cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary metastases from uterine neoplasms after long tumour-free interval: four cases and review of the literature

Summary Aims Uncommon cases of lung metastasis from different types of uterine neoplasms with a long tumour-free interval after hysterectomy are reported. Methods and results Four cases were retrieved from our surgical pathology archives. Case 1 was a 68-year-old woman who had three pulmonary nodules 23 years after hysterectomy for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS). The nodules obtained with video-assisted thoracic surgeries were consistent with metastatic LGESS. Case 2 was a 36-year-old woman who had numerous bilateral pulmonary nodules 6 years after hysterectomy for leiomyoma. A transthoracic biopsy revealed benign metastasising leiomyoma. Case 3 was a 77-year-old woman who had a large lung mass with satellite nodules 17 years after hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and subsequent radiotherapy for endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEA). The biopsied and resected lung tumour was consistent with metastatic EEA. Case 4 was a 51-year-old woman who underwent total hysterectomy and subsequent radiotherapy for endocervical adenocarcinoma 12 years ago and lung lobectomy for metastatic disease 8 years ago. She then developed two pulmonary lesions 14 months ago, and these resected after radiotherapy were metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma. Conclusions A review of the literature revealed that late pulmonary metastasis from uterine neoplasms is rare but not negligible. Immunohistochemical studies and molecular tests, together with detailed clinical information and imaging findings, are important for rendering a diagnosis.
The effects of atherosclerosis on the transmission of ultrasound.

Abstract A study of the effect of atherosclerosis on the transmission of ultrasound through the arterial wall was carried out on seven aortas and iliac arteries removed at the time of autopsy. Using a pulsed echo-ranging system, the extent of the sound attenuation was measured from plane sections of the vessels. The results indicated that areas of arterial calcification attenuated the transmitted ultrasound in the 30–40 db range. Normal areas or plaques without calcification, as determined by x-ray and histologic studies, attenuated the sound in the 0–5 db range. Thus, the sound absorption due to the plaque containing calcium is larger by a factor of approximately 1000 than the absorption of the normal artery wall.
Reducing Medical Students’ Stigmatization of People With Chronic Mental Illness: A Field Intervention at the “Living Museum” State Hospital Art Studio

The authors designed an intervention to reduce beginning medical students’ stigmatization of people with chronic mental illness (CMI). Pre-clinical medical students visited a state psychiatric facility’s “Living Museum,” a combination patient art studio/display space, as the intervention. During the visit, students interacted with artist-guides who showed their work and discussed their experiences creating art. Students completed a self-assessment survey developed to measure attitudes and feelings toward people with CMI after half of the class visited the Living Museum, constituting a Visit/No-Visit cross-sectional comparison. Students who visited the Living Museum (N=64), as compared with those who did not visit (N=110), endorsed more positive attitudes toward people with CMI. Among the students who visited, however, those who reported having spoken individually with a patient-artist (N=44), paradoxically, indicated less-positive feelings toward people with CMI. An intervention in which pre-clinical medical students visited patient-artist guides in an art-studio setting generally improved students’ attitudes toward people with CMI. Thus, nontraditional psychiatric settings offer a valuable adjunct to more traditional clinical settings to reduce stigma when introducing medical students to the field of psychiatry.
Relation of low-severity violence to women's health.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if women who experience low-severity violence differ in numbers of physical symptoms, psychological distress, or substance abuse from women who have never been abused and from women who experience high-severity violence.
A general method for the calculation of segregation profiles in floating zone grown silicon ingots with non-uniform initial distribution of the solute

Abstract In polycrystalline silicon analytics segregation effects related to radial non-uniform dopant distributions are of major importance for the interpretation of resistivity data. The determination of dopant concentrations and resistivity profiles in polycrystalline silicon inevitably requires the transformation into a single crystal. Neglecting segregation effects may therefore substantially bias the actual material properties. A tool for the computation of final concentration profiles in floating zone grown ingots with non-uniform initial distributions has been developed, which allows the re-calculation of polysilicon data from single crystal data.
Group representation of the Cayley forest and some of its applications

Cayley forests and products of Cayley trees of order are represented as subgroups in the free product of cyclic groups () of order 2. The automorphism groups of these objects are determined. We give a complete description of the sets of translation-invariant and periodic Gibbs measures for the Ising model on a Cayley forest. We construct a new class of limiting Gibbs measures for the inhomogeneous Ising model on a Cayley tree. We find sufficient conditions for random walks in periodic random media on the forest to be never returning provided that the jumps of the walking particle are bounded.
The evolution of the major hepatitis C genotypes correlates with clinical response to interferon therapy.

