cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived features reported as nodules: Interpretation of spiral chest CT scans

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nontarget locations identified in a study of lung nodule detection with spiral computed tomographic (CT) scans that compared cine and film presentations. Materials and methods. In a previous study of lung nodule detection, eight observers were asked to identify 10 nodule locations in each of five CT scans containing eight simulated nodules. In the current study, each nontarget location that was reported more than once in the previous study was inspected with a stack-mode display in both cine and static modes. The nontarget locations were evaluated for probable identity, shape, and distance from the peripheral lung surface. Results. Fifty-two nontarget locations included clinically undetected pulmonary nodules (n = 12), lymph nodes (n = 2), unclassifiable structures (n = 2), pleural scars (n = 8), and vascular structures (n = 28). Five nontarget locations contained vessels with complex courses apparent only with cine mode. As a group, nontarget locations were significantly closer to the periphery than would be expected by chance (for all locations, P Conclusion. The lower reporting threshold caused by the observer instructions to find 10 targets resulted in increased reporting of structures with a nodular appearance. The locations of these reports in the lung periphery can be attributed to the relationship between frequent disease and a nearly featureless background in the lung periphery.
In ovo exposure to a triazine herbicide: effects of atrazine on circulating reproductive hormones and gonadal histology in young Japanese quail.

The triazine herbicide, atrazine, has come under scrutiny for its reported feminizing effects in amphibians. To date, there is little information concerning the effects of atrazine on reproduction in avian species. The current study examined the putative reproductive toxicity of atrazine after exposure in ovo. Atrazine at 504, 246, and 123 μg/kg was administered to Japanese quail eggs before incubation. The eggs were hatched and the birds raised to 14 days of age. Indices of hatchability, sex ratios, and growth were determined. Furthermore, circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) and gonadal histology were examined. Atrazine at 504 μg/kg decreased 14-day hatchling weight by 13.1% versus controls. However, no detrimental effects on hatchability or sex ratios were observed. In female birds, atrazine at 504 μg/kg decreased ovarian weights and circulating concentrations of progesterone to 48.3% and 73.3%, respectively, versus control. However, concentrations of estradiol and testosterone did not differ from controls. In male quail, at all doses tested, atrazine had no effect on gonadal weights or circulating concentrations of estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone. Moreover, no incidences of left ovotestis formation were observed. In contrast, 10 ng/kg ethinylestradiol (a positive control) induced the formation of a left ovotestis in four of eight birds analyzed. The current results may suggest that exposure to atrazine in ovo at concentrations above ecologic relevance exerts effects on the reproductive system of young Japanese quail. However, no evidence is presented that atrazine induces feminization of the testis in male quail.
A note on the approximation of arbitrary distributed lag structures by a modified almon lag

Abstract A uniform approximation of any arbitrary lag structure can be achieved from a distributed lag formulation which is a combination of the Almon and geometric lag formulations.
One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility

Zack Furness, One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010), xi + 348 pp. $71.50 (cloth), $25.95 (paper), $24.95 (e-book). In his inaugural ...
Accumulation of iron oxide particles around liver metastases during MR imaging.

The histologic nature of the bright ring (“peritumoral edema”) around some liver metastases on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images is controversial. In the case reported, particles of the iron oxide contrast agent AMI-25 are retained in the peritumoral zone of a colon cancer metastasis, causing the bright ring to disappear. The location of iron particles in resected specimens could be used systematically to study peritumoral edema.
Neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Nine patients were treated with neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin and cisplatin (M-VAC) followed by radical cystoprostatectomy and modified pelvic lymphadenectomy. Five patients, including three with pelvic sidewall fixation, had clinical stage T4N0M0 tumors whereas the remaining patients had T3N0M0 tumors. All patients were pathologically restaged by a referee pathologist after surgery. The complete response rate was 22% and an additional 44% experienced a partial response. Neutropenia preventing a second cycle of M-VAC occurred in one patient
Intergenerational transfers of resources between older persons and extended kin in Taiwan and the Philippines.

This study examines the extent to which older generations actively exchange resources with extended kin in Taiwan and the Philippines. It is critical to understand the position of older generations in the family, because population ageing and declines in family size spur concerns about the tenacity of family support. This research builds upon previous studies that have predominantly focused on parent–child relationships alone or on support received by older parents. Social-network measures are used to estimate overall levels of transfers of resources across generations, and the prevalence and patterns of pathways that link generations and types of kin. Our findings show that the availability of kin is similar in both settings but that transfer activity in the Philippines appears more broadly distributed across family relations, especially siblings, while in Taiwan transfers are more concentrated among lineal kin. These results confirm the importance and diversity of extended kin in systems of family support.
Disposition of a Series of Tetrahydrocarbazoles

