cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early therapy of feline leukemia virus infection (FeLV-FAIDS) with 9-(2-phosphonyl-methoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA)

Abstract Cats infected with molecularly cloned FeLV-FAIDS develop an immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by persistent antigenemia, decline in circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes, and impaired T-cell-dependent immune responses and opportunistic infection. We evaluated the capacity of PMEA to inhibit the replication of FeLV-FAIDS in vitro and to inhibit the progression of FeLV-FAIDS infection in vivo. We found that PMEA inhibited replication of FeLV-FAIDS by ≥50% at concentrations of ≥0.5 μg/ml (1.63 μM) in feline fibroblasts and prevented T lymphocyte killing at concentrations of 3 μg/ml. PMEA administered to cats at dosages of ≥6.25 mg/kg/day from 0 to 49 days after FeLV-FAIDS infection prevented the development of persistent antigenemia and the induction of immunodeficiency disease. In contrast to placebo treated controls, cats successfully treated with PMEA contained viral infection, developed neutralizing antibody, and resisted a second virulent virus challenge without further therapy. Manifestations of PMEA toxicity produced by higher dosages (25 or 12.5 mg/kg/day) were anemia, leukopenia, and diarrhea. These results indicate PMEA to be a potent antiretroviral agent effective in aborting fatal progression of FeLV-FAIDS infection when therapy is initiated at the time of virus exposure.
Vitamin K1 hydroquinone formation catalyzed by a microsomal reductase system.

Summary Vitamin K 1 hydroquinone has been identified as a metabolite of vitamin K 1 and vitamin K 1 2,3 epoxide in a hepatic microsomal system. Vitamin K 1 was also a product of epoxide metabolism. The hydroquinone was identified by its UV spectrum and by comparison of its high performance liquid chromatrographic retention times with that of synthetic hydroquinone. Dithiothreitol, and to a much lesser extent NADH, provided reducing equivalents for the reductase system. With the epoxide as substrate, hydroquinone formation was inhibited by warfarin more completely than was vitamin K 1 formation. Warfarin was also a very effective inhibitor of hydroquinone formation from vitamin K 1 . This high sensitivity of hydroquinone formation to warfarin inhibition suggests that such inhibition is relevant to warfarin anticoagulant activity.
57Co-Bleomycin kinetics in normal and tumour-bearing mice after systemic and local administration

Summary In tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice the body clearance and organ distribution of 57 Co-BLM was measured at different time intervals after iv., sc., and it. administration of the drug. No significant difference could be demonstrated in body clearance following different doses and routes of application of labelled BLM in tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice. The organ distribution studies showed higher concentrations following iv. compared to sc. or it. of 57 Co-BLM; however, the activity in the ipsilateral injection sites was significantly increased after sc. and it. injection. In tumour-bearing mice the activity in the lymph nodes draining injection site was as high as that seen in the draining lymph nodes following iv. injection. However, on the contralateral side, the lymph node concentration was significantly reduced after it. injection. These results indicate on the basis of organ distribution of 57 Co-BLM a rational basis for it. treatment of malignant tumours.
Egg consumption and coronary heart disease : An epidemiologic overview

Serum cholesterol has been established as a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Experimental feeding studies show that saturated fat and cholesterol increase serum cholesterol levels; thus, dietary recommendations for lowering the risk of heart disease proscribe the intake of both substances. Recommendations have also included limits on the intake of eggs because of their high cholesterol content. In free-living populations, diet reflects a pattern of associated choices. Increases in one food may lead to changes in the consumption of other foods that may modulate disease risk. Epidemiologic data are helpful in assessing the importance of foods and nutrients in the context in which they are actually consumed. We review epidemiologic data relating dietary cholesterol and eggs to coronary disease risk. Cholesterol intake was associated with a modest increase in the risk of coronary events. The true magnitude of the association is difficult to estimate because most studies fail to account for potential confounding by other features of the diet. When a full-range of confounding factors was considered, the association between cholesterol intake and heart disease risk was small (6% increase in risk for 200mg/1,000kcal/day difference in cholesterol intake). Several studies have examined egg intake and its relationship with coronary outcomes. All but one failed to consider the role of other potentially confounding dietary factors. When dietary confounders were considered, no association was seen between egg consumption at levels up to 1 + egg per day and the risk of coronary heart disease in non-diabetic men and women.
Intrinsic reactivity of tamoxifen and toremifene metabolites with DNA

