cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drawing to Learn: A Classroom Case Study

As early childhood educators of young children, we recognize that children draw what they know from cultural transmissions, moving through many developmental transitions with drawing. As children’s skills developed, a PreK/Kindergarten teacher in a university laboratory school classroom with 27 children was interested in studying ways children can use drawing to enhance their learning of critical concepts within the curriculum. This paper explores her teacher research, a case study using an action research approach guided by these questions: (1) How do young children use drawing during short and long-term projects? (2) What can teachers learn from close attention to children’s representation drawing? A Drawing to Learn protocol was developed to study children’s drawings of curriculum topics like the wind, affording opportunities to use drawing to express their understanding of motion and their theories of how something works. The teacher research was organized around the Cycle of Inquiry process typically used for curriculum planning in the classroom. The curriculum planning data (observation, interpretation, questions, reflections) informed teachers’ understanding of the meaning of children’s drawings and guided teachers as to how to proceed to inquire more deeply into meaning and discovery with children. The findings of this two-semester study indicate multiple purposes and strategies for using drawings in the learning process (predict, study functions of objects, revisit and reflect, and plan).
Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Nerve Compression Headache

Compression of extracranial nerves may result in chronic, medically refractory headaches and neck pain. Recently discovered anatomic connections between the extracranial space and intracranial trigeminal pathways may provide a conduit by which the extracranial pathology of the sensory nerves of the face, scalp, and neck may lead to headaches that are often accompanied by migraine-like features of photophobia and nausea. Nerve compression headaches have a unique presentation that follows from the mechanism and pathophysiology of nerve compression, and the diagnosis may be made on the basis of careful history and the physical examination.
Outcomes of Heart Transplantation from Hepatitis C Seropositive Donors: An Updated Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry

Purpose Hepatitis C (HCV) has become readily treatable in the modern era. The use of HCV+ organs for transplant has shown promising results and increases donor availability. This study is an updated analysis of outcomes after HCV+ heart transplantation in the United States. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing registry was queried for adult patients who received heart transplants from 2015-2018. Excluded multiorgan transplants, incomplete HCV data, and loss to follow-up. HCV status was classified by serology (Ab+ vs Ab-). Median follow-up was 24 months. Results During the study period, 7529 patients received heart transplants: 136 from HCV Ab+ donors and 7393 from HCV Ab- donors. Seven recipients (5.1%) of HCV Ab+ hearts had HCV+ serology prior to transplant, compared to 129 recipients (1.7%) of HCV Ab- organs (p=0.018). There was no difference in donor age (p=0.489), ejection fraction (p=0.221), gender mismatch (p=0.341), or ABO compatibility (p=0.707). HCV Ab+ transplants involved further travel (mean: 323 vs 149 miles, p Conclusion Transplantation of HCV+ donor hearts has demonstrated promising outcomes thus far, with comparable overall survival and graft outcomes. Ongoing investigation is warranted to observe long-term outcomes.
191 Lamotrigine Overdose with urine Toxicology Positive for Phencyclidine: A Case Report of Possible Cross-Reactivity

Introduction: False-positives can occur when a medication has a cross-reactivity with the immunoassay, often due to similarity in structure of the parent medication or one of its metabolites to the tested drug. The occurrence of false-positives is mostly affected by the type of immunoassay used and the particular agent being tested. We present a case of a 13 year old female who was status post overdose with lamotrigine with positive urine toxicology with PCP (Phencyclidine.) Case Report: Ms. A is a 13 year old female, with significant psychiatric history of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. She denied any psychoactive substances of abuse including PCP. Her history was collaborated by her mother. History revealed that patient was found unresponsive in bed with a suicide note and bottles at her bedside with 13 of 100mg pills of lamotrigine missing and 13 of 50mg pills sertraline. She was brought to pediatric emergency room by ambulance activated by her mother. On arrival to the hospital, the patient was not verbally responsive; she was responsive only to tactile stimuli. Her vital signs were within normal limits. Her urine toxicology was positive for PCP. Her Basic Metabolic Panel, Liver Function Test, and Complete Blood Count were within normal. She was stabilized after two days and was transferred to child and adolescent psychiatry unit for continued treatment. She was treated with Zoloft 100mg daily, Seroquel 150mg daily, and Valproic Acid of 750mg po total daily dose (blood level 68.1 μg/mL) with good effects on her impulse control and mood lability. Discussion: The literature describes that lamotrigine can cause false positive urine toxicology for PCP. In Our case report, our patient denied any history of substance abuse and it was known that she overdosed on lamotrigine. Although a repeat urine toxicology was not done because of patient refusal to cooperate at that time, the suspicion that the positive urine toxicology for PCP was most likely from medication cross reactivity in a patient who has no clinical history of PCP use.
Understanding the role of the first language (L1) in instructed second language acquisition (ISLA): Effects of using a principled approach to L1 in the beginner foreign language classroom:

This study investigated whether second language (L2) classroom instruction that incorporates a principled approach into the use of the first language (L1) by students and instructors has an effect ...
Indeterminate thyroid nodules in the era of molecular genomics

Background Indeterminate thyroid nodules are diagnosed in up to 30% of fine-needle aspirations and the risk of malignancy in these cases are highly variable. Consequently, managing these nodules has been a challenge. While a diagnostic thyroidectomy would help clarify the pathology, there is the risk of developing surgical-related complications for a procedure that may not have been necessary and associated high costs. Genomic testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules may help better guide management. Methods We present an unbiased comprehensive review of available molecular testing for classifying indeterminate thyroid nodules, as well as their strengths and limitations, with the objective to allow practitioners to choose the best testing modality for their patients. Results Molecular testing of these nodules provided a platform to help distinguish benign versus malignant nodules, providing more confidence to rule in or rule out the likelihood of thyroid cancer in indeterminate nodules. Conclusion Genomic testing has evolved to more comprehensive panels to better stratify indeterminate nodules, including Hurthle cell neoplasms and noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. Understanding the methodology of each available test improves patient care and reduces unnecessary costs.
Distinct Bacterial Pathways Influence the Efficacy of Antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Effective tuberculosis treatment requires at least 6 months of combination therapy. Alterations in the physiological state of the bacterium during infection are thought to reduce drug efficacy and prolong the necessary treatment period, but the nature of these adaptations remain incompletely defined. To identify specific bacterial functions that limit drug effects during infection, we employed a comprehensive genetic screening approach to identify mutants with altered susceptibility to the first-line antibiotics in the mouse model. We identified many mutations that increase the rate of bacterial clearance, suggesting new strategies for accelerating therapy. In addition, the drug-specific effects of these mutations suggested that different antibiotics are limited by distinct factors. Rifampin efficacy is inferred to be limited by cellular permeability, whereas isoniazid is preferentially affected by replication rate. Many mutations that altered bacterial clearance in the mouse model did not have an obvious effect on drug susceptibility using in vitro assays, indicating that these chemical-genetic interactions tend to be specific to the in vivo environment. This observation suggested that a wide variety of natural genetic variants could influence drug efficacy in vivo without altering behavior in standard drug-susceptibility tests. Indeed, mutations in a number of the genes identified in our study are enriched in drug-resistant clinical isolates, identifying genetic variants that may influence treatment outcome. Together, these observations suggest new avenues for improving therapy, as well as the mechanisms of genetic adaptations that limit it.IMPORTANCE Understanding how Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives during antibiotic treatment is necessary to rationally devise more effective tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy regimens. Using genome-wide mutant fitness profiling and the mouse model of TB, we identified genes that alter antibiotic efficacy specifically in the infection environment and associated several of these genes with natural genetic variants found in drug-resistant clinical isolates. These data suggest strategies for synergistic therapies that accelerate bacterial clearance, and they identify mechanisms of adaptation to drug exposure that could influence treatment outcome.
Electroceuticals in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The field of electroceuticals has attracted considerable attention over the past few decades as a novel therapeutic modality. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (GIT) holds significant potential as a target for electroceuticals as the intersection of neural, endocrine, and immune systems. We review recent developments in electrical stimulation of various portions of the GIT (including esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine) and nerves projecting to the GIT and supportive organs. This has been tested with varying degrees of success for several dysmotility, inflammatory, hormonal, and neurologic disorders. We outline a vision for the future of GI electroceuticals, building on advances in mechanistic understanding of GI physiology coupled with novel ingestible technologies. The next wave of electroceutical therapies will be minimally invasive and more targeted than current approaches, making them an indispensable tool in the clinical armamentarium.
Data-Driven Robust Aircraft Assignment to Minimize Delay Propagation

