cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Autoimmune Multimorbidity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Cardiovascular and Renal Disease: A Longitudinal Study in the United States, 2001-2017.

Background: Autoimmune diseases are usually more prevalent in women. The risks of cardiovascular and renal disease in those with multiple autoimmune diseases have not been fully described. Material...
Biochemistry of Metallothionein

Historically the term metallothionein (MT) has been used to designate the Cd-, Zn-, and Cu-containing sulfur-rich protein from equine renal cortex (Kagi and Vallee, 1960). The major characteristics of this protein were defined by Kagi et al. (1974) and Kojima et al. (1976).
Kinetic Model for CO2 Capture by Lithium Silicates

Lithium-based ceramics, notably Li4SiO4, have been evaluated as potential CO2 sorbents for sorption-enhanced WGS reactions. A challenge in developing faster, more efficient sorbents is due to the l...
A high sensitivity variable temperature infrared spectroscopy investigation of kaolinite structure changes.

Abstract A new approach for thermal analysis based on variable temperature infrared spectroscopy is described and evaluated. Diffuse reflection optics are employed with a sample heating system that does not employ a sealed environmental chamber. Rather than using a sample cup, a thin layer of solid particles is loaded into a “button” sample holder. The new design minimizes spectral artifacts and provides enhanced optical throughput compared to other designs, but necessitates a more restrictive sample heating temperature range. Results obtained while monitoring solid-state temperature-dependent changes are used to assess the sensitivity of the method. Infrared spectrum changes associated with reversible and irreversible kaolinite structure changes are described and characterized. Subtle temperature-dependent sample changes are revealed by positive and negative difference spectrum residuals, which are obtained by subtracting infrared spectra obtained at different temperatures. Scan-to-scan infrared spectrum relative standard deviations at 30 and 150 °C were less than 1.0%, which was slightly higher than the ambient temperature reproducibility.
Precisely control mitochondrial membrane potential with light to manipulate cell fate decisions

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in aging, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and many other pathological conditions or diseases. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) potential (a.k.a. {Delta}{Psi}m) is essential for ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and also directly affects levels of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, thermogenesis, and key signaling pathways. Better understanding the detailed mechanisms by which {Delta}{Psi}m regulates cellular function and fate decisions requires tools to manipulate {Delta}{Psi}m with spatial and temporal resolution, reversibility, or cell type specificity. To address this need, we have developed a new generation optogenetic-based technique for targeted mitochondrial depolarization with light. We demonstrate successful targeting of a heterologous Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) fusion protein to the IMM and formation of functional cationic channels capable of light-induced targeted {Delta}{Psi}m depolarization, which was sufficient to cause translocation of the cytosolic protein Parkin to mitochondria and activation of mitochondrial autophagy. Importantly, we show that optogenetic-mediated mitochondrial depolarization can be well-controlled to differentially influence the fate of cells expressing mitochondrial ChR2: while mild, transient light illumination elicits cytoprotective effect, moderate, sustained light illumination induces apoptotic cell death. This new generation optogenetic tool may be useful for studying the effects of {Delta}{Psi}m depolarization on cell and organ function with spatial precision.
Decision Trees for Selecting Asphalt Pavement Crack Sealing Method

Crack sealing is an important preventive treatment in the pavement preservation program. To achieve a cost-effective crack seal, it is crucial to select a proper crack sealing method. In Minnesota ...
Accurate Computational Model for the Hydration Extent of Atmospherically Relevant Carbonyls on Aqueous Atmospheric Particles

The carbonyl hydration equilibria of several atmospherically relevant carbonyl compounds were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and computationally investigated using the ...
Third Party at the Table: Afro-Colombian Women's Struggle for Peace and Inclusion

