cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revising revising and a focus on double vision in drafting: A look at one writing program’s strategies for increasing revision practices in first-semester composition

At the comprehensive research university described in this study, some students taking a required, first-semester, composition course in the fall make great progress in their ability to draft and revise the curriculum’s major essays. Yet, they still fail the class. Many of these students are on their way to becoming practiced writers but require additional assistance to move beyond a definition of revision consisting solely of editing and proofreading strategies. To support such students, I created a voluntary, spring-semester, Composition I course foregrounding both lower- and higher-order revision practices in which students could continue to work on previous assignment drafts from fall. In a three-year, mixed methods, case study involving an experimental course-design model, students enrolling in a Composition I class focused on revision strategies demonstrated both positive revision-related drafting and course outcomes, according to findings. This article includes a description of the course’s framework and its assessment practices. The results of this study have implications for teaching revision in first-year composition.
Treating Addiction as a Terminal Disease.

Treating Addiction as a Terminal Disease Ms. A. had a history of opioid use longer than her adulthood and had been through inpatient rehabilitation, methadone maintenance, and buprenorphine treatme...
Field assessment of liquefaction prediction models based on geotechnical versus geospatial data, with lessons for each:

Semi-empirical models based on in situ geotechnical tests have been the standard-of-practice for predicting soil liquefaction since 1971. More recently, prediction models based on free, readily ava...
Chapter 63 – Acquired Dyslexia

Disorders of reading are frequently encountered in patients with acquired cerebral lesions. Although these disorders were first investigated in the 19th century, investigations in the past few decades have greatly improved our understanding of the dyslexias. In this chapter, we start with a discussion of the “peripheral” dyslexias that are attributable to disorders of the processing of words as a visual stimulus. We then turn to a discussion of the “central” dyslexias, including deep, surface, and phonological dyslexia that are typically associated with impairments in basic language faculties such as semantics and phonology. Mechanistic accounts of the dyslexias, including well-described computational accounts of the central dyslexias, are discussed. Finally, we briefly describe the reading tasks that serve to differentiate the different reading disorders.
Normal parents: Trans pregnancy and the production of reproducers.

Some trans people want to create families in a variety of ways that include pregnancy, but often face obstacles in doing so. This paper explores how trans pregnancy is treated as exceptional and ou...
Strengths-based approaches to disability, the supports paradigm, and the importance of the supports intensity scales

Historically, disability has been conceptualized within deficits-based models. But, newer models that emphasize the fit between health, the environment, and personal factors are leading to strengths-based approaches to supporting people with disabilities. This article explores implications for such models on disability, in general, and special education, specifically. The importance of self-determination to operationalizing such models is discussed. Finally, the shift to a supports paradigm as part of the response to person-environment fit models is examined, along with a discussion pertaining to a series of measures of support needs.
Occupational Health Research in the Commercial Fishing Industry.

The commercial fishing industry in the United States is one of the most hazardous work settings. Operations are characterized by hazardous machinery and equipment, strenuous labor, long work hours,...
Surgery-related Factors Do Not Affect Short-term Adjacent Segment Kinematics After Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis.

STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify surgical factors that affect adjacent segment kinematics after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) as measured by biplane radiography. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies investigated the effect of surgical factors on spine kinematics as a potential etiology for adjacent segment disease (ASD). Those studies used static flexion-extension radiographs to evaluate range of motion. However, measurements from static radiographs are known to be unreliable. Furthermore, those studies were unable to evaluate the effect of ACDF on adjacent segment axial rotation. METHODS Patients had continuous cervical spine flexion/exten- sion and axial rotation movements captured at 30 images per second in a dynamic biplane radiography system preoperatively and 1 year after ACDF. Digitally reconstructed radiographs generated from subject-specific CT scans were matched to biplane radiographs using a previously validated tracking process. Dynamic kinematics, postoperative segmental kyphosis, and disc distraction were calculated from this tracking process. Plate-to-disc distance was measured on postoperative radiographs. Graft type was collected from the medical record. Multivariate linear regression was performed to identify surgical factors associated with 1-year post-surgery changes in adjacent segment kinematics. A secondary analysis was also performed to compare adjacent segment kinematics between each of the surgical factors and previously defined thresholds believed to be associated with adjacent segment degeneration. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients completed preoperative and postoperative testing. No association was found between any of the surgical factors and change in adjacent segment flexion/exten- sion or axial rotation range of motion (all P > 0.09). The secondary analysis also did not identify differences between adjacent segment kinematics and surgical factors (all P > 0.07). CONCLUSION Following ACDF for cervical spondylosis, factors related to surgical technique were not associated with short-term changes in adjacent segment kinematics that reflect the hypermobility hypothesized to lead to the development of ASD.Level of Evidence: 2.
Reconstruction of dynamic regulatory networks reveals signaling-induced topology changes associated with germ layer specification

