cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DESERT MYTH AND CLIMATIC REALITY

ABSTRACT Students of the American frontier have assumed that the myth of the Great American Desert was derived from the notions of a few men rather than from the probable reality of the experienced environmental conditions. The “illusion’ of the Great American Desert has not been considered from a climatological perspective; no serious attempts have been made using historical methods and techniques to establish the actual climate of the region during the period of formation of the desert image. Explanations concerned with the derivation of the notion of a trans-Missouri desert as perceived by early American explorers neglect the possibility of climatic variability sufficient enough to justify the disparaging accounts of the territory. By establishing the statistical relationship between tree growth and climatic characteristics, spatial reconstructions of moisture conditions in the western United States permit analysis of exploratory experience in perspective with climatic stress. One must conclude that St...
Three-Frame Pulsed Holographic Interferome Try Of A Helical Plasma

The design of diagnostic apparatus for our large plasma physics experiments involves some unpleasant constraints. In addition, to seeking accurate quantitative results, one seeks to design reliable and flexible apparatus Which can perform in the hostile environment of a megajoule capacitor bank. discharge. The holographic interferometer described below has successfully met these requirements. Except for the high quality lasers the system consists of ordinary optics and components mounted on small tables or exist.- ing framework- We record interferograms on essentially every plasma, shot and operate for weeks without realigning. There is no doubt that holography provides much greater ease and flexibility than previous Nach-Zehnder interferometry.
ALTRUISM AND CHRISTIAN LOVE

. Sociobiological theories have had little impact on Christian concepts of neighbor love. Since sociobiological theories of altruism depict love as a form of egoistic interest in enhancing one's general fitness, they are often thought to contradict Christian theories of love. However, altruism as defined by sociobiology has more affinity with Roman Catholic views of Christian love as caritas than Protestant views of extreme agape. Sociobiological views of altruism may provide more updated models for defining the orders and priorities of love, which has been an important aspect of Roman Catholic ethics. The family's role in mediating between kin altruism and wider love for the community is investigated.
Superconductivity in hydrides of Nb--Pd and Nb--Rh

The hydriding properties of Nb--Pd and Nb--Rh alloys were investigated. Results show that hydrogen uptake under retention of the body centered cubic structure, characteristic of VB and VIB metals, can raise T/sub c/. This is the case for both the original Nb/sub 0/./sub 8/Pd/sub 0/./sub 2/H/sub 0/./sub 39/ as well as Nb/sub 0/./sub 8/Rh/sub 0/./sub 2/H/sub 0/./sub 10/. The situation is less clear in the case of the aged hydride of Nb/sub 0/./sub 8/Pd/sub 0/./sub 2/. So far hydrogen take up either in Nb as well as compounds such as Nb/sub 3/Sn has been proven to be deleterious to superconductivity. The increases of T/sub c/ upon hydriding of Nb--Pd and Nb--Rh alloys can, among other factors, be explained in a straightforward fashion on the basis of lattice parameter. Alloying Nb with Rh decreases the lattice parameter of Nb as well as T/sub c/. Hydriding increases the lattice parameters again. The concomitant increase in T/sub c/ should then not be surprising as it reestablishes the original spacial situation. A similar situation holds concerning straightforward electron rules. However, beyond simple spatial and electronic arguments there will certainly be some electronic rearrangements and modifications in bonding which will have a decisive influence onmore » superconductivity. In fact a relation can be expected to the respectable superconducting transition temperatures found in a variety of metastable compounds between Nb and noble metals at relatively high Nb concentrations. Results of the study open the possibility of achieving high values of T/sub c/ by modifying lattice parameters and electronic structure via the introduction of hydrogen.« less
Repeating the first college-level accounting course: Empirical evidence from four institutions

Abstract This article reports grade improvement results of two types of students re-enrolled in the introductory financial accounting course. First, two hypotheses are tested concerning students who had previously completed the course and were retaking it. Second, two additional hypotheses are tested concerning students who had previously withdrawn from the course before completion and were re-enrolled. Sample data are evaluated from four collegiate institutions that have differing characteristics. The results indicate that (1) retaking the course results in an average grade improvement of just over one letter grade, (2) the amount of improvement varies by institution, (3) students who have previously withdrawn from the course perform below C level when re-enrolling, and (4) the below C level outcome is consistent across all four institutions sampled.
Organization of actin and microtubules during process formation in tau-expressing Sf9 cells

Insect Sf9 cells usually elaborate a highly characteristic single process when infected with a baculovirus encoding recombinant human tau. The processes are unbranched, of uniform caliber, and contain bundles of microtubules. Because taxol treatment alone does not induce process outgrowth in these cells, it is believed that tau confers properties on microtubules that permits the conversion of microtubule assembly into the formation of processes. Here we have analyzed the reorganization of both actin filaments and microtubules during process initiation. A zone of organelle exclusion representing the focal reorganization of actin at one pole of the cell anticipated process emergence. A relationship between actin organization and process emergence was also suggested by a shift from single to multiple process formation after treatment with cytochalasin D. The rate of process elongation doubled after cytochalasin treatment of tau-expressing cells. The increase in rate was due to the inhibition of the growth arrest phases which occur in the absence of cytochalasin. In contrast, Sf9 cells treated with cytochalasin after more than 20 h of tau expression were relatively resistant to the drug's effects. We conclude that actin and microtubules are specifically reorganized during tau-induced process outgrowth and that a dynamic relationship between actin filaments and microtubules effects process formation.
Improving ambulatory diabetes care in high-risk racial minorities: use of culture-specific education and close follow-up.