August 24, 2016 marked the end of the nearly sixty-year-long conflict between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejercito del Pueblo, “FARC”). A month later, the Government of Colombia and the FARC signed a peace deal. In November 2016, they signed what came to be called the final Peace Accord. Years-long struggles by Afro-Colombian and other human rights advocates helped infuse human rights discourse into the peace negotiations and initial accord. Nonetheless, events during the two months after the signing of the original Accord, which led to passage of the revised Accord, permanently weakened Colombia’s peace process. Colombia’s initial Peace Accord is historic, not only for ending the longest armed conflict in the Western hemisphere, but also for its inclusion of progressive provisions regarding the rights of women Afro-Colombians, Indigenous Peoples, LGBTIQ, and non-binary and gender non-conforming persons. The agreement provided a gendered lens to all the Peace Accord provisions, from rural reform and poverty alleviation, to political participation and access to justice. It explicitly named rights for LGBTIQ persons and acknowledged discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It also reaffirmed Afro-Colombian and Indigenous Peoples’ collective rights, recognizing the disproportionate impact of the conflict on their territories. In October 2016, in a surprise twist, the draft of the Peace Accord narrowly failed in a national referendum, with 50.2% voting against it and 49.8% voting in favor, a marginal difference of less than half of one percent. Led by former Colombian President and current Senator Alvaro Uribe, Conservative party voters opposed the peace process. While the majority of Colombians favored peace, the opposition, comprised of evangelical leaders and conservative members of the Colombian Congress, launched a media campaign claiming that the FARC had gained too many concessions and that President Santos was “delivering the country to terrorism.” Among their issues, conservatives held that the Accords were a front to impose a “gender ideology,” which they understood as efforts to “convert” children to homosexuality and attack traditional family values.[5] A month later, the parties produced a revised Peace Accord, stripped of its references to the gender, racial, and ethnic inclusion it once reflected. This essay discusses how Colombia arrived at a new Accord stripped of its historic language in just two short months. It also discusses how the harbinger of conservative opposition to human rights viewed justice for women, as well as LGBTIQ, Afro-Colombian, and Indigenous people as a threat to their grip on power and therefore sought to undermine their rights during the peace negotiations process and now in the implementation process.
Quantitative lung perfusion blood volume (PBV) using dual energy CT (DECT)-based effective atomic number (Z eff ) imaging.

Background Iodine material images (aka iodine basis images) generated from dual energy CT (DECT) have been used to assess potential perfusion defects in the pulmonary parenchyma. However, iodine material images do not provide the needed absolute quantification of the pulmonary blood pool, as materials with effective atomic numbers (Zeff ) different from those of basis materials may also contribute to iodine material images, thus confounding the quantification of perfusion defects. Purpose The purposes of this work were to (i) demonstrate the limitations of iodine material images in pulmonary perfusion defect quantification and (ii) develop and validate a new quantitative biomarker using effective atomic numbers derived from DECT images. Methods The quantitative relationship between the perfusion blood volume (PBV) in pulmonary parenchyma and the effective atomic number (Zeff ) spatial distribution was studied to show that the desired quantitative PBV maps are determined by the spatial maps of Zeff as PBVZeff (x) = a Zeff β (x) + b, where a, b, and β are three constants. Namely, quantitative PBVZeff is determined by Zeff images instead of the iodine basis images. Perfusion maps were generated for four human subjects to demonstrate the differences between conventional iodine material image-based PBV (PBViodine ) derived from two-material decompositions and the proposed PBVZeff method. Results Among patients with pulmonary emboli, the proposed PBVZeff maps clearly show the perfusion defects while the PBViodine maps do not. Additionally, when there are no perfusion defects present in the derived PBV maps, no pulmonary emboli were diagnosed by an experienced thoracic radiologist. Conclusion Effective atomic number based quantitative PBV maps provide the needed sensitive and specific biomarker to quantify pulmonary perfusion defects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Human Progesterone Receptors A and B: Two Independent, Functional Forms

The use of progesterone receptor (PR) measurements and progestins in the treatment of breast cancers (reviewed in reference 1) and the use of progesterone antagonists in contraception (2) has required an understanding of the actions of these hormones at a basic molecular level. To study the structure and function of human progesterone receptors (hPR), we have used T47Dco, a PR-rich human breast cancer cell line (3), and in situ photoaffinity labeling (4,5); we have also purified the PR from T47D cells and have made anti-PR monoclonal antibodies (6). This chapter describes some of our recent studies using these methods (7) to analyze the structure of hPR.
College Students’ Perceptions of Personal Selling: An Empirical Investigation

College students’ perceptions of sales as a career is a very important factor to the success of sales recruiting. Many negative perceptions concerning sales jobs have been in existence for some time. While these perceptions are becoming more positive, it must be remembered that much work has to be done in order to convince college students that sales is a desirable and respected profession. The findings of this study indicated that British students do not seem enthusiastic about entering sales as a career. This somewhat negative attitude reinforces past findings which indicated that American students consider sales to be a low-status job with little recognition. However, unlike previous studies that were done on American students, the British students in this study expressed more positive attitudes toward sales as a career.
Brief report: A randomized controlled trial examining peer support and behavioral weight loss treatment.

Peer support among adolescents has been positively associated with heath behaviors; however, enhancing peer support for weight loss has rarely been studied among adolescents. This study examined whether a peer support training component delivered to enhance a standard weight loss program led to improved outcomes. Forty-one overweight adolescent females were randomly assigned to a Standard or Enhanced Peer Support intervention. The Enhanced group received in person peer support skills training and practiced skills using social networking. At 16 weeks, participants in the Enhanced condition reported significantly increased perceptions of friend support. Both groups demonstrated significant weight loss (6.4 lbs, ± 8.3). Attendance and self-monitoring were associated with weight loss. Perceptions of peer support can be increased with a peer training component, but did not increase weight loss during the short term.
In vivo studies of the postnatal development of rat neostriatal neurons.

