cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DCDHF Fluorophores for Single-Molecule Imaging in Cells

There is a persistent need for small-molecule fluorescent labels optimized for single-molecule imaging in the cellular environment. Application of these labels comes with a set of strict requirements: strong absorption, efficient and stable emission, water solubility and membrane permeability, low background emission, and red-shifted absorption to avoid cell autofluorescence. We have designed and characterized several fluorophores, termed “DCDHF” fluorophores, for use in live-cell imaging based on the push–pull design: an amine donor group and a 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran (DCDHF) acceptor group, separated by a π-rich conjugated network. In general, the DCDHF fluorophores are comparatively photostable, sensitive to local environment, and their chemistries and photophysics are tunable to optimize absorption wavelength, membrane affinity, and solubility. Especially valuable are fluorophores with sophisticated photophysics for applications requiring additional facets of control, such as photoactivation. For example, we have reengineered a red-emitting DCDHF fluorophore so that it is dark until photoactivated with a short burst of low-intensity violet light. This molecule and its relatives provide a new class of bright photoactivatable small-molecule fluorophores, which are needed for super-resolution imaging schemes that require active control (here turning-on) of single-molecule emission.
Species transport mechanisms governing capacity loss in vanadium flow batteries: Comparing Nafion® and sulfonated Radel membranes

Abstract In this study, a 2-D, transient vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) model was used to investigate and compare the ion transport mechanisms responsible for vanadium crossover in Nafion® 117 and sulfonated Radel (s-Radel) membranes. Specifically, the model was used to distinguish the relative contribution of diffusion, migration, osmotic and electro-osmotic convection to the net vanadium crossover in Nafion® and s-Radel. Model simulations indicate that diffusion is the dominant mode of vanadium transport in Nafion®, whereas convection dominates the vanadium transport through s-Radel due to the lower vanadium permeability, and thus diffusivity of s-Radel. Among the convective transport modes, electro-osmotic convection (i.e., electro-osmotic drag) is found to govern the species crossover in s-Radel due to its higher fixed acid concentration and corresponding free ions in the membrane. Simulations also show that vanadium crossover in s-Radel changes direction during charge and discharge due to the change in the direction of electro-osmotic convection. This reversal in the direction of crossover during charge and discharge is found to result in significantly lower “net” crossover for s-Radel when compared to Nafion®. Comparison of these two membranes also provides guidance for minimizing crossover in VRFB systems and underscores the importance of measuring the hydraulic and the electro-kinetic permeability of a membrane in addition to vanadium diffusion characteristics, when evaluating new membranes for VRFB applications.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for radiation-induced meningiomas.

Objective Radiation-induced meningiomas of the brain are typically managed with surgical resection. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an important primary or adjuvant management for patients with intracranial meningiomas, but the value of this approach for radiation-induced tumors is unclear. Methods This series consisted of 19 patients (mean age, 40 years) with 24 tumors. The patients met criteria for a radiation-induced meningioma and underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. Seven patients had undergone a previous resection. The World Health Organization tumor grades for those with prior histology were Grade I (n = 5) and Grade II (n = 2). The median tumor volume was 4.4 cm3. Radiosurgery was performed using a median margin dose of 13 Gy. Results Serial imaging was evaluated in all patients at a median follow-up of 44 months. The control rate was 75% after primary radiosurgery. Delayed resection after radiosurgery was performed in 5 patients (26%) at an average of 39 months. The median latency between radiation therapy for original disease and SRS for radiation-induced meningiomas was 29.7 years (range, 7.3-59.0 years). The overall survival after SRS was 94.1% and 80.7% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. No patient developed a subsequent radiation-induced tumor. The overall morbidity rate was 5.3% (1 optic neuropathy). Asymptomatic peritumoral imaging changes compatible with an adverse radiation effect developed in 1 patient. Conclusion SRS provides satisfactory control rates either after resection or as an alternative to resection. Its role is most valuable for patients whose tumors affect critical neurological regions and who are poor candidates for resection.
Combined effect of hybridization and exchange Coulomb interaction on magnetic ordering in correlated-f-electron cerium systems.

