cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of pulsating one-dimensional detonations with true fifth order accuracy

A novel, highly accurate numerical scheme based on shock-fitting coupled with fifth order spatial and temporal discretizations is applied to a classical unsteady detonation problem to generate solutions with unprecedented accuracy. The one-dimensional reactive Euler equations for a calorically perfect mixture of ideal gases whose reaction is described by single-step irreversible Arrhenius kinetics are solved in a series of calculations in which the activation energy is varied. In contrast with nearly all known simulations of this problem, which converge at a rate no greater than first order as the spatial and temporal grid is refined, the present method is shown to converge at a rate consistent with the fifth order accuracy of the spatial and temporal discretization schemes. This high accuracy enables more precise verification of known results and prediction of heretofore unknown phenomena. To five significant figures, the scheme faithfully recovers the stability boundary, growth rates, and wave-numbers predicted by an independent linear stability theory in the stable and weakly unstable regime. As the activation energy is increased, a series of period-doubling events are predicted, and the system undergoes a transition to chaos. Consistent with general theories of non-linear dynamics, the bifurcation points are seen to converge at a rate for which the Feigenbaum constant is 4.66+/-0.09, in close agreement with the true value of 4.669201.... As activation energy is increased further, domains are identified in which the system undergoes a transition from a chaotic state back to one whose limit cycles are characterized by a small number of non-linear oscillatory modes. This result is consistent with behavior of other non-linear dynamical systems, but not typically considered in detonation dynamics. The period and average detonation velocity are calculated for a variety of asymptotically stable limit cycles. The average velocity for such pulsating detonations is found to be slightly greater than the Chapman-Jouguet velocity.
The Freedom from Violence Program: An Untraditional Approach to Violence Management:

This article depicts the Freedom From Violence Program, its development and implementation. Although it is based on experience rather than on research, the assumptions that preceded the design and implementation of the program were empirically verified through the author’s personal experience gained from conducting it during 3 years of working with violent offenders in prison facilities of two countries. Among the many inmates who participated in the program was found a great desire to learn. Thus, although it may not be easy to prevent or eliminate violence, it may be possible and advisable to teach violent people to change their behaviors by responding to issues rather than reacting to personalities during conflicts. This might contribute to the reduction of violence at least as well as the development of new technologies of incarceration.
Roadmap for high efficiency solid-state neutron detectors

Solid-state thermal neutron detectors are generally fabricated in a planar configuration by coating a layer of neutron-to-alpha converter material onto a semiconductor. The as-created alpha particles in the material are expected to impinge the semiconductor and create electron-hole pairs which provide the electrical signal. These devices are limited in efficiency to a range near (2-5%)/cm2 due to the conflicting thickness requirements of the converter layer. In this case, the layer is required to be thick enough to capture the incoming neutron flux while at the same time adequately thin to allow the alpha particles to reach the semiconductor. A three dimensional matrix structure has great potential to satisfy these two requirements in one device. Such structures can be realized by using PIN diode pillar elements to extend in the third dimension with the converter material filling the rest of the matrix. Our strategy to fabricate this structure is based on both "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. The "top down" approach employs high-density plasma etching techniques, while the "bottom up" approach draws on the growth of nanowires by chemical vapor deposition. From our simulations for structures with pillar diameters from 2 micron down to 100 nm, the detector efficiency is expected to increase with a decrease in pillar size. Moreover, in the optimized configuration, the detector efficiency could be higher than 75%/cm2. Finally, the road map for the relationship between detector diameter and efficiency will be outlined.
Androgen Receptor Biology in Prostate Cancer

Androgens are essential development and survival factors for prostate epithelial cells. Prostate cancer cells retain androgen dependence and, for some period of time, are suppressed by androgen deprivation. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) arises after a period of androgen withdrawal and represents the most advanced stage of the disease. CRPC is mediated by the reactivation of androgen receptor activity in the castrate patient. Androgen receptor is reactivated in CRPC by a variety of mechanisms, the breadth of which underscores the importance of androgen receptor for prostate cancer cell proliferation at all stages of the disease. Androgen receptor gene may be affected by the amplification of the locus on the X chromosome or by the activation of mutations. Androgen receptor protein may be phosphorylated by a variety of kinases to enhance its activity in the presence of subphysiologic concentrations of ligand. The cancer cells themselves may produce sufficient levels of androgenic steroids to sustain receptor activation. Androgen receptor activity may also be enhanced by the overexpression of coactivator proteins that allow the formation of the transcriptional complex after the androgen receptor binds to DNA. Lastly, androgen receptor mRNA may be subjected to alternative splicing that may generate ligand-independent truncated forms of activated androgen receptor protein. Thus CRPC cells reactivate androgen receptor as a critical pathway towards cancer progression.
Preschoolers Reduce Inequality While Favoring Individuals With More

