cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical approaches to the determination of composition of semiconductor alloys during epitaxy

Realization of sample-driven closed-loop feedback control of the epitaxial growth of semiconductor alloys requires that the fluctuations of the composition of the most recently deposited material be determined over an outermost region that is ideally no more than several angstroms thick. This information is encoded in the dielectric function /spl epsiv///sub 0/ of the region. The standard approach for obtaining /spl epsiv//sub 0/ is to mathematically subdivide the sample into thin layers and analyze them sequentially outward from the substrate by solving the Fresnel equations. However, the feed-forward nature of this approach leads to instabilities if thicknesses are reduced below a few tens of angstroms, a value too large for practical control applications. Derivative methods avoid these instabilities by allowing /spl epsiv//sub 0/ to be determined for dynamic processes involving deposition or etching even if nothing is known about the underlying sample structure. The limited accuracy of earlier derivative approaches based on the exponential-spiral form of interference expressions for optically thick films has been improved to acceptable levels with the recently developed virtual-interface (V-I) approach. Here, a background of the field is provided, the various methods of obtaining /spl epsiv//sub 0/ from the perspective of control applications are discussed, and V-I theory is used to obtain analytic expressions describing the accuracy of the earlier derivative methods. For ellipsometric measurements the best combination of speed and accuracy is obtained with the virtual-substrate approximation. For situations where higher accuracy is needed, a hybrid V-I-Fresnel method is proposed that retains the stability of derivative approaches yet is exact.
Effect of Injection Techniques on the Rate of Local Adverse Events in Patients Implanted with Nonanimal Hyaluronic Acid Gel Dermal Fillers

BACKGROUND One question associated with dermal fillers is whether the rate and variability of local adverse events following treatment are related to injection technique and needle trauma or to the intrinsic chemical composition. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine if there is a relationship between dermal filler injection technique and the incidence of local adverse events. METHODS AND MATERIALS A prospective, blinded, controlled study enrolled 283 patients who were randomized to receive midface volume correction of the nasolabial folds and oral commissures with the nonanimal-stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA) gel filler Restylane or Perlane (Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp.). Data were collected on multiple injection technique variables to assess adverse events. RESULTS Injection techniques that increase the dissection of the subepidermal plane (e.g., fanlike needle use, rapid injection, rapid flow rates, and higher volumes) increased the incidence of local adverse events. Injection techniques that increase epidermal damage or subcutaneous exposure (e.g., multiple punctures or deep subcutaneous injection) had no effect on adverse events. Furthermore, single injection correction, depth of injection, and NASHA product injected had no effect on local adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Local adverse events following injection with the NASHA gel fillers used in this study were related to investigator technique and not to differences in the intrinsic properties of the NASHA agents.
Transient Heat Conduction in a Rod of Finite Length With Variable Thermal Properties

A theoretical solution for transient heat conduction in a rod of finite length with variable thermal properties is preserted. A numerical procedure is developed and the results of one example are presented and compared with the corresponding solution for the case of constant properties. Application to the problem of determination of thermophysical properties is discussed. (auth)
Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary bypass: a decade experience at UCLA.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this review was to determine outcomes for combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary revascularization (CABG) in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of consecutive combined procedures (CEA and CABG), performed at UCLA Medical Center from October, 1989 to January, 1999. Findings: There were 43 patients, 27 men and 16 women, with a mean age of 71 yr (range 51–87). Thirty-four patients 79% (34/43) had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke occurred in three patients (3/43=6.9%). Stroke ipsilateral to the CEA occurred in two patients: one asymptomatic (1/34=2.9%) and one symptomatic (1/9=11.1%). Conclusions: The majority of patients undergoing combined CEA/CABG have asymptomatic carotid stenosis identified in preparation for elective CABG. The asymptomatic carotid subset stroke rate of 2.9% resulting from a combined CEA/CABG is higher than our reported rate for CEA performed alone. In patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, the combined procedure should be selectively performed.
Contradictions, and a glimpse of utopia: Daily life in a university women's studies program

Synopsis Drawing on the experiences of the Michigan State University Women's Studies Program, this essay analyzes contradictions resulting from efforts by women's studies (as a social movement committed to social change, equality, collectivity, and valuing women) to make headway in a bureaucracy, the university, founded on hierarchy, competition, and the devaluation of women. Within women's studies programs there are conflicts between hierarchy and collectivity; individual faculty members often feel caught between the demands of feminism and of academic careers; and within the larger university, there are conflicts as women's studies programs struggle for legitimacy while also seeking institutional and social change.
Learning and transfer in signaling games

We explore how learning to play strategically in one signaling game promotes strategic play in a related signaling game. Following convergence to a pooling equilibrium, payoffs are changed to only support separating equilibria. More strategic play is observed following the change in payoffs than for inexperienced subjects in control sessions, contrary to the prediction of a fictitious play learning model. Introducing a growing proportion of sophisticated learners, subjects who anticipate responders’ behavior following the change in payoffs, enables the model to capture the positive cross-game learning observed in the data.
Specific and nonspecific infiltration of sponge matrix allografts by specifically sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes

Abstract Urethane sponges coated with allogeneic or syngeneic cells were implanted subcutaneously into mice and the cytotoxicity of infiltrating host cells was assessed in vitro . First-set allogeneic sponges attracted a population of lymphocytes enriched in cytotoxic T cells directed against the alloantigens in the sponge. If two sponges bearing cells of different H-2 specificity were grafted simultaneously to a single recipient, specifically sensitized cytotoxic cells (SSCL) were found in both sponges directed against both sets of alloantigens, although specific infiltration predominated. If a syngeneic and allogeneic sponge were transplanted, SSCL were found in both the syngeneic sponge and allogeneic sponge. These data are interpreted to suggest that chemotactic substances are elaborated at graft sites which can attract circulating SSCL into sites of inflammation and that those released at the specific site are more attractive for SSCL than are those elaborated at sites of nonspecific rejection or healing. In recipients who had previously been sensitized to alloantigens, second-set grafts were rapidly infiltrated by SSCL directed against the sensitizing antigen. First-set indifferent allografts in sensitized recipients were infiltrated by SSCL directed against the previous alloantigens as well as SSCL directed against its own alloantigens. Syngeneic grafts were not infiltrated by SSCL in presensitized recipients. These data suggest that any alloantigenic stimulus can induce the mobilization from lymphoid depots of preformed SSCL directed against another set of antigens; syngeneic grafts cannot. Once mobilized, however, circulating SSCL can respond to specific and nonspecific chemotactic factors elaborated by either healing or rejecting grafts.
Mechanisms of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease.

Recent data in cell culture has shown that brain neurons are particularly vulnerable to degeneration by apoptosis. Further the inducers that activate the program (e.g. beta-amyloid, oxidatative damage, low energy metabolism) correspond to conditions present in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. This suggests the possibility that apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms contributing to neuronal loss in this disease. Indeed, some neurons in vulnerable regions of the AD brain show evidence of DNA damage, nuclear apoptotic bodies, chromatin condensation, and the induction of select genes characteristic of apoptosis in cell culture and animal models. This suggests the existence of apoptosis in the AD brain, a hypothesis also consistent with evolving research in one of the regulatory functions of the presenilin genes. On the other hand, DNA damage is present in the majority of neurons in vulnerable regions in early and mild cases. In most tissues, cells in fully activated apoptosis degenerate and are removed within hours to days and thus it seems all DNA damage is unlikely to signify terminal apoptosis. The presence of extensive DNA damage suggests an acceleration of damage, faulty repair process, loss of protective mechanisms, or an activation and arrest of aspects of the apoptotic program. DNA damage is unlikely to be an artifact of postmortem delay or agonal state. The existence of protective mechanisms for neurons may exist as these cells are nondividing and essential. In this context it is interesting that Bcl-2 is upregulated in most neurons with DNA damage. Further, at least one DNA repair enzyme is also upregulated. Thus it appears as if neurons are in a struggle between degeneration and repair. As research advances it is critical to reduce the stimuli that cause the neuronal damage and discover the key intervention points to assist neurons in the repair processes.
A class of simple approximate sequential tests for adaptive comparison of two treatments

We consider the problem of sequentially deciding which of two treatments is superior, A class of simple approximate sequential tests is proposed. These have the probabilities of correct selection approximately independent of the sampling rule and depending on unknown parameters only through the function of interest, such as the difference or ratio of mean responses. The tests are obtained by using a normal approximation, and this is employed to derive approximate expressions for the probabilities of correct selection and the expected sample sizes. A class of data-dependent sampling rules is proposed for minimizing any weighted average of the expected sample sizes on the two treatments, with the weights being allowed to depend on unknown parameters. The tests are studied in the particular cases of exponentially.
Modeling HIV-1 integrase complexes based on their hydrodynamic properties.

We present a model structure of a candidate tetramer for HIV-1 integrase. The model was built in three steps using data from fluorescence anisotropy, structures of the individual integrase domains, cross-linking data, and other biochemical data. First, the structure of the full-length integrase monomer was modeled using the individual domain structures and the hydrodynamic properties of the full-length protein that were recently measured by fluorescence depolarization. We calculated the rotational correlation times for different arrangements of three integrase domains, revealing that only structures with close proximity among the domains satisfied the experimental data. The orientations of the domains were constrained by iterative tests against the data on cross-linking and footprinting in integrase–DNA complexes. Second, the structure of an integrase dimer was obtained by joining the model monomers in accordance with the available dimeric crystal structures of the catalytic core. The hydrodynamic properties of the dimer were in agreement with the experimental values. Third, the active sites of the two model dimers were placed in agreement with the spacing between the sites of integration on target DNA as well as the integrase–DNA cross-linking data, resulting in twofold symmetry of a tetrameric complex. The model is consistent with the experimental data indicating that the F185K substitution, which is found in the model at a tetramerization interface, selectively disrupts correct complex formation in vitro and HIV replication in vivo. Our model of the integrase tetramer bound to DNA may help to design anti-integrase inhibitors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 68: 110–120, 2003
Quantitative analysis of the mutagenic potential of 1-aminopyrene-DNA adduct bypass catalyzed by Y-family DNA polymerases.