Background Patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) require significantly different durations of therapy and achieve substantially different sustained virologic response rates to interferon-based therapies, depending on the HCV genotype with which they are infected. There currently exists no systematic framework that explains these genotype-specific response rates. Since humans are the only known natural hosts for HCV–a virus that is at least hundreds of years old–one possibility is that over the time frame of this relationship, HCV accumulated adaptive mutations that confer increasing resistance to the human immune system. Given that interferon therapy functions by triggering an immune response, we hypothesized that clinical response rates are a reflection of viral evolutionary adaptations to the immune system. Methods and Findings We have performed the first phylogenetic analysis to include all available full-length HCV genomic sequences (n = 345). This resulted in a new cladogram of HCV. This tree establishes for the first time the relative evolutionary ages of the major HCV genotypes. The outcome data from prospective clinical trials that studied interferon and ribavirin therapy was then mapped onto this new tree. This mapping revealed a correlation between genotype-specific responses to therapy and respective genotype age. This correlation allows us to predict that genotypes 5 and 6, for which there currently are no published prospective trials, will likely have intermediate response rates, similar to genotype 3. Ancestral protein sequence reconstruction was also performed, which identified the HCV proteins E2 and NS5A as potential determinants of genotype-specific clinical outcome. Biochemical studies have independently identified these same two proteins as having genotype-specific abilities to inhibit the innate immune factor double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). Conclusion An evolutionary analysis of all available HCV genomes supports the hypothesis that immune selection was a significant driving force in the divergence of the major HCV genotypes and that viral factors that acquired the ability to inhibit the immune response may play a role in determining genotype-specific response rates to interferon therapy.
Guest Editorial Spatial Light Modulators: Critical Issues

This special issue of Optical Engineering addresses a number of critical issues in the continuing development and characterization of spatial light modulators for optical processing and computing applications.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS OF THE DISTAL FEMUR AND PATELLA

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a pathologic process characterized by a partial or total separation of a fragment of bone with overlying articular cartilage. OCD may affect any joint, but the knee joint is affected most commonly. This article reviews several potential causes of OCD and classification systems for OCD. Diagnosis and treatment strategies are discussed.
Real-time implementation of a frequency-domain adaptive filter on a fixed-point signal processor

The authors study some problems associated with the implementation of a frequency-domain adaptive algorithm on a fixed-point signal processor. In particular, they propose methods to improve the convergence speed and reduce the computational complexity of a constrained frequency-domain algorithm that uses a time-varying step size. In addition, they study the effects of finite word length and fixed-point arithmetic. Improvements are realized by adopting a novel data reusing scheme and by applying running and pruned FFTs (fast Fourier transforms). Results are given using synthetic data as well as data from noise cancellation experiments. >
National Trends and In-Hospital Outcomes of Adult Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Parenteral Nutrition Support

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are susceptible to protein-calorie malnutrition secondary to decreased oral intake, malabsorption, and increased metabolic expenditure. In this study, we seek to assess the national frequencies of parenteral nutrition (PN) use among hospitalized patients with IBD and to determine their in-hospital outcomes. Methods: We analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1988–2006 to determine the frequency of PN usage among patients with UC or CD and to determine their in-hospital outcomes. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of increased inpatient mortality in this population. Results: From 1988–2006, the annual incidence of PN use among hospitalized patients with CD was 4.29 per 100,000 and among those with UC was 3.80 per 100,000, with trends being relatively stable through the indexed period. The mean length of hospitalization among patients with UC receivi...
Shock intensity and warning signal effects on several measures of operant avoidance acquisition

Acquisition of both signaled and unsignaled operant avoidance learning was studied in 64 rats as a function of shock intensity, with three different warning signals used in the signaled procedure. In both signaled and unsignaled avoidance, overall response rate was a progressively increasing function of shock intensity. This was due to both an absolute and relative increase in the frequency of responses at shorter interresponse times with increasing shock intensity. Presence of an effective warning signal in the interval immediately preceding shock increased the probability of an avoidance response in this interval, decreased overall response rate, and reduced shock frequency. A buzzer signal proved most effective, followed by tone and light. However, once a warning signal occurred, the probability of an avoidance response to the signal was virtually independent of shock intensity. Also, an index of avoidance efficiency proved to be inversely related to shock intensity.
Observation of new scattering orders in degenerate four-wave mixing with semiconductors.

New scattering orders in degenerate four-wave mixing with a bulk semiconductor have been observed due to spatial subharmonic bifurcation of the laser-induced grating. For the observation, wave mixing in the Raman-Nath regime was performed in a thin platelet of CdS that exhibited increasing absorption optical bistability. A qualitative theoretical model is presented that explains the appearance of new scattering orders.
Optimum design of structures in a fuzzy environment

The basic concepts of the theory of fuzzy sets and its applications are briefly reviewed. A method is then presented for solving fuzzy optimization problems using ordinary nonlinear programming techniques along with a numerical example. Possible applications of the approach described here are mentioned, including application to the analysis of structural failures and development of expert systems for structural design. 9 references.
Assessing and Promoting Cultural Relativism in Students of Counseling.

