cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A SIMULATION MODEL OF PARTICLE DEPOSITION ON SINGLE COLLECTORS

A simulation model based on the concepts developed previously (Tien el. al. 1977, Wang el. al. 1977) for the deposition of particles from suspensions flowing past single spherical and cylindrical collectors is presented. The model is capable of providing detailed information about the formation and growth of particle deposits at the surface of the collector. Reasonably good agreement with experimental data was observed.
Does dietary copper supplementation enhance or diminish PCB126 toxicity in the rodent liver

Copper is essential for the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and several antioxidant proteins. However, in its free form copper can participate in Fenton-like reactions that produce reactive hydroxyl radicals. Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, including the most potent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), increase copper levels in rodent livers. This is accompanied by biochemical and toxic changes. To assess the involvement of copper in PCB toxicity, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with differing dietary copper levels: low (2 ppm), adequate (6 ppm), and high (10 ppm). After three weeks, rats from each group were given a single ip injection of corn oil (control), 1, or 5 μmol/kg body weight PCB126. Two weeks following injections, biochemical and morphological markers of hepatic toxicity, trace metal status, and hepatic gene expression of metalloproteins were evaluated. Increasing dietary copper was associated with elevated tissue levels of copper and ceruloplasmin. In the livers of PCB126-treated rats, the hallmark signs of AhR activation were present, including increased cytochrome P450 and lipid levels and decreased glutathione. In addition, a doubling of hepatic copper levels was seen, and overall metal homeostasis was disturbed, resulting in decreased hepatic selenium, manganese, zinc, and iron. Expression of key metalloproteins was either decreased (cytochrome c oxidase), unchanged (ceruloplasmin and CuZnSOD), or increased (tyrosinase and metallothioneins 1 and 2) with exposure to PCB126. Increases in metallothionein may contribute/reflect the increased copper seen. Alterations in dietary copper did not amplify or abrogate the hepatic toxicity of PCB126. PCB126 toxicity, i.e., oxidative stress and steatosis, is clearly associated with disturbed metal homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms of this disturbance may provide tools to prevent liver toxicity by other AhR agonists.
Fairness in broadband ISDNs

Abstract In order to achieve satisfactory performance in broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), some techniques to control flow of information traffic, are necessary. Bandwidth allocation, bandwidth enforcement, and load balancing, are some of the examples of these techniques. Unfortunately, some of these techniques result in unfair distribution of resources among users. Recently, fairness in resource sharing systems has received significant attention among researchers. In this paper, we discuss, in comparative terms, several resource allocation techniques along with their fairness aspects in broadband ISDNs. We will also propose a threshold-based scheme to minimize the blocking probability and improve fairness.
Context-Aware MIML Instance Annotation

In multi-instance multi-label (MIML) instance annotation, the goal is to learn an instance classifier while training on a MIML dataset, which consists of bags of instances paired with label sets, instance labels are not provided in the training data. The MIML formulation can be applied in many domains. For example, in an image domain, bags are images, instances are feature vectors representing segments in the images, and the label sets are lists of objects or categories present in each image. Although many MIML algorithms have been developed for predicting the label set of a new bag, only a few have been specifically designed to predict instance labels. We propose MIML-ECC (ensemble of classifier chains), which exploits bag-level context through label correlations to improve instance-level prediction accuracy. The proposed method is scalable in all dimensions of a problem (bags, instances, classes, and feature dimension), and has no parameters that require tuning (which is a problem for prior methods). In experiments on two image datasets, a bioacoustics dataset, and two artificial datasets, MIML-ECC achieves higher or comparable accuracy in comparison to several recent methods and baselines.
Implementation of Graphical Layout Editor for Geologic Applications: ABSTRACT

The increasing availability and sophistication of data processing technology have given geologists new insights into the interpretation and evaluation of geological data. In many instances, however, software and hardware limitations have prevented geologists from effectively combining the graphical results from many of these specialized packaged procedures. At Aramco, the emphasis has been toward providing geologists and geological technicians with a convenient, user-friendly approach to effectively merging the graphical results of the various software packages. Initially designed for an IBM graphics workstation, the graphics layout editor (GLE) offers the user a method of quickly merging or compositing the graphical results of the most frequently used geological software packages in a menu-driven, interactive environment. Applications of GLE technology not only allow the user to produce expanded or enhanced variations on the original graphical output, it also gives geologists the flexibility to conveniently experiment with combinations of graphical results which would otherwise be cost prohibitive owing to drafting complexities. To support final design and presentation, GLE in an interactive mode also provides high-quality text capability, allowing the cartographer to quickly build and annotate presentation quality composites. GLE techniques of graphical overlay, insertion, and interactive editing provide geologists with an infinite series of perspectives into geologic problem solving. End_of_Article - Last_Page 465------------
Waldo Lake, Oregon Chemical Composition: Major Ions, Buffering Capacity, and Nutrient Loading

