cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin E in human skin: Organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology

Vitamin E has been used for more than 50 years in experimental and clinical dermatology. While a large number of case reports were published in this time, there is still a lack of controlled clinical studies providing a rationale for well defined dosages and clinical indications. In contrast, advances in basic research on the physiology, mechanism of action, penetration, bioconversion and photoprotection of vitamin E in human skin has led to the development of numerous new formulations for use in cosmetics and skin care products. This article reviews basic mechanisms and possible cosmetic as well as clinical implications of the recent advances in cutaneous vitamin E research. Experimental evidence suggests that topical and oral vitamin E has antitumorigenic, photoprotective, and skin barrier stabilizing properties. While the current use of vitamin E is largely limited to cosmetics, controlled clinical studies for indications such as atopic dermatitis or preventions of photocarcinogenesis are needed to evaluate the clinical benefit of vitamin E.
Nonlinear transmission line analysis for determining harmonics

A nonlinear method for solving the one-dimensional distribution of flux density in thin laminations of motors and transformers is presented. The model assumes a sinusoidal flux density which is applied to the transmission line method to determine flux density distribution. The nonlinear relation of H to B establishes harmonics throughout the lamination thickness. The harmonic content of the coil current can also be determined from a simplified magnetic circuit taking into account a possible air gap.
Correlated OLED Thermal Modeling Methods and Thermal Design Recommendations

Cutting edge tablet and phone designs are increasingly utilizing OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) displays. Although these displays are very thin and have excellent picture quality, they come at the cost of higher power than traditional displays which presents new thermal challenges. For thermal purposes, there are essentially 2 basic types of OLED displays based on their power distribution. In this presentation, I show thermal modeling methods I developed for both types of OLED displays and show the successful correlation of these models to experimental results. In addition, this presentation discusses some of the unique structural design requirements with OLED displays and ways to integrate both the thermal and structural solutions into an elegant combined solution. A thermal engineer can use the simulation methods and design recommendations described in this presentation to enable integration of this technology into products at an early stage of the design process.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Constructing Functional Mesostructured Materials from Colloidal Nanocrystal Building Blocks

Through synthesizing colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) in the organic phase, chemists gain fine control over their composition, size, and shape. Strategies for arranging them into ordered superlattices have followed closely behind synthetic advances. Nonetheless, the same hydrophobic ligands that help their assembly also severely limit interactions between adjacent nanocrystals. As a result, examples of nanocrystal-based materials whose functionality derives from their mesoscale structure have lagged well behind advances in synthesis and assembly. In this Account, we describe how recent insights into NC surface chemistry have fueled dramatic progress in functional mesostructures. In these constructs, intimate contact between NCs as well as with heterogeneous components is key in determining macroscopic behavior. The simplest mesoscale assemblies we consider are networks of NCs constructed by in situ replacement of their bulky, insulating surface ligands with small molecules. Transistors are a test bed for unde...
Broadband Rydberg Atom-Based Electric-Field Probe for SI-Traceable, Self-Calibrated Measurements

We discuss a fundamentally new approach for the measurement of electric fields that will lead to the develop- mentofabroadband,directSI-traceable,compact,self-calibrating -field probe (sensor). This approach is based on the interaction of radio frequency (RF) fields with alkali atoms excited to Rydberg states. The RF field causes an energy splitting of the Rydberg states via the Autler-Townes effect and we detect the splitting via electromagnetically induced transparency. In effect, alkali atoms placed in a vapor cell act like an RF-to-optical transducer, converting an RF -field strength measurement to an optical frequency measurement. We demonstrate the broadband nature of this approach by showing that one small vapor cell can be used to measure -field strengths over a wide range of frequencies: 1 GHz to 500 GHz. The technique is validated by comparing experimental data to both numerical simulations and far-field calculations for various frequencies. We also discuss various applications, including: a direct traceable measurement, the ability to measure both weak and strong field strengths, compact form factors of the probe, and sub-wavelength imaging and field mapping. Index Terms—Atom based metrology, Autler-Townes splitting, broadband sensor and probe, electrical field measurements and sensor, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), Rydberg atoms, sub-wavelength imaging.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: Hormonal and Species Specificity Of Antibody Binding of Bovine I131 Thyrotropin.∗

SummaryIn polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis of bovine I131-TSH the radioactivity and biological activity migrate similarly but with slight dissociation. Increasing quantities of antiserum shift increasing quantities of radioactivity to slower moving regions. Bovine TSH preparations interfere with I131-TSH binding to antibody in proportion to biological activity. Human TSH is much less active.We thank Messrs. Frank Zodnik and Donald Eros for technical assistance; Drs. Robert W. Bates, Mary E. Carsten and John G. Pierce, and Peter G. Cond-liffe for supplying purified bovine TSH preparations.
Radiofrequency surgery on snoring disease in children

