cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of Foreign Listing Decision: Neural Networks versus Traditional Approaches

The neural network models have proven to be a very effective tool in prediction and classification problems in a variety of business applications. In this study, we apply the neural network approach to predict the firm's decision to list shares on a foreign stock exchange. Using a sample of 95 U.S. manufacturing firms, including the firms that are listed abroad and those that are listed only on the U.S. stock exchanges, we apply the neural network model to identify the key predictor variables in the firm's listing decision. We demonstrate that the neural networks outperform the standard classification techniques such as discriminant analysis and logistic regression in distinguishing the firms that cross-list from those that do not list abroad. We highlight the implications of our results for firms, investors, and stock exchanges.
Vascular-targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases

Vascular-targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle-cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular-targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909-926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction through Alloy Formation: Platinum–Silver Alloy Nanocages

Platinum–silver nanocage catalysts with a precisely defined shape and composition were synthesized using the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) and utilized as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The electrocatalytic activity of these platinum–silver nanocages was determined as a function of platinum content. The specific current density of all platinum–silver nanocages was found to be 2–3 times greater than the specific current densities previously reported for solid platinum catalysts under similar conditions. The highest specific current densities were observed for the platinum–silver nanocages with the lowest platinum content. After a thorough structural and electronic investigation by TEM, XRD, and XPS, it was determined that all platinum–silver nanocage catalysts exibit an expanded lattice compared to pure platinum materials. This resulted in a negative shift in the onset potential of the oxygen reduction reaction. However, despite this negative shift, the catalyst with a low ...
Collaborating to Reduce Costs in Invasive Cardiology: The Partners Healthcare Experience

Article-at-a-Glance Background As part of the closely watched marriage between Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, the invasive cardiology team–cardiologists and other staff from the two organizations–began with monthly meetings; its mission is to reduce costs of cardiology services while maintaining or improving patient satisfaction and outcomes. Improvement efforts Joint purchasing efforts have led to substantial price reductions for some supplies, such as pacemakers and balloon angioplasty. However, concern over quality drove cardiologists to choose newer, more expensive models of other supplies, such as implantible cardioverter-defibrillators. Also, the team is studying the actual costs savings that can be achieved by shifting patients undergoing cardiac catheterization to the outpatient setting. In addition, cardiologists recognized an opportunity to decrease length of stay and increase quality by removing the arterial sheath for uncomplicated percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty patients on the same day the procedure is performed. Each hospital is developing strategies for this change in procedure. In addition to these improvement efforts, the team is encouraging optimal use of contrast agents and increasing overall efficiency of laboratories. Team members are also sharing guidelines and critical pathways and developing strategies for evaluating new technologies. Lessons learned The team has had little difficulty in achieving a collegial atmosphere and consensus around clinical issues and products once clinicians are face-to-face. Announcing bimonthly meetings may overcome meeting scheduling difficulties. The other major stumbling block has been the lack of detailed cost information.
Effects of Packaging Methods on the Microbial Flora of Livers and Kidneys from Beef or Pork

Aerobic plate counts (APC) of vacuum-packaged beef livers, beef kidneys and pork livers during refrigerated storage were nearly always, particularly after 14 days at 2 C, much lower than those of comparable samples packaged in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. The pH of vacuum-packaged livers and kidneys decreased during refrigerated storage; the same was true for products stored in PVC film except that the pH of kidneys increased. In refrigerated vacuum-packaged livers and kidneys, lactic acid bacteria (homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli, streptococci, Leuconostoc sp.) became more predominant, whereas in products packaged in PVC film, gram-negative bacteria frequently became more dominant.
Systems: Singular Perturbation and Scaling Techniques

Expanding target-like patterns are exhibited by the Belousov-Žabotinskii reaction in laboratory situations. Far from the center, they are approximated by plane wave trains, so we can consider the existence of the latter type of solution to be experimentally verified.
Dinuclear oxidative addition reactions using an isostructural series of Ni2, Co2, and Fe2 complexes.

A family of low-valent Ni2, Co2, and Fe2 naphthyridine–diimine (NDI) complexes is presented. Ligand-based π* orbitals are sufficiently low-lying to fall within the metal 3d manifold, resulting in electronic structures that are highly delocalized across the conjugated [NDI]M2 system. This feature confers stability to metal–metal interactions during two-electron redox reactions, as demonstrated in a prototypical oxidative addition of allyl chloride.
A simple lower bound on the EROI of photovoltaic electricity generation

Abstract Two conceptually and computationally simple techniques (one optimistic, the other pessimistic) are introduced to estimate the energy payback time of a photovoltaic array. Both yield values of the Energy Returned On energy Invested (EROI) in excess of approximately 5. Therefore solar photovoltaic electricity appears to be a stably sustainable source of renewable energy.
Analog and digital memory in living cells

The ability to dynamically manipulate information stored in a genome, in a targeted, controlled and recurring manner, confers the great potential to study and engineer living cells. Here, we review some of the recent advances in the development of DNA writers, i.e., molecular devices that enable targeted editing of DNA of living cells, and discuss some of the potential uses of these devices in studying and programming cellular phenotypes.
Bioaccumulation of mercury and other metal contaminants in invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) from Curaçao.

