cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Liquid Biopsy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer

We reviewed the literature for the biologic, prognostic, and predictive significance of circulating prostate cancer tumor cells (CTCs), and circulating tumor DNA in the blood of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients. CTCs demonstrate robust prognostic value independent of PSA in predicting overall survival. The CTC androgen receptor variant receptor 7 phenotype predicts resistance to androgen receptor synthesis inhibitors and sensitivity to taxane based chemotherapy in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients who are candidates for second line therapy. Research is rapidly pivoting toward circulating tumor DNA analysis because the approach is sensitive, prognostic, cost effective, and it can elucidate mechanisms of systemic therapy.
P104 Guided Inquiry-Based Learning and the Date Label/Milk Waste Conundrum

Objective Review an innovative active learning activity with a self-reflecting essay that connected an everyday food shopping experience of reading a date label to decisions about milk drinkability. Use of Theory or Research Connecting class topics to relevant issues promotes learning when using a guided inquiry in which students conduct a structured investigation that scaffolds understanding of how to collect evidence, interpret results, and evaluate conclusions. Target Audience Texas undergraduates in an introductory nutrition course (Fall 2018) self-selected an extra credit exercise where they interviewed friends, analyzed comments, and wrote a self-reflection essay. Program Description Instructions were provided on recruiting subjects and how to ask open-ended questions about locating date labels on cartons, using date labels when shopping, and drinking milk from a past-dated carton. Directions included how to systematically analyze comments and write a self-reflection essay on date labeling and perceptions of milk drinkability. Evaluation Methods A rubric measured essay reflective thinking, critical analysis, and evidence of connections between the interview experience and personal views. Results Essays scored high in all categories. Students were engaged and wrote that the “project really opened my eyes to views on something as simple as milk” and reflected on “people viewing the expiration date as the day it's no longer drinkable.” Conclusions Guided-Inquiry Learning engages students and builds confidence in conducting interviews, systematically analyzing comments, and writing a self-reflection essay on consumer perceptions of date labels and milk perishability. Funding University of North Texas.
Engaging Tolerance: Privacy and Publicity in the Inter-religious Engagement of Mumbai’s Ismaili Muslims

This article reassesses the importance given by theories of multiculturalism and religious pluralism to understanding difference. I examine Ismaili Muslims’ social interactions with other Indians in everyday life, the public sphere and civic engagement. These interactions are marked by what I call an ‘engaging tolerance’, which privatizes some forms of difference while simultaneously creating moral obligations cutting across religious and class lines. Ismaili tolerance thus encourages their solidarity with other members of Indian society, while leaving the contents of their religious differences unknown. I further analyse the ways that Ismaili tolerance pushes us to rethink some of commonplace assumptions about inter-religious and inter-cultural engagement, particularly the idea that mutual understandings of difference are necessary for social cohesion in plural societies.
Can children benefit from early internet exposure? Short- and long-term links between internet use, digital skill, and academic performance

Abstract Educational policymakers are optimistic that providing young children access to technology can catalyze academic achievement and eventual positive labor market outcomes. However, possessing digital skill – or the ability to use technology effectively – might be necessary for young children to realize measurable benefits from the Internet. In the present longitudinal study, we explored whether Internet use and digital skill in early childhood predicted academic performance in middle childhood. We surveyed 101 US parents when their children were roughly 5 years and 11 years, collecting data on children's Internet use, digital skill, and academic performance. Structural equation modeling revealed that children's time online in early childhood was a marginally significant negative predictor of middle childhood academic performance, but digital skill in early childhood was a marginally significant positive predictor (ps
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Ridesourcing and Taxi Demand by Taxi zones in New York City

The burst of demand for TNCs has significantly changed the transportation landscape and dramatically disrupted the Vehicle for Hire (VFH) market that used to be dominated by taxicabs for many years. Since first being introduced by Uber in 2009, ridesourcing companies have rapidly penetrated the market. This paper aims to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in taxi and TNC usage based on data at the taxi zone level in New York City. Specifically, we fit suitable time series models to estimate the temporal patterns. Next, we filter out the temporal effects and investigate spatial dependence in the residuals using global and local Moran's I statistics. We discuss the relationship between the spatial correlations and the demographic and land use effects at the taxi zone level. Estimating and removing these effects via a multiple linear regression (MLR) model and recomputing the Moran's I statistics on the resulting residuals enables us to investigate spatial dependence after accounting for these effects. Our analysis indicates interesting patterns in spatial correlations between taxi zones in NYC and over time, indicating that predictive modeling of ridesourcing usage must incorporate both temporal and spatial dependence.
TopExplorer: Tool Support for Extracting and Visualizing Topic Models in Bioengineering Text Corpora

