cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Dynamic Assessment with Learners Who Communicate Nonsymbolically

Many individuals with severe disabilities converse primarily by prelinguistic or nonsymbolic communication, using an idiosyncratic repertoire of gestures, vocalizations, and other behaviors. These learners may or may not be intentional in their communication with others, are difficult to understand, may make requests by engaging in problem behavior, and communicate with few conventions other than those developed in their interactions with partners. Traditional static assessment methods often fail to describe accurately the communication abilities of these learners. In this article, the characteristics of dynamic assessment are reviewed and guidelines to assess the abilities of learners and to explore partner and environment factors are provided. In addition, the pilot outcomes of a process for conducting a dynamic assessment are presented.
Quotative Use in American English A Corpus-Based, Cross-Register Comparison

Previous research on innovative quotative verbs (e.g., be like, go) has been based almost exclusively on narratives of personal experience or sociolinguistic interviews. The present study broadens our understanding of the extent to which new forms of quotatives are established in American English by looking at their use across different registers of spoken interaction. Specifically, the study investigates the frequency of use and grammatical association patterns of the quotatives be like, go, be all, and say in four registers: casual conversation, university service encounters and workplace conversation, university students’ study groups, and academic office hour consultations. The findings show that, overall, be like and go are well established across these registers, while be all is still rather uncommon. In addition, all new quotatives consistently occur more frequently in present tense, while the traditional quotative say is more frequent in the past. The analyses of the patterns of use of the quotati...
Paper versus EHR: simplistic comparisons may not capture current reality

The recent study by Taft and colleagues, which explores communication differences in paper versus electronic health records (EHRs), was both interesting and timely.1 EHRs are becoming a focal point for healthcare delivery in the US, yet the impact of EHRs on the patient-provider relationship remains poorly understood. Communication is at the heart of this relationship, and providers are concerned about the potential for EHRs to reduce the quality of their communications with patients.2,3 We would like to provide additional thoughts on Taft et al .’s reported findings and put them into a broader context. First, it is interesting to note that the authors found that EHRs fostered better communications with patients across nearly all measures. However, we wonder what might explain why a physician would greet a patient more warmly when walking into an exam room with a laptop computer vs. a paper chart. This …
CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis

An efficient method for extracting the dissolved CO2 in the oceans would effectively enable the separation of CO2 from the atmosphere without the need to process large volumes of air, and could provide a key step in the synthesis of renewable, carbon-neutral liquid fuels. While the extraction of CO2 from seawater has been previously demonstrated, many challenges remain, including slow extraction rates and poor CO2 selectivity, among others. Here we describe a novel solution to these challenges – efficient CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED). We characterize the performance of a custom designed and built CO2-from-seawater prototype, demonstrating the ability to extract 59% of the total dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater as CO2 gas with an electrochemical energy consumption of 242 kJ mol−1(CO2).
Steepest descent and differential equations

On considere la resolution numerique de problemes aux valeurs limites. On donne deux conditions. Si, pour un probleme donne elles sont satisfaites ensembles, alors la methode de plus grande pente continue contrainte converge vers une solution
Exploring Multi-Issue Activism

Multi-issue activists are sorely understudied, despite their acknowledged importance as bridges between social movements and issue domains. In this article we explore multi-issue activism, beginning with a large sample of AIDS activists and charting the degree and nature of overlapping issue involvement, the key role of “initiator” issues, and individual characteristics that promote multi-issue activism. We demonstrate that the great majority of these AIDS activists had sizable prior and ongoing participation histories in other issues, suggesting that movement across issue areas may be the norm rather than the exception. We also show that involvement in specific past issues served as gateways to later involvement in AIDS, that psychological engagement in politics prompted cross-issue activism even among these already activated individuals, and that unique personal characteristics (in this case gender and sexual orientation) led to more issue interconnectedness.
Enhancing real-time schedules to tolerate transient faults

We present a scheme to guarantee that the execution of real-time tasks can tolerate transient and intermittent faults assuming any queue-based scheduling technique. The scheme is based on reserving sufficient slack: in a schedule such that a task can be re-executed before its deadline without compromising guarantees given to other tasks. Only enough slack is reserved in the schedule to guarantee fault tolerance if at most one fault occurs within a time interval. This results in increased schedulability and a very low percentage of deadline misses even if no restriction is placed on the fault separation. We provide two algorithms to solve the problem of adding fault tolerance to a queue of real-time tasks. The first is a dynamic programming optimal solution and the second is a greedy heuristic which closely approximates the optimal.
Automatic synthesis of fault trees for computer-based systems

This paper introduces a graphical design language, RIDL (the Reliability Imbedded Design Language) for modeling digital systems. In RIDL, redundancy and failure information are embedded within block diagram schematics without appreciably altering the physical block-diagram models typically used by design engineers. A system schematic in RIDL has all of the information needed for reliability analysis, thus obviating the need for additional textual descriptions. A dynamic fault-tree model can be automatically synthesized from a RIDL system model. The synthesis procedure for a fault-tree of the system is described. Designers can use the synthesized fault-trees to perform reliability (and thus tradeoff) analyses at an early conceptual design stage. The potential of this approach is demonstrated by two example systems.
Effect of early menopause on bone mineral density and fractures.

