cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caregivers of youth athletes: Developing a theory-based health communication intervention for concussion education

Sports-related concussions (SRCs) are a public health problem. However, caregivers of youth athletes (CYAs) do not receive targeted education even though they are primary decision makers for youth athletes (YAs) who incur injuries. The purpose of this study was to understand CYA's SRC perceptions via the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Message Source Credibility in order to guide development of CYA SRC health education messages. Key informants (n = 20, e.g., sports personnel, medical practitioners, and researchers) who interact with CYAs and YAs and 30 CYAs (3 males, 27 females) from five different states were interviewed. Questions aimed to identify CYA's understanding of SRC prevention, recognition, treatment, and disposition through the framework of the HBM and message source credibility. CYAs had high-perceived severity of SRCs regardless of sport but mixed views of susceptibility. Despite receiving SRC education, CYAs consistently stated their own lack of understanding and low self-efficacy. The sources and amount of information CYAs receive are barriers to education. Therefore, a health communication intervention from a trusted source that focuses on HBM constructs like perceived susceptibility, education barriers, and cues to action both pre- and post-injury may fill the current educational gap.
Heat Transfer in Teeth

Concern about heat transfer effects in teeth began in a formal way in the 1930s and 1940s. This coincided with the development of higher and higher speed dental drills that aided quick removal of carious formations. As drill speeds increased and bur-cooling options become more numerous, specific evaluations were made of the resulting effects on teeth.
Investigation of the Relationship Between DC Resistance and Shielding Effectiveness

An essential ingredient of EMP hardening, particularly for airborne systems, is electromagnetic shielding. In practice, shields are rarely formed of single, continuous sheets of metal. Sheets must be joined together to form the shield, and the joints must be properly bonded to provide desirable shielding performance of a broad frequency range. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was, therefore, selected as the measure of bond effectiveness with regard to EMI/EMP hardness. A stainless steel test joint was fabricated, and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the test joint was measured as a function of dc resistance. The stainless steel test joint, dc resistance measurements, shielding effectiveness measurements, and the measurement results are described below.
Statistics and the Philosophers

I would first like to congratulate the organizers of the present working conference. It is the first time that I am aware of when an attempt has been made to bring into working (and perhaps abrasive) contact philosophers, physicists, probabilists and statisticians. I am quite sure I am not alone in having views that are not at all laudatory of the philosophical world. I am not alone, I surmise, in having views that are not totally laudatory of the physics world. And I believe I am not alone in having views that are strongly critical (at best) of many parts of the probability world. Finally, as regards the statistical world I find that I have deep respect only for that part of the statistical world that is actually doing statistics and not that part which is engaged in constructing a panacea for all the problems of statisticating.
Utilization of indocyanine green to aid in identifying sentinel lymph nodes in Merkel cell cancer

Abstract Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a relatively rare skin cancer with high rates of regional lymph node involvement and metastatic spread. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for staging purposes. The goal of this study is to report our experience utilizing indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence-based technology to aid in SLNB detection in MCC. Methods Consecutive MCC patients who underwent SLNB with radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy, with intraoperative handheld gamma probe, and ICG-based fluorescence imaging from 2012 to 2017 were prospectively studied (Cohort A). A group of historical controls that underwent SLNB for MCC with radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy and vital blue dye (VBD) (lymphazurin or methylene blue dye) was also analyzed (Cohort B). Results Twenty-four consecutive patients underwent SLNB with lymphoscintigraphy and ICG-based fluorescence and 11 controls underwent SLNB with lymphoscintigraphy and VBD. The localization rate by node with VBD was 63.6% and ICG-based fluorescence was 94.8%. For two patients, a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) was detected only by ICG-based fluorescence and the nodes were not detected by gamma probe and one patient's only positive node was identified via ICG fluorescence only. VBD or gamma probe did not identify any unique positive SLNs in either cohort B or either cohort, respectively. Conclusions In this study, we indicate that ICG-based fluorescence is not only feasible to augment SLN identification, but it has a higher node localization rate as compared to blue dye and it was able to identify positive SLNs otherwise missed by gamma probe. This study suggests the importance of utilizing two modalities to augment SLN identification and that ICG-based fluorescence may be able to identify nodes that would have been otherwise missed by gamma probe. We will continue to follow these patients and enroll more patients in this prospective study to further determine the role that ICG-based fluorescence has in identifying sentinel lymph nodes in MCC.
Overshadowing between visual and tactile stimulus elements in an object recognition task.

