cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force field development phase II: Relaxation of physics-based criteria… or inclusion of more rigorous physics into the representation of molecular energetics

In the previous paper, we reviewed the origins of energy based calculations, and the early science of FF development. The initial efforts spanning the period from roughly the early 1970s to the mid to late 1990s saw the development of methodologies and philosophies of the derivation of FFs. The use of Cartesian coordinates, derivation of the H-bond potential, different functional forms including diagonal quadratic expressions, coupled valence FFs, functional form of combination rules, and out of plane angles, were all investigated in this period. The use of conformational energetics, vibrational frequencies, crystal structure and energetics, liquid properties, and ab initio data were all described to one degree or another in deriving and validating both the FF functional forms and force constants. Here we discuss the advances made since in improving the rigor and robustness of these initial FFs. The inability of the simple quadratic diagonal FF to accurately describe biomolecular energetics over a large domain of molecular structure, and intermolecular configurations, was pointed out in numerous studies. Two main approaches have been taken to overcome this problem. The first involves the introduction of error functions, either exploiting torsion terms or introducing explicit 2-D error correction grids. The results and remaining challenges of these functional forms is examined. The second approach has been to improve the representation of the physics of intra and intermolecular interactions. The latter involves including descriptions of polarizability, charge flux aka geometry dependent charges, more accurate representations of spatial electron density such as multipole moments, anisotropic nonbond potentials, nonbond and polarization flux, among others. These effects, though not as extensively studied, likely hold the key to achieving the rigorous reproduction of structural and energetic properties long sought in biomolecular simulations, and are surveyed here. In addition, the quality of training and validation observables are evaluated. The necessity of including an ample set of energetic and crystal observables is emphasized, and the inadequacy of free energy as a criterion for FF reliability discussed. Finally, in light of the results of applications of the two approaches to FF development, we propose a "recipe" of terms describing the physics of inter and intramolecular interactions whose inclusion in FFs would significantly improve our understanding of the energetics and dynamics of biomolecular systems resulting from molecular dynamics and other energy based simulations.
A review of organotin contamination in arctic and subarctic regions

Abstract Organotin (OT) compounds are of continued Arctic concern as they are still widely used despite the most well-studied OT, tributyl tin (TBT), being restricted from use on marine vessels to prevent fouling by marine organisms. The highest OT concentrations found in Arctic fauna are in regions associated with human activity especially shipping. There is an overall trend of declining butyl tin (BT) concentrations in Arctic fauna especially molluscs which are the subject of a limited number of long-term monitoring studies. The incidence of imposex has likewise generally declined in molluscs in response to declining TBT concentrations. There are a number of knowledge gaps in OT occurrence and transport in the Arctic that warrant continued monitoring. OTs, in particular octyl tins, are heavily used in the production of plastic, hence leaching from plastic may be an unrecognized source to Arctic regions. This review also found several studies reporting volatile tin species in the atmosphere suggesting atmospheric transport of volatile tins to the Arctic is possible. Relative to other more well know persistent organic pollutants, there are few reports of OTs in marine mammals and temporal tend studies are needed to define trends in BTs and search for the occurrence of other tin species.
Design and Implementation of a Lightweight Intrusion Detection and Prevention System

While mobile internet brings convenience to people, it also introduces many security risks. For security protection of specific business, the technical means such as traffic analysis and illegal protocol identification can effectively detect network attacks, because of the simple business protocol and small business access. This paper proposes a lightweight intrusion detection and prevention method, based on nDPI, adopting common network packet capture means for design and implementation of a lightweight intrusion detection and prevention system. The test results show that the system can detect the abnormal protocol through the traffic and trace back to the corresponding terminal, so as to handle the abnormal terminal response and block the abnormal connection initiated from the terminal, thereby achieving the purpose of intrusion prevention.
Library 2000—Georgia Tech: A glimpse of information delivery now and in the year 2000

Le Georgia Institute of Technology en implantant «Library» est devenu la 1ere universite americaine a fournir un acces a distance a un catalogue de plus de 350000 documents et aux index de 4 grandes banques de donnees de periodiques. Les etudiants et le personnel de la faculte, avec plus de 3000 ordinateurs individuels ou terminaux dans les chambres, les bureaux ou meme des domiciles hors-campus ont acces librement aux B.D. chargees sur un IBM 4381. Vu les programmes de l'Institut, tous les etudiants et professeurs ont une formation informatique: ni formation prealable, ni aide aux utilisateurs ne sont donc donnees et le logiciel BRS Search est utilise. Les B.D. sur CD-COM couvrent l'information financiere, commerciale et demographique. Le systeme est accessible 17 heures par jour, tous les jours; il est mis a jour regulierement et un bulletin permet d'obtenir des renseignements pratiques sur le fonctionnement. (INTD)
A comparison of health informatics education in the USA

