cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Frequency Audio Signal Communication as a Mechanism for Neurophysiology and Video Data Synchronization

Abstract Background Current methods for aligning neurophysiology and video data are either prepackaged, requiring the additional purchase of a software suite, or use a blinking LED with a stationary pulse-width and frequency. These methods lack significant user interface for adaptation, are expensive, or risk a misalignment of the two data streams. New method A cost-effective means to obtain high-precision alignment of behavioral and neurophysiological data is obtained by generating an audio-pulse embedded with two domains of information, a low-frequency binary-counting signal and a high, randomly changing frequency. This enabled the derivation of temporal information while maintaining enough entropy in the system for algorithmic alignment. Results The sample to frame index constructed using the audio input correlation method described in this paper enables video and data acquisition to be aligned at a sub-frame level of precision. Comparisons with existing method Traditionally, a synchrony pulse is recorded on-screen via a flashing diode. The higher sampling rate of the audio input of the camcorder enables the timing of an event to be detected with greater precision. Conclusions While on-line analysis and synchronization using specialized equipment may be the ideal situation in some cases, the method presented in the current paper presents a viable, low cost alternative, and gives the flexibility to interface with custom off-line analysis tools. Moreover, the ease of constructing and implements this set-up presented in the current paper makes it applicable to a wide variety of applications that require video recording.
Efficient massively parallel Euler solver for two-dimensional unstructured grids

We describe a data parallel mesh-vertex upwind finite-volume scheme for solving the Euler equations on triangular unstructured meshes. A novel vertex-based partitioning of the problem is introduced that minimizes the computation and communication costs associated with distributing the computation to the processors of a massively parallel computer. Finally, we compare the performance of this unstructured computation on 8K processors of the Connection Machine CM-2 with one processor of a Cray-YMP
Effect of autumn‐olive on the mineral composition of black walnut leaves

Abstract Nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in walnut leaves from trees planted with autumn‐olive than in leaves from walnut planted alone, while the reverse was true for potassium. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium based on leaf weight was higher in leaves from walnut trees mixed with autumn‐olive than in leaves from walnut planted alone. The differences in nutrient content between the mixture and walnut alone increased over the sampling period as leaf weights increased proportionately more in the mixture. The increased mobilization of minerals into the leaf is attributed to the increased availability of nitrogen fixed by autumn‐olive and the subsequent uptake by walnut in the mixture. The better nutrition of trees in the mixture compared to walnut planted alone has resulted in better growth and a longer growth period.
Core holes in chemisorbed atoms

The self-consistent atom-jellium model developed previously for the study of atomic chemisorption on simple metals is used here to study extra-atomic shifts in core-electron binding energies. Within a single internally consistent model, we calculate both the relaxation shift and chemical shifts due to charge transfer, atomic compression, the surface dipole layer, and metal-adatom bonding. We also study in detail the accuracy of purely atomic and purely metallic approximations to relaxation in the combined metal-adatom system.
Community invasion by complex life cycles

A complex life cycle (CLC) is one in which a sharp ontogenetic change occurs that permits the organism to exist in two different habitats or ecological niches. A simulation model based on life table calculations was used to describe the ecological conditions under which a CLC can increase when rare in the presence of one and two competitors having simple life cycles (SLCs). The model simulated the population dynamics of three species, each having four age classes, with density-dependent mortality in the juvenile stages and density-dependent fecundity in the adult stages. Adult CLCs live in one habitat and compete with one of the SLCs; juvenile CLCs live in a second habitat and compete with the other SLC. The quality of both habitats varies randomly and independently. Habitat quality influences population dynamics by altering the survivorship and fecundity of the age classes in the habitat. Simulations examined the population responses as a function of life table parameters. The effects of the life table parameters on the timing of population regulation were quantified by Istock's (1967) e. The simulations showed that: (1) single CLC populations have higher carrying capacities than single SLCs, (2) the equilibria of single CLC populations depend on e and on whether e is varied by altering the effects of density on mortality or fecundity, (3) CLCs can always invade and dominate a community composed of a single SLC regardless of e or environmental stochasticity, (4) in the absence of immigration, CLCs can only infrequently invade communities composed of two SLCs initially at equilibrium and (5) when immigration occurs, CLCs can readily invade and dominate communities of two resident SLCs, but invasion depends on e and on the variance of environmental quality.
Some studies on the etiology of inguinal hernia

Classic descriptions of the pathophysiology of inguinal hernia do not account for the initial appearance of an indirect hernia after the age of forty. Moreover, structural abnormalities alone do not adequately explain repeated recurrence of inguinal hernia after physical strength has been restored by surgical procedures. Thus, some indirect inguinal hernias may be the result of factors other than the presence of a congenital abnormality such as patent tunica vaginalis, and some repeatedly recurrent direct hernias may be the result of factors other than excess strain or intra-abdomiha| pressure. The notion that factors other than the presence of a congenital patent peritoneal sac are responsible for some indirect inguinal hernias is supported by the observation that some indirect hernias do not appear until relatively late in life. In addition, analysis of autopsy and surgical statistical data suggests that as many as 20 per cent of males have a patent sac that persists well into adult years without the appearance of a typical inguinal hernia [I-6], We have reasoned that an.apparent deficiency of collagenous tissue in the transversalis fascia of elderly men with direct hernias may offer a clue to the missing factor in the development of indirect hernia relatively late in life. If decreased collagen synthesis or increased collagen degradation is a fundamental process in the development of inguinal hernia late in life, the presence or absence of a patent peritoneal sac would be of little importance except in determining the side of
The isospin forbidden 1− → 0+ transition in 40Ca

Abstract The isospin forbidden transition 1− (6.95 MeV) → 0+ (g.s.) in 40Ca is explained within a model that mixes isospin through single-particle energy differences and the two-body Coulomb interaction. There is no need to introduce an isospin non-conserving part of the nucleon-nucleon interaction to explain this anomalously fast transition.
Autonomic dysfunction: a driving force for myocardial fibrosis in young Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients?

Cardiac manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) include progressive cardiac dysfunction and an elevated resting heart rate (HR). We hypothesized this elevated HR reflects autonomic dysfunction that can be identified by heart rate variability (HRV) analyses which will be associated with myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMR). DMD patients (N = 74) and controls (N = 17) had time and frequency domain HRV analyses calculated via Holter monitoring. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed on DMD cases only. χ 2 test, T test, ANOVA, and logistic regression were used to perform comparisons between groups. A p value of 50 ms from previous RR interval, the root-meansquare of successive differences of RR intervals, the standard deviation of the mean R to R segment (SDANN), low frequency, and high frequency domain, all p values 0.001. Maximum HR and SDANN most significantly associated with positive LGE on cMR (p = 0.008, p = 0.016). DMD cases on beta blocker had an average HR lower than those not on beta blocker (p = 0.009), but with no difference in HRV analysis. DMD patients have reduced HRV and therefore autonomic dysfunction prior to the onset of heart failure which is associated with myocardial fibrosis.
PROTECT YOUR URBAN FOREST FROM WIND DAMAGE: OPERATION TORNADO ReLEAF

Inclement weather, often accompanied by high velocity winds and devastating tornadoes, has challenged the people of Northern Illinois ever since early 19th Century pioneers began to farm the tall g...
Is tolerance to intrathecal morphine in intact rats supraspinally mediated

The effect of repeated intrathecal (IT) injections of 5 micrograms of morphine on the tail flick (TF) was determined in rats that were tested either 0.5 h or 5.0 h after administration on each of five successive days. Tolerance developed rapidly in animals tested 5.0 h after each injection. Animals tested 0.5 h after each injection did not become tolerant. Animals that were tested 5.0 h after an intrathecal saline injection on the first four days were also tolerant to a 5 micrograms dose of morphine on the fifth day. These data are discussed in the context of previous conflicting reports concerning tolerance to intrathecal morphine. It is suggested that, under certain conditions, tolerance to intermittent intrathecal morphine administration may be due to a supraspinal opiate action.
Cost comparison for laparoscopic nephrectomy and open nephrectomy: analysis of individual parameters.

Objectives. To identify the cost components of laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) that could be targeted to reduce the cost of the procedure. LN is typically more costly than open nephrectomy (ON) because of longer operative times and the use of disposable equipment. Methods. We compared the overall cost and individual cost centers for uncomplicated LN (n = 11) and ON (n = 8) at a large metropolitan county hospital. A model was created using the DATA program (TreeAge software, version 3.5) to compare the costs of treatment with either ON or LN. We conducted a series of one-way sensitivity analyses to evaluate the effect of varying individual probabilities and costs. Two-way sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the costs of ON and LN while varying the hospital length of stay, operative time, and cost of laparoscopic equipment. Results. LN was less costly overall than ON by $1211 (P = 0.037), despite significant differences favoring ON in overall operating room costs and operating room supply costs. The cost superiority of LN was a consequence of statistically significant differences in the cost of hospitalization, including room and board, that favored the laparoscopic group. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that LN was less costly if (a) the operative time of LN was less than 281 minutes; (b) the length of hospitalization after LN was less than 5.8 days; (c) the operating room costs for LN were less than $3439; (d) the laparoscopic equipment costs were less than $2129; (e) the ON time exceeded 78 minutes; (f) the length of hospitalization for ON was more than 3.6 days; or (g) the operating room costs for ON were greater than $1333. Conclusions. The sensitivity analyses enable individual surgeons and institutions to determine the cost impact of ON and LN, given their unique clinical scenarios. At our institution, key cost centers in determining cost effectiveness include length of operating time, hospitalization, and cost of laparoscopic instrumentation for ON and LN. LN is cost effective compared with ON if short operating times and brief length of stays are achieved.
Imaging of sports injuries of theankle and foot

Abstract The foot and ankle are frequently injured during sporting events. In many cases, the diagnosis is apparentbased on the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs. In other cases, the presentation may be confusing or nonspecific. In these cases, special imaging modalities may be useful to determine or confirm the diagnosis. This article will show examples of sports injuries for which special-imaging modalities may be particularly useful in determining the correct diagnosis, such as ligament and tendon injuries, normal variants, tarsal tunnel syndrome, occult fractures, and stress fractures.
An Experimental Evaluation of a Rule-Based Approach to Manufacturing Supplier Discovery in Distributed Environments

Manufacturing supplier discovery in virtual environments is a computationally intensive task. Existing electronic marketplaces for manufacturing services, due to their syntactic and human-oriented approach in search, fail to build accurate connection between seller and buyers. Automation and intelligence are the two key requirements of web-based solution for efficient deployment of virtual supply chains. It was previously shown that an ontological approach, because of its semantic nature, yields more precise results compared to traditional techniques such as keyword search. While the proposed ontology, known as Manufacturing Service Description Language (MSDL), can sufficiently encode structural knowledge in the manufacturing domain, it doesn’t have the required level of expressivity for representing constraint knowledge. This paper introduces an extension to MSDL for formal representation of constraints and rules based on Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). To identify the rules and to evaluate the performance of the rule-based technique, an experimental approach is followed in this research.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The other part of the elephant. Mental disorder screening in primary health care settings and physical disorder screening in psychiatric settings.

What you see depends on where you are and what you are looking for. The separation of the mental health and general health care delivery systems in the United States has led the caregivers in each to overlook the possibility that their patients can have either or both mental and physical disorders. The Koran and Cleary papers discuss the use of screening measures to help medical and mental health caregivers recognize the "part of the elephant" they usually ignore.
Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate

This work involves research on the use of fly ash to mitigate alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) that comes from concrete with a known ASR history. Modified ASTM C 1260 and C 1567 with different aggregate grading showed that a 25% cement substitution with a Class F fly ash controlled the expansion under 0.10% at 28 days. RCA from I-95 near Gardiner, Maine, was selected for this study. The RCA, coarse aggregate recovered from the RCA, and currently produced aggregate from the same source as the RCA were evaluated in the laboratory. The conventional ASTM C 1260/1567 14-day expansion results correlated well with ASTM C 1293 1-year criteria. The ASR-modified ASTM C 1260/1567 28-day expansion results also correlated well with ASTM C 1293 2-year failure criteria. Pore solution and thermal gravimetric analysis revealed both calcium hydroxide and alkalis are reduced by fly ash substitution. Calcium depletion alone is a sufficient condition for ASR arrest, but the ...
Genetics of Cutaneous Melanoma and Nevi

To provide a state-of-the-art summary of currently available data about the genetics of cutaneous melanoma and nevi, we reviewed the pertinent literature and outlined the important findings on genetic analyses. Although the first English-language report of melanoma in 1820 contained a description of a melanoma-prone family, seminal studies by investigators at the National Cancer Institute and the University of Pennsylvania identified dysplastic nevi (ON) as an important melanoma precursor, suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for both melanoma and DN, and proposed that a melanoma-susceptibility gene (CMMl) was located on chromosome Ip36. This gene assignment has not yet been confirmed by independent investigators. A second melanoma gene, designated CMM2, has been mapped to chromosome 9p21. This gene assignment has been confirmed independently, and the cell cycle regulator p16INK4α has been proposed as a candidate gene; germline mutations in this gene have been identified in about half of melanoma-prone families. Germline mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase gene CDK4 (chromosome 12q14) have recently been described in two melanoma kindreds; this finding likely represents a third melanoma gene. A heritable determinant for total nevus number has been suggested, as has the presence of a major gene responsible for total nevus density in melanoma-prone families. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for DN has been proposed, and evidence suggests that DN may be a pleiotropic manifestation of the Ip36 familial melanoma gene. Several studies have shown a surprisingly high prevalence of DN on the skin of family members of probands with DN. In light of the extensive evidence documenting that persons with DN (both sporadic and familial) have an increased prospective risk for melanoma, these family studies suggest that relatives of persons with DN should be examined for ON and for melanoma. Overall, genetic determinants have a major role in the pathogenesis of normal nevi, DN, and melanoma. Elucidating the molecular basis of these genetic events promises to enhance melanoma risk reduction strategies and thereby reduce melanoma associated mortality.
Smart tensegrity structure for NESTOR

With the properties of prestressability, deployability and simplicity of member connections, tensegrity structures can have wide applications. This paper presents an application of tensegrity structures to the NESTOR project. This paper presents a description of the geometry description and the static analysis algorithm. A deployment sequence is also presented.
Sequences and Evolution of Human and Squirrel Monkey Blue Opsin Genes

The sequences of the entire blue opsin gene in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) and the five introns of the human blue opsin gene were obtained. Intron 3 of these genes contains an Alu sequence and intron 4 contains a partial mer13 sequence. A comparison of the squirrel monkey opsin sequence with published mammalian opsin sequences shows that features believed to be functionally critical are all conserved. However, the blue opsin has evolved twice as fast as rhodopsin and is only as conservative as the β globin, which has evolved at the average rate of mammalian proteins. Interestingly, the interhelical loops are, on average, actually more conservative than the transmembrane α helical regions. The introns of the blue opsin gene have evolved at the average rate of introns in primate genes.
Impact of densitized lapse slicings on evolutions of a wobbling black hole

We present long-term stable and second-order convergent evolutions of an excised wobbling black hole. Our results clearly demonstrate that the use of a densitized lapse function extends the lifetime of simulations dramatically. We also show the improvement in the stability of single static black holes when an algebraic densitized lapse condition is applied. In addition, we introduce a computationally inexpensive approach for tracking the location of the singularity suitable for mildly distorted black holes. The method is based on investigating the fall-off behavior and asymmetry of appropriate grid variables. This simple tracking method allows one to adjust the location of the excision region to follow the coordinate motion of the singularity.
Increased EMMPRIN (CD 147) expression during oral carcinogenesis

Gene expression profiling of oral premalignant (OPM) cells and normal oral epithelial (NOR) cells showed that EMMPRIN expression was markedly upregulated in OPM cells compared to NOR cells. We used an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression model composed of cell lines, organotypic cultures and tissue specimens to characterize EMMPRIN expression patterns by microarray analysis, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. EMMPRIN levels are elevated in OPM and primary and metastatic OSCC cells as compared to NOR. EMMPRIN was detected as high and low glycosylated forms in the OPM and OSCC cellular extracts and was released in the media by OSCC cells but not by OPM cells. EMMPRIN expression in an organotypic culture model of normal and OPM mucosae mirrored the expression patterns in the respective tissues in vivo. EMMPRIN expression was limited to basal cells of normal, benign hyperkeratotic and inflammatory (lichen planus) oral mucosa. EMMPRIN expression is increased in dysplastic leukoplakias spreading to more superficial layers, and its expression levels correlated significantly with the degree of dysplasia. Primary and metastatic OSCC showed strong cell surface expression of EMMPRIN. These results suggest that EMMPRIN overexpression occurs at a very early stage of oral carcinogenesis and plays a contributing role in OSCC tumorigenesis.
The wide bladder neck and posterior urethra in childhood.

Involvement of anomalies of the bladder and urethra in recurrent urinary tract infections and micturition disorders in children are examined in the light of published evidence and of the authors' own observations. The data of 300 children followed up for a wide bladder neck and posterior urethra at the Nephrology Clinic of Heim Pal Children's Hospital, Budapest, are reviewed. The dilatation in question is regarded as functional, attributable to a congenital neurogenic or myogenic defect. For the management and prevention of the recurrent ascending infections long-term urinary disinfection and meticulous toilet of the external meatus are recommended. The symptoms are expected to subside spontaneously at the age of menarche. The importance of a close nephrologic follow-up is emphasized.
Surgical outcome of abdominal sacrocolpopexy with synthetic mesh versus abdominal sacrocolpopexy with cadaveric fascia lata

Nineteen women who had an abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) with synthetic mesh and 18 women who had an ASC with freeze-dried, irradiated cadaveric fascia lata returned for blinded pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) examinations. The mean relative vaginal descent (delta) from perfect total vaginal length in the mesh group was 1.1 (0.3) cm, and the delta in the fascia group was 2.8 (0.8) cm (p=0.02, Mann–Whitney U). The proportion of women with “optimal” surgical outcome in the mesh group was 89% and 61% in the fascia group (p=0.06, Fischer’s exact test). This study suggests that cadaveric fascia lata may not be a good choice for ASC.
On the relationship between human brain functions and the foundations of physics, science, and technology

The objective of this paper is to discuss the relationship between the functional properties and information-processing modes of the human brain and the evolution of scientific thought. Science has emerged as a tool to carry out predictive operations that exceed the accuracy, temporal scale, and intrinsic operational limitations of the human brain. Yet the scientific method unavoidably reflects some fundamental characteristics of the information-acquisition and -analysis modes of the brain, which impose a priori boundary conditions upon how science can develop and how the physical universe can be “understood.” A brief description of physical and biological interactions is given, with emphasis on the defining role played by the concept of information. Current views on the information-processing and information-generating mechanisms of the human brain are briefly reviewed. It is shown how some particular features of superstition, natural philosophy, physical thought, and intuition can be linked to certain characteristic information-processing modes of the brain. A discussion is given of how greatly expanded knowledge of brain functions might affect the future of science and technology.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Self-Reaction of Phenyl Radicals

A combination of experiment and theory is applied to the self-reaction kinetics of phenyl radicals. The dissociation of phenyl iodide is observed with both time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOF-MS, and laser schlieren, LS, diagnostics coupled to a diaphragmless shock tube for temperatures ranging from 1276 to 1853 K. The LS experiments were performed at pressures of 22 +/- 2, 54 +/- 7, and 122 +/- 6 Torr, and the TOF-MS experiments were performed at pressures in the range 500-700 Torr. These observations are sensitive to both the dissociation of phenyl iodide and to the subsequent self-reaction of the phenyl radicals. The experimental observations indicate that both these reactions are more complicated than previously assumed. The phenyl iodide dissociation yields approximately 6% C(6)H(4) + HI in addition to the major and commonly assumed C(6)H(5) + I channel. The self-reaction of phenyl radicals does not proceed solely by recombination, but also through disproportionation to benzene + o-/m-/p-benzynes, with comparable rate coefficients for both. The various channels in the self-reaction of phenyl radicals are studied with ab initio transition state theory based master equation calculations. These calculations elucidate the complex nature of the C(6)H(5) self-reaction and are consistent with the experimental observations. The theoretical predictions are used as a guide in the development of a model for the phenyl iodide pyrolysis that accurately reproduces the observed laser schlieren profiles over the full range of the observations.
Prevention criteria of electrostatic ignition by a charged cloud in grounded tanks

Abstract In this paper, we present the criteria of space charge density and wall electric field required to prevent incendive discharges between a grounded protrusion and a charged cloud in cylindrical tanks grounded of up to ≈1.5 × 10 5 m 3 in volume obtained by numerical investigations with wide ranges in the dimensions of the protrusions and tanks. To obtain such criteria, the thresholds of the charge densities of uniformly charged clouds for initiating a discharge at the tip of protrusions are numerically obtained. Furthermore, the transferred charges and energies of the discharges are estimated to investigate their incendivity. For evaluating the risk with a field measurement, the criterion of the electric fields at the side wall of the tanks for avoiding incendive discharges is also obtained.
Observation of photon echoes using a nitrogen laser pumped dye laser

Abstract Photon echoes have been observed using a nitrogen laser pumped dye laser as the excitation source. The echo was obtained in the 3 H 4 → 3 P 0 transition in Pr 3+ :LaF 3 . The dependence of echoes on magnetic field and temperature was measured.
Solvent-induced ototoxicity in rats: An atypical selective mid-frequency hearing deficit

Abstract Most previous reports of ototoxicity following exposure to several volatile organic solvents have restricted testing to the low-and mid-frequencies (2–20 kHz) of the hearing range in the rat (0.25–80 kHz). We report here that inhalation exposure to styrenc, mixed xylene, toluene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethylene resulted in hearing dysfunction only in the mid-frequency range and spared function at lower and higher frequencies. Adult male Long Evans rats were exposed via inhalation (whole body) in flow-through chambers. The following exposures were used: styrene, 1600 ppm; 1,1,2-trichloroethylene, 3500 ppm; toluene, 2500 ppm; mixed xylenes, 1800 ppm ( N = 7−8 per group, 8 h/day for 5 days), and n-butanol, 4000 ppm ( N = 10/group, 6 h/day for 5 days). Testing of auditory function was conducted 5 to 8 weeks after exposure using reflex modification audiometry (RMA). RMA thresholds were determined for frequencies from 0.5 to 40 kHz. Results indicated increased RMA thresholds for the mid-frequency tones (e.g., 8 and 16 kHz), but not higher or lower tones, for all solvents except n-butanol. Toluene and xylene also increased thresholds at 24 kHz. These data indicate that for those solvents reported thus far to cause hearing loss, the deficit is restricted to mid-frequencies in rats.
Use of standards in the review of medical devices

Abstract In keeping with its mandate to provide the least burdensome means of product regulation, the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health uses many different standards to facilitate the review of premarket submissions of medical devices. The benefits of using standards in this manner include providing a set of common requirements and test protocols to the device manufacturer, thus reducing the manufacturer's need to “reinvent the wheel” for each new bench test to ensure safety and effectiveness of the device. With the current trend toward international harmonization of standards, tests performed in accordance with an international standard may be acceptable to several countries. However, there are instances in which the FDA does not agree with certain provisions in a standard. This article aims to clarify the approaches taken by the FDA to balance or resolve issues that arise when there is disagreement regarding the acceptability of a particular standard. One approach begins with the recognition of only some provisions of a standard, or more commonly, excluding those parts of a standard that are unacceptable to the FDA for regulatory or scientific validity reasons. Other approaches include working with the standards development organizations to revise the standard to include language more agreeable to all parties involved. Specific examples will be presented on medical devices, such as electrocardiogram cables and connectors, and noninvasive blood pressure monitors.
An integer programming approach to the phase problem for centrosymmetric structures

The problem addressed in this paper is the determination of three-dimensional structures of centrosymmetric crystals from X-ray diffraction measurements. The 'minimal principle' that a certain quantity is minimized only by the crystal structure is employed to solve the phase problem. The mathematical formulation of the minimal principle is a nonconvex nonlinear optimization problem. To date, local optimization techniques and advanced computer architectures have been used to solve this problem, which may have a very large number of local optima. In this paper, the minimal principle model is reformulated for the case of centrosymmetric structures into an integer programming problem in terms of the missing phases. This formulation is solvable by well established combinatorial optimization techniques that are guaranteed to provide the global optimum in a finite number of steps without explicit enumeration of all possible combinations of phases. Computational experience with the proposed method on a number of structures of moderate complexity is provided and demonstrates that the approach yields a fast and reliable method that resolves the crystallographic phase problem for the case of centrosymmetric structures.
The effect of disability insurance on health care demand

Abstract This paper examines the incentive effects of the growth in the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) system in terms of its impact on individual health care demand. A simple model predicts that DI benefits will reduce the individual's demand for preventive health care (in order to increase their probability of acceptance) while the demand for acute care is not affected. Estimates of health care demand equations for males aged 58–63 confirm the non-effect of DI benefits on acute care, while significant (but small) negative effects of benefits on preventive care are found.
Abstract ED01-02: Employing a community partnership approach to recruit African American men to a cancer prevention trial.

Background: Many large chemoprevention studies have not recruited significant numbers of minorities. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), a large phase III study, evaluated the impact of selenium and vitamin E on the clinical incidence of prostate cancer. Over 400 SELECT study sites in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico recruited men to this trial. The SELECT recruitment goal was 24% minorities, with 20% blacks, 3% Hispanics, and 1% Asians. The goal for blacks was set at 20% because of their proportion in the United States population and their prevalence of prostate cancer. Methods: The minority recruitment strategies in SELECT were to: (1) consider minority recruitment during site selection, (2) expand the eligibility criteria by lowering the age criterion for black men and including men with controlled co-morbid illnesses, (3) develop a national infrastructure, (4) give additional funds to sites with the potential to increase black enrollment, and (5) provide resources to maximize free media opportunities to promote SELECT. Results: SELECT recruitment was intended to last five years but concluded two years ahead of schedule. Of the 35,534 participants enrolled, 21% were minorities with 15% blacks, 5% Hispanics, and 1% Asians. Conclusions: Careful planning, recruitment of large numbers of clinical centers and adequate resources accomplished by the combined efforts of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), SELECT Recruitment and Adherence Committee (RAC), SELECT Minority and Medically Underserved Subcommittee (MMUS), and the local SELECT sites resulted in attainment of the estimated sample size ahead of schedule and recruitment of the largest percentage of black participants ever randomized to a cancer prevention trial. Citation Format: Elise D. Cook. Employing a community partnership approach to recruit African American men to a cancer prevention trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr ED01-02.
Left ventricular assist devices: evolving devices and indications for use in ischemic heart disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mortality with end-stage heart failure is extremely high, especially when patients become refractory to conventional medical therapy and require frequent hospitalization. Ischemic heart disease remains the primary cause of advanced heart failure. Mechanical pumps or devices have been developed called ventricular assist devices and are being used to support an increasing number of patients with refractory heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS The use of ventricular assist devices has evolved from initially only support of patients unable to be weaned from a heart-lung machine after cardiac surgery to use now as a bridge to a heart transplant, including patients with acute myocardial infarction and shock and severe pulmonary hypertension. More recently, they have been proven as a definitive alternative for patients not eligible for heart transplantation. There are new devices being examined in clinical trials, including a change from pusher-plate to devices with axial flow technology that are much smaller and easier to implant. Outcomes with their use are improving rapidly as the devices become more reliable and more is learned about the importance of candidate selection. SUMMARY This review describes current indications for the use of these devices, the types of pumps now available, criteria for initiating ventricular assist device support, complications of their use, and new applications such as a platform for stem cell therapy for treatment of end-stage heart failure.
A new application for displaying and fusing multimodal data sets

A recently developed, freely available, application specifically designed for the visualization of multimodal data sets is presented. The application allows multiple 3D data sets such as CT (x-ray computer tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography), and SPECT (single photon emission tomography) of the same subject to be viewed simultaneously. This is done by maintaining synchronization of the spatial location viewed within all modalities, and by providing fused views of the data where multiple data sets are displayed as a single volume. Different options for the fused views are provided by plug-ins. Plug-ins typically used include color-overlays and interlacing, but more complex plug-ins such as those based on different color spaces, and component analysis techniques are also supported. Corrections for resolution differences and user preference of contrast and brightness are made. Pre-defined and custom color tables can be used to enhance the viewing experience. In addition to these essential capabilities, multiple options are provided for mapping 16-bit data sets onto an 8-bit display, including windowing, automatically and dynamically defined tone transfer functions, and histogram based techniques. The 3D data sets can be viewed not only as a stack of images, but also as the preferred three orthogonal cross sections through the volume. More advanced volumetric displays of both individual data sets and fused views are also provided. This includes the common MIP (maximum intensity projection) both with and without depth correction for both individual data sets and multimodal data sets created using a fusion plug-in.
Rhetoric of present single-sourcing methodologies

In this paper, I detail what Bill Hart-Davidson describes as the "anxiety" that many technical communicators have about implementations of single source documentation. Specifically, I briefly explore what I see as some of the key potential rhetorical problems with single sourcing, in part by drawing on real-world examples gathered from conversations with and shadowing of technical communicators in their workplaces. I address the following potential objections that we need to handle in pragmatic and/or theoretical terms in order to claim for ourselves the kind of theoretical approach that will best suit our professional goals as well as those of our user populations:Single Sourcing Can Privilege Organizational Needs Over Enduser NeedsSingle Sourcing Can Limit Perceptions and Potential of Technical CommunicatorsSingle Sourcing Can Contribute to Under-Theorizing.
Aging of Stretched Rubber

Abstract Sunlight aging under tension of many compounds including the following has been investigated: tire tread shoe upper, tube stocks, golf ball thread, jar rubber, solid tire, bathing cap stock, channel rubber. With some of these stocks the sunlight aging as been compared with unstretched samples by Geer oven, Bierer bomb, and ultra-violet light methods. The stretching of the test strips accelerates deterioration in sunlight, ultra-violet light, and Geer oven. Stretched samples have not yet been tested in the Bierer bomb. The rate of deterioration was not proportional to the degree of stretch in any of the stocks in the early stages of exposure. In sunlight there is a critical elongation for each stock at which the deterioration progresses more rapidly than at any other in the early stages of aging. No direct relationship was found between the results of sunlight aging and the other methods employed. Stretched strips aged in ultra-violet light were found to give softer stress-strain curves than the u...
A multi-dimensional model of momentum and mass transfer in the liver

Abstract A new concept in modeling multi-dimensional fluid flow and mass transfer in the liver utilizing principles from porous media theory is introduced. From this model, a distribution of the pressure and velocity values is obtained for fluid in the microvasculature. The velocities for the fluid are then incorporated into a multi-dimensional conservation of chemical species equation. A distribution of the chemical species concentration in the fluid and the tissue is then determined using an equation which describes the mass transfer process across the cell membrane. Several parametric studies which included the effects of the vascular architecture on pressure and flow distribution, and the response to a step change in the inlet chemical species concentration are conducted to determine the sensitivity of the model.
Effect of Light Quality on Erratic Egg Laying of Caged Turkey Hens

