cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are evaluations inferred directly from overt action

The operation of a covert information processing mechanism was investigated in two experiments of the self-persuasion phenomena; i.e., making an inference about a stimulus on the basis of one's past behavior. Study I, using a modification of the shock paradigm employed by Bandler, et al, 1968 , Bem, 1968 , found that self persuasion occurred only when the implication of the subjects' behavior was consistent with external stimulus conditions. Thus, subjects rated a shock as more severe after choosing to make an escape response than after choosing to sustain exposure to the shock, but they did so only when the shock stimulus was severe. No inference was made from behavior when the shock was weak. In the second study subjects compared and evaluated the equality of pairs of weights. The subject was asked to make a forced-choice response, the second, or comparison weight, being judged heavier or lighter than the first, or standard weight. The forced-choice response was made at different times after lifting the weights and a final judgment of lighter, equal, or heavier was made at different times following the forced-choice reaction. It was hypothesized that the effects of the forced-choice response upon the final judgment of equal pairs of weights would depend upon the proximity of the forced-choice reaction to the lifting and comparison of the weights, and the time between the forced-choice response and the final judgment. The data support the hypotheses, and a simple stage model is presented of the internal comparison process.
Efficientin VivoSynthesis and Rapid Purification of Chorismic Acid Using an EngineeredEscherichia coliStrain

Abstract Chorismate is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and other natural products in microorganisms and plants. Four chorismate mutase-deficient strains of Escherichia coli were evaluated for the large scale microbiological production of this metabolite which is needed for detailed biochemical and structural studies of chorismate-utilizing enzymes. Optimization of culturing and isolation conditions with one of these strains yielded an improved protocol for the production of chorismate in yields that compare favorably with those previously obtained with Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 62-1, a Class 2 pathogenic organism. A simple, single-step procedure for the purification of large quantities of chorismic acid by C18 reverse phase silica gel flash chromatography is also described. Chorismic acid obtained through this procedure is 90–98% pure and can be stored as the free acid in crystalline form over several months without decomposition.
Model-based and data-based planning systems

Abstract Decision models have been used in industry and government for over two decades. Increasingly they are being augmented and supplemented by data bases and data base support software that stores, retrieves, and aggregates data and establishes relationships between corresponding data elements in separate files. This has given rise to the development of systems that combine model-based and data-based functions in imaginative ways to provide more effective managerial support. In this article we examine this emerging concept and provide examples taken from a series of case studies.
The effect of processing history on chemical changes in single- and twin-screw extruders

Abstract This paper addresses current research needs in the quantitative characterization of transport phenomena in reactive food extrusion. An introductory review of single-screw and twin-screw extrusion is given followed by a research strategy to generate the appropriate data base. An example in reference to starch extrusion is discussed.
Cone Calorimeter Combustion and Gasification Studies of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites.

Polymer composites based on organically modified phyllosilicates (organoclay) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) were prepared by melt processing to study their combustion behavior. Their degrees of dispersion and intercalation spacings as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were typical of either a microcomposite or an exfoliated nanocomposite, depending on the type of organoclay. Combustion experiments showed that the microcomposite burns in the same way as pure EVA, whereas the heat release is reduced by 70−80% when nanocomposites with low silicate loadings (2−5%) are burned, because a protective charred ceramic surface layer is formed as a result of reassembly of the clay layers and catalyzed charring of the polymer. A chemical mechanism for this charring is proposed.
Intraspecific comparison of hemocyanin oxygen affinity and the effects of hypoxia on oxygen consumption in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man)

Abstract 1. 1. No significant difference ( P > 0.5) was observed in the oxygen binding characteristics of three strains of M. rosenbergii hemocyanin. P 50 was equal to 19.6 ± 0.5 at a pH of 7.54, n 50 = 5.2 ± 0.2 at 22°C. 2. 2. The Bohr effect (Δlog P 50 /ΔpH) for M. rosenbergii hemocyanin is −1.3. 3. 3. Cooperativity ( n 50 ) decreased with increasing pH from 7.3 ± 0.9 at pH 7.36 to 1.2 ± 0.1 at pH 7.71. 4. 4. Among different strains, no difference ( P > 0.5) was observed on the effects of hypoxia on oxygen uptake. 5. 5. Although large variations in morphology, protein structure, reproduction, and behavior are observed among the different strains of M. rosenbergii , the characteristics of the respiratory system appear to be extremely conservative.
Precise control over the oxygen conditions within the Boyden chamber using a microfabricated insert

