cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DYNAMICS IN THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SCHEDULE-CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR

The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement interval. A display of individual interresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcement interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No strong sequential dependencies in the interresponse-time distributions were identified. A simulator, based on a simple recurrent pulser, was presented that produced output similar to the obtained data. An archival data base of the behavior chronically maintained by the simple schedules was also generated.
Delusions of parasitosis; suggested dialogue between dermatologist and patient

Delusions of parasitosis (DoP) is a psychocutaneous condition characterized by a fixed false belief that one is infested by skin parasites. Patients afflicted with DoP generally experience sensations of biting, stinging or crawling in the absence of any objective evidence of infestation. The most definitive treatment for DoP is antipsychotic agents. Though the diagnosis and treatment options are rather straightforward, the difficulty lies in the art of building a therapeutic rapport with the patient in order to encourage acceptance of antipsychotic treatment. This article is a practical guide that suggests verbatim how dermatologists might talk to a delusional patient in order to establish a strong therapeutic rapport. Strategies on how to optimize the initial encounter, build rapport and prescribe antipsychotic medications that are likely to be accepted by the patient are discussed.
Nanoscale contact-radius determination by spectral analysis of polymer roughness images.

In spite of the long history of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of soft materials such as polymers, little is known about the detailed effect of a finite tip size and applied force on the imaging performance on such materials. Here we exploit the defined scaling of roughness amplitudes on amorphous polymer films to determine the transfer function imposed by the imaging tip. The finite indentation of the nanometer-scale tip into the comparatively soft polymer surface leads to a finite contact area, which in turn effectively acts as a moving average filter for the surface roughness. In the power spectral density (PSD), this leads to an attenuation of the roughness amplitudes related to the Airy pattern known from light diffraction of a circular aperture. This transfer function is affected by the roughness-induced local modulation of the tip height and contact area, which is studied by performing simulations of the polymer roughness and the imaging process. We find that for typical polymer parameters a...
Alzheimer's disease. The unpaid burden of caring.

This study presents detailed estimates of the hours and cost of informal care provided to Alzheimer's disease patients in Northern California. Data were collected over 12 months from 93 community-r...
The influence of prior route of delivery: Postpartum maternal and neonatal outcomes

14 15 THE INFLUENCE OF PRIOR ROUTE OF DELIVERY: POSTPARTUM MATERNAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES ANNA MCKEOWN, DAVID LAGREW, MELISSA BUSH, JAMES KURTZMAN, University of California, Irvine, OB/Gyn Maternal Fetal Medicine, Orange, California, Saddleback Memorial Medical Center, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Laguna Hills, California OBJECTIVE: Accurate risk/benefit information is needed to counsel an increasing number of women requesting elective cesarean section. The purpose of this study was to assess maternal and neonatal postpartum outcomes associated with previous method of delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed prospectively collected singleton maternal and neonatal data from 7/2002-12/2003 in four MemorialCare hospitals. Birth data were collected into a dedicated perinatal database and combined with coded data from a MedAI database of postpartum maternal and neonatal procedures and outcomes. Patients were subdivided in four groups: (1) Nulliparous; (2) Prior vaginal; (3) Prior Cesarean (CS) without trial of labor (TOL); and (4) Prior Cesarean with TOL. Results were compared by chi square analysis with significance at P ! .05. RESULTS: During the study period there were 17,406 births fitting the above criteria. Compared to prior vaginal delivery, patients with prior CS had significantly increased risks of morbidity. The subgroup of prior CS patients without a TOL were more likely to require blood transfusion (P ! .001, OR 3.1), ICU admission (P ! .001, OR 4.5), and readmission within 30 days (P ! .025, OR 1.7) than patients with prior vaginal deliveries. Prior CS with TOL patients did not have these increased risks but were more likely to receive aminoglycosides for postpartum infection (P ! .01, OR 1.81). Term neonates born to mothers with previous CS were more likely to have prolonged hospitalization (>7 days) in both groups: no TOL (P ! .001, OR 6.69) and TOL (P ! .05, OR 2.51). There were no significant differences based on prior delivery route for neonatal mortality within the first 28 days of life, neonatal seizures or encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: Prior cesarean delivery is a significant risk factor for important postpartum morbidities of the mother and neonate. These risks and benefits should be carefully discussed with women considering elective primary cesarean section. SMFM Abstracts S7
Radiology-Pathology Conference : choledochal cyst

We report the radiologic and pathologic findings of a newborn with a choledochal cyst and review the etiology, diagnostic considerations, and management of this entity.
Emerging Models of Multimedia Journalism: A Content Analysis of Multimedia Packages Published on nytimes.com

