cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of a stainless steel/ammonia loop heat pipe

The purpose is to experimentally determine the operating characteristics of a stainless steel/ ammonia loop heat pipe for vapor line temperatures of 40 and 50°C. The thermal resistance, temperature distribution, evaporative heat transfer coefficient for an inverted meniscus evaporator, and the capillary limit were determined as functions of the vapor temperature for a horizontal orientation. A two-dimensional numerical model of the evaporator section was developed and verified using the experimental results. The evaporative heat transfer coefficient for an inverted meniscus evaporator determined from the experimental results was used in the numerical model as a convective boundary condition
On the strain-energy density in linear elasticity

SUMMARY Standard results from matrix theory are used to derive optimal upper and lower bounds for the strain-energy density in terms of the norm of the stress tensor in two and three dimensions. The approach also yields directly necessary and sufficient conditions for positive-definiteness.
Analyses of mental contamination: Part II, individual differences

Recent research on mental contamination (internal, psychological feelings of dirtiness) has focused primarily on examining the experimental variables necessary to provoke contamination-related thoughts, feelings and behaviour; yet, relatively little is known regarding the individual differences among participants' mental contamination responses to these situational and experimental characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether variables associated with symptoms, beliefs and appraisals could predict the experience of mental contamination after an established provocation. Female undergraduate students (n = 70 from Part I of this study; Elliott & Radomsky, 2009), completed a series of questionnaires then listened to an audio recording and imagined that they were receiving a forced, non-consensual kiss from a man described as moral or immoral. Participants indicated the presence and degree of mental contamination and appraisals of the man and act, then completed a behavioural task for which spontaneous washing was recorded. Results indicated that, although symptoms of physical contamination were able to predict feelings of mental contamination, appraisal variables emerged as unique predictors of feelings of mental contamination. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioural conceptualizations of and treatments for contamination fears.
Simulation of exposure and alignment for nano-imprint lithography

Rigorous electromagnetic simulation with TEMPEST is used to examine the exposure and alignment processes for nano-imprint lithography with attenuating thin-film molds. Parameters in the design of topographical features of the nano-imprint system and material choices of the components are analyzed. The small feature size limits light transmission through the feature. While little can be done with auxiliary structures to attract light into small holes, the use of an absorbing material with a low real part of the refractive index such as silver helps mitigates the problem. Results on complementary alignment marks shows that the small transmission through the metal layer and the vertical separation of two alignment marks create the leakage equivalent to 1 nm misalignment but satisfactory alignment can be obtained by measuring alignment signals over a +/- 30 nm range.
Vibration-Dissociation Coupling Using Master Equations in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Blunt-Body Flow

Numerical simulations are presented of a steady-state hypersonic flow past a hemisphere cylinder. Two types of models, one a lumped Landau-Teller vibrational relaxation model (Landau, L., and Teller, E.) and the other a discrete state kinetic relaxation model (DSKR), were used to study effects of vibration-dissociation coupling on the flow physics. The widely used Park's dissociation model was used as baseline for coupling vibration and dissociation processes (Park, C.). For a Mach 8.6 flow, both relaxation models matched experimental data. At Mach 11.18, however, the underprediction of shock-standoff distance by both relaxation models using Park's model for dissociation coupling provided the motivation to implement a new master equation-based (DSKR) depletion model. The new model was used to study the effect of dissociation on population depletion in the vibrational states of the nitrogen molecule. The new model helps explain the restricted success of Park's dissociation model in certain temperature ranges of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. In the range of 5000-15,000 K, the new model yielded a substantial rate reduction relative to Park's equilibrium rate at lower temperatures and a consistent value at the high end
Burkitt lymphoma: staging and response evaluation.

The refinements in both the staging and response evaluation of children with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have contributed to the improvements in treatment outcome observed over the past 40 years. Ziegler and Magrath designed a staging system in the 1970s for children with BL in equatorial Africa. Currently, the most widely used staging system around the world is that described by Murphy in 1980, which was developed for children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of any histology. There are opportunities for refinement in this system, particularly with respect to certain extra-nodal sites, such as skin and bone. The findings obtained at diagnosis with novel technologies [functional imaging (eg., positron emission tomography [PET]) and minimal residual disease (MRD) technology], which are more sensitive with respect to disease detection than historic modalities, also need to be considered. Technological advances have also had impact on the assessment of response evaluation. Standard x-rays were routinely used in the 1960s; nuclear imaging became widely used in the 1970s; computerized axial tomography was incorporated in the 1980s; PET imaging was incorporated and, in many cases, has replaced gallium/bone scans since 2000; and MRD technology has been explored in some of the most recent clinical trials. There is clearly a need for more clinical data on the use of PET and MRD technology in the determination of response evaluation of children with BL as well as other histological subtypes of NHL. An international working group is currently addressing the refinement of both disease staging and response evaluation in children with NHL.
Simple, portable equipment for erosion experiments under artificial rainfall

