cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for automatic TRIZ level of invention estimation of patents using natural language processing, knowledge-transfer and patent citation metrics

Patents provide a wealth of information about design concepts, their physical realization, and their relationship to prior designs in the form of citations. Patents can provide useful input for several goals of next-generation computer-aided design (CAD) systems, yet more efficient tools are needed to facilitate patent search and ranking. In this paper, a novel framework is presented and implemented for classifying patents according to level of invention (LOI) as defined in the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ). Level of invention characterizes the creativity of a design concept based on the resolution of a design conflict and the disciplines used in resolving the conflict. The assessment of LOI for a series of patents provides a useful input for screening and ranking patents in databases to identify high-impact patents. However, the manual effort required for assigning LOI to each patent is laborious and time-consuming. In this paper, a novel method that combines text mining, natural language processing, creation of knowledge-transfer metrics, and application of machine learning approaches is presented and implemented for classifying patents according to LOI. Two case studies are presented in which LOI data is compiled for patents: dynamic magnetic information storage or retrieval using Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) or Colossal Magnetoresistive (CMR) sensors formed of multiple thin films (USPC 360/324) and arbitration for access to a channel (USPC 370/462). The peak performance in 5-fold stratified cross-validation was found to be 73.38% in the first case study and 77.12% for the second.
Contesting the Canon: Understanding the History of the Evolving Discipline of Kinesiology

How do we remember the past in the discipline of kinesiology? What is the connection between memory and history? The conjunction between these two topics has in the past decade become a focus of increasing interest in the broader field of historiography. How do we locate our past in a field that has evolved in a number of ways in the past century? For instance, Delphine Hanna is remembered in nearly all physical education histories as the first woman to be named a full professor of physical education in 1903. Actually, Eliza Mosher, MD was named a full professor at the University of Michigan in 1896. Why is it that she is excluded from nearly all the histories in physical education? The discipline will be better served if our public, shared memories are more consistent with the reality of our history.
Energetic driving force for preferential binding of self-interstitial atoms to Fe grain boundaries over vacancies

Molecular dynamics simulations of 50 Fe grain boundaries were used to understand their interaction with vacancies and self-interstitial atoms, which is important for designing radiation-resistant polycrystalline materials. Site-to-site variation of formation energies within the boundary is substantial, with the majority of sites having lower formation energies than in the bulk. Comparing the vacancy and self-interstitial atom binding energies for each site shows that there is an energetic driving force for interstitials to preferentially bind to grain boundary sites over vacancies.
Impacts of human alteration of the nitrogen cycle in the US on radiative forcing

Nitrogen cycling processes affect radiative forcing directly through emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and indirectly because emissions of nitrogen oxide \((\hbox{NO}_{x})\) and ammonia (NH3) affect atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3) and aerosols. The emissions of N2O are mostly from agriculture and they contribute to warming on both short and long time scales. The effects of \(\hbox{NO}_{{x}}\) and NH3 on CH4, O3, and aerosols are complex, and quantification of these effects is difficult. However, the net result on time scales of decades is likely one of cooling, which becomes less significant on longer time scales. Deposition of N onto ecosystems also affects sources and sinks of N2O, CH4, and CO2, but the dominant effect is changes in carbon (C) stocks. Primary productivity in most temperate ecosystems is limited by N, so inputs from atmospheric deposition tend to stimulate plant growth and plant litter production, leading in some cases to significant C sequestration in biomass and soils. The literature reviewed here indicates a range of estimates spanning 20–70 kg C sequestered per kg N deposited in forests, which are the dominant C sinks. Most of the sequestration occurs in aboveground forest biomass, with less consistency and lower rates reported for C sequestration in soils. The permanency of the forest biomass sink is uncertain, but data for the fate of forest products in the US indicate that only a small fraction of enhanced forest biomass C is sequestered in long-term harvest products or in unmanaged forests. The net effect of all of these N cycle processes on radiative forcing in the US is probably a modest cooling effect for a 20-year time frame, although the uncertainty of this estimate includes zero net effect, and a modest warming for a 100-year time frame. We know that N-cycling processes are important and that biotic feedbacks to climate change are unlikely to be properly modeled or assessed without including C–N interactions. However, due to the complexity of biological processes involving C–N–climate interactions, biogeochemical models are still poorly constrained with respect to ecosystem responses to impacts of N deposition and climate change. Only recently have N-cycling processes been incorporated into Earth system models for C–N interactions. The robustness of these models remains to be demonstrated. Much work remains for improving their representation in models used to simulate climate forcing scenarios.
Vertical-horizontal symmetric minimal grand-unification

