cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital order, stacking defects, and spin fluctuations in the p -electron molecular solid RbO 2

We examine magnon and orbiton behavior in localized ${\text{O}}_{2}$ antibonding molecular ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ orbitals using an effective Kugel-Khomskii Hamiltonian derived from a two-band Hubbard model with hopping parameters taken from ab initio density-functional calculations. The considerable difference between intraband and interband hoppings leads to a strong coupling between the spin-wave dispersion and the orbital ground state, providing a straightforward way of experimentally determining the orbital ground state from the measured magnon dispersion. The near degeneracy of different orbital ordered states leads to stacking defects which further modulate spin-fluctuation spectra. Proliferation of orbital domains disrupts long-range magnetic order, thus causing a significant reduction in the observed N\'eel temperature.
Modifications in the response to alcohol following the establishment of physical dependence.

An alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by the successive appearance of hyperactivity and tremors, muscle spasticity and, in some animals, generalized convulsions was induced in rats. It was obtained by the administration to rats whose weight had been previously reduced, of a liquid diet containing 45% of alcohol for a period of 3 weeks. The establishment of a state of physical dependence increased the incidence of withdrawal symptoms in a subsequent period of alcoholization. The administration of the 45% alcohol liquid diet during a 4-day period did not induce any noticeable withdrawal symptomatology in animals not previously exposed to alcohol. On the other hand, when previously alcoholdependent animals were subjected to the same procedure, 50% of them demonstrated a severe withdrawal symptomatology.
Interpersonal Victimization Patterns and Psychopathology Among Latino Women: Results From the SALAS Study

Research on the victimization of Latino women and the subsequent psychological impact has been limited by focusing on individual forms of victimization, primarily partner violence or sexual assault. Another deficiency includes mainly using convenience and/or geographically restricted samples, which impacts the generalizability of the results. To overcome these research limitations, the Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) study aimed to evaluate the broader scope of victimization among Latino women. The study surveyed a national sample of 2,000 Latino women using random digit dial methodology. Women were asked about various forms of victimization in childhood and adulthood including physical assaults, sexual assaults, stalking, threats, and witnessed violence, as well as psychological symptomatology including depression, anxiety, anger, and dissociation. This analysis found that victimized women were more likely to experience some form of polyvictimization and/or revictimization throughout their lives, with only 36% of victimized women experiencing one form of victimization in childhood or adulthood alone. Furthermore, multiple victimization experiences significantly increased the proportion of women who experienced psychological distress symptoms in the clinical range. For almost all evaluated symptoms, the multiple forms of victimization or varying victimization patterns significantly predicted clinical levels of psychological distress over any specific form or single incident of victimization. The results suggest that victimized Latino women experience multiple forms of victimization and that the evaluation of a broader spectrum of victimization better accounts for pathological symptomatology. Clinical implications for Latino women and future research directions are discussed.
Cost‐Benefit Model of Library Acquisitions in Terms of Use: Progress Report

A project has been undertaken to study the use of library materials: to evaluate acquisition decisions in terms of subsequent use and to derive a cost-benefit model for use in purchasing and resource sharing and in the weeding and retirement of little-used materials. This first progress report considers only circulating books and monographs. Data derived from circulation records are analyzed in terms of the number of uses per individual item. A surprising result is the nearly straight-line plot (semi-log scale) that exhibits consistent halving of the number of items circulated with each successive increase in number of uses. These results are consistent over each of five years studied. The phenomenon is not yet explained. In addition, it is observed that only half of the collection is circulated one or more times over a five-year period.
Intrinsic Length Scales in Tool-Rock Interaction

Indentation and cutting experiments in rocks reveal that the action of a tool can induce either ductile and/or brittle failure, with the ductile mode associated with damage of the rock and/or plastic flow, and the brittle mode with the propagation of cracks. In normal indentation, the development of a damaged zone precedes the initiation of tensile cracks; in cutting, the failure mechanism switches from a ductile to a brittle mode as the depth of cut is increased beyond a threshold value. In this paper, we first argue that these observations can be accounted for by introducing an intrinsic length scale lm ∼ ( KIc ∕ σc )2 in the rock description (with KIc denoting the toughness and σc the compressive strength). Next, we report the results of numerical simulation of indentation and cutting tests with the discrete element method. After showing that the internal length scale lm can be modified by the ratio of the shear to normal bond strength, we illustrate by numerical simulations that the selection of the f...
Monomer reactivity ratios in UV‐initiated free‐radical copolymerization reactions

