cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refugees and security in the great lakes region of Africa

Can refugee crises pose an actual threat to state security? Can the movement of peoples fuel civil conflict and regional instability? In this article Mills and Norton argue the answer is a definite yes. After providing a brief history of the conflict in Rwanda and the larger Great Lakes region of Africa, they examine how the Rwandan refugee crisis created in the wake of the 1994 genocide created a security threat at many different levels. They then address means of responding to these threats. Among the conclusions is that, under some circumstances, a robust traditional military presence may be essential to protecting both the refugee population and regional security.
Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament protein, actin and heat shock proteins in human fetal brain during the second trimester

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the 66 kDa neurofilament protein (NF-66), actin, the 27 kDa heat shock protein (HSP27) and the 70 kDa constitutive heat shock protein (HSC70) were analyzed in human fetal brain during the second trimester, from 10 to 24 gestational weeks (GW). By immunohistochemistry, cell-type specific localization of GFAP and NF-66 in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, was confirmed. HSP27 was expressed mostly in the nuclear region of neurons and non-neuronal cells, and HSC70 was widely distributed throughout the tissue. By quantitative immunoblotting, GFAP was not detectable in gray matter of prefrontal cortex prior to 16 GW. Between 16 and 21 GW, the content of GFAP rose slowly. Thereafter, GFAP accumulated rapidly. The content of GFAP in different brain regions (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortices) differed significantly at 22 GW. In contrast, NF-66 was already highly expressed at 10 GW, slowly rose to maximal values by 18 GW, and thereafter remained stationary. In contrast to GFAP, the content of NF-66 was similar in different brain regions at 22 GW. Although actin was abundant throughout the second trimester, a sharp drop in its content in the prefrontal cortex was detected at 17 GW. To explain such a decrease, two heat shock proteins were analyzed. HSP27, known to modulate actin polymerization, was found to increase sharply at 16-17 GW. In contrast, HSC70 remained constant during the second trimester and was highly expressed in the fetal brain, at a level comparable to that in the adult brain.
Dynamic coordination games

Gains from coordination provide incentives for delay. In this paper, the extent of delay is studied in a dynamic,N-person, coordination game. There is no social gain from delay, so an equilibrium with delay is always inefficient. For fixedN, there is no coordination failure when the period length is short: all equilibrium outcomes converge to the Pareto efficient outcome as the period length converges to zero. On the other hand, holding period length fixed, there exist equilibria in which delay is proportional toN, for arbitrarily large values ofN. In addition, it can be shown that the possibility of delay depends on the “timing” of strategic complementarities. However, under certain conditions, delay is shown to be a robust phenomenon, in the sense that “well-behaved” equilibria exhibit infinite delay forN sufficiently large.
Apolipoprotein AI and AII metabolism in patients with primary high-density lipoprotein deficiency associated with familial hypertriglyceridemia.

Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and their major proteins—apolipoprotein (apo) AI and apo AII—are subnormal in most patients with familial hypertriglyceridemia. However, the pathophysiology of low-plasma apo AI and apo AII is unclear. The kinetic parameters (turnover) of HDL apo AI and apo AII were studied in six lean patients with primary HDL deficiency associated with familial hypertriglyceridemia and five normolipidemic controls. Autologous 125I labeled HDL were injected intravenously (IV; 25 μCi) and blood samples drawn ten minutes after the injection and periodically thereafter for 12 days. Urine samples were collected daily and their radioactivity measured. Kinetic parameters were calculated from the area under the decay curve using three exponentials. Mean plasma apo AI and apo AII were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in patients than normals (70.4 ± 2.7 v 106.9 ± 7.0; 24.2 ± 1.6 v 39.2 ± 0.9 mg/dL, respectively). The mean fractional catabolic rates (FCR) obtained from plasma 125I-HDL, apo AI, apo AII radioactivity decay curves and by Berson and Yalow's method (urine/plasma radioactivity ratios) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in patients than in controls (0.387 v 0.299; 0.391 v 0.309; 0.361 v 0.275; 0.272 v 0.207/d; respectively). The mean synthetic rates (SR) of apo AI and apo AII were significantly lower in patients than in controls (11.12 v 14.17 mg/kg body weight/d, P < 0.05; 3.53 v 4.68 mg/kg body weight/d, P < 0.05, respectively). In vitro lipolysis of triglyceride (TG) rich lipoproteins by bovine lipoprotein lipase, and measurement of hepatic TG lipase and lipoprotein lipase in postheparin plasma were similar in patients and controls, indicating no abnormality in these factors that are linked to HDL and TG catabolism. However, a significant positive correlation between hepatic TG lipase and the FCR of apo AI and apo AII was found. The data suggest that in this series of patients with HDL deficiency the low plasma HDL-cholesterol, apo AI, and apo AII levels resulted from decreased synthesis and an increased fractional catabolic rate of apo AI and apo AII, the major proteins of HDL.
Exploring Similarities and Differences in Personal Epistemologies of U.S. and German Elementary School Teachers