Abstract With the motivation that the traditional generation structure is a fundamental property of nature, namely that it perfectly survives at ultra-high energies beyond the unification mass, we are led to consider semi-simple grand unified theories. A discrete vertical-horizontal symmetry must then be invoked to ensure a single gauge coupling constant. This in turn is shown to provide a natural origin for fixing the fermion representations and especially the total number of flavors. Within a multigeneration generalization of the Georgi-Glashow SU(5) theory, we predict five ordinary mass fermion families.
Assessment of adjunctive behaviors in humans using a stringent control procedure

Abstract Nine male and eight female undergraduate students played three consecutive games of backgammon. When visual access to the opponent's play was occluded by a curtain during the middle game, eating, drinking, grooming, and restless movement increased over baseline rates prevailing in the first and third games.
Zinc(II) and cobalt(II) halide interactions with vitamin B1 and certain N-substituted thiazolium salts

Abstract The solid adducts isolated from the reactions of zinc and cobalt halides with derivatives of thiamine and certain other N-alkylthiazolium salts were characterized by i.r., electronic reflectance spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility studies. The species appear to be complex salts without metal-sulfur or metal-nitrogen interaction.
Adsorption in Porous Materials at High Pressure: Theory and Experiment

We consider the thermodynamics of adsorption of gases in porous solids from both the perspective of absolute properties which appear naturally in theoretical studies and that of excess properties which are measured in experiments. Our thermodynamic description starts by treating the gas (or gas mixture) plus porous solid system as a mixture to which we can apply solution thermodynamics. We show that equations for the absolute thermodynamic properties for adsorption in rigid porous materials do not require an explicit reference to the pressure of the fluid confined in the porous material. We discuss how to relate absolute properties to excess properties by using an estimate of the helium void volume. We illustrate the thermodynamic formalism with calculations for a simple thermodynamic model in which the Langmuir equation is used to describe the absolute adsorption isotherm and the ideal gas equation of state is used for the bulk properties. The simplified model explains the apparently anomalous behavior o...
Blind estimation and equalization of MIMO channels via multidelay whitening

Blind channel estimation and blind minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications channels arising in multiuser systems is considered, using primarily the second-order statistics of the data. The basis of the approach is the design of multiple zero-forcing equalizers that whiten the noise-free data at multiple delays. In the past such an approach has been considered using just one zero-forcing equalizer at zero-delay. Infinite impulse response (IIR) channels are allowed. Moreover, the multichannel transfer function need not be column-reduced. The proposed approach also works when the "subchannel" transfer functions have common zeros so long as the common zeros are minimum-phase zeros. The channel length or model orders need not be known. Using second-order statistics, the sources are recovered up to a unitary mixing matrix, and are further "unmixed" using higher order statistics of the data. Two illustrative simulation examples are provided where the proposed method is compared with its predecessors and an existing method to show its efficacy.
First record of melanistic white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania

Melanic white-tailed deer are distinguished from normal white-tailed deer by having uniform black hairs on the back with subdued black hairs on the belly, a completely dark face and ears, a distinctive mid-dorsal stripe extending from the head to the apex of the tail and a tail with black dorsally and white ventrally. We report records for two melanistic white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania. A male fawn was captured in Valley Forge National Historical Park in 1999 and an adult male was harvested in Bucks County in 2002. Since at least one melanistic deer was produced in this region, there is a possibility another melanic deer will be produced in the future.
Risperidone decreases craving and relapses in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence

Objective:To examine the efficacy of atypical neuroleptics for decreasing craving and drug relapses during protracted withdrawal in individuals dually diagnosed with schizophrenia and cocaine depen...
Adaptive-gossiping for an energy-aware routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is the essential consideration in advances of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usefully designed for low data rate, low power consumption, and low-cost networking. Mindful of the above constraints, selecting an appropriate routing protocol can significantly improve overall performance with limited sensor network resources, especially energy awareness in WSNs. We propose an energy-aware routing protocol improved by our adaptive-gossip algorithm that will reduce the redundant routing messages so that it can minimize the overall energy consumption of a WSN. To analyze the energy efficiency, we introduce two energy performance metrics: Delay*Energy and Normalized-RoutingLoad*Energy. These metrics suggest that energy consumption heavily depends on both packet losses and packet delivery successes that affect delay and routing overhead respectively. We present both analytical and experimental results thoroughly to evaluate our adaptive-gossip proposal, and demonstrate its advantages over flooding and static-gossiping based protocols for densely deployed networks and different types of network such as peer-to-peer and multi-to-one.
How does radical collocation help a team succeed