Abstract In recent decades there has been great progress in discovering the conditions under which cue competition occurs during animal learning. In humans, however, the evidence remains equivocal regarding the degree to which stimuli compete with one another for behavioral control. We report here the results of a single experiment wherein thirty-nine college students completed a novel cue competition task with visual and tactile stimuli. Participants visually and/or haptically examined a series of novel objects. They were then asked to select the objects with which they had interacted from a larger pool of both novel and familiar objects. Potentiation (or facilitation) by simultaneous visual and haptic inspection was possible. Alternatively, stimulus elements may have competed with one another (i.e., overshadowing), which would present as poorer recognition at test for objects to which participants had simultaneous, dual-modality training exposure. We report the latter effect. We situate these findings in the broader context of associative learning and suggest that our data is relevant to applied settings.
Voluntary exercise or systemic propranolol ameliorates stress-related maladaptive behaviors in female rats.

Abstract Many people will experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, with up to 20% developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or PTSD-like symptoms. In addition, the likelihood that females will develop PTSD after trauma is more than twice that of males. Despite its prevalence, current treatment strategies for trauma victims are limited and substantial portions of affected individuals remain resistant to treatment, suggesting that additional interventions are necessary. Using an animal model of traumatic stress, the present studies tested the hypothesis that either voluntary exercise and/or administration of the adrenergic beta-receptor antagonist propranolol, would ameliorate stress-related maladaptive behaviors. In Study 1 four groups of female rats were exposed to a sequence of stressors that included anesthesia, restraint, forced swim, exposure to predator scent and fear conditioning. Rats then underwent re-exposure sessions in which stress-related conditioned stimuli were presented. In addition to re-exposure, stressed rats were treated with propranolol (10 mg/kg) and/or given the opportunity to engage in voluntary wheel running intermittently for 4 weeks. Stress-associated maladaptive behavior was assessed using the elevated plus and open field mazes and fear memory tests. Cognitive ability was assessed using a novel odor recognition task. A main effect of exercise on behaviors related to anxiety and resilience was observed, but neither a main effect of propranolol nor a synergistic effect of propranolol and exercise were observed. Neither stress induction nor treatment influenced recognition memory. In contrast, in Study 2 in which the timing and dosage of propranolol (0.25–2.0 mg/kg), and the number and timing of re-exposure sessions were adjusted, propranolol produced both a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors as well as resilience to a subsequent stressor. These results are consistent with the notion that combining re-exposure therapy with additional interventions is beneficial for female trauma victims. Furthermore, the findings support the view that in pre-clinical models, voluntary exercise, which bolsters hippocampal function and propranolol, which affects amygdala-dependent memory reconsolidation and peripheral noradrenergic signaling, can ameliorate stress-related symptoms.
Evaluation of Photon Processing Detectors using the Fourier Crosstalk Matrix

Advances in emission imaging detector hard-ware and modeling have allowed on-the-fly maximum likelihood photon event attribute estimation [1]. Such detectors lead to an infinite d imensional s ystem m odel c alled the Photon Processing model [2], [3], [4]. In this work we extend the Fourier crosstalk matrix formalism [5] to photon processing systems to compare the performance of such detectors to classical pixelated photon-counting detectors for the task of estimating object Fourier coefficients. In a preliminary study we have computed crosstalk matrices for a class of 2D pinhole SPECT systems; in this setting, the photon processing detector outperforms a pixelated detector with pixel size equal to the full width half maximum of the position estimation blur.
A prospective biomarker trial of microbiome, immune, and genomic markers as predictors of radiation response in anal squamous cell carcinoma.

TPS869Background: Preclinical evidence suggests that the microbiome plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and in response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, but little is known about the role ...
Experimental Investigation of a One-Sided Ejector Nozzle

A fundamental exploratory experiment is conducted assessing the performance of a one-sided ejector with the eventual goal of noise reduction for jet engines. The hardware is comprised of an 8:1 rectangular nozzle together with an ejector box whose lower surface is flush with the lower lip of the nozzle. Secondary flow is allowed through a gap between the upper lip of the nozzle and a flap that constitutes the upper surface of the ejector. Wall static pressures and Pitot probe surveys are conducted to evaluate the performance of the ejector with variation of geometric parameters. It is found that addition of vortex generating tabs at the upper lip of the nozzle significantly increases secondary flow entrainment. The entrainment is further enhanced by a divergence of the ejector up-per surface. Limited noise measurements are done. The baseline ejector (without tabs) often encounters flow resonance with accompanying tones. The tabs have the additional benefit of eliminating those tones in all cases. However, for the tabbed case, addition of the ejector produces insignificant further noise reduction. This is due to the fact that the flow remains unmixed on the lower half of the ejector. The focus of ongoing and future efforts is to achieve sufficient mixing of the flow so that the exhaust velocities are uniformly low, while keeping the ejector hardware short and light-weight.
Classification System for Maxillectomy Defects

