cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional integrated circuits: performance, design methodology, and CAD tools

Three-dimensional integration technologies have been proposed in order to mitigate design challenges posed by deep-submicron interconnect. By providing multiple layers of active devices together with high-density local interconnects between these layers, 3-D technologies give digital-circuit designers greater freedom in meeting power and delay budgets that are increasingly interconnect-dominated. In this paper, we quantify the benefits 3-D integration can provide, using specific circuit benchmarks. We perform this analysis using a suite of circuit design tools we have developed for 3-D integration. We observe that on average, 28% to 51% reduction in total wire length is possible over two to five wafers respectively; similarly, 31% to 56% reduction in the length of the longest wire is achievable. We also characterize the impact of technology parameters on these reductions.
A systematic screening methodology towards exploration of ionic liquids for CO2 capture processes

Abstract Reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions into atmosphere is an important and challenging goal as global warming, caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has been recognized as the major driver of climate change. In this context, many researchers have studied the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for CO 2 capture. We propose a systematic, efficient, and quick screening methodology by refining and using COSMO-RS as a predictive thermodynamic model and integrating group contribution based feasibility constraints for viscosity and melting point. The methodology was able to effectively handle different trade-offs and computationally evaluate hundreds of cation and anion combinations to search for optimal ILs. The approach resulted in identification of 10 diverse and uncommon ILs with promising characteristics for CO 2 physical absorption/desorption while possessing relatively low viscosity in comparison to more common ILs that have been studied before. Further, these ILs also show significant potential for reducing process energy requirements. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for exploring novel IL candidates that have not been assessed previously.
Split-belt walking adaptation recalibrates sensorimotor estimates of leg speed but not position or force

Motor learning during reaching not only recalibrates movement but can also lead to small but consistent changes in the sense of arm position. Studies have suggested that this sensory effect may be ...
A Phase-Field Model and Simulation of Kinetically Asymmetric Ternary Conversion-Reconversion Transformation in Battery Electrodes

Electrochemical processes in high-energy electrode materials often involve diffusion of multiple species and solid-state phase transformations. Some of these phase transformations involve breaking and rearranging ionic bonds and are referred to as conversion reactions (e.g., the lithium and iron difluoride conversion reaction: 2Li+ + 2e− + FeF2 → 2LiF + Fe). The phase transformations during conversion processes are governed by fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics in a similar manner to metallurgical systems. In this work, we developed a phase-field model that tracks atomic fractions of three constituent species to simulate the morphological evolution of different phases. The simulations demonstrate that conversion proceeds via a two-stage process consisting of lithiation and decomposition stages, whereas the reconversion process consists of a single-stage delithiation. This asymmetry in evolution paths of conversion and reconversion is likely responsible for the voltage hysteresis commonly observed during lithiation-delithiation cycling of conversion materials.
Consequences of the cyberstate: the political implications of digital government in international context

Emerging technology has provided public sector leaders with unprecedented opportunities to redefine the relationship between citizens and the state. Yet, even as leaders embrace the promise and possibilities afforded by digital government, there is little consensus about the political implications of digital government. While some experts expect little impact, others claim that advances in digital government will have significant political implications. This study assesses the political implications of digital government from an international perspective. Using data recently compiled by the United Nations (U.N.), the findings indicate that digital government is likely to produce significant political implications. Specifically, advances in digital government are likely to engender greater citizen support for government as well as higher levels of political participation.
On the overall properties of composites reinforced by fibers with prescribed orientations

This study is concerned with development of bounds on the elastic properties of fiber reinforced composites with arbitrary orientational distribution of fibers. Generalization of the Mori-Tanaka model [1] and Hashin-Schtrikman variational bounds [2] to the cases of non-aligned composite phases are examined. Orientation distribution functions (ODF) are used to describe orientation probability density. It is shown that the Mori-Tanaka scheme applied to the non-aligned fiber reinforced composites violates symmetry of the effective elastic moduli tensor. The study of the literature also reveals that there are no known bounds derived for the composites with orientational distribution (except for the random uniform distribution) of phases. To overcome this issue we propose to formulate a problem of finding tightest bounds for the composites with non-aligned phases as a nonlinear semidefinite optimization problem, i.e., an optimization problem where the optimization variables are represented by symmetric positive semidefinite matrices. Such a formulation guarantees that any solution of the optimization problem represents a valid tensor of elastic material properties. The optimization problem then is solved by an interior point method to produce optimal bounds for the overall elastic properties of two-phase composite with uniform distribution of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Evaluating Information-Centric Networks in Disconnected, Intermittent, and Low-Bandwidth Environments

