cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily Rhythms in the Hydroxylation of 3β-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one by Rat Liver Microsomes

The rates of 7α- and 16α-hydroxylation of 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-l7-one and of demethylation of aminopyrine by liver microsomes were measured in 9 groups of 5 rats killed at 4-hr intervals. The 16α-hydroxylase activity reached a peak at 1000, when the lowest rate of 7α-hydroxylation occurred. The highest rate for this reaction was at 0200. The highest values of aminopyrine demethylase were at 0200 and 1000, with the lowest at 0600. No significant fluctuations were detected in the microsomal content in cytochromes b5 and P-450. The patternfor NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was unrelatedto those of the other enzymatic activities. The observation of a reciprocal relationship between 7α- and 16α-hydroxylation providesfurther evidence in favor of different enzymesystems for these 2 reactions. (Endocrinology 84:165, 1969)
Fossil vertebrates associated with paleo-Indian artifact at Little Salt Spring, Florida

ABSTRACT Eleven species of vertebrates, including an extinct giant land tortoise (Geochelone crassiscutata) killed with a sharpened wooden stake 12,000 radiocarbon years ago, are identified and discussed. The bones were collected from a ledge (reentrant) 26 meters below the present water surface at Little Salt Spring, a water-filled solution feature in coastal southwestern Florida. 12,000 years ago the water level in this feature was at the elevation of the ledge, and the sinkhole acted as a natural trap. Vertebrate remains accumulated on the ledge and were preserved in the soft clay derived from erosion of the siltstone wall in which the ledge formed. Vertebrates found with the slain tortoise include a large mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), two aquatic turtles (Pseudemys floridana and P. nelsoni), three smaller individuals of Geochelone crassiscutata, a gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), an extinct box turtle (Terrapene carolina putnami), a diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), a wood sto...
Immunochemical observations on antisera to purified human growth hormone.

RECENTLY, Hayashida and Li1 and Read2 have reported that purified preparations of human growth hormone were antigenic when injected with adjuvants into rabbits. Serum antibodies were demonstrated by the precipitin ring test1 and by a modification2 of the tanned cell haemagglutination method of Boyden3. It was also shown that the rabbit antiserum inhibited the biological activity of human growth hormone1. Read2 has employed rabbit antiserum to measure the concentration of growth hormone in human serum by the haemagglutination–inhibition reaction3,4. It seemed essential in assessing the specificity of this method to investigate the purity of the antigen and the specificity of the antisera. In this report immunochemical evidence is presented which confirms that human growth hormone is a potent antigen. In addition, results were obtained which indicate that the Raben preparation of human growth hormone5 is a highly purified antigen.
Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. IV. Total inversion of the SAIL model.

Abstract The estimability of all the canopy parameters for a vegetation canopy using only canopy reflectance (CR) data and the SAIL model is investigated, using techniques described earlier (Goel and Thompson, 1984a). It is shown that in principle such an estimation is possible, i.e., the SAIL model is mathematically totally invertible. An analysis of the sensitivity of the calculated values to changes in the CR data is presented. This analysis suggests that, given the expected accuracy of CR measurements and the accuracy of the SAIL model in representing CR in the infrared region, the agronomic parameters, leaf area index, and leaf angle distribution, can be estimated fairly accurately using ancillary data on spectral parameters.
Unpredictability of theophylline saliva measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The use of saliva as an indirect, non-invasive method of theophylline plasma level measurement was evaluated in 23 older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and numerous concurrent medical problems. Simultaneously collected plasma and saliva samples were obtained on two or more occasions and analyzed for theophylline concentration by the Schack and Waxler spectrophotometric method. The mean (+/- SD) plasma:saliva ratio for 84 sample sets was 1.6 (+/- 0.5) with the saliva concentration averaging 64.8% (+/- 20.8%) of the plasma concentration. Multiplying a randomly chosen plasma:saliva ratio from each patient by the saliva concentration of a second randomly selected observation resulted in a predicted plasma concentration that differed by more than 20% of the measured concentrations for 16 of the 23 patients. Thus, use of saliva theophylline measurements obtained by the Schack and Waxler method to adjust dosage regimens cannot be recommended in these patients.
Multiple Comparisons of Biodiversity

A common goal in statistical ecology is to compare several communities and or time points with respect to taxonomic diversity (usually species diversity). For this purpose, the current literature recommends the application of traditional ANOVA techniques to “replicates” of diversity indices. This approach is not even asymptotically correct because diversity index estimates have unequal variances, even when sample sizes are equal and even when the hypothesis of equality of diversity indices is true. It is shown that transformations of the data can not be used to remedy this situation. We construct an asymptotically correct method and illustrate its implementation using dinosaur extinction data.
Electrochemistry and structure of Li2−xCryMn2−yO4 phases