Elucidating regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes is fundamental to understanding how cells control their identity and behavior. Computational gene regulatory network (GRN) reconstruction methods aim to map this control by inferring relationships from transcriptomic data. Unfortunately, existing methods are imprecise, may be computationally burdensome, and do not illustrate how networks transition from one topology to another. Here we present Epoch, a computational network reconstruction tool that leverages single cell transcriptomics to infer dynamic network structures. Epoch performs favorably when benchmarked on reconstruction of synthetically generated, in vivo, and in vitro data. To illustrate the usefulness of Epoch, we used it to identify the dynamic networks underpinning directed differentiation of mouse ESC guided by multiple primitive streak induction treatments. Our analysis demonstrates that modulating signaling pathways drives topological network changes that shape cell fate potential. We also find that Peg3 is a central contributor to the rewiring of the pluripotency network to favor mesoderm specification. By integrating signaling pathways with GRN structures, we traced how Wnt activation and PI3K suppression govern mesoderm and endoderm specification, respectively. The methods presented here are available in the R package Epoch, and provide a foundation for future work in understanding the biological implications of dynamic regulatory structures.
PULSED ALUMINUM BATTERY

Pulsed aluminum batteries were developed in the course of ongoing research in technomimetics. They can amplify external electrical trigger signals, leading to potential applications as components of electrochemical computing systems and self-powered sensors. Periodic changes in the modified surface film on aluminum electrodes likely play a critical role in pulsing and trigger amplification of aluminum batteries.
Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives - A Pharmacist's Vow amid COVID-19

COVID-19 is disproportionately impacting Black communities in the United States due to racial structures that increase exposure (e.g., densely populated areas, substandard housing, overrepresentation in essential work) and promote underlying diseases that exacerbate COVID-19. This manuscript uses Oath of a Pharmacist as a framework to propose a set of best practices for pharmacists to mitigate inequities such as achieve competence in the ideology of structural racism; identify systems of power that jeopardize Black health; value Black voices; name the socio-structural determinants of health; define race as a socio-political construction; name historical and contemporary racism; apply resources equitably based on need; collect robust data to solve complex problems; diminish bias and view patients holistically in the contexts of inequities; and advocate for Black lives. While race is biological fiction, Black individuals are at an increased risk for COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths than their white counterparts due to navigating generations of racist practices that often converge with other inequities-such as sexism, classism. To describe these racial health disparities, structured, racial disadvantage is commonly ignored while personal choices and clinical care are highlighted as the culprits. Achieving health equity requires comprehension, acceptance, and assessment of structural racism, and pharmacists are highly trusted, uniquely positioned healthcare professionals who, through their knowledge, skills, and resources, can help attenuate the effects of structural racism to support Black lives.
A Novel Framework for the Analysis and Design of Heterogeneous Federated Learning

In federated learning, heterogeneity in the clients’ local datasets and computation speeds results in large variations in the number of local updates performed by each client in each communication round. Naive weighted aggregation of such models causes objective inconsistency, that is, the global model converges to a stationary point of a mismatched objective function which can be arbitrarily different from the true objective. This paper provides a general framework to analyze the convergence of federated optimization algorithms with heterogeneous local training progress at clients. The analyses are conducted for both smooth non-convex and strongly convex settings, and can also be extended to partial client participation case. Additionally, it subsumes previously proposed methods such as FedAvg and FedProx, and provides the first principled understanding of the solution bias and the convergence slowdown due to objective inconsistency. Using insights from this analysis, we propose FedNova, a normalized averaging method that eliminates objective inconsistency while preserving fast error convergence.
Mitochondria-affecting small molecules ameliorate proteostasis defects associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Macroautophagic recycling of dysfunctional mitochondria, known as mitophagy, is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis and cell viability. Accumulation of defective mitochondria and impaired mitophagy have been widely implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, and loss-of-function mutations of PINK1 and Parkin, two key regulators of mitophagy, are amongst the most common causes of heritable parkinsonism. This has led to the hypothesis that pharmacological stimulation of mitophagy may be a feasible approach to combat neurodegeneration. Toward this end, we screened ~ 45,000 small molecules using a high-throughput, whole-organism, phenotypic screen that monitored accumulation of PINK-1 protein, a key event in mitophagic activation, in a Caenorhabditis elegans strain carrying a Ppink-1::PINK-1::GFP reporter. We obtained eight hits that increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation. Several of the compounds also reduced ATP production, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass, and/or mitochondrial membrane potential. Importantly, we found that treatment with two compounds, which we named PS83 and PS106 (more commonly known as sertraline) reduced neurodegenerative disease phenotypes, including delaying paralysis in a C. elegans β-amyloid aggregation model in a PINK-1-dependent manner. This report presents a promising step toward the identification of compounds that will stimulate mitochondrial turnover.
Experimental studies of side impact to the human head

