cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain stimulation and epilepsy: novel approaches for seizure control.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the electrical stimulation of various structures in both the central and peripheral nervous system. The targets of the brain stimulation in central nervous system include epileptogenic focus (cortex and hippocampus), cerebellum, and deep brain structures, such as sub-thalamic nucleus (STN), caudate nucleus, posterior hypothalamus, centromedian (CM) thalamic nucleus, and anterior thalamic nucleus. The peripheral nervous system targets include the vagal and trigeminal nerves. The nigral control of epilepsy system (NCES) includes in its circuitry STN, the Substantia Nigra pars reticulate (SNpr), and the dorsal midbrain antiepileptic zone (DMAZ) located in the deep layers of the superior colliculi. Reduced activity of the DMAZ is also related to a diminished seizure protection, but the direct mechanism by which the DMAZ exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown. Animal studies have shown that a decrease of the tonic output from STN or of the SNpr results in the disinhibition of the DMAZ with a corresponding antiseizure effect. A second possible antiseizure effect is the direct anterograde cortical inhibition, which can be elicited by the stimulation of deep cerebellar nuclei, when stimulating targets within the circuits of Papez, such as the anterior thalamic nucleus, or when stimulating the central median nucleus of the thalamus..
Three-year clinical evaluation of a silorane composite resin.

Statement of Problem Composite resins are still outperformed by amalgams in the clinical practice with secondary caries and fractures being their most common failures. A material that suffers less polymerization shrinkage might improve the clinical performance of composite resins. Purpose To evaluate the clinical performance of a low-shrink silorane-based composite resin (Filtek LS Low Shrink Posterior Restorative, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in comparison with a methacrylate-based composite resin (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Principality of Liechtenstein) over time. Materials and Methods Candidates in need of Class II composite resin restorations participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Those were 25 female and six male subjects with average age of 44.3 ± 12.7 years. Participants received 82 restorations, being 54 in premolars and 28 in molars. Procedures, which included the restoration of primary caries lesions or replacement of failing restorations, were done using modified preparations with no bevels or additional retention. Restorations were placed using Filtek LS (and dedicated self-etch adhesive) or Tetric EvoCeram (with AdheSE, Ivoclar Vivadent), following manufacturers' instructions. Incremental placement technique was applied and the restorations were immediately finished. Follow-up evaluations occurred at six, 12, 24, and 36 months and were done using the Federation Dentaire Internationale criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations. Results The recall rate at 36 months was 89%. All interaction terms were not significant. Conclusions Filtek LS performs as well as Tetric EvoCeram performs in the clinical setting at 36 months. Clinical Significance The silorane-based composite resin Filtek LS and the conventional methacrylate-based composite resin Tetric EvoCeram performed similarly well in posterior restorations over at least 36 months of clinical service.
Source identifications of airborne fine particles using positive matrix factorization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency positive matrix factorization.

Abstract The widely used source apportionment model, positive matrix factorization (PMF2), has been applied to various air pollution data. Recently, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF), a version of PMF that will be freely distributed by EPA. The objectives of this study were to conduct source apportionment studies for particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) speciation data using PMF2 and EPA PMF (version 1.1) and to compare identified sources between the two models. In the present study, ambient PM2.5compositional datasets of 24-hr integrated samples collected at EPA Speciation Trends Network monitoring sites in Chicago, IL, and Portland, OR, were analyzed. Both PMF2 and EPA PMF extracted eight sources for the Chicago data and 10 sources for the Portland data. The model-resolved source profiles were similar between two models for both datasets. However, in several sources, the average contributions did not agree well and...
Taxing the Internet

Several actions in state legislatures as well as proposals in Congress are prompting a fresh look at Internet sales taxes and access taxes. While taxes have been a part of the telecommunications industry for years - take a look at your phone or cable bill for a sample of the various taxes and fees for those services - concern was immediately raised that taxation of the Internet would stifle innovation and growth. In response to these concerns, in 1998 Congress enacted the Internet Tax Freedom Act. The Act banned most Internet-only taxes, surcharges and fees, as well as sales and use taxes on Internet commerce. The Act was renewed in 2004, but is set to expire in November of this year. Earlier this year, bills were introduced in both the Senate and House to make the Act permanent, and voices resonated in both opposition and support.
A visual annotation framework using common-sensical and linguistic relationships for semantic media retrieval

In this paper, we present a novel image annotation approach with an emphasis on – (a) common sense based semantic propagation, (b) visual annotation interfaces and (c) novel evaluation schemes. The annotation system is interactive, intuitive and real-time. We attempt to propagate semantics of the annotations, by using WordNet and ConceptNet, and low-level features extracted from the images. We introduce novel semantic dissimilarity measures, and propagation frameworks. We develop a novel visual annotation interface that allows a user to group images by creating visual concepts using direct manipulation metaphors without manual annotation. We also develop a new evaluation technique for annotation that is based on relationship between concepts based on commonsensical relationships. Our Experimental results on three different datasets, indicate that the annotation system performs very well. The semantic propagation results are good – we converge close to the semantics of the image by annotating a small number (~16.8%) of database images.
The rise of oxygen and siderite oxidation during the Lomagundi Event

The Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi Event is an interval of 130–250 million years, ca. 2.3–2.1 billion years ago, in which extraordinarily 13C enriched (>10‰) limestones and dolostones occur globally. The high levels of organic carbon burial implied by the positive δ13C values suggest the production of vast quantities of O2 as well as an alkalinity imbalance demanding extremely low levels of weathering. The oxidation of sulfides has been proposed as a mechanism capable of ameliorating these imbalances: It is a potent sink for O2 as well as a source of acidity. However, sulfide oxidation consumes more O2 than it can supply CO2, leading to insurmountable imbalances in both carbon and oxygen. In contrast, the oxidation of siderite (FeCO3 proper, as well as other Fe2+-bearing carbonate minerals), produces 4 times more CO2 than it consumes O2 and is a common—although often overlooked—constituent of Archean and Early Proterozoic sedimentary successions. Here we propose that following the initial rise of O2 in the atmosphere, oxidation of siderite provided the necessary carbon for the continued oxidation of sulfides, burial of organic carbon, and, most importantly, accumulation of free O2. The duration and magnitude of the Lomagundi Event were determined by the size of the preexisting Archean siderite reservoir, which was consumed through oxidative weathering. Our proposal helps resolve a long-standing conundrum and advances our understanding of the geologic history of atmospheric O2.
The amygdala central nucleus and appetitive Pavlovian conditioning: lesions impair one class of conditioned behavior

Rats with neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala central nucleus (CN) were trained using appetitive Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Conditioned responses (CRs) that are representative of 2 classes of behavior were monitored. One type of CR resembled the orienting responses that were elicited by the conditioned stimuli (CSs) prior to pairing with food reinforcement: the other type of CR resembled the behavior elicited by food reinforcement itself. Holland (1977, 1984) has referred to these as CS-generated and unconditioned stimulus (US)-generated CRs, respectively. During differential conditioning, some lesioned and unlesioned rats received reinforced presentations of a visual cue and nonreinforced presentations of an auditory cue, and the others in each lesion condition received reinforced auditory and nonreinforced visual cue presentations. Relative to the control group, the CN-lesioned rats were impaired in the acquisition of CS-generated CRs to both visual and auditory CSs. Orienting responses and habituation to the CSs were, however, comparable for the lesion and control groups. Moreover, rats with CN lesions readily acquired the US-generated CRs. Thus, a specific class of conditioned behavior was impaired by CN damage. Many studies using aversive Pavlovian procedures have suggested that CN lesions impair fear conditioning. The present results suggest another role for CN in the conditioning of orienting/attentional responses.
A Model of Phase Relations in the System MgO‐SiO2‐H2O‐CO2 and Prediction of the Compositions of Liquids Coexisting with Forsterite and Enstatite

A comprehensive model has been developed for the system MgO-SiO_2-H_2O-CO_2 on the basis of experimental studies, Schreinemaker's rules, and thermodynamic data. The assemblage forsterite plus enstatite is predicted to melt in the presence of vapor of any H_2O/CO_2 ratio at low pressures, in the presence of vapor whose H_2O/CO_2 ratio is buffered by the presence of magnesite at intermediate pressures, and at a vapor-absent eutectic with brucite and magnetite at high pressures. The composition of the liquid at the solidus for a bulk composition of forsterite plus enstatite plus a small amount of volatiles with a 3/1 H_2O/CO_2 ratio changes from enstatite-quartz normative at 20 kbar, to periclase- forsterite normative at 50 kbar, to forsterite-enstatite normative at 90 kbar and greater pressures. Forsterite cannot coexist with H_2O-CO_2 vapor at pressures greater than 90 kbar. Thus all melting in the earth's mantle at higher pressures must be vapor-absent.
Cloning zebrafish by nuclear transfer.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cloning zebrafish by nuclear transfer. Cloning of zebrafish by nuclear transfer is a complex procedure involving cell culture, egg selection, and micromanipulation of the eggs and cells, each step affecting the overall efficiency of cloning. The chapter provides a detailed description of the nuclear transfer procedure developed in laboratory. For nuclear transfer, long-term cultured cells are subjected to serum starvation by culturing them in DMEM medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS for 4 days and are then dissociated with trypsin/EDTA (0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA in PBS), washed once with PBS, and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. Cells are suspended in DMEM containing 0.5% FBS and kept on ice until nuclear transfer. During nuclear transfer, both the recipient eggs and donor cells are placed into an inverted cover of a Falcon Tissue culture dish. The eggs are kept in a large drop of precooled Hank's solution supplemented with 1.5% BSA, and the donor cells are kept nearby in a drop of precooled DMEM medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS (v/v). Cloned zebrafish can be excellent models for studying effects of cloning on animal development. Developmental abnormalities in cloned zebrafish can be easily found because of in vitro and transparent embryogenesis. Short generation time and easy access to a large number of progenies mean that the effects of cloning can be monitored thoroughly in multiple generations in a relatively short time.
Lack of Correlation of Small Bowel Biopsy and Clinical Course of Patients With Intractable Diarrhea of Infancy