Cyclindole was extensively metabolized and eliminated primarily via the kidneys from most laboratory animals and man. Only in the dog was cyclindole a major urinary component. Cyclindole was metabolized by N-demethylation and/or hydroxylation. In studies utilizing radiolabeled drug, the primary urinary component was polar material which probably resulted from conjugation of the hydroxylated products. When desmethylcyclindole was administered to rats and dogs, large amounts of unchanged drug were administered to rats and dogs, large amounts of unchanged drug were recovered in the urine; there was no 3-aminotetrahydrocarbazole present. Significant amounts of urinary radioactivity were thought to represent hydroxylated and/or conjugated products. When 7-hydroxycyclindole was administered to dogs, only free parent drug was recovered from the urine; there was no evidence for N-demethylation. Flucindole, the 6,8-difluoro analog of cyclindole was metabolized by dog and man via N-demethylation with the formyl derivative being a probable intermediate in this reaction; both products were found in the urine. No didesmethyl metabolite was detected. In contrast to cyclindole, the N-oxide of flucindole was found in urine from both species. The route of elimination of oxarbazole and its metabolites was species specific: urinary excretion was 96.5, 38.7, 24.5, and 2.0% for the guinea pig, monkey, rat, and dog, respectively. The major urinary metabolite was O-demethyl oxarbazole; this metabolite was conjugated in all species except the guinea pig. The dog and monkey excreted small quantities of conjugated N-debenzoylated oxarbazole in urine. The profound changes in pharmacological activity that result from relatively small chemical modifications of the tetrahydrocarbazole nucleus make it likely that many further investigations of this class of compounds will be undertaken in the future.
Using Existing Data Sources/Programs and Multilevel Modeling Techniques for Questions in Institutional Research.

Multilevel modeling is becoming a very popular method of estimating models where participants are nested within groups. It allows researchers to estimate models where independence is an assumption—an assumption that may not be tenable. This chapter examines the data sources available and the software used to estimate multilevel models.
Critical Levels of Perceived Social Support Associated with Student Adjustment

The primary goals of this study were to (a) investigate the relationships among students’ perceived social support and a wide range of academic, behavioral, and social indicators; and (b) determine critical levels of perceived social support associated with these academic, behavioral, and social indicators. This study consisted of data from a total of 1,711 students (n = 856 males and n = 855 females) in Grades 3 through 12 from seven states. The primary instruments used to collect data were the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki, Demaray, Elliott, & Nolten, 1999), the Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliott, 1990), the Student Self-Concept Scale (Gresham, Elliott, & EvansFernandez, 1993), and the Behavior Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1998). Significant, positive relationships among perceived social support and a variety of positive indicators (e.g., social skills, self-concept, and adaptive skills) were found. In addition, significant, negative relationships among perceived social support and a variety of problematic behavioral indicators (e.g., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) were found. Students were categorized as having low (bottom 25%), average (middle 50%), and high (top 25%) levels of perceived social support. Students with low perceived support obtained significantly higher scores on problematic behavior indicators (e.g., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) and significantly lower scores on positive behavior indicators (e.g., teacher-reported social skills, self-concept, adaptive skills) than students with average or high perceived support. Only student-rated social skills and selfconcept were significantly higher for the high versus the average level of perceived support. These results are followed by a discussion of the importance of varying levels (low, average, high) of perceived social support in students’ lives. Implications of the findings of this study for school psychologists are discussed. The main goals of the current study were to (a) investigate the relationships among perceived social support and a broad-range of academic, behavioral, and social indicators that are important to the overall adjustment of students in
Phosphorylation of Human p53 at Serine 46 Determines Promoter Selection and whether Apoptosis Is Attenuated or Amplified

The capacity of DNA damaging agents to induce apoptosis is regulated by target gene induction by p53. We found that p53 targeted MDM2 in cells in which DNA repair was occurring, but persistent DNA damage induced by chemotherapy led p53 to selectively target PTEN. High dose chemotherapy induced the phosphorylation of p53 on serine 46, whereas low dose chemotherapy did not. A nonphosphorylatable serine 46 to alanine p53 mutant (S46A) targeted the MDM2 promoter in preference to that for PTEN. A serine 46 to aspartate mutant (S46D, a phosphorylation mimic) targeted PTEN in preference to MDM2. These observations show that phosphorylation of serine 46 in p53 is sufficient for it to induce the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) tumor suppressor protein in preference to MDM2. S46A induced significantly less cell death than the S46D in cells. The phosphorylation-induced change of p53 promoter targeting suppresses the induction of MDM2 and the formation of the autoregulatory feedback loop. Induction of PTEN by p53 followed by expression of PTEN inhibits AKT-induced translocation of MDM2 into the nucleus and sustains p53 function. The protection of p53 from MDM2 by PTEN and the damage-induced activation of PTEN by phosphorylated p53 leads to the formation of an apoptotic amplification cycle in which p53 and PTEN coordinately increase cellular apoptosis.
Going Home: The Migration of Puerto Rican-Born Women from the United States to Puerto Rico∗