The need for health informatics professionals has been on the rise. Existing health informatics programs in the USA do not adequately equip students with relevant skills to address field-specific challenges. Thus, a skills gap arises between graduating health informatics professionals, and typical job requirements in many health informatics fields; and this gap has traditionally been addressed by employing graduates with computer science and engineering degrees. Moreover, graduate programs in many health informatics fields consistently offer less credits in computer science and information technology, compared to other informatics fields. This article provides a basic analysis of both undergraduate and graduate programs in health informatics in the USA. It highlights the differences across common informatics programs in medical sciences, and proposes more STEM-focused undergraduate degree options to complement existing undergraduate programs to have an immediate effect, which could provide students proper training to help narrow this technology-specific skills gap.
Simulations for InAlAs digital alloy avalanche photodiodes

3D band structure-based Monte Carlo simulations have been utilized to simulate InAlAs digital alloy avalanche photodiodes. The simulated current–voltage curve and excess noise factor fit well with experimental results. Ionization coefficients calculated by the Monte Carlo technique were incorporated into the recurrence model, which is easier to implement and requires less computation time.
What Are You Implying? Deriving the Market’s Political Predictions with Policy Impact Indices

Markets are the ultimate information processors. Emergent prices encapsulate the wisdom of the crowd and its views on events that could impact future value. Liquid securities are not directly linked to social and political events, but are affected by them. Isolating event-anticipating price changes can provide implied predictions of the events. We apply our methodology for isolating event-anticipating price changes to the 2016 and 2020 U.S. elections. As an election approaches, companies that would be positively affected by the expected outcome are more likely to have a positive price impact compared to those that would be negatively affected by that outcome. With estimates of the potential impacts of a political party on every company based on the policies proposed by the parties, the spread between the returns of the long and short holdings can reveal the market’s expected outcome of the election. A simulation supports the hypothesis that our approach captures the intended political exposures. The Republican index outperformed the Democratic index in the lead-up to and, especially, during the aftermath of the 2016 election. Contrary to the consensus view prior to the election, these indices implied a Republican win. The Democratic index outperformed the Republican index in 2020 before the polls reflected the information.
The role of trust in the likelihood of receiving a COVID-19 vaccine: Results from a national survey.

High acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is instrumental to ending the pandemic. Vaccine acceptance by subgroups of the population depends on their trust in COVID-19 vaccines. We surveyed a probability-based internet panel of 7832 adults from December 23, 2020-January 19, 2021 about their likelihood of getting a COVID-19 vaccine and the following domains of trust: an individual's generalized trust, trust in COVID-19 vaccine's efficacy and safety, trust in the governmental approval process and general vaccine development process for COVID-19 vaccines, trust in their physician about COVID-19, and trust in other sources about COVID-19. We included identified at-risk subgroups: healthcare workers, older adults (65-74-year-olds and ≥ 75-year-olds), frontline essential workers, other essential workers, and individuals with high-risk chronic conditions. Of 5979 respondents, only 57.4% said they were very likely or somewhat likely to get a COVID-19 vaccine. More hesitant respondents (p < 0.05) included: women, young adults (18-49 years), Blacks, individuals with lower education, those with lower income, and individuals without high-risk chronic conditions. Lack of trust in the vaccine approval and development processes explained most of the demographic variation in stated vaccination likelihood, while other domains of trust explained less variation. We conclude that hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccines is high overall and among at-risk subgroups, and hesitancy is strongly tied to trust in the vaccine approval and development processes. Building trust is critical to ending the pandemic.
Energy efficient virtual network embedding for green data centers using data center topology and future migration

We formulate energy efficient virtual network embedding that incorporates energy costs of operation and migration for nodes and links.We prove the NP-hardness of the problem and develop a heuristic algorithm to minimize the energy consumption.We consider a practical intra-DC architecture to further improve energy efficiency.We conduct extensive evaluations and comparisons with existing algorithms to show that the proposed algorithm substantially saves energy consumption and allows high acceptance ratios. With the rapid proliferation of data centers, their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have significantly increased. Some efforts have been made to control and lower energy consumption of data centers such as, proportional energy consuming hardware, dynamic provisioning, and virtualization machine techniques. However, it is still common that many servers and network resources are often underutilized, and idle servers spend a large portion of their peak power consumption.We first build a novel model of virtual network embedding in order to minimize energy usage in data centers for both computing and network resources by taking practical factors into consideration. Due to the NP-hardness of the proposed model, we develop a heuristic algorithm for virtual network scheduling and mapping. In doing so, we specifically take the expected energy consumption at different times, virtual network operation and future migration costs, and a data center architecture into consideration. Our extensive evaluation results show that our algorithm could reduce energy consumption up to 40% and take up to a 57% higher number of virtual network requests over other existing virtual mapping schemes.
A review of the effectiveness of military suicide prevention programs in reducing rates of military suicides