To assess the value of small bowel biopsy in determining the prognosis of intractable diarrhea of infancy, small bowel biopsy specimens of 19 infants with this disorder were examined blindly, and a score reflective of the severity of injury for each biopsy specimen was derived. Biopsy scores were correlated with the duration of nutrition support required in the treatment of each patient. No correlation could be found between the severity of the small bowel mucosal injury on biopsy and the clinical course of the patient. Small bowel biopsies are not likely to be of assistance in determining the prognosis of this disorder and should not be used to determine therapy or to advise parents concerning the likely duration of intractable diarrhea of infancy.
Multi-octave optical splitter synthesised via Bézier surfaces

A multi-octave polarization splitting anisotropic metasurface is presented. The metasurface is comprised of a periodic array of metal structures synthesized via Bezier surfaces. An analytical solution for broadband polarization splitting is presented followed by a candidate design which exhibits multi-octave polarization splitting from 3µm to 15µm.
Effects of intake and forage level on site and extent of digestion of plant cell wall monomeric components by sheep.

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of level of intake and proportion of forage in the diet on site and extent of digestion of plant cell wall monomeric components (phenolics, neutral sugars) by sheep. Four Suffolk wethers (65 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were fed diets containing 75% (75A) or 25% (25A) alfalfa hay at two levels of intake, 1,700 (high intake, HI) or 1,100 (low intake, LI) g DM/d in a 4 X 4 latin-square design with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The remainder of the diet consisted primarily of ground corn. Wethers had lower (P less than .05) total tract NDF and ADF digestibilities when fed 75A or at HI. An intake X forage level interaction (P less than .05) was noted for non-core lignin ferulic acid (FA) total tract disappearance, with wethers at LI having the highest, 25A-HI having the lowest, and 75A-HI having an intermediate FA disappearance. Wethers fed at LI had higher (P less than .05) total tract disappearance of non-core lignin p-coumaric acid (PCA). Wethers fed 75A had greater (P less than .05) total tract disappearances of core lignin vanillic acid (VA) and vanillin (VAN). Total tract digestibilities of the neutral monosaccharides glucose (GLC), xylose (XYL), arabinose (ARA) and galactose (GAL) were greater (P less than .05) for LI vs HI treatments. Wethers consuming 75A had greater (P less than .05) total tract ARA and GAL digestibilities, whereas wethers fed 25A had greater (P less than .05) total tract digestibilities of GLC and mannose (MAN). Diet composition and level of intake appear to influence site and extent of digestion of cell wall monomeric components.
Hot diamagnetic cavities upstream of the Martian bow shock

We present Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) observations of hot diamagnetic cavities upstream of the Martian bow shock. The events are characterized by a region of turbulent magnetic field, high electron temperature, and densities at or below the ambient solar wind density. The region of high temperature is flanked by layers of high magnetic field and electron density and is accompanied by a rotation in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We suggest that the events are generated by interplanetary discontinuities interacting with the Martian bow shock, i.e., the events are the Martian counterpart to the hot flow anomalies observed upstream of the Earth's bow shock.
Bonding of Hydrogen Implanted at 80K INTO III-V Semiconductors

Hydrogen implantation at 80K is shown to introduce As-H centers in GaAs and InAs, and P-H centers in InP. These As (P)-H centers anneal between 150 and 300K. By analogy to suggested defect assignments in electron-irradiated GaAs, it is suggested that the sites for the As (P)-H centers are metastable defects such as close vacancy-interstitial pairs. In contrast to GaAs, where absorption by Ga-H centers increases upon loss of As-H, no absorption attributable to In-H was observed in either InAs or InP. Hydrogen in an As vacancy is the suggested model for Ga-H centers. If such vacancies are thermally unstable in In-based compounds, it would explain an absence of In-H bonds and may reduce the capability for ion implantation to produce electrical isolation in In-based compound semiconductors.
The Relationship between Spread and Forecast Error in Extended-range Forecasts.

