cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic nuclear-coulomb interference and direct-two-step interference in heavy-ion induced two-nucleon transfer reactions on rare-earth nuclei

Abstract The almost pure two-step population of the 2 + ground-state rotational band member of 184 W in the two-neutron transfer reaction 186 W( 12 C, 14 C) 184 W, resulting in an angular distribution characterized by a dramatic nuclear-Coulomb interference minimum in the vicinity of the grazing angle, is compared with the corresponding angular distribution for the two-proton transfer reaction 186 W( 12 C, 10 Be) 188 Os, where the interference minimum is shown to arise primarily from direct-two-step (nuclear-dominated) interference.
Rotational distributions of excited CN molecules following electron- and photon-stimulated desorption from surfaces.

We report systematic experimental studies of rotational distributions of excited CN desorbed from alkali-metal and alkali-metal-halide surfaces following excitation by incident photons and electrons. Newly measured rotational spectra are found to exhibit temperature-independent non-Boltzmann features that are uniquely correlated to the particular alkali-metal component of the substrate. In addition, we observe that photon-excitation functions and cross sections for ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ desorption also depend strongly on the alkali-metal component of the substrate. The data reveal that rotational distributions arising from electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) and photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) are markedly different from those seen in thermal desorption and molecule-surface scattering. The marked substrate dependence of the rotational distributions indicates that molecular-rotation distributions following ESD and PSD are determined by direct electronic bond breaking and reflect the nature of the potential-energy surfaces that characterize CN--alkali-metal interactions. Utilizing the measured rotational distributions in conjunction with a hindered rotor model, we have constructed angular-dependent potential surfaces.
Police and HIV/AIDS: The risk, the reality, the response

Risk and fear have been examined empirically and theoretically in the policing literature. To date, however, there has been minimal effort to examine these concepts in the context of HIV/AIDS. Since the HIV/AIDS epidemic was first detected nearly 20 years ago, relatively little attention has been given to the complex issues it presents for police officers. The following discussion draws from both the policing and epidemiological literatures to examine police officers’ fear and risk of occupational HIV transmission and individual and departmental responses to this fear. Important elements of educational programs and policies are also addressed.
The deviousness of the dialectic

While the highly visible and vocal political and social debates of the 1960s have receded into the shadows, the political and social realities which provoked those debates are still with us. War, poverty, discrimination, economic crises, inequalities of power, and the question of the quality of life are still with us. The failure of political and social theory to provide adequate understanding and direction for dealing with these issues is still with us. For many, this has resulted in despair and resignation. For others, particularly academic social scientists, it has resulted in a renewed impulse to the development of the empirical theories and the research studies which they believe will eventually produce a truly scien? tific understanding of society, and which allow rational solutions to social problems. Within this orientation there have been raging debates about what methodologies, theoretical models, and kinds of data are necessary for achieving this understanding, but there has been little consensus with regard to these issues and the gap between theory and practice has not been lessened. It is to this situation that Richard J. Bernstein's The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory is directed. Addressing himself directly to social scientists schooled in the Anglo-American naturalistic tradition, Bernstein wants to argue that the last twenty years of debates within and about social science have not been simply ideological polemics and metaphysical obfuscations. He argues that what happened in those debates, and what is still happening, if the story of those debates is read and written correctly, is the emergence of a sensibility and an argument which could lead not only toward a fruitful restructuring of the foundations of the social sciences, but also toward a renewal of primary questions about the nature of human beings, about knowledge of society and politics, and about the relation of theory and practice.
Thermodynamics of the Second Dissociation of a Substituted Aminopropanesulfonic Acid (TAPSO) from 5 °C to 55 °C

Electromotive force (emf) measurements of the cell without a liquid junction of the type Pt|H2|TAPSO (m1) + NaTAPSOate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl|Ag were made at intervals of 5 K from 5 °C to 55 °C, including 37 °C, with stoichiometric molalities m1 = m2 = m3 ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mol·kg-1. At 25 °C, pK2 is 7.635, and consequently buffer solutions of TAPSO and its salt (NaTAPSOate) are useful for pH control in the region pH 6 to 8. The second dissociation constant (pK2) of TAPSO can be expressed by the equation 2254.0057/(T/K) − 4.9783 + 0.88672 ln(T/K), with a standard deviation of ±0.0008. The zwitterionic buffer TAPSO is represented as 3-[N-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, a derivative of the parent compound taurine.
Meningioangiomatosis: CT and MR findings.

