cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyneuropathy relates to impairment in daily activities, worse gait, and fall-related injuries

Objective: To extensively investigate the association of chronic polyneuropathy with basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL), falls, and gait. Methods: A total of 1,445 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age 71 years, 54% women) underwent a polyneuropathy screening involving a symptom questionnaire, neurologic examination, and nerve conduction studies. Screening yielded 4 groups: no, possible, probable, and definite polyneuropathy. Participants were interviewed about BADL (Stanford Health Assessment questionnaire), IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale), and frequency of falling in the previous year. In a random subset of 977 participants, gait was assessed with an electronic walkway. Associations of polyneuropathy with BADL and IADL were analyzed continuously with linear regression and dichotomously with logistic regression. History of falling was evaluated with logistic regression, and gait changes were evaluated with linear regression. Results: Participants with definite polyneuropathy had more difficulty in performing BADL and IADL than participants without polyneuropathy. Polyneuropathy related to worse scores of all BADL components (especially walking) and 3 IADL components (housekeeping, traveling, and shopping). Participants with definite polyneuropathy were more likely to fall, and these falls more often resulted in injury. Participants with polyneuropathy had worse gait parameters on the walkway, including lower walking speed and cadence, and more errors in tandem walking. Conclusions: Chronic polyneuropathy strongly associates with impairment in the ability to perform daily activities and relates to worse gait and an increased history of falling.
Privacy protection in Nigerian E-Government systems

The paper examines and evaluates specific features of the collection and transmission of personal information on some e-Government websites in Nigeria. It presents the adoption of a special publication on security and privacy requirement controls intended for the protection of information on e-Government web services. Among the websites assessed, only one transmitted the citizens Personal Identifiable Information (PII) data through a secured communication channel. The findings indicated that Nigerian e-Government policymakers/authorities would benefit from best practices on how they protect the collection, use, disclosure, retention, and disposal of recorded individual's personal information in their information systems. The scope of this paper was limited to only the Nigerian e-Government but could be used in other developing nations.
PTSD, Anger, and Trauma-Informed Intimate Partner Violence Prevention

Despite a large and growing literature showing high rates of prior trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among those who engage in intimate partner violence (IPV), there has been a lack of trauma-informed interventions developed for this population. This review discusses the latest background research and clinical developments in the area of trauma-informed IPV intervention. We discuss how recent evidence points to the relevance of trauma-related social information processing biases and anger in the etiology of IPV perpetration, and a promising intervention that targets social information processing deficits in preventing and ending IPV. Future areas of research are needed to better explicate the mechanisms responsible for the success of these interventions, as well as replication of research findings across trauma-exposed populations and trauma types.
Technical Aspects of Delivering Simultaneous Dual and Triple Ion Beams to a Target at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory

Abstract The Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory (MIBL) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, plays a significant role in supporting the mission of the U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy. MIBL is a charter laboratory of the NSUF (National Scientific User Facility – US DoE) and hosts users worldwide. The laboratory has evolved from a single accelerator laboratory to a highly versatile facility with three accelerators (3 MV Tandem, a 400 kV Ion Implanter and a 1.7 MV Tandem), seven beam lines and five target chambers that together, provide unique capabilities to capture the extreme environment experienced by materials in reactor systems. This capability now includes simultaneous multiple (dual, triple) ion irradiations, an irradiation accelerated corrosion cell, and soon, in-situ dual beam irradiation in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the study of radiation damage coupled with injection of transmutation elements. The two beam lines that will connect to the 300 kV FEI Tecnai G2 F30 microscope are expected to be operational by the end of 2017. Multiple simultaneous ion beam experiments involving light and heavy ions are already in progress. This paper will outline the current equipment and will focus on the new capability of running dual and triple ion beam experiments.
Burnout in ER nurses: Review of the literature and interview themes

Burnout is especially disruptive among emergency room (ER) nurses. This report covers the influencing factors and outcomes related to burnout in ER nursing populations, with the goal of providing helpful information to a professional audience. The present article includes a literature review on burnout as it occurs in the ER. Interviews from a small sample of ER nurses (n = 5) are analyzed through a combination of deductive thematic analysis and computerized text analysis. Research from various related fields have been pooled together and briefly described. Experiences, comments, and recommendations concerning burnout collected from interviews seem to align with findings from empirical research, and recommendations given by interview nurses closely resemble the recommendations given by researchers. Sentiment analysis revealed a pattern of positive word use when the nurses discussed resources, and a pattern of negative word use when workload was discussed. A better understanding of burnout, both anecdotal and empirical, is valuable information for any professional who works in the ER. Many options exist for reducing or mitigating burnout, including interventions at the individual, team, and organizational levels. More involvement of ER nurses in burnout reduction strategies should be made a priority.
Sexual Migration and HIV Risk in a Sample of Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican Immigrant MSM Living in New York City

