cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Responses to Bacterial Endotoxin (LPS)

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) may be regarded both as a lethal toxin and a useful and very potent immune modulator. It is quite clear that in severe pathologic conditions accompanied by sepsis and severe inflammatory states, LPS plays a toxic role. However, it is equally likely that under semiphysiologic conditions during transient mild endotoxemia, LPS may act as an important modifier of the immune system. Therefore, it is important to bear in mind that nonlethal or barely lethal doses of LPS may have different affects from highly lethal doses. Similarly, mild to moderate endotoxemia should be differentiated from severe preterminal endotoxic shock.
Patient Presenting with Minor Bleeding

When patients receiving anticoagulation therapy present with minor bleeding, bleeding severity and hemodynamic stability should be assessed in a timely manner. The need to reverse anticoagulation should be individualized based on bleeding severity, hemodynamic stability, underlying thromboembolic risk, and degree of INR elevation (for patients receiving warfarin).
‘With Every Nerve in My Body I Stand for Peace’—Jane Ellen Harrison and the Heresy of War

This chapter examines the leading, albeit frequently dismissed, twentieth-century professional woman scholar and public intellectual, Jane Ellen Harrison, and her ardent pacifism in response to the First World War, as it puts her in conversation, through her correspondence, commentary, and anti-war, pacifist polemic, ‘Epilogue on the War: Peace with Patriotism’ (1915a), with leading pacifists and anti-war activists such as Bertrand Russell, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, Clive Bell, and Gilbert Murray. Her essay ‘War and the Reaction’, which became ‘Epilogue on the War: Peace with Patriotism’ and was a model and important source for Virginia Woolf’s more well-known pacifist essay, Three Guineas, and Harrison’s other essays on war and humanism, ‘Heresy and Humanity’ and ‘Unanism and Conversion’, each collected in Alpha and Omega (1915b and d), add dimension to a discourse on peace, peace-making, and peace-building that has recently sought to historically construct both aesthetic and active resistance to the war, as well as to act as a counter to the myth of war experience (see Jonathan Atkin’s A War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War (2002); Jay Winter’s Dreams of Peace and Freedom: Utopian Moments in the 20th Century (2006); and Grace Brockington’s Above the Battlefield: Modernism and the Peace Movement in Britain, 1900–1918 (2010)). Here, I explore Harrison’s engagement with and support of the No Conscription Fellowship and the Union of Democratic Control, led by ‘Goldie’ Dickinson, which she backed at great professional risk, incurring the public wrath of her male, pro-war colleagues at Cambridge; her vehement disagreement with her beloved and respected colleague, Gilbert Murray, one of the early crafters of the League of Nations and her close friend, when, in writing to him, she disputed his assumption that ‘War has its good side’; and her public support, again, at great professional risk, of Bertrand Russell. Harrison was read and respected by, and internationally well known to, her contemporaries as a pacifist and a radical, Cambridge intellectual, but her work as a pacifist remains underrepresented. This chapter seeks to act as a corrective, to fill a gap in a critical history in need of acknowledging and investigating her important contributions and efforts to prevent the war.
Left Ventricular Free-Wall Rupture.

A 67-year-old man presented 12 hours after the onset of chest pain. During emergency coronary angiography, his condition became hemodynamically unstable. Left ventriculography, shown in a video, revealed rupture of the left ventricular free wall.
Neurosurgical Resident Error: A Survey of U.S. Neurosurgery Residency Training Program Directors' Perceptions

Background Efforts to address resident errors and to enhance patient safety have included systemic reforms, such as the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME's) mandated duty-hour restrictions, and specialty-specific initiatives such as the neurosurgery Milestone Project. However, there is currently little data describing the basis for these errors or outlining trends in neurosurgical resident error. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed to program directors of 108 U.S. neurosurgery residency training programs to assess the frequency, most common forms and causes of resident error, the resulting patient outcomes, and the steps taken by residency programs to address these errors. Results Thirty-one (28.7%) responses were received. Procedural/surgical error was the most commonly observed type of error. Transient injury and no injury to the patient were perceived to be the 2 most frequent outcomes. Inexperience or resident mistake despite adequate training were cited as the most common causes of error. Twenty-three (74.2%) respondents stated that a lower post graduate year level correlated with an increased incidence of errors. There was a trend toward an association between an increased number of residents within a program and the number of errors attributable to a lack of supervision (r = 0.36; P = 0.06). Most (93.5%) program directors do not believe that mandated duty-hour restrictions reduce error frequency. Conclusions Program directors believe that procedural error is the most commonly observed form of error, with post graduate year level believed to be an important predictor of error frequency. The perceived utility of systemic reforms that aim to reduce the incidence of resident error remains unclear.
Constrained mean‐variance mapping optimization for truss optimization problems