Flight delays have a significant impact on an airline's operating cost including increased expenses for crew, fuel, and maintenance. Propagated delays due to late arriving aircraft contribute to 40% of all flight delays as reported by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The robust aircraft assignment problem is to assign tail numbers on scheduled arriving flights at an airport to scheduled departing flights at the same airport with the objective of minimizing propagated delays. In this paper, we propose a new data-driven approach for the robust aircraft assignment problem by formulating it as a balanced assignment problem between incoming and outgoing flights flown by the same aircraft type at a single airport. We consider both deterministic and stochastic versions of the aircraft assignment problem. In the deterministic case, we prove the optimality of the First-in-First-out (FIFO) assignment policy under two different performance measures, justifying the use of the FIFO policy as a benchmark. In the stochastic case, we show that the FIFO assignment policy is no longer optimal and propose the rFIFO and stochastic assignment formulations based on the mean and empirical distribution of arrival delay, respectively. We propose a data-driven approach to estimate the assignment costs by using empirical observations of arrival delays from prior years' flight records to compute the empirical propagated delay distribution. We propose a data-driven clustering method to account for factors such as originating airport, time of day, and aircraft type that affect the arrival delay distribution. These empirical cluster based aircraft assignment costs serve as an input to our stochastic assignment model. These assignment costs are then used to derive the optimal aircraft assignment for the rFIFO and stochastic assignment policies for an out of sample data set from 2018 for Delta at Atlanta airport. We show that both the rFIFO and stochastic assignment policies derived from the data-driven approach perform better than the benchmark FIFO assignment. We also show that for all Delta airline flights at Atlanta airport from July to September in 2018, the stochastic assignment policy yields a roughly 40% improvement in total actual propagated delay over the actual airline assignment while reducing the fraction of delayed flights due to propagated delays from 6.58% to 2.62%, thus potentially saving approximately 14 million dollars in flight delay related annual operating costs. We conclude that incorporating the stochastic nature of arrival delays in solving the robust aircraft assignment problem, and combining it with a data-driven approach can potentially help an airline significantly reduce its operating costs due to flight delays, improve passenger convenience and experience, and help the environment by reducing emissions.
Is there increased value in robotic arm-assisted total hip arthroplasty? : a nationwide outcomes, trends, and projections analysis of 4,699,894 cases.

Aims The current study aimed to compare robotic arm-assisted (RA-THA), computer-assisted (CA-THA), and manual (M-THA) total hip arthroplasty regarding in-hospital metrics including length of stay (...
They deserve the “same level of care that any other person deserves”: Caregiver perspectives on healthcare for adults on the autism spectrum

Abstract Background Adults on the autism spectrum are at high risk for co-occurring conditions and poor health outcomes, yet they often experience significant unmet healthcare needs. A better understanding of potential gaps and barriers is essential for improving the healthcare system. This mixed-methods study was conducted to better understand the healthcare needs and experiences of adults on the autism spectrum from the perspective of parents and caregivers. Method Twenty-four caregivers of adults on the autism spectrum (21 mothers, 2 fathers, 1 non-parent caregiver) completed surveys and participated in one of seven focus group interviews to share their perspectives regarding healthcare needs, experiences, and suggestions for improvement. Results Survey responses indicated general satisfaction with primary care; however, in-depth qualitative data analyses revealed four primary themes and 10 subthemes. The first theme focused on barriers to healthcare access and included insurance coverage, geographic distance, waitlists, and provider shortages. Caregivers also expressed dissatisfaction with healthcare quality (Theme 2), particularly a lack of provider knowledge resulting in inadequate treatment. Participants also emphasized the need for comprehensive and coordinated healthcare services (Theme 3), and described pressure on parents to advocate and coordinate care. Finally, caregivers stressed the importance of person-centered care (Theme 4), particularly the need for accommodations and rapport for adults on the spectrum. Conclusions These results indicate that the nature and quality of current healthcare services may not be adequate to meet the needs of adults on the autism spectrum. The suggestions provided by caregivers should be used to inform strategies for healthcare improvement.
Visualization for Data Analytics and Data Science

We are living in a world that generates large amounts of data daily. Corporations are making data-driven decisions basing on their data and data visualization is an essential part of it. Organizations store essential data for a better competitive position and save it in future and decision-making processes. We have various tools available in the market- some of them are Sisense, Tableau desktop, Whatagraph, and Hubspot. These tools assist in making data presentation easy. This paper focuses on the importance of data visualization, primary tools, and software for data visualization, and theoretical architectural framework for data visualization. Finally, the article will focus on the critical challenges faced by data visualization and steps for mitigation.
Does task-specific knowledge improve audit quality: Evidence from audits of income tax accounts

Abstract Two forms of expertise can influence audit quality: industry and task-specific expertise. If tax knowledge is predominately task-specific, audit offices with increased exposure to complex tax issues will develop tax task-specific expertise. Using outcomes related to income tax account audits, we examine whether tax task-specific knowledge (TSK) accumulates at the audit office level and affects the income tax accounts’ audit quality. We find that tax TSK increases the income tax accounts' audit quality, suggesting individual tax TSK accumulates at the office level. Additionally, semi-structured interviews of partners/senior managers at Big 4 audit firms validate group information processing as a theory that explains TSK developing at the office level and confirms that tax knowledge is predominately task-specific with some industry-specific knowledge. We contribute to and extend the literature examining audit office expertise by providing evidence that exposure to complex tax issues develops TSK at the office level and enhances audit quality. These findings provide archival and qualitative evidence of how TSK develops at the office level.
Multidisciplinary Pediatric Obesity Clinic via Telemedicine Within the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Lessons Learned

