cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Validation of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

WHAT IS the Taxonomy? The Taxonomy of Edu cational Objectives Handbook I: Cognitive Domain (1) is a device for classifying educational objectives according to the cognitive processes which reputed ly underlie the achievement of them. A comparable handbook for the affective domain has been published (8) and a third handbook for the psychomotor domain is proposed. The handbooks were devised by university examiners who needed a method for class ifying test items so that communication on testing matters could be facilitated. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain is organized ac cording to six cognitive process levels. From least to most complex, they are Knowledge, Comprehen sion, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evalu ation. The processes are purportedly hierarchical and cumulative. Each process is divided into sub processes; e. g., Comprehension is sub-divided in to translation, interpretation, and extr apolation, but these are not of concern here. The elements of what is traditionally regarded as subject matter or content are irrelevant to the struc ture of the Taxonomy. It deals with the processes which are used as manipulators of subject matter or content. In a sense, the link between subject m af ter and the Taxonomy is the Knowledge category of the Taxonomy. It is the lowest level of cognitive be havior which is included and is characterized by the ability to recall knowledge which the student has al ready learned.
Two-Stage Contests with Budget Constraints: An Experimental Study

We report the results of an experiment on two-stage contests with budget-constrained agents competing to win an exogenously determined prize. We study a class of two-stage contests where in stage 1 agents first compete within their own groups by expending resources, and in stage 2 the winners of each group compete with one another to win the prize by expending additional resources subject to the budget constraint. Winners in each stage are determined by Tullock's proportional contest success function. We present the subgame perfect equilibrium solution for this model, derive predictions for our experiment, and then test them experimentally. The equilibrium model is flatly rejected mostly due to over expenditure in stage 1. A descriptive model that extends the equilibrium solution by allowing for 1) non-pecuniary utility of winning and 2) misperception of the probability of winning better accounts for some but not all of the behavioral regularities. We then turn to an adaptive learning model that accounts for several features of the dynamics of play but still significantly under-predicts the stage 1 expenditures.
Strange Particles and the Conservation of Isotopic Spin

The question is considered as to whether complete rotational symmetry in isotopic spin space is necessary. In particular, the classification of elementary particles on the basis of the representations of a finite group is attempted. It is found that for the particles whose reactions are known, the law of conservation of charge results in a scheme essentially equivalent with ones previously proposed. However, some additional freedom is found which would accommodate particles with rather unusual properties if such are ever observed.
Incorporation of 5-bromouracil into transforming principle of Bacillus subtilis and its biological effects.

THE incorporation of 5-bromouracil into deoxyribonucleic acids of bacteria and bacteriophage1 raised a problem concernnig the biological effects of such incorporation. It has been shown that at least some of the cells of Escherichia coli containing 5-bromouracil in their deoxyribonucleic acid remain alive2. Further evidence on this subject was obtained by the demonstration of the mutagenic effect of 5-bromouracil3; these results also indicated that 5-bromouracil was incorporated into molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid that functioned as heredity determinants. Similar results have been obtained with bacteriophage.4
Drawing Sustenance at the Source: African American Students’ Participation in the Black Campus Community as an Act of Resistance

The Black campus community, often viewed as a marginal location on the college campus, is by no means marginal to the college experiences of African American students at predominantly White colleges. Through the close examination of two representative narratives, we demonstrate the role of the Black campus community in the process of college retention for African American students. Participation in the Black campus community enables African American students to develop and execute resistance practices—oppositional behaviors and critical resistant navigational skills (Solorzano & Villalpando, 1998). The resistance practices of African American students at this college perform two functions: (a) a conservative function, in terms of preserving their cultural integrity and extending the Black campus community’s legacy of struggle as well as (b) a transformative function, in terms of challenging and altering the space of the predominantly White campus.
Jaw-muscle fiber architecture in tufted capuchins favors generating relatively large muscle forces without compromising jaw gape

