cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Males lose hearing earlier in mouse models of late-onset age-related hearing loss; females lose hearing earlier in mouse models of early-onset hearing loss.

Abstract Gender-related differences in human hearing have been attributed to genetic, environmental, and/or genetic×environmental interactive factors. These differences tend to increase with age, with males showing greater high frequency threshold elevations. An appropriate animal model could aid in prediction, treatment, and prevention of some of these losses. This paper examines inbred strains of mice that are widely used as models of late- (CBA/J and CBA/CaJ) and early- (C57BL/6J) onset age-related hearing loss. In the former two genotypes, the thresholds to high frequency stimuli of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) are higher in the male than in the female. This gender difference was less pronounced in thresholds to the cochlear nerve envelope response of the CBA/CaJ, although this response was more sensitive to the influence of age than was the ABR. In contrast, the male C57BL/6J had more sensitive thresholds than the female, with both measures showing massive loss of sensitivity with increasing age. The data are discussed in terms of the applicability of these animals as tools for examining factors that degrade cochlear function.
A dynamic recursive approach for autonomous inspection and reverse engineering

Abstract This paper addresses the application of discrete event dynamic systems (DEDS) for autonomous sensing and inspection as part of the reverse engineering process. A dynamic recursive context for DEDS is presented and its usage for managing a complex hybrid system which has continuous, discrete and symbolic aspects is illustrated. We suggest that the dynamic recursive context is aptly suited to controlling and observing the active inspection of machined parts using such a hybrid system.
Studies in Semi-Admissible Heuristics

The paper introduces three extensions of the A* search algorithm which improve the search efficiency by relaxing the admissibility condition. 1) A* employs an admissible heuristic function but invokes quicker termination conditions while still guaranteeing that the cost of the solution found will not exceed the optimal cost by a factor greater than 1 + . 2) R?* may employ heuristic functions which occasionally violate the admissibility condition, but guarantees that at termination the risk of missing the opportunity for further cost reduction is at most ?. 3) R?*,* is a speedup version of R?*, combining the termination condition of A* with the risk-admissibility condition of R?*. The Traveling Salesman problem was used as a test vehicle to examine the performances of the algorithms A* and R?*. The advantages of A* are shown to be significant in difficult problems, i.e., problems requiring a large number of expansions due to the presence of many subtours of roughly equal costs. The use of R?* is shown to produce a 4:1 reduction in search time with only a minor increase in final solution cost.
Things to Put into French Grammars

Author's Summary— A rule for the gender of English words used in French; how to translate: “on the radio”; the syntax of titles of literary works; a new “mute ‘h’”.)
Generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from postnatal blood mononuclear cells by plasmid vector expression

Several human postnatal somatic cell types have been successfully reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) offer several advantages compared with other cell types. They are easily isolated from umbilical cord blood (CB) or adult peripheral blood (PB), and can be used fresh or after freezing. A short culture allows for more efficient reprogramming, with iPSC colonies forming from blood MNCs in 14 d, compared with 28 d for age-matched fibroblastic cells. The advantages of briefly cultured blood MNCs may be due to favorable epigenetic profiles and gene expression patterns. Blood cells from adults, especially nonlymphoid cells that are replenished frequently from intermittently activated blood stem cells, are short-lived in vivo and may contain less somatic mutations than skin fibroblasts, which are more exposed to environmental mutagens over time. We describe here a detailed, validated protocol for effective generation of integration-free human iPSCs from blood MNCs by plasmid vectors.
Advances in Political Advertising Research: A Progression from if to When

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on political advertising. It proposes that research in this field has progressed through three stages of development. Initial research indicated political advertising and other forms of mass communication had little effect on voting intentions. Interest in political advertising was renewed with the spread of television and the use of political spot ads. Findings indicated that these commercials could influence awareness, knowledge, agenda salience and even the outcomes of elections. The third stage of research has examined the impact of specific types of advertising messages such as image versus issue content and negative appeals, as well as voter and situational variables that can influence the affect of political ads. Suggestions are made for the future development of political advertising research centered around larger models of the way political advertising and political elections may operate.
Abstract 3697: Evaluation of monocyte and granulocyte function with and without ex vivo pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) exposure in blood of healthy volunteers