Telemedicine has been shown to be effective for rural populations, but little is reported on pediatric obesity care via telemedicine in urban settings. This study aims to assess feasibility and acceptability of multidisciplinary pediatric obesity care via telemedicine within the same metropolitan area in terms of information technology, coordination, patient care, and clinical outcomes. All project notes and communications were reviewed to extract key lessons from implementation. Patient and Provider Satisfaction Questionnaires were conducted to assess overall satisfaction; baseline and follow-up information were collected from chart reviews to evaluate clinical outcomes. Based on the questionnaires, 93% of responding patients (n = 28) and 88.3% of referring providers (n = 17) felt satisfied with the appointment. Chart review indicated a trend for decreased or stabilized body mass index and blood pressure (n = 32). Implementation of telemedicine for tertiary multidisciplinary pediatric obesity care in urban settings is both feasible and acceptable to patients and health care providers.
Abstract 15497: Role of Hospital Performance on PCI Measures in Explaining Hospital Variation in 30-Day Risk-Standardized Mortality Rates

Introduction: There is much interest in measuring and reporting the quality of care delivered by PCI hospitals. Both process and outcome measures represent potentially important indicators of hospital quality, but the extent to which hospital performance on process metrics correlates with variations in hospital PCI mortality is unknown. We examined the explained variance between hospitals’ performance on PCI process metrics and 30-day risk-standardized mortality rates (RSMR). Methods: We linked the NCDR CathPCI Registry with Medicare claims data for procedures performed from 2010-2011. We assessed hospital performance on PCI-related process measures (aspirin, thienopyridines, and statins on discharge; door-to-balloon time under ninety minutes; referral to cardiac rehabilitation; and a composite of all process metrics), and calculated hospitals’ RSMR using hierarchical linear modeling. Variance analyses were used to calculate the association between hospital performance on process metrics and 30-day RSMRs. Given the heterogeneity in PCI mortality by indication, rates were calculated separately in patients with a) STEMI or cardiogenic shock or b) neither STEMI nor cardiogenic shock. Results: The median 30-day RSMR was 12.1 for STEMI/Shock patients (interquartile range: 10.9-13.4) and 1.7 for No STEMI/No Shock patients (interquartile range: 1.6-2.0). Relatively little variation was seen in the discharge medication process metrics. Hospital performance on process measures only modestly explained the observed variation in 30-day RSMRs (Table). Individual process metrics explained between 0.5% and 2.3% of the variation in 30-day RSMR for STEMI/Shock patients and between 0.1% and 5.8% of the variation in No STEMI/No Shock patients. Conclusion: Hospital-level performance on PCI process measures explains only a small proportion of variations in RSMRs. Our findings suggest that PCI process and outcome measures represent distinct domains of quality.
Oxidized amino acids in lens protein with age. Measurement of o-tyrosine and dityrosine in the aging human lens

Abstract The concentrations of ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr) and dityrosine (DT) were measured in noncataractous human lenses in order to assess the role of protein oxidation reactions in the aging of lens proteins. The measurements were conducted by selected ion monitoring-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using deuterium-labeled internal standards, which provided both high sensitivity and specificity for the quantitation of o-Tyr and DT. Between ages 1 and 78 years, the o-Tyr concentration in lens proteins varied from 0.3 to 0.9 mmol of o-Tyr/mol of Phe (n = 19), while DT ranged from 1 to 3 mumol of DT/mol of Tyr (n = 30). There were no significant changes in levels of o-Tyr with lens age. There was a statistically significant, but only slight, increase in DT in lens proteins with age (approximately 33% increases between ages 1 and 78, r = 0.5, p < 0.01). At the same time, total protein fluorescence, measured at DT wavelengths (Ex = 317 nm, Em = 407 nm), increased 11-fold between ages 1 and 78 and correlated strongly with age (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001). Although the fluorescence maxima of lens proteins were similar to those of DT, DT accounted for less than 1% of the DT-like fluorescence in lens protein at all ages. These observations indicate that oxidation of Phe and Tyr plays a limited role in the normal aging of lens proteins in vivo.
Optimizing the Microbiome and Immune System With Maternal Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation May Prevent Food Allergies in Infants

Breast milk contains a perfect blend of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water. This supports a baby’s nutritional needs exclusively for the first 6 months and beyond when paired with solid ...
Conformational Stabilities of 1,1-Dicyclopropylethene Determined from Variable-Temperature Infrared Spectra of Xenon Solutions and ab Initio Calculations

