cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing the effects of ant invasions on non‐ant arthropods with high‐resolution taxonomic data

Invasions give rise to a wide range of ecological effects. Many invasions proceed without noticeable impacts on the resident biota, whereas others shift species composition and even alter ecosystem function. Ant invasions generate a broad spectrum of ecological effects, but controversy surrounds the extent of these impacts, especially with regard to how other arthropods are affected. This uncertainty in part results from the widespread use of low-resolution taxonomic data, which can mask the presence of other introduced species and make it difficult to isolate the effects of ant invasions on native species. Here, we use high-resolution taxonomic data to examine the effects of Argentine ant invasions on arthropods on Santa Cruz Island, California. We sampled arthropods in eight pairs of invaded and uninvaded plots and then collaborated with taxonomic experts to identify taxa in four focal groups: spiders, bark lice, beetles, and ants. Spiders, bark lice, and beetles made up ~40% of the 9868 non-ant arthropod individuals sampled; the majority of focal group arthropods were putatively native taxa. Although our results indicate strong negative effects of the Argentine ant on native ants, as is well documented, invaded and uninvaded plots did not differ with respect to the richness, abundance, or species composition of spiders, bark lice, and beetles. One common, introduced species of bark louse was more common in uninvaded plots than in invaded plots, and including this species into our analyses changed the relationship between bark louse richness vs. L. humile abundance from no relationship to a significant negative relationship. This case illustrates how failure to differentiate native and introduced taxa can lead to erroneous conclusions about the effects of ant invasions. Our results caution against unqualified assertions about the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods, and more generally demonstrate that accurate assessments of invasion impacts depend on adequate information about species identity.
Differential expression of selected gene products in uterine leiomyomata and adenomyosis.

Gene products estrogen receptor α, progesteron receptor-A, retinoid X receptor α, insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor I receptor β, platelet-derived growth factor, epithelial growth factor receptor, and BCL-2 were examined by immunohistochemistry with the aid of a tissue microarray from 46 hysterectomies with adenomyosis and leiomyomata. With appropriate internal controls, there were significant differences in gene expression between adenomyosis and leiomyomata.
Instrumental variable methods to assess quality of care the marginal effects of process-of-care on blood pressure change and treatment costs

Abstract Background Hypertension is poorly controlled. Team-based care and changes in the process of care have been proposed to address these quality problems. However, assessing care processes is difficult because they are often confounded even in randomized behavioral studies by unmeasured confounders based on discretion of health care providers. Objective To evaluate the effects of process measures including number of counseling sessions about lifestyle modification and number of antihypertensive medications on blood pressure change and payer-perspective treatment costs. Methods Data were obtained from two prospective, cluster randomized controlled clinical trials (Trial A and B) implementing physician-pharmacist collaborative interventions compared with usual care over six months in community-based medical offices in the Midwest. Multivariate linear regression models with both instrumental variable methods and as-treated methods were utilized. Instruments were indicators for trial and study arms. Models of blood pressure change and costs included both process measures, demographic variables, and clinical variables. Results The analysis included 496 subjects. As-treated methods showed no significant associations between process and outcomes. The instruments used in the study were insufficient to simultaneously identify distinct process effects. However, the post-hoc instrumental variable models including one process measure at a time while controlling for the other process demonstrated significant associations between the processes and outcomes with estimates considerably larger than as-treated estimates. Conclusions Instrumental variable methods with combined randomized behavioral studies may be useful to evaluate the effects of different care processes. However, substantial distinct process variation across studies is needed to fully capitalize on this approach. Instrumental variable methods focusing on individual processes provided larger and stronger outcome relationships than those found using as-treated methods which are subject to confounding.
A simple switching device to facilitate the recording of electrocardiograms embodying multiple types of leads

Abstract A switching device is described which can be constructed easily from readily obtainable materials and which, when properly interposed in the circuit between the patient and any standard electrocardiograph, permits the rapid and convenient recording of electrocardiograms embodying multiple types of leads, without the necessity for interehanging any of the lead-wires attached to the electrodes on the patient. Experience with this device has shown that it may be used with equal serviceability for investigative studies in electrocardiography or for ordinary clinical purposes.
Optimization of the efficiency of cross-linking PtII oligonucleotide phosphorothioate complexes to complementary oligonucleotides

