cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The NIST Design Repository Project

Modern engineering industry is relying more and more on the use of knowledge in product development. This paper advocates design repositories as a natural progression from traditional design databases to systems that are created to more actively support knowledge-based design. In contrast to traditional design databases, design repositories serve not only as archives, but as repositories of heterogeneous information that are designed to enable representation, capture, sharing, and reuse of corporate design knowledge. This paper describes the NIST Design Repository Project, an ongoing project within the Engineering Design Technologies Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The project objectives are to develop a computational framework for the creation of design repositories, and a proof-of-concept prototype to demonstrate their benefits. A number of research issues associated with the envisioned role of design repositories in industry are addressed. The current state of the project and its implementation are presented.
Addiction and Change : How Addictions Develop and Addicted People Recover

Contents: 1. Models of addiction and change 2. The process of human intentional behavior change 3. The well maintained addiction : an ending and a beginning 4. Exploring precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of becoming addicted 5. Repeated and regular use : moving from preparation to action on the road to addiction 6. Precontemplation for recovery : cultivating seeds for change 7. The decision to change : moving from the contemplation to the preparation stage of recovery 8. Preparing for action : creating a plan 9. Taking action to change an addiction 10. The long haul : well-maintained recovery 11. Prevention : interfering with the process of becoming addicted 12. Designing interventions for recovery 13. Research on addiction and change. "The stages-of-change model has become widely known as a framework for conceptualizing recovery. Less well known are the processes that drive movement through the stages or how the stages apply to becoming addicted. From Carlo DiClemente, codeveloper of the Transtheoretical Model, this book offers a panoramic view of the entire continuum of addictive behavior change. Illuminated is the common path that individuals travel as they establish and reinforce new patterns of behavior, whether they are developing an addiction or struggling to free themselves from one, and regardless of the specific addictive behavior. Presenting cutting-edge research with significant clinical implications, the book addresses crucial questions of why, when, and how to intervene to bolster recovery in those already addicted and reach out effectively to people at risk. It is essential reading for clinicians, prevention specialists, and policymakers." [from Book Jacket]
Conditional outlier approach for detection of unusual patient care actions

Developing methods that can identify important patterns in complex large-scale temporal datasets is one of the key challenges in machine learning and data mining research. Our work focuses on the development of methods that can, based on past data, identify unusual patient-management actions in the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) of the current patient and raise alerts if such actions are encountered. We developed and evaluated a conditional-outlier detection approach for identifying clinical actions such as omissions of medication orders or laboratory orders in the intensive care unit (ICU) that are unusual with respect to past patient care. We used data from 24,658 ICU patient admissions to first learn the outlier models and then to generate 240 medication and laboratory omission alerts. The alerts were evaluated by a group of 18 intensive care physicians. The results show the true positive alert rate for all study alerts ranged from 0.42 to 0.53, which is promising and compares favorably to the positive alert rates of existing clinical alerting systems.
The GLI gene encodes a nuclear protein which binds specific sequences in the human genome

The GLI gene is amplified in a subset of human tumors and encodes a protein product with five zinc finger DNA-binding motifs. In this study, we show that the GLI gene product has a predominantly nuclear localization and binds DNA in a sequence-specific fashion. Three GLI binding sites were identified by using a novel procedure in which total human DNA was bound to a GLI recombinant fusion protein, and the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and recover the bound sequences. The GLI protein protected a 23- to 24-base region within all three binding sites, and the protected region in each case included the 9-base-pair sequence 5'-GACCACCCA-3'. One of the binding sites was contained within a 63-base-pair repeat of the variable number of tandem repeat type, whereas the other two sites were represented once in the genome. The approach used here to identify GLI binding sites should be applicable to the characterization of other zinc finger proteins.
The Paradox of the Advantaged Elder and the Feminization of Poverty

The construction of social definitions is important, as these definitions are ultimately translated into public policies. This article explores the emergence of the concepts of the advantaged elder and the feminization of poverty. It is a paradox that society has simultaneously embraced these two concepts when the elderly population, especially the subpopulation of those who are very old, is overwhelmingly women. The theoretical shortcomings of both concepts are examined, and a broader model of economic well-being that emphasizes the interactive nature of gender, race, and class is proposed. The implications of societal perceptions of the advantaged elder and the feminization of poverty for older women are addressed.
Incremental direct medical expenditures associated with anxiety disorders for the U.S. adult population: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Data from the 2009 and 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were used to estimate the annual incremental healthcare expenditures associated with anxiety disorders, for the ambulatory adult population of the U.S. Individuals 18 years and older, who reported a diagnosis of, or had a medical event associated with anxiety disorder(s), were classified as anxiety population. Multivariate regression analyses, using generalized linear models, were conducted to calculate incremental costs associated with anxiety disorders. 8.74% of adult respondents reported being diagnosed with anxiety disorder(s). The annual overall healthcare expenditure associated with anxiety disorders was estimated at $1657.52 per person (SE: $238.83; p<0.001). Inpatient visits, prescription medications, and office-based visits together accounted for almost 93% of the overall cost. Given the prevalence of self-reported anxiety disorders in MEPS, their total direct medical expenditure is estimated at approximately $33.71 billion in 2013 US dollars, meaning this category of mental illnesses absorbs a significant portion of the U.S. healthcare resources.
Exact confidence region for the parameters of the gamma distribution based on two independent samples

