cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Magnetic Structure of the Solar Transition Region

We examine the hypothesis that “cool loops” dominate emission from solar transition region plasma below temperatures of 2 × 10 5 K. We compare published VAULT images of H Lα, a lower transition region line, with nearcontemporaneous magnetograms from Kitt Peak, obtained during the second flight (VAULT-2) on 14 June 2002. The measured surface fields and potential extrapolations suggest that there are too few short loops, and that Lα emission is associated with the base regions of longer, coronal loops. VAULT-2 data of network boundaries have an asymmetry on scales larger than supergranules, also indicating an association with long loops. We complement the Kitt Peak data with very sensitive vector polarimetric data from the Spectro-Polarimeter on board Hinode, to determine the influence of very small magnetic concentrations on our analysis. From these data two classes of behavior are found: within the cores of strong magnetic flux concentrations (> 5×10 18 Mx) associated with active network and plage, small-scale mixed fields are absent and any short loops can connect just the peripheries of the flux to cell interiors. Core fields return to the surface via longer, most likely coronal, loops. In weaker concentrations, short loops can connect between concentrations and produce mixed fields within network boundaries as suggested by Dowdy and colleagues. The VAULT-2 data which we examined are associated with strong concentrations. We conclude that the cool loop model applies only to a small fraction of the VAULT-2 emission, but we cannot discount a significant role for cool loops in quieter regions. We suggest a physical picture for how network Lα emission may occur through the cross-field diffusion of neutral atoms from chromospheric into coronal plasma.
Hierarchical geometric models for visible-surface algorithms

The research described in this paper addresses the problems associated with the design of systems for efficiently producing computer-generated pictures and picture sequences of very complex, three-dimensional environments. The thesis of the research is that the geometric structure inherent in the definition of the shapes of three-dimensional objects and environments must be used not just to define their relative motion and placement but also to assist in solving many other problems of systems for producing pictures by computer.The implications are that by using an extension of traditional structure information, or a geometric hierarchy, five significant improvements to current techniques are possible. First, the range of complexity of an environment is greatly increased while the visible complexity of any given scene is kept within a fixed upper limit. Second, a meaningful way is provided to vary the amount of detail presented in a scene both according to the screen area occupied by the objects in the scene and according to camera and object motions. Third, by using the geometric hierarchy, "clipping" becomes a very fast logarithmic search for the resolvable parts of the environment within the field-of-view. Fourth, by using this positional hierarchy in conjunction with a storage hierarchy of the sort used in virtual memory computing systems, frame-to-frame coherence and clipping define a graphical "working set", or fraction of the total structure that should be present in primary store for immediate access by the visible-surface algorithms. Finally, the proposed structural framework suggests a new recursive descent visible-surface algorithm in which the computation time grows almost linearly with a scene's visible complexity rather than as a worse than linear function of its object-space complexity.
Calculations of the Heat Release Rate by Oxygen Consumption for Various Applications

The calculation of heat release rate by oxygen consumption is based on the assumption that all materials release approximately the same amount of heat per unit mass of oxygen consumed. This technique is now being employed to determine the heat release rate of materials in various heat release rate calorimeters. Other uses include the heat release rate of assemblies in the fire endurance furnaces and the total heat release rate in room fire tests. These different applications lead to different experimental procedures which require different formulas. The experimental choices or constraints include open or closed systems, paramagnetic or high temperature oxygen analyzers, CO analyzers or CO traps, and the use of a gas burner whose heat release rate must be deducted from the total. Various assumptions about CO levels in the exhaust duct and vitiation and humidity in the incoming air are made. General formulas for the heat release rate by oxygen consumption are developed in this paper from which the formulas for specific applications can easily be derived.
Winning Legally: The Value of Legal Astuteness

I postulate that “legal astuteness” is a valuable managerial capability that may provide a competitive advantage under the resource-based view of the firm. Law and the tools it offers are an enabling force legally astute management teams can use to manage the firm more effectively. In particular, I propose that legally astute management teams can use formal contracts as complements to relational governance to define and strengthen relationships and reduce transaction costs, protect and enhance the realizable value of resources, use legal tools to create options, and convert regulatory constraints into opportunities.
Synthesis of para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ethers under neutral conditions

2-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-4-methylquinoline reacts with methyl triflate in the presence of alcohols to generate a neutral organic salt that transfers the para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) protecting group onto alcohols in high yield and under mild conditions.
Policy-Carrying, Policy-Enforcing Digital Objects

We describe the motivation for moving policy enforcement for access control down to the digital object level. The reasons for this include handling of item-specific behaviors, adapting to evolution of digital objects, and permitting objects to move among repositories and portable devices. We then describe our experiments that integrate the Fedora architecture for digital objects and repositories and the PoET implementation of security automata to effect such object-centric policy enforcement.
Interest Groups, Veto Points and Electricity Infrastructure Deployment

