cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract B074: Sapanisertib in combination with trametinib in glioblastoma models enhances target inhibition and antitumor activity

Objective: To determine the biological and signaling effects of dual-pathway inhibition with mTORC1/2 and MEK inhibitors in glioblastoma neurosphere cell lines. Background: The PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway is frequently dysregulated in glioblastoma (GBM), making it the focus of active scientific and drug development efforts in brain tumors. Unfortunately, small molecule targeted therapies against EGFR and its downstream effector pathways, while promising in the pre-clinical setting, have been disappointing in glioma clinical trials. The mTOR pathway target ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) can also be activated by the ERK pathway target p90-RSK. We therefore tested the hypothesis that small molecule inhibition of both ERK and mTOR signaling pathways would result in enhanced anti-tumor activity. Methods: Seven glioblastoma neurosphere lines were tested for sensitivity to the ATP-competitive mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib (MLN0128) alone or in combination with the allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) using cell growth assays and immunoblots as indicated. Results: The dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib inhibits mTOR signaling and cell growth in all GBM neurosphere lines, but only partially inhibits phosphorylation of the downstream target ribosomal protein S6 (phospho-RPS6) in these models. The MEK inhibitor, trametinib, inhibited ERK phosphorylation in all neurosphere lines, though phosphorylation of downstream targets and cell growth were inhibited to varying degrees. Inhibition of RPS6 activation was dose-dependent and correlated with cell line sensitivity when treated with trametinib but not with sapanisertib. In combination, sapanisertib plus trametinib showed more profound inhibition of phospho-RPS6, as well as enhanced growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in sensitive neurosphere lines. Conclusions: The combination of sapanisertib and trametinib may have significant antitumor activity in glioblastoma neurospheres by enhanced inhibition of S6, which serves as the convergence point between these effector pathways. Citation Format: Karisa C Schreck, Amy Allen, Jiawan Wang, Christine A Pratilas. Sapanisertib in combination with trametinib in glioblastoma models enhances target inhibition and antitumor activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B074. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-B074
Studies on isolated cell components: I. Nuclear isolation by differential centrifugation

Abstract A method is presented for isolating nuclei of rat and hamster liver in a high state of purity and in a condition optically similar to nuclei within living cells. The isolation procedure consists in the homogenization and differential centrifugation of fresh liver at 0–5 ° in a salt-sucrose solution buffered at pH 7.1. By layering the material to be centrifuged over a relatively large volume of a slightly denser solution the purification can be carried out in 4 or 5 centrifugations. The entire procedure can be completed in about 90 minutes. The yield as determined by measurements of desoxyribonucleic acid is about 5 per cent. The solutions contain KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NaHCO3, and sucrose. The sucrose concentration is varied to give density differences required for layering. Salt-sucrose solutions maintain a large proportion of the isolated nuclei in a nongranular condition for 6 hours at 0 °. Pure sucrose is less satisfactory for maintenance. The protein-desoxyribonucleic acid ratio for the isolated nuclei averages 5.1 with a range of 2.7 to 8.9.
Nutrition in Cancer: Evidence and Equality.

Abstract Purpose Poor nutrition is highly implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and affects the survival of patients during and after completion of definitive therapies. Mechanistic evidence accumulated over the last century now firmly places dysregulated cellular energetics within the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Nutritional intervention studies often aim to either enhance treatment effect or treat nutritional deficiencies that portend poor prognoses. Patients living within food priority areas have a high risk of nutritional need and are more likely to develop comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, and cardiovascular risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently a paucity of data analyzing the impact of food priority areas on cancer outcomes. Methods Therefore, we performed a review of the literature focusing on the molecular and clinical interplay of cancer and nutrition, the importance of clinical trials in elucidating how to intervene in this setting and the significance of including citizens who live in food priority areas in these future prospective studies. Conclusions Given the importance of nutrition as an emerging hallmark of cancer, further research must be aimed at directing the optimal nutrition strategy throughout oncologic treatments, including the supplementation of nutritious foods to those that are otherwise unable to attain them
The neurocognitive effects of a past cannabis use disorder in a diverse sample of people living with HIV.

