cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Threaded Objects in ACL2

ACL2 is a first-order applicative programming language based on Common Lisp. It is also a mathematical logic for which a mechanical theorem-prover has been implemented in the style of the Boyer-Moore theorem prover. The ACL2 system is used primarily in the modeling and verification of computer hardware and software, where the executability of the language allows models to be used as prototype designs or "simulators." To support efficient execution of certain kinds of models, especially models of microprocessors, ACL2 provides "singlethreaded objects," structures with the usual "copy on write" applicative semantics but for which writes are implemented destructively. Syntactic restrictions insure consistency between the formal semantics and the implementation. The design of single-threaded objects has been influenced both by the need to make execution efficient and the need to make proofs about them simple. We discuss the issues.
Transfer of neutron-proton pairs in heavy-ion interactions

Neutron-proton transfer reactions have been studied on12C,13C,14N,15N,16O and20Ne targets in the (11B,9Be) reaction induced by 116 MeV11B ions. The reactions are characterized by a high degree of selectivity, and evidence has been obtained for a particularly simple direct mechanism involving simultaneous surface transfer of the nucleon pair. TheT = 1 reaction channel is significantly inhibited, and the reaction spectra and angular distributions are similar to those of the corresponding alpha-particle-induced neutron-proton transfer reactions. DWBA calculations including finite range and full recoil reproduce the observed angular distributions, and a Hauser-Feshbach analysis confirms the dominant direct character of these reactions.
Exploring handedness asymmetries in the Simon effect

Spatially corresponding stimulus-response pairings usually produce shorter reaction times (RTs) than do non-corresponding pairings, even when the spatial dimension of the stimulus is irrelevant to the task. This "Simon effect" for visual stimuli and manual responses is often larger for the stimulus location on the side to which the person's dominant hand is operating. The present study aimed at replicating and examining the nature of this asymmetry. To determine whether the Simon effect asymmetry is a function of the hand distinction or of conceptual spatial codes, performance with left and right manual key-presses was compared to that with vocal responses "left" and "right." Whether the asymmetric Simon effect pattern is restricted to spatial stimuli was tested by comparing effects obtained with left and right located squares to those found with the centered words Left and Right. The asymmetry was only replicated for the spatial stimulus-manual response Simon task, for which a second experiment showed similar results when the hands and response box were not visible during task performance. The analysis revealed a general dominant-hand RT advantage that similarly adds to both corresponding and non-corresponding trials and is rather independent from the Simon effect. This advantage yields an apparent asymmetry when the data are analyzed as a function of correspondence for each stimulus location because the corresponding and non-corresponding RTs that are compared come from different hands.
Expert Systems Model for Kentucky Arrow Darter Habitat in the Upper Kentucky River Basin

This study presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based predictive habitat suitability model for the Kentucky arrow darter (Etheostoma spilotum), a fish species of the upper Kentucky River system that is a candidate for federal listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Five habitat factors were identified by experts for modeling the habitat: gradient, canopy coverage, land cover, riparian zone width, and stream order. Using a GIS, values for the five habitat factors were calculated and then combined for all stream segments of the upper Kentucky River system at 100-m intervals. Habitat factor combinations were assigned an overall habitat suitability rating using a weighted calculation system derived through input from aquatic biologists. The resulting model was tested against presence data using locational modeling statistics. A total of 97.33 percent of occurrences were located in the two higher rated categories of habitat suitability. Only two occurrences were located on stream segments of t...
Reduced deep ocean ventilation in the Southern Pacific Ocean during the last glaciation persisted into the deglaciation

Abstract Marine radiocarbon (14C) is widely used to trace ocean circulation and the 14C levels of interior ocean water masses can provide insight into atmosphere–ocean exchange of CO2 the since the last glaciation. Using tephras as stratigraphic tie points with which to estimate past atmospheric Δ14C, we reconstructed a series of deep radiocarbon ages for several time slices from the last glaciation through the deglaciation and Holocene in the Southwestern Pacific. Glacial ventilation ages were much greater in magnitude than modern and had a strong mid-depth Δ14C minimum centered on ∼2500 m. Glacial radiocarbon ages of intermediate depth waters (600–1200 m) were ∼800 to 1600 14C years, about twice modern and persisted through the early deglaciation. Notably, in the glaciation shallower depths were significantly more enriched in 14C than waters between 1600 and 3800 m, which were ∼4000 to 6200 14C years, or about 3–5 times older than modern. Abyssal waters deeper than 4000 m were also more 14C rich than the overlying deep water. With radiocarbon ages of 1800–2300 14C years, this was similar to modern values. In the early deglaciation, Δ14C depleted waters were flushed from shallower depths first and replaced with progressively younger waters such that by ∼18 ka, the deep to intermediate age difference was reduced by half, and by ∼14 ka a modern-type Δ14C profile for deep ocean water masses was in place. Our results 1) confirm a deep 14C depleted water mass during the LGM and early deglaciation, and 2) constrain the extent of this “old” water in the Southern Pacific as between 1600 m and 3800 m. The availability of atmospheric ages from tephras reveals that the presence of older surface reservoir ages in the glaciation caused the estimation of ventilation ages from simple benthic–planktonic offsets to significantly underestimate the depletion of Δ14C in deep waters. This may have had a role in masking the large change in reservoir ages since the glaciation when using benthic–planktonic reservoir age estimates.
Liquid chromatographic-electrochemical determination of ethylenethiourea in foods by revised official method

