cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REVEALING THE STRUCTURE OF AN ACCRETION DISK THROUGH ENERGY-DEPENDENT X-RAY MICROLENSING

We present results from monitoring observations of the gravitationally lensed quasar RX J1131-1231 performed with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The X-ray observations were planned with relatively long exposures that allowed a search for energy-dependent microlensing in the soft (0.2-2 keV) and hard (2-10 keV) light curves of the images of RX J1131-1231. We detect significant microlensing in the X-ray light curves of images A and D, and energy-dependent microlensing of image D. The magnification of the soft band appears to be larger than that in the hard band by a factor of {approx}1.3 when image D becomes more magnified. This can be explained by the difference between a compact, softer-spectrum corona that is producing a more extended, harder spectrum reflection component off the disk. This is supported by the evolution of the fluorescent iron line in image D over three consecutive time-averaged phases of the light curve. In the first period, an Fe line at E = 6.35{sup +0.14}{sub -0.14} keV is detected (at >99% confidence). In the second period, two Fe lines are detected, one at E = 5.50{sup +0.03}{sub -0.08} keV (detected at >99% confidence) and another at E = 6.04{sup +0.10}{sub -0.07} keV (marginally detected at >90%more » confidence), and in the third period, a broadened Fe line at 6.42{sup +0.16}{sub -0.14} keV is detected (at >99% confidence). This evolution of the Fe line profile during the microlensing event is consistent with the line distortion expected when a caustic passes over the inner disk where the shape of the fluorescent Fe line is distorted by general relativistic and Doppler effects.« less
Near-optimal stochastic approximation for online principal component estimation

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been a prominent tool for high-dimensional data analysis. Online algorithms that estimate the principal component by processing streaming data are of tremendous practical and theoretical interests. Despite its rich applications, theoretical convergence analysis remains largely open. In this paper, we cast online PCA into a stochastic nonconvex optimization problem, and we analyze the online PCA algorithm as a stochastic approximation iteration. The stochastic approximation iteration processes data points incrementally and maintains a running estimate of the principal component. We prove for the first time a nearly optimal finite-sample error bound for the online PCA algorithm. Under the subgaussian assumption, we show that the finite-sample error bound closely matches the minimax information lower bound.
k-Extreme Points in Symmetric Spaces of Measurable Operators

Let \({\mathcal{M}}\) be a semifinite von Neumann algebra with a faithful, normal, semifinite trace \({\tau}\) and E be a strongly symmetric Banach function space on \({[0,\tau({\bf 1}))}\) . We show that an operator x in the unit sphere of \({E(\mathcal{M}, \tau)}\) is k-extreme, \({k \in {\mathbb{N}}}\) , whenever its singular value function \({\mu(x)}\) is k-extreme and one of the following conditions hold (i) \({\mu(\infty, x) = \lim_{t\to\infty}\mu(t, x) = 0}\) or (ii) \({n(x)\mathcal{M}n(x^*) = 0}\) and \({|x| \geq \mu(\infty, x)s(x)}\) , where n(x) and s(x) are null and support projections of x, respectively. The converse is true whenever \({\mathcal{M}}\) is non-atomic. The global k-rotundity property follows, that is if \({\mathcal{M}}\) is non-atomic then E is k-rotund if and only if \(E(\mathcal{M}, \tau)\) is k-rotund. As a consequence of the noncommutative results we obtain that f is a k-extreme point of the unit ball of the strongly symmetric function space E if and only if its decreasing rearrangement \({\mu(f)}\) is k-extreme and \({|f| \geq \mu(\infty,f)}\) . We conclude with the corollary on orbits Ω(g) and Ω′(g). We get that f is a k-extreme point of the orbit \({\Omega(g),\,g \in L_1 + L_{\infty}}\) , or \({\Omega'(g),\,g \in L_1[0, \alpha),\,\alpha < \infty}\) , if and only if \({\mu(f) = \mu(g)}\) and \({|f| \geq \mu(\infty, f)}\) . From this we obtain a characterization of k-extreme points in Marcinkiewicz spaces.
Improving the sensitivity of Higgs Boson searches in the golden channel

Leptonic decays of the Higgs boson in the ZZ (*) channel yield what is known as the golden channel due to its clean signature and good total invariant mass resolution. In addition, the full kinematic distribution of the decay products can be reconstructed, which, nonetheless, is not taken into account in traditional search strategy relying only on measurements of the total invariant mass. In this work we implement a type of multivariate analysis known as the matrix element method, which exploits differences in the full production and decay matrix elements between the Higgs boson and the dominant irreducible background from $ q\bar{q} \to Z{Z^{{( * )}}} $ . Analytic expressions of the differential distributions for both the signal and the background are also presented. We perform a study for the Large Hadron Collider at $ \sqrt {s} = 7\,\,{\text{TeV}} $ for Higgs masses between 175 and 350 GeV. We find that, with an integrated luminosity of 2.5 fb−1 or higher, improvements in the order of 10–20% could be obtained for both discovery significance and exclusion limits in the high mass region, where the differences in the angular correlations between signal and background are most pronounced.
Generating similes effortlessly like a Pro: A Style Transfer Approach for Simile Generation