We have investigated the efficiency with which PtII complexes cross-link phosphorothioates of oligonucleotides to complementary DNA targets. The A and G residues 2-5 bases downstream from the 5'-phosphorothioate group are preferred sites for cross-linking. Replacement of residues in this part of the target by T residues results in greatly decreased cross-linking when cis platinum diammine dichloride (cisPtII) or potassium platinous chloride (K2PtCl4) are used. Trans platinum diammine dichloride (transPtII) forms cross-links with T residues if A and G residues are absent from the susceptible region of the target. Oligomers containing an internal phosphorothioate group can also be linked to their templates with transPtII, but not with cisPtII or K2PtCl4. Cross-linking via an internal phosphorothioate group tends to be less efficient than cross-linking via a 5'-terminal phosphorothioate. The Sp isomers of internal phosphorothioates are cross-linked more efficiently than the Rp isomers. Preliminary experiments suggest that the efficiency of cross-linking to RNA targets will prove similar to that found for DNA targets.
Normalizing variations in feature vector structure in keystroke dynamics authentication systems

Usernames and passwords stubbornly remain the most prevalent authentication mechanism. Password secrecy ensures that only genuine users are granted access. If the secret is breached, impostors gain the access too. One method of strengthening password authentication is through keystroke dynamics. Keystroke dynamics algorithms typically constrain the authentication entry to one valid sequence of key presses. In this paper, we introduce the concept of event sequences. We explore the nature of variations between multiple valid key-entry sequences and propose a scheme that effectively represents these variations. We test the efficacy of the new authentication method in distinguishing users. The experimental results show that typing proficiency of individuals is not the only determining authentication factor. We show that typing sequence variations contain sufficient discriminatory information to warrant their inclusion into user authentication methods. Based on these results, we present a novel strategy to create feature vectors for keystroke dynamics-based authentication. The proposed approach ensures that the feature vector's length and structure are related only to the length of the password, independent of its content or the order of keys pressed. This normalization of feature vector structure has multiple advantages including leveraging the discriminatory power of event sequences, faster search-and-retrieval in n-graph-based authentication systems, and simplicity. The proposed authentication scheme is applicable to both static and continual authentication systems.
An experimental study of the effect of free-stream turbulence on a trailing vortex

A study of turbulence evolution and spectra within and just outside the core of a trailing vortex is performed. The vortex is generated by a vortex generator consisting of four blades positioned orthogonally to each other with the same angle of attack and placed in a low-speed wind tunnel. A grid is placed upstream of the vortex generator to produce free-stream turbulence, which wraps around and interacts with the columnar vortex. Instantaneous measurements of the three velocity components are obtained using a miniature four-sensor hot-wire probe. The study focuses on the distribution of turbulence energy and Reynolds stress among the different spectral components of the flow at different positions across the vortex core and different axial positions along the tunnel. The effect of background grid turbulence on the spectral energy distribution of the vortex is examined in comparison to the vortex alone.
Novel polycyclic heterocycles. XIV. 1,2-Dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-8H-quino[1,8-ab][4,1]benzoxazepin-3-one and its derivatives

Procedures for the isolation of 1,2-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H,8H-quino[1,8-ab][4,1]-benzoxazepine, 3, from reaction mixtures containing 3 as the minor component, and the isomer, 1,2-dihydro-11-(trifluoromethyl)-3H,7H-quino[8,1-cd][1,5]benzoxazepin-3-one, 2, as the major component, are described. The reactivity of 3 toward hydroxylamine and aromatic aldehydes has been investigated and the preparation of derivatives with those reactants is described.
Microenvironmental Regulation of Visual Pigment Expression in the Chick Retina

Abstract Visual pigment (VP) expression in the chick embryo retina was investigated in ovo, in dissociated and explant cultures, and in cDNAs from individual cells. While VP mRNA is not detectable by in situ hybridization until embryonic day (ED) 14–16 in ovo, analysis of VP expression by RT-PCR showed that VP messages are present in the retina as many as 7–10 days before they become detectable by in situ hybridization, and are also detected in other regions of the embryonic CNS. On the other hand, red opsin expression is markedly accelerated when cells are isolated from their intraocular microenvironment at ED 6, and placed in pigment epithelium-free dissociated or explant cultures. This acceleration occurs regardless of cell density, birth date, or serum presence in the medium, suggesting that many photoreceptors are already programmed to express red opsin on or before ED 6, and that microenvironmental inhibitory factors prevent implementation of this program until ED 14 in ovo. The selectivity of this phenomenon is suggested by the finding that other VPs are not observed by in situ hybridization in ED 6 cultures, although they are detectable in cultures of older retinas. Taken together, these findings suggest that red opsin expression may be constitutive for many developing photoreceptor cells in the chick.
Conditions for recovery of hamsters' hearts after freezing at high subzero temperatures in the absence of cryoprotective agents.

Abstract In a study of the relationship between the length of time allowed for ice to form at a given freezing temperature and the ability of frozen tissues to recover after thawing, excised hamster hearts were frozen at −1.5, −2, or −3 °C, in the absence of cryoprotective agents, for times corresponding to 1 4 , 1 2 , 3 4 , or full length of the plateau of the freezing curve. As judged by the strength of the beats and the survival time after thawing, freezing at −3 °C for 11 min (full plateau) did not permit any recovery, freezing at −1.5 °C for 6.25 min (one-fourth plateau) gave a close-to-normal recovery, freezing under intermediate conditions of temperature and time gave intermediate results. Thus, it seems established that there is a lower limit of temperature at which the congelation of all the freezable water results, in a relatively short time, in the production of lethal injury. But, we still don't know if there is an upper limit of temperature at which hearts can be frozen for long times without injury (as in the case of erythrocytes).
Growth cones contain myosin II bipolar filament arrays.

