cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Daily Process Analysis of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Perceived Cognitive Abilities.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated the role of both physical activity and sedentary behavior in daily perceptions of cognitive abilities and whether these relations exist within-person, between-person, or both. Design Non-experimental, intensive longitudinal research using ecological momentary assessments. Method College students wore accelerometers and provided end-of-day reports on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and perceived cognitive abilities for 14 days. Results Across self-reports and objective measures of behavior, daily deviations in physical activity were positively associated with perceived cognitive abilities. Daily deviations in self-reported, but not objectively-assessed, sedentary behavior also were negatively associated with perceived cognitive abilities. Contrary to previous research, overall levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors were not associated with perceived cognitive abilities. Conclusions These findings indicate that physical activity has a within- rather than between-person association with perceived cognitive abilities although between-person associations effects may require longer monitoring periods to manifest. Further research is needed to establish the direction of causality and resolve whether the nature (rather than quantity) of sedentary activities influences cognition.
The making of self and world in advertising

In this paper I will criticize a common practice I call associative advertising. Briefly, associative advertising induces people to buy (or buy more of) a product by associating that market product with such deep-seated non-market goods as friendship, acceptance and esteem from others, excitement and power even though the market good seldom satisfies or has any connection with the non-market desire. The fault in associative advertising is not that it is deceptive or that it violates the autonomy of its audience — on this point I find Robert Arrington's arguments persuasive (‘Advertising and Behavior Control’, Journal of Business Ethics 1 (1982), 3–12). Instead, I will argue against associative advertising by examining the virtues and vices at stake. In so doing, I will offer an alternative to Arrington's exclusive concern with autonomy and behavior control. My main criticism is two-fold: (a) Advertisers must surely desensitize themselves to the compassion, concern, and sympathy for others that are central emotions in a virtuous person, and (b) associative advertising influences its audience to neglect the nonmarket cultivation of our virtues and to substitute market goods instead, with the result that we become worse and, quite likely, less happy persons.
Algorithms by Design: Part III—A Novel Normalized Time Weighted Residual Methodology and Design of Optimal Symplectic-Momentum Based Controllable Numerical Dissipative Algorithms for Nonlinear Structural Dynamics

While in Part I (see [1]) and Part II (see [2]) of this three-part exposition we focused attention on non-dissipative symplectic-momentum conserving designs of time operators for applicability to nonlinear dynamics, here in Part III of this exposition we demonstrate how to further advance the theoretical developments and introduce controllable numerical dissipation via a novel time weighted residual approach we have previously described. The unique aspects of the algorithmic designs are such that when the numerical dissipative features are turned off, the resulting time operators readily recover the original designs of algorithms that are inherently symplectic-momentum conserving (we defer to those that are energy-momentum conserving elsewhere [3, 4]). The focus of the current work is on the theoretical developments of the new formulation termed the displacement based normalized time weighted residual approach for nonlinear dynamics applications. In particular, we provide extensions of the well—known Gene...
An extra-adrenal response to sodium loading revealed by thymectomy.

Abstract Salt-loaded thymectomized rats retained significantly more sodium than did salt-loaded sham-thymectomized and unoperated control rats. The effects of thymectomy were exaggerated by adrenalectomy. The interrelationships between the thymus gland, heparin secretion, the kidney, and the adrenal cortex in the response to sodium loading are discussed. The data presented are consistent with the following hypothesis: Salt loading in the presence of the thymus gland (but not in its absence) stimulates kidney growth and enhanced sodium excretion by an extraadrenal mechanism. It is possible that the thymus gland secretes heparin in response to the sodium loading, and that heparin acts directly on the kidney.
Multiple sequence alignment using simulated annealing

Multiple sequence alignment is a useful technique for studying molecular evolution and analyzing structure-sequence relationships. Dynamic programming of multiple sequence alignment has been widely used to find an optimal alignment. However, dynamic programming does not allow for certain types of gap costs, and it limits the number of sequences that can be aligned due to its high computational complexity. The focus of this paper is to use simulated annealing as the basis for developing an efficient multiple sequence alignment algorithm. An algorithm called Multiple Sequence Alignment using Simulated Annealing (MSASA) has been developed. The computational complexity of MSASA is significantly reduced by replacing the high-temperature phase of the annealing process by a fast heuristic algorithm. This heuristic algorithm facilitates in minimizing the solution set of the low-temperature phase of the annealing process. Compared to the dynamic programming approach, MSASA can (i) use natural gap costs which can generate better solution, (ii) align more sequences and (iii) take less computation time.
Cd exposures in fathead minnows: effects on adult spawning success and reproductive physiology.