We examined motivations for migration to the United States (US) among 482 Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants’ most common reason for migration was to improve their financial situation (49%), followed by sexual migration in order to affirm their sexual orientation (40%). Fewer endorsed sexual migration motivated by avoiding persecution due to being gay (13%). We conducted further analyses among 276 participants who migrated after age 15 and were HIV-negative at the time of migration. We hypothesized that sexual migration would be associated with greater likelihood of HIV acquisition post-migration. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis indicated that sexual migration motivated by avoiding persecution due to being gay was associated with increased odds of contracting HIV after arrival in the US whereas sexual migration to lead a gay life was not. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing the negative impact of anti-gay discrimination in countries of origin.
Viscoelastic effects in nanometer‐scale contacts under shear

We demonstrate the effects of shear modulation on the viscoelastic response of nanometer‐scale single‐asperity contacts under static and dynamic loading conditions. Contact stiffness and relaxation time are determined for contacts to poly(vinylethylene) using a scanning force microscope (SFM). Knowledge of the torsional stiffness κΘ of the SFM cantilever is not required to determine the relaxation time. The relaxation time was several orders of magnitude slower than the bulk relaxation time but decreased slowly to the bulk value as the sample age increased. Contacts showed no evidence of microslip. We show that the shear response observed during the making and breaking of the contacts provides information about the time evolution of the contact area that is not available in force vs. distance curve measurements.
Development and Standardization of SCAN-A : Test of Auditory Processing Disorders in Adolescents and Adults

This paper reports on the development and standardization of SCAN-A: Test of Auditory Processing Disorders in Adolescents and Adults. The standardization version of SCAN-A included six subtests; two filtered words (FW) subtests, two auditory figure-ground (AFG) subtests, a competing words (CW) subtest, and a competing sentences (CS) subtest. Studies included development of normative results on subjects at different ages, determination of subtests to retain in the final version, investigation of test-retest reliability, and a concurrent validity study comparing the results of SCAN-A to SCAN scores obtained on the same subjects. The final version of SCAN-A contains four subtests that take 20 minutes to administer. Raw scores can be converted to standard scores and percentile ranks. Cut-off scores are suggested for normal, questionable, and abnormal performance.
Targeting Survival Pathways in Lymphoma

Targeting cellular death pathways including apoptosis is a promising strategy for cancer drug discovery. To date at least three major types of cell death have been distinguished, including: apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Increasing evidence has begun to support a role of Bcl-2-family members in the cellular pathways involved in each of these processes. The induction of apoptosis in different types of tissue and in response to various stressors is a complex process that is controlled by different BCL-2 family members. Pharmacologic modulation of BCL-2 proteins and apoptosis can be achieved through different ways including the use of: (1) Modified peptides; (2) Small molecule inhibitors of anti-apoptotic proteins; (3) Antisense strategies; and (4) TRAIL targeting. Non-peptide based small-molecule inhibitors of signaling pathways are at present the strategy of choice given their low antigenicity and generally more favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, especially as they pertain to volume of distribution and intracellular accumulation. Bcl2-family inhibitors are showing impressive preclinical efficacy in animal models and are moving rapidly towards phase I and II clinical trials. Appropriate preclinical studies will need to identify the optimal strategies for combining these agents, with an emphasis on the importance of dose and schedule dependency.
A Davidsonian Reconciliation of Internalism, Objectivity, and the Belief-desire Theory

This paper argues that Donald Davidson's account ofassertions of evaluative judgments contains ahere-to-fore unappreciated strategy forreconciling the meta-ethical ``inconsistenttriad.'' The inconsistency is thought to resultbecause within the framework of thebelief-desire theory assertions of moraljudgments must have conceptual connections withboth desires and beliefs. The connection withdesires is necessary to account for theinternal connection between such judgments andmotivation to act, while the connection withbeliefs is necessary to account for theapparent objectivity of such judgments.Arguments abound that no class of utterancescan coherently be understood as having suchconceptual connections to attitudes of bothsorts, hence that an inconsistency results. Buton Davidson's account assertions of evaluativejudgments have just such connections to boththe relevant desire and a belief concerning anevaluative matter of fact. I argue that thisaccount has the resources to respond tostandard objections, and at least meritsconsideration as one among other plausiblealternatives.
Progress to publication of survey research presented at anesthesiology society meetings.

