cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystalline insulin-ribonuclease: The presence of large molecular aggregates

A new insulin-ribonuclease crystalline form has been characterized and the conditions under which it grows from solutions of insulin and ribonuclease investigated. The weight of the protein component of the asymmetric unit in these monoclinic crystals is 288000 daltons, corresponding to a minimum of forty-eight insulin molecules in the aggregate. This is the largest known discreet aggregate of insulin molecules in a single particle. From analysis, it appears that the new crystals very probably correspond to true co-crystallization of ribonuclease and insulin, with an asymmetric unit of one ribonuclease and forty-eight insulin molecules. The crystals, space group P21, have unit cell dimensions a = 111 A, b = 224 A, c = 61 A; β = 105°; the cell volume, υ = 1.48·106A3. This crystal form has been prepared only at approx. 3°. The crystals are soluble in their mother liquor at 23° although they are relatively stable at approx. 20–21° at which temperature the X-ray photographs were taken. They may be grown from solutions of insulin and ribonuclease, which on standing at room temperature would yield either rhombohedral (in the absence of a phenol) or monoclinic (in the presence of a phenol) insulin crystals. Both normal, monoclinic insulin and the new insulin-ribonuclease crystals have been grown from solutions in the same vial at approx. 3° and remained stable for several months at that temperature. A clathrate-type structure may be an appropriate model for this new crystal form. The significance both in vino and in vitro of aggregate initiation of protein molecules of the kind absorbed is discussed.
Functional roles of dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptors on nigrostriatal neurons analyzed by antisense knockdown in vivo.

Two different 19-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the initial coding regions of dopamine D 2 or D 3 receptor mRNA were infused unilaterally into the substantia nigra of rats for 3–6 d to suppress synthesis of D 2 and/or D 3 receptors on substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, thereby producing specific reductions of D 2 and/or D 3 receptors. Autoradiographic receptor binding revealed that D 2 and D 3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides specifically and significantly reduced D 2 or D 3 binding in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, respectively, without affecting dopamine receptor binding in the neostriatum. Either D 2 or D 3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides greatly attenuated the ability of apomorphine to inhibit dopaminergic neurons in vivo , an effect that was potentiated by simultaneous administration of D 2 and D 3 antisenses. Despite these effects, neither the rate nor the pattern of spontaneous activity of antisense-treated nigrostriatal neurons differed from those in the control groups. The proportion of antidromic responses consisting of full spikes from antisense-treated rats was significantly greater, and the mean antidromic threshold was significantly lower than in controls, indicating that autoreceptor knockdown increased both somatodendritic and terminal excitability. These data demonstrate that selective reduction of specific dopamine receptor subtypes by antisense infusion can be effected in vivo , and that nigrostriatal neurons express both D 2 and D 3 autoreceptors at their somatodendritic and axon terminal regions. Although the somatodendritic and terminal autoreceptors modulate dendritic and terminal excitability, respectively, the interaction of endogenously released dopamine with somatodendritic autoreceptors does not appear to exert a significant effect on spontaneous activity in anesthetized rats.
Intestinal Effects of Pancreatitis: Spread along Mesenteric Planes

Acute inflammation of the pancreas may be classified into four groups: 1. Acute edematous pancreatitis is the most common form; there is localized or diffuse swelling of the organ. 2. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis is caused by the digestive effects of liberated trypsin and elastase on pancreatic vessels. The first changes caused by this vascular necrosis are found in the outer layer but the damage usually progresses rapidly to involve the entire thickness of the vessel wall, with disruption of the intima.1 3. Acute gangrenous pancreatitis is rare because of the rich vascularization of the pancreas. 4. Acute suppurative pancreatitis secondary to superimposed infection may range from a localized pancreatic abscess to diffuse involvement, perhaps as a gas—producing process.
Determination of protein isoprenylation in vitro and in vivo.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the determination of protein isoprenylation in vitro and in vivo . Protein isoprenylation is a fundamentally important post-translational modification of proteins that involves the transfer of a polyisoprene moiety to a conserved cysteine residue near the carboxyl-terminus through the formation of a thioether linkage. The attached polyisoprenoid is either farnesyl or geranylgeranyl that are derived from pyrophosphate conjugates via the mevalonic acid pathway. Protein isoprenylation has been determined to function in cell cycle control and growth and signaling reactions in eukaryotic cells. Hydrophobic isoprene moiety targets isoprenylated proteins to and facilitates association with cellular membranes. For every isoprenylated protein examined, the post-translational modification has been determined to be a requisite for function. It has been postulated that the hydrophobic isoprene moiety targets isoprenylated proteins to and facilitates association with cellular membranes (Rine and Kim). Another possible function is that isoprenylation affects protein–protein interactions. The chapter describes the principles and protocols for assaying plant protein isoprenylation using the Atriplex nummularia molecular chaperone ANJ1 as a prototype. The present understanding about protein isoprenylation has been obtained largely from research on mammals and yeast.
Estriol values in amniotic fluid in the course of normal pregnancy.

