cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct relation between growth and frost hardening in cabbage leaves.

Potted cabbage plants were grown in growth chambers at 25 degrees day and 15 degrees night and hardened successively at 5, 0, and -3 degrees . Leaf growth was determined by measuring leaf area, hardiness by freezing at a series of temperatures and determining percent survival. Leaf growth increased progessively with leaf number, reaching a maximum rate of growth and final area in the tenth and eleventh leaves when the plants become potbound. Leaf growth continued at hardening temperatures of 5 or 0 degrees , the Q(10) being 2.0 to 2.5. Ability to harden also increased with leaf number, paralleling the growth rate of the leaves just before hardening as well as the growth rate and the total growth during hardening. The above results were similar whether prolonged (several weeks) or brief (24 hr) hardening was utilized.
The Hydrophilic Domain of Tic110, an Inner Envelope Membrane Component of the Chloroplastic Protein Translocation Apparatus, Faces the Stromal Compartment

It has previously been found that Tic110, an integral protein of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane, is a component of the chloroplastic protein import apparatus. However, conflicting reports exist concerning the topology of this protein within the inner envelope membrane. In this report, we provide evidence that indicates that the large (>90-kDa) hydrophilic domain of Tic110 is localized within the chloroplast stroma. Trypsin, a protease that cannot penetrate the permeability barrier of the inner envelope membrane, degrades neither Tic110 nor other proteins exposed to the stromal compartment but is able to digest proteins exposed to the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Previous reports indicating that trypsin is able to degrade Tic110 were influenced by incomplete quenching of protease activity. When trypsin is not sufficiently quenched, it is able to digest Tic110, but only after chloroplasts have been ruptured. It is therefore necessary to employ adequate quenching protocols, such as the one reported here, whenever trypsin is utilized as an analytical tool. Based on a stromal localization for the majority of Tic110, we propose that this protein may be involved in the recruitment of stromal factors, possibly molecular chaperones, to the translocation apparatus during protein import.
Expectations Versus Reality in a University–Community Partnership: A Case Study

To add to the growing body of literature on university–community engagement, this case study describes a 2-year partnership between a University and 11 nonprofit organizations that was formed as part of a grant funded Nonprofit Capacity Building Program. The article describes and analyzes a significant challenge that emerged between the parties involved in this particular relationship, respectively, the clear disconnect between the expectations of the partnership versus the reality. We argue that these differences were created by and often led to power imbalances. In addition, the formal structures of the grant acted as a sensemaking device for some of the nonprofits but were challenged by others. Negotiation over aspects to the program occurred continuously throughout the program. Despite the disconnect observed between expectations and realities, the expected capacity building outcomes were, for the most part, realized in the end. Specific examples of the expectations versus realities are analyzed and discussed.
Difference in dose response between native and activated first component of guinea pig complement (C1): Reaction with C1 inactivator offers no explanation

Abstract Analysis of a simple model for the interaction of activated first component of guinea pig complement (C 1 ) with its natural inactivator (C 1 INA) indicates that this reaction cannot account for the non-linear dose response of the natiave form of Cl occurring in serum. This prediction is borne out by direct experiments with mixtures of purified C 1 INA. A model which postulates the existence of native C1 in the form of reversibly interacting subunits predicts the type of dose response observed. Activation of native C1 to C 1 is associated with conversion of the dose response of linear form, regardless of whether the activation is the result of purification or of binding to an erythrocyte-antibody complex.
Asset Market Equilibrium with Short-Selling

This paper presents simple conditions and a simple proof of the existence of equilibrium in asset markets where short-selling is allowed and satiation is possible. Unlike standard non-satiation assumptions, the one used here is weak enough to be reasonable in the mean-variance Capital Asset Pricing Model and in asset market models where investors maximize expected utility and where total returns to individual assets may be negative. This paper analyses the existence of equilibrium in exchange economy models where choice sets may be unbounded below and satiation is likely. There are two main examples of such models. One is an asset market model where investors maximize expected utility and the total return to individual assets may be negative with positive probability. The other is the mean-variance Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), where investors do not necessarily maximize expected utility but instead maximize a function of only the mean and variance of return to their portfolios. In both of these models, the investors' choice sets will be unbounded if short-selling is allowed. To short-sell a share of an asset means to borrow it and sell it, promising to buy it back and return it to the lender at a later date. Formally, short-selling corresponds to holding a negative number of shares. If unlimited short-selling is allowed, then there is no limit to how large negative numbers of shares can be held, and therefore the choice sets are unbounded. Satiation can also occur both in the mean-variance model and in the expected-utility model (unless there is a riskless asset). In the expected-utility model, there may be satiation if the individual assets have negative returns with positive probability. As the investor gets more and more shares, the potential positive returns get larger and larger, but so do the potential negative returns. If the investor is very averse to large negative returns, then he may eventually be satiated and not want any more shares. In the mean-variance model, the expected return to an investor's portfolio increases as he holds more and more shares of the assets, but so does the variance of return. It may be that at some point, the additional expected return gained from adding more shares to the portfolio is not sufficient to compensate for the increase in variance. If so, then there will be satiation. Satiation in the mean-variance model iie analysed in Nielsen (1987, 1988). The expected-utility model with short-selling has been used in many specific analyses of portfolio selection and asset pricing. To name but one, Connor (1984) studies arbitrage pricing in a general equilibrium model where there are no short sales restrictions. The mean-variance CAPM is of course very prominent in the finance literature. Because the
Effects of the recipient's status and responsiveness on physical pleasuring between heterosexual strangers

