cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations Between Method and Theory in Developmental Research: A partial-isomorphism view

This chapter argues that the linkage in developmental psychology between methods and theory (conceived of as broadly defined viewpoints and frameworks) is one of ‘partial-isomorphism’, that is, of imperfect correlation. The chapter begins with a general examination and critique of current views of the issue of the relation between theory and method, introducing two specific examples, one from an earlier period of the history of developmental psychology, the other from more current work in the field. The relationship between theory and method is then analyzed more specifically, with reference to two prototypical areas of developmental concern: the stage issue, and the continuity/stability issue. It is argued that a relationship of ‘partial isomorphism’ not only does fullest justice to the way in which developmental investigators conduct their research, but also that this construal of the theory-method relation is most apt to advance scientific progress in our field. The flexible, loose sort of linkage between theory and method stressed in this chapter will serve as a counterforce to sterile pursuit of methodology for its own sake, divorced from and uninformed by theory, such as would be encouraged if methodology were to be considered as completely independent of theory. At the same time the conception likewise avoids the excesses of theorizing without regard to methodological approach, or of subordinating method entirely to theory, which is apt to ensure the preservation of the theory in isolation from rival ones, and thus lead eventually to its dying on the vine. The final section of the paper is devoted to some specific methodological issues arising in developmental research that are implied in a concept of development, though they are to a considerable extent independent of particular theoretical positions concerning developmental processes.
FALCON: A Fast Drop-In Replacement of Citation KNN for Multiple Instance Learning

Citation KNN is an important but compute-intensive algorithm for multiple instance learning (MIL). This paper presents FALCON, a fast replacement of Citation KNN. FALCON accelerates Citation KNN by removing unnecessary distance calculations through two novel optimizations, multi-level triangle inequality-based distance filtering and heap optimization. The careful design allows it to produce the same results as the original Citation KNN does while avoiding 84--99.8% distance calculations. On seven datasets of various sizes and dimensions, FALCON consistently outperforms Citation KNN by one or two orders of magnitude, making it a promising drop-in replacement of Citation KNN for multiple instance learning.
Substance Use, HIV Serostatus Disclosure, and Sexual Risk Behavior in People Living with HIV: An Event-Level Analysis

People living with HIV (PLWH) face difficult decisions about disclosing their HIV status to new sexual partners. Alcohol and other drug use could impact these decision-making processes and subsequent sexual risk behavior. We sought to examine the event-level relationships between substance use, HIV disclosure, and condom use in PLWH and their first-time HIV-negative or unknown status sexual partners. Adult PLWH were recruited from care settings in a southeastern U.S. city. Participants reported their sexual behavior for 28 consecutive days via text message prompts. We employed multilevel covariation in a causal system to examine the event-level relations between substance use and condom use. We proposed that this relationship would be mediated by HIV disclosure and moderated by viral suppression status. A total of 243 participants (83% male, 93% Black) reported 509 sexual events with first-time HIV-negative/unknown status sexual partners. Substance use at the time of sex was negatively associated with disclosure in PLWH with suppressed viral load (OR 0.29, β = − 1.22, 95% CI [− 2.42, − 0.03], p = .045), but differentially associated with condom use in PLWH with detectable versus undetectable viral load. In PLWH with viral suppression, participants who always disclosed versus who never disclosed their HIV status were more likely to use condoms (β = 1.84, 95% CI [0.35, 3.53], p = .017), but inconsistent disclosers were less likely to use a condom after disclosing (OR 0.22, 95% CI [0.07, 0.68], p = .008). Event-level analysis offers a more nuanced understanding of the proximal (substance use, HIV disclosure) and person-level (substance use, viral load) determinants of HIV transmission risk behavior in PLWH.
A (2+1)-dimensional shallow water equation and its explicit lump solutions

We introduce a new (2+1)-dimensional equation by modifying the potential form of the Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff (CBS) equation. By applying the Hirota bilinear method, we construct explicit lum...
Reissert compound studies.LXVII. The pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine reissert compound

The pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine systems investigated were found to form Reis- sert compounds in the presence of an acyl halide (or chloroformate) and trimethylsilyl cyanide. Only the mono Reissert compounds were isolated. In the case of 2,3-diphenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (7), its reaction with benzene sulfonyl chloride and trimethylsilyl cyanide gave 5-cyano-2,3- diphenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (16). Alkylation of the Reissert compound 11 and analog 12 either directly gave the alkylated hetercyclic base or the alkylated Reissert analog compound
Nurse Responses to Physiologic Monitor Alarms on a General Pediatric Unit.

