cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiences and coping responses of "hitting the Wall" for recreational marathon runners.

Little attention has been given to how endurance sport athletes cope with periods of extreme physical duress. This study explored behavioral and psychological characteristics and coping responses associated with “hitting the Wall” (HTW) using inductive grounded theory analytic procedures (Charmaz, 2000). Marathon runners (N = 57; M age = 41.79 yrs) were recruited from two online marathon listserves with members who are experienced, recreational marathon runners. Characteristics and coping responses of HTW included many physiological and psychological descriptors that led to race-related physical coping efforts (e.g., supplementation/hydration), emotion-focused coping (e.g., social support), and cognitive strategies (e.g., willpower, mental reframing). Extreme physical duress during endurance sport performance may provide an ideal context in which to study coping responses to physiological stress. Findings point toward the need to develop effective interventions that rely on multiple coping strategies in r...
Gene frequencies of alcohol dehydrogenase2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase2 (ALDH2) in five Chinese minorities.

The gene frequencies of ADH 2 2 and ALDH 2 2 were lower in Tibetan and Mongolian populations than in Vietnamese, Han Chinese, and three Chinese minority populations.
Effect of age on histamine-induced ulcer in dogs.

ConclusionThere is a gradation on the basis of age in susceptibility to histamine-induced ulcer in the upper gastrointestinal tract of dogs. The oldest dogs exhibit the greatest incidence of ulcers and the pups from 3 to 8 months show the greatest resistance with the dogs of mature age intermediate in their susceptibility to ulcer formation.
Dynamics of Heat Exchanger Tube Banks

Flow-induced vibration in heat exchanger tube banks is of great concern, particularly in high performance heat exchangers used in nuclear reactor systems. The dynamic characteristics of tube banks in stationary liquid are studied. A method of analysis is presented for free and forced vibrations of tube banks including tube/fluid interaction. Numerical results are given for tube banks subjected to various types of excitations.
GEOGRAPHY ON THE PLANETS: GIFT OF REMOTE SENSING*

Extraterrestrial geography has become a reality, as we move from Earth's moon to the planets. A broad-scale regional physiography is being established on twenty planets and satellites through remote sensing techniques. Spacecraft images yield most of the information on Solar System landscapes. Topographic measurements are extracted by monoscopic image-processing, stereophotogrammetry, and radar analysis. Invisible parts of the spectrum furnish non-topographic data.
Angular velocity: a new dimension in nuclei

Nuclei can be studied from their ground states (∼0 ħ) up to angular momenta of order 100 ħ, where they are literally pulled apart by centrifugal effects. This range of angular momenta can be viewed as resulting from ‘cranking’ the nucleus around a ‘rotation’ axis, where the critical variable is the cranking velocity. The calculated response of nuclei to such an imposed angular velocity corresponds well with recent observations, and includes a rich and varied interplay of collective and single-particle phenomena.
Detection of nitrogen rotational distributions by resonant 2 + 2 multiphoton ionization through the a1Πg state

Abstract Characterization of laser 2 + 2 multiphoton ionization of nitrogen to obtain rotational state distributions has been investigated via the resonant two-photon transition a 1Πg(ν = 1) ← X 1Σg(ν = 0). For room-temperature nitrogen, the spectral intensities and state distribution are directly related and give rotational temperatures of 290 ± 20 K. For power densities of 3 GW/cm2, the ionization probability is 1 × 10−5 per N2 molecule per average rotational state.
The atherogenic risk of antihypertensive therapy

The past 20 years have demonstrated the unqualified success of antihypertensive therapy in reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease [1]. Evidence mounts, however, that certain antihypertensive agents may, themselves, have an adverse effect on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. The dramatic reductions in the incidence of cerebrovascular events and congestive heart failure among patients receiving antihypertensive therapy [1–4] have not been paralleled by similar reductions in cardiac morbidity or mortality [2–5]. Several lines of evidence now point to the possibility that adverse metabolic changes are induced by certain antihypertensive drugs. These changes may offset, negate, or even reverse the potential benefit afforded by successful blood pressure control.
Impact fees for off-site road improvements: Guidelines for evaluating the practicality of the approach and for designing local programs

Abstract Impact fees are rapidly becoming the most widely considered nontraditional financing technique for off-site road improvements in the United States. A review of the literature related to such fees suggest that a variety of factors need to be considered in evaluating the appropriateness of the approach for any particular community. These factors include: the legal authority of the jurisdiction; the type of improvement for which funding is being sought; the local political palatability of the approach; the competitiveness of development within the local economy; and potential social implications of such fees. Once it has been determined that impact fees are both legally permisible and in the best overall interest of a given community, other issues need to be considered in the design of an effective local program. These issues relate to the area to be covered by the program, the method to be used in calculating payments, how the program will be administered, and to legal constraints imposed on communities by the rational nexus text. While impact fees are no panacea, in situations where they are appropriate, a well designed impact fee program can provide significant sums of revenue with which to address local transportation needs.
Sequential Polypeptides: Synthesis of N-Protected, C-Activated Peptides from C-Terminal Residues of Amino Acids

A modified mixed anhydride method is reported from which satisfactory yields are obtained by the coupling of N-carbobenzoxy amino acids with di- and tripeptide pentachlorophenyl active ester hydrochlorides. This method provides a convenient approach which limits the degree of racemization during the synthesis of N-protected, C-activated peptide units used for the preparation of sequential polypeptides.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE STABILITY OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLE SUSPENSIONS.