The antiestrogen tamoxifen is known to cause liver cancer in rats. This may be due to the formation of abundant DNA adducts in rat liver. A likely precursor to some of the tamoxifen adducts in rats is α-hydroxytamoxifen. It is not clear whether the rat data are relevant to human exposure. In the present study, we show that one of the major metabolites in humans reacts with double-stranded DNA in vitro in the absence of any metabolizing enzymes or activating chemicals. At least two distinct adduct spots resulting from 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (metabolite Bx) were detected by 32P postlabeling and thin layer chromatography. The adduct level increases dramatically when metabolite Bx is irradiated with UV light to fuse into a phenanthrene ring system. 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltoremifene, which differs from Bx by a single chlorine atom,forms fewer DNA adducts without irradiation but similar amounts after irradiation. These results suggest that the chlorine atom may interfere with drug-DNA interactions which facilitate adduct formation.
A Test of Financial Integration in East Asia

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of financial integration occurring in East Asia. Increasing economic integration in East Asia over the last two decades has been evidenced by consistent growth in intra‐regional trade and investment. Greater economic integration in the region, accompanied by financial deregulation and liberalization, has contributed to greater financial integration. This study confirms increasing degree of financial market integration in East Asia by comparing movements of monthly money market rates before and after the Asian financial crisis. Convergence of interest rates across the countries in East Asia is examined by analyzing deviations, correlation coefficients and multivariate co‐integration tests of interest rates.
Language in the Cerebellum

Purpose To explore increasingly compelling evidence that the adult human cerebellum is involved in nonmotor affective and cognitive activity, including language—functions that have in the past been...
Adult Graduate Students Challenge Institutions to Change

Changing clienteles challenge institutions to respond to their needs. Today's adult graduate student requires expanded attention from student service providers as they move into, through, and out of their graduate experience. Examples of services for the new graduate student are discussed.
Synthesis of short chain phosphatidylinositols

Abstract A short, convenient, and versatile synthesis of short chain D - and L -phosphatidylinositols is reported.
Sequence-specific Single-molecule Analysis of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine Lesions in DNA based on Unzipping Kinetics of Complementary Probes in Ion Channel Recordings

Translocation measurements of intact DNA strands with the ion channel α-hemolysin (α-HL) are limited to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) experiments as the dimensions of the channel prevent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) translocation; however, if a short oligodeoxynucleotide is used to interrogate a longer ssDNA strand, it is possible to unzip the duplex region when it is captured in the α-HL vestibule, allowing the longer strand to translocate through the α-HL channel. This unzipping process has a characteristic duration based on the stability of the duplex. Here, ion channel recordings are used to detect the presence and relative location of the oxidized damage site 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG) in a sequence-specific manner. OG engages in base pairing to C or A with unique stabilities relative to native base Watson–Crick pairings, and this phenomenon is used here to engineer probe sequences (10–15mers) that, when base-paired with a 65mer sequence of interest, containing either G or OG at a single site, produc...
Mound formation in surface growth under shadowing

In this paper we report on the morphological evolution of thin films grown by commonly employed deposition techniques, such as sputtering and chemical vapor deposition. In these deposition techniques, an angular distribution of incident particle flux leads to the shadowing effect, which often plays an important role in defining the growth front morphology. We show both by simulations and experiments that a mounded structure can be formed with a characteristic length scale, or “wavelength” , which describes the separation of the mounds. We also show that the temporal evolution of is distinctly different from that of the mound size or lateral correlation length . The wavelength grows as a function of time in a power-law form, t p , where p0.5 for a wide range of growth conditions, while the mound size grows as t 1/z , where 1/z varies depending on growth conditions. The existence of these two length scales and their different growth rates leads to a breakdown of the self-affine and dynamic scaling hypotheses that have been used to describe many surface growth phenomena in the past.
A heuristic N-jobs/M-machines scheduling algorithm

Abstract This paper presents a heuristic algorithm to minimize the makespan of the N-job/M-machine job-shop scheduling problem. The algorithm is based on the assumption that the (different) technological ordering of machines for each job is deterministic and that the problem is static. Hauristic priority rules are used to determine the job with the highest priority at each (scheduling) stage. The illustrative example demonstrates the systematic iteration to accomplish the scheduling.
Bacterial cellulose. I. Factors affecting the production of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum

Cellulose production by a strain of Acetobacter xylinum (the nata organism) was affected by the type and concentration of sugar, nitrogen source and pH. Fructose, fructose + sucrose, fructose + lactose and sucrose gave the highest yields (5.25–7.38 g/l). Glucose gave low yields when used alone or in combination with other sugars. The pH of all glucose-containing media decreased from pH 5.0 to ~3.0. When fructose alone or in combination with sucrose was used at 1, 5 or 15% concentrations, 5 and 15% total sugar concentrations gave the highest, and similar yields. Organic sources of nitrogen were the most favorable for cellulose biosynthesis. Among the organic sources tested, yeast extract in combination with peptone gave the best product yield. Higher yields of cellulose were obtained at pH 4.5 than at 5.5 and its production was completely inhibited at pH 3.5.
Survival Results from a Phase I Study of Etanidazole (SR2508) and Radiotherapy in Patients with Malignant Glioma

