cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inverse opal hydrogel-collagen composite scaffolds as a supportive microenvironment for immune cell migration

Immunotherapies harness the inherent potential of the body to destroy foreign or infected cells, and are currently being investigated as treatments for cancer. One way to boost native immune responses might be to engineer ectopic lymphoid tissue, providing a supportive microenvironment for immune cell priming, and/or bringing together immune cells at a desired location (e.g., solid tumor sites). Here we describe the development and in vitro testing of composite macroporous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffolds infused with collagen as a tissue engineering platform for immunotherapy. The PEG hydrogel with ordered, interconnected pores provided mechanical stability and the potential to depot supporting cytokines/chemokines, while an infused collagen matrix supported intra-scaffold migration of loaded T cells and dendritic cells. Rapid, nearly unconstrained T cell migration through scaffolds was achieved by using inverse opal supporting structures with 80 microm macropores. In addition, we demonstrated that the lymphoid tissue chemokine CCL21 could be bound to the inverse opal gel walls of these scaffolds, to provide motility-inducing cues for T cells within these structures. This hybrid scaffold approach combines the strengths of the synthetic and biopolymer hydrogels used in a highly synergistic fashion, allowing each material to compensate for limiting properties of its partner.
Carrier-Mediated Transport of Thyroid Hormones through the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier: Primary Role of Albumin-Bound Hormone*

The transport of [l25I]T3., and [l25I]T4 through the brain capillary wall, i.e. the blood-brain barrier, was studied in barbiturate-anesthetized rats using a tissue-sampling-carotid injection technique. The percent extraction of unidirectional influx of thyroid hormone during a single pass through the brain was measured relative to a highly diffusible [3H]water reference. The Km of T3 transport was 1.1 μM; T3 transport was inhibited by T4 (Ki = 2.6 μM), rT3;, (Ki = 5.4 μM), and D-T3 but not by 1000 μM concentrations of tyrosine, leucine, or potassium iodide. Bovine albumin also inhibited blood-brain barrier transport of T3). The fractional inhibition of T3 transport by albumin was a measure of the binding of T3 by albumin in vivo, i.e. in the presence of a competing binding system, the BBB T3 carrier. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of albumin binding of T3 at the brain capillary level (76 μM) was 16-fold greater than the K3 of albumin binding of T3 in vitro (4.7 μM), as determined by equilibrium ...
Classifying fractionalization: Symmetry classification of gapped Z 2 spin liquids in two dimensions

We classify distinct types of quantum number fractionalization occurring in two-dimensional topologically ordered phases, focusing in particular on phases with ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological order, that is, on gapped ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids. We find that the fractionalization class of each anyon is an equivalence class of projective representations of the symmetry group, corresponding to elements of the cohomology group ${H}^{2}(G,{\mathbb{Z}}_{2})$. This result leads us to a symmetry classification of gapped ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids, such that two phases in different symmetry classes cannot be connected without breaking symmetry or crossing a phase transition. Symmetry classes are defined by specifying a fractionalization class for each type of anyon. The fusion rules of anyons play a crucial role in determining the symmetry classes. For translation and internal symmetries, braiding statistics plays no role, but can affect the classification when point group symmetries are present. For square lattice space group, time-reversal, and $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ spin rotation symmetries, we find $2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}098\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}176\ensuremath{\approx}{2}^{21}$ distinct symmetry classes. Our symmetry classification is not complete, as we exclude, by assumption, permutation of the different types of anyons by symmetry operations. We give an explicit construction of symmetry classes for square lattice space group symmetry in the toric code model. Via simple examples, we illustrate how information about fractionalization classes can, in principle, be obtained from the spectrum and quantum numbers of excited states. Moreover, the symmetry class can be partially determined from the quantum numbers of the four degenerate ground states on the torus. We also extend our results to arbitrary Abelian topological orders (limited, though, to translations and internal symmetries), and compare our classification with the related projective symmetry group classification of parton mean-field theories. Our results provide a framework for understanding and probing the sharp distinctions among symmetric ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids and are a first step toward a full classification of symmetric topologically ordered phases.
The surface reactions of ethyl groups on Si(100) formed via dissociation of adsorbed diethylzinc

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of diethylzinc on S(100)-2 × 1 surfaces has been studied using temperature programmed desorption and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Adsorbed diethylzinc dissociates on the S(100)-2 × 1 surface at temperatures below 400 K to form adsorbed zinc metal and ethyl groups. The zinc metal desorbs between 400 and 550 K leaving only adsorbed ethyl groups. These ethyl groups undergo β-hydride elimination at 550 K, producing both adsorbed and gaseous ethylene, as well as adsorbed hydrogen. The adsorbed ethylene, bound to the surface in a di-σ configuration, is stable up to 625 K, at which point it either desorbs directly or undergoes C-C bond scission to form surface CH 2 groups. For low coverages the adsorbed CH 2 species undergo complete dehydrogenation while for higher coverages a fraction recombine to form gaseous ethylene at 750 K.
Generation of Hot Free Electrons Due to the Interaction between Charge‐Transfer Excitons and Thermalized Free Electrons in Molecular Crystals

