cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epigenetic Modifier Ubiquitin-specific Protease 22 (USP22) Regulates Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation via Transcriptional Repression of Sex-determining Region Y-box 2 (SOX2)

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo self-renewal until stimulated to differentiate along specific lineage pathways. Many of the transcriptional networks that drive reprogramming of a self-renewing ESC to a differentiating cell have been identified. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered about the epigenetic programs that control these changes in gene expression. Here we report that the histone ubiquitin hydrolase ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) is a critical epigenetic modifier that controls this transition from self-renewal to differentiation. USP22 is induced as ESCs differentiate and is necessary for differentiation into all three germ layers. We further report that USP22 is a transcriptional repressor of the locus encoding the core pluripotency factor sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) in ESCs, and this repression is required for efficient differentiation. USP22 occupies the Sox2 promoter and hydrolyzes monoubiquitin from ubiquitylated histone H2B and blocks transcription of the Sox2 locus. Our study reveals an epigenetic mechanism that represses the core pluripotency transcriptional network in ESCs, allowing ESCs to transition from a state of self-renewal into lineage-specific differentiation programs. Background: Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) is a deubiquitylating enzyme with established biological functions in cancer cells. Results: USP22 drives differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and represses sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) transcription. Conclusion: USP22 is induced during ESC differentiation to repress SOX2 transcription. Significance: Understanding the epigenetic programs that control changes in gene expression during the transition from self-renewal to differentiation.
A Technique for Diagnosing Three-Dimensional Ageostrophic Circulations in Baroclinic Disturbances on Limited-Area Domains

Abstract The methodology developed by Keyser et al. for representing and diagnosing three-dimensional vertical circulations in baroclinic disturbances using a two-dimensional vector streamfunction, referred to as the psi vector, is restricted to f-plane channel-model geometry. The vertical circulation described by the psi vector consists of the irrotational (or divergent) part of the ageostrophic wind and the vertical velocity. A key property of the psi vector is that its projections onto arbitrarily oriented orthogonal vertical planes yield independent vertical circulations, allowing separation of a three-dimensional vertical circulation into two two-dimensional components, and thus objective assessment of the extent to which a three-dimensional vertical circulation is oriented in a preferred direction. Here the methodology for determining the psi vector is modified to be suitable for real-data applications. The modifications consists of reformulating the diagnostic equations to apply to conformal map pr...
Limited Mutations in Full-length Tetrameric Human α2-Macroglobulin Abrogate Binding of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-BB and Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Abstract α2-Macroglobulin (α2M) inhibits diverse extracellular proteases, binds growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and carries β-amyloid peptide. α2M may also trigger cell signaling by binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) and/or other cell surface receptors. Based on studies with recombinant α2M fragments expressed in bacteria and synthetic peptides, we previously localized a growth factor-binding site near the center of the α2M subunit. However, because intact α2M forms a hollow cylinder structure, an alternative model for growth factor binding involves nonspecific entrapment within the α2M core. To distinguish between these two models, we engineered mutations in the putative growth factor binding sequence of full-length α2M. These mutations did not perturb the tetrameric structure of α2M, reaction with proteases, the thiol ester bonds, or binding to LRP-1. A single mutation (E730R) completely blocked binding of platelet-derived growth factor-BB to intact α2M. E730R did not alter TGF-β1 binding; however, this mutation in combination with mutations at Glu714 and Asp719 eliminated the increase in TGF-β1 binding associated with α2M conformational change. These studies demonstrate that growth factor binding to intact α2M is specific, involving a defined region of the α2M subunit. The exact sequences required for binding different growth factors may be non-identical, mimicking the model of the bait region in which different proteases target adjacent and sometimes overlapping sequences.
An Analysis of Students' Self-Monitoring in First- and Second-Grade Classrooms.

Students' verbalizations were examined to identify instances of self-instruction (i.e., use of relevant knowledge and skills) and self-monitoring (i.e., task-relevant self-talk) during reading and ...
Truly Random Control Group in Pavlovian Conditioning of Planaria (Dugesia Dorotocephala)

Both Jensen (1965) and Dyal (1973) have called for the introduction of the truly random control group in studies of planaria to provide an appropriate baseline against which to evaluate the associative effects of CS-US pairings. Accordingly, an experiment was performed comparing a Pavlovian excitatory conditioning group both with the traditional unpaired control group and a Rescorla truly random group. Three conditions were compared (six planaria in each) using a trace conditioning procedure (3-sec. light CS followed by a 1-sec. shock US). The major results of the experiment were that (a) the Pavlovian excitatory group showed an increase in performance only for the contraction CR measure, (b) head turns and combined CR measures showed only decreases or no changes in performance in any of the groups; (c) the performance of the truly random control group was between the Pavlovian excitatory and unpaired control groups, providing support for the notion that the latter is not truly a control condition but an ...
Electrophilic Substitution of 1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-Octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane

Nitration of octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane (OFP) provides an entry into the synthesis of a series of 11 monosubstituted OFPs, including the nitro, amino, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxy, and trifluoromethyl compounds. The NMR, mass spectrometric, and UV spectral properties of all of these derivatives are presented and discussed, and they are compared with those of its hydrocarbon analogue, [2.2]paracyclophane.
A System Dynamics Model for Energy Planning in Niger

This paper proposes an energy management model using system dynamics (SD) modeling approach. The time span of the model extends from 2003 to 2030. The Model was calibrated and used for the evaluation of six policy scenarios. Population, per capita electricity consumption, and the industrial sectors were identified as key components and used as inputs to predict future electricity supply and demand needs. Particular attention was paid, in the proposed model, to the individual and total amounts of carbon released into the atmosphere. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of the model, it was applied to Niger’s electricity sector. The raw data from the past ten years was used as a benchmark for the study. A key factor in this study was Niger’s fast growing population. The quick increase in population will add uncertainties to both the projections and the accuracy of the results. Model results show that by putting a particular emphasis on the national supply, Niger may be energy self-sufficient from 2018 through 2030. The model also indicates that the bond between Nigeria and Niger must be firmly re-strengthened for the latter to be able to meet its future electricity challenges. The proposed model can be used in guiding public policy in developing regions.
Advances in SPECT and PET

The major developments in SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) and PET (positron-emission tomography) are reviewed, and the near-term objectives for further developments are discussed. SPECT tomographs consisting of rotating Anger cameras are improved through the use of fan-beam, cone-beam, and astigmatic collimators. At the same time dedicated SPECT tomographs using cylindrical stationary-detector geometry are being developed as an alternative. Whether they will find widespread use is considered to depend largely on the clinical utility of SPECT imaging and on the development of radiopharmaceuticals. PET tomographs continue to improve in spatial resolution, aided by the use of detector encoding schemes that reduce the number of photomultipliers relative to the number of scintillation crystals. This improved resolution must be combined with higher sensitivity in order to take full advantage of the improved resolution. High sensitivity can be achieved by using a large axial acceptance angle. It is noted that similarities between the two modalities are increasing both in detector development (especially for stationary systems) and reconstruction algorithms (particularly in true three-dimensional reconstructions), suggesting that an awareness of both fields will be needed to enhance the development of each one. >
Noradrenergic modulation of somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to iontophoretically applied putative neurotransmitters.

Abstract We examined the interaction of norepinephrine (NE) applied iontophoretically in small doses with the responsiveness of somatosensory cortical neurons to the putative neurotransmitter substances acetylcholine (ACh) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Neuronal responses to microiontophoretic pulses (8- to 10-s duration at 45-s intervals) of ACh and GABA were examined before, during, and after NE iontophoresis. Computer-generated histograms used for quantitation of drug responses revealed a NE-induced enhancement of neuronal responsiveness to both ACh and GABA. NE differentially suppressed the spontaneous firing rate more than activity during ACh-induced excitation such that the excitatory response was enhanced relative to background discharge in 86% of the cells tested. In 13 of 35 cells tested, ACh responses were potentiated above control values. GABA-induced inhibition of cortical neuron spontaneous discharge was augmented during iontophoretic application of NE in 94% of the cells examined. Dopamine, even at doses sufficient to depress background firing rate, was not effective in facilitating responses to either ACh or GABA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a primary function of the central noradrenergic system is to enhance the efficacy of postsynaptically acting neurotransmitters.
Comprehensive kinetics of triiodothyronine production, distribution, and metabolism in blood and tissue pools of the rat using optimized blood-sampling protocols.

