cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetics with markedly elevated oral glucose challenge test and fasting hyperglycemia.

To compare the effectiveness of glyburide and insulin for the treatment of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women who had OGCT ⩾200 mg/dl and fasting hyperglycemia. A retrospective study was performed among a subset of women treated with glyburide or insulin for GDM from 1999 to 2002 with an OGCT ⩾200 mg/dl and pretreatment fasting plasma glucose ⩾105 mg/dl. Exclusion criteria included pretreatment fasting ⩾140 mg/dl, gestational age ⩾34 weeks and multiple gestation. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Statistical methods included bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. In 1999 to 2000, 78 women were treated with insulin; in 2001 to 2002, 44 of 69 (64%) received glyburide. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regards to mean OGCT (230±25 vs 223±23 mg/dl, P=0.07) and mean pretreatment fasting (120±10 vs 119±11 mg/dl, P=0.45). Seven women (16%) failed glyburide. Women in the insulin group were younger (31.5±5.8 vs 35.2±4.7 years, P<0.001) and had a higher mean BMI (32.4±6.4 vs 29.1±5.8 kg/m2, P=0.003) compared to glyburide group. There were no significant differences in birth weight (3524±548 vs 3420±786 g, P=0.65), macrosomia (19 vs 23%, P=0.65), pre-eclampsia (12 vs 11%, P=0.98) or cesarean delivery (39 vs 46%, P=0.45). Neonates in the glyburide group were diagnosed more frequently with hypoglycemia (34 vs 14%, P=0.01). When controlled for confounders, macrosomia was found to be associated with glyburide treatment (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 11.4). In women with GDM who had a markedly elevated OGCT and fasting hyperglycemia, glyburide achieved similar birth weights and delivery outcomes but was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia. The possible increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia in the glyburide group warrants further investigation.
Abstract 4141: Notch signaling: A new potential target in the treatment of uveal melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intra-ocular malignancy in adults, and causes significant mortality due to its propensity to metastasize. Our aim is to investigate the role of Notch signaling in promoting uveal melanoma proliferation and invasion. We examined five established uveal melanoma cell lines, and found using qPCR that the Notch 1-2-3 receptors, Jag1-2 ligands and the pathway target Hes1 were expressed to varying degrees in all lines. We then blocked Notch signaling using the gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) MRK003, and found that only three of the lines (OCM1, OCM3, OCM8) had their growth inhibited by the drug. Interestingly, these three lines had significantly higher levels of Hes1 mRNA as compared to the two lines resistant to GSI treatment (Mel 285, Mel 290). GSI treatment induced a dose-dependent reduction of anchorage-independent clonogenic growth, with 50% inhibition in OCM1, 70% in OCM3, and 40% in OCM8, as well as a significant reduction in Hes1 mRNA and protein levels. Apoptosis, as measured by cleavage and activation of caspase-9, was also induced. Finally, we observed inhibition of cellular invasion in GSI treated cultures using transwell migration and scratch assays. Preliminary studies of snap-frozen primary tumors indicate that Notch pathway components are expressed in primary uveal melanoma in vivo at levels as high or higher than those in our cell line models. In addition, oligonucleotide microarray analysis showed a significant increase in Jag2 and Notch3 expression levels in primary uveal melanomas that metastasized as compared to those that did not. Our findings suggest that the Notch pathway plays an important role in inducing cellular proliferation and invasion in uveal melanoma, and that inhibiting this pathway using pharmacological agents may be effective in preventing tumor growth and metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4141.
Geology and topography of Ra Patera, Io, in the Voyager era: Prelude to eruption

Voyager era stereo images are used to map the geology and topography of Ra Patera (a major active volcanic center and possible site of sulfur eruptions on Io). The summit of Ra Patera reaches only approx.1 km above the surrounding plains. Pre-Voyager-era lava flows occur on slopes of 0.1-0.3 deg, comparable to the lunar mare. These flows were emplaced at either low viscosities, high eruption rates, or both. A 600- km-long ridged mountain unit (rising to approx. 8 km near Carancho Patera) forms a 60 by 90 km wide plateau approx. 0.5 km high 50 km east of Ra Patera. The new lava flows observed by Galileo flowed around the southern edge of this plateau.
MORPHOLOGY OF TRYPANOSOMES FROM WHITE-TAILED DEER AND WAPITI IN MICHIGAN

Trypanosomas were isolated from a wapiti (Cervus canadensis) and 72 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from several locations in Michigan. Although significantly fewer fawns were infected, there were no significant differences in rate of infection between sexes or among geographic areas. From appearance of the trypomastigote, the trypanosome from white-tailed deer belongs in the genus Trypanosoma and the subgenus Megatrypanum. It was morphometrically similar to the common trypanosome of cattle, Trypanosoma theileri.
Nothing concentrates the mind: thoughts of death improve recall