AOAC official method 29.119-29.125 was revised to determine ethylenethiourea (ETU) directly by a liquid chromatographic-electrochemical (LC-EC) determinative technique and to improve ETU recovery. ETU is extracted from food products with a methanol-aqueous sodium acetate solution. A portion of the concentrated filtrate is added to a column of diatomaceous earth, and ETU is eluted with 2% methanol in methylene chloride to separate it from food coextractives, which are retained on the column. The eluate is collected in a siliconized flask and evaporated, the residue is dissolved in water, and 20 microL of solution is injected onto an LC graphitized carbon column. ETU is eluted from the LC column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-aqueous 0.1M phosphoric acid-water (5 + 25 + 70), and the eluted ETU is detected by using an amperometric electrochemical detector equipped with a gold/mercury working electrode. Recovery data were obtained by fortifying 13 food products with ETU: baked potatoes; canned applesauce, mushrooms, creamed spinach, green beans, spinach, and tomatoes; cooked fresh cabbage and frozen collards; fresh celery and lettuce; grape jelly; and powdered sugar cake donuts. Raw celery was found to cause low ETU recoveries. Average percent recoveries of ETU from the other 12 food products were 92 with a standard deviation of 12 for the low (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) fortification levels and 90 with a standard deviation of 6 for the higher (0.5 and 1 ppm) fortification levels. The limits of quantitation were 0.01 and 0.02 ppm for food products with low and high sugar content, respectively.
Imaging of adverse reactions to metal debris.

Hip replacements with metal-on-metal components can cause a spectrum of adverse tissue reactions—from benign localized fibrosis and chronic inflammation to delayed hypersensitivity response. In addition to history, physical examination, and relevant laboratory data, imaging plays a critical role in the evaluation of hip arthroplasties. Imaging assessment begins with radiographs and may be followed by ultrasound, computed tomography, or MRI. MRI optimized for metal artifact reduction is the most sensitive and specific imaging modality and is essential in assessing the spectrum of metal-related adverse tissue reactions. In this article, we discuss the history, pathophysiology, and imaging findings of adverse reactions to metal debris.
Chemical ecology and the search for marine antifoulants : Studies of a predator-prey symbiosis.

The gorgonian octocoralLeptogorgia virgulata (Phylum Coelenterata, Class Anthozoa) is rarely overgrown by fouling organisms and is avoided by most predators. Laboratory experiments suggest that secondary metabolites and calcium carbonate spicules interact synergistically to provideL. virgulata with an effective defense against predatory fish. In spite of these defenses,L. virgulata is consumed by the symbiotic, trophically specialized gastropodNeosimnia uniplicata, which closely mimics the appearance of the gorgonian.Neosimnia uniplicata is readily eaten by fish and appears not to acquire an effective antipredator defense from its gorgonian host. Extracts ofLeptogorgia virgulata andNeosimnia uniplicata strongly inhibited the settlement of the barnacleBalanus atnphitrite. Bioassay-directed purification of the more potent antifouling agents fromL. virgulata led to the isolation of two previously described, diterpenoid hydrocarbons, known as pukalide and epoxypukalide. A third inhibitor of barnacle settlement, whose structure is presently unknown, was obtained from bothL. virgulata andN. uniplicata. When assayed for ability to inhibit barnacle settlement, these three compounds possessed EC50 values ranging from 19 to 55 ng/ml. These secondary metabolites may prevent the overgrowth ofL. virgulata by fouling organisms in nature. The allelochemicals ofL. virgulata, N. uniplicata, and other marine organisms may provide nonpolluting alternatives to existing, commercial antifoulants based on derivatives of tri-n-butyltin.
Abstract 643: Targeting cancer with a selective ATP-mimetic inhibitor of polo like kinase-2