BACKGROUND Understanding how survey methodology and quality measures are associated with progress from abstract presentation to manuscript publication can help optimize the design of survey research in anesthesiology, and enhance respondents' confidence in the value of survey participation. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine if adherence to survey method recommendations and attainment of high response rates are associated with faster progress to publication among abstracts initially presented at anesthesiology society meetings. METHODS Abstracts from the American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) Annual Meeting, Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) Annual Congress, and the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS) Annual Meeting from 2011-2014 were reviewed. Abstracts reporting original survey data collection were included in a systematic search for resulting publications in peer-reviewed academic journals. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze progress to publication. RESULT Ninety-nine ASA, 76 AAGBI, and 30 IARS abstracts met inclusion criteria. Among these abstracts, 43 (43%) from ASA, none from AAGBI, and 7 (23%) from IARS have been published as original research articles or brief reports. Surveying patients or caregivers, as opposed to medical professionals, was associated with increased likelihood of publication (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6, 12.4, P = 0.005) as was a larger sample size (eg, >500 vs <100; HR = 12.9, 95% CI: 3.8, 43.6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS While abstract presentation facilitates rapid dissemination of survey research findings, the impact and utility of such studies may be limited until a full manuscript is published. In our review, 25% of abstracts presenting survey data at major anesthesiology meetings were eventually published. Larger sample sizes and a target population of patients or caregivers increased the likelihood of survey research being published in full form.
Credit-Bearing Information Literacy Courses in Academic Libraries: Comparing Peers

This article identifies variations that are within the credit-bearing information literacy (IL) programs of a group of similar libraries: Idaho State University’s peer institutions that have been formally designated by the Idaho State Board of Education. This group of institutions shares two common characteristics, i.e., they are public and are doctoral granting schools, and vary in many others, according to Carnegie classification system data. Motivated by a desire to evaluate the current status of their own instruction program within the context of the university’s official peer institutions, the authors gathered reported data from their peers and coupled this data with information from personal interviews with the coordinators of instruction at peer institutions. This method of collecting the data provided context for the interview questions that would follow and revealed nuanced qualitative ideas and issues such as best practices within this cohort. The process of scoping the study, identifying comparisons with peers and analysis of results will be useful to other libraries making decisions about the impact and directions of their instruction programs.
Chemical and Structural Effects on the Rate of Xylan Hydrolysis during Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Poplar Wood

Economic biofuel production requires high sugar yields during biomass pretreatment, however, the chemical and structural features of biomass can be obstructive toward efficient xylose hydrolysis. Here, we tested the hindrance imposed by the multiscale structure of biomass on the hydrolysis of xylan during dilute acid pretreatment by studying the effects of both the chemical nature of xylan and physical structure of biomass. Dilute acid pretreatment of poplar wood at particle sizes ranging from 10 μm to 10 mm was conducted, however, no significant differences in the rates of xylan hydrolysis were observed over more than 2 orders of magnitude in particle size. A significant reduction in the rate of xylan hydrolysis was observed when compared to the intrinsic rate of hydrolysis for isolated xylan. Thus, it appears likely that the chemical structure of xylan and/or the interaction of xylan with other polymers in the cell wall matrix have greater effects on xylan hydrolysis rates than mass transfer limitations.
How Guiding Questions Facilitate Feedback Exchange in Project-Based Learning

Peer feedback is essential for learning in project-based disciplines. However, students often need guidance when acting as either a feedback provider or a feedback receiver, both to gain from peer feedback and to criticize their peers' work. This paper explores how to more effectively scaffold this exchange such that peers more deeply engage in the feedback process. Within a game design course, we introduced different processes for feedback receivers to write questions to guide peer feedback. Feedback receivers wrote four main types of guiding questions: improve, share, brainstorm, critique. We found that "improve'' questions tended to lead to better feedback (more specific, critical, and actionable) than other question types, but feedback receivers wrote improve questions least often. We offer insights on how best to scaffold the question-writing process to facilitate peer feedback exchange.
The Parasitic Wasp, Cotesia congregata (Say), Consists of Two Incipient Species Isolated by Asymmetric Reproductive Incompatibility and Hybrid Inability to Overcome Host Defenses

Parasitic wasps are highly diverse and play a major role in suppression of herbivorous insect pest populations. Several previously identified species of parasitic wasps have been found to be complexes of cryptic species resulting from adaptations to specific hosts or host foodplants. Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which has long served as a model system for host-parasitoid interactions, can be used for investigating the process of diversification among sympatric populations that differ in host and host foodplant usage. Two incipient species of C. congregata have been identified in the USA mid-Atlantic region, “MsT wasps” originate from Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on tobacco and “CcC wasps” originate from Ceratomia catalpae (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on catalpa. Both wasp sources can develop in either host species. Hybrids resulting from MsT♂xCcC♀ crosses are fertile, whereas hybrids from CcC♂xMsT♀ crosses are typically sterile. In this study, we compared relative expression in vivo of seven C. congregata bracovirus (CcBV) genes among MsT and CcC parental and hybrid crosses. Also, we established hybrid crosses between MsT and CcC wasps and four additional host foodplant sources of C. congregata. Patterns of relative expression in vivo of MsT and CcC CcBV genes differed; a few were not expressed in hosts parasitized by CcC wasps. Overall, relative expression of CcBV genes from MsT and CcC wasps did not differ with respect to the host species parasitized. Low or absent expression of CcBV genes was found in hosts parasitized by sterile hybrids. For the most part, the other four host-foodplant wasp sources were reproductively compatible with either MsT or CcC wasps and hybrid crosses with the alternative wasp source were asymmetrically sterile. Crosses involving CcC males or MsT females produced sterile hybrids that lacked mature ovaries. Cumulatively, results indicate that C. congregata is composed of two sympatric incipient species that can utilize multiple host species rather than several host-associated races or cryptic species.
The effects of stress relieving heat treatment on the microstructure and residual stress of Inconel 718 fabricated by laser metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process