Literary tropes, from poetry to stories, are at the crux of human imagination and communication. Figurative language such as a simile go beyond plain expressions to give readers new insights and inspirations. In this paper, we tackle the problem of simile generation. Generating a simile requires proper understanding for effective mapping of properties between two concepts. To this end, we first propose a method to automatically construct a parallel corpus by transforming a large number of similes collected from Reddit to their literal counterpart using structured common sense knowledge. We then propose to fine-tune a pre-trained sequence to sequence model, BART (Lewis et al 2019), on the literal-simile pairs to gain generalizability, so that we can generate novel similes given a literal sentence. Experiments show that our approach generates 88% novel similes that do not share properties with the training data. Human evaluation on an independent set of literal statements shows that our model generates similes better than two literary experts 37% of the time when compared pairwise. We also show how replacing literal sentences with similes from our best model in machine-generated stories improves evocativeness and leads to better acceptance by human judges.
Springer theory via the Hitchin fibration

We develop the Springer theory of Weyl group representations in the language of symplectic topology. Given a semisimple complex group G, we describe a Lagrangian brane in the cotangent bundle of the adjoint quotient 𝔤/G that produces the perverse sheaves of Springer theory. The main technical tool is an analysis of the Fourier transform for constructible sheaves from the perspective of the Fukaya category. Our results can be viewed as a toy model of the quantization of Hitchin fibers in the geometric Langlands program.
Skein relations for spin networks, modified

An alternative framework underlying connection between tensor sl2-calculus and spin networks is suggested. New sign convention for the inner product in the dual spinor space leads to a simpler and ...
On neutrino masses and leptonic mixing

Using recent data on neutrino oscillations, we argue that a hierarchical solution for neutrino masses in a three-family context is possible, and that the masses of the and ? neutrinos are very nearly determined within that possibility. We also examine the predictions of a model that determines neutrino and charged lepton mass matrices as well as its consistency with data.
Multitime Landau–Zener model: classification of solvable Hamiltonians*

We discuss a class of models that generalize the two-state Landau-Zener (LZ) Hamiltonian to both the multistate and multitime evolution. It is already known that the corresponding quantum mechanical evolution can be understood in great detail. Here, we present an approach to classify such solvable models, namely, to identify all their independent families for a given number $N$ of interacting states and prove the absence of such families for some types of interactions. We also discuss how, within a solvable family, one can classify the scattering matrices, i.e., the system's dynamics. Due to the possibility of such a detailed classification, the multitime Landau-Zener (MTLZ) model defines a useful special function of theoretical physics.
Particle Dark Matter from Physics Beyond the Standard Model

In this talk I contrast three different particle dark matter candidates, all motivated by new physics beyond the Standard Model: supersymmetric dark matter, Kaluza-Klein dark matter, and scalar dark matter. I then discuss the prospects for their discovery and identification in both direct detection as well as collider experiments.
Personalized Degrees: Effects on Link Formation in Dynamic Networks from an Egocentric Perspective

Understanding mechanisms driving link formation in dynamic social networks is a long-standing problem that has implications to understanding social structure as well as link prediction and recommendation. Social networks exhibit a high degree of transitivity, which explains the successes of common neighbor-based methods for link prediction. In this paper, we examine mechanisms behind link formation from the perspective of an ego node. We introduce the notion of personalized degree for each neighbor node of the ego, which is the number of other neighbors a particular neighbor is connected to. From empirical analyses on four on-line social network datasets, we find that neighbors with higher personalized degree are more likely to lead to new link formations when they serve as common neighbors with other nodes, both in undirected and directed settings. This is complementary to the finding of Adamic and Adar [1] that neighbor nodes with higher (global) degree are less likely to lead to new link formations. Furthermore, on directed networks, we find that personalized out-degree has a stronger effect on link formation than personalized in-degree, whereas global in-degree has a stronger effect than global out-degree. We validate our empirical findings through several link recommendation experiments and observe that incorporating both personalized and global degree into link recommendation greatly improves accuracy.
Simulations of core convection and resulting dynamo action in rotating A-type stars