As the world wide web grows rapidly, a text corpus is becoming increased online at an incredible rate. Managing a corpus of documents is critical for many areas of science, industry, and culture. For example, bioengineering researchers, who study a new generation of advanced materials, frequently need to identify and understand a comprehensive body of literature describing an association between material features of interest. However, there is no inspection technique to help such researchers who need to make critical decisions based on their understanding of a corpus of documents. In this paper, we present a text visualization approach, TOPEXPLORER which extracts and visualizes topic models regarding bioengineering document collections. TOPEXPLORER displays text data in a logical layout to inspect and understand the relations among documents. It applies three probabilistic topic modeling algorithms as complementary study methods to systematically discover hidden thematic structures in a collection of documents. In the evaluation, we assessed TOPEXPLORER by building topic models on 600 documents in the bioengineering domain. The interactive visualization of TOPEXPLORER allows users to explore the hidden structure that a topic model discovers. TOPEXPLORER helps users understand and explore the output of models by effectively organizing, summarizing, visualizing, and interacting with a corpus.
Observing Non-Hermitian Evolution of a Single Dissipative Qubit Near an Exceptional Point

We explore features of a non-Hermitian quantum system in a dissipative superconducting circuit. Using the observed quantum evolution, we characterize static and dynamical features of the system’s exceptional point.
Minimal clinically important difference, substantial clinical benefit, and patient acceptable symptom state of PROMIS upper extremity after total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System minimal clinically important difference (PROMIS MCID), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) of patient-reported outcome measures provide clinical significance to patient-reported outcome measures scores. The goal of this study is to measure the MCID, SCB, and PASS of PROMIS Upper Extremity v2.0 (PROMIS UE) in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Methods All patients who underwent TSA since October 2017 were identified from our institutional database. Patients who had completed the PROMIS UE outcome measure before surgery were asked to complete a PROMIS UE and anchor survey that contained two transition questions to assess patient satisfaction and change in symptoms since treatment. The anchor-based MCID, SCB, and PASS were calculated as the change in PROMIS UE score that represented the optimal cutoff for a receiver operating characteristic curve. The distribution-based MCID was calculated as a range between the average standard error of measurement multiplied by 2 different constants: 1 and 2.77. Results This study enrolled 165 patients. The anchor-based MCID for PROMIS UE was calculated to be 8.05 with an AUC of 0.814. The anchor-based SCB was calculated to be 10.0 with an AUC of 0.727. The distribution-based MCID was calculated to be between 3.12 and 8.65. The PASS was calculated to be 37.2 with an AUC of 0.90. Conclusions The establishment of MCID, SCB, and PASS for PROMIS UE scores after shoulder arthroplasty provides meaningful and objective clinical interpretation of the improvements in outcome scores after TSA.
Principle of Virtual Work, Lagrange’s Equation and Hamilton’s Principle

This chapter presents several of the most important concepts from analytical dynamics. The most important of these concepts to us is Lagrange’s equation and how it can be used for the derivation of governing equations of motion. The equation is especially useful for the derivation of the equations of motion for systems, discrete or continuous, with more than one degree of freedom, where the Newtonian free body diagrams become more difficult to apply. We will also derive Hamilton’s principle, an integral energy formulation, also applicable to both discrete and continuous systems, and see how it is connected to Lagrange’s equation.
Medical comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder

ASD is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. As the term spectrum implies, it refers to a heterogeneous group of phenotypes with a range of neurobiologic features. Some cases occur in other medical conditions such as Fragile X syndrome; in such instances, medical comorbidities are usually seen as part of the underlying medical disorder.
The Dry Ecoregions

The essential feature of a dry climate is that annual losses of water through evaporation at the Earth’s surface exceed annual water gains from precipitation. Due to the resulting water deficiency, no permanent streams originate in dry climate zones. Because evaporation, which depends chiefly on temperature, varies greatly from one part of the Earth to another, no specific value for precipitation can be used as the boundary for all dry climates. For example, 610 mm of annual precipitation produces a humid climate and forest cover in cool northwestern Europe, but the same amount in the hot tropics produces semiarid conditions.
Myelin: Molecular Architecture of CNS and PNS Myelin Sheath

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes make the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), respectively. Their myelin sheaths are structurally similar, consisting of multiple layers of specialized cell membrane that spiral around axons. Both kinds of myelin sheaths mainly consist of compact myelin, which is mostly composed of lipids as well as a few unique proteins. PNS myelin sheaths also have prominent regions of non-compact myelin, in which tight junctions, gap junctions, and adherens junctions join apposed layers of the myelin sheath. CNS myelin sheaths do not have adherens junctions, and they have a different arrangement of tight junctions and gap junctions. Despite their structural and molecular differences, the nodal regions of the PNS and CNS are similarly organized. The nodal axolemma contains high concentrations of voltage-dependent Na + and K + channels that are linked to the spectrin cytoskeleton by ankyrin-G. The paranodal membrane contains septate-like junctions, which are composed of both glial and axonal components. The juxtaparanodal and internodal regions lack distinct morphological specializations, but the apposed axonal and glial membranes have distinct molecular components that are organized by trans molecular interactions.
SHOOT performance testing

The Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) Flight Demonstration is a shuttle attached payload designed to demonstrate the technology necessary to resupply liquid helium dewars in space. Many SHOOT components will also have use in other aerospace cryogenic systems. The first of two SHOOT dewar systems has been fabricated. The ground performance testing of this dewar is described. The performance tests include measurements of heat leak, impedances of the two vent lines, heat pulse mass gauging accuracy, and superfluid transfer parameters such as flow rate and efficiency. A laboratory dewar was substituted for the second flight dewar for the transfer tests. These tests enable a precise analytical model of the transfer process to be verified. SHOOT performance is thus quantified, except for components such as the liquid acquisition devices and a phase separator which cannot be verified in one gravity.
Survivable cloud network mapping with multiple failures

Cloud computing services are realized through the mapping of the service layer network into the physical infrastructure. Multiple failures in the physical infrastructure could disrupt cloud network connectivity and cause cascading failures impacting cloud service customers. As the physical infrastructure has limited resources, most early research works for survivable virtual network mapping were concentrated on the single link failure scenario. In this paper, we study survivable cloud network mapping with multiple physical link failures and a special case, Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) failure. We present the necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee a survivable mapping with multiple physical link failures. Corresponding mixedinteger linear programming (MILP) formulations which avoid the enumeration of failure link combinations are proposed. We also provide the corresponding formulations for the SRLG case. Computation results demonstrate the viability of our approaches.
What's Religious about the Iliad?

The disconnection between contemporary understandings and ancient experiences of “religion,“ “theology,” and the “supernatural” has plagued attempts to understand Homeric imagination for more than a century. The chasm might be measured by judgments that the theomachy of Iliad 20 and 21, for instance, must be “bad art, ”“ black comedy,” or represents a “comic agon” imitative of Near Eastern creation stories. In other words, it is not to be taken seriously. This paper defends religious sensibilities in the Iliad. It summarizes the problems of uncovering these sensibilities with an ear toward some basic issues in hermeneutics: the difficulties posed by the poem’s diachronic development, conceivably over centuries, but more importantly difficulties internal to the poem, such as fickle Muses and the world they open for us. Finally, the tools of poetic extension and catachresis help to grasp the poem’s sophistication in its representations of divine violence.
Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured substrates

The human corneal basement membrane has a rich felt-like surface topography with feature dimensions between 20 nm and 200 nm. On the basis of these findings, we designed lithographically defined substrates to investigate whether nanotopography is a relevant stimulus for human corneal epithelial cells. We found that cells elongated and aligned along patterns of grooves and ridges with feature dimensions as small as 70 nm, whereas on smooth substrates, cells were mostly round. The percentage of aligned cells was constant on substrate tomographies with lateral dimensions ranging from the nano- to the micronscale, and increased with groove depth. The presence of serum in the culture medium resulted in a larger percentage of cells aligning along the topographic patterns than when no serum was added to the basal medium. When present, actin microfilaments and focal adhesions were aligned along the substrate topographies. The width of the focal adhesions was determined by the width of the ridges in the underlying substrate. This work documents that biologic length-scale topographic features that model features encountered in the native basement membrane can profoundly affect epithelial cell behavior.
Enantioselective Biocatalysis—Optically-Active Intermediates for Venturicidin Synthesis

The lipases (triacyglycerol hydrolases EC 3.1.1.3) of Candida cylindracea and Mucor miehei were found to be highly enantioselective for the biocatalytic resolutions of enantiomers possessing multi-chiral centers. An important optically-active building block (−)-15 (with five consecutive chiral centers), for Venturicidin synthesis has been successfully prepared.
The timing of financing decisions: An examination of the correlation in financing waves.