Background Hospitalized children generate up to 152 alarms per patient per day outside of the intensive care unit. In that setting, as few as 1% of alarms are clinically important. How nurses make decisions about responding to alarms, given an alarm's low specificity for detecting clinical deterioration, remains unclear. Objective Our objective was to describe how bedside nurses think about and act upon monitor alarms for hospitalized children. Design, setting, participants This was a qualitative study that involved the direct observation of nurses working on a general pediatric unit at a large children's hospital. Measurements We used a structured tool that included predetermined categories to assess nurse responses to monitor alarms. Data on alarm frequency and type were pulled from bedside monitors. Results We conducted 61.3 patient-hours of observation with nine nurses, in which we documented 207 nurse responses to patient alarms. For 67% of alarms heard outside of the room, the nurse decided not to respond without further assessment. Nurses most commonly cited reassuring clinical context (eg, medical team in room), as the rationale for alarm nonresponse. The nurse deemed clinical intervention necessary in only 14 (7%) of the observed responses. Conclusion Nurses rely on clinical and contextual details to determine how to respond to alarms. Few of the alarm responses in our study resulted in a clinical intervention. These findings suggest that multiple system-level and educational interventions may be necessary to improve the efficacy and safety of continuous monitoring.
CD161 Is Expressed in a Subset of T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Cases and Is Useful for Disease Follow-up

OBJECTIVES CD161 (NKRP1) is a lectin-like receptor present on NK cells and rare T-cell subsets. We have observed CD161 expression in some cases of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) and found it to be useful in follow-up and detection of disease after treatment. METHODS Retrospective review of T-PLL cases with complete flow cytometry data including CD161. RESULTS We identified 10 cases of T-PLL with flow cytometric evaluation of CD161 available. Six of these cases were positive for CD161 expression. All CD161-positive cases were positive for CD8 with variable CD4 expression, whereas all CD161-negative cases were negative for CD8. In a case with two neoplastic subsets positive and negative for CD8, only the former expressed CD161. CONCLUSIONS These novel results suggest that CD161 is often aberrantly expressed in a defined subset of T-PLL positive for CD8. We are showing the utility of this immunophenotype in diagnosis and follow-up.
High-Output Heart Failure From Growth of Vascular Malformations in Multiple Gestation Pregnancy.

Author(s): Srivastava, Pratyaksh K; Vyas, Nina; Jones, Jesse; Wong, Thalia C; Holliman, Kerry; Small, Adam J; Rao, Rashmi R; Dowling, Erin P; Finn, J Paul; Duckwiler, Gary R; Reardon, Leigh C; Aboulhosn, Jamil A; Ascher, Simon B; Hogeling, Marcia; Lluri, Gentian; Yang, Eric H
Testing and simulation of a solar PV/battery storage system with and without PWM charge control

This paper presents an experimental and modelling study of an off-grid solar photovoltaic system using pulse width modulation (PWM) charge control and battery storage using manganese oxide as the cathode, carbon titanium phosphate composite as the anode, and alkali-ion saltwater as the electrolyte battery cells. The paper presents an experimental test apparatus, empirical data collection and numerical modelling and simulation of the system. The experimental data for charging and discharging the system is used to correlate the numerical simulation model output. Results for charging and discharging the system are subsequently used to develop transfer function models of the system's charging and discharging behaviour.
Taxing Pain and Suffering

Every year, billions of dollars are awarded as compensation for pain and suffering. A hard question—one that has vexed courts, legislators, and academics alike—is how we should tax them (if, indeed, we should tax them at all). In this Note, I articulate a new answer. If we take seriously the value of equality between injured people and uninjured people, we ought to tax compensatory damages for pain and suffering. In Part I, I criticize an influential approach to the taxation of compensatory damages for pain and suffering. This approach appeals to various intuitive normative principles to justify exempting pain and suffering damages from tax. I argue that these principles are estranged from their normative foundations. Such principles are intuitive because they seem to embody an ideal of equality between injured people and uninjured people. But, as I show in Part I, equality does not always justify exempting pain and suffering damages from tax. Sometimes, a well-designed tax on pain and suffering damages serves equality better than an exemption does. In Parts II and III, I determine which tax regime best respects the ideal of equality between the injured and the uninjured, giving that value neither too little nor too much weight. Following the optimal tax literature, I divide the work into two parts. First, I determine which tax policies would be best under the assumption that no one modifies their behavior in anticipation of tax consequences. To do this, I formulate an appropriate social welfare function, I estimate the relevant parameters, and I simulate optimal tax rates. I then consider whether the resulting taxes should be modified in light of behavioral responses that we should expect in the real world. I conclude that we should tax some, and likely many, compensatory damages for pain and suffering—and we should do so at rates that increase with damages. Perhaps counterintuitively, this tax scheme is the best way of balancing the competing demands of creating well-being and distributing it equally.
Public Health Communication in Time of Crisis: Readability of On-Line COVID-19 Information.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the readability of information on the Internet posted about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to determine how closely these materials are written to the recommended reading levels. Methods: Using the search term “coronavirus,” information posted on the first 100 English language websites was identified. Using an online readability calculator, multiple readability tests were conducted to ensure a comprehensive representation would result. Results: The mean readability scores ranged between grade levels 6.2 and 17.8 (graduate school level). Four of the 5 measures (GFI, CLI, SMOG, FRE) found that readability exceeded the 10th grade reading level indicating that the text of these websites would be difficult for the average American to read. The mean reading level for nearly all noncommercial and commercial websites was at or above the 10th grade reading level. Conclusions: Messages about COVID-19 must be readable at an “easy” level, and must contain clear guidelines for behavior. The degree to which individuals seek information in response to risk messages is positively related to the expectation that the information will resolve uncertainty. However, if the information is too complex to interpret and it fails to lead to disambiguation, this can contribute to feelings of panic.
Unfolding and Translocation of Proteins Through an Alpha-Hemolysin Nanopore by ClpXP

