cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time changes in the strength of forward and backward associations

Two paired-associate experiments concerned with extinction and recovery studied MMFR after 0 and 24-hour retention intervals. With the A-B, A-C paradigm, Exp. F examined the forward association, while Exp. B examined the backward association with the A-B, C-B paradigm. After MMFR, Ss undertook stimulusresponse matching. While both experiments showed unlearning, there was no evidence in either experiment for List 1 absolute recovery. Contrary to the notion that associations are symmetrical, difficult List-1 items were unlearned more readily than easy items in Exp. F but not in Exp. B. Matching was essentially perfect for all conditions, except that List 1 dropped at 24 hours in Exp. B. Since unlearning disappeared when the responses were supplied, it appeared that unlearning was due to a loss of response availability.
The diagnosis and management of vulvar cancer

Abstract Cancer of the vulva is a relatively rare neoplasm accounting for approximately 4% of all gynecologic malignancies and less than 1% of all cancers in women. The most common histologic type is squamous-cell carcinoma, which represents 80% to 90% of all vulvar cancers. Most women present with vulvar pruritis and a recognizable lesion. Modern optimal management of squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva includes careful consideration of less radical surgery for early-stage disease, the use of plastic reconstructive techniques for large surgical defects, and the incorporation of radiation therapy into the treatment regimen of locoregionally advanced disease. By taking a more individualized treatment approach, physical and psychological morbidity has been significantly decreased without compromising overall survival. The single most important factor influencing survival is lymph node status. Overall, the 5-year survival rate for patients with positive lymph nodes is 30–40% less than for patients with negative nodes. Better treatment options are needed for patients with nodal metastases. Multimodality therapy that incorporates radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery has demonstrated encouraging results in the treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer and appears to be the most promising area of investigation in the management of node-positive patients. The prognosis for patients with distant metastases is dismal and points to the need for the development of effective systemic therapy.
Phosphorus Management for Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation of Reclaimed Water

Irrigation reuse of municipal effluents conserves freshwater resources and avoids direct nutrient discharges to surface waters. The sustainability of agricultural reuse programs, however, may be challenged by evolving phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management policies. This paper assesses the agricultural and environmental implications of soil P accumulation from effluent irrigation and discusses sustainability under guidelines to control P export in agricultural runoff and drainage. For typical regulatory maximum irrigation rates (5.1 cm wk-1), secondary effluents containing 3–4 mg P L-1 provide ∼90 kg P ha-1 yr-1 and cause soil P enrichment beyond levels needed for optimum crop yields. Applied P potentially falls short of crop needs for advanced wastewater treatment processes with low (<0.5 mg L-1) effluent P or where hydraulic rates are restricted by soil, climatic, or regulatory conditions. Except for some locations where well-drained low P-retention soils overlie shallow groundwater, effluent-irri...
Major Sources of Benzene Exposure

Data from EPA's TEAM Study allow us to identify the major sources of exposure to benzene for much of the U.S. population. These sources turn out to be quite different from what had previously been considered the important sources. The most important source of exposure for 50 million smokers is the mainstream smoke from their cigarettes, which accounts for about half of the total population burden of exposure to benzene. Another 20% of nationwide exposure is contributed by various personal activities, such as driving and using attached garages. (Emissions from consumer products, building materials, paints, and adhesives may also be important, although data are largely lacking.) The traditional sources of atmospheric emissions (auto exhaust and industrial emissions) account for only about 20% of total exposure. Environmental tobacco smoke is an important source, accounting for about 5% of total nationwide exposure. A number of sources sometimes considered important, such as petroleum refining operations, petrochemical manufacturing, oil storage tanks, urban-industrial areas, service stations, certain foods, groundwater contamination, and underground gasoline leaks, appear to be unimportant on a nationwide basis.
Association of the face fly, Musca autumnalis, with bison in western North America.

Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae) was noted as a pest of bison at the National Bison Range, Moiese, Mont., in 1966 and 1967, where flies occurred also around the eyes of deer, antelope, and horses. In 1967 adults were reared and the immature stages were collected from bison droppings obtained at the Range. Adults first were collected in 1967 from 4 widely scattered localities (from 6500 to 9245 ft) and several different habitats within Yellowstone National Park in Montana and Wyoming. Flies also were reared from and seen on cattle and their droppings near Gardiner, Mont. (5300 ft), for the first time in 1967. In 1967, 9 range bison at the Range exhibited eye disorders, ranging from discoloration to eyeball eruption (blindness). Such eye problems had not previously been observed in these animals. The difficulties inherent in managing these animals make it impossible to deal with eye disorders in bison as can be done with domesticated stock. The success of M. autumnalis in the absence of regular insecticide treatments of animals and its present and potential role as a pest of various big game animals in wildlife areas is discussed, as well as the prospect of reservoir populations of flies able to disperse out of wildlife areas into surrounding agricultural areas.
Conformational control of enolate geometry: a short synthesis of germacrene-D