Abstract The relationship between ensemble forecast spread and ensemble forecast error is examined for a large number of extended range forecasts with a fairly simple, yet realistic model. A “perfect model” approach is used so that systematic modeling errors do not overwhelm errors that grow from initial analysis error. Mean square errors and spreads of the forecasts are computed and discussed for this model. The correlation between spread and forecast error tends toward zero at long forecast times, and an explanation of this tendency is presented. Time averaging has little impact on improving the correlation between spread and forecast error. The correlation between spread and forecast error is sensitive to the region being considered, but it is not significantly different for regional domains versus hemispheric domains.
The Relational Ecology of Identification: How Organizational Identification Emerges When Individuals Hold Divergent Values

This research builds on theory about how identification develops when members differ in which organizational values they hold to be important. It is relatively well established that conflict and dis-identification arise under such conditions. In the socially responsible retail company I studied, in contrast, I found identification as well as dis-identification. Both outcomes emerged from members’ interactions with others whose values and behaviors differed from their own. Identification arose when managers interpreted and enacted organizational values for frontline employees by developing integrative solutions, removing ideology, and routinizing ideology. Dis-identification developed in the absence of these practices. The resulting process model suggests a relational ecology of identification, in which identification emerges from the combination of bottom-up interactive processes among organizational members and top-down interpretations and enactments by managers. This model advances understanding of the relational dynamics of identification, offers new insight into how organizations can benefit from multiple identities, and illuminates the double-edged sword of ideology in organizations
IP3 Receptor-mediated Ca Release Facilitates RyR-Ca Release To Cause Inotropy And Arrhythmogenicity In Mouse Ventricular Myocytes

Endothelin (ET-1)-induced IP3R-dependent Ca release in atrial myocytes is well established. ET-1-induced positive inotropy and arrhythmogenicity have also been shown in ventricular myocytes from rat and rabbit. Here we used transgenic mice overexpressing IP3R2 and IP3 sponge to study ET-1-induced inotropy and arrhythmogenicity in ventricular myocytes. 100 nM ET-1 (14 min) increased ventricular myocyte Ca transients (ΔCa) in IP3R2OX by 37% (0.5 Hz, fluo4 AM, n=11) vs WT and IP3 sponge ventricle (-6±10 %). ET-1 increased spontaneous calcium transient (SCT) frequency in IP3R2OX ventricles compared with WT and IP3 sponge (10±4 vs 1±1 SCT/min). Similar ΔCa results were obtained using the Ca indicator indo-1 (41±9 vs 19±12 % IP3R2OX vs WT, n=6). We found no differences between IP3R2OX (n=17) and WT (n=10) ventricular myocytes in control (0.5 Hz) ΔCa (350±70 vs 330±28 nM Cai) or SR Ca content as assessed with 10 mM caffeine (1368±273 vs 1385±78 nM Cai). Basal Ca spark frequency in saponin-permeabilized ventricular myocytes did not differ between IP3R2OX and WT (19±4 vs 16±4 sparks x s-1 x (100 μm)-1). However, direct application of 10 μM IP3 produced higher increase in Ca spark frequency on IP3R2OX (35 %, n=4) than WT (18 %). After 3 min of IP3 application SR Ca content was depleted to 80 % of control. These data suggest that IP3R-dependent inotropy is mediated via IP3R-dependent Ca release that facilitates Ca release through ryanodine receptors. This IP3-dependent inotropy is associated with spontaneous Ca release activity which may be arrhythmogenic (inducing action potentials). We conclude that IP3R expression and IP3-dependent Ca release play an important role in the generation of ventricular arrhythmias.
Regulation of afferent transmission in the feeding circuitry of Aplysia

Although feeding in Aplysia is mediated by a central pattern generator (CPG), the activity of this CPG is modified by afferent input. To determine how afferent activity produces the widespread changes in motor programs that are necessary if behavior is to be modified, we have studied two classes of feeding sensory neurons. We have shown that afferent-induced changes in activity are widespread because sensory neurons make a number of synaptic connections. For example, sensory neurons make monosynaptic excitatory connections with feeding motor neurons. Sensori-motor transmission is, however, regulated so that changes in the periphery do not disrupt ongoing activity. This results from the fact that sensory neurons are also electrically coupled to feeding interneurons. During motor programs sensory neurons are, therefore, rhythmically depolarized via central input. These changes in membrane potential profoundly affect sensori-motor transmission. For example, changes in membrane potential alter spike propagation in sensory neurons so that spikes are only actively transmitted to particular output regions when it is behaviorally appropriate. To summarize, afferent activity alters motor output because sensory neurons make direct contact with motor neurons. Sensori-motor transmission is, however, centrally regulated so that changes in the periphery alter motor programs in a phase-dependent manner.
Randomized controlled trial comparing the controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet pathway versus the controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet with preemptive epidural anesthesia/analgesia after laparotomy and intestinal resection.