In this article we examine the effects of interest group pressure and the structure of political institutions on infrastructure deployment by state-owned electric utilities in a panel of seventy-eight countries during the period 1970–94. We consider two factors that jointly influence the rate of infrastructure deployment: (1) the extent to which the consumer base consists of industrial consumers, which are capable of exerting discipline on political actors whose competing incentives are to construct economically inefficient “white elephants” to satisfy the demands of concentrated geographic interests, labor unions, and national engineering and construction lobbies; and (2) veto points in formal policymaking structures that constrain political actors, thereby reducing these actors' sensitivity to interest group demands. A higher fraction of industrial customers provides political actors with stronger incentives for discipline, reducing the deployment of white elephants and thus the infrastructure growth rate, ceteris paribus. Veto points reduce political actors' sensitivity to interest group demands in general and thus moderate the relationship between industrial interest group pressure and the rate of infrastructure deployment.Both authors contributed equally and list their names alphabetically on this joint work. Both authors acknowledge funding for this research from the University of California Energy Institute. Zelner acknowledges additional funding from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation and the Edgar F. Kaiser Chair at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. Henisz acknowledges additional funding from the Reginald H. Jones Center for Management Policy, Strategy, and Organization at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Thanks to Severin Borenstein, Rachel Croson, Jose de la Torre, Alexander Dyck, Tom Gilligan, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Edward Mansfield, Mathew McCubbins, Will Mitchell, David Mowery, Jeffrey Nugent, Dennis Quinn, George Tsebelis, Joel Waldfogel, Oliver Williamson, and Jan Zabojnik for their comments on previous drafts. Any errors are the responsibility of the authors.
Hit and run ARMS: adaptive rejection Metropolis sampling with hit and run random direction

An algorithm for sampling from non-log-concave multivariate distributions is proposed, which improves the adaptive rejection Metropolis sampling (ARMS) algorithm by incorporating the hit and run sampling. It is not rare that the ARMS is trapped away from some subspace with significant probability in the support of the multivariate distribution. While the ARMS updates samples only in the directions that are parallel to dimensions, our proposed method, the hit and run ARMS (HARARMS), updates samples in arbitrary directions determined by the hit and run algorithm, which makes it almost not possible to be trapped in any isolated subspaces. The HARARMS performs the same as ARMS in a single dimension while more reliable in multidimensional spaces. Its performance is illustrated by a Bayesian free-knot spline regression example. We showed that it overcomes the well-known ‘lethargy’ property and decisively find the global optimal number and locations of the knots of the spline function.
Using Notch-Filter Masks for High-Contrast Imaging of Extrasolar Planets

We present the first laboratory experiments using a notch-filter mask, a coronagraphic image mask that can produce infinite dynamic range in an ideal Lyot coronagraph, according to scalar diffraction theory. We fabricated the first notch-filter mask prototype with 0.25 μm precision using an electron-beam lithography machine. Our initial optical tests show that the prototype masks generate contrast levels of 10-5 at 3λ/D and 10-6 at ~8λ/D, with a throughput of 27%. We speculate on the "as-is" performance of such a mask in the Hubble Space Telescope.
METALLGESELLSCHAFT AND THE ECONOMICS OF SYNTHETIC STORAGE

Der nachstehende Aufsatz wird mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Journal of Applied Corporate Finance zeitgleich deutschen Lesern zuganglich gemacht. Bereits vor seiner Veroffentlichung hat dieser wissenschaftliche Beitrag zu einem aktuellen Thema eine lebhafte internationale Diskussion in den Medien ausgelost. Er mus als Lehrstuck zum sachgerechten Einsatz von Termingeschaften angesehen werden und enthalt zugleich eine Interpretation der Vorgange in der Metallgesellschaft
Age of menarche: a changing pattern and its relationship to ethnic origin and delinquency.

3. Ente, G., and Klein, S. W.: Hazards of phototherapy, N. Engl. J. Med. 283: 544, 1970. 4. Wurtman, R. J., and Neer, R. M.: Good light and bad, N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 394, 1970. 5. Halaris, A., and Matussek, N.: Effect of continuous illumination on mitochondria of the pineal body, Experentia 25: 486, 1969. 6. Quay, W. B.: Circadian rhythm in rat pineal serotonin and its modifications by estrous cycle and photoperiod, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 3: 473, 1963. 7. Sisson, T. R. C., Giauser, S. C., Glauser, E. M., Tasman, W., and Kuwabara, T.: Retinal changes produced by phototherapy, J. PEDIATR, 77: 221, 1970. 8. Lucey, J. F.: Phototherapy of jaundice, 1969, Birth defects: Original article series, vol. VI, No. 2, 1970, p. 63. 9. Machado, C. R. S., Machado, A. B. M., and Wragg, L. E.: Circadian serotonin rhythm control: Sympathetic and nonsympathetic pathways in rat pineals of different ages, Endocrinology 85: 846, 1969. 10. Korf, J., and Valkenburgh-Sikkema, T.: Fluorimetric determination of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in human urine and cerebrospinal fluid, Clin. Chim. Act~ 26: 301, I969.
Multipartite quantum entanglement evolution in photosynthetic complexes

