cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caustic stress corrosion cracking of NiCrMoV rotor steels—The effects of impurity segregation and variation in alloy composition

This paper reports a study of the effects of phosphorus, tin, and molybdenum on the caustic stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of NiCrMoV rotor steels. Constant load tests were performed on these steels in 9M NaOH at 98 ± 1 °C at a controlled potential of either -800 mVHg/Hgo or -400 mVHg/Hgo. Times to failure were measured. The results show that at a potential of -400 mVHg/Hgo the segregation of phosphorus to grain boundaries lowers the resistance of these steels to caustic stress corrosion cracking. When molybdenum is removed from a steel that has phosphorus segregated to the grain boundaries, the steel’s resistance to stress corrosion cracking is improved. High purity alloys, both with and without molybdenum, show very good resistance to caustic cracking at this potential. At-800 mVHg/Hgo segregated phophorus has no effect; only molybdenum additions lower the resistance of the steel to caustic stress corrosion cracking. Segregated tin has little effect at either potential. Metallographic examination shows that one explanation for these results is that molybdenum and phosphorus, probably as anions precipitated from solution, aid in passivating the sides of the crack and thus help keep the crack tip sharp. This sharpness will increase the speed with which the crack will propagate through the sample. Furthermore, removal of molybdenum greatly increases the number of cracks which nucleate. This higher crack density would increase the relative area of the anode to the cathode and thus act to decrease the crack growth rate.
The microdetermination of H2O, CO2, and SO2 in glass using a 1280°C microscope vacuum heating stage, cryopumping, and vapor pressure measurements from 77 to 273 K

A new microscope vacuum heating stage and gas analyzer has been developed for measurement of H2O, CO2, SO2, and noncondensable gas (H2, CO, N2, Ar, CH4, etc.) evolved from samples, particularly natural glass, at temperatures up to 1280°C. The gas evolved upon heating to 1280δC is collected in a liquid nitrogen cold trap. Gas components are identified by the characteristic vapor pressure and temperature ranges over which solid and vapor are in equilibrium during sublimation of individual components. The masses of CO2, SO2, and H2O derived from samples and blanks are calculated using the ideal gas law, the molecular weights of the components, and the gauge constant (i.e. the ratio of the number of moles of a gas to its partial pressure in the constant volume). Results obtained by repeated determinations of H2O, CO2, and SO2 evolved from a submarine basaltic glass from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, (average sample mass = 3 × 10−3 g) gave probable errors for the determinations of H2O (0.23%), CO2 (0.025%), and S (0.071%) equal to 4, 10, and 8% respectively, of the concentrations. Determinations of H2O in smaller samples of H2O-poor basaltic pumice show a linear proportionality (0.063%) between the measured H2O and the sample mass over the range 0.1 × 10−6 to 1.7 × 10−6 g H2O. Comparisons of H2O determinations by this technique with those obtained by Penfield, gas chromatic, microcoulometric, and vacuum fusion techniques used elsewhere show reasonably good agreement. Determinations of SO2 by this technique agree reasonably well X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe determinations of sulfur. Determinations of CO2 by the present technique are reproducible but cannot be compared directly to measurements made in other labs because of differences in samples analyzed. The principle advantages of this analytical technique are the very small sample required, the simultaneous determination of H2O, CO2, SO2 and noncondensable gas, the avoidance of calibration procedures dependent on chemical standards, and the visual observations that can be made during sample outgassing.
Radiation Damping in Magnetic Resonance Experiments

Magnetic resonance experiments can be described by analogy to a coupled pair of circuits, one of which is the ordinary electrical resonant circuit. The other circuit is formed by the rotating magnetization. For transient phenomena, such as occur, e.g., in the pulse techniques of free nuclear induction, the coupling gives rise to a damping of the magnetic resonance by the electric circuit. Such damping can also be considered as spontaneous radiation damping. It is shown that in certain cases of nuclear induction this radiation damping is more important than the damping from the spin-spin and the spin-lattice relaxation mechanisms usually considered. For ferromagnetic materials at microwave frequencies the radiation damping can become very large.
Penalized likelihood estimation: Convergence under incorrect model

Abstract Penalized likelihood method is among the most effective tools for nonparametric multivariate function estimation. Recently, a generic computation-oriented asymptotic theory has been developed in the density estimation setting, and been extended to other settings such as conditional density estimation, regression, and hazard rare estimation, under the assumption that the true function resides in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space in which the estimate is sought. In this article, we illustrate that the theory may remain valid, after appropriate modifications, even when the true function resides outside of the function space under consideration. Through a certain moment identity, it is shown that the Kullback-Leibler projection of the true function in the function space under consideration, if it exists, acts as the proxy of the true function as the destination of asymptotic convergence.
Pancreatic necrosis: Results of necrosectomy, packing, and ultimate closure over drains