It seems likely that awareness of one's mortality is in some respects advantageous (e.g., because it helps individuals forestall death), but little research has explored the psychological mechanisms that might confer such an advantage. Recent research has shown that processing stimuli in terms of survival relevance enhances memory relative to a host of deep-processing conditions, so it is plausible that human memory has been selected to operate more efficiently when death thoughts (e.g., survival concerns) are activated. If so, then the mortality salience as a general psychological state should be sufficient to increase recall; the present experiments show this to be the case. The enhancing effect of mortality salience on recall occurred for both incidental and intentional learning tasks, relative to a variety of comparison conditions, and did not appear to be mediated by affect or arousal. Follow-up analyses revealed the effect to be mediated by the complexity of participants' elaborations about mortality. Potential theoretical implications are discussed.
A study of young lesbian and gay people’s school experiences

This retrospective study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore young lesbian and gay (LG) people’s experiences of school in relation to their sexuality and their perceptions of how schools could be inclusive for young LG people. Participants were in the age range of 16 to 21 and provided insights into coping strategies, responses to being gay and advice they would give to other young LG people. Many participants felt schools might face problems as they support young LG people. Participants suggested numerous practical ways that schools could be inclusive of young LG people. This article includes implications for educational psychologists (EPs) and local authorities (LAs).
WISE: a wizard interface supporting enhanced usability

The current state of software which targets older adults' ability to use computers focuses on physical issues while largely ignoring the cognitive issues. As a larger percentage of Americans are considered "old" (60+), the lack of a system tailored to the needs of this age demographic has resulted in a part of the population that is disconnected from the rest of the world. This paper describes WISE, an alternative OS and application UI that specifically targets the cognitive deficits of older adults.
Organometallic complexes as hole-transporting materials in organic light-emitting diodes

The use of metal complexes fac-tris(1-phenylpyrazolato-N,C2‘)cobalt(III) [fac-Co(ppz)3], fac-tris(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2‘)cobalt(III) [fac-Co(ppy)3], and {tris[2-((pyrrole-2-ylmethylidene)amino)ethyl]amine}gallium(III) [Ga(pma)] as materials for hole-transporting layers (HTL) in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is reported. Co(ppz)3 and Co(ppy)3 were prepared by following literature procedures and isolated as mixtures of facial (fac) and meridional (mer) isomers. The more stable fac isomers were separated from the unstable mer forms via column chromatography and thermal gradient sublimation. Crystals of fac-Co(ppz)3 are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 13.6121(12) A, b = 15.5600(12) A, c = 22.9603(17) A, β = 100.5°, V = 4781.3(7) A3, and Z = 8. {Tris[2-((pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)amino)ethyl]amine}gallium [Ga(pma)] was prepared by the reaction of gallium(III) nitrate with the pmaH3 ligand precursor in methanol. Ga(pma) crystallizes in the cubic space group I43d with cell parameters a = 20.2377(...
Corneal allograft rejection in rabbits.

We performed a phase I study to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an anti-T cell monoclonal antibody conjugated with ricin A-chain in a corneal graft rejection model. Corneal allografts were exchanged between Dutch and New Zealand rabbits. Rejections occurred within 16-22 days in untreated animals. Graft rejection was delayed by topical or retrobulbar cyclosporine, but not by subconjunctival injections of a murine anti-rabbit T cell monoclonal antibody, nor by either subconjunctival or intravenous F(ab')2ricin conjugate.
Drug-induced increased mitochondrial biogenesis in a liver biopsy.

Oncocytic changes seen in hepatocytes in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are a result of mitochondrial damage. This is the first report that provides the electron microscopy illustration of mitochondrial proliferation as a result of the HAART drug Stavudine (Zerit) hepatotoxicity. The drug's effect on mitochondrial DNA replication leads to depleted mitochondrial-encoded proteins and configurational defects of the mitochondrial inner membrane leading to reduced and abnormal cristae, which house the electron transport chain and elementary bodies. This results in a decrease in the NAD/NADH ratio and reduces oxidative phosphorylation. The shift in the NAD/NADH ratio decreases the rate of fatty acid β oxidation and oxidation of pyruvate by the Krebs cycle. Decreased oxidation of pyruvate drives it into an alternative pathway to form lactate leading to lactic acidosis. This mitochondrial dysfunction results in a compensatory increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, which results in oncocytic changes of the hepatocytes.
The Wulff Theorem Revisited

The parametrized indicator measures and the Brunn-Minkowski inequality are used to prove that the Wulff set W ‪‪‪‪‪г‪ is a minimizer for the surface energy where the density is the support function of W ‪‪‪‪‪г . The support of the indicator measures associated to minimizing sequences is characterized. It is shown that if W ‪‪‪‪‪г is polyhedral then minimizing sequences cannot oscillate.
Polyhedra of Small Order and Their Hamiltonian Properties