Objective: To review the data on the effect of early menopause on bone. Do women undergoing early menopause develop lower bone mineral density at an earlier age and do they have a higher incidence of osteoporotic fractures? Is there a difference on bone between women who undergo early natural menopause compared to women who have early menopause after oophorectomy? Results: The earlier in life that menopause occurs, the lower the bone density will be later in life. Low bone density is associated with a higher fracture rate, and several studies show a relationship between early menopause, oophorectomy, and an increase in osteoporotic fractures. Conclusions: Early menopause is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Women with an early menopause should have bone density testing performed within 10 years of menopause so that osteopenia or osteoporosis will be diagnosed early and appropriate antiresorptive therapy initiated.
Sherlock Holmes and the Strange Case of the Missing Attribution: A Historical Note on “The Grandfather Passage”

Purpose In 1963, Charles Van Riper published “My Grandfather,” a short reading passage that has evolved into a ubiquitous metric of reading ability and speech intelligibility. In this historical no...
Life cycle assessment of medical procedures: Vaginal and cesarean section births

Despite being a heavily regulated industry and one in which patient safety and wellbeing trumps many other concerns, healthcare's environmental impacts can be improved. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental impacts associated with cesarean section and vaginal births at a US hospital, this study identifies aspects of birthing procedures upon which hospitals should focus to maximize efforts related to sustainability. This case study hospital, which delivers about 10,000 babies a year, emits about 227,000 kg of CO 2 equivalents annually from birth procedures alone. Results show that for both cesarean section and vaginal births, impacts related to the production and disposal of single-use items, as well as the impacts related to the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning contribute the most to the impact categories analyzed.
Tjipanazoles, new antifungal agents from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix tjipanasensis

Abstract Bioactivity-directed isolation of the extract of the cyanophyte Tolypothrix tjipanasensis has led to the isolation of fifteen new N-glycosides of indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles designated tjipanazoles A1, A2, B, C1, C2, C3, C4, D, E, F1, F2, G1, G2, I and J. The structures of the alkaloids were determined by physical methods, chemical degradation and synthesis. Tjipanazole J is the only compound having the pyrrolo[3,4-c] ring of previously described indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles.
Design and Performance Characteristics of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) H- Ion Source and Related Systems

An expression for the maximum H- current obtainable from an H+ beam by charge exchange in hydrogen has served as a guide in the design and development of a source of H- ions for booster injection into the ZGS. Here it is used as a criterion in the evaluation of testbench results obtained with the present test source. Space and power limitations in the 750-keV terminal of the preinjector have led to the use of titanium sublimation pumping to handle large instantaneous gas loads. Power limitations and the need for high pumping conductance have led to the substitution of electrostatic deflection for magnetic deflection in the beam separator.
Basal Insulin Peglispro Demonstrates Preferential Hepatic Versus Peripheral Action Relative to Insulin Glargine in Healthy Subjects

OBJECTIVE We evaluated the endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal rate (GDR) over a range of doses of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) and insulin glargine in healthy subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a single-center, randomized, open-label, four-period, incomplete-block, crossover study conducted in eight healthy male subjects. Subjects had 8-h euglycemic clamps performed with primed, continuous infusions of BIL (5.1 to 74.1 mU/min) in three dosing periods and insulin glargine (20 or 30 mU/m2/min) in a fourth period, targeted to achieve 50–100% suppression of EGP. D-[3-3H] glucose was infused to assess rates of glucose appearance and disappearance. RESULTS Mean BIL and insulin glargine concentrations (targeted to reflect the differences in intrinsic affinities of the two basal insulins) ranged from 824 to 11,400 and 212 to 290 pmol/L, respectively, and increased accordingly with increases in dose. Suppression of EGP and stimulation of GDR were observed with increasing concentrations of both insulins. At insulin concentrations where EGP was significantly suppressed, insulin glargine resulted in increased GDR. In contrast, at comparable suppression of EGP, BIL had minimal effect on GDR at lower doses and had substantially less effect on GDR than insulin glargine at higher doses. CONCLUSIONS The novel basal insulin analog BIL has relative hepatopreferential action and decreased peripheral action, compared with insulin glargine, in healthy subjects.
A POMS short form for cancer patients: psychometric and structural evaluation.