This paper studies information dissemination in wireless ad hoc networks, using standard routing protocols, such as OLSR, as well as Information-Centric Networking. We performed simulations using NS-3 and ndnSIM with different node counts and transport protocols. Our simulations show that TCP performs better in lower hop count scenarios, while NDN performs better in higher hop count scenarios.
Structure and Solution Dynamics of [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)(FHF)]†

The bifluoride complex trans-[(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)(FHF)] (1) was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, and variable-temperature 1H, 19F, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Like other transition-metal bifluorides, 1 exhibits fluxional behavior (NMR) in solution at room temperature. When exchange processes are frozen (−60 °C), the solution structure of 1 is consistent with the solid-state X-ray data. Although all structural and spectroscopic data point to MF···HF rather than M···FHF character for 1, 19F NMR magnetization transfer experiments demonstrated a minor contribution of HF dissociation to the exchange. The main process that governs F/F exchange in 1 is intramolecular (ΔH⧧ = 33.7 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1; ΔS⧧ = −56.1 ± 9.6 J mol-1 K-1), likely occurring via pentacoordinate [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)(η2-FHF)], in which both fluorines are coordinated to Pd. DFT calculations for two model Pd bifluoride complexes [(R3P)2Pd(Me)(FHF)] (R = H, Me) indicated virtually unrestricted rotation around the Pd−FHF bond.
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration in renin-depleted dogs.

SummaryReduction of renal arterial pressure in normal and renin-depleted dogs was associated with little or no change in glomerular filtration rate or filtration fraction. Urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion and osmolal clearance were consistently diminished. The results indicated that activation of angiotensin II through renin was not necessary for autoregulation of glomerular filtration and filtration fraction.
Susceptibility and Resistance of Some Strains of Chickens to Fowl Leucosis

Abstract FOWL leucosis, and allied conditions have been economically important in this country for more than a decade. The importance and the prevalence of this disease seem to be increasing rapidly. Since no methods of treatment exist, it is necessary that effective control methods be found. At the present time it seems that breeding for resistance is the most promising method of control. Evidence was presented by Pappenheimer, Dunn, and Cone (1926) to show that different strains of birds exhibited marked differences in resistance to fowl paralysis. Kennard and Chamberlin (1934) reported that their station flock was more resistant than birds from non-affected flocks which were brought to the station as baby chicks and reared on the station farm. Asmundson and Biely (1932) found that the number of positive and negative cases was nearly equal following injection with emulsions of tissue from paralyzed birds. From these results, they postulated that resistant . . .
Design and Realization of Sharing Services Software for Hydrological Tele-metering System of TaiHu Basin

Because of the inefficiency of data reading,writing and transmitting in hydrologic tele-metering system of Taihu basin,a sharing services software for this system is designed and realized.The software framework,main function and the design flow chart of various blocks are introduced.In addition,the practical installation and application situation in hydrologic tele-metering system of Taihu basin is also depicted in the paper.
Advances on Capturing Francium in a Magneto-Optical Trap

The strong confinement of atoms in six-dimensional phase space in magneto-optic traps makes them a promising tool for work with radioactives. The absence of Doppler broadening and laser-atom interaction more than one thousand times longer compared to atomic beams provide a very good environment for precision measurements. The long term project is to measure parity non-conservation effects in francium. Francium is attractive because the effects are larger than in the other alkalis and francium is trappable. However it does not have stable isotopes. With the Stony Brook linear accelerator we can produce a variety of neutron deficient isotopes. The neutron rich isotopes can come as daughters of radioactive decay in thorium. Since the production rate of radioactive atoms is not high, any experiment with them requires efficient use of the available sample. We have developed an on-line system to capture radioactive atoms from an accelerator.
A Coherent and Heterogeneous Approach to Clustering.

Despite outstanding successes of the state-of-the-art clustering algorithms, many of them still suffer from shortcomings. Mainly, these algorithms do not capture coherency and homogeneity of clusters simultaneously. We show that some of the best performing spectral as well as hierarchical clustering algorithms can lead to incorrect clustering when the data is comprised of clusters with different densities or includes outliers. We introduce algorithms based on variants of geodesic distance that capture both coherency and homogeneity of clusters. Such choice of distance measure empowers simple clustering algorithms such as K-medoids to outperform spectral and hierarchical clustering algorithms. To show the theoretical merits of our approach, we present theoretical analysis of a simplified version of the algorithm. We also provide remarkable experimental evidence on the performance of our algorithms on a number of challenging clustering problems.
A 3-D analysis of the protympanum in human temporal bones with chronic ear disease