Conventional wisdom dictates that the future of newspaper journalism is online. But what does this new form of journalism look like? Using the Web site of the New York Times as an exploratory case study, the author conducted a content analysis on 45 multimedia news packages published between 2000 and 2007, coding for narrative qualities, news values, and media format in an effort to begin to understand the emerging characteristics of multimedia Web journalism. The packages in this exploratory study demonstrated little of the hypertextual structures defined by theorists of the Web, perhaps reflecting the transitional nature of the period. First-person narrative, by both journalists and nonjournalists, was the most common point of view. More than one fourth of the multimedia packages consisted of first-person accounts by nonjournalists accompanied by traditional stories written by reporters published in the print edition of the New York Times, presenting an interesting model for professional–citizen collabo...
Nurse-related variables associated with patient outcomes: A review of the literature 2006–2012

Abstract Maintaining cost-effective care while optimizing patient outcomes becomes more challenging because the complexity of health care increases. Numerous variables impact patient outcomes. The purpose of this article is to describe recent empirical literature regarding nurse-related variables that impact patient outcomes. Multiple variables are described, including the work environment, Magnet status, nurse–physician communication, job demands, staffing, level of education, years of nursing experience, and certification. Staffing remains the most consistent positive influence on patient outcomes.
Psychosocial and environmental correlates of violence perpetration among African-American urban youth

Abstract Purpose: To ascertain the proportion of youths involved in acts of violence; to examine individual, social, and environmental factors associated with perpetration; and to determine the relationship among victimization, witnessing, and perpetration of violence. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was completed by 349 volunteer males and females, aged 9–15 years, 96% of whom were African-American. The youths were recruited from recreation centers associated with 10 public-housing communities in an eastern city. Survey instruments included the Child Health and Illness Profile, Survey of Children's Exposure to Community Violence, and other standardized questionnaires. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, correlation, regression, and test for linear trends. Results: Half of the youths self-reported at least one act of violence perpetration, with similar distributions among males and females. One-third of the youths reported both personal victimization and the witnessing of violent events. Victim and witness status were moderately correlated. Individual risk behaviors and victimization made significant contributions to perpetration status. Further analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between acts of perpetration and number of victimization events. Conclusions: Participation in problem behaviors may place youths in circumstances in which they may be victim, witness, or aggressor. The chronic and high levels of community violence to which many youths are exposed are likely to contribute to an individual's participation in acts of violence.
Random solution of a stochastic integral equation :almost sure and mean square convergence of successive approximations

Abstract A non-linear random integral equation of the Volterra type of the form was considered by Tsokos (1960), where ω∊Ω, the underlying set of the probability measure space (Ω A, P). He was concerned with the existence of a unique random solution to this equation, where a random solution is defined to be a second-order stochastic process, x(t; ω), which satisfies the equation almost surely. The present paper shows that a sequence of successive approximations, xn)tω) converges to the unique random solution at each t≥0 with probability one and in mean square under the conditions of Tsokos' theorem. The rate of convergence of the successive approximations and a bound on the mean square error of approximation are also given.
Take a WAC at writing in your course

We can all agree that writing is an important skill for our students, but who among us wants to be the one to correct and grade those written assignments? And if we do not apply high standards to our students' writing and require frequent exercise, how can we expect them to take writing seriously? One simple answer for those of us in information technology is to turn the problem over to the English department-we can make it their job to teach our students how to write. While this relieves us of the need to correct dangling participial phrases, it burdens our English professors grading a database paper with understanding that some tables are more normal than others while some tables are simply unnormalized.The authors, an IT professor and an English professor, have taken a different approach and embraced the concept of Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC). This concept calls for the frequent practice of low stakes writing in the disciplines. It is predicated on the belief that just like programming or any other technical skill, writing requires practice. While this approach is not entirely new (WAC first became popular in the 1980s), the authors have devised a support structure to better enable WAC. Specifically, with an English professor serving as a "personal trainer", a technical professor can learn how to provide formative feedback to his students without needing to be an expert grammarian. Our experience is that this process is both easy to implement for the professors and well-received by students. Students reported that they actually enjoyed the additional writing assignments and the associated feedback.
Cryptococcal Rib Osteomyelitis in a Pediatric Patient

A case of cryptococcal rib osteomyelitis in a pediatric patient is described. Isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis in pediatric patients is a rare entity, and only 10 cases have been reported in the literature. The radiological findings are reviewed to include chest films, nuclear bone scan, and computed tomographic imaging scan. Because of its rarity, the management of isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis is controversial. Although antifungal antibiotics and surgery are the two therapeutic options, the treatment of cryptococcal osteomyelitis has not been standardized yet. This patient was treated successfully with limited resection of the involved rib and antifungal chemotherapy. This article describes the second case in the literature of cryptococcal rib osteomyelitis in a pediatric patient, reviews the literature of similar cases, and evaluates the current role of surgery in its treatment.
Flood hazard science, policy, and values: A pragmatist stance

