cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programmable light-controlled shape changes in layered polymer nanocomposites.

We present soft, layered nanocomposites that exhibit controlled swelling anisotropy and spatially specific shape reconfigurations in response to light irradiation. The use of gold nanoparticles grafted with a temperature-responsive polymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM) with layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly allowed placement of plasmonic structures within specific regions in the film, while exposure to light caused localized material deswelling by a photothermal mechanism. By layering PNIPAM-grafted gold nanoparticles in between nonresponsive polymer stacks, we have achieved zero Poisson’s ratio materials that exhibit reversible, light-induced unidirectional shape changes. In addition, we report rheological properties of these LbL assemblies in their equilibrium swollen states. Moreover, incorporation of dissimilar plasmonic nanostructures (solid gold nanoparticles and nanoshells) within different material strata enabled controlled shrinkage of specific regions of hydrogels at specific excitation wave...
Control of the Spanwise Distribution of Circulation on NACA 0012 and Flat Plate Wings

Open-loop active flow control is used to modify the spanwise distribution of circulation around an NACA 0012 and flat plate wing. The leading edge on both airfoils and tip regions of the NACA airfoil contain spatially localized actuators that can be independently controlled in terms of amplitude and frequency, allowing the spanwise distribution of circulation to be modified. Different orientations of the pulsed-blowing actuators were used to provide upstream, downstream, in-line with the flow, and outward span components of actuation. The actuation effectiveness was documented using force balance measurements of the lift and drag, smoke-wire visualization, surface pressure measurements and PIV velocity field measurements. Actuation with an upstream component is shown to be far more effective in reducing the separated region than actuation in the streamwise direction. Initial measurements of the change in circulation on the suction surface of the airfoil indicate that spatially localized forcing produces global changes over the wing, primarily associated with the reduction in size of the separated flow region.
Caution in Antenatal Intervention

We assessed 18 fetuses who harbored a urinary tract malformation that was diagnosed by antenatal sonography. The antenatal diagnosis corresponded to the postnatal diagnosis in 66 per cent of the cases. We review the course of 6 fetuses who had catheters placed percutaneously to drain dilated urinary tracts that were believed to be caused by posterior urethral valves (5) or an obstructed megaureter (1). Only 2 of these fetuses exhibited valves postnatally. No fetus had any recognized benefit from the antenatal intervention. We found that sonography may not readily differentiate fetuses with hydronephrosis with obstruction from those without obstruction. From this experience we conclude that intervention in pregnancies suspected of harboring a fetus with a malformed urinary tract should be done cautiously. Antenatal sonography is useful to identify the fetus with a dilated urinary tract. This identification permits perinatal specialists to be alerted so that preparations for reconstructive surgery in such cases can be made early postpartum.
Brief paper: Regularizations of linear time varying singular systems

Singular systems of differential equations arising in reduced-order models are often regularized by the introduction of small parameters. The types of regularization used for linear time invariant systems need not work on linear time varying systems. This paper gives examples and discusses this behavior. Conditions under which the standard type of regularization works are developed.
Learning from Parents and Families

These comments were made by teachers when we asked them to describe ways in which they involved parents. This perception of parental involvement shared by the teachers mentioned in the epigraph is all too common. For a variety of reasons they are more comfortable keeping parents out of their classrooms; some worrying that they might lose control, fearing that parents might try to micromanage the work they do. Some teachers do not trust parental judgment and feel parents do not have anything worthwhile to add to the daily operations of academic life. And, some teachers do not know the benefits of parental involvement; they are just mirroring the culture of the school toward parental and family involvement. With little formal education on working with parents, few professional development days devoted to home-school partnerships, and school cultures void of well-planned family-school partnership events or family initiatives, teachers are left with little support and few resources on which to fall back when trying to involve parents in their own classrooms.
Using Other Languages on the Java Platform

One prominent feature of the DMelt software environment for numerical and statistical computations is that it can be used with different programming languages on different operating systems. Unlike many statistical programs, DMelt is not limited by a single programming language. A developer can use this program with several scripting languages, such as Python/Jython, BeanShell, Groovy, and Ruby. DMelt also includes support for an Octive-like interpreted language with a syntax very similar to MATLAB.
LZAP: A break on phosphorylation.

