cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering spatial control of multiple differentiation fates within a stem cell population

The capability to engineer microenvironmental cues to direct a stem cell population toward multiple fates, simultaneously, in spatially defined regions is important for understanding the maintenance and repair of multi-tissue units. We have previously developed an inkjet-based bioprinter to create patterns of solid-phase growth factors (GFs) immobilized to an extracellular matrix (ECM) substrate, and applied this approach to drive muscle-derived stem cells toward osteoblasts 'on-pattern' and myocytes 'off-pattern' simultaneously. Here this technology is extended to spatially control osteoblast, tenocyte and myocyte differentiation simultaneously. Utilizing immunofluorescence staining to identify tendon-promoting GFs, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) was shown to upregulate the tendon marker Scleraxis (Scx) in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts and primary muscle-derived stem cells, while downregulating the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Quantitative PCR studies indicated that FGF-2 may direct stem cells toward a tendon fate via the Ets family members of transcription factors such as pea3 and erm. Neighboring patterns of FGF-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) printed onto a single fibrin-coated coverslip upregulated Scx and the osteoblast marker ALP, respectively, while non-printed regions showed spontaneous myotube differentiation. This work illustrates spatial control of multi-phenotype differentiation and may have potential in the regeneration of multi-tissue units.
CYTOKINES AND PAF RELEASE FROM HUMAN MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES: EFFECT OF HEMOGLOBIN AND CONTAMINANTS

Monocytes [M] were isolated from venous blood of healthy volunteers and activated macrophage-leukocytes (Mo-L] were obtained from peritoneal fluid of patients with mild endometriosis. The M were incubated with pyrogen free CELLGRO culture medium [Control], and with 0.2 mM of [A] unmodified bovine hemoglobin (UHb), [B] Hb crosslinked to form polymers with M.W. < 400 kDa (LMWHb), [C] Hb crosslinked to form large polymers (< 1,020 kDa) (HMWHb), and Mo-L additionally with [D] UHb contaminated with endotoxin (Hb+E) (2.5 EU/mL), and [E] UHb contaminated with phospholipids (Hb+PLs). The Mo-L medium of incubation was tested for TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-6, GM-CSF and PAF after 6 and 24 hours, but M for TNF alpha and GM-CSF at 12, 24 and 36 hours. Mo-L were found more responsive than M colonies. The strongest reaction of Mo-L was to Hb+E, which produced levels of cytokines and PAF higher than Controls (p < 0.001). Hb+PLs induced smaller increases of TNF and IL-6, and a decrease in the levels of IL-1 and GM-CSF. However, the release of PAF was much greater with this Hb than with Hb+E. UHb caused an increase in TNF, as compared to control (p < 0.01). LMWHb generated a similar increase in TNF, but also a decrease in IL-1. Both polymerized Hb forms inhibited expression of GM-CSF. HMWHb induced high levels of TNF, IL-1 and PAF. UHb, LMWHb and HMWHb significantly increase levels of TNF in M cultures after 36 hours of incubation.
Microvascular Reconstruction of Major Lip Defects

Reconstruction of extensive lip defects is a challenging task for reconstructive microsurgeons. This article reviews the goals of lip reconstruction after major ablative or traumatic lip losses and outlines the free flap options available to achieve these goals.
Factors associated with adherence to treatment with olanzapine and other atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia.

Abstract Objectives Poor treatment response is an important factor contributing to lack of treatment adherence. The goals of this research were to determine whether improvements in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) symptom domains predict the likelihood of staying on treatment and whether differential responses to treatment with various atypical antipsychotics in specific symptom domains account for differences in discontinuation rates or treatment adherence. Methods We conducted a post-hoc analysis of pooled data from 5 randomized, double-blind, 24- to 28-week clinical trials in 1103 olanzapine-treated and 1090 risperidone-, quetiapine-, ziprasidone-, or aripiprazole-treated adult patients with schizophrenia. The 5 PANSS factors were tested as potential predictors of treatment adherence for all treatment groups combined. Treatment differences in the 5 PANSS factors and individual items were assessed between olanzapine and the other atypical antipsychotics combined. Secondary analyses repeated for the 21 Heinrichs Quality of Life Scale (QLS) items. Results Improvement in PANSS positive factor was the strongest predictor of treatment adherence, irrespective of medication (based on standardized scores, hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], +1.40 to +1.79; P P P = .002) factors was also a significant predictor; negative and disorganized thoughts factors were not. All QLS items had significant predictive effects. Olanzapine-treated patients showed significantly greater improvements than all other groups at week 24 on all 5 PANSS factors ( P = .028 for negative; P Conclusion Significant improvement in positive symptoms, regardless of treatment, followed by significant improvement in hostility and depressive symptoms, may best predict treatment adherence. Olanzapine-treated patients experienced significantly greater improvements in these specific symptoms than patients treated with the other atypical antipsychotics examined. These findings may further explain why olanzapine-treated patients continue treatment more often.
Haemodynamic comparison of a novel flow-divider Optiflo geometry and a traditional total cavopulmonary connection.