Cell migration is a hallmark of cancer cell metastasis and is highly correlated with hypoxia in tumors. The Boyden chamber is a porous membrane-based migration platform that has seen a great deal of use for both in vitro migration and invasion assays due to its adaptability to common culture vessels and relative ease of use. The hypoxic chamber is a current tool that can be implemented to investigate the cellular response to oxygen paradigms. Unfortunately, this method lacks the spatial and temporal precision to accurately model a number of physiological phenomena. In this article, we present a newly developed microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device that easily adapts to the Boyden chamber, and provides more control over the oxygenation conditions exposed to cells. The device equilibrates to 1% oxygen in about 20 min, thus demonstrating the capabilities of a system for researchers to establish both short-term continuous and intermittent hypoxia regimes. A Parylene-C thin-film coating was used to prevent ambient air penetration through the bulk PDMS and was found to yield improved equilibration times and end-point concentrations. MDA-MD-231 cells, an invasive breast cancer line, were used as a model cell type to demonstrate the effect of oxygen concentration on cell migration through the Boyden chamber porous membrane. Continuous hypoxia downregulated migration of cells relative to the normoxic control, as did an intermittent hypoxia regime (IH) cycling between 0% and 21% oxygen (0–21% IH). However, cells exposed to 5–21% IH exhibited increased migration compared to the other conditions, as well as relative to the normoxic control. The results presented here show the device can be utilized for experiments implementing the Boyden chamber for in vitro hypoxic studies, allowing experiments to be conducted faster and with more precision than currently possible.
A one-dimensional model of the atmospheric electric field near the Venusian surface

A one-dimensional model is developed for the development of an electric field below the Venus cloud layer, assuming an absence of cloud-to-ground lightning. The ion-bearing medium is considered as a collision dominated, partially ionized gas. Ion production by cosmic rays is accompanied by a sink of recombining positive and negative ions. The net diffusion of ions to the surface was examined, and modeled as resulting from differences between the ion diffusivities and electrical activity within the clouds. Calculations were made of the conduction and diffusion currents profiles, positive and negative ion densities, and the net space charge. Higher positive ion diffusivity was found to enhance the surface positive charge, producing an electric field which depended on the boundary layer mixing. Charge separation in the clouds also produces an electric field. Assuming a fair weather conduction current similar to earth leads to an electric field of 5 kV/sq m at the surface, with continuity to a few kilometers altitude.
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Plenary and Invited Papers from ICOPS 2011

The six papers in this special issue were originally presented at the 38th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS), held in Chicago, IL, from June 26 to June 30, 2011.
Borate Accelerates Rates of Steady Oxygen‐Isotope Exchange for Polyoxoniobate Ions in Water

Borate Accelerates Rates of Steady Oxygen-Isotope Exchange for Polyoxoniobate Ions in Water
Elementary school science: An integrated teacher education program

(1993). Elementary school science: An integrated teacher education program. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 89-91.
Galileo: a modular mid- and long-wave infrared camera

The design of most contemporary FURs is strongly driven by specific end user applications. Typical system architectures are unable to accommodate expansion to larger format focal planes, utilize alternative detector materials, or provide flexible sets of user accessible image and digital data manipulation features without significant investments in redesign. Amber provides an innovative solution to this dilemma by offering a modular infrared camera featuring flexible hardware and software architectures designed for stand-alone research and industrial instrumentation activity as well as in embedded gimbal FUR systems applications. Keywords: infrared, sensor, FLIR, seeker, camera.
Picosecond-pulse and millimeter-wave spectroscopy of barium ferrite

Transmission measurements of a barium ferrite pressed-powder sample have been made with an optically switched picosecond-pulse spectrometer. By comparison to millimeter-wave spectroscopy of the same sample, features related to the ferrimagnetic resonance have been identified in the pulse spectrum. Time-domain spectra predicted from models of the permeability indicate significant discrepancies with the experimental short-pulse line shape.
Combining Ability of Binary Mixtures of Introduced, Cool-and Warm-Season Grasses and Legumes

When two forage species are grown together they can be compatible, compete, or allelopathic with each other. We estimated the combining ability effects for introduced, cool- (CS) and warm-season (WS) grasses and legumes grown in binary mixtures. Six pure stands and 15 mixtures were transplanted into fi eld plots in a replicated randomized block design at Woodward, OK. Plots were harvested three times a year over a 2 yr period. Each harvest was analyzed as a mixed model combining ability analysis. The dependent variables were forage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yield. Specifi c combining ability (SCA) effects for DM yield were either zero or negative for mixtures of CS grasses or mixtures of WS grasses. For DM yield the SCA effects were either zero or positive for CS grass-legume mixtures or zero or negative for WS grass-legume mixtures. A few grass–grass and grass–legume mixtures produced positive SCA effects; but, their species compositions were highly skewed toward one species. When SCA effects are zero, species compete with each other. This was the case for yellow bluestem [Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. var. ischaemum (Hack.) Celarier and Harlan]–legume mixtures. Yellow bluestem-legume mixtures averaged 59% yellow bluestem: 41% legume DM forage across harvests. Yellow bluestem-legume mixtures may be a suitable forage production system for the Southern Plains. Long-term grazing studies are needed to determine the sustainability of these mixtures.
Transverse loading of cellular topologically interlocked materials

