cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working through disagreement in deliberative forums

Abstract Working through disagreement is a core deliberative activity, yet our knowledge of how disagreement exchanges unfold during deliberation is limited. This study analyzes this issue using eight National Issues Forums and a framework that identifies specific activities related to working through disagreement. Even though deliberators expressed opposing viewpoints during forums, there was minimal “working through” of these differences. Specific points of contention were not articulated clearly, causal logics were not critiqued, the accuracy and relevance of evidence went unexamined, and the relative costs and benefits of proposals were not compared. Even when disagreements were explored at length, the conversations often lacked explicit efforts at working through. These findings suggest that deliberative democracy scholars need to focus greater attention on factors that can promote or inhibit working through disagreements, as well as how participants’ approach to disagreement can influence whether desired deliberative outcomes are realized.
Turbulent Vortices in Stratified Fluids

In the present paper, calculations, made with the finite difference axisymmetric WAKE computer code, of the influence of turbulence and stratification on the behavior of vortex rings are compared with experimental data. Calculations, made with the two-dimensional version of the code, are used to study the behavior of vortex pairs in stably stratified atmospheres for a range of Froude numbers. Stratification is shown to have a profound effect on the radius of a vortex ring descending into a stably stratified fluid. The separation of the vortices of a vortex pair remains nearly constant or decreases monotonically with increasing penetration of a stably stratified fluid, depending on whether the stratification is discontinuous or linear. An analysis based on an energy balance is used to assess the maximum descent of a vortex pair in a stably stratified fluid.
Effects of Footwear Comfort Perception on the Neuromuscular Control of Balance

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of footwear comfort perception on the gain of the gastrocnemius H-reflex response during single leg balance tasks. Subjects performed single leg balance tasks while wearing aerobic sneakers with two different pairs of shoe insoles that were subjectively rated for comfort using a reliable 150 mm visual analog scale. The primary outcome was the consistency of decreasing the gain of the gastrocnemius H-reflex with increasing balance task complexity as a function of footwear comfort perception. Among the asymptomatic subjects (n = 11), H-reflex gain significantly decreased by 19% and 10% from balancing on a stable surface to an unstable surface for the shoe-brand and replacement insoles, respectively (p < .05). Among the subjects with musculoskeletal disorders (n = 13), H-reflex gain significantly decreased by 10% from balancing on a stable surface to an unstable surface when wearing custom-molded foot orthotics, but H-reflex gain significantly increased by 27% from balancing on a stable surface to an unstable surface when wearing replacement insoles (p < .05). Decreases in footwear comfort perception may negatively impact the attenuation of gastrocnemius H-reflex gain that contributes to the neuromuscular control of challenging balance tasks.
Exploring the Reciprocal Relations between Theoretical and Empirical Work The Case of the Justice Evaluation Function (Paper in Honor of Robert K. Merton)

This article explores what Merton has called the reciprocal relations between theoretical and empirical work. These relations involve a variety of mechanisms identified by Merton, beyond the classical links in which empirical work tests the implications of theories and provides the starting postulates for new theories. To illustrate some of the ways in which theoretical ideas shape empirical work and empirical ideas shape theoretical work, this article discusses the origins, development, and uses of the justice evaluation function. The development of the justice evaluation function exemplifies two of the mechanisms by which empirical work influences theoretical work and shows how theoretical ideas can play a critical role in an outwardly inductivist empirical inquiry. The subsequent development of the theory of distributive justice and of the generalized comparison function and comparison theory leads not only to new testable implications and new empirical procedures but also to new theoretical and empiri...
Weimar Psychotechnics between Americanism and Fascism

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the Great War, the new science of psychotechnics was enlisted in the construction of the democratic social order that emerged from the ruins of German authoritarianism, a key component of the fragile social compromise between capital and labor that was a foundation of the Weimar Republic. During the 1920s, representatives of this branch of social engineering promised to use science to conjure away the workplace conflicts that had wracked Wilhelmine Germany and to usher in a new era of social harmony and productivity. Advertised as modern, rational, and humane, psychotechnics became a cornerstone of the rationalization movement that, originating in America, swept Germany in the 1920s. This article, focusing on interactions between psychotechnicians and female switchboard operators, places the objectives and contradictions of this new science of the working self within the context of wider debates about Germany’s postwar economic and political restructuring as well as the proces...
Testing multiple levels of influence in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol disorders from a developmental perspective: the example of alcohol use promoting peers and μ-opioid receptor M1 variation.