The internal consistency, validity, and factor structure of the Shacham shortened version (37 items) of the 65-item profile of mood states (POMS) were examined with a sample of 428 cancer patients who were awaiting bone marrow transplantation. Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.78 to 0.91 were obtained for each of the six subscales of the POMS-short form (POMS-SF) and for the total 37-item scale. Correlations with the CES-D, the Self-Rated Karnofsky, the MOS SF-20 Physical Functioning, and the Bradburn Positive and Negative Affect Scales provided evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the POMS-SF. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis were supportive of the 6-factor interpretation of the POMS items in the 37-item version of the POMS.
Purpose of the Conference

The overall aim of the Transatlantic Airway Conference (TAC)is to reviewrecent advances in research directed at various aspects of airway physiology and pathophysiology. The fourth conference was held in Key Biscayne, Florida in January 1989. This year's theme was receptors and second messengers. In the last fewyears, there havebeen remarkable advances in the understanding of receptor mechanism due to recent progress in pharmacology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. A summary of new information was therefore timely. Under the experiencedand skillful guidance of Peter J. Barnes, chairman of the meeting, the participants, who are acknowledged leaders in their respective scientific areas of research, identified basic processes involved in the activation of receptors and second messengers, and established a link to airway disease. The free exchange of ideas also raised relevant new questions to be answered by future investigations. The scientific papers included in this supplement formed the basis of these productive discussions. We would like to thank the following participants: P. Barnes, C. Basbaum, N. Birdsall, L. Birnbaumer, L. Block, J. K. Brown, R. F. Coburn, J. Douglas, B. Fredholm, R. Goldie, B. Grandordy, M. Kaliner, M. Kotlikoff, R. D. Krell, D. Lew, J. MacDermott, P. Minette, S. Nahorski, F. Nijkamp, J. Putney, J. A. M. Raaijmakers, C. Roberts, U. Ryan, D. Ukena, C. Venter, J. Westwick, and H. Zaagsma. In addition, we are indebted to G. Krick, M. T. Lopez-Vidriero, and the Boehringer Ingelheim Company for their professional support of the conference.
Size, Shape, and Stamina: The Impact of Left Ventricular Geometry on Exercise Capacity

While several studies have examined the cardiac functional determinants of exercise capacity, few have investigated the effects of structural remodeling. The current study evaluated the association between cardiac geometry and exercise capacity. Subjects with ejection fraction ≥ 50% and no valvular disease, myocardial ischemia or arrhythmias were identified from a large prospective exercise echocardiography database. Left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness were used to classify geometry into normal, concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophy. All subjects underwent symptom-limited treadmill exercise according to standard Bruce protocol. Maximal exercise tolerance was measured in metabolic equivalents. Of 366 (60±14 years; 57% male) subjects, 166(45%) had normal geometry, 106(29%) had concentric remodeling, 40(11%) had eccentric hypertrophy and 54(15%) had concentric hypertrophy. Geometry was related to exercise capacity: in descending order, the maximum achieved metabolic equivalents was 9.9±2.8 in normal, 8.9±2.6 in concentric remodeling, 8.6±3.1 in eccentric hypertrophy and 8.0±2.7 in concentric hypertrophy (all p<0.02 vs normal). Left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness were negatively correlated with exercise tolerance in metabolic equivalents (r= -0.14; p=0.009 and r= -0.21; p<0.001, respectively). Augmentation of heart rate and ejection fraction with exercise were blunted in concentric hypertrophy compared to normal, even after adjusting for medications. In conclusion, the pattern of ventricular remodeling is related to exercise capacity among low-risk adults. Subjects with concentric hypertrophy display the greatest limitation and this is related to reduced systolic and chronotropic reserve. Reverse remodeling strategies may prevent or treat functional decline in patients with structural heart disease.
Vaccination with antioxidant enzymes confers protective immunity against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni, an intravascular parasite, lives in a hostile environment in close contact with host humoral and cellular cytotoxic factors. To establish itself in the host, the parasite has evolved a number of immune evasion mechanisms, such as antioxidant enzymes. Our laboratory has demonstrated that the expression of antioxidant enzymes is developmentally regulated, with the highest levels present in the adult worm, the stage least susceptible to immune elimination, and the lowest levels in the larval stages, the most susceptible to immune elimination. Vaccination of mice with naked DNA constructs containing Cu/Zn cytosolic superoxide dismutase (CT-SOD), signal-peptide containing SOD or glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed significant levels of protection compared to a control group. We have further shown that vaccination with SmCT-SOD but not SmGPX results in elimination of adult worms. Anti-oxidant enzyme vaccine candidates offer an advance over existing vaccine strategies that all seem to target the larval developmental stages in that they target adult worms and thus may have therapeutic as well as prophylactic value. To eliminate the potential for cross-reactivity of SmCT-SOD with human superoxide dismutase, we identified parasite-specific epitope-containing peptides. Our results serve as a basis for developing a subunit vaccine against schistosomiasis.
Ensuring Fair and Stable Prices: The Torah View