We have determined estimates for 24 physiological parameters of production, interpool transport, distribution, and metabolism of T3 in the major T3 pools of the unanesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rat, from blood-borne data and a comprehensive model and analysis of this system. Most of these indices have previously been unavailable. Whereas only 3% (2 ng/100 g BW) of the total body T3 pool (74 ng/100 g BW) is in plasma, the composite of slowly equilibrating (slow) tissue pools (e.g. muscle, skin, and brain) appears to contain most of the T3, 76% (57 ng/100 g BW) of the total. The composite of rapidly equilibrating (fast) tissue pools (e.g. liver and kidney) contains the remaining 19% (16 ng/100 g BW). The total body T3 production rate is 0.12 ng/100 g BW·min, and we estimate that about half of this emanates directly from T4 in the slow pools, whereas the remainder is derived from both thyroidal secretion and T4 to T3 conversion in the fast pools. Our results also indicate that T3 molecules spend an average...
Hybrid simulation of speech waveforms utilizing a Gaussian wave function representation

Most of the prior research work concerned with the analysis and synthesis of speech has employed Fourier series and transforms as the mathematical framework for the characterization of live speech. Current studies at UCSB have taken a new approach, namely the time domain analysis of speech waveforms. This work, per formed under the direction of Dr. Glen J. Culler, is based on a Gaussian wave-function approach to the analysis, synthesis and decomposition of speech elements. This paper is concerned with the hybrid simulation of speech waveforms utilizing the wave-function representation. A speech simulator consisting of a hybrid interconnec tion of four TR-20 analog computers is described. Re sults of the simulation of two vowel sounds, the "o" in "on" and the "a" in "at," are presented and compared with the original speech data. The results form an im pressive check on the wave-function approach and have provided the impetus for the realization of a hybrid speech-synthesizer based on this technique.
Visibility on cathode-ray tube screens; viewing angle.

Thresholds of visual detectability were determined for signals on a modified 7BP7 cathode-ray tube. Thresholds were determined in units of signal voltage for three pip sizes, all relatively small, and for four screen brightnesses at each of several positions from the line of binocular regard to 20 degrees out from it. The purpose was to determine the limits within which chance eccentricity of view could be a factor in radar detection. The range of impairment from zero to twenty degrees of eccentricity was about 17 db of signal voltage. The course of the impairment is probably not quite linear, with the optimal scope brightness (about 0.16 footlambert for this phosphor), but the slope is a function of scope brightness. For very small pips the data show no region of equal visibility, even within the fovea; direct fixation is required for maximal detection. There being no data based on optically precise stimuli available for comparison with the radar thresholds, an estimate was made of the luminances of the pips and their backgrounds. As estimated, the visual threshold probably varies up to one-log unit or greater over a range of 20 degrees of viewing angle, for the optimal scope background.
Electricity Transformed: Neoliberalism and Local Energy in the United States

: The concept of neoliberalism is explored with respect to the history of the electricity industry and policy in the USA. Rather than view “neoliberalism” as an all-encompassing form of governmentality or a hegemonic regime, it is instead situated in a political field of competing ideologies, policies, practices, and agents that includes social liberalism, socialism, and cooperativism, with hegemonic and redistributive forms of both social liberalism and neoliberalism distinguished. The field approach enables a dynamic interpretation of the history of the electricity industry in the USA that tracks the relative role of government intervention in the economy, scale shifts in the level of government intervention, and the extent to which the policies favor elite accumulation or redistribution to less favored economic categories. The field approach also enables an analysis of local responses to market restructuring that suggest some examples of redistributive politics, even local socialism, that have emerged as a consequence of marketplace restructuring.
Suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with developmental stage, number of perinatal seizure episodes, and glucocorticosteroid level☆

