cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The paradox of un/making science people: practicing ethico-political hesitations in science education

Over the years neoliberal ideology and discourse have become intricately connected to making science people. Science educators work within a complicated paradox where they are obligated to meet neoliberal demands that reinscribe dominant, hegemonic assumptions for producing a scientific workforce. Whether it is the discourse of school science, processes of being a scientist, or definitions of science particular subjects are made intelligible as others are made unintelligible. This paper resides within the messy entanglements of feminist poststructural and new materialist perspectives to provoke spaces where science educators might enact ethicopolitical hesitations. By turning to and living in theory, the un/making of certain kinds of science people reveals material effects and affects. Practicing ethicopolitical hesitations prompt science educators to consider beginning their work from ontological assumptions that begin with abundance rather than lack.
Articulation—Organic Factors

Historically, the most common explanations by laymen and physicians for articulation disorders have involved organic factors. In the past fifty to one hundred years, a change in professional opinion has led authorities to assert that articulation disorders are psychologically based, learned phenomena (Milisen, 1954; Winitz, 1977). While it is currently acknowledged that articulation defects may have both organic and functional origins, few experimental studies involve appropriate controls for both factors. It is rare, for example, to find the tactile sensitivity of the tongue controlled in an articulation-learning study, or stimulatability controlled in a study of the articulation of the apraxic. Hence, a philosophical bias or experimental artifact based upon the investigator’s theoretical position has led to a curiously dichotomized clinical approach to articulation problems.
Reliability of Photosystem II thermoluminescence measurements after sample freezing: Few artifacts with Photosystem II membranes but gross distortions with certain leaves

Changes of thermoluminescence (TL) properties reported for Photosystem II (PS II) membranes after removal of functional Cl- recently have been attributed to an exposure of the experimental material to freezing temperatures in the absence of a cryoprotectant like glycerol [Krieger et al. (1998) Biochim Biophys Acta 1364: 46]. In the present study, freezing-induced modifications of the TL emissions of PS II membranes were confirmed to be a problem in TL studies, but glycerol was not always a reliable antidote. The TL measurements of this investigation lead to the conclusion that effects of sample freezing do not invalidate previous studies which have reported that Cl- depletion shifts the TL emission to higher temperatures. Nevertheless, in agreement with the study of Krieger et al. (1998), it is shown that at pH 6.2 and in the absence of DCMU, Cl- removal causes only a very small displacement of the TL emission peak. While the TL was affected mainly quantitatively by freezing when PS II membranes were the experimental material, substantial qualitative changes of the TL were observed with certain leaves. These are attributed tentatively to redox potential changes of the primary acceptors of PS II which allowed a reduction of QA by reduced QB via reverse electron flow. Experiments aimed at mimicking the altered TL emission in PS II membranes in vitro suggest actions of secondary metabolites and acids. Thylakoids in the leaf tissue may have become exposed to such compounds because of damage to cellular membranes during freezing. On the basis of the results of this investigation, it is recommended that sample freezing be avoided in TL studies whenever possible, regardless of the type of experimental material.
Dynamic response of flexible hybrid electronic material systems

Abstract Flexible hybrid electronic (FHE) material systems embody the intersection of compliant electrical networks and functional material architectures. For a wide variety of future applications, FHE material systems will be subjected to dynamic mechanical stresses, such as for motion monitoring or for vibration isolation . Consequently, an understanding is required on how these new classes of material systems may respond mechanically and electrically when under states of high-cycle and high-frequency loads. Here, conductive silver microflake ink is interfaced with elastomeric geometries programmed with specific strain responses. Changes in electrical resistance under cyclic displacements are shown to depend on the heat generated by electrical current flow and on the thermal heat generation promoted by the pre-strain on the material system. Configurations subject to high static pre-strains and large strain rates exhibit greater increases in temperature and resistance, whereas a near constant conductivity is manifest in FHE material systems with compositions that reduce static local strains despite high engineering pre-strain application. These results may guide future efforts to understand the resistance change in conductive ink networks and expand the use of flexible hybrid electronic material systems into myriad dynamic application environments.
Humans and Robots in Off-Normal Applications and Emergencies

Unmanned systems are becoming increasingly engaged in disaster response. Human error in these applications can have severe consequences and emergency managers appear reluctant to adopt robots. This paper presents a taxonomy of normal and off-normal scenarios that, when combined with a model of impacts on cognitive and attentional resources, specify sources of human error in field robotics. In an emergency, a human is under time and consequences pressure, regardless of whether the mission is routine or whether the event requires a change in the robot, the mission, the robot’s work envelope, the interaction of the humans engaged with the robot, or their work envelope. For example, at Hurricane Michael, unmanned aerial systems were used for standard visual survey missions with minor human errors but the same systems were used at the Kilauea volcanic eruption for novel missions with more notable human errors. An examination of two cases studies suggests the physiological and psychological effects of an emergency may be the primary source of human error.
Negotiating the Maze: A Guide to Rules for Plan Distributions