Abstract In this study, the microstructure and residual stress of the Inconel 718 parts, which were fabricated by laser metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process, in as-fabricated and stress-relieved conditions were investigated by metallographic analysis and microhardness test. Fine equiaxed and columnar cellular dendrites were revealed in the Transverse plane, Frontal plane, and Sagittal plane, respectively. Laves phases were found in the interdendritic regions and interlayers. After the stress relief heat treatment, the Laves phases has partly solved into the γ matrix and the microstructure became relatively homogeneous, which leads to the significant increase (∼19 %) in the microhardness. Residual stress was unevenly distributed in the parts, and no notable difference was found between the Frontal plane and Sagittal plane. The maximum absolute compressive residual stress dropped from 378.4 MPa to 321 MPa after stress relief due to the homogenization of the microstructure.
Human against Machine? Machine Learning Identifies MicroRNA Ratios as Biomarkers for Melanoma.

Identification of quantitative molecular biomarkers to distinguish melanoma from nevi is highly desirable. Expressions of microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising candidates but lack consensus in many studies. Torres et al. (2020) utilized a machine learning pipeline to identify miRNA ratios as strong biomarkers. Results indicate that machine learning, although powerful, requires human input to identify high quality biomarker signatures.
Common risk variants in NPHS1 and TNFSF15 are associated with childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

To understand the genetics of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), we conducted a genome-wide association study in 987 childhood SSNS patients and 3,206 healthy controls with Japanese ancestry. Beyond known associations in the HLA-DR/DQ region, common variants in NPHS1-KIRREL2 (rs56117924, P=4.94E-20, odds ratio (OR) =1.90) and TNFSF15 (rs6478109, P=2.54E-8, OR=0.72) regions achieved genome-wide significance and were replicated in Korean, South Asian and African populations. Trans-ethnic meta-analyses including Japanese, Korean, South Asian, African, European, Hispanic and Maghrebian populations confirmed the significant associations of variants in NPHS1-KIRREL2 (Pmeta=6.71E-28, OR=1.88) and TNFSF15 (Pmeta=5.40E-11, OR=1.33) loci. Analysis of the NPHS1 risk alleles with glomerular NPHS1 mRNA expression from the same person revealed allele specific expression with significantly lower expression of the transcript derived from the risk haplotype (Wilcox test p=9.3E-4). Because rare pathogenic variants in NPHS1 cause congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNSF), the present study provides further evidence that variation along the allele frequency spectrum in the same gene can cause or contribute to both a rare monogenic disease (CNSF) and a more complex, polygenic disease (SSNS).
Fighting zoom fatigue: Keeping the zoombies at bay

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused much disruption in early 2020 to educational processes around the world Traditional classroom experiences transitioned to emergency remote ones, and, with little guidance or preparation, time many educators simply moved their lessons to an online video format using video conferencing systems The methods that effective online teaching requires differ from the methods that traditional lecture formats require, and, as such, students often found themselves fighting online video meeting fatigue To combat online meeting fatigue, we tested and employed several strategies that we discuss in this paper We found activity switching, online small groups, and asynchronous lectures particularly effective techniques © 2021 by the Association for Information Systems
PREVALÊNCIA DE Escherichia coli SHIGA-TOXIGÊNICA EM CORTES DE CARNES E MIÚDOS DE SUÍNOS ABATIDOS NO OESTE DE SANTA CATARINA

Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigenica (STEC) e um patogeno emergente importante nasaude publica e as cepas potencialmente zoonoticas apresentarem os genes stx eeae . O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presenca destes genes em cortes emiudos suinos. Para isto, 740 amostras foram submetidas a PCR em tempo real, asamostras positivas foram cultivadas e os isolados foram submetidas novamente aPCR em tempo real para deteccao dos genes. Destas, 140 amostras forampositivas, as quais em 71 foi possivel isolar cepas de E. coli , Das cepas isoladas,apenas sete apresentaram algum gene de virulencia.
Improved Anisotropic Linear Source Formulation for Multiphysics Problems