Eustachian tube dysfunction is believed to be an important factor to cholesteatoma development and recurrence of disease after surgical treatment. Although many studies have described prognostic factors, evaluation methods, or surgical techniques for Eustachian tube dysfunction, they relied on the soft tissues of its structure; little is known about its bony structure-the protympanum-which connects the Eustachian tube to the tympanic cavity, and can also be affected by several inflammatory conditions, both from the middle ear or from the nasopharynx. We studied temporal bones from patients with cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media (with and without retraction pockets), purulent otitis media, and non-diseased ears, looking for differences between the volume of the protympanum, the diameter of the Eustachian tube isthmus, and the distance between the anterior tympanic annulus and the promontory. Light microscopy and 3-D reconstruction software were used for the measurements. We observed a decrease of volume in the lumen of the four middle ear diseased ears compared to the control group. We observed a significant decrease in the volume of the protympanic space in the cholesteatoma group compared to the chronic otitis media group. We also observed a decrease in the bony space (protympanum space) in cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media with retraction pockets, and purulent otitis media compared to the control group. We found a correlation in middle ear diseases and a decrease in the middle ear space. Our findings may suggest that a smaller bony volume in the protympanic area may trigger middle ear dysventilation problems.
Automating Phase Change Lines and Their Labels Using Microsoft Excel(R)

Many researchers have rallied against drawn in graphical elements and offered ways to avoid them, especially regarding the insertion of phase change lines (Deochand, Costello, & Fuqua, 2015; Dubuque, 2015; Vanselow & Bourret, 2012). However, few have offered a solution to automating the phase labels, which are often utilized in behavior analytic graphical displays (Deochand et al., 2015). Despite the fact that Microsoft Excel® is extensively utilized by behavior analysts, solutions to resolve issues in our graphing practices are not always apparent or user-friendly. Considering the insertion of phase change lines and their labels constitute a repetitious and laborious endeavor, any minimization in the steps to accomplish these graphical elements could offer substantial time-savings to the field. The purpose of this report is to provide an updated way (and templates in the supplemental materials) to add phase change lines with their respective labels, which stay embedded to the graph when they are moved or updated.
Packetized energy management: Asynchronous and anonymous coordination of thermostatically controlled loads

Because of their internal energy storage, electrically powered, distributed thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have the potential to be dynamically managed to match their aggregate load to the available supply. However, in order to facilitate consumer acceptance of this type of load management, TCLs need to be managed in a way that avoids degrading perceived quality of service (QoS), autonomy, and privacy. This paper presents a real-time, adaptable approach to managing TCLs that both meets the requirements of the grid and does not require explicit knowledge of a specific TCL's state. The method leverages a packetized, probabilistic approach to energy delivery that draws inspiration from digital communications. We demonstrate the packetized approach using a case-study of 1000 simulated water heaters and show that the method can closely track a time-varying reference signal without noticeably degrading the QoS. In addition, we illustrate how placing a simple ramp-rate limit on the aggregate response overcomes synchronization effects that arise under prolonged peak curtailment scenarios.
Network-based machine learning and graph theory algorithms for precision oncology

Network-based analytics plays an increasingly important role in precision oncology. Growing evidence in recent studies suggests that cancer can be better understood through mutated or dysregulated pathways or networks rather than individual mutations and that the efficacy of repositioned drugs can be inferred from disease modules in molecular networks. This article reviews network-based machine learning and graph theory algorithms for integrative analysis of personal genomic data and biomedical knowledge bases to identify tumor-specific molecular mechanisms, candidate targets and repositioned drugs for personalized treatment. The review focuses on the algorithmic design and mathematical formulation of these methods to facilitate applications and implementations of network-based analysis in the practice of precision oncology. We review the methods applied in three scenarios to integrate genomic data and network models in different analysis pipelines, and we examine three categories of network-based approaches for repositioning drugs in drug-disease-gene networks. In addition, we perform a comprehensive subnetwork/pathway analysis of mutations in 31 cancer genome projects in the Cancer Genome Atlas and present a detailed case study on ovarian cancer. Finally, we discuss interesting observations, potential pitfalls and future directions in network-based precision oncology.
Functional Approaches in Second Language Learning and Linguistic Cognition

Song discusses language learning from functional approaches, which integrate cognitive and pragmatic perspectives. Studies using this approach emphasize second language learners’ learning process within the sociocultural contexts. Under this perspective, the main focus is on how the learner processes knowledge on different language systems and how he/she develops an understanding of that knowledge in a given social context. In other words, functional approaches view language learning in terms of human cognition process as language structure reflects the patterns of human conceptualization. By discussing functional approaches in second language acquisition, Song links language structure with people’s experiences. Since experiences are filtered into verbalized events through language, language expresses thoughts. This is the foundation of this book, second language acquisition as a process of mode switching.
China’s Financial Crisis in the Making --Soft Budget Constraint, Overdraft and the Missing Credible Commitment

