cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D mobile CPU system assembly by Z-axis stack connector solutions

Module daughter cards are conventional approach in electronic integrated system solutions. Applying same principals for CPU products was abandoned some generations ago, yet may still hold some potential for concurrent and future products. Board to board stack connectors may allow growing the interface pin count versus conventional edge connectors. This alternative assembly scheme can offer competitive mechanical height and peripheral integrated chips performance versus the common PGA CPU sockets. Key area for performance boost may be the memory interface.
Total Graphs and Traversability

With every graph G (finite and undirected with no loops or multiple lines) there is associated a graph L(G), called the line-graph of G, whose points correspond in a one-to-one manner with the lines of G in such a way that two points of L(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding lines of Gare adjacent. This concept was originated by Whitney (3). In a similar way one can associate with G another graph which we call its total graph and denote by T(G). This new graph has the property that a one-to-one correspondence can be established between its points and the elements (the set of points and lines) of G such that two points of T(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding elements of G are adjacent (if both elements are points or both are lines) or theyare incident
Molecular genetics of retinal degeneration: A Drosophila perspective.

Inherited retinal degeneration in Drosophila has been explored for insights into similar processes in humans. Based on the mechanisms, I divide these mutations in Drosophila into three classes. The first consists of genes that control the specialization of photoreceptor cells including the morphogenesis of visual organelles (rhabdomeres) that house the visual signaling proteins. The second class contains genes that regulate the activity or level of the major rhodopsin, Rh1, which is the light sensor and also provides a structural role for the maintenance of rhabdomeres. Some mutations in Rh1 (NinaE) are dominant due to constitutive activity or folding defects, like autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) in humans. The third class consists of genes that control the Ca2+ influx directly or indirectly by promoting the turnover of the second messenger and regeneration of PIP2, or mediate the Ca2+-dependent regulation of the visual response. These gene products are critical for the increase in cytosol...
Lactational and Ruminal Response of Dairy Cows to Ten and Twenty Percent Dietary Newspaper

Abstract Fifteen lactating Holstein cows in a 3×3 Latin square experiment determined effects of ground newspaper in the diet. Test components of the rations were: A) 20% cottonseed hulls; B) 10% paper and 10% cottonseed hulls; C) 20% paper. All animals received 2.3kg of long alfalfa hay daily. Proximate analysis and gross energy determinations indicated that the paper rations contained more crude fiber, ether extract, and gross energy and less crude protein and ash. Ink in the paper apparently caused higher gross energy values and probably increased ether extract. Estimates of dry matter digestibility by an in vitro technique were not significantly different being 77.4, 77.4, and 77.5 for the control, 10% paper, and 20% paper rations. Average daily ration intakes were significantly different among rations with intakes of 21.5, 17.0, and 12.5kg per day for the control, 10% paper, and 20% paper. Paper at 20% of the ration significantly lowered actual milk yields but did not significantly lower fat-corrected milk yield during the six weeks. Average daily fat-corrected milk yields for control, 10% paper, and 20% paper treatments were 15.9, 16.9, and 16.3kg. Milk fat percentages were 2.6, 3.1, and 3.4 with significant differences between treatments. Milk protein and solids-not-fat were not significantly different; however, there was an inverse linear response between treatment and milk protein percentage. There were small differences in ruminal volatile fatty acids with a significantly lower pH for the 20% paper compared with the control. Paper at 10% in the ration would maintain milk fat percentage without reducing actual milk production during six weeks.
A Survey of Regular Expressions and Their Applications

This paper is an exposition of the theory of regular expressions and its applications to sequential circuits. The results of several authors are presented in a unified manner, pointing out the similarities and differences in the various treatments of the subject. Whenever possible, the terminology and notation of sequential circuit theory are used. The topics presented include: the relation of regular expressions to sequential circuits; algorithms for constructing sequential circuits and state diagrams corresponding to a given regular expression; methods for obtaining a regular expression from a state diagram of a sequential circuit, improper state diagrams, algebraic properties of regular expressions, and applications to codes.
Comparison of residual shunt rates in five devices used to treat patent foramen ovale.