Seizures increase dentate granule cell proliferation in adult rats but decrease proliferation in young pups. The particular period and number of perinatal seizures required to cause newborn granule cell suppression in development are unknown. Therefore, we examined cell proliferation with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry during the peak of neurogenesis (e.g., P6 and P9) and at later postnatal ages (e.g., P13, P20, or P30) following single and multiple episodes of perinatal status epilepticus induced by kainate (KA). Because an inverse relationship exists between glucocorticosteroids (CORT) levels and granule cell proliferation, plasma CORT levels and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were simultaneously monitored to elucidate underlying mechanisms that inhibit cell proliferation. In control animals, the number of BrdU-labeled cells increased then declined with maturation. After 1x KA or 2x KA administered on P6 and P9, the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells were not different from age-matched controls. However, rat pups with 3x KA (on P6, P9, and P13) had marked suppression of BrdU-labeled cells 48-72 h after the last seizure (43 +/- 6.5% of control). Cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited on P20 after 2x KA (to 56 +/- 6.9%) or 3x KA (to 54 +/- 7.9%) and on P30 with 3x KA (to 74.5 +/- 8.2% of age-matched controls). Cell death was not apparent as chromatin stains showed increased basophilia of only inner cells lining the granule cell layers, in the absence of eosinophilia, argyrophilia, or terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) labeling at times examined. In P13 pups with 3x KA, electron microscopy revealed an increased number of immature granule cells and putative stem cells with irregular shape, condensed cytoplasm, and electron dense nuclei, and they were also BrdU positive. The EEG showed no relationship between neurogenesis and duration of high-synchronous ictal activity. However, endocrine studies showed a correlation with BrdU number and age, sustained increases in circulating CORT levels following 1x KA on P6 (0.7 +/- 0.1 to 2.40 +/- 0.86 microg/dl), and cumulative increases that exceeded 10 microg/dl at 4-8 h after 3x KA on P13 or P20. In conclusion, a history of only one or two perinatal seizure(s) can suppress neurogenesis if a second or third seizure recurs after a critical developmental period associated with a marked surge in CORT. During the first 2 weeks of postnatal life sustained increases in postictal circulating CORT levels but not duration or intensity of ictal activity has long-term consequences on neurogenesis. The occurrence of an increased proportion of immature granule cells and putative stem cells with irregular morphology in the absence of neurodegeneration suggests that progenitors may not differentiate properly and remain in an immature state.
Effect of diabetes mellitus on heart rate variability in patients with congestive heart failure.

BURGER, A.J., et al.: Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure. This study sought to determine if the severity of autonomic perturbations in patients with heart failure are affected by the presence of diabetes. Decreased HRV is frequent in diabetic patients free of clinically apparent heart disease and has been invoked as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. However, reduced HRV is also commonly present in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The effect of diabetes on autonomic dysfunction in this setting is not known. Holter ECGs from 69 diabetic patients and 85 nondiabetic control subjects with heart failure were analyzed. The severity of autonomic dysfunction was assessed using 24-hour time- and frequency-domain HRV analysis. Prognostically important timeand frequency-domain HRV measures (SDNN, SDANN5, total power, and ultra-low frequency power) were not different between the two groups. Time- and frequency-domain parameters modulated by parasympathetic tone (pNN50, RMSSD, and HF power) were depressed to a similar degree in the diabetic and the nondiabetic groups. The low frequency power was significantly lower in diabetic patients (5.8 ± 0.7 vs 5.3 ± 1.0, P = 0.02). The ratio of low to high frequency power was substantially lower in the diabetic group (2.2 ± 0.2 vs 1.4 ± 0.2, P < 0.0001). These differences were more apparent in insulin-treated diabetics. In the presence of heart failure, HRV parameters that are most predictive of adverse outcome are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Furthermore, during increased sympathetic stimulation in the setting of heart failure, diabetes does not worsen parasympathetic withdrawal but may mitigate sympathetic activation.
A Kantian Moral Duty for the Soon-to-be Demented to Commit Suicide

It has been argued that, on Kantian grounds, pedophiles, rapists and murderers are morally obligated to take their own lives prior to committing a violent action that will end their moral agency. That is, to avoid destroying the agent's moral life by performing a morally suicidal action, the agent, while he still is a moral agent, should end his body's life. Although the cases of dementia and the morally reprehensible are vastly different, this Kantian interpretation might be useful in the debate on the permissibility of suicide for those facing dementia's effects. If moral agents have a duty to act as moral agents, then those who will lose their moral identity as moral agents have an obligation to themselves to end their physical lives prior to losing their dignity as persons.
Inquiry Teaching in High School Chemistry Classrooms: The Role of Knowledge and Beliefs

"Science as inquiry" is a key content standard in the National Science Education Standards, yet implementation of inquiry-based teaching is rare in secondary chemistry classrooms. This paper is the result of a study conducted to understand factors that effect the inquiry-based instruction of ten novice secondary chemistry teachers. The study focused on the influence of teaching beliefs and content knowledge on the instructional practices of these ten teachers. Case and cross-case comparisons revealed that chemistry teachers' intentions to implement inquiry teaching were strongly influenced by their teaching beliefs rather than their knowledge of chemistry. The quality of inquiry lessons, however, was found to depend on the teachers' knowledge of chemistry content. This study reinforces the need for chemistry-focused inservice training for beginning chemistry teachers that focuses on both inquiry teaching strategies and teaching beliefs.
Anharmonic corrections for fundamental vibrations of the metal hexacarbonyls