Summary Truss optimization is a complex structural problem that involves geometric and mechanical constraints. In the present study, constrained mean-variance mapping optimization (MVMO) algorithms have been introduced for solving truss optimization problems. Single-solution and population-based variants of MVMO are coupled with an adaptive exterior penalty scheme to handle geometric and mechanical constraints. These tools are explained and tuned for weight minimization of trusses with 10 to 200 members and up to 1,200 nonlinear constraints. The results are compared with those obtained from the literature and classical genetic algorithm. The results show that a MVMO algorithm has a rapid rate of convergence and its final solution can obviously outperform those of other algorithms described in the literature. The observed results suggest that a constrained MVMO is an attractive tool for engineering-based optimization, particularly for computationally expensive problems in which the rate of convergence and global convergence are important.
Evaluating Learning Factors analysis

Learning Factors Analysis (LFA), a form of student mod- eling, is used to predict whether a student can correctly answer a tu- tor question. Existing evaluations of LFA rely on metrics like the cross- validated root mean squared error (RMSE). However, the LFA output can be a binary classification (the student will be correct or not), so we can use classification metrics, such as precision and recall, to evaluate LFA models. In this paper, we show that this finer-grained analysis can lead to difierent conclusions than relying on only RMSE.
Cationic Macromolecular Design Using Non(HOMO)Polymerizable Monomers

The last half decade’s development in the cationic macromolecular using non(homo)polymerizable monomers is reviewed. This process involves the intermediate capping reaction of living polyisobutylene with non(homo)polymerizable monomers, such as 1,1-diphenylethylene derivatives or 2-alkylfurans. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of this capping reaction is discussed, and an overview of capping and coupling reactions is presented as advanced tools for the cationic design of macromolecular structures and properties. Examples are given for the synthesis of functional polymers, block copolymers, star-block copolymers, and macromonomers.
A Panoramic Introduction to Language Intervention Progress Monitoring

Purpose This article reviews elements of data collection and progress monitoring that are common across intervention settings and highlights differences in terminology and practice that are specifi...
Special Flood Hazard Effects on Coastal and Interior Home Values: One Size Does Not Fit All

Existing studies that estimate losses in home values due to being located in a designated flood zone, such as a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in the U.S., focus exclusively on either coastal or interior regions, or include both, but do not estimate separate risk effects. Using a rich data set on home sales for five counties in Connecticut, controlling for a plethora of potentially confounding effects, and applying state-of-the art doubly-robust matching methods, we show that SFHA-related risk losses can vary dramatically by location relative to the coast line, with near-coastal losses exceeding interior effects by sevenfold. We take this as evidence that home buyers hold beliefs of elevated flood risks in coastal zones, even though the official Flood Insurance Rate Map designation for those homes is identical to that of interior counterparts. To the extent that these beliefs align with objective risks, our results provide ammunition for calls for a more spatially refined rate setting policy for federal flood insurance.
Reevaluating Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Radiographically Suspected Osteomyelitis of the Toe.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is both sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis, and it is an important imaging modality in preoperative planning of resection of infec...
IMPACT OF WEIGHT LOSS TRAJECTORY FOLLOWING RANDOMIZATION TO BARIATRIC SURGERY ON LONG-TERM DIABETES GLYCEMIC AND CARDIOMETABOLIC PARAMETERS

Objective: It is unclear whether acute weight loss or the chronic trajectory of weight loss after bariatric surgery is associated with long-term type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) glycemic improvement. This ancillary study of the Surgical Treatment and Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently (STAMPEDE) trial aimed to answer this question. Methods: In STAMPEDE, 150 patients with T2DM were randomized to bariatric surgery, and 96 had 5-year follow-up. Data post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 49) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 47) were analyzed. We defined percent weight loss in the first year as negative percent decrease from baseline weight to lowest weight in the first year. Percent weight regain was positive percent change from lowest weight in the first year to fifth year. Weight change was then correlated with cardiometabolic (CM) and glycemic outcomes at 5 years using Spearman rank correlations and multivariate analysis. Results: In both RYGB and SG, less weight loss in the first year positively correlated with higher 5-year glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (RYGB, β = +0.13; P<.001 and SG, β = 0.14; P<.001). In SG, greater weight regain from nadir positively correlated with higher HbA1c (β = 0.06; P = .02), but not in RYGB. Reduced first-year weight loss was also correlated with increased 5-year triglycerides (β = 1.81; P = .01), but not systolic blood pressure. Weight regain did not correlate with CM outcomes. Conclusion: Acute weight loss may be more important for T2DM glycemic control following both RYGB and SG as compared with weight regain. Clinicians should aim to assist patients with achieving maximal weight loss in the first year post-op to maximize long-term health of patients. Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; RYGB = Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SG = sleeve gastrectomy; STAMPEDE = Surgical Treatment and Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG = triglyceride.
Role of β-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism in overactive bladder.

