cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the influence of noise on jump linear systems

Jump linear systems are considered in a random environment where they are subject to additive and multiplicative noises. Stochastic notions of stabilizability and detectability are introduced to characterize the asymptotic behavior of the optimal jump linear quadratic Gaussian regulator and a dual Kalman filter.
Time-delay in potential scattering theory. Some ``geometric'' results

Results on time-delay in potential scattering theory are given using properties of the generator of dilations (“geometric” method).
Modeling the effect of particle size on the activation energy and ignition temperature of metallic nanoparticles

Abstract The present work reports a simple theoretical model to calculate the effect of the particle size on the activation energy and the ignition temperature of metallic nanoparticles. The activation energy was deduced from the particle cohesive energy and the ignition temperature was calculated using the condition that the heat generated by the combustion reactions is sufficient to counterbalance the particle heat loss to the surrounding. Heat loss was assumed to be in the transient regime and the combustion heat generation was calculated using the simplest Arrhenius-type model. Using aluminum as an example, the results showed that for particles of sizes larger than 50 nm, increasing the particle size had a little effect on the number of the surface atoms, the activation energy and the ignition temperature. As the particle size decreases the number of the surface atoms increases and the corresponding activation energy, E d / E ∞ and the ignition temperature decrease. As the particle size decreased to about 5 nm and smaller, the activation energy could reduce to 20% or 50% of the bulk value and an ignition temperature as low as 800 K was obtained from the calculation depending on the ratio of the coordination number.
Brain, behavior, connections and implications: psychodynamics no more.

The premise of this article is that the major conceptual approach to mental health in the 21st century is grounded in molecular biology. We introduce and discuss three aspects of molecular biology: the concept of neuroplasticity with attention to kindling and the sensitization effect, the effects of life events on brain and behavior, and the interaction of genes and the environment. Subsequent to each of these sections we include a discussion of the implications that these ideas have to nursing practice. In view of the implications that molecular biology has for psychiatric nursing research and practice, we conclude with a call for a re-conceptualization of the psychiatric mental health nursing enterprise and the need for a conceptual model that is comprehensive, integrative, and dynamic.
Group technology cell formation- some new insights

Abstract A new technique for designing manufacturing cells based on the hospitality and flexibility of jobs are used. Host cells are formed and further reduction in the number of cells are achieved using the integer programming technique. An example problem has been solved using this approach. Cost data are included in the example problem for evaluating the different designs.
Scotopic sensitivity during adulthood.

Older adults typically exhibit about a half log unit loss in scotopic sensitivity that cannot be attributed to optical factors and retinal disease suggesting a neural origin. Little is understood about the developmental course of this neural deficit as to whether it first appears in late life or gradually emerges during the course of adulthood. To address this developmental issue, scotopic sensitivity was measured in 94 adults ranging in age from the 20s to the 80s. Thresholds were measured at 27 test loci within a 18° radius field. Analogous measurements were made for photopic sensitivity. Fundus photography and a grading scale were used to characterize macular health in subjects over age 49 in order to control for macular disease. Scotopic sensitivity decreased at a rate of 0.08 log units per decade; this decline was better fit by a single line model, not a bilinear model, implying that the impairment does not suddenly emerge in late life but gradually appears over the course of adulthood. Photopic sensitivity also decreased in a linear fashion at a rate of 0.04 log units per decade. Under these test conditions, the rate of scotopic sensitivity decline during adulthood was about double the rate of photopic sensitivity decline.
Photochemical complexation titrations with fluorimetric end-points

Abstract A fluorimetric end-point method has been developed for the photochemical decomposition of cobalt(III) oxalate to produce cobalt(II) ion as titrant. The method is used in titrating the fluorescent complexes formed between 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and Mg(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) by displacement of the metal ion by cobalt(II), which forms a non-fluorescent complex. A back-titration of an excess of cadmium(II) complex is used for the determination of copper(II) which also forms a non-fluorescent complex with the ligand. A single ultraviolet source is used for photolysis and fluorescence excitation. The method is made possible by favorable u.v. absorption spectra of the various complexes involved.
Prevalence of troponin elevations in patients with cardiac arrest and implications for assessing quality of care in hypothermia centers.

