cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of respiratory effects of methylxanthines

Abstract Neural respiratory responses to theophylline, aminophylline and ethylenediamine were determined in paralyzed, vagotomized and glomectomized cats whose end-tidal P CO 2 and brain temperature were kept constant. Intravenous theophylline and aminophylline similarly stimulated respiration, but ethylenediamine had no effect. The following did not cause the response: muscular and mechanical factors carotid body and vagal reflexes, spinally mediated mechanisms arising below C7, changes of arterial P CO 2 or medullary ECF pH, changes of whole body matbolic rate or release of substances from the adrenal glands. Absence of suprapontine brain did not prevent the response. Pretreatment with a serotonin antagonist did not affect the response but two different dopamine antagonists caused its attenuation. When administered into the third ventricle, theophylline did not sitmulate respiration, but both aminophylline and ethylenediamine, due to the latter's ability to mimic the inhibitory effects on neurons of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), caused significant depression of respiration. We concluded that the neural respiratory response to systemically administered theophylline is mediated at the level of the brainstem, and somehow involves the action of the neurochemical dopamine. The failure of cerebroventricularly administered theophylline to stimulate respiration must be related to its inability to reach the appropriate naurons from the cerebrospinal fluid.
Microemulsion Templates for Mesoporous Silica

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies indicate that oil-in-water microemulsions, consisting of aqueous HCl, the nonionic block copolymer surfactant Pluronic P123 (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide), EO20−PO70−EO20, Mav = 5800), 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB, oil), and ethanol (cosurfactant), are novel colloidal templates that direct the synthesis of mesoporous silica with well-defined ultralarge pores. The sizes of the microemulsion droplets can be controlled by the TMB concentration and by temperature. The microemulsion droplet sizes and the cell sizes of the mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) materials increase linearly with the cube root of the TMB concentration. Increasing the temperature from 40 to 80 °C expands the droplet sizes, which is similar to micellar solutions of Pluronic surfactants in the absence of oil. Ethanol acts as a cosurfactant, increases the TMB solubility of the P123 micelles, and enables swelling of the P123 micelles. Low concentrati...
Better acting in computer games: the use of procedural methods

Abstract “Acting” in computer games is not the same as acting in film or theatre—it does not engage us on as deep a level. This difference currently limits the expressivity of games as a medium. We discuss how procedural techniques may change this. In this paper, I briefly review my investigations into procedural methods in computer graphics texture modeling and rendering. Then I show how this approach can be applied to the problem of creating more believable virtual acting for interactive computer-based media, and review some of my experiments in this area. Finally, I outline where I believe this field needs to go in order to be successful, going forward, for enabling better interactive storytelling.
Analysis of tissue free fatty acids isolated by aminopropyl bonded-phase columns

Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and total tissue free fatty acids isolated from an aminopropyl bonded-phase column yield a two- to three-fold higher recovery of arachidonic acid as compared to those isolated from thin-layer chromatographic plates. This method was further improved by packing the aminopropyl bonded phase in glass columns, since the glass column significantly eliminated the other contaminants (from polypropylene columns) coeluting with fatty acids in both a neutral lipid thin-layer chromatographic system and on a 5% DEGS-PS column of gas chromatographic analysis. In aminopropyl bonded-phase columns, the standard triglycerides and phospholipids were completely separated from free fatty acids as judged by gas chromatographic analysis. These results warrant the use of an aminopropyl bonded-phase column for the isolation of free fatty acids to obtain better recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Measurement of low energy primary cosmic ray protons on imp 1 satellite

Intensity and energy spectra determination of primary cosmic ray protons by telescope aboard Explorer XVIII satellite
Increasing the Reliability of Ability-Achievement Difference Scores: An Example Using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.

In this study, we focused on increasing the reliability of ability-achievement difference scores using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) as an example. Ability-achievement difference scores are often used as indicators of learning disabilities, but when they are derived from traditional equally weighted ability and achievement scores, they have suboptimal psychometric properties because of the high correlations between the scores. As an alternative to equally weighted difference scores, we examined an orthogonal reliable component analysis, (RCA) solution and an oblique principal component analysis (PCA) solution for the standardization sample of the KABC (among 5- to 12-year-olds). The components were easily identifiable as the simultaneous processing, sequential processing, and achievement constructs assessed by the KABC. As judged via the score intercorrelations, all three types of scores had adequate convergent validity, while the orthogonal RCA scores had superior discriminant validity, followed by the oblique PCA scores. Differences between the orthogonal RCA scores were more reliable than differences between the oblique PCA scores, which were in turn more reliable than differences between the traditional equally weighted scores. The increased reliability with which the KABC differences are assessed with the orthogonal RCA method has important practical implications, including narrower confidence intervals around difference scores used in individual administrations of the KABC.
The longitudinal relationship between self-help group attendance and course of recovery

