cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verifying Supercellular Rotation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting System with Radar-Derived Rotation Track Data

AbstractThe utility of radar-derived rotation track data for the verification of supercell thunderstorm forecasts was quantified through this study. The forecasts were generated using a convection-permitting model ensemble, and supercell occurrence was diagnosed via updraft helicity and low-level vertical vorticity. Forecasts of four severe convective weather events were considered. Probability fields were computed from the model data, and forecast skill was quantified using rotation track data, storm report data, and a neighborhood-based verification approach. The ability to adjust the rotation track threshold for verification purposes was shown to be an advantage of the rotation track data over the storms reports, because the reports are inherently binary observations whereas the rotation tracks are based on values of Doppler velocity shear. These results encourage further pursuit of incorporating observed rotation track data in the forecasting and verification of severe weather events.
Placental abnormalities associated with isolated single umbilical artery in small-for-gestational-age births.

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that pregnancies complicated by placentas with an isolated single umbilical artery (iSUA) are at increased risk for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births. The etiology of SGA in this population, however, remains unknown. Objective The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether placental abnormalities in pregnancies with SGA births differ according to the presence of iSUA. Study design This was an observational study of all women with pathologic examination of the placenta after delivering a non-anomalous, singleton SGA neonate between January 2009 and August 2015. SGA was defined as birthweight less than 10th percentile for gestational age. Women were categorized according to whether they had an iSUA or a three-vessel cord. The following placental pathologies were compared between the groups using bivariable and multivariable analyses: SGA placenta, maternal vascular malperfusion, high grade fetal vascular malperfusion, and chronic villitis. Results 1833 women were included in the analysis: 34 with iSUA and 1799 with three-vessel cord. More than 85% of women in both groups had at least one placental abnormality. After adjusting for nulliparity and neonatal gender, the presence of iSUA was associated with increased odds of high grade fetal vascular malperfusion (adjusted odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1–7.5) and decreased odds of maternal vascular malperfusion (adjusted odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.9). There was no significant association with other pathologic findings. Conclusion Pathologic placental findings associated with SGA birth differed based on umbilical cord composition. The presence of iSUA in an SGA birth was associated with a higher odds of high grade fetal vascular malperfusion abnormalities and lower odds of maternal vascular malperfusion abnormalities, compared to SGA birth with a 3VC.
Variation in the Caudal Branches of the External Carotid Artery: Comparison of Sex and Side

Background: The branching pattern of vessels emerging from the external carotid artery varies considerably. Knowledge of this variation is critical for clinicians who perform neck procedures. This study assessed the origin of the four primary caudal branches of the external carotid artery (superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and occipital arteries) with regard to sex and side. The position of common carotid artery bifurcation was also analyzed with regard to sex and side. Methods: The carotid arterial system of 79 cadavers from the eastern United States (37 male, 42 female) was dissected bilaterally. The position of carotid bifurcation relative to a midpoint between the suprasternal notch and mastoid process was measured with digital fractional calipers. Origin of the caudal branches was determined and the distance from the carotid bifurcation measured. Results: On the right, the superior thyroid artery emerged from the carotid bifurcation/external carotid more frequently than it did from the common carotid (67% and 31%, respectively); however, on the left, it emerged more frequently from the common carotid (57% and 43%, respectively) (p = 0.003). No side-dependent differences were observed for the remaining three caudal branches. The occipital artery emerged below the origin of the facial artery more frequently than at/above (55% and 44%, respectively). No significant differences were found for the origin of the caudal four branches with regard to sex. There was no significant difference in the location of the carotid bifurcation with regard to sex or side.Conclusions: The origin of the superior thyroid artery differed when comparing neck side, while the origin of the occipital artery frequently emerged caudal to that of the facial artery. Both findings are inconsistent with most anatomical atlases. The positions of the carotid bifurcation as well as the origin of the remaining caudal branches were no different with regard to either parameter.
Disaggregated operating system

Recently, there is an emerging trend to move towards a disaggregated hardware architecture that breaks monolithic servers into independent hardware components that are connected to a fast, scalable network [1, 2]. The disaggregated architecture offers several benefits over traditional monolithic server model, including better resource utilization, ease of hardware deployment, and support for heterogeneity. Our vision of the future disaggregated architecture is that each component will have its own controller to manage its hardware and can communicate with other components through a fast network.
The Maltose ABC Transporter: Where Structure Meets Function