Abstract Previous research relating status to intimate behavior has demonstrated that persons are more reluctant to initiate physical intimacy with another of higher than one of equal or lower status. The present research explored three potential interpretations of the observed relationship: (1) that persons perceive others of higher status as less likely to react positively to intimate behavior, (2) that social norms discourage intimate behavior toward higher status others, and (3) that persons of different status may be differentially liked. Using a modification of the apparatus developed by Davis, Rainey, and Brock, seventy-seven undergraduate subjects chose to give either a verbal or physically pleasurable reward for correct responses to a confederate learner whom they believed to be of either higher (PhD candidate), equal (freshman), or lower (high school drop-out) academic status. The learner was either responsive to the physical reward (expressing enjoyment) or unresponsive (remaining silent). In support of the first interpretation, status affected the magnitude of physical reward only when the recipient remained silent. When clear evidence of positive reaction to the vibrations was provided by the recipient's responsiveness, status differences were eliminated. This indicates that status may be used as a basis for regulating intimate behavior only when direct information about the recipient's reactions is unclear or unavailable. The differential liking interpretation received no support, in that status affected neither rated liking of the recipient nor the magnitude of verbal reward.
A PREHISTORIC WATER RESERVOIR FROM SANTA ROSA WASH, SOUTHERN ARIZONA

Archaeological excavations at Santa Rosa Wash (northern Papago Indian Reservation) in Arizona disclosed the existence of at least one large prehistoric water reservoir constructed about A.D. 1000. The methods and inferences which support this identification are reviewed. Particular attention is given to a functional reconstruction of the reservoir. Attention is also directed to the possible existence of other such structures in the desert areas of southern Arizona.
A micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for detection of feline leukemia virus in cats.

Abstract The performance of a micro ELISA test for detection of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection was evaluated. The test was found specific for FeLV and feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) group-specific antigens in blood, plasma or serum of infected cats. Other common feline pathogens were negative to the test. Quantities as little as 7.8 ng of p-27 (the major group specific antigen of FeLV) per ml of sample gave positive results. The correlation between the micro ELISA test and the indirect immunofluorescent test commonly used for diagnosis of FeLV infection was 98% in 116 clinical cases and 184 samples from cats inoculated with FeLV and 100% in 100 specific pathogen-free cats.
Training the intelligent eye: understanding illustrations in early modern astronomy texts.

ABSTRACTThroughout the early modern period, the most widely read astronomical textbooks were Johannes de Sacrobosco's De sphaera and the Theorica planetarum, ultimately in the new form introduced by Georg Peurbach. This essay argues that the images in these texts were intended to develop an “intelligent eye.” Students were trained to transform representations of specific heavenly phenomena into moving mental images of the structure of the cosmos. Only by learning the techniques of mental visualization and manipulation could the student “see” in the mind's eye the structure and motions of the cosmos. While anyone could look up at the heavens, only those who had acquired the intelligent eye could comprehend the divinely created order of the universe. Further, the essay demonstrates that the visual program of the Sphaera and Theorica texts played a significant and hitherto unrecognized role in later scientific work. Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler all utilized the same types of images in their own texts to e...
Towards Byzantine Fault Tolerance in Many-Core Computing Platforms

This paper presents a flexible technique that can be applied to many-core architectures to exploit idle resources and ensure reliable system operation. A dynamic fault tolerance layer is interposed between the hardware and OS through the use of a hypervisor. The introduction of a single point of failure is avoided by incorporating the hypervisor into the sphere of replication. This approach simplifies implementation over specialized hardware- or OS-based techniques while offering flexibility in the level of protection provided ranging from duplex to Byzantine protection. The feasibility of the approach is considered for both near- and long-term computing platforms.
Correction of a misunderstanding about Olbers' paradox