Proteins present a significant challenge for nanopore-based sequence analysis. This is partly due to their stable tertiary structures that must be unfolded for linear translocation, and the absence of regular charge density. To address these challenges, here we describe how ClpXP, an ATP-dependent protein unfoldase, can be harnessed to unfold and processively translocate multi-domain protein substrates through an alpha-hemolysin nanopore sensor. This process results in ionic current patterns that are diagnostic of protein sequence and structure at the single-molecule level.
Variability in Surgeon Approaches to Emotional Recovery and Expectation Setting After Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury

Purpose Increasing emphasis has been placed on multidisciplinary care for patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury (BPI), and there has been a growing appreciation for the impact of psychological and emotional components of recovery. Because surgeons are typically charged with leading the recovery phase of BPI, our objective was to build a greater understanding of surgeons’ perspectives on the care of BPI patients and potential areas for improvement in care delivery. Methods We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 14 surgeons with expertise in BPI reconstruction. The interview guide contained questions regarding the surgeons’ practice and care team structure, their attitudes and approaches to psychological and emotional aspects of recovery, and their preferences for setting patient expectations. We used inductive thematic analysis to identify themes. Results There was a high degree of variability in how surgeons addressed emotional and psychological aspects of recovery. Whereas some surgeons embraced the practice of addressing these components of care, others felt strongly that BPI surgeons should remain focused on technical aspects of care. Several participants described the emotional toll that caring for BPI patients can have on surgeons and how this concern has affected their approach to care. Surgeons also recognized the importance of setting preoperative expectations. There was an emphasis on setting low expectations in an attempt to minimize the risk for dissatisfaction. Surgeons described the challenges in effectively counseling patients about a condition that is prone to substantial injury heterogeneity and variability in functional outcomes. Conclusions Our results demonstrate wide variability in how surgeons address emotional, psychological, and social barriers to recovery for BPI patients. Clinical relevance Best practices for BPI care are difficult to establish because of the relative heterogeneity of neurologic injury, the unpredictable impact and recovery of the patient, and the substantial variability in physician approach to the care of these patients.
Foundations for a Successful Career

Central to any successful career in academic medicine are certain core attributes, hard and soft skills, that can be developed over time. This chapter reviews critical attributes that help form the basis of one’s career within academia. Execution and leadership skills are critical, but so too are interpersonal and communication skills. As one rises through academic ranks, emphasis shifts to mentorship and team building, often requiring a different skill set. Many of these skills can be honed and readily applied.
Maternal Adverse Childhood Experience Exposure and Resilience During COVID-19

Since March 2020, families across the United States have faced challenges due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its subsequent restrictions. Although some experts have voiced concern over the impact of COVID-19 on family well-being, few studies have been conducted thus far. This study utilized n = 250 responses from an online survey that was administered between May and June 2020 to gauge family stress and resilience among mothers of children ages 0 to 5 during the pandemic. Adverse childhood experiences were negatively associated with parental resilience among this sample. Furthermore, frequency of child care was positively linked to protective factors and resilience. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed, with a particular focus on the role of child care and school openings during the pandemic.
Gefäßverletzungen an den Extremitäten im Gefechtsfeld

