cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavior of biologically important trace elements across the oxic/euxinic transition of meromictic Fayetteville Green Lake, New York, USA

Abstract Trace elements are central components of enzymes that catalyze many of the essential reactions mediated by life. The redox sensitive nature of trace elements also permits their use as a record of ancient ocean conditions preserved in the geologic record. Trace element geochemistry in modern stratified systems is often used as a proxy for the redox state of the ancient oceans, which are thought to have been largely anoxic. In the present study, we examined trace element behavior of simultaneously collected samples at a heretofore unprecedented depth resolution (1–0.25 m intervals) throughout the redox-stratified water column of Fayetteville Green Lake, N.Y. (FGL), a 53 m deep meromictic lake under euxinic conditions similar to those thought to have been prevalent in Proterozoic oceans. Among characterized Proterozoic ocean analogs, FGL represents an understudied proxy in terms of trace elements, with characteristics of low salinity and high sulfate. In the FGL water column, spikes in the concentration of dissolved Mn, Fe and Co are coincident with the transition from oxic to euxinic conditions, and are associated with a decrease in dissolved Mo concentration. In contrast, the concentration of dissolved Ni did not vary across this transition despite the dramatic shift in redox state. From these data we present a one dimensional model for element transport and cycling through the water column to the sediments. Collectively, this comprehensive analysis of water column geochemistry provides insight into the effects of biogeochemical cycling in stratified systems on dissolved trace element concentrations in the water column. This study, in concert with characterization of other early Earth analogs, will greatly enhance the use of trace elements in interpreting the geologic record.
Semantics and Neural Development

The latter-day success of molecular biology in providing a physical account of the structure and function of the hereditary material was in large part due to the focus of its founders on the concept of “genetic information”. As was spelled out thirty-five years ago by Erwin Schro’dinger (1945) in his seminal book What Is Life?, the gene can be viewed as an information carrier whose physical structure corresponds to an aperiodic succession of a small number of isomeric elements of a hereditary codescript. Eventually, the gene was identified as a segment of a double helical DNA molecule residing in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus. The isomeric elements of the hereditary codescript turned out to be the four nucleotide bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, which embody the genetic information by their aperiodic linear seguence along the DNA molecule. And as far as the meaning of the information contained in an individual gene is concerned, it was first put forward as an a priori dogmatic postulate and later established as an empirical fact, that the linear seguence of DNA nucleotide bases stands for the linear seguence of amino acids of a particular protein molecule.
Development of episodic and autobiographical memory: The importance of remembering forgetting

Abstract Some memories of the events of our lives have a long shelf-life – they remain accessible to recollection even after long delays. Yet many other of our experiences are forgotten, sometimes very soon after they take place. In spite of the prevalence of forgetting, theories of the development of episodic and autobiographical memory largely ignore it as a potential source of variance in explanation of age-related variability in long-term recall. They focus instead on what may be viewed as positive developmental changes, that is, changes that result in improvements in the quality of memory representations that are formed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of forgetting as an important variable in understanding the development of episodic and autobiographical memory. Forgetting processes are implicated as a source of variability in long-term recall due to the protracted course of development of the neural substrate responsible for transformation of fleeting experiences into memory traces that can be integrated into long-term stores and retrieved at later points in time. It is logical to assume that while the substrate is developing, neural processing is relatively inefficient and ineffective, resulting in loss of information from memory (i.e., forgetting). For this reason, focus on developmental increases in the quality of representations of past events and experiences will tell only a part of the story of how memory develops. A more complete account is afforded when we also consider changes in forgetting.
Process Tracking for Parallel Job Control

Job management subsystems in parallel environments have to address two important issues: (i) how to associate processes present in the system to the tasks of parallel jobs, and (ii) how to control execution of these tasks. The standard UNIX mechanism for job control, process groups, is not appropriate for this purpose as processes can escape their original groups and start new ones. We introduce the concept of genealogy, in which a process is identified by the genetic footprint it inherits from its parent. With this concept, tasks are defined by sets of processes with a common ancestor. Process tracking is the mechanism by which we implement the genealogy concept in the IBM AIX operating system. No changes to the kernel are necessary and individual process control is achieved through standard UNIX signaling methods. Performance evaluation, on both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems, demonstrate the efficacy of job control through process tracking. Process tracking has been incorporated in a research prototype gang-scheduling system for the IBM RS/6000 SP.
Distributed Coordination of Resources via Wasp-Like Agents