The synthesis of phases in the solid state solution series Li 2 Cr y Mn 2-y O 4 where 0 < y < 2 and their use as cathodes in lithium ion cells was reported previously [I.J. Davidson, R.S. McMillan, J.J. Murray, J. Power Sources, 54 (1995) 205-208]. This paper reports the results of electrochemical evaluations with metallic lithium anodes and on Rietveld refinements of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data for these phases. Although these materials are prepared at moderately high temperatures, the refinements show that they have a structure similar to the monoclinic layered form of LiMnO 2 prepared by soft chemistry at low temperatures by Armstrong and Bruce [A.R. Armstrong, P.G. Bruce, Nature, 381 (1996) 499-500] and by Delmas and Capitaine [C. Delmas, F. Capitaine, Extended Abstracts of the Eighth International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (1996) 470-471]. The degree of monoclinic distortion in the initial materials has an effect on the structural changes that occur on charging. The phases with a small monoclinic distortion change to an undistorted hexagonal structure on their first charge while those with a large monoclinic distortion change to a spinel-like structure on cycling.
Can Adult Learning Theory Provide a Foundation for Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution. The field of human resource development (HRD) has been viewed as being supported by three theoretical foundations—namely, economic, psychological, and system theories. Although contributions of adult learning theory have been long acknowledged, it is more important to recognize its unique role of incorporating three theoretical foundations and consequently providing a distinct foundation of HRD. By identifying the relationship between HRD and one of its closely related fields, adult education, this article argues that it is adult learning theory that provides a foundation and linkage for both fields.
The reversion of trp frameshift mutations in mut, polA, lig and dnaE mutant strains of Escherichia coli

Abstract Mutator mutations mutL25, mutR34, and mutU4 had similar effects on the reversion of 4 trp frameshift mutations of known sequence. The mutation trpE9777 , which resulted from the addition of an A–T base-pair to a run of 5 A–T base-pairs, was most strongly reverted by the 4 mutators. Reversion of trpE9777 was also increased by mutation polA1 (DNA polymerase I) and dnaE486 and dnaE511 (DNA polymerase III). No effect was found with the ligase mutations, lig-4 or lig-ts7 . Mutations polAex1 and polA107 , both deficient in the 5′ → 3′ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I, had different mutator effects; the factor increase in reversion of trpE9777 was 28-fold for polAex1 , 6-fold for polA107 , and 21-fold for polA1 . The trpE9777 mutation is a useful indicator of frameshift mutator activity.
Benign cortical defect: site for an avulsion fracture

A benign cortical defect in a bone may present itself as a weak site for muscle attachment resulting in an avulsion injury. Such a benign cortical detect may be mistaken for a malignant tumor when the avulsion injury excites irregular, laminated periosteal reaction. We report three patients in whom avulsion fractures occurred at the site of pre-existing benign cortical defects in the distal femur.
An Analysis Of Void Nucleation In Passivated Interconnect Lines Due To Vacancy Condensation And Interface Contamination

Nucleation of voids due to vacancy condensation in passivated aluminum lines is analyzed within the context of classical nucleation theory. A discussion of sources of hydrostatic tensile stress in such lines provides a reasonable upper limit of 2 GPa. The void nucleation rate is then calculated at various sites within the line. Results suggest that nucleation rates are far too low to account for observed rates of voiding. Void nucleation at a flaw at the line/passivation interface is then considered as an alternative nucleation mechanism. Such flaws may be created by contaminants introduced during fabrication of the line. In this case, nucleation is feasible at greatly reduced stresses, well within the observed values. Furthermore, a simple model of void growth indicates that a fast atomic transport path, such as a grain boundary, must intersect the void for an appreciable growth rate. These results suggest that void nucleation in aluminum interconnect lines occurs at flaws at the sidewall of the line and that stress-induced and electromigration-induced voiding can be controlled by eliminating interfacial contamination.
Measurement of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by spectrophotometric assay of conjugated derivatives

A procedure has been developed for measuring the extent of oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The method is based on the conversion of fatty acid hydroperoxides and compounds derived from them, oxodienes and hydroxydienes, to conjugated fatty acids with strongly chromophoric triene and tetraene structures. This is done in two steps in which reduction with sodium borohydride is followed by dehydration under acid conditions; the chromophores produced are measured by absorbance in the ultraviolet. The method has been investigated using methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate as model compounds. Dienoic fatty acid oxidation products give rise to a conjugated triene chromophore whilst the more polyunsaturated fatty acids form a conjugated tetraene chromophore. The sum of absorbance changes at 268 and 301 nm measure the degree of oxidation. The ratio of absorbance change at 301 nm divided by that at 268 nm varies from zero for a pure triene to 2.8 for a pure tetraene and is a measure of the type of polyunsaturated fatty acid being oxidised. The concentration of oxodiene component present in the original mixture may be estimated separately by the decrease in the 275 nm region during the reduction step.
Oscillatory flow in microchannels Comparison of exact and approximate impedance models with experiments