Abstract N -(Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene (dG AP ) is the predominant nitro polyaromatic hydrocarbon product generated from the air pollutant 1-nitropyrene reacting with DNA. Previous studies have shown that dG AP induces genetic mutations in bacterial and mammalian cells. One potential source of these mutations is the error-prone bypass of dG AP lesions catalyzed by the low-fidelity Y-family DNA polymerases. To provide a comparative analysis of the mutagenic potential of the translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) of dG AP , we employed short oligonucleotide sequencing assays (SOSAs) with the model Y-family DNA polymerase from Sulfolobus solfataricus , DNA Polymerase IV (Dpo4), and the human Y-family DNA polymerases eta (hPolη), kappa (hPolκ), and iota (hPolι). Relative to undamaged DNA, all four enzymes generated far more mutations (base deletions, insertions, and substitutions) with a DNA template containing a site-specifically placed dG AP . Opposite dG AP and at an immediate downstream template position, the most frequent mutations made by the three human enzymes were base deletions and the most frequent base substitutions were dAs for all enzymes. Based on the SOSA data, Dpo4 was the least error-prone Y-family DNA polymerase among the four enzymes during the TLS of dG AP . Among the three human Y-family enzymes, hPolκ made the fewest mutations at all template positions except opposite the lesion site. hPolκ was significantly less error-prone than hPolι and hPolη during the extension of dG AP bypass products. Interestingly, the most frequent mutations created by hPolι at all template positions were base deletions. Although hRev1, the fourth human Y-family enzyme, could not extend dG AP bypass products in our standing start assays, it preferentially incorporated dCTP opposite the bulky lesion. Collectively, these mutagenic profiles suggest that hPolk and hRev1 are the most suitable human Y-family DNA polymerases to perform TLS of dG AP in humans.
The Combined Effects of Gulf Stream–Induced Baroclinicity and Upper-Level Vorticity on U.S. East Coast Extratropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract The Atlantic Surface Cyclone Intensification Index (ASCII) is a forecast index that quantifies the strength of low-level baroclinicity in the coastal region of the Carolinas. It is based on the gradient between the coldest 24-h average air temperature at Cape Hatteras and Wilmington, North Carolina, and the temperature at the western boundary of the Gulf Stream. The resulting prestorm baroclinic index (PSBI) is used to forecast the probability that a cyclone in the domain will exhibit rapid cyclogenesis. The initial ASCII study covered the years 1982–90. This dataset was recently expanded to cover the years 1991–2002, which doubled the number of cyclone events in the sample. These additional data provide similar position and slope of the linear regression fits to the previous values, and explain as much as 30% of the variance in cyclone deepening rate. Despite operational value, the neglect of upper-tropospheric forcing as a predictor in the original ASCII formulation precludes explanation of a l...
Recycling and market power: A more general model and re-evaluation of the evidence

Abstract This paper presents a more general model of the “recycling problem” and uses it to re-examine the Alcoa antitrust case of 1945. There are three primary empirical results: 1) in the Alcoa scenario, the recycling problem had been in a steady state since the early 1920's, 2) the primary source of Alcoa's market power, in contrast to previous work, was that most of the aluminum sold by Alcoa was used in goods that were not economical to recycle, and 3) the existing, competitive secondary market was welfare-reducing, relative to a monopoly in all aluminum production.
Electron-Capture GLC Determination of a New Antiarrhythmic Agent, α,α-Dimethyl-4-(α,α,β,β-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine, in Biological Fluids

A highly specific and sensitive GLC method was developed for the analysis of α,α-dimethyl-4-(α,α,β,β-tetrafluoro-phenethyl)benzylamine, a new orally active antiarrhythmic drug, in biological fluids. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard, 4-(α,α,β,β-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine, to the plasma or urine samples followed by extraction of the drugs into benzene at pH 8. The extracted amines are converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivatives (characterized by GLC-mass spectrometry), chromatographed, and detected with a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The sensitivity of the method is such that 10 ng of α,α-dimethyl-4-(α,α,β,β-tetrafluorophenethyl)benzylamine/ml of plasma can be analyzed. These levels are suitable for the analysis of samples obtained following a therapeutic dose.
Role of serology and routine laboratory tests in childhood inflammatory bowel disease.