Agent-based approaches to scheduling have gained increas- ing attention in recent years. One inherent advantage of agent-based approaches is their tendency for robust behavior; since activity is coordi- nated via local interaction protocols and decision policies, the system is insensitive to unpredictability in the executing environment. At the same time, such "self-scheduling" systems presume that a coherent global be- havior will emerge from the local interactions of individual agents, and realizing this behavior remains a difficult problem. We draw on the adap- tive behavior of the natural multi-agent system of the wasp colony as inspiration for decentralized mechanisms for coordinating factory oper- ations. We compare the resulting systems to the state-of-the-art for the problems examined.
Prolonged postoperative apnea complicating gynecologic surgery: Atypical cholinesterase and myasthenia gravis

Over a 10-year period 12,643 gynecologic surgical procedures were performed with the patients under general anesthesia. Succinylcholine was the muscle relaxant used in the majority of cases. Four of these patients developed prolonged postoperative apnea; the longest period of apnea was 6 hours. In one patient atypical cholinesterase was documented, and two of the patients were subsequently diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis. In the fourth case an etiology for the apnea was not demonstrated. A compilation of drugs in common clinical usage which interfere with neuromuscular transmission is included.
Long-Term Transfer and Expression of the Human β-Globin Gene in a Mouse Transplant Model

Somatic gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies depends initially on the demonstration of safe, efficient gene transfer and long-term, high-level expression of the transferred human beta-globin gene in animal models. We have used a beta-globin gene/beta-locus control region retroviral vector containing several modifications to optimize gene transfer and expression in a mouse transplant model. In this report we show that transplantation of beta-globin-transduced hematopoietic cells into lethally irradiated mice leads to the continued presence of the gene up to 8 months posttransplantation. The transferred human beta-globin gene is detected in 3 of 5 mice surviving long term (>4 months) transplanted with bone marrow cells transduced with high-titer virus. Southern blotting confirms the presence of the unrearranged 5.1-kb human beta-globin gene-containing provirus in 2 of these mice. In addition, long-term expression of the transferred gene is seen in 2 mice at levels of 5% and 20% that of endogenous murine beta-globin at 6 and 8 months posttransplantation. We further document stem cell transduction by the successful transfer and high-level expression of the human beta-globin gene from mice transduced 9 months earlier into irradiated secondary recipient mice. These results demonstrate high-level, long-term somatic human beta-globin gene transfer into the hematopoietic stem cells of an animal for the first time, and suggest the potential feasibility of a retroviral gene therapy approach to sickle cell disease and the beta thalassemias.
Control of the Expression of c-sis mRNA in Human Glioblastoma Cells by Phorbol Ester and Transforming Growth Factor β

The regulation of c- sis oncogene expression in human glioblastoma cell line A172 has been investigated using a sensitive RNA-RNA solution hybridization method. Enhanced expression of c- sis mRNA was induced by phorbol ester (PMA) and diacylglycerol, each of which activates protein kinase C. c- sis mRNA was also induced by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). The response to PMA and TGF-β was transient, and in each case the decrease in c- sis mRNA level following maximum stimulation occurred with a half-life similar to the mRNA half-life previously determined. Cycloheximide had no significant effect on the induction of c- sis mRNA by either PMA or TGF-β. The increases in c- sis mRNA following addition of either PMA or TGF-β correlated well with increases in c- sis transcription as observed by the nuclear run-on technique. In cells in which protein kinase C had been down-regulated, there was no inhibition of the c- sis mRNA response to TGF-β. Furthermore in cells pretreated with TGF-β, induction by PMA was unaffected. Thus the TGF-β signal pathway does not involve activation of protein kinase C, and at least two initially distinct intracellular signaling routes lead to activation of c- sis gene expression in this glioblastoma cell line. The protein kinase inhibitor H7 abolished the ability of not only PMA but also of TGF-β to induce c- sis mRNA. The ability of H7 to inhibit the TGF-β stimulation suggests that a protein kinase other than protein kinase C is involved in the signal transduction by TGF-β.
Determination of MICs of streptomycin for resistant Salmonella isolates in swine and poultry using a micro-broth dilution system.