Nonmuscle myosin II is among the most abundant forms of myosin in nerve growth cones. At least two isoforms of myosin II (A and B) that have overlapping but distinct distributions are found in growth cones. It appears that both myosin IIA and IIB may be necessary for normal nerve outgrowth and motility, but the molecular interactions responsible for their activity remain unclear. For instance, it is unknown if these myosin II isoforms produce bipolar "minifilaments" in growth cones similar to those observed in other nonmuscle cells. To determine if minifilaments are present in growth cones, we modified the electron microscopy preparative procedures used to detect minifilaments in other cell types. We found structures that appeared very similar to bipolar minifilaments found in noneuronal cells. They also labeled with antibodies to either myosin IIA or IIB. Thus, the activity of myosin II in growth cones is likely to be similar to that in other nonmuscle cells. Bipolar filaments interacting with oppositely oriented actin filaments will produce localized contractions or exert tension on actin networks. This activity will be responsible for the myosin II dependent motility in growth cones.
Characterization of hypothetical proteins Cpn0146, 0147, 0284 & 0285 that are predicted to be in the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion membrane

Background Although more than 100 Chlamydia pneumoniae hypothetical proteins have been predicted to be inclusion membrane proteins, only a few have been experimentally demonstrated to be in the inclusion membrane. Using antibodies raised with fusion proteins, we characterized four such hypothetical proteins encoded by two gene clusters (Cpn0146-147 and Cpn0284-285) in the C. pneumoniae genome.
Generating functions for column-convex polyominoes

Using bijections and language theory, we give the generating function for the number of column-convex polyominoes with perimeter 2n. We prove also a result about their number with area m and k columns.
End-user computing: the MIS managers' perspective

Abstract Despite the enthusiasm and its rapid growth, End-User Computing (EUC) is not well-managed. This article investigates EUC and its current practices. EUC experience at 31 organizations representing 12 industries was surveyed. Areas of study include: MIS/DP managers' perceptions and attitudes toward EUC, perceived benefits and difficulties of EUC applications and issues related to management and support of EUC activities. Implications of the survey findings for effective EUC applications are also discussed.
Pre‐yield and post‐yield shear behavior of the cement‐bone interface

Aseptic loosening of cemented total hip replacements is thought to involve mechanical failure of the cement-bone interface. However, the mechanical response of the interface, particularly the post-yield behavior, is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the constitutive behavior of the cement-bone interface for loading in shear using a combination of experimental and finite element methods. A total of 55 cement-bone specimens (5 x 10 x 15-20 mm) from the proximal femur of human cadavers were loaded to failure under displacement control with use of a custom shear test jig. Finite element models of the test specimens were made and included provision for a two-parameter nonlinear interface model at the cement-bone interface. The experimental tests revealed a complicated load versus displacement response with an initial linear region and a reduction in slope until the ultimate strength (2.25+/-1.49 MPa) was reached, followed by an exponential decrease in load with increasing displacement until the entire interface debonded. Failure most often occurred at the cement-bone interface, where the cement penetrated into the bone with bone remaining in the cement in 30 specimens and with bone remaining in the cement and cement spicules remaining in the bone in 22 specimens. The adjacent bulk bone and cement did not appear to be permanently deformed. Finite element models of the test specimens revealed that failure initiated at the base of the test specimen before the peak load had been reached. The two interface parameters, interface strength (2.71+/-1.90 MPa) and interface-softening exponent (4.96+/-3.47 1/mm), could be determined directly from the experimental data and provided a good fit with the experimental structural response for a wide range of interface strengths. These results show that the cement-bone interface does not fail abruptly when the shear strength is reached but absorbs a substantial amount of energy with post-yield strain-softening behavior.
The interchromosomal effect of inversions in maize

The interchromosomal effect of inversions in maize along the short arm of chromosome 9 yields results which are distinctly different from those which are reported with Drosophila melanogaster. Recombination was increased in the c1-sh1 region of chromosome 9 while the sh1-wx region was unaffected. This increased frequency of recombination appears to be due to an increase in single exchange events as multiple events were unchanged. Increases in recombination were accompanied by either an increase in chromosome interference or normal interference levels. The magnitude of increase in recombination was much smaller than that seen in interchromosomal effects in Drosophila and is consistent with other observations made in maize. When two inversions were present in the same nucleus simultaneously, the effect on recombination was of the same magnitude as the effect of a single inversion. All inversions tested, regardless of size or position with respect to the centromere showed the same magnitude of increase.
Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Structural Change