Introduction Serology is reported to be helpful in evaluating children for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and distinguishing chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) from Crohn's disease (CD). The markers include perinuclear staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) for CUC and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) for CD. In the clinical setting, hemoglobin (Hgb) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are commonly performed for screening symptomatic children for IBD. We examined whether there was an additional benefit of serology in addition to specific symptoms and routine laboratory tests in screening for IBD. Method Medical record data was reviewed on children investigated for IBD from February 1999 to April 2001. Children were included if they had blood analyzed for pANCA and ASCA, Hgb, ESR, and colonoscopy as part of their assessment. Results Of 177 cases reviewed, 51 were diagnosed with CUC, 39 with CD, and 26 other inflammatory conditions. Visible rectal bleeding was the most discriminating symptom (occurred in 60/90 cases of IBD and 5/61 without IBD). There was a significant difference between the proportion with CUC positive for pANCA (42/51) and those with abnormal Hgb and ESR (30/51) (p < 0.05), but not between children with CD who were ASCA positive (18/39) and those with abnormal Hgb and ESR (26/39) (p = 0.27). The sensitivity and specificity of combined pANCA and ASCA was 68% and 92%, respectively. For the combination of Hgb, ESR, and the presence of rectal bleeding the respective values were 86% and 67%. Serology combined with Hgb and ESR and rectal bleeding as independent factors significantly (p < 0.05) improved sensitivity (89%) but reduced specificity (60%). Screening with the combination of rectal bleeding, Hgb, and ESR identified 86% (77/90) patients with IBD prior to an endoscopic procedure. A further 3 of 90 (3.3%) screened positive with the addition of serology. Conclusion Serology tests have a high degree of specificity for IBD while routine laboratory test have a higher sensitivity. When serology is combined with rectal bleeding, Hgb, and ESR, the sensitivity of screening children for IBD is significantly improved. However the large majority of children with IBD can be identified with a clinical history and routine laboratory tests as needing an endoscopic procedure with little benefit of adding serology.
Combustion characteristics of vacuum residue in a test furnace and its utilization for utility boiler

Recently, increased attention has been exerted on the utilization of cheaper hydrocarbons fuel such as Vacuum Residue (VR). As a fundamental investigation for VR utilization, VR combustion tests were carried out in a test furnace with a fuel feed rate of 20 kg/h. As compared with heavy oil, VR used in this work is much more viscous and contains high percentages of sulfur, carbon residue and heavy metals. Successful fuel transportation and atomization has been achieved with the indirect heating of fuel by a thermia oil. The measured distributions of temperature, major species concentrations and solid samples along with the furnace revealed that the main reaction zone remains within about 1 m from the burner tip and the characteristics of VR flame are dependent on the ratio of fuel/air feeding rate. VR carbonaceous particles collected along with the furnace showed that their complete conversion would be a very essential factor for the utilization of VR as a fuel. Several issues for applying it to utility boilers have been investigated in line with the present results, and some suggestions have been made.
Outcomes of Cataract Surgery by Residents at a Public County Hospital

Purpose To determine whether outcomes of extracapsular cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation performed by residents at an urban county hospital are comparable to previously reported patient outcomes at Veterans Affairs and university hospitals. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all extracapsular cataract procedures with intraocular lens implantation, both by standard extracapsular cataract extractions and by phacoemulsification, performed by first-year, second-year, and third-year residents at San Francisco General Hospital from January 1, 1994, through June 30, 1995. Results Final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 183 (84%) of 218 eyes. When patients with preexisting eye disease limiting visual potential were excluded, 20/40 or better visual acuity was achieved in 159 (94%) of 169 eyes. Vitreous loss occurred in six (16%) of 37 eyes operated on by first-year residents, in six (10%) of 63 eyes operated on by second-year residents, and in seven (6%) of 118 eyes operated on by third-year residents. The mean change in vision was a gain of 6 lines of Snellen acuity. Conclusions Patients undergoing cataract surgery performed by residents at an urban county hospital have visual outcomes equivalent to those of patients at Veterans Affairs and at university facilities.
The phenomenology of panic disorder in youngsters: An empirical study of a clinical sample

Questions about the existence of panic disorder in youngsters are now evolving into questions about the phenomenology of panic disorder in children and adolescents. The current study thus examined the primary clinical features of panic disorder in an outpatient sample of older children and adolescents with panic disorder. Youngsters with panic disorder were compared to a matched-gender group of youngsters with non-panic anxiety disorders. Dependent variables included diagnoses and self-ratings of fear, depression, general anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity. The panic group was found to display more frequent diagnoses of depression and greater levels of self-reported anxiety sensitivity than the non-panic group. These results are discussed in the context of one potential cognitive developmental pathway of panic disorder, and preliminary assessment and treatment recommendations are offered.
Masked deficit of vitamin B12 in a Turkish girl with thalassemia.