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate active transport of a variety of substrates across biological membranes. The long studied maltose importer from Escherichia coli has provided a wealth of biochemical and genetic information, making it an attractive target for structure determination. The maltose transporter is a complex composed of a heterodimer of transmembrane subunits and a nucleotide-binding subunit homodimer that together function in concert with a periplasmic-binding protein, responsible for delivery of maltose to the transporter. The complex has now been crystallized in multiple states along the translocation pathway. Functional studies were key for stabilizing the transporter in these conformational states, validating the structures and understanding the molecular mechanism of transport. ATP hydrolysis and substrate transport are coupled via concerted conformational changes spanning the bilayer that result in alternating access of the substrate-binding site to either side of the membrane. Although the detailed dynamics of the complex remain to be revealed, we illustrate here how the interplay between biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies established the maltose transporter as one of the best characterized proteins of the ABC family. While many of these molecular insights are relevant to the entire ABC transporter family, some mechanistic features may differ between subclasses, highlighting the extraordinary diversity of ABC proteins and the need for further structure/function analyses.
Understanding the Epidemiology of Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in the United States: Identifying Opportunities for Intervention.

BACKGROUND Supracondylar humeral fractures (SCHF) are the most common elbow fractures in children. The epidemiology of these injuries in the United States is described. METHODS The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database was queried for all children (age, below 18 y) with SCHF treated in the emergency department (ED) from 2006 to 2011, and weighted estimates were extracted. RESULTS A total of 63,348 ED visits for SCHF were identified. The weighted estimate of ED visits remained stable over the study period, ranging from 60.3 to 71.8 per 100,000 children annually. There was no significant difference in fracture rate (52% male) by sex. The mean age of closed injury was 5.5±3.1 years, with 53.6% of fractures occurring in children 3 to 6 years. Open injuries accounted for 1.0% of fractures. Children with open injuries were significantly older (mean, 9.1±4.4 y; P<0.0001) and more often male (OR, 1.43; P<0.001). Neurovascular injury occurred in significantly older children (mean, 7.6±3.1 y; P<0.0001) and was documented in 11.4% of open fractures and 3.6% of operative fractures. Although the South had the greatest number of total SCHF-related ED visits, children in the West had significantly more SCHF-related ED visits per 100,000 children annually (77.9) than all other regions (P<0.05). Average fracture rates were approximately 60% higher in April to September than October to March (P<0.001). Mean total charges for patients treated and discharged from the ED were $2965, compared with $17,865 in children admitted for surgery (P<0.05). Mean charges were significantly higher in the West compared with all other regions (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of pediatric SCHF-related ED visits remained stable from 2006 to 2011 and occurred most frequently in children aged 3 to 6 years. Open injuries are rare and are more likely to occur in older boys. There are significant differences in the injury rates and charges across geographic regions, identifying opportunities for injury prevention, cost reduction, and value improvement. The indications for operative management should be clearly delineated given the high cost of surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV.
Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations

The ocular motor system directs the eyes to targets of interest, maintains fixation, pursues moving targets, and stabilizes the eyes in the face of head, body, or background motion. It provides the signals for the perception of a stable world despite retinal image motion. Ocular motor disorders may take the form of nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, saccadic oscillations, or dysmetria. Eye-movement data and analysis allow differential diagnosis of these disorders, and suggestions for, and evaluation of, therapies.
ICU--CCU training nurses for expanding roles: a case history.

(1975). ICU—CCU Training Nurses for Expanding Roles: A case history — Hospital Topics: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 20-23.
Empirically Documenting Clinically Significant Change in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

The purpose of the present article is to outline the conceptual foundation and practical methodology of the Jacobson-Truax Clinically Significant Change index, derived from psychotherapy outcome research. This way of considering what constitutes clinically significant change in psychotherapy puts a premium on social validation. It empowers clinicians to evaluate the meaningfulness of their client's progress and to communicate that progress to third parties such as other clinicians, researchers, and insurers. Application of the method is demonstrated in the case of a client treated with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). The discussion focuses on the advantages of this procedure for satisfying the intellectual interest of the practitioner-scientist and for furthering informed discussion of the value in various applications of REBT to clinical problems.
High-Frequency Ultrasound Analysis in Both Experimental and Computation Level to Understand the Microstructural Change in Soft Tissues

High-frequency ultrasound has become a popular tool in characterizing small-scale soft materials. This method is particularly effective in pitch-catch mode. It has been used in tissue phantoms to evaluate the microstructure. This method has the potential to be used in determining the tissue pathology in cancer and other tissue degenerative diseases. Among different types of parameters of ultrasound, peak density has been found to be most sensitive to the microstructural and scatterer variations in soft materials. 25 MHz ultrasound wave is used in a pitch-catch mode to evaluate mm scale tissue phantoms with microscale scatterers on different thickness levels. FFT is used to convert the receiving signal to frequency domain, calibrate to remove the noise and analyze the peak density. Finite element simulation is used to model the wave propagation in the medium containing scatterers to find a systematic correlation with the scatterer density.
Four Scope-Related Misconceptions Held by Computer Science Students

