cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery, recycling and re-irradiation of enriched 104Ru metal targets for cost effective production of 105Rh.

Abstract Rhodium-105 (0.567 MeV β-, 319 keV γ, 35.4 h half-life) was produced by neutron irradiation of enriched 104Ru (>99%) over multiple decades. A method is reported to recover the previously irradiated 104Ru (trapped in HCl as RuO42−) as the metal. The 104Ru was recovered in >93% yield and >98% enrichment. Neutron re-irradiation of the recycled 104Ru produced 105Rh, which was successfully radiolabeled with tetrathioethers in high yield. This recovery and recycling method for enriched 104Ru makes 105Rh production and utilization economical.
Optimization of a low-cost fertilizer-based medium for large-scale cultivation of the coastal diatom Conticribra weissflogii using response surface methodology and its effects on biomass composition

Diatoms are widely studied because of their potential in aquaculture and in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries due to the production of bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and pigments. However, for this potential to be achieved, it is necessary to make their large-scale cultivation economically viable, with a significant reduction in the cost of the medium. The objective of this work was to optimize a fertilizer-based medium to cultivate the marine diatom Conticribra weissflogii, a potential producer of the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) and pigments like fucoxanthin. For this, a Plackett–Burman screening experiment was performed to eliminate non-essential nutrients and the response surface methodology was employed to optimize concentrations of the essential nutrients considering two responses, growth and cost–benefit. After optimization, media validation, and cost analysis were performed, the optimized medium was tested outdoors on a pilot scale in 330-L photobioreactors and in 1800-L circular tanks, and the growth rate was compared with the bench scale. Lastly, the biomass composition was analyzed. The screening experiments showed that among the evaluated nutrients, only urea, calcium phosphate, metasilicate, and biotin were relevant for the growth of C. weissflogii, and the concentrations of these elements have been optimized to obtain the greatest growth and the best cost–benefit ratio. Conticribra weissflogii presented similar results of growth and cost–benefit among treatments, although the medium developed to test the cost–benefit was 32.4% cheaper. Moreover, compared to the laboratory f/2 medium, the costs of this medium were 79.43% lower. The produced biomass in the cost–benefit medium had reduced ash contents, whereas protein, lipids, and fucoxanthin were the same in comparison to the regular culture medium. No difference was observed in the percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid. Thus, the results showed improved production of C. weissflogii at a commercial scale by reducing the medium costs without compromising the biomass quality.
Early-life patterns of growth are linked to levels of phenotypic trait covariance and postfledging mortality across avian species

Life history studies have established that trade-offs between growth and survival are common both within and among species. Identifying the factor(s) that mediate this trade-off has proven difficult, however, especially at the among-species level. In this study, we examined a series of potentially interrelated traits in a community of temperate-zone passerine birds to help understand the putative causes and consequences of variation in early-life growth among species. First, we examined whether nest predation risk (a proven driver of interspecific variation in growth and development rates) was correlated with species-level patterns of incubation duration and nestling period length. We then assessed whether proxies for growth rate covaried with mean trait covariance strength (i.e., phenotypic correlations ( rp), which can be a marker of early-life stress) among body mass, tarsus length, and wing length at fledging. Finally, we examined whether trait covariance strength at fledging was related to postfledging survival. We found that higher nest predation risk was correlated with faster skeletal growth and that our proxies for growth corresponded with increased trait covariance strength ( rp), which subsequently, correlated with higher mortality in the next life stage (postfledging period). These results provide an indication that extrinsic pressures (nest predation) impact rates of growth, and that there are costs of rapid growth across species, expressed as higher mean rp and elevated postfledging mortality. The link between higher levels of trait covariance at fledging and increased mortality is unclear, but increased trait covariance strength may reflect reduced phenotypic flexibility (i.e., phenotypic canalization), which may limit an organism's capacity for coping with environmental or ecological variability.
Abstract 1212: Mutant p53 stabilizes and protects the transcription factor ETS2 from proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitin ligase COP1/DET1