The infrared (3200−40 cm-1) spectra of gaseous and solid 1,1-dicyclopropylethene, (c-C3H5)2CCH2, along with the Raman (3200−40 cm-1) spectra of liquid and solid phases, have been recorded. The major trans-gauche (CC bond trans to one ring with the other ring rotated about 60° from the CC bond, trivial C1 symmetry) and gauche-gauche (the two three-membered rings rotated oppositely about 60° from the CC bond, C2 symmetry) rotamers have been confidently identified in the fluid phases, but no definitive spectroscopic evidence was found for the gauche-gauche‘ form (the two three-membered rings rotated to the same side about 60° from the CC bond, Cs symmetry), which is calculated to be present in no more than 6% at ambient temperature. Variable-temperature (−55 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out. Utilizing six different combinations of pairs of bands from the C1 and C2 conformers, the average enthalpy difference between these two has been de...
Synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines: Fenbendazole, oxifenbendazole analogs and related derivatives

A series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines has been prepared and evaluated for macrofilaricidal activity against Brugia pahangi or Acanthocheilonema viteae infections in jirds. The imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine analogs of fenbendazole and oxifenbendazole are reported. In addition, several 6-aminoimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives have been prepared. None of these compounds possessed significant activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or filarial infections
Foil thickness measurements from convergent-beam diffraction patterns

Abstract The analysis of convergent-beam electron diffraction patterns for foil thickness is easily carried out in the two-beam approximation to dynamical diffraction theory. The effects of this approximation on the accuracy of foil thickness determinations are considered, as well as the range of thicknesses which can be measured with the technique. Inaccuracies due to multiple-beam effects are minimized by avoiding diffracting conditions involving low-order reflections. For 100 keV electron energy, errors of less than 2% in thickness determination are possible in Al, Cu and Au, if the diffraction vector g is equal to or larger than 200, 220 or 311 respectively. The minimum thickness measurable for these materials diminishes as |g| increases, but is approximately 20 nm for the lower-order reflections. The maximum thickness measurable is limited by absorption, and is estimated for Al, Cu and Au to be approximately 600, 130 and 40 nm respectively.
Using feature construction to avoid large feature spaces in text classification

Feature space design is a critical part of machine learning. This is an especially difficult challenge in the field of text classification, where an arbitrary number of features of varying complexity can be extracted from documents as a preprocessing step. A challenge for researchers has consistently been to balance expressiveness of features with the size of the corresponding feature space, due to issues with data sparsity that arise as feature spaces grow larger. Drawing on past successes utilizing genetic programming in similar problems outside of text classification, we propose and implement a technique for constructing complex features from simpler features, and adding these more complex features into a combined feature space which can then be utilized by more sophisticated machine learning classifiers. Applying this technique to a sentiment analysis problem, we show encouraging improvement in classification accuracy, with a small and constant increase in feature space size. We also show that the features we generate carry far more predictive power than any of the simple features they contain.
Valuing Short-Term Study Abroad in Business

Short-term study abroad courses often claim to provide a unique experience for students, but it is not clear how the value translates into a dollar amount. The paper uses the contingent valuation m...
Fortuitously Superimposed Lattice Plane Secondary Diffraction from Crystalline Colloidal Arrays

Dispersions of monodisperse macroionic spherical particles self assemble into bcc or fcc crystalline colloidal arrays (CCA), which efficiently Bragg diffract light in the near-IR, visible, and UV s...
REDUCTION OF RESPIRATORY WORK DURING HELIUM-OXYGEN BREATHING IN BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA

Pulmonary functions were evaluated in 12 preterm neonates with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) before and during administration of Heliox in order to study the effect of reduced turbulence associated with a low density gas mixture. Mean gestational age and birth weight were 28.5±.60 SEM weeks and 970±80 SEM grams, respectively. The infants were studied at a mean age of 57.3±10 SEM days, weight of 1980±220 SEM grams, and the inspired oxygen concentration ranged from 21-33%. All neonates were spontaneously breathing and symptomatic of BPD characterized by tachypnea, retractions, radiographic alterations and the need for supplemental oxygen. Control (mean ± SEM) pulmonary function data were: frequency (f)=60.5±3.3 bth/M; tidal volume (VT)=8.4±1.Oml/kg; pulmonary resistance (RL)=3.49±.33cmH2O/L/M; minute ventilation (MV)=504.6±68ml/M/kg; resistive work of breathing (WOB)=.102±.02kg/cm/kg; and mechanical power of breathing (POB)=5.39±.65kg cm/kg/M. During Heliox breathing, there was a significant decrease in RL (Δ30%; p<.0025), WOB (Δ53%; p<.025), and POB (Δ40%; p<.0025) while f, VT, MV, and CL remained unchanged. Utilizing this data it was predicted that the oxygen cost of breathing decreased by .26±.05 SEM ml/M/kg resulting in a caloric savings of 1.87±.36 SEM kcal/kg/day while breathing Heliox. These data indicate that in this population, ventilation is maintained while demands on respiratory muscles are decreased during Heliox breathing. Consequently, this modality may reduce respiratory muscle fatigue and caloric requirements for breathing, thus provide additional calories for growth and recovery. (Supported by NIH Grant HL/HD 32031).
Subchronic sensitivity of one-, four-, and seven-day-old fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae to five toxicants

