cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machining of a bioactive nanocomposite orthopedic fixation device

Bioactive ceramics bond to bone and enhance bone formation. However, they have poor mechanical properties which restrict their machinability as well as their application as load bearing implants. The goal of this study was to machine bioactive fixation screws using a silica-calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC50). The effect of compact pressure, holding time, and thermal treatment on the microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of SCPC50 cylinders were investigated. Samples prepared by powder metallurgy technique at compact pressure range of 100-300 MPa and treated at 900°C/1 h scored a poor machinability rating of (1/5) due to the significant formation of amorphous silicate phase at the grain boundaries. On the other hand, lowering of compact pressure and sintering temperature to 30 MPa/3 h and 700°C/2 h, respectively, minimized the formation of the amorphous phase and raised the machinability rating to (5/5). The modulus of elasticity and ultimate strength of machinable SCPC50 were 10.8 ± 2.0 GPa and 72.8 ± 22.8 MPa, respectively, which are comparable to the corresponding values for adult human cortical bone. qRT-PCR analyses showed that bone cells attached to SCPC50 significantly upregulated osteocalcin mRNA expression as compared to the cells on Ti-6Al-4V. Moreover, cells attached to SCPC50 produced mineralized bone-like tissue within 8 days. On the other hand, cells attached to Ti-6Al-4V failed to produce bone mineral under the same experimental conditions. Results of the study suggest that machinable SCPC50 has the potential to serve as an attractive new material for orthopedic fixation devices.
Monte Carlo Study of the Buckingham Exponential-six Fluid

Abstract In this paper we report the results of extensive Monte Carlo simulations of a pure fluid of Buckingham modified exponential-six molecules. Data are presented for the configurational energy and pressure covering a wide range of temperatures and densities. These data are interpreted using the generalized van der Waals partition function with a novel separation into free volume and mean potential terms. We find, surprisingly, that the Buckingham fluid is described by a simple van der Waals-like equation of state provided that the b parameter is temperature dependent and chosen in a theoretically correct manner.
A multiple imputation approach to Cox regression with interval-censored data.

Summary. We propose a general semiparametric method based on multiple imputation for Cox regression with interval-censored data. The method consists of iterating the following two steps. First, from finite-interval-censored (but not right-censored) data, exact failure times are imputed using Tanner and Wei's poor man's or asymptotic normal data augmentation scheme based on the current estimates of the regression coefficient and the baseline survival curve. Second, a standard statistical procedure for right-censored data, such as the Cox partial likelihood method, is applied to imputed data to update the estimates. Through simulation, we demonstrate that the resulting estimate of the regression coefficient and its associated standard error provide a promising alternative to the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate. Our proposal is easily implemented by taking advantage of existing computer programs for right–censored data.
Quantitative comparison of MiTF, Melan-A, HMB-45 and Mel-5 in solar lentigines and melanoma in situ

Background: It is often challenging to reliably assess the number of lesional melanocytes in intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations involving sun-damaged skin. Therefore, dermatopathologists routinely use immunostains to help differentiate melanocytes from surrounding keratinocytes. Methods: Forty-three cases of solar lentigo or melanoma in situ (of the lentigo maligna type) were retrospectively chosen (20 melanomas in situ and 23 solar lentigo). Microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF), HMB-45, Melan-A and Mel-5 immunostains were performed with an Azure blue counterstain, and the mean melanocyte counts were calculated within a 1-mm segment of epidermis. Results: In solar lentigines, the mean melanocyte counts were 27 (MiTF), 23 (HMB-45 and Mel-5) and 41 (Melan-A), as compared to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (25). In melanoma in situ, the mean melanocyte counts were 112 (MiTF), 149 (Melan-A), 111 (HMB-45) and 80 (Mel-5), as compared to H&E (109). Conclusions: These results show that Melan-A significantly overestimates the density of melanocytes within dermatoheliotic skin. Compared to other tested stains, nuclear staining MiTF allowed greater distinction of melanocytes from keratinocytes with melanized cytoplasm. These findings indicate that MiTF is a superior marker for quantification of melanocytes in the evaluation of subtle intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations and in the differential diagnosis of solar lentigo. Kim J, Taube J, McCalmont TH, Glusac EJ. Quantitative comparison of MiTF, Melan-A, HMB-45 and Mel-5 in solar lentigines and melanoma in situ.
Effects of prescribed fire on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a ponderosa pine ecosystem

The effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine ecosystem on the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (including ammonification and nitrification) in the forest floor and mineral soil horizons were evaluated. The prescribed fire immediately increased the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the forest floor of all burned plots and in the mineral soil of one plot. The rates of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, in both the forest floor and mineral soil were not significantly different immediately after the burn when expressed on an organic matter basis. The rates of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floor and mineral soil were higher 6 and 10 months after the burn. The rate of decomposition (as measured by respiration) was lower in the forest floor but not in the mineral soil 6 and 10 months after the burn. Volatile organics that may inhibit rates of nitrogen mineralization may have been consumed by prescribed fire.
Tide gauge records, water level rise, and subsidence in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Long-term water level changes in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined using tide gauge records for this century. Strong coherence exists between the annual mean water changes at Galveston, Texas, and (1) the relatively geologically-stable west coast of Florida, (2) global mean sea level, and 93) the subsiding Louisiana coast. Water levels at the Galveston gauge, one of the longest records (81 yr), have risen steadily, but not accelerated over the long-term. The apparent acceleration of water rise in the recent two decades is within the historical pattern, and is probably driven by regional or global, but not local climatic factors. Because eustatic sea level has risen steadily this century, the analysis supports the conclusion that regional geologic subsidence has not varied significantly over the tide gauge record (1909–1988). Variations in the estimates of subsidence in the surface layers are generally consistent with the generally accepted understanding of the geology of deltaic processes on this coast.
The effect of deuterium oxide on the stability of the collagen model peptides H-(Pro-Pro-Gly)(10)-OH, H-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)(9)-OH, and Type I collagen.

The collagen triple helix has a larger accessible surface area per molecular mass than globular proteins, and therefore potentially more water interaction sites. The effect of deuterium oxide on the stability of collagen model peptides and Type I collagen molecules was analyzed by circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry. The transition temperatures (Tm) of the protonated peptide (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 were 25.4 and 28.7°C in H2O and D2O, respectively. The increase of the Tm of (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 measured calorimetrically at 1.0°C min−1 in a low pH solution from the protonated to the deuterated solvent was 5.1°C. The increases of the Tm for (Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)9 and pepsin-extracted Type I collagen were measured as 4.2 and 2.2°C, respectively. These results indicated that the increase in the Tm in the presence of D2O is comparable to that of globular proteins, and much less than reported previously for collagen model peptides [Gough and Bhatnagar, J Biomol Struct Dyn 1999, 17, 481–491]. These experimental results suggest that the interaction of water molecules with collagen is similar to the interaction of water with globular proteins, when the ratio of collagen to water is very small and collagen is monomerically dispersed in the solvent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 93–101, 2010. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Factorization, path integral representations, and the construction of direct and inverse wave propagation theories

The development of both direct and inverse wave propagation theories at the level of the reduced scalar Helmholtz equation is addressed. The principal constructive tool is the factorization analysis of the Helmholtz equation which derives from the physically suggestive picture of decoupled forward and backward wave propagation appropriate for transversely inhomogeneous environments. The factorization analysis, most significantly, provides for a more “microscopic” understanding of the Helmholtz wave propagation process. In so doing, the analysis underscores the intimate connection between the direct and inverse theories, provides an inherently multidimensional framework, and further serves as a focal point for a wide range of physical (the concept of an underlying stochastic process, the notion of strong and weak-coupling regimes, free motion on curved spaces) and mathematical (pseudo-differential operator theory, path integral methods, imbedding techniques) perspectives. The operator and path integral analysis provides for computational algorithms while foreshadowing extensions to more complex environments and other physical theories.
Pay-for-performance and the Millennium Development Goals

Only 23 countries are on course to reach Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5: to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75% by 2015 [1]. One reason for this slow progress is that, in many low-income and middle-income countries, most poor women deliver at home without skilled attendance, and thus face a high rate of obstetric complications. Our recent analysis, for example, found that in sub-Saharan Africa, from 2003 to the present, 78% of births among the poorest women occurred at home, of which 56% were unattended [2]. Reasons for this high rate of unattended home births include poor availability of health facilities, and social and cultural preferences for home delivery [2,3]. Increasing the proportion of poor women receiving skilled obstetric care is a complex public health challenge that defies easy solutions. Innovative approaches are desperately needed. References 1. Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M, et al. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23. 2. Montagu D, Yamey G, Visconti A, Harding A, Yoong J. Where do poor women in developing countries give birth? A multi-country analysis of demographic and health survey data. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17155. 3. Koblinsky M, Matthews Z, Hussein J, et al, on behalf of The Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Going to scale with professional skilled care. Lancet 2006; 368: 1377–86.
Hydroxyl radical production from irradiated Arctic dissolved organic matter

