cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual-pump four-wave mixing in a distributed-feedback laser

In this work, we demonstrate properties of a novel dual-pump four-wave mixing (DPFWM) scheme using a distributed-feedback (DFB) laser. The DFB laser acts as the mixing medium and one of the pump sources, while the second pump and the probe are injected. New experimental results are shown, including successful demonstration of the power laws of this scheme. We also show the effects of the wavelength detunings on the conversion efficiency and the signal-to-noise rations of the output signals.
Theory of fast wave current drive for tokamak plasmas

The paper presents calculations of the efficiency of fast wave current drive at reactor-like densities and temperatures, including toroidal effects. Accessibility and competitive absorption mechanisms are estimated. Two bands of frequencies are found to be of interest for reactor applications – one in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies and the other at higher harmonics but below the lower hybrid frequency.
The empirical case for the punctuational model of evolution

Abstract I began this review by describing how general patterns of evolutionary stasis have been uncovered by two morphometric studies that, uniquely, have employed fossil data in a manner that has been comprehensive and unbiased, in both morphological and taxonomic terms. These two studies have also focused on real lineages. Many other studies have treated only body size, which has been much more flexible in evolution than has shape, or they have compared ancestral and descendant populations that (1) were not known with certainty to be segments of a single phyletic lineage or (2) were chosen for study because they were believed to be separated by substantial evolutionary change. Proponents of the gradualistic model of evolution now face the challenge of undertaking comprehensive and unbiased studies revealing that phyletic evolution predominates in other segments of phylogeny. The two comprehensive and unbiased studies that have been completed to date lend credence to previously conducted evaluations of species longevity that have indicated that established species typically undergo relatively little evolution in the course of 10 6 –10 7 million years. Palaeontological data suggest that stepwise changes in established species may be less common than rapidly divergent branching (speciation) events, but this issue is not fully resolved. I have also reviewed biological studies in the field and laboratory which indicate that, in calling for rapidly divergent speciation, the punctuational model is not demanding the impossible. Distinctive species have formed in nature during recent intervals in the order of 10 2 –10 4 years. Artificial speciation in the laboratory has been achieved even more rapidly, with founder effects, genetic drift, and shifting influence of regulatory genes all playing significant roles. Events of markedly divergent speciation are very rare. The relatively smaller number of these occurrences required by the punctuational model cannot be viewed as improbable, given the great number of small isolates that are generated within higher taxa in the course of geological time.
Biotransformations of tocopherols by Streptomyces catenulae

Streptomyces catenulae catalyzed the oxidation of α-tocopherol to α-tocopherolquinone. Nitrotocopherols isolated from S. catenulae grown in defined culture medium containing δ-and γ-tocopherols are formed by a combination of enzymatic nitrate reduction to nitrite, and subsequent nonenzymatic acid-catalyzed nitration. The incorporation of 15N18O3-into nitrated tocopherols confirmed the origin of the nitrating species. Structures of chromatographically purified products obtained from S. catenulae transformations of tocopherols were deduced by spectral (mass spectrometry, 1H-, and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance) analyses.
Effect of Drugs Related to α-Ethyltryptamine on Stress-Induced ACTH Secretion in the Dog

To investigate the mechanism by which α-ethyltryptamine inhibits ACTH secretion in stressed dogs, we determined the effects on adrenal secretion of a variety of related drugs. Alpha-methyltryptamine inhibited ACTH secretion as effectively as α-ethyltryptamine. Tryptamine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan did not inhibit ACTH secretion, suggesting that indole structure is not related to inhibition. Iproniazid and pargyline, 2 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and imipramine and amitriptyline, 2 antidepressants which do not inhibit monoamine oxidase, also failed to inhibit ACTH secretion. Tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and antidepressant, inhibited the adrenocortical response to ACTH. The pressor amines, amphetamine and methamphetamine, inhibited ACTH secretion, but, in general, they had this effect only when they produced marked, prolonged pressor responses. Alpha-ethyltryptamine itself often did not block ACTH secretion if it failed to produce a marked pressor response. ...
Secretory activity of the cement gland in different developmental stages of the barnacle Balanus eburneus

Observations on sixth-stage nauplius (pre-cyprid) of the barnacle Balanus eberneus Gould treated with L-proline-3,4-H3 suggest that the cement gland in this stage is a functional organ with considerable biosynthetic activity; the activity of the cement glands in the cyprid similarly treated is relatively low, ceasing gradually during, and completely after, metamorphosis. In the early phases of this stage, the glands become highly vacuolated (degenerate), and disappear completely in 3 days. The origin of the cement apparatus in the newly metamorphosed barnacle is discussed.
Optimal hidden SCADA attacks on power grid: A graph theoretic approach

