cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualization of the effective potential and Coulomb correlations in finite metallic systems

We present an analytic ansatz to find the effective electrostatic potential and Coulomb correlations in multicenter problems, specifically homogeneous and doped clusters of metal atoms. The approach is based on a quasi-classical density-functional treatment. We focus on the interpretive aspect of our findings, particularly on extracting insight regarding the geometric effects of Coulomb correlations for any given spatial disposition of ionic cores. For singly-doped metallic clusters we obtain a direct visualization of the variations of both screening and Coulomb correlations with changes of location of the dopant atom. This analysis provides a way to interpret recent observations of the variability of physical properties of metal clusters with changes of composition and geometry.
Finding our way forward

I thank the editor for the opportunity to respond to two forceful conservative critics of my position. As everyone knows, this is a controversy that threatens to split churches and divide society. Yet there is also hope for a way forward.
Prevention of skin tumorigenesis and impairment of epidermal cell proliferation by targeted aquaporin-3 gene disruption

Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a water/glycerol-transporting protein expressed strongly at the plasma membranes of basal epidermal cells in skin. We found that human skin squamous cell carcinoma strongly overexpresses AQP3. A novel role for AQP3 in skin tumorigenesis was discovered using mice with targeted AQP3 gene disruption. We found that AQP3-null mice were remarkably resistant to the development of skin tumors following exposure to a tumor initiator and phorbol ester promoter. Though tumor initiator challenge produced comparable apoptotic responses in wild-type and AQP3-null mice, promoter-induced cell proliferation was greatly impaired in the AQP3-null epidermis. Reductions of epidermal cell glycerol, its metabolite glycerol-3-phosphate, and ATP were found in AQP3 deficiency without impairment of mitochondrial function. Glycerol supplementation corrected the reduced proliferation and ATP content in AQP3 deficiency, with cellular glycerol, ATP, and proliferative ability being closely correlated. Our data suggest involvement of AQP3-facilitated glycerol transport in epidermal cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by a novel mechanism implicating cellular glycerol as a key determinant of cellular ATP energy. AQP3 may thus be an important determinant in skin tumorigenesis and hence a novel target for tumor prevention and therapy.
Least-squares estimation: from Gauss to Kalman

This discussion is directed to least-squares estimation theory, from its inception by Gauss1 to its modern form, as developed by Kalman.2 To aid in furnishing the desired perspective, the contributions and insights provided by Gauss are described and related to developments that have appeared more recently (that is, in the 20th century). In the author's opinion, it is enlightening to consider just how far (or how little) we have advanced since the initial developments and to recognize the truth in the saying that we ``stand on the shoulders of giants.''
Experimental Results in DIS from Jefferson Lab

We are summarizing the experimental program of Jefferson Lab (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, VA) in deep inelastic electron scattering. We show recent results and discuss future plans for both the present 6 GeV era and the 12 GeV energy-upgraded facility.
New Times, New Methods: Upgrading Spectrum Enforcement

The increasingly complex radio spectrum environment is changing the sources and nature of interference threats to an increasingly important resource. At the same time, new and evolving technologies and processes hold great promise for mitigating these threats to the critical spectrum resource and the systems that rely on it. On November 14, 2013, the Silicon Flatirons Center convened a group of about two-dozen spectrum experts with a wide variety of backgrounds and expertise (list of participants in Appendix A). This group considered the threats and potential solutions for improved spectrum enforcement and developed associated findings and framed recommendations for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), the White House, Congress, and other policymaking groups.
A Review of: “Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (Eds.). (2007). Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, 5th edition.”

The fifth edition of Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences has an impressive list of contributors writing on a broad array of topics ranging from basic principles in neuroscience...
Pheromone Production of Male Boll Weevils Treated with Chemosterilants

The production of the 4 monoterpene compounds that comprise the pheromone of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (I, (+)- cis -2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol; II, ( Z )-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, B-cyclohexaneethanol; III, ( Z )-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, a,-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, ( E )-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, a-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde) was determined from amounts in the feces of male weevils fed diets with and without chemosterilants. Cotton buds, the natural food source of the insect, promoted a higher level of pheromone biosynthesis by the insects than did the laboratory diet, mostly because weevils fed the laboratory diet produced lesser amounts of the aldehydes (III and IV). Insects fed apholate or busulfan produced markedly less of the alcohols (I and II) compared with insects fed cotton buds or diet without chemosterilants. Furthermore, the chemosterilants caused a proportional decrease in the formation of II relative to I and III.
Geotechnical Aspects of Headcutting in Emergency Spillway Channels