Previous limnological investigations have identified Waldo Lake as one of the most pristine and chemically dilute lakes in the world. This study focusing on the major ion chemistry of Waldo Lake has confirmed this status. Situated at a topographical divide in the central Oregon Cascades, with a very small watershed (watershed area to lake area ratio = 2) and shallow, porous soils, Waldo Lake chemistry is dominated by precipitation input with relatively less influence from watershed processes. Based on median values, conductivity for Waldo Lake is 3.4 μS·cm−1, while the cation and anion sums are 39 and 29 μeq·L−1, respectively. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC, also total alkalinity) is 17 μeq·L−1 (0.85 mg·L−1 as CaCO3), indicating that Waldo Lake is very weakly buffered and highly susceptible to acidification from acidic deposition, although there is no evidence that this has occurred. Chloride (14 μeq·L−1) and sulfate (2.1 μeq·L−1) are derived mainly from precipitation (wet and dry deposition), ANC is der...
Applying a Rule-Based Natural Language Classifier to Open Source Requirements: a Demonstration of Theory Exploration

Open source projects requirements are mostly informal, text descriptions found in requests, forums, and other correspondence. Understanding of such requirements can provide insight into the nature of open source projects. Previously, we have demonstrated the Requirements Classifier for Natural Language (RCNL), which aids in NL requirements analysis. Herein, we demonstrate how the RCNL can aid in theory building. From its application to 16 open source projects, we conjecture a simple wave theory of requirements innovation: innovations expressed in requirements appear as a wave that is reflected in a subsequent wave of features that is reflected in a subsequent wave of product downloads. Although the theory is a conjecture, the process of its exploration demonstrates how RCNL can be used to explore theories about open source projects-theory exploration that would otherwise be intractable because of the difficulty in analyzing NL artifacts for requirements properties.
Locating the Past in the Present: Living Traditions and the Performance of Early Music

This study examines the philosophies, values and ethics of Early Music performers who use living musics to inform and enhance their performance styles and techniques. Early Music performers seek to revive lost traditions of performance, relying on spare descriptions and fragmentary evidence. Since the 1950s, several generations of visionary performers have turned to living musical traditions for inspiration and collaboration in the recreation of earlier European repertoires. Early Music specialists who follow this path hold their informants and collaborators in high esteem and treat their beliefs with respect. They often avoid surface aspects of the musics on which they draw, instead favouring large-scale structural features and performance techniques from which they can develop models for their own work. While many have criticized this approach as an appeal to the exotic and as an extension of 19th-century orientalizing projects, few scholarly studies have sought to understand it from the point of view o...
Synthesis and biological evaluation of epidithio-, epitetrathio-, and bis-(methylthio)diketopiperazines: synthetic methodology, enantioselective total synthesis of epicoccin G, 8,8'-epi-ent-rostratin B, gliotoxin, gliotoxin G, emethallicin E, and haematocin and discovery of new antiviral and antimalarial agents.

An improved sulfenylation method for the preparation of epidithio-, epitetrathio-, and bis-(methylthio)diketopiperazines from diketopiperazines has been developed. Employing NaHMDS and related bases and elemental sulfur or bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]trisulfide (23) in THF, the developed method was applied to the synthesis of a series of natural and designed molecules, including epicoccin G (1), 8,8′-epi-ent-rostratin B (2), gliotoxin (3), gliotoxin G (4), emethallicin E (5), and haematocin (6). Biological screening of selected synthesized compounds led to the discovery of a number of nanomolar antipoliovirus agents (i.e., 46, 2,2′-epi-46, and 61) and several low-micromolar anti-Plasmodium falciparum lead compounds (i.e., 46, 2,2′-epi-46, 58, 61, and 1).
Alkylation Activity and Molecular Properties of Two Antineoplastic Agents that Utilise Indometacin and a Conjugate of Aspirin with 2-Aminonicotinic Acid to Transport Nitrogen Mustard Groups