Rules for benefit distributions - the amounts, timing, and conditions - require plan administrators to comply with complex procedures. The author analyzes qualified distribution strategies and offers a helpful checklist.
High-Throughput Translational Profiling with riboPLATE-seq

ABSTRACT Protein synthesis is dysregulated in many diseases, but we lack a systems-level picture of how signaling molecules and RNA binding proteins interact with the translational machinery, largely due to technological limitations. Here we present riboPLATE-seq, a scalable method for generating paired libraries of ribosome-associated and total mRNA. As an extension of the PLATE-seq protocol, riboPLATE-seq utilizes barcoded primers for pooled library preparation, but additionally leverages rRNA immunoprecipitation on whole polysomes to measure ribosome association (RA). We demonstrate the performance of riboPLATE-seq and its utility in detecting translational alterations induced by inhibition of protein kinases.
Heterozygote carriers of mutations in the F11 gene, encoding Factor XI, have normal coagulation by thromboelastography during pregnancy

Abstract Background Evidence to guide clinical decision-making in pregnant women who are usually asymptomatic, but identified as heterozygote carriers of F11 mutations, is lacking. We hypothesized that women identified on prenatal screening as heterozygous for a mutation in the F11 allele would have minimal evidence of an in vitro coagulation abnormality. Methods We prospectively enrolled women identified by prenatal screening as F11 mutation carriers and pregnant women who were presumed to be normal as controls. We collected blood during antepartum visits or at presentation for delivery and assessed Factor XI (FXI) coagulant activity level, as well as whole-blood coagulation, by thromboelastography. Results F11 mutation carriers had lower serum FXI activity levels than controls (51.2 ± 8.5% vs 94.1 ± 19.4%; P Conclusions Despite lower FXI activity in the F11 mutation group, we found minimal differences in whole-blood measures of coagulation using thromboelastography. These findings support our hypothesis that a single copy of an F11 mutation does not produce significant evidence of an in vitro coagulation abnormality. Thromboelastography might be useful in determining the risk of neuraxial anesthesia in pregnant women, but additional work is required to establish the validity of this test.
Corrigendum: Phytoplankton Growth and Productivity in the Western North Atlantic: Observations of Regional Variability From the NAAMES Field Campaigns

The ability to quantify and explain spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton growth and productivity is essential to improving our understanding of global carbon dynamics and trophic energy flow. Satellite-based observations offered the first opportunity to estimate depth-integrated net primary production (NPP) at a global scale, but early modeling approaches could not effectively address variability in algal physiology, particularly the effects of photoacclimation on changes in cellular chlorophyll. Here, a previously developed photoacclimation model was used to derive depth-resolved estimates of phytoplankton division rate (µ) and NPP. This approach is in strong agreement with discrete measurements of 14C-based NPP (r2 = 0.80) and effectively captured both spatial and temporal variability observed during four field expeditions of the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES). We observed favorable growth conditions for phytoplankton throughout the annual cycle in the subtropical western North Atlantic. As a result, high rates of µ are sustained year-round resulting in a strong coupling between growth and loss processes and a more moderate spring bloom compared to the high-latitude subarctic region. Considerable light limitation was observed in the subarctic province during the winter, which resulted in divergent growth dynamics, stronger decoupling from grazing pressure and a taxonomically distinct phytoplankton community. To further our understanding of global carbon cycling, more detailed knowledge of the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton division rate is required, not only to provide insight into the resulting influence on phytoplankton taxonomy, but also the loss processes that dictate the fate of fixed carbon.
The Stretch Processor’s Exact Response to Monochromatic Interference

Stretch processing, a popular signal-processing method for modern radars using wideband linear frequency modulation, efficiently achieves fine range resolution for accurate range measurement, target discrimination, and high-resolution imaging. However, random and deterministic interference signals degrade the stretch processor’s performance. Through an innovative application of traditional signal-processing theory and methods, this paper extends the understanding of interference effects in a stretch processor by deriving an expression for the stretch processor’s exact response to a deterministic monochromatic signal. Digitally simulated stretch-processor outputs agree with the derived expression’s predictions, thus verifying the derived expression’s correctness.
Assessing Nursing Students’ Perceptions of the QSEN Competencies: A Systematic Review of the Literature With Implications for Academic Programs