Abstract Portable and inexpensive equipment was designed to investigate soil erosion and run-off and to be simple to construct, maintain and operate on plots with areas of 4 to 10 m2. It includes components for simulating rainfall, for providing a water supply, and for collecting sediment from a bounded plot. The rainfall simulator consists of a wooden frame supporting a metal track in which a wheeled trolley with a vertically mounted spray nozzle is rapidly pulled back and forth along the plot. Commercially available crop-spraying nozzles yield median drop-size and kinetic-energy characteristics which are about 80% and 60–70% respectively of those in natural rainfall with the same intensity. Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity of water application ranges from 80 to 90% when wind problems are controlled. Run-off and eroded soil are collected in a folded sheet-metal trough with a 10% slope in its floor and a narrow outlet for convenient sampling. The design is easily modified to fit the needs of the research and all materials and equipment are widely and cheaply available.
"Psychogenic" Death: A Reappraisal

Social, economic, and medical variables correlated with "psychogenic" death rates across about 30 countries. However, McClelland's psychological motives of achievement, affiliation, and power, determined for each country by content analysis of children's stories, did not. Status integration correlated positively with homicide and negatively with deaths from suicide and ulcers. Low life expectancy, wealth, economic growth, wine consumption, and zinc (cadmium) consumption correlated with deaths from homicide, suicide, ulcers, cirrhosis and hypertension, respectively.
An Improved Mechanical Material Model for Ballistic Soda-Lime Glass

In our recent work (Grujicic et al., Int. J. Impact Eng., 2008), various open-literature experimental findings pertaining to the ballistic behavior of soda-lime glass were used to construct a simple, physically based, high strain rate, high-pressure, large-strain mechanical model for this material. The model was structured in such a way that it is suitable for direct incorporation into standard commercial transient non-linear dynamics finite element-based software packages like ANSYS/Autodyn (Century Dynamics Inc., 2007) or ABAQUS/Explicit (Dessault Systems, 2007). To validate the material model, a set of finite element analyses of the edge-on-impact tests was conducted and the results compared with their experimental counterparts obtained in the recent work of Strassburger et al. (Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Ballistics, Spain, April 2007; Proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Ballistics, November 2005, Vancouver, Canada). In general, a good agreement was found between the computational and the experimental results relative to: (a) the front shapes and the propagation velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves generated in the target during impact and (b) the front shapes and propagation velocities of a coherent-damage zone (a zone surrounding the projectile/target contact surface which contains numerous micron and submicron-size cracks). However, substantial computational analysis/experiment disagreements were found relative to the formation of crack centers, i.e. relative to the presence and distribution of isolated millimeter-size cracks nucleated ahead of the advancing coherent-damage zone front. In the present work, it was shown that these disagreements can be substantially reduced if the glass model (Grujicic et al., Int. J. Impact Eng., 2008) is advanced to include a simple macrocracking algorithm based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Leishmania major infection of inbred mice: unmasking genetic determinants of infectious diseases.

Leishmania major infection of inbred mice leads to a major dichotomous response—death or survival—that depends on the strain of mice. This finding has motivated efforts to locate genetic determinants of disease susceptibility. Genotyping studies have confirmed a complex multilocus trait, but studies directed at the biology of the response suggest identifiable components of susceptibility that may direct the genetic investigations. A confluence of parasite variables—residence in macrophages, class II-dependent immunity, and avoidance of early IL-12 induction—with host factors—a prominent helper T-cell precursor frequency to a dominant parasite epitope and a bias in IL-4 gene activation—conspires to drive an aberrant immune response in animals that suffer fatal disease. These insights may lead to an understanding of factors that focus responses on dominant antigens and that mold the naive T-cell repertoire. Collectively, such factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of other infectious and autoimmune diseases. BioEssays 21:510–518, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CRYSTALLIZATION OF SALT-FREE CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN FROM SOLUTION IN DILUTE ETHYL ALCOHOL

