cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure of Molecules, Clusters and Surfaces Using Ab Initio Relativistic Effective Core and Core/Valence Polarization Potentials

One of the most difficult problems that must be addressed in ab initio calculations of many-electron, multi-center wavefunctions is the prediction of accuracy. All procedures based on linear combinations of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals (LCAO-MO) in the context of Hartree-Fock (HF) and subsequent post-HF procedures such as configuration interaction (CI), many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and its varients, must face such an assement.1 This is particularly true for the most commonly used methods, which involve choosing a basis set of finite size to define the LCAO-MOs. The use of Slater-type orbitals (STO) or primitive Cartesian Gaussian-type orbitals (GTO), most often incorporating some level of contraction (CGTOs) based on atomic self-consistent field (SCF) wavefunctions in molecular ab initio calculations has been extensively studied.1,2 The importance of choosing basis sets that are both carefully optimized and contain a sufficient number of functions cannot be overstated. Furthermore, once this basis set has been established, post-HF procedures must address the additional concern of size and quality of the subsequent one-electron SCF or multi-configuration (MCSCF) MO basis set and the set of MO electron configurations (in CI) or level of excitations (in MBPT) that define the many-electron wavefunction for the desired electronic state.
Perceptions of Law Enforcement Officers in Seeking Mental Health Treatment in a Right-to-Work State

The high stress environment of law enforcement places officers at risk for a variety of mental and physical health problems; however, officers are reluctant to seek out treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify which factors associated with law enforcement officers had predictive value in the level of stigma perceived in seeking mental health treatment by currently employed, certified peace officers in Arizona. The factors included sex, age, race/ethnicity, years employed as an officer, size of the department, current rank/position within the department, the type of government operating the agency, and payment of union dues. The study included 454 participants. Participation included the completion of demographic data, the Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help (SSOSH), and the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH). Using standard multiple regression, the most significant finding was the relationship between the size of the department and levels of stigma (p = .014); such that, the size was inversely related to the levels of perceived stigma. As the agency size increased, the perceptions of stigma decreased. Such a finding has several implications for law enforcement agencies related to preparedness and training.
Lipid lowering and beyond: Results from the CARE study on lipoproteins and inflammation

The plasma LDL concentration in firmly established as a cause of coronary heart disease. However, the efficacy of LDL lowering may reach a limit when it is brought well below average during treatment. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial compared pravastatin and placebo in patients who had experienced myocardial infarction who had average concentrations of total cholesterol < 240 mg/dl (baseline mean 209 mg/dl) and LDL cholesterol (LDL) 115 to 174 mg/dl (mean 139 mg/dl). Pravastatin reduced coronary death or recurrent myocardial infarction by 24%. In multivariate analysis, the LDL concentration achieved during follow-up was a significant predictor of the coronary event rate. The relationship was nonlinear since the coronary event rate declined as LDL decreased during follow-up from 174 to approximately 125 mg/dl, but no further decline was seen in the LDL range from 125 to 71 mg/dl. A major ongoing effort in the CARE trial concerns the identification of non-LDL mediated mechanisms of coronary events. Chronic low-grade inflammation has recently been identified as an important new risk factor for coronary artery disease. Two markers of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were measured in patients in the CARE trial who suffered a recurrent myocardial infarction or coronary death and in those who did not have these recurrent events. Levels of both inflammatory markers were significantly higher among post-myocardial infarction patients who subsequently developed recurrent coronary events. This association was significant in the patients who were treated with placebo but not in those in the pravastatin group. In conclusion, attaining an LDL of < 125 mg/dl may be sufficient treatment of LDL concentrations, removing the adverse effect of LDL on coronary events. These findings also raise the possibility that the efficacy of pravastatin may partly result from anti-inflammatory as well as lipid lowering properties.
Market-Based Optimal Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fleets and Economic Analysis

AbstractThis paper proposes an optimization algorithm for coordinating charging/discharging activities of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) within the electricity market environment. PHEV Fleets are considered as a promising solution to provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. The interactions between PHEVs and the power grid will bring many challenges to the current power market. In this paper, V2G is taken into account in the ancillary service market for providing frequency regulation service. Large-scale PHEV fleet integration will cause load volatility and destabilize the grid if it is implemented without proper control. This paper proposes an optimal strategy to maximize the V2G profits while minimizing the charging costs. The optimal strategy is based on the price forecast for both residential electricity and market regulation. Because of the stochastic nature of electricity price, the proposed optimal problem is solved using stochastic dynamic programming to obtain an optimal solution with th...
Thrombosis of an ovarian vein varicocele in the postpartum period; a case report.