Objective To investigated the effect of radiofrequency surgery (RFS) on snoring disease in children. Methods Fifty -five children with snoring disease were treated with RFS of adenoid body and/or tonsils. They were compared with other children who treated with traditional surgery. Results Radiofrequency surgery had advantages on surgery time, volume of bleeding and the degree of postoperative pain compared with traditional operation. Conclusions Compared with traditional methods, radiofrequeney surgery has advantages of shorter surgery time, less bleeding and less pain.
Elastin-Based Rubber-Like Hydrogels

We developed rubber-like elastomeric materials using a natural elastin derived sequence and genetic engineering to create precisely defined elastin-like polypeptides. The coiled elastin-like polypeptide chains, which behave like entropic springs, were cross-linked using an end-to-end tethering scheme to synthesize simple hydrogels with excellent extensibility and reversibility. Our hydrogels extend to strains as high as 1500% and remain highly resilient with elastic recovery as high as 94% even at 600% strain, significantly exceeding any other protein-based hydrogel. These materials are valuable as elastomeric hydrogels for designing extremely robust scaffolds useful for tissue engineering.
High-Tech Behavioral Ecology: Modeling the Distribution of Animal Activities to Better Understand Wildlife Space Use and Resource Selection

Publisher Summary Wildlife management has benefited tremendously from analytical and technological breakthroughs in radiotelemetry techniques that allow animals to be observed more often and over larger areas than ever before. This chapter illustrates how investigations of space use and resource selection can be integrated to increase the understanding of resources that are important to wildlife. The chapter suggests that users of radiotelemetry increase their understanding of animal behavior by answering why their study animals use resources in a non-random pattern. The users make greater use of the utilization distributions to quantify space use and resource selection, and consider alternative resource selection techniques, such as mapping important habitats by using predictive models. In the search for accurate models of space use, a holistic measure of the pattern of space use, termed “utilization distribution” (UD), was developed. UD is a potentially powerful, although underutilized analytical tool, available to those studying radio-tagged animals. UD is a probability density function that maps an individual's or group of individuals' relative use of space. It depicts the probability of an animal occurring at each location within its home range as a function of the number of telemetry locations.
Pediatric Peripheral Nerve Tumors

Abstract Peripheral nerve tumors in the pediatric population are most often schwannomas, neurofibromas or malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). However, a wide variety of tumors, including reactive, hyperplastic, benign and malignant entities can be seen in children and are explored here. Tumors of the peripheral nerve are generally classified based upon the cell type which they resemble. The genetic association of peripheral nerve tumors with neurofibromatosis and Carney complex is discussed.
Automated capture and execution of manufacturability rules using Inductive Logic Programming

Capturing domain knowledge can be a time-consuming process that typically requires the collaboration of a Subject Matter Expert and a modeling expert to encode the knowledge. In a number of domains and applications, this situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the Subject Matter Expert may find it difficult to articulate the domain knowledge as a procedure or rules, but instead may find it easier to classify instance data. To facilitate this type of knowledge elicitation from Subject Matter Experts, we have developed a system that automatically generates formal and executable rules from provided labeled instance data. We do this by leveraging the techniques of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) to generate Horn clause based rules to separate out positive and negative instance data. We illustrate our approach on a Design For Manufacturability (DFM) platform where the goal is to design products that are easy to manufacture by providing early manufacturability feedback. Specifically we show how our approach can be used to generate feature recognition rules from positive and negative instance data supplied by Subject Matter Experts. Our platform is interactive, provides visual feedback and is iterative. The feature identification rules generated can be inspected, manually refined and vetted.
Late-breaking Trials from the 2016 American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions☆

The late breaking trials released at the American Heart Association scientific sessions conference in November in New Orleans, LA covered a wide range of topics, including new devices within the field of heart failure, new registry data on transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in intermediate risk patients, and medical management of peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease, and hypercholesterolemia. The following review highlights the late breaking trials presented at the conference that will have significant impact on clinical practice.
Use of Personality Profile Assessments in the U.S. Commercial Construction Industry

ABSTRACTEmployee turnover is a continuing challenge in the construction industry with negative effects on construction companies. Other industries have begun using personality profile assessments as a tool for reducing employee turnover, and more specifically in their hiring, promoting, team building, and leadership development processes. However, it was unknown if this trend was effecting the construction industry. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how U.S. commercial construction companies utilize personality profiles in their employee retention processes. A survey was randomly sent to 235 of the top 400 commercial construction companies in the United States to determine if these companies were using assessments, and if it had any effect on the turnover within these companies. Interviews were conducted over the phone with human resources representatives from these companies, and responses were sorted into similar themes and ideas using qualitative pattern coding techniques. Of the 78 ...
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake and Superoxide Generation Regulates Angiotensin II-Induced Proliferation in Neonatal Cardiac Fibroblasts

Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are one o the most abundant cell types in the heart and play key roles in regulating myocardial physiological function and pathophysiological remodeling especially for the cardiac fibrosis. The levels of Angiotensin II (AT-II) are increased in the remodeling heart and Angiotensin signaling participates in pathological CF proliferation. It has been shown that CF proliferation may occur via the increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the detailed signal transduction remains unclear. We previously reported that the enhancement of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) induces mitochondrial superoxide (mtSO) generation in cardiac myofibroblast cell line H9C2 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that Ang-II stimulation enhances mitochondrial Ca2+-induced mtSO generation in primary CFs, which can activate ROS-dependent proliferation signaling in primary CFs. First, we confirmed that AT-II (≥1 μM) stimulation induces significant mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake assess by mitochondria-targeted Ca2+ biosensor in response to the Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum in neonatal rat CFs (NCF). In addition, AT-II stimulation increases the mtSO levels detected by a mtSO indicator MitoSOX Red. We also confirmed that AT-II application activates proliferative pathway, including ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2 in time-dependent manner, which was abolished by losartan pretreatment. Lastly, pretreatment of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, Mito-tempo significantly inhibited AT-II-mediated activation of the mtSO production as well as proliferative pathway without changing the AT-II-induced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake profile. Our results indicate that mtSO generation induced by mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation via MCU serves as an important regulator for the Ang II-induced proliferation in CFs.
Quasi-Linear Dynamics in Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Periodic Boundary Conditions

It is shown that a large subset of initial data with finite energy (L2 norm) evolves nearly linearly in nonlinear Schrodinger equation with periodic boundary conditions. These new solutions are not perturbations of the known ones such as solitons, semiclassical or weakly linear solutions.
Crossing Boundaries in a Collaborative Modeling Workspace

ABSTRACTThere is substantial literature on the importance of bridging across disciplinary and science–management boundaries. One of the ways commonly suggested to cross boundaries is for participants from both sides of the boundary to jointly produce information (i.e., knowledge co-production). But simply providing tools or bringing people together in the same room is not sufficient. Here we present a case study documenting the mechanisms by which managers and scientists collaborated to incorporate climate change projections into Colorado’s State Wildlife Action Plan. A critical component of the project was the use of a collaborative modeling and visualization workspace: the U.S. Geological Survey’s Resource for Advanced Modeling (RAM). Using video analysis and pre/post surveys from this case study, we examine how the RAM facilitated cognitive and social processes that co-produced a more salient and credible end product. This case provides practical suggestions to scientists and practitioners who want to ...
NAEP Note: Problem Solving.

Mathematical knowledge or skills have little value if they cannot be applied to new or unfamiliar situations. For this reason, developing students' ability to apply mathematical knowledge and skills to problem-solving situations is widely recog nized as one of the major goals of mathe matics instruction. For example, problem solving and applications are the focus of two of the ten basic skills identified in the Recommendations of the National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics (1978), and the NCTM Task Force for the Curriculum of the 1980s has selected problem solving as an area of primary concern for the school mathematics curriculum of the com ing decade. Given the importance of problem solv ing, the results of the second mathematics assessment of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), indicating uniformly poor performance on exercises at the application or problem-solving level, are a matter of urgent concern (Carpenter et al, 1980). The purpose of this article is to examine students' performance on se lected problem-solving exercises on the NAEP assessment and to identify how suc cessful the students were in applying spe cific problem-solving strategies. Some in structional implications of these findings will also be discussed. Several excellent and readable sources are available that discuss the general na ture of problem solving (Krulik 1980; Polya 1973; Wickelgren 1974). The dis cussion of the use of heuristic processes in problem solving in Polya's (1973) classic How to Solve It serves as the framework for identifying insights that might be gained from the NAEP assessment into students' problem-solving abilities. Polya identified four phases in problem solving: (1) under standing the problem, (2) devising a plan to solve the problem, (3) carrying out the plan, and (4) looking back. The assessment results suggest that students are virtually ignoring phases 1, 2, and 4. Too often, stu
IL-1 Receptor–Knockout Mice Develop Epidermal Cysts and Show an Altered Innate Immune Response after Exposure to UVB Radiation