AIMS Women with overactive bladder (OAB) have a higher frequency of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 64 of the β-3 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3). Since the SNP results in an amino acid substitution that could theoretically alter receptor protein function, we hypothesized that those with the SNP would display greater OAB symptom severity. Therefore we aimed to compare OAB severity between women with this SNP and women with the wild type genotype. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in women with bothersome OAB from two academic institutions. Banked blood samples were tested for the codon 64 SNP. Women were divided into two groups based on genotype: wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (HZ). We compared mean OAB Symptom Severity questionnaire (OAB-q) scores between groups using t tests. Linear regression was performed to control for potential confounders. RESULTS Of the 303 women with OAB, 254 (83.8%) had the WT genotype, and 49 (16.2%) the HZ genotype. There were no homozygous women for the rare allele. The majority were Caucasian (86%) and non-Hispanic (97%). There were no significant differences in mean OAB-q symptom severity scores (WT 21.2 ± 7 vs HZ 22.0 ± 6.6; P = 0.49) and quality of life scores (WT 39.6 ± 15.5 vs HZ 39.1 ± 16.6; P = 0.83) between groups. These remained nonsignificant in a linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS In a predominantly non-Hispanic, Caucasian population of women with bothersome OAB, symptom severity was not related to ADRB3 codon 64 SNP genotype.
Genes Related to Education Predict Frailty Among Older Adults in the United States

OBJECTIVE This article expands on research that links education and frailty among older adults by considering the role of genes associated with education. METHOD Data come from a sample of 7,064 non-Hispanic, white adults participating in the 2004-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Frailty was measured with two indices: (a) The Frailty Index which corresponds to a deficit accumulation model; and (b) The Paulson-Lichtenberg Frailty Index which corresponds to the biological syndrome/phenotype model. Genes associated with education were quantified using an additive polygenic score. Associations between the polygenic score and frailty indices were tested using a series of multilevel models, controlling for multiple observations for participants across waves. RESULTS Results showed a strong and negative association between genes for education and frailty symptoms in later life. This association exists above and beyond years of completed education and we demonstrate that this association becomes weaker as older adults approach their 80s. DISCUSSION The results contribute to the education-health literature by highlighting new and important pathways through which education might be linked to successful aging.
Is low load blood flow restriction training an effective intervention in improving clinical outcomes in adults with lower extremity pathology: a systematic review

AbstractBackground: Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a safe and effective method of muscle strengthening that involves placing a tourniquet on a limb to occlude venous blood. This reduces the amount...
Communicating resilience: predictors and outcomes of dyadic communication resilience processes among both cancer patients and cancer partners

The communication theory of resilience describes five communication processes that serve to promote resilience. This research examines predictors and outcomes of the five resilience processes. This...
Ultra-Compact Microsystems-Based Confocal Endomicroscope

Point-of-care medical diagnosis demands immediate feedback on tissue pathology. Confocal endomicroscopy can provide real-time in vivo images with histology-like features. The working channel in medical endoscopes are becoming smaller in dimension. Microsystems methods can produce tiny mechanical scanners. We demonstrate a flexible fiber instrument for in vivo imaging as an endoscope accessory. The optical path is folded on-axis to reduce length while allowing the beam to expand and achieve a numerical aperture of 0.41. A high-speed parametric resonance mirror produces large deflection angles > 13°, and is mounted on a 2 mm diameter chip designed with clamp structures for reduced space. A compact lens assembly provides diffraction-limited lateral and axial resolution of 1.5 and $12~\mu \text{m}$ , respectively. A working distance of $50~\mu \text{m}$ and field-of-view of $350\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 350\,\,\mu $ m are achieved. Miniature apparatus is fabricated to assemble and align the scanhead components. The optics and scanner are packaged in a distal tip with 2.4 mm diameter and 10 mm rigid length. These dimensions allow the endomicroscope to pass forward easily through the 2.8 mm diameter working channel in medical endoscopes commonly used in clinical practice. Fluorescence images are collected in vivo at 10 frames per second in the colon of genetically-engineered mice that spontaneously develop adenomas. A FITC-labeled peptide heterodimer is administered intravenously to provide specific contrast. Sub-cellular structures are visualized to distinguish pre-malignant from normal mucosa. These results demonstrate use of microsystems methods to produce an ultra-compact instrument with sufficiently small dimensions for broad use.
A Tunable Surface Acoustic Wave Device on Zinc Oxide via acoustoelectric interaction with AIGaN/GaN 2DEG

