cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidation of SO2 on carbon particles in the presence of O3, NO2 and N2O

Abstract The oxidation of SO 2 on carbon particles at 65 % relative humidity (RH) by O 3 , NO 2 and N 2 O was investigated gravimetrically and compared with oxidation by air. Approximately 1 mg samples of carbon black were exposed to continuously flowing mixtures of SO 2 , SO 2 + O 3 , SO 2 + NO 2 , and SO 2 + N 2 O in air (or in N 2 ). Both O 3 and NO 2 in the 0.07–10ppmv range with 20–40ppmv SO 2 were found to produce sorption and desorption coverages significantly higher than those for corresponding SO 2 in air exposures. N 2 O was determined to be much less effective as an oxidant than O 3 or NO 2 . Identical concentrations of O 3 or NO 2 were found to produce equivalent conversions of SO 2 to sulfate on carbon for equal exposure times. Wet chemical analysis of the residue following desorption indicated that sulfate generally accounted for well over half of the retained weight. Exposure at low concentrations (0.10 ppmv SO 2 + 0.02 ppmv O 3 or NO 2 ), however, appeared to produce little, if any, enhancement in SO 2 transformation when compared with equivalent SO 2 in air. Weight retentions for these runs were very small, however, and measurement errors of up to 25% would be anticipated.
Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation after coronary reperfusion injury: Evidence for G-protein dysfunction

Abstract This study was done to determine whether abnormal receptor-dependent release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) might be caused by G-protein dysfunction. Dogs were exposed to global myocardial ischemia (45 minutes, induced by aortic cross-clamping) followed by reperfusion (60 minutes) while on cardiopulmonary bypass, and coronary arteries were then studied in vitro in organ chamber experiments. After reperfusion, endothelium-dependent relaxation to the receptor-dependent agonists adenosine diphosphate and acetylcholine was significantly impaired as well as to sodium fluoride, which acts on a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. In contrast, endothelium-dependent relaxations to the receptor-independent agonists A23187 and phospholipase C were normal. Furthermore, endothelium-dependent relaxation to poly-l-arginine (molecular weight, 139,200), which appears to induce endothelium-dependent relaxation of the canine coronary artery by a nonnitric oxide pathway, waa unaffected by ischemia and reperfusion. These experiments suggest that global myocardial ischemia and reperfusion selectively impair receptor-mediated release of EDRF (nitric oxide) but that the ability of the endothelial cell to produce EDRF or generate endothelium-dependent relaxation to nonnitric oxide-dependent agonists remains intact. We hypothesize that coronary reperfusion injury lead to G-protein dysfunction in the endothelium.
Three dimensional localization of cancerous prostate tissue using backscattering scanning polarization imaging and independent component analysis

Three-dimensional (3D) localization of human cancerous prostate tissue embedded in normal prostate tissue was demonstrated and characterized using backscattering scanning polarization imaging and independent component analysis (ICA). Backscattering two-dimensional (2D) images of a tissue sample illuminated with a raster scanning laser beam were recorded using a CCD camera to obtain multiple angular views of the target embedded inside the tissue medium. The 3D location of the object was retrieved by matching the leading Independent Component(s) of intensity distribution of images to the numerical propagation of the target to the surface of the tissue medium.
Disruption of an Aligned Dendritic Network by Bubbles During Re-Melting in a Microgravity Environment

The Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) utilized quartz tubes containing succinonitrile and 0.24 wt% water “alloys” for directional solidification (DS) experiments which were conducted in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS; 2002–2006). The sample mixture was initially melted back under controlled conditions in order to establish an equilibrium solid-liquid interface. During this procedure thermocapillary convection initiated when the directional melting exposed a previously trapped bubble. The induced fluid flow was capable of detaching and redistributing large arrays of aligned dendrite branches. In other cases, rapidly translating bubbles originating in the mushy zone dislodged dendrite fragments from the interface. The detrimental consequence of randomly oriented dendrite arms at the equilibrium interface upon reinitiating controlled solidification is discussed.
Presynaptic Facilitation by Neuropeptide Signaling Mediates Odor-Driven Food Search