The homopolymers of styrene (S) and vinyl acetate (VA) and their copolymers were prepared in bulk by ultraviolet (UV)-radiation-initiated free-radical polymerization with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The reactivity ratios for these copolymerizations were determined by analyzing the monomer content in the copolymers by UV spectroscopy. The same method was extended to other copolymers of styrene such as styrene-methyl methacrylate and styrene-ethyl acrylate. A new analysis method was developed to measure reactivity ratios. For this purpose, UV light was used as a photochemical initiator and UV absorption spectroscopy was used for the determination of the instantaneous composition of copolymers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to calculate percent conversion. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterizing nurse practitioner practice by sampling patient encounters: An APRNet study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize nurse practitioners’ (NPs’) practice by using reports of patient encounters to more accurately reflect practice patterns than has been previously performed. This study was part of a larger primary care practice survey by a consortium of 20 practice-based research networks (PBRNs). Therefore, comparisons, when appropriate, were also made between this network of NPs (Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Network, APRNet) and the other 19 physician-run research networks. Data sources: A descriptive survey was developed by the 20 PBRN consortium under grants from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The consortium’s goal was to collect primary care data over a 6-month period and to document and compare primary care practice in the United States. The data were collected immediately following members’ encounters with patients rather than from billing spreadsheets. Nineteen PBRNs may have had NPs in the practices that comprised their networks. However, the data from these NPs were collected under the study ID numbers of the physician owners of each practice. APRNet, therefore, was the sole research network comprised exclusively of NPs who collected and reported data under their own study ID numbers. Conclusions: Acute health problems comprised 45% of all episodes treated by NPs compared to 30% of episodes for exacerbations of chronic conditions and 24.5% for nonillness and health promotion visits. In addition, our findings suggest that NPs provide counseling in 84% (vs. 61% for physicians) of their primary care visits, regardless of the reason for visit, and the type of counseling varies by the type of NP. Implications for practice: Despite many studies on the comparability and outcomes of NP practice, the need to identify, clarify, and document the practices of NPs in primary care settings remains. The present survey provides an important and useful first step in providing a systematic way to characterize these practices through a survey of APRNs immediately following their patient encounters.
Control design for topology-independent stability of interconnected systems

In this paper we present a method for synthesis of decentralized controllers for multiple identical systems interconnected on a graph. We develop a synthesis procedure for controllers which stabilize the system for any graph topology satisfying given degree bounds, independent of the size of the graph. The methods reduce to computation via semidefinite programming, and the size of the resulting optimization problem does not grow with the size of the graph. We also show how these results may be extended to construct partially decentralized controllers, which receive measurements from their neighbors. We illustrate the results via an example of a power distribution network.
A boron-loaded liquid scintillation neutron detector using a single photomultiplier

Abstract One of the unique features of this detector is that the cell containing the liquid is mounted directly onto a single photo-multiplier, a selected high-gain tube with a favorable signal-to-noise ratio. This detector is relatively simple to construct and use as is the associated circuitry.
Spatial Autoregressive Stochastic Frontier Analysis: An Application to an Impact Evaluation Study

This article presents a new framework for the impact evaluation studies of programs that aim to increase efficiency and productivity of firms. Likelihood ratio statistics support a spatial autoregressive stochastic production model that estimates the technical efficiencies of matched subsamples of treated and control agents determined using Propensity Score Matching. The model is used to analyze the efficiency of farmers who participate to an agricultural extension program in rural areas of the North West of Tanzania. This study reveals a 9.2% gain in technical efficiency from the program participation. There is evidence of a benefit of 5.7% gain in output value of non-participants as a spatial spillover effect.
Genetics of the Deflagellation Pathway in Chlamydomonas

Signal-induced deflagellation in Chlamydomonas involves Ca2+-activated breakage of the nine outer-doublet axonemal microtubules at a specific site in the flagellar transition zone. In this study, we isolated 13 new deflagellation mutants that can be divided into two phenotypic classes, the Adf class and the Fa class. Cells with the Adf deflagellation phenotype are defective in acid-stimulated Ca2+ influx, but can be induced to deflagellate by treatment with nonionic detergent and Ca2+. Genetic analyses show that the five new Adf mutations, as well as the previously identified adf1 mutation, are alleles of the ADF1 gene. Mutants in the second phenotypic class, the Fa mutants, fail to deflagellate in response to any known chemical stimulus and are defective in Ca2+-activated microtubule severing. Genetic analysis of these eight new Fa strains demonstrated that they define two complementation groups, and one of these contains the previously identified fa1 mutation. Diploid analysis showed that five alleles map to the FA1 gene, whereas four alleles define a novel gene that we have named FA2. The isolation of multiple mutant alleles of each gene, generated by either ultraviolet irradiation or insertional mutagenesis, indicates that ADF1, FA1, and FA2 may be the only genes that can be identified in a loss-of-function screen. These alleles should provide a better understanding of the regulation of microtubule severing by Ca2+.
Influence of life-history variation on the genetic structure of two sympatric salamander taxa.