Abstract Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare hamartomatous lesion of the cerebral cortex; to date only 18 cases with imaging findings have been reported in the English literature. The origin of MA is probably malformative, with possible association with neurofibromatosis. These lesions frequently cause seizures in young patients. We report two new cases seen at our institution and present their CT and MR findings clearly illustrating MA cortex infiltration. Gd-DTPA used in one of the two cases failed to cause enhancement.
The Impact of a New Phased Retirement Option on Faculty Retirement Decisions

Life-cycle theory suggests that workers would prefer to gradually enter retirement from their career jobs. Using data from 15 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, this study provides a first look at the effects of the introduction of a phased retirement program on faculty retirement decisions. The authors’ analysis indicates that most of the faculty members choosing phased retirement would have likely remained full-time at their universities if the phased retirement option had not been available.
Loss of 45 Da from a2 ions and preferential loss of 48 Da from a2 ions containing methionine in peptide ion tandem mass spectra.

While analyzing tandem mass spectra of tryptic tripeptides, intense unassigned peaks were observed, corresponding to neutral loss of 45 Da from a2 ions. This process was confirmed by MS3 experiments. Based on exact mass analysis, the loss was ascribed to (NH3 + CO) or formamide. The proposed mechanism involves a cyclic form of the a2 ions. The structure of the a2 − 45 ions was confirmed by their fragmentation in MS3 experiments. Loss of (NH3 + CO) from the a2 ions occurs in competition with other paths, such as the loss of H2O or the formation of immonium ions. However, if the a2 ion contains methionine, a neutral loss of 48 Da (ascribed to CH3SH) predominates, and is followed by the loss of (NH3 + CO). These processes were confirmed by MS3 experiments. The intensity of the a2 − 48 peak formed from XaaMet has a maximum value of 42% (of the total intensity of all ions) for Xaa=Gly, varies between 15% and 40% for most other Xaa residues, is lower for residues that can undergo loss of water or ammonia, and is very low for Lys or Arg. When the order of the residues is reversed to MetXaa, the loss of 48 Da is much smaller. This effect can be used to determine the sequence of b2 ions containing Met in proteomic studies. Considerable loss of CH3SH is observed from doubly protonated tryptic tripeptides with N-terminal Met, but the loss is much less when they are singly protonated or when Met is in the center position.
Business students' perceptions of women in management

This study surveyed 202 undergraduate business majors regarding their perceptions of women in management. Research focused on male and female students' acceptance of women managers, the extent students perceived women managers as being accepted by others, and a comparison of descriptions of the typical male and female manager. Male students were found to be less accepting of women's dual role. Men perceived women managers as being less knowledgeable and possessing poorer managerial skills than male managers. Women managers were perceived as having greater interpersonal skills. Female students showed a greater preference for a male boss. Their descriptions of women managers were more positive regarding competency, but emphasized an interpersonal rather than a task orientation. The conclusion is made that perceptual stereotypes have not radically changed when compared to research reported in the 1970s.
Disruption of Testis Cords by Cyclopamine or Forskolin Reveals Independent Cellular Pathways in Testis Organogenesis

Most studies to date indicate that the formation of testis cords is critical for proper Sertoli cell differentiation, inhibition of germ cell meiosis, and regulation of Leydig cell differentiation. However, the connections between these events are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to dissect the molecular and cellular relationships between these events in testis formation. We took advantage of the different effects of two hedgehog signaling inhibitors, cyclopamine and forskolin, on gonad explant cultures. Both hedgehog inhibitors phenocopied the disruptive effect of Dhh−/− on formation of testis cords without influencing Sertoli cell differentiation. However, they exhibited different effects on other cellular events during testis development. Treatment with cyclopamine did not affect inhibition of germ cell meiosis and mesonephric cell migration but caused defects in Leydig cell differentiation. In contrast, forskolin treatment induced germ cell meiosis, inhibited mesonephric cell migration, and had no effect on Leydig cell differentiation. By carefully contrasting the different effects of these two hedgehog inhibitors, we demonstrate that, although formation of testis cords and development of other cell types normally take place in a tightly regulated sequence, each of these events can occur independent of the others.
27Al and 89Y nuclear magnetic resonance in yttrium-aluminum garnet

Abstract From the 27 Al resonances, the values of e 2 qQ / h were determined to be 0.632 ± 0.005 Mc/s and 6.017 ± 0.017 Mc/s in the trigonal and tetragonal sites respectively. Neither the 27 Al nor the 89 Y resonances are shifted significantly.
Molecular organic light-emitting diodes using highly conductive and transparent polymeric anodes

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) aqueous dispersion (PEDOT:PSS) is a highly conductive polymer. Attempts to utilize them as an anode in an organic light emitting diode have been made but a satisfactory result was not obtained due to low device efficiency caused by the relatively high surface resistance and poor optical transparency. We recently reported that the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS (Baytron P by Bayer) was dramatically increased without losing the optical transparency by addition of a small amount of a polyalcohol. Here, we present the improved I-V-L characteristics of the molecular organic light emitting diodes fabricated using the highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS as an anode.
3-(1′-hydroxyethyl)-2-azetidinones from 3-hydroxybutyrates and n-arylaldimines☆