Abstract A simple and specific method for determination of estriol in amniotic fluid is decribed. Results from 80 normal pregnancies at different stages of gestation are presented. Estriol levels rise as pregnancy progresses, and a sudden fivefold elevation in the mean value occurs around the thirty-sixth week of gestation. The differences in the rate of transfer from amniotic fluid of the free and conjugated forms of estriol are discussed as possible mechanisms responsible for the sudden increase during the late phase of pregnancy.
An Ecological View of Whole-Class Discussions in a Second Language Literature Classroom: Teacher Reformulations as Affordances for Learning.

This article analyzes whole-class discussions between a teacher and her students in a Latin American Colonial literature course at the college level. The study is theoretical-exploratory in nature in that it (a) articulates theoretical assumptions inherent in an ecological perspective on second language learning and teaching and (b) attempts to operationalize the affordance construct (van Lier, , ) in the context of a second language (L2) literature classroom. The study's findings underscore the importance of teacher reformulations in whole-class discussions as well as students' engagement with and awareness of the unfolding talk. Furthermore, how the teacher dynamically interacts with one student and his/her contribution potentially affects other students' understanding of the ongoing discussion which, in turn, can influence their comprehension of the literary texts under analysis. Teacher reformulations during whole-class discussions therefore can serve as affordances for learning. Theoretical implications of the affordance construct, in addition to implications for L2 language and literature teaching, are delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins ICP27 and UL47 Associate with Polyadenylate-Binding Protein and Control Its Subcellular Distribution

Human pathogenic viruses manipulate host cell translation machinery to ensure efficient expression of viral genes and to thwart host cell protein synthesis. Viral strategies include cleaving translation factors, manipulating translation factor abundance and recruitment into translation initiation complexes, or expressing viral translation factor analogs. Analyzing translation factors in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected HeLa cells, we found diminished association of the polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) with the cap-binding complex. Although total PABP levels were unchanged, HSV-1 infection prompted accumulation of cytoplasmic PABPC1, but not its physiologic binding partner PABP-interacting protein 2 (Paip2), in the nucleus. Using glutathione S-transferase-PABP pull-down and proteomic analyses, we identified several viral proteins interacting with PABPC1 including tegument protein UL47 and infected-cell protein ICP27. Transient expression of ICP27 and UL47 in HeLa cells suggested that ICP27 and UL47 jointly displace Paip2 from PABP. ICP27 expression alone was sufficient to cause PABPC1 redistribution to the nucleus. ICP27 and UL47 did not alter translation efficiency of transfected reporter RNAs but modulated transcript abundance and expression of reporter cDNAs in transfected cells. This indicates that redistribution of PABPC1 may be involved in co- and posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA processing and/or nuclear export by HSV-1 gene regulatory proteins.
Oral bisphosphonates and upper gastrointestinal tract problems: what is the evidence?

Objective To review and evaluate the evidence regarding possible associations of bisphosphonate use with upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract adverse events (AEs). Methods We reviewed and summarized published information and abstracts regarding upper GI tract safety and tolerability of bisphosphonates, including laboratory and animal studies, epidemiological (observational) studies, endoscopy studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The evidence was summarized by using the principles of evidence-based medicine, giving the greatest credence to high-quality RCTs. Results Clinical reports of esophagitis associated with bisphosphonate use appear to have declined in frequency once the importance of proper administration was explained to physicians after early reports of complications. Conflicting results have been reported in endoscopy studies; some reported no significant increase in upper GI tract lesions, whereas others reported a higher incidence of gastric (but not esophageal) lesions among patients taking oral bisphosphonates. Endoscopy studies that reported differences were of short duration (2 weeks) and were not of double-blind design. Results from large RCTs involving thousands of participants detected no increase in upper GI tract AEs among individuals treated with bisphosphonates. Other studies of patients who discontinued taking bisphosphonates and were randomized to blinded re-treatment with either a bisphosphonate or placebo show that most patients (>85%) were able to continue treatment, with no difference in AEs between the bisphosphonate and placebo groups. Conclusions The highest level of evidence, RCTs, suggests little or no increase in risk of upper GI tract problems if bisphosphonates are administered properly. Upper GI tract symptoms are common among patients with osteoporosis. The evidence suggests that many upper GI tract AEs reported during therapy with bisphosphonates may reflect a high background incidence of upper GI tract complaints and an increased sensitivity to detection rather than a causal relationship to therapy.
Respiratory tract epithelial cells express retinaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A and enhance IgA production by stimulated B cells in the presence of vitamin A.