Severe headcutting at moderate flows within spillway channels at public and private reservoirs have caused the Corps of Engineers to re-examine the processes causing channel erosion. The process of headcutting could result in undermining and failure of flood control structures. Flume experiments which simulated the flow over overfalls showed that a partial vacuum pressure may develop beneath the nappe of the overfalling water plume. This partial vacuum will cause the plume to be pushed (by the atmospheric pressure) closer to the face of the overfall and a reverse scour roller to undermine the materials of the overfall. The propensity for partial vacuum formation to cause rapid headcutting is more predominant during low to moderate channel discharges.
2,4-Pentanediolate as an Alkoxide/Diketonate “Hybrid” Ligand and the Formation of Aluminum and Zirconium Derivatives

When 2,4-pentanediol (2,4-H2pd) is deprotonated, the resulting dianion (2,4-pd) serves as a type of “hybrid” ligand, i.e., an alkoxide that possesses structural features of a β-diketonate. 2,4-Pentanediol reacts with Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Zr(O-i-Pr)4 to form chelated multinuclear complexes. The aluminum-containing product is first isolated as the insoluble [Al(2,4-pd)(2,4-Hpd)]n; on sublimation, a hydrocarbon-soluble mixture of polymetallic species is generated. Mass spectral evidence suggests that both Al4(2,4-pd)6 and Al5(2,4-pd)7(2,4-Hpd) are present. The zirconium complex is isolated as an adduct, [Zr(2,4-pd)2]2·(2,4-H2pd). The pentanediolates decompose on heating to form Al2O3 and ZrO2. Unlike the mononuclear Al(acac)3 and Zr(acac)4 derivatives (acac = acetylacetonate), the formation of aggregates with the 2,4-pd ligand suggests that the latter has more coordinative flexibility. The geometries of several model aluminum complexes with oxygen donor ligands were studied with density functional theory methods....
The effects of recombinant human growth hormone on cellular immunity function and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Objective To evaluate the remedial effects of the combination of nutrition support with recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)and to investigate the changes of cellular immunological function and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).Methods Fifty SIRS pediatric patients were randomly divided into rhGH treatment group(25 cases)and conventional treatment group(25 cases).Both groups were given enteral nutrition and comprehensive treatment.The patients in rhGH treatment group were given rhGH(0.1 u/(kg·d)at 10 pm starting on day 2 of the hospitalization for 7 days.Cellular immunity(CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8,NK cell)and inflammatory cytokine(IL-2,IL-4,IFN-γ,TNF-α)were measured on day 2 of the hospitalization(before treatment)and on day 9 of the hospitalization(after treatment).Another 20 healthy children were selected as control group.Results Compared with healthy control,the levels of serum CD3,CD8 and NK cell were significantly lower in SIRS pediatric patients(P 0.01).After treatment,serum CD4,NK cell and CD4/CD8 were significantly increased in rhGH treatment group than in conventional treatment group(P 0.05);and inflammatory cytokine(IL-2,IL-4,TNF-α,IFN-γ were significant decreased in rhGH treatment group than in conventional treatment group(P 0.05).Conclusions The cellar immune function is inhibited in the SIRS pediatric patients.rhGH treatment can significantly improve the cellular immunity function and alleviate the inflammatory response in SIRS pediatric patients.
Geriatric nephrology and urology--1989.

The Sign in the West Virginia lunch counter read: “Don't criticize the coffee. You may be old and weak yourself someday.”-William Reichel, Editor Clinical Aspects of Aging, 1983
Gastric intramucosal acidosis in patients with chronic kidney failure.

BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney failure have an increased incidence of gastrointestinal complications, particularly bleeding from the stomach. Diminished mucosal blood flow is thought to be an important etiologic factor for such bleeding. METHODS Eleven patients with kidney failure on maintenance dialysis underwent placement of a gastric tonometer for the determination of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) before and during dialysis. The arterial pH (pHa), calculated pHi, and pHa-pHi differences were compared with the results in a control group of seven normal volunteers. RESULTS The patients with chronic kidney failure had a mean (+/- SD) pHa (7.36 +/- 0.04) similar to that found in seven control subjects (7.37 +/- 0.04). However, the gastric mucosal pH in the patients on dialysis (7.20 +/- 0.17) was lower than in the seven control subjects (7.38 +/- 0.06) (p 0.13) was found in nine (82%) of the patients with kidney failure and in only one (14%) of the control subjects (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This new preliminary finding suggests that the high incidence of gastric bleeding in chronic kidney failure may be related to mucosal ischemia.
Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumors

Abstract The infiltrative or “diffuse” gliomas include astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Taken together, these are the most frequent primary neoplasms of the central nervous system parenchyma. These tumors are difficult to manage clinically, in large part because of their widespread invasiveness, their strong tendency toward biologic progression, and the resistance of many of these neoplasms to conventional adjuvant therapies. The WHO classification currently divides diffuse gliomas into astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas and includes criteria for their grading. The category of “oligoastrocytoma” is no longer supported, since these lesions have been demonstrated to represent either astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas at the molecular genetic level. Diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III), and glioblastoma (GBM; WHO grade IV) form a malignancy continuum for the diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. The diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas of adults are now subdivided based on the mutational status of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or -2 (IDH1/2) genes into either IDH-mutant or IDH-wildtype for each grade. Another form of diffuse high-grade astrocytoma that most often occurs in the pediatric population is characterized by histone H3F3 mutations and occurs either in the midline (K27 codon mutations) or in the cerebral hemispheres (G34 codon mutations). The oligodendrogliomas include WHO grade II and III designations and are defined histologically and by the presence of IDH mutations and the codeletion of the entire 1p and 19q chromosomal arms.
Lamotrigine - Induced Intravascular Coagulation

Two children, ages 3 and 11, who developed multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 9 days after the addition of lamotrigine to valproic acid anticonvulsant therapy are reported from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Dance/Movement Therapy, Women’s Rights, and Feminism: The First 50 Years

One of a collection of six scholarly essays solicited by this journal to celebrate the first half-century of the American Dance Therapy Association, this paper examines the roots of dance/movement therapy through the cultural lens of the women’s rights and feminist movements over the last 50 years. Despite DMT’s disruption of the patriarchal bias in counseling, and despite having displayed a richness of cultural discourse over the years, a historical analysis of publications in the field reveals a paucity of discourse around feminism and women’s rights, as well as lack of intersectionality. Much as the women’s rights and feminist movements can be criticized for their lack of intersectionality and exclusionary practices, DMT has arguably fallen into a similar pitfall. The authors suggest that moving forward into the next 50 years, the field of DMT may be especially equipped to contribute to discourses around activism, multiculturalism, and social justice through a body-based lens.
Carotid Stenting for Chronic Total Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery Dogma Debunked

In 1954, Eastcott et al1 opened the era of the surgical treatment of carotid atherosclerosis. In the ensuing 54 years, much has been learned about the benefits of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Recently, carotid artery stenting has gained acceptance as a reasonable alternative to CEA for patients who are deemed at high risk for complications from surgery.2 Despite all of the advancements in the techniques of carotid artery revascularization, little progress has been made in the treatment of chronic total occlusion. Article see p 119 Through extensive personal experience, the early leaders of vascular surgery defined the parameters for carotid surgery. In 1965, De Bakey3 first highlighted the challenges associated with the treatment of internal carotid artery occlusion when he pointed out that “because of intracranial extension of the thrombotic process and its organization, the incidence of restoration of circulation for complete occlusion at (the internal carotid artery) declined sharply after 24 hours.” In 1970, Thompson et al4 published a landmark series of 592 patients undergoing CEA that included 118 totally occluded internal carotid arteries. In this subgroup, flow was restored in only 41%, with …
Habitat Partitioning and Seasonal Movement of Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout

Acoustic telemetry was used to examine habitat use and movement of two sympatric gamefishes, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), at two spatial scales (habitat and bay) within an estuarine complex. Habitat-scale tracking (~ 1 m–1 km) based on an acoustic positioning system revealed that seagrass was used extensively by both species. Red drum also commonly associated with oyster reef and boundaries between habitat types. Spatial overlap between the two species was limited and indicative of habitat partitioning; red drum were commonly observed in the shallow, inner lagoon and spotted seatrout in the deeper, open bay portion of the array. Conspicuous diel shifts were also observed for spotted seatrout; fish transitioned from seagrass to bare substrate and displayed greater rates of movement at night than day. Bay-scale (1–50+ km) tracking over a two-year period primarily showed limited movement within bays; however, directed bay-scale movements by both species were observed during winter and spring, when a small contingent of individuals moved up to 70 km from original tagging locations. Habitat use and movement were species specific and subject to temporal variation, both diel and seasonal. Habitat-scale connectivity was influenced by seascape structure and water depth, and bay-scale connectivity was generally limited, suggesting the sustainability of these fisheries is likely influenced by local conditions.
Altered Pituitary Gland Structure and Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Objectives Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stressors, but links to neurophysiological and neuroanatomical changes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether stress-induced cortisol alters negative feedback on pituitary corticotroph function and pituitary volume. Design Prospective controlled study in an outpatient clinic. Methods Subjects with PTSD and matched control subjects underwent pituitary volume measurement on magnetic resonance imaging, with pituitary function assessed by 24-hour urine free cortisol (UFC), 8:00 am cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, and ACTH levels after 2-day dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test. Primary outcome was pituitary volume; secondary outcomes were ACTH area under the curve (AUC) and 24-hour UFC. Results Thirty-nine subjects were screened and 10 subjects with PTSD were matched with 10 healthy control subjects by sex and age. Mean pituitary volume was 729.7 mm3 [standard deviation (SD), 227.3 mm3] in PTSD subjects vs 835.2 mm3 (SD, 302.8 mm3) in control subjects. ACTH AUC was 262.5 pg/mL (SD, 133.3 pg/mL) L in PTSD vs 244.0 pg/mL (SD, 158.3 pg/mL) in control subjects (P = 0.80). In PTSD subjects, UFC levels and pituitary volume inversely correlated with PTSD duration; pituitary volume correlated with ACTH AUC in control subjects (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.88, P = 0.0009) but not in PTSD subjects. Conclusions The HPA axis may be downregulated and dysregulated in people with PTSD, as demonstrated by discordant pituitary corticotroph function and pituitary volume vs intact HPA feedback and correlation of pituitary volume with ACTH levels in healthy control subjects. The results suggest a link between pituitary structure and function in PTSD, which may point to endocrine targeted therapeutic approaches.
Exposure to alcohol advertising and adolescents' drinking beliefs: Role of message interpretation.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research revealed momentary associations between exposure to alcohol advertising and positive beliefs about alcohol among adolescents (Martino et al., 2016). We reanalyzed those data to determine whether associations depend on adolescents' appraisal of ads. METHOD: Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 youth, ages 11-14, in the Los Angeles, CA, area, participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements as they occurred and completing brief assessments of their skepticism toward, liking of, and identification with any people in each ad, as well as their alcohol-related beliefs at the moment. Participants also completed measures of their alcohol- related beliefs at random moments of nonexposure throughout each day. Mixed-effects regression models compared beliefs about alcohol at moments of exposure to alcohol advertising that was appraised in a particular way (e.g., with liking, without liking) to beliefs at random moments. RESULTS: When youth encountered ads they appraised positively, their beliefs about alcohol were significantly more positive than when they were queried at random moments. Beliefs in the presence of ads that were not positively appraised were generally similar to beliefs at random moments. CONCLUSION: Youth are active participants in the advertising process. How they respond to and process alcohol advertising strongly moderates the association between exposure and alcohol-related beliefs. More effort is needed to identify attributes of alcohol advertisements, and of youth, that determine how youth process alcohol ads. This information can be used to either limit exposure to problematic ads or make youth more resilient to such exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
De Novo Epigenetic Programs Inhibit PD-1 Blockade-Mediated T Cell Rejuvenation

