cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The atmospheric load response of the ocean determined using Geosat altimeter data

Sea-surface heights derived from the Geosat altimeter data for the November 1986 - November 1987 period are compared with the Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center and the NMC sea-level atmospheric pressure fields, to verify the open ocean inverted barometer (IB) response. It is shown that fits along the satellite track consistently yield results that are only 60-70 percent of the IB results. Fits at fixed geographic locations show a clear dependence of the absolute value of the regression coefficient with latitude: a steady decrease from 70 deg to about 20 deg, and then a sudden increase again nearer to the equator, with similar results obtained for the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. The sign of the departure from IB is found to be consistent with the expected effects of errors in the pressure fields and with wind-induced changes in sea level that are correlated with pressure fluctuations.
The physics of proton therapy

The physics of proton therapy has advanced considerably since it was proposed in 1946. Today analytical equations and numerical simulation methods are available to predict and characterize many aspects of proton therapy. This article reviews the basic aspects of the physics of proton therapy, including proton interaction mechanisms, proton transport calculations, the determination of dose from therapeutic and stray radiations, and shielding design. The article discusses underlying processes as well as selected practical experimental and theoretical methods. We conclude by briefly speculating on possible future areas of research of relevance to the physics of proton therapy.
The Effect of Sign Language Rehearsal on Deaf Subjects' Immediate and Delayed Recall of English Word Lists.

The relationship between sign language rehearsal and written free recall was examined by having deaf college students overtly rehearse the sign language equivalents of printed English words. In studies of both immediate and delayed memory, word recall was found to increase as a function of total rehearsal frequency and frequency of appearance in rehearsal sets. The serial recall curves in both memory experiments evidenced a primacy effect, which was interpreted as resulting from increased rehearsal of the words in the initial positions over the course of the list. In contrast to findings from previous short- and long-term memory studies with normally hearing subjects, neither a recency nor a negative recency effect was found. High imagery words were rehearsed and recalled slightly more frequently in immediate memory, but there was no effect resulting from the different imagery values of the stimuli in delayed recall. These results are discussed in relation to current conceptualizations of memory and of linguistic processing by deaf individuals.
Gay- and Lesbian-Identified Law Enforcement Officers Intersection of Career and Sexual Identity

This qualitative exploration examined how 14 gay- and lesbian-identified law enforcement officers managed career choice, satisfaction, and their intersecting sexual/vocational identities. Participants reported choosing the vocation for much the same reasons as others already mentioned in the literature, including service/duty to community, financial benefits, and family influences. Constraining and facilitating factors were discovered, shedding light on how participants managed their intersecting identities, and their influence on career satisfaction. These factors deepen the understanding of when participants shared their sexual identity with colleagues and to what impact within the career environment. The presence of homophobic microaggressions without institutional support to address the hostile environment significantly hampered job satisfaction and willingness to risk being out at work for some. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed, including the findings’ usefulness for oth...
MRI findings of radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast (RAS).

Purpose To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of radiation-associated breast angiosarcomas (RAS). Materials and Methods In this Institutional Review board (IRB)-approved retrospective study, 57 women were diagnosed with pathologically confirmed RAS during the study period (January 1999 to May 2013). Seventeen women underwent pretreatment breast MRI (prior to surgical resection or chemotherapy), of which 16 studies were available for review. Imaging features, including all available mammograms, ultrasounds, and breast MRIs, of these patients were evaluated by two radiologists independently and correlated with clinical management and outcomes. Results The median age of patients at original breast cancer diagnosis was 69.3 years (range 42–84 years), with average time from initial radiation therapy to diagnosis of RAS of 7.3 years (range 5.1–9.5 years). Nine women had mammograms (9/16, 56%) and six had breast ultrasound (US) (6/16, 38%) prior to MRI, which demonstrated nonsuspicious findings in 5/9 mammograms and 3/6 ultrasounds. Four patients had distinct intraparenchymal masses on mammogram and MRI. MRI findings included diffuse T2 high signal skin thickening (16/16, 100%). Nearly half (7/16, 44%) of patients had T2 low signal intensity lesions; all lesions rapidly enhanced on postcontrast T1-weighted imaging. All women underwent surgical resection, with 8/16 (50%) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Four women died during the study period. Conclusion Clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings of RAS are nonspecific and may be occult on conventional breast imaging; MRI findings of RAS include rapidly enhancing dermal and intraparenchymal lesions, some of which are low signal on T2 weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:763–770.
Effects of nitrocompounds on uric acid-utilizing microorganisms, nitrogen retention, and microbial community in laying hen manure

