cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protocols for supporting a public key infrastructure in ad hoc networks

The work that we're going to talk about today is close to the work that I talked about here last year, PKI ad hoc networks. But you know ad hoc networks are useless because you can't see any properties of truly ad hoc networks, so you have to assume some kind of properties of these nodes if you are ever to do anything with them at all. So, the PKI is by nature ad hoc, but we think that we made a little bit of an advance on the certificate based route where no-one can construe the status by a certificate. You'll see how this works later on, but the certificate is signed by the group key. That of course begs the question about this infrastructure environment and how you're going to sign the key. You all know the limitations of systems that have a single sign: it's a single point of failure, it does all the things you have problems with in a secure environment, you get a bottleneck, it's also that single point compromise that you had at the top of the X509 issue. Either you instil complexity into it, or you instil multiple points of compromise. If one person is bad, depending on the scheme, that can make Bad Things Happen. At the very least they may be able to deny a service, but having multiple signing can create a problem property too. With threshold schemes you have the difficulty that maybe it can change in this environment. We think there's a better way, based not on threshold schemes but on dual access structures. The idea is that a threshold scheme and an access structure have a relationship, and that actually the set of access structures for threshold schemes is a pretty important set of structures that helps you understand how they work. Instead of having a single signer you have a single signing key, and you have to have people that are your key signers that collaborate to be able to sign that key in the group. If this is a two of five scheme, then two of the people who are of the qualified set would have to agree to sign that certificate.
Morphological variations in the cytopathology associated with granulosis virus in the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospila

An electron microscope study was made of a natural epizootic caused by granulosis virus in three consecutive generations of larvae of the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospila. Differences in cytopathology were observed which may represent differences in phenotypic expression in the host insect, or the presence of different strains of virus, or different viruses.
Diffraction effects of a focal-plane slit shutter and its interaction with uniform linear image-motion.

A general expression for the exposure transfer function of a photographic system employing a focal-plane shutter is derived which includes the effects of uniform, linear image-motion. The results show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of such a system is upper bounded by the product of the diffraction-limited optical MTF and a term strongly coupling the shutter and motion effects. The coupling of these effects results in a general solution dependent upon the size and shape of the pupil and the aberrations of the optical system.
Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase-Akt Pathway Controls Cellular Entry of Ebola Virus

The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates diverse cellular activities related to cell growth, migration, survival, and vesicular trafficking. It is known that Ebola virus requires endocytosis to establish an infection. However, the cellular signals that mediate this uptake were unknown for Ebola virus as well as many other viruses. Here, the involvement of PI3K in Ebola virus entry was studied. A novel and critical role of the PI3K signaling pathway was demonstrated in cell entry of Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV). Inhibitors of PI3K and Akt significantly reduced infection by ZEBOV at an early step during the replication cycle. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Akt-1 was induced shortly after exposure of cells to radiation-inactivated ZEBOV, indicating that the virus actively induces the PI3K pathway and that replication was not required for this induction. Subsequent use of pseudotyped Ebola virus and/or Ebola virus-like particles, in a novel virus entry assay, provided evidence that activity of PI3K/Akt is required at the virus entry step. Class 1A PI3Ks appear to play a predominant role in regulating ZEBOV entry, and Rac1 is a key downstream effector in this regulatory cascade. Confocal imaging of fluorescently labeled ZEBOV indicated that inhibition of PI3K, Akt, or Rac1 disrupted normal uptake of virus particles into cells and resulted in aberrant accumulation of virus into a cytosolic compartment that was non-permissive for membrane fusion. We conclude that PI3K-mediated signaling plays an important role in regulating vesicular trafficking of ZEBOV necessary for cell entry. Disruption of this signaling leads to inappropriate trafficking within the cell and a block in steps leading to membrane fusion. These findings extend our current understanding of Ebola virus entry mechanism and may help in devising useful new strategies for treatment of Ebola virus infection.
Unusual fistulas and connections in the cardiovascular system: A pictorial review

A fistula is an abnormal vascular connection leading to diversion of blood from a high resistance arterial circuit to low resistance venous circuit. Coronary artery fistulas are abnormal communications of the coronary artery with a chamber of the heart, or with any segment of systemic or pulmonary circulation, bypassing the myocardial capillaries. Other unusual fistulas include connection between aorta and the right atrium/superior vena cava, aorta and the inferior vena cava or between a coronary artery bypass graft and a cardiac vein. Abnormal connections also include origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. In this article, we review the imaging, particularly computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of unusual fistulas and connections involving the cardiovascular system, particularly the coronary arteries and the aorta.
Chemiluminescence Assay for Oxidatively Modified Myoglobin