Internal physiological states influence behavioral decisions. We have investigated the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms at the first olfactory synapse for starvation modulation of food-search behavior in Drosophila. We found that a local signal by short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and a global metabolic cue by insulin are integrated at specific odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) to modulate olfactory sensitivity. Results from two-photon calcium imaging show that starvation increases presynaptic activity via intraglomerular sNPF signaling. Expression of sNPF and its receptor (sNPFR1) in Or42b neurons is necessary for starvation-induced food-search behavior. Presynaptic facilitation in Or42b neurons is sufficient to mimic starvation-like behavior in fed flies. Furthermore, starvation elevates the transcription level of sNPFR1 but not that of sNPF, and insulin signaling suppresses sNPFR1 expression. Thus, starvation increases expression of sNPFR1 to change the odor map, resulting in more robust food-search behavior.
A muscle-derived substrate-bound factor that promotes neurite outgrowth from neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Abstract The development and survival of spinal motor neurons depends upon muscle-derived trophic factors. Some circumstantial evidence suggested to us that the regulatory subunit of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-dPK)-type II might be involved in neuritic outgrowth from spinal neurons. In the present study, we tested a commercial preparation of cAMP-dPK for neurite-promoting activity. Commercial cAMP-dPK-type II from skeletal and cardiac muscles elicited a significant neurite outgrowth from cultured embryonic chicken neurons when the enzyme preparation was bound to polylysine-coated substrata; type I cAMP-dPK from skeletal muscle was ineffective. Neither cAMP-dPK-type I nor -type II had a significant effect on the survival of spinal neurons in culture. Type II cAMP-dPK also stimulated neurite outgrowth from chicken cerebral hemisphere neurons, dorsal root ganglionic neurons, ciliary ganglionic neurons, and rat sympathetic ganglionic neurons in culture. The neurite-promoting activity appears to reside in a contaminant of the preparation since neither the purified regulatory nor catalytic subunits of cAMP-dPK-type II had an effect on neurite outgrowth per se from cultured neurons and since neurite-promoting activity did not correlate with [3H]cAMP binding or cAMP-dependent kinase activity. The neurite-promoting protein was then partially purified from commercial cAMP-dPK-type II by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 cellulose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the active protein peak revealed a major protein band (MW 50 kDa) and several minor bands (e.g., MW 200 kDa, 52 kDa, 45 kDa). Also, immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitation revealed that the partially purified neurite-promoting protein was distinct from laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, nerve growth factor, neural cell adhesion molecule, and fibronectin. Furthermore, the neurite-promoting activity was not diminished by treatment with heparinase nor was it bound to heparin conjugated to Sepharose. Our results demonstrate that a protein unrelated to laminin or its associated macromolecules and which copurifies with the type II cAMP-dPK of striated muscle stimulates neurite outgrowth from neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Spectral Broadening of Elastic Second-Harmonic Light Scattering in Liquids

The spectral width of "elastic" second-harmonic light scattering has been measured for a number of liquids. The broadening arises principally from rotational molecular motions and, ignoring possible nonadditive molecule-molecule interactions, the spectrum is shown to be related to the Fourier transform of the orientation-dependent pair distribution function $G(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}, \stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}, t)$. An irreducible spherical-tensor representation is employed. It is shown that a totally symmetric nonlinear-susceptibility tensor produces elastic harmonic light scattering characterized by just the first- and third-degree spherical elements of $G(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}, \stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}, t)$ and that the corresponding spectra may be independently determined. For Brownian orientational motion, these comprise Lorentzians whose widths are related to the tensorial orientational-diffusion coefficient. For isotropic orientational diffusion, the widths are in the ratio 1: 6. Dielectric-relaxation and depolarized Rayleigh scattering also relate to $G(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}, \stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}, t)$, and the results of all three experiments are compared. In no instance was isotropic orientational diffusion found to be a satisfactory model. A more extended study was made of carbon tetrachloride. Evidence was found both for nonadditive response and for coherent effects resulting from short-range orientational ordering. The extremely weak signals - often less than one photoevent per laser firing - necessitated development of a reliable high-repetition-rate $Q$-switched ruby laser and use of electronic data-accumulation techniques.
Dynamic Light Regulation of Translation Status in Arabidopsis thaliana

Light, a dynamic environmental parameter, is an essential regulator of plant growth and development. Light-regulated transcriptional networks are well documented, whereas light-regulated post-transcriptional regulation has received only limited attention. In this study, dynamics in translation of cytosolic mRNAs were evaluated at the genome-level in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown under a typical light / dark diurnal regime, shifted to darkness at midday and then re-illuminated. One-hour of unanticipated darkness reduced levels of polyribosomes (polysomes) by 17% in a manner consistent with inhibition of initiation of translation. This down-regulation of protein synthesis was reversed within 10 minutes of re-illumination. Quantitative comparison of the total cellular population of transcripts (the transcriptome) to those associated with one or more 80S ribosome (the translatome) identified over 1600 mRNAs that are differentially translated in response to light availability. Unanticipated darkness limited transcription and translation of mRNAs encoding components of the photosynthetic machinery. Many mRNAs encoding proteins associated with the energy demanding process of protein synthesis were stable but sequestered in the dark, in a rapidly reversible manner. A meta-analysis determined these same transcripts were similarly and coordinately regulated in response to changes in oxygen availability. The dark and hypoxia translationally repressed mRNAs lack highly supported candidate RNA-regulatory elements but are characterized by G+C-rich 5’-untranslated regions. We propose that dynamic regulation of the translational status of a subset of cellular mRNAs serves as a general energy conservation mechanism.
Body mass index: accounting for full time sedentary occupation and 24-hr self-reported time use.