Publisher Summary The electrophysiological and morphological properties of the mammalian neostriatum have been the subject of numerous studies over the past 25 years. Of the many different cell types in the neostriatum identified by Golgi staining or intracellular labeling, the most information is known about the medium spiny neuron, the principal output neuron of the nucleus, and the neuron that comprises up to 95% of the cell population in the rat neostriatum. Despite the considerable literature on the neurophysiology of neostriatal neurons in the adult rat, relatively little is known about the electrophysiological properties of neostriatal neurons in neonates, or the time course of the postnatal development of mature physiology and morphology. There have been almost no reports of the postnatal development of the neurophysiological properties of rat neostriatal neurons in vivo. Such information is important for several reasons. The rat is the most common experimental subject for studies of the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, and more is known about the basal ganglia of the adult rat than that of any other species. In addition, in recent years, there has been intensive research in the field of neuronal grafting. The most successful grafting experiments have been performed in rats, in which suspensions of embryonic neurons have been transplanted into the brains of adult hosts. It is possible that the differences between in situ and graft cells may arise from a functional immaturity on the part of the graft neurons themselves, but before concluding this, a characterization of the physiological and morphological properties of early postnatal neurons in vivo is required. This chapter discusses some recent experiments detailing the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neostriatal neurons in neonatal rats, and compare and contrast these properties to those observed in the neostriatum of adults.
Reactions of alkali-metals derivatives of metal carbonyls : VIII.Preparation and propeties of cyclo;pentadienyliron dicarbonyl derivatives containing siliconsilicon and siliconhydrogen bonds☆☆☆

Reactions of NaFe(CO)2C5H5 with the permenthylpolysilanylcholorides(CH3)3Si[Si(CH32]nCL in tetrahrdrofuran solution give the yellow-orange (permethylpolysilanyl)iron derivatives (CH3)3Si[Si(CH3)2]nFe(CO)2C5H5 (n = 1,2, and 3). Similarly, the reactions of NaFe(CO)2C5H5 with the permethylpolysilanyl dichlorides Cl[Si(CH3)2]nCl give the yellow (permethylpolysilanyl)diiron derivatives C5H5Fe(CO)2[Si(CH3)]nFe(CO)2C5H5 (n = 2 and 3). Reaction of NaFe(CO)2C5H5 with dimethylchlorosilane gives orange volatile air-sensitive (CH3)2Si(H)Fe(CO)2C5H5, which exhibits an unusually low ν(SiH) frequency at 2071 cm−1 and which undergoes facile chlorination with carbon tetrachloride at room temperature to give yellow-orange crystalline (CH3)2Si(Cl)Fe(CO)2C5H5. Reactions of NaFe(CO)2C5H5 with the halides (CH3)3Si(CH2)nX (n = 1, X = Br; n = 3, X = Cl) give the orange liquids (CH3)3Si(CH2)nFe(CO)2C5H5 (n = 1 and 3). Triphenylphosphine reacts with (CH3)SiCH2Fe(CO)2C5H5 to give the carbonyl insertion product (CH3)3SiCH2COFe(CO)[P(C6H5)3](C5H5). Yellow crystalline C2H4[Si(CH3)2Fe(CO)2C5H5]2 was prepared from NaFe(CO)2C5H5 and the corresponding silicon chloride.
Celebrity Studies in the Long Eighteenth Century: An Interdisciplinary Overview

The work done to date on the development of celebrity culture in the long 18th century ranges across fields as diverse as theater and criminology, art and boxing, and music and oral culture, as scholars examine how celebrity operates within discrete segments of the public sphere as well as across them. Celebrity studies is more than a simple description of a star’s popularity. Instead, it examines how personal, social, media, political, and economic events create local conditions of popularity, how a celebrity’s popular images circulate within a culture, and what the celebrity means to a culture; it also traces how concepts of merit and fame change over time. Individual studies of celebrities and the fans, audiences, and readers who admire them are joined by interdisciplinary studies that best capture the breadth of celebrity’s foundations and effects.
Time-domain tools for the investigation of gain-quenched laser logic

Integrated all-optical logic gates that exploit the optical gain quenching effect in laterally optically pumped semiconductor multi-section edge-emitting lasers (SMEELs) are described. An accurate 2D time-domain (TD) model was solved using an FFT based BPM that was implemented to investigate the gates' gain, modulation depth, and speed. Lasers with optical gain control capable of routing and logic functions are demonstrated via the gain quenching effect.
A Capabilities-Based Theory of Technology Deployment in Diverse Teams: Leapfrogging the Pitfalls of Diversity and Leveraging Its Potential with Collaborative Technology