Background: Nitrogen mustard (N-mustard) compounds are considered important anticancer drugs. Various transporting agents have been utilised to carry Nmustard groups including coumarins, amides, polyaromatic molecules and cycloalkyl structures. N-mustards act as bifunctional alkylating agents that induce cross-linking within DNA strands and cytotoxic activity. Compounds that transport the N-mustard group in vivo can also express drug-likeness that can have advantages in clinical application. This study presents data on two anticancer drugs with N-mustard groups covalently attached to NSAIDs. Methods: Two alkylating compounds were synthesised by covalently attaching a single N-mustard group to 2-2-acetoxybenzoylaminonicotinic acid (for compound I) and indometacin (for compound II). Molecular properties such as aqueous solubility, 1-octanol/water partitioning coefficient (log Kow), molar volume, polar surface area, 1-octanol/water partitioning at pH values other than human blood (log D) and the dermal permeability coefficient (Kp) were determined. The rate-order of reaction and rate constant of alkylation were determined by reacting compound I and compound II with a target compound having a primary amine group in buffered aqueous solution at blood pH 7.4 and 37°C, and monitoring absorbance at 400nm. Results and conclusion: Compounds I and II were stable at room temperature, soluble in water and effectively alkylated a nucleophilic primary amine target at physiological temperature and pH. The water solubility of compound I was considerably greater than that of compound II. Both compounds showed second-order rate order of alkylation and effectively alkylated a nucleophilic target under aqueous physiological conditions of pH 7.4 and 37°C. Kp values for compounds I and II were determined to be 0.000786 cm/h and 0.024 cm/h, respectively. Both compound I and compound II had zero percent ionisation at pH 7.4, and compound I showed zero violations of the Rule of 5. Log P values for compounds I and II were 3.27 and 5.08, respectively. This study describes the benefits of antineoplastic agents with NSAID substituents that provide favourable pharmacological properties.
A “Bottom-Up” Approach to Engineering Education in Nanotechnology

This paper presents a pilot project for a “bottom-up” approach to reform of undergraduate engineering education in nanotechnology, supported by a planning grant from the National Science Foundation (Engineering Education and Centers, Award #0431970). A core principle is to have individuals from different disciplines be the ones not only to build concise modules, but also to share them with content developers in other disciplines under a common organized framework. This bottom-up approach is an efficient way of introducing new content in existing curricula, and is especially helpful in university environments that may have no comprehensive “experts” in nanotechnology per se. Having individuals work together to develop bottom-up pieces from their own specialized fields provides a mechanism not only for curriculum enhancement but also for faculty professional development. In this work, pilot modules are developed as new content infused into existing courses in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and materials engineering at San Jose State University. Topics span different aspects of nanoscale materials, phenomena, devices, and manufacturing, and the content is structured in a framework such that components may be packaged as modular entities. We present pilot work accomplished in this work-in-progress, with emphasis on how lessons learned can be applied to expandability and sustainability of this bottom-up approach.
Meteorological controls on observed peroxyacetyl nitrate at Mount Bachelor during the spring of 2008

[1] A suite of gas phase and aerosol measurements were made during spring 2008 at the summit of Mount Bachelor (2763 m asl), located in central Oregon. Here we focus on observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) for the period of 3 April to 18 June 2008. During this period, PAN mixing ratios ranged from below detection limit to 527 pptv, with a campaign mean of 119 pptv. Our analysis indicates that the variability in PAN was predominantly a function of synoptic scale processes. Three plumes containing elevated PAN were analyzed in detail. Two of these plumes were of Asian origin, and one was associated with North American sources. The Asian plumes were observed on 17–18 April and 12–13 May. Both were associated with elevated PAN, CO, O3, and aerosol scattering (σsp). The relationship between PAN and O3 varied with air mass temperature within the 17–18 April plume, and we exploited this to derive an O3 production efficiency per unit of PAN decomposed of 51–73 mol mol−1. The second Asian plume (12–13 May) was more dilute, characterized by lower CO and σsp. This event had a larger PAN/CO slope, consistent with relatively colder subsidence as calculated by trajectories. We traced the pathways of the plumes using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) alongside trajectories to show that the plumes crossed the Pacific at different rates and following different routes. The plume observed on April 17–18 traveled over the great circle, while the later plume took a slower more southern path across the Pacific.
Assessment of inner filter effect corrections in fluorimetry

The inner filter effect (IFE) in fluorescence spectroscopy is not easily distinguished from dynamic and static quenching phenomena, since IFE rarely occurs without quenching. IFE corrections may be subject to under-or over-compensation effects that are difficult to assess accurately. To evaluate existing IFE correction procedures, it is proposed that the linearity of resulting Stern-Volmer plots and the relative change of their slopes with temperature be adopted as criteria. Three correction methods are assayed in this manner, and the equation described by Gauthier et al. is found to produce the best results.
Paleoenvironments of Middle Member of Quitman Formation, Hudspeth County, Texas: ABSTRACT

