cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cell vaccine therapy for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States despite an array of available treatment options. Current standard-of-care interventions for this malignancy include surgical resection, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies depending on the disease stage. Specifically, infusion of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in combination with chemotherapy was an important development in improving the survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer, while also helping give rise to other forms of anti-angiogenic therapies. Yet, one approach by which tumor angiogenesis may be further disrupted is through the administration of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine targeting tumor-derived blood vessels, leading to cytotoxic immune responses that decrease tumor growth and synergize with other systemic therapies. Early generations of such vaccines exhibited protection against various forms of cancer in pre-clinical models, but clinical results have historically been disappointing. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®) was the first, and to-date, only dendritic cell-based therapy to receive FDA approval after significantly increasing overall survival in prostate cancer patients. The unparalleled success of Sipuleucel-T has helped revitalize the clinical development of dendritic cell vaccines, which will be examined in this review. We also highlight the promise of these vaccines to instill anti-angiogenic immunity for individuals with advanced colorectal cancer.
Occult Small Bowel Bleeding

This review sought to summarize the literature available on occult gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding within the small bowel, specifically. Much of the recent research on this topic focuses on appropriate use of diagnostic modalities, including indications for, diagnostic yield of, and prognosis following capsule endoscopy, CT enteroscopy, and deep enteroscopy. Overall, occult small bowel bleeding remains a relatively uncommon condition, defined as either positive fecal occult blood testing and/or iron deficiency anemia, without visible GI bleeding and following negative endoscopy. While vascular lesions are the most common etiology, the differential diagnosis is otherwise long. Few studies have focused on the diagnosis and treatment of occult bleeding specifically, and although the workup is similar to that of overt bleeding, the diagnostic/therapeutic yields are typically lower. As the risk for recurrent bleeding following appropriate endoscopic therapy remains significant, medical therapy—e.g., iron supplementation, RBC transfusion, somatostatin analogs, and/or thalidomide—does need to be considered in some cases, although additional prospective data will be helpful to better define its role. Surgical management should be reserved for those patients with severe and refractory disease.
Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting.

A longstanding challenge for accurate sensing of biomolecules such as proteins concerns specifically detecting a target analyte in a complex sample (e.g., food) without suffering from nonspecific binding or interactions from the target itself or other analytes present in the sample. Every sensor suffers from this fundamental drawback, which limits its sensitivity, specificity, and longevity. Existing efforts to improve signal-to-noise ratio involve introducing additional steps to reduce nonspecific binding, which increases the cost of the sensor. Conducting polymer-based chemiresistive biosensors can be mechanically flexible, are inexpensive, label-free, and capable of detecting specific biomolecules in complex samples without purification steps, making them very versatile. In this paper, a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxyphene) (PEDOT) and poly (3-thiopheneethanol) (3TE) interpenetrating network on polypropylene–cellulose fabric is used as a platform for a chemiresistive biosensor, and the specific and nonspecific binding events are studied using the Biotin/Avidin and Gliadin/G12-specific complementary binding pairs. We observed that specific binding between these pairs results in a negative ΔR with the addition of the analyte and this response increases with increasing analyte concentration. Nonspecific binding was found to have the opposite response, a positive ΔR upon the addition of analyte was seen in nonspecific binding cases. We further demonstrate the ability of the sensor to detect a targeted protein in a dual-protein analyte solution. The machine-learning classifier, random forest, predicted the presence of Biotin with 75% accuracy in dual-analyte solutions. This capability of distinguishing between specific and nonspecific binding can be a step towards solving the problem of false positives or false negatives to which all biosensors are susceptible.
Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture: Military Men in England and Ireland, 1558-1594

This book studies the careers and political thinking of English martial men, left deeply frustrated as Elizabeth I's quietist foreign policy destroyed the ambitions that the wars of the mid-sixteenth century had excited in them. Until the mid 1580s, unemployment, official disparagement and downward mobility became grim facts of life for many military captains. Rory Rapple examines the experiences and attitudes of this generation of officers and points to a previously overlooked literature of complaint that offered a stinging critique of the monarch and the administration of Sir William Cecil. He also argues that the captains' actions in Ireland, their treatment of its inhabitants and their conceptualisation of both relied on assumptions, attitudes and political thinking which resulted more from their frustration with the status quo in England than any tendency to 'other' the Irish. This book will be required reading for scholars of early modern British and Irish history.
Topology refresh data forwarding protocol for opportunistic networks