ABSTRACTThe suicide rate within the U.S. armed forces remains a pressing issue for the country. This comprehensive literature review found only five published studies on military suicide prevention programs and their outcomes. Substantial research design and methodological issues are noted, and only one study produces statistically significant results. Findings reveal a serious lack of empirical evidence demonstrating effective suicide prevention programs within the U.S. armed forces.
Inference Following Sequential Clinical Trials

Group sequential testing procedures are increasingly being used to monitor clinical trials, especially phase III studies comparing the efficacy of two or more treatment agents. In a group sequential clinical trial a set of stopping boundaries are usually specified for a test statistic at a few time points, either in terms of real calendar time or statistical information. This article focuses on several popular approaches to construct point and interval estimation and P values with respect to the primary endpoint following the termination of a sequential phase III trial and methods for inference concerning a secondary endpoint. Keywords: group sequential testing; clinical trials; primary endpoint; secondary endpoint; test statistics
Protecting Sovereignty, Protecting the Planet: State Delegation to International Organizations and Private Actors in Environmental Politics

As global interdependence grows, states often use international organizations to achieve both domestic and foreign policy goals. One way states respond to demands for cooperation is to delegate to international organizations and private actors. In this article, we use new data spanning a century of international environmental law to understand when and why states delegate to international organizations to manage environmental problems. We find that delegation is a persistent phenomenon that facilitates the implementation of states' preferences. However, they make this decision with care: States tend to delegate functions with lower sovereignty costs, such as implementation and monitoring, but rarely delegate rule making and enforcement. We also find that heterogeneous preferences among states increases the likelihood of delegation. Overall, our results suggest that states seek to delegate out of a motivation both to reduce transaction costs and to establish credible commitments.
Value of lumbar puncture in the diagnosis of genetic metabolic encephalopathies.

Diagnostic testing for genetically determined metabolic disease has for many years relied heavily on the use of generalized screening tests that analyze groups of related compounds in easily accessible peripheral fluids such as plasma and urine. Organic acid profiles in urine and amino acid analysis in plasma are two of the most commonly requested tests; these, together with other protocols that examine peripheral fluids, have been and continue to be invaluable tools. There is, however, an emerging realization that many metabolic encephalopathies do not arise secondary to peripheral metabolic changes but rather have their origins within the central nervous system. In these cases, testing of peripheral fluids might be uninformative. This review is designed to examine the role of cerebrospinal fluid analyses in the investigation of infants and children with undefined encephalopathies. The aims are to review the conditions in which measurement of metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid is critical if a diagnosis ...
Religious Dissent in the Roman Empire: Violence in Judaea at the Time of Nero

Preface Introduction: "The Vibrant Faith" 1. Chapter One: "The Breaking Point" 2. Chapter Two: "The Road Down" 3. Chapter Three: "The First Regime" 4. Chapter Four: "The Policies of Zeal" 5. Chapter Five: "The Dagger Men" 6. Chapter 6: "The End of the Factions" Conclusion
Electron microscopic localization of Russell bodies in the human plasma cell.

The location of Russell bodies in the human plasma cell was shown by electron microscopy to be within the intracisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The significance of this finding was discussed from the standpoint of possible intracellular function of the endoplasmic reticulum. The appearance of the affected plasma cells tended to negate a degenerative process, and the suggestion was offered that the Russell body results from a condensation of intracisternal secretion.
Wellness program for anesthesiology residents: a randomized, controlled trial

Background Multiple reports illustrate the deleterious effects of stress on physicians’ mental and physical health, as well as on patient care. This study evaluates the effects of a wellness program on anesthesiology residents’ well-being. Methods Sixty residents were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) wellness intervention group, (2) no-treatment control with release time, and (3) no-treatment control with routine duties. Coping, stressors, social support, psychological symptoms, and alcohol and tobacco use were measured using a pre-test–post-test design. Results Residents in the wellness program reported significantly fewer stressors in their role as parent, increased social support at work, greater problem-solving coping, and less anxiety as compared with one or both of the control groups. Findings related to reducing avoidance coping and alcohol consumption also were suggestive of positive intervention effects. Conclusions An intervention to increase the use of active coping and social support, to reduce reliance on avoidance coping, and to decrease work and family stressors had an overall pattern of beneficial effects on residents’ well-being. The importance of offering such programs during residency training, ways to strengthen intervention effectiveness, and areas for future research are discussed.
A digital image system for atmospheric research