Abstract Background Multimodal postoperative care regimens accelerate recovery after abdominal surgery. The benefit of thoracic epidural (TE) analgesia over patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) remains unproven when used with a fast-track postoperative care plan. Methods Fifty-six patients undergoing major intestinal resection, and on a fast-track postoperative care plan, were randomized to preemptive TE or PCA. Patients were evaluated at standard time points for pain score, quality of life (Short Form-36), and complications. Oral analgesia was substituted for TE and PCA on the second postoperative day. Discharge criteria were identical for both groups. Results Six patients (20.6 % ) had a failed epidural. There was no difference in length of stay (5.8 versus 6.2 days, TE versus PCA, P = .55), total length of stay (including readmissions), pain scores, quality of life, complications, or hospital costs at any time point. Conclusion TE offers no advantage over PCA for patients undergoing major intestinal resections who are on a fast-track postoperative care plan using PCA.
Charge-statistics separation and probing non-Abelian states

Several states were proposed as candidates for the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ quantum Hall plateau. We suggest an experiment which can determine the physical state. The proposal involves transport measurements in the geometry with three quantum Hall edges connected by two quantum point contacts. In contrast to interference experiments, this approach can distinguish the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states as well as different states with identical Pfaffian or anti-Pfaffian statistics. The transport is not sensitive to the fluctuations of the number of the quasiparticles trapped in the system.
Molecular and Electronic Structure in the Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States of fac-[Re(4,4‘-X2bpy)(CO)3(4-Etpy)]+* (X = CH3, H, Co2Et). Application of Density Functional Theory and Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted on the ground and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of the series fac-[Re(4,4‘−X2bpy)(CO)3(4-Etpy)](PF6) (X = CH3, H, and CO2Et; 4-Etpy is 4-ethylpyridine). The energy gap varies across this series, influencing excited-state geometries and electronic structures. The DFT calculations assist in assigning ν(CO) bands in the infrared and give insight into variations in the experimental values. The predicted bond length and angle changes in the excited state point to the importance of Re−CO σ bond polarization in the excited states as well as π*(4,4‘−X2bpy)−π*(CO) mixing suggested previously.
Negotiation Behaviors in Agent-Based Negotiation Support Systems

Prior research on negotiation support systems (NSS) has paid limited attention to the information content in the observed bid sequences of negotiators as well as on the cognitive limitations of individual negotiators and their impacts on negotiation performance. In this paper, we assess the performance of human subjects in the context of agent-based NSS, and the accuracy of an exponential functional form in representing observed human bid sequences. We then predict the reservation values of negotiators based on their observed bids. Finally, we study the impact of negotiation support systems in helping users realize superior negotiation outcomes. Results indicate that an exponential function is a good model for observed bids.
Energetic Cost and Preferred Speed of Walking in Obese vs. Normal Weight Women

BROWNING, RAYMOND C. AND RODGER KRAM. Energetic cost and preferred speed of walking in obese vs. normal weight women. Obes Res. 2005;13:891- 899. Objective: We tested the hypotheses that walking is more expensive for obese women, and they prefer slower walking speeds that minimize the gross energy cost per distance despite a greater relative aerobic effort (percent of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)/kg). Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty adult women, 10 obese (BMI 34.1 3.2 kg/m 2 ) and 10 normal weight (BMI 20.4 2.1 kg/m 2 ) volunteered. To determine the metabolic rate and energy cost per distance vs. speed rela- tionships, we measured VO2 and VCO2 while subjects walked on a treadmill at six speeds (0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 m/s; 5-minute trials, with a 5-minute rest period be- tween trials). We measured preferred walking speed on a 50-m section of level sidewalk and VO2max using a modified Balke treadmill protocol. Results: Walking was 11% more expensive for the obese subjects, but they preferred to walk at similar speeds as normal weight subjects (1.40 vs. 1.47 m/s, p 0.07). Both groups preferred walking speeds at which their gross energy cost per distance was almost minimized. Obese subjects had a smaller VO 2max /kg, so they required a greater relative aerobic effort at the preferred speed (51% vs. 36%, p 0.001). Discussion: Obese women preferred a walking speed that minimized energy cost per distance, even though this strat- egy required a greater relative aerobic effort than walking more slowly. Our results suggest that walking slower for a set distance may be an appropriate exercise recommenda- tion for a weight management prescription in obese adults.
Laser design: A cooler Raman laser

Textbooks suggest that heating, caused by phonon emission, is an inevitable and intrinsic by-product of light generation in a Raman laser. Now a design has emerged that reduces the phonon emission and may lead to higher efficiency and smaller devices.
Aberrant amygdala intrinsic functional connectivity distinguishes youths with bipolar disorder from those with severe mood dysregulation

It remains unclear the degree to which youths with episodic mania (bipolar disorder; BD) vs. those with chronic, severe irritability (severe mood dysregulation, SMD) should be placed in similar or distinct diagnostic groups. Addressing this clinically meaningful question requires greater understanding of the neural alterations underlying both disorders. We evaluated resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 53 youths (14 BD, 20 healthy volunteers (HV), and 19 SMD, ages 9–18.5 years). Seed regions of interest were the bilateral basolateral, superficial and centromedial amygdala, defined using the Juelich probabilistic atlas. We found a significant between-group difference in functional connectivity between the left basolateral amygdala and the medial aspect of the left frontal pole plus the posterior cingulate/precuneus. This finding was driven by hyperconnectivity among BD vs. HV or SMD youths. As with earlier data, these findings suggest that the pathophysiology of BD and SMD may differ.
War, peace, and marital residence in pre-industrial societies