Two types of stability are observed in suspensions of red blood cells. In weak concentrations of electrolytes the stability depends on the electric charge of the cells and suspension is unstable below a certain critical P.D. In strong concentrations of electrolyte, the stability bears no relation to the charge.
Non-epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. II. Osseous and fibro-osseous lesions, including osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma, giant cell tumor, and osteosarcoma.

In a study of non-epithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 256 lesions, 156 benign and 100 malignant, were identified. Of these, 64 were osseous and fibro-osseous lesions. Included in this group were osteomas, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibromas, benign osteoblastoma, giant cell tumors, and osteosarcomas. The problem of diagnostic terminology and categorization in this group of lesions is discussed. For each type of lesion, clinical features, histologic findings, and results of treatment are presented and clinicopathologic correlations are made.
Occurrence of PPCPs at a Wastewater Treatment Plant and in Soil and Groundwater at a Land Application Site

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can reach soil and aquatic environments through land application of wastewater effluent and agricultural runoff. The objective of this research was to assess the fate of PPCPs at field scale. PPCPs were measured systematically in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and in soil and groundwater receiving treated effluent from the WWTP. A land application site in West Texas was used as the study site; it has received treated wastewater effluent from the WWTP for more than 70 years in order to remove additional nutrients and irrigate non-edible crops. Target compounds (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, triclosan, caffeine, ibuprofen, and ciprofloxacin) in wastewater, sewage sludge, soil, and groundwater were determined using HPLC/UV with qualitative confirmatory analyses using GC/MS. Samples were collected quarterly over 12 months for wastewater and sludge samples and over 9 months for soil and groundwater samples. Results indicated that concentrations of PPCPs in wastewater influent, effluent, sludge solid phase, and sludge liquid phase were in the range of non-detected (ND)-183 μg/L, ND-83 μg/L, ND-19 μg/g, and ND-50 μg/L, respectively. Concentrations in soil and groundwater samples were in the range of ND-319 ng/g and ND-1,745 μg/L, respectively. GC/MS confirmation data were consistent with the results of HPLC/UV analyses. Overall, data indicate that PPCPs in the wastewater effluent from the WWTP transport both vertically and horizontally in the soil, and eventually reach groundwater following land application of the effluent.
Reinforcement Learning-Based Dynamic Power Management of a Battery-Powered System Supplying Multiple Active Modes

This paper addresses the problem of extending battery service lifetime in a portable electronic system while maintaining an acceptable performance degradation level. The proposed dynamic power management (DPM) framework is based on model-free reinforcement learning (RL) technique. In this DPM framework, the Power Manager (PM) adapts the system operating mode to the actual battery state of charge. It uses RL technique to accurately define the optimal battery voltage threshold value and use it to specify the system active mode. In addition, the PM automatically adjusts the power management policy by learning the optimal timeout value. Moreover, the SoC and latency tradeoffs can be precisely controlled based on a user-defined parameter. Experiments show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods by 35% in terms of saving battery service lifetime.
Why sole-supplier vaccine markets may be here to stay.

Given the structure of costs, demand, and competition, vaccine markets reach long-run equilibrium with one or very few suppliers at any point in time. Sole suppliers are less likely to exit and may have lower total social costs. Vaccine markets are dynamically competitive, with new, superior products displacing older, inferior products. Measures to address short-run supply disruptions include inventories, foreign sourcing, and improved technologies. Increasing the relative prices paid for new vaccines to levels that more closely reflect their social value compared to other new drugs and biologics is essential to achieving appropriate incentives for allocation of pharmaceutical R&D.
The 2010 Midterm Elections: Signs and Portents for the Decennial Redistricting

The 2010 midterm elections are consequential not only in terms of the candidates who were elected to office, but also in terms of the government policies that they will enact. High on the list of important policies is the decennial practice of drawing new redistricting plans for legislative offices. A new census reveals population shifts that will result in a reallocation of congressional seats among the states through apportionment and—following U.S. Supreme Court rulings in the 1960s—a re-balancing of congressional and state legislative district populations within states that aims to give fast-growing areas more representation and slow-growing areas less. Of course, much more than an innocuous administrative adjustment occurs during the process of redistricting. The individuals who draw districts are keenly aware that district lines may affect the fortunes of incumbents, political parties, and minority voters' candidates of choice.
What Makes a Man Similar to a Tie?, Stimulus Compatibility with Comparison and Integration