Purpose: To report the survival results from a previous Phase I study of etanidazole (ETA) and radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM n = 50) or anaplastic astrocytoma (AA n = 19) and examine survival according to age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and implant status. Patients and Methods: In a previous Phase I study, 70 previously untreated patients (median age 49) with malignant gliomas were accrued. One patient was excluded from analysis because pathology was unverifiable. All had KPS ≥ 70. Prior to initiation of treatment, patients were stratified according to whether they were candidates for interstitial implantation. The implant patients (IMP n = 14) received accelerated fractionation radiotherapy (XRT) 2 Gy BID (6 hours apart) to 40 Gy in 2 weeks with ETA 2 gm/m2 × 6 doses, a 2 week break, and then interstitial implant for an additional 50 Gy (4–7 days) with a continuous infusion of ETA over 90–96 hours. There were 55 patients treated on two sequentially conducted non-implant arms. These patients started with accelerated fractionation XRT 2 Gy BID (6 hours apart) to 40 Gy in 2 weeks with ETA 2 gm/m2 × 4–5 doses/week. Non-IMP1 arm (n = 41) received a 2-week break before standard fractionated boost XRT of 2 Gy/day for 2 weeks to a total dose of 60 Gy with ETA. Non-IMP2 arm (n = 14) did not have the 2-week break. All patients had plasma pharmacokinetic monitoring of ETA. Subsequent follow-up study provided information regarding long-term survival status of this group of patients. The Phase I toxicity evaluation was conducted according to the RTOG toxicity scale and was found well tolerated in both groups. Overall actuarial survival was plotted for all patients, by histologic group, and by implant status. Subset analyses of GBM patients by age (≤ 49 or > 49 years), KPS (≤ 80 or > 80) and implant versus non-implant were also performed. Results: Median survival of GBM patients was 1.1 years and that of anaplastic astrocytoma patients was 3.1 years (p = 0.0001). In GBM patients, KPS > 80, implanted patients, and age ≤ 49 were factors found not to be associated with a statistically improved survival. Conclusion: The results of survival in this Phase I etanidazole study of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma are comparable to the results from other studies using bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, or procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), and vincristine. The use of etanidazole with accelerated radiotherapy does not appear to improve survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme compared to those treated with conventional therapies.
Recent Developments in the Use of Group-Specific Ligands for Affinity Bioseparations

Abstract One of the major obstacles encountered in the commercialization of biochemical products is their separation and purification since it can represent up to 60% of the total production costsl. Using conventional methods such as filtration, centrifugation, extraction, precipitation, and chromatography usually requires many separation steps in order to isolate biomolecules with similar physicochemical properties. Conventional techniques suffer from a lack of selectivity for a specific biomolecule in a complex mixture, especially when the biomolecules in the mixture have similar properties. A dramatic increase in selectivity is obtained when the method of recovery is based on affinity interactions between the desired macromolecule and its complementary ligand.
RNA interference for CFTR attenuates lung fluid absorption at birth in rats

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against αENaC (α-subunit of the epithelial Na channel) and CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) was used to explore ENaC and CTFR function in newborn rat lungs. Twenty-four hours after trans-thoracic intrapulmonary (ttip) injection of siRNA-generating plasmid DNA (pSi-0, pSi-4, or pSi-C2), we measured CFTR and ENaC expression, extravascular lung water, and mortality. αENaC and CFTR mRNA and protein decreased by ~80% and ~85%, respectively, following αENaC and CFTR silencing. Extravascular lung water and mortality increased after αENaC and CFTR-silencing. In pSi-C2-transfected isolated DLE cells there were attenuated CFTR mRNA and protein. In pSi-4-transfected DLE cells αENaC mRNA and protein were both reduced. Interestingly, CFTR-silencing also reduced αENaC mRNA and protein. αENaC silencing, on the other hand, only slightly reduced CFTR mRNA and protein. Thus, ENaC and CFTR are both involved in the fluid secretion to absorption conversion around at birth.
Effects of Aqueous-Phase Salinity on Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsion Stability

The stability and morphology of water-in-crude oil emulsions were investigated as functions of aqueous-phase salinity. First, the aqueous phase at the initial ionic strength, and then at 10 and 100...
Determining the molecular-packing arrangements on protein crystal faces by atomic force microscopy

Previous atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies and periodic bond-chain (PBC) analyses of tetragonal lysozyme crystals have suggested that the (110) face consists of chains of molecules related to one another by 43 axes parallel to the crystal face. In this study, high-resolution AFM images of the (110) face were obtained and analyzed in order to verify this prediction. A computer program was employed which constructs the theoretical AFM image corresponding to a specific crystallographic molecular-packing arrangement and AFM tip shape. The packing arrangement and tip shape were varied in order to obtain the maximum possible correlation between experimental and theoretical images. The prediction from PBC analysis of an arrangement involving 43 helices was confirmed in this manner, while the alternate arrangement, consisting of molecules related to one another by 21 axes, was not observed. However, the surface structure was found to differ significantly even from this crystallographic arrangement. The molecules were found to pack slightly closer about what will become the 43 axes within the interior of the crystal, suggesting the occurrence of surface reconstruction or rearrangement on the tetragonal lysozyme (110) face. This study represents a new approach for more precise determination of the molecular-packing arrangements on protein crystal faces employing AFM.
Do modern-day medical herbalists have anything to learn from Anglo-Saxon medical writings?