Abstract Most alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse patients participate in self-help (SH) programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous at some time, but few studies investigate longitudinal SH attendance patterns. The present study examines the relationship between longitudinal SH attendance patterns and level of AOD use over 30 months in a large sample of adults seeking public AOD treatment. Continuous SH participation was associated with lowest AOD use at followup, while non-attendance was linked to highest use, even after controlling for length of formal treatment and participants' perceived severity of their AOD problem. Results suggest that both SH and formal substance abuse treatment are independently associated with reduced AOD use, and SH participation is associated with treatment. This study supports the importance of SH attendance and of formal treatment by individuals with AOD abuse disorders.
Medical management of Cushing disease

Although transsphenoidal excision of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐producing neoplasm is often the treatment of choice in patients with Cushing disease, medical management is itself a useful preoperative temporizing measure, an option for long-term management in nonsurgical candidates, and an option for patients in whom surgery and/or radiotherapy have failed. Three pathophysiologically based approaches exist in the research literature—neuromodulation to limit ACTH levels, adrenal enzyme inhibition, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonism. Unfortunately, the neuromodulatory approach involving agents such as bromocriptine, cyproheptadine, octreotide, and valproate has yielded only suboptimal results. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism remains in its infancy but may overall be limited by side effects and a resultant increase in ACTH and cortisol levels. Adrenal enzyme inhibitors, however, offer substantial future promise in the management of Cushing disease but are limited by the potential need to use them indefinitely and by dose-tolerance effects. Although etomidate is a potential intravenous alternative for acute cortisol level control, ketoconazole has shown efficacy in the long-term treatment of patients with the disease. Metyrapone and/or aminoglutethimide can be added to ketoconazole if additional control is needed. If success is still not achieved, the potent adrenolytic agent often used for adrenocortical carcinomas, mitotane, is another alternative. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC-07/09/E10)
Inadequate cardioplegic protection with obstructed coronary arteries.

Abstract To determine the contribution of complete cardioplegia to the preservation of left ventricular (LV) function, we put ultrasonic transducers in the anterior and posterior walls of the left ventricle in 18 dog hearts. The dogs were subjected to global ischemia for 60 minutes at 28°C, and the speed of segment shortening (dl/dt) and percent of systolic shortening of the two wall regions before and after ischemic manipulations were measured. When cardioplegic perfusion was uniform, there was no significant difference between the anterior and posterior walls in any of the variables measured, and global LV function (stroke work) was well preserved. However, when the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded during cardioplegic infusion, there was significant dysfunction after reperfusion of the anterior wall: without perfusion, the anterior segments recovered only 41% (5.9/14.3 mm/sec) of preischemic dl/dt, while the perfused anterior segments retained 78% (11.4/14.6 mm/sec) of control dl/dt ( p p Regionally inadequate cardioplegic protection during coronary artery bypass graft operation may contribute to perioperative infarction and LV dysfunction, and appropriate timing of anastomoses to ensure early cardioplegic perfusion of all ischemic myocardium is important.
An Observational Case for the Prevalence of Roll Vortices in the Hurricane Boundary Layer

Abstract Doppler velocity data from Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars during four hurricane landfalls are analyzed to investigate the presence of organized vortices in the hurricane boundary layer (HBL). The wavelength, depth, magnitude, and track of velocity anomalies were compiled through analysis of Doppler velocity data. The analysis reveals alternating bands of enhanced and reduced azimuthal winds closely aligned with the mean wind direction. Resulting statistics provide compelling evidence for the presence of organized secondary circulations or boundary layer rolls across significant areas during four hurricane landfalls. The results confirm previous observations of the presence of rolls in the HBL. A potential limitation of the study presented here is the resolution of the WSR-88D data. In particular, analysis of higher-resolution data (e.g., from the Doppler on Wheels) is needed to confirm that data aliasing has not unduly impacted the statistics reported here. Momentum flux...
Tuberal supraoptic neurons--I. Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics observed with intracellular recording and biocytin filling in vitro.