The gamma distribution has been discussed by many authors. This article proposes an exact confidence region for the parameters of a two-parameter gamma distribution. The result is based on the fact that the percentiles of the F-distribution, with equal degrees of freedom k, are monotonic in k.
Bayesian analogy with relational transformations.

How can humans acquire relational representations that enable analogical inference and other forms of high-level reasoning? Using comparative relations as a model domain, we explore the possibility that bottom-up learning mechanisms applied to objects coded as feature vectors can yield representations of relations sufficient to solve analogy problems. We introduce Bayesian analogy with relational transformations (BART) and apply the model to the task of learning first-order comparative relations (e.g., larger, smaller, fiercer, meeker) from a set of animal pairs. Inputs are coded by vectors of continuousvalued features, based either on human magnitude ratings, normed feature ratings (De Deyne et al., 2008), or outputs of the topics model (Griffiths, Steyvers, & Tenenbaum, 2007). Bootstrapping from empirical priors, the model is able to induce first-order relations represented as probabilistic weight distributions, even when given positive examples only. These learned representations allow classification of novel instantiations of the relations and yield a symbolic distance effect of the sort obtained with both humans and other primates. BART then transforms its learned weight distributions by importance-guided mapping, thereby placing distinct dimensions into correspondence. These transformed representations allow BART to reliably solve 4-term analogies (e.g., larger:smaller::fiercer:meeker), a type of reasoning that is arguably specific to humans. Our results provide a proof-of-concept that structured analogies can be solved with representations induced from unstructured feature vectors by mechanisms that operate in a largely bottom-up fashion. We discuss potential implications for algorithmic and neural models of relational thinking, as well as for the evolution of abstract thought.
Interpretation of the 3-to 4-Micron Infrared Spectrum of Mars.

Infrared reflection spectra have been recorded for a large number of inorganic and organic samples, including minerals and biological specimens, for the purpose of interpreting the 3- to 4-micron spectrum of Mars. A previous suggestion that the Martian bands indicated the presence of carbohydrates is shown not to be a required conclusion. However, no satisfactory explanation is advanced and the problem remains unresolved.
Impact of molecular adsorbent recirculating system therapy on tacrolimus elimination: A case report

Abstract Background We report a unique case which quantifies the effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS [Gambro, Sweden]) therapy on blood concentrations of tacrolimus in a patient treated for refractory pruritus associated with recurrent hepatitis C of the liver allograft. Tacrolimus is a low-molecular-weight, highly protein-bound drug with the potential to be removed during MARS therapy. Case Report Results of therapeutic drug monitoring revealed extracorporeal tacrolimus elimination accounted for only 0.3% of total drug removal during the session. Conclusions Although no explanation can be offered as to why MARS contributed so little to overall tacrolimus elimination, the data clearly show minimal impact of MARS on tacrolimus blood level.
The fish fauna from Arenosa Shelter (41VV99), Lower Pecos region, Texas

Abstract Salvage excavations (1965–1968) at Arenosa Shelter in the arid Lower Pecos cultural region yielded over 47,000 faunal specimens and 1000 bone artifacts. This large Pecos River terrace site is near the Rio Grande confluence and international border. Recent research using US National Park Service collections studied the subsistence and bone technology practices of prehistoric residents. Small to large fish remains formed a significant minority of the faunal sample. The remains provided evidence of previously undocumented capture and carcass processing techniques used during the Middle to Terminal Late Archaic. Fish skeletal material also entered the region's bone technology to be used in specific, limited roles as tools.
Estimating Latent Variable Interactions With Nonnormal Observed Data: A Comparison of Four Approaches

A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to investigate the robustness of 4 latent variable interaction modeling approaches (Constrained Product Indicator [CPI], Generalized Appended Product Indicator [GAPI], Unconstrained Product Indicator [UPI], and Latent Moderated Structural Equations [LMS]) under high degrees of nonnormality of the observed exogenous variables. Results showed that the CPI and LMS approaches yielded biased estimates of the interaction effect when the exogenous variables were highly nonnormal. When the violation of nonnormality was not severe (normal; symmetric with excess kurtosis < 1), the LMS approach yielded the most efficient estimates of the latent interaction effect with the highest statistical power. In highly nonnormal conditions, the GAPI and UPI approaches with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation yielded unbiased latent interaction effect estimates, with acceptable actual Type I error rates for both the Wald and likelihood ratio tests of interaction effect at N ≥ 500. An empiri...
A model for the optical properties of amorphous carbon (soot)