This study examined the interplay between the influence of peers who promote alcohol use and μ-opioid receptor M1 (OPRM1) genetic variation in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms while separating the “traitlike” components of AUD symptoms from their age-specific manifestations at three ages from emerging adulthood (17–23 years) to adulthood (29–40 years). The results for males were consistent with genetically influenced peer selection mechanisms as mediators of parent alcoholism effects. Male children of alcoholics were less likely to be carriers of the G allele in single nucleotide polymorphism A118G (rs1799971), and those who were homozygous for the A allele were more likely to affiliate with alcohol use promoting peers who increased the risk for AUD symptoms at all ages. There was evidence for women of an interaction between OPRM1 variation and peer affiliations but only at the earliest age band. Peer influences had stronger effects among women who were G-carriers. These results illustrate the complex ways in which the interplay between influences at multiple levels of analysis can underlie the intergenerational transmission of alcohol disorders as well as the importance of considering age and gender differences in these pathways.
The structures of Bi3PbWO8Cl and Bi4NbO8Cl and the evolution of the bipox structure series

Abstract A new adaptive structure series is described which is a mixture of Aurivillius phases and Sillen's phases. The structures of two of the simplest members of this series are presented.
DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF TOOTHPASTE FLAVOR AND TEXTURE USING TWO SAMPLING METHODS: BRUSHING VERSUS SPOON TASTING

ABSTRACT Repeated testing of toothpaste using a brushing method can lead to dental sensitivity, which could compromise the effectiveness of descriptive evaluations. The objective of this research was to compare flavor and texture evaluations of toothpaste using two sampling methods, toothbrushing or spoon tasting, in a descriptive sensory analysis test. A highly trained descriptive sensory panel evaluated five commercially available toothpastes using the two sample delivery regimens. Changing the sample delivery method impacted key toothpaste attributes, including burn, nasal cooling, toothetch and associated flavor attributes such as overall mint, menthol and bitter, but no interaction of product and method was found for those attributes. The interaction between product and delivery technique, i.e., specific toothpastes react differently than others when the sampling technique is changed, occurred in graininess, foaminess, baking soda, oral cooling and tongue numbing. This research establishes that the delivery method for toothpaste during descriptive analysis has an impact on flavor evaluations. Although it is possible to use an alternate method, such as spoon tasting, for some toothpaste evaluations if the attributes of interest do not show interactions between product and method, researchers must give consideration to how alternate methods affect intensity of scores or other outcomes of the research. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Researchers seeking to use atypical sampling methods for various reasons (i.e., sample screening, limited resources, reducing evaluator's fatigue), especially for products such as toothpaste, must consider the objectives of a study and how an alternate technique will affect the outcome of the research. This research establishes that the delivery method of toothpaste during descriptive analysis has an impact on the flavor and texture evaluations. It is possible to use an alternate, such as sampling from a spoon for toothpaste evaluations, with the understanding that key attributes such as cooling and mint flavor will be amplified. The spoon method can be useful in screening when there is a need to efficiently gather information on a myriad of similar products, but it probably needs to be avoided in situations where products differ widely or key attributes are compromised.
Regulation of ventilatory responses in vagotomized cats by caudal brainstem sites.

Abstract Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia were evaluated in vagotomized decerebrate cats prior to and following lesions in the midline at the pontomedullary junction. Subsequent to these lesions, frequency responses to hypercapnia were significantly elevated whereas the concomitantly determined tidal volumes were significantly lowered. In the post-lesion phase, the durations of inspiration, expiration and the total respiratory cycle at maximum hypercapnia-induced tidal volumes were lower than comparable values at maximum tidal volumes in the pre-lesion phase. The same lesions produced no significant alteration of respiratory responses to hypoxia. Mesencephalic or rostral pontile lesions caused on systematic changes in either hypercapnia- or hypoxia-induced responses. It is concluded that the lesions at teh pontomedullary junction produce ventilatory alterations by interrupting a pathway interconnecting the caudal pontile apneustic center with the medullary respiratory complex. The possibility that this interruption produces an alteration in the threshold of the inspiratory off-switch mechanism of the brainstem respiratory controller is considered and discussed.
THE INCREDIBLY KNOTTY CHECKERBOARD CHALLENGE

