cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Lagrangian dynamics of vorticity. Part 2. Application to near-wall channel-flow turbulence

We use an online database of a turbulent channel-flow simulation at (Graham et al. J. Turbul., vol. 17, issue 2, 2016, pp. 181–215) to determine the origin of vorticity in the near-wall buffer layer. Following an experimental study of Sheng et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 633, 2009, pp.17–60), we identify typical ‘ejection’ and ‘sweep’ events in the buffer layer by local minima/maxima of the wall stress. In contrast to their conjecture, however, we find that vortex lifting from the wall is not a discrete event requiring 1 viscous time and 10 wall units, but is instead a distributed process over a space–time region at least orders of magnitude larger in extent. To reach this conclusion, we exploit a rigorous mathematical theory of vorticity dynamics for Navier–Stokes solutions, in terms of stochastic Lagrangian flows and stochastic Cauchy invariants, conserved on average backward in time. This theory yields exact expressions for vorticity inside the flow domain in terms of vorticity at the wall, as transported by viscous diffusion and by nonlinear advection, stretching and rotation. We show that Lagrangian chaos observed in the buffer layer can be reconciled with saturated vorticity magnitude by ‘virtual reconnection’: although the Eulerian vorticity field in the viscous sublayer has a single sign of spanwise component, opposite signs of Lagrangian vorticity evolve by rotation and cancel by viscous destruction. Our analysis reveals many unifying features of classical fluids and quantum superfluids. We argue that ‘bundles’ of quantized vortices in superfluid turbulence will also exhibit stochastic Lagrangian dynamics and satisfy stochastic conservation laws resulting from particle relabelling symmetry.
High-Throughput Analysis of Heteroduplex DNA in Mitotic Recombination Products

Mitotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by recombination with a homologous donor duplex. This process involves the exchange of single DNA strands between the broken molecule and the repair template, giving rise to regions of heteroduplex DNA (hetDNA). The creation of a defined DSB coupled with the use of a sequence-diverged repair template allows the fine-structure mapping of hetDNA through the sequencing of recombination products. A high-throughput method is described that capitalizes on the single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology developed by PacBio. This method allows simultaneous analysis of the hetDNA contained within hundreds of recombination products.
The Evolution of Social Institutions in the Central Andes

The chapter traces the evolution of complex socio-political institutions in the Andes from their appearance in the north coast of Peru at the end of the 4th millennium BCE to the sprawling Inca Empire of the fifteenth century CE. For each period, the author describes the kinds of social institutions that developed among the varied societies of this vast region. The evolutionary process centers on monumental architecture requiring coordinated labor. After two millennia of complex social development, state societies emerged by coopting trade networks and barter fairs. The states focused on the control of roads and strategic colonies throughout their region. An elite style of architecture and statecraft was based on earlier, nonstate political, and economic institutions. These grew slowly and lasted for at least a half a millennium. State collapse was followed by political and social realignments, the context for the rapid growth of the Inca Empire in the fifteenth century. Unlike the first states, the Inca Empire was characterized by contiguous provinces and an imperial bureaucracy that administered dozens of distinct ethnic groups and provinces. The earlier relationships between trade, production, and distribution were coopted by the Inca into a grand imperial strategy of population concentration and the creation of industrial enclaves. The rapid rise of the Inca was followed by its relatively quick political collapse at the hands of European invaders.
Transfer learning for wearable computers

Abstract Wearable sensors are taking a bold stance in becoming the principal component of monitoring systems with wide applications in health monitoring, assisted living, sport studies, entertainment, and diet monitoring. Various wearable sensors with different sensing capabilities including smartwatches, smartphones, wrist-band sensors, sports shoes, and sensors embedded in clothing have been used for the aforementioned applications. However, in the presence of the user's diverse preference and requirement of various environments, changes in the configuration and type of sensors are highly possible. For example, a user who has been using a smartphone for a while may acquire a new smartwatch. Besides changes in the sensor modalities and configurations, the changes in the user characteristics are highly possible. A system trained on the data of specific users should be able to work for a new user with different characteristics such as different body mass index, skin tone, physiological attributes, and even sensor placement preferences. As a result of such changes in the environment, the machine learning and signal processing components should be updated or retrained. Otherwise, the performance of the models designed on the old training data will be significantly degraded when those models are used with the data collected under a new configuration. The main challenge with retraining the underlying signal processing and machine learning models is that it requires collecting a sufficiently large amount of labeled training data. The process of collecting such data is very challenging and overwhelming if the users are asked to provide them. Therefore, it is of paramount interest to transfer the knowledge from an old domain to a new domain, with minimum effort required by the users. In dynamic environments, where the configuration of the wearable systems can constantly change over time, the notion of transfer learning for these devices becomes tremendously important.
Ship Ballast Water Treatment

