cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two-Component Pericyclic Reaction for Synthesis of Substituted Benzofurans and Aryl−Quaternary Carbon Bonds1

The reaction shown is presumed to be a new [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement involving an O-arylsulfoxonium species or related sulfurane. It allows a sulfoxide and a phenol to be joined and rearranged in one operation at or below room temperature, coupling an aromatic to a quaternary carbon and creating benzofurans or articulated dihydrobenzofurans in a number of examples.
Complications of Frontal Sinusitis

Complications of frontal sinusitis occur when infection extends outside of the frontal sinus and into the surrounding tissue. The most commonly affected structures are the skull, brain, and orbit, which surround the frontal sinus. The anatomic proximity of the frontal sinus to these structures allows the spread of infection by both direct extension and retrograde thrombophlebitis of shared venous drainage pathways. Presenting signs and symptoms vary and depend on the location of the complication. Symptoms can range from headache, fever, and forehead or orbital swelling to decreased visual acuity and focal neurologic deficits. Work-up includes thorough history and physical examination including nasal endoscopy. Imaging with contrast is important for diagnosis and surgical planning. There should be a low threshold to obtain imaging of the orbit or brain if history or physical exam suggests involvement of these structures. MRI is the best imaging modality to evaluate intracranial pathology. Neurosurgery and ophthalmology consults are warranted in patients with intracranial and orbital complications, respectively. Prompt treatment is vital as complications of frontal sinusitis can have significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment is often a combination of culture-directed intravenous antibiotics and surgical intervention addressing the affected sinuses and associated complications.
Vocal Dose for Rhythm-Based Indoor Cycling Instructors: With and Without Amplification.

Summary The purpose of this research was to characterize the voice physiology requirements of indoor cycling instructors as measured by vocal dose (distance the vocal folds travel and average voice intensity) and perceived phonatory effort with and without amplification. Using a within-participant repeated measures design, eight rhythm-based cycling instructors were consented and scheduled to teach two ecologically valid cycling fitness classes, one amplified and one without amplification. Objective measures included vocal dosimetry and ambient sound level. Perceived phonatory effort and participant demographic information were also collected. Trials were counterbalanced to avoid an order effect. Data analyses indicated a significant difference in perceived phonatory effort between trials ( P = 0 . 005) with the amplified trial resulting in a lower effort. Statistically significant differences between vocal distance dose were not found, with an unexpected finding of increased distance dose with use of amplification. Average voice intensity for female participants was 99.6 dB with amplification and 96.1 dB without amplification. This investigation highlights the importance of occupation specific study of voice use requirements and the difficulty in generalizing the findings from one occupational voice user group to another.
Commensal Bacteria Decontaminating Your Diet.

The diet-microbiome interaction can positively or negatively affect our health depending on dietary habits. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Wolf et al. (2019) highlight the beneficial roles of gut commensal Collinsella in degrading potentially toxic food contaminants, called Maillard reaction products, found in processed foods.
Evidence of presolar SiC in the Allende Curious Marie calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion

Calcium aluminum rich inclusions (CAIs) are one of the first solids to have condensed in the solar nebula, while presolar grains formed in various evolved stellar environments. It is generally accepted that CAIs formed close to the Sun at temperatures above 1500 K, where presolar grains could not survive, and were then transported to other regions of the nebula where the accretion of planetesimals took place. In this context, a commonly held view is that presolar grains are found solely in the fine-grained rims surrounding chondrules and in the low-temperature fine-grained matrix that binds the various meteoritic components together. Here we demonstrate, based on noble gas isotopic signatures, that presolar SiC have been incorporated into fine-grained CAIs in the Allende carbonaceous chondrite at the time of their formation, and have survived parent body processing. This finding provides new clues on the conditions in the nascent solar system at the condensation of first solids.
Metabolic fate of [14C]photodieldrin in goldfish

Abstract Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) exposed to 20 parts per billion [ 14 C]photodieldrin in a static system absorbed 80% of the radioactivity within 20 hr. The absorbed radioactivity was eliminated slowly with a half-life of 3 weeks. Photodieldrin and a ketone derivative were the major form of the radiocarbon eliminated in water, accounting for, respectively, 59 and 10.4% of the eliminated radioactivity. The ketone derivative was characterized by cochromatography (thin-layer and gas chromatography, gc) and gc-mass spectrometry. Approximately, 15 other polar and nonpolar metabolites were detected in the aqueous medium. The radioactivity in the fish consisted of 13 metabolites along with photodieldrin. Photodieldrin and the ketone derivative were the most abundant residues in the fish, accounting for 77 and 5.4% of the radioactivity, respectively.
Oxygen Evolution of Photosystem II

Abstract Natural photosynthesis is the only working system of solar energy storage that operates on a global scale. The water-oxidation reaction, carried out by the protein complex photosystem II (PSII), is the key reaction that initiates photosynthesis. However, the detailed mechanism of this reaction is yet to be fully understood. In this article, we review the current knowledge of how the essential components in PSII, including the oxygen-evolving complex and its surrounding environment, take part in the water-oxidation reaction, and finally present proposals for the water-oxidation mechanism.
A Timely Concern: Would Immigration Policies and Enforcement Actions Influence Higher Alcohol Dependence among Latina Seasonal Farmworkers?