Introduction This note is about an easily-stated puzzle that arose in an interesting way. The puzzle involves certain patterns of coins on an ordinary checkerboard, but it was suggested by a theorem in diagrammatic knot theory! We begin by presenting the checkerboard puzzle. After we analyze the puzzle mathematically, we discuss the somewhat surprising connection between patterns of coins on a checkerboard and knots, which are simple, closed curves in space. A standard checkerboard consists of sixty-four squares, arranged in eight rows and eight columns. If we focus on the corners of squares, then a checkerboard provides eighty-one vertices, arranged in a 9 X 9 grid. By placing coins at some of these vertices, form any pattern that satisfies these conditions:
Modulation of neural bronchoconstrictor responses in the guinea pig respiratory tract by vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is localised to cholinergic nerves in airways. We have investigated the effects of VIP on both cholinergic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) neuronal bronchoconstrictor responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) in guinea pig airways and on cholinergic neurotransmission following sensory nerve depletion. VIP significantly attenuated the cholinergic bronchoconstrictor responses to EFS in trachea (EC 50 values in upper and lower trachea of 3.7 ± 0.2 × 10 −9 M and 8.6 ± 0.3 × 10 −9 M, respectively) and bronchi (31.2 ± 1.6% inhibition in main and 15.1 ± 3.3% in hilar bronchi at 10 −7 M VIP) and the NANC bronchoconstrictor responses to EFS in bronchi (with maximum inhibitions of 93.1 ± 1.8% at 3 × 10 −8 M VIP in main and 40.2 ± 5.3% at 10 −8 M in hilar bronchi). VIP at 10 −7 M, but not at 10 −10 M, significantly attenuated the contractile responses to exogenously applied ACh in trachea (EC 50 values of 4.9 ± 0.2 × 10 −6 M in the absence and 8.4 ± 0.4 × 10 −5 M in the presence of VIP 10 −7 M VIP) to SP in main bronchi (EC 50 values of 5.7 ± 0.2 × 10 −8 M in the absence vs. 7.3 ± 0.3 × 10 −7 M in the presence of 10 −7 M VIP). Since the inhibition of these neural responses is greater than the inhibition of the equivalent responses elicited by the exogenous transmitters, this indicates that VIP may modulate release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerves and of neuropeptides from sensory nerves, in addition to a post-junctional functional antagonist action.
Temperature dependence of aspen torrefaction kinetics.

Abstract Torrefied biomass provides opportunities for an alternative, renewable fuel in the energy market. Much work on torrefaction is based on weight loss transients without much insight into the evolution of volatile species. A previous model from our group has been developed that predicts the degradation of raw biomass into specific chemical species during torrefaction (water, acetic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formic acid and furfural) in three consecutive reaction steps. The goal of this work is to understand how the kinetics of torrefaction change with temperature. Kinetic parameters for aspen wood were obtained for the first 90 min of 260–300 °C (1000 °C/s) torrefaction. The pre-exponential factors were 3.32E9, 1.43E11, and 2.08E14 min −1 , and the activation energies 1.05E2, 1.27E2, and 1.72E2 kJ/mol for the three reactions. Kinetic parameters found correspond well to similar values from global weight loss studies, and suggest that increased torrefaction severity leads to progressively more recalcitrant forms of torrefied biomass. These continuous production traces for the volatile organic species yield insight into torrefaction, and require careful consideration of torrefaction time and temperature to design the desired solid fuel product.
Efficient partitioning of components

This paper presents a technique for dividing a network of interconnecting components into groups of components so that the total number of interconnecting wires between groups tends to be minimized. The method of solution is noniterative, and provides good solutions using small amounts of computer time. The solution is based on the use of an electrical analogue which may be useful in aiding other design automation tasks.
Deaths among drivers and right-front passengers in frontal collisions: redesigned air bags relative to first-generation air bags

Objective. After automakers were allowed the option of using sled tests for unbelted male dummies to certify the frontal crash performance of vehicles, most frontal air bags were depowered, starting in model year 1998, to reduce deaths and serious injuries arising from air bag deployments. Concern has been expressed that depowering air bags could compromise the protection of adult occupants. This study aimed to determine the effects of changes in air bag designs on risk of death among front-seat occupants. Methods. Deaths among drivers and right-front passengers per involvement in frontal police-reported crashes during calendar years 1998–2004 were compared among vehicles with sled-certified air bags (model years 1998–2004) and first-generation air bags (model years 1994–97). Frontal crash deaths were identified from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. National estimates of police-reported crashes were derived from the National Automotive Sampling System/General Estimates System. Sled certification st...
A cooling facility for reactor irradiations

Abstract The temperature of a sample subjected to irradiation in a nuclear reactor rises above the ambient temperature because of the absorption of gamma-rays and neutrons. In this paper we describe a water-cooled irradiation facility which incorporates a vortex tube as a supplementary means of cooling. The temperatures of samples are reduced as much as 50°C through the additional use of the vortex tube.
Presidential Rhetoric and the Power of Definition

This essay responds to the claim that presidential rhetoric has little effect. It addresses three questions: (1) How do we understand the nature of presidential rhetoric and its effects? (2) What does presidential rhetoric do? (3) How do we know? From the perspective of the humanities, rhetoric is a complex transaction among speakers or writers, audiences, and critics. Effects are better understood as invitations to respond. A key function of presidential rhetoric is to define social reality, and this power to define is a significant presidential resource. Eight case studies explore how presidents from George Washington to George W. Bush have relied on rhetorical definition.
Condoms in concentrated and generalised HIV epidemics.