The two maxillary bones contribute to creating a major portion of the midfacial skeleton, which is critical to both form and function in the midface. The midfacial soft tissue structures are closely related to the bony structure. Resection of varying portions of the maxilla with the overlying soft tissue, skin, periorbital, and intraoral structures creates patterns of specific defects. This chapter describes and classifies these defects as they relate to the various bony surfaces of the maxilla. This system of classification of defects allows the surgeon to more easily understand the requirements for reconstruction and algorithms can be created to address the appropriate flaps and approach to reconstruction.
Trauma, Self-Regulation, and Learning

Early experiences of maltreatment place students at a disadvantage upon school entry that often continues across elementary and secondary grades. These academic challenges represent a different type of achievement gap that often cascades due to the developmental sequelae of maltreatment. In 2015, over four million referrals alleging maltreatment were reported to Child Protective Services. This represents an at-risk population of students, which necessitates the identification of malleable mechanisms that can be potential targets of intervention services within schools. Specifically, we identify self-regulation and self-regulated learning as two interrelated constructs that can help elucidate processes that result in these students’ academic vulnerability across early education and beyond. We begin the chapter by conceptualizing self-regulation from a developmental science framework, outlining basic processes, examining the impact of maltreatment, and understanding how this in turn affects functioning within the school context. Next, we discuss self-regulated learning from the perspective of educational psychology and cover key components of the model along with how it relates to early adversity and self-regulation. Finally, we conclude the chapter with a brief discussion of our conceptual framework’s implications for trauma-informed schools.
Lattice Gauge Fields and Topology

Our purpose in this report is to give an informal introduction to our work on the topology of lattice gauge fields and the computation of topological charge [1] and to present some examples which have not been published, notably some naturally occurring examples of LGF’s on the complex projective space CP2.
Locating Errors in Faulty Formulas

Given a drawing of a read-once formula (called the blueprint), and a blackbox implementation with the same topology as the blueprint that purports to compute the formula, can we tell if it does? Under a fault model, where the only faults in the implementation are gates that complement their outputs, we show that there is an efficient algorithm that makes a linear number of probes to the blackbox implementation and determines if the blueprint and implementation are identical. We also show a matching lower bound. We further ask whether we can diagnose where the faults are, using blackbox testing. We prove that if the implementation has a property called polynomial balance, then it is possible to do this efficiently. To complement this result, we show that even if the blueprint is polynomially balanced and there are only logarithmically many errors in the implementation, the implementation could be unbalanced and the diagnosis problem provably requires super-polynomially many tests. We point out that this problem is one instance of a general class of problems of learning deviations from a blueprint, which we call conformance learning. Conformance learning seems worthy of further investigation in a broader context.
Corpus of Hispanic Chivalric Romances. Colección de Textos Caballerescos Hispánicos

Corpus of Hispanic Chivalric Romances / Coleccion de Textos Caballerescos Hispanicos. Datos del proyecto, breve historia y estado de la cuestion.
Improving SIEM alert metadata aggregation with a novel kill-chain based classification model

Abstract Today’s information networks face increasingly sophisticated and persistent threats, where new threat tools and vulnerability exploits often outpace advancements in intrusion detection systems. Current detection systems often create too many alerts, which contain insufficient data for analysts. As a result, the vast majority of alerts are ignored, contributing to security breaches that might otherwise have been prevented. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) software is a recent development designed to improve alert volume and content by correlating data from multiple sensors. However, insufficient SIEM configuration has thus far limited the promise of SIEM software for improving intrusion detection. The focus of our research is the implementation of a hybrid kill-chain framework as a novel configuration of SIEM software. Our research resulted in a new log ontology capable of normalizing security sensor data in accordance with modern threat research. New SIEM correlation rules were developed using the new log ontology, and the effectiveness of the new configuration was tested against a baseline configuration. The novel configuration was shown to improve detection rates, give more descriptive alerts, and lower the number of false positive alerts.
transAD: An Anomaly Detection Network Intrusion Sensor for the Web

Content-based Anomaly Detection (AD) techniques are regarded as a promising mechanism to detect ‘zero-day’ attacks. AD sensors have also been shown to perform better than signature-based systems in detecting polymorphic attacks. However, the False Positive Rates (FPRs) produced by current AD sensors have been a cause of concern. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate transAD, a system of network traffic inspection AD sensors that are based on Transductive Confidence Machines (TCM). Existing TCM-based implementations have very high FPRs when used as NIDS.
Short-term interval exercise suppresses acylated ghrelin and hunger during caloric restriction in women with obesity