People living with HIV (PLWH) report higher rates of cannabis use than the general population, a trend likely to continue in light of recent policy changes and the reported therapeutic benefits of ...
Two Faces of Ideology: A Double-Edged Sword for Rulers

This chapter compares the findings of the two case studies in Chapters 4 and 5 and analyzes major determinants of ideology’s operational functions by revisiting the conceptual framework of the language game. The framework establishes a link between party ideology and its operational functions: whether ideology operates as a consensus- or conflict-inducing force depends not only on participants’ discursive strategies but also on party leaders’ ideological lines and governance, which set the rules of the language game. By contrasting Deng and Jiang’s ideology work with Xi’s, the chapter argues that party leaders’ deeper commitment to ideological unity and rectitude is likely to activate ideology’s conflict-inducing function. Due to its dual operational functions, ideology can be a double-edged sword for rulers.
Reduction in Copper Uptake and Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation by Novel Steroid-based Compounds.

BACKGROUND/AIM Knockdown of human copper transporter 1 has been associated with reduction in copper uptake and suppression of prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. This study evaluated the effects of steroid-based compounds on copper uptake and proliferation of prostate cancer cells based on their anticancer activity and previous docking analysis of steroid-based copper transporter 1 inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We synthesized several new steroid-based compounds and used 64Cu uptake assay and copper quantification assay with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to study their effects on the cellular copper uptake by prostate cancer cells. Additionally, we used CCK-8 cell proliferation assay to study their effects on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. RESULTS Significant reduction in cellular copper uptake was observed in the prostate cancer cells treated with these new steroid-based compounds. Moreover, proliferation of prostate cancer cells was suppressed by treatment with the steroid-based compound 6, which had the strongest copper uptake inhibition activity. CONCLUSION Reduction in copper uptake and inhibition of cell proliferation were demonstrated in prostate cancer cells treated with the new steroid-based compounds synthesized in this study. Steroid-based copper transporter 1 inhibitors may become novel anticancer drugs for targeted anti-copper therapy of prostate cancer and other copper hypermetabolic cancers.
On-line optimization of battery open circuit voltage for improved state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation

Abstract A battery management system (BMS) ensures performance, safety and longevity of a battery energy storage system in an embedded environment. One important task for a BMS is to estimate the state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) of a battery. The correlation between battery open circuit voltage (OCV) and SoC is an important reference for state estimation. The OCV-SoC correlation changes with respect to battery degradation. To improve the accuracy of state estimation, it is important to have the OCV-SoC correlation updated periodically. This work presents a solution by proposing a novel SoH(SoC) correlation as part of the battery equivalent circuit model (ECM). On-line optimization of SoH(SoC) correlation implicitly optimizes the OCV(SoC) correlation, as well as the capacity of a battery. An associated state and parameter dual estimator is proposed incorporating an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as a state observer, Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithm as an internal resistance identifier, and Parameter Varying Approach as the SoH(SoC) correlation identifier. Battery experiment and simulation results validate that updating the SoH–SoC correlation effectively tracks battery SoH on-line. Furthermore, it implicitly updates OCV(SoC) function, further improving SoC estimation accuracy by 0.5%∼3%.
Stigma toward Mental and Neurological Disorders Is Common in a Hispanic Community (P02.003)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of stigma towards neuropsychiatric illnesses. BACKGROUND: The already high social and economic burden of neuropsychiatric disorders might be further compounded by stigma. Presence, level and variables associated with stigma towards neuropsychiatric diseases are poorly known. DESIGN/METHODS: Participants in Leon, Nicaragua were asked to view three videos, each followed by a short questionnaire assessing stigma. The videos presented patients with epilepsy, schizophrenia, and dystonia. After completing the three videos questionnaires, participants were given additional information about the patient with dystonia and questionnaire repeated. Variables evaluated included age, gender, education, and knowing people with the same illness. RESULTS: Respondents included 92 participants (65.2% females). Answers that could indicate stigma ranged from 18 to 82.4%, depending upon the illness and question type. Overall, schizophrenia had more stigma (89%) than epilepsy (69.6%) or dystonia (74.2%) (p CONCLUSIONS: Stigma toward neuropsychiatric disorders is common in this Hispanic community. In our study, age, gender and level of education did not correspond to differences in prejudice, underlying the complexity of this problem. More studies are needed to evaluate the true implications of stigma toward neuropsychiatric diseases. Supported by: 1. Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center; 2. The Carole Davis Memorial Fund. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Disclosure: Dr. Gharzai has nothing to disclose. Dr. Xu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Torres-Russotto has received personal compensation for activities with the American Parkinson Disease Foundation (APDA), Lunbeck Research USA, Teva Neuroscience, Huntington Disease Society of America (HDSA) and Merz Pharma as a speaker and/or consultant.
Will I See You in September? An Economic Explanation for the Summer School Vacation

The September-to-June school year is not an agricultural holdover. It is a coordinating device to facilitate geographic mobility. The adoption of age-graded schools, which work best if all students start together, and the growth of worker mobility, which requires extra time and amenable weather to relocate households, produced the standard calendar. A "natural experiment" supporting this explanation is the equator. Summer vacation is a norm both north and south of it. However, American and European families on temporary assignment in the Southern Hemisphere use schools that maintain a Northern Hemisphere school year in order to facilitate relocation to their home countries.
The illusion of cell immortality.

