they face, women entrepreneurs in LAC countries are achieving greater gender parity than in other parts of the world. This chapter focuses on the characteristics and drivers of entrepreneurial success for women in LAC countries, analyzing how culture, catalysts, supports, and governmental and private sector initiatives and partnerships foster women’s entrepreneurship in this region. The chapter also includes examples of model initiatives and women entrepreneurs in several economies in the LAC region.
Biomarkers of COVID-19 and technologies to combat SARS-CoV-2

Due to the unprecedented public health crisis caused by COVID-19, our first contribution to the newly launching journal, Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology, has abruptly diverted to focus on the current pandemic. As the number of new COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to rise steadily around the world, the common goal of healthcare providers, scientists, and government officials worldwide has been to identify the best way to detect the novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, and to treat the viral infection – COVID-19. Accurate detection, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and future prevention are the vital keys to management of COVID-19, and can help curb the viral spread. Traditionally, biomarkers play a pivotal role in the early detection of disease etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. To assist myriad ongoing investigations and innovations, we developed this current article to overview known and emerging biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 detection, COVID-19 diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, and ongoing work to identify and develop more biomarkers for new drugs and vaccines. Moreover, biomarkers of socio-psychological stress, the high-technology quest for new virtual drug screening, and digital applications are described.
Perceptual amplification following sustained attention: implications for hypervigilance

It is known that attending to a cutaneous stimulus briefly increases its subjective intensity. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether an extended period of attention would produce a longer-lasting perceptual amplification. Eighty subjects were assigned alternately to experimental and control groups. Members of the two groups received identical series of tactile stimuli (near-threshold von Frey filaments applied to the forearm), but those in the experimental group carried out a two-interval forced-choice detection task that required attention to the filaments, while subjects in the control group attended instead to a video game. After this initial phase, all subjects gave magnitude estimates of the intensity of a wide range of von Frey filaments. The experimental group gave estimates 42% greater than those of the control group, both for filaments used in the initial phase, and others not presented previously; the perceptual amplification did not, however, transfer to a different type of pressure stimulus, a 5 mm-diameter rod applied to the skin. The aftereffect of sustained attention lasted for at least 15 min. This phenomenon, demonstrated in normal subjects, may have implications for the hypervigilance of some chronic pain patients, which is characterized by both heightened attention to pain and long-lasting perceptual amplification of noxious stimuli.
An Investigation of the Contested Qualified Health Claims for Green Tea and Cancer

There have been seven qualified health claims (QHCs) in the marketplace about the relationship between the consumption of green tea and the reduced risk of breast and/or prostate cancers that were written by three stakeholders (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Fleminger, Inc. (tea company), and the Federal Court). This paper evaluates assertions about the effects of these claims on consumers, which were contested in a federal lawsuit. Using a 2 × 7 experimental design, 1,335 Americans 55 years and older were randomized to view one QHC about green tea and cancer, or an identical QHC about a novel diet-disease relationship; yukichi fruit juice and gastrocoridalis. The results show that differing stakeholder descriptions of the same evidence significantly affected consumer perceptions. For example, QHCs written by Fleminger, Inc. were rated as providing greater evidence for the green tea-cancer claim. An FDA summary statement implied mandatory (vs. voluntary) labelling and greater effectiveness, and qualitative descriptions suggested that greater evidence existed for the claims (vs. quantitative descriptions). Greater evidence was also inferred for familiar claims (green tea and cancer).
Evaluation of opioid prescribing preferences among surgical residents and faculty.