Abstract Caloric restriction is suggested to increase hunger, in part, through complex interactions of hormones and behavior that contribute to challenges in long-term weight loss. Although intense exercise may attenuate appetite, no data exist testing the effects of interval exercise (INT) during a low-calorie diet (LCD) on appetite regulation. We hypothesized that LCD+INT would favorably influence satiety when compared with an energy-deficit matched LCD in women with obesity. Twenty-six women with obesity (47.3±2.4 yrs; 37.3 ± 1.2 kg/m2) were randomized to either LCD (n = 13; mixed meals of ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 13; 60 min/d of supervised interval exercise at 90% HRpeak for 3 min and 50% HRpeak for 3 min) for 2 weeks. An additional 350kcal (shake) was provided to LCD+INT individuals post-exercise to equate energy availability between groups. Total PYY, acylated ghrelin and des-ghrelin were measured at 0, 30 and 60 min of a 75g OGTT before and after the intervention. Visual analog scales were also administered at 0 and 120 min of the OGTT to assess appetite perception. Food logs were recorded prior to and during the intervention to ensure caloric intake compliance. Compared with pre-intervention conditions, both interventions decreased food intake (P = 0.001) and body fat (P
The "Frankentower:" A clinician-driven approach to enhancing endoscopic data technology.

Abstract Objective To develop a more efficient endoscopy tower and evaluate its capability to improve retrieval and storage of videos across 6 clinical sites. Methods Descriptive study that took place at tertiary care Pediatric Otolaryngology Department over a 2 year period. In collaboration with our Information Services Department and Otolaryngology endoscopy vendors, we assembled our “Frankentower” endoscopy cart using components from 3 medical device manufacturers. Results It is feasible to create a functional composite endoscopic tower. Implementation of “Frankentower” improved overall management and retrieval of endoscopy video and images in our department which lead to better patient care and facilitated education for medical students, residents and faculty. Conclusions The “Frankentower” is a feasible, cost-effective solution to streamline the capture, access and storage of patient endoscopy exams across our operating rooms, inpatient consult service, Emergency Department and outpatient clinics.
Increased nitrogen use efficiency in crop production can provide economic and environmental benefits.

Abstract Potential economic and environmental benefits of increasing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) are widely recognized but scarcely quantified. This study quantifies the effects of increased NUE on 1) the national agricultural economy using a simulation model of US agriculture and 2) regional water quality effects using a biogeochemical model for the Arkansas-White-Red river basin. National economic effects are reported for NUE improvement scenarios of 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100%, whereas regional water quality effects are estimated for a 20% NUE improvement scenario in the Arkansas-White-Red river basin. Simulating a 20% increase in NUE in row crops is shown to reduce N requirements by 1.4 million tonnes y−1 and increase farmer net profits by 1.6% ($743 million) per year by 2026 over the baseline simulation for the same period. For each 10% increase in NUE, annual farm revenues for commodity crops increased over the baseline by approximately $350 million per year by 2026. Changes in crop prices and land-use relative to the baseline were less than 2%. This suggests a net benefit even though fertilizer cost savings can result in increased cultivation of land, i.e., ‘Jevon's paradox’. Results from the biogeochemical model of the Arkansas-White-Red river basin suggest that a 20% increase in NUE corresponds to a 5.72% reduction in nitrate loadings to freshwaters, with higher reductions in agricultural watersheds. The value of these reductions was estimated as $43 ha−1, for a total of $15.3 to 136.7 million yr−1 in avoided water treatment costs. After estimating the social value of increased NUE, we conclude with a discussion of potential strategies to increase efficiency and the research needed to achieve this goal. These include perennialization of the agricultural landscape, genetic crop improvement, targeted fertilizer application, and manipulation of the plant-root microbiome.
Emotion Regulation and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration in Undergraduate Samples: A Review of the Literature.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration increases throughout young adulthood and is particularly widespread among college students, resulting in mental health and academic consequences. Defici...
Flipping The Business College On Its Side

Colleges of business are typically formed around functional divisions like accounting, finance, management, and marketing. This discipline-based structure serves to convey basic information to the students, but it is poorly suited to provide an educational experience that integrates the functional areas into a holistic framework. Efforts to refine the educational process have met with limited success due to the tendencies of organizations and their members to resist change. A new design for the structure and management of colleges of business is necessary if today’s schools are to be better able to meet the needs of tomorrow’s students.
AMS: area message service for SLC