We describe the results of an enumeration of several classes of polyhedra. The enumerated classes include polyhedra with up 13 vertices, simplicial polyhedra with up to 16 vertices, 4-connected polyhedra with up to 15 vertices, non-Hamiltonian polyhedra with up to 15 vertices, bipartite polyhedra with up to 24 vertices, and bipartite trivalent polyhedra with up to 44 vertices. The results of the enumeration were used to systematically search for certain smallest non-Hamiltonian polyhedral graphs. In particular, the smallest non-Hamiltonian planar graphs satisfying certain toughness-like properties are presented here, as are the smallest non-Hamiltonian, 3-connected, Delaunay tessellations and triangulations. Improved upper and lower bounds on the size of the smallest non-Hamiltonian, inscribable polyhedra are also given.
On the value and limitations of financial accounting

. Accounting as a means to an end, rather than as an end in itself, is the basic concept on which this essay is based. The ends that accounting serves are control, information for decisions, and an overview, or conspectus, of the enterprise. For these purposes, traditional, transactions-based accounts are useful, because they yield trustworthy reports of resource flows into and out of an enterprise. Government intervention has emphasized and extended the inherent and cost-determined limitations of traditional accounting. Though such critics as Professor Chambers are upset at this situation, they have not shown how or which change would be beneficial, net of costs, to users. Exit values, in particular, are not the philosopher's stone that Professor Chambers seeks. As this essay shows, neither these nor other measures of economic values fulfill Professor Chambers' demands. Though traditional accounting has its limitations, they are debilitating only when one holds unrealistic expectations. While I doubt that the benefits from changes such as those suggested by Professor Chambers would exceed their costs, this is an empirical question on which research would be desirable. Resume. Cet essai se base sur le concept fondamental selon lequel la comptabilite constitue un moyen pour arriver a une fin, plutot qu'une fin en soi. Assurer le controle, fournir des informations pour la prise de decisions et donner un apercu general ou vue d'ensemble, de l'entreprise, telles sont les fins de la comptabilite. A ces fins, les comptes traditionnels bases sur les operations s'averent utiles parce qu'ils fournissent des rapports fideles des flux internes et externes des ressources d'une entreprise. L'intervention gouvernementale a souligne et accentue les lacunes reliees aux couts inherents a la comptabilite traditionnelle. Bien que des critiques telle celle du professeur Chambers s'offusquent de cette situation, elles n'ont pas encore demontre comment ou quel changement serait profitable, deduction faite des couts, aux usagers. Les valeurs de sortie, en particulier, ne representent pas la pierre philosophale que cherche le professeur Chambers. Comme le revele cet essai, aucune mesure des valeurs economiques ne satisfait les exigences du professeur Chambers. Quoique la comptabilite traditionnelle ait ses limites, elles ne s'averent embarassantes que lorsque notre attente est irrealiste. Meme si je doute que les avantages des changements suggeres par le professeur Chambers puissent depasser leurs couts, on souleve ici un probleme empirique pour lequel des recherches seraient souhaitables.
Presentation and management of carotid artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms

Objective The objective of this study was to review a single-institution contemporary experience with extracranial aneurysms of the carotid artery. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients evaluated for an aneurysm of the extracranial carotid artery from 2005 to 2010. Demographics, presentation, and operative management were reviewed. The mean follow-up was 22 months (range, 1-58 months). Results Over the study period, 16 aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms were identified in 15 patients. Of these, 14 aneurysms (in six men and eight women with mean age of 63 years) underwent surgical repair. The mean aneurysm size was 2.45 cm (range, 0.8-5 cm). One aneurysm (7.1%) was associated with neurologic symptoms, and 13 were asymptomatic. The underlying etiology was trauma in five (35.7%), prior carotid endarterectomy in five (35.7%), and degenerative atherosclerosis in four (28.6%). Aneurysms were isolated to the common carotid artery in six (42.9%), internal carotid artery in five (35.7%), and carotid bifurcation in three (21.4%). Five patients underwent aneurysmectomy with primary repair, seven underwent repair with an interposition graft, one required an innominate to common carotid artery bypass, and one patient had a plication and patch angioplasty. No mortalities or neurologic events were documented within 30 days. One patient had transient cranial nerve palsy. One patient required reintervention at 4 months for stenosis of the bypass graft, and one patient died at 10 months from an unrelated condition. There were no neurologic events on follow-up. Conclusions Carotid artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are uncommon and usually asymptomatic. Prior trauma and carotid surgery were common etiologies. The location of the aneurysms was equally distributed between the internal and common carotid arteries. Surgical repair was safe and effective with no significant morbidity or mortality and good midterm stroke prevention.
Discourse analysis of schizophrenic speech: A critique and proposal