It is sometimes said that, if the universe were not expanding, we all would burn up, (Olbers' paradox). In order to check on this, I have used a solution of Friedmann's equation that seems reasonable, and that predicts a contraction of the universe after it has reached a maximum size. We may then compare the radiation energy density U n now at age t n of the universe, with this density (=U*) at a time t*during contraction when R(t) takes a value R*equal to its present value R n .We simplify the calculation by choosing 2R n as maximum of R(t). Then, tn=(1/2 π−1)Rn/C=6.98 × 109year for R n = 1.16× 1028 cm.(The present density would then be ρn = 2.4× 10−29 gram/cm3).We assume the number of galaxies per unit volume = N(t) = η/R(t)3with constant η,and we assume a constant average radiative power L per galaxy. Now at tnwe choose NnL ≈ 10−31 erg/cm3sec,but our conclusions would be the same for much larger values of this.
Deletional studies to investigate the functional role of a dynamic loop region of alkanesulfonate monooxygenase

Several bacterial organisms rely on the two-component alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system for the acquisition of organosulfonate compounds when inorganic sulfur is limiting in the environment. This system is comprised of an FMN reductase (SsuE) that supplies reduced flavin to the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase (SsuD). Desulfonation of alkanesulfonates by SsuD is catalyzed through the activation of dioxygen by reduced flavin. The three-dimensional structure of SsuD exists as a TIM-barrel fold with several discrete insertion regions. An extensive insertion region near the putative active site was disordered in the SsuD structure, suggesting the importance of protein dynamics in the desulfonation mechanism. Three variants containing a partial deletion of the loop region were constructed to evaluate the functional properties of this region. There were no overall gross changes in secondary structure for the three SsuD deletion variants compared to wild-type SsuD, but each variant was found to be catalytically inactive. The deletion variants were unable to undergo the conformational changes necessary for catalysis even though they were able to bind reduced flavin. Rapid kinetic analyses monitoring the reductive and oxidative half-reactions indicated that the SsuD deletion variants failed to protect reduced flavin from unproductive oxidation. These studies define the importance of dynamic loop region for protection and stabilization of reduced flavin and reaction intermediates.
The Influence of Strain on the Tenderness of Twenty-Six-Week-Old Turkeys

Abstract THE problem of tenderness in poultry has received considerable attention in the past. Most of the research has been concerned with the influence of processing techniques on the ultimate tenderness of the final product. Tenderness is definitely controlled by certain biochemical reactions (de Fremery and Pool, 1960). Any factor which will increase or decrease the rate of these reactions will influence the tenderness of the end product. Since most of the previous research has pertained to post mortem factors influencing tenderness, the present study was conducted to determine if there were any genetic differences in tenderness among selected strains of twenty-six-week-old turkeys. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Six strains of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys entered in the 1963 Nebraska Random Sample test were grown to 26 weeks of age before processing. The birds were fed the standard University rations and were injected with Tylosin at 12 weeks of age to combat airsacculitis. At …
Protecting patient information in the information age: mission impossible?

WE live in the information age: The click of a mouse, a tweet, or an email puts us in touch with friends and colleagues from across the street to across the globe. Society is more connected than ever before---great news from a communication standpoint, but terrible news considering the clinical/research mandate to protect confidential patient information. Consider, for example, this real-life, terrifying, ‘‘true crime’’ story:
A unique description of the failure of a brittle material

Abstract A failure law is presented which combines both ‘shear’ and ‘tension’ failure into a single invariant expression. For a given mean stress, failure results if fx exceeds the material strength. This expression is able to describe consistently material failure produced by compression, extension and hollow torsion laboratory tests. An extension of the failure surface back to zero mean stress is now possible. We have used the failure law to calculate the extent of cracking from three nuclear experiments. A preliminary observation suggests that the chimney height is related to the crack radius.
Political Attitudes and the Vietnam War: A Study of College‐Educated Men of the Vietnam Generation1

Groups of Vietnam veterans (n= 52), Vietnam era veterans (n= 77), and nonveterans (n= 249), all of whom had graduated from an Ivy League university in 1966, were compared in terms of their retrospectively reported general political orientation in 1966 and their current orientation and specific political attitudes in 1990–1991. The Vietnam veterans rated themselves as being more conservative than the nonveterans on political orientation and on specific political issues in 1990–1991. The Vietnam-era veterans tended to take an intermediate position politically between the other two groups. Controlling for retrospective political orientation in 1966, intensity of military experience predicted more ideological conservatism and more support for the war against Iraq, as well as a more conservative position on a number of specific political issues of current interest. Results are consistent with the idea that critical experiences in young adulthood, namely military service in Vietnam, may affect political attitudes over many years.
Gene cluster rpoBC1C2 in cyanobacteria does not constitute an operon.

