cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging the Credibility of Information Gathered from Face-to-Face Interactions

One of the most pernicious threats to information quality comes through perpetration of deception by information suppliers. Deception undermines many critical dimensions of information quality, such as accuracy, completeness, and believability. Despite this threat, information gatherers are ill equipped to assess the credibility of information suppliers. This work presents a prototype system that examines messages gathered during direct, face-to-face information gathering. The system unobtrusively identifies kinesic and linguistic features that may indicate deception in information suppliers’ messages. System use was found to significantly improve assessment ability in between-subjects and within-subjects tests. The improved ability to accurately assess credibility during face-to-face interactions should yield higher information quality.
Aggressive carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix associated with high levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor: Case report and laboratory correlates

Background. Production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) by solid tumors, including cervix cancers, is reported to be associated with an aggressive clinical course. Case. A 64-year-old female with a locally advanced carcinosarcoma of the cervix presents with a WBC count of 48,000 cells/μl with no infectious causes. Her WBCs returned to normal during primary radiotherapy and then increased again with recurrence. She expired of progressive disease 10 weeks after primary therapy. Serum and pleural fluid levels of G-CSF were 1500 and 6000 pg/ml, respectively. Cancer cells secreted G-CSF in culture and recombinant G-CSF increased cancer cell proliferation. Conclusions. Like other sarcomas, carcinosarcomas can produce high levels of G-CSF and demonstrate an aggressive behavior that may be autocrine stimulation.
Ab initio structural investigation of methyl and ethyl carbamate, and carbamyl choline

The molecular structures of four conformations of methylcarbamate, three forms of ethylcarbamate, four forms of ethylacetate, and of the trans-form of carbamylcholine, were determined by ab initio gradient geometry refinement on the 4-21G level, and the results are compared with the geometries of homologous systems. Significant changes in bond distances and angles are observed with torsional changes, but, barring long-range non-bonded interactions, they are to a large extent localized in that part of the system which is directly involved with the torsional transition; i.e., through-bond effects in a bond distance chain begin to be insignificant after a sequence of three bonds.
Coupling mitochondrial and cell division.

The mitochondrial network fragments during mitosis to allow proper segregation of the organelles between daughter cells. Two mitotic kinases, the cyclin B–CDK1 complex and Aurora A, are now shown to cooperate with the small G protein RALA and its effector RALBP1 to promote DRP1 phosphorylation and mitochondrial fission.
Focal degenerative dementia syndromes

Focal degenerative dementia syndromes are associated with a characteristic clinical picture, such as frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia, semantic dementia, corticobasal degeneration, and the Balint syndrome. A lobar approach may be used to classify the degenerative dementias. The underlying pathology of these various syndromes seems to be less heterogeneous than previously thought.
Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space

In his investigations of the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, Mackey1 has proposed the following problem: Determine all measures on the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. A measure on the closed subspaces means a function μ which assigns to every closed subspace a non-negative real number such that if {Ai} is a countable collection of mutually orthogonal subspaces having closed linear span B, then $$ \mu (B) = \sum {\mu \left( {{A_i}} \right)} $$ .
School Quality and Real House Prices: Inter- and Intrametropolitan Effects

Abstract This study focuses on explaining variations in real constant-quality house prices in jurisdictions located in multiple MSAs. Using a hedonic house price framework, we test competing theories of house price determination. Using two variants of the random coefficients model, we find that public school quality has a very large impact on real constant-quality house prices. Our results suggest that capitalization of school quality differences occurs on a per lot basis rather than per square foot of land. Also important to the explanation of variations in house prices are variables derived from urban theory, such as distance to the CBD, and from the amenity literature, such as a community's crime rate, arts, and recreational opportunities
Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for grass-fed beef: Empirical evidence from in-store experiments

Abstract This study uses experimental economic techniques to explore consumers’ preferences between conventional beef and grass-fed beef, and their willingness to pay for grass-fed beef. Our analysis shows that palatability attributes play a central role in determining consumers’ preferences and WTP. We also find that consumers’ nutrition knowledge, beef consumption behavior, health condition, living alone status and household size have significant impacts on consumers’ WTP for grass-fed beef.
Near-surface fluxes of cloud water evolve vertically