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Genetic mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 contribute to a great majority of human cancers. One mechanism by which mutant TP53 (mtp53) acts is through the interaction with other transcription factors, which can either enhance or repress the transcription of their target genes. Mtp53 preferentially interacts with ETS2, an ETS transcription factor, and increases its stability. This results in an increase of the expression of ETS target genes that are associated with the transition of normal cells into tumor cells. Previous studies have shown that the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway regulates ETS2 stability. To study the mechanism of ETS2 ubiquitin-mediated degradation, we used siRNA to knockdown ubiquitin ligases known to interact with ETS2. A significant increase in ETS2 stability was observed when the ubiquitin ligase COP1 and its binding partner DET1 were knocked down. We find that ectopically expressed COP1/DET1 leads to ETS2 ubiquitination and degradation, and that a COP1 without an intact RING domain fails to degrade ETS2. Mutation of COP1 putative binding sites in ETS2 also prevented its degradation. Given that mtp53 interacts with ETS2, we assessed mtp53's role in ETS2 stability by conducting ubiquitination assays. Our data showed that mtp53 prevents COP1/DET1 from ubiquitinating ETS2, thus preventing it from being degraded. We are currently studying the mechanism of COP1/DET1 binding to ETS2 and how mtp53 interferes with this process, thus rescuing ETS2. We surmise that mtp53 disrupts the binding of COP1/DET1 to ETS2, leading to its stabilization. Through this mechanism, mtp53 can alter the balance of ETS proteins in normal cells, which results in an increased ETS2 transcriptional program that drives cancer cells to be more invasive and metastatic. Citation Format: Zunamys I. Carrero, Madhusudhan Kollareddy, Krishna M. Chauhan, Gopalakrishnan Ramakrishnan, Luis A. Martinez. Mutant p53 stabilizes and protects the transcription factor ETS2 from proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitin ligase COP1/DET1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1212. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1212
Excursion to Tonbridge

Introduction : "The party from London arrived at Tonbridge at 2.30, where they were joined by another contingent which had come by other trains, motors, &c., from various parts of the country, in all about fifty in number [...]"
Conversations With Parents: A Collaborative Sport Psychology Program for Parents in Youth Sport

Parents have an important influence on their children's youth sport experiences, and programming designed to help parents function effectively in the sporting context can benefit parents, athletes, and coaches alike. The purpose of this article is to present a series of workshops designed for parents and conducted as part of a larger sport psychology program in a youth sport setting. Along with a description of the interactive activities used in the workshops, the article will include a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings of the program and suggestions for sport psychology practitioners interested in developing parent-focused programs.
A meta-analytic comparison of self-reported and other-reported organizational citizenship behavior

Summary Given the common use of self-ratings and other-ratings (e.g., supervisor or coworker) of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the extent to which these rating sources provide comparable information. The current study's results provided three important lines of evidence supporting the use and construct-related validity of self-rated OCB. The meta-analysis of mean differences demonstrated that the mean difference in OCB ratings is actually quite small between self- and other-raters. Importantly, the difference between self- and other-raters was influenced by neither the response scale (i.e., agreement vs. frequency) nor the use of antithetical/reverse-worded items on OCB scales. The meta-analysis of correlations showed that self- and other-ratings are moderately correlated but that self–other convergence is higher when antithetical items are not used and when agreement response scales are used. In addition, self-ratings and supervisor-ratings showed significantly more convergence than self-ratings and coworker-ratings. Finally, an evaluation of self-rated and other-rated OCB nomological networks showed that although self-rated and other-rated OCBs have similar patterns of relationships with common correlates, other-rated OCB generally contributed negligible incremental variance to correlates and only contributed appreciable incremental variance to other-rated behavioral variables (e.g., task performance and counterproductive work behavior). Implications and future research directions are discussed, particularly regarding the need to establish a nomological network for other-rated OCB. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximation by Kantorovich and Quadrature Type Quasi-interpolation Neural Networks

Here we present multivariate basic approximation by Kantorovich and Quadrature type quasi-interpolation neural network operators with respect to supremum norm.
Magnetic trapping of neutral atoms

Magnetic trapping of neutral atoms has the potential for use in very many areas, including high-resolution precision spectroscopy, collision studies, Bose-Einstein condensation, and atom optics. Although ion trapping, laser cooling of trapped ions, and trapped ion spectroscopy were known for many years [125], it was only in 1985 that neutral atoms were first trapped [126]. Such experiments offer the capability of the spectroscopic ideal of an isolated atom at rest, in the dark, available for interaction with electromagnetic field probes.
Why do patients with heart failure suffer from erectile dysfunction? A critical review and suggestions on how to approach this problem

Chronic heart failure (HF) is an increasingly common cardiovascular disorder. The goal of health-care providers is to optimize quality of life in this population, including sexual health. Up to 75% of patients with HF report erectile dysfunction (ED). As HF is a condition with distinct physiologic sequelae, some unique organic and psychological factors contributing to ED in this patient population have been identified, along with risk factors common to the development of coronary artery disease, HF and ED. This review describes contributing factors to ED in the setting of HF and highlights treatment considerations for this distinct patient population.
Sport and the View From Nowhere

(2001). Sport and the View From Nowhere. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
Sampling and analysis of phenols in air.

