cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Teaching of Scientific French and German

THE purpose of this study was to determine the present status of the teaching of scientific French and German in a representative list of American colleges and universities with reference to prerequisite courses, content and scope of courses given, methods of teaching, and general tendencies. It is written from the point of view of a teacher who has taught these subjects for a number of years and has been in close contact with teachers of scientific and technical subjects. The information was obtained from a study of two hundred thirtyeight recent catalogues of colleges and universities, and from sixty-seven replies received in answer to a questionnaire sent to representative teachers of French and German. The description in catalogues is often brief and somewhat indefinite. The answers to the questionnaire contained varying amounts of information. On the whole, the interest shown was gratifying, and the writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to all those who cooperated so kindly.
National Guard Service Members’ Perceptions of Informal and Formal Supports: An Exploratory Study

Much of the research on military families has focused on active duty service members. Little is known about informal and formal supports that National Guard service members use. Using an ecological systems perspective, this exploratory pilot study assessed awareness, access, use, satisfaction, and perceptions of effectiveness of informal and formal supports in a small group of National Guard service members. Results indicate that although service members are aware of many formal and informal supports, use of many of the supports is limited. Additionally, satisfaction and perceptions of effectiveness of many supports is neutral. The implications of these results are discussed.
Potential of Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi, as bioherbicides for several weedy Amaranthus species

Abstract Several plants in the genus Amaranthus are weeds in cropping systems throughout the world, and some biotypes have developed resistance to a number of herbicide families. In an effort to develop alternative, biologically based weed management tactics, studies were initiated to quantify the selective ability of two fungal organisms to several Amaranthus species. Response of weed seedlings to Microsphaeropsis amaranthi (3×106 conidia.ml−1), Phomopsis amaranthicola (1×107 conidia.ml−1), and a mixture of the two organisms (1.5×106+4×106 conidia.ml−1, M. amaranthi and P. amaranthicola, respectively) were tested under controlled and field conditions at Urbana, IL in 2004. Weeds included Amaranthus rudis; A. palmeri; A. powellii; A. retroflexus; A. spinosus; A. hybridus; A. albus; and A. blitoides. Seeds of each species were sown in the greenhouse, and conidial suspensions were applied at the 2- to 4-leaf stage, and then pots were placed either in a dew chamber (24 h) and back in the greenhouse, or in the inter-row of a soybean field. Treatment with fungal organisms infected most weeds, reducing growth and survival, although responses in the greenhouse were less than those observed in the field. Percent seedling mortality for A. albus and A. blitoides were between 80 and 100%, 14 to 15 DAT for the mixture or M. amaranthi alone, in greenhouse and field trials. In the greenhouse, the mixture of two organisms and M. amaranthi alone significantly reduced A. albus and A. blitoides height. Fungal treatments reduced biomass of A. powellii, A. albus and A. blitoides. In field experiments, all eight weed species treated with M. amaranthi or the mixture of both organisms had severe disease ratings 15 DAT, and mortality ranged from 74% to 100%. In addition, these treatments reduced biomass of A. rudis, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. hybridus, and A. albus. Height of A. rudis, A. hybridus, and A. albus was reduced by all fungal treatments. This research indicates seedlings of several Amaranthus species are susceptible to conidial suspensions of P. amaranthicola and M. amaranthi in both controlled and field environments.
Transition Probability for Photoelectric Emission from Semiconductors

An adaptation of Makinson's theory of photoelectric emission from metals is used to treat simple one- and three-dimensional semiconductor models. The probability of excitation from a state of initial energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ lying near ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$, the top of an occupied band, is found proportional to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. Thus, the transition probability vanishes at the top of the band. For a density of states having the normal form, $n\ensuremath{\sim}{({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, the energy distribution of the emitted electrons contains a factor ${({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and is thus concave upward near the band edge.For certain simple surfaces, the photoelectric threshold may be high because transitions requiring low energy are forbidden. It is pointed out that this feature is an idealization probably not found for real surfaces having the usual inevitable irregularities. In a qualitative discussion, more realistic cases are mentioned. It is suggested that the results retain the form derived above, although the high threshold energy disappears.An energy distribution proportional to ${({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ near the band edge is in good agreement with previous experimental results on Te and other monatomic semiconductors. With the graphical methods of analysis previously applied to data on these materials, the point of view taken above permits more definite location of the edges of occupied bands. Improved estimates of upper limits to the density of occupied surface levels are then possible.
Stigma and barriers to accessing mental health services perceived by Air Force nursing personnel.

