cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Framing Analysis of Embedded and Behind-the-Lines Reporting on the 2003 Iraq War

A 2003 study by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press found that “Most Americans (53 percent) believe that news organizations are politically biased, while just 29 percent say they a...
Inclusion, Solidarity, and Social Movements: The Global Movement against Gender Violence

Women's movements are increasingly divided along lines of race, sexuality, ethnicity, and class. When such division obstructs cooperation, women lose their most effective advocates in the public sphere. How can movements overcome these divisions and improve their influence on policy and society? In some contexts, it seems that activists are able to overcome such divisions without denying politically salient conflicts. The transnational movement against gender violence, for example, mobilizes people not only across differences of race, class and sexuality but also across differences of language, national context, level of development, and the like. How do they do this? I argue that the movement against gender violence has achieved cooperation through the development of norms of inclusivity. Such norms include a commitment to descriptive representation, the facilitation of separate organization for disadvantaged social groups, and a commitment to building consensus with institutionalized dissent. Developing such norms is not the only possible path to cooperation, but it is an important and overlooked one. It illuminates a way of maintaining solidarity and improving policy influence without denying or sublimating the differences and conflicts among activists. Existing scholarship on social movements that attributes successful cooperation to shared interests, identities, or opportunities, is incomplete because it does not take account of relations of domination among activists who cooperate. Attending to the context of structural inequality in which social movements operate improves our understanding of social mobilization and illuminates overlooked paths to cooperation.S. Laurel Weldon is associate professor of political science at Purdue University (weldon@polsci.purdue.edu). The author thanks Jane Mansbridge for her help. Thanks also to Karen Beckwith, Elisabeth Clemens, Jennifer Hochschild, Aaron Hoffman, Debra Liebowitz, and Iris Young for comments on earlier drafts. Thanks to Anne Walker and Vicki Semler for helpful conversations, and to Charlotte Bunch, Arvonne Fraser, and Jutta Joachim for helping with key details. Reviewers for Perspectives provided many valuable suggestions. Errors and shortcomings remain my responsibility.
MATURITY OF SELF-PERCEPTION IN RELATION TO MANAGERIAL SUCCESS

Summary Using a forced-choice adjective check list, a scale measuring maturity of self-perception was developed. Contrary to expectation, a positive relationship between maturity and success in managerial positions was not found. Rather those individuals whose self-perceptions were like those of their own age were most likely to be successful managers and to achieve higher management positions.
Cerebral and muscle MRI abnormalities in myotonic dystrophy

Abstract Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the clinically devastating CNS features of myotonic dystrophy (DM) remain more enigmatic and controversial than do the muscle abnormalities of this common form of muscular dystrophy. To better define CNS and cranial muscle changes in DM, we used quantitative volumetric and diffusion tensor MRI methods to measure cerebral and masticatory muscle differences between controls ( n =5) and adults with either congenital ( n =5) or adult onset ( n =5) myotonic dystrophy type 1 and myotonic dystrophy type 2 ( n =5). Muscle volumes were diminished in DM1 and strongly correlated with reduced white matter integrity and gray matter volume. Moreover, correlation of reduced fractional anisotropy (white matter integrity) and gray matter volume in both DM1 and DM2 suggests that these abnormalities may share a common underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Further quantitative temporal and spatial characterization of these features will help delineate developmental and progressive neurological components of DM, and help determine the causative molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Preschoolers' Bistrategic Resource Control, Reconciliation, and Peer Regard

Bistrategic resource control entails using both coercive and prosocial strategies in competition for resources. The present study sought to clarify whether bistrategic involves more than simply using both strategies some of the time. Examining 88 preschoolers' coercion and prosociality over an entire school year, results showed that coercive resource control was used most frequently at the start of the school year, presumably to access resources and establish social dominance. Rates of prosocial resource control increased over the school year, and socially dominant preschoolers showed higher rates compared with peers, presumably to maintain resource control while keeping peers as allies. Socially dominant preschoolers also used reconciliation more often than peers, resulting in higher rates of affiliation between former competitors and more positive peer regard from fall to spring. Findings are discussed in terms of resource control theory and the importance of situating social behaviors within the behavioral and relationship context in which they are embedded.
The Impact of On-Wafer Calibration Method on the Measured Results of Coplanar Waveguide Circuits