In an ongoing effort to develop an accurate model of human head impact relationships, two series of impacts were performed on the side of a human cadaver head at the junction of the temporal and parietal bones. When four sequential impacts were performed on a single embalmed specimen, a good correspondence was found between peak head acceleration and Head Injury Criterion, and the adequacy of instrument placement and data analysis was confirmed. Five impacts on individual unembalmed cadavers indicated that side impacts produced pressure gradients in the brain. These superimposed gradients were proportional to the magnitudes of the head acceleration components, the largest of which was in the direction of impact and produced positive pressures near the impact and negative ones opposite the impact. A pressure-limiting mechanism acted on the side of the brain opposite the impact. Subarachnoid hemorrhages occurred on the high stress and strain brain surfaces. Approximate values for the pressures were determined in computer simulations. Changes in the model and instrumentation are needed to improve the accuracy of the computed pressures. The acceleration traces contained vibration or noise which made calculation of rotation acceleration and velocity impossible. A better representation of the midsaggital sinus is needed.
Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas

Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PD-NECs) of the pancreas are highly aggressive and rapidly fatal tumors constituting less than 1 % of all pancreatic carcinomas. Although these are classified as grade 3 NECs by the 2010 WHO classification system, suggesting they are part of a continuum with the well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, there is now evidence that PD-NECs actually constitute a genetically and biologically distinct tumor entity. Morphologically, some are akin to small cell carcinomas as defined in the lung, but more commonly they resemble large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas such as those described in the lung or elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Parallel to the high degree of mitotic activity, their Ki-67 labeling index also tends to be very high (about 70 %), and necrosis is frequently extensive. Immunohistochemical labeling commonly reveals positivity for chromogranin or synaptophysin, although it may be very focal (especially for chromogranin). It has been shown recently that PD-NECs of the pancreas exhibit genetic changes frequently seen in these carcinomas in other organs, such as inactivation of the TP53 and the Rb/p16 pathways, which are rarely observed in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Conversely, mutations in DAXX, ATRX, and MEN1 are exclusively found in the well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors.
Serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity following exposure to cadmium and/or 60CO gamma irradiation

Abstract Two hundred and sixteen male Sprague‐Dawley (S‐D) rats, 80 ± 5 days old and weighing 220–250 g each, were assigned at random to nine groups of 24 rats each. Rats were injected with cadmium (Cd) intraperitoneally every 3 days for 29 days for a total of nine injections. Injections doses were 0, 1.0, or 2.5 mg Cd kg−1 body weight. Twenty‐four hours after the last Cd injection (day 30), each rat received an acute whole‐body 60Co gamma radiation dose of 0, 3.62, or 5.43 Gray (Gy) at a dose rate of 3.304 Gy min‐1. Eight rats from each of 9 groups were sacrificed on day 1, 7, or 21. High dose radiation administered 24 hours following the last dosage of Cd caused significantly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels, whereas high dose cadmium caused the enzyme to be significantly depressed. When Cd and radiation were used as the co‐insult, the combination of high Cd‐high radiation was more effective than either cadmium or radiation alone, suggesting a previously reported cadmium metal protection again...
Working with “Women for Afghan Women”

This article describes the author’s involvement with an organization called Women for Afghan Woman. Her outreach to the mosque in her neighborhood in the wake of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, resulted in a remarkable series of developments for this group of women and for the author, which the article describes.
An age- and sex-controlled matched pair analysis of T scores in ethnic Indians with hip fractures.

Purpose. The first study to predict peritrochanteric fractures by the use of T scores amongst the Indian population was performed. This study aimed to assess the risk of fracture around the hip in peri-menopausal and postmenopausal women, and in men over the age of 35 years using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and to analyse whether the result, i.e. the T score, can predict an impending hip fracture. Methods. T scores of the unaffected hip in 30 patients with peritrochanteric fractures were determined, and matched pair analysis was done using a control group without fracture. All patients were from a single centre and were evaluated using the same scanner. Results. The mean T score of the 30 patients in the fracture group was -3.34 (range, -1.2 to -5.1; standard deviation [SD], 1.032), compared with the mean T score of the 30 control subjects which was -2.41 (range, 0.6 to -5.0; SD, 1.378). T scores of patients from the fracture group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusion. We infer that T scores are the best predictors for fracture risk. A score of -2.5 or lower effectively defines patients at risk and is useful for predicting fracture risk in the Indian population. In patients with osteoporosis, whether a fall precedes the fracture or the fracture precedes a fall may not be an issue of debate, but can serve as a basis for prevention of additional fractures by instituting appropriate measures in patients at risk.
Midos: multimodal interactive dialogue system