We investigate the evolution of entanglement in the Fenna-Matthew-Olson (FMO) complex based on simulations using the scaled hierarchical equations of motion approach. We examine the role of entanglement in the FMO complex by direct computation of the convex roof. We use monogamy to give a lower bound for entanglement and obtain an upper bound from the evaluation of the convex roof. Examination of bipartite measures for all possible bipartitions provides a complete picture of the multipartite entanglement. Our results support the hypothesis that entanglement is maximum primary along the two distinct electronic energy transfer pathways. In addition, we note that the structure of multipartite entanglement is quite simple, suggesting that there are constraints on the mixed state entanglement beyond those due to monogamy.
Hypothesis testing at the extremes: fast and robust association for high-throughput data

A number of biomedical problems require performing many hypothesis tests, with an attendant need to apply stringent thresholds. Often the data take the form of a series of predictor vectors, each of which must be compared with a single response vector, perhaps with nuisance covariates. Parametric tests of association are often used, but can result in inaccurate type I error at the extreme thresholds, even for large sample sizes. Furthermore, standard two-sided testing can reduce power compared with the doubled [Formula: see text]-value, due to asymmetry in the null distribution. Exact (permutation) testing is attractive, but can be computationally intensive and cumbersome. We present an approximation to exact association tests of trend that is accurate and fast enough for standard use in high-throughput settings, and can easily provide standard two-sided or doubled [Formula: see text]-values. The approach is shown to be equivalent under permutation to likelihood ratio tests for the most commonly used generalized linear models (GLMs). For linear regression, covariates are handled by working with covariate-residualized responses and predictors. For GLMs, stratified covariates can be handled in a manner similar to exact conditional testing. Simulations and examples illustrate the wide applicability of the approach. The accompanying mcc package is available on CRAN http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mcc/index.html.
What Are the Effects of Induction and Mentoring on Beginning Teacher Turnover

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of programs offering support, guidance, and orientation for beginning teachers during the transition into their first teaching job. This study examines whether such programs—collectively known as induction—have a positive effect on the retention of beginning teachers. The data used in the analysis are from the nationally representative 1999–2000 Schools and Staffing Survey. The results indicate that beginning teachers who were provided with mentors from the same subject field and who participated in collective induction activities, such as planning and collaboration with other teachers, were less likely to move to other schools and less likely to leave the teaching occupation after their first year of teaching.
Design, Construction, and Modeling of a Flexible Rotor Active Magnetic Bearing Test Rig

A successful industrial application of flexible rotors supported on active magnetic bearings (AMBs) requires careful attention not only to rotordynamic design aspects but also to electromagnetic and feedback control design aspects. Model-based control design provides the framework to ensure efficient, reliable, and safe operation of turbomachinery on AMBs. This paper describes in detail the design, construction, and modeling process for a high performance AMB test rig which typifies a small industrial super-critical centrifugal compressor. A unique aspect of the design are the two additional radial AMBs to allow the application of simulated destabilizing fluid or electromagnetic forces to the rotor. These forces are difficult to predict and can lead to rotordynamic instability of industrial machinery if not properly accounted for. This test rig provides a realistic platform to evaluate stabilizing control algorithms for high performance turbomachinery. A complete model of rotor, AMB actuators and accompanying electronics, is constructed from individually verified component models. Model validation is confirmed through the successful design and implementation of a μ-synthesis controller.
Magnetohydrodynamics in superconducting-superfluid neutron stars

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are presented for the mixture of superfluid neutrons, superconducting protons and normal electrons believed to exist in the outer cores of neutron stars. The dissipative effects of electron viscosity and mutual friction resulting from electron-vortex scattering are also included. It is shown that Alfven waves are replaced by cyclotron-vortex waves that have not been previously derived from MHD theory. The cyclotron-vortex waves are analogous to Alfven waves with the tension arising from the magnetic energy density replaced by the vortex energy density. The equations are then put into a simplified form useful for studying the effect of the interior magnetic field on the dynamics. Of particular interest is the crust–core coupling time, which can be inferred from pulsar glitch observations. The hypothesis that cyclotron-vortex waves play a significant role in the core spin-up during a glitch is used to place limits on the interior magnetic field. The results are compared with those of other studies.
Mononuclear Cu-O2 complexes: geometries, spectroscopic properties, electronic structures, and reactivity.