The middle Quitman Formation is composed of 95-195 m (310-640 ft) of interbedded shale, sandstone, and limestone in the southern Quitman Mountains and Hueco Bolson, Hudspeth County, Texas. The lower and upper members consist of interbedded sandstone/limestone and thin to thick-bedded carbonate strata, respectively. The Quitman Formation was deposited along the eastern slope of the Chihuahua trough during the late Aptian and early Albian. The formation is interpreted as the oldest transgressive phase of 4 transgressive-regressive cycles that occur throughout the Lower Cretaceous within the Chihuahua trough. Eight major facies representing nearshore to offshore environments of the middle Quitman Formation are listed below. They are: (1) nodular, sandy, peloidal to skeletal wackestone (lagoonal, basinal); (2) nodular, sandy, peloidal to skeletal packstone (lagoonal, basinal); (3) laminated to cross-bedded sandy ooid to skeletal packstone and grainstone (upper shoreface, storm); (4) laminated to cross-bedded sandstone/siltstone (upper shoreface, storm); (5) massive sandstone/siltstone (lower shoreface, lagoonal); (6) Exogyra biostromes (offshore-lower shoreface transition); (7) sandy, bioclastic, marly silt-shale (offshore-lower shoreface transition); (8) mudstone (offshore, lagoonal). Vertical and lateral relations of strata within the middle member have shown several transgressive and regressive cycles. The more applicable terms of progradation and aggradation describe the lateral and vertical buildup of terrigenous and carbonate clastic rocks within the upper half of the middle member in the southern Quitman Mountains. These sequences are not present at the section west of the southern Quitmans. End_of_Article - Last_Page 476------------
Position-encoding molecules and the development of retinal maps

Abstract Molecules that encode position in the retina and a principal target, the optic tectum of frogs, fish and chicks, or its mammalian homologue, the superior colliculus, are hypothesized to control the development of topographic connections by restricting the growth of retinal ganglion cell axons to topographically correct locations in the target. The normal topographic targeting of developing retinal axons is consistent with this concept in frogs and fish, and in chicks it is consistent at the coarse level of matching appropriate retinal and tectal halves. In rats, however, molecules postulated to encode rostral-caudal position do not effectively guide or restrict the growth of retinal axons to topographically appropriate regions of the SC, but seem to contribute to map formation by promoting topographic specificity in branch and arbor formation.
A Schwinger variational method for the Bloch equation

A Schwinger variational principle has been derived for use in quantum, manybody systems at finite temperatures. The variational principle is a stationary expression for the density matrix which may be iterated to improve an approximate density matrix. It also can be used to find stationary expressions for observables. If an approximate, parametrized density matrix is used, the parameters are varied to find the regions where the variational principle is stationary. The variational density matrix obtained with the optimal parameters can be regarded as optimal for that observable. The method has been applied to two model problems, a particle in a box and two hard spheres at finite temperatures. The advantages and shortcomings of the method are discussed.
Information intermediaries and optimal information distribution

Information intermediaries collect, organize, and distribute information to their clients. This study examines three institutional forms of information intermediary: the for-profit firm, the nonprofit organization, and the government agency. Using results from the economics and information science literature, five tests are proposed that characterize particular information markets. For a given information market, these characteristics determine the institutional form of information intermediary that will maximize the total social and private benefit from information consumption. Although many kinds of information can be effectively delivered by for-profit information intermediaries, socially beneficial information often requires subsidized provision from government or nonprofit intermediaries in order to encourage consumption up to socially optimal levels. Applications to current topics in information distribution are also discussed.
Staining of cellular mitochondria with LDS-751

We have found the dye LDS-751 to bind almost exclusively to mitochondria when incubated with viable, nucleated cells. Treatment of cells with the nuclear stain acridine orange and LDS-751 revealed little colocalization when the cells were examined by confocal microscopy. Staining with the dye rhodamine 123, which is known to bind polarized mitochondria, was virtually identical to the pattern observed with LDS-751. This staining pattern was observed to be consistent over a range of 0.02-20 microg/ml LDS-751 and was consistent between both fibroblasts and monocytes. Depolarization of mitochondria with the mitochondrial depolarizing agents phenyl arsine oxide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) dramatically reduced both LDS-751 staining, and rhodamine 123 fluorescence. Taken together, these results suggest that LDS-751 is excluded from the nucleus and binds the polarized membranes of mitochondria. Given this, interpretation of LDS-751 fluorescence as being indicative of nuclear status, as is commonly done to discriminate between leukocytes and erythrocytes, is unwarranted and may lead to erroneous conclusions if mitochondria become depolarized upon processing.
Why community ownership? Understanding land reform in Scotland

In 1999 the Scottish Parliament convened for the first time in almost 300 years and in response to long-standing popular discontent about highly concentrated land ownership passed the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. Quite in contrast to the emphasis that much of the international development literature and policy have placed on the importance of individual private ownership, Scotland's land reform promotes community ownership. Rather than breaking up large private estates, land reformers aim to keep these estates whole while transferring ownership of them to local communities. This study uses historical analysis and in-depth interviews to understand why this is being pursued as a rural development strategy in Scotland today. It finds that community ownership is intended not only to encourage the development of resources that private investors might otherwise ignore; but also to enable local communities to guide the development process. Whereas unfettered, market-driven entrepreneurship might generate increased wealth, but not necessarily benefit the local community, community ownership aims to make sure that wealth generated from the land remains within the community; that the benefits of development are evenly spread; that needed services are provided; that the population is maintained; and that resources are managed for the long-term benefit of the community. In this way the Scottish land reform represents a shift (or rather a broadening) of emphasis, from a focus on wealth creation to a recognition of the importance of effective local democratic governance.
Teacher beliefs and intentions regarding the implementation of science education reform strands