Multiple risks have been building up in the Chinese economy during the past decade, exposing it to a possible financial crisis of increasing likelihood. Based upon the inductive reasoning from the conventional key indicators discussed by economists, this paper also adds a deductive reasoning by examining the incentive structure for key players in the Chinese political economy to gauge the risk of a financial crisis in China. It highlights the political and structural factors that are responsible for soft budget constraint, moral hazard from major players, and the lack of institutional foundation for sovereign credibility. It argues that recent policies have not only failed to address these issues but instead have further damaged the credible commitment of the state to the market economy and ratcheted up the course of a great meltdown. This paper calls for a fundamental institutional change in China’s political economy in order to prevent perversion in the state-market interaction from spawning both political and economic crises.
Learning for pitch and melody discrimination in congenital amusia

Congenital amusia is currently thought to be a life-long neurogenetic disorder in music perception, impervious to training in pitch or melody discrimination. This study provides an explicit test of whether amusic deficits can be reduced with training. Twenty amusics and 20 matched controls participated in four sessions of psychophysical training involving either pure-tone (500 Hz) pitch discrimination or a control task of lateralization (interaural level differences for bandpass white noise). Pure-tone pitch discrimination at low, medium, and high frequencies (500, 2000, and 8000 Hz) was measured before and after training (pretest and posttest) to determine the specificity of learning. Melody discrimination was also assessed before and after training using the full Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia, the most widely used standardized test to diagnose amusia. Amusics performed more poorly than controls in pitch but not localization discrimination, but both groups improved with practice on the trained stimuli. Learning was broad, occurring across all three frequencies and melody discrimination for all groups, including those who trained on the non-pitch control task. Following training, 11 of 20 amusics no longer met the global diagnostic criteria for amusia. A separate group of untrained controls (n = 20), who also completed melody discrimination and pretest, improved by an equal amount as trained controls on all measures, suggesting that the bulk of learning for the control group occurred very rapidly from the pretest. Thirty-one trained participants (13 amusics) returned one year later to assess long-term maintenance of pitch and melody discrimination. On average, there was no change in performance between posttest and one-year follow-up, demonstrating that improvements on pitch- and melody-related tasks in amusics and controls can be maintained. The findings indicate that amusia is not always a life-long deficit when using the current standard diagnostic criteria.
CHAPTER 14 – The Cells of Bone

This chapter explores the current concepts of molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the progression of ostoblast and ostoclast differentiation. It also explores the functional activities of distinct cell populations. Bone formation requires an exquisite interplay among distinct populations of cells and tissue compartments to support the metabolic and structural functions of the skeleton. This chapter describes the properties of pluripotential skeletal progenitor cells, chondrocyte, ostoblast, and ostoclast cell lineage populations. Emphasis is on recent advances to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism regulating the progression of stem cells to differentiated phenotypes during endochondral and intramembranous bone formation, and the responsiveness of cells to physiologic regulation and mechanical forces. The dynamic integration of signaling pathways and novel transcriptional regulators of cell growth and differentiation that are coordinated for the development of the skeleton and the control of bone turnover has led to new dimensions for improving the diagnosis and treatment of skeletal diseases.
Calculus with infinitesimals

Abraham Robinson discovered a rigorous approach to calculus with infinitesimals in 1960 and published it in [9]. This solved a 300 year old problem dating to Leibniz and Newton. Extending the ordered field of (Dedekind) “real” numbers to include infinitesimals is not difficult algebraically, but calculus depends on approximations with transcendental functions. Robinson used mathematical logic to show how to extend all real functions in a way that preserves their propertires in a precise sense. These properties can be used to develop calculus with infinitesimals. Infinitesimal numbers have always fit basic intuitive approximation when certain quantities arc “small enough,” but Leibniz, Euler, and many others could not make the approach free of contradiction. Section 1 of this article uses some intuitive approximations to derive a few fundamental results of analysis. We use approximate equality, x ≈ y, only in an intuitive sense that “x; is sufficiently close to y”.
Microbial Processes in the Black Sea Water Column and Top Sediment: An Overview

Biochemical transformations catalyzed enzymatically by various metabolic types of microorganisms are discussed in connection with the specific projects to be studied during Leg 2 of the R/V KNORR Black Sea Cruise No. 134-9, May 1988.
Optimization of performance and operational cost for a dual mode diesel-natural gas RCCI and diesel combustion engine