BACKGROUND Nurses are in key positions in the healthcare system to provide, monitor, and manage the care delivered to their patients. In 2005, the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative was launched to redefine quality and safety competencies for pre-licensure nursing education. It is imperative that nurses are graduating with the full spectrum of the QSEN competencies to practice in today's healthcare environments. AIMS The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the research about student nurses' perceptions of their abilities to perform the six QSEN competencies and to determine the effect of integrating the QSEN content in their courses, clinical placements, or simulation experiences. METHOD A systematic review of the literature was conducted to retrieve published studies from CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, and ERIC using the search terms of Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, QSEN, QSEN competencies, nursing student, and student nurse. The studies that were included in this review were assessed by both authors independently using standardized critical appraisal tools. RESULTS Seven studies met the inclusion criteria: four descriptive, one quasi-experimental, and two mixed-methods designs. Overall, pre-licensure nursing students perceived patient-centered care as the most discussed and quality improvement as the competency least reviewed in their curricula. Students reported to be most prepared to perform patient-centered care skills and least prepared to perform quality improvement skills. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Revisiting the integration of the quality improvement competency into nursing curricula can increase nursing students' understanding of this QSEN competency. More research with sufficiently powered sample sizes, valid and reliable tools measuring outcomes of interventional studies, and attention to quality and rigor is needed to assess graduating students' understanding of the QSEN competencies.
Mass Incarceration and Public Health at the Undergraduate Level: Course Design and Rationale for Bachelor of Science in Public Health Programs:

Schools and programs of public health are appropriately positioned to advance student learning opportunities on structural drivers of health inequities, including mass incarceration. Although there...
Small Molecule Regulators Targeting NAD+ Biosynthetic Enzymes.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a key player in many metabolic pathways as an activated carrier of electrons. In addition to being the cofactor for redox reactions, NAD+ also serves as the substrate for various enzymatic transformations such as adenylation and ADP-ribosylation. Maintaining cellular NAD+ homeostasis has been suggested as an effective anti-aging strategy. Given the importance of NAD+ in regulating a broad spectrum of cellular events, small molecules targeting NAD+ metabolism have been pursued as therapeutic interventions for the treatment of mitochondrial disorders and age-related diseases. In this article, small molecule regulators of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes will be reviewed. The focus will be given to the discovery and development of these molecules, the mechanism of action as well as their therapeutic potentials.
Automated solid phase radio-labeling of peptides with 4-[18F]fluorobenzoic and 2-[18F]fluoropropionic acid

1887 Objectives: Incorporation of positron emitting radionuclide 18F (t1/2 110min) into peptides for target specific PET imaging is exclusively carried out by employing a variety of prosthetic groups. We developed earlier a solid phase approach for conjugation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzoic (FBA) and 2-[18F]fluoropropionic (FPA) acids to the protected peptides attached to a solid phase synthesis support. Our method provides regio-selectively radio-labeled peptides in high purity as opposed to the labeling of the non-protected peptides in solution using N-hydroxy succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate. Solid phase synthesis allows easy automation of many synthetic procedures, hence robotic synthesizers are widely used in the synthetic peptide chemistry. We developed a simple solid phase synthesizer for the conjugation of FPA or FBA to the peptide followed by the cleavage of the product from the solid support. Methods: The 4-[18F]fluorobenzoic acid was synthesized using the CTI/CPCU using modified parameter settings and purified on C-18 Sep-Pak cartridge using an automatic syringe pump. The 2-[18F]fluoropropionic acid was synthesized manually. We used Kloehn programmable automatic syringe pump equipped with an 8-port head to assemble the continuous flow synthesizer for radio-labeling of the peptide on solid support. Results: The resin is enclosed in the Teflon syringe filter and connected to port 6 of the automatic syringe pump. The reagents and washing solvents are added to the resin through ports 1-5. During the coupling and cleavage steps, the mixture is pumped continuously through the resin using ports 6 and 7. Port 8 is used to discard the reagents to the waste container. Linux was chosen as a reliable platform for developing the control software for the syringe pump and the graphical user interface was developed using GTK+ libraries. The program allows the user to set specific synthetic parameters and run the steps one by one or to perform the whole synthesis. Conclusions: The continuous flow synthesizer was used to conjugate peptides with FPA and FBA. The crude products were obtained in purity greater than 90% and yields comparable with manually performed synthesis.
On the Possible Reason for Nondetection of TeV Protons in Supernova Remnants

The theory of shock acceleration predicts the maximum particle energy to be limited only by the acceleration time and the size (geometry) of the shock. This led to optimistic estimates for the galactic cosmic-ray energy achievable in supernova remnant (SNR) shocks. The estimates imply that the accelerated particles, while making no strong impact on the shock structure (test-particle approach), are nevertheless scattered by the strong self-generated Alfven waves (turbulent boost) needed to accelerate them quickly. We demonstrate that these two assumptions are in conflict when applied to SNRs of the age required for cosmic-ray acceleration to the "knee" energy. We study the combined effect of acceleration nonlinearity (shock modification by accelerated particles) and wave generation on the acceleration process. We show that the refraction of self-generated waves resulting from the deceleration of the plasma flow by the pressure of energetic particles causes enhanced losses of these particles. This effect slows down the acceleration and changes the shape of the particle spectrum near the cutoff. The implications for observations of TeV emission from SNRs are also discussed.
Effect of probenecid on fluorescein transport in the central nervous system using in vitro and in vivo models.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to characterize the function of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) (or MRP-like organic anion transport systems) in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) using both an in vitro BBB model and an in vivo microdialysis model.
Monocyte synthesis of thrombospondin. The role of platelets.