Abstract Previous studies of the tuberal, or retrochiasmatic, portion of the supraoptic nucleus suggest its functional similarity to the more densely populated anterior supraoptic nucleus, but the basic electrophysiological and morphological features of tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons have not been described. Using the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explant preparation in the rat, intracellular recordings and biocytin injections were made in tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons and the results indicate that the two parts of the nucleus are similar. The generally oval-shaped somata of tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons exhibited short, irregularly shaped appendages, and possessed 2–5 varicose, sparsely branching dendrites oriented in the horizontal plane. Many tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons could be antidromically stimulated (mean latency = 6.4 ms). Filled neurons had varicose axons which were traced to the median eminence and even as far as the neural stalk, but which did not bifurcate. Both axons and dendrites were sparsely invested with short, hair-like appendages. The input resistance of the recorded neurons (mean = 177.7 MΩ) was positively correlated with the membrane time constant (mean = 13.1 ms; r = 0.83). Tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons displayed a prominent afterhyperpolarization following individual spikes or bursts of spikes, as well as firing frequency adaptation in response to positive current pulses. Although numbering far fewer than those of the anterior supraoptic nucleus, tuberal supraoptic nucleus neurons have axons which are more often intact in this preparation, and a dendritic tree which radiates within the plane of the explant. Thus these neurons should provide a useful model for further study of the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of mammalian neurosecretory neurons.
Existence of a Photonic Gap in Periodic Dielectric Structures

Using a plane-wave expansion method, we have solved Maxwell's equations for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a periodic lattice of dielectric spheres (dielectric constant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{a}}$) in a uniform dielectric background (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{b}}$). Contrary to experiment, we find that fcc dielectric structures do not have a ``photonic band gap'' that extends throughout the Brillouin zone. However, we have determined that dielectric spheres arranged in the diamond structure do possess a full photonic band gap. This gap exists for refractive-index contrasts as low as 2.
Depth information and perceived self-motion during simulated gaze rotations.

When presented with random-dot displays with little depth information, observers cannot determine their direction of self-motion accurately in the presence of rotational flow without appropriate extra-retinal information (Royden CS et al. Vis Res 1994;34:3197–214.). On theoretical grounds, one might expect improved performance when depth information is added to the display (van den Berg AV and Brenner E. Nature 1994;371:700–2). We examined this possibility by having observers indicate perceived self-motion paths when the amount of depth information was varied. When stereoscopic cues and a variety of monocular depth cues were added, observers still misperceived the depicted self-motion when the rotational flow in the display was not accompanied by an appropriate extra-retinal, eye-velocity signal. Specifically, they perceived curved self-motion paths with the curvature in the direction of the simulated eye rotation. The distance to the response marker was crucial to the objective measurement of this misperception. When the marker distance was small, the observers’ settings were reasonably accurate despite the misperception of the depicted self-motion. When the marker distance was large, the settings exhibited the errors reported previously by Royden CS et al. Vis Res 1994;34:3197–3214. The path judgement errors observers make during simulated gaze rotations appear to be the result of misattributing path-independent rotation to self-motion along a circular path with path-dependent rotation. An analysis of the information an observer could use to avoid such errors reveals that the addition of depth information is of little use.
High density lipoprotein cholesterol and body composition of female runners

Abstract Twenty-two women participating in an endurance running program had determinations of body composition, of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and HDL cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations before and after increasing their running by 30 miles/wk. Mean total body weight, fat weight and relative body fat showed significant decreases, while mean lean weight significantly increased. Mean HDLC increased 5 mg/dl (p
Cerebral cortical afferent terminations on identified spiny basilar pontine neurons, a combined Golgi-EM degeneration study