This paper compares four commonly used on-wafer calibration methods including multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL), line-reflect-reflect-match, line-reflect-match, and short-open-load- thru, for three diverse coplanar waveguide (CPW) circuits. The magnitudes and phases of S 11 and S 21 of the CPW circuits are compared to quantify how the specific calibration method influences measured scattering parameters. Special care is taken to ensure that the measured scattering parameters are normalized to the same reference impedance and reference plane for accurate comparison. The measured results are compared with full-wave simulations to provide additional assessment of accuracy. A method to de-embed the discontinuity of the CPW at the probe tip and the CPW of the test structures is presented. The effect of probe-to-device-under-test discontinuity is effectively modeled by one- or two- section of shunt capacitor and series inductor. The results show that the multiline TRL calibration method provides the highest transmission coefficient repeatability on not well-matched circuits and highest accuracy on the three circuits in this paper up to 40 GHz.
The Russian Oil Tax Regime: A Comparative Perspective

Two American economists specializing in tax policy and the economy of Russia examine fiscal policies and instruments utilized by the Russian government to derive revenues from the country's oil production and exports, and compare these policies with relevant measures in Australia, Canada, Norway, the UK, and United States. The authors proceed to analyze the net present value shares resulting from the development of an oil deposit that accrue to the government and to investors in Russia prior to 2007 and in 2008-January 2009 after adoption of changes in the fiscal regime. The analysis covers a variety of scenarios, including zero inflation and debt, positive inflation and debt levels, as well as price volatility. It yields, inter alia, a basic finding to the effect that the share of a project's net present value accruing to Russia's government is high in comparison with that in the other oil-producing countries discussed in the paper. Moreover, relative to its mean return, the Russian government bears sign...
Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral axis determination in Drosophila embryos revealed by cytoplasmic transplantations

The establishment of the dorsal-ventral pattern in Drosophila embryos depends on a signal transduction process: a putative extracellular ligand released into the perivitelline space surrounding the embryo binds to the Toll receptor. Toll activation triggers the formation of the nuclear gradient of dorsal protein, the morphogen of the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, I analyse the dorsal protein distribution and the expression of zygotic dorsal-ventral genes in Toll- embryos that have been injected with wild-type cytoplasm under a variety of different injection conditions. Injections into two positions within a single embryo lead to the formation of two dorsal-ventral patterns in one embryo, allowing the analysis of interactions between pattern-forming processes. The results of single and double injections suggest that the spatial information for the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis is largely derived from spatial cues present in the extraembryonic compartment, which restrict the release of the putative Toll ligand. They argue against a Toll-dependent pattern-formation process employing local self-enhancement and lateral inhibition to enhance a weak initial asymmetry. The putative Toll ligand appears to originate from a ventrally restricted zone which extends along the entire anterior-posterior axis. Ligand diffusion or its graded release are required to determine the slope of the nuclear dorsal protein gradient. Both the Toll receptor and the putative ligand of Toll are in excess in wild-type embryos. Since spatial information for the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis is already present in the vitelline membrane or the perivitelline space, it is most likely generated during oogenesis. Oogenic pattern formation is also responsible for the perpendicular orientation the dorsal-ventral axis maintains with respect to the anterior-posterior axis.
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is the molecular diagnostic term describing patients with Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, and other clinical presentations with germline mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. PHTS confers increased risks for specific malignancies, most notably breast, thyroid, renal, and endometrial cancers. Benign tumors are common, affecting a variety of tissues, and can range from subtle skin papules requiring no treatment to devastating vascular anomalies. There is also a broad range of neurodevelopmental effects, with some patients having no challenges and others with severe autism spectrum disorder and mental retardation. While most cases are inherited in a family for generations, following an autosomal dominant pattern, at least 10% and perhaps as many as 44% of cases are due to a new (de novo) mutation. Clinical presentations can vary dramatically from patient to patient, even among those in the same family. Features of this condition that may assist in diagnosis prior to cancer development can be subtle and difficult to recognize. This chapter will help the reader identify which patients should be referred for genetics evaluation and how to manage patients diagnosed with this rare condition.
Infantile Hepatic Hemangioma: Role of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography

A 2-year-old boy with history of cystic fibrosis underwent a screening ultrasound examination of the abdomen at 9 months of age that revealed a liver mass. Physical examination showed no evidence of skin lesions or a palpable abdominal mass. Liver mass was further characterized by magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (DCEMRA). Conventional T2-weighted images demonstrate a T2-hyperintense lesion in segment 4A of the liver with a prominent vessel flow void representing the arterial feeder (Figure, A). On DCE-MRA, there is early arterial enhancement with centripetal filling and prominent venous drainage to the middle hepatic vein consistent with high flow arteriovenous shunting (Figure, B-D). Imaging findings are suggestive of an infantile hepatic hemangioma (IHH). Follow-up ultrasound imaging of the liver at 2 years of age without intervention showed spontaneous involution. High flow arteriovenous shunting with centripetal enhancement on DCE-MRA differentiates IHH from benign hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma andmalignant hepatoblastoma. DCE-MRA plays an invaluable role in the diagnosis of IHH, which spontaneously resolves and thereby prevents
Economic Profile for 15 MicroKing Clients in Zimbabwe