OBJECTIVES: The total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), the current palliation of choice for single-ventricle heart defects, is typically created with a single cylindrical tunnel or conduit routing inferior vena caval (IVC) flow to the pulmonary arteries. Previous studies have shown the haemodynamic efficiency of the TCPC to be sub-optimal due to the collision of vena caval flow, thus placing an extra energy burden on the single ventricle. The use of a bifurcated graft as the Fontan baffle (i.e. the ‘Optiflo’) has previously been proposed on the basis of theoretically improved flow efficiency; however, anatomical constraints may limit its effectiveness in some patients. METHODS: In this study, an alternative approach to flow bifurcation is proposed, where a triangular insert is placed at the distal end of the IVC graft. The proof of concept for this design is demonstrated in two steps: first, determining the optimal insert size at a fixed Fontan graft size through a parametric study; then, characterizing the efficiency as a function of graft size when compared with a TCPC control. TCPC power loss and IVC flow distribution were the primary metrics of interest and were evaluated under both resting and simulated exercise conditions using an in-house computational fluid dynamics solver. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that there was an optimal insert size that improved efficiency compared with the TCPC. For an 18-mm Fontan baffle, TCPC power loss was 4.1 vs 3.7 mW with the optimal flow-divider. The optimal insert was then scaled up for a 20-mm graft, with a similar reduction in power loss observed. Flow distribution results were inconsistent, based on sensitivity to the placement of the insert within the baffle. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated proof of concept that the flow-divider has the potential to reduce power loss and streamline IVC flow through the TCPC. An appropriate size for the insert in proportion to the Fontan baffle size was identified that reduced losses compared with a TCPC control under both resting and simulated exercise flow conditions.
Laser Possibilities of Chemically Excited Molecules Formed with Atomic Species

The factors influencing laser oscillation by the decay of excited molecules formed by a chemical reaction are analyzed. The molecular system consists of three electronic levels, X, A, and B, listed in order of increasing excitation, of which the A level is preferentially populated by chemical reaction. Each of these states has its associated vibration-rotational levels. Effects of collision and rotational perturbation on depleting and on populating these levels are included in the analysis, which consists of solving the set of rate equations describing the growth of the various A and B states in conjunction with the condition for lasing. Electronically excited CN,(CN*), produced by an atomic nitrogen flame reaction is considered as an example. A possibility exists for lasing of CN* at infrared and red wavelengths provided that the reaction is kept at low temperatures (∼77°K). Even, then, it is necessary that the lower vibrational levels of the ground electronic state approach thermal equilibrium as soon as they are formed. A number of possible schemes for depleting the vibrational levels of the X states are discussed.
Falling Below the Line: Minimum Subgroup Size and Special Education Enrollment

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) brought high-stakes accountability testing into every American public school with the goal of 100 percent proficiency for all students. Making annual yearly progress (AYP) toward this proficiency goal for the total student population as well as at-risk subgroups was required in order for schools to avoid possible sanctions, such as school restructuring. In implementing NCLB, states had flexibility to determine the minimum size of these subgroups as to provide statistical reliability and accountability for as many schools as possible. If a school did not meet the state’s minimum subgroup size, the proficiency of the students in the group were not calculated as part of AYP. The subjectivity of identification along with the lack of reliability in test score results makes manipulating the subgroup of students with disabilities possible and advantageous to schools. Using data from over 1,000 Arkansas schools for the years 2004-05 to 2013-14, school-level fixed effects analyses show that falling below the minimum subgroup cutoff of 40 is associated with a 1.5 percentage point decrease in students with disabilities at the school. For every student a school is above the cutoff, there is an increase of 0.09 percentage points in special education enrollment. Possible implications are discussed.
A Natural User Interface to Drive a Robotic Fish

Interactive control modes for robotic fish based informal science learning activities have been shown to increase user interest in STEM careers. This study explores the use of natural user interfaces to engage users in an interactive activity and excite them about the possibility of a robotics career. In this work, we propose a novel natural user interface platform for enhancing participant interaction by controlling a robotic fish in a set of tasks. Specifically, we develop and characterize a new platform, which utilizes a Microsoft Kinect and an ad-hoc communication protocol. Preliminary studies are conducted to assess the usability of the platform.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Metabolism, Covalent Binding, and Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 by Liver Extracts From Rats of Various Ages