Objective The treatment of pancreatic necrosis at a tertiary referral center was reviewed to effect better patient outcome. Background Data Pancreatic necrosis is a devastating disease that leads to death in 10% to 50% of cases. Infected necrosis is particularly deadly because 80% of deaths from necrosis are due to infection or its complications. Therapeutic strategies center on aggressive support of organ systems and prevention and treatment of infectious complications. Methods Records of all patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy from 1990 to 1996 at Emory University Hospital were reviewed. Patients with infected necrosis were debrided as soon as the diagnosis was made. Reoperation for completion necrosectomy with ultimate dosure over lavage catheters was performed as necessary. Results Of the 244 patients admitted with acute pancreatitis in the study period, 50 underwent pancreatic debridement. The mean age was 52 years, and 74% of patients were transferred from other institutions. Eighty-four percent of patients had infected necrosis, and all patients underwent sequential debridement with eventual closure over drains. Organ failure occurred in 72% of cases, and the overall mortality rate was 12%. The mean length of stay was 54 days. Conclusions The management of pancreatic necrosis demands the allocation of extensive resources. An aggressive operative strategy of multiple debridements with ultimate closure over drains can lead to a low mortality rate in patients with this complex disease, but the determination of when to explore patients with sterile necrosis remains difficult.
Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Duration of Breastfeeding by Primigravidas

We studied factors which influence the duration of breastfeeding by 81 primigravidas by use of a Likert-type questionnaire. Three primary independent variables related inversely to the duration of breastfeeding in a multiple regression analysis. The most important of these variables was maternal perception of difficulties in scheduling breastfeeding on her return to work (p less than 0.01). Also total family income (p less than 0.01) and maternal worries about the demands of breastfeeding (p less than 0.01) inversely related to the duration of breastfeeding. Causal analytical technique was used to identify secondary variables relating to the primary independent variables. Maternal worries about the demands of breastfeeding related strongly to her worries about the lack of family psychosocial support. Maternal age and complications of breastfeeding did not relate to the duration of breastfeeding.
A Low-Cost Rotary Optical Potentiometer Mechanism Based on Optoelectronics Technique

A novel low-cost high-precision absolute rotary angle-sensing mechanism using optoelectronic components is proposed. Its working principle is based on the change of the optical power reflected off the monotone-colored pattern track from a red light emitting diode (LED) to a red-green-blue (RGB) sensor. The main advantages of this low-cost sensor are its simplicity, high resolution, and non-contacting structure. The propagation mechanism for the output voltage of the RGB sensor from a red LED source is formulated analytically. The stationary rectangular-window mask between the cylindrical black-colored V-shape track and the RGB sensor is also employed to linearize the received optical power with circular beam pattern. The effect from the black-and-white laser-printer resolution is studied with various reference angles using a high-precision potentiometer. The performance of the proposed optical rotary potentiometer mechanism is demonstrated using a rotary position-control test bed. The bandwidth (BW) of 4.42 kHz, resolution of 0.167°, and nonlinearity of 2.8% are achieved.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effect of inbreeding on horticultural performance of lines developed from an open-pollinated pickling cucumber population

The effect of self-pollination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for 6 generations in lines developed from the North Carolina Medium Base Pickle population was determined by regression of trait expression for each generation on Wright's coefficient of inbreeding. Two yield traits (total and marketable), earliness and 3 fruit quality traits (shape, color and seedcell size) were evaluated in 2 environments (spring and summer, 1983). The regression did not result in significant negative slopes, indicating that inbreeding depression was not important in the population for the traits studied. Midparent heterosis was found for most traits in many hybrids obtained from crossing S6 lines with the gynoecious inbred line, Gy 14A.
Role of Hydrogen Bonding and Helix−Lipid Interactions in Transmembrane Helix Association

To explore the role of hydrogen bonding and helix−lipid interactions in transmembrane helix association, we have calculated the potential of mean force (PMF) as a function of helix−helix distance between two pVNVV peptides, a transmembrane model peptide based on the GCN4 leucine-zipper, in a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membrane. The peptide name pVNVV represents the interfacial residues in the heptad repeat of the dimer. The free energy decomposition reveals that the total PMF consists of two competing contributions from helix−helix and helix−lipid interactions. The direct, favorable helix−helix interactions arise from the specific contribution from the helix-facing residues and the generic contribution from the lipid-facing residues. The Asn residues in the middle of the helices show the most significant per-residue contribution to the PMF with various hydrogen bonding patterns as a function of helix−helix distance. Release of lipid molecules between the helices into bulk lipid upon helix assoc...
Optical Properties and Application of a Reactive and Bioreducible Thiol-Containing Tetramethylrhodamine Dimer