(2004). Masked Deficit of Vitamin B12in a Turkish Girl with Thalassemia. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 363-365.
The Transition from School to Work An Examination of the Literature

This article takes the passage of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 as the starting point for a conversation about the readiness of the United States for a structured school-to-work tran...
Thioredoxin Facilitates the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Response to Inflammatory Mediators *

Heme oxygenase (HO)-l is a stress response protein that is induced by a variety of stimuli associated with oxidative stress.1 HO-1 catalyzes the degradation of heme to generate biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron.2 Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin, a potent endogenous antioxidant.3 Carbon monoxide shares many similarities with nitric oxide, such as its ability to increase cGMP levels and promote vasodilation, thereby modulating tissue perfusion.4,5 The induction of HO-1 in response to cellular stress is an important protective mechanism, since mice lacking HO-1 show reduced survival when subjected to endotoxemia,6 chronic hypoxia,7 or transplantation of cardiac xenografts.8
Phase separation kinetics of rigid‐rod polymers during coagulation

Kinetics of phase separation of poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) in methanesulfonic acid are examined by the time-resolved small angle light scattering and turbidity measurements. Thin films of polymer solutions are spin-coated on microscope slides and observed in a controlled environment light scattering cell. These solutions appear to undergo a spinodal decomposition-like phase separation, following Cahn-Hilliard type phase separation kinetics upon exposure to water vapor. An exponential increase in the scattered light intensity at short times is found. Transmittance measurements are used to determine the effects of molecular weight and coagulation medium on the rate of coagulation.
Learning Together: Advancing the Training of Preservice Teachers While Training Mentor Teachers to Lead

This study summarizes the results of a survey conducted by university faculty to improve the secondary teacher education program at a public university in the southeast. The survey's primary objectives were to identify areas of needed improvement among student teachers and to identify areas in which supervising teachers desired additional training or information. Secondary student teachers were given an abbreviated version of the survey. Results revealed that both groups overwhelmingly identified behavior management and time management within teaching situations as the major areas of needed improvement. Program changes made as a result of these survey findings are discussed.
Transboundary Water Sharing and the Need for Public Management

Water is one of the most vital of all resources for human survival and thriving. Water is also an inherently shared resource, one that does not respect human boundaries—boundaries between persons, between communities, and between states and nations. Because of these characteristics, water management must always focus on boundaries—on how to allocate water within and across boundaries as well as how those boundaries impact upon optimum water management in general. This raises questions about how to structure water management and water laws to best manage the water. In particular, there is a constant stress between the need to meet private goals and the need to serve public needs when the focus is on boundaries. In the end, water is an inherently public good that must be subject to a regime of public management that subordinates private uses to policies necessary to meet public needs.
M-ary energy detection of a Gaussian FSK UWB system

The energy detection M-ary Gaussian frequency-shift keying (FSK) system is proposed in this paper. The system performance is analyzed in additive white Gaussian noise channels, multipath channels, and in the presence of synchronization errors. The numerical results show that the M-ary modulation achieves the higher data rate than the binary modulation. However, it also results in performance degradation.
Properties of an optically magnetized semiconductor

Abstract It is shown that the magnetization of a semiconductor by optical means can lead to the existence of two unequal chemical potentials in the degenerate carrier population. The resulting birefringent effects in an otherwise isotropic material are calculated, and it is shown that near resonance these effects can become relatively large for moderate pumping intensities.
Parental problem-solving skills and child behavior problems: A comparison of physically abusive, neglectful, clinic, and community families

Failure to solve problems related to parenting and other aspects of daily living is hypothesized to result in frustration or inability to cope, and lead to deviant parental behavior such as aggression or neglect. The present investigation provided support for a procedure for measuring parental problem-solving skill and compared the problem-solving abilities and child behavior problems of maltreating and nonmaltreating parents. Subjects were 40 parents with at least one child between the ages of three and twelve. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups: (a) physically abusive parents (n = 9); (b) neglectful parents (n = 9); (c) nonmaltreating clinic parents seeking help for child behavior problems (n = 11); and (d) nonmaltreating, non-help-seeking community parents (n = 11). Abusive and neglectful parents were deficient in problem-solving skill as compared to clinic and community parents, yet there were many similarities in parental reports of child behavior problems for maltreating and nonmaltreating parents. Parental problem-solving skill did not correlate significantly with parental ratings of child behavior problems.
OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE MOTION OF SMALL PARTICLES CLOSE TO THE FLUID-SOLID INTERFACE

A novel and versatile optical method, based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection and useful for studying the motion of small particles in a moving fluid very close to the interface between a fluid and an optically flat solid, is described. Initial tests using 0.2 to 1 micron silica particles and 3.2 micron polystyrene spheres have demonstrated the effectiveness of the method and provide a basis for several extensions, which are discussed.
Modified hemi-Fontan operation: An alternative definitive palliation for high-risk patients