The hydroxyl radical (OH·) plays an important role in the environmental chemistry and biogeochemistry of surface waters. OH· acts as a strong oxidant within the irradiated water column, and affects the bioavailability, cycling, and mineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the speciation and redox state of important trace metals e.g., iron and copper, and the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The generation of this species from irradiated DOM may be especially important in Arctic surface waters during the boreal summer, which contains high levels of DOM and experiences continual solar irradiance. Here, we investigate the OH· produced from laser irradiated Arctic DOM isolated from Toolik Lake, AK (68°38′ N, 149°43′ W). We measured the wavelength dependence of OH· production for aqueous solutions of DOM and report that the greatest OH· production occurs at wavelengths less than 360 nm. OH· production rates ranged from 1.7 (±0.1)×10−7 M h−1 to 6.4 (±0.2)×10−7 M h−1, with the rate depending on both irradiation wavelength and to a lesser degree the method used to isolate the DOM matrix. These findings lead to a better understanding of the potentially important photo-oxidation processes that may impact DOM cycling in the Arctic.
Quadratic forms over C[t1, t2]

Abstract We show that dimension 4 quadratic forms over C(t1, t2), ti transcendental, do not satisfy what might be naturally taken as a strong Hasse principle though a weak Hasse principle exists. We reduced solvability to a question of determining the “quadratic reciprocity group” for the discriminant d, the classes modulo d of elements x such that d is a quadratic residue modulo x, We determine this group in terms of the class group of a function field. We prove that the weak Hasse principle does not hold for forms over C(t1, √d). Therefore, Witt and Brauer groups of 2 dimensional function fields over C do not restrict monomorphically to their localizations.
Electro-magnetic sensing and actuation array on silicon substrate platforms

Electromagnetic arrays can be precisely constructed on silicon CMOS technology as a platform for collective non-contact sensing and manipulation of magnetic or magnetized particles of micron to nano scale. Such platforms become a tool to interact with nano scale particles on the silicon substrate and enable direct interface to measurement and computing devices. This paper overviews current efforts along this direction and presents an example design of a platform for sensing and manipulating magnetized beads on its surface using standard silicon CMOS technology. The vision is that such arrays can be easily commanded in nano seconds to realize magnetic field profiles in order to steer magnetized material in the proximity of the platform. Moreover, as technology features decrease, the size of the electromagnetic coil cells in the array would also decrease to nano scale, sharpening the sensing and manipulation resolution of the platforms.
Dairy Waste Fiber as a Roughage Source for Dairy Heifers

Abstract Dairy cattle waste fiber, collected with a liquid-solid separator, was evaluated as a source of roughage for dairy heifers. Fresh dairy waste fiber (28% dry matter) constituted 0, 15, and 30% of the ration dry matter when mixed with whole chopped corn plant (47% dry matter). All silages fermented well as evidenced by pH, lactic acid concentrations, and palatability. Heifers were fed all diets ad libitum. Increasing dietary dairy waste fiber from 15 to 30% increased intakes and decreased digestibilities of dry matter. Feeding corn silage ensiled with dairy waste fiber at 0 to 15% dry matter produced no significant differences in intake of dry matter or digestibilities of crude protein, hemicellulose, or cellulose by heifers. Increasing the dairy waste fiber from 15 to 30% dry matter caused a significant reduction in digestibilities of crude protein and cellulose (dry matter). Additions of dairy waste fiber to corn silage did not affect nitrogenous components of serum, cholesterol, bilirubin, selected liver enzymes, or serum minerals in dairy heifers.
Conformation-Selective Inhibitors Reveal Differences in the Activation and Phosphate-Binding Loops of the Tyrosine Kinases Abl and Src

Over the past decade, an increasingly diverse array of potent and selective inhibitors that target the ATP-binding sites of protein kinases have been developed. Many of these inhibitors, like the clinically approved drug imatinib (Gleevec), stabilize a specific catalytically inactive ATP-binding site conformation of their kinases targets. Imatinib is notable in that it is highly selective for its kinase target, Abl, over other closely related tyrosine kinases, such as Src. In addition, imatinib is highly sensitive to the phosphorylation state of Abl's activation loop, which is believed to be a general characteristic of all inhibitors that stabilize a similar inactive ATP-binding site conformation. In this report, we perform a systematic analysis of a diverse series of ATP-competitive inhibitors that stabilize a similar inactive ATP-binding site conformation as imatinib with the tyrosine kinases Src and Abl. In contrast to imatinib, many of these inhibitors have very similar potencies against Src and Abl. Furthermore, only a subset of this class of inhibitors is sensitive to the phosphorylation state of the activation loop of these kinases. In attempting to explain this observation, we have uncovered an unexpected correlation between Abl's activation loop and another flexible active site feature, called the phosphate-binding loop (p-loop). These studies shed light on how imatinib is able to obtain its high target selectivity and reveal how the conformational preference of flexible active site regions can vary between closely related kinases.
Unit responses in hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation to acoustic stimuli and electrical stimulation of ipsi- and contralateral amygdala ☆

