cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new coded-excitation ultrasound imaging system. II. Operator design

For pt.I see ibid. vol.43, pp.131-140 (1996). We introduced in pt. I a new approach for ultrasonic imaging using coded-excitation. Our formulation allows for the implementation of the imaging operator as a transversal filter bank with each filter designed to reconstruct scatterer distribution along one image line. This formulation allows for high-speed data acquisition when the reconstruction filters are utilized in parallel configuration. Furthermore, under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, our approach allows for spatial resolution that exceeds the resolution set by the diffraction limit. Ideally, the resolution limit for our system is set by the grid spacing in the region of interest (ROI). When the SNR of the system is finite, however, sensitivity to noise becomes a factor in image reconstruction quality. A trade-off exists between spatial and contrast resolutions with all elements of this trade-off captured by the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the imaging operator, G. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of the function given in pt.I in defining an optimal pseudo-inverse operator (PIO). The optimal PIO provides the highest spatial resolution at which the mean-square error (MSE) is minimized. We show that a design procedure for such an optimal image reconstruction operator is feasible, and we present an algorithm for operator design. Computer simulations are used to highlight the main features of the SVD-based operator design procedure; the SVD of the imaging operator consists of array-dependent (analytic) and code-dependent (nonanalytic) modes. The analytic modes yield a sine-like lateral point spread function (LPSF) of the imaging system. For a given SNR of the imaging system, a maximum number of modes (analytic and nonanalytic) can be used in the design of the imaging operator to minimize the LPSF width (i.e., maximize resolution) while minimizing the MSE. Finally, a two-dimensional cyst simulation is provided to demonstrate the potential advantage of our approach.
Negative emotions in cancer care: Do oncologists’ responses depend on severity and type of emotion?

Abstract Objective To examine how type and severity of patients’ negative emotions influence oncologists’ responses and subsequent conversations. Methods We analyzed 264 audio-recorded conversations between advanced cancer patients and their oncologists. Conversations were coded for patients’ expressions of negative emotion, which were categorized by type of emotion and severity. Oncologists’ responses were coded as using either empathic language or blocking and distancing approaches. Results Patients presented fear more often than anger or sadness; severity of disclosures was most often moderate. Oncologists responded to 35% of these negative emotional disclosures with empathic language. They were most empathic when patients presented intense emotions. Responding empathically to patients’ emotional disclosures lengthened discussions by an average of only 21 s. Conclusion Greater response rates to severe emotions suggest oncologists may recognize negative emotions better when patients express them more intensely. Oncologists were least responsive to patient fear and responded with greatest empathy to sadness. Practice implications Oncologists may benefit from additional training to recognize negative emotions, even when displayed without intensity. Teaching cancer patients to better articulate their emotional concerns may also enhance patient–oncologist communication.
Integrated design of linear alternator/engine system for HEV auxiliary power unit

For a cleaner environment and efficient operation, vehicles rely more and more heavily on electrical power generation for success, and the advent of the hybrid electric vehicle has emphasized the need to re-examine efficient, compact generators for use in vehicle propulsion. Crankless linear engines coupled to linear alternators have gained recent visibility and West Virginia University (WVU) has already enjoyed success in the research of spark-ignited and compression ignition linear engines coupled to permanent magnet alternators. This research will provide an integrated design approach for the alternator which accounts for the characteristics of the engine used as the prime mover and the interactions between the engine and the alternator.
Using machine learning models to interpret disciplinary styles of metadiscourse in dissertation abstracts

This paper presents the results of a study of disciplinary stylistic differences among dissertation abstracts from physics, psychology, and philosophy. Based on differences in relative frequencies of metadiscourse terms as provided by Hyland (2005), we used a machine learning approach to construct SMO vector support models of each discipline whose average accuracy (88.3%) surpassed a baseline model by 22%. We found that model term weights supported the findings of previous qualitative research regarding differences between disciplines and by extension between hard sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Given the success of the metadiscoursebased model, we conclude by proposing an expanded study to investigate disciplinary style both across disciplines and over time.
Cool Breezes, Cool Classes: Infusing Sustainability into the Curriculum at California State University Monterey Bay

The goal is to increase student awareness of and engagement with campus governance and stewardship in relation to sustainability. Students collaborated in small groups to organize the review of literature, online resources, and interviews with faculty, staff, and students, then compared and contrasted past, present, and planned initiatives on their home campus with the experiences of peer and benchmark institutions. Project deliverables outlined specific actions related to broadly defined sustainability themes that could have the potential for successful implementation. A project report was shared with decision-makers in student governance and campus administration to serve as a resource for action planning in support of sustainability. Student learning outcomes included improved sense of place and campus engagement through place-, problem-, project-based curriculum and articulation of possible solutions to real problems for their campus and the State of California.
Mental Ability with Reference to Selection and Retention of College Students