Abstract The New Orleans hurricane disaster of August 2005 amply illustrates the long-standing failure of relating science to effective policies for reducing flood losses. Particularly flawed is the myth that science constitutes a repository of authoritative knowledge that will objectively serve as the basis for effective policies. This flaw derives from presumptions about the nature of science that can be corrected by employing a pragmatic perspective. Science is the continuing search for truth by a dedicated community of practitioners. Its intrinsic fallibilism means it cannot authoritatively justify a particular action. Instead, its continuous activity provides a reliable guide to action.
Diagnosis of coronary artery disease using exercise echocardiography and positron emission tomography: comparison and analysis of discrepant results.

Both exercise echocardiography and rubidium-82 positron emission tomography are used in the detection and characterization of coronary artery disease. This study compared results of both in 74 patients with known coronary anatomy, by use of exercise echocardiography before and after treadmill exercise and positron emission tomography with intravenous dipyridamole-handgrip stress. Significant (>50%) coronary stenoses were present in 70 patients; exercise echocardiography and positron emission tomography each identified 63 patients (sensitivity 90%). Significant stenoses without previous myocardial infarction were present in 34 patients; 29 (85%) were identified by exercise echocardiography and 28 by positron emission tomography (82%, p = NS). Four patients had no significant coronary disease, and were all identified as normal by both methods. Segments were classified as either normal or showing stress or resting abnormalities, and the diagnoses were compared in the territories of the three major coronary arteries. Results were concordant with respect to the presence or absence of coronary disease in 185 of 222 territories (83%). The remaining 37 regions had abnormalities by exercise echocardiography or positron emission tomography but not both. Stress defects were identified by only one of the tests in 24 areas (in 12 [50%], angiographic findings correlated with positron emission tomography). Resting defects were diagnosed by only one modality in 13 regions (angiographic findings correlated with the results of positron emission tomography in 9 [69%] of these). Both exercise echocardiography and positron emission tomography are sensitive for the identification of coronary artery disease, although on a regional basis, positron emission tomography appears to be more specific for the diagnosis of resting perfusion defects.
Higher nitrides of hafnium, zirconium, and titanium synthesized by dual ion beam deposition

We report the preparation and properties of higher nitrides of Hf, Zr, and Ti synthesized by dual ion beam deposition. For Hf and Zr, evidence is given for the existence of a metastable nitride phase with composition of approximately Hf3 N4 and Zr3 N4. These two materials are insulating and transparent straw colored, in contrast to the well-known mononitrides, which are shiny, gold colored, and highly conducting. For Ti-N we do not reach as high an N content and do not obtain an insulating, transparent phase. The higher nitrides of Hf and Zr are synthesized under energetic nitrogen ion bombardment (200 e V) of a growing film and do not form in the presence of molecular nitrogen gas alone. Several variations of the ion beam deposition process are used to obtain a wide range of film composition and to study the transition from the mononitride to the higher nitride phase. Transmission electron diffraction shows the structure of Hf3N4 and Zr3N4 to be very close to the Bl (NaCl) structure of the mononitrides, but with a slight rhombohedral distortion. Additional evidence from noble gas incorporation (Ne, Ar, and Xe) supports a model of these higher nitrides as containing a large number of vacancies on the metal atom sites.
Response of genetic hypercalciuric rats to a low calcium diet

Response of genetic hypercalciuric rats to a low calcium diet. A fundamental mechanism for hypercalciuria in genetic hypercalciuric rats appears due to a primary increase in intestinal calcium absorption. However previous studies could not exclude additional mechanisms to account for the hypercalciuria. To determine if enhanced bone mineral dissolution either as a primary abnormality or secondary to a defect in renal tubule calcium reabsorption is responsible for a component of the augmented calcium excretion we studied rats continually inbred for hypercalciuria. Nineteenth generation adult female idiopathic hypercalciuric (IH) and non-inbred control (Ctl) rats were fed 13 g/day of a normal calcium diet (0.6% calcium, NCD) for 10 days. Urine calcium excretion over the last seven days was greater in IH (34 ± 2 mg/7 day) than in Ctl (2.9 ± 0.3, P
Components of microstrain in polyethylene

