cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for osmium isotopic evolution of metallic solids at the core‐mantle boundary

Some plumes are thought to originate at the core-mantle boundary, but geochemical evidence of core-mantle interaction is limited to Os isotopes in samples from Hawaii, Gorgona (89 Ma), and Kostomuksha (2.7 Ga). The Os isotopes have been explained by physical entrainment of Earth's liquid outer core into mantle plumes. This model has come into conflict with geophysical estimates of the timing of core formation, high-pressure experimental determinations of the solid metal-liquid metal partition coefficients (D), and the absence of expected 182W anomalies. A new model is proposed where metallic liquid from the outer core is partially trapped in a compacting cumulate pile of Fe-rich nonmetallic precipitates (FeO, FeS, Fe3Si, etc.) at the top of the core and undergoes fractional crystallization precipitating solid metal grains, followed by expulsion of the residual metallic liquid back to the outer core. The Os isotopic composition of the solids and liquids in the cumulate pile is modeled as a function of the residual liquid remaining and the emplacement age using 1 bar D values, with variable amounts of oxygen (0–10 wt %) as the light element. The precipitated solids evolve Os isotope compositions that match the trends for Hawaii (at an emplacement age of 3.5–4.5 Ga; 5%–10% oxygen) and Gorgona (emplacement age < 1.5 Ga; 0%–5% oxygen). The Fe-rich matrix of the cumulate pile dilutes the precipitated solid metal decoupling the Fe/Mn ratio from Os and W isotopes. The advantages to using precipitated solid metal as the Os host include a lower platinum group element and Ni content to the mantle source region relative to excess iron, miniscule anomalies in 182W (<0.1 ɛ), and no effects for Pb isotopes, etc. A gradual thermomechanical erosion of the cumulate pile results in incorporation of this material into the base of the mantle, where mantle plumes subsequently entrain it. Fractional crystallization of metallic liquids within the CMB provides a consistent explanation of both Os isotope correlations, Os-W isotope systematics, and Fe/Mn evidence for core-mantle interaction over the entire Hawaiian source.
The significance of recall in automatic metrics for MT evaluation

Recent research has shown that a balanced harmonic mean (F1 measure) of unigram precision and recall outperforms the widely used BLEU and NIST metrics for Machine Translation evaluation in terms of correlation with human judgments of translation quality. We show that significantly better correlations can be achieved by placing more weight on recall than on precision. While this may seem unexpected, since BLEU and NIST focus on n-gram precision and disregard recall, our experiments show that correlation with human judgments is highest when almost all of the weight is assigned to recall. We also show that stemming is significantly beneficial not just to simpler unigram precision and recall based metrics, but also to BLEU and NIST.
Improved ion implant exhaust management for reduced energy and capital costs

Climate change, as a consequence of increased greenhouse gas emissions, is a growing concern. Reducing energy usage in semiconductor manufacturing is an effective way to be responsive to this global issue and reduce costs.
C*-algebras Generated by Truncated Toeplitz Operators

We obtain an analogue of Coburn’s description of the Toeplitz algebra in the setting of truncated Toeplitz operators. As a byproduct, we provide several examples of complex symmetric operators which are not unitarily equivalent to truncated Toeplitz operators having continuous symbols.
Attachment and Invasion of the Respiratory Tract

The description of the patient with lobar pneumococcal pneumonia is considered one of the classics of medicine. The history and physical findings usually establish the diagnosis of pneumonia. The major effect of different genetic backgrounds of animals on the course of infection has been particularly apparent in mice. CbpA is the most abundant of the choline-binding proteins and functions as an adhesin in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Of these, PAFr and epithelium derived C3 play essential roles in pneumococcal interactions with cells in the lung that lead to progression from pneumonia to bacteremia and meningitis. In leukopenic animals, the bacterial load in the lung increases but there is no decrease in the incidence of bacteremia, indicating that events in this stage of consolidation are sufficient to lead to invasion without the effects of leukocytes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that invasion of alveolar cells involves recognition of PAFr by pneumococci. Using COS cells transfected with components of the PAFr, it has been shown that the presence of PAFr is necessary for pneumococcal invasion. This choline-dependent invasion mechanism appears to apply to a large number of respiratory pathogens. Pneumococcal pneumonia is very common and causes a dramatic clinical picture due to intense inflammation in the lung.
Nomadic Alternatives: Forming the State on Horseback

Formation of the Xiongnu state was preceded by more than 1,000 years of political experimentation across the eastern steppe zone. The preceding Bronze and Early Iron Age period produced an increased reliance on herd animals and mobility, greater use of domestic horses for traction and riding, the creation of substantial networks of long-distance contacts, and the spread of technologies, ritual systems, beliefs, and material culture—all of which set the foundation for political transformation at the beginning of the Xiongnu period (4th–3rd centuries BC). Early historical reports and archaeological evidence provide two different perspectives on the Xiongnu phenomenon. I give an overview of the historical accounts and an introduction to Xiongnu archaeology and site types. Survey and excavation results from two local areas in Mongolia provide evidence for early political changes associated with the Xiongnu period, and this inspires a new explanation for how the first nomadic state came to be.
Insular-temporal lesions and vibrotactile temporal pattern discrimination in cats