Using interwoven experimental and theoretical methods, detailed studies of several structurally defined 1:1 Cu–O2 complexes have provided important fundamental chemical information useful for understanding the nature of intermediates involved in aerobic oxidations in synthetic and enzymatic copper-mediated catalysis. In particular, these studies have shed new light on the factors that influence the mode of O2 coordination (end-on vs side-on) and the electronic structure, which can vary between Cu(II)–superoxo and Cu(III)–peroxo extremes.
The Size Distribution of Kuiper Belt Objects

We describe analytical and numerical collisional evolution calculations for the size distribution of icy bodies in the Kuiper belt. For a wide range of bulk properties, initial masses, and orbital parameters, our results yield power-law cumulative size distributions, NC ∝ r-q, with qL ≈ 3.5 for large bodies (with radii r 10–100 km) and qS ≈ 2.5–3 for small bodies (with radii r 0.1–1 km). The transition between the two power laws occurs at a break radius rb ≈ 1–30 km. The break radius is more sensitive to the initial mass in the Kuiper belt and the amount of stirring by Neptune than to the bulk properties of individual Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). Comparisons with observations indicate that most models can explain the observed sky surface density σ(m) of KBOs for red magnitudes R ≈ 22–27. For R 22 and R 28, the model σ(m) is sensitive to the amount of stirring by Neptune, suggesting that the size distribution of icy planets in the outer solar system provides independent constraints on the formation of Neptune.
A novel BRDF measurement technique with spatial resolution-dependent spectral variance

Overhead spectral imaging has enabled a variety of quantitative remote sensing techniques. However, the derived surface reflectance upon which these techniques rely is generally directional and dependent upon the incident solar and receiving detector angles. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is becoming increasingly important with the development of non-nadir, multi-angle systems. A BRDF measurement approach in the visible to near infrared is described which is suitable for field use. An imaging technique measures BRDF but also enables the generation of the BRDF variability, or the bidirectional reflectance variance function (BRVF). From the measurements, the BRVF and spectral correlation statistics may be produced which are tailored to a sensor's point spread function. Spectral BRDF and BRVF may then be incorporated into spectral algorithms or used for synthetic image generation having accurate spatial and spectral variability, which is of great interest for exercising spectral algorithms
An 8T-SRAM for Variability Tolerance and Low-Voltage Operation in High-Performance Caches

An eight-transistor (8T) cell is proposed to improve variability tolerance and low-voltage operation in high-speed SRAM caches. While the cell itself can be designed for exceptional stability and write margins, array-level implications must also be considered to achieve a viable memory solution. These constraints can be addressed by modifying traditional 6T-SRAM techniques and conceding some design complexity and area penalties. Altogether, 8T-SRAM can be designed without significant area penalty over 6T-SRAM while providing substantially improved variability tolerance and low-voltage operation with no need for secondary or dynamic power supplies. The proposed 8T solution is demonstrated in a high-performance 32 kb subarray designed in 65 nm PD-SOI CMOS that operates at 5.3 GHz at 1.2 V and 295 MHz at 0.41 V.
A Dynamic Analysis of Marketing Orders, Voting, and Welfare

This paper presents a dynamic model of how profit-maximizing farmers would vote on marketing order rules given that new firms will enter, based on rational expectations (perfect foresight) about the path profits follow. Early entrants make large short-run gains while, in the long run, marginal firms break even. Welfare analyses under a dynamic model differ substantially from the static analyses normally reported. An evaluation of the profit and welfate effects of marketing orders requires explicit recognition of the gains to be made during the transition from a competitive equilibrium to a regulated equilibrium. This paper presents a dynamic model of how profit-maximizing farmers would vote on marketing order rules given that new firms will enter, based on rational expectations (perfect foresight) about the path profits follow. Most previous studies are static and have contrasted the competitive long-run equilibrium with the regulated long-run equilibrium. Virtually all of the studies on fruit and vegeta
A unified term for directed and undirected motility in collective cell invasion

Abstract In this paper, we develop mathematical models for collective cell motility. Initially we develop a model using a linear diffusion–advection type equation and fit the parameters to data from cell motility assays. This approach is helpful in classifying the results of certain cell motility assay experiments. In particular, this model can determine degrees of directed versus undirected collective cell motility. Next we develop a model using a nonlinear diffusion term that is able to capture in a unified way directed and undirected collective cell motility. One goal of this work is to demonstrate that the forms of collective cell motility seen in the scratch assays and possibly other systems of interest need not reference external and more complicated migratory signals such as chemotaxis, but rather could be based on quorum sensing alone, collectively represented as density-dependent diffusivity. As an application we apply the nonlinear diffusion approach to a problem in tumor cell invasion, noting that neither chemotaxis or haptotaxis are present in the system under consideration in this article.
MediSim: a prototype VR system for training medical first responders