The prevalence of troponin elevations in patients with cardiac arrest (CA) using newer generation troponin assays when the ninety-ninth percentile is used has not been well described. We studied patients admitted with CA without ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Treatment included a multidisciplinary protocol that included routine use of hypothermia for appropriate patients. Serial assessment of cardiac biomarkers, including troponin I was obtained over the initial 24 to 36 hours. Patients were classified into 1 of 5 groups on the basis of multiples of the ninety-ninth percentile (upper reference limit [URL]), using the peak troponin I value: 10×. Serial changes between the initial and second troponin I values were also assessed. A total of 165 patients with CA (mean age 58 ± 16, 67% men) were included. Troponin I was detectable in all but 2 patients (99%); all others had peak troponin I values that were greater than or equal to the URL. Most patients had peak troponin I values >10× URL, including patients with ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (85%), asystole (50%), and pulseless electrical activity (59%). Serial changes in troponin I were present in almost all patients: ≥20% change in 162 (98%), ≥30% change in 159 (96%), and an absolute increase of ≥0.02 ng/ml in 85% of patients. In conclusion, almost all patients with CA who survived to admission had detectable troponin I, most of whom met biomarker guideline criteria for MI. Given the high mortality of these patients, these data have important implications for MI mortality reporting at CA treatment centers.
Dermal dendrocytes are decreased in collagenomas

Dermal dendrocytes comprise a subset of spindle-shaped cells which normally reside in the dermis. While they appear to play some role in the reticuloendothelial system, their exact functions have not been completely elucidated. In addition to their purported immunologic functions, it has been suggested that dermal dendrocytes may play an inhibitory role in the regulation of dermal collagen synthesis. We examined 7 collagenomas with antibodies directed against factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) in order to test the hypothesis that dermal dendrocytes were focally diminished in these hamartomatous overgrowths of collagen. In all cases, there was a marked diminution in the number of FXIIIa-positive cells in the lesional dermis when compared to the surrounding dermis. Our data support the hypothesis that dermal dendrocytes may be involved in regulation of collagen synthesis.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS : I. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SIZE OF A WOUND AND THE RATE OF ITS CICATRIZATION.

1. A method for measuring the area of a wound not geometric in form is described. 2. The rate of cicatrization of a wound is greater at the beginning than at the end of the period of repair. It depends on the area rather than on the age of the wound. There is a constant relation between the size of a wound and the rate of cicatrization. The larger the wound the greater is the rate of cicatrization. Two wounds of different size have a tendency to become equal. 3. The rate is proportional to the area, but diminishes less rapidly than the area. 4. The process of contraction is the more important factor in the repair of a wound. Epidermization completes the work of contraction. After the wound is healed, the cicatrix as a rule expands. 5. The curve representing the diminution of the size of an aseptic wound while it cicatrizes is regular and geometric.
Structure and physical properties of several pseudotetrahedral zinc complexes containing a new alkyl thiolate heteroscorpionate ligand

A series of pseudotetrahedral and octahedral zinc(II) complexes of the heteroscorpionate ligand bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)(1-methyl-1-sulfanylethyl)methane (L3SH) have been synthesized and most characterized by X-ray crystallography. Pseudotetrahedral complexes isolated include [Zn(L3S)(CH3)], [Zn(L3S)(Cl)], [Zn(L3S)(OAc)], [Zn(L3S)(SPhF5)], [Zn(L3S)(SBz)] (Bz = CH2Ph), [Zn(L3S)(OPhp-NO2)], and [Zn(L3S)2]. In addition, the octahedral complex [Zn2{(L3S)2Zn}{O2P(OPh)2}4] was also synthesized. Comparisons between these complexes and those of the corresponding tris(pyrazolyl)borate, Tp−, or aromatic phenol or benzenethiolate ligands (L1O)− and (L2S)− reveal significant differences. Among these is a change in binding of acetate from pure unidentate to anisobidentate as the ligand donor is changed from S to N to O. Trends such as these may aid in understanding how the donor set affects the structure and reactivity at pseudotetrahedral zinc centers in metalloproteins.
Clinical Review and Treatment of Select Adverse Effects of Dopamine Receptor Agonists in Parkinson’s Disease

Dopamine receptor agonists provide a viable alternative or adjunct to levodopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease and are associated with fewer motor complications and dyskinesia. However, all available dopamine agonists may cause profound adverse effects in some patients. In many cases, these adverse effects amplify non-motor symptoms that people with Parkinson’s disease may already be experiencing. Nausea from dopamine agonists generally lessens with time and may be responsive to both antiemetic therapy and complementary remedies, such as ginger, peppermint and chamomile. Unfortunately, compulsive behaviours, as well as peripheral oedema caused by dopamine agonists, are poorly responsive to pharmacological therapy and require a reduction or discontinuation of agonist therapy. Somnolence and associated sleep attacks generally require elimination of the agonist or the use of a stimulating agent. The necessity of treatment for hallucinations and psychosis associated with dopamine agonists must be thoroughly evaluated prior to initiating therapy. If a medication is initiated for hallucinations or psychosis, quetiapine or clozapine are agents of choice. Orthostatic hypotension, though not always symptomatic, responds well to nonpharmacological strategies and medications, including indometacin, midodrine and fludrocortisone. Care must be taken to educate patients with Parkinson’s disease about the common adverse effects of dopamine agonists and what can be done to lessen them.
Application of neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets

This paper presents considerations involved in designing with permanent magnets, with particular emphasis on motor applications. Considerations of motor design including design fundamentals, assembly and magnetization are also discussed. An example of using neodymium-iron-boron magnets compared to more traditional magnetic materials is presented.
Deoxypyrimidine-induced inhibition of the cytokinetic effects of 1-β- d -arabinofuranosyluracil

Ara-U-induced S-phase accumulation and the interaction between high concentrations of ara-U (HiCAU) and ara-C were investigated in L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. Treatment of exponentially growing L1210 murine leukemia cells with ara-U (200–1000 μm) for 48 h caused a dose-dependent accumulation of cells in the S-phase. The extent of this ara-U-induced S-phase accumulation correlated with ara-U incorporation into DNA and with increases of up to 172% and 464% in the specific activities of deoxycytidine kinase and thymidine kinase, respectively, over control values. Metabolism of 1 μm ara-C following the exposure of cells to ara-U (1mm) resulted in 4.5 pmol ara-C DNA/mg protein vs 2.1 pmol/mg protein in control cells. Although 48-h exposure of cells to 200 and 400 μm ara-U is not cytotoxic, it enhances the cytotoxicity of ara-C (10–100 μm) 4- to 10-fold. Ara-U-induced S-phase accumulation is inhibited by deoxypyrimidine nucleosides but not by pyrimidine or deoxypurine nucleosides. Some of the ara-U and ara-C concentrations used in this study are achievable in clinical practice, and ara-U/ara-C interactions may explain in part the unique therapeutic utility of high-dose ara-C.
Molecular events involved in the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by T lymphocytes of mammary tumor-bearing mice

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteinases whose contributions to cancer progression have been studied because of their matrix-degrading abilities and elevated expression in advanced stage tumors. Recent findings suggest a role for MMPs during the multiple stages of tumor progression including establishment and growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. MMP-9 regulation at the molecular level can be studied by measuring the effect(s) of a variety of physiological and pharmacological agents on cells. Multiple signaling molecules such as protein kinase C, pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein G, and protein tyrosine kinases are known to mediate the secretion of MMPs in cell lines. We previously reported an upregulation of MMP-9 in T cells of mammary tumor-bearing mice. In this study, pharmacologic inhibitors were used to dissect the signaling pathways involved in the upregulation of MMP-9 in the splenic T cells of normal and mammary tumor-bearing mice. Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, stimulated MMP-9 secretion by normal T lymphocytes, while the constitutively high levels of MMP-9 produced by tumor bearers' T cells were decreased by Genistein, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and Rottlerin, a PKC inhibitor. Using a NF-kappaB specific probe to the murine MMP-9 promoter, electromobility shift assays of nuclear proteins from normal and tumor bearers' splenic T cells revealed a pattern of higher intensity bands from the tumor bearers' nuclear extracts, indicating a greater amount of these transcription factors bound to the recognition motif. When mammary tumor bearers' T cells were cultured with the NF-kappaB inhibitors, N-p-Tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride and Bay 11-7082, there was a subsequent decreased production of MMP-9. These results suggest that the tumor burden may be activating various signaling pathways within splenic T lymphocytes to upregulate MMP-9 expression.
Heteroepitaxy of Ge1−xSix on Si by transient heating of Ge‐coated Si substrates

Heteroepitaxial films of Ge1−xSix alloys have been obtained by transient heating of Ge‐coated Si single‐crystal substrates with a graphite strip heater. Structural characterization shows the films to be of good epitaxial quality. As the maximum temperature during heating is increased, the Ge content and the microtwin density of the films decrease.
Genetic inactivation of mitochondria-targeted redox enzyme p66shcA preserves neuronal viability and mitochondrial integrity in response to oxidative challenges

Mitochondria are essential to neuronal viability and function due to their roles in ATP production, intracellular calcium regulation, and activation of apoptotic pathways. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been indicated in a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent evidence points to the permeability transition pore (PTP) as a key player in mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases, in which pathologic opening leads to mitochondrial swelling, rupture, release of cytochrome c, and neuronal death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are inducers of PTP opening, have been prominently implicated in the progression of many of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, inactivation of a mitochondria-targeted redox enzyme p66ShcA (p66) has been recently shown to prevent the neuronal cell death leading to axonal severing in the murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To further characterize the response of neurons lacking p66, we assessed their reaction to treatment with oxidative stressors implicated in neurodegenerative pathways. Specifically, p66-knockout (p66-KO) and wild-type (WT) neurons were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), and assessed for cell viability and changes in mitochondrial properties, including morphology and ROS production. The results showed that p66-KO neurons had greater survival following treatment with oxidative stressors and generated less ROS when compared to WT neurons. Correspondingly, mitochondria in p66-KO neurons showed diminished morphological changes in response to these challenges. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of developing mitochondria-targeted therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders, and emphasize p66, mitochondrial ROS, and the PTP as key targets for maintaining mitochondrial and neuronal integrity.
The Persuasive Power of Human-Machine Dialogue