Immune-checkpoint-blockade (ICB)-mediated rejuvenation of exhausted T cells has emerged as a promising approach for treating various cancers and chronic infections. However, T cells that become fully exhausted during prolonged antigen exposure remain refractory to ICB-mediated rejuvenation. We report that blocking de novo DNA methylation in activated CD8 T cells allows them to retain their effector functions despite chronic stimulation during a persistent viral infection. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of antigen-specific murine CD8 T cells at the effector and exhaustion stages of an immune response identified progressively acquired heritable de novo methylation programs that restrict T cell expansion and clonal diversity during PD-1 blockade treatment. Moreover, these exhaustion-associated DNA-methylation programs were acquired in tumor-infiltrating PD-1hi CD8 T cells, and approaches to reverse these programs improved T cell responses and tumor control during ICB. These data establish de novo DNA-methylation programming as a regulator of T cell exhaustion and barrier of ICB-mediated T cell rejuvenation.
Internal Medicine Resident Attitudes, Prior Education, Comfort, and Knowledge Regarding Delivering Comprehensive Primary Care to Transgender Patients

Abstract Transgender patients face a multitude of health disparities and often a lack of understanding by healthcare professionals. A survey was undertaken of internal medicine residents in a large...
Adolescents’ Friends, Parental Social Closure, and Educational Outcomes

There is a growing recognition of the importance of the social resources accessed through friends on adolescents’ educational outcomes. However, the research on the influence of these socia...
Large Clinical Trials: Clinical Research Institutes*

Medical practice has now entered the era of “evidence-based medicine,” characterized by an increasing societal belief that clinical practice should be based on scientific information rather than intuition or opinion. Therefore, with current methodology, the need for evidence is increasing faster than the resources are being made available to perform the studies. Given a valid clinical trial result, it is equally important to determine whether the findings can be generalized. As experience with multiple clinical trials is accumulating such as treatment effects, qualitative and quantitative interactions unintended biological targets et cetera, some general concepts seem worth emphasizing. These generalities do not always pertain, but serve as useful guides to the design or interpretation of trials. Failure to consider these general principles often leads to a faulty design and failure of the project. Every clinical study should have a primary hypothesis. The proposed methodology and treatment should be free from any legal issues, bioethical problems, and publication bias. A review of recent clinical trials point out that many commonly held beliefs about clinical practice needs to be challenged. Because the goal of clinical investigation is to improve the care of patients, integrating the findings of a clinical investigation into practice must be undertaken carefully.
Abstract IA24: Biomarkers and checkpoint inhibition in HNSCC

