cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing prevalence and correlates of blue-colored flesh in lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) across their geographic range

Intraspecific variation in external and internal pigmentation is common among fishes and explained by a variety of biological and ecological factors. Blue-colored flesh in fishes is relatively rare but has been documented in some species of the sculpin, greenling, and perch families. Diet, starvation, photoprotection, and camouflage have all been suggested as proximate mechanisms driving blue flesh, but causal factors are poorly understood. We evaluated the relative importance of biological and spatial factors that could explain variation in blue coloration in 2021 lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) captured across their range in the northeastern Pacific, from southeast Alaska to southern California. The probability of having blue flesh was highest for fish that were female, caught in shallower water, and smaller in body size. The incidence of blueness varied by region (4–25% of all fish) but was also confounded by differences in sex ratios of fish caught among regions. We analyzed the multivariate fatty acid composition of a subset of 175 fish from across the sampling range to test for differences in trophic biomarkers in blue lingcod. Lingcod fatty acid composition differed between regions and flesh colors but not between sexes. Blue-fleshed fish had lower concentrations of total fatty acids, 18:1ω-9, 16:1ω-7, 18:1ω-7, and ω-6 fatty acids, suggesting differences in energetics and energy storage in blue fish. While our data indicate potential links between diet and blue flesh in lingcod, important questions remain about the physiological mechanisms governing blueness and its biological consequences.
Limits of Resolution for Sensors based on Correlated Frequency Combs

Sensors based on dual combs of identical repetition rate exhibit quantum limited sensitivity because they are correlated when generated in the same cavity. Dispersion enhancement is demonstrated without a significant noise increase (Petermann factor).
Unitary Caring Science

The author in this article provides the introduction to the review of A Handbook for Caring Science: Expanding the Paradigm, edited by Rosa et al. (2019), contemplating Unitary Caring Science from ...
Soluble DC-HIL/Gpnmb Modulates T-lymphocyte Extravasation to Inflamed Skin.

Previously we discovered antigen-presenting cells (APC) to express the DC-HIL receptor and to secrete its soluble form (sDC-HIL), both of which bind to syndecan-4 (SD4) on T-cells and endothelial cells (EC), with the former binding attenuating T-cell function and the latter binding promoting angiogenesis. Herein we examined effects of sDC-HIL binding to EC on T-cell extravasation using an allergic contact dermatitis model in mice. The hapten oxazolone applied to ear skin in sensitized mice upregulated cutaneous expression of sDC-HIL, which downregulated the allergic reaction by reducing transendothelial migration of T-cells, but not other immune cells (neutrophils and mast cells). Moreover, intravenously infused sDC-HIL bound to EC in blood vessels of oxazolone-challenged skin in a scattered and patchy pattern, and intravital microscopic analysis revealed that blood-circulating T-cells firmly adhere to DC-HIL-treated endothelia. This regulatory property of sDC-HIL requires SD4 expression by both EC and T-cells. Our findings indicate that the DC-HIL/SD4 pathway mediates cross-talk between T-cells and EC, regulating the cutaneous immune response by preventing extravasation of activated T-cells into inflamed skin.
Strained Layer Lasers in the InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructure System

Recent developments in the technology and fundamentals of strained layer epitaxial systems have generated overwhelming interest in the exploitation of such heterostructures for optical and electronic device applications. This is in part due to the additional degrees of freedom provided for device structures to be tailored for the particular application and in many cases improved performance over what is possible with the lattice matched systems alone. For example, quantum well lasers with strained InGaAs active layers have achieved threshold currents comparable to those with GaAs channels but with much less edge losses due to the smaller surface recombination velocity in InGaAs and very stable power outputs. Reduced threshold currents and increased differential gains are expected to lead to modulation at higher frequencies.
On the Substructure Synthesis Method

Substructure synthesis is a model reduction method whereby a complex structure is regarded as an assemblage of substructures. The motion of each of the substructures is represented by a series of admissible functions (vectors), and the substructures are made to act as a single structure by imposing certain geometric compatibility conditions at the boundary between any two adjacent substructures. Because the series of admissible functions (vectors) represents the motion of the substructures only approximately and because the geometric compatibility conditions are only approximations of the true conditions, the computed eigensolution is only an approximation of the actual one. Convergence of computed eigenvalues to actual eigenvalues requires two limiting processes, one in which the number of admissible functions (vectors) is increased and the other in which the number of geometric compatibility conditions is increased.
What's New and Hot in Clinical Organ Transplantation: Report From American Transplant Congress 2012

Innovative and exciting advances in the clinical sciences in organ transplantation were presented at the American Transplant Congress 2012. The full spectrum of transplantation was covered with important advancements in many topics. Key areas covered by presentations included living donor outcomes, organ preservation, optimal allocation of deceased donors, new immunosuppression regimens, antibody mediated rejection and the regulatory environment. This review will highlight some of the most interesting and innovative clinical presentations from the meeting.
Cooperative Queries in Semistructured Data Model