We present the results of 3–D nonlinear simulations of magnetic dynamo action by core convection within A-type stars of 2 with a range of rotation rates. We consider the inner 30% by radius of such stars, with the spherical domain thereby encompassing the convective core and a portion of the surrounding radiative envelope. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations, subject to the anelastic approximation, are solved to examine highly nonlinear flows that span multiple scale heights, exhibit intricate time dependence, and admit magnetic dynamo action. Small initial seed magnetic fields are found to be amplified greatly by the convective and zonal flows. The central columns of strikingly slow rotation found in some of our progenitor hydrodynamic simulations continue to be realized in some simulations to a lesser degree, with such differential rotation arising from the redistribution of angular momentum by the nonlinear convection and magnetic fields. We assess the properties of the magnetic fields thus generated, the extent of the convective penetration, the magnitude of the differential rotation, and the excitation of gravity waves within the radiative envelope.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Topology in the bulk: gauge field solitons in extra dimensions

Certain static soliton configurations of gauge fields in 4+1 dimensions correspond to the instanton in 4 Euclidean dimensions “turned on its side”, becoming a monopole in 4+1. The periodic instanton solution can be used with the method of images to construct solutions satisfying D-brane boundary conditions. The θ-term on the brane becomes a topological current source, yielding an emission amplitude for monopoles into the bulk. Instantons have a novel reinterpretation in terms of monopole exchange between branes.
The Magellan/IMACS Catalog of Optical Supernova Remnant Candidates in M83

We present a new optical imaging survey of supernova remnants (SNRs) in M83, using data obtained with the Magellan I 6.5 m telescope and IMACS instrument under conditions of excellent seeing. Using the criterion of strong [S II] emission relative to H{alpha}, we confirm all but three of the 71 SNR candidates listed in our previous survey, and expand the SNR candidate list to 225 objects, more than tripling the earlier sample. Comparing the optical survey with a new deep X-ray survey of M83 with Chandra, we find that 61 of these SNR candidates have X-ray counterparts. We also identify an additional list of 46 [O III]-selected nebulae for follow-up as potential ejecta-dominated remnants, seven of which have associated X-ray emission that makes them strong candidates. Some of the other [O III]-bright objects could also be normal interstellar medium (ISM) dominated SNRs with shocks fast enough to doubly ionize oxygen, but with H{alpha} and [S II] emission faint enough to have been missed. A few of these objects may also be H II regions with abnormally high [O III] emission compared with the majority of M83 H II regions, compact nebulae excited by young Wolf-Rayet stars, or even background activemore » galactic nuclei. The SNR H{alpha} luminosity function in M83 is shifted by a factor of {approx}4.5 times higher than for M33 SNRs, indicative of a higher mean ISM density in M83. We describe the search technique used to identify the SNR candidates and provide basic information and finder charts for the objects.« less
Type IIB supergravity compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold with H fluxes

We discuss the compactification of type-IIB supergravity on a Calabi-Yau manifold in the presence of both RR and NS fluxes for the three-form fields. We obtain the classical potential both by direct compactification and by using the techniques of = 2 gauged supergravity in four-dimensions. We briefly discuss the properties of such potential and compare the result with previous derivations.
Exact Expressions for the Critical Mach Numbers in the Two-Fluid Model of Cosmic-Ray-modified Shocks

The acceleration of relativistic particles due to repeated scattering across a shock wave remains the most attractive model for the production of energetic cosmic rays. This process has been analyzed extensively during the past two decades using the "two-fluid" model of diffusive shock acceleration. It is well known that one, two, or three distinct solutions for the flow structure can be found depending on the upstream parameters. Interestingly, in certain cases both smooth and discontinuous transitions exist for the same values of the upstream parameters. However, despite the fact that such multiple solutions to the shock structure were known to exist, the precise nature of the critical conditions delineating the number and character of shock transitions has remained unclear, mainly due to the inappropriate choice of parameters used in the determination of the upstream boundary conditions. In this paper we derive the exact critical conditions by reformulating the upstream boundary conditions in terms of two individual Mach numbers defined with respect to the cosmic-ray and gas sound speeds, respectively. The gas and cosmic-ray adiabatic indices are assumed to remain constant throughout the flow, although they may have arbitrary, independent values. Our results provide for the first time a complete, analytical classification of the parameter space of shock transitions in the two-fluid model. We use our formalism to analyze the possible shock structures for various values of the cosmic-ray and gas adiabatic indices. When multiple solutions are possible, we propose using the associated entropy distributions as a means for identifying the most stable configuration.
Penalized estimation of directed acyclic graphs from discrete data

Bayesian networks, with structure given by a directed acyclic graph (DAG), are a popular class of graphical models. However, learning Bayesian networks from discrete or categorical data is particularly challenging, due to the large parameter space and the difficulty in searching for a sparse structure. In this article, we develop a maximum penalized likelihood method to tackle this problem. Instead of the commonly used multinomial distribution, we model the conditional distribution of a node given its parents by multi-logit regression, in which an edge is parameterized by a set of coefficient vectors with dummy variables encoding the levels of a node. To obtain a sparse DAG, a group norm penalty is employed, and a blockwise coordinate descent algorithm is developed to maximize the penalized likelihood subject to the acyclicity constraint of a DAG. When interventional data are available, our method constructs a causal network, in which a directed edge represents a causal relation. We apply our method to various simulated and real data sets. The results show that our method is very competitive, compared to many existing methods, in DAG estimation from both interventional and high-dimensional observational data.
Microcanonical path integrals and the holography of small black hole interiors

