cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biocatalytic Synthesis of Butein and Sulfuretin by Aspergillus alliaceus

Aspergillus alliaceus UI315 was examined for its potential to catalyze biotransformation reactions of chalcones that mimic plant biosynthetic processes. 3-(4‘ ‘-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2‘,4‘-dihydroxyphenyl)propenone (4,2‘,4‘-trihydroxychalcone, isoliquiritigein) (1) was efficiently transformed to two major metabolites that were isolated chromatographically and identified by spectroscopic methods as 3-(3‘ ‘,4‘ ‘-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2‘,4‘-dihydroxyphenyl)propenone (butein) (7) and 2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene]-6-hydroxy-3(2H)benzofuranone (7,3‘,4‘-trihydroxyaurone, sulfuretin) (10). Inhibition experiments suggested that initial C-3 hydroxylation of 1 to 7 was catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme system. A second A. alliaceus enzyme, partially purified and identified as a catechol oxidase, catalyzed the oxidation of the catechol butein (7) likely through an ortho-quinone (8) that cyclized to the aurone product 10. This work showed that A. alliaceus UI315 contains oxidative enzyme systems capable of converti...
Vegetation and sedimentation in the Lake Edward Basin, Uganda-Congo during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene

New palynological and sedimentological data obtained from the basal 3 m of core E96-2P from Lake Edward, Uganda–Congo record conditions wetter than present in the Edward basin from ∼11 000 to 6700 yr BP, in phase with other climate and vegetation records of northern hemispheric East Africa. Dominant pollen taxa include Celtis spp., Alchornea spp., Olea spp., and Moraceae indicating a moist semi-deciduous tropical forest. More xeric indicators such as Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae together with Poaceae comprise less than 5% of the pollen sum throughout this interval as compared with between 44 and 50% during a lake lowstand at ∼2000 cal yr BP and at the core top (near modern). The differences between these two assemblages suggest a ∼25 to 60% increase in annual precipitation during the early- to mid-Holocene as compared to modern (1500–2000 vs. 1200 mm/yr today). Early Holocene sediments in E96-2P are composed of laminated diatom oozes with moderately high total sulfur concentrations (2.8–4.7%) and no authigenic calcite, also indicative of conditions wetter than present. Between ∼9000 and 6700 yr BP, palynological and sedimentary proxies indicate sub-millennial-scale events related to changes in riverine discharge and runoff in the Edward basin. We attribute the variability in runoff, and hence precipitation, to Holocene variability in Indian or Atlantic Ocean SSTs or to shifts in the relative contribution of Indian and Atlantic moisture sources to the western Rift of equatorial Africa.
Dehydrogenative Route to Metallo Dithiolenes: The Reaction of Zinc Polysulfides and Alkenes

Complexes of the type ZnS6(TMEDA), ZnS4(PMDETA), and ZnS4(Me3TACN) react with electrophilic alkenes to give dithiolene complexes ZnS2C2R2(amine)n. The Me3TACN complex is the most reactive, while the more conveniently prepared PMDETA complex also undergoes this reaction at useful rates. The following alkenes were successfully tested: C2H2(CO2Me)2 (cis and trans isomers), C2H3(CO2Me), C2H3(CN), 1,2-C2H2Me(CN), C2H3(CHO), and 1,2-C2H2(CN)(Ph). Crystallographic analysis shows that the highly reactive complex ZnS4(Me3TACN) is structurally similar to ZnS4(PMDETA), including the presence of an elongated Zn−Nax bond. Model studies indicate that the reaction of alkenes with LnZnSx proceeds via the reversible formation of a dipolar intermediate, as indicated by the ability of the polysulfido complexes to catalyze the isomerization of cis-C2H2(CO2Me)2. It is proposed that such dipolar species undergoes ring closure to give alkanedithiolato intermediates, e.g., Zn[S2C2H2(CO2Me)2](PMDETA). The dithiolato complexes Zn...
Dynamics of explosive boiling of a droplet

The dynamical behavior of the unstable explosive boiling of single droplets (1–2 mm diam) of diethyl ether, pentane, and isopentane at the superheat limit has been exhibited in detail. A+high ambient pressures, boiling consists of normal stable growth of a smooth bubble. At intermediate pressures a transitional regime of stability occurs in which a drop initially vaporizes stably for several milliseconds while incipient instability waves develop on the evaporating interface, then increased heat flux from the host liquid initiates violent boiling near the edge of the remnant volatile liquid. Direct evidence has been obtained that during violently unstable boiling, fine liquid particles are torn from the liquid–vapor interface, generating a mass flux orders of magnitude greater than that characteristic of ordinary boiling. In this regime of transitional stability, one of a number of different possible kinds of disturbances could externally trigger a breakdown to violent instability. After the evaporative instability becomes nonlinear and saturates, the boiling appears quasisteady, with the evaporative front moving into the volatile liquid at a roughly constant velocity. Results obtained by modeling the evaporation wave as a Chapman–Jouguet deflagration show that the temperature at the unstably boiling interface is substantially above the saturated value.
Effect of Reinstating Initial Response on the Shift to Risk