Surface acoustic wave devices have many applications in signal processing, radio frequency (RF) communications, and sensing [1]. The most common utilization of these devices is for filtering electromagnetic signals in communications systems. However, since the physical dimensions of the inter-digitated transducers (IDT) determine the frequency response, it is very difficult to attain tunable devices for programmable applications. Great effort has been made to achieve an integrated solution to this in III-V semiconductors. One such work utilizes the piezoelectric the GaN buffer layer in an AlGaN/GaN epi for acoustic propagation, while a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure is used to tune the SAW response [2]. Unfortunately, the MIS structure results in a weak interaction only achieving a phase tunability of 0.07%. Recent work, uses thin film Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a piezoelectric on top of n-type ZnO on GaN achieving a high tunability of. 9% [3]. In this work, we demonstrate a ZnO on AIGaN/GaN heterostructure capable of achieving high tunability as well as impacting properties of the SAW filter not previously reported.
Structural Correlates of the Sensorimotor Cerebellum in Parkinson's Disease and Essential Tremor

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are commonly encountered movement disorders. Pathophysiologic processes that localize to the cerebellum are described in both. There are limited studies investigating cerebellar structural changes in these conditions, largely because of inherent challenges in the efficiency of segmentation. Methods We applied a novel multiatlas cerebellar segmentation method to T1-weighted images in 282 PD and 111 essential tremor patients to define 26 cerebellar lobule volumes. The severity of postural and resting tremor in both populations and gait and postural instability in PD patients were defined using subscores of the UPDRS and Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study motor scales. These clinical measurements were related to lobule volume size. Multiple comparisons were controlled using a false discovery rate method. Results Group differences were identified between ET and PD patients, with reductions in deep cerebellar nucleus volume in ET versus reduced lobule VI volume in PD. In ET patients, lobule VIII was negatively correlated with the severity of postural tremor. In PD patients, lobule IV was positively correlated with resting tremor and total tremor severity. We observed differences in cerebellar structure that localized to sensorimotor lobules of the cerebellum. Lobule volumes appeared to differentially relate to clinical symptoms, suggesting important clinicopathologic distinctions between these conditions. These results emphasize the role of the cerebellum in tremor symptoms and should foster future clinical and pathologic investigations of the sensorimotor lobules of the cerebellum. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Force dependent effects of chronic overuse on fibrosis-related genes and proteins in skeletal muscles.

To examine the chronic effect of force on mRNA and protein expression levels of fibrosis-related genes in flexor digitorum muscles in a rat model of repetitive overuse injury that induces muscle fi...
Electrically controlled nicotine delivery through Carbon nanotube membranes via electrochemical oxidation and nanofluidically enhanced electroosmotic flow.

A promising tool for nicotine addiction treatment is a programmable nicotine delivery device coupled to smart phone-assisted behavioral therapies. Key metrics for such a device are delivery of adjustable nicotine doses tailored to individual needs, compact size and power efficiency. Reported here is a detailed optimization of carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane fabrication based on electrochemical oxidation, to improve its electrically driven performance for nicotine fluxes and switching ON (-1.5 V)-OFF (0 V) flux ratio. ON- state nicotine flux of ~ 6 µmoles/cm2/h at -1.5 V applied bias was achieved allowing ~ 6-folds decrease in the size of device (4 cm2) to attain flux equivalent to high dose nicotine gum (1.1 µmoles/cm2/h). Application of + 1.5 V bias in OFF state reduced diffusional background flux, giving an ON (-1.5 V)/OFF (+ 1.5 V) flux ratio of 68 that enabled device to deliver between the highest nicotine gum (1.1 µmoles/cm2/h) and lowest nicotine patch (0.08 µmoles/cm2/h) doses, as well as taper off nicotine doses for long term addiction treatment. The nicotine transport mechanism was studied as a function of pH and applied bias, using neutral tracer molecule, showing a mechanism of both electroosmosis and electrophoresis in the atomically smooth nanofluidic pores of CNTs. Optimal power consumption/flux efficiency of 111(µW/cm2)/µmoles/cm2/h was achieved allowing watch-battery lifetimes of 7-62 days for conventional treatment dosing regimens. Bluetooth-enabled, remotely controlled CNT membrane system has potential for treatments of nicotine, opioid and alcohol addictions that needs dose adjustment with precise temporal control.
A one year prospective examination of risk factors for pod-vape use among young adults.

Abstract Background Young adults have the highest prevalence of pod-vape use, compared to adolescents and older adults. Despite the increased use of pod-vapes among young adults, very few studies have explored the determinants associated with pod-vape use. Purpose The purpose of the current study was to examine the roles of social norms and risk perceptions in subsequent pod-vape use one year later among a cohort of 21–34-year-old young adults. Method Participants were 3543 young adults from the last two waves (spring 2018 and 2019) of the Marketing and Promotions across Colleges in Texas project (M-PACT). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the role of social norms and risk perceptions on subsequent pod-vape use one year later. Results The prevalence of current pod-vape use in the present sample increased by 139.3% between 2018 and 2019. The social norm variables of close friends’ pod-vape use and inclination to date someone that uses pod-vapes, but not social acceptability of pod-vapes, predicted subsequent pod-vape use one year later. Neither of the risk perception variables predicted subsequent pod-vape use. Conclusion The current study highlights the importance of social norms as predictors of subsequent pod-vape use among older young adults (21–34 years old). The rise in pod-vape use indicates that preventative efforts that target young adults are warranted, especially those that consider the role of peers in pod-vape use.
Teacher Perceptions on Changing Instructional Practices in Mathematics with the Implementation of the Common Core State Standards