Companies are experimenting with putting teams into warrooms, hoping for some productivity enhancement. We conducted a field study of six such teams, tracking their activity, attitudes, use of technology and productivity. Teams in these warrooms showed a doubling of productivity. Why? Among other things, teams had easy access to each other for both coordination of their work and for learning, and the work artifacts they posted on the walls remained visible to all. These results imply that if we are to truly support remote teams, we should provide constant awareness and easy transitions in and out of spontaneous meetings.
GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSING AND THE INTENSITY OF AGGREGATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

We develop a theoretical model in which the sophistication of technologies improves over time due to research and development (R&D) undertaken by software developers in two sectors. In the commercial sector, R&D intensity is driven by economic incentives, whereas in the sector using the General Public License (GPL), it is driven by the preference-based labor supply of individuals. A higher amount of GPL labor allocation generates equilibrium effects that adversely affect commercial software development. When the degree of imitation in the GPL sector is relatively higher than in the commercial sector, or the commercial sector has increasing returns of a limited degree, the R&D intensity in the commercial sector would decline by more than any increases in R&D intensity in the GPL sector. Thus, aggregate R&D intensity in the long run would be reduced. Numerical simulation indicates that this outcome pertains under realistic parameter ranges.
A method for rapid personalization of audio equalization parameters

Potential users of audio production software, such as audio equalizers, may be discouraged by the complexity of the interface. We describe a system that simplifies the interface by quickly mapping an individual's preferred sound manipulation onto parameters for audio equalization. This system learns mappings by presenting a sequence of equalizer settings to the user and correlating the gain in each frequency band with the user's preference rating. Learning typically converges in 25 user ratings (under two minutes). The system then creates a simple on-screen slider that lets the user manipulate the audio in terms of the descriptive term, without need to learn or use the parameters of an equalizer. Results are reported on the speed and effectiveness of the system for a set of 19 users and a set of five descriptive terms.
Ceramic Composites of Monazite and Alumina

A new family of high-temperature, oxidation-resistant, ceramic composites, with (La)-monazite (LaPO{sub 4}) serving as a weakly bonded interphase, is proposed. Monazite is stable and phase-compatible with alumina at temperatures at least as high as 1,750 C in air. Especially important for use in high-toughness composites, the monazite-alumina interface is shown to be sufficiently weak that interfacial debonding prevents cracks from growing from monazite into alumina. Observations of fracture responses of fibrous and laminar reinforcements are presented.
Practice change toward better adherence to evidence-based treatment of early dental decay in the National Dental PBRN

Background: Significant national investments have aided the development of practice-based research networks (PBRNs) in both medicine and dentistry. Little evidence has examined the translational impact of these efforts and whether PBRN involvement corresponds to better adoption of best available evidence. This study addresses that gap in knowledge and examines changes in early dental decay among PBRN participants and non-participants with access to the same evidence-based guideline. This study examines the following questions regarding PBRN participation: are practice patterns of providers with PBRN engagement in greater concordance with current evidence? Does provider participation in a PBRNs increase concordance with current evidence? Do providers who participate in PBRN activities disseminate knowledge to their colleagues? Methods: Logistic regression models adjusting for clustering at the clinic and provider levels compared restoration (dental fillings) rates from 2005–2011 among 35 providers in a large staff model practice. All new codes for early-stage caries (dental decay) and co-occurring caries were identified. Treatment was determined by codes occurring up to 6 months following the date of diagnosis. Provider PBRN engagement was determined by study involvement and meeting attendance. Results: In 2005, restoration rates were high (79.5%), decreased to 47.6% by 2011 (p<.01), and differed by level of PBRN engagement. In 2005, engaged providers were less likely to use restorations compared to the unengaged (73.1% versus 88.2%; p<.01). Providers with high PBRN involvement decreased use of restorations by 15.4% from 2005 to 2008 (2005: 73%, 2008: 63%; p<.01). Providers with no PBRN involvement decreased use by only 7.5% (2005: 88%, 2008: 82%; p=.041). During the latter half of 2008 following the May PBRN meeting, attendees reduced restorations by 7.5%, compared to a 2.4% among non-attendees (OR=.64, p<.01). Conclusions: Based on actual clinical data, PBRN engagement was associated with practice change consistent with current evidence on treatment of early dental decay. The impact of PBRN engagement was most significant for the most-engaged providers and consistent with a spillover effect onto same-clinic providers who were not PBRN-engaged. PBRNs can generate relevant evidence and expedite translation into practice.
Genome sequence of Blochmannia pennsylvanicus indicates parallel evolutionary trends among bacterial mutualists of insects