Abstract Why do corporate financing events occur in waves? We challenge recent evidence of the importance of valuation cycles in driving financing waves by documenting that the aggregate pattern of stock repurchases mirrors that of equity issuance and mergers, despite repurchases involving an opposite transaction. We then show that trends in financing decisions result from differing responses to the same economic stimulus: growth in GDP. Specifically, economic expansion reduces the cost of equity relative to the cost of debt, inducing firms to issue equity, and increases cash flow and also causes varying degrees of uncertainty, increasing stock repurchases. We document similar trends and provide similar motivation for merger waves.
Rapid micromethod for locating the oxirane group in 1,2-epoxides

Abstract A procedure for the analysis of micro amounts of epoxides is described. The method is based on the splitting of epoxides by periodic acid in a nonaqueous medium, followed by direct analysis of the reaction mixture by gas chromatography. The procedure is simple, rapid and requires only a few micrograms of material. The reaction is straightforward and yields no secondary products. The gas chromatographic analysis is sufficiently sensitive to detect small amounts of epoxy and non-epoxy impurities in addition to the major epoxide being analyzed. The method is not specific for epoxides, and its application to other substances capable of being split by periodic acid is discussed.
Prediction of Voltage Signature in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Fueled with Propane and Acetylene

Ion sensors work on the principle that the ion current in a combusting mixture is proportional to the electrical conductivity of the mixture. Ion sensors can thus provide direct in-cylinder combustion information to the engine controller in order to optimize engine performance and reduce emissions. Electrical conductivity of the combusting mixture depends on the mixture composition (fuel and equivalence ratio) along with the temperature and pressure. A previously developed equilibrium chemistry model consisting of 20 neutral species and seven charged species was shown to correctly predict the temporal variation of current in a constant-volume, spark-ignited methane/air mixture in a constant volume chamber, for various air/fuel ratios. The current study explores the use of this equilibrium chemistry model for predicting the voltage signatures in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine fueled with alternative fuels such as propane and acetylene operating at low temperatures and equivalence r...
A 20-year perspective on preparation strategies and career planning of pharmacy deans.

Objective. To provide a longitudinal description of the variety of career paths and preparation strategies of pharmacy deans. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study design using survey research methodology was used. Chief executive officer (CEO) deans at every full and associate member institution of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) in the United States as of May 1, 2009, were potential subjects. Results. The database housed 90.3% (N = 93) of all current (excluding interim/acting) CEO deans. Of the 4 cohorts across time (1991, 1996, 2002, and 2009 snapshots), the 2009 cohort had the highest percentage of deans following either the hierarchical or nontraditional career paths. Conclusions. Deans named since 2002 have spent less time collectively in the professoriate than cohorts before them. One reason for this is the increase in the number of deans that followed nontraditional career paths and who spent little or no time in the professoriate prior to their first deanship. This ...
Repeated cocaine administration induces gene expression changes through the dopamine D1 receptors.

Drug addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking despite known adverse consequences. The enduring nature of drug addiction suggests that repeated exposure to abused drugs leads to stable alterations that likely involve changes in gene expression in the brain. The dopamine D1 receptor has been shown to mediate the long-term behavioral effects of cocaine. To examine how the persistent behavioral effects of cocaine correlate with underlying changes in gene expression, we have used D1 receptor mutant and wild-type mice to identify chronic cocaine-induced gene expression changes mediated via the D1 receptors. We focused on the caudoputamen and nucleus accumbens, two key brain regions that mediate the long-term effects of cocaine. Our analyses demonstrate that repeated cocaine administration induces changes in the expression of 109 genes, including those encoding the stromal cell-derived factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, sigma 1 receptor, regulators of G-protein signaling protein 4, Wnt1 responsive Cdc42 homolog, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α subunit, and cyclin D2, via the D1 receptors. Moreover, the seven genes contain AP-1 binding sites in their promoter regions. These results suggest that genes encoding certain extracellular factors, membrane receptors and modulators, and intracellular signaling molecules, among others, are regulated by cocaine via the D1 receptor, and these AP-1 transcription complex-regulated genes might contribute to persistent cocaine-induced behavioral changes.
Formation of nascent heteroduplex structures by RecA protein and DNA

E. coli RecA protein promotes homologous pairing in two distinguishable phases: synapsis and strand exchange. With circular single strands (plus strand only) and linear duplex DNA, polarized or unidirectional strand exchange appeared to cause heteroduplex joints to form and grow from a unique end of the duplex DNA. However, a variety of other pairs of substrates appeared to form joint molecules without regard to the polarity of the strands involved. This paradox has been resolved by observations that show that synapsis is fast, nonpolar and sensitive to inhibition by ADP, whereas strand exchange is slow, directional and relatively insensitive to inhibition by ADP. Thus a heteroduplex joint initiated at one end of the duplex DNA grows by continued strand exchange, whereas a joint initiated at the other end dissociates and is unable to start again because accumulating ADP inhibits synapsis. RecA protein appears to form a nascent protein-DNA structure, the RecA synaptic structure, in which at least 100-300 bp in the duplex molecule are held in an unwound configuration and in which the incoming strand is aligned with its complement.
Quantitation of QRS and ST segment responses to exercise