Commonly used, lumped-parameter expressions for the impedance of an incompressible viscous fluid subjected to harmonic oscillations in a channel were compared with exact expressions, based on solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for slots and channels of circular and rectangular cross-section, and were found to differ by as much as 30% in amplitude. These differences resulted in predicted discrepancies by as much as 400% in frequency response amplitude for simple second-order systems based on size scales and frequencies encountered in microfluidic devices. These predictions were verified experimentally for rectangular microchannels and indicate that underdamped fluidic systems operating near the corner frequency of any included flow channel should be modeled with exact expressions for impedance to avoid potentially large errors in predicted behavior. List of symbols A Channel cross-sectional area (m 2 ) Ac Membrane area (m 2 ) a Rectangular duct and slot half-width or radius (m) b Rectangular duct half-depth and slot depth (m) C Capacitance (m 3 /Pa)
SOME EFFECTS OF FUEL OIL ON PLANTS.

the leaves of plants when applied as a spray (see among others Ginsberg (2), Knight et al. (4), Kelley (3), de Ong (1), and Rohrbaugh (5)), no investigation regarding their effects upon roots is known to the writers. The fuel oil used was purchased from the Consumers Petroleum Company, Chicago, Illinois. It is described commercially as 3236 Baume gravity gas oil, consisting principally of saturated hydrocarbons. It is obtained in the refining of petroleum as one of the heavier fractions of distillation. The viscosity is about 55 seconds Saybolt. In appearance it is medium thin, of a greenish amber color, and is similar to the "medium oils'7 which spray investigators have found most useful. The experiments were carried on with four plants : the tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum; the peach, Prunus persica; the apple, Pyrus mains; and Ageratum houstonianum. The four were chosen for their availability rather than for any scientific reason, but they proved suitable material for the investigation because none of them contained natural oil in sufficient quantities to interfere with the recognition of the introduced oil in the plant body, and they gave an interesting variety of reactions. As the most extensive experiments were with tomatoes and peaches, the reactions of these two species only are being reported. The tomatoes were from greenhouse stock, all from the same planting, carbohydrate high and tending to reproduction. The peaches and apples were year-old seedlings obtained through the courtesy of Dr. M. J. Dorsey, Chief in Pomology at the University of Illinois. They were planted in good potting loam, the tomatoes being in 5-inch pots and the peaches in 6-inch. Two lots of 12 plants each were used for each species divided into sets of two pots each. One of these sets, without oil, served as the control ; the other five sets had one application of oil applied to the surface of the soil in amounts of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 per cent, by volume of the soil content of the respective pots. In one lot of each species the soil was heaped about the stems of the plant so that there was no surface contact of the oil with the stems. This was designated as the M series ; the others constituted the 8 series. All plants were watered regularly to maintain proper moisture conditions for good growth and the plants were kept under observation for 51 days.
Optomechanical design of ultrahigh-resolution monochromator and analyzer for inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer at the advanced photon source

A prototype of a novel ultrahigh-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer has been designed and tested at undulator-based beamline 30-ID, at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory. This state-of-the-art instrument is designed to meet challenging mechanical and optical specifications for producing ultrahigh-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy data for various scientific applications. The optomechanical design of the ultrahigh-resolution monochromator and analyzer for inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer as well as the preliminary test results of its precision positioning performance are presented in this paper.
Npap60: a new player in nuclear protein import

Until very recently, the vertebrate protein Npap60/Nup50 was thought merely to be a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This conclusion was based on the observations that Npap60/Nup50 localizes at the NPC by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy and also contains FG (Phe-Gly) repeats, a motif commonly found in nucleoporins but not in proteins located elsewhere. However, far from being a fixed structural component of the NPC, it now appears as though Npap60 can shuttle from one side of the NPC to the other. Most significantly, a recent paper shows that Npap60 enhances the nuclear import of a cargo possessing a basic nuclear localization sequence by associating directly with the import cargo-carrier complex and (presumably) moving through the NPC with it. Several NPC proteins have now been shown to be mobile in the NPC, and this new report might indicate that these 'mobile' nucleoporins play a more active role in the nuclear transport of cargo than was previously appreciated.
An investigation of out-of-core parallel discrete-event simulation

In large-scale discrete event simulations, the size of a computer's physical memory limits the size of system to be simulated. Demand paging policies that support virtual memory are generally ineffective. Use of parallel processors to execute the simulation compounds the problems, as memory can be tied down due to synchronization needs. We show that by taking more direct control of disks it is possible to break through the memory bottleneck, without significantly increasing overall execution time. We model one approach to conducting out-of-core parallel simulation, identifying relationships between execution, memory, and I/O costs that admit good performance.
Aperture-averaging effects for weak scintillations

