cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic emission in ferroelectric lead titanate ceramics: Origin and recombination of microcracks

Abstract Lead titanate doped with niobium forms solid solutions of the type Pb1−x/2(Ti1−xNbx)O3 where x = 0.02 and 0.05. The ferroelectric Curie temperature of these solid solutions is around 465°C, compared to 490°C for PbTiO3 at the cubic-tetragonal phase change. The lattice distortions at and below the Curie temperature generate internal stresses, leading to microcraking. The microcracking in lead titanate ceramics is detected by acoustic emission methods as a function of heating to and cooling from various temperatures upto 800°C. From this study it is concluded that microcracking is primarily triggered by the sudden lattice parameter changes at the Curie temperature on cooling and that it is enhanced by the anisotropic thermal expansion below the transition. The healing of microcracks is a gradual process and escapes direct detection by the acoustic emission methods. An indication of the recombination of microcracks on heating has been obtained by the total number of acoustic emission counts in samples cooled from various temperatures and also from fixed temperatures after different periods.
Visceroendocrine responses elicited by neuropeptide Y in the nucleus tractus solitarius.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be localized in a number of CNS regions, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In this meeting report, a brief overview is presented of recent studies from our laboratory examining the role of NPY in NTS-mediated mechanisms of cardiorespiratory and Visceroendocrine regulation. Microinjections of NPY, NPY analogs, or C-terminal NPY fragments were made into the subpostremal NTS of anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats. NPY elicited pronounced dose-related depressor responses, bradycardia, and reductions in respiratory minute volume. The overall cardiorespiratory response pattern elicited by NPY was mimicked by NPY13/23;6, a fragment of NPY exhibiting selective agonist properties at presynaptic Y2 receptors, whereas the y1 receptor-selective analog, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, and the C-terminal inactive fragment, NPY26–36, were found to be ineffective. In an effort to further characterize intrinsic NTS mechanisms mediating the NPY-evoked response pattern, NPY microinjections were similarly made in a group of rats with bilateral glossopharyngeovagotomy (G-vagotomy) and in a group of rats decerebrated at the supracollicular level. The results showed that whereas decerebration did not appreciably affect the NTS-mediated cardiorespiratory responses elicited by NPY. G-vagotomy enhanced the NPY-evoked hypotension while at the same time abolishing the NPY-evoked bradycardia and reductions in tidal volume. Taken together, these observations with G-vagotomized animals, along with the results from microinjection studies using selective ligands for NPY receptors, suggest that NPY may modulate primary visceral afferent information via activation of Y2 receptors distributed at presynaptic sites in the subpostremal NTS. On the other hand, the influence of reciprocal NPY-containing neuronal connections with rostral brain regions on NTS-mediated cardiorespiratory responses elicited by NPY appeared not to be consequential, at least in normal rats. However, when similar microinjections of NPY were made into the same subpostremal NTS sites of intact rats which were diabetic, there was a dramatic attenuation in cardiorespiratory responsiveness to NPY. These results suggest that NPY-sensitive mechanisms in the NTS mediating cardiorespiratory responses may conceivably be influenced by the increased hypothalamic NPYergic activity that has been observed in diabetic rats. These observations, together with recent findings from our laboratory showing that microinjection of NPY into the same subpostremal NTS sites potently stimulates insulin secretion, provide support for the notion that NPY may play a crucial modulatory role in NTS-mediated Visceroendocrine response patterns involved in cardiorespiratory control and nutrient homeostasis.
FUNGAL REMAINS IN THE LYCOPOD MEGASPORE TRILETES RUGOSUS (LOOSE) SCHOPF

Abstract Spherical fungal bodies within the lycopol megaspore Triletes rugosus are described from permineralized plant remains of Pennsylvanian age. Specimens reach 70 μm in diameter and occur singly or in groups. Although some specimens lie free within the megaspore and show no connection with either host tissue or other fungal tissue, others are embedded in a stroma-like material, and are attached to hyphal filaments. The fungal wall is smooth and unornamented and extensively layered. Specimens resemble fossil Glomus -like chlamydospores in size and shape, but differ in the organization of the wall. When compared with extant organisms they are most similar to the sporangia of zoosporic fungi.
The associations and relationships of congenital immune deficiency states and autoimmune phenomena