There is wide agreement that current psycholinguistic techniques (especially discourse analysis) may help us better understand the relationship between psychopathology and linguistic performance. This application would seem particularly worthwhile in the domain of schizophrenic speech, which has resisted adequate characterization in terms of earlier linguistic paradigms. A major effort at systematic psycholinguistic analysis has been made and is most developed in Rochester and Martin's (1979) monograph, Crazy Talk. While we see their interest in utilizing discourse analysis to be very appropriate, it manifests some serious shortcomings. Accordingly, we attempt to give a clearer picture of discourse analysis and the assumptions behind it. This elucidation should provide a better indication of both the promise and the procedures of a discourse-analytic approach to the speech productions of psychiatric populations.
Evolution and difraction of random waves in solids

Abstract This paper presents a survey of recent results obtained on random waves propagating in regular (nonrandom) solid media. Applications to materials science and the dynamics of embedded structures are discussed.
Optical and MRI Multifunctional Nanoprobe for Targeting Gliomas

A multifunctional nanoprobe capable of targeting glioma cells, detectable by both magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence microscopy, was developed. The nanoprobe was synthesized by coating iron oxide nanoparticles with covalently bound bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, which were subsequently functionalized with chlorotoxin and the near-infrared fluorescing molecule Cy5.5. Both MR imaging and fluorescence microscopy showed significant preferential uptake of the nanoparticle conjugates by glioma cells. Such a nanoprobe could potentially be used to image resections of glioma brain tumors in real time and to correlate preoperative diagnostic images with intraoperative pathology at cellular-level resolution.
Context dependent phonetic string edit distance for automatic speech recognition

An automatic speech recognition system searches for the word transcription with the highest overall score for a given acoustic observation sequence. This overall score is typically a weighted combination of a language model score and an acoustic model score. We propose including a third score, which measures the similarity of the word transcription's pronunciation to the output of a less constrained phonetic recognizer. We show how this phonetic string edit distance can be learned from data, and that including context in the model is essential for good performance. We demonstrate improved accuracy on a business search task.
Folding Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Lambda-Repressor from All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The five-helix bundle lambda repressor fragment (λ6-85) is a fast-folding protein. A length of 80 residues puts it on the large end among all known fast folders, and hence its size poses a computational challenge for molecular dynamics (MD) studies. We simulated the folding of λ6-85 in explicit solvent using an all-atom model. By means of a single copy tempering method, adaptive tempering sampling, we observed folding, unfolding, and refolding of λ6-85 in a 6-microsecond long trajectory. The best root mean square deviation (RMSD) relative to the crystal structure native state arising in the trajectory was 1.8 A. Thermodynamic quantities, such as heat capacity and transition temperature of the protein, were calculated from the simulation and compared with experiment. The folding kinetics was investigated through a set of equilibrium MD simulations at different temperatures that together covered more than 100 microseconds. The protein was seen to fold into the native-like topology with RMSD relative to the crystallographic structure of less than 4 A. Folding pathway and several folding intermediates were identified through cluster analysis. The simulations suggest a new fast-folding 4-helix truncation waiting to be tested in experiment.
Thucydides on Ripeness and Conflict Resolution

Ripeness is the moment when parties to a conflict become willing to accept a settlement. It necessarily has a large subjective or psychological component. Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War may be viewed as a case study in ripeness, or its lack. Thucydides claims the conflict was foreordained to be a “great” war, meaning it could not be resolved before its cataclysmic end. His account of its origins reveals why this was so, and his presentation of select moments during the war constitute explorations of the obstacles to resolution. What Thucydides adds to the current literature on ripeness is a distinctive account of the psychology behind it.
The role of the ASCERT study in the current treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease

After two decades of debate, we are still asking the familiar question: “Which patient should have percutaneous catheter intervention and which should have coronary artery bypass grafting?” There does seem to be general agreement on the factors used to make the decision. Shortand long-term survival, stroke rate, the need for reinter vention, myocardial infarction, and patient preference all enter the equation. Fortunately, in recent years, several important studies comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) have shed light on these outcomes so that a clearer picture is beginning to emerge. The SYNTAX [1] and FREEDOM [2] trials have proved particularly valuable in the randomized group, while the large NY State studies [3] and the ASCERT study [4] have used a retro spective observational study design. It is particularly important to note that the results of both the randomized trials and the observational studies are now r emarkably consistent. The largest of these studies is the ASCERT study, which used information from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database linked to data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry to create a cohort of almost 190,000 patients that were, in turn, linked to Medicare data [4]. It should be emphasized that the ASCERT population consisted of Medicare-aged patients having twoand three-vessel coronary disease requiring nonemergency revascularization. To minimize the impact of selection bias, an exhaustive statistical approach was undertaken to include inverse probability weighting, ‘double robust’ propensity scoring, and propensity matching. Results were virtually the same for each approach. A detailed analysis was carried out to explore the possibility that an unmeasured confounder could account for the differences in PCI and CABG survival. This analysis demonstrated that an unmeasured confounder, if
Virtualization technologies in transnational DG