Thiolated dimeric tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) was synthesized in a straightforward procedure utilizing commercially available 5(6)-succinimidyl TAMRA and cystamine hydrochloride. The thiol-containing TAMRA dimer displayed distinct spectral properties in reduced and oxidized forms; covalent dimer formation produced greater effects on the spectral properties than previously reported for noncovalent TAMRA dimers or dimers formed with shorter carbon spacers. The resulting TAMRA disulfide dimer exhibited a hypsochromic shift of 34 nm relative to the reduced monomer species and an isosbestic point at 532 nm between reduced monomeric and oxidized dimeric forms. Molar extinction coefficients of the monomer and dimer relative to moles of TAMRA were similar (6.61 × 104 M−1 cm−1 and 6.42 × 10−4 M−1 cm−1, respectively). However, fluorescence emission was altered with >93% of dye fluorescence quenched in phosphate buffered saline upon dimer formation. A 520:554 nm absorbance intensity ratio of 2.64 was observed for t...
Age determinations of deep-sea sediments: A comparison of three methods

Abstract Potassium-argon ages determined on glass shards from deep-sea volcanic ash layers are compared with paleomagnetic and 230 Th/ 232 Th age determinations. In three cores K-Ar ages agree satisfactorily with ages inferred from paleomagnetic studies. Ages on eight ash layers in a fourth core, however, are significantly older than the paleomagnetic ages. In the same core 230 Th/ 232 Th measurements indicate a sedimentation rate slower than that given by the paleomagnetic results but approximately in agreement with the rate given by the K-Ar results. One possible explanation for the discrepancies in this core is that the direction of remanent magnetization was not permanent at the sediment-water interface but was “locked in” at a depth of approximately 11/2 meters.
The mechanisms of Schottky barrier pinning in III-V semiconductors: Criteria developed from microscopic (atomic level) and macroscopic experiments

Abstract For the sake of perspective, an overview is given of the development of concepts concerning the mechanism involved in Schottky barrier (SB) formation. Until about 1972 principally “macroscopic” data (e.g., I – V and C – V electrical measurements) were available. More recently “atomic” level microscopic tools have been increasingly applied experimentally to the problem of understanding SB formation. The most popular models for the III–V semiconductors are examined in terms of the metal:III–V chemistry including its correlation with barrier height and/or the effect of metal thickness. Experimentally it is found that, for most metals, the Schottky barrier pinning is completed with the deposition of less than a monolayer of metal. Most importantly, the Fermi level pinning position at these low metal coverages is found to correspond well with the SB height obtained from I – V measurements from carefully prepared samples with thicknesses of about 1000 A. On the other hand, the metal:III–V chemistry appears to have little effect on the SB height. For example, four metals - Ag, Au, Cu, and Pd - have very different chemistry (varying from essentially no reaction for Ag to a very strong reaction for Pd); however, they give almost identical SB heights. After comparison of experimental data with various currently popular models, only a refined version of the united defect model is found consistent with the available data.
Understanding multiple levels of norms about teen pregnancy and their relationships to teens’ sexual behaviors

Researchers seeking to understand teen sexual behaviors often turn to age norms, but they are difficult to measure quantitatively. Previous work has usually inferred norms from behavioral patterns or measured group-level norms at the individual level, ignoring multiple reference groups. Capitalizing on the multilevel design of the Add Health survey, we measure teen pregnancy norms perceived by teenagers, as well as average norms at the school and peer network levels. School norms predict boys’ perceived norms, while peer network norms predict girls’ perceived norms. Peer network and individually perceived norms against teen pregnancy independently and negatively predict teens’ likelihood of sexual intercourse. Perceived norms against pregnancy predict increased likelihood of contraception among sexually experienced girls, but sexually experienced boys’ contraceptive behavior is more complicated: When both the boy and his peers or school have stronger norms against teen pregnancy he is more likely to contracept, and in the absence of school or peer norms against pregnancy, boys who are embarrassed are less likely to contracept. We conclude that: (1) patterns of behavior cannot adequately operationalize teen pregnancy norms, (2) norms are not simply linked to behaviors through individual perceptions, and (3) norms at different levels can operate independently of each other, interactively, or in opposition. This evidence creates space for conceptualizations of agency, conflict, and change that can lead to progress in understanding age norms and sexual behaviors.
EVALUATION STUDY OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL WORK AND LAW CURRICULUM FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

This article evaluates the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary social work and law curriculum for domestic violence. A pretest–posttest control group design with both law and social work students indicates that the course effectively increased: (1) knowledge about domestic violence theory and practice and differential roles, duties, and privileges of lawyers and social workers, and (2) positive attitudes about interdisciplinary work; and reduced (3) myths and stereotypes about domestic violence. Implications for interdisciplinary teaching and domestic violence services are discussed.
The natural occurrence of hydroxide in olivine