ABSTRACT We investigated perceptions of stigma and barriers associated with accessing mental health services among active component U.S. Air Force officer and enlisted nursing personnel (N = 211). The Britt and Hoge et al Stigma scale and Hoge et al Barriers to Care scale were administered via an anonymous, online survey. Stigma items pertained to concerns that might affect decisions to seek mental health treatment. Most of the sample agreed with the items “Members of my unit might have less confidence in me” and “My unit leadership might treat me differently.” Approximately 20% to 46% agreed with the other four stigma items. Officer nursing personnel were significantly more likely than enlisted to agree that accessing mental health services would be embarrassing, harm their career, or cause leaders to blame them for the problem (p ≤ 0.03 for each comparison). Getting time off from work for treatment and scheduling appointments were perceived as barriers by 41% and 21% of respondents, respectively. We con...
Effect of microaggregate blood filtration on platelet concentrates in vitro

In order to determine if platelet concentrate could be transfused through microaggregate filters, platelets collected in CPD and CPDA-1 preservatives were passed through the currently available microaggregate blood filters. Both clean filters and filters preloaded with two units of outdated whole blood were studied. Prefiltration and postfiltration testing included determination of platelet count, per cent maximal ADP aggregation, release of B-thromboglobulin, and morphologic examination using electron microscopy. Compared to the prefiltration values, those for postfiltration showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the microaggregate filters tested. Filtration itself did not appear to affect platelet morphology. Unlike the platelets in stored concentrates, however, a significant (p < 0.05) number of the platelets contained in fresh whole blood (27 to 45%) were removed by depth-type microaggregate filters. Platelets remaining in the filter residual volume could be readily eluted by rinsing with crystalloid or colloid solutions. Due to development of an in vitro storage lesion, platelet concentrates can be transfused through new or used microaggregate filters without loss of platelet number or changes in platelet function as measured in vitro.
Cell biology of stem cells: an enigma of asymmetry and self-renewal

Stem cells present a vast, new terrain of cell biology. A central question in stem cell research is how stem cells achieve asymmetric divisions to replicate themselves while producing differentiated daughter cells. This hallmark of stem cells is manifested either strictly during each mitosis or loosely among several divisions. Current research has revealed the crucial roles of niche signaling, intrinsic cell polarity, subcellular localization mechanism, asymmetric centrosomes and spindles, as well as cell cycle regulators in establishing self-renewing asymmetry during stem cell division. Much of this progress has benefited from studies in model stem cell systems such as Drosophila melanogaster neuroblasts and germline stem cells and mammalian skin stem cells. Further investigations of these questions in diverse types of stem cells will significantly advance our knowledge of cell biology and allow us to effectively harness stem cells for therapeutic applications.
Calmodulin isoforms in Arabidopsis encoded by multiple divergent mRNAs.

Three new, unique cDNA sequences encoding isoforms of calmodulin (CaM) were isolated from an Arabidopsis cDNA library cloned in λgt10. These sequences (ACaM-4, -5, and -6) represent members of the Arabidopsis CaM gene family distinct from the three DNA sequences previously reported. ACaM-4 and -6 encode full-length copies of CaM mRNAs of ca. 0.75 kb. The ACaM-5 sequence encodes a partial length copy of CaM mRNA that is lacking sequences encoding the amino-terminal 10 amino acids of mature CaM and the initiator methionine. The derived amino acid sequence of ACaM-5 is identical to the sequences encoded by two of the previously characterized ACaM cDNAs, and is identical to TCH-1 mRNA, whose accumulation was increased by touch stimulation. The polypeptides encoded by ACaM-4 and -6 differ from that encoded by ACaM-5 by six and two amino acid substititions, respectively. Most of the deduced amino acid sequence substitutions in the Arabidopsis CaM isoforms occurred in the fourth Ca2+-binding domain. Polymerase chain reaction amplification assays of ACaM-4, -5 and -6 mRNA sequences indicated that each accumulated in Arabidopsis leaf RNA fractions, but only ACaM-4 and -5 mRNAs were detected in silique total RNA. The six different CaM cDNA sequences each hybridize with unique Eco RI restriction fragments in genomic Southern blots of Arabidopsis DNA, indicating that these sequences were derived from distinct structural genes. Our results suggest that CaM isoforms in Arabidopsis may have evolved to optimize the interaction of this Ca2+-receptor protein with specific subsets of response elements.
Rapid Initial Clustering of Large Data Sets

Multivariate analysis of plant community data primarily involves ordination and classification. The data analyzed are abundance or/and cover values of species recorded for a number of samples, resulting in a species-by-samples matrix of observations. Multivariate analysis of such data has three general aims: (1) to identify similar, redundant samples, (2) to identify outliers (samples very different from all other samples), and (3) to elucidate relationships among samples. (Alternatively analysis may concern species or both species and samples, but for simplicity only samples are discussed here). These three aims correspond to aspects of the data with different underlying biological processes and different requirements for mathematical analysis, and may be characterized as follows.
Direct Measurements of Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Hot- and Warm-Mix Asphalt

