cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert-novice knowledge of computer programming at different levels of abstraction

Computer programming knowledge can be classified into five levels of abstraction: objective, conceptual, functional, logical, and physical. An experiment was carried out to determine whether the mastering of knowledge at different levels of abstraction changed with the level of skill. Ten experts and ten novices in C computer programming participated in the experiment. The subjects' knowledge at the five levels of abstraction was tested through 20 multiple-choice questions. The experimental results indicated that knowledge differences between experts and novices at an abstract level or a concrete level depended on what abstract or concrete knowledge was implied. Experts had better abstract knowledge than novices at the conceptual and functional levels but not at the objective level. Experts had better concrete knowledge than novices at the physical level but not at the logical level. The classification of computer programming knowledge in levels of abstraction and the experimental results helped in clarifying a general finding from previous studies that experts had better abstract knowledge than novices.
Design of silica-tethered metal complexes for polymerization catalysis

Metal complex catalysts that are covalently tethered to oxide supports have been utilized for many years as hybrid molecular/heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, recent results from our laboratory in the area of silica-tethered metal complex polymerization catalysts are reviewed. The critical parameters for catalyst design when catalyst recovery and recycle are important are discussed in the context of silica-immobilized CuBr complexes for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) as well as silica-tethered Zn-β-diiminate (BDI) complexes for lactide or epoxide/CO2 polymerization. Additionally, a new strategy for the preparation of site-isolated metal complex catalysts on a silica surface is illustrated through the design of tethered constrained geometry catalysts (CGCs) for ethylene polymerization. The novel synthetic protocol is demonstrated to result in catalysts that appear to be more well-defined and that have improved catalytic properties. Major challenges and future directions in the field of oxide-tethered metal complex catalysis are discussed.
Microfilament accumulation and the transport of amino acids and glucose in adult rat hepatocytes cultured on collagen gel/nylon mesh

Abstract Transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid in cultured hepatocytes is temperature- and energy-dependent, whereas transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is not energy-dependent. In early cultures of hepatocytes (day 2) on a collagen gel/nylon mesh, the cells contain few microfilaments and the transport of amino acids and glucose is 5–7 times more than in late cultures of hepatocytes (day 6) which contain an apical, extensive accumulation of microfilaments. Cytochalasin D has little effect on the transport of amino acids and glucose in day 2 cultures of hepatocytes, but enhances transport of both compounds in day 6 cultures. These findings suggest that the microfilament accumulation in cultured hepatocytes inhibits transport of amino acids and glucose.
Phase stability and orientation of SrCu2O2 films grown by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The formation of SrCu 2 O 2 thin films using pulsed laser deposition is discussed. The SrCu 2 O 2 phase is observed for growth condition outside those observed from thermodynamic bulk studies. The structure and properties of epitaxial SrCu 2 O 2 films on (100) SrTiO 3 are described. The epitaxial films grow with the tetragonal a -axis oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface. The in-plane orientation is SrCu 2 O 2 (001) ∥ SrTiO 3 {011}.
The effect of Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa extracts, fraction and major constituents on place aversion and place preference in rats

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Consumer use of botanicals has increased despite, in many instances, the paucity of research demonstrating efficacy or identifying liabilities. This research employed the place preference/aversion paradigm to characterize the psychoactive properties of Salvia divinorum extract (10, 30, 100 mg/kg), salvinorin A (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg), Mitragyna speciosa MeOH extract (50, 100, 300 mg/kg), Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid-enriched fraction (12.5, 25, 75 mg/kg) and mitragynine (5, 10, 30 mg/kg) in rats. Material and methods Following apparatus habituation and baseline preference scores, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given eight counter-balanced drug versus vehicle conditioning trials followed by a preference test conducted under drug-free states. S ( + )-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) served as the positive control (in Exp. 2) and haloperidol (0.8, 1.0 mg/kg) served as the negative control in both studies. Results Rats displayed place aversion to both Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A that exceeded that of haloperidol. Rats showed place preference to mitragynine that was similar to that of S ( + ) - amphetamine. This CPP effect was much less pronounced with the Mitragyna speciosa extract and its fraction. Conclusions These findings suggest that both botanicals possess liabilities, albeit somewhat different, that warrant caution in their use.
Nitrogen transformations associated with earthworm casts