The persuasive power of live interaction is hard to match, yet technologies are increasingly taking on roles to promote behavioral change. We believe that speech-based interfaces offer a compelling mode of interaction for engaging users and are motivated to understand how to best present persuasive information using speech interaction. We present a study comparing the persuasive power of two speech-based information systems, one which uses a recorded message-based lecture presentation and another which uses an interactive dialogic presentation. We measure the persuasive power across both conditions using a survival task. We find that the dialogic system is significantly more persuasive than the lecture system. We also find that the dialogic system presents significantly (almost four times) less information than the lecture system. We analyze our results using three standard rank correlation methods. We point to limitations of these measures and propose a new metric which appears to be more sensitive for this task.
A novel matrix metalloproteinase gene (XMMP) encoding vitronectin-like motifs is transiently expressed in Xenopus laevis early embryo development.

Abstract To study the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in early vertebrate development, we cloned cDNAs for six different MMPs from the frog Xenopus laevis embryos at different stages of development and describe here a novel MMP called XMMP. Xenopus XMMP has 604 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 22 residues. At the carboxyl-terminal end of the propeptide, XMMP has a 37-amino acid-long insertion domain containing a segment that is 38% identical with a rat vitronectin sequence between residues 108–135. Following this domain is an RRKR motif, a putative cleavage site for intracellular activation by furin proteinases. XMMP lacks a proline-rich linker peptide, or hinge region, typically found in other MMPs between the catalytic domain and carboxyl-terminal “hemopexin/vitronectin-like” domain. In XMMP, the carboxyl-terminal domain is composed of four tandem repeats that are 21–33% identical to a sequence (residues 213–264) encoded by vitronectin exon-5. Interestingly, XMMP gene is transiently expressed duringXenopus embryo development. XMMP mRNA of 3.0 kilobase pairs was undetected in the blastula stage embryo, induced in gastrula embryo, expressed in neurula embryo, and then down-regulated in pretailbud embryo. In comparison, other Xenopus MMP genes that we have cloned show a different developmental regulation. In blastula embryo, the only MMP gene expressed was found to be 92-kDa type IV collagenase, which was also expressed in the gastrula, neurula, and pretailbud embryos. Expression of stromelysin-1, stromelysin-3, and two different membrane type-MMPs was first detected in the neurula and pretailbud embryos. These results suggest that MMPs and the novel XMMP reported here play a role in Xenopus early development.
Defining the Regulatory Factors Required for Epidermal Gene Expression

Keratins K5 and K14 are the hallmarks of mitotically active keratinocytes of stratified epithelia. They are transcribed at a high level and in a tissue-specific manner, enabling us to use the K14 gene to elucidate the regulatory mechanism underlying epidermis-specific transcription. We have identified four DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HSs) present in the 5' regulatory sequences of the K14 gene under specific conditions where the gene is actively expressed. Two of these sites (HSsII and -III) are conserved in position and sequence within the human and mouse K14 genes. Using an in vivo transgenic approach and an in vitro keratinocyte culture approach, we have discovered that most of K14's transcriptional activity is restricted to a novel 700-bp regulatory domain encompassing these HSs. This enhancer is sufficient to confer epidermis-specific activity to a heterologous promoter in transfection assays in culture and in transgenic mice in vivo. A 125-bp DNA fragment encompassing HSsII harbors the majority of the transactivation activity in vitro, and electrophoretic mobility shift and mutational assays reveal a role for AP-1, ets, and AP-2 family members in orchestrating the keratinocyte-preferred expression of HSsII. The HSsII element also confers epidermal expressivity to a heterologous promoter in transgenic mice, although it is not sufficient on its own to fully restrict activity to keratinocytes. Within the HSsII element, the ets and AP-2 sites appear to be most critical in collaborating to regulate epidermal specificity in vivo.
Phototransformations of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Human Eye Lens due to Ultraviolet A Light Irradiation

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that ultraviolet A (UVA) light can bleach the yellow advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of aged and cataractous human lenses. The AGEs OP-lysine and argpyrimidine are two UVA-absorbing posttranslational modifications that are abundant in the eye lens. The purpose of this study was to outline the changes in these two AGEs due to UVA irradiation. The changes of OP-lysine, OP-phenethylamine (a phenethylamine analogue of OP-lysine), and argpyrimidine due to irradiation with UVA light in the presence or absence of air and ascorbic acid were followed by different spectral methods. Aged human lenses were similarly irradiated in artificial aqueous humor. The amounts of OP-lysine in the irradiated lenses and in the corresponding dark controls were determined by HPLC. Both OP-lysine and argpyrimidine decreased 20% when irradiated with UVA light in the absence of ascorbic acid. Under the same conditions, OP-lysine was bleached 80% in the presence of ascorbic acid during irradiation experiments. In contrast, argpyrimidine UVA light bleaching was not affected by the presence of ascorbic acid. Interestingly the major product of OP-phenethylamine after UVA irradiation in the presence of ascorbic acid was phenethylamine, which indicates that the entire heterocycle of this AGE was cleaved and the initial amino group was restored. Some AGEs in the human eye lens can be transformed by UVA light.
GAPN Postacute Care Coordination Improves Hip Fracture Outcomes