The model Hamiltonian describing the partially delocalized $f$-electron system has been generalized to include both hybridization and band-$f$ exchange Coulomb interaction. A method has been developed to calculate the parameters appearing in such a model Hamiltonian from first principles. This enables us to calculate $f$-electron-based electronic and magnetic phenomena of pertinent materials on a quantitative basis. Calculations have been done for cerium monopnictides and monochalcogenides. Results are in agreement with experiment on various unusual behaviors of these materials, such as anomalous crystalfield splitting and anisotropic magnetic ordering, all of which are caused by the interactions between $f$ electrons and band electrons. In contrast to the earlier version of this theory that included only hybridization effects and produced range parameters (two-ion "exchange" coupling) that failed by an order of magnitude in matching the phenomenologically determined parameters which provide agreement with experiment, the present first-principles theory calculations which also include band-$f$ Coulomb exchange provide excellent agreement with the phenomenologically required magnitude.
Browsing Hierarchy Construction by Minimum Evolution

Hierarchies serve as browsing tools to access information in document collections. This article explores techniques to derive browsing hierarchies that can be used as an information map for task-based search. It proposes a novel minimum-evolution hierarchy construction framework that directly learns semantic distances from training data and from users to construct hierarchies. The aim is to produce globally optimized hierarchical structures by incorporating user-generated task specifications into the general learning framework. Both an automatic version of the framework and an interactive version are presented. A comparison with state-of-the-art systems and a user study jointly demonstrate that the proposed framework is highly effective.
Fat-Shattering of Affine Functions

We compute the fat-shattering function and the level fat-shattering function for important classes of affine functions. We observe that the level fat-shattering function and the fat-shattering function are identical for these classes. In addition we observe that the notion that adding the constant term to linear functions increases the dimension by at most 1 is incorrect for fat-shattering and level fat-shattering.
Comparative librarianship and nonindustrialized countries

The literature about comparative librarianship has increased by large amounts during the last decade. During this time considerable energy has been given to defining both comparative librarianship and international librarianship. The work of such writers as Collins,’ Danton Harvey,3 Jackson4 Shores, 5 Simsova, Foskett7 and others has adequately defined the fields and presented the necessary parameters. Also, comparative librarianship has gained sufficient recognition as a bona-fide specialization within librarianship to warrant inclusion as an academic subject in library science curricula. Most educational programs in library science in North America and in other parts of the world offer at least one course in comparative librarianship. The field draws data from much of the social sciences-history, geography, politics, government, anthropofogy, sociology, economics and
Pontage fémoro fémoro-poplité avec prélèvement endoscopique de la veine saphène chez les patients avec des lésions TASC D de l’artère fémorale superficielle

Objectifs Cette etude a evalue les patients ayant un pontage femoro-poplite utilisant une veine prelevee par voie endoscopique pour traiter des lesions Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) stage D. La permeabilite primaire et primaire assistee ont ete evalues, de meme que la morbidite et la mortalite et la duree du sejour hospitalier (DS). Les resultats pour cette alternative mini-invasive au pontage femoro-poplite avec prelevement conventionnel de veine ont ete analyses. Methodes Une analyse retrospective a ete faite sur les patients qui ont eu un pontage femoro-poplite avec prelevement endoscopique de veine saphene et des lesions angiographiques TASC D. Les examens duplex postoperatoires ont ete evalues, et des criteres de thrombose de pontage ou de developpement d’une stenose tres serree imposant une reintervention a ont ete recherches. La demographie, la morbidite, la mortalite, et la duree de sejour ont ete analysees. Resultats Vingt-sept patients repondant a nos criteres d’inclusion ont ete operes entre juin 2002 et juin 2007. Les indications operatoires etaient une claudication ( n = 10 ) , une gangrene ou une ulceration ( n = 9 ) , et des douleurs ischemiques de repos ( n = 8 ) . Cinquante-deux pour cent des patients etaient des hommes, 50% avaient une maladie cardiaque, 65% etaient hypertendus, 54% etaient diabetiques, et 65% avaient une histoire de tabagisme significative. La duree de sejour mediane etait de 2,5 jours chez les claudicants, de 3,0 jours chez les patients ayant des douleurs de repos, et de 7,0 jours chez les patients ayant une gangrene ou une ulceration ( p 0.05). Les taux de permeabilite primaire ou primaire assistee selon Kaplan-Meier etaient de 73,2% et 80,8% a 1 an, respectivement ; Ces taux ont ete maintenus pendant 70 mois. Le seul evenement perioperatoire etait une infection superficielle de paroi, et deux patients sont morts au cours du suivi de causes independantes de la chirurgie. Conclusion Le pontage femoro-poplite utilisant une veine prelevee par voie endoscopique est un procede de reconstruction avec une morbidite postoperatoire minime, une duree de sejour courte, et une permeabilite a long terme satisfaisante.
Effect of heat conduction through the fins of a microchannel serpentine gas cooler of transcritical CO2 system

