cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Ethnic Concentration Influence Employees' Access to Authority? An Examination of Contemporary Urban Labor Markets

This article examines whether ethnic concentration in establishments, occupations, and industries influences the authority attainment of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian men and women. Data from the Multi-City Survey of Urban Inequality and the 1990 decennial census indicate that “horizontal” concentration among roughly equivalent coworkers and within local industrial and occupational sectors has little effect on minority chances of accessing positions of authority. However, “vertical” concentration in the form of racial/ethnic matching of supervisors to subordinate work groups exerts a strong and consistent effect among all groups, implying that authority attainment depends a great deal on the opportunity to supervise largely coethnic work groups. We conceptualize this “ethnic matching” of supervisors to subordinates as a kind of “sticky floor” that binds individual opportunity for workplace authority to the structural opportunity to exercise control over members of one’s own race and ethnicity.
Gout, tophi and the wonders of NETs

Editorial ‘If I didn’t work on lupus, I would work on gout,’ I tell my fellow as we stand outside the room of a patient with an acute flare, his knee red and swollen. I have made this assertion many times, eliciting surprise if not mystification since lupus, the main focus of my research, and gout seem polar opposites. Lupus is a chronic antibody-mediated disease while gout is an acute cytokine-mediated disease. What I say next would prompt genuine concern about my mental well-being. ‘And, if I worked on gout, I would study the tophus,’ I say decisively. Lest you think I am going off the rails, I believe that study of the tophus holds important insights for immunology. While interest in the tophus has surged recently as an outcome measure in treatment, it is often an afterthought, infrequently analyzed. Few studies have characterized tophi by modern immunofluorescence or electron microscopic techniques. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that the tophus may be a goldmine to find real gems on immune regulation. Such studies are also strengthening what to me has always been quite simple and obvious: the lupus–gout connection. Despite differences in clinical course, both lupus and gout concern the response to single molecules. These molecules are linked biochemically and, indeed, one is the product of the other. For lupus, the molecule is DNA; for gout, it is uric acid. DNA is built of purines (and pyrimidines), with uric acid a byproduct of purine degradation. Furthermore, both DNA and uric acid are damageassociated molecular patterns, released during cell death to signal danger and trigger inflammation. Hence, my attraction to these diseases. It is in the context of immune regulation that the tophus takes center stage. Monosodium urate (MSU), the crystalline salt form of uric acid, is one of the most proinflammatory chemicals ever found. In the tophus core, MSU should be present at enormous concentrations, with milk of urate essentially a suspension of gout crystals. Yet, despite the clear and present danger of so
A structural census of genomes: comparing bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal genomes in terms of protein structure

Representative genomes from each of the three kingdoms of life are compared in terms of protein structure, in particular, those of Haemophilus influenzae (a bacteria), Methanococcus jannaschii (an archaeon), and yeast (a eukaryote). The comparison is in the form of a census (or comprehensive accounting) of the relative occurrence of secondary and tertiary structures in the genomes, which particular emphasis on patterns of supersecondary structure. Comparison of secondary structure shows that the three genomes have nearly the same overall secondary-structure content, although they differ markedly in amino acid composition. Comparison of supersecondary structure, using a novel ‘‘frequent-words’’ approach, shows that yeast has a preponderance of consecutive strands (e.g. beta ‐ beta ‐ beta patterns), Haemophilus, consecutive helices (alpha ‐ alpha ‐alpha), and Methanococcus, alternating helix-strand structures (beta ‐alpha ‐beta). Yeast also has significantly more helical membrane proteins than the other two genomes, with most of the differences concentrated in proteins containing two transmembrane segments. Comparison of tertiary structure (by sequence matching and domain-level clustering) highlights the substantial duplication in each genome (30% to 50%), with the degree of duplication following similar patterns in all three. Many sequence families are shared among the genomes, with the degree of overlap between any two genomes being roughly similar. In total, the three genomes contain 148 of the 300 known protein folds. Forty-five of these 148 that are present in all three genomes are especially enriched in mixed super-secondary structures (alpha/beta). Moreover, the five most common of these 45 (the ‘‘top-5‘‘) have a remarkably similar super-secondary structure architecture, containing a central sheet of parallel strands with helices packed onto at least one face and beta ‐ alpha ‐ beta connections between adjacent strands. These most basic molecular parts, which, presumably, were present in the last common ancestor to the three kingdoms, include the TIM-barrel, Rossmann, flavodoxin, thiamin-binding, and P-loop-hydrolase folds. # 1997 Academic Press Limited
Coronary Vasospasm and Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Ondansetron Therapy