The distinct lifestyle of obligately intracellular bacteria can alter fundamental forces that drive and constrain genome change. In this study, sequencing the 792-kb genome of Blochmannia pennsylvanicus, an obligate endosymbiont of Camponotus pennsylvanicus, enabled us to trace evolutionary changes that occurred in the context of a bacterial–ant association. Comparison to the genome of Blochmannia floridanus reveals differential loss of genes involved in cofactor biosynthesis, the composition and structure of the cell wall and membrane, gene regulation, and DNA replication. However, the two Blochmannia species show complete conservation in the order and strand orientation of shared genes. This finding of extreme stasis in genome architecture, also reported previously for the aphid endosymbiont Buchnera, suggests that genome stability characterizes long-term bacterial mutualists of insects and constrains their evolutionary potential. Genome-wide analyses of protein divergences reveal 10- to 50-fold faster amino acid substitution rates in Blochmannia compared to related bacteria. Despite these varying features of genome evolution, a striking correlation in the relative divergences of proteins indicates parallel functional constraints on gene functions across ecologically distinct bacterial groups. Furthermore, the increased rates of amino acid substitution and gene loss in Blochmannia have occurred in a lineage-specific fashion, which may reflect life history differences of their ant hosts.
250-MHz advanced test systems

New generations of electronic chips bring with them the promise of more capacity, storage, and speed. They also bring new challenges to design, test and manufacturing. A look at a series of advanced test systems, how they were designed and why, sheds new light on this practical side of advanced technology. These test systems are the ATS series from IBM. >
Separating Functional and Non-functional Concerns through Coordination: An Application to Reliability

This paper presents a software architecture that ensures system dependability through external coordination. Under this architecture, a distributed system is decomposed into two types of entities, i.e., computational components and coordinators. The system's computational functionalities are carried out by computational components, whereas coordinators are to coordinate these computational components to respect the system's non-functional requirements, such as reliability constraints. Coordination in the system is done implicitly through intercepting, rerouting and suppressing communications between components. Additionally, roles are introduced into the system to bridge the connection between components and coordinators. Roles abstract the non-functional behaviors shared by computational components. Thus role-based coordination is more scalable than individual component-based coordination. Additionally, the dynamicity of components is concealed from the coordinators by the roles. A proof of concept implementation is built on top of the Actor Architecture, a middleware for distributed systems based on the Actor model by G. Aghal et al. (1997), The results show that not only such separation is feasible, but also that the architecture allows us to better control the dependability of the system. Finally, the application developed based on the proposed model is more modularized and consequently more reusable
Theatrical Feature Film Trade and Media Policies in the United States, Europe, and Japan since the 1950s

Using a home market model of international trade in media products, this paper reports an empirical study that relates trends in theater box-office market shares to consumer spending on movies in the U.S., Japan, Germany, Italy, France, and the U.K since the 1950s. We find a significantly positive relationship over time between measures of domestic consumer spending on movies and domestic box-office market shares in these countries, and a negative relationship between domestic movie spending and American movie market shares. We attribute the relatively weak international performance of American movies before the 1970s to the more rapid, movie-admission reducing diffusion of broadcast television in the U.S. After the 1970s, though, the American commercial support base for theatrical movie production has grown more rapidly than that of most other countries-largely due to a faster diffusion and growth of pay TV and home video media in the U.S. American producers have thus had the ability to invest greater economic resources into movies than have their European and other counterparts. Although a number of reasons can be identified, growing American dominance can partly be attributed to differences in media policies in the U.S. compared to those of other nations.
High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in the Reproductive Tract of Chickens

Infection with high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations in poultry, including severe depression in egg production and isolation of HPAIV from eggs laid by infected hens. To evaluate the pathobiology in the reproductive tract of chickens, adult hens were inoculated intranasally with 3 HPAIV strains. All 3 strains induced lesions in the reproductive tract 36 to 72 hours after inoculation. Positive immunostaining was observed in all segments of the reproductive tract, occurring predominantly in stromal cells and superficial germinal epithelium of the ovary, in mucosal epithelial cells and less often glandular epithelium throughout the oviduct, and in vascular endothelium. This study generates important data and explains previously reported virus isolation from yolk, due to ovarian virus replication, and virus recovery from albumin, due to virus replication in epithelial cells in several segments of the oviduct.
Development of Live-Load Distribution Factors for Glued-Laminated Timber Girder Bridges

This paper presents simple relationships for calculating live-load distribution factors for glued-laminated timber girder bridges with glued-laminated timber deck panels. Analytical models were developed using the Ansys 11 finite-element program, and the results were validated using recorded data from four in-service timber bridges. The effects of the bridge span length, the spacing between girders, and the bridge width on the distribution of the live load were investigated by using the validated models. The live-load distribution factors obtained from the field test and the analytical models were compared with those obtained using the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications live-load distribution relations. The comparison showed that the live-load distribution factors obtained by using the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications were conservative. For this reason, statistical methods were used to develop accurate relationships that can be used to calculate the live-load distribution factors in the desi...
Toward functional neurobehavioral assessment of mood and anxiety