Ereignisse in jungerer Zeit haben die Aufmerksamkeit wieder auf das chirurgsiche Management von Verwundeten im Feld gerichtet. Es handelt sich vor allem um Gefasverletzungen an den Extremitaten. Wahrend der Operation Iraqi Freedom machten sie 50−70% aller Verletzungen aus, und eine durch sie verursachte Verblutung ist die fuhrende vermeidbare Todesursache auf dem modernen Gefechtsfeld. Fortschritte in der Kriegsmedizin haben dazu gefuhrt, dass wahrend der Operationen Enduring Freedom und Iraqi Freedom mehr verwundete Soldaten uberlebt haben als in jedem anderen US-amerikanischen Konflikt. Der gefechtserfahrene Kriegschirurg hat nur selten die Gelegenheit, die Lektionen, die er gelernt hat, gerade neu ausgebildeten Kollegen weiterzugeben. Genau das ist der Zweck dieses Review-Artikels, in den Erfahrungen und Ansichten von funf Chirurgen der US-Armee zum Management von Extremitatengefasverletzungen im Krieg eingehen. Das moderne Gefechtsfeld gilt als verschmutzt, laut und schlecht ausgestattet. Hochgeschwindigkeitstraumen, z. B. durch hochexplosive Munition oder Hochgeschwindigkeitsprojektile, verursachen haufig Weichgewebeverletzungen, wie sie in zivilen Settings nicht alltaglich vorkommen. Besprochen werden militarspezifische Uberlegungen zum Management solcher Verletzungen. Auch fur die erfahrensten Chirurgen besteht das Management von Extremitatengefasverletzungen im modernen Gefechtssetting aus vielen besonderen, schwierig zu bewaltigenden Anforderungen. Die Vorbereitung darauf ist schon ein groser Schritt auf dem Weg zur Uberwindung der Hindernisse, die einer reibungslosen Patientenversorgung entgegenstehen.
Doc Holliday: The Life and Legend

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Gary L. Roberts Year: 2006 Pages: 544 Publisher: John Wiley and Sons ISBN: 0-471-26291-9 (hard cover). Prices: $30.00 USD(hard cover).
Self-Sustaining Mechanisms of Wall Turbulence

A general description of the role of organized motions in wall-bounded turbulence is given, with an emphasis on self-sustaining mechanisms. In addition, some proposals are made regarding future directions of research.
Guest editorial of the special issue on real-time vision-based motion analysis and intelligent transportation systems

The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Recent advances in computation, storage and acquisition technologies allow for building visual-based intelligent systems that are capable of analyzing the scene observed. Motion analysis, tracking and reasoning are in high demand to meet the needs for such intelligent systems. Prominent examples are traffic monitoring and control, as well as safety and security applications. Real-time visionbased intelligent systems addressing the challenges of motion analysis still suffer a trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity. In order to cope with realtime image processing challenges, some systems incorporate prediction or similar algorithms to alleviate processing time requirements; others choose to analyze selected frames in the processed video. Different approaches try to increase performance by decimating the motion field or by, automatically or manually, selecting a region of interest in a frame in which the motion field is then computed and
Perioperative monitoring of thromboelastograph on hemostasis and therapy for cyanotic infants undergoing complex cardiac surgery.

This study investigated features and treatments of perioperative coagulopathies in cyanotic infants with complex congenital heart disease (CCHD). Thirty-six infants with cyanotic CCHD were involved and divided into two groups: In group H (n = 20), hematocrit (HCT) > 54%, and in group L (n = 16), HCT 0.05). At T3, compared with T2, there were improvements in hemostatic function and Ffg (P 0.05) in group H. After therapy, PLT function in both groups restored to T1 level (P > 0.05); Ffg at T4 was significantly better than at T1 (P < 0.01) in group H, but Ffg at T4 with still normal function was lower than at T1 in group L (P < 0.01). Whole hemostatic function at T4 was back to normal and had no differences between two groups. So, we proposed that fibrinogen and PLT transfusion in combination should be better for infants with high HCT CCHD, but PLT alone might be enough for low HCT ones.
Cellular heterogeneity in DNA damage and growth inhibition induced by ICI D1694, thymidylate synthase inhibitor, using single cell assays

Abstract Heterogeneity in the response of the HCT-8 (human ileocecal adenocarcinoma) tumor cell line to a new thymidylate synthase inhibitor, ICI D1694, was investigated in terms of induction of DNA single-strand breaks and cytotoxicity, applying the single cell alkaline gel (SCG) electrophoresis assay and the individual colony formation assay (iCFA), respectively. ICI D1694 induced maximal total DNA single-strand breaks 24 hr after a 2-hr drug exposure with incomplete repair by 72 hr. The level of DNA damage was concentration dependent and paralleled cellular growth inhibition in vitro. The proportion of cells with DNA damage and the extent of DNA single-strand breaks increased with drug concentration. At 1 μM ICI D1694 ( ic 95), a significant level of DNA damage was detected in 58% of the cells; however, 25% of the cells had little or no damage. Using the iCFA system, it was observed that with 1 μM ICI D1694, only 2.6% of the seeded cells maintained a colony growth rate similar to that of the control colonies, and 22% of the cells were growing significantly more slowly. In conclusion, the SCG assay and the iCFA identified subpopulations of cells that were unaffected by ICI D1694. Although these cells represented only a small proportion of the total cell population, this phenomenon of heterogeneity in response to ICI D1694 might limit its therapeutic efficacy.
Overview of: “An Evaluation of Day Reporting Centers for Parolees: Outcomes of a Randomized Trial”