Abstract The 10th-century Anglo-Saxon (AS) medical texts are the first to have been written in English and use mainly plant preparations, but have received only limited attention from herbalists. Focusing mainly on The Leechbook of Bald, this study considers the potential value of AS recipes to modern herbal practice and discusses why uses of herbs have changed. It was found that no herbs were used in the Leechbooks in exactly the same way as they are today, but a more detailed study of AS uses of Marrubium vulgare and Stachys betonica supported the argument that AS medicine was plausible and is of more than just historical and cultural interest. Some AS uses of Piper nigrum and Ruscus aculeatus could be justified from a modern viewpoint, although they are currently little used in British herbal medicine. The reasons for their loss of popularity are complex but different in each case. A study of Ilex aquifolium, unused in modern herbal medicine, found the AS recipes in which it was used too complex and different from modern thinking to be usefully assessed for future potential. However, the AS use of the saponin-containing Hedera helix boiled in butter for sunburn, could suggest that it has a potential use, perhaps as an anti-inflammatory in skin preparations. The reasons for changes in herb uses are many and varied, but AS herbal writings still have information of value. There is enough evidence of similarity between usage then and now to prevent us dismissing the texts as historically too remote in the nature of the practice described. Furthermore, there is a wealth of material differing from current practice which merits serious consideration. There is every likelihood that AS recipes contain currently unused herbs which could prove beneficial. It is recommended that multi-disciplinary work on the AS medical writings should continue, with input from medical herbalists.
Satisfactions in Work Design: Ergonomics and Other Approaches

The article reviews the book “Satisfactions in Work Design: Ergonomics and Other Approaches,” edited by R. G. Sell and P. Shipley.
Calculation of turbulent shear stress in supersonic boundary layer flows

An analysis of turbulent boundary layer flow characteristics and the computational procedure used are discussed. The integrated mass and momentum flux profiles and differentials of the integral quantities are used in the computations so that local evaluation of the streamwise velocity gradient is not necessary. The computed results are compared with measured shear stress data obtained by using hot wire anemometer and laser velocimeter techniques. The flow measurements were made upstream and downstream of an adiabatic unseparated interaction of an oblique shock wave with the turbulent boundary layer on the flat wall of a two dimensional wind tunnel. A comparison of the numerical analysis and actual measurements is made and the effects of small differences in mean flow profiles on the computed shear stress distributions are discussed.
Causes of revision following Oxford phase 3 unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Purpose Revision of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is relatively rare, but there is concern that the minimally invasive approach might result in more complications and a higher rate of revision. Current data regarding the revision of UKA using the Oxford phase 3 prosthesis are confined to a few reviews of single-institution experience. The purpose of this study was to provide an evidence-based summarisation of the revision of UKA with a pooled analysis of the reported cases.
The common mechanisms of transformation by the small DNA tumor viruses: The inactivation of tumor suppressor gene products: p53.

Abstract The small DNA tumor viruses, Polyoma virus, Simian Vacuolating Virus 40, the Papilloma viruses and the human Adenoviruses, were first described during a period of intense virus discovery (1930–1960s) and shown to produce tumors in animals. In each of these cases the viral DNA was shown to persist (commonly integrated into a host chromosome) and only a selected portion of this DNA was expressed as m-RNA and proteins in these cancers. The viral encoded tumor antigens were identified and shown to be required to both establish the tumor and maintain the transformed cell phenotype. The functions of these viral tumor antigens were explored and shown to have common features and mechanisms even though they appear to have evolved from diverse genes. The SV40 large tumor antigen, the human Papilloma virus E7 protein and the Adenovirus E1A protein were shown to bind to and inactivate the functions of the Retinoblastoma proteins in transformed cells. This resulted in the activation of the E2F and DP transcription factors and the entry of cells into the S-phase of DNA synthesis which was required for viral DNA replication. These events triggered the activation of p53 which promotes apoptosis of these virus infected cells limiting virus replication and tumor formation. These viruses responded by evolving and producing the SV40 large tumor antigen, the human Papilloma virus E6 protein and the Adenovirus E1b-55Kd protein which binds to and inactivates the p53 functions in both the infected cells and transformed cells. Some of the human Papilloma viruses and one of the Polyoma viruses have been shown to cause selected cancers in humans. Both the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which was uncovered in the studies with these viruses, and the retinoblastoma protein, have been shown to play a central role in the origins of human cancers via both somatic and germ line mutations in those genes.
The analysis of phase separation and phase distribution phenomena using two-fluid models