OBJECTIVES To assess the effective closure rate among devices used for transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, and to discuss the management of patients with large residual shunts. BACKGROUND Several devices are used off-label for transcatheter closure of a PFO in the United States. The rate of residual shunting after PFO closure varies by device. Failure of effective closure poses risk of a recurrent cerebrovascular event, persistent migraine, or recurrent orthodeoxia. METHODS Patients who underwent PFO closure in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory at UCLA between 2001 and 2013 and had baseline and adequate follow-up transcranial Doppler studies following device placement were enrolled in the study. RESULTS Of 167 patients whose records were analyzed, effective PFO closure occurred in 90% (150/167) of patients. The highest effective closure rate was with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO; 100%), followed by the Amplatzer Cribriform (93%), Gore Helex (90%), Amplatzer PFO (86%), and CardioSEAL (86%) device. The highest rate of residual shunting was observed after placement of the 30-mm Gore Helex device (55%). Of the 17 patients with a residual shunt, three required a repeat PFO closure procedure due to a significant residual shunt associated with recurrent pulmonary emboli or profound orthodeoxia. All three patients received an ASO which successfully closed the residual shunt. CONCLUSIONS Transcatheter PFO closure has a high success rate, but a moderate residual shunt occurs in about 10% of cases. The observed incidence of residual shunting after PFO closure is significantly larger with the 30-mm Helex device. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Early Years of the Society of Jesus

It is generally recognized that the centralized organization and strict discipline of the Jesuits played an important role in the Order's successful agitation against Protestantism during the Counterreformation. It is little known that during this period of great accomplishment the Society went through one of the most serious crises of its 400 years of existence—a rebellion, centered in Spain, against the allegedly dictatorial rule of the general and for a quasi-democratic form of governnient. This movement reveals the intrusion of constitutional ideas into an organization which usually has been held up as the prototype of autocracy and monolithic cohesion.
Generation of correlated photons in microstructure fibers

The gains of Four-wave mixing and Raman scattering in an optical fiber vary with wavelength. We use this wavelength variation to experimentally optimize the four-wave mixing relative to the Raman scattering, resulting in high photon coincidence rates and high coincidence/accidental contrast ratios. We obtain a photon coincidence rate of 53.7 kHz/mW/nm with a coincidence/accidental contrast of 10:1 in a 1.8 m microstructure fiber. We discuss the use of this fiber as a source for photon-counting detector efficiency calibrations.
TraY and Integration Host Factor oriT Binding Sites and F Conjugal Transfer: Sequence Variations, but Not Altered Spacing, Are Tolerated

Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a single strand of a conjugative plasmid is transferred from donor to recipient. For F plasmid, TraI, a relaxase or nickase, binds a single plasmid DNA strand at its specific origin of transfer (oriT) binding site, sbi, and cleaves at a site called nic. In vitro studies suggest TraI is recruited to sbi by its accessory proteins, TraY and integration host factor (IHF). TraY and IHF bind conserved oriT sites sbyA and ihfA, respectively, and bend DNA. The resulting conformational changes may propagate to nic, generating the single-stranded region that TraI can bind. Previous deletion studies performed by others showed transfer efficiency of a plasmid containing F oriT decreased progressively as increasingly longer segments, ultimately containing both sbyA and ihfA, were deleted. Here we describe our efforts to more precisely define the role of sbyA and ihfA by examining the effects of multiple base substitutions at sbyA and ihfA on binding and plasmid mobilization. While we observed significant decreases in in vitro DNA-binding affinities, we saw little effect on plasmid mobilization even when sbyA and ihfA variants were combined. In contrast, when half or full helical turns were inserted between the relaxosome protein-binding sites, mobilization was dramatically reduced, in some cases below the detectable limit of the assay. These results are consistent with TraY and IHF recognizing sbyA and ihfA with limited sequence specificity and with relaxosome proteins requiring proper spacing and orientation with respect to each other.
Informational Semantics and Epistemic Arrogance

An adequate epistemology of human knowledge should explain what is assumed to be distinctive about that knowledge. The assumption that human knowledge is distinct in kind is challenged by various forms of naturalized epistemology. Tradition has it that it’s the propositional character of human knowledge that distinguishes it from all other kinds. This suggests that if we can explain how the human mind entertains propositions we will have explained human cognition, rational action (behavior under the causal control of logically coherent thought patterns), and gained insight into human cognitive hegemony. A naturalistic explanation of human knowledge and cognition cannot permit itself the metaphysical luxury of Descartes’ dualistic ontology. Descartes’ discontinuity thesis explains the distinctiveness of human knowledge by severing it and, especially the minds that have it, from everything else. It is the urge to naturalize that creates the tension with what we identify as the human cognitive advantage, namely, rational thought.1 One part of the argument for the propositional character of human knowledge rehearses Descartes’ discontinuity thesis that distinguishes human linguistic capacity as sui generis and locates the mental outside the natural order. The other part of the argument attempts to show that while thought, in practice, is discontinuous with the mental capacities of the beasts, it is nevertheless explainable compatibly with the resources of natural science. This is, of course, precisely what Descartes denied.
Faults detection and failures prediction using vibration analysis