Abstract Dianion imine addition, cyclisation reaction between ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and aldimines generates β-lactams with the hydroxyethyl sidechain of thienamycin and related β-lactam antibiotics in place. The effects of the N-arylaldimine and the reaction conditions on the stereochemistry of the resulting products are examined.
Dual immunofluorescence — new frontiers in cell analysis and sorting

Investigations of the nature and functions of the immune system and its cell populations have been revolutionized by the techniques of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FA CS) and flow cytometry. Over the last few years, however, it has become increasingly clear that making only a single immunofluorescence measurement on each cell is not adequate for many investigations of lymphoid cell subpopulations. In this review the authors discuss why adequate resolution of functional subsets will increasingly require multiparameter definition including measurements on two or more fluorescent labels.
Wide crosses in soybeans: Prospects and limitations

It was attempted, though in vain, to cross soybean with Glycine species of the subgenus Glycine.
The prebiotic geochemistry of formaldehyde

Abstract Formaldehyde (HCHO), the simplest aldehyde, is an intermediate oxidation state one carbon molecule that exists transiently but prominently in the abiological carbon cycle, and is ubiquitous in the cosmos. Its potential prebiotic importance is suggested by the fact that it readily undergoes a variety of addition and redox reactions to give products of biological significance including sugars and amino acids. It is especially important with respect to the origin of an RNA or pre-RNA world, since HCHO may be a precursor to ribose and other sugars. HCHO is introduced to the environment by a number of processes including atmospheric and aqueous phase synthesis as well as extraterrestrial delivery, balanced by various destructive processes such as photolysis and redox equilibration in hydrothermal environments. While the Strecker synthesis of amino acids can occur at very low dilution, even best case scenarios for HCHO steady-state concentrations in the primitive oceans are too low for the formation of sugars to occur. Concentration mechanisms would thus be necessary. As HCHO is volatile, direct evaporation is not possible, but other geochemical mechanisms such as eutectic freezing and conversion to non-volatile derivatives by reaction with other species present in the primitive environment, followed by evaporation, could have concentrated HCHO sufficiently to allow for sugar synthesis.
Crosslinked hemoglobin inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated canine arteries

Abstract 1. 1. Several previous in vivo studies demonstrated that crosslinked hemoglobin is a potent vasoconstrictor capable of significantly increasing arterial blood pressure following systemic administration. The precise mechanisms underlying the vascular effects of crosslinked hemoglobin are not clear. The present study was designed to determine the effect of crosslinked hemoglobin on the endothelial l -arginine-nitric oxide biosynthesis pathway in isolated canine arteries. 2. 2. Isolated femoral and renal arteries were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recordings. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and calcium ionophore A23187 were studied in the absence or in the presence of crosslinked hemoglobin or hemoglobin. A radioimmunoassay technique was used to determine levels of guanosine 3′,5′.cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP). 3. 3. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l -NAME (10 −4 M) selectively inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and calcium ionophore A23187. The inhibitory effect of l -NAME was reversed by l -arginine (3 × 10 −4 M). Crosslinked hemoglobin (10 −7 , 10 −6 and 10 −5 M) inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine (10 −9 –10 −5 M) or A23187 (10 −9 –10 −6 M). In the same con. centration range, purified bovine hemoglobin exerted a similar inhibitory effect on relaxations mediated by activation of endothelial cells. Crosslinked hemoglobin (10 −6 M) significantly reduced basal production of cyclic GMP, but did not affect production of cyclic AMP. Acetylcholine (10 −6 M) stimulated production of cyclic GMP. This effect of acetylcholine was abolished in the presence of crosslinked hemoglobin. 4. 4. These studies demonstrate that crosslinked hemoglobin impairs endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated large conduit arteries. This effect appears to be mediated by the chemical antagonism of crosslinked hemoglobin against nitric oxide released from the endothelium. Inhibition of the endothelial l -arginine-nitric oxide biosynthesis pathway, with subsequent decrease of cyclic GMP in smooth muscle, may help to explain vasoconstrictor and pressor effects of crosslinked hemoglobin.
The Economics of Advertising and Privacy

Abstract One of the new realities of advertising is that personal information can be used to ensure that advertising is only shown and designed for a select group of consumers who stand to gain most from this information. However, to gather the data used for targeting requires some degree of privacy intrusion by advertisers. This sets up a tradeoff between the informativeness of advertising and the degree of privacy intrusion. This paper summarizes recent empirical research that illuminates this tradeoff.
Transient Experimental Technique for the Determination of the Thermal Diffusivity of Fibrous Insulation