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing teachers' intentions to implement the four strands (inquiry, knowledge, conditions, and applications) of the State of Ohio's (U.S.) Competency Based Science Model. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior was used to examine the influence of three primary constructs (attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) on teachers' intentions to engage in the targeted behaviors. The teachers' salient beliefs for each of the primary constructs were further examined to determine their degree of contribution. Differences between various teacher populations for both intent and the three primary constructs were also investigated. The data were obtained using survey research (N = 800 Ohio teachers, randomly selected and stratified by grade level and state region). Backward solution multiple regression and analysis of variance techniques were used for statistical analyses. Results indicated that the attitude toward the behavior construct held the greatest influence of Ohio teachers' intent to implement all four strands of the science model; several salient beliefs for each of the three constructs significantly contribute to the constructs; and significant differences exist between various teacher populations for both intent and the three constructs. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of nitroglycerin on ventricular oxygen extraction during aortic occlusion

Abstract Nitroglycerin (NTG) is often administered to improve hemodynamics during aortic occlusion (AO). This investigation was designed to characterize the effect of NTG on left ventricular oxygen extraction during thoracic aortic occlusion. Open-chest dogs (n = 12) underwent measurement of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and coronary blood flow. The great cardiac vein (GCV) was cannulated. AO was produced by a balloon in the descending aorta. Arterial and GCV oxygen content were determined before, 30 seconds, and 10 minutes after AO (control occlusions). Oxygen extraction (A-V)O 2 , oxygen consumption, and cardiac work were calculated. AO was repeated during NTG infusion (2 μg/kg/min IV) in seven animals. (A-V)O 2 was decreased 10% at 30 seconds in control occlusions. NTG exacerbated these decreases in oxygen extraction. With NTG, (A-V)O 2 decreased by 33% despite a 12% increase in cardiac work. The fact that early decreases in oxygen extraction occurring after AO are accentuated by NTG may predispose patients undergoing aortic reconstruction who receive NTG to myocardial ischemia. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:505-10.)
Incidence of microalbuminuria in children with pyelonephritic scarring.

There is experimental evidence that loss of renal parenchyma results in hyperfiltration in the remnant glomeruli followed by development of glomerulosclerosis. Microalbuminuria, i.e., a urinary albumin excretion rate of 20-200 micrograms/min, is considered to be an early predictor of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Hypothetically, increased urinary albumin excretion in patients with pyelonephritic scarring may also indicate glomerulosclerosis, with risk for future deterioration of renal function. This study was performed to determine the incidence of increased albumin excretion in children with mild to moderate pyelonephritic scarring, and to relate the information to glomerular filtration rate (GFR; clearance of inulin) and effective renal plasma flow (clearance of para-aminohippuric acid), as well as to the degree of scarring. The functional investigations were performed under water diuresis. Fifty-seven children, aged 1.7-17.9 years, with pyelonephritic renal scarring were included in the study. Nine young healthy adults were used as controls. The GFR was significantly lower in the children with pyelonephritic scarring than in the controls (median 93 ml/min per 1.73 m2, range 48-133 vs. 111 ml/min per 1.73 m2, range 89-121, P 20 micrograms/min per 100 ml GFR) was found in 51% of the children with pyelonephritic scarring, while only 14% had increased age-adjusted serum creatinine concentrations. The high incidence of microalbuminuria in children with pyelonephritic scarring indicates long-term follow-up until the ultimate outcome has been better defined.
Vitamin K-dependent car☐ylase: utilization of decar☐ylated bone Gla protein and matrix Gla protein as substrates

The ability of des-gamma-carboxy bone Gla protein (dBGP) and des-gamma-carboxy matrix Gla protein (dMGP) to act as substrates for the rat liver vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has been investigated. An amino-terminal 'propeptide' is present on the intracellular form of BGP and is thought to interact with a recognition site on the enzyme. dBGP, lacking this extension, is a poor, high apparent Km, carboxylase substrate, but is a much better substrate when free propeptide is added. MGP lacks an amino-terminal propeptide, but contains a a homologous region in the mature protein. dMGP is an excellent substrate for the carboxylase with a low apparent Km and its carboxylation is inhibited by free propeptide.
Avulsion of the internal mammary artery caused by Blunt Trauma