In industrial applications, the uptime of machines can be enhanced through equipment monitoring. This minimizes the risks of unpredicted failures and consequent plant outages. Since all failure modes can cause an increase in machine vibrations, monitoring this area is the predominant and most widely used method to determine equipment condition, and to predict failures. The objective of this study is to detect faults in rotating equipment with the use of vibration analysis. A motor condition monitoring experiment is set up, and the motor's operational speed is controlled by an AC motor drive. The vibration of the motor is measured and monitored. The measured vibration data is analyzed using spectrum analysis software and a MATLAB program. The overall vibration level is monitored, the vibration severity is compared with the standard severity table and is used to determine the condition of the motor. The specific natural frequency corresponds with which kind of fault or failure mode is identified. This information provide insight on the condition of the machine.
Paradoxes of Conglomerability and Fiducial Inference

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that Laplace's principle of insufficient reason is the most familiar and the most general attempted solution. In the absence of evidence relevant to the assessment of these alternatives, ignorance goes hand-in-hand with symmetry of credal probabilities. The chapter also reviews the distinction between direct and inverse statistical inference and a rehearsal of the role the Laplacean principle plays in solving inverse inference. Two interpretations of the probability calculus are used: a credal probability and a stochastic probability. In direct inference, inference is from the knowledge of chances to hypotheses about some (particular) outcome of the stochastic process, inference from “population” to “sample.” In inverse inference, inference is from the knowledge of particular outcomes to hypotheses about the unknown chances on that kind of trial.
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 Requires Planning for Rate Changes and New Dividend Rules

The article reviews those aspects of the 2003 Tax Act of particular importance to investment managers and investment vehicles such as mutual funds and hedge funds. The spread between the highest tax rate on ordinary income and that on net capital gain that existed prior to the Act was approximately 18.6%. That spread has now been increased to 20%. Thus, the motivation to arbitrage the rate differences is only marginally increased by the Act. However, as in all things economic, action occurs at the margins, and the authors expect to see increased interest in holding capital assets for the long-term. With the reduction in the tax on net capital gains, U.S.-based managers of offshore hedge funds may want to reconsider the deferral of future fees through nonqualified deferred compensation arrangements. These fees are taxed as ordinary income, and generally at the highest individual tax rates when paid, and do carry substantial tax rate risk - that is, the risk that tax rates will be substantially higher than 35% when the fee is paid. Thus, these managers may want to consider the tax-efficiency of various fee arrangements. The authors also discuss qualifying dividend income, securities lending and short sales, the investment interest expense deduction, dividends on debt-financed stock, master-feeder structures, variable annuity accounts, and other topics relevant to the recent Act.
Congruence Relationships between Self Images and Product Brands

Similarities of brand images with self images were tested to determine differences between (a) most preferred and least preferred brands, (b) socially consumed and privately consumed products, and ...
Virolysin: a Virus-Induced Lysin from Staphylococcal Phage Lysates.

SummaryPhage infection of staphylococcal cells results in the formation and release of a lytic enzyme which causes the lysis of killed cells, and in conjunction with virus material, lyses living ce...
Entomology in the Pacific Branch—Plus and Minus Fifty Years: The Next Fifty Years

To successfully look ahead to 2016, even if we restrict our inquiry to the profession of entomology, requires an abundance of common sense, a fund of information about our science, and especially a willingness to venture “where angels fear to tread.” Not pretending to have this combination of talents, I nevertheless have accepted the assignment with the expectation that you will smile at my jokes, take need of my admonitions, and perhaps find some basis for courses of action to be taken in the near future.
Stabilization of inverted pendulum on a cart in the presence of uncertainties

This paper presents an output feedback control design to stabilize the inverted pendulum at the upright equilibrium as an extension of our previous work [1]. Compared to our previous work, we add one more time scale between a pendulum angle and angular velocity to reduce a traveled distance of the cart. State feedback control is designed to enable the pendulum to pass through input singularity configurations. Extended High-Gain Observers are used to estimate velocity and acceleration terms while dynamic inversion utilizes the estimates to deal with input coefficient uncertainties and singularity configurations. The proposed control is verified through numerical simulations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Influence of surfactants on the properties of superparamagnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a modified coprecipitation method,and were characterized with FTIR,XRD,VSM and DLS,respectively.The influences of kinds of surfactants(oleic acid,sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and dextran) on the grain size,magnetic properties and dispersity were investigated.The results show that,the peaks of XRD patterns of the modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles have an obviously broadening.Comparing with unmodified sample,the mean grain size of modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles decrease from 18.5 nm to6.0-9.0 nm,and the saturation magnetization decreases,which attributes to the decrease of crystalline size and a non-magnetic covering layer coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticle.And surfactants greatly improve the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. II. Beef products.