A laser beam propagating through the lower atmosphere will be distorted by variations of the refractive index along the propagation path causing random fluctuations in the received signal flux. If the receiver aperture is finite (i.e., not a point), these fluctuations will in some sense be averaged. An aperture-averaging factor has been defined to specify this effect. Theoretical predictions of this factor in the region of weak fluctuations have existed in the literature for some time. Earlier experimental work, however, failed to show agreement with these calculations. Measurements of the aperture-averaging factor were made during the summer of 1972 near Boulder, Colo., over a horizontal (statistically homogeneous) path at distances of 200–1600 m. Good agreement with the theoretical calculations was observed in the region of weak fluctuations (i.e., at the shorter path lengths). Data in the region of strong fluctuations (i.e., at the longer path lengths) are inconclusive.
Application of Wasteless Mining in Hongtoushan Copper Mine

As we all know, a large number of waste rock which caused many serious problem produced in mining. The pollution caused by waste rock in mining is threating the human society seriously in some aspects. Wasteless mining is more and more popular to relieve the burden of mines. As one of the deepest mines in China, Hongtoushan Copper Mine began to establish waste rock filling system in 1995. After three phases of the waste rock filling system, all the waste rock was used to fill the goaf in underground mining in 2012. The wasteless rock mining had brought RMB 8 million and good social benefits. It offered a good suggestion for similar mines in China.
Circulation as Assessment: Collection Development Policies Evaluated in Terms of Circulation at a Small Academic Library

At the root of all library acquisition decisions is the goal to add to the collection those materials that meet users’ needs. Compiling circulation statistics is one way of assessing users’ needs. This project seeks to assess the current collection development practices at Stetson University with respect to the circulation of books purchased in support of selected departmental curricula. Circulation statistics for books selected by five academic departments over a five-year period are compared with those of librarian selections in corresponding subject areas.
Human RNA polymerase III transcriptomes and relationships to Pol II promoter chromatin and enhancer-binding factors

RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcribes many noncoding RNAs (for example, transfer RNAs) important for translational capacity and other functions. We localized Pol III, alternative TFIIIB complexes (BRF1 or BRF2) and TFIIIC in HeLa cells to determine the Pol III transcriptome, define gene classes and reveal 'TFIIIC-only' sites. Pol III localization in other transformed and primary cell lines reveals previously uncharacterized and cell type-specific Pol III loci as well as one microRNA. Notably, only a fraction of the in silico-predicted Pol III loci are occupied. Many occupied Pol III genes reside within an annotated Pol II promoter. Outside of Pol II promoters, occupied Pol III genes overlap with enhancer-like chromatin and enhancer-binding proteins such as ETS1 and STAT1. Moreover, Pol III occupancy scales with the levels of nearby Pol II, active chromatin and CpG content. These results suggest that active chromatin gates Pol III accessibility to the genome.
Cardiorespiratory Indices of Mental Workload during Simulated Air Traffic Control

27 university student participants (16 female) were trained on the TRACON video game and then practiced for 20 hrs. After practice, participants performed 3 mental workload conditions in a single s...
Subcultures of adult mammalian brain cortex in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. Relatively pure cultures of neurons from adult cerebral cortex (man, monkey, rabbit) have survived through six subcultures for periods of 8 to 13 months. Subcultures have also been obtained from cerebellar cortex. 2. 2. The presence of neurofibrils and Nissl substance in neurons was demonstrated by selective staining and by phase contrast photography. 3. 3. The variability of the Nissl pattern is discussed. 4. 4. Dendrites contain granules which stain with neutral red or methylene blue vitally and in fixed preparations. These are absent in the axon hillock and axon, as well as in glial fibers. Myelinated axons in subcultures have been demonstrated with both Luxol blue and osmic acid. 5. 5. The selective uptake of methylene blue by neurons is discussed. 6. 6. Continuous streaming of cytoplasm throughout the perikaryon, dendrites, and axon, as well as slower movements of granules to and from the nuclear membrane, and other areas of the cell were demonstrated. A very slow pulsatile activity of cytoplasm in the perikaryon and axon can also be distinguished. 7. 7. Movements of the nucleus, streaming, and changing in its size and density, and breaking off of nuclear substance into the cytoplasm are described. 8. 8. Transfer of nucleolar material to the cytoplasm has been recorded. 9. 9. In contrast to the glia, movement of the neuron as a whole is very slow and may only be seen if observed over a period of days. 10. 10. Neural processes and their branches extend or retract and their endings exhibit an amoeboid type movement. 11. 11. Definite patterns of association or synapses may be established between neurons. The type of movement at areas of synapse is described. 12. 12. Occasionally, mitosis of neurons occurs. This has been seen most often in early subcultures when cortisone is present in the media.
Advances in Identification of Clinical Yeast Isolates by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based identification is being adopted by clinical laboratories for routine identification of microorganisms. To date, the majority of studies have focused on the performance and optimization of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of bacterial isolates. We review recent literature describing the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the routine identification of a variety of yeasts and yeast-like isolates. Specific topics include the effect of optimized or streamlined extraction methods, modified scoring thresholds, expanded reference libraries, and the possibility of conducting antifungal susceptibility testing using MALDI-TOF MS.
A simplification of Jury's tabular form

A modification of Jury's procedure for the determination of the distribution of roots of polynomial F(z) with respect to the unit circle is described. Its advantages are simpler numerical manipulations and direct determination of root distribution in the so-called nonsingular cases, while previous methods for examination of singular cases are not subverted.
Multicomponent, hydrogen-bonded cylindrical capsules.