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of nitrocompounds on growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms, nitrogen retention, and microbial community in laying hen manure. There were three treatments: control, 100 mM nitropropanol (NPL), and 100 mM nitropropionic acid (NPC). The mixed laying hen manure was divided into 3 groups and incubated at 23°C for 7 days. On Days 0, 3, and 7, samples were collected to measure the quantity of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms, total nitrogen retention, and microbial community changes. Both nitrocompounds significantly reduced growth of the uric acid-utilizing microorganisms on Day 3 (P < 0.05). Inhibitory effects of both nitrocompounds remained until Day 7 when the experiment was terminated. NPL treatment retained significantly more manure nitrogen compared to the control on both Days 3 and 7. Manure nitrogen levels of NPC treatment were also significantly higher than the control on Day 7. We further investigated the effects of NPL and NPC on microbial community ...
MRI FEATURES OF GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI IN A DOG

The features of gliomatosis cerebri involving the brainstem and cerebellum in a 3-year-old dog are described. In magnetic resonance (MR) images, there was diffuse loss of the cerebellar folia and cerebellar gray and white matter contrast. Multiple illdefined T2-hyperintensities were present in the cerebellar parenchyma. A poorly defined, T2-hyperintense mass effect was present ventral to the pons and rostral medulla. No contrast enhancement was noted. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was normal. Postmortem examination was consistent with gliomatosis cerebri, based on compatible histopathology and immunohistochemical findings. Although rare, gliomatosis cerebri should be included as a differential for diffuse infiltrative central nervous system (CNS) lesions.
Functional regulation of PI3K-associated signaling in the accumbens by binge alcohol drinking in male but not female mice.

It is well established that binge alcohol consumption produces alterations in Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) and related signaling cascades in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of adult male mice, but female and adolescent mice have not been examined. Thus, the first set of studies determined whether repeated binge alcohol consumption produced similar alterations in protein and mRNA levels of Group 1 mGlu-associated signaling molecules in the NAC of male and female adult and adolescent mice. The adult (9 weeks) and adolescent (4 weeks) C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 7 binge alcohol sessions every 3rd day while controls drank water. Repeated binge alcohol consumption produced sexually divergent changes in protein levels and mRNA expression for Group 1 mGlus and downstream signaling molecules in the NAC, but there was no effect of age. Binge alcohol intake decreased mGlu5 levels in females, whereas it decreased indices of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 4E-binding protein 1, and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase in males. Expression of genes encoding mGlu1, mGlu5, the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor, and Homer2 were all decreased by binge alcohol consumption in males, while females were relatively resistant (only phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 was decreased). The functional implication of these differences was investigated in a separate study by inhibiting mTOR in the NAC (via infusions of rapamycin) before binge drinking sessions. Rapamycin (50 and 100 ng/side) significantly decreased binge alcohol consumption in males, while consumption in females was unaffected. Altogether these results highlight that mTOR signaling in the NAC was necessary to maintain binge alcohol consumption only in male mice and that binge drinking recruits sexually divergent signaling cascades downstream of PI3K and presumably, Group 1 mGlus. Importantly, these findings emphasize that sex should be considered in the development of potential pharmacotherapeutic targets.
Polymer Mineralization in Soils: Effects of Cold Storage on Microbial Populations and Biodegradation Potential

Soil retrieval, processing and storage procedures can have a profound effect on soil microorganisms. In particular, changes in soil microbial populations may adversely affect the biological activity of a soil and drastically alter the soil's potential to mineralize added substrates. The effects of cold storage on the biodegradation of a series of test polymers was investigated using two soils—a synthetic soil mix (SM-L8) and a field soil (Bridgehampton silt loam) from Rhode Island (RI-1). Biodegradation tests were conducted using freshly prepared/collected soil and again following storage at 4°C for 3 to 8 months. Prior to each biodegradation test, the soils were incubated at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 25°C to rejuvenate the microbial populations; the soils were incubated for periods of 48 h (freshly collected soil) or 25 days (soils stored at 4°C). Soil microbial populations were assessed by enumerating different segments of the population on agar plates containing different selective media. Mineralization of the test polymers (cellulose, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, and starch acetate, d.s. 1.5) was monitored using standard respirometric techniques. Our results demonstrated that cold storage had a generally negative effect on the soil microbial populations themselves but that its effect on the capacity of the soil microorganisms to degrade the test polymers varied between soils and polymer type. Whereas cold storage resulted in dramatic shifts in the community structure of the soil microbial populations, substantial restoration of these populations was possible by first conditioning the soils at 60% WHC and ambient temperatures for 25 days. Likewise, although the effects of cold storage on polymer mineralization varied with the test polymer and soil, these effects could be largely offset by including an initial 25-day stabilization period in the test.
A Blueprint for Collaborative Risk-Management Teams

This essay describes the steps to create an effective risk-management team on college campuses. In the current environment, collaborative teams are essential to creating a reasonably safe living and learning environment for students. Topics include team selection, team operation, the risk-management process, and common pitfalls.
1L of a Ride: A Well-Traveled Professor's Roadmap to Success in the First Year of Law School