The interaction of a free, thermalized electron with a CT exciton (nearest-neighbor hole–electron pair) in an anthracene crystal is discussed theoretically. The rate constant for the annihilation of the CT exciton by the electron, in which an Auger electron is produced in a plane-wave crystal state by the decay of an intermediate excitonic ion state is estimated to be about 10−10 to 10−9 cm3 S−1. Es wird die Wechselwirkung eines freien, thermalisierten Elektrons mit einem CT-Exziton (Elektron–Loch-Paar nachster Nachbarn) in einem Anthrazenkristall theoretisch untersucht. Die Ratenkonstante der Annihilation des CT-Exzitons durch das Elektron, bei der ein Augerelektron in einem Kristallzustand ebener Wellen durch den Zerfall eines Exzitonen-Zwischenzustands erzeugt wird, wird zu etwa 10−10 bis 10−9 cm3 S−1 berechnet.
Planar inverted‐F antennas on implantable medical devices: Meandered type versus spiral type

Based on a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) configuration, two different shaped (meandered and spiral) antennas are designed using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and measurement results. The antennas are installed on an implantable medical device in a biological-tissue simulating model. The impedance-matching and radiation characteristics of two PIFAs are compared in order to observe which shape is more appropriate for wireless communication links of implantable medical devices. Additionally, the effects of the human skin's thickness on the antennas are studied in order to consider medical devices which are implanted in various subcutaneous tissues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 567–572, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21409
Dynamic Modeling, Testing, and Stability Analysis of an Ornithoptic Blimp

Abstract In order to study ornithopter flight and to improve a dynamic model of flapping propulsion, a series of tests are conducted on a flapping-wing blimp. The blimp is designed and constructed from mylar plastic and balsa wood as a test platform for aerodynamics and flight dynamics. The blimp, 2.3 meters long and 420 gram mass, is propelled by its flapping wings. Due to buoyancy the wings have no lift requirement so that the distinction between lift and propulsion can be analyzed in a flight platform at low flight speeds. The blimp is tested using a Vicon motion tracking system and various initial conditions are tested including accelerating flight from standstill, decelerating from an initial speed higher than its steady state, and from its steady-state speed but disturbed in pitch angle. Test results are used to estimate parameters in a coupled quasi-steady aerodynamics/Newtonian flight dynamics model. This model is then analyzed using Floquet theory to determine local dynamic modes and stability. It is concluded that the dynamic model adequately describes the vehicle's nonlinear behavior near the steady-state velocity and that the vehicle's linearized modes are akin to those of a fixed-wing aircraft.
Electromagnetic shock waves from transmission lines.

We have observed subpicosecond electrical pulses to propagate on 5-\ensuremath{\mu}m coplanar transmission lines at velocities faster than the phase velocity in the underlying dielectric. This situation produces an electromagnetic shock wave in a manner similar to Cherenkov radiation and electro-optic Cherenkov radiation. Using time-domain spectroscopy we have measured the strong frequency-dependent loss of energy in the propagating electrical pulse due to this radiation.
How to Link Assertion and Knowledge Without Going Contextualist: A Reply to Derose’s "Assertion, Knowledge, and Context"

Keith DeRose has recently argued that the contextual variability of appropriate assertion, together with the knowledge account of assertion, yields a direct argument that ’knows’ is semantically contextsensitive. The argument fails because of an equivocation on the notion of warranted assertability. Once the equivocation is removed, it can be seen that the invariantist can retain the knowledge account of assertion and explain the contextual variability of appropriate assertion by appealing to Williamson’s suggestion that practical and conversational considerations can influence the extent to which adherence to the constitutive norm of assertion matters.
Simultaneous capillary and venous hemoglobin determinations in the newborn infant.