Abstract A synthesis of (±)-germacrene-D is reported that employs a site- and stereoselective enolization of a conformationally biased ten-membered ring ketone.
Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor

Low-stringency hybridization with human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) complementary DNA was used to isolate a new gene encoding a predicted 107-kilodalton polypeptide. Expression studies demonstrate its ability to bind aldosterone with high affinity and to activate gene transcription in response to aldosterone, thus establishing its identity as the human mineralocorticoid receptor (hMR). This molecule also shows high affinity for glucocorticoids and stimulates a glucocorticoid-responsive promoter. Together the hMR and hGR provide unexpected functional diversity in which hormone-binding properties, target gene interactions, and patterns of tissue-specific expression may be used in a combinatorial fashion to achieve complex physiologic control.
Correlation between chemotype-dependent binding conformations of HSP90α/β and isoform selectivity-Implications for the structure-based design of HSP90α/β selective inhibitors for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract HSP90 continues to be a target of interest for neurodegeneration indications. Selective knockdown of the HSP90 cytosolic isoforms α and β is sufficient to reduce mutant huntingtin protein levels in vitro. Chemotype-dependent binding conformations of HSP90α/β appear to strongly influence isoform selectivity. The rational design of HSP90α/β inhibitors selective versus the mitochondrial (TRAP1) and endoplasmic reticulum (GRP94) isoforms offers a potential mitigating strategy for mechanism-based toxicities. Better tolerated HSP90 inhibitors would be attractive for targeting chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease.
STABILITY OF BROCARD POINTS OF POLYGONS

A continuous nested sequence of similar triangles converging to the Brocard point of a given triangle is investigated. All these triangles have the same Brocard point. For polygons, the Brocard point need not exist, but there is always a limit object for an analogously deflned nested sequence of inner polygons. This limit object is a Brocard point if and only if the inner polygons are all similar to the original polygon. The similarity of two distinct inner polygons already su-ces. In that case, all the inner polygons have the same Brocard point.
Rituximab therapy for severe refractory chronic Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

To report on the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) therapy in standard treatment-refractory, chronic Henoch-Schonlein purpura, a retrospective chart review of 3 pediatric patients treated with RTX for severe refractory chronic Henoch-Schonlein purpura was performed. All 3 patients responded to 1 or 2 courses of RTX without serious adverse events.
Dose‐ranging evaluation of bumetanide pharmacodynamics in critically ill infants

Objectives Determine the diuretic effects of single intravenous doses of bumetanide in volume-overloaded critically ill infants. Methods A prospective, open-label study was carried out in 56 infants aged 0 to 6 months who required diuretic therapy. Each patient received a single intravenous dose of bumetanide. Doses selected in sequential order ranged from 0.005 to 0.10 mg/kg. Determinations of urine volume, electrolytes, creatinine levels, and osmolality were performed before (collected from −2 to −4 hours to time 0) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours after bumetanide dosing. Serum samples collected at time 0 and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes and urine aliquots collected at time 0, 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 12 hours were analyzed for bumetanide concentration. Individual changes in urine flow rate and electrolyte excretion were plotted against corresponding bumetanide excretion rates, taken as the effective dose of the drug. Results Peak bumetanide excretion rates increased linearly with increasing doses of drug. Time course patterns for urine flow rate and electrolyte excretion were similar for all dosage groups. Urine flow rate and electrolyte excretion increased linearly up to a bumetanide excretion rate of approximately 7 μg/kg/hr and either plateaued (urine flow rate) or declined at a bumetanide excretion rate of > 10 μg/kg/hr. Diuretic efficiency of bumetanide was maximal at doses of 0.005 to 0.010 mg/kg but decreased at higher doses. Conclusions Maximal diuretic responses occurred at a bumetanide excretion rate of about 7 μg/kg/hr, corresponding to doses of 0.035 to 0.040 mg/kg. Higher doses produced a proportionately higher bumetanide excretion rate but no increased diuretic effect. Lower doses of bumetanide had the greatest diuretic efficiency, suggesting that continuous infusion of low doses of bumetanide or intermittent low-dose boluses may produce optimal diuretic responses in critically ill infants. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 60, 424–434; doi:
The Photoelectric Properties of Thoroughly Outgassed Platinum