We use a microcanonical path integral closely related to that introduced by Brown and York in 1992 to add new entries to the AdS/CFT dictionary concerning the interiors of small black holes. Stationary points of such path integrals are also stationary points of more standard canonical-type path integrals with fixed boundary metric, but the condition for dominance is now maximizing Hubeny-Rangamani-Takayanagi entropy at fixed energy. As a result, such path integrals can bring to the fore saddles that fail to dominate in more familiar contexts. We use this feature to argue that the standard Kruskal-like two-sided extension of small AdS black holes with energy E0 is dual to a microcanonical version of the thermofield double state for AdS black holes that maximize the microcanonical bulk entropy at this energy. We also comment on entanglement in such states and on quantum effects that become large when the energy-width of the microcanonical ensemble is sufficiently small.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Depletion in TMC1

12C/13C isotopologue abundance anomalies have long been predicted for gas-phase chemistry in molecules other than CO and have recently been observed in the Taurus molecular cloud (TMC) in several species hosting more than one carbon atom, i.e., CCH, CCS, CCCS, and HC3N. Here we work to ascertain whether these isotopologic anomalies actually result from the predicted depletion of the 13C+ ion in an oxygen-rich optically shielded dense gas, or from some other more particular mechanism or mechanisms. We observed λ3mm emission from carbon-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-bearing isotopologues of HNC, CS, and H2CS at three positions in Taurus (TMC1, L1527, and the NH3 peak) using the ARO 12 m telescope. We saw no evidence of 12C/13C anomalies in our observations. Although the pool of C+ is likely to be depleted in 13C, 13C is not depleted in the general pool of carbon outside CO, which probably exists mostly in the form of C0. The observed isotopologic abundance anomalies are peculiar to those species in which they are found.
Calibrating photometric redshift distributions with cross-correlations

The next generation of proposed galaxy surveys will increase the number of galaxies with photometric redshift identifications by two orders of magnitude, drastically expanding both the redshift range and detection threshold from the current state of the art. Obtaining spectra for a fair subsample of these new data could be cumbersome and expensive. However, adequate calibration of the true redshift distribution of galaxies is vital to tapping the potential of these surveys to illuminate the processes of galaxy evolution and to constrain the underlying cosmology and growth of structure. We examine here an alternative to direct spectroscopic follow-up: calibration of the redshift distribution of photometric galaxies via cross-correlation with an overlapping spectroscopic survey whose members trace the same density field. We review the theory, develop a pipeline to implement the method, apply it to mock data from N-body simulations, and examine the properties of this redshift distribution estimator. We demonstrate that the method is generally effective, but the estimator is weakened by two main factors. One is that the correlation function of the spectroscopic sample must be measured in many bins along the line of sight, which renders the measurement noisy and interferes with high-quality reconstruction of the photometric redshift distribution. Also, the method is not able to disentangle the photometric redshift distribution from redshift dependence in the bias of the photometric sample. We establish the impact of these factors using our mock catalogs. We conclude that it may still be necessary to spectroscopically follow up a fair subsample of the photometric survey data. Nonetheless, it is significant that the method has been successfully implemented on mock data, and with further refinement it may appreciably decrease the number of spectra that will be needed to calibrate future surveys.
The Abundances of Light Neutron-Capture Elements in Planetary Nebulae

We present preliminary results from a large-scale survey of the neutron( n )-capture elements Se and Kr in Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe). These elements may be produced in PN progenitors by s -process nucleosynthesis, and brought to the stellar envelope by third dredge-up (TDU). We have searched for [Kr iii] 2.199 and [Se iv] 2.287 $\mu$ m in 120 PNe, and detected one or both lines in 79 objects, for a detection rate of 66%. In order to determine abundances of Se and Kr, we have added these elements to the atomic database of the photoionization code CLOUDY, and constructed a large grid of models to derive corrections for unobserved ionization stages. Se and Kr are enriched in $\sim$ 73% of the PNe in which they have been detected, and exhibit a wide range of abundances, from roughly solar to enriched by a factor of 10 or more. These enrichments are interpreted as evidence for the operation of the s -process and TDU in the progenitor stars. In line with theoretical expectations, Kr is more strongly enhanced than Se, and the abundances of both elements are correlated with the carbon abundance. Kr and Se are strongly enhanced in Type I PNe, which may be evidence for the operation of the $^{22}$ Ne neutron source in intermediate-mass AGB stars. These results constitute the first broad characterization of s -process enrichments in PNe as a population, and reveal the impact of low- and intermediate-mass stars on the chemical evolution of trans-iron elements in the Galaxy.
Connect sum and transversely non simple knots