Emissions from the production and paving of hot-mix asphalt are increasingly being scrutinized. The introduction of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies could potentially lead to a reduction in these emissions. However, the measurement of these emissions is both complex and expensive. To overcome these obstacles, the University of California Pavement Research Center has developed a simplified protocol that can be used in addition to conventional methods and that allows direct comparison of emissions from different mixes measured at the pavement surface during construction. A portable flux chamber is used to capture and directly measure emissions before, immediately after, and 2 h after compaction. Emissions are collected in activated charcoal sorbent tubes and analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the laboratory to identify individual compounds. The protocol was evaluated during the construction of a test track that will be used in an accelerated pavement test to compare the performance...
Reentering College: A Nontraditional Student's Story About His First Course

Abstract This is a narrative case study that analyzes Carl's experience as a nontraditional student who enrolls in a transition course after a 15-year hiatus from college. Specifically, the study aims at understanding the perceived impact that the course had on shaping the personal narrative of learning in college of a reentry student. Using a three-dimensional inquiry metaphor as an analytical framework, Carl's experience of reentering college is reconstructed in terms of interaction, continuity, and situational dimensions. Through the interplay of the three dimensions, an understanding is gained of Carl's mixed emotions in the choice of his first course, how his absence from school influenced his present academic performance, and how personal and academic transformation were evident as he reconstructed his identity. The findings suggest that Carl's experience in the course cemented his decision to complete his degree, and a transition course can be a resource to address nontraditional students’ needs.
Two chloride sources in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

[1] Sulfate, nitrate, and chloride are major water-soluble anions in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica. We measured the chloride stable isotope composition of 40 soil samples from 16 different soil profiles. The soil profiles come from three different microclimate zones in the MDV: a coastal thaw zone, which fosters a seasonally saturated active layer; a stable upland zone, in which air and soil temperatures are too cold to foster active layers and/or significant snowmelt; and an intermediate, inland mixed zone. Results show that the total water-soluble chloride content is low in both the coastal and the upland zones, but highly variable in the inland mixed zone (average 770 to 11520 ppm). Individual soil δ37Cl values range from −2.10‰ to +0.56‰, with profile average δ37Cl values broadly decreasing from the coast toward upland valleys. Vertically, the δ37Cl increases with depth in soil profiles developed on basal tills but decreases on sublimation tills. We propose that the spatial [Cl−] and δ37Cl patterns are the result of continuous influx and leaching of two major chloride sources, an airborne sea-salt chloride (SSC) with a δ37Cl value ≥ ∼0.0‰ and a secondary atmospheric chloride (SAC) with a δ37Cl value ≤ −2.10‰. Our model suggests that sublimation tills have their Cl− input from two boundaries: a till-atmosphere interface at the top and a buried-ice-till interface at the bottom, differing distinctively from basal tills where there is no salt contribution from the bottom. Our model also suggests a higher influx of SSC relative to SAC in the MDV in the past. Overall, characterizing the sources, budgets, and spatial/vertical patterns of chloride constitutes a first step toward unraveling climate, tectonic, and landscape changes archived in MDV soil profiles.
Geminin Inhibits a Late Step in the Formation of Human Pre-replicative Complexes

The initial step in initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication involves the assembly of pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs) at origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In metazoans initiation is inhibited by the regulatory factor Geminin. We have purified the human pre-RC proteins, studied their interactions in vitro with each other and with origin DNA, and analyzed the effects of HsGeminin on formation of DNA-protein complexes. The formation of an initial complex containing the human origin recognition complex (HsORC), HsCdt1, HsCdc6, and origin DNA is cooperative, involving all possible binary interactions among the components. Maximal association of HsMCM2–7, a component of the replicative helicase, requires HsORC, HsCdc6, HsCdt1, and ATP, and is driven by interactions of HsCdt1 and HsCdc6 with multiple HsMCM2–7 subunits. Formation of stable complexes, resistant to high salt, requires ATP hydrolysis. In the absence of HsMCM proteins, HsGeminin inhibits the association of HsCdt1 with DNA or with HsORC-HsCdc6-DNA complexes. However, HsGeminin does not inhibit recruitment of HsMCM2–7 to DNA to form complexes containing all of the pre-RC proteins. In fact, HsGeminin itself is a component of such complexes, and interacts directly with the HsMcm3 and HsMcm5 subunits of HsMCM2–7, as well as with HsCdt1. Although HsGeminin does not prevent the initial formation of DNA-protein complexes containing the pre-RC proteins, it strongly inhibits the formation of stable pre-RCs that are resistant to high salt. We suggest that bound HsGeminin prevents transition of the pre-RC to a state that is competent for initiation of DNA replication.
Plaque-like erythema with milia : A noninfectious dermal mucinosis mimicking cryptococcal cellulitis in a renal transplant recipient