Tensile microstrain was measured in high-density polyethylene with a precision of 2 × 10−7 for strains up to 10−4 in the temperature range of 17–28 °C over a range of strain rates. The total strain was partitioned into three of the following components: (1) elastic, (2) amorphous, and (3) dislocation. Also, their respective dependence on stress was determined. Measurements of the area of the hysteresis loops gave the energy loss per cycle from which the frictional stress on the amorphous flow and the dislocations was determined. Although the amorphous strain originated at zero stress and was dependent on the temperature and strain rate, the dislocation motion was activated above acritical stress and independent of temperature and strain rate within the scope of these experiments. The viscosity of the amorphous flow was determined. The effect of 5 Mrd γ irradiation on the micro-deformation behavior was not appreciable. About 80 Mrd reduced the amorphous flow by about 30% and increased the stress to activate the motions of the dislocations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2693–2701, 2002
Fuzzy logic applications in image processing and printing

ABSTRACT The development and analysis of a fuzzy logic rule based system capable of improving the quality of printed picture fromvideo images is introduced in this paper. This will be achieved via fuzzy logic by controlling video image attributes such as color, sharpness. brightness and contrast. Each printed image is given a score (S) by human experts and then this result isstored in a database which consists of the corresponding video image attributes and video printer settings. From this database a set of fuzzy IF-THEN rules are derived to maximize the score S over a large set of printed pictures which resultsin minimizing the cost function. 1. INTRODUCTIONApplications of fuzzy logic can be widely seen in consumer products such as temperature control of showers. airconditioner control, am' washing machines, vacuum cleaners. etc. This paper is concerned with the application of Fuzzy Logic technology in Image processing equipments. There have been numerous studies of auto4ocus, auto-exposure.
Extremal measures and clockwise overlays

We establish in full generality the correspondence between saturated Horn inequalities and clockwise overlays. This was known in generic cases by work of Knutson, Tao and Woodward. We also prove that an extremal rigid measure forms a clockwise overlay with itself. Finally, we provide a simple test for the rigidity of a measure derived from the immersion of a tree.
Evolution of probabilistic analysis of timber structures from second-moment reliability methods to fragility analysis

Abstract In the last 30 years, there have been significant advances made in the areas of probabilistic modeling of timber mechanical properties, structural analysis models for wood-frame structural systems, and stochastic modeling of structural and environmental loads. Collectively, this work has formed the scientific underpinning for modern limit-states timber design codes (e.g., in Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, and elsewhere). Thus, it is fair to say that strength-based (limit states) design of structures in general, and timber structures in particular, is well developed and only incremental work is needed to keep these codes current. Advanced second-moment reliability techniques and numerical simulation techniques have been adequate for the development of today's probability-based limit states design codes, which are largely member-based with only a relatively simplistic treatment of multi-member systems. With increased attention being paid to economic loss as a limit state deserving of concurrent attention with life safety, especially following extremely costly natural disasters in the last two decades, there are efforts throughout the international engineering communities to move toward a philosophy of multi-objective performance-based (also called objective-based) design. This has required advanced modeling capabilities (e.g., of highly redundant structural systems of nonlinear materials), nonlinear and dynamic analysis capabilities, and often significantly more computational power. Coupled with these advances has been a move toward fragility analysis techniques to uncouple the hazard (e.g., seismic, wind) from the structural system response, thereby enabling more efficient probabilistic analysis and inference. Fragility techniques are also increasingly being accepted by those in the design communities (especially seismic design) and are likely to form the basis for next generation performance-based design procedures for all hazards. This paper describes this philosophical transition and reports on advances in fragility-based techniques that relate directly to the performance-based design of timber structures.
Process Evaluation of Biomass Cofiring and Reburning in Utility Boilers

Biomass has been considered as an alternative fuel to firing coal in utility boilers because of its vast availability and renewable nature. However, the use of biomass as a full or partial replacem...
Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2007. Insights into germ cell biology: from the bench to the clinic

The germline is unique among tissues in being the only lineage that is transmitted through generations. The gonadal somatic cells that interact with male and female germ cells are equally important for their juxtacrine and paracrine signalling pathways that lead to the formation of functionally mature gametes and healthy progeny. The present review summarises exciting new studies that our group and others have achieved at the frontier of male and female germ cell biology and in studying transforming growth factor-β signalling pathways in oocyte–somatic cell interactions and gonadal growth and differentiation. In the process, we have produced over 70 transgenic and knockout models to study reproduction in vivo. These models have helped us identify novel and unexplored areas of germ cell biology and translate this work into the fertility clinic.
Plastic buckling of tubes under axial compression and internal pressure