LZAP (LXXLL/Leucine zipper-containing ARF-binding protein) is an evolutionally conserved protein that exhibits controversial functions in human cancers. It does not have an enzymatic domain or othe...
Factors Affecting Feature Differentiation: The Impact and Source of Variance in the Upwelling Radiance Field

Systematic and random variations in the upwelling radiance field are caused by a variety of factors. They may vary with the region of the spectrμm used, with bandpass, terrain type, cloud cover, type and density, scan angle limits, scale, season, time of day and with a variety of other factors and interactions. The systematic variations may, after empirical studies, be corrected for to some extent. However, it is unlikely that they can be completely removed. The random variations, by their very nature may not be corrected for and so limit the discriminability of selected features or targets. The impact of such variations on feature discriminability in the optical-reflective region (0.4 μm – 2.0μm), in the middle infrared region (3.5 μm –4.2 μm) and in the thermal infrared region (8 urn – 12 μm) will be considered. Another major consideration in intercomparing data from a variety of sources is the intercalibration of the devices used for data collection. The principles involved in reducing digital image, multichannel, multidate, multisensor data to a common data for intercomparison will be dealt with.
Editor's Highlight: Mechanistic Toxicity Tests Based on an Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Hepatic Steatosis

Risk assessors use liver endpoints in rodent toxicology studies to assess the safety of chemical exposures. Yet, rodent endpoints may not accurately reflect human responses. For this reason and others, human-based invitro models are being developed and anchored to adverse outcome pathways to better predict adverse human health outcomes. Here, a networked adverse outcome pathway-guided selection of biology-based assays for lipid uptake, lipid efflux, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid accumulation were developed. These assays were evaluated in a metabolically competent human hepatocyte cell model (HepaRG) exposed to compounds known to cause steatosis (amiodarone, cyclosporine A, and T0901317) or activate lipid metabolism pathways (troglitazone, Wyeth-14,643, and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol). All of the chemicals activated at least one assay, however, only T0901317 and cyclosporin A dose-dependently increased lipid accumulation. T0901317 and cyclosporin A increased fatty acid uptake, decreased lipid efflux (inferred from apolipoprotein B100 levels), and increased fatty acid synthase protein levels. Using this biologically-based evaluation of key events regulating hepatic lipid levels, we demonstrated dysregulation of compensatory pathways that normally balance hepatic lipid levels. This approach may provide biological plausibility and data needed to increase confidence in linking invitro-based measurements to chemical effects on adverse human health outcomes.
Guilty Pleasure No More

Abstract. Despite the substantial attention paid to stress management in the extant coping literature, media use has been surprisingly overlooked as a strategy worthy of close examination. Although media scholars have suggested media use may be driven by a need to relax, related research has been sporadic and, until recently, disconnected from the larger conversation about stress management. The present research aimed to determine the relative value of media use within the broader range of coping strategies. Based on surveys of both students and breast cancer patients, media use emerged as one of the most frequently selected strategies for managing stress across a range of personality and individual difference variables. Further, heavier television consumers and those with higher perceived stress were also more likely to use media for coping purposes. Finally, those who choose media for stress management reported it to be an effective tool, although perhaps not as effective as other popular strategies. Th...
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Free Multistep Synthesis of Silver Nanoplates with Plasmon Resonance in the Near Infrared Range

Herein, a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-free method is described for synthesizing Ag nanoplates that have localized surface plasmon resonance in the near-infrared (NIR) range. Citrate-capped Ag spherical nanoparticles are first grown into small Ag nanoplates that resonate in the range of 500-800 nm. The small Ag nanoplates are used as seeds to further grow into large Ag nanoplates with a lateral dimension of 100-600 nm and a plasmon resonance wavelength of 800-1660 nm and above. The number of growth steps can be increased as desired. Without introducing additional citrate into the solutions of small Ag nanoplate seeds, large Ag nanoplates can be synthesized within minutes. The entire synthesis is completely PVP free, which promotes the nanoparticle growth along the lateral direction to form large Ag nanoplates. The multistep growth and the minimum usage of citrate are essential for the fast growth of high-aspect-ratio Ag nanoplates resonating in the NIR range.
Community Planning and the Natural Environment

Although our relationship with the natural environment has changed as a result of modernization, growth, and development, the natural environment in areas of “open space” continues to provide communities with many economic, environmental, and social benefits that have been well documented (Albrecht, 1993;Center for the Study of Law and Politics, 1991;Dwyer et al.1991;National Park Service, 1992). In addition to these well-known benefits, the planned use of open space helps communities absorb change by creating special places and preserving structured and shared symbols such as historic landscapes (Greider and Garkovich, 1994). By providing a framework for communities, the local autonomy of a community is defined and reinforced through the planned use of open space, increasing the psychological identification with a locale and making people feel more comfortable and at-home (Bender, 1978;Hawley, 1950; Warren, 1972). Frederick Law Olmstead wrote that parks and open space are benign magnets for social democratization and recreation (Wilson, 1989). The green infrastructure of open space provides opportunities for people to generalize across interest lines and helps create a sense of community, one characterized by shared spatial experiences. It creates an element of social equality because as an equalizer open space offers people regardless of background or social and economic status the same opportunities. Open space improves the quality of life and environment and contributes to economic and social life and is an important factor in the development of healthy and sustainable communities. In order to increase the quality of life and environment in our communities, it is important that the costs and benefits provided by the natural environment through open space be understood and considered through a comprehensive land use planning process. But what is a human community?
Reduction functions for the variance function of one-parameter natural exponential family