Abstract Topologically interlocked materials (TIMs) are a class of materials made by a structured assembly of an array of identically shaped and sized unit elements that are held in a confining framework. The assembly can resist transverse forces in the absence of adhesives between the unit elements. The present study focuses on topologically interlocked materials with cellular unit elements. The resulting materials achieve their properties by a combination of deformation of the individual unit elements and their contact interaction. Drop tower tests were conducted to characterize the mechanical behavior of the cellular TIMs made of an intrinsically brittle base material. The TIMs were found to exhibit perfect softening, independent of the relative density of the cellular units. The analysis of the experiments revealed a positive correlation between strength and toughness in contrast to more conventional materials. An analytical model for the prediction of the observed material behavior is developed. Model predictions are in agreement with experimental data. The implications of the present findings for the design of these novel materials are discussed.
Predictors of successful early extubation following congenital cardiac surgery in neonates and infants.

Background There is a paucity of literature discussing the predictive likelihood of successfully extubating neonates and infants in the operating room immediately following congenital cardiac surgery. Given the unknown consequences of anaesthetics on neurodevelopmental outcomes, minimising the exposure of this population to such agents may have long-term benefits. Methods Retrospective chart review of 391 patients less than 1 year of age. Results The probability of successfully extubating these patients was based on quantifiable, objective criteria. The relevant variables include age, weight, bypass time, lactate level and specific congenital anomaly. Conclusions The practice of immediate extubation of infants and neonates is achievable, safe and predicted based on specific patient variables. This practice will minimise the anaesthetic exposure of these especially young patients who may be at risk for long-term consequences related to anaesthetic exposure.
Kinetics of floc breakage and aggregation in agitated liquid suspensions

Abstract A complete population balance equation governing the floc size distribution interpreting both breakage and aggregation mechanisms was obtained in this work. The present work deals with floc formation and breakage in the presence of polymer coagulants. In order to obtain all the parameters involved in the proposed governing equation, a nonlinear least-squares curve fitting procedure was applied. The aggregation collision efficiency was found to be 0.33 for our clay-polymer flocculation system under optimum dosage. The floc splitting frequency was found to be proportional to the product of turbulent shear rate and parent floc volume. The rate of decrease of parent floc volume due to erosion was verified to be proportional to the product of turbulent shear rate and the mean particle volume of erosion fines. The “maximum stable floc size” in a given turbulence field was found to exist in our system.
High aspect ratio 3-D electroplating assisted by localized laser irradiation

We report a high-aspect ratio electroplating technique that is assisted by focused laser irradiation to construct further narrow and tall three-dimensional (3-D) microstructures. Focused laser irradiation strengthens localized electrical field near the focal spot, thus enabling faster nucleation of ions and construction of higher aspect ratio pillars than typical chemical electroplating. We compared electroplating properties with and without laser irradiation, by investigating the profile, speed, and material elements of the fabricated microstructures. Laser-assisted electroplating enhanced the basement deposition speed by 31% to 1.7 nm/s from the 1.3 nm/s of the traditional electrochemical deposition without laser irradiation under a low current density (4 mA/cm2). This technique allowed vertical pillars to grow in a reduced diameter of 85 urn, which is down by 20% compared to the diameter of 110 urn without laser assistance. The electroplated nickel pillars have resulted in 24% less oxygen in the final structures showing the improved homogeneity of materials. Lateral nickel branches are also produced with a higher deposition rate than traditional method.
In vivo tracer studies of glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, and protein synthesis in naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal.

Quantitative autoradiography of [14C]deoxyglucose, [14C]iodoantipyrine, and [14C]leucine was used to estimate regional cerebral glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral protein synthesis, respectively, in rats during morphine dependence and withdrawal. Glucose metabolism was elevated in 19 of 26 selected brain regions; the elevations in glucose metabolism were similar when data were expressed as either optical density ratios or as calculated rate values of μmol/100 gm/min. Restraining the rats produced heterogeneous effects on glucose metabolism during morphine withdrawal (MW). Neither estimated cerebral blood flow nor cerebral protein synthesis were affected by morphine and/or naloxone treatments in either naive or morphine-dependent rats. The data demonstrate that changes in regional cerebral glucose utilization occur independently of blood flow changes and exclude the possibility that regional changes in glucose utilization occur as a consequence of large regional changes in protein synthesis rates in brain. These data confirm the utility of 2-deoxyglucose measures of MW as objective biochemical indices of opiate agonist and antagonist effects in vivo.
Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data