Chymotrypsinogen and chymotrypsin crystallize readily from dilute solutions of ethyl alcohol in the absence of salts. The crystals formed in the presence of alcohol differ in appearance from those formed in the presence of ammonium sulfate. Chymotrypsinogen yields well formed polyhedrons instead of fine needles usually produced in ammonium sulfate solution. Chymotrypsin yields fine needles in the presence of alcohol and rhombohedrons in the presence of ammonium sulfate. The enzymatic properties of the crystals formed in the presence of alcohol are identical with those of the crystals isolated in the presence of ammonium sulfate.
Gravitational spurs and resonances - Effects of small mass disturbers in spiral galaxy disks

In the present simulations of a disturber in a complete stellar disk without the restrictive assumption, the disturber parameters of the NGC 206 cloud in M 31 were assumed as a realistic example. The resulting spur around the disturber was comparable in shape, size, and strength to Julian and Toomre's (1966) results. In addition, a complicated evolving pattern of strong density peaks appeared well inside and outside the disturber's orbit. Simulation with a ten-times-more-massive disturber showed a more clearly defined version of the same initial pattern, two spiral arms of density peaks rotating with the disturber in the stronger arm. The orbital radii of the density peaks correspond to those of epicyclic resonances with the orbiting disturber potential.
Instrumental Thermal Neutron Activation Determination of 20 Elements in Nineteen Silicate Reference Materials

Elemental concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Ta, Th, Ti and V have been measured in 11 USGS, 6 CCRMP and 2 NBS reference materials by instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis. The results are compared with recent consensus and agency values.
The Year in Review of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology

This past year saw multiple important advances in the field clinical cardiac electrophysiology. Seminal articles describing new anticoagulant drugs for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation were published. New results that raise questions regarding the safety of dronedarone and several new promising techniques in AF ablation were described. Important articles that refine our understanding of the risk of sudden death among Wolff-Parkinson-White patients were published. In the basic and translational sciences, the application of gene therapy to the study and potential treatment of arrhythmias was described, whereas genetic determinants important to the optimal treatment of inherited arrhythmia syndromes were further elucidated. Issues relevant to cardiac rhythm device therapy included investigations into the St. Jude Riata lead, new applications of device monitoring, predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy, and the use of pacemakers for vasovagal syncope.
“Geber's Method” in Environmental Perspective Revisited

Excessive quantities of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) are environmentally problematic. One of the anthropogenic processes that release SO2 into the atmosphere is the contact process for the indu...
Rates of homicide-followed-by-suicide among White, African American, and Hispanic men

Homicide-followed-by-suicide (HFBS) is a tragic event in which a perpetrator murders one or more victims prior to completing suicide. There are two main perspectives related to the authors understanding of HFBS. One conjecture is that the homicide, most commonly related to an intimate partner problem, is followed by suicide as a reaction to the gravity of the crime. Conversely, a different perspective is that the homicide is an extension of the suicide. In this situation, the homicide is premeditated and part of the suicidal plan. In any case, according to Harper et al. ‘the perpetrators are clearly in stressful or agitated states and are seeking through their violence to bring an end to their frustration, futile circumstances, suffering, and humiliation by killing their spouses or intimate partners and then themselves’. Studies in the United States have shown that perpetrators of HFBS are mainly males, middle to older age, and white. Most events involve the use of a firearm for both the homicide and suicide. Homicide victims are most commonly women. Perpetrators of HFBS have also been shown to be depressed (range 19%e85%), have a history of domestic violence (range from 10%e54%), and have a substance
Testicular teratoma in a stallion

Summary A 4-year-old Arabian stallion was presented for a routine fertility evaluation. Seminal characteristics of ejaculates collected from the stallion were similar to those of other fertile stallions; however, a mass (2.5 cm 3 ) was palpable within the cranial portion of the left testicle. At castration a presumptive diagnosis of testicular teratoma was made and later confirmed by histopathological examination.
Use of the free vibration spectrum to detect delamination in thick composites

A free vibration method was evaluated for damage detection in thick composite plates, whereby vibration was initiated by a single external mechanical pulse and was sensed by piezoelectric patches bonded to the surface of the composite plate. The investigation was conducted on unidirectional fiber glass/epoxy plates approximately 0.387 in (==10 mm) thick, containing controlled delaminations. The free vibration method described in this paper was found relatively insensitive for identifying small to medium delaminations in thick plates. Consequently, several frequency computations using a finite element model were performed to determine the influence of delamination size and location for a single delamination.
Why Don′t "They" Work? Employment Patterns in a High Pressure Economy