Abstract Diesel-NG fuel blends are increasingly being used in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) internal combustion engines due to high Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), low NOx and PM emissions. It also has few disadvantages such as high unburned Hydro Carbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions and relatively low Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). This study determines the optimum combustion mode between RCCI and Conventional Diesel Combustion (CDC) at different loads while meeting the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission regulation. A Cost Function (CF) including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Specific Urea Consumption (BSUC) is considered and minimized in this study. The optimization of input variables is done between 3 and 12 bar Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) engine load. The study aims to calibrate the dual fuel diesel/NG RCCI engine to meet Tier 3 Bin 20 EPA standard, with or without after-treatment system, while minimizing the cost of operation. New parametric empirical models are developed and validated using experimental data from a light duty 1.9L inline 4 cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine as a function of independent input variables. All the experiments were conducted at Advanced Power System (APS) facility at Michigan Technological University. These models predict HC, CO, PM and NOx emissions, EGT and BSFC. These models are then used to predict new operating points to increase the population in the optimization process. The computed EGT is used to estimate the Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) efficiencies to assess the emission data with different input variables by considering the after-treatment system to see if they meet the tailpipe emission regulation. The optimization results recommend using Diesel/NG RCCI at 7 to 12 bar IMEP operating conditions and use CDC for below 7 bar IMEP operating condition.
Further Results on the Cramér–Rao Bound for Sparse Linear Arrays

Sparse linear arrays, such as co-prime and nested arrays, can identify up $O(M^2)$ uncorrelated sources with only $O(M)$ sensors by utilizing their difference coarray model. In our previous work, we derived closed-form asymptotic mean-squared error (MSE) expressions for two coarray based MUSIC algorithms and analyzed the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions, under the assumption of uncorrelated sources. In this paper, we provide further analysis of the CRB presented in our previous work. We first establish the connection between two CRBs, the CRB derived with the assumption that the sources are uncorrelated, and the classical stochastic CRB derived without this assumption. We show that they are asymptotically equal in high SNR regions for uncorrelated sources. Next, we analyze the behavior of the former CRB for co-prime and nested arrays with a large number of sensors. We investigate the effect of configuration parameters on this CRB. We show that, for co-prime and nested arrays, this CRB can decrease at a rate of $O(M^{-5})$ for large values of $M$ , while this rate is only $O(M^{-3})$ for an $M$ -sensor ULA. This finding analytically demonstrates that co-prime and nested arrays can achieve better asymptotic estimation performance when the number of sensors is a limiting factor. We also show that for a fixed aperture, co-prime and nested arrays require more snapshots to achieve the same performance as ULAs, showing the trade-off between the number of spatial samples and the number of temporal samples. Finally, we demonstrate our analytical results with numerical experiments.
Pulsewidth Modulation Control Algorithm for a Six-Phase PMSM: Reducing the Current in the Inverter Capacitor and Current Sensing With Resistors

Motors and inverters are increasingly being used in vehicles. As more vehicle components are being adopted, requirement for safety and installation space are increasing. Growing attention is being paid to the use of six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and their parallel control by two inverters, because of their reduced size and enhanced safety. This paper proposes a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control algorithm for a six-phase PMSM. In low-voltage vehicle components such as electric power steering, the current is usually acquired with resistors placed under the low-side switching devices. In the proposed control algorithm, the neutral voltage of the two inverters is shifted to either a lower or higher voltage within a certain range to allow for the signal conditioning time delay after the switching device turns on or off, and the time taken for the phase current to rise or settle. The paper proposes a novel PWM control algorithm that ensures that the on -time of the low-side switching devices satisfies the restriction on current sensing with resistors and reduces the current in the capacitor at the same time. The work contributes to reducing the current in a practical configuration involving low-voltage vehicle components.
Female-Specific Cancer Risks and Screening in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Large studies on the risk of female genital tract cancers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with or without immunosuppression are lacking. In general, the risk of ovarian, endometrial, and vulvovaginal cancer is similar to the general population, and immunosuppressive agents do not seem to alter this risk. Breast cancer may be decreased in the Crohn’s disease (CD) population specifically, whereas ulcerative colitis (UC) patients carry similar risks to the general population. Immunosuppressive agents have not been found to increase breast cancer risk. However, immunosuppressive agents, particularly thiopurines, have been associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, cervical cancer screening is recommended annually for those patients on immunosuppression, and all females ages 9–45 should receive the HPV vaccine for prevention.
Generalized scaling relationships on transition metals: Influence of adsorbate-coadsorbate interactions

Linear scaling relations of adsorbate energies across a range of catalytic surfaces have emerged as a central interpretive paradigm in heterogeneous catalysis. They are, however, typically developed for low adsorbate coverages which are not always representative of realistic heterogeneous catalytic environments. Herein, we present generalized linear scaling relations on transition metals that explicitly consider adsorbate-coadsorbate interactions at variable coverages. The slopes of these scaling relations do not follow the simple bond counting principles that govern scaling on transition metals at lower coverages. The deviations from bond counting are explained using a pairwise interaction model wherein the interaction parameter determines the slope of the scaling relationship on a given metal at variable coadsorbate coverages, and the slope across different metals at fixed coadsorbate coverage is approximated by adding a coverage-dependent correction to the standard bond counting contribution. The analysis provides a compact explanation for coverage-dependent deviations from bond counting in scaling relationships and suggests a useful strategy for incorporation of coverage effects into catalytic trends studies.
A gene regulatory network for Müllerian duct regression.