Abstract We argue and show that different properties of stimuli are compatible with different types of processing. Specifically, object pairs from the same taxonomic category (e.g., chair–bed) tend to be alignable and thus compatible with comparison, whereas object pairs that play different roles in thematic relations (e.g., chair–carpenter) tend to be nonalignable and compatible with integration. Using object pairs that varied orthogonally in alignability and thematic relatedness, we demonstrated that stimulus compatibility modulates processing and affects the outcomes of tasks that are currently believed to involve only comparison (similarity ratings, Experiment 1; listing commonalities and differences, Experiment 2) or only integration (thematic relatedness ratings, Experiment 3). Our findings and others that we have reviewed suggest that: (1) many cognitive tasks involve both comparison and integration, and (2) the relative influence of each process is modulated by an interplay between the task-appropriate and the stimulus-compatible process. We believe that single-process models should be extended to take this interplay into account.
Design for test using partial parallel scan

Traditional scan design techniques such as level-sensitive scan design, scan path, and random-access scan suffer from the drawback that the extra test application effort (which includes both time and memory) required is directly proportional to the number of latches and can become quite significant. A scan design technique termed partial parallel scan which reduces test application effort by one to two orders of magnitude is presented. Theoretical and practical aspects of the design method are discussed. The practical use of the partial parallel scan technique has been demonstrated with an LSI circuit and a VLSI circuit designed using silicon compiler tools. >
Algorithmic transforms for efficient energy scalable computation

We introduce the notion of energy scalable computation on general purpose processors. The principle idea is to maximize computational quality for a given energy constraint. The desirable energy-quality behavior of algorithms is discussed. Subsequently the energy-quality scalability of three distinct categories of commonly used signal processing algorithms (viz. filtering, frequency domain transforms and classification) are analyzed on the StrongARM SA-1100 processor and transformations are described which obtain significant improvements in the energy-quality scalability of the algorithm.
Neural Network Grasping Controller for Continuum Robots

Continuum or hyper-redundant robots are robots which exhibit behavior similar to biological trunks, tentacles and snakes. Unlike traditional robots, continuum robot manipulators do not have rigid joints, hence the manipulators are compliant, extremely dexterous, and capable of dynamic, adaptive manipulation in unstructured environments; however, the development of high-performance control algorithms for these manipulators is a challenging problem. In this paper, we present an approach to whole arm grasping control for continuum robots. The grasping controller is developed in two stages; high level path planning for the grasping objective, and a low level joint controller using a neural network feedforward component to compensate for dynamic uncertainties. These techniques are used to enable whole arm grasping without using contact force measurements and without using a dynamic model of the continuum robot.
Full-frame compression of tomographic images using the discrete Fourier transform

The unacceptability of block artifacts in medical image data compression has led to systems employing full-frame discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression. Although the DCT is the optimum fast transform when block coding is used, it is outperformed by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete Hartley transform for images obtained using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Such images are characterized by a roughly circular region of non-zero intensity bounded by a region R in which the image intensity is essentially zero. Clipping R to its minimum extent can reduce the number of low-intensity pixels, but the practical requirement that images be stored on a rectangular grid means that a significant region of zero intensity must remain an integral part of the image to be compressed. The DCT therefore loses its advantage over the DFT because neither transform introduced significant artificial discontinuities. >
An analytical model for partially blocking finite-buffered switching networks

This paper presents a finite state analytical model and supporting simulation for performance analysis of a partially blocking, packet-switched, multistage communication network whose crossbar switches are output queued, non-lossy, and have an internal bandwidth (BW) such that 1/spl les/BW/spl les/a, where a is the number of inputs to the crossbar. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the only analytical model in the current literature that addresses this problem without making at least one of the following simplifying assumptions: (1) infinite number of inputs, (2) infinite number of buffers, (3) BW=a, (4) use of only a single crossbar (as opposed to multiple stages). The analytical model presented herein gives a set of closed-form equations which lead to an iterative solution for normalized bandwidth and normalized delay. The model provides results which are quite accurate (as shown by simulation) over a large range of parameter values (e.g., crossbar size, number of buffers in each queue, etc). >
Top pair production at ATLAS

An overview of latest ATLAS measurements of top pair ( tt ) production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV is presented. Measurements of the tt production cross section (σ tt ) in various decay channels, including analyses of differential σ tt distributions and a study of jet multiplicity in tt production, as well as searches for tt resonances using boosted top techniques and standard methods, are discussed.
The Io decametric emission cone

The Voyager 1 and 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy observations of Jovian decametric radiation (DAM) were transformed into a fixed Io-Jupiter coordinate system for Io longitudes every 10 deg apart starting from 200 to 260 deg (seven plots per spacecaft). An analysis of the data in this coordinate system has shown that the Io-dependent DAM emissions are generated in hollow cones at all frequencies over the fixed Io longitudes studied. The edges of the emission cones are, in many cases, broad in longitude (30 deg or more), with distinct differences found between the characteristics of DAM emission at the edges of the emission cones. The shapes of the DAM emission cones are explained by using three-dimensional ray-tracing calculations within a model Jovian atmosphere.
Use of allometry in predicting anatomical and physiological parameters of mammals.