Occult deposition to vegetation, via mechanical interception of wind-blown cloud water, can be a significant fraction of total ionic chemical deposition for some forests, Applying micrometeorological methods to the estimation of cloud water deposition requires particular consideration since cloud droplets are not conservative but are subject to material change (phase change); sedimentation also affects fluxes of droplets. The budget equation for liquid water (LW) in orographic cloud predicts that LW fluxes will diverge due to condensation during mean ascent. For hilltop measurements such as these, other factors can contribute to changes in the vertical flux with height above the surface. Fluxes measured concurrently at two heights exhibit a persistent and significant divergence, while laterally separated measurements are found to agree. A LW budget equation is presented and simplified by scale analysis. Surface uptake is estimated by extrapolation of the measured fluxes. Estimated surface deposition is found to be substantially different from the flux measured at a reference height (10 m), often by a factor of two and occasionally with a different sign. This difference in estimated surface uptake extends to estimates of chemical as well as water deposition. The turbulent flux of LW is shown to be dependent on two criteria for describing 'steady-cloud' conditions, thus presumably minimizing the effects of entrainment. An often used model relating droplet deposition to the deposition velocity' for momentum is found to be inappropriate for application in complex terrain. Deposition of LW is estimated to range from 5 to 50 mg m -2 s -1 during the third field campaign of the Cloud and Aerosol CHemistry Experiment (CACHE-3), with an average of 19 mg m -2 s -1 (nearly 2 mm per in-cloud day) in late summer at this Pacific coastal site in North America.
Public participation and appeals of forest service plans—An empirical examination

Abstract The National Forest Management Act requires the Forest Service to give individuals and organizations access to the planning process. Due to the greater than anticipated level of dissatisfaction with the land management plans, the role of public participation in the planning process has been questioned. The conflict experienced results from disagreement between individuals, interest groups, and the Forest Service about proposed management actions, about how the decisions were made, and fundamental beliefs about what actions are appropriate on public lands. We obtained information about the public participation activity conducted by the Forest Service during development of 61 forest land management plans and about the appeals of these plans. To examine the relationship between public participation and conflict in Forest Service planning (measured in terms of forest plan appeals), we hypothesize conflict to be a function of public participation effort, the extent to which publics perceived their con...
Yield of repeat fine-needle aspiration biopsy and rate of malignancy in patients with atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance: The impact of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology

Background Atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (A/FLUS) is a new category in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) for which repeat fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is recommended. Methods A retrospective review was completed to evaluate the impact of the BSRTC on management of nodular thyroid disease. Patients were divided into pre-BSRTC and BSRTC groups. A comparative analysis of cytopathologic diagnoses and rates of repeat FNAB and malignancy was completed. Results FNAB was performed in 730 patients: 337 pre-BSRTC and 393 BSRTC. There was a decrease in follicular/Hurthle cell neoplasm (FN/HCN; 9.5% vs 3.6%, P = .001) but no difference in the rate of malignancy (6.5% vs 6.4%, P = 1.0). Fewer operations (29% vs 21%, P = .02) and more repeat FNABs (3.9% vs 11%, P Conclusion The BSRTC resulted in more frequent repeat FNAB, fewer thyroidectomies and no change in malignancy rate. In patients with A/FLUS, repeat FNAB was definitive in 65% with a rate of malignancy of 19%.
Studies of the dielectric constant in solid H2,4He, and Ne

Measurements of the static dielectric constant e and of the resulting polarizability αCM defined by the Clausius-Mosotti relation are reported for several molecular solids under conditions of quasiconstant density. The range of measurements was between 0.4 and about 15 K, and pressures up to about 1 kbar were used. In solid H2, the changes of α as a function of ortho concentration are reported at 4.2 and 12 K, from which it is concluded that [α(ortho)−α(para)]/α≃0.005, which is approximately 2 1/2 times larger than in the liquid phase. Furthermore the temperature change of αCM is studied for various densities at comparable ortho concentrationsX. Particular attention is paid to the orientational order-disorder transition in solid H2 withX≃0.65, where αCM shows an abrupt change that appears to be a function ofX, density, and thermal history. In general αCM is lower in the ordered (cubic) phase than in the disordered (hexagonal) phase. The temperature change of αCM in almost pure para-H2, measured between 4 and 0.4 K, is presented and is compared with other recently reported experiments. It is concluded that the mechanism that produces the change of αCM withT and at the order-disorder phase transition is not understood. In solid Ne, measurements of αCM are reported for one sample assumed to be at zero pressure and one where the density is quasiconstant. There is a strong temperature dependence in αCM for the former above 5 K (in agreement with previous findings), while for the latter αCM appears to be constant within the uncertainties introduced by strain-induced hysteresis effects. The sample of solid4He, investigated between its melting point at 4.3 and 0.8 K at constant density, shows a very weak temperature dependence of αCM, which is also consistent with previously reported measurements.
Opioid receptor density changes in Alzheimer amygdala and putamen