Injury to the subclavian artery or its branches is uncommon after blunt trauma. We report a case of blunt thoracic trauma resulting in avulsion of the right internal mammary artery from its origin on the subclavian artery. This presented as an atypical mediastinal hematoma in a patient with multiple injuries.
Making sense: Sensor-based investigation of clinician activities in complex critical care environments

In many respects, the critical care workplace resembles a paradigmatic complex system: on account of the dynamic and interactive nature of collaborative clinical work, these settings are characterized by non-linear, inter-dependent and emergent activities. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the work activities in critical care settings enables the development of streamlined work practices, better clinician workflow and most importantly, helps in the avoidance of and recovery from potential errors. Sensor-based technology provides a flexible and viable way to complement human observations by providing a mechanism to capture the nuances of certain activities with greater precision and timing. In this paper, we use sensor-based technology to capture the movement and interactions of clinicians in the Trauma Center of an Emergency Department (ED). Remarkable consistency was found between sensor data and human observations in terms of clinician locations and interactions. With this validation and greater precision with sensors, ED environment was characterized in terms of (a) the degree of randomness or entropy in the environment, (b) the movement patterns of clinicians, (c) interactions with other clinicians and finally, (d) patterns of collaborative organization with team aggregation and dispersion. Based on our results, we propose three opportunities for the use of sensor technologies in critical care settings: as a mechanism for real-time monitoring and analysis for ED activities, education and training of clinicians, and perhaps most importantly, investigating the root-causes, origins and progression of errors in the ED. Lessons learned and the challenges encountered in designing and implementing the sensor technology sensor data are discussed.
Circannual rhythmicity in the hibernating ground squirrel Citellus lateralis under constant light and hyperthermic ambient temperature

Abstract 1. 1. In order to elucidate some of the parameters of the circannual rhythm in heterothermichomothermic mammals, the ground squirrel Citellus lateralis was maintained for 3 years under constant. high ambient temperature (34 C). 2. 2. Results indicate that the ground squirrel continues to exhibit a circannual cycle of body weight fluctuations despite the high temperature. 3. 3. Furthermore, although alternating periods of heterothermy-homothermy were not possible at 34 C, the body weight cycle did free run under this constant environmental condition, and thus demonstrates the true endogenous nature of the circannual rhythm.
International perspectives on treatment choice in neonatal intensive care units.

Over the past 25 years, neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have been established throughout the industrialized world and in some Third World nations to provide sophisticated medical interventions for critically ill newborns. This paper discusses the four major factors affecting treatment choices for newborns with disabilities or at risk for disabilities: the availability of resources, societal attitudes toward medical interventions and life with disabilities, the roles of physicians, parents and other decision-makers, and the role of the law. Much has been written on the bioethical issues surrounding such treatment as it is practiced in the United States, including analysis by social scientists; however, little has been written on how those issues are perceived and dealt with in most other nations, and very little comparative research has been conducted. The author provides an international perspective on the bioethical issues involved by comparing U.S. practice, which has received much attention, with a generalized commentary on practices in other parts of the world, which have received less examination. The nations surveyed include Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and West Germany. The value of further comparative research is discussed in order to encourage others to do such research.
Building continuity in handovers with shorter residency duty hours

As junior doctors work shorter hours in light of concerns about the harmful effects of fatigue on physician performance and health, it is imperative to consider how to ensure that patient safety is not compromised by breaks in the continuity of care. By reconceptualizing handover as a necessary bridge to continuity, and hence to safer patient care, the model of continuity-enhanced handovers has the potential to allay fears and improve patient care in an era of increasing fragmentation. “Continuity-enhanced handovers” differ from traditional handovers in several key aspects, including quality of information transferred, greater professional responsibility of senders and receivers, and a different philosophy of “coverage.” Continuity during handovers is often achieved through scheduling and staffing to maximize the provision of care by members of the primary team who have first-hand knowledge of patients. In this way, senders and receivers often engage in intra-team handovers, which can result in the accumulation of greater common ground or shared understanding of the patients they collectively care for through a series of repeated interactions. However, because maximizing team continuity is not always possible, other strategies such as cultivating high-performance teams, making handovers active learning opportunities, and monitoring performance during handovers are also important. Medical educators and clinicians should work toward adopting and testing principles of continuity-enhanced handovers in their local practices and share successes so that innovation and learning may spread easily among institutions and practices.
Thermodynamic-temperature determinations of the Ag and Au freezing temperatures using a detector-based radiation thermometer