This paper presents a prototype virtual reality (VR) system for training medical first responders. The initial application is to battlefield medicine and focuses on the training of medical corpsmen and other front-line personnel who might be called upon to provide emergency triage on the battlefield. The system is built upon Sandia's multi-user, distributed VR platform and provides an interactive, immersive simulation capability. The user is represented by an Avatar and is able to manipulate his virtual instruments and carry out medical procedures. A dynamic casualty simulation provides realistic cues to the patient's condition (e.g. changing blood pressure and pulse) and responds to the actions of the trainee (e.g. a change in the color of a patient's skin may result from a check of the capillary refill rate). The current casualty simulation is of an injury resulting in a tension pneumothorax. This casualty model was developed by the University of Pennsylvania and integrated into the Sandia MediSim system.
Effect of Inlet Conditions on Endwall Secondary Flows

Exit combustor e ow and thermal e elds entering downstream stator vane passages in a gas turbine engine are highly nonuniform. These e ow and thermal e elds can signie cantly affect the development of the secondary e ows in the turbine passages attributing to high platform heat transfer and large aerodynamic losses. An analysis is presented of the effects of both the temperature and velocity proe les on the secondary e ows in the endwall region of a e rst-stage stator vane geometry. These effects were assessed using the predicted e owe eld results from computational e uid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Prior to using the predictions, these CFD simulations were benchmarked against e owe eld data measured in a large-scale, linear, turbine vane cascade. Good agreement occurred between the computational predictions and experimentally measured secondary e ows. Analyses of the results for several different cases indicate the stagnation pressure gradient is a key parameter in determining the character of the secondary e ows.
A Chandra view of the multiple merger in Abell 2744

We present a Chandra observation of the merging cluster of galaxies Abell 2744. The cluster shows strong evidence for an ongoing major merger which we believe to be responsible for the radio halo. X-ray emission and temperature maps of the cluster, combined with the spatial and redshift distribution of the galaxies, indicate a roughly north-south axis for the merger, with a significant velocity component along the line of sight. The merger is occurring at a very large velocity, with M = 2-3. We estimate the mass ratio of the merging subclusters to be of the order of unity. They are nearing their closest approach to each other, but with a significant impact parameter. In addition, there is a small merging subcluster toward the northwest, unrelated to the major merger, which shows evidence of a bow shock. A hydrodynamical analysis of the subcluster indicates a merger velocity corresponding to a Mach number of ∼1.2, consistent with a simple infall model. This infalling subcluster may also be re-exciting electrons in the radio halo. Its small Mach number lends support to turbulent reacceleration models for radio halo formation.
Bipolar Microwave RMS Power Detectors

A peak/RMS power detector with ges40 dB dynamic range is presented. The simulated frequency response is flat to 60GHz and the measured response is flat to 20 GHz. Analysis shows that the Meyer detector, originally developed as a peak detector, can be used for RMS detection with an error less than 0.5dB over an approximately 20 dB range, comparable to the popular RF/microwave diode detector. The range for RMS detection is extended by cascading several stages of attenuators and detectors, leading to a circuit suitable for applications such as embedded RFIC test. The power detector is only 700times550 mum2 including all AC and DC bond pads
The structure of linear codes of constant weight

In this paper we determine completely the structure of linear codes over Z/NZ of constant weight. Namely, we determine exactly which modules underlie linear codes of constant weight, and we describe the coordinate functionals involved. The weight functions considered are: Hamming weight, Lee weight, two forms of Euclidean weight, and pre-homogeneous weights. We prove a general uniqueness theorem for virtual linear codes of constant weight. Existence is settled on a case by case basis.
Soliton equations, vertex operators, and simple singularities

We prove the equivalence of two hierarchies of soliton equations associated to a simply-laced finite Dynkin diagram. The first was defined by Kac and Wakimoto (Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 48:138–177, 1989) using the principal realization of the basic representations of the corresponding affine Kac–Moody algebra. The second was defined in Givental and Milanov (The Breadth of Symplectic and Poisson Geometry, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 232, pp. 173–201, Birkhauser, Basel, 2005) using the Frobenius structure on the local ring of the corresponding simple singularity. We also obtain a deformation of the principal realization of the basic representation over the space of miniversal deformations of the corresponding singularity. As a by-product, we compute the operator product expansions of pairs of vertex operators defined in terms of Picard–Lefschetz periods for more general singularities. Thus, we establish a surprising link between twisted vertex operators and deformation theory of singularities.
Scheduling Packets with Values and Deadlines in Size-Bounded Buffers

Motivated by providing quality-of-service differentiated services in the Internet, we consider buffer management algorithms for network switches. We study a multi-buffer model. A network switch consists of multiple size-bounded buffers such that at any time, the number of packets residing in each individual buffer cannot exceed its capacity. Packets arrive at the network switch over time; they have values, deadlines, and designated buffers. In each time step, at most one pending packet is allowed to be sent and this packet can be from any buffer. The objective is to maximize the total value of the packets sent by their respective deadlines. A 9.82-competitive online algorithm (Azar and Levy in Lect Notes Comput Sci 4059:5---16 2006) and a 4.73-competitive online algorithm (Li in Lect Notes Comput Sci 5564:265---278, 2009) have been provided for this model, but no offline algorithms have yet been described. In this paper, we study the offline setting of the multi-buffer model. Our contributions include a few optimal offline algorithms for some variants of the model. Each variant has its unique and interesting algorithmic feature.
Distributed detection of replicas with deployment knowledge in wireless sensor networks