Life-history characteristics are an important determinant of a species’ dispersal abilities. We predict that variation in life history can influence population-level genetic patterns. To test this prediction, we estimate population-level genetic structure for two sympatric species of stream-breeding salamander. The Cope’s giant salamander (Dicamptodon copei) rarely metamorphoses into a terrestrial adult, thereby limiting overland dispersal and potentially gene flow. In contrast, the Pacific giant salamander (D. tenebrosus) commonly metamorphoses, which is expected to facilitate overland dispersal and gene flow. Three sets of analyses based on microsatellite data support these hypotheses, showing that D. tenebrosus displays minimal population-level genetic structuring and no pattern of isolation by distance, whereas D. copei displays a high degree of population-level genetic structure and significant isolation by distance. Specifically, nearly all pairwise FST values were significantly different from 0 between populations of D. copei, with fewer than half the pairwise FST values significant from 0 in D. tenebrosus. Additionally, STRUCTURE analyses indicated eight genetic clusters for D. copei but only one genetic cluster for D. tenebrosus. Finally, Mantel tests showed significant correlations between stream and overland distance with genetic distance for D. copei but no significant correlations of either landscape feature for D. tenebrosus at the scale of the study. These results provide a case study of the link between life-history variation and population genetic patterns while controlling for phylogeny and environmental variation.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary polydextrose in gerbils and humans

Because polydextrose (PDX) functions as a carbohydrate with reduced absorption, its potential to lower plasma lipids was assessed in gerbils and in humans. In one experiment, gerbils were fed purified diets containing 0.15% cholesterol and either 0% or 6% PDX for 4 weeks. In the second, gerbils received a cholesterol-free diet with 0% or 6% PDX for 3 weeks, after their endogenous cholesterol pools were expanded by cholesterol supplementation. The human study involved hypercholesterolemic volunteers who consumed drinks providing either 15 or 30 g/d PDX for 4 weeks followed by 0 g PDX for 4 weeks. The gerbil studies demonstrated that 6% PDX (approximately 30 g/d human equivalent) significantly lowered plasma and liver cholesterol in both cholesterol-fed gerbils and those with expanded pools of endogenous cholesterol. In the human study, only 30 g/d PDX intake significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (approximately 6%) in a subgroup of responders. The combined studies suggest that PDX may lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as effectively as an equivalent amount of soluble fiber when supplemented at 30 g/d human equivalent.
The nature of clinical reasoning with groups: a phenomenological study of an occupational therapist in community mental health.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this paper is to examine the clinical reasoning of an occupational therapist in group practice in mental health. It emerged from a larger phenomenological study of expert occupational therapy practitioners in community mental health. METHOD. Data were gathered through intensive, semi-structured interviews with 1 day of participant observation. Analysis was an iterative process in which emerging themes were identified for reflection and interpretation. Previously established categories of clinical reasoning were used as a structure for describing the results. RESULTS. A rich description of clinical reasoning in psychosocial task groups is presented using interactive, narrative, conditional, and pragmatic reasoning. The gestalt of community practice is illustrated, as the therapist describes the multiple levels of consciousness used in her consideration of, and response to, clients within the context of the larger environment. CONCLUSION. This study suggests that an examination of occupational therapy with psychosocial groups is a rich area for research to extend our understanding of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy.
KEEPING ABREAST OF THE MAYA: A STUDY OF THE FEMALE BODY IN MAYA ART

This paper discusses the importance of female breasts in gender construction in Maya art and explains artistic conventions and choices in their deployment. The visual analysis focuses on Late Classic pictorial vases and ceramic figurines. Rather than reflecting a natural body, the female breast was filtered through a cultural lens that drove its highly conceptual rendering in Maya art, mirrored in a breast hieroglyph. Through the principle of contrast, including morphology and absence vs. presence of breasts in specific pictorial contexts, Maya artists constructed female personae varying in age, class, supernatural status, and gender ambiguity. In order to flesh out the layered meaning of the breast, the paper turns to ethnographic studies of modern Maya medicine concerning the hot-cold system. It is argued that ethnographic data on women's bodies in medical discourse shed light on how the breast served as an index of age-based female stereotypes.
Defining and representing knowledge in electromagnetic field computation

Symbolic knowledge representation has made possible the representation of a broader range of engineering knowledge in order to provide new kinds of computer support for both analysis and design. The authors outline electromagnetic field computation knowledge and review the roles of numerical, geometric, and symbolic representations of such knowledge. Some comments on integrating electromagnetic device design knowledge are also offered. >
Pakistani Conceptualization of Sharia and Support for Militancy and Democratic Values: A New Empirical Approach 1