Inequalities are everywhere, yet little is known about how children respond to people affected by inequalities. This article explores two responses—minimizing inequalities and favoring those who are advantaged by them. In Studies 1a (N = 37) and 1b (N = 38), 4- and 5-year-olds allocated a resource to a disadvantaged recipient, but judged advantaged recipients more positively. In Studies 'Study 2' (N = 38) and 'Study 3' (N = 74), a delay occurred between seeing the inequality and allocating resources, or stating a preference, during which time participants forgot who was initially more advantaged. Children then favored advantaged recipients on the preference and resource allocation measures, suggesting an implicit “affective tagging” mechanism drives the tendency to favor the advantaged. In contrast, reducing inequalities through resource allocation appears to require explicit reasoning.
Management of a suspected and unsuspected difficult laryngoscopy with the laryngeal mask airway

Abstract The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a new development in airway control. Presented here are two cases of difficult airway management—one anticipated, the other not anticipated—during which the LMA was used effectively.
Time‐dependent changes in morphology of neat and reinforced epoxy resins part I. Neat epoxies

An investigation was conducted of the morphological changes in neat epoxy resins after cure, that is, during cooling and subsequent “annealing” at a temperature below the glass transition. A series of bifunctional and tetrafunctional epoxy formulations were prepared and studied. A simultaneous drive toward thermodynamic equilibrium (homogeneity) and morphological inhomogeneity was found to take place in the glassy network. A conceptual model was advanced to explain the time-dependent development of inhomogeneous morphology in the glassy state. After a certain sub-Tg annealing time, “morphological equilibrium” is reached while physical aging of the glassy network (decrease in enthalpy and/or free volume) continues to occur. The proposed model, based upon the variation of contractive forces throughout the epoxy network, was corroborated by experimental evidence obtained from calorimetric and viscoelastic measurements and electron microscopy.
Pressure Dependence of the Alpha-Beta Transition Temperature in Silver Selenide

The pressure dependence of the α-β transition temperature in Ag2Se was determined by observing the temperature at which the sharp change in resistivity occurs when Ag2Se is transformed from the low-temperature orthorhombic to the high temperature body-centered-cubic form. The transition temperature increased from 133°C at 1 atmosphere to 298°C at 47 kilobars. The value of ΔHt, the heat of transformation, of 2.19 kcal/mol measured calorimetrically agreed well with the value calculated from dT/dP of the transition.
Understanding the nineteenth century origins of disciplines: lessons for astrobiology today?

Astrobiology's goal of promoting interdisciplinary research is an attempt to reverse a trend that began two centuries ago with the formation of the first specialized scientific disciplines. We have examined this era of discipline formation in order to make a comparison with the situation today in astrobiology. Will astrobiology remain interdisciplinary or is it becoming yet another specialty?As a case study, we have investigated effects on the scientific literature when a specialized community is formed by analyzing the citations within papers published during 1802–1856 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Phil. Trans.), the most important ‘generalist’ journal of its day, and Transactions of the Geological Society of London (Trans. Geol. Soc.), the first important disciplinary journal in the sciences. We find that these two journals rarely cited each other, and papers published in Trans. Geol. Soc. cited fewer interdisciplinary sources than did geology papers in Phil. Trans. After geology had become established as a successful specialized discipline, geologists returned to publishing papers in Phil. Trans., but they wrote in the new, highly specialized style developed in Trans. Geol. Soc. They had succeeded in not only creating a new scientific discipline, but also a new way of doing science with its own modes of research and communication.A similar citation analysis was applied to papers published over the period 2001–2008 in the contemporary journals Astrobiology and the International Journal of Astrobiology to test the hypothesis that astrobiologists are in the early stages of creating their own specialized community. Although still too early to reliably detect any but the largest trends, there is no evidence yet that astrobiologists are drifting into their own isolated discipline. Instead, to date they appear to remain interdisciplinary.
A Graph Modeling of Semantic Similarity between Words

The problem of measuring the semantic similarity between pairs of words has been considered a fundamental operation in data mining and information retrieval. Nevertheless, developing a computational method capable of generating satisfactory results close to what humans would perceive is still a difficult task somewhat owed to the subjective nature of similarity. In this paper, it is presented a novel algorithm for scoring the semantic similarity (SSA) between words. Given two input words w1and w2, SSA exploits their corresponding concepts, relationships, and descriptive glosses available in WordNet in order to build a rooted weighted graph Gsim. The output score is calculated by exploring the concepts present in Gsim and selecting the minimal distance between any two concepts c1 and c2 of w1 and w2 respectively. The definition of distance is a combination of: 1) the depth of the nearest common ancestor between c1 and c2 in Gsim, 2) the intersection of the descriptive glosses of c1 and c2, and 3) the shortest distance between c1 and c2 in Gsim. A correlation of 0.913 has been achieved between the results by SSA and the human ratings reported by Miller and Charles (1991) for a dataset of 28 pairs of nouns. Furthermore, using the full dataset of 65 pairs presented by Rubenstein and Goodenough (1965), the correlation between SSA results and the known human ratings is 0.903, which is higher than all other reported algorithms for the same dataset. The high correlations of SSA with human ratings suggest that SSA would be convenient in solving several data mining and information retrieval problems.
Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in human myotonic dystrophic muscle