Traditional query languages proposed for semistructured data models such as OEM (Object Exchange Model) require queries to find exact matches. These queries fail to return the results in case the query paths specified do not completely match the paths in the database. In other words, a query, whose paths are {it over- or under-specified,} fails to retrieve results. It is possible that the users may not be aware of the structure or schema of the semistructured data or schema may have been changed since it was queried last time. In this paper, we discuss the cooperative query processing techniques in case of semistructured data. We explore our ideas with the help of examples and provide some overview of the algorithms to process such queries.
IAS versus US GAAP: A "New Market" Based Comparison

This paper provides a comparison of IAS and US GAAP in terms of proxies for information asymmetry and market liquidity – two key constructs in securities regulation. It exploits that firms trading in Germany’s “New Market” must choose between IAS and US GAAP in preparing their financial statements, but face the same regulatory environment. That is, institutional factors, such as listing requirements, market microstructure and standard enforcement, are held constant in the comparison. The findings do not indicate that US GAAP is of higher quality as frequently claimed. Differences in the bid-ask spread and trading volume between IAS and US GAAP firms are economically and statistically insignificant. Subsequent analyses of the dispersion of analysts’ forecasts and firms’ standard choices corroborate these findings. Thus, at least for New Market firms, the choice between IAS and US GAAP appears to be of second order importance.
Legal Research: Litigation Practice Materials

Law students receive little hands-on experience with litigation documents in traditional law school courses. Fortunately there are a number of legal research resources that can be used to help draft motions, complaints, or other litigation documents. This column, written for Student Lawyer magazine, focuses on a number of these litigation practice materials including in-house work product, PACER, forms, model jury instructions, and verdicts and settlements.
Guillain Barre Syndrome: Predictors of Requirement of Mechanical Ventilation (P5.068)

OBJECTIVE: Identify demographic factors and medical comorbidities as predictors of requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS). BACKGROUND: Nationwide inpatient database studies identifying predictors of need for IMV in GBS are lacking. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective search of Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was done to identify patients with primary diagnosis of GBS (ICD-9 code 357.0) who received treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; ICD-9-CM procedure code 99.14) or Plasma Exchange (PLEX; ICD-9-CM procedure codes 99.71, 99.76). Primary outcome was requirement of endotracheal intubation (ICD-9-CM procedure codes 96.04, 96.05) or invasive ventilation (ICD-9-CM procedure codes 96.70, 96.71, 96.72). Patient demographics, hospital characteristics and comorbidities were used as predicting variables. Multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors for requirement of IMV. RESULTS: Total 3438 patients of GBS who received treatment (IVIG 51.3[percnt]; PLEX 44[percnt]; PLEX+IVIG 4.7[percnt]) were identified from year 2002 to 2011, out of which 570 (16.6[percnt]) patients required IMV. Every decade increment in age, teaching hospital status, presence of congestive heart failure and chronic lung disease were significant predictors of IMV in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients admitted for GBS, every decade increase in age, teaching hospital status and comorbidities including congestive heart failure and chronic lung disease were predictors of requirement of IMV. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Dharaiya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Modi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Naqvi has nothing to disclose.
How the Brain Mediates Ovarian Responses to Environmental Stimuli

In the preceding three chapters, we have examined the regulation of the gonads in general and the mammalian ovary in particular. In this analysis, we saw how interactions between the steroid-secreting organs, the brain, and the pituitary result in orderly reproductive events like the estrous cycle. In this chapter, we discuss many issues related to this basic theme of neuroendocrine integration, but with the emphasis on the specific role of the central nervous system.
Role of connecting loop I in catalysis and allosteric regulation of human glucokinase

Glucokinase (GCK, hexokinase IV) is a monomeric enzyme with a single glucose binding site that displays steady-state kinetic cooperativity, a functional characteristic that affords allosteric regulation of GCK activity. Structural evidence suggests that connecting loop I, comprised of residues 47–71, facilitates cooperativity by dictating the rate and scope of motions between the large and small domains of GCK. Here we investigate the impact of varying the length and amino acid sequence of connecting loop I upon GCK cooperativity. We find that sequential, single amino acid deletions from the C-terminus of connecting loop I cause systematic decreases in cooperativity. Deleting up to two loop residues leaves the kcat value unchanged; however, removing three or more residues reduces kcat by 1000-fold. In contrast, the glucose K0.5 and KD values are unaffected by shortening the connecting loop by up to six residues. Substituting alanine or glycine for proline-66, which adopts a cis conformation in some GCK crystal structures, does not alter cooperativity, indicating that cis/trans isomerization of this loop residue does not govern slow conformational reorganizations linked to hysteresis. Replacing connecting loop I with the corresponding loop sequence from the catalytic domain of the noncooperative isozyme human hexokinase I (HK-I) eliminates cooperativity without impacting the kcat and glucose K0.5 values. Our results indicate that catalytic turnover requires a minimal length of connecting loop I, whereas the loop has little impact upon the binding affinity of GCK for glucose. We propose a model in which the primary structure of connecting loop I affects cooperativity by influencing conformational dynamics, without altering the equilibrium distribution of GCK conformations.
Hypertension in Hispanic Americans: overview of the population.