Abstract Several ternary combinations of vibrational frequencies of the hexacarbonyls of Cr, Mo, and W have been observed in 10-centimeter path lengths of saturated solutions in carbon tetrachloride and in carbon disulfide. From these observations anharmonic corrections to the CO stretching frequencies are calculated. The mid-infrared and Raman spectra of solutions in the same solvents were observed also. From the results the fundamental harmonic CO stretching frequencies were calculated.
Fast Ligand Substitution at a Chromium(III) Hydroperoxo Complex

The hydroperoxo group in (H2O)5CrOOH2+ is replaced with selected anions (acetate, nitrate, and sulfate) at rates that are unprecedented for substitution at a pentaaquachromium(III) complex. The chemistry is noteworthy in that it interchanges low-concentration, weak ligands between a Cr(III) coordination sphere and solution in the presence of a large excess of water. We attribute this chemistry and the fast kinetics to the hydroperoxo cis effect. Each of the entering anions follows a different rate law in support of H+-assisted dissociation of the hydroperoxo group from a mixed-ligand intermediate. The dependence on [H+] is first-order for nitrate, zero-order for acetic acid, and changes from first- to zero-order for sulfate in the acidity range 0.015 M < [H+] < 0.20 M. At 1.0 M H+, the second-order rate constants are 3.0 (nitrate), 2.49 (sulfate), and 0.90 (acetic acid) M−1 s−1. The similarity in rate constants supports a mechanism featuring rate-limiting substitution at chromium. The equilibrium constant...
Characterization of neurologic injury using novel morphological analysis of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

This paper describes an innovative, easy-to-interpret, clinically translatable tool for analysis of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs). Unlike traditional analysis, which involves peak-to-peak amplitude and latency calculation, this method, phase space analysis, analyzes the overall morphology of the SSEP, and includes greater information. The SSEP is plotted in phase space (x vs. x), which leads to an approximately spiral curve. The area swept out by this curve is termed the Phase Space Area (PSA). As PSA calculation involves numerical differentiation, we present a comparison of two different approaches to combat noise amplification: finite-window smoothing, and total variation regularization (TVR) of the numerical derivative. These methods are applied to simulated SSEPs. The efficacy of these methods in performing noise-reduction is assessed and compared with ensemble averaging. While TVR gives a reasonably robust approximation of the derivative, Gaussian smoothing of the derivative offers the best trade-off between the number of signal sweeps required to be averaged, close approximation of the SSEP derivative, and optimal estimation of the PSA. We validate this method by analyzing non-characteristic SSEPs that have indistinguishable peaks as is frequently seen in cases of underlying neurologic injury such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Pexophagy: The Selective Degradation of Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles present in the majority of eukaryotic cells. Despite the existence of great diversity among different species, cell types, and under different environmental conditions, peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids and the generation, as well as detoxification, of hydrogen peroxide. The exigency of all eukaryotic cells to quickly adapt to different environmental factors requires the ability to precisely and efficiently control peroxisome number and functionality. Peroxisome homeostasis is achieved by the counterbalance between organelle biogenesis and degradation. The selective degradation of superfluous or damaged peroxisomes is facilitated by several tightly regulated pathways. The most prominent peroxisome degradation system uses components of the general autophagy core machinery and is therefore referred to as “pexophagy.” In this paper we focus on recent developments in pexophagy and provide an overview of current knowledge and future challenges in the field. We compare different modes of pexophagy and mention shared and distinct features of pexophagy in yeast model systems, mammalian cells, and other organisms.
Receptance Coupling Study of Tool-Length Dependent Dynamic Absorber Effect

The chatter-free material removal rate during high-speed machining of aluminum using long, slender endmills is limited by the cutting system dynamics, which changes with the tool length. Traditional stability-lobe diagrams that predict the maximum allowable chip width for a given spindle speed are determined using the tool point frequency response function. A brief review is given of a combined analytical and experimental method that uses receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) for the rapid prediction of the tool-point frequency response as the tool length is varied. The basic idea of the method is to combine the measured direct displacement vs. force receptance (i.e., frequency response) at the free end of the spindle-holder system with analytical expressions for the tool receptances. The method is then used to provide an explanation for the dynamic absorber effect that has been observed in the context of tool-length tuning.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Deep‐Frozen Allogeneic Cancellous Bone Grafts in 10 Dogs: A Case Series