(2001). Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Structural Change. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 96, No. 453, pp. 339-355.
Do retail gasoline prices respond asymmetrically to cost shocks? The influence of Edgeworth Cycles

Asymmetric price cycles similar to Edgeworth Cycles are appearing in increasingly many retail gasoline markets in the United States and worldwide. The asymmetry in the cycles can give rise to a finding of asymmetric price responses to cost shocks (asymmetric passthrough). This article estimates asymmetric passthrough for the market of Toronto, which exhibits cycles, and decomposes it into two components—that part explainable by the cycles and that part driven by other unknown sources. Significant asymmetric passthrough is found, with increases passed through more quickly than decreases. A significant cause of the finding is the presence of the cycles themselves.
A Comparison of Health Behavior Constructs: Social Psychological Predictors of AIDS-Preventive Behavioral Intentions

The present study focused on predicting AIDS-preventive behavioral intentions (i. e., intentions to discuss AIDS-related information and to use condoms) from constructs taken from the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. Questionnaire data were collected from 124 undergraduates using scales from previously published work as well as some new measures designed for this study. Perceived behavioral control, perceived risk, attitudes, self-efficacy, subjective norms, negative expected outcomes, and perceived severity of HIV infection were correlated with at least one intention measure; but regression analyses showed that perceived behavioral control was the strongest independent predictor of condom use intentions and of intentions to discuss AIDS information with a partner. Implications for theory and application are discussed.
Bugotu and Cheke Holo reduplication: in defence of the Emergence of the Unmarked

This paper provides an analysis of the reduplicative systems of Bugotu, Cheke Holo, Tuvaluan and Hoava. In Bugotu and Cheke Holo, intervocalic consonants are not reflected in the reduplicative substring; Tuvaluan reduplication creates initial geminate consonants, while Hoava reduplicants include coda consonants. Blevins (2003, 2005) argues that these languages pose a serious problem for the optimality-theoretic hypothesis of the Emergence of the Unmarked (McCarthy & Prince 1994), which predicts that reduplicated structures should not favour relatively marked outputs. I show that the data in fact are not problematic for the Emergence of the Unmarked hypothesis, because different, conflicting dimensions of markedness can arise in reduplicative phonology. In Bugotu and Cheke Holo, the tolerance of extrasyllabic segments combined with size-penalising constraints helps produce the consonant-deletion pattern. A similar defence of the Emergence of the Unmarked is offered for the reduplicative systems of Tuvaluan and Hoava.
Scattering of Protons in a Spin-Orbit Potential

An approximation method is described for treating spin-orbit potentials in the optical model. The method is essentially a perturbation expansion using exact scattering amplitudes for a central optical potential as the unperturbed scattering amplitudes. The method is compared to an exact calculation and its usefulness in the medium-energy region demonstrated. The effects of a spin-orbit term on the differential cross section and the spin polarization distribution are investigated as a function of the parameters involved in the medium-energy region. The polarization is shown to be approximately independent of the shape of the form factor of the spin-orbit term in this energy region. The reaction cross section is insensitive to the inclusion of a spin-orbit term of reasonable depth.
Prevention of red cell alloimmunization by CD25 regulatory T cells in mouse models

Transfusion therapy is currently an effective therapeutic intervention in a number of diseases, including sickle cell disease. However, its use is complicated by a high incidence of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization in the transfusion recipients. The identification of T regulatory cells (Tregs) among the CD4+ CD25+ T cell subset as key regulators of peripheral tolerance in mice as well as humans has opened an exciting era in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disease and for improving organ transplantation. However, their potential in inducing transfusion tolerance remains to be explored. We used red cells from mice transgenic for human glycophorin A blood group antigen as donor cells and transfused wild-type mice to induce alloantibodies, as an experimental system to study RBC alloimmunization. We found that depletion with anti-CD25 enhanced the alloantibody production, indicating that CD25 Tregs play an important role in regulation of alloantibody responses. More importantly, adoptive transfer of purified population of CD4+CD25+ but not CD4+CD25− cells from naive mice prevented the induction of IgG and IgM alloantibody production in transfusion recipients, with a concomitant reduction in activated splenic B cells and macrophages. Similarly, adoptive transfer of purified populations of CD4+CD25+ cells from naive mice into naive syngeneic recipients inhibited the anti-Ig response to rat RBCs in the recipients but transfer of control CD4+CD25− cells did not. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Tregs participate in the control of transfusion-associated RBC alloantibody responses, opening up the possibility that Treg immunotherapy may be exploited for suppressing transfusion immunization events. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Specific DNA sequence amplification in human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Southern blot analysis of a number of EcoRI-digested human neuroblastoma DNAs has revealed the presence of a family of discrete restriction fragments, the majority of which are amplified in most, but not all, of the neuroblastoma cell lines tested. None of these sequences is abundantly present in DNA from other human tumors of different tissue origins, including several either known or presumed to contain amplified DNA. Hence, these sequences appear to be specifically amplified by neuroblastoma cells. Hybridization with metaphase chromosomes in situ has localized these sequences to either the homogeneously staining regions or double-minute chromosomes of different neuroblastoma cell lines, indicating that these chromosomal structures, although present in cell lines established from different patients, share many sequences and may have a common, but as yet unknown, function.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and microtia in a newborn with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) exposure: Phenocopy for Fryns syndrome or broad spectrum of teratogenic effects?