Scope is a fundamental topic of computer science and its pervasive nature affects how programmers interpret code on every level. Thus, a strong understanding of scope is necessary for reading and writing code as well as tracing memory usage. This paper qualitatively analyzes students' misconceptions about scope, specifically involving parameters, variable declarations, and loop variables. Our study consisted of five one-on-one interviews where participants were given a set of scope-related problems in Java and Python to solve. We noticed that, despite demonstrating a general understanding of scope, some students became confused about the particular subtypes of scope mentioned previously. Our paper identifies four misconceptions about scope involving parameters, variable declarations, and loop variables: that variable declaration and use are indistinguishable, that where the variable is declared (eg. inside/outside of a method) is not relevant, that passing in a value as a parameter changes the parameter's value globally within the code, and that a loop variable defined to iterate through a for loop is accessible outside of the loop it is declared within. Many of these misconceptions indicate that some participants have an abstract notion about scope that is not equivalent to the programming languages' rules about scope. The information we gathered in this study could potentially help computer science (CS) teachers present scope in a way that prevents the four misconceptions and thus encourage a stronger understanding of scope as a whole.
Analysis of Sublethal Toxicity in Developing Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to a Range of Petroleum Substances

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 236 (fish embryo acute toxicity test; 2013) relies on 4 endpoints to describe exposure-related effects (coagulation, lack of somite formation, tail-bud detachment from the yolk sac, and the presence of a heartbeat). Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos were used to investigate these endpoints along with a number of additional sublethal effects (cardiac dysfunction, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail curvature, hatch success, pericardial edema area, craniofacial malformation, swim bladder development, fin development, and heart rate) following 5-d exposures to 7 petroleum substances. The substances investigated included 2 crude oils, 3 gas oils, a diluted bitumen, and a petrochemical containing a mixture of branched alcohols. Biomimetic extraction-solid-phase microextraction (BE-SPME) was used to quantify freely dissolved concentrations of test substances as the exposure metric. The results indicated that the most prevalent effects observed were pericardial and yolk sac edema, tail curvature, and lack of embryo viability. A BE-SPME threshold was determined to characterize sublethal morphological alterations that preceded embryo mortality. Our results aid in the understanding of aquatic hazards of petroleum substances to developing zebrafish beyond traditional OECD test guideline 236 endpoints and show the applicability of BE-SPME as a simple analytical tool that can be used to predict sublethal embryo toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1302-1312. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Comparison of 16S rDNA Next Sequencing of Microbiome Communities From Post-scalder and Post-picker Stages in Three Different Commercial Poultry Plants Processing Three Classes of Broilers

Poultry processing systems are a complex network of equipment and automation systems that require a proactive approach to monitoring in order to protect the food supply. Process oversight requires the use of multi-hurdle intervention systems to ensure that any undesirable microorganisms are reduced or eliminated by the time the carcasses are processed into final products. In the present study, whole bird carcass rinses (WBCR) collected at the post-scalder and post-picker locations from three different poultry processing facilities (Plant A: mid-weight broiler processing, B: large-weight broiler processing, C: young broiler (Cornish) processing) were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) and microbial quantification using direct plating methods to assess the microbial populations present during these stages of the poultry process. The quantification of aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (EB) demonstrated that reductions for these microbial classes were not consistent between the two sampling locations for all facilities, but did not provide a clear picture of what microorganism(s) may be affecting those shifts. With the utilization of NGS, a more complete characterization of the microbial communities present including microorganisms that would not have been identified with the employed direct plating methodologies were identified. Although the foodborne pathogens typically associated with raw poultry, Salmonella and Campylobacter, were not identified, sequence analysis performed by Quantitative Insights of Microbiology Ecology (QIIME) indicated shifts of Erwinia, Serratia, and Arcobacter, which are microorganisms closely related to Salmonella and Campylobacter. Additionally, the presence of Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas at both sampling locations and at all three facilities provides evidence that these microorganisms could potentially be utilized to assess the performance of multi-hurdle intervention systems.
Engineering a platform for nerve regeneration with direct application to nerve repair technology.