The development of a radiation thermometer calibrated for spectral radiance responsivity using cryogenic, electrical-substitution radiometry to determine the thermodynamic temperatures of the Ag- and Au-freezing temperatures is described. The absolute spectral radiance responsivity of the radiation thermometer is measured in the NIST Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) facility with a total uncertainty of 0.15% (k=2) and is traceable to the electrical watt, and thus the thermodynamic temperature of any blackbody can be determined by using Planck radiation law and the measured optical power. The thermodynamic temperatures of the Ag- and Au-freezing temperatures are determined to be 1234.956 K (±0.110 K) (k=2) and 1337.344 K(±0.129 K) (k=2) differing from the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) assignments by 26 mK and 14 mK, respectively, within the stated uncertainties. The temperatures were systematically corrected for the size- of-source effect, the nonlinearity of the preamplifier and the emissivity of the blackbody. The ultimate goal of these thermodynamic temperature measurements is to disseminate temperature scales with lower uncertainties than those of the ITS-90. These results indicate that direct disseminations of thermodynamic temperature scales are possible.
Students' Expectations Involving Parents' Contact Comfort, Duration of Child's Appropriate Behavior, and Child's Age

College students (24 men, 24 women) expected parents to wait a longer time for a child to continue to exhibit an appropriate response before initiating contact comfort with the child as the child grows older. If college students' expectations reflect reality, the obtained result supports the suggestion that appropriate behavior by a child is followed by parents initiating contact comfort on a variable-ratio schedule in which the size of the mean ratio increases with an increase in the child's age. This suggestion is of considerable importance, mainly because gradually increasing the response requirement for a ratio schedule is an excellent way first to establish and then maintain a response in the long-term absence of primary reinforcement.
NADH oxidase of plasma membranes

NADH oxidase is a cyanide-resistant and hormone-responsive oxidase intrinsic to the plasma membrane of both plant and animal cells. The activity has many unique characteristics that distinguish it from other oxidases and oxidoreductases of both organelles and internal membranes and from other oxidoreductases of the plasma membrane. Among these are resistance to inhibition by cyanide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and phenylchloromer-curibenzoate. Activity is stimulated by hormones and growth factors and inhibited by quinone analogs such as piericidin, the flavin antagonist atebrin, and growth inhibiting gangliosides such as GM3. In marked contact to the NADH-ferricyanide oxidoreductase of the plasma membrane, the NADH oxidase is activated by lysophospholipids and fatty acids, products of phospholipase A2 action, in a time-dependent manner suggestive of stabilization of an activated form of the enzyme. The hormone-responsive NADH oxidase of the plasma membrane is not a peroxidase and may function as a terminal oxidase to link transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen at the plasma membrane. The functional significance of the NADH oxidase of the plasma membrane is unknown but some relationship to growth or growth control is indicated. In both animal and plant plasma membranes, the oxidase is activated by growth factors and hormones to which the cells or tissues of origin have functional hormone or growth factor receptors. In addition, substances that inhibit the oxidase, the associated transmembrane reductase or both, inhibit growth. In transformed cells and tissues, the hormone and growth factor responsiveness of the NADH oxidase is reduced or absent. With human keratinocytes which exhibit an increased sensitivity to the anti-proliferative action of both retinoic acid and calcitriol, the NADH oxidase of the plasma membrane is strongly inhibited by these agents and shows the same increased sensitivity. If transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen across or within the eukaryotic plasma membrane is an important aspect of growth or growth control, then the hormone- and growth factor-responsive NADH oxidase associated with the plasma membrane could be of fundamental importance. Because of its low basal activity, stimulation by growth factors and hormones, and the inhibition of growth in direct proportion to inhibition of the oxidase, the activity is a candidate as a rate-limiting step in the growth process. Completely unknown is the mechanism whereby NADH oxidization and growth or growth control may be coupled. This, together with further characterization of the activity and the mechanism of loss of control with neoplastic transformation, represent important challenges for future investigations.
An Improved Methodology for Multidimensional High-Throughput Preformulation Characterization of Protein Conformational Stability

ABSTRACT The empirical phase diagram (EPD) technique is a vector-based multidimensional analysis method for summarizing large data sets from a variety of biophysical techniques. It can be used to provide comprehensive preformulation characterization of a macromolecule's higher-order structural integrity and conformational stability. In its most common mode, it represents a type of stimulus–response diagram using environmental variables such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength as the stimulus, with alterations in macromolecular structure being the response. Until now, EPD analysis has not been available in a high-throughput mode because of the large number of experimental techniques and environmental stressor/stabilizer variables typically employed. A new instrument has been developed that combines circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and light scattering in a single unit with a six-position, temperature-controlled cuvette turret. Using this multifunctional instrument and a new software system, we have generated EPDs for four model proteins. Results confirm the reproducibility of the apparent phase boundaries and protein behavior within the boundaries. This new approach permits two EPDs to be generated per day using only 0.5 mg of protein per EPD. Thus, the new methodology generates reproducible EPDs in high-throughput mode and represents the next step in making such determinations more routine.
The social life of actin and microtubules: interaction versus cooperation