Objective:�Todescribeaprojectaimedatimproving� diabetescareintheambulatorysettingamong�2�high-risk� racialminorities�(AfricanAmericanandHispanicpatients)� byusingculture-specificeducationprovidedbytrained� diabeteseducatorsfromthesameracialgroupsasthetar- getedpatients. � Methods:� Twonurseeducators,� 1� Hispanicand� 1� AfricanAmerican,�completedastandardizedchronicdis- easemanagementprogram,�asdid�2�patientswithdiabetes� fromeachoftheaforementionedethnicgroupsinprepa- rationfortrainingotherpatients.�Thestudypatientspar- ticipatedingroupclassesorone-on-onesessionstolearn� aboutappropriatemanagementoftheirdiabetes,�related� complications,�andimprovedlifestylehabits.�Closefol- low-upbytelephoneandregularappointmentsensured� thatappropriateglucosemonitoringandlaboratorytests� wereperformed.�Outcomemeasuresbeforeandafterthe� interventionwererecorded,�withfinalprojectfollow-up� at�24�months.�Acontrolgroupwasidentifiedduringthe� sameperiod,�whichreceivedstandardcare�(follow-upwith� aphysicianevery�3�to�6�months). � Results:� Animprovementincontrolofdiabe- tesoccurred,� asdeterminedbyasignificantdeclinein� hemoglobinA1clevelsinbothminoritystudygroups.� Emergencydepartmentvisitsalsodecreasedsignificantly.� Lipidprofilesandmicroalbuminshowedimprovementas� well.�Morethan�90%�ofpatientskeptappointmentsand� hadalllaboratorystudiesperformed. � Conclusion:�Theprojectinterventionhadanotable� effect,�physicallyandpsychologically,�onthe�2�ethnicsam- plepopulationsstudied.�Theseresultshavemajorimpli- cations,�bothclinicallyandfinancially,� forpublichealth� policyplanningfordiabetescareinminoritypopulations.� (Endocr Pract. 2010;16:171-177)
Tropomyosin's end-to-end polymerization is irreversibly lost on exposure to urea or cyanate.

Abstract Tropomyosin's low-salt viscosity which is due to end-to-end polymerization, is irreversibly lost upon incubation in 8M urea at room temperature. This effect is due to the chemical modification of lysine residues by cyanate in the urea. In the absence of urea, cyanate alone has the same effect. A loss in tropomyosin binding to actin accompanies the loss in viscosity, consistent with the view that tropomyosin's end-to-end interaction is necessary for strong binding to actin. During column chromatography in 8M urea, used to separate the α and β chains of tropomyosin, the loss of viscosity can be minimized by using freshly-prepared urea and by reducing the time during which the protein and urea are in contact.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of gallstones and the importance of operative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Our institute participated in a national study. We had 68 patients (two-thirds had solitary and one-third multiple gallstone calculi). Our extracorporeal lithotripsy results at 9–18 months' follow-up showed 25% to be free of stone (fragment). Forty-four percent required a second session. This technique has limitations and needs further improvement in the aiming devices available and the size of fragments in order to be useful to a larger group of patients. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a new modality for endoscopic removal of the stone-filled gallbladder. It can be performed safely in a well-selected group of elective cases. It represents a final cure because the diseased stone-containing gallbladder is removed. Patients have distinct advantages: less postoperative pain, a short hospital stay, and early return to work. Intraoperative cholangiography is of help to define the anatomy. Surgeons need to be competent in laparoscopy before using this technique to perform endoscopic cholecystectomy. It will play a dominant role in the future treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis.
Angiotensin II- and glucose-stimulated extracellular matrix production: mediation by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in a murine mesangial cell line

In diabetic nephropathy, glomerular mesangial cells exhibit aberrant anabolic activity that includes excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to crowding of filtration surface areas and possible renal failure. In the present study, a murine mesangial cell line (MES-13 cells) was studied to determine the roles of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in the anabolic response to elevated glucose levels. Culture of MES-13 cells in medium containing supra-physiological glucose concentrations (>5.5 mmol/l) resulted in increased production of ECM proteins including laminin, fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan with concurrent increases in IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 production. These responses were blocked by the angiotensin receptor antagonists saralasin and losartan, while exogenous angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment directly stimulated increases in ECM and IGFBP-2. In all experiments, IGFBP-2 levels were correlated with anabolic activity implicating IGFBP-2 as a possible mediator in cellular responses to high glucose and Ang II. Such mediation appears to involve IGFBP-2 modulation of IGF-I signaling, since all responses to high glucose or Ang II were blocked by immuno-neutralization of IGF-I. These data suggest alterations in the IGF axis as key mechanisms underlying nephropathic responses of mesangial cells to Ang II and high glucose.
THE RELIABILITY OF THE THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS FOR THE DISSOCIATION OF CARBONIC ACID IN SEAWATER