Abstract The core enzyme of the cyanobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase contains a unique component, γ, which is absent from the corresponding enzymes of other eubacteria. In the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune the gene encoding γ, rpoC1, is immediately adjacent to, and downstream of, rpoB. The rpoC1 gene, and a 3′ adjacent gene, rpoC2, correspond to the single rpoC gene found in Escherichia coli with respect to those domains conserved within their translational products. Northern analysis and primer extension assay show that in N. commune, rpoC1 and rpoC2 are transcribed separately from rpoB. The promoter of rpoC1C2 can direct the expression of a promotorless lacZ gene in E. coli. As a consequence, cyanobacterial rpo gene expression is distinct from the mode of cotranscription described for the equivalent sequences found in other eubacteria, archaebacteria, and plant chloroplasts. Also in this paper, a simple protocol for RNA isolation, which should be applicable for RNA isolation from plant cells, is presented.
Geometric theory of discrete non-autonomous dynamical systems

In recent years we have seen an explosion in the literature related to dynamical systems with infinite-dimensional state space, Sell and You [13], Chicone and Latushkin [3], Kloeden and Rasmussen [...
The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship

Abstract This paper takes a macroperspective of entrepreneurship, and focuses on the issues and events involved in constructing an industrial infrastructure that facilitates and constrains entrepreneurship. This infrastructure includes: (1) institutional arrangements to legitimate, regulate, and standardize a new technology, (2) public resource endowments of basic scientific knowledge, financing mechanisms, and a pool of competent labor, as well as (3) proprietary RD numerous entrepreneurial actors in the public and not-for-profit sectors play crucial roles. It motivates one to examine the different roles played by these actors, and how their joint contributions interact to develop and commercialize a new technology. This in turn makes it possible to understand how the risk, time, and cost to an individual entrepreneur are significantly influenced by developments in the overall Infrastructure for entrepreneurship. It also explains why the entrepreneurs who run in packs will be more successful than those that go it alone to develop their innovations.
SPIE: sparse partial inductance extraction

Extracting the inductance of complex interconnect topologiesis a formidable task, and simulating the resulting dense partialinductance matrix is even more difficult. Furthermore, it is wellknown that simply discarding smallest terms to sparsify the inductancematrix can render the partial inductance matrix indefiniteand result in an unstable circuit model. In this paper, wedescribe a methodology for incrementally generating a sparsepartial inductance matrix based on using moments about s=0 todetermine when a sufficient number of mutual inductances havebeen captured. The minimally required mutual inductances areextracted for a provably stable model.
Arrangements of k-sets with intersection constraints

Given positive integers n,k where n>=k, let f(n,k) denote the largest integer s such that there exists a cyclic ordering of the k-sets on [n]={0,1,...,n-1} such that every s consecutive k-sets are pairwise intersecting. Equivalently, f(n,k) is the largest s such that the complement K(n,k)@? of the Kneser graph K(n,k) contains the sth power of a Hamiltonian cycle. For each n>=6 we show that f(n,2)=3. We show that f(n,3) equals either 2n-8 or 2n-7 when n is sufficiently large, conjecturing that 2n-8 is the correct value. For each k>=4 and n sufficiently large we show that 2n^k^-^2(k-2)!-(72k-2)n^k^-^3(k-3)!-O(n^k^-^4)@?f(n,k)@?2n^k^-^2(k-2)!-(72k-3.2)n^k^-^3(k-3)!+o(n^k^-^3).
The P700-chlorophyll a-protein of a blue-green alga

The previously isolated chlorophyll a-protein of blue-green algae has been shown to contain P700 in a ratio of 1 reaction center molecule per 100 light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. One-fifth of the molecules in the preparation contain P700 together with some 20 light-harvesting molecules, whereas the other molecules contain bulk chlorophyll only. Both pigment-protein entities are considered to be essentially the same and cannot be fractionated. An aggregate containing both types probably makes up the photochemical portion of the algal Photosystem I in vivo. The absorption and emission spectra of the pigment-protein are reported, as well as the spectral changes associated with the photochemical reaction. In addition to chlorophyll, carotenoid and protein the complex contains a quinone, which is not a plastoquinone. This unidentified quinone appears to participate in secondary electron transfer reactions occurring in the complex. Horse cytochrome c can be bound to the complex and will donate electrons to P+700 upon illumination. Current hypotheses for the identity of the primary electron acceptor were tested. It appears unlikely that flavins, pteridines or iron fill this role.
A decade of corporate women: some progress in the boardroom, none in the executive suite

This study examines the extent to which women have circumvented the glass ceiling by empirically examining whether there has been an increase in women’s representation on corporate boards and CEO positions over the 10-year period from 1987 to 1996. Results indicate greatly increased representation on corporate boards. There is, however, no evidence of progress in, or towards, the CEO suite. Moreover, there is no evidence of that circumstance abating in the next several years. The number of female inside directors, an intermediate, and requisite, position in the succession to CEO, is astonishingly small, only 0.006 percent. Notably, there has been no increase in that proportion over the last decade. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-similar evolution of magnetized plasmas. I - Quasi-static solution

