cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marine biogeochemistries of Be and Al: A study based on cosmogenic 10 Be, Be and Al in marine calcite, aragonite, and opal

The geochemical behaviors of Be and Al in ocean waters have been successfully studied in recent years using natural, cosmogenic, radioactive10Be and26Al as tracers. The present day dissolved concentrations and distribution of the stable and radioactive isotopes of Be and Al in ocean waters have revealed their short residence times and appreciable effects of exchange fluxes at the coastal and ocean-sediment interfaces. It follows that concentrations of these particle-active elements must have varied in the past with temporal changes in climate, biological productivity and aeolian flux of continental detritus to the oceans. We therefore investigated the feasibility of extending the measurements of Be and Al isotope concentrations in marine systems to the 103–106 y BP time scale. We report here the discovery of significant amounts of intrinsic Be and Al in marine foraminiferal calcite and coral aragonite, and of Al in opal (radiolarians) and aragonite (coral), which makes it possible to determine10Be/Be and26Al/Al in oceans in the past. We also report measured10Be/9Be in foraminiferal calcite in Pacific Ocean cores, which reveal that the concentrations and ratios of the stable and cosmogenic isotopes of Be and Al have varied significantly in the past 30 ky. The implications of these results are discussed.
Quasi-phase-matching for ultrafast nonlinear optics

Summary form only given. Quasi-phase-matching (QPM) has developed rapidly over the past several years as an important tool for efficient nonlinear optical frequency conversion. This talk reviews basic ultrafast QPM frequency conversion experiments, such as second-harmonic generation of fs mode locked erbium-doped fiber lasers with efficiencies of 90%/nJ, optical parametric generation (OPG) with a threshold 50 nJ, and synchpumped optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) with 30-mW threshold power, order of magnitude improvements over conventional materials.
Actuator and sensor dynamics in multivariable feedback systems

Interactions of the high frequency modes with high frequency parasitics of the sensor and actuator dynamics occur when large feedback gains are used. Such phenomena are investigated in this paper. Simple asymptotic expressions that characterize the effects of the actuator-sensor parasitics are presented.
The Laplace transform of the psi function

An expression for the Laplace transform of the psi function L(a) := ∫ ∞ 0 e -at ψ(t+1)dt is derived using two different methods. It is then applied to evaluate the definite integral M(a) = 4 / π ∫ ∞ 0 x 2 dx/ x2+ln 2 (2e -a cos x) , for a > In 2 and to resolve a conjecture posed by Olivier Oloa.
Training medical students in the social determinants of health: the Health Scholars Program at Puentes de Salud

Purpose: Given the large influence of social conditions on health, physicians may be more effective if they are trained to identify and address social factors that impact health. Despite increasing interest in teaching the social determinants of health in undergraduate medical education, few models exist. Participants and methods: We present a 9-month pilot course on the social determinants of health for medical and other health professional students, which is based at Puentes de Salud, Philadelphia, PA, USA, a community health center serving a Latino immigrant population. This service-learning course, called the Health Scholars Program (HSP), was developed and implemented by volunteer medical and public health faculty in partnership with the communitybased clinic. The HSP curriculum combines didactic instruction with service experiences at Puentes de Salud and opportunities for critical reflection. The HSP curriculum also includes a longitudinal project where students develop, implement, and evaluate an intervention to address a community-defined need. Results: In our quantitative evaluation, students reported high levels of agreement with the HSP meeting stated course goals, including developing an understanding of the social determinants of health and working effectively with peers to implement community-based projects. Qualitative assessments revealed students’ perception of learning more about this topic in the HSP than in their formal medical training and of developing a long-term desire to serve vulnerable communities as a result. Conclusion: Our experience with the HSP suggests that partnerships between academic medical centers and community-based organizations can create a feasible, effective, and sustainable platform for teaching medical students about the social determinants of health. Similar medical education programs in the future should seek to achieve a larger scale and to evaluate both students’ educational experiences and community-defined outcomes.
Modeling and Control of Timeshared and Scanned Torch Welding

Optimization of the weld quality and productivity requires in-process identification and simultaneous regulation of several thermal characteristics of the joint. Since in traditional single-torch welding only a few process variables can be modulated in real-time, multiple source configurations are implemented by a rapidly reciprocated (timeshared) GTAW torch to obtain decoupled control of the weld geometry, structure and properties. Further, to widen the range of achievable weld features, a scanning motion of the torch on the entire part surface generates the necessary heat distribution for any specified thermal field in the weld, which is observed through surface temperature measurements
The Economics of Agricultural Biotechnology: Discussion

