cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERMEABILITY OF THE SKIN OF APPLES AS MEASURED BY EVAPORATION LOSS

It has long been known that variations in the skin of fruits influence their keeping quality. This is particularly true in the case of apples (3, 4) where skin condition is recognized as a determining factor in the amount of wilting in storage, susceptibility to scald and other physiological troubles, as a mechanical protection for the underlying tissues, and as a partial regulator in connection with gaseous exchange. That different varieties of apples differ in skin thickness, amount of waxy coating, and permeability of the skin to gases, especially water vapor, is known in a general way, but little is recorded with respect to their quantitative differences. While the work of Cummings and Lombard (1), Magness and Diehl (4), Riviere and Pichard (5), and of Heinicke (2) is of value in indicating the water loss in relation to the original weight of the whole fruit, it throws but little light on skin permeability because the various workers, with the exception of Heinicke who worked on a single variety only, failed to calculate their data on an area basis or to account for the loss through the stem and calyx ends. An opportunity was presented in 1929 to determine under comparable conditions the skin permeability, as measured by evaporation loss, of sixteen varieties of apples, eleven of which were available from two different localities. The fruit used in each case was part of the material assembled for quantitative studies of the cutin and waxy-coating of apples which we have had under way for some time. While the data represent material collected in one season only, it is believed they portray fairly accurately what limits of variation and what varietal differences may be encountered, since all the material was examined under comparable conditions. In these experiments determinations were made of evaporation losses from normal fruit and from fruit in which the stem and calyx ends were blocked by means of paraffin. The results of these determinations are of interest and importance in that they provide quantitative information upon the varietal differences with respect to the total evaporation loss from the whole apple surface and from the skin exclusive of the stem and calyx openings. Data are given for varieties grown in two dissimilar apple regions,
Staggered InGaAs/GaAsP strained layer superlattices for use in optical devices

Strained layer superlattice (SLS) structures lattice matched to GaAs, such as InGaAs/GaAsP, use thin films to meet both the strain balance and critical layer thickness (CLT) conditions. Optical absorption in the InGaAs layers will be shifted to higher energies relative to thick films due to both the quantum size effect (QSE) and compressive strain, which is an undesirable restriction. We report on a new concept for a strain balance superlattice that will allow for thicker InGaAs films and reduce the cutoff energy. The staggered strain balanced superlattice structure can improve the performance of optical detectors and solar cells.
Shifting focus to cancer survivorship in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities

Purpose of reviewAs strides have been achieved in cancer control, issues faced by survivors have become increasingly relevant. Currently, there are more than 10 million cancer survivors living in the US and consequently cancer survivorship has become a major health priority. Approximately 2 million
Extending a 193 nm mask inspector for 22 nm HP EUV mask inspection

Reticle quality and the capability to qualify a reticle remain key issues for EUV Lithography. In this paper, we report on recent advancements that extend the capability of a 193 nm mask inspector to meet requirements for the 22 nm HP / 15 nm Logic node. This work builds upon previous work that was published earlier this year, by D. Wack1, et. al. Meeting these requirements requires development of a number of novel capabilities for mask inspection, including the use of offaxis illumination, various polarization modes, and use of an optimized absorber stack for EUV masks. In addition, we discuss the challenges of inspecting EUV masks in die-to-database mode, and how tone inversion can be successfully modeled. Lastly, we show that this same 193 nm mask inspector, with the use of proprietary algorithms, can be extended to meet industry requirements for EUV phase defect blank inspection.
Experiments on Current Rotations in an MPD Engine

Experimental results are given which show a rotating current constriction at the anode in a conventional MPD engine. The anode is segmented into four sectors by narrow axial insulat- ing gaps. Rogowski coils measure simultaneously the a.c. current to each of the segments. Most of the,anode current is found to extend over an azimuthal spread of about 90° which ro- tates at frequencies near 100 kHz. The frequency increases with increasing arc current, in- creasing magnetic field, and decreasing mass flow. With a solid anode, evidence of this phe- nomenon is found by Rogowski coils, B loops, and Faraday cups placed in the exhaust. HE nature of the electric-current distribution in plasma accelerators has important effects on the acceleration mechanisms and electrode lifetimes. In devices with con- centric coaxial electrodes, the two extremes are an axisym- metric discharge or a localized spoke (arc column). The latter definitely exists in high-pressure arc jets. Attempts to solve the electrode spot problems in those devices led to the em- pirical discovery of the high-performance MPD engine con- cept.1'2 The essential change was the reduction of the arc chamber pressure from about 1 atm to a few torr. The addi- tion of an axial bias magnetic field had the intended result of rotating the arc so that electrode wear became uniform. To what extent the reduction of pressure and the addition of the magnetic field caused the current distribution to become more uniform (axisymmetric) remained unanswered. Understand- ably, that became a secondary question as the developers wanted to examine the promising performance of MPD en- gines. Also, the plume and electrode erosion looked axisym- metric and the performance trends were in agreement with guidelines established by theories assuming axial symmetry. If MPD engines have rotating current spokes, then one ex- pects fluctuations in the electromagnetic fields and in the plasma conditions. Fluctuations of high frequency have been observed in other cross-field plasma accelerators.3'4 At
A Rationale for Meeting Quotas Asymmetrically

