cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purkinje cell 3D reconstruction and visualization system

This paper presents a new system that reconstructs and visualizes 3D Purkinje cells (neurons) from two-photon microscopy images. The main components of the system are nonlinear diffusion filtering for denoising of each two-photon microscopy slice, increasing the image resolution of each Purkinje cell slice, global image enhancement of each slice as well as local pixel based image enhancement of each slice. Finally, 3D reconstruction and visualization of the Purkinje cell is accomplished using ImageJ. Computer simulations will illustrate the elucidated improvements over the original Purkinje cell images. Specifically, the presented system brought out hidden dendrite branches and allowed for a clearer picture of the entire Purkinje cell.
Equation of State of Periclase and Birch's Relationship between Velocity and Density

BASED on systematic investigation of velocity of compressional waves in isotropic aggregates of oxides and silicates at high pressure, Birch1 observed that velocity is proportional to density for substances with similar mean atomic weight. He concluded that velocity in isotropic aggregates of oxides and silicates is a function of two principal variables—density and mean atomic weight—the variation of density for substances with the same mean atomic weight reflects differences of structure and composition. Birch also postulated that for a given substance, velocity and density may be related in much the same way when they are changed by compression, and this postulate was used in attempts to determine the density distribution in the Earth2. Later, McQueen et al.3 noticed that, for similar materials, the bulk sound velocity is also proportional to density. Many of Birch's determinations of the velocity of compressional waves Vp may now be combined with Simmons's4 determinations of the velocity of shear waves Vs to yield the bulk sound velocity C defined as for these determinations were made in the same laboratory with almost identical samples. Nai-hsien Mao (private communication) has confirmed these findings with many more data. This relationship may be expressed as where ρ is density and a and b are constant coefficients for substances with the same mean atomic weight; both coefficients may be functions of the mean atomic weight.
Lesion effects on visual cliff performance in the rat

Light- and dark-reared rats received ablations of the superior colliculus, striate cortex, or both areas, and were later tested on a visual cliff. No significant difference in side preference was recorded between groups. Significantly more “no-descents” were recorded for the group undergoing the combined lesions, despite the use of a centerboard capable of inducing descents in the other Ss.
Effect of 5-azacytidine on rat liver alpha-fetoprotein gene expression.

Neonatal rats given 5-azacytidine intraperitoneally (30 μg/animal/day) on days 1–5 postpartum had 55% lower serum alpha-fetoprotein levels on day 6 compared to saline injected controls. On day 14, alpha-fetoprotein levels were 4-fold lower in 5-azacytidine treated animals. Cytosol alpha-fetoprotein was proportionately reduced. There were no significant changes in liver to body weight ratio, total serum protein, and both serum and cytosol albumin levels. The molecular basis for decreased serum alpha-fetoprotein levels was found to be a reduced concentration of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA in the livers of 5-azacytidine injected animals. These results are discussed with respect to the effects of 5-azacytidine on DNA methylation and cell differentiation.
Socio-energy systems design: A policy framework for energy transitions

Abstract In the context of large-scale energy transitions, current approaches to energy policy have become too narrowly constrained around problems of electrons, fuel, and carbon, the technologies that provide them, and the cost of those technologies. Energy systems are deeply enmeshed in broad patterns of social, economic, and political life and organization, and significant changes to energy systems increasingly are accompanied by social, economic, and political shifts. Energy policy is therefore, in practice, a problem of socio-energy system design. In this article, we offer a definition of socio-energy systems, reconceptualize key questions in energy policy in terms of socio-energy systems change, analyze three case studies of energy policy development as problems of socio-energy systems design, and develop recommendations for rethinking energy policy and governance in the context of socio-energy systems transitions.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents a major public health problem that was originally recognized in children but more recently identified in adults. The impact of ADHD on soc...
In situ real-time studies of GaN growth on 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM)

Abstract We report in situ growth experiments of GaN on 6H–SiC(0 0 0 1) substrates conducted in the low-energy electron microscope (LEEM). The Ga flux species were supplied by an evaporative source while the nitrogen was supplied by either a N-atom RF plasma source or a supersonic seeded-beam jet (SSJ) source. The surfaces of the 6H–SiC(0 0 0 1) substrates were prepared by high-temperature hydrogen etching prior to installation in the LEEM for deposition. On regions of the substrate surface where well-defined steps and terraces were observed, the LEEM video images showed initial nucleation at the steps and subsequent growth across the terraces. The LEED patterns indicated three-dimensional crystal growth with pronounced formation of facets. Such growth behavior occurred irrespective of the method of deposition
High security self-encoded spread spectrum watermarking using genetic algorithms