Treatment of myoglobin with H2O2 results in covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group, in part, to protein-bound adducts. These protein-bound heme adducts are known to be redox active and are suspected to participate in oxidative tissue injury. In the course of our studies on the toxicological role of these heme adducts, we sought to develop a sensitive assay for their detection and quantitation. We have discovered that protein-bound heme adducts, due to their inherent peroxidase activity, can be detected with the use of enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents, following SDS-PAGE and electroblotting. The assay is specific for protein-bound heme adducts as we have identified conditions where noncovalently bound hemes are completely dissociated from the protein during electrophoresis. Signal intensity was quantified by laser densitometry and found to be linear over a concentration range of 0.44-22 pmol of protein-bound heme adduct, which represented a 20-fold greater sensitivity than the currently available HPLC method. Moreover, we have identified tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine as a thiol reducing agent that does not interfere with the detection of the heme-mediated peroxidase activity. The current method may be utilized to identify heme-binding regions of proteins in addition to the detection of oxidatively modified myoglobin.
Patellar taping, patellofemoral pain syndrome, lower extremity kinematics, and dynamic postural control.

Abstract Context: Patellar taping has been a part of intervention for treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). However, research on the efficacy of patellar taping on lower extremity kinematics and dynamic postural control is limited. Objective: To evaluate the effects of patellar taping on sagittal-plane hip and knee kinematics, reach distance, and perceived pain level during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in individuals with and without PFPS. Design: Repeated-measures design with 2 within-subjects factors and 1 between-subjects factor. Setting: The University of Toledo Athletic Training Research Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty participants with PFPS and 20 healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 29 years. Intervention(s): The participants performed 3 reaches of the SEBT in the anterior direction under tape and no-tape conditions on both legs. Main Outcome Measure(s): The participants' hip and knee sagittal-plane kinematics were measured using the electromagnet...
PATHOGENIC PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE MICROORGANISMS FROM ACUTE RHEUMATIC EXUDATES AND TISSUES

In suitable cell-free media it has been possible to cultivate pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms from the following materials, first, from chorioallantoic membranes in which lesions were apparently induced by exudates from patients with rheumatic fever; second, from pneumonic lungs of mice inoculated with similar exudates or with suspensions of the abovementioned abnormal membranes; and third, directly from the arthritic exudate of a patient with rheumatic fever, and also from an erythema nodosum nodule excised from a patient with this same disease. With three different subcultures from joint fluid, iritis has been induced in rabbits; and following intranasal inoculation with the same cultures there has developed in mice a pneumonia similar to that found in mice inoculated with rheumatic exudates and with suspensions of chorioallantoic membranes infected with rheumatic exudates. Therefore it seems probable that in all instances the pathogenic agent was derived from similar sources, viz., patients with rheumatic fever. Further work will be required to demonstrate the etiologic significance of these pathogenic agents in rheumatic fever.
Age-related trends in intracranial injury outcomes

BACKGROUND: Age is an important prognostic indicator of outcomes following traumatic brain injuries. This study examines how outcomes for traumatic brain injuries in the acute care setting have changed during a recent 10-year period. METHODS: Population-level data broken down by age group was obtained from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Web site for the years 2000 to 2009. Linear regression was used to determine trends in age-specific discharge volume, mortality rate, discharge disposition, and cost. Population and cost estimates were adjusted using census data and consumer price index. RESULTS: It was found that discharges for intracranial injuries have been increasing, with the most marked increase in the population older than 65 years, which cannot be accounted for by population age distribution changes. There were overall improvements in outcomes including decreased in-hospital mortality rates for all age groups and increased home discharges for those 18 to 44 years and older than 85 years. This came at an average annual cost increase of $1,071 dollars per patient. CONCLUSION: Acute care outcomes for intracranial injuries have been improving at a cost of $1,071 per patient per year. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic and decision analysis, level IV. Language: en
Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker type)

: Sixteen documented cases of congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis were reviewed and clinical and histologic clues for diagnosis were summarized.
Secure, web-accessible call rosters for academic radiology departments.

Traditionally, radiology department call rosters have been posted via paper and bulletin boards. Frequently, changes to these lists are made by multiple people independently, but often not synchronized, resulting in confusion among the house staff and technical staff as to who is on call and when. In addition, multiple and disparate copies exist in different sections of the department, and changes made would not be propagated to all the schedules. To eliminate such difficulties, a paperless call scheduling application was developed. Our call scheduling program allowed Javaenabled web access to a database by designated personnel from each radiology section who have privileges to make the necessary changes. Once a person made a change, everyone accessing the data-base would see the modification. This eliminates the chaos resulting from people swapping shifts at the last minute and not having the time to record or broadcast the change. Furthermore, all changes to the database were logged. Users are given a log-in name and password and can only edit their section; however, all personnel have access to all sections’ schedules. Our applet was written in Java 2 using the latest technology in database access. We access our Interbase database through the DataExpress and DB Swing (Borland, Scotts Valley, CA) components. The result is secure access to the call rosters via the web. There are many advantages to the web-enabled access, mainly the ability for people to make changes and have the changes recorded and propagated in a single virtual location and available to all who need to know.
"Crete the Opening Wedge": Nationalism and International Affairs in Postbellum America