THE 23 MILLION HISPANICS IN THE UNITED STATES represent a mosaic of varied ethnic groups, and many share ancestry and language. They comprise one of the fastest-growing segments of the U.S. population. Social, cultural, and physical differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics and among Hispanic subgroups affect the health of this population. Hispanics exhibit several risk factors for major health problems in differing levels from other populations. Most notably, Mexican Americans are 3 to 5 times more likely to have non-insulin-dependent diabetes than whites. Because of health factors and other distinguishing qualities, the health care establishment needs to do more research, especially on hypertension, and provide more culturally responsive health care for Hispanics. Surveys conducted in the early and mid-1980s show differing rates of hypertension among Hispanic groups, from lower levels to levels similar to those found in whites. Additional research is needed to identify the extent of hypertension incidence, awareness, and control in Hispanics, particularly among sub-groups. If hypertension rates are indeed lower than those in the general population, efforts should be made to identify and maintain the positive behaviors responsible.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and atypical Haemolytic‐Uremic Syndrome: current management issues

Thrombotic hromocyopenic purpura(TTP) is a life-threatening thrombotic disorder in which platelet/von Willebrand factor deposits occur in the microcirculation of many organs including the brain, kidney, heart and abdominal viscera. A related thrombotic microangiopathy, atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome(aHUS), is characterized by platelet/fibrin deposition predominantly in the kidneys, with acute renal failure as the major presenting clinical manifestation. Key advances in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders now allow a better classification, with ADAMTS13 deficiency associated with TTP and defects in complement regulating proteins or complement factors identified in aHUS. Therapeutic plasma exchange has markedly improved mortality in TTP from more than 90% in the past to 10% to 20% currently. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has assumed even greater importance in the management of TTP patients with autoantibodies to ADAMTS13. Although plasma exchange is also useful in aHUS, the advent of the anti-C5 complement pathway inhibitor eculizumab promises to further improve clinical outcomes in these patients.
STABILIZATION OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE

Olson, B. H. (Division of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health, Lansing), Grace Eldering, and Bernice Graham. Stabilization of pertussis vaccine in the presence of benzethonium chloride. J. Bacteriol. 87:543–546. 1964.—Data are presented showing that pertussis vaccine preserved with benzethonium chloride (BC; Phemerol) was inactivated during storage. BC-preserved vaccine stored at 37 C showed no measurable mouse-protective potency at 16 weeks. That stored at 0 to 4 C lost approximately 80% of its potency within 1 year. Treatment of pertussis vaccines with aluminum, calcium, magnesium, choline, or dl-lysine before the addition of the BC prevented its uptake by the cells. Pertussis vaccines pretreated with 0.004 m Ca++ or 0.0004 m Al+++ retained 70% of the initial potency after 42 weeks of storage at 37 C. Similar vaccines showed no loss of protective antigens when stored for 1 year at 0 to 4 C.
Fluorescence Imaging Microscopy

Fluorescence imaging microscopy is a powerful tool to localize specific molecular components with lateral resolution of 0.2 µm. New techniques of confocal and multiphoton microscopy also permit submicrometer axial resolution even in thick specimens, and novel superresolution techniques that improve resolution to 0.1 µm and less are emerging. The number of specific parameter-indicating fluorophores useful for nondestructive live cell imaging continues to increase, including markers of cell shape and volume, organelles, membrane potentials, ions, and other chemical constitutents. Moreover, virtually, any cellular protein can be tagged with a fluorescent protein in the living state. These developments make fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for the molecular biologist, cell biologist, physiologist, and others both in and not in the life sciences.
Management of Venous Tumor Thrombus Encountered During Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Introduction: Today, most renal tumors can be managed with a minimally invasive approach.1 Robotic surgery has increased the utilization of partial nephrectomy, and with increasing experie...
Longitudinal Changes in Behavioral Approach System Sensitivity and Brain Structures Involved in Reward Processing during Adolescence.

Figure 2 was distorted in production. The correct version is presented in the erratum.] Adolescence is a period of radical normative changes and increased risk for substance use, mood disorders, and physical injury. Researchers have proposed that increases in reward sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity of the behavioral approach system [BAS]) and/or increases in reactivity to all emotional stimuli (i.e., reward and threat sensitivities) lead to these phenomena. The present study is the first longitudinal investigation of changes in reward (i.e., BAS) sensitivity in 9- to 23-year-olds across a 2-year follow-up. Support was found for increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence, and evidence was found for decline in the early 20s. This decline is combined with a decrease in left nucleus accumbens (Nacc) volume, a key structure for reward processing, from the late teens into the early 20s. Furthermore, we found longitudinal increases in sensitivity to reward to be predicted by individual differences in the Nacc and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes at baseline in this developmental sample. Similarly, increases in sensitivity to threat (i.e., behavioral inhibition system sensitivity) were qualified by sex, with only females participants experiencing this increase, and predicted by individual differences in lateral OFC volumes at baseline.
Total synthesis of halichondrin b from common sugars: An F-ring intermediate from D-glucose and efficient construction of the C1 to C21 segment