Multicultural counseling is often promoted as a core element in counselor development. As such, educational efforts aim to increase counselors’ cultural relativism, or their ability to recognize their own enculturation and to appreciate the value of other cultural norms. This mixed qualitative-quantitative study explored the relationship between counselor and human service professional trainees’ moral development levels and their cultural assumptions after they had experienced a course in cultural diversity. Four themes were noted: (i) reflexivity about culture, (ii) orientation toward activism and advocacy, (iii) differences in attitudes toward sexual orientation and religion, and (iv) increased alertness to culture. Implications for culturally alert practice are discussed.
Effects of chlorosuccinate in the kidney cortex.

L-Chlorosuccinate is a good substrate for succinic dehydrogenase; chlorofumarate is the product of the reaction [I] . The hydrogen atom on C-2 of L-2Clsuccinate is removed, as well as the hydrogen atom on C-3 transt to this, the (3 S) hydrogen atom [2]. Thus, use of L-2Cl-succinate-2T and (3S)-L-2Cl-succinate-3T allows one to follow the fate of the hydrogen removed in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction. DChlorosuccinate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase [l] . L-Chlorosuccinate will also complete with succinate, but is oxidized at an appreciable rate [l] . Possible inhibitory effects of chlorofumarate have not yet been investigated. As might be expected, therefore, DL-Chlorosuccinate at concentrations above 0.05 mM produced significant inhibitions of the Krebs cycle and of gluconeogenesis in the kidney cortex.
Focus plus context screens: visual context and immersion on the desktop

Focus plus context screens are wall-size, low-resolution displays with an embedded, high-resolution display region. Focus plus context screens allow users to view details of a document up close, while simultaneously seeing peripheral parts of the document in lower resolution. Application areas range from geographic information systems to interactive simulations and games.
Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Use and Psychiatric Functioning among Women Arrested for Domestic Violence

We recently reported in this journal that cigarette smoking is over-represented in men arrested for domestic violence, and that violent men who smoke cigarettes are more likely to abuse other subst...
Transradial right and left heart catheterizations: a comparison to traditional femoral approach.

Objectives: This study compares the transradial versus transfemoral approach to combined right- and left-heart catheterization. Background: Central venous access from peripheral veins has been a historically useful technique. Although the need for right-heart catheterization has been considered an exclusion for transradial catheterization, we have combined a peripheral approach to the central venous system with radial arterial access which permits bilateral heart catheterization using a transradial approach. Methods: Over an 18-month period all right-heart catheterizations done in conjunction with arterial access were reviewed. Salvage procedures, mixed site access, and biopsy procedures were excluded. Radial procedures were performed using radial artery access and a forearm vein. Femoral procedures used femoral artery/vein. Demographics, procedural information, and postprocedural complications including those requiring vascular ultrasound or transfusion were recorded and used for comparison between groups. Results: Total of 175 femoral/105 radial cases done by 4 operators met criteria for comparison. Both groups had similar procedural indications and age. Procedural durations were shorter (P < .01) with radial 70 ± 5.0 min (±95% CI) vs. femoral 75 ± 5.4 min (±95% CI). Crossover was noted in several patients from both groups; radial procedures (n = 2) failed due to previous shoulder trauma. Femoral crossover to radial involved difficult arterial access. Complications related to access site occurred in 12 femoral and 0 radial patients. Conclusions: Using the forearm for central venous access appears safer than using the femoral vessels. Transradial catheterizations can be done in combination with forearm venous access procedures with excellent results and enhanced patient safety. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE ACTION SPECTRUM OF DAPHNIA MAGNA (CRUSTACEA) PHOTOTAXIS IN A SIMULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Abstract— The action spectrum of phototaxis in Daphnia magna (Crustacea) was measured in a chamber which simulated a natural angular distribution of underwater light. A 17% step-down in irradiance was used to stimulate the phototactic response at all wavelengths and irradiances tested. Peaks in the spectral response curves depended on the fluence rate to which the zooplankton were acclimated. The wavelength of maximum response (Zmax) shifted from yellow-green at the highest acclimation fluence rate (5.1 × 10−2 Wm−2) to blue-violet at moderate rates. At low acclimation fluence rates, the blue-violet maximum was retained and another maximum developed in the red. At the lowest fluence rate (1.6 × 10−5 Wm−2), the blue-violet and red maxima were lost and another maximum developed in the near ultraviolet. The action spectrum indicates the presence of three, and possibly four, photopigments with Zmax, at ∼405, 440, 570 and 690nm. The 440 and 690nm maxima may belong to the same photopigment; however, this was not tested. Changes in zooplankton swimming speed, caused either by large changes in irradiance or by mechanical stimuli, were accompanied by changes in the strength of the phototactic response to the −17% stimulus at any irradiance level for white and monochromatic light, and indicated the presence of a mechanism connecting swimming speed and photosensitivity.
Quasi-particle energies and two-hole XPS satellite in Ni