Summary One challenge for veterinarians, animal facilities and research scientists is the making of physiological estimates appropriate to a variety of species for which data are often either completely lacking or are incomplete. Our intent in compiling the data in this paper is to provide the best possible database of normal physiological and anatomical values primarily (though not exclusively) for four common mammalian model species: mouse, rat, dog and man. In order to make those data as accessible and applicable as possible, we have presented the results of this study in the form of body-size dependent allometric equations in which some variable (Y) is expressed as a dependent function of body mass (M) in the power-law
Sexual and other noninjection risks for HBV and HCV seroconversions among noninjecting heroin users.

Background. Many heroin users do not inject drugs but may still be at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), via sexual or other noninjection-related activity. Methods. Noninjecting heroin users (NIUs) in New York City who were recruited and prospectively followed during March 1996-February 2003 were tested for anti-HIV, anti-hepatitis B core antigen, and anti-HCV and were interviewed about their sexual and other noninjecting risk. A seroconversion is represented by the first positive test result after the last negative test result. Hazard ratios (HRs) (P<.05) were estimated by use of Cox proportional hazards regression. Results. Of 253 HIV-negative participants, 2 seroconverted (0.29/100 person-years at risk [pyar]); of 184 HBV-negative participants, 16 (3.3/100 pyar); and, of 219 HCV-negative participants, 16 (2.7/100 pyar). Independent predictors of seroconversion were, for HBV, being a female who engages in unprotected receptive anal sex (HR, 6.8), having short-term sex partners (HR, 6.2), and being a male with male sex partners (HR, 5.7); for HCV, being a male who receives money/drugs for sex (HR, 5.6) and sharing noninjecting crack-use equipment (HR, 4.5). Conclusions. NIUs are at considerable risk of HBV infection via high-risk sex; and, for HCV, via high-risk sexual activity and the sharing of noninjecting crack-use equipment. Interventions in NIUs must seek to reduce high-risk sexual activity and the sharing of noninjecting drug-use equipment.
The configuration of cevine

Abstract The alkaloid cevine has been shown to have configuration II. The configurations of nine (C3, C4, C5, C9, C10, C12, C14, C17, C25) of the fourteen asymmetric centers were established by earlier work. Hydrogenation of 16-dehydrocevine 3,4-diacetate (XIII) over platinum proceedeb stereoselectively to cevine 3,4-diacetate (XIV). Sodium borohydride reduction of 16-dehydrocevadine-D-orthoacetate-4-acetate (XVII) afforded a mixture of cevadine-D-orthoacetate 4-acetate (XVIII) and 16-epicevadine-D-orthoacetate 4-acetate (XVI). Both XVIII and XVI were submitted to alkaline hydrolysis followed by acid treatment to give cevagenine C-orthoacetate (XX) and 16-epicevagenine-C-orthoacetate (XIX). XIX consumed lead tetraacetate faster than XX, thereby indicating β-orientation for the C16 hydroxyl of cevine. Arguments are presented for assignment of configurations at C8, C13 and C20. Oxdiation of veracevine-D-orthoacetate triacetate (XXII) with N-bromosuccinimide gave a bridged oxide (XXIII) which, in turn, afforded a formamido ketone (XXIV) on chromic anhydride-pyridine oxidation. The bridged β-oriented oxide structure of XXIII requires that the hydrogen at C22 be α-oriented.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF DIENESTROL PHOTOISOMERIZATION

— Photolysis of synthetic estrogen dienestrol resulted in formation of a 4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene, a rare example of a stable intermediate of the classical stilbene phenanthrene photocyclization. Time-lapse spectrometric investigation suggested an initial cis-trans isomerization in the dimethylbuta-dime moiety of dienestrol followed by a photochemical [1, 51 sigmatropic proton transfer which converted the two cross-conjugated p-hydroxystyrene halves into a vinyl-stilbene. A subsequent electrocyclic ring-closure in an electronically excited state generated a cyclic nonaromatic heptenediol. This last photoproduct tautomerized rapidly in the dark to a stable, crystalline, tricyclic pentenedione. The final diketone product is an example of a 4a.4b-dihydrophenanthrene self-stabilized by a double ketoenol tautomerism. The three sequential photoisomerizations of dienestrol are made possible by a fortuitous coincidence of steric and orbital symmetry requirements.
A critical analysis of the (near) legendary status of vitamin D

