cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape effects on reflexive spatial attention are driven by the dorsal stream

In a modified reflexive spatial attention paradigm, when the cue and the target are at the same spatial location, processing of the target is faster when the cue and the target have different shapes compared to same (shape effect). Recent physiological findings suggest distinct population level encoding of shape in ventral versus dorsal cortical visual streams in monkeys. In human observers, we tested whether the effect of shape on reflexive spatial attention could be attributed to ventral and/or dorsal stream encoding of shape. In the modified reflexive spatial attention paradigm, we varied the shapes of the cue and target. Based on data from monkey physiology (Lehky & Sereno, 2007), we selected four pairs of cue and target shapes. In some pairs, cue and target were similarly encoded (similar encoding distance) by a population of cells in the lateral intraparietal cortex, a dorsal stream area, but more dissimilarly encoded (having a greater encoding distance) by a population of cells in the anterior inferotemporal cortex (AIT), a ventral stream area. In other pairs, cue and target were similarly encoded in AIT and had greater dissimilarity in LIP encoding. We found that pairs of cue and target with greater dissimilarity in LIP encoding produced larger and more consistent shape effects up to a cue to target onset asynchrony (CTOA) of 450 ms. The shape effects for cue and target pairs with greater dissimilarity in AIT encoding were smaller and inconsistent, suggesting that shape effects in reflexive spatial attention are largely driven by the dorsal stream.
SEVERE WIND AND FIRE REGIMES IN NORTHERN FORESTS: HISTORICAL VARIABILITY AT THE REGIONAL SCALE

Within the northern Great Lakes region, mesoscale (10s to 100s of km 2 ) forest patterning is driven by disturbance dynamics. Using original Public Land Survey (PLS) records in northern Wisconsin, USA, we study spatial patterns of wind and fire disturbances during the pre-Euroamerican settlement period (ca. 1850). Our goals were: (1) to determine how effectively wind and fire disturbance can be reconstructed from the PLS, (2) to assess the roles of wind and fire in shaping vegetation patterns, (3) to evaluate landscape to regional controls of wind and fire regimes, and (4) to assess the potential for interactions between these disturbances. Our analyses indicate that only relatively intense fire and wind disturbance can be reliably detected from the PLS (62-68% canopy removal). Heavy windthrow was more prevalent than fire disturbance in presettlement forests, and wind-disturbed patches were comparatively smaller and more complex in shape. Disturbance rotation periods ranged between 450 and 10 500 years for heavy windthrow and between 700 and 93 000 years for stand-replacing fire. Occurrences of wind and fire disturbance were related to geographic province and to regional soil patterns; analysis further suggests a negative interaction between the two disturbance types. Given that severe wind disturbance was infrequent, mature to old forests of late-suc- cessional species dominated much of pre-Euroamerican northern Wisconsin, but wind dis- turbances may have allowed regional persistence of less shade-tolerant species, such as Betula alleghaniensis. Pine-dominated vegetation was limited to regions with more frequent fire, but frequencies of stand-replacing fire derived from survey records were insufficient to maintain these successional vegetation types; we suggest that frequent surface fires, not recorded in the PLS, along with infrequent stand-replacing fire, maintained these vegetation types. The extensive nature of the PLS provides a powerful baseline for addressing changes in forest conditions and disturbance regimes associated with climate and land use for both the present and more distant past. Such baselines are informative in discussions of historical variability and restoration silviculture.
Sustainable positive profit multiple-price strategies in contestable markets☆

Abstract One of the most important features of contestable market is the incumbent's inability to react to entry. While in the traditional literature, this prevents the incumbent from earning positive profits, in multiple price setting it allows him to make a binding commitment to maintain his strategy even if entry occurs. It is shown that as a result of this pre-commitment, any natural monopolist can find a multiple price strategy that yields positive profit, and prevents entry.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TRIAPINE, A RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR, BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF TRIAPINE COMPLEXATION REACTION

Triapine is a novel inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR). It can remove ferric ion from the catalytic di-iron-tyrosyl radical center of RR, inhibit de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, and impair the required ratio of DNA to cell mass during cell division and DNA repair. Recent studies indicate that triapine is particularly useful for enhancing the radiation-mediated cytotoxicity in cervical and colon cancers; hence, the interest of further clinical study of this compound is high. Due to its chelating property, quantitative measurement of triapine is an analytical challenge, which is affected by multi-factors that influence the complexation reaction between triapine and ferric ion. In this work, the effects of pH, buffer composition, and EDTA, as well as other metal ions on the spectral absorptivity and chromatographic retention of triapine have been investigated. The optimized conditions for analytical measurement of triapine have been applied to the development of an LC-UV method for quantit...
Role of urothelial nerve growth factor in human bladder function.

