cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to the Hilden Critique

Patricia Hilden does not like Women, WorK, and Family. She also did not like the articles that preceded it. Her dislike is so strong that she feels com pelled not only to offer a critique of the book's conceptual approach, but also to attack it in every way she can. That leads her to cheap accusations about our use of evidence. (For example, a quotation we use to discuss the dangers of child birth and infant mortality, she says we use to illustrate "the dangers of female midwivery," as if we were champions of the view held by eighteenth century anti-feminist doctors. Moreover, she says we have distorted the context in which Olwen Hufton originally used the quote. That is not true. Hufton uses the quota tion to talk about what actually could happen at childbirth, just as we do.) It also leads her to downright silly characterizations about our "unconscious" Hegelian ism. In fact, our approach is if anything, overly materialist, because it portrays the family as the product of economic forces above all. We argue that it is the growth of an industrial economy that creates the family wage economy and shapes the relations of family members to one another. Demographic patterns, too, the book maintains are the product of economic transformations. That, it seems to me, is evident even to the most naive reader. There is in this book no static family moving through history "fulfilling its ideological function." Hilden evidently cannot distinguish Hegelianism from historical materialism. If she can, she has purposely misrepresented the book's position so that she can hurl what she considers yet another insult at it. It is pointless to review all of the petty distortions that fill Hilden's cri tique, (among them the charge that we deliberately obscure sources of archival information so that others cannot check them), but one other must be mentioned. To imply that Eric Hobsbawm is an enemy of women's history who "prefers not to take women seriously as objects of research' ' is first to misrepresent (deliber ately) his position and, second, to obscure the historical and political bases for that position. A critic of a particular approach to women's history, which Hobsbawm is, is not an enemy of all women's history. Hobsbawm rejects femi nism as an ideological guide to historical investigation, but he accepts the impor tance of women as historical subjects. Indeed, his suggestion that women's expe riences as mothers and wives might have helped shape their sense of self is a serious one which has also been put forward by E. P. Thompson and Natalie
Enzymatic Properties of Rat Myelencephalon-Specific Protease†

Myelencephalon-specific protease (MSP), first identified in the rat and now known to have a human homologue (human kallikrein 6), is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), compared with nonneural tissues. MSP has been postulated to have trypsin-like activity, is upregulated in response to glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic injury in the CNS, and is downregulated in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. The preferential expression of this enzyme by oligodendrocytes in CNS white matter points to a role in myelin homeostasis. To further characterize the activity and substrate specificity of this newly identified enzyme, we have heterologously expressed MSP in a baculovirus/insect cell line system. We demonstrate that recombinant MSP exhibits a broad specificity for cleavage after arginine but not lysine residues, with kinetic characteristics intermediate between trypsin and pancreatic kallikrein. We show that the pro form of MSP does not self-activate but, rather, requires cleavage after lysine, indicating that mature active MSP is regulated by a distinct protease. MSP may be regulated in part by autolysis, since the active protein is readily inactivated through autolysis at specific internal arginine positions. Additionally, we show that MSP is abundantly expressed in inflammatory cells at sites of demyelination in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In conjunction with data demonstrating the ability of MSP to degrade myelin-associated as well as several extracellular matrix proteins, these findings delineate MSP as a broad-specificity arginine-specific protease with the potential to play a key role in immune-mediated demyelination.
Hormones and the health of women: past, present, and future. Keynote address.

The past and possible future roles for hormone use to prevent or encourage pregnancy and to manage or prevent menopause are considered. Beginning in the 1880s, gonadal extracts were used for 50 years to improve health and vigor; evidence for the benefit of these extracts was lacking. Oral contraceptives revolutionized women’s lives in the 1960s but had side effects unsuspected until after marketing. Hormone replacement therapy, used for 50 years without large clinical trials of disease outcomes, now proves to have rather similar side effects. Physicians and politicians played interesting roles in their initial distrust and later embrace of hormones. Future uses of sex hormones are likely to be viewed as overmedicalization initially, and time will tell whether these uses are healthy or merely controversial.
Emergency Alerts as RSS Feeds with Interdomain Authorization

Emergency alert systems typically demand push notification because of the infrequency of such events and the urgency of notifying parties about them. However, push notification systems like email have many limitations, such as susceptibility to SPAM and security vulnerabilities. We explore the idea of basing health alerts on RSS feeds, which are a polling-based notification system. Since emergency alerts may be restricted to parties like doctors or health administrators and may be drawn from diverse administrative domains, RSS for health alerts requires a mechanism for expressing and enforcing inter-domain access policies for feeds. In particular, we explore using Shibboleth, a federated identity system developed for use in universities, and an attribute-based policy language, to provide secure RSS for emergency alerts. We validate the approach by showing how it can be used to deliver CDC PHIN health alerts. Our experimental validation shows that, based on our design, existing server technologies can obtain acceptable throughput even with fairly complex and diverse access policies.
Annotated List of the Subfamilies Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