Abstract Excited-state correlations are included in a calculation of the quasi-particle energies of holes in Ni metal, so as to interpret the results of angle-resolved u.v. photoemission. We calculate renormalized bands by modifying the results of one-electron band theory using a convenient, physically motivated approximation to the self energy. For hole-hole repulsion U = 2.5 eV, the position and intensity of the two-hole XPS satellite are found to be approximately correct, and a major portion of the discrepancy between experiment and previous band calculations is eliminated.
Effect of age on left ventricular function during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of age on left ventricular performance during exercise in 79 patients with coronary artery disease (≥ 50% narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries). Fifty patients under the age of 60 years (group I) and 29 patients 60 years or older (group II) were studied. Radionuclide angiograms were obtained at rest and during symptomlimited upright bicycle exercise. The history of hypertension, angina or Q wave myocardial infarction was similar in both groups. Multivessel coronary artery disease was present in 30 patients (60%) in group I and in 19 patients (66%) in group II (p = not significant). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the hemodynamic variables (at rest or during exercise) of left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume and cardiac index. Exercise tolerance was higher in group I than in group II (7.8 ± 0.4 versus 5.7 ± 0.4 minutes, p = 0.009), although the exercise heart rate and rate-pressure product were not significantly different between the groups. There was poor correlation between age and ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume at rest and during exercise. Abnormal left ventricular function at rest or an abnormal response to exercise was noted in 42 patients (84%) in group I and in 25 patients (86%) in group II (p = not significant). Thus, in patients with coronary artery disease, age does not influence left ventricular function at rest or response to exercise. Older patients with coronary artery disease show changes in left ventricular function similar to those in younger patients with corresponding severity of coronary artery disease.
All-To-All Broadcast and Applications On the Connection Machine

An all-to-all broadcast algorithm that exploits concur rent communication on all channels of the Connection Machine system CM-200 binary cube network is de scribed. Issues in integrating a physical all-to-all broad cast between processing nodes into a language envi ronment using a global address space are discussed. Timings for the physical broadcast between nodes and for the virtual broadcast are given. The peak data transfer rate for the physical broadcast on a CM-200 is 5.9 gigabytes/sec, and the peak rate for the virtual broadcast is 31 gigabytes/sec. Array reshaping is an effective performance optimization technique. An ex ample is given where reshaping improved perfor mance by a factor of 7 by reducing the amount of local data motion. We also show how to exploit symmetry for computation of an interaction matrix using the all- to-all broadcast function. Further optimizations are suggested for N-body-type calculations. Using the all- to-all broadcast function, a peak rate of 9.3 GFLOPS/ sec has been achieved for the N-body computations in 32-bit precision on a 2,048 node Connection Machine system CM-200.
Automated static covariance analysis with mathematica

Over the last ten years a number of computer programs have been developed which do symbolic and algebraic operations as well as numeric calculations and graphics. Mathematica is the latest entry into this arena. This report gives a brief introduction into its capabilities and illustrates its power for engineering applications, including an example of static covariance analysis.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pathotoxin-Induced Disease Resistance in Plants

Primary leaves of bean plants treated with nonphytotoxic concentrations of the pathotoxin victorin were rendered highly resistant to two plant viruses. Leaves treated with higher concentrations of victorin became necrotic. These effects on plants that are resistant to victorin and to the fungus that produces it lend support to the hypothesis that activation of a defensive self-repair mechanism may account for resistance to this highly selective pathotoxin.
New results in importance sampling [of false alarm statistics]

Importance sampling is a technique which can significantly reduce the number of Monte Carlos necessary to accurately estimate the probability of low-probability of occurrence events (e.g., the probability of false alarm P/sub F/ associated with a given detection scheme). A new technique called the Chernoff Importance Sampling Method is introduced. It is shown that the number of required Monte Carlos can be reduced by a factor of a Chernoff-like bound on P/sub F/. In addition, techniques for choosing the multiplying factor of the distorted variance method (the most common method used in importance sampling) are presented.
Accelerated marrow recovery following total‐body irradiation after treatment with vincristine, lithium or combined vincristine‐lithium