The three papers provide an interesting kaleidoscope of this session's topic. The Kalter and Tauer paper is a good survey of the subject, especially for those new to the area of biotechnology economics. However, I wonder if it is not time to cease such general surveys, especially in our professional chronicles, and present more analytical results such as that coming out of the excellent work being done at Cornell. The Hueth and Just paper leads one through an interesting tour of economic thought relative to biotechnology issues that is both a bit overwhelming at times and generally conducive to much disagreement. The Stallmann and Schmid paper provides an excellent survey of property rights as they relate to biotechnology, as well as providing evidence of the institutional arrangements that can and will exist in future agriculture as a result of the
Dermal angiomyoma of the upper extremity

Twenty-four of a series of 85 dermal angiomyomata were located in the upper extremity distal to the elbow. Eleven occurred in the right arm and 13 appeared in the left. Women exceeded men by 13 to 1 in number. The greatest number occurred in the 40 to 70 year age group. One case recurred as a leiomyosarcoma. This report is intended to bring this lesion to the attention of the surgeon in the differential diagnosis of painless masses of the hand, wrist, or forearm.
Hermatypic coral growth banding as environmental recorder

STUDY of incremental banding in coral skeletons was initiated by Ma1 and later extended by Wells2 and others3. More recently, discrete annual banding in the skeletons of certain hermatypic corals4,5,6 has been described. Here we present an analysis of annual band width measurements from Bermuda corals which relates, through regression techniques, coral band time series to air temperature and air pressure variations. Our results indicate that coral bands record important aspects of their environment and therefore become useful where reconstruction of palaeoclimatic variables is of interest. Specifically the coral time series may be used as a palaeotemperature indicator or, when coupled with relatively well established palaeotemperatures, for palaeobarometric pressure determinations. Derived series of otherwise unobtainable palaeovariables are important not only for work on coral physiology, but also for construction and testing of climatic models; in this later instance information on palaeopressure is particularly desirable.
Computational design of deformation processes for materials with ductile damage

A continuum sensitivity method is developed for thermoplasticity combined with ductile damage at finite strains. The computed sensitivity fields are used within a gradient-based optimization framework for the computational design of metal forming processes for porous materials. The accuracy and effectiveness of the developed updated Lagrangian finite element analysis and design techniques are demonstrated with a number of representative examples. In addition to die design problems, novel preform (shape) design problems are examined for near net shape manufacturing that accounts for the volume change induced during the deformation process.
Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Locally Produced Ground Beef: A Case Study of the Rural Northern Great Plains

This study examined consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for locally produced ground beef with an emphasis on the impacts of product attributes and the heterogeneity caused by rural consumers’ characteristics. We applied the choice-based conjoint technique to analyze data collected from a typical rural town in the Northern Great Plains. The results indicate that location associated product brand differences and leanness were dominant components affecting consumers’ WTP. The premium of locally produced ground beef for consumers with a close tie to local production is $0.48/lb. Cut difference, grass-fed, and organic were trivial factors in determining consumers’ WTP.
Stubborn Tregs limit T-cell therapy

In this issue of Blood , Baba and colleagues characterize a residual pool of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) surviving a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen that undergo robust homeostatic expansion to limit the full potential of adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) for the treatment of cancer. 1
Augmented Sympathetic Response to Bradykinin in the Diabetic Heart Before Autonomic Denervation

Abstract —We studied whether diabetes mellitus affects the bradykinin (BK)-induced release of norepinephrine (NE) from rat cardiac sympathetic endings in situ. Three groups were studied. Group A (n=12) was rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ), group B (n=13) received STZ and insulin, and group C (n=14) received citrate buffer only. NPH insulin was given to group B from day 7 after STZ. Atria were paced (3Hz) with rectangular voltage pulses at mechanical threshold intensity (0.15 V/cm). The release of NE was assessed through its effects on contractile force in the presence of atropine (1 μmol/L). Intensifying the field stimulation above the neural threshold (≈0.4 V/cm) produced a graded positive inotropic effect that was due to the release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings. The additional effect of 0.1 μmol/L BK on the force of contraction was determined at half-maximal neural stimulation (ie, at ≈0.65 V/cm). Then, after washing out BK and lowering the stimulation intensity to mechanical threshold, a cumulative dose-response curve for added NE was generated, allowing the positive inotropic effects of neural stimulation (with or without BK) to be expressed in terms of an equivalent inotropic concentration of added NE ([NEeq]). Neural stimulation, in the absence of BK, gave an [NEeq] of 32±3 nmol/L in group A, 44±6 nmol/L in group B, and 37±6 nmol/L in group C. BK increased [NEeq] by a factor of 6.2±0.9 in group A, 4.5±0.5 in group B, and 3.7±0.3 in group C. This factor was greater in group A than in group C but indistinguishable in groups B and C. Atria from normal and diabetic rats were incubated in 3[H]NE for 60 minutes. Excess tracer was removed, and atria were stimulated during a series of 1-minute episodes at half-maximal neural stimulation to cause exocytotic 3[H]NE release. BK augmented 3[H]NE release in normal (n=4) and in diabetic (n=4) atria. This BK-induced increase of 3[H]NE overflow (expressed as a fraction of tissue 3[H]NE radioactivity) was 4 times greater in diabetic than in normal preparations. The response to BK in releasing sympathetic neurotransmitter is augmented in diabetic rats, recovering in a manner dependent on insulin.
X-ray structural analysis of W[C(t-Bu)CHC(t-Bu)][OCH(CF3)2]3 A molecule containing a planar tungstenacyclobutadiene ring with no alkyl substituent on the β-carbon atom