The current study examines the personal epistemology of fourth-grade elementary school teachers from Germany (n = 10) and the United States (n = 10) to gain a more nuanced understanding of teachers’ beliefs about knowledge and knowing through a cross-cultural lens. Analyses of semi-structured interviews reveal similarities and differences in the statements of teachers. Four themes are identified: The majority of teachers believed that (a) knowing is uncertain and (b) knowledge has domain-specific qualities; (c) U.S. teachers seemed to view knowledge more as being embedded within their community, while (d) German teachers discussed more internal knowledge sources. The general discussion includes possible cross-cultural explanations for these four emerging themes and points tentatively to developmental issues stemming from uncertainty beliefs. Conceptual and educational implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are given.
The Journal 1975 to 1985: A Decade of Change

This paper documents changes in the field of child psychiatry which led to changes in the content and format of the Journal . The focus is upon the years 1975–1985. The most important change was raising the standard of scientific methodology required for accepted papers. The Journal responded to the increasing numbers of excellent submissions by changing from a quarterly to a bimonthly publication. The paradigm of science favored by the Journal is elaborated. The Journal developed new categories in order to maintain a balance between clinical and scientific papers. Certain new features are described. The role of the Editorial Board and the peer review process are discussed. Measures of outcome are given, and some thoughts are offered on future prospects for the Journal .
Early-onset preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes

Objective. To evaluate the neonatal outcomes of infants delivered to mothers with early-onset preeclampsia.Study design. This is a retrospective cohort of 1709 infants delivered at 24 0/7 to 29 6/7 weeks gestation was examined. Neonatal outcomes of 235 infants delivered prematurely because of preeclampsia were compared with 1474 infants delivered preterm because of other etiologies. Primary outcomes examined included: small for gestational age (SGA), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and neonatal death (NND). Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between preeclampsia and the neonatal outcomes, controlling for potential confounders.Results. Infants of women with preeclampsia were more likely to be SGA (17.8% vs. 5.6%, AOR 3.9, CI 2.5–6.2) and have RDS (70.6% vs. 60.7%, AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2); however, they were less likely to suffer a NND (11.1% vs. 18.1%, AOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9).Conclusion. Compared with neonates delivered prematurely because of other etiologies, neon...
Thermodynamic formalism for a modified shift map

We introduce a transfer operator and use it to prove some theorems of a classical flavor from thermodynamic formalism (including existence and uniqueness of appropriately defined Gibbs states and equilibrium states for potential functions satisfying Dini's condition and stochastic laws for Holder continuous potential and observable functions) in a novel setting: the "alphabet" E is a compact metric space equipped with an a priori probability measure ν and an endomorphism T. The "modified shift map" S is defined on the product space Eℕ by the rule (x1x2x3…) ↦ (T(x2)x3…). The greatest novelty is found in the variational principle, where a term must be added to the entropy to reflect the transformation of the first coordinate by T after shifting. Our motivation is that this system, in its full generality, cannot be treated by the existing methods of either rigorous statistical mechanics of lattice gases (where only the true shift action is used) or dynamical systems theory (where the a priori measure is always implicitly taken to be the counting measure).
The mechanism of stimulation of aerobic fermentation in yeast by a quaternary ammonium detergent.

Abstract Of the various metabolic effects produced in yeast cells by the cationic detergent, benzalkonium, the most pronounced is the inhibition of the pathway of respiration of two-carbon compounds. Less sensitive is the fermentation of glucose and the respiration of three-carbon substances. Because glucose is normally respired via two pathways, the formation of two-carbon substances and the direct oxidation of pyruvate, benzalkonium disturbs the normal pattern of its metabolism. The R.Q. is markedly elevated. The “extra CO 2 ” production is paralleled by an appearance of ethyl alcohol. This action of benzalkonium on glucose can be largely duplicated by over-loading the system through addition of two-carbon compounds such as ethyl alcohol, acetaldehyde or acetate, or by excessive concentrations of glucose itself. The detergent also causes an increase in the total amount of O 2 consumed for a given amount of substrate and a change in the R.Q. for the respiration of alcohol or acetaldehyde. These actions are related to the inhibition of carbohydrate assimilation.
Comparison of the digital rectal examination, endorectal ultrasound, and body coil magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A series of 25 patients with biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent preoperative staging evaluation with a digital rectal examination, endorectal ultrasound, and body coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before their radical retropubic prostatectomy. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital rectal examination for the detection of extracapsular disease were 17 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of endorectal ultrasound for the detection of extracapsular disease were 35 and 89%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of body coil MRI for the detection of extracapsular disease by adenocarcinoma of the prostate were 47 and 63%, respectively. Microscopic disease of the capsule and seminal vesicles was the principle reason for understaging by both imaging modalities. This small series suggests that both imaging modalities are marginally more sensitive, albeit less specific, for extracapsular disease of the prostate than the digital rectal examination, with ultrasound having a slight edge in specificity and MRI having a slight edge in sensitivity.
Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs.

