cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of c-fos Expression by EGF and GnRH in Specific Anterior Pituitary Cells from Proestrous Female Rats

SUMMARY C-fos is an early expression oncogene that can be stimulated by a variety of regulators. It is expressed by subsets of all pituitary cells, with increased expression seen in proestrous rats. However, in freshly dispersed pituitary cells studied during different stages of the cycle, there is limited expression of fos by luteinizing hormone (LH) cells and little basal expression by cells with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) antigens. Proestrus is a time during which pituitary gonadotropes express peak levels of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). We hypothesized that if GnRH or EGF stimulated fos activity in gonadotropes they would be most effective during the peak expression of their receptors. Anterior pituitaries were removed, cut into small pieces, and stimulated for 30 min. Total RNA was then collected and analyzed by Northern analysis. Both EGF and GnRH caused an increase in c-fos mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary gland compared with unstimulated pituitary glands assayed immediately after removal from the pituitary. However, the stimulatory effects were no greater than those seen with medium alone. This suggested that fos expression could be stimulated by local factors either in the pituitary or the medium itself. The second phase of the study focused on pituitary cells plated for 1 hr and then stimulated with EGF and GnRH for 15 min. Dual immunocytochemistry was done to learn which cell types expressed the fos proteins. After 15 min, EGF and GnRH both increased the percentages of fos-bearing cells above levels seen in medium alone. EGF stimulated fos proteins in subsets of FSH, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and growth hormone (GH) cells. GnRH increased fos proteins in subsets of ACTH and GH cells. These results suggest that EGF and GnRH may regulate fos expression, but not necessarily in gonadotropes. They also highlight the need for carefully timed experiments because endogenous factors in the pituitary itself may stimulate immediate early gene expression. (J Histochem Cytochem 46:935‐943, 1998)
Tactile Perception of Rotational Sliding

We present a new tactile display for rendering rotational friction at the fingertips. To inform the design and control of this device, we have conducted an initial set of perceptual experiments to investigate perceptual thresholds for rates of rotational slipping at the fingertips. It was found that humans can discriminate a change in rotational sliding rate of 4.13-28.04 rad/sec from a reference rate of 1.57-25.13 rad/sec. An initial device design and prototype are presented. The device utilizes a small friction disk housed in a thimble, driven remotely from a motor worn on the user's wrist. The device directly integrates with a robotic force feedback arm, preserving the force feedback functionality while adding the tactile information on frictional sliding. Insights from the presented psychophysical experiments and initial device prototype will be utilized in the design of the next generation of rotation friction devices that will be used in multi-finger grasp studies
Anticipating, Recognizing, and Preventing Hazards Associated with in Vivo Use of Monoclonal Antibodies: Special Considerations Related to Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies

Abstract The advent of monoclonal antibodies offers abundant potential benefits to diagnosis and therapy of many conditions. However, with widespread use come greater concerns regarding possible side effects and complications. Antibodies, including monoclonals, react with antigens which may be represented on tissues other than those to which they were raised. Although histochemical surveys of tissues may be performed, these may not necessarily be predictive of in vivo cross-reactivities. This consideration mandates carefully performed preclinical toxicological studies prior to use in humans. For murine monoclonal antibodies, the type most commonly available, issues related to potential immunogenicity are of paramount concern. Very little substantive information has accrued regarding the prevalence of these antibodies in the general population, the mechanism by which these antibodies are elicited, or the predictive value of assays for their detection. This knowledge is crucial for the development of strategies for blunting or controlling the human anti-mouse antibody response. Contaminants in manufactured monoclonals also pose inherent danger to recipients. Among those commonly encountered are microbes, DNA, and manufacturing reagents (e.g., sera, column components, and tissue culture additives). Strict adherence to proper manufacturing technique usually will minimize these concerns. However, in the absence of well-defined cause/effect relationships between toxicity (theoretical or real) and agent, complacency that a given product is safe is ill-advised. The Food and Drug Administration has disseminated a compilation of concerns and suggestions for addressing them in the document “Points to consider in the manufacture and testing of monoclonal antibody products for human use.” The precepts outlined in that document and a close working relationship between manufacturers of monoclonal products and scientifically astute regulators together represent an effective approach to minimizing the risks of monoclonal therapy in diverse patient populations.
Collective alignment of polar filaments by molecular motors

We study the alignment of polar biofilaments, such as microtubules and actin, subject to the action of multiple molecular motors attached simultaneously to more than one filament. Focusing on a paradigm model of only two filaments interacting with multiple motors, we were able to investigate in detail the alignment dynamics. While almost no alignment occurs in the case of a single motor, the filaments become rapidly aligned due to the collective action of the motors. Our analysis shows that the alignment time is governed by the number of bound motors and the magnitude of the motors’ stepping fluctuations. We predict that the time scale of alignment is in the order of seconds, much faster than that reported for passive crosslink-induced bundling. In vitro experiments on the alignment of microtubules by multiple-motor covered beads are in qualitative agreement. We also discuss another mode of fast alignment of filaments, namely the cooperation between motors and passive crosslinks.
Finding corresponding points based on Bayesian triangulation