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the ability of multidimensional two-fluid models to predict the observed phase separation and lateral phase distribution phenomena. It will be shown that such phenomena can be predicted once all significant physical mechanisms have been adequately modelled. Indeed, this paper shows, for the first time, that closed-loop predictions are possible of multidimensional phase distribution and phase separation in two-phase flows.
The name's the game: Does marketing impact the value of corporate name changes?

Abstract Each year, thousands of firms change their names, many in the absence of an accompanying M&A event. Existing research reveals significant heterogeneity in the stock market response to such pure name changes. Why do some firms reap greater stock market rewards for changing their names? Our study of name change announcements by 180 publicly listed U.S. firms reveals that marketing-related factors play a critical role in the value of corporate name changes: Firms with high marketing influence in their C-suite, high marketing investments, and high marketing capability receive greater stock market rewards for changing their names. Firms that change their names to leverage a strong brand in their portfolio, or to proactively communicate a change in their scope of business (i.e., a future change in their product portfolio or geographical markets), are also rewarded more than firms that change their names to retroactively align their names with a new scope.
Nonlinear Approximation by Trigonometric Sums

We investigate the Lp-error of approximation to a function f ∈ Lp(T d ) by a linear combinationk ckek of n exponentials ek(x) := e ik,x� = e i(k 1x1+···+kd xd ) on T d , where the frequencies k ∈ Z d are allowed to depend on f . We bound this error in terms of the smoothness and other properties of f and show that our bounds are best possible in the sense of approximation of certain classes of functions.
Tissue-Specific Deletion of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Protects Mice from Virus-Induced Pancreatitis and Myocarditis

In cultured cells, infection by group B coxsackievirus (CVB) is mediated by the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), but the importance of this molecule in CVB-induced disease has not been determined. We generated mice with tissue-specific ablation of CAR within each of two major CVB target organs, the pancreas and heart. In the pancreas, deletion of CAR resulted in a significant reduction in both virus titers and virus-induced tissue damage. Similarly, cardiomyocyte-specific CAR deletion resulted in a marked reduction in virus titer, infection-associated cytokine production, and histopathology within the heart. Consistent with the in vivo phenotype, CAR-deficient cardiomyocytes resisted infection in vitro. These results demonstrate a critical function for CAR in the pathogenesis of CVB infection in vivo and in virus tropism for the heart and pancreas.
Response of the Hurricane Boundary Layer to Changes of Sea Surface Temperature in a Numerical Model

Abstract An axisymmetric, multilayer hurricane model is used to investigate the hurricane's response to sudden changes of sea surface temperature (SST). The model contains a parameterization of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) which includes matched formulations for the surface layer and the mixed layer. The heat, moisture and momentum fluxes are mutually dependent through Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The height of the model hurricane PEL is 400–500 m, below which the potential temperature and specific humidity are nearly invariant with height. The flow in the hurricane PBL is characterized by subgradient tangential velocities and nearly uniform cross-isobaric flow angles. The sensible heating from the ocean is insignificant, but the evaporation is large. The magnitudes of the equivalent drag coefficients are approximately one-third those of the exchange coefficients for heat and moisture. As the SST is suddenly decreased (increased), the steady-state model hurricane experiences two stages of modifi...
The costs of soil carbon sequestration: An economic analysis for small-scale farming systems in Senegal

Abstract Carbon sequestration in degraded agricultural soils in developing countries to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is increasingly promoted as a potential win–win strategy, particularly for drylands. While considerable effort has been made to assess the benefits for local soils, regional ecosystems, as well as the global climate, few estimates exist regarding detailed costs and benefits for local smallholders, the ultimate actors and beneficiaries of carbon offset projects. This paper presents a farmer-centered ex-ante cost–benefit analysis of 15 management and land use options combined with a household budget model to assess what practices are most profitable and economically feasible for local farmers in the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. The results show significant differences in anticipated net benefits for various management options, ranging from −$1400 to $9600 tC−1. Given the differential resource-endowment of local smallholders, carefully designed cost-sharing mechanisms would be necessary to achieve equitable and efficient local participation in carbon sequestration schemes.
Correlation of the oxygen saturation of the blood and changes in the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and heart rate during the anoxemia test; observations on normal persons and patients with suspected and manifest coronary heart disease.