The MICs of streptomycin for Salmonella isolates from swine and poultry were determined by a micro-broth dilution technique. The Salmonella isolates were recovered from the lymph nodes and cecal contents of market-age swine and from the cecal contents of poultry at the time of slaughter and were found by disk diffusion to be resistant to 10 μg of streptomycin. MIC testing was carried out with the Sensititre susceptibility system for streptomycin, which uses a microwell concentration gradient of 16 to 800 μg/ml. Results indicated that >80% of the swine isolates had MICs of ≤64 μg/ml, while 51% of poultry isolates exhibited MICs of ≥128 μg/ml. The highest MICs observed in swine and poultry were 256 and 800 μg/ml, respectively. Replicate tests performed on 12 of the isolates chosen at random indicated a 100% correlation between runs. Advantages of this system include easily read results and precoated wells. Disadvantages include the cost and the inability to test concentrations of streptomycin other than those in the wells. We found this micro-broth dilution commercial test kit to provide a relatively quick and easy testing procedure for the determination of streptomycin resistance in Salmonella. Cette etude determine les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (MICs) de streptomycine pour des isolats de Salmonella, resistantes a la streptomycine, sur de la viande de porc et de volaille par une technique de microdilution. Les resultats indiquent que plus de 80% des isolats de porc contiennent des teneurs en MICs inferieures a 64μg/ml tandis que 51% des isolats de volaille sont superieurs a 128μg/ml. Les resultats demontrent que cette methode est rapide et facile pour la determination de resistance a la streptomycine dans les Salmonella.
Changing practice: red blood cell typing by molecular methods for patients with sickle cell disease

Background Extended red blood cell (RBC) antigen matching is recommended to limit alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). DNA-based testing to predict blood group phenotypes has enhanced availability of antigen-negative donor units and improved typing of transfused patients, but replacement of routine serologic typing for non-ABO antigens with molecular typing for patients has not been reported. Study Designs and Methods This study compared the historical RBC antigen phenotypes obtained by hemagglutination methods with genotype predictions in 494 patients with SCD. For discrepant results, repeat serologic testing was performed and/or investigated by gene sequencing for silent or variant alleles. Results Seventy-one typing discrepancies were identified among 6360 antigen comparisons (1.1%). New specimens for repeat serologic testing were obtained for 66 discrepancies and retyping agreed with the genotype in 64 cases. One repeat Jk(b−) serologic phenotype, predicted Jk(b+) by genotype, was found by direct sequencing of JK to be a silenced allele, and one N typing discrepancy remains under investigation. Fifteen false-negative serologic results were associated with alleles encoding weak antigens or single-dose Fyb expression. Conclusions DNA-based RBC typing provided improved accuracy and expanded information on RBC antigens compared to hemagglutination methods, leading to its implementation as the primary method for extended RBC typing for patients with SCD at our institution.
Near speed-of-light on-chip electrical interconnect

The propagation limits of electrical signals for systems built with conventional silicon processing are explored. Data transmission near the speed of light with an all-electrical system can be achieved by taking advantage of the inductance-dominated high-frequency regime of on-chip interconnect. In a 0.18 /spl mu/m, 6-level Aluminum CMOS technology, an overall delay of 278 ps for a 20 mm long line corresponding to a propagation velocity of one half the speed of light in silicon dioxide has been demonstrated.
Biological model for technology transfer in university–industry–government partnerships

This paper proposes a technology transfer model using an analogy with a biological process, appropriate to one of the US National Science Foundation's Engineering Research Centers (Center for Interfacial Engineering, University of Minnesota). This biological model incorporates earlier ideas on the diffusion of technology, involving movement of information across organizational boundaries, transmitters and receptors, and gatekeepers.
Cervical varix as a cause of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy: prenatal diagnosis by color Doppler ultrasonography.

Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. Beyond 20 weeks of gestation, the most frequent causes of bleeding associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality are placenta previa and placental abruption. Cervical varix during pregnancy is a rare condition. To our knowledge, only six cases have been reported in the literature. Most of these cases were associated with preterm birth and high maternal morbidity. The optimal management and mode of delivery remain undetermined. We report a case of cervical varix diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound at 21 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy was complicated by several episodes of vaginal bleeding and the patient delivered at 32 weeks. Color and power Doppler examination of the cervix played a key role in establishing the diagnosis.
Involvement of the cavernous sinus by malignant (extracranial) tumour: palliation in six cases without surgery.

Abstract Involvement of the cavernous sinus region due to haematogenous spread or by local extension of a malignant head and neck tumour does not occur frequently. Six patients were treated by external beam radiation with ( n =3) or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy between December 1989 and February 1996. Manifestations of the condition mainly consisted of fifth and sixth cranial nerve deficits ( n =4). Complete resolution of cranial nerve deficits after therapy occurred in two of the four patients with only three individuals having been evaluable. Three of the six patients survived for more than 3 years. Thus, palliation can be achieved by chemoradiation or radiotherapy alone, and long term survival is not precluded.
CuO charge fluctuations and electron-phonon coupling in the effective single-band Hubbard theory for cuprate superconductors

Abstract We present results for the effective electronic and breathing mode electron-phonon coupling parameters in an effective single band model for the cuprate materials which explicitly incorporates the lowest energy CuO charge excitations of the more complicated multi-band models. We point out the possibility that the cuprates may be close to a phonon-driven charge instability.
A belief function approach to information utilization in decision making