The current investigation is an attempt to develop a transient technique that will circumvent these long experiment times. The present technique is fundamentally different from the hot-wire and hot-strip techniques, currently the only practical (but limited) transient techniques available for determining the thermal conductivity of insulators. In 1983, a step heat technique involving planar geometry was presented (Bittle, 1983; Bittle and Taylor, 1984; Bittle and Taylor, 1985) that allowed for the measurement of large-grained and nonfibrous insulators up to 400-500C. The technique is an extension of the flash technique in that it allows for larger sample sizes and longer heating times. It was found that the step heat technique is inappropriate for fibrous insulators because of boundary condition violations. At the front face of the sample, the assumption of constant heat flux into the surface of a semi-infinite medium being heated with irradiation is invalid for radiant fluxes and time durations typical in measuring poorly conducting materials. In addition, at the rear of the sample where the temperature rise is monitored, the assumption of no heat loss is violated; this is especially true for insulators at elevated temperatures. While the apparatus for the present technique and the step heat techniquemore » are similar, the present technique involves the substitution of measured values for mathematical approximations and thus is marked departure from previous practices.« less
Dermatologists and Office-Based Care of Dermatologic Disease in the 21st Century

Most professional care of skin diseases is provided in physicians' offices. In the past 25 y, medical practice has changed substantially. Since 1973, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey has provided data about patients seen in physicians' offices. Using 1974, 1980, and 1989 data, we have previously analyzed these data as they pertain to skin diseases. To provide a more current assessment of dermatologists' practices and the care of skin diseases in office-based practice, we analyzed National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data for 1999 to 2000. We used statistical methods for survey data to estimate the number and characteristics of visits to dermatologists and others for skin diseases. We compared the characteristics of dermatologists' office-based practices with those of other physicians. In 1999 to 2000, there were approximately 35 million visits annually to office-based dermatologists, double the number for 1974. Eight diagnostic groups account for 65% of all visits to dermatologists. Acne is still the most frequent primary diagnosis at visits to dermatologists, but since 1974 the proportion of all visits that were for acne has decreased by half. Compared to other office-based physicians, dermatologists are significantly more likely to own their practices (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.52–5.02) and much less likely to see capitated patients (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17–0.53). Over 26 y, utilization of dermatologists' services has grown in proportion to the increase in the number of office-based dermatologists. The organization of their practices has changed little. Dermatologists dominate the care of many of the same diagnoses as they did 20 y ago.
Physiology and Healing Dynamics of Chronic Cutaneous Wounds

In the last few decades, a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the cellular and biochemical interplay that comprises the normal wound healing response. This response is a complex process involving intricate interactions among a variety of different cell types, structural proteins, growth factors, and proteinases. The normal wound repair process consists of three phases--inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling--that occur in a predictable sequence and comprise a series of cellular and biochemical events. A review of the biochemical and physiologic processes that regulate wound healing and the cascade of cellular events that gives rise to the healing process is presented here.
Role for aldosterone in blood pressure regulation of obese adolescents.

Abstract To determine the role of aldosterone in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) in obese adolescents, supine and 2-hour upright plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in 10 nonobese and 30 obese adolescents before and after a 20-week weight loss program. The obese adolescents had significantly higher supine and 2-hour upright plasma aldosterone concentrations (17 ± 8 vs 6 ± 2 ng/dl [p
Marked reduction of alcohol dehydrogenase in keratoconus corneal fibroblasts.

Purpose To identify differentially expressed genes in keratoconus (KC) corneal fibroblasts.
Retail Therapy: Scale Development

Retail therapy (RT) is defined as shopping to alleviate negative moods. The objectives of this research were to 1) an alyze the conceptual foundation of RT and 2) develop and validate a scale measuring RT. Retail therapy scale development consisted of three phases: initial item generation, scale purification, and scale validation. 43 initial scale items were generated based on interview findings from previous studies and included in the survey questionnaire. 258 survey responses from the general population were used for scale purification through which a four factor measurement model was developed with 22 items. The refined measurement model was validated using a separate sample of 272. Our study provides theoretical contributions in consumer behavior research by conceptualizing and operationalizing retail therapy. A valid and reliable RT scale serves as a foundation to broaden quantitative inquiry into shopping behaviors driven by mood alleviative motives.
Lunar geochemistry as told by lunar meteorites

Abstract About 36 lunar meteorites have been found in cold and hot deserts since the first one was found in 1979 in Antarctica. All are random samples ejected from unknown locations on the Moon by meteoroid impacts. Lithologically and compositionally there are three extreme types: (1) brecciated anorthosites with high Al2O3 (26–31%), low FeO (3–6%), and low incompatible elements (e.g.,
Notes on South American Dasyomma , with the description of a remarkable new species from Chile (Diptera: Athericidae)