Research Summary The present study is an experimental evaluation of day reporting centers (DRCs) as an alternative to incarceration for medium- and high-risk parolees in New Jersey. Male parolees (N = 355) were randomly assigned to a DRC condition or regular parole supervision (the Control condition) for a period of 90 days. Short- and long-term outcomes were examined. The data show that DRC participants were more likely to be arrested and convicted for a new offense in the short term compared to the Control group. DRC participants’ median time to new arrest was 99 days shorter than Control group parolees; however, this difference was not significant. No differences were found between the groups in the long term. Policy Implications Parolees assigned to a DRC fare as well, and in some instances worse, than parolees on regular parole supervision. Given the relative costs associated with each form of supervision, it is not advisable to use the DRC model as an alternative to incarceration for medium- and high-risk parolees.
A two-stage stochastic programming approach for project planning with uncertain activity durations

This paper investigates the problem of setting target finish times (due dates) for project activities with random durations. Using two-stage integer linear stochastic programming, target times are determined in the first stage followed by the development of a detailed project schedule in the second stage. The objective is to balance (1) the cost of project completion as a function of activity target times with (2) the expected penalty incurred by deviating from the specified values. It is shown that the results may be significantly different when deviations are considered, compared to when activities are scheduled as early as possible in the traditional way. For example, the optimal target completion time for a project may be greater than the makespan of the early-start schedules under any scenario. To find solutions, an exact algorithm is developed for the case without a budget constraint and is used as a part of a heuristic when crashing is permitted. All computational procedures are demonstrated on a set of 150 benchmark problems consisting of 90 activities each.
Contact Angle and Electrochemical Characterization of Multicomponent Thiophene-Capped Monolayers

We have investigated the wetting behavior and electrochemical response of self-assembled monolayers made from ω-(3-thienyl)-alkyltrichlorosilanes and alkyltrichlorosilanes on indium−tin oxide coated glass slides. Contact angle measurements and cyclic voltammetry show that the properties of the monolayers change as the relative loading of the two components is changed by altering the concentration of the deposition solution. The water contact angles indicate that a fully loaded hydrophobic layer is formed, and both water and hexadecane contact angle measurements show that the tethered thiophenes are at the periphery of the monolayer. However, the hexadecane contact angles also imply that the surface roughness exposes the methylene groups of the monolayer chains. Cyclic voltammograms obtained from mixtures of 11-(3-thienyl)undecyltrichlorosilane and decyltrichlorosilane and mixtures of 16-(3-thienyl)hexadecyltrichlorosilane and hexadecyltrichlorosilane show that as the relative amount of thienyl-bearing cha...
Managing Bias-Temperature Instability for Product Reliability

A NBTI model has been generated which takes into consideration AC recovery. This model can be used to improve the connection between the DC stress measurements of a discrete device and AC product usage in a real device. The model can be incorporated into circuit aging simulations to check the NBTI degradation for a simple circuit. For complicated circuitry such as CPU, NBTI degradation should be managed through process optimization, circuit timing design, and product test guardband to ensure that products meet customer spec and lifetime usage.
Enhancing theory and research: employee behavior in China – part 2

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of advancing theory and research in China through identification of unique aspects of Chinese organizational behaviors, which can lead to expanded, robust organizational behavior and human resource management models and theories that transcend national boundaries.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper and does not employ research methods.Findings – The results of studies included in this special issue suggest that researchers can identify elements unique to China in constructs such as psychological capital, work‐to‐family spillover, work‐family conflict, performance appraisal process, and expatriate interactions that further expand theory and research in organizational behavior.Practical implications – The review of articles in the special issue suggests that managers in organizations in China may want to: develop individuals' psychological capital; train managers on the importance of eliminating abusive behaviors and dev...
Comment on "Complete Keldysh theory and its limiting cases"

Reiss (Phys. Rev. A 42, 1476 (1990)) has argued that Volkov states exist unambiguously only in relativistic theory, and that {bold A}{sup 2} must be retained in strong-field theory even after the nonrelativistic and dipole approximations are made. We show that these arguments and their conclusions are incorrect.
Sting of the Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

Figure 1. Sting of the Fire Ant (Solenopsis). Panel A shows the fire ant with body arched, stinging and injecting venom through the stinger (a modified ovipositor) in its distal abdomen (x30). Panel B is a scanning electron micrograph of the stinger (x90). Panel C shows the wheal-and-flare response that occurred 10 minutes after envenomation (x30); it is often accompanied by a severe burning sensation. The scale is in millimeters.
Estimation of maximal cortisol secretion rate in healthy humans.

