cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorescent Side-Chain Functionalized Poly(norbornene)s Containing Iridium Complexes

Norbornenes containing phosphorescent iridium complexes based on Ir(ppy)3 and Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) were synthesized and copolymerized with alkylnorbornenes via ring-opening metathesis polymerization in nonpolar solvents using ruthenium initiators. The luminescent properties of the resulting polymers both in solution and in the solid state were tested. The polymers were found to retain the optical properties of the phosphorescent small molecule analogues with emission maxima in the yellow/green, quantum yields from 0.23 to 0.24 for Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) analogues, 0.02 to 0.03 for mer-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and 0.20 to 0.24 for fac-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and lifetimes of 0.41 to 0.55 μs for Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) analogues, 0.22 to 0.62 μs for mer-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and 1.28 to 1.48 μs for fac-Ir(ppy)3 analogues. By combining the phosphorescent properties of these emissive molecules with the solution processability and ease of synthesis of polynorbornene backbones, these materials might be highly useful in the field of ...
Role of calpain in spinal cord injury: increased mcalpain immunoreactivity in spinal cord after compression injury in the rat

Spinal cord injury was induced in rats by compression technique using 10 or 20 g compression for 5-10 min. Calpain immunoreactivity was examined in the lesion as well as in the adjacent areas of the cord at different times following injury. Elevated calpain immunoreactivity was found in the lesion compared to sham control. The increase in calpain immunoreactivity was dependent on the time and the degree of trauma. Areas adjacent posterior or caudal to the lesion also showed increased calpain immunoreactivity. Most of the cells in the dorsal and ventral funiculi with increased calpain staining were astrocytes and microglia. Proliferation of microglia and/or activation of astrocytes in the lesion, identified with lectin binding GSA and glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, was seen at 1 and 3 days after trauma, respectively. Eccentric nuclei and shrunken neurons with increased calpain staining were seen in the ventral horn. The extent of increase in calpain immunoreactivity in the lesion was also proportional to the degree of trauma. The elevated calpain immunoreactivity suggests increased calpain expression (mRNA), synthesis (protein level), and activity in the lesion of cord following injury as compared to sham control. This finding supports a pivotal role for calpain in tissue degeneration in spinal cord trauma.
Modification of phoneme voicing through application of reinforcement principles

Abstract Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of manipulation of speaking behavior through application of reinforcement principles. Two parameters of speaking behavior that have been studied with encouraging results are fluency and vocal fundamental frequency. The present study was designed to explore the feasibility of manipulating phoneme voicing through the application of reinforcement principles. Three subjects read lists of nonsense syllables beginning with a voiced phoneme. The subjects were monitored by an electronic system of filters and relays programmed to provide positive reinforcement (a bright light) when the initial sound of the nonsense syllable was unvoiced. A shaping procedure designed to provide a maximum amount of positive feedback, thus keeping the subject's feelings of success high, was used to shape intensity of phoneme voicing. Measures were taken under the four conditions of baseline, conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. All subjects met conditioning criteria. One subject did not meet extinction criteria. A thorough analysis of the subjects' responses by spectrographic and graphic level recorder indicated that individual differences were very important to the manner in which each subject learned to manipulate the reinforcing light.
Guided design search in the interval-bounded sailor assignment problem

The problem of assigning Navy personnel to jobs is primarily a manual process performed by enlisted detailers, with decision support from the Enlisted Assignment Information System. In this paper, we offer an expanded interval bounded network flow model of the sailor assignment process creating teams of skilled sailors to be assigned to ships. A new integer preprocessing and solution technique, Guided Design Search (GDS), is integrated into the CPLEX solver with promising results for these difficult problems. Computational results show GDS/CPLEX speed improvements of 10-fold to optimality and for larger problems found feasible assignments when CPLEX alone could not. We show how GDS results can be used by detailers to gauge the effectiveness of alternative sailor assignments and also how it can be used to validate the objective function coefficients of the decision variables.
Confidence Bands for Percentiles in the Linear Regression Model