Written by an award-winning professor with wide experience teaching at many different law schools, 1L of a Ride provides a step-by-step navigational guide to both academic and emotional success in law school’s crucial first year. It essentially answers the questions, What’s the first year of law school really like and how can I make the most of it? Readers learn what to expect, when to expect it, and how to respond to it. Other how to succeed in law school books exist, but 1L of a Ride is the only book that: Addresses each aspect of academic success, including the top five habits of successful law students, effective class participation, how to interact with professors, case-briefing, note-taking, outlining, exam preparation, and essay and multiple-choice exam strategies. Includes both a professor and student perspective, with comments from real law students as they progressed through their first year from beginning to end. Features authentic samples of Socratic dialogue, student case briefs, student class notes, and exam questions and answers. Focuses on practical advice that can be followed by any student from day one. Employs a lively first-person voice, humor, and dozens of anecdotes to bring the advice to life. Relies on educational research to back up advice. Includes input from other law professors, including an interview with five professors of Legal Writing, the course that causes the most angst and complaints from first-year students. 1L of a Ride is assigned as recommended or required reading at law schools and in prelaw programs across the country.
Nutrition and Neurotransmitters

In 1921, Otto Loewi was the first to show that transmission of nerve impulses was mediated by chemicals. In his classic experiments, he demonstrated that when ventricular fluid of a stimulated heart was transferred to a nonstimulated frog heart, the effects of stimulation were observed in this heart. This meant that the nerve stimulus of the first heart was reproduced by the chemical activity of the solution transferred to the second heart (Loewi, 1960). Subsequent analysis in his laboratory demonstrated that this chemical substance was acetylcholine, a rather simple and relatively small molecule. Ever since this discovery, acetylcholine has been identified as a signal transmitter that has many functions in the human body. For example, it can slow down the heart rate, constrict involuntary muscle, and participate in complex integrating functions of the brain and spinal cord. A neurotransmitter is now defined as a chemical substance discharged from a nerve fiber ending, which reaches and is immediately recognized by a receptor on the surface of a postsynaptic nerve cell, and the net effect is either a stimulation or inhibition of a receptor cell. A search for other neurotransmitter substances, for example, a substance that would increase heart rate, led to the isolation of noradrenaline or norepinephrine (NA) by von Euler (1956). The established criteria used to define a substance as a neuro-transmitter include (1) secretion following stimulation of the nerve; (2) binding with a specific receptor on the postjunctional cell; (3) production of a biological response, stimulation, or inhibition; and finally (4) a mechanism to rapidly terminate the biological effect. A number of neurotransmitters that would satisfy most of these requirements have been identified (Krnjevic, 1974; Bachelard, 1974) (Fig. 29).
Computer/Telephone Pairing for Long Distance Learning

In this study two approaches to the teaching of a social foundations of education course are compared. The first approach incorporates a computer-telephone linkage between two remote sites. The sec...
Radiation Induced Amorphization in YBa2 Cu3O7 and GdBa2 Cu3O7 Superconductors

The response of YBa2Cu3O7 and GdBa2Cu3O7 high temperature superconductors to particle irradiation is examined. Both ion and electron irradiations have been shown to first produce an orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transformation at relatively low doses followed by a tetragonal-to-amorphous transformation at doses roughly a factor of 10 higher. Analysis of the displacement stoichiometry that results from 120, 300, and 1000 keV electron irradiations, 400, and 500 keV O irradiations, and 300 keV helium irradiations indicate that the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transformation is driven by O atom displacements either alone or in the presence of metal atom displacements and that the transformation to the amorphous phase is driven by displacements on the Y, Gd or other rare earth atom site.
Correlates of perceived safe uses of hydraulic fracturing wastewater: Data from the Marcellus Shale

Abstract Public debate concerning possible threats to water quality and quantity as a result of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the natural gas industry is widespread. In response, scientists working at universities, public research centers, and in the private sector have developed a variety of methods for treating wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations for re-use. This report examines the public’s views about the potential safe uses of such treated water for industrial and farm use and animal and human consumption. Data for this analysis were drawn from a 2012 survey of 800 residents in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania. The analysis addresses the following research question: How are these perceptions of safe usage related to residents’ sociodemographic characteristics, usage of various sources of information about hydraulic fracturing, and the extent to which these sources are “trusted”? Implications of the findings are discussed.
Response of the Parasite Lixophaga diatraeae (Tachinidae) to Photoperiod and Temperature