Abstract We show that, when a random variable has a parametric distribution as a member of an infinitely divisible natural exponential family whose induced measure is absolutely continuous with respect to its basis measure, there exists a deterministic function, referred to as “reduction function”, such that the random variable transformed by this function is an unbiased estimator of the variance of the random variable. Our result can be used in estimating latent structure in high-dimensional data and in implementing iterative reweighted least squares for generalized linear models.
An Expanded Bio-Psycho-Social Model

Overview: This chapter expands upon the ontogenetic bonding system construct introduced in the last chapter. The discussion is divided into five main sections. First, we consider other recent theoretical treatments of social bonding that run parallel to our own in their attempt to integrate across disciplines (i.e., levels of analysis) and/or across the life course. In the second section we introduce our individual-level organismic model, which we organize around the construct of a Perception-Central Processing-Behavior (P-CP-B) schema. There are seven central nervous system components to such a schema and we propose and discuss the processes through which these components are connected within a specific domain. We also discuss some general principles that underlie schema development and functioning. Third, we present a dyadic-level expansion of our organismic model, based on the interaction between two P-CP-B schemas. We also consider how their interaction represents the functioning of two coadapted systems. In the fourth section we discuss each of the seven P-CP-B schema components in detail. These components include affect/motivation, perception, behavior, arousal, cognition, memory, and executive function. Our discussions focus on the adaptive significance, neural underpinnings, and bonding function of each component. Finally, in the fifth section we consider how commonly used relationship concepts relate to and illuminate both the proposed individual-level P-CP-B schema with its seven components and the dyadic level expansion of this framework to include interacting schemas.
Nouncaptcha: An Image-Based CAPTCHA Backed by an ESP Game Implementation

This paper introduces and evaluates a new imagebased CAPTCHA named Nouncaptcha. Nouncaptcha has users analyze an image and select the nouns in that image from a list. This process is done for several rounds, until the user earns sufficient credit to be considered human. To generate and grade these prompts, Nouncaptcha draws from a database of tagged images. This tag database is fed by a video game based off of von Ahn and Dabbish’s ESP Game [13]. User testing indicates that humans fare well on Nouncaptcha prompts. Moreover, surveyed users found Nouncaptcha easy and generally preferable when compared to reCAPTCHA, a popular CAPTCHA [26]. This paper also performs a threat analysis on Nouncaptcha. This threat analysis suggests that Nouncaptcha is capable of resisting brute-force attacks, dictionary attacks, and current computer vision methods.
The Muscular System

Abstract The entire structure of a skeletal muscle, from its gross architecture to its molecular contractile machinery, is designed to produce force to move some part of the body. Actual contraction depends upon a neural signal that results in the sliding of actin filaments past myosin to produce shortening. These molecular events are translated into whole muscle shortening by the connective tissue layers that surround the muscle fibers. Muscles are highly adaptive to training. Fast and slow muscle fibers respond differently to different forms of training, and they respond differently to fatigue. Both the normal growth and adaptation of muscle fibers depend upon the activities of satellite cells, which serve as stem cells to muscles. Muscle atrophy is an adaptation to the loss of function, and after injury, muscle fibers regenerate through the contribution of satellite cells. Many age-related changes in muscle are secondary to changes in their innervation.
The cultural context of infant development: Variability, specificity, and universality

Abstract Researchers in developmental science often examine parenting and child development by ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups, frequently highlighting group differences in parent and infant behaviors. A sole focus on differences, however, obscures notable variability that exists within each community. Moreover, categories such as ethnicity and race are often assumed to encompass shared cultural backgrounds, which risks conflating race, ethnicity, and culture in psychological research. In this chapter, we examine cultural specificity and within-group heterogeneity that characterizes parenting and child development across socio-economic, ethnic, and racial groups. Drawing upon our work on ethnically and socioeconomically diverse parents and infants, we document the between-group differences, within-group variation, and universal processes in the form and content of parent-infant interactions. Most centrally, we highlight the role of family economic, human, and social capital in explaining the variability in parent-infant interactions across racial, ethnic, and cultural groups
The superconducting gravimeter as a field instrument applied to hydrology