Summary In summary, it has been found that the differences in the sources of the blood may partially explain some of the variations which have been reported in the hemoglobin values. It is also apparent that there is no constant relation between capillary and venous hemoglobins, although the capillary hemoglobin content is always the greater of the two and any comparison from day to day must always use hemoglobin from the same source.
Prophecy and the near future: Thoughts on macroeconomic, evangelical, and punctuated time

A view from 1950s and 1960s Britain suggests that the public culture of temporality in the United States has shifted from a consequential focus on reasoning toward the near future to a combination of response to immediate situations and orientation to a very long-term horizon. This temporal perspective is most marked in the public rhetoric of macroeconomics, but it also corresponds in remarkable ways to evangelicals' views of time. In this article, I trace the optionality and consonance of this shift toward the relative evacuation of the near future in religion and economics by examining different theoretical positions within each domain. In conclusion, I suggest that the near future is being reinhabited by forms of punctuated time, such as the dated schedules of debt and other specific event-driven temporal frames.
Rent-seeking in the telco/ cable cross-ownership controversy☆

Abstract Probable effects of policy reform are thought to be observable through critical evaluation of interest group positioning in the competition to gain favourable public policies. In the current debate in the USA regarding possible elimination of the cable/telco cross-ownership restrictions, strong positions have been taken by several interested parties. By examining the economic interests implied by the official policy endorsements of the telcos, cable firms, broadcasters and municipalities, it is concluded that telco entry into video markets offers the possibility of significantly enhanced efficiency and consumer choice in local cable television markets. Such access will not be achieved, however, without significant rent-defending measures by incumbent cable television operators, prompted by the dilution of industry profits protected by current entry barriers in the cable television marketplace.
Domain specificity of sex differences in competition

There has been much recent literature about sex differences in competition, mostly noting that women are innately less competitive than men (Croson and Gneezy, 2009). This article examines the hypothesis that sex differences in propensity to compete are domain specific. We conducted a 2 (sex) × 4 (domain) experiment with 434 participants examining competition decisions, familiarity with the domain, and performance. We find no overall sex differences in rates of competition when collapsing across all four domains, but do find sex differences in rates of competition for individual domains. Additionally we examined the importance of winning at competition on self-esteem using the Contingencies of Self-Worth, Competition subscale (Crocker et al., 2003) and find that the subscale fully mediates the effect of sex on the strength of competitive pay preferences.
Physical origin of long-term charge loss in floating-gate EPROM with an interpoly oxide-nitride-oxide stacked dielectric

The long-term charge loss characteristic in a floating-gate EPROM cell with an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) interpoly stacked dielectric has been studied quantitatively. It is found that trapped electrons at the nitride-oxide interface can directly tunnel through a thin approximately 30-AA top oxide. The estimated tunneling barrier height is about 2.6 eV, which is consistent with the previous result based on MNOS studies. The thermal activation of the long-term charge loss is believed to be caused by the availability of trapped electrons at the top oxide-nitride interface. The thermal activation energy of the long-term charge loss is about 0.37 eV, which is similar to the activation energy of the second phase. It is believed that the trapped electron density at the top oxide-nitride interface becomes larger at higher temperatures due to the activated electron movement during the second phase. >
Possible nephrotoxic effect of carbon tetrabromide and its interaction with chlordecone

The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of CBr4 were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single i.p. administration in a dose range of 25 to 125 microliter/kg to animals maintained for 15 days either on normal diet or a diet containing 10 ppm chlordecone (CD). At these doses, CBr4 did not cause hepatotoxic effects when given alone or in combination with prior exposure to CD. CBr4 caused renal dysfunction characterized by oliguria, aciduria and hypo-osmolality, and these effects were abolished by dietary CD pretreatment. In vitro incubation of renal cortical slices obtained from CBr4-treated animals revealed a significant depression of organic anion transport, i.e., decreased transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH). Organic cation transport was unaffected as judged by accumulation of tetraethylammonium (TEA). CBr4-induced renal dysfunction appeared unrelated to depressed PAH transport since CD pretreatment which abolished renal dysfunction failed to restore PAH transport. These results show that CD does not potentiate CBr4 hepatotoxicity and the nephrotoxic effects of this halomethane are abolished by prior exposure to CD.
Genetic Relatedness Among tdh + and trh + Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cultured from Gulf of Mexico Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) and Surrounding Water and Sediment

Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) (tdh +/trh +) represent a small percentage of environmental Vp populations, and very little is known about this subpopulation. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR and multilocus sequence analysis revealed heterogeneity among 41 Vp containing thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) that were isolated from Mississippi coastal environments from October 2006 to April 2007. There was no source-specific sequestering in oysters, water, or sediment.
Atopic dermatitis, asthma and eye changes in children.