Abstract This paper describes the architecture of a medium scale digital image processing system developed as a research tool for analysis of meteorological data. The system is also being used for research on efficient image processing systems. Four qualitative performance measures for any image processor are introduced with specific application to the present machine. Preliminary results with noise reduction algorithms in satellite data are presented. Lastly, the versatility of the machine as a test bed for architectural studies of the computational structure of image processors with a microprogrammable control unit is discussed.
Identification and treatment of nontuberculous Mycobacterium sinusitis.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of atypical Mycobacterium identified by routine sinus cultures and review the recent literature on management.MethodsA retrospectiv...
Baby-friendly hospital initiative improves breastfeeding initiation rates in a US hospital setting.

Objective. Breastfeeding initiation rates were compared at Boston Medical Center before (1995), during (1998), and after (1999) Baby-Friendly policies were in place. Boston Medical Center, an inner-city teaching hospital that provides care primarily to poor, minority, and immigrant families, achieved Baby-Friendly status in 1999. Methods. Two hundred complete medical records, randomly selected by a computer, were reviewed from each of 3 years: 1995, 1998, and 1999. Infants were excluded for medical records missing feeding data, human immunodeficiency virus–positive parent, neonatal intensive care unit admission, maternal substance abuse, adoption, incarceration, or hepatitis C–positive mother. All infant feedings during the hospital postpartum stay were tallied, and each infant was categorized into 1 of 4 groups: exclusive breast milk, mostly breast milk, mostly formula , and exclusive formula. Results. Maternal and infant demographics for all 3 years were comparable. The breastfeeding initiation rate increased from 58% (1995) to 77.5% (1998) to 86.5% (1999). Infants exclusively breastfed increased from 5.5% (1995) to 28.5% (1998) to 33.5% (1999). Initiation rates increased among US-born black mothers in this population from 34% (1995) to 64% (1998) to 74% (1999). Conclusions. Full implementation of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding leading to Baby-Friendly designation is an effective strategy to increase breastfeeding initiation rates in the US hospital setting.
Abstract A80: Metronomic cyclophosphamide induces macrophage recruitment in regressing human and rat gliosarcoma xenografts

Metronomic chemotherapy has shown improved therapeutic activity over conventional schedules, both in preclinical studies and in initial clinical trials for several malignancies. Metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment (140 mg/kg BW every 6 days) induces dramatic, near‐complete regression of established xenografts of human U251 and rat 9L gliosarcoma in s.c. scid mouse models, whereas maximum tolerated dose cyclophosphamide effects moderate tumor growth delay without sustained regression. Metronomic cyclophosphamide‐induced regression of 9L tumors is accompanied by a reduction in microvessel density, suppression of CD31 expression, induction of the anti‐angiogenic factor thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1), and impaired drug uptake. These findings are consistent with the high intrinsic sensitivity of proliferating endothelial cells to metronomic chemotherapy shown by others, and with the prevailing view that anti‐angiogenesis is a major factor in the therapeutic effectiveness of metronomic chemotherapy. However, VEGF receptor inhibition induces substantially greater anti‐angiogenesis in these tumor models, yet does not induce major tumor regression. Presently, we investigate whether non‐anti‐angiogenic mechanisms may contribute to the observed regression of U251 and 9L gliosarcomas, and demonstrate metronomic cyclophosphamide‐induced host macrophage recruitment. This recruitment is associated with induction of the mouse (host) factors PEDF (pigment epithelium‐derived factor; Serpinf1) and PAI‐1 (plasminogen activation inhibitor‐1; Serpine1), with the levels of PEDF RNA being strongly correlated (r=0.89) with TSP1 RNA in large sets of 9L and U251 tumors isolated various times after initiation of metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy. Notably, PAI‐1 and TSP1 are both expressed by tumor‐associated macrophages. Metronomic cyclophosphamide also induced Fas, which stimulates macrophage recruitment during inflammation, and the macrophage marker CD68, supporting the involvement of tumor‐associated macrophages in the response to metronomic chemotherapy. These findings highlight the ability of metronomic chemotherapy to induce macrophage recruitment, thereby activating innate immunity leading to regression of established gliosarcomas and potentially other tumor types. Supported in part by NIH grant CA49248 (to DJW). Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A80.
Conversion of para and ortho hydrogen in the Jovian planets