The concept of linear expansion suggested by Wei-Hong (1989 and 1990), describes the self-similar evolution of a magnetic structure. Linear expansion can be represented by a single function which connects the evolving physical parameters of the plasma with their initial values in explicit forms. A general self-similar dynamic equation, therefore, is derived. As the first step toward more general consideration, the quasi-static solution is investigated in this paper. It is shown that a gamma = 4/3 polytrope may evolve through consecutive equilibria if its magnetic field expands self-similarly. The change of the energy everywhere inside the plasma equals the work done by the internal plasma pressure and magnetic field for the expansion. For the special case of an expanding force-free magnetic field, the self-similar expansion is a clean expansion. No free magnetic energy is left anywhere inside the magnetic structure. The approximation in quasi-state modeling of a pressure confined magnetized plasmoid is analyzed.
Partial alignment and measurement of residual dipolar couplings of proteins under high hydrostatic pressure

High-pressure NMR spectroscopy has emerged as a complementary approach for investigating various structural and thermodynamic properties of macromolecules. Noticeably absent from the array of experimental restraints that have been employed to characterize protein structures at high hydrostatic pressure is the residual dipolar coupling, which requires the partial alignment of the macromolecule of interest. Here we examine five alignment media that are commonly used at ambient pressure for this purpose. We find that the spontaneous alignment of Pf1 phage, d(GpG) and a C12E5/n-hexnanol mixture in a magnetic field is preserved under high hydrostatic pressure. However, DMPC/DHPC bicelles and collagen gel are found to be unsuitable. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that pressure-induced structural changes can be identified using the residual dipolar coupling.
What is so special about [free] speech?

Legal and political philosophers (e.g., Scanlon, Schauser, etc.) typically regard speech as special in the sense that conduct that causes harm should be less subject to regulation if it involves speech than if it does not. Though speech is special in legal analysis, I argue that it should not be given comparable status in moral theory. I maintain that most limitations on state authority enacted on behalf of a moral principle of freedom of speech can be retained without supposing that speech is entitled to a degree of protection not afforded to (most) other forms of conduct. My argument questions some standard assumptions made by philosophers about the relationship between moral and legal principles.
Photo-reversal of the circadian rhythm in the proliferative activity of the mouse small intestine

Mice (C57Bl) were placed for 35 days in a room with reversed light cycle; lights came on at 1800 hours and off at 0600 hours. At six hour intervals throughout the day three mice were injected with tritiated thymidine and sacrificed 30 minutes later. Crypts were dissected for radioautography and determination of disintegrations per minute per crypt, the number of cells in mitosis and the number of cells synthesizing DNA was determined. The results reported clearly demonstrate reversal of the circadian rhythm in the parameters tested.
Selective deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols on molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C) surfaces

Abstract The selective deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols without cleaving the C C bond is crucial for upgrading bio-oil and other biomass-derived molecules to useful fuels and chemicals. In this work, propanal, 1-propanol, furfural and furfuryl alcohol were selected as probe molecules to study the deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols on molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) prepared over a Mo(1 1 0) surface. The reaction pathways were investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The deoxygenation of propanal and 1-propanol went through a similar intermediate (propoxide or η2(C,O)-propanal) to produce propene. The deoxygenation of furfural and furfuryl alcohol produced a surface intermediate similar to adsorbed 2-methylfuran. The comparison of these results revealed the promising deoxygenation performance of Mo2C, as well as the effect of the furan ring on the selective deoxygenation of the C O and C OH bonds.
Insulin-Stimulated NADH/NAD+ Redox State Increases NAD(P)H Oxidase Activity in Cultured Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

BACKGROUND We reported that insulin modestly stimulates NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and synergistically stimulates enzyme activity with angiotensin II (Ang II), leading to synergistic stimulation of VSMC migration. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of insulin-stimulated NAD(P)H oxidase activity. METHODS Cultured rat VSMC O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) production was measured by lucigenin and luminol luminescence, respectively, and lactate and pyruvate content of cell lysates determined by measuring increase or loss, respectively, of NADH in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase. Migration of VSMC was determined by a wound closure method. RESULTS Administration of 1 nmol/L insulin increased the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR), and hence the NADH/NAD(+) ratio by 122 +/- 16% (P < .05). Exogenous lactate (5 mmol/L), which increased the LPR similarly to insulin, increased O(2)(-) production by 123% +/- 32% (P < .05); Ang II (50 nmol/L) increased it by 60% +/- 9% (P < .05); but together these agents synergistically increased O(2)(-) production to 343% +/- 72% above the control value (P < .05 v the sum of the lactate-and Ang II-stimulated values), all in a diphenyleneiodonium-sensitive or apocynin-sensitive manner. Blocking the increase of insulin in the LPR with exogenous pyruvate or oxaloacetate blocked insulin's stimulation and insulin's plus Ang II's synergistic stimulation of O(2)(-)production as well as insulin's stimulation of migration of Ang II-treated VSMC. Insulin plus Ang II also stimulated H(2)O(2) production. Neither wortmannin nor pertussis toxin, which inhibit insulin-stimulated NAD(P)H oxidase activity in other cell types, affected insulin or insulin plus Ang II-stimulated O(2)(-)production. CONCLUSIONS Insulin stimulates NAD(P)H oxidase activity and with Ang II synergistically stimulates it in cultured rat VSMC by increasing the NADH/NAD(+) redox potential, but not by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or heterotrimeric G(iota) protein-dependent pathways.
Fluctuation experiments on atomic and molecular systems using the one-atom detector