A newborn female infant born to a woman on immunosuppressive medications including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for a renal graft secondary to lupus nephritis presented with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and additional findings of microtia, esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, digital anomalies, and dysmorphic facial features. Pulmonary hypoplasia resulted in death at day 2 of life. She was presumed to have Fryns syndrome based on diagnostic criteria established for this recessive disorder with prominent features including CDH, facial anomalies, and nail hypoplasia. In retrospect, this infant's findings are more likely the result of teratogenic exposure to MMF, as more recent data have emerged linking aural atresia, digital anomalies, and dysmorphic features to this drug. To date, this is the only human report of CDH in an infant with prenatal exposure to MMF, although the manufacturer's package insert alludes to animal studies with a broad spectrum of malformations, including CDH. Thus, a teratogenic exposure can mimic a known Mendelian genetic syndrome, and caution is urged in presuming a genetic etiology for infants with potential teratogenic exposure to relatively new drugs with limited published animal data.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of AlGaAs and InGaP heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract Heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) are now beginning to be widely incorporated as power amplifiers, laser drivers, multiplexers, clock data recovery circuits, as well as transimpedance and broadband amplifiers in high performance millimeter wave circuits (MMICs). The increasing acceptance of this device is principally due to advancements in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), device processing, and circuit design technologies. Many of the DC electrical characteristics of large area devices can be directly correlated to the DC performance of small area RF devices. A precise understanding of the growth parameters and their relationship to device characteristics is critical for ensuring the high degree of reproducibility required for low cost high-yield volume manufacturing. Significant improvements in the understanding of the MOCVD growth process have been realized through the implementation of statistical process control on the key HBT device parameters. This tool has been successfully used to maintain the high quality of the device characteristics in high-volume production of 4″ GaAs-based HBTs. There is a growing demand to migrate towards 6″ diameter wafer size due to the potential cost reductions and increased volume production that can be realized. Preliminary results, indicating good heterostructure layer characteristics, demonstrate the feasibility of 6″ InGaP-based HBT devices.
Truncated Geometric Response-Duration of Response Models for Clinical Trials

Abstract For treatment comparisons in clinical cancer trials, the data often indicate absence or presence of response along with duration of response when it occurs. Response length is frequently truncated by death, loss of followup information, study termination, or other causes, and is usually a discrete variable (days, weeks, or months). A mixture of a binomial and truncated geometric probability is studied as an appropriate statistical model. Maximum likelihood estimators are derived for parameters of the model and a likelihood ratio statistic (-2 InA) is given for testing equality of treatments. Noncentrality parameters are given for power approximations under contiguous alternatives.
Effect of sulfhydryl-containing compounds on the antitumor effects of adriamycin.

Abstract The lethality of single doses of adriamycin (ADR) in male mice has been reported to be antagonized by concurrent administration of the sulfhydryl compounds cysteamine (CYS) or N -acetylcysteine (NAC). The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether CYS and NAC also have an effect on the antitumor activity of ADR. The life span of male mice bearing a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was significantly increased by ADR administered intraperitoneally for 4 successive days at sublethal dosages of 1.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day. CYS or NAC (50 and 100 mg/kg ip, respectively) administered 1 hr before and 7 hr after ADR treatment did not inhibit the antitumor activity of ADR and further increased the life span of these tumorbearing animals. The uptake of ADR by Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro was not affected by CYS or NAC. ADR-induced inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro was also not affected by CYS or NAC. The mechanism of sulfhydryl-induced protection against the cardiotoxicity of ADR appears not to interfere with the antitumor activity of ADR.
Rectus femoris: its role in normal gait.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the role of the rectus femoris muscle in nondisabled gait at various walking velocities using fine-wire dynamic electromyography. Design: Descriptive study. Fine-wire electromyography data were collected from the rectus femoris during level walking at four walking speeds. Rectus femoris activity patterns in the loading response phase and the pre- and initial-swing phase of the gait cycle were compared using paired t tests. Setting: A gait laboratory. Subjects: Ten nondisabled adult volunteers. Main Outcome Measures: Amplitude of rectus femoris activity in the loading response phase and the pre- and initial-swing phase during walking at four speeds. Results: There was a bimodal pattern of rectus femoris activity in all subjects, at all speeds, in both phases, with high variability in the onsets, durations, and amplitudes of activity, and paired t tests revealed no significant differences ( p > .05) between phases at any walking speed. Conclusion: Activity in the rectus femoris in the pre- and initial-swing phase in nondisabled individuals at all speeds suggests that similar activity detected in individuals with stiff-legged gait may not be inappropriate.
Characterization of DNA complementary to nucleotide sequences at the 5'-terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome.