This report provides a profile of 15 clients from one branch of MicroKing Finance in Harare, Zimbabwe, using information provided by clients and observed by loan officers during the credit evaluation process. This profile of MicroKing clients is part of a larger poverty assessment project in which ACCION is engaged. The project aims to analyze what types of people ACCION's partners serve, how poor these clients are, and how they compare to non-clients in the same country, using both quantitative and qualitative measures of poverty.
The Wheel of Retailing

New types of retailing frequently start off with crude facilities, little prestige, and a reputation for cutting prices and margins. As they mature, they often acquire more expensive buildings, pro...
Elimination of Microtwins in Mbe-Grown Silicon on Sapphire

We have examined a number of MBE-grown (001) silicon thin films grown on ( $$\overline{1}012$$ ) sapphire substrates using transmission electron microscopy. We have found that for silicon films less than 0.55μm thick, microtwins are very much in evidence. For silicon films greater than 700nm thick, however, dislocations, rather than microtwins, are the predominant defect. It is our conjecture that the generation of dislocations, and the associated disappearance of microtwins in thicker MBE-grown SOS films, is analogous to the generation of misfit dislocations in silicon-germanium films grown on silicon or germanium substrates by MBE. The persistence of microtwins in CVD-grown SOS, as opposed to MBE-grown SOS, can be understood in terms of Dodson and Tsao’s formulation of the kinetics of plastic flow in thin germanium-silicon films.
Pilot Scale Research on Oily Sludge Compression Treatment

The technical feasibility and economic rationality of oily sludge(OS) compression treatment with coal as filter aid have been studied based on the thickened sludge of Liaohe Petrochemical Company in this paper.The moisture content of OS original sample is 97.1%,as well as oil content of 3 516.3 mg/L, solid content of 2.5%,and pH value of 7.2.The influence of technological conditions on OS pressing efficiency has been researched.Optimum condition has been found as follow,coal granularity 0.25-0.42 mm,filtering pressure 0.4 MPa,coal addition quantity 32 g/L and air blow off time 10 min.Process analysis has been carried out under the optimum condition of OS pressing.It is indicated that filter cake could hold up 96.2% oil which makes filtrate satisfactory to return to wastewater treatment system after settlement;and the moisture content of filter cake declined to 48.2% with calorific value reaching to 12 958.2 kJ/kg(after 24 h air drying could be 14 613.7 kJ/kg) that could be utilized in boiler combusting.Moreover,it is analyszed by economic benefit that about 2.1 Yuan(RMB) per ton OS treatment can be obtained under the pilot scale condition.
Donor hearts with impaired hemodynamics. Benefit of warm substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution for induction of cardioplegia during cardiac harvesting.

Brain-dead donors frequently show circulatory deterioration and often require so much inotropic support that the donor heart is of questionable value. This experimental study quantifies the cardiac metabolic consequences of brain death and the role of warm blood cardioplegic solution for induction of cardioplegia to improve the quality of potential donor hearts with impaired hemodynamics. Twelve dogs were subjected to brain death by interrupting cerebral blood flow (ligation of innominate artery, carotid arteries, and superior vena cava) and were followed up for as long as 6 hours. Each showed progressive hemodynamic deterioration, necessitating inotropic support (dopamine, calcium, and epinephrine) and large amounts of volume replacement (hetastarch; Hespan) to support the circulation (maintain mean arterial blood pressure greater than 60 mm Hg). Biopsy specimens were taken after 6 hours, or when irreversible ventricular fibrillation occurred, and were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, glycogen, glutamate, and lactate. In six dogs the aorta was then clamped, and a 10-minute infusion of warm (37° C) substrate-enriched aspartate/glutamate blood cardioplegic solution (with the dog’s own blood) was given by roller pump to simulate warm induction during the harvesting process. Biopsies were then repeated. Myocardial metabolism, expressed as percent of control values, during brain death was characterized by the following: (1) moderate energy depletion (adenosine triphosphate fell 25% ± 8%, creatine phosphate fell 55% ± 15%; p
Influence of age on postconcussive postural control measures and future implications for assessment