The possibility of oxygen radical-induced injury contributing to the pathogenesis of muscle disorders was studied. Significant increases in fluorescent lipid peroxidation products was found in the muscle samples of myotonic dystrophy (MyD) patients as compared to controls as well as patients with Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Polymyositis and Limb Girdle Dystrophy (LGD). The results demonstrate the possibility that in MyD the primary genetic disorder leads to the rapid generation of oxygen radicals, tissue depletion of antioxidants followed by peroxidation of membrane lipids, impaired calcium homeostasis and finally atrophy of the muscle.
Whiplash-Associated Chronic Headache Treated With Home Cervical Traction

The subject of this case report was a 56-year-old woman who sustained a whiplash-associated disorder as a result of a motor vehicle accident. Within a few hours after the accident, she developed a headache, which became chronic, creating disability and hindering the quality of her life. In the following year, a variety of diagnostic tests, medications, and physical therapy were unsuccessful in determining the cause of her complaints or in relieving them. After this year, she expressed anger, frustration, and a reluctance to undergo additional physical therapy. By listening to her explain how she coped with her problem and observing that she lacked the ability to reduce her cervical lordosis, the therapist developed and implemented a home program of supine cervical traction and exercise. After 30 days of treatment, she was able to reduce and control her headache. This treatment and the approach used to develop the treatment may benefit other patients who have whiplash-associated chronic headache.
Predicting chiral nanostructures, lattices and superlattices in complex multicomponent nanoparticle self-assembly.

“Bottom up” type nanoparticle (NP) self-assembly is expected to provide facile routes to nanostructured materials for various, for example, energy related, applications. Despite progress in simulations and theories, structure prediction of self-assembled materials beyond simple model systems remains challenging. Here we utilize a field theory approach for predicting nanostructure of complex and multicomponent hybrid systems with multiple types of short- and long-range interactions. We propose design criteria for controlling a range of NP based nanomaterial structures. In good agreement with recent experiments, the theory predicts that ABC triblock terpolymer directed assemblies with ligand-stabilized NPs can lead to chiral NP network structures. Furthermore, we predict that long-range Coulomb interactions between NPs leading to simple NP lattices, when applied to NP/block copolymer (BCP) assemblies, induce NP superlattice formation within the phase separated BCP nanostructure, a strategy not yet realized ...
Revisit the Lovasz Local Lemma

We provide a sufficient condition for showing that the probability of none of the events A1, A2,...,An occurs is positive. This condition explicitly involves the dependency digraph and the probabilities of the Ai's. Some applications are given.
Locating neighbourhood diversity in the American metropolis

Racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is on the rise, as the country is projected to no longer have a racial majority by the mid-2040s. Much of this diversity is found in the United Stat...
291 INTRAOCULAR INFLAMMATION: EXPRESSION OF CO-INHIBITORY MOLECULES ICOS, PD-1 AND THEIR LIGANDS

Introduction The local ocular microenvironment is critically important in maintaining ocular health and limiting inflammation. Mechanisms for immunologic regulation in the eye are not completely understood but may involve active suppression or immune down-regulation. The B7-CD28 superfamily, including the ICOS (inducible T cell costimulator) and the PD-1 (programmed death gene 1) pathways are of particular interest because of their negative regulatory effects on T cell activity. We examined the expression of the receptors and ligands for ICOS and PD-1 in the murine ocular microenvironment both in normal eyes and in different stages of active intraocular inflammation. Hypothesis We hypothesized that ICOS, ICOS-L, PD-1, and PD-L2 expression would increase during acute uveitis because their expression would provide additional signals to dampen the intraocular immune response. We also expected that PD-L1 would be constitutively expressed, but that its levels would decrease during acute inflammation. Methods Uveitis was induced in mice using the uveitogenic IRBP 161-180 peptide in CFA. Normal mice and mice immunized solely with CFA were also evaluated in this study. Eyes and thymus were harvested on days 0, 11, 21, and 31 for histopathologic grading and immunohistochemical evaluation. Lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed using spleen cells at the same time points in order to measure antigen specific responses. Results Constitutive expression of PD-1 was observed in the retina of normal mice. PD-1 expression was stable during active intraocular inflammation. In contrast, neither PD-L1 nor PD-L2 were observed in normal eyes. However, during the active inflammatory uveitic phase, PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression were observed in the eyes. ICOS and ICOS-L expression were not observed in any of the eyes. Conclusiion Expression of PD-1 has not been previously reported in the eye. The role for active expression of this protein is not yet understood, but it may be involved in ocular immune privilege. These studies support a role for both PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression during acute uveitis, however identification of the cell type(s) that express these ligands is currently in progress.
São os métodos quantitativos superiores a os métodos qualitativos na pesquisa psicológica de forma similar à superioridade do raciocínio de operações formais sobre o raciocínio pré-operacional? Mais uma clarificação da analogia de Biaggio