Aims To test whether nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration in human bladder urothelium/suburothelium is related to detrusor overactivity (DO), bladder sensation, detrusor contractility, or other aspects of lower urinary tract function. Materials and Methods Concentration of NGF was measured (using ELISA) in superficial bladder biopsies from 27 women (mean age 52 years, range 22–82) after comprehensive videourodynamics and bladder diary. Approximately half (12/27) showed clear DO and half did not. Results There was no evidence for increased NGF concentration in subjects with DO (association negative by Mann–Whitney test, P = 0.23). NGF was not significantly associated with two measures of detrusor contractility (Spearman's r = −0.29, P = 0.17; r = −0.20, P = 0.33); nor with four measures inversely related to sensation: volume at strong desire to void and maximum capacity on cystometry (r = −0.13, P = 0.53; r = −0.23, P = 0.28), and maximum voided volume and mean daytime voided volume on bladder diary (r = −0.29, P = 0.16; r = −0.16, P = 0.44). It was significantly associated with 24-hr urine output on bladder diary (Spearman's r = −0.55, P = 0.004). Conclusions Elevated NGF levels in human urothelium/suburothelium are not strongly associated with DO, detrusor contractility or increased bladder sensation. NGF levels are lower in subjects with higher 24-hr urine output. This observation is consistent with a role for NGF in an active process (trafficking) involved in bladder filling. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:405–409, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Su1624 Biliary Stenting for Benign and Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction Using Very Long Multi-Sidehole Soft Plastic Stents: a 5-Year Experience From a Single Center

Table 1. Characteristics and outcomes of FCSEMS in BBS AB344 GASTROINTESTINAL EN Hilar (N[10)
1/N expansion for the f1-f2 Anderson model : Wilson ratio, Fermi-liquid relations, and charge-fluctuation energies

We calculate the 1/N correction to the free energy of the ${\mathit{f}}^{1}$-${\mathit{f}}^{2}$ Anderson model (where N is the spin-orbit degeneracy of Tm or Pr impurities in a metal). We obtain the 1/N correction to the Wilson ratio (\ensuremath{\chi}/\ensuremath{\gamma}) and relate this to the zeroth-order charge susceptibility. We find the Yoshimori-Schlottmann Fermi-liquid relation is satisfied to this order in 1/N. The charge-fluctuation energy scales obtained by expressing the results in universal form agree with earlier scaling theories.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN POWDER DEPOSITION METHODS AND GREEN COMPACT QUALITY: PART I MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POWDERS

ABSTRACT Influence of three different deposition methods (namely, feed shoe, funnel and rainy) on the compression response of two powders was studied using a medium pressure (< 35 MPa) flexible boundary cubical triaxial tester (CTT). The two test powders were: (I) a silicon nitride-based ceramic powder (KY 35001), and (2) a microcrystalline cellulose-based pharmaceutical powder (Avicel PH 1022), The fundamental stress-strain engineering parameters of the powders (such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, compression index and swelling index) were determined for each of the three deposition methods at different isotropic pressure values. Analysis of CTT test results showed that deposition methods significantly affected (p < 0.05) certain elastic and plastic parameters of the two powders. In case of KY 3500 powder, it was found that the shear modulus and compression index values were sensitive to deposition methods (p < 0.05). However, the bulk modulus and swelling (i.e., recovery) index values of KY 3500 were i...
Effects of a Data Driven, Individualized and Multifaceted Intervention Program on Eighth Grade Students' Achievement in Mathematics

This paper reveals the results of a data driven, individualized and multifaceted intervention program piloted at a southwestern urban school district at a Title I minority school that served free breakfast and lunch to 99% of the students. Results of the benchmark tests as well as the statewide high-stakes tests show that the intervention was a success. The success of the intervention program was due to not only its careful planning but also the careful execution of its aspects that were all in place. The intervention proved to be a cheap, scalable strategy that can be implemented to improve the performance of high-poverty schools. As a result, the intervention program became the district-wide standard practice in the new school year.
Rock Friction Constitutive Behavior from Laboratory Experiments and Its Implications for an Earthquake Prediction Field Monitoring Program

Laboratory experiments show that the frictional resistance of rocks depends on the velocity of sliding and the state of the sliding surface as well as on the normal stress. Although the dependence on velocity is small in magnitude, and consequently difficult to measure with high accuracy, this dependence plays a major role in whether frictional sliding is stable or unstable. Constitutive descriptions of laboratory results involve a characteristic distance of sliding, over which the frictional resistance evolves following a step change in sliding velocity. Interactions occur between the elastic response of laboratory testing machines and the change in resistance with slip resulting from this evolution and these interactions are responsible for the stability of sliding. In most situations, materials that show an increase in steady state resistance with increases in sliding velocity (velocity strengthening) will slide stably, while the opposite velocity dependence (velocity weakening) can result in either stable or unstable sliding. The laboratory results suggest that changes in strain and velocity should occur prior to earthquakes.
Waving goodbye to measles