The ability of S-9 fractions isolated from the livers of 4-, 12-, and 26-month-old male inbred F344 rats to activate and metabolize the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 [(AFB1) CAS: 1162-65-8] was studied. The following observations were made: The activation of AFB1 to compounds that are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella-microsome test and to compounds that covalently bind DNA in vitro was similar for liver S-9 from 4- and 12-month-old rats. A 30-50% decrease in the activation of AFB1 occurred in rats between 12 and 26 months of age. The in vitro metabolism of AFB1 to chloroform-soluble and water-soluble metabolites was similar for 4- and 12-month-old rats and decreased significantly in rats after 12 months of age. The proportion of most of the chloroform-soluble metabolites of AFB1 formed by liver S-9 from 4-, 12-, and 26-month-old rats was similar. However, the proportion of aflatoxicol (CAS: 29611-03-8) produced by liver S-9 increased approximately twofold in rats between 12 and 26 months of age. The cytochrome P450 content and the NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity of liver microsomes decreased 40-45% in rats between 12 and 26 months of age. However, the activities of UDPglucuronyltransferases and most forms of glutathione S-transferase did not change significantly with increasing age in liver microsomes and cytosol, respectively.
Sequential-Simultaneous Analysis of Japanese Children's Performance on the Japanese McCarthy Scales:

This study explored the hypothesis that Japanese children perform significantly better on simultaneous processing than on sequential processing. The K-ABC served as the criterion of the two types o...
Effects of hypophysectomy and TSH on thyroidal fucokinase in rats.

SummaryThe purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether rat thyroid fucokinase is responsive to hypophysectomy and to administration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Prior to measurements of fucokinase activity in thyroid extracts, any potential low-molecular-weight effectors were removed from the extracts by a molecular sieving procedure. With this procedure, thyroid fucokinase activity in hypo-physectomized rats was found to be 55% lower than in intact rats. Injections (i.p.) of TSH into the hypophysectomized rats, however, restored the activity lost upon hypophysectomy to levels that were not significantly different from those of intact animals. Also, when intact rats were given injections (i.p.) of TSH, thyroid fucokinase activity was elevated significantly above that found in intact animals given injections of carrier only.
The Market for Prefabricated Housing

N THE late summer of 1950 a survey on people's attitudes toward prefabricated houses was made in ChampaignUrbana, Illinois. This survey had two objectives: (a) to determine people's attitudes toward prefab houses as compared with the conventional oneor twofamily houses and to uncover some of the factors influencing these attitudes; and (b) to determine the effect of advertising and articles on these attitudes.' Since information on these subjects seems to be scarce, the results of this survey may be of interest to those connected with the housing industry. The analysis of the results is also of interest to market researchers in general, as it indicates how even a limited survey of this type can provide much useful information about the market structure of a particular product. Properly handled, local surveys can be very effective research tools, and at a fraction of the cost of the large-scale national surveys. Their disadvantage is the considerable caution and qualifications with which the results have to be interpreted.
A synchronic study of the religious moral

Religious moral and socialist moral are different in nature, although the religious moral acts, to a certain extent, as a spiritual culture, stand for the common spiritual pursuit of human beings. Thus it is also an indispensable spiritual resource for the modern ethics. The religious moral concerns interrelationship between humans versus divinity, implying the human pursuit of egocentric sacredness. Furthermore, interpersonal or the social moral is explored. This overlaps with the worldly morals, so as to strengthen the moral belief among the humans. Religious moral also reiterates the selfdiscipline for the religious followers. 
원저 : 술후 회복실에서의 동맥혈 산소 포화도의 임상적 비교평가

전신 마취후 회복실로 운반된 환자들에서는 마취 동안의 호흡 기능의 변화, 즉 폐션트와 사장의 증가, 그리고 수술중 투여된 마취약제 ,아편양제제, 근이완제 등의 지속적인 호나기억제 작용으로 인산 저산소증의 발생 위험이 높다. PULSE OCIMETER는 산소포화도 측정에 있어서 정확하며, 지속적이고, 비침습성이며, 눈금정하기가 필요하기 않은 장치로써 회복실에서 환자들의 저산소증을 감시하기에 편리한 기계이다. 저자들은 전신 마취후 회복실로 운반된 환자중 ASA class 1∼2인 성인 환자에 복부 수술의 시행 유무와 회복실에 도착 후 첫 10분 동안에 산소를 투여하는 여부에 따라서 실험군을 4가지로 분류를 하였다. 제 1군은 복부 수술과 실내 공기를 호흡한 환자, 제 2군은 비복부 수술과 실내 공기 호흡한 환자, 제 3군은 복부 수술과 산소 호흡한 환자, 그리고 제 4군은 비복부 수술과 산소 호흡한 환자로 나누었다. Biox 3700 Pulse Oximeter (Ohmeda)를 사용하여 회복실에 도착시 (RRSAT1), 10분(RRSAT2), 20분 (RRSAT3), rmflrh 30qns(RRSAT4)에 동맥혈 산소포화도를 측정하여 각 군에서 저산소증 발생과 평균 산소포화도의 변화를 비교 하였다. RRSAT1에서 평균 동맥혈 산소포화도는 94.9%이었으며, 회복실에 도착시 저산소증(SaO_2<90%)의 발생율은 7% 이었다. 산소투여후 첫 10분에서 산소포화도의 상당한 증가가 있었고 그 이후는 약간의 증가를 보였다. 복부 수술을 시행한 군과 비복부 수술을 시행한 군에서 산소표화도의 의미 있는 차이는 보이지 않았으나 산소공급을 하지 않는 경우 이들 두군에서 산소포화도는 의미있는 차이를 보였다. 그러므로 슬후 저산소증을 피하기 위해서 회복실에서 최소한 10분 정도 보조적인 산소투여가 바람직한 것으로 사료된다.
Vaginal hysterectomy for elective sterilization.