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of age, sex, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status, previous history of concussion, and days since injury on postconcussion postural control assessment in adolescents who have suffered a concussion. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Hospital-based outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-one participants (42 males; 29 females) with mean age 14.14 ± 2.44. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Age, sex, previous concussion history, ADHD status, total and severity of postconcussion symptoms, and days since injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total Balance Error Scoring System score, path length, center-of-pressure (COP) area, sample entropy, and Romberg quotient. RESULTS: Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to test for potential associations between the continuous participant characteristics and the postural control variables. Spearman correlation was used to test the association between symptom severity and the postural control variables. Standard multiple regression was used to model the extent to which participant characteristics accounted for the variance in the postural sway variables. Age was significantly associated with all of the postural sway variables except COP area for the eyes open condition and sample entropy in the anterior-posterior direction for the eyes closed condition. Sex, ADHD status, and previous concussion history did not significantly predict postural control scores. CONCLUSIONS: Age significantly influences scores on common postconcussion postural control assessments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that age is a critical factor that needs to be accounted for to improve the clinical appropriateness and utility of current postconcussion postural control assessments. Language: en
The Theory of Markets: Efficient and Inefficient -or- How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Inefficient Market

Market theories permeate the consciousness of those involved in the markets, as with most things everyone has an opinion, and as with most things many people are wrong. The study of whether markets function efficiently or inefficiently is timeless; to say only the people change isn’t even an accurate observation because the pervasiveness of irrationality and inefficiency is one that transcends time. I intend to present the basis for both arguments, and then add my own sauce (if you will).
Eremitic Homoerotics: the Religious Culture of Gerard Manley Hopkins

Eliza Keary’s ‘Christine and Mary’ presents two alternatives for the direction of same-sex desires: as Christine’s plea for friendship in the world and Mary’s argument for a different kind of union in the cloister — with God, yet living in a homoaffective community. The works of Gerard Manley Hopkins underscore this distinction, for the poet was clearly a ‘Mary’. At a time when competing discourses offering the possibility of homoerotic friendships in the secular world were opening up, Hopkins retreated to solitary love for God. For these writers, I call this space ‘eremitic’ — hermit-like, as opposed to the ‘cenobitic’ life of community. In the late nineteenth century, when same-sex contexts increasingly presented an awareness of homoeroticism, some men preferred love of God alone, through the body of Jesus Christ. In the process, they continued a tradition of religious desire that could not be extinguished by rival claims for male beauty found in writings on ancient Greek homosexuality. For a culture that was beginning to name the sexual deviance of Hellenism, Christian same-sex desire served a safer role in providing models for homoeroticism that were as strong as the Greek influence.
Abstract 364: Loss Of Systemic C-kit Function Determines Atherosclerosis Burden In Hyperlipidemic Mice

IntroductionC-kit is one of the most important tyrosine kinase receptors dynamically regulated in healthy and diseased blood vessels. However, whether c-Kit signaling is beneficial or detrimental t...
Architecture and mechanism of the central gear in an ancient molecular timer

Molecular clocks are the product of natural selection in organisms from bacteria to human and their appearance early in evolution such as in the prokaryotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus suggests that these timers served a crucial role in genetic fitness. Thus, a clock allows cyanobacteria relying on photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation to temporally space the two processes and avoid exposure of nitrogenase carrying out fixation to high levels of oxygen produced during photosynthesis. Fascinating properties of molecular clocks are the long time constant, their precision and temperature compensation. Although these are hallmarks of all circadian oscillators, the actual cogs and gears that control clocks vary widely between organisms, indicating that circadian timers evolved convergently multiple times, owing to the selective pressure of an environment with a daily light/dark cycle. In S. elongatus , the three proteins KaiA, KaiB and KaiC in the presence of ATP constitute a so-called post-translational oscillator (PTO). The KaiABC PTO can be reconstituted in an Eppendorf tube and keeps time in a temperature-compensated manner. The ease by which the KaiABC clock can be studied in vitro has made it the best-investigated molecular clock system. Over the last decade, structures of all three Kai proteins and some of their complexes have emerged and mechanistic aspects have been analysed in considerable detail. This review focuses on the central gear of the S. elongatus clock and only enzyme among the three proteins: KaiC. Our determination of the three-dimensional structure of KaiC early in the quest for a better understanding of the inner workings of the cyanobacterial timer revealed its unusual architecture and conformational differences and unique features of the two RecA-like domains constituting KaiC. The structure also pinpointed phosphorylation sites and differential interactions with ATP molecules at subunit interfaces, and helped guide experiments to ferret out mechanistic aspects of the ATPase, auto-phosphorylation and auto-dephosphorylation reactions catalysed by the homo-hexamer. Comparisons between the structure of KaiC and those of nanomachines such as F1-ATPase and CaMKII also exposed shared architectural features (KaiC/ATPase), mechanistic principles (KaiC/CaMKII) and phenomena, such as subunit exchange between hexameric particles critical for function (clock synchronization, KaiABC; memory-storage, CaMKII).
The Effects of Distraction on Consumption, Food Preference, and Satiety: A Proposal of Methods