Monocytes produce thrombospondin (TSP), a trimeric glycoprotein whose primary function is not yet clear. Platelet-poor monocytes (
A negative staining—carbon film technique for studying viruses in the electron microscope

Summary A simple technique has been developed for the preparation of highly concentrated or crystalline suspensions of viruses in the presence of negative stains. Several icosahedral and filamentous viruses have been studied in concentrations from 1.0–20 mg/ml. The technique has several advantages over conventional negative staining procedures by forming two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystalline arrays of highly concentrated viruses. The packing arrangements of the virus in the crystalline arrays can be varied according to the type of negative stain and pH used during the preparation. High resolution electron micrographs of material prepared by the method have been analysed by optical diffraction procedures. The relative thickness of the carbon supporting film in relation to the physical dimensions of viruses is considerably improved.
Compressive Sensing over the Grassmann Manifold: a Unified Geometric Framework

l_1 minimization is often used for finding the sparse solutions of an under-determined linear system. In this paper we focus on finding sharp performance bounds on recovering approximately sparse signals using l_1 minimization, possibly under noisy measurements. While the restricted isometry property is powerful for the analysis of recovering approximately sparse signals with noisy measurements, the known bounds on the achievable sparsity (The "sparsity" in this paper means the size of the set of nonzero or significant elements in a signal vector.) level can be quite loose. The neighborly polytope analysis which yields sharp bounds for ideally sparse signals cannot be readily generalized to approximately sparse signals. Starting from a necessary and sufficient condition, the "balancedness" property of linear subspaces, for achieving a certain signal recovery accuracy, we give a unified null space Grassmann angle-based geometric framework for analyzing the performance of l_1 minimization. By investigating the "balancedness" property, this unified framework characterizes sharp quantitative tradeoffs between the considered sparsity and the recovery accuracy of the l_1 optimization. As a consequence, this generalizes the neighborly polytope result for ideally sparse signals. Besides the robustness in the "strong" sense for all sparse signals, we also discuss the notions of "weak" and "sectional" robustness. Our results concern fundamental properties of linear subspaces and so may be of independent mathematical interest.
EMC related issues for power electronics

Various issues related to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the automotive electronic system are discussed. As a case study, experiments performed to demonstrate the importance of proper wire harness routing and configuration to avoid ignition noise coupling to the vehicle's entertainment system are also reported. Definitions for five major requirements of EMC assurance are discussed. These five requirements, which cover both susceptibility (or immunity) and emission issues, are: radiated susceptibility, radiated emissions, conducted susceptibility, conducted emissions, and electrostatic discharge. >
Using big data for evidence based governance in child welfare

Abstract Numerous approaches are available for improving governance of the child welfare system, all of which require longitudinal data reporting on child welfare clients. A substantial amount of agency administrative information – big data – can be transformed into knowledge for policy and management actions through a rigorous information generation process. Important properties of the information generation process are that it must generate accurate, timely information while protecting the confidentiality of the clients. In addition, it must be extensible to serve an ever-changing policy and technology environment. Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD), aka data science, is a method developed in the private sector to mine consumer data and can be used in public settings to support evidence based governance. KDD consists of a rigorous 5-step process that includes a Web-based end-user interface. The relationship between KDD and governance is a continuous feedback cycle that enables ongoing development of new information and knowledge as stakeholders identify emerging needs. In this paper, we synthesis the different frameworks for utilizing big data for public governance, introduce the KDD process, describe the nature of big data in child welfare, and then present an updated KDD architecture that can support these frameworks to utilize big data for governance. We also demonstrate the role KDD plays in child welfare management through 2 case studies. We conclude with a discussion on implications for agency–university partnerships and research-to-practice.
Pediatric Lichen Planopilaris: Clinicopathologic Study of Four New Cases and a Review of the Literature

Lichen planopilaris (LPP) is a rare form of cicatricial alopecia that has occasionally been reported in children. Because of the limited number of patients reported, little information is available about demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, or treatment options for these patients. A retrospective chart review of LPP cases in patients under 18 years of age from 1976 to 2013 was performed to further define clinicopathologic features of pediatric LPP. Four pediatric LPP patients ages 13 to 16 years were identified (three male, one female). One patient had scalp pruritus and one had other cutaneous findings of lichen planus (LP). Perifollicular scale and scarring were the most common physical examination findings, although changes mimicking those of alopecia areata were observed. Three patients were treated with topical or intralesional steroids. One patient was treated with minocycline. Histopathologic findings included perifollicular interface and perifollicular fibrosis in all cases. There was focal interfollicular interface in two cases and mild dermal mucin in one case. LPP is exceedingly rare in children. It may be misdiagnosed as alopecia areata in children because of the lack of symptoms and other features of LP. There should be a high index of suspicion for LPP in children with alopecia that is unresponsive to standard treatment or who have findings that are atypical for more common childhood alopecias.
Cutaneous epithelioid melanocytic neurofibroma arising in a patient with neurofibromatosis-1

