cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Matter of Culture A Comparative Study of Photojournalism in American and Korean Newspapers

/ The content of 628 news and feature photographs in 10 elite American and Korean newspapers was analyzed for differences in composition, subject number and subject identification. The Korean approach to photojournalism was purely descriptive while the American approach was more interpretive. Koreans presented far more news, emphasized the group and maintained a consistent composition. Americans ran more features, emphasized the individual and varied composition. Five profession-related factors either reinforce or reflect the observed cultural differences.
Atrazine sorption in field-moist soils: Supercritical carbon dioxide density effects

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (SF-CO 2 ) has been recently introduced for use in determining sorption coefficients of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in field-moist soils. In this study we determined the effects of SF-CO 2 density modification on atrazine-soil sorption coefficients. As the density of SF-CO 2 increased, the SF-CO 2 soil/water partition coefficient (K d ) decreased. K d values for the first desorption equilibration (K d D1) obtained with the SF-CO 2 technique at an SF-CO 2 density of 0.25 g mL −1 were linearly related to soil organic carbon content, clay content, and batch Freundlich coefficients (K f values). The log of K d for each soil was linearly related to the log of the SF-CO 2 density for densities 0.25 through 0.45 g mL −1 . The SF-CO 2 Kd value predicted using the batch K f / SF-CO 2 K d relationship obtained in this study, and an experimental batch K f value for a Minnesota (USA) soil from the literature, was consistent with the SF-CO 2 K d values predicted using organic carbon and clay content relationships obtained from this study.
Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: An experimental assessment

We used a field experiment to assess the individual and combined effects of removing top predators and enriching water column nutrients (nitrogen-N and phosphorus-P) on seagrass ecosystem structure and function. Experiments were conducted in turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) habitats in St. Joseph Bay, FL, an aquatic preserve in the northern Gulf of Mexico that exhibits low ambient nutrient concentrations and contains abundant populations of small crustacean and gastropod mesograzers. We stocked 7.0 m 2 enclosures with elevated (;4‐83 ambient) densities of juvenile pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), the dominant fish species in local seagrass habitats, to simulate the first-order effects of large predator reductions, and we used an in situ delivery system to supplement N and P to ;33 ambient levels in nutrient addition treatments. Monthly determinations of water column nutrients and Chl a, along with measurements of the biomass and abundance of leaf epiphytes and seagrass production, biomass, and shoot and leaf densities were used to evaluate the relative effects of manipulating nutrient supply and altering food web structure. In contrast to our expectations, results showed few significant nutrient effects, or fish 3 nutrient enrichment effects on any of the parameters measured. However, there were many significant fish effects, most of which were unexpected. As predicted, increased pinfish density reduced mesograzer numbers significantly. Not anticipated, however, was the reduced epiphyte biomass in fish enclosure treatments, apparently brought about by the pinfish consuming significant amounts of epiphytes as well as mesograzers. This reduction in epiphyte biomass produced positive indirect effects on seagrass biomass, shoot number, and rates of primary productivity in pinfish enclosure treatments. Our results also showed important top-down effects in determining the composition and abundance of seagrassassociated plants and animals in this pristine environment. Although we did not observe simple trophic cascades, most likely because pinfish fed at more than one trophic level, and because the dense seagrass prevented small grazers from being reduced to low numbers, pinfish produced important changes in the epibiota as well as the seagrasses themselves. These data, while contrasting with studies reporting significant negative nutrient enrichment effects on seagrasses, support the results of recent experimental studies in showing that: (1) small grazers can often control the abundance of epiphytes; and (2) it is unlikely that a full understanding of the consequences of nutrient enrichment for seagrass ecosystems can be gained without knowing how grazer population are regulated.
Ancylostoma caninum: the finger cell neurons mediate thermotactic behavior by infective larvae of the dog hookworm.