Abstract Stimulating electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the amygdala complex of 18 male rats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Single unit activity was recorded from anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation. Hypothalamic units were tested with ipsilateral and contralateral amygdala stimulation and units in the mesencephalic reticular formation were tested with ipsilateral amygdala stimulation. Click stimulation was presented to all units to determine convergence and interaction effects of auditory and amygdala stimuli. The typical effect of stimulation was a change in average firing rate. A few units in VMH and MRF showed stimulus-locked responses to ipsilateral amygdala stimulation and several VMH units responded in the same manner to contralateral amygdala stimulation. Stimulus-locked responses were not seen in any AH units. Convergence and interaction effects of amygdala and click stimulation were seen in all three structures.
Early initiation of bovine satellite I DNA replication

Abstract Synchronized bovine cells were used to study-the replication of satellite I DNA during the first 3 h of S phase. Following isopyknic ultracentrifugation, we compared the specific activities of pulselabelled satellite I and main band DNA. In addition, the specific activity of the Eco RI fragment of satellite I DNA was determined quantitatively and visualized qualitatively. All methods showed an increase in the specific activity of satellite I concurrent with that of main band DNA near the beginning of S phase, first detectable at 1−1 1 2 h into S phase. Thus, although most satellite DNAs replicated late in S phase [1], we report here that bovine satellite I initiates its replication early in S phase. The implications of this result for the control of DNA synthesis are discussed.
The effects of an anabolic androgenic steroid and low serotonin on social and non-social behaviors in male rats.

Abstract The behavioral and neurochemical impact of low serotonin (5-HT) was examined in gonadally intact male rats exposed to an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) during puberty. Low 5-HT was induced beginning on postnatal day 26 using parachlorophylalanine (PCPA). Injections of the AAS, testosterone (TP), began on day 40. The rats were tested in both non-social (locomotor activity and nose poke for food) and social (low-threat and high-threat) contexts. PCPA and TP + PCPA significantly decreased locomotor activity. PCPA alone significantly increased nose poke latency compared to controls. Freezing in the PCPA group was significantly elevated compared to TP and TP + PCPA groups, but not compared to controls. AAS did not affect non-social behaviors. Thus, low serotonin may increase freezing in a non-social context. Following provocation, PCPA and TP + PCPA significantly increased aggression toward smaller non-threatening opponents, suggesting that males with low 5-HT are more aggressive in a low-threat context when provoked. In the resident-pair intruder test, TP significantly increased aggression whereas PCPA did not, suggesting that in a high-threat context, aggression is primarily mediated by AAS. TP + PCPA males were also significantly more aggressive in the high-threat context suggesting that exposure to AAS may override freezing behavior induced by low serotonin. Both PCPA and TP + PCPA significantly and substantially depleted 5-HT and 5-HIAA in all brain regions examined. AAS significantly decreased 5-HIAA levels in the hypothalamus and increased 5-HT levels in the frontal cortex. Following withdrawal from TP + PCPA, most behavioral and neurochemical measures returned to control levels. These data suggest that low serotonin may be a contributing factor in the increased aggression displayed by adolescents who abuse AAS.
Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors 11–13 in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis

The functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 11–13 in central nervous system (CNS) infections are currently unknown. Using a murine model of neurocysticercosis, we investigated the expression and distribution of TLRs 11–13 by using both gene specific real-time PCR analysis and in situ immunofluoresence microscopy in both control and neurocysticercosis brains. In the mock infected brain, mRNAs of TLRs 11–13 were constitutively expressed. Parasite infection caused an increase of both mRNAs and protein levels of all three TLRs by several fold. All three TLR proteins were present in both CNS and immune cell types. Among them TLR13 was expressed the most in terms of number of positive cells and brain areas expressing it, followed by TLR11 and TLR12 respectively. Among the nervous tissue cells, TLRs 11–13 protein levels appeared highest in neurons. However, TLR13 expression was also present in ependymal cells, endothelial cells of pial blood vessels, and astrocytes. In contrast, infiltrating CD11b and CD11c positive myeloid cells predominantly produced TLR11 protein, particularly early during infection at 1 wk post infection (~50% cells). TLRs 12 and 13 proteins were present on approximately 5% of infiltrating immune cells. The infiltrating cells positive for TLRs 11–13 were mostly of myeloid origin, CD11b+ cells. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the expression of TLRs 11–13 in normal and parasite infected mouse brains and suggests a role for them in CNS infections.
Viruses and cell surface changes

Cell Surface Reviews. Volume 2: Virus Infection and the Cell Surface. Edited by G. Poste and G. L. Nicolson. Pp. 342. (North-Holland: Amsterdam, New York and Oxford, 1977.) $55.95; Dfl.137.
Sound Communication of Uinta Ground Squirrels