Self-assembled, hydrogen-bonded capsules emerge from synthetic resorcinarene-derived cavitands and soluble glycolurils when appropriate guest molecules are present. The assembly consists of 2 cavitands, 4 glycolurils and guest(s), and the arrangement of glycolurils leads to a chiral structure. The capsule features a space of ∼620 A3 and accommodates narrow guests such as n-alkanes from C14 to C19, or other molecules (e.g., capsaicin) and combinations of molecules of up to ∼22 A in length (e.g., two p-methylstyrene molecules). Positions of encapsulated nuclei can be predicted from NMR chemical shifts, with intense shielding of δΔ = −5 ppm near the resorcinarene ends and mild deshielding of +0.5 to 1 ppm near the glycolurils at the capsule’s center. Computational methods using nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) were used to map the induced magnetic shielding/deshielding for the inner space of the cavity. The asymmetric arrangement of the spacers creates a chiral steric and magnetic environment in th...
Investigation of the carboxyl ionization of β-lactoglobulin by differential infrared spectroscopy

Abstract A differential infrared study has been carried out as a function of pH on β-lactoglobulin in the region of carboxyl absorption. The observations of Tanford and co-workers that this protein contains two carboxyl groups that remain un-ionized up to pH 6.5 has been confirmed.
Atmospheric dust and algal dominance in the late paleozoic: A hypothesis

We present preliminary observations suggesting that variations among eolian dust flux, nutrient levels, and primary productivity may have been causally linked during the late Paleozoic icehouse. Modern oceanographic experiments have documented that iron is a limiting nutrient for ocean primary production, and atmospheric dust flux through the Quaternary has been linked to changes in the "biological pump" of the oceans. Eolian silt is remarkably abundant in upper Paleozoic strata, and the late Paleozoic is notable for the dominance of eutrophic, algal- and cement-rich bioherms and near absence of frame-building corals. Within western equatorial Pangea in particular, algal bioherms and eolian dust deposits display a close temporal and spatial relationship. Upper Paleozoic cyclothems in both the marine and terrestrial realms record high-frequency, glacial-interglacial shifts in dust flux within a world characterized overall by high atmospheric dust loads, and geochemical trends through cyclothems suggest cyclical shifts in marine primary productivity. Carbonate carbon isotopes show a strong positive excursion in the late Paleozoic, long attributed to heightened terrestrial productivity, but possibly reflecting increased marine productivity as well. We suggest that the remarkable spatial and temporal coincidence of volumetrically significant eolian siltstone and algal dominance in the late Paleozoic world reflects causation, that is, nutrient seeding of ecosystems by high atmospheric dust loads in an icehouse world. Such a connection implies probable biogeochemical repercussions in the terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric realms.
Uniform-Price Auctions with Adjustable Supply

In the uniform-price auction with adjustable supply, the seller decides how much to sell after receiving the bids so as to maximize its ex post profit. Given N bidders and adjustable supply, all equilibria of the uniform-price auction lead to price on order 1 N 3 below the Walrasian price. By contrast, given the usual market-clearing rule it is well-known that the uniform-price auction can lead to equilibrium prices on order 1 N below the Walrasian price.
FMS scheduling using Petri nets and heuristic search

A method for scheduling of flexible manufacturing systems by merging Petri net modeling and heuristic search is presented. The method uses the Petri net model to generate and search a partial reachability graph, and presents an optimal or near-optimal schedule in terms of a firing sequence of transitions of the Petri net model of the system. This method can easily handle routing flexibility and shared resources. Taking this approach also relieves the analytical burden since it becomes less urgent to analyze the large net to guarantee freedom from deadlock, or liveliness once an optimal schedule is developed. Some heuristic functions to guide the search are explored, and preliminary results and the search algorithm are presented. >
Performance monitoring of control systems using likelihood methods

Evaluating deterioration in performance of control systems using closed loop operating data is addressed. A framework is proposed in which acceptable performance is expressed by constraints on the closed loop transfer function impulse response coefficients. Using likelihood methods, a hypothesis test is outlined to determine if control deterioration has occurred, and several threshold selection methods are enumerated.
Restoration with wavelength conversion in WDM networks

The integer linear programming formulas are derived and the relaxed heuristic algorithm is proposed to restore paths in WDM networks with wavelength converters. Compared with the disjoint path protection and the shared path protection methods, the proposed heuristic algorithm has much better performance in terms of recovery cost, additive latency, and restoration coverage.
Experimental Investigation of Confined Turbulent Jets Part 11: Particle-Laden Flow Data