Mood and anxiety disorders confer marked personal and fiscal cost. Current therapeutic efforts show only moderate efficacy, and little is known about the characteristics of those who respond to specific treatment regimens. The lack of objective descriptors of symptom severity and reliable predictors of illness outcome contributes to limited diagnostic and treatment success. Here, we have begun to develop a normative neurobehavioral database of responses to affective stimuli by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with comprehensive behavioral assessment and quantitative analyses of neural responses to standard emotional cues. These data reveal robust and distinct neural patterns between two groups with similar low self-reported depression and anxiety, and one group with high depression and anxiety scores. This and related strategies may be used to identify covert phenotypes associated with psychiatric illness and resilience.
A novel immunity system for bacterial nucleic acid degrading toxins and its recruitment in various eukaryotic and DNA viral systems

The use of nucleases as toxins for defense, offense or addiction of selfish elements is widely encountered across all life forms. Using sensitive sequence profile analysis methods, we characterize a novel superfamily (the SUKH superfamily) that unites a diverse group of proteins including Smi1/Knr4, PGs2, FBXO3, SKIP16, Syd, herpesviral US22, IRS1 and TRS1, and their bacterial homologs. Using contextual analysis we present evidence that the bacterial members of this superfamily are potential immunity proteins for a variety of toxin systems that also include the recently characterized contact-dependent inhibition (CDI) systems of proteobacteria. By analyzing the toxin proteins encoded in the neighborhood of the SUKH superfamily we predict that they possess domains belonging to diverse nuclease and nucleic acid deaminase families. These include at least eight distinct types of DNases belonging to HNH/EndoVII- and restriction endonuclease-fold, and RNases of the EndoU-like and colicin E3-like cytotoxic RNases-folds. The N-terminal domains of these toxins indicate that they are extruded by several distinct secretory mechanisms such as the two-partner system (shared with the CDI systems) in proteobacteria, ESAT-6/WXG-like ATP-dependent secretory systems in Gram-positive bacteria and the conventional Sec-dependent system in several bacterial lineages. The hedgehog-intein domain might also release a subset of toxic nuclease domains through auto-proteolytic action. Unlike classical colicin-like nuclease toxins, the overwhelming majority of toxin systems with the SUKH superfamily is chromosomally encoded and appears to have diversified through a recombination process combining different C-terminal nuclease domains to N-terminal secretion-related domains. Across the bacterial superkingdom these systems might participate in discriminating `self’ or kin from `non-self’ or non-kin strains. Using structural analysis we demonstrate that the SUKH domain possesses a versatile scaffold that can be used to bind a wide range of protein partners. In eukaryotes it appears to have been recruited as an adaptor to regulate modification of proteins by ubiquitination or polyglutamylation. Similarly, another widespread immunity protein from these toxin systems, namely the suppressor of fused (SuFu) superfamily has been recruited for comparable roles in eukaryotes. In animal DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses, poxviruses, iridoviruses and adenoviruses, the ability of the SUKH domain to bind diverse targets has been deployed to counter diverse anti-viral responses by interacting with specific host proteins.
Locating internet gateways to minimize nonlinear congestion costs

We investigate the impact of the locations of the gateways on the performance of the internet. We consider the problem of determining (i) the routing assignments for the intranet and internet traffic and (ii) the number of gateways and their locations to interconnect existing data networks to minimize a linear combination of the average internet and intranet packet delays subject to a cost constraint on the amount to be spent to establish the gateways. This joint routing and topological design problem is important in the design of internets and should be solved before networks are actually interconnected. This problem is formulated as a nonlinear combinatorial optimization problem. When the gateway locations are fixed, the resulting routing problem is not a convex programming problem. This is unexpected since the routing problem in datagram networks is usually formulated as a convex program. We develop an algorithm based upon Lagrangian relaxation to solve this problem. In the computational experiments, the algorithm was shown to be effective in interconnecting (i) two WANs and (ii) two grid networks. The experiments also showed that the algorithm finds better feasible solutions than an exchange heuristic. >
Characteristics of Older Childless Persons and Parents: Cross-National Comparisons

The prevalence and implications of childlessness in old age are compared across nine major surveys in seven countries: Australia, Finland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Specifically, the researchers examine indicators of the well-being and resources of childless men and women, compare them to their within-country peers with children, and explore the similarities and differences among childless older adults in different countries. The results show strikingly similar patterns across countries (with the exception of Japan). Childless elders are more likely than parents to live alone or in an institution. Childless never-married women have consistently higher education levels than other groups of women. Among men, marriage rather than parenthood is consistently linked with higher socio-economic status. The results suggest important structural processes that differentially shape the resources and well-being of men and women, childless and parents, over the life cou...
Association of Barley Kernel Hardness with Physical Grain Traits and Food Processing Parameters