The tungstencyclobutadiene complex W[C(t-Bu)CHC(t-Bu)][OCH(CF3)2]3 crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/n with a 10.980(1), b 16.530(1), c 16.430(2) A, β 98.50(1)° and D(calcd) 1.88 g cm−1 for mol. wt 836.21 and Z = 4. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα) were collected with a Syntex P21 diffractometer and the structure was refined to R 5.31% for all 3570 unique data with θ 4.5–45.0° (R 3.63% for those 2728 data with |F0| > 3σ (| F0)). The tungsten(VI) atom has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment. The planar delocalized WC3 ring occupies a di-equatorial site with WC(α) bond lengths of 1.921(10) and 1.889(9) A; the W⋯C(β) distance is 2.103(9) A. Axial and equatorial OCH(CF3)2 ligands appear to be equally strongly bound to tungsten with W distance of 1.954(7)–1.959(7) A and WOC angles of 135.3(6)–138.7(9)°
Effects of cysteamine administration on somatostatin biosynthesis and levels in rat hypothalamus.

A single injection of cysteamine (CSH; 2-aminoethanethiol; 300 mg/kg, sc) into male rats produced a rapid decline in immunoreactive somatostatin (IR-SRIF) levels in the hypothalamus (to 20% of preinjection values within 12 h) which persisted for several days. The levels of both somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) and somatostatin-28 (SRIF-28) were reduced. In contrast, the levels of somatostatin-28(1-12) were unaffected. Most (80-90%) of the lost SRIF molecules (both SRIF-14 and SRIF-28) could be recovered from CSH-injected rats by subjecting hypothalamic samples to denaturing, reducing, and reoxidizing conditions. These results suggest that CSH does not deplete the hypothalamus of SRIF molecules, but, instead, alters their chemical structures, rendering them undetectable using a SRIF-14-directed RIA. CSH injection also caused a rapid and complete suppression (within 1 h) of [35S]cysteine incorporation into SRIF-14 and SRIF-28. This reduction, however, was short-lived; normal incorporation rates returned within 10 ...
Local state density and long-range screening of adsorbed oxygen atoms on the GaAs(110) surface.

We report scanning tunneling microscope images of isolated oxygen atoms adsorbed on the GaAs(110) surface. The images display a dramatic voltage dependence, which arises from the energy dependence of the local state density, and provides a signature of an adsorbed electronegative atoms. At low oxygen coverages, a long-range screening of the adsorbed atoms is observed in the surrounding bare surface region, with a characteristic screening length scale of \ensuremath{\sim}50 A\r{}. .AE
Reproductive effort reduces long-term immune function in breeding tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)

We examined whether strategies of reproductive allocation may reduce long-term immunocompetence through the effects of manipulated effort on secondary or acquired immunity. We tested whether increased reproductive effort leads to reduced immune function and survival by manipulating brood size in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and exposing breeding females to a primary and secondary exposure of sheep red blood cells to elicit a humoral immune response. Females raising enlarged broods produced fewer secondary antibodies than did females raising control or reduced broods. Most importantly, individuals with high secondary responses were more likely to survive to breed 3 years after brood manipulations, suggesting that differences in disease susceptibility may be caused by trade-offs in reproductive allocation. We also found that individual quality, measured by clutch initiation date, mediated the effects of brood manipulations, with higher-quality birds showing a greater ability to deal with increases in effort.
Pc 1 Duarte, a common polymorphism of a human brain protein, and its relationship to depressive disease and multiple sclerosis.

PC 1 Duarte, a common variant of a human brain-specific protein, is present in one-third of the control population and has a gene frequency of 0.17. There was a significantly increased frequency of mutant heterozygotes and homozygotes among individuals with depressive disease. This is consistent with a model in which Pc 1 Duarte is the major gene in depressive disease, acting in conjunction with an environmental threshold effect.
The effect of retinal defocus on golf putting