Abstract Earthworms are intimately involved in the cycling of C and N in soil. Earthworm casts are enriched in mineral N; however, there have been few studies of the dynamics of microbial N transformations associated with earthworm casts. We evaluated the N-transformations in earthworm casts as affected by organic residues used as a food source by earthworms. Denitrification rate, nitrification potential and mineral N content of the casts of two earthworm species ( Octolasian tyrtaeum Savigny and Aporrectodea tuberculata Eisen) were assessed in laboratory trials. Trials were made in plastic chambers (600 g soil) with three organic-C treatments: 20 g fresh hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), 5.5 g air-dried hairy vetch or 5.5 g air-dried horse ( Equus caballus ) manure. Earthworm casts were enriched in mineral N, relative to surrounding soil, and that the amount of N accumulated in earthworm casts was a reflection of the N content of the organic matter used as a food source by the earthworms. Casts had elevated denitrification rates, compared to soil, however, rates were low relative to the elevated NO 3 − concentrations in the casts (80–100 μg NO 3 − -Ng −1 dry wt). Observed denitrification rates appeared to be related to the quality of organic matter available to the earthworms, but were not significantly affected by species of worm.
An empirical examination of Web 2.0 technologies and its readiness for business

Increasingly, businesses are considering Web 2.0 for strategic benefits and yet the adoption rate is quite low. As Web 2.0 adoption is increasingly a bottom-up phenomenon, this paper empirically verifies the extent to which the new generation of business users perceive Web 2.0 technologies important and compares with their perception of its ability to deliver or perform. The research examines more than 20 Web 2.0 technologies with over 4,000 responses over a five-year period. The research concludes that better adoption rates may be expected once the performance meets user expectations. Users find Web 2.0 important across all areas of business but especially for accounting, promotion and marketing, human resources, and sales. This research is important for academicians as it compares a wide representation of Web 2.0 technologies currently used in business. By understanding the end user perceptions, practitioners can shape their Web 2.0 initiatives for successful adoption.
Partnering dance and education : intelligent moves for changing times

Dance education is at a critical juncture in the United States. Even though it has gained wide acceptance as a valuable educational discipline and has achieved such victories as inclusion in the National Education Goals, its future remains uncertain. Educational reform, budget cuts, and conflicting views on the relevance of arts education all bring into question how--and if--dance should be taught in our schools.In "Partnering Dance and Education," Dr. Judith Lynne Hanna presents a compelling argument for making dance central to every student's education. She examines current trends and issues in education to show how dance can be successfully justified and taught in today's changing educational environment. Rich with examples from arts magnet schools, arts organization offerings, dance company programs, public school instruction, and programs for at-risk youth, the book addresses difficult questions, including: - Is dance education in and of itself worthwhile?- What are the ways of providing dance education?- Who should teach dance in public schools?- Why and how should we connect dance to other bodies of knowledge?- What can be learned in, about, and through dance?- Does dance education benefit at-risk youth?- Do we teach gender roles in dance education?- What are the advantages and problems with cultural diversity in dance education?Divided into two parts, "Partnering Dance and Education" is full of information and insights that readers will find both illuminating and thought provoking. Part I recognizes dance as a discipline in its own right with a distinct body of knowledge. Chapters discuss the benefits and methods of providing dance education, ways dance education can develop within the education reform movement, and who should teach dance.Part II addresses how dance education, while meaningful in itself, has broader relevance. Chapters discuss how dance can be used to teach academic and workplace skills, help at-risk youth, promote national identity while preserving cultural diversity, and help people cope with stress. It explains how children's dance during free play can be used as a teaching tool, and it looks at the role of dance in teaching students about gender. A special appendix poses challenging discussion questions for students and teachers. An extensive dance resources appendix includes suggested readings, as well as the addresses and phone numbers of leading dance organizations, programs, and schools.
Peptide amidating enzymes are present in cultured endothelial cells.

Abstract Car☐y-terminal amidation is a prevalent post-translational modification necessary for the bioactivity of many peptides. We now report that the two enzymes essential for amidation, peptidylglycine α-monooxygenase (PAM) and peptidylamidoglycolate lyase (PGL), are present in both the cytosol and membrane fractions of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Endothelial PAM exhibits ascorbate-dependent turnover and is inactivated by the mechanism-based inactivator, 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid (PBA), whereas PGL activity is independent of ascorbate and is not affected by PBA. These enzymological characteristics correspond to those of amidating enzymes from other tissues. These results suggest a heretofore unrecognized role for α-amidated peptides in cardiovascular function.
Instrumentation evaluation: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy

The authors are indebted to Olympus Optical Corporation, Tokyo, for the unconditional technical support and to Mr. H. I. Winter and Mr. W. Ibe for their assistance. REFERENCES 1. HAUBRICH WS: Peritoneoscopy with endophotography and guided liver biopsy. Am / Gastroenterol 38:311,1962 2. BOYCE HW jR: Laparoscopy, in L Schiff, ed. Diseases of the Liver, Ed. 5. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1982, p. 333 3. BECK K, DISCHLER W, OEHLERT W: Farbatlas der Laparoskopie, Ed. 2. New York, FK Schattauer, 1980 4. MENGHINI G, BENDA N: Un nuovo complesso per laparofotografia a colori, in Dominici G, Menghini G, eds. Studi e Ricerche in Epatologia. Rome, Pensiero Scientifico, 1957, p. 281 5. MENGHINI G: Erfahrungen mit einen dunnkalibrigen Laparoskop und einem neuen Trokar, in Lindner H, ed. Fortschrille in der gas/roenterologischen Endoskopie. Baden Baden-Brussel, G. Witzstrock, 1973, p. 39 6. VILARDEL F, SERES I, MARTI-VICENTE A: Complications of peritoneoscopy: a survey of 1455 examinations. Gastrointes/ Endosc 14:178, 1968 7. TAKEMOTO T, OKITA K, FUKUMOTO Y, ET AL: Complications of laparoscopy in Japan. Gastroenterol/pn 15:140, 1980 8. KALK H, WILDHIRT E: Lehrbuch und Atlas der Laparoskopie und Leberpunktion. Stuttgart, Thieme, 1962, p. 71 9. CAROLI j: Premier accident grave de la laparoscopie (hemorragie interne catac1ysmique) au cours d'une cirrhose de CruveilhierBaumgarten de type profond. Rev Med Chir Mal Foie (Paris) 27:41,1957 10. BRUEHL W: Zwischenfaelle und Komplikationen bei der Laparoskopie und gezielten Leberpunktion. Ergebnis einer Umfrage. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 91:2297,1966
TEMPORAL RESPONSE OF MURINE BONE MARROW TO LOCAL HYPERTHERMIA

Abstract Hemopoietic insufficiency resulting from single or multiple agents used in cancer therapy often becomes a dose limiting toxicity. Since hyperthermia is finding increased clinical application with whole body or extended field treatments for a variety of neoplastic diseases, we wished to examine its potential effects on normal bone marrow. One hind leg of anesthetized mice received up to one hour water bath heating to 41–44°C. With temperatures of 42°C or greater, there was a dose and heating time dependent initial depletion of both CFU-S and CFU-GM that was not appreciably affected by migration of stem cells to or from the heated field. CFU-S and CFU-GM returned to normal values by 2 to 3 weeks after 1 hour heating to 42°C. However, at 43° or 44°C for 1 hour, CFU-GM only transiently returned to normal, falling to 55% and 33% of control respectively by 3 months. Total nucleated cell counts reflected a similar dose and time dependent depletion and repopulation. Finally, bone marrow differential counts from heated marrow suggested that equivalent repopulation along each differentiation pathway occurred during recovery after thermal injury. These data indicate that temperatures greater than 42°C for one hour caused a long term delay in hemopoietic repopulation, which may contribute to a significant toxicity when hyperthermia is used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs or local irradiation incorporating the same treatment field.
Photoacoustic endoscopic imaging study of melanoma tumor growth in a rat colorectum in vivo

We performed a photoacoustic endoscopic imaging study of melanoma tumor growth in a nude rat in vivo. After inducing the tumor at the colorectal wall of the animal, we monitored the tumor development in situ by using a photoacoustic endoscopic system. This paper introduces our experimental method for tumor inoculation and presents imaging results showing the morphological changes of the blood vasculature near the tumor region according to the tumor progress. Our study could provide insights for future studies on tumor development in small animals.
Different rate of protein granule formation in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The concentration of protein granules was determined cytologically in different regions of the fat body during the latter half of the third larval instar of Drosophila melanogaster . The measurements made at 6 hr intervals from 72–96 hr larvae showed that the concentration of the granules was the highest in the posterior, lowest in the anterior and intermediate in the middle region of the fat body. From these measurements, it was shown that the rate of granule formation was different in each region. Furthermore, there is a strong indication that at any given stage, the rate increases gradually and continuously from the anterior to the posterior region. When the fat body from larvae prior to the time of granule formation was cultured for three days in ecdysterone-containing medium, protein granules were produced in the anterior, middle and posterior regions in the same concentration as that in 90 hr larvae. The same gradient of protein granule formation in vitro is found whether the fat body is cultured as an intact piece or as three separate, dissected regions. The putative adaptive advantage of region-dependent granule formation is discussed.
Oceanographic research at the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory

The Oceanographic Studies Section of the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory at San Diego, California, was organized in 1946 to continue the wartime research previously conducted by the Division of War Research of the University of California. Since one of the main efforts of USNEL is the investigation of underwater sound and the development and evaluation of sonar devices, most of the investigations of the Oceanographic Studies Section are directed toward supporting underwater sound research. In connection with this work, however, research is also done on other phases of oceanography. Assistance contracts between USNEL ana the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California and the Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California provide close cooperation with these activities engaged in oceanographic research in Southern California.
Direct enantiomeric resolution of mephenytoin and its N-demethylated metabolite in plasma and blood using chiral capillary gas chromatography.