Polarized infrared (IR) spectra of olivine single crystals from 17 different localities show a tremendous variability in both mode and abundance of hydroxide (OH) incorporation. Kimberlitic olivines contain the most total OH at an estimated concentration level of 976 H/10^(6)Si, whereas olivines from basalts contain the least at 3 H/10^(6)Si. Olivines of metamorphic and hydrothermal origin have widely varying concentration levels intermediate between those of basalts and kimberlites. Over 30 distinct OH absorption bands have been identified. Most of these bands are not unique to individual localities but may be found in samples from several different localities. Pleochroism is consistent among localities, but relative band intensities vary. No evidence is found for molecular H_2 in olivine. Hydrous minerals have been identified in olivine by their characteristic OH absorption bands. Serpentine is commonly found and is clearly distinguishable from intrinsic OH. Talc is present in one sample. Prominent OH bands at 3572 and 3525 cm^(−1) are attributed to humite group minerals. San Carlos, Arizona, olivines annealed in the presence of H_2O develop absorption bands which are found in natural samples, however the OH absorption spectra of these annealed olivines are not identical to those of any single natural crystal. Sharp-band OH abundances in annealed samples are an order of magnitude lower than the maximum measured in natural specimens. The mechanical properties determined from these annealed olivines may not be directly applicable to mantle olivine because both the OH sites and concentrations are different.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by molecules adsorbed at spherical particles

A model for Raman scattering by a molecule adsorbed at the surface of a spherical particle is articulated by treating the molecule as a classical electric dipole. This follows Moskovits’s suggestion [ J. Chem. Phys.69, 4159 ( 1978)] and the experiments by Creighton [ J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II, 75, 790 ( 1979)] that such a system may exhibit SERS similar to that at roughened electrode surfaces. The molecule is stimulated by a primary field comprised of the incident and near-scattered fields. Emission consists of the dipole field plus a scattered field, each at the shifted frequency. Addition of feedback terms between the dipole and the particle makes only a negligible contribution to the fields. For pyridine adsorbed at the surface of a silver sphere, the 1010-cm−1 band is enhanced by ~106 if the radius is much less than the wavelengths and the excitation wavelength is ~382 nm, a wavelength for which the relative refractive index of silver is close to m=2i. Detailed results are given for the effect, upon the angular distribution and the polarization of the Raman emission, of particle size, distance from the surface, excitation wavelength, and location of the molecule upon the surface. These results simulate those observed at roughened silver electrodes and suggest that the mechanism of SERS at those electrodes may resemble the electromagnetic mechanism elucidated here. We predict that comparable effects should be observed for fluorescent scattering.
Direct Casting of Polymer Membranes into Microfluidic Devices

Abstract Fully functional lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for biological analyses require the capability for cell culture, separation, and purification, as well as analyses to be integrated on a single platform. To date, a great deal of research has been focused on analytical methods for the miniaturization of column‐based separations. We have created a platform that provides the capability of including membrane separations as an intermediate stage in such devices. Our techniques adapt conventional silicon processing methods to the casting of membranes directly onto the silicon substrate through a wet inversion process. This process allows precise control of membrane thickness and pore size distribution based on the processing conditions. Using this methodology, we were able to fabricate devices that were found to be very robust with molecular weight cutoffs of approximately 350 Da as measured by solute flux in a dialysis mode of operation. These devices were also found to be suitable for cell culture, as evidenced...
Mariners' Museum and Library

The Mariners' Museum and Library, begun in 1930 in southeastern Virginia, is world renowned for its collections of maritime ephemera. Collections include ships, boat plans, figureheads, navigational instruments, rare maps, books, and a wonderful collection of serials. Both the museum and library are used by scholars, ship builders, students, and television and movie researchers. It is also a great place for a family to spend the day learning and playing. The library's interactive Web site, with online exhibits and educational programs, is a fantastic resource for those who are not able to travel to the museum.
Technical Report: The Crab Synchrotron Nebula

Take a show of hands at a gathering of observational astronomers, and most there are likely to have pointed a telescope at the Crab Nebula at some point in their careers. The Crab Nebula is the remnant of the explosion of a massive star, a historical supernova witnessed by Chinese astrologers on July 4, 1054 AD. Even though the Crab is 7,000 light years away, detailed records from the time indicate that this “guest star” was visible during the daytime for over three weeks, and was visible at night for almost two years. Following its initial discovery in 1731 by the English astronomer John Bevis, the Crab Nebula itself was rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier, and became the first object (M1) in Messier's famous catalog of nebulous objects. It was not until 1942, however, that Duyvendak (1942) and Mayall and Ort (1942) presented complete studies of both modern observations of the expanding nebula and the early Chinese records, establishing unambiguously that the Crab is the remnant of SN1054.
The seasonal cycle of water on Mars

A review of the behavior of water in the Mars atmosphere and subsurface is appropriate now that data from the Mariner and Viking spacecraft have been analyzed and discussed for several years following completion of those missions. Observations and analyses pertinent to the seasonal cycle of water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars are reviewed, with attention toward transport of water and the seasonal exchange of water between the atmosphere and various non-atmospheric reservoirs. Possible seasonally-accessible sources and sinks for water include water ice on or within the seasonal and residual polar caps; surface or subsurface ice in the high-latitude regions of the planet; adsorbed or chemically-bound water within the near-surface regolith; or surface or subsurface liquid water. The stability of water within each of these reservoirs is discussed, as are the mechanisms for driving exchange of the water with the atmosphere and the timescales for exchange. Specific conclusions are reached about the distribution of water and the viability of each mechanism as a seasonal reservoir. Discussion is also included of the behaviour of water on longer timescales, driven by the variations in solar forcing due to the quasi-periodic variations of the orbital obliquity. Finally, specific suggestions are made for future observations from spacecraft which would further define or constrain the seasonal cycle of water.
GENETIC ALGORITHMS : A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING THE NEUTRON SPECTRUM UNFOLDING PROBLEM