Ecological studies have rarely been performed at the community level across a large biogeographic region. Sponges are now the primary habitat-forming organisms on Caribbean coral reefs. Recent species-level investigations have demonstrated that predatory fishes (angelfishes and some parrotfishes) differentially graze sponges that lack chemical defenses, while co-occurring, palatable species heal, grow, reproduce, or recruit at faster rates than defended species. Our prediction, based on resource allocation theory, was that predator removal would result in a greater proportion of palatable species in the sponge community on overfished reefs. We tested this prediction by performing surveys of sponge and fish community composition on reefs having different levels of fishing intensity across the Caribbean. A total of 109 sponge species was recorded from 69 sites, with the 10 most common species comprising 51.0% of sponge cover (3.6–7.7% per species). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated that the species composition of sponge communities depended more on the abundance of sponge-eating fishes than geographic location. Across all sites, multiple-regression analyses revealed that spongivore abundance explained 32.8% of the variation in the proportion of palatable sponges, but when data were limited to geographically adjacent locations with strongly contrasting levels of fishing pressure (Cayman Islands and Jamaica; Curacao, Bonaire, and Martinique), the adjusted R2 values were much higher (76.5% and 94.6%, respectively). Overfishing of Caribbean coral reefs, particularly by fish trapping, removes sponge predators and is likely to result in greater competition for space between faster-growing palatable sponges and endangered reef-building corals.
Stressful experiences, temperament, and social support: Impact on children's behavior symptoms

Abstract A long tradition of research has documented an important set of relationships between stressful life events and mental health. Recent understandings of these relationships have emphasized the importance of moderating variables such as temperament and social support. Most recently, developmental aspects of this relationship are being explored and described with an aim of identifying stress and illness relationships over the life course of children and families. This paper is a report from a longitudinal study of stress and illness in a sample of 166 families with school-age children. Recent analyses have yielded several series of multiple regression models which document the expected relationships between stress and behavior symptoms and which, in separate models, provide evidence for both main effects and moderating influences of temperament and social support on these relationships (Wertlieb, Weigel, & Feldstein, 1987; Wertlieb, Weigel, Springer, & Feldstein, 1987). To better understand the stress mediation process, this study simultaneously considers multiple moderators and tests the hypothesis proposed by Lerner and East (1984) that “not only does temperament moderate other intraindividual moderators of stress reactions, but it interacts … with key contextual moderators such as social support”. (p. 158) A main-effects multiple regression model with R 2 = .32 ( p Implications for the research agenda in stress and mental health are discussed. Opportunities and cautions associated with application of stress research findings to the design and evaluation of mental health prevention and intervention services are noted.
Friction and noise of rubber belt in low temperature condition: The influence of interfacial ice film

Abstract The friction of rubber belt on pulley was examined under cold conditions. Special emphasis was given to the investigation of the influence of interfacial ice film on friction and noise. A test rig was constructed to study the friction and noise behavior of rubber belt with interfacial ice film under low temperatures. Belt friction and noise were measured using the test rig in the field as well as in a cold environmental chamber. The temperatures used for room testing and cold testing were respectively 23 °C and − 20 °C. It is found that the rubber belt friction is strongly dependent on temperature and the presence or absence of interfacial ice film. The belt friction is found to increase under dry-cold conditions when compared to room temperature conditions. The wet belt under cold conditions could form a thin ice film leading to high static friction and low kinetic friction. The belt sound associated with dry-cold friction is a continuous squeal with a distinct frequency of 9 kHz and associated harmonics, whereas the sound associated with wet-cold friction is impulsive with wideband spectrum stretching up to 20 kHz.
Experimental Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Extraction from a Pulsed Detonation

Abstract : The high MWatt power available in a fuel-fed detonation wave, which contains combustion ions in the trailing gas, provides an opportunity for external power extraction via electromagnetically forced charged particle drift. Sets of experiments were accomplished using a pulsed detonation tube, extracting power across a load resistor in an electrical circuit with an applied electric or magnetic field to determine what magnitude of gas conductivity and power extraction could be attained from an unseeded or seeded pulsed detonation driven combustion. Due to the low magnetic field strength, even with flow seeding, the power extracted in this research was not enough for practical use. However, theoretical calculations with higher magnetic field strength and greater gas conductivity than was found in this research show promise for continued research. Future work would entail use of a stronger magnetic field to increase power extraction.
Strong-coupling expansion in quantum field theory