A new species of Dasyomma Macquart, D. chrysopilum sp. nov., is described from Chile (Malleco and Nuble Provinces). This species differs from all other known species in having dense golden pilosity on the abdominal tergites of both sexes. Dasyomma basale Malloch is redescribed, with the female described for the first time.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity using Layer‐by‐Layer Electrospun Constructs for Water Remediation

Endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) are environmental pollutants that interfere with the body's endocrine system because of their structural similarity to natural and synthetic hormones. Due to their strong oxidizing potential to decompose such organic pollutants, colloidal metal oxide photocatalysts have attracted increasing attention for water detoxification. However, achieving both long-term physical stability and high efficiency simultaneously with such photocatalytic systems poses many challenges. Here a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition approach is reported for immobilizing TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) on a porous support while maintaining a high catalytic efficiency for photochemical decomposition of BPA. Anatase TiO 2 NPs ≈7 nm in diameter self-assemble in consecutive layers with positively charged polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes on a high surface area, porous electrospun polymer fiber mesh. The TiO 2 LbL nanofibers decompose approximately 2.2 mg BPA per mg of TiO 2 in 40 h of illumination (AM 1.5G illumination), maintaining first-order kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 0.15 h -1 for over 40 h. Although the colloidal TiO 2 NPs initially show (significantly higher photocatalytic activity (k≈ 0.84 h -1 ), the rate constant drops to k ≈ 0.07 h -1 after 4 h of operation, seemingly due to particle agglomeration. In the BPA solution treated with the multilayered TiO 2 nanofibers for 40 h, the estrogenic activity, based on human breast cancer cell proliferation, is significantly lower than that in the BPA solution treated with colloidal TiO 2 NPs under the same conditions. This study demonstrates that water-based, electrostatic LbL deposition effectively immobilizes and stabilizes TiO 2 NPs on electrospun polymer nanofibers for efficient extended photochemical water remediation.
Proximal Aiming Control via State Constraint Removal for Linear Continuous-time Systems with State and Input Constraints

In this paper, the S-constrained controllability to a target set Sigma is studied for linear continuous-time systems with state and input constraints. A proximal aiming controller design scheme is presented, which involves a certain modification of the original dynamics. The modified dynamics in effect provide state constraint removal. Both a feasible near-set of initial states associated with the proposed feedback scheme and a procedure for obtaining the modified dynamics are also developed. The novel feature of the proposed discontinuous feedback control law is that it can steer the system state back to the interior of state constraint set S as quickly as possible when state arrives at (or near) the boundary of S. A numerical example is also given to illustrate the effectiveness of the design scheme.
Race differences in the association of spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in older age

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine an African American ‘faith advantage’ in life satisfaction. Specifically, we sought to test the hypothesis that the positive relationship between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction is stronger among older African Americans than among older Whites. Method: The data came from 6864 community-dwelling persons aged 65+ (66% African American) who participated in the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Life satisfaction was measured using a five-item composite and we used a five-item version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences scale. Results: In a regression model adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, income and worship attendance, we found that African American race was associated with lower life satisfaction. We also found a positive association between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction. In an additional model, a significant race by spiritual experiences interaction term indicates that spiritual experiences are more pos...
A Novel SLA Framework for Time-Differentiated Resilience in Optical Mesh Networks

Telecom customers may have specific time periods during which they require extra resilience. However, these time-differentiated resilience requirements are not effectively addressed by current service level agreement (SLA) frameworks. To satisfy these high priority periods, a generic SLA framework typically provides upgraded protection over the entire service duration, which is unnecessary and expensive. In this study, we propose a novel SLA framework that allows customers to specify critical windows (CWs) to address their time-differentiated demands for resilience. CWs correspond to the resilience-sensitive periods, and connections are backed up during CWs using pre-cross-connected protection. To achieve high resource efficiency, we identify opportunities for backup resource sharing in a time-domain multiplexing manner. Two heuristic schemes are proposed, namely, Locally and Globally CW-Aware connection assignments. Our study on a sample optical mesh network shows that, by applying our SLA framework, 1) resource efficiency can be significantly improved, 2) CWs are effectively protected with high resilience (in terms of availability), 3) the availability of CWs can be increased almost linearly with used backup resources, and (4) our framework (approach) requires low operational complexity.
On tests and estimates for the ratio of poisson means