Maggot development of the tachinid Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend) reared on the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), was observed under different photo-temperature regimes. No significant photoperiod response was detected at either 27° or 21°C; although, maggot development was slightly longer at 11 h L than at 13 h L. Maggot developmental times were identical for both 10 L 16°C and 13 L 18°C: 11 D 7°C (19 days); however, when maintained at 11 L 18°C: 13 D 7°C, maggot development was extended to ca. 32 days. Parasite survival to pupation exceeded 50% for all regimes maintained at 16°C or warmer and was above 42% at the 7°C regimes. At the cooler temperatures, 21°C and below, additional maggots were observed exiting host larvae up to 48 h after the 1st maggot had emerged. Maggot development at 11 L 21°C was increased 2 days when host larvae were taken off an artificial diet 1 wk prior to parasitization. Parasite development in southwestern corn borer larvae, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, held at 11 L 21°C, was identical to development in D. saccharalis (11.1 days).
Effect of Gymnastic Training on Orthostatic Efficiency

Abstract Seventeen subjects were used to determine the effect of gymnastic training on orthostatic efficiency. The experimental group included 10 subjects that practiced on heavy apparatus for 3 months. The control group included 7 subjects that practiced volleyball for the same length of time. Circulatory adjustments to gravity were measured by heart rate and blood pressure differences between lying and standing positions. The results showed that the gymnastic group improved its orthostatic efficiency through a rise in systolic pressure and a smaller decrease of the pulse pressure upon standing, with no significant changes shown by the control group.
Review of Jeffrey D. Sachs', 'The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time'

While there is much to applaud in Sachs' blueprint for change, it also has limitations, in particular it's top-down, socially-engineered, biomedical orientation, in which poor countries are portrayed as victims and as being reliant on the 'rich' world for assistance and direction. More fundamentally, however, Sachs' approach is limited in its underlying philosophical and economic orientation. While greater income can lead to greater human choice, it does not necessarily lead to 'flourishing lives' beyond economic well-being. An alternative development philosophy takes a different tack and sees development as the expansion of individuals' capabilities, or the freedom to do or be what they want to be.
Regional Level Influenza Study with Geo-Tagged Twitter Data

The rich data generated and read by millions of users on social media tells what is happening in the real world in a rapid and accurate fashion. In recent years many researchers have explored real-time streaming data from Twitter for a broad range of applications, including predicting stock markets and public health trend. In this paper we design, implement, and evaluate a prototype system to collect and analyze influenza statuses over different geographical locations with real-time tweet streams. We investigate the correlation between the Twitter flu counts and the official statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and discover that real-time tweet streams capture the dynamics of influenza cases at both national and regional level and could potentially serve as an early warning system of influenza epidemics. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic mathematical model which can forecast Twitter flu counts with high accuracy.
Modern vertebrate tracks from Lake Manyara, Tanzania and their paleobiological implications

We studied mammal and bird track formation at the northern edge of Lake Manyara, Tanzania, to develop models for interpreting fossil tracks and trackways. Lake Manyara is a closed-basin, alkaline lake in the East African Rift System. The area has a high vertebrate diversity, allowing us to investigate tracks in an environment similar to that of many ancient track-bearing sequences. Three study sites, two on mud flats adjacent to the lake margin and a third on a delta floodplain, provided contrasting environments in which to assess the types of biological data that can potentially be extracted from fossil trackways.Our censuses of mammals and their tracks revealed that most species that occur within the study area leave a track record, and that common species leave abundant tracks, although numbers of trackways are not proportional to numbers of individuals. Logarithmic increases in track sampling area yield a linear increase in the proportion of both the medium and large-sized local mammals represented in a track record. Transect vs. area mapping methods produced different censusing results, probably because of differences in monitoring periods and areal coverage.We developed a model of expected track production rates that incorporates activity budget and stride length data in addition to abundance data. By using these additional variables in a study of diurnal birds, we obtained a much better estimator relating track abundance to trackmaker abundance than that provided by census data alone. Proportions of different types of tracks predicted by the model differ significantly from the observed proportions, almost certainly because of microenvironmental differences between the censusing and track counting localities. Censuses of fossil tracks will be biased toward greater numbers of depositional-environment generalists and away from habitat-specific species.Trackways of migratory animals were dominantly shoreline-parallel, whereas trackways of sedentary species were more variable. A strong shoreline-parallel environmental zonation at the Alkaline Flats site exerted an influence on trackmaker distribution patterns, initial track formation, and track preservation. Variations in habitat usage by different species, as well as species abundance and directionality of movement, were all important in determining the number of preservable tracks a species produced within a given environmental zone.Fossil trackways are time-averaged, although over entirely different temporal scales than are bones. Unlike bones, tracks are not space-averaged. Therefore, wherever possible, fossil track and bone studies should be used to complement each other, as they provide fundamentally different pictures of paleocommunities. Tracks provide “snapshot” views of localized assemblages of organisms useful in reconstructing autecological relationships, whereas bones yield a broader image of a local fauna in which seasonal and microenvironmental variation are more commonly smoothed out.
Objective Assessment of General Surgery Residents Followed by Remediation.