We derive a simple and general diagrammatic procedure for obtaining the strong-coupling expansion of a $d$-dimensional quantum field theory, starting from its Euclidean path-integral representation. At intermediate stages we are required to evaluate diagrams on a lattice; the lattice spacing provides a cutoff for the theory. We formulate a simple Pad\'e-type prescription for extrapolating to zero lattice spacing and thereby obtain a series of approximants to the true strong-coupling expansion of the theory. No infinite quantities appear at any stage of the calculation. Moreover, all diagrams are simple to evaluate (unlike the diagrams of the ordinary weak-coupling expansion) because nothing more than algebra is required, and no diagram, no matter how complex, generates any transcendental quantities. We explain our approach in the context of a $g{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field theory and calculate the two-point and four-point Green's functions. Then we specialize to $d=1$ (the anharmonic oscillator) and compare the locations of the poles of the Green's functions with the tabulated numerical values of the energy levels. The agreement is excellent. Finally, we discuss the application of these techniques to other models such as $g{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2N}$, $g{(\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi})}^{2}$, and quantum electrodynamics.
Determination of the Temperature Dependent Dynamic Response of Elastomeric Materials Using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

An effective, low cost method of determining the temperature dependent dynamic response of elastomeric materials at high strain rates using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is developed. The test system allows the determination of the dynamic modulus at temperatures up to 150°C with control of specimen temperature within ± 3°C without the use of specialized equipment or cumbersome heating and positioning fixtures often required for temperature dependent testing. The test specimen is heated using a low cost electric resistance tape, which heats the transmitter and incident bars adjacent to the specimen. A finite element analysis is performed to predict the temperature vs. time response of the test specimen, which is verified using a simple thermocouple arrangement. The dynamic stress-strain response of a nitrile elastomer, commonly used as an impact absorber, is investigated over temperatures ranging from 20°C to 110°C at strain rates between 3000/s and 3500/s. The effect of strain rate on the dynamic modulus is not significant, but the effect of temperature is dramatic. The dynamic modulus of the nitrile is reduced by more than 60% at 110°C.© 2006 ASME
Concurrent use of tobacco products by California adolescents.

Abstract Background To describe patterns and correlates of tobacco product use other than cigarettes in adolescents 12–17 years of age. Methods Adolescent respondents (N = 6090) to the 1999 California Tobacco Survey provided estimates of ever and current use (in last 30 days) of smokeless tobacco, cigars, and bidis, which were examined by cigarette smoking experience, demographics, and known predictors of cigarette use. Results Only 3% of adolescents who never smoked cigarettes experimented with other tobacco products. Among ever smokers who were not current smokers, the rate was 35%. Nearly 60% of current cigarette experimenters had tried another tobacco product, but almost 90% of current established smokers had experimented with one. Over 40% of current established smokers used another tobacco product in the last 30 days. Factors predictive of cigarette smoking were also highly associated with other tobacco use. In ever cigarette smokers, having peers who used other tobacco products was most highly associated with other tobacco use. Problem or risky behaviors, beliefs that cigarettes are safe or beneficial, and receptivity to tobacco promotions were also independently associated with other tobacco product use. Conclusions Adolescent smokers who use other tobacco products may be prone to risky behavior and such use may hasten the development of nicotine tolerance.
Results of endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms after first giving consideration to clipping.

Background Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms are among the more challenging aneurysms for endovascular treatment. We report a contemporary 5-year experience with endovascular therapy for MCA aneurysms at a high-volume neurovascular center.
Mechanics and control of the cytoskeleton in Amoeba proteus

Many models of the cytoskeletal motility of Amoeba proteus can be formulated in terms of the theory of reactive interpenetrating flow (Dembo and Harlow, 1986). We have devised numerical methodology for testing such models against the phenomenon of steady axisymmetric fountain flow. The simplest workable scheme revealed by such tests (the minimal model) is the main preoccupation of this study. All parameters of the minimal model are determined from available data. Using these parameters the model quantitatively accounts for the self assembly of the cytoskeleton of A. proteus: for the formation and detailed morphology of the endoplasmic channel, the ectoplasmic tube, the uropod, the plasma gel sheet, and the hyaline cap. The model accounts for the kinematics of the cytoskeleton: the detailed velocity field of the forward flow of the endoplasm, the contraction of the ectoplasmic tube, and the inversion of the flow in the fountain zone. The model also gives a satisfactory account of measurements of pressure gradients, measurements of heat dissipation, and measurements of the output of useful work by amoeba. Finally, the model suggests a very promising (but still hypothetical) continuum formulation of the free boundary problem of amoeboid motion. by balancing normal forces on the plasma membrane as closely as possible, the minimal model is able to predict the turgor pressure and surface tension of A. proteus. Several dynamical factors are crucial to the success of the minimal model and are likely to be general features of cytoskeletal mechanics and control in amoeboid cells. These are: a constitutive law for the viscosity of the contractile network that includes an automatic process of gelation as the network density gets large; a very vigorous cycle of network polymerization and depolymerization (in the case of A. proteus, the time constant for this reaction is approximately 12 s); control of network contractility by a diffusible factor (probably calcium ion); and control of the adhesive interaction between the cytoskeleton and the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
Tunable Microwave Components for Ku- and K-Band Satellite Communications