Summary.-30 male and 30 female subjects were exposed to 3 risk and 3 caution dilemmas in a group-shift experiment. Half the subjects, the Control condition, went through the standard paradigm. The other half, the Reinstatement condition, were allowed to see their original prediscussion responses before making their final postdiscussion responses. Group shifts occurred in both conditions and for both types of dilemmas. Individual prediscussion-postdiscussion shifts occurred on both types of dilemmas in the Control condition but only on caution dilemmas in the Reinstatement condition. The results are interpreted to mean that an individual's shift to risk is dependent on his being able to distort his memory of his initial response. In a recent paper, Jacobson and Uleman (1) have shown that in a typical group-shift experiment subjects distort their memories of their original positions on risk dilemmas but not on caution dilemmas. When asked after the experiment to recall their initial responses, subjects consistently indicated positions that were riskier than were their actual initial responses to risk dilemmas. Yet, on caution dilemmas subjects did not recall their initial responses to be more cautious than they were. Given the usual methodology of the group-shift paradigm, it is not difficult for subjects to distort their memories of their initial responses. The questionnaires on which the subjects indicate their initial responses are collected prior to group discussion. The subjects are given fresh questionnaires on which to record the group's decisions and on which they subsequently indicate their individual postdiscussion responses. Thus, while the group decision is salient, the subject's original response is not. The results of the Jacobson and Uleman study indicate that the shift to risk is accompanied by distortions in recall of initial responses. The purpose of the present study was to see whether the shift to risk is dependent on such distortions. If subjects were reminded of their original responses before making their final responses, would they still shift to risk?
High Performance Heterostructure Backward Diode Detectors

The combination of atmospheric propagation windows and notches, in conjunction with the rich spectral signatures of many materials in the millimeter-wave through THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum, make sensing and imaging in this spectral range of particular interest in security, defense, and medical spheres. For sensing and imaging systems, high-sensitivity and low-noise detectors are key components; micro- and nano-scale devices are especially promising for detectors since small device scales naturally lead to lower device capacitances (and thus increased operational frequency) while the exploitation of quantum mechanical tunneling at the nanoscale offers significant potential for improving intrinsic detector performance. We report recent developments in InAs/AlSb/GaSb heterostructure backward tunnel diodes for millimeter-wave through THz detection and imaging applications. These devices have demonstrated measured room-temperature curvatures of 47 V -1 , exceeding the fundamental limitation of q/kT=38.5 V -1 for Schottky diodes. Since detector sensitivity is proportional to curvature, these increases in curvature translate to improved sensitivity; unmatched sensitivities of 4600 V/W at 94 GHz have been measured, and sensitivities of nearly 50,000 V/W are projected under conjugately-matched conditions. These devices also offer extremely low noise performance; we report projected NEP values below 0.2 pW/Hz 1/2 at 94 GHz for conjugately-matched detectors. A challenging issue in the design of optimized interband tunneling-based devices is the difficulty in accurately simulating and modeling the devices. We have developed a numerical model based on self-consistent solution of the Poisson/Schrodinger equations
Multiple types of neurotransmitter binding sites in the rat neuroblastoma B 50 cell line. I. Characterization and binding affinity changes during various differentiation paradigms.

Abstract In this study, it is shown that the neuroblastoma B 50 cell line of rat central nervous system origin possesses both adrenergic and cholinergic binding sites. The adrenergic binding site population comprises a major α 1 -adrenergic component (using [ 3 H]prazosin as ligand; K D = 0.55 nM; 19.3 fmol/mg protein), and a minor β-adrenergic species ( K D = 0.45 nM; 3.4 fmol/mg protein using [ 125 I]cyanopindolol as ligand). The cholinergic binding site is of a muscarinic type. Binding studies with quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB) indicate the presence of two binding sites with different affinities. This is supported by competition studies with agonists. However, in view of this unusual binding behavior of the antagonist, the possibility of a one-site model for QNB is also considered and affords the following parameters: K D = 0.247 nM, B max = 29.6 fmoles/mg protein. When the cells are induced to differentiate with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) or high extracellular calcium, all of these binding sites undergo a variety of changes in their affinities for their respective ligands. Db-cAMP increases the affinity of the α 1 -site for prazosin while high extracellular calcium lowers it. In both cases the number of binding sites remains unchanged. The affinity of the β-adrenergic component is markedly enhanced upon induction of differentiation with either extracellular calcium or/and db-cAMP. Finally, the muscarinic cholinergic binding sites exhibit a decrease in receptor number upon db-cAMP treatment and an apparent loss of one of the binding sites upon calcium treatment. The significance of these affinity changes is discussed for each type of binding site.
Search and Rescue in the Intermountain West States