Ships use ballast water to ensure their buoyancy and stability. A significant amount of them is transported in various water basins of the World Ocean. Thus, together with ballast water, many microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton are transported. The constant increase in the number of ships in the World Merchant Navy increases the risk of the spread of these invasive species in the local aquatic environment. This led to the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to legalize the control and treatment of ships' ballast water in order to minimize the risks of the spread of these invasive species.. Their transfer through ballast water to a new water environment is estimated as one of the 4 largest treats for the World Ocean. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments plays an essential role in the control of ballasting and de-ballasting processes. It regulates the D-1 and D-2 standards, as well as various ballast water treatment systems. Improving the possibility of subsequent change in the application of invasive species, the only way to solve this problem, is to fully prepare for ballast water and to develop alternative methods to ensure the buoyancy and resilience of ships.
Review, Law and Religion in Post-Communist Europe & Laws on Religion and the State in Post-Communist Europe

Reviewing Law and Religion in Post-Communist Europe. Edited by Silvio Ferrari, W. Cole Durham, Jr. and Elizabeth A. Sewell. Law and Religion Studies 1. Peeters 2003 and Laws on Religion and the State in Post-Communist Europe. Edited by W. Cole Durham, Jr. and Silvio Ferrari. Law and Religion Studies 2. Peeters 2004.
A Tale of Force: Examining Policy Proposals to Address Police Violence:

We develop an explicitly organizational and relational approach to examine the problem of police violence, focusing empirically on prominent policy recommendations to increase officer demographic d...
Los pronombres de tratamiento en el paisaje lingüístico Quindiano (Colombia)

This research describes the way in which pronouns of address are presented in the linguistic landscape of the department of Quindio (Colombia). The investigation analyzed 99 posters and advertisements from the city of Armenia and 90 publications from the social networks of 3 regional entities: the government, the mayor’s office, and a newspaper; from September to December 2020. The data obtained indicate that the pronouns usted and tu are used arbitrarily and that the pronoun vos is not part of the linguistic landscape of this region. In conclusion, the directionality of the interaction is presented as a new variable that modifies the use of these pronouns (tu and usted) in speech and finally the limitations of the study are presented.
Personalized Privacy Preservation for Smart Grid

The integration of advanced information, communication and data analytic technologies has transformed the traditional grid into an intelligent bidirectional system that can automatically adapt its services for utilities or consumers’ needs. However, this change raises new privacy-related challenges. Privacy leakage has become a severe issue in the grid paradigm as adversaries run malicious analytics to identify the system's internal insight or use it to interrupt grids’ operation by identifying real-time demand-based supply patterns. As a result, current grid authorities require an integrated mechanism to improve the system's sensitive data's privacy preservation. To this end, we present a multilayered smart grid architecture by characterizing the privacy issues that occur during data sharing, aggregation, and publishing by individual grid end nodes. Based on it, we quantify the nodes preferred privacy requirements. We further introduce personalized differential privacy (PDP) scheme based on trust distance in our proposed framework to provide the system with the added benefit of a user-specific privacy guarantee to eliminate differential privacy's limitation that allows the same level of privacy for all data providers. Lastly, we conduct extensive experimental analysis on a real-world grid dataset to illustrate that our proposed method is efficient enough to provide privacy preservation on sensitive smart grid data.
Der ODMG-93-Standard

Wichtige Standardisierungsbemuhungen im Bereich objektorientierter (und verteilter) Systeme finden im Rahmen der Object Management Group (OMG) statt, in der uber 500 Firmen und Institutionen vertreten sind.
The Generate-Test Model of Store Choice

An empirical comparison of the predictive ability of four different choice models -- additive, lexicographic, lexicographic semiorder, conjunctive -- suggests that shoppers decide among alternative supermarkets in a conjunctive fashion and that the supermarkets are first ordered according to their spatial proximity to the shopper. This process of conjunctive choice among spatially ordered alternatives is called a generate-test model of store choice.
Chapter 1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biochemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter provides more than an orienting overview of the main directions in which the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has developed, the kinds of biochemical or biological questions that can be studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the major specific NMR techniques useful for this purpose. This discussion is preceded by a brief exposition of the elementary concepts of NMR and supplemented by references to the literature that treats each topic in greater depth. Applications of NMR of interest in biochemistry can be grouped into three major categories: (1) determination of the structure of biologically active compounds—especially new natural products; (2) studies of biochemical reactions, or processes, especially in vivo ; and (3) studies of macromolecular structure and dynamics. The absorption and re-emission of radiofrequency radiation by atomic nuclei of substances placed in a strong magnetic field is referred to as NMR.
Does Market Concentration Promote or Reduce New Product Introductions? Evidence from US Processed Food Industry