In this study, we observed that mice lacking the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) ( IL1r –/– ) or deficient in IL1-β developed multiple epidermal cysts after chronic UVB exposure. Cysts that developed in IL1r –/– mice were characterized by the presence of the hair follicle marker Sox 9, keratins 10 and 14, and normal melanocyte distribution and retinoid X receptor-α expression. The increased incidence of cysts in IL1r –/– mice was associated with less skin inflammation as characterized by decreased recruitment of macrophages, and their skin also maintained epidermal barrier function compared with wild-type mice. Transcriptional analysis of the skin of IL1r –/– mice after UVB exposure showed decreased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6. In vitro, primary keratinocytes derived from IL1r –/– mice were more resistant to UVB-triggered cell death compared with wild-type cells, and tumor necrosis factor-α release was completely blocked in the absence of IL-1R. These observations illustrate an unexpected yet prominent phenotype associated with the lack of IL-1R signaling in mice and support further investigation into the role of IL-1 ligands in epidermal repair and innate immune response after damaging UVB exposure.
Perspectives for Upconverting Nanoparticles

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic crystalline nanomaterials that can convert near-infrared (NIR) excitation light into visible and ultraviolet emission light. Excitation with NIR light minimizes autofluorescence background and enables deeper penetration into biological samples due to reduced light scattering. Although these optical features make UCNPs promising candidates for bioanalytical and biomedical applications, the performance of UCNPs is compromised by their low optical brightness. Research in the field of UCNP technology focuses on strategies to boost upconversion luminescence brightness and efficiencies. In this Perspective, I discuss challenges associated with the use of UCNPs and provide a 10-year proposed strategic plan to enable translation of UCNP technology from the academic stage into real world products and applications.
The Patient on Renal Dialysis

A discussion of the sexual concerns of patients with end-stage renal disease must be viewed as a “quality of life” issue. Unlike other basic physiological drives such as the need for food, water, and sleep, fulfillment of sexual needs is not a necessary condition for survival. More specifically, sexual appetite and behavior differs among individuals. At polarized opposite ends of the spectrum are those with a lifetime intense interest in sex and others with low sex interest. Many persons are aware of fluctuations of sex needs which may vary with one’s state of health, quality of relationship, life style and current life events. For many individuals the total love-making experience enhances the quality of life, resulting in a resurgence of energy, tranquillity, and ultimate pleasure.
Ribonuclease III and the Role of Double-Stranded RNA Processing in Bacterial Systems

The enzymatic cleavage of double-stranded(ds) RNA is an essential step in the maturation and decay of bacterial RNAs, and plays key roles in diverse posttranscriptional regulatory pathways that can include small noncoding RNAs. Ribonuclease III is a Mg2+-dependent endonuclease that specifically recognizes and cleaves dsRNA. RNase III is highly conserved in the bacteria and is the founding member of a diverse family that includes the eukaryotic orthologs, Dicer and Drosha. Significant insight has been recently gained on the structure, catalytic mechanism, and functions of RNase III. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of RNase III, and relates the structural and mechanistic features of the endonuclease to its function in dsRNA-dependent gene expression and regulation.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor

We have previously described in detail the clinical and laboratory findings of a patient who harbored a pancreatic tumor secreting a growth hormone releasing factor (GRF).(1) This 40-amino-acid-containing peptide (hpGRF-40) was extracted, isolated, sequenced, and a synthetic replicate produced by the Peptide Biology Laboratory at the Salk Institute.(2,3) A 44-amino-acid peptide (hpGRF-44) was identified from another pancreatic tumor and subsequently synthesized by the Laboratories for Neuroendocrinology at the Salk Institute.(4) One year later convincing immunological, biochemical, and genetic information appears to have confirmed that human hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is identical to human pancreatic tumor GRF(s) and has approximately 70% homology with rat hypothalamic GHRH.(5–8) In this chapter we will review our first 11 months of clinical experience with GRF and compare our results to those reported by other groups.
Efficient helper data reduction in SRAM PUFs via lossy compression

Fuzzy extractors used in PUF-based key generation require storage of helper data in non-volatile memory (NVM). The challenge of using SRAM PUF-based key generation on FP-GAs is that high-capacity NVM, such as Flash, is not available on chip. Only expensive one-time-programmable (OTP) memory with limited capacity, such as e-fuses, can be utilized to store helper data. Our work allows a significant reduction of helper data size (HDS) through two innovative techniques. The first uses biterror-rate (BER)-aware lossy compression: by treating a fraction of reliable bits as unreliable, it effectively reduces the size of the reliability mask. Considering practical costs of error characterization, the second technique permits across-temperature HDS minimization strategies based on bit-selection (with or without subsequent compression) using room-temperature only characterization. The method is based on stochastic concentration theory and allows efficiently forming confidence intervals for true worst-case BER. We use it to enable lossy compression and key reconstruction with success arbitrarily close to certainty. Results show that compared to maskless alternative, the proposed algorithm achieves an up to 4.5X HDS reduction with only 60% raw bits. Compared to lossless compression, we achieve a further 25% total HDS reduction, at the cost of doubling the number of raw PUF bits, for a 128-bit key. When bit-specific across-temperature characterization is not possible, our method achieves a significant 2.4X helper data reduction compared to the maskless alternative for extracting a 128-bit key and a 3X reduction for a 256-bit key.
Evaluation Models for Expert Systems in Military Training