(1981). Brief Clinical Surveys: Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma and Eye Changes in Children. Journal of Asthma: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 47-48.
Expert Noticing and Principals of High-Performing Urban Schools

In this qualitative study, we applied the concept of expert noticing to instructional leadership in high-performing urban schools that attained both excellent and equitable results for the various diverse populations they served. Unlike the overwhelming majority of urban schools in the United States, in the schools we studied, the academic achievement of African American, Latino, and low-income students exceeded state averages for all students. Assuming that principals who influenced the growth of these high-performing urban schools might be considered experts, we sought to understand what these experts noticed about classroom instruction. Given the exploratory nature of this inquiry, a qualitative interview study was chosen as the method of inquiry. We interviewed 14 principals of some of the nation's highest performing urban elementary, middle, and high schools. The principals consistently reported that, as they observed classrooms, they noticed concerns related to student engagement and understanding a...
Spore germination and isozyme patterns in the apomictic fern Cyrtomium falcatum

Progeny from a plant of the apomictic species Cyrtomium falcatum were examined by protein electrophoresis. These progeny were produced from spores originating in sporangia with differing spore numbers. Analysis of zymograms indicates that variant banding patterns were exhibited in 16.1% of the progeny sampled. These anomalous phenotypes suggest that some apomictically reproducing plants can produce genetically variable progeny.
Acetylation of histone H4 by Esa1 is required for DNA double-strand break repair

Although the acetylation of histones has a well-documented regulatory role in transcription, its role in other chromosomal functions remains largely unexplored. Here we show that distinct patterns of histone H4 acetylation are essential in two separate pathways of double-strand break repair. A budding yeast strain with mutations in wild-type H4 acetylation sites shows defects in nonhomologous end joining repair and in a newly described pathway of replication-coupled repair. Both pathways require the ESA1 histone acetyl transferase (HAT), which is responsible for acetylating all H4 tail lysines, including ectopic lysines that restore repair capacity to a mutant H4 tail. Arp4, a protein that binds histone H4 tails and is part of the Esa1-containing NuA4 HAT complex, is recruited specifically to DNA double-strand breaks that are generated in vivo. The purified Esa1-Arp4 HAT complex acetylates linear nucleosomal arrays with far greater efficiency than circular arrays in vitro, indicating that it preferentially acetylates nucleosomes near a break site. Together, our data show that histone tail acetylation is required directly for DNA repair and suggest that a related human HAT complex may function similarly.
The Benefits of Higher Education: Sex, Racial/Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Group Differences

This study analyzes data from the NELS:92/00 to explore sex, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic group differences in the benefits that high school graduates realize from college. Sex differences in higher education benefits may be a source of observed differences between women and men in college enrollment and degree attainment rates. The findings also suggest that observed racial/ethnic and SES group differences in college enrollment cannot be attributed to actual differences in higher education's economic and non-economic benefits, as some benefits are greater for African Americans than for Whites and benefits generally do not vary by SES.
Pinch-off dynamics in foams, emulsions and suspensions

The break up of a non-Newtonian yield stress fluid bridge (acrylic paint, mayonnaise, hair gel, foam, and bentonite) was investigated. The minimum neck radius, hmin, was measured as a function of time and fit to a power law with exponent n1. A rotational rheometer was used to measure the shear stress-rate of strain curve which was fit to a Herschel–Bulkley model with exponent n2. For the pure, as purchased fluids, the exponent from the time dependence of hmin (n1) and the rheology power law index (n2) were quantitatively the same. These results provide the first experimental confirmation of this relationship predicted by Suryo and Basaran. In the pure fluids, the pinch-off did not produce a satellite drop. In contrast, when the non-Newtonian fluids were diluted with a Newtonian fluid, the relationship between n1 and n2 was more complicated even though the diluted fluids were still Herschel–Bulkley, and the pinch-off produced satellite drops whose size was a continuous function of dilution.
A Novel Post-processing Method for Reducing Blocking Artifacts in Block-Coded Images

In this paper, a fast and effective content-adaptive post-processing method is proposed for reducing the blocking artifacts of the block-coded images. The first step of this scheme is the block classification that classifies every 8times8 block as one of the three types: plain, edge and texture, based on its statistical characteristics. Our experimental results show that this classification algorithm is effective and accurate. After applying the different filters to the three types of blocks, the perceptual and objective quality of the images are improved without over smoothing the image details or insufficiently reducing the strong blocking effect on the plain region
Software development for mobile computers

The author describes a course that he developed and teaches on software development for mobile computing. The course provides the theory and hands-on experience that students need to develop applications for new mobile computing environments.
A radioactive hydroxamate method for determining rates of amino acid activation

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid-activating enzymes which catalyze the reaction between α-amino acids and ATP to form aminoacyl adenylates can be assayed by colorimetric measurement of the rate of formation of the corresponding hydroxamates in the presence of hydroxylamine or by measurement of the incorporation of radioactive pyrophosphate into ATP. The first of these techniques is quite insensitive and rarely used for quantitative work. The second technique is reliable and sensitive but cannot be used if more than one substrate is being activated or if there are other reactions occurring which lead to incorporation of pyrophosphate into ATP. 2. 2. By “activating” [14C]amino acids in the presence of hydroxylamine it is possible to measure the formation of [14C]amino acid hydroxamate. By assaying for the amount of [14C]hydroxamate formed one is able to measure the extent of activation of one particular substrate, the 14C-labeled substrate, regardless of whether other substrates are being activated or whether there are other pyrophosphate-incorporating reactions. 3. 3. Experimental details are provided which permit rapid and simple separation of [14C]amino acid from [14C]hydroxamate on ion-exchange paper, accurate assay of relative radioactivities and accurate estimation of reaction rates. The techniques are shown to be useful both with purified enzymes and crude tissue extracts.
Treatment of intraoral cancer by electrocoagulation.