Abstract Fluctuation studies of atomic molecular populations have been made by means of one-atom detection techniques. Density fluctuations of atoms and density fluctuations of molecules, as well as photoionization yield, photodissociation yield, and collisional broadening fluctuations, were studied, using appropriate laser saturation conditions. In each case it was found that the Poisson distribution described the observed frequency distributions, suggesting that the underlying assumption of random behavior is valid for all five of these physical phenomena.
Chapter 25 Tectonic setting, structure and petroleum geology of the Siberian Arctic offshore sedimentary basins

Abstract The paper summarizes the results of geological and geophysical studies of the Siberian Arctic Shelf (Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas), which is one of the largest continental shelves on Earth. This region consists of as many as 22 significant sedimentary basins of variable age and genesis which are expected to bear significant undiscovered volumes of hydrocarbons. Two major groups of the basins are identified based on the age of the underlying crustal basement: (1) post-Hauterivian/Barremian basins resting on the Late Mesozoic folded basement; and (2) older (Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic?) basins preserved outboard of the Late Mesozoic deformational front in the northern part of the East Siberian and Chukchi seas. At least two significant tectonic events caused the overall tectonic pattern of the shelf as well as formation and structural styles of its individual crustal domains and the sedimentary basins: (1) Late Mesozoic convergence and subsequent collision of the Arctic Alaska–Chukchi Microplate with the Verkhoyansk–Kolyma/Omolon margin of the North Asia Continent around 130–125 Ma (the Verkhoyansk–Brookian compressional event); and (2) a series of Cretaceous and Cenozoic extensional events related to the origin of the Arctic oceanic basins. Based on 2D regional multichannel seismic reflection data constrained by onshore geology, plate tectonic models and inter-regional correlations, as well as on gravity and magnetic grids, the structural styles, lithostratigraphy and possible hydrocarbon systems of the offshore sedimentary basins are considered.
Declines in psychiatric care in inpatient settings in Israel mirror global trend

Levinson and Lerner provide compelling evidence that reforms to the mental health system in Israel led to significant declines in institutional-based care. These declines are similar to those found in other high income countries over the same time period. Additional evidence on concurrent changes to the amount and quality of care in community settings is an important area for future research.
Lineshape Variations of a Spin-12 Nucleus Coupled to a Quadrupolar Spin Subjected to RF Irradiation

In this paper, the lineshape variations in the multiplet structure fragments with a spin- 1 2 and spin-1 directly bonded to each of a spin- 1 nucleus I ( 13 C) scalar coupled to a quadrupolar spin S other such as 13 C‐ 2 H, 13 C‐ 14 N, 15 N‐ 2 H, and 1 H‐ 14 N. All ( 2 H) as a function of the strength of the irradiating radiofrequency these spin pairs have a J-coupling interaction between them. field applied in the vicinity of the S-spin resonance and of the However, the spin ‐ spin splitting is partially or totally relaxation times of the latter are presented. These lineshapes were ‘‘washed out’’ by the rapid quadrupolar relaxation of the simulated using an exact theoretical treatment based on the solu- spin-1 ( 3, 4) . There is usually some residual line broadening tion of the complete-density-matrix equations (including both co- in the observed spectrum of the spin- 1 2 nucleus. Since one herent and incoherent parts) in the presence of RF irradiation of of the motivations behind isotope editing is to enhance resospin S. The relaxation mechanisms for the spin system include lution, and thereby facilitate structure determinations of macchemical-shift anisotropy (CSA) for spin I, quadrupolar interac- romolecules of larger size ( 1, 2, 5‐8) , strategies have been tion for spin S, and the mutual dipole‐dipole interaction between used to minimize this residual linewidth by the use of radioI and S. The simulations incorporate interference effects arising frequency irradiation in the vicinity of the resonance of the from the simultaneous presence of these tensor interactions of
A case for neuromorphic ISAs