Naive deployments of digital government (DG) systems across organizations in different countries inevitably face severe technical, sociopolitical and economical barriers. Some of these barriers are the result of independently created IT infrastructures with distinct use-policies, varying functional capabilities and different interoperability requirements. In general, IT heterogeneity is inevitable as it results from differences in economical and technical capabilities of the countries, differences in agency missions, distinct regulatory contexts (which may, for example, specify what kind of software must be used) and unequal human IT resources. Deployment of an available DG system into an existing infrastructure may require use of new and/or existing hardware and/or software at different locations, processing and accessing data located in distinct agencies, and communication among many IT entities. In this context, heterogeneity can lead to several forms of incompatibilities, namely hardware, software, communication, data, security and accessibility. A small subset of aspects of IT infrastructures where there might be important differences includes the following: operating systems, hardware, firewall mechanisms and policies, software applications and authorization procedures.
Maintaining the Long-Term Calibration of the Jason-2/OSTM Advanced Microwave Radiometer Through Intersatellite Calibration

A method is applied to maintain the long-term calibration of a microwave radiometer through intersatellite calibration and is used to mitigate an observed calibration drift of the Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) on Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission. The AMR provides a correction for the wet tropospheric path delay (PD) of the radar altimeter signal, and it is critical that any drift in the radiometer be estimated and removed to enable studies of global mean sea-level variability. The intersatellite calibration method transfers the long-term calibration from other satellite microwave radiometers using a transfer function to map the other sensor's brightness temperature (TB) observations to those of the AMR. Intersensor mapping functions are derived separately for ocean observations and observations over the Amazon rainforest. This provides a warm and cold TB calibration reference to enable the distinction between long-term gain and offset drifts. A database of co-incident observations is generated between the AMR and conically scanning microwave sensors, namely, AMSR-E, TMI, and SSMIS. Monthly averaged differences are found between the AMR and the AMR equivalent TBs computed from the reference sensors. The apparent change in the AMR calibration determined from the three reference sensors is intercompared between the sensors and compared to that determined using natural on-Earth references. It is found that apparent trends in the AMR TBs between the reference sensors and the natural on-Earth references agree within a month to better than 0.4 K. The AMR 18.7- and 23.8-GHz channels are found to be stable to 0.5 K over the first three years of the mission, and the calibration 34.0-GHz channel is found to drift downward by approximately 6 K. In all channels, the calibration change is determined to be a series of offset jumps (independent of TB). These calibration changes in each AMR channel are estimated and removed using the comparisons to the reference sensors. The uncertainty in the PD long-term stability after recalibration is estimated to be less than 0.5 mm/year from July 2008 to August 2011.
Plastic collapse of long piles under inclined loading

A method is detailed for the plastic collapse analysis of long piles typical of offshore foundations, subjected to inclined loading. The method is based on the upper bound method of plasticity. It easily incorporates both axial and lateral variable soil resistance and variable pile cross section properties. The incorporation of plastic yield interaction between axial load and moment for the pile is a key feature of the method. The solution can itself be cast in the form of a curve representing axial and lateral load interaction and is amenable to incorporation in the analysis of foundation systems such as pile groups.
The importance of oxygen for the disparate recovery patterns of the benthic macrofauna in the Early Triassic

Abstract The end-Permian mass extinction, 252 million years ago, decimated life on Earth including the benthic marine invertebrate macrofauna. A return to pre-extinction levels of diversity and complex ecological systems took approximately 5 million years. This review provides the most up to date synthesis of the progression of the benthic marine invertebrate macrofaunal recovery. We found the rates and patterns of the benthic recovery to vary both across the globe and between different investigators. The continuation of deleterious environmental conditions including low oxygen concentrations and high temperatures likely played a large role in the delayed recovery. Ocean basins, such as Neo-Tethys, show evidence for continued oxygenation past the extinction event which extended the lifespan and diversity of specific benthic communities. Shortly after the extinction boundary, shoreface environments with moderate wave energy were sites of water column oxygenation that supported a more rapid return to diverse and ecologically complex benthic communities. We find that the location and longevity of oxygenated environments is an overarching mechanism that partially explains varied global recovery patterns. Synergistic perturbations including an acidification event at the Permian–Triassic boundary and high temperature events contributed to lasting environmental perturbations. In an effort to standardize future results and discussion of the benthic recovery, we support the use of a modified recovery rubric proposed here.
A method of cannula implantation for young chickens