Mammalian embryos initially develop progenitor tissues for both male and female reproductive tract organs, known as the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts, respectively. Ultimately, each individual develops a single set of male or female reproductive tract organs. Therefore, an essential step for sex differentiation is the regression of one duct and growth and differentiation of the other duct. In males, this requires Mullerian duct regression and Wolffian duct growth and differentiation. Mullerian duct regression is induced by the expression of Amh, encoding anti-Mullerian hormone, from the fetal testes. Subsequently, receptor-mediated signal transduction in mesenchymal cells surrounding the Mullerian duct epithelium leads to duct elimination. The genes that induce Amh transcription and the downstream signaling that results from Amh activity form a pathway. However, the molecular details of this pathway are currently unknown. A set of essential genes for AMH pathway function has been identified. More recently, transcriptome analysis of male and female Mullerian duct mesenchyme at an initial stage of regression has identified new genes that may mediate elimination of the Mullerian system. The evidence taken together can be used to generate an initial gene regulatory network describing the Amh pathway for Mullerian duct regression. An Amh gene regulatory network will be a useful tool to study Mullerian duct regression, sex differentiation, and its relationship to environmental influences.
Are We All Predictably Irrational? An Experimental Analysis

We examine the question of rationality, replicating two core experiments used to establish that people deviate from the rational actor model. Our analysis extends existing research to a developing country context. Based on our theoretical expectations, we test if respondents make decisions consistent with the rational actor framework. Experimental surveys were administered in Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana, two developing countries in West Africa, focusing on issues of risk aversion and framing. Findings indicate that respondents make decisions more consistent with the rational actor model than has been found in the developed world. Extending our analysis to test if the differences in responses are due to other demographic differences between the African samples and the United States, we replicated these experiments on a nationally representative analysis in the U.S., finding results primarily consistent with the seminal findings of irrationality. In the U.S. and Cote d’Ivoire, highly educated people make decisions that are less consistent with the rational model while low-income respondents make decisions more consistent with the rational model. The degree to which people are irrational thus is contextual, possibly western, and not nearly as universal as has been concluded.
Nepotism at Schools in Armenia: A Cultural Perspective

This paper discusses the issue of favorable treatment of fellow teachers’ children at Armenian schools. It demonstrates that this behavior is a part of schools’ institutional culture, and is being accepted as a normative behavior. The paper attempts to interpret this situation by using dominant value orientation in Armenian society, explaining why the majority of participants conform to unwritten rules of loyalty towards colleagues and criticize a few who attempt to break the cycle of institutional corruption.
Systematic studies of early actinide complexes: uranium(IV) fluoroketimides.