Deep-frozen, aseptically collected and processed allogeneic cancellous bone was implanted in eight dogs during the surgical repair of diaphyseal long bone fractures and in two dogs during arthrodeses. A combined allogeneic and autogeneic cancellous bone graft was used in two fractures with a segmental bone loss of more than 5 cm. Bone union occurred in five fractures and in both arthrodeses. Failure of fixation occurred in two dogs with nonunion fractures and in a third dog with an open, infected fracture. Biopsies from the fracture sites were obtained from these dogs following failure of their fracture fixation. The cancellous bone graft appeared to be in the process of normal incorporation in each case. Failure of fixation was attributed to technical or case management errors or both, in each of the three fractures that failed to achieve bony union. Frozen allogeneic cancellous bone grafts were effectively incorporated when used in the primary repair of fractures and arthrodeses. Combined autogenous and allogeneic cancellous bone grafts may be particularly useful in the repair of fractures with large segmental diaphyseal bone defects. The use of allogeneic cancellous bone grafts in nonunion fractures requires further investigation before it can be recommended.
TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AND CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL INFORMATION ON TELEVISION

Recent studies are reviewed that suggest that preschool and young grade-school children often have incomplete or distorted impressions of social portrayals on television. It is suggested that cognitive-processing factors in understanding television dramas may put these younger viewers at special risk for deleterious effects of television viewing.
Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments for Precise Measurements of Oscillation Parameters and Search for CP Violation

We analyze the prospects of a feasible, very long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of a conventional horn produced low energy wide band beam and a detector of 500 kT fiducial mass with modest requirements on event recognition and resolution. Such an experiment is intended primarily to measure CP invariance parameters in the neutrino sector. We analyze the sensitivity of such an experiment. The conclusion is that it will allow determination of the CP parameter δCP, if the currently unknown mixing parameter sin22θ13 ≥ 0.01, a value about 10 times lower than the present experimental upper limit. Such an experiment has great potential for precise measurements of all parameters in the neutrino mixing matrix including , sin22θ23, , and the mass ordering of neutrinos through the observation of the matter effect in the νμ → νe appearance channel.
Pretense and fiction-directed thought

Thought about fictional characters is special, and needs to be distinguished from ordinary world-directed thought. On my interpretation, Kendall Walton and Gareth Evans have tried to show how this serious fiction-directed thought can arise from engagement with a kind of pretending. Many criticisms of their account have focused on the methodological presupposition, that fiction-directed thought is the appropriate explanandum. In the first part of this paper, I defend the methodological claim, and thus the existence of the problem to which pretense is supposed to be a solution. In the second part, I elaborate and defend the pretense theory as a solution to this problem.
Static analysis of flexibly connected thin-walled plane frames

Abstract The static response of plane frames including nonlinear semi-rigid connection behavior, post-local-buckling strength of thin-walled steel members and first-order geometric nonlinearity is presented. Semi-rigid connection behavior is modeled using an exponential approximation of the connection flexibility-moment relationship. Post-local-buckling behavior is approximated using an effective width concept. Both axial and bending stresses are included in the direct iteration scheme used to calculate the cross section properties for the locally buckled members. Discretization of the nonlinear equilibrium equations is based on an exact elastic stiffness matrix formulation coupled with a finite element representation of first-order geometric nonlinearity. Solution of the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations is obtained using an iterative predictor-corrector strategy along with a constant spherical arc-length constraint algorithm for the automatic selection of the load step increments. Numerical results are presented for a two story, two bay frame which demonstrate the influence of flexible connections, local buckling and/or beam-column, P -delta secondary moments.
Non‐polarizable collagen in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a useful diagnostic aid

The stroma in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) stains with trichrome, but is not polarizable (birefringent, doubly refractile). The usefulness of polarizing neoplastic stroma as a diagnostic aid in distinguishing DFSP from dermatofibroma and fibromatosis was evaluated. Forty cases of dermatofibroma of all types, 12 cases of dermal fibromatosis, and 15 cases of DFSP were examined. None of DFSPs contained polarizable collagen, whereas 11 of the 12 (92%) fibromatoses and 35 of the 40 (88%) dermatofibromas did. Of the 5 dermatofibromas that did not polarize, all were composed primarily of round to polyhedral histiocytic cells, including foam cells, frequently surrounding small obliterated capillaries. Although not pathognomonic, the presence of nonpolarizable collagen appears to be an additional histological marker useful in differentiating DFSP from dermatofibroma and fibromatosis.
Osmoregulation by potassium transport in Escherichia coli

Cell turgor pressure determines the extent of K+ accumulation by Escherichia coli cells. K+ influx is mediated both by a constitutive system with a low affinity for K+ (Trk) and by an inducible high affinity system (Kdp). K+ efflux is controlled by as yet unidentified but independent systems. Cell K+ concentration may be the link between growth in media of high osmolarity and the concomitant accumulation of compatible solutes such as betaine.
A constitutive operator splitting method for nonlinear transient analysis