We prove that transversal non-simplicity is preserved under taking connect sum, generalizing Veŕtesi's result [ 11 ].
Robustness of n-GaAs carrier spin properties to 5 MeV proton irradiation

Modern electronic devices utilize charge to transmit and store information. This leaves the information susceptible to external influences, such as radiation, that can introduce short timescale charge fluctuations and, long term, degrade electronic properties. Encoding information as spin polarizations offers an attractive alternative to electronic logic that should be robust to randomly polarized transient radiation effects. As a preliminary step towards radiation-resistant spintronic devices, we measure the spin properties of n-GaAs as a function of radiation fluence using time-resolved Kerr rotation and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Our results show a modest to negligible change in the long-term electron spin properties up to a fluence of 1 × 1014 (5 MeV protons)/cm2, even as the luminescence decreases by two orders of magnitude.
Weighted Sobolev regularity of the Bergman projection on the Hartogs triangle

We prove a weighted Sobolev estimate of the Bergman projection on the Hartogs triangle, where the weight is some power of the distance to the singularity at the boundary. This method also applies to the $n$-dimensional generalization of the Hartogs triangle.
SUPERSYMMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR THE DIRAC EQUATION WITH SPIN-SYMMETRIC AND PSEUDO-SPIN-SYMMETRIC INTERACTIONS

A supersymmetric analysis is presented for the d-dimensional Dirac equation with central potentials under spin-symmetric (S(r) = V(r)) and pseudo-spin-symmetric (S(r) = - V(r)) regimes. We construct the explicit shift operators that are required to factorize the Dirac Hamiltonian with the Kratzer potential. Exact solutions are provided for both the Coulomb and Kratzer potentials.
Dynamic Influence on Replicator Evolution for the Propagation of Competing Technologies

This letter introduces a novel modified replicator dynamics model, which includes external influences on the population. This framework models a realistic market into which companies, the external dynamic influences, invest resources in order to bolster their product’s standing and increase their market share. The dynamic influences change in each time step of the game, and directly modify the payoff matrix of the population’s interactions. The model can learn from real data how each influence affects the market, and can be used to simulate and predict the outcome of a real system. We specifically analyze how a new technology can compete and attempt to unseat an entrenched technology as the market leader. We establish a relationship between the external influences and the population payoff matrix and show how the system can be implemented to predict outcomes in a real market by simulating the rise of the Android mobile operating system over its primary competition, the iPhone, from 2009 to 2017.
Stellar Double Coronagraph: A Multistage Coronagraphic Platform at Palomar Observatory

We present a new instrument, the "Stellar Double Coronagraph," a flexible coronagraphic platform. Designed for Palomar Observatory's 200'' Hale telescope, its two focal and pupil planes allow for a number of different observing configurations, including multiple vortex coronagraphs in series for improved contrast at small angles. We describe the motivation, design, observing modes, wavefront control approaches, data reduction pipeline, and early science results. We also discuss future directions for the instrument.
Resolvent Estimates in L p for the Stokes Operator in Lipschitz Domains

We establish the L p resolvent estimates for the Stokes operator in Lipschitz domains in $${\mathbb{R}^d}$$ , $${d\geqq 3}$$ for $${|\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{2}| < \frac{1}{2d} +\varepsilon}$$ . The result implies that the Stokes operator in a three-dimensional Lipschitz domain generates a bounded analytic semigroup in L p for (3/2) − e < p < 3 + e. This gives an affirmative answer to a conjecture of M. Taylor (Progr. Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., vol. 42, pp. 320–334).
Negative Differential Resistance and Steep Switching in Chevron Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistors

We show that recently fabricated Chevron-type graphene nanoribbons act as a monolithic superlattice structure. This is enabled by the large periodic unit cells with regions of different effective bandgaps in these nanoribbons, resulting in minibands and gaps in the density of states above the conduction band edge. Quantum transport calculations based on non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism reveal that a negative differential resistance (NDR) is expected to manifest in these nanoribbons. Due to the relatively low density of states, such NDR behavior can also be modulated with a gate electric field. We show that a sub-thermal subthreshold swing ( $ ) can potentially be obtained in a three-terminal configuration, even in the presence of optical phonon scattering.
Improved Theoretical Predictions of Microlensing Rates for the Detection of Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter

Primordial black holes (PBHs) remain a dark matter (DM) candidate of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Previously, we proposed a new method of constraining the remaining PBH DM mass range using microlensing of stars monitored by NASA's Kepler mission. We improve this analysis using a more accurate treatment of the population of the Kepler source stars, their variability, and limb darkening. We extend the theoretically detectable PBH DM mass range down to 2 × 10–10 M ☉, two orders of magnitude below current limits and one-third order of magnitude below our previous estimate. We address how to extract the DM properties, such as mass and spatial distribution, if PBH microlensing events were detected. We correct an error in a well-known finite-source limb-darkening microlensing formula and also examine the effects of varying the light curve cadence on PBH DM detectability. We also introduce an approximation for estimating the predicted rate of detection per star as a function of the star's properties, thus allowing for selection of source stars in future missions, and extend our analysis to planned surveys, such as the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope.
Spatially Distributed Social Complex Networks

How does the geographic distribution of human populations correlate with their networks of social connections? In a simple mathematical model, theorists, for the first time, tie these two phenomena together and show that the model reproduces several interesting features found in real populations.
Robust coin flipping

Alice seeks an information-theoretically secure source of private random data. Unfortunately, she lacks a personal source and must use remote sources controlled by other parties. Alice wants to simulate a coin flip of specified bias α, as a function of data she receives from p sources; she seeks privacy from any coalition of r of them. We show: If p/2≤r<p, the bias can be any rational number and nothing else; if 0<r<p/2, the bias can be any algebraic number and nothing else. The proof uses projective varieties, convex geometry, and the probabilistic method. Our results improve on those laid out by Yao, who asserts one direction of the r=1 case in his seminal paper [yao82]. We also provide an application to secure multiparty computation.
Eigenfunction expansions for a fundamental solution of Laplace's equation on R 3 in parabolic and elliptic cylinder coordinates

A fundamental solution of Laplace’s equation in three dimensions is expanded in harmonic functions that are separated in parabolic or elliptic cylinder coordinates. There are two expansions in each case which reduce to expansions of the Bessel functionsJ0(kr) orK0(kr),r 2 = (x−x0) 2 + (y−y0) 2 , in parabolic and elliptic cylinder harmonics. Advantage is taken of the fact that K0(kr) is a fundamental solution and J0(kr) is the Riemann function of partial differential equations on the Euclidean plane.
Charmed baryon decay to a strange baryon plus a pion using QCD sum rules

This is an extension of the prediction of strange baryon decays to the decays of charmed baryons using QCD Sum Rules. Using QCD Sum Rules we estimate the decay $\Lambda^+_c (udc) \rightarrow \Lambda^o_s(uds)+ \pi^+$. Although some weak decays of the $\Lambda^+_c$ have been measured, since it is difficult to measure $\Lambda^+_c \rightarrow \Lambda^o_s+ \pi^+$ our estimates should be useful for future experiments
Modeling Trust in Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey

As the autonomy and capabilities of robotic systems increase, they are expected to play the role of teammates rather than tools and interact with human collaborators in a more realistic manner, creating a more human-like relationship. Given the impact of trust observed in human-robot interaction (HRI), appropriate trust in robotic collaborators is one of the leading factors influencing the performance of human-robot interaction. Team performance can be diminished if people do not trust robots appropriately by disusing or misusing them based on limited experience. Therefore, trust in HRI needs to be calibrated properly, rather than maximized, to let the formation of an appropriate level of trust in human collaborators. For trust calibration in HRI, trust needs to be modeled first. There are many reviews on factors affecting trust in HRI [22], however, as there are no reviews concentrated on different trust models, in this paper, we review different techniques and methods for trust modeling in HRI. We also present a list of potential directions for further research and some challenges that need to be addressed in future work on human-robot trust modeling.
Segal's Gamma rings and universal arithmetic

Segal's Gamma-rings provide a natural framework for absolute algebraic geometry. We use Almkvist's global Witt construction to explore the relation with J. Borger F1-geometry and compute the Witt functor-ring of Almkvist for the simplest Gamma-ring S. We prove that it is isomorphic to the Galois invariant part of the BC-system, and exhibit the close relation between Lambda-rings and the Arithmetic site. Then, we concentrate on the Arakelov compactification of Z which acquires a structure sheaf of S-algebras. After supplying a probabilistic interpretation of the classical theta invariant of a divisor D, we show how to associate to D a Gamma-space that encodes, in homotopical terms, the Riemann-Roch problem for D.
Equivariant dendroidal Segal spaces and $G$–$\infty$–operads

We introduce the analogues of the notions of complete Segal space and of Segal category in the context of equivariant operads with norm maps, and build model categories with these as the fibrant objects. We then show that these model categories are Quillen equivalent to each other and to the model category for G–∞–operads built in a previous paper. Moreover, we establish variants of these results for the Blumberg–Hill indexing systems. In an appendix, we discuss Reedy categories in the equivariant context.
A bound for the conductor of an open subgroup of GL2 associated to an elliptic curve

