cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resources Used and Innovations in Teaching Vegetarian and Vegan Nutrition in Accredited Dietetics Programs in the United States

Background: Vegetarian and vegan diets effectively reduce morbidity and mortality from many chronic diseases and are associated with reduced environmental impact. However, little is known about the role of teaching vegetarian and vegan nutrition in dietetics education in the United States. Thus, we examined the resources and methods used in teaching vegetarian/vegan nutrition in accredited dietetics programs in the United States. Methods: A cross-sectional, internet-based survey was sent to all Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) program directors in the United States (N = 574). Questions included queries about where vegetarian/vegan nutrition is taught in the curriculum (if at all), instructional methodologies, and the resourcesutilized. Overall, 205 program directors responded to our survey. Results: Vegetarian/vegan nutrition was taught in a variety of courses, most commonly in introductory nutrition courses. The evidence-based resources used most often included the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) Position Paper on Vegetarian Nutrition, the AND Evidence Analysis Library, and peer-reviewed studies. Hands-onfood preparation activities were commonly cited as a useful means for teaching vegetarian and vegan nutrition. Nearly 60% of 183 respondents to the relevant survey question indicated that their programs reviewed flexitarian/semi-vegetarian/low-meat diets. Innovative teaching techniques included stand-alone vegetarian nutrition courses, cu-linary experiences including recipe development and sensory evaluation, student presentations to the community, and asking students to follow vegetarian/vegan diets and then evaluate those experiences. Conclusions: Many dietetics educators used innovative strategies to teach vegetarian/vegan nutrition. These methods offer novel experiences for students to increase self-efficacy in vegetarian/vegan nutrition that can ultimately improve public and planetary health outcomes in practice.
Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs

1. The argument 2. The history of migration to Britain and France 3. Social and economic integration trade-offs in Britain 4. Social and economic trade-offs in France 5. Political representation 6. Community organization and political influence: the London borough of Brent 7. Community organization and political influence: the Paris suburb Sarcelles 8. An extension of the argument: The Netherlands and the United States.
Transdermal Estrogen as Preferred Prescription for Perimenopausal Symptom Relief, and the Role of Progesterone

In light of the history of estrogen use and the studies of HT, up to and especially the Women’s Health Initiative (2002) results regarding orally administered HT, the prescription of transdermal HT combines the most efficacious use of estrogen replacement with the safest route of administration, and when prescribed to treat an individual woman’s menopause symptoms using bio-identical hormones, is the new gold standard for menopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Effect of Vocalization on Maximal Effort Dynamic Muscle Performance

Purpose: A recent study found that shouting (vocalization) increases force production during maximal static handgrip contractions (Rodolico, et al. IJESAB, 9:2, 2014). To determine if vocalization ...
A Working Model of Slump and Recovery from Disturbances to Capital-goods Demand in a Closed Non-monetary Economy

This paper is one in a series directed toward the construction, with certain modern building blocks, of a non-monetary theory of employment fluctuation in market economies. The closed-economy model here parallels the open-economy model in Phelps (1988). The objective is a plausible theory that helps to account for some or all of the long swings in economic activity over recent decades. In fact, this non-monetary theory has grown out of one of the models used by Fitoussi and Phelps (1988) to account for the 1980s depression over much of the world, a slump that demand-driven models are hard-pressed to explain.
Free Bilirubin Is of Importance

The March issue of Pediatrics contains three important and provocative articles,1-3 which further our understanding of bilirubin neurotoxicity. However, the conclusion that unbound bilirubin is of minor1 or no importance2 in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy is not justified by the data presented. On the contrary, the data of Ritter et al1 strongly support the clinical application of free bilirubin determinations. In sick babies, both pH and free bilirubin must be considered when interpreting binding tests.
Studies on the Equilibria and Kinetics of the Reactions of Peroxidase with Ligands II. THE REACTION OF FERROPEROXIDASE WITH OXYGEN

Abstract Ferrous horseradish peroxidase, when mixed rapidly with oxygen-containing solutions, reacts with 1 molecular equivalent of oxygen to form 1 molecular equivalent of a product, oxyperoxidase. This reaction follows second order kinetics and proceeds without detectable intermediates. Ferrous peroxidase when titrated with oxygen yields 4 moles of ferric peroxidase for every mole of oxygen consumed. We believe that in this reaction the initial product is oxyperoxidase, which subsequently reacts with a further 3 moles of ferroperoxidase. Oxyperoxidase, therfore, retains all 4 oxidizing equivalents of the oxygen. The spectrum of oxyperoxidase closely resembles that of oxyhemoglobin and is very similar to that of the previously described Compound III of peroxidase. On the basis of this and other evidence we suggest that Compound III is actually oxyperoxidase. Our preparations of oxyperoxidase undergo a slow, spontaneous decay to ferric peroxidase; the process follows first order kinetics and no intermediates are detected. We have been unable to show dissociation of oxyperoxidase, even with an intense light pulse. Oxyperoxidase oxidizes dithionite directly, in a reaction not found in other heme proteins. Oxyperoxidase on the one hand shows striking similarities to other oxyheme proteins, and on the other hand may accept electrons, for example, from dithionite or ferroperoxidase. The conjunction of these properties in one molecule makes it a prototype of a terminal oxidase.
Sex Hormones (Male): Analogs and Antagonists