A mechanism is proposed which partially equilibrates the para and ortho rotational levels of molecular hydrogen in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Catalytic reactions between the free-radical surface sites of aerosol particles and hydrogen modecules yield significant equilibration near 1 bar pressure, if the efficiency of conversion per collision is between 10 to the -8th and 10 to the -10th and the effective eddy mixing coefficient is 10,000 sq cm/sec. At lower pressures the ortho-para ratio retains the value at the top of the cloud layer, except for a very small effect from conversion in the thermosphere. The influence of conversion on the specific heat and adiabatic lapse rate is also investigated. The effect is found to be generally small, though is can rise to 10% inside the aerosol layer.
Search for Doubly Charged Weak Currents through K + → π − e + μ +

We present results of a search for the decay mode ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ which requires doubly charged weak currents for its existence. Limits are also obtained on the branching ratios for the decay modes ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. We give a comparison of some present experimental limits on neutral and doubly charged weak currents.
A Context-Based Tracker Switching Framework

We present a robust framework for tracking people in crowded outdoor environments monitored by multiple cameras with a goal of real-time performance. Since no single algorithm is perfect for the task of object tracking in all cases, we instead take an alternate approach. Our algorithm dynamically switches between several available trackers on-the-fly by evaluating the current state/context of the scene. Autonomous agents that make the switching decisions are assigned to each object in the scene. Initialization of new agents and the handoff between various tracking algorithms are completely automated. The collaboration between different trackers is shown to improve performance compared to the individual methods in terms of both computation and reliability. The tracker switching framework is evaluated on a multi-camera dataset and both qualitative and quantitative results are presented.
The Right of National Defense

This article argues that there are two justifications of the right of national defense. First, some states possess the right as a means of protecting legitimate domestic political institutions. Second, all states possess the right within a morally defensible form of international law. Critics have argued that the first justification does not explain why one legitimate state should have the right not to be attacked and conquered by another legitimate state. Critics have argued that the second justification does not recognize that current international law is too flawed to justify a right of national defense for all states. This article defends the right against both criticisms. It then considers the scope of the right, focusing on the issue of proportionality. The article also argues that the two justifications of the right express potentially conflicting principles of justice, which can sometimes lead to hard choices, as illustrated by the NATO intervention in Kosovo.
Prospective analysis of perioperative morbidity in one hundred consecutive colectomies for ulcerative colitis

Background. This study was undertaken to evaluate prospectively the indications for surgical treatment and perioperative morbidity for patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods. Between January 1985 and August 1994, 145 patients were referred to the senior author (F.M.) for treatment of UC. Data were prospectively collected. One hundred patients have completed all stages of their surgical treatment and have been followed up for at least 1 year. These 100 patients form the basis of this study. Results. Thirty patients underwent a proctocolectomy with end-ileostomy in one (25) or two (5) stages. Seventy patients underwent a restorative proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis in either one (2), two (37), or three stages (31). In total 100 patients underwent 204 procedures. Failure of medical treatment was by far the most common indication. The initial colectomy was performed electively in 61 patients and urgently in the remaining 39. The rate of perioperative complications for elective and urgent colectomy was 26% and 44%, respectively (p Conclusions. The overall perioperative morbidity rate remains high and almost doubles for urgent cases. Reducing the need for urgent procedures by earlier elective colectomy may allow for a reduction in perioperative morbidity.
Changing the Status of Poorly Esteemed Students through Teacher Reinforcement

This study investigates the extent to which specific changes in teacher behavior and attitudes influence pupil acceptance by peers. Overt teacher reinforcement three times a day for three weeks was found to result in significant net gains in the sociometric status of experimental students as compared with that of their controls. Pupils who were merely identified to the teachers as "promising" did not, however, improve significantly in sociometric status when compared with controls. Teacher ratings of the children, on the other hand, were not consistently changed by either treatment; the results depended on grade level. These findings indicate that teachers can use overt reinforcement techniques to alter the social position of students.
The joint effect of government crop insurance and loan programmes on the demand for futures hedging

This research re-evaluates producer risk management decisions regarding the choice of forward pricing strategies when governmentally subsidised crop insurance designs and price supports are available. An analytical model is developed to illustrate the substitution of loan programmes for hedging. In particular, we find that this relationship is conditioned on yield levels. Also, a numerical analysis is conducted that incorporates futures prices, basis and yield variability. Three alternative crop insurance designs are evaluated. Optimal futures hedge ratios are derived for expected utility-maximising soybean farmers. Our results suggest that government programme levels profoundly alter the farmer's optimal strategy. We also find that apparently speculative behaviour is risk-minimising when high loan rates and revenue insurance are combined. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Anthropologists in Search of a Culture: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman and All the Rest of Us