The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larval survival and growth test was used to evaluate the relative sensitivity of 1-, 4-, and 7-d-old larvae to five contaminants, KCl, NaCl, 1-octanol, carbaryl, and benzaldehyde. The no observable effect concentration (NOEC) for survival of the two inorganic compounds, KCl and NaCl, was not affected by age of the larvae. The subchronic valve (SCV) for NaCl was always determined by survival. Hypothesis testing of biomass always gave the same NOEC for the three age groups for each of the two inorganic compounds, and a minimum significant difference (MSD) was always calculable. The effect of 1-octanol on growth was more sensitive than the effect on survival in eight of the nine toxicity tests. Within a set of 1-, 4-, and 7-d-old larvae tests the SCV varied only twofold; however, between sets of tests the variation was fourfold. The SCV of carbaryl was determined by the effect on growth in five of six tests. Except for one test the SCV varied only twofold. The 1-d larvae were more sensitive to benzaldehyde than 1- and 7-d larvae in two sets of tests. The SCV was determined on the basis of survival for 1-d-old larvae and on themore » basis of growth for 4- and 7-d-old larvae.« less
Navier-Stokes simulations of slender axisymmetric shapes in supersonic, turbulent flow

Computational fluid dynamics is used to study flows about slender, axisymmetric bodies at very high speeds. Numerical experiments are conducted to simulate a broad range of flight conditions. Mach number is varied from 1.5 to 8 and Reynolds number is varied from 1 X 106/m to 2 X 108/m. The primary objective is to develop and validate a computational methodology for the accurate simulation of a wide variety of flow structures. Accurate results are obtained for detached bow shocks, recompression shocks, corner-point expansions, base-flow recirculations, and turbulent boundary layers. Accuracy is assessed through comparison with theory and experimental data; computed surface pressure, shock structure, base-flow structure, and velocity profiles are within measurement accuracy throughout the range of conditions tested. The methodology is both practical and general: general in its applicability, and practical in its performance. To achieve high accuracy, modifications to previously reported techniques are implemented in the scheme. These modifications improve computed results in the vicinity of symmetry lines and in the base flow region, including the turbulent wake.
The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation.

It is extremely difficult to perform a quantitative analysis of the chemistry1,2 associated with multibubble cavitation: unknown parameters include the number of active bubbles, the acoustic pressure acting on each bubble and the bubble size distribution. Single-bubble sonoluminescence3,4,5,6,7 (characterized by the emission of picosecond flashes of light) results from nonlinear pulsations of an isolated vapour-gas bubble in an acoustic field. Although the latter offers a much simpler environment in which to study the chemical activity of cavitation, quantitative measurements have been hindered by the tiny amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10-13 mol). Here we demonstrate the existence of chemical reactions within a single cavitating bubble, and quantify the sources of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. We measure the yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals and photons. The energy efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation, but the energy efficiency of light emission is much higher. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. We note that the temperatures attained in single-bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapour pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomic species inside the collapsing bubble.
Amplitude mode of the d -density-wave state and its relevance to high- T c cuprates

We calculate the spectrum of the amplitude mode, the analog of the Higgs mode in high-energy physics, for the $d$-density wave state proposed to describe the pseudogap phase of the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates. Even though the state breaks translational symmetry by a lattice spacing and is described by a particle-hole singlet order parameter at the wave vector $q=Q=(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$, remarkably, we find that the amplitude mode spectrum can have peaks at both $q=(0,0)$ and $q=Q=(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$; we shall set lattice spacing to unity. In general, the spectrum is nonuniversal and, depending on the microscopic parameters, can have one or two peaks in the Brillouin zone, signifying the existence of two kinds of magnetic excitations. Our theory sheds important light on how multiple inelastic neutron peaks at different wave vectors can, in principle, arise even with an order parameter that condenses at $Q=(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$.
Acute Ischemic Stroke in Young Immunocompromised Patient With Hypolipidemia

Although majority of strokes occur at age over 65, nearly one-fourth of strokes occur in people under age of 65. In 30% of these patients, the cause of stroke remains undetermined and therefore there is a need for discovering rare risk factors like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of stroke in young adults lacks the traditional risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, but HIV-infected patients can manifest with stroke at younger age. Pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in HIV infection is unclear but is postulated to be caused by several possible mechanisms, including opportunistic infection, vasculopathy, cardioembolism, coagulopathy and combination antiretroviral therapies, and so on. Secondary hypolipidemia is common in the setting of chronic infection like HIV and anemia. Low serum cholesterol is a known cause for intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypolipidemia causing ischemic stroke is unknown. We report a unique case of ischemic stroke in young severely immunocompromised patient in the setting of hypolipidemia. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1513w
Binging and purging: agrofood capitalism and the body as socioecological fix