Under certain conditions, otherwise identical, competing firms may find it jointly preferable to face differing degrees of trade barriers on individual products rather than symmetric trade barriers. The key is the ability to reduce marginal production cost via research and development. The economic significance of this insight is that there could be a role for a market for quota allotments. This insight also has applications to Voluntary Export Restraints in which a priori symmetric, restricted firms may prefer to have individual production levels allocated asymmetrically. This indicates the need for detailed studies of how quotas are met by individual firms.
The nature of segments in the lexicon: Evidence from speech errors☆

Abstract Phonological theory provides two hypotheses about the nature of segments in the lexicon. The Feature-Segment Hypothesis (FSH) holds that segments are bundles of features. The Indivisible-Segment Hypothesis (ISH) maintains that segments in the lexicon are unanalyzable, and that features are obtained from a segmental lexicon. Under FSH, putting archisegments and fine phonetic detail into the lexicon constitutes a simplification, while these add complexity under ISH. Evidence is presented from three types of speech errors that are problems of lexical access: word blends, noncontextually-related phonological errors, and within-word phonological sequencing errors. Mechanisms involved in accessing segments from the lexicon under both hypotheses are discussed in detail. In all cases, FSH makes incorrect predictions about the types of errors that can occur, while ISH is compatible with all the data. It is concluded that features cannot be present in lexical entries. Errors in aphasia and child language support this conclusion.
Thermoresponsive layer-by-layer assemblies for nanoparticle-based drug delivery.

Layer-by-layer (LbL) capsules, known for their versatility and smart response to environmental stimuli, have attracted great interest in drug delivery applications. However, achieving a desired drug delivery system with sustained and tunable drug release is still challenging. Here, a thermoresponsive drug delivery system of solid dexamethasone nanoparticles (DXM NPs, 200 ± 100 nm) encapsulated in a model LbL assembly of tunable thickness consisting of strong polyelectrolytes poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PDAC/PSS) is constructed. The influence of various parameters on drug release, such as number of layers, ionic strength of the adsorption solution, temperature, and outermost layer, is investigated. Increasing the number of layers results in a thicker encapsulating nanoshell and decreases the rate of dexamethasone release. LbL assemblies created in the absence of salt are most responsive to temperature, yielding the greatest contrast in drug release. Relationships between ...
Cl+ formation in a Cl2/He plasma: Evidence for a mechanism involving Cl22+

Abstract Emission from highly excited Cl + ions has been observed in a supersonic expansion of a plasma containing chlorine and helium. These ions are observed to have a translational energy of 3.5 eV and electronic excitation in excess of 30 eV above the ground state of neutral Cl atoms. These observations are interpreted as evidence for the formation of Cl + from the reaction of Cl 2 with excited He + via an intermediate of electronically excited Cl 2 2+ .
Optically induced molecular reorientation in a smectic-C liquid crystal

The Euler equations for describing the director in the optically induced molecular reorientation of a smectic-C liquid crystal in an external magnetic field are presented. The optical alignment effect is shown to be localized and not to produce point defects. Analytic expressions are given explicitly in the small-distortion regime, which, generally, have the form of zeroth-order Bessel functions. Threshold behavior exists if the polarization of the optical beam is normal to the magnetic field. For a magnetic field of the order of 1 kG, the threshold power varies from 3 to 120 mW for a typical smectic-C sample with a laser spot size of about 1 to 100 μm, but is independent of the thickness of the sample. For polarizations oblique to the magnetic field, there is no threshold and the amplitude of rotation of the director depends on spot size, laser power, and the angle between laser polarization and external magnetic field. The transient response of molecular reorientation to the laser switch on is shown to have exponential time dependence for a normally polarized incident beam with an incident intensity greater than the threshold intensity. The response time of such a reorientation is of the order of milliseconds, depending on incident laser intensity. We propose that, experimentally, the molecular reorientation can be quantitatively measured by the reflectivity or transmissivity of a normally incident probe beam. Optical reflectivity and transmissivity from a typical smectic-C film are also calculated.
Continuation ECT in the management of relapses of major affective episodes.