We tested the effectiveness of a nursing intervention model to improve health, function, and return-home outcomes in elders with hip fracture via a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Thirty three elders (age > 65 years) were tracked from hospital discharge to 12 months postfracture. The treatment group had a gerontologic advanced practice nurse as postacute care coordinator for 6 months who intervened with each elder regardless of the postacute care setting, making biweekly visits and/or phone calls. The coordinator assessed health and function, and informed elders, families, long-term care staff, and physicians of the patient's progress. The control group had care based on postacute facility protocols. Nonnormal distribution of data led to nonparametric analysis using Freidman's test with post hoc comparisons (Mann-Whitney U tests, Bonferroni adjustment). The treatment group had better function at 12 months on several activities and instrumental activities of daily living, and no differences in health, depression, or living situation.
Fault-tolerant communication runtime support for data-centric programming models

The largest supercomputers in the world today consist of hundreds of thousands of processing cores and many more other hardware components. At such scales, hardware faults are a commonplace, necessitating fault-resilient software systems. While different fault-resilient models are available, most focus on allowing the computational processes to survive faults. On the other hand, we have recently started investigating fault resilience techniques for data-centric programming models such as the partitioned global address space (PGAS) models. The primary difference in data-centric models is the decoupling of computation and data locality. That is, data placement is decoupled from the executing processes, allowing us to view process failure (a physical node hosting a process is dead) separately from data failure (a physical node hosting data is dead). In this paper, we take a first step toward data-centric fault resilience by designing and implementing a fault-resilient, onesided communication runtime framework using Global Arrays and its communication system, ARMCI. The framework consists of a fault-resilient process manager; low-overhead and networkassisted remote-node fault detection module; non-data-moving collective communication primitives; and failure semantics and err or codes for one-sided communication runtime systems. Our performance evaluation indicates that the framework incurs little ov erhead compared to state-of-the-art designs and provides a fundamental framework of fault resiliency for PGAS models.
Reconstructing the age of coastal sand dunes along the northwestern shore of Lake Huron in Lower Michigan: Paleoenvironmental implications and regional comparisons

Abstract Coastal sand dunes are very common in Lower Michigan, especially along Lake Michigan due to prevailing westerlies and high sand supply. These western dunes have been the focus of numerous geomorphic investigations that demonstrate a history for the past 5000 years. Coastal dunes on Lower Michigan’s shore with Lake Huron are far less common and have yet to be examined. They have the potential to yield important information about regional wind patterns and their response to lake-level fluctuations. This study is the first to investigate such dunes and focuses on Manitou Beach in northeastern Lower Michigan. The chronology was reconstructed through optical dating of eolian sands. Three dune groups were examined. The Algonquin group contains low-relief dunes on the Algonquin lake plain that apparently formed about 6 ka, perhaps due to a warmer/drier climate. The extensive Manitou group contains prominent ridges between the shore and a bluff eroded during the Nipissing high lake stand about 5.5 ka. Most ridges apparently formed shortly after the lake regressed and about 4 ka. A large, easterly oriented parabolic dune developed about 2.8 ka on the eastern side of the dune field. The Hammond group consists of a dunes perched on the Nipissing bluff on the west side of the study area. These dunes also formed between about 5 and 4 ka. This study demonstrates that (1) dunes here are generally older than those on the west coast of Lower Michigan, and (2) unusually strong easterly winds apparently occurred around 2.8 ka.
Aerosol Generation by Modern Flush Toilets

A microbe-contaminated toilet will produce bioaerosols when flushed. We assessed toilet plume aerosol from high efficiency (HET), pressure-assisted high efficiency (PAT), and flushometer (FOM) toilets with similar bowl water and flush volumes. Total and droplet nuclei "bioaerosols" were assessed. Monodisperse 0.25-1.9- μ m fluorescent microspheres served as microbe surrogates in separate trials in a mockup 5 m3 water closet (WC). Bowl water seeding was approximately 1012 particles/mL. Droplet nuclei were sampled onto 0.2- μ m pore size mixed cellulose ester filters beginning 15 min after the flush using open-face cassettes mounted on the WC walls. Pre- and postflush bowl water concentrations were measured. Filter particle counts were analyzed via fluorescent microscopy. Bowl headspace droplet count size distributions were bimodal and similar for all toilet types and flush conditions, with 95% of droplets 99%<5μ m. Up to 145,000 droplets were produced per flush, with the high-energy flushometer producing over three times as many as the lower energy PAT and over 12 times as many as the lowest energy HET despite similar flush volumes. The mean numbers of fluorescent droplet nuclei particles aerosolized and remaining airborne also increased with flush energy. Fluorescent droplet nuclei per flush decreased with increasing particle size. These findings suggest two concurrent aerosolization mechanisms-splashing for large droplets and bubble bursting for the fine droplets that form droplet nuclei.
Chapter 5 – The effects of ion size on double layer properties: Theory and Monte Carlo simulations