Context: Cortisol secretion is related to ACTH concentration by a sigmoidal dose-response curve, in which high ACTH concentrations drive maximal cortisol secretion rates (CSRmax). Objective: We sought to estimate CSRmax and free cortisol half-life in healthy humans (n = 21) using numerical methods applied to data acquired during cosyntropin (250 μg) stimulation. We also evaluated the effect of overnight dexamethasone (DEX; 1 mg) vs. placebo on estimates of CSRmax and free cortisol half-life. Design: This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized order of overnight DEX vs. placebo, cosyntropin (250 μg) stimulation with frequent serum cortisol sampling and computer-assisted numerical analysis. Setting: The study was conducted at a single academic medical center. Participants: Twenty-one healthy adult subjects (15 females and six males), mean aged 46 yr, participated in the study. Intervention: Intervention in the study included DEX vs. placebo pretreatment, cosyntropin (250 μg) iv with freque...
Comments on Neutron Soil Moisture Probe Efficiency and Sensitivity1

The ability of neutron probes to provide accurate and reproducible soil moisture measurements is discussed. It is stressed that sensitivity of the probe in terms of soil moisture measurements is of greater interest than efficiency in terms of absolute counts or counting rate per millicurie. The importance of calibration curve slope rather than absolute count per minute at a particular soil moisture content is illustrated. (P.C.H.)
A Catalog of 1.4 GHz Radio Sources from the FIRST Survey

We present a catalog of 138,665 radio sources derived from the initial 1550 deg2 of the FIRST survey. The survey parameters are reviewed, and a map depicting the coverage for the first two observing sessions is presented. We then describe in detail our algorithm for radio source detection and parameterization, as well as our procedures for constructing the final catalog. The results of extensive tests for astrometric and photometric accuracy, as well as for uncertainties in source extent and morphological characterization, are presented. Source positions are all good to better than 1'', and the flux density scale is accurate to 5%; our elliptical Gaussian fitting procedure is shown both to provide a high-fidelity representation of source morphology for most objects and to characterize correctly bright sources extended on scales down to ~ the synthesized beam size of 54. We use the catalog to construct a log N-log S relation for 20 cm radio sources over four decades of flux density, finding excellent agreement with previous determinations from smaller surveys. As one example of the catalog's utility, we present comparisons with the Guide Star Catalog, the IRAS Faint Source catalog, and the ROSAT WGA catalog, identifying radio counterparts to thousands of the objects. Complete instructions for access to this FIRST catalog and subsequent updates thereto are provided.
182 Experimental Harvests of Five Species of Macroalgae Along the Oregon Coast

Macroalgae are the basis of a major global industry. Their nutritional and chemical values have brought strong economic pressure for commercial harvest permits to the State of Oregon, USA. Historically, Oregon has denied these requests because of a lack of understanding of harvest effects on the resource. Three species of phaeophytes (Laminaria setchellii, Alaria marginata, Fucus gardneri) and two rhodophytes (Mastocarpus papillatus, Mazzaella splendens) were subjected to various treatments to determine their ability to recover from harvest. Three year experiments were designed to compare the effects of harvesting during different seasons, different amounts, and different methods. Permanent transects and plots were placed in three study sites along the Oregon coast. Here we present the results from the first growing season. Only A. marginata was found to regain pre-harvest biomass within one growing season; all species will be monitored for regrowth and resettlement for the next two growing seasons to provide a basis for the management of the potential economic resource.
Population density and territory size in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: implications for population regulation

We manipulated population density of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a range of realistic densities in artificial stream channels, while controlling food abundance in two different ways: in Experiment 1, the total amount of food was held constant over a threefold increase in density, whereas in Experiment 2, the per capita amount of food was held constant over an eightfold increase in density. We tested the contrasting predictions that territory size (i) is not affected by population density; (ii) decreases with population density as 1/n, where n = the local population size; or (iii) decreases with population density but towards an asymptotic minimum size. In Experiment 1, territory size decreased with increasing population density. With the broader range of densities used in Experiment 2, territory size initially decreased with density and then leveled off at a minimum territory radius of 20–30 cm. Our results suggest an asymptotic minimum size of about 0.2 m² for a 5 cm rainbow trout, similar to what is observed for high-density conditions in the wild. This minimum territory size could potentially set an upper limit on local population density and help regulate the population size of stream salmonids.
Genetic control of embryonic cardiac growth and functional maturation in turkeys.

ABSTRACT Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased total egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pureline and reciprocal cross poults were compared for their BW, heart weight, heart rates, myocardial glycogen and lactate concentrations, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The CK and LDH were used as indicators of cardiac insufficiency. Orthogonal contrasts of the data from the pureline and reciprocal cross data were used to estimate additive genetic effects, reciprocal effects (confounded maternal and sex-linked effects), and heterosis for each of the traits measured. Long-term selection for increased egg production in the E line has reduced embryo heart weight and has altered the energy metabolism of the myocardium. The differences in energy metabolism may be due to the more rapid heart rates. Conversely, long-term selection for increased 16-wk BW has significantly decreased the heart rate of F line embryos and has not changed the weight of the heart relative to the BW until the embryo has passed through the plateau stage. The F line embryos show a different energy metabolism that relies much more on gluconeogenesis. Embryo deaths occur more frequently in turkey embryos when the energy metabolism of the myocardium shows elevated glycogen to lactate ratios as it did in the pure E and F lines.
Cytometric Applications Of Zeeman Interferometry