Spread spectrum modulation based watermarking has proved to be effective, robust and cryptographically secure. It hides watermark by spreading its spectrum with a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence and then adding them to a host image as a watermarked image. In regular approaches, to achieve PN sequence at the transmitter, receiver must use a separate channel for detecting hidden information. The unique PN sequence must have a low cross correlation and thereby can be duplicated easily by hostile attackers. In this paper a novel approach based on the Self-Encoded Spread Spectrum (SESS) is proposed. PN code is derived from the original image signal itself and the spreading sequence of watermark signal is recovered without any information from the transmitter. It is contributed a higher secure feature by using of the time-varying SESS. Genetic algorithm is applied to achieve best BER and PAD by optimizing Spreading Length, Quantization Length, payload capacity and Signal to interference ratio.
Cross sections for electron capture and loss by keV oxygen atoms in collisions with CO and CO2

[1] Interpretation of the energetic neutral atom data from the ASPERA-3 instrument aboard the ESA Mars Express spacecraft requires knowledge of the relevant charge-changing atomic collision cross sections. Important among these are collisions involving energetic O atoms, and absolute cross sections are reported here for electron capture and loss by 1–5 keV oxygen atoms incident on CO and CO2 for scattering angles between 0.02° and 1.73° in the laboratory frame. All of the differential cross sections are forward peaked, but those for electron loss decrease particularly slowly with scattering angle at low energies indicating that many of the colliding particles suffer significant deviation.
Early Abortion and Personal Ontology

We are beings endowed with “personal capacities”—the capacity for reason, for a concept of self, perhaps more. Among ontologically salient views about what else we are, I focus on the “Big Three.” According to animalism, we are animals that have psychological properties only contingently. According to psychologistic materialism, we are material beings; according to substance dualism, we are either immaterial beings or composites of immaterial and material ones; but according to both psychologistic materialism and substance dualism, we essentially have some psychological properties. I argue that—contrary to what has been argued and is natural to think—none of the Big Three yields different assignments of moral status to early fetuses from any of the others, and consequently the moral status of early abortion doesn’t depend on which (if any) of these views of personal ontology is correct.
An adult with Prader-Willi syndrome and anorexia nervosa: a case report.

A 39-year-old man with Prader-Willi syndrome presents for evaluation of uncontrolled weight loss. Past history was significant for gastric bypass and prior episodes of intentional dieting. Family history was significant for an alcoholic father and two siblings with anorexia nervosa. The patient was unconcerned about his weight loss despite cachexia and did not want to stop dieting. This presentation of a restrictive eating pattern in a man with a syndrome usually associated with compulsive hyperphagia is the first known report
Service Coproduction with Information Stickiness and Incomplete Contracts: Implications for Consulting Services Design

Drawing from three theoretical bases—“information stickiness” from the knowledge management literature, “service coproduction” from the service operations management literature, and “incomplete contract theory” from the transaction cost economics literature—we discuss a theoretical framework and develop models to study the efficiency of the service coproduction process in a knowledge-intensive consulting environment. We apply, refine, and interpret these theories to determine how work should be allocated between the consultant and the client and the corresponding pricing under different contractual relationships that occur in this industry. We find that, with a pricing schedule that relates the fee adjustment to the self-service level and one party's ownership of the residual right to specify the workload allocation, the client underinvests her efforts in the service coproduction process, whereas the consultant overinvests his efforts, resulting in an inefficient process. In addition, to improve overall process efficiency, we show that the more productive party should own the residual right to respecify the self-service level when the final service need emerges. Our results, as well as interview data from experienced consultants, provide insights into the causes of inefficient service delivery processes and offer direction for achieving better efficiency through contract design and pricing schedules.
Intrinsic limitations of impedance measurements in determining electric double layer capacitances

Abstract This paper aims to clarify the intrinsic limitations of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in measuring electric double layer (EDL) capacitance. For more than two decades, capacitances measured using EIS at low frequencies have been reported to be significantly smaller than those measured using other techniques without any definitive explanations. In this paper, EIS measurements were numerically reproduced for electric double layers formed near a planar electrode in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The transient double layer dynamics was simulated for low and large electrolyte concentrations using the classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) model with or without a Stern layer, and a modified PNP model with a Stern layer, respectively. A characteristic time for ion diffusion τm was identified as λ m 2 / D where λm is the Debye length based on the maximum ion concentration. For a given concentration, the predicted capacitance and the phase shift of surface charge density plotted versus dimensionless frequency τmf for various values of diffusion coefficient overlapped on a single line. This was true for all models considered with or without Stern layer. The simulated EIS measurements systematically overestimated the EDL capacitance for dilute electrolyte solutions while they underestimated it for concentrated electrolyte solutions subject to large electric potential. This discrepancy can be attributed to the fact that the RC circuit used in EIS to model electric double layers is not valid. This study established that the EIS measurements have intrinsic limitations and are inadequate for accurately determining EDL capacitances for practical applications with large potentials such as electrochemical capacitors.
TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF TOOTH BLEACHING USING PEROXIDE-CONTAINING AGENTS