Labels such as food constituent, nutrient and supplement do not convey a sense of being essential. Yet these rather mundane descriptors, even if correct, belie the true significance of vitamin D. Long believed to be merely a functioning cofactor akin to vitamin C, deficiency of this secosteroid hormone is clearly associated with morbid complications of calcium and bone mineral metabolism, and because the hormonal effects are mediated by nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of many subordinate genes, the vitamin’s pleiotropic mode of action can influence numerous metabolic pathways and, possibly, a number of different diseases. Although the vitamin is under intensive investigation, much still remains unknown, even in bone health, as the identity of osteoporosis susceptibility genes remains uncertain. This article focuses on various aspects of the basic science and molecular biology of the vitamin D endocrine system. The primary goal is to critically examine the evidence supporting its role in bon...
The Role of Nonuniformity in Convective Heat and Mass Transfer through Porous Media, Part 2

Nonuniformities in porous materials can play a significant role in the convective and diffusive transport of fluid, heat, and mass. This study provides experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation results. The experiments report continuous data in transient test runs with measurements of temperature and velocity at distributed locations in the domain immediately downstream of the porous materials. An increasing degree of nonuniformity was found to produce a lower drying rate as well as an earlier onset of falling rate drying. The numerical model provides results of the effects of different nonhomogeneities such as distributed holes or distributed regions of varying permeability and moisture content. Comparisons between numerical and experimental test results indicate general agreement with differences with regard to details of the drying curve features. This provides a tool for studying the role of nonuniformity in fluid flow and heat and mass transfer in porous media.
Uranium and radium in the ground water of the Llano Estacado, Texas and New Mexico

Water samples were collected from 47 wells and springs in the Ogallala formation in the Llano Estacado section of the High Plains, Texas and New Mexico. The Ogallala, a fluviatile geologic terrane, is hydrologically and geologically isolated in this region, therefore, the observed radiochemical concentrations are considered as inherent characteristics of the formation in this area. The uranium concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 12 parts per billion (ppb) (median 6.2 ppb), and the radium concentrations ranged from < 0.1 to 0.8 micromicrocuries per liter (median 0.1 μμc/1). The uranium concentrations show a tendency to correlate with the gross chemical character of the waters in accordance with the expected chemical behavior of uranium. The departure of the radium-uranium ratios in all samples from radioactive equilibrium value is explained on the basis of carbonate-complexing of uranium and selective adsorption of radium by minerals having a capacity for base exchange.
Ecosystem services from rainwater harvesting in India

Availability of a safe and reliable water supply is an issue in developing nations, including India. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a site-specific source control used to satisfy human, agricultural, and safety demands for water. This study analyzed the effects of capturing rainwater for a 12.5 year period (Jan 1999–Jun 2011) to provide three ecosystem services: water supplementation for indoor use, water supplementation for food production and groundwater recharge (GWR). A hydrologic analysis was completed using satellite rainfall data and a water balance approach. Two demand scenarios, indoor and outdoor, were considered, with water in excess of demand and storage directed to recharge groundwater. An economic analysis quantified RWH system net present value. The results indicated significant ecosystem services benefits were possible from RWH in India. RWH for the purpose of providing irrigation to a small garden and allowing overflow to a drywell for GWR was concluded to be an approach to maximize benefi...
Ranking North American Accounting Scholars Publishing Education Papers: 1966 Through 2011

This paper ranks accounting’s education authors who teach at institutions located in the United States and Canada. During the 46-year period from 1966 through 2011 that we examined, 13 journals published accounting education papers; the publication period for each journal varies. The data indicate that only 31.4 percent of accounting’s 4,855 doctoral faculty, who teach at schools in North America, have one or more publications in these 13 journals. For those doctorates still teaching, the research provides rankings of authors by doctoral year and for four periods: 2002 to 2011 (most recent 10 years), 1992 to 2001 (next 10-year period), 1966 to 1991 (last 26 years), and for the entire 46-year period. To acknowledge the contributions of retired and deceased authors, the research lists those authors who would have been included on the overall list had they still been actively teaching. While Urbancic (2009) and Brigham Young University (BYU) provide rankings of authors in accounting education, these rankings are limited in the scope of the journals included – Urbancic includes only six accounting education journals, while BYU includes only Issues in Accounting Education. We found that Urbancic’s (BYU’s) 10-year (20-year) data had a Spearman’s rho of -0.84 (0.39) with our rankings. We believe that data provides a more comprehensive ranking of accounting’s authors in the area of education.
The Soul of the Censor: the FCC Attacks Television Violence