A method is described for securely anchoring cannula implantations on 2- to 4-week-old chickens. Due to confounding peripheral effects and problems related to the blood-brain barrier, the intraventricular administration of drugs is often the most straightforward manipulation for the study of the neurochemical bases of behavior (e.g., Iverson & Iverson, 1975; Wallnau & Gallup, 1977). Such studies have been performed on young chickens (e.g., Harston, Sibley, Gallup, & Wallnau, 1976), but not without losing animals due to dislodged cannula assemblies. As opposed to older birds, the skulls of younger animals are not fully developed and it is troublesome to securely anchor an implantation assembly to the soft and spongy cranial surface with the standard technique of small screws and cement. Not only does the age of the animal (2-4 weeks) pose a prob­ lem, but in some instances they must be socially housed following recovery from anesthesia. Social housing is necessary because isolated chickens often display atypical behaviors, for example, in aggressive behavior (Rejecki, Ivins, & Rein, 1976) and predator defense (Gagliardi & Gallup, Note l). Group housing necessitates a securely anchored implantation device because socially housed animals tend to peck the implants of their cage mates. A method of anchoring intraventricular devices is described.
Magneto‐Optic Studies of Donor Excitation Spectra in CdTe

Magneto-transmission and magneto-photoconductivity excitation spectra of the hydrogenic impurity in CdTe have been studied. These results yield information concerning the correspondence between low magnetic field (nlm) and high magnetic field (NHL) levels. Splitting of the 2p (m = ± 1) states suggests Stark effects on the hydrogenic centers. Magnetotransmissions- nnd Magnetophotoleitfahigkeits-Anregungsspektren der wasserstoffahnlichen Storstellen in CdTe wurden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse liefern Informationen iiber die Korrespondenz zwischen den Niveaus fur schwache (nlm) nnd starke (NNA) Magnetfelder. Die dufspaltung der 2p (m = ±1)-Zustande last den Einflus des Stark-Effektes auf die Wasserstoffahnlichen Zentren vermuten.
Limit on overshooting from the convective core in upper main-sequence stars

Overshooting of convective elements far beyond the classical Schwarzschild convective core boundary in theoretical models of massive ZAMS stars is found to lead to significant reductions of stellar luminosity and radius, provided that the temperature gradient in the overshoot region can be approximated by the adiabatic gradient. Comparison of these theoretical models with binary star data for the range of 5-15 solar masses indicates that the ratio of overshoot distance to pressure scale height is probably less than 1.5. This result apparently excludes any overshooting theories that predict very extended adiabatic convective cores.
In Silico Simulation of Corticosteroids Effect on an NFkB- Dependent Physicochemical Model of Systemic Inflammation

Background During the onset of an inflammatory response signaling pathways are activated for “translating” extracellular signals into intracellular responses converging to the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kB, a central transcription factor in driving the inflammatory response. An inadequate control of its transcriptional activity is associated with the culmination of a hyper-inflammatory response making it a desired therapeutic target. Predicated upon the nature of the response, a systems level analysis might provide rational leads for the development of strategies that promote the resolution of the response.
CD39 deficiency in murine liver allografts promotes inflammatory injury and immune-mediated rejection

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an essential metabolic energy source, is released following cell apoptosis or necrosis. It acts as a damage-associated molecule pattern to stimulate innate immune cells. The ectonucleotidase CD39 regulates immune activation by hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. We have shown previously that CD39 expression by donor livers helps protect syngeneic grafts with extended (24h) cold preservation time from ischemia reperfusion injury. Given its immune regulatory properties, we hypothesized that CD39 expression in donor livers might modulate transplant tolerance that occurs following mouse allogeneic liver transplantation (LTx). Livers from C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) or CD39 KO mice were transplanted into normal C3H recipients with minimal (approximately 1h) cold ischemia. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels at day 4 post-LTx were significantly higher in animals given CD39KO compared with WT livers. Moreover, IFN-γ production by liver-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells at day 4 was significantly higher in CD39KO than in WT grafts. Furthermore, splenic T cells from CD39KO liver recipients exhibited greater proliferative responses to donor alloantigens than those from mice given WT grafts. By contrast, there was a concomitant significant reduction in the frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) in CD39KO than in WT livers. Whereas WT liver allografts survived >100 days, no CD39KO grafts survived beyond 40 days (median survival time [MST]: WT: >100 days vs CD39KO: 8 days; p<0.01). In addition, soluble CD39 administration significantly prolonged CD39KO liver allograft survival (MST: 27.5 days). These novel data suggest that CD39 expression in liver allografts modulates tissue injury, inflammation, anti-donor effector T cell responses and Treg infiltration and can suppress transplant rejection.
Trypanosome antigen-antibody complexes and immunoconglutinin interactions in African trypanosomiasis

Abstract Parasitaemia of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in rats peaked on day 5. Afterwards there was a reduction in parasite counts accompanied by anaemia. Prior to the peak, soluble trypanosome antigen was detected in blood of infected rats, but was not found afterwards until the end of the experiment when the parasite counts were again elevated. Onset of reduced parasitaemia with anaemia coincided with appearance of soluble immune complexes, immunoconglutinin and reduced titres of lytic complement. Complexes precipitated from plasma contained parasite antigen. Injection of rats with patent T. b. rhodesiense parasitaemia with antibody against the parasite combined with immunoconglutinin resulted in a prompt reduction in parasite and erythrocyte counts, but did not effect survival of the rats. Injection of the two antibodies did not affect erythrocyte counts of normal rats. The effect was not seen in infected rats injected with parasite antibody alone or with immunoconglutinin alone. From the data it is suggested that antibody against parasite reacted with soluble trypanosomal antigen, forming complexes which fixed complement and became bound to blood cells and trypanosomes and that these cells were immunoconglutinated and removed from the circulation by filter organs of the blood.
Heat shock proteins, endothelin, and peripheral neuronal injury

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are important in neuroprotection after a variety of stresses or injuries. Both heat shock proteins and endothelin are upregulated after peripheral nerve injury, but HSP regulation after injury has not been systematically studied in peripheral nerve. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of small and large heat shock proteins after injury to rat sciatic nerve. Secondly, using a parallel tissue culture model for the sciatic nerve (PC12 cells), we examined potential regulation of heat shock proteins by endothelin. Western analysis of constricted, mobilized or unperturbed nerve was used to examine HSP abundance after injury. Semiquantitative PCR was used to examine heat shock message levels after nerve injury in the dorsal root ganglia. Cultured undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells were treated with endothelin, then western analysis of cytosol- and membrane-enriched fractions of these cells was used to examine heat shock protein regulation after endothelin treatment. Heat shock proteins are expressed at very low levels in unperturbed sciatic nerve. Constriction injury of the nerve results in increased expression of small and large heat shock proteins, but no upregulation of HSP message in corresponding dorsal root ganglia. Endothelin treatment of PC12 does not cause upregulation of heat shock proteins. Together these data show that a broad range of HSP is involved in endogenous response to peripheral nerve injury and deserve further study as potential neuroprotectants. Regulation of heat shock proteins after nerve injury is not likely due to endothelin signaling.
Free‐Volume Model of the Amorphous Phase: Glass Transition

Free volume vf is defined as that part of the thermal expansion, or excess volume Δv which can be redistributed without energy change. Assuming a Lennard‐Jones potential function for a molecule within its cage in the condensed phase, it can be shown that at small Δv considerable energy is required to redistribute the excess volume; however, at Δv considerably greater than some value δvg (corresponding to potentials within the linear region), most of the volume added can be redistributed freely. The transition from glass to liquid may be associated with the introduction of appreciable free volume into the system. Free volume will be distributed at random within the amorphous phase and there is a contribution to the entropy from this randomness which is not present in the entropy of the crystalline phase. According to our model all liquids would become glasses at sufficiently low temperature if crystallization did not intervene. Therefore whether or not a glass forms is determined by the crystallization kinetic constants and the cooling rate of the liquid. The experience on the glass formation is consistent with the generalization: at a given level of cohesive energy the glass‐forming tendency of a substance in a particular class is greater the less is the ratio of the energy to the entropy of crystallization.
Flexible Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis

The histopathologic diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires the presence of noncaseating granulomas. Transbronchoscopic lung biopsy (TBLB) has been considered the procedure of choice when less invasive tissue samples are unavailable. A total of 51 consecutive patients suspected of having sarcoidosis underwent combined TBLB and flexible transbronchial needle aspirate (TBNA). In 18 of the 30 patients (60 percent) with stage I disease, the diagnosis was confirmed by TBLB and 16 (53 percent) were confirmed by TBNA. The combined use of both procedures increased the diagnostic yield to 83 percent. The remaining 21 patients with stage II disease had their diagnosis confirmed in 16 (76 percent) cases by TBLB and 10 (48 percent) by TBNA with a combined diagnostic yield of 86 percent. Seven (23 percent) patients with stage I disease and 2 (10 percent) with stage II disease had their conditions diagnosed by TBNA. We conclude that combining TBNA with TBLB increases the diagnostic yield in pulmonary sarcoidosis; TBNA should complement TBLB in the diagnosis of this disease.
a MATTER of transFORMation

Abstract Gaston Bachelard contends that two types of imagination inform the creative process: a formal imagination and a material imagination. Formal causes stem from intuitive and associative image production, and lead to a process of conceptualization that provides the analytical tools to create an object. Material imagination is provoked solely and directly from our immediate confrontation and manipulation of matter. These images may be assigned category by the eye but only the hand truly reveals them.
Indoleacetic acid studies in man.