Abstract An F-ring intermediate 7, with correct absolute configurations for the stereocenters at positions 17 and 20 of halichondrin B, is readily available from D-glucose. The practical utility of methoxybenzyl furanoside derivatives was demonstrated during incorporation of 7 into an acid-sensitive C1 to C21 segment.
Precision and Accuracy: Concepts and Assessment by Method Evaluation Testing

(1981). Precision and Accuracy: Concepts and Assessment by Method Evaluation Testing. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 283-330.
Characterization of a Nitrite Reductase Involved in Nitrifier Denitrification

Nitrifier denitrification is the conversion of nitrite to nitrous oxide by ammonia-oxidizing organisms. This process, which is distinct from denitrification, is active under aerobic conditions in the model nitrifier Nitrosomonas europaea. The central enzyme of the nitrifier dentrification pathway is a copper nitrite reductase (CuNIR). To understand how a CuNIR, typically inactivated by oxygen, functions in this pathway, the enzyme isolated directly from N. europaea (NeNIR) was biochemically and structurally characterized. NeNIR reduces nitrite at a similar rate to other CuNIRs but appears to be oxygen tolerant. Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced NeNIR reveal a substrate channel to the active site that is much more restricted than channels in typical CuNIRs. In addition, there is a second fully hydrated channel leading to the active site that likely acts a water exit pathway. The structure is minimally affected by changes in pH. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the molecular basis for NeNIR oxygen tolerance.
Reducción de la exposición de niños pre-escolares al humo del tabaco: Viabilidad de un programa para padres y cuidadores

The aim of this study was to assess the viability and potential efficacy of an environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure reduction intervention for atrisk children. The study consisted of a 12-week behavioral intervention and a 6-month follow-up, conducted on a convenience sample (N=43) of lowincome, self-identified, adult smokers who were caregivers of 3-5 year old children. The intervention included a manualized program, plus nicotine replacement therapy, and monetary reinforcement of abstinence. Outcome measures included breath carbon monoxide (CO), self-reported smoking practices, level of nicotine dependence, and depression symptoms. Significant reductions were observed in CO concentration, frequency of smoking around children, and nicotine dependence and depression scores. Sixty-one percent of the participants attended 8 or more weekly sessions, and one third remained smoke-free at follow-up. Those who did not quit reported not changing their smoking behavior patterns in vehicles or indoors. The cessation intervention compared well with other interventions for treatment-seeking smokers, suggesting that implementing evidence-based cessation and education programs for caregivers at school sites may be effective in reducing daily exposure to ETS of pre-school children.
The interaction between the blastema and stump in the establishment of the anterior-posterior and proximal-distal organization of the limb regenerate☆

Abstract Interactions between the limb stump and the developing regenerate were studied in the limbs of adult newts, Notophthalmus viridescens . Forelimb blastemas at various stages were transplanted to the contralateral forelimb such that the anterior-posterior axes of stump and blastema were opposed. The blastemas were transplanted either from a proximal to distal, distal to proximal, proximal to proximal, or distal to distal level limb stump. The results indicate that at the earliest stage studied the anterior-posterior axis of the blastema is established but is not stable. An interection between the stump and blastema at this early stage results in the production of a variety of limbs intermediate in polarity between the graft and the stump. At all later stages, the original anterior-posterior axis of the blastema can be retained, although under certain grafting conditions the stump can still exert considerable influence over the anterior-posterior organization of the final regenerate. In those circumstances in which the blastema retains its original handedness, the interaction between stump and blastema results in the production of separate anterior and posterior supernumerary regenerates. The results of transplanting proximal blastemas to a distal limb level indicate that the proximal boundary of the blastema has been established by the earliest stage studied, leading to the production of limbs with serially duplicated segments. However, irrespective of the stage of a blastema transplanted from a distal to proximal level, there are no deleted structures in the proximal-distal axis of the resulting limb. From both histological examination of transplanted regenerates and the arrangement of skeletal elements of the resulting limbs, it is postulated that the stump plays an important role in the production of the intercalary regenerate.
Nanoclusters of silver doped in zeolites as photocatalysts

Abstract Nanoclusters of silver and iron ions doped in Y zeolite and sodalite have been prepared. Photoluminescence spectra of Ag-Y zeolite, Ag/Fe 2 O 3 -Y zeolite, Ag-sodalite, and Ag/Fe 2 O 3 -sodalite were obtained from 4.5 to 298 K and revealed the formation of different kinds of silver clusters in the zeolite hosts. The amount of silver and iron in the corresponding material were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The purity and unit cell structure of each catalysts was determined using X-ray powder diffraction analysis. It was found that while the structure of the support materials remained relatively intact after the incorporation of Ag + and Fe 3+ onto the supports, differences in the structure of the support corresponded with differences in cluster size and composition. It was also found that adding Fe 2 O 3 to Ag-Y zeolite shifted the observed Ag cluster photoluminescence to longer wavelengths, while Ag-sodalite remains largely unaffected by the addition of Fe 2 O 3 . This further supports the conclusion that the structure of the support material plays a major role in cluster formation.
The antidiabetic drug metformin elevates receptor tyrosine kinase activity and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass in Xenopus oocytes.