Objective Surgical training programs often lack objective assessment strategies. Complicated scheduling characteristics frequently make it difficult for surgical residents to undergo formal assessment; actually having the time and opportunity to remediate poor performance is an even greater problem. We developed a novel methodology of assessment for residents and created an efficient remediation system using a combination of simulation, online learning, and self-assessment options. Design Postgraduate year (PGY) 2 to 5 general surgery (GS) residents were tested in a 5 station, objective structured clinical examination style event called the Surgical X-Games. Stations were 15 minutes in length and tested both surgical knowledge and technical skills. Stations were scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = Fail, 2 = Mediocre, 3 = Pass, 4 = Good, and 5 = Stellar). Station scores ≤ 2 were considered subpar and required remediation to a score ≥ 4. Five remediation sessions allowed residents the opportunity to practice the stations with staff surgeons. Videos of each skill or test of knowledge with clear instructions on how to perform at a stellar level were offered. Trainees also had the opportunity to checkout take-home task trainers to practice specific skills. Residents requiring remediation were then tested again in-person or sent in self-made videos of their performance. Setting Academic medical center. Participants PGY2, 3, 4, and 5 GS residents at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Results A total of, 35 residents participated in the Surgical X-Games in the spring of 2015. Among all, 31 (89%) had scores that were deemed subpar on at least 1 station. Overall, 18 (58%) residents attempted remediation. All 18 (100%) achieved a score ≥ 4 on the respective stations during a makeup attempt. Overall X-Games scores and those of PGY2s, 3s, and 4s were higher after remediation (p Conclusions Despite difficulties with training logistics and busy resident schedules, it is feasible to objectively assess most GS trainees and offer opportunities to remediate if performance is poor. Our multifaceted remediation methodology allowed 18 residents to achieve good or stellar performance on each station after deliberate practice. Enticing chief residents to participate in remediation efforts in the spring of their final year of training remains a work in progress.
Suggestions and recommendations in academic speech

This chapter investigates the communicative functions of modals (e.g., should, could), as well as lexical verbs, such as recommend and suggest, as they are used by faculty in academic spoken discourse. Results show that these expressions are frequently used by professors to communicate indirect orders (as opposed to directives) in a number of situations. Several speech events from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) were selected to constitute the corpus, including academic lectures, office hours, dissertation defenses, and seminars. Wordsmith Tools 5.0 (Scott, 1999) and the search tools from the MICASE web site were used to identify phrases and semifixed phrases containing the target modals and lexical verbs. The results have immediate pedagogical applications to both English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and International Teaching Assistant (ITA) education.
Preliminary Corrosion Test of a Glass-Ceramic Candidate for a Nuclear Waste Canister

Preliminary corrosion studies of Corning Glass Works glass-ceramic Code 9617 as a storage canister for spent nuclear fuel rods indicates a corrosion rate of 0.013 cm/1000 yr. when stored in a granite repository at an initial temperature of 110C. This is well within the targeted rate of 0.1 cm/1000 yr.
The effect of environmental conditions and novel spoofing methods on fingerprint anti-spoofing algorithms

Fingerprint recognition systems have been shown to be vulnerable to spoof attacks with artificial fingers made from materials such as Play-Doh, gelatin and silicon. Anti-spoofing or liveness algorithms have been developed which determine at the time of capture whether a finger is live or spoof. Software algorithms rely on characteristics of the image captured by the underlying device and thus may be impacted by environmental conditions at the time of capture. In this study, we collected live fingerprints under various environment weather conditions (high/low/very low temperature, high humidity). Additionally we incorporated more spoofing materials of latex rubber, latex caulk, and latex paint. The algorithms were trained with a baseline dataset for Identix, Crossmatch, and Digital Persona devices with an average spoof/live equal error rate of 3.5%, 5.9% and 5.8%, respectively. Results showed an increase in error to 14.5%, 55.6% and 36.6%, respectively, when data of this type is not included in the training set. Similarly, we found the new spoof approaches developed defeat the liveness algorithm in almost all cases. When the algorithm is retrained to include new environmental and spoof images, the liveness algorithm is able to achieve an average error rate of 4.0%, 9.6%, and 11.4% for Identix, Crossmatch, and Digital Persona scanners, respectively. The impact of temperature, humidity, and novel spoof materials on anti-spoofing algorithm is significant and degrades performance. Performance can be restored when these factors are included in the training of the anti-spoofing model.
The Clinical Features of Paranoia in the 20th Century and Their Representation in Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-III Through DSM-5

