cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scrybe: A Tablet Interface for Virtual Environments.

Virtual reality (VR) technology has the potential to provide unique perspectives of data that are not possible with standard desktop hardware. The tracking devices often found with such technology allows users to use more natural gestures to interact with these systems. Unfortunately, the practicality of this input modality diminishes as the set of user-controllable options expands. Twodimensional graphical user interfaces (GUI) are advantageous in this case for both familiarity and organizational reasons. Their application, however, in virtual environments can present difficulties in terms of usability to the user when the interface gives no tactile feedback and floats freely in the virtual world, requiring further interaction to adjust it to a reasonable orientation to facilitate interaction. The ubiquity of touchscreen devices today suggests a potentially inexpensive solution to these problems by providing a tactile handheld interface. We present Scrybe, a tablet interface for virtual reality applications, as a solution to this problem. We describe modifications to a virtual reality library to facilitate the addition of 2D interfaces in two different ways and discuss their application to two touchscreen interfaces: a tablet PC and an Android smartphone.
A Market Approach to Privacy Policy

The debate over information privacy in the last decade has been dominated by unscientific survey data and lurid anecdotal data, making it difficult to determine if there really is a privacy crisis and, if so, what public policy choices would most effectively mitigate it without introducing costly unintended consequences. This essay presents a taxonomy of different information users and the risks of destructive information practices each one poses, suggesting different solutions to different problems. The essay proposes that the rise of a market for private information is likely to resolve most of today's inefficiencies in information use and asymmetry, limiting the need for prescriptive regulatory regimes.
Methodology for hyperspectral band and classification model selection

Feature selection is one of the fundamental problems in nearly every application of statistical modeling, and hyperspectral data analysis is no exception. We propose a new methodology for combining unsupervised and supervised methods under classification accuracy and computational requirement constraints. It is designed to perform not only hyperspectral band (wavelength range) selection but also classification method selection. The procedure involves ranking hands based on information content and redundancy and evaluating a varying number of the top ranked bands. We term this technique Rank Ordered With Accuracy Selection (ROWAS). It provides a good tradeoff between feature space exploration and computational efficiency. To verify our methodology, we conducted experiments with a georeferenced hyperspectral image (acquired by an AVIRIS sensor) and categorical ground measurements.
Generic Object Recognizer Design

The problem of generic object recognition is discussed in relation to the current research emphasis in the computer vision community on learning methods for classz~cationM. utual information is proposed as a tool for identiying the salient features of a class and as a mechanism for constructing class recognizers from an engineering design standpoint. The concept of obsewability is introduced to define classes that may differ from human concepts but are necessary to achieve high recognition performance.
Rewriting Zapata: Generational Conflict on the Eve of the Mexican Revolution

In this article I challenge John Womack9s opening premise and subsequent interpretations about the origins of the 1910 Zapatista rebellion. Using newly discovered documents from Mexican archives, I argue that a 1907 proposal to move from Anenecuilco fundamentally alters Womack9s claim that these people revolted because they refused to move. The proposal to move bore the signatures of more men from Anenecuilco and Ayala than any previous or subsequent letter, including Emiliano Zapata9s. To fully understand the implications of the offer to leave Anenecuilco I analyze generational differences of opinion on liberal constitutionalism and land tenure. Ultimately, Anenecuilco faced greater internal disagreements than historians have acknowledged.
Electrochemical Properties and Speciation in Mg(HMDS)2-Based Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries as a Function of Ethereal Solvent Type and Temperature.

Magnesium batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the widespread abundance of magnesium and its high specific volumetric energy capacity. Ethereal solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) are commonly used for magnesium-ion electrolytes due to their chemical compatibility with magnesium metal, but the volatile nature of THF is a concern for practical application. Herein, we investigate magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) plus aluminum chloride (Mg(HMDS)2-AlCl3) electrolytes in THF, diglyme, and tetraglyme at varying temperature. We find that, despite the higher thermal stability of the glyme-based electrolytes, THF-based electrolytes have better reversibility at room temperature. Deposition/stripping efficiency is found to be a strong function of temperature. Diglyme-based Mg(HMDS)2-AlCl3 electrolytes are found to not exchange as quickly as THF and tetraglyme, stabilizing AlCl2+ and facilitating undesired aluminum deposition. Raman spectroscopy, 27Al NMR, and mass spectrometry ...
Sustainability of green jobs in Portugal: a methodological approach using occupational health indicators

Objective This study aimed to develop a methodological tool to analyze and monitor the green jobs in the context of Occupational Health and Safety. Methods A literature review in combination with an investigation of Occupational Health Indicators was performed. The resulting tool of Occupational Health Indicators was based on the existing information of "Single Report" and was validated by national's experts. Results The tool brings together 40 Occupational Health Indicators in four key fields established by World Health Organization in their conceptual framework "Health indicators of sustainable jobs." The tool proposed allows for assessing if the green jobs enabled to follow the principles and requirements of Occupational Health Indicators and if these jobs are as good for the environment as for the workers' health, so if they can be considered quality jobs. Conclusions This shows that Occupational Health Indicators are indispensable for the assessment of the sustainability of green jobs and should be taken into account in the definition and evaluation of policies and strategies of the sustainable development.
Facial Erosive Pustular Dermatosis After Cosmetic Resurfacing.