Abstract A case of thrombosis of an ovarian vein varicocele has been described and probably represents the first of its kind to be reported. The literature pertaining to other types of pelvic varicoceles is briefly noted.
Realization of vision-based navigation and object recognition algorithms for the sample return challenge

We present the improvements to AERO, the Autonomous Exploration Rover, developed for the 2014 NASA Sample Return Robot competition with the intent of enabling more robust and reliable autonomous operation for sample return rovers. The competition requires the robot to navigate a large outdoor area, find and collect various geologic samples, and return to the starting platform all autonomously and utilizing only space compatible technologies. We highlight improvements made in the implementation and deployment of the vision, navigation, and planning systems. We describe the process of modifying the software to be closer aligned with ROS standard practices, resulting in more predictable and stable operation. We conclude by providing a roadmap for the integration of multiple heterogeneous systems in a shared control framework to enable efficient exploration of large unknown environments.
NEW NON-LETHAL CALMODULIN MUTATIONS IN PARAMECIUM : A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BIPARTITION HYPOTHESIS

The mechanisms by which calmodulin coordinates its numerous molecular targets in living cells remain largely unknown. To further understand how this pivotal Ca2+-binding protein functions in vivo, we isolated and studied nine new Paramecium behavioral mutants defective in calmodulin. Nucleotide sequences of mutant calmodulin genes indicated single amino-acid substitutions in mutants cam4(E104K), cam5-1 (D95G), cam6 (A102V), cam7 (H135R), cam14-1 (G59S) and cam15 (D50G). In addition, we encountered a second occurrence of three identified substitutions; they are cam1-2 (S101F), cam5-2 (D95G) and cam14-2 (G59S). Most of these mutational changes occurred in sites that have been highly conserved throughout evolution. Furthermore, most of these changes were not among the amino acids known to interact with the basic amphiphilic peptides of calmodulin targets. Consistent with our previous finding [Kink, J. A., Maley, M. E., Preston R. R., Ling, K.-Y., Wallen-Friedman, M. A., Saimi, Y. & Kung, C. (1990) Cell 62, 165–174], mutants that under-reacted to certain stimuli (allele number above 10) had substitutions in the N-terminal lobe of calmodulin, and those that over-reacted (below 10) had substitutions in the C-terminal lobe. No mutations were found in the central helix that connects the lobes. Thus, through undirected in vivo mutation analyses of Paramecium, we discovered that each of the two lobes of calmodulin has a distinct role in regulating the function of a specific ion channel and eventually the behavior of Paramecium. We, therefore, propose a hypothesis of functional bipartition of calmodulin that reflects its structural bipartition.
The Spectrum of Mars in the Region 1800–3200 cm −1

During the 1971 opposition of Mars, new infrared spectra covering the region 1800–3200 cm−1(3.1–5.6 μ)were taken at a resolution of 0.095 cm−1 using a Connes’-type Fourier spectrometer on the 2.7 m telescope, McDonald Observatory. Spectra were obtained near 6° and 33° phase and were calibrated against the Sun, standard stars and an internal black body.
Applying hidden Markov models to recognition of nonverbal speech

Experimental results of the application of a hidden-Markov-model-based isolated-word recognition procedure to nonverbal speech are presented. Effects of different model structures on the accuracy of recognition are discussed. >
Electron-impact excitation of the Cameron system (a(3)pi yields x(1) Sigma) transition of CO

The results of experimental observations of the Cameron bands of CO produced by electron impacts with CO and CO2 are presented, noting that the bands have been detected in the atmospheres of both Mars and Venus. The study was initiated to account for Conway's (1981) data that the Martian airglow displayed cross-sectional dissociative excitation of the Cameron bands seven time larger than laboratory measurements by Ajello (1971). Spectrometer measurements were obtained of processes occurring in a chamber filled with CO or CO2 gas being bombarded by an electron beam. A value three times higher than the previous lab oratory estimate was obtained. Reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, including a present factor of two error in laboratory estimates.
Resonance Collisions of Electrons with Molecules and in Solids

The resonance model describes an enhancement of the amplitude of an electron at a collision target, and usually also an increase in the collision time. The importance of the model comes from the reactions made possible by these two effects, reactions which often could not occur in direct collisions.
From many body wee partons dynamics to perfect fluid: a standard model for heavy ion collisions

We discuss a standard model of heavy ion collisions that has emerged both from experimental results of the RHIC program and associated theoretical developments. We comment briefly on the impact of early results of the LHC program on this picture. We consider how this standard model of heavy ion collisions could be solidified or falsified in future experiments at RHIC, the LHC and a future Electro-Ion Collider.
When will the summer Arctic be nearly sea ice free