Previous research on groups with diverse membership indicates that they generally exhibit high levels of conflict and experience low levels of cohesion; however, they also tend to outperform their homogeneous counterparts. We examine this apparent paradox and discuss a theorybased technology-oriented approach to resolving it. Based on an extensive review of three research streams—group diversity, group development, and collaborative technologies—we develop an integrated model of ongoing team interaction that describes how the purposeful deployment of certain collaborative technology capabilities, based on temporal milestones, can help leverage the positive aspects of diversity while limiting its negative aspects. We conclude by developing a set of propositions that can be tested empirically.
Preclinical Evaluation of Cathepsin-degradable Peptide Linkers for Radioimmunoconjugates

Purpose: Immunoglobulins are catabolized in the hepatocytes, primarily by cathepsins. The liver becomes the likely dose-limiting tissue for radiometals, like 90 Y, in radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) used for radioimmunotherapy in combination with bone marrow support. To assess whether in vitro cathepsin-degradable peptide linkers between the chelated radiometal and the antibody decreased hepatic radiation dose, cumulated activity was used as a surrogate for radiation dose. Experimental design: Four different cathepsin-degradable peptides used to link 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N,N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetraacetic acid-chelated 111 In to two different monoclonal antibodies were studied in athymic mouse models of human breast cancer or lymphoma. Measured concentrations of activity during 5 days were used to reflect pharmacokinetic behavior for normal tissues and tumor. With the use of linear regression to fit a monoexponential decay function, cumulated activities in the liver and xenografts were calculated. Results: The pharmacokinetic behavior of the cathepsin-degradable peptide-linked RICs was similar to that for the 2-iminothiolane (2IT) nondegradable linked RICs except for the liver. The liver cumulated activities of peptide-linked RICs were significantly decreased from those of the corresponding 2IT-linked RICs, varying between reductions of 59 and 68%. Cumulated activities of peptide-linked RICs in the xenografts were as great as those of 2IT RICs, so that the therapeutic indices (tumor:liver cumulated activity ratios) were substantially better for cathepsin-degradable peptide-linked RICs. Conclusions: Cathepsin-degradable peptides used to link chelated radiometals to antibodies reduce liver radiation dose and improve the therapeutic index for radioimmunotherapy given in combination with bone marrow support.
Aurally aided visual search in the central visual field: effects of visual load and visual enhancement of the target

Visual search performance was examined in a two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm. The task involved locating and identifying which of two visual targets was present on a trial. The location of the targets varied relative to the subject's initial fixation point from 0 to 14.8 deg. The visual targets were either presented concurrently with a sound located at the same position as the visual target or were presented in silence. Both the number of distractor visual figures (0-63) present in the field during the search (Experiments 1 and 2) and the distinctness of the visual target relative to the distractors (Experiment 2) were considered. Under all conditions, visual search latencies were reduced when spatially correlated sounds were present. Aurally guided search was particularly enhanced when the visual target was located in the peripheral regions of the central visual field and when a larger number of distractor images (63) were present. Similar results were obtained under conditions in which the target was visually enhanced. These results indicate that spatially correlated sounds may have considerable utility in high-information environments (e.g., piloting an aircraft). Language: en
Glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether plasma glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise are dependent on the phase of the menstrual cycle. Once during the follicular (F) and luteal (L) phases, moderately trained subjects [peak O(2) uptake (V(O(2))) = 48.2 +/- 1.1 ml. min(-1). kg(-1); n = 6] cycled for 25 min at approximately 70% of the V(O(2)) at their respective lactate threshold (70%LT), followed immediately by 25 min at 90%LT. Rates of plasma glucose appearance (R(a)) and disappearance (R(d)) were determined with a primed constant infusion of [6,6-(2)H]glucose, and total carbohydrate (CHO) and fat oxidation were determined with indirect calorimetry. At rest and during exercise at 70%LT, there were no differences in glucose R(a) or R(d) between phases. CHO and fat oxidation were not different between phases at 70%LT. At 90%LT, glucose R(a) (28.8 +/- 4.8 vs. 33.7 +/- 4.5 micromol. min(-1). kg(-1); P < 0.05) and R(d) (28.4 +/- 4.8 vs. 34.0 +/- 4.1 micromol. min(-1). kg(-1); P < 0.05) were lower during the L phase. In addition, at 90%LT, CHO oxidation was lower during the L compared with the F phase (82.0 +/- 12.3 vs. 93.8 +/- 9.7 micromol. min(-1) .kg(-1); P < 0.05). Conversely, total fat oxidation was greater during the L phase at 90%LT (7.46 +/- 1.01 vs. 6.05 +/- 0.89 micromol. min(-1). kg(-1); P < 0.05). Plasma lactate concentration was also lower during the L phase at 90%LT concentrations (2.48 +/- 0.41 vs. 3.08 +/- 0.39 mmol/l; P < 0.05). The lower CHO utilization during the L phase was associated with an elevated resting estradiol (P < 0.05). These results indicate that plasma glucose kinetics and CHO oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise are lower during the L compared with the F phase in women. These differences may have been due to differences in circulating estradiol.
A review of laser welding techniques for magnesium alloys