Theorizations of the spatial fix classically look to geographical expansion as the fix for capitalism's perennial crises of overaccumulation. Recent scholarship, evident in this theme issue, extends this thinking to the socioecological, recognizing that many ‘fixes’ these days involve appropriating or reconfiguring nature anew. This paper extends this yet further, by considering the body as a site of socioecological fixes. In recognition of Harvey's original notion of the spatial fix being always in relation to limits, this theorization puts a finer point on scholarship on the body as an accumulation strategy which has not always acknowledged the dialectical elements of this strategy. The body as a site of both limits and fixes is traced through the case of food marketing and processing strategies designed to overcome the obstacle to capitalist accumulation enshrined in Engel's law. These have in part contributed to the so-called obesity epidemic; and they are also involved in the commodified cures design...
Hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of breast cancer.

: Established risk factors for breast cancer predominantly act through hormonal pathways. The major exceptions are (1) family history, which accounts for approximately 6 percent of the cases of breast cancer in the United States1,2; (2) radiation, particularly in adolescence, which accounts for a small fraction of all cases of breast cancer,3,4 and (3) personal history of benign breast disease, which may include precursor lesions in the pathway to breast cancer.5 Age at menarche, parity, and age at first birth, as well as age at menopause are related to risk of breast cancer.6 In addition, among postmenopausal women, relative weight and use of postmenopausal hormones increase risk of breast cancer.7 This paper reviews the evidence that these factors may act through hormonal pathways or cell division in response to cyclic hormonal levels.
Risks and benefits of weaning immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients: Long-term follow-up

THE MORBIDITY arising from the chronic use of .1. anti-rejection medications is an incentive to establish the lowest posSIble level of immunosuppression necessary to maintain stable graft function. The finding that freedom from immunosuppression was sporadically possible in longsurviving recipients of liver allografts and the concurrent evidence that chimerism was uniformly demonstrable in such tolerant patients! have led to a prospective trial of complete drug weaning. In our initial experience, it was shown that significant reductions in medication or their discontinuance could be safely accomplished in liver,: and even in a handful of living-related kidney recipients who have been drug free for as long as 30 years.3 However, the danger of consequent allograft rejection has not been completely assessed and guidelines for judicious weaning need to be clarified. We present here further follow-up on our previously reported weaning trial in liver allograft recipients2 and results from additiona.l patients subsequently entered.
Noise power spectra of flame atomic absorption spectrometric measurements

Abstract Experimental noise power spectra in the frequency range 0 to 5 Hz are reported for 100% T, analyte, and 0% T signals in atomic absorption spectrometry. These spectra are calibrated such that the r.m.s. noise observed in normal measurements can be predicted for a given integration time. A 1/⨍ noise component is observed in lamp flicker noise, flame transmission flicker noise, and analyte absorption flicker noise.
The exclusive economic zone

Abstract The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) derives from the 1945 Truman proclamation on the continental shelf, though it has earlier antecedents. The new placement of about one-third of the sea under national jurisdiction has enormous implications. The benefits of the new maritime zone, for example, will not be shared equally by all coastal states, and the land-locked states lose completely resources to which they once had free access. The rights of the coastal state within its EEZ are considerable, and its obligations much fewer. The EEZ provisions in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) represent a balancing of interests, as does the system of dispute settlement specified in the Convention. The United States has not signed the Treaty on the grounds, among others, that the common heritage principle, which calls for sharing the resources under the high seas, goes against the fundamental principles of free enterprise, and that US corporations would have to give up potential profits without gaining any advantage in return. Such criticism is unsound for a number of reasons. The US claims that all of the Treaty's provisions, except for those on seabed mining, are already customary international law, but even if this were true in principle, the particular detailed provisions are probably binding only by agreement. The US cannot claim rights under the Treaty if it refuses to become a party to it, including the EEZ.
Physical activity self-monitoring and weight loss: 6-month results of the SMART trial