A wide range of ecological and environmental factors influence metal bioaccumulation in fish. Studies of mercury and other metal contaminants in invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish are limited, yet consumption of the invasive predator is increasingly utilized as a management strategy. In this study, we examined the effects of body size, body condition, sex, trophic level, carbon source, diet, depth and capture location on mercury concentrations in lionfish collected from Curacao. In addition, we examined whether or not a local petroleum refinery is the source of metal contamination in lionfish. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.008 to 0.106 mg/kg and we found no effect of the petroleum refinery on metal bioaccumulation in lionfish. Low concentrations of metal contaminants indicate lionfish from Curacao are safe for human consumption.
Comparison with Other Cohomology Theories

We return in this chapter to the classical singular, Alexander-Spanier, de Rham, and Cech cohomology theories. It is shown that under suitable restrictions, these theories are equivalent to sheaf-theoretic cohomology. Homomorphisms induced by maps, cup products, and relative cohomology are also discussed at some length. In Section 3 the direct natural transformation between singular theory and de Rham theory, which is important in the applications, is considered.
Using Rubrics for Assessing Student Projects in FAR Part 147 Programs

Most educators in Aviation Maintenance Technology (AMT) programs will agree that the assessment and grading of practical projects in the lab portion of their AMT courses should be as objective as possible. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have published Advisory Circular (AC) 147-3A, to provide guidance to aviation maintenance technician schools operating under Part 147 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), commonly known as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). According to AC 147-3A, in the development of practical projects, objective grading criteria must be used. The challenge for the instructor is to develop practical solutions for the objective grading of projects, and the purpose of this paper is to suggest one such practical solution – the development and use of rubrics.
Headache attributed to TMD Is Associated With the Presence of Comorbid Bodily Pain: A Case-Control Study

Headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders (TMDH) is defined as a secondary headache by the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD-3). OBJECTIVE The objective of this case-control study is to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of chronic TMD with and without TMDH. We hypothesize that chronic TMD with TMDH is associated with increased number of bodily pain conditions, more painful sites in the head and neck region, and greater TMD pain intensity. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional review of the medical records of consecutive patients who sought treatment at the University of North Carolina Orofacial Pain Clinic between 2013 and 2014. The inclusion criterion was a diagnosis of myalgia or arthralgia according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. In addition, cases had a diagnosis of TMDH according to the ICHD-3 criteria. Data on the presence and the number of self-reported bodily pain conditions (such as fibromyalgia and low back pain), pain intensity, number of painful sites in the head and neck upon palpation, and TMD pain onset were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 295 records were reviewed. Thirty-four (29.3%) patients fulfilled inclusion criteria for cases (TMD+TMDH) and 82 (70.7%) for controls (TMD-TMDH). Cases reported greater number of bodily pain conditions than controls, with a mean of 1.97 ± 1.50 and 1.26 ± 1.28 of bodily pain conditions, respectively (P = .012, OR = 1.43 [95% CI 1.07-1.92]). In fact, 55.9% of cases reported at least 2 comorbid pain conditions compared to 37.8% controls (P = .044). Compared to controls (8.65 ± 5.32), cases (13.05 ± 4.46) exhibited greater number of painful sites upon palpation in the head and neck region (P < .0001, OR = 1.18 [95% CI 1.09-1.30]), and greater TMD pain intensity, with a mean of 6.00 ± 2.17 for cases and 5.09 ± 2.14 for controls (P = .041, OR = 1.22 [95% CI 1.01-1.47]). CONCLUSION In a population of patients with chronic TMD seeking pain management, TMDH was significantly associated with an increased number of self-reported bodily pain conditions, a greater number of painful sites in the head and neck regions, and higher TMD pain intensity.
1885. Cost-Effectiveness of Ceftazidime–Avibactam Compared With Colistin for Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia and Pneumonia

Background Ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) may improve outcomes among patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections. However, the cost-effectiveness of CAZ/AVI is unknown.
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology characterized by distinctive clinical lesions including red-orange plaques (“salmon colored”) with fine scale, hyperkeratotic fissuring lesions of the palmoplantar surfaces, and follicular hyperketatotic papules (“nutmeg grater”). An uncommon cause of erythroderma.
Probing structural requirements for human topoisomerase I inhibition by a novel N1-Biphenyl fluoroquinolone.