Peroxides have been used for tooth bleaching for more than 100 years. Besides those administered in the dental office, agents for at-home bleaching have become popular. To date, there have been no published significant adverse effects caused by dentist-monitored, at-home bleaching agents. But potential risks, particularly those associated with abuses or the use of inappropriate products, need to be recognized. Using an ADA-accepted, at-home bleaching agent under a dentist's supervision is recommended to minimize risks while achieving desired benefits.
Oxidation Of Adenosine And Inosine: The Chemistry Of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydropurines, Purine Iminoquinones, And Purine Quinones As Observed By Ultrafast Spectroscopy

Oxidative damage to purine nucleic acid bases proceeds through quinoidal intermediates derived from their corresponding 8-oxo-7,8-dihydropurine bases. Oxidation studies of 8-oxo-7,8-dihyroadenosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroinosine indicate that these quinoidal species can produce stable cross-links with a wide variety of nucleophiles in the 2-positions of the purines. An azide precursor for the adenosine iminoquinone has been synthesized and applied in ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopic studies. Thus, the adenosine iminoquinone can be observed directly, and its susceptibility to nucleophilic attack with various nucleophiles as well as the stability of the resulting cross-linked species have been evaluated. Finally, these observations indicate that this azide might be a very useful photoaffinity labeling agent, because the reactive intermediate, adenosine iminoquinone, is such a good mimic for the universal purine base adenosine.
Content Domain, Measurement, and Validity of the Red Tape Concept A Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Red tape, generally defined as burdensome rules and procedures, is a relatively new construct unique to the public management literature. Like many public management constructs, red tape has received scant measurement attention. This study uses second-order confirmatory factor analysis to test two varying theoretical perspectives, one that treats red tape as a formative index, derived from inflexibility in various management subsystems (e.g., budgeting, personnel), and the other as a reflective scale where political accountability and other external influences drive red tape. Results for 16 items designated across five subdimensions suggest better support for the reflective scale perspective. Implications for red tape research are discussed.
Antibodies Prepared to Neuronal Glutamate Receptor Subunit3 Bind IFNα-Receptors: Implications for an Autoimmune Process

Anti-glutamate receptor (GluR) agonist-like antibodies prepared in rabbits that are similar to autoantibodies found in Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) were found to exhibit greater immunoreactivity towards human interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR-1) than to GluR3. Since antibodies prepared to a defined region of GluR3 can react preferentially to an unrelated sequence in the human IFNAR-1, we propose that the IFNAR-1 may be an heteroclitic antigen of GluR3. These results suggest that differential reactivity toward heteroclitic antigens may contribute to variable clinical characteristics of certain autoimmune diseases.
Spatial frequency sweep pattern reversal VER acuity vs Snellen visual acuity: Effect of optical defocus

The effect of artificially induced image defocusing on visual acuities (VAs) measured by spatial frequency sweep pattern reversal visual evoked response (SPVER) and Snellen measurement was studied in six normal subjects. The steady-state SPVER was recorded using vertical gratings of 10 different spatial frequencies ranging from 0.52 to 30.36 c/deg. The SPVER acuity was compared with Snellen acuity (SA) measured under the same conditions of optical defocus. With moderate defocusing [ 20/40], the SPVER acuities were equal to or poorer than the SAs. With more defocus (> + 1.5 D, VA < 20/70), the SPVER acuities became better than the SAs. The discrepancies between the SA and SPVER acuities may be the result of the influence of the parafoveal area on the SPVER at lower visual acuity levels.
Forecasting Time Series with Trading Day Variation

Some levels of economic activity change over the days of the week. Also, the composition of the calendar changes over the years so that a particular month contains a different configuration of days of the week each year. The effects of the changing composition of the calendar upon a monthly time series is called trading day variation. This paper discusses one way to model trading day variation in monthly time series and how this model can be used to obtain improved forecasts over univariate ARIMA models. The ideas are illustrated on an actual data set.
Multiple Quarantine Treatment Using Bale Compression and a Three-Day Fumigation to Control Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Exported Hay

ABSTRACT A multiple quarantine treatment was developed to control Hessian fly puparia, Mayetiola destructor (Say), the stage of regulatory concern in exported hay. In a commercial test using 51,589 puparia, no insects survived to the adult stage after exposure to bale compression at 137 kg/cm2 and fumigation with 61 g/28.3 m3 hydrogen phosphide for 3d. The puparia were fumigated in infested wheat seedlings in cloth bags inside compressed timothy bales placed in different locations in three replicate freight containers in a heated building. Fumigant concentrations were 345-522 ppm on day 1; 580–824 ppm on day 2; and 680–861 ppm on day 3. Monitored temperatures were <20°C in all locations allowing the fumigation temperature to be established at ≥20C. Copper detection plate corrosion values were severe inside the freight container doors, and moderate in the middle of bales in all locations, providing visual confirmation of exposure to hydrogen phosphide. Hydrogen phosphide residues in exposed hay bales were ...
Integrating the transtheoretical model into the management of overweight and obese adults