Morbidity and mortality due to viral infections are major health concerns, particularly when individuals are vitamin A deficient. Vitamin A deficiency significantly impairs mucosal IgA, a first line of defense against virus at its point of entry. Previous reports have suggested that CD11cHi dendritic cells (DCs) of the gastrointestinal tract produce retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A), which metabolizes vitamin A precursors to retinoic acid to support normal mucosal immunity. Given that the upper respiratory tract (URT) and gastrointestinal tract share numerous characteristics, we asked if the CD11cHi DCs of the URT might also express ALDH1A. To address this question, we examined both CD11cHi test cells and CD11cLo/neg control cells from nasal tissue. Surprisingly, the CD11cLo/neg cells expressed more ALDH1A mRNA per cell than did the CD11cHi cells. Further evaluation of CD11cLo/neg populations by PCR and staining of respiratory tract sections revealed that epithelial cells were robust producers of both ALDH1A mRNA and protein. Moreover, CD11cLo/neg cells from nasal tissue (and a homogeneous respiratory tract epithelial cell line) enhanced IgA production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocyte cultures in the presence of the retinoic acid precursor retinol. Within co-cultures, there was increased expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and GM-CSF, the latter two of which were necessary for IgA upregulation. All three cytokines/chemokines were expressed by the LPS-stimulated respiratory tract epithelial cell line in the absence of splenocytes. These data demonstrate the autonomous potential of respiratory tract epithelial cells to support vitamin A-mediated IgA production, and encourage the clinical testing of intranasal vitamin A supplements in vitamin A deficient populations to improve mucosal immune responses toward respiratory tract pathogens and vaccines.
Minimally invasive lumbar fusion.

Study design Review article. Objectives To provide an overview of current techniques for minimally invasive lumbar fusion. Summary of background data Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the management of pathologic conditions in various surgical disciplines. Although these same principles have been used in the treatment of lumbar disc disease for many years, minimally invasive lumbar fusion procedures have only recently been developed. The goals of these procedures are to reduce the approach-related morbidity associated with traditional lumbar fusion, yet allow the surgery to be performed in an effective and safe manner. Methods The authors' clinical experience with minimally invasive lumbar fusion was reviewed, and the pertinent literature was surveyed. Results Minimally invasive approaches have been developed for common lumbar procedures such as anterior and posterior interbody fusion, posterolateral onlay fusion, and internal fixation. As with all new surgical techniques, minimally invasive lumbar fusion has a learning curve. As well, there are benefits and disadvantages associated with each technique. However, because these techniques are new and evolving, evidence to support their potential benefits is largely anecdotal. Additionally, there are few long-term studies to document clinical outcomes. Conclusions Preliminary clinical results suggest that minimally invasive lumbar fusion will have a beneficial impact on the care of patients with spinal disorders. Outcome studies with long-term follow-up will be necessary to validate its success and allow minimally invasive lumbar fusion to become more widely accepted.
Cation-ratio dating of rock varnish: Why does it work?

Cation-ratio dating of rock varnish is an empirical surface-exposure dating method based on decreases in the cation ratio (Ca+K):Ti over time. Although these changes were attributed to the preferential leaching of Ca and K from varnish, the existence of such leaching has not been demonstrated. In varnish collected from the Cima volcanic field, California, distributions of the minor elements used in cation-ratio (CR) dating reflect varnish stratigraphy as defined by the major elements Mn, Fe, and Si. In general, K is associated with Si, Ca with Mn, and Ti with Fe. Because of these associations, variations in CRs both within samples and between samples typically reflect variations in major element composition associated with varnish stratigraphy. No systematic changes with depth or age are present in the ratios K:Si or Ca:Mn as would be expected if K and Ca have been preferentially leached from varnish. Available data suggest that, instead of a leaching process, thickness-dependent changes in the amount of substrate being incorporated into varnish analyses contribute to the empirical trend of decreasing CR with increasing surface age, although further research is required to verify this hypothesis.
On the coradical filtration of pointed coalgebras

Abstract We investigate the coradical filtration of pointed coalgebras. First, we generalize a theorem of Taft and Wilson using techniques developed by Radford. We then look at the coradical filtration of duals of inseparable field extensions L ∗ upon extension of the base field K, where K⊆L is a field extension. We reduce the problem to the case that the field extension is purely inseparable. We use this to prove that if E is a field containing the normal closure of L over K, then E⊗L ∗ =(E⊗L ∗ ) 1 if and only if L/K is separable or char(K)=|L:Ls|=2, where Ls is the separable closure of K in L.
Inactivation of UCP1 and the glycerol phosphate cycle synergistically increases energy expenditure to resist diet-induced obesity.