We describe development of a transportable version of the Superconducting Gravimeter (SG) and its test in a field experiment to monitor storage in a karst (limestone) aquifer in central Texas. The SG is contained within two aluminum enclosures, one holding the SG in its 35 l helium dewar, plus electronics; and the second for refrigerator and power supply. In the field test, the SG was supported on threaded steel rods cemented into limestone, and surrounded by weather-protecting sheds. The steel rod design was not completely satisfactory, and in most field settings a concrete floor will probably be required. Field operation requires wired electric power, but is managed remotely using wireless internet. The experiment south of Austin Texas was designed to monitor ground water level, precipitation, and other variables, and observe mass variations associated with storage changes in the aquifer. Drought conditions prevailed, limiting conclusions about the aquifer, but the experiment demonstrated the feasibility of remote unattended operation for periods of many months.
A Hybrid Method to Detect Missing Hierarchical Relations in NCI Thesaurus

Biomedical terminologies such as National Cancer Institute thesaurus (NCIt) have been widely used in supporting various biomedical research and applications. Therefore, the quality of biomedical terminologies directly impacts their downstream applications. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid method to identify missing hierarchical IS-A relations in NCIt, by leveraging both role definitions and lexical features of concepts in non-lattice subgraphs. We first extract non-lattice subgraphs in NCIt, problematic areas with quality issue. We model each concept using its role definitions and words in its concept name as well as words in the names of its ancestors. Then we perform a two-step subsumption testing for candidate pairs of concepts in the non-lattice subgraphs to automatically suggest potentially missing IS-A relations. We applied our method to the 19.01d version of NCIt. A total of 9,512 non-lattice subgraphs were extracted, among which 654 of them revealed 268 potentially missing IS-A relations. After the removal of duplication and redundancy, 121 potentially missing IS-A relations were obtained. To evaluate our method, we adopted a retrospective ground truth (RGT)-based idea to use version difference as the reference standard. We constructed a reference standard based on the IS-A changes between the 19.01d and 19.07e versions of NCIt. Among 121 potentially missing IS-A relations suggested by our method, 46 out of them are valid according to the reference standard. The RGT-based evaluation indicates that our hybrid method is promising in detecting missing IS-A relations which motivates us to perform a thorough evaluation by domain experts in future work.
Chapter 2 – Scientific Literacy

Building on the immense corpus of scholarship focused on scientific literacy, this chapter defines scientific literacy and demonstrates the symbiotic relationship between it and information literacy, with a particular focus on the life sciences. It addresses scientific literacy within the context of the growing trend of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research and briefly describes literacy expectations for students. The chapter discusses multiple literacy frameworks and how to improve students’ scientific literacy using information literacy skills.
System Dynamics Modeling for Smartphone-Based Healthcare Tools: Case Study on ECG Monitoring

With the rapid growth of technology and the advances in smart healthcare, patients nowadays struggle with finding suitable smart healthcare interfaces that offer the most effective and manageable personalized care. System dynamics (SD) investigates the behavior of various factors of a system and thus, can offer plausible solutions in this regard. This article presents the research ideas and conceptualization of a framework to determine the factors that influence the effectiveness of a personal healthcare response monitoring system from a systems engineering perspective. A SD model for smartphone-based healthcare monitoring is introduced. Specifically, smartphone-based heart monitoring using electrocardiogram (ECG) is studied in this article from a SD point of view. The model includes factors such as patient wellbeing and care, cost, convenience, user friendliness, in addition to other embedded ECG system design and performance metrics (e.g., accuracy, real-time response, etc.). The model has been rigorously tested and the simulation results reflect the dynamics of the model and the effectiveness of smartphone-based ECG monitoring in various scenarios. The proposed framework has the potential to facilitate visualizing the effectiveness of smartphone-based healthcare monitoring systems for users.
The Benefits and Challenges of Interprofessional Training Programs Implemented to Increase Access to Primary Care for Medicaid Enrollees

Background: Interprofessional (IP) care teams that bring together health care providers from multiple disciplines can provide a broader scope of services and enhance efficiency so as to increase availability of providers. The use of IP teams may be of particular benefit for Medicaid enrollees who experience difficulty accessing care given socioeconomic barriers and limited provider availability. However, IP training is critical to ensure that health and social service providers understand their roles on these teams. Our study sought to understand the benefits and challenges of IP training programs, including how such programs could help improve access to health care for underserved populations. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study across 10 health care organizations where IP training programs had been implemented. Learners, preceptors, and program staff were interviewed and asked about the structure of the programs, individual roles within the programs, and satisfaction with the programs. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using rigorous qualitative methods. Results: Two types of IP training programs were identified: those offering a specific program that integrated behavioral health and primary care, and those offering a general program that included multiple types of providers. Benefits of IP training included expanded access to primary care providers, increased ability to deliver ‘whole person care’ that addressed social determinants of health, and improved support across disciplines. Challenges included navigating logistics of integrating IP trainees into a program, changing expectations about approaches to IP care delivery, technology issues, and funding. Conclusions: IP training programs can increase access to care for Medicaid enrollees and improve primary care delivery by increasing the number of trained providers and improving the capacity of organizations to deliver care that addresses social determinants of health. Addressing challenges around logistics, technology, and funding can help IP training programs succeed and sustain their efforts to improve care for Medicaid enrollees.
Short-term water deprivation attenuates the exercise pressor reflex in older female adults.

Older adults have reduced fluid intake and impaired body fluid and electrolyte regulation. Older female adults exhibit exaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) responses, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it is unclear if dysregulated body fluid homeostasis contributes to altered exercise BP responses in older female adults. We tested the hypothesis that short-term water deprivation (WD) increases exercise BP responses in older female adults. Fifteen female adults (eight young [25 ± 6 years] and seven older [65 ± 6 years]) completed two experimental conditions in random crossover fashion; a euhydration control condition and a stepwise reduction in water intake over three days concluding with a 16-hr WD period. During both trials, beat-to-beat BP (photoplethysmography) and heart rate (electrocardiogram) were continuously assessed during rest, handgrip exercise (30% MVC), and post-exercise ischemia (metaboreflex isolation). At screening, older compared to young female adults had greater systolic and diastolic BP (p ≤ .02). Accelerometer-assessed habitual physical activity was not different between groups (p = .65). Following WD, 24-hr urine flow rate decreased, whereas thirst, urine specific gravity, and plasma osmolality increased (condition: p < .05 for all), but these WD-induced changes were not different between age groups (interaction: p ≥ .31 for all). Resting systolic and diastolic BP values were higher in older compared to young adults (p < .01 for both), but were not different between experimental conditions (p ≥ .20). In contrast to our hypothesis, WD was associated with attenuated systolic BP responses during handgrip exercise (post hoc: p < .01) and post-exercise ischemia (post hoc: p = .03) in older, but not young, female adults. These data suggest that reduced water intake-induced challenges to body fluid homeostasis do not contribute to exaggerated exercise BP responses in post-menopausal female adults.
A FULL-SKY, HIGH-RESOLUTION ATLAS OF GALACTIC 12 μm DUST EMISSION WITH WISE

We describe our custom processing of the entire Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 12 μm imaging data set, and present a high-resolution, full-sky map of diffuse Galactic dust emission that is free of compact sources and other contaminating artifacts. The principal distinctions between our resulting co-added images and the WISE Atlas stacks are our removal of compact sources, including their associated electronic and optical artifacts, and our preservation of spatial modes larger than 1.°5. We provide access to the resulting full-sky map via a set of 430 12.°5 × 12.°5 mosaics. These stacks have been smoothed to 15'' resolution and are accompanied by corresponding coverage maps, artifact images, and bit-masks for point sources, resolved compact sources, and other defects. When combined appropriately with other mid-infrared and far-infrared data sets, we expect our WISE 12 μm co-adds to form the basis for a full-sky dust extinction map with angular resolution several times better than Schlegel et al.
The Brain-Gut-Microbiotal Axis: A framework for understanding functional GI illness and their therapeutic interventions

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), characterized by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause, are common diseases that are frequently encountered by specialists in internal medicine. Collectively, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia are estimated to affect up to 22% of the population, and are often associated with additional somatic and pain complaints, all without an obvious structural source [1,2]. An appreciation of the current understanding of the mechanistic basis for these disorders is key to developing treatment goals and optimization of patient management strategies. In recent years, the brain-gut axis increasingly has been recognized as a central factor in the experience of functional abdominal pain disorders, including the most recent Rome IV guidelines which identify FGIDs as disorders of gut-brain interaction [3]. The brain-gut axis (BGA), simply defined, is a complex network of bidirectional communication between the central and enteric nervous systems. This axis broadly includes all the systems involved with communication between the GI tract and central nervous system (CNS), with principle inputs into this network occurring between the CNS, enteric nervous system (ENS), and autonomic nervous systems (ANS), but also includes interfaces with numerous other factors, including endocrine hormones and immune effector cells as well as interactions with the gut microbiota. Perturbances to this system have been found to play a critical role in the development of visceral hypersensitivity, bowel dysregulation, and mood. This review will summarize the principle processes involved in the neurologic and biologic function of the brain-gut axis, our current understanding of its role in functional GI disorders, and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Training the nation’s elites: National–private sector differences in Japanese university education

Abstract I examine the relationship between university prestige and socioeconomic achievement in Japan. I generate a set of hypotheses based on human capital and screening models of education, and test these using a 1995 cross-sectional dataset. I find that university prestige significantly improves socioeconomic achievement among male university graduates in Japan. I also find that national university graduates have higher rates of return to their university education, and are more likely to be employed in higher prestige occupations than are private university graduates. My findings lend support to the ‘elite’ view of investments in human capital proposed by Becker (1993), under which higher ability individuals (in this case national university graduates) have more to gain from university education than do lower ability individuals. I find little support for the screening model of education.
On the Privacy Guarantees of Gossip Protocols in General Networks

Recently, the privacy guarantees of information dissemination protocols have attracted increasing research interests, among which the gossip protocols assume vital importance in various information exchange applications. In this work, we study the privacy guarantees of gossip protocols in general networks in terms of differential privacy and prediction uncertainty. First, lower bounds of the differential privacy guarantees are derived for gossip protocols in general networks in both synchronous and asynchronous settings. The prediction uncertainty of the source node given a uniform prior is also determined. For the private gossip algorithm, the differential privacy and prediction uncertainty guarantees are derived in closed form. Moreover, considering that these two metrics may be restrictive in some scenarios, the relaxed variants are proposed. It is found that source anonymity is closely related to some key network structure parameters in the general network setting. Then, we investigate information spreading in wireless networks with unreliable communications, and quantify the tradeoff between differential privacy guarantees and information spreading efficiency. Finally, considering that the attacker may not be present at the beginning of the information dissemination process, the scenario of delayed monitoring is studied and the corresponding differential privacy guarantees are evaluated.
To cheat or not to cheat? An investigation into the ethical behaviors of generation Z:

Cheating in higher education has numerous negative implications, including degrading program reputations, inflating student retention rates, and cultivating poor ethical practices, all of which hav...
Time-to-response for patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell and high grade B cell lymphoma treated with polatuzumab-based therapy.

Polatuzumab vedotin (PV), an anti-CD79b antibody drug conjugate, was approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration in June 2019 for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lympho...
Chute-side Entry of Lameness Information thru the Use of Touch-screen Technology

The on-farm capture of lameness information remains a major deficiency in animal health record keeping programs throughout North America. To address this issue, a language-neutral record-keeping system was developed utilizing touch screen computer technology, RFID and the claw zone and foot numbering techniques as described by the AABP Lameness Committee in 2004.
Solvent Processing and Ionic Liquid-Enabled Long-Range Vertical Ordering in Block Copolymer Films with Enhanced Film Stability

Rapid and reliable processing methods for forming ordered block copolymer (BCP) materials with low defect density in a thin film geometry are required for many nanotechnology applications. Vertical...
Complicated Hysteroscopic Removal of Retained IUD Fragment

Study Objective Demonstrate successful complicated hysteroscopic removal of retained Paragard IUD arm after prior attempts, highlight role of diagnostic imaging prior to the case, and emphasize entry and surgical technique to optimize successful removal. Design Case report. Setting Outpatient surgical center. Patients or Participants Single patient. Interventions In-office ultrasound, subsequent hysteroscopy. Measurements and Main Results Successful removal of retained fragment. Conclusion In a patient with prior failed attempts, imaging (particularly surgeon in-office ultrasound prior to hysteroscopy) in combination with good hysteroscopic practice pearls contribute to a successful complicated removal of a retained IUD fragment.
Development of an Irrigation Water Quality Database to Identify Water Resources and Assess Microbiological Risks During the Production of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

An Irrigation Water Quality Database was developed to help assess the microbiological quality of irrigation water used in fruit and vegetable production in 15 counties in New York (NY) State. Water samples from Tennessee (TN) were also included in the database. Four water quality parameters, quantified generic E. coli, specific conductance, pH, and turbidity, were tested. Ground, reservoir, and running water were sampled over two years (2009 and 2010), covering three seasons each year (spring, summer, and fall). TN data are for all three seasons in 2010 only. Overall in NY (254 total samples), ground water had a geometric mean of 1 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, reservoir water had a geometric mean of 8 MPN/100 ml, and running water had a geometric mean of 52 MPN/100 ml. Overall in TN (63 total samples), ground water had a geometric mean of 1 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 ml, reservoir water had a geometric mean of 5 CFU/100 ml, and running water had a geometric mean of 38 CFU/100 ml. These values are all below the 126 MPN/100 ml United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Ambient Water Quality Standards (AWQS) standard for fresh water. The presence of E. coli had very weak but sometimes statistically signficiant correlatation with water specific conductance, pH, and turbidity, depending on the water source but the r-squared effect was not strong enough to make the other measurements a substitute for testing specifically for E. coli in water.
Review of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Testing of Graft Copolymers of Lignin

Lignin [8068-00-6] is a natural product produced by all woody plants. It is second only to cellulose in mass of polymer formed per annum.1 Lignin constitutes between 15 and 40 percent of the dry weight of wood with variation in lignin content being caused by growing conditions, species type, the parts of the plant tested, and numerous other factors2. Plants use lignin to 1. control fluid flow, 2. add strength, and 3. protect against attack by microorganisms3.Each cell of the plant grows its own lignin. The cell undergoes “lignification” in response to an internally-orchestrated series of reactions which take place all during cell differentiation3. Lignin appears first in the primary (exterior) wall of the cell “corners”. As the cell grows, lignin deposits throughout the primary wall and then appears in the secondary, interior wall of the cell. During this growth period, lignin deposits develop in the intercellular region, also. Lignin appears to be attached to the crystalline microfibrils of cellulose by phenylpropane linkages to carboxyl groups. Such a bond structure would be a uronic acid ester linkage.3
Estimates of Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials

Together with the methods described in the previous chapter, overall moduli and local field averages in the phases can be estimated by one of several approximate methods, which use different models of the microstructure. Among those described here are variants of the average field approximation, or AFA, which rely on strain or stress field averages in solitary ellipsoidal inhomogeneities, embedded in large volumes of different comparison media L 0. Among the most widely used procedures are the self-consistent and Mori-Tanaka methods, and the differential scheme, described in Sects. 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3. Those are followed by several double inclusion or double inhomogeneity models in Sect. 7.4, and by illustrative comparison with finite element evaluations for functionally graded materials in Sect. 7.5.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy

Epilepsy refractory to medical management with antiepileptic drugs continues to pose a problem to clinicians as well as to patients struggling with the limitations imposed on them by their condition. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a safe and effective surgical treatment for patients with refractory epilepsy who are not candidates for surgery involving resection of temporal lobe structures or epileptogenic foci. Even in those with failed surgical resection, VNS may still provide some benefit, though this must be elucidated. Although the mechanism is still poorly understood, several theories exist as to how VNS exerts its antiepileptic effects and several clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy and safety. VNS has become the most widely used nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Key Concepts: VNS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with refractory epilepsy who are not candidates for surgery involving resection of temporal lobe structures or epileptogenic foci and possibly those that have failed to respond to surgical correction. Increased reduction of seizure frequency with VNS occurs over time resulting in decreased need for antiepileptic drugs with increased duration of stimulation. In addition to the benefit of seizure reduction, data exists to support improved subjective quality of life scores with use of VNS. Although the insertion of the VNS unit is a surgical procedure, it can often be performed as an outpatient surgery and thus does not require inpatient hospitalization as resection-based epilepsy surgery does. VNS is generally well tolerated with side effects including mild and including voice alteration and throat pain. Keywords: vagus nerve stimulation; refractory epilepsy; epilepsy surgery; epilepsy
Philosophical Tools for Technological Culture

This year, 2001, marks the fortieth anniversary of what at its inception in 1961 was called the “Co-operative Research on Dewey Publications” and now, since 1971, the Center for Dewey Studies. In 1961, just nine years after Dewey’s death, when Jo Ann Boydston and George E. Axtelle began work on what they envisioned as a “Dewey concordance” they found that the situation was a mess: only a few of his major books were in print, and the ones that were available were paperback reprints.
Porphyric insecticides: 1. Concept and phenomenology☆

Abstract The concept and phenomenology of a new approach to the design of insecticides is described. The novel insecticides consist of modulators of the porphyrin-heme biosynthetic pathway, which, when used singly or in combination with δ-aminolevulinic acid, induce the massive accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the treated insect. The uncontrolled protoporphyrin biosynthesis causes death of the treated insect in darkness and in light. In light, death appears to be photodynamic in nature. It is also shown that photodynamic damage can be induced by treating the insect with exogenous protoporphyrin or Mg-protoporphyrin. We propose the term “porphyric insecticides” to designate such insecticides. It is argued that the appeal of porphyric insecticides may reside (a) in the potential to design a large number of totally biodegradable formulations that can act as selective photodynamic insecticides and herbicides and (b) in the anticipated difficulty for insects to develop resistance toward such insecticides.
Iron-dependent production of a heat-modifiable, 23,000-Mr outer membrane protein in Paracoccus denitrificans.

Abstract Production of a 23,000-Mr major outer membrane protein of Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC 13543 was dependent upon the addition of iron to a succinate-salts medium. The 23,000-Mr protein was not produced in an iron-deficient medium, but production of five outer membrane proteins in the 85,000- to 72,000-Mr range and of catechol were induced. The 23,000-Mr protein was not produced in a complex medium even when ferric citrate was added to the medium. Production of the protein was influenced by the carbon source and was decreased by peptone.
MRI velocimetry in microchannel networks

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) velocimetry was used for the first time to quantify the interstitial 2-D velocity field of water through an engineered microchannel network constructed from poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We describe the fabrication of the multilayered PDMS network, which consists of two identical non-communicating capillary networks, each featuring 2 mm deep and 0.9 mm wide staggered channels forming a 10/spl times/8 periodic array. The logistics of perfusing the network through multiple interconnects and the velocity extraction are delineated. The effect of a priori or a posteriori methods to estimate the interstitial volume on the accuracy of the pore velocity is shown to be significant.
Anthropology and the Making of Billy Graham: Evangelicalism and Anthropology in the 20th‐Century United States

In theorizing the relationship between Christianity (or religion) and anthropology, scholars have often emphasized the “incommensurability,” tension, or distance between two seemingly opposed epistemological frameworks. In this article, I take the case of Billy Graham, one of the most famous Christian leaders of the 20th century, as well as an undergraduate anthropology major, to illustrate how anthropology was imagined to serve Christian purposes, defined by the theological categories of religion. In the modernist Christianity of Graham's 20th-century evangelicalism, anthropology could be comfortably subsumed under Christian categories. Rather than seeing anthropology, or any science, as being a product of, or coterminous with, secularism, Graham, and his college professors before him, understood anthropology to be fully amenable to Christian uses, so long as secular or atheistic influences were expunged. [Christianity, evangelicalism, secularism, science, race]
The impact of the nature of relationships on perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in a community sample of older adults

Older adults die by suicide at very high rates, and previous research indicates that perceived burdensomeness may contribute to deaths by suicide. In this study, the impact of the nature of relationships on perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation was examined. Results indicated that older adults' perceptions of burden on younger generations were associated with greater overall perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation when compared to the older adults' own or older generations. Thus, clinicians should examine general perceived burdensomeness as well as the types of relationships the older adult perceives himself or herself to be a burden on.
Taurine Can Enhance the Protective Actions of Metformin Against Diabetes-Induced Alterations Adversely Affecting Renal Function

The present study was designed to examine the role of taurine (TAU) on the actions of the oral hypoglycemic drug metformin (MET) against diabetes-induced metabolic and oxidative changes influencing renal function. The experiments were carried out with male Sprague-Dawley rats, 225–250 g, assigned to groups of 6. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin, 60 mg/kg i.p, in 10 mM citrate buffer pH 4.5. After 14 days, separate groups of diabetic rats received MET, 2.4 mM/kg/day p.o., TAU, 2.4 mM/kg/day p.o., MET plus TAU, or insulin (INS), 4 U/kg/day s.c.. The treatments were daily, starting from day 15, and continued for an additional 41 days. Normal rats and untreated diabetic rats served as controls. The animals had free access to a standard rat chow and tap water throughout the study. A 24 h urine sample was collected starting on day 56. Blood and kidney samples were collected on day 57 and used to isolate plasma and prepare kidney homogenates, respectively, for biochemical testing. Diabetic rats were hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic and dyslipidemic, showed proteinuria, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and plasma and renal oxidative stress, and, relative to normal rats, exhibited higher levels of blood HbA1c and of plasma TGF-β1, creatinine and urea nitrogen. All the treatments were found highly protective against these changes, with INS appearing more potent than MET, TAU or MET-TAU except for the intracellular redox status. MET was more effective than TAU in reducing glucose-related metabolic changes and proteinuria, less in controlling hypertriglyceridemia and in preserving antioxidant enzymes, and about equipotent against the other changes. Supplementing MET with TAU enhanced the actions of MET to different extents. Overall, this study finds that MET and TAU can offer the same pattern of protection as INS against diabetes-related metabolic and biochemical changes relevant to renal function, and that TAU can enhance the protective actions of MET on diabetes–related renal biochemical and functional alterations.
Distribution and metabolism of 14C-tryptophan in normal and endotoxin-poisoned mice.

dl-Tryptophan (benzene ring-14C) and its metabolites persist longer and in greater quantity in tissues of endotoxin-poisoned mice than in tissues of normal mice. Correspondingly less label is excreted in urine and feces and expired as 14CO2 in the poisoned animals. The distribution of label (1.1 × 106 dpm per microgram of tryptophan) was relatively constant whether it was administered alone or in combination with 20 mg of unlabeled l-tryptophan. Tryptophan must be metabolized through the tryptophan oxygenase pathway to be converted to carbon dioxide, but attempts to quantitatively correlate depressed tryptophan oxygenase activity with depressed carbon dioxide production were unsuccessful. It appears that neither tryptophan oxygenase nor substrate availability exclusively determine the quantity of tryptophan converted to 14CO2 except under highly selected conditions. The validity of an earlier suggestion that expired 14CO2 could be used to monitor in vivo tryptophan oxygenase activity is not supported by our data.