Although metformin is an important antidiabetic, its mechanism of action is still unknown. To study its mechanism, we examined metformin stimulation of insulin action on the Xenopus oocyte. Similar to therapeutic concentrations, maximal stimulation of insulin-induced meiotic cell division was achieved at about 1-10 microg/ml (or 7.7-77 /microM) metformin. An equivalent concentration of metformin was required to elevate receptor tyrosine kinase activity (in whole cells or a membrane-cortex preparation) and, through this tyrosine kinase activation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production. With whole cells, the preincubation time for metformin stimulation of insulin action (approximately 1 h) was equivalent to the time required for metformin to maximize tyrosine phosphorylation and raise IP3, levels. With the membrane-cortex preparation, metformin was active within minutes; thus, metformin may act at an intracellular site. Since metformin can increase IP3, mass, we prevented elevation of calcium by pri...
Bleached Porites compressa and Montipora capitata corals catabolize δ 13 C-enriched lipids

Corals rely on stored energy reserves (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, and protein) to survive bleaching events. To better understand the physiological implications of coral bleaching on lipid catabolism and/or synthesis, we measured the δ13C of coral total lipids (δ13CTL) in experimentally bleached (treatment) and non-bleached (control) Porites compressa and Montipora capitata corals immediately after bleaching and after 1.5 and 4 months of recovery on the reef. Overall δ13CTL values in treatment corals were significantly lower than in control corals because of a 1.9 and 3.4‰ decrease in δ13CTL immediately after bleaching in P. compressa and M. capitata, respectively. The decrease in δ13CTL coincided with decreases in total lipid concentration, indicating that corals catabolized δ13C-enriched lipids. Since storage lipids are primarily depleted during bleaching, we hypothesize that they are isotopically enriched relative to other lipid classes. This work further helps clarify our understanding of changes to coral metabolism and biogeochemistry when bleached and helps elucidate how lipid classes may influence recovery from bleaching and ultimately coral survival.
PREPROCESSING THE 1960-1970 U. S. CENSUS PUBLIC USE SAMPLES

This is a report on computer programming undertaken to preprocess the 1960–1970 U. S. census public use samples to increase their accessibility. This includes wholesale recoding into positive integers from 1 to N, with 0 reserved for “not applicable”, combining household and person records, sorting records into ten 1/10,000 samples, compacting binary codes to fit on a single reel of tape, and the production of a revised set of formatted tapes.
Intravenous magnesium sulphate does not improve survival or disability outcomes in people with stroke

Abstract Question Does intravenous magnesium sulphate improve survival or disability outcomes if given within 12 hours of stroke onset? Study design Multicentre randomised controlled trial. Main results Intravenous magnesium sulphate did not significantly improve survival or disability outcomes at 90 days compared with placebo in people with stroke (see Table 1). Table 1 Survival and disability outcomes at 90 days in people with stroke. Placebo (N=1198) Magnesium Sulphate (N=1188) Odds Ratio (95% CI) P value Combined outcome of death and disability Not reported Not reported 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) 0.59 Death 196 (16.4%) 227 (19.1%) 1.22 (0.98 to 1.53) 0.07 Barthel score 787 (65.7%) 775 (65.2%) 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) 0.92 Barthel score 445 (37.1%) 449 (37.8%) 1.03 (0.86 to 1.24) 0.74 Modified Rankin score >1 858 (71.6%) 826 (69.5%) 0.91 (0.75 to 1.09) 0.30 Authors’ conclusions Intravenous magnesium sulphate given within 12 hours of stroke does not improve survival or disability outcomes.
An aes and sims study of the influence of chloride on the passive oxide film on iron

Abstract The kinetics of passivation of Fe in pH 8.4 borate buffer solution at 0.0 V have been studied in both the presence and absence of 0.5 M Cl − . Cl − has no influence on the decay of the passive current with time over the course of several hours. Oxide films were examined by AES and SIMS for possible Cl − incorporation into the oxide lattice. Neither technique was able to detect any Cl − incorporation into the oxide film is not a precursor to pit initiation. It also appears that Cl − does not cause any film thinning.
Diabetes mellitus impacts risk of macrovascular invasion in patients undergoing transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is identified as a negative prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), though the basis for this is unknown.
The growth of orogenic belts and the role of crustal heterogeneities in decollement tectonics