Abstract Since opioids can influence the release of acetylcholine, substance P and a number of other neurotransmitter that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is of interest to assess opioid receptor levels in AD. We have examined μ, δ and κ opioid receptor binding parameters, binding sensitivity to a GTP analog and distribution in amygdala, frontal cortex and putamen of AD brain. Control brains were matched according to age, sex, post-mortem internal and storage time. K d values and GTP analog binding sensitivity did not differ in AD and control brains. B max values for μ ([ 3 H]DAMGE) sites also appeared unaffected by in vitro binding assays. In contrast, κ ([ 3 H]U69593) and δ ([ 3 H]DSLET) opioid receptor levels, were significantly changed. In AD amygdala κ B max values increased from control levels of 123 ± 12 to 168 ± 13fmol/mg protein, whereas densities of κ and δ sites were decreased from > 94 ± 8 to 48 ± 8 and 102 ± 3.6 to 69 ± 8.5fmol/mg protein, respectively, in putamen. Autoradiography revealed corresponding differences in the distribution of κ opioid receptors. The findings indicated that the κ binding site, which is quantitatively the major opioid receptor class in human brain, undergoes marked changes in AD amygdala and putamen.
Marketing services more effectively with neuromarketing research: a look into the future

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to alert services marketers that a new methodology exists for researching many of the components of the consumer decision making process.Design/methodology/approach – This methodology involves the use of real‐time measurements of neural (brain) activity associated with the presentation of various marketing stimuli. Instead of relying on traditional inferential associations to explain consumer behavior, this approach provides direct correlational associations.Findings – The ability to examine what specific brain function or functions are activated during various stages of the consumer's decision‐making process should help service marketers improve their efficiency and effectiveness. While neuromarketing has applications to all forms of product marketing, it is of particular interest to services marketers because of the intangible nature of services; thus making conventional research more difficult and speculative.Research limitations/implications – Information for thi...
Enhanced Heat Transfer in Rectangular Channels with Full and Discrete Transverse and Angled Protuberances

An experimental study of fully developed turbulent air flow in rectangular channels of different aspect ratios (W/H = 3:1, 1:3, 2:1, and 1:2) with two opposite rib-roughened walls was performed to determine the effects of configuration of full and discrete ribs on the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. Transverse and angled rib configurations were studied. The tests were performed for Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 80,000. Discrete angled ribs with higher aspect ratio channel improved the heat transfer performance. On the basis of pumping power consumption, the performance of discrete 45° ribs was better than other rib configurations. Overall, discrete angled ribs with lower aspect ratio performed better.
Soybean Meal as a Substitute for Herring Meal in Practical Diets for Rainbow Trout

Abstract Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed six diets containing different percentages of soybean meal as a replacement for herring meal for a 168-day period. Fish fed a diet with 65% soybean meal and no herring meal grew at an acceptable rate and remained in good health. Weight gain offish fed a diet with 5% herring meal and 56% soybean meal was not significantly different from that of fish fed a diet with 20% herring meal and 31% soybean meal. Protein retention, energy retention, percentage mortality, and whole-body composition (crude fat excepted) did not vary significantly among fish fed the various diets.
Resourcefulness and health practices of diabetic women.