A number of protocols have been developed to mitigate the threat against wireless sensor networks of an attacker finding nodes, compromising them, and using these nodes to eavesdrop or undermine the operation of the network. A more dangerous threat that has received less attention, however, is that of replica nodes, in which the attacker compromises a node, extracts its keying materials, and produces a large number of replicas that he can spread throughout the network. This attack enables the attacker to leverage the compromise of a single node to create widespread effects on the network. To defend against these attacks, we propose distributed detection mechanisms to find and revoke replicas. Our schemes are based on the assumption that nodes are deployed in groups, which is realistic for many deployment scenarios. By taking advantage of group deployment knowledge, our schemes perform replica detection in a distributed, efficient, and secure manner. We show analytically and in simulation that our schemes achieve effective and robust replica detection capability with substantially lower communication, computational, and storage overheads than prior work.
Querying and integrating spatial-temporal information on the Web of Data via time geography

The Web of Data is a rapidly growing collection of datasets from a wide range of domains, many of which have spatial-temporal aspects. Hagerstrand's time geography has proven useful for thinking about and understanding the movements and spatial-temporal constraints of humans. In this paper, we explore time geography as a means of querying and integrating multiple spatial-temporal data sources. We formalize the concept of the space-time prism as an ontology design pattern to use as a framework for understanding and representing constraints and interactions between entities in space and time. We build on a formalization of space-time prisms and apply it in the context of the Web of Data, making it usable across multiple domains and topics. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through two use cases from the domains of environmental monitoring and cultural heritage, showing how space-time prisms enable spatial-temporal and semantic reasoning directly on distributed data sources.
Public R&D Investments and Private-sector Patenting: Evidence from NIH Funding Rules

We quantify the impact of scientific grant funding at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on patenting by pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms. Our paper makes two contributions. First, we use newly constructed bibliometric data to develop a method for flexibly linking specific grant expenditures to private-sector innovations. Second, we take advantage of idiosyncratic rigidities in the rules governing NIH peer review to generate exogenous variation in funding across research areas. Our results show that NIH funding spurs the development of private-sector patents: a $10 million boost in NIH funding leads to a net increase of 2.3 patents. Though valuing patents is difficult, we report a range of estimates for the private value of these patents using different approaches.
Non-Traditional Platinum Compounds for Improved Accumulation, Oral Bioavailability, and Tumor Targeting

The five platinum anticancer compounds currently in clinical use conform to structure-activity relationships formulated (M. J. Cleare and J. D. Hoeschele, Bioinorg. Chem., 1973, 2, 187-210) shortly after the discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cisplatin, has antitumor activity in mice. These compounds are neutral platinum(II) species with two am(m)ine ligands or one bidentate chelating diamine and two additional ligands that can be replaced by water through aquation reactions. The resulting cations ultimately form bifunctional adducts on DNA. Information about the chemistry of these platinum compounds and correlations of their structures with anticancer activity have provided guidance for the design of novel anticancer drug candidates based on the proposed mechanisms of action. This article discusses advances in the synthesis and evaluation of such non-traditional platinum compounds, including cationic and tumor-targeting constructs.
Turbulence effects on flame speed and flame structure

Turbulence effects on methane-air flames stabilized in grid turbulence were investigated through measurements of flame speed and mean and fluctuating flame temperature profiles. Published turbulent flame speed correlations were able to correlate the experimental flame speed data but were contradictory in indicating flame structure and combustion mechanisms. A simple, one-dimensional, wrinkled laminar flame model was used to predict characteristic flame temperature fluctuation levels. Comparison of these predictions with measured temperature fluctuations indicated that the majority of the flames studied were wrinkled laminar flames. However, a wrinkled laminar flame structure was inappropriate for the most intensely turbulent flames examined.
Songs to syntax: Cognition, combinatorial computation, and the origin of language

Language comprises a central component of what the co-founder of modern evolutionary theory, Alfred Russell Wallace, called “man's intellectual and moral nature” - the human capacities for creative imagination, language and symbolism generally, a complex that is sometimes simply called “the human capacity.” This complex seems to have crystallized fairly recently among a small group in East Africa of whom we are all descendants, distinguishing contemporary humans sharply from all other animals, with enormous consequences for the whole of the biological world, as well as for the study of computational cognition. How can we explain this evolutionary leap? On the one hand, common descent has been important in the evolution of the brain, such that avian and mammalian brains may be largely homologous, particularly in the case of brain regions involved in auditory perception, vocalization and auditory memory. On the other hand, there has been convergent evolution of the capacity for auditory-vocal learning, and possibly for structuring of external vocalizations, such that apes lack the abilities that are shared between songbirds and humans. Language's recent evolutionary origin suggests that the computational machinery underlying syntax arose via the introduction of a single, simple, combinatorial operation. Further, the relation of a simple combinatorial syntax to the sensory-motor and thought systems reveals language to be asymmetric in design: while it precisely matches the representations required for inner mental thought, acting as the “glue” that binds together other internal cognitive and sensory modalities, at the same time it poses computational difficulties for externalization, that is, parsing and speech or signed production. Despite this mismatch, language syntax leads directly to the rich cognitive array that marks us as a symbolic species, including mathematics, music, and much more.
Role of Tropical Clouds in Surface and Atmospheric Energy Budget