The reaction of (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 U(CH 3 ) 2 with 2 equiv of N≡C-Ar F gives the fluorinated uranium(IV) bis(ketimide) complexes (C5Me5)2U[-N=C(CH3)(Ar F )] 2 [where Ar F = 2-F-C 6 H 4 (4), 3-F-C 6 H 4 (5), 4-F-C 6 H 4 (6), 2,6-F 2 -C 6 H 3 (7), 3,5-F 2 -C 6 H 3 (8), 2,4,6-F 3 -C 6 H 2 (9), 3,4,5.F 3 -C 6 H 2 (10), and C 6 F 5 (11)]. These have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1 H and 19 F NMR, cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible-near-IR absorption spectroscopy, and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility. Density functional theory (DFT) results are reported for complexes 6 and 11 for comparison with experimental data. The most significant structural perturbation imparted by the F substitution in these complexes is a rotation of the fluorinated aryl (Ar F ) group out of the plane defined by the N=C(C Me )(C ipso ) fragment in complexes 7, 9, and 11 when the Ar F group possesses two o-fluorine atoms. Excellent agreement is obtained between the DFT-calculated and experimental crystal structures for 11, which displays the distortion, as well as for 6, which does not. In 7, 9, and 11, the out-of-plane rotation results in large angles (Φ = 53.7-89.4°) between the planes formed by ketimide atoms N=C(C Me )(C ipso ) and the ketimide aryl groups. Complexes 6 and 10 do not contain o-fluorine atoms and display interplanar angles in the range of Φ = 7-26.8°. Complex 4 with a single o-fluorine substituent has intermediate values of Φ = 20.4 and 49.5°. The distortions in 7, 9, and 11 result from an unfavorable steric interaction between one of the two o-fluorine atoms and the methyl group [-N=C(CH 3 )] on the ketimide ligand. All complexes exhibit U V /U IV and U IV /U III redox couples, although the distortion in 7, 9, and 11 appears to be a factor in rendering the U IV /U III couple irreversible. The potential separation between these couples remains constant at 2.15 ± 0.03 V. The electronic spectra are dominated by unusually intense f-f transitions in the near-IR that retain nearly identical band energies but vary in intensity as a function of the fluorinated ketimide ligand, and visible and near-UV bands assigned to metal (5f)-to-ligand (π*) charge-transfer and interconfiguration (5f 2 → 5f 1 -6d 1 ) transitions, respectively. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data for these complexes indicate a temperature-independent paramagnetism (TIP) below ∼50 K that results from admixing of low-lying crystal-field excited states derived from the symmetry-split 3 H 4 5f 2 manifold into the ground state. The magnitude of the TIP is smaller for the complexes possessing two o-fluorine atoms (7, 9, and 11), indicating that the energy separation between ground and TIP-admixed excited states is larger as a consequence of the greater basicity of these ligands.
The Means of Innovation, Ch. 1: Methods as the Locus of Human Innovation

This is a book about innovation and entrepreneurship within and across art, science, technology, and law. It focuses on the issues involved in transforming good ideas into deployed solutions. However, it does not presume that “innovation” and “entrepreneurship” are well defined, and it does not limit the dialogue to “technology” in the current sense of that term. Discussions revolve around the theme that methods are at the core of everything we do as creative humans and that they cannot always be reduced into writing. Thus, the role of tacit knowledge — including know-how and show-how — is elevated above the usual Western focus on artifacts and allographic expression of processes (writings and drawings).
Using Conformational Penalties to Assess the Structure Dependence of RNA Cellular Function

RNA is increasingly recognized as a key player in biology, a novel drug target, and a molecular tool for bioengineering applications and synthetic biology. The degree to which the cellular activity...
A multi-informatic description of neural differentiation in the Drosophila type-II neuroblast lineages

To adopt terminal neural fates, neural progenitors respond to a combination of molecular factors, the interplay between which remains difficult to untangle. In this work, we interrogated the type-II neuroblast lineages in the developing Drosophila brain using targeted single-cell mRNA sequencing. We used pseudotime analysis to group cells by their differentiation state and subsequently used marker gene analysis to identify genes that may play a role in neural fate specification. To aid the candidate gene selection process, we created MiCV, a scRNA-seq data visualization web tool that integrates results from the multifaceted analysis, displays the co-expression pattern of multiple genes, and provides an automated gene function curating feature. In situ profiling of these mRNAs further recovered the spatial information lacking in the single-cell data. Combining prior knowledge, in silico analysis, and in situ evidence, we characterize the molecular landscape of the developing Drosophila type-II neuroblast lineages and provide a roadmap for navigating the more complex brains.
Recommendations for integration of foundational and clinical sciences throughout the pharmacy curriculum.

Abstract Introduction Pharmacy faculty have the often difficult task of translating and incorporating existing concepts and advances from the foundational sciences into the clinical sciences and practice. This commentary focuses on content integration as a curricular and educational strategy, outcomes data from integration, and recommendations for programs employing or considering curricular integration. Commentary Integration of foundational and clinical sciences across the curriculum has been emphasized in accreditation standards but met with mixed reactions by faculty across different disciplines in the academy. Many pharmacy programs have already incorporated some level of integration in didactic courses. However, most report coordination of curricular delivery rather than higher levels of integration in which different disciplines work together to design and deliver instructional materials across the entire curriculum. Implications Curricular integration models should be optimized to minimize or eliminate the risks of marginalization of foundational sciences in pharmacy curricula. A significant problem in implementing curricular integration is determining the appropriate balance between foundational and clinical sciences. Well-designed curricular integration with ongoing reinforcement that builds in complexity over time could enhance knowledge retention, critical thinking abilities, and clinical decision making. Further research is needed into the outcomes achieved from various integrated curricular approaches in pharmacy education.
Incorporating crosslinks in fused filament fabrication: Molecular insight into post deposition reactions