Abstract Background Residents report that faculty preference is a significant driver of opioid prescribing practices. This study compared opioid prescribing preferences of surgical residents and faculty against published guidelines and actual practice and assessed perceptions in communication and transparency around these practices. Methods Surgical residents and faculty were surveyed to evaluate the number of oxycodone tablets prescribed for common procedures. Quantities were compared between residents, faculty, Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network guidelines, and actual opioids prescribed. Frequency with which faculty communicate prescribing preferences and the desire for feedback and transparency in prescription practices were assessed. Results Fifty-six (72%) residents and 57 (59%) faculty completed the survey. Overall, faculty preferred a median number of tablets greater than recommended by Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network in 5 procedures, while residents did so in 9 of 14 procedures. On average, across all operations, faculty reported prescribing practices compliant with Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network 56.1% of the time, whereas residents did so 47.6% of the time (P = .40). Interestingly, opioids actually prescribed were significantly less than recommended in 7 procedures. Among faculty, 62% reported often or always specifying prescription preferences to residents, while only 9% of residents noted that faculty often did so. Residents (80%) and faculty (75%) were amenable to seeing regular reports of personal opioid prescription practices, and 74% and 65% were amenable to seeing practices compared with peers. Only 34% of residents and 44% of faculty wanted prescription practices made public. Conclusion There is a disconnect between opioid prescribing preferences and practice among surgical residents and faculty. Increased transparency through individualized reports and education regarding Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network guidelines with incorporation into the electronic medical record as practice advisories may reduce prescription variability.
Examining Mobile Broadband Transparency

The 2018 Restoring Internet Freedom Order eliminated a number of transparency requirements regarding broadband performance that were introduced in the 2015 Open Internet Order. It also eliminated guidance that had been provided in 2016 to assist broadband providers in complying with the transparency rule. In this paper, we examine a number of policy issues that arose in the two Orders and associated guidance, as applied to disclosure of performance of mobile broadband service. We ground this analysis in two datasets of mobile broadband performance. We examine policy issues about the methodology used to measure mobile broadband performance, the performance statistics that should be measured and disclosed, and the time of day over which broadband performance is measured. We compare the download and upload speed ranges advertised by the largest four mobile broadband service providers in the United States with the distribution of actual measured download and upload speeds. We also analyze the variation of mobile broadband performance over different geographical regions.
From Crisis to Innovation

Prospective law school applicants are rightly concerned about the return on a law school investment. For law schools confronting these trends, times have been challenging, but as often happens though, the crisis has prompted a great deal of self-reflection as well as innovative change. Much of this change, particularly curricular reform, was needed. This piece outlines eight recommendations for law school curricular change that could result in stronger training for law students and in better prepared lawyers.
Generation of iPSC line from a Parkinson patient with PARK7 mutation and CRISPR-edited Gibco human episomal iPSC line to mimic PARK7 mutation.

Abstract Mutations in the oncogene PARK7, which codes for DJ-1, have been associated with early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, the exact role of DJ-1 in PD remains elusive. Fibroblasts from a PD patient with a uniparental disomy, 1 bp deletion in PARK7 were reprogrammed into the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line: NIHTVBi015-A. For control purposes, CRISPR-Cas9 editing was used to mimic the mutation in the Gibco Human Episomal iPSC line: TMOi001-A is the control line (A18945) and TMOi001-A-3 is the control-edited line (2B10). All 3 lines exhibit normal karyotyping and expression of pluripotent markers: OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. These lines provide a translational environment to study DJ-1-related function in PD.
The First Amendment Does Not Protect Replicants

As the semantic capability of computer systems increases, the law should resolve clearly whether the First Amendment protects machine speech. This essay argues it should not be read to reach sufficiently sophisticated — "replicant" — speech.
Trauma-induced heme release increases susceptibility to bacterial infection

Infection is a common complication of major trauma that causes significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms, however, linking tissue injury to increased susceptibility to infection remain poorly understood. To study this relationship, we present a potentially novel murine model in which a major liver crush injury is followed by bacterial inoculation into the lung. We find that such tissue trauma both impaired bacterial clearance and was associated with significant elevations in plasma heme levels. While neutrophil (PMN) recruitment to the lung in response to Staphylococcus aureus was unchanged after trauma, PMN cleared bacteria poorly. Moreover, PMN show > 50% less expression of TLR2, which is responsible, in part, for bacterial recognition. Administration of heme effectively substituted for trauma. Finally, day 1 trauma patients (n = 9) showed similar elevations in free heme compared with that seen after murine liver injury, and circulating PMN showed similar TLR2 reduction compared with volunteers (n = 6). These findings correlate to high infection rates.
Where Ignorance Is Bliss: The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), The University of Washington, College of Pharmacy CHOICE Institute and Simulation Pricing and Access Recommendations for Atopic Dermatitis