Interactions between people are typically conversational, multimodal, and symmetric. In conversational interactions, information flows in both directions. In multimodal interactions, people use multiple channels. In symmetric interactions, both participants communicate multimodally, with the integration of and switching between modalities basically effortless. In contrast, consider typical human-computer interaction. It is almost always unidirectional—we're telling the machine what to do; it's almost always unimodal (can you type and use the mouse simultaneously?); and it's symmetric only in the disappointing sense that when you type, it types back at you. There are a variety of things wrong with this picture. Perhaps chief among them is that if communication is unidirectional, it must be complete and unambiguous, exhaustively anticipating every detail and every misinterpretation. In brief, it's exhausting. This thesis examines the benefits of creating multimodal human-computer dialogues that employ sketching and speech, aimed initially at the task of describing early stage designs of simple mechanical devices. The goal of the system is to be a collaborative partner, facilitating design conversations. Two initial user studies provided key insights into multimodal communication: simple questions are powerful, color choices are deliberate, and modalities are closely coordinated. These observations formed the basis for our multimodal interactive dialogue system, or MIDOS. MIDOS makes possible a dynamic dialogue, i.e., one in which it asks questions to resolve uncertainties or ambiguities. The benefits of a dialogue in reducing the cognitive overhead of communication have long been known. We show here that having the system able to ask questions is good, but for an unstructured task like describing a design, knowing what questions to ask is crucial. We describe an architecture that enables the system to accept partial information from the user, then request details it considers relevant, noticeably lowering the cognitive overhead of communicating. The multimodal questions MIDOS asks are in addition purposefully designed to use the same multimodal integration pattern that people exhibited in our study. Our evaluation of the system showed that MIDOS successfully engages the user in a dialogue and produces the same conversational features as our initial human-human conversation studies. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Characterization of footprint‐scale surface soil moisture variability using Gaussian and beta distribution functions during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) hydrology experiment

The behavior of satellite footprint-scale surface soil moisture probability density functions (PDF) was analyzed using 50-km-scale samples taken from soil moisture images collected during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) hydrology experiment. Under the observed wetness conditions, soil moisture variability generally peaked in the midrange of mean soil moisture content and decreased toward the wet and dry ends, while in the midrange it was more widely distributed. High variability in the midrange is attributed to the multimodality of soil moisture PDFs, which apparently results from fractional precipitation within the footprint-scale fields. Single Gaussian, single beta, and mixtures of two Gaussian distributions were utilized to fit observed footprint-scale soil moisture distributions. As a single-component density, the Gaussian PDF was shown to be a good choice, compared to the beta distribution, for representing spatial variability, particularly under wet conditions. The performance of the Gaussian PDF was greatly improved by using a mixture of two Gaussian distributions. Implications of this study for the validating spaceborne remotely sensed soil moisture estimates and for parameterization of subgrid-scale surface soil moisture content in land surface models are discussed.
Programmed death-ligand 1 expressed on corneal epithelium inhibits the local innate and adaptive immune response in the herpes simplex virus-1-infected cornea (MUC7P.751)

Constitutive expression of the PD-L1/B7-H1 ligand for the inhibitory receptor Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) appears to help protect the cornea from damaging inflammation, but might also limit clearance of pathogens from this mucosal surface. Indeed, mice lacking B7-H1 expression or those treated locally in the cornea with anti-PD-L1 mAb exhibited enhanced clearance of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) from the cornea from 1 - 4 days post infection (dpi). PD-L1 expression peaked in the cornea on both CD45+ and CD45- cells at 4 dpi. Increased early viral clearance (1 dpi) was associated with significantly increased infiltration of CD45+ Gr-1+(presumed neutrophils) and increased production of the neutrophil chemokines CCL3 and CXCL1. Bone marrow chimeras that expressed PD-L1/B7-H1 only on bone marrow derived cells exhibited enhanced late viral clearance at 4 dpi in association with increased numbers of CD69+ CD3+ cells, but did not show enhanced early viral clearance at 1 dpi. Our findings suggest that PD-1 interacting with PD-L1/B7-H1 on CD45+ cells impairs early viral clearance from the cornea by inhibiting neutrophilic infiltration at 1 dpi, whereas PD-1 interacting with parenchymal cells (presumably corneal epithelial cells) inhibits late viral clearance by inhibiting T cell infiltration and/or activation at 3 dpi. Importantly, increasing viral clearance by inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction did not result in observable inflammatory damage to the cornea.
Decision Support Systems For Strategic Dispute Resolution