Tumors expressing both melanocytic and neural features can pose a diagnostic challenge to the dermatopathologist and provoke questions regarding their lineage. We report a case of a tumor arising on the right cheek of a 9-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). This neoplasm featured nests of non-pigmented epithelioid cells arising within a neurofibroma. The entire tumor stained strongly with S100, whereas the epithelioid population stained with MART-1, HMB-45 and MiTF. The neoplasm shows only scattered Ki-67 positivity. This tumor represents a neurofibroma with portions that have undergone melanocytic differentiation (melanocytic neurofibroma). This exceedingly rare tumor represents a distinct entity from neurotized melanocytic nevi, combined melanocytic nevi or pigmented neurofibromas and provides further evidence that melanocytes arise indirectly from ventromedial neural crest-derived Schwann cell precursors.
Displacement synthesis and cloning of symmetrical complementary DNA containing duck globin mRNA sequences

Abstract A displacement synthesis procedure was used to construct symmetrical recombinant cDNAs. A double-stranded cDNA containing a hairpin loop was extended by the addition of a homopolymer to the 3′ end. This was followed by displacement, or “third strand” synthesis that was primed by an oligonucleotide hybridized to the homopolymer. Ideally, the product should be a DNA containing an inverted repeat with twofold rotational symmetry about nonsymmetrical sequences representing the hairpin loop in the original double-stranded cDNA. Duck globin cDNAs were synthesized by the displacement mode of construction and cloned in pBR322. An α-globin recombinant, pDGPα-2, was isolated and sequenced. This recombinant was found to have two 3′ half regions (mRNA sequence sense) inverted about a nonsymmetrical 5′ half region and an adjacent oligo(dGṡdC) homopolymer. The sequence arrangement indicates that the cDNA folded back on itself, forming a large loop, to prime synthesis of a second strand. We propose that the internal oligo(dGṡ dC) arose through dynamic shifts in cDNA intrastrand structure during the course of synthesis.
Observability and determination of surface temperature Part 1

The problem of determining the surface temperature of a thin rod and thin rectangular plate from temperature readings at interior points is investigated. It is shown that this problem can be solved by an infinite differentiation operator acting on the known temperature readings. Examples are also obtained which show that the surface temperature cannot be determined by a discrete set of temperature readings; this is in contrast to the recent discrete observability results obtained for the determination of initial temperature.
Less Is More: Teachers' Influence during Peer Collaboration.

This study examined the influence of teachers’ instructional moves on students’ relational thinking during small-group collaborative discussions. One hundred and twenty 4th grade students and 6 teachers participated in a series of 10 discussions, generating a video-recorded corpus containing 32,511 turns for speaking. A microanalysis of a subset of the corpus showed that teacher prompts for relational thinking, rather than lower level prompts or prompts for evaluation, had an immediate effect on student relational thinking, triggering further relational thinking from students over several speaking turns. Students were unlikely to emulate a teacher’s relational thinking strategy but highly likely to emulate another student’s. Behavioral management but not cognitive management increased the likelihood of relational thinking. Specific praise for cognitive or social strategies enhanced relational thinking, and the bidirectional association between praise and relational thinking suggested a transactional model of teacher–student interaction. The results underscore the importance of teacher influences in peer collaboration, even when the absolute rate of teacher talk is low.
Epitaxial growth of La2Zr2O7 thin films on rolled Ni-substrates by sol-gel process for high Tc superconducting tapes

Abstract A solution process was used to grow epitaxial La 2 Zr 2 O 7 (LZO) buffer layers on roll-textured Ni (100) substrates to produce YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO)-coated conductors. The LZO precursor solution was prepared by an all alkoxide sol–gel route using mixed metal methoxyethoxides in 2-methoxyethanol. The partially hydrolyzed solution was either spin-coated or dip-coated onto the textured Ni substrates. The amorphous thin film was then heat treated at 1150°C under (96%)Ar/(4%)H 2 atmosphere for 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the buffer layer indicated a strong c -axis orientation on the Ni (100) substrate. The LZO (222) pole figure revealed a single cube-on-cube texture. SEM images of the LZO buffer layer showed a dense microstructure without cracks. The YBCO deposited on the sol–gel LZO-buffered Ni substrates with sputtered YSZ and CeO 2 top layers had a critical current density of 480,000 A/cm 2 at 77 K and self-field.
Pulsed-dye laser versus conventional therapy in the treatment of warts: A prospective randomized trial