This paper analyzes the migration of Puerto Rican-born women from the United States to Puerto Rico using longitudinal data. We hypothesize that sojourn length in the United States is a function of both structural (macro-level economic and cultural factors) and behavioral (micro-level life-cycle experiences and personal attributes) variables. We test these hypotheses by estimating a proportional hazards model. The parameter estimates of this model indicate that sojourn length in the United States, and thus the decision to return to Puerto Rico, is a function of wage trends and community characteristics on the mainland plus a number of individual attributes that include education, marriage, and childbirth.
Plant Development: PXY and Polar Cell Division in the Procambium

The vascular stem-cell tissue known as procambium generates phloem cells on one side and xylem cells on the other. The Arabidopsis PXY gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that is required for polar divisions of procambial cells.
Model-Based Quality Assurance of Windows Protocol Documentation

Microsoft is producing high-quality documentation for Windows client-server and server-server protocols. Our group in the Windows organization is responsible for verifying the documentation to ensure it is of the highest quality. We are applying various test-driven methods including, when appropriate, a model-based approach. This paper describes certain aspects of the quality assurance process we put in place, and specifically focuses on model-based testing (MBT). Our experiences so far confirm that MBT works and that it scales, provided it is accompanied by sound tool support and clear methodological guidance.
The economic benefits of supported employment for persons with mental illness.

Background: Policies and programs that emphasize employment for persons with mental illness are often promoted with the goals of improving economic self-sufficiency and reducing dependence on public welfare programs. At present, there is little empirical evidence about the actual effect of vocational interventions on economic self-sufficiency or on use of public benefits by persons with mental illness. Study Aims: This study provides a preliminary look at how participating in supported employment, a form of vocational rehabilitation emphasizing ongoing support in competitive jobs, affects the amount that participants earn from work and the total amount of income they receive from all sources. Further, we examine the extent to which receiving public benefits affects the amount earned from private employment, taking into consideration other factors that might be associated with benefit status. Methods: Data are from a randomized trial of supported employment interventions. This analysis followed 137 of those study participants with severe mental illness for 18 months after they enrolled in either of two supported employment programs. Income from various sources was estimated based on interviews with study participants upon study entry and at six-month intervals thereafter. Changes in income from work, government and other sources were analyzed using paired Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks tests and t-tests. Using ordinary least-squares regression, we analyzed the effect of benefit status on changes in earnings, taking into account diagnosis, work history, education, program type, site of program, psychiatric symptoms, global functioning and previous earnings. Results: Estimated total income increased by an average of $134 (US) per month after enrolling in supported employment. More than three-quarters of this increase was from government sources, such as Social Security and educational grants. The increase in government income was largely due to participants applying for and getting cash benefits for the first time. Social Security payments for those receiving benefits before enrollment did not change significantly. A small group of persons (n = 22) who did not
Bioengineering report: Fouling biofilm development: A process analysis

Biofilm development at a surface is the net result of several physical, chemical, and microbial processes including the following: (1)transport of dissolved and particulate matter from the bulk fluid to the surface; (2) firm microbial cell attachment to the surface; (3) microbial transformations (growth, reproduction, etc.) within the biofilm resulting in production of organic matter; (4) partial detachment of the biofilm due primarily to fluid shear stress. This report presents a framework for analyzing the interrelated processes contributing to biofilm development. Some of the available rate and composition data are presented so that the relative process rates can be compared.
Dynamic reconfiguration of hub-based networks

The flexibility that an intelligent hub adds to the planning, configuration, and management of a network of local area networks is discussed. We specifically address the capability to improve the performance of the overall system by flexing dynamically the boundaries of the constituent networks of a hub-based network according to traffic and quality of service demands. Guidelines for performing such hub-reconfiguration on demand are presented, and an extension for dynamic reconfiguration in multi-hub networks is also discussed. >
Application of similarity aggregation techniques to a population of paraplegic patients

We studied a population of paraplegic patients in order to give prominence to a possible relationship between the topography of their spinal lesion and the occurrence of special articular diseases (P.O.A.). According to the motor and sensory state of their spinal cord, we first tried to obtain a classification of these lesions (the usual one schematically separates ‘flaccid’ and ‘rigid’ paraplegics). We mainly put the emphasis on this clustering step of the study: — choice and meaning of the data and their coding; — explanation and justification of the method used: the similarity aggregation; — interpretation of results and discussion.
Molecular Calculations with Two-Center Correlated Orbitals