Amorphous carbon is an important and ubiquitous material, yet the understanding of the optical properties as a function of frequency and temperature remains a challenge. In particular, a comprehensive physics-based model has been a long term need. Building on past work on diamond and pyrolytic graphite, a new model of the optical properties of soot is developed. The model includes frequency and temperature dependence. Current progress is presented.
Gaussian processes with biconvex covariances

Abstract Let R ( s , t ) be a continuous, nonnegative, real valued function on a ≤ s ≤ t ≤ b . Suppose ∂R ∂s ≥ 0 , ∂R ∂t ≤ 0 , and ∂ 2 R ∂t ∂t ≤ 0 in the interior of the domain. Then the extension of R to a symmetric function on [ a , b ] × [ a , b ] is a covariance function. Such a covariance is called biconvex. Let X ( t ) be a Gaussian process with mean 0 and biconvex covariance. X has a representation as a sum of simple moving averages of white noises on the line and plane. The germ field of X at every point t is generated by X ( t ) alone. X is locally nondeterministic. Under an additional assumption involving the partial derivatives of R near the diagonal, the local time of the sample function exists and is jointly continuous almost surely, so that the sample function is nowhere differentiable.
Love Styles and Communication in Relationships: Partner Preferences, Initiation, and Intensification

The three exploratory studies reported here investigate the role of love styles in the early stages of romantic relationships. Study 1 (N = 108) had subjects rate and rank 14 characteristics of prospective romantic partners. As expected, individual's love style scores were related to the characteristics people report as desirable in a relational partner. Several of these effects, however, were moderated by sex. Study 2 (N = 173) revealed that scores on love styles were associated with ratings of opening lines and intensification strategies. None of these effects were moderated by sex. Study 3 (N = 137) investigated the association between love styles and ratings of secret tests among individuals currently involved in a romantic relationship. The results indicated that love styles were associated with ratings of secret tests. These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that love styles are associated with individual differences in relational and communicative behavior across the life span of ...
Dynamical conductivity of the GaAs two-dimensional electron gas at low temperature and carrier density

We use infrared cyclotron-resonance measurements to study the dynamical conductivity of a gated GaAs two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field in the regime of low carrier density and temperature where electron correlation and exchange effects are most important. For $T\ensuremath{\simeq}0.4$ K the resonance narrows and shifts dramatically as the density is reduced below the point at which the lowest spin-split Landau level is filled. This observation provides the first demonstration of a strong influence of electron-electron interactions on the cyclotron-resonance line shape.
Conductance and Qualities of Wild and Domestic Turkey Eggs

Abstract Comparisons of functional and nonfunctional qualities of wild and domestic turkey eggs were made to determine what changes have occurred through domestication. Egg weight and volume have increased significantly by over 50%. All other nonfunctional egg characteristics have increased in proportion to the increased egg mass. However, functional characteristics of the turkey eggs have not changed in proportion to each other. Total pore numbers per egg have not increased; they have been spread over a greater surface area. Conductance increased by 31%; however, since total pore number had not increased, it was concluded that increased pore radius and shortened pore length were responsible for keeping the total functional pore area the same in wild and domestic turkey eggs. Since a larger embryonic tissue mass must exchange vital gases over the same shell functional pore area, it is suggested domestic turkey embryos may have a more difficult time respiring than wild turkey embryos.
On generalized harmonic number sums

We evaluate generalized harmonic number sums with parameter in terms of values of polylogarithm functions, and several examples are given. Instances of such sums occur in diverse areas including analytic number theory, and in calculations of high energy, nuclear, and atomic physics.
Contribution of dopamine neurons in the medial zona incerta to the innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala, horizontal diagonal band of Broca and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Results of previous studies suggested that incertohypothalamic dopamine (IHDA) neurons located in the medial zona incerta (MZI) project to the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAMY), horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The overall goal of the present study was to determine the relative contribution of IHDA neurons to the DA innervation of these brain regions. A combined fluorescent and in situ hybridization histochemical procedure was employed to localize the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) in cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in the MZI following its iontophoretic injection into either the cAMY, HDB or PVN. For comparison, the numbers of dual labeled FG/TH mRNA neurons in the midbrain were also determined. One week after unilateral injection of FG into the cAMY, cells containing FG+TH mRNA were found in the ipsilateral MZI, substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The total numbers of cells labeled with FG varied with the size of the injection site, but the ratio of dual labeling in the MZI to that of the SNC-VTA remained constant across animals at approximately 1:6. FG injections into the HDB resulted in a ratio of dual labeled cells in the ipsilateral MZI and VTA of approximately 1:2, but no dual labeled cells were found in the SNC. Dual labeled cells were only found in the ipsilateral MZI in animals receiving FG injections in the PVN. Thus, DA terminals in the PVN originate exclusively from IHDA neurons in the MZI, whereas these neurons provide only a portion of the DA innervation of the cAMY and HDB. The similar distribution of dual labeled cells in the MZI following FG injections into the cAMY, HDB and PVN suggests that perikarya of IHDA neurons projecting to these regions are not organized into distinct groups.
Field-Scale Transport of Nonpolar Organic Solutes in 3-D Heterogeneous Aquifers

