cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multilayer Approach to Designing Energy-Efficient and Reliable ReRAM Cross-Point Array System

In this paper, we study the 1-selector-1-resistor (1S1R) cross-point resistive random access memory (ReRAM) array because of its high density, fast access time, and ultralow stand-by power. Specifically, we focus on an access scheme where a data line is parallelly accessed from multiple subarrays with multibits accessed per subarray. A direct implementation of such a scheme has high energy efficiency but lower reliability compared with a single bit per subarray baseline scheme. So this paper proposes a low cost multilayer approach to improve energy-efficiency of multibits per access scheme without compromising reliability. At the cell level, we show how proper choices of bit-line and source-line voltage and SET recovery help reduce error rate by ten times. At the system level, we propose a new rotated multiarray access scheme where the average error rate of every accessed data line is one order of magnitude lower than the worst case, making it possible to achieve block failure rate of $10^{\mathrm { {-10}}}$ with a simple Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem t = 4 code. We show that for a 1 GB 1S1R ReRAM, the proposed approach can reduce energy by 41% with 2% extra area while maintaining latency and reliability compared with the baseline system.
Oral contraceptives and MS disease activity in a contemporary real-world cohort

Background:There is uncertainty regarding the effect of oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) on multiple sclerosis (MS) course.Objective:To evaluate the hypothesis that OC use is associated with decre...
Validity and Appropriate Uses of the Revised Technology Uses and Perceptions Survey (TUPS)

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to explore validity evidence and appropriate uses of the revised Technology Uses and Perceptions Survey (TUPS) designed to measure in-service teacher perspectives about technology integration in K–12 schools and classrooms. The revised TUPS measures 10 domains, including Access and Support; Preparation of Technology Use; Perceptions of Professional Development; Perceptions of Technology Use; Confidence and Comfort Using Technology; Technology Integration; Teacher Use of Technology; Student Use of Technology; Perceived Technology Skills; and Technology Usefulness. We first provide a review of the literature supporting the design of the revised TUPS. We collected data from N = 1,376 teachers from one medium-sized school district in the state of Florida and conducted a variety of psychometric analyses. We performed internal structure analysis, correlation analysis, and factor analysis with these data. The results demonstrate that data collected from the TUPS are best us...
History of the Treatment of Esophageal Atresia

The story of esophageal atresia (EA) is as fascinating and varied as the lesions themselves. EA comprises a wide spectrum of defects, ranging from an absent or atretic segment commonly referred to as pure EA through lesions which have one or more associated tracheoesophageal fistulae (TEF) [1]. The first understanding of EA comes early but only much later and after many different surgical attempts to correct these lesions is anything like reasonable success achieved. Most early efforts dealt with the common form of a blind upper esophageal pouch and lower tracheoesophageal fistula (about 80–85 % of the total) but the other types also contribute to the story [2]. The history can only be recounted from what has been published; nevertheless, the thinking about and struggling with these babies and even the poignancy of repeated failures come through clearly.
Exploring the Role of Venture Capital in Inward Licensing and Start-Up Innovation

This paper investigates the impact of venture capital investment (VC) on start-up inward licensing behavior and the consequences to innovation performance. Drawing on literature on market for innovation and open innovation, as well as the theories of social capital, and transaction cost, I hypothesize that venture capital will increase a new venture’s inward licensing for knowledge acquisition and that it will also enhance the utilization of inward licensing for higher innovation performance. The empirical analysis, using the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS), confirmed these hypotheses. Furthermore, there is evidence that venture’s allocation of human capital affects the influence of VC on inward licensing. Theoretical implications of these findings and future directions are addressed.
At the same time: Lexical bundles in L1 and L2 university student argumentative writing

Abstract This corpus-based study compares L1-English and L1-Chinese undergraduate students' use of lexical bundles in English argumentative essays, and identifies the most common bundle misuses in L2 student writing. Data consist of two corpora of student-produced argumentative essays: 101 high-rated essays written by L1-English students and 105 high-rated essays written by L1-Chinese students. Using Biber's (Biber et al., 1999; Biber et al., 2004) structural and functional taxonomy, we compared the forms and functions of four-word bundles used by L1-English and L1-Chinese university students. Findings indicate that L2 students not only use substantially more bundle types and tokens than L1 writers, but the structural and functional patterns of bundles also differ. While L1 writers' bundles consist of mostly noun and preposition phrases, L2 students use significantly more verb phrase (clausal) bundles. Results also show that L2 student writers use significantly more stance bundles than L1 writers. In addition, most of the misused bundles in the L2 writers' essays pertain to grammatical mistakes, particularly with articles and prepositions. We conclude with some pedagogical implications for ESL composition.
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XV: The Long-term Incidence of Macular Edema