Abstract The plastic buckling and collapse of long cylinders under combined internal pressure and axial compression was investigated through a combination of experiments and analysis. Stainless-steel cylinders with diameter-to-thickness values of 28.3 and 39.8 were compressed to failure at fixed values of internal pressure up to values 75% of the yield pressure. The first effect of internal pressure is a lowering of the axial stress–strain response. In addition, at some plastic strain level, the cylinder develops uniform axisymmetric wrinkling. Under continued compression, the wrinkles grow stably, gradually reducing the axial rigidity of the structure and eventually lead to a limit load instability. All pressurized cylinders remained axisymmetric until the end of the test past the limit load. The critical stress and wavelength were established using classical plastic bifurcation theory based on the deformation theory of plasticity. The evolution of wrinkling, and the resultant limit state, were established by modeling a periodic domain that is one half of the critical wavelength long. The domain was assigned an initial imperfection corresponding to the axisymmetric buckling mode calculated through the bifurcation check. The inelastic material behavior was modeled through the flow theory of plasticity with isotropic hardening. The variations of the axial response and of the limit strain with pressure observed in the experiments were reproduced well by the model. Inclusion of Hill-type anisotropic yielding in all constitutive models was required for good agreement between predictions and experiments.
Obtaining identical results with double precision global accuracy on different numbers of processors in parallel particle Monte Carlo simulations

We describe and compare different approaches for achieving numerical reproducibility in photon Monte Carlo simulations. Reproducibility is desirable for code verification, testing, and debugging. Parallelism creates a unique problem for achieving reproducibility in Monte Carlo simulations because it changes the order in which values are summed. This is a numerical problem because double precision arithmetic is not associative. Parallel Monte Carlo, both domain replicated and decomposed simulations, will run their particles in a different order during different runs of the same simulation because the non-reproducibility of communication between processors. In addition, runs of the same simulation using different domain decompositions will also result in particles being simulated in a different order. In [1], a way of eliminating non-associative accumulations using integer tallies was described. This approach successfully achieves reproducibility at the cost of lost accuracy by rounding double precision numbers to fewer significant digits. This integer approach, and other extended and reduced precision reproducibility techniques, are described and compared in this work. Increased precision alone is not enough to ensure reproducibility of photon Monte Carlo simulations. Non-arbitrary precision approaches require a varying degree of rounding to achieve reproducibility. For the problems investigated in this work double precision global accuracy was achievable by using 100 bits of precision or greater on all unordered sums which where subsequently rounded to double precision at the end of every time-step.
Pleasure and brain activity in man. Deep and surface electroencephalograms during orgasm.

Deep and surface electroencephalograms were recorded during sexual arousal culminating in orgasm in 2 patients, 1 undergoing treatment for severe mental illness and the other for intractable epilepsy. Such recordings were obtained on two occasions in 1 patient and on 12 occasions in the other. Recor
Persistent currents in doubly connected superfluid helium

Abstract When a current of superfluid helium is impressed across an asymmetric doubly connected region around which no circulation exists, the state of zero circulation is maintained provided all velocities remain subcritical. If the current is increased, the velocity in the shorter channel (assuming the width of each channel the same) will eventually reach its critical value. Further increase of the current will result in the generation of circulation which remains trapped in the system when the current is reduced to zero.
Performance analysis of radar antenna systems

If modern airborne radar systems are to function properly, the radar antenna radiation patterns must meet certain specifications. Until recently, most radar antennas were designed and tested in a clean antenna environment, i.e., there is no near field scattering from host structures or radome effects. However, these higher order effects are the matter of increasing concern with added performance demands in the ever-increasing jammer and clutter interference environments. We investigated the capabilities and limitations of currently available analysis techniques and computer codes for installed performance of airborne radar antenna systems. Then we developed an extended ray-optical technique that could predict total installed performance of airborne radar antenna systems, i.e., the near field scattering from aircraft structures and radome effects. The new analysis technique utilized a ray-tracing method in both airframe and radome simulation. Thus, it can efficiently predict the total installed performance of large radar antenna systems on an aircraft structure.
Super-enhanced optical energy concentration through a subwavelength aperture using a photonic nanojet

Optical transmission through resonant subwavelength apertures in optically thick metal films have received an explosion of interest for their ability to overcome the diffraction limit of light and concentrate light efficiently into a subwavelength volume. This achievement has attracted the use of subwavelength apertures in numerous applications, i.e. in near-field optical microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, nanoscale optical recording, optical lithography, ultra small photodetectors, novel nanoscale light source, and nonlinear optical processes, etc.
Noncanonical TGF-β Signaling During Mammary Tumorigenesis