A model for decision making is proposed which is based on an elimination process utilizing sequentially acquired information. The procedure combines aspects of the belief‐plausibility approach developed by Shafer and the generalized information system proposed by Yovits, et al. Although based on formalized rules and mathematical structures, the approach taken is basically the method used by many human decision makers when confronted with a major decision. An extensive example illustrates the technique. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The sequence of a murine cDNA encoding Ear-2, a nuclear orphan receptor

A 1643-bp cDNA that encodes the mouse Ear-2 orphan nuclear receptor has been isolated from a pituitary cell library. The predicted 389-aa mouse Ear-2 protein bears significant homology to the known human Ear-2 protein especially in the DNA-binding domain.
Bridging Austrian and Market Socialist Economics

This historian believes that a social alternative can be found to both extreme Austrian-style economic proposals of laissez-faire and market socialist programs. Her conclusion is the necessity of meeting basic needs of citizens, from food to rent to health care and education. Few market socialist sympathizers will find her argument convincing. But it is a provocative attempt to combine the economics of the extreme laissez-faire and welfare economy philosophies.
Ensemble-Based Sensitivity Analysis Applied to African Easterly Waves

Abstract An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) coupled to the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to generate ensemble analyses and forecasts of a strong African easterly wave (AEW) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis field campaign. Ensemble sensitivity analysis is then used to evaluate the impacts of initial condition errors on AEW amplitude and position forecasts at two different initialization times. WRF forecasts initialized at 0000 UTC 8 September 2006, prior to the amplification of the AEW, are characterized by large variability in evolution as compared to forecasts initialized 48 h later when the AEW is within a denser observation network. Short-lead-time amplitude forecasts are most sensitive to the midtropospheric meridional winds, while at longer lead times, midtropospheric θe errors have equal or larger impacts. For AEW longitude forecasts, the largest sensitivities are associated with the θe downstream of the AEW and, to a lesser ...
The first year of teaching: It's not what they expected

Abstract This paper considers the relationship between teachers' espoused belief and beliefs in action. It focuses on the first year experiences of two beginning teachers — one a graduate of a baccalaureate program; the other a graduate of a master's program — who have been participants in a longitudinal study of evolving beliefs about teaching among preservice and beginning teachers. It contrasts their belief in action with the beliefs about teaching that they articulated over the past 3 years in beliefs questionnaires that they completed at the beginning of each school year. Findings suggest that beginning teachers develop a set of beliefs about teaching and learning in their teacher education programs that is not necessarily related to the set of beliefs about teaching and learning that they developed over the course of their elementary and secondary education. The latter set of beliefs is brought to the fore by the exigencies of the first year of teaching. New teachers, the study shows, are strongly affected by the conditions of the workplace and most particularly by the climate of acceptance established by the school principal. The paper ends with suggestions for preservice faculty and for school personnel receiving beginning teachers.
The distribution of interlaboratory comparison data: response to the contribution by K. Heydorn

The distribution of interlaboratory results can often be successfully modeled as a mixture of distributions: a “majority” population of results from laboratories of high and roughly equal competence and a (hopefully) minority “contaminant” population from laboratories of lesser competence. Approximating the majority population as a normal distribution and the contaminant as a uniform distribution can be and has been used to produce mixture populations that have realistically “heavy-tails” (i.e., leptokurtic).
Interpersonal deception: XII. Information management dimensions underlying deceptive and truthful messages

Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) proposes that among the strategies deceivers use to create credible messages is information management. Delineated here are five fundamental dimensions along which verbal content and style can be altered to manage information: (1) completeness (informational and conversational), (2) veridicality (actual and apparent), (3) directness/relevance (semantic and syntactic/pragmatic), (4) clarity (semantic and syntactic/pragmatic), and (5) personalization. Two studies employing encoding and decoding methodologies are presented that assess the degree to which (1) senders can vary discourse on demand along these dimensions and (2) receivers (observers) can recognize such variations. Participants in the first experiment engaged in separate truthful and deceptive interviews; during the latter, they enacted one of three different forms of deception (falsification, equivocation, concealment) representing different combinations of the five dimensions. Participants in the second expe...
Variable Structure Observer for Control Bias on Unmanned Air Vehicles

b = span c = chord L,M, N = aerodynamic moment components in the body reference frame p, q, r = components of the angular velocity of the system in the body reference frame S = reference area u, v, w = components of the velocity vector of the system mass center in the body frame VA = total aerodynamic velocity of the system X, Y, Z = aerodynamic force components in the body reference frame x, y, z = components of the position vector of the system mass center in an inertial frame max M = largest eigenvalue of the matrixM , , = Euler roll, pitch, and yaw angles of the system
The Work of Elderly Men Caregivers From Public Careers to an Unseen World