The Polo like kinases play key roles in mitosis. While the upregulation of PLK1 in cancer is well documented and PLK3 has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor, little is known about the oncogenic significance of PLK2. PLK2 kinase activity is essential for centriolar duplication and is also believed to play a regulatory role in the survival pathway by physically stabilizing the TSC1/2 complex in tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. Protein tyrosine hyper-phosphorylation and the upregulation of serine/threonine kinases associated with cell cycle progression have been linked to the etiology of cancer. In our attempt to develop ATP-mimetic compounds that are cytotoxic against a panel of cancer cell lines, we identified several sulfonyl pyridopyrimidines that possess nanomolar activity. The most potent of these compounds, ON1231320, was found to be a specific PLK2 inhibitor when profiled against a panel of 288 wild-type, 55 mutant and 12 special kinases. Further in vitro testing revealed that ON1231320 is a selective inhibitor of PLK2 with no inhibitory activity against PLK1, PLK3 and PLK4. Confirmation of this interaction and its selectivity was obtained from pull down studies using lysates of tumor cells and a biotinylated analog of ON1231320. The cytotoxic effect of the drug is mediated by apoptosis as evidenced by the induction of Caspase 3/7 activity and by the cleavage of PARP in a dose dependent manner. ON1231320 affects cell cycle progression by blocking tumor cells in the G2/M phase however it does not affect normal human fibroblasts. ON123120 exhibits an excellent safety profile with no overt signs of toxicity, no loss of body weight and 100% survival in mice given a single peritoneal dose of 200 mg/kg. Our ongoing efforts include efficacy studies in nude mouse models, identification of the structural determinants of the interaction between ON1231320 and PLK2 by computational and crystallographic methods and the identification of novel PLK2 substrates to elucidate its role in cancer biology. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 643. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-643
Measurement of Sodium Cyclamate in Red Wine by Ion Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction

[Objective]To establish the cyclamate content analysis method in red wine by Ion Chromatography (IC).[Methods]The sodium cyclamate was purified with C18 cartridge. The separation was carried out on IonPac AS 17-C column. External standard method was used.[Results]The linear range was 0.025~1 g/kg;correlation coefficient r= 0.9999;the average recovery of standard addition was during 97.7% ~ 102.3%;RSD was 1.9%~3.1%,the detection limit was 3 mg/kg.[Conclusion]This method is simple,fast,and suitable for the determination of sodium cyclamate in red wine.
Data in support of a central role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 polymorphism in recurrent cardiovascular disease risk in the setting of high HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein using Bayesian network modeling

Data is presented that was utilized as the basis for Bayesian network modeling of influence pathways focusing on the central role of a polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) on recurrent cardiovascular disease risk in patients with high levels of HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation, “Influences on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2 Polymorphism-Associated Recurrent Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with High HDL Cholesterol and Inflammation” (Corsetti et al., 2016; [1]). The data consist of occurrence of recurrent coronary events in 166 post myocardial infarction patients along with 1. clinical data on gender, race, age, and body mass index; 2. blood level data on 17 biomarkers; and 3. genotype data on 53 presumptive CVD-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. Additionally, a flow diagram of the Bayesian modeling procedure is presented along with Bayesian network subgraphs (root nodes to outcome events) utilized as the data from which PAI-2 associated influence pathways were derived (Corsetti et al., 2016; [1]).
Who Democratizes? Western-educated Leaders and Regime Transitions

Many theories attempt to explain why some countries democratize and others do not. Existing accounts, however, focus almost exclusively on structural factors and ignore individual leaders. In this ...
New regression formula for toric intraocular lens calculations

Purpose To evaluate and compare the accuracy of 2 toric intraocular lens (IOL) calculators with or without a new regression formula. Setting Ein-Tal Eye Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, and the Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. Design Retrospective case series. Methods A new regression formula (Abulafia-Koch) was developed to calculate the estimated total corneal astigmatism based on standard keratometry measurements. The error in the predicted residual astigmatism was calculated by the Alcon and Holladay toric IOL calculators with and without adjustments by the Abulafia-Koch formula. These results were compared with those of the Barrett toric calculator. Results Data from 78 eyes were evaluated to validate the Abulafia-Koch formula. The centroid errors in predicted residual astigmatism were against-the-rule with the Alcon (0.55 diopter [D]) and Holladay (0.54 D) toric calculators and decreased to 0.05 D ( P x -axis], P = .776 [ y -axis]) and 0.04 D ( P x -axis], P = .726 [ y -axis]) with adjustments by the Abulafia-Koch formula. The Alcon and the Holladay toric calculators had a higher proportion of eyes within ±0.50 D of the predicted residual astigmatism with the Abulafia-Koch formula (76.9% and 78.2%, respectively) than without it (both 30.8%). There were no significant differences between the results of the Abulafia-Koch-modified Alcon and the Holladay toric calculators and those of the Barrett toric calculator. Conclusion Adjustment of commercial toric IOL calculators by the Abulafia-Koch formula significantly improved the prediction of postoperative astigmatic outcome. Financial Disclosure Dr. Abulafia received a speaker's fee from Haag-Streit AG. Dr. Barrett has licensed the Barrett Toric Calculator to Haag-Streit AG. Dr. Koch is a consultant to Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., and Revision Optics, Inc. Dr. Hill is a paid consultant to Haag-Streit AG and Alcon Laboratories, Inc. None of the other authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Light-Mediated Reductive Debromination of Unactivated Alkyl and Aryl Bromides