This review traces, through psychiatric textbooks, the history of the Kraepelinian concept of paranoia in the 20th century and then relates the common reported symptoms and signs to the diagnostic criteria for paranoia/delusional disorder in DSM-III through DSM-5. Clinical descriptions of paranoia appearing in 10 textbooks, published 1899 to 1970, revealed 11 prominent symptoms and signs reported by 5 or more authors. Three symptoms (systematized delusions, minimal hallucinations, and prominent ideas of reference) and 2 signs (chronic course and minimal affective deterioration) were reported by 8 or 9 of the authors. Four textbook authors rejected the Kraepelinian concept of paranoia. A weak relationship was seen between the frequency with which the clinical features were reported and the likelihood of their inclusion in modern DSM manuals. Indeed, the diagnostic criteria for paranoia/delusional disorder shifted substantially from DSM-III to DSM-5. The modern operationalized criteria for paranoia/delusional disorder do not well reflect the symptoms and signs frequently reported by historical experts. In contrast to results of similar reviews for depression, schizophrenia and mania, the clinical construct of paranoia/delusional disorder has been somewhat unstable in Western Psychiatry since the turn of the 20th century as reflected in both textbooks and the DSM editions.
Suicide before and after spinal cord injury.

We read with interest the article by Kennedy and Garmon-Jones1 entitled “Self-harm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review”, published in Spinal Cord. The authors studi...
Giants of Orthopaedic Surgery: Professor Heinz Wagner.

The German orthopaedic surgeon, Professor Heinz Wagner was widely known for his surgical skills, innovative mechanical concepts on which his hip and knee procedures were based, and his deep insight into the patient psyche. As a founding member of the German section of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen (AO) and a president of the German Orthopaedic Congress, Prof. Wagner (Fig. 1) was, by any definition, a leading international figure. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Prof. Heinz Wagner (Published with permission from Michael Wagner MD).
E-012 Safety and efficacy of 600mg loading dose of clopidogrel 24 hours before pipeline embolization device treatment

Background Clopidogrel/aspirin antiplatelet therapy is routinely administered 7 to 10 days prior to pipeline aneurysm treatment. Our study assessed the safety and efficacy of a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel 24 hours before PED treatment. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study involving patients treated with pipeline from October 2010 to May 2016. They were divided into two groups: 39.7%(n=158) patients were dispensed a loading dose of 650 mg of aspirin plus at least 600 mg of clopidogrel 24 hours preceding PED deployment; 60.3%(n=240) received 81–325 mg of aspirin daily for 10 days with 75 mg of clopidogrel daily pre-procedurally. The mean follow-up was 15.8 months (SD=12.4 months). modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was registered before the discharge and at each follow-up visit. To control confounding we used multivariable logistic regression and propensity score conditioning. Results Of 398 patients, the proportion of female patients was ≈16.5% (41/240) in both groups and shared the same mean of age ≈56.46 years. Similarly, ≈12.2% (mean=0.09; SD=0.30) had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. 92% (mean=0.29; SD=0.70) from the pre-treatment group and 85.7%(mean=0.44; SD=0.91) of the bolus group had a mRSI mean=0.01; SD=0.10) from the pre-treatment group. In a multivariable logistic regression, bolus was not associated with a long-term recurrence rate (OR, 1.91; CI95%, 0.27–13.50; p=0.52) neither with thromboembolic accidents (OR, 0.99; CI 95%, 0.96–1.03; p=0.83) nor with hemorrhagic events (OR, 1.00; CI95%, 0.97–1.03; p=0.99). 3 patients were announced dead: (1) receiving bolus had an acute SAH. The mean mortality rate was parallel in both groups ≈0.25(SD=0.16). Bolus was not associated with mortality (OR, 1.11; CI95%, 0.26–4.65; p=0.89). The same associations were present in propensity score adjusted models. Conclusion In a cohort receiving PED, 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel should be safe and efficacious in those off the standard protocol or showing and It30% platelet inhibition before treatment. Disclosures E. Atallah: None. K. Bekelis: None. S. Tjoumakaris: None. R. Rosenwasser: None. P. Jabbour: None.
Readability of the credit card agreements and financial charges

Abstract We examined the readability of credit card agreements and its relationship with financial charges. Examining the credit card agreements filed with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in 2014, we found that the typical credit card agreement is written at an 8th to 9th grade level, which is higher than the average American reading level. We show that the readability of credit card agreements is negatively related to financial charges: cards with easier-to-read agreements are associated with lower annual percentage rates, lower minimum monthly payments, and lower cash advance fees.
Hyperbolic Metamaterials for Quantum Dot Emission Enhancement- Effects of Unit Cell Thickness and Light Outcoupling

We investigated how the unit cell thickness of multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials affects the enhancement of quantum dot emission. A facile outcoupling approach was demonstrated to improve the emission using a large-area nanoparticle-based photonic crystal.
Corticospinal/Corticobulbar Tracts

The corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways make up the primary pathways for motor function. Arising from the motor cortices, the tracts take disparate paths to motoneurons and interneurons, with both excitatory and inhibitory functions, to effect both fine and coarse movement of facial, axial, and appendicular muscles. Lesions in these pathways may result in paresis, paralysis, spasticity, and hyperreflexia.
Slowing Population Growth and Investment Demand the West German Case