Purpose: To show how the nurse practitioner (NP) can incorporate stage-specific interventions from the transtheoretical model in the management of overweight and obese adults. Data sources: Research articles, clinical articles, and government guidelines pertaining to the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are complex and chronic conditions that require lifelong management. The NP can help clients to safely and successfully lose weight by developing stage-specific interventions, by using an expert multidisciplinary team, and by providing ongoing monitoring and motivation. Implications for practice: The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase at an alarming rate and is a major public health concern. The NP has an important role in the assessment and management of clients with this condition.
Physician Satisfaction with Career Choices in Geriatrics

In a national survey of fellows who had trained in geriatric medicine and psychiatry, the vast majority of former fellows expressed satisfaction with their current work. Satisfaction with a career choice in geriatrics was significantly greater among those physicians who had practices with large numbers of patients over 75, accepted Medicare assignment, spent their time as clinician-researchers, and had a medical school appointment. Physician job satisfaction may have important consequences, and attention to maximizing satisfaction is warranted.
Infrared standards in space

Incontrovertible evidence of climate change and the underlying causes is necessary to inform public debate and to guide policy and economic decisions. To affect key societal decisions, this evidence must be obtained from measurements that are irrefutably tied to recognized international measurement standards. The International System of Units (SI) provides the appropriate measurement foundation for this application. The feasibility of achieving this objective and the resulting benefits to long-term climate forecasting are presented. The significant differences between realizing SI-traceability for space-based measurements and for laboratory measurements are detailed. An overview is presented of technological innovations in calibration standards and evolution in measurement approaches that define these new infrared standards. These include calibration blackbodies with built-in temperature standards and redundant sensors that admit new diagnostic tests of measurement uncertainty. An approach to rapid deployment is discussed, along with its resulting data product and benefits for long-term climate forecasting.
Isotope effects as mechanistic probes in solution and in intrazeolite photooxygenations. The formation of a hydroperoxysulfonium ylide.

The reactions of singlet oxygen with 2,2,6,6-tetradeuterio-1,4-dithiane have been examined in acetone and methanol, and in the interior of the zeolite NaY. The product isotope effects kH/kD have been measured for sulfoxide and, when possible, for sulfone formation. The results provide evidence for a hydroperoxysulfonium ylide intermediate in acetone, a hydrogen bonded or sulfurane intermediate in methanol, and an interesting equilibrium between two complexed forms of the substrate in NaY.
Practice patterns of physician members of the American Urogynecologic Society regarding female sexual dysfunction: results of a national survey

The purpose of the study was to evaluate practice patterns of members of the American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS) with respect to female sexual dysfunction (FSD). A brief self-administered survey of 20 questions was mailed to 966 physician members of the AUGS in the United States of America and Canada; 471 surveys were returned (49% response rate). The majority of responders see urogynecology (19%) or urogynecology and general gynecology patients (43%). Sixty-eight percent of physicians were familiar with questionnaires to assess FSD; however, only 13% said they use these for screening purposes. Most said they believed screening for FSD was somewhat (47%) or very important (42%). Despite having these beliefs, only 22% of the responding physicians stated they always screen for FSD, while 55% do so most of the time and 23% admitted they never or rarely screen. Similar results were obtained regarding screening following urogynecologic surgery. Several barriers to screening for FSD existed, the most common being lack of time. The majority of respondents (69%) underestimated the prevalence of FSD in their patient population. Finally, although more than half of responders had received post-residency training in urogynecology (59%), 50% of them stated the training with respect to FSD was unsatisfactory, while only 10% were satisfied. Overall, many urogynecologists do not consistently screen for FSD, underestimate its prevalence, and feel they received unsatisfactory training.
Acquisition of Sexual Receptivity: Roles of Chromatin Acetylation, Estrogen Receptor-α, and Ovarian Hormones

Sexually naive, hormone-primed, C57BL/6J female mice are not receptive to mating attempts by conspecific males. Repeated experience with sexually active males and concurrent treatment with estradiol and progesterone gradually increases female receptivity over the course of five trials to maximal levels. Ovarian hormones activate their cognate nuclear steroid receptors estrogen receptor-α and progesterone receptor to induce female sexual receptivity. Nuclear receptors recruit coactivators of transcription that include histone acetyltransferases to hormone responsive genes. In this set of studies, we found that the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate enhances the experiential acquisition of receptivity. Evidence is provided that the actions of sodium butyrate on receptivity require activated estrogen receptor-α and progesterone.
Expression of Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain-B Isoform in the Vessel Wall of Porcine Coronary Arteries After Balloon Angioplasty