Abstract Laser welding will be an important joining technique for magnesium alloys with their increasing applications in aerospace, aircraft, automotive, electronics and other industries. In this document the research and progress in laser welding of magnesium alloys are critically reviewed from different perspectives. To date, two types of industrial lasers, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), have been used to investigate the weldability of magnesium alloys. Some important laser processing parameters and their effects on weld quality are discussed. The microstructure and metallurgical defects encountered in laser welding of magnesium alloys, such as porosity, cracking, oxide inclusions and loss of alloying elements are described. Mechanical properties of welds such as hardness, tensile and fatigue strength, and other important structural properties are discussed. The aim of the report is to review the recent progress in laser welding of magnesium alloys and to provide a basis for follow-on research.
Misfit Layer Compounds and Ferecrystals: Model Systems for Thermoelectric Nanocomposites

A basic summary of thermoelectric principles is presented in a historical context, following the evolution of the field from initial discovery to modern day high-zT materials. A specific focus is placed on nanocomposite materials as a means to solve the challenges presented by the contradictory material requirements necessary for efficient thermal energy harvest. Misfit layer compounds are highlighted as an example of a highly ordered anisotropic nanocomposite system. Their layered structure provides the opportunity to use multiple constituents for improved thermoelectric performance, through both enhanced phonon scattering at interfaces and through electronic interactions between the constituents. Recently, a class of metastable, turbostratically-disordered misfit layer compounds has been synthesized using a kinetically controlled approach with low reaction temperatures. The kinetically stabilized structures can be prepared with a variety of constituent ratios and layering schemes, providing an avenue to systematically understand structure-function relationships not possible in the thermodynamic compounds. We summarize the work that has been done to date on these materials. The observed turbostratic disorder has been shown to result in extremely low cross plane thermal conductivity and in plane thermal conductivities that are also very small, suggesting the structural motif could be attractive as thermoelectric materials if the power factor could be improved. The first 10 compounds in the [(PbSe)1+δ]m(TiSe2)n family (m, n ≤ 3) are reported as a case study. As n increases, the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient is significantly increased without a simultaneous decrease in the in-plane electrical conductivity, resulting in an improved thermoelectric power factor.
The International Control Conundrum with Exchange Risk: An EVA Framework

Principal-agent problems between corporate parent and subsidiary operations are frequently exacerbated in international settings by exchange rate fluctuations between the foreign subsidiary's local currency and the parent multinational corporation's reference currency. We develop a conceptual solution to this international control conundrum using Economic Value Added as the sole performance numeraire. Our framework facilitates assessment of foreign subsidiary performance in emerging-market countries in the presence of unexpected, exchange-related shocks.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with continuous coverage of the entire terahertz range

Using gases as the emitter and detector media in a THz system allows for good phase matching over the full terahertz range (0.3 to 10 THz), without interruptions from crystal phonon modes or other instrument artifacts. A heterodyne technique facilitates coherent measurement of the electric field waveform, enabling this technique to be used for time-resolved spectroscopy in which a single measurement can continuously cover the entire terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Human Apolipoprotein B Transgenic Mice Generated with 207- and 145-Kilobase Pair Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes EVIDENCE THAT A DISTANT 5′-ELEMENT CONFERS APPROPRIATE TRANSGENE EXPRESSION IN THE INTESTINE

We reported previously that ~80-kilobase pair (kb) P1 bacteriophage clones spanning either the human or mouse apoB gene (clones p158 and p649, respectively) confer apoB expression in the liver of transgenic mice, but not in the intestine. We hypothesized that the absence of intestinal expression was due to the fact that these clones lacked a distant DNA element controlling intestinal expression. To test this possibility, transgenic mice were generated with 145- and 207-kb bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that contained the human apoB gene and more extensive 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences. RNase protection, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical, and genetic complementation studies revealed that the BAC transgenic mice manifested appropriate apoB gene expression in both the intestine and the liver, indicating that both BACs contained the distant intestinal element. To determine whether the regulatory element was located 5' or 3' to the apoB gene, transgenic mice were generated by co-microinjecting embryos with p158 and either the 5'- or 3'-sequences from the 145-kb BAC. Analysis of these mice indicated that the apoB gene's intestinal element is located 5' to the structural gene. Cumulatively, the transgenic mouse studies suggest that the intestinal element is located between -33 and -70 kb 5' to the apoB gene.
AN OBJECTIVE METHOD OF THUNDERSTORM FORECASTING FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C.