Background Minimal data exist regarding the activity, membership, training, and medical oversight of search and rescue (SAR) teams. Objective Our objective was to describe these characteristics in the Intermountain West SAR organizations. Methods A contact list was generated and electronic surveys were sent to SAR officials in each Intermountain West county. Results were descriptively analyzed. Results Of the contacted jurisdictions, 56% (156) responded to the survey. The annual average call volume was 29 missions (range, 5 to 152). Multiple levels of medical training were represented on SAR teams, ranging from first aid/cardiopulmonary resuscitation providers to the physician level, and 79% of teams provided some medical training to their membership. Of the SAR medical professionals, 23% had formal wilderness medical training. Local emergency medical services provided 60% of the medical care on SAR missions rather than SAR personnel. Formal physician medical oversight was present in 41% of the SAR teams. These physicians participated in a range of SAR activities including medical protocol drafting (including expanded scope of practice), medical trainings, mission participation, medical consultation, and prescribing medications for field use. The majority (69%) of those physicians were trained in emergency medicine, and 45% of the active medical directors had protocols allowing for an expanded scope of practice due to the remote nature of SAR medical care. Conclusions Intermountain West SAR teams vary in their activity, composition, training, and level of medical oversight. This study confirms that opportunities exist for physician integration with SAR teams in the studied states and likely throughout the United States.
Spontaneous dislocation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOLs) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa - Case series.

Purpose To report the outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation management in 6 cases with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP).
Nighttime legibility of traffic signs: conditions eliminating the effects of driver age and disability glare

Abstract The effects of observer age and environmental glare on nighttime legibility of traffic signs were investigated in two field experiments with the subjects driving or riding in a car towards a sign. Experiment 1 showed that equating older and younger subjects in terms of their low luminance/high contrast visual acuity resulted in elimination of any age effects on legibility. Furthermore, the presence of a glare source with an illuminance of 0.17 or 0.017 lux offset 2° from the sign legend improved legibility distance significantly. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that a glare source with an illuminance of 0.0098 lux had no effect on legibility when presented at an offset angle of 1.5° or 0.6°, but it had a significant detrimental effect at an offset angle of 0.2°. The present findings suggest that (1) the usually observed age-related performance decrement on nighttime legibility tasks is the result of visual-acuity deficits, and not shortcomings in information-processing ability; (2) legibility is relatively unaffected by glare, unless the glare angle is very small or glare level very high; and (3) glare sources positioned outside of the fovea might improve nighttime legibility performance under certain conditions.
Activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid in the system HCl−KCl−H2O at 25°C and lonic strengths from 0.1 to 3 moles-kg−1

The activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid has been determined in HCl−KCl−H2O mixtures at 25°C and for seven values of the ionic strength between 0.1 and 3.0 mole-kg−1, using the cellPt;H2(g, 1atm)\HCl(mA),KClBAgCl;Ag
The electrum-tarnish method for the determination of the fugacity of sulfur in laboratory sulfide systems☆

A new method for the determination of the fugacity of sulfur in laboratory systems consists of visual observation of the development and decomposition of a sulfide tarnish phase on silver-gold alloy (electrum) of precisely known composition. The alloy system is calibrated against pure sulfur. The method has the following advantages: simple apparatus; ability to cover a large range of fugacity of S2; ability to cover a large temperature range by permitting runs of long duration; ability to tolerate other components in the gas phase; and ease of recovery of the quenched charges for determinations of phases and compositions. Results obtained by the electrum-tarnish method are in satisfactory agreement with those obtained by other workers for the fs2 vs. T curves for the assemblage Ni(1–x)S + NiS2. The electrum-tarnish method shows promise for investigating many other reactions. Univariant reactions studied by this method can be represented as lines forming a genetic grid in terms of the environmental parameters fs2 and T, The slopes of such lines can yield valuable thermodynamic data for the phases involved, but activity coefficients must be known for phases of variable composition.
The accelerated repopulation of a murine fibrosarcoma, FSA-II, during the fractionated irradiation and the linear-quadratic model.

Radiation response of a spontaneous mouse fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, to various fractionated doses was studied in vivo together with single dose cell survival curves. Early generation isotransplants were used. Animals were C3Hf/Sed mice derived from our defined flora mouse colony. Lung colony and TD50 assays were used to determine cell survival. Surviving fractions were determined following fractionated irradiations of 1.0 to 5.0 Gy each per fraction with interfractional time intervals of 4 hr. The α/β ratio based on fractionated irradiations was 8.8 Gy for aerobic FSa-II tumor cells and flexure dose was less than 1.3 Gy. Multiple fractions of 5.0 Gy each given with 4, 12, and 24 hr intervals showed an increase in survival with increasing interfractional time interval, suggesting a rapid repopulation of tumor cells between fractions; namely, cell doubling time was shortened between fractions after the first 5.0 Gy doses. These results indicated that tumor cell repopulation is a critical factor in the fractionated radiotherapy. Linear-quadratic model was fitted to single dose survival data. Single dose survival curve of aerobic FSa-II tumor cells following lung colony assays which allowed determination of minimal survival of approximately 3.0 × 10−3 showed that α, β, and α/β ratios were 0.25 Gy−1, 0.048 Gy−2, and 8.47 Gy, respectively. Single dose survival curve of the same aerobic cells determined by both lung colony and TD50 assays to a survival level of approximately 3.0 × 10−6 demonstrated that α, β, and α/β ratios were 0.375, 0.0127, and 29.5, respectively. Similar determination for hypoxic FSa-II tumor cells showed that α, β values were smaller whereas the α/β ratio was much larger than for aerobic cells. The oxygen enhancement ratio calculated by the α/β ratios was greater than 3.0.
In situ formation of microstructures near live cells using spatially structured near-infrared laser microbeam