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: PLD is a nanoparticle approved for treatment of refractory ovarian cancer. The reticuloendothelial system (RES), which includes monocytes (MO), may have a key role in clearance (CL) of nanoparticle sized pegylated liposomes such as PLD, though factors affecting the CL of liposomes are unclear. Previously we reported that the CL of liposomes is associated with age and monocyte counts. This study's objective was to characterize the function of MO and granulocytes with and without ex vivo PLD exposure in the blood of healthy volunteers. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from six (4 males, 2 females) healthy human volunteers, immediately placed on ice and processed. Blood samples were incubated with PLD 10 mcg/mL or 5% dextrose solution (control) for 1 hour (h) at 37°C with 5% CO2. After incubation, PHAGOTEST® and PHAGOBURST® (Orpegen Pharma) tests were performed to evaluate phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity. PHAGOBURST® tests were performed after fMLP and PMA stimulation. Samples were analyzed using Dako CyAn Flow Cytometer with Summit software. Comparisons were made between samples with and without PLD exposure, gender, and age >60 and <60 years old (yo) based on previously reported trends. Results: The mean + SD age of healthy volunteers was 45.9 + 14.9 yo. The mean fluorescence per cell, grouped by functional test and age, gender, and with or without PLD exposure are summarized in Table [1][1]. View this table: Table 1. Mean Fluorescence Conclusions: Differences in phagocytic and respiratory burst activity in granulocytes and MO of healthy volunteers were observed. There is variability in activity based on the type of assay used. There appears to be both age and gender differences in activity. A 1 h ex vivo exposure to PLD does not seem to significantly alter cell function. Future studies will characterize MO and granulocyte function, PLD uptake, and viability with and without PLD exposure in additional healthy subjects and ovarian and breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3697. [1]: #T1
The protective association of emotional intelligence with psychosocial smoking risk factors for adolescents

Abstract Previous research has explored the direct association between emotional intelligence (EI) and adolescent smoking, however its relation to psychosocial smoking risk factors has yet to be determined. EI is defined as the ability to: accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotion; access and/or generate feelings in facilitating thought; understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and regulate emotions. EI was assessed with a shortened version of the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Adolescent Version, and was administered to 416 6th graders (53% girls) from middle schools in the Los Angeles area (mean age=11.3 years; 32% Hispanic/Latino, 29% Asian/Pacific Islander, 13% White, 19% Multiethnic, 6% Other). Results indicate that high EI is a protective factor for smoking risk factors in adolescents. Linear regression models revealed that high EI was associated with greater perceptions of the negative social consequences of smoking (P
Formation of diamondlike nanocrystallites in amorphous carbon films synthesized by radio-frequency sputtering

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis were used to examine the microstructures of amorphous carbon (a-C) films deposited on Si(100) by radio-frequency (rf) sputtering without magnetron. TEM analysis revealed that a-C films synthesized under certain deposition conditions contained randomly dispersed nanocrystallites ∼35 A in size. FFT results indicated that the nanocrystallites possessed diamondlike cubic structures with their close-packed {111} planes parallel to the film surface. The formation of diamondlike nanocrystallites is attributed to metastable carbon atom clusters of trigonal carbon hybridization that were sputtered off from the graphite target under certain process conditions. Cluster distortion upon deposition onto the growing film surface by the bombarding Ar+ ions promoted tetrahedral carbon atom hybridization and, possibly, epitaxial growth of diamondlike nanocrystallites for a short duration.
Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infections on induction of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase in mice.

Abstract 1. 1. Tyrosine aminotransferase activity could not be detected in either adult Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum . 2. 2. Livers from female mice infected with S. mansoni for 10 weeks had reduced tyrosine aminotransferase activity and a reduced ability to respond to enzyme induction by hydrocortisone-21 phosphate. 3. 3. Livers from female mice infected with S. japonicum for 10 weeks showed no reduction in tyrosine aminotransferase activity but exhibited a moderate reduction in ability (84% of normal) to respond to enzyme induction by hydrocortisone-21 phosphate.
M. Gordon "Reds" Wolman (1924-2010)

M. Gordon Wolman, known to all as “Reds,” died at his home in Baltimore, Md., on 24 February 2010. He was 85. His career was defined by fundamental contributions to scientists' understanding of rivers, pioneering work in developing interdisciplinary environmental education, and an extraordinary commitment to the application of research to water management and policy. His warmth, affection, and delight inspired generations of students, colleagues, and friends.
Polymorphic Bgl II restriction sites of DR alpha demarcate a novel HLA-DR1 antigen.

Mechanisms to account for the unusual properties of a DR1αβ complex (designated DRgp50) that is resistant to dissociation under normal conditions utilized were investigated. Expression of this DRgp50 complex is highly correlated with the failure of cells from certain DR1 individuals (DR1x) to stimulate specific DR1-restricted or alloreactive T-cell clones. Pulse/chase experiments demonstrated that this DRgp50 complex was not detectable until approximately 1 h of chase. The DR1 α and β chains associated into the heterodimer in the absence of glycosylation and alterations in the number of oligosaccharides or sialylation of cell surface forms were not evident when compared with normal DR1 α and β chains. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of DRβ genes from normal (DR1n) and DR1x individuals were indistinguishable. However, a difference in the α chain genes between DR1n and DR1x individuals was revealed using Bgl II. This Bgl II restriction site mapped to the 3′ untranslated region of DRα and represents a new genomic marker to distinguish this functional and biochemical variant of DR1.
Sarbanes–Oxley: How will it affect auditing?