In this paper, we argue that empirical studies of the relationship between popular support for Islamism and support for democracy and violence have yielded inconclusive results, largely because scholars inadequately operationalize respondent support for sharia. Focusing on Pakistan, we demonstrate how using different conceptualizations of sharia has direct impacts upon the observed correlation between such support and support for democratic values and Islamic militant groups. We use data derived from a carefully designed survey instrument that offers unique insights into how Pakistanis define a sharia-based government. We find that formalizing an Islamic government as one that implements sharia by providing services and security for the people is associated with increased support for democratic values, whereas conceptualizing an Islamic government as one that implements sharia by imposing hudud punishments and restricting women's public roles is associated with increased support for militancy. These results suggest that depending on how individuals within a particular context and time period construe a
Two domains of the tolloid protein contribute to its unusual genetic interaction with decapentaplegic

The zygotic dorsal-ventral patterning gene tolloid (tld) exhibits a complex structure consisting of an N-terminal domain with sequence similarity to the astacin family of metalloproteases and a C-terminal domain composed of two EGF-like repeats and five copies of the CUB repeat which was first found in human complement proteins C1r and C1s. The overall structure of TLD is similar to the human bone morphogenetic protein, BMP-1. Previous genetic studies (Ferguson and Anderson, 1992) have shown that certain tld alleles behave antagonistically toward decapentaplegic (dpp), a second zygotic dorsal-ventral patterning gene whose product is most closely related to the TGF-β superfamily members BMP-2 and BMP-4. The common phenotype and genetic interaction data may suggest a direct physical association between these two proteins. In this study, we use an allelic series of haplo-viable dpp mutations to order the strength of the tld antagonistic interaction. In addition, we have identified the lesions associated with 20 tld mutations by DNA sequencing. These mutations consist of six alleles that behave in an antimorphic manner with respect to dpp , five alleles that revert the antagonistic interaction, and 9 loss-of-function alleles with a range of phenotypes from weak to strong. We find that antimorphic mutations and second-site revertants cluster to the protease domain and to a second site located at the junction of the first two CUB repeats. In contrast, loss-of-function mutations are dispersed throughout the length of the protein. Those mutations that map within the CUB repeats invariably affect consensus residues, thereby establishing the functional significance of certain residues in the CUB repeat consensus sequence. Possible molecular models for TLD action are discussed.
Visualization in Interrogator using Graphviz

The Interrogator infrastructure is comprised of a number of networks each consisting of multiple thousands of nodes. The data produced by the sensors in this infrastructure is collected and stored in three distinct formats: relational databases, data files containing packet traffic or network flow information, and other report files - usually in extensible markup language (XML) format. In a network infrastructure of this size, it becomes very difficult to keep abreast of the complex relationships that exist within. Additionally, due to the sheer volume of data produced in the previously mentioned formats, a method to aid in extracting the security relevant content from the data becomes highly essential. We propose the use of network graphs to address these limitations in the current Interrogator architecture. Generation of the graphs required the development of methods to extract - from the data sources available - the needed connectivity and data transfer information. This information was then passed to a graphing utility, Graphviz, which was used to generate the network graphs. Using the capabilities provided in Graphviz, we were able to quickly obtain information about any node in the network including: the connectivity of the node, the data transferred, and any alerts generated that included these nodes. These graphs are used as another analysis source for an analyst to aid in the identification of suspicious network behavior
Black Voting During the Civil Rights Movement: A Micro-level Analysis

This article examines why some black Southerners but not others were politically active during the early stages of the civil rights movement. Using a survey of more than 600 black Southerners in 1961, we investigate whether perceptions about opportunity and threat, politicized social capital and individual orientations toward social change shaped voting in the 1960 Presidential election. Perceptions of solidarity in the black community and repression against politically active blacks encourage voting, while the perception of white support for integration does not. Participating in civic and religious organizations and discussing politics with friends and co-workers (but not family members) increase the likelihood of voting. Our findings extend political opportunity and social capital theories in important ways while offering new insights into this historically important case of civic engagement.
USE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

The importance of analytical techniques in international marketing is illustrated. An overview of related research is given. The question is asked, “Which way will research on the subject go in the future?”
Developmental effects of early immune stress on aggressive, socially reactive, and inhibited behaviors