Tufted capuchins (sensu lato) are renowned for their dietary flexibility and capacity to exploit hard and tough objects. Cebus apella differs from other capuchins in displaying a suite of craniodental features that have been functionally and adaptively linked to their feeding behavior, particularly the generation and dissipation of relatively large jaw forces. We compared fiber architecture of the masseter and temporalis muscles between C. apella (n=12) and two "untufted" capuchins (C. capucinus, n=3; C. albifrons, n=5). These three species share broadly similar diets, but tufted capuchins occasionally exploit mechanically challenging tissues. We tested the hypothesis that tufted capuchins exhibit architectural properties of their jaw muscles that facilitate relatively large forces including relatively greater physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA), more pinnate fibers, and lower ratios of mass to tetanic tension (Mass/P(0)). Results show some evidence supporting these predictions, as C. apella has relatively greater superficial masseter and temporalis PCSAs, significantly so only for the temporalis following Bonferroni adjustment. Capuchins did not differ in pinnation angle or Mass/P(0). As an architectural trade-off between maximizing muscle force and muscle excursion/contraction velocity, we also tested the hypothesis that C. apella exhibits relatively shorter muscle fibers. Contrary to our prediction, there are no significant differences in relative fiber lengths between tufted and untufted capuchins. Therefore, we attribute the relatively greater PCSAs in tufted capuchins primarily to their larger muscle masses. These findings suggest that relatively large jaw-muscle PCSAs can be added to the suite of masticatory features that have been functionally linked to the exploitation of a more resistant diet by C. apella. By enlarging jaw-muscle mass to increase PCSA, rather than reducing fiber lengths and increasing pinnation, tufted capuchins appear to have increased jaw-muscle and bite forces without markedly compromising muscle excursion and contraction velocity. One performance advantage of this morphology is that it promotes relatively large bite forces at wide jaw gapes, which may be useful for processing large food items along the posterior dentition. We further hypothesize that this morphological pattern may have the ecological benefit of facilitating the dietary diversity seen in tufted capuchins. Lastly, the observed feeding on large objects, coupled with a jaw-muscle architecture that facilitates this behavior, raises concerns about utilizing C. apella as an extant behavioral model for hominins that might have specialized on small objects in their diets.
An Analysis of Triple-Tuned Coupled Circuits

An analysis is given of triple-tuned coupled circuits for high-Q cases in which the couplings between circuits are kept small and the response is symmetrical about a reference frequency. Both synchronously tuned and asynchronously tuned cases are investigated in detail. Universal response curves are derived and contour plots of gain bandwidth product are given. The results for the transitional and triple-peak response cases are compared with double-tuned coupled circuits. The advantages of triple-tuned circuits are shown to be their more uniform response in the pass band and fifty per cent better sideband selectivity.
“Students Should not be Your Friends”: Testimonio by a Latina on Mothering One's Own, Othermothering, and Mentoring Students in the Academy

This article is an autoethnographic account of how I negotiated intersectional identities as a Latina, mother, and professor, mentoring students of color. Specifically, I examine the ways mothering shaped my relationships with the students I mentored. I engaged in “othermothering” and utilized “pedagogies of the home” by creating reciprocal relationships of caring and nurturing. Utilizing critical race theory (CRT) and testimonio, I argue that my identity as a mother of color successfully negotiating the tenure track impacted the ways in which I mentor(ed) students of color.
Sediment organic matter composition and dynamics in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Seasonal variation and interactions between water column chlorophyll and the benthos

Sediment and water column data from four sites in North, Central and South San Francisco Bays were collected monthly from November 1999 through November 2001 to investigate the seasonal variation of benthic organic matter and chlorophyll in channel sediments, the composition and quality of sediment organic matter (SOM), and the relationship between seasonal patterns in benthic organic matter and patterns in water column chlorophyll. Water column chlorophyll peaked in the spring of 2000 and 2001, characteristic of other studies of San Francisco Bay phytoplankton dynamics, however an unusual chlorophyll peak occurred in fall 2000. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that water column chlorophyll at these four channel sites lead sediment parameters by an average of 2 to 3 months. Sediment organic matter levels in the San Francisco Bay channel showed seasonal cycles that followed patterns of water column production: peaks in water column chlorophyll were followed by later peaks in sediment chlorophyll and organic matter. Cyclical, seasonal variations also occurred in sediment organic matter parameters with sediment total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) being highest in spring and lowest in winter, and sediment amino acids being highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter. Sediment chlorophyll, total organic carbon, and nitrogen were generally positively correlated with each other. Sediment organic matter levels were lowest in North Bay, intermediate in Central Bay, and highest in South Bay. C:N ratio and the ratio of enzyme hydrolyzable amino acids to TOC (EHAA:TOC) data suggest that SOM quality is more labile in Central and northern South Bay, and more refractory in North Bay and southern South Bay.
The Two-step Biosynthesis of Cyclic Peptides from Linear Precursors in a Member of the Plant Family Caryophyllaceae Involves Cyclization by a Serine Protease-like Enzyme

Caryophyllaceae-type cyclic peptides (CPs) of 5–12 proteinogenic amino acids occur in 10 plant families. In Saponaria vaccaria (Caryophyllaceae), they have been shown to be formed from linear peptide precursors derived from ribosomal translation. There is also evidence for such precursors in other members of the Caryophyllaceae, Rutaceae, and Linaceae families. The biosynthesis of CP in the developing seeds of S. vaccaria was investigated with respect to the enzymes involved in precursor processing. Through biochemical assays with seed extracts and synthetic peptides, an enzyme named oligopeptidase 1 (OLP1) was found that catalyzes the cleavage of intermediates at the N terminus of the incipient CP. A second enzyme, peptide cyclase 1 (PCY1), which was separated chromatographically from OLP1, was found to act on the product of OLP1, giving rise to a cyclic peptide and concomitant removal of a C-terminal flanking sequence. PCY1 was partially purified, and using the methods of proteomics, a full-length cDNA clone encoding an enzyme matching the properties of PCY1 was obtained. The substrate specificity of purified recombinant PCY1, believed to be the first cloned plant enzyme whose function is peptide cyclization, was tested with synthetic peptides. The results are discussed in the light of CP biosynthetic systems of other organisms.
Third prize: Effect of hydrocortisone on porcine ureteral contractility in vitro.

Background and Purpose: Corticosteroids have been commonly used in medical expulsive therapy for obstructing ureteral calculi. The exact mechanism of action responsible for facilitation of stone expulsion is unknown, but it is attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids inhibit the production of phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2, both of which are involved in prostaglandin synthesis. We sought to determine if hydrocortisone inhibits ureteral contractility directly by assessing its action in an isolated in vitro contractility assay. Methods: Porcine ureters were attached to force displacement transducers and suspended in organ tissue baths containing aerated Krebs buffer. Tissues were equilibrated for 1 hour, and a spontaneous contractility rate was established. After equilibration, tissues were incubated with a 10-fold concentration curve of hydrocortisone (1 nM–10 μM) for 90 minutes, and compared with indomethacin (1 μM) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.1% as pos...
Adsorption studies on ice-nucleating substrates. Hydrophobed silicas and silver iodide

Abstract The properties of solid surfaces required for effective heterogeneous nucleation of ice from the vapor were investigated. Amorphous silicas were modified in various ways and tested in a cloud chamber. The surface properties of these substrates were then determined by gas adsorption techniques. The spatial distribution of the polar adsorption sites on the surface was examined by a steric hindrance method employing isopropanol adsorption. It was found that silicas heat treated in the presence of sodium chloride had satisfactory nucleating ability in the cloud chamber. Furthermore, the polar adsorption sites on these good nucleants were found to cover approximately half the available surface area and were distributed in clusters on a low-energy surface. Adsorption studies of several silver iodide preparations, on the other hand, showed the polar adsorption sites to be related to the impurity content of the substrates, which also yield polar sites in a hydrophobic matrix. A comparison of the nucleating properties of silver iodide preparations and modified silicas in water vapor and in bulk water indicated that good crystallographic match between substrate and ice is of primary importance, especially in bulk nucleation. In the absence of a favorable substrate structure, heterogeneous nucleation from the vapor is largely controlled by the water adsorption properties of the substrate. A partially hydrophilic substrate, which is an effective ice-nucleating agent in water vapor, is less effective in bulk water possibly because the site adsorption and clustering mechanism is rendered inoperative when the surface is covered with water.
A dynamical flux expansion for the three-dimensional bond percolation problem

Abstract A new expansion for treating diffusive transport on bond disordered lattices is presented and applied to the bond percolation problem in 3 dimensions. Our approach, when combined with standard resummation techniques, leads to a prediction for the 3-dimensional transport threshold p c = 0.252, which is in excellent agreement with known results. This agreement is obtained without recourse to renormalization group techniques or self-consistent arguments. It originates from a new t -matrix representation for the frequency-dependent diffusion coefficient and is a direct consequence of the equations of motion for the probability currents.
Evaluating Retrospective Measures in Gerontological Research

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the quality of retrospective assessments of a number of commonly used measures in gerontological and caregiving research. Data were taken from interviews with 242 caregivers participating in a longitudinal study of caregiving. Results indicate moderate to high 1-year retrospective reliability for measures of ADL, obligation to the elder, affection for the elder, and global assessments of the caregiver's health. In contrast, retrospective assessments of objective and subjective burden were found to be of relatively low quality.
Crafting medical history: revisiting the "definitive" account of Franklin D. Roosevelt's terminal illness

While revisionist historians have challenged many standard interpretations of events in the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, one account has remained virtually unscathed: an article about Roosevelt's terminal illness and death written by one of his physicians, Howard G. Bruenn. Yet this article, like all historical documents, was not "objective" but rather a reflection of social and political forces--both from the 1940s, when Roosevelt became ill, and from 1970, when Bruenn's piece was published. This essay argues that Bruenn, the Roosevelt family, and the historian James MacGregor Burns worked together to craft a document that told the story of Roosevelt's decline with a predictable trajectory.
Amelioration of High Cardiac Output and Pulmonary Hypertension by Occlusion of Congenital Porto-Systemic Shunt

A 69-year-old woman was evaluated for progressive dyspnea and pulmonary hypertension. She had World Health Organization class III symptoms, was obese (41 kg/m2 body mass index), and had chronic atrial fibrillation, obstructive sleep apnea, and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Positive findings on physical examination included an elevated jugular venous pressure (14 cm), irregular rhythm, accentuated pulmonic second sound, and lower extremity edema. Blood pressure was 122/60 mm Hg, and heart rate was 68 beats per minute. The distance covered during a 6-minute walk test was 266 m. Transthoracic echocardiogram documented preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, moderate right ventricular enlargement, mild decrease in right ventricular function, and estimated right ventricular systolic pressure of 102 mm Hg, assuming a right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg (Table 1 and online-only Data Supplement Movie I). Severe tricuspid regurgitation and trivial mitral regurgitation were present without other valvular abnormalities. Aortic flow was elevated, and the calculated cardiac index was 4.2 L/min/m2. …
The need for plain English disclosures

We all learned to read and write plain English. And while a nonaccountant may never totally understand accounting, it's time financial disclosures are written in clear, plain English—not jargon. The authors call for an end to “Wall Street Weaselwords.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical Layer Spectrum Usage Authentication in Cognitive Radio: Analysis and Implementation

Motivated by the primary user emulation attack in cognitive radios, this paper develops a physical layer user authentication scheme for wireless systems. The developed scheme consists of two stages: 1) one-way hash function for generating authentication tags and 2) physical layer tag embedding via controlled constellation perturbation. A detailed tradeoff analysis is provided that balances the performance of the user authentication for the secondary user and symbol detection for the primary user. In particular, we show that arbitrarily reliable user authentication can be achieved with an almost negligible performance degradation for the primary user under realistic system settings. Experimental results using the GNU Radio/Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) platform are provided to validate the proposed scheme.
Dynamic mechanical properties of cross‐linked rubbers. V. An approximate analysis of the modulus contributions of trapped and untrapped entanglements

Using the criterion that a coupling entanglement in a polymer network is trapped if all four strands radiating from it terminate in chemical cross-links (an approximation to a more rigorous treatment of Langley), an equation is derived relating the equilibrium modulus to the magnitude of the compliance in the frequency region where all coupling entanglements, whether trapped or not, contribute to the elasticity. The latter value is estimated from the storage compliance at the frequency where the storage compliance of the uncross-linked polymer corresponds to the entanglement compliance derived from integration over the loss compliance. The theory agrees rather well with data on vulcanizates of natural rubber. For 1,4-polybutadiene and styrene–butadiene rubbers, the agreement is somewhat less satisfactory, but the results support the hypothesis that the low-frequency losses observed in lightly cross-linked rubbers are due to relaxation of untrapped entanglements.
High-performance bipolar technology for improved ECL power delay

A new shallow trench process for isolation of bipolar devices is shown to allow butting of the emitter-base junction to the field oxide edge, thereby greatly reducing the overall device size and parasitic capacitances. Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) ring-oscillator measurements demonstrate a significant performance leverage, where a delay of 75 ps is obtained at a power of 1.5 mW per gate (power-delay product of 112 fJ ), an improvement of 17% from the nonbutted case. More conventional nonbutted devices have been fabricated with dopant profiles tailored to reduce intrinsic and extrinsic capacitances. These high-performance designs achieve ECL gate delays as small as 26 ps at 5.3 mW, comparable to the fastest ECL delays reported to date. >
Understanding SUV Variability in Reference Tissue for 18F-FDG PET with a Simple Measurement Model

352 Objectives Myocardial inflammation has emerged as a molecular imaging target due to its role in endogenous infarct healing and involvement in other conditions ie myocarditis and sarcoidosis. For imaging of activated inflammatory cells, myocyte FDG uptake must be suppressed. Ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia achieves this in rodents, but is not translatable to clinics. We tested alternative clinically applicable strategies in the preclinical setting. Methods C57Bl/6 mice (n=28) were randomized to: 1) no intervention standard heparin catheter flush ( Results Low dose heparin did not affect FDG uptake (%ID/g 41±16 vs 30±8, p=NS). Contrary to clinical experience, neither high dose heparin (46±17, p=0.11) nor extended fasting (25±8, p=NS) suppressed myocardial FDG. KX reduced cardiac FDG uptake in healthy mice by 86% (2.4±2.2, p Conclusions Neither heparin nor fasting suppress cardiomyocyte FDG uptake in mice under isoflurane. Whereas isoflurane augments, KX suppresses myocardial FDG uptake and induces hyperglycemia. Injection in awake mice may be an alternative, more physiologic strategy to minimize cardiomyocyte FDG uptake and accelerate whole-body clearance for inflammation imaging.
Protein Phosphorylation as a Mechanism for Osmotic-Stress Activation of Sucrose-Phosphate Synthase in Spinach Leaves

Experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activation by osmotic stress in darkened spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. The activation was stable through immunopurification and was not the result of an increased SPS protein level. The previously described Ca2+, independent peak III kinase, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, is confirmed to be the predominant enzyme catalyzing phosphorylation and inactivation of dephosphoserine-158-SPS. A new, Ca2+-dependent SPS-protein kinase activity (peak IV kinase) was also resolved and shown to phosphorylate and activate phosphoserine-158-SPS in vitro. The peak IV kinase also phosphorylated a synthetic peptide (SP29) based on the amino acid sequence surrounding serine-424, which also contains the motif described for the serine-158 regulatory phosphorylation site; i.e. basic residues at P-3 and P-6 and a hydrophobic residue at P-5. Peak IV kinase had a native molecular weight of approximately 150,000 as shown by gel filtration. The SP29 peptide was not phosphorylated by the inactivating peak III kinase. Osmotically stressed leaves showed increased peak IV kinase activity with the SP29 peptide as a substrate. Tryptic 32P-phosphopeptide analysis of SPS from excised spinach leaves fed [32P]inorganic P showed increased phosphorylation of the tryptic peptide containing serine-424. Therefore, at least part of the osmotic stress activation of SPS in dark leaves results from phosphorylation of serine-424 catalyzed by a Ca2+-dependent, 150-kD protein kinase.
Infective endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria: A review of the literature, 1945–1977

N sharp contrast to the relatively high frequency with which gram-positive cocci are involved in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis, has been the paucity of reports of this disease in which gram-negative bacteria are involved. This difference becomes striking when one considers the high incidence of bacteremia with gram-negative organisms associated with infection or manipulation of the genitourinary and intestinal tracts (areas in which these species are numerous) and is especially notable because these involve primarily older individuals, many of whom have underlying atherosclerotic or valvular disease, but very few of whom develop endocardial infection. The rarity of endocarditis complicating typhoid fever, in which bacteremia is present in all patients, or salmonella gastroenteritis, during which invasion of the blood stream is not uncommon in the young and elderly, emphasizes this point. Although there has been a recent increase in the incidence of endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria in individuals addicted to the intravenous use of drugs and in those with cardiac prostheses, this remains a relatively uncommon type of disease. Because a thorough search of the medical literature failed to disclose an extensive and detailed review of the problem of endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria, it was decided to collect as many papers as possible describing this type of disease that have been published in English between 1945 and 1977 and to analyze the microbiologic, pathologic, and clinical features of the reported cases. In addition, more recently recorded experiences permitted a review of the effectiveness of various therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic maneuvers. Finally. an attempt has been made to define some characteristics of this kind of endocarditis that might distinguish it from the more common form in which gram-positive cocci are involved.
Effect of preannealing on the level of second-harmonic generation and defect sites achieved in poled low-water fused silica

The level of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in poled low-water fused silica was altered by preannealing in aqueous and dry-nitrogen atmospheres. The effect of water and heat was found to depend on the lot from which the material originated. The effect on the SHG of either a wet or a dry preanneal was sometimes found to be reversible by the opposite preannealing process. For both wet and dry preannealed samples the SHG was found to have both near-surface (<25-μm) and bulk (≈1.5-mm) components. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data revealed the presence of Si and Ge E′ defect sites and showed that the relative concentrations of these sites was altered by the preannealing processes. EPR and SHG data provided evidence for a second-order bond effect along with a third-order hole-filling effect as sources of the nonlinearity.
A unified index of sequence quality and contig overlap for DNA barcoding

Summary: Barcode quality index (B) is a novel, unified measure of sequence quality and contig overlap tailored to the needs of DNA barcoding. Re-analysis of published data demonstrates the utility of B. Availability and Implementation: A GPL PERL script is available for download ( http://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/dlittle/B.html). Contact: dlittle@nybg.org
Surface morphology of spin-coated molecularly imprinted polymer films

The surface morphology of thin molecularly imprinted polymer films has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The films were produced by spin coating onto glass substrates and examined as a function of host polymer, imprinting template, casting solvent, spin-coater rotation speed and post-production treatment. It was observed that the gross features of such films are template controlled. The fine structure is determined by parameters such as solvent, spin speed or subsequent treatment. The relationship between these observations, polymer–template interactions and the mechanism of film formation in spin coating is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatal hemorrhage secondary to ulcerated epiphrenic pseudodiverticulum

Abstract A 47-year-old man was found unconscious after experiencing severe hematemesis. He had a history of alcohol abuse, hepatic cirrhosis, and previous episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding. Imaging studies indicated that the left gastric artery was the probable source of bleeding. A severe coagulopathy was also noted clinically. Angiographic embolization of the left gastric artery failed to staunch bleeding, and the patient died shortly after admission. Autopsy demonstrated a large, ulcerated epiphrenic esophageal pseudodiverticulum, the base of which was in close proximity to an esophageal branch of the left gastric artery. Cystic dilatation of adjacent esophageal submucosal glands was also seen. Gelatin embolic material, without associated thrombus formation, was found within the left gastric artery. Esophageal pseudodiverticulosis is an uncommon disorder that may be associated with dysphagia, stricture, and odynophagia. Bleeding and perforation are very rare complications. This case may be the firs...
Movement of German Cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) as Influenced by Structural Features of Low-Income Apartments

Movements of adult Blattella germanica (L.) populations were significantly influenced by structural features of low-income apartments. Plumbing connections between adjacent apartments enhanced movement. Mark-recapture studies showed that 75% of the immigrants into a given apartment were from adjacent apartments with common plumbing. Applications of chlorpyrifos + dichlorvos at the termination of the study indicated that not all insecticides. even though containing flushing agents, increase inter apartment movement. Results suggest structural modification as a means to deter movement. The degree and frequency of movement suggests that management programs be aimed at entire structures as opposed to localized areas within buildings.
Environmental Constraints on Anabaena N2- And CO2-Fixation: Effects of Hyperoxia and Phosphate Depletion on Blooms and Chemostat Cultures

Two important physiological constraints on N2- and CO2- fixation are O2 supersaturation and PO4 depletion. During a 4-month summer bloom of Anabaena spiroides in Thompson Lake, Ontario, dissolved inorganic carbon supply did not appear to restrict growth. Despite the presumed protection against O2 afforded by heterocysts, A. spiroides sampled early in the day showed marked inhibitation of N2-fixation when the O2 concentration was raised to afternoon levels (150–200% saturation). Hyperoxia also severely inhibited CO2-fixation. In hyperoxic culture experiments with Anabaena oscillarioides N2-fixation recovered within 2–3 hours when light and phosphate were supplied, while CO2-fixation remained about 50% inhibited. In the lake, prolonged inhibition of CO2-fixation was also evident; the ratio of CO2 fixed to N2 fixed decreased as the bloom progressed. Comparative biochemical data from phosphate-limited chemostats and from lake samples indicated that A. spiroides lake populations were phosphorus- limited and 32P-PO4 turnover data confirmed a high phosphate demand. An intense competition for phosphate between Anabaena and the smaller cells in the lake was demonstrated by data from differential filtration and autoradiography experiments. The hypothesis that Anabaena depends upon events which allow rapid “bulk” uptake of large amounts of nutrients is considered in relation to phosphate bioavailability. Reducing the potential availability of phosphate by hypolimnetic aeration is a possible ecological lake-management strategy.
Harriet Beecher Stowe and Florida Tourism

Before Cinderella’s Castle, there was Mrs. Stowe’s Cottage. A hundred years before Disney World, Duval County boasted one of nineteenth-century Florida’s premier tourist attractions, conveniently located on a bluff above the St. Johns River. In the 1870s and 1880s, punters paid 75 cents to board the Mary Draper or some other steamer out of Jacksonville, ‘guaranteeing’ them a good gander at her orange groves and a glimpse of America’s most famous writer in her chair under the great oak tree which had been built into their veranda, reading or composing or perhaps watching the great blue herons wading in the shallows. Less orderly visitors — often New England fans of Uncle Tom’s Cabin — would invade her gardens and groves and, as Harriet Beecher Stowe’s son tells it, ‘pick flowers, peer into the house through the windows and doors, and act with that disregard of all the proprieties of life which characterises ill-bred people when on a journey’.1
Activation of CS2 by a "masked" terminal nickel sulfide.

The “masked” terminal nickel sulfide complexes [K(L)][(LtBu)NiII(S)] (LtBu = {(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(tBu)}2CH, L = 18-crown-6, 2,2,2-cryptand) activate CS2 to give the trithiocarbonate products [(LtBu)NiII(S,S:κ2-CS3)]− or [(S,S:κ2-CS3)NiII{S,S:κ2-CS2(LtBu)}]−, further confirming the nucleophilicity of the sulfide (S2−) ligand in these complexes.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the marine organisms Lendenfeldia dendyi and Sinularia dura with anti-MRSa activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the marine sponge Lendenfeldia dendyi and the soft coral Sinularia dura resulted in the isolation of five polybrominated diphenyl ethers (1–5). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR) and HRMS analyses. The absolute structures of compounds 1 and 2 were confirmed by X-ray analysis. Antimicrobial testing of the isolated compounds along with the acetylated derivative of compound 2 (2a) indicated that they displayed a significant and selective activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSa) with IC50 values of <0.04–1.18 µM. The antimalarial and antileishmanial activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.
Mapping Cloned DNA on Metaphase Chromosomes Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization

Publisher Summary Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) provides a quick means of placing almost any recombinant DNA clone onto a physical map. The shift to large-insert, single-copy plasmids such as PACs and BACs has substantially reduced the problem of clone chimerism. However, large-scale genome sequencing projects are revealing significant levels of regional homology that can confound mapping analyses at all levels. Whole clone DNA preparations are usually the best material for nick translation. Bacterial clone DNA isolated by standard alkaline lyses should be satisfactory. Different grades of DNase I have different levels of activity. New working solutions should be titrated to determine the best incubation time. Ethanol precipitation enables the labeled probe to be concentrated so that it can be used without further precipitation prior to hybridization. This ensures more consistent results from one experiment to another. Large insert clones can be mapped efficiently using direct labeling with fluorochrome-conjugated dUTPs.
Newborn Hearing Screening Making a Difference

Newborn hearing screening has become the standard of care in the United States, with over 98% of infants born screened for hearing loss. Appropriate and timely follow-up is critical when an infant does not pass the screening. While there remains room for improvement, newborn hearing screening is making a difference.
New Atomic-Scale Insight into Self-Regeneration of Pt-CaTiO3 Catalysts: Incipient Redox-Induced Structures Revealed by a Small-Angle Tilting STEM Technique

A small-angle tilting technique, applied to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), was used together with multislice image simulation to reveal new atomic-scale information about the structural evolution of single-crystalline Pt-doped CaTiO3 thin films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, that occurs in response to reduction and reoxidation treatments. Specifically, we were able to confirm that Pt atoms are randomly dispersed throughout the as-grown film, most often occupying Ti sites, show that the smallest (∼1 nm) Pt-rich clusters embedded within CaTiO3 after reduction have a structure consistent with metallic Pt, and demonstrate that the Pt atoms from these clusters occupy mainly Ca sites, in the form of ordered Pt-atom arrays, after reoxidation.
Parenting during Ferguson: making sense of white parents’ silence

This paper examines what white, middle-class parents report saying to their children about racial tension and racial protest when events like Michael Brown’s death and the Ferguson protests are the...
Endovascular or Open Treatment of Aortic Coarctation (Typical and Atypical)

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital narrowing of any region from the distal aortic arch to the abdominal aortic bifurcation. Stents and endoluminal grafts have become a mainstay for treating adult aortic pathologies. Preoperative planning using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and intravascular ultrasonography is critical in determining the suitability of the lesion for endovascular intervention, and for successful performance of the procedure itself. Endovascular treatment is most often used in adults with CoA that has recurred years after open surgical repair. While covered stents or endoluminal grafts may be useful in treating CoAs, we usually reserve them for treating iatrogenic dissections or a concomitant pathology. Overall, the endovascular stent procedure is associated with low morbidity and mortality rates and is an excellent treatment for CoA.
Antibiotic use for the treatment of upper respiratory infections in a diverse community.

Background Previous studies have not addressed whether cultural factors influence beliefs and practices related to the treatment of upper respiratory infections (URIs). The purpose of our project was to assess beliefs, care-seeking behavior, use of antibiotics, and means of obtaining antibiotics for the treatment of URIs among different ethnic groups in an urban community. Methods A total of 192 adults completed a self-administered questionnaire indicating their likelihood of seeking care, the perceived effectiveness of treatment methods, and their usual use of treatment regimens for 2 scenarios consistent with uncomplicated URIs. Respondents were also asked about their use of antibiotics not prescribed by a physician for a URI. Results A majority of subjects reported a belief in the effectiveness of antibiotics for URIs and indicated they are likely to seek care for URIs. Many (26%) had obtained antibiotics from sources other than a physician's prescription (e.g., directly from pharmacists or a supplier outside the United States). Many (31%) believed that antibiotics should be available over the counter. Individuals who reported using antibiotics for a URI were more likely than those who did not to obtain them without a prescription (35% vs. 11%, P = .001). Subjects with a cultural background from countries where antibiotics are available over the counter are more likely to use antibiotics not prescribed by a physician than those from countries with variably enforced regulations or the United States (40%, 30%, and 20%, respectively, P = .049). Conclusions Members of an ethnically diverse community believe antibiotics are effective for colds, are very likely to seek care for colds, and often obtain antibiotics without a prescription. The ease of antibiotic access worldwide may influence their use in some communities in the United States.
MAGMA GENERATION IN SUBDUCTION ZONES