Spherical glass beads were added to the central jet of the injector. Mean and fluctuation velocities were measured for the gas phase and particles employing a laser Doppler anemometry technique. The results were compared to the single-phase flow data at comparable conditions
How features resolve syntactic ambiguity

Ambiguity is a pervasive and important aspect of natural language. Ambiguities, which are disambiguated by context, contribute powerfully to the expressiveness of natural language as compared to formal languages. In computational systems using natural language, problems of properly controlling ambiguity are particularly large, partially because of the necessity to circumvent parsings due to multiple orderings in the application of rules.Features, that is, subcategorizations of parts-of-speech, constitute an effective means for controlling syntactic ambiguity through ordering the hierarchical organization of syntactic constituents. This is the solution adopted for controlling ambiguity in REL English, which is part of the REL (Rapidly Extensible Language) System. REL is a total software system for facilitating man/machine communications. The efficiency of processing natural language in REL English is achieved both by the detailed syntactic aspects which are incorporated into the REL English grammar, and by means of the particular implementation for processing features in the parsing algorithm.
Trends in the social and economic status of the Maranao in the Philippines: 1939–1975

(1981). Trends in the social and economic status of the Maranao in the Philippines: 1939–1975. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 159-173.
Full wave analysis of short-circuit discontinuities in open coplanar waveguide with finite conductor thickness

A full wave spectral domain analysis used to characterize discontinuities in an open coplanar waveguide with finite metallization thickness is presented. This approach utilizes the extended deterministic spectral domain method to accurately model the dispersion and radiation losses of discontinuities in the coplanar waveguide with considerable metallization thickness at higher frequencies in millimeter waves. The effects of surface wave and radiation phenomena are taken into account by making use of the exact Green's function in the spectral domain. The analysis also includes the effects of both longitudinal and transverse electric field components in the apertures, and mode conversion near the short-circuit end. Numerical results for the calculations of the short-circuit reflection coefficient are presented for different conductor thicknesses of the open coplanar waveguide. It is shown that the finite conductor thickness has a significant effect on characteristics of the discontinuities at higher frequencies. >
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy as an adjunct to the diagnosis of a rare adnexal tumor of hair follicle origin: trichoblastoma.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a technique used increasingly for the investigation of primary and metastatic cutaneous tumors. Trichoblastoma is a rare benign skin appendage tumor of hair germ origin. We report the diagnosis by FNAB of a rare giant subcutaneous tumor, trichoblastoma, from an 81-yr-old woman with a subcutaneous mass in the interscapular area of her back. The cytologic characteristics of the tumor are discussed in detail in this report. The findings have been compared with the histologic features of the tumor after surgical excision. We have characterized several distinctive cytologic features that may aid in the diagnosis of this rare neoplasm. While most reported cases have been diagnosed from surgical excisional biopsy specimens, FNAB may also be a valuable tool for the accurate diagnosis of trichoblastoma in the proper clinical context.
Quantitative Detection of Human Adenoviruses in Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows Influencing a Michigan River

Enteric viruses are important pathogens found in contaminated surface waters and have previously been detected in waters of the Great Lakes. Human adenoviruses were monitored because of their high prevalence and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, we quantified adenoviruses in wastewater, surface water, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by real-time PCR. Between August 2005 and August 2006, adenovirus concentrations in raw sewage, primary-treated effluent, secondary-treated effluent, and chlorinated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Michigan were examined. CSO samples (n = 6) were collected from a CSO retention basin in Grand Rapids, MI. Adenoviruses were detected in 100% of wastewater and CSO discharge samples. Average adenovirus DNA concentrations in sewage and CSOs were 1.15 × 106 viruses/liter and 5.35 × 105 viruses/liter, respectively. Adenovirus removal was <2 log10 (99%) at the wastewater treatment plant. Adenovirus type 41 (60% of clones), type 12 (29%), type 40 (3%), type 2 (3%), and type 3 (3%) were isolated from raw sewage and primary effluents (n = 28). Six of 20 surface water samples from recreational parks at the lower Grand River showed virus concentrations above the real-time PCR detection limit (average, 7.8 × 103 viruses/liter). This research demonstrates that wastewater effluents and wastewater-impacted surface waters in the lower Grand River in Michigan contain high levels of viruses and may not be suitable for full-body recreational activities. High concentrations of adenovirus in these waters may be due to inefficient removal during wastewater treatment and to the high persistence of these viruses in the environment.
Scaling of number, size, and metabolic rate of cells with body size in mammals