Biaggio (1985) argumenta em favor de uma analogia depensamento entre os estagios piagetianos e duas metodologias depesquisa em psicologia, a saber, a fenomenologico-qualitativa e aexperimental-quantitativa. Este ensaio descreve as caracteristicasessenciais das duas metodologias de pesquisa e da teoria de Piaget. Aanalise sugere que Biaggio merece credito por sensibilizar os pequisadorespara problemas que distinguem as duas metodologias e poridentificar uma possivel analogia entre analises qualitativas e oraciocinio pre-operacional. No entanto, na medida em que os estagiosde Piaget pressupoem continuidade de raciocinio enquanto que asduas metodologias de pesquisa sao conceitualmente descontinuas, aanalogia pode ser um tanto desencaminhadora. Biaggio (1985) argues for an analogy in reasoningbetween that at Piagetian stages and that of two research methodologiesin psychology; namely, the phenomenological-qualitativeand the experimental-quantitative. This paper describes the essentialfeatures of the two research methodologies and of Piagetian theory.The review suggests that Biaggio is to be credited for sensitizingresearchers to issues that distinguish the two methodologies and foridentifying a possible analogy between qualitative analyses andpreoperational reasoning. However, to the extent that Piaget's stages presume continuity in reasoning whereas the two research methodologiesare conceptually discontinuous, the analogy may besomewhat misleading.
Abstract 1856: Transcriptional regulation of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by SAFB1 and SAFB2: Strategy to reduce DHT levels in prostate cancer cells

Backround: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a first-line option for prostate cancer (PC) treatment. While there has been some progress inhibiting AR activation by focusing on DHT synthesis, other mechanisms to reduce intracellular DHT have not been exploited for drug development. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 inactivate DHT in the prostate by adding a bulky UDP-glucuronic acid moiety to the hormone. These reactions are irreversible and therefore represent a prominent mechanism for depletion of intratumoral androgen in vivo. Here we show evidence that the chromatin scaffolds SAFB1/2 activate expression of UGT2B15/17. This is a novel activity for these proteins, which are known primarily as inhibitors of nuclear receptors (Oesterreich, S. et al. Molecular Endocrinology, 2000 and Debril, MB. et al. Molecular Endocrinology, 2005). We previously showed that SAFB1 can act as an AR suppressor that cooperates with the MST1 kinase and the EZH2 methyltransferase to modify chromatin at AR-responsive genes (Mukhopadhyay et al. Oncogene, 2014). Methods: Enforced expression, silencing, RNA profiling, quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-Seq, mass spectrometry and luciferase gene reporter assays. Results: SAFB1/2 is genomically inactivated in a high percentage (∼28%) of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). SAFB1/2 silencing, which emulates SAFB1/2 downregulation/gene inactivation, potently down-regulates UGT2B15/17 in LNCaP and 22RV1 cells. Conversely, enforced expression of SAFB1 upregulates UGT2B15/17. Genomic effects of SAFB1 loss on the AR cistrome in LNCaP cells by ChIP-seq are shown. Computational analysis indicates that SAFB1 regulates AR and EZH2-regulated genes, but not exclusively, indicating that gene regulation by SAFB1 independently of AR and EZH2 also occurs in prostate cells. SAFB1 silencing resulted in increases in several androgen species in LNCaP cells. Finally, SAFB1 is recruited to the UGT2B15/17 promoters and its effect on promoter luciferase constructs is analyzed. Conclusions: This is the first identification of a molecular mechanism of regulation independent of androgen of the UGT2B15/17 genes in prostate cells. Our findings indicate that SAFB1 is an essential node where several oncogenic pathways converge onto chromatin to regulate gene expression in PC in a manner that can affect androgen degradative mechanisms. Citation Format: Mirja Rotinen, Julie S. Yang, Sungyong You, Jayoung Kim, Beatrice Knudsen, Michael R. Freeman. Transcriptional regulation of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by SAFB1 and SAFB2: Strategy to reduce DHT levels in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1856.
Renal calculus disease.