More than 100 of the 613 precepts of the Torah (the Five Books of Moses) deal with business ethics. This paper focuses on an overlooked precept: ensuring price stability. There is a tendency to trivialize the law mandating that prices be kept low and affordable. Indeed, very few people are aware that the ninth blessing of the ancient Amida (also known as shemoneh esrei) prayer, established by the 120 members of the Great Assembly in the 5th century BCE, is a prayer for divine protection against individuals who would raise prices unjustly. This paper illustrates the importance of this law and provides interesting stories and examples of individuals who protected the public against hoarders.
CCSU Moonbuggy-3 Senior Capstone Design Project: Design, Competition and Project Assessment

2010/11 academic year was the third year of the offer of moonbuggy senior capstone design project for Central Connecticut State University Mechanical Engineering (ME) students. The first offer of this project as a senior capstone design project was in 2008. During three years student teams designed, fabricated, assembled, and tested on the grounds of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center two moonbuggy vehicles. Findings from 2008/09 and 2009/10 academic years were presented at the 48 and 49 AIAA Aerospace Science Meetings (Orlando, FL). During 2010/11 academic year ME senior students improved CCSU Moonbuggy–2 vehicle and successfully participated in the 18 Annual NASA Great Moonbuggy Race. The third academic year experience confirmed again that moonbuggy project is very popular among ME students since work on the moonbuggy enhances their skills in the design, and manufacturing, requires application of their knowledge from ME core classes, solution of cutting-edge real-world engineering design challengers, and dramatically improves their communicational, organizational, and managerial skills.
Magnetic after Effects and Magnetostriction of FE—Base Metallic Gzasses

Magnetic after effects (MAE’s) have been studied in Fe-base and Co-base metallic glasses. Fe-base amorphous alloys show large MAE’s due in part to the high magnetcelastic energy (large λS) whereas Co-base alloys exhibit much smaller MAE’s due to their low magnetostriction. A detailed study of the contribution of the magnetoelastic energy to the MAE’s was done on the Fe83−x CrxB17 and Fe83−xNbxB17 glass systems.
Treatment Of Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1: Ultrafiltration vs. Boluresis

One third of patients with acute decompensated heart failure also develop worsening kidney function, and the management of these patients is very challenging. This common clinical condition is now termed “Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1”. In this issue of the Journal, Omar and Zedan reviewed the subtypes, prevalence, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of this complex syndrome.1 The authors should be congratulated for their effort to compile the current data on these syndromesfor which the best management is still a mystery.
Synthesis of a stable analog of thromboxane A2 with methylene replacing the 9,11-bridging oxygen

2,4-Pentadien-1-ol (Ia) liefert nach Silylierung zu (Ib) mit Trichloracetylchlorid und Zink das Dichlor-cyclobutanon (IIIa), das zu (IIIb) dechloriert und weiter zu (IV) verseift und ketalisiert wird.
Transplantation of bovine germinal cells into mouse testes

To develop techniques for spermatogonial transplantation in bulls, it is essential to have an effective bioassay procedure to evaluate the transplantation efficiency of spermatogonial stem cell collection, purification, and culture techniques. The objective of the present study was to develop a mouse bioassay model to evaluate transplantation efficiency of fresh and cultured bovine germ cells. Bull calves of four ages (1, 2, 3, and 4 mo) were used as a source of donor testes cells. Two calves were used for each age point, one calf was experimentally made cryptorchidistic at 1 wk of age and the other left normal. A STO (mouse fibroblast) feeder cell line was used to culture bovine testes cells for 2 wk preceding transfer into recipient testes. Immunodeficient nude mice (nulnu) in which endogenous spermatogenesis had been abolished by busulfan treatment served as recipient animals for transplantation. Donor bovine germ cells were microinjected into mouse seminiferous tubules. Mouse testes were analyzed 2 wk after transplant with the use of a bovine-specific antibody and whole-mount immunohistochemistry for the presence of bovine donor germ cells. Bovine testis cells were present in all recipient mouse testes analyzed. Fresh bovine testes cells were observed as colonies of round cells within mouse seminiferous tubules, indicating spermatogonial expansion and colonization; however, cultured bovine testes cells appeared as fibrous tissue and not as spermatogenic colonies. The average number of colonies resulting from donor cryptorchid testes was not different (P > 0.05) from noncryptorchid, 56 ± 4 and 78 ± 7, respectively. Fresh donor cells from calves older than 1 mo gave rise to a greater average number of colonies within recipient testes (P < 0.05) (1 mo, 33 ± 4; 2 mo, 70 ± 8; 3 mo, 63 ± 6; 4 mo, 87 ± 9). Fresh bovine germ cells are capable of colonization in the busulfan-treated nude mouse testis, making it a suitable model for evaluation and development of spermatogonial transplant techniques in bulls.
Nonstandard Work Schedules and Private Safety Nets Among Working Mothers