The origins of individual differences in social development are examined in relation to early stress (immune challenge) and social milieu (maternal behavior) in a genetic-developmental analysis using an animal model. Neonatal male mice (5 or 6 days of age) from two lines of mice selectively bred for high versus low levels of inter-male aggressive behavior received a standard immune challenge (i.p. injections of 0.05 mg/kg endotoxin or saline). Animals were reared by their line-specific biological dam or by a foster dam from a line bred without selection. Adult levels of social behaviors were assessed in a dyadic test (age 45-50 days). Mice from the high-aggressive line show more developmental sensitivity to immune challenge than mice from the low-aggressive line, and line differences persist regardless of the early maternal environment. As adults, endotoxin-treated mice from the high-aggressive line have lower levels of aggressive behavior, longer latency to attack, and higher rates of socially reactive and inhibited behaviors compared to saline controls. Developmental effects of endotoxin in the low-aggressive line are minimal: endotoxin increases socially reactive behaviors, compared to saline controls, but only for mice reared by their biological dams. Rearing by foster dams increases social exploration in the low-aggressive line. The findings raise novel questions regarding the openness of behavioral systems to effects of nonobvious but omnipresent features of the environment, such as antigenic load, how these effects are integrated to affect social development and psychopathology, and the nature of intrinsic factors that contribute to individual differences in sensitivity to early stressors.
Family- and population-level responses to atmospheric CO2 concentration: gas exchange and the allocation of C, N, and biomass in Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae).

To ascertain the inheritance of responses to changing atmospheric CO2 content, we partitioned response to elevated CO2 in Plantago lanceolata between families and populations in 18 families in two populations. Plants were grown in 35 Pa and 71 Pa partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in open-top chambers. We measured above- and belowground mass, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hexose sugar, and gas exchange properties in both CO2 treatments. Families within populations differed in mass, mass allocation, root : shoot ratios, aboveground percentage N, C : N ratio, and gas exchange properties. The CO2 3 family interaction is the main indicator of potential evolutionary responses to changing CO2. Significant CO 2 3 family interactions were observed for N content, C : N ratio, and photosynthetic rate (A: instantaneous light-saturated carbon assimilation capacity), intercellular CO 2 concentration, transpiration rate ( E), and water use efficiency (WUE5 A/E), but not for stomatal conductance. Families differed significantly in acclimation across time. The ratio of A in elevated vs. ambient growth CO2, when measured at a common internal CO2 partial pressure was 0.79, indicating downregulation of A under CO2 enrichment. Mass, C : N ratio, percentage, C (%C), and soluble sugar all increased significantly but overall %N did not change. Increases in %C and sugar were significant and were coincident with redistribution of N aboveground. The observed variation among populations and families in response to CO2 is evidence of genetic variation in response and therefore of the potential for novel evolutionary trajectories with rising atmospheric CO 2.
RNA as a Flexible Scaffold for Proteins: Yeast Telomerase and Beyond

Yeast telomerase, the enzyme that adds a repeated DNA sequence to the ends of the chromosomes, consists of a 1157- nucleotide RNA (TLC1) plus several protein subunits: the telomerase reverse transcriptase Est2p, the regulatory subunit Est1p, the nonhomologous end-joining heterodimer Ku, and the seven Sm proteins involved in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) maturation. The RNA subunit provides the template for telomeric DNA synthesis. In addition, we have reported evidence that it serves as a flexible scaffold to tether the proteins into the complex. More generally, we consider the possibility that RNPs may be considered in three structural categories: (1) those that have specific structures determined in large part by the RNA, including RNase P, other ribozyme-protein complexes, and the ribosome; (2) those that have specific structures determined in large part by proteins, including many small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs) and small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs); and (3) flexible scaffolds, with no specific structure of the RNP as a whole, as exemplified by yeast telomerase. Other candidates for flexible scaffold structures are other telomerases, viral IRES (internal ribosome entry site) elements, tmRNA (transfer-messenger RNA), the SRP (signal recognition particle), and Xist and roX1 RNAs that alter chromatin structure to achieve dosage compensation.
Sandia cave reconsidered

Review of the controversy surrounding the excavation of Sandia cave, New Mexico, and infrared Raman laser studies of the existing specimens from the site suggests the probability of a pre-Clovis occupation at the site. Pleistocene fauna attributed by Hibben to his Folsom layer quite probably belong to Haynes and Agogino’s more recently defined Unit F. This was apparently the original locus of the Sandia points, and it has produced pre-Clovis dates.
Non-Parametric Sensitivity Analysis in Linear Programming

Abstract A linear programming problem subject to uncertainty in the requirements vector is solved deterministically, then sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect of the random variation on this solution. Since there could be an appreciable cost of modifying a solution once implemented, the probability of the random components perturbing a solution is considered. Unlike existing methods of linear programming under uncertainty, this article assumes no knowledge of the distributions of the random variables. Rather, the notion of non-parametric tolerance limits is employed to establish a criterion for changing basic solutions.
Determination of etheral oils from the urine by gas-liquid chromatography