Given an elliptic curve $E$ without complex multiplication defined over a number field $K$, consider the image of the Galois representation defined by letting Galois act on the torsion of $E$. Serre's open image theorem implies that there is a positive integer $m$ for which the Galois image is completely determined by its reduction modulo $m$. In this note, we prove a bound on the smallest such $m$ in terms of standard invariants associated with $E$. The bound is sharp and improves upon previous results.
Is Retell a Valid Measure of Reading Comprehension

Retell is used widely as a measure of reading comprehension. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the relation between retell and other measures of reading comprehension among students in Grades 1-12. Data from 23 studies (82 effect sizes; N = 4,705 participants) showed a moderate relation between retell and other measures of reading comprehension, r = .46. Moderation analyses revealed that the relation was stronger when reading comprehension was measured by cloze or maze tasks than when measured using a multiple-choice format. In addition, the relation was weaker in higher grades, but this was largely explained by text genre or the number of prompts in retell. The relation between 'oral' retell and reading comprehension was stronger with a greater number of prompts provided during retell tests. In contrast, results did not differ by other features of retell such as reading mode (oral or silent), text genres of retell (narrative or informational), or use of different oral retell evaluation methods (e.g., number of words or ideas, overall quality). Overall, the results indicate a moderate relation, on average, between retell and other measures of reading comprehension. However, the moderate magnitude indicates caution for using retell as the sole measure of reading comprehension. The results also indicate a need for a better understanding about more systematic approaches to retell assessment (e.g., number and kind of prompts in the case of oral retell) as a measure of reading comprehension.
Laplace invariants of differential operators

We identify conditions giving large natural classes of partial differential operators for which it is possible to construct a complete set of Laplace invariants. In order to do that, we investigate general properties of differential invariants of partial differential operators under gauge transformations and introduce a sufficient condition for a set of invariants to be complete. We also give a some mild conditions that guarantee the existence of such a set. The proof is constructive. The method gives many examples of invariants previously known in the literature as well as many new examples including multidimensional.
Second Harmonic Generation from a Single Plasmonic Nanorod Strongly Coupled to a WSe2 Monolayer

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, coupled to metal plasmonic nanocavities, have recently emerged as new platforms for strong light-matter interactions. These systems are expected to have nonlinear-optical properties that will enable them to be used as entangled photon sources, compact wave-mixing devices, and other elements for classical and quantum photonic technologies. Here, we report the first experimental investigation of the nonlinear properties of these strongly coupled systems, by observing second harmonic generation from a WSe2 monolayer strongly coupled to a single gold nanorod. The pump-frequency dependence of the second-harmonic signal displays a pronounced splitting that can be explained by a coupled-oscillator model with second-order nonlinearities. Rigorous numerical simulations utilizing a nonperturbative nonlinear hydrodynamic model of conduction electrons support this interpretation and reproduce experimental results. Our study thus lays the groundwork for understanding the nonlinear properties of strongly coupled nanoscale systems.
Stochastic Localization Methods for Discrete Convex Simulation Optimization.

We propose a set of new algorithms based on stochastic localization methods for large-scale discrete simulation optimization problems with convexity structure. All proposed algorithms, with the general idea of "localizing" potential good solutions to an adaptively shrinking subset, are guaranteed with high probability to identify a solution that is close enough to the optimal given any precision level. Specifically, for one-dimensional large-scale problems, we propose an enhanced adaptive algorithm with an expected simulation cost asymptotically independent of the problem scale, which is proved to attain the best achievable performance. For multi-dimensional large-scale problems, we propose statistically guaranteed stochastic cutting-plane algorithms, the simulation costs of which have no dependence on model parameters such as the Lipschitz parameter, as well as low polynomial order of dependence on the problem scale and dimension. Numerical experiments are implemented to support our theoretical findings. The theory results, joint the numerical experiments, provide insights and recommendations on which algorithm to use in different real application settings.
Isoenergetic two-photon excitation enhances solvent-to-solute excited-state proton transfer

Two-photon excitation (TPE) is an attractive means for controlling chemistry in both space and time. Since isoenergetic one- and two-photon excitations (OPE and TPE) in non-centrosymmetric molecules are allowed to reach the same excited state, it is usually assumed that they produce similar excited-state reactivity. We compare the solvent-to-solute excited-state proton transfer of the super photobase FR0-SB following isoenergetic OPE and TPE. We find up to 62% increased reactivity following TPE compared to OPE. From steady-state spectroscopy, we rule out the involvement of different excited states and find that OPE and TPE spectra are identical in non-polar solvents but not in polar ones. We propose that differences in the matrix elements that contribute to the two-photon absorption cross sections lead to the observed enhanced isoenergetic reactivity, consistent with the predictions of our high-level coupled-cluster-based computational protocol. We find that polar solvent configurations favor greater dipole moment change between ground and excited states, which enters the probability for TPE as the absolute value squared. This, in turn, causes a difference in the Franck–Condon region reached via TPE compared to OPE. We conclude that a new method has been found for controlling chemical reactivity via the matrix elements that affect two-photon cross sections, which may be of great utility for spatial and temporal precision chemistry.
Two-phase developing laminar mixing layer at supercritical pressures