Although the implications of nonstandard work schedules (work outside of the typical 9 – 5, Monday – Friday schedule) for individuals and families are increasingly well understood, it is unclear how such schedules are associated with perceived social support for working mothers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and a variety of methodological approaches, we found mixed evidence for this relationship. Results from ordinary least squares and propensity-weighted models suggest that working a nonstandard schedule is associated with weaker perceived support, particularly among those who are Black and less educated, and those who exclusively work such a schedule. Conversely, results from fixed-effects models suggest that changing from a standard to a nonstandard schedule is associated with modest increases in perceived social support. These results add nuance to our understanding of the implications of nonstandard work schedules for families.
A high-performance all-metallocene-based, non-aqueous redox flow battery

Here, a class of organometallic compounds, metallocenes, are explored to serve as both catholyte and anolyte redox species for non-aqueous lithium-based redox flow battery (Li-RFB) applications. The prototype of all-metallocene-based Li-RFB exploits ferrocene (FeCp2) and cobaltocene (CoCp2) as the redox-active cathode and anode, respectively. The reaction rate constants of metallocenes are determined to be as high as 10−3 cm s−1, two orders greater than most redox-active materials applied in conventional redox flow batteries. This designed Li-RFB yields a working potential of 1.7 V, and by introduction of methyl groups on the ligand rings of CoCp2, the working potential can be further increased to 2.1 V. The fabricated full cell shows capacity retention of over 99% per cycle with a coulombic efficiency (CE) of >95% and an energy efficiency of >85%. These results demonstrate a generic design route towards high performance non-aqueous RFBs via rational screening and functionalization of metallocenes.
Investigating the Enhancement of XPD Helicase Processivity by Single-Stranded Binding Protein RPA2

Ferroplasma acidarmanus helicase FacXPD is a Superfamily 2B helicase involved in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair. This archaeal protein serves as a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of yeast Rad3 and human xeroderma pigmentosum group D protein (XPD). Previous work has shown that the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by FacXPD is enhanced by the single-stranded DNA binding protein FacRPA2. However, the mechanism by which unwinding enhancement occurs remains unknown. Here, we monitored the unwinding of a DNA hairpin by XPD in the presence of RPA2 using a single-molecule optical trap assay. By loading XPD and RPA2 onto DNA in a controlled sequence and by analyzing helicase unwinding dynamics, we distinguish between different potential mechanisms of regulation. Our data point toward a model of processivity enhancement in which RPA2 transiently interacts with the XPD-DNA complex and stabilizes a faster, more processive state of the helicase.
E. coli Sepsis: Red Flag for Colon Carcinoma—A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present an atypical case of newly diagnosed colon cancer and provide insight into the infectious predispositions of E. coli bacteremia to the development of colon adenocarcinoma. A 66-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with one-week symptoms of subjective fevers, chills, and lower back pain. Upon initial evaluation, her temperature was 101 degrees Fahrenheit with a white count of 12,000 K/mm3. Initial septic workup was positive for E. coli bacteremia. The patient was started on Aztreonam. Repeat blood culture 48 hours later was negative for any growth. However, later during hospital stay blood culture was repeated due to SIRS, which was positive again for E. coli. CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast revealed no signs of colitis. Without clear etiology for recurrent E. coli bacteremia ultimately colonoscopy was performed which showed an ulcerated mass in the cecum. Biopsy showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. E. coli strains B2 and D produce cyclomodulin toxins as part of their virulence, which interferes with the cell cycle regulation, promoting chromosomal instability, and increasing susceptibility to cancer. In patients with recurrent E. coli bacteremia with an unknown source, colonoscopy should be done to look for colon cancer.
PART B – A VARIABLE GRADIENT DEVICE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses variable gradient device for chromatography. Since the introduction of gradient elution to chromatography several years ago, there have been many applications of the general technique in the fractionation of mixtures of substances having a wide range of elution requirements. In such cases, the use of a gradient greatly facilitates the operational aspects of chromatography, as it automatically encompasses these requirements. Moreover, in the case of substances that have a tendency to be eluted in broad, tailing bands when a single solvent is used, gradient elution provides a means of sharpening the peaks without introducing the artifacts that can result when stepwise changes in eluting agents are made. Several methods for the production of gradients have appeared in the literature. With the exception of those that can utilize differential pumping rates, all require a change in apparatus for each change in the shape of the gradient.
Orbits in elementary, power-law galaxy bars - 1. Occurrence and role of single loops