Abstract Bhopale, V. M., Kupprion, E. K., Ashton, F. T., Boston, R., and Schad, G. A. 2001. Ancylostoma caninum: The finger cell neurons mediate thermotactic behavior by infective larvae of the dog hookworm. Experimental Parasitology97, 70–76. In the amphids (anteriorly positioned, paired sensilla) of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the so-called finger cells (AFD), a pair of neurons, each of which ends in a cluster of microvilli-like projections, are known to be the primary thermoreceptors. A similar neuron pair in the amphids of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is also known to be thermoreceptive. The hookworm of dogs, Ancylostoma caninum, has apparent structural homologs of finger cells in its amphids. The neuroanatomy of the amphids of A. caninum and H. contortus is strikingly similar, and the amphidial cell bodies in the lateral ganglia of the latter nematode have been identified and mapped. When the lateral ganglia of first-stage larvae (L1) of A. caninum are examined with differential interference contrast microscopy, positional homologs of the recognized amphidial cell bodies in the lateral ganglia of H. contortus L1 are readily identified in A. caninum. The amphidial neurons in A. caninum were consequently given the same names as those of their apparent homologs in H. contortus. It was hypothesized that the finger cell neurons (AFD) might mediate thermotaxis by the skin-penetrating infective larvae (L3) of A. caninum. Laser microbeam ablation experiments with A. caninum were conducted, using the H. contortus L1 neuronal map as a guide. A. caninum L1 were anesthetized and the paired AFD class neurons were ablated. The larvae were then cultured to L3 and assayed for thermotaxis on a thermal gradient. L3 with ablated AFD-class neuron pairs showed significantly reduced thermotaxis compared to control groups. The thermoreceptive function of the AFD-class neurons associates this neuron pair with the host-finding process of the A. caninum infective larva and shows functional homology with the neurons of class AFD in C. elegans and in H. contortus.
Analysis of a Planar Tensegrity-Based Compliant Mechanism

This paper presents an analysis of a spatial tensegrity-based mechanism. In this study, a moving body in space is joined to ground by seven compliant leg connec- tors. Each leg connector is comprised of a spring in series with an adjustable length piston. Three problems are solved in this paper. In the first, the values of the seven spring constants and free lengths are given and the lengths of the seven pistons are determined such that: (1) the top body is positioned and oriented at a desired pose; (2) the top body is at equilibrium while a specified external wrench is ap- plied; and (3) the total potential energy stored in the seven springs equals some desired value. In the second problem, the values for the seven spring free lengths are given and the values for the seven spring constants and the lengths of the seven pistons are determined such that conditions (1) and (2) from above are met and also the instantaneous stiff- ness matrix of the top body equals a specified set of matrix values. The last problem is to solve the same problem as the first one for a specified path given as a function of time. The paper formulates the solutions of these problems. Nu- merical examples are presented.
Wear rates of highly cross-linked polyethylene humeral liners subjected to alternating cycles of glenohumeral flexion and abduction

Background Although short-term outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty have been promising, long-term success may be limited due to device-specific complications, including scapular notching. Scapular notching has been explained primarily as mechanical erosion; however, the generation of wear debris may lead to further biologic changes contributing to the severity of scapular notching. Methods A 12-station hip simulator was converted to a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty wear simulator subjecting conventional and highly cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene humeral liners to 5 million cycles of alternating abduction-adduction and flexion-extension loading profiles. Results Highly cross-linked polyethylene liners (36.5 ± 10.0 mm 3 /million cycle) exhibited significantly lower volumetric wear rates compared with conventional polyethylene liners (83.6 ± 20.6 mm 3 /million cycle; P P P P Conclusions Highly cross-linked polyethylene liners significantly reduced polyethylene wear and subsequent particle generation. More favorable wear properties with the use of highly cross-linked polyethylene may lead to increased device longevity and fewer complications but must be weighed against the effect of reduced mechanical properties.
Natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in Lyme arthritis

Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells provide a first line of defense against infection. However, these cells have not yet been examined in patients with Lyme arthritis, a late disease manifestation. Lyme arthritis usually resolves with antibiotic treatment. However, some patients have persistent arthritis after spirochetal killing, which may result from excessive inflammation, immune dysregulation and infection-induced autoimmunity. We determined the frequencies and phenotypes of NK cells and invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in paired peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) samples from eight patients with antibiotic-responsive arthritis and fifteen patients with antibiotic-refractory arthritis using flow cytometry and cytokine analyses. In antibiotic-responsive patients, who were seen during active infection, high frequencies of CD56bright NK cells were found in SF, the inflammatory site, compared with PB (P <0.001); at both sites, a high percentage of cells expressed the activation receptor NKG2D and the chaperone CD94, a low percentage expressed inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), and a high percentage produced IFN-γ. In antibiotic-refractory patients, who were usually evaluated near the conclusion of antibiotics when few if any live spirochetes remained, the phenotype of CD56bright cells in SF was similar to that in patients with antibiotic-responsive arthritis, but the frequency of these cells was significantly less (P = 0.05), and the frequencies of CD56dim NK cells tended to be higher. However, unlike typical NKdim cells, these cells produced large amounts of IFN-γ, suggesting that they were not serving a cytotoxic function. Lastly, iNKT cell frequencies in the SF of antibiotic-responsive patients were significantly greater compared with that of antibiotic-refractory patients where these cells were often absent (P = 0.003). In patients with antibiotic-responsive arthritis, the high percentage of activated, IFN-γ-producing CD56bright NK cells in SF and the presence of iNKT cells suggest that these cells still have a role in spirochetal killing late in the illness. In patients with antibiotic-refractory arthritis, the frequencies of IFN-γ-producing CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells remained high in SF, even after spirochetal killing, suggesting that these cells contribute to excessive inflammation and immune dysregulation in joints, and iNKT cells, which may have immunomodulatory effects, were often absent.
Top-down vs. bottom-up regulation of herbaceous primary production and composition in an arid, urbanizing ecosystem