In the wake of recent corporate scandals, Congress hurriedly passed a massive, complex reform bill—the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. How will it affect auditing? The author provides a road map—and some important answers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiation Patterns of Four Symmetrically Located Sources on a Perfectly Conducting Sphere

The radiation field of dipoles or small apertures on a perfectly conducting sphere has been examined analytically with the aid of the dyadic Green's function technique. The patterns of four symmetrically located sources (dipoles or small apertures) on the sphere have been calculated to illustrate the diffraction phenomena due to spheres of various dimensions.
Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-causing lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) effectively evade host immunity and, once established, infections with these viruses are only rarely controlled by immunological mechanisms. However, the initial establishment of infection in the first few days after mucosal exposure, before viral dissemination and massive replication, may be more vulnerable to immune control. Here we report that SIV vaccines that include rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors establish indefinitely persistent, high-frequency, SIV-specific effector memory T-cell (T(EM)) responses at potential sites of SIV replication in rhesus macaques and stringently control highly pathogenic SIV(MAC239) infection early after mucosal challenge. Thirteen of twenty-four rhesus macaques receiving either RhCMV vectors alone or RhCMV vectors followed by adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vectors (versus 0 of 9 DNA/Ad5-vaccinated rhesus macaques) manifested early complete control of SIV (undetectable plasma virus), and in twelve of these thirteen animals we observed long-term (≥1 year) protection. This was characterized by: occasional blips of plasma viraemia that ultimately waned; predominantly undetectable cell-associated viral load in blood and lymph node mononuclear cells; no depletion of effector-site CD4(+) memory T cells; no induction or boosting of SIV Env-specific antibodies; and induction and then loss of T-cell responses to an SIV protein (Vif) not included in the RhCMV vectors. Protection correlated with the magnitude of the peak SIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in the vaccine phase, and occurred without anamnestic T-cell responses. Remarkably, long-term RhCMV vector-associated SIV control was insensitive to either CD8(+) or CD4(+) lymphocyte depletion and, at necropsy, cell-associated SIV was only occasionally measurable at the limit of detection with ultrasensitive assays, observations that indicate the possibility of eventual viral clearance. Thus, persistent vectors such as CMV and their associated T(EM) responses might significantly contribute to an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine.
Contests with private costs: Beyond two players

Abstract It was shown previously that in the symmetric contest game of two players, equilibrium bidding is lower in the case of private information than in the case of public information about the players' costs. I consider symmetric contests of an arbitrary number of players with continuously distributed private costs and discuss the existence and properties of equilibrium bidding functions. I show that with more than two players the relationship between equilibrium bids in the cases of public and private information is no longer universal. While high-cost players still bid less in the private information case, relatively low-cost players may bid above or below their corresponding public information bids.
Factors affecting species distribution predictions: A simulation modeling experiment

Geospatial species sample data (e.g., records with location information from natural history museums or annual surveys) are rarely collected optimally, yet are increas- ingly used for decisions concerning our biological heritage. Using computer simulations, we examined factors that could affect the performance of autologistic regression (ALR) models that predict species occurrence based on environmental variables and spatially correlated presencelabsence data. We used a factorial experiment design to examine the effects of survey design, spatial contiguity, and species detection probability and applied the results of ten replications of each factorial combination to an ALR model. We used additional simulations to assess the effects of sample size and environmental data error on model performance. Predicted distribution maps were compared to simulated distribution maps, considered "truth," and evaluated using several metrics: omission and commission error counts, residual sums of squares (RSS), and areas under receiver operating charac- teristic curves (AUC). Generally, model performance was better using random and stratified survey designs than when using other designs. Adaptive survey designs were an exception to this generalization under the omission error performance criterion. Surveys using rect- angular quadrats, designed to emulate roadside surveys, resulted in models with better performance than those using square quadrats (using AUC, RSS, and omission error metrics) and were most similar in performance to a systematic quadrat design. Larger detection probabilities, larger sample sizes, contiguous distributions, and fewer environmental data errors generally improved model performance. Results suggest that spatially biased sample data, e.g., data collected along roadsS could result in model performance near that of systematic quadrat designs even in the presence of potentially confounding factors such as contiguity of distributions, detection probability, sample size, and environmental data error.
Analysis of the Molecular Recognition Features of Individual Modules Derived from the Erythromycin Polyketide Synthase

6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), the multifunctional enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the macrolide aglycon of the antibiotic erythromycin, is an excellent model system for studying the properties of modular polyketide synthases. In these studies, we analyzed the substrate specificity of selected individual modules of DEBS. Unexpectedly, we observed (i) a high degree of similarity in the specificity of all modules tested, despite the diverse structural features of their natural substrates, and (ii) a distinct preference by all modules for syn diketides over anti diketides. The implications of these results are analyzed from an evolutionary and a protein engineering perspective.
Development of auditory cortical synaptic receptive fields.