(1928). Mental Ability with Reference to Selection and Retention of College Students. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 136-143.
Abstract C69: Ontogenetic switches in activity and location of multidrug efflux transporters during embryonic development

Multidrug resistance, mediated by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, is a major obstacle to the treatment of metastatic cancer. This phenomenon has eluded treatment by direct pharmacological inhibition of the multidrug transporters responsible for resistance. An alternative strategy could be to control drug resistance by targeting the cellular regulation of insertion and retrieval of transporters from the plasma membrane. However, the pleiomorphic nature of cancer cells and tumors complicates the identification of core machinery involved in regulation of transporter dynamics. Embryos have natural, rapid switches in multidrug efflux activity, coincident with the normal reorganization of cell surfaces at fertilization and at epithelial to mesenchymal transitions. We are focusing on two major changes in surface organization and transport activity occurring during the first 24 hours of sea urchin development. As basal deuterostomes, the branch of evolution leading to vertebrates, sea urchins provide a tractable system in which core machinery regulating multidrug efflux transporters can be manipulated and characterized. The first occurs at fertilization and involves the activation of transport by shortrange, actin-dependent translocation of ABCB1a (aka P-gp, MDR1). Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals that transporters move to the to the distal tips of microvilli, possibly to overcome diffusive limits in the boundary layer between microvilli. The second switch in activity is a selective downregulation of multidrug efflux transport that occurs in germline progenitors of these animals and results in long-term reduction of transport. It is mediated by endocytosis of the proteins in those cells coincident with changes in apicobasal cell polarity. We are currently investigating the sequence of events that leads to pump retrieval in these cells. The implications of this work are new insights into the molecular switches that govern acquisition and loss of transporter-mediated drug resistance during differentiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr C69.
Shock-Trapping Capability of a Cavity in a Supersonic Flow

Unstart prevention is a critical part of maintaining stable scramjet operation. An isolator is used to perform this function, but incurs substantial size, weight, and drag penalties. Augmenting an isolator with a cavity could increase the back-pressure margin, allowing a reduction in the isolator size and weight. A resonating cavity could potentially provide the necessary increase in back-pressure margin; however, there is an associated drag penalty. Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPAs) have demonstrated the ability to enhance or suppress cavity resonance. Thus, a feedback control system could allow the cavity resonance to be suppressed during normal operation, thereby reducing the drag penalty until added back-pressure margin is needed. This work examines the back-pressure margin of a model isolator (straight duct) and the same isolator with a controlled cavity installed at the upstream end. In this preliminary work, the baseline resonating cavity is found to significantly increase the supportable downstream blockage. The ongoing work will explore the effect of resonance enhancement and suppression on cavity drag and shock-trapping capabilities, and eventually feedback control.
Application of Simulation Training in Education of Urgent Life Support

An overview of development and current cituation in medical simulation training was given,and performance and experience of urgent life support training for professional staff and non-professional person were summarized.47 government staff members and 57 university students got a passing rate of 92 percent in exam after the training of urgent life support in public environment,and 95% of them considered it benefits them.Passing rate of CPR-D resuscitation testing was promoted from 79.8% to 100% in medical professional staff after urgent life support simulation training,showing a satisfactory effect.The application prospect of simulation training in education of urgent life support is also discussed in this atricle.
Whole-Genome Sequencing for Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella

Laboratory-based in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing is the foundation for guiding anti-infective therapy and monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology to identify known antimicrobial resistance determinants among strains of nontyphoidal Salmonella and correlated these with susceptibility phenotypes to evaluate the utility of WGS for antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Six hundred forty Salmonella of 43 different serotypes were selected from among retail meat and human clinical isolates that were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using broth microdilution. The MIC for each drug was used to categorize isolates as susceptible or resistant based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute clinical breakpoints or National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) consensus interpretive criteria. Each isolate was subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing, and resistance genes were identified from assembled sequences. A total of 65 unique resistance genes, plus mutations in two structural resistance loci, were identified. There were more unique resistance genes (n = 59) in the 104 human isolates than in the 536 retail meat isolates (n = 36). Overall, resistance genotypes and phenotypes correlated in 99.0% of cases. Correlations approached 100% for most classes of antibiotics but were lower for aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. We report the first finding of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (blaCTX-M1 and blaSHV2a) in retail meat isolates of Salmonella in the United States. Whole-genome sequencing is an effective tool for predicting antibiotic resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella, although the use of more appropriate surveillance breakpoints and increased knowledge of new resistance alleles will further improve correlations.
Homology Requirements for Efficient, Footprintless Gene Editing at the CFTR Locus in Human iPSCs with Helper-dependent Adenoviral Vectors.

Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors mediate high efficiency gene editing in induced pluripotent stem cells without needing a designer nuclease thereby avoiding off-target cleavage. Because of their large cloning capacity of 37 kb, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors with long homology arms are used for gene editing. However, this makes vector construction and recombinant analysis difficult. Conversely, insufficient homology may compromise targeting efficiency. Thus, we investigated the effect of homology length on helper-dependent adenoviral vector targeting efficiency at the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator locus in induced pluripotent stem cells and found a positive correlation. With 23.8 and 21.4 kb of homology, the frequencies of targeted recombinants were 50–64.6% after positive selection for vector integration, and 97.4–100% after negative selection against random integrations. With 14.8 kb, the frequencies were 26.9–57.1% after positive selection and 87.5–100% after negative selection. With 9.6 kb, the frequencies were 21.4 and 75% after positive and negative selection, respectively. With only 5.6 kb, the frequencies were 5.6–16.7% after positive selection and 50% after negative selection, but these were more than high enough for efficient identification and isolation of targeted clones. Furthermore, we demonstrate helper-dependent adenoviral vector-mediated footprintless correction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations through piggyBac excision of the selectable marker. However, low frequencies (≤ 1 × 10 −3 ) necessitated negative selection for piggyBac-excision product isolation.
Draft Genome Sequence of Mentha longifolia and Development of Resources for Mint Cultivar Improvement

The genus Mentha encompasses mint species cultivated for their essential oils, which are formulated into a vast array of consumer products. Desirable oil characteristics and resistance to the fungal disease Verticillium wilt are top priorities for the mint industry. However, cultivated mints have complex polyploid genomes and are sterile. Breeding efforts, therefore, require the development of genomic resources for fertile mint species. Here, we present draft de novo genome and plastome assemblies for a wilt-resistant South African accession of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., a diploid species ancestral to cultivated peppermint and spearmint. The 353 Mb genome contains 35 597 predicted protein-coding genes, including 292 disease resistance gene homologs, and nine genes determining essential oil characteristics. A genetic linkage map ordered 1397 genome scaffolds on 12 pseudochromosomes. More than two million simple sequence repeats were identified, which will facilitate molecular marker development. The M. longifolia genome is a valuable resource for both metabolic engineering and molecular breeding. This is exemplified by employing the genome sequence to clone and functionally characterize the promoters in a peppermint cultivar, and demonstrating the utility of a glandular trichome-specific promoter to increase expression of a biosynthetic gene, thereby modulating essential oil composition.
Air traffic control for delivery drones [Top Tech 2017]

In 2013, shortly before Christmas, Amazon.com released a video depicting its plans to speed packages to their destinations using small drones. Some commentators said it was just a publicity stunt. But the notion began to seem less far-fetched when Google revealed its own drone-based delivery effort in 2014, something it calls Project Wing. And in the early months of 2016, DHL actually integrated drones into its logistics network, albeit in an extremely limited way-delivering packages to a single mountaintop in Germany that is difficult to access by car in winter.
Surface tension, higher order phase field equations, dimensional analysis and Clairaut’s equation

A higher order phase field free energy leads to higher order differential equations. The surface tension involves L 2 norms of higher order derivatives. An analysis of dimensionless variables shows that the surface tension satisfies a Clairaut’s equation in terms of the coeffcients of the higher order phase field equations. The Clairaut’s equation can be solved by characteristics on a suitable surface in the R N space of coeffcients. This perspective may also be regarded as interpreting dimensional analysis through Clairaut’s equation. The surface tension is shown to be a homogeneous function of monomials of the coeffcients.
Causes and management of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage

Objective: To analyze the causes and management plan of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage(STH). Methods: According to the criteria of STH difined by Griffies, patients with STH from December 2013 to January 2016 were included in this retrospective study. Results: A total of 11 patients were reviewed. The etiological diagnosis included 3 pediatric Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis(EBV-IM), 3 suspected pediatric EBV-IM to 3 acute suppurative tonsillitis, 1 acute viral tonsillitis and 1 hemophilia A. The management strategies included antiviral, antibacteria, transfusion, surgical examination followed with bipolar coagulation hemostasis under general anesthesia. No patient treated with tosillectomy. Conclusions: STH is now a rare condition, the causes of which in child are more or less different from adult.This emergency can be treated in time if a detailed management plan for pediatric STH is formulated.
The New Vision and the Contribution of Solar Power in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Electricity Production