This paper focuses on evaluation models for the dominant application of expert systems in training, that is, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) or Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction (ICAI). Here we provide a new evaluation model for such applications. Since intelligent CAI shares some common attributes with traditional CAI, evaluation technology approaches to the traditional will be integrated into our model. A case study of the model designed for an ICAI program in weather is provided. A wide range of evaluation techniques would be included, for instance, both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analyses. Instrumentation and data collection strategies are suggested along with student and instructor questionnaires. Finally, we make suggestions for measuring intelligence in ICAI.
Using Linear Programming to Find Approximate Solutions to the Fields to Impute Problem for Industry Data

Sande has suggested a mathematical programming formulation of the fields to impute problem (FTIP) for continuous data. This formulation seeks to find a minimum weighted sum of fields that would need to be changed to yield an acceptable record by solving a mixed integer programming problem known as the fixed charge problem. While this formulation can and has been solved to find an optimal solution to the FTIP, this approach can be expensive in terms of solution time. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a heuristic procedure to find an approximately optimal solution to FTIP. This procedure uses the SWIFT algorithm developed by Walker in conjunction with a judicious choice of dummy variable costs to arrive at an approximate solution based on a linear programming solution. We will show that this solution is optimal in many cases. We will also discuss the use of the special structure of FTIP to arrive at an optimal solution to the LP problem.
Examining the effect of combat excitement & diminished civilian solidarity on life satisfaction for American veterans

Abstract The data accounting for the difficulties many OIF and OEF veterans experience upon reintegration into civilian society have been thoroughly documented over the last fifteen years. Among these difficulties, some veterans experience antisocial, self-injurious, and violent tendencies upon returning to civilian life. In this research project, 220 veterans were completed self-report surveys pertaining to their transition from military life to a civilian career. Some of the participants' responses revealed that there was a significant emotional and motivational dimension to the formation of otherwise aggressive and self-destructive tendencies activated upon leaving their military careers and culture. The term combat excitement was coined to articulate participants’ anticipation of enemy contact while deployed. This study demonstrates that high levels of combat excitement correlated with lower life satisfaction and lower civilian solidarity for participants in their civilian lives after leaving an active duty setting. Furthermore, civilians solidarity had a strong positive correlation with life satisfaction for participants. Ultimately, this study looks at how significant strong civilian relationships are vital to the health and life satisfaction of veterans as they leave active duty, as well as how combat excitement can weaken the tendency of veterans to have strong civilian relationships after service.
Modeling Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium (VLE) of Refrigerant Mixtures Contain Algeria's natural gas Used Now in The Field of Solar Refrigeration

Abstract The possibility of producing cold through the direct or indirect use of solar energy is done using an absorption machine. In this work this machine used the thermal energy of different Algerian climate zones. These regions have different radiation (6924-7516 Wh m−2) and ambient temperatures in the range (30.6 to 45 ° C). The activity coefficient and the P-T-x behaviors of the mixtures has been calculated. The mixtures studied contain Algerian natural gas are (C3H8-C6H14), (C3H8-C5H10), (C3H6-C5H10) and (C3H6-C4H10). These calculations carried out at the levels of the generator and the absorber of a single stage absorption refrigeration machine. The model is developed from the group contribution method. The results obtained constitute a database and allows for an experimental project in studied site.
Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta constitutes 6–8% of congenital heart disease and occurs at a frequency of 4 in 10,000 live births [1]. It is two times more common in males than in females. For historical background, see Table 17.1.
Distributed Phase Aberration Correction Techniques Based on Local Sound Speed Estimates

Phase aberration, reverberation clutter, and off-axis scattering have been identified as major sources of image degradation in medical ultrasound. Near-field and mid-field phase aberration correction techniques make assumptions about the sound speed distribution in the imaging medium that limit their efficacy in the presence of distributed aberrations. Although distributed aberration correction techniques have the potential to perform better, many existing techniques have limited capability in media composed of diffuse scatterers. We propose a distributed phase aberration correction technique, based on local sound speed estimates, that aims to have greater flexibility and improve reconstruction accuracy in media with diffuse scatterers.
The impact of a user’s biases on interactions with virtual humans and learning during virtual emergency management training