The promotion of male condoms is fundamental for programmes for prevention of HIV. Interventions resulting in consistent use of condoms by clients of female sex workers in Thailand together with a reduction in the number of men who have sex with sex workers show the effectiveness of condoms in curbing the incidence of HIV. However for condoms to be effective they must be used consistently and properly. (excerpt)
Control of enzyme activity by an engineered disulfide bond

A novel approach to the control of enzyme catalysis is presented in which a disulfide bond engineered into the active-site cleft of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme is capable of switching the activity on and off. Two cysteines (Thr21----Cys and Thr142----Cys) were introduced by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis into the active-site cleft. These cysteines spontaneously formed a disulfide bond under oxidative conditions in vitro, and the catalytic activity of the oxidized (cross-linked) T4 lysozyme was completely lost. On exposure to reducing agent, however, the disulfide bond was rapidly broken, and the reduced (non-cross-linked) lysozyme was restored to full activity. Thus an enzyme has been engineered such that redox potential can be used to control catalytic activity.
The growth response of the established human cell line, KB, in an acidified medium

Abstract Supplementing Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium with pyruvic acid extended the pH range for maximum growth of KB cells from pH 7.0–7.4 to pH 6.6–7.2. The stimulatory effect of pyruvic acid was independent of pH in the range 6.6–7.2. In contrast to WI-38, KB cells are not adversely effected by the addition of glucose to Eagles Essential Medium containing galactose.
Perceived Risk Following Melanoma Genetic Testing: A 2-Year Prospective Study Distinguishing Subjective Estimates from Recall

A major goal of predictive genetic testing is to alert people to their risk before illness onset; however, little is known about how risk perceptions change following genetic testing and whether information is recalled accurately over time. In the United States, a CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 76 % lifetime risk of melanoma. Following genetic counseling and test reporting, subjective risk estimates and recall of counselor-provided risk estimates were assessed 5 times over the next 2 years among 60 adult members of 2 extended CDKN2A/p16 kindreds. No sustained changes from baseline in risk perceptions were reported. Unaffected carriers (n = 15) consistently reported significantly lower subjective risk estimates (46 %) than they were actually given (76 %, p < 0.001) or recalled having been given (60 %, p < 0.001). Noncarriers’ (n = 27) risk estimates decreased following results disclosure, but rebounded, with both subjective and recalled estimates subsequently exceeding what they were told by the counselor (both ps < 0.001). Affected carriers’ (n = 18) risk estimates for developing a new melanoma corresponded well to counselor-provided information (p = 0.362). For all 3 patient groups, results were consistent across multiple risk measures and remained similar when demographic, phenotypic, and baseline behavioral contributors to melanoma risk were statistically controlled. These findings are consistent with other studies of risk perception, but additional studies of more diverse populations are needed to understand the reasons behind both the persistence of initial risk estimates and their divergence from information provided by the counselor during genetic counseling. Additionally, determining whether holding subjective risk perceptions that differ from counselor-provided information ultimately affects adherence to management recommendations will help guide the presentation of risk information in genetic counseling practice.
“Lest we become beasts who devour each other”: A Lutheran Calling to Higher Education in Multi-Religious Settings1

: Lagerquist argues that in view of growing American religious diversity and awareness of religious diversity worldwide, Lutheran theology provides warrants for revising educational practice at Lutheran colleges to better serve the students and in the hope of a transformation of church and theology. American Lutheran colleges and universities are suited to this task by their theological heritage, by their educational experience, and by their place within the ecology of their churches.
Modeling of detachment experiments at DIII-D

Abstract Edge fluid–plasma/kinetic–neutral modeling of well-diagnosed DIII-D experiments is performed in order to document in detail how well certain aspects of experimental measurements are reproduced within the model as the transition to detachment is approached. Results indicate, that at high densities near detachment onset, the poloidal temperature profile produced in the simulations agrees well with that measured in experiment. However, matching the heat flux in the model requires a significant increase in the radiated power compared to what is predicted using standard chemical sputtering rates. These results suggest that the model is adequate to predict the divertor temperature, provided that the discrepancy in radiated power level can be resolved.
The effect of diffuse basis functions on valence bond structural weights

Structural weights and bond dissociation energies have been determined for H-F, H-X, and F-X molecules (-X = -OH, -NH2, and -CH3) at the valence bond self-consistent field (VBSCF) and breathing orbital valence bond (BOVB) levels of theory with the aug-cc-pVDZ and 6-31++G(d,p) basis sets. At the BOVB level, the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set yields a counterintuitive ordering of ionic structural weights when the initial heavy atom s-type basis functions are included. For H-F, H-OH, and F-X, the ordering follows chemical intuition when these basis functions are not included. These counterintuitive weights are shown to be a result of the diffuse polarisation function on one VB fragment being spatially located, in part, on the other VB fragment. Except in the case of F-CH3, this problem is corrected with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The initial heavy atom s-type functions are shown to make an important contribution to the VB orbitals and bond dissociation energies and, therefore, should not be excluded. It is recommend...
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF MULTIFETAL GESTATION LESS THAN 1500 GRAMS