Background: We report the potential negative health consequences of immigration policies and enforcement actions, such as the increase of at-risk drinking, in the US Latino seasonal farmworker (LSF...
Who Should Become a Business School Associate Dean? Individual Performance and Taking On Firm-Specific Roles

The “firm-specific human capital dilemma” suggests that firms generally want employees to make firm-specific investments but that employees prefer not to make them. We suggest that individual perfo...
Farming the floodplain: New England river governance in a changing climate (Hand-outs)

You are worried about flood impacts from the river that borders your property. While you have considered building a levee and placing stones along the bank to protect you land and house from erosion, you do not have the equipment or expertise to do so. Additionally, you have seen water velocity in the river increase because the farmer upstream has channeled the river. You blame the farmer for putting your land and house at greater flood risk. You think that upstream land should be allowed to flood to slow water velocity and absorb floodwaters; this would protect you and your neighbors from future floods.
Learning inductive invariants by sampling from frequency distributions

Automated verification for program safety is reduced to the discovery safe inductive invariants, i.e., formulas that over-approximate the sets of reachable program states, but precise enough to prove unreachability of the error state. We present a framework, called FreqHorn, that follows the Syntax-Guided Synthesis paradigm to iteratively sample candidate invariants from a formal grammar and check them with an SMT solver. FreqHorn automatically constructs grammars based on either source code or bounded proofs. After each (un-)successful candidate, FreqHorn adjusts the grammars to ensure the candidate is not sampled again. The process continues either until the conjunction of successful candidates (called lemmas) is sufficient, or the search space is exhausted. Additionally, FreqHorn keeps a history of counterexamples-to-induction (CTI) which block learning a lemma. With some periodicity, it checks if there is a CTI which is invalidated by the currently learned lemmas and rechecks the failed lemma if needed. FreqHorn is able to check several candidates at the same time to filter them effectively using the well known Houdini algorithm.
Analysis of Influence of Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer on Overvoltage of 220 kV Cable Line

Recently, there have been many breakdown faults of 220kV one-piece pre-molded silicone rubber joint. The faults occurred in the closing process of the cable line. The faulty phases are B and C. The main difference of the three-phase cable line is that the electromagnetic voltage transformer (VT) is installed in Phase A. In order to study the influence of electromagnetic voltage transformer on 220 kV cable line, the residual voltage of cable conductor and the operating overvoltage level of cable line are simulated and analyzed by ATP-EMTP. The results show that the switching over-voltage level has little to do with whether the line is equipped with VT. When the cable line is equipped with VT, the residual charge can be released quickly through the electromagnetic voltage transformer, and the reclosing over-voltage of the line is significantly reduced. In addition, for silicone rubber insulation materials, there will be space charge accumulation under the DC field of residual voltage, which will cause the change of material electric field distribution. The abrupt change of the local electric field may lead to the breakdown of the insulation.
Cytoplasmic pressure maintains epithelial integrity and inhibits cell motility

Abstract Cytoplasmic pressure, a function of actomyosin contractility and water flow, can regulate cellular morphology and dynamics. In mesenchymal cells, cytoplasmic pressure powers cell protrusion through physiological three-dimensional extracellular matrices. However, the role of intracellular pressure in epithelial cells is relatively unclear. Here we find that high cytoplasmic pressure is necessary to maintain barrier function, one of the hallmarks of epithelial homeostasis. Further, our data show that decreased cytoplasmic pressure facilitates lamellipodia formation during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Critically, activation of the actin nucleating protein Arp2/3 is required for the reduction in cytoplasmic pressure and lamellipodia formation in response to treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to induce EMT. Thus, elevated cytoplasmic pressure functions to maintain epithelial tissue integrity, while reduced cytoplasmic pressure triggers lamellipodia formation and motility during HGF-dependent EMT.
"It's Been Negative for Us Just All the Way Across the Board": Focus Group Study Exploring Parent Perceptions of Child Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Child screen time (ST) has soared during the COVID-19 pandemic as lockdowns and restrictions have forced changes to regular family routines. It is important to investigate how families are navigating ST. Objective: This study aimed to explore families’ experiences of ST during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Virtual focus group sessions were conducted between December 2020 and February 2021 in English and Spanish. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: In total, 48 parents (predominantly Hispanic) residing in California participated in 1 of 14 focus group sessions. Children were attending school remotely at the time of the study. A total of 6 themes and 1 subtheme were identified: (1) total ST has increased; (2) children are too attached to screens; (3) ST has advantages and disadvantages but parents perceive ST as mostly negative; (4) parents and children have limited options; (5) ST restrictions (subtheme: children react negatively when ST is restricted); and (6) parents are concerned that children are not getting enough exercise. Conclusions: This study provides a cross-sectional insight into how family life has changed with regard to ST during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents expressed concerns about total ST, the addictive nature of it, and lack of physical activity. It is important that future studies examine the long-term effects of heavy ST and preemptively introduce ways to redirect children’s ST habits as the country attempts to establish a new normal.
Chapter VII : 4 – RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF SHOCKED WATER