Disputes and lawsuits are quite common in business and are often a source of significant liabilities. We conjecture that measurement challenges and lack of adequate analysis tools have greatly inhibited the ability of the General Counsel’s offices in selecting the best mode for the resolution (i.e. litigation vs. out-of-court settlement) of business conflicts and disputes. Easily quantified direct costs (e.g., out-of-pocket expenses related to pursuing and defending against litigation) tend to be considered, whereas the more difficult-to-quantify indirect risks and costs (e.g., damaged relationships with customers and potential alliance partners, including reputational harm) which may be quite significant, tend to be ignored. We also hypothesize that the benefits of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategies may have been muted because of the failure to assess the real magnitude of not-easily-quantified indirect risks and costs. We propose two Decision Support Systems (DSSs), one for a macro-level analysis and one for a micro-level (i.e. case by case analysis), to alleviate the measurement and analysis problem. In the proposed DSSs, the underlying decision engine makes use of operations research tools such as decision trees, logic modeling, Monte-Carlo Markov-Chain (MCMC) and fuzzy logic simulations. By providing the means to gather decision-relevant information, especially on difficult-to-measure soft costs, we have attempted to reduce the “decision making risk” for the General Counsel’s offices. In the process, we have also furnished some ways to reach more informed assessments to support litigation risk management strategies and decisions.
Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees

Because lignin limits the use of wood for fiber, chemical, and energy production, strategies for its downregulation are of considerable interest. We have produced transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) trees in which expression of a lignin biosynthetic pathway gene Pt4CL1 encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) has been downregulated by antisense inhibition. Trees with suppressed Pt4CL1 expression exhibited up to a 45% reduction of lignin, but this was compensated for by a 15% increase in cellulose. As a result, the total lignin-cellulose mass remained essentially unchanged. Leaf, root, and stem growth were substantially enhanced, and structural integrity was maintained both at the cellular and whole-plant levels in the transgenic lines. Our results indicate that lignin and cellulose deposition could be regulated in a compensatory fashion, which may contribute to metabolic flexibility and a growth advantage to sustain the long-term structural integrity of woody perennials.
Heterogeneous influences on the crystallization of Pd43Ni10Cu27P20

Abstract The influence of ingot purity as well as B2O3 fluxing on the crystallization of undercooled Pd43Ni10Cu27P20 is studied in a differential scanning calorimeter. B2O3 fluxing strongly influences the isothermal crystallization behaviour at temperatures above the nose in the time-temperature-transformation diagram. The ingot purity, in contrast, affects the isothermal crystallization at low temperatures but leaves the crystallization at high temperatures relatively unaltered. Thermal analysis, together with microstructure investigations of samples processed and prepared under different conditions, suggests two sources of heterogeneous nucleation. One source is surface impurities, which can be passivated by fluxing with B2O3. The other consists of impurities from the ingot materials homogeneously distributed within the sample. Crystallization at high temperatures is controlled by the formation of one nucleus, preferentially formed at the surface, which can be suppressed to a large extent by B2O3 fluxin...
Flow of a non-Newtonian fluid between intersecting planes of which one is moving

We study the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid between two intersecting plates, one of which is fixed and the other moving along its plane. This problem was first considered by Strauss (1975) for the Maxwell fluid using a similarity transformation. We find that even in the case of a Maxwell fluid, which can be obtained by setting a specific parameter, say σ, in the Oldroyd-B model to zero, our results disagree with those of Strauss (1975). We find that circulating cells are present, adjacent to the stationary plate while Strauss (1975) finds them adjacent to the moving plate. We also delineate the effect of the coefficient σ, which is a measure of the elasticity of the flow, on the flow pattern. We find that an increase in the elastic parameter reduces the cellular structure.
Breaking Down the Silos: Lessons Learned From the Expansion of Performance-Based Contracting to Residential Treatment Services in Illinois

The Illinois Department of Children and Family Services has used performance-based contracting (PBC) as a strategy to drive child welfare system reform for more than a decade. The Striving for Excellence project expanded the use of PBC to residential treatment services, i.e., institutional and congregate care. This article details the lessons learned from the public child welfare agency perspective over the course of the first 3 years of project implementation, including fiscal, programmatic, technological, and quality assurance implications. The importance of a cohesive internal planning process in conjunction with an inclusive external public–private partnership is discussed.
Fractured vital teeth.

Abstract A case of fractured vital teeth has been reported. The teeth remained vital for forty years. The first tissue reaction to the injury was resorption of dentine in both fracture ends in certain areas. This was probably preceded by extensive hemorrhage. In other areas, only a longer resting period in dentine formation might have occurred and then dentine formation began again in a normal manner. If resorption occurred, it was repaired by the formation of a hard substance which is neither true dentine, bone, nor cementum. The ground substance is the same, but the cellular elements are not typical. In some areas, the pulp tissue is normal; in others it is more fibrous. Odontoblasts appear in some regions; in others, the cells are not typical. In circumscribed areas, odontoblasts are trapped into a seemingly rapidly formed hard substance. The fracture ends of the fragments facing each other show signs of previous resorption. The exposed dentine is covered in most areas by a bonelike, hard substance.
Expansion of GAA triplet repeats in the human genome: unique origin of the FRDA mutation at the center of an Alu