A study is made of tho ratio of means of Poisson variables—tests and estimates are exhibited, and their properties are discussed briefly.
Peat accumulation in drained thermokarst lake basins in continuous, ice-rich permafrost, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Thermokarst lakes and peat-accumulating drained lake basins cover a substantial portion of Arctic lowland landscapes, yet the role of thermokarst lake drainage and ensuing peat formation in landscape-scale carbon (C) budgets remains understudied. Here we use measurements of terrestrial peat thickness, bulk density, organic matter content, and basal radiocarbon age from permafrost cores, soil pits, and exposures in vegetated, drained lake basins to characterize regional lake drainage chronology, C accumulation rates, and the role of thermokarst-lake cycling in carbon dynamics throughout the Holocene on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Most detectable lake drainage events occurred within the last 4,000 years with the highest drainage frequency during the medieval climate anomaly. Peat accumulation rates were highest in young (50–500 years) drained lake basins (35.2 g C m−2 yr−1) and decreased exponentially with time since drainage to 9 g C m−2 yr−1 in the oldest basins. Spatial analyses of terrestrial peat depth, basal peat radiocarbon ages, basin geomorphology, and satellite-derived land surface properties (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF)) from Landsat satellite data revealed significant relationships between peat thickness and mean basin NDVI or MNF. By upscaling observed relationships, we infer that drained thermokarst lake basins, covering 391 km2 (76%) of the 515 km2 study region, store 6.4–6.6 Tg organic C in drained lake basin terrestrial peat. Peat accumulation in drained lake basins likely serves to offset greenhouse gas release from thermokarst-impacted landscapes and should be incorporated in landscape-scale C budgets.
Preferences and Outcomes for Chemotherapy Teaching in a Postgraduate Obstetrics and Gynecology Training Program

Purpose To determine whether chemotherapy teaching is a desired component of postgraduate training programs in obstetrics and gynecology and assess its effect on practicing clinicians. Method After obtaining institutional review board approval, 99 individuals who completed postgraduate training at a single academic medical center between 2005 and 2013 were invited to complete an online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses. Results Of the 99 individuals, 68 (68%) completed the survey. Respondents included physicians currently practicing in both academic medicine ( n = 36, 52.9%) and private practice ( n = 24, 35.2%). Most respondents ( n = 60, 88.2%) indicated that chemotherapy teaching was a desired feature of their training and expressed a preference for both formal didactics and direct clinical involvement ( n = 55, 80.2%). Benefits identified by respondents included improved insight into the management of symptoms commonly associated with chemotherapy ( n = 55, 82.1%) and an enhanced ability to counsel patients referred for oncology care ( n = 48, 70.5%). All respondents who pursued training in gynecologic oncology following residency ( n = 6) indicated that chemotherapy teaching favorably affected their fellowship experience. Of the 6 gynecologic oncologists, 3 (50%) who responded also indicated that chemotherapy teaching during residency improved their performance in fellowship interviews. Conclusion Chemotherapy teaching was a desired feature of postgraduate training in general obstetrics and gynecology at the institution studied. Consideration should be given to creating curricula that incorporate the principles and practice of chemotherapy and address the needs of obstetrics and gynecology trainees who intend to pursue both general and subspecialty practice.
On the temperature dependent cyclotron resonance lineshape of inversion-layer electrons in Si

Abstract Unlike the electron-impurity interaction, the electron-acoustic phonon interaction generates a temperature-dependent cyclotron resonance lineshape. The difference is due to the temperature-dependent phonon distribution and the quasi-inelastic nature of the electron-phonon scattering. Calculations based on the proper connected diagram expansion are in qualitative agreement with experiments on inversion-layer electrons in Si in the temperature range 8–65 K.
The Association between Symptoms, Pain Coping Strategies, and Physical Activity Among People with Symptomatic Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis

Effective use of coping strategies by people with chronic pain conditions is associated with better functioning and adjustment to chronic disease. Although the effects of coping on pain have been well studied, less is known about how specific coping strategies relate to actual physical activity patterns in daily life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how different coping strategies relate to symptoms and physical activity patterns in a sample of adults with knee and hip osteoarthritis (N = 44). Physical activity was assessed by wrist-worn accelerometry; coping strategy use was assessed by the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory. We hypothesized that the use of coping strategies that reflect approach behaviors (e.g., Task Persistence), would be associated with higher average levels of physical activity, whereas avoidance coping behaviors (e.g., Resting, Asking for Assistance, Guarding) and Pacing would be associated with lower average levels of physical activity. We also evaluated whether coping strategies moderated the association between momentary symptoms (pain and fatigue) and activity. We hypothesized that higher levels of approach coping would be associated with a weaker association between symptoms and activity compared to lower levels of this type of coping. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the momentary association between coping and physical activity. We found that higher body mass index, fatigue, and the use of Guarding were significantly related to lower activity levels, whereas Asking for Assistance was significantly related to higher activity levels. Only Resting moderated the association between pain and activity. Guarding, Resting, Task Persistence, and Pacing moderated the association between fatigue and activity. This study provides an initial understanding of how people with osteoarthritis cope with symptoms as they engage in daily life activities using ecological momentary assessment and objective physical activity measurement.
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily in Daphnia pulex.