Here, we report in situ formation of microstructures from the regular constituents of culture media near live cells using spatially-structured near infrared (NIR) laser beam. Irradiation with the continuous wave (cw) NIR laser microbeam for few seconds onto the regular cell culture media containing fetal bovine serum resulted in accumulation of dense material inside the media as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy. The time to form the phase dense material was found to depend on the laser beam power. Switching off the laser beam led to diffusion of phase dark material. However, the proteins could be stitched together by use of carbon nanoparticles and continuous wave (cw) Ti: Sapphire laser beam. Further, by use of spatially-structured beam profiles different structures near live cells could be formed. The microfabricated structure could be held by the Gravito-optical trap and repositioned by movement of the sample stage. Orientation of these microstructures was achieved by rotating the elliptical laser beam profile. Thus, multiple microstructures were formed and organized near live cells. This method would enable study of response of cells/axons to the immediate physical hindrance provided by such structure formation and also eliminate the biocompatibility requirement posed on artificial microstructure materials.
Intact proteins can bind to class II histocompatibility molecules with high affinity

The ability of intact protein antigens to bind to purified class II histocompatibility molecules was investigated. Intact bovine ribonuclease (RNase) inhibited peptide binding to DR1 with a potency similar to that of a high affinity peptide or irreversibly denatured RNase. Similarly, horse myoglobin (Mb) was a potent inhibitor of peptide binding to I-E(k). I-E(k)-Mb complexes were directly visualized as a distinct band with reduced mobility on SDS PAGE. Direct binding experiments with biotin-labeled proteins demonstrated that Mb and RNase bind to class II molecules through the peptide-binding groove with high affinity, and that binding occurs in the absence of detergent. The possibility that HLA-DM can catalyse the binding of intact protein antigens was supported by the observation that DM enhances the binding of biotin-RNase to DR1. Our results provide further support for the hypothesis that intact, partially unfolded protein antigens can act as ligands for initial interaction with class II molecules.
Magnetic studies of oxidation characteristics of fine particle LaNi5

Abstract Magnetic properties of fine particles of rare earth-transition metal compounds (in particular LaNi 5 ) were studied with respect to oxidation at various temperatures. The relevance of oxidation processes to permanent magnet technology and applications of hydrogen storage is indicated. For pulverized and dehydrided LaNi 5 a nearly linear decrease in magnetic moment was observed between 77 K and room temperature. The characteristics of superparamagnetism are apparent. The stability of fine particle LaNi 5 was found to be fairly good in air but poor in hardened epoxy resin. The parabolic oxidation rate characteristics were determined for LaNi 5 heated in oxygen.
Serial acquisition as a capital budgeting problem

This study examines the costs and benefits of purchasing periodicals on a one-year versus a three-year subscription basis. The decision problem is viewed as a capital budgeting problem where the objective is cost minimization over a six-year time span. The variables considered critical to the decision include cost of capital, subscription reorder cost facing the library, annual rate of change of subscription rates, and ratio of three-year to one-year subscription costs. The model was developed and applied with the assistance of library managers at the University of Rochester. Results of the study indicate that, even under those conditions most favorable to maintaining a one-year subscription policy, substantial savings can accrue by shifting to a three-year subscription policy. The Serials and Binding Department at the University has, as a consequence, shifted to a three-year purchasing policy for periodicals. Although the model was developed for a specific library system, it is sufficiently general and is simple enough to be applied in other settings without difficulty.
Multiple Brain Abscesses

Figure 1. Multiple Brain Abscesses. Both images are computed tomographic scans (with contrast) of the head of an eight-year-old boy with a 10-day history of headaches, vomiting, fever, altered mental status, and frontal-lobe signs. More than 30 ring-enhancing lesions are present. The precontrast study showed only one low-density lesion in the left thalamus. The abscesses resolved completely after antibiotic therapy, although the left thalamic lesion grew larger during the first 10 days. Initially, treatment consisted of nafcillin and chloramphenicol; nafcillin was replaced by penicillin G after one week. Extensive studies failed to uncover the source or type of infection.
Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect with Coronary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistula: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The pulmonary blood supply in patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect is highly variable. Several cases have been reported in the literature in which a coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula, alone or in combination with additional vessels, supplies the pulmonary circulation. We report a case of successful repair during early infancy, with unique hemodynamic, clinical, and anatomic features. The literature is reviewed.
Success of recommending oral diets in acute stroke patients based on passing a 90-cc water swallow challenge protocol.