A method for the determination of eucalyptole, camphor and menthol by gas liquid chromatography is presented. These three etheral oils are excreted in the urine as glucuronides. For determination we have the following steps: enzymatic hydrolysis, steam destillation, ether extraction, drying of the extract, evaporation, adding of an internal standard, evaporation of the ether to a volume of 0,2 ml, gas-liquid chromatography. Results are shown after oral administration of menthol and after rubbing in with an unguent containing etheral oils.
Inhibition of House Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Field-Spread Dairy Bedding from Cattle Treated with Diflubenzuron Boluses

Soiled bedding (straw mixed with urine and feces) was removed from two pens housing dairy heifers and spread in windrows in two fields. Each heifer in one of the pens was administered a diflubenzuron bolus, whereas heifers in the other pen were not treated. House flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), emerging from the spread bedding were captured in emergence traps and on sticky traps. More house flies and stable flies emerged from the untreated bedding than from the treated bedding; most emergence occurred the second week after spreading.
Cognitively Impaired Humans, Intelligent Animals, and Legal Personhood

This Article analyzes whether courts should grant legal personhood to intelligent animal species, such as chimpanzees, with a particular focus on comparisons made to cognitively impaired humans who are recognized as legal persons even though they may have less practical autonomy than intelligent animals. Granting legal personhood would allow human representatives to initiate some legal actions with the animals as direct parties to the litigation, as is presently allowed for humans with cognitive impairments that leave them incapable of representing their own interests. For example, a human asserting to act on behalf of an intelligent animal might seek a writ of habeas corpus to demand release from a restrictive environment where less restrictive environments, such as relatively spacious sanctuaries, are available. Highly publicized litigation seeking legal personhood in a habeas corpus context for chimpanzees is underway in New York, and the lawsuits have garnered the support of some eminent legal scholars and philosophers. Regardless of its short-term success or failure, this litigation represents the beginning of a long struggle with broad and deep societal implications. A previous article by the author was quoted and largely followed by a unanimous New York appellate court in Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc. v. Lavery, the most prominent and controversial appellate decision addressing (and rejecting) legal personhood for chimpanzees thus far. This Article builds on that previous article, which focused on justice arguments based on young children with limited practical autonomy being granted legal personhood status. The New York lawsuits and other significant developments have highlighted important additional issues and nuances since the previous article’s publication. Further, in the previous article the author indicated that additional scholarship was needed addressing justice arguments based on legal personhood being recognized for humans with cognitive impairments not related to typical childhood development – such as humans with significant intellectual disabilities or comatose humans. This Article analyzes these comparisons based on cognitive impairments not related to childhood, as well as analyzing issues presented by the New York lawsuits. The Article concludes that, like comparisons with young children and intelligent animals, comparisons between intelligent animals and humans with cognitive impairments unrelated to childhood do not support restructuring our legal system to make animals persons. Further, the rights of the most vulnerable humans, particularly humans with severe cognitive impairments, would be endangered over the long term if legal personhood were granted to some animals based on cognitive abilities. Courts should continue to reject animal legal personhood in the lawsuits that will likely continue to be filed in numerous jurisdictions for decades. However, legislatures and courts should embrace societal evolution calling for greater human responsibility regarding our treatment of animals.
Principles of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Measurement of Free Radicals in Biological Tissues

Over the past two decades there has been increased interest in the possibility of cellular damage and dysfunction caused by oxidative biochemical reactions involving oxygen by products, particularly oxygen-derived free radicals and nitric oxide. Free radicals have been suggested as playing an important role in a wide variety of clinical diseases including heart attack, stroke, respiratory distress syndrome, acute tubular necrosis of kidney, reperfusion injury of a wide variety of organs, and oncogenesis and tumor promotion (Korthius & Granger, 1986; Fantone & Ward, 1982; Guarnieri et al., 1980; Hess & Manson, 1984; Burton et al., 1984; Fridovich, 1983, 1989). In certain cases such as radiation injury and some chemical toxicities free radical injury has been considered to be the sole cause. Thus, free radicals have been proposed to mediate many of the most prevalent diseases causing morbidity and mortality. Of the several methods available to study free radicals in biological tissues and cells, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been recognized to be the most important and direct technique.
Distal Hypospadias Repair

Since Duckett's introduction of hypospadias repair by meatoplasty and glanuloplasty we have seen a rekindled interest in the correction of the subcoronal hypospadias. However, we have not found this procedure to be widely applicable or the cosmetic results to be universally acceptable. We describe a repair for distal hypospadias that incorporates a more vigorous vertical glans incision plus more aggressive distal urethral mobilization. Reconstruction has been successful in all 28 patients who have undergone this procedure.
The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