Field experiments have indicated that reactive solute plumes released in natural porous media decelerate with time and undergo enhanced spreading. To analyze these and other unresolved transport issues, a methodology is presented to simulate the field-scale transport of dissolved nonpolar organic compounds in 3-D heterogeneous aquifers. This includes the development of a model that couples a stochastic technique for generating 3-D flow fields with a mobile−immobile domain model to account for sorption and intraparticle mass diffusion. The methodology is presented through the analysis of the transport of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at the Borden site, and model results are compared to field data, analytical solutions, and other studies. The input parameters are based on laboratory data reported in the literature. The interpretation of these data is discussed, and the required experimental procedures are identified. The model results for the expected displacement of the plume's centroid (first spatial moment)...
Computer aided analysis of antigen-antibody reactions

Antibodies are large molecules which are formed in the body to render antigens (causes of diseases) harmless. Bivalent antibodies and multivalent antigens may form a rich variety of different antigen-antibody complexes. The outcome of a reaction between an antigen and its antibodies can be analyzed experimentally by use of a gradient centrifugation technique.We have used computer models to study the extent to which the outcome of an antigen-antibody reaction is predictable from simple assumptions.First, a mathematical model for simulation of this particular centrifugal technique was constructed, allowing calculation of where in the centrifuge rotor a given complex would be located following centrifugation under precisely defined circumstances. Second, a program to predict the outcome of reactions between antigens and antibodies was written, based on the assumption that the kinds and the amounts of antigen-antibody complexes are determined by the concentrations of antigens and antibodies, respectively, together with a parameter describing their mutual affinity. Third, these programs were combined so as to calculate the expected outcome of antigen-antibody reactions as they appear after this type of centrifugal analysis. Finally, calculated results were compared to experimentally obtained results, and a fairly good agreement was found.It is concluded that the main characteristical features of such reactions are predictable from the above mentioned assumptions by use of these computer models.
Protein quality control by the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway: Roles in resistance to oxidative stress and disease

There is now consensus that the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins is cytotoxic and causally related to several age-related diseases including the amyloid diseases and age-related cataracts. There is also general agreement that the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway (UPP) provides a quality control mechanism to limit accumulation of modified proteins. We asked if and how oxidative stress is related to the function of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway, and vice versa, with the objective of obtaining information that can lead to the development of strategies to delay age-related "amyloid" or "protein precipitation" diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Elevated levels of ubiquitin conjugates were observed when human, rabbit, bovine, and rat lens, retina, liver cells or tissues were exposed to mild oxidative stress, which was created by exposure to paraquat, diamide, peroxide, light together with lipofuscin, and radiomimetic drugs. The increase in ubiquitin conjugates derived from an increase in substrates as well as by hyperactivation of El, rather than inactivation of the proteasome. Using a novel glutathiolated substrate, yC-crystallin, we demonstrated that the UPP shows a previously unrecognized selectivity for such specifically oxidatively modified proteins. Selectivity of the pathway for other oxidatively modified proteins, specifically for protein carbonyls, was indicated in assays that employed the ubiquitin conjugation-competent, but degradation-resistant ubiquitin variant K6W-ubiquitin. These experiments showed that failure to execute ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis renders cells more susceptible to oxidative-stress-related cytotoxicity. Activity of the pathway is regulated in part by cellular redox status, specifically as affected by GSSG. Ubiquitination is enhanced when GSSG/GSH ratios are 0.02-0.15. Since there is potentiation of ubiquitination even when GSSG/GSH ratios are indistinguishable from basal levels, it appears that ubiquitination provides one of the most sensitive indicators of oxidative stress. Ubiquitination is attenuated when GSSG/GSH rises >0.2 and does not occur when GSSG/GSH ≥ 2.9. The data indicate that inhibition of the pathway, which occurs upon aging, is associated with accumulation rather than the timely degradation of ubiquitin conjugates. They further suggest that if the system fails to keep up with production of substrates, high mass ubiquitin conjugates may accumulate and precipitate in cytotoxic aggregates such as are seen in many age-related syndromes, including lens cataracts or in lipofuscin and drusen in the aging retina.
Long live Lennon! Lennon is dead! The affirmative character of post‐Sixties idealism

directed by Julie Taymor, Sony Pictures, 2007 Any lingering doubts I had about a key premise of this journal – that the remembrance of all things Sixties is a defining feature of our present – were...
Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds

This paper identities five common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. There are three stock-market factors: an overall market factor and factors related to firm size and book-to-market equity. There are two bond-market factors. related to maturity and default risks. Stock returns have shared variation due to the stock-market factors, and they are linked to bond returns through shared variation in the bond-market factors. Except for low-grade corporates. the bond-market factors capture the common variation in bond returns. Most important. the five factors seem to explain average returns on stocks and bonds.
Rapid measurement of the effective field boundary of homogeneous field magnets

Abstract It is often sufficient to express the beam optical properties of the fringe field of a magnet by describing its effective field boundary. It is shown how the effective field boundary can be measured very rapidly and accurately.
A new synthetic approach for difficult benzoxazines: Preparation and polymerization of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone-based benzoxazine monomer

Abstract The first successfully synthesized benzoxazine in high purity from 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), paraformaldehyde and phenol using high boiling point nonpolar solvent is reported. The solution method for benzoxazine synthesis is modified by using a nonpolar solvent of high boiling point. For comparison, the synthesis of such difficult benzoxazine monomer was prepared in high boiling point polar solvent, dimethylsufoxide. 1H NMR indicates the purity of the monomer prepared by this novel method to be quite high in comparison with that obtained using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The thermally activated polymerization of the monomer affords polybenzoxazine with Tg at ca. 203 °C. The 5% and 10% decomposition temperatures of the polymer are 324 and 368 °C with 58% char yield, reflecting the excellent thermal stability than the typical polybenzoxazine based on bisphenol-A and aniline.
THE GROUPER FISHERY OF CAY GLORY, BRITISH HONDURAS

Fisheries are poorly developed throughout the western Caribbean. An exception is British Honduras where there is a substantial folk-fishery and the daily consumption of fresh fish is customary by the urban population. There are three ethnic groups of fishermen, with Mestizos from the northern cays providing leadership in the annual exploitation of an unusual concentration of grouper in the Cay Glory area. Timing of the occurrence allows surplus salt-cured fish to be sold to inland communities and exported at premium prices to satisfy Lenten demand. Numerous adaptations to tropical climatic conditions have evolved in preservation techniques but the industry as a whole may soon decline owing to overfishing if uncontrolled exploitation continues.
Taxes, Redistribution, and the Minimum Wage: A Theoretical Analysis

This paper considers a simple general equilibrium model that contains two types of workers with differing levels of ability and a social-welfare-maximizing government. The paper shows that social welfare can sometimes be increased by supplementing an optimal linear income tax with a minimum wage, but that social welfare can never be increased by supplementing an optimal nonlinear income tax with a minimum wage.
Quality Circles: A Japanese Management Technique for the Classroom.

teaching something "new" can try novel, or at least alternative, methods of presenting the classes they must teach. An innovation that college faculty can use?the quality circle?is a technique that has been eminently successful in its applications in Japanese industry. Quality circles are not really new for they have been used in Japan for about twenty years and are just now begin ning to be seen in industry in the United States. But they have been used very little in the college classroom. This paper describes the use of quality circles in three undergraduate courses in general chemistry at The Penn sylvania State University. The literature of business and management is begin ning to grow rapidly in the number of reports of the use of quality circles and several books are also available which deal, at least in part, with the topic. A general
A study of texture patterns in friction stir welds

Texture patterns on transverse, longitudinal and horizontal cross-sections in friction stir welds (FSW) have been studied experimentally, and their variations with welding parameters have been analyzed. Numerical simulations of the FSW process have been carried out to understand the texture patterns. Results of this study suggest that the texture patterns are complex but a dominant theme is the appearance of bands, which occur in the advancing-side material. The banded pattern on the transverse cross-section is often in the form of onion rings. The spacing between the bands on the longitudinal and horizontal cross-sections equals the distance traveled by the welding tool in one revolution. The texture patterns are found to correlate well with equivalent plastic strain contours from simulations of the corresponding FSW process, suggesting that the texture patterns may be formed because periodically spaced material regions experience very different levels of plastic deformation during the FSW process.
Magnetization, coercivity, and magnetostriction studies of electrodeposited Ni-P Alloys