Background: As part of a population-based study of diabetes mellitus, the incidence of macular edema over a 10-year period and its relation to various risk factors are examined. Methods: There were 891 younger-onset people with a diagnosis of having had diabetes before 30 years of age who were taking insulin at baseline examination and 987 older-onset people with a diagnosis of having had diabetes at 30 years of age or older who participated in baseline and 4-year examinations. Of these, 765 youngeronset and 533 older-onset people also participated in a 10-year examination. The presence of macular edema at baseline and follow-up examinations was determined from gradings of stereoscopic fundus photographs. Results: The incidence of macular edema over the 10-year period was 20.1 % in the younger-onset group, 25.4% in the older-onset group taking insulin, and 13.9% in the older-onset group not taking insulin. The incidence of macular edema over the 10year period was associated with higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and more severe retinopathy in both younger- and older-onset groups, and with being female and increased diastolic blood pressure in the older-onset group. Conclusions: These data suggest a relatively high incidence of macular edema. The authors' data also suggest that a reduction in hyperglycemia may result in a beneficial decrease in the incidence of macular edema.
Non-inflammatory tumor microenvironment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a universally fatal malignancy of the childhood central nervous system, with a median overall survival of 9–11 months. We have previously shown that primary DIPG tissue contains numerous tumor-associated macrophages, and substantial work has demonstrated a significant pathological role for adult glioma-associated macrophages. However, work over the past decade has highlighted many molecular and genomic differences between pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas. Thus, we directly compared inflammatory characteristics of DIPG and adult glioblastoma (GBM). We found that the leukocyte (CD45+) compartment in primary DIPG tissue samples is predominantly composed of CD11b + macrophages, with very few CD3+ T-lymphocytes. In contrast, T-lymphocytes are more abundant in adult GBM tissue samples. RNA sequencing of macrophages isolated from primary tumor samples revealed that DIPG- and adult GBM-associated macrophages both express gene programs related to ECM remodeling and angiogenesis, but DIPG-associated macrophages express substantially fewer inflammatory factors than their adult GBM counterparts. Examining the secretome of glioma cells, we found that patient-derived DIPG cell cultures secrete markedly fewer cytokines and chemokines than patient-derived adult GBM cultures. Concordantly, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data indicates low to absent expression of chemokines and cytokines in DIPG. Together, these observations suggest that the inflammatory milieu of the DIPG tumor microenvironment is fundamentally different than adult GBM. The low intrinsic inflammatory signature of DIPG cells may contribute to the lack of lymphocytes and non-inflammatory phenotype of DIPG-associated microglia/macrophages. Understanding the glioma subtype-specific inflammatory milieu may inform the design and application of immunotherapy-based treatments.
When Online Harassment Is Perceived as Justified

Most models of criminal justice seek to identify and punish offenders. However, these models break down in online environments, where offenders can hide behind anonymity and lagging legal systems. As a result, people turn to their own moral codes to sanction perceived offenses. Unfortunately, this vigilante justice is motivated by retribution, often resulting in personal attacks, public shaming, and doxing— behaviors known as online harassment. We conducted two online experiments (n=160; n=432) to test the relationship between retribution and the perception of online harassment as appropriate, justified, and deserved. Study 1 tested attitudes about online harassment when directed toward a woman who has stolen from an elderly couple. Study 2 tested the effects of social conformity and bystander intervention. We find that people believe online harassment is more deserved and more justified—but not more appropriate—when the target has committed some offense. Promisingly, we find that exposure to a bystander intervention reduces this perception. We discuss alternative approaches and designs for responding to harassment online.
Infectious disease modeling and the dynamics of transmission

The dynamics of any infectious disease are heavily dependent on the rate of transmission from infectious to susceptible hosts. In many disease models, this rate is captured in a single compound parameter, the probability of transmission P. However, closer examination reveals how beta can be further decomposed into a number of biologically relevant variables, including contact rates among individuals and the probability that contact events actually result in disease transmission. We start by introducing some of the basic concepts underlying the different approaches to modeling disease transmission and by laying out why a more detailed understanding of the variables involved is usually desirable. We then describe how parameter estimates of these variables can be derived from empirical data, drawing primarily from the existing literature on human diseases. Finally, we discuss how these concepts and approaches may be applied to the study of pathogen transmission in wildlife diseases. In particular, we highlight recent technical innovations that could help to overcome some the logistical challenges commonly associated with empirical disease research in wild populations.
A cause of unbearably painful breast, diffuse dermal angiomatosis.