This compelling analysis of the implications of the “Mead-Freeman” debate is the last work by Eleanor Leacock, who died in Samoa in 1987. According to Leacock, one of the principal effects of Freeman's attack on Mead's work was to focus attention upon his support for biological determinism. In addition, his findings about Samoa ignored the culture changes that had taken place in Samoa through time. Freeman can also be faulted for failing to note the contemporary problems of Samoa as a small, Third World island nation. On the other hand, Leacock reflects on the possibility that even if Mead's research reinforced an infantile image of Samoans as “simple, happy natives,” Freeman's “balanced” emphasis on aggression and violence has potentially negative effects for Samoan communities throughout the world. Hence, both Mead and Freeman separated Samoan culture from Samoan history. Leacock thus demonstrates vividly that the lack of a historically based, advocacy-oriented anthropology produces stereotyped images. This advocacy is the key to forging access to the “insider” perspective, for it assumes that it is undertaken in active collaboration with those whom the researcher is studying. Leacock's paper thus points the way to a more constructuve and collaborative ethnography.
The clinical experience with silicone-dacron metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint prostheses.

Our 4-year clinical experience with reconstruction of worn metacarpo-phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints with silicone-Dacron prostheses in 121 patients is presented. Emphasis is on preoperative assessment and proper selection of patients. Three hundred sixty-nine metacarpophalangeal joint prostheses and 27 proximal interphalangeal joint prostheses have been inserted. Most of the patients had rheumatoid arthritis; several had degenerative arthroses, and a few had traumatic arthrosis. Particular attention is directed to minor modification of surgical techniques and emphasis is on postoperative management. Suggestions for implant redesigning and modification are made. The silicone-Dacron arthroplasties have been successful in decreasing pain, improving stability, increasing hand function, and in providing an adequate range of motion. Complications have included five infections, two recognized fractured prostheses, and two instances of early dislocation of a prosthesis. The patients have consistently been relieved of pain: on the basis of this short-term experience, we believe that the implant principle in the hand is successful, but improvements in design and material are needed.
LiPS: A Cost-Efficient Data and Task Co-Scheduler for MapReduce

We introduce LiPS, a new cost-efficient data and task co-scheduler for MapReduce in a cloud environment. LiPS allows flexible control of job make spans, multi-resource management, and fairness. By using linear programming to simultaneously co-schedule data and tasks, LiPS helps to achieve minimized dollar cost globally. We evaluated LiPS both analytically and on Amazon EC2 in order to measure actual dollar charges. The results were significant; LiPS saved 58-79% of the dollar costs when compared with the Hadoop default scheduler, while also allowing users to fine-tune the cost-performance tradeoff.
Palladium/hydrogen catalyzed alcoholysis of benzylsilanes

Abstract Certain benzylsilanes are converted to methoxy or ethoxysilanes and toluene when treated with methanol or ethanol in the presence of hydrogen and catalytic amounts of palladium on charcoal. The reaction is promoted by a Si-phenyl substituent and probably by a S N Si displacement mechanism.
Operating strategies for aerobic fluidized bed reactors

This research demonstrated that an aerobic fluidized bed reactor can be operated either to maximize substrate removal, to minimize solids production or to treat intermittently produced wastewater. The operational mode is controlled by the quantity of biomass attached to the media. A thinner biomass encourages endogenous respiration and minimizes excess sludge production. Increasing biofilm thickness increases substrate removal efficiencies up to the point at which the diffusion of substrate, nutrients or oxygen becomes limiting. A thick biofilm was found to remain active even after an extended non-loading period, most likely because of endogenous respiration. Upon the introduction of substrate after the non-loading period, the substrate was immediately removed. This indicates the potential of using a fluidized bed reactor for applications that produce only intermittent wastewater flows, such as those found in many industries and hazardous waste remediation systems.
High resolution X-ray gas proportional detectors with delay line position sensing for high counting rates☆☆☆

Abstract A class of high resolution gas proportional X-ray detectors with delay line position readout is described. Positron resolution fwhm/ l ≈ 1 to 2 × 10 −3 for detector lengths l = 60 to 180 mm has been achieved at counting rates of ∼2 × 10 5 s −1 , with the best absolute resolution of ∼70 μm (fwhm) for 5 to 8 keV X-rays. Conditions for uniformity of photon detection efficiency, high position resolution and accuracy and high counting rates are discussed for detectors of different dimensions combined with an optimized delay line readout.
Development of a Tool to Assess Psychosocial Indicators of Fruit and Vegetable Intake for 2 Federal Programs

Abstract Objective Development of an evaluation tool of psychosocial constructs for use by participants in 2 federal programs, Food Stamp Nutrition Education and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Design Cross-sectional data from a longitudinal study. Participants Limited-resource women (n = 111) living in low-income communities. Measures Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, ethnic differences, convergent validity. Analysis Spearman rank order correlation, analysis of variance, principal components analysis. Results Reliability coefficients ranged from a low of r = .18 (not significant) to r = .74 (P Conclusion and Implications This systematic process yielded a fruit and vegetable evaluation tool useful for practitioners and researchers. This is the first validation study of this type to estimate convergent validity with 5 indicators of diet quality, including a biomarker.
Indecomposable Gorenstein Modules of Odd Rank