A compilation of recent analytical data on beef is presented in an up-to-date table in this second of a series on fatty acids in foods.
A Microwave Applicator for Filamentary Materials

AbstractMicrowave energy has been used both to heat and to sense the properties of continuous filamentary materials. This paper describes a simple microwave applicator suitable for some applications of this nature. The filament travels parallel to the direction of energy propagation in a rectangular waveguide partially filled with a low loss dielectric material. Energy is coupled to the filament through a longitudinal component of electric field generated at the air-dielectric interface.
The Polywater Episode and the Appraisal of Theories

Instead of only examining how often a thesis about scientific change is confirmed in cases of scientific advance, it would be better to examine both how often the thesis is true in cases of scientific advances and how often it is true in cases of scientific mistakes. (For the purpose of this paper, a ‘mistake’ is defined as a scientific claim that is initially accepted by a sizable proportion of specialists, but is shown to be false before being integrated into the prevailing interpretation of the research area in question.) One could then conclude that the higher the success to failure ratio (out of the total number of successful and mistaken episodes in which the thesis was true), the greater the warrant for affirming the thesis as a normative standard for how good science should be done. The main criterion for choosing an episode for this study was that the episode be an exemplary mistake. For the purposes of this study, the polywater episode has several advantages over other mistakes that could be studied: (a) the episode occurred recently enough for biographical and citation data to be available, and (b) the number of identifiable scientists involved was larger than for most other mistakes that could be studied.
Introduction: Consequences of Global Warming to the Public’s Health

Global warming from anthropogenic-derived greenhouse gases has consequences including climate change and public health risks. Measurements of these changes began in 1959 with the International Geophysical Year where CO2 was measured atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii. CO2 measurements were 316 ppm in 1959, and annual averages have increased until 2010 where it was 389.8 ppm. In 2010 the increase was 2.4 ppm, the largest 1-year increase recorded since 1998. CO2 represents about 63 % of the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back to the earth’s surface causing a warming effect. Global warming has a major effect on climate over time which differentiates climate change from weather which is short-term changes over hours or days. CO2 has major sinks such as the oceans and peat bogs across the Arctic and taiga, and CO2 is utilized by plants and forests in metabolism. Anthropogenic sources through burning oil and natural gas for transportation or heating, burning of forest lands for slash and burn agriculture, or burning coal have emitted CO2 increasing substantially since the industrial revolution. This has been efficiently stored in CO2 sinks. Only over the past 50 years have anthropogenic sources been prodigious enough to actually exceed the natural sinks and increase the global recordings of greenhouse gases and temperature.
Stretch-wide traffic state prediction using discriminatively pre-trained deep neural networks

The paper adopts the state-of-the-art machine learning deep neural network to model the evolution of the traffic state along a 21.1 miles long stretch of the I-15 highway. The built model is used for short-term prediction of the traffic states. The 21.1 miles stretch is divided into 43 segment. Building a predictive model for this stretch is a multivariate problem where the responses are the speeds/flows for different road segments at different time horizons. Considering traffic state short-term prediction as a multivariate problem ensures that all the spatiotemporal correlations are maintained. We adopt the deep neural network to predict the traffic state stretch-wide for up to 120 minutes in the future. Due to the required large computation time and memory to train the deep neural network we used the divide and conquer approach to divide the large prediction problem into a set of smaller overlapping problems. These smaller problems can be solved using a medium configuration PC in a reasonable time which makes the proposed technique suitable for practical applications. Furthermore, the prediction results showing a superior prediction when compared to prediction results obtained using the partial least squares regression.
Meat Production and Antibiotics Use

Debate over how regulation can address the growing public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance has addressed both the regulatory framework for intervention and the political choice to intervene, balancing control of the public health risk from agricultural use of antimicrobials and economic benefit to agribusiness from such use. This chapter reviews current U.S. laws and regulations pertaining to non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials in livestock and to surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens of food animal origin. Regulatory efforts in the United States and Europe are compared, with an emphasis on the scientific evidence for public health success or failure of these policy interventions. The chapter also provides the scientific context that informs regulatory efforts in the U.S. and global efforts to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Recommendations for combined regulatory, surveillance, and research strategies are offered, with a focus on science-based regulatory approaches and mechanisms for evaluation of the public health benefits of regulation.
Minimizing Carbon Dioxide Emissions Due to Container Handling at Marine Container Terminals via Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms

Considering a rapidly increasing seaborne trade and drastic climate changes due to emissions, produced by oceangoing vessels and container handling equipment, marine container terminal operators not only have to improve effectiveness of their operations to serve the increasing demand, but also to account for the environmental impact associated with the terminal operations. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer mathematical model for the berth scheduling problem, which minimizes the total service cost of vessels, including the total carbon dioxide emission cost due to container handling. The latter pollutant is a primary greenhouse gas that causes global warming. A Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm, which deploys a set of local search heuristics, is developed to solve the problem. Computational experiments showcase that the optimality gap of the proposed solution algorithm does not exceed 1.61%. It is further shown that the application of additional local search heuristics allows efficient discovery of promising solutions throughout the search process. Results from numerical experiments also indicate that changes in the carbon dioxide emission cost may significantly affect the design of berth schedules. The developed mathematical model and the proposed solution algorithm can thus be adopted as effective planning tools by the marine container terminal operators and improve the environmental sustainability of the terminal operations.
An Application of the Temporal-based Framework of Teamwork Processes to Diabetes Quality of Care

Conceptual frameworks in healthcare do not address the temporal-based mechanisms whereby teamwork processes impact changes in quality of care. We draw on a temporal-based framework of teamwork proc...
Abstract 3595: Under-reporting of research biopsies in clinical trials in oncology

Purpose: Research biopsies are frequently incorporated into clinical trials in oncology, and are often a mandatory requirement for trial enrollment. However, limited information is available regarding the extent and completeness of research biopsy reporting. Methods: We identified a cohort of therapeutic clinical trials wherein at least one image-guided non-diagnostic research biopsy was performed between 1/2005 and 10/2010 from a large interventional radiology database at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Study protocols were compared with the highest level of corresponding publication as a manuscript, registry report, or abstract. Results: A total of 866 research biopsies were performed across 46 clinical trials (median 19 biopsies/trial). After a median follow-up time of 5.8yrs from study completion, 35 trials (76%) had published manuscripts (18 reported biopsy results), 8 (17%) had either a registry or abstract report (1 reported biopsy results), and 3 (7%) were not reported. In total, 19 trials (41%) reported biopsy results. Of these 19 trials, 6 (32%) trials under-reported the number of biopsies performed. Only 14 of 32 (42%) trials with mandatory research biopsies reported on these biopsies. Comments regarding biopsy quality/adequacy were reported in only 5 trials. Complications from these biopsies occurred in 39 pts (grade 3 in 6 pts) in 8 trials, but only 1 (13%) trial reported biopsy complications. Factors associated with better reporting of research biopsies are shown in the Table. When limited to only published manuscripts, results were unchanged. Academic sponsorship and a larger number of biopsies, especially serial biopsies, were associated with increased reporting of research biopsies. Conclusion: Despite ethical obligations to report research biopsies, 59% of trials do not report on these biopsies. Although complications occur, they are rarely reported. Clinical trial design efforts to ensure that an adequate number of research biopsies are obtained may lead to improved reporting of research biopsy biomarker results. Citation Format: Christine M. Parseghian, Kanwal Raghav, James Yao, Lee M. Ellis, Alda Tam, Michael J. Overman. Under-reporting of research biopsies in clinical trials in oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3595. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3595
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are increasingly implicated in hospital- and community-acquired infections. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) production and engineering have led to renewed interest in the development of antibody-based therapies for treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. Currently, there are three antibacterial mAb products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and at least nine mAbs are in clinical trials. Antibacterial mAbs are typically developed to kill bacteria or to attenuate bacterial pathological activity through neutralization of bacterial toxins and virulence factors. Antibodies exhibit distinct pharmacological mechanisms from traditional antimicrobials and, hence, cross-resistance between small molecule antimicrobials and antibacterial mAbs is unlikely. Additionally, the long biological half-lives typically found for mAbs may allow convenient dosing and vaccine-like prophylaxis from infection. However, the high affinity of mAbs and the involvement of the host immune system in their pharmacological actions may lead to complex and nonlinear pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this review, we summarize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the FDA-approved antibacterial mAbs and those are currently in clinical trials. Challenges in the development of antibacterial mAbs are also discussed.
5-Nitro-2,4-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-One (NTO)