Abstract 1. 1. A new method is described for dualtrack, magnetic-tape recording of the exercise electrocardiogram and quantitative analysis of successive voltages of 100-beat samples at each workload by means of a computer of average transients. This minimizes respiratory and other distortions and facilitates objective appraisal of responses. 2. 2. Optimal loci, with respect to inherent variability, both at rest and during maximal physical exertion of middle-aged “healthy” men, were defined for the PQ reference voltage segment and for parts of the ST segment. 3. 3. The entire group of 57 clinically normal men exhibited progressively more depression of the ST segment with increasing workloads, and considerable restitution within 3 minutes of recovery from maximum exertion. Even greater ST segment changes were observed in 9 of these men whose postexercise ST responses were visually classified as abnormal prior to automated quantitative analysis. 4. 4. Ventricular conduction time was shortened only in normal subjects; changes in QRS forces were also detected. 5. 5. It is concluded that more quantitative and objective appraisal of ECG responses to exercise is feasible for further studies of the pathophysiology of the ischemic responses, as well as epidemiological surveys for detection of individuals with increased risk for subsequent clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease.
The Western Sahara Dispute: A Cautionary Tale for Peacebuilders

This paper analyses the consequences of the United Nations' failure to resolve the Western Sahara dispute. The UN Secretariat's lack of transparency in its early effort to get the conflicting parties to agree to hold a referendum to decide the territory's future strengthened the persistent distrust of the UN. Also, the comparatively low human cost of the conflict has made it easier for the Security Council to allow a self-perpetuating peace process to continue rather than to force the parties to make the hard choices needed to resolve the dispute. Moreover, despite its large investments in Western Sahara, the Moroccan government's oppressive occupation policies and its exploitation of the territory's phosphates and fisheries for the primary benefit of non-Sahrawi Morocco mean that Western Sahara's political and economic development has been stunted by the ongoing stalemate. As a response to the stymied development engendered by the long deadlock, the international community could foster educational and perhaps employment opportunities for the Sahrawi refugees in Algeria as long-term alternatives to their unproductive lives in their desert camps. To aid development further, the Moroccan government could be urged to provide more job opportunities in Morocco for Sahrawis seeking to return there.
The magnetic moment of the first excited state of 143Pr

Abstract A value of 1.03±0.08 was found for the gyromagnetic ratio of the 57 keV level of 143 Pr from measurements of the perturbation of the angular correlation of the 293-57 keV γ -ray cascade of 143 Pr in external magnetic fields. Measurements were carried out with 143 Ce sources in the form of dilute solutions at room temperature and with a CeO 2 source at 1400° K, where the paramagnetic correction β is relatively small. The measurements indicate that the Pr ion in aqueous solutions reaches the 3 + state in a time shorter than 4 ns after the β-decay.
Glucose Regulation of Mouse S14 Gene Expression in Hepatocytes INVOLVEMENT OF A NOVEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR COMPLEX

Abstract Transcription of genes encoding enzymes required for lipogenesis is induced in hepatocytes in response to elevated glucose metabolism. We have previously mapped the carbohydrate-response elements (ChoREs) of the rat liver-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) and S14 genes and found them to share significant sequence similarity. However, progress in unraveling this signaling pathway has been hampered due to the difficulty in identifying the key factor(s) that bind to these ChoREs. To gain further insight into the nature of the carbohydrate-responsive transcription factor, the glucose regulatory sequences from the mouse S14 gene were examined in primary hepatocytes. Three elements were found to be essential for supporting the glucose response: a thyroid hormone-response element between −1522 and −1494, an accessory factor site between −1421 and −1392, and the ChoRE between −1450 and −1425. Of these, only the accessory factor site was conserved between the rat and mouse S14 genes. Investigation of the ChoRE sequence indicated that two half E box motifs are critical for the response to glucose. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a complex formed between the mouse S14 ChoRE and liver nuclear proteins. This complex was also formed by ChoREs from the rat S14 and L-PK genes but not by mutants of these sites that are inactive in supporting the glucose response. These results suggest the presence of a novel transcription factor complex that mediates the glucose-regulated transcription of S14 and L-PK genes.
The Economics of Control Fraud

Fraud can take a variety of forms. For that reason we can expect that the individuals, or groups of individuals, engaged in it will undertake a variety of strategies depending upon the circumstances in which they find themselves. For this reason the “checks and balances” presumed to be adequate for detecting and suppressing fraud in any given firm or market may work passingly well in one instance but be less effective in another. Pursuant that notion, this paper will begin with a brief taxonomy of fraud before turning to a more in-depth discussion of the most pernicious form of fraud – Control Fraud.
Stable cycling of thin-film vanadium oxide electrodes between 4 and 0 V in lithium batteries