Abstract Simultaneous confidence intervals for percentiles of the normal regression model similar to those given by Steinhorst and Bowden (1971) are considered. Kanofsky's (1968) confidence band for a single normal distribution is modified and extended to the regression model. The confidence bands that are simultaneous in all percentiles provide corresponding confidence bands for the cumulative conditional normal distribution functions. The various procedures are compared with respect to bandwidth.
Calcium channel antagonist effect on in vitro meningioma signal transduction pathways after growth factor stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: We have previously demonstrated that calcium channel antagonists inhibit the growth of human meningiomas in culture after stimulation with growth factors. This study examined the effects of these drugs on signaling transduction pathways in an attempt to elucidate potential mechanisms by which this growth inhibition is mediated. METHODS: Primary cell cultures from patients with intracranial meningiomas were established. Cell growth studies were performed with inhibitors and stimulators of tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Intracellular calcium changes and inositol phosphate production were measured after growth factor exposure, with or without pretreatment by calcium channel antagonists. RESULTS: The growth of meningiomas in culture can be inhibited by tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors. Inhibitors and stimulators of phospholipase C can stimulate or inhibit the growth of in vitro meningiomas, respectively. Calcium channel antagonists inhibit intracellular calcium changes induced by serum and epidermal growth factor. Inositol phosphate production is increased after growth factor stimulation, and calcium channel antagonists potentiate this effect. CONCLUSION: Calcium channel antagonists interfere with intracellular signaling pathways of cultured meningioma cells. This inhibition is unrelated to voltage-sensitive calcium channels. The findings of this project may aid in the understanding of the signal transduction mechanisms involved in growth factor-mediated meningioma proliferation and may lead to clinically relevant strategies for growth inhibition.
Hyperpolarized carbon–carbon intermolecular multiple quantum coherences

Intermolecular multiple quantum coherences (iMQCs) can provide unique contrast with sub-voxel resolution. However, the characteristic growth rate of iMQCs mostly limits these effects to either hydrogen or hydrogen-coupled systems for thermally polarized samples. Hyperpolarization techniques such as dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) allow for significant increases in the carbon signal (even more signal than that from hydrogen), making carbon iMQCs achievable. We present the first intermolecular multiple quantum signal between two carbon nuclei.
The evolution of tectonic features on Ganymede

The bands of bright resurfaced terrain on Ganymede are probably broad grabens formed by global expansion and filled with deposits of ice. Grooves within the bands are thought to be extensional features formed during the same episode of expansion. The crust of Ganymede is modeled as a viscoelastic material subjected to extensional strain. With sufficiently high strain rates and stresses, deep normal faulting will occur, creating broad grabens that may then be filled. Continuing deformation at high strain rates and stresses will cause propagation of deep faults up into the flood deposits and normal faulting at the surface, while lower strain rates and stresses will cause formation of open extension fractures or, if the crustal strength is very low, grabens at the surface. The spacing between adjacent fractures may reflect the geothermal gradient at the time of deformation. Surface topography resulting from fracturing and normal faulting will decay with time as a result of viscous relaxation and mass-wasting.
Aesthetic and Utilitarian Qualities of Clothing: Use of a Multidimensional Clothing Value Model

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate consumers' valuation of clothing and accessory items on the basis of aesthetic and utilitarian qualities. Differences in dollar amounts consumers said they would be willing to pay for the items served as indicators of valuation. Data were collected from 102 female shoppers at a regional mall in a north central city. Analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc comparisons were used to determine whether differences existed be tween the dollar amounts that consumers said they would be willing to spend for the clothing and accessory items. The findings indicated that subjects were willing to pay the most for high aesthetic items regardless of utility and the least for low aesthetic, low utility items. Demographic variables such as age, income level, marital status, number of children, race, occupation and educational level were not significantly related to dollar amounts that subjects said they were willing to spend.
Concurrent sequential matching in the pigeon

Two pigeons were trained to peck two pairs of matching stimuli in sequence. Each trial presented four illuminated keys, two pairs of matching stimuli. A response to any key darkened the key. A response to the other key presenting the same stimulus that was extinguished by the first response darkened that key. A response to each of the remaining two keys presenting the other matching stimuli darkened those keys and produced a fifth key illuminated with white. A response to this key produced 3 sec access to grain, a 3-sec intertriai interval (ITI), and the next trial. An error (i.e., pecking two different stimuli) produced a 5-sec time-out (TO). During Phase 1, two of three colors (red, green, and yellow) were presented on each trial. Phase 2 used combinations of two forms and a color: an “X,” a circle, and yellow. Phase 3 employed three novel stimuli: horizontal line, vertical line, and blue. Both birds showed an initial increase in errors across phases. Both pigeons demonstrated first-response stimulus preferences (i.e., responded to green first during Phase 1, yellow during Phase 2, and blue during Phase 3). The various spatial configurations of keys and stimuli influenced the errors made by both birds.
Altered CSF constituents and retrograde amnesia in rats: a biochemical approach.