Distracted eating is defined as the intentional consumption of a meal while engaged in a secondary activity to the extent that the significance or memory of the meal is diminished or forgotten enti...
Phase I/II Study of Intravenous Plerixafor Added to a Mobilization Regimen of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Collection.

Abstract Plerixafor, given subcutaneously with granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF), improves autologous stem cell collection in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of plerixafor allows administration of plerixafor on the same day as pheresis and it may improve stem cell collection. The primary objectives of this phase I/II study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose of i.v. plerixafor and the efficacy of i.v. plerixafor + G-CSF to mobilize ≥ 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg from patients with lymphoma. In phase I, 25 patients were treated with G-CSF + i.v. plerixafor at escalating doses; in phase II, 36 patients were treated with G-CSF + plerixafor .40 mg/kg. The treatment was well tolerated. Fifty-nine of 61 patients (98%) met the collection goal and 47 of 61 patients (77%) collected ≥ 5.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg in a median of 2 pheresis days. Analysis of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) revealed that G-CSF–mobilized grafts were enriched with CD34+CD45RA-CD123+/- primitive HSPCs whereas plerixafor preferentially mobilized CD34+CD45RA+CD123++ plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. In conclusion, i.v. plerixafor is well tolerated and effective when added to G-CSF for the mobilization of stem cells from patients with lymphoma, with mobilization kinetics and stem cell collections that compare favorably with subcutaneous dosing.
Postautotomy tail movement differs between colour morphs of the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

Striped and unstriped colour morphs of the eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus , vary in their pre-attack behavioural response to predators, but it is unknown whether the morphs vary in post-attack strategies. Both morphs employ tail autotomy, a post-attack defensive mechanism enabling an individual to release a portion of their tail to facilitate escape from predation. Postautotomy tail movement diverts attention of a predator away from the individual’s body, so natural selection should favor vigorous tail movement in both colour morphs of P. cinereus . We compared the degree of postautotomy tail movement between morphs following simulated predation. Striped individuals exhibited substantially longer and faster tail movement than unstriped individuals. Divergence in postautotomy tail movement may be a direct evolved response to variable predation pressure between colour morphs. Alternatively, tail movement may be constrained in the unstriped morph due to a genetic correlation with colouration (e.g., pleiotropy).
Bones and Mineralized Tissues

This chapter provides correlations between the composition and properties of hard tissues. The primary distinction between hard tissues is related to mineral density, which is a function of the organizational quality of the connective tissue and sufficient components of calcium precipitates to trigger mineral precipitation is presented, and aspects to characterize the mineral content are complicated by the small size of distributed nanocrystalline deposits. With more mineralizaton, bone as a composite material is effectively more dense, stiffer, and stronger. And given where bone mineralization occurs, there are finite locations where mineralization can occur, such that viable bone has a theoretical maximum “living” density. With more mineralization, the particulate reinforcements lead to quasistatic mechanical properties that appear stiffer with a higher modulus of elasticity. Due to the long chain structure of the collagen as the connective tissue and matrix phase in this composite, bone is viscoelastic. Finally, there is a discussion about specialized mineralized tissues including bones of the skull and teeth, which have both a different anatomy and physiology. The importance of pH control is also discussed, and at low pH, there is larger driving force to demineralize tissues, which encompasses the origins of both tooth decay and osteoporosis.
Representing Women and Poverty in Late Medieval Art

During the Middle Ages, images could delineate the poor as separate or other, suggesting their distinct social, economic, and possibly even physical status. To understand late medieval visualizations of poor women, this essay will examine images of poor women that range from voluntarily poor religious women to involuntarily poor women shown as recipients in scenes of charitable giving. In my comparison of representations depicting poor women to those of poor men, I point to gender-based ideologies of poverty that reflected complex attitudes towards the poor and women in medieval society.
Evolution and inevitability

Questions not only about the nature of evolution but also about the vastness of the Universe are addressed, as are speculations about the nature of life had evolution taken another route or on other planets.
Mixed-Effects Models for Mental Health Services Research