As schools across the U.S. begin to implement Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (CCSSM), teachers must shift their instructional practices from a traditional emphasis on procedures and algorithms to a conceptually based model in which students engage more meaningfully with mathematical concepts. The purpose of this study is to examine participants’ perspectives about the influence of CCSSM on their instructional practices, and the challenges they face in effectively implementing these changes. The literature reveals the need for professional development, standards aligned materials, and ongoing support of teachers in order for them to make substantial changes to their instructional approach. The study’s sample group consists of eleven K-8 teachers in a rural Northern California school. In this quantitative study, participants completed a short survey detailing their instructional shifts, and the challenges and successes they experienced in moving from procedures and practices to a more conceptually based instructional approach. Results indicate that participants are making instructional changes in mathematics; however, they report that their progress is being hampered by lack of quality professional development and CCSSM aligned curriculum.
An analysis of the work of the obstetric clinic of Johns Hopkins hospital, for the year 1924 and a proposed schema for the ready indexing of obstetric records

I T has been our conviction for some time that the present-day system of utilizing hospital records falls short of the highest efficiency and maximum value. Individual case histories are prepared, filed, indexed, and maintained with scrupulous care. In well-conducted clinics, the material is so arranged that a given subject can be relatively easily reviewed over a long period of time, and doubtless mnch of our information has been obtained through such efforts.
Variations of the Martian CO2 abundance with Martian season

All previous published equivalent widths of the Martian CO2 bands including the 1967 apparition coverage at McDonald Observatory are reduced to CO2 abundances using the same curve of growth parameters. The corresponding CO2 partial pressures (assuming a pure CO2 atmosphere), along with the regression curves of the north polar cap, are presented as functions of Martian heliocentric longitudes, L s . A correlation is noted between the maximum CO2 abundance and minimum north cap diameter and the decrease in CO2 abundance when the northern polar haze begins to reform. Preliminary results of the 1969 apparition coverage at McDonald Observatory are also presented.
Judicial Decision-Making in Islamic Banking and Finance

In a globalized economy it is important for Western lawyers and investors to understand Islamic banking and finance. Islamic banking’s rapid growth in the past two decades has come as surprise to many in the financial markets. More surprising is that the legality of most financial transactions is decided by a select group of jurists sitting on Shari’ah Supervisory Boards. Islamic banking is a financial system governed by the Shari’ah. Many often misperceive Islamic banking as traditional financial practices veiled in Islamic legal fiction. This misconception is due in part to a lack of understanding of the Islamic legal principles and the process by which jurists form those principles. In recent years the legal opinions of these jurists have been subject to unfair criticism from both Western and Islamic scholars. In response to the criticism and scant discussion of judicial decision-making in Islamic jurisprudence this paper analyzes the judicial decision-making of the jurists on Shari’ah Supervisory Boards.In doing so this paper provides a background into Islamic banking, relevant concepts of the Shari’ah, and offers a framework for comprehending the judicial decision-making regulating financial institutions. The paper examines two methods of judicial-decision making, legalism and the economic theory, as they apply to the jurists on Shari’ah Supervisory Boards. Although viewed as distinct theories, I argue that the holistic nature of the Shari’ah inevitably weaves the two methods together. Legalism is the best means of analyzing the judicial decisions that determine Shari’ah compliance. By adding the element of piety to the economic theory of judicial decision-making I further argue that pecuniary income plays a limited role and that jurists prefer piety to other economic elements. Thus, the added element of piety directs Islamic jurists to strictly adhere to religious texts. I conclude that ultimately piety motivates the jurists to use legalism, as legalism generates a sincere attempt at interpreting Divine law and limits the jurist’s liability before AllahSWT.Finally the paper calls for a broader discussion on whether Western theories of judicial decision-making, and therefore concepts of legal realism, should be used to analyze Islamic jurists. While the influence of non-legal factors on the U.S. judiciary has been readily discussed and empirically tested by Western academics, there is inadequate dialogue among scholars of the Shari’ah. Although the religious and non-governmental nature of Islamic jurists helps insolate or limit the effect of some non-legal elements, it would be naive to assume that economic, political, strategic, or psychological influences are completely absent from the decision-making process. Accordingly, the paper concludes with a series of hypotheticals expanding Western theories of judicial decision-making to Islamic jurisprudence.
A double blind study on the effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis.