During the past three decades multidisciplinary teams have played an increasingly prominent role in the care of patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). A multidisciplinary approach provides a rational and coordinated mechanism for evaluation and treatment of patients with IBC by bringing providers in the surgical, medical, radiation oncology, pathology, and radiology disciplines together. The approach is enhanced with the involvement of a dedicated care coordinator who manages the care process. This figure plays an important role in communication of the care plan to the patient as well as seeing that the care needed is arranged and delivered. The psychosocial and palliative care services are also closely involved in the care of the patient. This care process enables the patient to make informed treatment decisions and be reassured that all her physicians are working in close conjunction for better management of her case. This in turn leads to more patient satisfaction and ultimately to more favorable outcomes for the patient. In this article we discuss the benefits of multidisciplinary team and its role in the management of a patient diagnosed with IBC.
Justice for Wage Earners: Retrieving Insights from the Catholic Community

Throughout much of the history of Catholic social teaching, the question of wage-earner justice has been of central import. In response to the condition of workers who do not receive sufficient compensation to maintain a decent livelihood for themselves and their families, a theory of just wage has evolved. There is wisdom to be gleaned from the tradition that can enrich the contemporary debate on just wage. The challenge lies in discerning what is normative from that which is socially and culturally biased. It will be informative to explore the meaning of just wage from a wide spectrum of perspectives, including the sometimes forgotten voice of women. This article examines the contributions of several levels of the Catholic faith community and retrieves essential insights that can contribute to a revitalized just wage discourse.
What Educators Need to Do with Biased Children’s Books on Religion, Gender and Race

Children’s books from around the world have often provided a more favorable description of the groups holding power than those that are marginalized. Fortunately, today’s children’s books are much improved than those published in previous years and portray minority groups better than ever before. However, some recently published children’s literature can be stereotypical. This article explores the way biased children’s books published in selected regions from around the world describe groups holding less power in society. To illustrate how offensive these resources can be, examples of children’s books from Nazi Germany are discussed first.
Country Risk Components, the Cost of Capital, and Returns in Emerging Markets

This paper examines the importance of political risk, the financial risk, and economic risk in portfolio and direct investment decisions. In addition, the components (from the International Country Risk Guide) of each of these risk measures are examined. The components of political risk include: Government Stability, Socioeconomic Conditions, Investment Profile, Internal Conflict, External Conflict, Corruption, Military in Politics, Religion in Politics, Law and Order, Ethnic Tensions, Democratic Accountability, and Bureaucracy Quality. The financial risk components include: Foreign Debt as a Percentage of GDP, Foreign Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports of Goods and Services, Current Account as a Percentage of Exports of Goods and Services, Net International Liquidity as Months of Import Cover, and Exchange Rate Stability. The Economic Risk category includes: Per Capita GDP, Real GDP Growth, Annual Inflation Rate, Budget Balance as a Percentage of GDP, and Current Account as a Percentage of GDP. First, I explore whether any of these measures contain information about future expected stock returns by conducting trading simulations. Second, I show the relation between these measures and implied costs of capital based on earnings forecasts. My results suggest that the country risk measures are correlated future equity returns - but only in emerging markets. These results are consistent with emerging markets being to some degree segmented from world capital markets.
Choreography of Lupercalia

In this paper, I apply the methodologies of dance studies and cultural studies of the body to an analysis of the Roman Lupercalia . Focusing on the corporeality of the participants as the most striking component of the performance, I demonstrate that the physicality of these bodies and their mobility through the city of Rome not only transmit but also generate cultural significance, which is crucial for understanding the role of dance in Roman public rituals and its consequent part in the construction of Roman identities.
Preliminary Report: Correlation between acute psychosocial stress and decrease in perceived preparedness in exams

Abstract. Stress has been a subject of intense research over the past few decades. Any holistic understanding of stress requires an interdisciplinary approach. In particular, psychosocial stress studies must include both sociocultural and biochemical variables in their design. In this experiment, a competitive binding immunoassay was used to quantify cortisol samples before and after an exam in undergraduate university students (n = 29). Multiple variables potentially relating to cortisol production and psychosocial stress reactions were assessed using a pre-exam questionnaire. This questionnaire also included a question regarding perceived preparedness before and after the exam. It was hypothesized that a rise in cortisol (signifying a stress response) would correlate with negative change between predicted preparedness for an exam and retrospect preparedness. Out of 29 students, 10 exhibited a rise in cortisol. Of those 10, 9 noted a decrease in confidence after the exam. A contingency table was used to ...
Tree diversity in relation to tree height: alternative perspectives.