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of type and magnitude of retinal defocus on golf putting accuracy, and on the related eye, head, and putter movements. Eye, head, and putter movements were assessed objectively along with putting accuracy in 16 young adult, visually normal inexperienced golfers during a fixed 9-foot golf putt. Convex spherical (+0.50 D, +1.00 D, +1.50 D, +2.00 D, +10.00 D) and cylindrical (+1.00 D x 90, +2.00 D x 90) lenses were added binocularly to create various types and magnitudes of retinal defocus. Putting accuracy was significantly reduced only under the highest spherical blur lens condition (+10.00 D). No significant differences were found between any other lens conditions for eye, head or putter movements. Small amounts of spherical and astigmatic retinal defocus had a minimal impact on overall golf putting performance, except for putting accuracy under the highest blur condition. This is consistent with the findings of related studies. For a fixed putting distance, factors other than quality of the retinal image, such as blur adaptation and motor learning, appeared to be sufficient to maintain a high level of motor performance.
Biomaterial adjuvant effect is attenuated by anti-inflammatory drug delivery or material selection

Biomaterials have been shown to differentially support dendritic cell (DC) maturation, a prerequisite for an adjuvant effect. Treatment of DCs with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films resulted in DC maturation but agarose films did not. In these studies, the biomaterial adjuvant effect was attenuated by material selection (PLGA or agarose scaffolds) or local delivery of an anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DX), from PLGA scaffolds. Porous scaffolds (SCs) of PLGA or agarose were produced to deliver equivalent amounts of model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA). Alternatively, PLGA SCs with incorporated OVA were produced with or without DX. These SCs were implanted individually, subcutaneously, and dorsally in C57BL/6 mice. Blood was collected from mice at specific times over a 12-week duration for measurement of antibody production against OVA. Scaffolds were explanted at 12 weeks for histological examination of foreign body response. Scaffolds of PLGA, but not of agarose, were found to elicit higher antibody production against co-delivered OVA, than negative controls. Short-term delivery of DX from PLGA SCs delivering OVA temporarily delayed onset of anti-OVA antibody production. More sustained release of DX at an effective dose and with an appropriate time course is expected to extend the effect of DX on the biomaterial adjuvant effect. The immunomodulatory ability of biomaterials to affect the immune response to co-delivered antigen is demonstrated wherein this immunomodulatory ability correlates with the observed in vitro differential effects of biomaterials on DC maturation.
Minimum eigenvalue inequalities for Z-transformations on proper and symmetric cones

Abstract A linear transformation L defined on a finite dimensional real Hilbert space is said to be a Z-transformation on a proper cone K if x ∈ K , y ∈ K * , and 〈 x , y 〉 = 0 ⇒ 〈 L ( x ) , y 〉 ⩽ 0 , where K∗ is the dual of K. Examples of such transformations include Z-matrices on R + n , Lyapunov and Stein transformations on the semidefinite cone. For a Z-transformation L, τ ( L ) : = min ( λ ) : λ ∈ σ ( L ) } is an eigenvalue of L with a corresponding eigenvector in K. In this article, when K is a product cone, we relate the Z-property/positive stable property/minimum real eigenvalue of L with those of a subtransformation of L and its Schur complement.
The Relationship of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Food Allergy: Evaluating the Spectrum of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

S A T U R D A Y 132 The Relationship of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Food Allergy: Evaluating the Spectrum of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Barry J. Pelz, MD, Joshua B. Wechsler, MD, Rebecca KrierBurris, MS, Barry Wershil, MD, Amir F. Kagalwalla, MD, Paul Bryce, PhD; Division of Allergy & Immunology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, Division of AllergyImmunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. RATIONALE: Studies support roles for both IgE and non-IgE-mediated food reactions in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), yet the interplay between EoE and food allergy (FA) remains elusive. We sought to determine the prevalence of EoE and food allergy (EoEwFA) compared to EoE without food allergy (EoEsFA) and to investigate the epidemiologic, pathologic, and histologic differences between these subpopulations. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with EoE seen at the Ann&Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago between 2004 and 2014 was performed to identify key characteristics of EoEwFA versus EoEsFA. In addition to routine pathology, immunohistochemistry staining for mast cells on biopsy specimens from both subpopulations was performed. Chi square tests, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to investigate differences within these subpopulations. RESULTS: From 94 EoE patients, 16 (17%) also had food allergy. EoEwFA patients were more likely to have coexistent allergic rhinitis, eczema, or GERD (p50.02, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively) than EoEsFA. Additionally, they exhibited a higher total IgE at diagnosis, higher specific IgE and positive skin prick tests to several foods, including egg, soy, peanut, and tree nuts compared to children with EoEsFA. Pathologically, while there was no difference in tissue eosinophils between groups, biopsies showed increases in peak mast cells/HPF and percent of activated MC/HPF in patients with EoEwFA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate differences in both diagnostic features and esophageal pathobiology in EoE patients with or without food allergy. Such differences might help explain the spectrum of characteristics observed in EoE.
Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine modulate calcium mobilization from brain microsomes via different mechanisms.