In this paper, we consider the problems of finding corresponding points from multiple perspective projection images (the correspondence problem), and estimating the 3-D point from which these points have arisen (the triangulation problem). We pose the triangulation problem as that of finding the Bayesian maximum, a posteriori estimate of the 3-D point, given its projections in N images, assuming a Gaussian error model for the image point co-ordinates and the camera parameters. We solve this by an iterative steepest descent method. We then consider the correspondence problem as a, statistical hypothesis verification problem. Given a set of 2-D points, under the hypothesis that the points are in correspondence, the MAP estimate of the 3-D point is computed. Based on the MAP estimate, we derive a statistical test for verifying this hypothesis. To find sets of corresponding points when multiple points in each of N images are given, we propose a method that does the Bayesian triangulation and hypothesis verification on each N-tuple of points, selecting those that pass the hypothesis test. We characterize the performance of the Bayesian triangulation in terms of the average distance of the triangulated 3-D point from the true 3-D point, and of the point correspondence method in terms of its misdetection and false alarm rates.
High-power, widely-tunable, continuous-wave polycrystalline Cr 2+ :ZnS laser

We present 10 W room-temperature, pure CW, polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS laser, broadly tunable over 1940–2780 nm, with maximum output power of 7.4 W at 2410 nm, and above 5 W over 2120–2590 nm.
Governance of Cross-Organizational Service Agreements: A Policy-Based Approach

Many real-life organizations are hierarchies of largely autonomous, heterogeneous members (individuals or other organizations), often exhibiting rich policies. We restrict our attention to organizations that monitor their environment, collate events, determine compliance of their behaviors with their policies, and potentially act in anticipation of events to ensure the satisfaction of their policies. This paper models cross-organizational service agreements as resulting in the formation of organizations. This paper emphasizes the importance of proactive policy-based governance in organizations (modeled as multiagent systems) and provides a novel architecture supporting policy monitoring, governance, and enactment. This paper provides an initial formalization and discusses the compliance and completeness of behaviors produced from specified policies. To demonstrate the practical utility of this approach, it is implemented using an existing policy engine and messaging middleware.
A review of techniques for electromagnetic modeling of electronic packages

Summary form only given. Techniques for the electromagnetic modeling of interconnections that lead to equivalent circuits suitable for incorporation into circuit simulation programs were discussed. Uniform transmission line etches on planar substrates are most conveniently and efficiently modeled using the integral equation method used in conjunction with the method of moments. However, the finite element method is better suited for this task when the cross-section of the line configuration is arbitrary and the dielectric substrate is nonplanar. It has been shown previously that direct Maxwell solvers in the time domain can also be used to compute the propagation characteristics and characteristic impedance of general transmission line configurations in a convenient manner. One of the most challenging problems in package modeling is that of deriving the equivalent circuit of discontinuities in single or multiple lines. Quasi-electrostatic and quasi-magnetostatic analyses of these problems are typically carried out by using the integral equation method. However, once again, the general-purpose programs are often direct Maxwell solvers, because these methods can incorporate automatic mesh generators for convenient description of the problem geometries and, hence, are potentially useful as computer-aided design tools. >
Maskless Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth of GaN on Sapphire

The authors demonstrate a technique of lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN, termed maskless LEO, in which no mask is deposited prior to LEO regrowth. Instead, a bulk (> 2 {micro}m) GaN layer on sapphire is selectively dry etched, leaving {approximately} 5 {micro}m-wide stripe mesas oriented in the {sub GaN} direction, with a 20 {micro}m period. These stripes serve as seeds for LEO GaN growth, which proceeds from the tops of the stripes and expands laterally, resulting in a T, or overhang, morphology. As for LEO over an SiO{sub 2} mask, significant defect reduction (from {approximately} 10{sup 9} cm{sup {minus}2} to {approximately} 10{sup 6} cm{sup {minus}2}) is observed in cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Atomic force microscopy of the top surface of the LEO GaN reveals that no threading dislocations with screw component terminate at the surfaces of laterally overgrown regions. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the wings exhibit a crystallographic tilt away from the seed regions in an azimuth perpendicular to the stripe direction; the tilt angle ({approximately} 0.4--0.5{degree}) is relatively independent of growth temperature and wing aspect ratio.
Delayed Neural Network Degeneration after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia

Objective Clinical MR studies show delayed and ongoing neurodegeneration following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), but the mechanisms and timing of this neurodegeneration remain unclear. We use ex vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and brain neuropathology to determine if selective injury to white matter tracts occurs following neonatal HI in mice resulting in neural system associated attrition in remote regions and at delayed time points.
Increasing donor ecosystem productivity decreases terrestrial consumer reliance on a stream resource subsidy

Because nutrient enrichment can increase ecosystem productivity, it may enhance resource flows to adjacent ecosystems as organisms cross ecosystem boundaries and subsidize predators in recipient ecosystems. Here, we quantified the biomass and abundance of aquatic emergence and terrestrial spiders in a reference and treatment stream that had been continuously enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus for 5 years. Because we previously showed that enrichment increased secondary production of stream consumers, we predicted that aquatic emergence flux would be higher in the treatment stream, subsequently increasing the biomass and abundance of terrestrial spiders. Those increases were predicted to be greatest for spiders specializing on aquatic emergence subsidies (e.g., Tetragnathidae). By adding a 15N stable isotope tracer to both streams, we also quantified nitrogen flow from the stream into the riparian community. Emergence biomass, but not abundance, was higher in the treatment stream. The average body size of emerging adult insects and the relative dominance of Trichoptera adults were also greater in the treatment stream. However, spider biomass did not differ between streams. Spiders also exhibited substantially lower reliance on aquatic emergence nitrogen in the treatment stream. This reduced reliance likely resulted from shifts in the body size distributions and community composition of insect emergence that may have altered predator consumption efficiency in the treatment stream. Despite nutrient enrichment approximately doubling stream productivity and associated cross-ecosystem resource flows, the response of terrestrial predators depended more on the resource subsidy’s characteristics that affected the predator’s ability to capitalize on such increases.
The Perceptual Dimensions of Sonority-Driven Epenthesis

Vowel epenthesis often appears to preferentially target consonant clusters with rising sonority. One explanation for this is perceptual faithfulness (Fleischhacker, 2002; Steriade, 2006): rising sonority clusters are more susceptible to epenthesis because the perceptual distance between the underlying /C1-C2/ sequence and its correspondent output sequence [C1-V-C2] is small, thus incurring a smaller faithfulness cost. This raises the question of how to compute the perceptual distance between two sonority contours /C1-C2/ and [C1-V-C2] in terms of the sonority of C1, C2 and V. In this paper, I propose the metric Sonority Angle, the angle formed by the contours /C1-C2/ and [C1-V]. I apply it in analysing two case studies of sonority-driven epenthesis, Chaha and Irish. A comparison is made to another possible metric, Sonority Rise (Flemming, 2008), the ratio of the gradients of the two contours, as well as to Syllable Contact and Sonority Sequencing, which represent an alternative, markedness-based approach to the problem of sonority-driven epenthesis.
Dynamic regulation of neurotransmitter specification: relevance to nervous system homeostasis.

Abstract During nervous system development the neurotransmitter identity changes and coexpression of several neurotransmitters is a rather generalized feature of developing neurons. In the mature nervous system, different physiological and pathological circumstances recreate this phenomenon. The rules of neurotransmitter respecification are multiple. Among them, the goal of assuring balanced excitability appears as an important driving force for the modifications in neurotransmitter phenotype expression. The functional consequences of these dynamic revisions in neurotransmitter identity span a varied range, from fine-tuning the developing neural circuit to modifications in addictive and locomotor behaviors. Current challenges include determining the mechanisms underlying neurotransmitter phenotype respecification and how they intersect with genetic programs of neuronal specialization. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity’.
Prospective thermal dosimetry: the key to hyperthermia's future.

Purpose: This review summarizes recent results from two randomized trials testing the complete response rate and local control benefits for the addition of hyperthermia to external beam radiation. Methods: In both series, there was a statistically significant benefit to adjuvant hyperthermia. Results: The establishment of a standardized nomenclature for clinical hyperthermia prescription will help to facilitate the broader usage of hyperthermia. Conclusions: Carefully conducted phase III trials with rigorous quality assurance must employ prospective thermal dosimetry to validate the role of hyperthermia in multi-modality therapy.
ONTOGENY OF B LYMPHOCYTES : II. RELATIVE RATES OF APPEARANCE OF LYMPHOCYTES BEARING SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND COMPLEMENT RECEPTORS