There has been tremendous progress made in development of checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC with antibodies directed against the PD1/PDL1 axis leading the way. Recent data reveal that these agents are active in patients with refractory disease and improve survival compared with standard of care even in unselected patient populations. Nonetheless, the need for biomarkers to predict which patients benefit most from PD1/PDL1 blockade remains acute while interrogating tissue samples to define mechanisms of resistance is just beginning. To date, it appears that PDL1 expression has some utility to predict activity of PD1/PDL1 blockade. Moreover, gene expression signatures corresponding to an interferon-gamma antitumor response or quantifying mutational burden seem to provide survival predictability. Furthermore, immune signatures of gene expression have been correlated with survival in patients with locally advanced disease. These aspects of checkpoint blockade will be discussed in detail with a view towards where the field is moving in the near term and what to anticipate in the extended future. Citation Format: Ezra E. W. Cohen. Biomarkers and checkpoint inhibition in HNSCC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr IA24.
Water Enhancement in CO2 Capture by Amines: An Insight into CO2–H2O Interactions on Amine Films and Sorbents

Water, a component in flue gas, plays a significant role in CO2 capture through a complex interaction between water molecules and adsorbed CO2 on amine sorbents. To determine how the H2O–CO2–amine interactions affect amine efficiency and the binding energy of adsorbed CO2, we used in situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) to determine the structure of adsorbed CO2 and H2O as well as their relations to adsorption/desorption kinetics and CO2 capture capacity on tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) films and Class I amine (i.e., impregnated) sorbents. H2O enhanced amine efficiency of TEPA films and sorbents by increasing the accessibility of secondary amine sites to CO2 and promoting the formation of hydronium carbamate and carbamic acid. CO2 adsorbed on the surface of the TEPA film as a weakly adsorbed CO2 in the form of hydronium and ammonium–carbamate with a low IR intensity of hydrogen bonding (−OH···–OOC or −NH···–OOC) between hydronium/ammonium ions and carbamate ions. CO2 adsorbed on the middle layers (i.e., 0.2–0....
Seventeen-Year Journey Working With a Master.

It had been a great honor for me to work with the late Dr. William E. Paul for seventeen years in the Laboratory of Immunology (LI) from 1998 until his passing in 2015. He was such a master in the immunology field. Under his outstanding guidance, my research has been focusing on transcriptional regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation, especially, the role of a master transcription factor GATA3 on Th2 cell differentiation. Just as enormous scientific contributions of Dr. Paul (we all call him Bill) to the immunology community are far beyond his serving as the Chief of the LI, GATA3 also plays important roles in different lymphocytes at various developmental stages besides its critical functions in Th2 cells. In this special review dedicated to the memory of Bill, I will summarize the research that I have carried out in Bill's lab working on GATA3 in the context of related studies by other groups in the field of T cell differentiation and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development. These include the essential role of GATA3 in regulating Th2/ILC2 differentiation/development and their functions, the critical role of GATA3 during the development of T cells and innate lymphoid cells, and dynamic and quantitative expression of GATA3 in controlling lymphocyte homeostasis and functions.
Atom Probe Tomography of Molecular Organic Materials: Sub-Dalton Nanometer-Scale Quantification

In this paper, we demonstrate that atom probe tomography (APT) can be applied to small-molecule organic materials. We show that APT can provide an unprecedented combination of mass resolution of <1...
Agonistic urban birds: elevated territorial aggression of urban song sparrows is individually consistent within a breeding period.

Urban birds often more vigorously defend their territories during simulated intrusions than do their rural counterparts, but the factors responsible remain unclear. To address this issue, we investigated whether the disparity in territorial aggression of urban and rural male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia , is individually consistent within a breeding period. Additionally, to better understand the physiological and ecological factors underlying this behavioural difference, we examined whether territoriality was associated with plasma testosterone, a hormone that contributes to elevated aggression in vertebrates, and/or conspecific density, a factor often positively related to aggression. The urbanization-related difference in territoriality was individually consistent within a breeding period. However, the elevated territorial aggression of urban birds was not associated with plasma testosterone and, counter to our predictions, conspecific density was lower in urban compared with rural areas. We suggest that other aspects of testosterone signalling and features of the socio-ecological environment, such as the availability of breeding sites, may underlie increased territorial aggression in urban birds.
The Effect of Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis on Bleeding in Periorbital Surgery in Trauma Patients.

The aim of this study is to assess if there is an increase in postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) or bleeding complications in patients who received perioperative chemical thromboprophylaxis compared with patients in whom chemical thromboprophylaxis was held during periorbital trauma surgery. This is a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing periorbital surgery treated in three different city hospitals, by the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas, between August 2014 and December 2016. A total of 237 patients were included in this study. None of these patients suffered a postoperative VTE. A total of 102 patients received perioperative pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in the form of enoxaparin or heparin. In this group, one patient suffered a buccal space hematoma. Chemical thromboprophylaxis was held in 135 patients preoperatively and for at least 24 hours postoperatively. In this group, one patient suffered a retrobulbar hematoma after repair of an orbital floor fracture. The rate of postoperative bleeding complications was compared by the chi-square test and was not statistically significant (p = 0.8417).
Design and Calibration of an Augmented Reality Haploscope

Most augmented reality (AR) research is performed with commercially-available displays. However, these displays have unadjustable mechanical and optical properties, which limit the experimental questions that can be asked. In order to ask certain questions, it becomes necessary to build a custom display, using off-the-shelf optical components. In the field of visual perception, such devices are often developed, and are called haploscopes. In this paper, we describe the mechanical design of an AR haploscope, which can present virtual objects seen in augmented reality. In order to make accurate measurements, the haploscope must be carefully calibrated, but this calibration is quite difficult. Therefore, this abstract contributes a description of an AR haploscope, and outlines calibration procedures.
Mindfulness Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Review of Objectives and Skills

Emerging evidence indicates that mindfulness-based interventions are effective treatments for children and adolescents with ADHD. However, many clinicians are unaware of the application of mindfuln...
Eosinophilic Kidney Tumors: Old and New.

Context.— Eosinophilic cytoplasm is the most common finding of difficult-to-classify kidney tumors. Morphology, cytogenetics, and immunohistochemical stains are discriminatory. This review compares...
Oxytocin Reduces the Functional Connectivity Between Brain Regions Involved in Eating Behavior in Men With Overweight and Obesity

Oxytocin (OXT), shown to decrease food intake in animal models and men, is a promising novel treatment for obesity. We have shown that in men with overweight and obesity, intranasal (IN) OXT reduced the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the origin of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system, in response to high-calorie food vs. nonfood images. Here, we employed functional connectivity fMRI analysis, which measures the synchrony in activation between neural systems in a context-dependent manner. We hypothesized that OXT would attenuate the functional connectivity of the VTA with key food motivation brain areas only when participants viewed high-calorie food stimuli. This randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled crossover study of 24 IU IN OXT included ten men with overweight or obesity (mean ± SEM BMI: 28.9 ± 0.8 kg/m2). Following drug administration, subjects completed an fMRI food motivation paradigm including images of high and low-calorie foods, nonfood objects, and fixation stimuli. A psychophysiological interaction analysis was performed with the VTA as seed region. Following OXT administration, compared with placebo, participants exhibited significantly attenuated functional connectivity between the VTA and the insula, oral somatosensory cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, operculum, and middle temporal gyrus in response to viewing high-calorie foods (Z ≥ 3.1, cluster-corrected, p < 0.05). There was no difference in functional connectivity between VTA and these brain areas when comparing OXT and placebo for low-calorie food, nonfood, and fixation images. In men with overweight and obesity, OXT attenuates the functional connectivity between the VTA and food motivation brain regions in response to high-calorie visual food images. These findings could partially explain the observed anorexigenic effect of OXT, providing insight into the mechanism through which OXT ameliorates food cue-induced reward anticipation in patients with obesity. Additional studies are ongoing to further delineate the anorexigenic effect of OXT in obesity.
Shifting the blame frame: Agency and the parent–child relationship in an anti-obesity campaign:

Using thematic analysis of 97 Let’s Move! speeches that Michelle Obama delivered as part of her anti-obesity campaign in the United States, I examine how parent’s agency and children’s agency were ...
Assessing atomically thin delta-doping of silicon using mid-infrared ellipsometry

Hydrogen lithography has been used to template phosphine-based surface chemistry to fabricate atomic-scale devices, a process we abbreviate as atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM). Here, we use mid-infrared variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (IR-VASE) to characterize single-nanometer thickness phosphorus dopant layers (δ-layers) in silicon made using APAM compatible processes. A large Drude response is directly attributable to the δ-layer and can be used for nondestructive monitoring of the condition of the APAM layer when integrating additional processing steps. The carrier density and mobility extracted from our room temperature IR-VASE measurements are consistent with cryogenic magneto-transport measurements, showing that APAM δ-layers function at room temperature. Finally, the permittivity extracted from these measurements shows that the doping in the APAM δ-layers is so large that their low-frequency in-plane response is reminiscent of a silicide. However, there is no indication of a plasma resonance, likely due to reduced dimensionality and/or low scattering lifetime.
High-speed atomic force microscopy directly visualizes conformational dynamics of the HIV Vif protein in complex with three host proteins.