During the performance of a series of anoxemia tests the oxygen saturation of the blood has been determined by means of the Millikan oximeter. The levels of hypoxemia induced have been correlated with various other factors. The results are considered with particular reference to a possible critical range, within which changes in the circulation occur.
The indirect production of no-carrier-added57Co via the 59Co(p,3n)57Ni→57Co reaction

Abstract A method for the production of 57 Co (271.65) for medical applications using metallic 59 Co as a target, and the 59 Co(p,3n) 57 Ni→ 57 Co reaction was explored. Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions in the 40- to 10-MeV energy region, as well as thick-target and cumulative yields for the directly-produced 57 Ni (35.99h) and indirectly-produced 57 Co were also measured and then compared to previously reported values. A radiochemical purification procedure based on anion-exchange chemistry is also reported. 57 Co with >99.9% radionuclidic purity was obtained. The indirectly-produced 57 Co yield in the 40- to 24-MeV energy region was measured as 2μCi/μAh.
Analysis of Experimental Data for Polystyrene Orientation during Stress Relaxation Using Semigrand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulation in the semigrand canonical ensemble is used to construct molecular models of atactic polystyrene samples that are quenched in nonequilibrium states at various times following the cessation of steady shear flow. Experimental data collected by slow magic angle spinning DECODER NMR on quenched, oriented samples prescribe a measure of the residual orientation of chain repeat units after shear and its subsequent decay with time. By speciating the system in orientation space, a series of semigrand canonical Monte Carlo simulations describe the detailed molecular conformational changes that occur in stress relaxation over the time scale of seconds and minutes. The general method of reconstructing molecular conformations from orientation data is also illustrated with several test cases using simple chain models.
Struggling to Make Sense: Patterns of Impairment in Adult Narrative Discourse:

Narrative discourse coherence pays a critical role in making sense of past experiences and connecting with others. Such coherence varies among adults who have sustained neurological impairment. The purpose of this article is to describe impairments of narrative discourse in adults with brain injury. The following dimensions of discourse impairment are focused upon: topic maintenance, informativeness, event sequencing, referencing, conjunctive cohesion, and fluency. Examples of impaired adult narrative discourse are presented. Applications of this material are presented.
A computer model for simulating real laser systems by solving partial differential Eq.s in FEMLAB

We developed a computer model for simulating real solid state laser systems, by solving the paraxial wave Eq.s in the multi-physics modeling software FEMLAB. The reflection of the laser on the curved cavity mirror is calculated by an analytical method. This model was verified to be able to give very accurate results, by applying it to empty stable and unstable resonators, and a face pumped Yb:YAG disk stable resonator laser.
Genetic Assessment of the Mating System and Patterns of Egg Cannibalism in Atka Mackerel

Abstract The mating system and patterns of gender-specific egg cannibalism in Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius were examined through genetic parentage analysis of embryos in egg clutches produced in captive and wild populations. Like other hexagrammid fishes, Atka mackerel exhibit polygynandry, which is characterized by serial matings by both genders within a breeding season. Most matings in captivity were pairings of females with nest-attendant males, although parentage analysis of clutches produced in a small tank with limited nesting substrate revealed that 31% contained contributions by non—nest-guarding males. In contrast, all egg clutches produced in a large exhibit tank were sired by guardian males. Multiple parentage, sometimes involving both genders, was detected in 35% of egg clutches collected in the field or retrieved from the guts of adult male and female cannibals. Half-sib and unrelated full-sib embryos were found in several putative clutches, indicating that the reproductive outpu...
Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease

Fibrosis is a key aspect of many chronic inflammatory diseases and can affect almost every tissue in the body. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of fibrosis, focusing on the innate and adaptive immune responses. It also describes how some of these crucial pathogenic pathways are being therapeutically targeted in the clinic.
Diphenylalanine self assembly: novel ion mobility methods showing the essential role of water.

The mechanism and driving forces behind the formation of diphenylalanine (FF) nanotubes have attracted much attention in the past decades. The hollow structure of the nanotubes suggests a role for water during the self-assembly process. Here, we use novel ion-mobility mass spectrometry methods to probe the early oligomers formed by diphenylalanine peptides. Interestingly, water-bound oligomers are observed in nano-electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra in the absence of bulk solvent. In addition, ligated water clusters transit the ion mobility cell but (often) dissociate before detection. These water molecules are shown to be essential for the formation of diphenylalanine oligomers larger than the dimer. The ligated water molecules exist in the solvent free environment either as neutral water or as protonated water clusters, depending on the composition of solvent from which they are sprayed. Water adduction helps stabilize conformers that are otherwise energetically unstable ultimately leading to the...
The French Catholic Mission in China during the Opium War

The First China War of 1839–1842, commonly called the Opium War, has been and continues to be the subject of a considerable body of literature.
Historical overview on the development and characteristics of stents and future outlooks