More than one fourth of the millions of Americans with Type 2 diabetes experience depression, of which two thirds are women. Unless the individual is resourceful, coexisting diabetes and depression adversely affect one' health practices. The effects of diabetic and depressive symptoms on health practices and the mediating and moderating role of learned resourcefulness in this relationship were examined in 90 women with Type 2 diabetes. Regression analyses showed direct negative effects of diabetic and depressive symptoms on health practices. The effects of depressive, but not diabetic, symptoms were partially mediated by resourcefulness; no moderating effects were found. The results suggest the need to test interventions to minimize symptoms associated with diabetes, particularly depression. Teaching resourcefulness to Type 2 diabetic women may promote their positive health practices by minimizing their depression.
The Carboxyl-Terminal Region of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E1 Protein Determines E2 Protein Specificity during DNA Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication is conserved among papillomaviruses. The virus-encoded E1 and E2 proteins collaborate to target the origin and recruit host DNA replication proteins. Expression vectors of E1 and E2 proteins support homologous and heterologous papillomaviral origin replication in transiently transfected cells. Viral proteins from different genotypes can also collaborate, albeit with different efficiencies, indicating a certain degree of specificity in E1-E2 interactions. We report that, in the assays of our study, the human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) E1 protein functioned with the HPV-16 E2 protein, whereas the HPV-16 E1 protein exhibited no detectable activity with the HPV-11 E2 protein. Taking advantage of this distinction, we used chimeric E1 proteins to delineate the E1 protein domains responsible for this specificity. Hybrids containing HPV-16 E1 amino-terminal residues up to residue 365 efficiently replicated either viral origin in the presence of either E2 protein. The reciprocal hybrids containing amino-terminal HPV-11 sequences exhibited a high activity with HPV-16 E2 but no activity with HPV-11 E2. Reciprocal hybrid proteins with the carboxyl-terminal 44 residues from either E1 had an intermediate property, but both collaborated more efficiently with HPV-16 E2 than with HPV-11 E2. In contrast, chimeras with a junction in the putative ATPase domain showed little or no activity with either E2 protein. We conclude that the E1 protein consists of distinct structural and functional domains, with the carboxyl-terminal 284 residues of the HPV-16 E1 protein being the primary determinant for E2 specificity during replication, and that chimeric exchanges in or bordering the ATPase domain inactivate the protein.
Evolutionary diversification of spiny rats (genus Trinomys, Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships within and among species of the Atlantic Forest spiny ratTrinomys (family Echimyidae) were examined using cytochrome b sequence data. Levels of sequence divergence among species of Trinomys are as high as those found among taxa of echimyids that are recognized as different genera. Trinomys contains three distinct monophyletic clades that show a striking concordance with vegetational distribution. Haplotypes of clade 1 are distributed along the coastal margins of southeastern Brazil, following the moist tropical forest. Members of clade 2 are found in the semi-deciduous tropical forest. T. albispinus represents clade 3 and is found in a more xeric vegetation. Estimates of divergence times separating the three clades are very deep and range from 1.6 to 7.4 millions of years, predating the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene. Therefore, the proposed Late Pleistocene refugia in the Atlantic Forest cannot account for the divergence of the clades of Trinomys, but most likely shaped the modern distribution of species. The current taxonomy of this group does not reflect the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the named species. However, morphological characters are congruent with the phylogeny uncovered by the molecular data. An extensive taxonomic rearrangement is suggested, reflecting phylogenetic relationships of monophyletic entities within the genus Trinomys, degree of sequence differences, and morphological diagnosability.
Population models for social species: lessons learned from models of Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis)

Behavior can have major impacts on the population dynamics of social species and should be incorporated into demographic models to realistically evaluate population trends and extinction risk. We compared the predictions of a stage- and age-based matrix model, an individual-based model (IBM, developed in the program Vortex), and a spatially explicit individual-based model (SEPM) with the actual dynamics of a population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (RCW; Picoides borealis) in the Sandhills of North Carolina, USA. Predictions, including population size, composition, and growth rate, differed the most from actual population characteristics for models that did not incorporate social structure. The SEPM most closely predicted actual population dynamics, underestimating the population by 2.3%. This model, specifically developed to simulate RCW population dynamics, contains many of the features that we assert are important for adequately incorporating social behavior into demographic and population modeling. These features include the ability to (1) differentiate individuals based on their stage class, (2) capture the dynamics of the population at both the individual and group level, (3) incorporate the positive or negative effects of subdominants, (4) include environmental and demographic stochasticity, and (5) capture dispersal and other spatial factors. The RCW SEPM, although currently species-specific, provides a strong blueprint for how population models for social species could be constructed in the future when data allow.
Coupling of Folding and Binding in the PTB Domain of the Signaling Protein Shc

The notion that certain proteins lack intrinsic globular structure under physiological conditions and that the attainment of fully folded structure only occurs upon the binding of target molecules has been recently gaining popularity. We report here the solution structure of the PTB domain of the signaling protein Shc in the free form. Comparison of this structure with that of the complex form, obtained previously with a phosphopeptide ligand, reveals that the Shc PTB domain is structurally disordered in the free form, particularly around the regions constituting the peptide binding pocket. The binding of the ligand appears to reorganize this pocket through local folding events triggering a conformational switch between the free and the complex forms.
The Psychiatrist's Guide to Right and Wrong: Part II: A Systematic Analysis of Exculpatory Delusions

Although delusions are prima facie evidence of psychosis, their mere presence is not a sufficient condition for exculpation on the grounds of insanity. In most cases, a determination of insanity will depend on the specific content of the delusions and whether, as a result of these delusions, the defendant was unable to know or appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her act. Delusions may be subdivided into four types, according to their content: 1) delusions of being controlled, 2) delusions of grandiosity, 3) delusions of persecution, and 4) delusions of jealousy. An analysis is undertaken of these delusional subtypes in terms of their exculpatory effect within the jurisdictions which follow each of the three respective standards of wrongfulness (i.e., the illegality standard, the subjective moral standard, and the objective moral standard). The criminal law does not recognize a transcendent constancy in the legal insanity status of psychotic individuals whose offense was the result of their delusional ideation. In most such cases, exculpation is based primarily on the specific content of their delusions and how it comports with the law of the jurisdiction in which the act was committed (the lex loci delicti commissi ).
Upregulation of the coagulation factor VII gene during glucose deprivation is mediated by activating transcription factor 4.