An innovative way of analysing statistics on measles incidence in England and Wales since 1944 reveals recurring waves of infection originating in large cities. The information can guide strategies for preventing the disease.
Chronic Ethanol Intake Impairs Insulin Signaling in Rats by Disrupting Akt Association with the Cell Membrane: ROLE OF TRB3 IN INHIBITION OF Akt/PROTEIN KINASE B ACTIVATION *

Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is an important and modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. We previously reported elevations in hepatic Class 1 alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) expression in ethanol-fed rats correspondent with reduced levels of mature, nuclear sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), an insulin-induced transcriptional repressor of the ADH gene. In this report, we have studied the effects of insulin and ethanol on ADH gene expression in a highly differentiated rat hepatoma cell line (FGC-4), as well as the in vivo effects of chronic intake of an ethanol-containing diet on hepatic insulin signaling. Insulin inhibited ADH gene expression, and this was abolished by LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor) and small interfering RNA knockdown of SREBP-1. Chronic ethanol intake led to decreased phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B) at Thr308, increased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, and decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (a downstream effector of Akt). Hepatic membrane-associated Akt content was decreased and cytosolic Akt content was increased in rats fed an ethanol-containing diet. Thus, disruptive effects of ethanol on insulin signaling occurred via impaired phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308. TRB3, a negative regulator of Akt, was induced in liver of ethanol-fed rats. In ethanol-treated FGC-4 cells, small interfering RNA knockdown of TRB3 increased membrane-associated Akt and the phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308. Our results suggest that ethanol induces TRB3, which, through binding to the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt, prevents its plasma membrane association, Akt-Thr308 phosphorylation, and subsequent Akt-mediated signaling. Ethanol inhibition of insulin signaling reduces nuclear SREBP accumulation and results in disinhibition of Class 1 ADH transcription.
Pledges of Allegiance, Bandana Wristbands, and Spanish Pig Latin: A Teacher's Reflections on Rituals, Resistance, and Working Toward Multicultural Classrooms

I always knew it was coming, like a train getting ready to roar through a town, except this train rolled through the designated ESL (English as a Second Language) “corner” in the high school librar...
Effect of Solutes on Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence in Water

Low concentrations of short chain aliphatic alcohols and organic acids and bases suppress single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) in water. The degree of SL quenching increases with the length of the aliphatic end of the alcohol, and is related to the concentration of the alcohol at the bubble/water interface. The light is preferentially quenched in the shorter wavelength region of the spectrum. Radius-time measurements of the bubble are not dramatically affected by the low levels of alcohol used. Butyric acid and propylamine behave in the same manner, but only in their neutral forms, indicating that the SBSL suppression is due to processes occurring within the bubble.
Changes in accessibility of DNA to various fluorochromes during spermatogenesis

Accessibility of mouse testicular and vas deferens (vas) sperm cell DNA to acridine orange, propidium iodide, ellipticine, Hoechst 33342, mithramycin, chromomycin A3, 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-amino-AMD) was determined by flow cytometry. Permeabilized cells were either stained directly or after pretreatment with 0.06 N HCl. For histone-containing tetraploid, diploid, and round spermatid cells, HCl extraction of nuclear proteins caused an approximately sixfold increase of 7-amino-AMD stainability but had no significant effect on DAPI stainability. For these same cell types, the stainability with other intercalating (acridine orange, propidium iodide, ellipticine) and externally binding (Hoechst 33342, mithramycin, chromomycin A3) dyes was increased by 1.6- to 4.0-fold after HCl treatment. In sharp contrast, HCl treatment of vas sperm did not increase the staining level of 7-amino-AMD, DAPI, or propidium iodide but did increase the staining level for the other intercalating dyes (1.3- to 1.5-fold) and external dyes (1.3- to 1.9-fold). Elongated spermatids that contain a mixture of protein types including histones, transition proteins, and protamines demonstrated the greatest variability of staining with respect to type of stain and effect of acid extraction of proteins. In general, for nearly all dyes, the round spermatids had an increased level and tetraploid cells had a decreased level of stainability relative to the same unit DNA content of diploid cells. The observed differential staining is discussed in the context of chromatin alterations related to the unique events of meiosis and protein displacement and replacement during sperm differentiation.
Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: outcomes of preoperative endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration, and recurrence during long-term follow-up