Friedreich ataxia is caused by expansion of a GAA triplet repeat (GAA-TR) in the FRDA gene. Normal alleles contain or=20 triplets, including 29 potential premutations (30-62 triplets). Most other triplet repeats were restricted to <20 triplets. We estimated the expected frequency of (GAA)(6+) repeats to be negligible, further indicating that GAA-TRs have undergone significant expansion. Eighty-nine percent of (GAA)(8+) sequences map within G/A islands, and 58% map within the poly(A) tails of Alu elements. Only two other (GAA)(8+) sequences shared the central Alu location seen at the FRDA locus. One showed allelic variation, including expansions analogous to short Friedreich ataxia mutations. Our data demonstrate that GAA-TRs have expanded throughout primate evolution with the generation of potential premutation alleles at multiple loci.
Consumers' Acceptance of Unethical Clothing Consumption Activities: Influence of Cultural Identification, Ethnicity, and Machiavellianism:

We studied the influence of clothing consumers' ethnicity, cultural identification, and one personality characteristic, Machiavellianism, on acceptance of unethical clothing consumption activities. Using a survey of 127 Chinese and U.S. students, the following findings were obtained: 1) those more closely identifying with U.S. culture tend to be more accepting of unethical clothing consumption activities than those identifying with Chinese culture, 2) ethnicity moderates the influence of cultural identification on consumers' acceptance of unethical clothing consumption activities, 3) those who are more Machiavellian accept more unethical behaviors than those who are less Machiavellian, and 4) both cultural identification and Machiavellianism significantly explain variance in consumers' acceptance of unethical clothing consumption activities. The findings of this study contribute to the development of a consumer ethics model.
527 GHz gyrotron for DNP-NMR spectroscopy

We describe the design of a 20W, continuous wave 527 GHz gyrotron for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) enhanced solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on an 800 MHz spectrometer. A 9.8 T helium-free superconducting magnet with a warm bore diameter of 76mm is planned for the gyrotron operation. The gyrotron resonator cavity is designed to operate in the TE 11,3,p mode at 527 GHz which is the second harmonic (ω=2ω c ) of the electron cyclotron frequency. The design is based on a diode electron gun (V k =15 kV, I b =190 mA) and lateral output with an internal Vlasov-type mode converter. Frequency tunability of Δf/f ≈ 0.25% is being studied around the nominal frequency of 527 GHz, with a goal of constant output power of more than 20W.
Logical foundation for static analysis: application to binary static analysis for security

Static analysis has emerged in recent years as an indispensable tool in software verification. Unlike deductive approaches to program verification, static analysis can only prove simple properties. Moreover, the myriad of static analysis tools employ specific techniques that target specific properties of specific programs. Static analysis holds the promise of complete automation, scalability, and handling larger classes of properties and larger classes of systems, but a significant gap exists between such a goal and current static analysis tools. We argue that a logical foundation for static analysis allows the construction of more powerful static analysis tools that are provably correct, extensible, and interoperable, and can guarantee more complex properties of complex systems. We address these challenges by proposing a tool-bus architecture that allows the combination of several static analysis tools and methods. The combination is achieved at the logical level using decision procedures that implement combination of theories. We discuss the application of such ideas to binary program analysis in the context of intrusion detection and malware analysis.
Association of Mental Health Disorders With Prescription Opioids and High-Risk Opioid Use in US Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan

Context Record numbers of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans survive their war injuries and yet continue to experience pain and mental health problems, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about the association of mental health disorders and prescription opioid use. Objective To investigate the effect of mental health disorders, particularly PTSD, on risks and adverse clinical outcomes associated with prescription opioid use. Design Retrospective cohort study involving 141 029 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who received at least 1 non–cancer-related pain diagnosis within 1 year of entering the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system from October 1, 2005, through December 31, 2010. Main Outcome Measures Independent association of mental health disorders and the prescription of opioids, higher risk opioid use, and adverse clinical outcomes (eg, accidents and overdose) within 1 year of receiving a pain-related diagnosis. Results A total of 15 676 veterans were prescribed opioids within 1 year of their initial pain diagnosis. Compared with 6.5% of veterans without mental health disorders, 17.8% (adjusted relative risk [RR], 2.58; 95% CI, 2.49-2.67) of veterans with PTSD and 11.7% (adjusted RR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.67-1.82) with other mental health diagnoses but without PTSD were significantly more likely to receive opioids for pain diagnoses. Of those who were prescribed pain medication, veterans with PTSD were more likely than those without mental health disorders to receive higher-dose opioids (22.7% vs 15.9%, adjusted RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.31-1.54), receive 2 or more opioids concurrently (19.8% vs 10.7%, adjusted RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.70-2.06), receive sedative hypnotics concurrently (40.7% vs 7.6%, adjusted RR, 5.46; 95% CI, 4.91-6.07), or obtain early opioid refills (33.8% vs 20.4%; adjusted RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.53-1.75). Receiving prescription opioids (vs not) was associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes for all veterans (9.5% vs 4.1%; RR, 2.33; 95% CI, 2.20-2.46), which was most pronounced in veterans with PTSD. Conclusion Among US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health diagnoses, especially PTSD, were associated with an increased risk of receiving opioids for pain, high-risk opioid use, and adverse clinical outcomes.
Separating people's satisfaction with life and public perceptions of the quality of life in the environment