Approximately 1,000,000men currently care for spouses with cognitive impairment after leaving market-economy careers through normative or early retirement. In the process, they made the difficult transition from work in the public arena to the private, largely invisible world of family care. This article explores how elderly men caregivers adapt to such drastic changes in social location, what resources they call upon to ameliorate the impact of those changes, and what we can learn from their experiences that will inform future research and practice. Data are from a qualitative study of thirty elderly men care-givers in Rochester, New York. Two major themes emerged, demonstrating both struggle and success. The most significant struggle was coping with the isolation of home care; by contrast, many men were able to successfully make the transition through the use of a style of caregiving that incorporated a combination of management and nurturing skills.
Error Tolerant Design of Multivalued Logic Functions

The effect of component errors on the behavior of polylogic circuits is considered. A design procedure which minimizes these effects is developed. An example design exhibiting improved performance is presented.
Identification of a circuit-based endophenotype for familial depression

Frontal and parietal lesions may cause depression, and cortical thinning of the right frontal and parietal lobes has been shown to be a marker of risk for familial major depression. We studied biological offspring within a three-generation cohort, in which risk was defined by the depression status of the first generation, to identify regional volume differences associated with risk for depression throughout the cerebrum. We found reduced frontal and parietal white matter volumes in the high-risk group, including in persons without any personal history of depression, suggesting that hypoplasia of frontal and parietal white matter is an endophenotype for familial depression. In addition, white matter volumes in these regions correlated with current severity of symptoms of depression, inattention, and impulsivity. White matter volumes also correlated strongly with the degree of thinning in the right parietal cortex. These findings support a model of pathogenesis in which hypoplasia within a neural network for attention and emotional processing predisposes to depression.
The metabolism of methyl mercaptan in the intact animal.

Abstract In experiments in which methyl mercaptan-C14 or S35 had been administered to rats in vitro the following has been found: 1. 1. Both the carbon and the sulfur of the mercaptan are rapidly oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulfate, respectively. 2. 2. The methyl carbon of the mercaptan is converted to the β-carbon of serine and methyl groups of methionine, choline, and creatine. 3. 3. Sulfur from methyl mercaptan does not appear to any significant extent in the methionine or cystine of liver protein.
On clustering massive text and categorical data streams

In this paper, we will study the data stream clustering problem in the context of text and categorical data domains. While the clustering problem has been studied recently for numeric data streams, the problems of text and categorical data present different challenges because of the large and un-ordered nature of the corresponding attributes. Therefore, we will propose algorithms for text and categorical data stream clustering. We will propose a condensation based approach for stream clustering which summarizes the stream into a number of fine grained cluster droplets. These summarized droplets can be used in conjunction with a variety of user queries to construct the clusters for different input parameters. Thus, this provides an online analytical processing approach to stream clustering. We also study the problem of detecting noisy and outlier records in real time. We will test the approach for a number of real and synthetic data sets, and show the effectiveness of the method over the baseline OSKM algorithm for stream clustering.
Comparison of adverse outcomes after contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention in women versus men with acute coronary syndrome.

Previous studies have shown a relation between female gender and adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in correlates between genders for these long-term adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Gender differences were evaluated in the clinical outcomes of 6,929 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndromes from a large, contemporary PCI registry. Rates of major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up, are reported. Independent correlates of adverse outcomes were identified using multivariate proportional-hazards regression analysis. Women were older (p
Quantification of Ammonia Release from Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attractants Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Ammonia is the primary attractant for tephritid fruit flies, and traps baited with synthetic attractants using ammonia formulations have been highly successful in capturing these pests. However, difficulties in quantifying release rates of ammonia have limited abilities to make comparisons among field tests of different species by using different formulations. Therefore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a method to quantify ammonia from synthetic lures. Analysis of the headspace from commercial ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium acetate lures indicated that there is a large burst of ammonia liberated upon initial exposure of the lures, but after 5–7 d the release rates stabilize and remain steady for at least 60 d under laboratory conditions. During the period of steady release, FTIR static measurements showed an average of 0.12 and 0.21 μg of ammonia per 50-ml sample from ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium acetate lures, respectively. FTIR dynamic measurements from ammonium acetate lures indicated a steady release rate of ≈200 μg/h. Ammonia release rate from ammonium acetate lures could be reduced by decreasing the surface area of the release membrane, and the presence of crystal formations on the membrane seemed to decrease the longevity of the ammonium acetate lures.
Combination of OPC and AttPSM for patterning Sub-0.18 μm logic devices