Many bursa-equivalent (B) lymphocytes of adult mice bear surface Ig and receptors for C3. The frequency of Ig-bearing cells increases rapidly immediately after birth, but these cells lack complement (C) receptors. Lymphocytes bearing C receptors are not found in the spleens of BALB/c, DBA/2, and C57BL/6 mice until 2 wk of age and do not attain substantial numbers until 3–4 wk of age. In AKR mice, a lag between appearance of Ig-bearing and complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) is also observed but it is of much shorter duration. AKR mice have a frequency of CRL at 2 wk of age of 28% in comparison to a frequency of 4.8% for DBA/2 mice. The difference in frequency between young and adult mice and between "low" and "high CRL" strains cannot be explained by a nonspecific inability to form rosettes as similar results are obtained with soluble antigen-antibody-complement complexes. Analysis of CRL frequency in (AKR x DBA/2)F1 mice and F1 x parental backcross progeny suggests that two independent genes control the rate of appearance of CRL. Furthermore, the genetic difference in the ontogeny of CRL is recapitulated in the repopulation of the B-lymphocyte line in adult-irradiated mice restored with syngeneic bone marrow. Thus, the "CRL genes" described here appear to control B-cell differentiation throughout life.
Comparative Election Fraud Detection

Elections in Russia are widely believed to be fraudulent in various ways, a claim some support especially by looking at voter turnout, others by looking at vote counts’ digits. We use polling station level data from the Russian Duma elections of 2003 and 2007 and presidential elections of 2004 and 2008 to examine how several methods for diagnosing election fraud complement one another. The methods include estimating the distribution of turnout, measuring the relationship between turnout and party support and testing for vote counts’ second digits following the distribution implied by Benford’s Law. Anomalies the methods detect are worse by the end of the period under study than at the beginning. The digit test detects anomalies beyond those suggested by a simple idea that turnout in many places was fraudulently inflated.
Cleaning Up After the Cold War: Management and Social Issues

For many years the primary focus of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex was the production of nuclear materials and weapons, but, with the end of the Cold War, its mission has been changed to one of environmental cleanup. This dramatic shift in mission means that the complex is facing new internal and external problems that are forcing organizational change. In this article we examine the weapons complex through the lens of systems-based models of organization, and we find that the complex has moved from a closed to an open system. We also deduce that by remaining with a rational system, rather than moving to a natural system, the transition to the new mission is being made more difficult than it perhaps should be; this point becomes apparent through discussions on the specific problems that the complex is facing in the related areas of organization-culture change, the public's health-fears, and the management of risk. Our intent in this article is to draw attention to these management and social issues and ...
Design, synthesis, and characterization of molecule-based magnets

The discovery of organic- and molecule-based magnets has led to several design criteria for their design and synthesis, and several families with magnetic ordering temperatures as high as ~125°C have been reported. Examples of soft and hard magnets with coercivities as high at 27 kOe have also been reported. Examples from our laboratory of organic-based magnets using the tetracyanoethylene radical anion, (TCNE) , are discussed. In addition, several molecule-based magnets based on Prussian blue structured materials as well as ruthenium acetate are discussed. Magnetism is a technologically important phenomenon that permeates our daily life and is crucial to our quality of life. Improvement of the magnetic properties of materials is important research area pursued worldwide. All commercially available magnets possess unpaired electron spins that reside in either d- or f- orbitals and have structures that possess extended three dimensional (3-D) network bonding. These materials are insoluble. The relatively recent discovery of organic- and molecule-based magnets sug- gests that enhanced solubility and processing comparable to that enjoyed by organic polymers may be feasible. Also, the presence of organic and/or molecular components suggest materials with properties in addition to mag- netic ordering may be possible, e.g. photo-controllable magnetic ordering. In general, organic/molecule-based magnets have different types of structural frameworks with respect to metal and metal oxide magnets, and thus may lead for new phenomena in addition to combinations of properties not observed for commercially available magnets. The first organic-based ferromagnet, (Fe(C5Me5)2)(TCNE) (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene), is best described a zero-dimensional (0-D), ionic salt, and is organic-solvent 4,5 1
Paleoseismic targets, seismic hazard, and urban areas in the Central and Eastern United States

Abstract Published geologic information from the central and eastern United States identifies 83 faults, groups of sand blows, named seismic zones, and other geological features as known or suspected products of Quaternary tectonic faulting. About one fifth of the features are known to contain faulted Quaternary materials or seismically induced liquefaction phenomena, but the origin and associated seismic hazard of most of the other features remain uncertain. Most of the features are in or near large urban areas. The largest cluster of features is in the Boston–Washington urban corridor (2005 estimated population: 50 million). The proximity of most features to populous areas identifies paleoseismic targets with potential to impact urban-hazard estimates.
A Familial Pattern of Multiple Idiopathic Cervical Root Resorption With a 30‐Year Follow‐Up