ABSTRACT Kernel hardness is not a well-characterized food quality trait in barley. Unlike wheat, not much is known about the effect of barley kernel hardness on food processing. Ten barley genotypes differing in single kernel characterization system hardness index (SKCS-HI) (30.1–91.2) of dehulled kernels were used to determine the association of barley HI with other physical grain traits and food processing parameters. Thousand kernel weight (TKW) values of 10 genotypes were 29.7–38.1 g. Values for bulk density of grains were 721.1–758.9 kg/m3. Crease width and depth values were 0.9–1.3 mm and 0.4–0.7 mm, respectively. Barley HI showed no significant association with TKW, bulk density, or kernel crease dimensions. Kernel loss due to pearling after 325 sec of abrasion was 28.8–38.4% and showed significant negative correlation with HI (r = –0.87, P 106 μm had values of 34.5–42.0%, and starch damage values were 1.8–4.5% among those 10 barley genotypes. HI showe...
Abstract TP396: Does Implementation of Enhanced Data Quality Assurance Procedures Improve Data Quality in Stroke Registries? Experience from the University of Texas Houston Stroke Registry

Background: Limited information has been published regarding standard procedures to ensure data quality in stroke registries. We share our experience regarding the establishment of enhanced quality...
Corporate Moral Responsibility

This essay provides a critical overview of the debate about corporate moral responsibility (CMR). Parties to the debate address whether corporations are the kinds of entities that can be blamed when they cause unjustified harm. Proponents of CMR argue that corporations satisfy the conditions for moral agency and so they are fit for blame. Their opponents respond that corporations lack one or more of the capacities necessary for moral agency. I review the arguments on both sides and conclude ultimately that what divides the two is not so much competing conceptions of the corporation as it is disagreement about what moral agency requires. Homing in on the real site of contention will, it is hoped, allow future participants in the debate to focus their efforts more productively.
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.

This paper provides the largest, revised drug reference list annotated and ranked by the risk for developing hepatotoxicity in humans (DILIrank). We created the new DILIrank list by complementing the previously used drug-labeling information together with existing evidence of clinical causality assessments. High-throughput methods are powerful tools to develop predictive models for assessing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, the development of predictive models requires a drug reference list with an accurate annotation of DILI risk in humans. We previously developed a DILI annotation schema based on information curated from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug labeling for 287 drugs. In this article, we refine the schema by weighing the evidence of causality (i.e., a verification process to evaluate a drug as the cause of DILI) and generate a data set that ranks the DILI risk (DILIrank) in humans for 1036 FDA-approved drugs, providing the largest annotated data set of such drugs in the public domain.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Language: en
When Development Is Not Enough: Inequality, Structural Change, and Violence Against Women

In most countries in most years, peacetime violence against women kills and maims more people than war. Since development reduces many forms of conflict, the persistence of gender violence worldwide, and especially in modernizing middle- income countries, is a puzzle. We therefore ask whether violence against women reflects unequal development and structural changes that generate gendered insecurity, in a manner outlined by feminist theorists. We hypothesize that gender- based violence will follow the patterns of other forms of social conflict-such as crime and political terror-linked to inequality, urban crowding, and poor governance. The Physical Security of Women Index from the WomanStats Database allows the first comprehensive cross-national test of the relationship between these variables and gendered insecurity. The PSOW captures the incidence, reporting barriers, and state response to rape, femicide, and domestic violence. We show that high levels of political terror are always accompanied by high physical insecurity of women. Then, using ordered logit regression on cross-sectional ordinal data, we examine the association between income inequality, urban crowding, corruption, and the physical insecurity of women, alongside modernization factors such as national income, religion, and female labor force participation. We find that cross-national variation in the physical insecurity of women is associated with inequality, dense urban growth, corruption, and political terror — but not religion — and that the effects of national income are highly conditioned by income inequality. Moreover, these effects operate differently at different levels of development, with stronger associations with inequality at higher levels of income, and diminishing returns to female labor force participation. Our study suggests that policy makers promoting economic and cultural modernization of gender roles should consider targeted policies to ameliorate inequality and improve governance and urban policy to protect women from increased risk of violence during development processes.
The impact of neoliberalism on Latinos