This work seeks to extend an existing formulation of the method of characteristics with linear source approximation for problems with dynamic cross sections. The previous formulation eliminated cross section dependence of precomputed coefficients for systems with an isotropic source. The method is extended to include a formulation for spatially flat anisotropic scattering that eliminates cross section dependence of precomputed coefficients without adding additional operations; increasing efficiency in multiphysics simulations where cross sections can be subject to change.The new formulation is implemented in the MPACT code and tested on two problems: 3D transport assembly calculations using MPACT’s 2D/1D method and a 3D assembly with T/H feedback using MPACT’s 2D/1D method coupled with COBRA-TF. This work demonstrates that the new linear source formulation allows for the number of mesh elements to be significantly reduced while maintaining accuracy, leading to shorter run-times for 3D cases with fixed cross sections, and substantial reduction of memory usage for 3D cases with fixed cross sections. The multiphysics calculations show similar runtimes for the same accuracy with significant reduction of memory. For similar accuracy, the method proved effective in reducingmemory usage by, on average, 30% for 3D problems and 21% for multiphysics problems.
Policy Units and Categories: Networking Models for Simplifying Security Policy Management

This paper proposes new models for simplifying policy management in enterprise networks. The application of these models to five operational networks has demonstrated their capacity for abstractly modeling network policy structures and their potential for simplifying network management tasks, which would result in reduced opportunity for human error in network management. This is useful because human error is currently a significant cause of data breaches in enterprise networks, so a reduction in human errors would be greatly beneficial to network security. Specifically, we have created two new models for abstracting policies. The policy unit model divides a network into sections, called policy units, by grouping hosts together according to similarities in the existing policy rules that are applied them. This model allows policies to be viewed and analyzed at a higher level of abstraction, which would increase the efficiency of policy management (e.g., rule changes can be applied to an entire policy unit at once). The category model groups policy units together, giving the potential for even greater efficiency. Analysis of the application of these models to five enterprise networks exposed new insight in policy management in production networks, and showed that policy management in large networks could be greatly simplified through the use of these models. This indicates the potential benefit of integrating our models in future network management systems.
Robin sequence without cleft palate: Genetic diagnoses and management implications.

Robin sequence (RS), the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction, is a major cause of respiratory distress and feeding difficulties in neonates. Robin sequence can be associated with other medical or developmental comorbidities in ~50% of cases ("syndromic" RS). As well, RS is variably associated with cleft palate (CP). Previous studies have not investigated differences in clinical characteristics of children with RS based on presence or absence of CP. We retrospectively reviewed 175 children with RS and compared genetic diagnoses, medical and developmental comorbidities, severity of airway obstruction, and feeding outcomes between those with and without CP. Strikingly, 45 of 45 (100%) children with RS without CP were classified as syndromic due to presence of comorbidities unrelated to RS, while 83 of 130 (64%) children with RS with CP were classified as syndromic. Among 128 children with syndromic RS, there were no differences in severity of airway obstruction, surgical intervention rate or type, or feeding outcome at 12 months based on CP status. Our findings support the conclusion that the pathogenesis of RS without CP is distinct from RS with CP and more likely to cause additional medical or developmental problems. Alternatively, children with RS without CP and without additional anomalies present may be under recognized.
Drones and Civilians: Emerging Evidence of the Terrorizing Effects of the U.S. Drone Programs

The Biden Administration, in one of its first consequential foreign policy decisions, announced that it would undertake a comprehensive review of the United States drone program. Officials promised that this review would consider all available evidence. In this Article, show that the U.S. drone program violates international law because of the ways it terrorizes civilian populations. U.S. officials from both parties have argued that drones are an effective part of the U.S. counterterrorism strategy. But effectiveness is not the legal standard. The law requires that the program not unduly harm civilians. For as long as the U.S. has been using drones, communities in targeted countries have contended that the U.S. kills innocent civilians. The U.S. has typically minimized these claims, even as it has acknowledged some of the deaths. Until recently, this was the state of the argument: the U.S. argued that the drone program was effective, with minimal effects on civilians, and others argued that it caused undue harm to innocent civilians. Neither side found the evidence cited by the other side credible or gave much credence to the other side’s arguments. There is now a growing body of empirical evidence that shows how the U.S. drone program terrorizes civilians in ways that violate the law. Drawing on research from several disciplines, I show the ways the drone program affects the targeted population, civilian and militants alike. The evidence shows that even if drone strikes kill terrorist leaders—strikes the U.S. would consider successful—militants shift their attacks from military targets to civilians. The evidence also shows that the main reason militant violence goes down is not the strikes themselves but the monitoring and surveillance apparatus associated with the drone program. Areas in which the U.S. maintains an active drone strike program are typically under persistent surveillance and monitoring. Communications are monitored, movements are tracked by surveillance drones, and intelligence-gathering operations are ongoing. Civilians are terrorized by these practices. Taken together, this evidence shows that U.S. operations violate international law because they are indiscriminate: they affects civilians and militants alike, with little effort made to reduce civilian harms.
EM-ANN models for via interconnects in microstrip circuits