Diffuse dermal angiomatosis is a rare disorder, considered to be a variant of reactive cutaneous angioendotheliomatosis. The patients commonly present with severe intractable breast pain and characteristic reticular violaceous erythematous plaques with central ulcerations. Histologically, there is infiltration of the recticular dermis by endothelial cells due to excess vascular proliferation. Herein, we report a patient who presented with unbearable bilateral breast pain with characteristic “reticular vascular marking” of her breasts, who was diagnosed with diffuse dermal angiomatosis. We were able to successfully treat our patient with a tapered isoretinoin regimen.
Transceiver design for LVSTL signal interface with a low power on-chip self calibration scheme

Abstract An on-chip impedance self calibration methodology for LVSTL (low voltage swing termination logic) for LPDDR4 (low power double data rate) application is proposed. The proposed calibration is to compensate mismatches and variations of the transmitter output drivers due to process and temperature variations. The impedance matching concept uses process sensor and temperature monitoring sensors closely located to DQ pins as a means to detect and compensate the transistor mismatches of the output driver due to process and temperature variations. The proposed circuitry is designed with DRAM bidirectional transceiver and implemented using a 180 nm CMOS technology, and the impedance calibration technique is demonstrated with various external termination resistance of 40/48/60/80/120/240 Ω. In the receiver end, a PMOS input sense amplifier is designed considering the required common mode range for the LVSTL signal interface, and an adaptive gain control scheme is also applied on the receiver design. The process sensor is utilized to adaptively control the gain factor of the receiver. The active area including power-ring of the transmitter is 0.48 mm2 with 0.14 mm2 of the proposed calibration circuit. Since there are 32 transceivers for two channels and the channels share the calibration circuits on the same DRAM die, the area overhead is less than 1.5%. The power consumption of the calibration circuits is 160 μW with 1.8 V power supply at 180 nm CMOS technology node.
Effects of climate change on the phenology of Osmia cornifrons: implications for population management

The phenology of many ecological processes including pollination service is modulated by surface air temperature, making them potentially sensitive to climatic change. The Japanese hornfaced bee, Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), was introduced into the USA in the 1970s and has been used as a key pollinator of spring blooming fruit crops such as apple and blueberry. This study examined the effects of future climate change on three key phenological events of O. cornifrons: date for adult emergence (female and male) in spring, date for completion of egg and larval development, and duration for the development in the Eastern USA. We used daily temperature data obtained from 21 models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 for 2006–2100 under the two future climate scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). We estimated the Julian dates (JDs) of spring emergence and development of O. cornifrons using the phenological parameters derived from temperature-dependent biophysical models. The JDs for the bee emergence and development are projected to be significantly advanced in the Eastern USA under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The number of days for bee development is projected to be longer in the southern region (+ 0.57 days/decade) and shorter in the central (− 0.27 days/decade) and northern (− 0.65 days/decade) regions of the Eastern USA (all the p values < 0.01). The significantly longer duration of bee development under future climate change could pose a risk to the bee due to the longer period of being exposed to its pests. Implications for management of O. cornifrons population were discussed in this article.
Tunneling or Pinholes: Understanding the Transport Mechanisms in SiO x Based Passivated Contacts for High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

We have compared the temperature dependence of the poly-Si/SiO x /c-Si contact performance for 1.5 and 2.2 nm thick SiO x . The optimum annealing temperature for these two is different, likely due to the SiO x influencing the extent of dopant diffusion into c-Si. At $1050^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, while a contact with 1.5 nm SiO x significantly breaks up, the one with 2.2 nm SiO x develops pinholes. Using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, we demonstrate that there is enhanced dopant diffusion through these pinholes. Finally, using electron-beam induced current measurements, we show that pinholes affect the local passivation quality of the c-Si wafer surface.
Fiber-Optic Array Biosensors

The pursuit of next generation biosensors that provide a high level of multiplexing at a reasonable cost is a high priority in the biosensing community. Biosensors based on optical fibers can detect numerous species accurately and inexpensively. Both single optical fibers and optical fiber arrays have been used for biosensing based on biological recognition events. This chapter reviews progress and developments in the past decade on fiber-optic array platforms used for nucleic acid, enzyme, whole-cell, and immunoassay (antibody/antigen) biosensing. Keywords: fiber-optic array; biosensor; nucleic acid biosensor; enzyme biosensor; whole-cell biosensor; immunoassay biosensor; fiber-optic biosensor
Design, Dynamic Modeling, and Experimental Validation of A Novel Alternating Flow Variable Displacement Hydraulic Pump

High power density, good controllability, and low cost are the most appealing characteristics that make hydraulic systems the best choice for many applications. Current state-of-the-art hydraulic variable displacement pumps show high efficiency at high displacement while they have poor efficiencies at low displacement. This paper proposes a novel alternating flow (AF) variable displacement hydraulic pump to: 1) eliminate metering losses by acting as a high-bandwidth pump for displacement control; 2) achieve high efficiency across a wide range of operating conditions and displacements; and 3) allow multiple units to be easily common-shaft mounted for a compact multi-actuator displacement control system from a single prime mover. A dynamic model using first principles describes the cylinder pressure, flows between pairs of cylinders, and net inlet and outlet flows as a function of the pumps phase-shift angle. The model captures hydraulic check valve dynamics, the effective bulk modulus, leakage flows, and viscous friction. Piston kinematics and dynamics are discussed and energy loss models are presented. A first prototype of the AF pump was constructed from two inline triplex pumps that were modified so that three piston pairs were created. Experiment tests were conducted and used to validate the model. After model validation, simulation results from the model can offer an initial evaluation of this novel pump concept and potential applications and can be used to guide the design for future prototype of the AF hydraulic pump.
Is sex a biological variable in corneal wound healing