The steroid testosterone is the major circulating sex hormone of the male and serves as the prototype for the androgens, the anabolic agents, and androgen antagonists. The endogenous androgens are biosynthesized from cholesterol in various tissues in the body; the majority of the circulating androgens are made in the testes under the stimulation of the gonadotropin LH. The reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone is necessary for the androgenic actions of testosterone in androgen target tissues such as the prostate; the oxidation of testosterone by the enzyme aromatase produces estrogens. The androgenic actions of testosterone are due to the binding of dihydrotestosterone to its nuclear receptor, followed by dimerization of the receptor complex and binding to a specific DNA sequence. This binding of the homodimer to the androgen response element leads to gene expression, stimulation of the synthesis of new mRNA, and subsequent protein biosynthesis. The synthetic androgens and anabolics were prepared to impart oral activity to the androgen molecule, to separate the androgenic effects of testosterone from its anabolic effects and to improve upon its biological activities. Drug preparations are used for the treatment of various androgen-deficient diseases, for the therapy of diseases characterized by muscle wasting and protein catabolism, for postoperative adjuvant therapy, and for the treatment of certain hormone-dependent cancers. The two major categories of androgen antagonists are the antiandrogens, which block interactions of androgens with the androgen receptor, and the inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis and metabolism. Such compounds have therapeutic potential in the treatment of acne, virilization in women, hyperplasia and neoplasia of the prostate, and baldness, and for male contraception. Keywords: Anabolics; Androgens; Antiandrogens; Dihydrotestosterone; 5α-Reductase Inhibitors; Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators; Testosterone
Heterogeneity Among Strains of Mycoplasma granularum and Identification of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, sp. n

Twelve filtrable, pleomorphic organisms isolated from swine joints and respiratory tracts had typical colonial and microscopic characteristics of mycoplasmas. They resisted penicillin and did not revert to cell wall-producing bacterial forms in media devoid of bacterial inhibitors. The morphological and growth characteristics of these mycoplasmas were similar to those described previously for Mycoplasma granularum. However, a new name, M. hyosynoviae, is proposed for them since they differed biologically, serologically, and electrophoretically from the prototype strain of M. granularum. M. hyosynoviae required sterols, was stimulated by gastric mucin, and metabolized arginine; however, it did not metabolize urea, ferment glucose, or reduce tetrazolium. The organism produced "film and spots" on horse serum-supplemented medium and produced alpha hemolysis of guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes; however, it did not digest serum, produce phosphatase, or hemadsorb guinea pig or swine erythrocytes. M. hyosynoviae was distinguished from three other swine mycoplasmas, M. granularum, M. hyorhinis, and M. laidlawii, by means of acrylamide gel electrophoresis, growth inhibition, metabolic inhibition, and immunodiffusion techniques. It was also serologically and electrophoretically distinct from 13 additional non-swine mycoplasmas which require sterols and metabolize arginine.
Regeneration of a distinctive set of axosomatic contacts in the leech central nervous system

The nociceptive sensory neurons (N cells) in the leech Hirudo medicinalis contact other neurons through conventional synapses in the neuropile and through baskets of processes that wrap the somata of particular cells. These axosomatic contacts are made with the pressure (P) and N sensory neurons in the adjacent segmental ganglia, but not with cells within the same ganglion as the wrapping cell. Physiological evidence indicates that these contacts may be synaptic, although conventional synapses have not been observed with electron microscopy. After they have been injured, lateral N cell processes can grow into the anterior adjacent ganglion and regenerate somatic contacts. In general, regenerated N cell processes wrap the same somata as do intact N cells, but they often wrap fewer somata. However, six of 14 regenerated N cells also wrapped the soma of a small posterior cell that was contacted in only one of 120 normal ganglia examined. It thus appears that the growing processes of an injured N cell select certain cell somata to wrap, but that the selection is somewhat broader than that in the embryonic leech.
Computer-aided modeling and control of multibody systems for robotics application