Abstract The usual building blocks of molecular orbital theory are one-center atomic orbitals. If we instead use two-center orbitals derived from the exact solution for H + 2 , a simple calculation of the H 2 binding energy yields 4.5 eV, with a Hylleraas correlation factor having no adjustable parameters. Variational minimization with respect to a couple of parameters in our trial function then shifts the binding energy to 4.7 eV, very near the experimental value. The approach is also applicable to heteronuclear molecules; e.g., HeH + , whose ground state energy we calculate to be −2.96 hartree with no adjustable parameters. This is to be compared with −2.98 hartree previously calculated using a wavefunction with 83 terms.
Strength of Building Elements When Subjected to Airblast

A fair amount of information on the breakage of window glass by sonic booms and airblast is summarized in Siskind et al. 1980 , which was prepared by the Bureau of Mines. After a review of large quantities of data, an approximate threshold of window glass breakage was estimated in the range of 0.056 to 0.11 psi. Also, based on results from numerous investigators reviewed by the Bureau of Mines, the 50% probability of breakage for storefront windows 100 sq ft was estimated at 0.25 psi. The 50% probability of breakage for smaller windows designated as Colonial Pane 0.8 sq ft was estimated at 0.62 psi. Similar limiting values were also obtained from actual explosions of sticks of dynamite and reported in Siskind et al. 1980 . For example, when studying glass breakage from totally unconfined explosions, it was found that window glass damage could occur at cube-root-scaled distances as high as 260 ft / lb1/3. These data suggested a range of 0.032 to 0.290 psi, which values are mostly in line with those obtained from sonic boom data. It was also determined that breakage of window glass in structures should occur at lower overpressure levels than other damage such as cracking of plaster, for example.
Instructor Credibility Across Disciplines: Identifying Students’ Differentiated Expectations of Instructor Behaviors

Business communication instructors can face a unique set of challenges to maintain their credibility with students. Communication plays an important role in the instructor-student relationship, and students judge instructors’ ability to teach communication based on their ability to practice what they teach. The authors’ empirical study shows that students have higher expectations of their business communication instructors than they do of their other business instructors when it comes to their communication behaviors in and out of the classroom. The authors infer from the data that sensitivity to these expectations can improve student learning and instructor evaluations.
System and software requirements validation through inspections: constructive reading and mining requirements from natural language requirements documents

Defects introduced early in the effort to engineer a system due to poorly identified requirements are generally seen as a major factor leading to high system and software costs, especially if the defective requirements are undetected until later development phases in the lifecycle of engineering a system. In software development, inspection methods have been particularly successful when applied to code inspections, but have often been substantially less effective when they are applied to natural language requirements specifications. Yet, the ultimate savings due to error detection, diagnosis, and correction before a trial system is produced are generally great. This paper addresses the problem of improving requirements inspections by exploring foundational issues, such as the ability of inspectors, the degree that skill is present as a stable and determining factor, and whether defect detection is influenced by intrinsic differences in difficulty of detection among defects. A new inspection technique, denoted Constructive Reading Inspection Process (CRIP), was developed and used to explore requirements inspection, which involves extracting the conceptual entities and their interrelationships as opposed to looking solely for defects. Inspections of phase products in software development is a best-practice in systems and software engineering, however reading inspection of natural language requirements is less productive than the same practices applied to code. Our study of reading inspections reveals issues largely overlooked in the past which suggest that low yields can be partly accounted for by cognitive factors, lack of uniform expectations, and the character of ordinary reading. The Constructive Reading Inspection Process focuses on revealing and illuminating the conceptual entities and inspecting those; thereby shifting the implied operational metaphor from fishing (looking for defects) to mining (exhuming and polishing entities). This paper describes the process, its use, and provides a preliminary evaluation of its effectiveness.
Efficacy of Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Compared With Bare Metal Stents for Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention

Saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention is associated with a significantly increased rate of periprocedural complications and late clinical and angiographic restenosis. We examined the efficacy and safety of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs; Cypher) compared with bare metal stents (BMSs) in SVG intervention. Forty-eight patients who had 50 SVG lesions and underwent standard percutaneous coronary intervention with SESs (SES group) were compared with 57 patients who had 64 SVG lesions and underwent intervention with BMSs (BMS group). All patients received distal protection devices during SVG intervention. In-hospital, 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year clinical outcomes in the 2 groups were compared. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics were balanced between groups. There were no deaths or Q-wave myocardial infarctions during the index hospitalization, but compared with the BMS group, patients in the SES group had significantly fewer non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions (4% vs 21%, p = 0.01), which was mainly attributed to increased periprocedural creatine kinase-MB levels. At 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, all clinical outcomes were similar between groups. Event-free survival at 1 year was also similar between groups (p = 0.84). In conclusion, the use of SESs in patients who undergo SVG intervention with a distal protection device is clinically safe and feasible but is not associated with decreased clinical events up to 1 year compared with BMSs.
A non‐linear mixed effect dynamic model using adherence to treatment to describe long‐term therapy outcome in HIV‐patients