Vanadium oxide prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition was cycled in different voltage ranges in a lithium battery. Electrochemical cycling results show a surprisingly low irreversibility during the first discharge and good stability for close to 1000 cycles between 4 and 0 V. Raman spectroscopy results indicate that a major structural transformation takes place when the films are cycled down to 1.8 V, after which the structural features remain intact even after cycling to 0 V. Degradation of the electrode only occurs after extended cycling.
Home Literacy Environment of African American Head Start Children

Researchers have documented culturally specific family literacy practices in which low-income families engage, which are often a function of the context in which the family is currently embedded. These practices are well documented in ethnographic literature. Although this evidence exists, its utility is limited due to small sample sizes and lack of quantitative documentation on their contribution to children’s language and literacy development. This study attempted to quantify those culturally specific family literacy practices. 51 low-income African-American mother-child dyads participated. The contribution of multiple literacy practices was examined in relation to child language and literacy outcomes. Most low-income African-American families engaged in multiple literacy practices. Recommended areas for future research directions are discussed.
Multicriteria Planning Model for Mental Health Services Delivery

Decentralization of mental health services delivery through the implementation of community‐based mental health centres has greatly increased the complexity in the administration of US mental health programmes. Decision makers have to allocate limited resources between traditional hospital programmes and the community centres. Presents a goalprogramming‐planning model which allows the decision maker to analyse trade‐offs between healthcare objectives as well as to assess the budgetary and staff ramifications of various policy decisions. Illustrates the model through the use of a case example from a Midwestern US mental health services programme.
ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT POLYPLOID LEVELS IN GLANDULARIA (VERBENACEAE)

The hexaploid North American species Glandularia elegans has been crossed with the South American diploid species G. stellaroides, G. peruviana, and G. pulchella. Analysis of the behavior of chromosomes at meiosis in the hybrid indicates that the chromosomes of G. pulchella are similar to one of the genomes of G. elegans. Non-homologous pairing and presence of multivalents also indicates that G. elegans is a segmental allohexaploid derived most likely from South American
Decylglucoside-based microemulsions for cutaneous localization of lycopene and ascorbic acid.

Abstract Cutaneous delivery of combinations of antioxidants offers the possibility of enhanced protection against UV-radiation. In this study, we investigated the potential of sugar-based microemulsions containing monoglycerides to promote simultaneous cutaneous delivery of lycopene and ascorbic acid, and increase tissue antioxidant activity. Lycopene and ascorbic acid were incorporated (0.04% and 0.2% (w/w), respectively) in decylglucoside-based microemulsions containing isopropyl myristate mixed with monocaprylin (ME-MC), monolaurin (ME-ML) or monoolein (ME-MO) as oil phase. The microemulsions increased lycopene delivery into porcine ear skin by 3.3- to 8-fold compared to a drug solution. The effect of microemulsions on ascorbic acid cutaneous delivery was more modest (1.5–3-fold), and associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in transdermal delivery. According to their penetration-enhancing ability, the microemulsions were ranked ME-MC > ME-MO > ME-ML. This superiority of ME-MC coincided with a stronger effect in decreasing skin electrical resistance. After 18 h of treatment, the viability of bioengineered skin treated with ME-MC was 2.2-times higher compared to Triton-X100 (moderate irritant), demonstrating that ME-MC is less cytotoxic. Skin treatment with ME-MC containing both antioxidants increased the tissue antioxidant activity by 10.2-fold, but no synergism between the antioxidants was observed.
Organization and morphologies of acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the rat.

The distribution and morphologies of neurons containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the rat were studied by means of a pharmaco-histochemical technique involving staining for AChE (Karnovsky-Roots' procedure) at various times after administration of bis-(l-methylethyl)phosphorofluoridate. This method enables visualization of individual AChE-containing neuronal somata and their processes to a degree not possible with other protocols for the enzyme. The strongest AChE activity occurring at the level of the thalamus is found within the small, round to oval, somata of nucleus anterior dorsalis. Most of the intralaminar nuclei, as well as nucleus reticularis, are composed of mediumsized multipolar neurons displaying moderate to strong AChE activity. Moderately stained AChE neurons are also found in pars ventralis of nucleus geniculatus lateralis and in pars lateralis of nucleus habenularis. Most of the neurons of the lateral and posterior thalamic territories, however, are nearly devoid of AChE. At the level of the hypothalamus, the neurons of nuclei supraopticus and paraventricularis show strong AChE activity. The AChE neurons of nucleus supraopticus are surrounded by numerous AChE-containing processes of some large lateral preoptic area neurons that stain intensely for the enzyme. Numerous intensely stained AChE perikarya occur in the lateral, dorsal, and supramammillary hypothalamic areas. These neurons often possess several AChE-containing processes. Nuclei arcuatus and ventromedialis consist mainly of neurons displaying a weak to moderate intensity of AChE staining. At the level of the mammillary bodies most neurons show moderate AChE activity except the neuronal somata of nucleus mammillaris lateralis which stain very strongly for the enzyme.
Quantification of fertilization-induced gamete changes and sperm entry without egg activation in a teleost egg

