cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review and Update: Genomic and Molecular Advances in Sex Determination and Differentiation in Small Animals

Inherited disorders of sexual development are important to identify as a cause of inherited infertility or sterility in humans and animals. Investigation of these disorders in dogs and cats can identify new mutations, allowing us to eliminate inherited disorders from breeding populations, while contributing to the understanding of mammalian sexual development and differentiation. This review updates an overview of normal mammalian sexual development while discussing disorders of sexual development at three consecutive levels, as errors in sex chromosome constitution, gonadal sex determination or phenotypic sexual development. The molecular mechanisms controlling sexual development and current molecular methods to identify causative mutations are illustrated in three specific examples of abnormal sexual development reported in small animals: XX sex reversal, Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome and cryptorchidism. Identification of causative mutations and development of practical tests to identify carrier and affected animals will provide effective mechanisms to reduce the prevalence of these disorders in small animals.
Universality results for the largest eigenvalues of some sample covariance matrix ensembles

For sample covariance matrices with i.i.d. entries with sub-Gaussian tails, when both the number of samples and the number of variables become large and the ratio approaches one, it is a well-known result of Soshnikov that the limiting distribution of the largest eigenvalue is same that of Gaussian samples. In this paper, we extend this result to two cases. The first case is when the ratio approaches an arbitrary finite value. The second case is when the ratio becomes infinite or arbitrarily small.
Extent and Determinants of Discrepancy Between Self-evaluations of Weight Status and Clinical Standards

OBJECTIVES: To examine the extent and type of discordance between personal and medical classifications of weight status, and to examine the influence of sociodemographic factors on the misclassification of weight status. DESIGN/SETTING: The 1991 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of the U.S. population. PARTICIPANTS: Adults 18 years and older (N=41,676). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Respondents’ self-evaluations of weight status were compared to classification of their body mass index (BMI) by medical standards. Twenty-nine percent of respondents incorrectly classified their weight status relative to medical standards, and the nature of this error was variable. While 27.4% of overweight persons judged their weight to be “just about right,” of those who did judge themselves to be overweight, 23.9% were in fact normal or underweight according to their BMI. Overall, 16.6% of persons underassessed their weight category, and 12.4% overassessed their weight category. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex, age, race, income, education, and occupation influenced the misclassification of weight status. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of Americans deviate from medical standards in their self-evaluations of weight appropriateness, and this lack of correspondence may reflect the normative judgments of various population subgroups. Clinical and public health programs that employ a uniform strategy or approach to the population may not be efficacious.
Effects of migratory geese on nitrogen availability and primary productivity in subarctic barley fields

Migratory geese affect agricultural production by removing biomass and by depositing fecal nutrients. This study used 15N as a tracer to examine the quantitative effects of goose fecal N contributions on agricultural production. Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Datal) was grown for the production of 15N-labeled grain and straw. Two Canada geese (Branta canadensis Taverners) were fed the grain after harvest to obtain 15N-labeled and unlabeled feces. Net N mineralization and micro-plot studies both indicated that in comparison to barley grain and straw, goose feces provided the greatest amount of available N to the soil and to the subsequent crop, and consequently higher barley yields (59% and 62% increase, respectively). However, C mineralization was greater from grain, with 56% evolved compared to 49% and 26% for feces and straw, respectively. Goose feces also provided the greatest addition of N for the barley plants, with fertilizer N recovery efficiency (FNRE) of 16%, compared to FNRE of 10% from the grain amendment, and 1.2% from the straw amendment. The amount of N available in fecal material from leftover grain consumed by grazing geese is small in comparison to total crop needs, but is a potential source of mineral N during the critical early growth of crops grown in cold, high-latitude soils.
EM-based phoneme confusion matrix generation for low-resource spoken term detection

The idea of using a data-driven phoneme confusion matrix (PCM) to enhance speech recognition and retrieval performance is not new to the speech community. Although empirical results show various degrees of improvements brought by introducing a PCM, the underlying data-driven processes introduced in most papers are rather ad-hoc and lack rigorous statistical justifications. In this paper we will focus on the statistical aspects of PCM generation, propose and justify a novel expectationmaximization based algorithm for data-driven PCM generation. We will evaluate the performance of the generated PCMs under the context of low-resource spoken term detection, with primary focus on out-of-vocabulary keywords.
Communication motives of assertive and responsive communicators