This chapter discusses the theory and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the effects of ion size on double layer properties. The classical picture of the double layer includes an inner layer immediately at the geometrical interface followed by a diffuse layer, in which the electrical field because of the charged interface gradually decreases because of the effects of thermal motion on the counter ions attracted to the interface. The inner layer that is also called the “Helmholtz layer” is populated only by solvent molecules in the simplest situations. The diffuse layer is the region of the double layer in which the concentration of ions is different from that in the bulk of the solution. The distribution of ions is determined both by the field because of the charge at the interface and by the effects of thermal motion. The chapter discusses the MC method developed for the diffuse layer and the results presented for simple 1: 1 and 2: 1 electrolytes in which all ions have the same size (restricted model). The hypernetted chain approximation (HNCA) equations are presented for a 1:1, 2: 1 and 1:2 electrolytes. A simple analytical solution of the HNCA for 1:1 electrolytes described by Henderson and Blum is described and analyzed in the chapter. It is explained that such an approach can lead to a quantitative expression for the diffuse layer potential drop that reproduces the MC data. MC data for a 1:1 electrolyte in which the ions have different sizes are presented. This study is specifically used to compare the diffuse layer in NaCl and CsCl solutions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL FORCING FUNCTIONS IN HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

A linearized mathematical model is developed to predict the influences of centrifugal compressor diffuser inlet Mach number, swirl angle, and vane count on the decay characteristics of a vaned diffuser potential field for both subsonic and supersonic vane entry flows. Experiments are performed in the Purdue High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility to validate the model. The model shows excellent correlation with the data. Parametric studies are then performed using the mathematical model which show forcing function decay rate as a function of swirl angle, vane count, and Mach number. NOMENCLATURE a Mean flow speed of sound C P2X - Plx
Coupling between Northward-Propagating, Intraseasonal Oscillations and Sea Surface Temperature in the Indian Ocean*

Using a hybrid atmosphere‐ocean coupled model, it is shown that during the boreal summer northwardpropagating, intraseasonal oscillations (NPISOs) are strongly coupled to the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean sector. On the one hand, the intraseasonal atmospheric convection changes the SST through solar radiation, latent heat flux, and mixed-layer entrainment; on the other, the induced SST fluctuations feed back to affect the intraseasonal convection. The preferential northward, rather than southward, propagation of boreal summer ISOs in the Indian Ocean is partially explained by an interaction among the summer-mean climate state, the atmospheric disturbances, and the ocean surface temperature. A solution to an atmosphere-only model forced with daily SST produces much stronger NPISOs than a similar solution forced with monthly mean SST (AMIP-type run). The atmosphere-only model, however, even when it is forced by daily SST from the coupled model (with a small amount of noise in the initial and/or boundary conditions), is unable to reproduce the NPISOs in the coupled case. In the coupled system, intraseasonal SST anomalies are forced by intraseasonal atmospheric convection, and hence are in quadrature with the convection. In the stand-alone atmospheric model, however, SST acts only as a boundary forcing, and the resultant atmospheric convection has almost the same phase with the underlying SST. One consequence is that the intensity of the SST-forced intraseasonal convection in the stand-alone atmospheric model is considerably weaker than in the coupled model. Finally, solutions indicate that the northward movement of the off-equatorial convection in the northern Indian Ocean is more closely related to local intraseasonal SST anomalies than to the equatorial eastward-moving Madden‐Julian oscillation: Positive (negative) SST anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean lead the active (break) phases of the intraseasonal convection by about 2 pentads (10 days). Therefore, intraseasonal SST anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean are potentially a useful index to forecast active (break) spells of the south Asian summer monsoon.
Autostoichiometric vapor deposition of ferroelectrics - the stoichiometry of co-evaporations

Abstract The stoichiometry control in MOCVD of multicomponent oxide ferroelectrics is studied by a comprehensive approach. Experimental results on the stoichiometry of chemically controlled co-evaporation are reported. The temperature dependence of the vapor pressures for single alkoxides Ta(O CnH2n+1)5 and Nb(O CnH2n+1)5 are compared with those of double alkoxides LiTa(O CnH2n+1)6 and LiNb(OCnH2n+1)6. The stoichiometry of evaporation processes for the double alkoxides under various conditions is studied by controlled sublimation along with the composition analysis of both the sublimate and the residue. It is found that the stoichiometry of co-evaporation depends on the relative partial pressure of the single alkoxides at the respective evaporation temperature.
A Local History of “The Political”