The Federal Communications Commission proceeds to further erode broadcasters’ and our, First Amendment Freedoms. Not content with their newly invigorated inquisition against sexuality - dubbed 'indecency' - on the air, and likely emboldened by the disturbingly tepid protest this crusade has thus far provoked, the commissioners now have launched a campaign against televised violence. To the always unpalatable legend 'Edited for Television' we now truly can add, 'By Your Friends at the FCC.' When the V-chip and its accompanying ratings system were imposed on broadcasters just a few years ago, some in the industry took the approach all too common among business supplicants at the mercy of government regulators: 'It’s not so bad, and anyway we have to go along to get along. Accepting this level of regulation will stave off even more drastic controls.' Some were mollified by a loose promise of a limited congressional moratorium on further action. But the Censor’s raison d’etre is to censor; the Censor cannot be so easily appeased.
Bubbles, Busts and Breaks in UK Housing

Since the recent turmoil in UK housing, there has been controversy over whether house prices in the past decade have entered a bubble. While there are numerous techniques employed to investigate the presence of bubbles, testing the significance of breaks in the dynamics of prices has been utilized in other research to detect such bubbles. This is important in itself, as changing parameters in housing time series models make forecasting and portfolio management more difficult. We examine thirteen regions of the UK as well as the national home prices. The results indicate that while there were some breaks over the 2000s, more regions (and the UK as a whole) experienced breaks over the late 1980s and early 1990s. These results indicate that while there have been large price swings over the past decade, the late 1980s/early 1990s, which followed sharp changes in housing, monetary and fiscal policies, appear to be the larger boom-bust episode.
Clinical Trials in Cancer and Pharmacogenomics: A Critical Evaluation

A critical overview of recent clinical trials in cancer is presently focused on signaling pathway blockers or inhibitors with a view to developing successful clinical trials employing personalized cancer therapies. Rational, pharmacogenomic strategies in cancer trials should be adopted that include specific molecular targeting based on adequate data for, and detailed modeling of, cancer cell genomes, modifications of cancer signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. Novel translational oncogenomics research is rapidly expanding through the application of highly sensitive and specific advanced technology, research findings and computational tools and complex models to both pharmaceutical and clinical problems. Multiple sample analyses from several recent clinical studies have shown that gene expression data for cancer cells can be employed to distinguish between tumor types as well as to predict outcomes. Potentially important applications of such results are individualized human cancer therapies or, in general, ‘personalized medicine’ that will have to be validated through optimally designed clinical trials in cancer. A Human Cancer Genomes and Epigenetics Project is proposed that can provide the essential data required for the optimal design of clinical trials with the goal of achieving significant improvements of the survival rates of cancer patients participating in clinical trials for advanced cancer stages. The results of such a six-year Human Cancer Genomes and Epigenetics Project should also greatly aid with the accelerated, rational development of effective anti-cancer medicines and the chemoprevention of cancers.
A survey and classification of principles for domain-specific ontology design patterns development

Dynamic, networked service-oriented systems, like those found in manufacturing, logistics or transportation, require efficient communication of capabilities of their services to enable on-the-fly integrations as a result of changing requirements. Previously, in a case of a manufacturing services network, we have shown the manufacturing service capability (MSC) in- formation communication can be enhanced by introducing a reference MSC ontology - a formal, OWL DL domain-specific ontology. However, consistent and quality development of reference ontology for a large and evolving domain such as manu- facturing is a challenge. Therefore, we propose to utilize the notion of OWL ontology design patterns (ODPs) to develop such reference ontology. However, despite the existence of rich design patterns for information modeling in general, there has been no documentation detailing the principles for development of domain-specific ODPs for domain-specific semantic models. This survey paper fills this void by providing a survey and systematic synthesis of applicable principles for domain-specific ODP development in an investigation of the prior works in data modeling, object-oriented software analysis and ontology modeling design patterns. The paper discusses applicability of the revealed principles in regards to requirements of MSC domain-specific ODPs. Although the paper is concerned with the MSC domain, the findings apply to any domain-specific ODP development. Further research is identified to operationalize principles towards domain-specific ODP development.
Study on molecular typing of Salmonella typhi from Guangdong Province by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Objective To molecular epidemiological study on the typing of Salmonella typhi in Guangdong province by the tech- nique of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).Methods PFGE was used for mocular typing of isolates and clustering of patterns was analyzed with the Bionumerisc software.Results 45 different molecular types were found among 51 strains of Salmonella typhi,the similarity value of these strains was in the range of 38.27%～100%.No homologous strains were discovered in the 6 areas and in different year and same area.Homologous strains were only observed in the same area and same year.Con- clusion PFGE is a good method for molecular epidemiological typing of Salmonella typhi.
On Roles of Increase and Decrease of Construction Land Played in Neo-Village Construction