The incidence of renal calculus disease increases with age and can be found as chronic or acute problems in elderly patients. The majority of stones are composed of calcium oxalate, but the incidence of infected stones increases in elderly, debilitated patients. Treatment of renal calculus disease has been revolutionized in the past decade through the use of percutaneous and extraeorporeal techniques to eliminate standard open surgery. Medical therapy to control recurrent renal calculus disease has been effective in decreasing chronic nephrolithiasis.
Vapor-Particle Separation Using Microporous Metallic Membrane in Crossflow Filtration

Simultaneous separation of vapor and particles in industrial processes could be a key step toward manufacturing of high-quality goods. The separation is critical for successful measurement of volatile or semi-volatile aerosol particles, which no reliable technique exists. We have developed a technique for separation of vapor and particles simultaneously using a specialty microporous metallic membrane. The separator allows the thermally denuded particles traverse straight through the membrane tube, while the vapor molecules permeate through the membrane, separate from the particles and are removed subsequently. The separation technique virtually eliminates the possibility of contamination by vapor re- condensation. We tested the prototype of the vapor-particle separator (VPS) using aerosols prepared from sodium chloride to represent non-volatile aerosols. Chemical like dioctyl phthalate was chosen to represent volatile particles. The test aerosol particles were generated by an atomizer followed by a tandem differential mobility analyser to produce a stream of monodisperse particles in the size range of 10 to 100 nm. In real world particles, we tested the VPS using diesel engine particles that is a mixture of complex chemical composition. Number concentration of the nonvolatile particles reduced as the temperature increased, but the mode diameter of the aerosol population remained unchanged. Number concentration of the volatile particles was also reduced as the temperature increased, but their mode diameters became smaller as particles shrunk in diameter. Differences in the thermal behaviour of the particles were attributed to its transition energy barrier and evaporation rate. Mass balance analysis suggests the separation of vapor and test particles was reasonably complete. Thus, we conclude the VPS could provide an effective means for quantitative characterization of aerosol volatility and separation of vapors from particles.
The Historiography of North American Public Relations

This chapter explores the historiography of public relations with a focus on what is missing. It begins with a look at the dominant trends in American public relations historiography and argues that the focus on a progressive interpretation and corporate public relations has stunted our understanding of the field’s history. Missing from the historiography are the contributions of men who are not considered “great” because they do not fit within the traditional public relations story; public relations practices in activist organizations, nonprofits, government, and the military; and most importantly, American and Canadian women. Taking a broad approach to the history of public relations will allow for the voices of these others to be heard and contribute to our understanding of the field.
Pre-eclampsia and risk of subsequent hypertension: in an American Indian population.

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Pre-eclampsia (PE) shares a number of proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms related to those implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, and impaired renal regulation. PE has also been associated with subsequent hypertension, CVD, and related mortality in later life. Methods: At follow-up, the four most recent blood pressures, body mass index (BMI), and use of hypertensive medications were recorded from clinic visits of 130 PE cases and 289 normal pregnancies. Student’s t test, Chi-square testing, multivariate linear, and logistic regression were used in analysis. Results: Follow-up measurements occurred a mean of 13.11 years post PE pregnancy. Multivariate linear regression showed a significant and independent association between current systolic blood pressure and previous history of PE (β = 4.47, p = 0.04), while adjusting for age, BMI, and blood pressure from 1 year prior to and up to the 20th week of ...
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions

This is the second in a pair of essays on politically motivated reasoning. The first presented a conceptual model of this dynamic: the “Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm” (PMRP). This essay uses PMRP to highlight a set of unsettled issues, including the rationality of politically motivated reasoning; the association of it with ideological conservatism; the power of monetary incentives to neutralize it; and the interaction of it with expert judgment. Keywords: politically motivated reasoning paradigm; rationality; ideology; conservatism; monetary incentive
Structure and orientation of halorhodopsin in the membrane: a proteolytic fragmentation study.

Abstract Halorhodopsin (HR), the light-driven chloride pump in halobacteria, was digested with various proteolytic enzymes. As expected, carboxypeptidase A removed 14 amino acids from the C-terminal tail of detergent-solubilized HR, producing a fragment of 25.2 kd in size. Membrane-associated HR could be digested as well, but not in right-side-out sealed cell envelope vesicles. We conclude, therefore, that the orientation of HR in the cytoplasmic membrane is such that the C-terminal tail faces the cytoplasmic side. Tryptic digestion of detergent-solubilized HR resulted in the removal of the same C-terminal segment, but also in the production of two more cleavage products (molecular masses of 20.9 and 16.8 kd respectively). These cleavage sites were determined by amino acid sequencing of the newly produced N termini, and they turned out to be within interhelical loops in an earlier proposed structural model for HR. Incubation with chymotrypsin and thermolysin yielded different sites of cleavage, but also in regions which were proposed to be accessible on the surface of the protein. Since the results show that three of six proposed interhelical loop segments contain proteolytic digestion sites, they support the proposed structural model for HR.
The Province of the Jurist: Judicial Resistance to Expert Testimony on Eyewitnesses as Institutional Rivalry