Abstract Fluoroquinolones substituted with N-1 biphenyl and napthyl groups were discovered to act as catalytically inhibitors of human topoisomerases I and II, and to possess anti-proliferative activity in vivo. Structural requirements for these novel quinolones to inhibit catalytic activity of human topoisomerase I have not been explored. In this work novel derivatives of the N-1 biphenyl fluoroquinolone were designed, synthesized and evaluated to understand structural requirements of the C-3 carboxylic acid, C-6 fluorine, C-7 aminomethylpyrrolidine, C-8 methoxy, and the N-1 biphenyl functional groups for hTopoI inhibition. Characterization of each analog for inhibition of hTopoI catalytic inhibition reveals critical insight into structural requirements of these novel quinolones for activity. Additionally, results of DNA binding and modeling studies suggest that N-1 biphenyl fluoroquinolones intercalate between the DNA base pairs with the N-1 biphenyl functional group, rather than the quinolone core, and that this mode of DNA intercalation contributes to inhibition of hTopoI by these novel structures. The results presented here support further development and evaluation of N-1 biphenyl fluoroquinolone analogs as a novel class of anti-cancer agents that act through catalytic inhibition of hTopoI.
Surviving as a Community: Antibiotic Tolerance and Persistence in Bacterial Biofilms

Biofilms are surface-associated bacterial communities that play both beneficial and harmful roles in nature, medicine, and industry. Tolerant and persister cells are thought to underlie biofilm-related bacterial recurrence in medical and industrial contexts. Here, we review recent progress aimed at understanding the mechanical features that drive biofilm resilience and the biofilm formation process at single-cell resolution. We discuss findings regarding mechanisms underlying bacterial tolerance and persistence in biofilms and how these phenotypes are linked to antibiotic resistance. New strategies for combatting tolerance and persistence in biofilms and possible methods for biofilm eradication are highlighted to inspire future development.
FIXED POINT THEOREMS FOR NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL OPERATORS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses fixed point theorems for nonlinear functional operators. The application of Liapunov functions to the study of the qualitative behavior of solutions of functional differential equations has proved to be very successful. Razumikhin developed much of the early work where he utilized particular subsets of the function space to develop a comparison between solutions of the functional differential equation and the solutions of an ordinary differential equation. The chapter presents an extension of Razumikhin's idea to an analysis of the fixed points of operators whose domain is a function space and range is an appropriate Banach Space. Such operators arise naturally from delay and mixed differential equations. The chapter presents some fixed point theorems that are motivated by some of the works of Caristi and Kirk.
Computational annotation of miRNA transcription start sites

Motivation MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in gene regulation and phenotype development. The identification of miRNA transcription start sites (TSSs) is critical to understand the functional roles of miRNA genes and their transcriptional regulation. Unlike protein-coding genes, miRNA TSSs are not directly detectable from conventional RNA-Seq experiments due to miRNA-specific process of biogenesis. In the past decade, large-scale genome-wide TSS-Seq and transcription activation marker profiling data have become available, based on which, many computational methods have been developed. These methods have greatly advanced genome-wide miRNA TSS annotation. Results In this study, we summarized recent computational methods and their results on miRNA TSS annotation. We collected and performed a comparative analysis of miRNA TSS annotations from 14 representative studies. We further compiled a robust set of miRNA TSSs (RSmirT) that are supported by multiple studies. Integrative genomic and epigenomic data analysis on RSmirT revealed the genomic and epigenomic features of miRNA TSSs as well as their relations to protein-coding and long non-coding genes. Contact xiaoman@mail.ucf.edu, haihu@cs.ucf.edu.
Cellular responses to zirconia

Abstract Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is an inert ceramic with excellent physical properties so as to be called “ceramic steel.” Its first use in the orthopedics dates back to 1969 and since then has been continuously increasing in the construction of prosthetic implants. In recent years its use, for a good osseointegration and its esthetic characteristics, has increased in dentistry. In this chapter the authors analyzed the “aging” of zirconia and its biocompatibility, for example, the ability not to induce immune or adverse responses in the host organism. Specifically they evaluated the cellular response of zirconia in vitro and in vivo. The lack of carcinogenicity and locality and systemic toxicity combined with the strength of the material and its ability to promote osseointegration make this material an ideal coating of prosthetic implants. However, further studies are needed to improve the biomedical use of zirconia to improve surface configurations and prevent material aging.
Non-Isothermal Simulations to Optimize SiC MOSFETs for Enhanced Short-Circuit Ruggedness