Un certain nombre d'enquetes montrent qu'il existe une relation etroite entre qualite de la vie telle qu'elle est percue, reussite sociale et conditions d'existences. L'A. s'efforce de montrer qu'il existe un lien entre domaine environnemental et monde personnel, que les modalites d'evaluation emanent de la societe globale. L'A. envisage de savoir si la communication, en connectant les individus a leur environnement et en les mettant en contact les uns avec les autres, n'est pas un indice qui permettrait d'evaluer la perception de la qualite de la vie
Child-directed action promotes 2-year-olds' imitation.

Abstract Children are voracious learners and adults are ubiquitous teachers. This project investigated whether the special infant-directed action modifications parents use when teaching their children (called “motionese” by Brand et al., Developmental Science , 2002, Vol. 5, pp. 72–83) improves 2-year-olds’ imitation. Children saw an adult perform a series of acts on four novel objects using either an infant-directed style (including larger range of motion and enhanced boundary marking) or an adult-directed style. Children’s imitation of the acts was higher in the infant-directed condition relative to the adult-directed condition, and both types of demonstration increased imitation relative to baseline (no demonstration). We propose that motionese provides information about actions, objects, and intentionality, thereby enhancing toddlers’ observational learning.
The Discourse of Governmental Accounting and Auditing

An overview is presented of the discourse during the past 25 years about governmental accounting and auditing. To discuss the nature of discourse, 975 abstracts were reviewed from applied and scholarly publications. To gain insight into the discourse, these abstracts are classified in various ways. And to foster future research, works with a high potential for informing future research are identified from this discourse of the past.
Fourth and Fifth Virial Coefficients of Polarizable Water

We report values of the virial coefficients B4 and B5 for the Gaussian charge polarizable model (GCPM) of water using the overlap-sampling implementation of Mayer sampling molecular simulation. The...
A prospective, longitudinal study of the short-term effects of brachytherapy vs radical prostatectomy on health-related quality of life.

A prospective, longitudinal study of the short-term effects of brachytherapy vs radical prostatectomy on health-related quality of life
Structure of nanocrystalline materials using atomic pair distribution function analysis: Study of LiMoS2

The structure of ${\mathrm{LiMoS}}_{2}$ has been experimentally determined. The approach of atomic pair distribution function analysis was used because of the lack of well-defined Bragg peaks due to the short structural coherence (\ensuremath{\sim}50 \AA{}) in this intercalation compound. The reduction of Mo by Li results in Mo-Mo bonding with the formation of chains of distorted $\mathrm{Mo}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ octahedra. Using refined structural parameters the electronic band structure for this material has been calculated and is in good agreement with observed material properties.
Prevention of IgE Sensitization to Latex in Health Care Workers After Reduction of Antigen Exposures.

OBJECTIVE To investigate occupational latex allergy in health care workers (HCWs) before and after an intervention designed to reduce latex allergen exposure from gloves. METHODS Latex antigen concentrations in work area air ducts were measured before the intervention. Symptoms and latex sensitization were monitored annually before and after the intervention in 805 HCWs, using questionnaires and skin prick testing. RESULTS The prevalence of latex sensitization before the intervention correlated with air duct latex antigen measurements, for HCWs exposed to low (9/413, 2%), intermediate (23/292, 8%), and high (11/67, 16%) antigen levels, P < 0.0001. After the intervention, new latex sensitization rates declined 16-fold, and 25% of previously sensitized employees reverted to negative skin tests. CONCLUSION Airborne antigen exposure is a major source of latex sensitization among HCWs. Use of powder-free latex gloves markedly reduces the risk of sensitization.
Nickel Pyrazinecarboxylate: A New 1D Coordination Polymer