Biases influence the decisions people make in everyday life, even if they are unaware of it. The current study investigates the extent bias behavior transfers into social interactions in virtual worlds by investigating the effect of aversive racism on helping behaviors and learning within a virtual world for medical triage training. In a 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design, two between subjects variables, participant skin tone (light, dark) and avatar skin tone (light, dark), and one within subjects variable, agent skin tone (light, dark), were manipulated. Effects on helping behaviors were observed on three measures: time to initiate help, errors made while helping virtual patients, and learning. Participants, regardless of their skin tone or their avatar’s skin tone, took more time to initiate help and made more errors while triaging dark-skinned agents in comparison to light-skinned agents. The bias against virtual patients with a darker skin tone also served as a mediating factor for learning with lower prior knowledge increasing the errors made for dark skinned virtual patients, which had more of a negative impact on learning than the errors made on light skin virtual patients. This study showed that participants applied general biases against dark-skinned agents regardless of participant’s ethnicity or avatar’s skin-tone. It indicates the importance of considering biases when designing training systems.
Abuse of Magic Mushroom, Peyote Cactus, LSD, Khat, and Volatiles

Abstract Although less common than abuse of marijuana and cocaine, abuse of magic mushroom, peyote cactus, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), khat, and volatiles is observed in the United States. Eating wild mushroom is dangerous because misidentification of toxic mushroom as magic mushroom may be fatal. Magic mushroom contains psilocybin and psilocin but major psychedelic action of magic mushroom is due to rapid conversion of psilocybin to psilocin after ingestion. Active ingredient of peyote cactus is mescaline. Abuse of LSD was widespread in 1960s but this drug is still abused today. Khat leaves are chewed in certain parts of Africa but with migration, this product is also abused in Europe and United States. Major active ingredient of khat plant is cathinone, which is structurally and functionally similar to amphetamine. Volatile abuse is widespread among young people. Abusing volatiles containing toluene, hydrocarbons, and other compounds with highvapor pressure is injurious to health. Such abuse may even cause death.
Pathogenesis of co-infections of influenza D virus and Mannheimia haemolytica in cattle.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is economically significant, and influenza D virus (IDV) is commonly identified in cattle with BRD. Mannheimia haemolytica (MHA) is an opportunistic bacterial contributor to BRD; surveillance data suggest that MHA and IDV co-infection occurs in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic pathogenesis in cattle co-infected with IDV and MHA. Sixteen dairy calves were randomly assigned to four groups of four calves. The IDV + MHA + group received D/bovine/C00046 N/Mississippi/2014 (D/46 N) intranasally at 0 days post-inoculation (DPI) and Mannheimia haemolytica D153 (MHA D153) intratracheally at 5 DPI. The IDV + MHA- group received only D/46 N at 0 DPI; the IDV-MHA + group received only MHA D153 at 5 DPI; and the IDV-MHA- group received neither agent. Clinical scores were calculated twice daily. At 10 DPI, IDV + MHA+, IDV-MHA+, and IDV-MHA- calves were euthanized and evaluated for pathologic lesions. The IDV + groups seroconverted to IDV by 10 DPI. Clinical scores were higher in IDV + groups than IDV- groups on 2-5 DPI (p = 0.001). After MHA challenge on 5 DPI, clinical scores (6-10 DPI) were slightly lower in IDV+MHA+ group than IDV-MHA+ group (p < 0.05) but not significantly different between MHA+ groups and MHA- groups. The average gross pathology score was higher for IDV-MHA+ group than groups IDV-MHA- and IDV+MHA+; however, no significant differences were identified among groups. Under the conditions of this study, infection with IDV before MHA enhance neither clinical disease nor lung pathology, relative to calves infected with MHA alone.
Tattoo-associated complications and related topics: A comprehensive review

As tattoos become more common, it is likely that practitioners will encounter adverse tattoo reactions with increasing frequency. While some tattoo-related complications (TRCs) may be nonspecific and challenging to diagnose, others present overtly and can be identified quickly by a well-informed practitioner. TRCs occur at both of these extremes, highlighting the need for better awareness and knowledge sharing regarding this heterogeneous group of morbidities. This review is a result of a compilation of the best available clinical evidence across various groupings of TRCs. The authors' intent was to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the topic while creating a rich repository of referenced knowledge for future investigations. From the standpoint of frontline health-care providers, effective recognition and management of TRCs require an open-mind, high degree of clinical suspicion, and nonjudgmental approach to a mainstream phenomenon that is still considered by many to be a taboo. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care, and Systems-based practice.
Diffusion of oxygen in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7- delta ceramic oxides.