Objectives We used linked existing data from the 2006–2008 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), the Current Population Survey (CPS, a federal survey that provides on-going U.S. vital statistics, including employment rates) and self-reported body mass index (BMI) to answer: How does BMI vary across full time occupations dichotomized as sedentary/non-sedentary, accounting for time spent in sleep, other sedentary behaviors, and light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities? Methods We classified time spent engaged at a primary job (sedentary or non-sedentary), sleep, and other non-work, non-sleep intensity-defined behaviors, specifically, sedentary behavior, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities. Age groups were defined by 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50–64 years. BMI groups were defined by 18.5–24.9, 25.0–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30.0–34.9, and ≥35.0 kg/m2. Logistic and linear regression were used to examine the association between BMI and employment in a sedentary occupation, considering time spent in sleep, other non-work time spent in sedentary behaviors, and light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities, sex, age race/ethnicity, and household income. Results The analysis data set comprised 4,092 non-pregnant, non-underweight individuals 20–64 years of age who also reported working more than 7 hours at their primary jobs on their designated time use reporting day. Logistic and linear regression analyses failed to reveal any associations between BMI and the sedentary/non-sedentary occupation dichotomy considering time spent in sleep, other non-work time spent in sedentary behaviors, and light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities, sex, age, race/ethnicity, and household income. Conclusions We found no evidence of a relationship between self-reported full time sedentary occupation classification and BMI after accounting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and household income and 24-hours of time use including non-work related physical activity and sedentary behaviors. The various sources of error associated with self-report methods and assignment of generalized activity and occupational intensity categories could compound to obscure any real relationships.
Fully-developed forced convection in rectangular ducts and illustrations of some general inequalities

New exact laminar convective temperature solutions for rectangular ducts with constant heat flux per unit length have been derived in uniform fashion for a variety of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Those with null Dirichlet boundary conditions satisfy the hypothesis of a general inequality theorem. Consequences of the theorem are shown for the velocity and thermal fields of rectangular and elliptical ducts, which provide rigorous bounds for intermediate contours.
Effects of Rotation on Jet Impingement Channel Heat Transfer

The effects of the Coriolis force and centrifugal buoyancy is investigated in rotating internal serpentine coolant channels in turbine blades. For complex flow in rotating channels, detailed measurements of the heat transfer over the channel surface will greatly enhance the blade designer’s ability to predict hot spots so coolant air may be distributed more effectively. The present study uses a novel transient liquid crystal technique to measure heat transfer in a rotating, radially outward channel with impingement jets. This is the beginning of a comprehensive study on rotational effects on jet impingement. A simple case with a single row of constant pitch impinging jets with crossflow effect is presented to demonstrate the novel liquid crystal technique and document the baseline effects for this type of geoemtry. The present study examines the differences in heat transfer distributions due to variations in jet Rotation number and jet orifice-to-target surface distance. Colder air below room temperature is passed through a room temperature test section to simulate the centrifugal buoyancy effect seen in a real engine environment. This ensures that buoyancy is acting in a similar direction as in actual turbine blades where walls are hotter than the coolant fluid. Three parameters were controlled in the testing: jet coolant-to-wall temperature ratio, average jet Reynolds number, and average jet Rotation number. Results show, like serpentine channels, the trailing side experiences an increase in heat transfer and the leading side experiences a decrease for all jet channel height to jet diameter ratios (H/dj ). At a jet channel height to jet diameter ratio of 1, the cross-flow from upstream spent jets greatly affects impingement heat transfer behavior in the channel.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Learning in oviposition site selection by Ceratitis capitata flies

Abstract Significant differences in propensity to attempt oviposition into various types of fruit were found among Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, from the same wild population. Evidence presented suggests repeated exposure to one host fruit type conditions females to that host, and influences female response to other hosts in future encounters. Reversibility of conditioning was also demonstrated. Learning to refuse a novel host type is indicated as being more important than learning to accept a familiar host type in medfly conditioning to hosts. RESUME Importance de l'apprentissage dans le choix du lieu de ponte par Ceratitis capitata Dans la meme population sauvage de C. capitata, on a observe des differences significatives dans la tendance a essayer de pondre dans divers types de fruits. Les faits rapportes suggerent qu'un apprentissage pendant la ponte sur un type de fruits conditionne la femelle a cet hote, et influe sur les reponses de la femelle a d'autres hotes lors de rencontres ulterieures.
A preliminary study of the oxygen and phosphate distribution in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract Observations in the eastern Mediterranean basin confirm Pollak's suggestion (1951) that the deep water there originates in the southern Adriatic Sea by the mixing of water masses under the influence of the prevailing winter wind. This water then sinks and flows along the bottom into the eastern Mediterranean, moving counter-clockwise. Such a flow is confirmed by the distribution of oxygen in the deep water of the entire eastern Mediterranean Sea. In the western Mediterranean a deep water mass is produced at the northern end of the Algiers-Provencal basin in winter and shows a similar spread toward the south. Oxygen and phosphate concentrations indicate a low level of biological productivity throughout the year except for localized inshore regions and in the enclosed bays. The concentration of nutrients in the western basin is about twice that of the eastern basin but it is still below the concentration of the neighbouring Atlantic.
Exploring the Predictors of Treatment Views of Private Correctional Staff: A Test of an Integrated Work Model