Abstract This paper asks the question "If we lived in an economy which had made substantial progress toward full employment, how much poverty would remain and how could we explain it?" Using original survey data collected in Boston during the peak of its strong economy, the paper examines the barriers to working and to keeping jobs once found. The methodology includes estimating probit models of labor force commitment as well as examining quits. Among the variables considered are family status, availability of day-care, health, education, and English language ability. The paper is successful in identifying the barriers facing women, and these barriers imply specific policy responses.
Genesis and Structure of the Foley ‘Ironworks in Partnership’ of 1692

(1971). Genesis and Structure of the Foley ‘Ironworks in Partnership’ of 1692. Business History: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 19-38.
Cynicism Amongst Military Police Personnel in Western Europe

Military Policemen, Special Investigators and Warrant/Commissioned Officers were asked to respond to a questionnaire based on the original scale developed by Niederhoffer for research on cynicism among police, but adjusted to a military setting. A group of trainees acted as a control group for purposes of comparison. The Warrant/Commissioned Officers reflected a degree of cynicism similar to the control group. The NCO-MPs came out significantly higher in their cynicism scores, while the Special Agents deviated equally in the opposite direction. A finding of an unusually high degree of cynicism among MPs during their first two years of service was incongruent with prior research (but this may be attributed to the unique setting of these NCOs in Western Europe). After the third year of service, cynicism was shown to increase in proportion to years of service. Both military rank and duty assignments were found to be influential variables which lessened cynicism after the initial adjustment period. As expecte...
DOE's Institute for Advanced Architecture and Algorithms: An application-driven approach

This paper describes an application driven methodology for understanding the impact of future architecture decisions on the end of the MPP era. Fundamental transistor device limitations combined with application performance characteristics have created the switch to multicore/multithreaded architectures. Designing large-scale supercomputers to match application demands is particularly challenging since performance characteristics are highly counter-intuitive. In fact, data movement more than FLOPS dominates. This work discusses some basic performance analysis for a set of DOE applications, the limits of CMOS technology, and the impact of both on future architectures.
Treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease with induction chemotherapy followed by haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and Rituximab

Management of monoclonal lymphoproliferative disease following stem cell transplantation is difficult and previous attempts to eradicate tumor using chemotherapy or radiation therapy alone have not been successful. We report successful early eradication of an EBV negative, B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a child who received a T cell-depleted, maternal haploidentical bone marrow transplant for severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Our treatment strategy involved combining conventional induction chemotherapy with re-transplantation using the paternal donor as a source of peripheral blood stem cells, followed by treatment with anti-CD 20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab). This strategy exploits the potential graft-versus-tumor activity of the mature T cells in the graft, while providing a source of stem cells to confer long-term immune function. The administration of Rituximab in the early post-transplant course may provide additional anti-tumor activity without affecting the new stem cell compartment.
Storage Schemes for Parallel Eigenvalue Algorithms

In this paper, we examine storage schemes for parallel implementation on distributed memory MIMD multiprocessors of algorithms for solving the algebraic eigenvalue problem. We show that a novel storage scheme, which we call block hankel-wrapped storage, allows better utilization of the processors than column-wrapped storage when implementing Jacobi''s Method or the nonsymmetric QR algorithm.
Drilling‐induced remanent magnetization in basalt drill cores

SUMMARY Drilling-induced remanent magnetization (DIRM) in drill cores can limit their use for magnetostratigraphic studies and preclude the use of secondary viscous remanence for their azimuthal orientation. DIRM was studied in a drill core of a thick Miocene basalt flow now buried at 0.45 km. Due to zonation of the magnetic properties within the flow, DIRM was observed in specimens whose remanence is controlled by grains ranging from multidomain (MD) to single domain (SD). DIRM in this drill core has the following properties: (1) it is characterized by high intensity and low stability; (2) the DIRM intensity increases by at least a factor of 5 from the centre of the drill core to the drill string's cutting surface, where it appears to have been produced; (3) it is directed down and radially inward towards the centre of the drill core; and (4) it is relatively more dominant and more intense in magnetically less stable MD grains. The observed DIRM can be modelled as a pure IRM acquired in a field of the order of 10 mT. Therefore, the DIRM in this drill core is most easily explained as having been produced during the initial drilling by a strong non-uniform field concentrated near the cutting rim of the drill string. Other processes which might contribute to DIRM production include tearing of grains and possible changes in strain, mechanical shocks and piezo remanent magnetization (PRM). In this drill core, DIRM in the magnetically less stable grains was more effectively cleaned by alternating fields (AF) than by thermal demagnetization, and judicious AF demagnetization was usually successful at defining the primary remanence, especially for specimens from the centre of the drill core, which are less affected by DIRM overprinting. The use of a non-magnetic drill string would further reduce, and might possibly eliminate, DIRM production.
New Hurdles for Vulnerability Disclosure