Abstract A brief review is given of research in the Climate Analysis Section at NCAR on the water cycle. Results are used to provide a new estimate of the global hydrological cycle for long-term annual means that includes estimates of the main reservoirs of water as well as the flows of water among them. For precipitation P over land a comparison among three datasets enables uncertainties to be estimated. In addition, results are presented for the mean annual cycle of the atmospheric hydrological cycle based on 1979–2000 data. These include monthly estimates of P, evapotranspiration E, atmospheric moisture convergence over land, and changes in atmospheric storage, for the major continental landmasses, zonal means over land, hemispheric land means, and global land means. The evapotranspiration is computed from the Community Land Model run with realistic atmospheric forcings, including precipitation that is constrained by observations for monthly means but with high-frequency information taken from atmosphe...
Field behavior and adaptive strategies of appendicularians (Chordata: Tunicata)

The behavior of 7 species of appendicularians from the family Oikopleuridae was observed using SCUBA in the Gulf of California and the Florida Current. The frequency and orientation of feeding and the pattern of swimming while within the house varied considerably among species. Appendicularians expanded new houses in 1 1/2 to 5 min. House-expansion behavior was complex and variable among species. Appendicularians rarely abandoned the house in response to predation. Predators included the sergeant major (Abudefduf sp.), medusae, chaetognaths and ctenophores. The abandonment of the house was based on a cost-benefit behavior strategy which maximized time spent inside the house while minimizing predation and energy investment in house secretion. Strategies of predator avoidance are discussed.
Oxygen consumption in diapausing blastocysts.

The oxygen consumption of various diapausing blastocysts from mammals having delayed implantation (mink, northern fur seal, black bear, armadillo and lactating rat) was studied with the Cartesian diver apparatus and compared with that of blastocysts from mammals where implantation is not delayed (rabbit, nonlactating rat). In general, there is a variation in the respiratory rate between species and within a species but the oxygen consumption of the delayed blastocysts was not different from the non-delayed ones. It was concluded that the control of the delay in implantation in the animals studied, does not lie in the realm of respiratory changes.
Appetite-inducing accumbens manipulation activates hypothalamic orexin neurons and inhibits POMC neurons

Corticolimbic circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum determine the reward value of food and might play a role in environmentally induced obesity. Chemical manipula...
The effect of larval age range on survival of twoTribolium castaneum strains in mixed cultures, through pupal cannibalism

The effect of larval age range on survival of twoTribolium castaneum strains in mixed cultures was studied in an experimental situation in which other selective forces were reduced to a minimum. Increasing the difference in larval age setween the strains by one day resulted in a reduction of survival of the faster-developing mutant strain, because more of its earlier pupae were cannibalized by the larvae. General aspects of the effects of pupal cannibalism by larvae on the outcome of intra-specific competition (sensu lato) inTribolium are discussed.
Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb: A New Departure in American Jewish Defense?*

In May 1987 the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in the case of Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb. The case can be studied in several ways: it sheds light on the relationship of Jews to the American government, on the condition of the contemporary American Jewish community, and on the patterns of American Jewish defense. Although all its elements are interconnected, the most significant aspect of the case lies in the new defense posture it reveals. From this perspective, it stands as a case that could not have arisen one hundred or even twenty years ago. Much can be extrapolated from an analysis of the Shaare Tefila case. How Jews, ever an accommodationist group, invoked the protection of the government, demonstrates the customary legalistic approach of American Jewish defense. Modern Jews, as commentators have noted, retain a reverence for the law, even though their primary concern may now be the law of the land rather than halaeha. Through legislation and litigation American Jews have consistently sought to broaden the legal freedoms they enjoy and thus shore up their security. Seeking new interpretations from the courts, they have heeded the Talmudic injunction to build a fence around the Law. Like pre-modern Jews they have shown a preference for the protection of the central government over and above that of local authorities.
Epitaxial Sn and Bi on GaAs(110) : inverse photoemission, shallow core-hole emission, and Ga 3d excitons