The central nervous system is plastic throughout life, but is most sensitive to the statistics of the sensory environment during critical periods of early postnatal development. In the auditory cortex, various forms of acoustic experience have been found to shape the formation of receptive fields and influence the overall rate of cortical organization. The synaptic mechanisms that control cortical receptive field plasticity are beginning to be described, particularly for frequency tuning in rodent primary auditory cortex. Inhibitory circuitry plays a major role in critical period regulation, and new evidence suggests that the formation of excitatory–inhibitory balance determines the duration of critical period plasticity for auditory cortical frequency tuning. Cortical inhibition is poorly tuned in the infant brain, but becomes co-tuned with excitation in an experience-dependent manner over the first postnatal month. We discuss evidence suggesting that this may be a general feature of the developing cortex, and describe the functional implications of such transient excitatory–inhibitory imbalance.
Bull Sharks in North Carolina

Abstract A total of 113 bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, frequented North Carolina waters between 1965 and 2011. Young entered Pamlico Sound, adults were captured throughout the year, most commonly May to September, and frequented fresh to ocean waters. Bull sharks have caused nine attacks between 1990 and 2011, all victims but one survived.
Microfluidic permeation printing of self-assembled monolayer gradients on surfaces for chemoselective ligand immobilization applied to cell adhesion and polarization.

To study complex cell behavior on model surfaces requires biospecific interactions between the interfacing cell and material. Developing strategies to pattern well-defined molecular gradients on surfaces is difficult but critical for studying cell adhesion, polarization, and directed cell migration. We introduce a new strategy, microfluidic SPREAD (Solute PeRmeation Enhancement And Diffusion) for inking poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic cassettes with a gradient of alkanethiol. Using SPREAD, an oxyamine-terminated alkanethiol is able to permeate into a PDMS microfluidic cassette, creating a chemical gradient, which can subsequently be transfer printed onto a gold surface to form the corresponding chemoselective gradient of oxyamine-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM). By first patterning regions of the gold surface with a protective SAM using microfluidic lithography, directional gradients can be stamped exclusively onto unprotected bare gold regions to form single cell gradient microarray...
Collective escape of chemotactic swimmers through microscopic ratchets.

We report on the emergence of spontaneously forming migrating bands of E.coli bacteria inside a microchannel containing microstructured ratchets. We show that a collection of bacteria is able to migrate against the funnel-shaped barriers by creating and maintaining a chemoattractant gradient. A transition between pure rectification and chemotaxis-driven collective motion is predicted from theoretical models, and is observed experimentally as the initial inoculation density is varied.
Data sonification from the desktop: Should sound be part of standard data analysis software?

The design of auditory formats for data display is presently focused on applications for blind or visually impaired users, specialized displays for use when visual attention must be devoted to other tasks, and some innovative work in revealing properties of complex data that may not be effectively rendered by traditional visual means. With the availability of high-quality and flexible sound production hardware in standard desktop computers, the potential exists for using sound to represent characteristics of typical “small and simpl” samples of data in routine data inspection and analysis. Our research has shown that basic properties of simple functions, distribution properties of data samples, and patterns of covariation between two variables can be effectively displayed by simple auditory graphs involving patterns of pitch variation over time. While such developments have implications for specialized applications and populations of users, these displays are easily comprehended by normal users with minimal practice. Providing further software enhancement to encourage exploration of data representation by sound may lead to a variety of useful creative developments in data display technology.
Testing Nonlinear Logit Models of Performance Effectiveness Ratings: Cooperative Extension and Organic Farmers

Survey evidence from U.S. organic farmers is evaluated to identify the factors influencing effectiveness ratings of cooperative extension advisors by organic farmers. A nonlinear logit model is specified for the ratings provided by organic producers, and critical demographic and management factors that influence the ratings are identified. The impact of the organic farmers’ status in transitioning to organic production is highlighted. The results indicate that part-time, newer adopters of organic farming methods are more likely to rate extension service providers as effective providers of information. Scenarios to predict extension effectiveness when interacting with specific groups of organic farmers are developed.
Price Convergence on World Commodity Markets: Fact or Fiction?:

This article examines the degree to which commodity prices have converged on world commodity markets over recent decades. Ideally, increases in communications, central bank activities, and globalization would suggest that commodity prices in spatially dispersed markets should become similar over time. To measure convergence, correlation, regression, cointegration, and vector autoregressive methods are employed. Comparable geographic data were assembled for six commodities: coffee, cotton, wheat, lead, copper, and tin, covering the period 1930 through 1998. Overall, the empirical results do not support the convergence hypothesis but rather a pattern of fluctuating divergences.
Oat cell carcinoma of the larynx and Eaton-Lambert syndrome.