The economic experience of West Germany over the period 1950–1980 is a classic example of secular stagnation. Table 1 compares the growth rates of the relevant variables--total output, investment, labor force, and population--for each of the three decades since 1950. The decade of the 1950s deserved its description of “economic miracle.” The growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was among the fastest in Europe, nearly 7 percent annually. The key to high growth rates in this decade was maintaining a high ratio of investment to GDP. West Germany began the decade with one of the highest ratios of investment to GDP in Europe and actually increased the ratio by the end of the decade. This is reflected in the annual growth rate of Gross Domestic Capital Formation (GDCF) that was 2 percentage points higher than the growth of GDP. A strong case can be made that the reason for Germany’s success in the “growthmanship” league at this time was the very rapid growth of its labor force (Kindleberger, 1967). With an annual growth rate of 1.4 percent, the German labor force was also one of the fastest growing in Europe (Denison, 1967). Since the growth rate of population was significantly lower than the labor force, growth rates of per capita income were also among the highest in Europe.
Genetic variation and response to selection for legume-compatibility traits in orchardgrass

Little research has been done on breeding orchardgrass for compatibility with legumes; yet this is an area that needs more attention because of the advantages of using legumes in pasture improvement. The objectives of this research were to study the genetic variation and predicted response to selection for legume-compatibility traits in orchardgrass. Ninety-seven different orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) germplasra sources were evaluated in a frequently-clipped, spaceplanted test during 1981 to 1984. Each individual plant was evaluated for spring and fall vigor, spring and summer canopy height, head height, winterhardiness, growth habit, anthesis date, tiller number, rust resistance, and leaf length and width. The 51 polycross progenies of the parents of Iowa 79-OGP-DT were chosen for more detailed study because of their superiority in rust resistance, vigor, and winterhardiness and their variability for traits that may affect compatibility with a legume. Narrow-sense heritabilities on an entry mean basis for the 51 polycross progenies were relatively high with values for spring canopy height, growth habit, anthesis date, and leaf width exceeding 0.70. Individual plant heritabilities were greater than 0.40 for spring canopy height, growth habit, anthesis date, and leaf width. Predicted genetic gains for mass selection and selection of superior plants within superior families were similar for all traits. Significant phenotypic correlations indicated that winterhardiness, vigorous growth, tall spring canopy height, erect growth habit, early anthesis, and narrow leaves tend to be
Qualitative Description of the Hyperbolic Plane

The hyperbolic plane is qualitatively different from the Euclidean plane in a number of ways. Among these are the fact that the sum of the angles of a triangle is strictly less than π (radians). The difference between π and the sum is called the defect of the triangle and is proportional to the area of the triangle, so the areas of triangles are bounded above. It is true in the hyperbolic plane that the length of a circular arc and the area of a circular sector are both proportional to the angle of the arc. What is different is the way the proportionality depends on the radius of the circle. Another difference is in the structure of the group of isometries, which are mappings of the plane that preserve distance. Since tilings and lattices are tied so closely to the isometries of the plane, they are also very different from the Euclidean case. All of the distinctive properties can be traced to the hyperbolic parallel axiom, so we begin with the theory of parallelism, presented in roughly the form in which Gauss derived it.
Enhanced Cytotoxicity of 5-Fluorouracil Combined with [6RS]Leucovorin and Recombinant Human Interferon-α2a in Colon Carcinoma Cells

We had proposed previously that one mechanism of intrinsic resistance to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) in colon adenocarcinomas was suboptimal concentrations of intracellular 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2-H4PteGlun).1 Whereas the concentration of this reduced folate may not be rate limiting for thymidylate synthesis de novo, it may be suboptimal to allow maximal interaction between the FUra metabolite, 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP), and thymidylate synthase.1–5 Supplementation with a reduced folate, therefore, elevates intracellular levels of CH2-H4PteGlun and enhances the rate of formation or stabilization of the ternary complex. In human colon tumor xenografts, pools of CH2-H4PteGlun and H4PteGlun expanded by 2- to 5-fold in response to 24 hr infusions of [6RS]leucovorin ([6RS]LV), elevating species containing from 2 to 5 glutamate residues.6’7
Multilevel selection and Tomasello’s A Natural History of Human Morality: A translation manual

Tomasello’s view of comparative primatology and human evolution is part of an emerging paradigm and his main empirical contribution has been the comparative study of great apes and human children. ...
Systematic Review of Intensity-Modulated Brachytherapy (IMBT): Static and Dynamic Techniques.