(1959). Sampling and Analysis of Phenols in Air. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 142-148.
Plasma Levels and Efficacy of Imipramine Treatment for Enuresis

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the relationship between serum drug level and treatment efficacy in enuretic children treated with imipramine (IMI). Method Eighteen children with primary nocturnal enuresis recruited from an ambulatory enuresis clinic population were the subjects of the study. After a baseline period of 2 weeks, children received placebo for 1 week followed by treatment with IMI in increasing dosages (1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg), each dosage being given for 2 weeks. Steady state IMI and desipramine levels were determined in each child for each dosage. Medication response ([drug % dryness - placebo % dryness] divided by [100% - placebo % dryness]) was determined for each dosing interval. Results Average dryness increased from 27.8% on placebo to 73% with 2.5 mg/kg of IMI. The overall correlation between medication response and combined serum level was .26 ( p Conclusions The efficacy of IMI over placebo in reducing the frequency of nocturnal enuresis in children was confirmed. Efficacy was moderately but significantly related to increasing mg/kg dose. A higher serum level tended to be associated with a better response, but there was at least 700% variation in serum level between subjects at every dosage. Monitoring serum levels of imipramine in children with idiopathic functional nocturnal enuresis treated with that medication has a limited but real usefulness in clinical management.
SKIN REACTIONS TO ALTERNATE HEAT AND X-RAY EXPOSURES

Different areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pigs have been exposed to suberythema doses of soft x-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence. The only effect of exposure to x-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and x-radiation developed well marked and persistent burns. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.
Overview of soft-x-ray photoemission spectromicroscopy

Abstract We review the development of a number of soft-X-ray spectromicroscopes at synchrotron radiation facilities throughout the world. These instruments make use of several different technical approaches to achieve lateral resolution. Each approach has advantages and limitations, which makes the different instruments largely complementary to each other. These exciting new devices make full use of the high brightness of present synchrotron radiation sources and fully justify the current development of new ultrabright sources.
Limited proteolysis of Cl‐inhibitor by chymotrypsin‐like proteinases

Limited proteolysis of Cl-inhibitor was observed with human skin chymase, human cathepsin G, and bovine chymotrypsin. In each case, the inhibitor was degraded to one major product migrating slightly faster than the native inhibitor in an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The inhibitory activity of Cl-inhibitor against human plasma kallikrein was not altered by the modification with chymase. Edman degradation of the proteolyzed inhibitor revealed two sequences in a 1:1 ratio: NPNATSSSQ, the N-terminus of native Cl-inhibitor, and VEPILEVSSL. This second sequence showed that the Phe33-Val34 bond was hydrolyzed. Our results provide another example of the susceptibility of the N-terminal region of Cl-inhibitor to proteolytic cleavage.
Low dose estrogens inhibit coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal monkeys

Abstract Objectives To determine if low dose conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) result in a reduction of coronary artery atherosclerosis progression, and to relate these findings to previous studies using the traditional dose. Methods Adult female monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) were fed an atherogenic diet for 10 months, to induce fatty streaks and small plaques comparable to those present in early postmenopausal women, and then ovariectomized and treated orally with: CEE (0.30 mg/day women's equivalent dose, n = 28) or placebo ( n = 25) daily for 24 months. Body weight and estradiol were measured at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months and plasma lipids were measured at baseline and every 6 months. Results Despite the lack of effect on plasma lipid profiles, monkeys treated with low dose CEE had marked reductions in coronary artery atherosclerosis plaque extent (intimal area) in all three main coronary arteries: left anterior descending artery (52% less, 0.044 mm 2 versus 0.091 mm 2 , p = 0.04); left circumflex artery (62% less, 0.045 mm 2 versus 0.119 mm 2 , p = 0.006) and right circumflex artery (42% less, 0.018 mm 2 versus 0.031 mm 2 , p = 0.20). The overall mean coronary atherosclerosis extent was 52% lower in CEE treated animals (0.042 mm 2 versus 0.088 mm 2 , p = 0.02). Conclusion Low dose CEE (0.30 mg/woman/day equivalent) was effective in reducing coronary atherosclerosis and the magnitude of the protection was comparable to previously reported studies using doses equivalent to 0.625 mg/woman/day. This study provides an experimental basis for the assumption that low dose CEE may be as effective as the traditional dose in inhibiting coronary atherosclerosis progression in early postmenopausal subjects.
Weidner receives 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal: Citation

Donald J. Weidner was awarded the 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.”
Space systems design at Utah State University - A total approach

An account is given of an Advanced Design Program, developed under the auspices of NASA/USRA, which uses a six quarter-hour multidisciplinary systems-design course to teach spacecraft design. The course integrates engineering skills with system-design principles, while emphasizing written and oral communications. The setting for such student efforts is patterned after existing high-tech spacecraft-design organizations. The classes address design tradeoff decisions, parametric studies, and design reviews, as well as project-continuations.
Metamagnetism of palladium