A common theme in mental health services research is multi-stage sampling i.e., sampling of responses within subjects and sampling of subjects within populations. For example, in prospective longitudinal studies, subjects are repeatedly sampled and rated on measures of well being, mental and physical level of functioning, quality of life, and these subjects are sampled from a population, often stratified on the basis of type or amount of service utilization. Like all behavioral characteristics, these outcome measures exhibit individual differences. We should be interested in not just the mean trend, but in the distribution of these trends in the population of subjects. Then we can speak of the number or proportion of subjects who are functioning more or less positively, at such and such a rate. We can describe the behavioral relationship, not as a fixed law, but as a family of laws, the parameters of which describe the individual behavioral tendencies of the subjects in the population. This view of behavioral research leads to Bayesian methods of data analysis. The purpose of this paper is to explore application of mixed-effects regression models to common statistical problems encountered in mental health services research. Previous work in this area has led to widespread use of mixed-effects regression models for the analysis of longitudinal mental health services data. Generalizations of the model lead to mixed-effects probit and logistic regression for binary, ordinal and nominal response data, full-information item factor analysis, and multivariate generalizations of probit analysis. These models are critical to mental health services research in that they provide statistically rigorous approaches to both the definition and analysis of outcome which is invariably multidimensional and based on qualitative factors.
HYALURONAN DNA MATRIX FOR GENE TRANSFER

ABSTRACT Gene therapy appears to be an attractive modality for accelerating wound healing, as only temporary gene expression is required to achieve a desirable therapeutic outcome. We describe a crosslinked hyaluronan (HA) biocompatible and biodegradable matrix for sustained gene transfer. Results from in vitro DNA release kinetics studies indicate that this hyaluronan-DNA bioconjugate is capable of prolonged release of DNA. Electrophoretic motility studies indicate that the DNA released from this delivery vehicle is intact. The DNA samples collected during the course of the release study were successfully used for transfecting cell cultures. DNA-HA matrix with a 0.5% DNA (encoding a β-galactosidase gene) loading was implanted into pig subdermal (endodermis) biopsy wounds. Extensive gene transfer was observed after 12 days of implantation. This gene delivery matrix system could be used for sustained delivery of plasmid DNA encoding a cytokine (e.g., Platelet Derived Growth Factor) as a single application therapeutic for accelerating chronic wound healing.
The Emerging Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Shelter and Urban Development

One of the most important trends in international development assistance is the increasing role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in shelter provision and the improvement of housing and urban environments. With growing public commitment and financial contributions the NGOs are forging new relationships with aid agencies, governments and the building industry on behalf of local populations seeking an enhanced participatory role in the planning and development process. Indeed, many NGOs, through the Habitat International Coalition (HIC), the NGO alliance for human settlements, are having a broader impact on shelter and urban development policy issues. This paper considers some of the problems and opportunities facing NGOs.
Mediated Physicality: Inducing Illusory Physicality of a Virtual Human via Environmental Objects

A physical embodiment of a virtual human has shown benefits in applications that involve social interaction with virtual humans. However, it often incorporates cumbersome haptic devices or robotic bodies. In this position paper, we first discuss our motivation for utilizing a surrounding environment in human-virtual human interaction and present our preliminary studies and results. Considering the previous studies and related literature, we define the concept of Mediated Physicality for virtual humans, which utilizes environmental objects to increase perceived physicality of the virtual humans, and discuss fundamental aspects of the Mediated Physicality as well as future research plans.
Self-Management in Long-Term Prostate Cancer Survivors: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

PURPOSEThis randomized clinical trial compared a personally tailored, automated telephone symptom management intervention to improve self-management among long-term survivors of prostate cancer wit...
In vitro investigation of synergy among fosfomycin and parenteral antimicrobials against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Abstract Intravenous fosfomycin is undergoing clinical development in the United States for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and may be prescribed as a component of dual antibiotic regimens against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Fosfomycin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, and tobramycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by gradient diffusion strip (GDS) against CPE isolates (N = 49). The GDS cross method was used to assess antibiotic interactions between fosfomycin and the aforementioned parenteral antibiotics. The resultant fractional inhibitory concentration index was used to classify interactions. Fosfomycin-containing combinations were evaluated only if nonsusceptible to the second agent. The fosfomycin MIC50 was ≥1024 mg/L by GDS. Synergy or additivity was detected in 80 (22%) fosfomycin-containing combinations. Antagonism was not observed. Ceftolozane/tazobactam most frequently displayed synergy [8 (16.3%) isolates]. When CPE are isolated, clinical laboratories should consider performing GDS synergy tests to identify favorable antibiotic interactions.
Integrated preventive maintenance and flow shop scheduling under uncertainty

This paper is concerned with stochastic scheduling of production and maintenance activities in a permutation flow shop setting. We present a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer program (SMIP) that adapts the conventional permutation flow shop scheduling problem for incorporating multiple preventive maintenance activities with various meter-based intervals. The model handles uncertainties in both processing times and the duration of maintenance activities. The concept of combining maintenance activities in scheduling problems is introduced and formulated, along with other practical considerations. The objective is to minimize the total expected cost associated with lateness penalties and maintenance resources. We use simulation–optimization (SO) for solving large-scale instances of the problem, and for validating the SMIP model. Through extensive computational experiments, we show that the SO method is superior in terms of efficiency and effectiveness and evaluate its sensitivity to the input data. Finally, a case study in earth-moving operations is presented, followed by managerial implications.
A study of spectrum fatigue crack propagation in two aluminum alloys. I - Spectrum simplification. II - Influence of microstructures

An investigation of the fatigue crack propagation FCP behavior of two aluminum alloys is performed to simulate spectrum loading conditions found at critical locations in high performance fighter aircraft. Negative loads are shown to be eliminated for the tension-compression spectrum for low to intermediate maximum stress intensities, and load interactions are found to be more significant at higher stress intensities and with more plasticity at the crack tip. In the second part, the influence of microstructural features including grain size, inclusions, and dispersoids on constant amplitude and spectrum crack growth behavior in aluminum alloys is studied. At low stress intensities the I/M alloy demonstrated better FCP resistance than the P/M 7091 alloy for both constant amplitude and spectrum testing, and the inhomogeneous planar slip and large grain size of 7050 limit dislocation interactions, thereby improving FCP performance.
Cost-Effectiveness of Nusinersen and Universal Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nusinersen with and without universal newborn screening for infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Study design A Markov model using data from clinical trials with US epidemiologic and cost data was developed. The primary interventions studied were nusinersen treatment in a screening setting, nusinersen treatment in a nonscreening setting, and standard care. Analysis was conducted from a societal perspective. Results Compared with no screening and no treatment, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for nusinersen with screening was $330 558 per event-free life year (LY) saved, whereas the ICER for nusinersen treatment without screening was $508 481 per event-free LY saved. For nusinersen with screening to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $50 000 per event-free LY saved, the price would need to be $23 361 per dose, less than one-fifth its current price of $125 000. Preliminary data from the NURTURE trial indicated an 85.7% improvement in expected LYs saved compared with our base results. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, nusinersen and screening was a preferred strategy 93% of the time at a $500 000 WTP threshold. Conclusion Universal newborn screening for SMA provides improved economic value for payers and patients when nusinersen is available.
A Measure to Match Robot Plans to Human Intent: A Case Study in Multi-Objective Human-Robot Path-Planning*

Measuring how well a potential solution to a problem matches the problem-holder’s intent and detecting when a current solution no longer matches intent is important when designing resilient human-robot teams. This paper addresses intent-matching for a robot path-planning problem that includes multiple objectives and where human intent is represented as a vector in the multi-objective payoff space. The paper introduces a new metric called the intent threshold margin and shows that it can be used to rank paths by how close they match a specified intent. The rankings induced by the metric correlate with average human rankings (obtained in an MTurk study) of how closely different paths match a specified intent. The intuition of the intent threshold margin is that it represents how much the human’s intent must be "relaxed" to match the payoffs for a specified path.
Solution-Focused Play Therapy: A Strengths-Based Clinical Approach to Play Therapy

Solution-Focused Play Therapy is an essential text that blends the process of play therapy with solution-focused therapy. With a focus on child strengths and resources, this book identifies key concepts and principles in solution-focused play therapy (SFPT). The author provides neurobiological and developmental support for SFPT and guidance on how practitioners can transition from using a non-directive approach to a more directive and activity-based approach based on the developmental needs of the child. Chapters describe the 12 basic skills needed for employing this approach with children of all ages and their families. Harnessing a strengths-oriented approach, the author presents expressive ways to use key SFPT techniques, including the miracle question, scaling, finding exceptions, and end-of-session feedback. Clinicians will come away from the book with a suite of interventions, strategies, handouts, and forms that can be employed with children of all ages and their families, from strength-based assessment and treatment planning to the final celebration session.
Diagnostic Tests and Physical Exam for CRPS

The diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is often challenging for physicians due to nonspecific presentation of the disease. Patients with CRPS can present with a myriad of symptoms including sensory abnormalities, autonomic signs, and motor dysfunction. This chapter goes through the diagnostic options to better identify CRPS.
Binge Drinking Relates to Worse Neurocognitive Functioning Among Adults Aging with HIV.

Author(s): Paolillo, Emily W; Saloner, Rowan; Kohli, Maulika; Watson, C Wei-Ming; Moore, Raeanne C; Heaton, Robert K; Moore, David J | Abstract: ObjectiveGiven the aging population of people with HIV (PWH), along with increasing rates of binge drinking among both PWH and the general older adult population, this study examined the independent and interactive effects of HIV, binge drinking, and age on neurocognition.MethodParticipants were 146 drinkers stratified by HIV and binge drinking status (i.e., ≥4 drinks for women and ≥5 drinks for men within approximately 2 h): HIV+/Binge+ (n = 30), HIV-/Binge+ (n = 23), HIV+/Binge- (n = 55), HIV-/Binge- (n = 38). All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring demographically-corrected global and domain-specific neurocognitive T scores. ANCOVA models examined independent and interactive effects of HIV and binge drinking on neurocognitive outcomes, adjusting for overall alcohol consumption, lifetime substance use, sex, and age. Subsequent multiple linear regressions examined whether HIV/Binge group moderated the relationship between age and neurocognition.ResultsHIV+/Binge+ participants had worse global neurocognition, processing speed, delayed recall, and working memory than HIV-/Binge- participants (p's l .05). While there were significant main effects of HIV and binge drinking, their interaction did not predict any of those neurocognitive outcomes (p's g .05). Significant interactions between age and HIV/Binge group showed that HIV+/Binge+ participants demonstrated steeper negative relationships between age and neurocognitive outcomes of learning, delayed recall, and motor skills compared to HIV-/Binge- participants (p's l .05).ConclusionsResults showed adverse additive effects of HIV and binge drinking on neurocognitive functioning, with older adults demonstrating the most vulnerability to these effects. Findings support the need for interventions to reduce binge drinking, especially among older PWH.
Risk and Protective Factors for Changes in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment During COVID-19.

The current study examined (1) changes in psychosocial adjustment among adolescents completing two surveys before COVID-19 and those completing the final survey during COVID-19 and (2) related risk/protective factors. Participants were 208 US adolescents (Mage = 15.09, SD = 0.50, 48.8% female, 86.1% White; 40.9% COVID group) who completed longitudinal surveys assessing psychosocial adjustment and related risk/protective factors (e.g., emotion regulation, well-being pursuits). Only adolescents completing Wave 3 during COVID-19 experienced increases in depressive symptoms, negative affect, and isolation and decreases in positive affect and friendship. Several variables served as risk (i.e., dampening) and protective (i.e., eudaimonic and hedonic motives) factors of these changes. Findings highlight the range of factors that are distinctly associated with negative changes in adolescent adjustment during COVID-19.
Designing phase II clinical trials in Friedreich ataxia.

Introduction : Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of frataxin, an essential mitochondrial protein involved in iron sulfur cluster biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and other processes. FRDA most notably affects the heart, sensory neurons, spinal cord, cerebellum and other brain regions and manifests clinically as ataxia, sensory loss, dysarthria, spasticity and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches in FRDA have consisted of two different approaches: (1) augmenting or restoring frataxin production and (2) modulating a variety of downstream processes related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including reactive oxygen species production, ferroptosis, or Nrf2 activation. Areas covered : In this review, we summarize data from major phase II clinical trials in FRDA published between 2015 and 2020 which includes A0001/EPI743, Omaveloxolone, RT001, and Actimmune. Expert opinion : A growing number of drug candidates are being tested in phase II clinical trials for FRDA; however, most have not met their primary endpoints, and none have received FDA approval. In this review, we aim to summarize completed phase II clinical trials in FRDA, outlining critical lessons that have been learned and that should be incorporated into future trial design to ultimately optimize drug development in FRDA.
Accuracy of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and single-photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of angiographically demonstrated cerebral vasospasm.

Object The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of the routine clinical use of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography and SPECT in predicting angiographically demonstrated vasospasm. Methods Following receipt of institutional review board approval, the authors reviewed the records of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who had been admitted between 2004 and 2005 and underwent TCD ultrasonography and SPECT evaluations within 24 hours of cerebral angiography. Patients were categorized based on the presence or absence of vasospasm and/or hypoperfusion in the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs), middle cerebral arteries (MCAs), and basilar arteries (BAs) or posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) according to each imaging modality. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of an angiographically demonstrated vasospasm also detected on TCD ultrasonography and SPECT. Results One hundred fifty-two patients (101 women) with a mean age (± standard deviation) of 53 ± 13 years were include...