This paper is aimed at preliminary study on the contribution of solar power within 15 years, since generation of electricity represents the highest percent of the fossil fuel consumption. The significant increase of electricity demand in Saudi Arabia means that power generation will expand and that will lead to increased consumption of fossil fuels. This rapid increase of the conventional generation is the major cause of environmental pollution and impacts on human health. Studies show that power demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K. S. A) is expected to continue its significant increase to reach more than 100000 MW over the coming 10-15 years. Also, that will affect the fuels exportation and the country's revenue earning. Meanwhile, the main goal of the KSA 2030 vision is focusing on the economy and prosperity. Because of that, it is essential that an alternative method of electricity production is found to reduce the country's power generation dependence on fossil fuel.
[11C]Cyanation of arylboronic acids in aqueous solutions

A copper-mediated 11C-cyanation method employing arylboronic acids and [11C]HCN has been developed. This method was applied to the radiochemical synthesis of a wide range of aromatic 11C-nitriles in aqueous solutions. The use of readily accessible arylboronic acids as precursors makes this method complementary to the well-established 11C-cyanation methods that utilize aryl halide precursors.
Surgical Outcomes and Postoperative Management in Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea.

Background The etiology of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea remains unknown, though emerging evidence suggests that this likely represents a variant of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Long-term success rates for repair and postoperative management strategies remain variable. Methods Retrospective review of patients undergoing surgical management of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea was conducted over a 5-year period. Analysis was performed to correlate recurrence with demographics and perioperative variables. Lumbar puncture usage and neuro-ophthalmological examinations in clinical management were also assessed. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the study. The mean age was 51.4 years with 94% females. Leaks were most commonly located in the sphenoid (43.8%) and cribriform region (33.3%). The most common findings on magnetic resonance imaging were empty sella (48%) and Meckel's cave diverticula (24%). Nine patients (18.8%) had recurrent CSF leaks. Six occurred >1 month postoperatively. Three had repeat endoscopic repairs, two received ventriculoperitoneal shunts, and one was managed with a lumbar drain, with overall success rate of 93.8%. Acetazolamide was utilized in 19 cases (39.6%) postoperatively. Overall, 59% of patients had elevated opening pressures on postoperative lumbar puncture (n = 32). Neuro-ophthalmology evaluated 28 patients; 25% had visual field deficits, and 7.1% had papilledema. Conclusions Management of spontaneous CSF leaks remains a significant challenge. Endoscopic repair is successful in most patients with little morbidity; however, postoperative management remains inconsistent, and further studies are warranted to establish consensus on post-surgical care. The association with elevated intracranial pressure and visual field deficits/papilledema suggests opening pressures, and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation should be considered in the treatment algorithm.
A robust approach to restoring critical loads in a resilient power distribution system

Owing to the increased number of natural disasters, ensuring a resilient operation of power distribution system is of paramount importance. In this paper, an advanced feeder restoration approach is proposed to improve the resilience of power distribution systems to natural disasters. In the proposed approach, distributed energy resources (DERs) are used to restore the critical loads when the distribution system is isolated from the main grid. The proposed restoration framework aims at maximizing the availability of restored networks making restoration plan robust to post-restoration failures. A resilience metric quantifying restoration availability is defined. A graph-theoretic approach is presented to formulate the restoration problem as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) while satisfying grid's connectivity and operational constraints. The framework is tested using IEEE 123-node feeder with 5 DERs supplying for 9 critical loads. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of our proposed strategy in maximizing restoration availability.
Cross-Cultural Medical Care Training and Education: a National Survey of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Fellows-in-Training and Fellowship Program Directors