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Raman spectroscopy of shocked water. Raman scattering has been used extensively to study the vibrational and rotational properties of molecules under a variety of conditions. Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the molecular species behind the shock front. In addition, changes in Raman spectra can yield information regarding inter- and intramolecular potentials, and the temperature behind the shock front. Raman scattering occurs as a result of the differential polarizability of molecules with respect to the interatomic separation. The effect is that light incident upon a molecule can excite molecular vibrations. For weak photon fields, the effect is linear in intensity and very weak and is called spontaneous Raman scattering. When the incident intensity is large, the process is nonlinear and stimulated Raman scattering occurs.
Design of Electricity Demand-Response Programs

During a heat wave in a summer afternoon, a utility firm may face unusually high demand and procurement cost for electricity. Under such conditions, a demand-response event occurs and the firm asks residential customers to reduce their demand. Such a demand-response program not only reduces the firm's procurement cost, but can also be environmentally beneficial by reducing generation from emissions-intensive power plants. In a demand-response program, a utility firm pays a rebate to customers for each unit of their demand reduction — the difference between a customer's demand and consumption. However, the demand reduction cannot be directly measured because the firm cannot observe the customer's demand, but only its consumption. Accordingly, a utility firm estimates the demand reduction by subtracting the consumption from a baseline, which is typically set as a customer's average historical demand. In this paper, we first investigate how the existence of a baseline influences a customer's demand reduction decision and when it leads to under- or over-estimation of the actual demand reduction. We then analyze how a utility firm should adjust the baseline from the customer's average demand. We find that it should inflate (deflate) the baseline if the cost difference between event and non-event periods is large (small), even though this may lead to greater overestimation (underestimation) of the customer's demand reduction. Interestingly, we show that inflation of the baseline, which one would expect makes reducing demand more attractive for a customer, can actually lead to a smaller demand reduction, resulting in higher emissions.
Using Affordances to Teach Improvisational Dance

I argue that personal style in improvisational dance is, amongst other factors, a matter of the dancers’ attunement to sets of affordances. We can use the language and theory of affordances and ena...
Virtual Learning Improves Attendance for Critical Care Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed medical educators and learners to adapt to virtual learning (VL) in an expedited manner. The effect of VL for critical care education has not yet been evaluated. In a quantitative analysis of survey data and attendance records, we sought to determine the association of VL with conference attendance and work-life balance. Attending physicians, fellows, and advanced practice providers (APP) at a pediatric critical care department at a quaternary children's hospital participated in the study. Attendance records were obtained before and after the adaption of a VL platform. In addition, an electronic, anonymous survey to evaluate current satisfaction and the strengths and weaknesses of VL as well as its impact on work-life balance was administered. In total, 31 learners (17 attending physicians, 13 fellows, and 1 APP) completed the survey. A total of 83.9% (26/31) of participants were satisfied, and 77.4% (24/31) found VL to be similar or more engaging than non-VL. However, 6.5% (2/31) of learners reported difficulty in using the new platform, 87% (27/31) of participants supported VL as an effective learning tool, and 83.3% (25/30) reported a positive impact on work-life balance. Additionally, median monthly conference attendance increased significantly from 85 to 114 attendees per month (p<0.05). Our results suggest that a virtual model has advantages for overall attendance and work-life balance. We anticipate VL will continue to be an integral part of medical education. Future work evaluating the impact of VL on interdepartmental and interinstitutional collaborations is needed.
Nonideal Theory and Ethical Pragmatism in Bioethics: Value Conflicts in LGBTQ+ Family-Making

Using a case-study involving bioethics and LGBTQ+ family-making, I demonstrate the appeal of a pragmatist ethics approach to bioethics. On the specific pragmatist view I offer, ethical progress is a matter of overcoming ethical problems. Ethical problems are here understood as conflicts that arise as we attempt to live out our values in the natural and social world and which prompt us to reflect upon and sometimes reinterpret or revise our values or practices. Pragmatism is inherently nonideal in its theoretical approach, since it holds that the relevant conflicts that prompt moral inquiry are not conflicts among abstract ideals, but practical conflicts that arise from our interaction with the world. Ideals alone, then, cannot be a proper guide to bioethical progress. After laying out this approach to moral theorizing in more detail, I take up a case study, focusing on the value of genetic relations within families and the use of reproductive technologies to allow LGBTQ+ people to produce biologically related children. I use this case to show the value of nonideal approaches to bioethics. More specifically, I argue that pragmatism—as a nonideal theory—instructs us to evaluate these issues and family-making practices by considering the situatedness of LGBTQ+ people in a heteronormative society, and the ways in which that particular context produces practical conflicts as LGBTQ+ people and families attempt to live out their values in the social world.
Indonesian tapé ketan fermentation.