Abstract Cats were trained in a double-grill box to discriminate a change in the temporal pattern of ongoing vibrotactile pulses at two different intensities. Animals acquiring the discrimination were prepared with bilateral insular-temporal lesions. The temporal pattern discrimination was lost postoperatively, and could not be reestablished even after prolonged. A simple vibrotactile intensity discrimination could be learned postoperatively, indicating that the impairment on the temporal pattern task was not due to a general deficit in associative learning. Earlier research has been reported which implicates the insular-temporal region in visual temporal pattern discrimination. Considered in conjunction with this earlier work, the present data suggest that insular-temporal cortex is a multimodal area concerned with the perception of temporal patterns of stimuli.
Control of semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization reactors

The problem of simultaneous control of composition and molecular weight of copolymers produced in semicontinuous emulsion polymerization is addressed. A first-principles model of emulsion copolymerization is used to produce optimal open-loop policies, which are then experimentally tested on the system methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate. In contrast to earlier work in the control of semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization, the control problem addressed has multiple inputs and multiple outputs, and the experimental application is free of empirical correlations and performed on an unseeded system. Optimal open-loop policies are calculated efficiently by optimizing properties of the instantaneous polymer being formed. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of these techniques. A model-predictive control scheme, in which optimal policies are recomputed on-line to account for disturbances, is proposed. The scheme, which exploits the advantages of the efficient calculation of optimal policies, is tested by simulation showing good performance.
Diminished adhesion and activation of platelets and neutrophils with CD47 functionalized blood contacting surfaces

CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein that, through signaling mechanisms mediated by signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα1), functions as a biological marker of 'self-recognition'. We showed previously that inflammatory cell attachment to polymeric surfaces is inhibited by the attachment of biotinylated recombinant CD47 (CD47B). We test herein the hypothesis that CD47 modified blood conduits can reduce platelet and neutrophil activation under clinically relevant conditions. We appended a poly-lysine tag to the C-terminus of recombinant CD47 (CD47L) allowing for covalent linkage to the polymer. SIRPα1 expression was confirmed in isolated platelets. We then compared biocompatibility between CD47B and CD47L functionalized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces and unmodified control PVC surfaces. Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of blood cell attachment to CD47B and CD47L surfaces, via scanning electron microscopy, showed strikingly fewer platelets attached to CD47 modified surfaces compared to control. Flow cytometry analysis showed that activation markers for neutrophils (CD62L) and platelets (CD62P) exposed to CD47 modified PVC were equivalent to freshly acquired control blood, while significantly elevated in the unmodified PVC tubing. In addition, ethylene oxide gas sterilization did not inhibit the efficacy of the CD47 modification. In conclusion, CD47 modified PVC inhibits both the adhesion and activation of platelets and neutrophils.
Redox control of neural function: background, mechanisms, and significance.

The redox environment within neural cells is dependent on a series of redox couples. The glutathione disulfide/ glutathione (GSSG/GSH) redox pair forms the major redox couple in cells and as such plays a critical role in regulating redox-dependent cellular functions. Not only does GSH act as an antioxidant but it also can modulate the activity of a variety of different proteins via S-glutathionylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups. The thioredoxin system also makes a significant contribution to the redox environment by reducing inter- and intrachain protein disulfide bonds as well as maintaining the activity of important antioxidant enzymes such as peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases. The redox environment affects the activity and function of a number of different protein phosphatases, protein kinases, and transcription factors. The sum of these effects will determine how changes in the redox environment alter overall cellular function, thereby playing a fundamental role in regulating neura...
Abstract 5294: Real-time optical imaging of nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL High-resolution optical imaging provides the opportunity to visualize the transport of systemically injected nanoparticle systems along a series of biophysical barriers to their site of action. Data collected using this approach can be used to simulate, predict, understand, and improve the delivery of therapeutics and/or contrast agents to solid tumors. Here we present evidence that tailoring the physical properties of nanoparticle systems can improve their accumulation at disease sites. Using confocal technologies, we investigated the dynamics of nanoporous silicon particles in the microvasculature of normal and tumor-bearing mice. The biodistribution of intravenously injected particles of different size, shape, and surface properties were monitored in real-time. In organs of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), the rate of particle accumulation, as well as the total number of particles accumulated, was highly dependent on particle shape. Particles which preferentially accumulated in tumors were different than those which accumulated in the RES organs, suggesting that particle shape is an important design parameter for organ-specific delivery. The importance of modifying particle surface was evaluated in melanoma-bearing mice by systemically administering particles with and without endothelial-specific targeting moieties. The addition of targeting moieties was found to improve tumor-specific accumulation as much as changing particle shape. We have independently validated these in vivo findings and begun to elucidate the mechanisms of particle accumulation using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and mathematical modeling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5294. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5294
Transcriptional Regulation of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase B2 Subunit Gene in Differentiating THP-1 Cells