Pediatric hematologists/oncologists face complex situations such as breaking bad news, treatment/clinical trials discussions, and end-of-life/hospice care. With increasing diversity in patient and physician populations, cultural competency and sensitivity training covering different aspects of pediatric hematology/oncology (PDHO) care can help improve health care delivery and reduce disparities. Though it is considered a required component of fellowship training, there is no clearly defined curriculum meant specifically for PDHO fellows-in-training (PDHO-F). A national online survey of 356 PDHO-F and 67 PDHO program directors (PDHO-PD) was conducted to assess the educational experience, perceptions about identifying barriers including one's own biases and trainee comfort in delivering culturally sensitive care in various PDHO relevant clinical situations. One hundred and eleven (31.2%) PDHO-F and 27 (40.3%) PDHO-PD responded. 30.6% of PDHO-F "strongly agreed/agreed" they received comprehensive cross-cultural communication (CCC) training. The top two teaching methods were faculty role modeling and informal teaching. Majority of CCC training is in medical school or residency and only 10.8% of PDHO-F reported that most of their CCC training was in fellowship. In most clinical situations, there was a modest direct correlation between the fellow's level of agreement that they received comprehensive CCC training and their comfort level. Comfort level with some clinical situations was also significantly different based on year of training. Fellowship training programs should have CCC curricula which use experiential learning models and lay the foundation for promoting cultural awareness, self-reflection, and better patient-physician partnerships which can eventually adapt to and surmount the challenges unique to the physician's chosen field of practice.
Surgical Versus Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Prior Coronary Bypass Surgery: Tie Goes to the Runner.

Rule 7.01 of the official Major League Baseball Rulebook states a runner acquires the right to an unoccupied base when he touches it before he is out. There is no mention of the runner reaching the bag simultaneously with the baseman receiving the ball, but any little league player will tell you that the tie goes to the runner. This obscure argument has been the source of much debate. Does the burden of proof fall to the runner to prove he has beaten the ball to the base? Should the umpire be forced to make the sometimes-difficult decision of who beat who? Is it better for the game itself to give the benefit to the lonely runner who is up against 9 opposing players on the field? We add our own question. What does this have to do with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)? See Article by Gupta et al Since the US Food and Drug Administration approval of the first-generation device, TAVR has revolutionized the management of severe aortic stenosis.1 Technical enhancements—reduction in device profile, semi-retrievable features, and paravalvular leak preventing mechanisms—have helped with the exponential growth in TAVR utilization.2 Data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry show that the annual TAVR volumes have increased from 4627 in 2012 to 24 808 in 2015—almost a 6-fold …
Error-checking intraoperative arterial line blood pressures.

Electronic medical records now store a wealth of intraoperative hemodynamic data. However, analysis of such data is plagued by artifacts related to the monitoring environment. Here, we present an algorithm for automated identification of artifacts and replacement using interpolation of arterial line blood pressures. After IRB approval, minute-by-minute digital recordings of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures (MAP) obtained during anesthesia care were analyzed using predetermined metrics to identify values anomalous from adjacent neighbors. Anomalous data points were then replaced with linear interpolation of neighbors. The algorithm was then validated against manual artifact identification in 54 anesthesia records and 41,384 arterial line measurements. To assess the algorithm’s effect on data analysis, we calculated the percent of time spent with MAP below 55 mmHg and above 100 mmHg for both raw and conditioned datasets. Manual review of the dataset identified 1.23% of all pressure readings as artifactual. When compared to manual review, the algorithm identified artifacts with 87.0% sensitivity and 99.4% specificity. The average difference between manual review and algorithm in identifying the start of arterial line monitoring was 0.17, and 2.1 min for the end of monitoring. Application of the algorithm decreased the percent of time below 55 mmHg from 4.3 to 2.0% (2.1% with manual review) and time above 100 mmHg from 8.8 to 7.3% (7.3% manual). This algorithm’s performance was comparable to manual review by a human anesthesiologist and reduced the incidence of abnormal MAP values identified using a sample analysis tool.
NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING WATER EFFLUENTS AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT Water effluents in a nitrogen fertilizer plant originate from a variety of point and non-point sources. Often these sources are combined to take advantage of cost savings. This practice often causes problems, however in effluent segregation and treatment. The major components in the effluents are ammonia nitrogen (NH30 and NH4+), nitrate nitrogen, and organic nitrogen. Low concentrations of other constituents may also be present. This paper presents brief descriptions of the component nitrogen fertilizer production processes with emphasis on discharge point identification and characterization, quantification of potential pollution species, and available control technologies.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract Omega-3 fatty acids are known to play a role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Since cystic fibrosis has symptoms such as scarring, inflammation, and the formation of cysts in the pancreas, it is thought that omega-3 fatty acids can help to subdue many of these symptoms. However, animal models and clinical trials that have been done do not show concrete evidence of this being true, whereas they have shown some signs of positive results, such as the decrease in inflammatory markers in the body. Therefore, clinical trials on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cystic fibrosis must be performed at a larger scale and on human models to conclude if this is a viable treatment.
Testing Protocol for Surface-Sampling Detectors