Objective:To provide further evidence of cardiovascular adverse effects of ondansetron, including new-onset atrial fibrillation, ST segment elevation, and chest pain subsequent to ondansetron administration, and to review cardiovascular adverse events related to several 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists.Case Summary:A 51-year-old male with an uncomplicated past medical history was admitted for an elective inguinal hernia repair and septoplasty. His maintenance medications were discontinued prior to surgery. After a second 4-mg dose of intravenous ondansetron was administered, he developed nausea and diaphoresis. His electrocardiograph revealed new-onset atrial fibrillation and inferolateral ST segment elevation with ST segment alternans. During emergent cardiac catheterization, no obstructive coronary artery disease was evident. The patient's heart rhythm was electrically converted to normal sinus rhythm. During 3 years of follow-up, he has had no return of chest pain or hypotension....
Superresolution via enhanced evanescent tunneling

We here propose the concept of enhanced evanescent tunneling (EET). Our analysis indicates that by means of a suitable control field, the transmission of evanescent waves across a forbidden gap can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude—well beyond the ordinary frustrated total internal reflection case. We show how such a phenomenon can be used to probe both the amplitude and phase of the evanescent portion of the angular spectrum, thereby allowing target superresolution. In principle EET can be manifested in other areas of physics where wave tunneling is involved.
Longitudinal dispersion of matter due to the shear effect of steady and oscillatory currents

The longitudinal dispersion due to the shear effect of a current is examined theoretically in the idealized two-dimensional case. This study reveals the process whereby the dispersion reaches a stationary stage after the release of the dispersing substance as an instantaneous line source in steady and in oscillatory currents. In addition, the relation between the stationary dispersion coefficients in steady and oscillatory currents is given analytically. Analysis of the dispersion during the initial stage needs a clear definition of the vertical average of the variance. We can understand the problem of the negative dispersion coefficient, which is obtained by the usual vertical average, through introduction of a new vertical average.
Association Between Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Glucose Levels and Adverse Outcomes After Complex Congenital Heart Surgery

Background— This study sought to determine whether associations exist between perioperative glucose exposure, prolonged hospitalization, and morbid events after complex congenital heart surgery. Methods and Results— Metrics of glucose control, including average, peak, minimum, and SD of glucose levels, and duration of hyperglycemia were determined intraoperatively and for 72 hours after surgery for 378 consecutive high-risk cardiac surgical patients. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine relationships between these metrics of glucose control, hospital length of stay, and a composite morbidity-mortality outcome after controlling for multiple variables known to influence early outcomes after congenital heart surgery. Intraoperatively, a minimum glucose ≤75 mg/dL was associated with greater adjusted odds of reaching the composite morbidity-mortality end point (odds ratio [OR], 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49 to 6.48), but other metrics of glucose control were not associated with t...
A Time-Sensitive Existential Method for Assisting Adults in Transition

Principles of time-limited psychotherapy can be compatible with an existential approach to assisting adults in transition. This is supported by presentation of a method derived from analysis of an interview with a client who had completed a series of existentially focused therapy sessions. The transcript was analyzed using concepts, such as temporality and authenticity, from Heidegger's Being and Time. The resulting method is presented as five thematic phases, involving intermittent sessions interspersed with ample time for clients' independent reading and self-reflection. The description of the phases, which includes concepts employed and suggestions for therapeutic intervention and readings, is organized around illustrative excerpts taken from the interview.
The chemistry of chromium complexes used as coupling agents in fiberglass resin laminates

The chromium complex is chemically bonded by ion exchange with alkali cations to strongly acidic sites in the glass surface. These sites are formed by the isomorphous replacement of silicon by boron and aluminum in the network structure. Polymerized complexes are better bonding agents than monomeric ones. Specific interactions between organic groups on the chrome complex and the bonding resins also determine laminate strength and water resistance.
Essential kinematic information, athletic experience, and affordance perception for others

The present study investigated the role of different types of movement in affordance perception, as well as the influence of sports experience. Perception of another actor’s maximum vertical jumping height and horizontal long-jumping distance was evaluated for basketball players, soccer players, and nonplayer controls after viewing point-light representations of the actors’ movements. Perceptual reports were more accurate after jumping-related movements (walking and squatting) were viewed than after nonrelated movements (standing and twisting). Vertical jump reports were more accurate than horizontal jump reports. Basketball and soccer players demonstrated higher accuracy than did controls. This research establishes that point-light displays contain essential kinematic information sufficient to support accurate affordance perception, and athletes appear better attuned to kinematic information specifying affordances for others as a result of their sports experience.
Network Coding in Minimal Multicast Networks

We investigate the network coding problem in a certain class of minimal multicast networks. In a multicast coding network, a source S needs to deliver h symbols, or packets, to a set of destinations T over an underlying communication network modeled by a graph G. A coding network is said to be h-minimal if it can deliver h symbols from S to the destination nodes, while any proper subnetwork of G can deliver at most h — 1 symbols to the set of destination nodes. This problem is motivated by the requirement to minimize the amount of network resources allocated for a multicast connections. We show that surprisingly, minimal multicast networks have unique properties that distinguish them from the general case of multicast networks. In particular, we show that it is possible to determine whether a 2-minimal network has a routing solution (i.e., a solution without encoding nodes) in polynomial time, while this problem is NP-hard in general. In addition, we show that if a 2-minimal network is planar, then the minimum size of the required field for linear network codes is at most 3. Also, we investigate several structural properties of 2-minimal networks and generalize our results for h > 2.
Real-time optical diagnostics of graphene growth induced by pulsed chemical vapor deposition

The kinetics and mechanisms of graphene growth on Ni films at 720–880 °C have been measured using fast pulses of acetylene and real-time optical diagnostics. In situ UV-Raman spectroscopy was used to unambiguously detect isothermal graphene growth at high temperatures, measure the growth kinetics with ∼1 s temporal resolution, and estimate the fractional precipitation upon cooldown. Optical reflectivity and videography provided much faster temporal resolution. Both the growth kinetics and the fractional isothermal precipitation were found to be governed by the C2H2 partial pressure in the CVD pulse for a given film thickness and temperature, with up to ∼94% of graphene growth occurring isothermally within 1 second at 800 °C at high partial pressures. At lower partial pressures, isothermal graphene growth is shown to continue 10 seconds after the gas pulse. These flux-dependent growth kinetics are described in the context of a dissolution/precipitation model, where carbon rapidly dissolves into the Ni film and later precipitates driven by gradients in the chemical potential. The combination of pulsed-CVD and real-time optical diagnostics opens new opportunities to understand and control the fast, sub-second growth of graphene on various substrates at high temperatures.
Cytotoxic reactions of free radical species of oxygen.

— We report on autooxidation reactions related to selective cell killing in vivo and present oxygen uptake and EPR data on the molecular nature of these changes, with a note on a reaction used to test for singlet oxygen. Selective obliteration by 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-aminodopamine and their congeners of beta-adrenergic cell receptors and of adrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in vitro have been reported recently. These effects devolve from autoxidation of the compounds in situ after appropriate biological concentration, but it is unclear whether cytotoxicity is mediated by the reactive oxygen species themselves or by nucleophilic reactions of the product quinones. Because of the possibility of harnessing these reactions for a generalized “chemical surgery” if the former mechanism is operative, and because many other oxidative damage reactions involving unsaturated lipids of biomembranes seem to share similar autoxidative initiating and chain-carrying steps, we have studied the autoxidation of ascorbate and other reductants catalyzed by polyhydroxy quinols related to 6-hydroxydopamine. We find that superoxide anion mediation may or may not be important, depending on redox potentials and reaction kinetics of particular compounds. To the extent that the cellular toxicity of these compounds is oxidative in nature, it is facilitated by—and may depend upon—hydroxyl radical production due to Fenton-type reactions. Likely Fenton reactants in vivo are hydrogen peroxide produced from the quinol-catalyzed autoxidations and non-heme iron reduced cyclically by superoxide anions from the same autoxidations. Studies using flow systems adapted for EPR at 35 GHz have provided support for some of the reaction mechanisms proposed. In nonaqueous solvents eerie oxidation produced transient free radicals from hydrophobic diphenyl and isobenzo furans, which are often cited as “specific” probes for singlet oxygen detection in biochemistry.
Is extreme obesity a risk factor for cardiac surgery? an analysis of patients with a BMI ≥ 40

Background: The increasing prevalence of obesity is a public health concern and perceived as a potential risk factor in open heart surgery. We critically appraised the literature available regarding postoperative complications in obese patients. Methods: A single-center retrospective evaluation of complication rates (1999—2004) in cardiac surgical patients categorized by body mass index (BMI) was conducted. The overall incidenceofcomplications(CX),renalfailure(RF),hemodialysis(HD), atrialfibrillation(AF),cardiacarrest(CA),infections(INF),stroke(CVA and TIA), prolonged ventilation (VENT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) were observed. Patients with normal BMI (20—30) served for comparison, obesity and extreme obesity (ExtOb) were defined as BMI 30—40 and � 40, respectively. Results: In our institutional review of 1920 patients, 1780 met the inclusion criteria with BMI < 20 (n = 53), 20—30 (n = 1056), 30—40 (n = 592), and � 40 (n = 79) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) criteria. Significant increase in complications (STS database guideline definitions) were observed with a BMI � 40, 58% versus 47% (p = 0.04). Extremely obese patients (ExtOb) had increased length of stay (LOS) (11.4 days vs 9.6 days; p � 0.01), rate of renal failure (14.3% vs 5%; p � 0.01) and prolonged ventilation (39%; p = 0.01) compared to non-obese patients. Extremely obese had no significant increase in hemodialysis (7.3% vs 3.2%; p = 0.11) or stroke (5.2% vs 2.9%; p = 0.29). Obese patients (Ob) had increased LOS (10 days vs 9.6 days; p = 0.04) and prolonged ventilation (28.3% vs 23.5%; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Cardiac surgery can be performed without significant increase in perioperative and 30-day mortality in obese and extremely obese patients. Overall complication rates and LOS in patients with BMI � 40 is increased and demands attention. We provide evidence that rates of few specific complications increase with extreme obesity. For risk stratification in the setting of an obesity epidemic, we advocate an interdisciplinary approach in obese patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.
Step free energies, surface stress, and adsorbate interactions for Cl-Si(100) at 700 K

The evolution and equilibrium morphology of Si(100) with 0.1 monolayer of adsorbed Cl was studied at 700 K with variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Chlorine caused surface roughening with monolayer pits and regrowth islands. The aspect ratio of these features then increased with their size because of the surface-stress anisotropy. By analyzing the equilibrium feature shape as a function of size, we found that the ratio of step free energies for A- and B-type steps was ${F}_{b}{/F}_{a}=2.44$ for regrowth islands and 3.33 for pits. These ratios are higher than for clean Si(100), ${F}_{b}{/F}_{a}=2.13,$ because the steps are destabilized.
AMINO GROUP FORMATION AND GLUTAMATE SYNTHESIS IN STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS.

Burchall, J. J. (University of Illinois, Urbana), R. A. Niederman, and M. J. Wolin. Amino group formation and glutamate synthesis in Streptococcus bovis. J. Bacteriol. 88:1038–1044. 1964.—Extracts of Streptococcus bovis grown on NH4+ as a nitrogen source contain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-linked glutamic dehydrogenase and are devoid of alanine dehydrogenase, other amino acid dehydrohygenases, and aspartase. A potential source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for glutamate synthesis is a NADP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase present in the extracts. Experiments with C14-labeled glucose and NaHCO3 indicate that the glutamate carbon skeleton is synthesized by a tricarboxylic acid pathway. The synthesis of the carbon skeleton of glutamate is repressed when glutamate or casein hydrolysate supplement the NH4+-containing growth medium. Repression of glutamic dehydrogenase and a NAD-linked isocitric dehydrogenase occurs only when complex nitrogen sources, but not when free amino acids, are added to the growth medium.
Filling holes in regional carbon budgets: Predicting peat depth in a north temperate lake district

[1] Peat deposits contain on the order of 1/6 of the Earth's terrestrial fixed carbon (C), but uncertainty in peat depth precludes precise estimates of peat C storage. To assess peat C in the Northern Highlands Lake District (NHLD), a ∼7000 km2 region in northern Wisconsin, United States, with 20% peatland by area, we sampled 21 peatlands. In each peatland, peat depth (including basal organic lake sediment, where present) was measured on a grid and interpolated to calculate mean depth. Our study addressed three questions: (1) How spatially variable is peat depth? (2) To what degree can mean peat depth be predicted from other field measurements (water chemistry, water table depth, vegetation cover, slope) and/or remotely sensed spatial data? (3) How much C is stored in NHLD peatlands? Site mean peat depth ranged from 0.1 to 5.1 m. Most of the peatlands had been formed by the in-filling of small lake basins (terrestrialization), and depths up to 15 m were observed. Mean peat depth for small peat basins could be best predicted from basin edge slope at the peatland/upland interface, either measured in the field or calculated from digital elevation (DEM) data (Adj. R2 = 0.70). Upscaling using the DEM-based regression gave a regional mean peat depth of 2.1 ± 0.2 m (including ∼0.1–0.4 m of organic lake sediment) and 144 ± 21 Tg-C in total. As DEM data are widely available, this technique has the potential to improve C storage estimates in regions with peatlands formed primarily by terrestrialization.
Subsistence Practices and Feasting Rites: Chumash Identity after European Colonization

The Chumash Indians of southern California were active social agents after European contact, making choices in the traditions that they maintained despite drastic transformations in their daily lives. Archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence suggests that they continued to hold large ceremonial feasts with massive quantities of traditional foods prepared in oversized vessels, such as decorated mortars and steatite cooking pots. Many of these vessels proliferated or became more elaborate after the introduction of metal tools. The persistence and elaboration of traditional patterns of food procurement, preparation, and consumption served as a symbol of cultural identity among the Chumash and a means of maintaining and expanding social networks that extended over a wide region of California.
N-Terminal Modification of Proteins with o-Aminophenols

The synthetic modification of proteins plays an important role in chemical biology and biomaterials science. These fields provide a constant need for chemical tools that can introduce new functionality in specific locations on protein surfaces. In this work, an oxidative strategy is demonstrated for the efficient modification of N-terminal residues on peptides and N-terminal proline residues on proteins. The strategy uses o-aminophenols or o-catechols that are oxidized to active coupling species in situ using potassium ferricyanide. Peptide screening results have revealed that many N-terminal amino acids can participate in this reaction, and that proline residues are particularly reactive. When applied to protein substrates, the reaction shows a stronger requirement for the proline group. Key advantages of the reaction include its fast second-order kinetics and ability to achieve site-selective modification in a single step using low concentrations of reagent. Although free cysteines are also modified by the coupling reaction, they can be protected through disulfide formation and then liberated after N-terminal coupling is complete. This allows access to doubly functionalized bioconjugates that can be difficult to access using other methods.
New Taxa and Records of Stratiomyidae from Madagascar (Diptera)

New records are given for 16 previously known species. New genera are Cyphoprosopa, type C. lindneri n. sp., and Pachyberis, type P. stigmaticalis n. sp.; additional new species are Odontomyia pauliani, Nemotelus madagascarcnsis, Ampsalis dichromata, Ptectisargus lindneri, and Pithomyia stuckenbergi, all from Madagascar. New combinations are Ptectisargus argentipellitus (Lindner), from Chrysochroma, and Gongrosargus maculipennis (Lindner), from Ptecticus. Lampetiopus umbrosus var. rufipes Lindner is a synonym of Lampetiopus umbrosus Lindner. Supplementary description is given for Pseudoxymyia flavitarsis Lindner (female), Odontomyia rufoscutellata Lindner, Ptecticus breviunguis Lindner (female, male genitalia), and Cardopomyia robusta Kertesz (male).
Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions and Bacterial Resistance by Gold Zone Method

Objective What dose range in treatment is appropriate? Are adverse drug reactions and resistance related to dose? These three problems and their relationships were researched to seek solution to the road of reunification in this paper. Methods Study was conducted on the relationship between dose and drug effect, with gold zone as the middle range and empirical range divided into three sections, which are the key to the study design. Results The incidence of drug adverse reactions of both appeared U-shaped rule with dose, namely, with increase of the dose (mg·kg-1·d-1), the adverse reaction rate first decreased and then rose, and the bottom of U-shaped curve was in the gold zone. The analysis of reasonable cost and unreasonable cost indicates resistance, and the drug dose also show U-shaped rule. Conclusion Abuse of antibiotics, adverse reactions and resistance are three major medical challenges today. Utilizing the gold zone method to determine dose is the current special breakthrough in solving the three problems.
Determination of ejection fraction from contrast echocardiography using videodensitometry in an in vitro model.

To examine whether ejection fraction can be estimated by videodensitometric analysis of contrast washout from a chamber, a model was constructed consisting of a 60-ml syringe and a modified Harvard respirator. Ejection fraction could be adjusted mechanically. Echocardiographic images were recorded on videotape and analyzed on an offline computerized analysis system. To calibrate the relationship between target concentration and videodensity on our sector scanner-videodensity analysis system, we used a phantom with constant attenuation and eight cones with known, varying relative scatterer concentration. The time-gain-compensation curve was kept constant on the ultrasound instrument and videodensity was measured from videotapes by an offline computer system. In the image of each cone, a 10 X 70 pixel operator-designated region of interest was chosen, and mean videodensity/pixel (256 level gray scale) was calculated. A logarithmic relation was found between scatterer concentration and videodensity. This excellent log relationship existed at all three gain levels studied: at 40% of maximum gain, r = .96; at 50% gain, r = .99; and at 60% gain, r = .99 (all p less than .001). Boluses of .5 ml sonicated Hypaque were then injected into the chamber and the contrast washout was recorded at ejection fractions of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%. Bolus delivery and complete contrast mixing was attained except at ejection fraction 20%. Using the first two to four stroke videodensity decay the ejection fraction was calculated by estimating microbubble concentration decline using the logarithmic regression equation between videodensity and scatter concentration obtained during calibration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postharvest Physiological Disorders of Fresh Crops

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.B. Watkins, volume 2, pp. 845–853, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Pulmonary Function at Hospital Discharge in Preterm Infants Randomized to a Single Rescue Course of Antenatal Steroids.

Objective To compare the pulmonary function, measured at birth and at hospital discharge, of infants whose mothers had been randomized to a single rescue course of antenatal steroids versus those whose mothers had been randomized to placebo. Study design This study involved follow-up at hospital discharge of subjects of a randomized, double-blinded trial. In the original trial, pregnant women at ≥14 days after their initial course of antenatal steroids and <34 weeks' gestation were randomized to rescue antenatal steroids (44 mothers, 56 infants) or placebo (41 mothers, 57 infants). Passive respiratory compliance (Crs), passive respiratory resistance, and functional residual capacity were measured in all infants at birth and again at discharge to evaluate changes in pulmonary mechanics over time. Statistical analyses were based on intention to treat. Results We previously reported that compared with infants in the placebo group, infants in the rescue antenatal steroids group had a higher mean Crs value measured within 72 hours of birth (1.21 vs 1.01 mL/cm H2O/kg; P < .05). Here we show that the Crs benefit in the antenatal steroids group was sustained until discharge. Infants in the placebo group demonstrated improvement in Crs such that by discharge, there was no difference in mean Crs between the rescue antenatal steroids and placebo groups (1.18 vs 1.22 mL/cm H2O/kg). Conclusions Rescue antenatal steroids significantly increased Crs measured within 72 hours of birth, and this increase was sustained until hospital discharge. Preterm infants in the placebo group demonstrated a decreased initial Crs compared with the rescue antenatal steroids group, but achieved a comparable Crs by the time of discharge. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00669383.
Lewanika’s Scramble for Africa: Barotseland and the British South Africa Company

This chapter explores Lozi chief Lewanika’s motivations for working with the British and his own imagined potential as a partner in British colonial expansion. As will be evident, Lewanika capitalized on the increased British traffic around Victoria Falls and north into the Upper Zambezi Valley to expand his own power while also securing continued authority over Barotseland. The British were not the only ones to develop a colonial imaginary; Lewanika had his own dreams of how to turn the British presence in the Upper Zambezi Valley in his favor. The relationship between the British and Chief Lewanika represents the complicated, yet somewhat symbiotic, connection that developed between some African leaders and their regions’ colonial administrations. This chapter contextualizes Lewanika’s interactions with the British within the broader narrative of emerging European-African relationships around southern Africa.
Clinical Predictors of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas in Patients with Myelopathy (P6.079)

Objective: To ascertain clinical predictors of final diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) in patients with myelopathy. Background: SDAVF are an uncommon but treatable cause of myelopathy. This study explores clinical factors which predict SDAVF in the setting of radiographic lesions concerning for demyelination. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of PACS imaging system for the term “spinal dural arteriovenous fistula” to obtain cases. Inclusion criteria included any confirmed case of SDAVF. We performed another retrospective chart review of PACS for the term “demyelinating” to serve as controls. Inclusion criteria included any demyelinating lesion in the spinal cord. Exclusion criteria included previous diagnosis of demyelinating lesion. The SDAVF group was compared with the demyelinating group across demographics, vascular risk factors, smoking history, spinal cord lesion level on MRI, and back pain symptoms using t-test or Chi-square analyses. Multivariate analysis was used to further evaluate if these factors had any predictive value. Results: SDAVF patients were significantly older (mean 65.5 vs. 39.2, p<0.001), more likely to be male (80[percnt] vs 35.6[percnt], p<0.001), more likely to have vascular risk factors (65[percnt] vs. 26[percnt], p=0.001), more likely to have back pain (50[percnt] vs. 18[percnt], p=0.004), less likely to have cervical lesions (25[percnt] vs. 69[percnt], p<0.001), and more likely to have thoracic (80[percnt] vs 49[percnt], p=0.008) and lumbosacral lesions (40[percnt] vs. 3[percnt], p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed age (OR=1.14, 95[percnt] CI 1.06-1.22), back pain (OR=5.33, 95[percnt] CI 1.13-25.14) and lumbosacral lesions (OR11.20, 95[percnt] CI 1.31-95.98) predict SDAVF. Cervical lesions predict that patients are less likely to have SDAVF (OR=0.18, 95[percnt] CI 0.04-0.84). Conclusions: Patients are more likely to have SDAVF than a demyelinating lesion if they are male, present at an older age, with back pain, and with lumbosacral lesions, and less likely with cervical myelopathy. Disclosure: Dr. Tipirneni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tipirneni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Atchaneeyasakul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bleicher has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation for activities with Covidien/evV3 as a consultant and Steering Committee Member.
External compression of epicardial coronary arteries with partial calcific pericarditis

Calcific pericarditis (CP) is a rare disease which results from long-standing pericardial inflammation. Pericardial calcification may completely or partially encase the ventricles, resulting in impaired diastolic filling. We present a case of a 53-year-old male who was incidentally found to have annular CP resulting in external compression of a large territory diagonal branch (D1) reaching the apex with likely chronically occluded left anterior descending artery with collateral circulation from the right coronary artery with hemodynamic compromise on coronary angiography. This was emergently treated with a drug-eluting stent with improved D1 flow and entailed the importance of percutaneous coronary intervention as a viable option in cases of CP resulting in acute hemodynamic compromise.
Poly-Lactic Acid Plate for Chest Wall Repair in Pentalogy of Cantrell

The technique of using a poly-L-lactic-polyglycolic (PLLA-PGA) plate for the reconstruction of lower sternal defects is described in this chapter. In patients with pentalogy of Cantrell or inferior sternal defects causing ectopia cordis, corrective cardiac surgery and sternal reconstruction is usually performed after 2 years of age if there are minimal intracardiac defects (when the child gains more cardiovascular reserve and to allow growth of the thorax). Autologous reconstruction is recommended due to a lower risk of infection and its ability to remodel according to patient growth. However, autogenous tissue may not be adequate in patients who require surgery (eg. early corrective cardiac surgery) before 2 years of age. The PLLA-PGA plate is resorbable and can be placed during this setting. It acts as a temporary shield, obviating the use of permanent alloplastic materials. When the child is older, definitive sternal reconstruction can be performed when more reliable autologous reconstruction options are available.
The big picture of “Fractured”: the resilient bond between ethics and aesthetics

ABSTRACTThis brief essay responds to the performance, Fractured, by Allison Fisher Bodkin and Christopher C. Collins. The review focuses on the performance’s implicit emphasis on aesthetics and a preservationist approach to environmental threats, articulating a link between aesthetics and ethics that the show reveals.
New Beginnings, New Transitions: A Bold Vision for the Journal's Fellows-in-Training and Early Career Page.

