cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hadoop GIS: a high performance spatial data warehousing system over mapreduce

Support of high performance queries on large volumes of spatial data becomes increasingly important in many application domains, including geospatial problems in numerous fields, location based services, and emerging scientific applications that are increasingly data- and compute-intensive. The emergence of massive scale spatial data is due to the proliferation of cost effective and ubiquitous positioning technologies, development of high resolution imaging technologies, and contribution from a large number of community users. There are two major challenges for managing and querying massive spatial data to support spatial queries: the explosion of spatial data, and the high computational complexity of spatial queries. In this paper, we present Hadoop-GIS - a scalable and high performance spatial data warehousing system for running large scale spatial queries on Hadoop. Hadoop-GIS supports multiple types of spatial queries on MapReduce through spatial partitioning, customizable spatial query engine RESQUE, implicit parallel spatial query execution on MapReduce, and effective methods for amending query results through handling boundary objects. Hadoop-GIS utilizes global partition indexing and customizable on demand local spatial indexing to achieve efficient query processing. Hadoop-GIS is integrated into Hive to support declarative spatial queries with an integrated architecture. Our experiments have demonstrated the high efficiency of Hadoop-GIS on query response and high scalability to run on commodity clusters. Our comparative experiments have showed that performance of Hadoop-GIS is on par with parallel SDBMS and outperforms SDBMS for compute-intensive queries. Hadoop-GIS is available as a set of library for processing spatial queries, and as an integrated software package in Hive.
Summary of the Keystone Islet Workshop (April 2014): The Increasing Demand for Human Islet Availability in Diabetes Research

Serving as a “call to action,” the Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology: Emerging Concepts and Targets in Islet Biology (Keystone Islet Workshop) held in April 2014 provided a much-needed forum on islet biology and the increasing pressure of the supply and demand relationship of human islets for research. The result of the workshop was a white paper that has been shared with the leadership of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), JDRF, and the American Diabetes Association (available from http://www.joslin.org/news/White-Paper-on-Human-Islet-Availability-for-Diabetes-Research.html). A brief summary is provided here. Pressure for research on the “pipeline” of human islets has become increasingly acute for several reasons. While the need is urgent, obtaining human islets for research from living or cadaveric donors is difficult. This challenge contrasts with other diabetes-relevant tissues (e.g., adipose, skeletal muscle, and even liver) that are more easily obtained by percutaneous …
Proteolipid Protein Gene Modulates Viability and Phenotype of Neurons

Overexpression or lack of expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) gene by oligodendrocytes causes axonal pathology. It is unclear whether dysfunction of the PLP gene mediates its effects directly on neurons or indirectly by abnormal formation of myelin sheaths. We performed experiments using cocultures and conditioned media (CM) to test the direct effect of PLP gene expression on neurons. Non-glial cell lines were stably transfected with PLP or DM20 (an alternate splice variant of PLP) cDNAs. Immunocytochemistry and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression showed that translated products were synthesized and inserted into the plasma membrane in proper conformation. The number of surviving dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was significantly less than controls when cocultured for 5 d with PLP-expressing cells. The number of degenerating neurons increased in a dose-dependent manner corresponding to increasing numbers of PLP-expressing cells. However, the number of surviving DRG neurons cocultured with DM20-expressing cells was comparable to that of controls, indicating that PLP-specific products contributed to decreased neuron survival. When DRG neurons were cultured with CM from PLP- or DM20-expressing cells, significantly fewer neurons survived with CM of PLP- but not DM20-expressing cells. This suggests that secreted factors from PLP-expressing cells contribute to neuronal death. Increased neuronal death found with PLP-expressing cells cannot be attributed to density-dependent artifacts, because in each experiment the density of different cell lines was similar. This effect of CM may be mediated by a negative pH shift elicited from PLP but not DM20 expression. These results indicate that PLP gene products directly modulate neuron viability.
The Effects of ion Bombardment in Plasma Polymerization

A molecular beam probe technique has been used to investigate the role of ion bombardment of the film surface during the plasma polymerization process. Thin films have been deposited in a vacuum chamber from a molecular beam containing all the plasma species and these were compared with similar deposits from a beam with the charged particles deflected away. A comparison was made of deposition rates, vis/UV and IR absorption spectra of the films. It was found that the deposition rate was increased 20% with the elimination of ion bombardment. Ions incident on the film surface during deposition cause a net ablation of the film. The ion bombardment also causes an increased absorption of UV and near UV light by the film resulting in a noticeable yellowing. No change was observed in the IR spectra of the films with ion deflection.
Adding to the biology education research tool kit: Research Methods essays.