In the information security world, vulnerabilities and exploit tools and techniques are effectively open source - they're just accessible to malicious attackers as they are to security vendors, administrators, and the public at large. In this article vulnerability disclosure is the phenomenon of openness and transparency among security researchers, security vendors, product vendors, and other stakeholders. It carries costs to stakeholders by disrupting release schedules or otherwise straining their development resources. It can also negatively affect a vendor's security reputation and brand, which ultimately becomes a major PR and sales issue.
Deterministic fluid approximation — single server

To analyze the behavior of some existing service facility which serves a single category of customers, imagine that one were to record the arrival and departure times of all customers over some very long period of time, possibly several years. Such data do exist for some real systems. For example, any computer controlled traffic signal system is connected with many permanently installed vehicle detectors. At any particular traffic signal (server) there is likely to be one or more detectors upstream of the signal and also detectors downstream (perhaps near the next downstream signal). These detectors transmit an electrical pulse to the computer every time a vehicle passes. Most of these data are discarded after use, but they could be kept on a magnetic tape. Any airport also maintains a record of all aircraft movements including arrivals and departures from the runway and gate positions.
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in plasma and milk of lactating dairy cows

Phenylbutazone was administered intravenously (i.v.) to a group of four lactating cows at a dosage of 6 mg/kg body weight. Whole plasma, protein-free plasma and milk were analysed for phenylbutazone residues. Pharmacokinetic parameters of total and free phenylbutazone in plasma were calculated using a non compartmental method. In regards to whole plasma data, the mean volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), was 147 mL/kg body weight, with a mean (+/-SEM) terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 40+/-6 h. The mean clearance (Cl) was 3 mL/h/kg body weight. The Vss as determined from the protein-free plasma fraction was 50021 mL/kg body weight. This larger Vss of free phenylbutazone compared to total plasma phenylbutazone was attributed to a high degree of plasma protein binding, as well as the greater penetration of free phenylbutazone into tissues. The mean t1/2 of free phenylbutazone was 39+/-5 h. This similarity to the t1/2 estimated from total plasma phenylbutazone data is attributed to an equilibrium between free and plasma phenylbutazone during the terminal elimination phase. Mean t1/2 as determined from milk, applying a urinary excretion rate model, was 47+/-4 h. Milk clearance of phenylbutazone was 0.009 mL/h/kg body weight, or about 0.34% of total body clearance. Furthermore, evidence suggests that phenylbutazone either binds to milk proteins, or is actively transported into milk, as its concentration in milk was greater than that predicted due to a simple partitioning from plasma into milk.
Sinonasal Carcinoma: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Survival--A Review of 4714 Patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether or not patient race and ethnicity affect sinonasal cancer survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database analysis. SETTING National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database, 1988-2010. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sinonasal carcinoma cases were extracted according to site codes and histology recode-broad groupings. The cohort was used to calculate disease-specific survival in regard to race and ethnicity. Extracted data were further analyzed through direct comparisons and multivariable Cox regression models controlling for patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics. RESULTS Unadjusted survival curves for all sinonasal carcinomas showed poorer disease-specific survival for black versus white patients (P = .02), which was eliminated after controlling for tumor characteristics (hazard ratio: 1.02, P = .86). Specifically for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, significantly poorer disease-specific survival was found for both black (P = .01) and Hispanic (P = .01) patients as compared with white patients. Similarly, when controlling for tumor characteristics, the disease-specific survival disparity was eliminated for black (hazard ratio: 0.93, P = .59) and Hispanic patients (hazard ratio: 1.01, P = .94). CONCLUSION Black race is a risk factor for poorer disease-specific survival when all sinonasal histologic subtypes are examined together. Specifically for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, both black race and Hispanic ethnicity are risk factors for poorer disease-specific survival. When tumor characteristics are controlled for in this cohort, the survival disparity is eliminated, demonstrating that the disparity can be accounted for exclusively by more advanced disease at presentation, opposed to the more complex effect seen in other subsites of the head and neck.
Ivermectin resistance in Onchocerca volvulus: toward a genetic basis.