Monocyte-macrophage differentiation was used as a model system for studying gene regulation of the human vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). We examined mRNA levels of various V-ATPase subunits during differentiation of both native monocytes and the cell line THP-1, and found that transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms could account for increases in cell V-ATPase content. From nuclear runoff experiments, we found that one subunit in particular, the B2 isoform (Mr = 56,000), was amplified primarily by transcriptional means. We have begun to examine the structure of the B2 subunit promoter region. Isolation and sequencing of the first exon and 5′-flanking region of this gene reveal a TATA-less promoter with a high G+C content. Primer extension and ribonuclease protection analyses indicate a single major transcriptional start site. We transfected promoter-luciferase reporter plasmids into THP-1 cells to define sequences that mediate transcriptional control during monocyte differentiation. We found that sequences downstream from the transcriptional start site were sufficient to confer increased expression during THP-1 differentiation. DNase I footprinting and sequence analysis revealed the existence of multiple AP2 and Sp1 binding sites in the 5′-untranslated and proximal coding regions.
Double Ventricular Parasystole

and (3) fusion evev sk houri, and 40 mEq of potprsium supplement daily On between P~~~Y~~~~~ and beats. admission the electrocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertroMultifocal ventricular parasystole rarely has been phy and frequent ventricular extrasystoles. Serum electrolyte levels reported. We are presenting a case of double ventricu- were normal, and the serum digoxin level was less than 0.5 ngIml. lar parasystole. The patient's blood pressure and mngestive heart failure were controlled. A 24-hour electrocardiographic monitor (Holter) was *From John E Kennedy Medical Center, Edison, NJ, and the begun. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers Figure 1 shows a continuous ECC of lead V,. Both leads V, (top Medical School, Piscataway. tclinical Assistant Professor of Medicine. tracing) and V, (bottom tracing) are presented simultaneously on the ~~~,.+~t requests: D~ ckn, 1503 st, G~~~~~ colonja, NJ last strip for the identification of two different groups of ventricular 07067
Transactions and Friction as Concepts to Guide Disaster Recovery Policy

Large-scale disaster events in Japan (2011), New Zealand (2011), Chile (2010), and China (2008) generate a need for understanding the dynamics of multilocation disaster recovery. This article uses analogs from contemporary economic theory to model recovery interactions over time and over large geographic areas. The model consists of the external and internal sectors and how they engage in transactions during the recovery period. The concept of transaction is developed and its use as a policy tool explored. The concepts of friction and uncertainty are introduced as barriers to efficient and effective completion of the transactions needed for recovery. Friction adds time and resource costs, while uncertainty slows the completion of transactions entered into by recovery stakeholders.
The functional role of the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in cerebral blood flow regulation

Cerebral vasculature is richly innervated by the α-1 adrenergic receptors similar to that of the peripheral vasculature. However, the functional role of the α-1adrenergic receptors in cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation is yet to be established. The traditional thinking being that during normotension and normocapnia sympathetic neural activity does not play a significant role in CBF regulation. Reports in the past have stated that catecholamines do not penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and therefore only influence cerebral vessels from outside the BBB and hence, have a limited role in CBF regulation. However, with the advent of dynamic measurement techniques, beat-to-beat CBF assessment can be done during dynamic changes in arterial blood pressure. Several studies in the recent years have reported a functional role of the α-1adrenergic receptors in CBF regulation. This review focuses on the recent developments on the role of the sympathetic nervous system, specifically that of the α-1 adrenergic receptors in CBF regulation.
PROJECTOR APPROXIMATION AND QUANTUM MONTE CARLO

We derive a general approximation for performing quantum Monte Carlo simulations within a desired subspace of the full Hilbert space. We analytically determine the form of the resulting systematic error, allowing controlled extrapolation to exact results. We discuss some numerical applications, including fermion impurity and lattice models with infinite on-site Colulomb repulsion U and quantum spin systems. We demonstrate the use of the approximation in simulations with a test model.
On the properties of multicomponent mixtures of monatomic gases

Abstract The paper examines possible extensions of the law of corresponding states which was proposed recently by Kestin, Ro and Wakeham. It is generally concluded that the paper contains a complete solution to the problem of calculating the low-density properties (regime governed by binary collisions) of the monatomic gases and of their multicomponent mixtures over the complete temperature range, excepting quantum and ionization effects. This extension is specifically tested with respect to Rutherford's new measurements of isotopic thermal-diffusion factors and of our own measurements of the viscosity of four ternary mixtures of Ne-Ar-Kr over a wide range of temperatures.
Sphingoid bases and phospholipase D activation