Under the conditions of the study outlined above, 22 patients with bronchiolitis treated with corticosteroids did not show any statistically significant difference from an equal number of patients treated with a placebo. This included hospital course, 2-week or 4-week follow-up, as judged by clinical, radiological, and biochemical means. There was no evidence that the patients on steroids had a less favorable course or outcome. There were no complications or deaths in the entire study. The use of uniform criteriae for diagnosis and follow-up of these patients is discussed. A bronchiolitis scoring system is suggested.
Statistical evaluation of information source performance

The present work examines the problem of evaluating the performance of statistically-characterized information sources when ground truth is unavailable. Although exact verification may be infeasible, inter-source statistical dependencies may be used to test for information consistency. Through application of a Rosenblatt transformation on an input sample and subsequent Kolmogorov-Smirnov test against the uniform distribution, a given information source can be statistically evaluated for goodness of fit. An algorithm is derived for detecting the presence of suspect information and identifying the associated aberrant source(s). The paper concludes with an example that considers the detection of a malfunctioning radar system in the absence of ground truth.
The Virtuous Group— Foundations for the ‘Argument from the Wisdom of the Multitude’

Throughout the Politics, Aristotle discusses claims to the supreme authority (to kyrion) in a polis. Some claims are made on qualitative grounds, and here Aristotle mentions freedom, wealth, education, good birth, military power, and virtue (1268a21-23, 1279a40-b5, 1283a16-18, 1283bl, 1294a20, 1296b18, 1301a39-1301b4). Other claims are made on quantitative grounds (1296b17), and here Aristotle refers to the superior numbers of the multitude (1296b19). Since he takes all these claims seriously and since several parties may claim power on different grounds, quarrels (amphisbētēsis, 1283b3, also 1283a24) are to be expected. As opposed to this, in the ideal polis all claims are made by the same group. Claims on qualitative grounds make us inquire about possible bearers of such qualities. For example, is a claim on account of wealth, a claim on behalf of wealthy individuals, or may it also be an argument on behalf of groups none of whose members qualifies, but which qualifies as a group if its wealth is taken to be the sum over the individual shares? This question is significant because different answers lead to different distributions of power.
A persistent, TTX-sensitive sodium current in an invertebrate neuron with neurosecretory ultrastructure

In the CNS of the giant barnacle (Balanus nubilus) a single pair of large neuronal somata (cross-commissural, or CC, cells), located near the entry of the median ocellar nerve, occasionally displays a prominent whitish luster. These somata have ultrastructure typical of neurosecretory cells: numerous Golgi complexes and abundant, large dense-cored vesicles (DCVs; size range, 75-275 nm). Injection of a CC cell with cobalt tracer shows that it arborizes over a 7 mm length of the contralateral peripheral nerve out of which it projects. The processes of the arbor are profuse and varicose; the varicosities are packed with DCVs similar to those in the soma. Stimulation of a single CC cell causes a substantial decrease in the number of DCVs and increases the incidence of clusters of small electron-lucent vesicles, as well as the occurrence of large electron-lucent vesicles and membrane-bound cisternae. We studied ionic currents flowing across this cell's somatic membrane with a single-electrode voltage clamp. Unusual among these currents is an inward current that is blocked by TTX but is essentially noninactivating. In current clamp, this "persistent" current causes the action potential to be prolonged (seconds) if opposing outward current is blocked with 4-aminopyridine. The inward current is carried by Na. Its amplitude depends on the external Na concentration, it is blockable by TTX, and it persists when the cell is bathed in Ca-free saline and/or Co. Other currents present in this cell include an outward current similar to molluscan A-current and a Ca current that contributes to the action potential (Stockbridge and Ross, 1986). The persistent Na current is partially activated at the cell's resting potential and, thus, may participate in determining the frequency of its impulse activity.
The Development of Externalist Semantics

In this lecture I describe the path by which I was led to the “semantic externalism” for which I was honoured with the Rolf Schock Prize. Although my interest in linguistics goes back as far as my undergraduate days, it was conversations with Jerrold Katz and Jerry Fodor at MIT (where all three of us taught at the time) in the 1960s that first led to an effort by all three of us to develop semantic theories. My own direction was a false one, by my present lights; at that time all three of us defended the “internalist” view that the meaning of a word is fixed by a “battery of semantical rules” implicitly known by each speaker. I describe how I was led to the realization that this could not be right, and finally to the views I defended in “The Meaning of ‘Meaning' ”.
Photo‐Induced Population of the h11/2 Isomeric States in (γ, n) Reactions

The mechanism of excitation of isomeric h11/2 states in nuclei around the closed shell at N=82 have been studied at the High-Intensity Gamma Source (HI{gamma}S). We have taken advantage of the monoenergetic ({delta}E/E=1.5%) and pulsed {gamma}-ray-beam from HI{gamma}S to perform in-beam spectroscopy measurements with an improved level of precision and sensitivity. The giant dipole resonances at 15 MeV in the N=82 target isotones 138Ba, 140Ce, and 142Nd have been excited, and following neutron emission the {gamma}-ray cascades leading to the isomeric h11/2 state and the ground state were observed in the N=81 isotones. For all three nuclei a very similar de-excitation scheme was found. The only level observed from which the isomeric state was populated was found to be J{pi} = 7/2-. The ground state is principally populated from the states with spin and parities J{pi} = 1/2+, 5/2+, and 7/2+. The structure of the N=81 isotones and the role of the gateway states in isomer population will be discussed. The results of the measurements will be compared with statistical model calculations.
Theory of spin Hall effect: extension of the Drude model.