Abstract This paper presents results of an experimental study to investigate the effect of conduction through the fins on the capacity of a serpentine gas cooler. The gas cooler was a part of a transcritical CO 2 system which was operated in A/C mode. The capacity of the gas cooler was carefully measured in the chamber which simulated the outdoor condition with the original heat exchanger. In order to experimentally validate the conduction effect on the capacity, some sections of the fins, where the conduction was most significant, were cut by EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining). The capacity of the heat exchanger, after cutting fins, was measured in the same chamber at nearly identical test conditions as before cutting. Gas cooler capacity was improved up to 3.9% by cutting the fins, and temperature difference between refrigerant exit and air inlet for the gas cooler was reduced by 0.9–1.5 °C. The maximum uncertainty in the capacity measurements was 2.5% and the accuracy of temperature measurements was 0.1 °C. It was shown by system simulation that system COP could be improved by 5% by eliminating this severe conduction effect, as was done in this experiment. The tube surface temperature at some points of the gas cooler was measured and infrared images were taken to show the conduction effect before and after cutting fins.
Severe Skin Reactions from Interventional Fluoroscopy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Some patients with certain preexisting health conditions may be at elevated risk for unusually intense radiation-induced skin reactions and late tissue damage from high-dose interventional procedures. The authors present a case report of a patient with mixed connective tissue disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who developed an unusual complication after placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. On the basis of a review of the literature, the following experiences may help identify patients at increased risk: previous high-dose procedures, connective tissue disease, diabetes mellitus, and homozygosity for ataxia telangiectasia.
Trigger mechanisms in asthma.

SUMMARY 1Intractable asthma may be perpetuated by structural abnormalities in bronchopulmonary segments which act as "trigger mechanisms." 2Bronchography, if carefully done, is safe and often productive of useful circumstantial information necessary for successful management. 3Surgical exploration permits direct inspection of the lung and testing of segments as to inflow and egress of air. Mechanical defects can be corrected forthwith and sympathetic, parasympathetic or both denervations carried out simultaneously.
A computational study of the hydrodynamically assisted organization of DNA-functionalized colloids in 2D

We study computationally the self-organization of DNA-functionalized colloidal particles confined to two dimensions and subjected to a linear shear force. We show that hydrodynamic forces allow a more thorough sampling of phase space than thermal or Brownian forces alone. Two particle types are present in each of our dynamic simulations each signifying its own specific oligonucleotide sequence grafted to the particle surface: A-type and B-type. Particles are modeled as interacting via a type-specific DNA attraction where unlike-types have affinities for each other while like-types do not. The particles are small enough to feel Brownian motion while the shear adds motion to the particles. We find the formation of lines of A-type and B-type particles in simulations with an imposed shear. Simulations without imposed shear form a frustrated network with little or no linear order. An orientational distribution function, g 2 (r), quantifies the degree of linear order. A phase diagram is constructed, finding a linear dependence of the minimum DNA force necessary for line formation on the dimensionless shear rate. A force analysis performed on the structures shows that the lines orient perpendicular to the axis of the elongation component of the shear because it is this orientation that allows the DNA attraction to resist the shear.
Magnetic flux as affected by eddy currents in electromagnets

A method has been developed for determining the current time constant τ at which eddy currents become detrimental to electromagnet operation. Plots of flux density B versus time, and current I versus time were made for various values of τ on electromagnets having a constant air gap and a fixed value of maximum current I m in the coil. Such an electromagnet can be approximated by a linear RL circuit as long as eddy current effects are negligible. τ was the time required for the current to reach 0.63 I m . This corresponds to the time constant in a linear RL circuit. Values of dB/dt were measured at τ and the relationship dB/dt = C/\tau^{m} , where m equals 1 and C is a constant, was found to be applicable for large values of τ, as expected in a linear RL circuit. The τ value τ c at which m began to decrease from 1, determined the onset of eddy current effects since the circuit is no longer linear. Experimental results were compared to a theoretical solution for a ramp field applied to sheets of thickness δ. Calculations were performed of the time \Deltat by which the flux density lags the applied field. Reasonably good correlation was obtained between \Deltat and τ c . Measurements were made on various soft magnetic materials in various thicknesses. The results provide a guide in selecting material and lamination thickness for a given application.
Toll-like receptors and acquired immunity

Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that evolved to detect microbial infection. These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from different classes of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Following recognition of ligands TLRs initiate signaling events that result in acute innate responses. In addition, TLRs are responsible for initiation of adaptive immune responses against pathogen-derived antigens primarily through triggering dendritic cell activation. Control of adaptive immunity by TLRs is a complex phenomenon and much needs to be understood about how different TLRs tailor the outcome of adaptive immune responses to the advantage of the host. Although TLRs have evolved to induce protective immune responses, under some circumstances, activation of these receptors may lead to autoimmune diseases.
Completion pneumonectomy for chronic mycobacterial disease.