Background We conceptualized that by adding small amounts of prograde pulmonary blood flow to the hemi-Fontan operation, or bidirectional Glenn procedure, this modified hemi-Fontan operation could be safely done at an early age, with better oxygenation, and with less potential for pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. Methods Since April 1992 the hemi-Fontan operation was modified by adding some prograde flow through the native pulmonary artery in 10 high-risk infants, either by leaving the critical subpulmonary stenosis untreated (n = 6) or by tightening a previously placed pulmonary artery band (n = 4). All other sources of pulmonary blood flow were interrupted. Patients were 4 to 23 months old (3.8 to 10.3 kg). Diagnoses included isolated dextrocardia with single ventricle (3) and polysplenia syndrome (2). Cardiopulmonary bypass was needed in 5 patients. Results There were no hospital deaths. Mean postoperative intensive care unit stay was 2 days, and 9 of 10 patients were discharged within 7 days of operation. One 4-month-old infant with Down's syndrome survived postoperative takedown of the hemi-Fontan repair after pneumonia and caval thrombosis developed. Eight patients are currently asymptomatic receiving minimal medication, and oxygen saturations range from 84% to 93%. Conclusions Adding small volumes of prograde pulmonary blood flow to the hemi-Fontan operation is safe, provides improved oxygenation, may encourage growth of central pulmonary arteries, and represent an alternative definitive palliation for high-risk Fontan candidates.
To be like you to be liked by you: cultural effects on adjusting awareness information gathering behavior

Behavioral accommodation, the adjustment of one's own behavior to match that of other people, is prevalent in human communication, but people differ in the extent to which they accommodate each other. This paper presents a laboratory study examining how cultural background affects behavioral accommodation in awareness information gathering behaviors. Results suggested that members of collectivistic cultures (e.g., China) adjusted their behaviors to match those of their partners, when they were working with someone from other culture, whereas members of individualistic cultures (e.g.: the United States) did not accommodate when in the same situation. Our results suggest that accommodation exists even in online collaborations where no linguistic elements are involved, but this existence is affected by one's cultural background.
Sexual Harassment in Academe: Legal Issues and Definitions.

This paper summarizes legal and institutional definitions as well as policies that have been formulated to address the problem of sexual harassment in academic settings. To determine the level of information regarding the extent and nature of this problem, the paper also reviews and assesses current research on sexual harassment in academic institutions. It is concluded that, although legal, institutional, and operational definitions and conclusions regarding the frequency of this problem vary, there is documentation that sexual harassment is a serious problem in many academic institutions. Further research employing more consistent sampling and definitional procedures is needed to clarify the phenomenon and to provide a more effective framework for evaluating policies and procedures designed to deal with sexual harassment.
Numerical Simulation of Transient Boundary-Forced Radiation. Part II: The Modon Regime

Abstract In Part I of the present work we studied the transient Rossby wave radiation excited in the far field by a northern boundary forcing. We proposed as a possible mechanism responsible for transient pulses of Rossby waves the sudden growth to finite amplitude and successive amplitude pulsations of a stationary or eastward moving meander of an intense current like the Gulf Stream. In Part I the linear regime was thoroughly analyzed and the major findings were: 1) the transient part of the response initially excited by “switching on” the meander is the one responsible for the Rossby waves radiating and being clearly detectable in the far field; 2) the Rossby radiation is excited only when the meander pulsation frequency is below a critical value. In this paper, we extend the results of Part I to the highly nonlinear regime addressing the problem of the production of nonlinear, coherent structures through the same boundary forcing mechanisms. The model used is the quasi-geostrophic, potential vorticity...
Down-regulation of ALDH1A3, CD44 or MDR1 sensitizes resistant cancer cells to FAK autophosphorylation inhibitor Y15

Purpose Focal adhesion kinase is an important survival signal in cancer. Recently, we demonstrated that the autophosphorylation inhibitor of FAK, Y15, effectively inhibited cancer cell growth. We detected many cancer cell lines sensitive to Y15 and also detected several cell lines such as colon cancer Lovo-1 and thyroid K1 more resistant to Y15. We sought to determine the main players responsible for the resistance.
Chiral predictions for K(L)→π⁰γμ⁺μ⁻

We have previously analyzed the chiral predictions for the decay ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\gamma}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and discussed how experimental measurements of this process can help our understanding of chiral theories and of $\mathrm{CP}$ tests. Motivated by the possibility that the analogous muonic process may soon be measurable, we extend this calculation to the decay ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}.$ Branching ratios and differential branching ratios are calculated and presented. Measurements of these will help shed some light on the puzzles in our understanding of the chiral loop effects which were raised by the rate for ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}.$
Couscous quality of sorghum with different kernel characteristics