Observations contained in this study suggest that in general, the population of spiny basilar pontine (BP) projection neurons receives synaptic contacts from both small dark and large filamentous degenerating cortical axon terminals. In some instances a single spiny BP neuron was contacted by both types of cortical boutons. Long-Evans hooded rats received unilateral thermocautery lesions involving a large expanse of sensorimotor and visual cortices. Following survival periods ranging from 4-8 days, brains were perfused and processed routinely for rapid-Golgi staining. Selected tissue blocks containing spiny basilar pontine projection neurons isolated within known termination zones of the ablated ipsilateral cortex were removed from the brainstem and the cells drawn in their entirety, gold toned, de-impregnated and processed for electron microscopy. Processes of these neurons identified by their content of electron dense gold particles were then localized in sequences of ultrathin sections taken through the tissue block. All degenerating boutons contacting gold-containing profiles of the identified neuron were categorized as dark or filamentous and their location approximated on the surface of the cell. If the two different varieties of degenerating corticopontine boutons reflects a difference in functional properties, the implications of the present findings are that (1) the population of spiny-type BP projection neurons receive convergent inputs from both corticopontine systems and (2) that some individual spiny BP neurons integrate both types of input.
Chondral resurfacing of articular cartilage defects in the knee with the microfracture technique. Surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: Microfracture is a frequently used technique for the repair of articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Despite the popularity of the technique, prospective information about the clinical results after microfracture is still limited. The purpose of our study was to identify the factors that affect the clinical outcome from this cartilage repair technique. METHODS: Forty-eight symptomatic patients with isolated full-thickness articular cartilage defects of the femur in a stable knee were treated with the microfracture technique. Prospective evaluation of patient outcome was performed for a minimum follow-up of twenty-four months with a combination of validated outcome scores, subjective clinical rating, and cartilage-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: At the time of the latest follow-up, knee function was rated good to excellent for thirty-two patients (67%), fair for twelve patients (25%), and poor for four (8%). Significant increases in the activities of daily living scores, International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and the physical component score of the Short Form-36 were demonstrated after microfracture (p 30 kg/m2. Significant improvement in the activities of daily living score was more frequent with a preoperative duration of symptoms of less than twelve months (p < 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging in twenty-four knees demonstrated good repair-tissue fill in the defect in thirteen patients (54%), moderate fill in seven (29%), and poor fill in four patients (17%). The fill grade correlated with the knee function scores. All knees with good fill demonstrated improved knee function, whereas poor fill grade was associated with limited improvement and decreasing functional scores after twenty-four months. CONCLUSIONS: Microfracture repair of articular cartilage lesions in the knee results in significant functional improvement at a minimum follow-up of two years. The best short-term results are observed with good fill grade, low body-mass index, and a short duration of preoperative symptoms. A high body-mass index adversely affects short-term outcome, and a poor fill grade is associated with limited short-term durability.
Long-term use of hormone therapy for urogenital complaints: is there a role?

Before the publication of the results of the Women's Health Initiative in July of 2002, accepted practice had been the widespread use of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. These symptoms included those related to vulvovaginal complaints with the expectation that hormone therapy had numerous benefits with very little or no risk. Although use of menopausal hormone therapy improves vaginal atrophy and its associated complaints, the benefit must be weighed against the serious risks involved with long-term use. Topical agents with little or no absorption should be used as a substitute for systemic agents thereby minimizing risk.
HELM: a hierarchical notation language for complex biomolecule structure representation.

When biological macromolecules are used as therapeutic agents, it is often necessary to introduce non-natural chemical modifications to improve their pharmaceutical properties. The final products are complex structures where entities such as proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and small molecule drugs may be covalently linked to each other, or may include chemically modified biological moieties. An accurate in silico representation of these complex structures is essential, as it forms the basis for their electronic registration, storage, analysis, and visualization. The size of these molecules (henceforth referred to as “biomolecules”) often makes them too unwieldy and impractical to represent at the atomic level, while the presence of non-natural chemical modifications makes it impossible to represent them by sequence alone. Here we describe the Hierarchical Editing Language for Macromolecules (“HELM”) and demonstrate its utility in the representation of structures such as antisense oligonucleotides, s...
Altered Prostaglandin E1 Dosage During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Newborn with Ductal-dependent Congenital Heart Disease

We describe a neonate with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for persistent pulmonary hypertension, who required markedly high doses of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus: The effects of ECMO on the pharmacokinetics of PGE1 are discussed.
Status limbo: analysis of nurse faculty member reports of administrator response to workplace bullying complaints.

Increasing concern about bullying among adults in workplaces is notable internationally. Unlike blatant physical bullying, workplace bullying often involves bullies' dismissive, demeaning, and typically surreptitious, one-on-one communications with their intended victims. These communications challenge recognition when they are examined beyond the interpersonal margins of the bully–victim dyad. Thus, they tend to elude formal, administrative reproach, despite the negative, long-term outcomes they herald for workplace employees—those immediately involved as victims and those who are bystanders—and for employing organizations and the consumers they serve. This article offers a hermeneutic analysis of workplace bullying victims' narrative reports of administrator responses to their complaints of having been bullied at work. Analysis demonstrated respondent perceptions of the variability and unevenness of administrative responses to their reports and, more broadly, respondents' collective sense of administrative abandonment. That sense is characterized in this report as status limbo , a term employed by Facebook users to represent a state of perceived neglect and oblivion.
Coordination Chemistry Based Approach to Lipophilic Inhibitors of 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Reductoisomerase

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) in the non-mevalonate pathway found in most bacteria is a validated anti-infective drug target. Fosmidomycin, a potent DXR inhibitor, is active against Gram-negative bacteria. A coordination chemistry and structure based approach was used to discover a novel, lipophilic DXR inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. It exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria with minimal inhibition concentrations of 20−100 μM (or 3.7−19 μg/mL).
Preparation and properties of SrCrO3

Abstract SrCrO 3 was prepared in a tetrahedral anvil by the reaction of SrO or Sr 2 CrO 4 with CrO 2 at 800° C. The crystalline black product has the cubic perovskite structure and was found to be a metallic conductor having Pauli paramagnetic behavior.
An interpretation of the enhancement of the water dipole moment due to the presence of other water molecules.