The evolution of nondisruptive, epitaxial Sn and Bi overlayers on cleaved GaAs(110) has been studied with momentum-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy, shallow d core-hole photon emission, and low-energy electron diffraction. Quasi-one-dimensional dispersion of the empty p-like band for GaAs(110)-p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)-Bi (1 monolayer) arises from Bi zig-zag chains oriented along [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]. This state at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$+1.25 eV behaves as a surface resonance for 1--2 monolayers (ML) of Bi. For Sn overlayers, a weakly ordered structure mixed with p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) structures appears after \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 ML, and no p-like resonant states were found near ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$. Sn ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{V}}$ (4${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$) and Bi ${\mathit{O}}_{\mathrm{V}}$ (5${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$) soft-x-ray emission spectra near h\ensuremath{\nu}=23 eV show local p-valence-state evolution, the interaction of the core-hole potential with valence electrons, and screening effects via the density of states at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$. 1 ML of Sn on GaAs(110) is semiconducting, and core-hole emission appears \ensuremath{\sim}0.45 eV lower than for semimetallic Sn. Equivalent behavior is not observed for (1 ML Bi)/GaAs(110) because electrons in the Bi zig-zag chains are delocalized. Band narrowing at low coverage for the Sn ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{V}}$ and Bi ${\mathit{O}}_{\mathrm{V}}$ emission is associated with band-structure effects and core-hole lifetimes. Direct radiative recombination of the Ga 3d core exciton at h\ensuremath{\nu}=20.1 eV is observed after the deposition of multiple layers of Bi and Sn. It reflects both Ga 3d dangling-bond excitons and bulk 3d--conduction-band-${\mathit{X}}_{6}$ and -${\mathit{L}}_{6}$ excitons.
Minimal transistor-only micropower integrated VHF active filter

A minimal integrated filter containing four MOS transistors as the only circuit elements is presented. Voltage tuning is used to set the cutoff frequency and band-edge peaking. A filter test chip occupies an active area of 0006mm2, has acutoff frequency of 40 MHz and dissipates 580W.
Analysis of single soybean seeds for oil and protein

Microprocedures were developed to analyze single soybean seeds for protein, oil, and moisture. Ten mature Forrest soybean plants were taken from a yield plot and sampled, so that seeds were taken from the top, middle, and bottom areas. Also, seeds were taken from distal and proximal racemes, from distal and proximal pods on a raceme, and from distal and proximal seeds within a pod. The range in protein for the 241 seeds analyzed was 32 to 51% (dry weight basis) with a standard deviation of 2.96%. The range in oil was 16.5 to 25.5% (dry weight basis) with a standard deviation of 1.84%. The middle area had significantly more oil and significantly less protein than the top and bottom areas. Also, significant differences in protein and oil were found between plants. There was no significant difference in protein or oil due to position of a raceme, position of a pod on a raceme, or position of a seed within a pod. The standard deviation found for protein and oil can be used to estimate the sample size needed to achieve a certain degree of accuracy in protein and oil analyses.
Direct observation of free rotor states in compounds with hindred internal rotation

Abstract Low-resolution microwave spectra of species torsionally excited above an internal rotation barrier are observed. Although the population of a single excited state is not large, the total population of these spectrally unresolved states is often sufficient to yield intense band spectra.
Results of a survey of 5,700 patient monopolar radiofrequency facial skin tightening treatments: assessment of a low-energy multiple-pass technique leading to a clinical end point algorithm.

INTRODUCTION Monopolar radiofrequency is an effective means of nonsurgical facial skin tightening. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether using larger tips at lower energy and multiple passes, using patient feedback on heat sensation and treating to a clinical end point of visible tightening, would yield better results than single passes with small tips at high energy, as measured by patient and physician satisfaction. METHODS Fourteen physicians from four specialties were surveyed to determine the answers to the following three questions. (1) Is patient's feedback on heat sensation a valid and preferred method for optimal energy selection? (2) Do multiple passes at moderate energy settings yield substantial and consistent efficacy? (3) Is treating to a clinical end point of visible tightening predictable of results? RESULTS A total of 5,700 patient treatments were surveyed. Comparisons were made using the original algorithm of high-energy, single pass to the new algorithm of lower energy and multiple passes with visible tightening as the end point of treatment. Using the original treatment algorithm, 26% of patients demonstrated immediate tightening, 54% observed skin tightening 6 months after treatment, 45% found the procedure too painful, and 68% of patients found the treatment results met their expectations. With the new multiple-pass algorithm, 87% observed immediate tightening, 92% had the tightening six months after treatment, 5% found the procedure too painful, while 94% found the treatment results met their expectations. CONCLUSIONS Patient feedback on heat sensation is a valid, preferable method for optimal energy selection in monopolar radiofrequency skin-tightening treatments.
Religiosity and spirituality in military veteran cancer survivors: a qualitative perspective.