SL has received research grants for the development of anti-Onchocerca vaccines and macrofilaricides. JPM is a share-holder and employee of Divergence, Inc., a company that works on parasite control in plants, animals, and humans. The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Diagonal d′ does not (always) diagnose failure of separability: An addendum to Kingston, Diehl, Kirk, and Castleman (2008)

Kingston, Diehl, Kirk, and Castleman [Kingston, J., Diehl, R. L., Kirk, C. J., Castleman, W.A., 2008. On the perceptual structure of distinctive features: The [voice] contrast. Journal of Phonetics, 36, 28‐54] present a sophisticated experimental design and detection theoretic analysis of the internal auditory structure of phonological contrasts. However, a potentially important aspect of multidimensional detection theory—the covariance structure of assumed underlying multivariate Gaussian perceptual densities—was left unexplored. We discuss Kingston et al.’s approach in the context of a general definition of multidimensional d 0 and present a description of two distinct configurations of perceptual densities requiring fundamentally different interpretations that account equally well for the ‘‘mean-shift integrality’’ results reported by Kingston et al. We end with a brief discussion of approaches to distinguishing these underlying configurations empirically. r 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Background Kingston, Diehl, Kirk, and Castleman (2008; henceforth, KDKC) report an extremely interesting investigation of the internal auditory structure of phonological contrasts. We applaud this work, since we believe that this is an important and largely unexplored part of phonetics. KDKC’s design is quite sophisticated, and their use of signal detection theory (Green & Swets, 1966; henceforth SDT) in the study of auditory perception has much to recommend it. This letter is intended to point out some additional subtleties of multidimensional SDT (also called general recognition theory, henceforth GRT; Ashby & Townsend, 1986, inter alia) which are left unexplored by KDKC (and which suggest interesting areas for future work). Specifically, their analyses rely on potentially unwarranted assumptions about underlying multidimensional perceptual distributions.
Does the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change Reside in the Ocean or in the Atmosphere

Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the large and abrupt climate changes that punctuated glacial time. One attributes such changes to reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation and the other to changes in tropical atmosphere-ocean dynamics. In an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses, two lines of evidence are examined. The first involves the timing of the freshwater injections to the northern Atlantic that have been suggested as triggers for the global impacts associated with the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events. The second has to do with evidence for precursory events associated with the Heinrich ice-rafted debris layers in the northern Atlantic and with the abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger warmings recorded in the Santa Barbara Basin.
Numerical solutions of the Krook kinetic equation

Because of the relative simplicity of the statistical model for molecular interactions, numerically exact solutions of the Krook kinetic equation can be obtained. Comparison of exact and approximate solutions of the model equation allows the evaluation of approximate procedures for solving the Boltzmann equation. Exact and approximate numerical solutions have been obtained for Couette flow with heat transfer and the structure of a plane shock wave. The present paper summarizes the work of the author in obtaining the numerically exact solutions.
Nonparametric estimation of the effects of quantitative trait loci

Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci from breeding experiments plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms of disease, both in humans and other organisms. Standard approaches to estimation involve parametric assumptions for the component distributions and may be sensitive to model misspecification. Some nonparametric tests have been studied. However, nonparametric estimation of the phenotypic distributions has not been considered in the genetics literature, even though such methods might provide essential nonparametric summaries for comparing different loci. We develop a sufficient condition for identifiability of the phenotypic distributions. Simple nonparametric estimators for the distributions are proposed for uncensored and right censored data. They have a closed form and their small and large sample properties are readily established. Their practical utility as numerical summaries which complement nonparametric tests is demonstrated on two recent genetics examples.
Advances in Public Health Communication

There have been tremendous advances in recent years in the innovative use of communication to address public health problems. This article outlines the use of communication techniques and technologies to (positively) influence individuals, populations, and organizations for the purpose of promoting conditions conducive to human and environmental health. The approaches described include social marketing, risk communication, and behavioral decision theory, entertainment education, media advocacy, and interactive decision support systems. We also address criticism of these approaches among public health professionals because of perceived discrepancies in their inherent goals and objectives. In conclusion, we call for the rapid diffusion of state-of-the-art public health communication practices into public health service agencies and organizations.
Disentangling the Meanings of Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations.

Given the emergence of a new rhetoric in the field of diversity, which replaces the term diversity with the term inclusion, this study comparatively investigates the meanings of diversity and inclu...
The role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in human head and neck tumorigenesis.

Pavelic ZP, Gluckman JL. The role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in human head and neck tumorigenesis.Molecular genetics has led to new insights into diagnosis and treatment of human cancer. The alterations of tumor suppressor genes like retinoblastoma, p53 and others may have an important role in tumorigenesis. Mutations of p53 have been found in a majority of human malignancies including head and neck cancer. The distribution of p53 is different between types of tumors. suggesting environmental exposure as a cause active factor. The p53 mutation in head and neck tumors is an early event and appears to have a hot spot region at codons 238-248. While mutation and loss of heterozygosity at p53 are important in the genesis of head and neck cancer, other mechanisms such as binding of viral and cellular proteins to p53 are also likely to play a role.
The classification of the female sexual dysfunctions.