The Area Message Service (AMS) is a TCP/IP based messaging service currently in use at SLAC. A number of projects under development here at SLAC require an application level interface to the 4.3BSD UNIX socket level communications functions using TCP/IP over ethernet. AMS provides connection management, solicited message transfer, unsolicited message transfer, and asynchronous notification of pending messages. AMS is written completely in ANSI 'C' and is currently portable over three hardware/operating system/network manager platforms, VAX/VMS/sup 1Multinet/sup 2/, PC/MS-DOS/sup 3Pathworks/sup 4/, VME 68K/pSOS/pNA/sup 5/. The basic architecture is a client-server connection where either end of the interface may be the server. This allows for connections and data flow to be initiated from either end of the interface. Included are details concerning the connection management, the handling of the multi-platform code, and the implementation process. >
Macrophages from human colostrum: Multinucleated giant cell formation by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A

Abstract Macrophages obtained from human colostrum were cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). PHA caused multinucleated giant cell formation which could be inhibited by the addition of N -acetyl- d -galactosamine. Con A caused multinucleated giant cell formation and was cytotoxic in higher concentrations. Both effects could be inhibited by addition of α-methyl- d -mannoside and α-methyl- d -glucoside. PWM did not cause multinucleated giant cell formation but was cytotoxic in high concentrations. In contrast to colostral macrophages, mouse peritoneal macrophages did not undergo multinucleated giant cell formation in response to these mitogens. Some cell interlinkages were observed with exposure to PHA. Con A was not cytotoxic at the levels used while PWM was cytotoxic. These results indicate that human colostral macrophages interact with certain plant agglutinins in a manner distinct from mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Nonlinear Dynamical Models for Earthquakes and Frictional Sliding

This paper describes two new approaches to understanding the nonlinear dynamics of earthquakes. These models are motivated by the inability to observe in nature effects associated with classical growth mechanisms for shear fractures. Moreover, friction experiments in the laboratory display a rate dependence through a series of state variables whose physical interpretation is unclear. Of the two nonclassical approaches examined here, the first is a field-theoretic extension of the classical Griffith-Gibbs nucleation approach. The second is a lattice automaton in which each site is characterized by threshold force below which the site is stable. Above the threshold, the site is in a state of metastable equilibrium, and will decay to a more stable state over a characteristic relaxation time. Qualitatively, the decay of each site is analogous to local barrier penetration, as understood from nucleation problems involving a Landau “double well” potential. However, the mathematical isomorphism for this analogy has not yet been made rigorous.
RHO MESON PHOTOPRODUCTION FROM COMPLEX NUCLEI

Although the title refers only to photoproduction of rho mesons on complex nuclei, I wish to talk on a rather broader footing. I do this with the justification that in the spirit of the vector dominance model, (VDM), all photo-processes involve the coupling of the photon to the vector mesons. To this end I would like to review the situation on ρo photoproduction on complex nuclei, the total photoabsorption cross section determinations, and the implications of these results for VDM. Finally, I will summarize the experimental results of the searches for heavy vector mesons.
Protein phosphatase 2A promotes the transition to G0 during terminal differentiation in Drosophila

Protein phosphatase type 2A complex (PP2A) has been known as a tumor suppressor for over two decades, but it remains unclear exactly how it suppresses tumor growth. Here, we provide data indicating a novel role for PP2A in promoting the transition to quiescence upon terminal differentiation in vivo. Using Drosophila eyes and wings as a model, we find that compromising PP2A activity during the final cell cycle prior to a developmentally controlled cell cycle exit leads to extra cell divisions and delays entry into quiescence. By systematically testing the regulatory subunits of Drosophila PP2A, we find that the B56 family member widerborst (wdb) is required for the role of PP2A in promoting the transition to quiescence. Cells in differentiating tissues with compromised PP2A retain high Cdk2 activity when they should be quiescent, and genetic epistasis tests demonstrate that ectopic Cyclin E/Cdk2 activity is responsible for the extra cell cycles caused by PP2A inhibition. The loss of wdb/PP2A function cooperates with aberrantly high Cyclin E protein levels, allowing cells to bypass a robust G0 late in development. This provides an example of how loss of PP2A can cooperate with oncogenic mutations in cancer. We propose that the PP2A complex plays a novel role in differentiating tissues to promote developmentally controlled quiescence through the regulation of Cyclin E/Cdk2 activity.
Pilot workload during final approach in congested airspace

Time estimation has been proposed as a measure of pilot workload and it appears that the production method provides a useful measure. The verbal estimation method has also been investigated and it appears that it does not provide as sensitive a measure of workload as does the production method. Verbal estimates are given with less precision and a series of verbal estimates tends to reflect a relative judgement of the duration of different intervals rather than an absolute judgement of the length of each interval. Overestimation may either reflect boredom during the interval, or the fact that a great deal of activity was performed during the interval that was remembered. Underestimation may either reflect a feeling that time passed quickly because interesting activities were engaged in, or that so little activity was performed or remembered, that very little time passed.
G295(P) Pedestrian deaths in irish children – potential for prevention