The use of conductor/ferroelectric/dielectric thin film multilayer structures for frequency and phase agile components at frequencies at and above the Ku-band will be discussed. Among these components are edge coupled filters, microstripline ring resonators, and phase shifters. These structures were implemented using SrTiO3 (STO) ferroelectric thin films, with gold or YBa2Cu3O7-d (YBCO) high temperature superconducting (HTS) microstrip fines deposited by laser ablation on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates. The performance of these structures in terms of tunability, operating temperature, frequency, and dc bias will be presented. Because of their small size, light weight, and low loss, these tunable microwave components are being studied very intensely at NASA as well as the commercial communication industry. An assessment of the progress made so far, and the issues yet to be solved for the successful integration of these components into the aforementioned communication systems will be presented.
Indirect fluorescent antibody tests comparing two strains of Histomonas meleagridis and H. wenrichi.

SYNOPSIS. Histomonas meleagridis cultured in vitro for 8 years, H. meleagridis freshly isolated from cecal contents of turkeys, and freshly isolated, nonpathogenic H. wenrichi were compared by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The Histomonas antisera were produced in rabbits in response to cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis. Using fluorescein-conjugated antirabbit globulin, fluorescent reactions of cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis with either H. meleagridis antisera were indistinguishable. Such results suggest that the antigens involved in these reactions remained relatively unchanged during prolonged cultivation. H. wenrichi reacted feebly with both H. meleagridis antisera.
Reassessing the Park Chung Hee Era, 1961–1979: Development, Political Thought, Democracy, and Cultural Influence

During the January 2013 presidential election campaign, the South Korean public fiercely debated former dictator Park Chung Hee’s economic and political legacy. Whereas the first surge of the “Park...
Recent results and trends in health monitoring with surface acoustic waves (SAW)

This paper presents recent results based on the use of Surface Acoustic Waves (SAWs) for active sensors for health monitoring of a variety of structures. In the first example, SAWs were used in an acoustic waveguide effect in the fluid filled space between two surfaces. The effect was demonstrated for flat plates and for concentric cylinders. Pressure vessels with concentric cylinders are used in the power industry, where the position of an industrial lead screw is an improtant parameter. Wave travel over a length of up to 2 meters could be observed with little energy loss into the fluid. The second example, presents the use of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT) for the rapid health monitoring of railroad wheels. In the third example, surface hugging wedges were used with conventional transducers to launch and detect SAWs for crack detection and mapping measurements on pressure vessel valve stems. The fourth example deals with health monitoring of living biomedical cells. In this case SAWs at hypersonic frequencies (1 GHz) were employed to image and monitor the health of the cells as the temperatures were raised. While these examples are still laboratory projects, some of them are finding their way into industrial applications.
An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks

We present the Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP). In WRP, routing nodes communicate the distance and second-to-last hop for each destination. WRP reduces the number of cases in which a temporary routing loop can occur, which accounts for its fast convergence properties. A detailed proof of correctness is presented and its performance is compared by simulation with the performance of the distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm (DBF), DUAL (a loop-free distance-vector algorithm) and an Ideal Link-state Algorithm (ILS), which represent the state of the art of internet routing. The simulation results indicate that WRP is the most efficient of the alternatives analyzed.
Effects of gastrin and pentagastrin on gastric and pancreatic secretion in dogs.

Porcine gastrin and pentagastrin were compared as stimulants of gastric and pancreatic secretion in conscious dogs. The maximal acid output was greater and the dose response curve for acid output steeper in response to gastrin than to pentagastrin in the vagally innervated main stomach; these differences were not found in vagally denervated pouches. The shape of the dose response curve for pepsin output in response to gastrin and pentagastrin differed markedly. The maximal pepsin response to pentagastrin occurred with doses that were submaximal for acid secretion, in this respect resembling histamine. The slope of the dose response curve for protein output from the pancreas was steeper in response to gastrin than to pentagastrin whereas the curves for bicarbonate output were parallel. The maximal pancreatic output of protein or bicarbonate with gastrin and pentagastrin did not differ significantly. It is concluded that there are important differences between gastrin and pentagastrin in stimulation of gast...
Collapse of the fractional quantum Hall effect in an electron system with large layer thickness.

We report the first experimental study of the energy gap for the fractional quantum Hall states at Landau-level filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1/3 and 2/3 in a variable-width electron system realized in a selectively doped, parabolic, AlGaAs quantum well. We observe a dramatic decrease in the measured energy gaps as the electron-layer thickness increases and the electric-subband separation decreases, which we interpret as the collapse of the correlated fractional states.
Four-schema approach: An extended model for database architecture

Abstract This paper presents an integrative approach for database design. A four-schema architecture, extending the work of the ANSI/X3/SPARC Committee, is proposed as an overall design framework. The concept of the conceptual schema is analyzed, and its two rather independent components are separated. A database design project is briefly discussed as an example of the proposed four-schema approach.
VWD type 1: a calculated diagnosis.