[1] The observed rapid loss of thick multiyear sea ice over the last 7 years and the September 2012 Arctic sea ice extent reduction of 49% relative to the 1979–2000 climatology are inconsistent with projections of a nearly sea ice-free summer Arctic from model estimates of 2070 and beyond made just a few years ago. Three recent approaches to predictions in the scientific literature are as follows: (1) extrapolation of sea ice volume data, (2) assuming several more rapid loss events such as 2007 and 2012, and (3) climate model projections. Time horizons for a nearly sea ice-free summer for these three approaches are roughly 2020 or earlier, 2030 ± 10 years, and 2040 or later. Loss estimates from models are based on a subset of the most rapid ensemble members. It is not possible to clearly choose one approach over another as this depends on the relative weights given to data versus models. Observations and citations support the conclusion that most global climate model results in the CMIP5 archive are too conservative in their sea ice projections. Recent data and expert opinion should be considered in addition to model results to advance the very likely timing for future sea ice loss to the first half of the 21st century, with a possibility of major loss within a decade or two.
Atmospheric impacts of an Arctic sea ice minimum as seen in the Community Atmosphere Model

There is growing recognition that reductions in Arctic sea ice extent will influence patterns of atmospheric circulation both within and beyond the Arctic. We explore the impact of 2007 ice conditions (the second lowest Arctic sea ice extent in the satellite era) on atmospheric circulation and surface temperatures and fluxes through a series of model experiments with the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3). Two 30-year simulations were performed; one using climatological sea ice extent for the end of the 20th century and other using observed sea ice extent from 2007. Circulation differences over the Northern Hemisphere were most prominent during autumn and winter with lower sea level pressure (SLP) and tropospheric pressure simulated over much of the Arctic for the 2007 sea ice experiment. The atmospheric response to 2007 ice conditions was much weaker during summer, with negative SLP anomalies simulated from Alaska across the Arctic to Greenland. Higher temperatures and larger surface fluxes to the atmosphere in areas of anomalous open water were also simulated. CAM3 experiment results were compared to observed SLP anomalies from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis data. The observed SLP anomalies during spring are nearly opposite to those simulated. In summer, large differences were shown between the observed and simulated SLP also, suggesting that the sea ice conditions in the months preceding and during the summer of 2007 were not responsible for creating an atmospheric circulation pattern which favoured the large observed sea ice loss. The simulated and observed atmospheric circulation anomalies during autumn and winter were more similar than spring and summer, with the exception of a strong high pressure system in the Beaufort Sea which was not simulated, suggesting that the forced atmospheric response to reduced sea ice was in part responsible for the observed atmospheric circulation anomalies during autumn and winter.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with moxifloxacin

Purpose A possible case of moxifloxacin-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is reported. Summary A 66-year-old Caucasian woman with stage II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) arrived at the emergency department from an outpatient clinic complaining of worsening shortness of breath, headache, body aches, and dizziness. Five days before her arrival at the hospital, the patient was seen in an outpatient clinic with symptoms of COPD exacerbation and was given a corticosteroid taper of prednisone 40 mg daily and moxifloxacin 400 mg daily. The patient was hospitalized, and her serum sodium concentration was 110 meq/L. Moxifloxacin was continued on admission, and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for frequent neurologic examination, serial serum sodium measurements, and fluid restriction. Her laboratory test results were consistent with SIADH. Fluid restriction at 1 L/day initially corrected her serum sodium concentration to 119 meq/L, but increases in serum sodium plateaued by day 2 of admission (119–122 meq/L). Moxifloxacin was discontinued on hospital day 3. At discharge, on hospital day 5, her serum sodium concentration had increased to 131 meq/L. She was restarted on her home medications and followed up in an outpatient clinic one week later. After multiple etiologies were ruled out, drug-induced SIADH associated with moxifloxacin was the most likely diagnosis for this patient. Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse drug effect when assessing patients with hyponatremia or SIADH. Conclusion A 66-year-old woman developed severe hyponatremia after receiving moxifloxacin for five days for treatment of COPD exacerbation.
Abstract LB-263: Study of Hox gene expression in normal and malignant colonic tissues implicates Hox A4 and Hox D10 in the stem cell-origin of colon cancer

Our goal was to identify transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that maintain stem cell (SC) population size in normal colonic epithelium because dysregulation, following acquisition of mutations, leads to tumor SC overpopulation, tumor initiation, and colon cancer. We used microarray analysis to identify a unique gene-expression pattern for a SC-enriched population (the bottom third of the normal human crypt, where colonic SC reside). Two-color microarray analysis (18,500 genes) was used to analyze gene expression in isolated crypt subsections (top [T], middle [M], and bottom [B] thirds). About 25% of known genes were expressed (showed hybridization to RNA from colonic epithelium). Several RNA species (n=287) were preferentially expressed in one of the three crypt subsections (T, M, or B). Six of the known genes up regulated in the bottom third of the crypt mapped to the P13 kinase pathway and two were Hox genes (Hox A4 and D10). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then used to analyze expression of Hox A4 and Hox D10 in human colonic tissues. IHC showed that both Hox A4 and D10 are expressed in cells residing at the bottom of the normal crypt and are co-expressed with aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a SC marker in these cells. Moreover, IHC showed that Hox A4 and D10 are overexpressed in tumors compared with normal colonic epithelium. These data represent the first gene-expression profiles for sub-regions of the human colonic crypt, especially the SC-rich crypt base, which we now know has a unique gene-expression signature. Co-expression of Hox A4 and D10 with ALDH1 in normal colonocytes suggests that these Hox genes have a role in regulation of the crypt SC population size. Overexpression of Hox A4 and D10 in colon cancer suggests that these Hox genes, when dysregulated, contribute to SC overpopulation and colon tumorigenesis. Identification of the Hox gene-based mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of normal crypt SC population size and in dysregulation of neoplastic SC populations could lead to identification of SC-based targets and ways to develop new, more effective treatments for advanced colon cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-263.
Development of a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system in male rats after spinal transection: morphologic changes and implications for estrogen sites of action.

The lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid-sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). In male rats, SNB motoneurons exhibit a biphasic pattern of dendritic growth, having an initial period of exuberant growth followed by a period of retraction to mature lengths by 7 weeks of age. This growth is steroid dependent: dendrites fail to grow after castration, but growth is supported in castrates treated with estradiol. In this experiment, we examined whether supraspinal afferent input by means of descending spinal tracts to the SNB was involved in the normal postnatal development of SNB motoneurons, and whether the effect of estradiol on SNB dendritic growth could be explained by an indirect action of estradiol on supraspinal afferents. Motoneuron morphology was assessed in normal males, early- or late-postnatally transected males, castrated males left untreated or treated with estradiol, and transected castrates treated with estradiol. SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase during both the growth and retraction phases of dendritic development and reconstructed in three dimensions. The removal of supraspinal afferents resulted in extremely local effects within the developing SNB arbor, as well as transient alterations in somal growth. Furthermore, spinal transection did not block the trophic effect of estradiol on supporting SNB dendritic growth, indicating that estrogens do not act by means of supraspinal input to support SNB motoneuron development.
Quantitative assessment of infant reaching movements.

We have identified a fundamental property of human motor behavior as a tight coupling of the curvature-speed relationship in the reaching movements of 5- to 9-month-old infants. This relationship termed a movement unit, occurs regardless of the distance or duration of the reach and in spite of the developmental change that occurs in grasping during this period. Movement unit durations are tightly clustered around 200 ms regardless of overall duration or distance or the position of the unit in the reach.The curvature-speed coupling has been identified by others in adult reaching and handwriting. Models of biological motor control must account for this invariant relationship.
Haploidy but Not Parthenogenetic Activation Leads to Increased Incidence of Apoptosis in Mouse Embryos

Aneuploidy underlies failed development and possibly apoptosis of some preimplantation embryos. We employed a haploid model in the mouse to study the effects of aneuploidy on apoptosis in preimplantation embryos. Mouse metaphase II oocytes that were activated with strontium formed haploid parthenogenetic embryos with 1 pronucleus, whereas activation of oocytes with strontium plus cytochalasin D produced diploid parthenogenetic embryo controls with 2 pronuclei. Strontium induced calcium transients that mimic sperm-induced calcium oscillations, and ploidy was confirmed by chromosomal analysis. Rates of development and apoptosis were compared between haploid and diploid parthenogenetic embryos (parthenotes) and control embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF). Haploid mouse parthenotes cleaved at a slower rate, and most arrested before the blastocyst stage, in contrast to diploid parthenotes or IVF embryos. Developmentally retarded haploid parthenotes exhibited apoptosis at a significantly higher frequency than did diploid parthenotes or IVF embryos. However, diploid parthenotes exhibited rates of preimplantation development and apoptosis similar to those of IVF embryos, indicating that parthenogenetic activation itself does not initiate apoptosis during preimplantation development. These results suggest that haploidy can lead to an increased incidence of apoptosis. Moreover, the initiation of apoptosis during preimplantation development does not require the paternal genome.
Spinodals and the temperature-dependent compressive strength of crystalline poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)

Molecular simulations are carried out to determine the spinodal of crystalline poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) with respect to temperature and compressive axial stress. The simulations show that the temperature of the spinodal decreases with increasing compressive axial stress, and vice versa. This coupling of the effects of temperature and stress occurs because both increased temperature and compressive axial stress lead to axial contraction in the crystal, and the spinodal corresponds to an Euler buckling instability that occurs when the axial lattice parameter falls below a critical value. The simulation results for the spinodal are very similar to the experimental results for the temperature-dependent compressive strength of Kevlar fibers (which are composed of semicrystalline PPTA), suggesting that the compressive failure of Kevlar fibers arises from the spinodal of the PPTA crystal phase, rather than a defect-mediated mechanism.
“Single ladies on the Congo”: Protestant missionary tensions and voices