NTO is a very attractive explosive due to its insensitivity, thermal and mechanical stability. NTO can be used to prepare melt-cast explosives (NTO-TNT mixture) as well as pressed explosives with thermoplastic binder and cast PBX charges for Insensitive Munitions. In this chapter, various synthesis processes and physico-chemical properties of NTO are discussed. A number of formulations along with there explosive properties are presented and compared with neat NTO and TNT. The toxicity, biodegradation, and detection techniques are also discussed in this chapter.
Neural Basis of Learning

Students’ learning mechanisms and success are crucial to the advancement of education and knowledge. Therefore, understanding the neural basis of learning and applying it to educational programs can enhance how individuals acquire knowledge. Currently, educational programs are mostly centered on a teacher-based approach, which is not ideal for information retention. Instead, programs should be focused on achieving the three stages of learning: encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. In fact, current methods do not result in significant encoding (the first step). Strong encoding is associated with individual’s attention and focus on the material. Consolidation comes from the strengthening of neural pathways by providing meaning to the material being learned, and establishing strong connections to achieve long-term potentiation. Finally, retrieval is maximized when knowledge is fully established and a schema has been attained. It is important to take into account how education influences and can be used to optimize learning. Considering existing neural evidence, educational systems should change to a student-centered approach to improve learning.
Myc target genes in neoplastic transformation.

Deregulated expression of the c-myc oncogene as a consequence of specific genetic alterations is sine-qua-non for certain B-cell neoplasms. Dissection of the c-Myc protein over the last decade reveals a structural organization that is characteristic of a transcription factor. c-Myc function is regulated by a complicated network of proteins that developed through millions of years of evolution and is likely to include a large repertoire of interacting proteins. Yet, the mechanism by which c-Myc or its retroviral counterpart v-Myc transforms cells is only beginning to emerge. Clues to the molecular basis of c-Myc mediated cellular transformation are being revealed by studies that identify target genes and events linking the deregulated expression of Myc and transformed phenotypes.
Minority Access to Health Services: United States

African, Asian, Latino, and Native Americans represent large and growing segments of the population. Members of these groups encounter barriers to receiving healthcare in a timely and appropriate fashion, as indicated in low rates of nonemergency medical treatment. Well-established difficulties in establishing equal access include problems with financing, especially a lack of health insurance and reliance on public sources of payment. Other barriers include an unfavorable geographic distribution of medical providers, and a lack of providers who are welcoming and attuned to cultural sources of social distance. More research is needed to clarify sociocultural barriers and changes in policy are needed to encourage outreach and engagement.
Therapeutic communities. Enhancing retention in treatment using "Senior Professor" staff

Evaluation research documents a firm relationship between retention and treatment outcomes among substance abusers in therapeutic communities (TCs). However, most admissions leave treatment prematurely, particularly in the first months after admission. This paper reports findings from a controlled study that assessed the efficacy of an intervention to reduce early dropout in a residential TC. In the "Senior Professor" (SP) intervention, the most experienced clinical and managerial staff in a TC program were utilized to conduct program induction seminars during the first weeks of admissions, traditionally the period of the highest rate of dropout. Rates of short-term retention (30 days of treatment) were compared for the experimental cohort (N=362), who received the intervention, and a cohort of admissions (N=243), who received standard or non-enhanced treatment. Findings showed that the SP intervention significantly reduced the likelihood of early dropout compared with controls. The enhanced effects are most evident for the new inductees with the lowest levels of motivation. Some theoretical and clinical implications are discussed as to the utilization of experienced staff to increase retention among new inductees with relatively lower motivational levels, who are at greatest risk for early dropout.
Hyperthyroidism is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in 3336 Patients: An Opportunity for Improvement and Intervention.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed and untreated hyperthyroidism among patients with suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism can significantly diminish patient quality of life and increase the financial burden on patients and health systems. We hypothesized that many patients with hyperthyroidism remain undiagnosed because physicians fail to recognize and evaluate suppressed TSH as the first indication of disease. METHODS We reviewed administrative data on 174011 patients with TSH measured at a tertiary referral center between 2011 and 2017 to identify individuals with hyperthyroidism (TSH <0.05 mU/L) and their subsequent outcomes: evaluation (measurement of T4, T3, radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, thyroid peroxidase antibodies) diagnosis, referral and treatment. We used Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable time-related parametric hazard modeling to measure our outcomes. RESULTS We found 3336 patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean age of our cohort was 52 ± 17 years, with 79% females and 59% whites. Only 1088 patients (33%) received any appropriate evaluation and hyperthyroidism remained undiagnosed in 37% of patients who had the appropriate workup. Among those diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, only 21% were referred for surgery and 34% received RAI. Predictors for hyperthyroidism diagnosis include lower TSH (0.01u/L), younger age, African-American race, private commercial insurance, being seen in an outpatient setting, absence of medical comorbidities, presentation with ophthalmopathy, or weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Hyperthyroidism is frequently unrecognized and untreated, which can lead to adverse outcomes and increased costs. Improved systems for detection and treatment of hyperthyroidism are needed to address this gap in care.
110th Anniversary: High Performance Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Resistance to Aggressive Feed Stream Contaminants

Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes show high performance for various critical gas pair separations with excellent scalable manufacturability. For practical applications it is important to evaluate such membranes for resistance to contaminants possibly present in feed streams related to an onboard inert gas generation system (OBIGGS) for aerospace applications. Here we report the performance of CMS membranes prepared by optimized dual temperature secondary oxygen doping (DTSOD) in the presence of aggressive contaminants, potentially in the bleed air of aircraft. Such feed can be used to eliminate the need for a separate compressor in membrane systems to create nitrogen enriched stream for fuel tank inerting, and we considered this case using simulated engine bypass air. Our CMS membranes were exposed to different humidity levels, combinations of gaseous contaminants (denoted as Class ‘A’), and ozone to study the membrane performance for O2/N2 separation with time at high temperatures. The CMS shows a r...
Leukemogenic Nup98-homeobox fusion proteins are targeted to a novel nuclear compartment and cause mistargeting of endogenous Nup98

1734 Myelogenous leukemia typically arises from chromosomal translocations that fuse portions of unrelated genes, producing a hybrid protein with an aberrant activity. The gene encoding the nucleoporin Nup98 is a recurring target of such translocations, resulting in Nup98-partner chimeras. Many of the Nup98 fusion partners are homeobox transcription factors, others are nuclear proteins with diverse functions including topoisomerase and an RNA helicase. In order to obtain insight into the leukemogenic functions of Nup98 fusions, we have studied the nature of Nup98 homeobox fusions in Hela cells. We found that Nup98-homeobox fusions, Nup98-HoxA9, Nup98-PMX1 and Nup98-HoxD13, are similarly localized in small granular bodies which are different from either parental fragment, and formation of these bodies requires the presence of both the Nup98 and homeodomain sequences, suggesting a synergistic interaction. Our results also revealed that all three fusions co-localize to the same foci in the nucleus. Additionally, we have looked at dynamics of the Nup98 homeobox fusions in living cells. Like wild type Nup98, the fusions are mobile and mobility is inhibited by the transcription inhibitor, Actinomycin D. Strikingly, we have shown that expression of leukemic fusion proteins causes disassembly of the nuclear bodies containing endogenous Nup98. Our results suggest that Nup98 homeobox fusion proteins share a similar mechanism of leukemogenic transformation. Further, they suggest that Nup98 fusions contribute to leukemogenesis both through altered targeting and transcriptional activation by homeobox factors and through altered compartmentalization of endogenous Nup98.
Measuring Perceptual Distance of Organismal Color Pattern using the Features of Deep Neural Networks

ABSTRACT A wide range of research relies upon the accurate and repeatable measurement of the degree to which organisms resemble one another. Here, we present an unsupervised workflow for analyzing the relationships between organismal color patterns. This workflow utilizes several recent advancements in deep learning based computer vision techniques to calculate perceptual distance. We validate this approach using previously published datasets surrounding diverse applications of color pattern analysis including mimicry, population differentiation, heritability, and development. We demonstrate that our approach is able to reproduce the biologically relevant color pattern relationships originally reported in these studies. Importantly, these results are achieved without any task-specific training. In many cases, we were able to reproduce findings directly from original photographs or plates with minimum standardization, avoiding the need for intermediate representations such as a cartoonized images or trait matrices. We then present two artificial datasets designed to highlight how this approach handles aspects of color patterns, such as changes in pattern location and the perception of color contrast. These results suggest that this approach will generalize well to support the study of a wide range of biological processes in a diverse set of taxa while also accommodating a variety of data formats, preprocessing techniques, and study designs.
Impulsive Responses to Positive and Negative Emotions: Parallel Neurocognitive Correlates and their Implications

Theory about the conceptual basis of psychiatric disorders has long emphasized negative emotionality. More recent ideas emphasize roles for positive emotionality and impulsivity as well. This review examines impulsive responses to positive and negative emotions, which have been labeled as urgency. Urgency is conceptually and empirically distinct from other forms of impulsivity. A large body of work indicates that urgency is more robustly related to psychopathology than are other forms of impulsivity. Researchers have considered 4 neurocognitive models of urgency: excessive emotion generation, poor emotion regulation, risky decision making, and poor cognitive control. Little evidence supports emotion generation or risky decision making as the core issues driving urgency. Rather, urgency appears related to dysfunction in key hubs implicated in the integration of cognitive control and emotion regulation (e.g., the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula), expressed as response inhibition deficits that emerge most robustly in high arousal contexts. These neurocognitive processes appear remarkably parallel for positive and negative urgency. We provide methodological suggestions and theoretical hypotheses to guide future research.
Finding new lanes: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells for myeloid leukemia.