Couscous, a steamed agglomerated food, was prepared from sorghum with different kernel characteristics. Milling properties of sorghum indicated that a more corneous endosperm corresponded to an increased yield after decortication, a smaller flour particle size, slightly more water for agglomeration and increased couscous yield. Couscous prepared from the finer flour fraction had a smoother mouthfeel. Sorghums with a waxy or heterowaxy endosperm type required more water for agglomeration. The waxy cultivar cooked too rapidly and yielded a sticky mass. The appearance of milled products and couscous was lighter and less red when prepared from cultivars with tan secondary plant color and a white pericarp. Thus, better quality couscous was prepared from sorghum with a corneous endosperm texture, normal endosperm type, thin white pericarp and tan secondary plant color.
Analysis of the rotational structure in the high-resolution infrared spectrum of trans-hexatriene-1-13C1: a semiexperimental equilibrium structure for the C6 backbone of trans-hexatriene.

trans-Hexatriene-1-13C1 (tHTE-1-13C1) has been synthesized, and its high-resolution (0.0015 cm–1) infrared spectrum has been recorded. The rotational structure in the C-type bands for ν26 at 1011 c...
RNA sequencing of sessile serrated colon polyps identifies differentially expressed genes and immunohistochemical markers.

Background Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) may account for 20–30% of colon cancers. Although large SSA/Ps are generally recognized phenotypically, small (<1 cm) or dysplastic SSA/Ps are difficult to differentiate from hyperplastic or small adenomatous polyps by endoscopy and histopathology. Our aim was to define the comprehensive gene expression phenotype of SSA/Ps to better define this cancer precursor. Results RNA sequencing was performed on 5′ capped RNA from seven SSA/Ps collected from patients with the serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) versus eight controls. Highly expressed genes were analyzed by qPCR in additional SSA/Ps, adenomas and controls. The cellular localization and level of gene products were examined by immunohistochemistry in syndromic and sporadic SSA/Ps, adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps and controls. We identified 1,294 differentially expressed annotated genes, with 106 increased ≥10-fold, in SSA/Ps compared to controls. Comparing these genes with an array dataset for adenomatous polyps identified 30 protein coding genes uniquely expressed ≥10-fold in SSA/Ps. Biological pathways altered in SSA/Ps included mucosal integrity, cell adhesion, and cell development. Marked increased expression of MUC17, the cell junction protein genes VSIG1 and GJB5, and the antiapoptotic gene REG4 were found in SSA/Ps, relative to controls and adenomas, were verified by qPCR analysis of additional SSA/Ps (n = 21) and adenomas (n = 10). Immunohistochemical staining of syndromic (n≥11) and sporadic SSA/Ps (n≥17), adenomatous (n≥13) and hyperplastic (n≥10) polyps plus controls (n≥16) identified unique expression patterns for VSIG1 and MUC17 in SSA/Ps. Conclusion A subset of genes and pathways are uniquely increased in SSA/Ps, compared to adenomatous polyps, thus supporting the concept that cancer develops by different pathways in these phenotypically distinct polyps with markedly different gene expression profiles. Immunostaining for a subset of these genes differentiates both syndromic and sporadic SSA/Ps from adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps.
An Application of Multiple Regression Analysis to the Greek Beer Market

The object of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of the Greek beer industry, through the use of various single regressions. The first part presents the relationship between advertising and sales through disaggregating advertising outlays, media and firm advertised, while a number of indices referring to advertising effectiveness are also estimated. The second part extends the discussion by presenting an illustrative example with regard to the implied duration interval and its importance in advertising.
Disruption of habituation by caudate nuclear stimulation in the rat

The effects of electrical stimulation in the rat's caudate nucleus on habituation to the distractive influence of a novel visual stimulus (light flash) on drinking were examined. Caudate stimulation by itself produced a suppressive (inhibitory) effect on drinking which did not habituate. The novel visual stimulus by itself had an initially suppressive influence that habituated very rapidly. Pairing caudate stimulation 100 msec after each visual stimulus retarded habituation. During light-flash-only probe trials in which caudate stimulation was periodically removed, habituation proceeded at a more normal rate indicating little “transfer” of habituation between stimulated and nonstimulated trials. From these data, a caudate effect on integration of sensory information with processes underlying decreased responsiveness is inferred.
Epidermal Cell Outgrowth from CO2 Laser‐ and Scalpel‐Cut Explants: Implications for Wound Healing

We set out to determine if the slow healing of CO2 laser-incised skin wounds compared with that of scalpel-incised wounds is the result of an inhibitory effect of the CO2 laser energy on the rate of epithelialization. We compared the rate of epidermal outgrowth from laser- and scalpel-cut explants in vitro. The onset of epidermal cell outgrowth (epiboly) from CO2 laser-incised skin was delayed, but there was no difference in the rate of epidermal cell outgrowth. These studies suggest that a delay in onset of epidermal migration, not a decreased rate of epidermal migration, contributes to the slower epithelialization of CO2 laser-incised skin wounds.
Life Goals and Plan Determinants Reported by Black and White High School Seniors.