rip1SELIUS demonstrated that the immuno1 logically active components of antisera migrated electrophoretically in the gammaglobulin region. His findings illuminated the classic observations of Jenner regarding development of resistance to infection, and those of Von Pirquet, Pasteur, and Arthus regarding transfer and specificity of resistance, t-5 Conceptual integration of these several observations provided the impetus for the present modern era of immunology. Subsequent to Tiselius's work, multiple rapid advances occurred in the study of congenital and acquired immune deficiency states in mice, chickens, and humans. These studies demonstrated that the immunologic ability of an organism to protect itself from environmental influences is a primordial fact of survival. TMs necessity for protection from microcnvironmental influences has led to evolutionary development of immunologic diversification; namely, a sophisticated, diverse network of cells and effcctot mechanisms responsible for the processing and clearance of toxins and potentially harmful pathogens. The obligate dependence of animals upon the functional integrity of their immunologic systems is illustrated by the ready invasion of ubiquitous organisms in states of immune defensc derangement. Nevertheless, derangements in immune function can range from
A Multiperspective Investigation of Social Competence in Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Compared the social competence and self-perceptions of 4- to 8-year-old children with sickle cell disease (SCD) to a comparison group of healthy children. Social competence ratings were obtained from multiple perspectives, including parents, teachers, and clinic staff members; children provided ratings of self-perceived acceptance and competence. Children in the SCD group were rated as socially competent as their peers in the comparison group and the normative group. Differences across raters were found, however, with parents in the SCD group giving higher ratings than clinic staff members. No differences were revealed between children in the SCD group and the comparison group in their self-perceptions of competence and acceptance. Implications for future studies addressing the situational specificity of social competence and its relevance to health care of chronically ill children are discussed.
Data Path Allocation (EMUCS)

Data path allocation encompasses several steps of the design process: the allocation of hardware, the binding of data flow operators and values to that hardware, and the appropriate interconnection of the hardware to realize the data-flow. The hardware allocated is at the functional block level and includes modules such as registers, functional units, and multiplexors. In general, Value Trace operators are bound to functional units, VT values are bound to registers or wires, and multiplexors and busses are used to steer data flow among the other components. The goal of data path allocation is to build a functional block level design that is both small and easily realizable with respect to the target technology.
HOLMIUM LASER ENUCLEATION OF THE PROSTATE FOR MEN WITH URINARY RETENTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is an established procedure for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. We performed a study to examine a group of patients in urinary retention treated by HoLEP.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 164 consecutive patients with urinary retention who underwent HoLEP between January 2000 and August 2004 was performed.Results: Mean patient age was 72.1 years (range 34 to 95). Mean duration of urinary retention was 28.9 days (range 2 to 365). Mean preoperative transrectal ultrasound measured prostate volume was 107.1 cc (range 5 to 242). Mean weight of resected tissue was 81.9 grams (range 2.5 to 271). Mean duration of postoperative catheterization and hospitalization was 22.5 hours (range 2 to 240) and 33.7 hours (range 2 to 144), respectively. All patients were able to void following treatment and remain catheter free.Conclusions: HoLEP is an effective treatment, with low morbidity, for patients with urina...
Contribution of Residential Exposures to Asthma in US Children and Adolescents

Context. Residential exposures are recognized risk factors for asthma, but the relative contribution of specific indoor allergens and their overall contribution to asthma among older children and adolescents in the United States are unknown. Objective. To estimate the relative contributions, population-attributable risks, and costs of residential risk factors for doctor-diagnosed asthma. Design. Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994. Setting and Participants. A total of 5384 children who were 6 to 16 years old and participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, a survey of the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States. Main Outcome Measure. Doctor-diagnosed asthma, as reported by the parent. Results. Five hundred three of 5384 children and adolescents (11.4%) had doctor-diagnosed asthma. After adjusting for age, gender, race, urban status, region of country, educational attainment of the head of household, and poverty, predictors of doctor-diagnosed asthma included a history of allergy to a pet (odds ratio [OR: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7, 3.3), presence of a pet in the household (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1), and immediate hypersensitivity to dust mite (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.0),Alternaria (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.8), and cockroach allergens (OR: 1.4; CI: 1.04, 1.9). Family history of atopy (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7) and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.1, 3.7) were also predictors for asthma. The population-attributable risk of having 1 or more residential exposures associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma was 44.4% (95% CI: 29–60), or an estimated 2 million excess cases. The attributable cost of asthma resulting from residential exposures was $405 million (95% CI: $264–$547 million) annually. Conclusions. The elimination of identified residential exposures, if causally associated with asthma, would result in a 44% decline in doctor-diagnosed asthma among older children and adolescents in the United States.
Stroke secondary to carotid occlusion in a young man with nephrotic syndrome: Case description and review of the literature.