Cellulitis of the skin is most commonly a bacterial infection caused by either staphylococcal or streptococcal species. However, in immunocompromised patients, cellulitis may be a harbinger of more ominous disease. In these patients, rapid clinical diagnosis and treatment is necessary. We describe an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient with the clinical diagnosis of cryptococcal cellulitis who was found to have a heretofore unreported dermal mucinosis of the upper chest associated with milia. We believe that cyclosporine was a significant pathogenic factor. This entity, which should be included in the clinical differential diagnosis of cryptococcal cellulitis, has a benign nature and does not require treatment.
Cathodic stripping voltammetry of thioamides on a rotating silver disk electrode

Abstract Cathodic stripping voltammetry at a rotating silver disc electrode has been applied to the determination of five thioamides; thioacetamide (TAA), thiourea (TU), thionicotinamide (TNA), ethionamide (ETNA), and thiosemicarbazide (TSC). Well defined oxidation waves limited by convective diffusion were found at −0.29, −0.12, −0.27, −0.15 and −0.105 V vs. SCE for the five amides in a pH 9.2 borate buffer. Stripping peaks appeared at ∼ −0.76 V vs. SCE, approximately identical to that for S2−, which, however, produces an oxidation wave at −0.66 V vs. SCE. It is suggested that the insoluble compounds formed in the electrode surface are converted to Ag2S. Linear cathodic stripping peak currents were found over a concentration range of ∼ 10−7M to 10−5M.
Fourier and wavelet analyses for fatigue assessment of concrete beams

We investigate damage detection in a simply-supported pre-stressed beam. A crack was propagated by fatigue loads, which were applied up to two million cycles. Both fast Fourier transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) are used in the analysis of the structural response to impulse loads. The acceleration response of the full-scale beam was measured each time a certain number of cycles of fatigue loads were applied. The results of this study show that both methods can clearly identify the crack growth induced by fatigue loads. The natural frequencies found by FFT are sensitive to the crack progression. The results from the CWT analysis show a clear difference in structural responses between the initial and damaged states of the structure. The response accelerations are de-noised by a soft-thresholding method before they are analyzed by CWT. In addition to the frequency components, the CWT shows the moment in time when particular frequencies occur. Therefore, wavelet analysis has the potential of becoming an effective tool for damage detection and health monitoring of structures for which the natural frequencies are irregularly changing. As the crack grows, the magnitude of ridges obtained by CWT analysis decreases significantly, which indicates the reduction in structural stiffness.
Radio wave propagation over irregular terrain in the 76- to 9200-MHz frequency range

Descriptive and statistical analyses of radio propagation data over irregular terrain are presented with emphasis on communications between low antennas in VHF and UHF bands. Measured data are evaluated for medians and ranges of basic transmission loss and height gain, and results are compared with estimates from a propagation model developed by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences. Effects of vegetation near the path terminals are demonstrated. Analysis results provide first estimates of propagation parameters in many terrain types and information regarding applicability of the propagation model.
The one‐room schoolhouse (Internet portal) for K‐12 schools

This article briefly covers the need, feasibility and a potential solution to the three‐decade dialogue for a K‐12 school knowledge base. The major components are recommended to cover research, theory and sound practice within a multitude of K‐12 school environments: public, private, urban, suburban, and rural. The connection to social, economic and political implications for each is equally critical. The author proposes the establishment of a one‐room schoolhouse (Internet portal) for K‐12 schools under the auspices of a non‐profit organization. One existing knowledge base portal was discussed to help skeptics see that this endeavor is very feasible. Additionally, there are many connections for all members of a given learning community as well. This author is convinced that if the portal is built, many will come … so that our voices from within the schools can be heard and, more importantly, shared.
Measurements of Visual Range and Radiation-Fog (Haze) Microphysics.

Abstract An extensive boundary-layer field program was conducted which included simultaneous measurements of visibility and particle size distributions during fog and haze. Several empirical expressions relating changes in visibility to characteristics of the aerosol (droplet) size spectrum and relative humidity are presented and evaluated. Detailed analysis of one evolving dense fog revealed several points of interest regarding the behavior of drop size spectra, including a scheme for approximating fog supersaturation.
Effects of biological oxidants on the catalytic activity and structure of group VIA phospholipase A2