Abstract There is increased interest in physiological functions and mechanisms of action of sphingolipids metabolites, ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-l-phosphate (SPP), members of a new class of lipid second messengers. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of these sphingolipids metabolites in the actions of growth factors and focuses on the second messenger roles of sphingosine and its metabolite, SPP, in the regulation of cell growth. We also discuss possible interactions with intermediates of the well known glycerophospholipid cycle. Sphingosine and SPP generally provide positive mitogenic signals whereas ceramide has been reported to induce apoptosis and cell arrest in several mammalian cell lines. Stimulation of phospholipase D leading to an increase in phosphatidic acid, a positive regulator of cell growth, by sphingosine and SPP, and its inhibition by ceramide, might be related to their opposite effects on cell growth. This also indicates that sphingolipid turnover could regulate the diacylglycerol cycle. Cross-talk between sphingolipid turnover pathways and the diacylglycerol cycle increases complexity of signaling pathways leading to cellular proliferation and adds additional sites of regulation.
Intact Motor Imagery in Chronic Upper Limb Hemiplegics: Evidence for Activity-Independent Action Representations

Four experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of chronic hemiplegia on the ability to internally represent actions involving either the paralyzed (contralesional) or relatively unaffected (ipsilesional) limb. An experimental group of chronic, densely hemiplegic patients was compared with controls who experienced nearly full recovery from an initially dense hemiparesis. All participants suffered cerebral vascular accidents that spared sites in premotor and parietal areas directly involved in representing upper limb actions. Despite chronic limb immobility, hemiplegic patients performed all four tasks at a high level of accuracy and showed no differences in their ability to represent actions of the contralesional versus ipsilesional limbs. On tasks that involved representing actions of the hands and lower arms, hemiplegic patients were as accurate as recovered controls. Hemiplegic patients were, however, less accurate than controls on a task that involved representing actions of either upper arm. Overall, chronic hemiplegics performed more accurately for decisions based on their contralesional limbs: a "hemiplegic advantage" that may be related to an ongoing focus on planning and/or imagining currently impossible movements. These findings reveal a dissociation between the ability to internally "represent" versus "produce" manual actions. Further, they demonstrate that internal action representations can be robust to even years of limb disuse.
Prefrontal and hippocampal contributions to encoding and retrieval of spatial memory

The prefrontal cortex is thought to be critical for goal-directed action and the hippocampus is known to be importantly involved in spatial memory. Several studies have been suggestive of a role for the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in spatial navigation. However, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) receives projections directly from the intermediate CA1 (iCA1) region of hippocampus and this link may be critical for spatial navigation. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the performance of rats receiving bilateral or disconnection infusions of lidocaine into OFC, mPFC, or iCA1 to determine the contribution of these structures to encoding and retrieval of spatial memory using the Hebb-Williams maze. A total of 92 male Long-Evans rats received chronic bilateral, contralateral, or ipsilateral implantation of cannulas into OFC, mPFC, or iCA1. Prior to testing on day 1 or day 2, subjects received central infusions of saline or lidocaine. The number of errors committed on the first five trials compared to the second five trials of day 1 was used to determine encoding, whereas retrieval was determined by comparing the second five trials of day 1 with the first five trials of day 2. The present findings suggest that mPFC and iCA1 are necessary and interact during encoding and retrieval; however, the OFC does not appear to be essential for either process. While the nature of the interaction between mPFC and iCA1 during encoding and retrieval is unclear, it may be supported by the integration of goals and spatial cues or strategy switching.
Global solution of the ideal resonance problem