Background: Multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR) is a rare entity distinct from pathologic root resorption that occurs as a result of several local and systemic factors.Methods: This report describes a familial pattern of MICRR, including a recently identified case and a 30-year follow-up on previously described cases.Results: The previously reported father (aged 95 years) and son (aged 64 years), and the recently affected daughter (aged 61 years) recounted non-contributory medical history. The resorptive lesions were asymptomatic, unassociated with any predisposing factors, and first identified during the fourth to sixth decades of life. All tooth types were affected, with posterior teeth being affected earlier and with greater frequency; however, distal root surfaces were never affected. The resorptive lesions were progressive in nature, with additional teeth becoming involved as the condition was followed over time. In many instances, surrounding alveolar bone extended into the existing...
If We Can't Reach 'EM, Maybe Mayor @Corybooker Can: Using Twitter to Increase Political Interest Among Introduction to American Government Students

Given the degree to which the Millennials utilize the virtual world to build social relationships and obtain information, Twitter has the ability to be a powerful mechanism for fostering civic engagement. Rooted in civic education and technology pedagogy literature, this paper reports findings from three studies that were designed to test the effect of using Twitter in the college or university classroom on student political efficacy, interest and engagement. Students enjoyed using Twitter in the classroom, but there is no strong evidence that doing so increases political efficacy, interest or engagement. While it is clear that students who are actively using Twitter are engaging each other, are more attentive to politics, and have a heightened interest in politics, we cannot establish causality. We offer a number of specific ways that Twitter can be used to engage students in the classroom and offer possibilities for future research to more clearly establish relationships between Twitter use and course, department, or institutional outcomes.
Transient outward current in opossum esophageal circular muscle.

The whole cell patch-clamp technique was used to record a transient outward K+ current (ITO) from single smooth muscle cells isolated from opossum esophageal circular muscle. The threshold for its ...
Carcinogenicity of amosite asbestos.

Few data exist concerning the comparative neoplastic potential in man of the several kinds of asbestos. In particular, there has been no evidence concerning whether the amosite variety is carcinogenic. The matter is of practical importance, since amosite use in the United States has sharply increased. The mortality experience of a group of 230 men previously employed in an amosite asbestos factory was studied during the years 1960 through 1971. Total deaths were more than twice the number anticipated: 46.4 were expected, and 105 occurred. Some 14 deaths were due to asbestosis. Both lung cancer and mesothelioma were found in considerable excess. Two or three deaths from lung cancer were expected, and 25 occurred. There were five deaths from mesothelioma. Occupational exposure to amosite asbestos can be associated with serious cancer hazard; its continued industrial use requires rigorous control.
Lipophilic and respiratory properties of NADH and succinate dehydrogenase sites in mitochondria from various tissues of the rat.

SummaryMitochondria were isolated from heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain of the rat. With overall regard to both resting and activated respiratory velocities with either glutamate or succinate, as well as the respective degrees of respiratory control, kidney mitochondria were most efficient and spleen mitochondria least so. A probe of mitochondrial inner membrane lipophilicity with tetrabutylammonium bromide showed that NADH dehydrogenases from liver and heart were similar, as were also those from kidney and spleen. With the exception of brain, only small differences were observed in lipophilic properties of succinate dehydrogenases from the various other tissues. Variation in lipophilic characteristics of the two sites on the mitochondrial inner membranes could not be correlated with embryological origin of the tissue.The expert technical assistance of Mr. W. H. Friend is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by an American Cancer Society Institutional Grant No.IN-105.
Unconventional Casing and Bit Size Serieu Design

Because of high formation temperature and pressure, many formation pressure systems and small differential between formation fracture pressure and formation pressure in Yingqiong Basin of South China Sea, conventional API casing size series could not meet the needs of well drilling.A unconventional serial of casing size running through 8 layers is proposed and corresponding bit size series is given. Reamers, liners and liner tiebacks are also designed, of which oilfield application is successful.
Are Obese Residents More Likely to Be Admitted to Nursing Homes That Have More Deficiencies in Care

Objectives To determine whether obese older adults who qualify for nursing home (NH) placement are as likely as nonobese adults to be admitted to NHs that provide adequate quality of care. Design Retrospective study. Setting NHs in New York State. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older newly admitted to a NH in New York State in 2006–07. Measurements Total and healthcare-related deficiency citations for each facility were obtained from the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting file. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the association between obesity (body mass index (BMI) 30.0–39.9 kg/m2) and morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) separately and admission to facilities with more deficiencies. Results NHs that admitted a higher proportion of morbidly obese residents were more likely to have more deficiencies, whether total or healthcare related. These NHs also had greater odds of having severe deficiencies, or falling in the top quartile ranking of total deficiencies. After sequentially controlling for the choice of facilities within the inspection region, resident characteristics, and facility covariates, the association between morbid obesity and admission to higher-deficiency NHs persisted. Conclusion Residents with morbid obesity were more likely to be admitted to NHs of poorer quality based on deficiency citations. The factors driving these disparities and their impact on the care of obese NH residents require further elucidation.
Policy Type and Justification Influences on Support for Affirmative Action Policies

Abstract. This study examines the influence of policy type (recruitment vs. tiebreaker) and policy justification (no justification vs. justified as increasing organizational diversity) on support for a hiring policy. Consistent with predictions, recruitment policies received greater support than tiebreakers and participants preferred justified policies to those presented without justification. However, the impact of justifications differed across policies. Justifications increased support for tiebreaker policies but did not increase support for recruitment approaches. The paper discusses these results in terms of fairness heuristic theory and implications for enhancing support for other forms of affirmative action.
New applications of flow cytometry.