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether cadmium (Cd) exposures alter reproduction in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Pairs of sexually mature minnows were exposed to waterborne Cd at 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μg/L for 21 days. During this exposure period, the reproductive success of pairs was assessed. Following the exposure, gonadosomatic index (GSI), male secondary sexual characteristics, male plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) concentrations, and female plasma estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined. Results of this study show that Cd exposures impair reproduction in fathead minnows. Pairs exposed to 50 μg/L experienced a significant decline in spawning frequency and fecundity relative to unexposed minnows. Cd exposures also caused alterations in male secondary sexual characteristics, as males exposed to 25 μg/L had significantly fewer nuptial tubercles than controls. Furthermore, males exposed to 12.5 μg/L Cd experienced a significant increase in plasma 11-KT concentrations relative to controls. No alterations in GSI or female plasma E2 concentrations were observed.
The Emergence of Advanced Brachytherapy Techniques for Common Malignancies

The recent advent and integration of sophisticated radiation planning and imaging modalities has improved the quality of brachytherapy treatments, allowing for more conformal radiation delivery. Further investigation and follow-up are necessary to demonstrate improvements in outcome and morbidity with these refined approaches.
Coping with Abortion

This study evaluated individual differences in coping style in response to an abortion procedure. The 55 subjects displayed a wide range of responses, although the average level of distress was fairly high. These women were quite similar to other stressed populations in their response to the Impact of Event Scale, providing evidence for a generalized stress response syndrome. When divided into groups based on coping style, "avoiders" were found to experience more distress that "nonavoiders," and "approachers" decreased in distress over time while "nonapproachers" did not. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the interaction between coping styles and counseling strategies.
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION UPON THE THYROTROPIC HORMONE OF THE RABBIT1 2

IT HAS BEEN SHOWN that during pregnancy the mammary glands develop under the influence of the hormones of the ovary and pituitary (I). Following parturition there is gradually initiated an intense secretion of milk which is continued for a variable period of time, determined in part by the persistency of the animal and in part by the nervous stimulation of regular milk removal. For a number of years this laboratory has been engaged in a study of the hormonal mechanisms involved in the growth of the mammary gland during pregnancy, and the initiation and maintenance of lactation post partum. One phase of this work has included a study of the concentration of certain hormones in the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy and lactation in order to determine, if possible, the relation of the pituitary hormones to growth of the mammary gland and the lactation process.
Photochemical reactivity of two gold(I) dinuclear complexes, cis/trans-(AupNBT)2dppee: Isomerization for the cis-(AupNBT)2dppee isomer, radical substitution for trans-(AupNBT)2dppee

Abstract Two complexes, cis ( 1 ) and trans ( 2 ) (Au p NBT) 2 dppee ( p NBT = p -nitrobenzenethiol; dppee = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene) have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that cis -(Au p NBT) 2 dppee has an intramolecular gold–gold distance of 3.0036(3) A while the trans -(Au p NBT) 2 dppee crystal is a dimer with an intermolecular gold–gold distance of 3.1201(4) A. We have used UV–Vis spectroscopy, 1 H NMR, and 31 P { 1 H} NMR to investigate the photochemical reactivity of both complexes. In a range of organic solvents with λ > 230 nm cis -(Au p NBT) 2 dppee readily isomerizes to the trans isomer. Under these same conditions, the trans isomer does not isomerize to cis -(Au p NBT) 2 dppee, but undergoes a photochemical substitution reaction. In chlorinated solvents (CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 3 Cl) trans -(Au p NBT) 2 dppee reacts to form trans -(AuCl) 2 dppee ( 3 ) which crystallizes into an extended chain of molecules linked via intermolecular gold–gold distances of 3.0203(2) A. TDDFT calculations support the observed experimental results. We propose that at high energies the reaction is initiated by chlorine radicals from direct photolysis of the solvent. At longer wavelengths the excited state of the metal complex is the photoactive species, abstracting a chlorine radical from the solvent.
Psychological Distance and the Discrepancy Between Recommendations and Actions

Action hypocrisy is the tendency to recommend behavior for others that one would personally be unwilling to undertake. Six studies examine the relationship between action hypocrisy and psychological distance. Studies 1a and 1b and 2 demonstrate action hypocrisy in three populations and in 2 different contexts. Studies 3 to 5 support a psychological distance explanation for action hypocrisy: people are more likely to choose action for themselves in the future versus the present (Study 3), for someone at a distant location versus a nearby location (Study 4), and for someone who appears to be distant versus close in a photograph (Study 5).
A sequential double-label 14C- and 3H-2-DG technique: validation by double-dissociation of functional states*