Importance Erosive pustular dermatosis (EPD) is a rare condition that typically affects actinically damaged skin of the scalp. Characterized by sterile pustules, erosions, and crusts, EPD is difficult to treat and heals slowly. The exact cause of EPD is unknown, although trauma is an inciting factor. Objective To describe 3 women who presented with prolonged facial erosions after cosmetic resurfacing procedures, specifically fully ablative carbon dioxide laser or medium-depth chemical peel. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series describes the clinical features, histopathological findings, laboratory results, and treatment of 3 patients with an ultimate diagnosis most consistent with facial EPD. Patients were evaluated between September 10, 2010, and May 6, 2016, in a dermatology clinic in an academic medical center. The patients were 3 women seeking diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic options for nonhealing facial erosions occurring after ablative procedures (carbon dioxide laser resurfacing or Jessner solution/trichloroacetic acid chemical peel). Main Outcomes and Measures Histologic examination and wound culture from initial presentation as well as clinical follow-up documenting improvement with therapeutic interventions. Results All 3 patients were women in their 50s or 60s for whom EPD was deemed to be the best diagnosis, after infection, immunobullous disorders, and other pustular dermatoses were considered. Histologic features were nonspecific. Treatment included a combination of topical and systemic therapies, such as corticosteroids, dapsone, isotretinoin, and/or antibiotics. Watchful waiting (tincture of time) appeared to be central to the healing process. Conclusions and Relevance After cosmetic resurfacing, patients may develop EPD isolated to the face. As a diagnosis of exclusion that should be considered in patients who have nonhealing wounds following ablative procedures, EPD is challenging to treat and may require the use of anti-inflammatory agents. Recognizing this condition is important, especially as cosmetic procedures become more widespread.
Incidental Teaching: Happy Progress

Incidental teaching is contextualized instruction that takes advantage of naturally occurring opportunities – “incidents” – to teach valued skills in the context of child preference and use. The aim of this chapter is to present the potential benefits of incidental teaching for increasing social competence for children with autism. Competencies are comprised of groups of behaviors under the conditions of use that lead to particular outcomes. In this context, social behavior covers a wide expanse and can include diverse skills such as orienting, imitating, communicating, sharing, and negotiating. The social outcomes resulting from our teaching success also cover a wide expanse, ranging from play partnerships to situational friendships to enduring and loving companionships. Specific competency goals will vary in the context of a particular child and the values and norms of their social community. Our examples and recommendations focus on social behaviors, with the understanding that the practitioner will place these goals in the context of meaningful competencies. The essence of incidental teaching for social skills is to make the most of motivating variables and present conditions to help the learner learn component social skills, to maintain social engagement, and to develop mutually beneficial relationships. In this chapter, we provide a description of the theoretical framework supporting incidental teaching, illustrate basic incidental teaching procedures, summarize the empirical evidence base, and end with key recommendations based on theory, research, and our clinical experience.
Life Goals Over Time Among Homeless Adults in Permanent Supportive Housing.

Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is a widely-accepted solution to the challenge of chronic homelessness. While housing support and retention, physical health, and healthcare continue to be important for formerly homeless persons in PSH, “higher-order” and humanistic needs such as thriving have received less attention and as a result are less well understood in this population. One important indicator of thriving is the ability to establish and articulate life goals. This study utilizes longitudinal data from 421 formerly homeless adults prior to their move into PSH, and at 3-, 6- and 12-months after move-in (369 respondents completed all four interviews), to examine what life goals are articulated by this population and how those goals change over time. Prior to housing, most respondents articulated housing attainment as their primary life goal, whereas at follow-up interviews health goals, housing relocation, and financial goals became more prevalent. Aspirational goals (e.g., independence, self-improvement, artistic pursuits) were also common, but demonstrated a decrease over time in housing. Relationship goals remained common and consistent over time. Findings indicate that housing is a necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, step for improving thriving among formerly homeless adults. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
FORMS OF IRON AND THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS IN EUTROPHIC AMISK LAKE, ALBERTA