The records of 595 patients undergoing elective sterilization by vaginal hysterectomy between 1971-1974 at any army medical center were reviewed for age gravidity parity pathologic diagnosis complications additional procedures performed and length of postoperative stay. Average age gravidity and parity were 31 3.7 and 3.0 respectively. 27% had a pathologic diagnosis (12% fibroids 4.8% adenomyosis 4.4% dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the cervix). This was not unexpected as many women selected hysterectomy because of minor menstrual irregularity or pelvic discomfort. The incidence of such findings increased with age but was unrelated to gravidity or parity. The overall complication rate was 23% comparing favorably with most series reported in the literature. There was no morbidity and only 1 patient had a pulmonary embolus. The febrile morbidity rate was 12.4% 29.7% of which was caused by urinary tract infection 25.6% by hematoma 17.6% by pelvic cellulitis 2.7% by cuff abscess and 4% by other problems. Incidence of complications was not correlated with age gravidity or parity. Additional procedures including posterior and anterior repair and salpingo-oophorectomy were performed in 9.7% of patients. All women were placed on prophylactic antibiotics prior to surgery and it is considered important to continue to monitor infection rates in case an antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerges. 8.4% of patients had bleeding complications which were found to increase when adnexal pathology was present or additional procedures performed. The average postoperative day of discharge was 5.56 for the entire series 6.7 for those with infectious complications and 7.34 for patients with bleeding complications.
Respiratory Diseases of Gallinaceous Birds

Respiratory conditions constitute many of the diseases affecting all avian species, including gallinaceous birds. Clinical signs and gross lesions of different respiratory diseases are often similar, and establishing a definitive diagnosis may require ancillary laboratory testing. Determination of a specific diagnosis allows practitioners to select the most effective therapies and to prescribe a management program that prevents recurrence.
Nyāya, J.L. Shaw and Epistemic Luck

An epistemically lucky agent manages to derive a true conclusion from an incomplete, or faulty, set of premises. The concept of epistemic luck is interesting because it appears that an agent acquires knowledge in these situations, when in fact, Western epistemologists tend to resist attributing knowledge to the agent. The Nyāya, on the other hand, would attribute a type of knowledge to the agent while denying that the agent has acquired a more robust type of knowledge. The Nyāya attribute knowledge to an agent despite the possibility of epistemic luck because they distinguish between two types of knowledge: knowledge simpliciter and a more robust sense of knowledge, which I call reflective knowledge, following Pritchard (2005).
Reforming New Orleans: the contentious politics of change in the big easy

The physical devastation of a city was only the first of many traumas experienced by New Orleanians following the landfall of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005. As Peter Burns and Matthew Thomas ...
Profiling Optimization for Big Data Transfer over Dedicated Channels

The transfer of big data is increasingly supported by dedicated channels in high-performance networks, where transport protocols play an important role in maximizing application-level throughput and link utilization. The performance of transport protocols largely depend on their control parameter settings, but it is prohibitively time consuming to conduct an exhaustive search in a large parameter space to find the best set of parameter values. We propose FastProf, a stochastic approximation-based transport profiler, to quickly determine the optimal operational zone of a given data transfer protocol/method over dedicated channels. We implement and test the proposed method using both emulations based on real-life performance measurements and experiments over physical connections with short (2ms) and long (380ms) delays. Both the emulation and experimental results show that FastProf significantly reduces the profiling overhead while achieving a comparable level of end-to-end throughput performance with the exhaustive search-based approach.
Domestic International Sales Corporation

This chapter describes the status of interest-charge domestic international sales corporation (IC-DISC). It coversstructuralrequirements andthe tax treatment of shareholders. The focus is on the requirements and the structuring of the DISC for maximizing tax benefits.
A comparison of electrical insulation degradation from various chemical sprays in loss of coolant accident (LOCA) environments

Nuclear environmental equipment qualification is used to insure equipment operability at an end of life condition following a design basis event. The environmental effects must be accounted for when making this determination. One aspect of the design basis event is chemical spray which is applied to mitigate the accident. The corrosive effects of typical containment sprays upon insulation systems commonly encountered in containment components are examined. Comparison methods to use when evaluating adequacy of equipment test data are discussed and examples of these analysis techniques are given.
Robotics in the Study of Animal Behavior