Aim Poor drug-adherence is an important factor explaining the resurgence of HIV-1 virus. Complex non-linear models have been developed to describe the population dynamics of HIV virus, but they are not used in clinical trials due to their complexity. Linearized models have been applied to real data. However, they can only explain the decay of the virus following antiviral treatment. The objective of our project is to develop a population non-linear mixed effect model characterizing the long-term dynamics of viral load in clinical data, and to quantify the effect of adherence in the dynamic of HIV virus. Methods The basic model incorporates physiologically meaningful variables (free virus, total T-cells, and latent T-cells), uses standard rescaling techniques to guarantee identifiability of its parameters given measurements of the free virus (viral load), and takes into account intra-subject variability. Drug-adherence is incorporated on the basic reproductive ratio of the virus (RR) as follows: RR=λ+γ*Aj(t), where λ is the RR for non compliers (Aj(t)=0) and λ+γ, γ≤ 0, is the RR for perfect compliers (Aj(t)=1). The model is applied on real AIDS clinical data. Results We show that adherence affects the RR. Perfect adherence decreases RR by 3% resulting in an important reduction of RNA levels. Conclusions The model may be used to draw biologically relevant interpretations from repeated HIV-1 RNA measurements and quantify the relative effect of drug-adherence on viral response in HIV-infected patients. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P90–P90; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.238
The Brain Renin-Angiotensin System Contributes to the Hypertension in Mice Containing Both the Human Renin and Human Angiotensinogen Transgenes

We have previously shown that mice transgenic for both the human renin and human angiotensinogen genes (RA+) exhibit appropriate tissue- and cell-specific expression of both transgenes, have 4-fold higher plasma angiotensin II (AII) levels, and are chronically hypertensive. However, the relative contribution of circulating and tissue-derived AII in causing hypertension in these animals is not known. We hypothesized that the brain renin-angiotensin system contributes to the elevated blood pressure in this model. To address this hypothesis, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured in conscious, unrestrained mice after they were instrumented with intracerebroventricular cannulae and carotid arterial and jugular vein catheters. Intracerebroventricular administration of the selective AII type 1 (AT-1) receptor antagonist losartan (10 microgram, 1 microL) caused a significantly greater peak fall in MAP in RA+ mice than in nontransgenic RA- controls (-29+/-4 versus -4+/-2 mm Hg, P 0.05), whereas AVPX caused a significantly greater fall in MAP in RA+ compared with RA- mice (-24+/-2 versus -6+/-1, P<0.01). Consistent with this was the observation that circulating AVP was 3-fold higher in RA+ mice than in control mice. These results suggest that increased activation of central AT-1 receptors, perhaps those located at sites involved in AVP release from the posterior pituitary gland, plays a role in the hypertension in RA+ mice. Furthermore, our finding that both human transgenes are expressed in brain regions of RA+ mice known to be involved in cardiovascular regulation raises the possibility that augmented local production of AII and increased activation of AT-1 receptors at these sites is involved.
Spin polarization of electrons in a magnetic impurity doped semiconductor quantum dot – The effect of electron–phonon interaction

A theoretical model is presented in this paper for degree of spin polarization in a light emitting diode (LED) whose epitaxial region contains quantum dots doped with magnetic impurity. The model is then used to investigate the effect of electron–phonon interaction on degree of spin polarization at different temperatures and magnetic fields. It is found that magnetic impurity increases the degree of spin polarization irrespective of temperature, while the electron–phonon interaction decreases the degree of spin polarization. Results are found to be in better agreement with experiments.
Abstract 2753: Change in tumor size by RECIST correlates linearly with progression-free and overall survival in phase I studies