Zeeman interferometry, based on the two-frequency Zeeman effect laser, is simple, stable, and has high resolution. The technique has a number of potential applications for cytometry.
Prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease

A luminol enhanced chemiluminescence micromethod has been adapted for use in prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). After validation of the assay in normal adults, newborns, fetuses, CGD carriers, and CGD patients, the fetuses of two pregnant CGD carriers were tested after fetoscopic aspiration of fetal blood. Normal neutrophil chemiluminescence and nitroblue tetrazolium slide tests were followed by delivery of two healthy infants whose normality was confirmed. Amniocytes proved useless for the prenatal diagnosis of CGD. They were found to have negligible nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, oxygen metabolism, and oxygen dependence.
Road systems and betweenness

A road systemisacollectionofsubsetsofaset—the roads—suchthatevery singleton subset is a road in the system and every doubleton subset is contained in a road. The induced ternary (betweenness) relation is defined by saying that a point c lies between points a and b if c is an element of every road that contains both a and b. Traditionally, betweenness relations have arisen from a plethora of other structures on agivenset,reflectingintuitionsthatrangefromtheorder-theoretictothegeometricand topological. In this paper we initiate a study of road systems as a simple mechanism by means of which a large majority of the classical interpretations of betweenness are induced in a uniform way.
Nucleotide Sequence, Temporal Expression, and Transcriptional Mapping of the p34 Late Gene of the Hz-1 Insect Virus

Abstract A late gene of the Hz-1 insect virus (Hz-1V) encoding a predicted polypeptide of 34 kilodaltons (kDa) was isolated from a cDNA library and mapped to theHindIII-T region (50.3 to 52.4 map units) of the viral genome. The p34 gene was characterized by DNA sequence, Northern blot, and primer extension analyses. The 765-bp open reading frame (ORF) is transcribed in the clockwise direction as a 1.2-kb RNA. Primer extension analysis detected two late transcription initiation sites at −16 and −17 nt relative to the start of the p34 ORF. Transcription initiation was observed between 4 and 18 hr postinfection (hr p.i.) with maximum expression at 12 hr p.i. No nucleotide sequence homology was detected between the regulatory region of the p34 gene and the baculovirus conserved late promoter motif NTAAG. This observation was substantiated by results obtained from an investigation of Hz-1V late gene expression using a transient expression assay system which suggested that Hz-1V late gene promoters do not resemble the baculovirus late promoter motif. This is the first molecular analysis of Hz-1V late gene expression and offers a basis by which to compare Hz-1V to other insect viruses.
Evaluating the Risks A Bernoulli Process Model of HIV Infection and Risk Reduction

The lifespan sexual history of many Americans can be modeled as a series of long-term monogamous relationships coupled with some number of brief affairs. Implicit in this model is the assumption that these monogamous relationships arise as a natural consequence of the search for a single partner with whom to share one's life, and therefore cannot be eliminated. Hence the only opportunity to reduce the number of sexual partners is by decreasing the number of short-term relationships. In contrast, condoms can be used in all relationships, regardless of the expected duration. But which is more effective at reducing the risk of HIV infection, the consistent use of condoms or decreasing the number of short-term sexual partners? This article employs a Bernoulli process model of HIV transmission to evaluate the infection risks associated with various sexual behavior patterns in an attempt to answer such questions.
Observations on Mating, Feeding, and Oviposition of Some Utah Species of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)

The literature contains numerous references to observations and investigations on various aspects of the biology of many species of black flies. During recent studies on the blackfly fauna of Utah, observations were made on mating, feeding, and oviposition of several species of black flies for which such data are fragmentary or completely lacking.
Molecular orbital study of the hydrogen bonding of water

Abstract Iterative extended Huckel calculations are applied to H 2 O and to H 2 O dimers in planar hydrogen-bonded configurations. In the monomer, the bonding angle is given satisfactorily, but not the bond length. Improved charge distributions are obtained relative to non-iterative calculations. Dimer calculations do not predict stability and indicate a single energy minimum for the bridge proton. The useful results of the study are the atomic charges and overlap populations, which indicate substantial charge transfer across the hydrogen bridge.
Genetics of receptors for bioactive polypeptides: Expression of the human EGF receptor gene and internalization and processing of the receptor-bound EGF in human-mouse cell hybrids

We previously postulated that the structural gene for epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is located on human chromosome 7 (1, 2). In this study, EGF receptor and certain postreceptor functions were further analyzed in a unique cell hybrid line, C2B5, that retains only one human chromosome of an X;7 translocation besides a nearly complete mouse parental genome. Kinetics and Scatchard analysis of [125I]EGF binding to the C2B5 hybrid cells indicated that they carry a single class of EGF receptors with a dissociation constant of 4×10−10 M. The receptors expressed in the hybrids are proven to be immunologically of human nature. The human EGF receptors now embedded in essentially mouse plasma membrane are subject to “down regulation” mediated by the ligand EGF. Analysis of the cell-bound EGF indicated that internalization and processing take place in the human-mouse cell hybrids. The degradation of EGF appears to be through a lysosomal pathway since it was substantially delayed or inhibited by lysosomotropic agents.
Compression-induced changes in the physiological state of the breast as observed through frequency domain photon migration measurements