Consider the opportunistic network application scenario in which mobile node users socialize with nearby users of common interest, but there exists no pre-established session by which users register or de-register their presence. As nodes are dynamically joining and leaving the network, how a node discovers any newly joined nodes or knows when to release conversations from nodes who have left the network. In this paper, we propose to build a complete topology of end-to-end paths and periodically refresh it, to thereby erase all the connectivity and node position history, to adapt to the dynamic changing nature of opportunistic networks. We call it Topology Refresh Protocol (TRP). TRP integrates the solution to the questions with data forwarding. It is lightweight and efficient that requires no path break detection and repair as required by on-demand routing, no complex route calculations as in probabilistic routing, and no duplication of messages as used in the class of epidemic routing. We studied the TRP performance in terms of overhead, delay, and acceptance rate by computer simulations and found that TRP outperforms the AODV and ERP protocols.
The influence of “country of origin” on multinational corporation global strategy

Abstract This article examines the proposition that MNCs from a particular country are likely to exhibit profile similarities that are distinct from those of MNCs emanating from another country due to differences in home country factors. We call this “country of origin effect” (COE). A generalized framework is presented briefly explaining the nature of relationships among various COE elements that influence MNC strategy. A number of research propositions are offered that postulate the presumed effect of COE elements on MNC strategy and competitive behavior. Finally, suggestions are made as to the implications of this avenue of enquiry for further research as well as guide for management action.
A Review of “Boundaries of Obligation in American Politics: Geographic, National and Racial Communities”

If politics is what Harold Lasswell describes as “who gets what, when and how,” then individual political attitudes and interests document a person's preference structure regarding how to distribut...
Evidence that immunoglobulin specificities of AIDS-related lymphoma are not directed to HIV-related antigens

Chronic B-cell stimulation may be a predisposing event in the early pathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma (ARL). ARL-derived immunoglobulin (Ig) genes are significantly diversified from germline, suggesting that antigenic stimulation via Ig receptors may occur prior to malignant transformation. We have evaluated 6 ARL-derived antibodies for binding to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cell surface epitopes. Five cases expressed IgM, and 1 case expressed IgG. Expressed V genes were significantly diversified (3%-15%) from known germline V genes. A non-Ig producing mouse myeloma cell line was transfected with expression vectors containing the lymphoma-derived V genes. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot assay, the lymphoma-derived Ig's showed no reactivity against HIV recombinant proteins. Also, no specific HIV reactivity was observed by flow cytometry with lymphoma-derived Ig's against the T-cell line infected with T-tropic HIV-1 or peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with M-tropic HIV strains, indicating lack of binding to native HIV epitopes. However, 2 of the lymphoma-derived Ig's (ARL-7 and ARL-14) bound strongly to non–HIV-infected cells of various tissue origins. Thus, these findings suggest that the transformed B cells of AIDS-associated lymphomas may not arise from the pool of anti-HIV specific B cells but, rather, may develop from B cells responding to other antigens, including self-antigens.
Spectra of porphyrins: Part III. Self-consistent molecular orbital calculations of porphyrin and related ring systems

Abstract Self-consistent molecular orbital calculations on the porphin ring by the method of Pariser, Parr, and Pople (SCMO-PPP) confirm earlier conclusions of Gouterman and Platt that the visible and Soret bands of the porphin absorption spectrum can be explained by a four-orbital model. According to this model, the lowest two pairs of excited configurations are accidentally degenerate, and the extensive interaction between them accounts for the great intensity of the Soret and the relative weakness of the visible bands; interaction with higher configurations is negligible. The four-orbital model is extended to give a successful account of the absorption spectra of tetrabenzporphin, and of reduced and aza-porphyrins. It also accounts for the “cyclic polyene perturbation” which splits the visible but not the Soret bands of free base porphin. More elaborate calculations using extensive configuration interaction give remarkable qualitative agreement with the porphin triplet-triplet absorption spectrum, and makes possible the reassignment of the ultraviolet bands of tetrazaporphin and phthalocyanine. Unfortunately, configuration interaction is consistently overestimated, and hence the calculated splitting of visible and Soret bands is too large. Further, singlet-triplet splitting is similarly overestimated.
The use and abuse of drugs in the treatment of asthma in children.

ASTHMA is among the serious manifestations of allergic disease for which patients require immediate relief. Because of its chronicity and tendency to recur there has been a continuous search for more effective symptomatic treatment. A large number of drugs have been developed which are purported to relieve the symptoms of asthma. They are used and often abused to an extent which may actually endanger the life of the patient. For some diseases, in which only one effective remedy is available, a calculated risk is justified to save the life of an individual. Under these circumstances the value of such treatment outweighs its danger. This situation should not often arise with asthma, for which the choice of remedies is wide enough to make it possible to avoid any one which may be hazardous in a particular patient. Let us, therefore, take stock of the measures used in the treatment of asthma and evaluate their respective merits. We will begin with an example of a child who died from bronchial asthma after a surgical operation and whose case was presented at a hospital conference: Post-mortem examination disclosed that the entire bronchial tree was completely filled with thick, gelatinous fluid. A discusser at the conference quite rightly criticized the use of atropine and stated that bronchoscopic aspiration, postural drainage and nasotracheal intubation should have been instituted. He added that adrenal steroids had also been indicated. To my astonishment he went on to recommend antihistaminics, aminophylline and epinephrine before, during and after anesthesia. This discussion leaves one dismayed, for with a plugged bronchial tree many of the drugs suggested by the critic are as contraindicated as was the atropine. Antihistaminics, for example, with their drying, atropine-like action, are specifically contraindicated.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Sodium Intake and Reduction Among Adult Consumers in the United States.