Vif (viral infectivity factor) is a protein that is essential for the replication of the HIV-1 virus. The key function of Vif is to disrupt the antiviral activity of host APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3) proteins, which mutate viral nucleic acids. Inside the cell, Vif binds to the host cell proteins Elongin-C, Elongin-B, and core-binding factor subunit β, forming a four-protein complex called VCBC. The structure of VCBC–Cullin5 has recently been solved by X-ray crystallography, and, using molecular dynamics simulations, the dynamics of VCBC have been characterized. Here, we applied time-lapse high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize the conformational changes of the VCBC complex. We determined the three most favorable conformations of this complex, which we identified as the triangle, dumbbell, and globular structures. Moreover, we characterized the dynamics of each of these structures. Our data revealed the very dynamic behavior of all of them, with the triangle and dumbbell structures being the most dynamic. These findings provide insight into the structure and dynamics of the VCBC complex and may support efforts to improve HIV treatment, because Vif is essential for virus survival in the cell.
Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus By Rectal Palpation

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), a C-type retrovirus, is horizontally spread in cattle by infected lymphocytes.[1] Infection with the BLV is lifelong. Several routine management procedures have been implicated in the transmission of BLV, especially manual dehoming and use of contaminated needles.[2,3) There are both questions and concern regarding the probability of transmitting BLV infections in cattle during rectal palpation.[4) This concern seems especially pertinent since almost all breeding-age cattle receive multiple rectal examinations to evaluate the reproductive tract, and rectal sleeves are often not changed when cattle in the same herd are being palpated. There have also been experiments which have shown that BLV infection in cattle can occur by transferring infected blood into the rectum.[5,6,7] In these studies, infective blood was either purposely infused into the rectum of cows and calves or was inoculated onto the rectal sleeve prior to palpating calves. The intent of this study was to determine if bovine leukemia virus could be transmitted by more routine rectal examination of BLV-negative, breeding age, cattle. German and French abstracts on PDF.
Deposition and Fabrication of Sputtered Bismuth Telluride and Antimony Telluride for Microscale Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters

Abstract Thermoelectric (TE) n-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) films and p-type antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) films are grown on SiO2/Si substrates via radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The crystal structures and TE properties are characterized for 1 µm and 10 µm films deposited using different deposition conditions and using various heat treatment conditions. Single-target sputtered deposition of n-type Bi2Te3 films resulted in a Te-deficient off stoichiometric films due to the evaporation of tellurium. Two-target co-sputtered deposition using Bi2Te3 and Te targets at room temperature and subsequent anneal at 250°C yielded a 10 µm n-type film with -102 µV/K for the Seebeck coefficient and 0.7 mW/K2.m for the power factor. Similarly, prepared p-type Sb2Te3 film but using a single sputtering target yielded +110 µV/K and 1.3 mW/K2.m for their Seebeck coefficient and power factor respectively. The fabrication of the micro-scale thermoelectric energy generator (µTEG) using separate n-type and p-type wafers is demonstrated.
Global interconnects in VLSI complexity single flux quantum systems

On-chip signal routing has become an issue of growing importance in modern VLSI complexity single flux quantum (SFQ) systems. In this paper, different routing methods for these systems are described. The routing methods include either passive transmission lines (PTLs) or Josephson transmission lines (JTLs) as interconnects. Driving multiple SFQ gates is also a challenging issue in automated layout and clock tree synthesis (CTS) due to the limited fanout of SFQ gates. To support multiple fanout, splitters are used to distribute multiple SFQ pulses. These splitters require significant area, delay, and power. In this paper, several area and power efficient splitters are proposed for large scale SFQ integrated circuits. A primary issue within a long SFQ interconnect is resonance effects due to the imperfect match between the PTLs and Josephson junctions. A repeater insertion methodology for long interconnect to reduce and manage these resonance effects is also described. Summarizing, guidelines and tradeoffs appropriate for automated layout and synthesis are described for driving long and short interconnect in VLSI complexity SFQ systems.
Run Gauntlets or Pay Pirates? Regulating Vessel Speeds in High-Risk Waters

Maritime commerce in world commerce. Each year, vessels carry more cargo at higher costs and faster speeds. Insurance is an integral part of shipping, as it protects cargoes and crews against the perils of the sea. This article focuses on the peril of piracy, a criminal practice that has evolved significantly throughout history. Pirates today, as pirates of the past, prey upon the unprotected. Yet, modern piracy, unlike historical piracy, is essentially non-violent. The modern pirate profits from ransom, not theft. Today, piracy is a monetary risk with compu­­­table consequences: an insurable threat. Anti-piracy methods, including insurance, impose steep costs to world trade. In the past decade, pirate activity has declined while piracy insurance has grown more expensive. This phenomenon is problematic, but an industry-wide solution is a challenging construct. To handle the costly risks of piracy is to balance the distinct and competing interests of ship-owners, insurers, operators, and governments. As this Article argues, insurance can more efficiently mitigate piracy’s puzzling risk. After discussing maritime piracy and maritime insurance, this Article outlines the legal and regulatory schema for a system to mandate the speeds of vessels that transit pirate-prone waters. The proposed regulation is mechanically sound, logistically feasible, cost-effective, and enforceable. To diminish the costly risk of piracy, this Article proposes revising a treaty to afford the International Maritime Organization (IMO) jurisdiction to regulate vessel speeds on the high seas.
What is in the black box? – A perspective on software in cryoelectron microscopy