Accelerated post-irradiation recovery of hematopoietic marrow has been reported following treatment with lithium (Li) or vincristine (VcR). Because these two agents appear to exert their effects on different, albeit overlapping, hematopoietic populations, it was felt that combining them might lead to a wider spectrum of enhanced post-irradiation marrow regeneration. Results demonstrated that an accelerated recovery, which appeared to be additive in nature, was observed in the marrow following combined VcR-Li/4.5 Gy total-body irradiation. The combined schedule significantly enhanced post-irradiation recovery of white blood cells, 12-day spleen colony-forming units, erythroid burst-forming units, and fibroblastic colony-forming units over radiation alone; and recovery of marrow cel-lularity, multipotential colony-forming units (CFU-gemm) and granulocytic/monocytic colony-forming units (CFU-gm) over both radiation alone and either drug given singly with the 4.5 Gy. In addition, while data on the ability of regenerating stroma to support CFU-gm and CFU-gemm did not suggest that VcR was acting to enhance post-irradiation marrow recovery by increasing stromal production of hematopoietic growth factors, Li did appear to increase production of one or more of these factors, and this may be part of its mechanism of action.
Stepwise Placement of a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Endograft

Endografts continue to evolve the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with complications of portal hypertension. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) created with bare stents, although associated with high rates of short-term portal decompression, are plagued by shunt stenosis and thrombosis over the long term. In contrast, TIPS created with endografts achieve durable, sustained patency in most patients with portal hypertension. The technique of successful endograft placement does have technical nuances that differ from TIPS creation with bare stents. This article provides a step-by-step approach for the interventional radiologist for placement of the via Torr device, which is at currently the only US Food and Drug Administration approved endograft for TIPS. These techniques can also be applied to the creation of TIPS endografts using other off-label endograft devices.
A Brief Tour of the Learning Sciences via a Cognitive Tool for Investigating Melodic Phenomena

The goal of this article is to contribute fragments of concrete understanding to the on-going search for meaning in ideas associated with the learning sciences (Sawyer, 2006b) by adding to the repertoire of domain specific studies pertaining to this relatively new field. The learning sciences are first characterized as a system of learning principles, fundamental laws about learning that tend to be embraced by theorists and practitioners of the learning sciences. These principles are then examined through the lens of a cognitive tool (Jonassen & Carr, 2000) for studying musical melody. This cognitive tool is a computational system consisting of Clay, a music knowledge representation language, and M×M, its infrastructural host. M×M and Clay are informally introduced and subsequently applied to problems associated with the representation and analysis of melodic structure. As the presentation unfolds, manifestations of the learning science principles are identified and discussed.
Irritable bowel syndrome.

Abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common diagnoses made in the primary care setting and is responsible for up to 40% of referrals to gastroenterologists. Approximately 70% of persons who meet the diagnostic criteria for IBS do not seek health care, and the remaining account for 12% of visits to primary care providers. IBS is a functional bowel disorder comprising abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habit with features of disordered defecation and distension in the absence of any demonstrable abnormality. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings and the exclusion of other disorders. New pharmaceutical agents are available to treat the underlying disorder; however, the treatment of IBS still involves a comprehensive, multicomponent approach that includes medical management of dominant symptoms, dietary modifications, and, possibly, psychotherapy.
Eyeblink Classical Conditioning and Awareness Revisited

Dual-task performance was assessed in 140 adults during eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) and one of several secondary tasks (timed-interval tapping, recognition memory choice reaction time, video viewing) Four groups received paired-EBCC stimulus presentation and three groups received explicitly unpaired EBCC stimuli Although the subjects were not told about the conditioning task, they acquired conditioned responses (CRs) at normal levels Postsession interviews probed participants' awareness of EBCC stimulus contingencies and production of CRs Reported awareness of paired-EBCC stimulus contingencies and CR production was not related to actual EBCC performance Twenty-seven percent of the participants receiving explicitly unpaired stimuli reported a stimulus contingency when none existed The dissociation between awareness and performance provides additional support for the categorization of simple EBCC as a form of nondeclarative learning
Synthesis of digitoxigenin by remote functionalization

Abstract Treatment of a 21-hydroxy-20-keto steroid with the mixed anhydride of trifluoroacetic acid—diethylphosphonoacetic acid leads directly to cardenolides by an intramolecular Horner-Emmons reaction. Photolysis of 3β-acetoxy-5β,14α-card-20(22)-enolide and iodobenzenedichloride in benzene solution then yields 3β-acetoxy-5β-carda-14,20(22)-dienolide (β-anhydrodigitoxigenin acetate).
A Case Study into the Benefits of Management Training Programs: Impacts on Hotel Employee Turnover and Satisfaction Level

Demonstrating the effectiveness of human resources (HR) programs has been a dilemma for HR professionals for years. This study addresses that problem and takes a step in closing the gap in the lodging industry. The researchers reviewed the effects of rigorous management training programs that focused on frontline leaders and their relationship with the employees who interact with guests. Data from a 2-year period (during and after the intervention) were analyzed based on employee-related factors, primarily turnover and employee satisfaction as measured by exit surveys. The researchers measured the impact of training over time. The results suggest this approach can be used by HR professionals to argue that management training programs lead to greater employee satisfaction and a reduction of employee turnover that offsets the cost of the training.
T-Antigen in normal and neoplastic urothelium