We recently demonstrated that elevation of intracellular glucosylceramide (GlcCer) levels results in increased functional Ca2+ stores in cultured neurons, and suggested that this may be due to modulation of ryanodine receptors (RyaRs) by GlcCer (Korkotian, E., Schwarz, A., Pelled, D., Schwarzmann, G., Segal, M. and Futerman, A. H. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21673–21678). We now systematically examine the effects of exogenously added GlcCer, other glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their lyso-derivatives on Ca2+ release from rat brain microsomes. GlcCer had no direct effect on Ca2+ release, but rather augmented agonist-stimulated Ca2+ release via RyaRs, through a mechanism that may involve the redox sensor of the RyaR, but had no effect on Ca2+ release via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Other GSLs and sphingolipids, including galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, ceramide, sphingomyelin, sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphinganine 1-phosphate, and sphingosylphosphorylcholine had no effect on Ca2+ mobilization from rat brain microsomes, but both galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) and glucosylsphingosine stimulated Ca2+ release, although only galactosylsphingosine mediated Ca2+ release via the RyaR. Finally, we demonstrated that GlcCer levels were ∼10-fold higher in microsomes prepared from the temporal lobe of a type 2 Gaucher disease patient compared with a control, and Ca2+ release via the RyaR was significantly elevated, which may be of relevance for explaining the pathophysiology of neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease.
The effect of structure and chemistry on the strength of FeCrAl(Y)/sapphire interfaces: I. Structure and chemistry of interfaces

Abstract FeCrAl/Al2O3 and FeCrAlY/Al2O3 interfaces were formed by sputter deposition of alloy thin films on A-plane sapphire substrates. The microstructure of both Y-containing and Y-free films consisted of single-phase BCC columnar grains of fairly uniform composition across the film thickness. Both films exhibited a high degree of 〈110〉 texture along the growth direction normal to the interface with no preferred in-plane orientation. In both cases, a thin amorphous layer was observed at the interface in the as-deposited state. Annealing the films for 16 h at 850 °C improved the crystalline quality of the film/substrate interface and led to grain growth within the films. The annealing did not lead to any significant changes in the film composition in the Y-free film. In the Y-containing film, yttrium oxide precipitates formed in the near interface region, depleting the adjacent alloy matrix of Y completely; accompanied by a significant enhancement of Al in the film, very close to the interface.
Modified antibody in fetal alloimmunization

In this issue of Blood, Ghevaert et al propose to develop a therapeutic antibody for fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) that would block the actual antibody in sensitized mothers from binding and therefore prevent, or at least ameliorate, fetal and neonatal thrombocytopenia in fetuses who would otherwise be affected.1 The goal of the group is to engineer an antibody reagent that would on the one hand not engage conventional activating Fc receptors and on the other hand interact normally with FcRn, allowing transplacental passage.
The powerchecker: A visual basic program for ensuring data integrity

Data entry and encoding errors can jeopardize the integrity of data sets generated in a variety of research settings. Despite researchers’ pursuits of more accurate entry methods, data entry errors persist. Although techniques exist for identifying such errors, the PowerChecker program described here provides a more efficient method of data set validation. Rather than enter data twice and then manually search for the correct values when there are discrepancies between the two sets, with PowerChecker the user can correct entry errors as the data are entered the second time. In addition, the time-stamped record of changes to the original data set aids in meeting quality assurance requirements of the Good Clinical Practice standards.
An Absolute Sodium Cation Affinity Scale: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and ab Initio Theory

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of Na+(L) with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. The ligand L includes ethene, benzene, phenol, ammonia, acetaldehyde, acetone, and N,N-dimethylformamide. In all cases, the primary product formed corresponds to endothermic loss of the neutral ligand and the only other product observed is the result of ligand exchange processes to form NaXe+. The cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies for Na+−L after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. Ab initio calculations at several levels of theory compare favorably to the experimentally determined bond energies for these and previously studied systems, L = Ar, CO, dimethyl ether, H2O, methylamine, imidazole, dimethoxyethane, and several alcohols. Combined, these ligands cover a very wide range in binding energies, and thereby help to establish an absolute scale for sodium cat...
In search of targeted-complexity problems

Currently available real-world problems do not cover the whole complexity space and, therefore, do not allow us to thoroughly test learner behavior on the border of its domain of competence. Thus, the necessity of developing a more suitable testing scenario arises. With this in mind, data complexity analysis has shown promise in characterizing difficulty of classification problems through a set of complexity descriptors which used in artificial data sets generation could supply the required framework to refine and design learners. This paper, then, proposes the use of instance selection based on an evolutionary multiobjective technique to generate data sets that meet specific characteristics established by such complexity descriptors. These artificial targeted-complexity problems, which capture the essence of real-world structures, may help to define a set of benchmarks that contributes to test the properties of learners and to improve them.
Toward a theory of moral debt: Prolegomena to chreology: Part two the factual grounds of moral debt Area a the ‘good’ and human freedom