Abstract A new technique utilizing genetic algorithms has been applied to the Bonner sphere neutron spectrum unfolding problem. Genetic algorithms are part of a relatively new field of “evolutionary” solution techniques that mimic living systems with computer-simulated “chromosome” solutions. Solutions mate and mutate to create better solutions. Several benchmark problems, considered representative of radiation protection environments, have been evaluated using the newly developed UMRGA code which implements the genetic algorithm unfolding technique. The results are compared with results from other well-established unfolding codes. The genetic algorithm technique works remarkably well and produces solutions with relatively high spectral qualities. UMRGA appears to be a superior technique in the absence of a priori data – it does not rely on “lucky” guesses of input spectra. Calculated personnel doses associated with the unfolded spectra match benchmark values within a few percent.
One-step synthesis of ethyl acetate from ethene and oxygen

A one-step synthesis of ethyl acetate from a feed mixture of ethene, oxygen, and water using a supported Pd and silicotungstic acid catalyst was demonstrated. At about 180°C and 25% ethene conversion, ethyl acetate could be produced with up to 46% selectivity, together with 34% acetic acid and ethanol that could be recycled. The catalyst was believed to be bifunctional, with Pd providing the oxidation function and the silicotungstic acid providing the acidic function.
Mechanism of the inhibitory action of isoniazid on microsomal drug metabolism

Abstract Addition of isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) to rat liver microsomes produced an immediate decrease in the binding of carbon monoxide to reduced cytochrome P-450. Preincubation of the microsomes with INH in the presence of NADPH produced a further decrease of carbon monoxide binding to cytochrome P-450. The latter decrease of functional cytochrome P-450 was dependent upon NADPH and oxygen and was transitory. Examination of compounds structurally related to INH indicated that both the hydrazine moiety and the aromatic ring were needed to produce both effects. Incubation of microsomes with INH also resulted in gradual increases in absorbance at 449 nm and at 493 nm which also were transitory. Thus, the decreased binding of carbon monoxide to cytochrome P-450 may have occurred concurrently with formation of these spectral intermediates. Microsomal N -demethylation and aniline p -hydroxylation were inhibited by isoniazid. Preincubation of the microsomes with INH and NADPH increased the inhibition. Thus, the decreased availability of cytochrome P-450 as observed may account for the inhibition of the mixed function oxidases by isoniazid.
IDENTIFICATION OF EOSINOPHILS IN LYSED WHOLE BLOOD USING SIDE SCATTER AND CD16 NEGATIVITY

The identification of eosinophils in lysed whole blood by flow cytometry can be problematic, since these cells overlap significantly with the neutrophil cluster on forward scatter versus side scatter plots of whole blood samples. Current methods can be time-consuming when running multiple samples or may compromise yield in the interests of greater accuracy. The use of eosinophil purification techniques prior to FACS analysis or sorting as a way of ensuring purity may have unpredictable effects on eosinophil activation, leading to questionable data interpretation. Here we describe a simple, single-step method for definition of eosinophils utilizing their high side scatter and CD16 fluorescence negativity to differentiate them from neutrophils. The purity of the neutrophil and eosinophil populations sorted with this gate is close to 100% regardless of the peripheral blood eosinophil count, while the population obtained by sorting on a plot of FSC/SSC was a mixture of eosinophils and neutrophils. We suggest this method as a simple, reproducible, and accurate way of defining eosinophils by flow cytometry for analysis or sorting.
Physics and computations of gas dynamic waves

Abstract Propagation of acoustic signals, of gas dynamic wave fronts, and of physical and numerical information, is expressed in a common mathematical form in terms of the geometry of moving surfaces on which the characteristic determinant vanishes. Characteristic surfaces, vortex sheets, contact surfaces and shock waves, all have associated with them ray fields defined by integral curves of a set of Hamiltonian equations. Possibilities of computing gas flows, with and without singular surfaces, by a geometrical construction are discussed and examples from literature are cited.
Defining the Interactions Between Intermediate Filaments and Desmosomes