The expression of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) in normal and neoplastic urothelium was investigated using paraffin-processed and fresh frozen tissue sections obtained by biopsy from 56 patients. The T-antigen was detected through its binding to the peanut agglutinin (PNA) with two methods: a biotin-avidin-peroxidase system or a modified red cell adherence test. In vitro treatment of the tissue sections with neuraminidase induced PNA binding in the normal and neoplastic urothelium as well as the red blood cells and the vascular endothelium. Spontaneous PNA binding was absent in normal bladder epithelium, but was observed in 10% of the noninvasive and 65% of the invasive transitional cell carcinomas (TCC). The positive reactions were seen in the cytoplasm, cell surface, and mucin. These results were correlated with the light and electron microscopic findings and with the detectability of the A, B, H blood group antigens in the same tissues. Ultrastructurally, the PNA binding sites frequently corresponded to the Golgi apparatus and to secretory products which stained with Alcian blue. About 90% of TCCs with spontaneous PNA binding did not express the expected blood group antigen. The latter was also undetectable in 54% of TCCs lacking spontaneous PNA binding. It appears, therefore, that the expression of T-antigen occurs later in the evolution of aggressive TCCs, usually when they have advanced to invasive stages. The finding of spontaneous T-antigen unmasking correlates with the presence of invasion and a higher risk for metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes.
Interdiffusion in binary ionic mixtures.

In this paper we present molecular-dynamics and kinetic-theory calculations of the interdiffusion coefficients in dense binary ionic mixtures for conditions appropriate to both astrophysical and inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas. The diffusion coefficient is the product of a Green-Kubo integral and a thermodynamic prefactor. The molecular-dynamics and kinetic-theory estimates of the Green-Kubo portion agree very well, and it is found that this integral may also be well represented by the usual concentration-weighted sum of self-diffusion coefficients. In addition, the low-density limit of the thermodynamic prefactor is shown to represent an enhancement of the diffusion by the ``ambipolar'' electric field.
Early Channels of Mother-Infant Communication: Preterm and Term Infants

The impact of prematurity on the responsiveness of mothers and their 4-month-old infants was examined across three channels of communication: attentional, vocal and affective. Log-linear models were used to determine how the behavior of one partner was conditional upon the behavior of the other during home observations of 24 preterm and 24 term infants and their mothers. Visual attention was elicited by vocalization, and the onset of infant gaze was marked by a maternal smile. Mothers and infants responded to vocalizations with vocalizations, and mothers responded to smiles with smiles. Mothers of preterm infants were particularly responsive to their infants' signals within the attentional, vocal and affective channels. Preterm infants demonstrated correspondingly heightened responsiveness within the vocal and affective channels.
Cell swelling-induced translocation of rat liver Na(+)/taurocholate cotransport polypeptide is mediated via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway.

Cell swelling stimulates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in hepatocytes, and the PI3K signaling pathway is involved in cAMP-mediated translocation of sinusoidal Na+/taurocholate (TC) cotransporter (Ntcp) to the plasma membrane. We determined whether cell swelling also stimulates TC uptake and Ntcp translocation via the PI3K and/or MAPK signaling pathway. All studies were conducted in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocyte swelling induced by hypotonic media resulted in: 1) time- and medium osmolarity-dependent increases in TC uptake, 2) an increase in the Vmax of Na+/TC cotransport, and 3) wortmannin-sensitive increases in TC uptake and plasma membrane Ntcp mass. Hepatocyte swelling also induced wortmannin-sensitive activation of PI3K, protein kinase B, and p70S6K. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70S6K, inhibited cell swelling-induced activation of p70S6K but failed to inhibit cell swelling-induced stimulation of TC uptake. Because PD98095, an inhibitor of MAPK, did not inhibit cell swelling-induced increases in TC uptake, it is unlikely that the effect of cell swelling on TC uptake is mediated via the MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that 1) cell swelling stimulates TC uptake by translocating Ntcp to the plasma membrane, 2) this effect is mediated via the PI3K, but not MAPK, signaling pathway, and 3) protein kinase B, but not p70S6K, is a likely downstream effector of PI3K.
Petrology, geochemistry, and diabase-granophyre relations of a thick basaltic sill emplaced into wet sediments, western Montana

The Plains Sill is a thick diabase-granophyre body that intruded the wet sediments of the Middle Proterozoic Prichard Formation of the Belt-Purcell Supergroup. The diabase is a high-iron tholeiite geochemically compatible with large-volume mantle melting in an intracratonic rift environment. Evidence of emplacement into wet sediments includes thick zones of homogenized granosediments adjacent to the sill, soft-sediment deformation at sill contacts, and sedimentary ovoid structures possibly formed by local fluidization of sediments. Utilizing sediment pore water and driven by heat from the sill, the diabase was metamorphosed during crystallization and cooling, leaving hornblende as the dominant mafic phase. Continued retrograde alteration resulted in overgrowths of secondary hornblende and variable alteration of plagioclase to epidote. A miarolitic granophyre layer, up to 150 m thick, caps the diabase and appears igneous in origin. Locally the granophyre is anomalously thick, perhaps reflecting updip migra...
Coordination of the Rab5 cycle on macropinosomes.