Abstract Self-consistent spin-polarized energy band studies with the applied magnetic field included, show Pd metal to undergo a metamagnetic transition in high magnetic fields. The calculated moments and susceptibilities are found to be greatly enhanced for tetragonally (“stretched”) Pd as in the Au/Pd/Au sandwiches studied by Brodsky and Freeman and to indicate the possibility of ferromagnetism in tet. Pd.
Pseudo‐nitzschia blooms, domoic acid, and related California sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California

Blooms of the toxin-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia commonly occur in Monterey Bay, California, resulting in sea lion mortality events. The links between strandings of California sea lions suffering from domoic acid (DA) toxicity, toxic cell numbers, and their associated DA concentration in Monterey Bay and in sea lion feces were examined from 2004 to 2007. While Pseudo-nitzschia toxic cells and DA concentrations were detectable in the water column most of the time, they were often at low levels. A total of 82 California sea lions were found stranded in the Bay between 2004 and 2007 with acute or chronic signs associated with DA
The sexual experience of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Objective Women with bulimia nervosa generally have reported greater sexual activity and experience relative to women with anorexia nervosa. However, past research has been based on small samples and has not controlled for potential confounding variables or symptom severity. We further investigated sexual experience among women diagnosed with an eating disorder. Methods: Women evaluated in an outpatient eating disorders program, and subsequently diagnosed with either anorexia nervosa (n = 131) or bulimia nervosa (n = 319), completed the Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders-Revised (DSED-R) at intake. Sexual experience variables (masturbation, coitus, sexual satisfaction), as well as control variables (age, weight, and menarche) and measures of symptom severity, were derived from the DSED-R. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict sexual experience. Results: After controlling for relevant covariates, bulimics were more likely than anorexics to have engaged in sexual intercourse. Masturbation experience, as well as self-ratings of current sexual satisfaction, were inversely related to degree of restriction of caloric intake, particularly among women with anorexia nervosa. When compared to anorexics, bulimics reported greater sexual interest and earlier age of first coitus. Discussion: Coitus (sexual activity involving a partner) was related to eating disorder diagnosis independent of symptoms, whereas masturbation (self-focused sexual activity) was related to caloric restriction for the sample as a whole and anorexia nervosa patients in particular. These relationships between sexual experience and eating disorder symptoms and diagnosis may illuminate the personality features of women with anorexia nervosa versus bulimia nervosa as well as the functional role of caloric restriction. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On fatigue damage of long flexible cylinders due to the higher harmonic force components and chaotic vortex-induced vibrations

Abstract Recent experimental data have revealed that vortex-induced vibrations of long flexible cylinders are characterized by time intervals of chaotic response, followed or preceded by periods of statistically stationary response. A chaotic response is characterized by a broad-band PSD, while the steady response can have large higher harmonic stress components. Regions of chaotic response and the steady regions with large higher harmonic stress components contain distinctly different response features and have significant implications on the fatigue analysis. To quantify the effect of the higher harmonic force components and chaotic oscillations on fatigue damage of long flexible structures, we generate stress time series such that we can include or remove the higher harmonics, and also use either a narrow-band or broad-band PSD. This approach enables us to conduct a systematic study on the influence of each of these phenomena on the resulting fatigue damage. We show a dramatic increase in fatigue damage for signals containing higher harmonics. On the other hand, for chaotic stress signals, the fatigue damage is increased moderately, relative to a stress signal with a narrow-band PSD with the same total power.
An Empirical Analysis on the Asymmetric Regional Effects of Chinese Monetary Policy: Based on the VAR Models of Jiangsu and Henan Province

With the unified monetary policy, the unbalance of regional economic and financial development has to be considered. To improve the effect of monetary policy, it is necessary for us to know the different regional effects from the unified monetary policy. After the unbalance of the regional economic and financial development of Jiangsu province and Henan province is analyzed, the different regional effects of the unified monetary policy are proved by empirical approaches VAR and IRF in the paper. The moderate different monetary policy can selectively be applied according to the regional reality.
A molecular mechanism of action of thyroxin: modification of membrane phospholipid by iodine.