Normal cultured cell populations are mortal but cells that are immortal are abnormal and most have properties of cancer cells. Nevertheless, this distinction becomes blurred because the terms ‘mortality’ and ‘immortality’ are subject to enormous variations in understanding. Forty years ago we showed that cell mortality and immortality are inextricably linked to longevity determination, ageing and cancer. We suggested that a counting mechanism existed in normal cells and that has now been identified as telomere attrition. This replicometer, in combination with the discovery of the enzyme telomerase, has gone very far in explaining why most normal somatic cells have a finite capacity to replicate both in vivo and in vitro and how immortal cancer cells circumvent this inevitability. It is suggested that telomere attrition may be better understood as a direct measure of longevity determination and to only have an indirect association with age changes. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Use of ethidium bromide to manipulate ratio of mutated and wild-type mitochondrial DNA in cultured cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of ethidium bromide to manipulate the ratio of mutated and wild-type mitochondrial DNA in cultured cells. In many cases, they exist in heteroplasmic form—that is, both mutated and wild-type genomes are present within cells. To investigate the effects of these mutations on mitochondrial function, it is desirable to isolate clonal cell lines that contain exclusively mutated or exclusively wildtype mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The chapter describes a system is for the characterization of mutations of the mtDNA. This system is based on the isolation of human cell lines that completely lack mtDNA (ρ˚0 cells). This system is used to investigate the pathogenetic mechanisms of mutations of mtDNA. In addition, one usually selects for mitochondrial transformants of the ρ0 cells by selecting for mitochondrial respiratory chain function. Therefore, to compare the phenotype of cells possessing 100% wild-type and 100% mutated mtDNA, or to investigate the threshold level of mutation resulting in phenotypic changes, it may be necessary to manipulate the mtDNA complement of cells for isolating cell lines that possess varying levels of mutation.
Electronic Markets and Intermediation

Keywords: coordination; disintermediation; electronic commerce; electronic hierarchies; electronic market; transaction costs; value web
In vivo persistence of CD8 polarized T cell subsets producing type 1 or type 2 cytokines

Naive CD8 T cells can be polarized into effectors producing the type 1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2 or the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, respectively. To study whether the polarized cytokine phenotype of the effectors is stable, we generated highly cytotoxic hemagglutinin (HA) peptide-specific CD8 Tc1 and Tc2 (cytotoxic CD8 T cells producing type 1 or type 2 cytokines) effectors from Clone-4 TCR-transgenic mice, which were adoptively transferred into syngeneic adult thymectomized irradiated and bone marrow-reconstituted recipients. The highly activated blast-size, CD25+ Tc1 and Tc2 effectors gave rise to homogeneous resting CD25- CD44(high) Ly6C(high) Ag-specific populations, which persisted for at least 13 wk after adoptive transfer. These memory CD8 T cells, recovered 13 wk after transfer of Tc1 or Tc2 effectors, still produced either the type 1 or type 2 cytokines, i.e., IFN-gamma, or IL-4 and IL-5, respectively, upon restimulation with APCs loaded with the HA peptide, but not in the absence of Ag. The amounts of IL-2 detected in the supernatants of Tc1 and Tc2 memory populations were comparable to that in memory CD4 cells, and both Tc1 and Tc2 memory cells became cytotoxic upon restimulation. Thus, cytokine-polarized CD8 memory T cells are a source of a variety of cytokines, which were classically considered helper cytokines, opening new perspectives on their function as regulatory cells in an immune response.
The Planetary Companions to PSR B1257+12

Mazeh and Goldman (1995) have pointed out the similarity between the mass-ratios of the planets relative to the central star and the distances from the central star (scaled by the distance of the third planet) between the planetary companions of Wolszczan’s pulsar PSR B1257+12 and the inner planets of the Solar System. According to the ‘standard model’ of the formation of the terrestrial planets, the accretions disks from which the planets formed had similar densities. However, a significant difference between the two planetary systems is that the Earth and Venus counterparts in the pulsar system are almost exactly in a 3:2 resonance mean-motion resonance; the Earth and Venus are not. I suggest that this configuration is unlikely to be a accident of formation but that the planets migrated into that configuration.
What is Business Organizing for? – The Role of Business in Society Over Time