The size and metabolic rate of cells affect processes from the molecular to the organismal level. We present a quantitative, theoretical framework for studying relationships among cell volume, cellular metabolic rate, body size, and whole-organism metabolic rate that helps reveal the feedback between these levels of organization. We use this framework to show that average cell volume and average cellular metabolic rate cannot both remain constant with changes in body size because of the well known body-size dependence of whole-organism metabolic rate. Based on empirical data compiled for 18 cell types in mammals, we find that many cell types, including erythrocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, follow a strategy in which cellular metabolic rate is body size dependent and cell volume is body size invariant. We suggest that this scaling holds for all quickly dividing cells, and conversely, that slowly dividing cells are expected to follow a strategy in which cell volume is body size dependent and cellular metabolic rate is roughly invariant with body size. Data for slowly dividing neurons and adipocytes show that cell volume does indeed scale with body size. From these results, we argue that the particular strategy followed depends on the structural and functional properties of the cell type. We also discuss consequences of these two strategies for cell number and capillary densities. Our results and conceptual framework emphasize fundamental constraints that link the structure and function of cells to that of whole organisms.
THEY DIAGNOSED BAD HEART: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF PATIENTS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AND EXPERIENCES WITH HEART FAILURE

Background Patient education is central to the management of individuals with heart failure; therefore, it is important to know what these patients understand and experience both clinically and personally. Objectives This study qualitatively explored patients' knowledge regarding a heart failure diagnosis, their understanding of their cardiac care providers' treatment recommendations, and their views concerning the impact of heart failure on their daily lives and prognosis. Methods A qualitative study was conducted whereby data were collected through 25 telephone interviews with adults being followed for heart failure at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Subjects were interviewed using semistructured open-ended questions. Audiotaped responses were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Results The majority of participants were elderly, male, and white, and had New York Heart Association class II disease. Participants without angina typically experienced a lengthy and difficult diagnostic delay, with symptoms misattributed to comorbid diseases. Most understood the importance of self-monitoring and adhering to physician recommendations, and their discussions of life-changing effects typically focused on loss of physical functioning and decreased quality of life. Although participants wanted to know their prognosis, most had not received information about it or about advance care planning. Conclusion Patients require opportunities for enhanced communication with physicians and health care team members during the challenging diagnostic period and subsequently need more information about their medical condition and prognosis.
A Delay Composition Theorem for Real-Time Pipelines

Uniprocessor schedulability theory made great strides, in part, due to the simplicity of composing the delay of a job from the execution times of higher-priority jobs that preempt it. In this paper, we bound the end-to-end delay of a job in a multistage pipeline as a function of higher-priority job execution times on different stages. We show that the end-to-end delay is bounded by that of a single virtual "bottleneck" stage plus a small additive component. This contribution effectively transforms the pipeline into a single stage system. The wealth of schedulability analysis techniques derived for uniprocessors can then be applied to decide the schedulability of the pipeline. The transformation does not require imposing artitifical per-stage deadlines, but rather models the pipeline as a whole and uses the end-to-end deadlines directly in the single-stage analysis. It also does not make assumptions on job arrival patterns or periodicity and thus can be applied to periodic and aperiodic tasks alike. We show through simulations that this approach outperforms previous pipeline schedulability tests except for very short pipelines or when deadlines are sufficiently large. The reason lies in the way we account for execution overlap among stages. We discuss how previous approaches account for overlap and point out interesting differences that lead to different performance advantages in different cases. We hope that the pipeline delay composition rule, derived in this paper, may be a step towards a general schedulability analysis foundation for large distributed systems.
The Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic, M40403, Protects Adult Mice From Lethal Total Body Irradiation

Over-expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protects tissues from radiation. M40403 is a stable non-peptidyl mimetic of MnSOD that crosses cell membranes and is effective in reducing experimental inflammation. Male BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) with M40403, 30 min before 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). Whereas all control injected mice died after receiving 8.5 Gy TBI by day 17, 30 day survival of mice pre-treated i.p. with 40, 30, 20 or 10 mg/kg was 100%, 90%, 81% and 25%, respectively. The Dose Reduction Factor 50/30 for animals treated with 30 mg M40403 s.c. 30 min prior to TBI was 1.41. Decreased apoptosis of the large and particularly the small bowel and marked recovery of both lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues occurred in the M40403 pre-treated animals. M40403 is effective in reducing TBI-induced tissue destruction and has potential as a new radioprotective agent.
The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Tegument Protein UL94 Is Essential for Secondary Envelopment of HCMV Virions