The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons play key roles in cell polarity, spindle orientation and nuclear movement. Recent work in fungal systems has identified potential "functional links" between these cytoskeletal systems. This review discusses molecular mechanisms through which these links may be established.
Thromboembolic complications following trauma.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have reported an increased incidence of thomboembolic complications following trauma. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a literature review and queried the National Trauma Data Bank to more closely examine the incidence of a variety of thromboembolic complications following injury. RESULTS: Thromboembolic events are rare, but occur at a greater rate in more severely injured patients. It is unclear, however, whether the incidence of thromboembolic complications in trauma patients is on the rise overall. Differences in study populations, particularly injury severity scores, as well as different methods of screening, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment have led to extreme differences in reported rates. CONCLUSION: While recent research has added to the body of knowledge, continued efforts focusing on risk stratification, diagnosis, screening, prophylaxis, and treatment are necessary to rationally understand the spectrum of thrombotic complications.
In vitro assessment of available coaptation area as a novel metric for the quantification of tricuspid valve coaptation

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing mitral valve repair. In recent decades, TR has been addressed using annuloplasty concomitantly with mitral valve repair by some surgeons. However, repair efficacy and durability are often suboptimal. Increased understanding of tricuspid valve coaptation and the effects of pathological and repair conditions may be useful to inform future repair design. In the present study, we propose a two-dimensional in vitro technique, available coaptation area (ACA), to quantify the area of each tricuspid leaflet available for coaptation. Preliminary results showed that annular dilatation caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in anterior leaflet ACA (0.92±0.18cm(2)), and combined annular dilatation and papillary muscle (PM) displacement resulted in a significant decrease in posterior leaflet ACA (0.87±0.15cm(2)). Isolated PM displacement did not have a significant effect on ACA, and the septal leaflet showed no changed in ACA under the conditions tested. In addition to quantifying ACA, our technique allows for the detailed mapping of leaflet coaptation, which may be used to reveal specific sites of malcoaptation on each leaflet. Application of the ACA method in future studies may lead to the development of specialized tricuspid repair strategies and annuloplasty ring designs that target specific regions of the tricuspid valve based on underlying pathological conditions.
Evaluation of expression and function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, platelet derived growth factor receptors-alpha and -beta, KIT, and RET in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma and thyroid carcinoma

Background Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) has a reported objective response rate of 25% in both canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) and thyroid carcinoma (TC), with stable disease occurring in an additional 50-60% of dogs. The basis for the observed responses to toceranib is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate AGASACA and TC samples for the expression and activation of VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, KIT and RET to assess whether dysregulation of these receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) may contribute to the biologic activity of toceranib.
Benefit of CT venography for the diagnosis of thromboembolic disease

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine the benefit of lower extremity CT venography (CTV) with pulmonary CT angiography (CTA) for diagnosing thromboembolic (TE) disease. Subjects and Methods Reports of all CTAs and CTVs over a 3-year interval (Group I) and CTAs, CTVs, and lower extremity Doppler ultrasounds (US) over a 1 1/2-year subset (Group II) were reviewed. Patient population was inpatients and emergency department patients who were assessed for pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) at a tertiary care hospital. Reported results for CTA or CTV were categorized as positive (CTA P , CTV P ), negative (CTA N , CTV N ), or indeterminate for PE or DVT. When CTV and US results were discrepant, medical records were reviewed for clinical management. Additional benefit of CTV was assessed by chi-square analysis. Results In Group I, 737 (81.1%) of 909 CTAs from combined CTA/CTV studies were negative. The diagnosis rate of TE disease increased from 13.0% to 17.3% with the addition of CTV P s ( P =.01). Of the 119 cases in Group II undergoing combined CTA, CTV, and US, CTV and US were both positive in eight and both negative in 88. Of the seven discordant CTVs and USs with clinical follow-up, five CTVs were positive while USs were negative, three of which were treated clinically for TE disease, while two were considered falsely positive. As CTA also proved positive in one of the three, CTV therefore affected management in two of these five cases and increased the rate of thromboembolism diagnosis from 21.0% to 22.6%; however, this was not significant ( P >.05). Two CTV N s were managed as false negatives. Conclusions The combined use of CTA and CTV significantly increases the rate of TE disease over CTA alone. In cases in which ultrasound is performed, however, there is no significant advantage to performing combined CTA/CTV studies.
31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of traumatic spinal cord injury

31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was applied in vivo to study metabolic changes in spinal cord after experimental traumatic injury. Severe trauma, resulting in spastic paraplegia, caused an early and sustained loss of high energy phosphates with profound intracellular acidosis. Early metabolic changes after traumatic spinal injury may predict irreversible tissue damage.