Abstract Background: The clinical management of verrucae vulgaris is often challenging, and no ideal treatment currently exists. Early studies suggested that pulsed-dye laser (PDL) therapy might be highly effective in the treatment of verrucae, although more recent reports have been less optimistic. Previous studies have been retrospective or have consisted of a series of patients treated with PDL alone. Objective: Our objective was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of PDL therapy versus conventional therapy with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy or cantharidin in the treatment of warts. Methods: Forty healthy adult patients with verrucae were randomized to receive either PDL (585 nm) therapy or conventional therapy. All enrollees also performed home therapy. Patients were eligible for up to 4 treatment sessions at 1-month intervals. Warts were individually counted and measured at the time of each treatment session. Complete response was defined as complete absence of verrucae with the presence of dermatoglyphics, and partial response was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in wart size. Results: A total of 194 warts were evaluated by the conclusion of the study. Complete response was noted in an average of 70% of the warts treated with conventional therapy and in 66% of those in the PDL group; this was statistically insignificant. Partial response was observed in an average of 82% of the warts in patients treated with conventional therapy and 87% in the PDL group. Verruca vulgaris responded more readily than verruca plantaris in both treatment groups. The mean number of treatments to achieve success was similar in both groups. Conclusion: The PDL is an efficacious form of therapy for verrucae, as is conventional therapy. PDL therapy should be considered among the better established approaches in the treatment of warts, although data from this trial suggest that this approach is probably not superior. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:275-80.)
Infrared Emission Lines of [Fe II] as Diagnostics of Shocked Gas in Stellar Jets

We predict fluxes for the brightest lines of [Fe II] at wavelengths longer than 8000 A for several radiative shocks whose parameters resemble those typically present in stellar jets. The models show that the brightest lines are those at 1.257, 1.643, 5.340, 17.94, and 25.99 μm. Depending on the model, these lines typically have comparable fluxes and are usually brighter than the [O I] 63.3 μm and [Si II] 34.8 μm lines. We call attention to the 5.34 μm line of Fe II, which cannot be seen from the ground but should be easily observable with the Spitzer satellite and SOFIA for many sources. This line should be an excellent probe of outflows from the youngest stars; at mid-IR wavelengths, it penetrates through most dusty regions of star formation, yet has a short enough wavelength to retain good spatial resolution in diffraction-limited images obtainable from space.
Single-Stage Repair of a Complex Type B Aortic Dissection Associated With a Pressurized Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

The decision-making involved in managing type 2 aortic dissections remains challenging despite the advances in endovascular technology. We report a challenging case of a patient presenting with a type 2 aortic dissection and false lumen extension into an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Severe back pain and hypertension were the patient's initial complaints, and dynamic magnetic resonance angiography revealed 1-way pulsatile flow into the AAA sac from the false lumen. This patient underwent endovascular repair with a thoracic and infrarenal aortic endograft, successfully excluding the false lumen and decompressing the infrarenal aneursymal sac. This is a unique presentation of total endovascular repair of a symptomatic type B aortic dissection with a pressurized infrarenal AAA sac from false lumen flow into the sac.
Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Bloodstream Infection Due to Ceftazidime-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Bloodstream infection (BSI) due to multidrug-resistant Klebsiella is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with BSI due to ceftazidime-resistant (CAZ-R) Klebsiella pneumoniae at a tertiary care medical center. Patients with CAZ-R K. pneumoniae BSI were identified by our microbiology laboratory between January 1995 and June 2003. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of all causes of in-hospital mortality. Of 779 patients with K. pneumoniae BSI, 60 (7.7%) had BSI due to CAZ-R K. pneumoniae; 43 (72%) of these were nosocomial infections. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a single predominant strain in 17 (28%) patients. The in-hospital mortality rate was 43% (n = 26). Among patients with CAZ-R K. pneumoniae BSI, those who died were similar to survivors with respect to demographic, clinical, and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics. Only 43 (72%) patients received effective therapy within 5 days of BSI. In bivariable analysis, delay in initiation of effective therapy for >72 h after diagnosis of BSI was associated with death (P = 0.03). Strain genotype was not predictive of outcome. In multivariable analysis, delay in initiation of effective therapy for >72 h after diagnosis of BSI was an independent predictor of death (odds ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 10.3). Thus, among patients with BSI due to CAZ-R K. pneumoniae, a delay in the initiation of effective therapy of greater than 72 h after BSI was associated with a >3-fold increase in mortality risk.
Intrasplenic liver parenchymal cells in conjunction with low-dose rapamycin and cyclosporine induce a unique and specific prolongation of rat cardiac and small bowel allograft survival.