Orbits in galaxy bars are generally complex, but simple closed loop orbits play an important role in our conceptual understanding of bars. Such orbits are found in some well-studied potentials, provide a simple model of the bar in themselves, and may generate complex orbit families. The precessing, power ellipse (p-ellipse) orbit approximation provides accurate analytic orbit orbits in symmetric galaxy potentials. It remains useful for finding and fitting simple loop orbits in the frame of a rotating bar with bar-like and symmetric power-law potentials. Second order perturbation theory yields two or fewer simple loop solutions in these potentials. Numerical integrations in the parameter space neighborhood of perturbation solutions reveal zero or one ac- tual loops in a range of such potentials with rising rotation curves. These loops are embedded in a small parameter region of similar, but librating orbits, which have a subharmonic frequency superimposed on the basic loop. These loops and their librat- ing companions support annular bars. Solid bars can be produced in more complex potentials, as shown by an example with power-law indices varying with radius. The power-law potentials can be viewed as the elementary constituents of more complex potentials. Numerical integrations also reveal interesting classes of orbits with multiple loops. In two-dimensional, self-gravitating bars, with power-law potentials, single loop orbits are very rare. This result suggests that gas bars or oval distortions are unlikely to be long-lived, and that complex orbits or three-dimensional structure must support self-gravitating stellar bars.
The mass culture of algae

Abstract A pilot plant scale apparatus for the mass culture of algae is described which gave trouble free operation over a period of almost a year. Algal growth rates obtained in this equipment compare favorably with those reported elsewhere with a maximum rate of 14.4 gm of dry Cblorella pyrenoidosa per sq meter per day being achieved. Consideration is given to many of the limitations imposed by nature which must be successfully over-come before the mass culture of algae can be considered economically feasible on an industrial scale. A very rough estimate shows that the cost of algae under even extremely favorable conditions would be at least 50 cents per pound. The authors feel the mass culture of algae will not be economically practical as a source of foods or feeds until some major research “break-through” occurs.
Qualitative and Statistical Theory of Dissipative Systems

This series of lectures will be concerned with the statistical theory of dissipative systems and, at least metaphorically, with its applications to hydrodynamics. The principal objective will be to try to clarify the question of hov to construct the appropriate ensemble for the statistical theory of turbulence. We will not, however, come to this point for some time. It should be noted at the outset that the relevance of our discussion to the theory of turbulence is dependent on the guess that, despite the fact that fluid flow problems have infinite-dimensional state spaces, the Important phenomena are essentially finite dimensional.* This point of view is not universally accepted [4]. On the other hand, the theory is not restricted to fluid flow problems; it also applies to a large number of model systems arising, for example, in mathematical biology [7].
The Benefits of Sharing—Nice Guys and Girls do Finish First

This chapter explores five pragmatic advantages to joining the open-source scientific community for both your research in general, and most importantly, your equipment and instrumentation: (1) massive peer-review in the development of background material and experimental design, which leads to (2) improved experimental design and hardware design (often with radically lower costs) and hardware with superior performance, (3) increased visibility, citations and public relations, which leads to (4) increased funding opportunities and improved student recruitment, and (5) improved student research-related training and education. These examples are reinforced by broader theory about the human hard-wiring for cooperation. Finally, the same theories are applied to industry to reveal the benefits for corporations to embrace industrial-scale sharing and open-source hardware.
State of Charge Node Planning with Segmented Traffic Information

Battery State of Charge (SOC) planning is crucial for the minimization of fuel consumption in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Generally, the charge depleting and charge sustaining strategy is no longer optimal when the required trip energy is greater than the energy stored in a battery. The optimal SOC trajectory depends on the traffic information or the speed profile of the entire trip. In this paper, crude traffic information about the velocity profile, similar to the type of information available in mobile navigation applications, is considered for the SOC planning. Specifically, we propose an effective method of determining the optimal sequence of SOC values at nodes between each segment of a route using segmented sparse traffic information. These SOC node values can be used as boundary conditions or a terminal condition for low-level vehicle energy management with more accurate traffic information available locally. Results from approximate one-hour trip shows that the proposed approach achieves similar fuel consumption improvements (within 2.5%) when compared to solutions from dynamic programming using detailed velocity profiles (with time step every 1 sec). Our proposed method for SOC planning with sparse traffic information improves computation time: from hours to less than a minute.
Spin-controlled wavefront shaping with plasmonic chiral geometric metasurfaces

Metasurfaces, as a two-dimensional (2D) version of metamaterials, have drawn considerable attention for their revolutionary capability in manipulating the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. As one of the most important types of metasurfaces, geometric metasurfaces provide a versatile platform for controlling optical phase distributions due to the geometric nature of the generated phase profile. However, it remains a great challenge to design geometric metasurfaces for realizing spin-switchable functionalities because the generated phase profile with the converted spin is reversed once the handedness of the incident beam is switched. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate chiral geometric metasurfaces based on intrinsically chiral plasmonic stepped nanoapertures with a simultaneously high circular dichroism in transmission (CDT) and large cross-polarization ratio (CPR) in transmitted light to exhibit spin-controlled wavefront shaping capabilities. The chiral geometric metasurfaces are constructed by merging two independently designed subarrays of the two enantiomers for the stepped nanoaperture. Under a certain incident handedness, the transmission from one subarray is allowed, while the transmission from the other subarray is strongly prohibited. The merged metasurface then only exhibits the transmitted signal with the phase profile of one subarray, which can be switched by changing the incident handedness. Based on the chiral geometric metasurface, both chiral metasurface holograms and the spin-dependent generation of hybrid-order Poincare sphere beams are experimentally realized. Our approach promises further applications in spin-controlled metasurface devices for complex beam conversion, image processing, optical trapping, and optical communications.
125Iodide as a surrogate tracer for epithelial chloride transport by the mouse large intestine in vitro