Rehabilitation is a salient goal in the field of corrections. Correctional staff need to be supportive of rehabilitation efforts in order for them to be effective. Past studies that have examined correctional staff support for rehabilitation have produced conflicting results. Most studies have focused on personal characteristics, including age, gender, job position, tenure, education, marital status, prior military service, and race. To expand the area of inquiry and assess potential antecedents of the work environment regarding correctional staff support for inmate rehabilitation, this study examined the impact of the integrative work environment (i.e., dangerousness of the job, role stress, supervision, job variety, work-on-family conflict, family-on-work conflict, integration, instrumental communication, input into decision-making, organizational fairness, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment) on staff attitudes toward the treatment of offenders while controlling for the personal characteris...
A best-match algorithm for broad-coverage example-based disambiguation

To improve the coverage of example-bases, two methods are introduced into the best-match algorithm. The first is for acquiring conjunctive relationships from corpora, as measures of word similarity that can be used in addition to thesauruses. The Second, used when a word does not appear in an example-base or a thesaurus, is for inferring links to words in the example-base by comparing the usage of the word in the text and that of words in the example-base.
SURVEILLANCE AND SPATIOTEMPORAL ASSOCIATIONS OF RABIES IN RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1985–1994

Between 1985 and 1994, 368 cases of rabies in rodents (95% of reports) and lagomorphs (5%) were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (USA), from 22 states. This was a 354% increase from the period 1971 to 1984. Most reports were cases of rabies in woodchucks (Marmota monax) (n = 317), primarily from the eastern United States, which has been recently experiencing an epizootic of raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies. Cases of rabies in woodchucks were temporally and spatially associated with reports of raccoon rabies. Antigenic or genetic characterization of variants of rabies viruses from rodents and woodchucks corresponded to the variants associated with the major terrestrial wildlife reservoir within the geographic region of specimen origin. Although rodents and lagomorphs are infrequently infected with rabies and human contact with these animals rarely requires postexposure treatment, appropriate health authorities need to evaluate individual circumstances surrounding potential exposures.
Preparation of a Homologous Series of Graphite Alkylamine Intercalation Compounds Including an Unusual Parallel Bilayer Intercalate Arrangement

New ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) containing Na+ and linear alkylamines (Na-Cx-GIC) are reported. The following new GICs with indicated stages and intercalate arrangements are obtained: stage 1, monolayer (C3, C4); stage 1, bilayer (C6, C8); and stage 2 bilayer (C12, C14). Two features new to donor-type GICs found are (i) an intercalate bilayer arrangement with guest alkyl chains parallel to encasing graphene layers, and (ii) the transition from an intercalate bilayer to monolayer arrangement upon evacuation for C6. Although there are many reports on the intercalation of short, medium, and long-chain alkylamines in layered hosts, this is the first example of a homologous compound series for GICs. The products obtained are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry.
Sources of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants in Europe: A Multi‐Level Analysis

In recent times, many nations are experiencing an increase in anti-immigrant attitudes on the part of natives. Most papers only explore one or two sources of anti-immigrant attitudes at a time, which provides an incomplete picture of the effects at work. This paper tests eight different explanations for anti-immigrant attitudes: cultural marginality theory, human capital theory, political affiliation, societal integration, neighborhood safety, contact theory, foreign investment, and economic competition. Analysis is conducted using combined data from the European Social Survey and Eurostat/OECD and individual-, regional-, and national-level predictors. Results indicate that key predictors of anti-immigrant attitudes are regional and national interpersonal trust, education level, foreign direct investment, and political variables.
Structure of 57Fe studied with 56Fe(d, p)57Fe reactions