This study presents an empirical test of the relationship between market concentration and new product introductions. The analysis uses an annual panel data set of the US processed food industry that spans across the period 1983 to 2004. The estimations depict that market concentration increases new product introductions and product introductions spur subsequent mergers. These results provide evidence in support of the new 'anticipatory merger theory', which predicts new product introductions to occur in anticipation of future mergers.
Critical Issues in Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Structural Alloys

Abstract : Both internal and hydrogen environment assisted cracking continue to seriously limit high performance structural alloys and confound quantitative component prognosis. While intergranular H cracking assisted by impurity segregation can be minimized, other mechanisms promote IG cracking and transgranular H cracking modes have emerged; new alloys suffer serious H cracking similar to old materials. Micromechanical models of crack tip H localization and damage by decohesion predict important trends in threshold and subcritical crack growth rate behaviour. H diffusion appears to limit rates of cracking for monotonic and cyclic loading; however, uncertain%adjustable parameters hinder model effectiveness. It is necessary to better define conditions within 0.1-5 micronmeter of the crack tip, where dislocations and microstructure dominate continuum mechanics, and chemistry is localized. Nano-mechanics modeling and experimental results show very high levels of H accumulated in the crack tip fracture process zone, as necessary for interface decohesion. Contributing mechanisms include high crack tip stresses due to dislocation processes such as strain gradient plasticity, as well as powerful H production and trapping proximate to the electrochemically reacting crack tip surface. New sub- micrometer resolution probes of crack tip damage will better define features such as crack path crystallography (EBSD + Stereology) and surface morphology (high brightness, dual detector SEM), local H concentration (%IDS and NRA), and validate crack tip mechanics modelling (micro-Laue x-ray diffraction and EBSD).
Educational Reforms in the Former Soviet Union

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there have been movements toward a range of education reforms. In this article, an historical account is presented of education from communist roots to current times.
Bastille Day storm: Global response of the terrestrial ring current

Global images of the Earth's inner magnetosphere and its response to the coronal mass ejection (CME) on the 15 July 2000 were obtained by the IMAGE spacecraft. The images were taken in energetic neutral atoms (ENA) by the High-Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager. ENAs are produced by charge exchange between the hot ion population of the magnetosphere and the cold neutral hydrogen geocorona. The ENA images show how plasma is injected into the nightside magnetosphere as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turns strongly southward. As the IMF B z increases and the storm intensity decreases, the ENA images show that the ring current becomes closed and symmetric as IMF B z reaches positive values.
Stiffness-deflection behavior of selected orthodontic wires

Abstract Treatment of horizontal and vertical tooth discrepancies requires wires of low stiffness to produce forces as the teeth are leveled and aligned. In this investigation, the stiffness characteristics of several solid and multistrand nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wires were determined at selected clinically relevant deflections. Twenty specimens of 24 different wires were tested in both three-point and three-bracket bending modes. The unloading force deflection plot of each wire was described by a polynomial regression from which wire stiffnesses were obtained by mathematical differentiation. Graphs of the functional relationship between stiffness and deflection are presented. The results of this investigation show that wire stiffness can be altered not only by changing the size, but also by varying the number of strands and the alloy composition. An equally important finding was the dependence of stiffness on deflection for most of the wires measured. Comparisons were also made be...
Risk factors and incidence of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients: a systematic review

Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) is an established life saving procedure for both acute and chronic liver failure, but incidences and risk factors for development of these malignancies are yet to be established. To determine the incidences and risk factors associated with de novo malignancy after OLT. We performed a systematic review of relevant epidemiological studies available on MEDLINE, which provided information on the incidences and risk factors for the development malignancies in adult OLT recipients published from 1983 to 2009. All data was compiled from retrospective studies. Independent risk factors for the development of de novo malignancy in adult OLT recipients were identified to be statistically significant including immunosuppression, hepatitis C virus infection, smoking, alcoholic cirrhosis and sun exposure. OLT recipients with smoking and alcohol history are of particular risk for head and neck and lung cancers. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease were found to be independent risk factors for colon cancer. Adult OLT recipients are at increased risk for the development of post-transplant malignancies and obviates the need for surveillance protocols that are safe and cost-effective. OLT recipients should be advised on taking proper precautions in the sun, smoking cessation, and eliminating alcohol consumption. Given the emergence of alcoholic cirrhosis as a leading indication for liver transplantation, the early detection of lung and head and neck cancers is of particular importance.
A finite-time convergent observer with robustness to piecewise-constant measurement noise