Abstract A parametric estimation was conducted on the concentrations of certain substances in CSF as a function of time after electroconvulsive shock treatment that produced retrograde amnesia in rat. The substances of particular interest were hexoses, and the electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The concentrations of each substance were expressed as percent change after treatment from an initial concentration taken from each animal before treatment. Considerable increases in hexose and calcium concentrations were observed at 5 min after electroshock treatment, while concentrations for sodium, potassium and magnesium demonstrated little change at the 5 min observation. Values for all five biochemical variables comparable to their control values were observed at subsequent time intervals. Concentrations for these five biochemical variables were established for both CSF and blood in rat, and compared to those values reported for rabbit. The argument is advanced that protein synthesis inhibition following ECS is secondary to the disruption of membrane surface glycoproteins and that the disruption of these glycoproteins plays a major role in the production of retrograde amnesia.
Disseminated histiocytosis associated with atypical lymphoid cells (lymphohistiocytosis)

Biopsy of a cervical lymph node from a 3 1/2-year-old Caucasian boy originally was diagnosed as malignant lymphoma, lymphocytic type. Following therapy with radiation and prednisone, the patient had transient pancytopenia but was free of apparent disease for the subsequent 15 months. At age 5 he presented with fever, induration and congestion of the lower abdomen and scrotum, splenomegaly, abnormal liver function, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy and progressive pancytopenia. Biopsies of axillary and abdominal adipose tissue, cervical and axillary lymph nodes, liver and bone marrow were suggestive of, but not diagnostic of, malignant lymphoma. Despite therapy with prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine, the patient had continued fever and progressive hepatosplenomegaly and expired on the sixty-first hospital day. At autopsy there was no evidence of lymphocytic lymphoma but there was disseminated histiocytosis involving liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, diaphragm and abdominal panniculus. In retrospect, occasional similar histiocytes were noted in lymph node sections from 2 years previously. The authors interpret this case as representative of disseminated lymphohistiocytosis, an apparently familial disease with distinctive clinicopathologic features.
A note on compiling fixed point binary multiplications

An algorithm is developed for compiling, as a sequence of shifts, additions, and subtractions, many fixed point binary multiplications involving a constant. The most significant characteristics of the algorithm are the simplicity of the test which determines if the algorithm should be applied and the degree to which it “suggests” efficient object code.
Noise aware behavioral modeling of the Ε-Δ fractional-N frequency synthesizer

This paper presents the behavioral model of a E-Δ fractional-N frequency synthesizer in terms of different noise sources and non-ideal effects. To accurately predict the phase noise of the synthesizer, different jitter noise sources such as phase modulation (PM) noise in phase-frequency detector and divider, frequency modulation (FM) noise in VCO are properly depicted. The E-Δ modulator, with its divider value dithered and quantization noise dynamically injected to the PLL, is described in behavioral model, which allows the designer to study the quantization noise impaction to the PLL phase noise. All the models are implemented in VHDL-AMS and simulated using Mentor Graphics ADvance-MS (ADMS). Our behavioral modeling method enables a fast simulation of the PLL system and an accurate phase noise prediction.
Retention of albino and brown phenotypes of Histoplasma capsulatum by liquid nitrogren refrigeration

Pathogenic differences between albino (A) and brown (B) phenotypes of Histoplasma capsulatum for experimental animals, and serological differences between A- and B- derived histoplasmins or yeast-phase antigens, necessitate th retention of these phenotypes in culture for diagnoses and epidemiologic studies. Selected strains of A and B types were frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN) and stored for 6–9 months in the vapor phase of a LN refrigerator (-165°C). The strains were tested by using Berliner's method for differentiation of these two phenotypes. The results have proved that the LN refrigeration can be used for long-term conservation to prevent the conversion of B type into the A type in vitro.
Constitutively vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to synergistic beta-lactam combinations.

resistant tobothofthese antibiotics. We describe three isolates ofvancomycin-resistant E.faecium whichdemonstrate unique phenotypic characteristics. Theisolates exhibited high-level resistance tobothvancomycin andteicoplanin, consistent withtheVanA phenotype. However, resistance inthese isolates could notbeinduced orcured, andmating experiments failed todetect atransfer ofresistance. Thecombination ofvancomycin andpenicillin didnotsignificantly change the MICofpenicillin foranyofthethree isolates. Immunoblotting withpolyclonal anti-VanB antibody showedno reaction withthecellular proteins ofthese strains. Probing withavanAoligonucleotide revealed hybridization withchromosomal butnotplasmid DNA.Themechanism ofconstitutive resistance ofthosestrains remains unclear. A secondmutational change, perhaps involving PBP 5,may explain thepresenceofresistance to synergistic combination penicillin-vancomycin therapy. Invitro evaluation ofpenicillin-vancomycin should be carried outinallclinical caseswherethistherapeutic regimen isbeing considered.
Some aspects of the theory of statistical control schemes

Control schemes (charts) are widely used in industrial quality control as means of monitoring the quality of manufactured products. These schemes provide a set of criteria for testing whether a given sequence of observations corresponds to an "on-target" state of the production process. In the present work we consider some graphical, computational, and statistical aspects of control charting--criteria of performance, methods of derivation, analysis, design, etc. We introduce the class of "Markovtype" control schemes and discuss some of its properties.
Inbreeding in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) alters night-time volatile emissions that guide oviposition by Manduca sexta moths