Group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta) is expressed in phagocytes, vascular cells, pancreatic islet beta-cells, neurons, and other cells and plays roles in transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, secretion, and other events. A bromoenol lactone (BEL) suicide substrate used to study iPLA(2)beta functions inactivates iPLA(2)beta by alkylating Cys thiols. Because thiol redox reactions are important in signaling and some cells that express iPLA(2)beta produce biological oxidants, iPLA(2)beta might be subject to redox regulation. We report that biological concentrations of H(2)O(2), NO, and HOCl inactivate iPLA(2)beta, and this can be partially reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT). Oxidant-treated iPLA(2)beta modifications were studied by LC-MS/MS analyses of tryptic digests and included DTT-reversible events, e.g., formation of disulfide bonds and sulfenic acids, and others not so reversed, e.g., formation of sulfonic acids, Trp oxides, and Met sulfoxides. W(460) oxidation could cause irreversible inactivation because it is near the lipase consensus sequence ((463)GTSTG(467)), and site-directed mutagenesis of W(460) yields active mutant enzymes that exhibit no DTT-irreversible oxidative inactivation. Cys651-sulfenic acid formation could be one DTT-reversible inactivation event because Cys651 modification correlates closely with activity loss and its mutagenesis reduces sensitivity to inhibition. Intermolecular disulfide bond formation might also cause reversible inactivation because oxidant-treated iPLA(2)beta contains DTT-reducible oligomers, and oligomerization occurs with time- and temperature-dependent iPLA(2)beta inactivation that is attenuated by DTT or ATP. Subjecting insulinoma cells to oxidative stress induces iPLA(2)beta oligomerization, loss of activity, and subcellular redistribution and reduces the rate of release of arachidonate from phospholipids. These findings raise the possibility that redox reactions affect iPLA(2)beta functions.
Simultaneous use of elastic and electromagnetic waves for the detection of buried land mines

A hybrid technique has been developed that uses both electromagnetic and elastic waves in a synergistic manner to detect buried land mines. The system consists of a moving electromagnetic radar and a stationary elastic-wave source. The source generates elastic waves in the earth. These waves interact with the buried mine and cause both the mine and the earth to be displaced. Because the mechanical properties of the mine are different from those of the earth, the displacements in the region of interaction are distinct from those associated with the free-field propagation of the waves. The radar is used to detect displacement and, thus, the mine. Initial investigations have demonstrated the feasibility of this scheme under controlled conditions. The current experimental effort if focused on understanding and overcoming the issues associated with using the system in field conditions.
Fluoride Transport in a Strange Subclass of Bacterial CLC Proteins

Among prokaryotes, CLC-type Cl- channels and transporters are phylogenetically abundant but functionally obscure. Enteric bacteria such as E. coli are known to use CLCs in extreme acid resistance, but many bacteria have several CLC genes from far-flung branches of the phylogenetic tree. We have been studying an evolutionarily distant CLC subclass that in sequence alignments lacks the canonical, mechanistically crucial central serine, which coordinates the central Cl- ion in E. coli CLC-ec1 and other well-studied homologues. The protein-level function of these “strange” CLCs, whose genes have recently been shown to be specifically upregulated by F- ion (J.L. Baker et al., in press), is unknown. Here we describe the overexpression, purification, and functional reconstitution of several CLC homologues that appear to protect diverse bacterial species from F- toxicity. These “fluoride-CLCs” catalyze robust F- transport in liposomes, as assayed by osmotic responses, F-/Cl- exchange, planar bilayer recording, and 19F-NMR. We are currently carrying out a detailed characterization of one of these homologues, CLC-ps from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, including quaternary architecture, anion selectivity, transport rate and mechanism, and the presence or absence of H+ coupling.
Physiological role of mGSTA4-4, a glutathione S-transferase metabolizing 4-hydroxynonenal: generation and analysis of mGsta4 null mouse.

Abstract The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE) is a strong electrophile that forms covalent adducts with proteins and, to a lesser extent, nucleic acids and phospholipids. The generation of 4-HNE appears to be an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism. The metabolism of 4-HNE is mainly, although not entirely, conjugative, and proceeds via Michael addition of glutathione to the double bond of 4-HNE. This reaction is catalyzed by specialized glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) exemplified by the murine mGSTA4-4. To study the (patho)physiological effects of 4-HNE in an intact organism, we disrupted the mGsta4 gene in the mouse. The resulting mGsta4 null mouse expressed no mGsta4 mRNA and no corresponding protein, had a reduced ability to conjugate 4-HNE, and had an increased steady-state level of this aldehyde in tissues. The residual conjugating activity for 4-HNE (23–64% depending on the tissue) is probably attributable to isoforms of glutathione S-transferases which have low catalytic efficiency for 4-HNE but are more abundant than mGSTA4-4, or are upregulated upon mGsta4 gene disruption. Mice homozygous for the disrupted mGsta4 allele were viable and appeared normal except for lower litter size, higher fat content in bones, and greater susceptibility to bacterial infection. The null mice had a significantly lower survival time than wild-type controls when chronically treated with relatively low doses of paraquat, a finding consistent with a role of mGSTA4-4 in the defense against oxidative stress. The mouse model should be useful for the study of degenerative conditions in which 4-HNE is postulated to be a contributing factor.
Characteristics of responses of lateral hypothalamic neurons to stimulation of the olfactory system