The use of surface sampling and on-site analysis is a recent innovation in “sniffer” technology designed to counter the bomb threat in civil aviation. Augmenting the previous vapour sampling approach, new detector technology is emerging which allows the rapid detection of nanogram quantities of plastic explosive residue which may be present on the exterior of passenger luggage or air cargo as a result of secreted explosives. In assessing the efficacy of a new detector system, the problem arises of providing a realistic and reliable source of plastic explosive residue with which to challenge the detector. This paper describes several laboratory and field-simulation approaches, and presents results obtained with the most quantitative of these techniques, a “calibrated” thumbprint source.
The Method and Epistemology of Marx’ Materialist View of the World (1845–1856)

In studying the method and epistemology of Marx’ “materialist view of the world” (or his historical materialism, as Engels later called it), some scholars who hold that there is an essential unity to Marx’ thought take the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) as the focal point of their inquiry.
Mechanistic reasoning and informed consent

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) proponents have argued that mechanistic evidence concerning medical treatments should be considered secondary to evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One common criticism of RCTs is that they often do not yield results that are generalizable to clinical practice, and that for clinical practice application, mechanistic evidence is needed. However, proponents of EBM have argued that mechanistic reasoning is often unreliable and thus not very useful. Here we suggest an important role of mechanistic explanation that has been left out of this discussion entirely, namely, its importance in a patient's decision of whether or not to take certain drugs. We argue that in certain cases, knowing how a treatment works is just as important for the patient as knowing whether it does. In this paper, we explore how and why giving patients mechanistic information can be an important factor in obtaining informed consent for medical treatment, focusing on the example case of hormonal contraceptives.
Genetic control of alphavirus pathogenesis

Alphaviruses, members of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus family Togaviridae, represent a re-emerging public health concern worldwide as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic ranges. Members of the alphavirus genus tend to induce clinical disease characterized by rash, arthralgia, and arthritis (chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Semliki Forest virus) or encephalomyelitis (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), though some patients who recover from the initial acute illness may develop long-term sequelae, regardless of the specific infecting virus. Studies examining the natural disease course in humans and experimental infection in cell culture and animal models reveal that host genetics play a major role in influencing susceptibility to infection and severity of clinical disease. Genome-wide genetic screens, including loss of function screens, microarrays, RNA-sequencing, and candidate gene studies, have further elucidated the role host genetics play in the response to virus infection, with the immune response being found in particular to majorly influence the outcome. This review describes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which host genetic factors influence alphavirus pathogenesis and discusses emerging technologies that are poised to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between viral and host genetics on disease susceptibility and clinical outcome.
Implementation of precision medicine clinical care pathways and a systemwide molecular tumor board at Henry Ford Health System (HFHS).

e18541Background: Advances in precision medicine (PM) offer new promises for cancer care delivery. Genomic analysis provides guidance on selecting molecularly targeted therapies for favorable outco...
Ultrastructure of Meelsvirus: A nuclear virus of arrow worms (phylum Chaetognatha) producing giant "tailed" virions.

Most known giant viruses, i.e., viruses producing giant virions, parasitize amoebae and other unicellular eukaryotes. Although they vary in the level of dependence on host nuclear functions, their virions self-assemble in the host cell’s cytoplasm. Here we report the discovery of a new prototype of giant virus infecting epidermal cells of the marine arrow worm Adhesisagitta hispida. Its 1.25 μm-long virions self-assemble and accumulate in the host cell’s nucleus. Conventional transmission electron microscopy reveals that the virions have a unique bipartite structure. An ovoid nucleocapsid, situated in a broad “head” end of the virion is surrounded by a thin envelope. The latter extends away from the head to form a voluminous conical “tail” filled with electron-dense extracapsidular material. The 31nm-thick capsid wall has a distinctive substructure resulting from a patterned arrangement of subunits; it bears no ultrastructural resemblance to the virion walls of other known giant viruses. The envelope self-assembles coincident with the capsid and remotely from all host membranes. We postulate that transmission to new hosts occurs by rupture of protruding virion-filled nuclei when infected arrow worms mate. Future genomic work is needed to determine the phylogenetic position of this new virus, which we have provisionally named Meelsvirus.
A Comparison of Hemostatic Patches Versus Pericardium Allograft for the Treatment of Complex Peyronie's Disease With Penile Prosthesis and Plaque Incision.