Motivated by the design of observers with good performance and robustness to measurement noise, the problem of estimating the state of a linear time-invariant system in finite time and robustly with respect to measurement noise is considered. Using a hybrid systems framework, a hybrid observer producing an estimate that converges to the plant state in finite time, even under unknown piecewise-constant noise, is presented. The stability and robustness properties of the observer are shown analytically and validated numerically.
Venlafaxine: a heterocyclic antidepressant

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of venlafaxine hydrochloride, a new antidepressant, are described. Venlafaxine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and, to a lesser extent, dopamine. In animal models, it does not significantly inhibit muscarinic, histaminic, or adrenergic receptor activity and does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Venlafaxine is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver to its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV). Time to peak concentration is one to two hours for the parent compound and four to five hours for ODV. The pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine might be dose-dependent, although pharmacokinetic studies have had conflicting results. The major route of elimination is renal; thus, patients with renal dysfunction may require lower doses. In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of venlafaxine for maintenance therapy, venlafaxine has shown effective antidepressant activity in severely ill patients with major depression. Antidepressant effectiveness may be apparent within two weeks; this finding needs to be replicated. The dosage is 75-375 mg/day administered in two or three divided doses. The strength of the antidepressant response may be correlated with increasing dosage. Nausea is the most commonly reported adverse drug reaction (ADR). Others include somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth, and sweating. All ADRs have commonly occurred at the beginning of therapy and decreased with time. Overall, venlafaxine is well tolerated. Venlafaxine is as effective as other available antidepressants. It may cause fewer anticholinergic, antihistaminic, and antiadrenergic ADRs and may have a quicker onset of therapeutic action than existing antidepressants.
Educating archival professionals in the twenty‐first century

Archival education has progressed tremendously in the past 30 years. The numbers of archival programs, full‐time tenure track faculty and courses offered have all increased exponentially. Archival science is no longer seen as a sub‐specialization of library science or history and the efforts to legitimize archives as a separate field worthy of in‐depth inquiry at both the Master's and doctoral levels have succeeded. Most recently, however, the convergence of the information disciplines has called the distinctions between related disciplines into question. This poses both challenges and opportunities for archival education. This article places archival education in its historical and professional context, and will then discuss some of the issues relating to convergence and integration in the information professions.
The crimes of the homeless or the crime of homelessness? On the dialectics of criminalization, decriminalization, and victimization

This paper is a limited attempt to synthesize the older and newer trends in radical criminology — to integrate the issues of criminalization, decriminalization, and victimization. The object of our endeavor is homelessness and how society responds to it. In the paper, we first examine the dialectics of criminalization, homelessness, and economic crisis in relation to some of the general trends in the developing political economy of welfare capitalism. Second, we argue that criminologists should support and focus on effort to “criminalize” the condition of homelessness and, at the same time, to decriminalize most of the acts of survival of the homeless. In pursuing this end, we urge criminologists to respond by doing things “with” rather than “for” or “to” the homeless. Ultimately, we hope this paper contributes to the ideological and practical struggle for achieving stable institutional methods for satisfying basic human needs.
REGIME-SWITCHING IN AUSTRALIAN SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES

This paper applies a generalized regime-switching (GRS) model of the short-term interest rate to Australian data. The model allows the short rate to exhibit both mean reversion and conditional heteroscedasticity and nests the popular generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and regime-switching specifications. It is shown that empirical estimates of many popular interest rate models provide curious results which imply that innovations to the short rate process are extremely persistent, and that the short rate is potentially non-stationary. The source of these curious results, which are also present in US and European interest rates, is identified in the context of the GRS model, which is shown, via specification and forecasting tests, to capture the features of Australian short-term interest rate data better than existing models. The stochastic process of short-term interest rates in Australia is compared with evidence from the US and Europe, highlighting a number of important differences.
CLONING AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA RING ZINC FINGER GENE EXPRESSED PREFERENTIALLY DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT

The RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger is a zinc-binding domain that is found in proteins from a variety of species. This paper reports the cloning and characterization of, as yet, only the second RING finger protein gene from plants, A-RZE, in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition to the RING-finger motif, A-RZF also contains a putative nuclear localization signal. A-RZF is encoded by a single copy gene with an intron of 595 bp interrupting the 5' leader sequence and the coding region. Northern blot analysis indicated that A-RZF is expressed preferentially during seed development. The RING-finger motif, putative nuclear localization signal, and unique expression pattern, predict an important role during seed development for A-RZF.
Myelin development and nutritional insufficiency