Tosetto and colleagues have developed a mathematical method to quantify the odds of having type 1 von Willebrand Disease based on a person's family history, bleeding score, and VWF level. Accurate diagnosis of type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) remains a clinical challenge. In many instances,
Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region: X. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov.

ABSTRACT We describe a new genus and species of early Oligocene halitheriine dugongid from the Western Atlantic region. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov., differs from all other halitheriine dugongids by displaying the following unique combination of characters: supraorbital processes dorsoventrally thin (≤1 cm) with well-developed prominent posterolateral corner; supraoccipitals wider in the dorsal half than the ventral half; exoccipitals meeting dorsal to the foramen magnum; posttympanic process with a prominent anteroventral process for attachment of m. sternomastoideus; nasals separated in midline; ventral extremity of jugal located ventral to orbit; ventral border of mandible strongly concave; absence of accessory mental foramina; dorsoventrally broad horizontal ramus of mandible; loss of all permanent premolars; and concave anteroventral surface of jugal (a possible autapomorphy). Differs further from the similar species Caribosiren turneri in having lesser rostral deflection (of about 44°); p...
The Leniency Scale: Is it Really Independent of Ratee Behavior?

Although the leniency scale was proposed as a method to measure a lenient tendency and has been advocated as a method for removing error from performance ratings and leader descriptions, there exists little research to support its use. This study was aimed at examining the efficacy of the leniency scale as a measure of a leniency disposition. A total of 135 participants under one or both of two instructional sets (describe your current instructor; describe your last instructor) were asked to complete the leniency scale and a performance evaluation of their current instructor. Results showed that the leniency scale completed under one instructional set was unrelated to the same scale administered under the second instructional set, suggesting that the scale may not measure a leniency disposition. Moreover, the relationship between the leniency scale and leniency depended upon the target of the leniency scale.
Identification of Molecular Markers Linked to the Fertility Restorer Genes for CMS-D8 in Cotton

The identification of molecular markers closely linked to restorer genes of the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) D8 system could facilitate the development of parental lines for hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Our objective was to develop molecular markers closely linked to the two independent dominant restorer genes, Rf 1 from the D2 restorer line transferred from G. harknessii Brandegee (D 2 genome) and Rf 2 from the D8 restorer line. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that were linked to the restorer genes. Three testcrosses were used for mapping Rf 2 and two for Rf 1 relative to the markers. Two RAPD markers, UBC1111 3000 and UBC188 500 , were associated with Rf 2 in coupling phase. UBC188 500 was closely linked to Rf 2 with an average genetic distance of 2.9 cM. A survey of cotton species and cultivars revealed that UBC188 500 was absent in normal cotton cultivars and most Gossypium spp. However, it was present in the D8 restorer line, G. raimondii Ulbr. (D 5 ), G. trilobum (DC.) Skovst. (D 8 ), and selected wild species from Australia, indicating that Rf 2 and the DNA fragment yielding the RAPD marker were both introgressed into the tetraploid cottons from the D 8 genome. A new RAPD marker, UBC169 700 , and a previously identified RAPD marker, UBC659 1500 , cosegregated with Rf 1 in the two populations examined. The three RAPD markers, UBC188 500 , UC169 700 , and UBC659 1500 were converted into reliable and genome-specific sequence tagged site (STS) markers on the basis of their sequence information. These markers are restorer-specific and should be useful in marker-based selection for developing restorer parental lines and constructing a high-resolution linkage map containing Rf 1 and Rf 2 .
A Comparison of Package and Non-Package Travelers from the United Kingdom

The development of package tourism has been a significant feature in the post-war expansion of tourism. The package tour provides many benefits to both travelers and tourism service groups and had become one of the greatest influences in the travel and tourism industry. This paper provides a comparative profile of package and non-package travelers from the United Kingdom. The profiles were developed using sociodemographics, travel characteristics, and information sources. In contrast to earlier studies on packaged vacations, travel philosophy, benefit sought, and product preference were included to understand the choice and decision-making patterns of package and non-package travelers.
Effect of an anti-murine transferrin receptor-ricin A conjugate on bone marrow stem and progenitor cells treated in vitro.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody with specificity for murine transferrin receptor was conjugated with the toxic A subunit of ricin. The dose range, specificity, and kinetics of inhibition of protein synthesis of the conjugate were determined on the murine T-lymphoma cell line, BW5147. When toxin was present throughout the period of culture, in vitro myeloid (CFUc) and erythroid (CFUe and BFUe) bone marrow colonies were inhibited by doses of conjugate comparable to those that inhibit protein synthesis in murine cell lines (IC50 of 5 × 10−11 M). Bone marrow exposed briefly (30 min to 6 h) to anti-transferrin receptor antibody-ricin A conjugate was assayed for myeloid (CFUc) and erythroid (CFUe and BFUe) progenitors in vitro and for in vivo spleen colony formation (CFUs). Only CFUe were depleted by this pulse exposure, consistent with the higher frequency of proliferating cells and transferrin receptor expression in the CFUe population relative to other progenitors.
Modification of the action of pentagastrin on acid secretion by botulinum toxin.