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprised of at least five major tumor subtypes that coalesce as the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Although metastasis clearly represents the most lethal characteristic of breast cancer, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern this event remains inadequate. Clinically, ~30% of breast cancer patients diagnosed with early-stage disease undergo metastatic progression, an event that (a) severely limits treatment options, (b) typically results in chemoresistance and low response rates, and (c) greatly contributes to aggressive relapses and dismal survival rates. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates all phases of postnatal mammary gland development, including branching morphogenesis, lactation, and involution. TGF-β also plays a prominent role in suppressing mammary tumorigenesis by preventing mammary epithelial cell (MEC) proliferation, or by inducing MEC apoptosis. Genetic and epigenetic events that transpire during mammary tumorigenesis conspire to circumvent the tumor suppressing activities of TGF-β, thereby permitting late-stage breast cancer cells to acquire invasive and metastatic phenotypes in response to TGF-β. Metastatic progression stimulated by TGF-β also relies on its ability to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expansion of chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells. Precisely how this metamorphosis in TGF-β function comes about remains incompletely understood; however, recent findings indicate that the initiation of oncogenic TGF-β activity is contingent upon imbalances between its canonical and noncanonical signaling systems. Here we review the molecular and cellular contributions of noncanonical TGF-β effectors to mammary tumorigenesis and metastatic progression.
International coordination of operational instruments on the NASA and ESA space station polar orbiting platforms

The roles played by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the international community in coordinating plans to fly operational instruments on NOAA polar orbiting satellites are discussed, as is how this coordination has assisted in the planning for the flight of similar instruments on the proposed NASA and ESA polar orbiting platforms in the mid-to-late-1990s. Details on the operational sensor complements on the polar platforms are provided. >
Ethnocultural Aspects of PTSD: An Overview of Concepts, Issues, and Treatments

The present article offers an overview discussion of ethnocultural aspects of PTSD, with special attention to major conceptual issues, clinical considerations, and therapy practices. The historical circumstances leading to the widespread acceptance of PTSD among conventional mental health professionals, and the subsequent criticisms that emerged from scholars, humanitarian workers, and ethnocultural minorities are presented as an important background to the current controversial status of the concept, especially with regard to arguments regarding the ethnocultural determinants of PTSD. The concept of culture, its definition, and its developmental socialization process, are presented as foundations for understanding the many influences cultural variables have on the perception, experience, clinical expressions, and treatment responses to trauma. A “trauma event-person ecology” model identifies the different factors that serve to shape the outcome of trauma within and across cultures. A therapy outcome equa...
Limb posture and locomotion in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and in other non‐cursorial mammals

Past studies of mammalian posture and locomotion have been made principally on cursorial species and current concepts are stereotyped accordingly. Mammalian limbs are usually characterized in terms of vertical orientation and parasagittal excursion; the assumption prevails that this type of stance and limb movement is typical of the class. In the present study, walking movements in eight mammalian species (Tachyglossus aculeatus, Didelphis marsupialis, Tupaia glis. Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus, Mustela putorius, Heterohyrax brucei, and Felis domestica) were studied cineradiographically with particular attention given to limb posture and excursion relative to the parasagittal and horizontal planes. Only the cat and, to a lesser degree, the hyrax conform to the postural and locomotory pattern that has been regarded as characteristic of most terrestrial, quadrupedal mammals. In the other six species, the humeri and femora usually function in positions more horizontal than vertical and at angles oblique to the parasagittal plane. Furthermore, the excursion pattern of these species have interspecific differences; some patterns are more variable than others. The classical conception of “mammalian posture” and “mammalian locomotion” is inaccurate both as a description of the features possessed in common by living terrestrial mammals and as a hypothetical approximation of the condition in ancestral mammals. At present, non-cursorial mammals such as the opossum and tree shrew are more realistic models on which to base deductions concerning posture and locomotion in eatly mammals.
Nitric oxide in the crustacean brain: Regulation of neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the developing olfactory pathway

Nitric oxide (NO) plays major roles during development and in adult organisms. We examined the temporal and spatial patterns of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) appearance in the embryonic lobster brain to localize sources of NO activity; potential NO targets were identified by defining the distribution of NO-induced cGMP. Staining patterns are compared with NOS and cyclic 3,5 guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) distribution in adult lobster brains. Manipulation of NO levels influences olfactory glomerular formation and stabilization, as well as levels of neurogenesis among the olfactory projection neurons. In the first 2 days following ablation of the lateral antennular flagella in juvenile lobsters, a wave of increased NOS immunoreactivity and a reduction in neurogenesis occur. These studies implicate nitric oxide as a developmental architect and also support a role for this molecule in the neural response to injury in the olfactory pathway. Developmental Dynamics 236:3047–3060, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ethical Discourse in Public Administration