An increasing number of resources are becoming available to support the professional development of scientists transitioning to studying science education. CBE-Life Sciences Education is adding to the available professional development resources by launching a new type of essay, titled Research Methods.
Dexamethasone-dependent inhibition of differentiation of C2 myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible N-ras oncogenes

ras proteins are localized to the plasma membrane where they are postulated to interact with growth factor receptors and other proximal elements in intracellular cascades triggered by growth factors. The molecular events associated with terminal differentiation of certain skeletal myoblasts are inhibited by specific polypeptide growth factors and by constitutive expression of transforming ras oncogenes. To determine whether the inhibitory effects of ras on myogenic differentiation were reversible and to investigate whether muscle-specific genes remained susceptible to ras-dependent repression in terminally differentiated myotubes, the murine myoblast cell line, C2, was transfected with a plasmid containing a mutationally activated human N-ras oncogene under transcriptional control of the steroid-sensitive promoter of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Addition of dexamethasone to myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible ras oncogenes prevented myotube formation and induction of muscle creatine kinase and acetylcholine receptors. Inhibition of differentiation by dexamethasone occurred in a dose-dependent manner and was a titratable function of ras expression. In the presence of dexamethasone, myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible ras genes retained their dependence on exogenous growth factors to divide and exhibited contact inhibition of growth at confluent densities, indicating that the inhibitory effects of ras on differentiation were independent of cell proliferation. Removal of dexamethasone from N-ras-transfected myoblasts led to fusion and induction of muscle-specific gene products in a manner indistinguishable from control C2 cells. Examination of the effects of culture media conditioned by ras-transfected myoblasts on differentiation of normal C2 cells yielded no evidence for inhibition of differentiation via an autocrine mechanism. In contrast to the ability of N-ras to prevent up-regulation of muscle-specific gene products in myoblasts, induction of N-ras in terminally differentiated myotubes failed to extinguish muscle-specific gene expression. Together, these results suggest that oncogenic ras proteins reversibly activate an intracellular cascade that prevents establishment of the differentiated phenotype. The inability of ras to extinguish muscle-specific gene expression in terminally differentiated myotubes also suggests that ras may interfere with an early step in the pathway of myoblasts toward the differentiated state.
Modeling of an alternator using Stand Still Frequency Response Test

This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model of an alternator in d- and q-axes, and a Standstill Frequency-Response (SSFR) Test is employed to estimate model parameters. Unlike a conventional model, damper windings are introduced to represent the solid claw-pole rotor structure. The rotor saliency effect is also taken into account. Starting from a simpler model with one damper winding in d-axis and one damper winding in q-axis, several models are fitted using Levenberg-Marquadt method with weightings. Finally, a model with two damper windings in d-axis and two damper windings in q-axis was found to be the best fit model for the selected alternator.
Effects of Calcium Chloride on Verapamil- and Diltiazem-Pretreated Isolated Rat Hearts

The effects of calcium chloride on cardiac responses to verapamil and diltiazem were investigated using isolated and perfused rat hearts with a Langendorff technique. Ionized calcium concentrations were increased approximately from 0.5 mM to 2.2 mM when the hearts were pretreated with 0.2 mg/L of verapamil or 0.28 mg/L of diltiazem, or were untreated with calcium blockers. Calcium significantly counteracted the negative inotropic effect produced by diltiazem and verapamil. In contrast, the negative chronotropic effects of both diltiazem and verapamil were potentiated by increasing concentrations of ionized calcium, and this potentiation was not eliminated by 1.0 mg/L of atropine. An atrioventricular block was induced by both verapamil and diltiazem when ionized calcium concentrations were lower than normal. It is suggested from this study that, although calcium chloride counteracts the negative inotropic effects of verapamil and diltiazem, abruptly increased ionized calcium may cause severe bradycardia clinically.
The Molecular Chaperone Sse1 and the Growth Control Protein Kinase Sch9 Collaborate to Regulate Protein Kinase A Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Sch9 protein kinase regulates Hsp90-dependent signal transduction activity in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hsp90 functions in concert with a number of cochaperones, including the Hsp110 homolog Sse1. In this report, we demonstrate a novel synthetic genetic interaction between SSE1 and SCH9. This interaction was observed specifically during growth at elevated temperature and was suppressed by decreased signaling through the protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway. Correspondingly, sse1Δ sch9Δ cells were shown by both genetic and biochemical approaches to have abnormally high levels of PKA activity and were less sensitive to modulation of PKA by glucose availability. Growth defects of an sse1Δ mutant were corrected by reducing PKA signaling through overexpression of negative regulators or growth on nonoptimal carbon sources. Hyperactivation of the PKA pathway through expression of a constitutive RAS2 allele likewise resulted in temperature-sensitive growth, suggesting that modulation of PKA activity during thermal stress is required for adaptation and viability. Together these results demonstrate that the Sse1 chaperone and the growth control kinase Sch9 independently contribute to regulation of PKA signaling.
Demographic, risk factor, and knowledge differences between Latinas and non-Latinas referred to colposcopy