Marks et al. (Ecol. Lett., 19, 2016, 743–751) show that tree diversity increases with tree height in North America and argue it reflects habitat ‘suitability’. This finding conflicts with classical results, lacks controls for covariates of tree height, and can be explained alternatively using the modified Janzen–Connell effect and regional variance in habitats.
Technology and Professional Development

Professional development for ESOL teachers involves two areas: reviewing and refining existing skill and knowledge bases and expanding into new areas. The increasing integration of technology into language teaching and learning requires this process to take on new importance as technology permeates the daily lives of students and other areas of education as well as the settings in which learners will use English as it is acquired. This entry emphasizes the importance of technology skills for language teachers and makes a case for why continuing professional development in this area is so vital, requiring teachers to assimilate to a culture of constant change. It then offers a description of processes and resources currently available with the caveat that these too will change rapidly. Keywords: CALL; CALL teacher education; language learning technology; professional developoment
Application of Chemical Ionization Ms and the Twin-Ion Technique in the Analysis of Reactive Intermediates in Drug Metabolism

Since the pioneering work of the Millers (1) and Magee and Barnes (2), it has become increasingly evident that many stable chemicals are metabolized to electrophilic intermediates that alkylate and arylate tissue macromolecules. This laboratory (3–5) has shown that drugs, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), phenacetin, furosemide (frusemide), isoniazid, and iproniazid, also are oxidatively activated by microsomal enzymes to electrophilic intermediates that covalently bind to tissue macromolecules and cause massive tissue necrosis.
Alternating Bundle-Branch Block: What Is the Mechanism?

A 37-year-old woman with non-Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy and no other significant medical history was incidentally noted to have an irregular heart rhythm on physical examination, and a 12-lead ECG was obtained. ECG (Figure 1) showed sinus rhythm with alternating pattern of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) and left bundle-branch block (LBBB). What is the mechanism of the alternating bundle-branch block pattern noted on the ECG? Figure 1. Twelve-lead ECG showing sinus rhythm with alternating right and left bundle-branch block pattern of ventricular conduction. 1. Alternating RBBB and LBBB premature ventricular contractions 2. Alternating phase 3 block in the bundle branches 3. Alternating phase 4 block in the bundle branches 4. Interpolated premature ventricular contractions with alternating bundle-branch morphologies Please turn the page to read the diagnosis. Irregular heart rhythm in this patient is the result of frequent atrial ectopic beats occurring in a bigeminal fashion. P waves are seen within the preceding T waves during ectopy, and the atrial coupling interval is constant (440 ms), which confirms that these are premature atrial …
Cave diving for a diagnosis: Disseminated histoplasmosis in the immunocompromised.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and are associated with risks of invasive infections. We present a diagnostically challenging patient with unique comorbidities and travel history. A 53-year-old man with a history of polysubstance abuse and psoriasis on adalimumab presented to our hospital directly from the airport with fever, dyspnea, and cough. He had been living in Costa Rica and engaged in many outdoor activities. Within 6 hours and a limited history, he was intubated; vasopressors and antimicrobials were promptly administered. An extensive infectious disease investigation was undertaken, considering potential travel-related exposures and his immunosuppressive state. However, multi-organ failure with worsening disseminated intravascular coagulation ensued, and within four days of admission, the patient passed away. Five days after his death, the urine Histoplasma antigen resulted positive. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be suspected in a patient on anti-TNF therapy, with a severe febrile illness and pneumonia refractory to antibacterial therapy. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis and initiate prompt treatment.
Imaging papillary thyroid cancer brain metastases using FDG-PET/CT

1070 Learning Objectives 1. Recognize that brain metastases occur infrequently in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, but are not uncommon in patients with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma who develop new sites of disease. 2. Describe the appearance of papillary thyroid carcinoma brain metastases on FDG-PET/CT. 3. Discuss the value of FDG-PET for detecting brain metastases in general and the potential role it may play in detecting brain metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. The overall incidence of brain metastases from papillary thyroid cancer is low; however, the brain is a major site for subsequent metastases in patients with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma who develop new sites of disease. FDG-PET generally is not useful detecting brain metastases, which often are small and may be obscured by the high FDG uptake of normal cortical gray matter, and there are few data on its role in the detection of metastatic thyroid carcinoma to the brain. We present 2 cases in which brain metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma were readily detected using FDG-PET/CT. Methods: (1) Retrospective data review. (2) Compare PET/CT scan findings in 2 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the brain with correlative clinical data including but not limited to contemporaneous MRI scans, I-131 scans and brain biopsy results. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated high avidity of papillary thyroid carcinoma brain metastases for FDG and therefore, consideration should be given to including the entire brain in FDG-PET/CT studies performed on patients with papillary thyroid cancer