The purpose of this study was to catalog the calls given by Uinta ground squirrels, Citellus armatus , and to determine the cause and function of each. Spectrographic analysis permitted graphic descriptions and quantitative comparisons of the sounds. Records of the behavior of animals before and after each call, as well as the environmental situation, were the basis for determining the causes and functions of these signals. The squirrels produced six different calls: chirp, churr, squeal, squawk, teeth-clatter and growl. They used all the calls in agonistic behavior. An attack, approach or sight of another animal nearby elicited most of the calls. The signals functioned to intimidate others or to inhibit them from moving closer. Squirrels chirped in response to airborne predators and churred in response to ground predators. Spectrographic analysis indicated that these were the same calls the squirrels used in intraspecific threat. Their system of sound communication was simple and unspecific. Its primary use seemed to be as a general attention-getter. Perhaps relying on visual and scent communication and living in relatively open habitat promoted the development of their generalized system of sound communication.
Does a surprise strategy need words? The effect of explanations for a surprise strategy on customer delight and expectations

Purpose – Delighting customers by pleasant surprises is a common strategy, yet the potential downside of such a strategy (i.e. raising customer expectations) has received scant attention. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of explanations as a solution to control customers ' expectations following a surprise-delight event. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were tested with a 2 (surprise)×2 (explanation) between-subjects experimental design in two different service contexts (utilitarian and hedonic). University staff and faculty members served as the participant pool. Findings – The results indicate that providing an explanation helps to avoid raising customer expectations to unsustainable levels and enhances customer delight. Research limitations/implications – Using hypothetical scenarios, single test for each context, and having the participants with high educational and income levels are identified as limitations in this study. Practical implications – This study demonstrates that ...
Communication Efficient BSP Algorithm for All Nearest Smaller Values Problem

We present a BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) algorithm for solving the All Nearest Smaller Values Problem (ANSVP), a fundamental problem in both graph theory and computational geometry. Our algorithm achieves optimal sequential computation time and uses only three communication supersteps. In the worst case, each communication phase takes no more than an (np+p)-relation, where p is the number of the processors. In addition, our average-case analysis shows that, on random inputs, the expected communication requirements for all three steps are bounded above by a p-relation, which is independent of the problem size n. Experiments have been carried out on an SGI Origin 2000 with 32 R10000 processors and a SUN Enterprise 4000 multiprocessing server supporting 8 UltraSPARC processors, using the MPI libraries. The results clearly demonstrate the communication efficiency and load balancing for computation.
Digital Autoland Control Laws Using Quantitative Feedback Theory and Direct Digital Design

of several aircraft problems, but not for outer-loop control or for automatic landing. This paper describes the synthesis and development of an automatic landing controller for medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles, using discrete quantitative feedback theory. Controllers for the localizer, glideslope tracker, and automatic flare are developed, with a focus on outer-loop synthesis and robustness with respect to model uncertainty. Linear, nonreal-time, six-degree-of-freedom Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the quantitative feedback theory controller with a baseline proportional–integral controller in several still-air and turbulent-air landing scenarios. Results presented in the paper show that the quantitative feedback theory controller provides superior performance robustness to the proportional–integral controller in turbulent-air conditions when model uncertainties are present. It is therefore concluded to be a promising candidate for an autoland controller for unmanned air vehicles.
Overcoming high-field RF problems with non-magnetic Cartesian feedback transceivers.

In extending human MR to field strengths approaching 10 T, the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation at the proton Larmor frequency becomes less than human body size and conventional radio-frequency coil circumference. Consequently, radio-frequency magnetic fields are better generated by an array of small coils than by one large coil. In this article, the primary problem of array coil interactions during transmission is examined, and a standard proposed whereby secondary induced currents should be less than 1% of the primary coil current. The use of cancellation methods and of power amplifiers with high output impedance to reduce interactions is examined in the light of this standard and found wanting. Non-magnetic Cartesian feedback transceivers functioning at the magnet entrance are then proposed as a solution that both reduces instrumentation cost and increases the bandwidth over which the standard may be met. The compromises inherent in instrument design are detailed and examples given of the innovative circuitry used. It is shown experimentally that when connected to interacting coils, two Cartesian feedback instruments function stably in accord with theory and such that the proposed standard is typically attained over a bandwidth of 22 kHz during transmission (much greater during signal reception)—enough for all current MR protocols.
English training for professionals in China: Introducing a successful EFL training programme

Abstract China's fast economic development is assisted in many ways by English-speaking Chinese professionals. This article presents a general picture of how intensive English training for Chinese professionals is carried out in China. It first explains why it is necessary to train Chinese professionals in English, the educational and social background, then it introduces the new intensive English training course for professionals. The second part of the article concentrates on the CCECC English training programme, an example given by the author to illustrate how such an English training course is run in China, its curriculum, pedagogical approaches and principles with measures taken to make it a successful programme. The practice and experience gained from running this kind of intensive English training course might be informative and helpful to teachers of English in other developing countries, who are engaged in similar teaching tasks.
Mid‐Career Faculty Development Awards in Geriatrics: Does Retraining Work?