INTRODUCTION: The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) sets cutoff values for complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). The efficacy of novel anticancer therapies is traditionally described as the percentage of patients with responses in each of these 4 categories. However, the boundary values defining these categories are arbitrarily set. We therefore study the relationship between change in tumor size by RECIST and both progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS), and evaluate if boundaries exist or if alternatively the relationship is a continuous parameter. METHODS: We analyzed 468 participants on 24 phase I trials at MD Anderson from 10-1-04 to 6-30-08. Best response (best change by RECIST while on study) is correlated with PFS and OS by Somers9 rank correlation. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients binned by response are also calculated (Table). Finally, a Cox model with no covariates is fit to the survival data, and analysis of best response versus the model residual is conducted. RESULTS: Rank order testing demonstrated a correlation between best response and survival (Dxy = −0.56 for PFS and −0.34 for OS). Kaplan-Meier analysis also demonstrated a strong correlation (p −6 , Table). Residual analysis of the Cox model (Methods) demonstrated a near linear relationship between changes in tumor size from −100% to +25% and survival; patients with a change of +25% or greater did uniformly poorly. Landmark analyses at multiple time points demonstrated identical trends regardless of the landmark. CONCLUSION: Given the linear relationship between best response to treatment and both PFS and OS, evaluating specific patient responses, for example through mechanisms such as waterfall plots, may be more valuable than aggregate CR, PR, SD, and PD rates. Additionally, the cutoffs for CR, PR, SD, and PD as defined by RECIST may not have special significance regarding survival in this population. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2753.
Estableciendo lazos entre Darwin y Jung: La selecciÃ³n natural, el inconsciente colectivo y el proceso de individuaciÃ³n.

Estamos celebrando doscientos aA±os del nacimiento de Darwin y ciento cincuenta desde la publicaciA³n de El origen de las especies. El mA©rito de Darwin fue ser el primero en plantear que las especies no fueron creadas todas simultAineamente y para siempre, sino que evolucionan en el tiempo adaptAindose a su medio ambiente. La evoluciA³n es tanto fA­sica como mental. Los individuos mejor adaptados al medio se van a reproducir en mayor nAomero que los otros y tendrAin una descendencia mAis numerosa que perpetAoe sus genes. NingAon cambio que afecte a un progenitor va a quedar sin ser transmitido a su descendencia.Carl G. Jung manifiesta que los seres humanos compartimos una semejanza psA­quica, cuyabase estAi dada por el inconsciente colectivo, que a su vez estAi compuesto por los arquetipos. El inconsciente colectivo es igual en todos nosotros y se ha ido formando a lo largo de millones de aA±os de evoluciA³n. Es el sustrato de la conciencia. La apariciA³n de la conciencia tiene que haber tenido, y seguir teniendo, una importante ventaja evolutiva; en caso contrario, y siguiendoa Darwin, no se habrA­a perpetuado. Jung expresa que el proceso de individuaciA³n, que es un arquetipo, implica ir haciA©ndose cada vez mAis consciente, incorporando al inconsciente en un trabajo constante que lleva a que el individuo mAis exitoso estA© armonizado consigo mismo y su devenir. En tA©rminos religiosos, serAi aquel que, a travA©s de la gracia divina, ha sometido la propia a la voluntad divina.Nos preguntamos si la evoluciA³n psA­quica no nos llevarAi a ir facilitando las condiciones para que dicha gracia divina se exprese en la conciencia del ser humano.
CheapSMC: A Framework to Minimize Secure Multiparty Computation Cost in the Cloud

Secure multi-party computation (SMC) techniques are increasingly more efficient and practical, due in part, to various improvements. For instance, recent research has shown that different protocols that are implemented using different sharing mechanisms (e.g., boolean and arithmetic sharings) can have varying computational and communication costs. Although there are some approaches to automatically mix protocols of different sharing schemes to enhance execution efficiency, none provide a generic optimization framework to discover the least expensive mixed-protocol SMC execution for cloud deployment.
The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species are thought to mediate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), suggesting that mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD, may be driven by similar insults. Several studies document that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is neuroprotective in the setting of neuronal insults, since this transcription factor drives the expression of critical genes that diminish neuronal cell death. HIF-1 facilitates glycolysis and glucose metabolism, thus helping to generate reductive equivalents of NADH/NADPH that counter oxidative stress. HIF-1 also improves cerebral blood flow which opposes the toxicity of hypoxia. Increased HIF-1 activity and/or expression of HIF-1 target genes, such as those involved in glycolysis or vascular flow, may be an early adaptation to the oxidative stressors that characterize MCI pathology. The molecular events that constitute this early adaptation are likely neuroprotective, and might mitigate cognitive decline or the onset of full-blown AD. On the other hand, prolonged or overwhelming stressors can convert HIF-1 into an activator of cell death through agents such as Bnip3, an event that is more likely to occur in late MCI or advanced Alzheimer’s dementia.
Evaluation of an arm‐splint belt to reduce self‐injury

After a functional analysis yielded undifferentiated results, a subsequent assessment suggested self-injury exhibited by a young boy with autism was sensitive to physical restraint. Canvas arm splints with metal stays were initially effective to reduce self-injury. Although we successfully faded the number of stays in each sleeve to 3, self-injury reemerged. We then used a withdrawal design to evaluate a behind-the-back belt connected to the arm splints. When the belt and splints were on, self-injury did not occur. When the belt was removed, self-injury increased, even though the splints remained intact. Finally, we faded the length of the belt to allow increased range of motion, and rates of self-injury remained low.
Standard grids for high‐precision integration of modern density functionals: SG‐2 and SG‐3