Abstract Flow cytometry and cell sorting have become established technologies in cell biology. A large number of methods for staining and measuring properties of individual cells are available. New protein and DNA dyes have made it possible to analyze large number of cells individually for multiple properties. These techniques have had a large impact on cellular immunology and the study of cell proliferation. New fluorescent molecules that report on intracellular conditions are used increasingly to study cell physiology. Chromosome analysis and sorting by flow cytometry is becoming a valuable tool and refinements in the techniques for manipulating small quantities of DNA will increase the application of chromosome sorting in molecular biology. The analysis of rare cell populations is still hampered by shortcomings in the present generation of commercial instruments. Rare event analysis will be improved when high-resolution, high-speed sorters are available. Future technology will make use of non-linear effects in fluorescene induction. An improved understanding of non-linear phenomena will lead to new techniques for single-cell analysis.
RGS6 is an essential tumor suppressor that prevents bladder carcinogenesis by promoting p53 activation and DNMT1 downregulation.

// Jianqi Yang 1 , Lance T. Platt 1 , Biswanath Maity 1 , Katelin E. Ahlers 1 , Zili Luo 1 , Zhibo Lin 1 , Bandana Chakravarti 1 , Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi 1 , Ryan W. Askeland 2 , Jolanta Bondaruk 3 , Bogdan A. Czerniak 3 and Rory A. Fisher 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 3 Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, the University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA Correspondence to: Rory A. Fisher, email: // Keywords : RGS6, urinary bladder cancer, tumor suppressor, p53, DNMT1 Received : September 22, 2016 Accepted : September 26, 2016 Published : October 04, 2016 Abstract Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is largely caused by exposure to toxic chemicals including those in cigarette smoke (i.e. BBN). An activating SNP in RGS6 is associated with a pronounced reduction in UBC risk, especially among smokers. However, the mechanism underlying this reduction remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that RGS6 is robustly expressed in human urothelium, where urothelial cell carcinoma originates, and is downregulated in human UBC. Utilizing RGS6 -/- mice we interrogated a possible role for RGS6 as a tumor suppressor using the BBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis model that closely recapitulates human disease. As in humans, RGS6 is robustly expressed in mouse urothelium. RGS6 loss dramatically accelerates BBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis, with RGS6 -/- mice consistently displaying more advanced pathological lesions than RGS6 +/+ mice. Furthermore, BBN treatment promotes urothelial RGS6 mRNA and protein downregulation. RGS6 loss impairs p53 activation and promotes aberrant accumulation of oncogenic protein DNMT1 in urothelium. Tumor suppressor RASSF1A, a DNMT1-regulated gene, is also silenced, likely via methylation of its promoter during BBN exposure. We hypothesize that this BBN-induced RGS6 loss represents a critical hit in UBC as it irrevocably impairs the anti-proliferative actions of the ATM/p53 and RASSF1A pathways. Consistent with these findings, RGS6 -/- mice treated with CP-31398, a p53-stablizing agent, and/or 5-Aza, a DNMT1 inhibitor, are protected from BBN-induced tumorigenesis. Together, our data identify RGS6 as a master tumor suppressor modulating two critical signaling pathways that are often dysregulated in UBC; therefore, RGS6 represents a potential novel biomarker for UBC diagnosis/prognosis and an appealing new target in its treatment.
MPACVD growth of single crystalline diamond substrates with PCD rimless and expanding surfaces

Single crystal diamond (SCD) growth was performed in optimized pocket substrate holders at a high pressure (240 Torr) and a high power density (∼1000 W/cm3). In an effort to overcome the challenges of growing large area SCD substrates without a corresponding polycrystalline diamond (PCD) rim, a growth recipe using these pocket holders was developed. This growth recipe controls the substrate temperature (Ts) and the incident microwave power (Pinc) in a prescribed function of growth time. Through this process, the feasibility to enlarge the SCD substrate in situ, i.e., during the growth itself is shown. By allowing the temperature to increase from ∼980 °C to 1040 °C, then reducing the temperature, and then allowing it to drift up again, the deposition process alternates between the fast growth of the different crystal directions (i.e., 〈110〉, 〈111〉, and 〈100〉) and a slow growth to smoothen the top surface. This leads to an increased lateral SCD growth. The slow growth of the crystal faces in turn leads to a...
Future of the transmission fiber