The GTPase Rab5a regulates the homotypic and heterotypic fusion of membranous organelles during the early stages of endocytosis. Many of the molecules which regulate the Rab5a cycle of association with membranes, activation, deactivation and dissociation are known. However, the extent to which these molecular scale activities are coordinated on membranes to affect the behavior of individual organelles has not been determined. This study used novel Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopic methods to analyze the Rab5a cycle on macropinosomes, which are large endocytic vesicles that form in ruffled regions of cell membranes. In Cos-7 cells and mouse macrophages stimulated with growth factors, Rab5a activation followed immediately after its recruitment to newly formed macropinosomes. Rab5a activity increased continuously and uniformly over macropinosome membranes then decreased continuously, with Rab5a deactivation preceding dissociation by 1-12 min. Although the maximal levels of Rab5a activity were independent of organelle size, Rab5a cycles were longer on larger macropinosomes, consistent with an integrative activity governing Rab5a dynamics on individual organelles. The Rab5a cycle was destabilized by microtubule depolymerization and by bafilomycin A1. Overexpression of activating and inhibitory proteins indicated that active Rab5a stabilized macropinosomes. Thus, overall Rab5a activity on macropinosomes is coordinated by macropinosome structure and physiology.
Do State-Funded Property Tax Exemptions Increase Local Government Inefficiency? An Analysis of New York State's STAR Program

This study tests the effects of a growing form of indirect state aid—state-supported property tax exemptions—on local government efficiency. We hypothesize that larger exemptions, by lowering the effective tax price paid by local homeowners and thus their incentive to monitor efficiency, will reduce local government efficiency. We test this hypothesis by examining the introduction of New York State's large state-subsidized property tax exemption program, which began in 1999. We find evidence that, all else constant, the exemptions have reduced efficiency in districts with larger exemptions, but the effects appear to diminish as taxpayers become accustomed to the exemptions.
Trait attributions and defense against insult from a dissimilar other

Abstract It was hypothesized that subjects would prefer to blame a character assault on negative ability characteristics of a dissimilar attacker as opposed to negative motivational characteristics in order to escape responsibility for the attack. It was reasoned that because we generally think of ourselves as having less potential influence over the abilities as opposed to the motivations of another person, it might be possible to diminish one's responsibility for another's behavior by attributing that behavior to that person's ability characteristics. Subjects in this experiment responded either to an insulting or noninsulting stimulus person who was either similar or dissimilar by selecting from a list of both motivational and ability bipolar trait dimensions, those dimensions they would most prefer to use in rating the stimulus person. As predicted, subjects responding to an insulting and dissimilar stimulus person showed a significantly greater preference for ability trait dimensions than subjects in the other conditions combined and also disliked the stimulus person more. The significance of these results for defensive attribution processes and phenomena such as racism and sexism are discussed.
Microscopic calculation of surface-plasmon dispersion and damping

Exact calculations of the linear coefficient of surface-plasmon dispersion and damping $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}+i{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\mathrm{lim}}_{q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}{q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}(q)}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}(0)}\ensuremath{-}1]$, using the random-phase-approximation dynamical equation, for a jellium-vacuum interface characterized by a smooth, finite, surface potential barrier are described in detail. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is shown to be markedly sensitive to the shape of this barrier, casting doubt on the reliability of using non-self-consistent potential barriers to determine surface plasmon properties. For the case of an Al-density (${r}_{s}=2$) substrate, the sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to barrier shape should manifest itself through a rather strong increase of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ with alkali-impurity adsorption.
Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power