• Oat cell or undifferentiated small cell carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the larynx. Since this lesion was first described, only 23 cases have been reported in the literature. Oat cell carcinoma of the lung, however, accounts for 20% to 25% of all lung cancers and is frequently associated with a variety of paraneoplastic syndromes. A 64-year-old woman had a primary oat cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx associated with clinical and electromyographic evidence of the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton-Lambert. To our knowledge, this is the first description an oat cell carcinoma of the larynx associated with this syndrome, which supports the theory that oat cell cancers of the larynx and lung have a common histogenesis. ( Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:123-126)
The absolute continuity of the conjugation of certain diffeomorphisms of the circle

Let f be an orientation preserving ℋ-diffeomorphism of the circle. If the rotation number α = ρ(f) is irrational and log Df is of bounded variation then, by a wellknown theorem of Denjoy, f is conjugate to the rigid rotation Rα. The conjugation means that there exists an essentially unique homeomorphism h of the circle such that f = h−lRαh. The general problem of relating the smoothness of h to that of f under suitable diophantine conditions on α has been studied extensively (cf. [H1], [KO], [Y] and the references given there). At the bottom of the scale of smoothness for f there is a theorem of M. Herman [H2] which states that if Df is absolutely continuous and D log Df ∈ Lp, p > 1, α = ρ (f) is of ‘constant type’ which means ‘the coefficients in the continued fraction expansion of α are bounded’, and if f is a perturbation of Rα, then h is absolutely continuous. Our purpose in this paper is to give a different proof and an improved version of Herman's theorem. The main difference in the result is that we do not need to assume that f is close to Rα; the proof is very different from Herman's and is very much in the spirit of [KO].
Design of an efficient weighted random pattern generation system

This paper describes the design of an efficient weighted random pattern system. The performance of the system is measured by the number of weight sets and the number of weighted random patterns required for high fault coverage. Various heuristics that affect the performance of the system are discussed and an experimental evaluation is provided.
Four Areas of Collegiate Student-Athlete Privacy Invasion:

The purpose of this article is to explain which American laws have been applied to four common types of collegiate student-athlete privacy invasions: education records, names or likenesses, surveil...
Influence of Three Organic Acids on the Quality Characteristics of Hard-Cooked Eggs

Abstract The effects of preserving hard-cooked eggs in one of three cover solutions containing either .5% citric, fumaric, or malic acids were investigated. Freshly laid eggs were stored at 23 C for 48 hr and hard-cooked in water. The shelled eggs were randomly divided into three groups and covered with aqueous solutions (1:.5 wt:wt egg to solution) containing one of the above organic acids and stored at 4.4 C. After 1, 7, and 14 days, samples were analyzed for egg solids leached into the solution, egg yolk and white solids, egg weights, and flavor by an experienced taste panel and by headspace gas chromatography. Final cover solution pH following equilibration ranged from 6.4 for fumaric acid to 6.9 for citric acid. A significant positive linear correlation was detected between solution pH and the leaching of egg solids. Eggs stored in the fumaric acid treatment had the least egg solid losses of the three treatments. Both egg odor and flavor were significantly modified by storage in these acidified solutions. Malic acid had the least effect on egg flavor as evidenced by sensory panel and chromatography findings and appeared to possess some flavor fixative properties. However, as storage time progressed, all eggs showed some flavor losses.
Multiplex SILAC Analysis of a Cellular TDP-43 Proteinopathy Model Reveals Protein Inclusions Associated with SUMOylation and Diverse Polyubiquitin Chains

Transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major protein component within ubiquitin-positive inclusions of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although TDP-43 is a nuclear DNA/RNA-binding protein, in pathological conditions, TDP-43 has been reported to redistribute to the cytoplasm where it is cleaved and forms insoluble, ubiquitinated, and phosphorylated inclusions. Here we present a cellular model in which full-length human TDP-43 or a splicing isoform (TDP-S6) that lacks the C terminus is overexpressed in a human cell line and mouse primary neurons. Whereas recombinant and endogenous TDP-43 was primarily localized in the nucleus, the shorter TDP-S6 formed highly insoluble cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions reminiscent of disease-specific pathology. Western blot analysis of detergent-insoluble extracts showed an increase in high molecular weight immunoreactive species for TDP-S6 compared with TDP-43, consistent with ubiquitination or ubiquitin-like modifications. We used a multiplex stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture approach to compare the detergent-insoluble proteome from mock-, TDP-43-, and TDP-S6-transfected cells. TDP-S6 overexpression caused a concomitant increase in both ubiquitin (Ub) and the small Ub-like modifier-2/3 (SUMO-2/3) within the insoluble proteome. Similarly, full-length TDP-43 overexpression also resulted in the elevation of SUMO-2/3. Immunofluorescence showed strong co-localization of endogenous Ub with both cytoplasmic and nuclear TDP-S6 inclusions, whereas SUMO-2/3 was co-localized mainly with the nuclear inclusions. Quantitative mass spectrometry further revealed that mixed Lys-48 and Lys-63 polyUb linkages were associated with the TDP insoluble fractions. Together our data indicate that expression of a TDP-43 splice variant lacking a C terminus recapitulates many of the cellular and biochemical features associated with disease pathology and that the interplay of ubiquitination and SUMOylation may have an important role in TDP-43 regulation.
Learning Rules from Incomplete Examples via Implicit Mention Models

We study the problem of learning general rules from concrete facts extracted from natural data sources such as the newspaper stories and medical histories. Natural data sources present two challenges to automated learning, namely, radical incompleteness and systematic bias. In this paper, we propose an approach that combines simultaneous learning of multiple predictive rules with differential scoring of evidence which adapts to a presumed model of data generation. Learning multiple predicates simultaneously mitigates the problem of radical incompleteness, while the differential scoring would help reduce the effects of systematic bias. We evaluate our approach empirically on both textual and non-textual sources. We further present a theoretical analysis that elucidates our approach and explains the empirical results.
Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression III. Cortisol secretion in relation to diagnosis and symptom patterns

In order to ascertain the extent of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) hyperactivity in endogenous depression, we determined circadian serum cortisol patterns, cortisol responses to dexamethasone (DEX) administration, and urine free cortisol excretion before and after DEX administration in 40 definite endogenous depressives diagnosed with the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The cortisol measures ranged from normal to clearly elevated. To elucidate the clinical correlates of these hormone measures in the patients, we examined the relationships of the pre- and post-DEX cortisol measures to the diagnosis of endogenous/melancholic depression by different systems and to the overall severity and specific dimensions of depressive symptomatology. In this group of endogenous depressives, none of the diagnostic schemes for endogenous/melancholic depression which we studied was significantly related to the pre- or post-DEX cortisol measures. Of the other subject and symptom variables, only age and the agitation/anxiety factor of the Hamilton depression scale shown consistent relationships with the cortisol measures. Both were positively correlated, to a moderate degree, with the hormone measures, and they were not correlated with each other. Together they explained approximately 20% of the variance in the cortisol measures. Thus, within a group of moderately to severely ill endogenous depressives, the older and the more agitated anxious patients have a significantly greater likelihood of showing increased HPA activity. These findings indicate that age should be controlled in studies of the HPA axis and that the subjective experience of anxiety may contribute to HPA hyperactivity in endogenous depression.
Hardware-Assisted Run-Time Monitoring for Secure Program Execution on Embedded Processors

Embedded system security is often compromised when "trusted" software is subverted to result in unintended behavior, such as leakage of sensitive data or execution of malicious code. Several countermeasures have been proposed in the literature to counteract these intrusions. A common underlying theme in most of them is to define security policies at the system level in an application-independent manner and check for security violations either statically or at run time. In this paper, we present a methodology that addresses this issue from a different perspective. It defines correct execution as synonymous with the way the program was intended to run and employs a dedicated hardware monitor to detect and prevent unintended program behavior. Specifically, we extract properties of an embedded program through static program analysis and use them as the bases for enforcing permissible program behavior at run time. The processor architecture is augmented with a hardware monitor that observes the program's dynamic execution trace, checks whether it falls within the allowed program behavior, and flags any deviations from expected behavior to trigger appropriate response mechanisms. We present properties that capture permissible program behavior at different levels of granularity, namely inter-procedural control flow, intra-procedural control flow, and instruction-stream integrity. We outline a systematic methodology to design application-specific hardware monitors for any given embedded program. Hardware implementations using a commercial design flow, and cycle-accurate performance simulations indicate that the proposed technique can thwart several common software and physical attacks, facilitating secure program execution with minimal overheads
The complexity of price discovery in an efficient market: the stock market reaction to the Challenger crash