Background Myeloid leukemia represents a heterogeneous group of cancers of blood and bone marrow which arise from clonal expansion of hematopoietic myeloid lineage cells. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has traditionally been treated with multi-agent chemotherapy, but conventional therapies have not improved the long-term survival for decades. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is an indolent disease which requires lifelong treatment, is associated with significant side effects, and carries a risk of progression to potentially lethal blast crises. Recent findings Recent advances in molecular biology, virology, and immunology have enabled researchers to grow and modify T lymphocytes ex-vivo. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been shown to specifically target cells of lymphoid lineage and induce remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. While the success of CAR T-cells against ALL is considered a defining moment in modern oncology, similar efficacy against myeloid leukemia cells remains elusive. Over the past 10 years, numerous CAR T-cells have been developed that can target novel myeloid antigens, and many clinical trials are finally starting to yield encouraging results. In this review, we present the recent advances in this field and discuss strategies for future development of myeloid targeting CAR T-cell therapy. Conclusions The field of CAR T-cell therapy has rapidly evolved over the past few years. It represents a radically new approach towards cancers, and with continued refinement it may become a viable therapeutic option for patients of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia.
Distinguishing Impatiens capensis from Impatiens pallida (Balsaminaceae) using leaf traits

Impatiens capensis (Meerb.) (orange jewelweed) and Impatiens pallida (Nutt.) (yellow jewelweed) are annual species with similar phenotypes that grow in similar environments throughout the eastern U...
The Role of Law and Policy in Achieving Healthy People's Disability and Health Goals Around Access to Health Care, Activities Promoting Health and Wellness, Independent Living and Participation, and Collecting Data in the United States

Ensuring that the almost 60 million Americans with disabilities live as healthy and independent lives as possible is an important goal for our nation. This evidence-based report highlights efforts to better use law and policy to support and protect people with disabilities. Specifically, it examines how existing federal laws and policies could be leveraged by states, communities, and other sectors to reduce barriers to primary and preventive care; reduce barriers to local health and wellness programs; increase access to leisure, social, or community activities (and indirectly, to religious activities) for individuals with disabilities; and generate better disability data needed to inform and support efforts to reach these and other disability and health objectives. This report also features specific, real-world examples of legal community strategies or interventions, or Laws and Policies in Action, to illustrate how law and policy is used to make progress on each of these objectives.
Radiofrequency Ablation Alters the Microstructural Organization of Healthy and Enzymatically Digested Porcine Mitral Valves

Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration is a common cause of mitral regurgitation and is often associated with mitral valve prolapse. With no known targets to pharmacologically treat mitral valve prolapse, surgery is often the only treatment option. Recently, radiofrequency ablation has been proposed as a percutaneous alternative to surgical resection for the reduction of mitral valve leaflet area. Using an in vitro model of porcine mitral valve anterior leaflet enlargement following enzymatic digestion, we sought to investigate mechanisms by which radiofrequency ablation alters the geometry, microstructural organization, and mechanical properties of healthy and digested leaflets. Paired measurements before and after radiofrequency ablation revealed the impact of ablation on leaflet properties. Multiphoton imaging was used to characterize changes in the structure and organization of the valvular extracellular matrix; planar biaxial mechanical testing and constitutive modeling were used to estimate mechanical properties of healthy and digested leaflets. Enzymatic digestion increased leaflet area and thickness to a similar extent as clinical mitral valve disease. Radiofrequency ablation altered extracellular matrix alignment and reduced the area of digested leaflets to that of control. Additionally, enzymatic digestion resulted in fiber alignment and reorientation toward the radial direction, causing increased forces during ablation and a structural stiffening which was improved by radiofrequency ablation. Radiofrequency ablation induces radial extracellular matrix alignment and effectively reduces the area of enlarged mitral valve leaflets. Hence, this technique may be a therapeutic approach for myxomatous mitral valve disease and is thus an avenue for future study.