The literature was reviewed in order to determine the variables likely to be important in forecasting thunderstorms. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on these variables to determine those significantly related to thunderstorm occurrence. Eight variables were selected. These were then used to produce a forecasting equation by means of the linear discriminant analysis technique. This equation was then tested against the Showalter and Total Totals indexes for forecasting skill, and was found to have higher skill.
Isolation and Expression of the Drosophila Drosulfakinin Neural Peptide Gene Product, DSK-I'

The Drosophila drosulfakinin (dsk) gene encodes the cholecystokinin homologues drosulfakinin-I (DSK-I) and drosulfakinin-II (DSK-II). The naturally occurring DSKI peptide was isolated from an extract of adult flies and its sequence determined by automated Edman degradation and sequence-specific radioimmunoassay. The dsk cDNA is expressed during the larval, pupal, and adult stages of development and is an abundant adult head transcript. Sequence-specific DSK antibodies localized DSK expression in the Drosophila larval central nervous system to medial neurosecretory cells and projections that extend from the neurons anteriorly into the brain and posteriorly down the ventral ganglion. The availability of the dsk transcript, sequence-specific DSK antibodies and the application of molecular genetics provide the opportunity to elucidate the role(s) of Drosophila CCK homologues in brain structure and function.
Composition, structure, and dendroecology of an old-growth Quercus forest on the tablelands of the Cumberland Plateau, USA.

Forest reconstructions provide information on the processes that influence forest development and successional patterns. In this study, we quantified woody species composition, stand structure, and radial growth patterns of individual Quercus trees to document the processes that shaped a forest on the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee over the past three centuries. The oldest trees on the site established in the late-1600s. The forest was dominated by Quercus alba, but Acer rubrum and Oxydendrum arboreum were the most abundant species in small size and young age classes. Quercus recruitment was continuous over the past three centuries whereas Pinus established in the late-1800s and early-1900s and Acer established in the 1940s. Most overstory Quercus recruited via gap-phase regeneration and ca. one-third established under a closed canopy and were suppressed for up to 80 years prior to overstory release. Pinus recruitment corresponded to stand-wide canopy disturbance while Acer recruitment had no relationship to overstory removal. Over the last three centuries, we contend Quercus has been the dominant genus with Pinus restricted to patches that corresponded to canopy disturbances. The recent profusion of Acer in the understory will likely inhibit regeneration of Pinus and Quercus. Indeed, the composition of the overstory and understory were dissimilar and under the current disturbance regime, the A. rubrum component should increase. Gap-scale disturbance frequency has remained relatively stable since the mid-1700s. However, the frequency of stand-wide canopy disturbance events has decreased since the mid-1800s and the last initiated in 1903.
Human aortic endothelial cell response to 316L stainless steel material microstructure.

The role of metal microstructure (e.g. grain sizes) in modulating cell adherence behavior is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of varying grain sizes of 316L stainless steel (SS) on the attachment and spreading of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Four different grain size samples; from 16 to 66 μm (ASTM 9.0-4.9) were sectioned from sheets. Grain structure was revealed by polishing and etching with glycergia. Contact angle measurement was done to assess the hydrophilicity of the specimens. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the roughness and surface chemistry of the specimens. Cells were seeded on mechanically polished and chemically etched specimens followed by identification of activated focal adhesion sites using fluorescently tagged anti-pFAK (phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase). The 16 μm grain size etched specimens had significantly (P < 0.01) higher number of cells attached per cm2 than other specimens, which may be attributed to the greater grain boundary area and associated higher surface free energy. This study shows that the underlying material microstructure may influence the HAEC behavior and may have important implications in endothelialization.
Na + /H + exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling

The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a class II G-protein-coupled receptor1. PTH1R agonists include both PTH, a hormone that regulates blood calcium and phosphate, and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), a paracrine/autocrine factor that is essential for development, particularly of the skeleton. Adenylyl cyclase activation is thought to be responsible for most cellular responses to PTH and PTHrP, although many actions appear to be independent of adenylyl cyclase1,2,3,4,5. Here we show that the PTH1R binds to Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factors (NHERF) 1 and 2 through a PDZ-domain interaction in vitro and in PTH target cells. NHERF2 simultaneously binds phospholipase Cβ1 and an atypical, carboxyl-terminal PDZ consensus motif, ETVM, of the PTH1R through PDZ1 and PDZ2, respectively. PTH treatment of cells that express the NHERF2–PTH1R complex markedly activates phospholipase Cβ and inhibits adenylyl cyclase through stimulation of inhibitory G proteins (Gi/o proteins). NHERF-mediated assembly of PTH1R and phospholipase Cβ is a unique mechanism to regulate PTH signalling in cells and membranes of polarized cells that express NHERF, which may account for many tissue- and cell-specific actions of PTH/PTHrP and may also be relevant to signalling by many G-protein-coupled receptors.
Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors.

