cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending the theory of Bounded Generalized Reciprocity

Players had a helpful or unhelpful video game teammate or minimal in-group member.Players engaged in a simultaneous or sequential PDG with teammate and opposing team.Helpful teammates confirmed reciprocity expectations and increased pro-socialness.Unhelpful teammates had the opposite effect on pro-socialness between teammates.Playing with a helpful teammate increased pro-socialness toward out-group members. The theory of Bounded Generalized Reciprocity was examined to help explain why cooperative video game play can increase players' subsequent pro-social behaviors. Participants played a basketball video game with a helpful or unhelpful teammate against an ostensible opposing team. Participants in the control condition did not play a video game with their teammate. Participants then engaged in a one-shot simultaneous or sequential prisoner's dilemma game with their teammate and an opposing team member. In line with Bounded Generalized Reciprocity, donations to teammates were influenced by expectations of others to reciprocate pro-social behaviors. Specifically, playing with a helpful teammate confirmed expectations of in-group members to reciprocate pro-social behaviors and led to increases in pro-social behaviors between teammates. Playing with an unhelpful teammate disconfirmed expectations of in-group members to reciprocate pro-social behaviors and led to decreases in pro-social behaviors between teammates. Interestingly, playing with a helpful teammate increased participants' donation to out-group members even though participants did not expect them to reciprocate. The current study emphasizes the importance of pro-social reciprocity expectations in predicting people's pro-social behaviors and the impact cooperative video game play can have on such expectations.
Evolution of eusocial behavior: offspring choice or parental parasitism?

Abstract Assuming the subsocial route towards eusociality, I show that selection favors worker habits (under haplodiploidy) provided the mutant workers are able to bias the sex ratio towards sisters and/or selectively substitute their sons for brothers. If the original workers are not able to do this, selection does not favor the habit. However, under these conditions, selection is indifferent as to whether an individual rears offspring or sibs. This makes it easy for a mother to enlist her daughter's services in rearing other offspring, since the daughter cannot evolve to stop the parental parisitism. These results deal with the origin of eusocial behavior. I also look at selection acting on genes (to invest in offspring rather than sibs) in existing eusocial societies. It is shown that selection for laying workers is very strong, even if such workers give up rearing a seemingly advantageous combination of brothers and sisters. This poses distinct problems for the maintenance of eusocial societies.
The relationship between shaved margin and inked margin status in breast excision specimens

BACKGROUND The presence of tumor at the inked margins (IMs) of breast specimens is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy for invasive breast carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Given the importance of margin status, some have advocated the use of shaved margins (SMs) as a means of conducting a more complete examination of the specimen margins than could be done with sections taken perpendicular to the IMs. However, it is not known whether these two methods of margin assessment provide comparable information. METHODS To address this issue, the authors studied 22 consecutive breast reexcision specimens (10 DCIS, 6 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, and 6 infiltrating lobular carcinomas) in which the specimen surfaces were inked, the margins were shaved, and tumor was present in at least one of the SM sections. A total of 199 SMs were examined. The SMs were originally embedded in a way that permitted histologic sections to be cut opposite the inked surface. Sections of SM stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) were reviewed and scored for the presence and extent (number of low-power fields) of cancer. The remaining tissue from the SM was then removed from the blocks, cut perpendicular to the IM, and reembedded to permit visualization of tumor in relation to the IM. Sections were then cut from two different levels of each reembedded block and stained with H & E. An SM was considered positive if tumor was present anywhere on the section. An IM was considered positive when tumor extended to the inked surface. RESULTS Although all 22 excisions had at least 1 positive SM, tumor was present at an IM in only 12 specimens (55%). Among 69 positive SMs, the corresponding IM was positive in only 42 (61%). The likelihood of a positive IM increased with the number of low-power fields of involvement by invasive carcinoma or DCIS on the SM, as follows: 19% with 1 low power-field, 67% with 2 low-power fields, and 97% with ≥3 low-power fields (all P < 0.02). When the SM was negative, the corresponding IM was negative in 98% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Many patients with positive SMs do not have positive IMs. A positive SM more reliably predicts a positive IM when tumor involves ≥3 low-power fields of the SM. The authors conclude that the clinical implications of a positive SM may not be the same as those of a positive IM. Clinical outcome studies are needed to define further the implications of positive SMs. [See editorial counterpoint on pages and reply to counterpoint on pages 1459-60, this issue.] Cancer 1997; 79:1568-73. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Mechanical Properties of Cu/Ta Multilayers Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering

The microstructure and mechanical properties of sputtered Cu/Ta multilayers were studied. X- ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterization indicate that both the Ta and Cu in the 2 nm period multilayer are predominantly amorphous, while in longer period samples, the layers are crystalline, with the metastable tetragonal {beta}-Ta observed. No observable microstructure changes upon annealing at 300{degrees}C were found. An average Vickers micro- hardness value of about 5.5 GPa was measured, which increases about 5% upon annealing at 300{degrees}C. Residual stress in the multilayers and its dependence on thermal annealing are reported. The relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties in the multilayers are discussed.
Error Detection Using Linguistic Features

Recognition errors hinder the proliferation of speech recognition (SR) systems. Based on the observation that recognition errors may result in ungrammatical sentences, especially in dictation application where an acceptable level of accuracy of generated documents is indispensable, we propose to incorporate two kinds of linguistic features into error detection: lexical features of words, and syntactic features from a robust lexicalized parser. Transformation-based learning is chosen to predict recognition errors by integrating word confidence scores with linguistic features. The experimental results on a dictation data corpus show that linguistic features alone are not as useful as word confidence scores in detecting errors. However, linguistic features provide complementary information when combined with word confidence scores, which collectively reduce the classification error rate by 12.30% and improve the F measure by 53.62%.
The structure of projection-valued states: A generalization of Wigner's theorem

A projection-valued state is defined to be a completely orthoadditive map from the projections on one Hilbert space into the projections on another Hilbert space, which preserves the unit. Any such mapping is shown to have the formP →U 1(P ⊗ 11)U 1 −1 ⊕U 2(P ⊗ 12)U 2 −1 , whereU 1 is unitary andU 2 is antiunitary, generalizing Wigner's theorem on symmetry transformations. A physical interpretation is given and the relation to “quantum logic” is discussed.
PowerTrim: An Automated Decision Support Algorithm for Preprocessing Family-Based Genetic Data

Statistical genetics software packages for linkage analysis have their own unique constraints on the size and shape of the pedigrees they can process. As a result, researchers are often forced to exclude from analysis some individuals in a given family. Existing procedures for reducing pedigree size to fit computational constraints use arbitrary rules and are not interactive. However, judicious evaluation of which subject(s) to remove to minimize loss of information involves consideration of many factors, including informativeness owing to position in pedigree, availability of genotypic information, and quality of phenotypic information. Thus, automation of this task would be of significant benefit. We designed an interactive algorithm (PowerTrim) that provides the user access to detailed information with which to make informed decisions. In addition, PowerTrim checks for transcriptional and data-entry errors, which can be very time-consuming to localize manually.
Treatment of the Low-Salt Syndrome in Congestive Heart Failure by the Controlled Use of Mercurial Diuretics

The production of the low-salt syndrome in cardiac patients with refractory congestive heart failure is generally attributed either to fluid retention with electrolyte dilution or to excessive salt loss, induced by the frequent administration of mercurial diuretics. The former is often the important etiologic factor. In a study of a group of 25 refractory cardiac patients with normal plasma electrolyte patterns, a hyperchloremic acidosis was produced to restore a responsiveness to mercurial diuretics. During the mercurial-induced diuresis that followed, the urinary sodium concentration was significantly lower than the plasma sodium concentration in all instances. From these observations, a method of treatment of the low-salt syndrome, utilizing mercurial diuretics seemed feasible. This regimen was successfully carried out in two hyponatremic patients with return of plasma sodium to normal and striking clinical improvement.
Energy and availability transport losses in a point-focus solar concentrator field

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the losses in transporting thermal energy from a field of 114 point-focus solar collectors to a central thermal energy conversion system at the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP), Shenandoah, Georgia. Conduction and convection heat losses from the collector field piping and solar collector receivers and radiant energy losses from the solar collector receivers were measured. At normal operating conditions the steady state heat losses per unit of collector aperture area are 130 W/m/sup 2/ (41 Btu/h-ft/sup 2/). The thermal mass of the collector field was found to be 3.92 kWh//sup 0/C (7440 Btu//sup 0/F), which implies that 17% of the energy collected on a tyical day is used to warm the field piping to its operating temperature. The loss of availability from the collectors and the field piping shows that only 21% of the solar energy falling on the collector field is delivered to the power cycle for conversion into electricity.
What do surgical nurses know about surgical residents

Objective A fundamental premise of establishing collaborative relationships between residents and nurses is a basic understanding of the attributes of each group. The intent of this study was to determine what surgical nurses know about surgical residents. Design A piloted survey tool was administered to a cross-section of nurses working in 3 surgical intensive care units, a surgical intermediate unit, and 2 general surgical floors. Surgical residents completed the same survey tool. The percentage of residents giving the most frequent response was compared with the percentage of nurses giving the same response. Setting A university, teaching hospital. Participants One hundred twenty-four of 129 surgical nurses and 24 of 25 surgical residents who completed the survey tool. Results The response rate for nurses on the 2 survey days was 94%, or 54% of all surgical nurses employed by the hospital, and 96% for residents. The nurses surveyed were equally distributed between the units. Ninety-nine percent of nurses did not have a surgical resident as a significant other, 55% of nurses had greater than 5 years experience, and 95% were licensed registered nurses. Seventy-eight percent of nurses correctly indicated that a medical doctorate is the highest degree required to start residency (p = 0.01), but only 57% accurately identified the length of surgical residency (p = 0.02). Nurses perceived residents devoted less time to patient care (p Conclusions Despite the importance of the collaborative relationship in surgical patient care, surgical nurses have a limited understanding of surgical residents. Educating nurses about the education, roles, and responsibilities of surgical residents might improve collaborative relationships and ultimately patient care.
The welfare economics of city bigness

Abstract Money wages will vary among cities in an economy with perfect labor mobility, due to differences in costs of producing nontraded goods. Commuting costs contribute to making money wages higher in large cities. Increasing negative technological externalities, such as pollution and congestion, also make money wages higher in larger cities. Such externalities tend to make big cities too big, because marginal is greater than average externality. Internalizing the externalities would be likely to make a city larger if the externalities emanate from production of nontraded goods, but might make the city smaller if the externalities emanate from export production.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists promote survival and reduce apoptosis of chick ciliary ganglion neurons.

Abstract The abundance, diversity, and ubiquitous expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) suggest that many are involved in functions other than synaptic transmission. We now report that a major AChR class promotes neuronal survival. The 10-day survival of ciliary ganglion neurons in basal culture medium (MEM) was ≈35%, but increased to ≈75% in MEM containing nicotine (MEM/Nic) or carbachol, an effect similar to that achieved by chronic depolarization with KCl. Pharmacological experiments revealed that agonist-enhanced survival requires activation of AChRs sensitive to α-bungarotoxin (αBgt). αBgt-AChRs partly support neuronal survival by limiting apoptosis since fewer apoptotic neurons were observed in MEM/Nic compared to MEM. Moreover, nicotinic survival support was not further enhanced by fibroblast growth factor, as seen for KCl, but increased to 100% by adding PACAP, a trophic neuropeptide present in the ganglion. These results indicate that αBgt-AChR activation regulates neuronal survival and suggest a mechanism involving reduced apoptosis and interaction with an endogenous neuropeptide growth factor.
Lactose synthesis. III. The distribution of C14 in lactose of milk after intra-arterial injection of acetate-1-C14.

Abstract Acetate-1-C14 was injected over a half-hour period into the left pudendic artery sinus of a cow. The left and right sides of the udder were milked separately and the lactose was isolated from the milk samples. The glucose and galactose moieties were degraded by Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation. High C14 activity appeared in the lactose of the milk collected from the left side 57 min. after the start of the experiment but reached a high activity on the right side only after 105 min. The distribution of C14 was determined in the milk sample at 100–105 and 220–225 min. There was a striking difference in the C14 distribution patterns of the lactose from the injected and noninjected sides. The galactose on the left (injected side) from the 100-min. milk sample contained 90 % of the C14 of the lactose; 89 % of this C14 was in the C-4 position and only 6.7 % in C-3. Eighty per cent of the C14 of the entire lactose molecule was in a single carbon. The glucose moiety had a much more symmetrical distribution of C14. Eighty-five per cent of the C14 was in carbons 3 and 4, and C-3 contained 65 % of the activity of C-4. The lactose of the milk from the noninjected side had equal total activities in the glucose and galactose, and the isotope distribution patterns were symmetrical in both the galactose and glucose and comparable to that of the glucose of the lactose from the injected side. Similar results were obtained in the degradation of the milk samples drawn at 220–225 min., except the C-4 of the galactose on the injected side now contained 73 % of the C14 of the galactose, and C-3 had 21 %. The results clearly demonstrate that the precursors of the glucose and galactose moieties are not identical. It is proposed that free glucose, in equilibrium with the blood glucose, is the precursor of the glucose moiety and the hexose phosphate is the precursor of the galactose moiety. The glucose and galactose moieties of the noninjected side and the glucose moiety on the injected side are believed to have similar C14 patterns because a major part of their C14 is derived from blood glucose. The blood glucose-C14 is formed from acetate-C14 via transformations in the liver and thus has a symmetrical C14 distribution and low activity. The galactose on the injected side reflects the metabolism of acetate by the udder per se. The C14 of acetate is converted in the udder via the Krebs cycle to hexose phosphate (not to free glucose); thus this C14 is converted in a direct route to galactose. The acetate-C14 on this side is received prior to its major dilution and prior to the time that the blood glucose becomes highly labeled by liver metabolism. Thus the galactose moiety on the injected side becomes highly active while the glucose moiety has very little activity. The almost exclusive labeling of C-4 in the galactose may occur because of a slow triose isomerase reaction or perhaps because of a unique and unknown synthetic pathway for galactose.
Uranium extraction: Coordination chemistry in the ocean

The amount of uranium in seawater vastly exceeds that in land-based deposits; but separating it from other more abundant metal ions requires high affinity, selectivity — and the ability to deal with an enormous volume of water. Now, two complementary approaches have made considerable contributions to overcoming these challenges.
Superequilibrium and thermal nitric oxide formation in turbulent diffusion flames

Abstract Measurements and modeling of the formation of superequilibrium radicals and nitric oxide in atmospheric pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames are presented which quantify the influence of superequilibrium on thermal NO x formation. Variation of fuel gas compositions (CO/H 2 /N 2 , CO/H 2 /CO 2 , and CO/H 2 /Ar) permits partial separation of chemical and fluid mechanical effects. Superequilibrium OH radical concentrations are measured by single-pulse laser saturated fluorescence and NO and NO 2 concentrations by probe sampling and chemiluminescent detection. Four different types of probes were used to quantify probe sampling effects. In turbulent reaction zones, virtually all of the NO x in the flame occurred in the form of NO but far downstream of the flame nearly half of the NO x occurred as NO 2 . Thermal NO x maximized near stoichiometric flame zones; the rich shift observed by others may be a probe sampling artifact. In turbulent CO/H 2 /N 2 jet diffusion flames, both measurements and a nonequilibrium turbulent combustion model show that superequilibrium decreases average temperatures by 250K, increases average OH concentrations by a factor of 4–6, and increases thermal NO x formation principally by broadening the range of mixture fraction (both rich and lean) where thermal NO x is formed. Calculated increases in thermal NO x due to superequilibrium in turbulent CO/H 2 /N 2 jet diffusion flames are factors of 2.5 at 1 atm and 1.4 at 10 atm. The two-scalar pdf model predicts that thermal NO x yield is independent of Reynolds number in disagreement with previous experimental reports.
Short-term memory in vision: A partial replication of the Averbach and Coriell study

A partial replication of the Averbach and Coriell study on short-term memory in vision was carried out employing six Ss, with a stimulus array consisting of a 2 ? 6 matrix of letters. Three delay intervals of 50, 100, and 150 ms. between letter matrix and bar marker were employed. The results failed to confirm the findings of Averbach and Coriell and showed that delay interval over the range examined had no effect on rec¬ognition accuracy.
Karl M. Peterson: The earliest derivation of the Mainardi-Codazzi equations and the fundamental theorem of surface theory

Abstract In 1853 Karl M. Peterson, a young Latvian student at the University of Dorpat [Tartu], submitted a candidates' dissertation [a requirement for obtaining a degree] containing a derivation of the Gauss-Mainardi-Codazzi equations and a proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Surface Theory. This predates the publications of equivalent equations derived by G. Mainardi [1856] and D. Codazzi [1860 and 1868–1869], as well as O. Bonnet's proof of the Fundamental Theorem. Although Peterson later [1865–1881] played a major role in the formation of a school of differential geometry at Moscow University, this early work remained virtually unknown until its translation [into Russian] and its publication in 1952. The contents of the dissertation and the probable sources of Peterson's ideas and techniques are discussed.
Mechanistic Features of Iridium Pincer Complex Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Dehydrogenation Reactions: Inhibition upon Formation of a μ-Dinitrogen Complex

Deuterium-labeling studies show that vinyl C−H oxidative addition of tert-butylethylene (tbe) to IrH2{C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2} (1) is rapid and reversible, while the stoichiometric hydrogenation of tbe by 1 is slower and irreversible. The dinitrogen complex, [Ir{C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2}]2(μ-N2) (3), results from the reaction of 1 with excess tbe under 1 atm of nitrogen. A single-crystal X-ray structure determination of 3 reveals a perpendicular arrangement of the P−C−P pincer ligands, which accounts for the surprising stability of 3 and the inhibiting effect of nitrogen on reactions catalyzed by 1.
Experimental analysis of an active vibration control system for gearboxes

An internal active vibration control system for suppressing gearbox housing vibrations due to gear transmission error excitation is developed and evaluated experimentally. The approach is based on an active shaft transverse vibration control concept that resides within the gearbox. The system contains a piezoelectric stack actuator for applying control forces to the shaft via a secondary rolling element bearing. An enhanced filtered-x least mean squares control algorithm with frequency estimation capability is employed to generate the appropriate actuation signal. The experimental results show up to about 20 dB reduction in the vibration levels of the first two mesh harmonics at the control positions on the housing structure for a range of operating speeds. The experimental studies also indicate that, under certain narrow operating conditions, the vibrations at some non-control positions may be amplified slightly due possibly to the effect of unmodeled dynamics. In spite of this limitation, the proposed active vibration control approach is quite promising for reducing gear vibration and ultimately gear noise.
A numerical gradient based technique and directed neighborhood structure for Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization

In this paper, a new method to deal with equality or inequality constraints in constrained optimization and a new neighborhood structure for Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) called Grouped Directed Structure (GDS) are proposed. We use the new method and GDS together with the PSO algorithm to solve the well-known 24 benchmark constrained optimization problems in the literature. The PSO algorithm is well known for its fast convergence to the possible optimal position. However, in constrained optimization, the performance of PSO is not as good as it is in unconstrained optimization, partly because PSO is not good at finding the feasible region. Due to the motivation by this weakness of PSO, we develop a method called Numerical Gradient (NG) to find the feasible region. By means of the information that NG can provide, we utilize the PSO algorithm with GDS to find the optimal position of the problem. We call this new PSO variant Numerical Gradient Particle Swarm Optimization (NGPSO). A detailed description of the mechanism for NGPSO is provided and some numerical results are presented compared with the results from the existing PSO variants dealing with constraint optimization problems.
Simple quantum-chromodynamic parametrizations of parton distributions beyond the leading order of asymptotic freedom

It is shown that the Q/sup 2/ dependence of the nonsinglet (NS) parton distributions in quantum chromodynamics with leading- and next-to-leading-order corrections included can be adequately represented by simple analytic expressions, similar to those proposed by Gaemers and one of the authors. The pattern of higher-order corrections to the Q/sup 2/ dependence of F/sup NS//sub 2/(x,Q/sup 2/) and of F/sub 3/(x,Q/sup 2/) is discussed.
Thomson's turnabout on the trolley

The (in)famous 'trolley problem' began as a simple variation on an example given in passing by Philippa Foot (1967), involving a runaway trolley that cannot be stopped but can be steered to a path of lesser harm. By switching from the perspective of the driver to that of a bystander, Judith Jarvis Thomson (1976, 1985) showed how the case raises difficulties for the normative theory Foot meant to be defending, and Thomson (along with many others after her) compounded the challenge with further variations that created still more puzzles of broader interest. In recent years, her thought experiments have even been co-opted by psychologists engaged in the empirical study of moral judgment (Greene 2001, 2008; Hauser 2006). Yet more than thirty years after launching the trolley problem, Thomson (2008) has now strikingly reversed course, retracting the very claim she had originally used to raise puzzles for Foot. I shall argue that this reversal is a mistake, leading to a needlessly counterintuitive, contrarian position about damagecontrol cases. Instead of overturning her earlier position, her new variations merely uncover a surprising insight about the conditions under which one may permissibly sacrifice another for a good end.
Damage mechanics-based creep model for 9–10%Cr ferritic steels

The key microstructural features that control creep in advanced 9–10%Cr steels are elucidated. Conclusive evidence for the presence and coarsening of nano-scale MX carbonitrides which contribute to the long-term stability of these materials is presented. It is also shown that subgrain structures resulting from the martensitic transformation contribute to the basic strength by generating internal stresses through an anelastic bowing mechanism. Kinetic equations that describe the evolution of these microstructural features with time and strain, derived from exhaustive experimental measurements for two steels, are incorporated into a creep equation set based on the damage mechanics philosophy. It is shown that the anomalously high activation energy reported in the literature for creep of ferritic steels can be traced to the fact that temperature dependence of subgrain growth had been ignored hitherto. This model is shown to be able to predict creep data for two steels accurately up to tens of thousands of hours over which data are available.
Micropump With Six Vibrating Membranes: Design Analysis

In this study, a novel design of multiple vibrating membrane micropump has been investigated. The micropump is composed of six membranes and three nozzle/diffuser elements. The membranes were vibrated out-of-phase simultaneously to create pressure difference in the pump chamber. The characteristics of this micropump were analyzed using the finite volume method. The commercial computational fluid dynamics software, FLUENT, with the dynamic mesh algorithm was employed to study velocity field and flow rate during the operating cycle. The simulation results showed that the movement of these membranes combined with the rectification behavior of three nozzle/diffuser elements can minimize back flow and improve net flow in one direction. The average mass flow rate from the micropump increased when the maximum membrane displacement and membrane frequency increased. However, the average mass flow rate from the micropump decreased when pressure head increased. Increases in maximum pressure head were associated with increases in membrane frequency.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Seeking success through strategic management development

Strategic management development (SMD) uses corporate objectives and strategies as drivers for management development and aims to achieve multiple outcomes. Most studies of SMD have concentrated on consultant‐ or practitioner‐based accounts of “best practice”. There has been little development of conceptual frameworks to inform a more rigorous understanding and evaluation of SMD. Considers the usefulness of some existing frameworks and then, based on literature review and synthesis, proposes new conceptual frameworks for SMD. The first of these new frameworks explores the relationships between individual and organisational objectives in the SMD processes. Many management development interventions have both types of objective and other interventions may be more polarised in purpose. These tensions have to be resolved at the level of the individual manager. Because of environmental change account will need to be taken of emergent needs and opportunities. The second framework reflects this showing how a dynamic environment will lead to more organic forms of management development. The third framework considers the barriers and drivers influencing SMD, and proposes the key requirements for success.
Thermal analysis as an aid to forensics: Alkane melting and oxidative stability of wool

Abstract Interdisciplinary methods and thermal analytical techniques in particular are effective tools in aiding the identification and characterization of materials in question involved in civil or criminal law. Forensic material science uses systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through analysis, observation and experimentation. Thermal analytical data can be used to aid the legal system in interpreting technical variations in quite often a complex system. Calorimetry and thermal microscopic methods helped define a commercial product composed of alkanes that was involved in a major law suit. The solid-state structures of a number of normal alkanes have unique crystal structures. These alkanes melt and freeze below room temperature to more than 60°C below zero. Mixtures of specific alkanes have attributes of pure chemicals. The X-ray diffraction structure of a mixture of alkanes is the same as a pure alkane, but the melting and freezing temperature are significantly lower than predicted. The jury ruled that the product containing n-alkanes had the appropriate melting characteristics. The thermal-physical properties made a commercial fluid truly unique and there was no advertising infringement according to the law and the jury trial A combination of thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and macrophotography were used to conduct an extensive modeling and analysis of physical evidence obtained in a mobile home fire and explosion. A person's death was allegedly linked to the misuse of a kerosene space heater. The thermal analytical techniques showed that external heating was the cause of the space heater's deformation, not a firing of the heater with gasoline and kerosene.
Component commonality under no-holdback allocation rules

We study the value of component commonality in assemble-to-order systems under no-holdback allocation rules. We prove that the total product backorder and on-hand component inventory decrease with probability one as the degree of commonality increases; however, the average cost may not decrease unless a certain cost symmetric condition is imposed.
Effect of endocrine organs and hormones on (Z)-9-tricosene levels in the internal and external lipids of female house flies, Musca domestica

Abstract When flies were maintained on sucrose, allatectomized or had the corpus allatum-cardiacum complex removed, ( Z )-9-tricosene ( Z 9–23:HY) was present both internally and externally. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of both internal and external Z 9–23:HY, and an increase in the amount of the major alkene, ( Z )-9-heptacosene ( Z 9–27:HY) when compared with the controls. The surgical treatments did not prevent the appearance of Z 9–23:HY on the surface, but there was 10–19 times more Z 9–23:HY found internally than externally. The amount of Z 9–27:HY was about equally distributed between the internal and surface lipids and was not altered significantly by allatectomy, removal of the corpus allatum-cardiacum complex or ovariectomy. When ovariectomized flies were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone or ecdysone, Z 9–23:HY synthesis was induced. Ecdysone was about three times more effective in stimulating Z 9–23:HY synthesis than was 20-hydroxyecdysone. As the amount of Z 9–23:HY increased, Z 9–27:HY decreased. Flies maintained on sucrose had more Z 9–23:HY on the surface and less internally when compared with the protein-fed flies and had ratios (external/internal) of 0.53 and 0.18, respectively. Treating sucrose-fed flies with methoprene resulted in a nearly equal distribution of Z 9–23:HY between the internal and external lipids and resulted in a ratio of 0.88 by 72 h post-treatment. Thus, flies on the sucrose diet had a ratio that was three times larger than the protein-fed flies, and when sucrose-fed flies were treated with methoprene the ratio was five times larger.
Beneficial responses to modified diets in treating patients with chronic kidney disease

Beneficial responses to modified diets in treating patients with chronic kidney disease. Background In rats, protein-restricted diets prolong survival from experimental chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diets for CKD patients that are restricted in protein and modified to limit the intake of phosphates and sodium not only reduce the accumulation of unexcreted metabolic products but also protect against hypertension and proteinuria. Their ability to slow progression of CKD is controversial, and this fact, plus concern about the nutritional adequacy of restricted diets, has limited this treatment strategy for CKD patients. Methods Expected responses of CKD patients to dietary manipulation are examined. The influence of this strategy on complications of CKD, including results from the MDRD Study, is analyzed. Results Dietary compliance with low-protein diets can be monitored from 24-hour urea excretion. Long-term therapy with diets containing 0.6 g protein/kg/day or less protein supplemented with essential amino acids or their ketoanalogues maintain body weight and normal values of serum proteins while reducing the accumulation of acid, phosphates, urea. Low-protein diets suppress proteinuria even when angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are used. Patients in the MDRD Study who complied with the diet had a significant slowing of the rate of loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Conclusion Successful dietary manipulation can ameliorate many complications of CKD. Low-protein diets are nutritionally safe, they reduce the accumulation of metabolic products, and they can suppress progressive loss of kidney function. Dietary manipulation should be an integral part of the therapy for patients with progressive CKD.
Hemodynamic studies in a parabiotic model of portal hypertension.

Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamic studies were performed in a rat model of parabiosis and portal hypertension. A portal hypertensive and a normal rat were surgically united side to side. A hyperdynamic circulation, characterized by increased cardiac index (413±26 vs 318±23 ml·min−1·kg−1; p<0.05) and portal venous inflow (9.61±1.29 vs 6.33±0.36 ml·min−1·100 g b.wt−1; p<0.05), was found in all the portal hypertensive rats but not in the normal parabiotic partners. These results do not support the existence of a transferable humoral factor mediating the hyperdynamic circulatory state of chronic portal hypertension.
Evidence for the Metabolic Lability of the C-21 Hydrogens of Corticosteroids

A study of the metabolism of the corticosteroid side-chain has been initiated with steroids tritiated at position 21. When 21-3H cortisol or 21-3H-11-deoxycorticosterone was injected into hamsters, tritium from the steroid was incorporated into water in all tissues examined. Tritium from labeled deoxycorticosterone was incorporated into water faster than from labeled cortisol by liver in vitro. 11-Deoxysteroids were detritiated more rapidly than 11β-hydroxylated steroids. The 21S-21-3H enantiomeric forms of the steroids were detritiated faster than the 21R-21-3H forms. It was concluded that the protons at position 21 of corticosteroids are metabolically labile and are converted to water by a process which shows stereospecific selectivity.
A residual acceleration data analysis and management system

Abstract Efficient analysis, management, and dissemination of large, complex, and sometimes poorly understood residual acceleration datasets obtained from low earth orbit space laboratories are necessary in order to maximize the scientific return from microgravity experiments. In view of the large amounts of data that will be collected in future missions, the need for an organized approach to the reduction, analysis, and dissemination is anticipated. Thus, an acceleration data processing plan was developed at the Center for Microgravity and Materials Research. Toward that goal we are developing a data analysis and management system that employs a variety of pattern recognition, data visualization, database management, Fourier analysis, expert systems, and vibration and ergodic windowing techniques.
Endocytic uptake pathways utilized by CPMV nanoparticles.

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been used as a nanoparticle platform for biomedical applications including vaccine development, in vivo vascular imaging, and tissue-targeted delivery. A better understanding of the mechanisms of CPMV targeting and cell internalization would enable enhanced targeting and more effective delivery. Previous studies showed that, following binding and internalization by mammalian cells, CPMV localizes in a perinuclear late-endosome compartment where it remains for as long as several days. To further investigate endocytic trafficking of CPMV within the cell, we used multiple approaches including pharmacologic inhibition of pathways and colocalization with endocytic vesicle compartments. CPMV internalization was clathrin-independent and utilized a combination of caveolar endocytosis and macropinocytosis pathways for entry. CPMV particles colocalized with Rab5+ early endosomes to traffic ultimately to a lysosomal compartment. These studies facilitate the further development of effec...
Retrograde axonal transport of endogenous proteins in sciatic nerve demonstrated by covalent labeling in vivo

Extracellularly applied N-succinimidyl [2,3-3H]propionate was used in vivo to covalently label intra-axonal proteins in the rat sciatic nerve. This technique permitted a unique view of axonal transport of proteins independent of biosynthesis. The proteins detected in slow anterograde transport (1 to 2 millimeters per day) correspond to cytoskeletal proteins described in previous papers. The slowly retrogradely transported component (3 to 6 millimeters per day) was composed primarily of a single protein with a molecular weight of 68,000.
Timestamp semantics and representation

Abstract Many database management systems and operating systems provide support for time values. At the physical level time values are known as timestamps. A timestamp has a physical realization and a temporal interpretation. The physical realization is a pattern of bits while the temporal interpretation is the meaning of each bit pattern, that is, the time each pattern represents. All previous proposals defined timestamps in terms of seconds. However, as we show, there are at least seven definitions of this fundamental time unit. We propose a more precise temporal interpretation, the time-line clock, that constructs a time-line by using different well-defined clocks in different periods. We also propose timestamp formats for events, intervals and spans. These formats can represent all of time to the granularity of a second, and all of recorded history to a finer granularity of a microsecond. Our proposed formats were designed to be more space and time efficient than existing representations. We compare our formats with those used in common operating systems and database management systems.
Reading Aloud with Bilingual Learners: A Fieldwork Project and Its Impact on Mainstream Teacher Candidates

This study describes the components of a field-based Read Aloud Project (RAP) in which teacher candidates create and implement language and literacy rich read-alouds for bilingual learners. In addition, an examination of the impact of such a project on several areas of teacher candidates' pedagogical expertise reveals that the RAP produces positive learning experiences for teacher candidates and may be worth replicating in other teacher education contexts to support the preparation of linguistically responsive teachers.
A genetic algorithm with backtracking for protein structure prediction

In this paper, we propose a simple genetic algorithm for finding the optimal conformation of a protein using the three-dimensional square HP model. A backtracking procedure is used to resolve the positional collisions and illegal conformations that occur during the course of genetic search. Backtracking is shown to be a simple and efficient means of collision repair that requires little overhead. Empirical results show that a genetic algorithm using backtracking can obtain the lowest energy structure of an amino acid sequence in fewer energy evaluations than earlier approaches.
Geriatric Expertise among Medical School Faculty: Preparing for the Challenges of an Aging Population

This study examined non-geriatrician physicians' experiences in a geriatrics-focused faculty development program, and effects of the program on their geriatrics knowledge and their teaching and practice. In-depth interviews were conducted with all physicians (n = 26) participating in the Dean's Faculty Scholars in Aging program. Most participants reported substantial gains in geriatric knowledge, and in the knowledge that older people are a distinct group with special needs. Most reported substantial changes in the way they care for older patients. Most reported incorporating notably more geriatrics content into their teaching. The program may serve as a process to address the growing need for physicians with geriatric knowledge.
Meeting the challenges in the delivery of child and adolescent mental health services in the next millennium: The continuous quality improvement approach

Abstract Managed care and concerns about the effectiveness of services are major pressures on mental health services. An approach to dealing with the challenges of providing high-quality, cost-effective services is continuous quality improvement or CQI. This article describes four major themes that motivate the CQI approach. However, we also describe the major obstacles in using an approach originally designed for manufacturing for human services. The need to accurately measure both treatment processes and outcomes is emphasized.
Expression of α4 and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA and localization of α‐bungarotoxin binding proteins in the rat vestibular periphery

In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to map the distribution of α2, α3, α4, and β2 nAChR subunit mRNAs throughout the peripheral vestibular system of the rat. The α4 and β2 nAChR subunit genes were co-expressed by populations of primary afferent neurons within Scarpa's ganglion, while there was no expression of the α2, α3, α4, or β2 nAChR subunit genes by type I or type II vestibular hair cells. α-bungarotoxin binding to nAChRs in the vestibular end-organs was primarily limited to the afferent chalices surrounding type I hair cells and the basal aspect of type II hair cells. These data suggest that nAChRs composed of α4 and β2 subunits are localized on afferent chalices innervating the type I vestibular hair cells and that the direct cholinergic efferent innervation of the type II vestibular hair cells utilizes nAChR composed of other subunits.
Proust and Kafka: On the Opening of Narrative Space

In traditional intellectual biographies of novelists, the central issue for the biographer is to discover at precisely what point the novelist becomes himself. The formative events of childhood, the early readings and first attempts at writing, lead toward the moment at which the writer sheds external influences and discovers a personal style. This moment is represented, in the intellectual biography, as a threshold, a passageway between unrealized efforts and accomplished goals, between juvenilia and authentic artistic creation.' Of course, one might object that the extreme clarity with which many traditional accounts of authors' lives depict such a passage is achieved at the expense of simplification: it is no doubt easier for the biographer to trace an orderly career from a retrospective point of view than it is for the writer to recognize, in life, the threshold-moment when it occurs. Nevertheless, it is a fact that those writers whose works have an autobiographical form or selfref lective focus often insist (with energy equal to that of their biographers) upon the absolute value of one moment, which they represent dramatically as a beginning, a birth, or an opening into the space of writing. For the two authors I shall be examining in this essay-Marcel Proust and Franz Kafka-the threshold-moment can be conceived, in psychocritical terms, as a liberation from childhood anxieties. George Painter (whose Marcel Proust: A Biography is considered by many French critics to be-with apologies to Gide-"la biographic definitive de Proust, helas!") sees the early stages of
A new species of the scorpionfish genus Scorpaena (Scorpaenidae) from Izu Peninsula, Pacific coast of Japan

A new species of scorpionfish, Scorpaena brevispina, is described on the basis of a single specimen collected from off the east coast of Izu Peninsula, Pacific coast of Japan, at a depth of 45 m. Scorpaena brevispina is distinguished from other Indo–Pacific species of Scorpaena by the following combination of characters: pectoral-fin rays 17; longitudinal scale rows 44; scales below lateral line 13; gill rakers 17; anterior surface of preocular spine with three vertical or slightly oblique ridges; lateral surface of maxilla without a distinct longitudinal ridge; lateral lacrimal spine present; extremely deep occipital pit; occipital pit rectangular in dorsal view, length distinctly less than width (length 53·3% of width); numerous small papillae on surface of occipital pit; pectoral fin relatively long (33·3% of standard length, LS), posterior tip extending beyond verticals through last dorsal-fin spine base and second anal-fin spine base; relatively short third to fifth dorsal-fin spines (third spine length 14·6% of LS, fourth spine 15·5%, and fifth spine 15·8%, respectively).