If a dynamical problem ofN degress of freedom is reduced to the Ideal Resonance Problem, the Hamiltonian takes the form 1 $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {F = B(y) + 2\mu ^2 A(y)\sin ^2 x_1 ,} & {\mu \ll 1.} \\ \end{array} $$ Herey is the momentum-vectory k withk=1,2−N, x 1 is thecritical argument, andx k fork>1 are theignorable co-ordinates, which have been eliminated from the Hamiltonian. The purpose of this Note is to summarize the first-order solution of the problem defined by (1) as described in a sequence of five recent papers by the author. A basic is the resonance parameter α, defined by 1 $$\alpha \equiv - B'/\left| {4AB''} \right|^{1/2} \mu .$$ The solution isglobal in the sense that it is valid for all values of α2 in the range 1 $$0 \leqslant \alpha ^2 \leqslant \infty ,$$ which embrances thelibration and thecirculation regimes of the co-ordinatex 1, associated with α2 1, respectively. The solution includes asymptotically the limit α2 → ∞, which corresponds to theclassical solution of the problem, expanded in powers of e ≡ μ2, and carrying α as a divisor. The classical singularity at α=0, corresponding to an exact commensurability of two frequencies of the motion, has been removed from the global solution by means of the Bohlin expansion in powers of μ = e1/2. The singularities that commonly arise within the libration region α2 < 1 and on the separatrix α2 = 1 of the phase-plane have been suppressed by means of aregularizing function 1 $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\phi \equiv \tfrac{1}{2}(1 + \operatorname{sgn} z)\exp ( - z^{ - 3} ),} & {z \equiv \alpha ^2 } \\ \end{array} - 1,$$ introduced into the new Hamiltonian. The global solution is subject to thenormality condition, which boundsAB″ away from zero indeep resonance, α2 1/μ, where the classical solution is valid. Thedemarcation point 1 $$\alpha _ * ^2 \equiv {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \mu }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mu }$$ conventionally separates the deep and the shallow resonance regions. The solution appears in parametric form 1 $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {x_\kappa = x_\kappa (u)} \\ {y_1 = y_1 (u)} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {y_\kappa = conts,} & {k > 1,} \\ \end{array} } \\ {u = u(t).} \\ \end{array} $$ It involves the standard elliptic integralsu andE((u) of the first and the second kinds, respectively, the Jacobian elliptic functionssn, cn, dn, am, and the Zeta functionZ (u).
Utilization of Omeprazole To Augment Subtherapeutic Voriconazole Concentrations for Treatment of Aspergillus Infections

Voriconazole is the preferred antifungal agent for Aspergillus infections. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to achieve target concentrations and prevent toxicity. However, variable pharmacokinetics, cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, and extensive drug-drug interactions can contribute to subtherapeutic concentrations. We report a voriconazole "boosting" effect of omeprazole to achieve target concentrations for the treatment of Aspergillus in a patient who had persistently subtherapeutic trough concentrations.
The biosynthesis and secretion of precursor enamel protein by ameloblasts as visualized by autoradiography after tryptophan administration

The incorporation of 3H-tryptophan into the inner enamel epithelium of newborn mouse incisor tooth organs has been studied in situ by light and electron microscopic autoradiography to determine the sites and kinetics of biosynthesis, migration, and secretion of precursor enamel protein during newborn mouse incisor tooth formation. Maxillary and mandibular incisor tooth amelogenesis was studied 5, 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes and 24 hours following the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-tryptophan. By 5 minutes, 40% of the total silver grains associated with the secretory ameloblasts were localized over the rough endoplasmic reticulum and 50% of the silver grains were localized over the Golgi apparatus. By 30 minutes, silver grains were observed predominately over condensing vacuoles and secretory granules within the forming Tomes' processes, and were also localized over the extracellular “granular” pre-enamel matrix. The enamel proteins were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, transferred within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then accumulated in the inner saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The enamel proteins were then packaged in condensing vacuoles which subsequently became secretory granules which migrated to the lateral and apical secretory regions of the forming Tomes' processes. It was concluded from these in vivo studies that enamel proteins were synthesized and subsequently secreted within 30 minutes. The initially secreted precursor enamel protein was localized over a material which demonstrated a granular or stippled ultrastructure. The labeled protein then was localized over the amorphous enamel matrix per se which contained the forming calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. We assumed, therefore, that there are two different ultrastructural forms of 3H-tryptophan containing extracellular enamel proteins and suggest that the granular or “stippled” form represents newly secreted precursor enamel protein.
Independent prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole with technetium-99m sestamibi tomographic imaging in predicting cardiac events and cardiac-related hospital admissions

Objectives. This study sought to establish the prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging. Background. Optimal management of patients with coronary artery disease involves strategies designed to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiac death. The role of myocardial perfusion imaging using newer clinical techniques to determine risk and possible benefit from therapy has not been evaluated. Methods. Myocardial imaging results were classified as normal or abnormal (fixed or reversible defects; small, moderate or large). Follow-up evaluation of all patients included the occurrence of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction and other cardiac-related hospital admissions. Results. During a mean (±SD) follow-up period of 12.8 ± 6.8 months in 512 patients, 25 had a cardiac event. Patients with abnormal perfusion had significantly more cardiac events than those with normal perfusion (22 vs. 3, p Conclusions. Patients with normal study results or a small defect after intravenous dipyridamole Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging had an excellent short-term prognosis. Those with abnormal results (reversible or large defect) had an increased risk of subsequent cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and other cardiac-related hospital admissions.
Theory of bistability and self pulsing in a ring resonator with saturable photorefractive gain and loss