Abstract Plant growth and composition are regulated by top-down (e.g., herbivory) and bottom-up factors (e.g., resource availability). The relative importance of consumers and multiple resources for net primary production (NPP) and community structure have rarely been studied in drylands, which cover about one third of Earth's land surface, or with respect to increasingly common environmental changes such as urbanization. Urban expansion in drylands is likely to alter both nutrient availability and consumer populations. We explored the relative roles of herbivory, precipitation, and soil nitrogen (N) availability as drivers of aboveground NPP and composition of herbaceous communities in protected native ecosystems in the Sonoran Desert within and surrounding Phoenix, Arizona. Precipitation was the primary driver of production, while soil N availability had little effect on growth. Herbivory was secondarily important relative to precipitation, reducing aboveground biomass by ∼33% regardless of proximity to the city. Protected desert open space supported distinct plant communities within and surrounding the city, but these patterns were more strongly related to bottom-up resources than consumers. Together, our results suggest that urbanization does not significantly affect the relative drivers of plant growth and structure in this arid ecosystem.
Epoetin administrated after cardiac surgery: effects on renal function and inflammation in a randomized controlled study

Experimentally, erythropoietin (EPO) has nephroprotective as well as immunomodulatory properties when administered after ischemic renal injury. We tested the hypothesis that different doses of recombinant human EPO administered to patients after cardiac surgery would minimize kidney lesions and the systemic inflammatory response, thereby decreasing acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence.
Mature B-cell leukemias with more than 55% prolymphocytes. A heterogeneous group that includes an unusual variant of mantle cell lymphoma.

We studied 20 cases of mature B-cell leukemia with more than 55% prolymphocytes in peripheral blood or bone marrow, fulfilling the French-American-British criteria for B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL). Cases segregated into 3 groups: de novo PLL, 6; PLL occurring in patients with a previous well-established diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (PLL
Identification of a large from of the chick liver estrogen receptor.

AbstractChick liver cytosol contains an ~ 8S form of the estrogen receptor which can be visualized on sucrose gradients if the cytosol is prepared in the presence of sodium molybdate. This large form of the receptor may also be observed on gel filtration columns where it migrates as a molecule with a Stokes' radius of ~ 6 nm. This receptor form can be partially purified and freed from non-specific binding components by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Once eluted, the receptor has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.2S. The 6.2S form may be further “transformed” to a 5–5.5S receptor once molybdate is removed. The form present in the nucleus of estrogen-treated chicks is 4.5S. These results indicate that the estrogen receptor of chick liver is similar to all other steroid receptor so far described: a large cytoplasmic form of the receptor, which can be stabilized by molybdate, is transformed to a smaller nuclear form. There appear to be small differences in the physical characteristics of the estrogen rec...
Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty

The origin of novel traits is recognized as an important process underlying many major evolutionary radiations. We studied the genetic basis for the evolution of haustoria, the novel feeding organs of parasitic flowering plants, using comparative transcriptome sequencing in three species of Orobanchaceae. Around 180 genes are upregulated during haustorial development following host attachment in at least two species, and these are enriched in proteases, cell wall modifying enzymes, and extracellular secretion proteins. Additionally, about 100 shared genes are upregulated in response to haustorium inducing factors prior to host attachment. Collectively, we refer to these newly identified genes as putative “parasitism genes.” Most of these parasitism genes are derived from gene duplications in a common ancestor of Orobanchaceae and Mimulus guttatus, a related nonparasitic plant. Additionally, the signature of relaxed purifying selection and/or adaptive evolution at specific sites was detected in many haustorial genes, and may play an important role in parasite evolution. Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns in parasitic and nonparasitic angiosperms suggests that parasitism genes are derived primarily from root and floral tissues, but with some genes co-opted from other tissues. Gene duplication, often taking place in a nonparasitic ancestor of Orobanchaceae, followed by regulatory neofunctionalization, was an important process in the origin of parasitic haustoria.
Ethnic minority populations and mental health outcomes

This chapter presents a framework for evaluating outcomes from mental health intervention in ethnic minority populations, reviews existing outcomes research, and describes ways to increase the quantity and quality of minority outcomes research.
Ferrofluid-Impregnated Paper Actuators