Abstract Objective To compare outcomes between hemostatic patches (HP) versus pericardium allografts (PA) for complex Peyronie's disease with erectile dysfunction managed with inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and plaque incision and grafting (PIG). Methods We reviewed all men who underwent IPP with PIG for PD at our institution (4/2010-9/2018). PIG was performed via relaxing tunical incisions during IPP implantation following manual modeling if there was persistent curve >30° and/or significant narrowing. Tunical defects >2 cm were grafted. PA (Coloplast, Minneapolis, MN) or HP consisting of either Evarrest, Nu-Knit (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ), or TachoSil (Baxter Int., Deerfield, IL) were used. Results HP was placed in 18 men (n = 10 Evarrest, n = 6 Nu-Knit, and n = 2 TachoSil), 15 had PA. There was no difference in mean age, preoperative curvature (HP:75° vs PA:78°), or grafted area (HP:11.9 cm2 vs PA:10.9 cm2) between HP and PA cohorts. Mean operative time was shorter for HP (122 vs 166 minutes, P = .01). Median follow-up: 6.6 months (range: 2-27 months) for HP and 34.6 months (range: 13-103 months) for PA. Residual curvature >20° was present following HP in 16.7% (n = 3) and PA in 13.3% (n = 2; P = 1.0). There were no complications attributable to HP/PA material and no IPP herniation through the tunical defect. Postoperatively, 94.4% (n = 17) of HP and 93.3% (n = 14) of PA patients were engaged in penetrative intercourse (P = 1.0). Conclusion HP are effective materials to cover the tunical defect over an IPP following plaque incision for PD. HP outcomes are similar to PA, while operative time is shorter for HP.
Open Source Software Community Inclusion Initiatives to Support Women Participation

This paper focuses on the inclusion initiatives of Open Source Software (OSS) Communities to support women who participate in their online communities. In recent years, media and research has highlighted the negative experiences of women in OSS and we believe that could be detrimental to the women of OSS. Therefore, in this research, we built upon the research that demonstrates the value of Codes of Conduct for minorities in an online community. Additionally, we focus on women only spaces in OSS, because past research on women and IT shows that women perform better when they can build connections and mentoring networks with other women. We investigated 355 OSS websites for presence of women only spaces and searched for, collected and analyzed the Codes of Conduct on the websites of these OSS. Qualitative content analysis of the websites show that only 12 out of 355 websites have women only sections. Less than ten percent (28) of the analyzed websites had a code of conduct.
A Critique of Two Metals

I argue that the conflict between the fermi-liquid and non-fermi-liquid metallic states viewed by Anderson as the central intellectual issue of cuprate superconductivity, and which motivates the recent criticism by Baskaran and Anderson [cond-mat/9706076] of the work of Zhang [cond-mat/9610140], is a fundamentally wrong concept. All experimental evidence points to adiabatic continuability of the strange metal into a conventional one, and thus to one metallic phase rather than two, and all attempts to account theoretically for the existence of a luttinger-liquid at zero temperature in spatial dimension greater than 1 have failed. I discuss the underlying reasons for this failure and then argue that the true higher-dimensional generalization of the luttinger-liquid behavior is a propensity of the system to order. I speculate about how the conflict between antiferromagnetism and superconductivity, the two principal kinds of order in this problem, might result in both the observed zero-temperature phase diagram of the cuprates and the luttinger-liquid phenomenology, i.e. the breakup of the electron into spinons and holons in certain regimes of doping and energy. The key idea is a quantum critical point regulating a first-order transition between these phases and toward which one is first attracted under renormalization before bifurcating between the two phases.
Radiology Resident Journal Club: Enhancements Add Educational Value.

Rationale and Objectives Resident journal clubs are essential to develop skills to critically appraise existing literature. However, most reports of journal clubs focus on logistics of the activity and less on established roles of those involved. Our objective is to report on an innovative journal club from the perspective of key participants. Materials and Methods Journal club schedule, assignments, evaluations, and analysis are proffered from our institution. The journal club goals were formulated as: (1) improving resident understanding of research (biostatistical and epidemiologic) methods and statistical concepts, (2) teaching critical appraisal skills, and (3) promoting the use of evidence-based medicine. Each session's format is interactive, consisting of a 10 minute lecture with radiology examples of a research or statistical concept, followed by a journal club style discussion. Crucial to the success of this curriculum has been input and engagement of multiple parties: radiology residents, epidemiologist directors, and subspecialist clinician educator faculty members. Conclusion A well-thought out and well-run resident journal club offers numerous solutions to radiology residencies. To residency program leadership and to each individual resident annually, resident journal club offers cutting edge medical knowledge, interactive conferences in the formal didactic curriculum, resident training in critical thinking skills and research design, resident training in interpersonal and communication skills, opportunity for residents to be teachers, and expanded resident interprofessional education. It meets Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education common program, Residency Review Committee diagnostic radiology program, and American Board of Radiology Milestones requirements.
Management of an Unusual Intranasal Foreign Body Abutting the Cribriform Plate: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