Indonesian tape ketan is a fermentation in which a mold, Amylomyces rouxii Calmette (Chlamydomucor oryzae Went and Prinsen Geerligs), in combination with one or more yeasts such as Endomycopsis burtonii converts steamed rice to a sweet-sour, slightly alcoholic paste. A study was made to determine the biochemical changes that occur in the substrate during fermentation. It was found that the product was ready for consumption after fermentation at 30°C for 36 to 48 h. A. rouxii used about 30% of the total rice solids, resulting in a crude protein of 12% in 96 h, whereas the combination of the mold with E. burtonii reduced total solids by 50% in 192 h, causing crude protein to increase to 16.5%. Soluble solids increased from 5 to about 67% in 36 h and decreased to 12% at 192 h with A. rouxii alone, whereas soluble solids fell to about 8% at 192 h in the fermentation with both the mold and the yeast. The mold, by itself, reduced the starch content of the rice from 78 to 10% in 48 h and to less than 2% in 144 h. The mold plus yeast reduced the starch content to about 18% in 48 h; however the “starch” content did not fall below 6% even at 192 h, presumably because the yeast was producing glycogen, which was determined along with the residual starch. With both the mold and the mold plus yeast fermentations, reducing sugars increased from less than 1% to approximately 5% in 24 h and reached maximum concentration, 16 to 17%, between 36 and 48 h. A. rouxii by itself produced a maximum of about 5.6% (vol/vol) ethanol at 96 h. The highest concentration of ethanol (8%, vol/vol) was produced by the mold plus E. burtonii at 144 h. The mold by itself reduced the starting pH from 6.3 to about 4.0 in 48 h. The combination of the mold and yeast reduced the pH to 4.1 in 144 h. The mold increased total acidity to approximately 6.2 meq of H+ per 100 ml, and the combination of the mold and yeast increased the total acidity to 7.8 meq of H+ per 100 ml in 192 h. At 48 h there was practically no difference in the volatile acidity (0.20) for the combined fermentation compared with 0.26 meq of H+ per 100 ml for the mold fermentation. The mold and at least one species of yeast were required to develop the rich aroma and flavor of typical Indonesian tape.
Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America

Understanding why individuals participate in politics demands attention to more than just individual attributes and attitudes. Similarly, understanding how interest groups influence policy-making demands attention to more than just the financial donations and direct activities of Washington-based lobbyists. To answer fundamental questions about what determines when and why people participate in politics and how organized interests go about trying to influence legislative decision-making we must understand how and why political leaders recruit which members of the public into the political arena. Looking from the bottom up with survey data and from the top down with data from interest group interviews, Kenneth Goldstein develops and tests a theory of how tactical choices in a grass-roots campaign are made. In doing so, he demonstrates that outside lobbying activities deserve a place in any correctly-specified model of interest group influence, political participation, or legislative decision-making.
Estimation in sequential decisionmaking models: A methodological note

Abstract The purpose of this note is to develop an appropriate model of behavior and a statistical technique for estimating it for individuals who make sequential decisions under uncertainty. The distinctive aspect of this model is that differences among individuals are reflected in their behavior rather than being swept into the error term.
Determination of the Reversible and Irreversible Heats of a LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05 O 2/Natural Graphite Cell Using Electrochemical-Calorimetric Technique

Electrochemical performance of the natural graphite (Mag-10)/Li half-cell, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 /Li half-cell, and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 /Mag-10 full-cell are discussed in terms of reversible and irreversible capacity. Heat rate profiles of these cells cycled at various current levels are studied in terms of reversible and irreversible heat generation. The experimental data show an excellent agreement with the calculated results at low and moderate current levels (≤C/5). The quantitative heat contributions of the cathode and anode to the overall cell heat generation are also determined.
Clique: A Transparent, Peer-to-Peer Replicated File System

Clique is a HP Labs Grenoble project. It is a peer-to-peer, server-less distributed file system based on optimistic replication, which transparently integrates into users' native file systems. Some properties of the Clique system are epidemic replication, a no lost updates consistency model and conflict management, as well as disconnected operation and replica convergence.
Development of neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. I. Axosomatic synaptic contacts.