Electrocoagulation of intraoral carcinoma has been utilized as primary curative treatment in a series of twenty-five patients. The technique described here employs a disk electrode, requires only light general anesthesia and has a low rate of complications. Eleven patients survived more than five years. Eight died of other diseases and only 6 died with recurrent cancer. This is an effective technique which deserves wider use. Cancer 43:821–824, 1979.
Nonlinear rivulet dynamics during unstable wetting flows

Abstract The growth and propagation of nonlinear rivulets is studied. Lubrication theory and a Navier type slip model are used to establish the thin film equation for the nonlinear evolution of the height of liquid in the vicinity of a driven contact line. This equation is then solved using a semi-implicit numerical scheme, adapted to handle the moving boundary nature of the problem. The problem involves two parameters, α, a dimensionless slip parameter and the dimensionless contact slope C= 3Ca −1/3 tan θ , where θ is the contact angle and Ca is the capillary number, μU/σ. A parametric study establishes both the shapes and the dynamics of nonlinear rivulet propagation. The shapes are found to be relatively independent of the slip parameter and are primarily determined by the contact slope, while the rivulet speeds are dependent on the level of slip, as expected. The computed shapes, including the occurrence of a capillary bulge near the advancing front, are in excellent agreement with experiments. Chevron-shaped steady traveling wave solutions, and both chevron and straight-sided convectively propagating shapes are obtained, with the traveling wave solutions occurring for small contact slope and the straightsided solutions for large slope. Complete coating of the substrate in the presence of rivulet instabilities occurs only for C>1.0. The predictions are in excellent agreement with experiments and suggest that simple lubrication theory and slip models are all that is necessary to describe the observed shapes and dynamics.
Crystal structure of phosphotransacetylase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila.

Abstract Phosphotransacetylase (Pta) [EC 2.3.1.8] is ubiquitous in the carbon assimilation and energy-yielding pathways in anaerobic prokaryotes where it catalyzes the reversible transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl phosphate to CoA forming acetyl CoA and inorganic phosphate. The crystal structure of Pta from the methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila , representing the first crystal structure of any Pta, was determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction at 2.7 A resolution. In solution and in the crystal, the enzyme forms a homodimer. Each monomer consists of two α/β domains with a cleft along the domain boundary, which presumably contains the substrate binding sites. Comparison of the four monomers present in the asymmetric unit indicates substantial variations in the relative orientation of the two domains and the structure of the putative active site cleft. A search for structural homologs revealed the NADP + -dependent isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases as the only homologs with a similar two-domain architecture.
Use of resampling to select among alternative error structure specifications for GLMM analyses of repeated measurements.

Autocorrelated error and missing data due to dropouts have fostered interest in the flexible general linear mixed model (GLMM) procedures for analysis of data from controlled clinical trials. The user of these adaptable statistical tools must, however, choose among alternative structural models to represent the correlated repeated measurements. The fit of the error structure model specification is important for validity of tests for differences in patterns of treatment effects across time, particularly when maximum likelihood procedures are relied upon. Results can be affected significantly by the error specification that is selected, so a principled basis for selecting the specification is important. As no theoretical grounds are usually available to guide this decision, empirical criteria have been developed that focus on model fit. The current report proposes alternative empirical criteria that focus on bootstrap estimates of actual type I error and power of tests for treatment effects. Results for model selection before and after the blind is broken are compared. Goodness-of-fit statistics also compare favourably for models fitted to the blinded or unblinded data, although the correspondence to actual type I error and power depends on the particular fit statistic that is considered. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Long-distance charge transport in duplex DNA: The phonon-assisted polaron-like hopping mechanism

An anthraquinone-linked duplex DNA oligomer containing 60 base pairs was synthesized by PCR. The strand complementary to the quinone-containing strand has four isolated GG steps, which serve as traps for a migrating radical cation. Irradiation of the quinone leads to electron transfer from the DNA to the quinone forming the anthraquinone radical anion and a base radical cation. The radical cation migrates through the DNA, causing reaction at GG steps revealed as strand breaks. The efficiency of strand cleavage falls off exponentially with distance from the quinone (slope = −0.02 Å−1). This finding necessitates reinterpretation of mechanisms proposed for radical cation migration in DNA. We propose that radical cations form self-trapped polarons that migrate by thermally activated hopping.
Naïveté vs. experience: or, how we thought we could use Scala and Clojure, and how we actually did