Abstract 1. (1) Responses of units in a specific ventrolateral fasciculus of the medial forebrain bundle (VMFB) in the lateral hypothalamus of anesthetized rats have been studied during two types of olfactory stimulation. Single shocks of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb drove units with latencies predominately in the range of 3–30 msec, but with a few cases of longer latencies up to 90 msec. In spite of the large range of latencies across units, the variability of individual units was small. Units of the lateral hypothalamus have also been shown to respond to stimulation with air borne odors and with thresholds similar to those of units of the olfactory bulb. 2. (2) Units with short latencies to olfactory bulb shock were more likely to respond to air borne odors. 3. (3) A small sample of hypothalamic units were tested repeatedly with a graded intensity series of different odors and compared to the response of olfactory bulb units to the same odors. No hypothalamic units showed the degree of discrimination between odors that was observed in 5 of 19 olfactory bulb units. 4. (4) Fewer than 4% of the hypothalamic neurons responding to olfactory stimuli were suppressed during odor stimulation. This is in contrast to a greater occurrence of inhibitory responses observed in the olfactory bulb in the present work and reported in other parts of the olfactory system by other workers.
College students' gambling behavior: when does it become harmful?

Objective: The authors investigated behavioral indicators of pathological gambling in a college student sample. Participants and Methods: The authors administered a diagnostic interview for pathological gambling to 159 college students, who also completed a demographic questionnaire, and a self-report measure of psychological distress. Results: Consistent patterns of gambling behavior associated with pathological gambling included gambling more than 1.2 times per month, gambling more than 2.1 hours per month, intending to wager more than 6.1% of monthly income, and wagering more than 10.5% of monthly income. In addition, the combination of psychological distress, gambling frequency, and a history of parental gambling problems was significantly associated with pathological gambling in college students. Conclusions: These findings suggest initial markers of problematic gambling behavior in a college sample that may be used in assessment, prevention, and intervention.
18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's B-Cell Lymphoma

18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) is an established imaging modality that has been proven to be of benefit in the management of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and advanced stage follicular lymphoma. The combination of anatomic and functional imaging afforded by FDG-PET/CT has led to superior sensitivity and specificity in the primary staging, restaging, and assessment of response to treatment of hematological malignancies when compared to FDG-PET and CT alone. The use of FDG-PET/CT for posttreatment surveillance imaging remains controversial, and further study is needed to ascertain whether this modality is cost effective and appropriate for use in this setting.
Cortical development in the presenilin-1 null mutant mouse fails after splitting of the preplate and is not due to a failure of reelin-dependent signaling.

Cortical development is disrupted in presenilin-1 null mutant (Psen1−/−) mice. Prior studies have commented on similarities between Psen1−/− and reeler mice. Reelin induces phosphorylation of Dab1 and activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Psen1 is known to modulate PI3K/Akt signaling and both known reelin receptors (apoER2 and VLDLR) are substrates for Psen1 associated γ-secretase activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reelin signaling is disrupted in Psen1−/− mice. We show that, while Dab1 is hypophosphorylated late in cortical development in Psen1−/− mice, it is normally phosphorylated at earlier ages and reelin signaling is intact in Psen1−/− primary neuronal cultures. γ-secretase activity was also not required for reelin-induced phosphorylation of Dab1. Unlike reeler mice the preplate splits in Psen1−/− brain. Thus cortical development in Psen1−/− mice fails only after splitting of the preplate and is not due to an intrinsic failure of reelin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 237:2405–2414, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The descent of memory T-cell subsets

How are different memory T-cell subsets related? This is a topic of much debate; but in this article, it is suggested that the central memory and effector memory CD8+T cells that are generated after an acute infection are distinct cell lineages. The immune system has evolved by continuously increasing its complexity to provide the host with an advantage over infectious agents. The development of immunological memory engenders long-lasting protection and lengthens the lifespan of the host. The generation of subsets of memory T cells with distinct homing and functional properties increases our defensive capabilities. However, the developmental relationship of memory T-cell subsets is a matter of debate. In this Opinion article, in light of recent developments, we suggest that it is probable that two distinct lineages comprise the memory CD8+ T-cell population generated in response to infection.
Natural Killer Cell Activity in Asbestos Workers: Interactive Effects of Smoking and Asbestos Exposure

Both the numbers and function of natural killer (NK) cells in 60 were evaluated in asbestos cement workers grouped by smoking history and chest roentgenogram findings (ILO profusion scores
Retinal light toxicity

The ability of light to enact damage on the neurosensory retina and underlying structures has been well understood for hundreds of years. While the eye has adapted several mechanisms to protect itself from such damage, certain exposures to light can still result in temporal or permanent damage. Both clinical observations and laboratory studies have enabled us to understand the various ways by which the eye can protect itself from such damage. Light or electromagnetic radiation can result in damage through photothermal, photomechanical, and photochemical mechanisms. The following review seeks to describe these various processes of injury and many of the variables, which can mitigate these modes of injury.
Children in and of the streets. Health, social policy, and the homeless young.