Objective Patients with persistent pulmonary infections from mycobacterial disease present a difficult clinical challenge. These individuals typically have poor pulmonary function, malnutrition, and other comorbidities, and few guidelines exist regarding optimal therapy. We report our experience with completion pneumonectomy as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program for patients with recurrent, persistent mycobacterial disease. Methods During a 9-year period, 26 consecutive patients underwent completion pneumonectomy for mycobacterial disease. All patients underwent intensive, guided preoperative antibiotic therapy and aggressive nutritional supplementation. Complete surgical resection of the remaining destroyed or infected lung tissue was performed, often through an extrapleural dissection with intrapericardial ligation of vessels. Vascularized tissue flaps were used whenever possible to buttress the bronchial stump closure. Postoperative management consisted of a multidisciplinary approach, with ongoing antibiotic and nutritional therapy. Results The primary organisms were Mycobacterium avium complex (n = 15), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 5), Mycobacterium abscessus (n = 3), Mycobacterium xenopi (n = 2), and Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 1). Operative mortality was 23% (6/26): respiratory failure or adult respiratory distress syndrome in 2 cases, sepsis in 2, bronchopleural fistula in 1, and pulmonary embolism in 1. Significant morbidity occurred in 46% (12/26). Among the 17 long-term survivors, sputum conversion or discontinuation of medications was achieved in 14 (82%). Mean length of follow-up was 45 months (range 4–105 months). Conclusion Completion pneumonectomy remains an important component of therapy in patients with mycobacterial disease who have had failure of previous therapy. Although associated with significant risks, successful outcomes can be achieved with an organized, multidisciplinary approach and careful postoperative follow-up.
A hybrid method for computing the bottom pressure field of a planing boat

A hybrid numerical method for computing the pressure field induced on the seafloor by a planing boat is presented. This method combines a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solution with a linear, potential-flow solution in the far field. A control surface enclosing the boat is introduced. This surface is large enough so that viscous effects are important inside the surface but are negligible outside it. Linear, potential-flow theory is, therefore, applicable in the outer region and is used to derive integral equations for the fluid velocity. Unlike traditional formulations where the velocity potential o in the fluid domain is given in terms of the boundary values of o and its normal derivative, the new equations define the fluid velocity directly in terms of the finite-depth Green function and the velocity distribution on the control surface. This difference allows the new equations to easily interface with RANS solution where only fluid velocity and not its potential are calculated. As an example, the new hybrid method is used to obtain the pressure signature of the leisure boat Carolina Skiff.
A theorem on sequentiality and compactness with its fuzzy extension

Abstract An amended proof of a theorem of Franklin's on sequentiality and sequential compactness is presented, and a corresponding fuzzy version formulated using the theory of quasi-coincidence.
Reformulating classical and quantum mechanics in terms of a unified set of consistency conditions

This paper imposes consistency conditions on the path of a particle and shows that they imply Hamilton's principle in classical contexts and Schrodinger's equation in quantum mechanical contexts. Thus this paper provides a common, intuitive foundation for classical and quantum mechanics. It also provides a very new perspective on quantum mechanics.
Au Lα x-rays induced by photons from 241Am: Comparison of experimental results and the predictions of PENELOPE

Abstract The results of experiments performed, measuring the Lα x-rays emitted by Au due to excitation by photons of various energies from an 241Am sample at forward-scattered angles in the range 0° to 65°, are compared to the predictions of the Monte Carlo code, PENELOPE. The experimental data are in good agreement with the predictions of the program. A comparison of the angular distributions of the probability densities (as predicted by the program) related to the Au Lα and Lβ x-rays suggests that PENELOPE does not simulate the phenomena described by Flugge et al. (1972) .
Nonlinear diffusive-dispersive limits for scalar multidimensional conservation laws

Abstract We consider a class of multidimensional conservation laws with vanishing nonlinear diffusion and dispersion terms. Under a condition on the relative size of the diffusion and dispersion coefficients, we show that the approximate solutions converge in a strong topology to the entropy solution of a scalar conservation law. Our proof is based on methodology developed in [S. Hwang, A.E. Tzavaras, Kinetic decomposition of approximate solutions to conservation laws: Applications to relaxation and diffusion–dispersion approximations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 27 (2002) 1229–1254] which uses the averaging lemma.
Factored Stochastic Trees: A Tool for solving Complex Temporal Medical Decision Models

The stochastic tree is a continuous-time version of a Markov-cycle tree, useful for constructing and solving medical decision models in which risks of mortality and morbidity may extend over time. Stochastic trees have advantages over Markov-cycle trees in graphic display and computational solution. Like the decision tree or Markov-cycle tree, stochastic tree models of complex medical decision problems can be too large for convenient graphic formulation and display. This paper introduces the notion of factoring a large stochastic tree into simpler components, each of which may be easily displayed. It also shows how the rollback solution procedure for unfactored stochastic trees may be conveniently adapted to solve factored trees. These concepts are illustrated using published examples from the medical literature. Key words: stochastic trees; DEALE models; decision analysis; Markov-cycle trees; temporal medical decision modeling. (Med Decis Making 1993;13:227-236)
The O'Neill experiment of 1953