This essay explores American interest in a seemingly obscure insurrection on the island of Crete from 1866 to 1869. Focusing in particular on the writings of northern Republicans and their Democratic critics, it suggests that these groups, immersed though they were in their ongoing North-South sectional conflict, looked to developments beyond the eastern United States to articulate and affirm rival understandings of their country. In fact, the precise meaning of the distinction between things foreign and domestic was itself a matter of dispute, with northern Republicans often presuming that Americans were defined by a dedication to the struggle of "civilization" against "barbarisms" at home and abroad. In interpreting the insurrection, and northern Republican interest in it, Democrats found a means of expressing their sectional-partisan grievances and of describing their more rigidly and adamantly racial understanding of American identity. Both groups integrated discussions of Crete into a broader argument over national character that was grounded in competing understandings about what was possible and what was good in society. Both, moreover, turned to Crete in the context of their immersion in and perceptions of society in the North and South.
Alterations in Surfactant Protein A Form and Clearance during Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Cincinnati) and the secondary antibody was an anti-mouse IgG conjugated with peroxidase. The ECL Advanced reagents (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) were used to visualize bands by autoradiography. Immunoblot autoradiograms were analyzed using the ImageJ software package (Abramoff, Magelhaes, and Ram 2004). Integrated density was performed to identify summed pixel values (area mean gray value) for all the SpA bands under each condition. The mean gray average was determined for the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogeanse (GAPDH) internal controls, and the alveolar macrophage SpA values were then normalized to GAPDH.
Biochemical surface modification of Co-Cr-Mo

Abstract Because of the limited mechanical properties of tissue substitutes formed by culturing cells on polymeric scaffolds, other approaches to tissue engineering must be explored for applications that require complete and immediate ability to bear weight, e.g. total joint replacements. Biochemical surface modification offers a way to partially regulate events at the bone-implant interface to obtain preferred tissue responses. Tresyl chloride, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (p-NPC) immobilization schemes were used to couple a model enzyme, trypsin, on bulk samples of CoCrMo. For comparison, samples were simply adsorbed with protein. The three derivatization schemes resulted in different patterns and levels of activity. Tresyl chloride was not effective in immobilizing active enzyme on CoCrMo. Aqueous silanization with 12.5% APS resulted in optimal immobilized activity. Activity on samples derivatized with 0.65 mg p-NPC cm − 2 was four to five times greater than that on samples simply adsorbed with enzyme or optimally derivatized with APS and was about eight times that on tresylated samples. This work demonstrates that, although different methods have different effectiveness, chemical derivatization can be used to alter the amount and/or stability of biomolecules immobilized on the surface of CoCrMo.
Computer performance monitoring during the Centaur launch countdown

During the past 15 years, the computer has been increasingly used to monitor launch critical measurements during the Centaur launch countdown. It has served as an aid to engineers, insuring that all critical measurements are operating properly prior to launch commit. A variety of computer programming techniques have been used to alert engineers of any critical measurement anomalies. At first, these techniques were quite simple, but gradually they have become more sophisticated. Special testing has become necessary to insure reliable computer monitoring. In the future, computers will play an ever expanding role in insuring proper system operation.
ALUMINA-SILICA RELATIONSHIP IN GLASS*

Assuming from a consideration of silicate minerals that aluminum should replace silicon in silicates, the authors investigated the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. Densities and refractive indices have been determined and molecular refractions have been calculated. Partial molecular refractivities of Al2O3 indicate a coordination number of 4 for aluminum and deviate appreciably from values for compounds in which aluminum has a coordination number of 6. Interionic distances have been calculated for Si—O and Al—O. As a result of these studies, it is concluded that the aluminum atom isomorphously replaces the silicon atom in the random fetrahedral network. With this replacement, Ca++ can increasingly replace Na+ in the interstices of the open structure.
Site-specific immobilization of protein layers on gold surfaces via orthogonal sortases