Abstract 56 Fe ( d , p ) 57 Fe reactions have been studied with 10 MeV vector polarized deuterons over the angular range 15° ≦ θp ≦ 80°. Angular distributions of the vector analysing power and the differential cross section have been measured for reactions leading to levels in 57Fe. Distorted wave Born approximation calculations are compared to the measurements. The observed j-dependence of the vector analysing power results in eighteen new spin-parity assignments for levels in 57Fe. Spectroscopic factors are extracted from the differential cross-section measurements. The results are compared to the predictions of the single-particle shell model and to models including collective structure.
Structure-based discovery of low molecular weight compounds that stimulate neurite outgrowth and substitute for nerve growth factor

Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, was previously shown to protect neuronal cells against nutrient deprivation and to enhance neurite outgrowth. In an effort to identify small molecules with greater potency, the structure of olanzapine was used as a template to search commercially available chemical inventories for compounds with similar features. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect cells against glutamine deprivation and low-serum conditions. Positive compounds, 'hits' from initial screening, were then tested for stimulation of neurite outgrowth, alone and in combination with suboptimum concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF). Numerous neuroprotective compounds (mw < 550 Da) were identified that significantly stimulated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. These included 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole, a nuclear stain; staurosporine, an antibiotic and kinase inhibitor; and 2-phenylamino-adenosine, an adenosine analog. The small molecules were comparable with NGF, and in fact, replaced NGF in outgrowth assays. Pharmacophore analysis of the hits led to the design and synthesis of an active compound, LSU-D84, which represented an initial lead for drug discovery efforts.
Separation of the functions controlled by adenovirus 2 lp+ locus

Abstract The adenovirus lp+ locus is located within early region Elb (map position 4.5–11.2) and codes for a 19-kDa tumor antigen (175R). Genetic analysis of the viral mutants that map within this region indicates that the lp+ locus controls multiple functions in cell transformation and in productive viral infection. Viral mutants mapping within the lp+ locus produce wt-like cytopathic effect (cyt+) or a cytocidal (cyt) effect. Earlier results have shown that many of the viral mutants that produce cyt phenotype in infected cells are transformation defective. In the present studies we show that one of the cyt mutants, cyt 106 which has a single amino acid substitution at position 20 transforms the established rat embryo cell line, CREF, at somewhat reduced frequency. Nonetheless, the cyt106-transformed cells appear to be fully transformed when compared with Ad2 wild type transformed cells. Unlike most other cyt mutants, cyt 106 is dominant over Ad2 wild type in mixed infections as judged by the plaque morphology in infective center assays and by the cytopathic effect. The dominant nature of the mutation may contribute to the observed transformation characteristics. Earlier we have shown that a cytocidal mutant, d1250 is partially defective in viral DNA synthesis in human KB cells. Now we show that two other cyt mutants cyt 5 (with a chain termination mutation near the C terminus) and cyt 6 (with a single amino acid substitution at position 44) are also partially defective in viral DNA synthesis in human KB cells. In contrast to these mutants, mutant cyt 106 induces normal replication of viral DNA. The DNA replication defect in mutants cyt 5 and 6 can be complemented in trans in 293 cells that constitutively express the 175R T antigen. Our results also indicate that a domain of this protein around the 44th amino acid is important for efficient viral DNA synthesis in KB cells.
What Does Insulin Do to Ras

The Ras pathway lies in the center of signalling cascades of numerous growth-promoting factors. The Ras pathway appears to connect signalling events that begin at the plasma membrane with nuclear events. Insulin is one of the major stimulants of the Ras signalling pathway. The influence of insulin on this pathway consists of five important events: (1) p21Ras activation is promoted by insulin stimulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Sos, resulting in increased GTP-loading of p21Ras; (2) p21Ras deactivation involves the hyperphosphorylation of Sos; (3) insulin increases farnesyltransferase (FTase) activity that farnesylates p21Ras; (4) increased amounts of farnesylated p21Ras translocate to the plasma membrane where they can be activated by other growth-promoting agents; and (5) cellular responses to other growth factors are potentiated by insulin-stimulated pre-loading of the plasma membrane with farnesylated p21Ras.
Standard Method for Characterizing SERS Substrates

We present the methodology and results of a standard assessment protocol to evaluate disparate SERS substrates that were developed for the Defense Advanced Research Programs Agency (DARPA) SERS Science and Technology Fundamentals Program. The results presented are a snapshot of a collaborative effort between the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, and the US Army Research Laboratory-Aldelphi Laboratory Center to develop a quantitative analytical method with spectroscopic figures of merit to unambiguously compare the sensitivity and reproducibility of various SERS substrates submitted by the program participants. We present the design of a common assessment protocol and the definition of a SERS enhancement value (SEV) in order to effectively compare SERS active surfaces.
Comments on "Rapid motor adaptations to subliminal frequency shifts during syncopated rhythmic sensorimotor synchronization" by Michael H. Thaut and Gary P. Kenyon (Human Movement Science 22 [2003] 321-338).