Cleavage of carbon–halogen bonds via either single-electron reduction or atom transfer is a powerful transformation in the construction of complex molecules. In particular, mild, selective hydrodehalogenations provide an excellent follow-up to the application of halogen atoms as directing groups or the utilization of atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) chemistry for the production of hydrocarbons. Here we combine the mechanistic properties of photoredox catalysis and silane-mediated atom transfer chemistry to accomplish the hydrodebromination of carbon–bromide bonds. The resulting method is performed under visible light irradiation in an open vessel and is capable of the efficient reduction of a variety of unactivated alkyl and aryl substrates.
Amelioration of the deleterious effects of platelets activated during cardiopulmonary bypass. Comparison of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor and a prostacyclin analogue.

Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction are commonly seen after cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, the microvascular bed of ischemic myocardium is a potent stimulus for platelet deposition and microvascular plugging. Thus, it would appear theoretically advantageous to provide pharmacologic protection of platelets by inhibiting their response to activating agents and thereby preventing their loss into the extracorporeal circuit; this would further inhibit myocardial platelet deposition and the deleterious effects therein. Twenty-one mongrel dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass with 30 minutes of normothermic global ischemia. They were randomly assigned to receive pretreatment with an infusion of saline (control, n = 8), a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (RO-22-4679, n = 5), or a prostacyclin analogue that does not produce hypotension (ZK 36,374, n = 8). The platelet count in those animals treated with ZK 36,374 was significantly higher at the end of the experiment than in the control group (102.8 ± 10.7 × 103 versus 69.7 ± 10.6 × 103, p
Robotic Trachelectomy After Supracervical Hysterectomy for Benign Gynecologic Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A renewed interest in the supra cervical approach to hysterectomy has created a cohort of patients with a retained cervix at risk of persistent symptoms requiring a subsequent trachelectomy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of robotic trachelectomy after a previous supracervical hysterectomy. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of women who had robotic trachelectomy after supracervical hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease from January 2009 through October 2014. RESULTS Eleven patients underwent robotic trachelectomy for benign conditions during the observed period. Prior supracervical hysterectomy had been performed for pelvic pain (8/11, 73%), abnormal uterine bleeding (7/11, 64%), and dysmenorrhea (5/11, 45%). In 10 of 11 patients, the symptoms leading to robotic trachelectomy were the same as those leading to supracervical hysterectomy. The time from hysterectomy to recurrence of symptoms ranged from 0.5 to 26 months (median, 6), whereas the time interval from previous surgery to robotic trachelectomy ranged from 1 to 57 months (median, 26). Mean age and body mass index at robotic trachelectomy were 42 ± 5.4 years and 32 ± 6.1 kg/m(2). Mean length of surgery was 218 ± 88 minutes (range, 100-405). There was 1 major postoperative complication involving bladder perforation and subsequent vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Endometriosis was seen in 27% of pathologic specimens and cervicitis in another 27%; 45% showed normal tissue histology. In 6 (55%) cases, symptoms leading to trachelectomy resolved completely after surgery, and the other 5 (45%) patients reported a significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS Although trachelectomy can be a challenging surgery, our experience suggests that the robotic approach may be a valuable means of achieving safe and reproducible outcomes.
Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected U.S. Marshals Service Prisoners.

The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) prisoner population is diverse and includes immigration violators, fugitives that have evaded apprehension, perpetrators of Medicaid fraud, and parole and probation...
A Fast and Provable Method for Estimating Clique Counts Using Turán's Theorem

Clique counts reveal important properties about the structure of massive graphs, especially social networks. The simple setting of just 3-cliques (triangles) has received much attention from the research community. For larger cliques (even, say 6-cliques) the problem quickly becomes intractable because of combinatorial explosion. Most methods used for triangle counting do not scale for large cliques, and existing algorithms require massive parallelism to be feasible. We present a new randomized algorithm that provably approximates the number of k-cliques, for any constant k. The key insight is the use of (strengthenings of) the classic Turan's theorem: this claims that if the edge density of a graph is sufficiently high, the k-clique density must be non-trivial. We define a combinatorial structure called a Turan shadow, the construction of which leads to fast algorithms for clique counting. We design a practical heuristic, called TURAN-SHADOW, based on this theoretical algorithm, and test it on a large class of test graphs. In all cases, TURAN-SHADOW has less than 2% error, in a fraction of the time used by well-tuned exact algorithms. We do detailed comparisons with a range of other sampling algorithms, and find that TURAN-SHADOW is generally much faster and more accurate. For example, TURAN-SHADOW estimates all cliques numbers up to size 10 in social network with over a hundred million edges. This is done in less than three hours on a single commodity machine.
The phylogeny of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) and the evolution of floral presentation