Abstract Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-B isoform (NMMHC-B) is expressed by proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and its expression in primary lesions has been proposed to be predictive of restenosis after atherectomy. The present study was designed to study the time-course expression of NMMHC-B after angioplasty of porcine coronary arteries by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Domestic juvenile swine underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries with standard clinical angioplasty catheters. To identify proliferating cells, 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered and detected by immunohistochemistry on serial sections. Vessels were examined at 3, 7, and 14 days after balloon angioplasty, and uninjured coronary vessels were used as controls. Normal arteries showed hybridization to 35S-labeled NMMHC-B riboprobes localized mainly in the medial layer. NMMHC-B expression in the adventitia was m...
Susceptibility of early larval stages of Pseudaletia unipuncta and Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the entomogenous nematode Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Early stages (neonate to 7- or 8-day-old larvae) of Spodoptera exigua and Pseudaletia unipuncta were exposed to the entomogenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae, at concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 60, 100, or 200 nematodes per larva. Larvae of both species were susceptible to nematode infections. However, neonate larvae of S. exigua were significantly less susceptible to nematode infection than 3- or 8-day-old larvae at or above 50 nematodes per larva. Mortalities of neonate larvae exposed to 50 or more nematodes ranged from 68 to 74% while mortalities of 3- and 8-day-old larvae ranged from 91 to 100%. The results with P. unipuncta showed similar trends as described for S. exigua, albeit at a lower mortality level and usually with no statistical differences. Mortalities of neonate larvae exposed to 50 or more nematodes ranged from 34 to 44% while mortalities of 7-day-old larvae ranged from 32 to 91%.
Protein Synthesis Initiation Factor eIF-1A Is a Moderately Abundant RNA-binding Protein

Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 1A (formerly called eIF-4C) is a small protein that promotes dissociation of 80 S ribosomes into subunits, stabilizes methionyl-tRNA binding to 40 S ribosomal subunits, and is required for the binding of mRNA to ribosomes. The sequence of eIF-1A derived from its cloned cDNA possesses a high frequency of basic residues and acidic residues at its N and C termini, respectively. Northwestern blotting with a fragment of mRNA indicates that eIF-1A binds RNA. Overexpression of the human eIF-1A cDNA in Escherichia coli and subsequent purification enabled us to prepare large quantities of active factor. The level of eIF-1A in HeLa cells determined by Western immunoblotting is 0.01% of total protein, which corresponds to 0.2 molecules of eIF-1A/ribosome. The moderate abundance means that eIF-1A is equal to or in excess of native 40 S subunits and suggests that the factor may not be limiting for protein synthesis, a conclusion reinforced by the failure of overproduced eIF-1A to stimulate translation rates in transiently transfected COS-1 cells. S1 nuclease protection and primer extension analyses show that eIF-1A mRNA possesses an unusually long 5′-untranslated leader that is very G/C-rich (72%). Unexpectedly, the mRNA is efficiently translated in HeLa cells as judged by polysome profile analyses.
Intersubband Auger recombination and population inversion in quantum-well subbands.

The intersubband-Auger-recombination time of electrons under population-inversion conditions in a single quantum well is calculated by taking into account momentum- and energy-conservation rules, and by employing Fermi-Dirac statistics. The screened matrix element of the electron-electron interaction and the overlap integral are calculated for an infinitely deep quantum well. The results are in a good agreement with published experimental data. As a major nonradiative process, the Auger recombination is related to threshold current of infrared lasers based on intersubband transitions in quantum-well structures. The realization of these devices and other limitations to achieving population inversion are discussed. In view of the results, development of these lasers for emission wavelengths corresponding to energies below the LO-phonon energy seems feasible.
Molecular Epidemiology of Acute, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Young Women.

Molecular biological methods, a relatively new addition to the epidemiologist’s tool chest, are now applied to the study of urinary tract infection (UTI). By combining sound epidemiologic methods and the ability to genetically stratify UTI-causing Escherichia coli, recent studies have added to our understanding of UTI. These advancements include the possible identification of outbreaks of community-acquired UTI, the contribution of person-to-person transmission of E. coli to the risk for UTI in young women, and changes in the community prevalence and distribution of UTI caused by drug-resistant organisms. The application of molecular methods to future UTI research studies may yield novel approaches to UTI prevention.
Amitsur cohomology of cubic extensions of algebraic integers