Non-Isothermal simulations to understand Short-Circuit (SC) behavior of SiC MOSFETs were performed. Using the established model, structures to enhance the SC ruggedness were proposed. Thin gate oxide and a narrow JFET region are shown to reduce saturation current enhancing SC ruggedness without increasing R on,sp . Results indicate thin gate oxide offers moderate improvement in SC capability, at the cost of increased C gs . In contrast, narrow JFET region provides much improved (2×) SC ruggedness, as well as lower R on,sp , with no negative impact on C gs .
Nonconcentric and Irregular Dislocations of Total Hip Arthroplasties: Radiographic Analysis and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful operations in all of medicine in improving patient pain and restoring function. However, complications do arise after primary and revision THA. Dislocation of a THA, also known as instability, occurs in 1–2% of primary THAs and up to 30% of revision THAs. Most dislocations in the United States are initially managed with closed reduction under procedural sedation in emergency departments (EDs) by on-call orthopedists or emergency medicine specialists. Objective In this review the characteristics of the articulations that may require closed reduction in the ED are described, as well as their radiographic findings prior to reduction. Finally, we present subtle radiographic findings associated with failed closed reductions. Discussion Due to the different types of implants that have been introduced, closed reduction can be challenging in certain cases. Iatrogenic intraprosthetic dislocations are becoming more common with the increased use of dual-mobility liners. There are also dislocations after staged revision THA cases with the use of spacers. In spacers with semi-constrained articulation, there is the possibility of partial reduction of the spacer. Conclusions Dislocation is one of the most common mechanical complications after primary and revision THA. In the majority of the cases, acute closed reduction can be achieved successfully in the ED setting. However, there are specific dislocation types that present unique challenges to acute reduction.
“Every good learner uses resources”: leveraging student interjections to provide scaffolding in a U.S. sheltered english classroom

This paper explores how a monolingual English-speaking teacher working with transnational emergent multilinguals (TEMs) in a sheltered English classroom in the U.S. capitalized on students’ interje...
Self vs. Organizational Employment: The Neglected Case of Positive Spillover

Self-employment is presented as enabling people to better balance their work and family roles but research on its effectiveness is equivocal. We collected survey data from 280 self- and organizationally-employed certified public accountants and conducted a multivariate analysis comparing positive spillover and conflict between the two groups.The self-employed reported less work-to-family conflict with no differences with respect to family-to-work conflict or positive spillovers. However, there were different patterns between male and female subsamples: self-employed males experienced less conflict and more positive spillover than male employees, whereas self-employed females had less of one form of conflict but more of the other.
Linguistic evidence indicative of authorship by a member of the deaf community.

Documents authored by Deaf Americans were examined in order to determine if linguistic evidence indicative of this group of people is present. The native language of deaf people is not English, but rather American Sign Language (ASL). ASL is a visualgestural language with its own principles of syntax. The evidence examined includes vocabulary, syntax, and word usage. Such characteristics are class evidence and are not a means of identification, but rather an investigative tool. Such information may be of assistance to the field investigator in either developing a suspect or limiting the number of initial suspects in a case. This research revealed that the use of ASL syntax and idioms and the problems associated with the use of English as a second language are indicative of authorship by a member of the Deaf Community. The results of this research will be of assistance to Document Examiners should they need to determine if a document was authored by a deaf individual.
Thallium(I) Hydroxide

(ċH2O) [4310-83-4] HOTl (MW 221.39) InChI = 1S/H2O.Tl/h1H2;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = QGYXCSSUHCHXHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M [12026-06-1] InChI = 1S/2H2O.Tl/h2*1H2;/q;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = AEILSJQCPCBSED-UHFFFAOYSA-M (base; additive for cross-coupling reactions) Physical Data: mp 139 °C (dec). Solubility: sol water, ethanol. Form Supplied in: yellow needles; commercially available. Drying: decomposes on heating. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: all thallium compounds are extremely toxic to inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Toxicity is cumulative. Extreme caution should be used when handling these materials. Use in a fume hood.
Raman Scattering by the Hydroxyl Ion in Alkali Halides

Raman scattering measurements made on hydroxyl doped alkali halide crystals show three types of excitation. (1) A narrow line with polarization parallel to the polarization of the exciting light [(xx) geometry] is observed in the region of the infrared stretching frequency. The half-width is nearly independent of temperature in contrast to the strong temperature broadening of the infrared absorption. The Raman lines, measured at 300°K, 77°K, and 5°K show a shift to higher frequencies with decreasing temperature. NaCl:OD- shows a Raman stretching line, in contrast to the infrared case where the stretching oscillator strength is essentially zero. (2) A perpendicularly polarized Raman line [(xy) geometry] corresponding to the direct librational absorption line in the infrared is observed in KBr:OH- and KCl:OH- at helium temperature. Our failure to see this line in other systems is probably due to insufficient sensitivity. (3) A broader emission with parallel polarization is seen in the region of 50 cm-1 in KBr:OH- and NaCl:OH-. This may be related to part of the far infrared spectrum reported on KBr:OH-. The infrared absorption seen as a 30 cm-1 sideband to the main stretching band has not been observed by Raman scattering.
Global Governance in a Multipolar World: The Case for Regional Monetary Funds