Abstract Heliconia (Heliconiaceae, order Zingiberales) is among the showiest plants of the Neotropical rainforest and represent a spectacular co-evolutionary radiation with hummingbirds. Despite the attractiveness and ecological importance of many Heliconia, the genus has been the subject of limited molecular phylogenetic studies. We sample seven markers from the plastid and nuclear genomes for 202 samples of Heliconia. This represents ca. 75% of accepted species and includes coverage of all taxonomic subgenera and sections. We date this phylogeny using fossils associated with other families in the Zingiberales; in particular we review and evaluate the Eocene fossil Ensete oregonense. We use this dated phylogenetic framework to evaluate the evolution of two components of flower orientation that are hypothesized to be important for modulating pollinator discrimination and pollen placement: resupination and erect versus pendant inflorescence habit. Our phylogenetic results suggest that the monophyletic Melanesian subgenus Heliconiopsis and a small clade of Ecuadorian species are together the sister group to the rest of Heliconia. Extant diversity of Heliconia originated in the Late Eocene (39 Ma) with rapid diversification through the Early Miocene, making it the oldest known clade of hummingbird-pollinated plants. Most described subgenera and sections are not monophyletic, though closely related groups of species, often defined by shared geography, mirror earlier morphological cladistic analyses. Evaluation of changes in resupination and inflorescence habit suggests that these characters are more homoplasious than expected, and this largely explains the non-monophyly of previously circumscribed subgenera, which were based on these characters. We also find strong evidence for the correlated evolution of resupination and inflorescence habit. The correlated model suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all extant Heliconia had resupinate flowers and erect inflorescences. Finally, we note our nearly complete species sampling and dated phylogeny allow for an assessment of taxonomic history in terms of phylogenetic diversity. We find approximately half of the currently recognized species, corresponding to half of the phylogenetic diversity, have been described since 1975, highlighting the continued importance of basic taxonomic research and conservation initiatives to preserve both described and undiscovered species of Heliconia.
The right to know: Suffering, human rights, and perplexities of politics in Lebanon

For decades, families in Lebanon have fought in vain for the release of information about their missing relatives. Their struggle has become increasingly entangled in a transnational configuration of experts, discourses, and practices, a configuration that is sustained by the humanitarian imperative to alleviate suffering and by an appeal to trauma, victimhood, and human rights. This appeal animates new legal and judicial forms of activism that have expanded the scope of the families’ rights, compelled the government to release long-held information, and urged it to enact reforms in accordance with international standards. The convergence of these processes extends a framework of compassionate global governance that is supposed to work on behalf of subjects who are construed as victims and whose experience is essentially one of suffering. [human rights, humanitarianism, missing persons, trauma, judicialization of politics, NGOs, Lebanon]
2016 Presidential Address: Let's Make Human Genetics Great (Again): The Importance of Beauty in Science

Good afternoon. As president of the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG), it is my pleasure and privilege to welcome you to the 66th annual meeting of our society. It is a particular joy to join you in this beautiful venue in the spectacular city of Vancouver. This eighth visit of ASHG to the great country of Canada marks a particularly important time to acknowledge and applaud the essential contributions of our international colleagues to the vibrancy and relevance of our society. In broader terms, the ability of human genetics as a discipline to deliver on the promise of improving health and wellbeing worldwide in an equitable, just, and sustainable manner will require an unwavering commitment to collaboration, respect, and cultural sensitivity within our community.
Personal Reflection: A Reflection on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning as Democratic Practice

This personal reflection describes how the scholarship of teaching and learning models democratic practice. Motivated by a forced curricular change, this piece outlines the reflection and growth of a college professor as he realized that democratic awareness is developed more fully through action than through readings and/or class discussions. In the end, a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) project served to re-frame my perspective towards teaching, learning, and democratic practice in a college classroom.
The Influence of Perceived Versus Aerobic Fitness on Psychological Health and Physiological Stress Responsivity

This study sought to evaluate the association between perceived and aerobic physical fitness and both psychological functioning and physiological stress responsivity. Sixty nonsymptomatic participants (30 males, 30 females) participated in the experiment. Participants completed a series of personality and mood questionnaires as well as a laboratory procedure measuring cardiovascular responses (i.e., heart rate and blood pressure) while performing stressful laboratory tasks (i.e., the Stroop Color Naming Test and a sham IQ test). Aerobic fitness (i.e., VO 2 max using the Bruce protocol) as well as perceived fitness were also determined. Results suggest that perceived fitness was generally associated with positive personality and mood variables while aerobic fitness was not. Overall results support the view that perception of fitness may be as important or perhaps even more important than aerobic fitness in its association with psychological but perhaps not physical functioning.
The Origin of Faunas. Evolution of Lizard Congeners in a Complex Island Fauna: A Trial Analysis