Abstract The development of mariculture techniques for the raising of Aplysia californica in the laboratory from fertilized egg to reproductively mature adult permits the study of the developmental program whereby individual identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion acquire their specific adult properties. In this paper, we describe one of the early steps of this developmental program: the outgrowth of axonal processes by neurons of the abdominal ganglion. Axonal outgrowth is correlated with and may be triggered by the transient appearance of morphologically identifiable axosomatic contacts between the as yet undifferentiated cell body of specific neurons and an axon terminal from an incoming nerve fiber from the pleuroabdominal connective. The evidence that transient axosomatic contacts may signal neuronal differentiation is the following: (1) Axosomatic contacts have not been observed in the abdominal ganglion of adult animals, whereas they are commonly observed during the early stages of development. (2) Cells that receive axosomatic contacts are undifferentiated morphologically and do not as yet have axons. By contrast, cells with axons do not have soma contacts. (3) Individual cells that can be identified from animal to animal in the same and succeeding developmental stages receive axosomatic contacts on similar topographic postions of the cell body at one point in development. Axon outgrowth then occurs at the site of contact. Later in development, with further axon extension, these cells no longer have synaptic contacts on the cell body or axon.
Chapter Nine Functional genomics approaches to unravel essential oil biosynthesis

Publisher Summary The peppermint oil gland secretory cell (complimentary) cDNA library has proven to provide a highly enriched source of candidate genes involved in essential oil biosynthesis. A functional genomics approach has successfully been employed to clone genes involved in the mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis and in the peppermint-specific steps producing (-)-menthol and (-)-menthone. The optimization of (liquid chromatography mass spectrography ) LC-MS technology to profile phosphorylated carbohydrates and prenyl diphosphates has helped to establish that the reaction catalyzed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5- phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is a slow step of the mevalonate-independent pathway in peppermint. Transgenic plants with either increased or decreased steady-state DXR transcript accumulation or enzyme activity have confirmed the correlation of DXR expression rate and essential oil yield, thus providing evidence for the utility of profiling biosynthetic intermediates to predict flux control through metabolic pathways.
An Intranet-based knowledge repository: A structure for learning organizations in franchising

Y.S. Chen a, P. Pete Chong b and R.T. Justis c a Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences, E.J. Ourso College of Business Administration, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA E-mail: qmchen@lsu.edu b School of Business Administration, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone, AD9 Spokane, WA 99258, USA Tel.: +1509 323 3426; Fax: +1323 5811; E-mail: chong@gonzaga.edu c Department of Management, E.J. Ourso College of Business Administration, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA E-mail: rjustis@lsu.edu
SLE patients and autoantibody-positive healthy individuals display unique cytokine profiles: shared features of inflammation as well as select features of immunosuppression in autoantibody-positive healthy individuals

Antinuclear antibodies can be detected in up to 25% of the population; however, only 5 to 7% are afflicted with an autoimmune disease. Therefore, many individuals are capable of mitigating the presence of autoantibodies and avoiding clinical disease. The objective of this study was to investigate unique features of SLE patients compared with autoantibody-positive (aAb+) healthy immune systems and to examine roles that cytokines play in maintaining immune equilibrium in ANA-positive healthy individuals.
Superconductivity in R2-zCezCuO4-Type Compounds

The superconductivity of R2-zCezCuO4 (R214) is discussed and compared with the superconductivity of the 1 × 1 natural superlattice made of it and various oxide layers, R2-zCezSr2Cu2MO10 (R222M10), where R is a tri-valent rare-earth ion and M=Nb, Ta, Ru, or Ti. Using simple models, we are able to understand the dependences on rare-earth size of superconductivity, of the ability to fabricate R214, of the onset of weak ferromagnetism and of the onset of crystal distortions. We can also understand the dependence of R214 superconductivity on angular momentum quantum number L and the superconductivity of Gd222Nb10 when Gd214 does not superconduct. We predict that the R214 superconductors are p-type and that the superconducting layers in R214 are not the same layers of the crystal structures as in R222Nb10.
Comparing Language Similarity across Genetic and Typologically-Based Groupings

Recent studies have shown the potential benefits of leveraging resources for resource-rich languages to build tools for similar, but resource-poor languages. We examine what constitutes "similarity" by comparing traditional phylogenetic language groups, which are motivated largely by genetic relationships, with language groupings formed by clustering methods using typological features only. Using data from the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS), our preliminary experiments show that typologically-based clusters look quite different from genetic groups, but perform as good or better when used to predict feature values of member languages.
Microbial respiration in ice at subzero temperatures (-4°C to -33°C).