Laboratory measurements of all four CO2 parameters [fCO2 ( = fugacity of CO2), pH, TCO2 ( = total dissolved inorganic carbon), and TA ( = total alkalinity)] were made on the same sample of Gulf Stream seawater (S = 35) as a function of temperature (5–35 °C) and the ratio of TATCO2 (X) (1.0–1.2). Overall the measurements were consistent to ±8 μ atm in fCO2, ± 0.004 in pH, ± 3 μ mol kg−1 in TCO2, and ± 3 μ mol kg−1 in TA with the thermodynamic constants of Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995). Deviations between the measured pH, TCO2, TA and those calculated from various input combinations increase with increasing X when the same constants are used. This trend in the deviations indicates that the uncertainties in pK2 become important with increasing X (surface waters), but are negligible for samples with the lower X (deep waters). This trend is < 5 μ mol kg−1 when the pK2 values of Lee and Millero (1995) are used. The overall probable error of the calculated fCO2 due to uncertainties in the accuracy of the parameters (pH, TCO2, TA, pK0, pk1, and pK2) is ± 1.2%, which is similar to the differences between the measured values and those calculated using the thermodynamic constants of Millero (1995). The calculated values of pK1, (from fCO2-TCO2-TA) agree to within ± 0.004 compared to the results of Dickson and Millero (1987), Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995) over the same experimental conditions. The calculated values of pK2 (from pH-TCO2-TA) are in good agreement (± 0.004) with the results of Lee and Millero (1995) and also in reasonable agreement (± 0.008) with the results of Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995). The salinity dependence of our derived values of pK1 and pK2, (S = 35) can be estimated using the equations determined by Millero (1995).
WHO needs change

The World Health Organization needs major reform to regain its leadership as a convener and provider of scientific and technical knowledge, says Barry R. Bloom.
Amelanotic Subungual Melanoma: A Case Report

Subungual melanoma is a disorder that accounts for 2% to 3% of all melanoma cases. It is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and approximately 85% of cases are misdiagnosed initially. We report the case of a 31-year-old male patient presenting with a rapidly growing mass localized to the hallux, which eventually resulted in the diagnosis of an ulcerated amelanotic subungual melanoma. Because of their lack of pigmentation, amelanotic melanoma is frequently misdiagnosed for other more common forms of cutaneous compromise, and a delay in proper treatment because of failure to make the diagnosis can greatly decrease the likelihood of a favorable outcome. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Computer‐Based Retort Control Logic for On‐Line Correction of Process Deviations

A control logic algorithm is described for use with computer-based control systems on batch retort operations in the thermal processing of canned foods. The system is capable of automatically adjusting process time during the cook cycle to compensate precisely for any unexpected deviation in retort temperature. It takes into account the cooling lethality contributed with conduction-heating foods, and does not rely on any test cans for monitoring product center temperature. Performance is demonstrated by computer-generated plots showing actual retort temperature history along with calculated center temperature and accumulated process lethality; and results are compared with other methods.
Roentgenographic and biomechanical analysis of lumbar fusions: a canine model.

An animal model of anterior and posterior column instability was developed to allow in vivo observation of bone remodeling and arthrodesis after spinal instrumentation. Various combinations of spinal fusions and instrumentation procedures were performed after an initial anterior and posterior destabilizing lesion was created at the L5-L6 vertebral levels in 35 adult beagles. After 6 months of postoperative observation, there was improved probability of achieving a spinal fusion if spinal instrumentation had been used. All biomechanical testing was performed after removal of instrumentation to test the inherent stiffnesses and quality of the spinal fusions. The fusions performed in conjunction with instrumentation (group V = Harrington instrumentation and posterolateral fusion; group VI = Luque instrumentation and posterolateral fusion) demonstrated the greatest axial rotation stiffnesses (group V, p less than .05); axial compressive stiffness (group V, p less than .05); and flexural stiffness (group VI, p less than .05). The results show that a spinal fusion can be more reliably achieved and will be more rigid if it is accompanied by spinal instrumentation.
Partial Hessian vibrational analysis: The localization of the molecular vibrational energy and entropy

The partial Hessian vibrational analysis (PHVA), in which only a subblock of the Hesssian matrix is diagonalized to yield vibrational frequencies for partially optimized systems, is extended to the calculation of vibrational enthalpy and entropy changes for chemical reactions. The utility of this method is demonstrated for various deprotonation reactions by reproducing full HVA values to within 0.1–0.4 kcal/mol, depending on the number atoms included in the PHVA. When combined with the hybrid effective fragment potential method [Gordon MS, et al. (2001) J Phys Chem A 105:293–307], the PHVA method can provide (harmonic) free-energy changes for localized chemical reactions in very large systems.
Cs boltwoodite obtained by ion exchange from single crystals: Implications for radionuclide release in a nuclear repository