The purpose of business is a much contested issue. In this paper, I offer a review of the historical development of the role of business in society and examine the general arguments for different perspectives. From an Aristotelian to a Smithian view of the role of business to the more recent discourse on shareholder value maximization and stakeholder value generation. Going beyond that discussion, I am presenting alternative conceptualizations that might help redirect the discussion of what business should be organizing for.
MR imaging features of infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast: histopathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE. Our study aimed to correlate the dynamic contrast-enhanced MR appearance of infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast with histopathologic findings.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the high-resolution, fat-suppressed and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images of 13 of 20 women diagnosed with pathologically proven infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast. Twelve of the 13 women presented with breast symptoms and underwent mammography. Five of the women also had breast sonography. MR imaging was performed for evaluation of disease extent before the patients underwent modified radical mastectomy (n = 11) or lumpectomy (n = 2). Three experienced radiologists reviewed the MR scans. The tumor pattern types described on imaging were correlated with a detailed analysis of the pathology.RESULTS. We found three patterns of infiltrating lobular carcinoma on MR imaging. The tumor pattern on imaging correlated with pathologic tumor morphology. We found the following patterns of infiltr...
Cloning, Characterization, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Siglec-9, a New Member of the CD33-related Group of Siglecs EVIDENCE FOR CO-EVOLUTION WITH SIALIC ACID SYNTHESIS PATHWAYS

The Siglecs are a subfamily of I-type lectins (immunoglobulin superfamily proteins that bind sugars) that specifically recognize sialic acids. We report the cloning and characterization of human Siglec-9. The cDNA encodes a type 1 transmembrane protein with three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a cytosolic tail containing two tyrosines, one within a typical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). The N-terminal V-set Ig domain has most amino acid residues typical of Siglecs. Siglec-9 is expressed on granulocytes and monocytes. Expression of the full-length cDNA in COS cells induces sialic-acid dependent erythrocyte binding. A recombinant soluble form of the extracellular domain binds to α2–3 and α2–6-linked sialic acids. Typical of Siglecs, the carboxyl group and side chain of sialic acid are essential for recognition, and mutation of a critical arginine residue in domain 1 abrogates binding. The underlying glycan structure also affects binding, with Galβ1–4Glc[NAc] being preferred. Siglec-9 shows closest homology to Siglec-7 and both belong to a Siglec-3/CD33-related subset of Siglecs (with Siglecs-5, -6, and -8). The Siglec-9 gene is on chromosome 19q13.3–13.4, in a cluster with all Siglec-3/CD33-related Siglec genes, suggesting their origin by gene duplications. A homology search of the Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans genomes suggests that Siglec expression may be limited to animals of deuterostome lineage, coincident with the appearance of the genes of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway.
Imaging defects in metals with a positron re-emission microscope

Low-energy positron beam technology is reviewed and a positron re-emission microscope is discussed as a new form of microscope for imaging defects.
Fever and trace metal changes in endotoxin-challenged neonates.

During infection, plasma Fe and Zn generally fall, while body temperature and plasma Cu rise. However, infected neonates usually do not develop fever during the first week of postnatal life. While fever could not be evoked in neonatal guinea pigs by 2 μg/kg ofS.enteritidis endotoxin until they were 8 days old, their plasma levels of Fe and Zn were lowered significantly from birth; plasma Cu tended to increase from 2 days postnatally. These results indicate that, contrary to the refractoriness to endotoxin of the febrigenic system, the ability to alter trace metal levels exists from birth. Thus, fever and trace metal levels are not necessarily coupled for host defense during infection.
Does a polyandrous honeybee queen improve through patriline diversity the activity of her colony’s scouting foragers?

Recent studies indicate that the foraging success of a honeybee colony is enhanced when it has numerous genetically diverse patrilines because of queen polyandry. We determined whether foraging is improved in part because patriline diversity generates more responsive populations of scouting foragers. Scouts search for new food sources and advertise them with waggle dances to inform other foragers about unexploited discoveries. We moved multiple-patriline and single-patriline colonies to unfamiliar locations so that colonies relied heavily on successful scouts to initiate recruitment and then compared the development of foraging effort between the two types of colonies. More waggle dance signals were produced during the incipient stages of foraging in multiple-patriline colonies compared to single-patriline colonies because scouts reported food discoveries with longer dances. Scouts also returned to multiple-patriline colonies at rates that were two thirds higher than those of single-patriline colonies, although return rates for general forager populations were not significantly different between colony types. The distance of reported food sources from hives increased with time for all colonies, but by the end of their first day in an unfamiliar environment, maximal foraging reach was greater if colonies had multiple patrilines. Most scouts in multiple-patriline colonies came from a minority of scout-rich patrilines that were generally not those from which general forager populations were derived; the presence of such scout-rich patrilines was correlated with the extent of recruitment signaling in colonies. We show how a honeybee colony’s scouting effort is (and is not) enhanced when extremely polyandrous queens produce genetically diverse colonies.
Larger than Expected Free Ion Yields from the Photoexcited trans-Stilbene/Fumaronitrile CT Complex in a Variety of Solvents