Abstract A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of the R- and S-enantiomers of the anticonvulsant, mephenytoin, and its N-demethylated metabolite, 5-phenyl-5-ethylhydantoin (PEH), in plasma and blood. Direct enantiomeric separation of mephenytoin and its internal standard was obtained using a chiral capillary column (Chirasil-Val®) followed by nitrogen specific detection. However, resolution of the enantiomers of PEH and its internal standard required propylation at the 3-position of the hydantoin ring prior to analysis. Similar linear and reproducible standard curves were obtained from both plasma and blood over the concentration range 50 ng/ml to 5 μg/ml, and above 100 ng/ml the reproducibility was less than 8% (coefficient of variation). Pronounced stereoselective differences in the plasma concentration—time curves for both mephenytoin and PEH were observed in a normal subject who received a single oral dose of 300 mg racemic mephenytoin. The peak plasma level of S-mephenytoin was only one-fifth that of the R-enantiomer and its elimination half-life was less than 3 h compared to over 70 h for R-mephenytoin. Similarly, S-PEH levels were barely detectable whereas concentrations of R-metabolite steadily increased over 4–6 days before slowly declining.
Urban landscape networks: an ecological planning framework

Abstract This paper presents a framework for the planning of urban landscape networks in an attempt to have nature areas integrated into traditional urban land‐use planning. The biophysical and socio‐economic benefits of such a network are discussed to provide justification for this incorporation. A framework is described, building upon ecological planning processes and incorporating theory and methodology from landscape ecology. The framework includes an assessment of natural and cultural resources, formulating the spatial structure of the network and examination of network components. Implementation strategies are discussed within the context of traditional urban land‐use planning practice.
Anisotropy of the Electron-Phonon Interaction in Copper

Absolute values of the anisotropy of the electron-phonon renormalization and of the anisotropy of the temperature-dependent (${T}^{3}$) component of the quasiparticle scattering rate on the Fermi surface of copper have been calculated. The electron-phonon matrix element is expressed in terms of an augmented-plane-wave (APW) phase-shift pseudopotential. The anisotropies of the Fermi surface, the phonon spectrum, and the wave functions of the initial and final states are explicitly taken into account. The results are compared with experimental data on the scattering rate of quasiparticles by thermal phonons in copper. The calculation predicts an anisotropic variation of the absolute scattering rate which is in good over-all agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the large increase on the scattering rate on the necks can be explained by taking into account the scattering of electrons by transverse phonons. The predicted anisotropy of the renormalization factor is in good agreement with that obtained from a phenomenological interpretation of experimental cyclotron-mass data. The results of this paper suggest the applicability of the APW pseudopotential to the description of the electron-phonon interaction in other metals of the transition series.
More than just tapping: Index finger-tapping measures procedural learning in schizophrenia

Background Finger-tapping has been widely studied using behavioral and neuroimaging paradigms. Evidence supports the use of finger-tapping as an endophenotype in schizophrenia, but its relationship with motor procedural learning remains unexplored. To our knowledge, this study presents the first use of index finger-tapping to study procedural learning in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ/SZA) as compared to healthy controls.
Some Probable Identities in Wave-Length in Nebular and Stellar Spectra.

Coincidence between the bright nebular lines and lines in the spectra of the stars and terrestial sources are usually regarded as limited to the radiations of hydrogen, helium, the line at wave-length 4686A, and the related series of Puppis lines. There are other correspondences to which attention should be drawn. There' is in the nebulae a very faint line close to HA which became pronounced enough in the spectrum of Nova Geminorum no. 2 to modify very perceptibly the form of the Ha band. In fact it was first suspected in the nova from this circumstance, and afterward found, with prolonged exposure, in a number of nebulae. Its wave-length is uncertain on account of its faintness and the overpowering strength of the Hs line which, with the low dispersion used, is very close. The mean of five measures gives 4097.6A. The wavelength of the dark line in e Orionis is, accordingto R. H. Curtiss,' 4097.5A. This stellar line has been the subject of much discussion in studies of spectral classification. It has its maximum, according to Miss Cannon, in Class Oe stars. It has been assigned by various observers to as many elements, but the best case seems to have been made out by Lockyer, Baxendall and Butler who identify it with a line of abnormal behavior in the spectrum of nitrogen.2 Whatever its chemical source its strength in Class O stars argues for its common origin in these and in the nebulae. A line which plays an equally, or perhaps more, important part in stars a little further along in their development is 4267.30A. This is universally ascribed to carbon, and the wave-length quoted is Hartmann's laboratory determination made with a highly rarefied tube containing a gaseous hydrocarbon compound. A faint nebular line has been photographed in this vicinity by several observers, but only rough determinations of its position have been published. The mean of five of my measures places it at 4267.28A. The line is very faint and this value may be in error, say 0.2 of an angstrom. The South Kensington observers have found3 the carbon line 4267.30 to be accompanied by a doublet in position 4647.53, 4650.92. If this doublet were in the nebulae it would not be resolved on these plates but would be represented by an apparently single line of slightly greater wave-length than
Genetic variation in lake erie Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias)

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic techniques were used to survey genetic variation in Great Blue Herons from two heronries. 2. 2. Genetic heterozygosity was extremely low. 3. 3. Forced mating apparently resulted in the localized concentration of a rare allele.
Principles of Organic Synthesis, Third Edition (Norman, Richard O.C.; Coxon, James M.)