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions are structurally complex, and the mechanisms by which they are assembled are poorly understood. However, several tegument proteins are known to be essential for proper particle assembly and maturation. Despite intense investigation, the function of many tegument proteins remains unknown. The HCMV UL94 gene is conserved among all herpesviruses and encodes a virion protein of unknown function. We demonstrate here that UL94 is a tegument protein that is expressed with true-late kinetics and localizes to the viral assembly complex during infection. To elucidate the function of UL94, we constructed a UL94-null mutant, designated UL94stop. This mutant is completely defective for replication, demonstrating that UL94 is essential. Phenotypic analysis of the UL94stop mutant shows that in the absence of UL94, viral gene expression and genome synthesis occur at wild-type levels. However, analysis of the localization of viral proteins to the cytoplasmic assembly complex shows that the essential tegument protein UL99 (pp28) exhibits aberrant localization in cells infected with the UL94stop mutant. Finally, we show that there is a complete block in secondary envelopment in the absence of UL94. Taken together, our data suggest that UL94 functions late in infection to direct UL99 to the assembly complex, thereby facilitating secondary envelopment of virions.
Spectrum of Heart Disease Associated with Murine and Human GATA4 Mutation

The transcription factor GATA4 is essential for heart morphogenesis. Heterozygous mutation of GATA4 causes familial septal defects. However, the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous GATA4 mutation is not known. In this study, we defined the cardiac phenotypes that result from heterozygous mutation of murine Gata4. We then asked if GATA4 mutation occurs in humans with these forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). In mice, heterozygous Gata4 mutation was associated with atrial and ventricular septal defect (ASD, VSD), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), RV hypoplasia, and cardiomyopathy. Genetic background strongly influenced the expression of ECD and cardiomyopathy, indicating the presence of important genetic modifiers. In humans, non-synonymous GATA4 sequence variants were associated with ECD (2/43), ASD (1/8), and RV hypoplasia in the context of double inlet left ventricle (1/9), forms of CHD that overlapped with abnormalities seen in the mouse model. These variants were not found in at least 500 control chromosomes, and encode proteins with non-conservative amino acid substitutions at phylogenetically conserved positions, suggesting that they are disease-causing mutations. Cardiomyopathy was not associated with GATA4 mutation in humans. These data establish the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous Gata4 mutation in mice, and suggest that heterozygous GATA4 mutation leads to partially overlapping phenotypes in humans. Additional studies will be required to determine the degree to which GATA4 mutation contributes to human CHD characterized by ECD or RV hypoplasia.
Design of wideband all-digital phase locked loops using multirate digital filter banks

All-digital phase locked loops (DPLLs) have many advantages over analog loops. However, due to digital device limitations and costs, superwide PLLs with front-end bandwidths as high as one gigahertz are commonly implemented using analog parts. This article presents a new architecture that allows an all-digital implementation of superwide PLLs. The problem of operating digital components at high speed is avoided here (without reducing the front-end bandwidths) by inserting a multirate digital filter bank in front of the DPLL. The new design is shown to have steady-state and transient performance that is identical to a conventional DPLL.
Accumulation of Polyadenylated mRNA, Pab1p, eIF4E, and eIF4G with P-Bodies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recent experiments have shown that mRNAs can move between polysomes and P-bodies, which are aggregates of nontranslating mRNAs associated with translational repressors and the mRNA decapping machinery. The transitions between polysomes and P-bodies and how the poly(A) tail and the associated poly(A) binding protein 1 (Pab1p) may affect this process are unknown. Herein, we provide evidence that poly(A)(+) mRNAs can enter P-bodies in yeast. First, we show that both poly(A)(-) and poly(A)(+) mRNA become translationally repressed during glucose deprivation, where mRNAs accumulate in P-bodies. In addition, both poly(A)(+) transcripts and/or Pab1p can be detected in P-bodies during glucose deprivation and in stationary phase. Cells lacking Pab1p have enlarged P-bodies, suggesting that Pab1p plays a direct or indirect role in shifting the equilibrium of mRNAs away from P-bodies and into translation, perhaps by aiding in the assembly of a type of mRNP within P-bodies that is poised to reenter translation. Consistent with this latter possibility, we observed the translation initiation factors (eIF)4E and eIF4G in P-bodies at a low level during glucose deprivation and at high levels in stationary phase. Moreover, Pab1p exited P-bodies much faster than Dcp2p when stationary phase cells were given fresh nutrients. Together, these results suggest that polyadenylated mRNAs can enter P-bodies, and an mRNP complex including poly(A)(+) mRNA, Pab1p, eIF4E, and eIF4G2 may represent a transition state during the process of mRNAs exchanging between P-bodies and translation.
Learning to maximize signal-to-noise ratio for reverberant speech segregation

Monaural speech segregation in reverberant environments is a very difficult problem. We develop a supervised learning approach by proposing an objective function that directly relates to the computational goal of maximizing signal-to-noise ratio. The model trained using this new objective function yields significantly better results for time-frequency unit labeling. In our segregation system, a segmentation and grouping framework is utilized to form reliable segments under reverberant conditions and organize them into streams. Systematic evaluations show very promising results.
Identification of human hepatic glucokinase and some properties of the enzyme.

SummaryGlucokinase activity has been estimated in human liver. The human enzyme is similar to that of the rat in Km for glucose, electrophoretic mobility, apparent molecular weight, and reactivity to an antiglucokinase prepared against the rat enzyme.