M<issbauer spectral studies indicate that the main forms of iron in the reducing bottom sediments of euuophic Amisk Lake, Alberta, are pyrite and ferric ions in structural positions in clay minerals. Minor concentrations ofhydrated ferric oxides occur in the suspended paxticulate matter. Pyrite is formed within the sediments by the reaction of sulfide ion with clay-bound ferric ions. The large volume of seasonally anoxic water and strong formation ofpyrite in the sediments serve to efftciently remove poorly crystalline hydrated ferric oxides from the water column. The concentrations of hydrated ferric oxides in the water axe insignificant rclative to those ofphosphorus; consequently, most of the internally regenerated inorganic phosphorus is readily available for algal gowth. Amisk Lake is probably naturally eutrophic. Keyvords: bioavailable phosphorus, eutrophication, iron deficiency, lake, Alberta.
The Prenatal Diagnosis of Neural Tube and Other Congenital Defects

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common major congenital malformations in most countries. Striking variations in incidence have been known for years, with extremely high rates exceeding 8 per 1000 births having been reported from widely scattered regions, such as Northern Ireland, Alexandria, Egypt, and the Punjab in India (Elwood and Elwood, 1980; Verma, 1978; Stevenson et al., 1966). In the United States past estimates of the incidence rate for NTDs have varied between 1.4 and 3.1 per 1000 births (Nakano, 1973). More recently, incidence rates for NTDs have ranged between 1.0 and 1.6 per 1000 births, and for spina bifida (SB) between 0.2 and 0.8 per 1000 births, with the highest rates being found in southern Appalachia (Sever et al., 1982; Windham and Edmonds, 1982; Martin et al., 1983; Greenberg et al., 1983; Jorde et al., 1984). While large geographic and temporal variations in the frequency of NTDs are well known, a marked decrease in the prevalence of NTDs has been observed, especially in the United Kingdom. Between 1965 and 1981, the notified prevalence of these defects in England and Wales decreased from 4.7 per 1000 to 1.9 per 1000 births (Wald and Cuckle, 1984).
Implications of Aging Paradigms for Bioethics

Reflection on aging in bioethics has been influenced by a single paradigm of what growing old involves, namely, the so-called life span model. This model involves a set of normative beliefs that conceive aging as a conventional process of development through distinct stages or phases, each composed of a set of characteristic features or tasks. In this chapter, I discuss the way this model operates in mainstream bioethical discussion of the impact upon society of an enlarged population of dependant elders whose needs for healthcare services raise concerns about the fair allocation of resources among generations. I argue that treatment of this problem relies on background assumptions associated with the life span model that are largely unanalyzed. An historical analysis or an analysis attentive to the autonomy-enhancing aspects of aging research shows that these assumptions are problematic.
Food and Fitness: Are Eating Disorders About Self-Esteem, Mating Strategies or Both?

Psychologists, academics, and the public often find evolutionary studies irrelevant to what they take for granted, e.g., eating disorders are about self-esteem, not mating strategies. This (nonevolutionary) explanation derives from the “symbolization model”: eating disorders are symbols of underlying distressful mind-sets involving low self-esteem. Evolutionists counter that evolutionary theory can unify all of psychology, e.g., eating disorders are about mating, not mere symbols of ego-identity problems. That evolutionary explanation derives from the “reproductive suppression model”: eating disorders are extreme forms of evolved adaptations for postponing reproduction to increase lifetime reproductive success. The two models yield different kinds of explanations. Because relevance is relative to the kind of explanation, evolutionary theory cannot unify all psychology theory (symbolic explanation has a place) but it is relevant to and can unify most psychological phenomena. Yet evolutionary explanations that posit functions without considering causes of behavior lose explanatory power and persuasive power. Causes of eating disorders include: lack of desire to develop sexual traits, dislike of one’s body size and shape, striving to meet demanding physical standards, fear of becoming fat, desire to conform, and seeing control as a virtue.
Subcritical hydrolysis of ice-cream wastewater: Modeling and functional properties of hydrolysate