Background Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in animals fall into two categories: those that synthesize or metabolize endogenous molecules and those that interact with exogenous chemicals from the diet or the environment. The latter form a critical component of detoxification systems.
Computational Sampling of a Cryptic Drug Binding Site in a Protein Receptor: Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics and Inhibitor Docking to p38 MAP Kinase

An increasing number of structural studies reveal alternative binding sites in protein receptors that become apparent only when an inhibitor binds, and correct prediction of these situations presents a significant challenge to computer-aided drug design efforts. A striking example is provided by recent crystal structures of the p38 MAP kinase, where a 10A movement of the Phe169 side-chain creates a new binding site adjacent to the ATP binding site that is exploited by the diaryl urea inhibitor BIRB796. Here, we show that this binding site can be successfully and repeatedly identified in explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the protein that begin from an unliganded p38 crystal structure. Ligand-docking calculations performed on 5000 different structural snapshots generated during MD indicate that the conformations sampled are often surprisingly competent to bind the inhibitor BIRB796 in the crystallographically correct position and with docked energies that are generally more favorable than those of other positions. Similar docking studies with an ATP-binding site-directed inhibitor suggest that it may be possible to develop hybrid inhibitors that target both the ATP and cryptic binding sites simultaneously. Intriguingly, both inhibitors are occasionally found to dock correctly even with p38's "DFG" motif in the "wrong" conformation and BIRB796 can successfully dock, albeit infrequently, without significant displacement of the Phe169 side-chain; this suggests that the inhibitor might facilitate the latter's conformational change. Finally, two quite different conformations of p38's DFG motif are also sampled for extended periods of time during the simulations; these may provide new opportunities for inhibitor development. The MD simulations reported here, which total 390 ns in length, therefore demonstrate that existing computational methods may be of surprising utility in predicting cryptic binding sites in protein receptors prior to their experimental discovery.
The Influence of History on Nuclear Weapons Policy

Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America's Atomic Age. By Francis J. Gavin. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 240 pp., $35.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-801-45101-0). This book studies the history of nuclear weapons, especially the strategies for their employment, and the influence of those strategies on international politics. The history is interesting in its own right and bears directly upon contemporary and future policy, because author Francis J. Gavin is a rare sort of historian. Like his mentor, Marc Trachtenberg, Gavin doesn't shy away from challenging the conventional wisdom based on a careful reading of the relevant documents. And his myth-busting has a clear purpose—to improve policy. “Bad history is almost worse than no history” (p. 2). “We cannot begin to assess the merits of critical policies,” Gavin explains, “ranging from the goal of ‘global zero’ to threatened use of preventive war to reverse proliferation, until we have a much better understanding of the historical forces that brought us where we are today” (p. 11). Thus, his work is of interest not only to academic historians and political scientists, but also to contemporary policymakers and scholars in the wider foreign policy community. In clear, readable prose, Gavin, the Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, and the Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, addresses a series of discrete questions, organized more or less chronologically. He challenges the conventional view that John F. Kennedy's approach to nuclear weapons was dramatically different from Dwight D. Eisenhower's. From there, Gavin moves to the Berlin Crisis, which straddled the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations, and then to the debate over nuclear nonproliferation in the wake of China's ascension into the nuclear club. Here, Gavin finds important discontinuities between Kennedy's and Lyndon Johnson's approaches to nonproliferation, particularly toward US allies such as West Germany. The book moves on to the …
Summary and perspectives on kidney dose-response to radionuclide therapy.

The manuscripts included in this special issue of Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals highlight current data and theoretical foundations regarding dose–response relationships related to radionuclide therapy kidney toxicity. With the use of the kidney dosimetry model presented in MIRD 19,1 these experimental and clinical data, when correlated with accurate regional dose information, may provide the improvements in predictive models necessary for clinical trial design. Some fundamental findings from the current proceedings may be summarized:
Design of a polymer thermoelectric generator using radial architecture

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are solid-state heat engines consisting of p-type and n-type semiconductors that convert heat into electricity via the Seebeck effect. Conducting polymers are a viable alternative with intrinsic advantages over their inorganic counterparts, since they are abundant, flexible as thick-films, and have reduced manufacturing costs due to solution processing. Furthermore, polymers have an inherently low thermal conductivity, thus affording them the option of forgoing some heat exchanger costs. Current examples of polymer TE devices have been limited to traditional flat-plate geometries with power densities on the μW/cm2 scale, where their potential is not fully realized. Herein, we report a novel radial device architecture and model the improved performance of polymer-based TEG based on this architecture. Our radial architecture accommodates a fluid as the heat source and can operate under natural convection alone due to heat spreading. Analytical heat transfer and electrical models are presented that optimize the device for maximum power density, and for the first time we obtain the geometry matching condition that maximizes the efficiency. We predict high power densities of ∼1 mW/cm2 using state-of-the-art polymer TEs subjected to a temperature difference of 100 K, which is nearly 1000× higher than polymer flat-plate architectures reported in literature.
A Training Program in Energy Information Systems