Aims To examine the characteristics of child pedestrian fatalities in the Republic of Ireland using the National Paediatric Mortality Register database to provide an evidence base for preventative action. Method All child fatalities recorded on the National Paediatric Mortality Database from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed and all road traffic related deaths were examined to identify pedestrian deaths. Passenger and cyclist deaths were excluded. Coroner’s autopsy reports and death registration data were reviewed and deaths were categorised as either traffic related or non-traffic related. Deprivation scores were assigned using The Pobal Haase-Pratshke Deprivation Index. Results There were 45 child pedestrian fatalities identified in the six year period examined. Traffic related deaths accounted for 58% vs. 42% non-traffic related. Analysis of the deaths showed there was a male preponderance. Those with a deprivation index score of "marginally below average" accounted for the majority (53%) of deaths. There was a weekend trend and an evening and summer peak. The highest proportion of deaths occurred in the 1–4 year age group (53%), with 28% due to low speed vehicle rollovers involving the vehicle in a reversing manoeuvre, mainly occurring in residential driveways. Conclusion Child pedestrian fatalities are highly preventable through the modification of risk factors including behavioural, social and environmental. Most of the effort in preventing child pedestrian injuries in Ireland has focused on education of children. An area which receives little focus is non-traffic related deaths. These tragic deaths mainly involve young children/toddlers who are small in stature but independently mobile and lack the concept of personal safety. Preventative action needs to be addressed in this area.
Premarital Education: An Assessment of Program Efficacy*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a premarital educational program, with the secondary goal of determining if the structure (conjoint versus group) and the participants’ gender influenced program effectiveness. Data were collected from 29 heterosexual couples. Couples were placed in one of three conditions: (1) premarital education in a group format, (2) premarital education as an individual couple, or (3) the comparison group (no premarital education). The goal of the 8-week intervention was to improve couples’ readiness and preparation for marriage as measured by the PREP-M. The findings suggested that the educational program achieved its stated goal.
A spectrophotometric assay for determining the rate constants of acetylcholinesterase inhibitions.

Abstract A spectrophotometric assay procedure has been developed for determining the rate constants for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by carbamates and phosphates. The method permits the investigation of inhibitors over a large range in the value of the phosphorylation or carbamylation rate constants without involving the kinetic parameters of the assay substrate in the calculations.
Dealing with Archaeology's Data Avalanche

The increasing availability and relatively low cost of digital data collection technologies have created a data avalanche for archaeologists. In this paper, we discuss a system that integrates geographic information system (GlS)-based artifact and material sample data sets with massive point clouds within an interactive visual analysis environment. Our system lets researchers revisit archeological sites virtually, with the entirety of the captured record accessible for exploration.
Effect of simulated sunlight on atrazine and metolachlor toxicity of surface waters

Atrazine and metolachlor are the two most widely used herbicides in the United States; through non-point-source runoff both herbicides may cause toxicity to aquatic organisms. Toxicity changes were measured for atrazine and metolachlor in surface waters after exposure to simulated sunlight (0, 20, and 40 kJ/m2) using a Xenon Weather-Ometer. A Microtox toxicity test, using the marine luminescent bacteriumVibrio fischeri, was conducted on deionized, river, and bay water samples mixed with atrazine or metolachlor herbicide (12 mg/liter) after exposure to simulated sunlight. Microtox test (EC50%) results demonstrated that the toxicity decreased with increasing light intensity for both herbicides in river and bay water. These results also indicate that the toxicity of the bay water, with high concentrations of organic and suspended matter, was reduced, for both herbicides, compared with the toxicity of the river water, possibly through photodegradation of pesticides.
How Large Does n Have to be for Z and t Intervals

Abstract Students invariably ask the question “How large does n have to be for Z and t intervals to give appropriate coverage probabilities?” In this article we review the role of , where (X) is the skewness coefficient of the random sample, in the answer to this question. We also comment on the opposite effect that (X) has on the behavior of t intervals compared to Z intervals, and we suggest simple exercises for deriving rules of thumb for n that result in appropriate confidence interval coverage. Our presentation follows the format of lesson plans for three course levels: Introductory, intermediate, and advanced. These lesson plans are sequentially developed, meaning that the lesson plan for an intermediate level course includes all activities from the lesson plan for an introductory course, but with additional explanations and/or activities.
Planar Relationships of the Semicircular Canals in Two Strains of Mice