Abstract Purpose. To describe the prevalence and determinants of sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among U.S. adults Design. A cross-sectional survey was used. Setting. The study was set in the United States in 2012. Subjects. Participants were 6122 U.S. adults. Measures. Sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were measured. Analysis. Chi-squared tests were used to determine differences in sodium-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviors by respondent characteristics; multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between selected respondent characteristics and health professional advice, reported action, or knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (adjusted for all other respondent characteristics). Results. About three-fourths of respondents answered eating too much sodium is “somewhat” or “very” harmful to their health. Twenty-six percent reported receiving health professional advice, and 45% reported taking action to reduce their sodium intake. The prevalence of...
Time-Varying Liquidity Trading, Private Information and Insider Trading

This paper investigates the insider trading before scheduled versus unscheduled corporate announcements to explore how corporate insiders utilise their private information in response to the time-varying liquidity trading. Using a comprehensive insider trading database, we show that: (1) the insider’s propensity to trade increases in the amount of liquidity trading before both the scheduled and unscheduled announcements; (2) insiders buy (sell) more before positive (negative) announcements; and (3) insider purchases are more profitable before unscheduled announcements than before scheduled ones. They suggest that insiders time their trades around scheduled and unscheduled announcements to exploit the varying extent of liquidity trading.
Simultaneous recurrent neural network trained with non-recurrent backpropagation algorithm for static optimisation

This paper explores feasibility of employing the non-recurrent backpropagation training algorithm for a recurrent neural network, Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network, for static optimisation. A simplifying observation that maps the recurrent network dynamics, which is configured to operate in relaxation mode as a static optimizer, to feedforward network dynamics is leveraged to facilitate application of a non-recurrent training algorithm such as the standard backpropagation and its variants. A simulation study that aims to assess feasibility, optimizing potential, and computational efficiency of training the Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network with non-recurrent backpropagation is conducted. A comparative computational complexity analysis between the Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network trained with non-recurrent backpropagation algorithm and the same network trained with the recurrent backpropagation algorithm is performed. Simulation results demonstrate that it is feasible to apply the non-recurrent backpropagation to train the Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network. The optimality and computational complexity analysis fails to demonstrate any advantage on behalf of the non-recurrent backpropagation versus the recurrent backpropagation for the optimisation problem considered. However, considerable future potential that is yet to be explored exists given that computationally efficient versions of the backpropagation training algorithm, namely quasi-Newton and conjugate gradient descent among others, are also applicable for the neural network proposed for static optimisation in this paper.
Semantic preserving translations

Let X1, X2 be derivation systems (freex-categories) generated by context free grammars. Let X0 be a translation category withx-functorsf i :X0→X i ,i=1, 2. Let T be an Ω*-theory, a generalization of algebraic theories. LetI i :X i →T be algebraic interpretations of the derivations systems, giving the semantics of derivation systems. The translation category X0 is shown to preserve the common semantics through the translation if there is a natural transformation from the functorf 2oI 2 to the functorf 1oI 1. This is used to show that certain elementary conditions on well-behaved generalized2 sequential machine maps (g2sm maps) result in semantics preservation by the g2sm maps.
Treatment of Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus, particularly the convulsive form, is a medical emergency, warranting prompt and aggressive treatment. To do this, one must have a thorough understanding of the pharmacology of the anticonvulsant agents. Therapy should be directed toward rapid termination of the status epilepticus, prevention of seizure recurrence, and treatment of any underlying cause. Most importantly, one should establish and adhere to a standard treatment protocol for best results.
Large-scale structure in a universe with mixed hot and cold dark matter