A novel approach for accurate and efficient modeling of MMIC components by using electromagnetically-trained Artificial Neural Network (EM-ANN) software modules is presented. The approach has been verified by developing models for microstrip via and stripline-to-stripline interconnects in multilayer circuits. Implementation of the approach is demonstrated by integrating the EM-ANN models in commercial microwave circuit simulator.
2.13 Highlights in the Development of Electron Microscopy in the United States: A Bibliography and Commentary of Published Accounts and EMSA Records

Publisher Summary The history of the invention and development of the electron microscope and the growth of the broader field of electron microscopy now spans a period of more than 60 years. Consequently, the scope of the history of electron microscopy (EM) on the international level is enormous and even for the United States alone, and a late starter in the field, it is impossible to present more than the highlights in a brief account. It is not known how and when news of the achievements of Knoll and Ruska reached North America and the United States. However, news of major scientific advances did get around the world quite quickly even before today's nearly nonstop schedule of conferences and, of course, the Internet. The pioneering work of Knoll and Ruska and the growing desire to see smaller things first attracted interest and then stimulated activity in other laboratories and in other countries including the United States.
Menstruation and fertility in anorexia nervosa

Abstract Follow-up information with regard to menstruation and fertility was obtained for 58 patients with anorexia nervosa who were examined during the years 1955 to 1959. All patients had an established menstrual pattern prior to the onset of disease, but most became amenorrheic concurrent with the anorexia nervosa. Most reported improvement in their condition (that is, weight gain); all but three of the improved patients experienced menstrual return, and of those who attempted pregnancy, only one failed. In the group reporting no improvement, none experienced menstrual return, and none conceived. Two factors are of prognostic significance for recovery from anorexia nervosa, and hence for return of menstruation and fertility: weight loss of less than 30 per cent and the onset of anorexia nervosa prior to the age of 23 years; both factors were associated with a good prognosis.
Deniable degradation : The finger-imaging of welfare recipients

Using finger-imaging of welfare recipients as an example, the concept of deniable degradation is delineated as a counterpoint to Garfinkel's notion of degradation ceremonies. Deniable degradation involves the use of procedures that can be legitimated in instrumental terms, but that also evoke cultural symbols of humiliation and degradation. Responses of welfare recipients to finger-imaging, drawn from interviews and other qualitative sources, reveal a mixture of themes, ranging from approval of finger-imaging because it enables them to distance themselves from welfare fraud to outrage at a procedure that is viewed as criminalizing welfare receipt.
An investigation of the effects of awareness and task orientation on collaborative search

Collaborative search is concerned with how people work together to address a common information need. In this paper, we investigate two factors that may influence collaborative search behaviors: providing awareness information about collaborators’ prior activities, and the orientation of the shared task. For awareness, we examined two levels: an aware condition in which participants could see their collaborators’ prior activity in the system, and a non-aware condition in which they could only see their own history. For orientation, we investigated a task with an open set of goals compared to a recall-oriented task that asked participants to find as many relevant documents as possible. Forty-one participants in a laboratory study used a prototype system called ResultsSpace to complete an asynchronous collaborative search task with three simulated collaborators. We developed a novel set of measures for examining collaborative behavior, and found that participants who were aware of their collaborators’ prior actions issued more query terms in common with their collaborators and tended to avoid rating or viewing documents that collaborators had already rated as compared to the non-aware group. We also observed an interaction between awareness and task-orientation in terms of the number of unique documents found, suggesting that task orientation could change the direction of the effect of awareness on document space exploration.
Radiation Detectors for X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

The detectors used primarily for the measurement of X-rays and gamma-rays are discussed because of their predominance in analytical measurements, and having the most dramatic improvements.
Makerspaces: A Practical Guide for Librarians

List of Illustrations List of Library Makerspace Profiles Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: The Library as a Creation and Collaboration Space Chapter 2: The Maker Movement and Building Up a Making Mindset Chapter 3: An Overview of Makerspace Implementations Chapter 4: What Will Patrons Make in Your Makerspace? Chapter 5: Budgeting for a Makerspace Chapter 6: Resources for Audio, Image, and Video Creation Chapter 7: Resources for Crafts and Artistic Pursuits Chapter 8: Resources for Electronics, Robotics, and Programming Chapter 9: Resources for 3D Printing and Prototyping Chapter 10: Resources for the Unexpected: Lesser Known Making Chapter 11: Approaches for Developing a Makerspace That Enables Makers Chapter 12: Re-Making the Library? Tracking the Present and Future of Making in Libraries Appendix: Makerspaces in Libraries Survey Bibliography Index About the Author
Dietary Reference Intakes: development and uses for assessment of micronutrient status of women—a global perspective