Abstract Objective Disparities occur in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer among minority women in the US. Screening lowers cervical cancer incidence. Screening rates are lower for minority women than for White women in the US. This study sought to identify demographic, risk factor, and perception of the role of Pap smears between Latinas and non-Latinas. Methods A written survey was administered to 150 Latinas and 150 non-Latinas attending a colposcopy unit. Data on demographics, risk factors, screening rates, knowledge about cervical cancer screening, and perceived barriers to participation in screening programs were collected. Results A total of 140 Latinas and 146 non-Latinas completed the survey. Marital status and health insurance status were similar in the two groups. 30% of Latinas and 73.3% of non-Latinas reported completing college ( p p p p Conclusions Several of the barriers limiting access to cervical cancer screening programs are also present among screened Latinas undergoing further evaluation for abnormal Pap smears.
Interaction of Al Films on Single Crystal Si Substrates Induced by Ion Irradiation and Post-Anneal

Rutherford backscattering and channeling techniques, transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy have been combined to investigate the reordering of implanted amorphous Si in the presence of an Al surface layer and the interdiffusion between these two elements. Recrystallization took place at 200°C and proceeded as the temperature increased. At 350–400°C, better epitaxial layers were obtained and channeling effects became observable. Substantial concentration of residual damage was observed in the regrown layer and persisted to high annealing temperatures. The concentration of Si in the Al film was far beyond the solid solubility at annealing temperatures. When ion implantation was performed at 200°C, the implanted layer was virtually defect free and the diffusion of Si into Al was suppressed.
Adipose Depletion and Apoptosis Induced by Trans‐10, Cis‐12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Mice*

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer mixture (mCLA) with each main isomer [trans-10,cis-12 CLA (CLA10,12) and cis-9,trans-11 CLA (CLA9,11)] in causing body lipid loss and adipose tissue apoptosis. Research Methods and Procedures: Mice selected over 16 generations for high (MH) or low (ML) energy expenditure and a control group (MC) were fed diets containing either soy oil or soy oil plus mCLA, CLA10,12, or CLA9,11 for 5 days in one study and 14 days in a second study. Results: Mice fed mCLA or CLA10,12 had less body lipid (p < 0.05), smaller retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.05), and ate less (p < 0.01) than mice fed no CLA or CLA9,11 for 5 days. Mice consuming 1% mCLA or 0.5% CLA10,12 gained less weight (p < 0.01) and had less body lipid (p < 0.05) and smaller epididymal (p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01) than mice consuming either control or 0.5% CLA9,11-containing diets for 14 days. Only mCLA and CLA10,12 increased apoptosis in retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01). The effects of mCLA and CLA10,12 were independent of genetic line except for the effect on adipocyte apoptosis. Mice of the MH line were slightly less sensitive than MC or ML mice to CLA-induced adipose tissue apoptosis. Discussion: CLA10,12, but not CLA9,11, can induce both body fat loss and adipose apoptosis. Although mice of a genotype with less body fat and greater metabolic rate and feed intake appear less sensitive, these CLA effects are robust for mice of varying metabolic background.
Knockdown, Residual, and Antifeedant Activity of Pyrethroids and Home Landscape Bioinsecticides Against Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on Linden Foliage

Residual toxicity and leaf protection capability of five pyrethroids, professional and home garden azadirachtin formulations, and six other bioinsecticides for the home landscape were evaluated against the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on linden, Tilia cordata L. Capacity of intoxicated beetles to recover and subsequently feed and disperse also was evaluated to provide insight on activity characteristics of the different compounds. Intact shoots were sprayed and left in the field for varying intervals before being challenged with beetles in no-choice and choice tests. All pyrethroids except permethrin gave greater leaf protection, knockdown, and kill than did carbaryl, the standard, after 14 d of weathering. Deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, and lamda-cyhalothrin gave a high level of protection for at least 19 d, and azadirachtin (Azatin XL) deterred feeding in choice tests for as long as 14 d. Home garden formulations containing pyrethrins in canola oil (Pyola) or azadiractin (Neem-Away) gave good short-term (< 3-d) protection. Formulations of capsaicin, rotenone + pyrethrins, kaolin particle film, D-limonene, or garlic extract were ineffective, the latter two formulations being highly phytotoxic to linden. Results of this study should help support updating of guidelines for insecticidal control of Japanese beetles.
The Relationship of Teacher-Child Play Interactions to Mathematics Learning in Preschool.