The official report on this first comprehensive field experiment in boundary-layer meteorology was published 1957 in two volumes, edited by Lettau and Davidson (hereafter L&D). The official report is supplemented in this paper by relevant pre-history developments and a discussion of some selected post-history interpretations and follow-up experiments.
The evolution of concealed ovulation and self-deception

Abstract Humans are strikingly unusual among primates and most mammals because females do not reveal their critical period of ovulation. This phenomenon, concealed ovulation, can be best understood in the perspective of evolutionary theory. It would seem that stimulus signs are essential to reproductive success because activities would be drawn to maximizing the probability of copulation when the female is fertile. Human reproductive success and survival, however, is dependent not only on lack of physical cues of ovulation, but also on lack of psychological awareness. Through exploring the meaning of this apparent incongruity, this article shows that concealed ovulation is adaptive and proposes that concealed ovulation is an example of psychological self-deception. In addition, several theories of concealed ovulation are reviewed and compared.
A patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI is homozygous for a premature termination codon in exon 14 of the lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene

In the present study, we have characterized a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI (EDS VI) as homozygous for a pathogenetic mutation in the lysyl hydroxylase 1 (LH1) gene. This mutant allele contributes to very low levels of LH1 mRNA and severely diminished LH activity in his skin fibroblasts. The reduced hydroxylysine content of collagen was reflected in the increased electrophoretic mobility of the type I collagen alpha1 and alpha2 chains precipitated from cell and media samples of cultured patient fibroblasts. The homozygous mutation, a single base change of C1557 --> G which would convert a codon for tyrosine (TAC) at residue 511 to a stop codon (TAG) in exon 14 of the LH1 gene, was identified in full-length cDNAs for LH1 amplified from the patient's fibroblasts. We have demonstrated that the low level of LH activity measured in his fibroblasts may result from a minor processing pathway in which an in-frame skipping of exon 14 containing the mutation restores partial function of the enzyme. The mutation was confirmed in both alleles in genomic DNA from the proband and by the maternal inheritance of this mutation. The father's DNA was unavailable for analysis. The autosomal recessive nature of EDS VI was verified by the fact that the mother, who has one mutated and one normal allele, is clinically unaffected by this disorder. This mutation, which has been previously observed in another unrelated compound heterozygous patient, may prove to be a more widespread mutation for EDS VI.
High-order finite-volume adaptive methods on locally rectangular grids

We are developing a new class of finite-volume methods on locally-refined and mapped grids, which are at least fourth-order accurate in regions where the solution is smooth. This paper discusses the implementation of such methods for time-dependent problems on both Cartesian and mapped grids with adaptive mesh refinement. We show 2D results with the Berger-Colella shock-ramp problem in Cartesian coordinates, and fourth-order accuracy of the solution of a Gaussian pulse problem in a polytropic gas in mapped coordinates.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance of Highly Dispersed Co-SBA-15

Highly dispersed cobalt on SBA-15 was successfully prepared by a post synthesis grafting of cobalt. Of the cobalt precursors tested, Co(II) acetylacetonate was found to be the best source for high dispersion of cobalt. The Co-SBA-15 catalysts were characterized with different techniques: N2 physisorption, XRD, TPR, TEM, and X-ray adsorption analysis. The mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was retained after cobalt grafting with up to 10 wt % Co loading. There were no large cobalt oxide particles formed, which indicates all the cobalt ions are highly dispersed on the surface and the direct bonding to the silica surfaces results in a high reduction temperature (1123 K) relative to Co oxides. X-ray absorption analysis demonstrates a local structure of Co ions with all Co ions isolated and bonded with oxygen. XANES analysis requires that the local environment for Co ions be that of either a distorted tetrahedral or an octahedral structure and the fitting of EXAFS data further shows a Co−O bond coordination number...
Faunal remains from Porc-Epic: Paleoecological and zooarchaeological investigations from a Middle Stone Age site in southeastern Ethiopia

Abstract The Middle Stone Age (MSA) sediments of Porc-Epic Cave near Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, have produced a large assemblage of archaeofaunal remains dating to the later periods of the Late Pleistocene. As one of the few MSA faunal assemblages from East Africa subject to detailed analysis, it provides rare insight into the foraging behavior of the early modern humans in this region. The MSA fauna include taxa that were not historically present in the area, with the occurrence of reduncines and alcelaphines indicating widespread grasslands and proximity to a perennial source of water. The faunal analysis examined several lines of evidence, including breakage patterns, surface modification, and skeletal-element representation. By incorporating comparisons with multiple actualistic data sets, the analysis of the assemblage demonstrates that, while the influence of carnivores and other biotic agents was evident, the faunal remains were accumulated primarily by hominid activity. The skeletal-element representation at Porc-Epic includes an abundance of high utility bones, in contrast to the predominance of “head-and-foot” elements documented at other MSA and Middle Paleolithic (MP) sites. The MSA occupants of Porc-Epic effectively exploited a wide range of prey with more emphasis on small- and medium-sized mammals.
Multiple myeloma masquerading as metastatic breast cancer