Abstract Spent nuclear fuel is unstable under the oxidizing conditions present in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, and the dominant products of alteration are expected to be uranyl oxide hydrates and uranyl silicates. Incorporation of radionuclides into the structures of the uranyl phases may impact upon the mobility of radionuclides under repository conditions. Boltwoodite, (K,Na)[(UO 2 )(SiO 3 OH)](H 2 O) 1.5 , will form under repository conditions when groundwater contacts the spent fuel waste form. Cs-exchanged boltwoodite, Cs[(UO 2 )(SiO 3 OH)], has been obtained from single crystals of natural boltwoodite by ion exchange with 2 M CsCl solutions at 90°C (14 days) and 185°C (24 h). Exchange of Cs + for K + and Na + in the interlayer of the structures was demonstrated by single-crystal structure determinations for exchanged crystals. This is the first demonstration of ion exchange in a single crystal of a uranyl phase, as well as the first evidence that Cs can be incorporated into the structure of a uranyl phase that is expected to form due to alteration of spent fuel under repository conditions. Boltwoodite that crystallizes under repository conditions is likely to incorporate Cs into its structure, thereby inhibiting Cs mobility. Earlier-formed Na- and K-rich boltwoodite may also exchange Cs with fluids that contact the crystals. The strongly bonded sheets of uranyl and silicate polyhedra in the structure of boltwoodite are only relatively weakly bonded to the interlayer constituents, permitted exchange of the interlayer cations without the loss of structural integrity. The structures of many uranyl phases are based upon similar sheets of polyhedra of higher bond-valence, suggesting that ion exchange may be possible in many other uranyl phases.
The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann’s Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes

AbstractUnderstanding general rules governing macroecological body size variations is one of the oldest pursuits in ecology. However, this science has been dominated by studies of terrestrial vertebrates, spurring debate over the validity of such rules in other taxonomic groups. Here, relationships between maximum body size and latitude, temperature, and elevation were evaluated for 29 North American freshwater fish species. Bergmann’s rule (i.e., that body size correlates positively with latitude and negatively with temperature) was observed in 38% of species, converse Bergmann’s rule (that body size correlates negatively with latitude and positively with temperature) was observed in 34% of species, and 28% of species showed no macroecological body size relationships. Most notably, every species that expressed Bergmann’s rule was a cool- or cold-water species while every species that expressed converse Bergmann’s rule was a warm-water species, highlighting how these patterns are likely connected to speci...
Radiosensitization of two murine fibrosarcomas with 6-thioguanine

Abstract in vivo murine tumor experiments were carried out to determine whether 6-thioguanine (6-TG) could enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiation on tumors. The combined effects of single and fractionated x-irradiation were evaluated on the transplanted methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma (Meth-A) in BALB/c mice, a moderately radio-responsive tumor and on the radiation induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) in C3H/He mice, a highly radioresistant tumor. The combined treatment of single administration of 6-TG (25 mg/kg) and of x-irradiation (20 Gy) on Meth-A tummor produced more than 90% tumor control, whereas the radiation alone resulted in less than 5% tumor control. The radiosensitizing effect by 6-TG was higher when the drug was administered either I to 8 hr prior to or 24 hr after x-irradiation. The dose modification factor of single dose 6-TG (10 mg/kg) is estimated to be 1.47 for Meth-A tumor and 1.25 for RIF tumor. The tumor control rates of fractionated irradiation alone and with concomitant 6-TG in Meth-A tumors were 14% and 59%, respectively. Based on the studies reported here and well documented pharmacokinetics in humans, it is suggested that combined radiation therapy and 6-TG may provide an enhanced therapeutic effect even in tumor varieties where the drug has no apparent anti-tumor activity on non-irradiated cells.
Evaluation of Soil Removal from Cotton Fabrics

Certain characteristies of a soil-fiber complex are critically important to valid com parison of the relative soil removal abilities of washing machines and detergents. These characteristics, stated herein, are obtained by a method of direct precipitation of zirconyl phosphate soil in cotton fabric. Soiled test cloths thus prepared permit evaluation of soil removal with a high degree of preciston and reproducibility.
Solar cell interface stability probed by charge extraction

Electrical properties of CdTe Schottky solar cells were investigated during exposure to air. Trap states were probed and characterized using charge extraction. Mechanisms for degradation are discussed, and it is argued that degradation in this case is due to instability at the interface between CdTe and the metal electrode.
The Pyrolytic Behavior of Selected Lignin Preparations