Abstract Postnatal undernourishment does not greatly retard the generation of rat brain cells, although there is a slight reduction in total cell numbers and brain size. Possibly the maturation of cells is more severely affected. The ratio of myelinated to non-myelinated fibers is greatly reduced in the corpus callosum and pyramidal tract, and presumably in other areas as well. There is only a slight reduction in the numbers of myelin lamellae for axons of a given size. The recovery of brain myelin and the incorporation of radioactive precursors into purified myelin proteins and lipids are all greatly reduced, leading to a comparatively severe reduction in the brain myelin concentration. The myelin composition is only slightly altered, possibly as a result of a delay in its normal chemical maturation. The actual vulnerable period that produces a lasting myelin deficit is the early period that includes oligodendroglia cell proliferation, whereas undernutrition restricted to a later period that includes the actual peak of myelin does not cause a lasting reduction in the brain myelin concentration. The belief that stunting the postnatal proliferation of oligodendroglia largely accounts for the myelin effect has not been substantiated by direct analysis of cell numbers. Consequently, the observed hypomyelination likely results from a failure of oligodendroglia to mature and to initiate myelin formation. The myelin deficit appears largely uniform throughout the brain. Indirect evidence in human studies indicate that comparable effects appear in undernourished infants.
Involvement of the Lamin Rod Domain in Heterotypic Lamin Interactions Important for Nuclear Organization

The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate-type filament proteins (lamins) that lines the inner nuclear membrane. The lamina is proposed to be an important determinant of nuclear structure, but there has been little direct testing of this idea. To investigate lamina functions, we have characterized a novel lamin B1 mutant lacking the middle approximately 4/5 of its alpha-helical rod domain. Though retaining only 10 heptads of the rod, this mutant assembles into intermediate filament-like structures in vitro. When expressed in cultured cells, it concentrates in patches at the nuclear envelope. Concurrently, endogenous lamins shift from a uniform to a patchy distribution and lose their complete colocalization, and nuclei become highly lobulated. In vitro binding studies suggest that the internal rod region is important for heterotypic associations of lamin B1, which in turn are required for proper organization of the lamina. Accompanying the changes in lamina structure induced by expression of the mutant, nuclear pore complexes and integral membrane proteins of the inner membrane cluster, principally at the patches of endogenous lamins. Considered together, these data indicate that lamins play a major role in organizing other proteins in the nuclear envelope and in determining nuclear shape.
Treatment of peripheral nerve injuries: surgeons' perspective.

P erip heral nerve repair has been a source of considerable controversy almost since the beginning of recorded history. In approximately 1300 AD, Galen postulated that there was no benefit in repairing peripheral nerves. For this reason and because of the significant incidence of gangrene following surgery, peripheral nerve repair was not widely practiced. Subsequently, Guy de Chaulic proposed that both tendons and nerves were amenable to suture. In the 1800s, Muller reported that nerve axons could regenerate across a site of nerve transection. Using silver stain, Cajal showed the presence of regenerating axons across the site of nerve repair. Also in the 1800s, Vulpius reported the first basic science studies of nerve grafts and their outcomes. The clinical foundations for peripheral nerve surgery have been traced to the observations of Silas Weir Mitchell during his work as a Civil-Warera physician. In his treatise Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences, Mitchell describes causalgia as a syndrome characterized by burning pain and trophic limb changes often caused by ballistic nerve injury. During World War II, Barnes Woodall and Sir Herbert Seddon performed pioneering work in the care of casualties with peripheral nerve injury. They critically examined the methods of primary nerve repair, secondary nerve repair, and nerve grafting. In the 1960s Jacobsen and others developed the operating microscope which, combined with new methods of producing ultrafine suture and precision needles, allowed surgeons to more precisely coapt transected nerves. Sunderland and colleagues performed extensive anatomic work on the internal architecture of peripheral nerves, providing surgeons with an accurate road map for repair. Ten years ago clinicians caring for peripheral nerve injuries had access to sophisticated internal road maps of peripheral nerves and high-quality
A New Argument for a Necessary Being

I present a new argument for the thesis that there is a necessarily existing, causally powerful entity—a necessary being. The outline of the argument is this: (i) necessarily, every beginning of a certain sort S (which I'll specify) can have a cause; (ii) a beginning to the existence of all non-necessarily existing things would be of sort S; (iii) such a beginning can obtain; (iv) such a beginning cannot be caused unless there is a necessary being; therefore, (v) there is a necessary being. The argument uses a causal principle that is more modest than causal principles previously used in arguments for a necessary being.
Sleep Apnea in Congestive Heart Failure

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a form of sleep disordered breathing in which pharyngeal muscle relaxation leads to recurrent nighttime apneas and hypopneas that, through increased afterload, intermittent hypoxia, and excess sympathetic activity, weaken the already failing heart. This review presents the current evidence regarding the complex relationship between OSA and heart failure (HF), including support for OSA as both a cause and consequence of HF. The impact of OSA on other cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias, as they relate to HF development or exacerbation, also are reviewed.
Reduced Complexity Control Systems

Abstract This paper discusses methods for the analysis and design of systems controlled, at least in part, by finite state controllers, such as might be found in adaptive or highly autonomous robotic systems. We focus on the role that feedback can play in simplifying the characterization of trajectories and, in particular, the extent to which elementary feedback rules based on finite state automata can be used to reduce the complexity of both the controller and the analysis. Finally, we introduce a new control paradigm based on randomized finite state controllers and present an analysis of a class of such systems.
Fabricating Planar Nanoparticle Assemblies with Number Density Gradients

We report on preparing assemblies of gold nanoparticles with continuous gradients in number density on flat silica-covered substrates. The methodology consists of (i) first forming a one-dimensional molecular gradient of amino groups (−NH2) on the substrate by vapor deposition of amine-terminated silane molecules, followed by (ii) attachment of gold nanoparticles to −NH2 functional groups by immersing the substrate in a colloidal gold solution. Experiments using atomic force microscopy reveal that the number density of nanoparticles on the substrate varies continuously as a function of the position on the substrate. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies confirm that the nanoparticle number density gradient is closely correlated with the concentration gradient of −NH2 groups anchored to the substrate. We demonstrate that the number density of nanoparticles within the gradient and the length of the gradient can be tuned by controlling the vapor diffusion of silane molecules. In addition we show ...
Parallel computation of the Moller–Plesset second‐order contribution to the electronic correlation energy

We report herein, the implementation of a second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) program on the IBM LCAP parallel supercomputers. The LCAP systems comprise IBM 308X hosts and 10 FPS-X64 attached processing units (APs). The APs are interconnected by a 512 Mbyte shared memory which allows rapid interprocessor communication. All the computationally demanding steps of the MP2 procedure execute efficiently in parallel. Parallel computation of two-electron integrals is accomplished by distributing the loop over shell blocks among the APs. Parallel Fock matrix formation is achieved by having each AP evaluate the contribution of its own integral sublist to the total Fock matrix. The contributions are added together on the host, and the sum diagonalized either on the host or on a single AP. The parallel implementations of the integral transformation and the MP2 calculation are less straightforward. In each case, the use of the shared memory is essential for an efficient implementation. Details of the implementations and performance data are given.
Radiation redux for coronary CT angiography: how low can we go?

647 construction is computationally intensive and thus for many years was not suitable for CT because of the inability to reconstruct images based on the large amount of CT projection data in a timely fashion. With advancements in computing power, iterative reconstruction techniques can now be applied to CT and, in fact, a blend of both iterative reconstruction and FBP may be used. This issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology features two articles by Leipsic et al. [2, 3] on the use of iterative reconstruction for coronary CTA, a technique with substantial implications for radiation dose reduction. The first article explores different blends of FBP and iterative reconstruction. With adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR, GE Healthcare), the vendor implementation of iterative reconstruction used in the authors’ study, it has been recognized that CT images reconstructed with 100% ASIR, which allows the largest reduction of noise and radiation, can manifest a “plastic” quality that is displeasing to interpreters. The authors found that the best image quality scores were obtained using 40% or 60% ASIR. In the second article, they assessed 574 patients from three institutions, of whom 331 underwent scanning with FBP reconstruction and the remainder with ASIR using similar gating, kVp, and scan length. There was a 27% reduction in radiation dose without an adverse effect on signal, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio. There are some limitations to the study, including the use of only a single interpreter and the lack of blinding to the type of protocol. These studies signal an important advance in managing radiation dose for patients undergoing coronary CTA. A major advantage of iterative reconstruction is that it is supplemental to other radiation reduction techniques, and thus it is not necessary to compromise on the choice of protocol. Moreover, in patients with borderline image quality due to noise for Radiation Redux for Coronary CT Angiography: How Low Can We Go?
Geographic Migration of Black and White Families Over Four Generations

This article analyzes patterns of geographic migration of black and white American families over four consecutive generations. The analysis is based on a unique set of questions in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) asking respondents about the counties and states in which their parents and grandparents were raised. Using this information along with the extensive geographic information available in the PSID survey, the article tracks the geographic locations of four generations of family members and considers the ways in which families and places are linked together over the course of a family’s history. The patterns documented in the article are consistent with much of the demographic literature on the Great Migration of black Americans out of the South, but they reveal new insights into patterns of black migration after the Great Migration. In the most recent generation, black Americans have remained in place to a degree that is unique relative to the previous generation and relative to whites of the same generation. This new geographic immobility is the most pronounced change in black Americans’ migration patterns after the Great Migration, and it is a pattern that has implications for the demography of black migration as well as the literature on racial inequality.
Nano-scale order in hydrogenated amorphous silicon a-Si,H and doped a-Si(H) Defect reduction for device applications