A closed-form formalism for modeling an analysis of constrained multibody systems subject to control and its application to robot dynamics are presented. The algorithm is derived from the virtual work principle and is cast in a recursive and matrix-vector form. The effects of a moving reference frame are included allowing simulation of a multibody system such as a robot on a moving base. The formalism can be applied to holonomic and simple nonholonomic systems. A symbolic program that can formulate, simplify, and linearize the equations of motion has been developed. The procedure symbolically eliminates the constraint forces and redundant coordinates, and generates the equations in a closed form. The formalism is then used to simulate a biped robot walking on a vibrating platform. Optimal control is used to compute the joint torques. The study shows that the closed-form formalism holds promise in the simulation of robotic systems. >
Repertoire analysis of anergic B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have atypical CD19loIgD+ peripheral blood B cells that require 100-fold more anti-immunoglobulin or recombinant CD154 to induce in vitro proliferation. Additional phenotypic and in vitro functional analyses strongly suggested that the CD19loIgD+ cells are anergic. Since anergy is one of the mechanisms by which the function of autoreactive B cells can be downregulated, a comparison of the productive B-cell repertoires of CD19loIgD+ and CD19hiIgD+ subsets from the same lupus patient was undertaken to determine whether the anergic B cells were oligoclonal or otherwise enriched in cells expressing genes known to encode autoantibodies. To accomplish this, the usage of VHDJH, VkJk and Vλ Jλ gene elements by individual B cells was determined for each subset. The two subsets exhibited low mutational frequencies (CD19hiIgD+, VH = 0.6%, Vk = 0.05%, Vλ = 0.1%; CD19loIgD+, VH = 0.2%, Vk = 0.05%, Vλ = 0.2%) and involved substitutions that rarely increased the basic amino acid content. The immunoglobulin heavy and light chain repertoires of each subset were polyclonal and very similar. However, some differences from the normal repertoire were noted. For example, the Vk1 family was under-represented and Vk4 B3 and Vk5 B2 were over-represented in both subsets. Multiple small clones (average size 3.5) were present in the VH, Vk and Vλ repertoires of both subsets. A large (n = 32) clone using VH 4–34, D3-22 and JH 6 gene elements, containing FR mutations, was found. Notably, it was split two-thirds within the CD19hiIgD+ subset and one-third within the CD19loIgD+ subset. In spite of the overwhelming similarities between subsets, there were three distinct differences. The VH4 family was significantly (37% versus 17%) more abundant in the CD19loIgD+subset. Second, CD19loIgD+ Vλ Jλ clones were two-fold more numerous and more diverse in gene utilization than the CD19hiIgD+ subset. Third, B cells utilizing Vk5 B2 genes were significantly (16% versus 7%) more abundant in the CD19hiIgD+ subset. Because of the polyclonal distribution of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and the overall similarity between the two subsets, it is likely that anergy in the CD19loIgD+ subset is not antigen specific.
Intraluminal pancreatic candidiasis presenting as recurrent pancreatitis

An 88-year-old man with closely spaced attacks of acute pancreatitis who was found to have ductal changes of chronic pancreatitis with multiple noncalcified intraluminal filling defects during endoscopic retrograde pancreatography is presented. These defects proved to be fungus balls made up of Candida albicans. He was treated with longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy and oral fluconazole and has since remained recurrence free (30 months). It is suggested that Candida superinfection may occur in a chronically dilated pancreatic duct and may contribute to symptomatic recurrent inflammation of the pancreas.
The case for feedback control real-time scheduling

Despite the significant body of results in real-time scheduling, many real world problems are not easily supported. While algorithms such as Earliest Deadline First, Rate Monotonic, and the Spring scheduling algorithm can support sophisticated task set characteristics (such as deadlines, precedence constraints, shared resources, jitter, etc.), they are all "open loop" scheduling algorithms. Open loop refers to the fact that once schedules are created they are not "adjusted" based on continuous feedback. While open-loop scheduling algorithms can perform well in static or dynamic systems in which the workloads can be accurately modeled, they can perform poorly in unpredictable dynamic systems. In this paper, we present a new scheduling paradigm, which we call feedback control real-time scheduling. Feedback control real-time scheduling defines error terms for schedules, monitors the error, and continuously adjusts the schedules to maintain stable performance. This paper also presents a practical feedback control real-time scheduling algorithm, FC-EDF, which is a starting point in the long-term endeavor of creating a theory and practice of feedback control scheduling.
Mechanism of pigeon liver malic enzyme. Modification of sulfhydryl groups by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and N-ethylmaleimide.