Correct estimation of the state variables of a power grid is indispensable for its stable operation. The advent of smart grid has further enhanced the importance of secure real-time monitoring of the state variables. This paper studies hidden data attacks on power systems by an adversary trying to manipulate the state estimator. A novel graph theoretic formulation is developed for the problem of determining the optimum measurements to introduce spurious data for a hidden attack by the adversary. The paper discusses a polynomial-time solvable algorithm to optimally solve this problem under different settings. From the perspective of the system operator, techniques are proposed to help identify critical measurements for protection to prevent such hidden data attacks and to reduce their efficacy. The performance of the algorithms are demonstrated through simulations on IEEE test cases.
Propagating modes of a lens-like medium

The wave equation for a weakly guiding medium having a cylindrical symmetry and parabolic index distribution has been solved exactly. Simple power series are obtained for the field distributions of the modes, which illustrate the type of fields that will be found in graded core fibres away from the core cladding discontinuity. These results are discussed and compared to the modes predicted for other types of fibres.
Plant Nucleases VI. GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABILITY IN RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN INBRED AND HYBRID CORN ENDOSPERMS

The nuclease activity of developing corn endosperms was found to consist mainly of plant RNase I during the period of major deposition of dry weight. The RNase concentrations in most inbred lines and hybrids increased throughout development, but there were large differences among genotypes in the enzyme levels at all stages. Crosses were made among inbreds classified as containing high or low RNase levels. In most cases, the general patterns of enzyme levels during development of the hybrid endosperms were not changed greatly, or showed intermediate levels of activity compared to the inbred parents. When Oh43 was used as a maternal parent, two contrasting developmental patterns were produced by using two low RNase inbreds as pollen parents. There appear to be genetic controls not only on the gross RNase levels, but also on the timing of RNase synthesis and on its stability after the cells mature. Environmental influences on RNase levels in the endosperm were noted one year. At 18 days after pollination, the RNase levels in the endosperm crown were as much as 10 times higher than in the base. By 35 days after pollination, the enzyme levels were generally uniform; at 50 days, the basal tissue usually contained the highest levels. In some genotypes, however, the enzyme levels fell in the crown while they rose in the base. These changes suggest that RNase may be associated with developmental controls that operate as the different portions of the endosperm cease cell division and begin synthesis of starch and zein.
Interictal epileptiform discharges do not change before seizures during sleep.

Summary: Purpose: Whether interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) increase, decrease, or are unchanged before epileptic seizures has implications for the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Prior studies relating IEDs and seizures have not demonstrated a change in IEDs before seizures. However, they have not controlled for changes in the depth of sleep. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that IEDs are related to seizures during sleep while adjusting for log delta power (LDP), a continuous measure of sleep depth. Methods: Twenty-two seizures during sleep were identified in 16 subjects with epilepsy admitted for presurgical monitoring. The IEDs that occurred in the hour of sleep before each seizure were used to test the relation between IEDs and seizure occurrence. Sleep depth was measured by LDP (quantity of 1to 4-Hz activity in 30-s epochs), and records were scored visually for sleep staging and for IEDs. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. Results: Adjusting for LDP, number of seizures before the current seizure, quartile of the night, and total number of IEDs that occurred during the night, IED did not increase or decrease before seizures (p > 0.1). The rate of IEDs increased directly with LDP (p 4 0.0001), as shown in prior work. Conclusions: IEDs are not activated or suppressed before seizures during sleep, suggesting that different pathophysiologic processes underlie these two phenomena. These results corroborate prior studies, while providing a more advanced analysis by adjusting for sleep depth and applying multivariate logistic regression analyses. Key Words: Epilepsy— Seizure—Interictal epileptiform discharges—Sleep—Statistics.
MICROWAVE INTERFEROMETERS FOR NON-CONTACT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS ON LARGE STRUCTURES

Abstract This paper describes a non-contact vibration measuring system that is based on a microwave interferometer similar to those used to detect the presence of people in monitored areas. Displacement response of a target surface on the structure relative to the interferometer is measured by analysing the interference in microwaves reflected off the vibrating target surface. The system was built from commercially available off-the-shelf electronic components and, unlike most commercially available far-field non-contact vibration sensors, it does not require a mounted target when used to measure the response of metallic and concrete structures. In this study, the interferometers are coupled with homodyne detection hardware and software to make low-noise measurements during swept-sine tests. These interferometers can also be used to detect static displacements and the transient response of the structure. In addition to its non-contact feature, this system offers other advantages including low cost, quick set-up time, a wide frequency range of response and portability. An application of these sensors to the measurement of vibration response on a bridge structure in a non-contact manner is summarised. Resonant frequencies of the bridge that were identified with the microwave interferometers are compared to similar quantities measured with conventional accelerometers. In all cases, resonant frequencies identified from data obtained with the microwave interferometers were within 2.2% of the resonant frequencies determined from data obtained with the conventional accelerometers.
Competition for mixed substrates by microbial populations

A model for the growth of an organism on multiple substrates was developed, assuming that each substrate has a competitive inhibition effect on the uptake of other substrates. The model was extended to examine mixed substrates, showing that the coexistence of several species at steady state in continuous cultures is possible, even when all the organisms all strongly prefer the one substrate. The diversity of nutrient sources in a real system may be a key factor in supporting a heterogeneous microbial population.
Analysis of assembly operations difficulty: a fuzzy expert system approach

Typical mechanical products can be assembled in various sequences of assembly operations. These sequences have high impact on the assembly time, machine utilization and even on the product quality. In order to select the best sequence of assembly operations, proper evaluation of the various sequences of assembly operations is required. This, in turn, requires the consistent evaluation of each assembly operation in the sequence. The assembly operations can be evaluated for various criteria, of which the operation difficulty is the most meaningful. This paper describes a methodology to analyse the assembly operations and calculates an operation’s degree of difficulty using an expert system. This analysis consists of two steps: the first one identifies the main parameters that affect the assembly difficulty and assigns fuzzy triangular values to these parameters. The second step assigns weights to the parameters in order to maximize the agreement with a domain expert. The expert system analyses the difficulty of the assembly operation performed in two orientations: horizontal and vertica1. The expert system then assigns a triangular fuzzy number as the aggregate measure of the operation’s difficulty.
Evaluation of conservative management of certain polypoid lesions of the lower part of the large intestine.

The impression had been gained in the section of proctology of the Mayo Clinic that many of the polyps and polypoid lesions of the lower part of the large intestine could be managed satisfactorily by conservative means (local excision or fulguration). In order to determine just how satisfactory the proctologists’ judgment had been in deciding upon the proper course to follow in the management of equivocal lesions, a study was made of 244 patients who had polypoid lesions in which microscopically proved, early adenocarcinomatous changes were diagnosed in the years 1945, through 1949. The results of the study indicate that conservative management is effective when applied to certain early polypoid lesions of low-grade malignancy that meet the following requirements: (1) no fixation to surrounding structures and lesion freely movable over underlying muscularis of bowel wall, (2) no firmness or nodularity within lesion, (3) no gross evidence of linear or serpiginous infiltration of adjacent mucosa or submucosa, (4) no evidence of obstruction as manifested by dilatation of bowel proximal to lesion and (5) no evidence of ulceration of lesions whether sessile or pedunculated, and no defect in contour of lesion indicative of necrosis.
The effects of ownership and benchmark competition: An empirical analysis of U.S. water systems

Abstract Should governments or private firms own water systems? Can yardstick, or benchmark, competition effectively discipline utilities? Little empirical research sheds light on these issues. We use a panel dataset that includes every community water system in the United States from 1997 to 2003 to test the effects of ownership and benchmark competition on regulatory compliance. We find that ownership does not generally affect compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Greater benchmark competition, however, is associated with fewer SDWA violations. The results suggest that ownership, per se, may not matter much, but that competition – even in its weaker form of benchmarking by consumers or regulators – can improve performance.
On the negative spectrum of the hierarchical Schrödinger operator

Abstract This paper is devoted to the spectral theory of the Schrodinger operator on the simplest fractal: Dysonʼs hierarchical lattice. An explicit description of the spectrum, eigenfunctions, resolvent and parabolic kernel are provided for the unperturbed operator, i.e., for the Dyson hierarchical Laplacian. Positive spectrum is studied for the perturbations of the hierarchical Laplacian. Since the spectral dimension of the operator under consideration can be an arbitrary positive number, the model allows a continuous phase transition from recurrent to transient underlying Markov process. This transition is also studied in the paper.
A consensus modeling approach to update a spectroscopic calibration

Abstract A spectroscopic calibration model is only valid to predict samples within the current calibration sample space span. This space is characterized by the calibration spectral variances set by the sample matrix properties and instrument environment (the primary conditions). Prediction samples commonly have new spectral variances (the secondary conditions) and dynamic model maintenance is needed. Previous work has shown that variants of Tikhonov regularization (TR) are capable of accomplishing this task by updating the primary model with only a few secondary condition samples (a current standardization set). An aspect of the TR variants is a weight (tuning parameter) for the small standardization set augmented to the full primary calibration sample set. In past work, this tuning parameter in combination with a second regularization parameter is graphically assessed to select a single updated model. Developed in this paper is a novel graphical consensus approach that selects a family of models across a range of tuning parameter values. Thresholds on model merit values are used to identify appropriate updated models. Model merits can be R 2 , intercept, and slope for the primary calibration and standardization sets, root mean square error (RMSE) terms, and/or the model vector magnitude. Two previously used TR variants are studied. One TR modification requires analyte reference values and the other variation uses no reference values. The TR consensus approach with reference samples is applied to updating a laboratory based near infrared (NIR) primary calibration model to predict active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tablet concentrations from NIR spectra measured on tablets produced in the full production secondary conditions. The TR approach without reference samples updates a NIR pure component analyte model at one temperature to new temperature dependent sample matrix conditions. In both studies, consensus models predict equivalently to individual models selected by previously developed graphical approaches. The consensus approach is also applied to model updating by partial least squares (PLS). While PLS and TR predict similarly, PLS can be limited by the discrete factorization process. The described consensus approach is also applicable to just primary calibration.
1994 William J. Stickel Silver Award. Closing base wedge versus Austin bunionectomies for metatarsus primus adductus

Hallux abducto valgus with concomitant metatarsus primus adductus was treated by either an isolated Austin bunionectomy or by a combination of a modified McBride bunionectomy, along with a closing base wedge osteotomy, on a total of 73 patients (88 feet) from 1983 to 1993. Both subjective and objective similarities and differences were compared between these two groups of patients. Long-term elevation or depression of the first ray was analyzed by using a technique termed sagittal plane displacement. The prevalent preoperative symptoms were significantly reduced postoperatively in both groups of patients. Initial postoperative elevation of the first ray occurred in approximately one third of the cases in both groups. Long-term elevation of the first ray was greater with the base wedge osteotomy and did not change appreciably with the Austin procedure. The sagittal plane displacement method is a helpful tool in analyzing changes in the position of the first ray perioperatively.
Young's modulus enhancement in copper iron-nickel iron composition modulated foils

Influence du fer introduit dans la modulation Cu/Ni. Etude experimentale en fonction de la deformation des couches
New current control scheme for PWM inverters

In the paper, a new current control scheme for PWM inverters is described. With this scheme, the inverter switching frequency and output switching pattern are both predefined. Particular output voltage patterns can be selected by minimising a suitable objective function. Thus, the proposed scheme achieves precise current control along with the simultaneous optimisation of a performance objective. These features yield near-sinusoidal currents in the load with reduced current peaks, lower inverter switching frequency, and reduce inverter and load stresses. This type of current control scheme is especially suitable for potentially high performance applications such as AC motor drives and UPS systems. Finally, detailed experimental investigation of the current control scheme is presented.
RADIATION EFFECTS IN HIGH SPEED III-V INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

The types of applications affected by radiation effects in III-V devices have significantly changed over the last four decades. For most applications III-V ICs have provided sufficient radiation hardness. Some expectations for hardened soft error applications did not materialize until much later. Years of research defined that not only material properties, but device structures, layout practices and circuit design influenced how III-V devices were susceptible to certain radiation effects. The highest performance III-V ICs due to their low power-speed energy products will provide challenges in ionizing radiation environments from sea level to space.
Intranuclear inclusions in mammotrophs of the female mongolian gerbil

Membranous and vacuolar inclusions have been identified within the nucleus of mammotrophs in the pituitary of female Mongolian gerbils but are absent in adult male and newborn gerbils of both sexes. Membranous inclusions are observed in focal areas of the nucleus and are frequently in proximity to the inner nuclear membrane. Vacuoles are surrounded by a single membrane and the matrix is structureless and either flocculent or clear. An intermediate form of nuclear inclusion is membrane-bound and contains typical cytoplasmic organelles. It is suggested that degenerative changes in inclusions originating in the cytoplasm may produce large structureless vacuoles. The increased number of inclusions in testosterone-treated animals may be a response of mammotrophs to alteration in synthesis or release of hormone.
Derivation of Myogenic Progenitors Directly From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Sphere-Based Culture

Using stem cells to replace degenerating muscle cells and restore lost skeletal muscle function is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating neuromuscular diseases. Myogenic progenitors are a valuable cell type for cell-based therapy and also provide a platform for studying normal muscle development and disease mechanisms in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells represent a valuable source of tissue for generating myogenic progenitors. Here, we present a novel protocol for deriving myogenic progenitors from human embryonic stem (hES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using free-floating spherical culture (EZ spheres) in a defined culture medium. hES cell colonies and human iPS cell colonies were expanded in medium supplemented with high concentrations (100 ng/ml) of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor in which they formed EZ spheres and were passaged using a mechanical chopping method. We found myogenic progenitors in the spheres after 6 weeks of culture and multinucleated myotubes following sphere dissociation and 2 weeks of terminal differentiation. A high concentration of FGF-2 plays a critical role for myogenic differentiation and is necessary for generating myogenic progenitors from pluripotent cells cultured as EZ spheres. Importantly, EZ sphere culture produced myogenic progenitors from human iPS cells generated from both healthy donors and patients with neuromuscular disorders (including Becker's muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Taken together, this study demonstrates a simple method for generating myogenic cells from pluripotent sources under defined conditions for potential use in disease modeling or cell-based therapies targeting skeletal muscle.
Cytometric features of cell nuclei of adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to characterize adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) and invasive adenocarcinoma (AdCa) of the cervix by using image histometric measurements of nuclear morphometric features. Study design: Archival pathology slides and tissue blocks from 37 patients with ACIS, 18 with invasive AdCa, and 13 with normal cervical epithelial and glandular histology were reviewed by two pathologists. The controls were matched for age and menstrual status and as closely as possible for the age of the slides; this limited the number of normal cases available. Morphometric, photometric, and textural measurements were made on 4-μm sections of tissue stained with a thionin-SO 2 Feulgen reaction. A mixed analysis of covariance model was used for analysis. Results: The Integrated Optical Density Index was found between the mean value for normal cells and that for ACIS and invasive AdCa ( P Conclusion: In the cell populations studied, certain nuclear image features were found to correlate with histologic diagnosis. The features can be measured objectively and could be useful to pathologists in differentiating lesions, although a larger study should be evaluated to confirm these findings. Further, these features may be important as optical technologies are developed that make diagnoses in real time. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1566-73.)
Extrapolating from local ecological processes to genus-wide patterns in colour polymorphism in South African Protea

Polymorphic traits are central to many fundamental discoveries in evolution, yet why they are found in some species and not others remains poorly understood. We use the African genus Protea—within ...
Internet Purchases by Rural Residents: Implications for Community Development

This article examines Internet purchasing patterns of rural residents by age, income, and sex to determine the characteristics of Internet purchasers and the types of stores in rural areas likely t...
Abstract 4930: A commensal relationship between tumor cell subpopulations promotes collective invasion.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The invasion of tumor cells out of ductal epithelium is a poorly understood process that dramatically increases the odds of patient death. We have defined a new non cell-autonomous control mechanism for neoplastic invasion that trigger tumors to switch from a benign to a malignant stage of growth. Using high resolution live-imaging and functional studies we show that an epigenetically distinct and autonomously invasive subpopulation of tumor cells induces the invasion of a large bulk population of autonomously noninvasive tumor cells by adopting migratory principles observed during sprouting angiogenesis. The molecular dissection of this cooperative interaction revealed a new “invasion signature” of 29 genes that is distinct from traditional epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. Patients expressing this invasion signature had a worse clinical outcome, which suggests that this commensal relationship between tumor cell subpopulations contributes to tumor progression. Functional analysis showed that multiple components of the invasion signature were specifically required for the cooperative induction of invasion, but not cell motility, thus revealing new roles for these genes as non-cell autonomous regulators of invasion. These results are of broad interest because they are the first demonstration of a commensal relationship between tumor cell subpopulations during the induction of invasion. Further, these findings establish a mechanistic underpinning that obviates the notion that the exclusive role of heterogeneity in tumors is to act as a source for unique traits that can be selected for and expanded to improve the cell autonomous fitness of neoplastic cell populations. Thus, our results support a paradigm shift towards identifying both the cell autonomous and the non cell-autonomous regulatory mechanisms of cell biological processes within heterogeneous tumors to understand neoplastic progression and develop new intervention modalities. Citation Format: Gray Pearson, Amanda Prechtl, Jill Westcott, Tuyen Dang, Erin Maine. A commensal relationship between tumor cell subpopulations promotes collective invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4930. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4930 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Assessing bias in evapotranspiration and soil moisture estimates due to the use of modeled solar radiation and dew point temperature data

Solar radiation and dew point temperature are important input variables for many crop growth ecological, hydrological, and meteorological models. It is also well known that solar radiation and dew point temperature (and relative humidity) data are not readily available for most locations over the globe. To use the above models, estimation of these input variables is often required. However, there is a nearly complete absence of scientific literature quantifying the impacts of these estimated input variables on final outputs. To address this void in the literature, the present study investigates the impacts of modeled solar radiation and dew point temperature (for relative humidity estimation) data on estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture (SM). Two reliable solar radiation and dew point temperature models are used to simulate both of these input variables. Subsequently, measured and estimated solar radiation and dew point temperature are used as inputs to a soil water-energy balance model to estimate ET and SM. This model is applied to three contrasting hydroclimatic locations which are representative of east to west declining precipitation gradient of the North American Great Plains. In addition, at each of these locations the model was applied for three land uses, including, irrigated corn, rainfed corn, and grass. The simulations were conducted for the period 1990‐2001 at a daily time resolution. A detailed quantitative assessment of impacts of modeled input data is completed by comparing reference (simulations conducted using measured input data) with estimated (simulations with modeled input data) ET and SM. The study finds that for the complete time series of ET, d-index, coefficient of efficiency (E), RMSE, MAE, and r 2 range from 0.93 to 0.96, 0.72 and 0.82, 0.92 to 1.31, 0.41 to 0.64, and 0.77 to 0.89 mm, respectively. Likewise, for soil moisture, d-index, E, RMSE, MAE, and r 2 range from 0.64 to 0.95, 0.82 to 1.11, 2.53 to 11.95, 1.62 to 11.24, and 0.33 to 0.88 cm, respectively. Impacts of modeled input data varied from one land use to the other and also from one location to another. It is found that estimated solar radiation tends to be higher and relative humidity tends to be lower compared to observed data. These biases were also a source of disagreement between reference and estimated ET and SM. In summary, this study provides quantitative
Computer power and union prospects

Abstract Innovations in the use of computer power may offer the American labor movement an opportunity to reverse a 50-year decline. Progressive unions and locals have been experimenting with computer technology, and a “CyberGain” model today commands respect in and outside of Labor. While indispensable, the model appears insufficient. A case is made for adopting a radically new approach, a CyberUnion model, whose four components (futuristics, innovations, services and traditions) appear relevant to technological modernization efforts by labor organizations and many other types of bureaucracies.
SMART - A three-axis stabilized attitude reference technique.

An autonomous star mapping attitude reference technique (SMART) suitable for providing three-axis attitude information is discussed. The paper examines the possibility of utilizing one field of view and only two stars to provide three-axis attitude information. The star field is examined for a uniqueness criterion based on the resolution of a star mapper. The system utilizes an electronic scanning star mapper and a small general purpose computer— thus no moving parts are utilized. The technique applies either to inertially stabilized or slowly spinning spacecraft. The star field is shown to be suitable for such a system provided the star mapper field of view is properly oriented with respect to mission orbital parameters or multiple mappers are utilized. Maps of star pair availability for star mapper fields of view of 20° and 40° are included. An estimate of the total attitude error based on star mapper accuracy is given. The system is capable of performing continuous attitude determination if the mission orbital parameters are sufficiently restrained or multiple mappers are utilized. The system may also be used to automatically update an inertial system for missions where the orbital parameters preclude the use of a single mapper.
Plain-Ware Ceramics and Residential Mobility: A Case Study From the Great Basin

Plain, utilitarian ceramics from prehistoric farmers and foragers in north-western Utah are used to identify whether ceramics reflect mobility. Simple methods measure the degree of investment in ceramic manufacture. Investment is treated as a general concept that subsumes other assessments of ceramic variability such as use-life and function. Investment is compared with mobility using archaeological sites with independent measures of mobility. A hypothesis proposing greater investment in the quality of ceramic manufacture with increasing residential stability, occupational redundancy and/or the presence of a logistic system is variously supported. X-ray diffraction of ceramic temper is used to test two hypotheses about the expected distance to raw material sources and variability in the use of sources with increasing mobility. Variation is best described by geographical proximity, and the number of utilized sources increases with mobility.
Hardening of Nickel Alloys by Ion Implantation of Titanium and Carbon

Dual ion implantation of titanium and carbon was shown to produce an amorphous surface layer in annealed bulk nickel, in electroformed Ni, and in electroformed Ni7 5Fe 2 5. Diamond-tip nanoindentation coupled with finite-element modeling quantified the elastic and plastic mechanical properties of the implanted region. The amorphized matrix, with a thickness of about 100 nm, has a yield stress of approximately 6 GP and an intrinsic hardness near 16 GPa, exceeding by an order of magnitude the corresponding values for annealed bulk Ni. Implications for micro-electromechanical systems are discussed.
Baxter equation beyond wrapping

Abstract The Baxter-like functional equation encoding the spectrum of anomalous dimensions of Wilson operators in maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory available to date ceases to work just before the onset of wrapping corrections. In this Letter, we work out an improved finite-difference equation by incorporating nonpolynomial effects in the transfer matrix entering as its ingredient. This yields a self-consistent asymptotic finite-difference equation valid at any order of perturbation theory. Its exact solutions for fixed spins and twists at and beyond wrapping order give results coinciding with the ones obtained from the asymptotic Bethe Ansatz. Correcting the asymptotic energy eigenvalues by the Luscher term, we compute anomalous dimensions for a number of short operators beyond wrapping order.
Thermal degradation of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide

Polyethylene oxide and atactic and isotactic polypropylene oxides were pyrolyzed in a vacuum in the temperature range 265 to 363°C. One phase of the investigation consisted in fractionating the products of degradation and analyzing the fractions qualitatively and quantitatively. Another phase consisted in measuring rates of degradation and calculating from these rates the activation energies. As compared with the corresponding non-oxide polymers, polyethylene and polypropylene, the oxide polymers are less stable thermally, yield larger amounts of monomeric fragments, and have lower activation energies.
Efficient and scalable monitoring and summarization of large probabilistic data

In numerous real applications, uncertainty is inherently introduced when massive data are generated. Modern database management systems aim to incorporate and handle data with uncertainties as a first-class citizen, where uncertain data are represented as probabilistic relations. In my thesis, my work has focused on monitoring and summarization of large probabilistic data. Specifically, we extended the distributed threshold monitoring problem to distributed probabilistic data. Instead, we actually need to monitor the aggregated value (e.g. sum) of distributed probabilistic data against both the score threshold and the probability threshold, which make the techniques designed for deterministic data are not directly applicable. Our algorithms have significantly reduced both the communication and computation costs as shown by an extensive experimental evaluation on large real datasets. On the other hand, building histograms to summarize the distribution of certain feature in a large data set is a fundamental problem in data management. Recent work have extended this studies to probabilistic data, but their methods suffer from the limited scalability. We present novel methods to build scalable histograms over large probabilistic data using distributed and parallel algorithms. Extensive experiments on large real data sets have demonstrated the superb scalability and efficiency achieved by our implementations in MapReduce, when compared to the existing, state-of-the-art centralized methods.
Potassium channel blockade does not alter the modulatory effects of dopamine in neostriatal slices

This study assessed the contribution of K+ conductances to dopamine (DA)-induced modulation of evoked depolarizing synaptic responses (DPSPs) in neostriatal slices obtained from rats. Intracellular recordings of membrane properties and DPSPs evoked by local electrical stimulation were obtained from cells bathed in standard artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), 5 mM Cs+ in ACSF, 20 mM tetraethylammonium in ACSF, or 1 mM 4-aminopyridine in ACSF. DA altered response amplitude in approximately equal proportions regardless of the presence or absence of these K(+)-channel blockers. These findings suggest that K+ conductances do not provide a major contribution to DA-induced changes in DPSPs in the neostriatum.
A deep-sea burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) form Bermuda*

The Acrothoracica constitutes a group of burrowing barnacles limited in distribution to calcareous substrata. Members are found in most warm waters of the world but the greatest diversity is reached in the coralline seas where they are found in coral skeletons, molluscs shells and limestone. Until recently some 37 acrothoracican species were known from the tropical and temperate region, all from waters less than 30 m in depth (Tomlinson, 1969). It was interesting therefore that the first moderately deep water form to become known, occurring at depths between 300 and 650m, should be from cold waters well south of the Antarctic Convergence (Newman & Ross, 1971). This animal, Cryptophialus tomlinsoni, burrows in coral and barnacle shells and does not differ in size and form from littoral members of the genus. The new species described in the present report burrows in foraminifera1 limestone off Bermuda. It is not only remarkable in occurring as deep as 1000 m but in being very much larger and more generalized than any previously known pygophorans. Furthermore it has what is interpreted here as a rostral shell plate, whereas all previously known forms are considered to be without calcereous armament. The existence of what appears to be a rostral plate in the new species has a significant bearing on our understanding of the evolution of the order.
Positional prominence and the 'prosodic trough' in Yaka*

The issue of vowel height harmonyrelatively rare in the world's languages is one that most serious theories of phonology have addressed at one time or another, particularly as concerns its realisation in Bantu (e.g. Clements 1991, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994, Beckman 1997). As is quite well known, the majority of an estimated 500 Bantu languages exhibit some variant of a progressive harmony process by which vowels lower when preceded by an appropriate (lower) trigger. (Ki)-Yaka, a Western Bantu language spoken in ex-Zaire, designated as H.31 by Guthrie (1967-71), has a height harmony system which has been analysed as having a similar left-to-right lowering process. In this paper I argue against the general analysis given for Yaka, showing that this language differs in a major way from the rest of Bantu. The goals of the paper are threefold. First, I present a comprehensive treatment of the unusual vowel harmony system in (ki-)Yaka. Second, I introduce the notion of the ' prosodic trough' (T), a domain which is needed in order to state important phonological generalisations in Yaka and in Bantu in general. Finally, I show the relevance of the Yaka facts for the study of positional prominence in phonology. A (partial) analysis is offered within optimalitytheoretic terms, particularly as developed by McCarthy & Prince (1995). Although superficially resembling the vowel height harmony found in most Bantu languages, the Yaka system will be shown to differ from these latter in major ways. The paper is organised as follows. In ? 2 I establish
Lagrange Multipliers as Marginal Rates of Substitution in Multi-Constraint Optimization Problems

This paper shows that, when a function is optimized subject to several binding constraints, some of the Lagrange multipliers in the dual problems can be interpreted as marginal rates of substitution among certain arguments in the generalized indirect objective function for the primal problem. It also shows how to calculate these Lagrange multipliers from observable price–quantity data. Three particular examples are discussed: a firm that minimizes costs subject to both fixed output and rationing constraints, a household that maximizes utility subject to both income and time constraints, and portfolio choice under uncertainty treated as a multiple constraint optimization problem.
Diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound for hospitalists

We review the literature on diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound applications most relevant to hospital medicine and highlight gaps in the evidence base. Diagnostic point-of-care applications most relevant to hospitalists include cardiac ultrasound for left ventricular systolic function, pericardial effusion, and severe mitral regurgitation; lung ultrasound for pneumonia, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and pulmonary edema; abdominal ultrasound for ascites, aortic aneurysm, and hydronephrosis; and venous ultrasound for central venous volume assessment and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Hospitalists and other frontline providers, as well as physician trainees at various levels of training, have moderate to excellent diagnostic accuracy after brief training programs for most of these applications. Despite the evidence supporting the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound, experimental evidence supporting its clinical use by hospitalists is limited to cardiac ultrasound.
Concurrent Validity of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale

Planned comparisons were made between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts, and the Metropolitan Readiness Tests. Most c...
Microdomain heterogeneity in 3D affects the mechanics of neonatal cardiac myocyte contraction.

Cardiac muscle cells are known to adapt to their physical surroundings, optimizing intracellular organization and contractile function for a given culture environment. A previously developed in vitro model system has shown that the inclusion of discrete microscale domains (or micro- rods) in three dimensions (3D) can alter long-term growth responses of neonatal ventricular myocytes. The aim of this work was to understand how cellular contact with such a domain affects various mechanical changes involved in car- diac muscle cell remodeling. Myocytes were maintained in 3D gels over 5 days in the presence or absence of 100 −µm-long microrods, and the effect of this local heter- ogeneity on cell behavior was analyzed via several imaging techniques. Microrod abutment resulted in approximately twofold increases in the maximum displacement of spon- taneously beating myocytes, as based on confocal micros- copy scans of the gel xy-plane or the myocyte long axis. In addition, microrods caused significant increases in the
Grid-based approach for working node selection in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a grid-based working node (WN) selection approach for wireless sensor networks. Due to coverage redundancy, it is highly desirable to identify a minimum subset of sensors in a wireless sensor network to serve as WNs, while the remaining sensors are deactivated to save power and reduce potential interference. The basic idea of our solution approach is to represent the coverage of the sensors by a number of sample points, i.e., the intersection points of the established grid. A simple approximation algorithm and a linear programming method are employed to select as few sensors as possible to cover all sample points. In order to reduce the computational time, clusters are formed and WN selection is performed within each cluster. The performance of the proposed WN selection schemes is quantified and the tradeoff among accuracy, communication overhead and computational time is evaluated via analyses and simulations.
A Divalent Cation Stabilizes the Active Conformation of the B. subtilis RNase P·Pre-tRNA Complex: A Role for an Inner-Sphere Metal Ion in RNase P

Metal ions interact with RNA to enhance folding, stabilize structure, and, in some cases, facilitate catalysis. Assigning functional roles to specifically bound metal ions presents a major challenge in analyzing the catalytic mechanisms of ribozymes. Bacillus subtilis ribonuclease P (RNase P), composed of a catalytically active RNA subunit (PRNA) and a small protein subunit (P protein), catalyzes the 5'-end maturation of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs). Inner-sphere coordination of divalent metal ions to PRNA is essential for catalytic activity but not for the formation of the RNase P x pre-tRNA (enzyme-substrate, ES) complex. Previous studies have demonstrated that this ES complex undergoes an essential conformational change (to the ES* conformer) before the cleavage step. Here, we show that the ES* conformer is stabilized by a high-affinity divalent cation capable of inner-sphere coordination, such as Ca(II) or Mg(II). Additionally, a second, lower-affinity Mg(II) activates cleavage catalyzed by RNase P. Structural changes that occur upon binding Ca(II) to the ES complex were determined by time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer measurements of the distances between donor-acceptor fluorophores introduced at specific locations on the P protein and pre-tRNA 5' leader. These data demonstrate that the 5' leader of pre-tRNA moves 4 to 6 A closer to the PRNA x P protein interface during the ES-to-ES* transition and suggest that the metal-dependent conformational change reorganizes the bound substrate in the active site to form a catalytically competent ES* complex.