AbstractPurpose: This study investigated the success of recommending specific oral diets following an acute stroke based on passing a 90-cc water swallow challenge protocol. Method: The study was a single group consecutively referred case series design. The study took place in a large, urban, tertiary care teaching hospital and involved 75 acute adult stroke inpatients in a 90-cc water swallow challenge. The volume (in cc) of liquid ingested, percent of meal eaten, and specific diet recommendations made 12 to 24 hours after passing a 90-cc water swallow challenge were accessed electronically from routine oral intake information entered by nursing staff on each participant’s daily flow sheets. Nurses were blinded to the study’s purpose. Results: All 75 participants were drinking thin liquids and eating food successfully 12 to 24 hours after passing a 90-cc water swallow challenge. The mean volume of liquid ingested was 385.4 cc and percent of diet eaten ranged from 10% to 100%. Flow sheets indicated that s...
Systematics of the pyrochlore structure type, ideal A2B2X6Y

Abstract The geometry of the ideal pyrochlore structure type (8A26B24X64Y, Fd3m) has been examined using a data base of 440 synthetic samples. Mean ionic radii of the cubic and octahedral cations together account for 95% of the variation in the cell edge. Nonempirical expressions for calculating the cell edge are also derived, using that the interatomic distances are functions of the cell edge and a single positional parameter, x, of the X anion. This alternative method is equally successful for calculating the cell edge, and additionally provides for the calculation of x. Comparison of calculated x values with 27 experimentally measured values indicates that the stoichiometry, x values, or bond length predicting radii are in error for 20% of these pyrochlores. For 21 observed x values judged to be most accurate, the calculated anion coordinates are within 0.009. In addition, calculated x values are given for 400 pyrochlores for which no values have been previously determined.
North Dakota lignite and Pittsburgh bituminous coal: a comparative analysis in application to CO 2 sequestration

Unmineable coal seams have been proposed as an option for carbon dioxide sequestration. Among key parameters necessary for assessing the suitability of a coal type (or specific coal seam) for sequestration are permeability and sorption capacity. Two ranks of coal (Pittsburgh seam bituminous and North Dakota lignite) are presented and compared in this paper. The lignite coal is technically preferable for sequestration. Permeability was affected by cracks/cleats, pressure variations and exposure time. Coal ‘swelling’ due to CO 2 sorption caused significant drops in permeability usually within several days which can significantly retard penetration rates of CO 2 into the sequestration target. Sorption times were determined at different confining and pore fluid pressures. Profiles of sorption gradients were determined. Sorption processes in coal cores may require days to approach equilibrium. Comparisons of coal cores were made with powdered coal studies (which have higher sorption, shorter times) for sorption isotherms.
A lightweight optical refractometer for field use

A portable optical refractometer has been developed which is capable of detecting variations in the atmospheric refractive index of the order of 5 × 10−8. The instrument is described and some typical results are given.
Development and evaluation of a sexuality and disability course for the helping professions

A study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a graduate level course dealing with sexuality and disability for students in the helping professions. The course was structured from reportedly successful elements of previous sexuality programs, and both empirically based measures and subjective reports were utilized in the evaluation. The results indicate that a comprehensive course can be effective in enhancing attitudes and knowledge levels, as well as increasing comfort in dealing with sexual matters. Limitations of the study and areas for additional concern are discussed.
Adaptive approach to edge detection

An adaptive approach to edge detection using the transform domain and bandpass filtering is discussed. The method is also extended to 3-D and shown to yield better edge maps. The discrete symmetric cosine transform (DSCT) is shown to be the best transform for accurate edge detection. The theory is first discussed in 1-D. Then, the adaptive algorithm utilizing both the gradient and the Laplacian information is developed in 2-D and 3-D. Computer simulations with regular scenes and magnetic resonance imaging images are provided. The extension of the method to 3-D leads to improved noise immunity and better edge contours.
Comparing current and desired ecological conditions at a landscape scale in the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains, USA

We applied a landscape conservation approach that quantifies current and desired ecological conditions for 10680 km2 of diverse forests in the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains of Tennessee and Kentucky. In this case study, forest cover was classified using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) imagery and evaluated with forest inventory data. Landform forest associations were characterized by combining forest cover, physiographic descriptions of remnant and historical forests, and forest structure and composition from the inventory data. These landform forest associations estimate current forest conditions and, in comparison with a projection of potential natural forest conditions, indicated that upland deciduous forests in the Plateau have the greatest reduction in cover, particularly in small private ownerships. Although of similar species composition, upland deciduous forests in the Plateau also possessed younger stands with smaller trees than observed from potential old-growth conditions. These resul...
BROAD IMPLICATIONS OF THE S.E.C. SPECIAL STUDY