Religiosity/spirituality (R/S) is often involved in coping with cancer. Qualitative research effectively captures the individuality of R/S constructs. Fourteen military veteran cancer survivors participated in focus groups. R/S questions included “How have your religious/spiritual beliefs affected how you cope with your cancer” and “How have your religious/spiritual beliefs changed as a result of your experience with cancer?” Five primary themes emerged: impact of cancer on R/S, meaning-making, prayer, religious/spiritual role of others, and facing death. Consistency and individuality characterized the role of R/S in cancer survivorship across themes. Implications for future research are discussed.
A viscous tolerance criterion for soft tissue injury assessment

Experiments in our laboratory have documented that high-speed impact can cause severe injury to internal organs before either of the currently accepted chest injury criteria, which are based on spinal acceleration or chest compression, approach their tolerance limit. Those studies demonstrate an interdependence between the velocity of deformation and compression of the body on injury risk. A tolerable level of chest compression at a low velocity can prove to be fatal at higher velocities of deformation. The observation of a rate-sensitive tolerable compression led to the introduction of the Viscous criterion, VCmax, which accounts for the importance of both parameters. VCmax is the maximum of the product of velocity of deformation (V) and compression (C), and is derivable from the chest deflection response. This paper presents the empirical evidence and theoretical basis supporting the Viscous criterion, and shows it to be an indicator of the energy dissipated by soft tissue deformation. The Viscous criterion accurately predicts the risk of vital organ and soft tissue injury when other criteria fail.
The Composition of Cosmic Rays and the Mixing of the Interstellar Medium

The differences between the composition of Galactic cosmic rays and that of the interstellar medium are manifold, and they contain a wealth of information about the varying processes that created them. These differences reveal much about the initial mixing of freshly synthesized matter, the chemistry and differentiation of the interstellar medium, and the mechanisms and environment of ion injection and acceleration. Here we briefly explore these processes and show how they combine to create the peculiar, but potentially universal, composition of the cosmic rays and how measurements of the composition can provide a unique measure of the mixing ratio of the fresh supernova ejecta and the old interstellar medium in this initial phase of interstellar mixing.
Distributed web app execution with chunks

We propose an execution model for web apps that eschews the current need for static partitioning of web apps into client-side JavaScript and server-side "data center" code, but rather enables dynamic partitioning by allowing the client and server to share code and migrate computation between each other. Our model abstracts and represents shared code and data as a graph of fixed-sized chunks; our runtime then manages and migrates the graph rather than managing the code and its dependencies directly. We demonstrate our model through PhotoBoss, a suite of web apps for editing high-resolution photos.
Simultaneous chromatographic separation and infra-red sample preparation of indole acids.

IN attempting to identify trace amounts of metabolites from biological fluids, the use of one of the most powerful tools of organic chemical analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, presents technical difficulties. The two major ones are: (a) a sample preparation technique for the characteristically polar compounds, and (b) sufficient purity to allow a resolvable spectrum.
Intraspecific 5S rRNA gene variation in flax, Linum usitatissimum ( Linaceae )

A relatively large proportion of the flax genome (~ 3%) is comprised of 5S rRNA genes. This study focuses on the intraspecific sequence variation among five distinct groups of 5S rRNA genes. The results indicate that group 1 and 2 5S rRNA genes most closely resemble other angiosperm 5S genes, while groups 3–5 are highly divergent. Sequence variation is higher in the spacer region compared to the transcribed region for all pairwise comparisons. The large degree of sequence variation observed in this study is discussed with respect to genome organization and proposed models for repetitive sequence maintenance.
Effects of Red-Spotted Newts (Notophthalmus virldescens) on the Densities of Invertebrates in a Permanent, Fish-Free Pond: A One-Month Enclosure Experiment

The effects of predation by adult red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) on littoral-zone benthic invertebrates were examined by experimental manipulations of newt density. To minimize enclo...
Power deposition in whole‐body NMR imaging

The surface radio frequency (rf) power absorption in human head and torso nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)imaging experiments is estimated. The results are expressed as a function of the NMR frequency, the rf pulse length, and the pulse duty cycle, which are varied over six orders of magnitude for general applicability. The results are compared with average metabolic levels and the limits advised by the National Radiological Protection Broad of the United Kingdom. Heating due to time‐dependent magnetic field gradients is discussed.
Causally productive activities

Abstract This paper suggests and discusses an answer to the following question: What distinguishes causal from non-causal or coincidental co-occurrences? The answer derives from Elizabeth Anscombe’s idea that causality is a highly abstract concept whose meaning derives from our understanding of specific causally productive activities (e.g., pulling, scraping, burning), and from her rejection of the assumption that causality can be informatively understood in terms of actual or counterfactual regularities.
Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corrosion Control Measure for Ballast Tanks

Abstract Field experiments designed to evaluate deoxygenation of natural seawater as a corrosion control measure for unprotected carbon steel seawater ballast tanks demonstrated decreased corrosion in hypoxic (<0.2 ppm O2) seawater using linear polarization measurements. They also demonstrated the difficulty of maintaining hypoxic seawater. Using a gas mixture it was possible to displace dissolved oxygen. However, aerobic respiration and corrosion reactions consumed oxygen and produced totally anaerobic conditions within the first days of hypoxia. When gaskets and seals failed, oxygen was inadvertently introduced. The impact of oxygen ingress on corrosion depends on the amount of oxygen in the system at the time oxygen is introduced. Carbon steel exposed to cycles of hypoxic seawater and oxygenated atmosphere had higher corrosion rates than coupons exposed to cycles of either consistently aerobic or deoxygenated conditions.
A signal peptide peptidase (SPP) reporter activity assay based on the cleavage of type II membrane protein substrates provides further evidence for an inverted orientation of the SPP active site relative to presenilin.

Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is an intramembrane-cleaving protease identified by its cleavage of several type II membrane signal peptides after signal peptidase cleavage. Here we describe a novel, quantitative, cell-based SPP reporter assay. This assay utilizes a substrate consisting of the NH2 terminus of the ATF6 transcription factor fused to a transmembrane domain susceptible to SPP cleavage in vitro. In cells, cleavage of the substrate releases ATF6 from the membrane. This cleavage can be monitored by detection of an epitope that is unmasked in the cleaved substrate or by luciferase activity induced by the cleaved ATF6 substrate binding to and activating an ATF6 luciferase reporter construct. Using this assay we show that (i) SPP is the first aspartyl intramembrane-cleaving protease whose activity increases proportionally to its overexpression and (ii) selectivity of various SPP and γ-secretase inhibitors can be rapidly evaluated. Because this assay was designed based on data suggesting that SPP has an orientation distinct from presenilin and cleaves type II membrane proteins, we determined whether the segment of SPP located between the two presumptive catalytic aspartates was in the lumen or cytoplasm. Using site-directed mutagenesis to insert an N-linked glycosylation site we show that a portion of this region is present in the lumen. These data provide strong evidence that although the SPP and presenilin active sites have some similarities, their presumptive catalytic domains are inverted. This assay should prove useful for additional functional studies of SPP as well as evaluation of SPP and γ-secretase inhibitors.
A test of the chronic-acute hypothesis in semantic GSR conditioning

Two alternative hypotheses (chronic vs. acute) about the nature of human anxiety, its relation to intensity of noxious stimulation, and its energizing effect in simple learning situations were examined. One group of Ss with high and one with low scores on a manifest anxiety scale (N=38) were conditioned to give a GSR to the CS “light”, with a 500 cps tone at 70 dB serving as non-noxious UCS. A tone of 500 cps at 90 dB served as noxious UCS for the other anxious and non-anxious groups (N=37). A significant interaction between anxiety and UCS intensity obtained both for generalization and for extinction measures. The results support the acute hypothesis which states that high anxiety scores reflect an “acute” rather than a chronic state of anxiety.
Students and Teachers Learning to See: Part 2: Using Visual Images in the College Classroom to Enhance the Social Context for Learning

In this interdisciplinary analysis, the authors examine the use of visual images in the college classroom. They share examples and critical reflections that illuminate the strengths and challenges in using this medium to enhance the social context for learning. The use of visual images to develop classroom community and connect learning outcomes to students' lives beyond the classroom is explored.
A SMALL ANIMAL PLETHYSMOGRAPH/EXPOSURE TUBE FOR DETERMINATION OF RESPIRATORY MECHANICS DURING EXPOSURE, USING A NONINVASIVE METHOD TO MEASURE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE

The real-time measurement of changes in respiratory mechanics, primarily dynamic compliance (C dyn) and airway resistance (R L) , is often used to assess the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled materials, irritants thought to cause reactivity response in the airways. Simple volume displacement plethysmography for measurement of ventilation in spontaneously breathing animals can be adapted for the determination of C dyn and R L by including measurement of intrapleural pressure (Ppl). Accurate estimates of Ppl can be obtained by measurement of esophageal pressure (Pes) using transoral insertion of a water-filled catheter. Measurement of Pes does not require surgical intervention as is often required for the measurement of Ppl directly. However, the use of conventional head-out plethysmography to measure ventilation and respiratory mechanics during exposure usually precludes the use of a transoral esophageal catheter to measure Pes. Thus, invasive methods must be used to measure Ppl. The combination headout plethy...
Viruses can silently prime for and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease.