Background: Constitutive production of blood coagulation proteins by hepatocytes is necessary for hemostasis. Stressful conditions trigger adaptive cellular responses and delay processing of most proteins, potentially affecting plasma levels of proteins secreted exclusively by hepatocytes. We examined the effect of glucose deprivation on expression of coagulation proteins by the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. Methodology/Principal Findings: Expression of coagulation factor VII, which is required for initiation of blood coagulation, was elevated by glucose deprivation, while expression of other coagulation proteins decreased. Realtime PCR and ELISA demonstrated that the relative percentage expression +/2 SD of steady-state F7 mRNA and secreted factor VII antigen were significantly increased (from 100+/215% to 188+/227% and 100+/28.8% to 176.3+/217.3% respectively, p,0.001) at 24 hr of treatment. The integrated stress response was induced, as indicated by upregulation of transcription factor ATF4 and of additional stress-responsive genes. Small interfering RNAs directed against ATF4 potently reduced basal F7 expression, and prevented F7 upregulation by glucose deprivation. The response of the endogenous F7 gene was replicated in reporter gene assays, which further indicated that ATF4 effects were mediated via interaction with an amino acid response element in the F7 promoter. Conclusions/Significance: Our data indicated that glucose deprivation enhanced F7 expression in a mechanism reliant on prior ATF4 upregulation primarily due to increased transcription from the ATF4 gene. Of five coagulation protein genes examined, only F7 was upregulated, suggesting that its functions may be important in a systemic response to glucose deprivation stress.
The Community Engagement and Translational Research Speaker Series: An Innovative Model of Health Education.

Introduction: New models of health education are needed as research is becoming increasingly translational and as health care models are being applied to both medical and community settings. The Community Engagement and Translational Research Speaker Series is an innovative model for community health education that engages academic and community participants in shared learning. Method: Over the previous four years, eight Speaker Series events each consisting of three, distinct educational activities have been developed and implemented. Attendees provided ratings on each series event and a subset of them completed a knowledge and process evaluation. Results: The Speaker Series has been well attended by both academic and community representatives (N = 1,573). Evaluation data indicate that participants were highly satisfied across the three events (95%). Data also indicate that the Speaker Series met its intended goals of incorporating community feedback (91%) and increasing knowledge of community resources (98%), identifying health priorities (85%), and developing academic-community partnerships (95%). Conclusion: The Speaker Series has been evaluated positively by both academic and community representatives. This health education model is comprehensive and could be replicated by medical schools and universities striving to enhance community health education programs and curricula.
Using RDMA efficiently for key-value services

This paper describes the design and implementation of HERD, a key-value system designed to make the best use of an RDMA network. Unlike prior RDMA-based key-value systems, HERD focuses its design on reducing network round trips while using efficient RDMA primitives; the result is substantially lower latency, and throughput that saturates modern, commodity RDMA hardware. HERD has two unconventional decisions: First, it does not use RDMA reads, despite the allure of operations that bypass the remote CPU entirely. Second, it uses a mix of RDMA and messaging verbs, despite the conventional wisdom that the messaging primitives are slow. A HERD client writes its request into the server's memory; the server computes the reply. This design uses a single round trip for all requests and supports up to 26 million key-value operations per second with 5μs average latency. Notably, for small key-value items, our full system throughput is similar to native RDMA read throughput and is over 2X higher than recent RDMA-based key-value systems. We believe that HERD further serves as an effective template for the construction of RDMA-based datacenter services.
Creep of 6H α‐Silicon Carbide Single Crystals

The compressive creep behavior of single-crystal 6H α-SiC was measured for orientations parallel to and at 45° to [0001]. Deformation of the 45° orientation was dominated by basal slip. Steady-state creep rates above 10-7/s were measured at temperatures as low as 800°C. An activation energy of 277 kJ/mol and a stress exponent of 3.32 were determined. Creep testing with applied stresses parallel to [0001] was performed at 1650°C to 1850°C, yielding a stress exponent and activation energy of 4.93 and 180 kJ/mol, respectively. The occurrence of basal slip in the [0001] specimens suggested that significant off-axis stresses were present during testing.
Hypergammaglobulinemia in an SIV-infected rhesus macaque with a B-cell neoplasm with plasma cell differentiation.

An SIV-infected rhesus macaque presented with anemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Neoplastic round cells with plasma cell morphology infiltrated multiple organs and stained immunohistochemically positive for CD45, MUM1/IRF4, CD138, VS38C, and Kappa light chain and variably positive for CD20 and CD79a; consistent with a B-cell neoplasm with plasma cell differentiation.
Multiple-channel scaffolds to promote spinal cord axon regeneration.