A UNIVERSE whose density is dominated by cold dark matter (CDM) has been considered the standard model for large-scale structure formation1, but it has had difficulty in matching the relatively quiet velocity field of galaxies2 and the observed structure on very large scales3. By contrast, models with a mixture of COM and hot dark matter (HDM) have more power on large scales4–9, and seem more able to fit the excess large-scale power seen in galaxy surveys3 and the microwave background fluctuations recently measured by COBE10,11. Using high-resolution numerical simulations, we examine the formation of structure in a mixed dark matter model containing 70% COM and 30% HDM, the latter in the form of massive neutrinos. This model behaves like a CDM model in which the biasing factor (the relative magnitude of structure in the dark and visible components) varies from 2.5 on small scales to <1 on large scales, and can provide a consistent explanation of both the shape of the observed fluctuation spectrum and the difference in estimates of the cosmic density, Ω, on small and large scales.
Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica Leukotoxin Binding Domain Lies within Amino Acids 1 to 291 of Bovine CD18

Previously, we identified bovine CD18 as the receptor for leukotoxin secreted by Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica. In this study, we constructed bovine-murine CD18 chimeras to locate the leukotoxin binding domain on CD18. Leukotoxin specifically lysed transfectants expressing bovine CD18 fragment encompassing amino acids 1 to 291, indicating that leukotoxin binding domain lies within amino acids 1 to 291 of bovine CD18.
Simulation model for lower hybrid current drive

A simulation model for steady‐state, lower hybrid current drive is described which incorporates a relativistic, one‐dimensional Fokker–Planck calculation and a toroidal ray tracing code. Two‐dimensional (v⊥) effects are included in the Fokker–Planck analysis in the form of a large perpendicular electron temperature that results from pitch angle scattering. An increase in the parallel refractive index of the lower hybrid waves, arising from toroidal geometry effects, is proposed as a physical mechanism whereby injected rf waves at high phase velocity (ve≪v∥ ≲c) can interact via the Landau resonance with electrons at low phase velocity (v∥ ≲3ve). Numerical results relevant to the Alcator C [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 450 (1984)] and PLT [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1255 (1982)] experiments are presented which demonstrate the dependency of the current drive efficiency on various plasma parameters.
Taming Glutamate Excitotoxicity: Strategic Pathway Modulation for Neuroprotection

Much work has been carried out in recent years showing that elevated glutamate levels in the extracellular environment of the central nervous system play a pivotal role in neurodegeneration in acute CNS injuries. With the elucidation of the mechanism governing glutamate excitotoxicity, researchers are devising therapeutic strategies to target different parts of the pathway which begins with glutamate accumulation and ultimately results in neuronal cell death. In this article, we review some of the major classes of agents that are currently being investigated and highlight some of the key studies for each. Glutamate scavenging is a relatively new approach that directly decreases glutamate levels in the brain, thus preventing excitotoxicity. Nitric oxide inhibitors and free radical scavengers are more well-studied strategies that continue to yield promising results.
Experiences in a Program for the Control of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Chicago

While there are many other features of management which cannot be discussed here, the main features of the control plan, as operative in Chicago, may be summarized as follows: 1)Close supervision of the open case with protection of contacts in every way possible, as soon as possible. 2)Pneumothorax in the field for every case which shows an indication. 3)Close liaison between the sanitarium and clinics so that field collapse and sanitarium collapse are mutually complementary. 4)Total x-ray examination of slum areas, relief agencies, factories, high schools and colleges through the medium of the photoroentgenographic unit. 5)Continued efforts to secure legislation for compulsory examination of school teachers, food handlers—of all persons, in short, engaged in occupation which baring them in close contact with children, adolescents, or food produce. With the exception of additional legislation and more rigid methods of enforcement, the program on the whole looks promising. Regarding new measures of legislative control, there are many ifs, ands, and buts. Apparently it is difficult to sell lawmakers the idea that tuberculosis is a contagious disease in the full sense of the word.
New Perspectives on the Measurement, Manipulation and Meaning of Drug Craving

Craving is a central concern for most addicts and figures prominently in many conceptualizations of addictive behaviour. Despite the putative importance of craving, there has been little systematic, programmatic research on the form and function of drug desire in addictive disorders. The absence of such research can be attributed, in part, to fundamental obstacles to the measurement, manipulation and conceptualization of craving processes. Examples of recent research and theorizing intended to address these obstacles are presented. This work includes the generation of multi-item questionnaires for the reliable assessment of drug craving, the development of methodologically sound procedures for laboratory-based manipulations of craving, and the articulation and evaluation of a cognitive-processing model of drug use and drug craving. This model assumes, unlike most contemporary conceptualizations of drug craving, that the processes that control drug administrations can operate independently of craving. Craving is hypothesized to represent the operation of cognitively demanding nonautomatic processes devoted to either supporting or blocking the execution of highly automatized drug-use behaviours. Research using probe reaction-time measures during craving induction supports the hypothesis that craving is cognitively demanding. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relation of signal sensitivity and ion z-motion in cubic cells. Theory and implication for ion kinetic studies