Desmoplakin (DP), plakoglobin (PG), and plakophilin 1 (PP1) are desmosomal components lacking a transmembrane domain, thus making them candidate linker proteins for connecting intermediate filaments and desmosomes. Using deletion and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that remarkably, removal of ∼1% of DP's sequence obliterates its ability to associate with desmosomes. Conversely, when linked to a foreign protein, as few as 86 NH2-terminal DP residues are sufficient to target to desmosomes efficiently. In in vitro overlay assays, the DP head specifically associates with itself and with desmocollin 1a (Dsc1a). In similar overlay assays, PP1 binds to DP and Dsc1a, and to a lesser extent, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), while PG binds to Dsg1 and more weakly to Dsc1a and DP. Interestingly, like DP, PG and PP1 associate with epidermal keratins, although PG is considerably weaker in its ability to do so. As judged by overlay assays, the amino terminal head domain of type II keratins appears to have a special importance in establishing these connections. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the complexities of the links between desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs). Our results suggest a model whereby at desmosome sites within dividing epidermal cells, DP and PG anchor to desmosomal cadherins and to each other, forming an ordered array of nontransmembrane proteins that then bind to keratin IFs. As epidermal cells differentiate, PP1 is added as a molecular reinforcement to the plaque, enhancing anchorage to IFs and accounting at least partially for the increase in numbers and stability of desmosomes in suprabasal cells.
Numerical simulations of Hurricane Katrina (2005) in the turbulent gray zone

Current numerical simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs) use a horizontal grid spacing as small as Δx = 103 m, with all boundary layer (BL) turbulence parameterized. Eventually, TC simulations can be conducted at Large Eddy Simulation (LES) resolution, which requires Δx to fall in the inertial subrange (often <102 m) to adequately resolve the large, energy-containing eddies. Between the two lies the so-called “terra incognita” because some of the assumptions used by mesoscale models and LES to treat BL turbulence are invalid. This study performs several 4–6 h simulations of Hurricane Katrina (2005) without a BL parameterization at extremely fine Δx [333, 200, and 111 m, hereafter “Large Eddy Permitting (LEP) runs”] and compares with mesoscale simulations with BL parameterizations (Δx = 3 km, 1 km, and 333 m, hereafter “PBL runs”). There are profound differences in the hurricane BL structure between the PBL and LEP runs: the former have a deeper inflow layer and secondary eyewall formation, whereas the latter have a shallow inflow layer without a secondary eyewall. Among the LEP runs, decreased Δx yields weaker subgrid-scale vertical momentum fluxes, but the sum of subgrid-scale and “grid-scale” fluxes remain similar. There is also evidence that the size of the prevalent BL eddies depends upon Δx, suggesting that convergence to true LES has not yet been reached. Nevertheless, the similarities in the storm-scale BL structure among the LEP runs indicate that the net effect of the BL on the rest of the hurricane may be somewhat independent of Δx.
Effect of cytokinin on the distribution of 14C-glyphosate in Xanthium pennsylvanicum

Cytokinin N6-(δ2-isopentenyl) adenosine (i6A) was applied five times to runoff on the first leaf of Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr. After a 24 h application period the second leaf was treated with the herbicide methyl-14C-glyphosate, [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The distribution of radioactivity was determined after 12 and 24 h. At no time after treatment did 14C-glyphosate move preferentially into the i6A treated leaf. Radioactivity accumulated in all plant parts, but in i6A-treated plants, there were more counts in the actively growing areas after 12 h. The primary effect of i6A after 24 h was enhanced uptake of 14C-glyphosate into the plant. To determine if the increased uptake and altered movement of 14C-glyphosate was due to a cytokinin-induced transpiration increase, leaf diffusive resistance was measured. Leaf diffusive resistances were unaffected by i6A during the 48 h after application. By 12 h after the application of glyphosate, the herbicide was found not to affect the cytokinin content in the Xanthium root tips.
Retrogenetic Expression: the Reappearance of Embryonal Antigens in Cancer Cells

VARIOUS reports of embryonal antigens in extracts of tumour tissues have appeared since 1932 (refs. 1–9). Such antigens, absent from homologous normal tissues, have been detected in colonic6, hepatic7 and lung cancers8. These findings stimulated a study of the possible universal appearance of embryonic antigens in cancer tissues.
The exclusive economic zone and antarctica: The dilemmas of non‐sovereign jurisdiction

Abstract Antarctica is the only continent from which no exclusive economic zones extend. This article examines the EEZ as a legal concept, particularly its relevance for enhancing maritime jurisdiction offshore Antarctica. The study analyzes the political setting in the Antarctic which would affect creation of EEZs in the region, especially the division of the continent into sector claims by certain states and the implications presented by various island groups in the area. An appraisal is made of the legal situation and the jurisdictional opportunities afforded by the Antarctic Treaty System. The author concludes that a recognized political authority, with demonstrated legal competence and capabilities, is administering jurisdictional considerations in the Antarctic area. In its operation, this Antarctic Treaty regime fulfills management and conservation functions analogous to those of EEZs in waters offshore the continent.
The fine structure of real mice

Before one can construct scales of minimal complexity in the Real Core Model, K (ℝ), one needs to develop the fine-structure theory of K (ℝ). In this paper, the fine structure theory of mice, first introduced by Dodd and Jensen, is generalized to that of real mice . A relative criterion for mouse iterability is presented together with two theorems concerning the definability of this criterion. The proof of the first theorem requires only fine structure; whereas, the second theorem applies to real mice satisfying AD and follows from a general definability result obtained by abstracting work of John Steel on L (ℝ). In conclusion, we discuss several consequences of the work presented in this paper relevant to two issues: the complexity of scales in K (ℝ)and the strength of the theory ZF + AD + ┐DC ℝ .
Uptake and Loss of Na+, Rb+, and Cs+ in Relation to an Active Mechanism for Extrusion of Na+ in Scenedesmus