This talk will discuss the use of Scala and Clojure in an ongoing software project, now 2-years old. The talk will start with an anecdote about how each language was pitched to the software team composed of programmers with very little to no prior experience with functional programming. The actual Scala pitch will be dissected and criticized and then distilled into a few general thoughts on how to make an effective functional language pitch.With these tangential matters out of the way, a description of the difficulties ramping up to the full use of Scala will be discussed, followed by a simplified description of the system developed. The talk will briefly cover the conceptual hurdles that the team experienced when changing from a purely object-oriented mindset to a more functional approach. Additionally, the talk will focus on how Clojure was used for ancillary functionality and tooling. The difficulties experienced, both technical and cultural, in introducing Clojure into the mainline source will then be covered.To wind down, the advantages and disadvantages, both real and perceived, between the use of both languages in a commercial setting will be explored. Finally, the lessons learned after 2 years will be contrasted with the initial pitch to see where experience and naivete intersected.
Estrogen: mechanisms for a rapid action in CA1 hippocampal neurons

Estrogen modulates a variety of functions, most of which can be explained by the classical genomic mechanism of action. However, a number of estrogen's actions appear to be incompatible with this mechanism and fall into the category of nongenomic. In the hippocampus, application of 17beta-estradiol rapidly enhances the amplitude of kainate-induced currents of CA1 neurons. The potentiation resulted from a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation process rather than a direct allosteric modulation of AMPA/kainate receptors. To initiate this potentiation, estrogen is required on both sides of the plasma membrane. Extracellularly, estrogen appears to activate a G-protein-coupled receptor, whereas the intracellular action of estrogen appears to be a modulation of the balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The binding sites responsible for the potentiation are genetically or pharmacologically distinct from both estrogen receptors alpha and beta. These findings provide support for the concept of a novel mechanism of action for estrogen.
Real-time trip planning with the crowd

When confronted with an unexpected turn of events or feeling spontaneous, travelers find themselves in need of on-the-spot planning assistance. We present Crowdcierge, a real-time crowd-powered trip planning application. Crowdcierge is capable of both planning new trips and re-planning on the fly based on unstructured natural language input. By using the retainer model, synchronous crowd collaboration, and crowdware, workers are quickly recruited to work together to accurately tag key ideas in a planning mission, plan the itinerary, and re-plan in response to problems that arise during the trip. This paper presents the design of each crowd task in Crowdcierge and preliminary results from the tagging task.
Detection Of Surge Precursors In Locomotive Turbocharger

Locomotive engine performance depends among other factors on turbocharger efficiency and operating range. The turbocharger operating range can be constrained at high pressure ratio by flow induced instabilities, namely surge, in the centrifugal compressor. The resulting loss of flow results in degraded engine performance, higher exhaust emissions, high turbocharger vibration and can lead to mechanical damage on the compressor and adjoining air handling equipment. While surge avoidance methods are available to restrict the operating point to lie well within a static surge-avoid-line of the compressor, these methods can unnecessarily restrict the operating range, resulting in loss of overall performance and fuel efficiency. Surge detection and control is a closed loop strategy where a surge avoidance system starts acting if the onset of surge is detected. Use of such a strategy allows running at reduced surge margin to permit higher pressure ratio across the compressor, at potentially higher compressor efficiency, and yields increased power output from the engine at reduced emissions and improved fuel efficiency. This paper discusses a systematic approach adopted to detect precursors to the surge phenomenon, based on experiments on full-scale turbochargers and the use of a real-time wavelet algorithm to detect precursors.
Nurse executive transformational leadership found in participative organizations.

Objective:The study examined a national sample of 396 randomly selected hospital nurse executives to explore transformational leadership, stage of power, and organizational climate.Background:Results from a few nurse executive studies have found nurse executives were transformational leaders. As exe
Gluonic nucleons in a valon bag model

Abstract Two isomers of the nucleon, consisting of three 1S quarks and a transverse electric gluon, are predicted by the bag model to exist at masses around 1600 MeV. Mixing of these states with the nucleons seems unacceptably large. With this motivation we reformulate the problem in terms of valons — dressed quark and gluon single-particle eigenstates of (part of) the QCD bag hamiltonian. Now composed of valons, the nucleon and gluonic nucleons are decoupled, thereby retaining previous descriptions of the nucleon. One isomer should be visible in πN elastic scattering and might be the N∗ (1710).
Dielectric Polarization in Random Media