It has been demonstrated conclusively that value and utility preference scores have only ordinal properties. This means, as has been pointed out on numerous occasions that the quality adjusted life year (QALY) is a mathematically impossible construct. The implications are profound: some 30 years of health technology assessment is rendered worthless due to a failure to recognize the well documented limitations imposed by the axioms of fundamental measure. Yet these are ignored in favor of persevering with the QALY as though it has mystical measurement properties, a ratio scale in disguise that allows QALYs to be imagined. This denial of the relevance of these axioms by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) has been the long-standing position and in the case of the just published ICER final evidence report on JAK Inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (released on 17 August, 2021), shared by its contracted model builders at the College of Pharmacy, CHOICE Institute at the University of Washington, Seattle. The fact that an academic center should support ICER’s denial of fundamental measurement and the construction of evidence should come as no surprise as professional groups such as the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) are equally complicit in this denial. Interestingly, this denial appears to extend to ignoring peer reviewed studies that have considered alternative frameworks for evaluating quality of life in atopic dermatitis. This applies to the Quality of Life Index of Atopic Dermatitis (QoLIAD) and the Parents’ Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQoL-AD) instrument. These are the only two quality of life instrument in atopic dermatitis that meet the required axioms of fundamental measurement. . The purpose of this commentary is to address once again ICER’s (and the CHOICE Institute’s) failure to understand the difference between science and pseudoscience, irrespective of numerous critiques of the denial and misuse of preference scales. The creation of mathematically impossible simulations continues; driven by assumption without credible and evaluable claims for therapy response. ICER is operating in an analytical dead end; a basis for creating pricing and access recommendations that should be rejected out of hand. Yet, ICER perseveres. Truly, ignorance is bliss.
The Thesis of Norm Transformation in the Theory of Mass Atrocity

Theoretical accounts of genocide and mass atrocity commonly embrace the thesis of norm transformation. This thesis holds, first, that individual and institutional participation in such crimes is at least partially explained by transformations in basic norms that structure social and political life. It holds, second, that preventing future occurrences of such crimes requires changing norms that currently guide the actions of particular individual and institutional actors. This paper clarifies, defends, and extends the thesis of norm transformation. It clarifies this thesis by providing a general account of the nature and dynamics of norms. It defends this thesis against charges of circularity and against the claim that norms are not, in fact, fundamental guides to action. Finally, it extends this thesis by arguing that changes in norms before, during, and after mass atrocities count among the considerations that ought to be included in assessments of legal and moral accountability for such crimes. This paper clarifies, defends, and extends the thesis of norm transformation. It clarifies this thesis by offering a general account of norms and norm dynamics, and by showing how this account can enrich existing explanatory and preventive applications of the thesis of norm transformation. It defends this thesis against a number of theoretical and practical challenges—including challenges to the power of this thesis to help explain historical mass atrocities, and challenges to the efficacy of proposed preventive changes in norms. Finally, it extends this thesis by arguing for a third, evaluative claim, namely, that changes in norms before, during, and after mass atrocities count among the considerations that ought to be included in assessments of legal and moral accountability for such crimes. In proposing this extension of the thesis of norm transformation, this paper posits a fundamental continuity between explanatory, preventive, and evaluative applications of this thesis. The paper thus breaks with much recent scholarship on genocide and mass atrocity, within which these different aims appear either unrelated or at odds. 1 At the same time, the paper acknowledges key criticisms of existing modes of assessing legal accountability for mass violence. Those criticisms help structure the discussion of the evaluative implications of the thesis of norm transformation. The paper proceeds as follows. Section One uses a case drawn from the annals of National Socialist medical practice as the starting point for a general discussion of norms and norm dynamics. Norms are defined in terms of three features: their acceptance, their particularity, and their action-
Adatom-induced phenomena in graphene