In this paper, we report on an inexpensive method of fabricating miniature magnetic actuators using ferrofluid impregnated paper. Different types of papers (including soft tissue paper, cleanroom paper, Whatman-1 filter paper, printer paper, and newspaper) were loaded with oil-based ferrofluid, microma-chined by a CO2 laser and coated with a thin layer of parylene-C. The soaking capability of the different papers was investigated, with the soft tissue paper having the highest loading capacity, being able to absorb ferrofluid by as much as six times its original weight. Cantilever actuators fabricated from cleanroom and filter papers were able to generate the largest force (>; 40-mg equiva lent force), whereas the soft-tissue-paper cantilevers provided the greatest deflection (40° tip angle).
Extracellular Iron-Sulfur Precipitates From Growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

The authors have examined extracellular iron-bearing precipitates resulting from the growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in a basal medium with lactate as the carbon source and ferrous sulfate. Black precipitates were obtained when D. desulfuricans was grown with an excess of FeSO{sub 4}. When D. desulfuricans was grown under conditions with low amounts of FeSO{sub 4}, brown precipitates were obtained. The precipitates were characterized by iron K-edge XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure), {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer-effect spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Both were noncrystalline and nonmagnetic (at room temperature) solids containing high-spin Fe(III). The spectroscopic data for the black precipitates indicate the formation of an iron-sulfur phase with 6 nearest S neighbors about Fe at an average distance of 2.24(1) {angstrom}, whereas the brown precipitates are an iron-oxygen-sulfur phase with 6 nearest O neighbors about Fe at an average distance of 1.95(1) {angstrom}.
Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness:

Prior research finds that sexually permissive individuals are judged more negatively than nonpermissive peers, placing them at risk of social isolation. Based on the positive assortment principle (i.e., preferences for similarity in attributes in close relationships), we examined whether participants’ own permissiveness mitigated negative judgments of permissive others in the same-sex friendship context. College students (N = 751) evaluated a hypothetical same-sex target with either 2 (nonpermissive) or 20 (permissive) past sex partners on 10 friendship-relevant outcomes. Participant permissiveness attenuated some negative evaluations. However, preferences were rarely reversed, and no moderation was found in five outcomes, suggesting the role of permissiveness-based positive assortment is limited, and evolutionary concerns may take precedence. Partial support for the sexual double standard was also found.
What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, Are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes

This article presents a four-category framework to characterize the contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. The framework distinguishes between prescriptions and proscriptions that are intensi...
Use of a Circular Chromatographic Method for the Distinction of Collard Plants Grown under Different Fertilizing Conditions

ABSTRACT Freeze dried collard plants grown with two different types of fertilizer (NPK or manure and blood meal), at three different fertilizer levels and at two spacing levels, or protein solutions as model systems were used for obtaining radial paper chromatograms. Sensory evaluation panels using a rating test with unstructured scale could distinguish significantly between chromatograms from the two different fertilizer conditions. When providing reference chromatograms for ecologically and conventionally grown foods, the test panel could also distinguish between the fertilizer levels. Significant correlations (P<0.05) were found between nitrate-nitrogen or protein concentration and sensory data when reference chromatograms were given, but insignificant correlations existed when no reference chromatograms were provided. Differences in the streaking effects of the chromatograms were given by the test panel members as the major reason for distinction between the chromatograms obtained from “mineral fertil...
Incorporation in New England: A Statistical Study, 1800–1875

Defense of a historical survey of the business corporation in this country seems hardly necessary. Students of its place in the present economy, even students of the well-recorded “trust” movement of the 1890's and later decades, need this background, if only to test the hypothesis, not infrequently encountered, that the business corporation of pre-Civil War days was largely confined to the fields of banking, insurance, and public utilities.
Pose estimation of multi-part curved objects

We show that alignment-like techniques can be used for the pose estimation of a large class of structured curved objects. We demonstrate that although it is difficult to isolate distinguished points on the outlines of such objects, high-level descriptions, extracted from a 2D image, based on a part-based formalism using sub-classes of generalized cylinders provide means to establish quasi-invariant correspondences between image and model shapes. We describe the method and show several results on real images.
Assessing the Quality of Actions

While recent advances in computer vision have provided reliable methods to recognize actions in both images and videos, the problem of assessing how well people perform actions has been largely unexplored in computer vision. Since methods for assessing action quality have many real-world applications in healthcare, sports, and video retrieval, we believe the computer vision community should begin to tackle this challenging problem. To spur progress, we introduce a learning-based framework that takes steps towards assessing how well people perform actions in videos. Our approach works by training a regression model from spatiotemporal pose features to scores obtained from expert judges. Moreover, our approach can provide interpretable feedback on how people can improve their action. We evaluate our method on a new Olympic sports dataset, and our experiments suggest our framework is able to rank the athletes more accurately than a non-expert human. While promising, our method is still a long way to rivaling the performance of expert judges, indicating that there is significant opportunity in computer vision research to improve on this difficult yet important task.
Sexual evaluation of women with feminist attitudes.