We report a site-specific, sortase-mediated ligation to immobilize proteins layer-by-layer on a gold surface. Recombinant fluorescent proteins with a Sortase A recognition tag at the C-terminus were immobilized on peptide-modified gold surfaces. We used two sortases with different substrate specificities (Streptococcus pyogenes Sortase A and Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A) to immobilize layers of GFP and mCherry site-specifically on the gold surface. Surfaces were characterized using fluorescence and atomic force microscopy after immobilizing each layer of protein. Fluorescent micrographs showed that both protein immobilization on the modified gold surface and protein oligomerization are sortase-dependent. AFM images showed that either homogenous protein monolayers or layers of protein oligomers can be generated using appropriately tagged substrate proteins. Using Sortase A variants with orthogonal peptide substrate specificities, site-specific immobilization of appropriately tagged GFP onto a layer of immobilized mCherry was achieved without disruption of the underlying protein layer.
A common basis for survival, growth, and autocatalysis

Abstract A single first-order, state-determined differential equation is used to relate five postulational models of survival (mortality), population growth, and autocatalysis. Generalization is made to a case of a state-varying fundamental rate parameter.
Essential ingredients of a method for low Reynolds-number airfoils

A calculation method for low-Reynolds-number flows is described and appraised in terms of comparisons between calculations and measurements. It comprises interaction between solutions of inviscid- and boundary-layer equations and involves the e n method to determine the location of the onset of transition with further interaction to insure that upstream effects of the turbulent-flow region are correctly represented
Seattle's mental health courts: early indicators of effectiveness.

Courts specializing in the adjudication of mentally ill defendants are relatively new to the United States. Steadman, Davidson, and Brown (2001) proposed a four-part functional definition of a mental health court (MHC): (1) all identified mentally ill defendants are handled on a single court docket, (2) the use of a collaborative team which includes a clinical specialist who recommends and make linkages to treatment, (3) assurance of availability of appropriate clinical placement prior to the judge making a ruling, and (4) specialized court monitoring with possible sanctions for noncompliance. Other authors have stressed the view that MHCs are primarily vehicles for the practice of therapeutic jurisprudence, defined as the process of fostering therapeutic outcomes by legal means, or at least considering the therapeutic or antitherapeutic outcomes resulting from the legal process (Casey & Rottman, 2000; Wexler & Winick, 1996). Publications on MHCs have been primarily limited to descriptions of MHCs and their implications from legal, health, and social policy perspectives. There remains a virtual absence of empirical data elements in published accounts, with the exception of basic program statistics, such as number of defendants screened, adjudicated, and supervised. Although a major evaluation of the Broward County Mental Health Court is underway, and a description of the evaluation’s methods, measures, and challenges is available (McGaha, Boothroyd, Poythress, Petrila, & Ort, 2002), empirical reports from that research are only beginning to emerge (see Boothroyd et al., this issue; Poythress, Petrilla, McGaha, & Boothroyd, 2002), and analyses for many facets of that study are still in preparation. Heretofore, empirical evidence of the effectiveness of MHCs has been very limited and benchmarks from which different court
Assessing the effects of positive feedback and reinforcement in the introduction phase of an ergonomic intervention.

Resistance to change is common in ergonomic interventions, often resulting in negative consequences when the intervention's effectiveness is studied. A lab-based study assessed the effects of positive reinforcement during the intervention process. On Day 1 all participants performed a simple screw-driving task that placed stress on the cervicobrachial region through static loading. On Day 2 a control group received basic information about ergonomics and then performed the task using an ergonomic intervention that has been shown to reduce loading on these muscle groups. The experimental group received the same basic information but also received positive reinforcement while performing the task with the ergonomic intervention. Subjective task assessment surveys and body-part discomfort surveys were administered, and these, along with speed of performance, were assessed in both groups. The results showed a significantly (p < .05) more positive subjective impression of the intervention for the feedback group ...
Radiation persistently promoted oxidative stress, activated mTOR via PI3K/Akt, and downregulated autophagy pathway in mouse intestine

While acute effects of toxic radiation doses on intestine are well established, we are yet to acquire a complete spectrum of sub-lethal radiation-induced chronic intestinal perturbations at the molecular level. We investigated persistent effects of a radiation dose (2 Gy) commonly used as a daily fraction in radiotherapy on oxidants and anti-oxidants, and autophagy pathways, which are interlinked processes affecting intestinal homeostasis. Six to eight weeks old C57BL/6J mice (n=10) were exposed to 2 Gy γ-ray. Mice were euthanized two or twelve months after radiation, intestine surgically removed, and flushed using sterile PBS. Parts of the intestine from jejunal-ilial region were fixed, frozen, or used for intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) isolation. While oxidant levels and mitochondrial status were assessed in isolated IEC, autophagy and oxidative stress related signaling pathways were probed in frozen and fixed samples using PCR-based expression arrays and immunoprobing. Radiation exposure caused significant alterations in the expression level of 26 autophagy and 17 oxidative stress related genes. Immunoblot results showed decreased Beclin1 and LC3-II and increased p62, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR. Flow cytometry data showed increased oxidant production and compromised mitochondrial integrity in irradiated samples. Immunoprobing of intestinal sections showed increased 8-oxo-dG and nuclear PCNA, and decreased autophagosome marker LC3-II in IEC after irradiation. We show that sub-lethal radiation could persistently downregulate anti-oxidants and autophagy signaling, and upregulate oxidant production and proliferative signaling. Radiation-induced promotion of oxidative stress and downregulation of autophagy could work in tandem to alter intestinal functions and have implications for post-radiation chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
On-line journal: a tool for enchancing student journals