Abstract The hydrolysis kinetics of ice-cream wastewater was studied under subcritical conditions (130–230 °C and 20–60 bar) in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. The kinetic was monitored by measuring the degree of hydrolysis (DH, %) at different time intervals (up to 240 min). Samples of ice-cream wastewater were collected from the university dairy plant after a typical clean-in-place protocol. Overall, the reaction time and temperature significantly increased the DH, reaching a maximum value of 40.99 ± 0.81, 34.44 ± 0.47, 20.61 ± 0.42, and 5.74 ± 0.36% after 200–240 min at 130, 170, 200 and 230 °C, respectively. The experimental data were modeled using the Weibull distribution model showing a satisfactory correlation between experimental data and predicted values (R2 = 0.971). The apparent activation energy for subcritical hydrolysis was 37.53 ± 5.21 kJ mol−1. After 240 min of reaction, the hydrolyzates were recovered, and their antiradical ability was measured through free radical scavenging (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Additionally, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory ability was determined. The inhibition of a free radical was found to increase linearly with the DH (R2 = 0.991). The hydrolysate recovered at 230 °C showed the highest ACE-inhibitory ability (98.0 ± 1.6%). The study outcomes present an opportunity for utilizing subcritical hydrolysis to convert wastewater into valuable materials.
Nitrous oxide from chemodenitrification: A possible missing link in the Proterozoic greenhouse and the evolution of aerobic respiration

The potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O) may have been an important constituent of Earth's atmosphere during Proterozoic (~2.5-0.5 Ga). Here, we tested the hypothesis that chemodenitrification, the rapid reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous iron, would have enhanced the flux of N2 O from ferruginous Proterozoic seas. We empirically derived a rate law, d N 2 O d t = 7.2 × 10 - 5 [ Fe 2 + ] 0.3 [ NO ] 1 , and measured an isotopic site preference of +16‰ for the reaction. Using this empirical rate law, and integrating across an oceanwide oxycline, we found that low nM NO and μM-low mM Fe2+ concentrations could have sustained a sea-air flux of 100-200 Tg N2 O-N year-1 , if N2 fixation rates were near-modern and all fixed N2 was emitted as N2 O. A 1D photochemical model was used to obtain steady-state atmospheric N2 O concentrations as a function of sea-air N2 O flux across the wide range of possible pO2 values (0.001-1 PAL). At 100-200 Tg N2 O-N year-1 and >0.1 PAL O2 , this model yielded low-ppmv N2 O, which would produce several degrees of greenhouse warming at 1.6 ppmv CH4 and 320 ppmv CO2 . These results suggest that enhanced N2 O production in ferruginous seawater via a previously unconsidered chemodenitrification pathway may have helped to fill a Proterozoic "greenhouse gap," reconciling an ice-free Mesoproterozoic Earth with a less luminous early Sun. A particularly notable result was that high N2 O fluxes at intermediate O2 concentrations (0.01-0.1 PAL) would have enhanced ozone screening of solar UV radiation. Due to rapid photolysis in the absence of an ozone shield, N2 O is unlikely to have been an important greenhouse gas if Mesoproterozoic O2 was 0.001 PAL. At low O2 , N2 O might have played a more important role as life's primary terminal electron acceptor during the transition from an anoxic to oxic surface Earth, and correspondingly, from anaerobic to aerobic metabolisms.
Anti-dementia and anti-hyperlipidemic medication use at end of life in elderly lung cancer patients: Analysis of SEER-Medicare data.

10027Background: Despite risk for polypharmacy, elderly cancer patients may receive drugs whose time to benefit likely exceeds life expectancy. This study aims to describe use of drugs considered p...
Review: Liberal oxygen increases mortality in acutely ill adults compared with conservative oxygen therapy

Source Citation Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis....
Till Death Do Us Part.

A recently married 30-year-old woman was admitted with altered mental status, acute abdominal pain, and weakness in the lower extremities. In the hospital, she developed alopecia, numbness of the hands and feet with asymmetric reflexes with the upper extremities being preserved over the lower extremities, tachycardia, and hypertension. Computerized tomography revealed no evidence of malignancy. Cerebral angiogram was also normal. Based on gastrointestinal issues, peripheral neuropathy, and alopecia, heavy metal toxicity was considered (1, 2) (Table 1). View this table: Table 1. Initial chemistry test results. 1. What heavy metal testing should be ordered considering the peripheral neuropathy, alopecia, and high transaminases? 2. What specimen type is …
Association of US Medical Marijuana Laws With Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use and Prescription Opioid Use Disorder.