These experiments investigated the immunosuppressive properties of liver tissue. Brown Norway (BN; RT1n) rat heart allografts survived in untreated control Wistar Furth (WFu; RTl(u)) rat recipients for 6.2 +/- 1.5 days, while allografts in animals that received rapamycin (RAPA) 0.0075 mg/kg/day and cyclosporine (CsA) 0.375 mg/kg/day delivered for 14 days by continuous intravenous infusion (civi) using osmotic pumps in conjunction with intrasplenic (i.s.) saline survived to 18.4 +/- 1.3 days. i.s. addition of 3 M-KCl extracted BN hepatic antigen or unpurified BN hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells-5 x 10(7)/kg), which exhibited a 4.8% class II antigen expression, and which alone failed to prolong allograft survival (MST = 6.0 +/- 1.4 days), increased heart allograft survival to 25.3 +/- 2.3 and 27.2 +/- 1.9 days, respectively (p < 0.01). Hepatocyte purification using Dynabeads and Percoll reduced class II expression to 0.9% and increased allograft survival to 32.8 +/- 1.6 days (p < 0.01). In contrast, the effect of 5 x 10(8)/kg BN erythrocytes, exhibiting only 0.1% class II expression, was much less (23.8 +/- 1.9 days). Administration i.s. of BN splenocytes or nonparenchymal liver cells, demonstrated by flow cytometry to exhibit a 47.3 or 55.1% expression of class II antigen, respectively, failed to induce any significant increase in allograft survival (18.4 +/- 4.6 and 19.4 +/- 0.5 days, respectively). Survival of BN rat small bowel allografts was increased in Lewis (LEW; RTl1) rat recipients treated with RAPA, CsA, and unfractionated BN hepatocytes from 10.2 +/- 1.9 to 21.2 +/- 1.5 days. Pretreatment with i.s. BN hepatocytes, 14 days prior to harvesting, reduced WFu lymphocyte responses to allogeneic stimulation with BN or ACI spleen cells by 75 and 70%, respectively. Addition of 1 x 10(5) unpurified donor-specific BN or third-party Buffalo (BUF; RTl(b)) hepatocytes, but not supernatant, to the responder wells of MLCs resulted in a 61 and 40% suppression, respectively, of the WFu lymphocyte response induced by BN allogeneic stimulation. These findings suggest that while class I MHC expression has a significant role to play in exerting the immunosuppressive effects of hepatocytes, other influences more specific to liver may also prevail.
Vasoactive amines and eicosanoids interactively regulate both polymorphonuclear leukocyte diapedesis and albumin permeability in vitro

Previously we reported that cultured endothelial cells (ECs) can promote or inhibit polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) diapedesis and albumin permeability in vitro by altering monolayer intercellular integrity (an activity influenced by pretreatment with exogenous amines). Endothelial eicosanoid release was also seen to stimulate both PMN motility and diapedesis. We now demonstrate that these endothelial activities are related. Thromboxane (Tx) B2 pretreatment of ECs results in increased diapedesis and permeability across the monolayers whereas 6-keto-PGF1 alpha pretreatment has the opposite effects, demonstrating that these eicosanoids exert direct effects upon ECs, in addition to their direct effects upon PMNs as previously described. Norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5HT) pretreatment of ECs inhibits the release of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, with the result that the stimulation of PMN motility by these EC metabolites is eliminated. In contrast, histamine increases the endothelial release of eicosanoids, resulting in a further increase in PMN motility. We conclude that histamine directly reduces EC monolayer integrity (by altering the endothelial cytoskeleton) and also increases eicosanoid release, actions which both enhance PMN motility and further reduce monolayer integrity. Conversely, NE and 5HT both increase intercellular integrity and decrease eicosanoid release, thereby decreasing PMN motility, diapedesis, and albumin permeability.
An fMRI study of sex differences in brain activation during object naming

We present a neuroimaging experiment that examines whether males and females use distinct brain systems while performing a confrontational naming task, with specific attention to the possibility of laterality differences, as suggested by some theories of sex differences in language processing. We further address whether sex-based differences in functional brain organization might interact with object category distinctions, given that previous behavioral studies have shown some consistent processing differences between the sexes with respect to tools versus plants. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 26 participants (13 males and 13 females). Main effect and interaction analyses reveal no discernable laterality differences between the sexes. All other results, however, were consistent with previous object-naming studies. Global effects revealed dominant foci in fusiform gyrus, left posterior middle temporal gyrus, left basal ganglia/thalamus, left middle/inferior frontal gyri, left frontal operculum, left supplementary motor area/dorsal anterior cingulate, and left pre-central gyrus. Main contrasts for tools versus plants were likewise consistent with previous fMRI studies. Although men and women showed no discernable activation differences, hemispheric or otherwise, when collapsed across object categories, sex-by-category analyses showed selective activation for females in dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus for tools, and selective activation for males in left posterior middle temporal gyrus for plants. We discuss the relevance of these sex-by-category effects to previous behavioral findings and theories that relate to vocabulary differences between the sexes.
Defibrillator electrode-chest wall coupling agents: influence on transthoracic impedance and shock success.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the difference in transthoracic impedance produced by different coupling agents affects the success of shocks for defibrillation. Three different coupling agents, Harco pads (Hewlett-Packard), Littman pads (3M) and Redux paste (Hewlett-Packard), were assessed in I0 anesthetized dogs in which ventricular fibrillation was induced by electrical stimulation of the right ventricle. Defibrillation was attempted 15 seconds later, using 50, 100 and 150 joules (selected energy). Actual delivered energy, current, impedance and the percent of the shocks that achieved defibrillation were determined for the three coupling agents. Redux paste gave significantly lower impedance and higher current than the two disposable preformed coupling pads tested. Despite this, there were no significant differences in shock success among the three coupling agents. Thus, in this experimental model, over a threefold energy range, disposable coupling pads were as effective as electrode paste for defibrillation despite the slightly higher impedance of the disposable pads.
Pattern regulation in the eyebud of Xenopus studied with a vital-dye fiber-tracing technique.