There are two general classes of models for magma generation in subduction zones; melting of the subducted slab, or magma derivation from the asthenosphere wedge overlying the subducted slab. Lack of knowledge of the thermal structure of island arc regions has hindered our understanding. By comparing laboratory results with seismic and heat flow observations in island arc regions we determine that temperatures are generally below the solidus.
AVIATION METEOROLOGY | Aircraft Icing

Aircraft icing is described in terms of its effect on an airplane, its physical characteristics, associated meteorology, and means to detect and diagnose the icing environment. Diagnosing and forecasting icing require understanding of the physical processes governing icing products, recognizing how these processes relate to observable phenomena, and combining information from as many sources as possible to accurately depict relevant characteristics of the icing environment.
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Electrophysiologic characteristics, therapeutic interventions, and specific reference to anatomic boundary of the reentrant circuit.

Electrophysiologic, electrocardiographic, and clinical aspects of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia are reviewed in this article. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, including transcatheter ablation are discussed. Several controversial issues regarding the atrial participation in the reentrant circuit are also addressed.
Analysis of EEG Using Multilayer Neural Network with Multi-Valued Neurons

There is a wealth of analysis techniques that can be used in analyzing data of such a nature as EEG (Electroencephalogram), yet there are still many more ways and possibilities of analysis techniques to consider in order to produce a method that far exceeds the capabilities of the prevalent method. Since a multilayer neural network with multi-valued neurons (MLMVN) was successfully used earlier to decode EEG signals in a brain/computer interface (BCI) by analysis of their Fourier transform, it seemed very attractive to use it as a tool for EEG analysis. This work aims to further investigate how a complex-valued machine learning tool can be used to analyze EEG in the frequency domain. Our goal was to check how Fourier transform and complex wavelet transform of EEG can be analyzed using MLMVN in order to diagnose epilepsy, its remission or absence. We worked with a commonly used benchmark data set of epilepsy-related EEGs. The analysis of the transformed data was performed to determine a set of relevant statistical characteristics of DTCWT and Fourier transform components, which were then used as inputs of the MLMVN. The obtained results show a very high efficiency of the proposed approach.
Radiation defect dynamics in solids studied by pulsed ion beams

Abstract The buildup of radiation damage is often a dynamic phenomenon proceeding via migration and interaction of point defects ballistically generated in collision cascades. Here, we describe how the dynamic aspects of damage formation via inter-cascade defect interaction can be studied by pulsed ion beam bombardment. We illustrate the pulsed beam method by an example for Si bombarded at 100 °C with 1.35 MeV Xe ions and compare with previously reported data for 0.5 MeV Xe ion irradiation. Results reveal that the time constant of defect relaxation strongly depends on both ion energy and the depth from the sample surface. This observation cannot be entirely explained as an effect of the collision cascade density on defect interaction dynamics, based on depth dependencies of cascade densities calculated with a recently developed model that accounts for the fractal nature of cascades. There results call for future systematic studies to better understand ion energy and cascade density effects on defect relaxation dynamics in Si.
Statins and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease: Reaffirmation vs. Repudiation

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden is several-fold higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although statins have been shown to provide significant CVD benefits in both the general population and patients with CKD, this has not translated into survival advantage in patients with advanced CKD or on dialysis. It has been reported that CVD risk continues to escalate as CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); however, the CVD risk reduction by statins appears to decline as patients’ progress from the early to later stages of CKD. Statins have also been associated with a higher incidence of stroke in ESKD patients. Thus, the CVD benefits of statins in ESKD remain questionable.
A Selective, Protein-Based Fluorescent Sensor with Picomolar Affinity for Rare Earth Elements

Sensitive yet rapid methods for detection of rare earth elements (REEs), including lanthanides (Lns), would facilitate mining and recycling of these elements. Here we report a highly selective, genetically encoded fluorescent sensor for Lns, LaMP1, based on the recently characterized protein, lanmodulin. LaMP1 displays a 7-fold ratiometric response to all LnIIIs, with apparent Kds of 10-50 pM but only weak response to other common divalent and trivalent metal ions. We use LaMP1 to demonstrate for the first time that a Ln-utilizing bacterium, Methylobacterium extorquens, selectively transports early Lns (LaIII-NdIII) into its cytosol, a surprising observation as the only Ln-proteins identified to date are periplasmic. Finally, we apply LaMP1 to suggest the existence of a LnIII uptake system utilizing a secreted metal chelator, akin to siderophore-mediated FeIII acquisition. LaMP1 not only sheds light on Ln biology but also may be a useful technology for detecting and quantifying REEs in environmental and industrial samples.