Effect of heat treatment on the photo-currents from Pt.---The total photoelectric emission from a strip of Pt foil excited by the full radiation from a quartz mercury arc was studied while the strip was put through an extended heat treatment in pressures as low as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ mm Hg as read on an ionization gauge. Prolonged heating at 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-1400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C caused the photo-current to decrease to a final value which could not be further reduced by additional heating for as long as 300 hours at temperatures up to the melting point. The photo-current was found to increase spontaneously from the low values observed immediately after a heating interval to much higher values if the strip was allowed to remain at room temperature for a short time. After thorough outgassing of the strip and the tube however this "recovery" effect finally disappeared.Effect of heat treatment on the long wave-length limit of Pt.---The long wave-length limit was determined by using filters of dilute acetic acid in a fluorite cell to cut out the shorter Hg lines. The threshold was found to shift during outgassing from above 2500A to a final steady value of 1958\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15A. This is at variance with Suhrmann's value of 2675A but is shown to be in agreement with the work of Tucker and Woodruff. Pressure readings taken with an ionization gauge of high sensitivity confirm the conclusions (a) that decreasing photo-currents are caused by the evolution of absorbed gases, (b) that increasing photo-currents (recovery effect) are due to the adsorption of gas by the cool Pt surface, and (c) that the final low values of the photoemission are characteristic of the gas-free Pt. Heating an outgassed strip in air at 0.015 mm pressure caused the photo-currents to disappear; heating in hydrogen at the same pressure caused them to increase. They were brought back to values characteristic of the completely outgassed state in each case by heating for 30 sec. at a pressure of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ mm.Influence of temperature on the photo-emission from Pt.---The photoelectric effect of Pt is found to be independent of the temperature only in the region below 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At higher temperatures up to 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the photocurrents increase considerably with temperature and the threshold shifts slightly to the red. Several explanations of the effect were tested and are discussed, the conclusion being that it is a genuine temperature effect characteristic of the metal itself and due to the increase in the thermal energies of the "free" electrons which may become appreciable at the higher temperatures.
A moving domain formulation for modeling two dimensional open channel transient flows

Numerically solving the two dimensional open channel flow equations over large spatial domains coupled with long time periods using an explicit finite difference scheme is constrained by the required computational time. To overcome this limitation, in this paper the effect of using a moving boundary algorithm on both the accuracy of the transient solution and on the associated computational savings is investigated. While all the reported studies that relate to solving the two dimensional shallow water open channel flows have used fixed domain boundaries, this work differs from them in that the location of the domain boundaries is a function of the time period. The theory underlying the Eulerian school of thought is used for identifying the coordinates of the domain boundaries. The results indicate that for simulations in which the transient solution is required, the present approach can accelerate the solution with out affecting its accuracy.
Interrater and intrarater reliability in the evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency within a single institution.

Objective To explore the interrater and intrarater reliability in nasoendoscopic assessment of velopharyngeal (VP) function using the standardized reporting method described by Golding-Kushner within a single institution. Design Prospective blinded study. Setting Academic, tertiary care, pediatric hospital. Participants Six health care providers (2 pediatric otolaryngology faculty members, 2 pediatric otolaryngology fellows, and 2 speech pathologists) independently rated 50 videotaped nasoendoscopy segments twice. The segments on the videotape were obtained in a clinical setting. Main Outcome Measures The Golding-Kushner rating system was used to rate VP function. Raters described VP closure quantitatively by rating palatal and lateral pharyngeal wall movement for each segment. They also qualitatively described characteristics of the VP gap, rated gap size as none, small, medium, or large, and estimated the percentage gap size relative to the resting position. Reliability coefficients were calculated for the data sets. Results Fairly good interrater and intrarater reliability was seen in the quantitative measures. Faculty otolaryngologists rated segments more similarly to each other than did pediatric otolaryngology fellows, but intrarater reliability was similar for both the experienced and less experienced otolaryngologists. Less consistency was seen in the ratings of the speech pathologists. Raters tended to rate with less consistency when describing qualitative characteristics of the VP gap than when making quantitative measurements. Conclusions The Golding-Kushner scale is a reasonably reliable tool for reporting nasoendoscopic findings at our institution. However, these data also indicate that there exists room for improvement and that rater training may increase reliability.
ARMA MODELS WITH ARCH ERRORS

Abstract. This paper considers the class of ARMA models with ARCH errors. Maximum Likelihood and Least Squares estimates of the parameters of the model and their covariance matrices are noted and incorporated into techniques for model building based upon the application of the usual Box-Jenkins methodology of identification, estimation and diagnostic checking to the ARMA equation, the ARCH equation, and the full model. The techniques are applied to 16 U.S. macroeconomic time series and it is seen that in many of the series, models from this class can be constructed.
Maximizing test validity by item selection

The exact condition for discardingk items from a test in order to obtain a residual test with higher validity is derived. A proof that validity always increases is given for the casek=1. The lack of uniqueness of maximum validity when achieved by use of the condition is discussed. With the use of additional restrictions on items to be included in the initial test, a practical test construction procedure which has several advantages over previous methods is developed. The homogeneity of tests constructed by the method is discussed, and applications are given.
The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program