This essay interprets changes in how “the political” was employed by a group of political theorists connected to the University of California, Berkeley, from the late 1950s up to the present. Initially, the political names both what students of politics ought to study and invokes a way of studying meant to have broad appeal. In later uses, however, the political takes on an evanescent quality compared to the solid realm of generality represented in earlier work. Also, only from the 1970s on is the political explicitly identified with democracy. Finally, later uses of the political no longer invoke a mode of study with broad appeal but one that even most self-described political theorists fail to practice. Though the changes the author analyzes in how the political was conceived are specific to the work of a small group of theorists, they suggest a more general story about the late twentieth-century development of political theory in the American academy.
Paleohydrology and Paleomorphology of a Carboniferous, Meandering, Fluvial Sandstone

ABSTRACT Analysis of an abandoned meander preserved in toto in the Harold sandstone of the Breathitt Formation allows 1) accurate determination of primary input variables in paleomorphology calculations, namely channel bankfull width, depth, and cross-sectional area, and 2) evaluation of established methodologies. Bankfull depth is equal to the thickness of the entire fining upward cycle and to the thickness of point bar accretion surfaces, within measurement error. Channel width is equal to 1.4 times the horizontal extent of point bar accretion surfaces, slightly less than the 1.5 value commonly used. Channel cross-sectional shape is closely approximated by a trapezoid. The continuity equation, Q = A V is used to calculate an average bankfull discharge, Q. Bankfull cross-sectional area, A, is accurately reconstructed from an abandoned meander channel and V is calculated from Middleton's (1976) ''criterion for suspension". Average flow velocity, V, estimated from this method is similar to flow velocity estimated from initiation of sediment motion curves and graphic relationships among grain size, bedforms and flow velocity. Close agreement exists among values of Q calculated from the continuity equation and several independent regression equations developed by Schumm (1972) for modern, fluvial environments. Estimates of stream length and drainage basin size are consistent with paleogeographic reconstructions of the southern Appalachians during middle ennsylvanian time. When compared to measured outcrop parameters empirical equations which employ M, the sediment load parameter, are consistently better estimators of paleomorphology and paleohydrology than empirical equations without M, provided that diagenesis does not obscure the original percent of silt-clay in the channel alluvium.
Beam test of a Time-of-Flight detector prototype

We report on results of a Time-of-Flight, TOF, counter prototype in beam tests at SLAC and Fermilab. Using two identical 64-pixel Photonis Microchannel Plate Photomultipliers, MCP-PMTs, to provide start and stop signals, each having a 1 cm-long quartz Cherenkov radiator, we have achieved a timing resolution of {sigma}{sub Single{_}detector} {approx} 14 ps.
Wood Frame Grammar

This paper demonstrates a novel method to generate house designs completely from 3/4” plywood sheets. A shape grammar routine is employed to divide an initial solid shape into constructible components for fabrication by CNC wood routing. The paper demonstrates programmable functions that can be performed using CAD scripting. Future goals for the grammar are to develop CAD programs for digital fabrication using CNC routers. The programs will automate the fabrication process allowing the designer to focus on the visual aspect of design evaluation at any scale with little concern for constructability.
Early Start Denver Model

While an increasing number of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are being identified at younger ages, most early interventions are targeted at older preschoolers. The necessity for early interventions for toddlers has increased as the gap widens between age of identification and age of available intervention. Further, few studies or sources have compared the effectiveness of present interventions. Interventions including Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA); the Lovaas Model; the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children (TEACCH); and Social Communication, Emotional Regulation, and Transactional Support (SCERTS®) have received support in the treatment of ASD. A promising intervention developed by Sally Rogers and Geraldine Dawson (The Early Start Denver Model: promoting language, learning, and engagement. NY, Guilford) comprises elements of ABA and relationship-based approaches to target the younger children now being identified as having ASD as infants and toddlers. With origins from the Denver Model of 1981, the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is the only early intervention model validated in a randomized clinical trial for children as young as 18 months, as reported by Dawson et al. [Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23, 2010]. A manualized treatment, ESDM has gained acceptance as an efficacious program [as reported by Rogers and Dawson (The Early Start Denver Model: promoting language, learning, and engagement. NY, Guilford, 2010)]. Published in 2010, the ESDM will require further longer term follow-up studies and replications to demonstrate consistency of results over time.
Virus Assembly as a Target for Antiretroviral Therapy

The process of HIV assembly is controlled mainly by the viral Gag proteins and represents an attractive target for new antiviral drugs that will complement vaccine development efforts and currently available therapies. In principle, inhibitors may interfere with any of the steps of the virus assembly pathway, including precursor Gag (PrGag) myristoylation, protein trafficking to the cell surface, envelope (Env) protein incorporation, viral RNA (vRNA encapsidation), triggering of virus assembly, immature particle assembly, budding, release, PrGag processing, and mature virus core morphogenesis. Efforts to interfere with these assembly steps will be reviewed. These include investigations designed to interfere with functions of the major HIV-1 Gag proteins, matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6. Research has achieved proof-of-principle results for inhibitors of several HIV-1 assembly steps, and characterization of these and new classes of HIV assembly inhibitors will yield novel insights relevant to both the basic biology of HIV and to the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of AIDS.
Effect of chronic energy deprivation on cardiac thyroid hormone receptor and myosin isoform expression

Thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine; T3) and its receptor (TR) play an important regulatory role for in vivo and in vitro cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform gene expression by activating...
Yeast beta-glucan amplifies phagocyte killing of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells via CR3-Syk-PI3-kinase pathway.