Abstract The term “frigidity”, is now used to include all sexually dysfunctional women. However, the woman who is generally unresponsive differs in crucial aspects from the one who is responsive but has difficulty achieving an orgasm. This distinction is important on physiological as well as on clinical grounds because treatment differs for the two syndromes. The normal range of the female orgastic threshold has not yet been systematically studied. We do not really know what constitutes normalcy and pathology. Therefore die question of whether or not coital orgasm is the only normal female response cannot be settled definitively at this time. However, clinical evidence suggests that orgasm on clitoral stimulation may be a normal variant of the female sexual response.
Range-wide population genetic structure of the Caribbean sea fan coral, Gorgonia ventalina

The population structure of benthic marine organisms is of central relevance to the conservation and management of these often threatened species, as well as to the accurate understanding of their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. A growing body of evidence suggests that marine populations can be structured over short distances despite theoretically high dispersal potential. Yet the proposed mechanisms governing this structure vary, and existing empirical population genetic evidence is of insufficient taxonomic and geographic scope to allow for strong general inferences. Here, we describe the range-wide population genetic structure of an ecologically important Caribbean octocoral, Gorgonia ventalina. Genetic differentiation was positively correlated with geographic distance and negatively correlated with oceanographically modelled dispersal probability throughout the range. Although we observed admixture across hundreds of kilometres, estimated dispersal was low, and populations were differentiated across distances <2 km. These results suggest that populations of G. ventalina may be evolutionarily coupled via gene flow but are largely demographically independent. Observed patterns of differentiation corroborate biogeographic breaks found in other taxa (e.g. an east/west divide near Puerto Rico), and also identify population divides not discussed in previous studies (e.g. the Yucatan Channel). High genotypic diversity and absence of clonemates indicate that sex is the primary reproductive mode for G. ventalina. A comparative analysis of the population structure of G. ventalina and its dinoflagellate symbiont, Symbiodinium, indicates that the dispersal of these symbiotic partners is not coupled, and symbiont transmission occurs horizontally.
Insulin devices: addressing barriers to insulin therapy with the ideal pen.

Purpose The purpose of this article was to identify and address barriers to initiating insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Results Insulin pen devices address many of the mechanical barriers associated with a syringe and vial. In addition, pen devices are increasingly being improved, offering long-term pen users benefits over earlier pen users. These devices can be tailored to address the specific needs of different patient populations, such as elderly patients or those with visual or manual dexterity disabilities. Although insulin devices offer benefits over the syringe and vial, features desirable in the ideal pen have not been established. Conclusions Data suggest that currently available insulin pens possess various features that make them suitable for particular patients. Individual needs of each patient should be considered before an insulin pen device is prescribed.
Recursive dynamics for geared robot manipulators

The authors consider the dynamical modeling of robot manipulators whose joint actuators consist of motors driving the joints through gears. The dynamical models for such manipulators are significantly more complex than those for direct drive manipulators. The authors develop recursive O(n) inverse and forward dynamics algorithms as well as recursive O(n/sup 2/) algorithms for the computation of the mass matrix for geared manipulators. It is shown that, despite the added complexity of the dynamical models for geared manipulators, the algorithms closely resemble the corresponding algorithms for direct drive manipulators, and that the additional algorithmic or computational complexity is relatively insignificant. As a consequence, with little additional cost, existing direct drive algorithms can be easily extended to handle the effects of gearing at the joints. >
Corporate Social Responsibility: An Uneasy Merger of Sustainability and Development

This study reevaluates the origins and operations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs since the 1980s and 1990s in the USA. Such enterprises mobilize sustainable development rhetoric as part of stylized political agendas for community outreach, social impact, cultural sensitivity and environmental justice campaigns endorsed by big business. These campaigns react to political pressures exerted by local, national or global anti-corporate movements, and sustainable development has become one moderately successful negotiated settlement in this battle between the private sector and civil society. Nonetheless, a brittle quality in weak interpretations of sustainable development remains engrained in many CSR programs as standard operating procedures. These profit-driven agendas push for ‘development' over ‘sustainability’, lowering the bar for what sustainability should, or does, mean for businesses as they struggle to be more responsible ethical actors in society. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
SIMD tree algorithms for image correlation