Two women are described in whom, on the basis of prior therapy for breast cancer and the presence of painful, lytic bone lesions, an initial diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer was made. Further evaluation established the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in both patients. Neither had evidence of recurrent breast cancer. These cases indicate that women with a history of breast cancer in whom lytic bone lesions develop without evidence of extraskeletal metastases should have the diagnosis of multiple myeloma excluded.
Family Narrative as Political Activity

This study suggests that political order within families is manifested in and constructed through family narrative activity. The study is based on a corpus of 100 family dinner narratives of two-pa...
Hyperthermia and fever control in brain injury

Fever in the neurocritical care setting is common and has a negative impact on outcome of all disease types. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that fever at onset and in the acute setting after ischemic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cardiac arrest has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. Data support that the impact of fever is sustained for longer durations after subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. Recent advances have made eliminating fever and maintaining normothermia feasible. However, there are no prospective randomized trials demonstrating the benefit of fever control in these patient populations, and important questions regarding indications and timing remain. The purpose of this review is to analyze the data surrounding the impact of fever across a range of neurologic injuries to better understand the optimal timing and duration of fever control. Prospective randomized trials are needed to determine whether the beneficial impact of secondary injury prevention is outweighed by the potential risks of prolonged fever control.
What Is the Role of Behavioral Analysis in a Multilayered Approach to Aviation Security

Since the 1960s, civilian aviation has been a prime target for a myriad of terrorist organizations, which have engaged in asymmetrical tactics such as skyjacking, aircraft bombings, and attacks against airports. The U.S. Transportation Security Administration has employed a multilayered security strategy in an attempt to secure commercial aviation. To that end, behavioral analysis, sometimes referred to as “behavioral profiling,” has become an integral layer of aviation security that monitors the behavior and mannerisms of air travelers. However, the technique is not without critics. The present article examines the current state of behavioral analysis as applied to aviation security and provides recommendations for its proper role and function within a larger security framework.
The diagnosis and management of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas.

Abstract Purpose This review provides a blueprint to deal with the diagnosis and management of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas. Methods A retrospective review over 27 years found 26 recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. Results In this cohort of 26 patients, 18 had a leak after their primary operation; and 22 had respiratory symptoms leading to the discovery of the recurrent fistula. The diagnosis was made by contrast study in 24. The repairs entailed placing a catheter through the fistula; separating the trachea and esophagus using sharp dissection; and placing tissue, preferably pericardium, between the suture lines. Postoperative complications included 7 anastamotic leaks, 4 strictures, and 3 recurrent fistulas. Long-term follow-up (median of 84 months) showed that 21 took all of their nutrition by mouth, 3 were tube fed, and 2 required a combination. Of the 23 patients with growth chart data, 16 fell in the first quartile of the growth chart, whereas none fell between the 75th and 100th percentile. Conclusion This series, the largest to date, describes characteristics of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas, including techniques to make the diagnosis and provide a secure closure of the fistula, and the long-term outcomes of these patients.
Advances in math search

As digital libraries of mathematical and scientific contents become available, it is essential to have math-aware search systems. The search systems must understand math symbols and structures, and allow users to enter queries that involve not only text keywords but also mathematical expressions and fragments of expressions. In addition, the search results must be presented in a way that enables the user to find the desired information rapidly. This short paper gives a quick overview of the state of the art of math search, and focuses on the math search system that the author has developed for the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nickel Alloy Crack Growth Correlations in BWR Environment and Application to Core Support Structure Welds Evaluation

An intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) growth model for unirradiated nickel-base alloys (Alloys 82, 182 and 600) in boiling water reactor (BWR) environments has been developed by EPRI. This model has been used for assessment of the crack growth rates in BWR nickel base austenitic alloys with particular application to the BWR shroud support structure materials and welds, including attachments to the reactor pressure vessel fabricated from these alloys. However, the crack growth model can be used for other components with like materials in BWR environments provided that specific parameters such as stresses and stress intensity factor (KI ) distributions are determined. The methodology involves development of crack growth disposition curves that can account for the variability of important IGSCC parameters to provide a conservative, yet realistic assessment of crack growth rate in BWR environments. An extensive nickel base alloy crack growth rate database was developed from data generated through the peer review process and includes both experimental data points and in-plant crack arrest verification system data. Most of the data in the database have reasonable definition of environmental conditions and other important crack growth parameters thus permitting a more realistic generic crack growth model to be developed. Although most of the data is for Alloy 182, it bounds the crack growth rate of Alloy 82 and Alloy 600. The database was used to derive crack growth disposition curves under normal water chemistry (NWC) and hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) conditions. The disposition curves have two stress intensity regimes; one for KI 25 ksi√in where the crack growth is KI -independent. The crack growth disposition curves were used together with a crack growth estimation methodology to determine the crack propagation of the BWR shroud support structure welds which are fabricated from Alloy 82/182. The steps involved in the development of the methodology include determination of residual stresses and operating stresses, development of stress intensity factor (KI ) solutions for crack propagation in the through-thickness direction and estimation of crack growth rates. This methodology was applied specifically for crack growth in the through-thickness direction. Application of this crack growth model to BWR shroud support structure welds H8 and H9 indicates that there is an adequate time period between inspections before initial cracks of ≤10% through-wall thickness reaches the allowable flaw sizes, particularly for HWC conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Growth kinetics and properties of dielectric films synthesized by low pressure chemical vapor deposition from diethylsilane

Abstract Diethylsilane (DES) has been used to synthesize amorphous silicon carbide and silicon dioxide films by low pressure chemical vapor deposition. For silicon carbide, the deposition rate at 700°C was observed to vary linearly with flow rate and pressure while the stoichiometry of the deposits showed little variation from a composition of Si 0.6 C 0.4 . In the 600–700°C range, the growth rate was observed to follow an Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 41 kcal mol −1 . The stoichiometry became progressively richer in carbon with higher temperatures. The onset of crystallinity was observed to occur for the 850°C deposits and the films were found to be tensile in all cases. The silicon dioxide films were synthesized in the temperature range 350–475°C with the growth rate observed to follow an Arrhenius behavior with an apparent activation energy of 10 kcal mol −1 . The growth rate was seen to increase with higher pressure and to vary as a function of the square root of the DES flow rate and O 2 -to-DES ratio. In both the pressure and the O 2 -to-DES ratio studies conducted at 400°C, there were points of abrupt cessation in deposition. The density and index of refraction of the films were found to be 2.25 g cm −3 and 1.45 respectively, independent of deposition conditions. The etch rate of the films in a 25°C P-etch solution was observed to decrease with higher deposition or annealing temperatures, reflecting densification of the material. Despite severe aspect ratios, the films were seen to exhibit good step coverage.
Access to the Beach Comparing the Economic Values of Coastal Residents and Tourists

In the United States, an objective of coastal states is providing sufficient access to coastal resources. To better utilize public resources for such projects, decision makers would benefit from possessing reliable estimates of economic values coastal residents and tourists place on public beach access. This study’s purpose is to estimate the economic values coastal residents and tourists assign to public beach access, and provide options for financing such projects. Estimates of these values were calculated using the doubled-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation technique. Results indicated that coastal residents were willing to pay $2.46 for additional public beach access, while coastal tourists’ mean willingness to pay was $6.33. Findings suggest additional public beach access locations are desirable to both coastal residents and tourists. Supplying coastal resource managers with these values can assist in justifying the use of public resources on beach access projects, as well as in the deve...
Microspectrophotometric Studies of Romanowsky Stained Blood Cells. III. The Action of Methylene Blue and Azure B

The performances of two standardized Romanowsky stains (azure B/eosin and azure B/methylene blue/eosin) have been compared with each other and with a methylene blue/eosin stain. Visible-light absorbance spectra of various hematological substrates have been measured. These have been analyzed in terms of the quantities of bound azure B, methylene blue and eosin dimers and monomers, and in terms of the CIE color coordinates. It has been found that the addition of methylene blue to azure B/eosin produces little change in performance, at least using these two analytical methods. Methylene blue/eosin does not produce the purplish colorations typical of the Romanowsky effect. This is due not to differences between the spectra of methylene blue and azure B, but to the fact that methylene blue does not facilitate the binding of eosin to cellular substrates to the same extent as azure B.
The large sieve

1. The purpose of this paper is to give simple proofs for some recent versions of Linnik's large sieve, and some applications.The first theme of the large sieve is that an arbitrary set of Z integers in an interval of length N must be well distributed among most of the residue classes modulo p, for most small primes p, unless Z is small compared with N. Following improvements on Linnik's original result [1] by Renyi [2] and by Roth [3], Bombieri [4] recently proved the following inequality: Denote by Z(a, p) the number of integers in the set which are congruent to a modulo p.
Self-Control, Perceived Opportunity, and Attitudes as Predictors of Academic Dishonesty