The dipole moment of the gas phase water monomer is 1.85 D. When solvated in bulk water, the dipole moment of an individual water molecule is observed to be enhanced to the much larger value of 2.9 ± 0.6 D. To understand the origin of this dipole moment enhancement, the effective fragment potential (EFP) method is used to solvate an ab initio water molecule to predict the dipole moments for various cluster sizes. The dipole moment as a function of cluster size, nH2O, is investigated [for n = 6–20 (even n), 26, 32, 41, and 50]. Localized charge distributions are used in conjunction with localized molecular orbitals to interpret the dipole moment enhancement. These calculations suggest that the enhancement of the dipole moment originates from the decrease of the angle between the dipole vectors of the lone pairs on oxygen as the number of hydrogen bonds to that oxygen increases. Thus, the decreased angle, and the consequent increase in water dipole moment, is most likely to occur in environments with a larg...
Analysis of a Bioequivalence Trial Using Mixed Effects Modeling

The evaluation of individual bioequivalence (ie, switchability) and population (distribution) bioequivalence both require the explicit recognition and estimation of intraindividual and interindividual variability, as can be accomplished with a mixed effects model (MEM). Using this method, the components of individual and population bioequivalence, as well as of standard average bioequivalence, of three generic formulations of furosemide to the brand name product were assessed. (Only bioequivalence of extent absorbed is reported here.) The average bioequivalence to reference was met for all products with regard to extent absorbed. Because the correlation of individual (long-term average) bioavailability between each test-reference pair was reasonably good, and the confidence intervals of the ratios of intraindividual variability (test/reference) include one, individual bioequivalence of each test product, for extent absorbed, cannot be excluded. With respect to the ratios of interindividual variability (te...
Simulated low-gravity sloshing in spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical tanks

Simulated low gravity propellant sloshing in spherical, ellipsoidal and cylindrical tanks, discussing Bond number simulation and tank geometry effects
Precise capacity analysis in binary networks with multiple coding level inputs

We compute retrieval probabilities as a function of pattern age for networks with binary neurons and synapses updated with the simple Hebbian learning model studied in Amit and Fusi (1994). The analysis depends on choosing a neural threshold that enables patterns to stabilize in the neural dynamics. In contrast to most earlier work, where selective neurons for each pattern are drawn independently with fixed probability f, here we analyze the situation where f is drawn from some distribution on a range of coding levels. In order to set a workable threshold in this setting, it is necessary to introduce a simple inhibition in the neural dynamics whose magnitude depends on the total activity of the network. Proper choice of the threshold depends on the value of the covariances between the synapses for which we provide an explicit formula. Retrieval probabilities depend on the distribution of the fields induced by a learned pattern. We show that the field induced by the first learned pattern evolves as a Markov chain during subsequent learning epochs, leading to a recursive formula for the distribution. Alternatively, the distribution can be computed using a normal approximation, which involves the value of the synaptic covariances. Capacity is computed as the sum of the retrival probabilities over all ages. We show through simulation that the chosen threshold enables retrieval with asynchronous dynamics even in the presence of significant noise in the initial state of the pattern. The computed probabilities with both methods are shown to be very close to probabilities estimated from simulation. The analysis is extended to randomly connected networks.
Ketamine-Induced Exacerbation of Psychotic Symptoms and Cognitive Impairment in Neuroleptic-Free Schizophrenics

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We administered subanesthetic doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in a double-blind, placebo–controlled design to 13 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients to investigate if schizophrenics will experience an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments with ketamine. We also examined whether schizophrenics experienced quantitative or qualitative differences in ketamine response in comparison to normal controls. Schizophrenics experienced a brief ketamine-induced exacerbation of positive and negative symptoms with further decrements in recall and recognition memory. They also displayed greater ketamine-induced impairments in free recall than normals. Qualitative differences included auditory hallucinations and paranoia in patients but not in normals. These data indicate that ketamine is associated with exacerbation of core psychotic and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Moreover, ketamine may differentially affect cognition in schizophrenics in comparison to normal controls.
Deconstructing the Cell Wall.