The scope, objectives and content-core curriculum, optional courses-of the training program are described in detail. An analog model describing the Pennsylvania Energy Reference System is given to illustrate the technique involved in Energy Requirements Analysis.
Cross sections for the Li-6 (p, He-3) He-4 reaction at energies between 0.1 and 3.0 MeV

Absolute differential and total (integrated) cross sections for the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$($p$,$^{3}\mathrm{He}$)$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ reaction at proton energies between \ensuremath{\sim}0.14 and 3 MeV are presented, and compared with previous measurements. The results comprise a consistent set of data over much of the energy range of interest to a number of applications. Thermonuclear reaction rate parameters and astrophysical $S$ factors are calculated. The measured angular distributions are compared to predictions of a preliminary $R$-matrix analysis based on the nuclear properties of energy levels in the mass-7 system.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$($p$,$^{3}\mathrm{He}$)$^{4}\mathrm{He}$, ${E}_{p}=0.14\ensuremath{-}3$ MeV; enriched target; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p},\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p})$; calculated $〈\ensuremath{\sigma}v〉$, astrophysical $S$ factor.
The interaction of chloroquine with the albumin of bovine plasma

SUMMARY The interaction of chloroquine with bovine plasma albumin has been evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. In the physiological range of pH, chloroquine exists as an equilibrium mixture of two species which can be designated as B-B’Hf and +HB-B/H+, in which B represents the ring nitrogen and B’ the diethylamino nitrogen of the side chain. Albumin interacts reversibly with species B-B’H+ but does not interact with species +HB-B’H+. The value of the first apparent association exponent, log k’l, was determined to be 3.72 at 30” and ionic strength 1.66. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Irvin, J. L., and Irvin, E. M., J. Biol. Chem., 196, 651 (1952). 2. Irvin, J. L., and Irvin, E. M., J. Am. Chem. SOL, 69, 1091 (1947). 3. Debye, P., and Hiickel, E., Phys. Z., 24, 185 (1923). 4. Scatchard, G., Batchelder, A. C., and Brown, A., J. Clin. Invest., 23, 453 (1944). 5. Irvin, J. L., Irvin, E. M., and Parker, F. S., Science, 110, 426 (1949). 6. F&on, J. D.,
Advertisement Size and the Relationship between Product Usage and Advertising Exposure

This study investigates the hypothesis that the association between prospect status and exposure to print advertising decreases as advertisement size increases. Contrary to the hypothesis, nonlinea...
Carcinogenesis From Polymer Implants: New Mpects From Chromosomal and Transplantation Studies During Premalignancy

Inbred CBA/H and CBA/H-T6 mice received implants of 15 X 22 mm plastic films. Plastic inserts and tissue capsules were cut in thirds at half monthly and monthly intervals. The first portion of the inserts and capsules was left in the original animal. The second portion was separated and individually transplanted into recipients that differed from the original animals with respect to the T6 marker chromosome. The third portion and all tumors which developed in original and recipient animals were examined by karyological, histological, and cultural methods. Film pieces caused tumors in recipient animals up to 9 months after transfer, capsule tissue only up to about 1 month after transfer. Tumors in original and corresponding recipient animals were identical in their chromosomal stemlines and pace of premalignant maturation. The karyotype of the stemline was never discovered among the film-attached cell population because there seemed to be no cell division. This points to the existence of a single, specific premalignant cell clone residing on the film surface in a dormant state of nondivision many months before tumor appearance. At the end, the (pre)malignant cells detached from the film, invaded the capsule tissue, and propagated to produce the tumor within about 4 weeks. The existence of a specific inhibition phenomenon during the premalignant phase is suggested.
Feasibility Analysis of Signal Gain of Passive Detection Radar for Naval Vessels

The passive detection radar of naval vessels is the popular direction in radar researching.The reality of passive detection is the effective ways of improving radar's hidden detecting and electronic confronting,at the same time,is one of the most important developing directions.This paper,stand the point of view in signal gain,analyze the feasibility of passive detection radar based on eorporative irradiation satellites,and draw the conclusion that this passive radar is pos- sible.
Interfaces Generated by Electronic Device Development in Beta SiC Thin Films

Beta silicon carbide (β-SiC) holds considerable contemporary interest as a candidate material for use in severe environments. It possesses high thermal conductivity, a high melting point, excellent resistance to radiation, a wide energy bandgap and a high saturated electron drift velocity. This unique combination of properties is ideal for the production of high temperature, high frequency or high power electronic devices and the next generation of very high speed microprocessors.