Measurements of the quantum yields of photoinduced charge escape for trans-stilbene and fumaronitrile solutions in solvents of different polarity reveal unexpectedly large yields upon direct excitation of the ground-state charge-transfer (CT) complex. Our current explanation, which proposes relaxation of at least a portion of the excited, Franck−Condon, CT pairs into remote ion pairs with thermalized initial separations of up to 10−15 A, is speculative but emphasizes the need for a substantial revision of the usual picture of ionic charge separation and recombination.
Early Prediction of Medical Student Performance on Initial Licensing Examinations

Many medical schools can successfully predict overall performance on the initial licensing examination by the end of the second year. Unfortunately, the time left to remediate students before students take exams is short. The goal of this project was to determine the feasibility of predicting licensing examination scores at the end of the first year of training. Data from three cohorts of medical students, each made up of about 230 individuals from the graduating classes of 2013 to 2015 were used. A series of prediction equations for licensing examination scores, based on class performance, was developed from the first cohort of students. The best predictive equation was applied to the second cohort of students to generate a predicted examination score which was then compared to the actual examination score. This approach was cross-validated with another cohort of students. The R-values for the selected predictive equations ranged from 0.691 to 0.814, accounting from about 48 to 66 % of the variance in actual scores. The mean difference between predicted and actual examination scores was 19 points on a three-digit scale ranging from 200 to 800 for the second cohort and 25 points for the third cohort. The data show that initial licensing examination scores can be successfully predicted 1 year before students take the exam. Success at this task would give medical schools the ability to utilize their available resources efficiently to provide additional assistance to those students in need.
Nano-imaging with STORM

Multicolour, three-dimensional stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy now makes it possible to image cellular structures with near molecular-scale resolution.
Comments on Jeanette S. DeCarrico's “Tense, Aspect, and Time in the English Modality System”: A Reader Reacts …

The TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses or rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
A randomized experiment of issue framing and voter support of tax increases for health insurance expansion

Abstract Objective To assess the effect of issue framing on voter support of tax increases for health insurance expansion. Methods During October 2008, a random sample of registered voters ( n =1203) were randomized to a control and two different ‘framing' groups prior to being asked about their support for tax increases. The ‘framing' groups listened to one of two statements: one emphasized the externalities or negative effects of the uninsured on the insured, and the other raised racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage as a problem. All groups were asked the same questions: would they support tax increases to provide adequate and reliable health insurance for three groups, (1) all American citizens, (2) all children, irrespective of citizenship, and (3) all military veterans. Results Support for tax increases varied substantially depending on which group benefited from the expansion. Consensus on coverage for military veterans was highest (83.3%), followed by all children, irrespective of citizenship (64.7%), and all American citizens (60.1%). There was no statistically significant difference between voter support in the ‘framing' and control groups or between the two frames. In multivariable analyses, political party affiliation was the strongest predictor of support. Conclusions Voters agree on the need for coverage of military veterans, but are less united on the coverage of all children and American citizens. Framing was less important than party affiliation, suggesting that voters consider coverage expansions and related tax increases in terms of the characteristics of the targeted group, and their own personal political views and values rather than the broader impact of maintaining the status quo.
Development and characterization of a low-energy particle-identification telescope array for proton and alpha spectroscopy

Abstract Six improved low-energy gas- ΔE /gas- ΔE /Si- E particle-identification telescopes have been incorporated into an array. Calibration experiments have shown that these telescopes are capable of detecting and identifying protons with energies as low as ∼180 keV and alpha particles with energies as low as ∼450 keV, even when operating in a high-radiation environment. Methods of calibration at very low energies have been developed and tested. A survey of the beta-delayed proton emitters 21 Mg, 29 S, 40 Sc and 41 Ti revealed no new intense proton groups at low energies.
Evidence of oxidative stress in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) liver microsomes simultaneously exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation and anthracene

Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are acutely toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms in the presence of environmentally realistic intensities of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR). However, the biochemical mechanism of this toxicity is not well established. In this study, increased levels of both reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation were hypothesized as a toxic mechanism. To test this hypothesis, the production of superoxide anion and of a lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) was measured in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis machrochirus) liver microsomes. These microsomes were exposed to a representative phototoxic PAH (anthracene [ANT]) and to SUVR and normal laboratory fluorescent light (FLU) in four different combinations: FLU + no ANT, FLU + ANT, SUVR + no ANT, and SUVR + ANT. The highest mean levels of both superoxide anion and malondialdehyde production were observed in the SUVR + ANT group, and these levels were significantly different (p p < 0.05) from those in all other treatment groups. We conclude that the photoinduced toxicity of ANT, and possibly of other phototoxic PAHs, manifests at least in part through lipid peroxidation after increased production of reactive oxygen species.
‘La Guerre aux Insectes’: Pest Control and Agricultural Reform in the French Enlightenment

SummaryThis paper examines the entomological investigations carried out by the French naturalist Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau during a series of insect epidemics that ravaged France in the second half of the eighteenth century.1 This article began as a paper for Pamela H. Smith's ‘Knowledge in Transit’ graduate seminar. I would like to thank the participants of that seminar for comments and feedback. I would also like to thank Pamela Smith, Carl Wennerlind, Anya Zilberstein, Christopher L. Brown, Charly Coleman, Matthew Jones, Peter Walker and Melissa Morris for their suggestions and comments on this paper. Finally, thanks to Vanessa Copeland for invaluable assistance in the archives in Paris. The author acknowledges support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University. It shows how a particularly fierce invasion of caterpillars in the Angoumois region in the 1760s sparked theoretical debates about the nature of anim...
Dynamic Assessment: Psychoeducational Assessment with Cultural Sensitivity

Dynamic assesment is a relatively new model of psychoeducational assessment. Administration typically follows a pretest-intervene-posttest format, with instruction embedded within the assessment procedure. Resulting information addresses issues of the responsiveness of learners to intervention, the intensity and nature of input required to induce change, and the approach of the leaner to problem-solving. The model primarily addresses issues of “how” learners learn and “how” learners are best instructed, rather than questions of classification or program eligibility. Dynamic assessment shows promise for providing instructionally relevant information for culturally diverse learners. This article describes the dynamic assessment model, examples of currently available procedures, and research specifically involving students from minority backgrounds.
Effects of increasing dried distillers grains with solubles on performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility of feedlot lambs

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of 0, 20, 40, or 60% dietary dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on 1) growing lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and tissue minerals, and 2) nutrient digestibility and retention in growing lambs. In Exp. 1, ninety-six lambs were blocked by sex (ewes, n = 48; wethers, n = 48) and BW, housed in 24 pens (4 lambs per pen), and used in a 92-d feedlot trial (initial BW = 26.4 ± 9.3 kg). Lambs were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments 1) 0% DDGS, 2) 20% DDGS, 3) 40% DDGS, or 4) 60% DDGS. The DDGS replaced primarily corn, and diets were fed as a complete pellet. There was a quadratic effect of DDGS inclusion on ADG; lambs fed the 20% DDGS diet had the greatest (P = 0.04) gains at 0.358 kg/d. This effect on ADG led to a quadratic (P = 0.03) effect of DDGS on final BW. Increasing dietary DDGS did not affect (P > 0.13) DMI and resulted in a linear (P = 0.02) decrease in G:F. In the liver, S increased linearly (P = 0.05), whereas Cu decreased linearly (P 0.05). Carcass backfat, yield grade, and marbling score were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary DDGS. In Exp. 2, twenty-four lambs (initial BW = 43.0 ± 4.4 kg) were used in a metabolism study. Lambs were adapted to the same diets described above for 17 d before a 5-d sampling period during which total feces and urine were collected. Apparent digestibility of dietary DM decreased linearly (P 0.05) by dietary treatment. Apparent retentions (as a percentage of intake) of N, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary DDGS inclu- sion, whereas the retention of S and P decreased (P < 0.04). Daily urine output increased linearly (P < 0.01) and urine pH decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with in- creasing DDGS (urine pH was 7.46, 5.86, 5.52, and 5.32 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively). These data suggest urine is a major route for excretion of acid when high- S diets containing DDGS are fed. Increases in dietary DDGS resulted in decreased digestion of DM and fat, which may be partially responsible for decreased lamb feedlot performance for 40 and 60% dietary DDGS when compared with 20% DDGS.
Reciprocity and duality in control programming problems

Abstract A general control programming problem of minimizing a “primal” functional subject to differential and inequality constraints, is transformed into a reciprocal form where the extremal curve is unchanged, but the roles of the state and adjoint variables are interchanged. Conditions are given for this stationary extremal to maximise the reciprocal functional, thus generating a “dual” problem. Applications are made to error estimation of approximate control schemes.
Delivery in the campaign speaking of frank clement