We have used in situ resistivity measurements to monitor the diffusion of oxygen in and out of the ceramic oxide $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. The study of out-diffusion of oxygen was carried out by annealing the oxide in ambient helium at constant heating rates and at constant temperatures. The rate of out-diffusion of oxygen has been found to be independent of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, and the resistivity changes linearly with time during isothermal anneals. Assuming that the rate of out-diffusion is surface reaction limited, we have determined a surface barrier of 1.7 eV. The study of in-diffusion of oxygen was performed by annealing the oxygen-deficient oxide ($\ensuremath{\delta}=0.38$) in ambient oxygen. The in-diffusion rate was found to depend strongly on $\ensuremath{\delta}$; we have determined the activation energies of the process at $\ensuremath{\delta}=0.38$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ to be 0.5 eV and 1.3 eV, respectively. The diffusivity of oxygen for $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ has been determined to be $D=0.035\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}1.3 \mathrm{eV}/kT)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. Combining the kinetic data and published structural information, we have examined a vacancy mechanism and a twinning mechanism for anisotropic diffusion of oxygen in the CuO layer between the BaO layers.
Risk factors for nonunion after traumatic humeral shaft fractures in adults.

Introduction Humeral shaft fractures account for 3% of adult fractures. Optimal management remains a topic of debate given variable union rates reported in the literature after surgery or functional bracing. The primary aim was to compare these 2 cohorts of patients and their primary fracture union rates. A secondary aim was to identify predictors of nonunion. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 164 adult patients with traumatic humeral shaft fractures was performed. Fractures were classified according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification. Primary outcomes included rate nonunion, including symptomatic fractures requiring conversion to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Secondary outcomes included rates of complications and secondary procedures. Results Ninety-four (57%) patients were treated initially with ORIF. Nonoperative patients were older (47.1 vs. 41.5 years, P = .028) and had more medical comorbidity (62% vs. 43%, P = .017), low-energy trauma (62% vs. 34%, P < .0001), and isolated injuries (74% vs. 32%, P < .0001). All patients with open fractures (23%) were treated with debridement and ORIF, and surgical patients had more nerve injuries on presentation (36% vs. 9%, P < .0001). The overall rate of primary fracture union was 88%, similar after ORIF and nonoperative management (92% vs. 83%, P = .095). Multivariate analysis found alcohol abuse (odds ratio [OR]: 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-11.0, P = .046) and deep infection (OR: 19.9, 95% CI: 2.6-150.5, P = .004) to be significant predictors of nonunion. Chronic liver disease demonstrated a trend toward increased risk of nonunion (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 0.8-20.9, P = .088). Seventeen operative patients (18%) developed 17 postoperative complications: iatrogenic nerve palsy (5%), deep infection (5%), and implant failure (3%), the most common. Reoperation rate was 10%, primarily for revision ORIF (4%). Conclusion Patients managed nonoperatively were more often older patients with isolated fractures and more medical comorbidity. Surgical candidates were younger, more often with higher energy injuries, and were frequently with concomitant injury. Primary union occurred in 88%, with a trend toward a higher rate after ORIF. Patients with chronic liver disease and/or alcohol abuse are at greater risk for nonunion, irrespective of treatment.
Tolerability and Effect of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors in Adult Congenital Patients with Systemic Right Ventricle

Introduction Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) patients have an increased mortality and morbidity from heart failure. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI) have emerged as a standard of therapy for adults with heart failure. However, the effects of these medicines have not been studied in ACHD patients. Hypothesis ARNI's are well tolerated and have beneficial cardiovascular effects in ACHD patients. Method Twenty-one ACHD patients with systemic right ventricle were prescribed ARNI at our institution. Demographics, vital signs, laboratory results, functional status, imaging data, and outcomes were collected by retrospective electronic review. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t test. Results Twenty-one patients with systemic right ventricle were treated with ARNI: 16 D-Transposition of great arteries (TGA) with atrial switch, 1 congenitally corrected TGA, and 1 Taussig Bing transposition type and atrial switch. Fifteen (71.4%) were male, mean age 39.8±6.5 years. Baseline RVEF was 33.4+/-8.6%. Baseline peak VO2 was 18.1+/-4.3 mL/min/kg. By functional status, 10 were in NYHA class II (50%), 7 in class III (35%), and 2 in class IV (one unknown). Median follow-up was 14.1 (9.4-27.8) months. All patients tolerated Entresto for at least six months. High dose Entresto was achieved in 4 (19%) patients, 3 (14.3%) were on moderate dose, and 14 (66.7%) were on low dose. Only 2 (9.5%) patients discontinued Entresto after 9 and 11 months due to hypotension. There was no significant change in creatinine (0.8±0.4 mg/dL versus 1.0±0.3 mg/dL, p=NS), no incidence of hyperkalemia, angioedema, or major side effect including death. Systolic blood pressure was 118.2+/-14.2 mmHg at baseline and decreased with ARNI use (112.4+/-16.4 mmHg at 0-3 months, 112.4+/-12.8mmHg at 3-6 months and 108.5+/-10.3mmHg at 6-12 months, p values by paired t test 0.02, NS, and NS respectively). Corresponding values for diastolic blood pressure were 74.5+/-9.6mmHg (baseline), 72.4+/-14.3mmHg, 62.8+/-10.1 and 70.45+/-10.9mmHg (p values by paired t test NS, 0.009, and NS respectively). Mean NYHA class improved from 2.65+/-0.74 to 2.21+/-0.71 (p=0.008 by paired t-test). 5/12 (42%) of patients had an improvement in peak oxygen consumption on cardiopulmonary stress test, though this was not statistically significant. (16.8+/-4.8 mL/kg/min versus baseline 18.1+/-4.3 mL/min/kg, p=NS). Conclusion ARNI's are safe and well tolerated in ACHD patients. It is associated with mild decrease in blood pressure and improvement in functional class. The study findings are promising and highlight the need for larger, prospective, multicenter studies.
Pathogen-induced defoliation impacts on transpiration, leaf gas exchange, and non-structural carbohydrate allocation in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)