Teacher–child interactions in preschool children's play may enhance mathematics learning in several ways. As teachers interact with children, they may promote more complex, independent, and symbolic play. Resulting increases in play abilities, in turn, can enhance intellectual growth, including mathematical thinking. Teachers may also facilitate math learning directly by engaging children in mathematical thinking as they play. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on math learning of interactions that enhance play, itself, and those that directly engage children in mathematical thinking. The classroom play interactions of 47 preschoolers and their teachers were video recorded and analysed. The relationship between specific teacher–child interactions – both enhancing play strategies and promoting math approaches – was examined. Pre-test and post-test scores on the Test of Early Mathematics Ability, Third Edition (TEMA-3) showed that three play interactions predicted growth in math learning: ...
Correlates of problem resolution during parent-child discussions about chronic illness management

Families impacted by pediatric chronic illness must navigate treatment regimens that can present multiple problems and decisions to be addressed on a daily basis. The extent to which parents and children are able to solve such problems is likely to have implications for health behaviors and outcomes. The aims of this study were to examine correlates of problem resolution in families of children with a chronic illness. Participants were 167 children (ages 8-16) with type 1 diabetes or cystic fibrosis and a parent. Parent-child dyads recounted a recent discussion they had related to illness management and completed questionnaires. The research team coded the discussions for topic and outcome (i.e., did the dyad come up with a plan to address the problem). The results indicated that the majority of dyads in both illness groups came up with a plan during their discussions. Lack of problem resolution during the discussion was associated with higher parent coercion, more child resistance to the regimen, and worse adherence. Parent coercion and child resistance could be the targets of interventions to enhance problem solving and improve adherence.
Abstract 3550: Benefits of follow-up screening for Epstein Barr virus DNA in patients with localized nasopharyngial carcinoma .

Objective: In this study, we investigated whether detection of Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-DNA in plasma is a prognostic indicator of disease recurrence in patients who have been treated for localized nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Study subjects comprised 389 patients who had received treatment for localized nasopharyngeal carcinoma in our outpatient department. Copy numbers of EBV-DNA in plasma were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. Patients in whom disease recurrence was suspected underwent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies. Results: Plasma EBV-DNA was detectable in 60 of 63 (95%) patients with metastatic disease and all had positive PET findings. In addition, of the 45 patients with localized recurrent disease, plasma EBV-DNA was detectable in 23 (51%) patients and positive PET scan results were obtained in 40 (89%) of the patients. Of the 284 patients who were disease free, plasma EBV-DNA was detected in 90 (32%) patients. Of the 19 patients in disease free group who were suspected disease recurrence with PET scanning, 7 positive PET images were found including 3 second primary malignancy and 4 non-cancer lesions. Two lymphoma cases with positive EBV-DNA value sequentially attacked before or after their NPC were diagnosed. Conclusions: EBV-DNA is a good marker of localized disease recurrence/metastasis after treatment for NPC but needs to be combined with imaging studies such as PET to monitor disease status. Citation Format: Cheng-Lung Hsu. Benefits of follow-up screening for Epstein Barr virus DNA in patients with localized nasopharyngial carcinoma . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3550. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3550
Polynomials Whose Zeros Have Negative Real Parts

(1945). Polynomials Whose Zeros Have Negative Real Parts. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 308-322.
pH-regulated chloride secretion in fetal lung epithelia.

The fetal lung actively transports chloride across the airway epithelium. ClC-2, a pH-activated chloride channel, is highly expressed in the fetal lung and is located on the apical surface of the d...
Firm-Specific Wage Elasticity and the Return to Capital

Joan Robinson first suggested that the labor supply curve for a firm may be upward sloping with a finite wage elasticity. Recently, a rapidly growing volume of microeconomics studies have found empirical support for Robinson’s suggestion. In this paper it is shown that if a firm’s wage elasticity of supply for labor is finite, then owners of non-labor resources receive rents above their contribution to production. Thus, estimates of non-labor productivity that utilize market returns have a bias. A firm with a low wage elasticity may even have a negative marginal product for non-labor resources.
Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using a new amplatzer mushroom shaped device in children