THE RECEPTION ACCORDED the S.E.C. Special Study' ranged from the vituperative to the lyrical. Interestingly enough, some of the more deprecatory comments came from academicians while some of the more glowing came from the financial community.2 On a previous occasion, together with a colleague, I indicated in some detail that perhaps the best-known of these criticisms-that by Professor Stigler attacking the ineptitude of the Special Study and the ineffectiveness of the S.E.C.-was without much foundation.3 As pointed out at that time, I consider the Special Study a competent and useful document and the S.E.C. a valuable and effective agency. Since the justification for this view has already been set forth at some length, it will not be necessary to repeat it here. The Special Study has already had a major and I think generally beneficial impact on the securities markets through new legislation, new regulations, and the intensified attention given both by the securities industry and the S.E.C. to the solution of both old and new problems. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the major gap in the Special Study-i.e., the absence of generally acceptable and useful criteria for appraising the economic performance of the securities markets. This gap is probably attributable to two different but not unrelated factors: First, of the two basic aims of securities regulation, protection of investors and the broader public interest, the former is more specific and easier to make judgments about, appeals to elementary notions of equity or fairness, and has always received most attention from a legally oriented Commission and Congress. Moreover, the primary mechanisms traditionally used to protect investors-full and honest disclosure of material or relevant facts relating to securities sold, the prevention of manipulation of securities prices, and control over certain types of trading activity and financial structure-are frequently regarded as having a beneficial effect on the public interest generally. The public interest in the area of securities regulation relates of course largely (though not entirely) to the proper functioning of the economy as a whole.4
EMBRYOGENESIS IN PARTHENOGENETIC AND SEXUAL FEMALES OF APHIS FABAE

Embryogenesis and oogenesis in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, was studied by dissecting viviparous and oviparous individuals and examining whole mounts of the ovaries in Ringer's solution. Apteriform and alatiform virginoparae, gynoparae, and oviparae were raised on broadbean leafdiscs at 17.5° and either 16 h or 10 h light/day. Each of the two ovaries of these forms consists, with few exceptions, of six ovarioles. Development of embryos in virginoparous aphids can commence in the most developed embryos within their grandmothers, but not before the latter reached the 4th instar. At birth viviparous larvae contain about two embryos in each ovariole. In apteriform larvae, additional embryos are generated at a rate of about one per instar. Adult apterae raised at 16 h and 10 h light/day contain about six and five embryos per ovariole, respectively. Alatiform larvae (virginoparae or gynoparae) raised under these conditions contain no more than four embryos per ovariole when they become adult. Ovulation in oviparae is evident only in the 2nd instar of these sexual females. Only one egg develops per ovariole during their larval development. A second egg occasionally develops later in the adult life of oviparae that have not mated and hence have not oviposited. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG EMBRYOGENESE BEI PARTHENOGENETISCHEN UND SEXUELLEN WEIBCHEN VON APHIS FABAE Die Embryogenese und Oogenese der Schwarzen Bohnenlaus, Aphis fabae, wurde untersucht durch Aufpraparieren von viviparen und oviparen Tieren und Uberprufung der Ovarien als Totalpraparate in Ringerlosung. Ungeflugelte und geflugelte Virginopare, Gynopare und Ovipare wurden an Blatt-scheibchen von Dicker Bohne bei 17,5° und 16/8 oder 10/14 HD gezogen. Jedes der beiden Ovarien dieser Formen besteht, mit wenigen Ausnahmen, aus sechs Ovariolen. Die Entwicklung der Embryonen von virginoparen Tieren kann bei den am weitesten entwickelten Embryonen in ihren Grosmuttern beginnen, aber nicht bevor die letzteren das 4.Larvenstadium erreicht haben. Bei der Geburt enthalten vivipare Larven etwa zwei Embryonen in jeder Ovariole. Bei apteri-formen Larven entstehen weitere Embryonen mit einer Rate von etwa einem je Stadium. Adulte Ungeflugelte enthalten bei Aufzucht im 16/8 und im 10/14 HD-Tag etwa sechs bzw. funf Embryonen je Ovariole. Alatiforme Larven (virginopare und gynopare) enthalten bei solchen Bedingungen nicht mehr als vier Embryonen je Ovariole, wenn sie adult werden. Die Ovulation ist bei den Oviparen erst im 2. Stadium dieser Sexualweibchen erkennbar. Nur ein Ei entwickelt sich je Ovariole wahrend der Larvenentwicklung. Ein zweites Ei entwickelt sich gelegentlich spater im adulten Leben von Oviparen, die sich nicht gepaart haben und demnach keine Eier abgelegt haben.
Surgical treatment of single brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer.