Importance Between 1997 and 2017, the United States saw increases in nonmedical prescription opioid use and its consequences, as well as changes in marijuana policies. Ecological-level research hypothesized that medical marijuana legalization may reduce prescription opioid use by allowing medical marijuana as an alternative. Objectives To investigate the association of state-level medical marijuana law enactment with individual-level nonmedical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder among prescription opioid users and to determine whether these outcomes varied by age and racial/ethnic groups. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used restricted data on 627 000 individuals aged 12 years and older from the 2004 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a population-based survey representative of the civilian population of the United States. Analyses were completed from March 2018 to May 2018. Exposures Time-varying indicator of state-level medical marijuana law enactment (0 = never law enactment, 1 = before law enactment, and 2 = after law enactment). Main Outcomes and Measures Past-year nonmedical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder among prescription opioid users. Odds ratios of nonmedical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder comparing the period before and after law enactment were presented overall, by age and racial/ethnic group, and adjusted for individual- and state-level confounders. Results The study sample included 627 000 participants (51.51% female; 9.88% aged 12-17 years, 13.30% aged 18-25 years, 14.30% aged 26-34 years, 25.02% aged 35-49 years, and 37.50% aged ≥50 years; the racial/ethnic distribution was 66.97% non-Hispanic white, 11.83% non-Hispanic black, 14.47% Hispanic, and 6.73% other). Screening and interview response rates were 82% to 91% and 71% to 77%, respectively. Overall, there were small changes in nonmedical prescription opioid use prevalence after medical marijuana law enactment (4.32% to 4.86%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.20). Prescription opioid use disorder prevalence among prescription opioid users decreased slightly after law enactment, but the change was not statistically significant (15.41% to 14.76%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81-1.11). Outcomes were similar when stratified by age and race/ethnicity. Conclusions and Relevance This study found little evidence of an association between medical marijuana law enactment and nonmedical prescription opioid use or prescription opioid use disorder among prescription opioid users. Further research should disentangle the potential mechanisms through which medical marijuana laws may reduce opioid-related harm.
Predicting the response of turbulent channel flow to varying-phase opposition control: Resolvent analysis as a tool for flow control design

The present study evaluates the capabilities of a low-order flow model based on the resolvent analysis of McKeon and Sharma [B. J. McKeon and A. S. Sharma, J. Fluid Mech. 658, 336 (2010)] for the purpose of controller design for drag reduction in wall-bounded turbulent flows. To this end, we first show that the model is able to approximate the change in mean wall shear stress, which is commonly used as measure for drag reduction. We also derive an analytical expression that decomposes the drag reduction in internal flows into terms that can be predicted directly by the model and terms that allow for quantification of model error if high-fidelity data are available. We then show by example of varying-phase opposition control in a low-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow that the drag reduction predicted by the resolvent model captures the trend observed in direct numerical simulation (DNS) over a wide range of controller parameters. The DNS results confirm the resolvent model prediction that the attainable drag reduction strongly depends on the relative phase between sensor measurement and actuator response, which raises interesting flow physics questions for future studies. The good agreement between the resolvent model and DNS further reveals that resolvent analysis, which at its heart is a linear technique, is able to approximate the response of the full nonlinear system to control. We also show that in order to make accurate predictions the model only needs to resolve a small subset of the DNS wave numbers and that the controlled resolvent modes obey the Reynolds-number scaling laws of the uncontrolled resolvent operator derived by Moarref et al. [R. Moarref et al., J. Fluid Mech. 734, 275 (2013)]. As a consequence, our results suggest that resolvent analysis can provide a suitable flow model to design feedback flow control schemes for the purpose of drag reduction in incompressible wall-bounded turbulent flows even at technologically relevant Reynolds numbers.
Constraint Management of Rotating Machinery With Application to Xerography

This paper is concerned with the problem of constraint management for rotating machinery with actuators and sensors fixed in inertial space. Such systems arise in xerography, drilling and milling machines, and turbo machinery. The proposed approach consists of first discretizing the rotating device spatially and temporally to obtain a discrete-time lumped linear periodic model of the rotating device. Linear tracking controllers are then designed to stabilize the system, followed by the application of the Reference Governor (RG) technique for constraint management. To accomplish the latter, we extend the earlier results in the literature of RG to the case of periodic systems with disturbances, which arises in applications. We illustrate the theory using a numerical simulation of the fusing stage of a xerographic process.
Reflections of mentoring midshipmen and high school students at the United States Naval Academy—With student recollections

For 38 years, MSK has developed mentoring undergraduate students in the Physics Department. Mentorship is a unique dance, a growing tree—with kind branches embracing any challenge—a give and take enjoyed by both the mentor and mentee. It should be fun—filled with goals to achieve (often wrapped in a research challenge). “Acoustics” and “Underwater Acoustics and Sonar,” courses—inspire projects. Students have presented research at ASA meetings. Some become co-authors on published papers. For 35 years, MSK developed a high school mentorship program at USNA. Rising juniors and seniors may apply. HS mentees start their research on a project that evolves over one or two months working twice a week for 2.5–3 h sessions. Students often continue over the summer. Recently, MSK took HS mentorship students to the ASA Boston Meeting, the 17th ISNA Meeting (Santa Fe 2018), Louisville and Internoise 2019 in Madrid. Three HS seniors at the ISNA conference presented research (published in POMA) on (1) nonlinear acoustic landmine detection with wetted and dry beads [EVS], (2) acoustic levitation and nonlinear sound scattering by a bubble [KAH], and (3) the interaction of two crossed ultrasonic streaming jets [JMC]. Their dedication and insights are highly valued.
What Differences Do They See? Using Mixed Methods to Capture Adolescent Perceptions of Neighborhood Contexts