The clinical courses and outcomes of 61 twins and 9 triplets with birthweights less than 1500 grams (multifetal group, MFG) and delivered at Women's Hospital between Jan. 1980 and June 1983 were compared to all 174 inborn singletons less than 1500 grams (singleton group, SG) delivered during the same interval. MFG infants were significantly smaller (birthweights 976 ± 277 g v. 1111 ± 238 g for SG, p<0.001) and more premature (gestational ages 28.2 ± 2 wks v. 29.3 ± 3 wks for SG, p<0.01). Mortality for the MFG was 39%, compared to only 17% in the SG, p < 0.001. Analysis of obstetric factors between MFG and SG showed premature onset of labor (p < 0.001) and cesarean section (CS) following labor (p < 0.001) to be more common in the MFG, while CS without labor was more common in the SG (p = 0.002). The incidence of respiratory distress (RD), IPPV and FiO2 ≥ 0.4, was higher in the MFG (83%) than in the SG (69%), p<0.05. The overall incidence and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was similar in both groups, though factors associated with IVH differed. Among the MFG, IVH was more commonly seen only in infants with RD. For the SG, IVH was more common with birthweight <1000 g (p = 0.02), 5 minute Apgar ≤ 5 (p<0.03), RD (p<0.0001), and death (p<0.0001). Postnatal phenobarbital therapy reduced the incidence of IVH in the SG from 37% to 17%, but had no apparent effect in the MFG. We conclude that MFG infants tend to be more premature and smaller than SG infants, and have an increased risk of mortality which does not appear related to IVH.
Abstract 2006: The role of neuronal predominant gene expression in breast cancer brain metastasis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) occur in about 10-30% of patients with breast cancer. It has been established that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with 3 predominant subtypes (1) ER/PR positive (3) HER2 positive (4) Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)/Basal subtype. TNBC is associated with the highest incidence of metastasis to brain, mechanism of which is poorly understood. Therefore, in order to understand the proclivity of TNBC to the brain and identify potential targets for treatment BCMB, we employed two widely used paired cell model system, the MDA-MB-231/MDA-MB-231BrM2 and the CN-34/CN34BrM2. The levels of brain predominant markers [ST6GALNAC5 (ST6), Nestin, Tubulin β3 (TUBB3)] in brain-derived clones were assesed by qRT-PCR and found to be overexpressed in brain-derived MDA-MB-231BrM2 and CN34BrM2 in comparison with parental breast cancer cell lines. We also identified hyperactivated TGF-β signaling in brain derived clones in comparison with parental cells. Moreover, the treatment of parental cells with TGF-β increased the expression of ST6, Nestin and TUBB3 indicating that TGF-β plays role in the development of BCBM. To further delineate the role of these markers in BCBM, knockdown experiments using two different shRNA specific to TUBB3 (neuronal specific) were performed. TUBB3 knockdown resulted in a dramatic reduction in tumorspheres formation, migration, invasion and the ability to adhere to laminin in both MDA-MB-231BrM2. Furthermore, the downregulation of expression of β1 and β3 integrins in TUBB3 knockdown cells was discovered as assessed by qPCR and flow cytometry. These results implicate that overexpression of brain specific TUBB3 provides breast cancer cells with migration and invasion abilities and a possible survival advantage in the brain microenvironment. Citation Format: Deepak P. Kanojia, Purva Sarvaiya, Jian Qiao, Lingjiao Zhang, Irina Balyasnikova, Maciej S. Lesniak. The role of neuronal predominant gene expression in breast cancer brain metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2006. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2006
Dynamic Modeling of Reaction Pathways on the Gibbs Energy Surface

Based on irreversible thermodynamics and kinetic rate theory developed a number of years ago, modern computer graphics provide new methods to optimize selectivity in multiple reactors or single reactions with multiple reaction mechanisms. Initial conditions and standard Gibbs energies of reaction are sufficient to provide a Gibbs energy surface as a function of reaction extents for the rate-limiting reactions. These conditions also provide the kinetic boundaries, as defined in this article on the extent plane, over which reaction pathways cannot cross. However, product yields higher than those at equilibrium can, nevertheless, be achieved within the kinetic boundaries in some cases. The industrial term for this feat, cheating thermodynamics, is shown to be incorrect. For simplicity the results presented are for perfect gas mixtures under isobaric/isothermal reaction conditions; other cases are cited. Last, electrical analogue diagrams for complex reaction systems and the meaning of the term rate limiting are considered.
Formation and breakup rates of RbXe van der Waals molecules in He and N2 gas

Abstract The efficiency of He, as a third body, in the formation and breakup of RbXe van der Waals molecules has been measured. The formation and breakup rates of RbXe molecules are the same if a given pressure of nitrogen gas is replaced by 1.6 times more helium gas to serve as a third body. The nuclear spin relaxation of 129 Xe in 87 Rb is described by a universal function of the third body pressure measured in units of a characteristic pressure P o .
Tetrazolium reductase as an index of viability of stored skin