Communicators, in one of four groups based on their assertive and responsive behaviors, were investigated for differences in their interpersonal motives for communicating. Competent communicators (high assertive, high responsive) communicated from needs for affection, pleasure, and inclusion more than noncompetent (low assertive, low responsive), submissive (low assertive, high responsive) and aggressive (high assertive, low responsive) individuals. Aggressive types communicated more from control needs, while noncompetent communicators communicated from escape needs. Implications for future research are discussed.
Should collective bargaining and labor relations be less adversarial

In this paper I argue that the poker analogy is unsuitable as a model for collective bargaining negotiations. Using the poker game analogy is imprudent, its use undermines trust and ignores the cooperative features of business, and its use fails to take into account the values of dignity and fairness which should characterize labor-management negotiations. I propose and defend a model of ideal family decision-making as a superior model to the poker game.
Effect of induced deformation on NDT pavement evaluation

Three nondestructive testing techniques were used in this study to evaluate pavement layer properties. These techniques included deflection and seismic methods. In the deflection methods, measurable surface deformations were induced using falling weight deflectometer and Dynaflect tests. These two tests utilized different schemes of dynamic loading applications to produce deflection basins from which the pavement layer properties were back calculated. Pavement properties from seismic methods were obtained from the analysis of surface waves due to transient load applications. In this study the seismic pavement analyzer (SPA) was used to determine pavement moduli values. Although the same assumptions for linear elastic behavior of pavement properties are usually assumed in all the three methods, obtained moduli values from these techniques did not conform to each other. Commonly, pavement deflection from SPA is not considered when analyzing layer properties. To narrow the gap between the obtained results, however, time-history records and frequency response functions were used to determine surface deflections from the three methods. Deflection measurements correlated with the obtained moduli values. Using these correlations, moduli values at any pavement deflection levels could be evaluated, especially at levels produced by traffic loads.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parental family experiences, the timing of first sex, and contraception

By investigating the intergenerational consequences of multiple aspects of family experiences across the life course this paper advances what we know about the forces shaping children's initiation of sexual and contraceptive behaviors. Our aim is to advance the scientific understanding of early sexual experiences by explicitly considering contraceptive use and by differentiating between the consequences of parental family experiences during childhood and those during adolescence and young adulthood. Thanks to unique, highly detailed data measuring parental family experiences throughout the life course and sexual dynamics early in life it is possible to provide detailed empirical estimates of the relationship between parental family experiences and contraceptive use at first sex-a relationship about which we know relatively little. Findings reveal (1) significant simultaneous consequences of many different dimensions of parental family experiences for the timing of first sex and the likelihood of using contraception at first sex, but the specific dimensions of family important for the specific behavior vary across racial groups; and (2) that parental family experiences influence the timing of sex and contraceptive use differently.
Acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Study Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Methods Fifty-one children ages 3 to 12 years scheduled for outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to receive acetaminophen or acetaminophen with codeine in unlabeled bottles for postoperative pain control. The Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale was used to help children quantify their level of pain after surgery. The level of pain, quantity of pain medication required, presence of side effects, and the percentage of a normal diet consumed was recorded for 10 postoperative days. Results There was no difference (P > .05, all time points) in the level of postoperative pain reported by the parents and children in the two groups. The acetaminophen with codeine group tended to have increased problems with nausea, emesis, and constipation, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Children in the acetaminophen group consumed a significantly higher percentage of a normal diet on the first 6 postoperative days (P < .05, all time points). Conclusion There was no difference in the level of pain control provided by acetaminophen and acetaminophen with codeine as measured by the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale. Postoperative oral intake was significantly higher in children treated with acetaminophen alone.
Durable Goods and Switching Costs

A simple two–period switching cost model is developed and analyzed assuming durable output. The analysis indicates that many of the conventional managerial implications of the switching cost literature need not hold if products are durable. In particular, the model indicates that managers of durable goods firms that lease or rent output may wish to decrease their customer base (provide service to only a subset of the experienced customers) in future periods, in contrast to the non–durable goods case where the number of customers served is the same. Moreover, the model shows that the optimal behavior of sellers of durable products depends critically upon their commitment ability with buyers, and outlines the conditions under which a manager selling output may rationally expand their customer base (i.e. sell to new customers in a future period).
Modeling the distribution of Trichodesmium and nitrogen fixation in the Atlantic Ocean