Introduction: Weight loss has been associated with higher physical activity (PA) levels and frequent dietary self-monitoring. Less is known about how PA self-monitoring affects adherence to PA goals, PA levels, and weight change. Methods: The SMART Trial is a clinical weight loss trial in which 210 overweight adults were randomized equally to one of three arms: 1) paper record (PR), 2) personal digital assistant with self-monitoring software (PDA), and 3) PDA with daily tailored feedback message (PDA + FB). PA self-monitoring and adherence to PA goals were based on entries in weekly submitted diaries. PA levels were measured via self-report by the past 6-month Modifiable Activity Questionnaire at baseline and 6 months. Results: Data are presented on 189 participants with complete 6-month PA data (84% female, 77% white, mean age = 47.3 ± 8.8 yr, mean body mass index = 34.1 ± 4.5 kg·m-2). Median PA level was 7.96 MET·h·wk-1 at baseline and 13.4 MET·h·wk-1 at 6 months, with significant PA increases in all three arms. PDA + FB arm had a higher mean number of weekly self-monitoring entries than the PR arm (3.4 vs 2.4, P = 0.003) and were more likely to maintain high (i.e., 100%) adherence to PA goals over time than the PDA (P = 0.02) or PR arms (P = 0.0003). Both PA self-monitoring and adherence to PA goals were related to higher PA levels at 6 months. A higher mean rate of PA self-monitoring was associated with a greater percentage of weight decrease (? = -0.49, P < 0.0001) at 6 months. Conclusions: PA self-monitoring and adherence to PA goals were more likely in participants in the PDA + FB arm and in turn predicted higher PA levels and weight loss.
Adaptive click-and-cross: adapting to both abilities and task improves performance of users with impaired dexterity

Computer users with impaired dexterity often have difficulty accessing small, densely packed user interface elements. Past research in software-based solutions has mainly employed two approaches: modifying the interface and modifying the interaction with the cursor. Each approach, however, has limitations. Modifying the user interface by enlarging interactive elements makes access efficient for simple interfaces but increases the cost of navigation for complex ones by displacing items to screens that require tabs or scrolling to reach. Modifying the interaction with the cursor makes access possible to unmodified interfaces but may perform poorly on densely packed targets or require the user to perform multiple steps. We developed a new approach that combines the strengths of the existing approaches while minimizing their shortcomings, introducing only minimal distortion to the original interface while making access to frequently used parts of the user interface efficient and access to all other parts possible. We instantiated this concept as Adaptive Click-and-Cross, a novel interaction technique. Our user study demonstrates that, for sufficiently complex interfaces, Adaptive Click-and-Cross slightly improves the performance of users with impaired dexterity compared to only modifying the interface or only modifying the cursor.
Insurance coverage, usual source of care, and receipt of clinically indicated care for comorbid conditions among adults living with human immunodeficiency virus.

Background and objectives Associations of insurance coverage and source of care with use of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related health, mental health, and substance abuse services are examined in a large, diverse, highly active antiretroviral therapy-era cohort. Methods Adults who were infected with HIV (n = 3818) were interviewed in clinics and community agencies in Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New York, and San Francisco regarding drug use behaviors, health status, and health care utilization. Results Most participants were insured by Medicaid. During the previous 3 months, 90% of privately insured, 87% of publicly insured, and 78% of uninsured participants had visited any provider. Publicly and privately insured participants were similar in receipt of antiretrovirals, prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, substance abuse services, and antidepressants. Uninsured participants were less likely to receive antiretrovirals but were more likely to use substance abuse services. Participants with no usual source of care were less likely to receive PCP prophylaxis. Conclusions A lack of insurance is associated with barriers to care, but the advantage of private over public coverage appears smaller than in previous studies. PCP prophylaxis, substance abuse treatment, and antidepressants remain markedly underutilized. Educational initiatives about these treatments targeting providers and patients are indicated.
The constancy of the internal environment: proteins in plasma

The simple fact that there are normal concentrations of various proteins and peptides in blood has broad and surprising implications for how these molecules are released into and removed from the bloodstream by the cells of the body. If, as widely accepted, vesicle transport mechanisms such as exocytosis and endocytosis account for these events, then complex, presently unknown and seemingly unlikely mechanisms must exist to coordinate the rates of separate transport processes. The basis for this conclusion as well as the sole alternative method of transport, movement across permeable membranes, are discussed.—Rothman, S. The constancy of the internal environment: proteins in plasma.
The Extent of Mathematical Creativity and Aesthetics in Solving Problems among Students Attending the Mathematically Talented Youth Program

This study investigates the extent of mathematical creativity among 57 eight-grade talented students in the Mathematically Talented Youth Program. We examine the reasoning these students applied in solving a problem; the degree of mathematical creativity and aesthetic in their approach in solving a non-routine mathematical problem; and explore whether the students’ mathematical thinking is dependent solely upon previous mathematical knowledge and skills. We found that majority of the students relied on technical algorithm to solve the problem. Although talented students coped well with the thinking challenge, most of them operated at the basic level of creativity. One implication drawn from this study is the need to broaden and develop mathematical-logical thinking both as specific lessons and also as an integral part of other lessons in the program.