LetK be the rational fieldQ or a complex quadratic number field other than\(Q(\sqrt { - 3} )\). LetL be a normal three-dimensional field extension onK. IfR andS are the rings of algebraic integers ofK andL respectively, then the Amitsur cohomology groupH 2 (S/R, U) is trivial. Inflation and class numbers give information about cohomology arising from certain nonnormal cubic extensions.
A space exploration strategy that promotes international and commercial participation

Abstract NASA has created a plan to implement the Flexible Path strategy, which utilizes a heavy lift launch vehicle to deliver crew and cargo to orbit. In this plan, NASA would develop much of the transportation architecture (launch vehicle, crew capsule, and in-space propulsion), leaving the other in-space elements open to commercial and international partnerships. This paper presents a space exploration strategy that reverses that philosophy, where commercial and international launch vehicles provide launch services. Utilizing a propellant depot to aggregate propellant on orbit, smaller launch vehicles are capable of delivering all of the mass necessary for space exploration. This strategy has benefits to the architecture in terms of cost, schedule, and reliability.
Tennis forehand kinematics change as post-impact ball speed is altered.

Peak joint angles and joint angular velocities were evaluated for varying speed forehands in an attempt to better understand what kinematic variables are most closely related to increases in post-impact ball velocity above 50% of maximal effort. High-speed video was used to measure three-dimensional motion for 12 highly skilled tennis players who performed forehands at three different post-impact ball speeds: fast (42.7 ± 3.8 m/s), medium (32.1 ± 2.9 m/s), and slow (21.4 ± 2.0 m/s). Several dominant-side peak joint angles (prior to ball impact) increased as post-impact ball speed increased from slow to fast: wrist extension (16%), trunk rotation (28%), hip flexion (38%), knee flexion (27%), and dorsiflexion (5%). Between the aforementioned peak joint angles and ball impact, dominant-side peak angular velocities increased as ball speed increased from slow to fast: peak wrist flexion (118%), elbow flexion (176%), trunk rotation (99%), hip extension (143%), knee extension (56%), and plantarflexion (87%). Mos...
Construction and Characterization of Human Chromosome 2-Specific Cosmid, Fosmid, and PAC Clone Libraries

Abstract Three human chromosome 2-specific clone libraries were constructed and characterized. Chromosome 2-specific cosmid and fosmid clone libraries were constructed using flow-sorted DNA from the monochromosomal hybrid cell line GM10826. The cosmid and fosmid libraries consist of 38,496 and 26,400 arrayed clones, respectively, with an average size of 40 kb. Colony hybridization of a representative number of clones with both human and hamster genomic DNA probes demonstrates that between 58 and 66% of the clones in the flow-sorted libraries contain human inserts. Approximately 5% of the cosmid and fosmid clones are nonrecombinants. A chromosome 2-specific PAC library was also produced from the hybrid cell line GM10826. DNA from the hybrid cell line was cloned, and the human chromosome 2-specific clones were identified by colony hybridization. Approximately 5800 chromosome 2-specific PAC clones with an average insert size of ∼85 kb were arrayed. Based on the size of the clones, the cosmid, fosmid, and PAC libraries are ∼3.6×, ∼2.5×, and ∼1.9×, respectively, in chromosomal coverage. The chromosome 2 coverage of each of the three libraries was further determined by PCR screening clone pools with 82 chromosome 2-specific STSs. The average number of clones identified for each STS in the library indicates the cosmid, fosmid, and PAC libraries to be ∼3.2×, ∼2.1×, and ∼1.5×, respectively, in chromosome coverage. All except one of the 82 STSs were represented in the portions of the libraries screened.
Neuronal groups and fiber patterns in cerebellar tissue cultures.

Abstract Parasagittally oriented explants derived from newborn mouse cerebellum demonstrate a high degree of organization after 3–4 weeks in vitro . Structured cortical and subcortical nuclear groups of neurons are recognizable, with organized bundles of fibers coursing between them. the cortex is stratified and presents a range of laminar maturation varying from an essentially 2-layered structure consisting of outer granule and Purkinje cells to a 4-layered structure, composed of outer and internal granular layers, a molecular layer and a layer of Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell axons converge toward intracerebellar nuclei, and individual fibers can be traced to terminations near dendrites of intracerebellar nucleus neurons. Vestibular nucleus neurons are present near ependymal formations in more laterally derived explants, and a sparse fiber bundle often courses between the intracerebellar and vestibular nuclei. Axons of vestibular nuclear origin can be traced to almost all areas of the explant, and frequently contribute to the transverse band, a band of fibers in the margin of the cortex which follows the cortical curvature. This group of fibers also receives contributions from Purkinje axon collaterals, as they travel for short distances to terminate either freely or near the dendrites of other Purkinje cells, and from fibers of great length whose cells of origin could not be determined. The transverse band is augmented at the rostroventral and caudoventral cortical margins by Purkinje cell axons directed toward the intracerebellar nuclei. On the basis of the range and degree of cortical laminar maturation, the overall architecture of the mature cerebellum in vitro is comparable to that of an early postnatal animal.
Intestinal Disaccharidases: Absence in Two Species of Sea Lions