Abstract Wound healing differs significantly between men and women in a tissue-dependent manner. Dermal wounds heal faster in women whereas mucosal wounds heal faster in men. However, the effect of sex as a variable in corneal wound healing is largely unknown. The primary objective of this study was to test whether sex is a biological variable in corneal wound healing activated by the trauma or injury using an established in vivo rabbit model with male and female New Zealand White rabbits. Corneal wounds in rabbits were produced by a single topical alkali (0.5N Sodium hydroxide) application. Serial slit-lamp, stereo biomicroscopy, and applanation tonometry evaluated corneal opacity, anterior segment ocular health, and intraocular pressure (IOP), respectively, at various times during the study. Fourteen days after alkali-wound, corneal tissues were collected after humane euthanasia to examine cellular and molecular wound healing parameters. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence were used to quantify changes in the extracellular modeling protein levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Fibronectin (FN), Collagen-I (Col-I), and Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) involved in corneal healing. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE and protein levels of α-SMA (male = 74.16 ± 4.6 vs. female = 71.58 ± 7.1), FN (male = 60.11 ± 4.6 vs. female = 57.41 ± 8.3), Col-I (male = 84.11 ± 2.8 vs. female = 84.55 ± 3.6), TGFβ1 (male = 11.61 ± 2.8 vs. female = 9.5 ± 3.04) were observed. Furthermore, H&E and TUNEL analyses found no statistically significant differences in cellular structures and apoptosis, respectively, in male vs. female corneas. Consistent with earlier reports, wounded corneas showed significantly increased levels of these parameters compared to the unwounded corneas. Our data suggest that sex is not a major biological variable during active early stages of corneal wound healing in rabbits in vivo.
Using Video-Based Self-Assessment to Develop Effective Conferencing Skills

Conferencing is the commonly used vehicle for improving instruction by providing feedback to teachers. However, it is the nature of the feedback given to the teacher and how it is delivered, using effective conferencing strategies and techniques, that will actually involve the teacher in understanding, accepting, agreeing and initiating changes, or make him angry and hostile. This article focuses on defining effective conferencing strategies, and the process that was used to help program participants preparing for leadership certification to practice these strategies in a clinical setting. The leadership program at Hunter College prepares educators for certification as school building and district leaders. Supervision of instruction for student achievement is considered the heart of the work of the school and district leader. Therefore a major focus for program participants seeking leadership certification is on content and practice for conferencing effectiveness. Participants learn and practice these skills in simulations, and then implement them by trying out their abilities in the field in real observation and conferencing experiences with a practicing classroom teacher. Participants video-tape themselves conducing conferences with their practicing classroom teacher clients following an observation. They then view the video of their conference performance and self-assess their conferencing skills by electronically recording the behaviors they observe using a set of criteria and design a growth plan for the further development of their conferencing skills.
The influence of environmental identity labeling on the uptake of pro-environmental behaviors

In this era of green marketing, consumers can earn the label of being pro-environmental for relatively simple and mundane actions. Researchers and practitioners have raised concerns that highlighting consumer behaviors as green might spill over, therefore increasing (positive spillover) or decreasing (negative spillover) an individual’s propensity to adopt a subsequent pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We report the results of two experimental studies that sought to investigate how labeling a person’s consumer behaviors or preferences as pro-environmental or not influences their decision to engage in a second PEB (donating to an environmental charity). Study 1 found that receiving a green label had no effect on environmental donations. Study 2 revealed that when a respondent’s consumer preferences were labeled as “not green”, they were significantly less likely to donate to an environmental cause relative to the control. We also find evidence that green labels interact with political identity. When Republicans were labeled as green, they were more likely to make an environmental donation than Republicans in the control condition. The donation behaviors of Democrats and Independents were not responsive to the label manipulation. Finally, both studies suggest that pre-existing environmental values are predictive of donation behavior. With additional research, the policy implications of using social labels to encourage PEBs can be better understood.
Global Citizenship Education Through Collaborative Online International Learning in the Borderlands: A Case of the Arizona–Sonora Megaregion

Scholars have argued that 21st century educators have the responsibility to incorporate global citizenship activities into academic curricula to meet the demands of an increasingly diverse world. A...
AMPK Interactome Reveals New Function in Non-homologous End Joining DNA Repair