Abstract A theory of the mechanism of action of thyroxin is proposed which may account for many of the biological activities of this hormone. It is suggested that thyroxin associates with the lipids of the cell membrane, whereupon the thyroxin is degraded by a free radical mechanism, resulting in the release of some or all of the iodine in the form of I · or I + . Once formed, this transient and highly reactive form of iodine in turn interacts with the membrane lipids, resulting in a lowering of the electrical resistance of the membrane. At the atomic level, there is some experimental evidence suggesting that the lowering of membrane lipid resistance may involve transformation of the lipids from insulators to semi-conductors. Evidence in support of the proposed mechanism includes consideration of the structure and degradation of thyroxin, the ability of iodine to exhibit thyromimetic actions, the interaction of iodine with phospholipid model membranes resulting in decreased electrical resistance of the membranes, and the ability of iodine to lower the activation energy for electrical conduction in lipids in the solid state. Biological implications of the proposed mechanism include possible effects on mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport, and on nerve impulse propagation.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of rabies virus antigen in central nervous system and peripheral tissue using low-temperature embedding and protein A-gold

A protein A-gold technique was used in conjunction with low temperature embedding to visualize ultrastructurally mature virions and sites of viral replication in the brains of rabies virus-infected mice after peripheral inoculation of virus. The association of viral profiles and gold particles with synaptic membranes, microtubules and rough endoplasmic reticulum suggested a mechanism of rabies virus transport within the central nervous system. Early interactions of inflammatory cells with the virus inoculum were characterized by phagocytosis by non-degranulating neutrophils and mononuclear cells.
Modeling variability in dendritic ice crystal backscattering cross sections at millimeter wavelengths using a modified Rayleigh–Gans theory

Abstract Using the Generalized Multi-particle Mie-method (GMM), Botta et al. (in this issue) [7] created a database of backscattering cross sections for 412 different ice crystal dendrites at X-, Ka- and W-band wavelengths for different incident angles. The Rayleigh–Gans theory, which accounts for interference effects but ignores interactions between different parts of an ice crystal, explains much, but not all, of the variability in the database of backscattering cross sections. Differences between it and the GMM range from −3.5 dB to +2.5 dB and are highly dependent on the incident angle. To explain the residual variability a physically intuitive iterative method was developed to estimate the internal electric field within an ice crystal that accounts for interactions between the neighboring regions within it. After modifying the Rayleigh–Gans theory using this estimated internal electric field, the difference between the estimated backscattering cross sections and those from the GMM method decreased to within 0.5 dB for most of the ice crystals. The largest percentage differences occur when the form factor from the Rayleigh–Gans theory is close to zero. Both interference effects and neighbor interactions are sensitive to the morphology of ice crystals. Improvements in ice-microphysical models are necessary to predict or diagnose internal structures within ice crystals to aid in more accurate interpretation of radar returns. Observations of the morphology of ice crystals are, in turn, necessary to guide the development of such ice-microphysical models and to better understand the statistical properties of ice crystal morphologies in different environmental conditions.
Nitrogen-15 Dioxide Uptake and Incorporation by Phaseolus vulgaris (L.).

The sorption rate and metabolic fate of nitrogen dioxide, a major air pollutant, have been determined for Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Sorption was determined kinetically by chemiluminescent monitoring of 15 NO 2 removal from the test atmosphere and directly by mass spectrometric analysis of nitrogen derived from the plant tissue. Sorptive processes were first order with respect to 15 NO 2 concentration. Virtually all of the 15 NO 2 taken up was metabolized.
Self-Consistent Treatment of Equilibrium Space Charge Effects in the l=2 Stellatron

A cyclic accelerator, the stellatron has been proposed to accelerate large electron currents in a magnetic field focusing configuration consisting of the combination of an ordinary weak focusing betatron field, a toroidal field, and a stellarator field. Early treatments of space charge effects in the stellatron employed the ad hoc assumption of a circular beam of arbitrary, unspecified radius. In the present work we obtain an equilibrium distribution function for the l=2 stellatron, analogous to the K-V distribution function, which produces an elliptical beam of constant density, the major and minor radii and orientation of which are specified by the beam current and emittance, and by the externally applied fields. Single particle stability criteria and single particle tunes in the self-consistent fields are also given.
p-n Junctions and the Piezoelectric Response of Bone

THE piezoelectric properties of bone are well known1–4 and have stimulated interest in the bone remodelling process (Wolff's law, 1892) which has recently been described as a negative feedback control system5,6. The piezoelectric response of bone may be an essential element of this system by producing a voltage which signals the application of stress to the bone.
Sport Fishing at a Thermal Discharge into Lake Michigan