The mechanism for extrusion of Na + from Scenedesmus cells is characterized physiologically. It is stimulated by phosphate but oxygen is not necessary. Rb + and Cs + may also be extruded, but in the presence of Na + they cannot compete for the sites on the inside of the transport system. When Na + is extruded, Rb + and, by inference, K + seems to be transported as counter ion from the outside, and sodium ions compete only weakly for this external site. The parallelism between these findings and the Na + -K + -activated adenosine triphosphatases known from animal tissues is pointed out. With low additions of phosphate, the extrusion mechanism can keep the cells practically free from Na + . Increasing the concentrations of external phosphate stimulates uptake more than extrusion, and a net uptake occurs. As for Rb + and Cs + , they are taken up in the absence of external phosphate, but additions of P will greatly enhance the amounts absorbed. Two different ways of uptake are indicated.
A treecode for potentials of the form r-λ

It is known that the classical multilevel fast multipole method is a good technique for accelerating the iterative solution of integral equations with the Green's function kernel 1/r. However, few methods have been proposed for problems in molecular dynamics and computational chemistry where the Green's function is of the form r-λ, λ≥1. In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm for computing potentials in which the integral equations have r-λ kernels. We propose a treecode algorithm which uses spherical harmonics to compute multipole coefficients that are used to evaluate these potentials. The key idea in this algorithm is the use of ultraspherical polynomials to represent r-λ in a manner analogous to the use of Legendre polynomials for the expansion of the Coulomb potential r-1. We exploit the relationship between ultraspherical and Legendre polynomials to develop a natural generalization of the multipole expansion theorem which was used in the multilevel fast multipole method. This theorem is used along with a hierarchical scheme to compute potentials of the form r-λ. The complexity of the algorithm is O(p3Nlog N) where N is the number of interacting particles and p is a small constant. We discuss the advantages of our algorithm over existing single level methods based on Cartesian coordinate expansion schemes. The efficiency of the algorithm is illustrated with numerical experiments.
Temperature control of electrohydrodynamic micro heat pipes

Abstract Active thermal control was achieved by using an electrohydrodynamically (EHD) assisted micro heat pipe array. A simulation model of temperature control of EHD micro heat pipes was established in a Matlab Sinulink environment. An experimental model was designed and fabricated to verify the model and identify the factors most influential to the thermal control via EHD micro heat pipe array. Good correspondence between simulations and experiments was achieved. Electric field intensity, set-point temperature and the gap between the upper and lower set-point temperatures were shown to have a dramatic influence on the temperature control.
PCA Combined Model-Based Design of Experiments (DOE) Criteria for Differential and Algebraic System Parameter Estimation

Design of experiments (DOE) for parameter estimation in dynamic systems is receiving more attention from process system engineers. In this paper, a principal component analysis (PCA)-based optimal criterion (P-optimal) for model-based DOE is proposed that combines PCA with information matrix analysis. The P-optimal criterion is a general form that encompasses most widely used optimal design criteria such as D-, E-, and SV-optimal, and it can automatically choose the optimal objective function (criterion) to use for a specific differential and algebraic (DAE) system. Two engineering examples are used to validate the algorithms and assumptions. The advantages of P-optimal DOE include ease of reducing the scale of the optimization process by choosing parameter subsets to increase estimation accuracy of specific parameters and avoid an ill-conditioned information matrix.
Flow induced migration in polymer melts – Theory and simulation

Flow induced migration, whereby polymer melts are fractionated by molecular weight across a flow field, represents a significant complication in the processing of polymer melts. Despite its long history, such phenomena remain relatively poorly understood. Here a simple analytical theory is presented which predicts the phenomena based on well-established principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It is unambiguously shown that for purely viscous materials, a gradient in shear rate is needed to drive migration; for purely viscometric flows no migration is expected. Molecular scale simulations of flow migration effects in dense polymer melts are also presented. In shear flow the melts exhibit similar behavior as the quiescent case; a constant shear rate across the gap does not induce chain length based migration. In comparison, parabolic flow causes profound migration for both unentangled and entangled melts. These findings are consistent with the analytical theory. The picture that emerges is consistent with flow induced migration mechanisms predominating over competing chain degradation mechanisms.
Properties of ion channels inferred from the surface compartment model (SCM)

Abstract Ion flow in excitable membranes has been described with the aid of two theoretical models. Ionic processes in the electrical double layer regions of natural membranes are described in the Surface Compartment Model [1,2], and the cation permeability of voltage-gated channels is based on an oligomeric pore model [3]. A combination of both models, under voltage clamp, leads to currents normally observed in squid axon membranes [4,5]. The variation of the current with the model parameters suggests the molecular properties that control the kinetics and specificity of the oligomeric ion channels. The apparent ion selectivity of a channel appears to depend primarily upon the speed of the gating charge.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel 5-Fluoro-2‘-deoxyuridine Phosphoramidate Prodrugs