Objective To evaluate the success of a mid-career physicians faculty retraining in geriatric medicine. Design Written survey of participants in the John Hartford Foundation's Mid-Career Faculty Development Program (1984–1988). Setting Four well established geriatric fellowship training programs. Participants The 29 physicians who received John Hartford Foundation awards. Results Twenty-one (87%) of 24 respondents felt that the fellowship year had either a “major” or “significant” impact on their careers, and 87% also spend a significant portion of their time training others in geriatrics. Conclusion This 4-year experiment in mid-career faculty retraining in geriatrics suggests that this approach is a viable alternative to traditional 2-year fellowships for helping to reduce the shortage of faculty in geriatric medicine.
Changes in radiosensitivity of V-79 cells accompanying growth and cell division

The X-ray survival curve for asynchronous Chinese hamster V-79 cells at 17-20 hr after plating when cells are irradiated as microclones of two to four cells, differs from the survival curve seen at short times after plating, when single cells are irradiated, in having higher D0 (300 rad vs 160 rad) and negligible extrapolation number. As a consequence of the difference in D0 the difference in survival between single cells and clones increases with increasing dose. Transient cyclic changes in survival occur at early times after plating and are probably related to partial synchronization induced by trypsinization. In addition there is a progressive increase in survival which develops with increasing time after plating, as the number of cells in the clones increases. Decrease in radiosensitivity with increasing number of cells irradiated is also observed for synchronous cells when cells at corresponding points in the cell cycle are irradiated. Accumulation and repair of sublethal damage is demonstrable in ce...
Discontinuous Galerkin Transport on the Spherical Yin–Yang Overset Mesh

AbstractA discontinuous Galerkin (DG) transport scheme is presented that employs the Yin–Yang grid on the sphere. The Yin–Yang grid is a quasi-uniform overset mesh comprising two notched latitude–longitude meshes placed at right angles to each other. Surface fluxes of conserved scalars are obtained at the overset boundaries by interpolation from the interior of the elements on the complimentary grid, using high-order polynomial interpolation intrinsic to the DG technique. A series of standard tests are applied to evaluate its performance, revealing it to be robust and its accuracy to be competitive with other global advection schemes at equivalent resolutions. Under p-type grid refinement, the DG Yin–Yang method exhibits spectral error convergence for smooth initial conditions and third-order geometric convergence for C1 continuous functions. In comparison with finite-volume implementations of the Yin–Yang mesh, the DG implementation is less complex, as it does not require a wide halo region of elements f...
The architecture of Tetrahymena telomerase holoenzyme

Telomerase adds telomeric repeats to chromosome ends using an internal RNA template and a specialized telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), thereby maintaining genome integrity. Little is known about the physical relationships among protein and RNA subunits within a biologically functional holoenzyme. Here we describe the architecture of Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase holoenzyme determined by electron microscopy. Six of the seven proteins and the TERT-binding regions of telomerase RNA (TER) have been localized by affinity labelling. Fitting with high-resolution structures reveals the organization of TERT, TER and p65 in the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) catalytic core. p50 has an unanticipated role as a hub between the RNP catalytic core, p75-p19-p45 subcomplex, and the DNA-binding Teb1. A complete in vitro holoenzyme reconstitution assigns function to these interactions in processive telomeric repeat synthesis. These studies provide the first view of the extensive network of subunit associations necessary for telomerase holoenzyme assembly and physiological function.
Defensive burying of aversive fluids in rats: The effects of peripheral anosmia ☆

Abstract Three experiments were conducted in order to determine the role of olfactory stimulation in defensive burying of aversive fluids in rats. The results revealed that zinc sulfate-induced anosmia eliminated burying of fluids paired with lithium chloride as well as an inherently aversive solution. This occurred despite the fact that the rats avoided consuming them. These data indicate that defensive burying of aversive fluids is governed by olfactory stimuli and confirms an earlier report, which indicted that burying does not occur in response to aversive gustatory stimuli.
Factorial decomposition of CO2 emissions: A generalized Divisia index approach