Abstract Let (R, m) be a local Cohen–Macaulay ring withm-adic completionR. AGorenstein R-module is a non-zero finitely generatedR-module whosem-adic completion is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of the canonical module ωR. Therankof the Gorenstein moduleGis the positive integerrsuch thatĜ ≅ r · ωR(the direct sum ofrcopies of ωR). In this note we show that for any given positive integerrthere is a Cohen–Macaulay ringRwith an indecomposable Gorenstein moduleGof rankr.
Ionized Impurity Scattering in Nondegenerate Semiconductors

The treatment for the scattering by ionized impurities in a semiconductor using the partial wave technique is set up and applied using a square well for the attractive impurity and a square barrier to represent the repulsive impurity. For the case $\mathrm{ka}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ (where $k$ is the wave number of the charge carriers and $a$ is the range of the impurity potential), analytical solutions are obtained for the mobility, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, and Hall coefficients applicable to nondegenerate semiconductors at low temperatures with high impurity content. The mean free time for scattering is a function of the parameters $\mathrm{ka}$ and ${(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{2{m}^{*}{q}^{2}a}{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}D})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where $q$ is the charge of the carrier and $D$ is the dielectric constant. The present treatment for reasonable choices of $a$ yields limiting laws of $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{{N}_{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$ for repulsive centers, while for attractive centers there are three possible limiting cases: ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{{N}_{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\frac{1}{2}}{{N}_{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Case 2 refers to a form of resonance scattering and case 3 is the Ramsauer effect in semiconductors. These results are markedly different from previous formulas valid for $\mathrm{ka}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ which yield $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}{{N}_{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for both attractive and repulsive centers.
Radiation effects in MIT Lincoln lab 3DIC technology

We characterized TID effects in MITLL 3DIC technology. We found that the effects were comparable for nFETs on the bottom tier with that on single tier wafers. Less positive charge build-up is observed for wide nFETs on the upper tiers, and this is due to the absence of silicon below the BOX. Other results indicate that MITLL 3DIC technology can be hardened to ionizing radiation by modifying the BOX [8].
A reconsideration of Ada and the glumaceous brassias (Orchidaceae)

The genusAda (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) consists of eight species of epiphytes distributed from Nicaragua to Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The two sections of the genusBrassia are compared, and the sectionGlumaceae is transferred toAda. Ada, the glumaceous brassias, andMesospinidium are compared, and it is suggested thatAda (in the broad sense) andMesospinidium are distinct but closely related genera.
Technology Policy and Agriculture: Discussion

The papers address two important forces affecting agricultural research and development: (a) how technology trade and innovation fit into an increasingly integrated world and agricultural economy and (b) the changing roles of public and private funding. Evenson adds an empirical foundation to the issue of technology flows among countries, a major contribution despite the difficulties of using patent data as an indicator of inventiveness. Three broad points of interpretation are worth emphasizing. First, considerable caution should be used in interpreting a decline in U.S. patenting in the 1980s as a decline in inventiveness. Poor protection of intellectual property rights abroad and increasing internationalization may have provided a growing incentive for firms to use trade secrets even though property rights were protected in the major developed countries considered by Evenson. Comanor and Scherer, for example, found a secular decline in the propensity to patent. Additionally, changing quality of patents, relative propensity of large versus small firms or of firms in different countries to
High resolution 17O MAS and triple-quantum MAS NMR studies of gallosilicate glasses

Abstract Gallosilicate (or ‘galliosilicate’) glasses have been widely studied as analogs of aluminosilicates, and the variations with composition in properties are known to be similar in both systems. We have applied 17O MAS and triple-quantum MAS (3QMAS) NMR spectroscopy to investigate the oxygen local environments in Na-, Li-, Ca- and Y-gallosilicate glasses. Signals due to several different oxygen species can be resolved and their concentrations quantified and NMR parameters determined. The NMR spectra generally resemble those of aluminosilicate glasses, indicating that the current model of gallium ions occupying the same types of sites as aluminum ions is a good first approximation. Quadrupolar coupling constants for the various oxygen sites tend to be larger than those for aluminosilicates, however, and vary less among different types of sites. Broader 17O spectra at low to medium external magnetic fields result. In detail, several types of differences between the observed oxygen species populations for gallosilicate and aluminosilicate are consistent with the larger radius of Ga3+ in comparison to Al3+, and possibly with a somewhat greater tendency for the former to form groups with oxygen coordination numbers greater than four. These include more Si–Ga disorder than Si–Al disorder in corresponding sodium gallo- vs. aluminosilicates, and more ‘non-stoichiometric’ non-bridging oxygen in a calcium gallosilicate than in a calcium aluminosilicate glass.
Simulating the Impacts of Fire: A Computer Program