“Life is the transition from one form to another.”—Leo Tolstoy [(1)][1] The New Year always offers time for reflection and contemplation. As we embark on another year serving as section editors for the Journal’s Fellows-in-Training (FIT) and Early Career (EC) page, we herein review the
Trends and Gaps in Awareness of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests From 2007 to 2014.

Introduction Direct-to-consumer genetic tests for inherited disease risks have gained recent approvals from the Food and Drug Administration, and interest in these tests has continued to grow. Broad use of these tests coupled with planning and discussion with health providers regarding genetic risks and potential protective behavior changes have been proposed as preventive tools to reduce health disparities and improve equity in health outcomes. However, awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing has historically demonstrated differences by education, income, and race; these disparities could jeopardize potential benefits by limiting access and use. Methods The national survey data from the Health Information National Trends Survey was analyzed to understand how overall awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing and disparities in awareness across sociodemographic groups have changed since 2007. Results The findings showed persistent disparities, as well as a widening gap in awareness between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites (OR2007 =1.52, OR2014 =0.58, pchange =0.0056), despite overall increases in awareness over time. Conclusions Given these findings, policies regulating direct-to-consumer genetic tests should prioritize equitable distribution of benefits by including provisions that counteract prevailing disparities in awareness.
Spatial discrimination of heterochromatic stimuli: A review and a new experimental approach

Contrast sensitivity functions from two studies are shown for equiluminous chromatic gratings and monochromatic luminance gratings. Their modeling by linear systems analysis is briefly presented. The problems with explanations of the difference between chromatic and luminance contrast sensitivity functions are discussed and an entirely new experimental approach is suggested for providing the constants required to model receptive fields and their contrast sensitivity transforms. Evidence is presented that this can be done by manipulating spatial and chromatic adaptation parameters together and measuring increment-threshold spectral sensitivity. Results of preliminary studies are discussed in relation to the quantification of ganglion cell receptive fields in single unit electrophysiological studies.
A Draft Genome and High-Density Genetic Mapof European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)

Abstract European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is of global agricultural and economic significance, with genetic diversity existing in hundreds of accessions. Breeding efforts have focused on maximizing nut yield and quality and reducing susceptibility to diseases such as Eastern filbert blight (EFB). Here we present the first sequenced genome among the order Fagales, the EFB-resistant diploid hazelnut accession ‘Jefferson’ (OSU 703.007). We assembled the highly heterozygous hazelnut genome using an Illumina only approach and the final assembly has a scaffold N50 of 21.5kb. We captured approximately 91 percent (345 Mb) of the flow-cytometry-determined genome size and identified 34,910 putative gene loci. In addition, we identified over 2 million polymorphisms across seven diverse hazelnut accessions and characterized t heir effect on coding sequences. We produced t wo high-density genetic maps with 3,209 markers from an F1 hazelnut population, representing a five-fold increase in marker density over previous maps. These genomic resources will aide in the discovery of molecular markers linked to genes of interest for hazelnut breeding efforts, and are available to the community at https://www.cavellanagenomeportal.com/.
Secure decentralized decisions to enhance coordination in consolidated hospital systems

Shared decision making has become a crucial solution to build a consolidated healthcare system. While there is some research in the healthcare literature discussing the advantages and disadvantages...
Does Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Diminish the Need for Tachyarrhythmia Therapy

Heart failure, whether acute or chronic, is associated with an increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and, when these are present, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy [1–3]. With similar indications for an ICD, patients are more likely to receive an ICD shock if they have a lower ejection fraction or a higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class [2, 3]. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a new and promising therapy for symptomatic improvement of heart failure in selected patients (e.g., low ejection fraction, intraventricular conduction delay). When first developed, this therapy required the insertion of left ventricular epicardial pacing leads via thoracotomy. In a previous study, we found that patients receiving CRT via thoracotomy had a significantly diminished incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and associated ICD therapy delivery [4].
Chapter 191 – Parental Care

Publisher Summary This chapter describes parental care in insects. It ranges from covering eggs with a protective coating to remaining to feed and protect young, to forming eusocial societies with alloparental care and lifelong associations of parents and offsprings. Most commonly, care is provided solely by females; males rarely care for eggs and young alone, but in some cases, males and females form long associations to rear young to adulthood. Parental care has evolved independently many times and examples do not follow along phylogenetic lines. Various forms are widespread taxonomically and care is most developed in Hemiptera (true bugs), Thysanoptera (thrips), Embiidina (webspinners), Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), and Isoptera (termites). Further, no single factor or suite of factors can predict the evolution of care. Parental behaviors serve multiple functions, and seemingly the same environments and resources harbor parental and nonparental members of a family. In addition, the evolution of parental care involves a suite of secondary changes, including greater dependence on the part of the young and the loss of adaptations for independence from parents. Burying beetle larvae, for example, have no defenses and are initially dependent on parental regurgitations unlike their carrion beetle relatives that are fully armored and independent.
Spatio-temporal patterns in juvenile habitat for 13 groundfishes in the California Current Ecosystem.

Identifying juvenile habitats is critical for understanding a species’ ecology and for focusing spatial fishery management by defining references like essential fish habitat (EFH). Here, we used vector autoregressive spatio-temporal models (VAST) to delineate spatial and temporal patterns in juvenile density for 13 commercially important species of groundfishes off the US west coast. In particular, we identified hotspots with high juvenile density. Three qualitative patterns of distribution and abundance emerged. First, Dover sole Microstomus pacificus, Pacific grenadier Coryphaenoides acrolepis, shortspine thornyhead Sebastolobus alascanus, and splitnose rockfish Sebastes diploproa had distinct, spatially-limited hotspots that were spatially consistent through time. Next, Pacific hake Merluccius productus and darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri had distinct, spatially limited hotspots, but the location of these hotspots varied through time. Finally, arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias, English sole Parophrys vetulus, sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria, Pacific grenadier Coryphaenoides acrolepis, lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, longspine thornyhead Sebastolobus altivelis, petrale sole Eopsetta jordani, and Pacific sanddab Citharichthys sordidus had large hotspots that spanned a broad latitudinal range. These habitats represent potential, if not likely, nursery areas, the location of which will inform spatial management.
Economic inequality and human rights impact assessments of economic reforms

For over a decade, activists and scholars have sounded alarms over the extreme and growing economic inequalities in the world. In 2020, Forbes reported that there were 2095 billionaires in the worl...
Feeling & Knowing: Making Minds Conscious

Let me begin by thanking Doerig et al. for including my work in their survey of empirical theories of consciousness (although I am a bit spooked by being assigned the number 13!), especially given ...
A Stackelberg Signaling Game for Human-UAV Collaboration in a Search-and-Rescue Context

Abstract Search-and-rescue (SAR) operations are challenging in the absence of a medium of communication between the rescuers and the rescuee. In this work, we model a particular rescue scenario as a modified asymmetric rendezvous game, where limited communication capabilities are present between the two players. This scenario can be modelled as a co-operative Stackelberg game, where the rescuer acts as a leader in signaling his intent to the rescuee. We present an efficient approach to obtain the optimal signaling policy, as well as its robust counterpart, when the topology of the rescue environment is unknown.
Psychological Mechanisms of Interactions between Improvements in Exercise and Healthy Eating Behaviors (Coaction) within a Community-Based Obesity Treatment Setting.

Coaction refers to positive change in one behavior increasing the probability of positive change in a second behavior. Because mechanisms of coaction have not been well studied, and its improved comprehension might optimize architectures of multi-component behavioral obesity interventions, this research aimed to incorporate theory to assess whether treatment-associated changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy sequentially mediate an association between increased exercise and improved eating. Women with obesity (Mean age = 47.9 years) were randomized into community-based obesity treatments with either a self-regulatory skills emphasis (n = 47), or a more equal focus on education and self-management (n = 52). Each treatment aimed to foster weight loss and reductions in health risks. Over 6 months, there were significant improvements in exercise outputs, fruit/vegetable consumption, sweets intake, exercise- and eating-related self-regulation, and exercise- and eating-related self-efficacy that were significantly greater in the high self-regulation group. Using aggregated data, bivariate relationships between changes in exercise, and fruit/vegetable and sweets intake, were significant. Serial mediation analyses indicated that increased exercise outputs were associated with improved eating through the sequential relationships of eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy, while improved eating was associated with increased exercise more directly through exercise-related self-regulation. Moderation analyses demonstrated stronger associations in the high self-regulation group for relationships between changes in exercise and eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy only. Results initiated analyses into mechanisms of coaction among exercise and eating behaviors, and reinforced the value of self-regulatory skills enhancement directly and through its effects on domain-specific self-efficacy in behavioral obesity treatments.
Leveraging Podcasts to Introduce Medical Students to the Broader Community of Health Care Professionals

Introduction Safe, patient-centered, and cost-effective care requires effective collaboration within interprofessional teams. Education programs for health care professionals are often siloed, prov...
Can Higher Inflation Be More Stable? Evidence from Japan and the US

This paper investigates the relationship between trend inflation and inflation volatility. Using annual data from 1922 to 2013, the results show that Japanese and US inflation and its volatility have been positively correlated when inflation exceeds a certain value, but negatively correlated when inflation is below this threshold. The evidence suggests that the break in the relationship occurs at annual inflation rates around 2.5% in the US and between 0% and 2% in Japan. This implies that inflation exceeding 2.5% in the US or 2% in Japan is likely to be associated with higher inflation volatility .