A two-part introduction to organic synthesis for students who have completed the traditional sophomore organic chemistry introductory course or its functional equivalent.
The effects of chronic administration of naltrexone on appetite and water exchange in rats

Abstract The effects of chronic administration of naltrexone (200 μg/kg/hr) on appetitive behaviors and renal water and electrolyte excretions were studied in rats. Naltrexone reduced food and water intake, the renal excretions of water and electrolytes, and osmolar clearance. No changes in plasma levels of electrolytes, plasma and urine Na + -K + ratios, hematocrit ratio, plasma osmolality, the clearances of K + and Na + , and the reabsorption of solute free water were found. The changes in appetite were compensated for by appropriate changes in renal excretions, resulting in no change in electrolyte balance or water exchange. These observations are discussed in relation to current theories of the role of endorphins in appetite control.
Face recognition with illumination and pose variations using MINACE filters

This paper presents the status of our present CMU face recognition work. We first present a face recognition system that functions in the presence of illumination variations. We then present initial results when pose variations are also considered. A separate minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) filter is synthesized for each person. Our concern is face identification and impostor (non-database face) rejection. Most prior face identification did not address impostor rejection. We also present results for face verification with impostor rejection. The MINACE parameter c trades-off distortion-tolerance (recognition) versus discrimination (impostor rejection) performance. We use an automated filter-synthesis algorithm to select c and to synthesize the MINACE filter for each person using a training set of images of that person and a validation set of a few faces of other persons; this synthesis ensures both good recognition and impostor rejection performance. No impostor data is present in the training or validation sets. The peak-tocorrelation energy ratio (PCE) metric is used as the match-score in both the filter-synthesis and test stages and we show that it is better than use of the correlation peak value. We use circular correlations in filter synthesis and in tests, since such filters require one-fourth the storage space and similarly fewer on-line correlation calculations compared to the use of linear correlation filters. All training set images are registered (aligned) using the coordinates of several facial landmarks to remove scale variations and tilt bias. We also discuss the proper handling of pose variations by either pose estimation or by transforming the test input to all reference poses. Our face recognition system is evaluated using images from the CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) database. The same set of MINACE filters and impostor faces are used to evaluate the performance of the face identification and verification systems.
A thermochemical study of some selected laves phases

Abstract The enthalpies of formation of MgNi2, MgCu2, MgZn2, CaMg2, SrMg2 and BaMg2 and of the quasibinary alloys MgCu2-MgZn2 were determined by means of tin solution calorimetry. For the five alloys which do not contain a transition metal, the results show a close correlation between the magnitude of the enthalpy of formation and the deviation from the ideal radius ratio (1.225); no correlation was found with the difference in electronegativity between the two components. The results for MgNi2 show that this alloy has a significantly larger negative enthalpy of formation than the other structural prototypes, MgCu2 and MgZn2. This is attributed to heteropolarity resulting from a partial transfer of valence electrons from the magnesium atoms into the vacant d-levels of the nickel atoms. While the principal objective of the present work has been a study of the thermochemistry of the Laves phases, new heat of formation data are reported also for certain other intermetallic phases in the considered binary systems. We further report some new information on the heats of solution of pure nickel, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium in liquid tin.
Pickup ions at Dione and Enceladus: Cassini Plasma Spectrometer simulations

[1] Voyager images of the icy satellites of Saturn, Dione and Enceladus, suggest that they may have been geologically active and are not only composed of ice. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown the presence of ozone at both Dione and Rhea, which also implies the presence of molecular oxygen at these bodies. Observations of Ariel, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto indicate the presence of CO2, so its presence on the Saturnian satellites is also expected. The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) will provide the capability to determine the global composition of these bodies by measuring the pickup ions produced by the ionization of their sputter-produced atmospheres. We will present a model of these atmospheres and associated pickup ions and demonstrate CAPS ability to distinguish the freshly produced picked up ions from the ambient plasma. Such ions are expected to form a ring distribution that will have a uniquely different energy-angle dependence than the ambient plasma ions. In the case of Dione we expect the potential for a moderate strength interaction for which both Voyager 1 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft measured ion cyclotron waves centered on the Dione L shell and near the equatorial plane. SKR radio emissions also displayed emissions occurring at the orbital period of Dione which could indicate some intrinsic activity due to Dione. So again, something interesting may be going on at Dione. Since Enceladus, or material in orbit near Enceladus, may be the source of the E-ring, some surprises may be encountered during its close encounter with the Cassini spacecraft. In the case of Dione we will show that a wake pass at 500 km altitude is more than an order of magnitude better than an upstream pass at 500 km altitude. Pickup ion detection for minor ion species such as NH3+ is possible for 500 km altitude wake pass but not for ≈500 km altitude upstream pass at closest approach. For navigation reasons a 100 km pass is not allowed. Therefore it is essential to have a wake pass to maximize the science return for a targeted flyby with Dione. The CAPS observations when combined with magnetometer, plasma wave and energetic particle observations will allow us to estimate the source of ions into Saturn's magnetosphere due to these two bodies and to characterize the nature of the interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere.
Junctional complexes in the preimplantation rabbit embryo