We investigated a double-label 2-DG protocol and method of analysis in which sequential injections of 3H- and 14C-2-DG were used to map brain metabolism during two distinct experimental treatments in the same animal. In initial studies, brain sections from rats given only 3H-2-DG or only 14C-2-DG were exposed on Ultrofilm and on X-ray film with an interposed sheet of mylar (X-ray/mylar). These studies were needed to determine whether, at the 50 ∶ 1 3H ∶ 14C dose ratio used, 3H-2-DG uptake would be revealed only in Ultrofilm images and 14C-2-DG uptake only in X-ray/mylar images. We found that X-ray/mylar images indeed showed only 14C-2-DG uptake as 3H emissions were blocked by the protective coating of the film and the mylar. By contrast, Ultrofilm autoradiograms showed the 2-DG uptake pattern for both the 14C-2-DG and 3H-2-DG cases. We then examined autoradiograms from double-label cases in which 14C-2-DG and 3H-2-DG were sequentially given using a 100 ∶ 13H ∶ 14C dose ratio, with a different treatment following each injection. As predicted from the single-label cases, activity in the X-ray/mylar images corresponded to the treatment that followed the 14C-2-DG injection, while the Ultrofilm images reflected both treatments and thus were not veridical representations of 3H label. This paper provides a solution to the contamination of Ultrofilm by 14C label in that we devised a subtraction algorithm using a computerized imaging system which removes the contaminating 14C from the Ultrofilm image, leaving a ‘Difference’ image of 3H-2-DG uptake. Difference images revealed activity consistent with the treatment that followed the 3H-2-DG injection. Thus, the X-ray/mylar and difference images separately indexed metabolic activity for two different functional states in the same subject. By allowing a subject to serve as its own control, this double-label method greatly increases the applicability and power of the 2-DG method.
The Appropriateness of Some Common Procedures for Testing the Equality of Two Independent Binomial Populations

Abstract For testing the equality of two independent binomial populations the Fisher exact test and the chi-squared test with Yates's continuity correction are often suggested for small and intermediate size samples. The use of these tests is inappropriate in that they are extremely conservative. In this article we demonstrate that, even for small samples, the uncorrected chi-squared test (i.e., the Pearson chi-squared test) and the two-independent-sample t test are robust in that their actual significance levels are usually close to or smaller than the nominal levels. We encourage the use of these latter two tests.
Reactive Sources-A Method of Evaluating Their Effectiveness

A method for determining the effective values of reactive sources connected to electric power systems is presented. The effective values of such sources refer to their actual contributions to the reactive needs of a system, as contrasted with their nominal or nameplate volt-ampere values. The reactive sources may be generators, interconnections, high-voltage lines, synchronous condensers, or static capacitors. The effective value of any reactive source, such as a capacitor bank, depends not only upon its size and design which determine its nameplate value, but also upon its actual operating voltage, its availability when needed, the tolerances used in its manfuacture, and its location on the system.
Luminance, purity and wavelength matches of contrast colors.

Abstract Contrast colors induced in a central “white” area by surrounding inducing colors were matched in the contralateral eye. Results are presented in terms of luminance, wavelength of a spectral component, and colorimetric purity of the match as well as in C.I.E. values. A relation between colorimetric purity of the match and saturation of the inducing color is indicated. A neutral region in C.I.E. color space is roughly defined which differs from the locus of the “white” component employed in the experiment.
The effect of molecular orientation on the physical ageing of amorphous polymers—dilatometric and mechanical creep behaviour

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether molecular orientation has an effect on the rate of physical ageing in amorphous glassy polymers. To achieve this, samples of atactic polystyrene and bisphenol-A polycarbonate were uniaxially hot-drawn to various stretch ratios and then quenched into the glassy state to freeze in orientation. Physical ageing rates were then measured as a function of orientation with dilatometry and tensile creep measurements. The volume relaxation rate, β, was approximately 50% higher for the stretched samples and did not vary with orientation over the range of stretch ratios tested. This was true despite the fact that the initial free volume was actually decreasing with increasing elongation. In contrast, creep measurements showed a slight decrease in the horizontal shift rate, μ h , upon stretching (i.e. a decreased ageing rate). Possible explanations for these unusual trends in terms of a stretch-induced activated state are discussed.
TRPM4 impacts on Ca2+ signals during agonist-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells

Abstract TRPM4 is a Ca 2+ -activated non-selective cation (CAN) channel that functions in cell depolarization, which is important for Ca 2+ influx and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. We investigated TRPM4 expression and function in the β-cell lines HIT-T15 (hamster), RINm5F (rat), β-TC3 (mouse), MIN-6 (mouse) and the α-cell line INR1G9 (hamster). By RT-PCR, we identified TRPM4 transcripts in α- and β-cells. Patch-clamp recordings with increasing Ca 2+ concentrations resulted in a dose-dependent activation of TRPM4 with the greatest depolarizing currents recorded from hamster-derived cells. Further, Ca 2+ imaging experiments revealed that inhibition of TRPM4 by a dominant-negative effect significantly decreased the magnitude of the Ca 2+ signals generated by agonist stimulation compared to control cells. The decrease in the [Ca 2+ ] i resulted in reduced insulin secretion. Our data suggest that depolarizing currents generated by TRPM4 are an important component in the control of intracellular Ca 2+ signals necessary for insulin secretion and perhaps glucagon from α-cells.
T1/T2 non-small-cell lung cancer treated by lobectomy: Does tumor anatomic location matter?