In this paper diagnostic estimates of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and clear-sky radiation budget at the surface and in the atmosphere, based on satellite-observed radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and empirical parameterizations derived from radiation models and field observations, are presented. This analysis is restricted to the tropical Pacific. High clouds over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ), and the warm pool (WP) exert a positive CRF of about 70 W m22 within the atmosphere and a negative CRF of about 2 70 Wm 22 at the surface, although with a negligible net CRF at the TOA. On the other hand, low clouds over the eastern subtropical Pacific and the equatorial cold tongue exert a negative CRF of about 2 20 Wm 22 at the surface as well as in the atmosphere. The spatial gradients of the clear-sky radiation budget at the surface and in the atmosphere are small. In particular, it is shown that the clear-sky radiative cooling in the atmosphere is larger over the ITCZ, the SPCZ, and the WP, when compared with that over the subtropics and the cold tongue. Next, based on these diagnostic estimates and available surface turbulent heat flux data, the role of atmospheric CRF in the large-scale atmospheric moist static energy (MSE) transport is quantified. It is found that the atmospheric CRF provides the major energy source for balancing the divergence of MSE transport (from the ITCZ, the SPCZ, and the WP to the subtropics and the cold tongue) by the large-scale atmospheric circulation. On the other hand, the clear-sky radiative flux convergence and the surface turbulent heat fluxes have just the reverse spatial pattern and hence cannot satisfy the large-scale atmospheric MSE transport requirements.
Eight-coordinated arsenic in the Zintl phases RbCd4As3 and RbZn4As3: synthesis and structural characterization.

Reported are two new series of Zintl phases, ACd4Pn3 and AZn4Pn3 (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs; Pn = As, P), whose structures feature complex atomic arrangements based on four- and eight-coordinated arsenic and phosphorus. A total of 12 compounds have been synthesized from the corresponding elements via high temperature reactions, and their structures have been established by X-ray diffraction. RbCd4As3, KCd4As3, NaCd4As3, NaZn4As3, KCd4P3, and KZn4P3 crystallize with a new rhombohedral structure (space group R3m, Z = 3, Pearson symbol hR24), while the isoelectronic RbZn4As3, CsCd4As3, CsZn4As3, KZn4As3, CsZn4P3, and RbZn4P3 adopt the tetragonal KCu4S3-type structure (space group P4/mmm, Z = 1, Pearson symbol tP8). Both structures are very closely related to the ubiquitous CaAl2Si2 and ThCr2Si2 structure types, and the corresponding relationships are discussed. The experimental results have been complemented by linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) tight-binding band structure calculations. Preliminary transport propert...
Syntheses and characterization of the first thallium polysulfide anions

The reaction of potassium tetrasulfide with thallium chloride in dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. The addition of the cations Ph[sub 4]P[sup +], Et[sub 4]N[sup +], and Me[sub 4]N[sup +] to this reaction afforded six new soluble thallium(I) polysulfide complexes. Surprisingly, all the complexes (I-VI) stabilize the same [Tl[sub 2](S[sub 4])[sub 2]][sup 2][sup [minus]] anions. Despite their different colors II and III are structurally identical. The anion features two trigonal pyramidal Tl[sup +] centers each chelated by a tetrasulfide ligand and the third coordination site is satisfied by bonding a terminal sulfur atom of another TlS[sub 4] unit, forming a dimer. This bonding mode of the S[sub 4][sup 2][sup [minus]] ligands results in a new condensed inorganic ring system with a central, strickly planar, four-membered Tl[sub 2]S[sub 2] rhombic unit and two five-membered TlS[sub 4] rings in an envelope configuration. The envelope configuration of the five membered TlS[sub 4] ring in the [Tl[sub 2](S[sub 4])[sub 2]][sup 2][sup [minus]] anions results in either the boat-boat or the chair-chair conformation. The reaction of potassium tetrasulfide with thallium chloride in acetonitrile afforded orange red crystals of K[sub 0.68]Tl[sub 1.32]S[sub 5] (VII). Compound VII is isostructural to the known K[sub 2]S[sub 5] and Tl[sub 2]S[sub 5]more » and consists of a S[sub 5][sup 2][sup [minus]] chain with Tl[sup +] and K[sup +] as charge-compensating cations. VII can be considered as a solid solution of the two known compounds. All complexes show similar UV/vis spectra in DMF with two absorptions at [approximately]432 and [approximately]617 nm. The solid-state far-IR spectra of all compounds exhibit strong absorptions in the 500-100-cm[sup [minus]][sup 1] region due to the S-S and M-S stretching frequencies; tentative assignments are reported.« less
Advanced launch system (ALS): electrical actuation and power systems improve operability and cost picture