From Weber to Ellul, the neglect of ethics and normative discourse in public organizational decision-making has been an enduring theme in bureaucratic theory. A number of contemporary public administration theorists have begun to search for a solution by turning to recent developments in ethics, political philosophy, jurisprudence, and the philosophy of science. An important theme in these efforts has been an attempt to present an alternative decision model capable of integrating both facts and values. As an extension of this line of investigation, the purpose of this article is to suggest a methodological framework for such a model developed from the informal logic of practical reason. Presented as a logic of questions that systematically integrate empirical and normative judgments, the framework is designed to serve as a rational-analytic guide for the evaluation of organizational decisions.
Strain energy distribution in ceramic-to-metal joints

Abstract This work introduces a framework for evaluating the strength characteristics of ceramic-to-metal joints with multiple interlayers. Strain energy in the ceramic is used as a strength metric instead of maximum tensile stress. Based on the FEM analysis and order of magnitude scaling (OMS), simple analytical formulations between the strain energy and material properties are developed, which provide a guideline in designing multiple interlayers. Our analysis reveals the important role of multiple interlayers, which reduce the strain energy in the ceramic, increasing the strength of the joint. Based on the proposed design rule, Si 3 N 4 to Inconel 718 joints have been brazed with single, double and triple interlayers and the joint strength was evaluated using a shear test. The experimental results support the design rules and confirm that strain energy is a good strength metric.
Laminarization of turbulent pipe flow by fluid injection

The effects of fluid injection on the structure of an initially fully developed, low Reynolds number, turbulent pipe flow have been studied by means of a hot-film anemometer. Measurements were made of the axial turbulence intensity field and of the time-mean streamwise velocity distribution, both in the porous-walled pipe and in the solid-walled hydrodynamic development section. Oscilloscope traces showing the timewise pattern of the local velocity fluctuations were also monitored. The Reynolds number of the air flow at the inlet of the porous pipe was varied from 3090 to 6350, and the Reynolds number of the injected air ranged from 60 to 160.Near the tube wall, the initial effect of injection is a significant reduction of the axial turbulence level and an increase in the thickness of the viscous and buffer layers. The degree by which turbulence is reduced in this region is more or less proportional to the ratio of the injection to entrance Reynolds numbers. In the core region of the flow, which is centred about the tube axis, there is also an initial reduction in the magnitude of the axial component of turbulence which is thought to be due to injection-induced acceleration of the flow. There is also an annular region, which separates the wall and core regions, in which the turbulence intensity initially increases. In the downstream portion of the porous tube the entire flow undergoes a re-transition to fully developed turbulence.
Multisystemic therapy for poorly adherent youth with HIV: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Adherence to antiretroviral medication for the treatment of HIV is a significant predictor of virologic suppression and is associated with dramatic reductions in mortality and morbidity and other improved clinical outcomes for pediatric patient populations. Effective strategies for addressing adherence problems in youth infected with HIV are needed and require significant attention to the complex interplay of multiple, interacting causal risk factors that lead to poor self-care. Within the context of a pilot randomized trial, we evaluated the feasibility and initial efficacy of a multisystemic therapy (MST) intervention adapted to address HIV medication adherence problems against a usual care condition that was bolstered with a single session of motivational interviewing (MI). For 34 participating youth, health outcomes (viral load [VL] and CD4 count) were obtained from approximately 10 months pre-baseline through approximately 6 months post-baseline and self-reported medication adherence outcome...
Evaluation of multiple supply and threshold voltages for low-power FinFET circuit synthesis

In modern circuits, power efficiency is a central determinant of circuit efficiency. The exponential increase in the number of transistors in a chip has led to increased chip power dissipation. Therefore, low-power circuits have become a top priority in modern VLSI design. With scaling, leakage power accounts for an increasingly larger portion (>40%) of the total power consumption in deep submicron technologies. FinFET technology has been proposed as a promising alternative to deep submicron bulk CMOS technology, because of its better scalability, short-channel characteristics, ability to suppress leakage current, and mitigate device-to-device variability when compared to bulk CMOS. The subthreshold slope of a FinFET is approximately 60 mV which is close to ideal. In this paper, we propose a methodology for low-power FinFET based circuit synthesis. A mechanism called TCMS (threshold control through multiple supply voltages) was previously proposed for improving the power efficiency of FinFET based global interconnects. We propose a significant generalization of TCMS to the design of any logic circuit. This scheme represents a significant divergence from the conventional multiple-supply voltage schemes considered in the past. It also obviates the need for voltage level-converters. We employ accurate delay and power estimates using table look-up methods based on HSPICE simulations for supply voltage and threshold voltage optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that TCMS can provide power savings of 67.6% and device area savings of 65.2% under relaxed delay constraints.
ADDITIONAL NORMS AND SCORING SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PROVERBS TEST