A 35-year-old man with history of schizophrenia presented 3 weeks after placing a screw in his right nostril. Initial imaging showed a screw in the right ethmoid sinus with the tip penetrating the ...
A Deep Dive to Illuminate V4 Neurons

Neurons in the primate cortical area V4 have been recognized as being selective for intermediate-level visual features, including shape, texture, and color. But, there is no a priori reason why V4 neurons should respond to easily describable categories of visual stimuli. In a recent study Bashivan et al. (Science, 2019) used an artificial neural network to synthesize images that acted as 'super-stimuli' for recorded neurons in V4, pushing the boundaries of known neural responses in this brain region and raising broader questions about the potential for synergies between biological and artificial neural networks.
A Case for a Functional Linguistic Knowledge Base in World Language Teacher Education

This article contributes to broader discussions of the knowledge base for language teacher education; the standards and policies that inform world language teacher education; and the need for a systematic, principled, and robust theory of language to underpin contexualized world language teaching and learning. Specifically, it proposes that the foundation for world language teacher education be broadened and that the linguistics component of the ACTFL/CAEP Program Standards for the Preparation of Foreign Language Teachers be more clearly defined. The argument is supported using data from a longitudinal ethnographic case study that depicts a candidate's appropriation of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) first as a world language teacher candidate and then as a novice teacher in his first year of teaching. Findings depict the candidate's learning and flexible use of SFL and the associated genre pedagogy to contextualize language use for his students across multiple levels of instruction. Given its alignment with contemporary goals as stated in the World‐Readiness Standards for Learning Languages, instructional approaches, and assessment paradigms, SFL seems to hold great potential as a contextualized and unifying theoretical foundation for world language teacher education.
U.S. parent perspectives on media guidance from pediatric autism professionals

Screen media guidelines for children set by medical organizations (e.g., the American Academy of Pediatrics) play a significant role in public discourse regarding media and parenting. Physician med...
4 As: A Discussion of How Institutions of Higher Education Respond to Incidents Related to Culture, Diversity, and Equity

In this article, we offer an analysis of how institutions of higher education have responded to occurrences related to racism in educational contexts and the larger society. Since the initial draft...
Ethical implications of digital infrastructures for pluralistic perspectives

It is important to design digital infrastructure that can better accommodate multicultural and pluralistic views from its foundations. It is insufficient to look at only the responses and influences of culture on technology without considering how the technology can be adapted in anticipation of, and to support, pluralistic multicultural perspectives in its original design. This goes beyond the simple act of supporting multiple languages and interfaces, but should include the ability of digital and data infrastructure to capture and accommodate pluralistic views, supporting multiple perspectives in the representation and processing of the data itself. In this work, we look at how rethinking the representation of data can allow us to more directly tackle domains that are typically hampered due to intercultural differences, and their inevitable losses in translation, particularly losses of valuable information like context and intention. When we refer to a loss of context and intention, we are referring to the loss of semantic information when practices such as referencing and citation are hard-coded to a particular set of cultural norms. We show that it is possible to expand the way in which we track referential data to capture richer semantic information regarding the contexts and intentions of the creators of this data, and thereby better serve the varied needs of those who consume, study, and refer to such data. We demonstrate this concept through a prototype system for a multicultural digital infrastructure, which we have named MultiVerse, and discuss its ethical implications from the perspectives of ‘multistability’, Intercultural Information Ethics framework, and poststructuralism.
Intermittent Private Information Retrieval with Application to Location Privacy

We study the problem of intermittent private information retrieval with multiple servers, in which a user consecutively requests one of K messages from N replicated databases such that part of requests need to be protected while others do not need privacy. Because of the correlation between requests, the user cannot simply ignore the privacy for the non-private requests. We start by studying a basic two-requests system where one request is private and the other is non-private. We propose a scheme for any correlation structure between two requests, which concatenates an obfuscation scheme and a standard PIR scheme to prevent leakage when retrieving information for the non-private request. The general problem beyond two-requests would require a specification of the correlation structure. Motivated by the location privacy application, we study the Markov model as the correlation structure. To be concrete, we study the problem in the context of location privacy and we apply the basic two-requests intermittent private information retrieval scheme as a building block to design a location privacy protection mechanism that preserves privacy for locations in the trace level.