Abstract As molecular, cellular, and tissue-level treatments for spinal cord injury are discovered, it is likely that combinations of such treatments will be necessary to elicit functional recovery in animal models or patients. We describe multiple-channel, biodegradable scaffolds that serve as the basis for a model to investigate simultaneously the effects on axon regeneration of scaffold architecture, transplanted cells, and locally delivered molecular agents. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with copolymer ratio 85:15 was used for these initial experiments. Injection molding with rapid solvent evaporation resulted in scaffolds with a plurality of distinct channels running parallel along the length of the scaffolds. The feasibility of creating scaffolds with various channel sizes and geometries was demonstrated. Walls separating open channels were found to possess void fractions as high as 89%, with accessible void fractions as high as 90% through connections 220 μm or larger. Scaffolds degraded in vitro over a period of 30 weeks, over which time-sustained delivery of a surrogate drug was observed for 12 weeks. Primary neonatal Schwann cells were distributed in the channels of the scaffold and remained viable in tissue culture for at least 48 h. Schwann-cell containing scaffolds implanted into transected adult rat spinal cords contained regenerating axons at one month post-operation. Axon regeneration was demonstrated by three-dimensional reconstruction of serial histological sections.
Application of Extinction and Conservation Theories for Forest Birds in Nicaragua

An increasing number of empirical studies have been done on the effects of tropical forest frag- mentation on avian communities, but few researchers have applied these theories to assess the vulnerability of birds in poorly researched countries such as Nicaragua. I used a logistic regression to determine which nat- ural-history characteristics were most important in predicting a list of threatened birds known to occur in Nicaragua. The best model included five macroecological variables (body weight, habitat specificity, trophic group, forest preference, and biogeography within Nicaragua). I used this model to generate predicted proba- bilities of extinction for all forest birds in Nicaragua. The predicted probability of extinction from the best model ranked 63% of the extinction-prone birds from La Selva, Costa Rica, and 59% of the extinction-prone birds from Barro Colorado, Panama, in the first quartile of all forest birds recorded in Nicaragua. This method provides a first-order approximation of which species deserve global and national priorities for con- servation. The central and Atlantic regions of Nicaragua deserve high priority for conservation at a global scale, whereas the Atlantic region deserves the highest priority for conservation at a national scale. The Nica- raguan Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment has done an adequate job of identifying areas for conservation based on the proportion of decreed nature reserves in each biogeographic region and the distribution of forest birds with a high predicted probability of extinction. Forest birds in central Nicaragua, however, may currently be the most vulnerable to local extinction because of low forest cover within decreed reserves.
The Transgender Military Experience: Their Battle for Workplace Rights

Although there have been studies that focus on the experiences of the gay and lesbian population serving in the United States military, few have focused on the experience of active duty transgender service members. Transgender individuals transgress the binary conception of gender by deviating from societal gender norms associated with assigned sex at birth. The Department of Defense has set policies and standards that reflect a binary conception of gender, with a focus on conformity. We argue that able-bodied gender variant service personnel are just as capable of serving their country as anyone else. Because of the repercussions associated with active duty transgender military personnel, our sample is small and involves nine clandestine service members and two international service members who wanted to share their stories from a different perspective. Snowball sampling was aimed at finding current active duty and reserve transgender service members. Using a combination of telephone interviews and quest...
Evaluation of a contract breeding management program in selected Ohio dairy herds with event-time analysis I. Cox proportional hazards models.

Abstract An observational study was conducted in order to assess the impact of a contract breeding program on the reproductive performance in a selected group of Ohio dairies using event-time analysis. The contract breeding program was offered by a breeding co-operative and featured tail chalking and daily evaluation of cows for insemination by co-operative technicians. Dairy employees no longer handled estrus detection activities. Between early 2002 and mid-2004, test-day records related to production and reproduction were obtained for 16,453 lactations representing 11,398 cows in a non-random sample of 31 dairies identified as well-managed client herds of the breeding co-operative. Of the 31 herds, 15 were using the contract breeding at the start of the data acquisition period, having started in the previous 2 years. The remaining 16 herds managed their own breeding program and used the co-operative for semen purchase. Cox proportional hazards modeling techniques were used to estimate the association of the contract breeding, as well as the effect of other significant predictors, with the hazard of pregnancy. Two separate Cox models were developed and compared: one that only considered fixed covariates and a second that included both fixed and time-varying covariates. Estimates of effects were expressed as the hazard ratio (HR) for pregnancy. Results of the fixed covariates model indicated that, controlling for breed, herd size, use of ovulation synchronization protocols in the herd, whether somatic cell score exceeded 4.5 prior to pregnancy or censoring, parity, calving season, and maximum test-day milk prior to pregnancy or censoring, the contract breeding program was associated with an increased hazard of pregnancy (HR = 1.315; 95% CI 1.261–1.371). The results of the time-varying covariates model, which controlled for breed, herd size, use of ovulation synchronization protocols, somatic cell score above 4.5, parity, calving season, and testing season also found that the program was associated with an increased hazard of pregnancy (HR = 1.387; 95% CI 1.327–1.451). The fixed and time-varying covariates models both found similar sets of predictors when analyzing the association of the contract breeding program with hazard of pregnancy. Both models identified a 30% or greater increase in hazard of pregnancy associated with use of the contract breeding program, suggesting that herds subscribing to the program achieved pregnancies in a more timely fashion.
Toward a Rational Architectural Practice: The Particular Case of Giorgio Grassi