Plant volatiles serve as key foraging and oviposition cues for insect herbivores as well as their natural enemies, but little is known about how genetic variation within plant populations influences volatile-mediated interactions among plants and insects. Here, we explore how inbred and outbred plants from three maternal families of the native weed horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) vary in the emission of volatile organic compounds during the dark phase of the photoperiod, and the effects of this variation on the oviposition preferences of Manduca sexta moths, whose larvae are specialist herbivores of Solanaceae. Compared with inbred plants, outbred plants consistently released more total volatiles at night and more individual compounds—including some previously reported to repel moths and attract predators. Female moths overwhelmingly chose to lay eggs on inbred (versus outbred) plants, and this preference persisted when olfactory cues were presented in the absence of visual and contact cues. These results are consistent with our previous findings that inbred plants recruit more herbivores and suffer greater herbivory under field conditions. Furthermore, they suggest that constitutive volatiles released during the dark portion of the photoperiod can convey accurate information about plant defence status (and/or other aspects of host plant quality) to foraging herbivores.
Anomalous optical coupling between two silicon wires of a slot waveguide in epsilon-near-zero metamaterials

Anomalous optical coupling properties between two silicon wires in a silicon slot waveguide embedded in epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterials are proposed and demonstrated. The dependences of optical field enhancement in the slot region and transverse optical force on the slot size and the permittivity of surrounding material are studied in details. It is demonstrated that the optical field in the slot region is significantly enhanced due to the giant index contrast at the slot interface between silicon wires and ENZ metamaterials, but the optical mode coupling between silicon wires is greatly reduced so that the transverse optical force is suppressed into almost zero. Moreover, metal-dielectric multilayer structures are designed to realize ENZ metamaterials in the slot region for achieving the electric field enhancement.
New Species of Lepadichthys from the Philippine Islands

Abstract A new species of clingfish is described from the shallow marine waters of the Philippines. This brings the number of species in the the genus to 10, all of them found in the tropical to warm-temperate waters of the Indo-West Pacific Ocean.
The Specification Language SF

The SF (Set-Function) language has been designed for the specification of information-control systems. An SF specification is derived from type, state transition, and data flow or Petri net diagrams. The SF language is shown to have a strong object orientation.
Odontogenic cysts and tumors of the maxilla: Controversies in surgical management

The intent of this article is to provide principles guiding the surgical management of odontogenic cysts and tumors of the jaws. Effective treatment considerations based on lesion type, the differences in biological behavior, as well as the anatomic location and histopathologic variants will be highlighted. The origin and pathophysiology of these lesions as well as a review of the literature when pertinent to management will be provided. Controversial theories of conservative versus aggressive management of some odontogenic lesions will also be addressed. The literature is replete with often diverse theories of treatment. This article is designed the guide the surgeon in treatment decision-making predicated on a thorough understanding of odontogenic lesions and their anticipated clinical behavior.
A four-party view of US environmental concern

Research on US public concern about environmental issues finds ideology or political party are the most consistent background predictors. Party is commonly defined by three groups: Democrats, Republicans, and Independents. Here, using statewide New Hampshire survey data, we elaborate this approach to distinguish a fourth group: respondents who say they support the Tea Party movement. On 8 out of 12 science- or environment-related questions, Tea Party supporters differ significantly from non–Tea Party Republicans. Tea Party supporters are less likely than non–Tea Party Republicans to trust scientists for information about environmental issues, accept human evolution, believe either the physical reality or the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change, or recognise trends in Arctic ice, glaciers, or CO2. Despite factual gaps, Tea Party supporters express greater confidence in their own understanding of climate change. Independents, on the other hand, differ less from non–Tea Party Republicans on ...
Effects of Surface Conditions on Boiling Characteristics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Thesis. 1972. Ph.D.
Gas-liquid equilibria in mixtures of hydrogen and 1-methylnaphthalene

Abstract The gas-liquid equilibria in hydrogen-1-methylnaphthalene mixtures were experimentally determined at four temperatures from 190 to 430°C and seven pressures from 20 to 250 atm. The Henry constant of hydrogen dissolved in 1-methylnaphthalene was evaluated from the data. A flow apparatus was used to produce the saturated equilibrium phases. The data were found to be consistent with the Gibbs-Duhem equation integrated by the method of orthogonal collocation. Vapor pressures of 1-methylnaphthalene required for the thermodynamic consistency calculations were determined with the same apparatus. Comparison of the new mixture equilibrium data is made with the correlations of Chao and Seader (1961) and Grayson and Streed (1963).
Is the Worst Yet to Come

Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, public officials pledged that the nation would rise to the challenge and ensure that the country would not suffer such a disaster again. Almost exactly four years later, however, Hurricane Katrina inflicted a devastating blow on the Gulf Coast. Many of the problems that surfaced during 9/11 returned yet again to plague the Katrina recovery efforts. Moreover, as bad as the problems were in the Gulf, they could have been even worse had the storm been stronger or had it scored a direct hit on New Orleans. More disasters—from earthquakes and floods to bird flu and terrorist attacks—are likely and perhaps inevitable. Unless we take to heart the lessons that Katrina teaches, especially improved systems for communication and coordination, we are likely to repeat the Katrina problems. The worst is yet to come, without a substantial investment of political capital.
Issue Definition, Information Processing, and the Politics of Global Warming

Past research has proposed various macrolevel theories of issue definition and agenda setting. However, we propose a microlevel theory of issue definition rooted in how individuals process information. We theorize that people process information about policy issues through a filter that emphasizes past assessments, ideology, background, social cues, and the continuing intrusion of new information. Most of these factors lead individual issue definitions toward stability. However, the introduction of an information signal of appropriate magnitude and character can produce punctuations in issue definition by individuals through time. Since the macrolevel definition of an issue is a type of aggregation of individual definitions, understanding how individuals define issues becomes a precursor to understanding issue definition at the system level. In evaluating the theory, we develop and evaluate a survey to study the issue definition process for individuals across multiple issues, and for global warming specifically. The survey also includes two embedded experiments to demonstrate the potential for punctuation in the issue-definition process for individuals and the system.
Energy of the quasi-free electron in H2, D2, and O2: Probing intermolecular potentials within the local Wigner-Seitz model

We present for the first time the quasi-free electron energy V0(ρ) for H2, D2, and O2 from gas to liquid densities, on noncritical isotherms and on a near critical isotherm in each fluid. These data illustrate the ability of field enhanced photoemission (FEP) to determine V0(ρ) accurately in strongly absorbing fluids (e.g., O2) and fluids with extremely low critical temperatures (e.g., H2 and D2). We also show that the isotropic local Wigner-Seitz model for V0(ρ) — when coupled with thermodynamic data for the fluid — can yield optimized parameters for intermolecular potentials, as well as zero kinetic energy electron scattering lengths.
Limited sampling pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ondansetron in healthy geriatric cats, cats with chronic kidney disease, and cats with liver disease.

Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, is an effective anti-emetic in cats. The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous (SQ) ondansetron in healthy geriatric cats to cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or liver disease using a limited sampling strategy. 60 cats participated; 20 per group. Blood was drawn 30 and 120 min following one 2 mg (mean 0.49 mg/kg, range 0.27-1.05 mg/kg) SQ dose of ondansetron. Ondansetron concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Drug exposure represented as area under the curve (AUC) was predicted using a limited sampling approach based on multiple linear regression analysis from previous full sampling studies, and clearance (CL/F) estimated using noncompartmental methods. Kruskal-Wallis anova was used to compare parameters between groups. Mean AUC (ng/mL·h) of subcutaneous ondansetron was 301.4 (geriatric), 415.2 (CKD), and 587.0 (liver). CL/F (L/h/kg) of SQ ondansetron was 1.157 (geriatric), 0.967 (CKD), and 0.795 (liver). AUC was significantly higher in liver and CKD cats when compared to geriatric cats (P < 0.05). CL/F in liver cats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to geriatric cats. In age-matched subset analysis, AUC and CL/F in liver cats remained significantly different from geriatric cats.
Electrical resistance and ATPase levels in the cecal wall of germ free and conventional rats.

Summary(a) Electrical resistance across the cecal wall of germfree rats is higher than in conventional controls when the luminal fluid is a physiological solution. Transmural resistance of the cecum increases both in germfree and conventional rats when the supernatant from cecal contents of germfree rats is used as luminal fluid. These phenomena might be due to an effect of germfree intestinal contents on the ionic composition and/or on the dimensions of intercellular pathways within the intestinal epithelium. (b) Total and Na+ and K+ stimulated ATPase show higher levels in mucosal scrapings from the ileum and cecum of germfree rats than in conventional controls. This characteristic of the germ-free lower bowel may be associated with the greater “absorptive efficiency” which it was found to display when relieved from luminal inhibitory substances.
Reducing and Reversing the Diphosphene-Diphosphinylidene Energy Separation.