Abstract We present a theory for a ring resonator with saturable photorefractive two-beam coupling gain and loss to address the experimental results of reversible and irreversible bistability and self pulsing. Refractive index gratings in the photorefractive crystals couple energy from a gain pump beam into a resonator beam, and from the resonator beam into a loss pump beam. The spatiotemporal dependence of the optical fields and the index gratings are described by Maxwell's equations and the Kukhtarev model, respectively. Steady-state solutions of the equations demonstrate both reversible and irreversible bistability. We next derive conditions for the stability of the resonator's off state from a small-signal analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution equations. A stable off state is necessary for bistability, an unstable off state for self pulsing. Numerical simulation of the evolution equations qualitatively reproduces the experimental self pulsing and gives physical insight into the grating dynamics.
Inorganic pyrophosphate as an energy source for ruminal bacteria

The ability of the predominant ruminal flora to utilize inorganic pyrophosphate as an energy source was examined. Rumen contents from steers fed diets containing pyrophosphate from 0%–0.13% of the diet dry matter were serially diluted and inoculated into (a) basal medium, no carbohydrates (BM); (b) basal medium plus pyrophosphate (0.05%) (BP); (c) basal medium plus carbohydrates (CM); and (d) basal medium plus carbohydrates plus pyrophosphate (0.05%) (CP). Growth was measured as increase in optical density. Addition of pyrophosphate to the CM medium reduced the maximum optical density by 36% and 98% in tubes inoculated with 10−1 and 10−3 dilutions of rumen contents, repectively. No growth occurred in pyrophosphate-containing media at dilutions higher than 10−3. In vitro enrichment of bacteria growing on pyrophosphate did not increase the growth yield. These result indicate that the predominant ruminal bacteria do not utilize pyrophosphate as an energy source.
Effectiveness of coerced addiction treatment (alternative consequences): A review of the clinical research

Of central importance is that our clinical experience and treatment outcome studies to date strongly suggest that coercion is fundamental to addiction treatment and favorable outcomes from therapeutic interventions. Often the alcoholic/drug abuser must be given an opportunity to feel, face, or experience the "consequences" of their alcohol and drug addiction before the denial of their illness can be penetrated and motivation for treatment to recover from addictive illness can be developed. Continued use of alcohol and drugs is an unhealthy and dangerous state for those who are addicted and for others who are affected by their addictive illnesses. Effective therapeutic interventions and long-term recovery are more likely to succeed if avoiding "alternative consequences" are contingent on continued compliance with addiction treatment by those who suffer from addictive illnesses.
Phospholipid involvement in gastric microsomal ATPase.

Abstract Phospholipase C markedly reduced the ATPase activity of microsomes isolated from gastric mucosa of rabbit or bullfrog. After such treatment the ATPase enzyme remained in the particulate fraction and was not released into the supernatant. Synthetic lecithin (dipalmitoyl) restored a large fraction of the ATPase activity in microsomes pretreated with phospholipase C, whereas cephalin (dipalmitoyl) was without effect. Analysis of lipid constituents of the gastric microsomes after vigorous extraction procedures showed large quantities of lecithin, cephalin and cholesterol. Extraction of the microsomal membranes with ether removed only the more neutral lipids and did not alter the ATPase activity of the preparation. Electron microscopic oxservations of negatively stained gastric microsomes revealed them to be tubular structures, morphologically similar to elements of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of acid secreting cells. After treatment with phospholipase C a structural degradation of the gastric microsomal membranes occurs; the formerly smooth surfaces become rough and irregular. A conformational change in the proteinaceous ATPase, as a result of destruction of specific phospholipid attachment sites, is suggested as the mechanism for the observed changes in enzymic activity.
Environmental effects of soil property changes with off-road vehicle use

The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the physical and chemical properties of 6 soil series were measured at Hollister Hills State Vehicular Recreation Area in central California. Accelerated soil erosion and the alteration of surface strength, bulk density, soil moisture, temperature, and soil nutrients were quantified to gain an insight into the difficulty of revegetating altered, or modified, areas.
Glutamine-Enriched Total Parenteral Nutrition Preserves Respiratory Immunity and Improves Survival to aPseudomonasPneumonia

Abstract Background. Addition of 2% glutamine (GLN), a specific lymphocyte fuel, prevents deleterious effects of TPN on gut-associated lymphoid tissue and IgA while preserving IgA-mediated upper respiratory immunity to influenza virus. We examined whether a 2% GLN-enhanced TPN solution preserves respiratory immunity to a lethal and clinically relevant pneumonia challenge. Materials and methods. Male ICR mice were randomized to chow ( n = 20), TPN ( n = 20), or an isonitrogenous, isocaloric TPN–2% GLN solution ( n = 17). All groups were immunized 10 days before surgery with Pseudomonas polysaccharide-containing liposomes (LIP) to confer immunity except for a nonimmune chow-fed LIP control group ( n = 21) which received LIP without Pseudomonas. Mice received 5 days of diet and then were given an LD 90 dose of 1.2 × 10 8 intratracheal Pseudomonas bacteria, and mortality was recorded. Results. Immunization reduced mortality compared with LIP alone. TPN impaired immunity and reduced survival while GLN maintained immunization effectiveness. Conclusions. Pseudomonas immunization reduces mortality to Pseudomonas pneumonia, but this immunity is lost with TPN. Addition of 2% GLN to TPN preserves immunity in the respiratory tract and reduces mortality to a lethal bacterial challenge compared with standard TPN.
Modeling of RF- MEMS BAW Resonator