The proposal and the steady implementation on city construction land increase and residential land decrease has effectively promoted the balance between urban and rural development in China,which has become a significant measure to advance the progress of a new socialist villages.This thesis introduces the development history and the current model of city construction land increase and residential land decrease by means of literature view.It also analyzes the connotation of city construction land increase and residential land decrease and the boosting effects on pushing forward the new socialist construction in the countryside.Finally it presents some problems that should be noticed in current work.
Simple method for treatment of intraoperative hypoxic episodes in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

A simple method is described for the control of intraoperative episodes of hypoxia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.
Microbial ecology: Here, there and everywhere

Deep sequencing of hydrothermal vent and upper ocean water samples further implicate the ocean as a microbial ‘seed bank’. Do these data finally reveal that everything is everywhere? To some extent, but questions remain as to whether these ocean-borne microbes are, in fact, viable and colonize distant locales.
Using Cross-Media Approaches to Understand an Invisible Industry: How Cotton Production Influenced Pottery Designs and Kiva Murals in Cedar Mesa

In this paper we present evidence through a cross-media and contextual comparison approach that cotton textile production had major economic and ideological importance to Ancestral Pueblo peoples living in the greater Cedar Mesa area during the Woodenshoe and Redhouse Phases (A.D. 1165–1270). First, we present the current data available for direct evidence of cotton textile production from archaeological contexts. Then, we use a cross-media approach to look for evidence of cotton textile production in the media of pottery and kiva mural design motifs. Given the extensive nature of cotton textile production at several sites in the area and the pervasive cotton-textile-based designs on pottery and in kiva murals in the area, we argue that the greater Cedar Mesa area was an important gateway for cotton technologies and imagery between the Kayenta and Mesa Verde areas that afforded the peoples greater access and control over cotton textile production and distribution.
The American Experience

Iran and indeed the entire Middle East attracted little attention in the United States prior to World War II. To be sure, there were bursts of concern, such as the Perdicaris affair in Morocco during President Theodore Roosevelt’s first term, or the scheme to establish a mandate over Armenia in 1919. But such events were spasmodic and only confirmed in American minds stereotypes of Middle Easterners as uncivilized, even barbaric, hardly capable of managing their own affairs. Such notions developed out of centuries of Christian-Muslim conflict on the borders of Europe, which left a legacy of mistrust. European expansion into the region in the nineteenth century exacerbated these animosities.
Meditation Matters: Replies to the Anti-McMindfulness Bandwagon!

Many objections have been leveled against what Purser and Loy have coined ‘McMindfulness,’ the widely popularized use of mindfulness extracted from Buddhism. These include the claims that meditation (a) fails to attempt to try to change the world, (b) is guilty by association with other ends to which its use is applied, (c) ought not to be separated from its Buddhist ethical framework, and, among others, (d) is not as important to Buddhism as Westerners think it is, as evidenced by the relatively few Buddhist practitioners. I defend mindfulness against these objections directly, but I also put them in dialogue with each other. My general responses to these objections are, respectively, that (a) it is not the purpose of meditation to change the world, although it may be put to that end, (b) the uses to which any form of cognitive development is put (as means to certain ends) do not necessarily impugn such forms of cognitive development, but rather it is the ends to which such forms of development are put that ought to be evaluated as such, (c) although everything may in principle have ethical implications and we ought to be mindful of them, there is no serious ethical principle that invalidates the potential merits of working with meditation practices outside the Buddhist ethical framework, in one’s own or some other ethical framework, or in an amoral context, and (d) the extent to which mindfulness meditation matters to or is practiced by Buddhists is irrelevant to its merits.
Synthesis and structural characterization of tris(pyrazolyl)hydroaluminate and tris(pyrazolyl)hydrogallate lithium compounds

Abstract The tris(pyrazolyl)hydroaluminate derivatives, [ HAlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li and { [ HAlTp Me 2 ] Li } 2 , have been synthesized via the reactions of LiAlH4 with 3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazole and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, respectively, while the tris(pyrazolyl)hydrogallate counterparts, [ HGaTp Bu t ,Me ] Li and { [ HGaTp Me 2 ] Li } 2 , are obtained from the corresponding reactions with LiGaH4. X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that the 3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl derivatives, [ HAlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li and [ HGaTp Bu t ,Me ] Li , are monomeric with lithium in a trigonal pyramidal coordination environment, whereas the less sterically demanding 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl derivatives, { [ HAlTp Me 2 ] Li } 2 and { [ HGaTp Me 2 ] Li } 2 , are dimeric. In addition to the tris(pyrazolyl)hydroaluminate derivative, [ HAlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li , the tetrakis derivative, [ ( pz Bu t ,Me ) AlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li , has also been isolated. X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that [ ( pz Bu t ,Me ) AlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li , as obtained from solutions in benzene, exists as a monomer in the solid state with tridentate coordination, whereas crystals obtained from THF exhibit a bidentate coordination mode, which is supplemented by coordination of THF, i.e. [ ( pz Bu t ,Me ) 2 AlBp Bu t ,Me ] Li ( THF ) . NMR spectroscopic studies, however, indicate that [ ( pz Bu t ,Me ) AlTp Bu t ,Me ] Li is fluxional in both benzene and THF solutions.
Approximately Optimal Teaching of Approximately Optimal Learners