New findings What is the central question of this study? The tracer 36 Cl- , currently used to measure transepithelial Cl- fluxes, has become prohibitively expensive, threatening its future use. 125 Iodide, previously validated alongside 36 Cl- as a tracer of Cl- efflux by cells, has not been tested as a surrogate for 36 Cl- across epithelia. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that 125 I- can serve as an inexpensive replacement for measuring Cl- transport across mouse large intestine, tracking Cl- transport in response to cAMP stimulation (inducing Cl- secretion) in the presence and absence of the main gastrointestinal Cl- -HCO3 - exchanger, DRA. Abstract Chloride transport is important for driving fluid secretion and absorption by the large intestine, with dysregulation resulting in diarrhoea-associated pathologies. The radioisotope 36 Cl- has long been used as a tracer to measure epithelial Cl- transport but is prohibitively expensive. 125 Iodide has been used as an alternative to 36 Cl- in some transport assays but has never been validated as an alternative for tracing bidirectional transepithelial Cl- fluxes. The goal of this study was to validate 125 I- as an alternative to 36 Cl- for measurement of Cl- transport by the intestine. Simultaneous fluxes of 36 Cl- and 125 I- were measured across the mouse caecum and distal colon. Net Cl- secretion was induced by the stimulation of cAMP with a cocktail of forskolin (FSK) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Unidirectional fluxes of 125 I- correlated well with 36 Cl- fluxes after cAMP-induced net Cl- secretion, occurring predominantly through a reduction in the absorptive mucosal-to-serosal Cl- flux rather than by stimulation of the secretory serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux. Correlations between 125 I- fluxes and 36 Cl- fluxes were maintained in epithelia from mice lacking DRA (Slc26a3), the main Cl- -HCO3 - exchanger responsible for Cl- absorption by the large intestine. Lower rates of Cl- and I- absorption in the DRA knockout intestine suggest that DRA might have a previously unrecognized role in iodide uptake. This study validates that 125 I- traces transepithelial Cl- fluxes across the mouse large intestine, provides insights into the mechanism of net Cl- secretion and suggests that DRA might be involved in intestinal iodide absorption.
SpecC Technology Open Consortium

The SpecC Technology Open Consortium (STOC) was started as a joint effort by several companies in response to the large amount of interest the SpecC language and design methodology had generated in industry.
Pandemic and its metaphors: Sontag revisited in the COVID-19 era

As the COVID-19 crisis spreads around the globe, the rhetoric about the pandemic evoked by journalists and politicians harks back to that of prior diseases and epidemics. This short article updates...
Introduction: Women and Justice for the Poor: A History of Legal Aid, 1863-1945

Challenging our assumptions about the history of the legal profession and the development of free legal aid, this book reveals that 19th-century women's organizations first offered legal assistance to poor women and that women lay lawyers provided such assistance. By the early 20th century, however, male lawyers founded their own legal aid societies, intentionally excluding women and narrowing the services provided. These different models of legal aid produced conflicting understandings of expertise, the rule of law, and the meaning of justice for the poor.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SPI-1 and SPI-2 shape the transcriptional landscape of epithelial cells in a human intestinal organoid model system

The intestinal epithelium is a primary interface for engagement of the host response by foodborne pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm). While interaction of STm with the mammalian host has been well studied in vitro in transformed epithelial cell lines or in the complex intestinal environment in vivo, few tractable models recapitulate key features of the intestinal epithelium. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) contain a polarized epithelium with functionally differentiated cell subtypes, including enterocytes and goblet cells. HIOs contain luminal space that supports bacterial replication and are more amenable to experimental manipulation than animals while more reflective of physiological epithelial responses. Here we use the HIO model to define transcriptional responses of the host epithelium to STm infection, also determining host pathways dependent on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and -2 (SPI-2) encoded Type 3 secretion systems (T3SS). Consistent with prior findings, we find that STm strongly stimulates pro-inflammatory gene expression. Infection-induced cytokine gene expression was rapid, transient and largely independent of SPI-1 T3SS-mediated invasion, likely due to continued luminal stimulation. Notably, STm infection led to significant down-regulation of host genes associated with cell cycle and DNA repair, an effect that required SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SS. The transcriptional profile of cell cycle-associated target genes implicates multiple miRNAs as likely mediators of STm-dependent cell cycle suppression. These findings from Salmonella-infected HIOs delineate common and distinct contributions of SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SSs in inducing early host responses during enteric infection and reveal host cell cycle as a potential target during STm intracellular infection.
Opioid Stewardship in Pediatric General Surgery – Approaching Zero