The nature of homelessness in the United States was transformed dramatically in the 1980s. Once dominated by older, largely white, broken-down, alcohol-abusive men, today's homeless population contains a sizable fraction of women and children. 1,2 Indeed, women, children, and youth now comprise perhaps three eighths of the total. 3 What are the effects of homelessness on the health and well-being of children? How do these effects compare with those of simply being poor? What are the likely long-term consequences of these effects on the ability of homeless children to mature normally and to achieve productive, independent adult lives? Scholars have been researching these and a range of related questions for the past 10 years, and the results are not encouraging. That homelessness and extreme destitution exist at all in a society so affluent as ours is shocking. That increasing numbers of the homeless are women, children, and youth—groups that society has
Social creativity: turning barriers into opportunities for collaborative design

Design is a ubiquitous activity. The complexity of design problems requires communities rather than individuals to address, frame, and solve them. These design communities have to cope with the following barriers: (1) spatial (across distance), (2) temporal (across time), (3) conceptual (across different communities of practice, and (4) technological (between persons and artifacts). Over the last decade, we have addressed these barriers and have tried to create socio-technical environments to turn them into opportunities for enhancing the social creativity of design communities.
Computed tomography of the iliopsoas muscle

Computed tomography (CT) is an ideal method for the imaging of the psoas muscle. The authors present 13 cases of patients with psoas abnormalities diagnosed by CT. The CT features of the different pathologic entities and comparison of CT with other imaging modalities are discussed.
Axisymmetric buckling of an annular sandwich plate of varying thickness

Abstract The governing equations for axisymmetric buckling analysis of an annular sandwich plate of varying thickness are presented in this paper. The plate is assumed to be symmetric with respect to its middle surface. The face sheets are treated as membranes, and the core is assumed to be inextensible in the thickness direction and deformable in transverse shear. The theory takes into account the contribution of the face sheet membrane forces (by virtue of their slopes) to the transverse shear. The entire compressive force is carried by the face sheets. An effective numerical technique is used to obtain results for a clamped-free plate.
Rapid Prototyping Reconsidered

Abstract Continuing educators need additional strategies for developing new programming that can both reduce the time to market and lower the cost of development. Rapid prototyping, a time-compression technique adapted from the high technology industry, represents one such strategy that merits renewed evaluation. Although in higher education rapid prototyping has been used primarily to design interactive distance learning systems, the University of California Santa Cruz Extension successfully employed this approach to produce an entire, new curriculum at an unprecedented pace. The caliber of and response to the new content, design, and delivery exceeded expectations on a variety of measures. This experience indicates that rapid prototyping can be leveraged to not only produce academic product on short time frames but also to meet institutional quality standards while fulfilling marketplace needs for innovative new educational content.
Developmental and regional variations in neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in cell-free preparations from rat brain.

Investigations have been carried out on regional and developmental variations in the properties of adenylate cyclase systems in participate preparations from rat brain. EGTA was routinely included in the assay medium to minimize differences in the state of activation of these systems resulting from variations in their exposure to endogenous Ca2+. At birth, adenylate cyclase activity was much higher in the hindbrain-medullary preparations than in comparable fractions from cerebellum, cerebral cortex or subcortex (including midbrain, corpus striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus). Adenylate cyclase activity increased during early development in preparations from all areas of the brain. Maximal levels were reached at 14 days of age or later. These levels were not greatly altered in the young adult animal, except in the hindbrain-medullary area, where a decrease in activity was observed. Adenylate cyclase systems in cerebral cortical and subcortical preparations were activated by norepinephrine and dopamine throughout development. Serotonin also stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in these preparations from young animals but was much less effective in comparable fractions from adult rats. The response to dopamine was diminished with age in cerebral cortical preparations, but not in subcortical fractions. The responses to norepinephrine increased in both brain regions during early development. Adenylate cyclase systems in particulate preparations from the cerebellum and hindbrain-medullary areas exhibited relatively poor responses to the biogenic amines. Detailed studies of the properties of the cerebral cortical adenylate cyclase systems revealed enhancement of activity by Ca2+ and F− at all stages of development with the maximal activation at 2–3 weeks of age. The results suggest that developmental differences in hormonal sensitivity of adenylate cyclase systems from diverse areas of the brain are related to changes in the proportions of the receptor-enzyme complexes responsive to the different biogenic amines.
Measuring the damages of air pollution in the United States

Abstract This paper measures the damages due to emissions of air pollution in the United States. An integrated assessment model is used to calculate the marginal damage associated with emitting an additional ton of pollution from nearly 10,000 sources in the U.S. The total damage produced by a source is the marginal damage of an emission, its shadow price, times the total tons emitted from a specific source. Adding total damages across all sources yields gross annual damages (GAD) which is a green accounting parallel to gross domestic product (GDP). GAD in 2002 varies between $71 billion and $277 billion (0.7–2.8% of GDP). The range of values depends largely on the value of health and the concentration–response function relating exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) to adult mortality rates. Source location also matters. Urban emissions constitute 52% of total emissions by weight yet they cause nearly three-quarters of the GAD.
Soluble (1→3)-β-D-glucan purified from Candida albicans: Biologic effects and distribution in blood and organs in rabbits