M-H hysteresis curves and magnetostriction have been mea-sured for Ni-P electrodeposited alloys as a function of composition from pure Ni to 16 at. percent P. Saturation magnetization decreases linearly with increasing P content at 77 and 300 K. Intrinsic coercivity also decreases with increasing P content and its variation with compo-sition indicates a change from multidomain to single domain to superparamagnetic behavior. The absolute value of the magnetostriction also decreases with increasing P concen-tration. For films with up to 6 at. percent P, there is a rapid increase in the absolute value of magnetostriction followed by a more gradual rise; this behavior is typical of a film with multidomain grains. Films with more than 6 at. percent P do not show this behavior and instead act as if they consisted of single domain particles.
Public Policies, Private Choices: New-Town Planning and Lifestyles in Three Nations

Can the character of urban life and social interaction be decisively shaped by physical and social planning? This paper examines new towns in Britain, the United States, and the USSR, and finds that, although Soviet and western planners seek differing patterns of urban life, even the most comprehensive plans have failed to foster distinctive lifestyles. Assumptions and biases of both planning approaches are analyzed, as are the contribu tions of new-town governance and "admissions policies" to the social outcomes of urban planning.
Adhesion to Plasma-Modified LaRC-TPI I. Surface Characterization

Abstract LaRC-TPI, an aromatic thermoplastic polyimide, was exposed to oxygen, argon and ammonia plasmas as pretreatments for adhesive bonding. Chemical changes which occurred in the surface as a result of the plasma treatments were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS). Water contact angle analysis was utilized to characterize the changes in surface wettability, and the ablative effects of the plasmas were monitored using ellipsometry. Both XPS and IR-RAS results indicated the formation of polar functional groups at the surface. Contact angle analysis showed enhanced water wettability of the plasma-treated surface. Oxygen and argon plasmas were highly ablative, whereas ammonia plasma was only moderately so. Oxygen and argon plasmas appear to react with the LaRC-TPI via a fragmentation/oxidation mechanism; the effect of ammonia plasma is postulated to be imide ring-opening resulting in the formation of amide functional groups.
Diverse proteins homologous to inositol monophosphatase

Bovine inositol monophosphatase (IMP) and several homologous proteins were found to share two sequence motifs with bovine inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (IPP). These motifs may correspond to binding sites within IMP and IPP for inositol phosphates or for lithium, since both substances are bound by these proteins. This suggests that the proteins homologous to IMP, which have diverse biological roles but whose function is not clear, may act by enhancing the synthesis or degradation of phosphorylated compounds.
Polyelectrolyte-coated liquid crystal droplets for detecting charged macromolecules

Chemically engineered liquid crystal droplets with stimuli responsive director configurations are attractive for sensing applications. Here, we find that the adsorption of positively charged poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on negatively charged poly(styrenesulfonate sodium) (PSS)-coated liquid crystal droplets can trigger a bipolar-to-radial configuration transition of the liquid crystal in the droplets, which can be easily detected with a polarizing optical microscope. The sensitivity of the PSS-coated liquid crystal droplets for detecting PAMAM dendrimers depends on the size and number of liquid crystal droplets as well as the dendrimer generation.
Visual form recognition threshold and the psychological refractory period

Two experiments studied the effect of a reaction time response (RT) on visual form recognition threshold when the temporal interval separating the RT stimulus and the recognition stimulus was short. In Experiment 1 an initial RT response to an auditory signal did not impair the subsequent forced-choice visual form recognition threshold. Interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 msec were used; S was always aware of the ISI under test. In Experiment 2 a visual stimulus was used to elicit the R T response; this shift to an intramodal stimulus did not alter the recognition threshold. These data were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that two stimulus events can be processed simultaneously even when the temporal interval between them is short.
Effects on Milk Flavor of Intervals of Feed Withholding Prior to Milking

Abstract Three groups of 20 cows each were rotated for three 2-wk experimental periods through each of three regimes (0, 2, and 4 h feed withholding intervals prior to milking) of complete feeds of alfalfa, corn silage, concentrate. Milk samples were collected Monday and Thursday of the 2nd wk in each period. An organoleptic evaluation panel sampled and scored the milk on flavor quality. An analysis of variance of the milk scores indicated that withholding feed 2 to 4 h prior to milking improved milk flavor quality over that of no withholding (0 h). Milk flavor quality did not differ between 2 and 4 h withholding periods. These periods of withholding feed showed no adverse effects on feed intake.
A preliminary analysis of law review notes