The history and development of endovascular stents is described begining with the Maass double helix spiral prosthesis, the first stent used in human clinical trials in the early 80s. This is followed by a description of the three main groups of stent techniques: the shape memory alloy stents, the balloon-expandable stents, and the self-expanding stainless steel stents. Requirements and new trends for improving clinical results in the future complete this text.
A geometric slicing lower bound for average-cost dynamic programming

A geometric slicing idea is proposed to lower bound infinite-horizon average-cost dynamic programs. The idea divides an infinite-horizon problem into finite-horizon ones with discounted cost. The idea is applied to control-over-communication-channel problems to find a fundamental limit of such systems. Lower bounds on the performance are given in terms of the capacity of the channel. The lower bounds are compared with explicit control strategies to provide quantitative and qualitative understanding about the strategies.
Six principles of undergraduate learning: The not‐so‐easy road to writing and committing to them

Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis has joined campuses across the nation in identifying and assessing student learning outcomes. With its twenty schools, diverse populations, and multiple goals, how this urban institution managed to organize much of its work around six learning principles is a tale of both caution and triumph.
Survey of current prenatal screening for Down syndrome in Australian hospitals providing maternity care.

Background: The present study assessed the screening tests for Down syndrome available to women within Australian hospitals. Methods: Postal questionnaires. Results: A total of 282 (57%) hospitals responded with over two-thirds offering some form of screening test which varied by geographical region and level of institution. First trimester maternal serum screening was offered by 11% of hospitals. Nuchal translucency screening was offered by 52% of hospitals with higher use in Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales than in the other regions. Second trimester maternal serum screening was offered by 75% of hospitals with higher rates in Australian Capital Territory, South Australia and the lowest rate in Queensland. Conclusions: A high proportion of women are offered screening but with wide variation in the tests used.
Hepatocytes from wild-type or heterozygous donors are equally effective in achieving successful therapeutic liver repopulation in murine phenylketonuria (PKU)

Successful restoration of phenylalanine (Phe) clearance following liver-directed gene therapy in murine phenylketonuria (PKU) is likely dependent upon both the number of cells successfully transduced and the amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity expressed per cell. At low levels of transduction, Phe clearance could be limited by the low absolute number of PAH-expressing cells rather than the total amount of PAH activity produced in the liver. We have evaluated the interrelationship between the number of PAH positive cells, the amount of PAH activity produced and Phe clearance through experiments with hepatocyte-mediated therapeutic liver repopulation in the Pah(enu2) mouse, a model of PKU. We compared the therapeutic efficacy of transplantation with either wild-type hepatocytes or hepatocytes from heterozygous Pah(enu2/+) donors into PAH deficient, hyperphenylalaninemic Pah(enu2)/Pah(enu2) mice. The recipient mice were also homozygous for fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency. In this model system, FAH positive donor hepatocytes enjoy a selective growth advantage in the FAH-deficient recipient. If Phe clearance is governed predominantly by the total PAH activity, then more heterozygous cells, which express lower PAH activity than wild-type cells, should be required to correct Phe clearance. If the absolute donor cell number is more important, then wild-type hepatocytes should have no advantage over heterozygous cells. We successfully carried out therapeutic liver repopulation with heterozygous donor cells in fifteen mice and an additional thirteen transplants with wild-type cells. Blood Phe was successfully reduced in both transplant groups, and the relationship between the final blood Phe level and the extent of liver repopulation with donor cells did not differ between the two donor groups. Regardless of the type of donor cell, liver repopulation of approximately 3-10% was sufficient to at least partially reduce blood phenylalanine, and blood Phe levels were completely corrected in mice that had attained greater than approximately 10% liver repopulation. We conclude from our study that the absolute number of PAH-expressing cells likely governs Phe clearance at least at the levels of repopulation reported here and that the amount of PAH activity per donor cell is a less critical variable. The implication for liver-directed gene therapy of PKU is that only partial correction of cellular PAH deficiency may yet improve Phe clearance as long as a sufficient number of hepatocytes is successfully transduced.
Age-related changes in sympathetic neurotransmission in rat retina and choroid

While age-related night vision loss and age-related macular degeneration are well characterized, less is known about the normal aging process in the retina and choroid. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor gene and protein expression are altered in the retina and choroid with age. The retina and choroid were dissected from F344xBNF1 hybrid rats aged 8, 22, and 32 months. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine steady-state mRNA and protein expression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to localize DBH protein expression in the retina. DBH protein expression was substantially decreased with age in the retina, particularly in the outer nuclear layer, with no changes in DBH expression noted in the choroid. There was a significant increase in beta1-adrenergic receptor protein expression in retinal samples at 22 months, while beta2-adrenergic receptor protein expression was not affected by age. Decreased expression of DBH with age in the retina could lead to reduced production of norepinephrine, potentially resulting in an increase of beta1-adrenergic receptor expression due to denervation supersensitivity. Gene expression for DBH, beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors were observed to peak at 22 months and return to baseline levels by 32 months of age in the choroid. Our findings suggest that the retina may be more sensitive to age-related loss of sympathetic neurotransmission than the choroid, which may partially explain normal age-related vision loss in the elderly.
Is the clinical spectrum of gonorrhea changing