According to the prevailing cultural stereotype as well as various psychological theories, empathy (the vicarious affective response to another person's feelings) is more prevalent in females than in males. A review of the research indicates that females do indeed appear to be more empathic than mal
Cyclic control in ecosystems

The theory of feedback control as a possible stabilizing mechanism has already been introduced into ecosystem analysis. One problem in the theory is the identification of the informational links by which such controls operate. Cyclic controls, for example, zero-mean sine functions added to certain exchange flows in the system, might also contribute to system stability. Their advantage is that they operate without need for information from the rest of the system. The theory of ecosystem cyclic control is presented and applied to data from an oyster reef ecosystem.
Consumer inventory sensitivity and the postpromotion dip

We summarize and critique seven theories that might explain the lack of a postpromotion dip in sales in the weeks following a promotion. We then propose and provide empirical support for a new explanation. We argue that in markets where the consumer category purchase decision is not strongly influenced by inventory levels, the displacement effect of accelerated sales will tend to be distributed fairly uniformly into the future such that clearly defined dips are not observed. We utilize a simulation based on real data to investigate this explanation. The simulation shows that given the degree to which inventory influences the purchase decision, we would not expect to see postpromotion dips, even though promotion influences the purchase decision. However, the simulation shows that if inventory had a greater influence on the purchase decision, we would expect to see postpromotion dips. We conclude with implications for both researchers and managers.
In Vitro Unfolding/Refolding of Wild Type Phage P22 Scaffolding Protein Reveals Capsid-binding Domain

The scaffolding proteins of double-stranded DNA viruses are required for the polymerization of capsid subunits into properly sized closed shells but are absent from the mature virions. Phage P22 scaffolding subunits are elongated 33-kDa molecules that copolymerize with coat subunits into icosahedral precursor shells and subsequently exit from the precursor shell through channels in the procapsid lattice to participate in further rounds of polymerization and dissociation. Purified scaffolding subunits could be refoldedin vitro after denaturation by high temperature or guanidine hydrochloride solutions. The lack of coincidence of fluorescence and circular dichroism signals indicated the presence of at least one partially folded intermediate, suggesting that the protein consisted of multiple domains. Proteolytic fragments containing the C terminus were competent for copolymerization with capsid subunits into procapsid shells in vitro, whereas the N terminus was not needed for this function. Proteolysis of partially denatured scaffolding subunits indicated that it was the capsid-binding C-terminal domain that unfolded at low temperatures and guanidinium concentrations. The minimal stability of the coat-binding domain may reflect its role in the conformational switching needed for icosahedral shell assembly.
Putting Mechanics Into Photonics

Summary form only given. Nanomechanical devices and photonic devices are promising alternatives to today's electronic devices. Electrostatic interaction is fundamental to the operation of electronic devices. Unlike electrons, photons (or phonons) are non-charged bosons and tend not to interact with each other. This enables very high operation bandwidth but essentially makes it hard to build logic devices. A new interaction mechanism between them is yet to be discovered to advance the state-of-the-art development of solid state devices. We believe optical force is such a candidate. In macroscopic world, optical forces are generally thought to be too weak for practical use. This picture changes when applied to lightweight nanoscale devices. In this talk, we demonstrate that significant optical force can be produced by a single pass of light in a silicon photonic circuit. This optical force, originated from lateral photon confinement rather than from momentum transfer, is applied in a planar geometry and offers high scalability. Control and harnessing optical force will allow solid state devices to operate under this new physical principle, and open doors to non-charge based devices.
Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria

(1999). Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 106, No. 4, pp. 153-153.
Efficacy of Meal Replacements Versus a Standard Food-Based Diet for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes A Controlled Clinical Trial:

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of a portion-controlled meal replacement diet (PCD) to a standard diet (SD) based on recommendations by the American Diabetes Association in achieving and maintaining weight loss among obese participants with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study is a university-based, controlled clinical trial. Participants were 119 men and women with diabetes with a body mass index between 25 and 40 kg/m(2), assigned randomly to one of two 34-week, 75% of predicted energy need diets (portion controlled or standard, self-selected, food based) and then followed by 1-year maintenance. Results Using intention-to-treat analyses, weight loss at 34 weeks and weight maintenance at 86 weeks was significantly better on PCD versus SD. Approximately 40% of the PCD participants lost > or =5% of their initial weight compared with 12% of those on the SD. Significant improvements in biochemical and metabolic measures were observed at 34 weeks in both groups. The retention rate and self-reported ease of adherence in the PCD group were significantly higher throughout the study. Conclusions A diet using portion-controlled meal replacements yielded significantly greater initial weight loss and less regain after 1 year of maintenance than a standard, self-selected, food-based diet. As PCDs may help obese patients with type 2 diabetes adhere to a weight control program, diabetes educators may consider recommending them as part of a comprehensive approach to weight control.
Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as renal mass: a case for nephron-sparing surgery.