Abstract This paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the impact of the major factors driving CO 2 emissions: GDP, energy consumption, population, their carbon intensities, and other related indicators that may be chosen arbitrarily. The suggested approach is based on the generalization of the Divisia index to interconnected factors. The approach also extends the Kaya identity by explicitly including Gross Domestic Product and energy consumption. A computer program in R language aimed at automating the calculations is supplied. Factorial analysis of the United States' and China's CO 2 emissions is provided as an example of application.
On the infrared spectra of dichlorocarbene and the trichloromethyl radical in solid argon

ON THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF DICHLOROCARBENE AND THE TRICHLOROMETHYL RADICAL IN SOLID ARGON Lester Andrews Chemistry Department and Center for Advanced Studies University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22901 (Received in USA 23 October 1967) We have announced the infrared detection (1) of v3 of the CC13 radical and recently discussed the infrared spectra c2p3) of th e products of reactions of lithium atoms with carbon tetrachloride observed when molecular beams of the alkali metal and halocarbon at high dilution in argon are simultaneously condensed on a salt window at 15'K. Since we were not aware of the pyrolysis and discharge work of Steudelc4) at the writing of these earlier papers, we feel that it is now necessary to question the interpretation presented by Steudel.
Constructing a compound mode-of-action network for personalized drug effectiveness prediction

The problem of large scale computational drug screening is considered in this paper. A new concept of Mode-of-Action (MoA) network, or MoNet, is introduced to model the relationship of therapeutic effectiveness between different drugs. A new algorithm for constructing Mode-of-Action groups and subsequently MoNet based on gene expression profile of drug treatment is proposed. The algorithm has been applied to the data from the Connectivity Map (cMap) project and a cMap MoNet was obtained. A new drug effectiveness prediction algorithm based on MoNet is also developed and applied to an independent breast cancer data set. The prediction result shows improvement in precision over cMap.
Personalized medicine: Time for one-person trials

Precision medicine requires a different type of clinical trial that focuses on individual, not average, responses to therapy, says Nicholas J. Schork.
Personality and Health in the 1980s: Psychosomatic Medicine Revisited?

This special issue is a sign of a resurgence of interest in the role of personality in health not seen since the 1940s and early 1950s when the promises of the psychosomatic approach to health and illness appeared to be the greatest. This new look at personality and health represented by contributions to this special issue attempts to address the limitations of earlier work in psychosomatic medicine by making more explicit efforts to define personality variables precisely, to distinguish these variables from conceptually related psychological constructs, and to embed them in a body of theory and empirical research. This new work also attempts to remedy methodological limitations of earlier work by placing greater emphasis on prospective research and highlighting distinctions between symptom reports, illness behavior, and actual illness. However, the new work and earlier work in psychosomatic medicine share certain working assumptions, for example, a primary emphasis on the relatively direct impact of personality on disease onset, an assumption that personality variables operate in interaction with stressful events, and a frequent emphasis on general susceptibility to disease. Moreover, this new work frequently risks the same methodological pitfalls that limited scientific progress in psychosomatic medicine. We argue that the rapid rise and decline of psychosomatic medicine is most likely to be repeated in research on personality and health in the 1980s if reasonable criteria for considering personality variables a risk factor for disease are not precisely defined, disease endpoints (the dependent variable) are not assessed precisely, personality variables of interest (the independent variable) are not empirically distinguished from other related psychological variables, and complex relationships among risk factors are not taken into account. It is emphasized that models drawn from personality research cannot be transferred unchanged to the health arena without risking false inferences about the role of personality in health.
DOWN-REGULATION OF LFA-1 ADHESION RECEPTORS BY C-MYC ONCOGENE IN HUMAN B LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS

The function of the c-myc gene and its role in tumorigenesis are poorly understood. In order to elucidate the role of c-myc oncogene activation in B cell malignancy, the phenotypic changes caused by the expression of c-myc oncogenes in human B lymphoblastoid cells immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus were analyzed. C-myc oncogenes caused the down-regulation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) adhesion molecules (alpha L/beta 2 integrin) and loss of homotypic B cell adhesion in vitro. Down-regulation of LFA-1 occurred by (i) posttranscriptional modulation of LFA-1 alpha L-chain RNA soon after acute c-myc induction, and (ii) transcriptional modulation in cells that chronically express c-myc oncogenes. Analogous reductions in LFA-1 expression were detectable in Burkitt lymphoma cells carrying activated c-myc oncogenes. Since LFA-1 is involved in B cell adhesion to cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and vascular endothelium, these results imply functions for c-myc in normal B cell development and lymphomagenesis.
Japanese Attitudes Toward Women

Abstract Samples of Japanese college men and women (n = 242) and married women with children (n = 72) were administered a Japanese translation of the short version of Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp's (1973) Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS). A comparison of mean scores on the AWS and the percentage of agreement on individual scale items indicated that men were more conservative than women, generally endorsing the traditional view of women's place in the home and a separation of men's and women's activities. Although mothers were more liberal than men, unmarried college women held the most liberal views of the sample.
Incorporating power reduction mechanism in arithmetic core design