The morphology and development of junctional complexes between blastomeres of the preimplantation rabbit embryo were investigated using several approaches. Electron microscopic examination of embryos stained en bloc with uranyl acetate, and the study of junction permeability using horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate provided information on structure, intermembrane spacing and permeability of the junctional complexes. In addition, the freeze fracture technique was used with day 5 and day 6 blastocysts, since the large size of these embryos facilitated use of this method. These experiments showed that although rudimentary junctions were present between blastomeres of the early cleavage stages, effective tight junctions were not present until the blastocyst stage. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections revealed apical foci of membrane approximation or "fusion" between trophoblast cells by day 4. Freeze fracturing revealed a lattice of interconnecting ridges (on the A face) and grooves (on the B face) in the apical region between trophoblast cells of the day 5 blastocyst. This lattice formed a continuous band along the apical margin of each cell, and therefore constituted a zonula occludens. The zonula occludens of the day 5 blastocyst averages 2-3 ridges per lattice, while day 6 blastocysts had lattices that averaged 5-6 ridges. Also seen in the freeze fracture replicas from the day 5 and day 6 blastocysts were local accumulations of intramembranous particles on the A face. These particles were often observed in aggregates similar to those of previously described gap junctions. It could not be determined whether these small regions of particles were true gap junctions or a possible primitive form of gap junction because the complementary pitted surfaces (B face pits) were not demonstrated.
Investigation of thermal effects on fatigue crack closure using multiscale digital image correlation experiments

Abstract Hastelloy X, a nickel-based superalloy, has been extensively used for high temperature applications. In this work, Hastelloy X notched samples were used to investigate fatigue crack growth and crack closure at elevated temperatures. Isothermal, thermal jump, and thermal overload experiments at varying temperatures (up to 650 °C), were performed. Macroscale (2 μm/pixel) digital image correlation was performed on images taken at various stages of crack growth and microscale (0.4 μm/pixel) digital image correlation was used on images obtained directly behind the crack tip to quantify the local effects of crack closure. Experiments focused on the effects of isothermal conditions and thermal overloads on measured crack closure levels. Each isothermal experiment showed steady state crack closure levels of 0.30 while thermal jumps and thermal overloads created significant decreases (or, in some cases, complete elimination) in closure levels immediately following the temperature change. Similar to the case of mechanical overloads, as crack growth was continued beyond the plastic zone enlargement created by the thermal spike, closure levels were reestablished near the original steady state values. Competing mechanisms, including crack tip blunting, crack bifurcation, change in temperature, yield stress, elastic modulus, and plastic zone size, thought to be responsible for the changes in closure levels following the thermal jumps and during the thermal overload, were investigated.
Ureterovaginal fistula: a case series

We describe the presentation, diagnosis, and management of ureterovaginal fistula over a 7-year period at a tertiary care center. A retrospective review of ureterovaginal fistula cases between 2003 and 2011 was performed. Demographic information, antecedent event, symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies were reviewed. Nineteen ureterovaginal fistulas were identified during the 7-year study period. One fistula followed a repeat cesarean section and 18 fistulas followed a hysterectomy (9 total abdominal, 6 total laparoscopic, 3 vaginal hysterectomies). Ureteral injuries were not recognized in any of the patients at the time of index surgery. Computed tomography (CT) urography was the most commonly utilized diagnostic modality (58 %). Primary non-surgical management with ureteral stents was attempted and successful in 5 out of 7 cases (71 %). There were 14 total surgical repairs, including 2 cases in which stents were successfully placed, but the fistula persisted, and 6 additional cases where attempted stent placement failed. Surgical repair consisted of 10 ureteroneocystostomies performed via laparotomy and 4 performed laparoscopically, 3 of which were robotically assisted. Despite being uncommon, ureterovaginal fistula should remain in the differential diagnosis of new post-operative urinary incontinence after gynecological surgery. Conservative management with ureteral stent appears to be the best initial approach in selected patients, with a success rate of 71 %. Minimally invasive approaches to performing ureteroneocystostomy have high success rates, comparable to those of open surgical repair.
Finite-element analysis of balloon angioplasty