Purpose To systematically review scientific literature on the use of intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IMBT), including static and dynamic shielding approaches, to enhance therapeutic ratio. Studies were evaluated for technique, disease site, dosimetry, applicators, dosimetric calculations, and planning algorithms. Comparisons with standard-of-care brachytherapy techniques, alternative IMBT methods, or both were performed for dose-to-target volumes, organs at risk (OARs), and treatment planning or delivery times. Methods and Materials Inclusion criteria were any peer-reviewed journal articles on IMBT published from January 1, 1980, to January 1, 2019, on PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO databases. Two independent investigators reviewed each article for inclusion and exclusion criteria and scope. Data collected on each study included technique, source or shield material, disease site, n of study (n = number of simulated plans/treated patients), dose-to-target/OARs, and planning or delivery times. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA). Results Database queries yielded 1734 results, which were reduced to 436 after exclusion criteria and 78 peer-reviewed journal articles after evaluation of scope. Studies per disease site were 31 for cervical; 16 for rectal; 10 for oculocutaneous; 7 for breast; 6 for prostate; and 8 for other, multiple, or no specific disease site. Eighteen studies demonstrated a significant decrease in dose to OARs (5.1%-68.2%), 11 improved treatment planning or delivery times (7.6%-99.7%), and 6 increased target coverage (18.6%-71.6%) relative to standard-of-care or alternative IMBT technique. IMBT consistently decreased dose to OAR compared with the standard of care at the cost of increased planning or delivery times. Innovations in dose calculation or planning algorithms and applicators were capable of ameliorating prolonged treatment intervals. Conclusions IMBT techniques improved the therapeutic ratio by reducing OAR doses, facilitating dose escalation, or both. Static-shielding techniques are clinically available as a result of the advent of commercially available heterogeneity-corrected dose-calculation algorithms, whereas dynamic-shielding techniques are still preclinical.
STD Prevention with Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have assumed particular importance in the epidemiology of STDs in many western industrialized countries (1,2). In part, this is driven by the higher prevalence of sexual risk behaviors within this population subgroup and the consequent increased probability of STD transmission and acquisition. Other factors, for example, patterns and distribution of sexual networks, background disease prevalence, and the effectiveness of targeted prevention interventions, also contribute to the observed and evolving epidemiology. In this chapter, we overview the recent increases in reported STDs among MSM in the United States, explore the behavioral and psychosocial determinants of STD transmission, and consider the evidence regarding effective STD and HIV behavioral interventions for improving sexual health outcomes within this group. A wide-ranging set of search strategies was used in an attempt to identify as many types of recent data sources relevant to the subject. The topic search was developed using a combination of specific STD prevention terms, terms for interventions specific to the topic area, and general health promotion/health education/public health terms combined with topic terms such as STD or sexual behavior, and limited to the United States. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Sociofile, and CINAHL databases were searched from January 1999 to October 2005 for references published in the English language. The search strategies were as similar as possible for the different databases, however, index terms differed across some databases. Review of the published literature was supplemented with data obtained from relevant STD surveillance and prevention reports. Attempts were made to obtain all papers, including journal articles, reports and book chapters, with prioritization of review articles.
Injury Pathways That Lead to AKI in a Mouse Kidney Transplant Model

BACKGROUND Prolonged cold ischemia (CI) is a risk factor for acute kidney injury after kidney transplantation. We endeavored to determine the pathways involved in the development of tubular cell injury and death before and after transplantation. We hypothesized that ex vivo cold storage before transplant would produce a different injury phenotype to that seen after engraftment in kidney transplants with or without CI. METHODS Four groups of mouse donor kidneys were studied: (1) nontransplanted control kidneys; (2) donor kidneys subjected to ex vivo cold ischemia (CI); (3) donor kidneys subjected to kidney transplant without CI (Txp); and (4) donor kidneys subjected to CI followed by transplantation (CI+Txp). RESULTS Acute kidney injury only occurred in the CI+Txp group, which had significantly increased sCr versus the Txp group and the control mice. Histologically, the CI group demonstrated significantly increased tubular cell apoptosis and caspase-9 expression, whereas the Txp group demonstrated only mild brush border injury without apoptosis or necrosis. In contrast, the CI+Txp group had tubular cell apoptosis associated with expression of caspase-8, TNFR1, and increased serum TNF-α. CI+Txp also led to significantly higher ATN scores in association with increased RIP1, RIP3, pMLKL, and TLR4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest distinct therapies are needed at different times during organ preservation and transplantation. Prevention of apoptosis during cold storage is best achieved by inhibiting intrinsic pathways. In contrast, prevention of cell death and innate immunity after CI+Txp requires inhibition of both the extrinsic death receptor pathway via TNFR1 and caspase-8 and inhibition of programmed necrosis via TLR4 and TNFR1.
How Should Health Professional Education Respond to Widespread Racial and Ethnic Health Inequity and Police Brutality

Health professions educators continuously adapt curricular content in response to new scientific knowledge but can struggle to incorporate content about current social issues that profoundly affect students and learning environments. This article offers recommendations to support innovation and action as students and faculty grapple with ongoing unrest in the United States, including racism, murders of Black people by police, and COVID-19.