A series of finite element models of contractional deformation are presented that examine the role preexisting mechanical heterogeneities within the lithosphere play in controlling the partitioning of stress and strain during orogenesis. The models focus particularly on orogens that develop near previously rifted continental margins, although many of the observations are relevant to other fold and thrust belts. The models indicate that orogen evolution is strongly influenced by crustal architecture during the first 150 to 200 km of shortening. Major decollements develop at midcrustal and lower crustal levels, partitioning strain into upper crustal, lower crustal, and mantle strain domains. The magnitude and spatial distribution of strain within each domain are nearly uniform but differ significantly between domains. The decollements extend throughout the entire width of the orogen, providing a successively increasing degree of decoupling between deformation in the shallow crust and deeper levels. The midcrustal decollement terminates beneath the leading edge of the thrust front, but the deep crustal decollement extends more than 500 km beyond the foreland. This allows up to 5%–10% strain to develop well in front of the orogenic belt. In the interior of the orogen, deformation extends through all levels of the crust beginning during the earliest stages of contraction. Deformation propagates continentward with increasing shortening, with the foreland regions undergoing the most intense shortening in the shallow crust. The loci of maximum total shortening within the upper and lower crust are laterally offset, with the thickest crust lying continentward of the greatest elevations and the site of most intense surface deformation. This pattern of crustal thickness variation is a primary feature of orogenesis in the models and is not related to postorogenic collapse. After 150 to 200 km of shortening, sufficient topography develops to cause the balance between rock strength, gravitational forces, and shear stress on the basal detachment to dominate the style of deformation. Preexisting mechanical heterogeneities thereafter exert little influence on orogenic processes.
Kinematically redundant robots with flexible components

Open kinematic chain mechanisms consisting of a sequence of rigid or elastic links joined together by single-degree-of-freedom joints that may, depending on the model in question, undergo elastic deformation are considered. It is assumed that there is a base of any kinematic chain under investigation as well as tip to which a tool or end effector is attached. Several problems in planning motions for these kinematically redundant mechanisms are described. The goal is to exploit redundant degrees of freedom to minimize the dynamic effects of joint elasticity. It is shown that in order for a prescribed end effector trajectory to store no elastic energy, certain differential-algebraic equations must be satisfied. For a specific example, it is shown that fifth-order splines can be used to prescribe admissible work space paths which interpolate an arbitrary finite set of points. Simulations have also indicated that admissible fifth-order paths for the end effector that approximate a straight line segment arbitrarily closely can be found. >
Scanning-tunneling-microscopy and spectroscopy studies of C70 thin films on gold substrates.

Thin films of high-purity ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$ were deposited on polycrystalline gold surfaces and studied by scanning tunneling microscropy (STM) in ultrahigh vacuum. Topographic images reveal initial-stage growth patterns ranging from close packing with a twofold symmetry to random stacking. ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$ molecules appear oval-shaped, in agreement with the proposed ${\mathit{D}}_{5\mathit{h}}$ structure of ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$. Static orientational disorder is observed in both close-packed and random-stacked regions. The adsorbed ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$ molecules show the highest STM contrast at bias voltages well below the HOMO-LUMO gap voltage. These and scanning-tunneling-spectroscopy results are discussed and compared with those obtained previously on similarly prepared ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ thin films.
Anal sphincter reconstruction: anterior overlapping muscle repair.

Anal sphincter reconstruction for anal incontinence was performed in 55 women between 1973 and 1987 at The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis. The mean age was 34 years (range, 22–75 years). Incontinence was due to obstetric injury in 48 patients and to fistulotomy in 7 patients. Patients suffered from complete incontinence (41), incontinence of liquid stool and flatus (11), or incontinence of flatus only (3). All patients underwent an anterior overlapping sphincter muscle reconstruction, and one patient also had a posterior repair. Complete continence was restored in 28 patients, and partial continence was achieved in 24 patients. Only three patients remained totally incontinent. Clinical assessment did not accurately reflect functional outcome after 1 year of follow-up. No factor predicting outcome was found retrospectively. Clinical assessment of a patient's outcome may be inaccurate unless specific questions are asked. The use of a perineal drain reduced infection but did not affect outcome. Previous repair or associated rectovaginal fistula does not affect outcome. Sphincter injury owing to fistula disease may result in poor outcome after repair.
The streamside effect in a Carex lyngbyeiestuarine marsh: The possible role of recoverable underground reserves

In a comparison of streamside and back marsh stands of Carex lyngbyei in an Oregon estuarine marsh, the maximum biomass and net annual aerial primary productivity of the streamside stands were 50% higher. Aerial productivity rates on a unit of biomass basis were similar except during the late winter-early spring period and in the fall. Studies of recoverable underground photosynthate reserves coupled with the net aerial primary productivity measurements indicate the timing of growth and the mobilization of reserves were important factors in the streamside effect (greater biomass and net annual aerial primary productivity).
The Most-Valuable-Player Problem Remains Unsolved

(2011). The Most-Valuable-Player Problem Remains Unsolved. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 167-174.
Synthesis and Microstructure of Porous Aluminum and Intermetallic Nanomaterials