Abstract Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic disease well recognized by physicians. The upper and lower respiratory symptoms associated with the disease are easily recognized; however, its presentation as a solid renal mass is underappreciated. We present a case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a 5.2-cm renal mass diagnosed as WG after nephron-sparing surgery. The patient presented with mild symptoms suggestive of WG, but the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test was negative. The renal mass and concerns about possible malignancy obscured the diagnosis of WG. This case illustrates that WG should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solid renal masses.
Developing Performance-based Requirements for Open Architecture Design

To implement the capabilities conceptualized in the national military strategy, complex, secure networks of weapon systems, intelligence platforms, and command and control mechanisms must be seamlessly integrated and maintained over time. As these capabilities are developed over time in an evolutionary manner, interoperability on the net-centric warfare (NCW) networks is essential, and both hardware and software systems must be designed in an open-svstems architecture (OA) fashion to accommodate the vast number of changes anticipated Material Developers will need to recognize the relatively immature nature of the software engineering domains and actively compensate for this immaturity. System software performance capabilities must be much more detailed than typical hardware-centric systems. Essential OA performance characteristics including maintainability, upgradability, interfaces interoperability, reliability, safety and security (MUIRSS) must be fully analyzed and clearly communicated to the software developer to ensure the DoD obtains the flexibility and longevity desired from NCW systems.
Aminoglycoside hybrids as potent RNA antagonists

Abstract Aminoglycosides specifically bind to the A-site decoding region of prokaryotic 16S rRNA with dissociation constants in the 1–2 μM range. The aminoglycoside paromomycin binds to a truncated A-site construct with a K d = 1.85 μ M. Paromomycin analogs are described here in which the aminoglycoside is linked via spacer groups to either thiazole orange or pyrene. These analogs bind specifically to the truncated A-site construct, but with affinities considerably higher than paromomycin itself. The binding of the hybrid molecules to the A-site is greater the shorter the spacer group.
Should we do EUS/FNA on patients with pancreatic cysts? the incremental diagnostic yield of EUS over CT/MRI for prediction of cystic neoplasms

ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance characteristics of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) compared with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and determine the incremental diagnostic yield and accuracy of EUS with or without fine needle aspiration (FNA) over CT and MRI for pr
Cation exchange in heart cell culture: correlation with effects on contractile force.

Abstract A recently developed technique for following isotopic activity of rat heart cells in tissue culture was used to study the affinity sequence of cations for rapidly exchangeable cellular calcium-binding sites. The affinity for these sites was in the order La > Cd > Zn > Mn > Mg. In addition the effect on more slowly exchangeable sites and subsequent 45 Ca influx differed among the cations competing with Ca. The affinity sequence correlated with the rate at which an ion diminished contractile tension in neonatal rat papillary muscle: (La, Cd):(Zn, Mn):Mg = 17:7:1, i.e. La and Cd diminished contractile tension 17-times more rapidly than Mg. It is suggested that the cation affinity sequence as operative in physiological solutions is ascribable to ionized carboxyl groups localized to the basement membrane. Ability of an ion to displace Ca from these groups and subsequently inhibit cellular uptake of Ca correlates well with its ability to diminish contractile force.
Robot-assisted anterior wall extravesical ureteral reimplantation.

Summary Introduction Here we describe our technique for robot-assisted, extravesical, anterior wall ureteral reimplantation for select patients with obstructive megaureter or high grade VUR with paraureteral diverticulum. We performed anterior wall reimplantation, extrapolating our experience with anterior wall appendicovesicostomy [Famakinwa et al., Eur Urol 2013;64(5):831–6] Methods We applied this technique at our institution for a total of 6 patients: 4 pediatric, 2 adult. Amongst our pediatric patients, 3 underwent surgery for obstructive megaureter, and 1 for a paraureteral bladder diverticulum with high grade VUR. Our 2 adult patients opted for surgery in the setting of distal ureteral strictures. To avoid ureteral kinking, we perform detrusorotomy in alignment with the ureter, and take care to avoid ureteral laxity during reimplantation. Results Following surgery, each of our 6 patients continues to remain without evidence of obstruction, including ureteral kinking, with follow-up ranging from 3 months to 5 years. No procedural-related complications have been noted to date. Conclusion We have found this approach to be technically straightforward, avoiding intravesical dissection and associated morbidity of bladder spasm, while achieving functional outcomes.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome presenting as acute renal failure secondary to obstructive uropathy

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, self-mutilation, choreoathetosis, and hyperuricemia. The disease is caused by a mutation in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene and is transmitted as a sex-linked recessive disorder. Since hyperuricemia is the primary metabolic problem caused by a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutation, urologic evaluation and treatment is often necessary for children with this disease. We report a 3-year-old boy who presented with anuric renal failure secondary to bilateral obstructing uric acid calculi. The evaluation of T lymphocytes revealed a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutation consistent with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The diagnosis and urologic management of this disorder is discussed.