Abstract Sport fishing censuses were conducted during 1972 and 1973 at the Point Beach Nuclear Plant on Lake Michigan (Two Rivers, Wisconsin). The objectives of this study were to describe the fishery at a typical shoreline thermal discharge into the upper Great Lakes and to make comparisons with reference fisheries in unheated areas. Extensive sport fishing at this power plant resulted in a relatively large catch of trout (4 species) and sporadic catches of salmon and non-salmonid species. Species composition of the catch and catch per-unit-effort varied daily and seasonally and generally reflected trends in reference fisheries. A comparison between years showed increased fishing effort, total catch, and proportion of trout in 1973, while success (catch-per-unit-effort) decreased. Despite this heavy fishing pressure, catch-per-unit-effort was generally higher at Point Beach than in reference shoreline fisheries. The economic value of thermal discharge fisheries on Lake Michigan is estimated using available value and expenditure data.
Role of oxygen chemisorption in low-temperature ignition of cellulose

Destructive fires involving flaming combustion of cellulosic materials often start with smoldering at lower temperatures. Recent studies show that about 70% of household fires start in this manner. A common scenario is smoldering combustion of upholstery or insulation induced by a lighted cigarette or faulty electrical connection. A similar process occurs during the spontaneous combustion of haystacks and wood piles. In the latter case the process starts with biological oxidation of cellulosic material, and further heat may be generated by oxidation of the breakdown products, eventually leading to pyrolysis and charring. An early eyewitness report by Ranke refers to sudden observation of sparks on exposure of the dark inner part of the haystack to the atmosphere. At the suggestion of Buchner, Ranke attributed this phenomenon to the adsorption of oxygen by pyrophoric carbon char. However, his conclusion has been strongly contested in subsequent publications. Compared to flaming combustion of cellulosic materials that proceeds rapidly at higher temperatures, very little is known about the mechanism and kinetics of smoldering and spontaneous combustion that proceed at lower temperatures. It is believed that this type of information will be helpful for the intervention and control of hazardous fires. In this note we reportmore » some of our recent results that indicate that oxygen chemisorption by char could play an important role in the ignition of cellulosic material at lower temperatures.« less
Strain-Dependent TGF Beta-1 Synthesis and Activation by Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

Aortic valve (AV) sclerosis is identified by irregular thickening and decreased compliance of the leaflets causing impaired cardiac function and increased mortality with age. Both mechanical and molecular factors are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of AV sclerosis. The structural integrity of the AV leaflet extracellular matrix (ECM) is maintained by the resident fibroblast AV interstitial cells (AVICs). With increasing age and loss of compliance in the aorta, a stress transfer may occur in the AV leaflets that likely subjects the AVICs to increasing strains in the circumferential direction [1].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Acrylamide monomers and polymers that contain phosphonate ions

Abstract Alkylacrylamide phosphonate monomers were synthesized by aza-Michael addition of an alkylamine onto the double bond of diethyl vinylphosphonate, then reaction with acryloyl chloride. Free radical copolymerization of n-butylacrylamide phosphonate with an acrylate-functional PEO macromonomer, then removal of the ethyl groups from the phosphonates led to poly(n-butylacrylamide phosphonic acid)-g-PEO copolymers. The copolymer comprising 56 wt% of the backbone and 44 wt% of PEO grafts was soluble in DMF, DMSO, methanol and water at pH 7.4. This copolymer formed aggregates in DMF and DMSO with only a few aggregates in methanol or water. Interaction of the phosphonic acid derivative (0.11 mmol) of n-butylacrylamide phosphonate with hydroxyapatite (0.15 or 0.30 mmol calcium ions) showed 80 and 95% extent of binding of the phosphonic acid whereas those values for acrylic acid were 47 and 64%. The hydrolytically stable polyacrylamide phosphonates with their excellent binding properties to hydroxyapatite make them potential candidates for adhesives.
Some chemical and electrophysiological effects of glutamate in cerebral cortex

The efflux of 45Ca2+ and 3H-GABA from cat cerebral cortex has been measured in vivo by a superfusion technique. Under control conditions, the efflux of both these isotopes is sensitive to increments in the calcium concentration of the superfusion medium but insensitive to the addition of 25 mM GABA. After 40 min of contact with medium containing 25 mM glutamate, however, neither 45Ca2+ nor 3H-GABA efflux is affected by added Ca2+ but 3H-GABA efflux becomes considerably enhanced by 25 mM GABA. The mean membrane potentials at this time were found to be less than controls. Depolarization generally continued past this time, recovery beginning 150 min after superfusion with glutamate. Peaks in 45Ca2+ efflux were also correlated with seizure activity which was sometimes elicited by topical glutamate. It is suggested that the transport systems for Ca2+ and GABA may be sensitive to states of neural activity, such as spreading depression.
Comparison of honeybee venoms and their components from various sources