Tables of supplementary norms for use in evaluating performance on the Proverbs Test of schizophrenics, organics, and normals are given and recent research is noted.
Integration study of prospective hazards models for the enhancement of a virtual range simulation model

This paper describes our progresses toward enhancing a virtual range (VR) for space launch modeling capability. The VR discussed in this paper is a range safety simulation environment. It is capable of determining the expectation of casualties (E/sub C/) resulting from the toxic effects of gas dispersion caused by a failed space launch and subsequent explosion (accidental or instructed) of a spacecraft (the space shuttle in this instance) shortly after liftoff. In addition to the above, we are currently rendering the VR capable of also determining the E/sub C/ resulting from falling debris and blast overpressure propagation, which are the others two major hazards resulting from a spacecraft explosion. We also investigate two data fusion approaches to estimate the E/sub C/ resulting from the combined effects of the three hazards mentioned above, as their effects may not necessarily be independent of each other.
Marek's Disease Virus Infection in the Eye: Chronological Study of the Lesions, Virus Replication, and Vaccine-Induced Protection

SUMMARY. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection in the eye was studied chronologically after inoculating 1-day-old chickens with a very virulent MDV strain, Md5. The ocular lesions could be classified as early lesions (6–11 days postinoculation [dpi]) and late lesions (26 and 56 dpi), based upon the location and severity of the lesions. The early lesions involved iris, ciliary body, and choroid layer, and were characterized by endothelial cell hypertrophy, vasculitis, and infiltration of lymphocytes (mainly CD8+), plasma cells, macrophages, and heterophils. Expression of early MDV-antigen pp38 in the cells infiltrating choroid layer was detected as early as 11 dpi. Late lesions consisted of severe lymphohistiocytic uveitis, keratitis, pectenitis, vitreitis, retinitis, and segmental to diffuse retinal necrosis. Cell infiltration included macrophages, granulocytes, plasma cells, and both CD4+ and CD8+ cells of various sizes. Expression of early MDV-antigen pp38 was readily found within the retina, uveal tract, and corneal epithelium. No expression of late-antigen gB or oncoprotein meq was detected in any of the eyes examined. A second experiment was conducted to study the effect of vaccination on the development of ocular lesions. Both HVT and CVI988 were able to protect against the development of early ocular lesions in chickens infected with very virulent plus strain MDV 648A. However, only CVI988 conferred complete protection against the development of late ocular lesions. HVT conferred partial protection, as it reduced the frequency and severity of the late ocular lesions. These results enhance our understanding of the nature and pattern of MDV infection in the eye.
Expression of endothelin‐1 in amniotic fluid embolism and possible pathophysiological mechanism

Since endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor, endothelin-1 expression in the lung was investigated using immunohistological techniques in two cases of amniotic fluid embolism. Intense expression of endothelin-1 was observed in amniotic squames while weaker staining was seen in alveolar epithelium, bronchiolar epithelium and intraalveolar macrophages and focally in vascular endothelium. Endothelin-1 may play a role in the early and transient haemodynamic alteration of pulmonary hypertension in amniotic fluid embolism.
How the lack of visuomotor feedback affects even the early stages of goal-directed pointing movements.

Pointing movements made with a hidden cursor from the center of gaze to a stationary, visible target overshot the actual target location. The systematic error decreased when the final cursor location from the previous trial was shown, which likely led to the creation of an internal sensorimotor model of movement. However, the putative model had a short memory, and could not substitute for on-line visuomotor feedback on subsequent trials. Contrary to common belief, the effect of a lack of visuomotor feedback was seen even in the early acceleration stage of the movement trajectory. Unchecked in the absence of visual monitoring, the acceleration stage of the movement lasted longer, as was evidenced by the significantly larger value of the peak cursor speed. Moreover, the speed peaked much later in the course of the movement. Speed declined more rapidly thereafter. Consequently, the delayed deceleration stage lasted far less than the acceleration stage. In the absence of visual feedback, the shift rightward in time of the peak speed position (PSP) in relation to total movement duration and other changes in the trajectory imply that visual feedback must play a significant role in determining when acceleration ceases (dV/dt=0), and argue against the traditional notion that visuomotor feedback is unavailable until the later stages of movement. Moreover, our data suggest that non-visual modalities, e.g., proprioception, may be too slow to make up for the absence of vision.