Evidence for pattern regulation in the developing Xenopus visual system has previously been obtained after surgical manipulations of the eyebud early in development. In one experimental paradigm, a “compound” eye is produced by combining a nasal (anterior) half-eyebud with normal dorsoventral polarity and a temporal (posterior) half-eyebud with inverted dorsoventral polarity. The adult retinotectal projection from such compound eyes, as assayed by electrophysiological mapping techniques, shows normal dorsoventral polarity in both halves, indicating an apparent reversal in the polarity of the surgically-inverted half. We have utilized a fluorescent vital-dye fiber-tracing technique to investigate the early events in this regulatory process. The results show that the change in dorsoventral polarity is not due to cell movements in the eyebud after surgery. Interestingly, the experiments also demonstrate that the pattern of connections initially formed by the developing eye does not reflect the pattern regulation observed in the adult retinotectal map; instead, the temporal half of the eye projects to the tectum with inverted dorsoventral order. Thus, the regulation observed in the adult does not become evident in the pattern of the projection until after early larval development.
On mixing processes in continental cumulus clouds

Abstract Results are presented from the 1981 Convective Cloud Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). Aircraft data are analyzed from different flight levels within a convective cloud using the ωqQ mixing diagram (Paluch). Points on this diagram are characterized by updrafts, downdrafts and the variation of the virtual potential temperature at the penetration level. New growth appears to have occurred on the upshear side of the cloud and mixed with all levels in the environment as it ascended. Maintenance of the cloud appears to be depend on a balance between entrainment instability and dynamically forced airflow through cloud base. The results are discussed within the framework of a conceptual model for cloud evolution.
Organization character -construct of barnardian scholars

Early scholars, inspired by Chester I. Barnard's insights, saw clearly the tribal nature of human organizations. The idea of organization character emerged as the understructure for the uniqueness of the behavior of the organization. The theoretical basis for deriving the character of an enterprise was drawn, together with the powerful implications of such subtle sensibilities. Indeed, the entire idea of organization character - of necessity -preceded later thinking on culture since the character of an organization dictates its culture. These concepts are the substance and spirit of the article that follows.
Synthesis of 6‐amino‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐c] pyridin‐4(5H)one (8‐aza‐3‐deazaguanine) and 6‐amino‐1‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐c] pyridin‐4(5H)one (8‐Aza‐3‐deazaguanosine) via novel ring closure procedures

The total synthesis of 6-amino-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)one (8-aza-3-deazaguanine, 3) and 6-amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)one (8-aza-3-deazaguano-sine, 22) has been described for the first time by a novel base-catalyzed ring closure of 4(5)-cyanomethyl-1,2,3-triazole-5(4)carboxamide (14) and methyl 5-cyanomethyl-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-ben-zoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate (17), respectively. Under the catalysis of DBU, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of dimethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate (7) was converted to methyl 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-1-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate (12) via dimethyl 2-diazo-3-iminoglutarate (8). Catalytic reduction of 12 gave methyl 4(5)methoxycar-bonylmethyl-1,2,3-triazole-5(4)carboxylate (11) from which methyl 4(5)carbamoylmethyl-1,2,3-triazole-5(4)carboxylate (10) was obtained by ammonolysis. Dehydration of 10 provided methyl 4(5)cyanomethyl-1,2,3-triazole-5(4)carboxylate (13) which on amination gave 14. The 1,2,3-triazole nucleosides 17, 18 and 19 were obtained from the stannic chloride-catalyzed condensation of the trimethylsilyl 13 and a fully acylated β-D-ribofuranose. The yield and ratio of the ribofuranosyl derivatives of 13 markedly depends on the ratio of stannic chloride used. The structures of the nucleosides 22 and 23 were established by a combination of NOE, 1H-nmr and 13C-nmr spectroscopy.
Electron transport properties of deformed potassium and a potassium-rubidium alloy from 0.08 to 4.2 K

Measurements have been performed of electrical resistivity ρ and thermoelectric ratioG on deformed samples of potassium as well as of ρ on a deformed 0.077 at %KRb alloy. A large anomaly in ρ(T) forT 1 K, an increase in ρ(T) is ascribed to the suppression of phonon drag by the dislocations. The latter is qualitatively confirmed by theG measurements. A maximum inG at ∼0.5 K is observed when dislocations are present. The two effects in ρ(T) outlined above are so large that the change in the electron-electron scattering contribution to ρ due to deformation cannot be precisely determined.