This Note examines the institutional biases underlying courts’ persisting, and deeply criticized, resistance to expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitnesses. While such resistance is generally explained as preserving the jury’s authority over fact-finding, protecting the democratic jury trial against “professionalization” by an elite class of experts, I argued that it more frequently reflects judges’ sense that eyewitness experts fail to improve on traditional safeguards provided by judge and attorneys, such as jury instructions and cross-examination — effectively preserving the trial as the professionalized realm of expert jurists. In context, advocates urging the admission of expert testimony should focus less on establishing the gap between expert and lay knowledge regarding eyewitnesses, and more on establishing the gap between expert testimony and judicial alternatives in correcting juror misconceptions.
Photoelectrochemistry of III-V epitaxial layers and nanowires for solar energy conversion

III-V materials, which exhibit high absorption coefficients and charge carrier mobility, are ideal templates for solar energy conversion applications. This work describes the photoelectrochemistry research in several IIIV/electrolyte junctions as an enabler for device design for solar chemical reactions. By designing lattice-matched epitaxial growth of InGaP and GaP on GaAs and Si, respectively, extended depletion region electrodes achieve photovoltages which provide an additional boost to the underlying substrate photovoltage. The InGaP/GaAs and GaP/Si electrodes drive hydrogen evolution currents under aqueous conditions. By using nanowires of InN and InP under carefully controlled growth conditions, current and capacitance measurements are obtained to reveal the nature of the nanowire-electrolyte interface and how light is translated into photocurrent for InP and a photovoltage in InN. The materials system is expanded into the III-V nitride semiconductors, in which it is shown that varying the morphology of GaN on silicon yields insights to how the interface and light conversion is modulated as a basis for future designs. Current extensions of this work address growth and tuning of the III-V nitride electrodes with doping and polarization engineering for efficient coupling to solar-driven chemical reactions, and rapid-throughput methods for III-V nanomaterials synthesis in this materials space.
MICROHONGOS OPORTUNISTAS ASOCIADOS AL > DESECADO (Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.) EN CHILE

Se analizo la presencia de propagulos fungicos en muestras secas del musgo Sphangnum magellanicum provenientes de 2 localidades de la zona Sur del pais (39 y 41oS), mediante cultivos en agar agua y agar Sabouraud a temperaturas de 25 y 35oC con muestras recien colectadas (2007) y almacenadas un ano a temperatura ambiente (2008). Nuestro objetivo fue determinar previo a la comercializacion de este vegetal desecado, la presencia/ausencia del complejo Sporothrix schenckii u otras especies oportunistas consideradas como un riesgo en salud publica en la comunidad de microhongos filamentosos viables en el tiempo en este musgo. En la primera muestra (41oS, 2007), a 25oC, en ambos medios, se observo un total de 31 generos y 36 especies. Los generos con mayor frecuencia en orden decreciente y en ambos medios fueron: Penicillium, Cladosporium, Trichoderma y Mucor representando aproximadamente el 70% del total de presencia, mientras en las muestras sembradas un ano despues, fueron en orden decreciente: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium y Gelasinospora, con un total de presencia del 75,4%. A 35oC en ambas muestras la presencia de taxa se redujo a 4-5 generos donde las principales especies fueron A. fumigatus complex y T. longibrachiatum con altos porcentajes, Penicillium spp. y Gelasinospora caulospora. Se destaca un raro aislamiento de Neosartorya quadricincta. Ningun integrante del complejo Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii se detecto en las muestras a 25o y 35o C, pero a pesar de su ausencia deben tomarse precauciones en el manejo y distribucion comercial de este musgo en Chile, debido a la sobrevivencia en el tiempo de ciertos hongos oportunistas, como los integrantes del complejo A. fumigatus y T. longibrachiatum.
Associations of Coffee Drinking and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study-II

Background: Associations of coffee consumption with cancer mortality are inconsistent for many types of cancer, and confounding by smoking is an important concern.Methods: Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs for coffee consumption associated with death from all cancers combined and from specific cancer types among 922,896 Cancer Prevention Study-II participants ages 28-94 years who completed a four-page questionnaire and were cancer free at baseline in 1982.Results: During follow-up through 2012, there were 118,738 cancer-related deaths. There was a nonlinear association between coffee consumption and all-cancer death among current smokers and former smokers and no association among never smokers. Among nonsmokers, a 2 cup/day increase in coffee consumption was inversely associated with death from colorectal [HR = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-0.99], liver [HR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96], and female breast (HR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99) cancers, and positively associated with esophageal cancer-related death (HR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12). For head and neck cancer, a nonlinear inverse association was observed starting at 2-3 cups per day (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.95), with similar associations observed at higher levels of consumption.Conclusions: These findings are consistent with many other studies that suggest coffee drinking is associated with a lower risk of colorectal, liver, female breast, and head and neck cancer. The association of coffee consumption with higher risk of esophageal cancer among nonsmokers in our study should be confirmed.Impact: These results underscore the importance of assessing associations between coffee consumption and cancer mortality by smoking status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(10); 1477-86. ©2017 AACR.
Predation on and by Foraminifera