Recurrent fire has played a dominant role in the ecology of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. To assess the benefits or losses of fire in these forests, a computer simulation model, called BURN, considers vegetation (mortality, regeneration, and production of herbaceous vegetation), wildlife (populations and habitats), and hydrology (streamflow and water quality). In the formulation of the model, graphical representations (time-trend response curves) of increases or losses (compared to an unburned control) after the occurrence of fire are converted to fixedterm annual ratios, and then annuities for the simulation components. Annuity values higher than 1.0 indicate benefits, while annuity values lower than 1.0 indicate losses. Studies in southwestern ponderosa pine forests utilized in the development of BURN are described briefly.
Technological Change and Spatial Transformation in an Information Economy: 1. A Structural Model of Transition in the Urban System

In this paper a model of urban land use, which prespecifies neither the number nor the location of employment centers, is developed within the context of office location. The number and location of employment centers are determined endogenously, based on the values of the model parameters. Offices and households compete for land and urban land serves as the mediator of balance. It is shown that traditional location theory, which is based upon physical distances and transportation costs, cannot explain the spatial structure of the contemporary urban form.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibition enhances chromosomal stability after genotoxic stress: decreased chromosomal instability (CIN) at the expense of enhanced genomic instability (GIN)?

Abstract Inappropriate survival signaling after DNA damage may facilitate clonal expansion of genetically compromised cells, and it is known that protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitors activate key survival pathways. In this study we employed the genotoxicant, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], which is a well-documented carcinogen of occupational and environmental concern. Cr(VI) induces a complex array of DNA damage, including DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). We recently reported that PTP inhibition bypassed cell cycle arrest and abrogated Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality. Notably, PTP inhibition resulted in an increase in forward mutations at the HPRT locus, supporting the hypothesis that PTP inhibition in the presence of DNA damage may lead to genomic instability (GIN), via cell cycle checkpoint bypass. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of PTP inhibition on DNA DSB formation and chromosomal integrity after Cr(VI) exposure. Diploid human lung fibroblasts were treated with Cr(VI) in the presence or absence of the PTP inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, for up to 24 h, and cells were analyzed for DNA DSBs and chromosomal damage. Cr(VI) treatment induced a rapid increase in DNA DSBs, and a significant increase in total chromosomal damage (chromatid breaks and gaps) after 24 h. In sharp contrast, PTP inhibition abrogated both DNA DSBs and chromosomal damage after Cr(VI) treatment. In summary, PTP inhibition in the face of Cr(VI) genotoxic stress decreases chromosomal instability (CIN) but increases mutagenesis, which we postulate to be a result of error-prone DNA repair.
Development and evaluation of a pseudo-force approximation applied to nonlinear dynamic contacts and viscoelastic damping

Abstract A pseudo-force approximation method is used to study the nonlinear dynamic contacts and the effect of viscoelastic damping of beam-mass-beam systems. A pseudo-contact element with nonlinear stiffness and damping approximated by polynomial functions is defined and evaluated. To improve the system dynamic responses, viscoelastic damping is introduced into the systems using the standard linear model. The nonlinear forces derived from surface elasticity, penetration, instant contact velocity and viscoelastic damper are added to an excitation force vector to avoid reformation of system matrices. The system's equations of motion are directly integrated using the Wilson-θ method with minor modifications to accommodate the dynamic contacts and the viscoelastic damping. A design equation is also proposed to estimate the required viscoelastic dampers.
A Single Camera Method For The 6-Degree Of Freedom Sprung Mass Response Of Vehicles Redirected By Cable Barriers

The results in this paper have shown how precise geometrical information can be obtained from photographs taken with a camera that is not specifically designed for photogrammetric purposes. By referring the image coordinates to a system of targets in the field of view of the camera, in relation to which also the center of projection of the camera lens is defined, it has been possible to reconstruct the bundle of projecting rays with a high degree of precision without any information on the interior orientation of the camera. The application during experiments on vehicle redirection by cable barriers has been described. Comparisons with the analysis have been given to show how the accuracy of the measured responses is necessary for validating and diagnosing the comprehensive analysis made possible by today's large scale digital computers. The method seems to offer a suitable solution for measuring the position and parameters in a large number of applications involving moving objects. The simplicity of the instrumentation and the accurate information derivable from the photographic image will undoubtedly appeal to engineers and scientists working on similar projects. /Author/