The use of robotics to study animal behavior has increased in recent years, as the sophistication of robot technology increases and costs decrease. There are two main uses of robots in behavioral studies. First, robots have been used in playback experiments to mimic behaviors in a controlled way in order to study focal animal response. Second, robots have been used as a modeling tool to study behavioral mechanisms. Here, researchers program robots with different algorithms and compare the robot behavior with the behavior of focal animals to learn more about behavioral rules and cognitive processes.
Translational Correlation: Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). Histologically, there are multiple focal areas of myelin loss in the CNS, which are referred to as plaques or lesions. Historically, MS was considered a primary white matter disease, but there is increasing evidence that cerebral gray matter is involved as well. MS is one of the most common causes of disability in young patients. There are different clinical presentations of MS; prognosis and response to disease-modifying treatment varies depending on the type of MS and the degree of disease activity. In this chapter, the role of the immune system in MS is reviewed in more detail, and the different clinical presentations and the relevance of diagnosing and treating MS in its early stages in order to prevent disability and progression of disease are also discussed.
Intracardiac Venous Stent Migration: Emergency Department Presentation of a Catastrophic Complication.

Abstract Background Venous stents are commonly placed to ensure patency in patients with chronic peripheral venous insufficiency. Although serious complications are uncommon, peripheral venous stent placement can have some potentially life-threatening complications. One of the most feared, and certainly the most dramatic, complication is stent migration. Case Report We report on a 55-year-old woman with transvenous migration of an infrarenal inferior vena cava stent into the right atrium and through the intra-atrial septum. The patient expired in the emergency department (ED). Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? There are several potentially life-threatening post-surgical complications after an endovascular procedure, some of which occur shortly after the patient is discharged from the recovery unit. Frequently, these patients present to the ED for initial evaluation. Although details of the procedure performed and the surgical intervention might not be available immediately, emergency physicians should consider stent migration when a patient presents in extremis shortly after an endovascular procedure.
Increased inflammation is associated with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY).

BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (TID) is characterized by a loss of pancreatic islet beta cell function resulting in loss of insulin production. Genetic and environmental factors may trigger immune responses targeting beta cells thus generating islet antibodies (IA). Immune response pathways involve a cascade of events, initiated by cytokines and chemokines, producing inflammation which can result in tissue damage. METHODS A nested case-control study was performed to identify temporal changes in cytokine levels in 75 DAISY subjects: 25 diagnosed T1D, 25 persistent IA, and 25 controls. Serum samples were selected at four time points: (T1) earliest, (T2) just prior to IA, (T3) just after IA, and (T4) prior to T1D diagnosis or most recent. Cytokines (IFN-α2a, IL-6, IL-17, IL-1β, IP-10, MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, and IL-1ra) were measured using the Meso Scale Discovery system Human Custom Cytokine 9-Plex assay. RESULTS Multivariate mixed models adjusting for HLA risk, first-degree relative status, age, and gender, showed MCP-1 and IFN-үto be significantly higher at T3 in T1D compared to IA subjects. At T4, IP-10 was significantly higher in IA subjects than controls. CONCLUSIONS This repeated measures nested case-control study identified increased inflammatory markers in IA children who developed T1D compared to IA children who had not progressed to clinical disease. It also showed increased inflammation in both T1D and IA children when compared to controls. Results suggest inflammation may be related to both the development of IA and progression to T1D.
EVOLUTION OF NESTBUILDING IN WEAVERBIRDS

any other planet is the same as the chance that the planet and its organisms have had a history identical in all essentials with that of earth through some billions of years. Let us grant the unsubstantiated claim of millions or billions of possible planetary abodes of life; the chances of such historical duplication are still vanishingly small." As to man's evolutionary future, Simpson says he sees "no reason for despair but a good deal of reason for pessimism." Most thinkers in this area agree with the author that extensive masses of information must be obtained for man to boldly take his future in his own hands, to attempt to guide the evolutionary process within limits.
Health care disparities among octogenarians and nonagenarians with stage II and III rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Octogenarians and nonagenarians with stage II/III rectal adenocarcinomas are underrepresented in the randomized trials that have established the standard-of-care therapy of preoperative chemoradiation followed by definitive resection (ie, chemoradiation and then surgery [CRT+S]). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of therapies on overall survival (OS) for patients with stage II/III rectal cancers and determine predictors of therapy within the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). METHODS In the NCDB, patients who were 80 years old or older and had clinical stage II/III rectal adenocarcinoma from 2004 to 2013 were queried. Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank testing, logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, interaction effect testing, and propensity score–matched analysis were conducted. RESULTS The criteria were met by 2723 patients: 14.9% received no treatment, 29.7% had surgery alone, 5.0% underwent short-course radiation and then surgery (RT+S), 45.3% underwent CRT+S, and 5.1% underwent surgery and then chemoradiation (S+CRT). African American race and residence in a less educated county were associated with not receiving treatment. Male sex, older age, worsening comorbidities, and receiving no treatment or undergoing surgery alone were associated with worse OS. There was no statistical difference in OS between RT+S, S+CRT, and CRT+S. Interaction testing found that CRT+S improved OS independently of age, comorbidity status, sex, race, and tumor stage. In the propensity score–matched analysis, CRT+S was associated with improved OS in comparison with surgery alone. CONCLUSIONS A significant portion of octogenarians and nonagenarians with stage II/III rectal adenocarcinomas do not receive treatment. African American race and living in a less educated community are associated with not receiving therapy. This series suggests that CRT+S is a reasonable strategy for elderly patients who can tolerate therapy. Cancer 2017;123:4325-36. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
A Descriptive Analysis of Skin Color Bias in Puerto Rico: Ecological Applications to Practice