Abstract The take or failure of 264 split-skin grafts on burned patients has been investigated; the single most important reason for failure was non-viability of the graft at its time of application, as measured by the relative tetrazolium reductase (TR) activity. There was a high correlation between relative TR activity of less than 50 per cent and graft failure, and between TR activity of greater than 50 per cent graft take. The longest period for which a graft could be stored at −10°C and remain viable was 12 days; a few were non-viable before 10 days. Repeated freezing and thawing of stored skin grafts reduced the length of viability by 40 per cent compared with grafts which had been frozen and thawed only once. The tetrazolium reductase activity provides a quick reliable prognostic indication of whether or not a graft should be applied with the anticipation of a take.
QUANTITATIVE ISOLATION OF CHLOROPLASTS FROM HIGHER PLANTS

CHLOROPLASTS, BECAUSE of their fundamental role in photosynthesis and their prominence in leaf cells, have been the object of many cytological and microchemical studies. A considerable and controversial literature has accumulated on the constitution of chloroplasts, containing a large number of conjectures and a paucity of facts-a condition arising from the limitations of the methods that have been used. The writer has found that chloroplasts can be isolated by differential centrifuging in amounts sufficient for quantitative determinations. Once the isolation is made, analytical procedures can be taken almost bodily from the field of blood chemistry. It is hoped that the quantitative isolation of chloroplasts will open up a newv and more fruitful field of investigations, not only on the composition, structure, and metabolism of these bodies, but also on the mechanism of photosynthesis. FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE ISOLATION OF CHLOROPLASTS. During preliminary studies of leaf protoplasm it was noted that partial separations could be made of its components by centrifugation. Examination of the centrifugates of a tissue mash prepared by grinding leaves in 0.5 M glucose solution indicated that the cell wall debris and the unbroken cells were thrown down first, followed in order by the larger crystals, and starch grains torn from the chloroplasts, coagulated cytoplasmn, smaller crystals and starch graiins, chloroplasts, and finally by very tiny granules. This led to an attempt to isolate chloroplasts in as normal a state and with as little contamination as possible. It is intended in a later paper to discuss in detail the composition and. morphological structure of the chloroplasts. It will suffice here to mention briefly a few facts relevant to the problem at.band. Chloroplasts of tomato and tobacco leaves possess a semipermeable membrane and can be maintained for a time in a solution which is isotonic or hypertonic with that of the cytoplasm of the leaf cell. Of the various substances tested, 0.5 M glucose or sucrose solutions were found to be the most satisfactory in which to disperse the chloroplasts. These solutions do not coagulate the cytoplasmic proteins nor cause coarse granules to appear in the chloroplasts, as do salt solutions in general. The chloroplasts obtained in this manner remain normal for several hours as judged from observations on the presence of functional semi-permeable membranes, although very fine
Edible coatings for deep-fat frying of starchy products

Abstract The effectiveness in moisture retention and reduction of fat uptake of different edible coatings on a fat-free starchy product was determined. Mashed potato balls of 47 mm diameter were used as model food system. Samples were coated with corn zein (CZ), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) or methyl cellulose (MC) film-forming solutions. Uncoated samples were used as control. Compared to the control, a reduction of 14.9%, 21.9% and 31.1% in moisture loss from the product was observed for samples coated with CZ, HPMC and MC films, respectively. Similarly, a reduction of 59.0%, 61.4% and 83.6% in fat uptake by the product was observed for samples coated with CZ, HPMC and MC films, respectively. Based on the overall performance in reducing moisture loss and fat uptake, MC exhibited the most significant barrier properties.
Abstract 3151: Muc1/Cin85 complex is a new molecular target for control of cancer invasion and metastasis

MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein abnormally expressed in all stages of human adenocarcinomas as well as sites of chronic inflammation. The extracellular domain of MUC1 contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region that is extensively O-glycosylated in normal epithelia and underglycosylated in tumor cells. Lack of sugars on the VNTR increases the accessibility of the peptide backbone to more efficient or completely new protein-protein interactions that can profoundly change intracellular signaling in tumors compared to normal cells. We recently identified CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein 85 KDa), as a new protein that associates with MUC1 in human and mouse cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemistry and confocal immunofluorescence on breast and colon human tissue microarray (TMA) composed of cancer samples and their adjacent normal tissues revealed that hypoglycosylated MUC1 and CIN85 are both over-expressed in early as well as advanced clinical stages of breast and colon cancer and co-localize on invadopodia-like structures implicated in cell invasion. When tested in vivo in a tumor metastasis model of B16 melanoma, mice injected with CIN85-depleted melanoma cells exhibited few or no lung metastasis and overexpression of MUC1 recovered the shCIN85-reduced metastatic process. MUC1-CIN85 complex may represent a promising target for invasion inhibition and an effective alternative or complementary therapy for metastatic cancer. To that end, we are generating novel MUC1 analogs and testing their anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo. CIN85 contains three SH3 domains that recognize a consensus sequence PXXXP that corresponds to the PDTRP sequences found in the VNTR of MUC1 and the PVTRP sequences adjacent to the VNTR region. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that CIN85 would bind MUC1 as a dimer. To test this, we synthesized a MUC1 peptide agonist capable of inducing CIN85 dimerization and enhancing the binding between MUC1 and CIN85. Upon addition of the peptide, the interaction between MUC1 and CIN85 was two times higher than in its absence. Based on this peptide sequence, we designed several drug compounds that can mimic MUC1 binding site for CIN85. Preliminary results revealed that some of them are able to modulate the interaction between CIN85 and MUC1. Interestingly, they also regulate MUC1 phosphorylation, essential step for MUC1-associatated signaling. Based on these preliminary results, we hypothesize that some of these drug compounds will inhibit tumor metastasis in in vivo, which we are currently testing. Citation Format: Sandra Cascio, Joshua Sciurba, Rebecca Hughey, Carlos Camacho, Olivera Finn. Muc1/Cin85 complex is a new molecular target for control of cancer invasion and metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3151. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3151
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORMAL LANGUAGE THEORY SINCE 1956