Tefft and Reinhardt recently reported that peacemaking mechanisms and periods of stable peace are associated with internal warfare, while peacemaking mechanisms are absent and peace is unstable in societies with external warfare. We suggest an explanation for these findings based on the argument that in pre-state level societies internal and external war are entirely different types of conflict. Internal war (conflict between communities of the same society) is part of a system of population control in pre-state level societies which also involves female infanticide, polygyny, and patrilocal residence. Internal war is thus a regulatory type of warfare requiring several mechanisms to initiate and inhibit it. In contrast, external warfare among pre-state level societies occurs between societies which have recently migrated to their locales and adopted matrilocal residence. External war is thus an intense struggle for survival between two or more societies trying to occupy the same niche in an ecosystem that...
Aldose reductase (AKR1B3) regulates the accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and the expression of AGE receptor (RAGE).

Diabetes results in enhanced chemical modification of proteins by advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) precursors. These modifications have been linked to the development of several secondary diabetic complications. Our previous studies showed that aldose reductase (AR; AKR1B3) catalyzes the reduction of ALEs and AGEs precursors; however, the in vivo significance of this metabolic pathway during diabetes and obesity has not been fully assessed. Therefore we examined the role of AR in regulating ALEs and AGEs formation in murine models of diet-induced obesity and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In comparison with wild-type (WT) and AR-null mice fed normal chow, mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet (42% kcal fat) showed increased accumulation of AGEs and protein–acrolein adducts in the plasma. AGEs and acrolein adducts were also increased in the epididymal fat of WT and AR-null mice fed a HF diet. Deletion of AR increased the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) protein adduct in the plasma and increased the expression of the AGE receptor (RAGE) in HF fed mice. No change in AGEs formation was observed in the kidneys of HF-fed mice. In comparison, renal tissue from AR-null mice treated with streptozotocin showed greater AGE accumulation than streptozotocin-treated WT mice. These data indicated that AR regulated the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes and AGEs under conditions of severe, but not mild, hyperglycemia and that deletion of AR increased RAGE-induction via mechanisms that were independent of AGEs accumulation.
Classification of gauge fields: The Eigenspinor-Eigenvalue equation

Abstract The eigenspinor-eigenvalue equation for SU(2) gauge fields is presented. A classification of gauge fields is consequently obtained. The whole classification is described in terms of a diagram.
Robot algorithm evaluation by simulating sensor faults

Recently developed algorithms in automation theory are often difficult to compare correctly since systems must interact with a changing environment. All algorithms are therefore dependent on sensor inputs which are notoriously subject to noise and errors. Proper comparison must be platform independent, but must also take sensor reliability problems into account. We have developed, and are using, a software simulator for comparative evaluation of robotics algorithms. The simulator uses an abstract sensor model which allows evaluation of the algorithms with various sensor reliability parameter values. By applying equivalent algorithms to a large number of randomly generated scenarios it is possible to make valid quantitative comparisons of average performance. This information is complementary to asymptotic time complexity measure which is the most common tool for algorithm comparison. Information is gathered which allows comparison according to criteria chosen by the user, such as distance traveled, number of sensor scans taken, or even collisions with obstacles in the environment. A preliminary discussion of a system capable of quantitative comparison of several algorithms for robot navigation in unknown terrains is presented. This system is in the final stages of acceptance testing, and promises to provide a testbed for future robot navigation research.
Mind, models and Cartesian observers: a note on conceptual problems

Comment on The Cartesian observer revisited: ontological implications of the homuncular illusion' by Alex Comfort ( J. social biol. Struct. 2, 211–223, 1979)
Photoresist and the photoresist/wafer interface with a local thermal probe

This paper reports the development of local differential thermal analysis and ellipsometry to measure the glass transition temperature (T g ) of thin films of photoresist. We apply the techniques to measure the glass transition temperature as a function of the film thickness of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). We also study the effect of the duration of post apply bake and the extent of reaction on the T g of films of a negative photoresist, SAL605. Measurements of the T g as a function of film thickness of polystyrene cast on native silicon oxide substrates primed with hexamethyldisiloxane show that the T g is depressed incrementally as thickness decreases to a maximum of T g - 20 degree(s)C for film thicknesses below 80 nm. Films of PMMA cast on native silicon oxide show a similar depression in the T g of 10 degree(s)C for film thicknesses less than 70 nm. Our study of SAL605 photoresist finds that the T g is not influenced by the condensation reaction between the crosslinker and resin. We find that there is a strong plasticizing effect by the residual solvent in SAL605 over short PAB times that can change the T g by as much as 15 degree(s)C. The T g reaches a steady value after 30 seconds of baking at 90 degree(s)C.
Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit.