A study was conducted to investigate whether subjects make inferences about a female's sexuality based on her attitudes toward feminist issues. Based on the idea that both attitudes toward feminist issues and toward sexual traits are components of prototypes about females, it was hypothesized that females who expressed nontraditional attitudes on various feminist issues would be rated higher on a number of sexual traits than females who expressed more traditional attitudes. Male and female subjects were given information about a 19‐year‐old, single, female's attitudes on a number of issues related to women's occupational and domestic roles. The target's answers were manipulated so that in one condition she expressed traditional attitudes, and in a second condition she expressed nontraditional or feminist attitudes. The respondents were then asked to rate the target on traits reflecting a sexual and an evaluative dimension. As predicted, it was found that the female expressing nontraditional attitudes was ...
Language Education Policy in Hawaii: Two Case Studies and Some Current Issues

Any language policy (and even the absence of a formal language policy constitutes, in effect, a language policy) reflects the social, political, and economic context of public education. At the same time, the effect of that policy on society extends beyond the generation receiving direct services under it, for it influences what that generation brings to the task of educating its children. The current study explores the relationship between language policy and non-linguistic, non-educational issues in two case studies, both set in Hawaii. The first involves the loss of Hawaiian, the indigenous language, to English, an immigrant language during the Nineteenth Century. The second involves the linguistic assimilation of the Japanese during the first half of the Twentieth Century. While both involve language loss, the long-term effects in each situation have been quite different. The two case studies provide a historical backdrop for understanding the contemporary setting. The second part of the paper examines several current issues in language policy and language planning in Hawaii, especially as they relate to programs of bilingual education. This article is available in Working Papers in Educational Linguistics (WPEL): http://repository.upenn.edu/wpel/vol1/iss1/6 Language Education Policy in Hawaii: Two Case Studies and Some Current Issues Thom Huebner University of Pennsylvania
Understanding the Effects of Preadsorbed Perfluoroalkanes on the Adsorption of Water and Ammonia in MOFs

The effects of preadsorbed perfluoroalkanes on water and ammonia adsorption in a well-known metal–organic framework, Cu–BTC, were investigated using molecular simulations. It was found that perfluoroalkane molecules have little effect on water or ammonia adsorption in the Henry region. At higher loading, an analysis of the hydrogen bonds for water revealed that the presence of perfluoroalkanes reduces water clustering inside Cu–BTC. However, despite the expected hydrophobicity of perfluoroalkanes, their presence was not found to induce a more hydrophobic behavior in Cu–BTC, and the water condensation step was not significantly shifted. Ammonia uptake in Cu–BTC was not enhanced by perfluoroalkanes under dry or humid conditions.
The Foundations of Probability

(1944). The Foundations of Probability. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 493-510.
Structural control of nanocrystal superlattices using organic guest molecules.

We report a host–guest chemistry approach to controlling the structures of nanocrystal superlattices through a molecular inclusion process. Upon addition of an appropriate amount of guest molecules such as squalane, polyisoprene, and 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl into a nanocrystal suspension, the resulting nanocrystal superlattices adopted non-close-packed structures (e.g., from face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic) and changed their morphologies to form superparticles. Our mechanistic studies revealed that these guest molecules can strongly tailor the kinetic process in superlattice formation, resulting in the formation of non-close-packed nanocrystal superlattices. The insights gained in this study are not only important for making nanocrystal superlattices with desirable architectures but also open a new way of synthesizing novel organic/inorganic composite materials.
Analysis and Simulation of Ring-Shaped Three-Terminal HVDC Power Transmission System and Application of DC Circuit Breakers

Basic principles of multi-terminal direct current(MTDC) power transmission system are analyzed,and utilizing PSCAD/EMTDC software a model of MTDC power transmission system and a model of multi ring-shaped MTDC power transmission system containing DC circuit breakers are built.The process of switching off a DC transmission line by DC circuit breakers is simulated and researched,and the action of DC circuit breakers in multi ring-shaped MTDC transmission system is analyzed.The process of switching off one of transmission lines as well as the process of switching off a faulty converter station in three-terminal DC transmission system by DC circuit breakers are simulated respectively.Simulation results show that when one of DC transmission line in ring-shaped MTDC transmission system is switched off by DC circuit breakers,the currents in DC transmission lines are redistributed to ensure the continuity of power transmission.Under such a condition,the affection on input or output power of each converter station is not notable,and the affection on AC power transmission network connected to MTDC transmission system is slight too.After the faulty converter station is switched off,the three-terminal DC transmission system can sustain the power transmission to the hilt and effective distribution of currents,thus the stable operation of the DC system can be maintained.
Exploration of the case of palindromia in children ani-sometropic amblyopia