A novel three-dimensional coordination polymer [Ni(pca)2(H2O)]n (1) (pca = 2-pyrazinecarboxylate) has been synthesized by refluxing NiCl2·(H2O)6 with pcaH (pcaH = 2-pyrazinecarboxcylic acid). Complex 1 contains one-dimensional zigzag chains that are H-bonded to adjacent chains, generating a three-dimensional network that crystallizes in the P212121 space group, and is isostructural with a previous structure containing Co (Liang et al. Inorg Chim Acta 328:152–158, 2002). In structure 1, a = 7.79(6), b = 9.90(8), and c = 14.90(12) A. Nickel Pyrazinecarboxylate: A New 1D Coordination Polymer Kathryn L. Seward, Joseph M. Ellsworth, Mark D. Smith, Hans-Conrad zur Loye A novel three-dimensional coordination polymer [Ni(pca)2(H2O)]n (1) (pca = 2-pyrazinecarboxylate) has been synthesized by refluxing NiCl2·(H2O)6 with pcaH (pcaH = 2-pyrazinecarboxcylic acid) and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction .
Aripiprazole: a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist antipsychotic

This paper reviews the clinical pharmacology, efficacy and safety of the novel antipsychotic drug aripiprazole. All published citations regarding aripiprazole were reviewed using a Medline((R)) search (completed for citations through mid-year, 2002). In addition, abstracts from recent scientific meetings presenting data not yet published (nor peer-reviewed) were reviewed. Aripiprazole has a unique mechanism of action as a dopamine D2 partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT(1A) partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT(2A) antagonist. Like other new antipsychotics, aripiprazole has the profile of an atypical agent, with efficacy in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis as well as mood symptoms, a low rate of neurological side effects and no significant adverse effect on serum prolactin concentrations. In addition, aripiprazole was not associated with significant weight gain or QTc prolongation in both acute and long-term treatment trials.
A note on the discontinuous subgroups of the orthogonal group

where x = (x 1 . . . . . x2,), Y = (Yt . . . . . Y2,) e K we define the orthogonal group O(V,f) of f to be the group of all the automorphisms of V which leave f invariant, i.e., O(V, f ) = {aeG L(V): f (~ x, a y)= f (x, y), for all x, ye V}. If we identify End(V) with M(2n, IR), the IRalgebra of 2n x 2n real matrices, then GL(V)=GL(2n, IR)=(M(2n, IR)) • For convenience, we denote O(V,f) by G a and suppose that Ga~_ GL(2n, 1R). A 2n x 2n real matrix
The role of Ca2+ - dependent proteases (calpains) in post mortem proteolysis and meat tenderness

This manuscript summarizes research results from our laboratory regarding the role of endogenous proteases in post mortem proteolysis resulting in meat tenderization. Proteolysis of key myofibrillar proteins is the principal reason for ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle associated with meat tenderization. Proteases should have the following characteristics to be considered as possible candidates for bringing about post mortem changes: i) to be located within skeletal muscle cells; ii) to have access to the substrate ie, myofibrils); and iii) to be able to hydrolyze the same proteins that are degraded during post mortem storage. Of the proteases located within skeletal muscle cells and thus far characterized, only calpains have all of the above characteristics. Numerous experiments conducted in our laboratory have indicated that the calcium-dependent proteolytic system (calpains) is responsible for post mortem proteolysis. Some of this evidence includes: 1) incubation of muscle slices with buffer containing Ca2+ accelerates post mortem proteolysis; 2) incubation of muscle slices with Ca2+ chelators inhibits post mortem proteolysis; 3) infusion or injection of carcasses with a solution of calcium chloride accelerates post mortem proteolysis and the tenderization process such that post mortem storage beyond 24 h to ensure meat tenderness is no longer necessary; 4) infusion of carcasses with zinc chloride, a potent inhibitor of calpains, blocks post mortem proteolysis and the tenderization process; and 5) feeding a beta-adrenergic agonist to lambs results in a reduction of the proteolytic capacity of the calpain system, which leads to a decreased rate of post mortem proteolysis and produces tough meat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and performance of electrical propulsion system of extended range electric vehicle (EREV) Chevrolet Voltec

This paper presents the design and performance details of the Chevrolet Voltec electric propulsion system. The propulsion system has two machines, one machine is operating mostly as a motor while the other machine is operating mostly as a generator. Both machines of the Voltec electric drive system are permanent magnet AC synchronous machine types with the magnets buried inside the rotor. The motor has distributed windings. However, as opposed to a conventional stranded winding the Chevrolet Volt motor has bar-wound construction to improve the motor performance, especially in the low to medium speed range. At higher speed the skin and proximity effects in the stator bars lead to increased stator winding losses but are addressed in the design. The bar-wound construction also has excellent thermal performance, in both the steady-state and the transient conditions, necessary for full EV driving. The generator uses concentrated windings. The concentrated winding construction has good slot fill and short end-turn length. These features resulted in good performance in the intended operational region and were an enabler for machine packaging inside the transmission. Both the machines exhibit excellent efficiency and exceptionally smooth and quiet operation. Machine design and construction details as well as the measured thermal, electromagnetic and acoustic noise performances are presented in the paper.