Density-functional approximations developed in the past decade necessitate the use of quadrature grids that are far more dense than those required to integrate older generations of functionals. This category of difficult-to-integrate functionals includes meta-generalized gradient approximations, which depend on orbital gradients and/or the Laplacian of the density, as well as functionals based on B97 and the popular "Minnesota" class of functionals, each of which contain complicated and/or oscillatory expressions for the exchange inhomogeneity factor. Following a strategy introduced previously by Gill and co-workers to develop the relatively sparse "SG-0" and "SG-1" standard quadrature grids, we introduce two higher-quality grids that we designate SG-2 and SG-3, obtained by systematically "pruning" medium- and high-quality atom-centered grids. The pruning procedure affords computational speedups approaching a factor of two for hybrid functionals applied to systems of ∼100 atoms, without significant loss of accuracy. The grid dependence of several popular density functionals is characterized for various properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methyl-CpG binding domain proteins inhibit interspecies courtship and promote aggression in Drosophila

Reproductive isolation and speciation are driven by the convergence of environmental and genetic variation. The integration of these variation sources is thought to occur through epigenetic marks including DNA methylation. Proteins containing a methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) bind methylated DNA and interpret epigenetic marks, providing a dynamic yet evolutionarily adapted cellular output. Here, we report the Drosophila MBD-containing proteins, dMBD-R2 and dMBD2/3, contribute to reproductive isolation and survival behavioral strategies. Drosophila melanogaster males with a reduction in dMBD-R2 specifically in octopamine (OA) neurons exhibit courtship toward divergent interspecies D. virilis and D. yakuba females and a decrease in conspecific mating success. Conspecific male-male courtship is increased between dMBD-R2-deficient males while aggression is reduced. These changes in adaptive behavior are separable as males with a hypermethylated OA neuronal genome exhibited a decrease in aggression without altering male-male courtship. These results suggest Drosophila MBD-containing proteins are required within the OA neural circuitry to inhibit interspecies and conspecific male-male courtship and indicate that the genetically hard-wired neural mechanisms enforcing behavioral reproductive isolation include the interpretation of the epigenome.
First-Principles Investigations of TiGe/Ge Interface and Recipes to Reduce the Contact Resistance

The metal–semiconductor interface is fundamental to any semiconductor device and the success of advanced technology nodes critically depends upon the minimization of the contact resistance at the interface. In this paper, we calculate the electronic structure of a metal–semiconductor interface (TiGe/Ge contact) within the framework of first-principles density functional theory simulations. We report the modulation of the Schottky barrier height with respect to the different phases of TiGe metal and different crystallographic orientations of Ge substrate. We further compute the ${I}$ – ${V}$ characteristics of the TiGe/Ge contact with nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism, using a two-terminal device configuration. The calculated transmission spectrum allows us to extract the contact resistance at the metal–semiconductor interface. Furthermore, the onset of Ohmic contact for p-doped TiGe/Ge interface is identified by studying the ${I}$ – ${V}$ characteristics as a function of increasing active carrier concentration. We find that a doping concentration of 1e21 is sufficient to transform the Schottky contact into Ohmic and thereby achieve a least possible contact resistance at the interfaces. Our paper thus provides useful physical insights into the nanoscale details of the TiGe/Ge interfaces and can guide further process development to minimize the contact resistance.
Water on the surface of the Moon as seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Distribution, abundance, and origins

A new thermal correction model and experimentally validated relationships between absorption strength and water content have been used to construct the first global quantitative maps of lunar surface water derived from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper near-infrared reflectance data. We find that OH abundance increases as a function of latitude, approaching values of ~500 to 750 parts per million (ppm). Water content also increases with the degree of space weathering, consistent with the preferential retention of water originating from solar wind implantation during agglutinate formation. Anomalously high water contents indicative of interior magmatic sources are observed in several locations, but there is no global correlation between surface composition and water content. Surface water abundance can vary by ~200 ppm over a lunar day, and the upper meter of regolith may contain a total of ~1.2 × 1014 g of water averaged over the globe. Formation and migration of water toward cold traps may thus be a continuous process on the Moon and other airless bodies.
Large Dynamic Plastic Deflection of Plates by Mode Method