Objective To explore the related factors about the long-term effect of the therapy anisometropic amblyopia. Methods We followed up 217 eyes of 123 cases diagnosed as anisometropic amblyopia. In these cases they have been cured for more than three years. But we found their corrected visions were less 0.8 in myclriatic condition. Results The category and degree of anisometropic amblyopia might have bright difference with its palindromia. The total ratio was 25. 2%. The palindromia rate was different in the myopia anisometropic , the amblyopia monocular anisometropic , the amblyopia hypermetropia anisonietropic, and the amblyopia binocular anisometropic amblyopia. Conclusion Consolidate of anisometropia amblyopia have been cured is found to arrest palindromia. These cases of easier palindromia in ambiyopia shall be specially observed, found early and finding the reason of vision droped.and the treation in time is very important.
Functional Parasitic Gaps

Munn's proposal is a stipulation about the semantic type of a particular unpro­ nounced element, and Munn does not work out the details of how the incorporation of this stipulation into a compositional theory of parasitic gap constructions ac­ counts for the distinction in (1 a). In this paper, I examine existing theories of the compositional semantics of functional extraction and parasitic gap constructions. Correct theories of each phenomenon should work together to account for the phe­ nomenon in ( 1 a) . Indeed, I find that variable-free theories of functional and par­ asitic extraction fit searnlessly together. And because the variable-free functional extraction theory assigns individual and functional gaps different semantic types , Munn 's proposal (2) may be implemented directly by making a minor modification to the variable-free rule for parasitic gaps. In contrast, because ordinary gaps and functional gaps are both type e in variable-based theories, (2) must be modified to be a restriction on indices rather than types (the details are elaborated in section 3.3 below) to be incorporated into a standard variable-based theory of functional extraction. Moreover, the variable-based theory of parasitic gaps requires a non­ compositional rule. Given this non-compositional rule, the appropriately modified (2) may not be incorporated into the standard variable-based functional extraction theories of Engdahl ( 1 986) or Chierchia ( 1 993), but instead requires Cresti ' s ( 1 995) more complex formulation of Engdahl 'S theory. I conclude that the contrast be­ tween the simplicity, elegance, and naturalness of the variable-free theory and the relative intransigence of the variable-based theories of functional parasitic gaps pro­ vides a good reason to prefer the variable-free theory.
The Involvement of the T-Cell Receptor in Chromosomal Aberrations

It is now clear that the T-cell receptor gene loci are directly involved in some of the most characteristic chromosomal aberrations specifically associated with T-cell disorders. This recent conclusion, however, should be viewed in the general context of the genesis of cell-type-specific chromosomal abnormalities. Over the past 25 years cytogeneticists have been describing an ever-increasing number of distinctive chromosomal abnormalities specifically associated with certain types of cancer (Yunis et al., 1983). We are not speaking of the constitutional syndromes of karyotype abnormality (e.g., trisomy 21) found in every cell of an affected individual, which are believed to predispose the person to the development of certain cancers. Rather we are considering here those chromosomal abnormalities found only in the tumors of an otherwise karyotypically normal person. One of the earliest identified and best known associations is the occurrence of the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 yielding as one of the derivative partners the so-called “Philadelphia” chromosome seen in over 95% of the tumors of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (Noweli and Hungerford, 1960; Rowley, 1980). Other different, but consistent chromosomal aberrations have now been reported for Burkitt’s lymphoma (Zech et al., 1976), a spectrum of additional hematopoietic malignancies (Chaganti, 1983), as well as a number of solid tumors (Yunis et al., 1983).
Quantifying complexity in metabolic engineering using the LASER database.

Abstract We previously introduced the LASER database (Learning Assisted Strain EngineeRing, https://bitbucket.org/jdwinkler/laser_release ) (Winkler et al. 2015) to serve as a platform for understanding past and present metabolic engineering practices. Over the past year, LASER has been expanded by 50% to include over 600 engineered strains from 450 papers, including their growth conditions, genetic modifications, and other information in an easily searchable format. Here, we present the results of our efforts to use LASER as a means for defining the complexity of a metabolic engineering “design”. We evaluate two complexity metrics based on the concepts of construction difficulty and novelty. No correlation is observed between expected product yield and complexity, allowing minimization of complexity without a performance trade-off. We envision the use of such complexity metrics to filter and prioritize designs prior to implementation of metabolic engineering efforts, thereby potentially reducing the time, labor, and expenses of large-scale projects. Possible future developments based on an expanding LASER database are then discussed.
Pigeons at Magnetic Anomalies: The Effects of Loft Location