A series of novel haloethyl and piperidyl phosphoramidate FdUMP prodrug analogues has been synthesized, and the growth inhibitory activity of these compounds has been evaluated against L1210 mouse leukemia cells. All compounds exhibited potent inhibition of L1210 cell proliferation with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 μM thymidine, suggesting a mechanism of action involving the intracellular release of FdUMP. 31P NMR studies carried out on model haloethyl phosphoramidates confirm the release of nucleotide via cyclization of the phosphoramidate anion to the aziridinium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis of the P−N bond. The data suggests that <50% of the prodrug is converted to FdUMP intracellularly by this pathway. Piperidyl phosphoramidate analogues are also converted to nucleotide intracellularly, presumably by the action of an endogenous phosphoramidase.
A theoretical basis for interpreting the force applied to the pedal in cycling.

Abstract This article presents an analytical technique for decomposing the pedal force in cycling into a muscular component due directly to the net intersegmental moments and a nonmuscular component due to gravitational and inertial effects. The decomposition technique uses the Newton-Euler system of dynamic equations for the leg segments to solve for the two components, given the planar segmental kinematics and the intersegmental moments. Applications of the technique to cycling studies of muscle function, pedalling effectiveness, and optimization analyses based on inverse dynamics are discussed. While this article focuses on the pedal force in cycling, the decomposition method can be directly applied to analyze the reaction forces during a general planar movement of the leg when the segmental kinematics and intersegmental moments are specified. This article also demonstrates the significance of the nonmuscular component relative to the muscular component by performing the decomposition of the pedal forces of an example subject who pedalled at three different cadences against a common work load. The key results were that the nonmuscular components increased in magnitude as the cadence increased, whereas the magnitude of the muscular component remained relatively constant over the majority of the crank cycle. Also, even at the slowest pedalling rate of 70 rpm, the magnitude of the nonmuscular component was substantial.
Complete regeneration of peri-implantitis-induced bony defects using guided bone regeneration is unpredictable.

Systematic review conclusion Complete fill of peri-implant bony defects using a guided bone regeneration (GBR) protocol does not seem to be a predictable outcome. Critical summary assessment On the basis of the low-quality evidence of this weak systematic review, GBR cannot be recommended over other methods for the treatment of peri-implantitis–induced bone loss. Evidence quality rating Poor.
Review of the Handbook of individual differences, learning, and instruction

Abstract The determination of learning styles is a fundamental aspect of ensuring academic success. Assistance in assessing these learning styles is now available through The Handbook of Individual Differences, Learning, and Instruction .
RADIOIODINE CONCENTRATIONS AND CLEARANCES IN RATS RECEIVING IODINE, THYROID AND PROPYLTHIOURACIL

THE experiments here reported were conducted tq determine the alteration in the distribution and concentration of radioiodine in the pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, muscle and blood of rats maintained on prolonged high iodine intake, on desiccated thyroid and on propylthiouracil and to determine whether these conditions influence the local clearance of I131 after intramuscular injection. methods Five groups of five young, female albino rats (Groups I-V) were given graded doses of Lugol’s solution daily in their drinking water over a period of 120 days. Five animals (Group VI) received no Lugol’s solution over the same period. Drinking containers were emptied and washed daily and replaced with from 1 to 5 drops of fresh Lugol’s solution in 100 ml. of tap water (approximately 0.9 to 4.3 mg. of iodine daily for each rat). Rockland rat ration was provided, supplemented weekly with fresh vegetables.
Simplified Robotics Joint-Space Trajectory Generation with a via Point Using a Single Polynomial

This paper presents novel fourth- and sixth-order polynomials to solve the problem of joint-space trajectory generation with a via point. These new polynomials use a single-polynomial function rather than two-polynomial functions matched at the via point as in previous methods. The problem of infinite spikes in jerk is also addressed.
Thermal enhancement of low dose rate irradiation in a murine tumour system

The effects of localized hyperthermia (HT) in combination with low dose rate irradiation (brachytherapy) have been investigated in vivo using a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Flank tumours were grown to 0.45–0.70 cm3 in volume, at which time their treatment course was initiated. Tumours were locally heated in a water bath for 15 min at either 44 or 45°C. For tumour irradiations a non-invasive cap was devised to permanently house three iodine-125 sealed sources located at 120° intervals around the circumference of the hemispherical cap. During treatment, mice were secured in a modified syringe tube allowing mobility while restricting access to the cap which was placed over the tumour. Calculated dose rates ranged from 15 to 40 cGy/h. Brachytherapy (BT) was delivered for 48 or 72 h to obtain a dose range of 830–2378 cGy. Mice were randomized into one of 10 treatment protocols: BT alone, HT-BT, BT-HT, HT-BT-HT, 1/2BT-HT-1/2BT, four control groups of HT alone and a sham treatment group. Normalized tumour doub...