Phase-shifting mask (PSM) and modified illumination techniques have shown promise in improving resolution and process latitude in optical lithography. Here we present a combination of attenuated PSM and optical proximity correction (OPC) for the patterning of 0.15 micrometers polysilicon lines. Using the combination method, we obtained a depth of focus of 0.9 micrometers DOF for 0.15 micrometers isolated lines, much wider than that achieved in a binary mask without OPC. Furthermore, we confirmed that this method is also effective for improving the exposure latitude.
Magnetotransport in a wide parabolic quantum well

Measurements of the magnetoresistance of a high-quality electron system realized in a selectively doped, parabolic AlxGa1−xAs well are reported. Quantum oscillations in the magnetoresistance are analyzed to obtain the electron densities of the electric subbands. These densities are in agreement with the predictions of a self-consistent calculation of the subband structure for this system. With the magnetic field B slightly tilted away from the sample plane, we observe a dramatic manifestation of the subband-Landau-level coupling. At low B, the magnetic depopulation of the hybrid (electric-magnetic) subbands occurs, while at higher fields, Shubnikov-de Haas-like oscillations (periodic in 1B) are observed as the Fermi level crosses the quantized energy levels associated with the lowest hybrid subband.
Requirement of Male-Specific Dosage Compensation in Drosophila Females—Implications of Early X Chromosome Gene Expression

Dosage compensation equates between the sexes the gene dose of sex chromosomes that carry substantially different gene content. In Drosophila, the single male X chromosome is hypertranscribed by approximately two-fold to effect this correction. The key genes are male lethal and appear not to be required in females, or affect their viability. Here, we show these male lethals do in fact have a role in females, and they participate in the very process which will eventually shut down their function—female determination. We find the male dosage compensation complex is required for upregulating transcription of the sex determination master switch, Sex-lethal, an X-linked gene which is specifically activated in females in response to their two X chromosomes. The levels of some X-linked genes are also affected, and some of these genes are used in the process of counting the number of X chromosomes early in development. Our data suggest that before the female state is set, the ground state is male and female X chromosome expression is elevated. Females thus utilize the male dosage compensation process to amplify the signal which determines their fate.
Methodological issues in assessing potential impacts of climate change on agriculture

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss how recent developments in the agricultural economics literature could be utilized to advance our understanding of climate change impact and of the potential for adaptation to climate change. The paper b meaning of impact and adaptation. Noting that analyses of impacts have focused on economic variables such as farm income or value of farm assets, we describe a modeling approach that allows environmental indicators, such as the productivity or value of the ecosystem and its components, to be included in impact assessments. The approach is based on a model of farm-level decisionmaking that represents land-use and crop-specific management decisions, as a function of the spatial heterogeneity of the physical environment, technology, prices of outputs and inputs, and policy variables. Using this model, it is then possible to discuss a number of key issues that arise in modeling impacts of and adaptation to climate change. These issues include the effect of choosing a modeling ‘scale’ or level of data aggregation; technological innovation and adoption; and changes in economic or environmental policies.
Mechanism of action of agents which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation: Direct correlation between protoncarrying and respiratory-releasing properties using rat liver mitochondria

The proton-carrying properties of uncoupling agents were investigated by measuring passive mitochondrial swelling under conditions where electrogenic proton transport was rate limiting. The ability of uncoupling agents to transport protons into mitochondria, measured in this way, was compared with respiratory stimulation. The results show that with the single exception of arsenate, all agents tested which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation demonstrate a very close correlation between release of respiration and proton transport. These findings are in support of Mitchell's original proposal that uncoupling agents act by promoting electrogenic hydrogen ion transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Effects of Political Information in the 2000 Presidential Campaign : Comparing Traditional Television and Internet Exposure

Growing use of the Internet in political campaigns raises questions about the relative impact of traditional media and the Internet on voters. This experimental study tested the effectiveness of exposure to advertising, debates, and news from the 2000 presidential campaign on television and via the Internet. Results suggested that Internet exposure resulted in higher evaluations for both Bush and Gore but that the debates were the only format in which substantial differences were observed. Traditional television and Internet exposures also resulted in differences in the stimulation of information seeking and political behaviors. However, the Internet did not demonstrate universal superiority over television in lessening levels of political cynicism.
Distribution of hydrogen vibrations in LaH2.28 and LaH2.99

Abstract The hydrogen vibrational modes in LaH x samples have been investigated by pulsed neutron spectroscopy. The results are compared with a simple model emphasizing strong HH forces and the lack of stoichiometry in LaH 2.28 .
A Reconsideration of the Relation between Age and Mean Utterance Length.