Up until recently (i) c-Si and poly-crystalline Si (poly-Si have been assumed to be qualitatively different than (ii) a-Si(H). X-ray absorption and photo-emission studies combined with ab-initio many-electron theory for their interpretation have established that they are indeed much similar. In point of fact, a-Si(H) should be renamed nano-grain (ng)-Si, since some of the more important properties, e.g., doping and forming p-n junctions are a consequence of the nano-grain character.
Termination of reactions in chemical systems specified by mass-balance reaction formulas

Abstract The set of reaction formulas (e.g., 2 H 2 + O 2 →2 H 2 O ) of a chemical reaction system is considered. By analyzing a linear-programming model of the system reaction formulas, one can identify system reactions that must terminate by exhaustion of their reactants. The systems under consideration may have compartments, and specified subtances may be able to enter or leave the system. No assumptions about energy are made; in particular, a system need not go to equilibrium. Given initial substance molarities, an optimal upper bound can be computed for the maximum number of occurrences of a terminating reaction.
On set systems with restricted intersections modulo p and p-ary t-designs

We consider bounds on the size of families F of subsets of a v-set subject to restrictions modulo a prime p on the cardinalities of the pairwise intersections. We improve the known bound when F is allowed to contain sets of different sizes, but only in a special case. We show that if the bound for uniform families F holds with equality, then F is the set of blocks of what we call a p-ary t-design for certain values of t. This motivates us to make a few observations about p-ary t-designs for their own sake.
Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Natural Convection in a Concentrating Photovoltaic System

A Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) system arranged in an asymmetrically heated inclined parallel plate configuration is numerically simulated to investigate the turbulent natural convection inside the system. The flow is induced by the thermal buoyancy force. A low-Reynolds-number k-e model with modified near wall functions from the Yang-Shih turbulence model has been adapted to numerically solve transport equations for k and e. The model predictions are validated with available numerical and experimental data given in the literature. The comparison with the published data indicates a good agreement. The calculations are performed for asymmetric heating and assuming the fixed value for CPV cell temperature. The aspect ratio (L/W) and Rayleigh number are kept constant at 36.75 and 2.49×108 respectively. The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of variation of channel inclination and Nusselt number on the thermal profile inside the CPV system.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Modulation of swimming in Tritonia: excitatory and inhibitory effects of serotonin.

1. In the mollusc Tritonia escape swimming is produced by a network of central pattern generator (CPG) neurons. The purpose of this study was to determine which neurotransmitters might be involved in the swim system. 2. Injection of serotonin (5HT) into whole animals elicited swimming followed by a long-lasting inhibition of swimming. In isolated brain preparations, bath-applied 5HT elicited a swim pattern at short latency and also caused a long-lasting inhibition of the swim pattern. The activation of swimming by 5HT was associated with a tonic depolarization of cerebral cell 2 (C2) and the dorsal swim interneurons (DSI) which form part of the swim CPG network. 3. In isolated brain preparations, bath applied glycine, histamine, proctolin, and FMFRamide had no effect on the swim motor pattern elicited by electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. Aspartate, carbacol, dopamine, glutamate, octopamine, pilocarpine, and small cardioactive peptide-B (SCPB) inhibited the activation of swimming by nerve stimulation. 4. The 5HT antagonists cyproheptidine, tryptamine, and 7-methyltryptamine had no effect on swimming, but methysergide and fenfluramine inhibited swimming to both normal sensory stimuli and exogenously applied 5HT. 5. Staining with a polyclonal antibody indicated that one class of CPG neurons, the dorsal swim interneurons (DSI), was immunoreactive for 5HT. 6. Taken together, the data suggest that pattern generator interneurons, particularly the DSIs, use 5HT as a neurotransmitter.
"Annis 1651 & 1652"

Schlatter describes a seventeenth century manuscript in the Rutgers Library called "Annis 1651 & 1652" which consists of 482 large folio pages. Each entry is a reference to a transfer of real property.Â A large number of the entries record the sale or lease of lands which had once belonged to the Crown, the Church, and prominent Royalists who had fought for Charles I. The Commonwealth Government had confiscated these lands and in the years 1651 and 1652 a large proportion of them were sold. The entries here show that Oliver Cromwell and other important Commonwealth officials were prominent buyers of the land which they had confiscated.
Photoisomerization of green fluorescent protein and the dimensions of the chromophore cavity