This paper discusses the development of a web-based on-line journal to replace a traditional project journal in a writing intensive undergraduate software engineering course. The on-line journal allows students to conveniently maintain their project journals while allowing the instructor to more effectively review student journals and provide timely feedback.
Relative consumption of sucrose and other sugars: has it been a factor in reduced caries experience?

This paper examines the impact on the development of caries, especially on the proximal and the free smooth surfaces, that follows the reduction in sucrose consumption and the increase in consumption
A full spectrum solution to wave propagation prediction

An overview of a normal mode method of solving the Helmholtz wave equation to describe the underwater sound field for a fixed point source in a plane multilayered medium is presented. The mode functions are well-defined at all depths of the medium as they are continuous across turning points of the separated depth-dependent differential equation. Comparisons of model results to a limited number of benchmark propagation solutions are presented.
Wide-field lensless fluorescent microscopy using a tapered fiber-optic faceplate on a chip

We demonstrate lensless fluorescent microscopy over a large field-of-view of ∼60 mm2 with a spatial resolution of 5 fold larger than the bottom one. Placed on this tapered faceplate, the fluorescent samples are pumped from the side through a glass hemisphere interface. After excitation of the samples, the pump light is rejected through total internal reflection that occurs at the bottom facet of the sample substrate. The fluorescent emission from the sample is then collected by the smaller end of the tapered faceplate and is delivered to an opto-electronic sensor-array to be digitally sampled. Using a compressive sampling algorithm, we decode these raw lensfree images to validate the resolution (<4 µm) of this on-chip fluorescent imaging platform using microparticles as well as labeled Giardia muris cysts. This wide-field lensfree fluorescent microscopy platform, being compact and high-throughput, might provide a valuable tool especially for cytometry, rare cell analysis (involving large area microfluidic systems) as well as for microarray imaging applications.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Bovine Phosphatase in Presence and Absence of Added Substrate

SummaryThe ultraviolet absorption spectrum of bovine intestinal and kidney phosphatase indicates a maximum at 278 mμ, a minimum at 253 mμ and “end absorption” below 236 mμ. The absorption curve resembles that of typical proteins and suggests that phosphatase is a globulin. Tyrosin and tryptophane in the phosphatase may largely account for its characteristic absorption. No spectroscopic evidence was found for the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex when sodium β-glycerophosphate was added to a phosphatase solution.
Solar wind density as a driver for the ring current in mild storms

Using the methods of multi- and partial-linear-correlation, we demonstrate that both the solar wind density and the solar wind electric field make significant and independent contributions to the strength of the ring current, as measured by the Dst* index, during mild storms. The solar wind data were obtained from WIND, and the Dst data from OmniWeb. After appropriate cleaning of the data, 55 events from the Wind-era with Dst* excursions below −50 were obtained. Correlations with Dst* were performed with independent, variable time lags for the density and for the electric field, and the optimal time lags are found to be approximately 5 hours for density and less than one hour for the electric field (in addition to the time shift to Earth).
The Berkeley Center for Structural Biology at the Advanced Light Source

The Berkeley Center for Structural Biology (BCSB) operates and develops a suite of protein crystallography beamlines at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Although the ALS was conceived as a low-energy (1.9-GeV), third-generation synchrotron source of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and soft X-ray radiation, it was realized during the development of the facility in the mid-1990s that a multipole wiggler coupled with brightness-preserving optics would result in a beamline whose performance in the energy range of 5 to 15 keV would be sufficient for most protein crystallographic experiments. Later, the hard X-ray capabilities of the ALS were expanded by the addition of three superconducting bending magnets, resulting in additional protein crystallography facilities at the ALS [1].
Using Internet search engines to estimate word frequency.