We propose a method of generating teaching policies for use in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for concept learning tasks [1] , e.g., teaching students the meanings of words by showing images that exemplify their meanings a la Rosetta Stone [2] and Duo Lingo [3] . The approach is grounded in control theory and capitalizes on recent work by [4] , [5] that frames the “teaching” problem as that of finding approximately optimal teaching policies for approximately optimal learners (AOTAOL). Our work expands on [4] , [5] in several ways: (1) We develop a novel student model in which the teacher's actions can partially eliminate hypotheses about the curriculum. (2) With our student model, inference can be conducted analytically rather than numerically, thus allowing computationally efficient planning to optimize learning. (3) We develop a reinforcement learning-based hierarchical control technique that allows the teaching policy to search through deeper learning trajectories. We demonstrate our approach in a novel ITS for foreign language learning similar to Rosetta Stone and show that the automatically generated AOTAOL teaching policy performs favorably compared to two hand-crafted teaching policies.
Anomalous prefrontal-limbic activation and connectivity in youth at high-risk for bipolar disorder

Abstract Objective Abnormal prefrontal-limbic brain activation in response to facial expressions has been reported in pediatric bipolar disorder (BD). However, it is less clear whether these abnormalities exist prior to onset of mania, thus representing a biomarker predicting development of BD. Methods We examined brain activation in 50 youth at high risk for BD (HR-BD), compared with 29 age- and gender-matched healthy control (HC) subjects. HR-BD was defined as having a parent with BD, as well as current mood or attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, or a history of at least one depressive episode. FMRI data were collected during an implicit emotion perception task using facial expression stimuli. Activation to fearful faces versus calm faces was compared between HR-BD and HC groups, including analyses of functional connectivity, and comparison of allele subgroups of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene. Results While viewing fearful versus calm faces, HR-BD youth had significantly greater activation than HC youth in the right amygdala, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), superior frontal cortex, cerebellum, and lingual gyrus. HR-BD youth, relative to HC youth, had greater functional connectivity between the right amygdala and the VLPFC as well as visual cortical regions Within the HR-BD group, youth with the s -allele had a trend for greater activation in the right amygdala and subgenual cingulate cortex Conclusions Similar to youth with BD, youth at high risk for BD have greater activation than healthy controls in the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in response to fearful faces, as well greater functional connectivity between these regions. HR-BD youth with the s-allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene may be at greatest risk for developing BD.
Indirect-drive ICF target concepts for the X-1 Z-pinch facility

We describe designs of hohlraums and capsules for both ignition (∼1–10 MJ) and high yield (up to ∼200 MJ) Z-pinch driven indirect-drive ICF concepts. Two potential Z-pinch hohlraum configurations –...
Unraveling the interactions of the physiological reductant flavodoxin with the different conformations of the Fe protein in the nitrogenase cycle

Nitrogenase reduces dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia in biological nitrogen fixation. The nitrogenase Fe protein cycle involves a transient association between the reduced, MgATP-bound Fe protein and the MoFe protein and includes electron transfer, ATP hydrolysis, release of Pi, and dissociation of the oxidized, MgADP-bound Fe protein from the MoFe protein. The cycle is completed by reduction of oxidized Fe protein and nucleotide exchange. Recently, a kinetic study of the nitrogenase Fe protein cycle involving the physiological reductant flavodoxin reported a major revision of the rate-limiting step from MoFe protein and Fe protein dissociation to release of Pi. Because the Fe protein cannot interact with flavodoxin and the MoFe protein simultaneously, knowledge of the interactions between flavodoxin and the different nucleotide states of the Fe protein is critically important for understanding the Fe protein cycle. Here we used time-resolved limited proteolysis and chemical cross-linking to examine nucleotide-induced structural changes in the Fe protein and their effects on interactions with flavodoxin. Differences in proteolytic cleavage patterns and chemical cross-linking patterns were consistent with known nucleotide-induced structural differences in the Fe protein and indicated that MgATP-bound Fe protein resembles the structure of the Fe protein in the stabilized nitrogenase complex structures. Docking models and cross-linking patterns between the Fe protein and flavodoxin revealed that the MgADP-bound state of the Fe protein has the most complementary docking interface with flavodoxin compared with the MgATP-bound state. Together, these findings provide new insights into the control mechanisms in protein–protein interactions during the Fe protein cycle.