This brief survey will discuss the early years of the theory of formal languages through about 1970, treating only the most fundamental of the concepts. The paper will conclude with a brief discussion of a small number of topics, the choice reflecting only the personal interest of the author.
Fault Detection, Identification, and Location in Smart Grid Based on Data-Driven Computational Methods

A fault detection, identification, and location approach is proposed and studied in this paper. This approach is based on matching pursuit decomposition (MPD) using Gaussian atom dictionary, hidden Markov model (HMM) of real-time frequency and voltage variation features, and fault contour maps generated by machine learning algorithms in smart grid (SG) systems. Specifically, the time-frequency features are extracted by MPD from the frequency and voltage signals, which are sampled by the frequency disturbance recorders in SG. A hybrid clustering algorithm is then developed and used to cluster the frequency and voltage signal features into various symbols. Using the symbols, two detection HMMs are trained for fault detection to distinguish between normal and abnormal SG operation conditions. Also, several identification HMMs are trained under different system fault scenarios, and if a fault occurs, the trained identification HMMs are used to identify different fault types. In the meantime, if the fault is detected by the detection HMMs, a fault contour map will be generated using the feature extracted by the MPD from the voltage signals and topology information of SG. The numerical results demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness, and accuracy of the proposed approach for the diagnosis of various types of faults with different measurement signal-to-noise ratios in SG systems.
Oil and nationalal security

Abstract This paper estimates national security related expenditure in 1985 for oil imports at US$8.45 to US$9.05 per barrel. This estimate, in 1985 dollars, is divided between additions to defence spending (US$7.30 per imported barrel) and the cost of the strategic petroleum reserve (US$1.15 to US$1.75 per imported barrel). Based upon 1985 oil imports of about five million barrels per day, the estimate of the 1985 annual national security subsidy for oil imports totals US$18 billion, including US$2.1 to US$3.2 billion for the strategic petroleum reserve and US$14.8 billion for additional defence spending.
Mechanism of action of nicotine on amylase release by isolated pancreatic acini

The effects of nicotine on the pH of acinar suspension, amulase release and on amylase response stimulated by carbachol were examined in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Additions of nicotine at concentrations ranging from 10 μM to 30 mM caused dose-dependent increases in pH of acinar suspension with simultaneous amylase release (p<0.05). There was no increase in amylase release when acinar cells were incubated with nicotine adjusted to pH 7.40. Carbachol alone released amylase whereas nicotine (pH 7.40) at a concentration of 10 mM caused a significant and nonparallel inhibition of amylase release in response to graded doses of carbachol. At concentrations ranges between 3 μM and 10 mM, nicotine at pH 7.40 inhibited amylase release stimulated by 1 μM carbachol, with a half maximal inhibition at 0.8 ± 0.2 mM. These results indicate that in isolated rat pancreatic acini nicotine at pH 7.40 has no effect on basal nonstimulated amylase release but it inhibits carbachol-stimulated amylase response in a noncompetitive manner. These observations may have direct implications in underlying mechanism of pancreatic disorders.
Gamma Ray Processing to Destroy Staphylococcus aureus in Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat

Gamma radiation doses of 0.26 kGy and 0.36 kGy, administered in vacuo at 0°C, destroyed 90% of log-phase and stationary-phase colony forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 (FDA 196E), respectively, in mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). Samples inoculated with 103.9 CFU/g of S. aureus were treated with gamma radiation in vacuo at 0°C and then held for 20 hr at 35°C (abusive storage). Viable CFU were found in samples irradiated to 0.75 kGy but not in those irradiated to 1.50 kGy either before or after storage. Enterotoxin was not detected in irradiated MDCM. A predictive equation was developed for the response of S. aureus in MDCM to radiation dose and irradiation temperature.
Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes

Despite its great diversity and biomedical importance, the rodent subfamily Murinae is poorly resolved phylogenetically. We present the first cladistic analysis sampling multiple representatives of most major groups based on DNA sequence for three nuclear (GHR, RAG1, and AP5) and one mitochondrial (COII and parts of COI and ATPase 8) fragments. Analyzed separately, the four partitions agree broadly with each other and the combined analysis. The basal split is between a clade of Philippine Old Endemics and all remaining murines. Within the latter, rapid radiation led to at least seven geographically distinct lineages, including a Southeast Asian Rattus clade; a diverse Australo-Papuan and Philippine clade; an African arvicanthine group including the otomyines; an African Praomys group; and three independent genera from Africa and Asia, Mus, Apodemus, and Malacomys. The murines appear to have originated in Southeast Asia and then rapidly expanded across all of the Old World. Both nuclear exons provide robust support at all levels. In contrast, the bootstrap proportions from mitochondrial data decline rapidly with increasing depth in the tree, together suggesting that nuclear genes may be more useful even for relatively recent divergences (<10 MYA).
Increased secondary generalization of partial seizures after temporal lobectomy

Objective: This study tests the primary hypothesis that secondary generalization of partial seizures is more likely after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) than before ATL, and the secondary hypothesis that antiepileptic drug withdrawal accounts for increased generalization of seizures postoperatively. Background: The authors observed that some patients had generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures after but not before ATL, by using a new classification of outcome that compares preoperative and postoperative seizure frequencies by seizure type. Methods: Twenty patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy had postoperative GTC seizures or nongeneralizing complex partial (CP) seizures in a consecutive ATL series. All had reduced seizure frequency postoperatively and more than 2 years of follow-up on antiepileptic drugs. The authors calculated a generalization fraction, as (number of GTC seizures)/(number of CP and GTC seizures), for 2 years before and 2 years after surgery. Results: Postoperative generalization fractions were greater than preoperative generalization fractions (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p Conclusions: Patients with reduced seizure frequency after ATL have a greater tendency for partial seizures to secondarily generalize postoperatively. This phenomenon is not explained by antiepileptic drug withdrawal.
Comparison of dynamic routeing techniques for automated guided vehicle system

An automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) System with a limited number of vehicles cannot perform all of the transportation requests on demand. When a capacitated AGV system is used, then it is possible for the material handling system to become the bottleneck. There are many factors that affect the efficiency of an AGV system including how vehicles are routed and schedules. This paper presents a new dynamic approach to AGV routing. Simulation is used to study the effectiveness of this approach.
Stylistic Variation and Underlying Structure.

i. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to stylistic variation in linguistic description. Variation which used to be described as 'free' has lately been described as fitting within identifiable linguistic and/or social parameters. I discern three trends. In the first, variation that was previously ignored is incorporated into description in a fairly systematic way. An example of this is Harris' (I969: 7) claim that variation among the Spanish forms [esbju6o], [ezbju6o] and [ezpfjuo] es viudo 'he is a widower' 'not only CAN but MUST be described in terms of stylistic levels. . . it will be shown that careful examination of the kinds of alternation under discussion leads to some interesting questions about the form and organization of phonological rules' (emphasis original). The second trend is exemplified by studies such as Kelley (I963), Bright (1970) and Henderson (I975). In these studies, various styles of speech are identified, and rules are given for deriving informal variants from formal or underlying forms. Some of the rules described are seen as 'recapitulating the processes of historical sound changes' (Bright: I40), or as differentiating between such recapitulation and recent borrowings (Henderson: 653-654). Other than these observations, few theoretical claims are made by such studies. The third trend, and perhaps the best known, is the sociolinguistic analysis of variation, in which individual speakers' stylistic variation (while it plays a much smaller role than variation among speakers) is measured and is considered to be a necessary part of linguistic analysis: 'A monolectal phonology can show only one of the vowels in single-style grammars; when both vowels appear in a single style, if they should do so, the most that can be shown is an equipollent... optionality between them' (Bailey, I973: I9). Bailey goes on to say (23): 'Indeed, the patterns of variation in language could well provide psycholinguists with interesting hypotheses concerning the structure of the brain for profitable future investigations.' From what I can gather of the work of sociolinguists like Labov and Bailey, they consider stylistic variation to be an inseparable component of linguistic competence, but they do not go beyond predictions like that quoted above. That is, they are interested in setting up a model for linguistic description that will systematically account for stylistic variation, but they have done little work in the other direction. I should like to see a fourth trend, one that will go in the other direction: the use of stylistic variation as evidence for particular analyses of underlying struc-
Fatal Case of Weeksella virosa Sepsis

Weeksella virosa is an aerobic Gram-negative rod that has rarely been reported to cause infection. We describe a fatal case of W. virosa sepsis in a young female with end-stage renal disease, report three additional cases of W. virosa infection, and review the literature regarding this infection.
How "weak" mindreaders inherited the earth

Carruthers argues that an integrated faculty of metarepresentation evolved for mindreading and was later exapted for metacognition. A more consistent application of his approach would regard metarepresentation in mindreading with the same skeptical rigor, concluding that the "faculty" may have been entirely exapted. Given this result, the usefulness of Carruthers' line-drawing exercise is called into question.