The present research investigated Internet search engines as a rapid, cost-effective alternative for estimating word frequencies. Frequency estimates for 382 words were obtained and compared across four methods: (1) Internet search engines, (2) the Kucera and Francis (1967) analysis of a traditional linguistic corpus, (3) the CELEX English linguistic database (Baayen, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995), and (4) participant ratings of familiarity. The results showed that Internet search engines produced frequency estimates that were highly consistent with those reported by Kucera and Francis and those calculated from CELEX, highly consistent across search engines, and very reliable over a 6-month period of time. Additional results suggested that Internet search engines are an excellent option when traditional word frequency analyses do not contain the necessary data (e.g., estimates for forenames and slang). In contrast, participants' familiarity judgments did not correspond well with the more objective estimates of word frequency. Researchers are advised to use search engines with large databases (e.g., AltaVista) to ensure the greatest representativeness of the frequency estimates.
Belief-Ful Realism and Scientific Realism

Despite tensions between Tillich's category of belief-ful realism and a view of science that embraces metaphysical and epistemological realism, a constructive relationship can be developed between the two. Both are based on common understandings about reality. Belief-ful or theonomous realism thus affirms scientific realism. On the other hand, scientific realism is open to the ecstatic, self-transcending elements of belief-ful realism. Finally, Tillich's formulation of the relationship between culture and religion can be reformulated specifically to include scientific and technological culture.
Review of the entry flow problem: Experimental and numerical

Abstract This paper is concerned with a review of both experimental and numerical studies of axisymmetric and planar entry flows which have been considered as test problems for the numerical simulation of viscoelastic fluids. The test of the method is usually based upon whether the numerical model predicts vortices in the entry corners. However, it is not clear as to whether one should observe vortices for all viscoelastic fluids. Polyacrylamide solutions and Boger fluids exhibit vortices in axisymmetric flow and the size of the vortex does increase with fluid elasticity. However, the vortex is nearly suppressed in planar entry flow. On the other hand, not all polymer melts are found to exhibit vortices in either axisymmetric or planar entry flow. It is our belief that the origin of vortices is not related to the elasticity based on shear flow propertes but to the behavior of the transient extensional viscosity. Certain polymer melts such as low density polyethylene exhibit vortices in both planar and axisymmetric flow along with unbounded stress growth at the start up of extensional flow. It is believed that the constitutive equations used in the numerical simulation must reflect this extensional behavior if vortices are to be predicted. A review of the numerical simulations concerned with entry flow shows that there is considerable doubt about the accuracy of the predictions for most of the studies. Even for those where the numerical solution is thought to be accurate, the magnitude of the stream function associated with the vortices is usually very low. None of the differential models used to date predicts strain hardening extensional viscosity, but those which are thought to predict vortices do rise more rapidly to the steady-state extensional viscosity values with time. It is recommended that the search of test fluids be widened beyond polymer solutions as there may already exist a number of polymer melts which behave similarly to the predictions of existing constitutive equations.
The Relationship between Trauma, PTSD, and Medical Utilization in Three High Risk Medical Populations

Objective:Increased use of medical and psychiatric services has been reported as a correlate of exposure to trauma. Recent studies suggest that: 1) physical and sexual abuse traumas are particularly associated with increased utilization and 2) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a common sequela of abuse, mediates the relationship between trauma exposure and elevated utilization. The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between trauma, abuse, PTSD, and medical utilization in three medical help seeking groups reported to be at high risk for trauma exposure.Method:One hundred and seven patients receiving care at a university-affiliated medical center were surveyed for trauma history and PTSD using the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) and the PTSD Checklist (PCL). The sample included: forty-eight gynecologic outpatients, thirty-five inpatients with seizure disorders, and twenty-four psychiatric inpatients with non-PTSD admitting diagnoses. Medical utilization data were obtained from a comp...
Delivering Effective Faculty Training: A Course and Methods to Prepare Faculty to Teach Online

To assist faculty in using instructional technology, I have created, piloted, and implemented a hybrid training course designed to take potential online instructors from curious to comfortable and competent in three months. This course design is based upon secondary research into adult learning and ten years of grant supported primary research in professional development instructional technology.
Curvature and shape determination of growing bacteria

Bacterial cells come in a variety of shapes, determined by the stress-bearing cell wall. Though many molecular details about the cell wall are known, our understanding of how a particular shape is produced during cell growth is at its infancy. Experiments on curved Escherichia coli grown in microtraps, and on naturally curved Caulobacter crescentus, reveal different modes of growth: one preserving arc length and the other preserving radius of curvature. We present a simple model for curved cell growth that relates these two growth modes to distinct but related growth rules--"hooplike growth" and "self-similar growth"--and discuss the implications for microscopic growth mechanisms.
Managing embolic myocardial infarction in infective endocarditis: current options

Systemic embolization is common in infective endocarditis and is known to occur in 45-65% of cases. Coronary artery embolism has been seen in as many as 60% of cases at necropsy. However, it only rarely has been described as resulting in transmural myocardial infarction. In most cases, coronary embolism is inferred from circumstantial evidence. We present two patients with myocardial infarction in the setting of acute infective endocarditis. Current issues regarding the management of myocardial infarction in infective endocarditis are described in this article. We also describe the first documented case of Lactobacillus jensenii endocarditis leading to myocardial infarction. Possible factors, which may be instrumental in producing endocarditis with this organism, are also discussed.
Activity budget patterns in family-group and solitary territorial male guanacos