Objective To assess the short term efficacy of anterograde transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using a new self expandable, mushroom shaped duct occluder (ADO) device Methods Forty nine children (21 males, 28 females) with PDA were treated by using the ADO device Their median age was 3 4 years (range 0 3 to 12 years) and median weight was 12 4 kg (range 4 5 to 23 4 kg) The average diameter of the PDA at its narrowest segment was 3 5 mm (range 2 1 to 7 1 mm) The device size was 6 mm to 10 mm Results ALL 49 patients had successful device placement Angiography showed that 21 patients had a trace shunt (foaming through the device with no jet), and 2 patients had mild residual shunt identifided by color Doppler echocardiography 24 hours after the procedure The mean time of the procedure was 42 minutes (from 33 to 50 minutes) The mean exposure time to X ray was 6 5 minutes (from 5 to 8 minutes) Conclusion Anterograde transcatheter closure using the new ADO device is an effective therapy for children with PDA
Growth of nano-composites and nano-alloys of Cu-Nb thin films

Abstract We report on the growth of immiscible Nb-Cu nano-composite thin films by DC co-sputtering. The ratio of Nb:Cu was varied in the films by changing the relative DC power ratio during sputtering. One set of films was grown at 600 °C while the other set was grown at room temperature. For the former set, the films formed phase-separated nano-composites of FCC-Cu and BCC-Nb irrespective of the Cu content. The microstructure revealed the presence of small crystallites of Nb and Cu, with their sizes changing only slightly with decreasing Cu content. These films were superconducting with the superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) decreasing marginally with increased Cu content. For the second set of films, nano-alloys of Nb-Cu were formed as the Cu concentration was about 30% thereby showing that solid solutions can be formed in a metastable state for systems which is otherwise thermodynamically unfavourable. Interestingly, these nano-alloys were also found to be superconducting with a T c around 3.2 ± 0.5 K.
A game equilibrium model of a retail electricity market with high penetration of small and mid-size renewable suppliers

Abstract Game theory has provided a practical tool to model players' strategic behavior in electricity markets, particularly as the world moves towards a more competitive market. A game theoretic approach can be used to find the clearing electricity price in a retail electricity market with a high penetration of small and mid-size renewable suppliers.
Risk of neonatal drug withdrawal after intrauterine co-exposure to opioids and psychotropic medications: cohort study

Objectives To assess the impact of in utero co-exposure to psychotropic medications and opioids on the incidence and severity of neonatal drug withdrawal. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Nationwide sample of pregnancies in publicly insured women in the US, nested in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (2000-10). Participants 201 275 pregnant women with public insurance who were exposed to opioids around the time of delivery and their liveborn infants. Interventions In utero exposure to psychotropic medications, in particular antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z drugs), with prescriptions filled within the same time window as prescriptions for opioids. Main outcome measure Diagnosis of neonatal drug withdrawal in infants exposed in utero to opioids and psychotropic medications compared with opioids alone. Results The absolute risk for neonatal drug withdrawal ranged from 1.0% in infants exposed in utero to prescription opioids alone to 11.4% for those exposed to opioids co-prescribed with gabapentin. Among neonates exposed in utero to prescription opioids, the relative risk adjusted for propensity score was 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.22 to 1.47) with concomitant exposure to antidepressants, 1.49 (1.35 to 1.63) with benzodiazepines, 1.61 (1.26 to 2.06) with gabapentin, 1.20 (0.95 to 1.51) with antipsychotics, and 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) with Z drugs. In utero exposure to two or more psychotropic medications along with opioids was associated with a twofold increased risk of withdrawal (2.05, 1.77 to 2.37). The severity of the withdrawal seemed increased in neonates exposed to both opioids and psychotropic medications compared with opioids alone. Conclusions During pregnancy, the use of psychotropic medications in addition to prescription opioids is common, despite a lack of safety data. The current findings suggest that these drugs could further increase the risk and severity of neonatal drug withdrawal.
T Cell Factors Involved in the Regulation of the IgE Antibody Response

The IgE response is selectively regulated by T cell factors having affinity for IgE. One of the IgE-binding factors selectively potentiates the IgE response, while another type of IgE-binding factor suppresses the response. The two factors share a common structural gene, and the difference between the two factors is decided by post-translational glycosylation process. Under the physiological conditions, the glycosylation process is controlled by two T cell factors: glycosylation enhancing factor (GEF) and glycosylation inhibiting factor (GIF). GEF is a kallikrein-like enzyme and GIF is a fragment of phosphorylated lipomodulin, a phospholipase inhibitory protein. GIF has immunosuppressive effects on the antibody response in vivo.
The treatment of iliac artery atherosclerosis with angioplasty and intravascular stents