Homing pigeons from our old lofts at Fox Ridge Farm in Lincoln, MA, were disoriented when released at places where the earth's magnetic field was irregular-so-called ‘magnetic anomalies’. The orientation of pigeons raised in our lofts at Cornell in Ithaca, NY, was unaffected by anomalies. Further experiments in Lincoln showed that sibling pigeons raised and trained to lofts only 2.5 km apart behaved differently when released at a strong magnetic anomaly. Pigeons from the loft situated in a magnetic gradient of 450 nT km−1 were disoriented at anomalies, whereas birds raised in a loft in a magnetic gradient of 88nT km−1 were well oriented. This suggests that the location of the home loft may play an important role in determining which cues pigeons use for their navigation, and that these cues are learned sometime after weaning from their parents at 4–6 weeks after hatching.
Exploring Experiences and Perceptions of Older African American Males Aging With HIV in the Rural Southern United States

The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) epidemic in the United States remains a serious public health concern. Despite treatment and prevention efforts, approximately 50,000 new HIV cases are transmitted each year. Estimates indicate that 44% of all people diagnosed with HIV are living in the southern region of the United States. African Americans represent 13.2% of the United States population; however, 44% (19,540) of reported new HIV cases in 2014 were diagnosed within this ethnic group. The majority of cases were diagnosed in men (73%, 14,305). In the United States, it is estimated that 21% of adults living with HIV are 50 years or older. There exists limited data regarding how well African American men are aging with HIV disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of older African American men living with HIV in rural Georgia. Data were collected from 35 older African American men living with HIV using focus groups and face-to-face personal interviews. Qualitative content analysis revealed six overlapping themes: (1) Stigma; (2) Doing Fine, Most of the Time; (3) Coping With Age-Related Diseases and HIV; (4) Self-Care; (5) Family Support; and (6) Access to Resources. The findings from this study provide new insights into the lives of rural HIV-infected African American men, expands our understanding of how they manage the disease, and why many return to or remain in rural communities.
Remote sensing of tropospheric temperature and water vapor by integrated observing systems : The remote sensing lecture

In the last decade, substantial advances have been made in the remote sensing of tropospheric temperature and water vapor. Techniques include measurement of virtual temperature by Radio Acoustic Sounding Systems (RASS), the combination of RASS with satellite soundings, the measurement of precipitable water vapor by Global Positioning Systems, the measurement of water vapor profiles by Raman and differential absorption lidar, and the measurement of both temperature and water vapor profiles by Fourier Transform Infrared Radiometers. However, none of the techniques, by itself, is capable of satisfying most meteorological and climate needs. Thus, determination of profiles from combinations of data and sensors is the only practical way of satisfying these needs. In this paper, some of the techniques used for combining remote sensor data are outlined, some of the current sensors are described, and then examples of data derived from these combinations are presented. The role of the radiosonde in remote sensor evaluation, retrievals, and calibration is discussed. Finally, some of the new possibilities for combined remote sensors are presented.
The Federated Scheduling of Systems of Mixed-Criticality Sporadic DAG Tasks

Under the federated approach to multiprocessor scheduling, each individual task is either restricted to execute upon a single processor (as in partitioned scheduling), or has exclusive access to all the processors upon which it may execute. The federated scheduling of a mixed-criticality collection of independent recurrent tasks is studied here. A model is proposed for mixed-criticality recurrent tasks that extends the (previously-proposed) implicit-deadline sporadic DAG tasks model to account for mixed criticalities. A federated scheduling algorithm for systems of such tasks is presented and proved correct, and a quantitative evaluation of its efficacy derived via the widely-used speedup factor metric.
All-trans retinal levels and formation of lipofuscin precursors after bleaching in rod photoreceptors from wild type and Abca4 -/- mice.