Travel brochures to the island of Puerto Rico aptly profess the rich variation in skin color and other phenotypes among its people. Following acts of domination vis-a-vis the island's cultural mores, invading colonizers evolved a social hierarchy to discourage any notions of merit attributable to racial diversity. According to the data herewith, the presumption of a relationship between skin color and selected values for skin color ideals is plausible. Social work practitioners are then challenged to decipher the maze of racial traditions as pertains to discrimination. Doing so will enable an environment for knowledge based purely upon merit in order to resurrect indigenous knowledge about the biases of otherwise victim populations
Fatigue lifetime prediction of a reduced-diameter dental implant system: Numerical and experimental study.

Abstract Objective To validate the fatigue lifetime of a reduced-diameter dental implant system predicted by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) by testing physical implant specimens using an accelerated lifetime testing (ALT) strategy with the apparatus specified by ISO 14801. Methods A commercially-available reduced-diameter titanium dental implant system (Straumann Standard Plus NN) was digitized using a micro-CT scanner. Axial slices were processed using an interactive medical image processing software (Mimics) to create 3D models. FEA analysis was performed in ABAQUS, and fatigue lifetime was predicted using fe-safe® software. The same implant specimens (n = 15) were tested at a frequency of 2 Hz on load frames using apparatus specified by ISO 14801 and ALT. Multiple step-stress load profiles with various aggressiveness were used to improve testing efficiency. Fatigue lifetime statistics of physical specimens were estimated in a reliability analysis software (ALTA PRO). Fractured specimens were examined using SEM with fractographic technique to determine the failure mode. Results FEA predicted lifetime was within the 95% confidence interval of lifetime estimated by experimental results, which suggested that FEA prediction was accurate for this implant system. The highest probability of failure was located at the root of the implant body screw thread adjacent to the simulated bone level, which also agreed with the failure origin in physical specimens. Significance Fatigue lifetime predictions based on finite element modeling could yield similar results in lieu of physical testing, allowing the use of virtual testing in the early stages of future research projects on implant fatigue.
Ein bisschen Philosophie

Was ist nach Ihrer Meinung wichtiger bei Performance Tuning, die allgemeinen Ansatze oder die konkreten Methoden? Meine Frage klingt bereits philosophisch. In diesem Kapitel mochte ich ein bisschen um das Performance Tuning herum philosophieren. Nicht alles, was Sie dort finden, ist unumstritten. Wenn Sie meine Uberlegungen und meine Prinzipien nicht akzeptieren, konnen Sie dieses Kapitel als einen Anstos fur die Erarbeitung ihrer eigenen gebrauchen. Ich bin ubrigens fest uberzeugt, dass die allgemeinen Ansatze viel wichtiger sind. Wenn man die richtige Methodologie einsetzt, kommt man auch an die effektiven konkreten Methoden.
Evolution of Vertebrate Eyes