Abstract Numerical analysis of a shear layer between a cool liquid n -decane hydrocarbon and a hot oxygen gas at supercritical pressures shows that a well-defined phase equilibrium can be established. Variable properties are considered with the product ρ μ in the gas phase showing a nearly constant result within the laminar flow region with no instabilities. Sufficiently thick diffusion layers form around the liquid-gas interface to support the case of continuum theory and phase equilibrium. While molecules are exchanged for both species at all pressures, net mass flux across the interface shifts as pressure is increased. Net vaporization occurs for low pressures while net condensation occurs at higher pressures. For a mixture of n -decane and oxygen, the transition occurs around 50 bar. The equilibrium values at the interface quickly reach their downstream asymptotes. For all cases, profiles of diffusing-advecting quantities collapse to a similar solution (i.e., function of one independent variable). Validity of the boundary layer approximation and similarity are shown in both phases for Reynolds numbers greater than 239 at 150 bar. Results for other pressures are also taken at high Reynolds numbers. Thereby, the validity of the boundary layer approximation and similarity are expected. However, at very high pressures, the similar one-dimensional profiles vary for different problem constraints.
Scaling Graph Clustering with Distributed Sketches

The unsupervised learning of community structure, in particular the partitioning vertices into clusters or communities, is a canonical and well-studied problem in exploratory graph analysis. However, like most graph analyses the introduction of immense scale presents challenges to traditional methods. Spectral clustering in distributed memory, for example, requires hundreds of expensive bulk-synchronous communication rounds to compute an embedding of vertices to a few eigenvectors of a graph associated matrix. Furthermore, the whole computation might need to be repeated if the underlying graph changes some low percentage of edge updates. We present a method inspired by spectral clustering where we instead use matrix sketches derived from random dimension-reducing projections. We show that our method produces embeddings that yield performant clustering results given a fully-dynamic stochastic block model stream using both the fast Johnson-Lindenstrauss and CountSketch transforms. We also discuss the effects of stochastic block model parameters upon the required dimensionality of the subsequent embeddings, and show how random projections could significantly improve the performance of graph clustering in distributed memory.
Multipoint Aerodynamic Shape Optimization for Subsonic and Supersonic Regimes

The second generation of supersonic civil transport has to match ambitious targets in terms of efficiency to be economically and environmentally viable. Computational fluid dynamics-based design op...
Assessing the SSRN-Based Law School Rankings

This comment assesses correlations among law school ranking systems for schools ranked in the top ten or twenty as measured by SSRN downloads. SSRN downloads are highly correlated with other ranking systems for law schools as a whole. But the correlations are less strong than those among other ranking systems when used to assess peer law schools - schools that in fact compete with one another. SSRN-based rankings may be at a disadvantage compared to other objective ranking systems because the SSRN database likely provides less comprehensive coverage of downloads than competing systems, such as Westlaw and LexisNexis, provide about productivity and citations.
The Market Reaction to SEC IFRS-Related Announcements: The Case of American Depository Receipt (ADR) Firms in the U.S.

SYNOPSIS: The objective of our study is to test whether the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the United States (U.S.) is perceived positively by American Depository Receipt (ADR) firms' equity market participants. We conduct our tests by studying market reactions to the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) IFRS-related press releases, between 2007 and 2011, regarding potential adoption of IFRS in the U.S. Using a sample of ADR firms and multivariate regression analyses, we test the 3-day cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of investors of ADR firms in response to SEC announcements on potential IFRS adoption. We find a significant and positive market reaction to the SEC's announcements related to the potential adoption of IFRS in the U.S. for ADR firms reporting their financial statements using IFRS, especially in the industry where IFRS is the globally predominant accounting standard. Conversely, we find a significantly negative market reaction to SEC-related announcem...
External Monitoring of Property Appraisal Estimates and Information Asymmetry

Finance theory proposes that firms’ cost of capital increases when market makers set wider spreads due to perceived higher information asymmetry across traders. Using a sample of UK investment property firms and controlling for firms’ non-random selection of external monitors, we find evidence that market makers perceive information asymmetry across traders to be lower for firms employing external appraisers versus those employing internal appraisers. This evidence is consistent with liquidity-motivated traders being unable to overcome such reliability differences using asset value information from sources other than accounting. We fail to find a similar difference for firms employing Big 6 versus non-Big 6 auditors. Our findings contribute to the debate over the recognition of fair value estimates for long-lived tangible assets by documenting that reliability differences attributable to differential monitoring by appraisers can affect information asymmetry, and therefore firms’ cost of capital.