The dependence of the relative energies of 116 diphosphene and diphosphinylidene compounds on the modification of their structures is studied theoretically. Optimized geometries and relative energies are reported for all structures. With the purpose of investigating the effects of various substituents on the parent PPH2 and HPPH molecules, isodesmic reaction energies were obtained for single and double substitution. In the case of the substitution of both H atoms by lithoxy (OLi) or ONa groups is the diphosphinylidene type structure found to be lower in energy. For the lithoxy group, the energy difference amounts to 33 kcal/mol at CCSD(T) cc-pVTZ level of theory. This result is explained through the natural population analyses, where a very favorable Coulombic attraction is found in the OLi substituted diphosphinylidene structure. The order of the effectiveness of the substituents in lowering the relative energy of the diphosphinylidene structure is OLi > ONa > OH > OSiH3 > OCH3 > OPh > NH2 > N(CH3)2 > F ...
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drainage

Interventional ultrasound is increasing in popularity over the past decade as ultrasound technology has significantly improved. Many articles have come out about the use of ultrasound in diagnosis and therapeutic drainage of fluid collections throughout the body. In this chapter, we describe the various locations for collection of fluid, along with an approach to drainage, and avoiding potential pitfalls and preventing complications. We highlight patient preparation and technical considerations for each type of collection.
Dynamic Evolutionary Model of Complex Operational Forces System

To assess the whole performance of complex operational system dynamically,and to quantify various performance parameters of system,network centric system's topology structure is to be abstracted by dynamic evolutionary model according to the critical features and real data of the system.Being taken the characters of complexity and system dynamics into consideration,an evolving model substituted the real system to become the experiment target.Many topology properties were mainly discussed after evolving with different conditions and time.Finally,evolvement process of operational system's characters was acquainted and applied to the practice of military construction.By analytical-numerical method and experimental simulation,the conclusion is that operational system is a scale free network while the feature of small world is unobvious.
Effects of vasoactive drugs on flows through left internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts in man.

Vasoactive agents are commonly used in the postcardiopulmonary bypass period to elevate the mean arterial pressure of myocardial revascularization patients. Concern exists that administration of vasoactive agents in this setting may affect flow through saphenous vein and internal mammary artery grafts. Twenty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the six two-drug combinations of phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. After termination of cardiopulmonary bypass baseline, hemodynamic measurements and electromagnetic flow probe measurements of saphenous vein and internal mammary artery graft flow were made. The first agent was then infused to elevate mean arterial pressure 20 mm Hg. After 5 minutes of stability, hemodynamic and graft flow measurements were repeated. The infusion was terminated, 5 minutes of stability were obtained, and baseline measurements were repeated. The second agent was then infused, and measurements were repeated after a 5-minute stabilization period. Phenylephrine induced a nonsignificant increase in saphenous vein graft flow (68 ± 31 versus 81 ± 49 ml/min) and a significant decrease in internal mammary artery graft flow (40 ± 16 versus 32 ± 12 ml/min). Norepinephrine induced a significant increase in saphenous vein graft flow (80 ± 39 versus 97 ± 39 ml/min) and no significant change in internal mammary artery graft flow (44 ± 20 versus 45 ± 20 ml/min). Epinephrine induced a significant increase in both saphenous vein (82 ± 38 versus 96 ± 40 ml/min) and internal mammary artery (38 ± 12 versus 55 ± 24 ml/min) graft flows. We conclude that administration of vasoactive agents in the postcardiopulmonary bypass period may significantly affect saphenous vein and internal mammary artery graft flows.
Encouraging Climate Adaptation Through Reform of Federal Crop Insurance Subsidies

Climate change is expected have massive detrimental effects on agriculture. Changing climate patterns will also make many locations inhospitable to the crops currently grown there. In order to mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture, farmers should adapt by changing the mix of crops grown in a given location. Federal crop insurance masks incentives American farmers would otherwise have to adapt to climate change through crop choice. Large premium subsidies — with most insured farmers paying less than half of the actuarially sound premium — are a huge part of this problem. This Note explains the connection between crop choice and climate change. It then analyzes existing proposals for reforming the crop insurance system to better incentivize adaptation to climate change, and highlights some political and practical obstacles to doing so. Finally, it argues that a tiered subsidy system — in which crops at high risk of failure due to location-specific climate risks receive lower subsidies — could be a feasible, incremental solution to the problem.
Nurse Knowledge ExchangePlus: Human-Centered Implementation for Spread and Sustainability

Article-at-a-Glance Background Kaiser Permanente implemented a new model of nursing communication at shift change—in the bedside nursing report known as the Nurse Knowledge Exchange (NKE) in 2004—but noted variations in its spread and sustainability across medical centers five years later. Methods The six core elements of NKEplus were as follows: team rounding in the last hour before shift changes, pre-shift patient assignments that limit the number of departing nurses at shift change, unit support for uninterrupted bedside reporting, standardization for report and safety check formats, and collaboration with patients to update in-room care boards. In January 2011 Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC; Pasadena) began implementing NKEplus in 125 nursing units across 14 hospitals, with the use of human-centered design principles: creating shared understanding of the need for change, minimum specifications, and customization by frontline staff. Champion teams on each nursing unit designed and pilot tested unit-specific versions of NKEplus for four to eight weeks. Implementation occurred in waves and proceeded from medical/surgical units to specialty units. Traditional performance improvement strategies of accountability, measurement, and management were also applied. Results By the end of 2012, 100% of the 64 medical/surgical units and 47 (77.0%) of the 61 specialty units in KPSC medical centers implemented NKEplus—as had all but 1 of the specialty units by May 2013. The mean KPSC score on the NKEplus nursing behavior bundle improved from 65.9% in 2010 to 71.3% in the first quarter of 2014. The mean KPSC Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) score for nurse communication improved from 73.1% in 2010 to 76.4% in the first quarter of 2014 (p Conclusion Human-centered implementation appeared to help spread a new model of nursing handoffs and change the culture of professional nursing practice related to shift change.
Compounding risk: An examination of associations between spirituality/religiosity, drinking motives, and alcohol-related ambivalence among heavy drinking young adults.