[1] In this paper we use a coupled, 3-dimensional, biological-physical model, which includes an explicit, dynamic representation of Trichodesmium, to predict the distribution of Trichodesmium and rates of N2-fixation in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that the model reproduces the approximate observed meridional distribution of Trichodesmium in the Atlantic and elevated concentrations in specific coastal and open ocean regions where this organism is known to occur. The model also appears to reproduce the observed seasonality of Trichodesmium populations at higher latitudes (highest concentrations in summer and fall), but this seasonal cycle may be too pronounced at low latitudes. High and persistent Trichodesmium concentrations and rates of N2-fixation are generated by the model in the Gulf of Guinea off of Africa. This unexpected finding appears to be confirmed by historical measurements. In general, increased Trichodesmium concentrations develop in regions where the mixed layer is relatively thin (resulting in high mean light levels) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and phytoplankton biomass are low for extended periods of time. The model-predicted Trichodesmium distributions are therefore very sensitive to the fidelity of the physical model's representation of mixed layer depth variability, and upwelling intensity, and the biological model's estimated DIN and phytoplankton concentrations. The model generates a three-step successional sequence where (1) high DIN concentrations due to upwelling and/or mixing stimulate phytoplankton growth, followed by (2) Trichodesmium growth after DIN depletion and phytoplankton decline, followed by (3) enhanced phytoplankton growth due to new nitrogen inputs from N2-fixation. This sequence develops in response to seasonal variations in mixing in the southwestern North Atlantic and in response to upwelling along the coast of Africa and the equator. We interpret this sequence as representing a diatom- Trichodesmium-flagellate succession, which is consistent with observed species successions off of northwest Africa and in the Gulf of Mexico. The results presented in this paper lead us to conclude that our model includes the primary factors that dictate when and where Trichodesmium and N2-fixation occurs in the Atlantic. Moreover, it appears that our model reproduces some of the major effects that diazotrophically-derived inputs of new nitrogen have on the pelagic ecosystem.
44-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: revealing the true burden of hypertension in pediatric hemodialysis patients.

Background The blood pressure (BP) burden is high in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) patients and adversely affects prognosis. The aim of this study was to examine whether 44-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) provides additional relevant BP data compared with 24-h ABPM.
InP heterojunction bipolar transistor with a selectively implanted collector

Abstract This paper presents a new InP HBT structure with a collector pedestal under the HBT's intrinsic region by using selective ion implantation and MBE regrowth. This is the first such structure reported in III–V HBTs. Our results exhibit excellent DC performances including high current gain, low base–collector leakage current, and low collector access resistance. One-hundred and seventy gigaHertz ft and 130 GHz fmax were obtained. The RF performances were found to be limited by the regrowth interface charge accumulation. This is expected to be overcome by using compensating p-doping at the regrowth interface.
Rationale for angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with low-renin hypertension

African Americans outrank other ethnic groups in the United States in prevalence, early onset, and severity of hypertension. Furthermore, African Americans suffer the highest rates of mortality from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and end-stage renal disease. The recently concluded Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study reports that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in a broad range of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. These results strengthen the case for increasing the use of ACE inhibitor therapy. In accord with the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) guidelines, antihypertensive monotherapy for African Americans is based on the known ability of diuretics and calcium channel blockers to produce greater reductions in blood pressure in this population than those attainable with beta blockers and ACE inhibitors. The national guidelines also suggest ACE inhibitors for all hypertensive patients with left ventricular dysfunction or nephropathy, which implies that African Americans must cross a clinical threshold to become candidates for these agents. The rationale for delaying ACE inhibitor therapy is due in part to a perceived unique pathobiology in hypertensive African Americans: an excess prevalence of salt sensitivity, hypervolemia, and low plasma renin activity (PRA). At first glance, it would seem intuitive to avoid agents that further depress the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and choose agents that reduce plasma volume. However, most hypertensive African Americans are not hypovolemic. Furthermore, dietary sodium restriction and diuretic therapy raise PRA and improve the response to ACE inhibitors. The overall aim of this article is to explain the rationale for expanded use of drugs that block the RAS in African Americans and low-renin populations.
Reflections on Infecting the Treatment

ABSTRACT This paper discusses Gilbert Cole's book, Infecting the Treatment: Being an HIV-Positive Analyst. The author provides some personal reflections on the outbreak of AIDS and the impact it had upon the his work as a psychotherapist. The paper addresses the importance of the cognitive schemata Cole provides to psychotherapists working with seropositive patients. This paper then addresses a powerful technique, a therapist's self disclosure to a patient, upon which Cole's work focuses. Using the example of psychoanalytic strictures regarding self-disclosure, the author argues that self-disclosure is more likely to be adhered to in theory than it is in practice. The author agrees with Cole that non-disclosure is often a technique used by analysts to hide, rather than provide a therapeutic field of action. The specific case of therapists hiding their antihomosexuality when working with lesbians and gay men is used to illustrate the author's perspective. A specific case presented by Cole in his book is th...
Polaron Energy Spectrum