Summary The habitability of icy environments may be limited by low temperature, low nutrient concentrations, high solute concentrations and the physical ice matrix. The basal ice of ice sheets and glaciers contains sediments that may be a source of nutrients for microbial activity. Here we quantify microbial respiration and active cell populations of Antarctic glacial isolates Paenisporosarcina sp. B5 and Chryseobacterium sp. V3519-10 in laboratory ices with abundant nutrients at temperatures from −4°C to −33°C. At all temperatures, initial high rates of metabolism were followed by lower rates suggestive of a non-reproductive metabolic state such as maintenance or dormancy. Metabolism was sustained by viable cells as quantified via culturability, CTC reduction and LIVE/DEAD staining. Respiration rates based on active cell populations did not correspond to rates representative of reproductive growth from the literature, but suggested lower levels of metabolism. Our data demonstrated that bacteria actively respired acetate in polycrystalline ice with abundant nutrients despite low temperatures and the physical ice matrix. Our results suggest that the debris-rich basal ice that exists at temperatures just below the freezing point and underlies portions of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets represents a significant potential habitat for metabolically active microbial communities.
A Bruen chain for q =19

The one-to-one correspondence between the class of two-dimensional translation planes of orderq2 and the collection of spreads ofPG(3,q) has long provided a natural context for describing new planes. The method often used for constructing “interesting” spreads is to start with a regular spread, corresponding to a desarguesian plane, and then replace some “nice” subset of lines by another partial spread covering the same set of points. Indeed the first approach was replacing the lines of a regulus by the lines of its opposite regulus, or doing this process for a set of disjoint reguli. Nontrivial generalizations of this idea include thechains of Bruen and thenests of Baker and Ebert. In this paper we construct a replaceable subset of a regular spread ofPG (3, 19) which is the union of 11 reguli double covering the lines in their union, hence is a chain in the terminology of Bruen or a 11-nest in the Baker-Ebert terminology.
MITAgating Viral Infection

Two recent papers, one in this issue of Immunity (Zhong et al., 2008), report the identification of a membrane protein, termed MITA or STING, that activates the transcription factor IRF3 to induce type-I interferons to mitigate viral infection.
Recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins inhibit HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Patients with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 coinfections often exhibit a clinical course similar to HIV-1 infected long-term nonprogressors. This observation has been attributed in part to the ability of the HTLV Tax2 protein to activate production of antiviral chemokines and to downregulate the CCR5 co receptor on lymphocytes. Therefore we investigated the possibility that a recombinant Tax2 protein could suppress HIV-1 viral replication in vitro. R5-tropic HIV-1 (NLAD8)-infected-PBMCs were treated daily with recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins (dosage range 1-100 pM). Culture supernatants were collected at intervals for 22 days post-infection and assayed for levels of HIV-1 p24 antigen. Treatment of PBMCs with Tax2 protein resulted in significant reduction in HIV-1 p24 antigen levels (p<0.05) at days 10, 14, and 18 post-infection compared to HIV-1-infected or mock-treated PBMCs. This was preceded by the detection of increased levels of CC-chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5, on days 1-7 of infection (p<0.05). Similar, but less robust inhibition was determined in Tax1 treated PBMCs. Addition of Tax2 proteins starting 48 hours previous to infection resulted in a significant inhibition of HIV-1 p24 levels (p<0.05 at days 7 to 14 compared to the untreated, R5 infected PBMCs. In contrast, when addition of Tax2 began two days after R5 infection, significant HIV-1 p24 levels were only determined at days 7 and 10 for 1 pM and at day 7 for 10 pM (p<0.05). These results support the contention that Tax1 and Tax2 play a role in generating antiviral responses against HIV-1 in vivo and in vitro.
Spontaneous pneumothorax: a review of 71 cases.

1.Seventy-one instances of spontaneous pneumothorax have been reviewed, not all of which were the simple or idiopathic type. 2.Nineteen (28 per cent) had prior pneumothorax. 3.Of 19 treated with bed rest alone, there were two failures and four known recurrences. The average hospital stay was 22 days. 4.Of 39 treated with intercostal catheter suction, the average hospital stay was 12.5 days. There were four failures and four recurrences. 5.There was no significant complication associated with treatment by intercostal catheter suction. 6.Thoracoscopy was done in 29 and positive findings were recorded in 16. We believe thoracoscopy in addition to x-ray an important aid in determining whether to recommend open thoracotomy or an initial trial with catheter suction. 7.With an initial spontaneous pneumothorax of less than 20 per cent, in the absence of demonstrable large peripheral blebs, bed rest may be the treatment of choice. When it exceeds 20 per cent and initial open thoracotomy does not seem justifiable, intercostal catheter suction therapy, as described, has proven to be a safe and effective method of treatment in a high percentage of our cases.
Philosophy for Children goes to college

This article presents the general framework for a course at college level in which philosophy students learn to teach philosophy to students in elementary school. As well as addressing the rational...
Lymphopenia following electrically induced convulsions in male psychotic patients.