Abstract The temporal effects of ion evaporation and ion relaxation along the z -axis (parallel to the magnetic field) on ion signal intensity are addressed in this paper. An understanding of these ion dynamical phenomena is important for quantifying ion abundance and measuring rates of ion/molecule reactions with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and trapped cell ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometry. A theory is developed to account for the effects of the z -axis oscillation amplitude of trapped ions on the ion signal. As the z -motions are damped and the ions relax to the center of the cell, ion signal increases. The qualitative features of the theory are tested for three broad classes of ions: unreactive, modestly reactive, and highly reactive in bimolecular, ion/molecule reactions. Ion compression, accomplished by steadily increasing the trap voltage, is introduced as a means of expediting z -axis relaxation so that temporal variations of signal due to relaxation phenomena can be minimized. Ion evaporation, on the other hand, can be avoided by using higher trapping fields in the cell. The implications of these phenomena for ion kinetic studies are discussed.
Investment demand under log-linear technology

Abstract Assuming log-linear technology we show, using simple calculus of variations, that payments to inputs are proportional to values of outputs at all points in time. The derived demand for investment is shown to depend on output, prices and their time derivatives in addition to the second time derivative of the price of capital goods.
Toward an understanding of cross-cultural ethics: A tentative model

In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings. While moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application (or ethics) to specific situations may vary. Ethics is the systematic application of moral principles to concrete problems.
Environmental Valuation and Its Economic Critics

In the last few decades economists have devoted significant professional attention to developing and applying methods to place monetary values on environmental services. This paper summarizes the criticisms from within the economics profession of the environmental valuation research program. Generally, the critics question whether meaningful benefit estimates can be made for environmental services and, if made, whether the estimates are acceptable guides to making environmental policy. We conclude by noting that the debate over the "value of valuation" in water resources will not subside, because this debate is part of a wider intellectual dialogue regarding the role of analysts and quantification in the making of public policy.
Criminal Law Reform and The Persistence of Strict Liability

Two reform movements transformed American criminal law in the four decades that began in the late 1960s. Their origins and effects were starkly different, and their conflict meant that, on core choices about the basis for criminal liability, one movement had to win and the other lose. The first movement was the wave of criminal code reform inspired by the American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code (MPC), first published in 1962. The MPC movement sought to increase the role of culpability as a prerequisite for liability by presumptively requiring proof of mens rea for every element of criminal offenses — a policy that rejected longstanding use of strict liability for significant offense elements. The second, which could be called the tough-on-crime movement, became the more significant. This was the transformation of American criminal-justice policy that expanded criminal offenses, enforcement and sentences, resulting in a national incarceration rate that quintupled and became by far the world’s highest. This Article identifies the twenty-four states that codified the MPC’s culpability rules and then recounts an extensive survey of the case law in those states to assess the reforms’ effect on judicial interpretation of mens rea requirements. It finds that legislative codifications of presumptions for mens rea have had surprisingly little effect on courts that define mens rea requirements when interpreting criminal statutes. It describes the recurrent rationales courts use to impose strict-liability elements in a wide range of crimes notwithstanding statutes that direct presumptions to the contrary. It then offers an explanation for this outcome — a substantial failure of the MPC-inspired revision of criminal codes — that emphasizes the continuing normative appeal of strict liability, the influence of instrumental rationales for punishment, and the limits of the judicial role in an era in which the legislative and executive branches are vastly expanding the reach and severity of criminal punishment.
High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue and adriamycin in childhood osteogenic sarcoma.

Thirteen children with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma were given high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with Citrovorum factor (CF) rescue and adriamycin cyclic chemotherapy. HDMTX (100–750 mg/kg) IV. was infused during 4 hours, followed by CF administration (9 mg P.O. q6h × 12). Two weeks later, adriamycin, 2.5 mg/kg divided into three daily doses (1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 0.5 mg/kg), was given by I.V. injection. The cycle was repeated every 4 weeks. Of 13 patients treated, 7 had tumor regression for greater than 1 month. In 7/7 patients, the elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels normalized after treatment, and 5/6 patients had relief of bone pain. HDMTX toxicity included mucositis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, transient elevation of SGOT, nausea and vomiting, and radiation pneumonitis in 2 patients who received thoracic irradiation after HDMTX. Responses and symptom-free survival in patients with advanced osteogenic sarcoma suggest that this treatment would be of value as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of primary osteogenic sarcoma in an effort to improve the poor cure rate with surgery alone.
Specificity of EEG photic flicker responses to color as related to visual imagery ability.