Abstract Malic enzyme of pigeon liver (l-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.40) contains a total of approximately 10 —SH groups per subunit, reactive with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). Two or more exposed groups (Class I) are highly reactive with DTNB; alteration of these groups does not impair the oxidative decarboxylase activity. This activity, however, is lost upon reaction of a less accessible —SH group (Class II), the alteration of which also results in concomitant increase in the ability of this enzyme to reduce pyruvate in the presence of NADPH. The remaining —SH groups (Class III) in the undenatured enzyme are largely unreactive with this reagent. The alkylating reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) induced similar changes in the over-all and reductase activities of this enzyme. These effects by NEM are also attributed to the alteration of Class II —SH group, since they are prevented by reversible attachment of a thionitrobenzoate substituent (from DTNB) to this —SH group prior to reaction with NEM. Modification of Class II —SH group by either reagent is promoted by carboxylic acid substrates, and partially prevented by Mn2+. This group appears to be located at or near the active center of this enzyme, but is not directly involved in the binding of reactants nor in the catalytic process. An —SCN derivative was prepared by reacting the DTNB-modified enzyme with KCN. This derivative was found to be completely active in oxidative decarboxylation. Apparently, the geometry of the active center is such that this activity is impaired by the attachment of a relatively bulky or charged substituent to the Class II —SH group. Furthermore, our experimental data implicate that modification results in the blockage of the reversible C—C bond cleavage step, thereby accounting for the loss of oxidative decarboxylase and decarboxylase activities.
The Crab Nebula pulsar - Variability of dispersion and scattering

Previous investigations of the effects of interstellar dispersion and scattering on the waveform of the Crab Nebula pulsar (NP 0532) have indicated a two-screen scattering model with one variable screen and have revealed anomalously large phase residuals at 73.8 MHz. The relevant observational data are reanalyzed in order to bring the two-screen model into better agreement with theoretical models of the interstellar medium and to account for the low-frequency (73.8-MHz) phase anomaly. The wavenumber spectrum of electron-density fluctuations is examined along with its role in scattering models involving an extended medium, a thick screen, or a thin screen. A tenable unit impulse response is constructed for a thin screen, its Fourier transform is analyzed, and an attempt is made to obtain the dispersion measure and scattering constants for two screens. A comparison of the resulting pulse-broadening and delay effects with other theoretical predictions shows that all observed pulse-broadening and delay effects in NP 0532 are consistent with scattering by a single thick slab of plasma occupying no more than one quarter of the line of sight.
General anesthesia in an office-based plastic surgical facility: a report on more than 23,000 consecutive office-based procedures under general anesthesia with no significant anesthetic complications.

Hoefflin SM, Bornstein JB, Gordon M, Waddle J, Coleman J Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:243-251 The popularity of elective, office-based plastic surgery has increased significantly over the past two...
Some Evidence Concerning the Factorial Validity of the Screening Test of Academic Readiness

The Screening Test of Academic Readiness (STAR) consists of eight subtests combined to yield one Total score. As part of the ongoing evaluation of an early childhood education program, the STAR was administered to three samples of kindergarten pupils. It had been previously determined that the STAR was predictive of later academic achievement. A series of factor analyses was performed to determine whether the STAR could be used for individualized diagnosis and remediation. Results showed that two oblique factors emerged which had limited meaning. These results raised questions about which STAR scores might prove most useful to the potential consumer.
Yttrium zoning in metamorphic garnets

Abstract Yttrium zoning has been measured in garnets from The Straits Schist, Connecticut, USA, using the Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobe. SXRF compositional maps for Mn and Fe show that the major elements are concentrically zoned about the gannet core in the classic bell-shaped profiles considered indicative of growth zoning. Yttrium, however, displays oscillatory zoning which varies three orders of magnitude in abundance, from about 3 to 4000 ppm, and is correlated with textural zoning in garnet. The major element abundances, by contrast, display no visible inflection related to textural zoning. At this time it is not possible to unequivocally identify the mechanism which has produced this oscillatory zoning. Most likely this reflects either the breakdown of Y-enriched phases, changes in the rate of garnet growth with time, or changes in the effective Y concentration of matrix phases due to breakdown and reprecipitation of garnet as the equilibrium reactions involving gannet change. This study demonstrates that the SXRF microprobe provides excellent, spatially resolved compositional maps for trace elements in porphyroblasts, something other analytical techniques have been unable to do. It also suggests that the diffusion rates for Y in garnet are probably significantly slower than those for major cations such as Mn, Fe, Mg, and Ca. As a result trace element mapping potentially provides a clearer record of the reaction history of the rock, provides details of how chemical zoning in garnet is produced, and allows evaluation of assumptions about chemical equilibrium between minerals.
Clinicians' attitudes regarding withdrawal of left ventricular assist devices in patients approaching the end of life †

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are implanted to support the circulation of patients with advanced heart failure. Patients approaching death, or their surrogates, may request withdrawal of LVAD support. We sought to study the atti- tudes and practices of heart failure clinicians regarding withdrawal of LVAD support in patients approaching death. Methods and results Using internet-based and secure methods, we surveyed members of the European Society of Cardiology-Heart Failure Association (ESC-HFA), the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), and the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) to assess their attitudes and practices regarding LVAD withdrawal for patients approaching death. The results indicated that clinicians have varied attitudes and practices regarding withdrawing LVAD support in these patients. Furthermore, ESC-HFA clinicians (primarily European) and ISHLT and HFSA clinicians (primarily North American) differed in their attitudes and practices regarding withdrawal of LVAD support, particularly its ethical and legal permissibility. For example, more European clinicians than North American clinicians regarded with- drawing LVAD support as a form of euthanasia. Conclusion Opinions and level of comfort with LVAD withdrawal vary among clinicians. Clinicians should be aware of suggested
Prediction of Survival for Older Hospitalized Patients: The HELP Survival Model