5568 Abstract: Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) hold promise for cancer therapy but are relatively inefficient. Therefore, there is a need for agents which might amplify the effectiveness of these mAbs. One such agent is β-glucan, a polysaccharide produced by fungi, yeast and grains but not mammalian cells. β-Glucans are bound by complement receptor 3 (CR3) and, in concert with target-associated complement fragment iC3b elicit phagocytosis and killing of yeast. β-Glucans may also promote killing of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells engendered by administration of anti-tumor mAbs. Here, we report that tumor bearing mice treated with a combination of β-glucan and an anti-tumor mAb show almost complete cessation of tumor growth. This activity evidently derives from a 25 kD fragment of β-glucan released by macrophage (Mφ) processing of the parent polysaccharide. This fragment - but not parent β-glucan - binds to neutrophil CR3, induces CBRM1/5 neoepitope expression, and elicits CR3-dependent cytotoxicity. These events require phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase, Syk, and consequent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activation because β-glucan-mediated CR3-dependent cytotoxicity is greatly decreased by inhibition of these signaling molecules. Thus, β-glycan enhances tumor killing through a cascade of events including in vivo Mφ cleavage of the polysaccharide, dual CR3 ligation and CR3-Syk-PI3-kinase signaling.
The Roles of School-Based Law Enforcement Officers and How These Roles Are Established A Qualitative Study

Recently, considerable attention has been directed to violence and misbehavior in U.S. schools. In turn, schools have looked for solutions to address such concerns, one of which is the use of law e...
Gamma Irradiation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly: Effect of Treatment of Immature Pupae in Nitrogen on Emergence, Longevity, Sterility, Sexual Competitiveness, Mating Ability, and Pheromone Production of Males1

When 6-day-old (immature) pupae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were irradiated in nitrogen with doses of 10, 12, or 14 krad, the males had a higher level of sterility than males irradiated in nitrogen as 9-day-old (mature) pupae with 14 krad. However, sexual competitiveness, ability to inseminate females, and production of sex pheromones to attract females of flies irradiated as immature pupae were significantly reduced compared with flies irradiated as mature pupae.
Alterations in pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and hypothalamic FSH-releasing factor (FSH-RF) during puberty

SummaryA decline in pituitary FSH concentration and content was associated with prepubertal development of female rats. A further decline in pituitary FSH concentration occurred at the time of vaginal opening, but pituitary FSH content fell only slightly at this time because of a concurrent increase in anterior pituitary weight. FSH-releasing activity was present in the hypothalamus from the time of first measurement at 25 days of age and exhibited a small but significant decline at the time of vaginal opening. Puberty was associated more closely with body weight of the animals than with their chronological age and was associated with increase in pituitary, ovarian and uterine weights. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased release of FSH triggered by a release of FSH-RF is involved in the induction of puberty.
Inhibition of ovulation in hamsters by the protein synthesis inhibitors diphtheria toxin and cycloheximide.

SummaryDiphtheria toxin and cyclohex-imide, structurally unrelated translational inhibitors of protein synthesis, inhibited ovu-lation in hamsters. Inhibition resulted from i.p. injection given well after the 2:30 pm release of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) that initiates the 11-hr ovulatory process. Thus it may be concluded that these agents inhibit ovulation by direct action on the ovaries. Both luteinization and follicular rupture were inhibited. Follicles inhibited by cyclo-heximide were similar histologically to control follicles prevented from ovulating by central blockade of LH release with phenobar-bital, whereas follicles inhibited by toxin contained shrunken oocytes and necrotic granu-losa cells. Low doses of both agents inhibited ovulation only when injected within 5 hr after LH release. However, high doses were effective at later times. Similar ovulation inhibition responses to both the microbial toxin and cycloheximide at high doses suggest that protein synthesis essential for ovulation ...
Modified Dupont aca calcium method for hemolyzed specimens.

The presence of hemoglobin in serum or plasma causes an increase in the apparent calcium concentration when this determination is performed on the DuPont Automatic Clinical Analyzer ( aca ). A simple pack modification is described using ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) which permits estimation of the positive interference due to hemoglobin color. A correction factor is applied to enable the accurate measurement of calcium in hemolyzed samples.