Abstract The desirability of appointing single women for mission work in the Belgian Congo was a contested issue among Protestant missionaries. The Baptist Missionary Society policy alternated between 1886 and 1927, and the career of Miss Lily M. de Hailes illustrates the tensions surrounding the institutional incorporation of “unmarried ladies” in the Congolese colonial context, and how one single woman missionary of the Society mediated her ethnocentrism and unmarried status through the use of a maternal idiom. A set of archival documents evoking these tensions is provided, following an introductory commentary situating them in historical and scholarly context.
Ureteroneocystostomy for bilateral ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of prostate

Abstract “Fish-mouth” ureteroneocystostomy was successful in a patient with bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to locally invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The complications of permanent intubation are avoided and renal function is restored.
Review of the psychology of teaching methods (ed.) N. L. Gage

Abstract The editor of this volume, N. L. Gage, is Professor of Education and Psychology at Stanford University, and a major contributor to the study of the psychology of teaching. The reviewer, Susan M. Markle, is Head, Instructional Design, Office of Instructional Resources Development, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Her major interest is in strategies and principles for constructing instructional materials (teacher‐mediated or other‐method‐mediated), especially at higher cognitive levels.
Role for protein-protein interaction databases in human genetics.

Proteomics and the study of protein–protein interactions are becoming increasingly important in our effort to understand human diseases on a system-wide level. Thanks to the development and curation of protein-interaction databases, up-to-date information on these interaction networks is accessible and publicly available to the scientific community. As our knowledge of protein–protein interactions increases, it is important to give thought to the different ways that these resources can impact biomedical research. In this article, we highlight the importance of protein–protein interactions in human genetics and genetic epidemiology. Since protein–protein interactions demonstrate one of the strongest functional relationships between genes, combining genomic data with available proteomic data may provide us with a more in-depth understanding of common human diseases. In this review, we will discuss some of the fundamentals of protein interactions, the databases that are publicly available and how information...
Seasonal distribution and temperature tolerance of Synechococcus in Boothbay Harbor, Maine

Abstract We report on the distribution of coccoid cyanobacteria ( Synechococcus spp.) and other components of the phytoplankton community, determined during a seasonal study in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Synechococcus abundance peaked in late summer and in mid-winter. Blooms of centric diatoms occurred in spring and fall. These two groups, but no other identified phytoplankton type, showed a pattern of reciprocal dominance. Synechococcus abundance did not correlate with salinity and no significant correlation with temperature was found; it was abundant even in 2°C waters. Among the factors that may permit abundance of Synechococcus at cold water temperatures are: occurrence of a northern race or cline that does not extend to the south of Cape Cod, or control by a temperature-sensitive predator that is limited by local winter water temperatures.
Novel Ultrasonic Technology for Devulcanization of Waste Rubbers

Abstract A novel patented process and several reactors have been developed for devulcanization of waste rubbers. The technology is based on the use of the high power ultrasonics. The ultrasonic waves of certain levels in the presence of pressure and heat rapidly break up the three-dimensional network in crosslinked rubbers. The devulcanized rubber can be reprocessed, shaped and revulcanized in much the same way as a virgin rubber. The first laboratory reactor has been scaled up to pilot-plant level by the National Feedscrew and Machining, Inc. Various devulcanization experiments were carried out with model styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and with ground rubber tire (GRT). Curing behavior, Theological properties, and structural characteristics of rubbers devulcanized at various processing conditions were studied, as well as mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber samples. A possible mechanism of the devulcanization is discussed. The performed measurements indicate that the rubbers are partially devulca...
The observation of dislocation loops in the sodium chloride–barium chloride mixed crystal system

Abstract Dislocation loops are observed in sodium chloride crystals heavily doped with barium chloride. The behaviour of the loops under the action of mechanical stresses generated when cooling the crystal is consistent with their being negative prismatic, with a Burgers vector parallel to [110]. Their origin appears to be from the operation of Bardeen–Herring sources. The relationship of this work to that of other authors is discussed.
The 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Mexico (3): Physical properties of pyroclastic surges

Two major pyroclastic surges generated during the 4 April 1982 eruption of El Chichon devastated an area of 153 km2 with a quasi-radial distribution around the volcano. The hot surge clouds carbonized wood throughout their extent and were too hot to allow accretionary lapilli formation by vapor condensation. Field evidence indicates voidage fraction of 0.99 in the surge cloud with extensive entrainment of air. Thermal calculations indicate that heat content of pyroclasts can heat entrained air and maintain high temperatures in the surge cloud. The dominant bed form of the surge deposits are sand waves shaped in dune forms with vertical form index of 10–20, characterized by stoss-side erosion and lee-side deposition of 1–10 cm reversely graded laminae. A systematic decrease in maximum lithic diameter with distance from source is accompanied by decrease in wavelength and amplitude. Modal analysis indicates fractionation of glass and pumice from the surge cloud relative to crystals, resulting in loss of at least 10%–25% of the cloud mass due to winnowing out of fines during surge emplacement. Greatest fractionation from the −1.0–0.0−∅ grain sizes reflects relatively lower pumice particle density in this range and segregation in the formative stages of the surge cloud. Extensive pumice rounding indicates abrasion during bed-load transport. Flow of pyroclastic debris in the turbulent surge cloud was by combination of bed-load and suspended-load transport. The surges are viewed as expanding pyroclastic gravity flows, which entrain and mix with air during transport. The balance between sedimentation at the base of the surge cloud and expansion due to entrainment of air contributed to low cloud density and internal turbulence, which persisted to the distal edge of the surge zone.
Evaluation of convection‐permitting model simulations of cloud populations associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation using data collected during the AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign

Regional convection-permitting model simulations of cloud populations observed during the 2011 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Madden-Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation Experiment (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign are evaluated against ground-based radar and ship-based observations. Sensitivity of model simulated reflectivity, surface rain rate, and cold pool statistics to variations of raindrop breakup/self-collection parameters in four state-of-the-art two-moment bulk microphysics schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is examined. The model simulations generally overestimate reflectivity from large and deep convective cells, and underestimate stratiform rain and the frequency of cold pools. In the sensitivity experiments, introduction of more aggressive raindrop breakup or decreasing the self-collection efficiency increases the cold pool occurrence frequency in all of the simulations, and slightly reduces the reflectivity and precipitation statistics bias in some schemes but has little effect on the overall mean surface precipitation. Both the radar observations and model simulations of cloud populations show an approximate power law relationship between convective echo-top height and equivalent convective cell radius.
An Iterative Procedure for Optimal Control of a System by Sampled Input

ABSTRACT Optimal control of a given system by an amplitude constrained sampled input is achieved by using an iterative procedure. The optimality is based on the minimization of a function ⊘ of the state x(tf), tf being the end of the time over which control is applied. The iterative procedure is based on taking the F-derivative )Todd 1962) of ⊘ when a small change in state and input control is assumed. A steepest descent procedure based on p-norm in control space is used to produce a small δ⊘ for a small change in control. This change δ for minimization of ⊘ is made negative to decrease ⊘ and the procedure is now iteratively continued till no significant improvement in ⊘ is possible without violating a constraint. This then specifies the input control over given (to tf). If tf is varied the minimum time problem can also be solved. Computational technique as well as examples are given.
Treatment of postoperative macular edema

Purpose Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a frequent complication of a number of interventions in ophthalmology, such as cataract surgery (Irvine-Gass syndrome), laser procedures, and trabeculectomy. The purpose of this talk is to present the latest bibliographic data regarding the appropriate treatment of postoperative CME. Methods A review of the existing literature concerning the treatment of postoperative CME is performed. Characteristic personal cases are presented. Results In more than two-thirds of the cases, postoperative CME resolves spontaneously within weeks or months. Prophylactic topical treatment with indomethacin or flurbiprofen seems to reduce the frequency of clinical and angiographic CME, but its beneficial effect on final visual acuity is not established. Curative therapy includes topical corticosteroids; topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ketorolac); oral acetazolamide; sub-Tenon or intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide; intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs; and pars plana vitrectomy. The indications, role, and efficacy of each of the above treatment modalities are discussed, based on the latest bibliographic data. Conclusion Most cases of postoperative CME are mild and resolve spontaneously. In refractory cases, sub-Tenon or intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide can be effective, but the risk of ocular hypertony is high. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs offers promising results, yet large-scale randomized studies are necessary to validate their utility. Finally, pars plana vitrectomy is the treatment of choice when vitreomacular traction and/or epiretinal membrane is present.
Clozapine's Effects on Ethanol's Motivational Properties

Background: Although dopamine D1 and D2 receptors have been implicated in ethanol's motivational effects, little is known about the contribution of dopamine D4 receptors. The present experiments examined the effects of clozapine, a dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, on ethanol's aversive, rewarding, stimulant, and reinforcing properties. Methods: For taste conditioning, adult male Swiss-Webster mice received five conditioning trials consisting of 1-hr access to 0.2 M NaCl. After NaCl access on trials 1-4, subjects received clozapine (0,1, or 2 mg/kg) followed 30 min later by 0,2, or 4 g/kg ethanol. For place conditioning, Swiss-Webster mice received six pairings of a tactile stimulus with ethanol (2 g/kg, intraperitoneally), clozapine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) + ethanol, or clozapine alone. Locomotor activity in a 30-min test was determined in Swiss-Webster mice receiving 0,0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg clozapine and 0,1, or 2 g/kg ethanol. In a drinking study, separate groups of adult male C57BL/6J mice were allowed 30-min access to either 10% v/v ethanol mixed in 10% w/v sucrose or 10% sucrose without ethanol. During testing, both groups were given 0 or 1 mg/kg clozapine 30 min before fluid access. Results: Ethanol flavor pairings during taste conditioning reduced subsequent flavor intakes, indicating the development of conditioned taste aversion. Clozapine reduced the magnitude of 4 g/kg ethanol-conditioned aversion only on trial 4 at the 2 mg/kg dose. Conditioned place preference for the ethanol-paired stimulus was not altered by clozapine. Clozapine alone did not produce either conditioned preference or aversion. Ethanol-stimulated activity was reduced by clozapine treatment. However, clozapine alone did not alter locomotor activity levels. Clozapine reduced sucrose consumption but did not alter ethanol/sucrose intake. Conclusions: These data suggest that clozapine influences a limited range of ethanol-motivated behaviors. Specifically, dopamine D4 receptors appear important for ethanol's stimulant effect and possibly ethanol aversion, but not ethanol reward and reinforcement.
Arthroplasty in the Goat Hip