Case description A 66-year-old man presented with bilateral calf and thigh claudication brought on by walking less than half a block. With rest, the pain resolved within minutes. This dis­ comfort was first noticed in the right leg 7 years ago and has become progressive and more disabling despite his fol­ lowing a standard walking program. He was unable to pur­ sue his passion for golf because of this pain. He had no ischemic ulcerations or rest pain. His atherosclerotic risk factors included hypertension, cigarette smoking since the age of 15, and elevated total cholesterol level of 285 mg/dl. The hypertension (7 years' duration) was well controlled on enalapril and doxazosin. He also took levothyroxine for hypothyroidism induced after irradiation treatment of Gra­ ves' disease. Despite counseling he continued to smoke. Other associated medical conditions included polycythemia (controled with phlebotomy) and benign prostatic hypertro­ phy. There was no history of myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, TIAs or stroke. On physical examination he was five feet, eight inches (1.54 m) tall, weighed 190 pounds (86 kg), and had truncal obesity and male pattern baldness. The blood pressure was 160/70 mmHg in both arms, with a regular heart rate of 90/min and respiratory rate of 20/min. The neck was supple without thyromegaly, adenopathy or bruit. The lungs were hyper-resonant without rales or wheezing. The heart sounds were regular without murmur, gallop or rub. The abdominal aorta was not enlarged and there were no epigastric bruits. The right femoral pulse was absent, and the left femoral pulse was severely diminished. The popliteal, posterior tib­ ial and dorsalis pedis pulses were absent bilaterally. Resting noninvasive plethysmographic arterial studies of the lower extremities demonstrated aortoiliac disease with anklelbrachial indices of 0.53 on the right and 0.60 on the left, which dropped to 0.18 after treadmill exercise. The exercise was stopped at 90 s owing to bilateral calf and thigh pain. Arteriography confirmed the presence of severe
Vascular Late Effects of Cranial Radiation

Many pediatric cancer survivors have received cranial radiation as part of multimodality treatment, most commonly those with leukemia and primary tumors of the central nervous system. The effects of radiotherapy on the developing vascular system may be significant, in summary causing the vessels to appear prematurely aged and fragile. As a result of these changes, survivors are at risk for vascular pathologies that include ischemic stroke, vascular malformations such as Moyamoya, aneurysm, and cavernoma, hemorrhage, necrosis, complicated migraines, and other, rarer, syndromes. Certain factors including age, genetic predisposition, and radiation dose and volume may contribute to risk of such pathologies. There is an increasing role for prevention through modifiable risk factors including metabolic factors. Treatment of vascular pathologies arising after radiotherapy remains similar to that recommended for de novo vascular disease.
Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (P2.147)

Objective: To highlight the diagnostic challenges and need for early recognition of Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (CRION) To describe a case of CRION successfully managed with of atumumab, a fully human CD20 monoclonal antibody Background: CRION is an exceedingly rare cause of optic neuritis, often overlooked, leading to poor visual outcomes. Design/Methods: Case presentation Results: 42 yo AAF with PMHx of asthma and migraine, with family history of ocular sarcoidosis and lupus in first degree relatives, presented with recurrent episodes of painful left eye vision loss. She was treated by a neuro-ophthalmologist with multiple pulse therapies of corticosteroids which helped regain some vision, but only temporarily. She had multiple attacks over next few years, eventually loosing vision in the left eye without right eye involvement. She never experienced weakness, numbness or b/b incontinence. MRI brain revealed post contrast enhancement of left optic nerve associated with recurrent optic neuritis. Neurosarcoidosis, white matter disease, rheumatological disorders were ruled out by extensive evaluation including imaging studies, CSF and blood tests. We evaluated her first in 2014 for new painful right vision loss. On examination, she had no light perception, very pale optic disc, and fixed pupil in left eye. Right eye vision was limited to hand movements, had reactive pupil, and pale optic disc. OCT showed severe thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer in both eyes. VEP had no measurable responses in either eye. She was diagnosed with CRION. She was treated with high dose methylprednisolone and plasma exchange with some recovery in right eye vision. Rituximab was initiated for long term immune-suppression but was discontinued due to allergy. She is now clinically stable on of atumumab. Conclusions: CRION is a diagnosis of exclusion that requires early diagnosis and treatment. Treatment by B-cell depletion appears to be effective. Disclosure: Dr. Amrutkar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burton has nothing to disclose.
New Legal Realism and the Explanation of Judicial Behavior: Doctrine, Data, and High Theory

This article was originally presented at the New Legal Realism 10th Anniversary Conference, held at the University of California-Irvine Law School in August 2014, for the panel, "Realism About Judges, Doctrine and Power."The article explores the history of realism and the explanation of judicial behavior, with discussions of contemporary political theory approaches to judicial behavior (in particular, the "attitudinal model" of judicial behavior).The article notes that while it is likely that most judges act in good faith when deciding cases, seeing themselves as open-minded in deciding the legal disputes before them, legal and political science observers (and others) notice patterns seemingly more related to ideology than doctrine. The idea that judicial decision-making is "political," and that in court decisions we are being governed as much by the people as by law, is now a commonplace, but the underlying reality of judicial decision-making remains complicated, with much work still to be done by empirical research.The article argues that there remains a role also for (non-empirical) legal theorists in this debate, to investigate and clarify what is meant by "legally determined outcomes," and to help to ascertain which issues are in fact legally determined and when even predictable outcomes might be explained by factors other than legal doctrine.
Amputations and Rehabilitation