I.v botulinum toxin after 60-90 min abolished the dose-response relationship between pentagastrin and gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats and guinea-pigs. The toxin reduced but did not abolish the acid stimulatory effect of histamine. As expected, the acid response to vagal stimulation was abolished and that to methacholine in rats was unaltered by the toxin.
HYDROLYSIS OF SALMON MUSCLE PROTEINS BY AN ENZYME MIXTURE EXTRACTED FROM ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) PYLORIC CAECA

An extract of serine proteases from the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was recovered by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and stabilized in 20% glycerol. Proteolytic activity was determined using Azocoll and hydrolytic efficiency evaluated on salmon muscle mince. Activity assays identified chymotrypsin as the most active serine protease component, followed by trypsin and elastase. The caeca extract more efficiently hydrolyzed a salmon muscle mince substrate at 40C compared to 21.5C, and was very efficient compared to four commercial protease preparations in terms of degrees of hydrolysis (DH) achieved after a 180 min reaction. Salmon protein hydrolysates made from the enzymatic hydrolysis with the pyloric caeca enzymes had different peptide profiles at the same DH when the reaction took place at 21.5C compared to 40C, suggesting that relative activities of these serine proteases may be different at different reaction temperatures.
An energy model of interframe interval effects in single-step apparent motion.

Abstract A computational model was developed to explain the effects of an interframe interval (IFI) in single-step apparent motion experiments. In these experiments a stimulus appears in one position, disappears, and then reappears in a shifted position after a short or long IFI. If the luminance during the IFI matches the mean luminance of the stimulus frames, long IFIs result in perceived motion opposite the short-IFI conditions. Brighter or darker IFIs, however, do not support the reversed motion effect. The model possesses the following defining characteristics: (1) a biphasic (“transient”) channel whose signalled direction of motion reverses with changes of IFI duration (2) a combined direction-opponent output which is the sum of directional responses developed in two channels—biphasic (“transient”) and monophasic (“sustained”) (3) a signal/noise weighting of the contributions of the two channels to the final directional output of the system. Predictions of the model about the effects of IFI intensity and viewing eccentricity were tested and confirmed in two new psychophysical experiments. The interpretations of past studies which included a role for second-order motion mechanisms in explaining IFI duration effects were reexamined. Further empirical tests of the model were outlined.
Role of substance P in the antidromic vasodilation, neurogenic plasma extravasation and disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the rabbit eye.

The involvement of substance P (SP) in the antidromic vasodilation, neurogenic plasma extravasation and disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier has been investigated in the rabbit eye. The distribution, inactivation and effects of exogenous SP in the anterior uvea after injection into the anterior chamber were studied and the results were compared with data obtained on endogenous SP. About 2% of intracamerally injected 125I-tyr-8-SP was recovered from the ciliary processes. Out of this 1–3% was found to be biologically active. Thirteen to 24% of endogeneous SP in the anterior uvea was detected in the ciliary processes. Intracameral injection of 50–100 μg SP in indomethacin pretreated rabbits had practically no effect on ocular blood flow, capillary permeability to Evans blue or the bloodaqueous barrier. Continuous infusion of 0.8–4.0 μg/min SP for 30 min into the common carotid artery had no significant effect on capillary permeability or the blood-aqueous barrier. In contrast to these findings, nociception accomplished with topical application of 1% neutral formaldehyde for 4 min in indomethacin pretreated rabbits induced a marked increase in blood flow in the anterior uvea plasma extravasation, disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and an increase in the intraocular pressure. These effects could not be blocked by the SP antagonist analog (d-Pro2, d-Phe7, d-Trp9)-SP. The topical pulse treatment with formaldehyde, although inducing longlasting irritation, did not significantly decrease the amount of endogenous SP in the anterior uvea as studied 30–60 min after application of the irritant. It is concluded that in the rabbit anterior uvea, which is practically devoid of mast cells, it is questionable whether SP is causatively involved in the antidromic vasodilation, neurogenic plasma extravasation and disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. The same may also be true for the nonhistaminergic part of the corresponding vascular responses in the skin.
An Evaluation of Sea Level Cyclone Forecasts Produced by NMC's Nested-Grid Model and Global Spectral Model