Recent animal experimentation has demonstrated that lymphocyte dissolution and lymphoid tissue atrophy is one of the functions of the “S” hormone (11-oxycorticosteroid) of the adrenal cortex (Dougherty and White, 1945; White and Dougherty, 1945; Dougherty and White, 1947). This response is also initiated by pituitary adrenotrophic hormone in the presence of sufficient functional adrenal cortical tissue (Dougherty and White, 1943; Reinhardt and Li, 1945). It is the current opinion that this lymphoid tissue response to pituitaryadrenal cortical secretion is the mechanism responsible for the earlier described thymus and lymphoid tissue changes resulting from various types of stress in experimental animals (Selye, 1937; Ingle, 1938). There is a paucity of published studies concerning this response in man. One group of workers (Elmadjian and Pincus, 1946; Pincus and Elmadjian, 1946; Hoagland, Elmadjian and Pincus, 1946) have compared diurnal lymphocyte variations and lymphopenia resulting from stress in smallg...
Clinical implications of urinary drug screens

Abstract Urine drug screens are routinely used in the substance abuse treatment setting along with other clinical settings when illicit drug use is suspected. With the importance placed on the results of urine drug screens, clinicians should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the tests involved when interpreting the results. Such interpretation is quite complicated and depends on a large number of variables. It is incumbent on the clinician to be aware of what methodology is used by the lab, which cross-reactivities may occur with the methodology used, and what changes occur in the procedure. Clinicians should also consider the clinical presentation of a patient when interpreting positive results to avoid frustration and mistrust in lieu of the desired therapeutic alliance between the patient and clinician. When there is doubt about the results, confirmation may be used in certain cases to help clarify the situation. Since the implications of positive drug screens have an impact on patient treatment, diagnosis, and possibly the status of health care benefits, great care should be taken to avoid misinterpretation of drug screens.
Chondroitin Sulfate: Inhibition of Synthesis by Puromycin

Puromycin reversibly inhibits synthesis of chondroitin sulfate by vertebral chondrocytes from 10-day-old chick embryos. Treatment of these cells with puromycin for 5 hours does not affect viability or capacity to multiply on subsequent release from their matrix. It is suggested that synthesis of this polysaccharide is coupled with that of protein; there may be a feedback control in its synthesis.
Induced abortion: Reported and observed practice in Taiwan

This study reports the result of a 1980 survey obtained from a nonrandom sample of 500 Chinese women in Taiwan. A total of 46.6% (223) of the respondents admitted that they had obtained at least one induced abortion for birth control purposes in their lifetime. The following questions are explored and discussed in relation to the women's abortion experiences: prior contraceptive use, repeated abortion, decision to seek abortion, attitudes toward sexual activity and marriage, gestational age at termination of pregnancy, fear of complication, guilt after abortion, and comparison of abortion and pregnancy experiences.
Sexual assault history and limitations in physical functioning in two general population samples

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional impact of sexual assault history in two general population surveys (pooled N = 6,024). Sexual assault was associated with functional impairment regardless of gender, ethnicity, and study site. Repeated assaults, spousal assaults, physically threatening assaults, and those resulting in intercourse or sexual disturbances were most strongly related to impairment. The greater numbers of severe physical symptoms experienced by sexually assaulted persons accounted for their poorer functioning. Depression did not account for this association despite its mediating role. Physical symptoms and depression had similar relationships to functioning for assaulted and nonassaulted persons.
Macro-Ethics in the Code of the Pan-Generalist American Society for Public Administration

The development of a code of ethics is an important part of the development of ASPA as a professional association. Building on the 1981 principles and the 1984 code, the revised 1994 code is the basis of ASPA's approach to ethics. There is still a question, however, about whether the code matches the normative challenges of the field. Its chief shortcoming is the weakness of macro-ethical standards, that is, the values that define the responsibilities of professionals to society. A possible revised version is offered to illustrate how the code could be broadened. With a comprehensive statement of the expectations that apply to all persons who seek to promote the public interest and serve the citizenry in governmental and nongovernmental organizations, the revision could complement the narrower codes of other, more specialized associations of officials.
Drug discrimination: stimulus control during repeated testing in extinction.

Rats were trained, under a two-lever drug-discrimination procedure, to respond differentially depending upon whether lorazepam (1.0 mg/kg) or no injection had been administered before the session. Responses on the appropriate lever produced a food pellet under a modified fixed-ratio (FR) 10 schedule, in which the 10 responses had to be emitted consecutively. In reinforcement tests, completing an FR 10 on either lever produced a pellet. In extinction tests, stimulus changes paired with reinforcement occurred but no pellet was delivered. Training sessions were conducted between test sessions. Each of four extinction phases consisted of six tests preceded by one stimulus (e.g., lorazepam). Repeated exposures to extinction reduced response rates for all rats, but stimulus control, as inferred from either percentage of total responses or percentage of total FR 10s on the drug-appropriate lever, remained high. The percentage of total FR 10s measure was less subject to skewing under low-rate conditions than was the percentage of total responses measure and provided an evaluation of stimulus control in terms of meeting the consecutive response contingency. These results demonstrate a level of independence between response rate and stimulus control in drug discrimination, which has positive implications for the validity of interpreting discriminative effects of novel test conditions in well-trained animals, even when overall response rates are low.
Foreign Language Placement: An Alternative Validation Procedure.