AbstractWe analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 50 patients with brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer who underwent craniotomy between the years 1978 through 1983. The onset of brain metastases was synchronous in 14 patients, occurred within 1 year of treatment of the primary tumor in 21 patients, and after 1 year in 15 patients. A total of 28 patients had undergone curative resection of the lung tumor; 15 patients had undergone palliative resection with or without radioactive implants, and 7 patients did not undergo surgical treatment of their primary tumor. At time of craniotomy, 31 patients were considered to have disease limited to the central nervous system. Following surgery, 34 patients received radiation therapy (30 whole brain radiation, 4 focal radiation); 15 patients had previously undergone whole brain radiation (“radiation failures”), and there was 1 postoperative death. The overall median survival in this series was 18 months. Favorable prognostic variables included (a) ...
Capable 2-Generator 2-Groups of Class Two

A group is called capable if it is a central factor group. We characterize the capable 2-generator 2-groups of class 2 in terms of a standard presentation.
Hierarchical Encoding in Visual Working Memory Ensemble Statistics Bias Memory for Individual Items

Influential models of visual working memory treat each item to be stored as an independent unit and assume that there are no interactions between items. However, real-world displays have structure that provides higher-order constraints on the items to be remembered. Even in the case of a display of simple colored circles, observers can compute statistics, such as mean circle size, to obtain an overall summary of the display. We examined the influence of such an ensemble statistic on visual working memory. We report evidence that the remembered size of each individual item in a display is biased toward the mean size of the set of items in the same color and the mean size of all items in the display. This suggests that visual working memory is constructive, encoding displays at multiple levels of abstraction and integrating across these levels, rather than maintaining a veridical representation of each item independently.
A quartz crystal microbalance cell biosensor: detection of microtubule alterations in living cells at nM nocodazole concentrations.

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to create a piezoelectric biosensor utilizing living endothelial cells (ECs) as the biological signal transduction element. ECs adhere to the hydrophilically treated gold QCM surface under growth media containing serum. At 24 h following cell addition, calibration curves were constructed relating the steady state f and R shift values observed to the numbers of electronically counted cells requiring trypsinization to be removed from the surface. We then utilized this EC QCM biosensor for the detection of the effect of [nocodazole] on the steady state f and R shift values. Nocodazole, a known microtubule binding drug, alters the cytoskeletal properties of living cells. At the doses used in these studies (0.11–15 M), nocodazole, in a dose dependent fashion, causes the depolymerization of microtubules in living cells. This leads a monolayer of well spread ECs to gradually occupy a smaller area, lose cell to cell contact, exhibit actin stress fibers at the cell periphery and acquire a rounded cell shape. We observed the negative f shift values and the positive R shift values to increase significantly in magnitude over a 4-h incubation period following nocodazole addition, in a dose dependent fashion, with a transition midpoint of 900 nM. Fluorescence microscopy of the ECs, fixed on the gold QCM surface and stained for actin, demonstrated that the shape and cytoskeleton of ECs were affected by as little as 330 nM nocodazole. These results indicate that the EC QCM biosensor can be used for the study of EC attachment and to detect EC cytoskeletal alterations. We suggest the potential of this cellular biosensor for the real time identification or screening of all classes of biologically active drugs or biological macromolecules that affect cellular attachment, regardless of their molecular mechanism of action. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Domain-Independent Captioning of Domain-Specific Images

Automatically describing visual content is an extremely difficult task, with hard AI problems in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) at its core. Previous work relies on supervised visual recognition systems to determine the content of images. These systems require massive amounts of hand-labeled data for training, so the number of visual classes that can be recognized is typically very small. We argue that these approaches place unrealistic limits on the kinds of images that can be captioned, and are unlikely to produce captions which reflect human interpretations. We present a framework for image caption generation that does not rely on visual recognition systems, which we have implemented on a dataset of online shopping images and product descriptions. We propose future work to improve this method, and extensions for other domains of images and natural text.
A large inverted repeat sequence overlaps two acceptor splice sites in adenovirus

The distribution of nucleotide sequences resembling functional sites for mRNA splicing was examined by computer-directed searches in order to determine what factors may influence splice site selection in nuclear precursors. In particular, the distribution of large potentially stable hairpin structures or regions of extensive dyad symmetry was studied in adenovirus sequences. One region, spanning 106 nucleotides, was found at 66.4 map units, overlapping back-to-back acceptor sites for two mRNA molecules, those coding for the 100K protein and the 72K DNA binding protein, which are transcribed from opposite strands. This region displays exceptional dyad symmetry and is potentially capable of forming a single, highly stable hairpin when transcribed. It seems likely that the secondary structure as well as the primary structure of RNA plays a role in determining the correct splicing of these mRNA molecules.
Deficiency of the BiP cochaperone ERdj4 causes constitutive endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic defects