Abstract While our understanding of legal English as used in professional or legislative contexts has been growing, our understanding of English in academic legal contexts is very limited. Moreover, research in English for Academic Purposes has focused largely on areas other than law and therefore often does not apply. This is particularly true for research paper writing, given the discourse conventions of legal research or seminar papers. The study presented here offers an analysis of published student-written legal research papers, which can serve as a model for the teaching of seminar paper writing. After a discussion of some general characteristics of these research papers, we focus our detailed analysis on the introductory sections, and show how they are both similar to and different from those found in research article (RA) introductions as described in Swales (1990) .
Search for a sensitive stage for aposymbiosis induction in Culex pipiens pipiens by antibiotic treatment of immature stages

Abstract The elimination of symbiotic Wolbachia pipientis from Culex pipiens pipiens was studied by exposing the larvae or pupae to chlortetracycline hydrochloride for different lengths of time and for different stages in the life cycle. The effect of the antibiotic was cumulative. The longer the immature stages were treated, the poorer was the hatching rate of their eggs when they became adults. Larvae reared in antibiotic from the beginning of first, second, or third instar developed into adults with 100% hatching failure. If the insects were reared in the antibiotic from the beginning of the fourth instar only, about one-third of their eggs hatched. Rearing the immatures in antibiotic for single instars demonstrated that the ultimate deleterious effects were essentially the same for all stages, indicating that there is no uniquely sensitive stage for destroying the rickettsia. Many of the unhatched eggs contained fully developed, but dead, embryos.
The Long History of Molecular Electronics: Microelectronics Origins of Nanotechnology

Long before nanotechnology, the semiconductor industry was miniaturizing microelectronic components. Since the late 1950s, that industry's dominant material has been silicon. Yet there have always been competitors to silicon that supporters hope will upend the semiconductor industry. It is impossible to understand this industry without a more complete picture of these alternatives — how they come about, how they capture organizational support, why they fail. It is equally impossible to understand nanotechnology without a focus on these alternatives, since research communities devoted to perfecting them today form the backbone of the nanotechnology field. We trace the history of the longest lived silicon alternative — molecular electronics. Molecular electronics arose in the late 1950s as a visionary program conducted by Westinghouse on behalf of the Air Force. We attribute its failure to the difficulties inherent in matching a futuristic vision to a bureaucratically accountable, incremental program that c...
Contradictions of the ‘New Green Revolution’: A View from South America's Southern Cone

This paper is an examination of the social, economic, and environmental problems created by the search for and application of biotechnological solutions to global hunger that are also protected by a system of globally harmonized intellectual property rights. These contradictions are illustrated by the example of South America's Southern Cone region (Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay) where the ‘New Green Revolution’ has since 1996 been vigorously introduced, led by genetically modified (GM) soybeans. It is argued that the ‘New Green Revolution’ is not a solution either to the problem of agro-ecological sustainability or to that of hunger and malnutrition. Este articulo examina los problemas sociales, economicos y del medio ambiente, creados en busca de soluciones biotecnologicas para el hambre global, soluciones que tambien son protegidas por el sistema global armonico de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Estas contradicciones quedan claramente ilustradas utilizando el ejemplo de la region del Cono Sur en ...
The 350-kDa Sea Urchin Egg Receptor for Sperm Is Localized in the Vitelline Layer☆

Abstract Previous studies have established by several methods that the 350-kDa egg receptor for sperm is localized on the plasma membrane–vitelline layer complex of the egg of the sea urchinStrongylocentrotus purpuratus.In addition, it has been found that molecules which are cross-reactive with anti-receptor antibody are present in the cortical granules located at the inner face of the plasma membrane. The objective of this study was to define more precisely the locale of the cell surface receptor. We have found that following fertilization, the immunoreactive receptor initially found on the egg surface moved to the fertilization envelope (FE) and then disappeared in parallel with the loss of sperm binding activity. A cross-linked, high-molecular-weight derivative of soybean trypsin inhibitor (hMW-SBTI) which was unable to pass through the elevating FE blocked the loss of both immunoreactivity and the sperm binding activity of the FE, but did not inhibit the vitelline delaminase activity that has been implicated in FE formation. Western blot analysis following SDS–PAGE of the proteins of the FE isolated in the presence of hMW-SBTI and benzamidine revealed the presence of the 350/320-kDa proteins which cross-reacted with anti-receptor antibody. Experiments in which molecules on the surface of unfertilized eggs were labeled with biotin and traced after FE formation revealed that a significant portion of the 350/320-kDa glycoproteins that were incorporated into the FE originated from the cell surface, rather than from the cortical granules. These findings provide strong evidence that in unfertilized eggs the egg receptor for sperm exists as part of the protein complex known as the vitelline layer which serves as a precursor of the FE. Evidence is presented indicating that some of the receptor in the vitelline layer is cryptic and a possible function for this cryptic form of the receptor is proposed.
Characterization of inhomogeneous films formed by co-evaporation of ZnSe and MgF 2