The validation procedure recommended by the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) for their foreign language placement tests determines whether individuals (1) with high and low grades in the same course, and (2) from courses at different levels, score differentially on the CEEB tests. If both these differences are statistically significant, high predictive validity is inferred. The alternative proposed in this paper is to ask the student directly upon completion of the language course to which he had been assigned, whether he had been correctly placed by the CEEB test. High predictive validity is inferred if a large proportion of the students believe that they were correctly placed.CEEB placement was evaluated by the alternative validity procedure and was found to be significantly more valid than was a second placement method in which a regression equation was used to predict level of placement from background variables. It is argued that the alternative validation procedure complements CEEB validati...
Mechanics of defects in carbon nanotubes: Atomistic and multiscale simulations

Molecular mechanics (MM) calculations together with coupling methods bridging MM and finite crystal elasticity are employed to simulate the fracture of defected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and to compare with the available experimental results. The modified second generation Brenner potential (MTB-G2) is adopted in the calculations. Our MM calculations show fair agreement with quantum mechanical (QM) benchmarks, and indicate that one- and two-atom vacancies reduce the fracture strength of CNTs by $20%--33%$ (whereas the QM calculations predict $14%--27%$), but these fracture strengths are still much higher than the experimental data. We then demonstrate that this experimental and theoretical discrepancy can be attributed to the presence of large-scale defects, such as those that may arise from oxidative purification processes. Simulations on multiwalled CNTs and tubes twisted prior to tensile loading show negligible effects on the fracture strength, which indicates that these are not the causes of low experimental values. The effects of chirality and tube diameter on fracture strengths are also investigated.
Linking market factors to manufacturing designs

Abstract This paper presents a heuristic method for designing manufacturing focus in batch manufacturing facilities. Although the benefits of manufacturing focus have been articulated in the literature, methods of implementation with the consideration of resource requirements have not been previously developed. In this study, we discuss the importance of including resource aspect, and propose a methodology that can help managers arrive at a focus design with minimum resource needs. The methodology translates the strategic concept of competitive priorities into management parameters, thereby allowing incorporation of market factors into manufacturing process design. The results of the numerical example demonstrates that the methodology offers managers the opportunity to generate and assess alternative manufacturing designs which are otherwise unavailable. The use of the methodology is straightforward in practical situations and should greatly enhance the linkage between marketing and manufacturing design.
Effects of dietary magnesium and duration of refrigerated storage on the quality of vacuum-packaged, boneless pork loins

Quality data were initially collected on 78 pork loins from crossbred pigs fed diets containing 0, 1.25 or 2.5% magnesium mica (MM). Loins were then vacuum-packaged, and randomly assigned to either 4 or 8 weeks of storage at 2°C. Dietary MM had no (P > 0.05) effect on moisture loss/retention or subjective and objective color measurements. Purge volume increased (P<0.05) and drip loss decreased (P<0.05) as storage time increased. Moreover, longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LM) chops became lighter (P<0.05), redder (P<0.05), and more yellow (P<0.05) during 8 weeks of storage. Although TBARS values increased linearly (P<0.001) during extended storage, LM chops from pigs fed 2.5% MM tended to have lower (P<0.07) TBARS values after 4 weeks of storage than chops from pigs fed 0 and 1.25% MM. After 8 weeks of storage, however, there was a tendency for TBARS values of chops from pigs fed 1.25% MM to be lower (P<0.07) than chops from pigs fed 2.5% MM. Even though feeding swine diets containing MM did not affect color and water-holding capacity of pork loins during storage, the data indicated inclusion of MM in swine diets may retard onset of oxidative rancidity in vacuum-packaged pork loins.
Is there a developmental trend from integrality to separability in perception

Abstract Some previous literature suggests that young children perceive in an integral, holistic fashion stimuli that older children perceive in a separable, dimensionalized mode. A prediction from a strong form of this position is that younger children actually may perform more rapidly a speeded classification task that requires “condensation” than a task that requires “filtering” (if the similarity relations among the wholes favor the former task). Older children should be able to take advantage of the simple unidimensional basis of the filtering task and thus accomplish it much more rapidly than the condensation task. The results are only partially in accord with the predictions. Kindergarteners (5 years of age), on size-and-brightness stimuli, show no speed advantage on either task, while second (8 years) and fifth (11 years) graders clearly show more rapid filtering. Therefore, the developmental hypothesis is in need of some revision and elaboration. Some stimuli are less separable for younger than for older children, but even five year olds can access their dimensional structure under some conditions.