Foraminifera are diverse and numerically important in most marine ecosystems and have been since the early Paleozoic. Their ecology and distribution have been studied extensively across the globe (Murray, 1991). They are also important in the geologic record, being one of the best represented fossil organisms since the Cambrian (Culver, 1991; Lipps, 1992). Foraminifera are widely used in ecologic, paleobiologic, paleoceanographic, and paleoclimatic analyses. Yet we know little about their trophic relationships, a fundamental ecologic feature of any group of organisms.
Abstract 18251: Establishment of an in vitro Platform, the Hydrogel Mattress, to Enhance Maturation and Evaluate Contractile Function of Individual hiPSC-CMs

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have great potential as tools for cell based therapy, disease modeling and drug discovery. However, their contractile properties have not been routinely evaluated; as methods to do so are cumbersome and not easily translated to standard laboratories. We sought to develop a more efficient protocol to evaluate hiPSC-CM mechanical properties, at the single cell level. Individual hiPSC-CMs were cultured on a hydrogel based platform, termed the hydrogel mattress, and their cellular contractile properties were evaluated using video based edge detection (Figure A). We found individual hiPSC-CMs maintained for 5 days on the mattress assumed an elongated shape (Figure B) and exhibited robust, reproducible cell shortening (~10% versus
Co volution of Social Science and Emerging Technologies

The thesis of this chapter is that future technological change has the potential to radically change society, and social science along with it. Among the major technologies considered herein are information, energy, bio-, and nanotechnologies. In combination, these technologies could lead to widespread self-sufficiency, which could call into question the application of numerous standard economic theories and models. Information technology could allow the establishment of non-spatial governments, both at national and subnational levels, which could roil the world of political theorists. In combination, the technologies could lead to changes in the sources of people's identities, which in turn could pose threats to psychological health and give rise to a new group of technology-driven psychological illnesses. Last, the technologies, combined with changes in economic and political systems, could give rise to new cultures and a new, virtual cultural landscape across the planet. Use of traditional social science variables may become obsolete, to be replaced by new variables more in tune with new social realities. It is argued that social scientists will have to become more proactive in their approach to their discipline if they are to provide guidance to societies during times of rapid technologically driven change. 1
Author Correction: Old news on quasar viscosity

In the version of this Correspondence originally published, the wrong paper was given for ref. 1; instead of ‘Shields, G. A. Nature 273, 519–520 (1978)‘ it should have been ‘Shields, G. A. Nature 272, 706–708 (1978)’. This has now been corrected.
A variable gain amplifier with 50-dB control range for 900-MHz applications

A variable gain amplifier for 900-MHz applications has been designed and fabricated in a BiCMOS process with f/sub T/ = 24 GHz. The amplifier has linear-in-dB gain control with a 50-dB control range. The maximum gain is 28 dB and the third-order output intercept point (OIP3) is 13.7 dBm. The gain is achieved in one gain stage with a cascoded output. The amplifier bias network and the gain-control circuitry are temperature compensated for temperature-independent gain at any gain setting. The bias network also uses a feedback loop to cancel out undesired low frequencies present at the radio-frequency input. The maximum output power is +10 dBm and the output 1-dB compression point is +8.7 dBm. Active chip area is 0.1 mm/sup 2/. The amplifier is packaged in a SOT-363 and consumes 30 mA from a 2.8-V supply.
Using Hardware Specialization and Hierarchy to Simplify Robotic Swarms

Specialization has always been a tool for work distribution and simplification in nature and in distributed robotics. We present a novel approach to use hardware specialization hierarchically to enhance the capabilities of a swarm without increasing complexity, allowing a numerous group of robots to benefit from the extended features of a few to complete a task that was impossible for them before. We tested the concept under a simulated environment with a classical distributed robotics problem, shape formation, and validated the simulated results against a real experiment.
Effector B cells in cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW B cells have recently emerged as important immune players in solid organ rejection, especially in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), a chronic form of rejection following heart transplantation. B cells can exert either regulatory or effector functions. This review will provide an update on effector B cells in CAV. RECENT FINDINGS Independent studies reported the abundance of B cells in graft infiltrates during CAV, especially around coronary arteries. Infiltrates comprise CD20+ CD27+ memory B cells together with differentiated CD20-CD138+ plasma cells, which are almost always associated with T cells and macrophages. The structure of some of these infiltrates evokes that of germinal centers, suggesting the generation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the graft. Remarkably, B-cell infiltrates are most often detected in the absence of circulating donor human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies, strongly suggesting that the two components are unrelated. Characterization of B-cell clones isolated from explanted human cardiac graft infiltrates revealed the prevalence of polyreactive innate, B1-like B cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that these cells act primarily as antigen-presenting cells in situ. Additional effector functions, such as local antibody secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting T-cell polarization, macrophage activation and fibrosis are also considered. SUMMARY Converging observations made through animal and human studies add substantial support for an effector B-cell role in the pathophysiology of CAV. On the basis of these collective findings, a therapeutic strategy targeting B cells could reasonably be envisaged to prevent or treat this complication.
Leshkowich, Ann Marie. Essential trade: Vietnamese women in a changing marketplace. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2014, xi + 251 pp.