As a result of the previous shortage of tools to assess objectively the overall physiological status of the respiratory system in infants and young children, it has been difficult to measure the degree of physiological disorder or the response to therapy in respiratory diseases such as BPD, the pediatric version of ARDS, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma and croup in this patient population.
Energy from agriculture - The most economic method of large scale solar energy conversion

Abstract The economics of terrestrial growth of vegetation for its energy content is far more favorable than other more technically sophisticated methods of large-scale solar energy conversion—mirrors, photovoltaics, etc. This paper summarizes our view of what might be attainable in biomass production, hoping, thereby, to stimulate interest in the concept. The types of vegetation best suited for an intensive energy plantation, as well as vegetation selection criteria, will be discussed. The type and availability of land for growing energy crops on a conceptual terrestrial plantation, as well as the logistics and economics, are discussed. An energy budget for plant-material production and harvesting for the conceptual plantation is developed. A technoeconomic comparison of firing the crops directly for electric power generation with conversion to clean fuel gas (methane or low-BTu gas) either at the farm site or at selected markets is made.
Experimental demonstration of secure communication based on quantum illumination

We report the first experimental demonstration of an entanglement-based secure communication system that is resilient to entanglement-breaking loss and noise on the communication channel.
Sodium chemistry: A brief review and two new mechanisms for sudden sodium layers

Abstract The aeronomy of sodium has improved immensely since the rate coefficient of the key three-body loss process for Na was determined a decade ago. Models for Na in the mesosphere compare reasonably well with observations, including seasonal and diurnal variations. The computed Na nightglow also agrees with data. Less well understood are the circumstances responsible for the sporadic occurrence of narrow intense layers of Na. Dynamical processes undoubtedly are involved in the formation of these sudden sodium layers (SSLs). Two new SSL mechanisms tentatively are proposed here. One involves ionion recombination between coincident layers of Na + , and O − ions formed by e+O 2 . This reaction, endothermic at room temperatures, may be important during auroras when energetic electrons are present and/or if sufficiently large electric fields are present. A less likely conjecture is that layers of atomic oxygen may mix with layers of sodium compounds to produce SSLs.
Turbo rand: Monte Carlo sampling and simulations

Abstract The popularity of statistical simulation for a wide variety of quantitative investigations has created considerable interest in the generation of pseudo random variables. While the most statistical software packages contain procedures for generating random variates, even those for large scale computer systems are commonly limited to the production of a very few types. The Turbo Rand software provides a welcome addition for at least one computer usage group.
Opposite effects of phosphatase inhibitors on L-type calcium and delayed rectifier currents in frog cardiac myocytes

1. Application of the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid (OA) and microcystin (MC) to frog cardiomyocytes caused large increases in L-type calcium current (ICa) in the absence of beta-adrenergic agonists. The increase occurred without effects on the peak current-voltage relation or voltage-dependent inactivation. OA and MC caused a decrease in amplitude of delayed rectifier current (IK), which is opposite to the increase produced by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. The decrease occurred without effects on voltage-dependent activation or reversal potential. 2. Analysis of the dose-response relations for OA and MC on ventricular cell ICa were best fitted with a single-site relationship with a K1/2 of 1.58 microM and 0.81 microM, respectively. These data suggest the predominant form of phosphatase active on ICa in this cell type is produced by protein phosphatase 1. Inhibition of phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) was without appreciable effect. 3. Reducing intracellular ATP levels was without effect on basal ICa suggesting that calcium channels may not need to be phosphorylated to open. ATP depletion was able to block completely the ICa increase induced by OA or MC. This demonstrates that the effects of OA and MC on ICa are mediated by a phosphorylation reaction. In contrast, ATP depletion totally abolished IK, suggesting either a requirement for ATP or phosphorylation for basal function of the delayed rectifier channel. 4. Internal perfusion of a peptide inhibitor (PKI(5-22)) of protein kinase A (PK-A) was without effect on basal current levels of ICa or IK, suggesting that this kinase is not phosphorylating these channels under basal conditions. Furthermore, although PKI is capable of completely blocking the response of ICa to isoprenaline or forskolin, PKI does not affect the increase in ICa induced by MC or OA. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase with acetylcholine or inhibition of PK-A with adenosine cyclic 3',5'-(Rp)-phosphothioate (Rp-cAMPS) also had no effect on the response to OA or MC. 5. Application of beta-adrenergic agonist, forskolin or cAMP all produced additional increases in the presence of saturating doses of MC or OA. This supports the hypothesis that PK-A is not mediating the OA response and that phosphatase inhibition does not result in complete phosphorylation of PK-A sites. 6. To attempt to identify the protein kinase activity responsible for OA effects on ICa and IK, several types of protein kinase inhibitors were internally perfused.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Visual History of Three Lucknows