Light from the sun carries energy and information and both are essential for life on earth. The information carried by light has led to the evolution of light detection and ultimately, eyes in living organisms. Eyes appear perfectly adapted, each to an organism, an observation that puzzled Darwin who called eyes “… an organ of extreme perfection …” (Darwin, C., 1859) because the details of eye function were not known. In fact, physical laws govern light and have constrained eye evolution in important and interesting ways. Comparing eye morphology led to the suggestion that eyes evolved ∼40–60 different times (e.g., polyphyletic origin). In contrast, the fact that all eyes use members of the opsin protein family and that common molecules are used during development in many eye types suggested a single origin (e.g., monophyletic origin). Most evolutionary analysis compared eyes based on ciliary photoreceptors found primarily in vertebrates with eyes based on microvillar photoreceptors found primarily in invertebrates. Both these eye types rely on rhodopsin (type 2) but have dramatically different transduction cascades. Recently, both primary eye types were found in the eyes and bodies of extant vertebrates and invertebrates and so clearly existed in ancestral bilaterians. This means that at least these two eye types were present in the urbilateria, prior to the Cambrian explosive speciation. Moreover, cryptochromes, an additional functional photodetection system, that exist widely in both plants and animals also had an ancient origin. So all animal eyes we now know are certainly phylophyletic in origin. Since several additional families of opsin molecules have been identified in vertebrates, there may be more surprises in our understanding of eye evolution and function.
Reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in peripheral nerves of mice fed a ketogenic diet.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do peripheral sensory neurons metabolize fat-based fuel sources, and does a ketogenic diet modify these processes? What is the main finding and its importance We show that peripheral axons from mice fed a ketogenic diet respond to fat-based fuel sources with reduced respiration and H2 O2 emission compared with mice fed a control diet. These results add to our understanding of the responses of sensory neurons to neuropathy associated with poor diet, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings should be incorporated into current ideas of axonal protection and might identify how dietary interventions may change mitochondrial function in settings of sensory dysfunction. ABSTRACT Metabolic syndrome and obesity are increasing epidemics that significantly impact the peripheral nervous system and lead to negative changes in sensation and peripheral nerve function. Research to understand the consequences of diet, obesity and fuel usage in sensory neurons has commonly focused on glucose metabolism. Here, we tested whether mouse sensory neurons and nerves have the capacity to metabolize fat-based fuels (palmitoyl-CoA) and whether these effects are altered by feeding of a ketogenic (90% kcal fat) diet compared with a control diet (14% kcal fat). Male C57Bl/6 mice were placed on the diets for 10 weeks, and after the mice were killed, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerve (SN) were placed in an Oroboros oxygraph-2K to examine diet-induced alterations in metabolism (respiration) of palmitoyl-CoA and H2 O2 emission (fluorescence). In addition, RNAseq was performed on the DRG of mice fed a control or a ketogenic diet for 12 weeks, and genes associated with mitochondrial respiratory function were analysed. Our results suggest that the sciatic nerves from mice fed a ketogenic diet display reduced O2 respiration and H2 O2 emission when metabolizing palmitoyl-CoA compared with mice fed a control diet. Assessments of changes in mRNA gene expression reveal alterations in genes encoding the NADH dehydrogenase complex and complex IV, which could alter production of reactive oxygen species. These new findings highlight the ability of sensory neurons and axons to oxidize fat-based fuel sources and show that these mechanisms are adaptable to dietary changes.
The Human Impact

The Planet Remade: How Geoengineering Could Change the World . By Oliver Morton. 2015. Princeton University Press. (ISBN 9780691175904). 428 pages. Paper. $16.95. Oliver Morton's book is an outstanding resource for readers who are not climate scientists but who want to gain a deeper and scientifically informed understanding of climate change. The book provides a detailed review of what is known about the many interacting systems and cycles that affect our earth's climate. The reader comes to appreciate how the earth's climate is determined through intricately complex and interacting systems that include carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, the earth's movement through the solar system, the planet's geology, and the solar weather. Morton also writes about historic, political, and current social factors that …
A New Multiple Object Awareness Paradigm Shows that Imperfect Knowledge of Object Location Is Still Knowledge.

Keeping track of multiple moving items is a fundamental perceptual skill. Nevertheless, our capacity in tasks such as multiple object tracking (MOT) [1, 2], multiple identity tracking (MIT) [3, 4], or change detection [5] is very low-typically just two to four items. In standard tracking tasks, observers monitor M out of N items as they move about the screen. At testing time, observers are asked to mark all tracked items or to state if a specific item is a target. If they are wrong about an item, they are considered completely wrong. Similarly, in an identity tracking experiment, observers might be asked, "Where is the horse?" If they mark the neighboring location where the cow is hidden, again, they are marked completely wrong. If an observer knew approximately, but not exactly, where the horse was, she would get no credit for that knowledge. In our multiple object awareness task, observers continue to click on locations until they locate the target for that trial so that any imprecise knowledge can be used in observers' responses. A model in which location information degrades with time after an item is attended can be used to estimate a new capacity of multiple object awareness-the number of items about which the observer has some location information. This capacity is at least double the usual capacity estimates for identity tracking.
Sponsorship of computing research in medicine and biology

When I set out to write this presentation, I had an idea that it would be an easy job: I’d just call all my friends in Washington and ask them about support for the use of computers in life science applications. Well, it wasn’t that easy. That support is scattered, and most of it is imbedded in support of research in the disciplines. The survey I promised is really more of a sampling, and is likely not complete. The best advice I can give to those of you who may wish to seek support is to follow up these leads by letter or by phone, and ask each time for suggestions on other interested agencies.
Performative Ethics in the Trump Era: A Postmodern Examination

As public administration continues its postmodern turn, there is a need to reexamine administrative ethics. In this article, the concept of “performative ethics” is introduced as a counter to ethic...
College Athletes and Sexual Assault

This article addresses the issue of sexual assaults committed by college athletes. The existing research is not conclusive but does suggest that athletes are more involved in sexual misconduct than non-athletes. The larger institutional factors that could explain the higher rates among athletes are then discussed and how new guidelines and regulations from the Department of Higher Education have changed the way colleges must deal with sexual assault. The final part of the article discusses how colleges should handle cases of sexual assault by athletes. The major theme is that to change public perceptions and lessen assaults, athletic departments and coaches must limit their involvement in these cases to ensure that athletes and non-athletes are treated equally.
Wearable technology: are product developers meeting consumer’s needs?