The extension of the mode approximation technique to finite deflections is illustrated in this paper by application to a fully clamped circular plate that is impusively loaded and whose material exhibits rigid-perfectly plastic or viscoplastic behavior. Deflections up to about 10 plate thicknesses are treated. The approximation technique required finding instantaneous mode form solutions at a sequence of times, satisfying the current equations of material behavior, edge constraint, and dynamics including finite deflection terms. The modal form is defined as having velocity and acceleration fields differing by a scalar factor. Thus ordinary rather than partial differential equations are solved. Iterative methods are described which furnish these solutions efficiently in the present problem. The general approach furnishes some useful information about errors of the final deflection magnitudes. Comparisons are made with other solutions and experimental results.
Resident Physician Burnout: Improving the Wellness of Surgical Trainees

A recent survey of the American College of Surgeons demonstrated that 40% of surgeons were burned out. Surgical residents are a particularly vulnerable group and experience burnout at higher rates than their surgical attendings. More concerning are the negative effects of resident burnout on patient care and the overall well-being of resident physicians. There has been increasing public and academic interest in resident wellness since the tragic suicides of two resident physicians in August 2014. While the goal of residency training is to provide the requisite knowledge and instruction to allow residents to become successful physicians, this should be accomplished in an environment that promotes the wellness of trainees during the most formative years of their careers. In this chapter, we will examine the problem of resident burnout in surgical education and possible strategies to better identify, prevent, and manage burnout.
Cell-type Dependent Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes: Probing the Biology of Selective Neuronal Vulnerability

Alzheimer's disease (AD) induces memory and cognitive impairment in the absence of motor and sensory deficits during its early and middle course. A major unresolved question is the basis for this selective neuronal vulnerability. Aβ, which plays a central role in AD pathogenesis, is generated throughout the brain, yet some regions outside of the limbic and cerebral cortices are relatively spared from Aβ plaque deposition and synapse loss. Here, we examine neurons derived from iPSCs of patients harboring an amyloid precursor protein mutation to quantify AD-relevant phenotypes following directed differentiation to rostral fates of the brain (vulnerable) and caudal fates (relatively spared) in AD. We find that both the generation of Aβ and the responsiveness of TAU to Aβ are affected by neuronal cell type, with rostral neurons being more sensitive than caudal neurons. Thus, cell-autonomous factors may in part dictate the pattern of selective regional vulnerability in human neurons in AD.
Abstract 19152: Increased Extracellular Nucleosome Levels, Biomarkers of Cell Death, in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Compared to the Normal Population

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. It is estimated that atrial fibrillation affects approximately 2.7 million people in the United States. Extracellular plasma nucleosomes (PNs) are complexes of DNA and histones that are released during cell death. Histones have been shown to function as DAMPs when they are translocated from the nucleus to the extracellular space. These nucleosomes mediate inflammatory and thromobotic responses and could serve as biomarkers in atrial fibrillation. Methods: The concentration of PNs in plasma samples of atrial fibrillation patients (n=43), aged normals (n=35), and young normals (n=29) were measured using the Cell Death Detection ELISA PLUS assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). For this study, the baseline plasma samples of atrial fibrillation patients were analyzed. Results: In comparison to the plasma from aged normals (11.42 ± 9.15 Arbitrary Units (AU)) and young normals (6.42 ± 0.87 AU; p Conclusion: PNs were elevated in atrial fibrillation when compared to both aged and young normals, indicating an increased release of nucleosomes, suggesting increased cell death. Extracellular nucleosomes function as DAMPs by binding to receptors and triggering the activation of multiple signal pathways. Due to the involvement of inflammation and thrombosis in the pathology of atrial fibrillation, the increased circulating nucleosome level in patients with atrial fibrillation implies that PNs may activate the immune system and generate the inflammatory response. These results suggest that PNs may serve as a biomarker in atrial fibrillation.
Increasing success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy by an optimal clinical pathway.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of more convincing and reassuring remarks from the surgeon in the preoperative consult associated with a dedicated outpatient facility to increase our rate of success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS A one-centre prospective clinical study was conducted between February 2013 and May 2015. During the first time period (February 2013-March 2014), patients were hospitalized in conventional care unit and given the possibility to choose an outpatient procedure. In the second phase (April 2014-May 2015), the patients were held in a dedicated outpatient facility. Outpatient success rate was evaluated using Chung's discharge score 6 h after surgery. RESULTS Eighty patients were included (30 in a traditional setting, 50 in an optimal clinical pathway). Both groups were comparable for mean age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score and mean operative time (P = 0.36, P = 1 and P = 0.09, respectively). Success in outpatient surgery was significantly higher in the optimal clinical pathway group (73.3% versus 96%, P = 0.005). The only criteria which was significantly improved in Chung score was perambulation (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for post-operative complications (P = 0.28) or readmission (P = 1). CONCLUSION Optimal clinical pathway (more convincing and reassuring remarks in the preoperative consult and a dedicated outpatient facility) is the key to increase success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy.