cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Video Gambling: Instrument Development and Validation

Objective: This article reports the initial validation of an instrument designed to measure problem gambling on video gambling devices. Methods: Two samples were collected and included (a) individuals at random lists of playing locations for all counties in one state (n = 553) and (b) a general public sample also drawn from each county (n = 542). Results: The scales attained high levels of internal consistency reliability and had a stable factor structure. The items predicted with high accuracy pathological and nonpathological gambling, and the scales performed well in examinations of discriminant and convergent construct validity. Conclusions: The research provided strong evidence of internal consistency reliability, as well as content, construct, factorial, and preliminary evidence of known-groups validity.
Effect of acute and chronic fluoxetine on extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of rat.

Recent studies indicate that an increase in serotonergic (5-HT) activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) produces an increase in dopamine (DA) release, providing a possible mechanism for the involvement of DA in the therapeutic action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. However, acutely administered fluoxetine (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to elevate extracellular levels of DA, or its metabolites in the NAc or caudate-putamen (CP). In fact, the highest dose produced a small (20%) decrease in DA levels in the NAc. Extracellular levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5HIAA were consistently decreased at all doses of fluoxetine in both structures. Since SSRIs generally require several weeks of treatment to be effective clinically, a second experiment examined the effect of chronic administration of fluoxetine. Chronic (21 day) daily treatment with 5 mg/kg had no effect on NAc basal levels of DA, DA metabolites, or 5HIAA, relative to a saline-treated control group. Finally, pretreatment with fluoxetine appeared to slightly enhance the elevation of NAc DA induced by an injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an effect that was not quite significant (P < .06). In conclusion, the 5-HT-induced facilitation of NAc DA neurotransmission described in the literature may not be relevant to the therapeutic action of fluoxetine.
An Examination of Resilience Processes in Context: The Case of Tasha

This research examined resilience processes in context through a narrative case study of Tasha, a young African-American woman who grew up in a poverty-ridden area of a mid-sized city in the Southeast. Personal and external data are analyzed and interpreted in terms of contextually defined themes of adversity (i.e., intersectionality of social identities, lack of attachment to her primary caregiver, and teenage pregnancy); adaptation (i.e., high school graduation, career goal-setting, commitment to her children, and “street” competence); and, protective processes (i.e., individual attributes, natural mentors, and extended family support). The importance of external sources of support and Tasha as an active agent in her development is highlighted. Research and practical implications are discussed.
Embedding sponsored projects in classes: a case study

This paper covers a recent experience at Southern Polytechnic State University (SPSU) of embedding a sponsored project within the information technology curriculum. With the Georgia State Archives, SPSU cosponsored a project funded by the National Historical Publication and Records Commission (NHPRC). The project investigated privacy and access issues in Georgia's electronic government. SPSU's main role was to provide the information technology (IT) for the sponsored project's computer-based conference and workshop. Utilizing presentations from the project-funded graduate student, we embedded the IT development as an ongoing example in a class on web development. Students in the class responded positively and indicated that seeing and doing (parts of) an ongoing project gave them a better "big picture" of web development. The graduate student responded positively to the chance for learning to teach.
Neutral π-radicals of lithium porphyrins: synthesis and characterization

Neutral π-radicals of three lithium porphyrins (tetraphenylporphyrin [Li(TPP)·], 1, tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin [Li(PFP)·], 2, and tetra(3,5-bis-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin [Li(TBP)·], 3) have been prepared and characterized using UV-vis, EPR, and IR spectroscopy, and, in the case of 1, X-ray crystallography.
A practical synthesis of fully protected l-γ-carboxyglutamic acid

Abstract We have developed a new synthetic route for the preparation of Fmoc protected l -γ-carboxyglutamic acid in 60% overall yield (>99% ee) via a six-step synthesis from d -Garner’s aldehyde. An aldol condensation and the selective cleavage of the acetonide protective group are key steps.
Simultaneous measurement of endogenous and deuterium-labeled tracer variants of choline and acetylcholine in subpicomole quantities by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of endogenous and d 4 -labeled tracer variants of choline and acetylcholine by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system operated in the specific ion detection mode, using d 9 -labeled variants of both choline and acetylcholine as internal standards. The detection limit is approximately 10 −13 moles of both tracer and endogenous variants.
When a Career Public Servant Sues the Agency He Loves: Claude Ferguson, the Forest Service, and Off‐Road Vehicles in the Hoosier National Forest

Claude Ferguson, who in his own words “met the test of his lifetime,” deviated from the norms of the U.S. Forest Service articulated by Herbert Kaufman in The Forest Ranger to became a government guerrilla against the organization he loved. This profile highlights several enduring themes: the inherent tensions between democracy and bureaucracy, the many masters of career bureaucrats, how organizational culture can both empower and constrain employees, and what it means to act responsibly, ethically, and with integrity as a public servant. In addition, this case demonstrates how the Forest Service has evolved since Kaufman's classic study. First, Kaufman depicted forest rangers as “valuing the organization more than they value[d] getting their own way,” yet this profile underscores that public servants do not check their worldviews, mores, or ethics at the door. Second, Kaufman described the Forest Service's efforts to routinize the decisions of its employees in an effort to prevent allegiances to, or co-optation by, local populations. Yet in this Administrative Profile, Ferguson's hidden strategic tactics co-opted local stakeholders to enlist their support for a cause he deeply felt was right and just.
The Discursive Construction of Americanism

This study focuses on the construction of American national identity which emerged during the Americanization campaign, roughly 1914-1924. Period texts are analyzed using techniques of pragmatic and rhetorical analysis within a discourse-historical framework (Wodak, 2001). Three representations of Americanism are described. Two of these representations presuppose consensus on particular views of American identity, whereas the third finds such views to be narrow-minded and incompatible with the goals of democracy. The arguments found in these competing discourses are present today in American public discourse.
Fat, carbohydrate, and the regulation of energy intake

High-fat foods are readily overeaten. This could be because fat increases the palatability and energy density of foods or because fat has a low satiety value compared with carbohydrate. In several studies examining the effects of preloads that varied in fat and carbohydrate content on subsequent food intake, there was little difference in the effects of fat and carbohydrate on satiety. A dose-response preloading paradigm gives the most sensitive index of satiety. In one such test it was found that the effects of yogurts varying in fat or carbohydrate content did not differ in normal-weight, unrestrained men. However, in obese individuals or those concerned with body weight, fat in the yogurts was less effective in reducing subsequent food intake than carbohydrate. More studies are required to determine whether this small, but significant, insensitivity to energy from fat affects the regulation of food intake and body weight.
Silencing the Menkes Copper-Transporting ATPase (Atp7a) Gene in Rat Intestinal Epithelial (IEC-6) Cells Increases Iron Flux via Transcriptional Induction of Ferroportin 1 (Fpn1)

The Menkes copper-transporting ATPase (Atp7a) gene is induced in rat duodenum during iron deficiency, consistent with copper accumulation in the intestinal mucosa and liver. To test the hypothesis that ATP7A influences intestinal iron metabolism, the Atp7a gene was silenced in rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology. Perturbations in intracellular copper homeostasis were noted in knockdown cells, consistent with the dual roles of ATP7A in pumping copper into the trans-Golgi (for cuproenzyme synthesis) and exporting copper from cells. Intracellular iron concentrations were unaffected by Atp7a knockdown. Unexpectedly, however, vectorial iron ((59)Fe) transport increased (∼33%) in knockdown cells grown in bicameral inserts and increased further (∼70%) by iron deprivation (compared with negative control shRNA-transfected cells). Additional experiments were designed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of increased transepithelial iron flux. Enhanced iron uptake by knockdown cells was associated with increased expression of a ferrireductase (duodenal cytochrome b) and activity of a cell-surface ferrireductase. Increased iron efflux from knockdown cells was likely mediated via transcriptional activation of the ferroportin 1 gene (by an unknown mechanism). Moreover, Atp7a knockdown significantly attenuated expression of an iron oxidase [hephaestin (HEPH); by ∼80%] and membrane ferroxidase activity (by ∼50%). Cytosolic ferroxidase activity, however, was retained in knockdown cells (75% of control cells), perhaps compensating for diminished HEPH activity. This investigation has thus documented alterations in iron homeostasis associated with Atp7a knockdown in enterocyte-like cells. Alterations in copper transport, trafficking, or distribution may underlie the increase in transepithelial iron flux noted when ATP7A activity is diminished.
Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins in tomato fruit by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate

Changes in heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression induced by vapor application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) in tomato fruit were investigated and compared to the well-described heat shock response. Northern hybridization experiments involving six cDNAs, encoding class I and II tomato small HSPs (sHSPs) and three members of HSP 70 family, showed that accumulation of class I and II sHSP mRNAs was increased significantly by MeJA and MeSA. When the treated fruits were transferred to low temperature, class I and II mRNA levels initially decreased, but then subsequently increased. Accumulation of HSP transcripts was also observed in non-treated fruit between 7 and 14 days at low-temperature storage, but all decreased to undetectable levels after 21 days. Following MeJA and MeSA treatments, the transcripts of HSP 70 family accumulated to higher levels than following the heat treatment. MeJA- and MeSA-treatments were clearly shown to alleviate chilling injury (CI), whereas tomato fruit stored at 5 °C without pretreatment developed typical symptoms and severe decay. These results demonstrated that MeJA and MeSA induced the accumulation of sHSP transcripts in tomato. The increased transcript abundance of HSPs, especially class II sHSPs, was correlated with protection against CI.
Classification using a hierarchical Bayesian approach

A key problem faced by classifiers is coping with styles not represented in the training set. We present an application of hierarchical Bayesian methods to the problem of recognizing degraded printed characters in a variety of fonts. The proposed method works by using training data of various styles and classes to compute prior distributions on the parameters for the class conditional distributions. For classification, the parameters for the actual class conditional distributions are fitted using an EM algorithm. The advantage of hierarchical Bayesian methods is motivated with a theoretical example. Severalfold increases in classification performance relative to style-oblivious and style-conscious are demonstrated on a multifont OCR task.
Single-molecule tracking of the transcription cycle by sub-second RNA detection

The body produces proteins by transcribing DNA (genes) to make messenger RNA, which is then translated to make a protein. Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and catalyzes the process by which genetic information from the double helix is copied to a complementary RNA transcript, which subsequently becomes the messenger RNA. Because a living cell usually contains only one or a few copies (alleles) of a given gene, molecular fluctuations play a crucial role in cellular transcription. Therefore, studying transcription kinetics at the level of single molecules may provide critical insights into how cells deal with—or even take advantage of—molecular fluctuations. A number of different single-molecule techniques can be used to follow transcription, but these techniques are often relatively slow compared to transcription in living cells, or they suffer from other problems such as only being able to study one step in the transcription process. Now, Zhang, Revyakin et al. have systematically devised a technique called ‘fastFISH’ that is fast enough to track the production of single RNA molecules directly and instantaneously. FastFISH builds on an existing technique called FISH—short for fluorescence in situ hybridization—in which fluorescent molecules are attached to single strands of DNA or RNA. These single strands pair with specific regions of complementary DNA or RNA molecules, and they can be visualized with a fluorescence microscope. However, conventional FISH is a ‘snap-shot’ technique that is not suitable for making real-time observations under physiological conditions. FastFISH relies on single strands of fluorescently labeled DNA and RNA that bind to complementary strands of DNA or RNA extremely quickly, even under physiological conditions, because they contain only three of the four ‘regular’ nucleotides that make up DNA or RNA. As a proof of principle, Zhang, Revyakin et al. used fastFISH to study the kinetics of transcription by the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and were able to measure multiple stages of the transcription cycle in a single-molecule experimental setup. By allowing each stage of transcription to be tracked in real-time at the level of single-molecules, fastFISH will permit a more in-depth analysis of the factors that regulate how genes are expressed as proteins in our cells. Moreover, the ability to design single-strand probes that bind rapidly to DNA and RNA targets could have many additional applications, including new strategies for more efficient gene silencing.
Optimal fusion of multiple nonlinear sensor data

A framework for the detection of bandlimited signals by optimally fusing the multinonlinear sensor data is developed. Though most sensors used are assumed to be linear, none of them individually or in series gives the truly linear relationship, and errors are inevitable as a result of the assumption of linearity. A new approach, which takes the actual nonlinear characteristics of sensors into account, is advocated. Though the fusion of redundant information can reduce the overall uncertainty and, thus, serves to increase the accuracy of the process measurements, identifying the faulty readings and fusing only the reliable data are very difficult and challenging. An optimal multiple nonlinear sensor data fusion scheme in which multisensor data fusion is done by scheduling the sensor measurements is proposed. The main idea of the multisensor fusion schemes proposed in this paper is to pick only the reliable data for the fusion and disregard the rest. The proposed theoretical framework is supported by illustrative examples and simulation data.
Interactive reflection as a creative teaching strategy

The purpose of this article is to present interactive reflection as a creative teaching strategy and demonstrate its role in teaching conflict resolution. The article discusses examples of interactive reflection in action and identifies potential barriers or roadblocks to using such a strategy.
ARX/Arx is expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis in both marsupial and mouse

The X-linked aristaless gene, ARX, is essential for the development of the gonads, forebrain, olfactory bulb, pancreas, and skeletal muscle in mice and humans. Mutations cause neurological diseases, often accompanied by ambiguous genitalia. There are a disproportionately high number of testis and brain genes on the human and mouse X chromosomes. It is still unknown whether the X chromosome accrued these genes during its evolution or whether genes that find themselves on the X chromosome evolve such roles. ARX was originally autosomal in mammals and remains so in marsupials, whereas in eutherian mammals it translocated to the X chromosome. In this study, we examined autosomal ARX in tammars and compared it with the X-linked Arx in mice. We detected ARX mRNA in the neural cells of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, and olfactory bulbs in developing tammars, consistent with the expression in mice. ARX was detected by RT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization in the developing tammar wallaby gonads of both sexes, suggestive of a role in sexual development as in mice. We also detected ARX/Arx mRNA in the adult testis in both tammars and mice, suggesting a potential novel role for ARX/Arx in spermiogenesis. ARX transcripts were predominantly observed in round spermatids. Arx mRNA localization distributions in the mouse adult testis suggest that it escaped meiotic sex chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis. Our findings suggest that ARX in the therian mammal ancestor already played a role in male reproduction before it was recruited to the X chromosome in eutherians.
Musculoskeletal Injuries: Caused by Weight Training Guidelines for Prevention

Tens of thousands of U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults are using weights either recreationally, to train for sports, or to compete in weight lifting, power lifting, or body building contests. Weight use may cause significant musculoskeletal injury. This review summarizes for the clinician the best available information on injury risks and prevention.
Action recognition in cluttered dynamic scenes using Pose-Specific Part Models

We present an approach to recognizing single actor human actions in complex backgrounds. We adopt a Joint Tracking and Recognition approach, which track the actor pose by sampling from 3D action models. Most existing such approaches require large training data or MoCAP to handle multiple viewpoints, and often rely on clean actor silhouettes. The action models in our approach are obtained by annotating keyposes in 2D, lifting them to 3D stick figures and then computing the transformation matrices between the 3D keypose figures. Poses sampled from coarse action models may not fit the observations well; to overcome this difficulty, we propose an approach for efficiently localizing a pose by generating a Pose-Specific Part Model (PSPM) which captures appropriate kinematic and occlusion constraints in a tree-structure. In addition, our approach also does not require pose silhouettes. We show improvements to previous results on two publicly available datasets as well as on a novel, augmented dataset with dynamic backgrounds.
Microcirculation of the Lung: Functional and Anatomic Aspects

The fixed pulmonary vascular anatomy differs from the systemic anatomy in the arrangement and shape of the capillary segments, but an even more striking peculiarity of the lung is that it needs to adapt itself to three different pressures, which leads to considerable adaptations and changes in morphology. Because of the pressure changes required by respiratory mechanics, the morphology differs both at the level of the capillaries and at the level of the extraalveolar small arteries and veins as a function of the existing mechanical conditions, adapting them in a way that is best suited to fulfill their respective functions. The configuration of the pulmonary capillary network markedly differs from that in the systemic capillary bed. The gas exchange needs are different in the systemic and in the pulmonary capillaries. In the periphery, the capillaries are longitudinal and their number and density in the tissue reflect local needs; in the lung, their purpose is to be capable of picking up from the outside as much oxygen as possible to fulfill the most extreme conceivable needs for gas exchange (the “diffusing capacity”). This capacity is normally not reached and the capillaries tolerate recruitment, de-recruitment, and changes in configuration that support variable quantitative ­levels of gas exchange.
In Vitro Characterization of Human Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

Enriched populations of human intestinal and colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated separate from lamina propria lymphocytes. These populations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were characterized for membrane features, lymphocyte subsets, and proliferative potential to the nonspecific mitogenic lectins phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. All three populations were predominantly T lymphocytes as measured by sheep red blood cell rosettes and monoclonal antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells had a T4: T8 ratio of 2.15 while intraepithelial lymphocytes were enriched for T8+ cells with a T4: T8 ratio of 0.06–0.14. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lamina propria lymphocytes registered vigorous proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Intraepithelial lymphocytes, in contrast, failed to respond to the lectins. Control experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated that the isolation reagents and procedures had no adverse effect on lectin-stimulated proliferation or on T-cell subset proportions. Viability of the intraepithelial lymphocytes after separation (88%) and after 3 days in culture with lectin (77%–85%) was confirmed by trypan blue dye exclusion, by light microscopy, by electron microscopy, and by ability to affect pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin synthesis when added to autologous and heterologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The failure of intraepithelial lymphocytes to respond to lectins was not due to failure of lectin binding, macrophage depletion, or absence of T-cell growth factor in culture. The possibility that the T-cell subset proportions (T4: T8 ratio) affect the proliferative response of isolated intraepithelial lymphocytes is discussed.
Monograph Review: Understanding and Accommodating People with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity in Independent Living

Author: Pamela Reed Gibson, Ph.D. Reviewer: Susan Molloy Publisher: Independent Living Research Utilization (ILRU) Cost: Up to 20 at no cost, $3 apiece after From Dawn Heinsohn at ilru@ilru.org or phone 713/520-0232 ext. 130 (V), or 713/520-5136 (TTY). Via the web at http://www.ilru.org/Publications/dateShelf.html
Partitioning of naturally-occurring radionuclides (NORM) in Marcellus Shale produced fluids influenced by chemical matrix.

Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM) associated with unconventional drilling produced fluids from the Marcellus Shale have raised environmental concerns. However, few investigations into the fundamental chemistry of NORM in Marcellus Shale produced fluids have been performed. Thus, we performed radiochemical experiments with Marcellus Shale produced fluids to understand the partitioning behavior of major radioelements of environmental health concern (uranium (U), thorium (Th), radium (Ra), lead (Pb), and polonium (Po)). We applied a novel radiotracer, 203Pb, to understand the behavior of trace-levels of 210Pb in these fluids. Ultrafiltration experiments indicated U, Th, and Po are particle reactive in Marcellus Shale produced fluids and Ra and Pb are soluble. Sediment partitioning experiments revealed that >99% of Ra does not adsorb to sediments in the presence of Marcellus Shale produced fluids. Further experiments indicated that although Ra adsorption is related to ionic strength, the concentrations of heavier alkaline earth metals (Ba, Sr) are stronger predictors of Ra solubility.
Purine analogs as feedback inhibitors.

SummaryAccumulation of ribotide of 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide (AICAR), excreted in the riboside form by a purine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli, was inhibited by a number of structural analogs of purines. The most potent inhibitors were 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 2,6-diaminopurine. The type of inhibition obtained suggests that the antimetabolites sufficiently resemble natural purines in structure to act as feedback inhibitors in biosynthetic control.
Feeding Cows Insect-Infested Cocoanut Meal

Much of the copra-cake that is shipped from the Orient is more or less seriously infested with insects, the most important of which is the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. Feeding experiments showed that dairy cows would eat the cocoanut meal made from infested copra-cakes as readily as that made from uninfested cakes and that there was no difference in the amount of milk produced, nor the total solids, butter fat or proteins, when the cows were fed on the infested instead of the uninfested cocoanut meal. Chemical analysis showed that there was no difference in the meal highly infested with insects and that uninfested, as regards moisture, proteins, fats or acidity.
Hypothalamic hamartoma with neurofibrillary tangles

Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare tumors that typically present in childhood, often with gelastic seizures, precocious puberty, or as a manifestation of Pallister-Hall syndrome. Neurofibrillary tangles are cytoplasmic aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau that are best recognized in Alzheimer disease, other tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases, or as part of aging, but occasionally may be seen in low-grade neoplasms with a ganglion cell component as gangliocytoma or ganglioglioma. Herein, we report a case of hypothalamic hamartoma with neurofibrillary tangles.
Spiritual Disciplines and the Practice of Integration: Possibilities and Challenges for Christian Psychologists

Spiritual practices have received less attention than psychological change techniques in the contemporary integration of psychology and Christianity, yet a Christian understanding of health has imp...
Suicide Ideation, Alcohol Consumption, Motives, and Related Problems: Exploring the Association in College Students

Previous findings on the relationship between suicide ideation (SI) and alcohol misuse among college students are inconsistent, leading to conflicting clinical implications. We aimed to clarify this relationship in order to determine the utility of regarding alcohol misuse as a risk factor for SI in this population. Unselected college students (N = 545) completed an online survey including measures of alcohol consumption, problems, drinking motives, SI, and related variables. Our results suggest alcohol misuse is not a correlate of SI among college students; therefore, one should not assume that students who misuse alcohol are necessarily at increased risk for SI.
Colonization by Armillaria mellea and Agrilus bilineatus of Oaks Injected with Ethanol

On injecte de l'ethanol dans les racines de Quercus velutina et Q. alba pour determiner si un tel traitement peut induire une attaque par A. m. et A. b. en absence de defoliation
The Ethics & Morality of Robotic Warfare: Assessing the Debate over Autonomous Weapons

There is growing concern in some quarters that the drones used by the United States and others represent precursors to the further automation of military force through the use of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). These weapons, though they do not generally exist today, have already been the subject of multiple discussions at the United Nations. Do autonomous weapons raise unique ethical questions for warfare, with implications for just war theory? This essay describes and assesses the ongoing debate, focusing on the ethical implications of whether autonomous weapons can operate effectively, whether human accountability and responsibility for autonomous weapon systems are possible, and whether delegating life and death decisions to machines inherently undermines human dignity. The concept of LAWS is extremely broad and this essay considers LAWS in three categories: munition, platforms, and operational systems.
Scalability issues for high performance digital libraries on the World Wide Web

We investigate scalability issues involved in developing high performance digital library systems. Our observations and solutions are based on our experience with the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) testbed under development at UCSB. The current ADL system provides online browsing and processing of digitized maps and other geospatially mapped data via the World Wide Web (WWW). A primary activity of the ADL system involves computation and disk I/O for accessing compressed multi resolution images with hierarchical data structures, as well as other duties such as supporting database queries and on the fly HTML page generation. Providing multi resolution image browsing services can reduce network traffic but impose some additional cost at the server. We discuss the necessity of having a multiprocessor DL server to match potentially huge demands in simultaneous access requests from the Internet. We have developed a distributed scheduling system for processing DL requests, which actively monitors the usages of CPU, I/O channels and the interconnection network to effectively distribute work across processing units to exploit task and I/O parallelism. We present an experimental study on the performance of our scheme in addressing the scalability issues arising in ADL wavelet processing and file retrieval. Our results indicate that the system delivers good performance on these types of tasks.
Denunciation and Social Control

It has long been observed that centralized social control requires some level of cooperation from the populace. Without such assistance, control agents are unable to acquire the local knowledge necessary to locate and prosecute deviants. Yet why citizens cooperate with authorities, especially in the most repressive regimes, remains a puzzle. This article develops two models of such cooperation: in the first, authorities actively use incentives to elicit denunciations from the populace, through either coercion or the promise of rewards. In the second, authorities passively gain access to local negative networks, as individuals denounce to harm others whom they dislike and to gain relative to them. Using internal variation in the early years of the Spanish Inquisition (1486 to 1502) and Romanov Russia (1613 to 1649), I demonstrate the differing effects of each model on patterns of denunciations. Paradoxically, social control is most effective when authorities provide individuals maximum freedom to direct it...
Lack of Influence of Calcium/Phosphorus Ratio on Hip and Lumbar Bone Mineral Density in Older Americans: NHANES 2005-2006 Cross-Sectional Data

Objectives We sought to ascertain the effect of a low dietary calcium/phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio on the bone health of older adults in the United States. The present analysis assessed whether a high dietary consumption of P, which generally leads to a low dietary Ca:P ratio, has an unfavorable effect on the bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and lumbar vertebrae in a representative sample of older US men and women. Design For the 1228 men and women aged 50 to 70 and ≥71 years included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2006 cycle, quintiles of the dietary Ca:P ratio were tested for their association with hip and lumbar BMD after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). All data in this observational study were cross-sectional. Results Women typically have higher dietary Ca:P ratios than men and lower BMDs. No trend emerged for any age or sex group when studying the relationship between the dietary Ca:P ratio and BMD with adjustment for BMI. Conclusions A wide range of dietary Ca:P ratios in the diets of a cross-section of older adult men and women in the United States had little effect on the BMD of the hip (proximal femur) or the lumbar vertebrae (spine), even among those consuming large amounts of Ca supplements. Despite the lack of complete assessment of total P intake in the United States, these results suggest that high P consumption patterns and low dietary Ca:P ratios do not exert an adverse effect on BMD at major fracture sites in older adults.
A Cost-Benefit/Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Smoking Cessation for Pregnant Women

Research has shown that pregnant women who smoke cigarettes increase their risk of having low birthweight (LBW) infants. Recent randomized trials indicate that women who quit smoking early in pregnancy reduce their risk of delivering a LBW infant. Using various sources, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for preventing LBW and perinatal mortality. Assuming the program would cost $30 a participant and that 15% of the participants would quit smoking, we determined that a program offered to all pregnant smokers would shift 5,876 LBW infants to normal birthweight and would cost about $4,000 for each LBW infant prevented. Since infants born to smokers are at 20% greater risk for a perinatal death, a smoking cessation program could prevent 338 deaths at a cost of $69,542 for each perinatal death averted. Compared with the costs of caring for these LBW infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), smoking cessation programs would save $77,807,054, or $3.31 per $1 spent. The ratio of savings to costs increases to more than six to one when we include reducing long-term care for infants with disabilities secondary to LBW in the benefits from smoking cessation programs. These findings argue for routinely including smoking cessation programs in prenatal care for smokers.
Topological properties of graphene on a nanowire superlattice subjected to ultrafast circular pulses

We report on the direct manifestation of topological nature of graphene in the conduction band population distribution without a magnetic field. The crystalline structure of graphene coupled to a nanowire superlattice, and driven by a few-cycle circularly polarized optical field, reduces the symmetry of the states and allows for observing the Berry phase in the reciprocal space. Such an effect can be read-out with time- and angle-resolved photoelectron emission spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES).
Distinct lithium-induced gene expression effects in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with bipolar disorder

Lithium is the most commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), yet the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects are still unclear. We aimed to compare the effects of lithium treatment in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from BD patients and controls. LCLs were generated from sixty-two BD patients (based on DSM-IV) and seventeen healthy controls matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Patients were recruited from outpatient clinics from February 2012 to October 2014. LCLs were treated with 1 mM lithium for 7 days followed by microarray gene expression assay and validation by real-time quantitative PCR. Baseline differences between groups, as well as differences between vehicle- and lithium-treated cells within each group were analyzed. The biological significance of differentially expressed genes was examined by pathway enrichment analysis. No significant differences in baseline gene expression (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were detected between groups. Lithium treatment of LCLs from controls did not lead to any significant differences. However, lithium altered the expression of 236 genes in LCLs from patients; those genes were enriched for signaling pathways related to apoptosis. Among those genes, the alterations in the expression of PIK3CG, SERP1 and UPP1 were validated by real-time PCR. A significant correlation was also found between circadian functioning and CEBPG and FGF2 expression levels. In summary, our results suggest that lithium treatment induces expression changes in genes associated with the apoptosis pathway in BD LCLs. The more pronounced effects of lithium in patients compared to controls suggest a disease-specific effect of this drug.
Why is buprenorphine coformulated with naloxone

Combination buprenorphine-naloxone is a cornerstone of outpatient treatment for substance use disorder, and is more widely accessible in primary care. Because oral buprenorphine has been diverted and abused for its euphoric properties, a combination formulation was developed and will trigger withdrawal symptoms if injected IV.
Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies of osteoarthritis epidemiology, including research on prevalence, disease impact, and potential risk factors.Recent findingsOsteoarthritis is highly prevalent in the United States and around the globe. It is a leading cause o
Symptoms, Nutrition, Pressure Ulcers, and Return to Community Among Older Women With Heart Failure at Skilled Nursing Facilities: A Pilot Study.

Background Mortality rate is high for older women with heart failure (HF) who are discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) after hospitalization, but little is known about their symptoms, nutritional factors, and pressure ulcer status and whether these variables predict the women's return to the community. Objectives The aims of this study are to characterize symptoms (ie, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and pain) and nutritional and pressure ulcer status, evaluate relationships among symptoms, and examine predictors of return to the community among older women with HF admitted to SNFs. Methods In this pilot observational study, data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical records and the Minimum Data Set 3.0. Results Data were obtained for 45 women with HF (mean age, 84.8 years). Frequency of symptoms was dyspnea 18%, cognitive dysfunction 20%, depression 5%, and pain 78%. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.8 kg/m. Frequency of pressure ulcer risk was 85% and 18% had pressure ulcers. The 4 symptoms were not significantly related. Younger age (odds ratio, 0.90; P = .023) and BMI of 25 kg/m or greater (odds ratio, 5.31; P = .017) predicted return to the community. Conclusions The women in this study had frequent pain, moderately frequent cognitive dysfunction, and high pressure ulcer risk. Surprisingly, few women had dyspnea or depression. Women who were younger with higher BMI were more likely to return to the community. The study needs to be replicated in a larger more diverse group of older patients with HF.
Accelerating Physician Entrepreneurship: Perspective of a Recently Graduated Medical Student

Abstract Health care innovation and entrepreneurship are underutilized topics in American medical schools that, regardless of a medical student's career or specialty interests, have the potential to develop skills such as critical thinking, resource utilization, problem solving, collaboration, grit, and leadership. Medical trainees should be encouraged that if they intentionally seek mentors, utilize relevant resources, and gain first-hand experience in developing their own innovation, it is realistic to create a multifaceted and fulfilling career as a physician-innovator. Most importantly, medical students can be confident that they have true potential to create innovations that improve the way patients are cared for, while becoming better doctors along the way.
Computed Tomography Scanning, Transillumination, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast

Each of the three breast imaging procedures discussed in this paper already has or may eventually have the ability to provide clinically useful information that complements the detailed anatomic information currently available from X-ray mammography. None of these procedures is expected to replace mammography as the first-line imaging technique for the detection and diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. Computed tomographic (CT) scanning utilizes ionizing radiation to produce high-contrast images in a cross-sectional display. A few special indications for the procedure already have been established, applying to a very small percentage of mammography patients. However, it is unliksely that the technique will find much more widespread use in the future. Transillumination and magnetic resonance imaging do not use ionizing radiation, and are as yet unproved methods for breast cancer diagnosis.
Missed opportunities to test the neuropsychiatric safety--and efficacy--of varenicline among smokers with substance use disorders.

Tobacco control gains have not been universally shared. Though tobacco use prevalence in the U.S. is declining overall, 15% of U.S. adults (36 million people) continue to smoke (Jamal et al., 2016). The burden of tobacco use is disproportionately concentrated in select populations, including persons with substance use disorder (SUD). Over 75% of individuals in treatment for SUD smoke cigarettes (Guydish et al., 2011) and smokers with SUD face a disproportionate burden of tobacco-related disease and death (Aldridge et al., 2017; Apollonio, 2016; Hurt et al., 1996). Additionally, smokers with SUD who are in recovery have an increased risk of relapse, compared to non-smokers (Weinberger et al., 2017). Without identification and implementation of efficacious tobacco treatment interventions, smokers with SUD may enter treatment, achieve recovery, and remain at risk for relapse or death from tobacco-related causes. Despite this marked burden of tobacco use, there is a limited evidence base to guide smoking cessation treatment among persons with SUD. Though, among smokers without SUD, varenicline is more efficacious for smoking cessation than bupropion, nicotine replacement monotherapy, or placebo, early varenicline trials excluded smokers with SUD. Case reports and the FDA boxed warning of neuropsychiatric risk potential of varenicline added additional questions about varenicline safety among persons with SUD.
Time-series approach for mapping mountain pine beetle infestation extent and severity in the U.S. Central Rocky Mountains

Severe mountain pine beetle (MPB) epidemics can degrade ecosystem services and socioeconomic assets. Mapping outbreak progression provides tools to mitigate damages and analyze MPB attack processes. Current time-series methods for mapping disturbance focus on extent rather than severity. Infestation severity, defined by within-pixel percentage, is more robust for answering a variety of ecologic questions. We develop a time-series regression approach to map infestation severity from 2005 to 2015 in the U.S. Central Rocky Mountains. Covariates include spectral data from all available dates of Landsat imagery, topographic data, and US Forest Service aerial detection survey (ADS) polygons. We collect model reference data by interpreting National Agricultural Imagery Program images. Validation against a randomly selected subset of the data results in no statistical difference between predicted and observed severity. The mean absolute deviation is 7.7% with a root-mean-square error of 9.9%. Average (maximum) severity increased from 9.4% (49.7%) in 2005 to 17.6% (58.8%) in 2015. Our raster maps identify widespread, lower severity infestation absent from the ADS. Our maps can improve mitigation efforts by allowing managers to: address low-severity infestations before they intensify, monitor intensifying infestations within previously identified outbreak extents, and combine infestation severity with other forest metrics.
Transfer Status in Geriatric Hip Fracture Surgery - An Independent Risk Factor Associated With 30-day Mortality, Re-Operations and Complications

Background A significant proportion of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery are transferred from other locations. With no current orthopedic literature present, we sought to study the impact of transfer location on 30-day outcomes following geriatric hip fracture surgery. Materials & methods The 2015-2016 ACS-NSQIP database was queried using CPT codes to retrieve records of geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (total hip arthroplasty/THA, hemiarthroplasty/HA and open reduction internal fixation/ORIF). Transfer status was defined into four groups - 1) No transfer (admitted from home), 2) From acute care hospital, 3) From nursing home/chronic care facility and 4) From outside emergency department (ED). Patients with missing data were excluded. A total of 31,218 patients were included in the final cohort. Results Out of 31,218 patients - 23,659 (75.8%) were admitted from home, 1574 (5.0%) from acute care hospitals, 3299 (10.6%) from nursing home/chronic care facilities and 2686 (8.6%) from outside EDs. Following adjusted analysis, transfer from nursing home vs. home was associated with higher odds of 30-day mortality (OR 1.57 [95% 1.36-1.80]; p < 0.001), 30-day re-operations (OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.10-1.68]; p = 0.005), septic shock (OR 1.58 [95% CI 1.07-2.32]; p = 0.021), sepsis (OR 1.45 [95% CI 1.05-1.99]; p = 0.023) and urinary tract infection (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.02-1.42]; p = 0.025). Additionally, transfer from outside ED vs. home was also associated with higher odds of 30-day mortality (OR 1.26 [95% CI 1.06-1.50]; p = 0.010).Transfer from any location (acute care hospital, nursing home and outside ED) was significantly associated with higher odds of non-home discharge (p < 0.001). Conclusion Transfer status is an important risk factor associated with 30-day mortality and morbidity in geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. The findings stress the need for recognition of these patients as being a high-risk group to allow enhanced medical optimization in an attempt to minimize the risk of poor outcomes.
Grant reviewer perceptions of the quality and effectiveness of panel discussion

Background: Funding agencies have long used panel discussion in the peer review of research grant proposals as a way to utilize a set of expertise and perspectives in making funding decisions. Little research has examined the quality of panel discussions and how effectively they are facilitated. Methods: Here we present a mixed-method analysis of data from a survey of reviewers focused on their perceptions of the quality and facilitation of panel discussion from their last peer review experience. Results: Reviewers indicated that panel discussions were viewed favorably in terms of participation, clarifying differing opinions, informing unassigned reviewers, and chair facilitation. However, some reviewers mentioned issues with panel discussions, including an uneven focus, limited participation from unassigned reviewers, and short discussion times. Most reviewers felt the discussions affected the review outcome, helped in choosing the best science, and were generally fair and balanced. However, those who felt the discussion did not affect the outcome were also more likely to evaluate panel communication negatively, and several reviewers mentioned potential sources of bias related to the discussion. While respondents strongly acknowledged the importance of the chair in ensuring appropriate facilitation of the discussion to influence scoring and to limit the influence of potential sources of bias from the discussion on scoring, nearly a third of respondents did not find the chair of their most recent panel to have performed these roles effectively. Conclusions: It is likely that improving chair training in the management of discussion as well as creating review procedures that are informed by the science of leadership and team communication would improve review processes and proposal review reliability.