Recent neighborhood research emphasizes the importance of individuals' perceptions of their neighborhoods, as well as expands the definition of "neighborhood" to include the different contexts encountered during routine daily activities (Coulton et al., 2013; Kwan, 2012). The present study uses qualitative interviews, sketch mapping, and survey data to explore adolescents' experiences of different neighborhoods within their activity space. Participants included 55 racially diverse youth aged 11-19 (M = 14.64, SD = 2.33) who resided in low-income neighborhoods in a small city in the Midwest. The majority reported spending time in multiple self-defined neighborhoods, noting significant differences between neighborhoods on collective efficacy, street code, and on participant-generated dimensions. Self-defined neighborhoods did not correspond to Census tracts, and Census indicators were not associated with youth's perceptions (e.g., collective efficacy, street code). Youth spent time in neighborhoods that differed significantly on multiple Census indicators of structural disadvantage, though within-individual differences tended to be small in magnitude. Type of routine activity was largely not predictive of distance traveled from home, though some findings suggest youth were more likely to cross neighborhood boundaries to engage in structured activities compared to different unstructured activities. Implications for neighborhood research and interventions are discussed.
Theoretical performance of polycrystalline mercuric iodide x-ray converters incorporating pillar-supported Frisch grid structures

For active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs), relatively high levels of additive noise compared to the average imaging signal per interacting x-ray limits DQE under conditions of low dose per frame – degrading imaging performance in applications such as digital breast tomosynthesis. The development of particle-in-binder, polycrystalline mercuric iodide (PIB HgI2) as an alternative converter is of interest since the material can provide significantly larger imaging signal per x-ray than converters based on CsI:Tl or a-Se. In order to address the high degree of charge trapping exhibited by HgI2 (leading to unacceptably large image lag), incorporation of a Frisch grid structure into the bulk of the converter is under investigation. Earlier theoretical studies demonstrated that such a grid can greatly reduce the contribution of hole charge to imaging signal – which should reduce the effects of charge trapping. In those studies, the grid was assumed to be positioned between two polycrystalline HgI2 layers – a configuration referred to as a floating grid. In this paper, early results from a theoretical examination of the performance of converters containing a grid supported on insulating pillars over an underlying AMFPI array and a single layer of PIB HgI2 material, are reported. The simulation results indicate that, while charge accumulating on the pillars changes the shape of electric fields that allow collection of electron signal, high electron collection efficiency accompanied by substantial suppression of hole signal can nevertheless be maintained through judicious selection of grid design and operational conditions. This work is supported by NIH grant R01- EB022028.
Antibodies specific for disease-associated antigens (DAA) expressed in non-malignant diseases reveal potential new tumor-associated antigens (TAA) for immunotherapy or immunoprevention

Immune responses to a large number of mutated and non-mutated tumor antigens have been studied in an attempt to unravel the highly complex immune response to cancer. Better understanding of both the effectors and the targets of successful immunosurveillance can inform various immunotherapeutic approaches, which can strengthen or replace natural immunosurveillance that a tumor has managed to escape. In this review we highlight targets of antibodies generated in the context of diseases other than cancer, such as asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders, inflammation and infections, where the antibody presence correlates either with an increased or a reduced lifetime risk of cancer. We focus on their target antigens, self-molecules abnormally expressed on diseased cells or cross-reactive with exogenous antigens and found on cancer cells as tumor associated antigens (TAA). We refer to them as disease-associated antigens (DAA). We review 4 distinct categories of antibodies according to their target DAA, their origin and their reported impact on cancer risk: natural antibodies, autoantibodies, long-term memory antibodies and allergy-associated antibodies. Increased understanding and focus on their specific targets could enable a more rational choice of antigens for both therapeutic and preventative cancer vaccines and other more effective and less toxic cancer immunotherapies.
Preoperative Opioid Prescription Filling Is a Risk Factor for Prolonged Opioid Use After Elbow Arthroscopy.