The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) is a multidisciplinary program established to provide timely environmental information for decisions on offshore oil and gas development. One of OCSEAP's primary tasks is to provide information on the transport of pollutants in the marine environment. OCSEAP's science program is reviewed in relation to this task. Utilization of OCSEAP's extensive physical oceanographic data base to develop numerical models for calculation of spilled oil trajectories is discussed. Present and planned physical oceanographic studies and their goals are described.
Observation of Direct Sulfenium and Selenenium Group Transfer from Thiiranium and Seleniranium Ions to Alkenes

Sulfenium and selenenium ions undergo a stereospecific transfer from the corresponding three-membered ring species ("-iranium ions") to unactivated alkenes with varying facility. The thiiranium and seleniranium hexafluoroantimonates could be generated by treatment of the corresponding chloro sulfides or selenides with silver hexafluoroantimonate, followed by removal of the silver chloride by filtration. Clean (1)H, (13)C, and (77)Se NMR spectra could be recorded for these species. Treatment of the S-phenylthiiranium ion with an alkene leads to a slow transfer of the sulfenium group at 0 degrees C. However, the S-methylthiiranium ion did not transfer the sulfenium group, even at room temperature. On the other hand, both the Se-phenyl- and Se-butylseleniranium ions transferred the selenenium moiety instantaneously at -70 degrees C. By measuring the equilibrium position for these transfers from both directions, the relative stability of the 1-phenylseleniranium ions could be established: cis-tetramethylene < trans-2,3-dipropyl approximately trans-2,3-diisopropyl < cis-hexamethylene.
Putting Memory Into Circuit Elements: Memristors, Memcapacitors, and Meminductors [Point of View]

The memdevices we have defined open up a whole new world of possibilities in electronics and provide us with new tools to study old scientific problems from a new perspective. Due to their recent introduction, it is difficult to say what new applications will be found and which course the field will take from here. Irrespective, we believe the time is ripe for new and exciting innovations in electronics and hope our work will motivate more experimental and theoretical investigations in this direction.
Uncoupling protein-2 and cancer

Cancer cells respond to unfavorable microenvironments such as nutrient limitation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and host defense by comprehensive metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondria are linked to this complex adaptive response and emerging evidence indicates that uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane anion carrier, may contribute to this process. Effects of UCP2 on mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, and oxidant production in cancer cells may modulate molecular pathways of macromolecular biosynthesis, antioxidant defense, apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, enhancing robustness and promoting chemoresistance. Elucidation of these interactions may identify novel anti-cancer strategies.
Biological potency of synthetic somatostatin in the oxidized and reduced form on the inhibition of secretion of growth hormone.

Abstract The reduced and oxidized forms of synthetic somatostatin are equipotent to inhibit the secretion of immunoreactive growth hormone when tested in vitro and in vivo by intravenous administration. The reduced peptide has approximately half the potency and twice the duration of biological activity of the oxidized form when both are administered subcutaneously.
Pedigree Pedigree Background Changes in U.S. Hybrid Maize between 1980 and 2004

Monitoring genetic diversity helps determine whether plant breeders are successful at maintaining germplasm resources sufficient to provide a continued basis for genetic gain and to avoid vulnerabilities potentially associated with a narrowing genetic base. This study used pedigree data of public and proprietary maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and sets of Pioneer brand hybrids that were cultivated widely during the period 1980 to 2004 to report on changes in genetic diversity. Pedigree backgrounds for a set of inbred lines bred by different proprietary programs were more diverse (42 founders) than a set of publicly bred inbred lines that were widely used in 1980 (30 founders). Pedigrees of Pioneer hybrids traced to 82 founders. Most of the pedigree backgrounds were contributed collectively by 25 to 50% of the founders. Germplasm was associated into three groups: (i) older public lines, newer proprietary inbreds, and two sets of later maturity Pioneer hybrids (ii) other later maturity Pioneer hybrids and earlier maturity Pioneer hybrids used in 1980 to 1981; and (iii) remaining early maturity Pioneer hybrids. Differences in proportions of founders already present in U.S. maize germplasm, notably Reid Yellow Dent, lodent, SMPRS5, Minnesota 13, and Leaming, contributed most as usage changed from older public lines to increased usage of proprietary lines during 1980 to 2004. Changes for Pioneer hybrids involved generally small percentages for several founders, although changes for Reid and lodent were greater. Future genetic gains are dependent on the deployment of useful genetic diversity. Regular assays of hybrid genetic diversity using molecular markers are recommended.
Revising the Paths of Discovery

Charles Hudson Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. Joyce Rockwood Hudson Looking for De Soto: A Search Through the South for the Spaniard's Trail. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1993. Patricia Galloway (ed.) The Herando De Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "Discovery" in the Southeast. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint (eds.) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: the 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997. Enrique Pupo-Walker (ed.) Castaways: The Narrative of Alvar Niuniez Cabeza de Vaca. Translated by Frances M. Lopez-MorillasBerkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Heat capacity of copper on the ITS-90 temperature scale using adiabatic calorimetry