We use optical spectroscopy to characterize the influence of mammographic-like compression on the physiology of the breast. We note a reduction in total hemoglobin content, tissue oxygen satu- ration, and optical scattering under compression. We also note a hy- peremic effect during repeated compression cycles. By modeling the time course of the tissue oxygen saturation, we are able to obtain estimates for the volumetric blood flow 1.64±0.6 mL/100 mL/min and the oxygen consumption 1.97±0.6 mol/100 mL/min of compressed breast tissue. These values are comparable to estimates obtained from previously published positron emission tomography PET measurements. We conclude that compression-induced changes in breast physiological properties are significant and should be accounted for when performing optical breast imaging. Addition- ally, the dynamic characteristics of the changes in breast physiological parameters, together with the ability to probe the tissue metabolic state, may prove useful for breast cancer detection. © 2006 Society of Photo-
Flame emission studies of ozone with metal alkyls: Zn (CH3)2 and Zn (C2H5)2

Abstract Resolved flame emission spectra from the reaction of ozone, O 3 , with zinc dimethyl, Zn(CH 3 ) 2 , and zinc diethyl, Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 , in a flow system at about one torr pressure reveal a number of interesting electronically-excited species. The Zn(CH 3 ) 2 + O 3 flame has a pale blue appearance, characteristic of the “cool flame” bands of CH 2 O, while the Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 + O 3 flame has a deep blue appearance caused by ZnH ∗ emission. In addition the reaction of O 3 with H atoms resulting probably from the decomposition of C 2 H 5 radicals in the latter reaction leads to strong OH † ( 2 π i ) emission (Meinel bands). Also, OH ∗ ( 2 Σ + ) emission is observed and is found to have a quadratic dependence on OH † . Mechanisms involving the different chemistry of CH 3 and C 2 H 5 radicals in the flame are proposed to account for these observations.
The management and treatment of empyema in children

Abstract 1. 1. The three fundamental principles propounded by the Empyema Commission still form the basis of our modern therapy of empyema. 2. 2. A uniform method of treatment combining the principles of open and closed surgical drainage is presented. 3. 3. Four hundred and seven children with empyema were treated by this method over a ten-year period (1926–1936) with a mortality of 10.3 per cent. Thirty-five additional patients with empyema were treated by the same method during 1936–1937 with a mortality of 8.6 per cent. 4. 4. There is a definite parallel between the mortality of pneumonia and empyema in any given series of cases treated over a period of years. 5. 5. The frequent use of fluoroscopic and Roentgen observation is very necessary in the follow-up period of treatment to gain the best results. 6. 6. Patients showing evidence of scoliosis complicating the empyema should be placed on a Bradford frame. 7. 7. Where reexpansion of the lung is slow, the Wangensteen method of suction materially shortens the period of morbidity. 8. 8. In treating empyema, individualization must be practiced, since each patient demands his own particular form of therapy. 9. 9. Cases are presented illustrating the various types of empyema and their subsequent treatment including results. 10. 10. The following recommendations are made: 10.1. ( a ) The combined interest of the pediatrician, roentgenologist, and surgeon is important in the careful management of a child ill with empyema. 10.2. ( b ) Careful clinical and roentgenologic examination (anteroposterior and lateral positions) is necessary. 10.3. ( c ) Aspiration for diagnostic (culture of pus) and therapeutic purposes should be done up to the point of frank pus. 10.4. ( d ) The combined method of trocar-cannula-catheter drainage followed by open drainage is recommended. 10.5. ( e ) Attention to details which include blood transfusions as indicated, preservation of the normal water balance and nutritional status of the patient are essential to successful management.
Transient traumatic quadriplegia in a 29-year-old man without predisposing anatomic lesion

Abstract A 29-year-old man presented 45 minutes after sustaining a blow to the right side of his head when his motorcycle slid on gravel and flipped on the side of the road. After walking away from the accident, the patient noted burning pain in his neck. Shortly thereafter, complete quadriplegia with a sensory level at C4 developed. The patient was given a high dose of methylprednisolone and transferred to a tertiary care center. En route, neurological testing demonstrated rapid improvement, and on arrival, all abnormal motor and sensory findings had completely resolved. Radiographic examination and magnetic resonance imaging of the entire spine showed no abnormality. Torg's ratio was >1 at vertebral level C3 through C6. There was no evidence of developmental stenosis, congenital fusion, cervical instability, or intervertebral disk protrusion.