Abstract The 5′-end of the genome of avian sarcoma virus (ASV) contains a sequence of nucleotides which is the initial template for transcription by RNA-directed DNA polymerase. We have prepared DNA complementary to this sequence (cDNA 5 ,) and have characterized the sequence by chemical analysis and molecular hybridization. The length of cDNA 5 , (00 nucleotides) provides an estimate of the distance from the primer for DNA synthesis (tRNAtrp) to the 5′-terminus of the genome. As reported previously by other investigators, transcription of DNA from the genome of ASV in vitro can be arrested at preferred sites short of the 5′-terminus by reduction in the concentration of either dCTP or dGTP. The nucleotide sequence complementary to cDNA 5 , is similar but not identical in the genomes of two strains of ASV, and homologous sequences are present in the genomes of other avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. By contrast, we find little or no complementarity between cDNA 5 , and the genomes of golden pheasant virus (subgroup G of avian leukosis-sarcoma virus), Moloney murine leukemia virus, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus. This pattern of homologies mirrors that found at the 3′termini of RNA tumor virus genomes. A nucleotide sequence complementary to most or all of cDNA 5 , occurs within the 3′-half, but not at the 3′-terminus, of the ASV genome; we suggest that this sequence may be a ribosome-binding site. cDNA 5 , constitutes the bulk (usually greater than 75%) of DNA synthesized under conventional conditions with detergent-activated virions. Consequently, the use of this DNA to analyze homologies among retrovirus genomes is of limited value.
Cross-linking sialoglycoproteins of human erythrocyte membranes☆

Abstract Human erythrocyte ghosts were treated with a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate dihydrochloride. On SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the cross-linked membrane proteins after solubilization, sialoglycoproteins and the proteins disappeared from the original band positions and appeared in a new band of aggregates.
Seasonal variations in the sources and alteration of organic matter associated with recently-deposited sediments

Abstract Analysis of lipid biomarker compounds associated with surface sediment (0–0.5 or 0–1.0 cm) deposited monthly in Cape Lookout Bight (CLB), North Carolina, U.S.A. revealed seasonal trends in the relative importance of various sources of organic matter. Seasonality in these sources was reflected through variations of source-specific biomarkers in three classes of extractable lipid components—fatty acids, sterols and hydrocarbons, over an 18 month period. Samples collected during periods of sediment accumulation (winter/spring, generally) showed an increase in the relative abundance of algal-derived components. Summer months were characterized by negligible accumulation of sediment and a threefold increase in fatty acids of bacterial origin (i.e. odd numbered n-alkanoic acids and iso- and anteiso-branched acids). Further evidence for the activity of bacteria during summer months was seen by increases in the 5α(H)-cholestan-3s-ol to cholest-5-en-3s-ol ratio. These data indicate that bacterially-mediated processes incorporate organic matter derived from other sources, and accumulated during other times of the year, into biomass. As a result, in situ processes control the composition of preserved organic matter at least as much as temporal changes in the delivery of materials derived from allochthonous sources.
Dynamics of adaptive systems

A simple adaptive control mechanism is introduced into nonlinear systems that are capable of complicated oscillatory states and chaotic dynamics. It is shown that it provides efficient regulation while displaying novel behavior. Sudden perturbations in the system's parameters can degenerate into chaotic bursts with no precursors. When such bursts occur, the system first reverberates wildly and then recovers in times that are inversely proportional to the stiffness of the control. Also exhibited is a general control principle which provides a quantitative relation between the maximum amplitude of a perturbation from which a system can recover, and the speed at which it does so. >
Proton spin flip and substate excitation in inelastic scattering