A novel supply voltage switching mechanism for reducing power dissipation of array structures is presented. The mechanism eliminates power dissipated by the glitching while it maintains the speed. The mechanism can be applied to either fully combinational or pipelined array structures such as parallel multipliers and/or CORDICs. The mechanism is easily incorporated such that no circuit change in the existing array structure is necessary.
SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDING POLICIES IN PR CHINA

A "great leap forward" in shipping and shipbuilding was launched by China in the late 1970s. The development of the country's policies in these two areas is traced. These policies have been determined by a combination of domestic and international variables and, in the opinion of the author, have been relatively successful. The future development of both the shipping and shipbuilding industries in China is assured by their increasing importance to the national economy.
Molecular control of wood formation in trees

Wood (also termed secondary xylem) is the most abundant biomass produced by plants, and is one of the most important sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The development of wood begins with the differentiation of the lateral meristem, vascular cambium, into secondary xylem mother cells followed by cell expansion, secondary wall deposition, programmed cell death, and finally heartwood formation. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in uncovering the molecular players involved in various developmental stages of wood formation in tree species. Hormonal signalling has been shown to play critical roles in vascular cambium cell proliferation and a peptide-receptor-transcription factor regulatory mechanism similar to that controlling the activity of apical meristems is proposed to be involved in the maintenance of vascular cambium activity. It has been demonstrated that the differentiation of vascular cambium into xylem mother cells is regulated by plant hormones and HD-ZIP III transcription factors, and the coordinated activation of secondary wall biosynthesis genes during wood formation is mediated by a transcription network encompassing secondary wall NAC and MYB master switches and their downstream transcription factors. Most genes encoding the biosynthesis enzymes for wood components (cellulose, xylan, glucomannan, and lignin) have been identified in poplar and a number of them have been functionally characterized. With the availability of genome sequences of tree species from both gymnosperms and angiosperms, and the identification of a suite of wood-associated genes, it is expected that our understanding of the molecular control of wood formation in trees will be greatly accelerated.
Contact Conductance of Selected Metal-Matrix Composites

Thermal contact conductance data are reported for metal-matrix composite materials at various temperatures. The surfaces were ground using a diamond wheel; therefore, the surface characterization parameters were anisotropic. The measurements were for 2124 aluminum with silicon carbide particulate (SiCp) volumetric loading fractions of 25 and 30%, and 6061 aluminum with SiCp loading fractions of 40 and 55%. The results were nondimensionalized and compared with a recent contact conductance theory that accounts for surface slope anisotropy of conforming rough surfaces. All data were consistently overpredicted by the theory, which does not include composite material effects. In fact, the sample surfaces did not show the bivariate normal surface slope distribution fundamentally assumed by the theory. It was concluded that a new theory may be needed to account for composite particle effects, surface slope distributions other than bivariate normal, or both of these effects. P V Nomenclature contact microhardness contact conductance harmonic mean thermal conductivity surface height variance minimum profile slope variance maximum profile slope variance apparent contact pressure ratio of minimum to maximum rms profile slopes
Stalking the Schizovirus

The possibility that some cases of schizophrenia are caused by a chronic infectious process of the central nervous system is being explored. This hypothesis was popular in the early years of the 19th century and has been revived as certain properties of viruses have become better understood (e.g., neurotropism, latency, and ability to alter cell enzymes without affecting cell structure). Schizophrenia could theoretically be caused by infections occurring either in utero or at any time up to the age of onset. Research on a possible viral etiology of some cases of schizophrenia is being carried out using both indirect measures (seasonality of schizophrenic births, prevalence studies, immunological abnormalities, antiviral effects of antipsychotic drugs, and studies of identical twins) as well as direct measures (neuropathology, transmission to laboratory animals, and detection of the viral genome, antigen, or antibody).
TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks

We introduce TinySec, the first fully-implemented link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In our design, we leverage recent lessons learned from design vulnerabilities in security protocols for other wireless networks such as 802.11b and GSM. Conventional security protocols tend to be conservative in their security guarantees, typically adding 16--32 bytes of overhead. With small memories, weak processors, limited energy, and 30 byte packets, sensor networks cannot afford this luxury. TinySec addresses these extreme resource constraints with careful design; we explore the tradeoffs among different cryptographic primitives and use the inherent sensor network limitations to our advantage when choosing parameters to find a sweet spot for security, packet overhead, and resource requirements. TinySec is portable to a variety of hardware and radio platforms. Our experimental results on a 36 node distributed sensor network application clearly demonstrate that software based link layer protocols are feasible and efficient, adding less than 10% energy, latency, and bandwidth overhead.