Background and study aims: The role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis and management of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) is unclear. We aimed to compare clinical/endosonographic characteristics of cystic with solid PNETs, determine diagnostic accuracy of preoperative EUS-FNA, and evaluate recurrence rates after resection. Patients and methods: All patients with cystic or solid PNET confirmed by EUS-FNA between 2000 and 2014 were identified. A matched case-control study compared 50 consecutive patients with cystic PNETs with 50 consecutive patients with solid PNETs, matched by gender and age at diagnosis of index cystic PNET. We compared clinical/endosonographic characteristics, assessed diagnostic accuracy of preoperative EUS-FNA for identifying malignancy, and analyzed tumor-free survival of patients with cystic and solid PNETs. Results: Cystic PNETs tended to be larger than solid PNETs (mean 26.8 vs. 20.1 mm, P = 0.05), more frequently nonfunctional (96 % vs. 80 %, P = 0.03), and less frequently associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (10 % vs. 28 %, P = 0.04). With surgical pathology as reference standard, EUS-FNA accuracies for malignancy of cystic and solid PNETs were 89.3 % and 90 %, respectively; cystic PNETs were less associated with metastatic adenopathy (22 % vs. 42 %, P = 0.03) and liver metastasis (0 % vs. 26 %, P Conclusions: Cystic PNETs have distinct clinical and EUS characteristics, but were associated with less aggressive biological behavior compared with solid PNETs. EUS-FNA is accurate for determining malignant potential on preoperative evaluation. Despite complete resection, recurrence is observed up to 5 years following surgery.
Multiplet Separations for Equivalent Electrons and the Roentgen Doublet Law

Expressions are derived for the separation of multiplets arising from configurations of equivalent electrons. It is explained why the Roentgen doublets obey the Sommerfeld formula, although this formula was derived formerly for a single electron only. The separations of more complicated multiplets are proved to be connected also with the Sommerfeld formula. According to Land\'e the multiplet separations can be characterized by factors, designated by $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, which give the displacement of each level from the centre of gravity of the whole multiple level. The properties of these $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ factors are studied in this paper. They are quite analogous to the well-known properties of the magnetic separation factors, $g$, introduced by Land\'e for the explanation of the Zeeman effect. It is pointed out that there is a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ sum rule, corresponding to the well-known $g$ sum rule, stating that, for given quantum numbers of the electrons, the sum of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ values belonging to a certain total moment $j$ is a constant, independent of the type of coupling of the electrons. This rule is important especially because it makes it possible to obtain expressions for the multiplet separations in general cases.
Physician Engagement: Strategic Considerations among Leaders at a Major Health System

The authors utilize qualitative interviews with 38 health administrators at one large metropolitan, multihospital system to help identify perspectives regarding physician engagement. Here they focus on 1) lessons learned from past physician engagement efforts, 2) strategic considerations concerning the engagement of physicians, and 3) recommendations for future action. The authors conclude that current hospital leaders have learned from the failures of the past based on the identification of success factors critical to physician engagement. However, future success may relate directly to the increased attention to criteria by which the organization assesses the success of such engagement.
Rheological properties of multicomponent polymer systems undergoing melting or softening during compounding

The rheological characteristics of a number of polymer blends, including amorphous and semi-crystalline plastic matrices, during melting or softening, are analyzed with a batch mixer. The physical changes accompanying the phase transitions taking place as the slat-and-pepper blends are heated and mixed in the region of their component melt transition temperatures are monitored visually through a transparent window with video recordings. The torque of mixing and the mixture temperature are also recorded continuously. The strong effects of additives such as filler or lower melting resin as well as rotor speed, degree of fill, and ram pressure were observed.
Novel Docosatrienes and 17S-Resolvins Generated from Docosahexaenoic Acid in Murine Brain, Human Blood, and Glial Cells: AUTACOIDS IN ANTI-INFLAMMATION *

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) is highly enriched in brain, synapses, and retina and is a major ω-3 fatty acid. Deficiencies in this essential fatty acid are reportedly associated with neuronal function, cancer, and inflammation. Here, using new lipidomic analyses employing high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode-array detector and a tandem mass spectrometer, a novel series of endogenous mediators was identified in blood, leukocytes, brain, and glial cells as 17S-hydroxy-containing docosanoids denoted as docosatrienes (the main bioactive member of the series was 10,17S-docosatriene) and 17S series resolvins. These novel mediators were biosynthesized via epoxide-containing intermediates and proved potent (pico- to nanomolar range) regulators of both leukocytes reducing infiltration in vivo and glial cells blocking their cytokine production. These results indicate that DHA is the precursor to potent protective mediators generated via enzymatic oxygenations to novel docosatrienes and 17Sseries resolvins that each regulate events of interest in inflammation and resolution.
Anorexia nervosa in children: a follow-up study.