Abstract Sea level cyclone errors are computed for the National Meteorological Center's Nested-Grid Model (NGM) and the Aviation Run of the Global Spectral Model (AVN). The study is performed for the 1987/88 and 1989/90 cool seasons. All available 24- and 48-h forecast cycles are analyzed for North America and adjacent ocean regions. Forecast errors in the central pressure, position, and 1000-500-mb thickness of the cyclone center are computed. Aggregate errors can be summarized as follows: NGM forecasts of central pressure are too low (forecast pressure lower than analyzed) by 0.72 mb at 24 h and 0.66 mb at 48 h, while AVN forecasts are too high by 2.06 mb at 24 h and 2.50 mb at 48 h. Variance statistics for the pressure error indicate that AVN forecasts possess less variability than those of the NGM. Both mean absolute displacement errors and mean vector displacement errors are smaller for the AVN. The NGM moves surface cyclones too slowly and places them too far poleward into the cold air; the AVN poss...
Irradiation response in titanium modified austenitic stainless steels prepared by rapid solidification processing. Part I: Microstructural response to neutron irradiation

The neutron irradiation response of cold worked Path A PCA has been investigated to about 34 dpa (3100 appm He). Cavity formation can be limited solely to helium accommodation in bubbles under certain circumstances, that is, with bias driven swelling completely suppressed. Under other conditions, however, similar behavior to that of type 316 steel is observed. The differences are strongly correlated with differences in the initial distribution of titanium carbide particles and their precipitation and/or recoil-induced dissolution under irradiation. The effects of rapid solidification processing are explored.
Advances in Preventing Childhood and Adolescent Problem Behavior

Recent advances in the field of prevention have led to a deeper understanding of the causes of adolescent problem behavior and to the identification of efficacious strategies to prevent delinquency...
188 THE PRENATAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) SURGE IN THE FETAL SHEEP

Thomas, et al, reported an increase in fetal T3 concentrations during cortisol induced premature labor in sheep. The present study characterizes changes in Thyroxine (T4), T3, and reverse T3 (rT3) concentrations during the 2 week period prior to spontaneous vaginal delivery (PTD) and during the immediate neonatal period in the sheep. Serial blood samples were collected from 5 chronically catheterized fetal sheep during the 2 weeks PTD. All 5 fetuses were live born. Serum was analyzed for T4, T3, and rT3 by radioimmunoassay. Serum T3 began to increase 4-6 days PTD from a stable geometric mean of 30 ng/dl (upper 95% confidence limit = 39 ng/dl) to a geometric mean of 131 ng/dl (lower 95% confidence limit = 100 ng/dl) on the day of delivery (Day 0). Serum T4 decreased in 4 of the animals and remained unchanged in 1 during this time interval. Serum rT3 decreased from a stable mean of 472 ng/dl to 249 ng/dl on Day 0. The fetal serum T3/T4 ratio increased markedly during the week PTD. Serum T3 levels increased further after delivery; a mean level of 487 ng/dl was measured in 3 lambs at 2-4 hours of age. Conclusions: a) fetal serum T3 levels gradually increase while T4 and rT3 concentrations decrease during the 4-6 days PTD in sheep; b) the increase in serum T3 and fall in T4 and rT3 before birth probably are due to augmented T4 to T3 conversion; c) the perinatal T3 surge has 2 phases: a slow prenatal phase and an abrupt postnatal phase. The prenatal phase may be cortisol induced.
High-performance hybrid CPU and GPU parallel algorithm for digital volume correlation

We present a hybrid Message Passing Interface (MPI) and graphics processing unit (GPU)-based parallel digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithm for measuring three-dimensional (3D) displacement and strain fields inside a material undergoing motion or deformation. Our algorithm achieves resolution comparable to that achieved in two-dimensional (2D) digital image correlation (DIC), in time that is commensurate with the image acquisition time, in this case, using microcomputed tomography (μ CT) for scanning images. For DVC, the volume of data and number of correlation points both grow cubically with the linear dimensions of the image. We turn to parallel computing to gain sufficient processing power to scale to high resolution, and are able to achieve more than an order-of-magnitude increase in resolution compared with previous efforts that are not based on a parallel framework.
712 SPLENECTOMY AND PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME (WAS)

The WAS, an x-linked disorder with the triad of recurrent infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenia with hemorrhage, is a difficult management problem. 1/3 of WAS patients die of thrombo-cytopenia with catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage the principal threat. Because of the experience that splenectomized WAS patients died within a few months of overwhelming sepsis, splenectomy has been considered relatively contraindicated. 18 splenectomized WAS patients were evaluated for their response in terms of hemostatic improvement and subsequent clinical course. 17 of the 18 patients (94%) had elevations of their platelet counts (pc) to normal or near normal levels with control of bleeding. The mean pc rose from 19 to 249 × 103/mm3. Autologous platelet survival became normal post splenectomy in the one patient studied. 7 of the 18 patients are alive with a mean survival of 8 years post splenectomy. 7 of the 7 survivors are on prophylactic antibiotics and have been free of septic complications while on antibiotics. Of the 9 patients who have died, only one was or long term antibiotic coverage which had been stopped 10 days before the onset of his fatal septic episode. Splenectomy appears to offer a useful therapeutic modality for controlling hemorrhage and increasing survival in WAS when combined with the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The critical requirement for continuous antibiotic coverage, however, cannot be overemphasized when considering this form of therapy.