To say that financial aid is a key component of the college admissions process is an understatement. For the student and her family, financial aid is a way to afford quality post-secondary education that otherwise may have been unobtainable. For the college, financial aid is a method to compete for the best and brightest students. For policymakers, financial aid is a subsidy for educational expenses where constituencies often differ over its merits. This research attempts to analyze the financial aid process by considering the ability of a student to act strategically. A game-theoretic model developed by Epple, Romano, Sarpca, and Sieg (2005) is utilized and evaluated using empirical evidence from the 1996 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96). It is shown that a student can maximize her financial aid offer by increasing the number of schools to which she has been accepted after controlling for ability, demographics, state fixed effects and institutional characteristics. A matching estimator to calculate average treatment effects and properly address endogeneity concerns.
Evaluation of alkali and alkaline earth metal cation selectivities of lariat ether amides by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Lariat ethers with pendant amide groups have shown promise as new ion sensors because of their selectivity towards particular metal ions. In this study we report alkali and alkaline earth metal binding selectivities of dibenzo-16-crown-5 and fifteen dibenzo-16-crown-5 lariat ether amides (LEAs) as determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Additionally, the influence of the acid/base nature of the solution on metal cation selectivity is investigated. The validity of using ESI-MS for determination of selectivities is established by analogous experiments using hosts with known binding constants for the same metal cations and solvent systems. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) is used to evaluate the influence of the alkali metal cation binding on the fragmentation of the LEAs.
Copper(II) complexes of 2-formyl-, 6-methyl-2-formyl- and 2-benzoylpyridine N (4)-(2-methylpyridinyl)-, N (4)-(2-ethylpyridinyl)-and N (4)-methyl(2-ethylpyridinyl)thiosemicarbazones

The title complexes of general formula [Cu(HL)Cl2] or [Cu(L)Cl] have been isolated and characterized by 1H and 13C-n.m.r., i.r. and electronic spectra. The i.r., electronic and e.s.r. spectral data for the CuII complexes are compared with those of previously studied complexes. The antitumour and antiviral activities of the thiosemicarbazones and their complexes are discussed.
Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation and Historical Perspectives.

The many varied clinical, pathologic, and imaging features of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases involving the CNS are reviewed, along with radiologic-pathologic correlation and historical perspectives.
Toward the Development of an Interdisciplinary Information Assurance Curriculum: Knowledge Domains and Skill Sets Required of Information Assurance Professionals*

Since the ratification of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, both publicly traded companies and their respective financial statement auditors have struggled to comply with the requirements of the legislation. Utilizing three individual Delphi studies, separately, I surveyed partners, managers, and staff associates in the United States from each of the “Big 4” international accounting firms to ascertain from each respective group what knowledge domains and technical skills are most important in the practice of Sarbanes-Oxley–related information assurance compliance. Analysis of the data collected provided the basis for the development and subsequent implementation of a new interdisciplinary business curriculum in information assurance.
A radially-Gaussian, signal-dependent time-frequency representation

An optimization formulation for designing signal-dependent kernels that are based on radially Gaussian functions is presented. The method is based on optimality criteria and is not ad hoc. The procedure is automatic. The optimization criteria are formulated so that the resulting time-frequency distribution (TFD) is insensitive to the time scale and orientation of the signal in time-frequency. Examples demonstrate that the optimal-kernel TFD offers excellent performance for a larger class of signals than any current fixed-kernel representation. The technique performs well in the presence of substantial additive noise, which suggests that it may prove useful for automatic detection of unknown signals in noise. The cost of this technique is only a few times greater than that of the fixed-kernel methods and the 1/0 optimal kernel method. >
An Algorithm for Computing a Gröbner Basis of a Polynomial Ideal over a Ring with Zero Divisors

An algorithm for computing a Grobner basis of an ideal of polynomials whose coefficients are taken from a ring with zero divisors, is presented; such rings include $$\mathbb {Z}_n$$ and $$\mathbb {Z}_n[i]$$ , where n is not a prime number. The algorithm is patterned after (1) Buchberger’s algorithm for computing a Grobner basis of a polynomial ideal whose coefficients are from a field and (2) its extension developed by Kandri-Rody and Kapur when the coefficients appearing in the polynomials are from a Euclidean domain. The algorithm works as Buchberger’s algorithm when a polynomial ideal is over a field and as Kandri-Rody–Kapur’s algorithm when a polynomial ideal is over a Euclidean domain. The proposed algorithm and the related technical development are quite different from a general framework of reduction rings proposed by Buchberger in 1984 and generalized later by Stifter to handle reduction rings with zero divisors. These different approaches are contrasted along with the obvious approach where for instance, in the case of $${\mathbb {Z}}_n$$ , the algorithm for polynomial ideals over $${\mathbb {Z}}$$ could be used by augmenting the original ideal presented by polynomials over $${\mathbb {Z}}_n$$ with n (similarly, in the case of $${\mathbb {Z}}_n[i]$$ , the original ideal is augmented with n and i2 + 1).
New Strategies for the Design of Catalytic Antibodies

A new approach is advanced which is aimed at expanding the scope of antibody catalysis. It entails the design and synthesis of haptens that will elicit antibodies to catalyze acyl transfer reactions by a methodology which we term "bait and switch" catalysis. What we have done involves the placement of a point charge on the hapten in close proximity to, or in direct substitution for, a chemical functional group we wish to transform in the respective substrate. The haptenic charge should induce a complementary charge (on an amino acid residue) at the binding site. The substrate will lack this charge but will retain a similar overall structure. The monoclonal antibodies that bind these substrates now have the potential to act as general acids/bases for substrates having hydrolyzable functional groups.