The reform of global financial governance is long overdue. Recent changes to the governance of the International Monetary Fund partially address the lack of representation of emerging market countries, but not their loss of confidence in the institution. In the meantime, alternative and perhaps better approaches to the problems of open economics are being proposed at a regional level. We describe these regional monetary funds and discuss their prospects. We conclude that because economic interdependence is strongest at the regional level, regional cooperation seems well-suited to a multipolar world.
Long-Short Investment Strategies using ETFs

With ETFs achieving increasing recognition thanks to their coverage and versatility, more and more long-short investment strategies are utilizing these relatively new instruments. This is especially true for the more liquid and easy to borrow ETFs. Obviously, the success of these strategies depends on whether the short seller has the necessary skill sets to understand the operational and administrative complexities associated with these stock baskets.
Discovery and Optimization of Imidazopyridine-Based Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2)

The medicinal chemistry and preclinical biology of imidazopyridine-based inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) is described. A screening hit 1 with low lipophilic efficiency (LipE) was optimized through two key structural modifications: (1) identification of the pyrrolidine amide group for a significant LipE improvement, and (2) insertion of a sp(3)-hybridized carbon center in the core of the molecule for simultaneous improvement of N-glucuronidation metabolic liability and off-target pharmacology. The preclinical candidate 9 (PF-06424439) demonstrated excellent ADMET properties and decreased circulating and hepatic lipids when orally administered to dyslipidemic rodent models.
Assessment of Business Subsidiary Operations and Consolidated Financial Statements through a Common Global Accounting Language, IFRS vs. GAAP

The focus of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of financial accounting as it relates to business combinations. Additionally, comparisons have been made with regard to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). Inclination for the research is based upon the study of IFRS and US GAAP separately at the collegiate level, having a solid understanding of full consolidation under US GAAP, and the desire to learn more about full consolidation under IFRS. Due to convergence of IFRS with US GAAP on many levels of accounting practices, the overview of full consolidation and logic behind such convergences proves significant in determining usefulness and impact of provided financial data.
EFFECTS OF PLEIOTROPY ON PREDICTIONS CONCERNING MUTATION-SELECTION BALANCE FOR POLYGENIC TRAITS

ABSTRACT Previous mathematical analyses of mutation-selection balance for metric traits assume that selection acts on the relevant loci only through the character(s) under study. Thus, they implicitly assume that all of the relevant mutation and selection parameters are estimable. A more realistic analysis must recognize that many of the pleiotropic effects of loci contributing variation to a given character are not known. To explore the consequences of these hidden effects, I analyze models of two pleiotropically connected polygenic traits, denoted P 1 and P 2 . The actual equilibrium genetic variance for P 1 , based on complete knowledge of all mutation and selection parameters for both P 1 and P 2 , can be compared to a prediction based solely on observations of P 1 . This extrapolation mimics empirically obtainable predictions because of the inevitability of unknown pleiotropic effects. The mutation parameters relevant to P 1 are assumed to be known, but selection intensity is estimated from the within-generation reduction of phenotypic variance for P 1 . The extrapolated prediction is obtained by substituting these parameters into formulas based on single-character analyses. Approximate analytical and numerical results show that the level of agreement between these univariate extrapolations and the actual equilibrium variance depends critically on both the genetic model assumed and the relative magnitudes of the mutation and selection parameters. Unless per locus mutation rates are extremely high, i.e. , generally greater than 10 -4 , the widely used gaussian approximation for genetic effects at individual loci is not applicable. Nevertheless, the gaussian approximations predict that the true and extrapolated equilibria are in reasonable agreement, i.e. , within a factor of two, over a wide range of parameter values. In contrast, an alternative approximation that applies for moderate and low per locus mutation rates predicts that the extrapolation will generally overestimate the true equilibrium variance unless there is little selection associated with hidden effects. The tendency to overestimate is understandable because selection acts on all of the pleiotropic manifestations of a new mutation, but equilibrium covariances among the characters affected may not reveal all of this selection. This casts doubt on the proposal that much of the additive polygenic variance observed in natural populations can be explained by mutation-selection balance. It also indicates the difficulty of critically evaluating this hypothesis.
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of the Interaction of Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-Poly(propylene oxide)-b-Poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers with Lipid Bilayers