Abstract The molar heat capacity of copper has been measured between T = (6 and 400) K using an adiabatic calorimeter and thermometry calibrated on ITS-90. Our results are in good agreement with the measurements of Martin [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58 (1987) 639] and Robie et al. [J. Res. US Geol. Survery 4 (1976) 631], made on the IPTS-68 temperature scale. The agreement is generally within 0.1% between 100 ⩽ (T/K) ⩽ 300 and increases to 0.5% below T = 100 K. However, when our results are compared to compilations of older data (taken before 1966), including the molar heat capacity values recommended by the CODATA Task Group on Thermophysical Properties, there are differences of up to 1% in the range 20 ⩽ (T/K) ⩽ 400. We concur with the conclusion of Martin that the CODATA results are in error below T = 300 K, and we conclude that the error extends to 400 K. The paper also includes a description of the instrumentation and procedures used to obtain the measurements in the Boerio-Goates laboratory.
Advanced manufacturing and new directions for competitive strategy

Abstract This study examines the potential contributions that advanced manufacturing can make to the competitive strategy of the firm. Porter's framework for describing generic competitive strategies in terms of low-cost leadership, differentiation, and focus is a useful way to begin looking at this linkage, and several cases of successful implementation of advanced manufacturing in U.S. companies are examined in this light. A closer examination of these cases and a deeper understanding of how companies are actually competing, however, lead to some new directions proposed for further thinking regarding advanced manufacturing and competitive strategy: i.e., dangers of differentiation and the advantages of pursuing low-cost leadership at increasingly higher levels of customer acceptability; opportunities available in focusing on customer valued complexity, which takes advantage of the strengths of computer and information technology; multiple niche competition as an addition to Porter's competitive scope situations, the potential for economies of scope, the synergy between economies of scale and scope, and the simultaneous achievement of both low cost and differentiation; and finally advanced manufacturing competing as a service business.
Evaluating an employee wellness program

What criteria should be used to evaluate the impact of a new employee wellness program when the initial vendor contract expires? Published academic literature focuses on return-on-investment as the gold standard for wellness program evaluation, and a recent meta-analysis concludes that wellness programs can generate net savings after one or two years. In contrast, surveys indicate that fewer than half of these programs report net savings, and actuarial analysts argue that return-on-investment is an unrealistic metric for evaluating new programs. These analysts argue that evaluation of new programs should focus on contract management issues, such as the vendor's ability to: (i) recruit employees to participate and (ii) induce behavior change. We compute difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimates of the impact of a wellness program implemented by a mid-sized employer. The analysis includes one year of pre-implementation data and three years of post-implementation data. We find that the program successfully recruited a broad spectrum of employees to participate, and it successfully induced short-term behavior change, as manifested by increased preventive screening. However, the effects on health care expenditures are positive (but insignificant). If it is unrealistic to expect new programs to significantly reduce healthcare costs in a few years, then focusing on return-on-investment as the gold standard metric may lead to early termination of potentially useful wellness programs. Focusing short-term analysis of new programs on short-term measures may provide a more realistic evaluation strategy.
Evaluation of an approach to choosing a left double-lumen tube size based on chest computed tomographic scan measurement of left mainstem bronchial diameter.

Abstract Objective: Evaluation of an approach to choosing left double-lumen tube size based on chest computed tomographic (CT) scan measurement of left bronchial diameter. Design: Prospective. Setting: The operating rooms of a university hospital. Participants: Patients scheduled for elective thoracic surgery. Interventions: Patients had their left bronchial diameter measured on the preoperative chest CT scan. Left doublelumen tube size for the individual patient was chosen from a protocol based on left bronchial diameter. Measurements and Main Results: The double-lumen tube size was considered appropriate for the patient if some air leak was detected when the bronchial cuff was deflated and if airtight seal of the left bronchus was obtained with a bronchial cuff volume of 2 mL or less. In 17 of 20 patients, the double-lumen tube size fulfilled both criteria. In 3 women with left bronchi measuring 10mm or less, the bronchus was sealed without any air in the bronchial cuff of size 35 Fr left double-lumen tubes. In 1 patient, who was excluded from the study, the double-lumen tube size was chosen based on measurement of the left bronchial diameter on chest radiograph because of motion artifact on the chest CT scan. Conclusions: Chest CT scan measurement of left bronchial diameter can successfully guide the choice of left doublelumen tube size for an individual patient. In individuals with a small left bronchus measuring less than 10.0 mm in diameter, currently available adult double-lumen tube sizes will tightly wedge in their bronchus.
Ultrasound identification of lateral ventricular asymmetry in the human neonate

Sonography was used to investigate left-right asymmetries of the brain in 66 human neonates with gestational ages of 28-44 wk. The body of the left lateral ventricle was larger than the right in 21 infants (31.8%), whereas the right was larger than the left in only four infants (6.1%)(p less than 0.001). Asymmetry of the lateral ventricles can be detected in the normal neonatal brain using sonography.
Defect Modes in One-Dimensional Optically-Induced Photonic Lattices