Abstract Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has a fairly large central cavity, which contains the chromophore, however it does not have a shape that is complementary with a planar chromophore. The protein exerts some strain on the chromophore when it is planar and the only reason planar chromophores are found in GFP is due to their delocalized π-electrons. Our calculations show that the protein environment of GFP allows the chromophore some rotational freedom, especially by a hula-twist and in the ϕ dihedral angle. The excited state, responsible for fluorescence, may therefore be twisted relative to the ground state. However, cis–trans photoisomerization cannot occur by a 180° rotation of the τ dihedral angle.
Body image assessment: A review of figural drawing scales

Abstract Figural drawing scales are commonly used to measure aspects of body image disturbance. There are several advantages to figural drawing scales including ease and flexibility in administration. Given the wide variety of scales available, it is important that researchers and clinicians choose the most useful and appropriate scale. This review includes all known existing paper and pencil figural drawing scales with published reliability and validity data. Scales that required a computer interface or specialized equipment or that measured only specific body regions were omitted. In addition to the reliability and validity results, the review specifies each scale’s components; namely, the number of figural drawings, gender(s) represented, clothing/body detail represented, appropriate ages, basis of the drawings, scale type (figural, silhouette, or pictorial), and availability of body size distortion measurements. Potential methodological shortcomings are addressed including procedural issues in administration. Recommendations for selecting an appropriate figural drawing scale are included and alternatives to figural drawing scales are discussed.
A Mouse Model for Fetal Maternal Stem Cell Transfer during Ischemic Cardiac Injury

Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during pregnancies and can persist in blood and tissues for decades, creating a state of physiologic microchimerism. Microchimerism refers to acquisition of cells from another individual and can be due to bidirectional cell traffic between mother and fetus during pregnancy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy, a rare cardiac disorder associated with high mortality rates has the highest recovery rate amongst all etiologies of heart failure although the reason is unknown. Collectively, these observations led us to hypothesize that fetal cells enter the maternal circulation and may be recruited to the sites of myocardial disease or injury. The ability to genetically modify mice makes them an ideal system for studying the phenomenon of microchimerism in cardiac disease. Described here is a mouse model for ischemic cardiac injury during pregnancy designed to study microchimerism. Wild-type virgin female mice mated with eGFP male mice underwent ligation of the left anterior descending artery to induce a myocardial infarction at gestation day 12. We demonstrate the selective homing of eGFP cells to the site of cardiac injury without such homing to noninjured tissues suggesting the presence of precise signals sensed by fetal cells enabling them to target diseased myocardium specifically.
Organosilicon chemistry I. Octaarylspiro[5.5]pentasiloxanes

Abstract A series of six octaarylspiro[5.5]pentasiloxanes containing phenyl, m -tolyl, and p -tolyl groups have been synthesized by treating a disiloxanediol with either SiCl 4 (for simple bicyclic) or with a dichlorocyclotrisiloxane (for mixed bicyclic). They can be rearranged into non-crosslinking polymers. The structures of these polymers have been proposed based on PMR studies and steric considerations.
Icons: pictures or logograms?

The author proposed three studies (i.e. a large-N survey, a behavioral experiment, and a functional magnetic resonance imaging research) to investigate whether people read icons as pictures or logographic words.
Transitional Support for Adults With Severe Mental Illness: Critical Time Intervention and Its Roots in Assertive Community Treatment

Professional social workers and other mental health providers have for many years been involved in delivering treatment and support services focused on the needs of adults with severe mental illnesses living in the community. While some models have evolved largely through practice experience, others have developed through research paradigms in which program developers have attempted to systematically test their models by employing randomized trials and other rigorous approaches to assess impacts. Critical time intervention (CTI) is a time-limited care coordination model intended to prevent homelessness and other adverse outcomes among adults with severe mental illness during periods of transition. After briefly tracing its roots in assertive community treatment—a pioneering earlier model of community care—this article describes CTI, the evidence for its effectiveness, preliminary efforts toward its broad dissemination, and offers thoughts about its further development and potential for adaptation.
Presynaptic depolarization of olfactory afferent fibers in cat prepyriform cortex

El efecto de estimulos condicionantes sobre el potencial evocado del area prepiriforme fue estudiado en gatos. La estimulacion del bulbo olfatorio y de la corteza prepiriforme contralateral provocan inhibiciones de larga duracion (> de 100 mseg); estas pertenecen al tipo presinaptico a juzgar por la depolarizacion aferente primaria (DAP) de los terminales axonicos y los efectos desinhibitorios de la picrotoxina.