Two groups of subjects were selected from a previously studied population sample: a group of habitual visualizers, most of whom developed eye movements during recall of motion, and a group of non-visualizers, most of whom did not. EEG following responses to red photic flicker differed markedly for the two groups, being diminished in visualizers but enhanced in non-visualizers as compared to their EEG following responses to blue or green. Mental and visual imagery tasks induced significantly greater alpha blocking in visualizers than in non-visualizers. The partial or complete desynchronization of on-going rhythmic EEG activity suggests a lower threshold for EEG desynchronization for visualizers than for non-visualizers. The augmented EEG following of non-visualizers to red flicker appears to represent a different aspect of the same response continuum.
Levels of pyridine nucleotides and DPNH oxidase activity in growing and stationary protozoan cultures.

1. 1. The levels of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides and the DPNH oxidase activity have been determined in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL during exponential multiplication, before synchronized cell division and in the maximum stationary phase. 2. 2. The levels of DPNH (0.36 mμmole/mg protein) and TPNH (0.46 mμmole/mg protein) found in cells of the exponential-growth phase decrease during the synchriny-inducing temperature treatment to 0.27 mμmole/mg protein for DPNH and 0.33 mμmole/mg protein for TPNH. 3. 3. During the hour priot to synchronous division, a significant (30–43%) in the DPNH content was observed. 4. 4. The DPNH oxidase activity in cells of the exponential-growth phase is 5.2 mμmoles DPHN oxidized per min/mg protein. At the end of the temperature treatment and prior to synchronized division the activity is 3.1 and 3.3 mμmoles/mg protein, respectively. 5. 5. The results are compared with published data on pyridine nucleotide levels in Tetrahymena pyriformis W and tissues of higher animals.
Malfunction of a sheath-retracting active-fixation pacemaker electrode due to impacted endocardium.

A patient is described in whom a sheath-retracting active-fixation pacemaker electrode dislodged shortly after successful transvenous implantation in the right atrial appendage. Attempts to reposition the lead were unsuccessful. Examination of the explanted electrode disclosed that inability to reposition the electrode was due to the fact that impacted tissue around the electrode “screw” prevented its being re-advanced out of its polyurethane housing. (PACE, Vol. 5, March-April, 1982)
The effect of variability-mitigating market rules on the operation of wind power plants

In power systems with many wind generators, market rules have been slowly changing in order to mitigate or internalize the system costs relating to wind variability. We examine several potential market policies for mitigating the effects of wind variability. For each market policy, we determine the effect that the policy would have on the operation and profitability of wind plants, using time series analysis to estimate the actions of profit-maximizing wind generators acting as price takers. We identify policy scenarios that significantly reduce short-term (30-min) wind fluctuations while having little effect on wind plant revenue. For example, in a scenario where the ramp-rate of wind is limited and ramping violations are assigned a small monetary penalty, a loose ramp rate limit (40 % per 15-min period) can reduce 30-min fluctuations by 35 % while reducing wind plant revenue by only 0.2 %. The novel market-based strategies investigated in this work may enable reductions in the overall system cost of wind integration and can be designed so that both wind generators and system operators are better off than under the status quo.
Group Consultation with Highly Stressed Medical Personnel to Avoid Burnout

Group consultation involves weekly meetings of a consultant with a group of consultees to assist them in identifying, understanding, and dealing with stresses at work. The outcome measurements used to document a 50% decrease in the annual dropout rates for nurses on each of two high-stress pediatric inpatient units conducting group consultation sessions are described. The dynamics of burnout are summarized and some techniques used in group consultation which may prevent burnout are discussed.
Consuming class: Conflicts in meanings and practices surrounding food in a vacation household

Food, eating and the associated labor and rituals are emblematic of many things in American life, including ethnicity, class, gender, leisure, family and generation. One household in Italy, temporarily shared by five vacationing American couples, served as an arena in which individuals’ ideas and assumptions about some of these concepts emerged in a very salient way through the discourse around food. Members shared provisioning, communal meal preparation, and cleaning tasks. Some painful conflicts and tension seemed to reflect deeper meanings about members’ views of themselves and others vis-a-vis the group and society. The processes involved in one house-sharing experience were examined through the lenses of identity, ritual and class and the attempt made to interpret how these critical aspects of social life intersected with the principles (implicit and explicit) that operated in different spheres of interaction within the household and the group.
Studies on gene control regions IX. The effect of hypoxanthine-substituted lac operators on the lac operator-lac repressor interaction☆☆☆

Abstract Hypoxanthine was substituted for guanine at specific sites in the lac operator DNA by a combination of chemical and enzymatic procedures. The stability of these modified lac operators with wild-type (SQ) and tight binding (QX86) lac repressors was measured. Effects were variable. At some sites insertion of hypoxanthine significantly reduced the stability of the complex whereas at other sites substitution with hypoxanthine did not alter the repressor—operator interaction. In addition, insertion of this analog at two sites increased the stability of the complexes. These changes were used to partially map regions of the lac operator that are in contact with lac represser. The results suggest that lac repressor recognizes the guanine 2-amino group at specific sites in the minor groove of lac operator.
Critical requirement for the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein in Th2 effector function

Patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) have numerous immune cell deficiencies, but it remains unclear how abnormalities in individual cell types contribute to the pathologies of WAS. In T cells, the WAS protein (WASp) regulates actin polymerization and transcription, and plays a role in the dynamics of the immunologic synapse. To examine how these events influence CD4 function, we isolated the WASp deficiency to CD4(+) T cells by adoptive transfer into wild-type mice to study T-cell priming and effector function. WAS(-/-) CD4(+) T cells mediated protective T-helper 1 (Th1) responses to Leishmania major in vivo, but were unable to support Th2 immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or L major. Mechanistically, WASp was not required for Th2 programming but was required for Th2 effector function. WAS(-/-) CD4(+) T cells up-regulated IL-4 and GATA3 mRNA and secreted IL-4 protein during Th2 differentiation. In contrast, cytokine transcription was uncoupled from protein production in WAS(-/-) Th2-primed effectors. WAS(-/-) Th2s failed to produce IL-4 protein on restimulation despite elevated IL-4/GATA3 mRNA. Moreover, dominant-negative WASp expression in WT effector T cells blocked IL-4 production, but had no effect on IFNgamma. Thus WASp plays a selective, posttranscriptional role in Th2 effector function.
Late relapse of myelodysplasia after allogeneic transplantation concomitant with new presentation of invasive liposarcoma as a secondary neoplasm

Second malignancies are uncommon events in the survivors of allogeneic transplant procedures, although they are increased compared to normal control populations. Among these malignancies, sarcomas are exceedingly rare. In addition, relapse of primary myelodysplasia rarely occurs after 5 years from the time of allogeneic transplantation. This report describes an unusual presentation of liposarcoma with concomitant relapse of underlying myelodysplasia developing in a patient 9 years after the first of two allogeneic transplantations.
Participant's perception of negative cognition in low back pain: a pilot study.

Objective It has been theorized that low back pain contributes to the development of negative cognition (negative thinking) which may predispose a person towards chronicity. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of negative cognition in non-depressed participants who have previously experienced low back pain.
Topological and differential-equation methods for surface intersections

Abstract An implicit representation of the intersection of two parametric surface patches is formulated in terms of the zero level set of the oriented distance function of one surface from the other. The topological properties of the vector field defined as the gradient of the oriented distance function (and specifically the concepts of the rotation number of a vector field and the Poincare index theory ) are next used to formulate a condition for the detection of critical points of the field, which may be used to identify internal loops and singularities of the solution. An adaptive search guided by this condition and direct numerical techniques are used to detect and compute critical points. Tensorial differential equations that rely on the implicit representation of the intersection are then developed, and are used to trace intersection segments. The tracing scheme relies on a characterization procedure for singular points that allows the computation of the tangent directions to the intersection curve at such points. The method also allows the tracing of degenerate intersections between surfaces that have a common tangent plane along the intersection curve. Examples drawn from rational spline surface intersections illustrate the above techniques.
Quantifying the failure of bootstrap likelihood ratio tests

When testing geometrically irregular parametric hypotheses, the bootstrap is an intuitively appealing method to circumvent difficult distribution theory. It has been shown, however, that the usual bootstrap is inconsistent in estimating the asymptotic distributions involved in such problems. This paper is concerned with the asymptotic size of likelihood ratio tests when critical values are computed using the inconsistent bootstrap. We clarify how the asymptotic size of such a test can be obtained from the size of the corresponding bootstrap test in the relevant limiting normal experiment. For boundary problems, that is, hypotheses given by convex cones, we show the bootstrap test to always be anticonservative, and we compute the size numerically for different two-dimensional examples. The examples illustrate that the size can be below or above the nominal level, and reveal that the relationship between the size of the test and the geometry of the considered hypotheses is surprisingly subtle. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Capture of charge carriers at the silica nanoparticle-water interface

Aqueous suspensions of methyl viologen, MV{sup 2+}, adsorbed onto silica nanoparticles were irradiated using pulse radiolysis, and the yield of the radical cation was determined. It is shown that the yield of MV{sup +} increases upon increasing the weight percent of SiO{sub 2} in the sample. This increase parallels the increase in the yield of hydrated electrons that was previously observed to result from an increase in the absorbed dose by the silica particles. The increase in adsorbate abundance at the surface changes the surface-charge density, but it is shown that the increase in the yield is not merely due to changes in the surface potential; an acceptor state at the surface is required. However, the possibility that the presence of an acceptor at the interface affects charge separation within the particle cannot be dismissed.
Ester-functionalized soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes

We report the preparation of soluble ester- functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (sSWNT-COO(CH2)17CH3). By use of solution phase IR spectroscopy we are able to compare the ratio of the carbon atoms in the SWNT backbone to the carbon atoms in the ester and amide functionalities of s-SWNTs.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE HYBRID ORIGIN OF THE DIPLOID PLANT STEPHANOMERIA DIEGENSIS.