PURPOSE To (1) report the frequency of postoperative opioid prescriptions after elbow arthroscopy, (2) evaluate whether filling opioid prescriptions preoperatively placed patients at increased risk of requiring more opioid prescriptions after surgery, and (3) determine patient factors associated with postoperative opioid prescription needs. METHODS A national claims-based database was queried for patients undergoing primary elbow arthroscopy. Patients with prior total elbow arthroplasty or septic arthritis of the elbow were excluded. Patients who filled at least 1 opioid prescription between 1 and 4 months prior to surgery were defined as the preoperative opioid-use group. Monthly relative risk ratios for filling an opioid prescription were calculated for the first year after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with opioid use at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after elbow arthroscopy, with P < .05 defined as significant. RESULTS We identified 1,138 patients who underwent primary elbow arthroscopy. The preoperative opioid-use group consisted of 245 patients (21.5%), 61 of whom (24.9%) were still filling opioid prescriptions 12 months after surgery. The multivariate analysis determined that the preoperative opioid-use group was at increased risk of postoperative opioid prescription filling at 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 9.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.98-13.76), 6 months (OR, 8.74; 95% CI, 5.57-13.92), 9 months (OR, 7.17; 95% CI, 4.57-11.39), and 12 months (OR, 6.27; 95% CI, 3.94-10.07) after elbow arthroscopy. Patients younger than 40 years exhibited a decreased risk of postoperative opioid prescription filling at 3 months (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.91), 6 months (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.50), 9 months (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22-0.97), and 12 months (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.19-0.94) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative opioid filling, fibromyalgia, and psychiatric illness are associated with an increased risk of prolonged postoperative opioid after elbow arthroscopy. Patient age younger than 40 years and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with a decreased risk of postoperative opioid prescription filling within the first postoperative year. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective cohort study.
The use of craniofacial measurements in pediatrics

Anthropometric measurements is of great importance in dysmorphology, which can provide measurement character in dysmophic syndromes. Craniofacial measurement is an substaintial part in anthropometry. However, the data of normal craniofacial measurements are rare and incomplete. Key words: Anthropomtry; Craniofacial measurements; Dysmorphology
Impact of a Global Child Mental Health Observership Program: Participant Evaluation, Perceptions, and Outcomes.

The authors describe the participant outcomes and global impact of a structured international observership program in child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) at a United States (US) pediatric academic center. The quality improvement phase of the observership program was conducted for 2 years and included 12 participants from 9 different countries. Observers utilized a question guide to describe their clinical and academic experiences in the US in relation to their countries. Each observer completed a program evaluation at the end of the observership, and provided progress reports ranging 6–20 months following completion of the program. Observers valued their experience in the program with overall high evaluation ratings. Observers described major differences and similarities as well as strengths and weaknesses of the US system of care in comparison with their countries’ system of care, with perspectives provided on available therapies (pharmacological and non-pharmacological), multidisciplinary treatment, and the role of culture. All observers returned to their countries upon completion of the program and demonstrated significant CAMH clinical and academic productivity with publications, leadership roles, training, education, clinical care, and advocacy in their countries after participation in the observership. The outcomes of this program demonstrate that the development and implementation of an onsite educational observership experience in an academic setting have significant potential to build international collaboration and partnerships, in order to meet the underserved mental health needs of children and adolescents globally. Such experiences promote professional growth for all involved and advance CAMH care and advocacy worldwide.
Persuasion and Public Health: Evidence from An Experiment with Religious Leaders during COVID-19 in Pakistan (preprint)

We use a Randomized Controlled Trial in Pakistan to test whether one-on-one engagement with community religious leaders can encourage them to advise congregants to comply with public health guidelines from state authorities. We test whether religious content in this engagement increases its effectiveness. We find that simple one-on-one engagement significantly improves the advice given by religious leaders to congregants on preventing COVID transmission in the mosque. Engagement was equally effective with or without explicitly religious content. Treatment effects are driven by the subsample who are already convinced of basic information about COVID at baseline, suggesting the treatment does not work by correcting basic knowledge about the disease. Rather, it may work through the effectiveness of one-on-one engagement that reinforces existing knowledge and connects it to actions that respondents can take in their role as community leaders.
Programming Girlhood: Digital Labor and the Twenty-First Century Girl Coder in the United States

There has been a marked rise in U.S. clubs and television programs promoting coding for young girls. These clubs and television shows position girls as either benefiting economically through the fi...
Self-propulsion of a freely suspended swimmer by a swirling tail in a viscoelastic fluid

We consider a model microswimmer consisting of two counter-rotating spheres that has zero propulsion in a Newtonian fluid but swims in the direction of the larger sphere in a viscoelastic fluid. This is analogous to the bacteria E. coli which propels itself with a rotating flagellar bundle and counter-rotating cell body. We find that the swimmer's thrust is due to a pressure imbalance along its body resulting from polymeric hoop stresses around the faster spinning smaller sphere that advect fluid radially inward. In contrast to previous work, our artificial swimmer is both force- and torque-free. We show that the latter condition has a profound impact on the swimming speed in an elastic fluid.
Oil induced cardiac effects in embryonic sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus.