Thirty children seen between 1954 and 1970 with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were contacted between five and twenty years after initial treatment. Patients outcomes in terms of education, weight in adulthood, medical problems, marriage, psychiatric treatment, and recurrence of anorexia were surveyed. Results corroborate those of earlier studies suggesting that adjustment in adulthood is is related to personality type.
Oxygen consumption and the respiratory pigment in the fresh-water nemertean, Prostoma rubrum

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption and respiratory rate of the freshwater nemertean, Prostoma rubrum , were determined at 20°C. 2. 2. The mean respiratory rate for forty-nine specimens was 0·700 μl O 2 /mg dry wt. per hour (±0·071). 3. 3. Oxygen consumption varied with the 0·478 power of the body weight. 4. 4. A heme-containing pigments is present which may assist in the respiratory process.
Notch signaling regulates remodeling and vessel diameter in the extraembryonic yolk sac

The signaling cascades that direct the morphological differentiation of the vascular system during early embryogenesis are not well defined. Several signaling pathways, including Notch and VEGF signaling, are critical for the formation of the vasculature in the mouse. To further understand the role of Notch signaling during endothelial differentiation and the genes regulated by this pathway, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches were analyzed in vivo. Conditional transgenic models were used to expand and ablate Notch signaling in the early embryonic endothelium. Embryos with activated Notch1 signaling in the vasculature displayed a variety of defects, and died soon after E10.5. Most notably, the extraembryonic vasculature of the yolk sac displayed remodeling differentiation defects, with greatly enlarged lumens. These phenotypes were distinct from endothelial loss-of-function of RBPJ, a transcriptional regulator of Notch activity. Gene expression analysis of RNA isolated from the yolk sac endothelia of transgenic embryos indicated aberrant expression in a variety of genes in these models. In particular, a variety of secreted factors, including VEGF and TGF-β family members, displayed coordinate expression defects in the loss-of-function and gain-of-function models. Morphological analyses of the in vivo models confirm and expand the understanding of Notch signaling in directing endothelial development, specifically in the regulation of vessel diameter in the intra- and extraembryonic vasculature. Expression analysis of these in vivo models suggests that the vascular differentiation defects may be due to the regulation of key genes through the Notch-RBPJ signaling axis. A number of these genes regulated by Notch signaling encode secreted factors, suggesting that Notch signaling may mediate remodeling and vessel diameter in the extraembryonic yolk sac via autocrine and paracrine cell communication. We propose a role for Notch signaling in elaborating the microenvironment of the nascent arteriole, suggesting novel regulatory connections between Notch signaling and other signaling pathways during endothelial differentiation.
Performance Appraisals in Hotels Widespread and Valuable

Abstract Contrary to the perception of some observers, most lodging-property managers regular performance appraisals of their workers.
Geometric Asymptotic Approximation of Value Functions

This paper characterizes the behavior of value functions in dynamic stochastic discounted programming models near fixed points of the state space. When the second derivative of the flow payoff function is bounded, the value function is proportional to a linear function plus geometric term. A specific formula for the exponent of this geometric term is provided. This exponent continuously falls in the rate of patience.If the state variable is a martingale, the second derivative of the value function is unbounded. If the state variable is instead a strict local submartingale, then the same holds for the first derivative of the value function. Thus, the proposed approximation is more accurate than Taylor series approximation.The approximation result is used to characterize locally optimal policies in several fundamental economic problems.
Statistical Properties of Low-Grazing Range-Resolved Sea Surface Backscatter Generated Through Two-Dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations

Statistical properties of the X-band sea clutter are studied using 2-D direct numerical simulations. Surfaces are modeled as realizations of a Gaussian random process with the Pierson-Moskowitz or Elfouhaily spectrum. The Creamer transform is further applied to account for the lowest-order surface nonlinearities. Backscattered field at a given frequency is found using the first-principles boundary integral equation (BIE) technique. Calculations are repeated at a number of frequencies, which allows synthesizing the surface response to a pulse as short as 2.2 ns (the corresponding spatial resolution is 0.33 m). Large-scale Monte Carlo trials are used to evaluate the correlation properties and to obtain the probability distributions for the vertically- and horizontally-polarized clutter. This paper concentrates on the incident angle of 85deg (5deg grazing), with a few results for moderate 60deg incidence also reported for comparison. The effects of variations in wind speed (sea state) and radar resolution on the clutter statistics are investigated. An L-band example (with proportionally longer pulse) helps explore the role of a different electromagnetic (e/m) wavelength. The simulation technique also allows for the isolation and examination of the impacts of certain e/m and hydrodynamic approximations, including the replacement of rigorous solution to the BIE by a simpler analytical scattering model. The amplitude statistics of the simulated backscatter are compared to the Weibull and K distributions that are often used to describe surface clutter
Endothelial volume and the hydraulic conductivity of microvessels during altered pressure states

Low perfusion states of the microcirculation are known to produce endothelial cell swelling. In our study, irreversible thermodynamic transport equations are used to model the exchange of fluid between endothelial cells and the blood and tissue compartments. Results indicate that changes in the capillary hydrostatic pressure result in negligible radius changes, due to the small contribution of this pressure to the total pressure when the osmotic pressures of all species present are taken into account. Alterations in osmotic pressure via adjustment of the NaCl concentration in the blood produce fast and substantial changes in radius and therefore hydraulic resistance.
Using fluorescence molecular tomography for multimodality fusion imaging