— Three cases are reported describing the use of continuation ECT. Continuation ECT consisted of six to twelve treatments for about 3 to 6 months after recovery from the index affective episode. Continuation ECT may be indicated in patients with a severe episode of illness, optimal acute response to ECT, and negative response to continuation drug therapy. In such patients, the mostly theoretical risks associated with the procedure may be outweighed by the dangers associated with early relapse.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas: Clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and viral characteristics of 111 cases

The incidence of lymphomas in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus has increased progressively since the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The present series includes 111 patients, all diagnosed and studied at one hospital in New York City. There were 108 men and three women; the average age was 39 years and male homosexuality was the predominant risk factor. The materials examined originated from 138 surgical specimens and 24 autopsies. There were 11 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma and 100 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), a proportion strongly skewed in favor of the latter. Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS patients was characterized by advanced clinical stage, high histologic grade, and frequent bone marrow involvement. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS patients, in contrast to the general population, originated predominantly in extranodal locations (61 cases) versus locations in which the lymph nodes were the site of the primary tumors (39 cases). In the digestive tract, the unusual oral and anal primary locations were often noted and were possibly related to specific risk factors. There were 15 cases of NHL of the central nervous system, an incidence 14 times greater than that recorded in the general population. The majority of NHLs were of high histologic grade, Burkitt's and large cell immunoblastic, representing most of the cerebral and gastrointestinal tumors. All NHLs were of B-cell immunophenotype. Lymphadenopathies with the histologic features of human immunodeficiency virus infection, particularly of the late stage (type C), often preceded NHL. Probing for Epstein-Barr virus genome was more frequently positive in Hodgkin's lymphoma than in NHL. Immunologic evaluations showed severely depressed T cell counts and CD4 to CD8 cell ratios as well as markedly increased levels of antilymphocyte antibodies. Reflecting the background of profound immune deficiency, the AIDS-associated lymphomas were characterized by high aggressiveness, early tendency to generalization, frequent post-treatment relapse, and short periods of survival.
A particle model on an unstructured mesh

Abstract We describe a particle in the cell scheme which incorporates finite elements in space and finite difference in time to follow the trajectories of particles in their self consistent fields. As such the model exploits the power of finite element techniques to better investigate the rich physics embedded in the particle or kinetic models. A brief description of the foundations of the hybrid model of kinetic ions and mass-less fluid electrons is first presented, followed by a brief summary of linear finite elements on triangles with relevance to the particle modeling. The particle trace method on triangular elements, particle to node density assignment, node to particle response, the scheme algorithm, numerical stability, and finally tests of the code via eigenmode analysis and comparison with the analytic theory and the structured simulation results are presented. The version presented here is a 2 1 2- dimensional one.
Mutual Intrusion of a Gravity Current and Density Front Formation

Abstract A two-dimensional prognostic model was employed to examine the mutual intrusion of a gravity current and the formation of a density front. The results indicated strong vertical motion near the front and, with Earth rotation included, a baroclinic alongshore jet. Comparison with observations from the New England shelf-slope front indicated that the model gives a realistic description of the frontal structure and the mean southward current.
Template construction for object and biometric recognition

Correlation templates suitable for use in POF and BPOF correlators are developed for object and biometric recognition. Internal and edge features and regions are used to provide a high probability of identification and a low false alarm rate.
Public mental health: The role of population-based and macrosystems interventions in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.

Author(s): McGuinness, KM; Coady, JA; Perez, JT; Williams, NC; McIntyre, DJ; Schreiber, MD | Abstract: Policy makers and decision makers are struggling to recognize the needs of shattered communities in the wake of unimaginable devastation. Professional psychology is providing some of the answers as it examines the consequences of disaster. The authors, 6 U.S. Public Health Service commissioned officers, describe their experiences in this new arena. Working at the federal, state, and local levels of government during the national response to the Hurricane Katrina disaster, the authors strive to identify high-value practice areas and define new roles for professional psychologists. The authors suggest that traditional crisis and trauma interventions are expanding to include nontraditional population-based and macrosystems-level interventions. Such roles are explored in narrative form, providing professional and personal insight into the impact that psychologists can have on decision makers who recognize their value and position them effectively. © 2008 American Psychological Association.
Glossaries for computing and data processing

At the present time, there is considerable interest and activity in the preparation of a comprehensive glossary of computing and data processing terms. This interest is generated by members of the various national and international professional associations, the computer manufacturers, and the American Standards Association.
Quantitative unit classification of ventral tegmental area neurons in vivo

Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) synthesize several major neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA), GABA, and glutamate. To classify VTA single-unit neural activity from freely moving rats, we used hierarchical agglomerative clustering and probability distributions as quantitative methods. After many parameters were examined, a firing rate of 10 Hz emerged as a transition frequency between clusters of low-firing and high-firing neurons. To form a subgroup identified as high-firing neurons with GABAergic characteristics, the high-firing classification was sorted by spike duration. To form a subgroup identified as putative DA neurons, the low-firing classification was sorted by DA D2-type receptor pharmacological responses to quinpirole and eticlopride. Putative DA neurons were inhibited by the D2-type receptor agonist quinpirole and returned to near-baseline firing rates or higher following the D2-type receptor antagonist eticlopride. Other unit types showed different responses to these D2-type receptor drugs. A multidimensional comparison of neural properties indicated that these subgroups often clustered independently of each other with minimal overlap. Firing pattern variability reliably distinguished putative DA neurons from other unit types. A combination of phasic burst properties and a low skew in the interspike interval distribution produced a neural population that was comparable to the one sorted by D2 pharmacology. These findings provide a quantitative statistical approach for the classification of VTA neurons in unanesthetized animals.
Crystal growth and characterization of CdTe grown by vertical gradient freeze

In this study, crystals of CdTe were grown from melts by the unseeded vertical gradient freeze method. The quality of grown crystal were studied by various characterization techniques including Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography (SWBXT), chemical analysis by glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS), low temperature photoluminescence (PL), and Hall measurements. The SWBXT images from various angles show nearly strain-free grains, grains with inhomogeneous strains, as well as twinning nucleated in the shoulder region of the boule. The GDMS chemical analysis shows the contamination of Ga at a level of 3900 ppb, atomic. The low temperature PL measurement exhibits the characteristic emissions of a Ga-doped sample. The Hall measurements show a resistivity of 1 x l0(exp 7) ohm-cm at room temperature to 3 x 10(exp 9) ohm-cm at 78K with the respective hole and electron concentration of 1.7 x 10(exp 9) cm(exp -3) and 3.9 x 10(exp 7) cm(exp -3) at room temperature.
Numerical coarsening of inhomogeneous elastic materials

We propose an approach for efficiently simulating elastic objects made of non-homogeneous, non-isotropic materials. Based on recent developments in homogenization theory, a methodology is introduced to approximate a deformable object made of arbitrary fine structures of various linear elastic materials with a dynamicallysimilar coarse model. This numerical coarsening of the material properties allows for simulation of fine, heterogeneous structures on very coarse grids while capturing the proper dynamics of the original dynamical system, thus saving orders of magnitude in computational time. Examples including inhomogeneous and/or anisotropic materials can be realistically simulated in realtime with a numerically-coarsened model made of a few mesh elements.
Inducibility of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by isoproterenol and its relation to the mode of onset of atrial fibrillation.

Inducibility of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. Background: Isoproterenol has been used to assess inducibility during catheter ablation for paroxysmal PAF. However, no studies have determined the sensitivity and specificity of isoproterenol for the induction of AF. It also is not clear whether isoproterenol is equally effective in inducing AF in the clinical subtypes of vagotonic, adrenergic, and random AF. Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of isoproterenol for the induction of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Isoproterenol was infused at 5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/min at 2-minute intervals or until AF was induced in 20 control subjects with no history of AF and in 80 patients with PAF. Results: Among the 20 control subjects, AF was induced by isoproterenol in one patient (5%). Among the 80 patients with PAF, persistent AF was induced in 67 patients (84%, P < 0.001). Isoproterenol induced AF in 15 of 17 patients (88%) with vagotonic AF, 11 of 11 patients (100%) with adrenergic AF, and 41 of 52 patients (79%) with random episodes of AF (P = 0.2). The yield of AF was 11% (9/80) after 5 µg/min, 28% (22/80) after 10 µg/min, 51% (40/78) after 15 µg/min, and 88% (67/76) after 20 µg/min of isoproterenol (P < 0.01). Isoproterenol had to be discontinued in four patients (5%) before reaching the maximum dose due to reversible chest pain or systolic blood pressure <85 mmHg. Conclusions: Isoproterenol at infusion rates up to 20 µg/min has a high sensitivity (88%) and specificity (95%) for induction of AF in patients with PAF, regardless of whether the clinical subtype is vagotonic,
The disproportionate burden of kidney disease in those who can least afford it

Kidney disease has reached epidemic proportionsworldwide. Although the magnitude of the disease hasbeen better deﬁned in developed countries, there is in-creasing evidence that kidney disease burden is as greatin developing countries whose infrastructure can leastsupport management of the disease. In developed coun-tries, especially in the United States, racial and ethnicminorities and underserved communities bear a dispro-portionate burden of the disease [1, 2]. However, kidneydisease is but one of the serious health conditions thatdisproportionately afﬂict these communities. In spite ofthe unprecedented scientiﬁc advances in biomedical re-search over the past several decades, which have dramat-ically improved the public health in developed countries,many underserved communities in developed countriesand most of the population in developing countries havenotbeneﬁtedequally.Thesepopulationsexperienceadis-parate burden of illness, disability, and premature death[3]. A complex interaction of genetic, biologic, cultural,and socioeconomic factors, the environment, and speciﬁchealth behaviors seems to be responsible for a signiﬁcantproportion of the health disparities in these communities[4].In the United States, the health disparities that afﬂictracial and ethnic minorities and other underserved com-munities are not limited to a few disease categories. Theyapplytoabroadspectrumofdiseasesthatinclude,forex-ample, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes,human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV)/acquired immunedeﬁciencysyndrome,otherinfectiousdiseases,andinfantmortality.These communities also exhibit increases in key riskfactors for the development of chronic kidney diseasewhen compared with the Caucasian population [4]. Forexample, Hispanic Americans are twice as likely to die
The Rotation-Vibration Energies of Tetrahedrally Symmetric Pentatomic Molecules. II

A complete theory for the rotation-vibration energies of tetrahedrally pentatomic molecules has been derived to second degree of approximation for certain vibration states. In this discussion the elements of the matrix $H$ are given for the states ${V}_{1}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$, ${V}_{1}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$, ${V}_{1}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$. The selection rules governing what transitions may take place have been determined with relations for the intensities.
A statistical overview of mass movement characteristics on the North American atlantic outer continental margin

Abstract An analysis of 179 mass movements on the North American Atlantic continental slope and upper rise shows that slope failures have occurred throughout the geographic extent of the outer margin. Although the slope failures show no striking affinity for a particular depth as an origination level, there is a broad, primary mode centered at about 900 m. The resulting slides terminate at almost all depths and have a primary mode at 1100 m, but the slope/rise boundary (at 2200 m) also is an important mode. Slope failures have occurred at declivities ranging from 1° to 30° (typically, 4°); the resultant mass movement deposits vary in width from 0.2 to 50 km (typically, 1–2 km) and in length from 0.3 to 380 km (typically, 2–4 km), and they have been reported to be as thick as 650 m. On a numeric basis, mass movements are slightly more prevalent on open slopes than in other physiographic settings, and both translational and rotational failure surfaces are common. The typical mass movement is disintegrative ...
Fluorescence and redox activity of probes anchored through an aminotrithiol to polycrystalline gold

A self-assembled monolayer of tris[3-(mercaptopropyl)methyl)]-N-(aminoacetyl)amine (1) covalently anchored onto a polycrystalline gold surface acts as an effective linking agent for binding surface probes that can be activated by light or by an applied potential. Fluorescence from two appended chromophores was observed when scattering of incident light from the gold support was minimized. Monolayers of 1 coupled to an end-terminated ferrocenyl group showed blocking electrochemical behavior by cyclic voltammetry, while retaining the characteristic redox activity of the attached group. These results indicate high yields of in situ surface coupling and significant local order within the two-dimensional array.
HIV-Related Behavioral Studies of Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research

HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) has increased significantly in China since early 2000, with MSM accounting for 32.5% of the newly infected HIV cases in China in 2009. This study reviews a total of 33 studies published in English literature on MSM in China from 2000 to 2009. Existing studies indicated that frequently MSM in China were married (especially older MSM); a majority were migrants and self-identified as gay. A large and increasing proportion of MSM sought sexual partners online. Sexual risk behaviors among MSM were prevalent, including high rates of unprotected sex, concurrent sexual relationships with both men and women, and commercial sex. Illicit drug use, however, was relatively low among general Chinese MSM, but higher among those engaged in commercial sex with men. The existing literature suggests a lack of socio-behavioral studies, lack of intervention studies specifically targeting MSM, and lack of studies in smaller cities, towns, and rural areas. Future studies need to employ more rigorous research methodology, including longitudinal study design, multiple sampling methods, and common measurements of HIV-related risk behaviors.
Effect of organic carbon, C:N ratio and light on the growth and lipid productivity of microalgae/cyanobacteria coculture

Current culture methods based on monocultures under phototrophic regimes are prone to contamination, predation, and collapse. Native cultures of multiple species are adapted to the local conditions and are more robust against contamination and predation. Growth, lipid and biomass productivity of a Louisiana native coculture of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) and cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya sp.) in heterotrophic and mixotrophic regimes were investigated. Dextrose and sodium acetate at C:N ratios of 15:1 and 30:1 under heterotrophic (dark) and mixotrophic (400 μmol m−2 s−1) regimes were compared with autotrophic controls. The carbon source and C:N ratio impacted growth and biomass productivity. Mixotrophic cultures with sodium acetate (C:N 15:1) resulted in the highest mean biomass productivity (156 g m−3 d−1) and neutral lipid productivity (24.07 g m−3 d−1). The maximum net specific growth rate (U) was higher (0.97 d−1) in mixotrophic cultures with dextrose (C:N 15:1) but could not be sustained resulting in lower total biomass than in mixotrophic cultures with acetate (C:N 15:1), with a U of 0.67 d−1. The ability of the Louisiana coculture to use organic carbon for biomass and lipid production makes it a viable feedstock for biofuels and bioproducts.
An optimization study on the feeding behavior of Luldia clathrata say (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

The rates of feeding, behavioral responses to changes in prey density, selection for different sizes of prey, and field activity patterns of the starfish Luidia clathrata lend support to the predictions of optimal feeding theory. Rates of location, ingestion, and digestion of prey were high. Individuals offered different densities of prey showed a strong functional response. Individuals presented with different sizes of prey chose the smaller sizes. This selective behavior may be related to ease of manipulation, available stomach area, or maximal food intake per unit time. In the field Luidia clathrata exhibited one peak of activity at dusk, although there was never one hundred percent activity or inactivity at any time. It is not known if this diurnal pattern is caused by patterns in prey or predator, although the former is unlikely as L. clathrata feeds on infauna. The “time buried” during the inactive period in L. clathrata may be related to the period of digestion.
Semileptonic B Meson Decays

Semileptonic decays of B mesons play a critical role in the determination of the magnitude of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements Vcb and Vub. These two quantities are fundamental parameters of the Standard Model and have to be determined experimentally. Over the past decade, the vast samples of B mesons recorded at the B factories at LEP at Cornell University, KEK at Tsukuba, and SLAC at Stanford University have allowed for detailed studies of semileptonic B decays. These decays proceed via first-order weak interactions; thus, they are expected to be free of non–Standard Model contributions and therefore are well suited for the extraction of the quark-mixing parameters. Differential decay rates are combined with theoretical calculations of hadronization effects, leading to a substantially improved knowledge of |Vcb| and |Vub|. The results are used to constrain the parameters of the CKM matrix and to test the Standard Model predictions for CP-violating effects.
X-Rays and Diffraction

X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation. They have energies ranging from about 200 eV to 1 MeV, which puts them between γ-rays and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is important to realize that there are no sharp boundaries between different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and that the assigned boundaries between regions are arbitrary.
Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work

We propose that employees craft their jobs by changing cognitive, task, and/or relational boundaries to shape interactions and relationships with others at work. These altered task and relational configurations change the design and social environment of the job, which, in turn, alters work meanings and work identity. We offer a model of job crafting that specifies (1) the individual motivations that spark this activity, (2) how opportunities to job craft and how individual work orientations determine the forms job crafting takes, and (3) its likely individual and organizational effects.
Interpreting muscle function from EMG: lessons learned from direct measurements of muscle force

Electromyography is often used to infer the pattern of production of force by skeletal muscles. The interpretation of muscle function from the electromyogram (EMG) is challenged by the fact that factors such as type of muscle fiber, muscle length, and muscle velocity can all influence the relationship between electrical and mechanical activity of a muscle. Simultaneous measurements of EMG, muscle force, and fascicle length in hindlimb muscles of wild turkeys allow us to probe the quantitative link between force and EMG. We examined two features of the force-EMG relationship. First, we measured the relaxation electromechanical delay (r-EMD) as the time from the end of the EMG signal to time of the end of force. This delay varied with locomotor speed in the lateral gastrocnemius (LG); it was longer at slow walking speeds than for running. This variation in r-EMD was not explained by differences in muscle length trajectory, as the magnitude of r-EMD was not correlated with the velocity of shortening of the muscle during relaxation. We speculate that the longer relaxation times at slow walking speeds compared with running may reflect the longer time course of relaxation in slower muscles fibers. We also examined the relationship between magnitude of force and EMG across a range of walking and running speeds. We analyzed the force-EMG relationship during the swing phase separately from the force-EMG relationship during stance phase. During stance, force amplitude (average force) was linearly related to mean EMG amplitude (average EMG). Forces during swing phase were lower than predicted from the stance phase force-EMG relationship. The different force-EMG relationships during the stance and swing phases may reflect the contribution of passive structures to the development of force, or a nonlinear force-EMG relationship at low levels of muscle activity. Together the results suggest that any inference of force from EMG must be done cautiously when a broad range of activities is considered.
Differences in the Composition of Adhesive and Non-Adhesive Mucus From the Limpet Lottia limatula

The mucus used by the limpet Lottia limatula to form glue-like attachments was compared biochemically to the slippery mucus produced during other activities, such as suction adhesion. Colorimetric assays revealed the protein content of the adhesive mucus to be 2.1 times greater than that of the non-adhesive form, and the carbohydrate content to be 1.9 times greater. Both forms of mucus contained roughly six times as much protein as carbohydrate, and there was no difference in their inorganic elemental compositions. Quantitative analysis of the protein content by SDS-PAGE and a scanning densitometer revealed a similar protein composition in both forms of mucus; but three notable differences emerged. First, the overall difference in protein concentration was confirmed. In addition, there was a 118 kD protein that was common only in the adhesive mucus, and a 68 kD protein that occurred only in the non-adhesive mucus.
Torsin mediates primary envelopment of large ribonucleoprotein granules at the nuclear envelope.

SUMMARY A previously unrecognized mechanism through which large ribonucleoprotein (megaRNP) granules exit the nucleus is by budding through the nuclear envelope (NE). This mechanism is akin to the nuclear egress of herpes-type viruses and is essential for proper synapse development. However, the molecular machinery required to remodel the NE during this process is unknown. Here, we identify Torsin, an AAA-ATPase that in humans is linked to dystonia, as a major mediator of primary megaRNP envelopment during NE budding. In torsin mutants, megaRNPs accumulate within the perinuclear space, and the messenger RNAs contained within fail to reach synaptic sites, preventing normal synaptic protein synthesis and thus proper synaptic bouton development. These studies begin to establish the cellular machinery underlying the exit of megaRNPs via budding, offer an explanation for the ‘‘nuclear blebbing’’ phenotype found in dystonia models, and provide an important link between Torsin and the synaptic phenotypes observed in dystonia.
Effects of a minimal hide wash cabinet on the levels and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on the hides of beef cattle at slaughter.

Harborage of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on animal hides at slaughter is the main source of beef carcass contamination during processing. Given this finding, interventions have been designed and implemented to target the hides of cattle following entry into beef processing plants. Previous interventions targeting hides have not been suitable for all beef processing plants because of cost and space restrictions. In this study, a hide wash cabinet was evaluated to determine whether it was more amenable to widespread use in the beef processing industry, especially for small and medium-size plants. Overall, 101 (35.1%) of 288 beef cattle hides sampled before entry into the hide wash cabinet harbored E. coli O157:H7 at or above the limit of detection (40 CFU/100 cm2). After passage through the hide wash cabinet, only 38 (13.2%) of 288 hides had E. coli O157:H7 levels ≥40 CFU/100 cm2. Before the hide wash cabinet, 50 (17%) of 288 hides harbored E. coli O157:H7 at levels above 100 CFU/100 cm2, with o...
A case study in architectural modeling: the AEGIS system

Software architecture is receiving increasingly attention as a critical design level for software systems. However the current practice of architectural description is largely informal and ad hoc, with the consequence that architectural documents serve as a poor communication mechanism, are difficult to analyze, and may have very little relationship to the implemented system. In an attempt to address these problems several researchers have experimented with formalisms for architectural specification and modelling. One such formalism is the WRIGHT specification language. In this paper, we show how WRIGHT can be used to provide insight into an architectural design by modelling a prototype implementation of part of the AEGIS Weapons System (AWS).
The Informative versus Persuasive Role of Marketing Communication in New Product Categories: An Application to the Prescription Antihistamines Market

Marketing communication plays a major role in influencing consumer purchases in new product categories. An important question about this communication is whether it plays an informative or a persuasive role over the life cycle of the new product category. We expect that consumers are not well informed about product quality in the early stages of the product life cycle but they become better informed over time. The informative role of marketing communication is likely to have a much larger effect with uninformed consumers than with consumers who are better informed. Therefore, we conjecture that marketing communication plays a predominantly informative role initially and a predominantly persuasive role later. We develop a structural model of demand that allows for the differential impact of informative and persuasive roles of marketing communication over time. In addition, we control for the possibility that product experience also contributes to learning in such categories. We estimate our model on market-level data for the prescription antihistamines category. In our model, physician learning about new antihistamines occurs through marketing communication (detailing and meetings/seminars), and experience (past prescriptions). Specifically, our model is a random coefficients discrete choice model that allows for category expansion. The model also incorporates a Bayesian learning process through which physicians learn about the efficacy of this new class of drugs. We estimate our model using a GMM-based methodology. We find that, on average, physicians are most sensitive to detailing relative to other promotional activities. However, more interestingly, we find evidence for both informative and persuasive effects of detailing on physicians' prescription behavior. In addition, we find that detailing plays a primarily informative role in the introductory phase (typically 6-14 months post introduction) but the persuasive role dominates later on. The finding that persuasive effects are significant may explain why firms continue to detail long after a drug is introduced. In terms of resource allocation for detailing over time, our results suggest that firms should follow a pattern of heavier detailing at the introduction phase followed by lower levels.
Family History of Myocardial Infarction Is a Risk Factor for Venous Thromboembolism Among Whites But Not Among Blacks