Abstract The use of honeybee venoms and their components may assist in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of reactions to honeybee stings. This initial study compared venoms from various sources by chemical and biological assays, and significant variations were observed. Ten different bee venoms were compared by nitrogen analysis, mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and antigenicity. Based on mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and gel diffusion analysis, two groups of bee venoms could be differentiated. Venoms in one group, Group A, were more toxic, contained hyaluronidase, and showed an additional precipitin band. All venoms contained mellitin as a major fraction, which formed nonimmune precipitin bands during gel diffusion analysis. Gel filtration chromatography and dialysis separated the venoms into components that were then identified by enzyme assays, rat mast cell degranulation, hemolytic activity, and gel diffusion analysis. The venoms within Group A showed similar components, some of which, most noticeably hyaluronidase, were not present in Group B. Dialysis showed that a large portion of the venom could pass through a cellophane membrane including a portion of the phospholipase A. Heterogeneous molecular weights were found for phospholipase A by both gel filtration and dialysis, and may reflect variation in carbohydrate content. It appears that bee venom variability for whatever reason, a heterogeneous MW antigen, and a non-immune precipitable component require careful consideration in any study involving this venom. These studies have yielded relatively pure, identified bee venom components which can be employed in further studies investigating reactions to honeybee stings.
Prospective decision analysis modeling indicates that clinical decisions in vascular surgery often fail to maximize patient expected utility.

Abstract Background Applied prospectively to patients with peripheral arterial disease, individualized decision analysis has the potential to improve the surgeon’s ability to optimize patient outcome. Methods A prospective, randomized trial comparing Markov surgical decision analysis to standard decision-making was performed in 206 patients with symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease. Utility assessment and quality of life were determined from individual patients prior to treatment. Vascular surgeons provided estimates of probability of treatment outcome, intended and actual treatment plans, and assessment of comfort with the decision (PDPI). Treatment plans and PDPI evaluations were repeated after each surgeon was made aware of model predictions for half of the patients in a randomized manner. Results Optimal treatments predicted by decision analysis differed significantly from the surgeon’s initial plan and consisted of bypass for 30 versus 29%, respectively, angioplasty for 28 versus 11%, amputation for 31 versus 6%, and medical management for 34 versus 54% (agreement 50%, kappa 0.28). Surgeon awareness of the decision model results did not alter the verbalized final plan, but did trend toward less frequent use of bypass. Patients for whom the model agreed with the surgeon’s initial plan were less likely to undergo bypass (13 versus 30%, P versus 45.6, P Conclusions Individualized application of a decision model to patients with peripheral arterial disease suggests that arterial bypass is frequently recommended even when it may not maximize patient expected utility.
A phase-field model for elastically anisotropic polycrystalline binary solid solutions

A phase-field model for modeling the diffusional processes in an elastically anisotropic polycrystalline binary solid solution is described. The elastic interactions due to coherency elastic strain are incorporated by solving the mechanical equilibrium equation using an iterative-perturbation scheme taking into account elastic modulus inhomogeneity stemming from different grain orientations. We studied the precipitate interactions among precipitates across a grain boundary and grain boundary segregation–precipitate interactions. It was shown that the local pressure field from one coherent precipitate influences the shape of precipitates in other grains. The local pressure distribution due to primary coherent precipitates near the grain boundary leads to inhomogeneous solute distribution along the grain boundary, resulting in non-uniform distribution of secondary nuclei at the grain boundary.
Memories and murder.

A murder occurs. The only witness is a young child. But the trauma of watching the killing is so great that the memory is forced from the child’s consciousness. Years, even decades later, a coincidence of circumstance brings the memory to the surface again. Someone is accused of murder. How should the law respond? What role should mental health professionals play in evaluating the accuser and testifying in court? Two recent cases embodying this remarkable chain of events have brought these questions to the fore. One, from California, involved a 28year-old woman who suddenly recalled witnessing her father crush the skull ofher playmate 20 years earlier (1). The body was not found until weeks later, by which time the witness, Eileen Franklin, had pushed aside all recollection of the murder and the preceding rape. The memory came flooding back across two decades as she looked at the face of her six-year-old daughter, who bore an uncanny resemblance to the victim. The second case was based on the recollections of a 20-year-old Pittsburgh man, John Mudd, Jr., whose father was killed when he was five
Using Classroom Assessment Techniques in an Introductory Statistics Class

College instructors often provide students with only summative evaluations of their work, typically in the form of exam scores or paper grades. Formative evaluation, such as classroom assessment techniques (CATs), are more rare in higher education and provide an ongoing evaluation of students' progress. In this article, the author summarizes the use of CATs in an undergraduate introductory statistics course and present data indicating that students believed CATs increased their understanding of material and benefited their academic performance. With minor revision, these CATs can be effectively used in other disciplines.
Intracellular Signaling in Arterial Smooth Muscle Migration versus Proliferation