The energy spectrum of a polaron\char22{}an electron interacting with the longitudinal-optical phonons of a polar crystal\char22{}is studied with particular attention given to the region where the polaron excitation energy closely approaches the energy of a longitudinal-optical phonon. In this region, existing theories of the polaron spectrum are inadequate; in particular, the usual Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory is shown to be inconsistent. A self-consistent weak-coupling theory is developed, and a variational theory of the polaron spectrum which, for small coupling, reduces to this weak-coupling theory is presented. Whitfield and Puff, and Schultz have conjectured that the polaron energy $E\mathrm{E}p\mathrm{R}$, bends over and becomes horizontal as the polaron momentum $p$ approaches from below the value at which the polaron excitation energy, $E(p)\ensuremath{-}E(0)$, becomes equal to the optical-phonon energy. Using the weak-coupling method of the present paper, this conjecture has been verified to lowest order and next higher order in the coupling constant.
Local delivery of gene-modifying triplex-forming molecules to the epidermis.

Epidermal keratinocytes are particularly suitable candidates for in situ gene correction. Intraperitoneal administration of a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) was previously shown to introduce DNA base changes in a reporter gene in skin, without identifying which cells had been targeted. We extend those previous experiments using two triplex-forming molecules, a peptide nucleic acid–antennapedia (PNA-Antp), and a TFO (AG30), as well as two lines of transgenic mice that have the chromosomally integrated λsupFG1 shuttle-reporter transgene. Successful in vivo genomic modification occurs in the epidermis and dermis in CD1 transgenic mice following either intraperitoneal or intradermal delivery of the PNA-Antp conjugate. FITC-PNA-Antp accumulates in nuclei of keratinocytes, and, after intradermal delivery of the PNA-Antp, chromosomally modified, keratin 5–positive basal keratinocytes persist for at least 10 days. In hairless (SKH1) mice with the λsupFG1 transgene, intradermal delivery of the TFO, AG30, introduces gene modifications in both tail and back skin, and these chromosomal modifications persist in basal keratinocytes for 10 days. Hairless mice should facilitate comparison of various targeting agents and methods of delivery. Gene targeting by repeated local administration of oligonucleotides may prove clinically useful for judiciously selected disease-causing genes in the epidermis.
Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals: agrichemical case studies.

Behavioral responses to environmental chemicals take various forms that may influence the hazard associated with chemical exposures in the field. From integrated laboratory-field studies that addressed the wildlife hazard associated with two chemicals—paraquat and carbofuran—commonly applied in various agricultural practices, the role of behavioral responses to environmental toxicants may be illustrated. For small mammals, and in particular the cricetid and murid rodents, olfactory and gustatory cues are prominent in influencing the perception of environmental chemicals and eliciting direct or indirect responses to chemical cues. In laboratory studies, subacute dietary exposures were evaluated using microtine rodents; feed aversion and toxicant avoidance appeared the most significant behaviors elicited by feed tainted with either paraquat or carbofuran. Feed aversion was associated with delays in the time-to-first-breeding in carbofuran-exposed females, while a female-biased sex ratio in offspring of paraquat-exposed breeding pairs was not uncommon in these laboratory feeding exposures. Preliminary field investigations that estimated population-level effects (population size and structure), however, suggested that toxicant avoidance, perhaps mediated through responses like feed aversion, may have ameliorated these indirect toxicant effects. While reproductive function and population-level effects in small mammals were not apparent in these preliminary field studies, the laboratory studies suggested that various subtle responses related to altered reproductive function may become apparent in long-term field studies, especially if routes of exposure and chemical bioavailability were altered and different chemical formulations and chemical mixtures were used.
Faster Horses, Older Whiskey, and More Money: An Analysis of Religious Influence on Referenda Voting

This note replicates a previous study to determine the extent religion influences voting behavior. It focuses on ballot measures that involve moral issues and considers other factors as well. A multiple regression uses the percentage of voters favoring five ballot proposals as the dependent variable, with socioeconomic status, rural isolation, liquor consumption, and three categories of religion as independent variables. The analysis revealed that the religion variables were significant and negatively associated with voting for most proposals that liberalized drinking and betting. Socioeconomic status and liquor consumption were significant in most cases and were positively linked to votes cast for the proposals.
Cancer prevention through sensible nutrition (commentary)