An amputation of the lower extremity is erroneously considered as a failure of conservative care or an unpreventable outcome of diabetes. In the diabetic population, a lower extremity amputation is often the result of ischemia or uncontrolled infection. This chapter discusses multiple factors that should be evaluated to optimize the outcome of any amputation. The technique and important intraoperative factors when performing an amputation are discussed. Following an amputation, a rehabilitation process is begun to return the patient back into the community. Discussed are the factors that influence a patient’s rehabilitation potential as a community ambulator.
Hijacking Oogenesis Enables Massive Propagation of LINE and Retroviral Transposons

Summary Although animals have evolved multiple mechanisms to suppress transposons, "leaky" mobilizations that cause mutations and diseases still occur. This suggests that transposons employ specific tactics to accomplish robust propagation. By directly tracking mobilization, we show that, during a short and specific time window of oogenesis, retrotransposons achieve massive amplification via a cell-type-specific targeting strategy. Retrotransposons rarely mobilize in undifferentiated germline stem cells. However, as oogenesis proceeds, they utilize supporting nurse cells—which are highly polyploid and eventually undergo apoptosis—as factories to massively manufacture invading products. Moreover, retrotransposons rarely integrate into nurse cells themselves but, instead, via microtubule-mediated transport, they preferentially target the DNA of the interconnected oocytes. Blocking microtubule-dependent intercellular transport from nurse cells significantly alleviates damage to the oocyte genome. Our data reveal that parasitic genomic elements can efficiently hijack a host developmental process to propagate robustly, thereby driving evolutionary change and causing disease.
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Adolescents

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract are a heterogeneous group of disorders which represent the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents. Children are most often diagnosed in the antenatal and neonatal period given the widespread use of antenatal ultrasound; however, late diagnoses do occur and clinicians should recognize potential presenting signs and symptoms. Care of children with chronic kidney disease due to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team that includes both a pediatric urologist and pediatric nephrologist. Treatment involves surgical interventions and management of bladder dysfunction in some cases, as well as medical management of the complications of chronic kidney disease. Particular attention should be paid to the adolescent with chronic kidney disease due to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract as puberty is a time of more rapid kidney disease progression. For those children who do progress to end-stage renal disease, outcomes with renal transplantation are superior in this group of patients as compared to other causes of renal disease.
Absorbable subcuticular staples versus suture for caesarean section closure: a randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes of efficiency, safety, patient, and surgeon satisfaction between absorbable subcuticular staples and subcuticular suture for caesarean section skin closure. DESIGN A prospective, randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group trial. SETTING Mayo Clinic Family Birth Center in Rochester, MN, USA. POPULATION At least 18 years old and 24 weeks' gestation, undergoing caesarean section. Exclusion criteria were body mass index >50, chorioamnionitis, intrauterine fetal death, and multifetal gestation. METHODS Patients were stratified by prior caesarean section, body mass index, and surgeon level and randomised to absorbable subcuticular staples or subcuticular suture. Electronic medical records and surveys were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were total operating time, from incision start to close. Secondary outcomes included subcuticular skin closure time, patient and surgeon satisfaction, percutaneous injuries, pain (analgesic use), cosmesis, and wound complications. RESULTS Of 220 randomised patients, 206 were included in the final analysis (103 per group). Baseline characteristics were similar. The primary outcome of total operative time was not significantly different between groups [54.0 (44.9-63.6) versus 58.0 (50.4-68.2) minutes, P = 0.053]. The subcuticular staple group had shorter subcuticular skin closure time [median 2.6 (1.8-4.0) versus 8.5 (6.2-10.5) minutes, P < 0.001]. There were no differences in analgesic use, wound complications, cosmesis or patient satisfaction. One needlestick injury occurred with suture. Surgeons were more likely to recommend (97% versus 85%, P = 0.004) and use (98% versus 82%, P < 0.001) absorbable subcuticular staples. CONCLUSION For caesarean section skin closure, absorbable subcuticular staples did not result in significantly different total operative times compared with sutures. Analgesic use, wound complications, and cosmesis were comparable. Patient and surgeon satisfaction were high with both methods. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Absorbable subcuticular staples associated with a similar total operative time compared with suture.
Teaching Refugee Students in Arizona: Examining the Implementation of Structured English Immersion.