Part Two, Area A. Resuming the investigation set afoot in Part 1,1 we there proposed that subliminally people do commonly sense moral obligation as a kind of debt (chreos) of shared responsibility ‐ every person's share in the cost of a good community which is the common cause of all. Testing this ‘common understanding’ by the facts of human nature and community, this article examines the substratum of my good, good of others, idea of good community, of common cause in it, of shared responsibility for it, of consequent debt of all to whole, and of human freedom and capacity to estimate and pay on a basis to be examined in Area B projected. ‘Elementary freedom’ depends on capacity for truthful purpose and for independent judgment, ‘ultimate freedom’ on a determined truthful purpose coupled with adequacy of ideas for interpretation of entire experience. Every human is free in the elementary sense, and accordingly responsible. Ultimate freedom has to be won, and actively affirmed.
Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) I. Energetics.

SUMMARY A large swim tunnel respirometer was used to quantify the swimming energetics of the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis (tribe Sardini) (45–50 cm fork length, FL ) at speeds between 50 and 120 cm s -1 and at 18±2°C. The bonito rate of oxygen uptake ( V O 2 )–speed function is U-shaped with a minimum V O 2 at 60 cm s -1 , an exponential increase in V O 2 with increased speed, and an elevated increase in V O 2 at 50 cm s -1 where bonito swimming is unstable. The onset of unstable swimming occurs at speeds predicted by calculation of the minimum speed for bonito hydrostatic equilibrium (1.2 FL s -1 ). The optimum swimming speed ( U opt ) for the bonito at 18±2°C is approximately 70 cm s -1 (1.4 FL s -1 ) and the gross cost of transport at U opt is 0.27 J N -1 m -1 . The mean standard metabolic rate (SMR), determined by extrapolating swimming V O 2 to zero speed, is 107±22 mg O 2 kg -1 h -1 . Plasma lactate determinations at different phases of the experiment showed that capture and handling increased anaerobic metabolism, but plasma lactate concentration returned to pre-experiment levels over the course of the swimming tests. When adjustments are made for differences in temperature, bonito net swimming costs are similar to those of similar-sized yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares (tribe Thunnini), but the bonito has a significantly lower SMR. Because bonitos are the sister group to tunas, this finding suggests that the elevated SMR of the tunas is an autapomorphic trait of the Thunnini.
Abstract BS3-2: Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer: Visualizing In Vivo Breast Cancer Biology

The ability to measure biochemical and molecular processes underlies progress in breast cancer biology and treatment. These assays have traditionally been performed by analysis of cell culture or tissue samples. More recently, functional and molecular imaging allows in vivo assay of biochemistry and molecular biology that is highly complementary to tissue-based assay. Molecular imaging can serve and number of roles, from characterization of pre-clinical models, to testing the ability of novel drugs to interact with their intended targets, to characterizing entire burden of disease for patients with breast cancer, to helping direct therapeutic choices and assign their efficacy. This talk will review basic principals of molecular imaging, with an emphasis on those methods of greatest translational potential. The session will discuss the use of pre-clinical models of breast disease to help test and validate new molecular imaging methods, and in turn, the use of molecular imaging to characterize the disease process in the animal models. The session will then review the current state of molecular imaging in breast cancer patients, including methods in routine clinical use, those undergoing advanced clinical trials, and those in early-phase testing. The session is designed for a broad audience, ranging from breast cancer translational scientists to practicing physicians caring for breast cancer patients. References 1. Vernon AE, Bakewell SJ, Chodosh LA. Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2007 Sep;8(3):199–213. 2. Mankoff DA. Molecular imaging as a tool for translating breast cancer science. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10 Suppl 1:S3. 3. Specht JM, Mankoff DA. Advances in molecular imaging for breast cancer detection and characterization. Breast Cancer Res. 2012 Mar 16;14(2):206. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr BS3-2.
ESR study of pyromellitic dianhydride radical anion and related species with oxygen-17☆

Abstract The radical anions of pyromellitic dianhydride, pyromellitic diimide and related species were generated by mild reduction in DMSO solution. ESR spectra showed very narrow lines and hyperfine coupling from C and O in natural abundance. It was possible to measure the absolute signs of several coupling constants and to derive a consistent set of electron spin densities.
Clinical Aspects of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a sight-threatening opportunistic infection of the retina that occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. The diagnosis is based primarily on the clinical ophthalmic examination, with laboratory confirmation of systemic CMV infection. The retinitis has several characteristic appearances and a characteristic course of clinical evolution. The response to therapy with 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine (DHPG, ganciclovir) has represented a significant improvement in the management of this disease. An understanding of the clinical presentation, clinical course, diagnosis, and clinical variations of CMV retinitis is important in the evaluation of the results of antiviral therapy.
Depth-profiled positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy on porous films