Abstract Objectives The present study assessed combinations of spirituality/religiosity (S/R), a known protective factor against heavy drinking, with drinking motives, and alcohol-related ambivalence to better understand how these factors interrelate and are associated with drinking and alcohol-related problems. Methods Participants were 241 heavy drinking undergraduate students (81.74% female; M age = 23.48 years; SD = 5.50) who completed study questionnaires online. Results Coping, enhancement, and conformity drinking motives were associated with greater alcohol use and problems, however there were no main effects of either ambivalence or S/R on alcohol outcomes. S/R interacted with ambivalence with respect to drinking and problems. S/R also interacted with conformity drinking motives with respect to drinking and problems. Further, ambivalence interacted with conformity drinking motives regarding problems. Three-way interactions emerged between ambivalence, S/R, and drinking motives (social, coping, and enhancement motives) regarding drinking and problems. Results show that individuals at highest risk for problematic drinking are those who more strongly endorse drinking motives, are low in S/R, and high in ambivalence. Conclusions Findings supported hypotheses and provide support for clusters of individual difference factors that put heavy drinking college students at higher risk for problematic drinking. These examinations have practical utility and may inform development and implementation of interventions and programs targeting alcohol misuse among heavy drinking undergraduate students.
Bisphosphonates and atypical femoral fractures.

Purpose of reviewBisphosphonates are used widely for the treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of fractures. Although generally well tolerated and effective, bisphosphonates (and denosumab, a newer antiresorptive agent) have been associated with unusual fractures of the femoral shaft.Recent findi
A novel approach for prediction of protein subcellular localization from sequence using Fourier analysis and support vector machines

A novel method is presented for the prediction of protein subcellular localization from sequence using Fourier analysis and support vector machines. To extract the features of a protein sequence, each amino acid is replaced by a value representing its scale of hydrophobicity and then a fast Fourier transform is applied to the numerically encoded sequence. The transformed sequence data are then used as the input for the training of support vector machines to predict subcellular localization. The motivation for this method of encoding resides fundamentally on (1) the fact that periodicities are critically important factors in protein structure and (2) the ability of this method to capture information about long-range correlations and global symmetries which are completely missed by approaches based on global amino acid composition. Our method is evaluated against the integrated system PSORT-B for the prediction of subcellular localizations of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. It is demonstrated that the new method outperforms PSORT-B in prediction for the inner membrane, the outer membrane, and extra cellular localizations in a 5-fold cross-validation. It is expected that integrated systems such as PSORT-B may benefit from inclusion of the advanced individual predictor presented in this paper.
Damköhler Number Input to Transport-Limited Chemical Weathering Calculations

Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals in the Earth’s crust is the dominant influence on variability of atmospheric carbon on time scales of about 1 Ma and up, lending significance to the ability to predict such weathering rates. Field weathering rates at such large time scales tend to be much slower than laboratory values, however. It has been proposed that the discrepancy occurs because field weathering rates are solute-transport-limited rather than reaction-kinetic-limited. To assess the relative importance of reaction kinetics and solute transport, the Damkohler number, DaI, a ratio of a transport time to a reaction time can be used. Unfortunately, even in those experiments that suggest importance of transport limitations, the traditional calculation of DaI yields values close to 1 and an extreme sensitivity of experimental reaction rates on DaI. We develop a new method of calculating DaI based on the theory of non-Gaussian solute transport, appropriate for heterogeneous porous media. Our result...
On unsupervised clustering under the union of tensor subspaces

In this paper we consider the problem of unsupervised clustering under a union of tensor (multilinear) subspaces model. In particular we take the popular union of subspaces model and endow the subspaces with an additional algebraic structure, namely that each subspace is a is a tensor product of subspaces. The resulting model is referred to as the union of tensor or multilinear subspaces. We show that several real world data sets such as images and action video data sets can be effectively represented using this model. Under this model we investigate an algorithm referred to as the Multilinear Subspace Clustering (MSC). In this context we first show by simulations on synthetic data that MSC is computationally more efficient compared to several existing methods indicating its utility in dealing with high dimensional data. Further we compare the clustering performance of the algorithm on several real-world data sets and show that MSC is competitive with current state-or-art methods. Based on these results we point out future research directions in using the multilinear/tensor algebraic framework for big-data processing.
Two-stage multiscale adaptive regression methods for twin neuroimaging data