This paper reviews the process of developing the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and provides a synopsis of the micronutrient status of women worldwide. At a 1993 symposium held by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), it was decided that the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) would be replaced by the DRIs, which would address several issues that the RDAs did not, including chronic disease risk reduction, upper levels for nutrients where toxicity data existed, and the possible health benefits of some food components that did not meet the traditional definition of a nutrient. Another important distinction is that because the DRIs are comprised of 4 reference values -the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), RDA, Adequate Intake (AI), and a tolerable Upper Level (UL) -and not a single reference value like the previous RDAs, they could be used to differentiate planning from diagnosis or assessment. The latest DRIs and nutrient intakes are shown for iron, zinc, calcium, Vitamin A and folate status in women in the United States. Data on the micronutrient status of women globally are much more limited. Summary statistics on iron deficiency anemia, night blindness, and risk of zinc deficiency are summarized.
Transthoracic Approach to an Intramedullary Vascular Malformation of the Thoracic Spinal Cord

A transthoracic approach with resection of a vertebral body was used to obtain access to an intramedullary vascular malformation of the thoracic spinal cord. The malformation consisted of three discrete intramedullary tufts of vessels fed by an abnormal branch of the anterior spinal artery arising from the T-9 intercostal artery. Although the abnormal branch of the anterior spinal artery did not appear to supply normal cord, the patient developed transient weakness postoperatively after occlusion of this artery. Follow-up angiography showed that one part of the malformation was still present and was fed by the T-y intercostal artery.
Excitotoxin-induced myocardial necrosis.

Abstract The excitotoxins, kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), were injected bilaterally into the paraventricular hypothalamus of rats. Kainic acid elicited pressor responses, tachycardia and sudden cardiac death in Nembutal® -anesthesized rats. Injections of NMDA caused cardiovascular stimulation on cessation of halothane anesthesia. Intramyocardial hemorrhage, hyaline myocardial necrosis and predominantly mononuclear inflammation were evident 48 h following NMDA. Labetalol pretreatment did not protect from nor did i.v. NMDA cause these changes. Intrahypothalamic excitotoxin injections cause deleterious myocardial changes.
Sundaram Seshu, 1926-1965

Professor Sundaram Seshu (A'48-M'58) died on December 21, 1965, in a car accident. Dr. Seshu's technical contributions had earned him an international reputation in circuit theory and switching theory. Some of the areas in which he made significant technical contributions include the theory of positive real functions, synthesis procedures which minimize the number of network elements, topological formulas for the analysis of networks, the synthesis of switching circuits, and computer diagnosis and self repair.
The facilitating effects of prior inescapable/unavoidable stress on intellectual performance

Two experiments were performed to test the effect of prior inescapable/unavoidable shock on subsequent intellectual performance. Both experiments revealed that prior experience with inescapable/unavoidable stress significantly increased posttest intelligence measures as compared to groups who were given either prior trials of avoidable stress or no stress. The learned helplessness hypothesis, in addition to several alternative hypotheses, was considered in an attempt to interpret the results theoretically.
Acneiform eruption from tetracycline.

Summary.— Oral administration of tetracycline produced an acneiform eruption in a man aged 30 on 3 separate occasions.
Inflation and supersymmetry

Abstract The constraints on grand unified models required to obtain an inflationary universe scenario are outlined, especially a new assesment of the reheating that follows inflation. The implications forvarious supersymmetric models are discussed.
An Inequality Involving the Local Eigenvalues of a Distance-Regular Graph

Let Γ denote a distance-regular graph with diameter D ≥ 3, valency k, and intersection numbers ai, bi, ci. Let X denote the vertex set of Γ and fix x ∈ X. Let Δ denote the vertex-subgraph of Γ induced on the set of vertices in X adjacent X. Observe Δ has k vertices and is regular with valency a1. Let η1 ≥ η2 ≥ ··· ≥ ηk denote the eigenvalues of Δ and observe η1 e a1. Let Φ denote the set of distinct scalars among η2, η3, …, ηk. For η ∈ Φ let multη denote the number of times η appears among η2, η3,…,ηk. Let λ denote an indeterminate, and let p0, p1, …,pD denote the polynomials in \Bbb R[λ] satisfying p0 e 1 and λpi e ci+1 pi+1 + (ai − ci+1 + ci)pi + bi pi−1 (0 ≤ i ≤ D − 1), where p−1 e 0. We show 1 + \sum_{{\eta \in \Phi}\atop{\eta \not=-1}} \frac{p_{i-1}{(\tilde \eta})}{p_i({\tilde \eta})(1+{\tilde \eta})}\, \hbox{mult}_{\eta} \leq \frac{k}{b_i} \quad (1 \leq i \leq D-1), where we abbreviate {\tilde \eta} e −1 − b1(1+η)−1. Concerning the case of equality we obtain the following result. Let T e T(x) denote the subalgebra of MatX(\Bbb C) generated by A, E*0, E*1, …, E*D, where A denotes the adjacency matrix of Γ and E*i denotes the projection onto the ith subconstituent of Γ with respect to X. T is called the subconstituent algebra or the Terwilliger algebra. An irreducible T-module W is said to be thin whenever dimE*iW ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ i ≤ D. By the endpoint of W we mean minlivE*i W ≠ 0r. We show the following are equivalent: (i) Equality holds in the above inequality for 1 ≤ i ≤ D − 1s (ii) Equality holds in the above inequality for i e D − 1s (iii) Every irreducible T-module with endpoint 1 is thin.
Electron spin resonance study of ion-implanted polymers