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an obligate heterotrimer that consists of a catalytic subunit (α) and two regulatory subunits (β and γ). AMPK is a key enzyme in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. It has been well studied and is known to function in many cellular pathways. However, the interactome of AMPK has not yet been systematically established, although protein-protein interaction is critically important for protein function and regulation. Here, we used tandem-affinity purification, coupled with mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) analysis, to determine the interactome of AMPK and its functions. We conducted a TAP-MS analysis of all seven AMPK subunits. We identified 138 candidate high-confidence interacting proteins (HCIPs) of AMPK, which allowed us to build an interaction network of AMPK complexes. Five candidate AMPK-binding proteins were experimentally validated, underlining the reliability of our data set. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AMPK acts with a strong AMPK-binding protein, Artemis, in non-homologous end joining. Collectively, our study established the first AMPK interactome and uncovered a new function of AMPK in DNA repair.
Friction Problems: William Gaddis’ Corporate Writing and the Stylistic Origins of J R

William Gaddis’ corporate writing in the years between his first two novels was as important to J R’s (1975) formal innovations as to its business-world plot. While previous J R criticism has dealt in formal tropes of flatness, depth, and flow, the corporate writing preserved in Gaddis’ archive offers grounds for reading the novel’s plot andstyle through the related but under-examined concept of friction. Through various archival discoveries, I sketch the case for a friction-centric reading of J R. I show what Gaddis’ work in the slide-show medium and assembling speeches out of contradictory source material contributed to the novel’s sentence-level innovations in style, and finally offer a style-driven re-reading of the novel’s overall narrative design. While Gaddis’ corporate work taught him techniques for eliminating traces of ideological friction, J R’s formal innovations first draw on those techniques to establish a world that tends toward frictionlessness, then invert them to restore friction within that world’s terms.
Effects of exercise on symptoms, vestibular/ocular motor screening and postural stability in a college-aged sample

Aim To examine the effects of maximal exercise on symptoms, vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) and postural stability. Methodology A total of 17 college-aged individuals completed a symptom scale, VOMS and the modified Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction and Balance (m-CTSIB), followed by a graded maximal exercise treadmill test. Assessments were repeated post exercise, 20 and 40 min post-exercise. Results Significant increases in total symptoms, symptom severity scores and m-CTSIB scores from baseline to immediate post exercise were reported. Following 20-min recovery, improvements were noted on symptoms, visual motion sensitivity on VOMS and m-CTSIB. Conclusion Symptoms and postural stability are influenced by exercise and following 20 min of rest, returned to baseline, indicating that a period of 20 min following a suspected concussion may be needed to negate exercise effects.
The Effectiveness of Instagram Content Marketing on Brand Building of a Company

This Research paper mainly focuses on top companies which are operating in India is using the Instagram to build a strong brand, and including benefits and opportunities ahead. In this day and age social media became the most important link in our lives from connecting with each other to promoting the businesses. Social media content marketing allowing the marketers to build influence, prospectus and to convey effective information to the consumers. Though Facebook and other social media platforms are setting their trends in this digital world, Instagram has joined in this trend in 2010 and became a most important platform for marketers to interact with the consumers. Globally, Instagram has become the highly preferable tool for the companies to promote their brands. Through Instagram marketers can engage and interact with their customers by sharing videos and photos to create awareness about their products.
Disrupting the photonics innovation cycle with data- and physics-driven algorithms

I will discuss the role of network architecture in the GLOnet inverse optimization platform, in which the global optimization process is reframed as the training of a generative neural network. I will show how a properly selected network architecture can smoothen the design space and how the architecture can be tailored based on the type and dimensionality of the design problem. I will also discuss new methods in which neural networks can serve as high speed surrogate Maxwell solvers capable of aiding the inverse design process. These hybrid physics- and data-driven concepts can apply to a broad range of nanophotonics systems.
Ignoring our elders: tobacco control's forgotten health equity issue.

Over the past decades, demand-side tobacco control efforts in many countries have focused primarily on younger populations, including prevention of initiation in youth and young adults, and encouraging quitting among those in their 20s, 30s and 40s.1 This focus has been explained primarily based on limited resources and long-term efficiency: it is more cost-effective over many decades to prevent initiation or get someone to quit young than it is to get older people who have smoked a long time to quit.2 But there has been almost no examination of this paradigm and its effects from a health equity perspective. In the US private health insurance sector, smoking status is among few factors besides age that health insurers are legally allowed to use to charge a higher premium amount.3 Because premiums for older people are already as much as three times higher than those for younger individuals, the discriminatory effect of this policy is a greater burden for older smokers. Clinicians are also less likely to refer older individuals for cessation support or to prescribe cessation medications.4 Public health agencies likewise expend little effort specifically to motivate and help older tobacco users, compared with outreach and specially designed programmes for younger people who are members of priority populations suffering from health disparities. Yet older smokers as a group have grave intersectional disadvantages: they are poorer, less educated, have higher rates of mental illness, are more likely to be non-White, disabled and have multiple chronic conditions than younger smokers.5 6 The lack of attention has consequences: in the USA, smoking prevalence in those 65 and older did not decrease from 2000 to 2015.7 This lack of progress is likely due to an actual decrease in quit attempts and successes in older smokers, while among those under …
Introduction to Near-Surface Atmospheric Dynamics