Defect modes in one-dimensional optically-induced photonic lattices are theoretically predicted and experimentally observed. Such defect modes are analogous to guided light in an air-hole in photonic crystal fibers.
RF Built-in Self Test of a Wireless Transmitter

RF frequency synthesizers and transmitters for wireless system-on-chips have recently migrated to low-cost deep-submicrometer CMOS processes that facilitate all-digital implementations. In addition to all the benefits of lower power, lower silicon cost, reduced board area, and improved performance that the scaled CMOS integration entails, the testing costs for RF performance and wireless standard compliance could also be drastically reduced. In this brief, we propose a built-in self test (BIST) method, which is based on the premise that the internal frequency synthesizer and transmitter signals are in digital format allowing for digital signal processing to ascertain the RF performance without external test equipment. With the RF BIST capability, millions of SoCs can be calibrated and tested in a production environment using a low cost digital tester while benefiting from increased test coverage and reduced test time and cost. The presented techniques have been successfully implemented in two generations of commercial digital RF processors: 130-nm Bluetooth and 90-nm GSM single-chip radios
Occupational sunlight exposure in relation to suicide among electric utility workers.

Background Occupational sunlight exposure was examined in relation to death from suicide in a United States cohort of 138,905 male electric utility workers. Methods Case-control sampling included 536 deaths from suicide and 5,348 eligible controls randomly selected from the cohort. Exposure was classified based on work history linked to indices of cumulative sunlight exposure. Results Mortality from suicide was not associated with estimates of recent and career occupational sunlight exposure, with adjusted odds ratios around unity. Occupational sunlight exposure was positively associated with nonviolent suicides, but no dose-response gradient was observed and risk estimates were notably imprecise. Conclusions These data provide evidence against an association between occupational sunlight exposure and mortality from suicide. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:149–154, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The impact of software architecture reuse on development processes and standards

Abstract We have developed an architecture for distributed simulations with reuse in mind from the start. During the past six years, two teams on five projects at US Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) have used it. We found that in order to reuse the architecture, it was not only necessary to design it for reuse but also to develop and provide associated development processes and standards for reuse. Not only its functionality for the task to be performed, but also its resultant impact on the software development process determine acceptance of an architecture for reuse. Software reuse is similar to both software tool assessment/technology transfer and requirements analysis in that in all three cases one needs to assess not only product functionality but also its resultant impact on the way that the users of the product work. The DoD is now mandating the use of the High Level Architecture Standard (HLA) for distributed military simulations. Because of our experience in architecture reuse, we realize that HLA adoption will impact not only our product, but also the way we work. In addition to examining HLA functionality, we are assessing HLA's impact on our existing development processes and standards.
Efficacy of nurses suturing pediatric dermal lacerations in an emergency department

Study objective: To assess the efficacy of nurses suturing pediatric dermal lacerations in an emergency department. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Pediatric ED. Participants: Suturing nurses completed a comprehensivetraining program provided by physicians at our institution and at a national wound management workshop; both included instruction in wound assessment, preparation, anesthesia, repair, and care after repair. A survey of physician and parent satisfaction with wound repair and for wound healing complications was performed at the time of suture removal in 61 children whose dermal laceration was repaired by suturing nurses. Results: The laceration was located on the face in 40 patients,the scalp in 14, and an extremity in 7. A total of 343 sutures was required (18 lacerations required a layered closure). Pediatricians graded wound repair as "very good" in 32 cases (53%) and "excellent" in 29 cases (47%). Parents rated themselves as "very satisfied" with the wound repair procedure in 60 cases (98%) and with the wound repair outcome in 59 cases (97%). There were no wound-healing complications. Suturing nurses took a total of 72 hours to repair lacerations. In comparison, of 20 lacerations repaired by an ED attending physician, 11 (55%) were graded as "excellent" and 9 (45%) as "very good", with no wound-healing complications ( P =NS). Conclusion: Nurses who complete a standardized trainingprogram in wound management and repair are capable of providing high-quality, definitive care for children with dermal lacerations, thus allowing physicians to use their time more effectively in managing general patient care in the ED.
Fluorescence of cancerous and non-cancerous lipoids.