We report a case of hemispheric stroke and death secondary to thrombosis of the internal carotid artery in a young adult with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Thrombotic complications are common in patients with nephrotic syndrome and may be due to a hypercoagulable state. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cerebral infarction due to thrombosis in the extracranial vasculature in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. We review previous reports of cerebral infarction in association with nephrotic syndrome and discuss possible mechanisms of hypercoagulability in this setting.
Taxonomic syntax for first order inference

A new polynomial time decidable fragment of first order logic is identified, and a general method for using polynomial time inference procedures in knowledge representation systems is presented. The results shown in this paper indicate that a nonstandard “taxonomic” syntax is essential in constructing natural and powerful polynomial time inference procedures. The central role of taxonomic syntax in the polynomial time inference procedures provides technical support for the often-expressed intuition that knowledge is better represented in terms of taxonomic relationships than classical first order formulas. To use the procedures in a knowledge representation system, a “Socratic proof system” is defined, which is complete for first order inference and which can be used as a semi-automated interface to a first order knowledge base.
Race, Class, and Gender Differences in Marital Satisfaction and Divisions of Household Labor Among Dual-Earner Couples A Case for Intersectional Analysis

Previous attempts to account for varying levels of marital satisfaction have considered many factors. Yet, these attempts have rarely looked at the connections among race, class, and gender as explanations for differences in satisfaction. This article illustrates the importance of examining unique race-class-gender locations of individuals when studying marital satisfaction. The authors introduce a more complex analysis of the connections among race, class, and gender effects in the production of marital satisfaction. The authors' data, which are drawn from a national survey, consist of 492 individuals in dual-earner couples. Study results provide information on variations in marital satisfaction across groups and substantial evidence that we must move beyond analyses that concentrate only on race, class, or gender differences by themselves. The authors' discussion addresses possible reasons why race-class-gender connections are important factors in determining marital satisfaction. The authors conclude t...
Trends in Vehicle Energy Storage Systems: Batteries and Ultracapacitors to Unite

There is growing awareness that electrochemical energy storage alone cannot meet the demanding vehicle propulsion applications and still retain design targets for cycle and calendar life. Add to this the sharp roll-off in advanced chemistry battery power capability at cold temperatures, the negative influence of deep discharging on cycle life and thermal instability initiated by high rates and no wonder existing energy management strategies opt for a higher engine auto-off frequency. As a consequence, today?s vehicle traction battery is effectively throttled, realistic fuel economy capability curtailed and performance compromised. Visionary companies are already introducing ultracapacitor packs as power boosters in batteryelectric vehicles and as energy recuperators in micro-hybrids. This talk looks at these trends, makes an assessment of electrochemical storage systems and proposes that optimized energy and power components make more sense than further compromise in battery only energy storage systems.
One-step real-time duplex reverse transcription PCRs simultaneously quantify analyte and housekeeping gene mRNAs.

and mRNA of constantly transcribed genes (housekeeping genes) in a single-tube reaction. Specimen total nucleic acids were used because eukaryotic cDNA is discriminated from genomic DNA using exon-spanning primers and/or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes. Transcripts of murine arginase I and hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT; housekeeping gene) or murine arginase II analyte and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD; housekeeping gene) were quantified in such duplex RT-PCRs. Twenty-minute reverse transcription reactions at 55°C followed by 18 high-stringency step-down thermal cycles and 25 relaxed-stringency fluorescence acquisition cycles produced sensitive and accurate RT-PCR results. Fluorescent signal spillover between channels was fully compensated. A matrix of duplex PCRs at variable ratios of target standards yielded equations for factors that correct PCRspecific target ratio-dependent deviations in quantification. The one-step real-time duplex RT-PCRs reliably and accurately determined 10–10,000 copies of each target over a 100,000-fold range of target copy ratios (analyte to housekeeping mRNA = 10 -2.5 –10 2.5 ) in a single assay.
An overview of recent Mo planar wire array experiments on the 1 MA, 100 NS UNR Zebra generator

A general overview of Mo planar wire array implosions (single, double, and triple) from the past three years on the 1 MA, 100 ns UNR Zebra generator is presented. Mo planar wire arrays on Zebra have radiated high peak powers and yields (up to 1 TW and 24 kJ) as well as produced high-temperature L-shell plasmas (up to 1.4 keV), indicating the importance in connection with inertial confinement fusion. In addition, Mo planar wire arrays combined with Al are presented. Implosion dynamics in different load geometries is analyzed with a wire-ablation dynamics model (WADM). Bright spot dynamics is considered with RMHD simulations. Overall trends of various implosion results, such as energy output, as functions of various parameters, such as load type and linear mass, is discussed. Plasma parameters of electron density and temperature derived from non-LTE models of Mo and Al are also presented and discussed. The advantage of using Mo wires for future study of wire arrays is demonstrated.
An IL-4-independent and CD25-mediated function of c-maf in promoting the production of Th2 cytokines

c-maf is a T helper (Th)2 cell-specific transcription factor, which promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells mainly by an IL-4-dependent mechanism. It remains unclear whether c-maf possesses any IL-4-independent function in regulating the production of Th2 cytokines. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that c-maf, independent of IL-4, is essential for normal induction of CD25 in developing Th2 cells. The levels of CD25 are significantly higher in developing Th2 cells than in developing Th1 cells during in vitro differentiation. In addition, timely blockade of IL-2 receptor signaling selectively inhibits the production of Th2 cytokines, but not IFN-γ or IL-2. Taken together, our results uncover an IL-4-independent and CD25-mediated function of c-maf in promoting the production of Th2 cytokines.
International Standard Bibliographical Description and the new ISBDs