Abstract The development of effective treatment options for repair of peripheral nerves is complicated by lack of knowledge concerning the interactions between cells and implants. A promising device, the multichannel scaffold, incorporates microporous channels, aligning glia and directing axonal growth across a nerve gap. To enhance clinical outcomes of nerve repair , a platform, representative of current implant technology, was engineered which 1) recapitulated key device features (porosity and linearity) and 2) demonstrated remyelination of adult neurons. The in vitro platform began with the study of Schwann cells on porous polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA) substrates. Surface roughness determined glial cell attachment, and an additional layer of topography, 40 μm linear features, aligned Schwann cells and axons. In addition, direct co-culture of sensory neurons with Schwann cells significantly increased neurite outgrowth , compared to neurons cultured alone (naive or pre-conditioned). In contrast to the control substrate (glass), on porous PCL substrates, Schwann cells differentiated into a mature myelinating phenotype , expressing Oct-6, MPZ and MBP . The direct applicability of this platform to nerve implants, including its response to physiological cues, allows for optimization of cell-material interactions, close observation of the regeneration process , and the study of therapeutics, necessary to advance peripheral nerve repair technology.
Amplifier and Line-Narrowed Oscillator Performance of Ti:Al2O3

Laser-pumped Ti:Al2O3 has been operated as an amplifier and as a line narrowed oscillator. Amplifier data is presented as a function of pump geometry, delay between pump and probe, probe bandwidth, and probe energy.
Reproductive health care utilization among refugees in Jordan: Provisional support and domestic violence:

Objectives:Conflict and displacement are associated with poverty, disruption of services, loss of identity, reduced care for reproductive needs, and reduced provision of health care, among other th...
Laboratory Observations of Ultra-low-frequency Analog Waves Driven by the Right-hand Resonant Ion Beam Instability

The Right-Hand Resonant Instability (RHI) is one of several electromagnetic ion/ion beam instabilities responsible for the formation of parallel magnetized collisionless shocks and the generation of ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in their foreshocks. This instability has been observed for the first time under foreshock-relevant conditions in the laboratory through the repeatable interaction of a preformed magnetized background plasma and a super-Alfvenic laser-produced plasma. This platform has enabled unprecedented volumetric measurements of waves generated by the RHI, revealing filamentary current structures in the transverse plane. These measurements are made in the plasma rest frame with both high spatial and temporal resolution, providing a perspective that is complementary to spacecraft observations. Direct comparison of data from both the experiment and the Wind spacecraft to 2D hybrid simulations demonstrates that the waves produced are analogous to the ULF waves observed upstream of the terrestrial bow shock.
Conceptual truths, evolution, and reliability about authoritative normativity

An important challenge for non-naturalistic moral realism is that it seems hard to reconcile it with the (purported) fact of our reliability in forming correct moral beliefs. Some philosophers (inc...
Systems on a chip

Abstract This chapter examines embedded systems built entirely within one chip, which is typically a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The primary objective of the chapter is to examine the architecture of FPGAs and the tools that enable a designer to find and fix design problems within the hardware or software, or both.
Perioperative Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

Over 36 million patients undergo surgical procedures in the United States annually [1]. Around one-third of the patients undergoing surgeries have risk factors for or known cardiovascular disease [2]. The risk of perioperative cardiac complications is related to underlying cardiovascular disease burden [3]. Given the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, it is imperative for a practicing physician to perform an individualized evaluation of the surgical patient to provide an accurate preoperative risk assessment, risk stratification, and allow for modification of management strategies. This chapter outlines a systematic algorithm approach for cardiovascular risk assessment to guide perioperative strategies that may improve outcomes.
Conversion Options for Mining-Affected Lands and Waters in Appalachia

More than 10,000 km2 of Appalachia have been surface mined for coal. Surface-mined lands represent an underutilized resource and can be converted to more productive uses that support ecological and human needs. Seeding, fertilization, and vegetation management can convert degraded mine sites to livestock pasture. Mined lands occupied by invasive plants can be made more similar to native ecosystems by controlling non-native species, mitigating soil limitations, and planting native trees. Degraded mine-site streams can be rebuilt to restore hydrologic function and aquatic habitat. If mine soils have suitable properties, appropriate cultural techniques can be applied to produce biomass crops. If geotechnically stable, mined lands can support housing projects, industrial sites, and other large-scale building structures. Due to their wide availability and lack of competing uses, mined lands may prove suitable as locations for renewable energy projects. Mined-land conversions require technical expertise and often require significant expense; when such resources are available, degraded mined lands of the types that are common throughout Appalachia’s coalfield can be converted to beneficial uses.
Fast and effective protein model refinement by deep graph neural networks