Observamos patrones de comportamiento de guanacos machos territoriales (Lama guanicoe) en el Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, Chile. Comparamos el presupuesto de actividad de machos solos y en grupos familiares (n = 23) en diferentes habitat. No encontramos diferencias en los presupuestos de actividad de machos basados en el tipo de grupo social, numero total de hembras o numero total de guanacos presentes, o la edad de los machos territoriales. Guanacos macho en todas las categorias asignaron alrededor de 65 % de su actividad a forrajeo. Por otra parte, detectamos una influencia del tipo de habitat sobre el tiempo asignado a interacciones agresivas y miscelaneas (defecacion, vigilancia al observador, rasgunando); las interacciones agresivas y conductas miscelaneas fueron mas frecuentes en cimas de colinas de areas dominadas por el arbusto mata barrosa (Mulinum spinosum). Es probable que el comportamiento de los machos territoriales del guanaco este relacionado a los recursos defendidos mas que a una habilidad para atraer hembras y aumentar el exito de apareamiento
Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony

List of maps Preface Author's note 1. The Providence Island company and its colony: the program 2. Founding a colony on Providence Island 3. Contested authority: the governorship of Captain Philip Bell 4. Frustrated hopes for economic development 5. Land and society: the middling planters 6. Servants into slaves 7. Military requirements and the people's response 8. The turbulent religious life of Providence Island 9. Governing puritan privateers: the governorships of Robert Hunt and Nathaniel Butler 10. The business history of the Providence Island company 11. The end and persistence of Providence Island Appendixes Biographical essay Index.
Constitutive Expression of Placental Lactogen in Pancreatic β Cells: Effects on Cell Morphology, Growth, and Gene Expression

To explore the roles of lactogens in islet function, we generated a stable line of rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells that express rat placental lactogen II (rPLII) constitutively in culture. We used this cell line (Ins-rPLII) to examine the effects of endogenous rPLII on beta-cell growth, islet formation, and the expression of glucose transporter 2 (glut-2) and insulin mRNA. Growth and maturation of Ins-rPLII cells were compared with that of cells transfected stably with an empty expression plasmid (control) and of INS-1 cells treated with exogenous prolactin. The Ins-rPLII cells proliferated more rapidly than control cells in serumfree medium and showed distinct morphologic characteristics in culture. Whereas the control cells flattened readily on plastic and formed a branching monolayer, the Ins-rPLII cells remained more rounded, sent out fewer projections, and formed more numerous (p<0.01) and larger (p<0.01) beta-cell clusters. Larger clusters assumed a spherical form with well-delineated smooth borders and detached more readily from the culture plates. Maturational progression of the Ins-rPLII cells was associated with a 40% increase in preproinsulin mRNA (p<0.05) and a 2-3-fold increase in glut-2 mRNA (p<0.01). Induction of glut-2 mRNA was accompanied by a 1.4-2.4-fold increase (p< 0.01) in the uptake of radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose. Similar effects were observed in INS-1 cells exposed for 48 h to exogenous prolactin. These findings suggest novel roles for the lactogenic hormones in the maturation and growth of pancreatic islets. Lactogen induction of beta-cell aggregation coupled with localized beta-cell growth may contribute to the expansion of islet mass that occurs in pregnancy and during the perinatal period. The induction of insulin and glut-2 mRNA provides a mechanism by which the lactogens may increase fetal and maternal insulin production and enhance the sensitivity of the pancreas to glucose.
Eye Injuries From Merchandise Display Hooks

Purpose/Methods Four patients had ocular or ocular adnexal injuries, which resulted from store merchandise display hooks. Results/Conclusions Ocular and periocular injuries from display hooks include conjunctival, eyelid, and canalicular lacerations, as well as penetrating brain injury. Display hooks are commonly used in retail establishments and pose a high risk when placed below eye level.
A simple geometric representative for μ of a point

ForSU(2) (orSO(3)) Donaldson theory on a 4-manifoldX, we construct a simple geometric representative for μ of a point. Letp be a generic point inX. Then the set {[A]‖F − (p) is reducible}, with coefficient −1/4 and appropriate orientation, is our desired geometric representative. The construction is an exercise in real algebraic geometry in the style of Ehresmann and Pontryagin.
SOME FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TOMATO PUFFING