A critique of the International Federation of Library Associations' programme of International Standard Bibliographical Descriptions, with special reference to the newly published ISBDs for Serials and Non-Book Materials.
Synthesis of programs from temporal property specifications

The paper investigates a development process for reactive programs, in which the program is automatically generated (synthesized) from a high-level temporal specification. The method is based on previous results that proposed a similar synthesis method for the automatic construction of hardware designs from their temporal specifications. Thus, the work reported here can be viewed as a generalization of existing methods for the synthesis of synchronous reactive systems into the synthesis of asynchronous systems. In the synchronous case it was possible to identify a restricted subclass of formulas and present an algorithm that solves the synthesis problem for these restricted specifications in polynomial time. Here the results are less definitive in the sense that we can offer some heuristics that may provide polynomial-time solutions only in some of the cases.
The Linear Dependence of Log(kcat/Km) for Reduction of NAD+ by PhCH2OH on the Distance between Reactants when Catalyzed by Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase and 203 Single Point Mutants☆

Abstract Like most dehydrogenases, with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH), a bulky amino acid residue (Val 203) is positioned at the face of NAD+ distal to substrate alcohol in order to restrict the separation of reactants and to control the stereochemistry. Molecular dynamics simulations of native (Val203) and single-point mutants (Leu203, Ala203, and Gly203) of LADH·PhCH2OH·NAD+ provide the close contact distances (CCD) between PhCH2OH and NAD+ reactants. It is found that log(kcat/Km) is linearly dependent upon CCD. This linear dependence of log(kcat/Km) upon CCD is expected if hydride transfer is the rate-determining step. Since log(kcat/Km) has been found to be a linear function of tunneling, ln(kH/kT)/ln(kD/ kT), it follows that tunneling in LADH has a linear dependence upon CCD.
Sequence diversity in three tomato species: SNPs, markers, and molecular evolution.

Tomato species are of significant agricultural and ecological interest, with cultivated tomato being among the most common vegetable crops grown. Wild tomato species are native to diverse habitats in South America and show great morphological and ecological diversity that has proven useful in breeding programs. However, relatively little is known about nucleotide diversity between tomato species. Until recently limited sequence information was available for tomato, preventing genome-wide evolutionary analyses. Now, an extensive collection of tomato expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is available at the SOL Genomics Network (SGN). This database holds sequences from several species, annotated with quality values, assembled into unigenes, and tested for homology against other genomes. Despite the importance of polymorphism detection for breeding and natural variation studies, such analyses in tomato have mostly been restricted to cultivated accessions. Importantly, previous polymorphisms surveys mostly ignored the linked meta-information, limiting functional and evolutionary analyses. The current data in SGN is thus an under-exploited resource. Here we describe a cross-species analysis taking full-advantage of available information.
A pH- and ionic strength-responsive polypeptide hydrogel: synthesis, characterization, and preliminary protein release studies.

A novel polypeptide hydrogel has been synthesized by crosslinking poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLG) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The PLG-PEG hydrogel was shown to be highly hydrophilic, and the extent of swelling varied with pH, increasing at higher ionization of the PLG. Aside from electrostatic effects, such as ion-ion repulsion and internal ion osmotic pressure, circular dichroism studies showed that swelling response to pH also is affected by secondary structural attributes associated with the polypeptide backbone. Modification of the polypeptide by changing its hydrophobicity and degree of ionization was an effective method for altering the overall extent of pH-responsive swelling. Rapid de-swelling (contraction) was observed when the PLG-PEG hydrogel was transferred from high to low pH buffer solution, and this swelling/de-swelling behavior was reversible over repeated cycles. Drug release from swollen hydrogels was examined using the model protein lysozyme. Rapid de-swelling of the hydrogel was found to be an effective means of facilitating lysozyme release. The crosslinking of synthetic polypeptides with PEG appears to be a highly versatile approach to the preparation of pH-responsive biodegradable hydrogels.
An El Niño–Southern Oscillation Climatology and Persistence (CLIPER) Forecasting Scheme

Abstract A statistical prediction method, which is based entirely on the optimal combination of persistence, month-to-month trend of initial conditions, and climatology, is developed for the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. The selection of predictors is by design intended to avoid any pretense of predictive ability based on “model physics” and the like, but rather is to specify the optimal “no-skill” forecast as a baseline comparison for more sophisticated forecast methods. Multiple least squares regression using the method of leaps and bounds is employed to test a total of 14 possible predictors for the selection of the best predictors, based upon 1950–94 developmental data. A range of zero to four predictors were chosen in developing 12 separate regression models, developed separately for each initial calendar month. The predictands to be forecast include the Southern Oscillation (pressure) index (SOI) and the Nino 1+2, Nino 3, Nino 4, and Nino 3.4 SST indices for the equatorial eastern a...
Middle Desert Archaic