A series of porous aluminum-based materials are prepared by the reduction of solutions of metal chlorides with lithium powder in diethyl ether under dry argon. The reactants must be combined slowly, but either order of addition is used. The reduction of AlCl3 produces hollow Al balls composed of ~100 nm aluminum particles in nearly quantitative yield after the LiCl byproduct is washed away with dry tetrahydrofuran. Similar structures are formed when mixtures of AlCl3 and SiCl4, are reduced, except that the second component has the effect of reducing the Al nanoparticle size. Mixtures of AlCl3 with FeCl3 reduce to similar ball-like porous structures that are composed of Al, Fe, and Fe-Al intermetallic nanoparticles. When AlCl3 and ZnCl2 are co-reduced, flake-like nanoporous structures are obtained, and solutions of AlCl3 + VCl3 produce more compact nanoporous structures. Some side reactions involving ether cleavage that produces aluminum alkoxides and alkyls do occur, and the amount of side reaction is dependent on the identity of the second metal. The reduction of AlCl3 with excess (4 eq) Li powder produces LiAl nanomaterials. NMR shows the intermetallic compound LiAl to be the only Li-Al intermetallic present.
Liposome dehydration on nitrocellulose and its application in a biotin immunoassay.

Abstract The feasibility of utilizing dehydrated liposomes in the development of a simple immunoassay device for point-of-care diagnostics or field assays was demonstrated. The recovery of liposomes after a cycle of dehydration and rehydration was studied using biotin-tagged, dye-loaded liposomes with antibiotin antibodies immobilized in a defined zone on nitrocellulose strips. Liposomes were vacuum-dehydrated on the strip at a location below the antibiotin zone. The strip was placed in a tube containing a carrier solution and capillary action brought the solution to the dehydrated liposomes, rehydrated them, and caused them to migrate to the antibody zone where intact liposomes were captured and measured optically. High concentrations of either trehalose or sucrose external to the liposomes and both polyvinylpyrrolidone and gelatin in the membane blocking reagent were essential for preservation of the dehydrated/rehydrated liposomes on nitrocellulose. Between 70 and 80% of the liposomes were recovered on the nitrocellulose strips after a cycle of dehydration and rehydration. The dehydrated liposomes on the strips were stable for at least 1 year when stored in vacuum-sealed plastic bags at 4°C. The technique was successfully applied to the development of a rapid one-step strip immunoassay for biotin.
Severe panencephalic Pick's disease with Alzheimer's disease-like neuropil threads and synaptophysin immunoreactivity.

We report a case of a 69-year-old woman with an 11-year history of progressive dementia, who was found at autopsy to have classic Pick's disease pathology, as well as extensive paired helical filament-immunoreactive neurities, with few Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neurofibrillary tangles and no senile plaques. Both Pick bodies and neuritic degeneration were extensive in the neocortex and hippocampal complex. In addition, synaptophysin immunostaining of the hippocampal complex showed a bilaminar pattern of immunoreactivity in the outer molecular layer as previously described in AD.
Prediction and Decision Problems in Regression Models from the Bayesian Point of View

Abstract In this paper we review the derivation of the predictive density function for the normal multiple regression model, state and prove a general theorem on optimal point prediction, and show how the predictive density can be employed in the analysis of an illustrative investment problem. Then we derive the predictive density function for the multivariate normal regression model and indicate how it can be used in the analysis of several problems.
Quasi-coherent performance of convolutionally-coded continuous phase modulation

Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) schemes are advantageous for low-power radios. The constant envelope transmit signal is more efficient for both linear and non-linear amplifier architectures. A standard, coherent CPM receiver can take advantage of modulation memory and is more complex than a coherent Phase Shift Keyed receiver. But the CPM signal can be demodulated non-coherently and still take advantage of the trellis structure inherent in the modulation. With this complexity reduction, the CPM receiver is comparable in performance to a Phase Shift Keyed radio with the power utilization of a Frequency Shift-Keyed design. In this paper, we discuss two methods for increasing the modulation memory of the CPM signal. In the first method, the distribution of the transmitted symbol across multiple phase pulses is investigated and the bit error rate analyzed. In the next method we address the addition of convolutioncodes. In both cases the effects of the CPM memory to quasi-coherent demodulation is analyzed and discussed. The differences in complexity will be analyzed and the overall performance enhancements of several different modulation schemes will be illustrated. 1
Dissecting the role of TRPV1 in detecting multiple trigeminal irritants in three behavioral assays for sensory irritation.