A brief status review of the advanced launch system (ALS) and its associated advanced development program are presented to demonstrate maturation of those technologies that will help meet the overall operability and cost goals. The electric power and actuation systems are highlighted as a specific technology ready not only to meet the stringent ALS goals (cryogenic fuel valves and thrust vector controls with peak power demands to 75 hp), but also those of other launch vehicles, military and civilian aircraft, lunar/martian vehicles, and a multitude of commercial applications. >
IS JAPAN'S HOUSEHOLD SAVING RATE REALLY HIGH?

This paper discusses, and measures the quantitative impact of, a number of conceptual issues relating to the household saving rate data in the National Accounts of Japan. It finds that Japan's seemingly high household saving rate is biased due to the exclusion of capital transfers and real capital gains, the valuation of depreciation at historical cost rather than at replacement cost, the use of a residual measure of financial saving rather than Flow of Funds Accounts data thereon, and the treatment of expenditures on consumer durables as consumption rather than as saving, but that the biases are to a considerable extent mutually offsetting. It also finds that the Japan-U.S. gap in household (personal) saving rates is due largely to conceptual differences and deficiencies and that household saving in Japan consists primarily of financial saving (net lending), meaning that most of it is available to finance investment in other sectors of the economy and/or abroad.
Acyclonucleoside iron chelators of 1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl-2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones: Potential oral iron chelation therapeutics

The method of synthesizing acyclonucleoside iron chelators is both convenient and cost effective compared to that of synthesizing ribonucleoside iron chelators. The X-ray crystal structural analysis shows that the 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl group does not affect the geometry of the iron chelating sites. Therefore, the iron binding and removal properties of the acyclonucleoside iron chelators should remain similar to the ribonucleoside iron chelators, which is confirmed by the titration and competition reaction of the acyclonucleoside chelators with iron and ferritin, respectively. The acyclonucleoside iron chelators are more lipophilic with measured n-octanol and Tris buffer distribution coefficients than ribonucleoside iron chelators.
Regional Institutions and Social Development in Southern Africa

Regional institutions increasingly shape economic and political development in Southern Africa. In this review, I discuss the historical background of this region and examine the major regional institutions that address key common concerns of economic development, trade, regional migration, and shared natural resources. I also discuss the challenges for, and to, regional integration, including competition among different regional organizations, poverty, war, political instability, and the developing HIV/AIDS pandemic. This research can be understood as illustrative of general research on regions. In particular, it shows how political leaders have created new sets of institutions to deal with important regional concerns, how regional institutions have affected economic development, and how the development of regional organizations is the outcome of regional politics as well as the interaction of national-level decisions.
S-Thiazolinyl (STaz) Glycosides as Versatile Building Blocks for Convergent Selective, Chemoselective, and Orthogonal Oligosaccharide Synthesis

In the aim of developing new procedures for efficient oligosaccharide assembly, a range of S-thiazolinyl (STaz) glycosides have been synthesized. These novel derivatives were evaluated against a variety of reaction conditions and were shown to be capable of being chemoselectively activated in the armed-disarmed fashion. Moreover, the S-thiazolinyl moiety exhibited a remarkable propensity for selective activation over other common leaving groups. Conversely, a variety of leaving groups could be selectively activated over the STaz moiety, which, in turn, allowed STaz/S-ethyl and STaz/S-phenyl orthogonal approaches. To demonstrate versatility of novel STaz derivatives, a number of oligosaccharide targets have been synthesized in a convergent selective, orthogonal, and chemoselective fashion.
How Do Location Decisions of Firms and Households Affect Economic Development in Rural America

This paper examines the causes of spatial inequalities in economic development across rural America. A theoretical model is developed to analyze interactions between location decisions of firms and households as they are affected by natural endowments, accumulated human and physical capital, and economic geography. Based on the theoretical analysis, an empirical model is specified to quantify the effect of these factors on key indicators of economic development across counties in the United States. Preliminary results suggest that households are willing to trade better amenities for lower income, and firms take advantage of this tradeoff by locating in areas with better climate and more recreational opportunities. In equilibrium, counties with better climate and more creational opportunities have lower income and more employment opportunities. Accumulated human and physical capital also significantly affect economic development across counties in the United States. Counties with more accumulated human and physical capital have higher income, more employment opportunities, and high development density. Remoteness has a negative effect on every measure of economic development indicator. It reduces income, employment, housing prices and total developed areas. Implications of the results for policy development to promote economic prosperity in rural America are discussed.