Thaut and Kenyon [Human Movement Sci. 22 (2003) 321] have shown that, in a task requiring tapping in antiphase with a metronome, the response period adapts rapidly to a small (±2%) change in the stimulus period, whereas the relative phase between stimulus and response returns to its pre-change value only very gradually. On the basis of these and earlier findings, Thaut and Kenyon argue that period adaptation is rapid and subconscious, whereas phase adaptation is slow and dependent on awareness of a phase error. This interpretation is at variance with results in the literature suggesting that phase correction is rapid and subconscious, whereas period correction is slow and dependent on awareness of a period mismatch. Although differences in terminology (adaptation versus correction) play a role in this conflict, it primarily reflects different conceptions of sensorimotor synchronization and different interpretations of empirical findings. By excluding from their model a central timekeeper or oscillator with a flexible period, Thaut and Kenyon have omitted an essential component of human timing control that is needed for a proper explanation of their results.
Experiences of Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Protocol Review and Monitoring Committee (PRMC) Rotations in Hematology/Oncology Training

Background. Trainees in hematology oncology need to learn development and regulation of clinical research protocols. Methods. We hypothesized that rotation on the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Protocol Review and Monitor Committee (PRMC) at our university could improve fellows’ understanding of clinical trial development and regulation. Results. Since 1999, 20 fellows in our training program have rotated through either IRB or PRMC for 3 months. We evaluated their experiences by anonymous questionnaire with 13 quantitative, 1 yes-or-no, and 4 open-ended questions and correlated responses to their demographic characteristics. Conclusions. We report here these fellow’s experiences in attending these meetings. We also describe other benefits of IRB/PRMC participation in training fellows, and finally propose to other fellowship programs to consider this educational approach as a way of enhancing hematology/oncology training
Thyroid hormone induction of an autocrine growth factor secreted by pituitary tumor cells

Thyroid hormones stimulate the rate of cell division by poorly understood mechanisms. The possibility that thyroid hormones increase cell growth by stimulating secretion of a growth factor was investigated. Thyroid hormones are nearly an absolute requirement for the division of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells plated at low density. Conditioned media from cells grown with or without L-triiodothyronine (T3) were treated with an ion exchange resin to remove T3 and were tested for ability to stimulate the division of GH4C1 cells. Conditioned medium from T3-treated cells was as active as thyroid hormone at promoting GH4C1 cell growth but did not elicit other thyroid hormone responses, induction of growth hormone, and down-regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors, as effectively as T3 did. A substance or substances associated with T3-induced growth stimulatory activity migrated at high molecular weight at neutral pH and was different from known growth-promoting hormones induced by T3. The results demonstrate that thyroid hormones stimulate the division of GH4C1 pituitary cells by stimulating the secretion of an autocrine growth factor.
The effect of "superactive" charcoal and magnesium citrate solution on blood ethanol concentrations and area under the curve in humans.

AbstractEleven healthy males between 21 and 37 years of age were enrolled into a non-randomized crossover study comparing superactive charcoal (SAC) given after ethanol administration. After receiving 0.6 gm/kg ethanol orally (95% V/V diluted in orange juice), blood was sampled at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 hours. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and the highest ethanol level was recorded. After a minimum of 1 week washout, the volunteers ingested an identical ethanol dose but in addition received 60 grams of SAC and 300 ml of 5.8% magnesium citrate solution 1 and 3 hours post ingestion. The data was compared using the paired t-test with p < 0.05 considered significant.Nine volunteers completed the study. Volunteers had difficulty ingesting the full second 60 gram SAC dose. The AUC (mean 1184 mcg x hr/ml) and highest ethanol concentrations (mean 46.3 mg/dl) for the control group were not significantly greater than in the SAC group (mean AUC 1167 mcg x hr/ml and highest ethanol concentrat...
Turbulent Time Correlations and Generation of Acoustic Waves by Stellar or Solar Turbulent Convection

This paper considers the question of whether Eulerian or Lagrangian time correlations should be used to evaluate sound radiation by turbulent convection. Whereas previous analyses have either explicitly or implicitly used Lagrangian correlations, this paper argues in favor of Eulerian correlations. The physics of turbulent time correlations is briefly reviewed, and the implications of using Eulerian instead of Lagrangian correlations in sound-radiation calculations are discussed. The assumption made about time correlations alters the frequency distribution of the radiated sound; assuming Eulerian time correlations results in a more shallow acoustic power spectrum and consequently greater relative weighting of higher frequencies. The consequences of assuming Bolgiano scaling of buoyancy-generated turbulence are also discussed.
Propagation of Small-Area Pulses of Coherent Light through a Resonant Medium