Tomato puffing is a common fruit defect causing serious annual losses in Texas. The trouble is known by several names, such as "tomato puffs/' "tomato pops," "puffy tomatoes," "puffs," and "pockets." The term tomato puffing, as is now generally used by tomato growers wherever the defect occurs, is preferred. In 1895 Price and Ness (6) of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station gave the first clear description of tomato puffing of the variety "Terra cotta" in which they seem to have accepted puffing as a varietal characteristic. In 1926 Lesley and Rosa (5) recognized puffing as a defect of some tomato crosses grown at Riverside, California. Weber and Ramsey (15) found the same trouble causing serious damage in Florida-grown tomatoes. Taubenhaus (7) in 1929, reported some preliminary observations on puffed tomatoes. Since then, Traub et al. (13, 14) and Yarnell et al. (17 to 25) and Corns (1) have added much to our knowledge of this trouble. The most typical symptom of a puffed tomato is its angular appearance, with slightly indented walls which yield readily to the least pressure. In some varieties the flatness of the sides is not so conspicuous, but the light weight and the hollow "feel" of the fruit is a sure indication of puffing. A severely puffed fruit upon being sliced shows a partial to complete abortion of the placental tissues, which accounts for the hollow interior. Sometimes the locular walls are much proliferated and hardened. Tomatoes in which the hollow cavity is negligible are classified as no. 1 fruits and marketable, while fruits with prominent cavities are classed as culls. To determine the prevalence of tomato puffing in the United States in 1933, a questionnaire was sent to plant pathologists and horticulturists in every state as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The replies received reported tomato puffing of field-grown tomatoes in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, but only of greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Illinois and Michigan. During 1924, field losses were estimated at 14 per cent. ; in 1925, 15 per cent. ; in 1926, 20 per cent. ; in 1927, 2 per cent. ; in 1928 and 1929, 8 per cent. ; in
Direct comparisons of CNS directed therapies are needed.

Abstract The review by Harbaugh describes new methods for delivering drugs to the diseased and damaged central nervous system. The potential of these methods, infusible pumps, implantable polymers, and neural transplants, is truly extraordinary. One can anticipate that many neurological disorders may be treated by these methods. Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative disorders are likely candidates. The question arises of how to rationally sort out the various claims as to which procedures and which approaches are the most effective and beneficial. As a first step, the relative risks as well as the benefits of these different drug delivery systems should be assessed by direct comparisons in the same animal model systems using objective criteria for evaluation. These comparisons would be best achieved by cooperative studies between the groups developing these techniques.
Functionalization of Micelles and Shell Cross-linked Nanoparticles Using Click Chemistry

Shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) presenting Click-reactive functional groups in either the hydrophilic shell or the hydrophobic core region of block copolymer micelles in aqueous solution were synthesized by two routes. The first route utilized amidation chemistry to functionalize poly(acrylic acid) within the micelle shell with either azido or alkynyl groups. The second route employed latent functionality to introduce azido groups into the polystyrene core of the micelles. These Click-functionalized micelles were then cross-linked in an intramicellar fashion via amidation reactions within the shell layer to afford the SCKs bearing alkynyl groups in the shell or azido in the shell or core domains. The availability and reactivity of the functional groups in these nanoparticles toward Click chemistry was demonstrated by reaction with complementary Click-functionalized fluorescent dyes. The hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) of the micelles and nanoparticles were typically ca. 25 nm, as determined by dynamic...
Quantitative depth-variant imaging for fluorescence microscopy using the COSMOS software package

The previously developed depth-variant expectation maximization (DVEM) restoration algorithm for fluorescent microscopy [1] has been implemented as part of the computational optical sectioning microscopy open source (COSMOS) software package [2]. COSMOS facilitates the development and dissemination of the DVEM algorithm which addresses depth-variant imaging due to spherical aberrations. Physical parameters such as the imaging lens, the size of the object and its refractive index contribute to the amount of spherical aberrations present in the image. The algorithm is based on a depth-variant imaging model and it requires a small number of point-spread functions (PSFs) defined at different depths within the sample. An acceptable choice for the number of PSFs needed for the computation provides a tradeoff between accuracy of the result and computational complexity. In this paper we show results obtained from simulation studies in which the performance of the DVEM algorithm is investigated for different parameters that contribute to depth variability. Some of the DVEM algorithm results are compared to results obtained with a spaceinvariant (or deconvolution) method from the same simulated data. The main conclusion from these studies is that a small number of PSFs can be used for the estimation without a significant loss in algorithm performance rendering the algorithm suitable for practical use. Furthermore, DVEM offers improvements over deconvolution methods with a small increase in computational complexity.
Selection rules for diffraction dissociation

The concept that internal quantum numbers do not change in diffractive production is extended to the quantum numbers of the quark model. The resulting approximate selection rules are discussed and compared with the predictions of other models.