Our current paradigm for obesity assumes that reduced thermogenic capacity increases susceptibility to obesity, whereas enhanced thermogenic capacity protects against obesity. Here we report that elimination of two major thermogenic pathways encoded by the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (Ucp1) and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gdm) result in mice with increased resistance to diet-induced obesity when housed at 28 °C, provided prior adaptation occurred at 20 °C. Obesity resistant Gdm-/-·Ucp1-/- mice maintained at 28 °C have increased energy expenditure, in part through conversion of white to brown adipocytes in inguinal fat. Increased oxygen consumption in inguinal fat cell suspensions and the up-regulation of genes of mitochondrial function and fat metabolism indicated increased thermogenic activity, despite the absence of UCP1, whereas liver and skeletal muscle showed no changes in gene expression. Additionally, comparisons of energy expenditure in UCP1-deficient and wild type mice fed an obesogenic diet indicates that UCP1-based brown fat-based thermogenesis plays no role in so-called diet-induced thermogenesis. Accordingly, a new paradigm for obesity emerges in which the inactivation of major thermogenic pathways force the induction of alternative pathways that increase metabolic inefficiency.
“To establish a community of property”: Marriage and race before and during the Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was the greatest social upheaval in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions. The paper presents results from the first systematic study of marriage during this event, which included slave rebellion (1791), general emancipation (1793) and political independence from France (1803). The article focuses on a single colonial parish, leveraging a sample of roughly 1000 contracts by comparing them with similar documents from same region in the 1760s and 1780s. Ironically, amid a revolution that was ostensibly eliminating slavery and racism, the interracial marriages that had once been common in this parish virtually disappeared. The wealthy “mulatto” families who had been free long before 1791 intensified their pre-Revolutionary pattern of endogamy and cousin-marriage. In the meantime, French male immigrants of the sort who, before the Revolution, had allied with these established clans, now shunned these marriages.
Female police officers: gender bias and professionalism

Questions a sample of criminal justice students to show that when officer competence is evaluated in terms of professionalism rather than confrontational issues, bias against women is not found, whereas evaluation variables based on potentially violent situations promote the belief that women are not as well fitted as men for constant exposure to violent confrontation. Cautions against the danger of presenting discrete images of a male “brute force” and a female “professional force”. Finds indications that increased recruitment of women, gender sensitivity training and a higher level of officers’ education may change existing attitudes toward the police.
Optical properties of polar, nonpolar, and semipolar InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells on sapphire

The polarization fields in the c -axis-oriented hexagonal GaN system cause spatial separation of electrons and holes in quantum wells, reducing the quantum efficiency, and resulting in a red shift of the emission as well as a blue shift with increasing injected carrier density. In this paper, we report on the growth and optical characterization of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on nonpolar (112¯0) a - and polar (0001) c -planes, as well as two semipolar planes, (112¯2) and (11¯01) of GaN. There are two kinds of a -plane used in this study. One of the (112¯0) a -planes was obtained on (11¯00) m -plane sapphire substrates during the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of (112¯2) oriented semipolar GaN films, while the other one was planar a -plane GaN which was grown on (11¯01) r -plane sapphire substrates. The semipolar (112¯2) and (11¯01) planes were obtained as sidewall facets during the ELO of c -plane GaN with the mask stripes aligned along the GaN m -axis and a -axis, respectively. InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with a nominal well thickness of 4 nm and a barrier thickness of 8 nm were grown on these five GaN samples by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Excitation power dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out on these quantum well structures to study the effect of polarization-induced electric field on the band-edge emission. The quantum-well emission energy from the two a -plane MQWs showed zero shift, compared to a 74 meV blue shift for the c -plane MQWs when the excitation power was increased from 1.3 mW to 37.0 mW. The semipolar (112¯2) showed a blue shift of 35 meV with increased excitation power, suggesting reduced polarization compared to that of c -plane. No quantum-well emission could be observed for the MQWs on (11¯01) semipolar planes. The shift in the quantum-well emission energy was attributed to the change of the screening effect of photon-generated carriers in the quantum wells at different excitation powers. For exact notation please see manuscript
Simplified parametric cost trade-offs in satellite system design

Abstract In this paper, a parametric cost model for the space segment of a meteorological satellite system is derived and exercised to provide insight into the major economic trade-offs affecting the choice of the satellite's design life and replacement strategy. Trade-offs involving replacement strategy include launch via an expendable booster versus launch via the Space Shuttle; and recovery, repair, and reuse of a failed satellite versus simple replacement with no reuse. The sensitivities of space segment costs to design life, launch costs, replacement costs, and refurbishment costs are examined with explicit inclusion of nonrecurring and recurring costs. The results from an application of the model indicate that routine spacecraft retrieval and reuse of a modestly expensive spacecraft is not a significant economic benefit and that design lifetimes of three or four years are the best choice.
Downregulation of CuZn-superoxide dismutase contributes to β-adrenergic receptor-mediated oxidative stress in the heart

Objective : Sustained β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation augments oxidative stress in the heart; whether alterations in antioxidant enzymes contribute to this effect is unknown. Methods and results : Adult male Wistar rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps to infuse either l-isoproterenol (ISO, 25 μg/kg/h) or saline (SAL). After 7-days, ISO-treated hearts exhibited significant ( p <0.005): 1) concentric hypertrophy and augmentation of systolic function, 2) reductions of end-systolic wall stress, and 3) augmentation of oxidative stress, with a ∼3-fold increase in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-and malondialdehyde-protein adducts. ISO-treated hearts also exhibited significant ( p <0.01) reductions of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity (30%), protein (40%), and mRNA (60%), without changes in Mn–SOD, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. Elk-1 and YinYang1 (YY1) are transcription factors that positively and negatively regulate CuZn–SOD expression, respectively. ISO-treated hearts exhibited a 3-fold increase in YY1 and a 2-fold reduction in Elk-1 DNA binding activity, strongly favoring CuZn–SOD gene repression. In isolated cardiomyocytes, sustained (24 h) ISO stimulation significantly ( p <0.01) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), an effect blocked by CGP20712A, a β1-AR antagonist, but not by ICI118,551, a β2-AR antagonist. CuZn–SOD downregulation paralleled the increase in ROS, and were similarly blocked by β1- but not β2-AR blockade. There were no changes in CuZn–SOD mRNA stability or myocyte size with ISO treatment. However, nuclear run-on revealed a 40% reduction in CuZn–SOD mRNA expression ( p <0.01), consistent with transcriptional repression. ISO also depressed total cellular antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and the GSH:GSSG ratio. Moreover, CuZn–SOD siRNA transfection of H9c2 cardiomyocytes to suppress CuZn–SOD protein by ∼40–50% (analogous to the in vivo changes) induced cellular apoptosis. Conclusions : Sustained β-AR stimulation transcriptionally downregulates CuZn–SOD in myocardium via the β1-AR, thereby contributing to β-AR-mediated oxidative stress.
Metabolism of Phospholipids, Neutral Lipids and Carbohydrates in Dispersed Porcine Thyroid Cells: Comparative Effects of Pituitary Thyrotropin and Dibutyryl-3′,5′-adenosine Monophosphate on the Turnover of Individual Phospholipids in Isolated Cells and Slices from Pig Thyroid

Suspensions of porcine thyroid cells were prepared by continuous flow trypsinization and examined for their capacity to incorporate [32P]orthophosphate into individual phospholipids and [U-14C]glucose into neutral lipids in vitro. Metabolically viable cells, as judged by their capacity to establish adequate gradients for ionic iodide, incorporated radioactivity into all lipid classes during incubation. Addition of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) augmented total phospholipogenesis from [32P] orthophosphate and the formation of glycerideglycerol from labeled glucose. Fractionation of the phospholipids disclosed selective effects upon individual components. In pig thyroid cells, as well as in pig thyroid slices, TSH promoted the labeling of phosphatidylinositol to a greater degree than any other phosphoglyceride. TSH also significantly enhanced the assimilation of glucose by suspensions of “isolated” porcine thyroid cells and increased the formation of lactic acid proportionately. Attempts to reduplicate the eff...
μ -Meson Decay into Three Electrons

The decay ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}$ via internal conversion is computed using a phenomenological matrix element for the $\ensuremath{\mu}e\ensuremath{\gamma}$ interaction. The result is compared with present experimental limits for this process and the results concerning the form factors in the matrix element are discussed. The energy distribution of the emitted electrons is also computed.
TYPE I COLLAGEN-DEFICIENT MOV-13 MICE DO NOT RETAIN SPARC IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX : IMPLICATIONS FOR FIBROBLAST FUNCTION

The Mov-13 strain of mice was created by the insertion of the murine Moloney leukemia virus into the first intron of the alpha 1 (I) collagen gene. Consequently, Mov-13 embryos do not transcribe alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA and lack type I collagen protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Homozygotes die within 12-14 days of embryonic development, in part from the rupture of large blood vessels, and also exhibit deficiencies in hematopoesis and assembly of the ECM (Lohler et al. [1984] Cell 38:597-607). Several matricellular proteins, proteoglycans, and growth factors bind to type I collagen, e.g., fibronectin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), decorin, and transforming growth factor-beta. Here we investigate the expression and function of SPARC in the absence of type I collagen. We show that fibroblasts isolated from Mov-13 homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type embryos transcribed and translated SPARC mRNA in vitro. However, accumulation of extracellular SPARC was severely affected in the tissues of Mov-13 homozygotes, whereas extracellular deposition of the secreted glycoproteins fibronectin and type III collagen was not altered. Since SPARC has been shown to be a regulator of cell shape, the functional consequences of the absence of extracellular SPARC were evaluated in collagen gel contraction assays. Fibroblasts isolated from homozygous Mov-13 mice did not contract native type I collagen gels as efficiently as fibroblasts from heterozygous littermates; however, addition of exogenous SPARC enhanced the contraction of collagen by homozygous Mov-13 fibroblasts. The stimulatory effect of SPARC was blocked by antibodies specific for the amino terminus of the protein. These results provide evidence that type I collagen is one of the major extracellular proteins that binds SPARC in vivo. Furthermore, the capacity of fibroblasts to contract ECM in vitro is enhanced by extracellular SPARC. We therefore propose that the remodeling of ECM by cells in vivo is regulated in part by a specific interaction between SPARC and type I collagen.
Increased presence of dendritic cells and dendritic cell chemokines in the sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Background The aim of this study was to determine if there is a link between local dendritic cells (DCs) and various subtypes of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS): CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP), and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). Once DC presence was established we considered possible mechanisms for DC recruitment to the sinuses. Methods Biopsy specimens were taken from the osteomeatal complex during endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with AFRS (n ≥ 5), CRSsNP (n ≥ 6), and CRSwNP (n ≥ 6). Control patients (n ≥ 5) were undergoing either tumor resection or repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak and had no radiographic or endoscopic evidence of inflammatory sinus disease. Tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained for DC marker, CD209, costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86, and chemokine receptors, CCR2 and CCR6. Sinus tissue lysates were examined for levels of the DC chemoattractants, chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL20. Results Analysis of sinus tissue from AFRS and CRSwNP revealed elevated numbers of cells staining positive for CD209, CD80, CD86, CCR2, and CCR6 compared to controls. CCL2 and CCL20 levels were elevated in AFRS and CRSwNP compared to controls, similar to increases in their receptors, CCR2 and CCR6, respectively. While there were trends toward increases in all markers in CRSsNP, none was statistically significant compared to control. Conclusion AFRS and CRSwNP have increased numbers of DCs displaying costimulatory molecules, DC chemoattractants, and their corresponding receptors in the sinus mucosa compared to controls. These differences represent a possible mechanism for increased numbers of DCs with a T helper 2 (Th2)-skewed profile seen in CRSwNP and AFRS. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Rcent literature on detection of salmonellae in poultry production flocks: A critical review

Summary A rather extensive collection of literature on the detection of salmonellae in poultry production flocks has developed during the past quarter century. This review, which is an annotated bibliography of 80 references, brings recently reported findings and observations of 117 researchers together into one text for better understanding and appreciation of the present state of knowledge of the subject matter covered. Most references cited cover work completed during the last 10 to 15 years. Discussed in this review is pertinent literature on the detection of salmonellae in breeder flocks, in hatcheries, and in egg production and broiler flocks. The review clearly shows that much is known about the detection of salmonellae in all aspects of poultry operations, and a goal of the future should be more widespread application of all the available literature as cited in this review.
Power Politics and Wars without States

In order to evaluate the applicability of power politics theories of war and international stability to interactions among nonstate actors, I test hypotheses from power transition theory and from neorealist arguments about systemic polarity against the behavior of 20 state and nonstate actors in nineteenth‐century South America. I find considerable support for two of the three hypotheses tested and conclude that existing IR theory has more explanatory power within the empirical domain of nonstate relations than critics of such theory claim.
Optical forces in tight spaces: How confinement of light affects its mechanical action

In this paper we revisit the issue of mechanical action of light confined within optical cavities. While the traditional view holds that the modification of the resonant frequencies of the cavities via mechanical motion is the main source of optomechanical interaction, we demonstrate that in the case of cavities with degenerate modes, confinement of light modifies the optical forces in more dramatic ways. Using an analytically solvable model of a nanoparticle interacting with a spherical optical resonator we show that the optomechanical coupling in this case loses its usually conservative nature. We demonstrate that usually conservative part of the optical force, which is not related to photon scattering, acquires non-potential, solenoidal components. We trace this effect to interference between degenerate modes of the resonator whose degeneracy is (partially) lifted by the particle.
Monoamine Oxidase-Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement of trans,trans-1-(Aminomethyl)-2-methoxy-3-phenylcyclopropane.

trans,trans-1-(Aminomethyl)-2-methoxy-3-phenylcyclopropane (3) was synthesized in three steps from (Z)-β-methoxystyrene and ethyl diazoacetate. Compound 3 was shown to be a substrate and inactivator of mitochondrial beef liver monoamine oxidase (MAO) with a partition ratio of 1428. MAO-catalyzed oxidation of 3 produces one major metabolite, isolated and identified by GCOSY, GHMQC, and GHMBC NMR techniques to be trans,trans-2-methoxy-3-phenyl-1-N-[(3-phenyl-N-pyrrolyl)methyl]cyclopropane (7). A mechanism, supported by a model reaction, is proposed for the formation of this metabolite.
Social Interaction of Learning Disabled Junior High Students in Their Regular Classrooms An Observational Analysis

Pairs of learning disabled and nondisabled junior high students were observed in their regular classrooms using a continuous recording system. A number of social behaviors and socially related characteristics were observed in the target students and in the teachers and peers with whom they interacted. Results show that LD adolescents do not appear to be social isolates in the classroom. They speak as often to peers and to as many different peers as the non-LD students. The differences between the two groups appear to lie in the areas of attending to the teacher when the teacher is making statements to the class and socially related appearance factors (e.g., grooming, physical attractiveness, etc.).
Geometric Realizations of Bi-Hamiltonian Completely Integrable Systems

In this paper we present an overview of the connection between completely integrable systems and the background geometry of the flow. This relation is better seen when using a group-based concept of moving frame introduced by Fels and Olver in [Acta Appl. Math. 51 (1998), 161-213; 55 (1999), 127-208]. The paper discusses the close connection between different types of geometries and the type of equations they realize. In particular, we describe the direct relation between symmetric spaces and equations of KdV-type, and the possible geometric origins of this connection.
The effect of a moving dot transversal on the Poggendorff illusion

In attempting to derive the minimal component of the Poggendorff figure which would still produce an illusion, responses to three types of transversal were measured. One was the customary solid line type; a second type presented the two segments sequentially, alternating between them; and the third consisted of a moving dot which traveled the transversal path. Each transversal was shown with and without verticals, for a total of six conditions. Ten subjects in each condition adjusted the luminous transversal until the segments appeared to be collinear. Figures with verticals present showed a greater magnitude of illusion than those without, and discrepancies for moving dot transversals were greater than those for comparable solid line figures. Since alternating transversals were not significantly larger than solid line figures, it was concluded that the magnitude of the moving dot effect could not be attributed to temporal sequence. An eyemovement hypothesis was suggested instead.
A LOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OBSERVATION EQUIVALENCE

Brookes and Rounds (1983) showed that a finitary formal language ('regular trace language', or Reg-TL, for short) which allowed a certain kind of quantification using regular subsets of £* was not strong enough to distinguish all pairs of observationally inequivalent synchronization trees. In the present paper we extend this result to show that there is no class C of subsets of £* such that C-TL can distinguish all pairs of observationally inequivalent synchroni- zation trees. We then give a characterization of observation equivalence in terms of an infinitary formal language S-TL(~o). This language is obtained as an extension of the language S-TL ('singleton trace language') of Hennessy and Milner by the addition of a connective of w- conjunctions of formulas of finite hounded depth.
Asymmetries of the Upper Stratospheric Ozone Distribution Between Two Hemispheres

In connection with the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, conditions of solar radiation are not strictly symmetrical for the two hemispheres. The intensity of solar irradiation is approximately 6.6 percent higher near perihelion than near aphelion. As the ozone densities in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere are mainly controlled by photochemical processes, the asymmetry of irradiation conditions for both hemispheres could result in corresponding asymmetries regarding the ozone content. The present investigation is concerned with this possibility. The investigation takes into account Nimbus-7 and Nimbus-4 satellite data. It is found that the hemispheric asymmetries of the ozone distribution in the summer mesosphere and upper stratosphere are fully ascribable to the hemispheric temperature differences due to the combined effects of the earth's orbital ellipticity and its tilted spin axis from the ecliptic plane. The wintertime hemispheric asymmetries imply the presence of additional effects.
Photomontage with Texts

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ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES IN LAND FORM GEOGRAPHY: AN APPLICATION TO BROAD-SCALE LAND FORM MAPPING

(1964). ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES IN LAND FORM GEOGRAPHY: AN APPLICATION TO BROAD-SCALE LAND FORM MAPPING. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 11-19.
An optimal linear-time parallel parser for tree adjoining languages

An optimal parallel recognition/parsing algorithm is presented for languages generated by tree adjoining grammars (TAGs), a grammatical system for natural language. TAGs are strictly more powerful than context-free grammars (CFGs), e.g., they can generate $\{a'' b'' c'' | n \geqq 0\}$, which is not context-free. However, serial parsing of TAGs is also slower, having time complexity $O(n^{6})$ for inputs of length n (as opposed to $O(n^{3})$ for CFGs). The parallel algorithm achieves optimal speedup: it runs in linear time on a five-dimensional array of $n^5$ processors. Moreover, the processors are finite-state; i.e., their function and size depends only on the underlying grammar and not on the length of the input.
Hamiltonian matrix and reduced density matrix construction with nonlinear wave functions.

An efficient procedure to compute Hamiltonian matrix elements and reduced one- and two-particle density matrices for electronic wave functions using a new graphical-based nonlinear expansion form is presented. This method is based on spin eigenfunctions using the graphical unitary group approach (GUGA), and the wave function is expanded in a basis of product functions (each of which is equivalent to some linear combination of all of the configuration state functions), allowing application to closed- and open-shell systems and to ground and excited electronic states. In general, the effort required to construct an individual Hamiltonian matrix element between two product basis functions HMN = 〈M|Ĥ|N〉 scales as &#x1d4aa; (βn4) for a wave function expanded in n molecular orbitals. The prefactor β itself scales between N0 and N2, for N electrons, depending on the complexity of the underlying Shavitt graph. Timings with our initial implementation of this method are very promising. Wave function expansions that are ord...
Prophylactic Antiparasitic Transgenesis for Human Parasitic Disease

The parasite Trypanosoma brucei (Figure 1) is a major problem for human health and agriculture in regions of Africa (Figure 2). The expression of a trypanosome resistance gene, ApoL1, in transgenic livestock will soon be tested with the aim of reducing the susceptibility of a major reservoir for this parasite. The success of such a project will invariably lead some to consider such an approach in human patients. Indeed, the recent success of a number of somatic gene therapy approaches to treat a variety of human diseases suggests that we may soon possess the technology necessary for such an undertaking. Although the idea of prophylactic genetic modification in humans may seem like science fiction today and is certainly fraught with seemingly insurmountable ethical and technical hurdles, the biomedical and medical ethics communities should at least be prepared for such an idea and its ramifications.
Analog computers in propeller control design

IN THE PROCESS of designing and developing a dynamic system, provisions should be made for analysis of the performance of the system while it is still in the design stage. One method of analysis is to write the equations of motion of each moving part and then combine these equations in such a manner that a means of solution would be possible. This method is satisfactory if the system has few moving parts and, thereby, does not require many equations to describe its behavior. For a highly complex system, this will prove to be very laborious by longhand methods and should be submitted to machine computation for solution. The motion of the parts of the system may be such that an equation describing the behavior of any one part may be difficult to write unless approximations are made, and may have to be directly simulated by a device which has the proper dynamic characteristics built into it.
Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus in Adults

Meningitis caused by Streptococcus is uncommon in adults. Otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, or trauma has antedated most cases reported in the past. Data on 10 recent cases suggest changes in the current pathogenesis of streptococcal meningitis in adults and emphasize the importance of accurate streptococcal speciation. Endocarditis was present in five cases; trauma played a role in two others. Brain abscess, corticosteroids, alcoholic cirrhosis, and peritonitis secondary to chronic peritoneal dialysis were etiologic factors in five patients. Otitis media, mastoiditis, and sinusitis were conspicuously absent. Streptococcus agalctiae accounted for purulent meningitis in two postmenopausal women. Both strains of group B Streptococcus were bacitracin-sensitive and were thus mislabeled group A. Recognition of Streptococcus bovis spared two patients unnecessary aminoglycoside adminstration. Nine of the 10 patients survived, including a women with prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis and a man with a ruptured brain abscess. Differentiation of these streptococci from Streptococcus pneumoniae was seldon possible on the basis of the spinal fluid gram stain alone.
The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects.

Abstract Background: A recent study reported a decreased density of nonpyramidal neurons (NPs) in layer II of the anterior cingulate (ACCx) and prefrontal (PFCx) cortices of schizophrenic brain that was most pronounced in schizoaffective subjects. Our study assessed whether a decrease of NPs in ACCx may show a stronger covariation with affective disorder. A cohort consisting of 12 normal control (CONs), 11 schizophrenic, and 10 bipolar subjects matched for age and postmortem interval (PMI) has been analyzed. Methods: A two-dimensional technique was employed for counting cells in a large x,y sampling column that extended across layers I through VI of ACCx. Results: There was a 27% reduction in the density of NPs in layer II of the bipolar group, whereas in the schizophrenic group, this density was 16.2% lower. There were no differences in NPs in layers III through VI of either the schizophrenic or bipolar group. Both groups also showed modest decreases of PNs in the deeper laminae; however, these differences were only significant in layer IV of the schizophrenic subjects. The density of glial cells was similar across the control, schizophrenic, and bipolar groups. An Abercrombie correction for cell size did not alter the nature of the results. Subjects both with and without neuroleptic exposure showed a lower density of NPs in layer II of bipolar subjects or PNS in deeper laminae of schizophrenic subjects. Conclusions: Overall, the findings reported here suggest that local circuit cells in layer II of ACCx may be decreased in bipolar disorder, whereas projection neurons in deeper laminae are decreased in schizophrenia.
Coupled deformation and compositional evolution in a thin layer alloy material

Abstract In a discussion of spinodal decomposition in solid solutions, Cahn [Acta Met. 9 (1961) 795] showed that stress due to elastic misfit could have a strong stabilizing influence on a uniform composition. The purpose here is to illustrate that the stabilizing influence is diminished significantly in small material structures, for example, thin layers or particles, as a consequence of proximity of material to free surfaces.
The impact of managed care on health care utilization among adults with asthma.

Study Objectives. To compare kinds and amounts of health care used by adults with asthma in managed care and fee‐for‐service settings. Design. Cross‐sectional structured telephone survey of Northern California adults with asthma from random samples of pulmonologists, allergist‐immunologists, family practitioners, and from a random sample of the non‐institutionalized population. Measurements. Validated measures of kind of health insurance plans, kinds and amounts of services used for asthma and other reasons, demographic characteristics, severity of asthma, comorbidity, and overall health and functional status. Results. Eighty one percent of the 416 adults with asthma studied were in some form of managed care (75% in HMOs and 6% in PPOs). Those in managed care (MC) and fee‐for‐service (FFS) did not differ substantively in the proportion with a regular source or principal provider of asthma care, with a peak flow meter or action plan, having received instructions in the use of an inhaler, reporting current ...