Dentro de las lineas de investigacion de genero, memoria e identidad, el libro de Ann Marie Leshkowich, Essential trade: Vietnamese women in a changing marketplace ofrece una profunda perspectiva etnografica de como modernidad colonial, revolucion socialista, y reformas de mercado han afectado la cultura, vida cotidiana, en especial la cultura familiar y concepciones populares de la moda y el comercio, modificando tambien las nociones de lo que la condicion de mujer y comerciante deberia parecer. Leshkowich muestra los espacios liminares en que deben operar y las formas en que las mujeres de Ben Thanh negocian las ventajas y desventajas de los esencialismos de genero.
How to Catch when Proxies Lie: Verifying the Physical Locations of Network Proxies with Active Geolocation

Internet users worldwide rely on commercial network proxies both to conceal their true location and identity, and to control their apparent location. Their reasons range from mundane to security-critical. Proxy operators offer no proof that their advertised server locations are accurate. IP-to-location databases tend to agree with the advertised locations, but there have been many reports of serious errors in such databases. In this study we estimate the locations of 2269 proxy servers from ping-time measurements to hosts in known locations, combined with AS and network information. These servers are operated by seven proxy services, and, according to the operators, spread over 222 countries and territories. Our measurements show that one-third of them are definitely not located in the advertised countries, and another third might not be. Instead, they are concentrated in countries where server hosting is cheap and reliable (e.g. Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA). In the process, we address a number of technical challenges with applying active geolocation to proxy servers, which may not be directly pingable, and may restrict the types of packets that can be sent through them, e.g. forbidding traceroute. We also test three geolocation algorithms from previous literature, plus two variations of our own design, at the scale of the whole world.
Depiction of Oral Tumor-Induced Trigeminal Afferent Responses Using Single-Fiber Electrophysiology

Considerable gap in knowledge exists about the mechanisms by which oral tumors regulate peripheral sensory fibers to produce pain and altered sensations. To address this gap, we used a murine model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue to investigate changes in response properties of trigeminal afferent neurons. Using this model, we developed an ex vivo method for single neuron recordings of the lingual nerve from isolated tongue tissue. Our data demonstrated that the tongue tumor produced increased spontaneous firing of lingual fibers compared to control as well as produced mechanical hypersensitivity and reduced von Frey thresholds of C- and A-slow-high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMR) fibers but had no effect on C-LTMR, A-slow-LTMR and A-fast lingual fibers. Mechanically-insensitive fibers were also detected in lingual afferents of the control group, that were significantly decreased in tumor-bearing preparations. Collectively, using single fiber electrophysiology of lingual sensory fibers, we show that human OSCC tumors sensitize peripheral trigeminal nerve terminals, providing a unique opportunity to study mechanisms of oral cancer pain.
Hyaluronan and LYVE-1 and allograft function in lung transplantation recipients.

Hyaluronan (HA) is associated with innate immune response activation and may be a marker of allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. This was a prospective, single center study comparing levels of bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum HA and the HA immobilizer LYVE-1 in lung transplant recipients with and without acute cellular rejection (ACR). Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)-free survival was also evaluated based on HA and LYVE-1 levels. 78 recipients were enrolled with a total of 115 diagnostic biopsies and 1.5 years of median follow-up. Serum HA was correlated with BAL HA (r = 0.25, p = 0.01) and with serum LYVE-1 (r = 0.32, p = 0.002). There was significant variation in HA and LYVE-1 over time, regardless of ACR status. Levels of serum HA (median 74.7 vs 82.7, p = 0.69), BAL HA (median 149.4 vs 134.5, p = 0.39), and LYVE-1 (mean 190.2 vs 183.8, p = 0.72) were not associated with ACR. CLAD-free survival was not different in recipients with any episode of elevated serum HA (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.3–7.7, p = 0.61) or BAL HA (HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.2–3.6, p = 0.93). These results did not differ when stratified by bilateral transplant status. In this small cohort, serum HA, BAL HA, and LYVE-1 levels are not associated with ACR or CLAD-free survival in lung transplant recipients.