The goat is a reliable and practical animal model for study of the hip. The authors describe a safe and effective operative approach to the goat hip.
Inhibition of Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Activity by RNA Interference in Lung Cancer Lines

Background Inactivation of retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor function occurs frequently in lung cancer. Short-hairpin RNA can be constructed to target specific sequences and efficiently knock down protein expression. We developed a short-hairpin RNA approach to specifically target Rb in lung cancer cells to determine the influence of RB knockdown on proliferation. Methods NCI-H520 human lung cancer cells (wild-type Rb ) were transfected with pMSCVpuro-Rb3C, a plasmid containing a short-hairpin sequence targeted to human Rb. Transfectants harboring the construct were selected with puromycin. Loss of RB expression in selected cell populations was determined by immunoblotting. Proliferating cells were counted to establish growth rates. Retinoblastoma-proficient and RB-deficient tumor growth was monitored in nude mice. Results Transfection with pMSCVpuro-Rb3C dramatically diminished RB expression and led to aberrant expression of RB-regulated genes. Cells harboring pMSCVpuro-Rb3C grew at an increased rate compared with control cells: 480.6 ± 37.7 versus 159.4 ± 36.2 (relative cell count at 12 days). Tumor growth in nude mice also increased with RB knockdown compared with control mice: 135.2 ± 73.6 mm 3 versus 40.0 ± 17.0 mm 3 (tumor volume at 10 days). Conclusions Inhibition of RB expression is efficiently achieved in lung cancer cells with short-hairpin RNA. Genetic targets of RB are deregulated with RB knockdown. Retinoblastoma depletion increases growth in vitro and in murine xenografts. These studies indicate that even in the context of an established tumor cell line, RB limits tumorigenic proliferation. Additionally, this model will serve as an ideal system to evaluate the role of RB activity on therapeutic response.
A false dichotomy of serving either the local or the global community and its impact on internationalisation of the university

This multi-case qualitative study involving 54 academics examines the interplay between university culture and ideology in supporting and impeding internationalisation. Implementation of internationalisation can often be thwarted by divergent and contradictory understandings of internationalisation and by the organisational culture in which it takes place. Highlighted here is the false dichotomy of serving either the local or the global community and the influence of market forces on motivations to engage in internationalisation. Findings indicate that organisational change is impeded by divergent understandings and conflicting goals of academic membership relating to internationalisation but identifies strategic planning as a mechanism to support and strengthen cultural readiness for internationalisation.
Evidence for nitrogen saturation in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California

Abstract Elevated N deposition has occurred in the Los Angeles Basin in southern California for at least the last 40 years. Elevated streamwater NO3− fluxes and high nitric oxide (NO) fluxes from soil, indicators of N saturation, have recently been reported for chaparral watersheds exposed to chronic N deposition in the San Gabriel Mountains north/northeast of Los Angeles. A number of nutritional and edaphic parameters across a deposition gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains (SBM) support the hypothesis that the mixed conifer forest in the western end of the range is also N saturated. Concentrations of NO3− in the soil solution or in soil extracts during the summer months were 14 to 44 times higher at Camp Paivika (CP), a western high N deposition site, than at Camp Osceola (CAO) or Barton Flats (BF), eastern low-pollution sites. Accumulation of NO3− in foliage of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underw.) and overstory species was also much greater at CP than at CAO and a site near BF. Nitric oxide fluxes in mid-August from relatively dry soil at CP were ca. 20 times higher than for typical forests in North America. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, on the other hand, were low in the SBM sites. However, emissions of NO and N2O were several-fold higher at CP than at BF, a relatively low-pollution site. High NO emissions from otherwise undisturbed and well-drained forest soils of the western US may prove useful as a diagnostic indicator of N saturation. Nitrogen mineralization was greater at CP and Dogwood (high-pollution sites) than at CAO and Heartbar (low-pollution sites). Additional indicators of N enrichment at CP compared with the low N deposition sites include: low C:N ratios in soil and foliage, high foliar N:P ratios, higher nitrification rates and high soil acidity. Lower pH and base saturation were observed in soil from two high-pollution sites compared with two low-pollution sites. In summary, high NO emissions and elevated NO3− concentrations in the soil solution and in foliage, and high foliar N:P ratios at CP, indicate N in excess of biotic demand, with potential above-normal loss of N from the ecosystem - and thus, a N-saturated condition. Model outputs from the nutrient cycling model (NuCM) agreed well with field data from the SBM on elevated soil solution NO3− concentrations, reduced soil base saturation, and lack of a growth response to increasing N deposition.
A Great Earthquake Rupture Across a Rapidly Evolving Three-Plate Boundary