This article presents a study of the propagation of small-area pulses of coherent light through matter. It is found that the small-area pulses exactly obey an area theorem which, in the case of an attenuating medium, requires that the pulse area decay to zero exponentially with increasing distance of propagation. This, however, does not necessarily imply that the pulse energy decays exponentially. Instead, it is found that pulses of duration comparable to or shorter than the transverse relaxation time of the medium ${T}_{2}$ (including both homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening) propagate with low energy loss. The results are explained in terms of simple physical arguments which indicate that the pulse envelope should oscillate between positive and negative values, causing the area to decrease without a comparable decrease in the pulse energy. Analytic solutions are presented for the case of a pulse whose envelope varies as ${t}^{k}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}t}$ for $tg0$, a rectangular pulse, an ultrashort pulse (i.e., pulse width much less than ${T}_{2}$), and the leading portion of a step-function pulse. The propagation of a small-area Gaussian pulse is studied numerically.
Secreted Frizzled-related protein-2 (sFRP2) augments canonical Wnt3a-induced signaling

Secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRP) are involved in embryonic development as well as pathological conditions including bone and myocardial disorders and cancer. Because of their sequence homology with the Wnt-binding domain of Frizzled, they have generally been considered antagonists of canonical Wnt signaling. However, additional activities of various sFRPs including both synergism and mimicry of Wnt signaling as well as functions other than modulation of Wnt signaling have been reported. Using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293A), we found that sFRP2 enhanced Wnt3a-dependent phosphorylation of LRP6 as well as both cytosolic β-catenin levels and its nuclear translocation. While addition of recombinant sFRP2 had no activity by itself, Top/Fop luciferase reporter assays showed a dose-dependent increase of Wnt3a-mediated transcriptional activity. sFRP2 enhancement of Wnt3a signaling was abolished by treatment with the Wnt antagonist, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). Wnt-signaling pathway qPCR arrays showed that sFRP2 enhanced the Wnt3a-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of several genes regulated by Wnt3a including its antagonists, DKK1, and Naked cuticle-1 homolog (NKD1). These results support sFRP2's role as an enhancer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a result with biological impact for both normal development and diverse pathologies such as tumorigenesis.
Magnetic-Field-Induced Lattice Anomaly inside the Superconducting State of CeCoIn 5 : Anisotropic Evidence of the Possible Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State

We report high magnetic field linear magnetostriction experiments on ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ single crystals. Two features are remarkable: (i) a sharp discontinuity in all the crystallographic axes associated with the upper superconducting critical field ${B}_{c2}$ that becomes less pronounced as the temperature increases and (ii) a distinctive second orderlike feature observed only along the $c$ axis in the high field ($10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{\lesssim}B\ensuremath{\le}{B}_{c2}$) low temperature ($T\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$) region. This second order transition is observed only when the magnetic field lies within 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of the $ab$ planes and there is no signature of it above ${B}_{c2}$, which raises questions regarding its interpretation as a field induced magnetically ordered phase. Good agreement with previous results suggests that this anomaly is related to the transition to a possible Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov superconducting state.
Clinicopathologic factors and patient perceptions associated with surgical breast-conserving treatment

Background: Clinical studies have shown equivalent survival rates between breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy in early breast cancer; however, rates for BCS remain low. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the prevalence of BCS in a regional medical center, (b) clinicopathologic factors associated with BCS, and (c) patient perceptions of the treatment decision-making process.
Cerebellar involvement in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma: Demonstration by computerized tomographic scanning

Central nervous system involvement outside the hypothalamus or pituitary in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma (MEG) is unusual. Eleven patients with MEG have been examined with cranial computerized axial tomograms (CT). Four patients with moderate to severe cerebellar dysfunction, 3 of whom had no detectable lesions by other neuroradiological techniques, were found to have cerebellar abnormalities. All of the remaining 7 patients with normal neurological examinations had normal CT scans. Computerized axial tomography is a useful technique in the evaluation of patients with MEG and neurological impairment.
Understanding Glioblastoma Tumor Biology: The Potential to Improve Current Diagnosis and Treatments

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant brain cancer characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, diffuse infiltration, a tendency for necrosis, significant angiogenesis, intense resistance to apoptosis, and widespread genomic aberrations. Prognosis is poor and treatments are largely palliative, although there are subsets of patients that have prolonged survival. Greater understanding of the tumor biology of GBM has been achieved in the past decade, leading to the prospect of novel targeted therapies and biomarker-based individualization of therapy. The goal of this review is to describe the tumor biology and pathologic features of GBM, guidelines for classification and diagnosis, the current status of prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and the role of the blood-brain barrier in delivering therapy for GBM.
Spectral Imaging With Scattered Light: From Early Cancer Detection to Cell Biology