In addition to potentially sharing common pathogenesis and clinical manifestations, venous and arterial thromboses might have overlapping risk factors. To evaluate the family history of myocardial infarction (MI) as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) among whites and blacks, we analyze data from the Genetic Attributes and Thrombosis Epidemiology (GATE) study. Results indicate that the association between VTE and a family history of MI is statistically significant only among whites (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-1.8), particularly when they have diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.2-8.0). Among blacks, the association between VTE and a family history of MI is not statistically significant (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.89-1.5) either among those with diabetes or those without diabetes. We conclude that a family history of MI is a risk factor for VTE among certain populations stratified by race and comorbid conditions.
Chemical-genetic analysis of cyclin dependent kinase 2 function reveals an important role in cellular transformation by multiple oncogenic pathways

A family of conserved serine/threonine kinases known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drives orderly cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. Prior studies have suggested that CDK2 regulates S-phase entry and progression, and frequently shows increased activity in a wide spectrum of human tumors. Genetic KO/knockdown approaches, however, have suggested that lack of CDK2 protein does not prevent cellular proliferation, both during somatic development in mice as well as in human cancer cell lines. Here, we use an alternative, chemical-genetic approach to achieve specific inhibition of CDK2 kinase activity in cells. We directly compare small-molecule inhibition of CDK2 kinase activity with siRNA knockdown and show that small-molecule inhibition results in marked defects in proliferation of nontransformed cells, whereas siRNA knockdown does not, highlighting the differences between these two approaches. In addition, CDK2 inhibition drastically diminishes anchorage-independent growth of human cancer cells and cells transformed with various oncogenes. Our results establish that CDK2 activity is necessary for normal mammalian cell cycle progression and suggest that it might be a useful therapeutic target for treating cancer.
A Test And Instrumentation System For The Investigation Of Degradation Of Electrical Insulating Materials

A comprehensive test apparatus has been developed for the evaluation of the effects of thermal cycling, high temperatures and high electric fields on the quality and stability of electrical insulating materials used in spacecraft systems. The system includes a test chamber in which the specimen can be subjected to thermal and electrical stresses encountered in the space environment (temperatures from -50 to 200 C and voltages from 0 to 10 kV rms, respectively) simultaneously. The system instrumentation includes provisions for the measurement of the change in capacitance, the thermal dissipation factor of the material, and complex dielectric constants with changes in temperature, corona intensity and voltages at frequencies from 22 kHz to 70 MHz, as well as the volume and surface resistivities of the materials.
C. R. Henderson: farm boy, athlete, and scientist.

Abstract Charles R. Henderson was proud to be a product of a farm in Page County, Iowa. He was a one man track team in Coin, Iowa, and a brilliant student. He became a world class competitor in track at Iowa State College and, at the same time, compiled a top academic record. His early experiences set the stage for the exceptional contributions of his animal breeding career, which did not begin until he was nearly 40 yr of age, but which spanned 40 yr when he was the acknowledged leader in development of statistical methodology applied to animal breeding. His career goals were to find the best possible ways to analyze data and to provide the best genetic evaluations to the livestock industry. If the best could not be done because of computational limitations, then he would pragmatically work to find the best way that was possible. Only his interest in Cornell hockey overshadowed his enjoyment in listening to classical music. He was an avid sports fan, especially for the St. Louis Cardinals or any midwestern team against the New York Yankees. Midwestern trips during the weeks when the Drake Relays were held were as often as possible. Henderson's acknowledged scientific hero was Jay L. Lush, with whom he studied during his Ph.D. program at Iowa State College and with whom he shared similar talents and the intuition that made both of them leaders in the field of animal breeding.
Matrix formalism for spin dynamics near a single depolarization resonance

A matrix formalism is developed to describe the spin dynamics in a synchrotron near a single depolarization resonance as the particle energy (and therefore its spin precession frequency) is varied in a prescribed pattern as a function of time such as during acceleration. This formalism is first applied to the case of crossing the resonance with a constant crossing speed and a finite total step size, and then applied also to other more involved cases when the single resonance is crossed repeatedly in a prescribed manner consisting of linear ramping segments or sudden jumps. How repeated crossings produce an interference behavior is discussed using the results obtained. For a polarized beam with finite energy spread, a spin echo experiment is suggested to explore this interference effect.
"Codependency". A disease or the root of nursing excellence?

A hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted to explore how eight professionally competent nurses experienced and evaluated the relation between their childhood adaptation to dysfunctional fa...