Low-loss and low-nonlinearity fibers result in OSNR enhancement, which is craved in realization of beyond 100Gb/s signal systems. State-of-the-art advanced fibers are also demonstrated, and prospects of fibers for future ultra-high capacity systems are discussed.
Hardware-Based Sequential Consistency Violation Detection Made Simpler

Sequential Consistency (SC) is the most intuitive memory model for parallel programs. However, modern architectures aggressively reorder and overlap memory accesses, causing SC violations (SCVs). An SCV is practically always a bug. This paper proposes Dissector, a hardware software combined approach to detect SCVs in a conventional TSO machine. Dissector hardware works by piggybacking information about pending stores with cache coherence messages. Later, it detects if any of those pending stores can cause an SCV cycle. Dissector keeps hardware modifications minimal and simpler by sacrificing some degree of detection accuracy. Dissector recovers the loss in detection accuracy by using a postprocessing software which filters out false positives and extracts detail debugging information. Dissector hardware is lightweight, keeps the cache coherence protocol clean, does not generate any extra messages, and is unaffected by branch mispredictions. Moreover, due to the postprocessing phase, Dissector does not suffer from false positives. This paper presents a detailed design and implementation of Dissector in a conventional TSO machine. Our experiments with different concurrent algorithms, bug kernels, Splash2 and Parsec applications show that Dissector has a better SCV detection ability than a state-of-the-art hardware based approach with much less hardware. Dissector hardware induces a negligible execution overhead of 0.02%. Moreover, with more processors, the overhead remains virtually the same.
Deepening understanding of prior knowledge: what diverse first-generation college students in the U.S. can teach us

ABSTRACTEducational research indicates that teachers revealing and utilizing students’ prior knowledge supports students’ academic learning. Yet, the variation in students’ prior knowledge is not fully known. To better understand students’ prior knowledge, I drew on sociocultural learning theories to examine racially and ethnically diverse college students’ sociopolitical prior knowledge, a component of sociopolitical consciousness. In this qualitative study, I interviewed 18 first-generation college students in the U.S. who were enrolled in two introductory undergraduate sociology courses. Study participants identified as African-American, Latino, and/or White. The study reveals that students’ sociopolitical prior knowledge is comprised of awareness and understanding and it varies by topic of discussion. Further, college students’ sociopolitical prior knowledge is informed by lived experiences and can relate to subject-matter content. Implications for teaching and learning include having a deepened sense...
Abstract 16438: Serum Exosomal Protein Profiling for the Non-invasive Detection of Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Introduction: Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles in the extracellular environment present in biological fluids. Exosomal content is actively assembled containing mRNA, miRNA and proteins. Exosomal-...
Understanding Early Geopolymerization Process of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer Paste Using Pattern Recognition

AbstractThis study investigates the geopolymerization process of fly ash–based geopolymer paste specimens using acoustic emissions; the activating solution is a combination of silica fume and sodiu...
The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Regulation of P450s and Other Genes by Peroxisome Proliferators

Peroxisome proliferators are a large and varied group of chemicals that can induce P450s as well as other drug metabolizing enzymes. These chemicals can cause the number of peroxisomes in the livers of some sensitive species to increase with subsequent enlargement of the liver. This may ultimately lead to the development of liver tumors, but peroxisome proliferators or their metabolites do not appear to be mutagens (Rao, Reddy, 1991). Thus, they are considered to be non-genotoxic carcinogens. The increase in peroxisomes may in turn reflect the induction of several peroxisomal enzymes that metabolize fatty acids by β-oxidation. In contrast to mitochondrial β-oxidation, the peroxisomal pathway appears to function as pathway for the elimination of fatty acids and the production of heat rather than conservation of energy through the formation of ATP. In addition, long-chain, branched chain and dicarboxylic fatty acids are preferentially metabolized by the peroxisomal pathway. The latter can arise via the ω-hydroxylation of monocarboxylic acids, a reaction that is catalyzed by microsomal P450s of the CYP4A family and subsequent oxidation of the alcohol to a second carboxyl moiety by other enzymes.
Opioid Growth Factor and Retinal Morphogenesis

Publisher Summary Studies have provided evidence that opioid peptides function as growth factors during retinal histogenesis. These data are the first to establish, under in vivo conditions, that a neuropeptide system has a specific, growth-associated function in developing retina. The information derived from these studies provides novel and important data on cues that guide retinal histogenesis. The findings should have bearing on clinical problems with respect to retinal dysplasia. Retinoblastoma is the most common intraoccular neoplasm in childhood, with a worldwide incidence of 1 in 15,000–25,000 live births. It is unclear whether the tumor is neuronal in origin, or whether it is derived from primitive germinal neuroepithelia that is bipotential (or multipotential). Factors regulating the termination of cell proliferation are unknown. One report has documented the observation that retinoblastoma cells have enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, suggesting that this peptide originates and/or is utilized by these cells. The hypothesis would be that this opioid may be a growth factor necessary in the autocrine regulation of cell proliferation.
Functional considerations in oral cavity reconstruction.