The history of faunas, whether studied by paleontologists and zoogeographers or by systematists, has customarily been described in terms of phylogeny or colonization—in terms, therefore, of the origin or arrival of species. However, a major element permitting the build-up of faunas has been the coadaptation of their species-the fact that they are ecologically fitted together. Study of this coadaptation among living species is, in fact, a major part of modern ecology. Yet ecologista have, on their part, avoided history; they have avoided any attempt to look closely, theoretically or empirically, at the historical sequence of events in the build-up of a complex coadapted fauna.
The Information Content of Single Channel Data

Single channel signals were initially observed in artificial bilayer membranes (Bean et al., 1969; Gordon and Haydon, 1972; Hladkey and Haydon, 1972). They were first seen in biological membranes using the patch clamp technique (Neher and Sakmann, 1976). A number of excellent reviews have detailed this technique, including gigohm (>109 ohm) seals and ultra-high resolution recordings, as well as the many different types of preparations and channels from which recordings have been made (Neher et al., 1978; Hamill et al., 1981). In this chapter I will examine a different aspect of this subject. I seek to clarify the reasons for recording single channels, instead of measuring the mean behavior of a population of channels (whole cell recording), or the fluctuations caused by the random activity of such a population.
Part-of-Speech Tagging

Part-of-speech tagging is the task of determining the syntactic class of each word in a natural language text. A tagger usually proceeds in two steps: look-up of lexical information about words in a lexicon, e.g., a word's ambiguity class or probability distributions over tags, and the use of contextual information for disambiguation, e.g., in the form of n-gram statistics or context-rules. Words not found in the lexicon are processed by inspecting features like prefix and suffix information or the presence of particular characters. Tagging accuracies for English and many other languages are 96–97% when using around 50 tags.
Being Human: Negotiating Religion, Law, and Science in the Classroom and the Courtroom

This essay reflects on the challenges of finding a language in which to translate among law, religion, and science, using the court cases concerning the contemporary U.S. science classroom as the focus. The exemplary case will be that of the high school biology teacher now required by law, in many states, to teach evolution as "the organizing principle of life science" to students who claim a religious — and a constitutional — right to reject such teaching.
Asymptotic Relative Efficiency

In any given inference situation, many statistical procedures may be available, both parametric and nonparametric. Some measure of their relative merits is needed, especially as regards their performance or operating characteristics. For instance, a comparison of the power functions of various tests of the same (or essentially the same) hypotheses would be of interest. It is frequently more convenient, and also more suggestive, to use a measure of relative merit called the relative efficiency.
Algebraic List-Decoding in Projective Space: Decoding With Multiplicities and Rank-Metric Codes

The problem of list decoding algebraic subspace codes and rank-metric codes is considered. We develop two separate methods, via two different approaches, for list decoding subspace codes and rank-metric codes. These methods provide, for certain code parameters, improved tradeoffs between rate and error-correction capability than that of the Koetter-Kschischang codes, in the domain of subspace codes, and than that of the Gabidulin codes, in the domain of rank-metric codes, and several other extensions thereof. In the first approach, we introduce the notion of root multiplicities for a certain sub-ring of the ring of linearized polynomials. In the list-decoding algorithm, multiple roots are enforced for the interpolation polynomial in order to achieve an improved error-correction radius for an extended family of Koetter–Kschischang subspace codes. The normalized error-correction radius for this approach is \begin{equation*}\tau _{A} = \frac {2(L+1)}{({r+1})} -1- \frac {L(L+1)(L+n)}{r(r+1)}R,\end{equation*} where $L$ is the maximum list size, $n$ is the subspace code dimension, $R$ is the rate of the code, and $r$ is the multiplicity parameter. In the second approach, we construct a folded version of Koetter-Kschischang codes. A linear-algebraic list-decoding algorithm is proposed for these codes that achieves the error-correction radius \begin{equation*}\tau _{B} = s(1-sR),\end{equation*} where $s$ is the folding parameter. As opposed to the first approach, the size of output list in the second approach depends on the underlying field size and is at most $q^{m(s-1)}$ , where $q^{m}$ is the size of the field that message symbols are chosen from. It is also shown that the output list size is 1, with high probability, in a probabilistic setting. We utilize the techniques of the second approach in the domain of rank-metric codes to construct folded Gabidulin codes to enable a linear-algebraic list-decoding algorithm for such codes. Our algorithm makes it possible to recover the message provided that the normalized rank of error is at most $1-R-\epsilon $ , for any $\epsilon > 0$ . Notably, this achieves the Singleton bound on the error-correction radius of a rank-metric code.
Supporting Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Protection Against Emotional Distress and Substance Use.