Due to the demand of smaller and more portable devices the applications of MEMS resonators are rapidly increasing. Solidly Mounted Resonators (SMR) based on Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) technology follow MEMS principles to build high performance microwave filters for RF communication. In this paper we will provide the architecture of SMRs by discussing the designing aspects of its core structures which are within foundry CMOS processes using RF design software Advanced Design System (ADS). Conventional VLSI processes are followed for the fabrication of the SMRs. The results from the fabricated data are compared and discussed.
Recycling and biogenesis of synaptic vesicles

Abstract Synaptic vesicles are specialized organelles used for the fast, point-to-point signaling typical of the nervous system. Like secretory granules of the classical regulated secretory pathway, synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. However, synaptic vesicles are also closely related to vesicles involved in the constitutive recycling of membrane components between the plasmalemma and the early endosome. Here we review available information and open questions regarding the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles, their traffic within nerve terminals and their relationship to vesicles of other vesicular pathways to the plasmalemma.
Film Chemistry Control and Electrochemical Properties of Pulsed Plasma Polymerized Ferrocene and Vinylferrocene

The chemical composition and electrochemical properties of thin films polymerized from ferrocene and vinylferrocene under pulsed plasma conditions are reported. Relatively large scale and systematic variations in composition and properties of these films are observed with progressive changes in the pulsed duty cycles employed during synthesis, all other plasma variables being held constant. Compositional changes in both percent Fe content and the ratio of FeII/FeIII with variations in the duty cycles are clearly shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of these films. Voltammetric studies of the plasma-polymerized films deposited on glassy carbon electrodes provide additional evidence for the variations in the electroactive iron content of the films with changes in the pulsed plasma duty cycles employed during synthesis. Overall, the results of this study provide further support for the utility of the pulsed plasma technique to provide controlled film composition during synthesis of organometall...
Examining Transcultural Spiritual Literacies Among Latino Children Through Artifactual Mediations

Although the notion of cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1986) has been well studied and affirmed as important in recognizing the strengths of children and developing inclusive pedagogical models (Albright & Luke, 2008), this article presents a study of transcultural spiritual literacy—an element of cultural capital that is often overlooked, seldom studied in an organized fashion (Smith & Osborn, 2007, p. 23), and rarely validated in pedagogical inquiry as a vital indicator of children’s meaning-making. However, this important form of cultural capital threads through the lives of children who participated in this study, which provided a “multi-modal ethnographic gaze” (Rowsell, 2011, p. 335) of spiritual literacies of 14 children from first-generation immigrant Latino families at a U.S. church-affiliated community center. This article, which discusses part of that study, will focus on the artifactual mediations of one of those children: Paulina. Spirituality, although not synonymous with religion in our study, ...
Autoionization widths of doubly excited states for highly ionized systems: An application of the Stieltjes moment theory

Processes such as dielectronic recombination or excitation-autoionization, which involve doubly excited states, are important for understanding the kinetics of laboratory plasmas. Theoretical studies of these processes require knowledge of Auger as well as radiative decay rates for the intermediate states involved. We have applied Stieltjes moment theory techniques to the problem of calculating autoionization widths for the (3l3l') doubly excited states of Kr/sup 25 +/ (sodiumlike krypton). Configuration-interaction wave functions were used to describe the resonances as well as the continuum. We have explored the effects of intermediate coupling, configuration mixing, and orbital relaxation on the calculated autoionization rates.
Epidemiology of protozoan infections: The coccidia

Abstract The coccidia include the genera Eimeria, Isospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and Frenkelia. The epidemiology of each of these genera in respect to domestic animals, is reviewed where applicable, in three sections: • (A) Classical and modern versions of life cycles; methods of identification; intermediate and final hosts; host specificity. • (B) The two dispause phases, the tissue cyst and the oocyst/sporocyst — the keys to the epidemiology of the coccidia - in terms of survival of the tissue cyst and the oocyst. 2.1. (1) Factors affecting numbers of oocysts produced, such as: inherent potential of each parasite for development in a nonimmune host; the immunity or resistance developed by the host; the ‘crowding’ factor; competition with other species of coccidia; host nutrition; host strain differences; parasite strains; host stress factors; the effect of anticoccidial drugs. 2.2. (2) Conditions affecting sporulation of oocysts. 2.3. (3) The effect of moisture, temperature, and chemical and physical factors on oocyst survival time. 2.4. (4) The physical and biological dispersal of oocysts. • (C) The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of coccidiosis.
Complexation of a Poly-l-Arginine with Low Molecular Weight Heparin Enhances Pulmonary Absorption of the Drug