The effect of ion implantation on the polymers PAN (polyacrylonitrile), PPO (poly 2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) and PPS (p-polyphenylene sulfide) is studied using electron spin resonance. ESR measurements on these polymers were performed as a function of ion species and fluence in the temperature range 10 <T< 300 K. The unpaired carrier concentration increases with increasing fluence and is independent of the ion species used for implantation in this study (84Kr,80Br,75As,40Ar and14N). It is therefore concluded that the carrier concentration is related to the structural damage and not to chemical doping effects. From the shape of the ESR line, the ratio of the relaxation times for one-dimensional to three-dimensional spin diffusion is determined to be larger than 1000. The temperature dependence of the unpaired carrier concentration shows a strong deviation from a Curie law behavior, which can be explained by assuming that a defect band is formed with a bandgap due to strong Coulomb interaction between electrons on the defect sites.
Large aperture diffractive elements in PTR glass

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glasses have shown high efficiency and stability for different applications in laser systems. One of the applications of diffractive elements in PTR glasses is to use them for high power laser beam control and combining which requires an increase of the size of these elements. The opportunities of recording large aperture Bragg gratings by using a translational (multi-frame exposure) technique and by using an Ar + ion laser with higher power operating at 334.5 nm and 351 nm are studied. It is shown that photosensitivity of PTR glass at 334.5 nm and 351 nm is comparable to that of 325 nm. Because of higher power at 334.5 nm and 351 nm, the recording of large aperture holograms at these wavelengths is possible. Large-aperture holograms produced by multi-frame technique are demonstrated.
Computer-related self-efficacy and anxiety in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment.

Abstract Background This study examines differences in computer-related self-efficacy and anxiety in subgroups of older adults, and changes in those measures after exposure to a systematic training program and subsequent computer use. Methods Participants were volunteers in the Intelligent Systems for Assessment of Aging Changes study (ISAAC) carried out by the Oregon Center for Aging and Technology. Participants were administered two questionnaires before training and again 1 year later, which were related to computer self-efficacy and anxiety. Continuous recording of computer use was also assessed for a subset of participants. Results Baseline comparisons by sex, age, education, living arrangement, and computer proficiency, but not cognitive status, yielded significant differences in confidence and anxiety related to specific aspects of computer use. At 1-year follow-up, participants reported less anxiety and greater confidence. However, the benefits of training and exposure varied by group and task. Comparisons based on cognitive status showed that the cognitively intact participants benefited more from training and/or experience with computers than did participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who after 1 year continued to report less confidence and more anxiety regarding certain aspects of computer use. Conclusion After 1 year of consistent computer use, cognitively intact participants in this study reported reduced levels of anxiety and increased self-confidence in their ability to perform specific computer tasks. Participants with MCI at baseline were less likely to demonstrate increased efficacy or confidence than their cognitively intact counterparts.
Lessons about brain vascular disease from another pulsating organ, the kidney.

See related article, pages 55–61. Because of similarities in the vascular supply to kidney and brain, information about vascular disease in one organ may inform us about vascular disease in the other, and such knowledge may shed light on ways to treat or prevent these diseases. Unlike most organs, both kidney and brain are low resistance end-organs and are exposed to high-volume blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle, explaining their pulsating nature.1 For the kidney, impairments from vascular disease manifest as problems with glomerular filtration, detected clinically by biochemical makers such as serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and serum cystatin C. For the brain, impairments manifest with overt focal neurological deficits, such as with stroke or transient ischemic attack, or as covert global deficits affecting cognition, mobility and mood, such as has been suggested with small-vessel disease. In humans, investigation of brain vascular disease and how it causes impairment of brain function often entails looking at the structure of the brain with MRI for infarctions, white matter lesions, and volumes of brain, ventricles and sulci. Given the difficulty in getting tissue, exploration of cause usually does not include microscopic examination of brain tissue, although microinfarcts inapparent on MRI can be identified.2 For investigation of vascular disease in the kidney, structural changes detectable on imaging are limited primarily to decrements in kidney size due to chronic fibrosis and atrophy. On the other hand, tissue is more …