We provide evidence on the speed and accuracy of price discovery by studying stock returns and trading volume surrounding the crash of the space shuttle Challenger. While the event was widely observed, it took several months for an esteemed panel to determine which of the mechanical components failed during the launch. By contrast, in the period immediately following the crash, securities trading in the four main shuttle contractors seemingly singled out the firm that manufactured the faulty component. We show that price discovery occurred without large trading profits and that much of the price discovery occurred during a trading halt of the firm responsible for the faulty component. Finally, although we document what are arguably quick and accurate movements of the market, we are unable to detect the actual manner in which particular informed traders induced price discovery.
Country Music and Suicide: A Reply to Maguire and Snipes

This article responds to Maguire and Snipes's comments on the correlation between country music and suicide. Our country music data as well as country music datafor fall 1986 correlate highly with McGuire and Snipes country music data. The source of inconsistentfindings rests, instead, in a substantial amount of error in the Maguire and Snipes estimates of white suicide rates. Measurement error in their suicide data renders the correlation between country music and the suicide rate insignificant. Using the correct suicide rates, all measures of country music -including their's and our'sare significantly related to suicide. In 1992, we completed a study that found that the greater the airtime devoted to country music, the greater the white suicide rate. Maguire and Snipes (1994) attribute their inability to replicate our results on country music and suicide to measurement error in the country music data. However, we find high correlations between all available measures of country music (see Table 1.) We correlated our country music data with that of Maguire and Snipes and found a significant relationship (r = 0.84, p .05), fall 1986 country music (r = .16, p> .05), and the 1985-86 * Direct correspondence to Steven Stack, Criminal Justice Program, 2239 FAB, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202. i) The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, June 1994, 72(4):.1245-1248 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.215 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 05:15:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1246 / Social Forces 72:4, June 1994 TABLE 1: Pearson Correlations between Measures of Country Music and Measures of White Suicide, Metropolitan Areasa White White Country Country Country Country Suicide Suicide Music Music Music Music Rate Rate M & S Fall S & G 1985-86 S&G M&S 1986 White suicide rate: S & G .62* .46* .47* .54* .48* White suicide rate: M & S .14 .16 .24* .16 Country music M&S .87* .84* .97* Country music fall 1986 .84* .96* Country music S&G .87*
A GENERAL THEORY OF TAYLOR DISPERSION PHENOMENA IV. Direct Coupling Effects

Abstract A previous generalized theory of Taylor dispersion phenomena is here extended so as to include “coupling” phenomena. Such direct coupling arises from the fact that—in certain circumstances—global transport processes may be driven by local gradients, and conversely. An obvious example of such direct coupling effects arises in problems pertaining to the gravitational settling and concomitant “sedimentation dispersion” of asymmetric Brownian particles lacking a center of symmetry. In the presence of such asymmetry the parlicle's translational and rotational motions are inseparably coupled to one another. This specific problem will be ueated in a companion paper as an example of the general coupling theory developed herein.
Town and Countryside: Social and Economic Tensions in Fourteenth-Century Flanders

In the thirteenth century the county of Flanders was the leading commercial and industrial region of Western Europe. It had easy access by water and overland routes to the German Rhineland and to the fairs of Champagne. As the Italians from the later thirteenth century began to use a direct maritime link with the North, Bruges, on the North Sea, became the major clearing house for goods coming from Italy and the Hanse towns of northern Germany. Flanders originally had a large wool production; this led to its early preeminence in textile manufacturing. Although the growing urbanization of thecounty soon severely curtailed facilities for grazing, Flanders easily obtained English wool, which was simultaneously of a higher calibre and a cheaper price than the native product. At a time when the towns of northern Italy were still very largely finishers of cloth brought from outside, the towns of Flanders, and particularly the five great towns of Bruges, Ghent, Ypres, Lille, and Douai, had prosperous industries in textiles of varying types, but specialized in luxury cloths designed for export.
The Impact of Differential Expenditures on School Performance

Two decades of research into educational production functions have produced startlingly consistent results: Variations in school expenditures are not systematically related to variations in student performance. Enormous differences in teacher quality exist, but differences in teacher skill are not strongly related to educational backgrounds, amount of teaching experience, or teaching in small classes. Further, more skilled teachers simply are not regularly paid more than less skilled teachers. These findings suggest that school decision making must move away from traditional “input directed” policies to ones providing performance incentives. The concentration on expenditure differences in, for example, school finance court cases or legislative deliberations, appears misguided given the evidence.
Sensing Depth of Microwave Radiation for Internal Body Temperature Measurement