Abstract A constitutive operator splitting method for the time integration of the nonlinear dynamic equations of motion which result from the consideration of nonlinear material behavior is studied. In the method, the material constitutive law is split into a constant, history independent relation (implicit portion) and a variable history dependent relation (explicit portion); the resulting constituents are then integrated by implicit and explicit methods, respectively. Analysis of stability and some example solutions indicate that for materials with decreasing stiffness (materials which soften with increasing strain) the method is unconditionally stable. Several examples are considered which compare the accuracy of the method to exact solutions and solutions obtained by explicit central difference time integration; in all cases there is good agreement.
Distribution of Pesticide Residues Within Homes in Central New York State

Residues for 17 pesticides were analyzed in 41 households in central New York State that represented farm, rural, and urban houses. Samples were taken in both summer and winter of 2000–2001 from the same households from four locations; family room carpet; adjacent smooth floor; flat tabletop surface; and settled dust collected in a Petri dish on a tabletop. Pesticide residues were analyzed to identity factors that influence both the transport into and the redistribution of pesticides in the indoor environment. Differences were observed between the various pesticides and pesticide classifications relative to location within and between households as well as by season. Variations in the pesticide residues were related to a number of factors. Higher residues were observed in the farm households, particularly in summer, with the highest amount observed for chloropyrifos in carpet (33 μg/m2). For many pesticides, the frequency of detection and the amount of residues were higher in summer, which relates to usage patterns in agriculture and horticulture; however, larger amounts of insecticides such as mecoprop, resmethrin, and tetramethrin were found on flat surfaces in winter, indicating household use and possible redistribution within the home. Distribution patterns suggest that routines within a household may cause high variation in residues; these practices include indoor pets and treatment for fleas and ticks, use of termiticides, and fastidiousness of occupants. Frequency of pesticide detection was highest in carpet for both summer and winter for all households, indicating that carpets hold pesticides over time. Adsorbent fibrous materials such as textiles hold pesticides by macro- and micro-occlusion in their complex structures. Amounts of pesticide residue were higher in carpets than on smooth floors, particularly for rural farm households where the farmer was a certified pesticide applicator. The maximum amount of pesticide residue on a smooth floor surface was 13.6 μg/m2 malathion while the maxima on wiped surfaces and in settled dust were 1.8 μg/m2 2, 4 D and 3 μg/m2 pendimethalin, respectively. Physical properties of individual pesticides such as vapor pressure influenced the distribution of the pesticide within the households. Evidence of volatilization of pesticides and redeposition on surfaces was observed, indicating that this is a mechanism for contamination of surfaces in addition to adsorption on airborne particles and tracking. High residues in winter are evidence that closure of households in winter that reduces ventilation results in redistribution of pesticides within households.
Diamond radiation detectors may be forever

Abstract Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond particle detectors have been developed as a radiation tolerant replacement or upgrade to present detectors in extreme radiation environments. During the past few years devices have been manufactured and tested with fast, radiation-hard electronics. In this paper, we discuss the present status and recent progress achieved.
A phylogenetic approach to gene expression data: evidence for the evolutionary origin of mammalian leukocyte phenotypes

SUMMARY The evolution of multicellular organisms involved the evolution of specialized cell types performing distinct functions; and specialized cell types presumably arose from more generalized ancestral cell types as a result of mutational event, such as gene duplication and changes in gene expression. We used characters based on gene expression data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among 11 types of lymphocytes by the maximum parsimony method. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed expected patterns including separation of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages; clustering together of granulocyte types; and pairing of phenotypically similar cell types such as T-helper cells type 1 and T-helper cells type 2 (Th1 and Th2). We used phylogenetic analyses of sequence data to determine the time of origin of genes showing significant expression difference between Th1 and Th2 cells. Many such genes, particularly those involved in the regulation of gene expression or activation of proteins, were of ancient origin, having arisen by gene duplication before the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of tetrapods and teleosts. However, certain other genes with significant expression difference between Th1 and Th2 arose after the tetrapod–teleost MRCA, and some of the latter were specific to eutherian (placental) mammals. This evolutionary pattern is consistent with previous evidence that, while bony fishes possess Th1 and Th2 cells, the latter differ phenotypically in important respects from the corresponding cells of mammals. Our results support a gradualistic model of the evolution of distinctive cellular phenotypes whereby the unique characteristics of a given cell type arise as a result of numerous independent mutational changes over hundreds of millions of years.
Up-Regulation of Oxytocin Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein by Estradiol in the Cervix of Ovariectomized Rat