Abstract (1→3)-β-D-glucan is a ubiquitous constituent of fungi, and elevated plasma glucan levels are commonly present in patients with deep mycosis or fungemia. The pharmacokinetics, biologic effects, and distribution in blood and organs of iodine 125-labeled (1→3)- β - d -glucan purified from Candida albicans organisms were analyzed in rabbits during the 24-hour period after intravenous administration of this constituent. The intravascular half-life of β-glucan was 1.8 minutes in the low-dose group (9.3 μg/kg, n = 3) and 1.4 minutes in the high-dose group (222 μg/kg, n = 3), and the total body clearance was 1.12 ± 0.30 ml/min and 1.17 ± 0.16 ml/min (mean ± SD), respectively (not significantly different). The serum concentration of (1→3)- β - d -glucan was also biologically determined by a test using coagulation factor G of the Japanese horseshoe crab (G test). There was good correlation between the clearance of β-glucan measured biologically and isotopically. During the 24-hour period of observation the rabbits remained well and β-glucan failed to alter blood cell counts, tumor necrosis factor levels, or lipid metabolism. 125 l-labeled β-glucan associated with the blood cellular compartment initially was less than 3% (the majority in the platelets) and decreased further during the following 2-hour period. Over 97% of circulating 125 l-lableled β-glucan was associated with the cell-free plasma, and the majority of this glucan in plasma appeared not to be associated with lipoproteins. The liver contained more than 80% of the 125 1-labeled β-glucan detected in the six major organs analyzed.
Receptor properties of corticosteroid binder IB

Abstract Corticosteroid binder IB, present in liver and kidney, is pronounced in liver cytosol after injection of [ 3 H]triamcinolone acetonide. Following injection of the radioactive ligand, livers homogenized in the presence of 20 m m molybdate, 2 m m leupeptin hemisulfate, 2 m m antipain, or 2 m m phenylmethylsufonyl fluoride produce cytosols with Chromatographie profiles of binders II and IB identical to controls, as determined by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, suggesting that IB is a cellular constituent rather than a product of protease action (sensitive to the above inhibitors) after cell breakage. Generation of IB in kidney cytosols in vitro appears to be unrelated to protease activity. Liver binder IB has an S value of 5–6 and a Stokes radius of about 26 A producing a calculated range of molecular weight from 40,000 to 50,000 with frictional coefficient and axial ratio close to spherical values. As expected of a steroid receptor, IB, like II, binds to DNA and to liver cell nuclei but IB binds more tightly as evidenced by the fact that KCl is more effective in eluting II than IB from nuclei. Because recovery of bound radioactivity from acceptors is sometimes difficult to achieve, indirect experiments have been used frequently to determine the binding. Pyridoxal phosphate extracts liver IB and II equally from nuclei but spermidine is ineffective. While IB and II can be extracted partially from nuclei by pancreatic DNase I, more binder II is extracted by this method than IB. Micrococcal nuclease is poorly effective in either case. Binder II is extracted to a greater degree from DNA-cellulose than is IB by spermidine, MgCl 2 , pyridoxal phosphate, and NaCl. IB binds more extensively to homodeoxypolymers than II. The extent of binding of liver IB to homodeoxypolymers is in the order: poly(dC) ≥ poly(dG) > poly(dA) ⪢ poly(dT), whereas the order for liver binder II is: poly(dG) ≥ poly(dT) > poly(dC) ⪢ poly(dA). Binders IB and II may be separate gene products or IB may arise in the cell from post-translational action. In the latter case, the activity of a protease cannot be ruled out.
Detection of Vibrationally Excited N 2 by Superelastic Electron Impact

We have observed electrons scattered superelastically from nitrogen molecules vibrationally excited by quenching collisions with optically excited rubidium atoms. Analysis of the energy gained by the electrons shows that in more than 10% of the quenching collisions the highest energetically allowed vibrational state of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, $v=5$, is populated. The relative superelastic cross section for collisions between molecules in this state and electrons is measured and compared with that predicted by detailed balance.
Hidden patterns in exchange rate regime choice

There have been a number of empirical attempts to account for variation in exchange rate regime choice, but these attempts point in several directions and are not made sense of easily. One reason for the differences among studies is that standard statistical techniques are unable to identify the nonlinear and contingent relationships among the factors that influence the choice of exchange rate regime. This article utilizes a statistical technique that reveals complex nonlinear interactions among variables. The analysis reveals that the influence of past inflation acts to condition the influence of labor market rigidity and that political stability plays a key role for both high and low inflation countries.