This paper provides an historical examination of Giorgio Grassi's singular methodological approach to architecture, which is primarily based on a self-questioning rigorous framework that reflects on the autonomous nature of architectural production. From an operative point of view, Grassi's work has been characterized by an uninterrupted methodological continuity that sought coherence and rigor as ultimate form of expression. In Grassi's view, architecture is defined as a rational discipline that prioritizes reason above form in order to avoid a return to rhetorical formalist models of architectural production. In order to underline this intelligible rational methodology, my paper will attempt to deconstruct Grassi's practice by elucidating his ideological association with the Italian Tendenza, and by critically breaking down his most compelling work, La Costruzione Logica Dell' Architettura. This system of inquiry will underline particular methodological components such as the reductive qualities of typological classification, the logical and autonomous foundations of architecture, and, consequently the recognition of its rules and limits. Accordingly, those cyclical constituents will be historically and critically exposed to emphasize those methodological characteristics that advocate the establishment of an architectural discourse, which is ideologically based on the idea of pure rationality. In Grassi's case, the originating premises of rational epistemology - and the ultimate search for knowledge - propose a newfound interest in everything that can be logically classified. Rationalist principles indeed address cognitive issues related to the historical zeitgeist of architecture that privilege reason above experience, logic above instinct, and idea above form. Thus, according to Grassi, architecture should never be understood either aesthetically or morally, but it should be conceived as the only answer to real problems. Eventually, Grassi's desire to establish a theory based on the triumph of reason over the image emerges as the most definitive methodological model of architectural production.
Bare Life, Dead Labor, and Capital(ist) Punishment

On September 21, 2011, two men—Troy Davis and Lawrence Brewer—died. Their deaths were planned, organized, and staged. They were not, however, murdered—at least, not according to our juridical discourse.
The Statistical Approach

Assume that we have observed data D = x which was the result of a random experiment X (or can be approximated as such). The data are then modelled using 1. A sample space, \(\mathcal{X}\) for the observed value of x 2. A probability density function for X at x, f(x; θ) 3. A parameter space for θ, \(\Theta \)
Still Another Example from the Proposed New Federal Rules of Evidence

The third of four articles comparing an example from the Federal Rules of Evidence with the "restyled" version. The article identifies 18 drafting deficiencies in Rule 806. The new rules are scheduled to take effect in December 2011.
Inequalities for Other Well-known Distributions

This chapter discusses some useful inequalities for the multivariate distributions of t , chi-square, F , and a few others. Most of them were obtained on an individual basis when the needs in applications arose, and their proofs depend on a similar type of conditional argument. The generalizations of the Student t distribution appear to have been made along two different directions. One generalization is Hotelling's T 2 distribution, which is one-dimensional. The other type of generalization is the multivariate t. While applying them to obtain the confidence regions for the mean vector of a normal distribution, the regions are elliptical and rectangular, respectively. The chapter also discusses an inequality obtained by Sidak for the case in which the events defined by the random variables are exchangeable in a certain fashion. He found that in the proof of the result given by Tong, the same type of argument applies to a much larger class of random variables. Then, he proceeded to extract the core of that argument for the general case and obtained a theorem. The chapter presents this theorem.
Accelerating Academic Achievement of English Language Learners

This chapter reports the results of five evaluations of the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA) conducted in different school settings with various content emphases. CALLA provides instruction through a combination of academic content, language development, and learning strategies in which a five-phase instructional sequence is used to integrate these components in materials design and instruction. Results indicated that English language learning (ELL) students enrolled in CALLA classrooms made substantial progress in acquiring content knowledge and skills, English language proficiency, and learning strategies. These results were sustained with successive cohorts of students. The effects in these evaluations had a high degree of educational significance and were supported by multiple measures of program impact across different school contexts with students from varied grade levels and language backgrounds.
Ethnic Awareness in Children: Not a Unitary Concept

Summary Kindergarten and second-grade children (N = 120) were studied with respect to their preferences for unisex pictures differing by ethnic characteristics. Three ethnic groups (Black, Anglo, Hispanic) were represented. Questions tapped friendship preferences, identification (similarity), as well as status envy. Results indicated that all three groups identified their own ethnic pictures correctly and tended to prefer same-ethnic friends and statuses. Anglo children were the most same-ethnic preferred. Earlier literature was re-examined and discussed in light of the present results and possible explanations for discrepancies in the ethnic-preference literature were given.
Marrying Diversity and Independence in the Boardroom: Just How Far Have You Come, Baby?