Abstract Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010, much research has been conducted on the cardiotoxic effects of oil on fish. Sensitive life history stages, such as the embryonic period, have been targeted to elucidate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the developing cardiovascular systems of fish. However, much of this research has focused on rapidly developing pelagic species, with little emphasis on estuarine species with longer embryological periods. Moreover, previous studies have used heart rate as the primary endpoint to measure cardiac performance in embryos and larvae; an endpoint that on its own may overlook impairment in cardiac performance. This study aims to fill these knowledge gaps and provide a more holistic approach for assessing the effects of PAHs on cardiac function by exposing sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) embryos to two oil doses (150 and 300 μg/L tPAH nominally) throughout embryonic development and measuring cardiac responses through the identification of cardiotoxic phenotypes (pericardial edema) as well as calculation of cardiac output at 4 days post fertilization. Results of this study show significant increases in pericardial edema at both oil doses relative to controls as well as significantly reduced cardiac output – driven by reductions in ventricular stroke volume. This study is one of the first to assess cardiac output in embryonic fish exposed to oil and methods described here allow for more physiologically relevant measures of cardiac performance in early life stages through established and non-invasive measures.
Experimental Design for Direct Diagnostics of Flashover Plasma Propagation Velocity

During their operational lifetime spacecraft are subjected differential charging effects caused by the space weather environment. The differential charging of materials on s spacecraft eventually drives dielectrics, insulators and conductors used in spacecraft construction to develop differential potentials relative to the spacecraft ground. In areas known as triple junctions, the contact region between differentially biased, electrically dissimilar materials and the space plasma environment, the differential bias can reach breakdown conditions and primary arcs can occur. When a primary arc strike occurs near a charged surface, blown off material from the arc site generates a multi-species plasma that expands across the spacecraft surface. As the plasma expands, it collects the charge accumulated on the spacecraft, feeding it back into the arc site and contributing to the arc energy in an event known as a flashover discharge.
9 Basic Levels in Artificial and Natural Categories: Are All Basic Levels Created Equal?

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the nature of the basic level of conceptual structure in both naturally occurring and artificially constructed categories. There is a description on some initial work on basic levels, as well as theories and metrics relevant to them. The relationship between artificial and natural category studies has important consequences for the models that have addressed basic level phenomena. These models typically have simulated the results of artificial category studies. Therefore, it is important to evaluate how well such studies reflect the true basic level phenomena involving natural stimuli. If the basic level emerges for the same reasons for artificial and for natural categories, then a theory that explains the basic level in one domain necessarily explains the basic level in the other. The chapter examines the relation between artificial and natural basic level categories and describes some recent research in the laboratory concerning the artificial basic levels.
Identity and Liberation: An Existential Phenomenological Approach

Political philosophy, whether in Rawlsian analyses of principles that demarcate who we are and what we should do about whom we exclude, Habermasian analyses of normative structural significations of communicative practice that also ask us who we are and what we should do about those who are excluded from our practices, or further back to Deweyan concerns about who we are and where we are going and Gramscian concerns about similar matters, has charted its twentieth-century course in many assertions and inversions of two paradigms that are part of the drama of who we, globally understood, are. Although effected in the twentieth-century, the drama unfolds from the nineteenth. What do I mean?
An Image-intensified CCD Area X-Ray Detector for Use with Synchrotron Radiation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an image-intensified charge-coupled devices (CCDs) area X-Ray detector for use with synchrotron radiation. Two-dimensional (2 D) area detectors capable of handling high input X-ray rates must be used to take full advantage of the high photon fluxes at synchrotron sources. By contrast, many integrating detectors do not suffer from count-rate limitations and, therefore, the natural choice for synchrotron based diffraction and scattering experiments. In particular, the electro-optical detectors have greatly increased detective quantum efficiency at low dose, wide dynamic range, and a linear dose response. Furthermore, the diffraction pattern is immediately available for inspection with a digitizing electro-optical instrument, which facilitates monitoring and interaction with the experiment. In summary, the CCD X-ray detector is a useful quantum-limited device both for use with a standard X-ray source and at a synchrotron source where the very high count-rate limitations prevent the use of photon-counting devices.
A design scheme to stabilize the active gain enhancement amplifier

Active gain enhancement is an advantageous technique for designing an opamp with high DC gain and large GB. This paper presents a high frequency analysis and the design methodology of the active gain enhancement circuit. The analysis is based on an enhanced folded cascode amplifier. It explains the settling time and the stability problem of the active gain enhancement. A transfer function involving the unenhanced opamp and the auxiliary opamp is derived. From the evaluation of the transfer function it was concluded that in order to design a stable overdamped system it is important to compensate the auxiliary opamp as well as the unenhanced opamp.