Pups of both the California and Stellar sea lions have no intestinal enzymes for hydrolysis of sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, or trehalose. If these animals were given lactose or sucrose, they developed severe fermentative diarrhea and weight loss similar to the clinical syndrome encountered in infants with either hereditary or acquired intolerance to disaccharides. quired intolerance to disaccharides.
Oxidation lift-off technology

Reduction of the stresses produced in hybrid integrated structures due to thermal expansion coefficient difference requires removal of the substrate as one of the key elements. Commonly used epitaxial lift-off technique can hardly be employed for the fabrication of VCSELs with all-epitaxial DBRs due to the low etching selectivity between AlAs sacrificial layer and DBR layers with high Al contents. Novel method of substrate removal named oxidation lift-off was proposed and demonstrated. This process shows higher selectivity against Al-content than epitaxial lift-off method, that allows for the release of a VCSEL structure with epitaxial DBRs and separate individual components on Si, reduces the number of process steps and eventually reduces the cost of the fabricated/integrated devices. Au-Ge alloy was used for the metal bonding of the test oxidation lift-off structures grown by MBE. 1 μm thick AlAs imbedded sacrificial layer was laterally oxidized to release the partially processed devices from the GaAs substrate. 2D array of separated VCSELs was fabricated on top of the Si substrate. Contact annealing, substrate removal, device separation, bonding and formation of the oxide apertures were completed within a single processing step. Electroluminescent spectra, I-V and P-I characteristics of fabricated devices were measured. Series resistance of fabricated devices was found to be about 100 Ohms. Lasing with threshold current of 8 mA was demonstrated for the device with 25 μm aperture.
INORGANIC FOULING AT QUARTZ: WATER INTERFACES IN ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOREACTORS— III. NUMERICAL MODELLING

Abstract The goal of the third paper in this series is to present a mathematical model of inorganic fouling of quartz surfaces in ultraviolet (UV) photochemical reactors and to further our understanding of fouling processes. The mathematical model was developed to account for mass, energy and momentum transport in the immediate vicinity of the quartz–water interface. The effects of operating conditions and water composition on fouling were studied by conducting numerical simulations within the range of relevant approach velocities and dissolved constituent concentrations. The numerical simulations showed that fouling processes were governed by the thermal output of the lamps, hydrodynamics and inorganic composition in effluents. The model predicts accumulation of materials with inverse solubilities that will increase in the direction of flow due to the effects of the lamps on the temperature field. Model results indicated that approach velocities of less than approximately 10 cm/s represent an important threshold from the standpoint of the temperature field; systems that are characterized by water chemistry that is conducive to fouling (i.e. near saturation with respect to precipitation reactions) are likely to experience severe precipitation fouling under these conditions. The model also demonstrated that accelerated fouling processes, which have been observed following the addition of iron and aluminum-based chemicals at wastewater treatment facilities, could result in local pH effects upon precipitate formation. The mathematical model was found to be capable of explaining fouling behavior observed in field experiments (longitudinal and radial heterogeneity) and providing insights into fouling mechanisms.
A Review of Human Salmonellosis: I. Infective Dose

The notion that large inocula of salmonellae are necessary to induce illness in humans is based on the results of studies involving volunteers. However, investigations of outbreaks of salmonellosis suggest that the infective dose was often low. This incongruity was investigated by an examination of factors that could affect the infective dose of Salmonella, a review of nine studies in which salmonellae were administered to volunteers, and a review of 11 outbreaks of salmonellosis for which the infective doses could be calculated. Determination of the minimal infective doses from studies involving volunteers is limited by the strains used for testing, repeated testing of the same subjects, and the use of too few volunteers at the lower dose levels. In six of the 11 outbreaks, the actual doses ingested were calculated to be less than 10(3) organisms; the outbreaks with higher doses involved very high rates of attack and short periods of incubation. Data presented on median incubation periods during 12 typhoid outbreaks suggest that low doses were involved.
Correlating defect band luminesce to elemental distribution by X-ray fluorescence

Photoluminescence (PL) imaging is a widely accepted tool to characterize the quality of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon cells. Recently a set of neighboring multicrystalline silicon wafers taken from a cell production line at different stages of processing have shown an unexpected PL trend. Band-to-band PL (BPL) and sub-bandgap PL (subPL), where collected for the entire silicon wafers. Interestingly, a reversal of the subPL intensity in various regions of the wafer is observed right after the deposition of the anti-reflective coating (ARC). Regions with low subPL intensity before ARC exhibit high subPL intensity afterwards, and the opposite holds true for other regions of the wafer. Some authors have performed high-resolution cathodoluminesce spectroscopy, EBIC and dark lock-in-thermography to elucidate the origin of this phenomenon, In this work we present the results of the nanoscale X-ray fluorescence imaging at the points of subPL reversal to evaluate the role of metal decoration on this uncommon behavior and we complement it with our previous findings on the distribution of impurities during cell processing.
Characterization of circadian function in Djungarian hamsters insensitive to short day photoperiod

Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) depend mainly on day length to cue seasonal adjustments. However, not all individuals respond to short day conditions. A previous study from this laboratory proposed that nonresponsiveness to short day conditions rests with a defect in the circadian organization of these hamsters.
X-ray Diffraction Study of a DNA Which Contains Uracil

Three-dimensional structure of DNA from PBS2 bacteriophage, which contains uracil in place of the more usual thymine, is the same as that of "normal" DNA. The difference in secondary structure between DNA and RNA thus appears to be due to the 2'-hydroxyl group alone.
A Month of Breastfeeding Associated with Greater Adherence to Pediatric Nutrition Guidelines.

Background: Research has shown that both breastfeeding and delaying the introduction of solids or liquids other than breast milk protect against obesity later in early childhood. Objectives: To compare whether breastfeeding mothers adhere to more of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) feeding recommendations for infants. Method: This longitudinal study compared the breastfeeding knowledge, intentions and practices as well as complementary feeding choices of 163 ethnically diverse, primiparous women over the first 18 months of motherhood. Results: Although almost all women (98%) knew about the health benefits of breastfeeding and intended to breastfeed (98%), only 85% initiated and 51% continued beyond 4 weeks. Breastfeeding for longer durations was associated with better feeding choices. Mothers who breastfed for more weeks were more likely to adhere to AAP guidelines on feeding infants liquids other than breast milk at 4, 6 and 12 months, and introducing solids, liquids other than breast milk and ot...
Is left ventricular hypertrophy a modifiable risk factor in end-stage renal disease.

Purpose of Review Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in ESRD and has been advocated as a therapeutic target. We review considerations for targeting LVH as a modifiable risk factor in ESRD.
Silicalite as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction

Abstract A molecular sieve known as Silicalite was used as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of organic analytes from aqueous samples. Silicalite contains an intricate system of channels approximately 6Ain diameter, but unlike most other molecular sieves the channels of Silicalite are able to retain organic compounds by hydrophobic attraction. Small hydrophilic compounds, such as the lower alcohols, aldehydes, esters and ketones, are well extracted by Silicalite, thus adding a valuable new capability to conventional SPE. Extensive data are presented to define the scope and limitations of Silicalite for SPE. Breakthrough curves were used for several compounds to determine their loading capacity on Silicalite.
Sexual Selection, Receiver Biases, and the Evolution of Sex Differences

Recent approaches to analyzing the evolution of female mating preferences emphasize how historical influences on female receiver systems can bias the evolution of male traits that females find attractive. These studies combine animal behavior, sensory biology, phylogenetics, and artificial neural network models. They attempt to understand why specific phenotypes involved in sexual selection have evolved, rather than merely determining whether such traits and preferences are adaptive. It is now clear that traits and preferences often do not coevolve via genetic correlations, that female mating preferences for a given male trait are influenced by adaptations and constraints outside of the context of female responses to that particular trait, and that receiver biases can explain much of the diversity in male signaling phenotypes. It also appears that an understanding of historical effects will prove valuable in investigating why neural and cognitive systems respond to sensory stimuli as they do.
Collective Action, Rival Incentives, and the Emergence of Antisocial Norms:

Centralized sanctions (selective incentives) and informal norms have been advanced as distinct solutions to collective action problems. This article investigates their interaction, modeling the eme...
At-risk drivers with Alzheimer's disease: recognition, response, and referral.

Objective. This manuscript addresses the following questions for licensing authorities: 1) Are drivers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) an issue that should concern licensing authorities? 2) What critical driving skills impacted by AD should authorities recognize? 3) What should their response be? 4) Do licensing authorities have a role in providing information about or referral to community agencies that offer alternative transportation options and other services? Methods. To address issues important to licensing authorities the authors reviewed pertinent driving and dementia literature. Results. Drivers with AD have unique impairments that should be recognized and responded to early on in the disease process, with sensitivity and respect for continued mobility. As the disease progresses and they must stop driving, former drivers and their families could benefit from resource referrals that provide information about transportation alternatives and support services in their communities. Conclusions. The auth...
A possible relationship between satellite DNA and the evolution of kangaroo rat species (genus Dipodomys).

Satellite DNA from twelve species of kangaroo rat has been characterized and correlates well with phylogenetic ranking within the genus Dipodomys.