On 1 April 2007 a great, tsunamigenic earthquake (moment magnitude 8.1) ruptured the Solomon Islands subduction zone at the triple junction where the Australia and Solomon Sea-Woodlark Basin plates simultaneously underthrust the Pacific plate with different slip directions. The associated abrupt change in slip direction during the great earthquake drove convergent anelastic deformation of the upper Pacific plate, which generated localized uplift in the forearc above the subducting Simbo fault, potentially amplifying local tsunami amplitude. Elastic deformation during the seismic cycle appears to be primarily accommodated by the overriding Pacific forearc. This earthquake demonstrates the seismogenic potential of extremely young subducting oceanic lithosphere, the ability of ruptures to traverse substantial geologic boundaries, and the consequences of complex coseismic slip for uplift and tsunamigenesis.
Biochemical and histochemical analysis of lysosomal enzyme activities in caprine β-mannosidosis

Goats affected with β-mannosidosis, and autosomal recessive disease of glycoprotein catabolism, have deficient tissue and plasma levels of the lysosomal enzyme β-mannosidase. Pathological characteristics include cytoplasmic vacuolation in the nervous system and viscera, and myelin deficits that demonstrate regional variation. This study was designed to determine the correlation between β-mannosidase activity in normal animals and the severity of lesions in affected goats, and to assess the regional changes in lysosomal enzyme activity in specific regions and cell types in affected animals. Although enzyme activity in normal organs (kidney, thyroid, brain) is correlated in general with the accumulation of uncatabolized substrate and with the extent of vacuolation, this correlation does not extend to assessment of specific region of the central nervous system (CNS). In affected goats, the activities of α-mannosidase, α-fucosidase, and β-hexosaminidase are elevated to a greater extent in all CNS regions than in organs. The results suggest cell-specific, organ-specific, and enzyme-specific regulation of changes in lysosomal enzyme activity in the presence of metabolic perturbations, such as deficiency of β-mannosidase activity.
Quantitative analysis of kernel properties in Kohonen's self-organizing map algorithm: Gaussian and difference of Gaussians neighborhoods☆

Abstract Recent experimental evidence suggests that processes of plastic reconfiguration of the primate cerebral cortex may involve an inhibitory component. Here, we modify Kohonen's self-organizing map model of the cortex to include surround inhibition in its adaptation kernel. This addition not only improves the accuracy of the cortical representation, as measured by quantization error, it also tends to produce pinwheel patterns, similar to those observed in primary visual cortex.
FREE ALGEBRAS—ARE THEY CATEGORICALLY DEFINABLE?

Abstract It is proven that, in general, the free algebras of an equational class, considered as an abstract category, are not definable strictly in the language of categories. As a concrete counterexample, a categorical equivalence between the categories of 2-rings and 3-rings is constructed without the axiom of choice. Isomorphism follows, as well as the non-correspondence of free algebras. An assortment of similar negative results and two open questions close the paper.
‘A helpless class of shareholder’: newspapers and the City of Glasgow Bank failure

The 1878 failure of the City of Glasgow Bank (CGB) was a significant event in the history of auditing and became the catalyst to remove the unlimited liability of bank shareholders. This study assesses the role of newspapers in relation to the failure. Newspapers typically portrayed CGB shareholders as socially vulnerable and financially ruined investors with small shareholdings. The study tests the accuracy of this stereotyping by comparing newspaper accounts with archival data of shareholders’ personal characteristics and financial circumstances. The analyses show that, at failure, CGB shareholders typically had significant shareholdings and were very different from their newspaper stereotype. Post failure, despite extraordinary share calls, a small minority of shareholders entered bankruptcy administration and a large majority revealed signs of relative prosperity. These inconsistencies are reviewed in the context of the Victorian press and an investing middle class.
A conservative, nonparametric estimator for the 5th percentile of the species sensitivity distributions

Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) can be used in ecological risk assessment to quantify ecological risk associated with concentrations of pollutants. In this article the author proposes an estimator for the 5th percentile of SSD based on an asymmetric loss function. The new methodology is compared with a nonparametric procedure proposed by Van der Hoeven (Ecotoxicology 10 (2001) 25) via simulation and is also applied to a real data set.