ABSTRACT An examination of leaf beetle specimens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the five largest beetle collections in Kentucky, recent inventory work in state nature preserves, and a review of the literature revealed four species of the subfamily Donaciinae and eleven species of Criocerinae present in Kentucky, six of which are new state records. Distribution maps and label data are presented for fifteen Kentucky species of the subfamilies Donaciinae and Criocerinae, including spatial (state and Kentucky county records), temporal (years and months of collection in Kentucky), and plant association information. The following species are reported from Kentucky for the first time: Donacia limonia Schaeffer, Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus), Neolema cordata White, N. ovalis White, Oulema collaris (Say), and O. sayi (Crotch).
A Model of FX Fluctuations with News

A forward looking model of the value of a currency, analogue to the present value model of stock prices, as in Lyons (2001) is extended to provide a solution of the dynamics of FX in terms of: the lagged yield differential as per uncovered interest parity (UIP), news about yield differentials expected in the future, and news about the long-run exchange rate. This solution provides a link between carry models and fundamental/long-run FX models, and a theoretical foundation to some empirical modeling of FX in the literature. A simple time-series model for the yield differential provides a closed-form solution that illustrates deviations from UIP, exploiting how the persistence of the differential predicts its response to shocks. Using the simple time-series model for each yield instead, provides a closed-form solution that illustrates how UIP deviations can occur even when current home and abroad yield shocks offset each other due to the different persistence of yields that implies different future expected paths.
Non-autonomous DAF-16/FOXO activity antagonizes age-related loss of C. elegans germline stem/progenitor cells

Stem cells maintain tissues and organs over the lifespan of individuals. How aging influences this process is unclear. Here we investigate the effects of aging on C. elegans germline stem/progenitor cells and show that the progenitor pool is depleted over time in a manner dependent on inhibition of DAF-16/FOXO by insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS). Our data indicate that DAF-16/FOXO activity in certain somatic gonad cells is required for germline progenitor maintenance, and that this role is separable from the effect of DAF-16/FOXO on organismal aging. In addition, blocking germ cell flux, similar to reducing IIS, maintains germline progenitors. This effect is partially dependent on gonadal DAF-16/FOXO activity. Our results imply that (1) longevity pathways can regulate aging stem cells through anatomically separable mechanisms, (2) stem cell maintenance is not necessarily prioritized and (3) stem cell regulation can occur at the level of an entire organ system such as the reproductive system.
The selection of children from low-income families into preschool

Because children from low-income families benefit from preschool but are less likely than other children to enroll, identifying factors that promote their enrollment can support research and policy aiming to reduce socioeconomic disparities in education. In this study, we tested an accommodations model with data on 6,250 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. In general, parental necessity (e.g., maternal employment) and human capital considerations (e.g., maternal education) most consistently predicted preschool enrollment among children from low-income families. Supply side factors (e.g., local child care options) and more necessity and human capital factors (e.g., having fewer children, desiring preparation for school) selected such children into preschool over parental care or other care arrangements, and several necessity factors (e.g., being less concerned about costs) selected them into non-Head Start preschools over Head Start programs. Systemic connections and child elicitation did not consistently predict preschool enrollment in this population.
New methods for improved characterization of silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.

The incorporation of silica nanoparticles into drug delivery vehicles, and other nanotech platforms, has experienced rapid and significant growth over the past decade. However, as these nanoparticle-based systems become more and more complex, the methods used to analyze these systems have evolved at a comparatively much slower pace, resulting in the need for researchers to expand their toolbox and devise new strategies to characterize these materials. This article describes how X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were recently employed in the analysis of two separate drug delivery systems which contain organic compounds covalently attached to the surfaces of silica nanoparticles. These techniques provided a deluge of qualitative and quantitative information about these drug delivery systems, and have several clear advantages over more common characterization procedures such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid state n...
Measurements of Higher-Order Photon Correlations of Laser Light

Statistical properties of laser light have been studied in a number of experiments [1]. These studies have focused primarily on the measurements of photon counting distribution and two-time intensity correlations. Correlation functions of order higher than the second have not received much attention although some attempts have been made to measure the third order correlation function [2]. Higher order correlations provide new information that is not available from the measurements of lower order correlation functions for non-Gaussian fields. In this paper we wish to describe a technique that was used to measure the third and fourth order intensity correlation functions of laser light. This technique involves measurements of auto- and cross-correlation functions of a light beam and its second harmonic (SH).
UAS Enabled Communications for Tactical Firefighting

Tactical firefighting requires effective communication systems to protect property and preserve life, and fire fighting organizations rely on dedicated radio systems for reliable, deconflicted communication. These systems operate on line-of-sight transmission and are often impeded by terrain, particularly in regions of high surface relief. Fire fighters have traditionally addressed this problem with the use of radio relay equipment, usually mounted on points of prominence to improve the line-of-sight geometry. However, the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in this application offers some distinct advantages, both in reduced time required to deploy and in the flexibility to optimize communications in an evolving situation. This paper documents the development and testing of a proof-of-concept system based on the communications protocols of the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC). A single channel half-duplex radio relay compatible in cost and logistics requirements with existing NIFC radio communications systems was integrated into a small (under 50 lbs gross weight) UAS and deployed in a tactical firefighting demonstration program over controlled burns in rugged terrain. The demonstration proved the utility of the UAS and relay payload to enable communications. Enhancements that include visualization software for evaluating the line-of-sight geometry in real time, and the synergistic use of communications and imaging payload elements are also discussed.
Seasonal Abundance and Relative Numbers of the Tobacco Hornworm, Protoparce sexta, and the Tomato Hornworm, Protoparce quinquemaculata, in Kentucky

Black-light trap catches of tobacco hornworm, Protoparce sexta (Johannson), moths and tomato hornworm, P. quinquemaculata (Haworth), moths in Kentucky from 1959 through 1963 were very low in June and early July. A small peak of moth catches in late July to early August was followed by a large abrupt peak 3–4 weeks later. Larvae resulting from the eggs laid by the moths representing this late large peak would not have time to develop fully before most of the tobacco in Kentucky was cut. Of the moths caught 78% were males, and 75% of the moths were tobacco hornworms. Tomato hornworm larvae found on tobacco in the field were less abundant than the relative number of tomato hornworm moths caught in the traps would indicate.
The Role of mTOR Inhibitors and PI3K Pathway Blockade in Renal Cell Cancer

mTORC1 acts as a sensor and signaling intermediary for nutrient availability, energy levels, and mitogenic growth factors which is regulated by hypoxic conditions and by loss of PTEN or activation of PI3K signaling. Targeting mTOR with temsirolimus increased survival for patients with poor-risk metastatic renal cell cancer, compared to treatment with interferon. The oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus has been associated with improved progression-free survival compared to placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer which has progressed after treatment with a VEGF inhibitor. Combinations with VEGF inhibitors have been limited due to toxicity, but have thus far failed to find an advantage over single-agent therapy.
The relative abundance of mixotrophic and heterotrophic ciliates in an oligotrophic lake

Between July and December 1998, mixotrophic ciliates ranged in concentration from 751 to 33,600 cells/L in a small oligotrophic lake in northeast PA. Mixotrophic ciliates, primarily oligotrichs, comprised on average 58 % of the total ciliate fauna and 88 % of the total ciliate biovolume during summer and fall. Stombidium viride appeared to be the dominant mixotroph. Average ciliate abundance did not change substantially during this time period. However in December, after lake turnover, only 5 % of all ciliates were mixotrophic, contributing 50% of the total ciliate biovolume. The cell density of mixotrophic ciliates was not significantly correlated with Chl-a concentration. Grazing experiments conducted in August and October, using fluorescently labeled beads (0.5 μm diameter) indicated that mixotrophic ciliates removed 30.6 and 17.4 bacteria ciliate -1 h -1 and heterotrophic ciliates removed bacteria at a rate of 18.2 and 3.0 bacteria ciliate -1 h -1 . Overall, the ciliates removed less than 1% of the bacterial standing stock per hour.
Adverse Outcome Pathways: Development and Use in Toxicology

The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept is a theoretical framework that describes the activity of a chemical from its initial interaction with a biological system (the molecular initiating event) through a series of intermediate events to the eventual toxic response (adverse outcome). The AOP approach allows the integration of information from all levels of biological organization; the more information is integrated, the more useful the AOP. AOPs can inform chemical grouping, chemical prioritization, and integrated testing strategies, and ultimately improve the efficiency and certainty of risk assessment, allowing the transformation of toxicology from an empirical to a predictive science.
Mito y feminismo en Marassá y la nada de Alanna Lockward

En la novela Marassa y la Nada (2013), la escritora dominicana Alanna Lockward realiza algo insolito en la tradicion literaria dominicana: adentrarse en la geografia y cultura haitiana totalmente desprovista de prejuicios. El titulo, que evoca la figura de Marassa, los Gemelos Divinos del panteon vudu haitiano, sugiere un concepto de hermandad que, al verse reforzado por una vision feminista y decolonial, se presta para una interpretacion de esta figura como una propuesta de relacion entre Haiti y Republica Dominicana que se aparta de los modelos de antagonismo y “conflicto fatal” que permean los debates sobre la dinamica entre ambas naciones. Al contrario, la figura de Marassa propone una sintesis de mitos occidentales y africanos y ofrece un modelo basado en la mutua dependencia, solidaridad y fraternidad.
Commentary on “Weekly Low‐Dose Versus Three‐Weekly High‐Dose Cisplatin for Concurrent Chemoradiation in Locoregionally Advanced Non‐Nasopharyngeal Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Aggregate Data”

Assessing a recent retrospective analysis, conclusions differ on whether a weekly regimen could be adopted as a reasonable standard of care option. This commentary questions how study results are interpreted, what considerations are most important for patient care, and where efforts should be focused for the next generation of trials.
Data collection experience for preliminary calibration of the AASHTO pavement design guide for flexible pavements in South Carolina

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to identify existing historical data (i.e., climate, traffic, pavement design information, material properties, and pavement performance) within the South Carolina Department of Transportation for use in the local calibration of the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for South Carolina. Based on all of the compiled information, 14 in-service asphalt concrete (AC) pavement sections were selected as suitable for this study, and information gaps were identified. Field and laboratory tests were performed to study the subgrade modulus at 3 sites. The data collected for the 14 sections were used to perform a preliminary analysis of the MEPDG AC rutting models and AC fatigue cracking models. Level 1 (project specific), Level 2 (region specific), or Level 3 (default) inputs were used, depending on data availability. This study was the first step in obtaining local calibration factors for South Carolina and provided guidance to perform the final local calibration. Currently, many highway agencies are looking to implement MEPDG for designing their pavements. Thus, this paper serves as a guide to other highway agencies in their preliminary phase of a MEPDG local calibration study.
Straddling the Boundaries of the Zone of Tolerance: One District’s Response to Rapid Demographic Change:

Sewall County, located in metropolitan Atlanta, and its public school system experienced significant demographic change between 2000 and 2010. The population doubled, reaching more than 200,000 res...
Thin and Thick Boundaries: Personality, Dreams, and Imagination

In this paper I will introduce a broad new personality dimension: Thin and Thick Boundaries in the Mind, and discuss its relationship with dreaming, with hypnotizability, and with imagery and imagination.
Design methodology of linkage morphology for high speed locomotion

Current legged robotic platforms' maximum performance is typically defined by power limits, primarily in terms of the limited power density of motors. To simplify the mechanical and electrical design process many designers use the same motors at each joint. However, the leg kinematics also impact the power output, and to maximize the total work done an even work distribution among the motors is beneficial. By examining the work percentage between the actuators for several kinematic configurations and across several gaits, we demonstrate the application of an additional design metric for leg kinematics as well as a dynamically inspired leg design procedure.
Quantifying Biases in Non-Steady-State Chamber Measurements of Soil–Atmosphere Gas Exchange

Non-steady-state (NSS) chambers offer the best available tool for statistically evaluating effects of management practices on soil greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. However, limitations of NSS chambers for determining soil-to-atmosphere gas exchange rates have been recognized for decades. In particular, the tendency for NSS chambers to produce a biased estimate of the actual pre-deployment flux can be important for GHGs like nitrous oxide which often requires prolonged chamber deployment periods. Despite widespread recognition, there is little consensus regarding approaches to reduce the magnitude of this effect. Recent analysis has shown that intra- and inter-site flux comparisons can be confounded by chamber-induced artifacts, which has important implications for effective GHG mitigation. The objective of this chapter is to describe and discuss the physical basis of the problem and how it is influenced by measurement methods and soil properties, available options for quantifying and minimizing biases, and the path toward ultimate solutions.
Digital Functions, Data Reconstruction, and Numerical Geometry

This chapter contains three parts. First, we discuss data reconstruction including curve and surface fitting. Second, we cover principal component analysis, one of the most important geometric data analysis methods. Third, we present mathematical transformations for data analysis. This chapter is highly related to concurrent data sciences from theoretical perspectives. We focus on the practical methods of geometric data processing in the next chapter.
Relative fat mass (RFM) as a new estimator of whole-body fat percentage ─ A cross-sectional study in American adult individuals

High whole-body fat percentage is independently associated with increased mortality. We aimed to identify a simple anthropometric linear equation that is more accurate than the body mass index (BMI) to estimate whole-body fat percentage among adult individuals. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 data (n = 12,581) were used for model development and NHANES 2005–2006 data (n = 3,456) were used for model validation. From the 365 anthropometric indices generated, the final selected equation was as follows: 64 − (20 × height/waist circumference) + (12 × sex), named as the relative fat mass (RFM); sex = 0 for men and 1 for women. In the validation dataset, compared with BMI, RFM better predicted whole-body fat percentage, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), among women and men. RFM showed better accuracy than the BMI and had fewer false negative cases of body fat-defined obesity among women and men. RFM reduced total obesity misclassification among all women and all men and, overall, among Mexican-Americans, European-Americans and African-Americans. In the population studied, the suggested RFM was more accurate than BMI to estimate whole-body fat percentage among women and men and improved body fat-defined obesity misclassification among American adult individuals of Mexican, European or African ethnicity.
An Analytical Transient Joule Heating Model for an Interconnect in a Modern IC: Material Selection (Cu, Co, Ru) and Cooling Strategies

Front- and backend self-heating have become an important barrier to the sustained increase in processor speed. Indeed, the severity of backend Joule heating with shrinking BEOL features has emerged as a crucial issue for the ICs reliability. In this work, we introduce an analytical transient Joule heating $\Delta T_{\mathrm{J}}(t))$ model to calculate the self-heating of any wire located at any interconnect level within an IC. Specifically, we (i) propose a closed-form analytical formula to describe $\Delta T_{\mathrm{J}}(t)$ of an interconnect; (ii) use this formula to develop a SPICE-compatible compact model to predict the temperature distribution for any given circuits/systems; (iii) validate the model by experiments as well as finite element method (FEM) simulation; (iv) compare and validate $\Delta T_{\mathrm{J}}$ of different interconnect materials (e.g., Cu, Co, and Ru) as well as effectiveness of various cooling strategies (e.g., dummy vias, and larger wires), and finally (v) predict reliability of interconnects under various operating conditions. Our work demonstrates that Co can replace Cu for the lower BEOL levels (e.g., M1-M3) due to its superior reliability. However, excessive self-heating in Co makes Cu still a preferred option for the higher BEOL levels (M5-M10).
Experiential learning and close mentoring improve recruitment and retention in the undergraduate environmental science program at an Hispanic-serving institution

The Training in Environmental Research and Academic Success (TIERA) program was created to increase recruitment and retention of environmental science majors at the University of Texas at El Paso, ...
High‐throughput Proteomics Enabled by a Photocleavable Surfactant

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics provides unprecedented opportunities for understanding the structure and function of proteins in complex biological systems; however, protein solubility and sample preparation before MS remain a bottleneck preventing high-throughput proteomics. Herein, we report a high-throughput bottom-up proteomic method enabled by a newly developed MS-compatible photocleavable surfactant, 4-hexylphenylazosulfonate (Azo) that facilitates robust protein extraction, rapid enzymatic digestion (30 min compared to overnight), and subsequent MS-analysis following UV degradation. Moreover, we developed an Azo-aided bottom-up method for analysis of integral membrane proteins, which are key drug targets and are generally underrepresented in global proteomic studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ability of Azo to serve as an "all-in-one" MS-compatible surfactant for both top-down and bottom-up proteomics, with streamlined workflows for high-throughput proteomics amenable to clinical applications.
Self-efficacy and Productive Failure

While some psychologists argue that an inflated ego can be detrimental to learning, and in contrast, humility can lead to openness and hard work, others counter-argue that lacking self-efficacy can also affect academic performance.
Passive micropumping in microfluidics for point-of-care testing

Suitable micropumping methods for flow control represent a major technical hurdle in the development of microfluidic systems for point-of-care testing (POCT). Passive micropumping for point-of-care microfluidic systems provides a promising solution to such challenges, in particular, passive micropumping based on capillary force and air transfer based on the air solubility and air permeability of specific materials. There have been numerous developments and applications of micropumping techniques that are relevant to the use in POCT. Compared with active pumping methods such as syringe pumps or pressure pumps, where the flow rate can be well-tuned independent of the design of the microfluidic devices or the property of the liquids, most passive micropumping methods still suffer flow-control problems. For example, the flow rate may be set once the device has been made, and the properties of liquids may affect the flow rate. However, the advantages of passive micropumping, which include simplicity, ease of use, and low cost, make it the best choice for POCT. Here, we present a systematic review of different types of passive micropumping that are suitable for POCT, alongside existing applications based on passive micropumping. Future trends in passive micropumping are also discussed.
"This Isn't Being a Doctor."-Qualitative Inquiry into the Existential Dimensions of Medical Student Burnout.

Recent studies report that up to 50% of medical students feel burned out. Medical student burnout has significant public health consequences—as students detach, the quality of patient care is impacted, and students themselves suffer, as evidenced by the increased risk in substance use and suicide. While some theorize that medical student burnout is due to an inability to confront suffering, death, and their own mortality, this hypothesis fails to explain why pre-clinical students also experience burnout despite having minimal clinical exposure. /r/medicalschool, a news-aggregating website for medical students, was queried for posts from the creation of the subreddit, December 11, 2009, to July 1, 2018, for the term “burnout” and its grammatical variations. Three hundred fifty-two posts and their comment threads were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. When the causes of burnout were interpreted using an existential psychodynamic framework, the predominant themes that arose were difficulties dealing with freedom (groundlessness), existential isolation, and meaninglessness, rather than death anxiety stemming from witnessing the suffering of patients. Students feel as if they are not living up to their own values of what a physician should be like and are troubled by the inconsistent values within the hidden, informal, and formal curriculum. Individualized interventions are temporary fixes that allow people to withstand their environment and complete their training; however, the learning environment needs change to better empower students to live a life full of existential meaning.
Anion Effects on the Electron Acceptor Side of Photosystem II in a Transformable Cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803

Treatment with formate (1), nitrite or azide of Synechocystis 6803 thylakoids caused a slowing down of the oxidation of QA −, as calculated form Chl a fluorescence decay after saturating flashes. Addition of 2.5 to 5 mM HCO3 − fully reversed this inhibition in formate- and nitrite-treated samples; however, in 100 mM azide-treated samples only 50% inhibition was reversed at 2 ms after the actinic flash. The anion treatment (bicarbonate depletion) affects the electron acceptor side of PSII between QA − and the PQ pool. Hill reaction in bicarbonate-depleted Synechocystis cells was stimulated more than 4 fold by 5 mM bicarbonate. The pH range for the optimum stimulatory effect was around 6.7.
Scaling relationships in Formica ants with continuous worker size variation

Social insects exhibit highly variable body plans at multiple scales: within colonies, between conspecific colonies, and across different species. The interspecific variation in the existence and prevalence of morphologically discrete worker subcastes in social insects raises questions about the ontogeny and functional importance of alternative worker body plans. Here, we examine the allometry of four Formica species. Formica are among the most common ants in the northern hemisphere temperate zone, and species vary greatly in the degree of worker size variation. However, no Formica species exhibit obvious worker subcastes. By carefully measuring head width, head height, scape length, thorax length, hind femur length, and hind tibia length in 180 individuals, we confirm that Formica workers exhibit continuous linear scaling, meaning that they lack discrete morphological subcastes. Most measurements scale allometrically. Different colonies of the same species are generally consistent in the slope of these relationships, and we detect unexpected similarities in scaling relationships among the four Formica species as well. Some scaling relationships, including a proportionally shorter scape and larger head in large-bodied workers, were also previously found in fire ants. Identifying worker size and shape distributions among different species is a vital step in understanding the selection pressures shaping division of labor in insect societies.
Contention-aware container placement strategy for docker swarm with machine learning based clustering algorithms

Containerization technology utilizes operating system level virtualization to package applications to run with required libraries and are isolated from other processes on the same host. Lightweight and quick deployment make containers popular in many data centers. Running distributed applications in data centers usually involves multiple clusters of machines. Docker Swarm is a container orchestration tool for managing a cluster of Docker containers and their hosts. However, Docker Swarm’s scheduler does not consider resource utilization when placing containers in a cluster. This paper first investigated performance interference in container clusters. Our experimental study showed that distributed applications’ performance can be degraded when co-located with other containers which aggressively consume resources. A new scheduler is proposed to improve performance while keeping high resource utilization. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed prototype with machine learning based clustering algorithms could effectively improve distributed applications’ performance by up to 14.5% with an average at around 12%. This work also provides theoretical bounds for the container placement problem.
A Mixed Analysis of Influencing Factors for Trust in a Risk-Aware Autonomy:

To study the factor of controllability for humans’ trust in autonomy in decision making, 73 participants used a risk-aware, autonomous planner to navigate an underwater robot in a software-simulate...
Issues in Data-based Decision Making in Special Education: Introduction to the Special Series

(2001). Issues in Data-based Decision Making in Special Education: Introduction to the Special Series. School Psychology Review: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 463-465.
Jamaican hummingbirds ingest calcareous grit

Female Vervain Hummingbirds ( Mellisuga minima ) and a Jamaican Mango ( Anthracothorax mango ) were observed to ingest calcareous grit or dust in Portland Parish, Jamaica. The clustering of observations during the last week of March suggests that calcium-rich grit was ingested to facilitate egg shell production. Una hembra de Mellisuga minima y un individuo de Anthracothorax mango fueron observados ingiriendo gastrolitos calcareo o polvo en Portland Parish, Jamaica. El grupo de observaciones hechas durante la ultima semana de marzo sugiere que fue ingerido un gastrolito rico en calcio para facilitar la produccion de la cascara del huevo. Des femelles de Colibri nain ( Mellisuga minima ) et un Mango de la Jamaique ( Anthracothorax mango ) ont ete observes ingerant du sable calcaire ou de la poussiere a Portland Parish en Jamaique. Le regroupement des observations pendant la derniere semaine de mars font penser sur le sable riche en calcaire est ingere pour faciliter la formation des coquilles d’oeufs.
Mapping Concepts for Learning

Graphic organizers such as concept mapping help instructors and students organize information visually. For instructors, concept maps help in the planning and presentation of course material through visual means to demonstrate how ideas, concepts, and topics are related. Concept maps can also offer students an alternative way to structure content, comprehend the relationships between topics, and present their understanding to others. This pilot case study demonstrates how an instructor of a graduate course uses concept maps to structure textbook material. Instead of using text notes and traditional outlines to highlight certain information in the textbook, the instructor uses concept maps to present the information visually. Student responses concerning the use of concept maps are also addressed in the case study. As a result, the instructor discovered that although concept maps were much more difficult to design initially, graduate students appeared to enjoy the option of reviewing a visual organizer of the key points in the textbook chapters than reading text-based notes. Concept maps accommodated the various learning styles of the students and helped the instructor organize course content.
Die Architektur von DIKOS

Ehe wir in diesem Abschnitt die allgemeine Systemarchitektur von DIKOS einfuhren, werden wir zunachst die organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen fur Softwareentwicklungsprojekte betrachten, da diese unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf die zu entwickelnde System-architektur haben. Dabei werden wir uns im Hinblick auf die oben definierte Zielsetzung insbesondere mit der sich aus den organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen ergebenden Kommunikationsbeziehungen der Mitglieder eines Softwareentwicklungsprojektes befassen.
Quantitative immunoferritin microscopy of Fya, Fyb, Jka, U, and Dib antigen site numbers on human red cells

The Fya, Fyb, Jka, U, and Dib antigen site numbers and ultrastructural distribution patterns on the human erythrocyte membrane were determined using quantitative immunoferritin microscopy. For homozygous antigen-positive red cells, the average number of determinants per red cell was about 14,000 for Jka, 17,000 for Fya and Fyb, 19,000 for Dib, and 23,000 for the U antigen, assuming that the equilibrium binding observed represented 80% saturation of the accessible antigen sites. The site numbers for this group of antigens were less than that for the Rh antigens, but considerably more than the Kell and Cellano antigens. The technique used was capable of demonstrating a twofold difference in antigen density between heterozygous and homozygous Fy (a+) red cells. More than 85% of the Fya and Fyb antigen sites were lost following pretreatment of the red cells with papain, consistent with the serologic lability of the Fy antigens following proteolysis. The ferritin distribution observed following conjugate staining of antibody-sensitized ghost membranes was similar for all five antigens studied and showed a random, clustered ferritin pattern. Although the quantitative estimates are valid, the remarkable similarity in antigen distribution pattern for this diverse group of antigens, as well as other considerations, suggest that the findings with ghose membranes probably do not reflect faithfully the antigen arrangement on the intact red cell membrane.
The Linear Algebraic Method for Electron-Molecule Collisions

In order to find numerical solutions to many problems in physics, chemistry and engineering it is necessary to place the equations of motion (classical or quantal) of the variables of dynamical interest on a discrete mesh. The formulation of scattering theory in quantum mechanics is no exception and leads to partial differential or integral equations which may only be solved on digital computers. Typical approaches introduce a numerical grid or basis set expansion of the scattering wavefunction in order to reduce the problem to the solution of a set of algebraic equations. Often it is more convenient to deal with the scattering matrix or phase amplitude rather than the wavefunction but the essential features of the numerics are unchanged.
Encouraging Better Graphic Design in Libraries: a Creative Commons Crowdsourcing Approach

ABSTRACTA dearth of published literature about graphic design in libraries reveals that little attention has been focused on librarians' visual communication abilities and the impact of print and Web publications on users' interaction with library services and collections. This case study examines one approach to improving the quality of graphic design in libraries. Through a combination of social media and accessible cloud-based storage, Librarian Design Share, a crowdsourced archive of library-related visual materials, highlights exemplars of visual communication in libraries and makes designs freely available for adaptation under a creative commons license.
Cultural Diversity and Help-Seeking Behavior

Summary Four hundred ninety-four parents were surveyed to determine their attitudes about parenting, help-seeking behavior, and obstacles to accessing help with parenting. Comparisons were made with regard to race/elhnicity, gender, and education to determine what attitudinal similarities and differences exist. Most parents identified family members and friends, as well as print and video materials as important sources of help. Parents were less likely to use social service agencies, teachers, doctors and clergy. The likelihood of attending parenting classes was strongly associated with gender and education. High school graduates were more likely than non-graduates to use parenting classes and mothers were more likely than fathers to use parenting classes. African American parents were less likely than other groups to use print and video materials and African American and Hispanic/Latino parents were less likely to seek help from friends.
Technology evaluation and transfer in the assistive technology marketplace: terms, process and roles

Technology evaluation and technology transfer are both means to increase the quality and quantity of assistive devices in the marketplace. Despite a respectable level of activity in both arenas, there is little documentation on the terms used, the strl.lcture of the process employed and the roles of the participants. This paper draws from the existing literature and applies the experience of one program to provide an overview to technology evaluation and transfer. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Legal Fees: A Comparison of the American and English Rules

[Introduction] This note is intended to explore some of the issues raised l)y Avery Katz's provocative paper. The question posed in his paper is whether the English rule or the American rule generates more legal fees. Katz uses game theoretic motivation for the elasticity measures that are central to his analysis. However, the analysis proceeds in terms of elasticity models so the implications of the underlying game theory remain rather obscure. The approach taken here is to analyze a game-theoretic model directly to discover where the basic principles of the theory lead. The basic approach is similar to other papers and the contribution here is to work out the details of an easy-to-follow example.
Manifestaciones Musculoesqueléticas por Anemia de Células Falciformes

Musculoskeletal manifestations are common in the hemoglobinopathies. Two cases of homozygous sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS) with osteoarticular manifestations associated to hemolytic crises are described. A 22-year-old woman with avascular necrosis of the right femoral head, and a 21-year-old man with joint effusion in both knees.
Exploring the Reliability and Convergent Validity of Implicit Propositional Evaluations of Race

Racial evaluations have received considerable attention by researchers of implicit cognition, especially with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT measures associative biases in a relativistic manner, whereby attitudes toward a given racial category are compared to attitudes toward another. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) is a new behavior analytic measure of cognition that may provide a less relativistic and more specific measure of cognitive repertoires. The current study utilized a race IRAP to assess evaluative biases among a balanced sample of Black and White undergraduates. The race IRAP was administered twice in a row in conjunction with a collection of self-report measures of racial attitudes. Results for reliability and convergent validity were generally supportive. Furthermore, observed biases appeared to reflect positive ingroup biases rather than derogatory attitudes toward the outgroup, an effect that would not be apparent with a similarly configured race IAT. Future research may benefit from consideration of the evaluative content of the IRAP as well as the racial demographics for both the participants and the experimenters.
Wavepath traveltime tomography

SUMMARY The elastic-wave equation is used to construct sensitivity kernels relating perturbations in elastic parameters to traveltime deviations. Computation of the functions requires a correlation of the forward-propagating seismic wavefield with a backward propagation of the residual wavefield. The computation of the wavefields is accomplished using a finite difference algorithm and is efficiently executed on a CM-2 parallel processor. The source and receiver locations have maximum sensitivity to velocity structure. The sensitivity kernels or wavepaths are well suited for transmission traveltime inversion such as cross-borehole tomography and vertical seismic profiling. Conventional ray tomography and wavepath tomography are applied to a set of P-wave arrival times, from a cross-borehole experiment at Kesterson, California. Because the wavepaths have increased sensitivity near the source and receiver there are differences in resolution of the velocity structure. Both techniques recover the same relative variations in velocity where the coverage is adequate. The wavepath solution is more laterally continuous and the dominant variation is vertical, as is expected for the layered sediments in this region.
Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability.

Low dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) levels in the striatum are consistently reported in cocaine abusers; inter-individual variations in the degree of the decrease suggest a modulating effect of genetic makeup on vulnerability to addiction. The PER2 (Period 2) gene belongs to the clock genes family of circadian regulators; circadian oscillations of PER2 expression in the striatum was modulated by dopamine through D2Rs. Aberrant periodicity of PER2 contributes to the incidence and severity of various brain disorders, including drug addiction. Here we report a newly identified variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the human PER2 gene (VNTR in the third intron). We found significant differences in the VNTR alleles prevalence across ethnic groups so that the major allele (4 repeats (4R)) is over-represented in non-African population (4R homozygosity is 88%), but not in African Americans (homozygosity 51%). We also detected a biased PER2 genotype distribution among healthy controls and cocaine-addicted individuals. In African Americans, the proportion of 4R/three repeat (3R) carriers in healthy controls is much lower than that in cocaine abusers (23% vs 39%, P=0.004), whereas among non-Africans most 3R/4R heterozygotes are healthy controls (10.5% vs 2.5%, P=0.04). Analysis of striatal D2R availability measured with positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride revealed higher levels of D2R in carriers of 4R/4R genotype (P<0.01). Taken together, these results provide preliminary evidence for the role of the PER2 gene in regulating striatal D2R availability in the human brain and in vulnerability for cocaine addiction.