Academic dishonesty is a persistent and pervasive problem on college campuses. Researchers have suggested a variety of factors that influence academic dishonesty. The present study is an examination of the roles of self-control, attitude toward academic dishonesty, and perceived opportunity in predicting academic dishonesty. The dataset consisted of 853 survey responses from university students across the United States. The results showed that attitude toward academic dishonesty mediated the relationship between self-control and academic dishonesty and also between perceived opportunity and academic dishonesty. Implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
iBiology: communicating the process of science

The Internet hosts an abundance of science video resources aimed at communicating scientific knowledge, including webinars, massive open online courses, and TED talks. Although these videos are efficient at disseminating information for diverse types of users, they often do not demonstrate the process of doing science, the excitement of scientific discovery, or how new scientific knowledge is developed. iBiology (www.ibiology.org), a project that creates open-access science videos about biology research and science-related topics, seeks to fill this need by producing videos by science leaders that make their ideas, stories, and experiences available to anyone with an Internet connection.
Geometry of Inyo-White Mountains Allochthon, Eastern California: ABSTRACT

Approximately 750 sq mi of the northern Inyo and southern White Mountains, eastern California, are cut from a relatively simple, well-exposed, allochthonous mass consisting primarily of late Precambrian and Cambrian rocks. The thrust surface is exposed on both the eastern and western flanks of the Inyo Mountains where mainly Mississippian rocks underlie the allochthon. Although igneous rocks along the north and southeast have intruded the thrust zone, its position can be inferred from great differences in the stratigraphy (on the north) and structure (on the southeast) across the interpreted thrust. On the southwest, however, the allochthon is structurally continuous with the southern autochthon. The entire eastern and southern margins of the allochthon are folded down an under, suggesting eastward and southward movement. Apparently rotation occurred, probably in the Late Triassic, east of Independence, California, in the vicinity of the connection between the allochthon and autochthon. Movement northeast of Independence in the latitude of Tinemaha Reservoir has been a minimum of 15 mi. A large N-S-trending anticline and an adjacent syncline (which parallel most of the small folds) are the major structures within the allochthon. Superimposed on these north-south folds are E-W-trending warps involving the thrust plane. End_of_Article - Last_Page 872------------
Selective prediction of interaction sites in protein structures with THEMATICS.

Methods are now available for the prediction of interaction sites in protein 3D structures. While many of these methods report high success rates for site prediction, often these predictions are not very selective and have low precision. Precision in site prediction is addressed using Theoretical Microscopic Titration Curves (THEMATICS), a simple computational method for the identification of active sites in enzymes. Recall and precision are measured and compared with other methods for the prediction of catalytic sites. Using a test set of 169 enzymes from the original Catalytic Residue Dataset (CatRes) it is shown that THEMATICS can deliver precise, localised site predictions. Furthermore, adjustment of the cut-off criteria can improve the recall rates for catalytic residues with only a small sacrifice in precision. Recall rates for CatRes/CSA annotated catalytic residues are 41.1%, 50.4%, and 54.2% for Z score cut-off values of 1.00, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. The corresponding precision rates are 19.4%, 17.9%, and 16.4%. The success rate for catalytic sites is higher, with correct or partially correct predictions for 77.5%, 85.8%, and 88.2% of the enzymes in the test set, corresponding to the same respective Z score cut-offs, if only the CatRes annotations are used as the reference set. Incorporation of additional literature annotations into the reference set gives total success rates of 89.9%, 92.9%, and 94.1%, again for corresponding cut-off values of 1.00, 0.99, and 0.98. False positive rates for a 75-protein test set are 1.95%, 2.60%, and 3.12% for Z score cut-offs of 1.00, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. With a preferred cut-off value of 0.99, THEMATICS achieves a high success rate of interaction site prediction, about 86% correct or partially correct using CatRes/CSA annotations only and about 93% with an expanded reference set. Success rates for catalytic residue prediction are similar to those of other structure-based methods, but with substantially better precision and lower false positive rates. THEMATICS performs well across the spectrum of E.C. classes. The method requires only the structure of the query protein as input. THEMATICS predictions may be obtained via the web from structures in PDB format at: http://pfweb.chem.neu.edu/thematics/submit.html
Returning Home in Systems of Care: Rates, Predictors, and Stability

Recent work suggests that out-of-home placements continue to be relatively common for youth with mental health problems, even within systems of care. The current work examines rates and predictors of movement back home and stability of reunifications. During the focal period, 1,778 youths experienced out-of-home placements; 61% moved back home, and 22% of those reunited were placed out of home again. Race was related to likelihood of reunification and instability: American Indian youth were least likely to return home, whereas Hispanic youth were at increased risk of unstable reunifications. Older youth and boys were more likely to return home, whereas youth from families with higher incomes were slightly more likely to be placed out of home but also most likely to be stably reunited. Higher (i.e., worse) total Child Behavior Checklist score was related to moving back home, whereas decreased strengths and more child-level risk factors predicted instability of reunification.