Abstract Graphene is extremely sensitive to its environment: such sensitivity can be exploited for sensing applications as well as for adatom-based engineering of material properties. Decorating graphene’s surface with adatoms can be used to derive new graphene based versatile materials, induce magnetic moments, and enhance spin–orbit coupling. This review article discusses experiments highlighting different adatom-induced phenomena in graphene. Though the focus is mainly on the experimental results, reference to theoretical predictions is made throughout the article.
I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II): Differential expression in satellite cells and mature muscle fibers

Abstract A well documented case of I-cell disease is presented. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies of muscle revealed marked accumulation of characteristic I-cell inclusions in satellite cells and only scattered autophagic vacuoles in muscle fibers. Correlation with previous tissue culture studies indicated an amelioration of structural abnormalities with differentiation from satellite cell to mature muscle fiber. Histochemically, the muscle demonstrated paucity of type I fibers without evidence of denervation thus suggesting a developmental disturbance in motor unit organization. Selective type I fiber dysfunction and reduced satellite cell regenerative capacity may be related factors in the neuromuscular disability of patients with I-cell disease.
Theoretical and practical aspects of linear and nonlinear model order reduction techniques

Model order reduction methods have proved to be an important technique for accelerating time-domain simulation in a variety of computer-aided design tools. In this study we present several new techniques for model reduction of the large-scale linear and nonlinear systems. First, we present a method for nonlinear system reduction based on a combination of the trajectory piecewise-linear (TPWL) method with truncated-balanced realizations (TBR). We analyze the stability characteristics of this combined method using perturbation theory. Second, we describe a linear reduction method that approximates TBR model reduction and takes advantage of sparsity of the system matrices or available accelerated solvers. This method is based on AISIAD (approximate implicit subspace iteration with alternate directions) and uses low-rank approximations of a system's gramians. This method is shown to be advantageous over the common approach of independently approximating the controllability and observability gramians, as such independent approximation methods can be inefficient when the gramians do not share a common dominant eigenspace. Third, we present a graph-based method for reduction of parameterized RC circuits. We prove that this method preserves stability and passivity of the models for nominal reduction. We present computational results for large collections of nominal and parameter-dependent circuits. Finally, we present a case study of model reduction applied to electroosmotic flow of a marker concentration pulse in a U-shaped microfluidic channel, where the marker flow in the channel is described by a three-dimensional convection-diffusion equation. First, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified AISIAD method in generating a low order models that correctly describe the dispersion of the marker in the linear case; that is, for the case of concentration-independent mobility and diffusion constants. Next, we describe several methods for nonlinear model reduction when the diffusion and mobility constants become concentration-dependent. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
An Informational Network for a Natural Talking System

A Natural Language Processing System has been developed that communicates in the simple commonsense terms of a child. The system utilizes a knowledge representation scheme that facilitates the storage and retrieval of factual and inferential data through a massively-interlinked network of propositional information. Inferential analysis is handled by an organized matrix of predicate-based inferences that uses forward chaining to deduce new propositions. The potential for learning has been established through inductive generalization and the ongoing adjustment of uncertainty values on existing propositions.
Polyphyly of non-bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri sharing a lux-locus deletion.

Summary This study reports the first description and mole- cular characterization of naturally occurring, non- bioluminescent strains of Vibrio fischeri. These 'dark' V. fischeri strains remained non-bioluminescent even after treatment with both autoinducer and aldehyde, substrate additions that typically maximize light pro- duction in dim strains of luminous bacteria. Surpris- ingly, the entire lux locus (eight genes) was absent in over 97% of these dark V. fischeri strains. Although these strains were all collected from a Massachusetts (USA) estuary in 2007, phylogenetic reconstructions allowed us to reject the hypothesis that these newly described non-bioluminescent strains exhibit mono- phyly within the V. fischeri clade. These dark strains exhibited a competitive disadvantage against native bioluminescent strains when colonizing the light organ of the model V. fischeri host, the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes. Significantly, we believe that the data collected in this study may suggest the first observation of a functional, parallel locus-deletion event among independent lineages of a non-pathogenic bacterial species.