Abstract Directed migration and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells are key events in the formation and development of atherosclerotic lesions and in restenosis following angioplasty. Both directed migration and proliferation are regulated by polypeptides induced following injury in the arterial wall or derived from circulating cells. Migration and proliferation can be stimulated by the same polypeptide through a common receptor. This is the case with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is the strongest known growth factor and chemoattractant for smooth muscle cells. The PDGF-induced signal transduction pathways leading to directed migration are not identical to those leading to proliferation. Thus, increased phosphatidylinositol turnover and calcium mobilization are associated with directed migration of smooth muscle cells, whereas activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, activation of translation and the p70 S6 kinase, and regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinases can regulate DNA replication and proliferation. Engagement of distinct signal transduction pathways may determine when a smooth muscle cell migrates and when it resides to proliferate in response to a vascular injury. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:143–151).
Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Findings and Contemporary Endeavors.

Given the rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in both children and adults, CKD has recently been targeted as a public health priority. Childhood onset kidney disease is generally a noncurable and progressive condition that leads to kidney failure by early adulthood. Fortunately, improved identification of kidney problems allows for early intervention, which is thought to slow progression toward end-stage renal disease. In addition, medical interventions for pediatric end-stage renal disease have also improved, allowing children to take advantage of lifesaving renal replacement treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. In spite of improvements in identification and treatment, CKD causes both direct and indirect insults to a variety of organ systems. This paper reviews recently published studies pertaining to the neurocognitive and psychosocial impact of CKD on children of various ages and at various stages of kidney failure. Specific attention is focused on summarizing peer reviewed research that describes associations between kidney functioning and cognitive functioning, language acquisition, visual spatial abilities, memory, and executive functioning. In addition, peer reviewed research describing psychosocial outcomes associated with CKD related to academic achievement, social-behavioral functioning, and quality of life are summarized. The authors also identified disease-specific factors that likely mediate neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., anemia, hypertension, cardiovascular) and endorse the importance of continued interdisciplinary research collaborations that will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for improved neurocognitive functioning after transplantation. The authors conclude this review by describing a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, National Institutes of Health funded study that is currently examining the developmental outcomes of children with mild to moderate CKD. The authors speculate that the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Prospective Cohort Study (CKiD) findings will provide additional evidence-based guidance for clinicians and researchers working with children and adolescents with deteriorating kidney function to improve medical and developmental outcomes.
Equation of State and Evidence of Enhanced Phase Transformation for the Shock Compression of Distended Compounds

Abstract Shear stress and deformation is inherent to shock-wave compression. Shear deformation is enhanced when the material subject to shock compression is in an initial distended state. Shock Hugoniot data for full-density and porous compounds of boron carbide, silicon dioxide, tantalum oxide, uranium dioxide and playa alluvium are investigated for purposes of equation-of-state representation of intense shock compression. Hugoniot data of distended materials reveal evidence of accelerated solid-solid phase transition as a consequence of shock compaction and accompanying enhance shear deformation. A phenomenological thermo-elastic equation-of-state model is constructed that accounts for both deformation- induced phase transformation and the extreme shock compaction of distended solids, and applied to the compounds studied.
Synovial expression of Th17-related and cancer-associated genes is regulated by the arthritis severity locus Cia10.

We have previously identified Cia10 as an arthritis severity and articular damage quantitative trait locus. In this study we used Illumina RatRef-12 microarrays to analyze the expression of 21,922 genes in synovial tissues from arthritis-susceptible DA and arthritis-protected DA.ACI(Cia10) congenics with pristane-induced arthritis. 310 genes had significantly different expression. The genes up-regulated in DA, and reciprocally down-regulated in DA.ACI(Cia10) included IL-11, Ccl12 and Cxcl10, as well as genes implicated in Th17 responses such as IL-17A, IL-6, Ccr6, Cxcr3 and Stat4. Suppressors of immune responses Tgfb and Vdr, and inhibitors of oxidative stress were up-regulated in congenics. There was an over-representation of genes implicated in cancer and cancer-related phenotypes such as tumor growth and invasion among the differentially expressed genes. Cancer-favoring genes like Ctsd, Ikbke, and Kras were expressed in increased levels in DA, while inhibitors of cancer phenotypes such as Timp2, Reck and Tgfbr3 were increased in DA.ACI(Cia10). These results suggest that Cia10 may control arthritis severity, synovial hyperplasia and joint damage via the regulation of the expression of cancer-related genes, inflammatory mediators and Th17-related markers. These new findings have the potential to generate new targets for therapies aimed at reducing arthritis severity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.
Figs—facts and figures of 1948

In 1947 six varieties of Old World figs, cultivated on about 50,000 acres in California, produced 30,500 tons of dried figs, the largest crop on record for the State.