Purpose of review The treatment of oral cavity cancer may impair speech and swallowing function. Optimizing posttreatment function may lead to significant improvement of quality of life. Recent findings Although oncologic control remains the main goal of treatment for oral cavity cancer, posttreatment function for surviving patients has over the last decades been recognized as an important secondary outcome. Reconstruction of oral cavity defects range from primary closure to advanced microvascular reconstruction, including multiple tissue types. Free flap reconstruction has greatly enhanced the ability to tailor transferred tissue to specific defects. In this review, we describe recent findings in reconstruction of tongue defects, including data from perforator flaps. We also summarize recent evidence regarding reinnervated flaps. Summary When vascularized tissue is needed, it remains unclear how the reconstructive choice impacts postoperative outcome, although in many situations it appears to be dominated by the donor site morbidity rather than the reconstructive technique. Despite numerous case series, the functional impact of motor and sensory reinnervation in vascularized tissue remains unknown. Although perforator flaps have emerged as a promising flap option, with favorable donor site morbidity, their ultimate impact on functional outcomes remains unclear, whereas the success rate appears to be lower than traditional flaps.
Transgender Patient and Mental Health

This chapter contains a case study of a transgender woman in the emergency department for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Streptomycetes: Surrogate hosts for the genetic manipulation of biosynthetic gene clusters and production of natural products

Due to the worldwide prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and high incidence of diseases such as cancer, there is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new drugs. Nearly half of the FDA-approved drugs are derived from natural products that are produced by living organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, and plants. Commercial development is often limited by the low yield of the desired compounds expressed by the native producers. In addition, recent advances in whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics have revealed an abundance of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters within microbial genomes. Genetic manipulation of clusters in the native host is commonly used to awaken poorly expressed or silent gene clusters, however, the lack of feasible genetic manipulation systems in many strains often hinders our ability to engineer the native producers. The transfer of gene clusters into heterologous hosts for expression of partial or entire biosynthetic pathways is an approach that can be used to overcome this limitation. Heterologous expression also facilitates the chimeric fusion of different biosynthetic pathways, leading to the generation of "unnatural" natural products. The genus Streptomyces is especially known to be a prolific source of drugs/antibiotics, its members are often used as heterologous expression hosts. In this review, we summarize recent applications of Streptomyces species, S. coelicolor, S. lividans, S. albus, S. venezuelae and S. avermitilis, as heterologous expression systems.
Exercise testing oversights underlie missed and delayed diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in young sudden cardiac arrest survivors.

Background Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is characterized by adrenergically induced ventricular tachycardia, syncope, and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). In the absence of structural disease, exercise-provoked premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy or couplets and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia are highly predictive of CPVT. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the number of missed or delayed CPVT diagnoses attributable to exercise testing oversights in a cohort of young SCA survivors. Methods A retrospective review of 101 young SCA survivors (younger than 35 years at the time of SCA) with otherwise structurally normal hearts was used to identify those with a missed or delayed CPVT diagnosis because of overlooked evidence or lack of an exercise stress test (EST) or catecholamine provocation test (CPT) post-SCA. Results Of the 101 young SCA survivors, 41 (41%) had exertion/emotion-associated SCA (EEA-SCA). After primary post-SCA investigations, a probable root cause was established in 20 of 41 EEA-SCA survivors (49%; CPVT in 8) and in 30 of 60 non-EEA-SCA survivors (50%; CPVT in 2) (P = 1). Only 14 of 21 unexplained EEA-SCA survivors (67%) had an EST/CPT performed before their referral evaluation. Secondary review of these prior ESTs/CPTs provided evidence of CPVT in 3 of 14 (21%). Of the 7 remaining unexplained cases of EAA-SCA who had never undergone an EST/CPT, 2 (29%) underwent their first EST at our institution that led to CPVT diagnosis. Conclusion Of the 15 SCA survivors diagnosed ultimately with CPVT, one-third had a delay in diagnosis because an EST was either never performed or performed but misinterpreted. EST/CPT must become the standard of care after SCA in the young, especially if the SCA occurred during either exertion or emotion.
Shelley’s Voice: Poetry, Internationalism, and Solidarity

Shelley’s poetry can be said to anticipate its own participation in the rhetoric of left internationalism in the way it calls attention to the figure of voice as agent and medium of transmission. I...