Although a linear relationship between age and utterance length during the preschool years has been reported, that result was only partially replicated from age 2 to 5 years in two new research sam...
Minimum cost sampling plans using bayesian methods

This article considers a general method for acceptance/rejection decisions in lot-by-lot sampling situations. Given arbitrary cost functions for sampling, accepting, and rejecting (where the cost can depend on the quality of the item) and a prior distribution on supplier quality, formulas are derived that lead to the minimal cost single-staged inspection plan. For the Bernoulli case, where each item is classified as acceptable or defective, the formulas simplify immensely. A computer code for solving the Bernoulli case is given.
Effect of voidage variation and bubble aspect ratio on throughflow in 2-D elliptical bubbles

Abstract The first principles hydrodynamic model of gas-fluidized beds has been employed to study the effects of voidage variation and bubble aspect ratio on the magnitude of throughflow velocity in an elliptical bubble. The equations for the throughflow are derived without the restrictive assumption of constant voidage along the surface of the bubble. Numerical calculations of voidage variations and throughflow in elliptical cap bubbles have been compared with the corresponding values in circular cap bubbles. It was observed that the throughflow velocity component at the nose of an elongated bubble is higher than that in a flattened bubble. Comparison with the sparse experimental data on throughflow in single isolated bubbles shows fairly good agreement.
Proposals for the mechanism of action of convulsive therapy: A synthesis

The convulsive therapies have been powerful additions to somatic treatment in psychiatry and have enjoyed widespread application for the benefit of many. A number of theories have been advanced in efforts to account for therapeutic efficacy but none has been comprehensive. These theories can be distinguished by whether they posit a central therapeutic role for stimulation, inhibition, psychological effects, or mixed processes induced by treatment. After critically reviewing extant theories, we propose a model for the effects of the convulsive therapies: Convulsive therapy is essentially nonspecific; "nonphysiological" depolarizations are distinctly important for the restoration of aberrant intravesicular transmitter ratios with resultant therapeusis. We present this model as a working hypothesis that may contribute to the guidance of research in the mechanism of action of convulsive treatment and offer several testable hypotheses in this regard.
Synthesis of Substituted Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Copolymers by the Heck Method for Luminescence Studies

Heck carbon−carbon bond-forming polymerization was used to make segmented copolymers based on poly[1,8-octanedioxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-1,4-phenylene]. The Heck methodology yielded copolymers with molecular weights, polydispersities, and optical properties that are comparable to or better than those previously obtained for the same or very closely related polymers obtained by Wittig methodology. However, it proved important to have methoxy groups incorporated into the chromophore of the copolymers to get high yields of material with good degrees of polymerization. The obtained yields and purities for the Heck-derived polymers are better, in part due to the direct formation of desirable trans olefin linkages in the polyphenylenevinylene type chromophore units. Differential scanning calorimetric measurements show that placement of isopropyl groups on the central ring of the chromophoric fragment does not alter the polymer glass transition temperature relative to an unsub...
Development and Evaluation of a Dexamethasone Timed‐Release Aerosol Formulation

Dexamethasone microcapcules were prepared and in vitro parameters were determined by sieve analysis which yielded materials retained on Nos. 80-, 100-, 200-, and 270-mesh sieves. Release rate and direct total determinations indicated that some measure of timed release appeared in all four sieve samples. The pH-release rate profiles of the microcapsules indicated that dissoution was pH independent. Colloidal silica and isopropyl myristate formulations provided the best suspending characteristics of all aerosol formulations evaluated. Delivery rate, pressure, and evacuation testing demonstrated the usability and functionality of the aerosol. An evaluation was made on the effect on urinary excretion levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid when a physical admixture of the drug and timed-release microcapsules were sprayed on rabbits. The significantly higher 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels obtained in urine of animals treated with the admixture after 1 day may have been attributed to both an immediate suppression of the endogenous steroid and the "spilling over" of excess dexamethasone. A significant difference also was found at the 90% confidence level among the 24, 48, and 72-hr 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels in the admixture and the microcapsules, which substantiated the delayed effect of the latter.
Genetic and Sex-related Differences in the Structure of Submandibular Glycoconjugates