To this point in the book, other than on topics related to the Ekman spiral, the emphasis has been on the free atmosphere, where motion is determined by the pressure gradient force (per unit mass), apparent acceleration due to the Coriolis effect, and centripetal acceleration, but the latter only if the flow is curved. Thus, the free atmosphere is the zone of geostrophic wind and gradient wind. Below the free atmosphere exist several layers within the lower troposphere. The laminar boundary layer (LBL) is immediately adjacent to the surface and is at most a few millimeters thick. The LBL has low velocities, smooth flow without turbulent eddies, and vertical diffusion of energy, matter, and momentum by molecular processes only, and is discontinuous over very rough surfaces. The LBL is the lowest part of the surface boundary layer (SBL). Functionally, the SBL is the region of nondivergent turbulent fluxes (sensible heat flux (QH), latent heat flux (QE), and the turbulent shearing stress (represented by τ, “tau”). Wind structure within the SBL depends on the vertical gradient of temperature and surface type (predominantly roughness)—thermal and mechanical turbulence. Because these factors vary spatially, the SBL varies spatially. The Ekman layer, sometimes called the transition layer, separates the SBL from the free atmosphere. There, characteristics of motion are determined both by the accelerations important in the free atmosphere and by surface and vertical temperature gradients. Thus, the “transition” layer is well-named. In the Ekman layer, QH, QE, and τ decrease with height, until they approach zero at the base of the free atmosphere.
Altered Neurotransmitter Ratio in the Prefrontal Cortex is Associated with Pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome

The central mechanisms underlying fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) remain undetermined. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is particularly relevant to FMS because it is implicated in cognitive, affective, and top-down pain regulation. Imbalances in excitatory (Glutamate) and inhibitory (Gamma aminobutyric acid; GABA) neurochemicals may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of the condition and more generally in homeostatic function within cortical circuits. Although the balance of excitation and inhibition are intrinsically linked no investigations to date have investigated the E/I ratio in FMS. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine whether the E/I ratio in the DLPFC is altered in participants with FMS compared to healthy controls using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, we examined the relationship between E/I ratio and pain metrics. We hypothesized that the E/I ratio within the DLPFC would be altered in participants with FMS compared to controls and, secondly, that E/I ratio would be associated with both clinical pain and thermal pain sensitivity. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) self-assessment was used to evaluate pain severity and impact on physical functioning and acute pain sensitivity was determined via quantitative sensory testing to define thermal (heat) pain threshold and tolerance. Our results revealed an elevation in the E/I ratio in FMS compared to controls. A positive relationship between E/I ratio and thermal pain sensitivity measures was identified in the FMS cohort. Collapsing across groups, there was a positive relationship between E/I ratio and BPI score. These findings suggest that dysfunction in the balance between excitation and inhibition within cognitive brain circuitry may play a role in pain processing in FMS.
Tau pathology spread in PS19 tau transgenic mice following locus coeruleus (LC) injections of synthetic tau fibrils is determined by the LC's afferent and efferent connections.

Filamentous tau inclusions are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative tauopathies. An increasing number of studies implicate the cell-to-cell propagation of tau pathology in the progression of tauopathies. We recently showed (Iba et al., J Neurosci 33:1024–1037, 2013) that inoculation of preformed synthetic tau fibrils (tau PFFs) into the hippocampus of young transgenic (Tg) mice (PS19) overexpressing human P301S mutant tau induced robust tau pathology in anatomically connected brain regions including the locus coeruleus (LC). Since Braak and colleagues hypothesized that the LC is the first brain structure to develop tau lesions and since LC has widespread connections throughout the CNS, LC neurons could be the critical initiators of the stereotypical spreading of tau pathology through connectome-dependent transmission of pathological tau in AD. Here, we report that injections of tau PFFs into the LC of PS19 mice induced propagation of tau pathology to major afferents and efferents of the LC. Notably, tau pathology propagated along LC efferent projections was localized not only to axon terminals but also to neuronal perikarya, suggesting transneuronal transfer of templated tau pathology to neurons receiving LC projections. Further, brainstem neurons giving rise to major LC afferents also developed perikaryal tau pathology. Surprisingly, while tangle-bearing neurons degenerated in the LC ipsilateral to the injection site starting 6 months post-injection, no neuron loss was seen in the contralateral LC wherein tangle-bearing neurons gradually cleared tau pathology by 6–12 months post-injection. However, the spreading pattern of tau pathology observed in our LC-injected mice is different from that in AD brains since hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which are affected in early stages of AD, were largely spared of tau inclusions in our model. Thus, while our study tested critical aspects of the Braak hypothesis of tau pathology spread, this novel mouse model provides unique opportunities to elucidate mechanisms underlying the selective vulnerability of neurons to acquire tau pathology and succumb to or resist tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
I-V, Transport and Noise in the Insulating Phase Around the 1/5 FQH Liquid