Optical and physical properties of MgF2, ZnSe, and composite ZnSe-MgF2 films deposited by co-evaporation of ZnSe and MgF2 on glass substrates at elevated temperatures are studied. MgF2 films deposited on glass substrates at temperature of 200 degree(s)C were found durable, resistant to wet environment, high in film packing density, and having a very reproducible refractive index of 1.38 to 0.75 micrometers . ZnSe films formed under same substrate conditions were also found dense and reproducible. The refractive indices of these films were determined to be 2.50 +/- 0.01 at 0.75 micrometers . The adhesion of the films to the substrate declined drastically in hot and wet environment. Composite films deposited on glass substrate at 200 degree(s)C by co-evaporation of ZnSe and MgF2 with selected individual evaporation rates were observed to be uniform, durable, and enhanced in protection against hazardous environments.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Millisecond pulsed radio frequency glow discharge time of flight mass spectrometry: temporal and spatial variations in molecular energetics.

The internal energy distributions, P(ɛ), of a millisecond pulsed radio frequency glow discharge plasma were investigated using tungsten hexcarbonyl W(CO)6 as a “thermometer molecule”. Vapor of the probe molecule, W(CO)6, was introduced into the plasma and subjected to various ionization and excitation processes therein. The resultant molecular and fragment ions were monitored using a Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer. Ion abundance data were utilized in combination with the known energetics of W(CO)6 to construct the P(ɛ) plots. The P(ɛ) of W(CO)6 exhibited strong temporal dependence over the pulse cycle: Distinct internal energy distributions were found at the discharge breakdown period (prepeak), the steady state period (plateau), and the post-pulse period (afterpeak). Spatial variation in P(ɛ) was also observed, especially during the plateau regime. The observations suggest that this pulsed glow discharge affords excellent energy tunability that can be used to perform selective ionization and fragmentation for molecular, structural, and elemental information. Parametric studies were performed to evaluate the effects of discharge pressure and operating power on P(ɛ). These studies also provided insight into the correlation of the observed P(ɛ)s with the fundamental ionization and excitation mechanisms in the plasma. The temporal and spatial variations in P(ɛ) were hence attributed to changes in the dominant energy transfer processes at specific times in specific regions of the plasma. These data will be useful in future efforts to optimize the analytical performance of this source for chemical speciation.
Empirical evidence of advances in scrubber technology

Abstract Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) units have been employed at US power plants for approximately 25 years to control sulfur dioxide emissions. Although it might be hoped that FGD technology would have improved over that period, theoretical work (e.g., Downing and White [Downing, P.B., White, L.J., 1986, Innovation in pollution control, J. Environ. Econ. Manage., 13, 18–29], and Milliman and Prince [Milliman, S.R., Prince, R., 1989, Firm incentives to promote technological change in pollution control, J. Environ. Econ. Manage., 17, 247–265]) has shown that the type of regulation generally favored in the US (direct regulation of emissions levels) provides poor incentives for technological improvements. Data on the design, performance and costs of FGD units at coal burning plants in the US are used to estimate a model of FGD costs and tests are performed in an attempt to determine whether progress has occurred. Results suggest that no significant progress has occurred in abatement technology, although costs of operating particular units at plants to tend to decrease over the lifetime of the unit.
Percutaneous renal access simulators.

Percutaneous renal access is an integral step in percutaneous renal drainage and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urologists are increasingly obtaining access themselves, as this eliminates reliance o...
Nam1p, a protein involved in RNA processing and translation, is coupled to transcription through an interaction with yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

Alignment of three fungal mtRNA polymerases revealed conserved amino acid sequences in an amino-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme implicated previously as harboring an important functional domain. Phenotypic analysis of deletion and point mutations, in conjunction with a yeast two-hybrid assay, revealed that Nam1p, a protein involved in RNA processing and translation in mitochondria, binds specifically to this domain. The significance of this interaction in vivo was demonstrated by the fact that the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a deletion mutation (rpo41Δ2), which impinges on this amino-terminal domain, is suppressed by overproducing Nam1p. In addition, mutations in the amino-terminal domain result specifically in decreased steady-state levels of mature mitochondrial CYTBand COXI transcripts, which is a primary defect observed inNAM1 null mutant yeast strains. Finally, one point mutation (R129D) did not abolish Nam1p binding, yet displayed an obviousCOX1/CYTB transcript defect. This mutation exhibited the most severe mitochondrial phenotype, suggesting that mutations in the amino-terminal domain can perturb other critical interactions, in addition to Nam1p binding, that contribute to the observed phenotypes. These results implicate the amino-terminal domain of mtRNA polymerases in coupling additional factors and activities involved in mitochondrial gene expression directly to the transcription machinery.