The relationship between molecular architecture and the nature of interactions with lipid bilayers has been studied for a series of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymers using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC). The number of molecular repeat units in the hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide), PPO, block has been found to be a critical determinant of the nature of triblock copolymer-lipid bilayer association. For dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)-based biomembrane structures, polymers possessing a PPO chain length commensurate with the acyl chain dimensions of the lipid bilayer yield highly ordered, swollen lamellar structures consistent with well-integrated (into the lipid bilayer) PPO blocks. Triblock copolymers of lesser PPO chain length yield materials with structural characteristics similar to a simple dispersion of DMPC in water. Increasing the concentration (from 4 to 12 mol %) of well-integrated triblock copolymers enhances the structural ordering of the lamellar phase, while concentrations exceeding 16 mol % result in the formation of a hexagonal phase. Examination of temperature-induced changes in the structure of these mesophases (complex fluids) reveals that if the temperature is reduced sufficiently, all compositions exclude polymer and thus exhibit the characteristic SAXS pattern for hydrated DMPC bilayers. Increasing the temperature promotes better insertion of the polymers possessing PPO chain lengths sufficient for membrane insertion. No temperature-induced structural changes are observed in compositions prepared with PEO-PPO-PEO polymers that feature PPO length insufficient to permit full incorporation into the lipid bilayer.
Locally weighted regression for accessing a database containing wheat grain NIR transmission spectra and grain quality parameters

Networks of NIR transmission spectrometers operating in the range 850 to 1050 nm are used worldwide to determine wheat grain quality parameters such as protein content. These instrumental system often require maintenance of calibrations for each grain class, and updating of calibrations for each crop year. In order to facilitate annual updates nd eliminate the need for multiple wheat class calibration models, this laboratory is pursuing a modeling strategy that uses locally weighted regression (LWR) to access a spectral database. With LWR, the calibration model defines the procedure to access the database and calculate the prediction, and this model can potentially remain the same for all classes and crop years. Incorporation of new sample variation is accomplished by new additions to the spectral database. Details are presented on development of an NIR model for determination of protein in multiple wheat-classes using the LWR approach with Y- distance weighting. This model is compared with a linear partial least-squares regression model spanning the same diverse set of samples. Initial steps were taken to validate these models with spectra measured on seven instruments at two remote locations.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reformulations of Measure Differential Inclusions and Their Closed Graph Property

Abstract New formulations are given for measure differential inclusions , “ dx / dt ∈ K ( t )⊂ R n ,” where x (·) is a function of bounded variation and K is a set-valued map with closed convex values and has closed graph. Measure differential inclusions were first named by J. J. Moreau for studying rigid body with impacts, shocks and Coulomb friction and assumed that K ( t ) is always a cone. The new formulations are used to show that the graph of the solution operator is closed under point- wise convergence of the solutions x (·) and weak* convergence of the differential measures dx , provided that the minimum norm points of K ( t ) are bounded and the asymptotic cones K ( t ) ∞ are always pointed.
Competence and character: pedagogical considerations for preparing students to be professionals

Our goal in teaching undergraduate computer science should not be merely to impart knowledge, but to develop professionals. This paper uses Aristotle's concept of intellectual virtues as a starting point for understanding the range of skills needed to build professional competence. The paper then discusses the use of various evaluation approaches (tests, projects, etc.) and classes policies to develop professional competence.
Eliminating false-positive microcalcification clusters in a mammography CAD scheme using a Bayesian neural network

We have applied a Bayesian Neural network (BNN) to the task of distinguishing between true-positive (TP) and false- positive (FP) detected clusters in a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for detecting clustered microcalcifications in mammograms. Because BNNs can approximate ideal observer decision functions given sufficient training data, this approach should have better performance than our previous FP cluster elimination methods. Eight cluster-based features were extracted from the TP and FP clusters detected by the scheme in a training dataset of 39 mammograms. This set of features was used to train a BNN with eight input nodes, five hidden nodes, and one output node. The trained BNN was tested on the TP and FP clusters and detected by our scheme in an independent testing set of 50 mammograms. The BNN output was analyzed using ROC and FROC analysis. The detection scheme with BNN for FP cluster elimination had substantially better cluster sensitivity at low FP rates (below 0.8 FP clusters per image) than the original detection scheme without the BNN. Our preliminary research shows that a BNN can improve the performance of our scheme for detecting clusters of microcalcifications.
Field Trips as Valuable Learning Experiences in Geography Courses.