Structures of oligosaccharides in submandibular glycoproteins were evaluated in situ. Sections of fixed paraffin-embedded glands from rats, mice, hamsters, sheep, and man were stained with a battery of lectins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in conjunction with other methods, such as digestion with sialidase with or without prior saponification and/or periodate oxidation. Secretory glycoproteins showed a characteristic lectin binding pattern for each genus. Sialoglycoconjugates were detected in acinar cell secretions in all genera except the rat but differed with respect to the linkage of sialic acid to penultimate β-galactose or α-N-acetylgalactosamine. Species and strains of mice showed minor differences in the structure of secretory glycoproteins. Sexes differed similarly in some but not other mouse species. Individual differences were seen in human glands, where oligosaccharide structure varied in relation to ABO blood group. In some species, heterogeneity in glycoprotein structure was observed a...
Theoretical rheology of suspensions of ferromagnetic rod-like particles

We extend the linear response-like derivation of the generalized Navier-Stokes equation to non-Newtonian flows with rate of strain-dependent transport coefficients. We derive a time correlation function expression for the viscosity tensor and point out possible ambiguities in the operational definitions of viscosity coefficients. Our analysis is specific to a suspension of polar, rod-like ferromagnetic particles. A commentary is included about the approximations that lead from the time correlation function and the molecular definition of the viscosity tensor to the standard, Brownian dynamics model used in the theoretical rheology of suspensions. Some theoretical difficulties and logical inconsistencies are pointed out. Preliminary results for the transport coefficients of dilute suspension of magnetic rod-like particles are presented.
The Zen of Helping: Spiritual Principles for Mindful and Open-Hearted Practice, by A. Bein

The Zen of Helping by Andrew Bein is a heart felt account of how his Zen meditation practice has improved his ability to be a present, mindful, and compassionate clinical social work practitioner. ...
Assessing Capacity in the Setting of Self-Neglect: Development of a Novel Screening Tool for Decision-Making Capacity

Compared with older adults with disabilities and those who autonomously choose to live in squalor, self-neglect syndrome arises from a predicate state of vulnerability in frail older adults. This state of vulnerability is characteristically associated with a decline in decision-making capacity regarding the ability to care for and protect oneself. We developed the COMP Screen to evaluate vulnerable older adults to identify potential gaps in decision-making capacity using a screening tool. A total of 182 older adults were evaluated and consistent declines in cognitive ability and decision-making processes were present in this population. However, there were no significant differences between elders referred for self-neglect and matched older adults. These findings suggest that declines in decision-making processes are not uncommon in vulnerable older adults but traditional conceptualizations of decision-making capacity may be inadequate for differentiating the capacity for self-care and protection in elders who self-neglect.
The Risk of Contagion from Multimarket Contact

Abstract It is conventional wisdom that the strategic linkage of markets that is enabled by multimarket contact typically increases the profitability of cooperation among rivals. We find to the contrary that a strong force against strategic linkage results from imperfect monitoring of adherence to cooperation. With such imperfections, strategically linking markets can lower payoffs by permitting the impact of adverse shocks in one market to spread to others. Consequently, players of repeated games on more than one front may find it strictly advantageous to avoid linking strategies on a front with clear monitoring to outcomes on a front with error-prone monitoring. One implication is that antitrust, competitive strategy, and foreign policy analyses have presumed too broadly that multimarket contact fosters cooperation. The game-theoretic equilibria characterized here shed light on why players such as firms and nations sometimes strategically link fronts in their rivalry, and sometimes take care to articulate that some fronts of particularly volatile conflicting interests will not trigger broader adverse moves against the rival.
Paradox of Enrichment: Destabilization of Exploitation Ecosystems in Ecological Time

Six reasonable models of trophic exploitation in a two-species ecosystem whose exploiters compete only by depleting each other's resource supply are presented. In each case, increasing the supply of limiting nutrients or energy tends to destroy the steady state. Thus man must be very careful in attempting to enrich an ecosystem in order to increase its food yield. There is a real chance that such activity may result in decimation of the food species that are wanted in greater abundance.
The Story of a Marriage: The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 1/The Story of a Marriage; The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 2

The Story of a Marriage: The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 1. 1916 - 1920. HELENA WAYNE. London: Routledge, 1995. xviii + 196 pp., illustrations, map, chronology, notes, index. The Story of a Marriage; The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 2. 1920 – 1935 HELENA WAYNE. London: Routledge, 1995. viii + 261 pp., illustrations, map, chronology, notes, index.
The electrophoretic separation of nucleoside-5′-phosphates from nucleoside trialcohol monophosphates, and its application to the identification of 3′-end groups

Abstract Nucleoside-5′-phosphates can be separated from their corresponding nucleoside trialcohol monophosphates by electrophoresis in borate buffer. The application of this separation method to the identification of the 3′-end group of radioactively labeled RNA is described.
Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) Practices of Sports Medicine Professionals

Abstract Context: Computerized neurocognitive testing is becoming popular among clinicians evaluating sport-related concussions across all levels of sport. Baseline neurocognitive testing has been ...