Twin imaging studies have been valuable for understanding the contribution of the environment and genes on brain structure and function. The conventional analyses are limited due to the same amount of smoothing throughout the whole image, the arbitrary choice of smoothing extent, and the decreased power in detecting environmental and genetic effects introduced by smoothing raw images. The goal of this article is to develop a two-stage multiscale adaptive regression method (TwinMARM) for spatial and adaptive analysis of twin neuroimaging and behavioral data. The first stage is to establish the relationship between twin imaging data and a set of covariates of interest, such as age and gender. The second stage is to disentangle the environmental and genetic influences on brain structure and function. Simulation studies and real data analysis show that TwinMARM significantly outperforms the conventional analyses.
A communicative approach to early word learning

Abstract Young children learn the meanings of thousands of words by the time they can run down the street. Many efforts to explain this rapid development begin by assuming that the computational-level problem being solved is acquisition. Consequently, work in this line has sought to understand how children infer the meanings of words from cues in the communicative signals of the speakers around them. I will argue, however, that this formulation of the problem is backwards: the computational problem is communication, and language acquisition provides cues about how to communicate successfully. Under this framing, the natural unit of analysis is not the child, but the parent-child dyad. A necessary consequence of this shift is the realization that the statistical structure of the input to the child is itself dependent on the child. This dependency radically simplifies the computational problem of learning and using language.
Cranial nerve contrast using nerve-specific fluorophores improved by paired-agent imaging with indocyanine green as a control agent

Nerve preservation during surgery is critical because damage can result in significant morbidity. This remains a challenge especially for skull base surgeries where cranial nerves (CNs) are involved because visualization and access are particularly poor in that location. We present a paired-agent imaging method to enhance identification of CNs using nerve-specific fluorophores. Two myelin-targeting imaging agents were evaluated, Oxazine 4 and Rhodamine 800, and coadministered with a control agent, indocyanine green, either intravenously or topically in rats. Fluorescence imaging was performed on excised brains ex vivo, and nerve contrast was evaluated via paired-agent ratiometric data analysis. Although contrast was improved among all experimental groups using paired-agent imaging compared to conventional, solely targeted imaging, Oxazine 4 applied directly exhibited the greatest enhancement, with a minimum 3 times improvement in CNs delineation. This work highlights the importance of accounting for nonspecific signal of targeted agents, and demonstrates that paired-agent imaging is one method capable of doing so. Although staining, rinsing, and imaging protocols need to be optimized, these findings serve as a demonstration for the potential use of paired-agent imaging to improve contrast of CNs, and consequently, surgical outcome.
MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE OF MIXED ETIOLOGIES: ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND A RELATIVELY HIGH OUTPUT STATE

Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy from multi vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) benefit from surgical revascularization to improve cardiac function, but the optimal management strategy becomes uncertain when they also have high-output heart failure from an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). A 70
Accuracy of Skin Cancer Diagnosis by Physician Assistants Compared With Dermatologists in a Large Health Care System.

Importance Physician assistants (PAs) are increasingly used in dermatology practices to diagnose skin cancers, although, to date, their diagnostic accuracy compared with board-certified dermatologists has not been well studied. Objective To compare diagnostic accuracy for skin cancer of PAs with that of dermatologists. Design, Setting, and Participants Medical record review of 33 647 skin cancer screening examinations in 20 270 unique patients who underwent screening at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center–affiliated dermatology offices from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015.International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revisioncode V76.43 andInternational Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revisioncode Z12.83 were used to identify pathology reports from skin cancer screening examinations by dermatologists and PAs. Exposure Examination performed by a PA or dermatologist. Main Outcomes and Measures Number needed to biopsy (NNB) to diagnose skin cancer (nonmelanoma, invasive melanoma, or in situ melanoma). Results Of 20 270 unique patients, 12 722 (62.8%) were female, mean (SD) age at the first visit was 52.7 (17.4) years, and 19 515 patients (96.3%) self-reported their race/ethnicity as non-Hispanic white. To diagnose 1 case of skin cancer, the NNB was 3.9 for PAs and 3.3 for dermatologists (P .99) or nonmelanoma skin cancer (6.1% vs 6.1% of visits,P = .98). Conclusions and Relevance Compared with dermatologists, PAs performed more skin biopsies per case of skin cancer diagnosed and diagnosed fewer melanomas in situ, suggesting that the diagnostic accuracy of PAs may be lower than that of dermatologists. Although the availability of PAs may help increase access to care and reduce waiting times for appointments, these findings have important implications for the training, appropriate scope of practice, and supervision of PAs and other nonphysician practitioners in dermatology.