SummaryThe addition of 25 to 200 mg of indoleacetic acid per day to a diet low in protein and nicotinic acid appears to have no significant effect upon the utilization of tryptophane and nicotinic acid by man as evidenced by urinary excretion studies.
Value Judgments and Risk Comparisons. The Case of Genetically Engineered Crops

This paper aims to identify and elucidate some of the philosophical issues and value judgments associated with the claim that risks from transgenic and conventional crops are comparable from a scientific perspective. Crops produced using techniques that insert DNA directly into the genome of the
Identification of acetylation and methylation sites of histone H3 from chicken erythrocytes by high-accuracy matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-postsource decay, and nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract A new strategy has been employed for the identification of the covalent modification sites (mainly acetylation and methylation) of histone H3 from chicken erythrocytes using low enzyme/substrate ratios and short digestion times (trypsin used as the protease) with analysis by HPLC separation, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–postsource decay, and tandem mass spectrometric techniques. High-accuracy MALDI-TOF mass measurements with representative immonium ions (126 for acetylated lysine, 98 for monomethylated lysine, and 84 for di-, tri-, and unmethylated lysine) have been effectively used for differentiating methylated peptides from acetylated peptides. Our results demonstrate that lysines 4, 9, 14, 27, and 36 of the N-terminal of H3 are methylated, while lysines 14, 18, and 23 are acetylated. Surprisingly, a non-N-terminal residue, lysine 79, in the loop region hooking up to the bound DNA, was newly found to be methylated (un-, mono-, and dimethylated isoforms coexist). The reported mass spectrometric method has the advantages of speed, directness, sensitivity, and ease over protein sequencing and Western-blotting methods and holds the promise of an improved method for determining the status of histone modifications in the field of chromosome research.
A sensitive assay for detecting hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation in lymphoblastoid lines from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and primary neuronal degenerations.

Abstract Hypersensitivity to the lethal effects of DNA-damaging agents is usually demonstrated using the classical colony-forming ability assay with cultured fibroblast lines. Based on the ability of viable cells in lymphoblastoid lines (Epstein-Barr virustransformed B lymphocytes) to exclude the vital dye trypan blue, we have developed a more rapid survival assay which has been useful in detecting hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation in certain diseases characterized by primary degeneration of excitable tissue. We now present a complete description of this post-X-ray survival assay. We also demonstrate the suitability of both our assay and our method of data analysis for detecting hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. This demonstration is based on a detailed analysis of assay results with lymphoblastoid lines from 28 normal donors, 3 ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patients, 2 obligate AT heterozygotes, 7 patients with diseases characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UV), and 10 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients.
Commutative domains of elementary divisors and some properties of their elements

We study commutative domains of elementary divisors from the viewpoint of investigation of the structure of invertible matrices that reduce a given matrix to the diagonal form. Some properties of elements of these domains are indicated. We establish conditions, close to the stable-range conditions, under which a commutative Bezout domain is a domain of elementary divisors.
Doctoral dissertations in instructional design and technology, 1977 through 1988

This is a summary of data on doctoral dissertations completed in instructional design and technology programs over the period 1977–88. During this period, 1,518 dissertations were completed at 46 different institutions, with nearly half completed at only 7 institutions. The 1,518 dissertations were chaired by 286 different professors, but approximately half were chaired by just 39 professors. The number per professor ranged from 89 to 1. Output was fairly steady over the 12 years, averaging 127 per year, with a low of 106 in 1980 and a high of 149 in 1983 and 1985.
The use of a digital game-based safety program for ATV operational knowledge of youthful riders

The number of serious games are on the rise while, at the same time, there is a paucity of serious game evaluations. More specifically, literature searches for “serious games” and “operational knowledge” are lacking. This paper presents results from a pilot study focused on the burgeoning problem of All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) injuries and to what extent, if any, a digital game intervention impacts operational knowledge of a subset of stakeholders at greatest risk — youth. Preliminary results show improvements in students ATV operational knowledge in the gaming condition and inform the implementation of the larger proposed study of the gaming intervention.
Management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast. II. Inflammatory carcinoma.

Background. Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast has been associated with a poor prognosis. Several therapeutic approaches have been under investigation in an effort to improve outcome. Methods. This is a retrospective analysis of 179 patients with histologically confirmed inflammatory carcinoma of the breast: 33 treated with irradiation alone, 35 with combined irradiation and chemotherapy, 25 with irradiation and surgery, and 86 with a combination of three modalities. Results. The 5-year disease free survival (DFS) rates were 40% for patients treated with three modalities, 24% for those treated with irradiation and surgery, and 6% for those treated with irradiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy without a surgical procedure