Opioid Stewardship in Pediatric General Surgery – Approaching Zero Department of Pediatric Surgery Thais Calderon, Elizabeth Hedges M.D, Theresa Foito, Marsha Pulhamus, Christopher Gitzelmann M.D., Walter Pegoli Jr M.D., and Derek Wakeman M.D Introduction: Opioid abuse is a public health crisis in North America. An effort to adequately treat pain post-operatively has resulted in over prescription of opioids without fundamental evidence of improved pain management when compared to …
Cytokine levels throughout the perinatal period

Dysregulation of inflammatory processes is linked to perinatal complications yet a comprehensive description of cytokine levels throughout the perinatal period is lacking. We report prospective, se...
Phase 1 trial of nelfinavir added to standard cisplatin chemotherapy with concurrent pelvic radiation for locally advanced cervical cancer

Background Nelfinavir (NFV), an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to chemoradiation (CRT). The objectives of this phase 1 trial were to evaluate safety and identify the recommended phase 2 dose of NFV added to concurrent CRT for locally advanced cervical cancer. Methods Two dose levels of NFV were evaluated: 875 mg orally twice daily (dose level 1 [DL1]) and 1250 mg twice daily (DL2). NFV was initiated 7 days before CRT and continued through CRT completion. Toxicity, radiographic responses, and pathologic responses were evaluated. Serial tumor biopsies (baseline, after NFV monotherapy, on NFV + CRT, and posttreatment) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, NanoString, and reverse-phase-protein-array analyses. Results NFV sensitized cervical cancer cells to radiation, increasing apoptosis and tumor suppression in vivo. Patients (n = 13) with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIA through IVA squamous cell cervical carcinoma were enrolled, including 7 patients at DL1 and 6 patients at DL2. At DL1, expansion to 6 patients was required after a patient developed a dose-limiting toxicity, whereas no dose-limiting toxicities occurred at DL2. Therefore, DL2 was established as the recommended phase 2 dose. All patients at DL2 completed CRT, and 1 of 6 experienced grade 3 or 4 anemia, nausea, and diarrhea. One recurrence was noted at DL2, with disease outside the radiation field. Ten of 11 evaluable patients remained without evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 50 months. NFV significantly decreased phosphorylated Akt levels in tumors. Cell cycle and cancer pathways also were reduced by NFV and CRT. Conclusions NFV with CRT is well tolerated. The response rate is promising compared with historic controls in this patient population and warrants further investigation.
alfaNET: A Database of Alfalfa-Bacterial Stem Blight Protein-Protein Interactions Revealing the Molecular Features of the Disease-causing Bacteria.

Alfalfa has emerged as one of the most important forage crops, owing to its wide adaptation and high biomass production worldwide. In the last decade, the emergence of bacterial stem blight (caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ALF3) in alfalfa has caused around 50% yield losses in the United States. Studies are being conducted to decipher the roles of the key genes and pathways regulating the disease, but due to the sparse knowledge about the infection mechanisms of Pseudomonas, the development of resistant cultivars is hampered. The database alfaNET is an attempt to assist researchers by providing comprehensive Pseudomonas proteome annotations, as well as a host–pathogen interactome tool, which predicts the interactions between host and pathogen based on orthology. alfaNET is a user-friendly and efficient tool and includes other features such as subcellular localization annotations of pathogen proteins, gene ontology (GO) annotations, network visualization, and effector protein prediction. Users can also browse and search the database using particular keywords or proteins with a specific length. Additionally, the BLAST search tool enables the user to perform a homology sequence search against the alfalfa and Pseudomonas proteomes. With the successful implementation of these attributes, alfaNET will be a beneficial resource to the research community engaged in implementing molecular strategies to mitigate the disease. alfaNET is freely available for public use at http://bioinfo.usu.edu/alfanet/.
Behavior of Fasteners and Plates with Holes

The behavior of the individual components of bolted or riveted joints is analyzed and evaluated. The results of plate calibration tests of A7 steel and tests of A440 steel are presented. General stress-strain relationships are developed for a plate with holes in the elastic range and beyond. The relationships are shown to be valid for carbon steels such as A7 and A36, high-strength steel such as A440, and high-strength low-alloy steels such as A242 and A441. Also, the relationships account for changes in specimen geometry. In addition, a load-deformation relationship is developed for mechanical fasteners in shear. The shape of the curve was observed to be governed by the ultimate shear strength and two empirical parameters. The analytical model was compared with test data for A502-grade 1 steel rivets and A502-grade 2 steel rivets and A325 and A490 high-strength bolts. The model was in good agreement with the test data.