Finite-element modelling is used to simulate the response of atherosclerotic arteries to a balloon angioplasty procedure. Material properties for the normal wall are derived from experimental data, and the properties of the plaque are varied over a wide range. Comparison with experimental data shows that the normal arterial wall can be appropriately modelled using a hyperelastic material definition. Large strain, non-linear analysis was used to simulate the dilatation of three typical plaque configurations by an angioplasty balloon. Stress contour plots are presented for each configuration. Results show good agreement with previous histologic studies.
Ethanol and Vitamin D Receptor in T Cell Apoptosis

Ethanol has been demonstrated to cause T cell apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the role of VDR and the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in oxidative stress-induced T cell apoptosis. Ethanol-treated human T cells displayed down regulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the activation of the RAS in the form of enhanced T cell renin expression and angiotensin II (Ang II) production. The silencing of VDR with siRNA displayed the activation of the RAS, and activation of the VDR resulted in the down regulation of the RAS. It suggested that ethanol-induced T cell RAS activation was dependent on the VDR status. T cell ROS generation by ethanol was found to be dose dependent. Conversely, ethanol-induced ROS generation was inhibited if VDR was activated or Ang II was blocked by an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (Losartan). Furthermore, it was observed that ethanol not only induced double strand breaks in T cells but also attenuated DNA repair response, whereas, VDR activation inhibited ethanol-induced double strand breaks and also enhanced DNA repairs. Since free radical scavengers inhibited ethanol-induced DNA damage, it would indicate that ethanol-induced DNA damage was mediated through ROS generation. These findings indicated that ethanol-induced T cell apoptosis was mediated through ROS generation in response to ethanol-induced down regulation of VDR and associated activation of the RAS.
Analysis of individual immunoglobulin λ light chain genes amplified from single cells is inconsistent with variable region gene conversion in germinal‐center B cell somatic mutation

Responding B cells in specific immune responses diversify their immunoglobulin genes and are selected on their variant antigen receptors in the microenvironment of the germinal center. The patterns of mutations previously reported for immunglobulin (Ig) genes have supported mechanistic hypotheses of either error-prone DNA synthesis or templated variable region gene conversion as the underlying mechanism in the generation of these mutations. To assess the role of gene conversion in germinal-center somatic mutation, we chose to examine nucleotide changes in mouse lambda light chain genes which arose in response to a specific antigen. Laboratory mice possess three V lambda subexons, two of which differ from one another by only seven nucleotides, making these two subexons ideal for gene conversion. In the current study, we used six-parameter flow cytometry to isolate single lambda light chain-expressing germinal-center B cells from two different time points in a primary immune response. We then individually amplified and sequenced individual V lambda 1 genes from these single cells for mutational analysis. None of the 32 V lambda 1 genes, containing a total of 40 mutations, showed evidence of gene conversion from either of the other V lambda subexons. Features such as the replacement to silent ratio of the mutations documented at the earlier time point indicate an absence of antigen-driven selection. These data indicate that V region gene conversion does not contribute to germinal-center somatic mutation and that gene conversion is not responsible for targeting mutation specifically to rearranged Ig genes. The biological implications are discussed.
A Conserved Docking Site Modulates Substrate Affinity for Calcineurin, Signaling Output, and In Vivo Function

Calcineurin, the conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase, mediates diverse aspects of Ca2+-dependent signaling. We show that substrates bind calcineurin with varying strengths and examine the impact of this affinity on signaling. We altered the calcineurin-docking site, or PxIxIT motif, in Crz1, the calcineurin-regulated transcription factor in S. cerevisiae, to decrease (Crz1PVIAVN) or increase (Crz1PVIVIT) its affinity for calcineurin. As a result, the Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation and activation of Crz1PVIAVN are decreased, whereas Crz1PVIVIT is constitutively dephosphorylated and hyperactive. Surprisingly, the physiological consequences of altering calcineurin-Crz1 affinity depend on the growth conditions. Crz1PVIVIT improves yeast growth under several environmental stress conditions but causes a growth defect during alkaline stress, most likely by titrating calcineurin away from other substrates or regulators. Thus, calcineurin-substrate affinity determines the Ca2+ concentration dependence and output of signaling in vivo as well as the balance between different branches of calcineurin signaling in an overall biological response.
The "July phenomenon" and the care of the severely injured patient: fact or fiction?

Abstract Background. The “July phenomenon,” a common belief in medical academia, refers to purported errors, inefficiency, and negative outcomes during the summertime transition of the house staff. We hypothesized that care in a trauma service is consistent throughout the year and that the July phenomenon therefore is a myth. Methods. The records of adults admitted to a trauma service between July 1994 and September 1999 were evaluated. The care of and outcomes for patients admitted in July and August were compared with those of patients admitted in April and May. Results. Nine hundred seventeen patients were evaluated over 5 years. Patients were well matched by the Injury Severity Score, the Glasgow Coma Score, by mechanism, and by survival probability. Patients admitted in the spring were significantly older, by a mean of 5.1 years. Length of stay and intensive care unit stay were similar. Emergency department times were similar, as were resuscitation times, infection rates, and hospital costs. The mortality of patients was similar between the 2 times. Conclusions. There was no evidence of an increase in negative outcomes early in the academic year compared with the end of the academic year. We believe that a systematic approach to the diagnosis, resuscitation, and treatment of trauma prevented a July phenomenon. (Surgery 2001;130:346-53.)
Simulation-based performance prediction for large parallel machines