Abstract A cytological study of fertilization in the teleost, Catostomus commersoni, was carried out in order to quantify gamete changes induced by sperm entry and normal egg activation. Maternal metaphase II spindle length changes, blastodisc diameter changes, and sperm metamorphosis were quantified and found to be associated with normal fertilization. At the beginning of sperm transformation to a pronucleus, an ooplasmic specialization was found at the egg cortex just above the fertilizing sperm cell. The gamete changes mentioned above did not occur under water-deprived conditions which allowed sperm entry but not egg activation or sperm-pronucleus transformation. These results indicate that egg activation is necessary for normal sperm-pronucleus metamorphosis.
A contradictory treatment for lysosomal storage disorders: inhibitors enhance mutant enzyme activity

Abstract Small molecules are proposed as potential drugs for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) such as Fabry disease and Gaucher disease, which are caused by deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes. Certain mutations in the disease-causing enzymes result in the synthesis of improperly folded proteins that are retarded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and degraded by ER-associated degradation. However, these proteins might be enzymatically active if they could be transported properly to lysosomes. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, potent competitive inhibitors of the mutant enzymes can act as active-site-specific chaperones that either induce or stabilize the proper conformation of the mutant enzyme. This promotes normal trafficking through the secretory pathway of the ER and, ultimately, increases enzyme activity in lysosomes. This therapeutic strategy, of using functional chemicals as pharmacological chaperones, could be applied broadly to other LSDs and genetic metabolic diseases that are caused by misfolding of mutant proteins.
Let Them Use the Internet: Why College Instructors Should Encourage Student Internet Use.

It is not uncommon for college students to be instructed to use scholarly library resources and to avoid using the Internet. This article argues that students should be allowed to use open-Web resources and that the classroom is the best place to teach students how to evaluate the quality of information available on an Internet they will use long after they have left the institution.
Differences in characteristics of patients with and without known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.

AIM: To examine the clinical characteristics of a subgroup of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compare them to those with known risk factors. METHODS: We used the HCC database of 306 patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2001. Of the 306 patients, 63 (20%, group 1) had no known risk factors (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis or cirrhosis from any cause) and 243 (group 2) had one or more risk factors. RESULTS: The median age was similar in both groups, but there were disproportionate numbers of younger ( 80 years) patients, women (33% vs 18%), and Caucasians (81% vs 52%) in group 1 as compared to group 2. There were fewer Asians (2% vs 11%) and African Americans (13% vs 27%) in group 1. Abdominal pain (70% vs 37%) was more common while gastrointestinal bleeding (0% vs 11%) and ascites (4% vs 17%) were less common in group 1 compared to group 2. Group 1 had larger tumor burden (median size 9.4 cm vs 5.7 cm) at the time of presentation, but there were no differences in the site (right, left or bilateral lesions), or number of tumors between the two groups. CONCLUSION: HCC patients without identifiable risk factors have different characteristics and clinical presentation compared to those with known risk factors. Absence of cirrhosis and larger tumor burden may explain the differences in the presenting symptoms.
Power System Dynamic Equivalents

This paper describes a method for determining a simplified equivalent mathematical representation of portions of a power system for transient stability analysis. The method leads to equations that do not correspond directly to a system composed of normal power system components. Conditions under which it is possible to obtain such an equivalent are given, and the results of applying the method to the 118-bus IEEE test system are reported.
Evaluating the contributions of video representation for a life oral history collection

A digital video library of over 900 hours of video and 18000 stories from The HistoryMakers is used to investigate the role of motion video for users of recorded life oral histories. Stories in the library are presented in one of two ways in two within-subjects experiments: either as audio accompanied by a single still photographic image per story, or as the same audio within a motion video of the interviewee speaking. Twenty-four participants given a treasure-hunt fact-finding task, i.e., very directed search, showed no significant preference for either the still or video treatment, and no difference in task performance. Fourteen participants in a second study worked on an exploratory task in the same within-subjects experimental framework, and showed a significant preference for video. For exploratory work, video has a positive effect on user satisfaction. Implications for use of video in collecting and accessing recorded life oral histories, in student assignments and more generally, are discussed, along with reflections on long term user studies to complement the ones presented here.
Gram-Negative Bacillary Bacteremia in the Elderly: Incidence, Ecology, Etiology, and Mortality