Endoplasmic reticulum–localized DnaJ 4 (ERdj4) is an immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) cochaperone and component of the endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that functions to remove unfolded/misfolded substrates from the ER lumen under conditions of ER stress. To elucidate the function of ERdj4 in vivo, we disrupted the ERdj4 locus using gene trap (GT) mutagenesis, leading to hypomorphic expression of ERdj4 in mice homozygous for the trapped allele (ERdj4GT/GT). Approximately half of ERdj4GT/GT mice died perinatally associated with fetal growth restriction, reduced hepatic glycogen stores, and hypoglycemia. Surviving adult mice exhibited evidence of constitutive ER stress in multiple cells/tissues, including fibroblasts, lung, kidney, salivary gland, and pancreas. Elevated ER stress in pancreatic β cells of ERdj4GT/GT mice was associated with β cell loss, hypoinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Collectively these results suggest an important role for ERdj4 in maintaining ER homeostasis during normal fetal growth and postnatal adaptation to metabolic stress.
Generation of Potent T-cell Immunotherapy for Cancer Using DAP12-Based, Multichain, Chimeric Immunoreceptors

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) bearing an antigen-binding domain linked in cis to the cytoplasmic domains of CD3ζ and costimulatory receptors have provided a potent method for engineering T-cell cytotoxicity toward B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy due to loss of T-cell effector function remains a significant barrier, especially in solid malignancies. We describe an alternative chimeric immunoreceptor design in which we have fused a single-chain variable fragment for antigen recognition to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of KIR2DS2, a stimulatory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR). We show that this simple, KIR-based CAR (KIR-CAR) triggers robust antigen-specific proliferation and effector function in vitro when introduced into human T cells with DAP12, an immunotyrosine-based activation motifs-containing adaptor. T cells modified to express a KIR-CAR and DAP12 exhibit superior antitumor activity compared with standard first- and second-generation CD3ζ-based CARs in a xenograft model of mesothelioma highly resistant to immunotherapy. The enhanced antitumor activity is associated with improved retention of chimeric immunoreceptor expression and improved effector function of isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. These results support the exploration of KIR-CARs for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, particularly in immunotherapy-resistant solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(7); 815–26. ©2015 AACR .
Gastrointestinal Helminths in Two Species of Geckos, Gekko vittatus, Gehyra oceanica, and Five Species of Skinks, Caledoniscincus atropunctatus, Emoia cyanogaster, Emoia erronan, Emoia nigra, Emoia sanfordi (Squamata) from the Republic of Vanuatu, Oceania

ABSTRACT: Two species of geckos, Gekko vittatus, Gehyra oceanica and 5 species of skinks, Caledoniscincus atropunctatus, Emoia cyanogaster, Emoia erronan, Emoia nigra, and Emoia sanfordi from the Republic of Vanuatu were examined for helminths. One species of Digenea (Mesocoelium microon), 3 species of Cestoda (Gekkotaenia novaeguineaensis, Cylindrotaenia hickmani, Ophiotaenia greeri), and 7 species of Nematoda, gravid individuals of Hedruris hanleyae, Maxvachonia chabaudi, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Spauligodon gehyrae, Spauligodon zweifeli, juveniles assigned to the Filarioidea, and larvae of Physocephalus sp. in cysts were found. Eighteen new host records and 7 new locality records are reported. The lizards of Vanuatu are infected by generalist helminths that occur in a variety of lizards throughout Oceania.
Complete left coronary artery obstruction.

A case of angiographically documented complete left cornary artery (LCA) obstruction is presented. Complete occlusion of the main LCA is associated with a poor prognosis, and patients with this lesion should be considered for immediate emergency coronary bypass graft surgery.
Supplemental Instruction, Learning Communities, and Students Studying Together:

Researchers have shown that out-of-classroom peer relations influence student outcomes at residential four-year colleges, but research findings conflict about the impact of social integration on co...
Seed Governance at the Intersection of Multiple Global and Nation-State Priorities: Modernizing Seeds in Turkey

Given their value for both agriculture and biodiversity, seeds are the target of controversial efforts to establish intellectual property rights and variety protections that regulate sale, exchange, and breeding of genetic resources. This article examines seed governance in Turkey, a country in which many farmers continue to rely on “traditional” wheat varieties. It analyzes the tensions and ambiguities in seed governance that arise at the intersection of Turkey's goals of development and diverse priorities imposed by international frameworks. Seed governance is the product of an open-ended process of strategic elaboration among constituencies involved in trade, agriculture, development, and conservation. Although contradictions among international regulations present an array of choices, many countries including Turkey adopt laws that favor commercialization and privatization. This convergence results not simply from imposition of regulation from above, but also from developing countries' adoption of dom...
A comparison of centric relation with maximum intercuspation based on quantitative electromyography

The study concerned the nature of the alterations, if any, in muscle activity demonstrable when the mandible shifts from maximum intercuspation into its most retruded physiological relation (i.e. centric relation). An integrator-averager was used to determine micro V average amplitude from masseter and temporal muscles in two maxillo-mandibular positions, centric relation and maximum intercuspation, and three modes, first contact occlusion, chewing and swallowing. Vertical reference marks on the cuspids were used to quantitate horizontal deviation from maximum intercuspation to centric relation. Data were obtained from twelve subjects and analysed for variance. Results demonstrated a significant increase in micro V in all centric relation positions. Statistics yielded an F value of 5.88258 with a probability of 0.005. Results suggest critical limitations in reliance on centric relation as a reference position during clinical therapy.