We present a performance prediction environment for large scale computers such as the Blue Gene machine. It consists of a parallel simulator, BigSim, for predicting performance of machines with a very large number of processors, and BigNetSim, which incorporates a pluggable module of a detailed contention-based network model. The simulators provide the ability to make performance predictions for very large machines such as Blue Gene/L. We illustrate the utility of our simulators using validation and prediction studies of several applications using smaller numbers of processors for simulations.
Identification of resilin in the leg of cockroach, Periplaneta americana: confirmation by a simple method using pH dependence of UV fluorescence

We have examined the tarsus (foot) and tibial segments of the cockroach leg to identify structures that contain the elastic protein resilin. The presence of resilin was tested using the conventional criteria of fluorescent emission at 420 nm under UV illumination and histological staining of wholemount tissues by toluidine blue. We have also developed a simple method of confirming identification of resilin through changes in its fluorescence that occur with alteration of pH of the surrounding medium. Using a commonly available excitation filter that only passes light at >330 nm, we found that the emission was present at neutral pH but was eliminated at low pH. It then reversibly reappeared when medium of higher pH was restored. This effect is attributable to a known shift in the absorption maximum of amino acids of resilin that occurs in acidic media (from 330 to 285 nm). The accuracy of this method of identification was confirmed by examination of ligaments of the wing hinge, which has previously been shown to contain resilin in a number of insects. Using these techniques, we have identified resilin in association with ligaments at the tibio-tarsal joint and in the articulation between the fourth and fifth tarsal segments of the leg. The anatomical arrangement of these ligaments suggests that they could aid in the generation of leg movements during walking by functioning as elastic antagonists to the actions of leg muscles. The method of identification we have devised could readily be applied to aid in the localization of resilin in other animals.
Are California Psychological Inventory items differently heritable

The procedure for classifying items from the California Psychological Inventory into “genetic” and “environmental” groups, as carried out by Horn, Plomin, and Rosenman (Behav. Genet. 6:17–30, 1976) with the Veterans twin sample, was repeated with male pairs from the National Merit twin sample. There was no significant consistency in the items selected into the two categories in the two samples. It was concluded that individual personality questionnaire items may be inherently too ambiguous for profitable behavior genetic analysis.
OK-4/Duke storage ring FEL lasing in the deep-UV

Abstract In this paper we present the result of the deep-UV lasing with the OK-4/Duke storage ring FEL. The OK-4 FEL was initially commissioned at Duke Free Electron Laboratory in November 1996 followed by a yearlong shutdown. After re-establishing the storage ring operation in early 1998, the OK-4 FEL lasing was demonstrated in the wavelength range of 226–256 nm in April 1998. The OK-4 FEL successfully lased from 217 nm to 235 nm in August 1998. A number of lasing modes with electron energies ranging from 300 to 750 MeV have been established to accommodate application researches. Starting September 1998, the coherent deep-UV radiation is used for applications in surgery, cell biology, surface physics, and nuclear physics.
Surgical management after failed antireflux operations.

From 1973 to 1989, 117 (28%) patients underwent re-operation for failed antireflux surgery from a total of 413 esophagogastric operations for gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Seventy-eight patients who underwent re-operation before 1984 were reviewed in detail for classification and long-term outcome. Forty re-operations followed a failed Nissen fundoplication, while no other procedure was the most recent prior operation in more than 10 patients. Re-operation rates were 3% following prior surgery in our clinic for reflux disease other than stricture and 9.6% if the prior operation was done for stricture. There was no difference in re-operation rates for the Belsey Mark IV or Nissen fundoplication, the 2 most commonly used repairs. In each case, complete pre-operative evaluations included symptom score, radiography, endoscopy, and esophageal function tests. Based on the results, the 78 patients were classified as pure sphincter mechanism failure to stop reflux (n=14), pure esophageal clearance failure (n=12), combined sphincter mechanism failure and clearance failure (n=29), alkaline reflux (n=9), or no reflux but another condition found (n=14). Patients having symptoms following a prior Nissen fundoplication or Angelchik prosthesis insertion were more likely to have esophageal clearance failure than those having other repairs. The classification proved to be a useful guide to the need for and types of re-operation chosen. Among the 117 patients undergoing re-operation, there were 2 (1.7%) deaths within 3 months of surgery and 25 (21%) complications. Long-term results were directly related to the number of previous operations, with resection and intestinal interposition being the preferred procedure in patients having had 2 or more previous attempts at antireflux surgery.