Abstract Positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a unique porosimetry technique with broad applicability in characterizing nanoporous materials, especially insulators. In beam-based PALS a focused beam of several keV positrons forms positronium (Ps, the electron–positron bound state) with a depth distribution (typically 5 nm–5 μm) that depends on the selected positron beam energy. Ps localizes in the pores where its natural annihilation lifetime of 142 ns is strongly reduced by collisions with pore surfaces. The collisionally reduced Ps lifetime is directly correlated with pore size, the key feature in transforming a Ps lifetime distribution into a pore size distribution over the 0.3–30 nm diameter range. Depth-profiling with PALS has proven to be an ideal way to non-destructively search for depth-dependent changes in the pore structure and to explore porosity hidden beneath dense layers or diffusion barriers whereby the positrons are injected through the barrier into the porous film. Profiling also determines the pore interconnection length, a unique measure of the degree of pore interconnection prior to film percolation. The capability of PALS is rapidly maturing as new intense positron beams around the globe spawn more accessible PALS facilities.
Chromium in aqueous nitrate plutonium process streams: Corrosion of 316 stainless steel and chromium speciation

This study was undertaken to determine if chromium(+6) could exist in plutonium process solutions under normal operating conditions. Four individual reactions were studied: the rate of dissolution of stainless steel, which is the principal source of chromium in process solutions; the rate of oxidation of chromium(+3) to chromium(+6) by nitric acid; and the reduction of chromium(+6) back to chromium(+3) by reaction with stainless steel and with oxalic acid. The stainless steel corrosion rate was found to increase with increasing nitric acid concentration, increasing hydrofluoric acid concentration, and increasing temperature. Oxidation of chromium(+3) to chromium(+6) was negligible at room temperature and only became significant in hot concentrated nitric acid. The rate of reduction of chromium(+6) back to chromium(+3) by reaction with stainless steel or oxalic acid was found to be much greater than the rate of the reverse oxidation reaction. Based on these findings and taking into account normal operating conditions, it was determined that although there would be considerable chromium in plutonium process streams it would rarely be found in the (+6) oxidation state and would not exist in the (+6) state in the final process waste solutions.
Inhibition of the renal tubular effects of parathyroid hormone on phosphate transport by prostaglandin E2.

The infusion of PGE2 into TPTX dogs abolishes the phosphaturic action of PTH in vivo. This effect occurs only if PGE2 infusion precedes the administration of PTH. The infusion of PGE2 in vivo induces a state of refractoriness of PTH-sensitive adenyiate cyclase in renal middle medulla from TPTX dogs in vitro. These results suggest that PGE2 inhibits the biological effects of PTH, in part by altering the events related to PTH activation of renal adenyiate cyclase. These effects of PGE2, a local mediator, suggest that the renal tubular cell may modulate its responses to multiple and antagonistic stimuli by altering local renal prostaglandins.
Influence of the Static and Dynamic Aerodynamic Characteristics on the Spinning Motion of Aircraft

Since the aerodynamics strongly influence the spinning motion to be experienced by an aircraft, a prerequisite for analytically computing the spin is an awareness of the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft throughout the stalled angle-of-attack region. Obtaining this aerodynamic information is a formidable task and in some instances is beyond the present state-of-the-art. It is important, therefore, that the aerodynamic characteristics which have a significant influence on the spin be identified, so that future research efforts can be directed towards accurately determining the important aerodynamic characteristics. Consequently, the roles that the static, damping, cross and acceleration aerodynamic derivatives play in the spin were established during an analytical study and are discussed in this paper. For instance, it was found that the yawing moment characteristics associated with the lateral control and the effective dihedral are the two most important aerodynamic parameters involved in the spinning phenomenon; whereas the aerodynamic acceleration derivatives and the cross derivative Cnp play an insignificant role. The information of this study can be also employed for identifying aerodynamic fixes that are most likely to act as antispin devices and for conceiving automatic control techniques for spin prevention or spin recovery.
Affirmative Action Race, Class, Gender, and NOW

This article addresses the arguments for and against the passing of Proposition 209 in California. Those who are against the California initiative hold the position that this is an initial step to dismantle affirmative action. They see this federal mandate as a significant civil rights precedent for equal opportunity of women, ethnic minorities, and other under-represented populations that is now being threatened by a “White backlash” in U.S. society. Those who advocate for the proposition think the time has come to make changes in the theory and practice of affirmative action in ways that will emphasize class and income over the designated race and gender issues. The article also cites current data to substantiate the present and predicted climate around the stated issues and criteria on this volatile public policy controversy nationwide.
Disappearing microbiota: Helicobacter pylori protection against esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Once rare, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the most rapidly increasing malignancy in many developed countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Norway, and now is surpassing esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in certain populations ([1][1], [2][2]). EAC has very specific
Immunoglobulin Genes and Immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