Any microorganism that attempts to colonize a plant must contend with the cell wall. One of the most conspicuous effects of microorganisms on plant cell walls is enzymic degradation. Our interpretation of the significance of this depends on our concept of the plant cell wall, which, however, is paradoxical. On the one hand, the wall is an inert mechanical support and barrier; on the other hand, the wall is a dynamic, metabolically active organelle (Robinson, 1991, and refs. therein). The wall is a nutritional source for microorganisms and animals, yet it contains noxious peroxidases, phenolics, and activated oxygen (Cooper, 1984). The wall is mainly carbohydrate, yet its proteins are disproportionately studied (Showalter, 1993). Degradation poses another paradox. On the one hand, plant cell walls are the world's most abundant source of Glc and other sugars; on the other hand, parts of it are resistant to degradation. Since all the polymers of a plant cell wall are eventually degraded by microorganisms, for every type of chemical bond in the wall there must be an enzyme that can cleave it. Some polysaccharidases such as a-amylase are widespread in nature; others, such as ligninase, are very restricted in their distribution.
Immunohistochemical localization of ORL‐1 in the central nervous system of the rat

A novel member of the opioid receptor family (ORL-1) has been cloned from a variety of vertebrates. ORL-1 does not bind any of the classical opioids, although a high affinity endogenous agonist with close homology to dynorphin has recently been identified. We have generated a monoclonal antibody to the N-terminus of ORL-1 to map areas of receptor expression in rat central nervous system (CNS). Intense and specific immunolabeling was observed in multiple areas in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons/medulla, and spinal cord. In the telencephalon, intense labeling was observed in the neuropil throughout layers II–V in the neocortex, the anterior olfactory nuclear complex, the pyriform cortex, the CA1–CA4 fields and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and in many of the septal and basal forebrain areas. In contrast to other members of the opioid receptor family, light labeling for ORL-1 was observed in telencephalic areas such as caudate-putamen. In the cerebellum, ORL-1 immunoreactivity was only observed in the deep nuclei. Throughout the CNS the majority of labelling was localized to fiber processes and fine puncta, although labeled scattered perikarya were observed in a few brain areas such as the hilus dentate in the hippocampus and some nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord. The present mapping study is consistent with the reported distribution of ORL-1 mRNA and provides the first immunohistochemical report on anatomical and cellular distribution of ORL-1 receptor in the rat CNS. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus.

: A patient with the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis and the histological features of pemphigus, subcorneal dermatosis and dermatitis herpetiformis did not respond to treatment with pyridine or sulfones. Systemic steroids and azothioprine were effective. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated circulating pemphigus antibodies and IgG bound in vivo in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis.
Prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in ambulatory patients with cancer.

Patients with cancer are at increased risk for thrombosis, and those with thrombi have poorer overall survival rates than those without. The author summarizes available data and provides guidance for determining which patients might benefit from thromboprophylaxis.
Adjustment to Injections of Mass, Momentum, and Heat in a Compressible Atmosphere

This study compares the response to injections of mass, heat, and momentum during hydrostatic and geostrophic adjustment in a compressible atmosphere. The sensitivity of the adjustment to these different injection types is examined at varying spatial and temporal scales through analysis of the transient evolution of the fields as well as the partitioning of total energy between acoustic waves, buoyancy waves, Lamb waves, and the steady state. The effect of a cumulus cloud on its larger-scale environment may be represented as a vertical mass source/sink and a localized warming. To examine how the response to such injections may differ, injections of mass and heat that generate identical potential vorticity (PV) distributions and, hence, identical steady states, are compared. When the duration of the injection is very short (e.g., a minute or less), the injection of mass generates a very large acoustic wave response relative to the PV-equivalent injection of heat. However, the buoyancy wave response to these two injection types is quite similar. The responses to injections of divergent momentum in the vertical and horizontal directions are also compared. It is shown that neither divergent momentum injection generates any PV and, thus, there is no steady-state response to these injections. The waves excited by these injections generally propagate their energy in the direction of the injection. Consequently, an injection of vertical momentum is an efficient generator of vertically propagating, horizontally trapped, high-frequency buoyancy waves. Such waves have a short time scale and are therefore very sensitive to the injection duration. Analogously, an injection of divergent horizontal momentum is an efficient generator of horizontally propagating, vertically trapped low-frequency buoyancy waves that are relatively insensitive to the injection duration. Because of this difference in the response to horizontal and vertical injections of momentum, the response to the injection of an isolated updraft differs depending on whether a compensating horizontal inflow/outflow is also specified. This additional specification of inflow/outflow helps filter acoustic waves and encourages a stronger updraft that is not removed as rapidly by the buoyancy waves. This finding is relevant to the initialization of updrafts in compressible numerical weather prediction models. Injection of nondivergent momentum generates waves in the regions of convergence/divergence produced by the deflection of the current by Coriolis forces. The energy partitioning for such an injection is sensitive to the width and depth of the current relative to the Rossby radius of deformation, but the response is insensitive to the duration of injection for time scales shorter than several hours.
Green Infrastructure Design for Pavement Systems Subject to Rainfall-Runoff Loadings