Abstract Field trips have been acknowledged as valuable learning experiences in geography. This article uses Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning model to discuss how students learn and how field trips can help enhance learning. Using Kolb’s experiential learning theory as a guide in the design of field trips helps ensure that field trips contribute to internalizing relevant geographical theory and concepts. Three types of field trips are presented: an informal survey of a neighborhood, a more formal scavenger hunt, and a virtual field trip using Google Earth. Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. —Kolb (1984) Teachers can not assume that the mere transmission of knowledge guarantees reception. They must be facilitators. —Klein (2003)
Hemorrhage in pelvic fractures does not correlate with fracture length.

Background: To analyze whether hematogenous marrow bleeding is the major source of hemorrhage after fractures of the pelvic ring. Methods: Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Academic Level I trauma center. Patients or Participants: Three hundred seven consecutive pelvic ring injuries from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2003 were evaluated. After exclusion for age, significant nonpelvic hemorrhage sources, and delayed transfer to this institution, 72 patients remained. Main Outcome Measurements: Pelvic injuries were classified as fractures, fracture dislocations, or pure dislocations. These classifications were correlated to change in hematocrit between assumed pre-injury and final hematocrit readings, correcting for blood transfused. Results: The dislocation group had a greater change in hematocrit than the fracture group (2.1%), though not statistically significant. No significant correlations were found between change in hematocrit and length of fracture lines. Conclusions: Pelvic fracture surfaces may be sources of bleeding in pelvic injuries, but the fact that bleeding is similar in fractures and dislocations indicates fracture surfaces do not constitute the primary source. Based on our analysis one cannot reliably predict pelvic hemorrhage based on A/P radiograph assessments, such as fracture type.
Comparison of methods for tracking separating targets with a monopulse radar

In many tracking applications, and particularly those in ballistic missile defense, one concern involves the continuous tracking of an object that separates into two objects. Reliable tracking without track breaks demands early recognition of such a split, preferably well in advance of the two objects becoming resolvable by the radar. In previous work, signal processing techniques for detecting the presence of unresolved objects and angle-of-arrival estimation for unresolved targets have been developed for monopulse radars. In this paper, these techniques are reviewed and extended. Techniques for detecting the presence of unresolved objects are treated for the case of idealized resolution, in which all of the energy for a target is returned in a single range resolution sample or cell. The approaches work solely on monopulse angle statistics and rely on idealized range resolution. The requirement for idealized range resolution is relaxed by using joint statistics with adjacent matched filter returns. The AOA estimation and detection of the presence of unresolved objects for non-ideal resolution are then addressed. The performances are demonstrated using a high fidelity software simulation tool for target tracking.
Exome sequencing and systems biology converge to identify novel mutations in the L-type calcium channel, CACNA1C, linked to autosomal dominant long QT syndrome.

Background— Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the most common cardiac channelopathy with 15 elucidated LQTS-susceptibility genes. Approximately 20% of LQTS cases remain genetically elusive. Methods and Results— We combined whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology to identify the pathogenic substrate responsible for nonsyndromic, genotype-negative, autosomal dominant LQTS in a multigenerational pedigree, and we established the spectrum and prevalence of variants in the elucidated gene among a cohort of 102 unrelated patients with “genotype-negative/phenotype-positive” LQTS. Whole-exome sequencing was used on 3 members within a genotype-negative/phenotype-positive family. Genomic triangulation combined with bioinformatic tools and ranking algorithms led to the identification of a CACNA1C mutation. This mutation, Pro857Arg-CACNA1C, cosegregated with the disease within the pedigree, was ranked by 3 disease-network algorithms as the most probable LQTS-susceptibility gene and involves a conserved residue localizing to the proline, gltamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST) domain in the II-III linker. Functional studies reveal that Pro857Arg-CACNA1C leads to a gain of function with increased I Ca,L and increased surface membrane expression of the channel compared to wild type. Subsequent mutational analysis identified 3 additional variants within CACNA1C in our cohort of 102 unrelated cases of genotype-negative/phenotype-positive LQTS. Two of these variants also involve conserved residues within Ca v 1.2’s PEST domain. Conclusions— This study provides evidence that coupling whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology is an effective strategy for the identification of potential disease-causing genes/mutations. The identification of a functional CACNA1C mutation cosegregating with disease in a single pedigree suggests that CACNA1C perturbations may underlie autosomal dominant LQTS in the absence of Timothy syndrome.
The CNS glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis

The gut-brain axis plays a key role in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In response to luminal stimulation of macronutrients and microbiota-derived metabolites (secondary bile acids and short chain fatty acids), glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and -2) are cosecreted from endocrine L cells in the gut and coreleased from preproglucagonergic neurons in the brain stem. Glucagon-like peptides are proposed as key mediators for bariatric surgery-improved glycemic control and energy balance. Little is known about the GLP-2 receptor (Glp2r)-mediated physiological roles in the control of food intake and glucose homeostasis, yet Glp1r has been studied extensively. This review will highlight the physiological relevance of the central nervous system (CNS) Glp2r in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis and focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the CNS Glp2r-mediated neural circuitry and intracellular PI3K signaling pathway. New evidence (obtained from Glp2r tissue-specific KO mice) indicates that the Glp2r in POMC neurons is essential for suppressing feeding behavior, gastrointestinal motility, and hepatic glucose production. Mice with Glp2r deletion selectively in POMC neurons exhibit hyperphagic behavior, accelerated gastric emptying, glucose intolerance, and hepatic insulin resistance. GLP-2 differentially modulates postsynaptic membrane excitability of hypothalamic POMC neurons in Glp2r- and PI3K-dependent manners. GLP-2 activates the PI3K-Akt-FoxO1 signaling pathway in POMC neurons by Glp2r-p85α interaction. Intracerebroventricular GLP-2 augments glucose tolerance, suppresses glucose production, and enhances insulin sensitivity, which require PI3K (p110α) activation in POMC neurons. Thus, the CNS Glp2r plays a physiological role in the control of food intake and glucose homeostasis. This review will also discuss key questions for future studies.
The mechanism of uranium (VI) extraction from sulphuric acid solutions by Tri-n-octylamine

The partition of U/sup 6+/ between H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ solutions and solutions of tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in benzene was investigated by varying the concentrations of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, solvent and aqueous uranium, and temperature. The results show that the partition coefficient first rises steeply with the acidity, passes through a maximum, and then falls rapidly. The amine uranyl sulfate complex is formed in the presence of U, as indicated by both partition coefficient variations and infrared spectral studies. The mechanisms proposed are UO/sub 2/SO/sub 4/(a) + 2 (R/sub 3/NH)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/(o) in equilibrium (R/ sub 3/NH)/sub 4/UO/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/su b 3/(o) at low acidities and UO/sub 2/SO/ sub 4/(a) + 4 (R/sub 3/NH)HSO/sub 4/(o) in equilibrium (R/sub 3/NH)/sub 4/UO/su b 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/(o) + 2 H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/(a), where (a) and (o) indicate aqueous and organic phases and R, C/sub 8/H/sub 17/. (J.S.R.)
The costs of becoming a predator

At some as-yet-unknown point during hominid evolution, a dietary shift occurred which involved incorporating a larger proportion of food derived from animal resources. Features of predatory and non-predatory mammalian species are compared in order to identify features or characteristics that would be expected to change as a consequence of this dietary shift. The record of hominid evolution is then reviewed to determine when these expected changes occurred, insofar as they are visible in the fossil record. Characteristics of Homo erectus are most congruent with those predicted for a species that has become significantly more predatory than its antecedents.
Citation of the literature by information scientists in their own publications

Frequencies of the number of references per paper were obtained for the information science literature represented by all papers cited in Information Science Abstracts, volumes 1–6 (1966-1971). Almost one-third of the papers had no references. Half of them had four references or fewer; two-thirds had eight or fewer references. The ratio of papers without references to those with references was proposed as a measure of the scholarly status of a field. On this basis, information science was found to be less scholarly than pharmacy.
WHOLESOMENESS OF IRRADIATED FOODS: A REVIEW

The major findings in the wholesomeness studies on irradiated foods are reviewed. It is concluded that this process is ready for industrial applications and could be effectively regulated for the benefit of the consumer.
Some theoretical aspects of osmium tetroxide fixation with special reference to the metaphase chromosomes of cell cultures.

Fixation of cell cultures with 1 per cent OsO4 at constant pH and tonicity but variable cationic valence and dielectric constant causes profound changes in metaphase chromosomes. It is possible to make them disappear, flocculate, or show little change from the living cell in the phase contrast microscope. Conventional fixation for the electron microscope causes almost complete disappearance of metaphase chromosomes in phase contrast. Reasons for this behavior are discussed. It is postulated that intermolecular distances and consequently internal structure in chromosomes are governed by the same forces that govern these distances in colloidal sols.
Some highlights of mitochondrial research based on analyses of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA

Abstract Research on mitochondrial nucleic acids has produced major surprises. These include: (1) a novel mechanism for reading the genetic code, (2) the first examples of deviations from the ‘universal' genetic code, and (3) the finding that protein genes can be located totally within introns of other genes. The first indication that sequences within introns are important in RNA splicing came from analyses of mitochondrial introns and recent studies have revealed a close relationship between the majority of mitochondrial introns on the one hand and one class of nuclear introns, the ‘self-splicing' rRNA introns, on the other.