Abstract Background The effect of tumor location on long-term survival after lobectomy for stage I non–small-cell lung cancer is unclear. Current data are limited to a retrospective single-institution series. We sought to determine if tumor anatomic location (i.e., the particular lobe that was involved) confers a survival advantage based on population-based data. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (1988–2007), we identified patients who underwent lobectomy for pathologic T1/T2 adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinomas. Wedge resections, segmentectomies, and pneumonectomies were excluded. We evaluated the association between the particular lobe that was involved, lymph node (LN) yield, and survival using the Kaplan–Meier method. To adjust for potential confounders, we used a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results We identified 13,650 patients who met our inclusion criteria. There were significant differences in unadjusted overall (P = 0.03) and cancer-specific survivals (P = 0.03) based on tumor location. However, after adjusting for patient factors, geographic location of treatment, and tumor characteristics, we found that tumor location was not associated with significant differences in survival. We found that male gender, black race, squamous cell histology, increasing grade, and age were independent negative predictors of survival. Higher LN yields were independently associated with improved survival. Although adjusted survival rates were not significantly different, there were significant differences (P Conclusions LN counts are independent predictors of survival. Although it is associated with significant difference in LN yield, tumor location is not an independent predictor of survival. Age, race, gender, tumor size, histology, and grade appear to be more important prognostic factors. These data suggest that treatment of T1/T2 non–small-cell lung cancer should be dictated by the same oncologic principles, regardless of tumor location.
Utilizing Terminal Oxidants to Achieve P450-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methane

Terminal oxidant-supported P450 reactions alleviate the need for substrate binding to initiate catalysis by chemically generating “compound I.” This allows investigation of the innate substrate range of the enzyme active site. Using iodosylbenzene as the oxidant, CYP153A6, a medium-chain terminal alkane hydroxylase, exhibits methanol formation in the presence of methane demonstrating that P450-mediated methane hydroxylation is possible.
Chromatography of edestin at 50

Abstract Chromatography of edestin on DEAE-cellulose at 50° yields substantially one component. Edestin, however, has been fractionated into three components on DEAE-cellulose by a discontinuous temperature sodium chloride elution scheme. One of these components is a Lowry-positive, non-nitrogeneus material extracted from the seed and precipitated with the protein. The other two components are protein, and their amino acid compositions as well as their solubilities are distinct. The fact that twice-reprecipitated edistin is homogeneous with respect to ultracentrifugation but can be fractionated at 50° into distinct components gives strong support to the hypothesis that the material that has been classically regarded as edestin consists of several protein and non-protein components, among which there is a high degree of interaction. The solubility and chromatographic properties of crystalline edestin vary significantly with the previous history of the hempseed source. Edestin prepared from heat-treated, non-viable seed is insoluble at ordinary temperatures and has distinctly different elution characteristics.
Analysis of cyclodextrins using fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

The combination of fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) and FAB with tandem mass spectrometry (FAB/MS/MS) was used for the characterization of nearly 30 chemically modified cyclodextrins. Optimum FAB/MS analysis conditions as well as both positive and negative ion FAB data are presented. In addition, FAB/MS and FAB/MS/MS were used to characterize the in vitro reaction products of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) with soman, an organophosphorous nerve agent. The main product identified from the reaction was a covalently bound soman–βCD conjugate.
Regulation of transcription in expressed and unexpressed mating type cassettes of yeast

The genes that control the a, α and a/α cell types in Saccharomyces are carried on transposable elements known as a and α cassettes which reside at three different chromosomal loci. Examination of the transcripts by R-looping and filter hybridization indicates that each cassette is capable of producing two divergent transcripts. Cassettes at the MAT locus are transcribed constitutively. Transcription of cassettes at HML and HMR is prevented by trans-acting negative regulators.
Cooperative Geolocation and Sensor Bias Estimation for UAVs with Articulating Cameras

The cooperative geolocation of a point of interest (POI) using multiple UAVs with articulating camera sensors is considered. In the practical application, nonzero mean errors (biases) in the estimate of the UAV state are a significant source of geolocation error. The proposed approach is to use the onboard navigation solution in the estimator and further to consider biases across all UAVs, and jointly estimate both the biases and the unknown POI location. Furthermore, a decentralized solution is proposed which uses marginalization of the biases, thus allowing the UAVs to share only information about the POI and model only their local biases. This approach saves significant computation and scales well with the number of UAVs. Both real flight test data and hardware in the loop simulations are used to demonstrate the improvement in geolocation from bias estimation, as well as the effectiveness of the new decentralized POI and bias estimation approach, for stationary and moving POIs.
Signaling pathways in insulin action: Molecular targets of insulin resistance

Insulin is the most potent anabolic hormone known and is essential for appropriate tissue development, growth, and maintenance of whole-body glucose homeostasis. This hormone is secreted by the β cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in response to increased circulating levels of glucose and amino acids after a meal. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis at many sites, reducing hepatic glucose output (via decreased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) and increasing the rate of glucose uptake, primarily into striated muscle and adipose tissue. In muscle and fat cells, the clearance of circulating glucose depends on the insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 isoform to the cell surface (see Shulman, this Perspective series, ref. 1). Insulin also profoundly affects lipid metabolism, increasing lipid synthesis in liver and fat cells, and attenuating fatty acid release from triglycerides in fat and muscle. Insulin resistance occurs when normal circulating concentrations of the hormone are insufficient to regulate these processes appropriately. Thus, by definition, insulin resistance is a defect in signal transduction. The signaling mechanisms involved in the various biologic responses to insulin remain somewhat elusive, but recent progress has shed light on a few pathways that are critical for its regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Although insulin affects such diverse processes as cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and lipid, protein, and glucose synthesis and breakdown, we focus here on the regulation of glucose transport as the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization and storage.
Exacerbation of symptoms in agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma

Purpose Exacerbation is a critical event in asthma management. We investigated whether exacerbation of symptoms is associated with farming exposures among agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma.
Effect of microbes on contaminant transfer in the Lake Superior food web.

The partitioning of PCBs to natural populations of aquatic heterotrophic bacteria from Lake Superior was measured in both field and laboratory studies to better understand the role of bacteria and the microbial food web in persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic organic contaminant (PBT) transfer. A filtration method that separated material >1 μm from that <1 μm was used to collect and measure PCB concentrations in the bacterial fraction. We used bacterial biovolume and a conversion factor to calculate bacterial carbon, which was used to normalize PCB concentrations. The range of total PCB concentrations in the bacterial fraction (61−337 ng/g organic carbon; OC) was similar, but generally higher than that of the total particulate fraction (36−324 ng/g OC). Measured log bioaccumulation factors (BAFoc, bacterial fraction; Koc, total particulate) were significantly greater in the bacterial fraction than in the total particulate fraction (bacterial range 6.7−7.3, total particulate range 5.8−7.0). Laboratory experi...
Activation of BGO crystals with 1.5 GeV protons

A cyclindrical bismuth germanate (BGO) detector (7.5 cm diameter × 7.5 cm long) and a cylindrical bare crystal of BGO (2.5 cm diameter × 2.5 cm long) were exposed to a fluence of 1.1 × 108 protons cm−2 at 1.5 GeV energy, roughly equivalent to that expected on an interplanetary journey to Mars. No degradation in the energy resolution or counting efficiency of the BGO detector was observed, although the background continuum increased significantly. Events emanating from the bare crystal were counted externally with a high-resolution germanium detector. The activation lines identified were compared to a spectrum from an externally counted BGO detector taken on a high-altitude balloon flight over Antarctica.
That's why it's called interpretation: Impact of horizon uncertainty on seismic attribute analysis

In the late 1960s-early 1970s, seismic stratigraphy revolutionized the petroleum industry by providing an objective, meaningful technique for describing the stratigraphic record and predicting the distribution of potential reservoir, source and seal facies. Within the last 10 years, the uses of seismic data have evolved from sequence interpretation and qualitative assessment of reservoir trends to evaluations that include more quantitative prediction of reservoir properties. Throughout the industry, seismic attribute analysis has become a commonly utilized tool for quantitative evaluation of reservoir properties from seismic data.
A discrete time repetitive control system for MIMO plants

This paper presents an analysis and design of a repetitive control (RC) system for discrete time MIMO plants. The structure of the proposed RC system does not require the a prior decoupling of the MIMO plant. With the use of non-causal terms, which are allowed in the design of RC systems, a matrix function called the phase cancellation inverse (PCI) is defined. The PCI operates on the open-loop matrix transfer function by cancelling the the phase lag in the diagonal elements and eliminating the off-diagonal elements. It is shown that the PCI always satisfies the stability condition for the MIMO repetitive controller. Using a factorization method, the design technique is expanded to include non-squared plants with more inputs than outputs. The repetitive controller is applied experimentally to a non-minimum phase MIMO system. The results show that the new design yields superior performance when compared to a single-input single-output repetitive controller design.
New Approach for Cellular Network Improvement

The backhaul transmission network is the most difficult segment of a cellular network to upgrade for mobile broadband. Backhaul cannot easily be scaled-up and therefore for mobile broadband the capacity bottleneck shifts from the radio link to the backhaul. This paper explores how cellular traffic switching can cut backhaul requirements while improving 2G/3G network flexibility.
A few changes at endocrinology.

Endocrinology will now entertain submission of cutting edge, time-sensitive Brief Reports for publication in the Journal. Authors interested in this feature must submit the title page and abstract of their proposed report for approval by the Editor-in-Chief before submission online and provide a compelling rationale for the manuscript being considered in the accelerated time frame. Accelerated Brief Reports should be four printed pages in length (fewer than 2400 words of text and four figures and/or tables). If approved for submission by the editors, Accelerated Brief Reports will be reviewed within 2 weeks. If not approved for submission as an Accelerated Brief Report, authors may submit the manuscript as a regular Brief Report through the normal online peer review system. Authors interested in this feature should send materials to Scott Herman at sherman@endo-society.org.
LEARNING TO BE AN “AMERICAN LADY”? Ethnic Variation in Daughters' Pursuits in the Early 1900s