An extension of the Drude model is proposed that accounts for the spin and spin-orbit interaction of charge carriers. Spin currents appear due to the combined action of the external electric field, crystal field, and scattering of charge carriers. The expression for the spin Hall conductivity is derived for metals and semiconductors that is independent of the scattering mechanism. In cubic metals, the spin Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ and charge conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ are related through ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}=[2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\hbar}/(3m{c}^{2})]{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}^{2}$ with $m$ being the bare electron mass. The theoretically computed value is in agreement with experiment.
The Potential Distribution Theorem and Models of Molecular Solutions

An understanding of statistical thermodynamic molecular theory is fundamental to the appreciation of molecular solutions. This complex subject has been simplified by the authors with down-to-earth presentations of molecular theory. Using the potential distribution theorem (PDT) as the basis, the text provides a discussion of practical theories in conjunction with simulation results. The authors discuss the field in a concise and simple manner, illustrating the text with useful models of solution thermodynamics and numerous exercises. Modern quasi-chemical theories that permit statistical thermodynamic properties to be studied on the basis of electronic structure calculations are given extended development, as is the testing of those theoretical results with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The book is intended for students taking up research problems of molecular science in chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, nanotechnology and biotechnology.
Query Answering in Belief Logic Programming

In this paper we introduce a fixpoint semantics for quantitative logic programming, which is able to both combine and correlate evidence from different sources of information. Based on this semantics, we develop efficient algorithms that can answer queries for non-ground programs with the help of an SLD-like procedure. We also analyze the computational complexity of the algorithms and illustrate their uses.
Persistent Sciatic Artery and Successful Uterine Artery Embolization: Report of Three Cases

The incidence of persistent sciatic artery (PSA) was evaluated in the setting of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata over a 3-year period. PSA was present in 0.83% of patients or 0.69% of limbs undergoing UAE at a single institution. The authors present three cases of PSA in which successful treatment with UAE was performed. Interventionalists should have thorough anatomic knowledge of PSA, and this rare yet important anatomic variant should be included among the pertinent findings during UAE.
The fine structure of nerves in the epidermis of regenerating salamander limbs

Abstract Intraepidermal nerves in the apical epithelial cap of the regenerating larval salamander limb were found to be entirely extracellular in their course. Bulbous enlargements of the nerves are intimately related to the epidermal cells. These nerve bulbs, which contain numerous mitochondria, small granules and vesicles, are similar in their general morphology to nerve terminals elsewhere in The body. The plasma membranes of nerve bulb and epidermal cell are separated by a space of about 200 A and in these regions of close apposition, the plasma membranes of both nerve and epidermal cell appear very dense and an osmiophilic material is concentrated beneath the epidermal cell membrane. The morphology of the nerve bulb and nerve fibers is discussed in relation to other studies on the fine structure of nerves and the concept of a trophic action by nerves in regenerating epidermis is emphasized.
Studies of bovine erythrocytes in anaplasmosis. I. Flocculating properties of stromata in water.

SummaryDifferences in flocculating characteristics of erythrocytic stromata prepared from blood of uninfected calves and calves infected with Anaplasma marginale are described. The differences in flocculating properties are due to a change in isoelectric point brought about by the altered total phospholipid content.
The contribution of asymptotics to combustion

Abstract After a brief historical review of combustion science, the role of asymptotics is elucidated by a discussion of the hydrodynamical limit, the small Mach number approximation, Damkohler number asymptotics, and activation energy asymptotics. The importance of the latter is emphasized by examining its application to flame propagation, stability, explosions, and diffusion flames.
On The Hölder Gradient Estimate For Solutions Of Nonlinear Elliptic And Parabolic Oblique Boundary Value Problems

An important element in the study of elliptic and parabolic equations is a modulus of continuity estimate for the gradient of the solutions. Usually this modulus of continuity estimate is in fact a Holder gradient estimate. For elliptic nonlinear oblique boundary value problems, the Holder gradient estimate was proved by the author and Trudinger when then equations is fully nonlinear. In the case of fully nonlinear parabolic oblique problems it was proved by Dong using method based on Krylov's interior Holder gradient estimate. Here we use a variant of Dong's function to prove the Holder gradient estimate. We present the proof in the elliptic case and indicate the modifications needed in the parabolic case
Spatial and temporal distributions of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil under drip and shank application and implications for pest control efficacy using concentration-time index