Delivery was an integral part of the campaign speaking of Frank Clement because of his training in the Shipp School of Expression, his extemporaneous mode of speaking, his extroverted personality, his treatment of public speaking as a performance, and his evangelistic approach to speaking.
Predictability of intracranial pressure level in traumatic brain injury: features extraction, statistical analysis and machine learning-based evaluation

This paper attempts to predict Intracranial Pressure ICP based on features extracted from non-invasively collected patient data. These features include midline shift measurement and textural features extracted from Computed axial Tomography CT images. A statistical analysis is performed to examine the relationship between ICP and midline shift. Machine learning is also applied to estimate ICP levels with a two-stage feature selection scheme. To avoid overfitting, all feature selections and parameter selections are performed using a nested 10-fold cross validation within the training data. The classification results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in ICP prediction.
Trypanosoma cruzi: a specific surface marker for the amastigote form.

. Among the known life cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi only the amastigote form bound lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein produced by neutrophils. This capacity was readily demonstrable by indirect immunofluorescence in amastigotes derived from mice, a mammalian cell culture, or grown in an axenic medium. No LF binding was detectable on trypomastigotes from blood or mammalian cells, insect-derived metacyclics or epimastigotes, or on epimastigotes grown in Warren's medium. Serum levels of LF were increased in mice acutely infected with T. cruzi, and amastigotes from the spleens of these animals were found to have the glycoprotein on their surface. The amastigote LF receptor may have biological significance in parasite-host interaction since mononuclear phagocytes also express a LF receptor, and treatment of these cells with LF has been shown to increase their capacities to take up and kill T. cruzi amastigotes in vitro. The LF receptor is the first marker for T. cruzi amastigotes for which a naturally occurring ligand has been described.
Navigation and multimodal transportation with EasyTransport

Today's intelligent navigation and transportation systems influence the way travelers access information to plan trips efficiently. By and large, such systems derive their navigational suggestions out of precompiled data regarding direct road connections recorded in their databases. They typically facilitate passenger navigation within predefined geographic regions, provide location tracing and direction functionalities over cellular networks or the Web and deliver accurate but not necessarily optimal transition paths. This article proposes EasyTransport, an intelligent navigation and multimodal transportation guidance system that focuses on near-optimal trajectory planning and informed decision making. EasyTransport introduces a number of novel features. The EasyTransport system helps travelers plan the most efficient route and choose the best modes of transportation in urban or large-scale geographic areas. Users can adapt the generated outcomes through an interactive interface.
Pathophysiology of Hypermelanoses

while normal skin colour comprises a mixture of 4 biochromes, reduced and oxyhaemoglobin, carotenoids (exogenous), and melanin, it is the total amount of melanin pigment that is the principal determinant of the skin colour.
DNA KNOT FORMATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The knotting probability of a closed chain has been calculated as a function of chain dimensions and solvent properties in a number of studies. We have measured the probability of DNA knot formation upon random cyclization of linear DNA in vitro to provide an experimental test of the various theoretical treatments of the problem; parameters of these models, such as the effective chain diameter of DNA, were calculated in different concentrations of counterions. Our results in the presence of sodium ions agree well with theoretical treatments of DNA as a polyelectrolyte; knotting data in the presence of divalent magnesium ions indicate that moderate concentrations of magnesium ions can induce an attractive potential between DNA segments, resulting in negative values of the calculated effective DNA helix diameter. We discuss structures in which the divalent magnesium counterion facilitates the close apposition of two DNA segments, and review the effect of chemical- and protein-mediated crosslinks between DNA segments on DNA knot formation. Finally, we consider DNA knot formation in vivo.
Horizontally oriented clusters of multiple chondrons in the superficial zone of ankle, but not knee articular cartilage

Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease that is initiated at the surface of articular cartilage and proceeds to destroy the entire depth of the cartilage. The prevalence of osteoarthritis varies in different joints; e.g., the ankle joint has a very low prevalence of the disease compared to the knee joint. To better understand any inherent differences between the articular cartilage of the ankle and that of the knee that would account for the difference in occurrence of osteoarthritis, studies were undertaken to examine differences between the superficial zones in these two joint cartilages obtained from human donors. Chondrocytes in the superficial zones of the normal ankle (talocrural) and the normal knee (tibiofemoral) joints were identified with a monoclonal antibody specific for the superficial zone protein (SZP). When the chondrocytes from both joints were compared in serial horizontal sections, the chondrocytes in the superficial zone of the knee cartilage were seen either as isolated single cells or as doublets. However, the chondrocytes within the superficial zone of normal ankle cartilage were arranged in planar clusters containing multiple chondrons composed of 2-13 cells. There were no detectable differences in the chondrocyte clusters in the superficial zone of the ankle with respect to age, gender, or site on the cartilage surface. Adjacent to a lesion in an ankle joint with degenerative changes, the clusters were larger, containing up to 22 chondrocytes. This is the first report documenting the presence of multiple chondrons in the superficial zone of normal human adult articular cartilage.
Sonogashira Reactions with Propyne: Facile Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-methylbenzofurans from Iodoresorcinols