This paper investigates modeling of the interaction of human tissues with a probe antenna situated on the surface of the skin. The goal is to differentiate temperature changes at different depths under the skin for passive radiometric measurements of internal body temperature. An improved metric is defined in order to differentiate thermal power radiated from a specific part of the tissue relative to the total thermal power received by the probe antenna. The frequency range between 0.5 and 3 GHz is investigated due to the sensing depth that can be achieved for a given receiver sensitivity. The general approach is to validate full-wave finite element method (FEM) EM simulations with a spectral-domain analysis for layered lossy dielectrics with a dipole at the interface between two of the layers. This was successfully done for a dipole on a water half-space and a stack of three tissues (skin, fat, and muscle). A new type of multifrequency probe was designed for 1.4, 2.7, and 4.9 GHz operation, and the predicted impedance validated experimentally. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the near-field received power of a dipole probe placed in contact with lossy layered media is examined as a function of frequency. This is shown to be significantly different than the plane wave case, and is necessary knowledge for the design of a portable radiometer for microwave internal body thermometry.
Longitudinal gait analysis of a person with a transfemoral amputation using three different prosthetic knee/foot pairs.

Using gait analysis, we documented kinetic and temporospatial changes over a 7–year period in a single healthy individual with a transfemoral amputation walking with three different knees and matched foot components. The knee/foot pairs in chronological order were Four Bar Endolite knee/Endolite Dynamic Response foot; Ossur Total Knee 2000/Pathfinder I foot; and C-Leg knee/IC40 C-walk foot. The design of the suspension and socket were unchanged across the three prostheses. We found an increase in the braking component of A-P ground reaction force on the intact limb while using the C-Leg compared to the other two prosthetic fabrications. There was progressive change across the three component combinations, which included increased step length, increased walking velocity, and decreased double limb support time. The subject ranked the C-Leg system as the most stable. The final gait pattern with the C-Leg was faster, less cautious, and more stable than with the other prosthetic components.
Perceiving Value in Obligations and Goals: Wanting to Do What Should Be Done

Four studies investigated the perception of autonomous motives for obligations—of “wants” in activities regarded as “shoulds.” In Study 1, respondents provided their reasons for engaging in self-generated obligations, whereas in Study 2, the experimenter provided the obligations. In both studies, participants spontaneously gave few autonomous motives, but their frequency was associated with respondents’ life satisfaction, and virtually all were able to generate autonomous motives when these were elicited. Study 3 found a strong positive correlation between perceptions of wants and shoulds in participants’ goals. A mediational model found that both wants and shoulds had direct, but opposite, effects on life satisfaction but only wants predicted goal success, the strongest path to life satisfaction. In Study 4, an appreciation-focus (vs. a resentment-focus or no specific emotion-focus) led to the perception of shoulds as wants in goal conflict situations; open-ended responses provided some clues to this tra...
Groups Under Stress: The Influence of Group Structure and Environment on Process and Performance

The study examined how group structure affects group process and performance in stressful and nonstressful environments. Research suggests that clear structure should facilitate group process and performance, but reactance theory suggests that prearranged group structure may reduce individual freedom, thereby reducing group satisfaction and performance. A 2 x 4 factorial design involved groups that were either given structure or left unstructured before working on a task. Groups worked in either positive, crowded, or noisy environmental conditions. A perceived negative environment condition in which subjects were informed that the environment would inhibit performance was also included. The results indicated that the predetermined structure facilitated interpersonal relations and performance in the positive environment and the perceived negative environment. However, the predetermined structure had a negative effect when the groups faced a stressful environment (crowded or noisy). The results suggest that...
Abdominal color of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is associated with susceptibility to various insecticides

BACKGROUND: Color morphs of an insect species are known to vary in activities of detoxifying enzymes and associated susceptibility to insecticides. In Diaphorina citri, three color morphs are known to occur. In the present study, susceptibility to four insecticides was compared among gray/brown, blue/green and orange/yellow color morphs of field-collected D.citri. RESULTS: The orange/yellow morph was significantly more susceptible to fenpropathrin than the blue/green morph, and imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos caused higher mortality in the orange/yellow morph than in the blue/green and gray/brown morphs.Toconfirmthegeneticbasisofvariablelevelsofsusceptibility,therelativeexpressionoffiveCYP4geneswascompared among the color morphs.CYP4C67 was expressed at significantly higher levels in the blue/green than in the orange/yellow and gray/brownmorphs.CYP4DA1,CYP4C68,CYP4G70andCYP4DB1wereexpressedatsignificantlyhigherlevelsintheblue/green and gray/brown morphs than in the orange/yellow morph. Lower expression of CYP4 genes in the orange/yellow morph as comparedwiththeotherswascorrelatedwithreducedsignalof45kDcytochromeP450proteins,asdeterminedbythewestern blot. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate differential susceptibility of D. citri color morphs to insecticides, which will need to be accounted for in future insecticide monitoring programs and may affect management programs. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry