cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Video Transmission over Networks

This chapter is to travideo on networks, starting out with network fundamentals. It then proceeds to robust methods for network video. Error-resilient features are often added to a video coder to make it more robust to channel errors. It reviews the error-resilient features of some standard video source coders as well as the transport error protection features of networks and shows how they can work together to protect the video data. Some robust transmission methods for scalable SWT-based coders such as MC-EZBC as well as for standard H.264/AVC are examined. Furthermore, this chapter discusses joint source–network coding, wherein the source-channel coding is continued into the network on overlay nodes that also support data item adaptation. Combinations of multiple description coding and network coding for efficient heterogeneous multicast are examined.
Relationship between Primary and Steady-State Creep of UO2 at Elevated Temperature and Under Neutron Irradiation

Primary creep has typically been observed in polycrystalline ceramic materials, but it has received little quantitative study because of experimental difficulties and the absence of theoretical models. The experimental difficulties derive from strain resolution, microstructural stability, and, in compressive creep experiments, from specimen seating transients or, in bending experiments, from contact-point indentations. Passmore and Vasilos1 measured the apparent activation energy Q2 for primary creep of fine-grained alumina, and Passmore et al. obtained Q for MgO. In both investigations, it was noted that Q was strain independent and steady-state creep was not established even after ∿2% strain. Primary creep has also been observed in UO2 3–7 and PuO2.8,9 Solomon10 studied primary creep of stoichiometric UO2 helices at low stresses (⪝5000 psi) and elevated temperatures (1000–1600°C) and obtained the following expression for the primary creep of as-sintered helical-spring specimens: $$ {\dot \gamma _p}\;{\rm{ = }}\left[ {A\frac{\sigma }{{{}_d1.5}}\;{\rm{exp}}\;\left( {\frac{{ - Q}}{{RT}}} \right)} \right]\;{{\rm{t}}^{m - 1}} $$ (1) where \( {\dot \gamma _p} \) is primary strain rate, σ is stress, d is grain size, t is time after the application of stress, and A and m are constants.
Preliminary prediction of the potential distribution and consequences of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in the United States and North America, using a simple rule-based climate envelope model

Haemaphysalis longicornis, the longhorned (or bush) tick has been detected on a sheep in August 2017 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. By August 8, 2018, this tick has been detected in 19 counties in 8 states along the Atlantic coast of the United States, with the first detection backdated to 2013. Here, I use a simple rule-based climate envelope model, based on a prior analysis in New Zealand, to provide a preliminary analysis of the potential range of this introduced tick species in North America. After validating this model against the counties where the tick has been already detected, I highlight the counties where this tick might cause considerable economic harm. I discuss the many limitations of this simple approach, and potential remedies for these limitations, and more sophisticated approaches. Finally, I conclude that substantial areas of the US, especially along the Gulf and Atlantic coast, are suitable for the establishment of this tick, putting millions of heads of livestock potentially at risk.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Strain 14B4, Which Inhibits the Growth of Salmonella enterica Serotype Poona In Vitro.

ABSTRACT We present here the complete genome sequence of Lactococcus lactis strain 14B4, isolated from almond drupes in northern California. This strain was observed to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona strain RM3363 in vitro.
An efficient linear wavepacket tracking method for hypersonic boundary-layer stability prediction

Abstract A new linear wavepacket tracking method is presented that can ultimately be used for efficient transition prediction of hypersonic boundary-layers. The wavepacket tracking method employs higher-order accurate adaptive mesh refinement to track wavepackets that are introduced in the boundary-layer via pulse disturbances. The evolution of these wavepackets is used to extract boundary-layer stability characteristics, such as amplitude curves, growth rates and N-Factor curves, which are commonly used for transition prediction. The efficiency and accuracy of the wavepacket tracking method, for determining the stability characteristics of the flow, strongly depends on the numerical implementation details, such as the refinement criteria, the tracking parameter and refinement function used for adaptive mesh refinement. While the computational expense at one time step of continuous forcing approaches, commonly employed in direct numerical simulations of transitional flows, scales with the size of the geometry of interest, the computational expense for the current adaptive mesh refinement wavepacket tracking method scales with the size of the wavepacket. A detailed description of the adaptive mesh refinement wavepacket tracking (AMR-WPT) method and its computational expense is provided and the method is validated against stability analysis results extracted from direct numerical simulations on static meshes and linear stability theory for a supersonic shear layer and different hypersonic boundary-layer flows.
Can nanoparticle toughen fiber-reinforced thermosetting polymers?

Many tougheners have been developed for thermosetting resins. Numerous studies indicate that the mode-I fracture toughness of a thermosetting resin (GIC_Resin) can be effectively enhanced by rubber tougheners such as liquid rubber and core–shell rubber, and inorganic rigid particles such as silica, clay, carbon nanotubes, or graphene. Can these additives also toughen fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)? In particular, can they improve the mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness of FRPs (GIC_Comp)? To answer how much toughness improvement is transferred from resin to FRPs, we reviewed data from more than 50 publications related to interlaminar toughening. The performance of various types of tougheners in the resin and/or FRPs is summarized, and toughening mechanisms are also discussed. We found a wide range of improvement in fracture toughness in FRPs with the addition of nanoparticles, from negative improvement in some silica and carbon particle studies to an improvement ratio equal to that achieved in the resin. Overall, rubber tougheners are the most effective tougheners, but on average, only about 30% of the relative improvement in resin toughness translated to GIC_Comp increase. The enhancement in GIC_Comp after incorporating rigid particles tougheners is even less, but rigid particles do not decrease the strength and modulus of the final FRPs. Other toughening strategies, such as using multiple types of tougheners, and coating or depositing nanoparticle onto the fiber reinforcements are also discussed, and we suggest some strategies to design FRPs with optimal delamination resistance.
Decoding Attentional State to Faces and Scenes Using EEG Brainwaves

Attention is the ability to facilitate processing perceptually salient information while blocking the irrelevant information to an ongoing task. For example, visual attention is a complex phenomenon of searching for a target while filtering out competing stimuli. In the present study, we developed a new Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) platform to decode brainwave patterns during sustained attention in a participant. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals using a wireless headset were collected in real time during a visual attention task. In our experimental protocol, we primed participants to discriminate a sequence of composite images. Each image was a fair superimposition of a scene and a face image. The participants were asked to respond to the intended subcategory (e.g., indoor scenes) while withholding their responses for the irrelevant subcategories (e.g., outdoor scenes). We developed an individualized model using machine learning techniques to decode attentional state of the participant based on their brainwaves. Our model revealed the instantaneous attention towards face and scene categories. We conducted the experiment with six volunteer participants. The average decoding accuracy of our model was about 77%, which was comparable with a former study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The present work was an attempt to reveal momentary level of sustained attention using EEG signals. The platform may have potential applications in visual attention evaluation and closed-loop brainwave regulation in future.
Improving the physiological relevance of drug testing for drug-loaded nanoparticles using 3D tumor cell cultures

Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has the potential to overcome several limitations of cancer chemotherapy. Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) have been demonstrated to exhibit superior cellular delivery efficacy. Hence, doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic drug)- loaded LPHNPs have been synthesized by three-dimensional (3D)-printed herringbone-patterned multi-inlet vortex mixer. This method offers rapid and efficient mixing of reactants yielding controllable and reproducible synthesis of LPHNPs. The cytotoxicity of LPHNPs is tested using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D microenvironments. Results obtained from 3D cell cultures showed major differences in cytotoxicity in comparison with 2D cultures. These results have broad implications in predicting in vitro LPHNP toxicology.
A non-isothermal wellbore model for high pressure high temperature natural gas reservoirs and its application in mitigating wax deposition

Abstract Correctly estimate pressure drop and temperature distribution along wellbore is crucial for completion design, production optimization and flow assurance in oil and gas well. In places where wax or paraffin deposits along the wellbore is a concern, a non-isothermal wellbore model is needed to analyze the risks of wellbore plugging under various operational/reservoir conditions and design mitigating approaches accordingly. In this study, a non-isothermal wellbore model for high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) natural gas reservoirs is proposed. The mathematical framework laid out in this article can also be used as a template for modeling gas injection in deep wells. Field cases are used to calibrate and validate the presented model, along with discussions on associated uncertainties. Matain well-head temperature above a desired level is critical for mitigating wax/paraffin deposition, and it is found that the most effective methods to minimize temperature drop along the wellbore are: increasing production rate by hydraulic fracturing; selecting an optimal tubing size and applying thermal insulation coating to the production tubing.
Adjunct Faculty Perceptions of Participation in Online Collaborative Research Teams

Career professionals who serve as adjunct faculty at the university level are expected to engage in continual research and publishing to maintain their status as adjunct (part-time) faculty, to be considered for potential advancement, and to qualify for additional compensation. One way of meeting this objective is to participate in online collaborative research projects benefiting from a set of multiple lenses, multiple insights, and a multitude of considerations in regard to design, methodology, data interpretations, and broader reaching implications. A narrative inquiry approach was applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of adjunct faculty working in online collaborative research teams. Data was gathered through phone interviews where adjunct faculty shared their personal experiences and reflections about working as collaborative researchers in an online environment. Using an inductive process, themes were drawn from the responses of the participants to address the research question. The dominant themes found were organizational skills, interpersonal skills, and personal growth and development. The results of the study led to recommendations for supporting adjunct faculty in online collaborative research for building a sense of scholarly community and expanding opportunities for personal professional growth.
Using Timed Sequential Patterns in the Transportation Industry

Data mining techniques can be used in several significant types of research in various domains to understand the flows of data, discover hidden knowledge, and improve quality of life. Sequential pattern mining, which is one data mining method, has emerged in the transportation domain to recognize the dynamic behavior of vehicles, trains, people…etc. The idea of sequential pattern mining is to find the frequent subsequences in a database of sequences. Although multiple sequential pattern mining techniques can mine sequential patterns, timestamps are only used to order sequences and time between sequence events is ignored. This information is important in real applications, such as traffic recommendation system and transportation safety. Though knowing that measurement Y occurs after measurement X is valuable, it is more valuable to know the estimated time before the appearance of measurement Y, perhaps, for example, to schedule maintenance at the right time in order to prevent railway damages. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called Minits (MINIng Timed Sequential patterns) to find the frequent sequential patterns and include the transition time between events in these patterns. However, approaches that depend on serial architecture are not effective anymore due to the massive data that are frequently generated from different sources. Therefore, we exploit parallelism using multicore CPUs to improve the performance of Minits to handle big data. Extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets are reported and show the significance and advantages of this approach. Also, the execution time using a multicore outperform the single core when it deals with big data.
Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular Health in a Representative Community Population (from NHANES, 2005 to 2016).

The 2016 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on sleep duration and cardiovascular risk suggested that optimal sleep duration is critical for cardiovascular health, with both long and short sleep duration associated with adverse health outcomes. We examined the relation between sleep duration and cardiovascular health among the general population in the United States from 2005 to 2016. We sought to investigate associations between sleep duration and the prevalence of coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF), stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hyperlipidemia. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we identified all patients with HF, coronary artery disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, DM, and stroke from 2005 to 2016. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to adjust for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), marital status, educational level, physical activity, sedentary activity, depression, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and hemoglobin. In total, 32,152 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants responded to the sleep survey. Both short sleepers ( 9 hours, n = 1,058) were older and more likely to have a higher BMI than optimal sleepers (7 to 9 hours, n = 19,067; all p values
Infant FreeSurfer: An automated segmentation and surface extraction pipeline for T1-weighted neuroimaging data of infants 0–2 years

The development of automated tools for brain morphometric analysis in infants has lagged significantly behind analogous tools for adults. This gap reflects the greater challenges in this domain due to: 1) a smaller-scaled region of interest, 2) increased motion corruption, 3) regional changes in geometry due to heterochronous growth, and 4) regional variations in contrast properties corresponding to ongoing myelination and other maturation processes. Nevertheless, there is a great need for automated image-processing tools to quantify differences between infant groups and other individuals, because aberrant cortical morphologic measurements (including volume, thickness, surface area, and curvature) have been associated with neuropsychiatric, neurologic, and developmental disorders in children. In this paper we present an automated segmentation and surface extraction pipeline designed to accommodate clinical MRI studies of infant brains in a population 0-2 year-olds. The algorithm relies on a single channel of T1-weighted MR images to achieve automated segmentation of cortical and subcortical brain areas, producing volumes of subcortical structures and surface models of the cerebral cortex. We evaluated the algorithm both qualitatively and quantitatively using manually labeled datasets, relevant comparator software solutions cited in the literature, and expert evaluations. The computational tools and atlases described in this paper will be distributed to the research community as part of the FreeSurfer image analysis package.
On Shooting Stars: Comparing CAVE and HMD Immersive Virtual Reality Exergaming for Adults with Mixed Ability

Inactivity and a lack of engagement with exercise is a pressing health problem in the United States and beyond. Immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) is a promising medium to motivate users through engaging virtual environments. Currently, modern iVR lacks a comparative analysis between research and consumer-grade systems for exercise and health. This article examines two such iVR mediums: the Cave Automated Virtual Environment (CAVE) and the head-mounted display (HMD). Specifically, we compare the room-scale Mechdyne CAVE and HTC Vive Pro HMD with a custom in-house exercise game that was designed such that user experiences were as consistent as possible between both systems. To ensure that our findings are generalizable for users of varying abilities, we recruited 40 participants with and without cognitive disabilities with regard to the fact that iVR environments and games can differ in their cognitive challenge between users. Our results show that across all abilities, the HMD excelled in in-game performance, biofeedback response, and player engagement. We conclude with considerations in utilizing iVR systems for exergaming with users across cognitive abilities.
Trends in Outpatient Care Delivery and Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US.

This cohort study examines trends in the use of telemedicine and in-person outpatient visits in 2020 among a national sample of 16.7 million individuals with commercial or Medicare Advantage insurance.
Abstract 15830: Uncontrolled and Undertreated Cholesterol in Patients With Severe Hypercholesterolemia at a Large Healthcare System

Introduction: Patients with phenotypic severe hypercholesterolemia (SH) (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) ≥ 190 mg/dL), should have at least 50% LDL-c lowering by treatment with a maxima...
Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer.

Understanding of cancer with the help of ever-expanding cutting edge technological tools and bioinformatics is revolutionizing modern cancer research by broadening the space of discovery window of various genomic and epigenomic processes. Genomics data integrated with multi-omics layering have advanced cancer research. Uncovering such layers of genetic mutations/modifications, epigenetic regulation and their role in the complex pathophysiology of cancer progression could lead to novel therapeutic interventions. Although a plethora of literature is available in public domain defining the role of various tumor driver gene mutations, understanding of epigenetic regulation of cancer is still emerging. This review focuses on epigenetic regulation association with the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC has higher prevalence in Caucasian populations compared to other races. Due to lack of proper reporting to cancer registries, the incidence rates for NMSC worldwide cannot be accurately estimated. However, this is the most common neoplasm in humans, and millions of new cases per year are reported in the United States alone. In organ transplant recipients, the incidence of NMSC particularly of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high and these SCCs frequently become metastatic and lethal. Understanding of solar ultraviolet (UV) light-induced damage and impaired DNA repair process leading to DNA mutations and nuclear instability provide an insight into the pathogenesis of metastatic neoplasm. This review discusses the recent advances in the field of epigenetics of NMSCs. Particularly, the role of DNA methylation, histone hyperacetylation and non-coding RNA such as long-chain noncoding (lnc) RNAs, circular RNAs and miRNA in the disease progression are summarized.
The ‘lottery’ of rape reporting: Secondary victimization and Swedish criminal justice professionals

Research has established the possibility for rape victim-survivors to experience secondary victimization as a result of encounters with the criminal justice system. However, most of this work is ba...
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Factors in Emerging Adults:Symptomatic and Neuropsychological Correlates.

We examined whether there are factors of SCT in nonclinical young adults and whether SCT factors show differential relationships with depression, anxiety, ADHD, and executive functioning as assesse...
Issues in Quantitative Analysis and Security Studies Involving Muslims

There are very serious ethical and pragmatic issues in the quantitative and security study of Muslims. From an ethical perspective, many of these studies denigrate and stereotype Muslims. They also treat them as a problem to be solved, justifying and expanding US power. Pragmatically, it can be hard to collect detailed data on security issues in many Muslim countries, making conventional studies difficult. Yet, standard approaches to these problems are faulty. We cannot abandon positivist analysis, as well-done quantitative studies are actually the best tools we have to push back on negative stereotypes of Muslims. At the same time, we cannot ignore important security topics among Muslim states just because the data we have available is not ideal. Instead, I present a two-pronged approach that can address these issues without ignoring crucial aspects of international relations; scholars should follow best methodological practices to avoid ethical issues, and adopt new standards and novel tools to deal with imperfect data.
Subsea Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring System Using IOT

Underwater pipelines are important for transporting oil and gas over long distances. It, on the other hand, face numerous risks, including corrosion and leakage. Corrosion of pipelines has long been a subject of worry in the oil and gas (O&G) industry, as it has a negative impact on infrastructure in exploration, development, refining, and transportation, resulting in substantial financial costs and safety concerns[6]. As a measure, pipeline safety monitoring must be carried out. The ability to track corrosion electronically until structural integrity is damaged will make a big difference in avoiding catastrophic corrosion events. This paper presents an IoT sensor, which will monitor the properties of pipelines and the sea and record the data for predicting and alarming the pipe’s vulnerability to corrosion.[4]
Tax Malpractice Damages - Return to Fundamentals - Another Court Gets it Right

The article focuses on Bloostein v. Morrison Cohen LLP, 2019 N.Y. Slip Op. 50199(U) (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. Feb. 2019)(Westlaw), which held that additional taxes caused by a tax advisor’s negligence may be recoverable under New York law. While this holding seems unexceptionable under traditional New York tort law, it is important because several cases decided between 2007 and 2014 held such additional taxes were not recoverable. These other cases, rather inexplicably, relied on precedent decided under the fraud measure of damages. Hopefully, Bloostein, has properly reset the focus in this area.
Nanopores in Atomically Thin 2D Nanosheets Limit Aqueous Single-Stranded DNA Transport

Nanopores in 2D materials are highly desirable for DNA sequencing, yet achieving single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) transport through them is challenging. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations we show that ssDNA transport through a pore in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is marked by a basic nanomechanical conflict. It arises from the notably inhomogeneous flexural rigidity of ssDNA and causes high friction via transient DNA desorption costs exacerbated by solvation effects. For a similarly sized pore in bilayer h-BN, its self-passivated atomically smooth edge enables continuous ssDNA transport. Our findings shed light on the fundamental physics of biopolymer transport through pores in 2D materials.
Fitness and evolution in clonal plants: the impact of clonal growth

Seeds have often been emphasized in estimates of plant fitness because they are the units that carry genes to the next generation, disperse, and found new populations. We contend that clonal growth also needs to be considered when estimating fitness in clonal plants, regardless of whether fitness is measured from a genet or ramet perspective. Clonal growth affects genet fitness through both genet persistence and seed production. It affects ramet fitness through new ramet production, because both seeds and clonal propagants are considered offspring. The differential production of clonal propagants will contribute to fitness differences among individuals which may result in population-level changes in allele frequencies (i.e. microevolution). We describe a form of selection unique to clonal organisms, genotypic selection, that can result in evolution. Genotypic selection occurs when genotypically based traits are associated with differences in the rate of ramet production. It can lead to evolutionary change in quantitative trait means both directly and indirectly. It leads directly to change in the ramet population by increasing the proportion of ramets with more advantageous trait values. From the genet perspective, it leads indirectly to evolution within and among populations whenever significant portions of the genetic effect on a trait are inherited through seed. We argue that under most conditions, clonal growth will play a major role in the microevolution of clonal plants.
Social Heuristics: Decision Making and Innovation in a Networked Production Market

In a study of failed innovation in the commercial construction industry we find that social heuristics - collectively constructed and maintained interpretive decision making frames - influence economic decision making practices and material outcomes. Social heuristics are widely institutionalized and commonly relied upon to reduce uncertainty in decision making; they provide actors with both a priori and ex post facto justifications for economic decisions that appear socially rational. In the commercial construction industry, social heuristics sustain market order but also discourage novel technologies and impede innovation. Social heuristics are actor-level constructs that reflect macro-level institutional arrangements and networked production relations. The concept of social heuristics offers the promise of developing a genuinely social theory of individual economic choice and action that is historically informed, contextually situated, and neither psychologically or structurally reductionist.
The role of BCAR-3 in the promotion of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 1813 BCAR-3 (Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance-3) is a protein recently shown in both fibroblasts and breast cancer cells to be involved in migration and invasion. While mRNA expression of BCAR-3 is reported to be undetectable in non-malignant breast tissues, elevated mRNA levels have been detected in breast tumors, particularly those that do not express the estrogen receptor (ER). Recently, our group showed that BCAR-3 functions synergistically with the adapter protein p130Cas (Cas) to increase migration of C3H10T½ murine fibroblasts. This synergy may be particularly relevant in light of our finding that Cas is co-overexpressed with BCAR-3 in a large number of breast cancer cells. The goals of this study were to determine 1) whether BCAR3 expression contributes to breast cancer cell migration and invasion and 2) if Cas recruitment to the cell periphery is a mechanism for BCAR-3-mediated motility. To address these goals, a panel of breast cancer cells was used that vary in their invasive and metastatic potential. We found that BCAR-3 expression was greater in cells with increased invasive potential. This expression pattern corresponded with increased BCAR-3 localization at the plasma membrane, most often in lamellipodia. Endogenous Cas, which was found in complex with BCAR-3 in these cells, co-localized with BCAR-3 at the cell membrane. RNA interference was used to investigate the contribution of BCAR-3 to breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BCAR-3 protein was specifically depleted from BT549 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, which express high levels of endogenous BCAR-3. The effect of reduced BCAR-3 expression on cell migration and invasion was then measured using Boyden chamber assays. Migration and invasion were found to be reduced 40-60% in cells treated with BCAR-3 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as compared to control siRNAs. This effect was shown to be due to BCAR-3 knockdown because re-expression of BCAR-3 in siRNA-treated cells rescued the defect in migration. As a corollary to these studies, we are in the process of determining if BCAR-3 overexpression in breast cancer cell lines that naturally express low levels of BCAR-3 enhances migration, and if so, whether this also requires Cas overexpression, as was the case for C3H10T½ fibroblasts. Future studies will focus on further elucidating functional relationships between BCAR-3, Cas, and other cellular factors that regulate cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, we find that BCAR-3 expression corresponds to the invasive potential of numerous breast cancer cell lines. BCAR-3/Cas complexes can be detected in invasive cells coincident with co-localization of both proteins at the leading edge of migrating cells. Depletion of BCAR-3 in cells with high invasive potential results in a significant impairment of migration and invasion, indicating that this protein plays an important role in these cellular processes.
Global Climate Change Strikes a Tropical Lake

Lake Tanganyika, just south of the equator in tropical Africa, is home to many animal species that live nowhere else. As Livingstone reports in his Perspective, historical records of lake temperature, transparency, and fauna collected for over a hundred years reveal that even the thermal inertia of this deep lake has not been able to protect it from the effects of global climate change ( Verburg et al.).
Emerging onto a Tangled Bank

Fossils reveal how early tetrapods moved from water to land at an individual--rather than a phylogenetic--scale.
Media and Cultural Industries Internships: A Thematic Review and Digital Labor Parallels

This article reviews existing research on the motivations and experiences of interns in media and cultural industries. Digital labour theories are used to organize and make sense of the existing internship literature. Throughout the article, parallels are also drawn between the experiences of interns and those of digital creative labourers—both professionals and peer producers. Three key themes are identified within the internship literature: 1) interns derive satisfaction from work they con- sider meaningful, particularly hands-on work executed under the training and trust of effective supervisors; 2) interns see their work as future-oriented investments in their skills, professional networks, and personal brands; and 3) the ambiguity and professional necessity of media and cultural industries internships make them fertile ground for exploitation and self-exploitation. In conclusion, I argue that attentiveness to meaning, temporality, and ambiguity will be essential to future critical investigations of internships.
Performance Evaluation of Last Stage Bucket Tip Section Using Non-Equilibrium Wet Steam CFD Tool

In order to develop the next generation of low pressure steam turbines, it is imperative to understand the moisture effects and their impact on performance. The objective of the current study is to apply the recently developed in-house multiphase CFD code to the analysis of the tip section of the last stage bucket (LSB), and propose design improvements based on insights gained into wet steam flow physics. 2D simulations were first carried out with equilibrium and non-equilibrium condensation models, showing significant differences in losses which were attributed to non-equilibrium condensation. Details of the shock structures in the transonic blade tip passage under equilibrium and non-equilibrium condensation models were captured with best in class split blade grid topology. Sensitivity studies of major airfoil design parameters such as un-guided turning and trailing edge angle were carried out and their impact quantified on the basis of wetness losses. Based on the detailed investigation of the flow field, a new design feature on the suction side of the LSB was proposed. Numerical results show higher performance benefit of the new design at design point operation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Getting Teachers Where They're Needed Most: The Case for Licensure Reciprocity

Proponents tout licensure reciprocity as a means for alleviating teacher shortages. In this paper, we describe existing national and regional reciprocity agreements and consider the arguments underlying this proposition. We use research on teacher shortages, the reserve pool, within-state variation in demand, and teacher mobility to draw conclusions about the plausibility of this argument. Our analysis suggests that relocation from state to state has limited potential to alleviate shortages. Instead, the evidence suggests that areas of need are better defined by socioeconomic considerations than by state boundaries. A policy strategy with better potential for reducing shortages would provide incentives for teachers to work in low SES urban and rural schools.
Education in Time of War: George Johnson and the Commission on American Citizenship of the Catholic University of America

Abstract Times of war are times of crisis for theologians and educators. This article examines how Msgr. George Johnson, the vice president of the Religious Education Association and the most prominent Catholic educator in the 1930s and 1940s, dealt with the ethical and educational issues surrounding U.S. involvement in the Second World War. It argues that Johnson skillfully balanced the demands of patriotism with that of critical citizenship and commitment to Catholic theological and educational principles.
Structure of 1,4-Benzenedimethanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Grown by Solution and Vapor Techniques

Characteristics of decanethiol and 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (p-BDMT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) grown using solution and vapor techniques were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in-plane resistivity measurements. Self-assembled monolayers of decanethiol show nearly identical coverages for samples grown from solution and from vapor. Films of p-BDMT grown from solution show monolayer packing densities similar to those of alkanethiols, as indicated by the surface thiolate concentrations. A much different result is obtained for p-BDMT SAMs when grown from vapor. A monolayer packing density that is 12−16% higher than that of alkanethiols is observed with XPS and in-plane resistivity measurements. It is also shown that p-BDMT forms multilayers when SAMs are grown by both solution and vapor techniques.
ConvoCons: a tool for building affinity among distributed team members

In this paper we present the result of a user interface designed to increase social affinity between two remote collaborators working on design tasks. The results suggest that the tool is successful in creating an overall affinity that is 14.6% higher than the control group without adding a significant difference in task completion time. Affinity is measured with a framework with demonstrated inter-rater reliability using codes assigned to specific conversational patterns and video recorded interactions. This research approach provides a platform for future work codifying affinity and trust among larger numbers of remote collaborators.
Effects of a community initiative on the quality of child care

This study examined the effects of a broad-based community initiative (Smart Start) to improve the quality of child care for preschoolers. Data were collected in 1994 and 1996 from over 180 child care centers in 12 counties implementing the community initiative. The quality of child care, as measured by the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS; Harms & Clifford, 1980), was significantly higher in 1996 than 1994, both across the entire sample and across the subset of 91 centers observed in both years. The quality of child care in 1996 was significantly related to the number of local quality improvement activities in which the child care centers participated. This and additional evidence presented in the paper show that a comprehensive community initiative can improve child care quality if significant funds and activities are focused on the issue.
The magnetic susceptibility of reduced cytochrome P-450cam

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of singly reduced, camphor-complexed cytochrome P−450 from Pseudomonas putida has been measured at various temperatures. Computer analysis using a spin Hamiltonian gives values of D between 15K and 25K, which agrees with a value of D = 20K found by low-field variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy. This result is compared with those from deoxyhemoglobin and deoxy-myoglobin.
Fine structure of the aesthetasc hairs of Coenobita compressus edwards

The aesthetascs, short thin-walled pegs on the antennule flagella of Coenobita clypeatus, a terrestrial hermit crab, are similar to those of other decapod crustacea in containing the dendrites of many bipolar neurons whose cell bodies are grouped in spindle-shaped masses beneath the bases of each hair. The dendrites contain rootlets, basal bodies, and cilia, which divide dichotomously before entering the aesthetasc, so that within the hair, each cilium becomes represented by a group of slender branches. The aesthetascs themselves are short, blunt, and partially recumbent so that each has an exposed and an unexposed side. The cuticle on the exposed side is thinner and more tenuous than that on the protected side, and the dendrite branches are concentrated just underneath. The protected side, on the other hand, is lined with nondendritic supporting cells, and the cuticle is thicker, more lamellar, and probably less permeable. All dendritic elements proximal to the dendrite branches are enclosed within the main body of the antennular flagellum, and the initial segments of the cilia lie within a vacuole. In these respects, the aesthetascs of Coenobita resemble the thin-walled pegs on insect antennae more than they do those of the marine decapods thus far examined. This convergence in the terrestrial forms may be in response to the need to conserve water.
Dynamical Consequences of Orthohydrogen-Parahydrogen Disequilibrium on Jupiter and Saturn

The Voyager observation of high zonal flow speeds (about 400 meters per second) in the atmosphere of Saturn has raised fundamental questions about the flow on both Jupiter and Saturn. One possibility is that the flow is extremely deep, perhaps extending through the planet. Another is that the flow is confined near the cloud tops and is associated with very strong buoyancy contrasts. It is demonstrated that the heat of conversion from parahydrogen to orthohydrogen can provide buoyancy contrasts of the required magnitude, and a feedback mechanism is proposed to couple the heat of conversion to the flow dynamics.
Electrostatic separation of powder mixtures based on the work functions of its constituents

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a dry electrostatic process to separate a powder mixture into its components based on their work functions. We studied the dry electrostatic beneficiation of high-sulfur, high-ash Illinois coals and relatively low carbon-containing oil shales, and separation of synthetic mixtures consisting of charcoal and silica to demonstrate the feasibility of such a separation. For nearly complete liberation of mineral inclusions from the organic matrix, both coal and shale need to be ground to a very fine particle size (below 5 μm). This is typically true for most of the mineral ores. The driving force in the electrostatic beneficiation of coal and shale is the observation that carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous matter can be imparted positive and negative surface charges, respectively, with a copper tribocharger. The polarity of surface charge is found to depend on the work function values of the particles and the tribocharger. Separation tests in a batch laboratory electrostatic separator showed that the efficacy of the electrostatic separation is strongly dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions such as gas velocity, electric field strength, and particle concentration in carrier gas. A dimensionless group called an ‘electrodiffusion number’ was identified which qualitatively described the separation process. Furthermore, the extent of separation was found to be limited by a strong cohesive force acting between the oppositely charged particles which resulted in the formation of agglomerates.
Altered amniotic fluid leptin levels in twin-twin transfusion syndrome with concurrent placental insufficiency.

AbstractObjective: To measure amniotic fluid leptin levels in fetuses with twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) with and without placental insufficiency (PI) and determine its usefulness as a biomarker of PI.Study design: A retrospective case control study of TTTS stage III patients from 2009 to 2011 was conducted. Cases were pregnancies with PI (TTTS-PI, n = 18) matched by stage, gestational age, and degree of cardiomyopathy to controls without PI (TTTS, n = 26). PI was strictly defined using biometric parameters. Amniotic fluid from recipient twins (RT) was taken during second trimester fetoscopic laser therapy. Leptin concentrations were determined and compared to growth parameters and birth weight.Results: RT-adjusted leptin was 66% higher in TTTS-PI (p = 0.016) compared to TTTS controls. Cases had significantly higher growth discordance (p = 0.004) and lower RT birth weight (p = 0.041) compared to controls. Significantly higher adjusted leptin levels were observed at birth in the TTTS-PI group when ...
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING AND RIPENING PEACHES III. CATECHOL TANNIN CONTENT PER CELL

REEVE, R. M. (Western Regional Res. Lab., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Albany, Calif.) Histological and histochemical changes in developing and ripening peaches. III. Catechol tannin content per cell. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 645-650. Illus. 1959.-Photometric measurements were made of the densities of catechol tannin test colors histochemically developed with a nitrous acid reaction in fresh sections of fruits. The measured values showed a linear relationship with both section thickness and tannin concentration. When average cell size, section thickness, and the volume of tissue photometrically illuminated are known, it is possible to calculate an amount of phenolic substance per cell. Such values calculated for the naturally occurring catechol tannins in developing and ripening peaches revealed very large changes in these substances per cell. Catechol tannins so estimated increasted about 90-fold from the beginning of cell enlargement until the fruit was slightly over half its mature size, a period of about 16-fold increase in volume of the average cell. After a maximum tannin content had been reached, a decrease of about 8-fold per cell was found as the fruit matured and ripened. The early changes in tannin content, when expressed on a unit volume basis, were much less pronounced (about 5-fold increases) and agreed in general with published chemical data for increases in chlorogenic acid on a weight basis during a comparable growth period in a sweet cherry. The semiquantitative, percell expressions of these histochemical results show relation to established phenomena of
An application of fuzzy sets to the classification of geometric figures and chromosome images

The concept of a fuzzy set is applied to the classification of geometric figures and chromosome images through the use of shape-oriented angular and dimensional proximity measures. Various properties of approximate isosceles, approximate equilateral, approximate right, and approximate isosceles right triangles are investigated. A method for classifying a triangle as an ''approximate right triangle,'' ''approximate isosceles triangle,'' ''approximate isosceles right triangle,'' ''approximate equilateral triangle,'' or ''ordinary triangle'' is presented. A method used to classify a quadrangle as ''approximate square,'' ''approximate rectangle,'' ''approximate rhombus,'' ''approximate parallelogram,'' ''approximate trapezoid,'' or ''ordinary quadrangle'' is also presented. The measures of proximity employed for this purpose have an intuitive interpretation. The stochastic syntactic analysis technique and the ''rubber-mask'' technique have, in the past, been applied to the classification of chromosome images. In this paper, chromosome images are classified through the use of angular and dimensional proximity measures. The uttermost dimensional proximity and the least dimensional dissimilarity of chromosome images are defined and investigated. The results obtained in this paper may contribute to processing a picture from the polygonal approximation stage to the final classification stage in order to recognize a picture.
Analysis of the pressuré and velocity fields across steady diffusion flame sheets

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented which describes the nature of the pressure field associated with a fuel droplet burning in an oxidizing atmosphere in the flame sheet approximation. In parallel, consideration are also directed towards a simpler but equivalent planar diffusion flame, and approximaten analytical solutions are given in both cases for the profiles of composition, temperature, velocity, pressure and density. Although total pressure variations are indeed small, it is found that pressure gradients can be appreciable in limited regions near the droplet surface and the flame sheet. The velocity is found to exhibit a maximum away from the droplet surface for the numerical case considered herein. The main goal has been to resolve an apparent inconsistency in the set of describing equations, and a satisfactory answer to this question is presented.
Successful medical therapy of mitral anular abscess complicating infective endocarditis

A case of staphylococcal endocarditis with the echocardiographic findings of mitral anular abscess is described. The anular mass resolved after 9 weeks of antibiotic therapy. This case illustrates that perivalvular abscess complicating infective endocarditis may respond to medical therapy.