Polymodal neurons of the trigeminal nerve innervate the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity and cornea. Trigeminal nociceptive fibers express a diverse collection of receptors and are stimulated by a wide variety of chemicals. However, the mechanism of stimulation is known only for relatively few of these compounds. Capsaicin, for example, activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. In the present study, wildtype (C57Bl/6J) and TRPV1 knockout mice were tested in three behavioral assays for irritation to determine if TRPV1 is necessary to detect trigeminal irritants in addition to capsaicin. In one assay mice were presented with a chemical via a cotton swab and their response scored on a 5 level scale. In another assay, a modified two bottle preference test, which avoids the confound of mixing irritants with the animal’s drinking water, was used to assess aversion. In the final assay, an air dilution olfactometer was used to administer volatile compounds to mice restrained in a double-chambered plethysmograph where respiratory reflexes were monitored. TRPV1 knockouts showed deficiencies in the detection of benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and eugenol in at least one assay. However, cyclohexanone was the only substance tested that appears to act solely through TRPV1.
A Comparative Study of the Inhibiting Effects of Mitomycin C and Polyphenolic Catechins on Tumor Cell Implantation/Growth in a Rat Bladder Tumor Model

Purpose: Mitomycin C (Novaplus®) is often instilled intravesically in the postoperative period to prevent tumor cell implantation/regrowth after transurethral tumor resection. In an earlier study EGCG prevented tumor cell implantation/growth in an experimental bladder tumor model simulating clinical transurethral bladder resection. We compared the efficacy of EGCG (Polyphenon E®) to that of mitomycin C to prevent tumor cell implantation/growth in this model.Materials and Methods: Mitomycin C and EGCG were studied for their in vitro and in vivo effects. The AY-27 rat urothelial tumor cell line was used for in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro cell viability studies included trypan blue exclusion, MTT proliferation assay and clonal growth assay. Fischer 344 female rats were used for intravesical tumor implantation/growth assay using an electrocautery injury model. Tumor growth in vivo was assessed in controls treated with phosphate buffered saline and in bladders treated with mitomycin C or EGCG by standa...
Effects of Polyene Chain Length and Acceptor Substituents on the Stability of Carotenoid Radical Cations

The stability of radical cations of three series of carotenoids substituted with terminal ester, aldehyde, and cyano groups and with different numbers of backbone double bonds was studied by electrochemical and optical methods. The ethyl esters are 8‘-apo-β-caroten-8‘-oate (I), 6‘-apo-β-caroten-6‘-oate (II), and 4‘-apo-β-caroten-4‘-oate (III); the aldehydes are 8‘-apo-β-caroten-8‘-al (IV), 6‘-apo-β-caroten-6‘-al (V), and 4‘-apo-β-caroten-4‘-al (VI); and the cyano compounds are 8‘-apo-β-caroten-8‘-nitrile (VII), 6‘-apo-β-caroten-6‘-nitrile (VIII), and 4‘-apo-β-caroten-4‘-nitrile (IX). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (OSWV) results indicate that the stability of carotenoid radical cations depends on the number of conjugated chain double bonds. For the esters, the longer the olefin chain, the more unstable the radical cations. In contrast, for the aldehydes and the nitriles, the stability of the radical cations is similar or varies slightly with backbone chain length. The half-...
Long-term lung preservation with the PAF antagonist BN 52021.

Platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-alkyl-2(R)-acetyl-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine) is a phospholipid that is released by a variety of cells. The similarity between the pathophysiological effects of PAF and posttransplant pulmonary dysfunction led to an evaluation of a PAF antagonist as an adjunct to lung preservation. The ginkgolide B, BN 52021, was selected as the PAF antagonist to be studied because of the large data base available on this compound. BN 52021 was given to the donor and recipient (10 mg/kg i.v.) prior to harvest and transplantation and was included in 1 L of preservation solution (10 mg/kg) used for flushing the pulmonary artery and for storage. Left single-lung transplantation was performed following a 22-hr preservation period at 10 degrees C. Arterial oxygen tension (pO2), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), alveolar arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2), and dynamic lung compliance (DLC) were recorded for 6 hours following ligation of the native pulmonary artery. At the end of 6 hr pO2 was 243.5 +/- 61.5 vs. 71.7 +/- 10.2 mmHg (P less than 0.02) for the controls. A-aDO2 was less in the BN 52021 groups: 431.8 +/- 58.3 vs. 606.0 +/- 9.8 mmHg in the control groups (P less than 0.001), and PVR was significantly less in the BN 52021 group: 346 +/- 70.8 vs. 663 +/- 64.3 dynes/sec/cm-5 (P less than 0.035). We conclude that PAF antagonists like BN 52021 may be useful adjuncts for lung preservation. The effects of BN 52021 are easily explained by PAF antagonist activity in ischemic and reperfusion-induced pulmonary dysfunction. However this study does not exclude that BN 52021 may have direct effects.
Biomechanical and esthetic considerations for maxillary anterior overdenture abutment selection

Abstract Maxillary canine teeth traditionally have been selected as overdenture abutments. Undesirable aspects associated with the use of maxillary canines as overdenture abutments are described. The use of maxillary lateral incisors as overdesnture abutments offers vertical support to the prosthesis, favorable stress distribution, improved esthetics, and preservation of the premaxilla.
If You Can Use Them: Flexibility Policies, Organizational Commitment, and Perceived Performance

This study links workplace flexibility policies—formal, informal, and perceived usable—to organizational commitment and self-reported productivity. Professional and technical employees of biotechnology firms were surveyed. Where employees could freely use policies, a positive association with outcomes is found. The article contributes a new measure to capture employees’ organizational experience, relevant to work and family research.