Introduction Important mental and physical health disparities exist for transgender and gender diverse youth compared with cisgender youth (i.e., those whose birth-assigned sex and gender identity align), yet little is known about factors that protect transgender and gender diverse youth from health problems. The objective of this paper is to identify modifiable protective factors in the lives of transgender and gender diverse adolescents, with the goal of informing efforts to eliminate disparities in depression, suicidality, and substance use in this population. Methods Secondary data analysis of the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey examined associations between eight protective factors (connectedness to parents, adult relatives, friends, adults in the community, and teachers; youth development opportunities; and feeling safe in the community and at school) and depression, suicidality, and substance use (alcohol, binge drinking, marijuana, nicotine) among 2,168 adolescents who identified as transgender, genderqueer, genderfluid, or questioning their gender. Logistic regressions assessed the role of each protective factor separately and simultaneously. Results Each protective factor was associated with lower odds of emotional distress and substance use. When protective factors were examined simultaneously, parent connectedness was protective for all measures. Feeling safe at school and connected to adults in one's community protected against depression and suicidality; teacher connectedness buffered risk of substance use. Conclusions Given that transgender and gender diverse youth report lower levels of connectedness and safety, bolstering an explicitly transgender and gender diverse–friendly network of caring parents, safe and supportive schools, and connections to adults in the community may support efforts to eliminate disparities in depression, suicidality, and substance use.
A value-based explanation for lapses in perceptual decisions

This thesis aims to provide a formal treatment of deviations from optimality in perceptual decision-making, and reconsider these deviations from the perspective of value-based decision making, ultimately providing a synthesis of the two. In Chapter 2, I describe deviations from optimal multisensory decisions in rats, focusing in particular on “lapses", an often ignored form of error that seems to plague many perceptual studies. In Chapter 3, I outline the traditional models of lapses, and use behavioral manipulations to demonstrate their insufficiency. In Chapter 4, I propose that lapses can instead arise deliberately from trying to balance an exploration-exploitation tradeoff, and test the predictions of this model by manipulating value. Finally in Chapter 5, I discuss how lapses can informative about deficits in decision making, and leverage them to reconcile the role of prefrontal cortex and striatum in perceptual and value-based decisions.
Adaptive Sequential Stochastic Optimization

A framework is introduced for sequentially solving convex stochastic minimization problems, where the objective functions change slowly, in the sense that the distance between successive minimizers is bounded. The minimization problems are solved by sequentially applying a selected optimization algorithm, such as stochastic gradient descent, based on drawing a number of samples in order to carry the iterations. Two tracking criteria are introduced to evaluate approximate minimizer quality: one based on being accurate with respect to the mean trajectory, and the other based on being accurate in high probability. An estimate of a bound on the minimizers’ change, combined with properties of the chosen optimization algorithm, is used to select the number of samples needed to meet the desired tracking criterion. A technique to estimate the change in minimizers is provided along with analysis to show that eventually the estimate upper bounds the change in minimizers. This estimate of the change in minimizers provides sample size selection rules that guarantee that the tracking criterion is met for sufficiently large number of time steps. Simulations are used to confirm that the estimation approach provides the desired tracking accuracy in practice, while being efficient in terms of number of samples used in each time step.
Simulating the hot dip galvanizing process of high mast illumination poles. Part I: Finite element model development

Abstract Hot-dip galvanizing is a protective coating process widely-used to prevent corrosion damage in steel structures. Although the protective coating greatly reduces corrosion rates, there have been many documented cases in which cracks have formed in steel members during the galvanizing process, and the root causes of those cracks remain poorly understood. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model capable of simulating temperature-induced deformations during galvanization of high-mast illumination poles (HMIPs), which can be used to calculate the stress and strain demands at different stages of the galvanizing process. Thermo-mechanical analyses of the FE model were performed using the commercial finite element analysis software Abaqus. A user film-subroutine was developed to simulate the transition of a pole between two different temperature environments throughout four stages of the galvanizing process, dipping, dwelling, extraction, and cooling. Numerical simulation results showed regions of the pole with the highest potential for crack initiation at critical stages of the galvanizing process. Mechanical response variables of the simulations were highest at the bends of multi-sided poles, at the welded connection between the base plate and the pole. Inspection reports show that many cracks have been detected at this location, which corroborates the validity of the FE model.
Hurry Up and Get Out of the Way! Exploring the Limits of Muscle-Based Latch Systems for Power Amplification.