Relative Time Period: Follows the Early Desert Archaic tradition, precedes the Late Desert Archaic tradition.
On the divergence between fuel and service prices: The importance of technological change and diffusion in an American frontier economy

Abstract This paper assembles heating fuel prices for the U.S. state of Vermont, from the colonial era to the present, in order to test whether energy fuel prices and energy service prices have diverged over this time period. Prior authors have reported evidence of a significant difference between long run energy fuel prices and energy service prices. However, this is the first analysis to pose this question beginning in the context of colonial America. In accord with earlier work focused in the U.K. the paper reports a significant divergence in fuel and service prices. In this setting real heating fuel prices increased over the 220 year time period by a factor of between 15 and 20. In contrast, heating service prices increased by a factor of two. Expressed in labor units, heating service prices have fallen in Vermont by 25%, while fuel prices were essentially flat. Finally, over this two century time period in Vermont and the U.K., the rate of change in service prices expressed in labor units is remarkably similar: − 1.1% and − 0.9%, per annum, respectively.
Levels of 130 Xe Populated in β Decay of 130 I and 130 Cs

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}130}$I and ${1}^{+130}$Cs have been studied with Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) spectrometers. 24 transitions were observed in the decay of $^{130}\mathrm{I}$, and 16 were observed in the decay of $^{130}\mathrm{Cs}$. From the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray singles spectra and from coincidence studies, the following excited levels of $^{130}\mathrm{Xe}$ have been deduced: 536.1 (${2}^{+}$), 1122.1 (${2}^{+}$), 1204.5 (${4}^{+}$), 1785.9, 1793.5, 1800.1, 1808.1, 1943.9 (${5}^{+}$), 2016.1, 2150.6, 2171.3, 2223.3, 2242.8, 2361.8 (${6}^{+}$), 2427.0, 2532.3, 2608.6, and 2752.3 keV. No evidence has been found for the population of a possible ${0}^{+}$ "vibrational triplet" member at about twice the energy of the first excited state.
Cholesterol-4-C14 and Bile Acids in the Guinea Pig.

SummaryIn adult guinea pigs with biliary tract fistulae and stable enterohepatic bile acid pool, cholesterol-4-C14 was converted into 3 labeled bile acids (3a, 7a, 12a-trihydroxycholanic, 3a, 7a-dihydroxycholanic and 3a-hydroxy, 7-ketocholanic acid). This conversion occurred independently of enteric passage, 3a, 7a, 12a-trihydroxycholanic (cho-lic) acid appearing in relatively low but gradually increasing concentration during the first 9 hours of free flow and of continuous cycling. After one or more days of continuous enterohepatic cycling, 3a, 7a, 12a-trihy-droxycholanic acid was the predominant labeled bile acid, maintaining a relatively high level until termination of the experiment 18 days after injection of cholesterol-4-C14.
The control of pigment cell pattern formation in the California newt, Taricha torosa

Neural crest-derived pigment cells form species-specific patterns of pigmentation in amphibian embryos. We have characterized the appearance and changes in pigment cell distribution in the embryos of the California newt, Taricha torosa. Black melanophores first appear scattered over the surface of the somites intermingled with yellow xanthophores in stage 34/35 embryos. The melanophores then migrate either dorsally to form a dorsal stripe at the apex of the somites or ventrally along the intersomitic furrows to form a midbody stripe at the somite-lateral plate mesoderm border. Xanthophores remain between the two melanophore stripes and are also found in the dorsal fin and head. The formation of the dorsal stripe coincides with a change in melanophore tissue affinity from the surface of the somites to the subectodermal extracellular matrix (ECM). The latter substratum is the location of the cue used to organize the dorsal stripe. In addition, melanophores become elongate and highly arborized, which would allow them to extend to the region where the dorsal stripe forms. In contrast, xanthophores do not form long processes in vitro. This suggests that the ability of melanophores but not xanthophores to search for a cue at the apex of the somites may account in part for the segregation of these cells types. Melanophores and xanthophores are trapped to form the midbody stripe by the pronephric duct, which is located just beneath the ectoderm at the bases of the intersomitic furrows. Ablation of the duct prevents formation of the midbody stripe, although melanophores and xanthophores still fail to migrate ventrally over the lateral plate mesoderm. Melanophores grafted to the ventral midline fail to leave the confines of the donor tissue. This suggests that a factor in the lateral plate mesoderm in addition to the pronephric duct is inhibiting further ventral migration. There is no gross morphological difference in the organization of the subectodermal ECM dorsal and ventral to the pronephric duct as revealed by alcian blue, ruthenium red and staining with antibodies to fibronectin. We also conclude that the directed dispersal of the neural crest into the space between the somites and ectoderm is due to contact inhibition of cell movement, since T. torosa neural crest cells demonstrate contact inhibition in vitro and there are enough cells in the lateral migratory spaces to make contact events likely during dispersal.
Digital-Analog Hybrid Real-Time Simulation for Primary Stage of North China-Central China-East China UHV Power Grid