In a previous communication, evidence was given1 indicating the presence in human cancer tissue of a fraction, or fractions, the fluorescent spectra of which were similar to, if not identical with, those produced by methylcholanthrene. The fluorescence produced in a similarly treated lipoid fraction obtained from non-cancerous livers was considerably weaker, and appeared in a different region of the spectrum.
Frontiers in infrared spectroscopy at surfaces and interfaces

An overview of advances in infrared (IR) spectroscopy is presented. Recent results in several areas of topical interest, including examples in biocompatibility, dielectric films, in situ chemical reactions, and electron relaxation in nanoparticles, are highlighted. Major advances in IR experimental methods include the development of accelerator-based sources of IR light and the application of novel techniques to examine complex systems. These advances, and their role in elucidating crucial insights about surfaces and interfaces, are illustrated by recent work in the literature. After reviewing the current state of the art, promising future directions are discussed. In particular, superb opportunities are expected to develop in a broad range of scientific disciplines, e.g., biology, device engineering, chemistry, and physics.
Rejoinder to Commentaries on: Contextualizing the Intermediate Financial Accounting Courses in the Global Financial Crisis

Accounting instruction has long suffered from insularity, emphasizing accounting as a silo subject essentially divorced from the other business disciplines. Additionally, our accounting courses ten...
Molecular Basis of the Brain Tumor–Polyposis (Turcot) Syndrome

CLINICAL HISTORY A 9-year-old girl who presented with a mass in the posterior cranial fossa underwent suboccipital decompression and C1 laminectomy with tumor resection. Rectal bleeding developed after surgical resection of the tumor and chemotherapy. At proctoscopy with biopsy, the rectal mucosa was friable, granular, and had an exudative appearance. The posterior fossa tumor (Fig. 1) had a resected volume of 0.5 ml and was classified histologically as a medulloblastoma (“primitive neuroectodermal tumor”). One of the two biopsies taken from the proctoscopy was found to be normal; the other was markedly abnormal. Much of the glandular epithelium was denuded and the glands were cystically dilated (Fig. 2). Neutrophils were present in the glands and interstitium with other areas showing cytologic atypia consistent with regeneration. Pseudomembranous colitis was considered as a tentative diagnosis. Stools were sent for bacterial and viral culture, and the patient was treated with metronidazole. Nine years later, the patient presented again with significant rectal bleeding thought secondary to hemorrhoids (hemoglobin decreased to 8g/DL) along with a history of intervening stroke. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy now revealed multiple polypoid masses in the stomach, duodenum, and colon. Histology revealed adenomatous polyps in the duodenum and ascending colon (Fig. 3) with the latter displaying focal high-grade dysplasia (Fig. 4). The gastric biopsies (Fig. 5) showed polyps with a hamartomatous mixture of gastric fundic gland cells and mucinous columnar gland cells with cystic change. Due to the findings of multiple duodenal and colonic adenomas, the diagnosis of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis was considered. Sequencing of the APC gene documented a 5 basepair germline deletion beginning at codon 1060 of the APC gene confirming the diagnosis of FAP.
Evidence for distinct mRNAs for ferritin subunits.

Abstract Poly A enriched RNA from iron loaded HeLa cells and rat liver were translated separately and together in wheat germ lysates to investigate the origins of the H and L subunits of ferritin. Most of the ferritin translated from the HeLa RNA was of the H type, while that from the liver RNA was mostly L type. Mixtures of these RNAs gave H L ratios which correlated with the relative amounts of added HeLa and rat RNAs. These results indicate that the H and L subunits of ferritin are not derived by post-translational modification but from distinct mRNA species.
Technocratic Organization and Control

Technocracy, a new type of organizational control structure, is defined and analyzed. The culmination of a dialectical process of organizational rationalization, technocracy transcends and integrates earlier forms of organizational control, particularly technical control, bureaucratic control, and professional control.Technocratic organizations are characterized by a flattening of bureaucratic hierarchies, a polarization into 'expert' and 'non-expert' sectors, a substitution of expertise for rank position as the primary basis of authority, a de-emphasis on internal job ladders in favour of external credentialing and credential barriers, flexible configurations of centralization/decentralization, and other related organizational changes.Technocracy is analyzed with regard to its theoretical background, historical development, contemporary manifestations, and socio-political implications.
Ykt6p Is a Multifunctional Yeast R-SNARE That Is Required for Multiple Membrane Transport Pathways to the Vacuole

Intracellular membrane fusion requires that membrane-bound soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins on both vesicle and target membranes form a highly specific complex necessary to bring the membranes close in space. Ykt6p is a yeast R-SNARE protein that has been implicated in retrograde transport to the cis-Golgi compartment. Ykt6p has been also been found to fractionate with vacuole membranes and participate in a vacuolar SNARE complex in homotypic vacuole fusion. To investigate the role of Ykt6p in membrane traffic to the vacuole we generated temperature-sensitive mutations in YKT6. One mutation produces an early Golgi block to secretion, and overexpression of the SNARE protein Sft1p suppresses the growth and secretion defects of this mutation. These results are consistent with Ykt6p and Sft1p participating in a SNARE complex associated with retrograde transport to the cis-Golgi. A second set of mutations in YKT6 specifically affects post-Golgi membrane traffic to the vacuole, and the effects of these mutations are not suppressed by Sft1p overexpression. Defects are seen in carboxypeptidase Y sorting, alkaline phosphatase transport, and aminopeptidase I delivery, and in one mutant, overexpression of the SNARE protein Nyv1p suppresses the alkaline phosphatase transport defect. By mutationally separating early and late requirements for Ykt6p, our findings have revealed that Ykt6p is a R-SNARE protein that functions directly in the three biosynthetic pathways to the vacuole.
Development of a Digital Fringe Projection Technique to Quantify Surface Film/Rivulet Flows