The desire to create novel computing systems, paired with recent advances in neuroscientific understanding of the brain, has led researchers to develop neuromorphic architectures that emulate the brain. To date, such models are developed, trained, and deployed on the same substrate. However, excessive co-dependence between the substrate and the algorithm prevents portability, or at the very least requires reconstructing and retraining the model whenever the substrate changes. This paper proposes a well-defined abstraction layer -- the Neuromorphic instruction set architecture, or NISA -- that separates a neural application's algorithmic specification from the underlying execution substrate, and describes the Aivo framework, which demonstrates the concrete advantages of such an abstraction layer. Aivo consists of a NISA implementation for a rate-encoded neuromorphic system based on the cortical column abstraction, a state-of-the-art integrated development and runtime environment (IDE), and various profile-based optimization tools. Aivo's IDE generates code for emulating cortical networks on the host CPU, multiple GPGPUs, or as boolean functions. Its runtime system can deploy and adaptively optimize cortical networks in a manner similar to conventional just-in-time compilers in managed runtime systems (e.g. Java, C#).We demonstrate the abilities of the NISA abstraction by constructing a cortical network model of the mammalian visual cortex, deploying on multiple execution substrates, and utilizing the various optimization tools we have created. For this hierarchical configuration, Aivo's profiling based network optimization tools reduce the memory footprint by 50% and improve the execution time by a factor of 3x on the host CPU. Deploying the same network on a single GPGPU results in a 30x speedup. We further demonstrate that a speedup of 480x can be achieved by deploying a massively scaled cortical network across three GPGPUs. Finally, converting a trained hierarchical network to C/C++ boolean constructs on the host CPU results in 44x speedup.
Object-oriented Feature-tracking Algorithms For SAR Image Of The Marginal Ice Zone

An unsupervised method that chooses and applies the most appropriate tracking algorithm from among different sea-ice tracking algorithms is reported. In contrast to current unsupervised methods, this method chooses and applies an algorithm by partially examining a sequential image pair to draw inferences about what was examined. Based on these inferences the reported method subsequently chooses which algorithm to apply to specific areas of the image pair where that algorithm should work best.
Hamlet and the Psychology of Rational Choice Under Uncertainty

Shakespeare's Hamlet is the classic case of an individual who cannot make a decision, and classic explanations are in terms of “deep psychology”—a paradigm that searches for causes of behavior deep within the individual's psyche. This article shows, however, that the play can be coherently and simply understood in terms of “shallow psychology”—a paradigm that turns attention to the difficulties attendant on rational decision making, emphasizing, most importantly, constraints on information that is necessary for good decision making. Hamlet is shown to be a case of decision making under uncertainty, where the consequences of error are unthinkable and where a decision cannot be avoided. Far from showing us a personality constitutionally unable (for whatever deep reason) to decide, the play shows us the difficulties attendant on this class of decision problems—a demonstration highlighted by the fact that those difficulties must be faced by an individual better equipped than most for decisive action. The play...
Solidarność in Łódź: An Interview with Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski

After serving as an organizer for the independent labor union Solidarity (“Solidarnośc”) during Poland's 1980–81 upsurge, Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski was elected to the union's regional leadership in Łodź in 1981. Poland's most populous city after Warsaw, Łodź grew rapidly in the late nineteenth century after a torrent of foreign capital investment. Known as the “Manchester of Poland” because of its concentration of textile manufacturing, the city and its mills were the setting for The Promised Land, the story of a German, a Jew, and a Pole seeking to make their fortune in the brutal new world of industrial capitalism, as told in the 1899 realist novel by Wladyslaw Reymont and the 1975 film by director Andrzej Wajda. The Łodź working class has a militant history dating to the strikes of May 1892, when, as Tamara Deutscher writes, “more than two hundred rioting textile workers were cut down by Cossacks.”
Points, patches, and regions: scaling soil biogeochemical patterns in an urbanized arid ecosystem

Cities are rapidly growing throughout the world and are altering biologic processes in many regions, with global consequences. Urbanization in the Phoenix, USA metropolitan region has dramatically altered regional ecosystem patterns, but little is known about how these changes have influenced soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and the distribution of nitrogen stable isotopes. Because urban development is a phenomenon occurring at multiple scales, ecological consequences of urbanization will likely differ between individual patches and the entire metropolitan region. To investigate such changes we conducted spatially explicit surveys including three dominant land-use types in this region: native desert, agriculture, and mesic residential. These data were combined for analysis with previously collected samples from a synoptic regional survey. A landscape scaling approach was implemented to compare the dependence of soil variability on the sampled extent and the uncertainty associated with scaling from points to patches, land-use types, and the Phoenix metropolitan region. The multiple-scale analysis of soil properties showed that variation in total soil nitrogen, soil organic matter, and δ5N content of soils differed between patch and regional scales. The majority of variation in the urbanized patch types was exhibited between patches while for the native desert the majority of variation was observed within individual patches. These differences show the impact of urbanization on the scaling relations of ecosystem components. Overall, urbanization in this region appears to have increased soil organic matter by 44%, total nitrogen by 48%, and has elevated δ15N by 21%.
The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18 000 years