Abstract A pyrolytic study of a variety of lignins prepared from hardwood and softwood species, and of selected commercial lignins, was performed using isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatography. The lignins were evaluated according to weight loss, rate of weight loss, and products formed during the pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere. These data were then compared to nitrobenzene oxidation data. Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine structural changes of lignin during initial weight loss in the temperature range of 250° to 320°C. Structural changes appear to occur without any appreciable weight loss. Lignin's thermal behavior during pyrolysis depends upon the degree of condensation present in the initial lignin. Thermogravimetric analysis is shown to be a simple and accurate method to determine the extent of lignin condensation. The yield of monomeric phenols is also dependent on the degree of lignin condensation.
Matrix polynomials, roots and spectral factors

This paper discusses some properties of matrix polynomials and a computational procedure for finding the matrix roots of such polynomials and their relationship to spectral factorization. Polynomials of order n with square matrix coefficients of order N are considered. The computational procedure is of interest in the analysis and design of multivariable control systems.
Tricyclic antidepressants and peripheral anticholinergic activity

Peripheral anticholinergic activity of single acute doses of three tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline 50 mg, desipramine 50 mg, doxepin 100 mg) and placebo was assessed by several physiologic measures in normal male volunteers. Amitriptyline and doxepin produced similar significant depressions in salivary flow and finger sweating compared to placebo, while desipramine produced no change. Supine and standing blood pressures and standing pulse yielded significant differences among the drugs. Measures in at least three areas (salivation, perspiration, and pulse-blood pressure) offer a simple and reliable battery of tests for the peripheral autonomic effects of tricyclic antidepressants.
The hyperstriatal region of the avian forebrain: A lesion study of possible functions, including its role in cardiac and respiratory conditioning

The behavior of 12 pigeons with hyperstriatal lesions (10 bilateral and 2 unilateral) was compared with that of 13 control birds. Neurological examination indicated no striking postural deficits, and all reflexes investigated were normal. However, lesions did reduce escape behavior, spontaneous flight, and responsiveness to exteroceptive stimuli. Avariety of vegetative functions including body temperature, food and water intake, and cardiac and respiratory rate were unaffected. Defensive conditioning, differentiation and extinction performance were also assessed. Birds with lesions showed no impairment of cardiac conditioning, but respiratory conditioning was slower than in control animals. Both cardiac and respiratory differentiation were weak, respiratory differentiation being more severely affected than cardiac differentiation. Neither group of birds showed extinction. Evidence for hpyerstriatal participation in visual function is reivewed, and it is proposed that an important role of the hyperstriatum is mediation of certain somatic responses to visual stimuli and that deficits following ablation may be secondary to impairment of visual orienting responses.
Variations in size of the visual field in which targets are presented: an attentional range effect.

In Experiment 1, subjects responded with a buttonpress to a target letter O embedded in a pair of vertical lines. A flanker control method was used to constrain the location and size of the initial attentional focus. The target could appear in one of five locations within a particular horizontal range. There were five ranges, varying from 1.7° to 8.6° in visual angle. Reaction time measures to the target exhibited V-shaped curves, with the lowest reaction time corresponding to the location of the initial focus of attention. The slopes of the curves decreased monotonically with target ranges. Reaction time measures at the extreme locations of the five ranges showed no significant increase with eccentricity, indicating that the influence of retinal sensitivity is negligible in this identification task as compared with the influence of other, presumably attentional, processes. Experiment 2 indicated that within a given range the slopes of the reaction time curves are independent of the number of locations probed. Additional evidence for the attentional range effect was given in Experiments 3 and 4, in which the tasks were detection of an asterisk both with and without flanking vertical lines and identification of the letter O with and without flanking lines. These results do not conform to predictions of a shifting focus theory of attention with the velocity of the focus assumed to be constant, or to the predictions of a gradient theory with total processing capacity assumed to be fixed.
Significance of central perivenulitis in pediatric liver transplantation.

Central perivenulitis (CP) encompasses dropout of zone 3 hepatocytes, red blood cell extravasation, and perivenular mononuclear inflammation. In the liver transplant setting, CP can occur in isolation or it can occur in association with portal-based disease such as acute cellular rejection (PB-ACR). Some CP is also thought to be a manifestation of chronic rejection, particularly when accompanied by zone 3 fibrosis. Prior studies of CP in pediatric liver allografts have been hampered by lack of protocol biopsies and low rates of histologic follow-up. We studied 62 consecutive liver allografts from 55 pediatric patients (age: or =1 year of histologic follow-up, 32 (52%) > or =3 years, and 24 (39%) > or =5 years. We reviewed a total of 445 allograft biopsies (mean: 7.2 per allograft) obtained at 2 days to 11 years; 213 (48%) of these were protocol biopsies. Seven explanted livers that were removed during the course of retransplantation for graft failure in this group were also reviewed. All specimens were scored for the following features: (1) CP (mild, moderate, and severe), (2) portal ACR (mild, moderate, and severe), (3) zone 3 fibrosis (mild=perivenular or severe=bridging), and (4) ductopenia. CP was present in 120 (27%) of 445 biopsies, including 73 with CP+PB-ACR, 16 with CP within 1 month of PB-ACR, 27 with isolated CP, 3 with CP+de-novo autoimmune hepatitis, and 1 with CP+Epstein-Barr virus infection. Overall, CP was observed on at least 1 occasion in 41 (66%) allografts. It was not associated with any specific liver function test abnormality or pattern of liver function test abnormalities, it was not associated with vascular compromise as judged by Doppler ultrasound examinations, and it was not related to type of immunosuppression. CP overall was equally prevalent in the early ( 3 mo) post-transplant periods, but isolated CP increased in the late period. On follow-up, 6 (15%) of 41 allografts with CP developed ductopenic chronic rejection (4 requiring retransplantation) and 10 (25%) developed zone 3-based fibrosis without ductopenia (2 severe, 8 mild). In contrast, none of the 21 allografts without CP developed chronic rejection (P=0.09) and none had zone 3-based fibrosis on their last biopsy (P<0.001). All patients who developed ductopenia had 1 or more episodes of CP+PB-ACR. In contrast, isolated CP [seen in 17 (27%) allografts on at least 1 occasion] was associated with zone 3-based fibrosis in 50%, but did not lead to ductopenic chronic rejection. These results underscore the high frequency of CP in pediatric liver transplantation, occurring in 27% of all allograft biopsies and 66% of allografts overall. CP is most common in conjunction with portal ACR, where it carries a significant risk for the development of zone 3 fibrosis and a trend toward the development of ductopenic chronic rejection.
MORPHOLOGY CONTROL OF CARBON NANOTUBES THROUGH FOCUSED ION BEAMS

This research demonstrates the capability of controlled, focused ion beam (FIB)–assisted tailoring of morphologies in both multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Y junction nonlinear CNT systems through defect engineering. We have shown that a 30 keV FIB Ga+ ion beam at low ion milling currents of 1 pA can be used to partially reduce the CNT diameter, to provide electrical conduction bottleneck morphologies for linear CNTs, and to introduce both additive and subractive defects at Y junction locations of Y-CNT samples. Our aim is for this work to provide motivation for additional research to determine the effects of ion-beam-induced changes in modulating the physical and chemical properties of nanotubes.
Surgically induced astigmatism after implantation of intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments

Abstract Purpose To analyze surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) after implantation of Intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments. Setting Multicenter clinical trials in the United States. Methods Data from 11 investigational sites involved in the Phase II and III trials of Intacs for the United States Food and Drug Administration were retrospectively analyzed. The distribution of Intacs thicknesses implanted in 449 eyes was 0.25 mm in 148 eyes, 0.30 mm in 151 eyes, and 0.35 mm in 150 eyes. Refractive astigmatism was measured by subjective manifest refraction preoperatively and 1 week and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. The mean simple change in astigmatism and the surgically induced refractive change were determined by vector analysis. Results Mean induced astigmatism at 12 months was 0.13 diopter (D) ± 0.52 (SD). Induced astigmatism was more frequently with the rule (44%) than against the rule (26%) or oblique (30%). Maximal mean astigmatism was 0.50 ± 1.09 D and occurred at 7 days. Mean induced astigmatism increased with segment thickness (0.01 D, 0.17 D, and 0.21 D for the 0.25 mm, 0.30 mm, and 0.35 mm segments, respectively). Mean surgically induced refractive change in cylinder power in all eyes at 12 months by vector analysis was 0.17 D × 92. Conclusion Mean SIA was not clinically meaningful 12 months after Intacs implantation.
Associations of the DRD2 TaqIA Polymorphism with Impulsivity and Substance Use: Preliminary Results from a Clinical Sample of Adolescents

Background The A1 allele of the TaqIA polymorphism (rs1800497) in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) has been associated with substance use. It is unclear whether this allele is a marker for an underlying propensity for specifically developing a substance use disorder, or more generally to developing an externalizing psychiatric disorder highly correlated with substance use. It is also possible that DRD2 is related to a behavioral phenotype common to externalizing disorders and substance use.
Synthesis and Coordination Properties of 1-(Diphenylphosphine oxide)-1-(2‘-pyridyl N-oxide)-3-(diphenylphosphine oxide)propane

The title trifunctional ligand has been prepared, and coordination chemistry with La(III), Pr(III), and Yb(III) has been examined to assess the ligand's chelation properties. In 1:1 complexes, the ligand binds in a bidentate mode to the Ln(III) ions through the pyridyl N-oxide group and unexpectedly with the “long-arm” phosphine oxide group. The “short-arm” phosphine oxide group points away from the primary chelate ring and forms a monodentate bridge bond to the Ln(III) ion in a second Ln(L)(NO3)3 unit.
Methylene-iodonium ylide: an isomer of diiodomethane

Abstract Iso-diiodomethane, H 2 CII is a minimum at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) and MP2/6–31G(d) levels and is separated from conventional isomer, diiodomethane, by a barrier of 134.6 kJ mol −1 calculated using G2 theory. The G2 calculated heats of formation for diiodomethane and iso-diiodomethane are 136.1 and 317.8 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The enthapy change of the H 2 CII → H 2 CI + I( 3 P) dissociation is only 19.4 kJ mol −1 . The charge distribution for H 2 CII does not agree with the description of this species as a hypervalent structure with a positive charge on the carbon and a negative charge on the central iodine.
Increased facilitated transport related to microstructural changes in heat-treated ion-exchange membranes

Abstract Poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) ionomer films were subjected to a heat treatment, with a low volatility polar solvent, which swells the film. These swollen films were used as supports for liquid membranes using water as a solvent. The diffusive and facilitated transport of acid gases was measured and found to be greatly increased in these membranes versus untreated ones. Microstructural analysis of the films, using small angle X-ray scattering, indicates that there is an increase in the size of the ionic (hydrophilic) clusters. This increase in ionic cluster size correlates with the observed increase in permeability of the acid gases. The effective diffusion coefficient of the carbon dioxide carrier complex (determined from a model for facilitated transport) has increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude, while that of the carbon dioxide alone has increased only 4-fold over the same range of heat treatment conditions. The microstructural changes persist over extended periods of time, and therefore the heat treatment is possibly a practical means of increasing permeability for this polymer in commercial applications. In limited tests it has been previously confirmed that the selectivity of the treated membranes for carbon dioxide versus carbon monoxide remains high, with separation factors of 126 to 70.
Introduction to the Historical Archaeology of Powered Cultural Landscapes

This article starts by defining the term “powered cultural landscapes” and then provides a brief history of research on this topic in historical archaeology, starting with the settlement pattern paradigm that did not use the word “landscape,” and progressing to the landscape paradigm and the subsequent increasing use of the word “power” in cultural landscape research. Topics of research initially addressed landscape power dynamics between classes, followed by racial, ethnic, and finally gender power dynamics. Frameworks for analyzing power dynamics have progressed from the Marxian domination and resistance framework for class and racial power dynamics, followed by feminist analyses of male domination, to the recent development of a feminist inclusive heterarchical model of power dynamics.
Predictors of Nursing Home Placement Among Elderly Public Housing Residents

This study examines risk factors for nursing home placement among elderly residents of public housing. Data on residents of six urban public housing developments for elderly persons (weighted n = 881) were analyzed by using logistic regression procedures to determine the predictors of nursing home placement during a 28-month period. Four baseline indicators of need were identified: greater impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive disorder, high scores on the General Health Questionnaire, and psychotic disorder. Thus, functional status and mental morbidity are major contributors to nursing home placement in this setting.
Phenotypic markers for the feline monocyte : Rosette formation with human erythrocytes and a monoclonal antibody which binds myeloid cells

A small population of cells with the ability to form rosettes with human erythrocytes was found in feline peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) (10%) and bone marrow (9%), but not in purified granulocyte preparations, thymus, and lymph node tissues. The morphologic appearance and ability to phagocytize latex beads indicated these cells were monocytes. A monoclonal antibody, CM277, with a binding specificity for feline peripheral blood phagocytes was also characterized. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed CM277 to bind specifically to monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The binding of CM277 to monocytes was also shown by human erythrocyte-rosette formation wherein there was a high degree of correlation between these two phenotypic markers for cells ingesting latex beads. Monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and T lymphocytes of the cat rosette with guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) and using CM277 we were able to determine the contribution of the former two cell types to the GPE-rosetting population. Monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils comprised the majority of the GPE-rosetting cells in fresh PBL (greater than 60%), but after culturing overnight, there was a substantial decrease in these cells (less than 35%). In contrast, GPE-rosetting T lymphocytes comprised approximately 10% of the cells in fresh PBL, and after in vitro culture for 1 day they constituted 35-45% of all cells. The removal of monocytes by human erythrocyte-rosetting did not affect the pokeweed mitogen-induced synthesis of Ig, but did lead to an increased production of interleukin 2. Removal of the GPE-rosetting population from PBL resulted in a marked decrease in interleukin 2 production, pointing to a positive contribution of GPE-rosetting T lymphocytes to the synthesis of this lymphokine.
Algebraic Signal Processing Theory: Cooley–Tukey Type Algorithms for DCTs and DSTs

In this paper, we systematically derive a large class of fast general-radix algorithms for various types of real discrete Fourier transforms (real DFTs) including the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) based on the algebraic signal processing theory. This means that instead of manipulating the transform definition, we derive algorithms by manipulating the polynomial algebras underlying the transforms using one general method. The same method yields the well-known Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform (FFT) as well as general radix discrete cosine and sine transform algorithms. The algebraic approach makes the derivation concise, unifies and classifies many existing algorithms, yields new variants, enables structural optimization, and naturally produces a human-readable structural algorithm representation based on the Kronecker product formalism. We show, for the first time, that the general-radix Cooley-Tukey and the lesser known Bruun algorithms are instances of the same generic algorithm. Further, we show that this generic algorithm can be instantiated for all four types of the real DFT and the DHT.
Bullying and Quality of Life in Youths Perceived as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in Washington State, 2010

Objectives. We examined the association between perceived sexual orientation (PSO), bullying, and quality of life (QOL) among US adolescents.Methods. We analyzed data from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey collected in public school grades 8, 10, and 12 (n = 27 752). Bullying status was characterized as never bullied, bullied because of PSO, or bullied for other reasons. Survey-weighted regression examined differences in QOL, depressed mood, and consideration of suicide by bullying status.Results. Among male students, 14%, 11%, and 9% reported being bullied because of PSO in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, respectively; and among female students, 11%, 10%, and 6%. In all gender and grade strata, being bullied because of PSO was associated with lower QOL scores and increased the odds of depressed mood or consideration of suicide. Moreover, the magnitudes of these associations were greater than for being bullied for other reasons.Conclusions. Bullying because of PSO is widely prevalent and signific...
Human Long Noncoding RNAs Are Substantially Less Folded than Messenger RNAs

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not code for proteins but function as RNAs. Because the functions of an RNA rely on either its sequence or secondary structure, lncRNAs should be folded at least as strongly as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which serve as messengers for translation and are generally thought to lack secondary structure-dependent RNA-level functions. Contrary to this prediction, analysis of genome-wide experimental data of human RNA folding reveals that lncRNAs are substantially less folded than mRNAs even after the control of expression level and GC% (percentage of guanines and cytosines), although both lncRNAs and mRNAs are more strongly folded than expected by chance. In contrast to mRNAs, lncRNAs show neither the positive correlation between folding strength and expression level nor the negative correlation between folding strength and evolutionary rate. These and other results support that although RNA folding undoubtedly plays a role in RNA biology it is also important in translation and/or protein biology.
Performance studies of CMS Pixel Tracker using DC-DC conversion powering scheme

The Electronic Systems Engineering (ESE) Department of the Computing Division at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is carrying out R&D investigations for the upgrade of the power distribution system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Pixel Tracker at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). DC-DC conversion is the preferred powering scheme proposed to be integrated for the CMS tracker to deliver high input voltage levels and performing a step-down conversion nearby the detector modules. In this work, we investigate the robustness of power distribution and perform pixel performance analysis using the DC-DC conversion powering scheme. Tests are performed using the PSI46 pixel readout chips on a forward pixel panel and the AMIS2 DC-DC converters developed at CERN. Reliability studies include the voltage drop measurements on the readout chips and the noise generated from the converter on the power lines. Performance studies include pixel noise and threshold dispersion results.
Perceptions of Neighborhood Problems, Fear of Crime, and Resulting Behavioral Precautions Comparing Institutionalized Girls and Boys in Florida

Researchers rarely study perceptions of disorder, fear of crime, and behavioral precautions among youths, especially juvenile offenders. This study examines perceptions of neighborhood disorder, fear of general and gang crimes, and resulting precautionary behaviors while on the street among a sample of 149 incarcerated youths in Florida. The results show that neither girls nor boys perceived neighborhood disorder. Most are also not afraid. There are few significant differences between girls and boys on disorder and precautionary behaviors, but no significant differences on fear. These unexpected results may be due to sample characteristics, pointing to the need for more research.
The Police Stress Hypothesis: A Critical Evaluation

Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professionals during the last decade. Yet, while the number of papers addressing this topic appear with increasing regularity in the law enforcement literature, the basic assumptions underlying the concept of police stress appear to have been ignored or accepted as fact in the absence of sound empirical support. This article represents an attempt to (1) identify the assumptions that underly the concept of police stress, (2) review the empirical evidence related to these assumptions, and (3) offer an alternative paradigm designed to guide future research on police stress.
Adult sterol metabolism is not affected by a positive sterol balance in the neonatal Golden Syrian hamster

Dietary components impact metabolism early in life. Some of the diet-induced effects are long lasting and can lead to various adult-based diseases. In the current studies, we examined the short-term effects of dietary cholesterol on neonatal hepatic sterol metabolism and the long-term effects that those early-life diets had on sterol metabolism in adulthood. Neonatal hamsters began consuming solid food as a supplement to milk by 5 days of age; diets contained 0 or 2% added cholesterol (wt/wt). By 10 days of age, plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were 3.2- and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, in the neonates fed cholesterol. Hepatic sterol synthesis rates were suppressed 65% in cholesterol-fed neonates compared with control neonates. By 20 days of age, plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were still greater and sterol synthesis rates were now suppressed maximally in neonates fed cholesterol compared with control neonates. The expression level of an apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein receptor (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) was greater and the mature form of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 was similar in livers of 20-day-old control neonates compared with control neonates at 10 days of age. To test whether the change in sterol balance in the neonatal period had a lasting effect on hepatic sterol metabolism, all animals were weaned on a low-cholesterol diet. At 70 days of age, hepatic sterol synthesis rates, plasma lipoprotein and liver cholesterol concentrations, and bile acid pool sizes and compositions were measured. Sterol balance in the adults was similar between animals fed either diet early in life, as demonstrated by a lack of difference in any parameter measured. Thus, even though dietary cholesterol suppressed hepatic sterol synthesis rates dramatically in the neonatal hamster, the change has little impact on sterol balance later in life.