This article bemoans the demise of truly modular open-source image processing systems, such as SPIDER, in recent years' development of tools for three-dimensional reconstruction in cryo-electron microscopy. Instead, today's users have to rely on the functionality of software systems that have little or no transparency. As a consequence, users of such packages no longer gain a conceptual understanding and intuitive grasp of the analytical routes leading from the stream of input data to the final density map. Possible remedies of this situation with free software are discussed.
Propagation of Radio Waves in the Corona and Solar Wind

The solar corona and solar wind are plasmas characterized by large scale MHD structures, waves, and turbulence. These introduce both systematic and random variations in the refractive index which affect the propagation of radio waves. A variety of propagation phenomena occur - regular refraction; angular, temporal, and spectral broadening; scintillations in amplitude and phase - widely referred to as scattering phenomena. In this tutorial I review the physical basis of these phenomena and describe a variety of techniques designed to exploit observations of scattering phenomena to deduce properties of the corona and solar wind plasma.
Ammonia on the prebiotic Earth: Iron(II) reduction of nitrite

Theories for the origin of life require the availability of reduced nitrogen. In the non-reducing atmosphere suggested by geochemical evidence, production in the atmosphere and survival of NH3 against photochemical destruction are problematic. Electric discharges and impact shocks would produce NO rather than HCN or NH3. Conversion of NO to nitrous and nitric acid (by way of HNO) and precipitation in acid rain would provide a source of fixed nitrogen to the early ocean. One solution to the NH3 problem may have been the reduction of nitrite/nitrate in the ocean with aqueous ferrous iron, Fe(2+): 6Fe(+2) + 7 H2O + NO2(-) yields 3Fe2O3 + 11 H(+) + NH3. We have measured the kinetics of this reaction as a function of temperature, pH, and concentrations of salts, Fe(+2), and NO2(-). Cations (Na(+), Mg(2+), K(+)) and anions (Cl(-), Br(-), SO4(2-)) increase the rate by factors of 4 to 8. Although a competing pathway yields N2, the efficiency of the conversion of nitrite to ammonia ranges from 25% to 85%. Nitrate reduction was not consistently reproducible; however, when it was observed, its rate was slower by at least 8X than that of nitrite reduction. If the prebiotic atmosphere contained 0.2 to 10 atmospheres CO2 as suggested by Walker (1985), the Fe(+2) concentration and the rate would have been limited by siderite (FeCO3) solubility.
3-carbamyl-N-allylquinuclidinium bromide: Effects on cholinergic activity and protection against soman

Abstract 3-Carbamyl-N-allylquinuclidinium bromide (CAB) was synthesized and evaluated for its pharmacological effects on cholinergic activity and for protection in vivo against soman toxicity in guinea pigs. This carbamylated derivative of N-allyl-3-quinuclidinol (NAQ), a potent inhibitor of high-affinity choline uptake, demonstrated stereospecific alterations of cholinergic function as well as protection against soman. The R-isomer, but not the S-isomer, of CAB inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma pseudocholinesterase (pChE) in a concentration-response manner ( ic 50 = 25 and 29 μM, respectively). The t R-isomer of CAB was also a more potent inhibitor of high-affinity choline uptake ( ic 50 = 4.8 μM) than S-CAB ic 50 = 63 μM). When IRR-CAB (10 μmol kg , i.m.) was administered to guinea pigs 30 min prior to soman in conjunction with atropine (16 mg kg , i.m.) given 1 min postsoman, the compound significantly reduced lethality up to 5 ld 50s. This represents enhanced protection when compared to NAQ (up to 100 μmol kg ); the S-isomer of CAB failed to protect against soman intoxication. The results demonstrate that reversible inhibition of AChE with suppression of acetylcholine synthesis into a single compound, CAB, enhances the protection against organophosphates.
Modelling psychiatric disability

Rationale, aims and objectives There has been inadequate philosophical attention to the claims of psychiatric user/survivor activist groups, although these groups represent a significant social justice movement. Many of the core concerns and claims emerging from this activism can be found in disability activism. A first step that must be taken is to question how mental illnesses are modelled. Biomedical modelling is heavily criticized by psychiatric users/survivors for being reductionistic and for perpetuating damaging presumptions about decline and pathology. Social constructionist modelling, on the other hand, tends to be overly dismissive of biological factors that are often at play with these sorts of impairments. A middle-ground approach, interactionist modelling, promises to be responsive to demands for recognition from psychiatric users/survivors. Method I will first outline the core commitments of psychiatric users/survivors. Next, I will evaluate different models for mental illness by bringing together insights from user/survivor and disability activism. Conclusions I conclude that interactionist modelling holds the best hope for supporting shared decision making. This type of model braids together the expertise of patients and medical professionals.