The accumulation of lipofuscin in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is thought to play an important role in the development and progression of degenerative diseases of the retina. The bulk of RPE lipofuscin originates in reactions of the rhodopsin chromophore, retinal, with components of the photoreceptor outer segment. The 11-cis retinal isomer is generated in the RPE and supplied to rod photoreceptor outer segments where it is incorporated as the chromophore of rhodopsin. It is photoisomerized during light detection to all-trans and subsequently released by photoactivated rhodopsin as all-trans retinal, which is removed through reduction to all-trans retinol in a reaction requiring metabolic input in the form of NADPH. Both 11-cis and all-trans retinal can form lipofuscin precursor fluorophores in rod photoreceptor outer segments. Increased accumulation of lipofuscin has been suggested to result from excess formation of lipofuscin precursors due to buildup of all-trans retinal released by light exposure. In connection with this suggestion, the Abca4 transporter protein, an outer segment protein defects in which result in recessive Stargardt disease, has been proposed to promote the removal of all-trans retinal by facilitating its availability for reduction. To examine this possibility, we have measured the outer segment levels of all-trans retinal, all-trans retinol, and of lipofuscin precursors after bleaching by imaging the fluorescence of single rod photoreceptors isolated from wild type and Abca4-/- mice. We found that all-trans retinol and all-trans retinal levels increased after bleaching in both wild type and Abca4-/- rods. At all times after bleaching, there was no significant difference in all-trans retinal levels between the two strains. All-trans retinol levels were not significantly different between the two strains at early times, but were lower in Abca4-/- rods at times longer than 20 min after bleaching. Bleaching in the presence of lower metabolic substrate concentrations resulted in higher all-trans retinal levels and increased formation of lipofuscin precursors in both wild type and Abca4-/- rods. The results show that conditions that result in buildup of all-trans retinal levels result in increased generation of lipofuscin precursors in both wild type and Abca4-/- rods. The results are consistent with the proposal that Abca4 facilitates the reduction of all-trans retinal to retinol; absence of Abca4 however does not appear to be associated with higher all-trans retinal levels compared to wild type.
Comparison of the Economic Feasibility between Conventional and Vacuum Drying for 4/4 Red Oak

Abstract Vacuum drying of wood is a method to reduce drying time and inventory; however, there is limited information regarding the economic feasibility for vacuum drying 4/4 red oak compared with ...
Growing Up With A Food Insecure Adult: The Cognitive Consequences of Recurrent Versus Transitory Food Insecurity Across the Early Elementary Years:

To investigate how kindergarteners cognitively developed in a family with an adult who experienced recurrent versus transitory food insecurity, a sample of 1,040 kindergarteners (mean age = 5.6 yea...
Choosing the right delay-discounting task: Completion times and rates of nonsystematic data

Abstract A variety of delay discounting tasks are widely used in human studies designed to quantify the degree to which individuals discount the value of delayed rewards. It is currently unknown which task(s) yields the largest proportion of valid and systematic data using standard criteria (Johnson & Bickel, 2008). The goal of this study was to compare three delay-discounting tasks on task duration and amount of valid and systematic data produced. In Experiment 1, 180 college students completed one of three tasks online (fixed alternatives, titrating, or visual analogue scale [VAS]). Invalid and nonsystematic data, identified using standard criteria, were most prevalent with the VAS (47.3% of participants). The other tasks produced more (and similar amounts of) valid and systematic data, but required more time to complete than the VAS. Viewing systematic data as more important than completion times, Experiment 2 (n = 153 college students) sought to reduce the amount of invalid datasets in the fixed-alternatives task, and compare amounts of nonsystematic data with the titrating task. Completion times were superior in the titrating task, which produced modestly more systematic data than the fixed-alternatives task. Causes of invalid and nonsystematic data are discussed, as are methods for reducing data exclusion.
Sociodemographic and survival disparities for histologic variants of bladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION To investigate the impact of perioperative factors on overall survival among patients with histologic variants of bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was utilized to identify patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (cT2-4, N0, M0) from 2004-2013. Variant histology bladder cancers (non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, mucinous/signet ring adenocarcinoma, micropapillary urothelial carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) were compared to urothelial carcinoma with respect to overall survival. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated from a multivariable Cox regression model to examine factors affecting overall survival, T upstaging, N upstaging, and positive surgical margins. Median survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS A total of 5,856 patients were included in this study. Significant predictors of worse overall survival included: African-American ancestry (aHR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-1.48, p = 0.021), age (1.03, 1.02-1.03, p < 0.001), comorbidity (1.30, 1.20-1.40, p < 0.001), cT3 stage (1.41, 1.26-1.57, p < 0.001), and cT4 stage (1.59, 1.38-1.84, p < 0.001). Small cell carcinoma (2.10, 1.44-3.06, p < 0.001) and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (1.59, 1.15-2.20, p = 0.005) were significant predictors of worse overall survival compared to urothelial carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma had the worst 5 year overall survival (15.5%, 95% CI: 5.2%-30.9%) compared to urothelial carcinoma (48.7%, 95% CI: 47.2%-50.2%). Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma was a significant predictor of increased progression to node positivity and positive margin status after radical cystectomy compared to urothelial carcinoma (6.01, 3.11-11.63, p < 0.001; 4.38, 2.05-9.38; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among bladder cancer patients with equal treatment and staging, small cell carcinoma and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma variant histologies were predictive of worse overall survival compared to urothelial carcinoma. Patient demographics such as African-American ancestry and age were also predictive of worse overall survival among variant histology bladder cancer and urothelial carcinoma.