Abstract The effect of light quality on erratic oviposition (two eggs laid during a 24-hr-period) and the shell quality of erratically laid eggs of turkey hens in cages during 20 weeks of production were examined. Hens were exposed to one of the following sources of light: blue, green, red, or incandescant for 16 hr of light per day (16L:8D). The intensity of light was equalized among treatments on the basis of equal number of photons (3.0 × 1014/cm2 /sec). The frequency of erratic oviposition was similar for all light treatments, ranging between 13.4 to 15.3% of total eggs laid, and most occurred in two-egg clutches. With erratic ovipositions, the first egg was laid during the daily dark period, whereas the second egg was laid in the daily light period, 11.6 to 13.0 hr later. Oviposition time and shell quality were significantly influenced by light treatment. As wavelength increased, shell weight of the erratically laid eggs decreased. Thus, shell quality and the timing of oviposition of erratically laid eggs may be influenced by light color.
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Action: A Case Study of a Middle School Digital Documentary Project

AbstractIn recent years researchers in educational technology have begun to look closely at the complexity of integrating technology in K–12 classrooms. The development of the notion of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) provides a useful theoretical framework to explore the requisite forms of teacher knowledge required to effectively integrate technology in classroom work. This case study explores the three domains of teacher knowledge and their intersections in a sixth grade digital documentary project. On the surface, the setting for the work (particularly the skilled teachers with whom we worked) seemed to be the “best-case scenario” for technology integration, and yet, challenges arose in the intersections of the domains of knowledge. This study explores the different areas of teacher knowledge in this project and provides directions for future work to further explore the notion of TPCK in practice.
A limit-point criterion for linear hamiltonian systems

We present a simple criterion under which the linear Hamiltonian JY '=(λA+B)Y is limit point, with a minimal number of solutions in L2 A By so doing we generalize results already known for Dirac systems.
Teenage Motherhood: The First Year: Part I: The Teenage Mother's Views and Responses Part II: How The Infants Fared

Twelve teenagers, ages 14‐19, were interviewed at 12 periods during the first year of motherhood to study the impact of motherhood on them and their infants. Three of the young women did not achieve the maternal role. Among the others, those who had no untoward difficulties with the mothering role viewed themselves as having grown through the experience of motherhood, had a supportive mate, had a mother who recognized them as capable of mothering, noted increasingly more rewards in mothering, and had family members who helped them with infant care. Four of the infants had to remain in the hospital following their mothers' discharge from the hospital. Two infants suffered failure‐to‐thrive syndrome at four months and one a fractured skull (etiology unknown) at four weeks. Thirty‐jour other illnesses or problems occurred after the initial discharge. Four periods appeared critical for the infants during the year: the first days following birth; one month; between the third and fourth month; and between the sixth and ninth months.
Within-session transitions in choice: a structural and quantitative analysis.

The present study used within-session transitions between two concurrent schedules to evaluate choice in transition. Eight female Long-Evans rats were trained to respond under concurrent schedules of reinforcement during experimental sessions that lasted 22 hr. The generalized matching equation was used to model steady-state behavior at the end of each session, while transitional behavior that emerged following the change in reinforcement schedules was modeled using a logistic equation. The generalized matching and logistic equations were appropriate models for behavior generated during single-session transitions. A local analysis of behavior on the two response alternatives during acquisition was used to determine the source of preference as revealed in response ratios. The number of “low-response” visits, those containing three to five responses, remained stable. Preference ratios largely reflected a sharp increase in the number of visits with long response bouts on the rich alternative and a decrease in the number of such visits to the leaner alternative.
A Case Study of Coherence in Workplace Instant Messaging

This article presents a case study of two individuals' workplace instant messages. More specifically, it examines the strategies for maintaining a coherent conversation present in their IM manuscripts. It then presents three strategies that the two participants used. Finally, the article presents recommendations for future work on workplace instant messaging.
Critical current and microstructure of uniaxially aligned, polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Three processing routes that generate uniaxial alignment but otherwise yield very different microstructure and critical current are compared. Fine grain size and c-axis alignment are obtained in magnetically aligned ceramics, pyrolyzed thick films, and in situ deposited thin films. The dense, well-aligned microstructure of the in situ process produces the highest zero field critical current Jc > 104 A/cm2 at 77 K. However, the critical current is suppressed in low magnetic field, suggesting that uniaxial alignment is not sufficient to avoid Josephson-type intergranular coupling. Above 1 T, the critical current of the aligned ceramic dominates in spite of its less ideal microstructure. The critical current in this high field region is one to two orders of magnitude greater than that of nonaligned material. This result implies the existence of a 3-d percolative network of strong links.