With an increase in refugee children entering schools around the world, it has grown increasingly important to examine educational policy formulation and implementation to understand how teachers are enacting policies to support this student population. This article focuses on the language policy that shapes educational experiences for refugee students in urban schools in Phoenix, Arizona. Through a review of the literature and data collected from teacher interviews and a survey, this article explores how teachers appropriate official educational policies to construct de facto policies in their classrooms. Innovative practices that teachers employ are also highlighted, and recommendations for further research, policy, and practice are provided.
Highly Selective and Potent Human β-Secretase 2 (BACE2) Inhibitors against Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies

Herein we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent and highly selective β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1, beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 2, or BACE 2) inhibitors. BACE2 has been recognized as an exciting new target for type 2 diabetes. The X-ray structure of BACE1 bound to inhibitor 2 a {N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)propyl]amino]propyl]-5-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide} containing a hydroxyethylamine isostere was determined. Based on this structure, a computational docking study was performed which led to inhibitor 2 a-bound BACE2 models. These were used to optimize the potency and selectivity of inhibitors. A systematic structure-activity relationship study led to the identification of determinants of the inhibitors' potency and selectivity toward the BACE2 enzyme. Inhibitors 2 d [N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amino]propyl]-N1 -methyl-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide; Ki =0.031 nm, selectivity over BACE1: ≈174 000-fold] and 3 l [N1 -((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)butan-2-yl)-N3 ,5-dimethyl-N3 -((R)-1-phenylethyl)isophthalamide; Ki =1.6 nm, selectivity over BACE1: >500-fold] displayed outstanding potency and selectivity. Inhibitor 3 l is nonpeptide in nature and may pave the way to the development of a new class of potent and selective BACE2 inhibitors with clinical potential.
The impact of new guidelines on the prevalence of hypertension in children: A cross-sectional evaluation.

Updated clinical practice guidelines for screening blood pressures in pediatric patients were published in 2017. They differ from the previous guideline, known as the Fourth Report, providing updated population normal values and blood pressure categorization. We hypothesized that the prevalence of abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents would be higher using the new clinical practice guidelines. We present a cross-sectional study of screening blood pressure values for children 3 to 18 years of age obtained during well-child visits at a primary care clinic. All blood pressure values were categorized using both the Fourth Report and the Clinical Practice Guideline. A total of 2635 blood pressure measurements were extracted, and 2600 were eligible for analysis. Using the clinical practice guideline, the prevalence of hypertension increased to 17.85% compared to 9.5% per the Fourth Report (P < 0.0001). Of those patients classified as having a normal blood pressure by the Fourth Report, 12% changed to abnormal when applying the Clinical Practice Guideline. All subgroups had a significant increase in the prevalence of abnormal blood pressure. The most dramatic increase in the prevalence of stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension was seen in six patient subgroups: males, 3-12 years of age, Hispanic ethnicity, race designated as other, normal weight, and overweight. Applying the new Clinical Practice Guideline increased the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension in children and adolescents, requiring more follow-up and intervention than previously expected for this patient population.
The Legal Relation: Legal Theory after Legal Positivism

What is law? The usual answer is that the law is a system of norms. But this answer gives us at best half of the story. The law is a way of relating to one another. We do not do this as lovers or friends and not as people who are interested in obtaining guidance from moral insight. In a legal context, we are cast as 'character masks' (Marx), for example, as 'buyer' and 'seller' or 'landlord' and 'tenant'. We expect to have our claims respected simply because the law has given us rights. We do not want to give any other reason for our behavior than the fact that we have a legal right. Backing rights up with coercive threats indicates that we are willing to accept legal obligations unwillingly. This book offers a conceptual reconstruction of the legal relation on the basis of a critique of legal positivism.
Free Space Vertical Interconnects using Near Field Coupling Antennas in a Fabry-Perot Cavity Environment

Vertical interconnects (or vias) are used extensively with the aggressive scaling of device geometries and to obtain more performance from a limited area in 3D integrated systems. As circuit layers increase, so do fabrication challenges and high frequency performance degradation with vias. A novel low loss free space vertical interconnect is proposed using Fabry-Perot-Cavity antenna system in the near field. A 12GHz design is demonstrated that couples signal between two patch antennas through a frequency selective surface (FSS). The design has an insertion loss of 1.34dB and is close to the insertion loss (0.8dB) of a though line. When compared to a 2 layer microstrip line with metal vias, the proposed solution’s insertion loss is 2.64dB lower. In summary, this novel system offers low loss and isolation in an approach that is scalable for use in higher frequency applications (i.e. 60GHz or 5G) where excessive loss is prohibitive.