Corporate governance reform, with its focus on agency costs, and corporate diversity, with its emphasis on social equity, would appear to have little common ground, other than the corporate setting. Both strands of reform, however, share an important goal: improved functioning of the corporation through more active decisionmaking by its board. The spectacle of boards asleep at the wheels of governance jarred Congress into action in the wake of the multibillion dollar Enron/Worldcom string of debacles. Despite massive regulatory changes in corporate governance mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley, however, skyrocketing executive compensation, backdating of options, and mis-reporting of financial statements continue to command the news. This article examines the theoretical and empirical basis for independence as a solution to director dereliction of monitoring duties, and posits that the lack of empirical support for independence may be due to a definitional quandary, and that defining independence as mere absence of financial conflicts rather than diversity of opinion may be the root of the problem. This article takes an interdisciplinary approach to accountability of large publicly held corporations, using economics and cognitive insights into human rationality to assess the role of law in structuring human interactions - in this case focusing on the decision making processes of directors of large publicly held corporations. In particular, this article examines the Sarbanes-Oxley Act's corporate governance solution of emphasizing the role of independent directors in the firm. This article further explores the psychology of small group dynamics, examines the inherent problems of homogeneous groups, and suggests ways in which diversity of opinion mitigates the effects of small group dynamics. My article recognizes that the trust fostered by homogeneity has the dark side of quashing dissent, and suggests ways to overcome resistance to diversity. This article concludes that nourishing a culture of dissent is the foundation for the kind of decisionmaking that leads to effective monitoring, and that while gender and ethnic diversity are no guarantors of diverse viewpoints, they are a good place to start in creating the kind of board culture that will begin to take its monitoring duties seriously.
What is straight cannot fall: Gothic architecture, Scholasticism, and dynamics

It has long been shown that medieval builders primarily used geometrical constructions to design medieval architecture. The thought processes involved, however, have been considered to be remote from the natural philosophical speculations of the Scholastics, who, following Aristotle, had taken the basis of physics to be the study of dynamics, or change. However, investigations of the Expertises of Chartres, Florence, Milan, and other documents related to medieval building suggest that medieval architects, in speaking of their work, resort to recognizable dynamic arguments, structured similarly to the speculations of Scholastic philosophers. These dynamic explanations of structural behaviour persist at least into the 17th century, but thereafter lost out to the arguments based on statics made by modern scholars attempting to explain the endurance of these structures.
An MBE and Modeling Study of Pulsed Growth on Ge(001)

Ge molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are used to study time-varying processing parameters and their effect on surface morphology. We focus here on Ge growth on highly-oriented Ge(001) substrates with reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) as a real-time sensor. KMC simulations are used as the physical model, and physical parameters are determined from growth under pulsed flux. A reduced version of the simulations is generated, and temperature trajectories are computed that minimize surface roughness subject to experimental constraints.
Adrenal cortical response of tom poults.

Abstract In each of two trials, plasma corticosterone (B) was measured in Large White turkey torn poults after the following treatments were applied: 1) .9% saline injected; 2) cold water immersion, and 3) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injected (10 IU/kg body weight). Poults were treated at 3- to 4-day intervals from the day of hatching to 21 days of age. Plasma samples were obtained at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hr posttreatment. In both trials, there was a depression in B levels within the first 3 hr following ACTH or cold water immersion treatment. Significant increases in plasma B levels of the cold water treatment occurred at 4 hr posttreatment in Trial 1 in 7-day-old poults and in Trial 2 in 21-day-old poults. A significant adrenal cortical response to ACTH injection was observed in 3- and 7-day-old poults at 6 hrs posttreatment in Trial 2. Plasma B concentrations were also measured in three groups of nontreated Large White torn poults on the day of hatching at a commercial hatchery. Plasma samples were obtained from poults in incubators at 1000 hr, immediately following commercial processing procedures at 1030 hr, and at poult placement at 1330 hr. Plasma B levels of poults sampled in the incubator and after processing were similar. However, B levels of poults sampled at placement were increased significantly above the other two groups.
Lived Experiences of Space, Time and Cosmovision

Essays in this Special Section highlight varied and convergent North, Central and South American expressions of knowledge and belief about time, space, and cosmovision, especially as manifest in lived experience inflected by politico-economic circumstance.