This mixed-methods study investigated both consumer and product developer’s expectations of the quality and technical features available in wearable technology products. The quality function deploy...
The Fanonian Alternative

This chapter explores the work of one exemplar of the ‘revolutionary-socialist approach’ to decolonizing knowledge, namely that of Frantz Fanon. Chapter 4 unpacks the domains of ontology, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of truth in Fanon’s work. The chapter takes up a number of current readings of these aspects of Fanon’s corpus, and I argue that such interpretations miss the mark before offering new interpretations of his philosophy, focusing largely on his lesser-known psychiatric work. Chapter 4 demonstrates the ways in which Fanon’s work does not succumb to the aporias faced by the differential approach.
The Test Anxiety Measure for College Students-Short Form: Development and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties:

A short form of the 43-item Test Anxiety Measure for College Students (TAM-C) was developed in the present study. The TAM-C consists of six (social concerns, cognitive interference, worry, physiolo...
Cradle-to-Cradle Denim: Fringed Dress and Poncho Design

There are only a limited number of examples of sustainable fashion practices utilizing creative manipulative techniques that can enhance a product’s quality in consideration of functional, expressive, and aesthetic aspects to revitalize the discarded clothing and reduce waste. As Parsons (2015) stated, some contemporary design scholars consider that applying techniques of manipulating fabric in designing garments constitute a way to eliminate fabric waste. The purpose of this design was to revitalize discarded clothing by adding value through upcycling while producing a sustainable novel design made with secondhand denim. The inspiration for this design was previous contemporary works of upcycling denim and 3D texture created by professional designers such as Issey Miyake and Junya Watanabe. The structural reconstruction method involved changing the material’s identity by manipulating fabric via the application of surface design techniques, such as North American smocking, weaving, fringing, and laddering to create three-dimensional texture (Wolff, 1996).
Data-Driven Models with Expert Influence: A Hybrid Approach to Spatiotemporal Process Estimation

In this paper, our motivating application lies in precision agriculture where accurate modeling of forage is essential for informing rotational grazing strategies. Unfortunately, a major difficulty arises in modeling forage processes as they evolve on large scales according to complex ecological influences. As robots can collect data over large scales in a forage environment, they act as a promising resource for the forage modeling problem when combined with a data-driven Gaussian processes (GPs) technique. However, GPs are nonparametric in nature and may be blind to certain nuances of a process that a parameterized expert model may predict well. Indeed, for the forage modeling problem specifically, there exist several highly parameterized models from agricultural experts that exhibit powerful predictive capabilities. Expert models, however, often come with two shortcomings: (1) parameters may be difficult to determine in general; and (2) the model may not make complete spatiotemporal predictions. For example, a stochastic differential equation (SDE) that models the dynamics of the average output of an environment may be available from experts (a typical case). In such cases, we propose to take advantage of both data-driven (GPs) and expert (SDE) models, by fusing data collected by robots, which often yields spatial insight, with models from experienced professionals that often yield temporal insights. Specifically, we propose to leverage Bayesian estimation to combine these two methods, resulting in a posterior prediction that is a hybrid of data-driven and expert models. Finally, we provide simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Development of structured light 3D-scanner with high spatial resolution and its applications for additive manufacturing quality assurance

Digital three-dimensional (3D) scanning is a cutting-edge metrology method that can digitally reconstruct surface topography with high precision and accuracy. Such metrology can help traditional manufacturing processes evolve into a smart manufacturing paradigm, which can ensure product quality by automated sensing and control. However, due to limitations with the spatial resolution, scanning speed, and size of the focusing area, commercially available systems cannot be directly used for in-process monitoring in smart manufacturing. For example, a metal 3D printer requires a scanner with second-level sensing, micron-level spatial resolution, and a centimeter-scale scanning region. Among the 3D scanning technologies, structured light 3D scanning can meet the scanning speed criteria but not the spatial resolution and scanning region criteria. This work addresses these challenges by reducing the field of view of a structured light scanner system while increasing the image sensor pixel resolution. Improvements to spatial resolution and accuracy are achieved by establishing hardware selection criteria, integrating the proper hardware, designing a scale-appropriate calibration target, and developing noise reduction procedures during calibration. An additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V part was used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed 3D scanner. The scanning result shows that both melt pool geometry and overall shape can be clearly captured. In the end, the scanning accuracies of the proposed scanner and a professional-grade commercial scanner are validated with a nanometer-level accuracy white light interferometer using high-density point cloud data. Compared to the commercial scanner, the proposed scanner improves the spatial resolution from 48 to 5 μm and the accuracy from 108.5 to 0.5 μm. Compared to the white light interferometer, the proposed scanner improves the scanning and processing speed from 2 to 20 s.