Studies of acculturation generally assume a similar process for men and women. Historically, the spectrum of young adults' activities was broader for women than for men, including domestic work in the home and labor force participation or school attendance. Using cross-sectional data from the 1910 Census Public Use Sample, this article applies a gendered critique of assimilation theory to explore ethnic differences in daughters' activities. Generational changes in daughters' pursuits reflect middle-class norms of women's domesticity. The findings highlight gender roles transmission within the family and the fluidity of daughters' activities in response to distinctive ethnic preferences. Families engaged in household strategies regarding the allocation of members' activities to negotiate valued cultural goals, whether retaining daughters in the home or enabling daughters to attend school. The results do not support a simple assimilation model but, rather, point to considerable variation across ethnic group...
It’s more than a shoe shine – you’re touching lives

You never know who will inspire you or where you will find inspiration. For me, inspiration comes from interactions with people and often occurs in unusual circumstances, during seemingly random encounters with strangers—in the cashier's check-out line at the grocery store, while waiting for the next available stall in a public restroom, or most recently, while getting my shoes shined at the Piedmont Triad International airport (in Greensboro, NC, USA). That is where I met Horace. In my short time with him, I learned that he had worked at the shoe shine stand for over 20 years, in the business his father started 40 years ago; I experienced his positive outlook on life and found his approach inspiring.
Antibacterial effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol on Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in chicken cecal contents in vitro

SUMMARY Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni are 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. These pathogens colonize the chicken cecum, leading to contamination of carcasses during slaughter and subsequent processing operations. We investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of 4 GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status plant-derived molecules, namely, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol, against Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni in chicken cecal contents in vitro. The plant molecules were added at different concentrations (ranging from 10 to 75 mM for Salmonella Enteritidis and 10 to 30 mM for C. jejuni) to autoclaved chicken cecal contents inoculated with approximately 7.0 log10 cfu/mL of Salmonella Enteritidis or approximately 5.0 log10 cfu/mL of C. jejuni. The pathogen populations in the cecal contents after 15 s, 8 h, and 24 h of incubation at 40°C were determined. Duplicate samples of treatments and the control were included, and the study was replicated 3 times. Campylobacter jejuni was more sensitive to all the molecules than Salmonella Enteritidis (P ≤ 0.05). All molecules were highly bactericidal, with the lowest concentration of trans-cinnamaldehyde (10 mM) reducing (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella Enteritidis populations by approximately 6.0 log10 cfu/mL after 8 h and >8.0 log10 cfu/mL after 24 h of incubation. Trans-cinnamaldehyde at 25 mM eliminated detectable (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella Enteritidis counts by 8 h of incubation. In addition, trans-cinnamaldehyde at all tested concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mM) reduced C. jejuni counts to <1.0 log10 cfu/mL after 8 and 24 h of incubation. Carvacrol and eugenol decreased (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni counts to <1.0 log10 cfu/mL at 50 and 75 mM and 20 and 30 mM, respectively. Although not as effective as other molecules, thymol also reduced the counts of both pathogens. We conclude that the aforementioned molecules could potentially be used to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni in chicken ceca. Follow-up in vivo studies are planned to evaluate these possibilities.
Aerosol Beclomethasone Dipropionate Compared With Theophylline as Primary Treatment of Chronic, Mild to Moderately Severe Asthma in Children, by David G. Tinkelman, MD, et al,Pediatrics, 1993;92:64–77

Objective . To compare the benefits and adverse reactions of theophylline and beclomethasone (BDP) in the long-term control of mild to moderate chronic asthma in children. Design. Multicentered, double-blind, double-placebo, randomized, controlled trial. Patients. One hundred ninety-five children between the ages of 6 and 16 years with mild to moderate asthma. Intervention. Treatment with either BDP, 84 μg four times a day, or sustained-release theophylline administered twice daily I doses adjusted for optimum control of symptoms. Main Outcome Measures. Daily diary record of symptoms, peak flow rates, supplemental bronchodilator and glucocorticoid treatment, doctor and hospital visits, absence from work and school, and side effects. Results. Aerosol BDP and sustained-release theophylline were effective primary treatments for mild to moderate chronic asthma. BDP resulted in comparable symptom control with less bronchodilator use and fewer courses of systemic steroids than did theophylline. Side effects were observed significantly more frequently with theophylline than with BDP. Growth velocity suppression was noted with BDP and was more pronounced in boys. Suppression was not associated with alterations in cortisol measurements either at baseline or following stimulation. Conclusions. Both theophylline and BDP are effective therapy for mild to moderate asthma. Caution must be used with the administration of BDP in children because of possible growth velocity suppression.
Cooooooooooooooollllllllllllll!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Using Word Lengthening to Detect Sentiment in Microblogs