Although many viruses have been isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), as yet, no one agent has been demonstrated to cause MS. In contrast, epidemiological data indicate that viral infections are associated with exacerbations of MS. Here, we present data showing that virus infections can subclinically prime animals for central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease; long after the original infection has been eradicated, a nonspecific challenge/infection can trigger an exacerbation. The priming infectious agent must show molecular mimicry with self-CNS antigens such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) or myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). The subsequent challenge, however, may be nonspecific; complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), or infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding an irrelevant protein, could trigger CNS disease. In the CNS, we could detect a mononuclear cell infiltration, but no demyelination was found. However, if the pathogenesis of MS is similar to that of this novel animal model for CNS autoimmune disease, our findings could help explain why exacerbations of MS are often associated with a variety of different viral infections.
Coding theory framework for target location in distributed sensor networks

Distributed, real time sensor networks are essential for effective surveillance in the digitized battlefield and for environmental monitoring. We present the first systematic theory that leads to novel sensor deployment strategies for effective surveillance and target location. We represent the sensor field as a grid (two- or three-dimensional) of points (coordinates), and use the term target at a grid point at any instant in time. We use the framework of unidentified codes to determine sensor placement for unique target location. We provide coding-theoretic-bounds on the number of sensors and present methods for determining their placement in the sensor field. We also show that sensor placement for single targets provides asymptotically complete (unambiguous) location of multiple targets.
A Thickness Shear Mode Zinc Oxide Liquid Sensor with Off-axis Excitation

A thickness shear mode acoustic sensor is developed based on a typical longitudinal mode electrode configuration through the use of a tuned acoustic mirror. The coupling of the electric field to a thickness shear mode occurs because of an off-axis electric field produced near the periphery of the top electrode. The existence of a lateral electric field component is verified through finite element simulations. The fabricated devices exhibit a Quality factor (Q) on average of 80 with an acoustic velocity of-3,086 m/s at 2.0 GHz. Sensor experiments are performed under liquid loading conditions, using glycerol-water solutions. The thickness shear mode resonance is monitored in real-time for a shift in frequency indicating sensitivity to the density-viscosity product. The highly sensitive mass sensor has the potential for use in biological sensing applications.
Disequilibrium in older people A prospective study

Objective: To identify the clinical and neuroimaging features in older people with disequilibrium of unknown cause. Background: Many older people show a deterioration of balance without an identifiable cause. Whether the disequilibrium is a normal aging phenomenon, the result of yet unidentified neuropathology, or a combination of the two is unknown. Methods: Twenty-nine patients who complained of disequilibrium (ages 75 to 92) and 29 age- and sex-matched control subjects completed five yearly examinations including history and semiquantitative neurologic examination, activities of daily living, visual acuity, mini-mental status, bedside gait and balance score (Tinetti), Purdue pegboard, and vestibular function testing. Concerns about falling and number of falls were quantified. Subcortical white matter lesions (WML) and frontal atrophy (FA) were graded (blindly), and the ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) was measured from MRIs of the brain. Results: On entry, patients differed from control subjects only in measures of balance, concerns about falling, and falls. Over the 5 years, patients were four times more likely to fall than control subjects. The number of falls was highly correlated with measures of balance (p Conclusion: Disequilibrium of unknown cause in older people is associated with frequent falls, concerns about falling, brain atrophy, and WML on MRI. Some cases are probably caused by small-vessel ischemic disease.
Effects of length of exposure to and concentration of acetaldehyde on the release of catecholamines.

Abstract The perfused isolated cow adrenal gland was stimulated to release catecholamines by perfusion with Tyrode solution containing acetaldehyde in concentrations between 1.5 × 10 −5 and 2.5 × 10 −2 M. Release per unit time (μmoles/min) of catecholamines by acetaldehyde increased as the length of exposure to the drug was increased. In contrast to carbachol, the concentration-response curve for acetaldehyde was shifted to the left by increasing the stimulation time 3-fold. A delay in reaching the maximum response was observed at 2 × 10 −3 M acetaldehyde; this delay increased as the concentration of acetaldehyde was lowered. Catecholamine release returned to its basal level upon terminating the infusion of acetaldehyde. It is concluded that acetaldehyde can release adrenal catecholamines at concentrations similar to those that occur in man after ingestion of alcohol, but a period of time is required for accumulation of an effective concentration of the drug at its site of action.
Effects of Fat and NaCl/Phosphate Levels on the Chemical and Sensory Properties of Pork Patties

Ground pork shoulders were combined with 50/50 pork trimmings to achieve fat levels of 20.0, 23.3, 26.6, and 30.0%. Salt/phosphate (NaCl/PO4) combinations of 0/0, 1/0, 1/0.25 and 2%/0.5% were blended with each fat level. Each treatment combination was stored at 3°C for 7 days in air-permeable film (AP), 21 days in vacuum pouches (VP) and at −23°C for 90 days in double-wrapped (DW) freezer paper. Fat level did not affect pH, expressed moisture (EM), peroxide value (PV), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values or cooking losses. Patties with 30.0% fat were jucier and required less energy to compress. A combination of 1%NaCl/0.25%PC4 reduced cooking losses, enhanced sensory properties and moderated the oxidation effects of NaCl up to 60 days of frozen storage. The NaCl treatment accelerated lipid oxidation most during all storage conditions while the control remained the least oxidized.