Protein structure prediction has been greatly improved, but there are still a good portion of predicted models that do not have very high quality. Protein model refinement is one of the methods that may further improve model quality. Nevertheless, it is very challenging to refine a protein model towards better quality. Currently the most successful refinement methods rely on extensive conformation sampling and thus, takes hours or days to refine even a single protein model. Here we propose a fast and effective method for protein model refinement with very limited conformation sampling. Our method applies GNN (graph neural networks) to predict refined inter-atom distance probability distribution from an initial model and then rebuilds the model using the predicted distance as restraints. On the CASP13 refinement targets our method may refine models with comparable quality as the two leading human groups (Feig and Baker) and greatly outperforms the others. On the CASP14 refinement targets our method is only second to Feig9s method, comparable to Baker9s method and much better than the others (who worsened instead of improved model quality). Our method achieves this result by generating only 5 refined models for an initial model, which can be done in ~15 minutes. Our study also shows that GNN performs much better than convolutional residual neural networks for protein model refinement when conformation sampling is limited.
Closed-Loop Position Control for Growing Robots Via Online Jacobian Corrections

Growing continuum robots offer improved safety and navigation in confined spaces, due to their inherent compliance and ability to conform to highly curved paths. Navigation of these, and other continuum robots, often involves frequent interactions with the surrounding environment, which are typically unknown and can affect the kinematics of the robot. We propose here an approach for controlling continuum robots based on leveraging real-time position and orientation measurements. This pose information is used to update a local model of the robot's velocity kinematics in an online manner via corrective rotations and magnitude adjustments. We combine the proposed control approach with a method for localizing the tip of a growing robot and evaluate the performance of closed-loop position control on a point-reaching task in unconstrained and constrained environments. The closed-loop system achieves an average total error of 3.22 $\pm$ 1.31 mm in the unconstrained case and 4.56 $\pm$ 1.56 mm in the constrained case, validating our proposed approach. This work also represents the first method for autonomous position control of growing robots that does not require a map of its environment.
Implementation of an Injury Prevention Program in NCAA Division I Athletics Reduces Injury-Related Health Care Costs.

Background:The estimated cost per year of injuries in collegiate athletics has been reported to be billions of dollars in the United States. Injury prevention programs are often assessed only by th...
Chapter 6 SFC/FT-IR Measukements Involving Elimination of the Mobile Phase

Publisher Summary This chapter describes two distinct methods of implementing the interface between chromatographs and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. In the first method, the column effluent is passed through a suitable flow-cell while in the second the mobile phase is continuously eliminated and the eluites are deposited on an appropriate substrate prior to the measurement of the infrared spectrum. Both of these approaches have been applied to the supercritical fluid chromatography Fourier transform infrared (SFC/FT-IR) interface. Off-line and on-line DD SFC/FT-IR measurements are also explained in the chapter. The chapter also illustrates several important features of DD SFC/FT-IR. Firstly, the technique is equally applicable to separations effected on capillary or 1-mm that is, packed columns using modified or unmodified mobile phases. Secondly, on-line data can be obtained after making quite minor modifications to a commercial DD GC/FT-IR interface. Thirdly, the minimum quantity of any analyte that can be identified in real time using this technique is a few hundred picograms for strongly absorbing compounds such as acenaphthenequinone. DD SFC/FT-IR is expected to become an important tool for chemists involved in the analysis of samples containing trace amounts of organic compounds that are too nonvolatile to be separable by gas chromatography.
Gonadal development and infrequent sex change in a population of the humbug damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus , in continuous coral-cover habitat

The expression of protogyny often differs among populations of a single species. The humbug damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus), typically lives in spatially discrete groups of several individuals around live coral colonies and has been reported to be protogynous. The size and sexual composition of groups of this species, however, vary with the size of the coral patch or the degree of coral cover. The present study examined gonadal development and sexual pattern in a population of D. aruanus living in continuous coral-cover habitat. Fish were collected in Tumon Bay, Guam (13°31′N; 144°47′E), during a 2-week period in July and August 1996. Reflecting their distributions, small fish (n=54) were collected at depths of 1–2 m over continuous Porites spp. patches, and large fish (n=56) were collected at depths of 2–3 m over a continuous Acropora spp. patch. Gonadal development was examined histologically. Gonads of D. aruanus first developed an ovarian lumen and primary-growth stage oocytes. From this ovarian state or from more developed ovaries with cortical-alveolus stage oocytes, some gonads developed into testes through degeneration of oocytes and development of spermatogenic tissue. Developing spermatogenic tissue only occurred in gonads having pre-cortical alveolus stage oocytes, and the size of individuals with gonads of this type overlapped mainly with the size range of individuals with gonads containing only pre-vitellogenic oocytes (i.e. immature females). This suggested that functional female-to-male sex change was rare or absent in this population of D. aruanus. Moreover, the different habitat distributions of small and large fish suggest that sex determination in immature fish occurs in the absence of adults.
The Ethical Perceptions of Bribe Taking in Four Muslim Countries

This study examined attitudes toward bribe taking in four Muslim countries – Indonesia, Egypt, Iran and Iraq. Eighteen demographic variables were also examined (gender, age, marital status, etc.), and it was found that most mean scores between groups were significant.
Analysis of touch used by occupational therapy practitioners in skilled nursing facilities

Instrumental touch is identified as having purposeful physical contact in order to complete a task. Expressive touch is identified as warm, friendly physical contact and is not solely for performing a task. Expressive touch has been associated with improved client status, increased rapport and greater gains made during therapy. The purpose of the study was to observe the frequency of expressive and instrumental touch utilized by an occupational therapist during an occupational therapy session. Thirty-three occupational therapy professionals, including occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants, employed at skilled nursing facilities in southwest Florida were observed. Data were collected on the Occupational Therapy Interaction Assessment. The results of the data analysis showed a positive relationship between the gender of the therapist and the frequency of expressive touch. The data also showed that a large majority of touches were instrumental touch and pertained to functional mobility. The results of the study can contribute to a better understanding of the holistic aspects of occupational therapy. By the use of more expressive touch, occupational therapy practitioners may have a positive, beneficial effect on both the client and the therapy process as a whole. Further research is needed to determine the effect an occupational therapy setting has on the frequency of instrumental and expressive touch. A larger sample size and a distinction between evaluation and treatment sessions would benefit future studies.
Is Discipline Different? An Essay on Choice of Law and Lawyer Conduct

This article examines the choice of law rule that the American Bar Association adopted for its Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1993. It questions whether there was a need for a special choice of law rule for bar disciplinary proceedings, and suggests relying instead the choice of law principles courts already apply in legal malpractice cases and other litigation over lawyer conduct.
Visual analysis of proximal temporal relationships of social and communicative behaviors

Developmental psychology researchers examine the temporal relationships of social and communicative behaviors, such as how a child responds to a name call, to understand early typical and atypical development and to discover early signs of autism and developmental delay. These related behaviors occur together or within close temporal proximity, forming unique patterns and relationships of interest. However, the task of finding these early signs, which are in the form of atypical behavioral patterns, becomes more challenging when behaviors of multiple children at different ages need to be compared with each other in search of generalizable patterns. The ability to visually explore the temporal relationships of behaviors, including flexible redefinition of closeness, over multiple social interaction sessions with children of different ages, can make such knowledge extraction easier. We have designed a visualization tool called TipoVis that helps psychology researchers visually explore the temporal patterns of social and communicative behaviors. We present two case studies to show how TipoVis helped two researchers derive new understandings of their data.
Linear longitudinal decline in fractional anisotropy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: preliminary results.

As potential therapies aimed at halting or slowing the decline in upper motor neuron function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are developed, a quantitative method for monitoring response will be necessary. Measurement of fractional anisotropy (FA) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) over time should parallel functional decline from upper motor neuron degeneration in these patients. Two patients with definite ALS were imaged at 3.0 T and FA values were obtained in the corticospinal tract every 3 months for 1 year. The FA values were compared to normal age-matched controls. Both patients showed linear decreases in FA values over time with R2 values ranging from 0.93 to 0.99. The decline became statistically significant over the course of the study. Qualitative decreases in anisotropy were also evident on FA maps. If these trends can be validated in greater numbers of patients, DTI may serve as an objective quantitative biomarker for disease progression in patients with upper motor neuron disease.
A comprehensive regression tree to estimate body weight from the skeleton.

The purpose of this research is to estimate actual body weight (in particular obesity) from the human skeleton. Known individuals (total n = 187) were studied from the Bass Collection from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. This research combines bone density, cross- sectional geometry of the femur and skeletal pathologies. Bone mineral density was calculated for the proximal femur. Three-dimensional bone surface models were created from computed tomographic scans. Cross-sectional geometry of the femur was calculated at five locations along the diaphysis. The pathologies analyzed were heel spurs, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), and tibial osteoarthritis. The best regression tree model included only four variables. The first split to estimate body weight was the minimum moment of inertia (Iy) at the distal femur, the second was midshaft width, then anteroposterior thickness at the proximal slice and the final split was the degree of DISH (SD 17.1-31.0 kg). The ability to estimate body weight from the skeleton is one more useful tool for the osteologist. The ability to estimate the extremes of body mass (or weight) from the skeleton represents an intellectual gap in osteological anal- ysis. Previous attempts to estimate body mass account for an aver- age body mass and ignore the body mass extremes of obesity and emaciation. The goal of this research is to explore various bio- mechanical variables to create a comprehensive predictive model for the estimation of actual body weight and consequently body mass. The body mass index (BMI; kg ⁄ m 2 ) relies on both height and weight. For the sake of simplicity, only body weight in kilo- grams is estimated in this study. Three different methodologies are combined in this model: high- resolution computed tomographic (CT) scans, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and macroscopic osteological analysis of pathologies. The Bass Donated Skeletal Collection at the University of Tennessee, a large skeletal sample of individuals of known height and weight (among other antemortem data), provides an ideal research scenario to resolve this question. Nondestructive methods of CT and DEXA facilitated analysis of biomechanical and bone mineral density (BMD) properties of the femur, a load- bearing bone of the lower limb. Although these methods may be cost-prohibitive, the thorough approach of this research identifies skeletal modifications that could be adapted for broader range use in both forensics and bioarcheological research.
Scatterer number density estimation using frequency modulated ultrasound pulse (medical images)

Ultrasound echoes backscattered from an inhomogeneous medium have the character of a random signal. If the medium is represented as a uniform matrix material with scattering bodies distributed randomly, then the scatterer number density can be estimated from the second and higher statistical moments of the signal. However, the estimate is biased because the statistical nature of the signal also depends on the resolution cell volume of the imaging system, which in turn depends on the center frequency f/sub o/, and the bandwidth Delta f of the interrogating short pulse and the beam profile of the transducer. The authors have performed A-line simulation of the backscattered signal from a specially designed mathematical phantom. Such a phantom makes it possible to study the signal variations as a function of changing resolution cell volume. >
Compatibility of thiotepa (lyophilized) with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration

The compatibility of lyophilized thiotepa injection with selected other drugs during simulated Y-site injection was evaluated. Five-milliliter samples of thiotepa (lyophilized) 1 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection were combined with 5 mL each of 100 other drugs, including antineoplastics, anti-infectives, and supportive care drugs, in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The combinations were stored at room temperature (approximately 23 degrees C) under constant fluorescent light. Visual examinations were performed immediately and at one and four hours with the unaided eye and, if there was no obvious incompatibility, with a high-intensity mono-directional light beam to enhance visualization of small particles and low-level turbidity. The turbidity of each combination was measured as well. Particle sizing and counting were performed on selected solutions. Most of the test drugs were compatible with thiotepa 1 mg/mL during the observation period. Two drugs exhibited incompatibilities with thiotepa. The thiotepa-cisplatin combination developed turbidity in four hours, and the thiotepa-minocycline hydrochloride combination developed a bright yellow-green discoloration in one hour. All the test drugs except cisplatin and minocycline hydrochloride were compatible with thiotepa 1 mg/mL (prepared from the lyophilized formulation) for at least four hours at room temperature.
Fostering Community College Leaders: An Examination of Leadership Development Programs

The study reported in this paper identifies leadership development practices within community colleges by surveying North Carolina community college presidents and evaluating an individual North Carolina community college's leadership institute. The results of the study indicate these community colleges indeed have an interest in leadership development activities for its employees, and the examined leadership institutes are quite effective and beneficial for its participants. Based upon these findings, two sets of recommendations are offered for fostering leadership initiatives within community colleges, namely, a focus on more significant topics for community college employees and developing a leadership learning community within a community college.
Abstract A3: Collagen hydroxylases are essential for breast cancer metastasis

Metastasis is the leading cause of death among patients who have breast cancer. Understanding the role of the extracellular matrix in the metastatic process may lead to the development of improved therapies to treat cancer patients. Intratumoral hypoxia, found in the majority of breast cancers, is associated with an increased risk of metastasis and mortality. Here we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activates the transcription of genes encoding collagen prolyl hydroxylases that are critical for collagen deposition by breast cancer cells. We identify that expression of collagen prolyl hydroxylases promotes cancer cell alignment along collagen fibers resulting in enhanced cancer cell invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs. We establish the prognostic significance of collagen hydroxylase expression in human breast cancer biopsies and evaluate the novel use of ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, a hydroxylase inhibitor, which decreases tumor fibrosis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Citation Format: Daniele M. Gilkes, Pallavi Chaturvedi, Carmen Wong, Saumendra Bajpai, Hong Wei, Maimon Hubbi, Denis Wirtz, Gregg Semenza. Collagen hydroxylases are essential for breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A3.
Purification of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase from bovine cerebral cortex.

A calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase was purified 3000-fold from bovine cerebral cortex using DEAE-Sephacel, calmodulin-Sepharose, and two heptanediamine-Sepharose column steps. The purified enzyme activity was stimulated by calmodulin, forskolin, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, and NaF. The molecular weight of the protein component was estimated as 328 000 with a smaller form of Mr 153 000 obtained in the presence of Mn2+. The most highly purified preparations contained major polypeptides of 150 000, 47 000, and 35 000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels. Photoaffinity labeling of the preparation with azido[125I]iodocalmodulin gave one product of 170 000 daltons on SDS gels. It is proposed that the catalytic subunit of the calmodulin-sensitive enzyme is 150 000 +/- 10 000 daltons and that the enzyme exists as a complex of one catalytic subunit and the stimulatory guanyl nucleotide regulatory complex. These data are consistent with the previous report that the catalytic subunit of this enzyme has a molecular weight of 150 000 +/- 10 000 [Andreasen, T.J., Heideman, W., Rosenberg, G.B., & Storm, D.R. (1983) Biochemistry 22,2757].
The effects of deregulating cable television: Evidence from the financial markets

This paper uses financial market data to study the effects of deregulation on the expected future profitability of United States cable television system operators. The results suggest that although deregulation has enhanced the profitability of these firms, the effect was not anticipated at the time when the deregulatory legislation was passed. Two possible explanations for the unexpected increase in economic rents accruing to cable system shareholders are offered.
Phase change characteristics of energetic solid fuels in turbulent reacting flows

New hydrocarbon fuels with high–energy density content can substantially advance high–thrust, high–temperature, and reduced–size combustion technology. The present work investigates the phase change dynamics of the PCU alkene dirtier, a newly synthesized high-energy density hydrocarbon fuel, in turbulent reacting flows. The shape, location, and velocity of the propellant–gas interface is treated explicitly. A Lagrangian moving grid technique in conjunction with an established body–fitted field equation solver is developed. Owing to the complex flow structure and uneven heat flux distribution along the propellant surface, the interface experiences nonuniform regression between the front and the rear ends. Consistent with experimental observations, the thermal characteristics near the solid-gas interface vary in space and time. The present computational capacity can advance our understanding of phase change, thermal decomposition, and subsequent mixing and burning dynamics of the energetic fuel.
Institutional Design and Power Relations in the African Development Bank

Unlike other international financial institutions (IFI), when the African Development Bank (ADB) was established it did not offer membership to advanced industrial states. In need of more capital, the ADB decided to admit these countries in 1982. In doing so, it attempted to institute rules to maintain the controlling influence of the regional, African members. One means to this end was to grant regional members (as a bloc) the largest share of votes. This paper analyzes how the addition of the non-regional members affected formal voting power relations. Voting power is calculated using the Banzhaf and Johnston power indicies over five time-points since 1975. The results indicate formal influence in the Bank has changed drastically since the 1982 restructuring. Voting power has been concentrated in a subset of members due in large part to the rise in the number of dictators in the Bank's voting groups. Some members that donate substantial capital have little or no voting power. The results point to a well-known property of weighted voting systems. Namely, the intended appropriation of influence in the form of voting weights often fails to translate into relative voting strength in practice because voting weights need to be considered in relation to other factors such as voting procedures and decision rules.
HYPEROXIC LUNG INJURY: PUIMICNARY PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) INCREASES EASES PRECEDE MORPHOLOC

To assess the role of PGs in the early development of hyperoxic lung injury, 11 adult rabbits with chronically implanted arterial and venous catheters were exposed to > 95% O2 or air for 24 hours. At 24 hours, PaO2 was 524 ± 41 (SD) and 92 ± 10 Torr in the hyperoxic and control rabbits. PG E2, PG 6-keto F1α and thromboxane (TX) B2 levels (pg/ml) were measured by RIA in plasma and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant. Protein (P) was measured in serum and BAL; BAL WBC and % PMN were also measured. Hyperoxic exposure for only 24 hours did not cause a significant increase in BAL P (Table, Mean ± SD) or any light or electron microscopic changes. However, BAL % PMN and the BAL:plasma PG 6-keto F1α ratio both increased significantly. The increases in BAL:plasma PG E2 and TX B2 were not significant. In summary, increased PG 6-keto F1α may be an early marker of hyperoxic lung injury. In addition to providing further support for a relationship between PGs and the development of hyperoxic lung injury, these results suggest a potential preventive role for PG inhibitors.