The angular correlation between inelastically scattered protons and gamma rays in 0/sup +/ yields 2/sup +/ yields 0/sup +/ processes is interpreted in terms of the substate populations of the excited states. A correlation perpendicular to the reaction plane gives the m = plus or minus 1 populations, and it is shown that these are equal to the fraction of protons undergoing spin flip along this direction (z-axis). A combination of z-axis and reaction-plane correlation measurements gives the other substate populations. The general applicability of the method is discussed in detail. Both types of correlation measurements were made for /sup 12*/C (4.43 Mev) at 10.3 Mev for 5 proton angles, and the z-axis correlation was measured over a range of energies near 10.3 Mev for proton angles from 20 to 165 deg . The z-axis correlation only was measured for the reactions 24*/sub Mg (1.37 Mev) and /sup 58*/Ni (1.45 Mev). The results for /sup 12/C and /sup 24/Mg show that spin flip varies rapidly with scattering angle and with energy, and that it occurs in amounts varying from approximately 0 to approximately 40%. Resonance effects are probably dominant in both cases. For /sup 58/Ni spin flip occurs with amore » substantial probability but does not vary rapidly with angle. The relative substate populations for /sup 12/C excitation vary widely with scattering angle. The symmetry angles for the m = plus or minus 1 and m = plus or minus 2 substates are different from one another and also change with scattering angle. (auth)« less
The effect of low percentage alloying additions on the ductility of iodide chromium

Abstract The ductility of binary chromium-base alloys containing 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 wt. % of 34 different metals was evaluated from bend tests on arc-melted specimens. The results of this investigation indicate that the brittle-ductile transition temperature of chromium-base alloys is dependent primarily on the atomic size of the alloying addition. The transition temperature of iodide chromium is decreased by the addition of solute atoms that form solid solution alloys and have atomic diameters larger than chromium but not exceeding the 15% size limit. Those elements with atomic diameters between 2 and 10% larger produce the maximum decrease in the brittle-ductile transition temperature. Those alloying additions which exhibit little or no solid solubility in chromium and have atomic diameters that exceed the 15% limit all raise the transition temperature of high purity chromium. Additions of those metals that form carbides, nitrides, and oxides that are more stable than the corresponding chromium compounds increase the brittle-ductile transition temperature rather sharply, which is the converse of what has previously been observed on chromium of lesser purity.
Magnaporthe poae sp. nov., a hyphopodiate fungus with a Phialophora anamorph from grass roots in the United States.

Magnaporthe poae sp. nov., a hyphopodiate, root-infecting fungus with a Phialophora anamorph is described. The anamorph was isolated from Poa pratensis and Poa annua roots in the course of an investigation into the aetiology of summer patch disease of turf grasses.
Global optimization of fractional programs

Dinkelbach's global optimization approach for finding the global maximum of the fractional programming problem is discussed. Based on this idea, a modified algorithm is presented which provides both upper and lower bounds at each iteration. The convergence of the lower and upper bounds to the global maximum function value is shown to be superlinear. In addition, the special case of fractional programming when the ratio involves only linear or quadratic terms is considered. In this case, the algorithm is guaranteed to find the global maximum to within any specified tolerance, regardless of the definiteness of the quadratic form.
Synthesis and evaluation of colloidal magnetic iron oxides for the site-specific radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia of cancer

Abstract A panel of water-based colloidal magnetic iron oxides was synthesized, and specific power absorption rates of the synthesized ferrofluids were studied in the magnetic fields of various strength and frequency. The ferrofluids displayed superior heating parameters and may provide a new, improved method for the hyperthermic treatment of cancer.
Finally, how myeloma lyses bone

For more than 25 years osteoclastic activation by myeloma tumor cells has been accepted as the explanation for the characteristic osteolytic lesions found in myeloma patients. But despite many suggested candidates, the activating factors involved have resisted definitive identification. In this
The Utility of the Monocular Trial : Data from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study

Objective To determine whether adjusting the intraocular pressure (IOP) change of the trial eye for the IOP change of the fellow eye (i.e., monocular trial) is a better assessment of medication response than testing each eye independently. Design Analysis of data from a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Participants Two hundred six participants with ocular hypertension randomized to the observation group and later started on a topical prostaglandin analog (PGA). Methods Participants were started on a topical PGA in 1 eye and returned in approximately 1 month to determine medication response. The IOP response of the trial eye was determined by the IOP change between baseline and 1 month in the trial eye alone (unadjusted method) and by adjusting for the IOP change in the fellow eye between the same visits (adjusted method). Our "gold standard" for medication response was the IOP change in the trial eye between up to 3 pre- and 3 posttreatment visits on the same medication. Pearson correlation was used to compare the gold standard with the unadjusted and adjusted methods. In addition, symmetry of IOP response between trial and fellow eyes to the same medication was determined by correlating the trial eye IOP change between up to 3 pre- and 3 posttreatment visits to the fellow eye IOP change between the same visits. Main Outcome Measures Correlations of IOP change of the trial eye using the gold standard to the IOP change of the trial eye using the unadjusted and adjusted methods. Results The correlations of IOP change using the gold standard to the IOP change using the unadjusted and adjusted methods were r = 0.40 and r = 0.41, respectively. The correlation of IOP change of both eyes between the same pre- and posttreatment visits was r = 0.81. Conclusions The monocular trial (i.e., adjusted method) appears equivalent to testing each eye independently (i.e., unadjusted method); however, neither method is adequate to determine medication response to topical PGAs. Both eyes have a similar IOP response to the same PGA. Further studies to understand IOP fluctuation are necessary to improve current methods of assessing medication response. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Leaf flavonoids of Amborella trichopoda