The mouse is increasingly important as a subject of vestibular research. Although many studies have focused on the vestibular responses of mice to angular rotation, the geometry of their semicircular canals has not been described. High-voltage X-ray computed tomography was used to measure the anatomy of the semicircular canals of two strains of mice, C57Bl/6J and CBA/CaJ. The horizontal plane of a stereotaxic coordinate system was defined by the midpoints of the external auditory meati and the point where the incisors emerge from the maxilla. The centroids of the lumens of the bony canals were calculated, and planes that describe the canals were fit using a least-squares regression analysis to the resulting points. Vectors normal to each regressed plane were used to represent the corresponding canal's axis of rotation, and angles of these vectors relative to skull landmarks as well as to each other were calculated. The horizontal canal of the mouse was found to be angled anteriorly upward 17.8° for CBA/CaJ and 32.6° for C57Bl/6J from the reference horizontal plane. Angles between ipsilateral canals deviated up to 12.3° from orthogonal, and angles between contralateral synergistic canals (left anterior–right posterior, right anterior–left posterior, and horizontal–horizontal) deviated from parallel by up to 14.8°. The orientations of the canals within the head as well as the orientations of the canals relative to each other were significantly different between the two strains, suggesting that care must be taken in the design and interpretation of developmental and physiologic studies involving different mouse strains.
The challenges associated with the capitalization of managerial skills and competencies

Drawing on the theoretical framework of the institutional competency-based perspective, this paper develops a model to explain the process of capitalizing managerial competencies and skills into intangible capital stocks of an organization. It is argued that the effective and cumulative utilization of human, social, political, and cross-cultural capitals can help an organization sustain its competitive advantage, ultimately exerting a positive influence on organizational performance.
Fra-1/AP-1 transcription factor negatively regulates pulmonary fibrosis in vivo.

The Fra-1/AP-1 transcription factor plays a key role in tumor epithelial cell progression; however, its role in pathogenic lung fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, using a genetic approach (Fra-1 deficient mice), we have demonstrated a novel regulatory (protective) role for Fra-1 in lung fibrosis. We found greater levels of progressive interstitial fibrosis, characterized by increased levels of inflammation, collagen accumulation, and profibrotic and fibrotic gene expression in the lungs of Fra-1Δ/Δ mice than in those of Fra-1+/+ mice following bleomycin treatment. Fra-1 knockdown in human lung epithelial cells caused the upregulation of mesenchymal marker N-cadherin, concomitant with a downregulation of the epithelial phenotype marker E-cadherin, under basal conditions and in response to bleomycin and TGF-β1. Furthermore, Fra-1 knockdown caused an enhanced expression of type 1 collagen and the downregulation of collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-13) gene expression in human lung epithelial cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Fra-1 mediates anti-fibrotic effects in the lung through the modulation of proinflammatory, profibrotic and fibrotic gene expression, and suggests that the Fra-1 transcription factor may be a potential target for pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive disorder with poor prognosis and treatment.
I. High affinity receptors for bombesin/GRP-like peptides on human small cell lung cancer

The binding of a radiolabeled bombesin analogue to human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines was investigated. (125I-Tyr4)bombesin bound with high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) to a single class of sites (2,000/cell) using SCLC line NCI-H446. Binding was reversible, saturable and specific. The pharmacology of binding was investigated using NCI-H466 and SCLC line NCI-H345. Bombesin and structurally related peptides, such as gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), but not other peptides, such as substance P or vasopressin, inhibited high affinity (125I-Tyr4)BN binding activity. Finally, the putative receptor, a 78,000 dalton polypeptide, was identified by purifying radiolabeled cell lysates on bombesin or GRP affinity resins and then displaying the bound polypeptides on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels. Because SCLC both produces bombesin/GRP-like peptides and contains high affinity receptors for these peptides, they may function as important autocrine regulatory factors for human SCLC.
Unusual isotope effects for diffusion in VH0.50 and VT0.50

Nonclassical diffusion processes for hydrogen isotopes in metals and other solids remain interesting and unresolved challenges. Although numerous diffusion measurements have been performed on dilute solutions of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium in metals, relatively few results are available for diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in the hydride phases formed at higher concentrations. Since diffusion coefficients are generally dependent upon concentration, this disparity is partially due to the difficulty in preparing samples with identical contents. The vanadium hydride phases are promising candidates to study isotopic diffusion. Recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of proton spin-lattice relaxation times T/sub 1/ for b.c.t. ..beta..phase VH /SUB x/ (0.4
Abstract 2367: RSK2 promotes head and neck cancer cell invasion through direct phosphorylation of Hsp27 to regulate actin filaments