This paper reports the evolution of scanning spectral imaging techniques using scattered light for minimally invasive detection of early cancerous changes in tissue and cell biology applications. Optical spectroscopic techniques have shown promising results in the diagnosis of disease on a cellular scale. They do not require tissue removal, can be performed in vivo, and allow for real-time diagnoses. Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are most effective in revealing molecular properties of tissue. Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) relates the spectroscopic properties of light elastically scattered by small particles, such as epithelial cell nuclei and organelles, to their size, shape, and refractive index. It is capable of characterizing the structural properties of tissue on cellular and subcellular scales. However, in order to be useful in the detection of early cancerous changes that are otherwise not visible to the naked eye, it must rapidly survey a comparatively large area while simultaneously detecting these cellular changes. Both goals are achieved by combining LSS with spatial scanning imaging. Two examples are described in this paper. The first reviews a clinical system for screening patients with Barrett's esophagus. The second presents a novel advancement in confocal light absorption and scattering spectroscopic microscopy.
The reverse mirage effect: catching the thermal wave at the solid/liquid interface

One very promising technique for avoiding the liquid opacity problem in FTIR mirage detection at the solid-liquid interface is the application of an experimental geometry (Fig. 1) different from the conventional front surface illumination mode.[1] In this variant of the method, which we will refer to as the “reverse” mirage effect, the IR beam passes through a transparent solid first and then is absorbed by the liquid deflection medium or by other species at the solid-liquid interface.[2] The probe beam passes through the liquid and grazes the lower surface of the solid (presuming upper surface illumination). The downward deflection of the probe beam resulting from the absorption of modulated infrared radiation transmitted by the solid and absorbed by the liquid or other chromophoric species at or near the solid-liquid interface is the photothermal signal (detected, as in the conventional experiment, by a silicon diode position detector). Thus, the liquid need only be transparent to the probe beam for a photothermal signal to be observed. This technique seems ideally suited to infrared detection and characterization of species which may be electrogenerated or otherwise located or generated at a solid-liquid interface, especially if the solid phase is a semiconductor such as silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide.
Evidence for a hepatic transport system not responsive to glucagon or theophylline.

Summary In experiments designed to examine which transport systems are responsive to the adenine cyclase system, young rats received isotopically labeled, non-metabolizable amino acid analogs, selected for specificity to known transport systems. After allowing 38 hr for the amino acid to be distributed, glucagon or theophylline were injected intraperitoneally. Two amino acids typically reactive with a Na + -dependent transport system for neutral amino acids, and one with a system for cationic amino acids, showed sharply elevated hepatic levels, relative to the plasma. Levels for the first group also rose in the diaphragm. A model amino acid typically reactive with a Na + -insensitive transport system underwent no change in its distribution during 2 to 6 hr.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Proliferation of Human Mo7e Leukemic Cells Occurs via Activation of Nuclear Factor κB Transcription Factor *

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulates proliferation of Mo7e, CMK, HU-3, and M-MOK human leukemic cell lines. We report here the signal transduction pathway involved in TNF-α-induced Mo7e cell proliferation. Mo7e cells spontaneously die in the absence of growth factors, but treating the cells with interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, thrombopoietin, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or TNF-α promotes their survival and proliferation. Although most of these factors activate MAP kinase and Jun NH2-terminal kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription signaling pathways, TNF-α fails to activate either pathway. When Mo7e cells were treated with TNF-α, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was activated transiently. The activated NF-κB consisted of heterodimers of p65 and p50 subunits. The degradation of IκBα coincided with activation of NF-κB in TNF-α-treated cells. To investigate the role of activated NF-κB in TNF-α-induced Mo7e proliferation, a cell-permeable peptide (SN50) carrying the nuclear localization sequence of p50 NF-κB was used to block nuclear translocation of activated NF-κB. Pretreating Mo7e cells with SN50 blocked TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and inhibited TNF-α-induced Mo7e cell survival and proliferation. A mutant SN50 peptide did not affect TNF-α-induced Mo7e cell growth. SN50 had no effects on IL-3- or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced Mo7e cell proliferation. The results indicate that activation of NF-κB is involved in TNF-α-induced Mo7e cell survival and proliferation.
Subband analysis of images

In this paper, an efficient parallel structure using the multirate techniques is introduced for the analysis of images by the methods of moments. The basic idea of the proposed method is to pass the original image through a bank of bandpass filters which split the image into a set of subband signals. These are lowpass translated by down-sampling resulting in a set of sub-images of lower dimensions, which are then analyzed separately using the method of moments. In image analysis using the method of moments, the major time-consuming task is the computation of the moments. Moreover, it is hard to reconstruct the detail of images from the moments since only moments of higher orders carry the fine detail of an image and they are vulnerable to white noise, such as the quantization noise. With the proposed technique, the computation time is reduced due to the parallel structure, the computational complexity is reduced by using only the dominant subimage in most applications and the fine detail of the image if necessary can be provided by the moments of upper-band subimages.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.