We find two different kinds of I-V curves in the insulating phase around the 1/5 fractional quantum Hall liquid. Both show an increase in differential conductance for voltages ≲ lmV, and change with T in a gradual way. The present status of our experiments on I-V and noise is summarized.
DREAM++: flexible docking program for virtual combinatorial libraries.

We present a set of programs, DREAM++ (Docking and Reaction programs using Efficient seArch Methods written in C++), for docking computationally generated ligands into macromolecular binding sites. DREAM++ is composed of three programs: ORIENT++, REACT++ and SEARCH++. The program ORIENT++ positions molecules in a binding site with the DOCK algorithm [1, 2]. Its output can be used as input to REACT++ and SEARCH++. The program REACT++ performs user-specified chemical reactions on a docked molecule, so that reaction products can be evaluated for three dimensional complementarity with the macromolecular site. The program SEARCH++ performs an efficient conformation search on the reaction products using a hybrid backtrack [3, 4] and incremental construction [5, 6] algorithm. We have applied the programs to HIV protease–inhibitor complexes as test systems. We found that we can differentiate high-affinity ligands based on several measures: interaction energies, occupancy of protein subsites and the number of successfully docked conformations for each product. Encouraged by the results in the test case, we applied the programs to propose novel inhibitors of HIV protease. These inhibitors can be generated by organic reactions using commercially available reagents. They are alternatives to the inhibitors synthesized by Glaxo [7, 8].
Studies of ulcerative colitis. III. The nature of the psychologic processes.

Abstract 1.1. The psychologic data in thirty-nine patients with ulcerative colitis have been summarized and published reports on more than 700 patients have been reviewed. 2.2. Among these patients there was found with impressive consistency (a) defects in personality structure long antedating the onset of colitis, (b) a characteristic type of dependent and restricted relationship with people, (c) consistent psychopathology in the mothers, and (d) failure to achieve full heterosexual development. 3.3. The onset and relapses of the disease were found to occur in settings which represented to the patient real, threatened or fantasied interruptions of key relationships, but the disease developed only when the corresponding affect was helplessness, despair, hopelessness, etc. 4.4. In conflict situations which were not responded to with such effect, other neurotic, psychotic or psychosomatic (notably headache) reactions were observed. 5.5. Various psychosomatic hypotheses are critically reviewed. 6.6. A modified formulation is offered which (a) stresses the significance of the mother-child symbiosis in determining the particular personality development and vulnerability to separation, (b) relates the tissue reaction of ulcerative colitis to biologic changes occurring consequent to traumatic separations, (c) and attempts to account for the choice of organ (colon) on the basis of constitutional and experiential factors in the mother-child transaction.
The short-term effect of interdisciplinary medication review on function and cost in ambulatory elderly people.

Objectives: To determine whether a medication review by a specialized team would promote regimen changes in elders taking multiple medications and to measure the effect of regimen changes on monthly cost and functioning. Design: A randomized-controlled trial. Setting: Health center ambulatory clinic. Participants: Community-dwelling older adults taking five or more medications were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. A medication-change intervention group of 57 elders was compared with a control group of 76 elder adults. Intervention: The primary intervention was a comprehensive review and recommended modification of a patient's medication regimen. Changes were endorsed by each patient's primary physician and discussed with each patient. Measurements: Measures were the Timed Manual Performance Test, Physical Performance Test, Functional Reach Assessment, subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, a modified Randt Memory Test, the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the Rand 36-item Health Survey 1.0. Comorbidity was determined using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Medication usage was determined using brown bag review. Results: Intervention subjects decreased their medications by an average of 1.5 drugs. No differences in functioning were observed between groups. Intervention subjects saved an average $26.92 per month in wholesale medication costs; control subjects saved $6.75 per month (P<.006). Conclusion: Although the intervention significantly reduced the medications taken and monthly cost, most patients were resistant to reducing medications to the recommended level. Further study is needed to understand patient resistance to reducing adverse polypharmacy and to devise better strategies for addressing this important problem in geriatric health. Greater focus on prescriber behavior is recommended.
PHOTOINHIBITION OF TEMPERATE LAKE PHYTOPLANKTON BY NEAR‐SURFACE IRRADIANCE: EVIDENCE FROM VERTICAL PROFILES AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS1