The leaf flavonoids of Amborella trichopoda were examined and two kaempterol glycosides were detected. Procyanidin was also present. These results are similar to the flavonoid pattern in other families of the Laurales and it is suggested that simple flavonol glycosides are a primitive feature in the order.
Democratizing Computational Tools for Interaction Designers

I am creating a new programming language and editor that is aimed towards authoring interactive behaviors. This language is intended to allow more interaction designers to write their own interactive applications. This paper discusses the motivation, method, and design ideas for such a language.
DEUTERATED WATER EFFECTS ON ACID IONIZATION CONSTANTS

Linear relations of the form ΔpK = pKD - pKH = a + b pKHrelating ionization constants of acids in light and heavy water must have the same slope b for any kind of acid unless the previously unconsidered charge type is important or this equation is not valid.
Do the separate channels in the deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering scale individually?

Working within the unified approach to resonances and partons it is affirmed that individual channels that open up at high energies in deep inelastic electron-- nucleon scattering also scale individually.
Electrical stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells on biomineralized conducting polymers enhances their differentiation towards osteogenic outcomes

Tissue scaffolds allowing the behaviour of the cells that reside on them to be controlled are of particular interest for tissue engineering. Herein we describe biomineralized conducting polymer-based bone tissue scaffolds that facilitate the electrical stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in enhancement of their differentiation towards osteogenic outcomes.
Numerical solution of scattering equations with nonlocal potentials

A noniterative method, first communicated by Marriott, for solving the integro-differential equations which arise in electronatom scattering theory, is developed for a general class of nonlocal potentials for both coupled and uncoupled equations. Algorithms are given for the numerical solution in the uncoupled case using Simpson's rule for the quadrature scheme. As a sample calculation e/sup -/-He elastic scattering phase shifts are calculated using the static-exchange approximation with a renormalized density matrix. Hartree-Fock phase shifts are tabulated for He and Ne and compared to previous calculations. (auth)
On low rank MVDR beamforming using the conjugate gradient algorithm

In array applications an important task is adaptive beamforming. The minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer can only be computed if the true spatial correlation matrix is available. In practice, the correlation matrix has to be estimated from the arriving signals, and in some cases there are only a small number of samples (snapshots) available. When the number of snapshots is small, the MVDR beamformer is no longer optimal, and a low rank MVDR solution can provide a higher SINR. In this work we analyze two methods of finding low rank solutions: steering independent conjugate gradient (SI-CG) and steering dependent conjugate gradient (SD-CG). We also propose a simplified expression to compute the arriving power from any given direction.
A simple proof of the entropy-power inequality

This correspondence gives a simple proof of Shannon's entropy-power inequality (EPI) using the relationship between mutual information and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) in Gaussian channels.
Analysis of Eleptiogenesis with EEG-radiotelemetry in Animal Models of Epilepsy

Long-term continuous electrographic recordings from animal models of acquired epilepsy may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying this important neurological disorder. The present studies report the use of radiotelemetry to record electrical activity from the hippocampus and cortex nearly continuously for months. This approach, combined with algorithms for semi-automated detection of spikes and seizures, should promote development of new therapies aimed at blocking seizures and the progression of epilepsy.
Effect of Frequent Feeding on Weight Gain Response in Young Dairy Heifers

Summary In four successive trials, weight gain was observed on growing Holstein heifers as a result of feeding 24×or 10×vs. 2×daily. Both restricted and unrestricted systems for governing feed intake were employed. Frequent feeding induced faster weight gain only when the rations were quantitatively restricted, and only for a period of 30 to 38 days. There were no significant differences in feed consumption between treatment and control animals.
Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Structure and Gene Function by Biotin

Covalent modifications of histones are a crucial component of epigenetic events that regulate chromatin structures and gene function. Evidence exists that distinct lysine residues in histones are modified by covalent attachment of the vitamin biotin, catalyzed by biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase. Biotinylation of histones appears to be conserved across species. The following biotinylation sites were identified using both MS and enzymatic biotinylation of synthetic peptides: K9, K13, K125, K127, and K129 in histone H2A; K4, K9, and K18 in histone H3; and K8 and K12 in histone H4. Evidence was provided that biotinylated histone H4 is enriched in pericentromeric heterochromatin, and that biotinylation of histone H4 participates in gene silencing, mitotic condensation of chromatin, and the cellular response to DNA damage. Biotinylation of histones is a reversible process and depends on the exogenous biotin supply, but the identities of histone debiotinylases remain uncertain. We propose that some effects of biotin deficiency can be attributed to abnormal chromatin structures.