The neoliberal movement and its policies of the past four decades have negatively impacted the entire nation. This essay provides an overview of American neoliberalism and its elements, with particular emphasis on how it is imbued with and frames powerful racist currents, and how it has impacted Latinos. An examination of the impact of neoliberalism on Latinos shows persistently high levels of poverty, declining household income and declining levels of wealth. Neoliberal policies that reduce funding for education lead to program cuts that negatively impact Latinos. In K-12, bilingual education programs and other multicultural education programs continue to be under attack. Undocumented immigrants are increasingly incarcerated in private prisons and civil and human rights generally continue to be diminished by practices allowed under the Patriot Act. The essay concludes with a critical discussion of neoliberalism and the public good in American democracy.
MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSES OF THE d/sub 5/2/ ANALOG RESONANCE IN THE $sup 88$Sr(p,n)$sup 88$Y REACTION.

A study of the ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ isobaric analog resonance in the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(p,n)^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ reaction is presented. Measurements of the cross section for the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(p,{n}_{0})^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(p,{n}_{1})^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ reactions leaving the residual nucleus in the ground state and first excited state, respectively, have been made. Analyses of the analog resonance (at laboratory proton energy of 5.066 MeV) have been made using the coupled-channel formalism and the $R$-matrix approach of Robson. Good agreement with the experimental data has been obtained using both theories for this particular resonance.
Respiration and glycolysis of Earle's strain L cells.

SummaryEarle's Strain L cells were cultured in quantity, so that respiration and glycolysis could be adequately determined. Oxygen uptake was highest the day following renewal of culture medium. Little respiration occurred in the absence of glucose, respiration was moderate (Qo2 = 9.4). respiratory quotient was unity (R.Q. = 1.0). anaerobic glycolysis was low (QLAN2 = 3.5), aerobic glycolysis was low (QLAO2 +CO2 = 1.5) and respiration was stimulated 251% when p-phenylenediamine was added. The metabolism of Strain L cells is like that of most normal tissue.
Case 30-2008: A 47-Year-Old Woman with a Mass in the Breast and a Solitary Lesion in the Spine

A 47-year-old premenopausal woman came to this hospital for treatment of breast cancer. A mass that measured 5 cm in diameter was present in the left breast; needle biopsies showed infiltrating ductal carcinoma that was grade 2 of 3, hormone receptor–positive, HER2/neu-negative. An evaluation of the staging disclosed a solitary lesion in the T6 vertebral body, which was asymptomatic. A management decision was made.
Immunoblotting Analyses of Changes in Protein Phosphorylations During Oocyte Maturation in Marine Nemertean Worms

Immunoblotting analyses combined with phospho-specific antibodies can provide a powerful means for assessing protein activity states in various cellular extracts. This chapter describes a traditional, film-based immunoblotting method for monitoring the phosphorylation status of proteins in marine nemertean oocytes undergoing maturation. Similarly, with minor modifications, the protocol could potentially be applied to a wider variety of cellular processes and extract types that might be analyzed in other investigations of marine invertebrate development.
Antioxidant activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the adult respiratory distress syndrome

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from normal subjects is a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. This antioxidant activity (AOA) of BAL fluid is primarily due to the serum proteins transferrin and ceruloplasmin. In the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), there is an influx of protein-rich edema fluid into the alveolar space that may increase antioxidant activity and provide protection against further oxidant-mediated lung injury. To test this hypothesis, the AOA of BAL fluid was measured in patients with ARDS (n = 11) and normal subjects (n = 12). When compared with normal subjects, BAL fluid from ARDS patients had a significantly higher concentration of total protein (2,536.8 +/- 408.2 micrograms/ml vs. 77.3 +/- 7.0 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.005). When compared at several volumes, BAL fluid from ARDS patients was a more potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation than BAL fluid from normals. In addition, when AOA was determined on equal milligram amounts of BAL fluid protein from ARDS patients and normal subjects, ARDS BAL fluid protein had a significantly higher AOA. Consistent with its higher AOA, ARDS BAL fluid contained increased concentrations of both transferrin (77.8 +/- 15.3 micrograms/ml vs. 2.78 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.05) and ceruloplasmin (36.5 +/- 5.6 micrograms/ml vs. 0.26 +/- 0.02 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.005) compared with normal subjects. The importance of both ceruloplasmin and transferrin in the enhanced AOA of ARDS BAL fluid was further demonstrated by studies that showed a significant decrement in AOA when the antioxidant functions of these two proteins were selectively blocked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Playing three color light's out with Langton's turmite

Light switching games are both popular and well studied. This article introduces a cellular automaton called Langton's turmite to several different light switching scenarios and discusses when Langton's turmite can solve these games. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2016
Long-term sequential monitoring of controlled graves representing common burial scenarios with ground penetrating radar: Years 2 and 3