The primary stage of UHVAC North China-Central China-East China interconnected power grid will be put into operation in 2012.Adopting all-digital real-time electromagnetic simulator and physical simulation device for HVDC power transmission,the digital-analog simulation model for hybrid power transmission by multi-infeed HVDC power transmission lines and UHVAC power network in target year 2012 is built to simulate faults occurred in UHVAC tie line,DC block fault and AC faults occurred near the position connecting HVDC multi infeed transmission line to UHVAC power grid,and to analyze stability characteristics of UHVAC North China-Central China-East China interconnected power grid as well as the interaction between HVDC and UHVAC systems.Simulation results show that in target year 2012 the security and stability of UHVAC North China-Central China-East China interconnected power grid can meet the demand specified in the Guide on Security and Stability for Power System.
Abstract 187: Loop Diuretic Therapy in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure among Premier Hospitals

Background: Although loop diuretics are frequently used for patients with heart failure (HF), little is known about the variation in patterns of diuretic therapy in US hospitals. We sought to describe such treatment patterns among a diverse group of hospitals. Methods: We studied HF hospitalizations occurring during 2009-10 in Premier Inc. hospitals participating in a collaborative project to pool administrative and charge data, which includes information about drug types, average daily dose, and duration of therapy. We excluded hospitals with less than 25 HF hospitalizations. For ease of comparison, all diuretic doses were converted to bioequivalent doses of intravenous (IV) furosemide: 40mg IV furosemide ∼ 80mg oral furosemide ∼ 20mg (oral or IV) torsemide ∼ 1mg (oral or IV) bumetanide. Summary statistics were calculated. Results: Among 366 studied hospitals (264,675 HF hospitalizations), use of any loop diuretic had an interquartile range (IQR) from 92% to 96% (median: 94%). At the hospital level, the average daily dose IQR varied from 45mg to 64 mg (median: 55 mg) and the median duration of therapy was 4 days (IQR: 4 to 4; median: 4), as was the median length of stay. The IQR for use of furosemide varied from 89% to 94% (median: 92%), and its median average daily dose had an IQR from 40mg to 60 mg (median: 53 mg). Hospital use of bumetanide had an IQR from 2% to 11%, and hospital use of torsemide had an IQR from 0% to 4% (medians of 5% and 1%, respectively). The variation in median average daily dose for bumetanide and torsemide was greater than for furosemide (bumetanide IQR: 79mg to 127 mg, with median of 89 mg; torsemide IQR: 53mg to 120 mg, with median of 80 mg). Use of IV diuretics on the last day before home discharge had an IQR from 16% to 33% (median: 24%) across hospitals. Conclusion: US hospitals administer loop diuretics, particularly furosemide, to the vast majority of HF inpatients. The duration and daily dosage of therapy was similar across most hospitals. In contrast, a minority of hospitals used bumetanide and torsemide for several patients. The daily dosage of these agents showed more marked variation. We observed a high rate of intravenous diuretic use on the last day of hospitalization, with considerable variation across hospitals.
Integrated approach to electromechanical design of a digitally controlled high precision actuator for aerospace applications

The paper proposes an integrated approach to the design of robotic manipulators, addressing both the mechanical and control system aspects within the same mathematical framework in order to facilitate the design optimization. The integration of the mechanical, electrical, and controller design aspects, combined with parameter optimization, results in a significant reduction of the cost and duration of design efforts and facilitates flexible manufacturing of the device for a wide variety of applications. The methodology is demonstrated by its application to a known device, the Omni-Wrist III.
The promise and challenge of online action research: Notes from a study of self-motivated online music learners

As a developer of online open education resources that provide basic information about Western music theory, notation, and acoustics, I undertook an action research project with the long-term goal ...
Black and White Lies: Race-Based Biases in Deception Judgments:

In six studies ( N = 605), participants made deception judgments about videos of Black and White targets who told truths and lies about interpersonal relationships. In Studies 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2, White participants judged that Black targets were telling the truth more often than they judged that White targets were telling the truth. This truth bias was predicted by Whites' motivation to respond without prejudice. For Black participants, however, motives to respond without prejudice did not moderate responses (Study 2). In Study 3, we found similar effects with a manipulation of the targets' apparent race. Finally, in Study 4, we used eye-tracking techniques to demonstrate that Whites' truth bias for Black targets is likely the result of late-stage correction processes: Despite ultimately judging that Black targets were telling the truth more often than White targets, Whites were faster to fixate on the on-screen "lie" response box when targets were Black than when targets were White. These systematic race-based biases have important theoretical implications (e.g., for lie detection and improving intergroup communication and relations) and practical implications (e.g., for reducing racial bias in law enforcement).
PEROXIDASE-MEDIATED OXYGENATION AND MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY

It is known that a peroxidase, H2O2, and a halide form a "cytotoxic triad." As a result of the interactions of the components of the triad, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) are formed that help to destroy various invading pathogens including Candida. The present study was undertaken to determine if equivalent units of peroxidase induced equivalent levels of macrophage-mediated killing of Candida. Murine peritoneal macrophages were exposed to various concentrations of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence studies showed that equivalent units of peroxidase, as determined by oxidation of guaiacol, demonstrated a hierarchical pattern of ROI production. Macrophage phagocytosis and candidicidal activity, as measured by a fluorescence acridine orange assay, also demonstrated the same hierarchical pattern of EPO > MPO > HRP. Therefore, enzymatically equivalent peroxidases do not demonstrate equivalent candidicidal activity. These data indicate a distinct order of peroxidases relative to their ability to stimulate chemiluminescence and macrophage-mediated killing.
Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with ADHD

Background It has been suggested that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may result in symptoms similar to those experienced in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because this may have important public health implications, we reviewed the literature regarding this association, with a focus on interventional studies examining the effect of OSA treatment on change in ADHD symptoms. Methods We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, along with other major databases, for interventional studies published between January 1966 and June 2010 that examined the effect of OSA treatment on ADHD, which resulted in 6 studies. The literature on the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in OSA and vice versa was also reviewed. Results Attentional deficits have been reported in up to 95% of OSA patients. In full syndromal ADHD, a high incidence (20% to 30%) of OSA has been shown. All 6 interventional studies reported improvements in behavior, inattention, and overall ADHD after treatment of OSA. Conclusions OSA may contribute to ADHD symptomatology in a subset of patients diagnosed with ADHD (DSM-IV criteria). Treatment of OSA appears to have favorable effects on ADHD symptoms. Controlled trials and epidemiologic investigations will be required to better understand these relationships, as well as their diagnostic and prognostic implications.
Coupled active systems encode emergent behavioral dynamics of the unicellular predator Lacrymaria olor

Multiple active systems in a cell work together to produce sophisticated cellular behaviors such as motility and search. However, it is often unclear how this coupling specifies the complex emergent dynamics that define such behaviors. As a model system, we analyzed the hunting strategy of Lacrymaria olor, a unicellular predatory ciliate that uses extreme morphological changes to extend, contract and whip an apparent "cell neck" over many body lengths to capture prey. Tracking millions of unique subcellular morphologies over time revealed that these fast dynamics encode a comprehensive local search behavior apparent only at longer timescales. This hunting behavior emerges as a tug-of-war between active sub-cellular structures that use surface cilia and cortex contractility to deform the structure of the neck. The resulting search space can be described mathematically using a small number of normal shape modes that change amplitude rapidly during hunts. The distribution of these shape modes in space and time reveals a transition point between tense and compressed neck morphologies at the mean neck length, such that new shapes are readily sampled by repeatedly extending and retracting across this critical length. Molecular perturbations to the cell-signaling controller show that coupling between ciliary and contractile programs is needed to maintain this length/shape relationship; neither system alone provides the dynamic repertoire of shapes necessary for comprehensive search. Our results highlight the utility of coupling antagonistic active systems as a strategy for encoding or engineering complex behaviors in molecular machines.
Tailoring parallel alternating criteria search for domain specific MIPs: Application to maritime inventory routing

Abstract Parallel Alternating Criteria Search (PACS) relies on the combination of computer parallelism and Large Neighborhood Searches to attempt to deliver high quality solutions to any generic Mixed-Integer Program (MIP) quickly. While general-purpose primal heuristics are widely used due to their universal application, they are usually outperformed by domain-specific heuristics when optimizing a particular problem class. In this paper, we focus on the fast development of domain-specific parallel primal heuristics. Our approach entails specializing PACS to better adapt to the target problem structure. We showcase its application to two classes of the Maritime Inventory Routing Problem, an important application of MIPs to real world problems. We computationally compare the proposed modified framework with state-of-the art specialized algorithms and MIP solvers. Results show the effectiveness of our approach, and how the modular nature of PACS can provide a platform for the rapid prototyping of parallel domain-specific heuristics.
Exact analytical solutions in two dimensional plate-like mechanical metamaterials: State of free deformation in a topological cylinder