In part, this essay suggests one aspect of the new ‘visual turn’ in history, treating as evidence the production and reception of visual-culture artefacts. In part, it is concerned with the way that the objects and practices linked to visual culture established a sense of place for urban locales, and how that changed over time. Visual entry points for that sense of place are many: the built environments (and how their use and imputed meanings altered); the two-dimensional representations (such as photographs and posters) of these monuments and significant buildings that called out the storied meanings associated with them; the photographic documentations of everyday life; and the organisations and activities/events staged around and through built environments in each place.
The Effect of Conviction on Income Through the Life Cycle

Abstract Existing studies of the impact of conviction on income and employment do not consider life cycle issues. We postulate that conviction reduces access to career jobs offering stable, long-term employment. Instead, conviction relegates offenders to spot market jobs, which may have higher pay at the outset of the career but do not offer stable employment or rapidly rising wages. Thus, first-time conviction may increase the wages of young workers while decreasing the wages of older workers. We test our theory with data on federal offenders and find that first-time conviction has a positive and significant effect on income for offenders under age 25 and an increasingly negative and significant impact for offenders over age 30. These results imply that the present value of income lost as a result of conviction varies over the life cycle, reaching a maximum in the middle of the career. We find that the gains sought by these offenders follow similar profiles, suggesting that prospective offenders may be deterred by the possibility of lost future income. Because the discounted loss in future income facing young offenders may be small, our results may provide part of an explanation of youth crime.
Measurement of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity Using a Sensitive Fluorometric Assay

The dehydration reaction of bicarbonate was measured using the fluorescent pH indicator, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (pyranine), in combination with stopped-flow spectrofluorometry. The initial rate of bicarbonate dehydration was measured after mixing a pH 6.0 solution with a pH 8.0 solution containing bicarbonate. Addition of carbonic anhydrase to the pH 6.0 solution enabled the measurement of the initial rate of activity at physiological temperatures with resolution times of 2 ms. This assay was used to resolve differences in activity and sensitivity to sulfonamides by comparing mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms. The fluorescent technique used in this study is very sensitive, allowing the determination of initial rates with a protein concentration as little as 65 ng/ml. Pyranine can also be loaded into membrane vesicles to follow carbonic anhydrase activity within vesicles. The change in pH within vesicles is dependent on the concentration of externally added bicarbonate and the presence of carbonic anhydrase on either side of the membrane. Therefore, this assay can be used to measure carbon dioxide flux across membranes and to assess the contribution of carbonic anhydrase to this flux.
Conformational requirements for Ca2+/calmodulin binding and activation of myosin light chain kinase

Myosin light chain kinase contains a regulatory segment consisting of an autoinhibitory region and a calmodulin-binding sequence that folds back on its catalytic core to inhibit kinase activity. It has been proposed that α-helix formation may be involved in displacement of the regulatory segment and activation of the kinase by Ca2+/calmodulin. Proline mutations were introduced at putative non-interacting residues in the regulatory segment to disrupt helix formation. Substitution of proline residues immediately N-terminal of the Trp in the calmodulin-binding sequence had most significant effects on Ca2+/calmodulin binding and activation. Formation of an α-helix in this region upon Ca2+/calmodulin binding may be necessary for displacement of the regulatory segment allowing phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain.
Immunization Recommendations for Children With Metabolic Disorders: More Data Would Help

Since Jenner's initial success with cowpox vaccination, active immunization with a wide variety of vaccines and toxoids has represented the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases and their disability and mortality. The benefits of successful immunization programs include not only a reduction in the disease burden associated with the infection (morbidity, pain, suffering, and even mortality) but also a significant savings of health care dollars in both developed and resource-poor countries. In the United States, declines of >95% have been noted for many infections for which universal vaccination has been implemented.1 For nearly all of the available vaccines given to children in the United States, there are significant health care dollars saved for every dollar invested. As one example, universal immunization with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine saves $7.00 to $9.00 for every dollar spent.2 Currently recommended childhood vaccines have a significant beneficial public health impact. Despite the clear benefit to society, vaccines have a potential for reactions that might adversely affect the individual child. The actual risk/benefit of each vaccine for each individual child may vary. The spectrum of clinical manifestations and severity of illness in children with metabolic disorders are as varied as the metabolic defects responsible for these conditions. Alterations in specific enzyme systems in children with inborn errors of metabolism can result in metabolic abnormalities that may be adversely affected by the metabolic changes that result from the inflammatory response associated with most infectious diseases. In addition, infections frequently result in temporary anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea, which may further upset the metabolic homeostasis in the child with a metabolic disorder. Even minor infections have the potential of causing clinical decompensation in fragile children with metabolic disorders. There are also reports in the literature in which the initial clinical manifestations in children with inborn errors of … Address correspondence to Michael T. Brady, MD, Columbus Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, AB 7048, Columbus, OH 43205. E-mail: mbrady{at}chi.osu.edu