() A novel digital fringe projection (DFP) technique is developed to achieve non-intrusive thickness measurements of wind-driven water droplet/rivulet flows in order to quantify the unsteady surface water transport process pertinent to aircraft icing phenomena. The DFP technique is based on the principle of structured light triangulation in a similar manner as a stereo vision system but replacing one of the cameras for stereo imaging with a digital projector. The digital projector is used to project a fringe pattern of known characteristics onto a test object (i.e., a water droplet/rivulet on a test plate for the present study). Due to the 3D shape profile of the test object, the fringe pattern is deformed seen from a perspective different from the projection axis. By comparing the distorted fringe pattern over the test object (i.e., the water droplet/rivulet on the test plate) and a reference fringe pattern on a reference plane (i.e., the test plate only without the water droplet/rivulet), the 3D profile of the test object with respect to the reference plane (i.e., the thickness distribution of the water droplet/rivulet flow) can be retrieved quantitatively and instantaneously. The feasibility and implementation of a DFP system is first demonstrated by measuring the thickness distribution of a small flat-top pyramid over a test plate to evaluate the measurement accuracy level of the DFP system. Then, the DFP system is applied to achieve time-resolved thickness distribution measurements of a droplet/rivulet flow to quantify the transient behavior of the water droplet/rivulet flow driven by boundary layer airflow over a test plate. The dynamic shape change and stumbling runback motion of the wind-driven water droplet/rivulet flow over the test plate are revealed clearly and quantitatively from the DFP measurement results. Such information is highly desirable to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding about the surface water transport process pertinent to glaze ice formation and accretion over aircraft wings in atmospheric icing conditions
A 100 MHz 2.5 GHz Direct Conversion CMOS Transceiver for SDR Applications

This paper describes a fundamentally flexible low power transceiver implemented in 90 nm CMOS. Novel circuit architectures have been implemented to overcome problems that have encumbered wideband transceivers in the past. Flexible programming allows the RFIC to process signals of multiple wireless protocols from 100 MHz - 2.5 GHz with channel bandwidths from 8 KHz to 20 MHz. At 1.8 GHz the receiver noise figure is 7 dB with IP3 of -6 dBm and voltage gain of 48 dB. The transmitter has better than 40 dB carrier suppression, 35 dB sideband suppression, and EVM of 1% at 800 MHz. The frequency synthesizer uses direct digital synthesis to achieve instantaneous frequency switching and phase noise of -123 dBc/Hz at 25 KHz offset.
Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Human Genotyping Arrays

Microarray single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, combined with imputation of untyped variants, has been widely adopted as an efficient means to interrogate variation across the human genome. “Genomic coverage” is the total proportion of genomic variation captured by an array, either by direct observation or through an indirect means such as linkage disequilibrium or imputation. We have performed imputation-based genomic coverage assessments of eight current genotyping arrays that assay from ~0.3 to ~5 million variants. Coverage was determined separately in each of the four continental ancestry groups in the 1000 Genomes Project phase 1 release. We used the subset of 1000 Genomes variants present on each array to impute the remaining variants and assessed coverage based on correlation between imputed and observed allelic dosages. More than 75% of common variants (minor allele frequency > 0.05) are covered by all arrays in all groups except for African ancestry, and up to ~90% in all ancestries for the highest density arrays. In contrast, less than 40% of less common variants (0.01 < minor allele frequency < 0.05) are covered by low density arrays in all ancestries and 50–80% in high density arrays, depending on ancestry. We also calculated genome-wide power to detect variant-trait association in a case-control design, across varying sample sizes, effect sizes, and minor allele frequency ranges, and compare these array-based power estimates with a hypothetical array that would type all variants in 1000 Genomes. These imputation-based genomic coverage and power analyses are intended as a practical guide to researchers planning genetic studies.
Capsule Commentary on Baig et al., Picture Good Health: A Church-Based Self-Management Intervention among Latino Adults with Diabetes

There is strong and growing interest in the potential for community members to help one another in coping with chronic disease. Community members with either personal or shared experience with a chronic disease likely have a better sense than most healthcare professionals regarding feasible disease self-management activities for affected persons in their community. Moreover, they are more apt to communicate in a style with which the learner is more familiar; learners working with a peer may be more willing to risk asking questions that could make them appear uneducated. This improved bidirectional communication may help persons with chronic disease to better understand and implement effective self-management behaviors. There is considerable empiric support for this belief, particularly for diabetes.1