To evaluate the in situ occurrence of phytoplankton photoinhibition, the light-mediated depression of chlorophyll in vivo fluorescence (IVF) and of the cellular fluorescence capacity (CFC) of phytoplankton was determined in three southeastern United States reservoirs. Vertical profiles of a fluorescence depression index (FDI) and of the CFC for reservoir phytoplankton showed that near-surface photoinhibition of fluorescence properties occurred in association with high surface irradiance and weak vertical mixing of the water column. To characterize the time scales of photochemical and photosynthetic responses to and recovery from exposure to supraoptimal light intensity, phytoplankton IVF responses and 14C-fixation rates were measured infield experiments. Phytoplankton chlorophyll IVF, CFC, and photosynthetic 14C fixation were rapidly (20–40 min) depressed when reservoir phytoplankton were exposed to surface irradiances (1700–2000 μE·m−2·s−1). Light-mediated increases in the FDI declined rapidly (20–40 min) to pre-exposure levels during a subsequent low-light (75–200 μE·m−2·s−1) period, but CFC and 14C fixation recovered more slowly (>40 min). Exposure of reservoir phytoplankton to a light-intensity gradient revealed both intensity and time thresholds for IVF and CFC depression. Phytoplankton photochemical responses to bright light operate on time scales that, in conjunction with vertical mixing, should limit the occurrence of photoinhibition to extreme irradiance environments. Our results support the hypothesis that the photoinhibition of phytoplankton productivity occurs less commonly than is indicated by fixed-depth incubation measurements.
The role of veining and dissolution in the evolution of fine-grained mylonites: the McConnell thrust, Alberta

Microstructural observations of the McConnell thrust fault rocks demonstrate the importance of vein formation and calcite dissolution in the evolution of the McConnell thrust limestone mylonites. The protolith to the mylonite is a micritic limestone. The mylonite contains numerous, discontinuous, bedding-parallel calcite veins that range from relatively undeformed (except for twinning and undulose extinction) to highly sheared. The highly sheared veins show evidence for dynamic recrystallization and grain-size reduction along grain and twin boundaries that can lead to complete recrystallization to a grain size of approximately < 1–3 μm. The bulk of the calcite matrix within the McConnell thrust mylonite is interpreted to have formed by dynamical recrystallization of veins. The emplacement of relatively coarse-grained veins promoted the activation of dislocation creep within the fault rocks of the thrust. In the absence of the increase in grain size afforded by vein emplacement, it is anticipated that the fine-grained protolith would have deformed predominantly by solution transfer (with grain-boundary sliding) and localized, brittle shearing. The layer-parallel calcite veins are found in close proximity to sheared clay seams which are interpreted to represent the insoluble residue left behind after dissolution of calcite. These clay seams may have contributed to the build up of high pore fluid pressures which, if intermittently reaching lithostatic conditions during displacement, would result in transient brittle failure and thrust-surface-parallel vein emplacement in an otherwise ductilely deforming rock.
Kinetics and mechanism of carbamazepine degradation by a modified Fenton-like reaction with ferric-nitrilotriacetate complexes

This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation over an initial pH range of 5.0-9.0 by a modified Fenton-like reaction using ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe(III)-NTA) complexes. The results indicate that CBZ degradation by Fe(III)-NTA/H2O2 can be described by pseudo first-order kinetics and mainly attributed to hydroxyl radical (OH) attack. Ten intermediates were identified during the degradation process, including hydroxy-CBZs, 10,11-epoxy-CBZ, quinonid CBZ derivatives, dihydroxy-CBZs, and hydroxy-CBZ-10,11-diols. The steady-state concentration of OH, ranging from 3.8 × 10(-16) to 2.1 × 10(-13)M, was strongly dependent on the concentration of Fe(III), the initial pH, and H2O2:Fe(III) and NTA:Fe(III) molar ratios. Optimal conditions of [Fe(III)]=1 × 10(-4)M, [H2O2:Fe(III)]=155:1 and [NTA:Fe(III)]=3:1 were obtained for the degradation of CBZ at neutral pH (7.0) and ambient temperature (25 °C); the corresponding degradation rate constant of CBZ, kapp, was 0.0419 (± 0.002) min(-1). The value of kapp increased with increasing pH from 5.0 to 9.0 due to the strong pH-dependence of Fe(III)-NTA complexes; Fe(III)(NTA)(OH)2(2-) was the most likely active iron species to activate H2O2 to produce OH. The temperature dependence of CBZ degradation by Fe(III)-NTA/H2O2 was characterized by an activation energy of 76.16 kJ mol(-1). A potential mechanism for the formation of OH by Fe(III)-NTA/H2O2 and possible degradation pathways of CBZ are proposed.