We present an automatic method which leverages word lengthening to adapt a sentiment lexicon specifically for Twitter and similar social messaging networks. The contributions of the paper are as follows. First, we call attention to lengthening as a widespread phenomenon in microblogs and social messaging, and demonstrate the importance of handling it correctly. We then show that lengthening is strongly associated with subjectivity and sentiment. Finally, we present an automatic method which leverages this association to detect domain-specific sentiment- and emotion-bearing words. We evaluate our method by comparison to human judgments, and analyze its strengths and weaknesses. Our results are of interest to anyone analyzing sentiment in microblogs and social networks, whether for research or commercial purposes.
Pathophysiological Consequences of Changes in the Coupling Ratio of Na,K-ATPase for Renal Sodium Reabsorption and Its Implications for Hypertension

Recent reports indicate that alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase from Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats contains a glutamine for leucine substitution associated with increased Na-K coupling at unchanged maximal velocity. Genetic analyses suggest that alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase is a potential hypertension gene. Therefore, we investigated whether renal Na+ metabolism could constitute a pathophysiological link between the molecular/functional change in Na,K-ATPase and hypertension. We simulated the consequences of increased Na-K coupling on overall Na-bicarbonate reabsorption in a proximal tubular transport model that incorporates apical Na-H exchanger and basolateral Na-bicarbonate cotransporter, K+ channel, and Na,K-ATPase. As expected, increases in the levels of the former three transport pathways yielded higher Na+ reabsorption. In contrast, increases in the maximal velocity of the Na,K-ATPase with a normal 3:2 (Na-K) coupling ratio did not increase Na+ reabsorption when apical Na-H exchange activity was limiting overall absorption. However, an increase in the Na-K coupling from 3:2 to 3:1, reported for the mutant alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase in DS rats, was associated with greater Na+ reabsorption. This increase is a consequence of lower cytosolic pH and secondary stimulation of the Na-H exchanger at its allosteric H+ site. Decreased pH results from activation of Na-bicarbonate cotransport by Na,K-ATPase-dependent membrane hyperpolarization due to greater charge movement in 3:1 Na-K coupling. Thus, an increase in the Na-K coupling ratio results in an altered set point for cellular Na+ metabolism, with higher sodium reabsorption at unchanged Na,K-ATPase levels. The simulations thereby lend support for a unifying explanation for the salt sensitivity of DS rats, which has been proposed to stem from a mutation in the alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase.
Vitamin D3 receptors: structure and function in transcription.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 190 VITAMIN D3 HORMONE 191 Metabolism to the Active Form ......... . .... 191 Biologic Actions. ...... . ....... ......... . . . . . . ...... ..... ...... . . ... . . .. . . .... . . . . . ... 192 Transcriptional Mechanism of Action . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .. . . . ...... . . 192 VITAMIN D3 RECEPTOR 193 Cellular Distribution. . 193 Biochemical Properties and Subcellular Distribution.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 194 Vitamin D3 Receptor Regulation.... . . . ........ . ..... . .... ........ . . . . .... .. . . . ...... 196 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE VITAMIN D3 RECEPTOR 198 Recombinant Cloning of the Vitamin D3 Receptor .... .... . ...... . . ..... .. . .. . ....... ...... 198 Steroid, Thyroid, and Retinoid Receptor Supeifamily 200 Structural Organization of the Nuclear Receptors ..... ....... . .. . . . .... . . . .. 200 Role of the Vitamin D3 Receptor in Transactivation . ........ . ...... . . . ..... . . ..... . . . . . .. 202 HUMAN SYNDROME OF HEREDITARY 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 RESISTANCE 205 Vitamin DrResistant Fibroblast Model .... ......... . . ........ .. . . . . . . ...... 205 Genetic Lesions in the Vitamin D3 Receptor Chromosomal Locus . ....... . . ...... . . . .. 206 Functional Activity of Receptors Derived from Patient Genotypes 208 CONCLUSIONS 208
Ecological Aspects of Plant Defenses Against Insects

In this chapter a review of the roles of herbivorous insects as selection pressure in the evolution of morphological and chemical systems of defense against herbivores in plants is given, with an emphasis on examples from the tropics. Additional aspects of this topic are touched upon in later chapters as well. The survey and analysis is by no means exhaustive, but rather is designed to illustrate some of the interesting defense strategies of plants against herbivorous insects and the implications for such interactions on food chains in the tropics.
An Electric Traction Platform for Military Vehicles

This paper shall present the design and development of a family of high power, high-speed transport and combat vehicles based on a common module. The system looks to maximize performance at both high-speed operation and low-speed, heavy/severe-duty operation. All-wheel drive/steer-by-wire autonomous traction modules provide the basis for the vehicle family. Each module can continuously develop 300-400 kW of power at the wheels and has nearly double peak capability, exploiting the flexibility of the electric traction system. The maximum starting tractive effort developed by one module can reach 10-15 tons, and the full rated power can be produced at speeds of 100 mph. This paper will present the design and layout of the autonomous modules. Details will be provided about the tandem electric axles, with electric differentials and independent steering. New innovations in power electronics and electric machines, providing high power operation and affordable production costs will also be discussed. The paper also demonstrates concepts of how the traction module can provide the basis for a broad range of various purpose vehicles, ranging from road trains and/or tank carriers to high-speed (120 mph) attack vehicles.
CRAFFT as a substance use screening instrument for adolescent psychiatry admissions