The theory of dielectric polarization in random media is systematically formulated in terms of response kernels. The primary response kernel K(12) governs the mean dielectric response at the pointr1 to the external electric field at the pointr2 in an infinite system. The inverse of K(12) is denoted by L(12); it is simpler and more fundamental than K(12) itself. Rigorous expressions are obtained for the effective dielectric constante* in terms of L(12) and K(12). The latter expression involves the Onsager-Kirkwood function (e*−e0)(2e*+e0) /e0e* (where e0 is an arbitrary reference value), and appears to be new to the random medium context. A wide variety of series representations fore* are generated by means of general perturbation expansions for K(12) and L(12). A discussion is given of certain pitfalls in the theory, most of which are related to the fact that the response kernels are long ranged. It is shown how the dielectric behavior of nonpolar molecular fluids may be treated as a special case of the general theory. The present results fore* apply equally well to other effective phenomenological coefficients of the same generic type, such as thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and diffusion coefficients.
An efference copy which is modified by reafferent input

In electric fish of the mormyrid family, an efference copy is present in the brain region that receives afferent input from ampullary electroreceptors. The efference copy is elicited by the motor command to fire the electric organ. Its effect is always opposite that the ampullary afferents responding to the electric organ discharge, and it changes to match variations in this afferent input. It probably reduces the central effects of activity in ampullary receptors evoked by the electric organ discharge.
A New Troponin T and cDNA Clones for 13 Different Muscle Proteins, Found by Shotgun Sequencing

Complete amino acid sequences have been established for 19 muscle-related proteins and these proteins are each sufficiently abundant to suggest that their mRNA levels are about 0.4% or higher. Based on these considerations, a simple theoretical analysis shows that clones for most of these proteins can be identified within a complementary DNA library by sequencing cDNA inserts from 150–200 randomly selected clones. This procedure should not only rigorously identify specific clones, but it could also uncover amino acid sequence variants of major muscle proteins such as the troponins1–6. We have determined sequences for about 20,000 nucleotides within 178 randomly selected clones of a rabbit muscle cDNA library, and report here that in addition to finding sequences encoding the two known skeletal muscle isotypes of troponin C7–9, we have discovered sequences encoding two forms of troponin T. Over the region of nucleotide sequence overlap in the troponin T clones, the new isotype diverges significantly from its counterpart10. Altogether, clones for 13 of the 19 known muscle-specific proteins were identified, in addition to the clone for the new troponin T isotype.
Transcriptional Activation of egr-1 by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor but Not Interleukin 3 Requires Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-binding Protein (CREB) on Serine 133 (∗)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3) stimulate the proliferation and maturation of myeloid progenitor cells following interaction with heterodimeric receptors that share a common β subunit required for signal transduction. Our previous studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF and IL-3 activate signaling pathways which converge upon a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding site of the human immediate early response gene (early growth response gene-1, egr-1) promoter. Using electromobility supershift assays and antibodies directed against CREB phosphorylated on serine 133, we show that CREB is phosphorylated on serine 133 in response to GM-CSF or IL-3 stimulation. We demonstrate that phosphorylation of CREB on serine 133 substantially contributes to transcriptional activation of egr-1 in response to GM-CSF but not IL-3. These studies suggest that phosphorylation of CREB may play different roles during signal transduction, resulting in unique and overlapping biological functions in myeloid cells.
Continuous spectrophotometric assay for nitrogenase

Abstract A continuous spectrophotometric assay for nitrogenase-catalyzed reactions has been developed. The method is based upon measurement of the decrease in absorbance at 315 nm by dithionite, which is used as the electron donor in reductions catalyzed by nitrogenase. The rates are constant over large changes in dithionite concentration at levels convenient for spectrophotometric measurement.
The Evolution of American Legislatures: Colonies, Territories, and States, 1619–2009

The Evolution of American Legislatures: Colonies, Territories, and States, 1619–2009 by Peverill Squire. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2012. pp. 440. $80.00, hb. ISBN: 9780472118311....
A power-efficient method to mitigate the EMI of Switched-Mode Power Supplies

Modern microprocessors are predominately powered by the Switched-Mode Power Supplies. Fast switching of the power MOSFETs causes high-frequency voltage and current oscillations in the loop formed by the input decoupling and the MOSFETs. Such oscillations generate significant and broadband EMI noise. Conventional techniques to suppress this noise such as using snubbers, increasing MOSFET gate resistance or employing smaller MOSFETs result in higher power loss, shorter batter life and expensive cooling. This paper proposes an alternative approach to mitigate the EMI based on careful design of input decoupling. The paper shows how input decoupling can be optimized to provide low resistance path for low frequency ripple of the input current, while forcing high-frequency current to flow through a high resistance path. This method effectively increases the decay rate of the oscillations, which in turn decreases the EMI. This method was verified on two laptop designs and the experimental results showed 6dB of EMI reduction with no measurable degradation in the power efficiency.
The fate of lipoprotein cholesterol entering the arterial wall