Abstract Geophysical techniques such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) have been successfully used for forensic searches to locate clandestine graves and physical evidence. However, additional controlled research is needed to fully understand the applicability of this technology when searching for clandestine graves in various environments, soil types, and for longer periods of time post-burial. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of GPR for detecting controlled graves in a Spodosol representing multiple burial scenarios for Years 2 and 3 of a three-year monitoring period. Objectives included determining how different burial scenarios are factors in producing a distinctive anomalous response; determining how different GPR imagery options (2D reflection profiles and horizontal time slices) can provide increased visibility of the burials; and comparing GPR imagery between 500 MHz and 250 MHz dominant frequency antennae. The research site contained a grid with eight graves representing common forensic burial scenarios in a Spodosol, a common soil type of Florida, with six graves containing a pig carcass ( Sus scrofa ). Burial scenarios with grave items (a deep grave with a layer of rocks over the carcass and a carcass wrapped in a tarpaulin) produced a more distinctive response with clearer target reflections over the duration of the monitoring period compared to naked carcasses. Months with increased precipitation were also found to produce clearer target reflections than drier months, particularly during Year 3 when many grave scenarios that were not previously visible became visible after increased seasonal rainfall. Overall, the 250 MHz dominant frequency antenna imagery was more favorable than the 500 MHz. While detection of a simulated grave may be difficult to detect over time, long term detection of a grave in a Spodosol may be possible if the disturbed spodic horizon is detected. Furthermore, while grave visibility increased with the 2D reflection profiles, particularly with the 250 MHz antenna, the combination of both imagery options is recommended when evaluating GPR data during a search for a clandestine grave.
Thinking About Collapse: Indicators and Triggers

This chapter examines indicators and triggers of a collapse. Various indicators, such as the deteriorating economic conditions, external assistance, and information penetration, provide clues to a possible collapse in North Korea. These indicators, along with a triggering event such as another famine, leadership disaffection, or mass migration, should be monitored closely to assess whether and when North Korea might collapse so that preparations can be made by the international community to meet this contingency with appropriate responses.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access With Successive Interference Cancellation in Millimeter-Wave Radio-Over-Fiber Systems

We proposed to use the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme in 60-GHz-millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber systems, exploiting the power domain of signals to enable multiuser access, and improve the performance with users under different channel conditions. A DSP-based successive interference cancellation scheme is implemented in the receiver to remove the interference from other users. By this NOMA scheme, the system optimizes the performance of all users as a whole group and dynamically allocates the power resources between different users, such that the reception quality and reliability of the user group is significantly improved compared with current orthogonal frequency-division multiple access. To overcome the user number and security issue raised from NOMA, both orthogonal and NOMA are applied. A nonlinear conjugate gradient method is proposed in the power allocation updating process for fast convergence of the feedback system. With a centralized radio-over-fiber architecture, we enable the millimeter wave system with high-resource utilization rate and better approximation to end users with low cost. A 4-Gb/s downlink system serving three users using 60-GHz band is experimentally demonstrated and measured. The proposed scheme provides larger distance coverage, wider angle tolerance, and better shaded channel tolerance. Better reception quality and reliability are experimentally verified without reducing data rate or increasing transmission power.
Abstract 17808: Perceived Health Predicts Risk of Hospitalizations and Death in Adults with Heart Failure

Background: Hospitalization and death are common in adults with heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study is to determine whether overall perceived health can predict all-cause hospitalization or death in HF patients. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using data collected on 280 Stage C HF patients from three U.S. northeastern sites. Perceived health was measured at enrollment with the question, “In general would you say your health is, excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?” Data on hospitalization and death were obtained from the medical record or US death records. We compared the rate of events among patients with poor or fair perceptions of health to those with good or excellent perceptions of health. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between perceived health and event rates. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were compared between groups. Results: The sample was older (mean=62 SD 12.5 years), 64.3% male, 76.4% NYHA class III/IV, 69% with systolic HF (ejection fraction 35.4% SD 17%), and 39% ischemic etiology. Few patients (13.2%) rated their health as being poor. During a 180-day follow-up period, 6 deaths and 91 hospitalizations occurred as first events. Among patients with events, 64.9% perceived their health as poor and 33.9% perceived their health as fair. Controlling for 8 confounders (site, age, race, gender, NYHA class, HF type, HF knowledge, Charlson Comorbidity Index), patients with poor perceived health had over double the rate of dying or being hospitalized (hazard ratio (HR): 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3 to 4.7; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Perceived health is a powerful indicator of impending events. Asking HF patients how they perceive their health can be a simple and quick tool for prioritizing patients who are at highest risk of death and hospitalization. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif