cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Effects of the Cell-to-Cell Signaling Molecules Autoinducer-2, Autoinducer-3, and Epinephrine in a luxS Mutant of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Intrakingdom cell-to-cell communication and interkingdom cell-to-cell communication play essential roles in the virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Four signals, autoinducer 2 (AI-2), AI-3, and the human hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, are important in this communication. The effect of these signaling compounds on the transcriptome of EHEC was examined in this study. We demonstrated that the luxS mutation affects primarily central metabolic genes in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of E. coli and that addition of exogenous AI-2 does not fully restore the expression profile in a luxS-deficient strain lacking the ability to synthesize AI-2. Addition of AI-3 or epinephrine increased expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement regulon, which is known to play a pivotal role in EHEC virulence. Moreover, when epinephrine was added to the culture medium, the greatest number of gene alterations was observed. These alterations included a greater proportion of alterations in EHEC genes than in MG1655 genes, suggesting that epinephrine may be a global virulence signal. Detailed examination with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed the increases in virulence gene expression with addition of AI-3 and epinephrine. Additional studies with real-time RT-PCR examining the EHEC secreted effectors and putative fimbrial gene expression showed a variable expression profile, indicating that there is differential regulation of the secreted molecules. This study began to examine the global signaling networks in EHEC and revealed expression profiles that are signal and pathogen specific.
Relational Integration, Part II: Relational Integration as Developmental and Intercultural

In Part II of this two-part manuscript, we continue to outline the contours of a relational integration approach to the relationship between psychology and theology. Part I focused on relational in...
Medicaid and Women's Health Coverage Two Years into the Affordable Care Act

As Medicaid marks its 50th year, the program has unquestionably become the mainstay of health coverage for lowincome women in the nation. Since its inception, its role for women has continued to evolve and expand, but the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) swung open the doors for Medicaid to serve even more low-income women who lack access to private or employer-based insurance. This is because the ACA enabled states to finally eliminate Medicaid’s historical “categorical” requirements, which had essentially shut out women and men without dependent children. The vision of the ACA’s proponents was that eligibility would be extended to all individuals with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level (FPL), creating a pathway to coverage for millions who previously could not qualify for the program, regardless of how poor they were. In 2012, a Supreme Court decision effectively made this expansion a state option (Supreme Court of the United States, 2012). As a result, 30 states plus the District of Columbia have opted to broaden eligibility, but 20 states have chosen to maintain historical eligibility categories with income thresholds that are far below the poverty level in many states. Despite this ACA implementation setback, millions of low-income women (and men) have gained coverage since the law was enacted (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2015). Nearly 21% of nonelderly adult women and 16% of men now have public coverage, primarily Medicaid. Additionally, 4.8 million women and 3.7 million men have purchased a marketplace plan, with the majority qualifying for premium subsidies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Considerable questions remain, however, about how to maximize the ACA’s potential to reduce the uninsured count, improve access to care, and how elements of coverage can be strengthened to better serve the needs of lowincome women.
On the Kalman-Yacubovich-Popov Lemma for Nonlinear Systems

This paper has its origin in the confluence of two themes which are central in the use of optimization methods to generate feedback laws meeting certain desired design criteria.
Measurement of adolescent dating violence: A comprehensive review (Part 2, attitudes)☆

Abstract Measurement of adolescent dating violence has substantial implications for our understanding of prevalence, correlates and outcomes; thus, the selection of a measure for a given research study is an important task. Currently, however, no comprehensive compendium presents adolescent dating violence measures with evidence of reliability and validity, or discusses strengths and limitations of these measures. Such a document would aid researchers in the selection of appropriate measures, and would also identify gaps in the literature, as well as directions for future research. Thus, this two-part comprehensive review presents adolescent dating violence measures that have been the focus of psychometric testing. Part 1 of this review discussed six behavior measures, while Part 2 presents seven measures that assess attitudes toward adolescent dating violence, as well as empirical literature that uses these measures. We conclude our review by discussing the implications of this two-part paper for adolescent dating violence measurement, and directions for future research.
Macroscopic phase diagram and magnetocaloric study of metamagnetic transitions in the spin chain system Ca 3 Co 2 O 6

The magnetic entropy change (� SM) in a single crystal of the geometrically frustrated spin chain system Ca3Co2O6 has been determined under the influence of a wide range of temperatures and magnetic field variations. Our findings are consistent with the spin-density wave description of the zero field order, and with the suppression of the modulated state at low field. Metamagnetic transitions to the ferrimagnetic up-up-down configuration and full ferromagnetic alignment are observed upon the application of moderate magnetic fields in the c direction. At
The contrast sensitivity of the newborn human infant.

Purpose. To measure the binocular contrast sensitivity (CS) of newborn infants using a fixation-and-following card procedure.
Protection against infection and abortion induced by virulent challenge exposure after oral vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strain RB51

OBJECTIVES To determine efficacy of orally administered Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 against virulent B abortus challenge exposure in cattle as a model for vaccination of wild ungulates. ANIMALS 20 mixed-breed beef cattle obtained from a brucellosis-free herd. PROCEDURE Sexually mature, Brucella-negative beef heifers were vaccinated by mixing > 10' viable RB51 organisms or diluent with their feed. Heifers were fed individually and consumed their entire ration. Each heifer received approximately 3 X 10' colony-forming units (CFU). Six weeks after oral vaccination, heifers were pasture-bred to brucellosis-free bulls. At approximately 186 days' gestation, heifers were challenge exposed conjunctively with 107 CFU of virulent B abortus strain 2308. RESULTS Vaccination with the rough variant of B abortus RB51 did not stimulate antibodies against the O-polysaccharide (OPS) of B abortus. After challenge exposure and parturition, strain 2308 was recovered from 80% of controls and only 20% of vaccinates. Only 30% of the vaccinates delivered dead, premature, or weak calves, whereas 70% of the controls had dead or weak calves. CONCLUSIONS Cattle vaccinated orally with the rough variant of B abortus strain RB51 develop significant (P < 0.05) protection against abortion and colonization and do not produce OPS-specific antibodies. Clinical Relevance-Results encourage further investigation into use of strain RB51 to vaccinate wild ungulates (elk and bison) orally.
Experimental congenital obstructive uropathy.

SUMMARY Continued experimental work in congenital obstructive uropathy is essential to support the rapidly advancing field of fetal medicine. It is possible to reproduce the clinically relevant obstructive lesions in an experimental model. On the basis of data from these models, the tentative conclusion is that in utero intervention is beneficial in severe congenital obstructive uropathy associated with oligohydramnios. The limited human experience provides insufficient data to confirm this hypothesis but has demonstrated the technical feasibility of prenatal interventions. There is a critical need for further refinement in understanding the complex pathophysiology of congenital obstructive uropathy, not only the renal consequences, but also the pulmonary and systemic effects. There remains the particular need to resolve the determinants and indicators of functional salvageability of the kidneys and lungs in congenital obstructive uropathy.
Innate Immune Memory: Activation of Macrophage Killing Ability by Developmental Duties

Innate immune systems in many taxa exhibit hallmarks of memory in response to previous microbial exposure. A new study demonstrates that innate immune memory in Drosophila embryonic macrophages can also be induced by the successful engulfment of apoptotic cells, highlighting the importance of early exposure events for developing responsive immune systems.
Stimulated growth and correction of Fe-deficiency with trunk- and foliar-applied methanol-soluble nutrient amendments

Plants treated with nutrient-supplemented methanol showed up to 100% increases in yields when maintained under direct sunlight in desert agriculture. Plants given many applications of aqueous methanol showed symptoms of nutrient deficiency. Supplementation with a source of iron and nitrogen sustained growth, eliminating symptoms of deficiency. Major and minor nutrients were selected for solubility in methanol. Treatment through bark on stems with the formulation corrected nutrient deficiencies in citrus. Foliar application of nutrient supplemented 15% aqueous methanol increased growth and early maturation of rice when applications were made without water stress. Statistical analysis of mature panicle counts and grain yield indicates earlier maturity of methanol treated plants as compared to controls. A photographic technique was utilized to determine Chl status of rice plants.
Tapered optical fiber loops and helices for integrated photonic device characterization and microfluidic roller coasters

Tapered optical fibers with special geometries are desired for probing monolithic in-plane nanophotonic devices, as well as for optical trapping and manipulation. In this work, we demonstrate two special geometries of tapered optical fibers, namely fiber loops and helices. The fiber loops in this work are distinct from previous ones in terms of their superior mechanical stability and high optical quality factors in air, thanks to a post-annealing process. We experimentally measured an intrinsic optical quality factor of 32,500 and a finesse of 137 for a fiber loop. A fiber helix was used to characterize a monolithic cavity optomechanical device. Moreover, a microfluidic “roller coaster” was demonstrated, where microscale particles in water were optically trapped and transported by a fiber helix. Tapered fiber loops and helices can find various applications ranging from on-the-fly characterization of integrated photonic devices to particle manipulation and sorting in microfluidics.
Review of Current Workforce for Rheumatology in the Countries of the Americas 2012-2015

BackgroundWith the increases in and aging of the populations of the Americas, monitoring the number of rheumatologists is critical to address and focus on areas of greatest need.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to gather data on the rheumatology workforce from 21 national societies in the Pan Ame
Are Scores From NBME Subject Examinations Valid Measures of Knowledge Acquired During Clinical Clerkships

PURPOSE The National Board of Medical Examiners' Clinical Science Subject Examinations are a component used by most U.S. medical schools to determine clerkship grades. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of this practice. METHOD This was a retrospective cohort study of medical students at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine who completed clerkships in 2012 through 2014. Linear regression was used to determine how well United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores predicted Subject Examination scores in seven clerkships. The authors then substituted each student's Subject Examination standard scores with his or her Step 1 standard score. Clerkship grades based on the Step 1 substitution were compared with actual grades with the Wilcoxon rank test. RESULTS A total of 2,777 Subject Examination scores from 432 students were included in the analysis. Step 1 scores significantly predicted between 23% and 44% of the variance in Subject Examination scores, P < .001 for all clerkship regression equations. Mean differences between expected and actual Subject Examination scores were small (≤ 0.2 points). There was a match between 73% of Step 1 substituted final clerkship grades and actual final clerkship grades. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that performance on Step 1 can be used to identify and counsel students at risk for poor performance on the Subject Examinations. In addition, these findings call into the question the validity of using scores from Subject Examinations as a high-stakes assessment of learning in individual clerkships.
Dimorphism in the Size and Shape of the Birth Canal Across Anthropoid Primates

It has long been noted that the human female birth canal is well adapted to giving birth to large-brained neonates. However, several species of nonhuman primates give birth to large-headed neonates compared to the maternal birth canal. The presence of such large cephalopelvic proportions in nonhuman primates presents the question of whether dimorphism in the birth canals of these other species is related to obstetric demand, as such dimorphism is presumed to be in humans. In this study, the hypothesis that either the presence or magnitude of dimorphism in the birth canal is related to large cephalopelvic proportions among anthropoid primates is directly tested. This study shows that birth canal dimorphism is common among anthropoids regardless of cephalopelvic proportions, but taxa with large cephalopelvic proportions have a higher magnitude of dimorphism than those that give birth to relatively small-headed neonates. Furthermore, humans have exceptionally high levels of dimorphism that cannot be explained based on our large cephalopelvic proportions alone. Anat Rec, 300:870-889, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clock drift estimation and compensation for asynchronous impulse response measurements

The impulse response (IR) of an acoustic environment or audio device can be measured by recording its response to a known test signal. Ideally, the same digital clock should be used for playback and recording to ensure synchronous digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion. When measuring the acoustic performance of a hardware device, be it for audio input to a device microphone or audio output from a device speaker, it is often difficult to access the device's audio signal path electronically. Therefore, the device-under-test (DUT) has to act either as a playback or recording device for the IR measurement. However, it may be impossible to synchronise the internal clock of the DUT with the reference clock of the measurement system. As a result, the recorded DUT response may be subject to unknown clock drift which may lead to undesired artefacts in the measured IR. Here, a method is proposed for estimating the drift between a playback and recording clock directly from the recorded response to obtain a drift-compensated IR. Experimental results from IR measurements of a DUT subject to clock drift indicate that the proposed method successfully estimates the drift rate and yields an accurate IR estimate in magnitude and phase.
Quantification of light-induced miniSOG superoxide production using the selective marker, 2-hydroxyethidium

Genetically-encoded photosensitizers produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to light. Transgenic expression of fusion proteins can target the photosensitizers to specific cell regions and permit the spatial and temporal control of ROS production. These ROS-generating proteins (RGPs) are widely used for cell ablation, mutagenesis and chromophore-assisted light inactivation of target proteins. However, the species produced by RGPs are unclear due to indirect measures with confounding interpretations. Recently, the RGP mini "Singlet Oxygen Generator" (miniSOG) was engineered from Arabidopsis thaliana phototropin 2. While miniSOG produces singlet oxygen (1O2), the contribution of superoxide (O2•-) to miniSOG-generated ROS remains unclear. We measured the light-dependent O2•- production of purified miniSOG using HPLC separation of dihydroethidium (DHE) oxidation products. We demonstrate that DHE is insensitive to 1O2 and establish that DHE is a suitable indicator to measure O2•- production in a system that produces both 1O2 and O2•-. We report that miniSOG produces both 1O2 and O2•-, as can its free chromophore, flavin mononucleotide. miniSOG produced O2•- at a rate of ~4.0µmol O2•-/min/µmol photosensitizer for an excitation fluence rate of 5.9mW/mm2 at 470 ± 20nm, and the rate remained consistent across fluences (light doses). Overall, the contribution of O2•- to miniSOG phenotypes should be considered.
Child Justice, Caregiver Empowerment, and Community Self-Determination

Children’s survival and development depends on relationships with parents and other caregivers, whose capacity to engage in the nurturing activities that support the development of self-regulation, self-agency, and self-esteem in their children can be adversely affected by threats to their own survival and well-being. Caregivers engage most effectively in development-promoting relationships when they feel competent about their caregiving abilities, connected to a community that supports them in this function, to a culture that provides guidance in childrearing practices and to a future for themselves and their children that they feel empowered to influence. This sense of connection can be strengthened by parent-support programs that go beyond the unilateral transmission of parenting “skills” and child-development “knowledge” to reinforce emotional availability, parental sense of competence, social connectedness, and empowerment. However, many systems of care for children and families arise from professional cultures rather than the cultures of those they serve, and often devolve into policies, procedures, practices, and a focus on deficits that are out-of-sync with community needs and strengths. Relational processes designed to re-equilibrate traditional provider-program/participant power imbalances can be used to engage families and communities in transforming systems of care and services to respect and leverage their own values, practices, and strengths.
Pegram and Preemption: Patients' Rights and the Case for Doing Nothing

In this article, Professor Zelinsky discusses the recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Pegram v. Herdrich. Most advocates of broader patients' rights view Pegram as a signal that Congress should pass legislation amending ERISA to establish patients' rights against health maintenance organizations. Professor Zelinsky, however, concludes otherwise and contends that Pegram counsels advocates of patients' rights that, in terms of federal legislation, they should do nothing. The principal argument for federal patients' rights legislation, says Zelinsky, is that the Court has construed ERISA section 514(a) so as to preempt state law causes of action against HMOs and other medical care providers hired pursuant to employers' fringe benefit plans. Pegram suggests that, notwithstanding its prior case law, the Court is unwilling to construe ERISA as nullifying state law malpractice actions. Thus, substantively, the issue posed by the federal legislation Congress is now considering is whether there should be a single nationwide standard for patients' rights or whether there should be a diversity of state remedies.
Numerical Simulations of the Dynamics of Fiber Suspensions

The dynamics of flexible fibers or filaments immersed in a fluid are important to understanding many interesting problems arising in biology, engineering, and physics. For most applications, the flows are at very low Reynolds numbers, and the fibers can have aspect ratios of length to radius from a few tens to several thousands.
On valid inequalities for quadratic programming with continuous variables and binary indicators

In this paper we study valid inequalities for a set that involves a continuous vector variable x∈[0,1]n, its associated quadratic form xxT, and binary indicators on whether or not x>0. This structure appears when deriving strong relaxations for mixed integer quadratic programs (MIQPs). Valid inequalities for this set can be obtained by lifting inequalities for a related set without binary variables (QPB), that was studied by Burer and Letchford. After closing a theoretical gap about QPB, we characterize the strength of different classes of lifted QPB inequalities. We show that one class, lifted-posdiag-QPB inequalities, capture no new information from the binary indicators. However, we demonstrate the importance of the other class, called lifted-concave-QPB inequalities, in two ways. First, all lifted-concave-QPB inequalities define the relevant convex hull for the case of convex quadratic programming with indicators. Second, we show that all perspective constraints are a special case of lifted-concave-QPB inequalities, and we further show that adding the perspective constraints to a semidefinite programming relaxation of convex quadratic programs with binary indicators results in a problem whose bound is equivalent to the recent optimal diagonal splitting approach of Zheng et al.. Finally, we show the separation problem for lifted-concave-QPB inequalities is tractable if the number of binary variables involved in the inequality is small. Our study points out a direction to generalize perspective cuts to deal with non-separable nonconvex quadratic functions with indicators in global optimization. Several interesting questions arise from our results, which we detail in our concluding section.
Personal Prejudice, Other Guilt: Explicit Prejudice Toward Black People Predicts Guilty Verdicts for White Officers Who Kill Black Men.

Across the United States, acquittals of White police officers who have killed Black men have spurred clashes between those who see such situations as manifestations of racism and those who see them...
Technological Analysis with the Fishbone Diagram to Identify and Systematize the Sources of Innovation

This study suggests the fishbone diagram for technological analysis. Fishbone diagram (also called Ishikawa diagrams or cause-and-effect diagrams) is a graphical technique to show the several causes of a specific event or phenomenon. In particular, a fishbone diagram (the shape is similar to a fish skeleton) is a common tool used for a cause and effect analysis to identify a complex interplay of causes for a specific problem or event. The fishbone diagram can be a comprehensive theoretical framework to represent and analyze the source of innovations. Fishbone diagram is applied here as a novel graphical representation to identify, explore and analyse whenever possible, the potential root causes of the source and evolution of General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). Overall, then, fishbone diagram seems to be an appropriate and general technique of graphical representation to explore and categorize, clearly and simply, the potential root causes of the evolution of technological innovations for an appropriate management of technology.
The Importance of Peripheral Nerves in Adipose Tissue for the Regulation of Energy Balance.

Brown and white adipose tissues are essential for maintenance of proper energy balance and metabolic health. In order to function efficiently, these tissues require both endocrine and neural communication with the brain. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as the inducible brown adipocytes that appear in white adipose tissue (WAT) after simulation, are thermogenic and energy expending. This uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated process requires input from sympathetic nerves releasing norepinephrine. In addition to sympathetic noradrenergic signaling, adipose tissue contains sensory nerves that may be important for relaying fuel status to the brain. Chemical and surgical denervation studies of both WAT and BAT have clearly demonstrated the role of peripheral nerves in browning, thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. However, much is still unknown about which subtypes of nerves are present in BAT versus WAT, what nerve products are released from adipose nerves and how they act to mediate metabolic homeostasis, as well as which cell types in adipose are receiving synaptic input. Recent advances in whole-depot imaging and quantification of adipose nerve fibers, as well as other new research findings, have reinvigorated this field of research. This review summarizes the history of research into adipose innervation and brain–adipose communication, and also covers landmark and recent research on this topic to outline what we currently know and do not know about adipose tissue nerve supply and communication with the brain.
Special Populations: Gender, Race, and Incarcerated Individuals

This chapter discusses gender and racial differences in violent behavior. Research in criminology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences has long established a distinctive gender gap in which females are far less likely to be involved in violent behavior than males in the general population, a difference that persists in juveniles and adults. In addition, minority groups, in this case African Americans (especially males) are over represented in violence statistics. Previous research suggests that the gender gap seems to narrow when mental illness is taken into account. There are indications that this can be explained by an increase in female violence rather than a decrease in male violence, which may be caused by the expression of more severe psychiatric symptoms in females by the time the violence occurs. While there is some limited evidence suggesting that racial differences exist in the rates of violence committed by those suffering from mental illness, the results are inconsistent. British studies showing differences between different racialized groups, for example, suggest that poverty and difficult life circumstances play a far more important role than race and ethnicity. Finally, both incarcerated males and females display a much higher prevalence of mental illness than in the general population. The chapter discusses the criminalization of mental illness.
Primary Aldosteronism: Does Underlying Pathology Impact Clinical Presentation and Outcomes Following Unilateral Adrenalectomy?

Patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism (PA) may have a solitary adenoma, unilateral hyperplasia, or multiple adenomas on final pathology. This study investigated whether the underlying pathological diagnosis was associated with differences in clinical presentation and postoperative outcomes. A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for PA from 2004 to 2015 at our institution was performed. Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as postoperative biochemical and hypertension cure rates, were compared across the three aforementioned pathological groups. Of 206 patients who met criteria for inclusion, 152 (73.8%) had a single adenoma, 33 (16%) had unilateral hyperplasia, and 21 (10.2%) had multiple unilateral adenomas. Patients with unilateral hyperplasia were more likely to be male (81.2% vs 57.9%, P = .03), undergo left-sided adrenalectomy (78.8% vs 47.4%, P < .01), and had a lower median adrenal venous sampling lateralization index (9.8 vs 19.8, P = .04) compared to those with solitary, but not multiple unilateral adenomas. No differences were seen in age, duration of hypertension, preoperative plasma aldosterone levels, plasma renin activities, 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion, serum potassium concentrations, and the number of preoperative antihypertensive medications across all three pathological groups. All patients achieved biochemical cure following adrenalectomy, and no significant differences in the rates of hypertension cure or improvement were observed in comparisons across pathological subtype. Clinical presentation and postoperative outcomes are similar regardless of underlying pathology in patients with PA. Because one in four patients may harbor unilateral hyperplasia or multiple adenomas, total unilateral adrenalectomy should be performed as the operation of choice over adrenal-sparing approaches.
Tumor as an aberrant organ: Insights from intravital microscopy.

A solid tumor is an aberrant organ- and not a collection of cancer cells. To unravel the complex biology of this organ, we have developed an array of imaging technologies, computer algorithms and animal models, and have integrated the resulting data using mathematical models. This undrtaking has provided unprecedented molecular, cellular, anatomical and functional insight into the pathophysiology of solid tumors and host-tumor interactions (Nature Reviews Cancer, 2002). For one example, we have shown that the cancer cells coopt the host stromal cells into producing VEGF (Cell, 1998) and TGFb (Nature Medicine, 1999), and that these activated stromal cells form a sleeve around angiogenic vessels (Nature medicine, 2001). When a treatment, such as the anti-her2/neu antibody, Herceptin, lowers the level of VEGF in breast cancer cells, the stromal cells begin to make compensatory VEGF - the net result is virtually no change in the VEGF level in tumors undergoing Herceptin treatment. Of interest, Herceptin upregulates the expression of thrombospondin, a potent endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor (Nature 2002). These findings have provided a rational basis for a clinical trial combining Herceptin with an anti-VEGF antibody Avastin. Our work has also revealed how the malfunction of the vascular and extravascular compartments in solid tumors often thwarts the effectiveness of both conventional and novel tharapies (Scientific American, 1994), and suggested counter-intuitive strategies for overcoming these barriers. For example, based on a number of studies in transplanted tumors, we have proposed a novel hypothesis that anti-angiogenic therapy can “normalize” the aberrant tumor vasculature, and improve both the delivery and the efficacy of therapeutics (Nature Medicine, 2001). Oue recent Phase I clinical trial combining Avastin with chemo- and radiation therapy in rectal carcinoma patients supports this notion (Willett et al, unpublished data). Finally, using intravital microscopy, we have shown that VEGF-C leads to lymphangiogenesis in tumors, however only the lymphatics in the tumors margin are functional, and are adequate for lymphatic metastasis (Science 2002). The lack of lymphatic function within tumors results from compression by proliferating cancer cells (Nature Biotechnology, 1997), and contributes to interstitial hypertension in tumors - a barrier to drug delivery. The collagen matrix forms another barrier to interstitial diffusion of macromolecules in tumors (Cancer Research, 2000), and the hormone relaxin can permeabilize the matrix by reorganizing the collagen matrix, as visualized by second harmonic generation microscopy (Nature Medicine, 2003). These examples underscore the importance of the systems approach to dissecting tumor biology.
An Axial Flux Focusing Magnetically Geared Generator for Low Input Speed Applications

An axial-flux magnetic gear (MG) is integrated into a radial field stator to construct a unique magnetically geared generator for low input speed applications. The high-speed rotor of the axial-flux MG uses a flux-focusing typology. This article presents the stator design and experimental testing of this unique proof-of-principle axial-flux focusing MG generator. The peak torque and active region torque density were measured to be 473 N m and 94.4 N m/L, respectively. The stator of the proposed machine shares the high-speed rotor with the axial-flux MG. Therefore, there is no need for a separate rotor. It is shown that the stator can also be used to provide additional flux into the MG in order to boost torque during transient overshoots.
Leadership power, preference homogeneity, and legislative party conflict*

ABSTRACTOver the past few decades, there has been a considerable increase in the level of partisan conflict. What explains the extent of partisan conflict experienced in legislatures? To examine th...
Spatio-temporal modeling of global ozone data using convolution

Large spatial data are becoming more and more popular in environmental science and other related fields. Observations are often made over a substantial fraction of the surface of the Earth over a long period of time. It is necessary to model spatio-temporal random processes on the sphere which is challenging both conceptually and computationally. Convolution modeling method can be utilized to generate a random field with valid covariance structure on spheres. A latent dynamic process is defined on a grid covering the globe. The data vector is first projected onto the low-dimensional space spanned by those grids at each available time point. The resulting time series are fitted with seasonal ARIMA models. Forecasting is made by convolving the latent dynamic processes at all grid points using von Mises–Fisher kernel function. The procedure is illustrated by the total ozone data collected by Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during a 12-year period of time.
A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for Freeway Traffic Speed Estimation

Accurate and timely estimation of freeway traffic speeds by short segments plays an important role in traffic monitoring systems. In the literature, the ability of machine learning techniques to ca...
Reliable Broadcast in Practical Networks: Algorithm and Evaluation.

Reliable broadcast is an important primitive to ensure that a source node can reliably disseminate a message to all the non-faulty nodes in an asynchronous and failure-prone networked system. Byzantine Reliable Broadcast protocols were first proposed by Bracha in 1987, and have been widely used in fault-tolerant systems and protocols. Several recent protocols have improved the round and bit complexity of these algorithms. Motivated by the constraints in practical networks, we revisit the problem. In particular, we use cryptographic hash functions and erasure coding to reduce communication and computation complexity and simplify the protocol design. We also identify the fundamental trade-offs of Byzantine Reliable Broadcast protocols with respect to resilience (number of nodes), local computation, round complexity, and bit complexity. Finally, we also design and implement a general testing framework for similar communication protocols. We evaluate our protocols using our framework. The results demonstrate that our protocols have superior performance in practical networks.
Arms for education? External support and rebel social services:

How does foreign support for rebel groups affect rebel governance of civilians during armed conflict? Existing studies primarily examine the local and domestic politics of rebel rule, leaving the e...
Separate roads to feminism : Black, Chicana, and white feminist movements in America's second wave

This examines the emergence of feminist movements from the Civil Rights/Black Liberation movement, the Chicano movement, and the white left in the 1960s and 1970s. The author argues that the 'second wave' was comprised of feminisms: organizationally distinct movements that influenced each other in complex ways. The making of second wave feminisms resulted from decisions that feminists made about their political choices given constraints that affected their activism. These constraints were placed on them by structural inequalities that militated against unity among feminists from different racial/ethnic communities; by loyalties that feminists, particularly feminists of color, felt to other members of their movement communities; and by the necessity of making political decisions within a competitive and complex extra-institutional oppositional milieu.
Gramsci, l’interferenza epistemica e le possibilità di sud-alternità

Antonio Gramsci's writings, not surprisingly, have served as a necessary point of departure for many scholars and intellectuals to theorize on the subaltern groups and subsequently on the politics and practice of transcultural studies. I now wish to chart the circulation of the term subaltern in contemporary intellectual discourses both in Anglo-American academia and beyond, to focus on processes of identity negotiation in Italy and the Global South and, on a more personal level, through my own translation of Italian academic texts which often facilitate a potential connectivity between them. In order to examine these shifting and overlapping spaces of personal, national and global identity, I explore the potential relationship that Gramsci draws between subaltern groups and the role of the organic intellectual, particularly in relation to the selective act of translation into English, and the ways in which these distinctions become increasingly complicated, over the course of the 20th and into the 21st century, as structures of hegemony within Italian and other national institutions change. Traduzione di Dora Renna
Chronicle of Ioannina

This is an anonymous text describing the history of Epirus in the fourteenth century. It focuses on the rule of Thomas Preljubovi c (1366/ 1367– 1384), his widow Maria Angelina, and her second husband Esau Buondelmonti in Ioannina. The text is relatively brief, covering roughly thirty years in nearly thirty pages in the Bonn edition. In one manuscript the story ends in 1399. An Oxford manuscript continues to 1417/ 1418. The text depicts Thomas Preljubovic as an evil tyrant and Maria Angelina as a pious and virtuous wife. An 1845 edition by Andre Moustoxidis identified the monks Komnenos and Proclus as the authors of the history. These names only appear in the title of one of the manuscripts, and upon closer inspection it is clear that they in fact indicate the surnames of Thomas Preljubovic. The text is published in the Bonn Corpus as the second item in a miscellany of notices on the history of Epirus. A vernacular summary survives in a late nineteenth- century manuscript. Publication History and Manuscripts We lack a critical edition and thorough description of the manuscripts for this text. Leandros Vranousēs published a preliminary volume which surveyed the previous publications of the text, and announced a second volume which would contain descriptions of the manuscripts and a critical edition. This was never published. He did publish a version of the medieval text, with the parallel text of the vernacular version, but the edition of the medieval text was not based on examination of the surviving manuscripts. The history was first published in 1821 as part of a collection of historical texts dealing with the history of Epirus, found by the French consul in Ioannina, Francois Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville. Pouqueville's collection was reprinted in the Bonn Corpus in 1849. In the Bonn edition, the chronicle of Ioannina is text number two of the collection. Another edition of the text, based on a different manuscript, was published in Nauplion in 1831. In 1845, Moustoxidis published an edition based on the Nauplion publication and that of Pouqueville, but without consulting the manuscripts in person. In 1896, Uspenskii published an edition, based on yet another manuscript found in Meteora. The Moustoxidis edition, however, formed the basis of later editions by Gabriel Destounis in 1858, Safarik and Avramovic in 1862, and that of Sebastian Cirac Estopan a n in 1943.
Minimum 2-Year Outcomes of All-Arthroscopic Capsular Autograft Labral Reconstruction:

Objectives: Acetabular labral tears distort the architecture of the hip and result in accelerated osteoarthritis and increases in femoroacetabular stress. Uncomplicated tears with preserved, native fibers can be fixed to acetabular bone using labral repair techniques, which have shown improved outcomes when compared to the previous gold standard, labral debridement and resection. If the tear is complex or the labrum is hypoplastic, labral reconstruction techniques can be utilized to add grafted tissue to existing, structurally intact tissue or completely replace a deficient labrum. The ultimate goal is to reconstruct the labrum to restore the labral seal and hip biomechanics. Clinical outcomes using autografts and allografts from multiple sources for segmental and whole labral reconstruction have been reported as successful. However, reconstruction using autografts has been associated with substantial donor-site morbidity. More recently, all-arthroscopic capsular autograft labral reconstruction has been proposed as a way to repair complex or irreparable tears without the downside of donor-site morbidity. Since all-arthroscopic capsular autograft labral reconstruction is a novel technique, there is limited data in the literature on patient outcomes. The purpose of this study is to report outcomes in patients who have undergone this procedure at a minimum 2-year follow-up.
Hybrid Approach with Angiography and Limited Open Exposure to Treat Type Ia Endoleaks after Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Background Type Ia endoleaks after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) almost always mandate secondary percutaneous reinterventions. Several patients, however, will require conversion to open surgical repair with complete graft explant, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We herein present 3 cases of hybrid surgical repair for type Ia endoleaks, using a limited open exposure for proximal stent graft edge revision to achieve graft preservation and effective aneurysm sac exclusion. Methods Angiography was used to confirm type Ia endoleak in 3 patients (2 males) who had previous EVAR between October 2017 and October 2019. Time to the endoleak after the index EVAR was immediate in 1 patient during repair of a ruptured aneurysm, 2 months in 1 patient and 2 years in 1 patient. The aorta was exposed through a limited transabdominal (n = 1) or retroperitoneal (n = 2) approach and circumferential aortic control was achieved below the renal arteries. A row of interrupted horizontal mattress sutures of 3-0 polypropylene reinforced with Teflon pledgets was placed along the aortic neck circumference. Multi-planar angiography was then repeated to verify the absence of sac filling and successful type Ia endoleak exclusion. Follow-up abdominal duplex was obtained for all 3 patients after discharge to monitor the stent graft and confirm endoleak resolution. Furthermore, there were no instances of acute renal failure. Results In the period of review, 77 patients underwent EVAR. In the 3 patients described, we were able to achieve complete aneurysm sac exclusion and stent graft preservation in all cases. Follow-up imaging was available on 2 patients at 4–6 weeks after surgery demonstrating sustained exclusion of the endoleak. Two patients died during follow-up: one from a myocardial infarction 7 weeks after surgery and one from metastatic lung cancer at 8 months after surgery. Follow up duplex imaging at one year on the single survivor demonstrated sac shrinkage and absence of endoleak. Conclusions Type Ia endoleaks represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality after EVAR and typically require repair to avoid aneurysm rupture. Our use of limited proximal revision without explant provides an alternative approach to resolve the endoleaks while reducing the magnitude of physiological stress when compared to an open explant. It represents a feasible option for high-risk patients.
Transoral robotic surgery adoption and safety in treatment of oropharyngeal cancers

BACKGROUND Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2009 for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancers (oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma [OPSCC]). This study investigated the adoption and safety of TORS. METHODS All patients who underwent TORS for OPSCC in the National Cancer Data Base from 2010 to 2016 were selected. Trends in the positive margin rate (PMR), 30-day unplanned readmission, and early postoperative mortality were evaluated. Outcomes after TORS, nonrobotic surgery (NRS), and nonsurgical treatment were compared with matched-pair survival analyses. RESULTS From 2010 to 2016, among 73,661 patients with OPSCC, 50,643 were treated nonsurgically, 18,024 were treated with NRS, and 4994 were treated with TORS. TORS utilization increased every year from 2010 (n = 363; 4.2%) to 2016 (n = 994; 8.3%). The TORS PMR for base of tongue malignancies decreased significantly over the study period (21.6% in 2010-2011 vs 15.8% in 2015-2016; P = .03). The TORS PMR at high-volume centers (≥10 cases per year; 11.2%) was almost half that of low-volume centers (<10 cases per year; 19.3%; P < .001). The rates of 30-day unplanned readmission (4.1%) and 30-day postoperative mortality (1.0%) after TORS were low and did not vary over time. High-volume TORS centers had significantly lower rates of 30-day postoperative mortality than low-volume centers (0.5% vs 1.5%; P = .006). In matched-pair analyses controlling for clinicopathologic cofactors, 30-, 60-, and 90-day posttreatment mortality did not vary among patients with OPSCC treated with TORS, NRS, or nonsurgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS TORS has become widely adopted and remains safe across the country with a very low risk of severe complications comparable to the risk with NRS. Although safety is excellent nationally, high-volume TORS centers have superior outcomes with lower rates of positive margins and early postoperative mortality.
Is There a Universe?: The Forwood Lectures for 1992

Is there a Universe? Bafflingly, scientific cosmologists, from Einstein to Hawking, have invariably failed to face up to this question. This is all the more curious because some of them have claimed to know that the universe can only be such as prescribed by their theories. Some even claimed that their expertise enables them to create, in theory at least, entire universes literally out of nothing. For their strange attitudes toward the universe, this greatest object of empirical human inquiry, scientists have not been taken to task by philosophers. No wonder. The universe has become orphaned by modern philosophy. In this book the author, a renowned historianand philosopher of science, and especially of astronomy and cosmology, probes into this puzzlingstate of affairs. He also points out that slighting the question, Is there a Universe?, has serious consequences for science as well as for philosophy, to say nothing of theology. Most importantly, he shows that it is possible to answer this question in a convincingly demonstrative way.
A faster algorithm for the resource allocation problem with convex cost functions

We revisit the classical resource allocation problem with general convex objective functions, subject to an integer knapsack constraint. This class of problems is fundamental in discrete optimization and arises in a wide variety of applications. In this paper, we propose a novel polynomial-time divide-and-conquer algorithm (called the multi-phase algorithm) and prove that it has a computational complexity of O ( n log ? n log ? N ) , which outperforms the best known polynomial-time algorithm with O ( n ( log ? N ) 2 ) .