Multimodality molecular imaging that combines anatomical and functional information has shown promise in development of tumor-targeted pharmaceuticals for cancer detection or therapy. Most multimodality imaging techniques are based on nuclear imaging modalities and MRI or CT. Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is an emerging optical modality for non-invasive functional imaging and early diagnosis of carcinoma. Three-dimensional FMT can differentiate tissue physiological changes in vivo to provide functional information when used in conjunction with cancer cell selectively targeted probes. In this study, we present the design of such a system for multimodality molecular imaging. A frequency domain radio frequency technique based on commercial amateur radio equipment has been developed. A heterodyne method is used to transfer a low frequency oscillation into a single-side-band at radio frequency. The difference in phase, caused by fluorescence photon density wave, is detected between a transmitting fiber and a receiving fiber bundle, and then measured at lower frequency after demodulation. To achieve multimodality molecular imaging, a new fluorescent labeled tumor-targeting probe, fluorescent bombesin conjugates, has been developed with high affinity and specificity for targeting breast cancer cells. The developed multimodality fusion strategy will provide increased sensitivity/specificity for cancer cells, with respect to any single imaging modality.
Facilitating Collaboration Among Academic Generalist Disciplines: A Call to Action

To meet its population’s health needs, the United States must have a coherent system to train and support primary care physicians. This goal can be achieved only though genuine collaboration between academic generalist disciplines. Academic general pediatrics, general internal medicine, and family medicine may be hampering this effort and their own futures by lack of collaboration. This essay addresses the necessity of collaboration among generalist physicians in research, medical education, clinical care, and advocacy. Academic generalists should collaborate by (1) making a clear decision to collaborate, (2) proactively discussing the flow of money, (3) rewarding collaboration, (4) initiating regular generalist meetings, (5) refusing to tolerate denigration of other generalist disciplines, (6) facilitating strategic planning for collaboration among generalist disciplines, and (7) learning from previous collaborative successes and failures. Collaboration among academic generalists will enhance opportunities for trainees, primary care research, and advocacy; conserve resources; and improve patient care.
Wavelets and discrete ordinates method in solving one-dimensional nongray radiation problem

Abstract The wavelet expansion is used to evaluate the spectral dependence in the solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) . The radiative intensity is expanded in terms of Daubechies wrapped wavelet functions in the wavelength domain. The discrete ordinates method (DOM) is applied to solve the resulting equations. As an example, the nongray radiation through an absorbing, emitting and nonscattering medium between two infinite parallel plates is analyzed. The plates are assumed to be black at constant temperatures. The RTE is solved in an absorption band. The results for the case of radiative equilibrium are given and compared with those obtained by other methods. The accuracy of the method is thus validated.
Large scales in the developing mixing layer

A new experimental technique is described for the study of the interactions between the large-scale vortical features in the two-dimensional mixing layer. Detector probes above and below the mixing layer are used to monitor the large-scale structure. Conditional sampling is performed in a moderate Reynolds number developing flow, by using phase and amplitude information from these detector probes. It is shown that significant Reynolds-stress production is associated with the pairing interaction in which two vortical structures combine to form a single, larger vortical structure.
A Urine Metabolic Ratio of Dextromethorphan and 3‐Methoxymorphinan as a Probe for CYP3A Activity and Prediction of Cyclosporine Clearance in Healthy Volunteers

Dextromethorphan (DM) is metabolized in the body to dextrophan (DT) and 3-methoxymorphinan (3-MM) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A4, respectively, and cyclosporine (CsA) is a known substrate of CYP3A4. We attempted to determine if the urine metabolic ratio of DM:3-MM at various time intervals during 24 hours is predictive of CsA clearance in 11 healthy volunteers. Each subject took DM 30 mg orally, and serial urine samples were collected at 0-4, 4, and 4-24, and 0-24 hours. Subjects then were randomly assigned to receive either oral microemulsion CsA 5 mg/kg or intravenous CsA 1.5 mg/kg in a crossover fashion in a two-sequence pharmacokinetic study with a wash-out period of at least 7 days. A total of 17 blood samples were collected from each subject in the CsA pharmacokinetic study over 24 hours. Urinary DM, DT, and 3-MM were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector, and blood CsA concentrations were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. All subjects were extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 as determined by metabolic ratios of DM:DT (mean ± SD 0.0255 ± 0.048). There was no correlation between CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 (p=0.38). The metabolic ratios of DM:3-MM in any urine samples during the 24-hour collection period did not predict CsA pharmacokinetics, although the 0-24 hour sample had an unexpected positive correlation with CsA clearance (r 2 = 0.38, p<0.0001). The correlation was similar for metabolic ratios of DM:3-MM with intravenous CsA clearance (r 2 = 0.5, p<0.0001). Metabolic ratios of DM:3-MM based on 24-hour cumulative urine collection did not appear to have clinical utility in predicting CYP3A activity measured by CsA clearance.
Self-Consciousness, Self-Attention, and Social Interaction

Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of self-focused attention on positive and negative social interactions. In the first study, the behavior of dispositionally high and low publicly self-conscious women was examined in an interpersonal situation involving rejection by a group. It was hypothesized that persons high in self-consciou sness, being more aware of how they are perceived by others, would be more sensitive and react more negatively to the rejection than those low in self-consciou sness. The predictions were confirmed. In Experiment 2, female subjects were presented with favorable or unfavorable feedback in the context of an interview, and self-attention was experimentally manipulated by exposing half the subjects to their images in a mirror. Self-awareness increased the negative response to the negative evaluation and tended to increase the positivity of the positive evaluation. The implications of selfawareness theory for the social self and social interaction are discussed. Everyday observations as well as theoretical approaches to social behavior suggest that in the presence of others, one is apt to become self-conscious, that is, aware of the self as a social object that can be observed and evaluated by others. Goffman (1959) has argued quite persuasively that when one is attending to and involved in an ongoing interaction,
Molecular mechanics (MM3) studies of monochloroalkanes

Monochloroalkanes were studied using molecular mechanics and parameters were developed and incorporated into MM3. The new force field reproduces well molecular structures, conformational energy differences and vibrational frequencies. The compounds studied were methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl chloride, 4-tert-butyl-1-chlorocyclohexane and 1-chloroadamantane. The overall rms error for the averaged C—C and C—Cl bond lengths for the above set of compounds excluding sec-butyl chloride, neopentyl chloride and 1-chloroadamantane is 0·0047 A, and the rms error for the vibrational frequencies is 377thinsp;cm−1. The moments of inertia (rg) are approximately 1% greater than the microwave values (ra0). Thermodynamic quantities are also compared with those observed using various experimental methods. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epistemic Compatibilism and Canonical Beliefs

Sceptics believe that knowledge is not possible, because knowledge entails certainty, and certainty is not possible. Most nousists1 believe that knowledge is possible precisely because they believe, in part, that knowledge does not entail certainty. For they, too, believe that certainty is not possible.2 Thus, sceptics and most nousists agree that certainty is not possible.
Ultrasonic characterization of the marine microlayer

The authors have developed an ultrasonic method to excite and detect transient capillary waves on the surface of water. The measurement is used to determine the surface tension and viscoelastic properties of thin surfactant films on the surface of the ocean. A focused ultrasonic transducer is used to excite a high-amplitude wave whose radiation pressure lifts the surface of the water and allows a capillary wave packet to propagate from the focus of the transducer. Another ultrasonic transducer, which is part of a phase-measuring acoustic microscope, measures the variation in the location of the water surface as the capillary waves pass over the transducer. An optical confocal microscope is used to detect capillary waves, and since it is a noncontacting measurement, the capillary wave evolution can be measured at different distances from the excitation point. The authors have developed a theoretical model to predict the shape of the capillary wave packet; the results of simulations of the evolution of the capillary wave in time and space are shown. The measured capillary wave amplitude is inverted to evaluate the surface tension of the water. Also shown are the results of measurements on sea water samples, which indicate that surfactants float up to the surface of the water and reduce surface tension as a function of time. >
Vectorized adaptive quadrature in MATLAB

Adaptive quadrature codes process a collection of subintervals one at a time. We show how to process them all simultaneously and so exploit vectorization and the use of fast built-in functions and array operations that are so important to efficient computation in MATLAB. Using algebraic transformations we have made it just as easy for users to solve problems on infinite intervals and with moderate end point singularities as problems with finite intervals and smooth integrands. Piecewise-smooth integrands are handled effectively with breakpoints.
Artistic (mis)representation and commodity culture in The Picture of Dorian Gray and The House of Mirth

“Artistic (Mis)representation and Commodity Culture in The Picture of Dorian Gray and The House of Mirth” attempts to establish a trans-Atlantic connection between authors Oscar Wilde and Edith Wharton by considering the manner in which each author’s respective protagonist relates to art, commodities, and the society in which he or she lives. By reading Dorian Gray and Lily Bart through the lens of Jean Baudrillard’s Simulacra and Simulation (1981), the companion chapters show the extent to which each character’s reality is complicated by his or her illusory relationship with both fine arts and social artistry. The first of these chapters, “Portrait-Induced Madness: Artistic Representation and Simulation in The Picture of Dorian Gray” considers Dorian’s uncanny relationship with the portrait that bears the sins of his soul as a representation of double-simulation wherein Dorian’s unchanging appearance and the portrait’s grotesque transformations are the consequence of artist Basil Hallward’s departure from ethical artistic creation. The second chapter, “Object d’art for Sale: Lily Bart’s SelfCommodification and Simulation in The House of Mirth,” traces Lily’s social maneuverings through fashionable New York society in order to show how her supposedly artistic attempts to attract a suitor result in her treatment as a social commodity instead. The tragic fates of each author’s protagonist ultimately suggests that even though they are active participants in the consumer culture of their time, Wilde and Wharton experience and express severe anxieties concerning how anyone can remain unique or artful in a society that dictates an individual’s material desires.
A Theme of Equality in Campaigns and Elections