Previously published results suggest that the strength of the SW Indian Monsoon can vary significantly on century- to millenium time scales, an observation that has important implications for assessments of future climate and hydrologic change over densely populated portions of Asia. We present new, well-dated, multi-proxy records of past monsoon variation from three separate Arabian Sea sediment cores that span the last glacial maximum to late-Holocene. To a large extent, these records confirm earlier published suggestions that the monsoon strengthened in a series of abrupt events over the last deglaciation. However, our data provide a somewhat refined picture of when these events took place, and suggest the primacy of two abrupt increases in monsoon intensity, one between 13 and 12.5 ka, and the other between 10 and 9.5 ka. This conclusion is supported by the comparisons between our new marine data and published paleoclimatic records throughout the African-Asian monsoon region. The comparison of data sets further supports the assertion that maximum monsoon intensity lagged peak insolation forcing by about 3000 years, and extended from about 9.5 to 5.5 ka. The episodes of rapid monsoon intensification coincided with major shifts in North Atlantic-European surface temperatures and ice-sheet extent. This coincidence, coupled with new climate model experiments, suggests that the large land-sea thermal gradient needed to drive strong monsoons developed only after glacial conditions upstream of, and on, the Tibetan Plateau receded (cold North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures, European ice-sheets, and extensive Asian snow cover). It is likely that abrupt changes in seasonal soil hydrology were as important to past monsoon forcing as were abrupt snow-related changes in regional albedo. Our analysis suggests that the monsoon responded more linearly to insolation forcing after the disappearance of glacial boundary conditions, decreasing gradually after about 6 ka. Our data also support the possibility that significant century-scale decreases in monsoon intensity took place during the early to mid-Holocene period of enhanced monsoon strength, further highlighting the need to understand paleomonsoon dynamics before accurate assessments of future monsoon strength can be made.
Buying time: management of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia

Early initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment is advantageous because it can potentially keep patients in milder stages of the disease longer than delayed treatment. Early initiation of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy is an effective intervention for mild AD. Therefore, it is critical to identify and monitor patients who are at risk for AD and to initiate treatment once AD is diagnosed. A new diagnostic category, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), has been evolving to identify patients who demonstrate objective memory impairment but have essentially intact function or only limited functional impairment and do not meet diagnostic criteria for dementia. The amnestic subtype of this condition is associated with a high risk of AD - 16% of amnestic MCI patients convert to AD each year compared with 1% to 3% of normal elders. A recent three-year study found that patients with amnestic MCI who were treated with donepezil had a significantly reduced likelihood of progression to dementia in the first 12 months of treatment. The effect of donepezil in delaying onset of dementia was supported by significant differences favoring donepezil in the Mini-mental State Examination, the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of the Boxes, the Global Deterioration Scale, and the modified Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) over the first 18 months of treatment. A previous study evaluated the effects of donepezil on memory and cognition in patients with MCI. Although donepezil had no significant effect on memory as measured by the New York University Paragraph Recall Test, it significantly improved scores on the modified ADAS-Cog. Donepezil therefore shows promise in this patient population and warrants further investigation using extended study durations and refined outcome measures.
Gapping, pseudogapping and sideward movement

. English Pseudogapping constructions share some surface similarities with both Gapping and Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE). Levin (1978, 1979 [main text]) concludes, however, that Pseudogapping is transformationally unrelated to both Gapping and VPE. We argue that this conclusion is only partially correct. Gapping and Pseudogapping are transformationally related in that they both involve the application of verb movement, in particular sideward movement of the main verb. We take Johnson's (1994) ATB Movement analysis of Gapping as an important precedent in this regard, and we draw from proposals of Nunes (2001) and Nunes and Uriagereka (2000) for the possibility of sideward movement out of coordinate structures and adjunct clauses. After pursuing the sideward movement approach to Pseudogapping (and ultimately Gapping as well), we outline some important empirical differences between Pseudogapping and VPE that we think raise substantial problems for any analysis that treats Pseudogapping and VPE on a par (e.g., Jayaseelan 1990, Lasnik 1995, 1999a, 1999b). We present evidence for a fundamental syntactic difference between Pseudogapping and VPE, and conclude that the VPE analysis of Pseudogapping cannot be maintained.
A conserved 20S proteasome assembly factor requires a C-terminal HbYX motif for proteasomal precursor binding

Dedicated chaperones facilitate eukaryotic proteasome assembly, yet how they function remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that a yeast 20S proteasome assembly factor, Pba1–Pba2, requires a previously overlooked C-terminal HbYX (hydrophobic-tyrosine-X) motif for function. HbYX motifs in proteasome activators open the 20S proteasome entry pore, but Pba1–Pba2 instead binds inactive proteasomal precursors. We discovered an archaeal ortholog of this factor, here named PbaA, that also binds preferentially to proteasomal precursors in a HbYX-dependent fashion using the same proteasomal α-ring surface pockets bound by activators. Remarkably, PbaA and the related PbaB protein can be induced to bind mature 20S proteasomes if the active sites in the central chamber are occupied by inhibitors. Our data suggest an allosteric mechanism in which proteasome active-site maturation determines assembly chaperone binding, potentially shielding assembly intermediates or misassembled complexes from non-productive associations until assembly is complete.