This study tests the hypothesis that complexation between a cationic polymer, poly-l-arginine (PLA), and an anionic drug, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), enhances pulmonary absorption and reduces the epithelial toxicity. Enoxaparin, a LMWH, was complexed with PLAs of different molecular weights at varying concentrations. The resulting complexes were characterized by measuring particle size and zeta potential, and by quantitating the interactions between PLA and enoxaparin using an azure A assay. Changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cytotoxicity induced by enoxaparin–PLA complex were investigated in Calu-3 cells. Pulmonary absorption of LMWH was determined by measuring plasma anti-factor Xa levels. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) study was performed to investigate if the PLA-based formulations caused any cellular or biochemical changes in the lungs. The particle size of enoxaparin–PLA complexes decreased and the zeta potential values of the complex became less negative as the concentration of positively charged PLA in the complex increased. In vitro experiments suggest that addition of enoxaparin–PLA complex to the apical side of a polarized cell monolayer results in a significant increase in permeability to 14C-mannitol and a decrease in TEER. Pulmonary formulations of enoxaparin plus 0.0125% or 0.0625% PLA of molecular weight 93 kDa led to a twofold increase in the relative bioavailability of LMWH compared to the control (enoxaparin plus normal saline). The BAL study showed that the enoxaparin–PLA complex formulation did not elicit any significant increases in marker enzyme activities compared to the normal saline-treated or untreated control groups. PLA could be used as a carrier for the pulmonary delivery of LMWH.
Vision-based short range interaction between a personal service robot and a user

Interaction between a personal service robot and a human user is contingent on being aware of the posture and facial expression of users in the home environment. In this work, we propose algorithms to robustly and efficiently track the head, facial gestures, and the upper body movements of a user. The face processing module consists of 3D head pose estimation, modeling nonrigid facial deformations, and expression recognition. Thus, it can detect and track the face, and classify expressions under various poses, which is the key for human–robot interaction. For body pose tracking, we develop an efficient algorithm based on bottom-up techniques to search in a tree-structured 2D articulated body model, and identify multiple pose candidates to represent the state of current body configuration. We validate these face and body modules in varying experiments with different datasets, and the experimental results are reported. The implementation of both modules can run in real-time, which meets the requirement for real-world human–robot interaction task. These two modules have been ported onto a real robot platform by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute.
Survival of micro hedge funds

Survival analysis can assist funds of hedge fund (FOF) managers, institutional investors, pension funds and endowment funds to identify hedge fund classifications with the longest and shortest survival lifetimes. The results will help FOF managers to construct portfolios of hedge funds and help them avoid funds that die prematurely.
Strategies for service systems

Abstract The service sector has increased enormously in its importance to the world economy over the last forty-five years. As global competition in manufacturing has increased in the past decade, so has global competition in services. Service organizations in finance, communications, insurance, transportation, utilities, food, and hospitality have faced extinction if they did not remain competitive. Organizations have been challenged to simultaneously increase customer satisfaction and quality, increase productivity, decrease costs, and deal with changing technology and regulation. In response to these challenges, service organizations have attempted to decrease customer contact by making some operations more ‘manufacturing-like’. At the same time, manufacturing firms are placing increasing emphasis on the ‘services’ they provide to external and internal customers, and are actually increasing points of customer contact. We review characteristics of service operations and strategies for management of productivity, capacity, growth, change, and competition in service systems from an operations management viewpoint.
Dynamical symmetry breaking in SO(4n+2) and E(6) gauge theories

Abstract We find that SO(4n+2) and E(6) gauge theories with fermions in the complex spinor representation (and no scalar fields at all) undergo dynamical breaking of the gauge symmetry, according to the rules of Raby, Dimopoulos, and Susskind.
Forest decline model development with LANDSAT TM, SPOT, and DEM DATA

The relationships between percent defoliation and digital near-infrared reflectance data detected by the Landsat thematic mapper and SPOT sensors were investigated. These data were both found to be negatively correlated with defoliation data collected within the boreal montane spruce-fir ecosystem of the Black Mountains, North Carolina. Correlation coefficients were significant at the 0.05 level. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that neither source of satellite-based remotely-sensed data is an accurate predictor of defoliation. The addition of digital elevation data, however, as an independent variable to the regression equations significantly improved the predictive reliability of the models.
Dialysis of Ephedrine and Pentobarbital from Whole Human Saliva and Simulated Saliva

It was shown in vitro that whole human saliva inhibits the passage of ephedrine through a dialysis membrane, whereas the passage of pentobarbital is unaffected. The binding of ephedrine in whole human saliva was found to be independent of pH. A simulated saliva was prepared which afforded the same results as whole human saliva.