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a model estimating the survival time of hospitalized persons aged 80 years and older. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with mortality follow-up using the National Death Index. SETTING: Four teaching hospitals in the US. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalized patients enrolled between January 1993 and November 1994 in the Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project (HELP). Patients were excluded if their length of hospital stay was 48 hours or less or if admitted electively for planned surgery. MEASUREMENTS: A log-normal model of survival time up to 711 days was developed with the following variables: patient demographics, disease category, nursing home residence, severity of physiologic imbalance, chart documentation of weight loss, current quality of life, exercise capacity, and functional status. We assessed whether model accuracy could be improved by including symptoms of depression or history of recent fall, serum albumin, physician's subjective estimate of prognosis, and physician and patient preferences for general approach to care. RESULTS: A total of 1266 patients were enrolled over a 10-month period, (median age 84.9, 61% female, 68% with one or more dependency), and 505 (40%) died during an average follow-up of more than 2 years. Important prognostic factors included the Acute Physiology Score of APACHE III collected on the third hospital day, modified Glasgow coma score, major diagnosis (ICU categories together, congestive heart failure, cancer, orthopedic, and all other), age, activities of daily living, exercise capacity, chart documentation of weight loss, and global quality of life. The Somers' Dxy for a model including these factors was 0.48 (equivalent to a receiver-operator curve (ROC) area of 0.74, suggesting good discrimination). Bootstrap estimation indicated good model validation (corrected Dxy of 0.46, ROC of 0.73). A nomogram based on this log-normal model is presented to facilitate calculation of median survival time and 10th and 90th percentile of survival time. A count of geriatric syndromes or comorbidities did not add explanatory power to the model, nor did the hospital of patient recruitment, depression, or the patient preferences for general approach to care. The physician's perception of the patient's preferences and the physician's subjective estimate of the patient's prognosis improved the estimate of survival time significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate estimation of length of life for older hospitalized persons may be calculated using a limited amount of clinical information available from the medical chart plus a brief interview with the patient or surrogate. The accuracy of this model can be improved by including measures of the physician's perception of the patient's preferences for care and the physician's subjective estimate of prognosis.
A Zoo of Slow Dynamics

Significantly slow dynamics, namely subdiffusion, is ubiquitous - especially in the biological context. The fingerprint of subdiffusive dynamics is that the mean squared displacement grows sublinearly in time - but there are very different physical mechanisms that can lead to this same behavior! Discerning between the relevant underlying physical realities is crucial to the understanding of the system at hand. A toolbox is presented with the aim of clarifying the differences between the different mechanisms, and presenting possible complications. We focus on a test for discerning between ergodic models, presenting an interesting application which sheds light on the structure of the energy landscape of proteins.
Perceptions of School Principals about their Engagement in Evaluation on the Basis of Student Data.

Abstract This article describes and examines selected data on attitudes and reported behaviors of school principals associated with their engagement in student achievement data based evaluation. The data were generated from a state-wide study of elementary school principals in California. The entire study is presented elsewhere (Glasman 1986, part two, in press). This article deals with data that reflect on data utilization as a marginal tool.
Numerical investigation of large wave interactions on free falling films

Abstract From experimental measurements of a free falling liquid film at Re880, four representative large, evolving or interacting waves were selected for computational domains in which the Navier-Stokes equations were numerically solved. The algorithm computed velocity and pressure fields within each wave, as well as the shape necessary to match experimental wall shear stress data. Results show interaction effects significantly modify flow fields, compared to large solitary waves. Waves having two peaks had two closed recirculation regions, with a mixing layer separating them. The size of the recirculation regions was dependent on the extent of separation of the wave peaks. As with solitary waves, strong streamwise accelerations exist, with both location and magnitude varying with shape and evolutionary character of the wave. Heat and mass transfer rates must be enhanced by these flow properties, which are shown to have a complicated dependence on wave structure. Examination of the flow fields suggests parabolic streamwise velocity profiles are generally deficient, explaining shortcomings experienced by hydrodynamic models based on such simple velocity profiles.
Couples with diabetes and health-care providers: a grounded theory of preferential relating

Background A collaborative health-care relationship is considered critical in managing chronic illness like diabetes. Poorly controlled diabetes can greatly diminish one's quality of life and lead to severe complications or even death. Rationale Understanding how to improve the relationship between patients and their providers supports improved diabetes health outcomes. Objective We conducted a grounded theory study to examine the types of relationships that diabetic patients and their spouses prefer to form with their health-care providers. Results The analysis of in-depth interviews with 18 diabetic couples reveals four major relationship preferences that differ by the nature of caregiving and decision-making power demonstrated by the physician. Conclusion Using illustrative examples, we show how the type of health-care relationship couples prefer is explained by their connection with one another and suggest implications for practitioners that expand current collaborative models of care.
Design parameters for optimizing the efficiency of thermoelectric generators utilizing p-type and n-type lead telluride

Thermoelectric generators are presently being developed for many uses which range from small flame-operated power supplies for automatic control systems to several kilowatt-size thermopiles for prototype evaluation of marine propulsion systems.1 This renewal of interest in thermoelectric power generation and thermoelectric heat pumping is based on recent advances in the development of special semiconducting materials which exhibit properties intermediate to metals and semiconductors of the type used in P-N junction transistor devices. Often called ?semimetals,? these thermoelectric materials are prepared from semiconducting crystals which are more heavily doped than transistor devices to provide higher electrical conductivity. Such materials exhibit much lower thermal conductivity than do metals and substantially higher thermal emf (electromotive force).
Chemically Vapor Deposited Polycrystalline-Silicon Films

In recent years polycrystalline silicon deposited by chemical vapor deposition has become of importance in many semiconductor applications. The formation and properties of films deposited for different applications are reviewed in this paper, and the use of the films in semiconductor devices is discussed. The deposition temperature, gases, and impurities are found to have the major influence on the properties of the films. These deposition variables significantly affect the crystal
3-D tissue culture systems for the evaluation and optimization of nanoparticle-based drug carriers.

Nanoparticle carriers are attractive vehicles for a variety of drug delivery applications. In order to evaluate nanoparticle formulations for biological efficacy, monolayer cell cultures are typically used as in vitro testing platforms. However, these studies sometimes poorly predict the efficacy of the drug in vivo. The poor in vitro and in vivo correlation may be attributed in part to the inability of two-dimensional cultures to reproduce extracellular barriers, and may also be due to differences in cell phenotype between cells cultured as monolayers and cells in native tissue. In order to more accurately predict in vivo results, it is desirable to test nanoparticle therapeutics in cells cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) models that mimic in vivo conditions. In this review, we discuss some 3-D culture systems that have been used to assess nanoparticle delivery and highlight several implications for nanoparticle design garnered from studies using these systems. While our focus will be on nanoparticle d...
Ecoregions as a level of ecological analysis

There have been many attempts to classify geographic areas into zones of similar characteristics. Recent focus has been on ecoregions. We examined how well the boundaries of the most commonly used ecoregion classifications for the US matched the boundaries of existing vegetation cover mapped at three levels of classification, fine, mid- and coarse scale. We analyzed ecoregions in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The results were similar among the two ecoregion classifications. For both ecoregion delineations and all three vegetation classifications, the patterns of existing vegetation did not correspond well with the patterns of ecoregions. Most vegetation types had a small proportion of their total area in a given ecoregion. There was also no dominance by one or more vegetation types in any ecoregion and contrary to our hypothesis, the level of congruence of vegetation patterns with ecoregion boundaries decreased as the level of classification became more general. The implications of these findings on the use of ecoregions as a planning tool and in the development of land conservation efforts are discussed.
Final Adult Height and its Relationship to Blood Glucose Control and Microvascular Complications in IDDM

The effect of longitudinal blood glucose control on final adult height was evaluated in 181 subjects (94 women and 87 men) with IDDM. Diabetes onset was at a median age of 6.9 years with an interquartile range of 4.7 years. Longitudinal glycated haemoglobin values were determined over a mean period of 6.6 +/- 2.6 years during their growth phase. Serial eye and joint examinations and urinary albumin excretion rates were performed with final assessment being carried out at a mean age of 21.1 +/- 3.0 years. The mean adult height standard deviation score of the whole group was -0.22 +/- 1.15 and was reduced compared to the mean height of the general population and to the mean height of the subjects' parents and siblings. There was an inverse correlation with mean longitudinal glycated haemoglobin and final adult height (p < 0.01). There was also an inverse relationship between adult height and the severity of eye, kidney, and joint complications, but when controlled by glycated haemoglobin, this relationship only remained significant for eye complications. Final adult height is reduced in subjects with early onset IDDM who remain in poor blood glucose control during their growth period.
Internet Reference Sources in the Humanities

Summary Discusses collection development issues involving humanities Internet resources with a particular focus on sustainability, and highlights a few of the major Internet vendors and resources.
Geometric analysis of woven or braided reinforcement for use in composite shells

Abstract Analytical and computational means are developed for a geometric analysis of a woven fabric or braiding reinforcement in laminated composite shells. The analysis involves numerical construction of the fiber trajectories in each lamina of a doubly curved shell and is needed for assuring both the statical adequacy (strength, stiffness) and the geometric feasibility of the reinforcement. The output includes the fiber lengths in each of the two fiber arrays (determining the cutout pattern for the lamina) and the fiber intersection angle (which defines the directional lay-up at any location in the shell). The accuracy of the developed geometric analysis and its sensitivity to initial conditions are assessed by comparing the obtained results with available exact analytical solutions for surfaces of translation. The analysis is shown to be robust and computationally efficient, so that aside from its immediate use, it can serve as a basis for addressing a more challenging problem—the geometric optimization of a laminated composite shell.
Clinical, Imaging and Histopathological Features of Adult Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Neuroaxonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia: A Report of 4 Cases (P02.149)

Objective: To report on a series of 4 patients with Adult onset Leukoencephalopathy with Neuroaxonal Spheroids and Pigmented glia (ALSP). Background ALSP is a rare adult onset leukodystrophy, encompassing hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) and pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), which had previously been considered separate entities. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review. Results: Four previously healthy women presented with a rapidly progressive neurological disorder with insidious onset at age 39, 37, 40, and 30 respectively, and were initially diagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS). One patient had a sister who was diagnosed with MS and died 18 months later, and another had multiple female family members spanning four generations that died soon after being diagnosed with MS or dementia. The other 2 did not have a family history. The clinical courses of the 4 patients were stereotypical with progressive spastic quadriparesis and progressive neurological decline. The major features seen on brain MRI included diffuse cerebral atrophy with corpus callosal atrophy evident at an early stage, diffuse T2 hyperintensities in the subcortical and periventricular white matter with no gadolinium enhancing lesions, and involvement of pyramidal tracts from motor cortex to the brainstem in two patients who had late stage MRIs. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in all cases. The correct diagnosis of ALSP was established by biopsy (2 cases) and autopsy (2 cases). Histopathology showed the presence of neuroaxonal spheroids in all cases and pigmented glia in two. Conclusions: ALSP may be suspected in adults with rapid to subacute progression of neurological disease, when (i) MRI shows corpus callosal atrophy on a background of generalized brain atrophy, diffuse white matter disease without postcontrast enhancement, (ii) CSF studies are normal, and (iii) studies for systemic inflammatory diseases and specific leukodystrophies are normal. However, despite suggestive MRI changes reported in our series, a brain biopsy remains essential for definitive diagnosis. Disclosure: Dr. Kleinfeld has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mobley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wegner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pawate has nothing to disclose.
Does increasing insurance improve outcomes for US cancer patients

Abstract Background Although debate continues on US healthcare and insurance reform, data are lacking on the effect of insurance on community-level cancer outcomes. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association of insurance and cancer outcomes. Materials and methods The US Census Bureau Current Population Survey, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (2000) were used for the rates of uninsurance. Counties were divided into tertiles according to the uninsurance rates. The data were compared with the cancer incidence and survival for patients residing in counties captured by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2000–2006). Aggregate patient data were collected of US adults (aged ≥18 y) diagnosed with the following cancers: pancreatic, esophageal, liver or bile duct, lung or bronchial, ovarian, colorectal, breast, prostate, melanoma, and thyroid. The outcomes included the stage at diagnosis, surgery, and survival. Univariate tests and proportional hazards were calculated. Results The US uninsurance rate was 14.2%, and the range for the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results counties was 8.3%–24.1%. Overall, patients from lower uninsurance rate counties demonstrated longer median survival. Adjusting for patient characteristics and cancer stage (for each cancer), the patients in the higher uninsurance rate counties demonstrated greater mortality (8%–15% increased risk on proportional hazards). The county uninsurance rate was associated with the stage at diagnosis for all cancers, except pancreatic and esophageal, and was also associated with the likelihood of being recommended for cancer-directed surgery (for all cancers). Conclusions Health insurance coverage at a community level appears to influence survival for patients with cancer. Additional investigations are needed to examine whether individual versus community associations exist and how best to surmount barriers to cancer care.
Subsampled device-independent interchange color spaces

This paper extends the authors' work on device-independent interchange color spaces. The authors add the additional requirement that a desirable interchange space exhibit good performance when two of its dimensions are encoded at lower spatial resolution than the other constituent, either by subsampling or other methods. Many important bandwidth compression algorithms use such encodings. The authors define luminance contamination, a new measure for interchange space performance under subsampling, supply a test for this property, and report results for a set of proposed device-independent color spaces. The occurrence of large, infrequently occurring errors in RGB color spaces with low luminance contamination is also reported. The authors discuss the conversion of a device-independent representation to popular device spaces by means of trilinear interpolation and find, for a given accuracy, some spaces require substantially fewer lookup table entries than do others.
Lifetime and binding energy of the metastable ( 1 s 2 s 2 p ) p ° 5 2 4 state in S 1 3 +

The lifetime and binding energy of the lowest-lying metastable quartet state, $(1s2s2p)^{4}p\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ in ${\mathrm{S}}^{13+}$ have been measured by studying the forbidden (spin-spin-induced) autoionizing decay in flight of the state after foil excitation. The state is found to be bound by -4988 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 26 eV and has a lifetime of 1.1 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 nsec. A summary of our previous measurements of these same quantities for other members of the lithiumlike sequence is also given, along with an estimate of the branching ratio for the autoionization process.
Mast cell regulation via paired immunoglobulin-like receptor PIR-B.

Activating (PIR-A) and inhibitory (PIR-B) isoforms of the paired immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor family have been evaluated for their modulating potential in mast cell responses to IgE antibody and mast/stem cell growth factor (SCF). Mast cells produce PIR-A and PIR-B, but PIR-B was found to be predominantly expressed on the cell surface, where it wasconstitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and associated with SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Efficient coligation of PIR-B with FceRI inhibited IgE-induced mast cell activation and seroton in release. PIR-B and c-kit (or mast/SCF receptor) coligation also inhibited SCF-induced mast cell responses. The PIR-B inhibitory activity was unimpaired in SHP-1-deficient mast cells, perhaps because of non-SHP-1-binding tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the cytoplasmic tail of PIR-B. This analysis suggests that PIR-B may serve to control mast cell activity.
Self-referenced silicon nitride array microring biosensor for toxin detection using glycans at visible wavelength

We report on application of on-chip referencing to improve the limit-of-detection (LOD) in compact silicon nitride (SiN) microring arrays. Microring resonators, fabricated by e-beam lithography and fluorine-based etching, are designed for visible wavelengths (656nm) and have a footprint of 20 x 20 μm. GM1 ganglioside is used as the specific ligand for recognition of Cholera Toxin Subunit B (CTB), with Ricinus Communis Agglutinin I (RCA I) as a negative control. Using micro-cantilever based printing less than 10 pL of glycan solution is consumed per microring. Real-time data on analyte binding is extracted from the shifts in resonance wavelengths of the microrings.
Pediatric Teledermatology—A Survey of Current Use

Demand for pediatric dermatologic care far exceeds the supply of pediatric dermatologists. Teledermatology has been proposed as a solution to improve access to care, however, data regarding teledermatology use for pediatric patients are lacking. Surveys assessing use and experience with teledermatology were administered to pediatric dermatologists attending the 2006 Society for Pediatric Dermatology Annual Meeting and to programs offering teledermatology identified in the American Telemedicine Association's 2003 Teledermatology Survey. Over half of the 76 pediatric dermatologists responding to the survey had previous experience with teledermatology and nearly half currently use some form of teledermatology. For most, this represents nonreimbursed, store-and-forward consultations. Respondents noted that teledermatology allows more accurate triage of dermatology patients, decreases travel and outpatient clinic visits, and provides an avenue for ongoing support and education for primary care physicians. While difficulties exist, overcoming obstacles to the use of pediatric teledermatology and reimbursement for such services could improve access to expert pediatric dermatologic care.
Volume interchange factors for hypersonic vehicle wake radiation

Volume interchange factors are shown to be convenient in modeling the radiative processes in the wake of a hypersonic vehicle. Use of the factors facilitates calculating not just the radiative heating rates on afterbody surfaces but also the radiative de-excitation rates from stimulated emission and re-excitation rates from absorption in rarefied nonequilibrium flows. Sample calculations of volume interchange factors are presented for volume configurations modeling wake elements, and the numerical results are compared to limiting approximations to clarify the operation of the emission, transmission, and absorption processes.
Frequency distribution of dapsone N‐hydroxylase, a putative probe for P4503A4 activity, in a white population

Phenotypic trait values in 166 healthy white subjects (age range, 18 to 88 years) were determined for dapsone N-hydroxylation, dapsone N-acetylation, debrisoquin 4-hydroxylation, and S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation after single oral dose administration of the probe drugs dapsone (100 mg), debrisoquin (10 mg), and mephenytoin (100 mg). No associations or evidence of cosegregation were found between the individual routes of metabolism. Dapsone N-hydroxylation exhibited a unimodal distribution, with marked (tenfold) intersubject variability, and aging was associated with reduced N-oxidation. However, the other measured routes of metabolism were age independent, but intersubject variability in all of the trait measurements increased with age. In subjects younger than 50 years, S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxyla-tion was modestly (34%) less in men than in women. In contrast, dapsone N-acetylation, dapsone N-hydroxylation, and debrisoquin 4-hydroxylation were not influenced by gender. Previous smoking habit and alcohol consumption were not associated with a difference in any of the four routes of metabolism. Accordingly, the measured phenotypic traits of drug oxidation and N-acetylation appear to be quite robust in regard to some common demographic variabilities present in population studies, with the exception of dapsone N-hydroxylase, which is affected by aging. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 492–500; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.62