Abstract 3D printed objects suffer from intrinsic mechanical weakness due to low interlayer adhesion and defects that result in anisotropy in their mechanical properties. In this report, we examine the ability of a protocol to incorporate covalent bonds between layers to strengthen interlayer adhesion by depositing multi-amines between layers during the fused filament fabrication printing process. The multi-amines may then react with oxygenated functional groups on the deposited filament to form covalent crosslinks between layers. Determination of the interfacial fracture energy and infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies indicate the successful formation of covalent bonds and strengthening of the interlayer interface with a variety of multi-amines. More importantly, IR results also elucidate the relative rate of reaction of the amines with oxygenated functional groups found on the oxidized filament. These results show that the crosslinking reactions primarily occur shortly after deposition of the filament, i.e. at elevated temperatures. The data also show that the reactivity of the amines is not the prevailing factor in determining interfacial strength, as the aromaticity of the crosslinker plays a key role in creating a stronger interface. These results therefore provide important foundational understanding that can be used to apply this protocol to a variety of extrusion based additive processes and materials.
A Design Theory for Systems That Support Emergent Knowledge Processes

This paper addresses the design problem of providing IT support for emerging knowledge processes (EKPs). EKPs are organizational activity patterns that exhibit three characteristics in combination: an emergent process of deliberations with no best structure or sequence; requirements for knowledge that are complex (both general and situational), distributed across people, and evolving dynamically; and an actor set that is unpredictable in terms of job roles or prior knowledge. Examples of EKPs include basic research, new product development, strategic business planning, and organization design. EKPs differ qualitatively from semi-structured decision making processes; therefore, they have unique requirements that are not all thoroughly supported by familiar classes of systems, such as executive information systems, expert systems, electronic communication systems, organizational memory systems, or repositories. Further, the development literature on familiar classes of systems does not provide adequate guidance on how to build systems that support EKPs. Consequently, EKPs require a new IS design theory, as explicated by Walls et al. (1992). We created such a theory while designing and deploying a system for the EKP of organization design. The system was demonstrated through subsequent empirical analysis to be successful in supporting the process. Abstracting from the experience of building this system, we developed an IS design theory for EKP support systems. This new IS design theory is an important theoretical contribution, because it both provides guidance to developers and sets an agenda for academic research. EKP design theory makes the development process more tractable for developers by restricting the range of effective features (or rules for selecting features) and the range of effective development practices to a more manageable set. EKP design theory also sets an agenda for academic research by articulating theory-based principles that are subject to empirical, as well as practical, validation.
Day-to-day variability of porcine lente, insulin glargine 300 U/mL and insulin degludec in diabetic dogs

Background Day-to-day variability impacts safety of insulin therapy and the choice of monitoring strategies. Side-by-side comparisons of insulin formulations in diabetic dogs are scarce. Hypothesis/objectives Insulin glargine 300 U/mL (IGla300) and insulin degludec (IDeg) are associated with less day-to-day glucose variability compared to porcine lente (PL) in diabetic dogs. Animals Seven intact male purpose-bred beagles with toxin-induced diabetes. Methods In this repeated measured study, PL, IGla300 and IDeg were compared in 2 phases: once-daily (q24h) and twice-daily (q12h) administration. Interstitial glucose concentrations (IG) were measured continuously throughout the study. For each formulation, maximal q24h dose was determined using the same algorithm (while avoiding hypoglycemia) and then maintained for 72 hours. In phase 2, 70% of the maximal q24h dose was administered q12h and maintained for 5 days regardless of hypoglycemia. Coefficient of variation (CV) and glycemic variability percentage (GVP) were calculated to determine day-to-day and intraday variability, respectively. Results There was no difference in day-to-day variability between PL, IGla300, and IDeg in the q24h phase. In the q12h phase, day-to-day variability was higher (P = .01) for PL (CV = 42.6 ± 6.8%) compared to IGla300 and IDeg (CV = 30.1 ± 7.7%, 25.2 ± 7.0%, respectively). The GVP of PL was lower (P = .02) compared to IGla300. There was no difference between PL, IGla300 and IDeg in %time IG Conclusions and clinical importance Insulin degludec and IGla300 administered q12h were associated with lower day-to-day variability, which might be advantageous in minimizing monitoring requirements without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Verifying Hyperproperties With TLA

Hyperproperties generalize ordinary properties by expressing relations among multiple executions of a system. Self–composition has been used to reduce verifying that a system satisfies certain classes of Hyperproperties to verifying that a derived system satisfies an ordinary property. By describing systems and their properties in the temporal logic TLA, we use self–composition to handle a larger class of Hyperproperties that includes those we have seen that express security conditions. TLA tools are used to verify that high–level designs of industrial systems satisfy properties. Now, they can also verify that those systems satisfy these Hyperproperties. No prior knowledge of Hyperproperties or TLA is assumed.