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common types of human cancers and frequently metastasizes to lymph nodes. We found that the protein expression pattern of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) correlates with the invasive ability of diverse HNSCC cell lines, and with human head and neck cancer progression. Continued RSK2 expression is vital for maintenance of the invasive and metastatic potential of HNSCC cells in vitro and in vivo, respectively. In a phospho-antibody microarray-based study, we identified pro-metastatic protein factors that are phosphorylated and activated by RSK2, including the previously identified CREB and a newly identified RSK2 substrate Hsp27, which are important for the RSK2-mediated pro-invasive ability of HNSCC cells. Hsp27 has been found to be overexpressed in many types of cancers, and its overexpression is associated aggressive tumor behavior. Here we found that RSK2 promotes stabilization of actin filaments in HNSCC cells through phosphorylation and activation of Hsp27 RNAi-mediated knockdown of Hsp27 significantly attenuated HNSCC Tu212 cell invasion conferred by exogenous expression of RSK2. In an in vitro kinase assay using purified recombinant Hsp27 WT and individual S15A, S78A or S82A mutant proteins incubated with active recombinant RSK2, we found that RSK2 directly phosphorylates Hsp27 at S78 and S82, but not S15. Moreover, stable expression of phospho-mimetic Hsp27 S78D/S82D double mutant led to further significantly enhanced cell invasion of poorly invasive HNSCC Tu212 and 686LN cells, compared to exogenous expression of Hsp27 WT. Stable expression of Hsp27 S78D/S82D mutant, but not WT or S78A/S82A mutant, rescued the cell invasion and tumor metastasis attenuated by stable knockdown of RSK2 in highly invasive HNSCC M4e cells in vitro and in vivo using xenograft mice, respectively. Hsp27 regulates actin dynamics and apoptosis. Actin immunofluorescent staining showed that RNAi-mediated stable knockdown of RSK2 resulted in disruption of actin filaments in 212LN and M4e cells. However, stable expression of the Hsp27 phospho-mimetic mutant S78D/S82D, but not WT or the phospho-deficient S78A/S82A mutant, rescued the formation of actin filaments. Our findings demonstrate that RSK2 signals through Hsp27 to regulate actin filaments and cell invasion via direct phosphorylation of Hsp27 at Ser78 and Ser82. This may represent a transcription-independent mechanism underlying RSK2-mediated pro-metastatic signaling in HNSCC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2367.
Measuring the time course of anticipatory anxiety using the fear‐potentiated startle reflex

The time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45-s threat conditions but not during 50-s no-threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no-threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear-potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no-threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of anticipatory anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of anticipatory anxiety in humans.
Effects of single and repeated electroconvulsive therapy sessions on plasma ACTH, prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations

To study the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on hormone release, we measured circulating concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol (CORT) immediately before and at 2 min, 5 min, 15 min, and 30 min following ECT. Compared to pre-ECT concentrations, there were significant increases in post-ECT plasma ACTH, PRL and CORT. GH did not change consistently. No significant difference between unilateral and bilateral ECT was observed. Compared to the first ECT, repeated treatments were associated with a significant decrease in the magnitude of hormone surge. These hormonal changes induced by ECT may reflect changes at the neurotransmitter level.
Fractionation of Tracer Effluxes during Action Potential.

The fluid flowing by the Nitella internode or squid giant axon loaded with radioactive cations was fractionated during the action potential. In this manner it was possible to ascertain the time course of efflux of these cation tracers during activity
Cell surface markers of cancer stem cells: diagnostic macromolecules and targets for drug delivery

The recognition that the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in patients following chemotherapy can result in disease relapse underscores the necessity to develop therapeutics against those cells. CSCs display a unique repertoire of cell surface macromolecules, which have proven essential for their characterization and isolation. Additionally, CSC-specific cell surface macromolecules or markers provide targets for the development of specific agents to destroy them. In this review, we compiled those cell surface molecules that have been validated as CSC markers for many common blood and solid tumors. We describe the unique chemical and structural features of the most common cell surface markers, as well as recent efforts to deliver chemotherapeutic agents into CSCs by targeting those macromolecules.
A method for intragranular orientation and lattice strain distribution determination

A novel approach to quantifying intragranular distributions is developed and applied to the α → ∊ phase transition in iron. The approach captures both the distribution of lattice orientation within a grain and the orientation dependence of the lattice strain. Use of a finite element discretization over a ball in Rodrigues space allows for the efficient use of degrees of freedom in the numerical approach and provides a convenient framework for gradient-based regularization of the inverse problem. Application to the α → ∊ phase transition in iron demonstrates the utility of the method in that intragranular orientation and lattice strain distributions in the α phase are related to the observed ∊ orientations. Measurement of the lattice strain distribution enables quantitative analysis of the driving forces for ∊ variant selection. The measurement and analysis together indicate quantitatively that the Burgers mechanism is operative under the experimental conditions examined here.