Animals can amplify the mechanical power output of their muscles as they jump to escape predators or strike to capture prey. One mechanism for amplification involves muscle-tendon unit (MT) systems in which a spring element (series elastic element [SEE]) is pre-stretched while held in place by a "latch" that prevents immediate transmission of muscle (or contractile element, CE) power to the load. In principle, this storage phase is followed by a triggered release of the latch, and elastic energy released from the SEE enables power amplification (PRATIO=PLOAD/PCE,max >1.0), whereby the peak power delivered from MT to the load exceeds the maximum power limit of the CE in isolation. Latches enable power amplification by increasing the muscle work generated during storage and reducing the duration over which that stored energy is released to power a movement. Previously described biological "latches" include: skeletal levers, anatomical triggers, accessory appendages, and even antagonist muscles. In fact, many species that rely on high-powered movements also have a large number of muscles arranged in antagonist pairs. Here, we examine whether a decaying antagonist force (e.g., from a muscle) could be useful as an active latch to achieve controlled energy transmission and modulate peak output power. We developed a computer model of a frog hindlimb driven by a compliant MT. We simulated MT power generated against an inertial load in the presence of an antagonist force "latch" (AFL) with relaxation time varying from very fast (10 ms) to very slow (1000 ms) to mirror physiological ranges of antagonist muscle. The fastest AFL produced power amplification (PRATIO=5.0) while the slowest AFL produced power attenuation (PRATIO=0.43). Notably, AFLs with relaxation times shorter than ∼300 ms also yielded greater power amplification (PRATIO>1.20) than the system driving the same inertial load using only an agonist MT without any AFL. Thus, animals that utilize a sufficiently fast relaxing AFL ought to be capable of achieving greater power output than systems confined to a single agonist MT tuned for maximum PRATIO against the same load.
Critical Rhetoric| Critical Rhetoric in the Age of the (First) Reality TV President: A Critique of Freedom and Domination

The purpose of this article is to examine Donald Trump’s tweets from a critical rhetorical orientation. This article suggests that the identity constructed in Trump’s tweets extends the persona he developed on the reality television series The Apprentice to construct a vision of a reality TV president. Therefore, the logics of reality television serve as criteria to evaluate how his tweets construct his “rhetorical authenticity” or strategically constructed “real-ness” as a reality TV president. Drawing from McKerrow’s essay on critical rhetoric, the critique of freedom in the essay shows how his tweets reflect the logics of reality television to transform the possibilities of presidential communication, and the critique of domination suggests how these tweets function to exert power over others.
Noncollinear magnetic structure and magnetoelectric coupling in buckled honeycomb Co 4 Nb 2 O 9 : A single-crystal neutron diffraction study

Through an analysis of single-crystal neutron diffraction data, we present the magnetic structure and magnetoelectric properties of ${\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ under various magnetic fields. In zero field, neutron diffraction experiments below ${T}_{N}=27\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ reveal that the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ moments order in the (ab) plane without any spin canting along the $c$ axis, manifested by the magnetic symmetry $C2/{c}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. Along each Co chain parallel to the $c$ axis, the moments of nearest-neighbor Co atoms order ferromagnetically with a small cant away from the next-nearest-neighbor Co moments. Under the applied magnetic field $H\ensuremath{\parallel}a$, three magnetic domains were aligned with their major magnetic moments perpendicular to the magnetic field with no other observable magnetic transitions. The influences of magnetic fields on the magnetic structures associated with the observed magnetoelectric coupling are discussed.
Evaluation of graded levels of soy oil as a fish oil replacement in high soy protein feeds for juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, to evaluate the use of soy oil as a fish oil replacement. Three primary protein sources (fishmeal - FM, soybean meal - SBM, and soy protein concentrate - SPC) were utilized with 100% fish oil (FM, SBM, SPC), 75% fish oil (SBM, SPC), or 50% fish oil (FM, SBM, SPC) as the lipid source. Traditional growth and performance metrics (specific growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio) were tracked and tissue samples (liver, muscle, plasma, adipose, and brain) were collected for gas chromatography-based fatty acid profiling. Ten lipid metabolism related genes were analyzed for potential expression differences between dietary treatments in liver and muscle tissues and whole body and fillet tissues were sampled for proximate composition analyses. Forty- four fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and evaluated with principle component analysis and ANOVA to understand the dietary influence on lipid metabolism and health. Significant differences in growth rate were observed with the SBM 50% fish oil diet outperforming the FM 100% fish oil reference diet. All other soy protein-based diets performed statistically equivalent to both FM reference diets (100% and 50% fish oil) in regard to growth, however all soy protein-based formulations had significantly lower feed conversion ratios than the fishmeal-based references (p < .001). Gene expression differences were not significant in most cases, however often trended similarly as the observed performance. Fatty acid profiles differed as a function of oil source, with no apparent influence by protein source, with C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) being-the primary differentiator. Overall, the six soy protein, fishmeal-free formulations performed equivalently or better than the fishmeal references with up to 50% of fish oil replaced by soybean oil.
A terrible beauty is born: teaching about identity salience and conflict

AbstractTeaching students about the impact of identity and identity salience and its impact on conflict can be very challenging for many students who have not experienced discrimination, oppression or violent conflict. The two exercises laid out in this article can be used in classes to help students understand how identity can be formed by experiences with discrimination and violence and how these experiences can shape people's choices in politics as well as choosing to mobilize for causes. Our exercise first seeks to have students confront their own identity and its salience to themselves. The second part of the exercise utilizes highly mobilized identity rhetoric in the form of nationalist poetry to provide the students with an opportunity to sample, quickly but effectively, the impact and nature of identity politics in conflict cases. Using this exercise, students are able to grapple with their own identity formation, its potential salience and possibility for mobilization, as well as the power of ide...