A number of diploid plants are thought to have originated from recombinant genotypes produced by natural hybridization between closely related taxa. The list includes Clarkia bottae (formerly C. deflexa) (Lewis and Lewis, 1955), Delphinium gypsophilum (Lewis and Epling, 1959), Gilia achilleaefolia (Grant, 1954), Elymus glaucus (Stebbins, 1957), Lasthenia burkei (Ornduff, 1969), Penstemon spectabilis and P. clevelandii (Straw, 1955), Phlox maculata ssp. pyramidalis (Levin, 1963, 1966), Potentilla glandulosa ssp. hansenii (Clausen et al., 1940), Purshia glandulosa (Stutz and Thomas, 1964), and Stephanomeria diegensis (Gottlieb, 1971, 1972). The primary evidence has come from morphology, chemosystematics (i.e., flavonoids or terpenes), experimental hybridizations, and study of geographical and ecological distributions. Experimental synthesis of new hybrid "species" has also been attempted. Stebbins (1957) reported experimental synthesis of plants resembling suspected hybrid microspecies of Elymus glaucus by inbreeding rare interspecific backcross hybrids. Grant (1966) synthesized a true-breeding hybrid lineage of Gilia by a lengthy program of inbreeding and selecting from an interspecific progeny. The experimental studies were significant because they reveal what might have occurred in nature in particular cases. However, in order to assess the actual prevalence of the origin of diploid species by hybridization, a more efficient analysis
Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation of Hypoid Gearbox With Elastic Housing

A methodology to predict the nonlinear dynamic response of hypoid gearboxes with elastic housing structure is proposed. The dynamic substructure strategy is applied to assemble the hypoid gear pair, shaft-bearing assembly and elastic housing models. The pinion and gear are modeled as rigid bodies with backlash nonlinearity and time-varying mesh coupling. The kinematic transmission error is assumed to be the excitation. The shaft-bearing assemblies are condensed using the finite element technique as stiffness matrices to support the pinion and gear. A lumped parameter representation of the elastic housing is established by applying the modal parameters extracted from an appropriate set of frequency response functions. In order to obtain the rotational coordinates, a rigid body interpolation of the translational responses at the bearing locations on the housing structure is applied. To demonstrate the salient features of the proposed methodology, a practical application is studied to analyze the effect of housing flexibility on the dynamic mesh force, and the effect of external excitation exerted on the housing on the dynamic mesh force and housing surface vibration. The parametric analysis reveals the sensitivity of dynamic mesh force to housing flexibility. Finally, the effect of external force exerted on the housing on gear dynamic responses can be significant and also appears to be location dependent.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The stochastic realization shift

Abstract We have found that an atom interacting with a stochastic field suffers a shift of its resonance frequency which is not due to any ac Stark or Bloch-Siegert effect, but arises solely from the realization of random atomic dynamics. We refer to this phenomenon as a Stochastic Realization Shift. The shift depends in part on a correlation between amplitude and frequency fluctuations, and should be observable in precision spectroscopy experiments employing diode lasers. To demonstrate the significance of the phenomenon in studies of atomic interactions with stochastic fields, we compare the Stochastic Realization Shift with a two-photon ac Stark shift. The computational results indicate that the Stochastic Realization Shift can sometimes be orders of magnitude larger than an atomic energy level shift of interest.
ARE BAYESIAN DECISIONS ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT? THE EFFECT OF TASK AND PERSONALITY ON CONSERVATISM IN PROBABILISTIC INFERENCE1

A 2 × 3 design was used to explore the effects of complexity and importance of decision on conservatism in probabilistic inference. 120 undergraduate males considered either two or three alternatives for one of three problems differing in perceived importance. Upon receiving certain information, subjects indicated which of the several alternative explanations for their problem was more or most probable. These probability statements were compared with “optimal” probabilities arrived at using Bayes' theorem. The more important and complex the decisions were perceived to be, the more conservative the subjects were when compared to “optimal” Bayesian values (p < .01). The differences were more pronounced as the number of alternatives to be considered increased (p < .01). Seven individual difference variables measuring adequacy in processing information were unrelated to conservatism. A process analysis suggested that strongly held initial opinions can limit the judged relevance of subsequent information and, in turn, affect the “optimal” Bayesian decision.