A field experiment was conducted to study the spatial and temporal distributions of (EZ)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in the soil and effects on pest control efficacy. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation of 1,3-D (Telone EC) was applied with drip irrigation at 47 kg AI ha -1 to two different depths (2.5 and 20.3 cm, respectively). Comparisons were made between the two drip treatments and a direct shank injection of 1,3-D (Telone II) at 112 kg AI ha -1 . Concentrations of 1,3-D in soil air were measured at several locations over time to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics, and to calculate the concentration-time index (CT). Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) were placed in the fumigated soil at 25 cm depth and their mortality rates were compared to the calculated CT. Distributions of 1,3-D were found to be relatively uniform in both the drip irrigation and the shank injection treatment. An application rate of 47 kg ha -1 with drip irrigation was sufficient to achieve significant concentration levels in soil beds. Applying 1,3-D with direct shank injection at 112 kg ha -1 extended the measurable concentration levels to the furrows between the soil beds and to a depth of 1 m below the soil surface. Effective control of T. semipenetrans was achieved with both the drip irrigation and the shank injection. A threshold soil 1,3-D CT value of 12 μg h cm -3 was needed to reach a 100% efficacy for T. semipenetrans. The study indicates that 1,3-D fumigation may be carried out with drip irrigation at very low rate, and a CT index may be derived to aid in the determination of a minimum effective dosage.
Monoaminergic mechanisms in aversive brain stimulation.

Abstract In these experiments we have examined the role of brain monoamines in the fearlike aversive responses produced by the electrical stimulation of the dorsal midbrain tegmentum (DMT). Chronic bipolar stimulating electrodes were bilaterally implanted into the DMT of 77 rats. Electrical stimulation via 34 of these electrodes produced fearlike, escape seeking responses. These animals were then trained for stable stimulus escape using a decremental bar pressing paradigm. In this paradigm, each bar press reduced the stimulation current by a predetermined fraction (5 percent) of the initial current level. Perceived aversive strength of the initial stimulus current was thereby represented by an increasing function of the number of bar presses to escape. Administration of the catecholamine depleting drug alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine yielded no change in bar pressing relative to saline-injected controls. However, the serotonin depleting drug para-chlorophenylalanine produced a marked increase in decremental bar pressing compared to saline-injected controls. These results suggest that fearlike responses to DMT stimulation may be dependent upon brain serotonin levels and relatively insensitive to levels of brain catecholamines.
Clinical significance of tri-nucleotide repeats in Fragile X testing: a clarification of American College of Medical Genetics guidelines.

Clinical significance of tri-nucleotide repeats in Fragile X testing: A clarification of American College of Medical Genetics guidelines
Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury

Early lexical development in 27 children with focal brain injury was studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Data were obtained from children between 12 and 35 months of age who acquired their lesion prenatally or within the first 6 months of life. Results for the group as a whole provide clear evidence for delays in lexical comprehension and production, and for a larger number of comprehension/production dissociations than would be expected by chance. In addition, a significant number of children were observed having unusual difficulty mastering predication and/or using an atypically high proportion of closed class words (suggesting reliance on holistic/formulaic speech). Analyses by lesion type revealed no effect of lesion size. Analyses according to side of lesion revealed that children with right-hemisphere damage produced a higher proportion of closed class words, suggesting heavy reliance on well-practiced but under-analyzed speech formulae. Children with left-hemisphere damage were slightly better in comprehension than children with right-hemisphere damage. In addition, left posterior lesions were associated with greater delays in expressive language, and delays were more protracted in children with left posterior damage. No differential effects of left posterior damage were found for lexical comprehension.
Combining individual and family treatment: Guidelines for the therapist

Successfully combining individual and family treatment for psychosis-prone outpatients who live with their families is a process of keeping the needs of the patient and the family in balance. The therapist has to respond to each in an even-handed way that preserves an alliance with both. Through guidelines and case reports, this chapter describes how to maintain that balance. The therapist-patient relationship is the core of treatment and keeps the clinician's focus squarely on the individual needs of the patient. In keeping with that focus, the therapist encourages self-determination on the patient's part and sets up opportunities for the family to communicate directly with the therapist in front of the patient, rather than surreptitiously behind the patient's back. In keeping with a collateral emphasis on the family, the therapist involves the family regularly and early in the course of treatment, respects the family's knowledge of the patient, puts that knowledge to use, and works with the family to deal promptly and effectively with incipient emergencies. The therapist knows that it is not only the therapist but also the family who stimulate a patient to change. The therapist, building on whatever strengths the patient and family possess, enlists the family as an ally in promoting and bringing about therapeutic progress.