The Sonogashira reaction of terminal alkynes and ortho-halophenols with subsequent cyclization is a well-precedented method for the synthesis of substituted benzofurans. Here we describe the extension of this method to the coupling of 2-iodoresorcinols and terminal alkynes, including propyne, to give 4-hydroxy-2-substituted benzofurans. In particular, we describe the screening, method development, and scaleup of the reaction with propyne using standard hydrogenation equipment.
The effect of snowmelt on the hydrogen isotope ratios of creek discharge in surprise valley, California

Abstract Snow and creek samples were collected in Surprise Valley, California to determine the effect of precipitation and snowmelt on the stable isotopic composition of creek discharge. The hydrogen isotope ratios of ten snow cores collected in late April 1983 displayed differences of up to 17%, and averaged about - 110%. Sampling of four creeks was performed monthly, commencing two weeks after the snow cores were taken, and continuing for eight months. The creek samples showed remarkable consistency and similarity in their hydrogen isotope ratios, which averaged - 104%. Total differences of only 8% were observed between all creek samples collected, and variation within any one creek was less than 5%. The consistency of the hydrogen isotope ratios of the creek samples is attributed to the dominance of groundwater in the creek discharge. Variations are shown to be directly related to the influx of meltwater during peak spring flows or rain events.
Conflict Resolution as Necessity, Practice, and Ideal

In recent years two broad approaches to public policy have emerged which offer solutions for the problems of government, one based on the market and the other based on conflict resolution This paper argues that both policy approaches are plagued by problems caused by inequality and coercion Part I reviews the normative bases of the market, including discussion of how a system of property rights, enforced by government must exist in order to determine exactly who is free to do what Part II is a presentation of the conflict resolution approach and its pitfalls, especially when this activity is carried out between unequal parties Finally, Part III spells out the conditions for non-coercive conflict resolution The basis is the extension of rights which are universal and inalienable in order to achieve a more egalitarian society
Unilateral combined laryngocoele with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: case report.

Objective: We report a case of unilateral combined laryngocoele occurring in conjunction with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Methods: Case report and review of the literature concerning the physiology underlying laryngocoele formation. Results: A laryngocoele is an abnormal, air-filled dilation of the laryngeal saccule which communicates with the laryngeal lumen. We report a case of a 53-year-old man with a unilateral combined laryngocoele occurring in conjunction with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Microlaryngoscopy demonstrated a papilloma obstructing the laryngeal saccule. Removal of papillomata via laser excision and marsupialisation of the left laryngocoele improved the patient's vocal symptoms. There was no recurrence of papillomata or the laryngocoele. Conclusion: While many laryngocoeles can be explained by altered laryngeal physiology, the papilloma described in this case acted as an anatomical obstruction that trapped air within the saccule, creating an environment conducive to laryngocoele formation.
High-power laser beams: defining, measuring and optimizing transverse beam quality

This paper reviews a useful formalism for defining the transverse beam quality and other propagation parameters of arbitrary real laser beams. We also describe a convenient new instrument for measuring the beam quality and other optical propagation parameters of high- power laser beams.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simplified local density model for adsorption over large pressure ranges

Physical adsorption of high-pressure fluids onto solids is of interest in the transportation and storage of fuel and radioactive gases; the separation and purification of lower hydrocarbons; solid-phase extractions; adsorbent regenerations using supercritical fluids; supercritical fluid chromatography; and critical point drying. A mean-field model is developed that superimposes the fluid-solid potential on a fluid equation of state to predict adsorption on a flat wall from vapor, liquid, and supercritical phases. A van der Waals-type equation of state is used to represent the fluid phase, and is simplified with a local density approximation for calculating the configurational energy of the inhomogeneous fluid. The simplified local density approximation makes the model tractable for routine calculations over wide pressure ranges. The model is capable of prediction of Type 2 and 3 subcritical isotherms for adsorption on a flat wall, and shows the characteristic cusplike behavior and crossovers seen experimentally near the fluid critical point.