Impervious surfaces alter hydrology while affecting the chemical balance of water resources. Even though historical flooding remains an issue, chemistry, loads, and aesthetics are companion concerns. Recently, total maximum daily loads have spread across the United States. Additionally, Florida has promulgated no net load increases for runoff and constituents and now has numeric criteria for nutrients. As trends move toward low-impact development and green infrastructure, urban retrofit design practice entails hydrologic restoration, reuse, and source control. Site redesign can provide a means to manage hydrologic and constituent load, with no net increase for long-term loadings. The proposed design retrofitted an existing surface parking facility with a series of design elements. A biofiltration area reactor was lined with clay for management of the water table and denitrification. A linear infiltration reactor of cementitious permeable pavement provided infiltration and evaporation, filtration, and adso...
Weak-Strong Instability as a Diffusion Process

The phenomenological analysis of the weak-strong instability for an electron storage ring is developed. The vertical size of the weak beam is found to depend on two machine parameters: ??, which is proportional to ?Q, and b, which depends on the aspect ratio of the strong beam. The model also contains one fitting parameter. Experimental consequences of such dependence are discussed.
Vocational Rehabilitation in Maintenance Dialysis Patients

When Congress was considering extending Medicare coverage to those with chronic renal failure, it was predicted that 100% of these individuals would be vocationally active. Unfortunately, the actual vocational rehabilitation rate for this population is much below these earlier predictions. A comprehensive review of the literature establishes that there are variables that affect the employability of those on dialysis. These variables can be grouped into four main categories: demographic, psychological, medical, and occupational. In addition, there are barriers to enhanced vocational rehabilitation for individuals receiving dialysis therapy, and these can be grouped accordingly: workplace, financial, dialysis facility/personnel, vocational rehabilitation, and labor market. Enhanced research efforts, intervention with employers and vocational rehabilitation programs, changes within the Social Security system, and modification of renal team practices could all serve to enhance the vocational rehabilitation status of individuals with chronic renal failure.
Constructing the information society: women, information technology, and design

For the first time in history, women have the opportunity to play a major and visible role in a social transformation of potentially monumental proportions. The extensive reach and penetration of information technology into virtually every area of society creates enormous opportunities for women. But women’s lack of representation in IT design roles may prevent them from capitalizing on these opportunities. Most current discussion and analysis focuses on the increasing numbers of women as users of information technology with great emphasis on their use of the Internet and World Wide Web. Comparatively little attention has been given to the potential role women might play as designers in an information-based society. As the data in this paper clearly indicate, women are poorly represented in the sector that constitutes the growth engine of the U.S. economy and that bears primary responsibility for the scientific and technological development of an Information Society. The human capital requirements of the Information Society demonstrate the need for women to strengthen their participation as experts, owners and designers of information technologies. This paper argues that stronger representation by women in technical roles not only would help to redress a troubling human capital deficit, but is highly likely to modify and expand the range of technological applications, products, standards and practices to benefit all of society. On the importance of women as scientific and technical experts, see [1,2]. To develop this argument, the paper surveys across several policy areas to identify a central challenge that does not neatly fit into established policy categories. The first section of this paper distinguishes between the types of contributions that may be made by users of information technology versus its designers. The second section surveys current participation rates of women in IT-related fields within education and industry in order to gauge the near-term supply of women designers and experts. The third section argues, by analogy to the fields of medicine and psychology, that the degree of participation by women is likely to have a notable
Dosimetric improvements following 3D planning of tangential breast irradiation.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric difference between a simple radiation therapy plan utilizing a single contour and a more complex three-dimensional (3D) plan utilizing multiple contours, lung inhomogeneity correction, and dose-based compensators. Methods and Materials: This is a study of the radiation therapy (RT) plans of 85 patients with early breast cancer. All patients were considered for breast-conserving management and treated by conventional tangential fields technique. Two plans were generated for each patient. The first RT plan was based on a single contour taken at the central axis and utilized two wedges. The second RT plan was generated by using the 3D planning system to design dose-based compensators after lung inhomogeneity correction had been made. The endpoints of the study were the comparison between the volumes receiving greater than 105% and greater than 110% of the reference dose, as well as the magnitude of the treated volume maximum dose. Dosimetric improvement was defined to be of significant value if the volume receiving > 105% of one plan was reduced by at least 50% with the absolute difference between the volumes being 5% or greater. The dosimetric improvements in 49 3D plans (58%) were considered of significant value. Patients' field separation and breast size did not predict the magnitude of improvement in dosimetry. Conclusion: Dose-based compensator plans significantly reduced the volumes receiving > 105%, >110%, and volume maximum dose.
Wildfire-contingent effects of fuel treatments can promote ecological resilience in seasonally dry conifer forests