Pathogen-induced defoliation resulted in a reduction in transpiration, an upregulation of photosynthesis in the early growing season, and no change in NSC reserves across stem, root, and foliar tissues. The defoliation of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) by native fungi associated with white pine needle damage (WPND) can substantially reduce foliar area for much of the growing season in the northeastern United States. Chronic defoliations in the region are known to have slowed growth rates in symptomatic stands, but the physiological impacts of WPND as it relates to tree water use and carbon assimilation are largely unresolved. We investigated how the severity of WPND defoliation influences transpiration throughout the course of a growing season. We also assessed leaf-level gas exchange between defoliation severity classes and needle age over time. Finally, we compared concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) between defoliation severity classes in five different tissue types over time. We found that trees experiencing a high-severity defoliation had 20% lower sap flux density compared to low-severity individuals. We found that rates of photosynthesis were significantly influenced by the needle age class and time of year, while instantaneous water use efficiency was higher across all needle age classes late in the growing season. Our findings suggest that the residual current-year foliage of high-severity defoliated trees compensated for the loss of mature second- and third-year foliage in the early portion of the growing season. This study found that soluble sugars and starch varied significantly over time and by tissue type, but defoliation severity had little effect on NSC concentrations. Together with reduced basal area increment in high-severity trees relative to low-severity trees, this indicates that WPND-affected trees are prioritizing NSC storage over secondary growth.
Secondary T-Cell Cytotoxicity: Role of LD and SD Antigens

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an experiment to determine the importance of specific LD and SD factors for eliciting a secondary response . It has been shown in the experiment that in the in vitro sensitized culture 6R + B10.Am that causes high cytotoxicity primarily on the SD targets of B1O.A, on day 5, primary response can be reactivated to lyse these same B1O.A cells by restimulation with B1O.Am spleen cells, AQRm cells, or by B10.Sm cells. Restimulation with 6R Cells has little effect. The chapter also describes an experiment to test the effect of SD antigens on secondary response.
What Does It Mean to Be College-Ready for Career Technical Education?:

Objective/Research Question:Surprisingly, little research explores the literacy practices specific to career technical education (CTE) courses at the postsecondary level, yet the number of students...
Perfectionism and Difficulty Controlling Thoughts Bridge Eating Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms: A Network Analysis.

Abstract Background Eating disorders (ED) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are highly comorbid, but little is known about how this comorbidity is maintained. Prior research suggests that obsessive thoughts and perfectionism may be shared maintenance factors for EDs and OCD. Methods The current study used network analysis to (1) identify bridge pathways in an ED-OCD comorbidity network and (2) test if perfectionism symptoms bridge between ED-OCD symptoms in a combined network model including ED, OCD, and Perfectionism symptoms. Participants (N = 1,619) were a mixed sample of undergraduate students and individuals diagnosed with EDs. Results Difficulty controlling thoughts was the symptom with the highest bridge centrality in both models, connecting with ED-related worry and doubts. In the ED-OCD-Perfectionism comorbidity network, doubts about simple everyday things and repeating things over and over bridged between ED and OCD symptoms. Additionally, specific and distinct pathways were identified between OCD and two types of ED pathology: restricting (checking compulsions and rigidity around food) and binge eating (hoarding and binge eating symptoms). Limitations Due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, no directional inferences can be made. Due to a higher OCD symptom prevalence rate than reported in previous studies, our undergraduate sample may not be representative of other college populations. Conclusions The presence of intrusive cognitions and maladaptive perfectionism may contribute to the maintenance of co-occurring ED and OCD symptoms. These findings begin to delineate specific pathways among OCD and ED symptoms, which can be used in the development of interventions to disrupt connections among these disorders.