Recent findings have helped to explain the fate of cholesterol entering the arterial wall. LDL can undergo both fusion and aggregation. These changes may cause increased retention of LDL in lesion connective tissue matrix and LDL uptake by macrophages. In the cornea, apparent fusion of LDL occurs in the absence of macrophages. Mast cells may be important in LDL fusion, as mast cell-derived proteases can induce fusion of LDL through proteolysis of apolipoprotein B. LDL in arterial wall atherosclerotic lesions was found to be sialic acid-poor and ceramide-enriched. These chemical changes promote LDL aggregation. Processes that may function to remove cholesterol from the arterial wall have been reported. Macrophage-produced apolipoprotein E can mediate macrophage cholesterol efflux and macrophages can convert cholesterol to 27-oxygenated products that macrophages excrete. Alternately, another oxygenated sterol, 7-ketocholesterol, impairs macrophage cholesterol efflux. In addition, mast-cell derived chymase proteolyses HDL and reduces its capacity to stimulate cholesterol efflux.
Mutants of the bithorax complex and determinative states in the thorax of Drosophila melanogaster.

Homoeotic mutations of the bithorax complex cause segmental transformations. The genes in which these mutations occur are good candidates for genes that are involved in determination. The determination system in imaginal discs must have at least two functions. One is a cell heredity function that is responsible for maintaining the determined state during growth and development. A second is the expression of the determined state (e.g., different imaginal discs have different morphologies). The homoeotic mutations of the bithorax complex could be affecting either of these two functions. I have found that when posterior haltere disc cells, that are transformed by the mutation postbithorax so that they form wing cuticle in situ, regenerate anterior structures, these structures are anterior wing. This is the same result as that seen when wild-type posterior-wing disc cells regenerate anterior structures. On the other hand, when anterior haltere disc cells transformed by the mutation bithorax3, so that they produce wing cuticle in situ, regenerate, they produce posterior haltere structures. This is unlike wild-type anterior-wing disc cells, which regenerate posterior-wing structures. From these results, I conclude that bithorax3 affects the expression of the determined state and postbithorax affects the cell heredity of determination.
Alcohol use disorder symptoms and risk-taking behavior as predictors of alcohol-related medical events among young adults treated in emergency departments.

Abstract Background Studies of alcohol-positive patients in emergency departments are not clear on the relationship between alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms and risk for injury. Method Two-hundred three young adults (118 males (58%); mean age = 19.4 years) who were treated in two Level-1 emergency departments (ED) received comprehensive psychiatric interviews and completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events (CARE). Results Males diagnosed with the AUD symptom of “drinking more or over a longer period than intended” are at greatest risk for requiring emergency care for an alcohol-related medical problem (OR = 10.8, 95% CI = 1.2,94.3, p p p Conclusions Young adults treated for alcohol-related medical problems often exhibit DSM-IV defined symptoms of AUD and are engaging in risk-taking behaviors and should be referred for an in-depth assessment of alcohol use disorders and risk-taking activities.
The Ins and Outs of STAT1 Nuclear Transport

There is an inherent elegance in being in the right place at the right time. The STAT1 transcription factor possesses regulatory signals that ensure its distribution to the right cellular location at the right time. Latent STAT1 resides primarily in the cytoplasm, and there it responds to hormone signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation by Janus kinases or growth factor receptors. After phosphorylation, STAT1 dimerizes, and this conformational change reveals a nuclear import signal that is recognized by a specific nuclear import carrier. In the nucleus, the STAT1 dimer dissociates from the import carrier and binds to specific DNA target sites in the promoters of regulated genes. STAT1 is subsequently dephosphorylated in the nucleus by a constitutively active tyrosine phosphatase, leading to its dissociation from DNA. A nuclear export signal of STAT1 appears to be masked when dimers are bound to DNA, but it becomes accessible to the CRM1 export carrier after dissociation from DNA. CRM1 binds STAT1 and transports the transcription factor back to the cytoplasm. Studies show that the regulatory trafficking signals that guide the nuclear import and export of STAT1 reside within its DNA binding domain. The location of these signals indicates that their function has coevolved with the ability of STAT1 to bind DNA and regulate gene expression. The nuclear import and subsequent recycling of STAT1 to the cytoplasm are integral to its function as a signal transducer and activator of transcription.
Angular distribution of the photoelectron yield excited by two coherently coupled photon beams.

The angular distribution of the photoelectron yield excited by two coherently related photon beams has been calculated and measured. Dynamical Bragg diffraction from a Ge(111) single crystal was used to generate the two beams, and {ital L}-shell photoelectron yields from an I overlayer were measured with a variable-angular-acceptance detector. The use of two-beam photoelectric excitation to understand final-state angular momentum symmetry is demonstrated.