Fire suppression has made many seasonally dry conifer forests more susceptible to high-severity wildfires, which cause large changes in forest structure and function. In response, management agencies are applying fuel reduction treatments to millions of acres of forest, with the goal of moderating fire behavior by reducing tree density and understory fuel loads. However, despite their wide application, we still lack basic information about the extent to which these treatments contribute to forest restoration by increasing forest resilience to recurring wildfire events. To address this question, we established 664 plots across 12 different sites in California, USA, where wildfire burned through fuel treatments, and measured a suite of forest characteristics relating to overstory structure, understory cover, and woody plant regeneration. We tested a “wildfire-contingency” hypothesis that there should be strong interactions between treatment and fire, specifically that the direction and magnitude of fuel tre...
Indications for Protracted Groundwater Depletion after Drought over the Central Valley of California

AbstractOngoing (2014–16) drought in the state of California has played a major role in the depletion of groundwater. Within California’s Central Valley, home to one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions, drought and increased groundwater depletion occurs almost hand in hand, but this relationship appears to have changed over the last decade. Data derived from 497 wells have revealed a continued depletion of groundwater lasting a full year after drought, a phenomenon that was not observed in earlier records before the twenty-first century. Possible causes include 1) lengthening of drought associated with amplification in the 4–6-yr drought and El Nino frequency since the late 1990s and 2) intensification of drought and increased pumping that enhances depletion. Altogether, the implication is that current groundwater storage in the Central Valley will likely continue to diminish even further in 2016, regardless of the drought status.
Short-Term Psychotherapy for Chronic Insomnia

Can short-term psychotherapy be used to treat chronic insomnia? I believe that in many cases it can, with minimal use of behavioral or pharmacological interventions, and with complete eradication of the insomnia problem.
The upper forcing edge-to-vertex geodetic number of a graph

For a connected graph $G=(V,E)$, a set $S \subseteq E$ is called an \textit{edge-to-vertex geodetic set} of $G$ if every vertex of $G$ is either incident with an edge of $S$ or lies on a geodesic joining some pair of edges of $S$. The minimum cardinality of an edge-to-vertex geodetic set of $G$ is $g_{ev}(G)$. Any edge-to-vertex geodetic set of cardinality $g_{ev}(G)$ is called an \emph{edge-to-vertex geodetic basis} of $G$. A subset $T \subseteq S$ is called a \emph{forcing} subset for $S$ if $S$ is the unique minimum edge-to-vertex geodetic set containing $T$. A forcing subset for $S$ of minimum cardinality is a minimum forcing subset of $S$. The \emph{forcing edge-to-vertex geodetic number} of $S$, denoted by $f_{ev}(S)$, is the cardinality of a minimum forcing subset of $S$. The \emph{upper forcing edge-to-vertex geodetic number} of $G$, denoted by $f^{+}_{ev}(G)$, is $f^{+}_{ev}(G) = max \left\{f_{ev}(S)\right\}$, where the maximum is taken over all minimum edge-to-vertex geodetic sets $S$ in $G$. It is shown that the upper forcing edge-to-vertex geodetic number lies between 0 and $g_{ev}(G)$. Also, the upper forcing edge-to-vertex geodetic number of certain classes of graphs such as cycle, tree, complete graph and complete bipartite graph are determined.
Deviation detection with continuous observations

This paper considers the detection of possible deviation from a nominal distribution for continuously valued random variables. Specifically, under the null hypothesis, samples are distributed approximately according to a nominal distribution. Any significant departure from this nominal distribution constitutes the alternative hypothesis. It is established that for such deviation detection where the nominal distribution is only specified under the null hypothesis, Kullback-Leibler distance is not a suitable measure for deviation. Subsequently, Levy metric is adopted and an asymptotically δ-optimal detector is identified for this problem.