Because of the constant inflow of information and educational efforts by many organizations, public attention is increasingly focused in finding information about strategies for prevention of cancer. Because of the research efforts of the last twenty years it is now increasingly appreciated that changes in dietary habits may result in cancer incidence. In addition, the usefulness of dietary substances in affording prevention against the occurrence of cancer is increasingly recognized as one practical. approach in this direction. The general public through media efforts and through educational efforts by many organizations is becoming aware of the fact that certain dietary substances can increase the risk for cancer development whereas certain others can lower it. This awareness, most likely, will have practical implications in reducing cancer risk because unlike the carcinogenic environmental factors that are difficult to control, individuals can make decisions to modify their choice for the food and beverage they consume. This commentary deals with issues related to cancer prevention through sensible nutrition.
Ultrasound study of bone in vitro.

Ultrasound has been investigated as a tool for characterizing the biomechanical competence of bone. The rationale for using ultrasound rests on two points. First, its interaction with tissues can be used to measure their density, velocity, and structure, and thus to characterize the elasticity and to infer the strength of bone. Second, ultrasound may be used to characterize tissue properties over a wide range of spatial dimensions and organizational levels, ranging from its constituents (e.g., trabeculae for cancellous bone) to the entire organ. Different ultrasound techniques can be used to investigate diverse bone properties, but two techniques have emerged as having the potential for providing useful information on problems of current biomedical interest. These measure two parameters, density and velocity, which correlate with the elastic and ultimate properties of bone. In particular, the elasticity E is formally related to the product of density and velocity squared, E = ϱv2. Moreover, it has been shown by mechanical testing that there is a single linear correlation between elasticity and strength at all orientations, both in cortical and in cancellous bone, materials with a strong intrinsic anisotropy. At the tissue level, it may therefore be expected that the ultrasound parameters will prove to be useful predictors of bone strength and of its dependence on orientation.In vitro ultrasound studies have shown that these properties can be measured specifically and quantitatively, and that they vary under different physiological conditions.
Hernofiltration for the Treatment of Hypertensions Associated with End‐Stage Renal Failure

Six patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension have been studied with a crossover protocol involving three months on hemodialysis followed by three months on predilution hemofiltration and concluded by a return to hemodialysis for three months. Half of the patients showed improved blood pressure control in the absence of measurable changes in plasma renin activity, blood volume, and body weight. A fall in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the plasma and a reduction in the lability of blood pressure in these three patients suggest that improved blood pressure control is the result of improvement in the defective baroreceptor reflex noted to be present in patients mith chronic renal failure and hypertension.
The computing at school working group

The Computing at School (CAS) Working Group aims to promote the teaching of computer science at school. CAS was born out of our excitement with our discipline, combined with a serious concern that many students are being "turned off" computing by a combination of factors that have conspired to make the subject seem dull and pedestrian. Our goal is to put the excitement back into Computing at school.
Reduction of closed queueing networks for efficient simulation

This article gives several methods for approximating a closed queueing network with a smaller one. The objective is to reduce the simulation time of the network. We consider Jackson-like networks with Markovian routing and with general service distributions. The basic idea is to first divide the network into two parts—the core nodes of interest and the remaining nodes. We suppose that only metrics at the core nodes are of interest. The remaining nodes are collapsed into a reduced set of nodes, in an effort to approximate the flows into and out of the set of core nodes. The core nodes and their interactions are preserved in the reduced network. We test the network reductions for accuracy and speed. By randomly generating sample networks, we test the reductions on a large variety of test networks, rather than on a few specific cases. The main conclusion is that the reductions work well when the squared coefficients of variation of the service distributions are not all small (that is, the network is not close to being deterministic) and for nodes where the utilization is not too high or too low.
The formulation and evolution of the health maintenance organization policy, 1970–1973

Abstract This paper examines how the concept of health maintenance organizations came to be adopted and abandoned as a major policy initiative by the Nixon Administration and how it evolved during the legislative process that culminated in passage of PL 93-222, the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1974. The legislative history and interviews with participants in the Executive and in Congress reveal a shift to a short-term, experimental program with limited funding. HMOs were espoused because they were viewed as essentially self-regulating mechanisms to deal with complex problems with which the Executive was disinclined to grapple; support was therefore tenuous and, it is hypothesized, withdrawn in the face of interest-group pressures and activist Congressional initiatives. The HMO law is presented as a case example in which generic issues of organizational processes and bureaucratic bargaining within and among Executive agencies, Congressional committees and their staffs, and interest groups may be examined. These processes are seen as the historical context and constraints within which the implementation of the law is taking place. Inherent in the law, as the study indicates, isa tension between the initial policy objective of using HMOs as a major means of rationalizing the organization and financing of health care and the support given to them in the law as it was ultimately enacted. This conflict is likely to limit both the content and results of the HMO program. However, if incrementalism, rather than broad-scale rational planning, is characteristics of the health policy process in the United States, then this first step towards government support of organized systems of care for defined populations has implications for future health policy evolution beyond the lifetime of the program itself.
Combination of a Corticai Allograft With a Cancellous Autograft in the Canine Tibia

This study was undertaken to determine what difference, if any, occurred when autogenous cancellous bone was placed in the medullary canal of a fresh, 4-cm cortical allograft compared to a fresh cortical allograft alone. Twelve mature dogs were used. A tubular cortical graft was placed in the midshaft of both tibias. The right tibia received the combination graft while the left tibia received a fresh cortical allograft only. Study periods ranged from one week to 17 weeks. The progress of the grafts was assessed by technetium-99m radionuclide bone scans, radiographs, gross and histological examination, and tetracycline labeling. Results indicate that autogenous cancellous bone placed in the medullary canal of a fresh cortical allograft was beneficial to the ingrowth of new blood vessels and incorporation of the cortical graft.
Risk Factors for Amblyopia in Congenital Anterior Lens Opacities

Purpose: We sought to identify the features of congenital anterior lens opacities (CALOs), which are associated with increased risk for amblyopia. Methods: We undertook a retrospective study of 59 patients with CALO from 3 clinical practices. The following variables were examined: type (polar, subcapsular, or pyramidal), location (central, paracentral, or peripheral), diameter, presence of adherent iris tissue, anisometropia (spherical equivalent), unilateral versus bilateral, and presence or absence of amblyopia. Pearson chi-square and independent sample t-tests were conducted to evaluate if any of the aforementioned variables were independently associated with amblyopia. Relative risk was then calculated for significantly related variables ( P Results: Amblyopia was present in 17 of 59 patients (28.8%). Patients with amblyopia had a mean anisometropia of 1.23 diopters whereas nonambyopic patients had a mean anisometropia of 0.25 ( P = 0.023). The relative risk for amblyopia with anisometropia of one diopter or greater was 6.5 (95% confidence interval=3.79-7.45). The mean cataract size in the amblyopic eyes was 1.22 mm (range, 0.7-2.0 mm). Mean cataract size in the nonamblyopic eyes was 0.95 mm (range, 0.5-2.0 mm). This difference in mean cataract size was significant with independent sample t-tests ( P = 0.02); however, this difference did not remain significant with logistic regression. Cataract size was not a significant relative risk factor for amblyopia. Conclusions: Our overall incidence of amblyopia was 28.8%. The only variable associated with increased relative risk for amblyopia in this group of patients was anisometropia. Patients with CALO who have anisometropia of 1 diopter or greater are 6.5 times more likely to develop amblyopia.
Controlling residual vibration of robotic structures

Abstract Residual vibration, which limits the terminal positioning precision of robotic manipulators, can be due to low frequency structural modes that are self-excited by the manipulator during operation. Redesigning the structure to modify the resonant frequency(s) causing residual vibration can be impractical or too costly. An intelligent controller scheme is being developed at the Advanced Manufacturing Center of Cleveland State University to measure and control residual vibration caused by the principal structural resonance. Test results for a simple cantilever beam system and for a desktop articular-arm robot are presented.
Frequency Dependence of Rotating-Frame Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Nematic-Cholesteric Mixtures

Abstract The frequency dependence of the rotating frame proton spin-lattice relaxation time T 1p for a cholesteric structure was derived from a recent calculation of the angular dependence of T 1p for nematic liquid crystals. The calculated frequency dependence is in good agreement with experimental studies of several nematic-cholesteric mixtures.
The neutral hydrogen flux in the solar plasma flow. i.

Abstract It is shown that the photo-ionization by the extreme ultraviolet radiation of the Sun is not likely to change seriously the initial degree of ionization (x1, see sections 4 and 5) of the chromospheric plasma during its passage to the Earth's distance. Thus, the plasma ejected from an active region of the Sun can contain an appreciable amount of neutral hydrogen atoms. The development of the main phase of geomagnetic storms and the formation of the ring current belt by such an incompletely ionized solar plasma are discussed.
Comparison of actigraphy immobility rules with polysomnographic sleep onset latency in children and adolescents

Purpose While actigraphy has gained popularity in pediatric sleep research, questions remain about the validity of actigraphy as an estimate of sleep-wake patterns. In particular, there is little consistency in the field in terms of scoring rules used to determine sleep onset latency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different criteria of immobility as a measure of sleep onset latency in children and adolescents.
A fortran IV program which determines that region of a polygon within a polygonal boundary

Abstract An algorithm is presented to determine that portion of an arbitrary polygonal region which is interior to an arbitrary polygonal boundary. The only restriction imposed on the polygons involved is that the region common to both consists of just a single contiguous region. This will hold, for instance, if the polygonal region is relatively small compared to the boundary as would be the situation in most geoscience applications. In particular, the algorithm does not require convexity on the part of either polygon.
Elastic and inelastic charge form factors for /sup 6//sub 3/Li from electron scattering

A harmonic oscillator hard core plus residual two-body potential has been used to obtain the independent-particle shell-model wave functions for /sup 6//sub 3/Li. These wave functions have been utilized to calculate the theoretical elastic and inelastic electron scattering charge form factors. These are then compared with the experimental data.
Order batching procedures

Abstract Computer simulation is used to compare two new procedures for batching orders in an order retrieval system against a baseline procedure. The factors considered are the travel metric, warehouse representation, item location assignments, number of items per order, and the total number of orders considered. The results indicate that the two new procedures, in combination with skewed (ABC) item location assignments can reduce batch tour lengths by up to 44%.
Dependency analysis for Standard ML

Automatic dependency analysis is a useful addition to a system like CM, our compilation manager for Standard ML of New Jersey. It relieves the programmer from the tedious and error-prone task of having to specify compilation dependencies by hand and thereby makes its usage more user friendly. But dependency analysis is not easy, as the general problem for Standard ML is NP-complete. Therefore, CM has to impose certain restrictions on the programming language to recover tractability. We prove the NP-completeness result, discuss the restrictions on ML that are used by CM, and provide the resulting analysis algorithms.
Alterations in fatty acid metabolism and morphology of Leishmania enriettii exposed to elevated temperature.

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic inclusions appear rapidly in Leishmania enriettii exposed to 37 C. The staining of these droplets with oil red O, their extraction in non-polar solvents, and their fine structure by electron microscopy establish their identity as lipid droplets. Fatty acid profiles of these organisms show alterations concomitant with the development of these inclusions. Oleic acid increases while linolenic acid is depressed in cells exposed to elevated temperature. A greater incorporation of exogenous radioactive stearic acid occurs, with depressed specific activities of linoleic and linolenic acids compared to values obtained with control organisms. The isolated lipids of L. enriettii have temperature-dependent changes consistent with a physical interpretation of events which occur with temperature inactivation. The temperature lability of fatty acid metabolism is discussed in terms of the synthesis and stability of cellular membranes and organelles.
A Poverty Simulation to Inform Public Health Practice.

Background: Poverty is a pervasive condition linked to a myriad of health conditions and severe health outcomes. Public health professionals are at the forefront of addressing poverty-related issues and require education that enhances their understanding and cultural competence. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impacts of a poverty simulation for students and practitioners of public health regarding their attitudes toward people living in poverty and awareness of the barriers they face. Methods: A pre- and postsurvey containing Likert scale and qualitative questions was administered to 91 participants. Paired t tests were run to assess changes from pretraining to posttraining and qualitative data were analyzed and overarching themes were identified. Results: Overall, participants indicated increased empathy, understanding, and knowledge of the barriers faced by low-income populations and increased confidence in their ability to identify issues contributing to poverty and positivel...
A comparison of the clock drawing test and the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire in a geropsychiatry clinic

Wolf-Klein and colleagues' clock drawing test (CDT) performance was compared with Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (Pfeiffer) scores in 145 outpatient geropsychiatry patients. Although normal CDT results were almost always associated with normal Pfeiffer scores, 21% of Pfeiffer normal individuals drew abnormal clocks. Age, but not gender or education, was significantly associated with this finding. Almost all the Pfeiffer normal subjects who drew abnormal clocks were diagnosed with primary psychiatric disorders (85%) or neurologically based organic mood and anxiety disorders (12%); only one (3%) had dementia. We suggest the discrepant performance between the CDT and Pfeiffer may result from psychiatric illness. Contributing to this may be CDT sensitivity to executive skills dysfunction. This dyscontrol can occur in patients with dementia and other neurological disorders, but also presents in some primary mental disorders. Older age may heighten this impairment. In a typical geropsychiatry clinic, the CDT will not have high specificity for Alzheimer's disease as reported by Wolf-Klein and her colleagues. This results from the presence of many patients with primary psychopathology, some of whom will draw abnormal clocks, and a limited number with dementia-particularly Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal CDT results of geropsychiatry outpatients must therefore be interpreted carefully. Additional conclusions regarding the study results are discussed.
Universal Depression Screening, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes at a Student-Run Free Clinic

Student-run free clinics (SRFCs) are now present at most medical schools. Reports regarding SRFCs have focused on the infrastructure of established clinics, characteristics of the patient populations served, and their contribution to patient care. Few studies discuss their role in preventive medicine and even fewer discuss mental health care. This study examined the outcomes of a medical student-run universal depression screening, diagnosis, and management program at two SRFC sites. Medical students implemented a universal depression screening, diagnosis, and management program within the electronic health record during routine adult primary care visits utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) as an initial screening tool, with a protocol to administer the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) if the PHQ-2 score was ≥3. This is a retrospective medical record review of visits from August 13, 2013, through February 13, 2014, to assess this program. Overall, 95.8 % (206/215) of the patients received either the PHQ-2 or the PHQ-9. Among the 174 patients without a previous diagnosis of depression, 166 were screened (95.4 %), of which 33 (19.9 %) had a positive PHQ-2 score of ≥3; 30 (of 33; 90.9 %) appropriately received a PHQ-9. Nineteen (of 166 screened; 11.4 %) previously undiagnosed patients were confirmed to have depression. Fourteen patients had two or more PHQ-9 tests at least 4 weeks apart and eight (57.1 %) had a clinically significant improvement, defined as PHQ-9 score decrease of ≥5. The prevalence of depression diagnosed prior to the implementation of this program in this cohort was 19.1 % (41/215) and after was 27.9 % (60/215). This study demonstrated that medical students with faculty supervision can successfully implement a universal depression screening, diagnosis, and management program at multiple SRFC sites, identify previously undiagnosed depression, and work with interdisciplinary support services to provide treatment options, leading to a clinically significant improvement in depression severity.
Central hypotensive effects of the alpha2a-adrenergic receptor subtype.

α 2 -Adrenergic receptors (α 2 ARs) present in the brainstem decrease blood pressure and are targets for clinically effective antihypertensive drugs. The existence of three α 2 AR subtypes, the lack of subtype-specific ligands, and the cross-reactivity of α 2 AR agonists with imidazoline receptors has precluded an understanding of the role of individual α 2 AR subtypes in the hypotensive response. Gene targeting was used to introduce a point mutation into the α 2a AR subtype in the mouse genome. The hypotensive response to α 2 AR agonists was lost in the mutant mice, demonstrating that the α 2a AR subtype plays a principal role in this response.
School victimization and substance use among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents are at increased risk for substance use, relative to their heterosexual counterparts. Although previous research has demonstrated that experiences of anti-LGBT harassment, discrimination, and victimization may explain some of this disparity, little is known about the mechanisms whereby such mistreatment leads to substance abuse. This study aimed to examine whether mechanisms suggested by the Social Development Model might explain the links between school-based victimization and substance use in this population. Five hundred and four ethnically diverse LGBT adolescents ages 14–19 reported their experiences with school victimization, substance abuse, school bonding, and deviant peer group affiliation. Anti-LGBT victimization in school was associated with substance abuse, and although causality cannot be established, structural equation modeling confirmed that the data are consistent with a theoretical model in which this association was mediated by increased affiliation with deviant peers. Preventive interventions for LGBT adolescents must not only attempt to make schools safer for these youth, but also help keep them engaged in healthy peer groups when they are confronted with mistreatment in school.
Gender differences in the assessment of specialized treatments for substance abuse among people with severe mental illness.

Abstract A recent study examined the relative cost-effectiveness of three specialized interventions for treating people with both severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders: behavioral skills training, intensive case management, and l2-Step recovery. This article reports the changes in client psychosocial outcomes, psychiatric and substance abuse symptomatology, and service utilization and costs for the 31 women involved in the study, and compares these results to similar data on the men in the study sample and to the existing literature. Also presented are the most salient clinical impressions of the treating staff of issues affecting the course of treatment and outcomes for these women. Similarities were found in treated prevalence, service utilization, and related clinical issues in women with dual disorders compared to those reported in the existing psychiatric or substance abuse literature. Compared to men in the same sample, the women had higher functioning scores, more psychiatric symptoma...