This paper examines the applicability of fine-grained "pure" tree SIMD machines, which are amenable to highly efficient VLSI implementation, to image correlation which is a representative of low-level image window-based operations. A particular massively parallel machine called NON-VON is used for purposes of explication and performance evaluation. Several algorithms are presented for image shifting and correlation operations. Novel algorithmic techniques are described, such as vertical pipelining, subproblem partitioning, associative matching, and data duplication that effectively exploit the massive parallelism available in fine-grained SIMD tree machines. Limitations of SIMD pure tree machines are also addressed. They tend to correspond to situations in which the root of the tree may become a significant communication bottleneck, or in situations in which MIMD techniques would be more effective than the SIMD approaches considered in this paper. Performance results have been projected for the NON-VON machine (using only its tree connections, in order to address the issues of concern in this paper).
Caregiver Expressed Emotion and Psychiatric Symptoms in African-Americans with Schizophrenia: An Attempt to Understand the Paradoxical Relationship

Expressed emotion (EE) is a family environmental construct that assesses how much criticism, hostility, and/or emotional over-involvement a family member expresses about a patient (Hooley, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2007, 3, 329). Having high levels of EE within the family environment has generally been associated with poorer patient outcomes for schizophrenia and a range of other disorders. Paradoxically, for African-American patients, high-EE may be associated with a better symptom course (Rosenfarb, Bellack, & Aziz, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2006, 115, 112). However, this finding is in need of additional support and, if confirmed, clarification. In line with previous research, using a sample of 30 patients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers, we hypothesized that having a caregiver classified as low-EE would be associated with greater patient symptom severity. We also aimed to better understand why this pattern may exist by examining the content of interviews taken from the Five-Minute Speech Sample. Results supported study hypotheses. In line with Rosenfarb et al. (2006), having a low-EE caregiver was associated with greater symptom severity in African-American patients. A content analysis uncovered some interesting patterns that may help elucidate this finding. Results of this study suggest that attempts to lower high-EE in African Americans may, in fact, be counterproductive.
Organization of multisynaptic circuits within and between the medial and the central extended amygdala

The central and medial extended amygdala comprises the central (CEA) and medial nuclei of the amygdala (MEA), respectively, together with anatomically connected regions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). To reveal direct and multisynaptic connections within the central and medial extended amygdala, monosynaptic and transneuronal viral tracing experiments were performed in adult male rats. In the first set of experiments, a cocktail of anterograde and retrograde tracers was iontophoretically delivered into the medial CEA (CEAm), anterodorsal MEA (MEAad), or posterodorsal MEA (MEApd), revealing direct, topographically organized projections between distinct amygdalar and BST subnuclei. In the second set of experiments, the retrograde transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was microinjected into the CEAm or MEAad. After 48 hours of survival, there were no significant differences between monosynaptic and PRV cases in the subnuclear distribution or proportions of retrogradely labeled BST neurons. However, after 60 hours of survival, CEAm-injected cases displayed an increased proportion of labeled neurons within the anteromedial group of BST subnuclei (amgBST) and within the posterior BST, which do not directly innervate the CEA. MEApd-injected 60-hour cases displayed a significantly increased proportion of retrograde labeling in the amgBST compared with monosynaptic and 48-hour cases, whereas MEAad-injected cases displayed no proportional changes over time. Thus, multisynaptic circuits within the medial extended amygdala overlap the direct connections making up this anatomical unit, whereas the multisynaptic boundaries of the central extended amygdala extend into BST subnuclei previously identified as part of the medial extended amygdala.
The Place of Behavioral Science in Medical Education and Practice.

Medicine and medical practice have undergone dramatic changes in the recent past. Technological advances have exceeded the norms of social thought (e.g., frozen embryos, surrogate motherhood, assisted suicide, and the right to die), and there has been a loss of professional control of the provision of medical services because of an inability to control the costs of technology and the patterns of practice. These and related changes find the profession of medicine, including medical education, without the necessary theory and content to adapt. The author explains why this situation makes it more necessary than ever to develop and upgrade the teaching of behavioral sciences in the medical curriculum, even though these disciplines' breadth and comparative lack of definition create special problems for the teaching and learning of behavioral concepts and their application to medical practice. The behavioral sciences are needed in medicine because their role is not that of a technologically defined knowledge area but rather that of a process or functional area that mediates between the patient as a person and the delivery of medical care. The author presents concepts, a diagram, and teaching examples that explain the characteristics of behavioral sciences and illustrate the necessity for including them in the curriculum. He concludes by urging the leaders of academic medicine to find practical ways to transmit an awareness of behavioral sciences' crucial role in patient care so that tomorrow's physicians can function more fully in the complex arena of clinical reality.