Purpose: The study's objective was to determine whether the high rates of gonorrhea in one inner city teen health care program were due to an increase in detection of asymptomatic cases and consequently a decrease in symptomatic gonococcal infections over a 4 1/2 year study period. Methods: A chart review was conducted of all females ages 11–19 years with gonorrhea during the last six months of 1988 and all of 1990 and 1992. The presenting symptoms, physical signs, diagnosis, co-infections, and history of STD contacts were analyzed. Results: Four hundred and twenty-five charts were reviewed: 104 (24%) cases in the 11–15 year old age group, 169 (40%) in the 16–17 year old age group and 152 (36%) in the 18–19 year old age group. Approximately two-thirds had physical signs consistent with a sexually transmitted disease. About 25% presented as a contact of someone with a known STD or with symptoms suggestive of a STD. Fewer than 2% had pelvic inflammatory disease. The majority of all groups had symptoms, though older teenagers provided complaints significantly more often (p Conclusions: There were no significant changes detected in the percent of symptomatic subjects over the 4 1/2 year period, i.e., the clinical spectrum of gonorrhea remained unchanged.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Photocleavable Cross-Linker and Its Application on Tunable Surface Modification and Protein Photodelivery

A heterobifunctional photocleavable cross-linker based on an o-nitrobenzyl ester moiety was synthesized. The cross-linker has N-hydroxysuccinimidyl and disulfide groups attached at each end and thus can anchor a protein to a gold-coated substrate surface. Steady-state spectroscopic studies suggest that the cross-linker undergoes a clean C-O fragmentation upon irradiation with a quantum yield of 0.1. Consequently, immobilized proteins (such as avidin or antibodies) on a substrate surface can be released efficiently (>95%) under UV irradiation (lambda > 300 nm) without degrading the protein functionality. We also demonstrated protein delivery via bioconjugation of protein molecules to a gold-coated atomic-force microscope (AFM) tip. When the proteins are photoreleased from the AFM tip, they are delivered to the substrate surface as protein clusters of uniform size. This has been confirmed using both AFM and fluorescence microscopy. The application of bioconjugation in this study opens a new avenue for tunable surface modification and controllable protein delivery in studies of biological systems on the nanometer scale.
Effect of 3-Ortho-toloxy-l, 2-propanediol (Tolserol, Myanesin) upon Electrogram of Human Cortex and Subcortex

SummaryTolserol has a definite effect upon the electrical discharges of the human cerebrum; the most pronounced changes were found in teh electrical activity of the hypothalamus and of the midbrain.
Neurosurgical management of low- and intermediate-grade gliomas

Surgery remains an effective treatment for most histologic types of low- and intermediate-grade gliomas and is an important part of their initial management. Controversies nonetheless abound regarding the timing and goals of surgery for these gliomas. This article reviews surgical therapy of low- and intermediategrade gliomas, paying special attention to new surgical techniques.
Community Participation Needs of Families With Children With Behavioral Disorders: A Systems of Care Approach

The purpose of the current study was to convey findings regarding the community participation needs of families who have children with behavioral disorders. The changing focus of community-based service provision to the systems of care approach for children with mental health needs requires family input to identify and better address their needs. This study identified characteristics of community participation in families of children with mental health needs through a survey, using mixed methods design and purposeful sampling. Evolved themes supported challenges for policymakers to make changes in professional, school, and community supports. Occupational therapists have a strong skill set to offer these families and must work collaboratively with family organizations, provide support for successful engagement in desired social activities, and build adaptive behaviors in children with mental health needs.
Activation of protonated peptides and molecular ions of small molecules using heated filaments in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract A new apparatus that uses heated filaments to dissociate ions in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is described. With this apparatus, molecular ions of both acetophenone and n-butylbenzene can be dissociated very rapidly. A plot of the natural log of the dissociation rate constant versus inverse radiant temperature yields a straight line from which an Arrhenius activation energy is obtained. From this value, the threshold dissociation energy can be estimated. For acetophenone, we find a value that is within the range of previously measured values. However, for n-butylbenzene, the calculated threshold dissociation energy value is too high. We attribute this result, and the appearance of a higher energy dissociation product, to the absorption of visible photons produced at the high filament temperatures used, a factor not currently included in our modeling. In contrast to the small ions, larger peptide ions do not undergo significant dissociation with the current apparatus. The “effective” internal temperature of the larger ions can be measured by using the heated filaments in combination with blackbody infrared radiative dissociation. The “effective” temperature of the peptide ions is increased substantially less than that for the smaller ions.