The incidence, ecology, and mortality of gram-negative bacillary bacteremia in elderly patients were studied in an analysis of 334 episodes over a four-year-period in a 489-bed North Carolina community teaching hospital, 135 (40.4%) of which occurred in patients 70 years of age or older. The bacteremia rate per 1000 hospital admissions increased sharply with increasing age. The ecology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of the bacterial isolates were strongly influenced by community v hospital acquisition, but not by age. Urosepsis was significantly more likely to be the underlying source of hospital-acquired bacteremia in patients 70 years or older (P less than 0.01). Total bacteremia-related mortality did not increase with increasing age; in the group of patients aged 70 years or older with nonfatal/ultimately fatal underlying diseases (NF/UFUD), however, mortality was 9.1% compared to 2.9% in the younger age group (P less than 0.001). Significantly increased bacteremia-related mortality was also noted in the older patients with NF/UFUD admitted from nursing homes (P less than 0.05) and those not treated with an appropriate antimicrobial agent within 24 hours (P less than 0.01). Overall, the older patients with hospital-acquired bacteremia, neutropenia-associated infection, those bacteremic from a nonurinary source of infection, and those treated with multiple-drug regimens had higher mortality (P less than 0.05). Gram-negative bacteremia is much more common in patients 70 years of age or older and compared with younger patients mortality appears to be significantly increased for the important subgroup of older patients with nonfatal or ultimately fatal underlying diseases.
The implicit self and the specificity-matching principle: Implicit self-concept predicts domain-specific outcomes

Abstract According to the specificity-matching principle ( Swann, Chang-Schneider, & McClarty, 2007 ), specific aspects of self-concept should predict domain specific outcomes, rather than broader outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether this principle, which has thus far been examined using explicit measures of the self, extends to the implicit self-concept. We tested this idea in the domain of math achievement. We observed that explicit math self-concept was correlated with specific outcomes (measures of math achievement), whereas explicit self-esteem was correlated with a broad outcome (satisfaction with life). Thus, we replicated the specificity-matching principle using explicit measures of self-esteem and self-concept. Moreover, we found that implicit self-concept was correlated with domain-specific outcomes, but not a global outcome, as the specificity-matching principle would predict. Furthermore, regression analyses indicated that implicit self-concept accounted for unique variance in the domain-specific outcomes, for which the other measures of the self could not account. Taken together, we conclude that the specificity-matching principle does indeed extend to the implicit self-concept.
Unified provisioning solution for heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The 4th Generation of Wireless Networks (4G) is likely to work in an integrated and unified environment, where different technologies must coexists and cooperate to enhance the service provided to the end-user. Two of the biggest 4G mobile broadband technologies are WiMAX and LTE. The research community has already presented many cases in which integration has been proposed and tested between WiFi and either WiMAX or LTE, but there are no integration attempts with unified solutions between WiMAX and LTE. In this paper, we have simulated an integrated environment with these two networks exchanging three kinds of traffic and testing the performance with the current QoS definition of each technology.
Differentiating Benign and Malignant Causes of Lymphocytosis in Feline Bone Marrow

Differentiation of benign and malignant causes of lymphocytosis in blood or bone marrow can be problematic. In the present study, reports of examinations of bone marrow from cats, submitted over an 8-year period, were reviewed to identify cats with increased numbers of small lymphocytes. Of 203 reports reviewed, 12 (5.9%) indicated increased numbers of small lymphocytes. Diagnoses for these cats included chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; n = 2), pure red cell aplasia (PRCA; n = 4), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA; n = 3), thymoma (n = 1), cholangiohepatitis (n = 1), and fever of unknown origin (n = 1). Several factors were identified that could be used to differentiate reactive lymphocytosis from CLL. Cats with CLL tended to be older, and lymphocytes were slightly larger and had cleaved or lobulated nuclei. Reactive lymphocytosis was associated with immune-mediated anemias and inflammatory diseases. In reactive lymphocytosis, the proliferating lymphocytes were organized into lymphoid aggregates in bone marrow and were predominately B cells. Alternatively, in CLL and thymoma, the proliferating lymphocytes were diffusely distributed and were predominately T cells. Therefore, differentiation of the causes of lymphocytosis should include evaluation of signalment, concurrent disease conditions, lymphocyte morphology, lymphocyte distribution in bone marrow, and immunophenotype. Cat age, presence of severe anemia, and evidence of inflammatory disease also should be considered.
What Factors Change Education Inequality in Nepal

AbstractWe estimate indices of income-based inequality of education for Nepal using comprehensive survey data from 1996 and 2004. The 5% increase in the inequality that we obtain for those eight years is then decomposed into its contributing factors. Greater urbanization contributed substantially to the rise in education inequality. On the other hand, income significantly reduced education inequality because of a substantial increase in mean income during the eight years, and because of a fall in income inequality. This implies that an increase in the median income could reduce education disparity substantially.