Abstract Black secondary school seniors were compared with their white peers on motivational patterns in posthigh school plans and life goals. Subjects, all members of the 1970 graduating class in a small urban high school, included 34 black males, 32 black females, 119 white males and 157 white females. The investigation replicated a pilot study of the 1969 class. Variables included eight reported determinants of posthigh school plans and 29 categories of the Vocational Sentence Completion Blank. Significant differences as a function of sex were more frequent than those attributable to race.
A Plea for Human Nature

Philosophers of biology, such as David Hull and Michael Ghiselin, have argued that the notion of human nature is incompatible with modern evolutionary biology and they have recommended rejecting th...
disciplining bodies, disciplining objects: Museum Guards and the Museu Etnológico Português (1893–1929)

This article takes a microhistorical approach to the creation of a national museum by exploring the everyday practices of museum guards in the early history of the Museu Etnologico Portugues, now known as the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, in Lisbon, Portugal. Using documentary sources such as letters, museum regulations, and notes, I explore the agency of the museum's first guards by identifying the ways they both enacted the prescribed behaviors of the museum and also challenged and transgressed these ideals, thereby shaping the cultural space of the museum. I suggest that guards, in the early years of the museum, functioned primarily as agents for marking social boundaries and as sites where transformations in the Portuguese social order were contested and, only secondarily, as individuals charged with protecting the security of objects. [Portugal, museum guards, microhistory, agency, national museums]
Two-carrier transport in epitaxially grown MnAs

Magnetotransport measurements of ferromagnetic MnAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy reveal the presence of both positive and negative charge carriers. Electrical transport at high temperatures is dominated by holes and at low temperatures by electrons. We also observe distinct changes in the magnetoresistance associated with the transition between the electron- and hole-dominated transport regimes. These results are of direct relevance to MnAs/semiconductor hybrid heterostructures and their exploitation in electronic and optical spin injection experiments.
The bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome contains multiple loci of static DNA bending, but bends are absent from the functional origin of replication

Abstract Twenty-four overlapping restriction fragments spanning the entire bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) genome were analyzed by electrophoresis to determine the extent of static DNA bending in the BPV-1 genome. Thirteen of 24 fragments contained static bends. Based on known locations of previously mapped bend loci and the overlapping pattern of these 13 fragments, we estimate that there are 8–11 distinct static bend loci in the BPV-1 genome. The bend loci were not uniformly distributed on the genome and with one exception, were clustered from nucleotides 5816 to 2621 on the BPV-1 map. This portion of the BPV-1 genome contains most of the transcriptional regulatory sequences as well as the origin of replication. The concordance between the genomic distribution of DNA bends and cis-active elements is consistent with the possibility that bent sequences may contribute to the function of at least some of these elements. However, unlike SV40, there was no static bend at that functional origin of replication for BPV-1. The nearest bends to the origin were approximately 120 bp to the 5' side and 300 bp to the 3' side. As both of these bends were outside of the sequences required for origin function, it is unlikely that static bending plays a critical role in BPV-1 replication.
Influence of elevated ecosystems levels on litter decomposition and mineralization

Litter decomposition was studied at two forested watersheds in east Tennessee which differed primarily in their past history of atmospheric S input. Cross Creek Watershed, located near a large coal-fired power plant, has received greater S inputs than the more remote Camp Branch Watershed. Decomposition was estimated through the measurement of forest floor respiration, litter microflora populations, litter and soil microarthropod populations, and litter nutrient status. Average forest floor respiration rates were very similar, 6.78 g CO2 m−2 day−1 or 2472 g m−2 yr−1 at Camp Branch and 6.86 g CO2 m−2 day−1 or 2505 g M−2 yr−1 at Cross Creek. Fractional loss rates provided estimates of annual decay rates (k) of 0.35 and 0.39 for Camp Branch and Cross Creek, respectively. Litter decomposition was estimated to contribute 23% of the total CO2 output at Camp Branch and 26% at Cross Creek, while root respiration accounts for about 43 to 46%. Bacterial and fungal populations were about equal in size at both watersheds, with bacteria averaging 100 × 106 g−1 of litter and fungi 23 × 106 g−1 of litter. Total numbers of arthropods averaged 34% greater at Camp Branch. Acarina populations averaged 59% higher at Camp Branch, while Collembola numbers were about equal at the two watersheds. Nutrient mobility in the litter and soil was similar at both watersheds. The order of decreasing mobility was K, Mg, Ca, S, N, and P. Litterfall nutrient concentrations were slightly higher for all elements at Cross Creek, resulting in greater litter concentrations of Ca and Mg. Litter concentrations of S and N, however, were significantly greater at Camp Branch, indicating watershed differences in the loss rates and cycling processes of these elements. There were no differences between the loss rates or litter concentrations of P, K, and Na at either site. Overall, decomposition was similar at the two watersheds. Historic S inputs do not appear to have had a major effect on decomposition rate or decomposer organisms with the possible exception of lowered arthropod populations at Cross Creek.