Elections are the chief mechanisms of popular consent and political accountability in democracy. As recent history attests: “elections in the democratic context can have significant implications for the makeup of a nation's ruling circle and the character of its policies” (Ginsberg 1982, viii). While American elections are undeniably consequential, they fail on the democratic standard of equality. The American electorate is class biased—and more so than in other advanced democracies. Research for more than 50 years has shown that large numbers of Americans don't vote and that voters and nonvoters are drawn from different income and educational strata (Leighley and Nagler 1992). The burning issue of American elections is how to make the electorate more representative of the population as a whole. Courses on American elections, however, devote little time to turn-out and still less on how to mobilize non-voters. Instead, the lion's share of the typical syllabus is devoted to the presidential campaign process. The emphasis on “hoopla” (Patterson 1980) cannot help but feed student conceptualization of politics as a game, rather than an essential social enterprise. If our goal as teachers of political science is to bring students into the world of constructive democratic citizenship, then we must discuss with our students what is at stake in American elections.
Chebyshev's Theorem: A Geometric Approach

(1995). Chebyshev's Theorem: A Geometric Approach. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 139-141.
Simultaneously Coupled Mechanical-Electrochemical-Thermal Simulation of Lithium-Ion Cells

Understanding the combined electrochemical-thermal and mechanical response of a system has a variety of applications, for example, structural failure from electrochemical fatigue and the potential induced changes of material properties. For lithium-ion batteries, there is an added concern over the safety of the system in the event of mechanical failure of the cell components. In this work, we present a generic multi-scale simultaneously coupled mechanical-electrochemical-thermal model to examine the interaction between mechanical failure and electrochemical-thermal responses. We treat the battery cell as a homogeneous material while locally we explicitly solve for the mechanical response of individual components using a homogenization model and the electrochemical-thermal responses using an electrochemical model for the battery. A benchmark problem is established to demonstrate the proposed modeling framework. The model shows the capability to capture the gradual evolution of cell electrochemical-thermal responses, and predicts the variation of those responses under different short-circuit conditions.
Meeting in the Middle: Assessment Ideals and Campus Realities

This article describes the development of an information literacy assessment plan for course-integrated instruction sessions at the Ball State University Libraries. The impact of conflicting needs of stakeholders, the realities of staff time, and the university’s campus culture related to assessment came together to impact the outcome of the assessment plan. The process of developing and enacting a plan allowed Information Services Librarians to begin to understand the relationship of their instruction assessment work to the larger library and campus assessment process.
Recirculating calcium hydroxide solution: A practical choice for on-farm high solids lignocellulose pretreatment

Abstract Pretreatment is considered a necessary step in the use of lignocellulosic biomass for biochemical conversion to higher value products. There are multiple choices of chemicals for pretreatment in industrial settings, however on-farm choices are constrained to those that function well at near ambient conditions with minimal specialized equipment, personnel training, and require limited waste disposal. This work presents a novel pretreatment system biomass using a recirculating, saturated calcium hydroxide (lime) solution in an up-flow, high solids (14–16% w/w) configuration at ambient conditions. In this system, lime solids were efficiently consumed, post-pretreatment washing of substrate was not required, and energy and resources were conserved. Pretreatment effectiveness was assessed by glucose yield comparisons for both switchgrass and corn stover. Based on mean glucose yields from 5 mm corn stover, lime pretreatment would require 350 kg of dry stover to produce 100 kg glucose at a chemical cost of $8.67 while NaOH pretreatment would require 300 kg of chemical at a cost of $22.38.
Olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone did not differ from placebo for Alzheimer disease.

Source Citation Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1525-38. 17035647
Hemorrhagic Shock and Infantile Encephalopathy

The clinical characteristics, treatment and possible causes of hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy in infants are described and a 5-month-old patient is reported from the Section of Neurology, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO.
Proof-of-concept airborne sense and avoid system with ACAS-X U flight test

Today, unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations are typically conducted in segregated airspace and in limited combat theaters. In order to integrate UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS), UAS must operate safely, efficiently, and be compatible with existing manned aircraft traffic so that the overall safety and efficiency of the airspace is not degraded [1]. There are many challenges that lie ahead to allow UAS unrestricted access to NAS, but perhaps the greatest technical challenge involves fulfilling the "See and Avoid" requirements (14CFR 91.111 and 91.113).
Binomial Estimation in Small Samples

This paper displays and describes a table useful in a variety of quality control estimation problems where the underlying distribution is binomial. Sample size is, in every case, less than or equal to 32; censoring is permitted in the data. Two examples..