BACKGROUND: Adolescent use of alcohol and illicit substances is quite common among pediatric psychiatry inpatients; however, little data exist on substance use screening instruments that can be used to augment thorough psychiatric diagnostic interviews. CRAFFT is a screening tool for adolescent substance use that has been validated in outpatient general medical settings. This is the first study to examine its use in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. METHODS: We performed a chart review of records from adolescents admitted to our inpatient psychiatric unit who completed a CRAFFT screen on admission. We compared CRAFFT scores with other measures of substance use, including urine drug screens and the diagnosis of a substance use disorder at discharge. We also examined measures of depression and suicidality in individuals with elevated CRAFFT scores (≥2 positive answers out of 6) and compared them with measures in those with normal CRAFFT scores. RESULTS: Elevated CRAFFT scores were correlated with other measures of alcohol and substance use, including the diagnosis of a substance use disorder at discharge (PCONCLUSIONS: CRAFFT scores in adolescent inpatients were correlated with other measures of substance use, supporting its efficacy as a screening tool in this population. CRAFFT scores were also positively correlated with a history of psychiatric trauma and past suicide attempts, which is consistent with the results of previous studies associating pediatric substance use and traumatic life events with an increased risk of suicide. Language: en
Impact of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders on Emergency Department Visit Outcomes for HIV Patients.

Author(s): Choi, Bryan Y.; DiNitto, Diana M.; Marti, C. Nathan; Choi, Namkee G. | Abstract: Introduction: A disproportionate number of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have mental health and substance-use disorders (MHSUDs), and MHSUDs are significantly associated with their emergency department (ED) visits. With an increasing share of older adults among HIV patients, this study investigated the associations of MHSUDs with ED outcomes of HIV patients in four age groups: 21-34, 35-49, 50-64, and 65+ years.Methods: We used the 2012 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) dataset (unweighted n=23,244,819 ED events by patients aged 21+, including 115,656 visits by patients with HIV). Multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses, with “treat-and-release” as the base outcome, were used to examine associations between ED outcomes and MHSUDs among visits that included a HIV diagnosis in each age group.Results: Mood and “other” mental disorders had small effects on ED-to-hospital admissions, as opposed to treat-and-release, in age groups younger than 65+ years, while suicide attempts had medium effects (RRR=3.56, CI [2.69-4.70]; RRR=4.44, CI [3.72-5.30]; and RRR=5.64, CI [4.38-7.26] in the 21-34, 35-49, and 50-64 age groups, respectively). Cognitive disorders had medium-to-large effects on hospital admissions in all age groups and large effects on death in the 35-49 (RRR=7.29, CI [3.90-13.62]) and 50-64 (RRR=5.38, CI [3.39-8.55]) age groups. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) had small effects on hospital admission in all age groups (RRR=2.35, 95% CI [1.92-2.87]; RRR=2.15, 95% CI [1.95-2.37]; RRR=1.92, 95% CI [1.73-2.12]; and OR=1.93, 95% CI [1.20-3.10] in the 21-34, 35-49, 50-64, and 65+ age groups, respectively). Drug use disorders (DUDs) had small-to-medium effects on hospital admission (RRR=4.40, 95% CI [3.87-5.0]; RRR=4.07, 95% CI [3.77-4.40]; RRR=4.17, 95% CI [3.83-4.55]; and OR=2.53, 95% CI [2.70-3.78] in the 21-34, 35-49, 50-64, and 65+ age groups, respectively). AUDs and DUDs were also significantly related to the risk of death, and DUDs had a small effect on the risk of discharge against medical advice in the 35-49 and 50-64 age groups.Conclusion: The high prevalence of MHSUDs and their significant roles in ED visit outcomes in patients with HIV provide support for integrated care for these patients outside the ED to reduce their ED visits and costly hospital admissions and institutional care that follows, especially for the increasing numbers of older adults with HIV.
Determination of Intermolecular Interactions Using Polarization Compensated Heteronuclear Overhauser Effect of Hyperpolarized Spins.

The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) has long been used as a selective indicator for intermolecular interactions. Due to relatively small changes of signal intensity, often on the order of several percent, quantitative NOE measurements can be challenging. Hyperpolarization of nuclear spins can dramatically increase the NOE intensity by increasing population differences, but poses its own challenge in quantifying the original polarization level. Here, we demonstrate a method for the accurate measurement of intermolecular heteronuclear cross-relaxation rates by simultaneous acquisition of signals from both nuclei. Using this method, we measure cross-relaxation rates between water protons and 19F of trifluoroacetic acid at concentrations ranging from 23 to 72 mM. A concentration-independent value of 2.46 × 10–4 ± 1.02 × 10–5 s–1 M–1 is obtained at a temperature of 301 K and validated using a nonhyperpolarized measurement. In a broader context, accurate measurement of heteronuclear cross-relaxation rates may e...