To the Editor—In their excellent commentary on the identification of the first common cold sore susceptibility gene, Cunningham and Booth [1] state, “There is little doubt that many more host cell genes controlling HSV [herpes simplex virus] infection … will be discovered as the techniques for discovery of rare gene variants improve.” I would like to suggest some very common variants of immunoglobulin γ genes [2] as candidates, a strong rationale for their involvement in HSV type 1 (HSV-1) disease, and why they have not been detected by the genomewide association studies (GWAS). Herpes simplex virus type 1 has evolved strategies for decreasing the efficacy of the host immune response and interfering with viral clearance. Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins gE and gI, expressed as heterodimeric receptor on viral and infected cell surfaces, have functional properties of the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) that enables the virus to evade immunosurveillance by avoiding the effector consequences of antibody binding, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent neutralization, and phagocytosis. Several studies have shown that HSV-1–encoded FcγR binds anti–HSV-1 antibodies by bipolar bridging: the Fab part of the antibody molecule (paratope) binds to its antigenic target (epitope) on the virus, whereas the Fcγ part of the antibody binds to the FcγR-like binding site on the viral protein, thus offering survival advantage to the virus by sterically hindering the access of FcγR-expressing effector cells (eg, natural killer cells) to the HSV-1–infected cells [3–5]. Interestingly, the HSV-1–encoded FcγR discriminates between 2 immunoglobulin GM alleles/haplotypes: the viral FcγR binds much more strongly to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) molecule carrying the GM 1,17 alleles than the 1 carrying the GM 3 allele, which differs by 3 amino acid residues at positions 214, 356, and 358 of the γ1 chain [6]. Increased affinity of HSV-1 FcγR to the IgG1 molecules expressing the GM 1,17 alleles implies that subjects possessing these alleles are more likely to have their Fc domains scavenged, resulting in decreased immunocompetence to eliminate the virus, and they would consequently be at higher risk of developing HSV-1–induced/–spurred diseases. These genes are unlikely to be detected by GWAS of HSV-1 infection because none of the variants that characterize the 18 testable GM specificities are included in the current genotyping platforms. Furthermore, because these genes were not typed in the HapMap project, they cannot even be tagged (through linkage disequilibrium) by any variants that are included in the genotyping platforms. This underscores the necessity of a candidate gene approach to investigate the role played by the GM gene complex in the immunobiology of HSV-1 infection.
What Really Divides Northern and Southern Europe

Historically, liberal democracy was born as a means to curb the power of kings and tyrants through mechanisms that would ensure accountability and consent of the governed. A system of checks and balances—two legislative chambers, executive and independent courts—were instituted to ensure power did not become too concentrated. Today's highly diverse, mass consumer societies, however, have presented another set of challenges. Power is so diffused governance is becoming ineffective. The short-term mentality of voters and the lobbying of special interests undermine the ability of democracies to focus on the long-term and the common interest. Because there are more checks than balances, gridlock has supplanted consensus. In this section, we compare Chinese and Western systems on their ability to deliver good governance. The editors of the Economist magazine put the debate in historical context.
Processed electroencephalographic changes associated with hypoglycemia during the resection of an insulinoma.

THE Patient State Analyzer (PSA 4000; Physiometrix, North Billerica, MA) is an FDA-approved device that quantifies regional electroencephalographic data and converts them into a linear scale (score) from 1 to 100. This score has been shown to correlate with depth of anesthesia. In this report, I describe a case in which the device was instrumental in alerting the anesthesiologist to hypoglycemia.
Experimental genital infection of male guinea pigs with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and transmission to females.

Male guinea pigs were inoculated intraurethrally with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (Gp-ic). Cytoplasmic inclusions were found in superficial epithelial cells of the urethra in smears and stained sections. Gp-ic antigen(s) was detected by immunofluorescent staining of sections. There was no marked urethral exudate, but many animals developed bullous lesions on the glans and the body of the penis and a severe inflammatory lesion of the hind leg. All males demonstrated an antibody response and most of them showed a positive skin test reaction. Venereal transmission to females of Gp-ic infection was shown to occur as determined by detection of inclusions in vaginal smears, antibody response, and positive skin tests. Images
Detecting the functional similarities between tools using a hierarchical representation of outcomes

The ability to reason about multiple tools and their functional similarities is a prerequisite for intelligent tool use. This paper presents a model which allows a robot to detect the similarity between tools based on the environmental outcomes observed with each tool. To do this, the robot incrementally learns an adaptive hierarchical representation (i.e., a taxonomy) for the types of environmental changes that it can induce and detect with each tool. Using the learned taxonomies, the robot can infer the similarity between different tools based on the types of outcomes they produce. The results show that the robot is able to learn accurate outcome models for six different tools. In addition, the robot was able to detect the similarity between tools using the learned outcome models.