Abstract Nodal displacements for two dimensional plate-like lattices under static loading are solved in exact analytical form, when periodic boundary conditions are applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the lattice forming a topological cylinder. Discrete Fourier transform converts the governing equation of static equilibrium into a set of one dimensional wavenumber dependent problems. Characteristic solutions are developed for each Fourier mode of deformation. Inverse discrete Fourier transform converts the wavenumber domain function back to the spatial domain by taking a linear combination of the one dimensional harmonic solutions. As an example, the point force is decomposed into a set of wavenumber dependent loading profiles. A linear combination of the displacement solutions for the individual harmonic loading profiles is sufficient to reproduce the overall displacement solution for the point load. This property holds for any type of the load. Nodal displacements, expressed with analytical dependence on the nodal indices n and m, match the results of commercial finite element analysis software. Overall, this paper demonstrates that the static response of discrete lattices is equivalently represented as a superposition of the wavenumber domain solutions, which is analogous to frequency domain analysis in acoustic metamaterials and phononics.
Transport mean free path tensor and anisotropy tensor in anisotropic diffusion equation for optical media

We derive the anisotropic diffusion equation for optical random media from the radiative transfer equation by correcting errors or eliminate simplifications in previous studies. The derived equation makes explicit the relation between microscopic (extinction cross-section and phase function) and macroscopic (transport mean free path tensor) parameters. We discover that transmittance and reflectance for a film made of an anisotropic material are determined from a dimensionless factor, which we define as anisotropy tensor, in addition to scattering/transport mean free paths and extrapolation length ratio. According to our derived equations, a direction component of the diagonalized transport mean free path tensor can be smaller than that of the diagonalized scattering mean free path tensor for forward scattering, which is physically impossible. We demonstrate that a direction component of the diagonalized inner product of transport mean free path tensor and the anisotropy tensor preserves the physical meaning of transport mean free path.
Mathematical framework for a place code in the auditory system

In the auditory system, tonotopy is postulated to be the substrate for a place code, where sound frequency is encoded by the location of the neurons that fire during the stimulus. Though conceptually simple, the computations that allow for the representation of intensity and complex sounds are poorly understood. Here, the mathematical framework for place code is developed. The analyses suggest that the functional architecture, or topology, consists of overlapping neuron clusters whose size varies with intensity. Algebraic operations are then derived to elucidate the rules for representing and assembling multi-frequency sound in networks and for modulating them with inhibition. Results obtained with network simulations are consistent with the general predictions. The analyses reveal the advantages and limitations of a place code and provide a mathematical foundation for building computational models and for interpreting experimental data.
A case of Norwegian scabies in a patient with leukemia cutis secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Crusted (Norwegian) scabies is a rare variant of Scabies which usually presents in patients with poor cellular immunity that occurs in conditions like AIDS, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Steroid/Chemotherapy...
Mismatched response predicts behavioral speech discrimination outcomes in infants with hearing loss and normal hearing.

Children with hearing loss (HL) remain at risk for poorer language abilities than normal hearing (NH) children despite targeted interventions; reasons for these differences remain unclear. In NH children, research suggests speech discrimination is related to language outcomes, yet we know little about it in children with HL under the age of 2 years. We utilized a vowel contrast, /a-i/, and a consonant-vowel contrast, /ba-da/, to examine speech discrimination in 47 NH infants and 40 infants with HL. At Mean age =3 months, EEG recorded from 11 scalp electrodes was used to compute the time-frequency mismatched response (TF-MMRSE ) to the contrasts; at Mean age =9 months, behavioral discrimination was assessed using a head turn task. A machine learning (ML) classifier was used to predict behavioral discrimination when given an arbitrary TF-MMRSE as input, achieving accuracies of 73% for exact classification and 92% for classification within a distance of one class. Linear fits revealed a robust relationship regardless of hearing status or speech contrast. TF-MMRSE responses in the delta (1-3.5 Hz), theta (3.5-8 Hz), and alpha (8-12 Hz) bands explained the most variance in behavioral task performance. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using TF-MMRSE to predict later behavioral speech discrimination.
Scientific Applications of FPGAs at the LHC

The next generation of high throughput data acquisition systems is capable of acquisition at rates far exceeding our ability to save data. To process data in real-time specialized computing systems are needed with incredibly high throughput so that data can be quickly assessed to determine whether it is sufficiently interesting for further processing. With a raw data rate exceeding 1 Petabit per second, particle detectors at the Large Hadron Collider at the Europe Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) contend with some of the largest data rates ever encountered. With planned upgrades in the near future, these rates will continue to grow, further complicating our ability to process data effectively to continue to understand the fundamental properties of the universe. In this talk, we present the current, FPGA-based, LHC data acquisition system, and we discuss the plenitude of data challenges that are currently being addressed. Furthermore, we discuss various aspects of the system, and we present deep learning base solutions that are quickly being adopted by the LHC. Furthermore, we discuss the lower throughput computationally complex systems and discuss how FPGAs can augment the system leading to enhanced physics performance. Throughout the talk, we discuss the scientific implications possible with an improved system. Finally, we discuss related problems in other scientific fields, including astrophysics and materials science. We present new challenges that, if solved, can open paths to new avenues of fundamental scientific research.