Oxytocin receptor (OTR) regulation has been extensively studied in uterine myometrium and endometrium. However, studies in the cervix are limited. The present studies utilized in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to localize OTR mRNA and protein distribution in cervices of nonpregnant ovariectomized (OVX) rats and examined the effect of combined and independent treatments with estradiol and progesterone on cervical OTR. Thirteen nonpregnant rats were bilaterally OVX under general anesthesia. At least 7 days later, the rats were exposed to one of four different treatments 24 h prior to necropsy: 1) estradiol (50 microg, n = 4); 2) progesterone (10 mg, n = 3); 3) both estradiol (50 microg) and progesterone (10 mg) (n = 3); 4) corn oil vehicle (n = 3). After 24-h estradiol treatment, OTR mRNA increased significantly (p < 0.05) in smooth muscle cells of the rat cervix as a result of increased copy numbers of OTR mRNA per cell as well as an increased population of OTR mRNA-positive cells. Progesterone alone had no effect on OTR mRNA expression; however, progesterone combined with estradiol significantly inhibited the up-regulation of OTR mRNA by estradiol alone. The increase of OTR mRNA in cervical epithelial cells was minimal in all situations. Intensity of cervical OTR immunostaining in both the epithelial cells and cervical smooth muscle cells was also elevated after estradiol treatment. The anti-rat OTR antiserum used for immunocytochemistry was validated by Western blot analysis. In conclusion, OTR and OTR mRNA were localized in smooth muscle cells and in epithelial cells of rat cervix. Estradiol-dependent activation of OTR gene expression and active OTR synthesis in smooth muscle cells account for the increased OTR level in rat cervix in vivo, in which progesterone acted as an antagonist of estradiol on OTR gene expression.
Factors affecting the friction coefficients between metallic washers and composite surfaces

Abstract Proper design of friction-type bolted joints for composite materials accounts for the force transmitted through friction between the clamped materials. This consideration requires knowledge of the coefficient of friction between the mating surfaces of the bolt, or washer, and the composite material. In this study, the static and kinetic coefficients of friction between standard washers and a graphite fibre-reinforced epoxy composite are found as a function of clamping force and outer ply angle.
Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols: Pedogenic development, stratigraphic relationships, and paleosol/landscape associations

Abstract Two kinds of cumulative floodplain paleosols, red and grey paleosols, formed on overbank deposits of the Willwood Formation in the Sand Coulee area of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Although both kinds experienced down-profile iron movement, due to seasonal saturation of a clay-rich A horizon, the red paleosols were better drained and their B horizons were rubified. Various redoximorphic features indicate that the grey paleosols were poorly drained. The red paleosols show progressive increases in the degree of profile development away from an associated channel sandstone, a paleosol/landscape relationship termed pedofacies by Bown and Kraus (1987). Although the grey paleosols show relatively systematic changes in hydromorphy, consistent pedofacies changes were not recognized. Furthermore, no lateral relationship between the red and grey paleosols was observed. These features suggest that, because of the retarding effects of poor drainage on soil weathering, poorly drained soils are not amenable to pedofacies modelling and that the landscape associations of well drained and poorly drained soils may be difficult to document without unusually extensive exposures. Results of this study also show that the pedofacies model is limited by sediment accumulation rates and the kind of fine-grained facies on which paleosols developed. Although readily observable in Sand Coulee, pedofacies are difficult to recognize in the Elk Creek area, where accumulation rates were approximately half as rapid as in Sand Coulee. The attainment of steady-state conditions is believed to have obscured pedofacies in the Elk Creek area. Finally, pedofacies are only developed on true overbank deposits, which, in the Willwood Formation and probably many other ancient alluvial sequences, make up only a fraction of the fine-grained deposits. Only immature soils formed on the remainder of the fine-grained facies because they were deposited very rapidly, as a result of channel avulsion.
Acetabular dysplasia after treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY PROCEDURES

Untreated acetabular dysplasia following treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) leads to early degenerative joint disease. Clinicians must accurately and reliably recognise dysplasia in order to intervene appropriately with secondary acetabular or femoral procedures. This study sought early predictors of residual dysplasia in order to establish empirically-based indications for treatment. DDH treated by closed or open reduction alone was reviewed. Residual hip dysplasia was defined according to the Severin classification at skeletal maturity. Future hip replacement in a subset of these patients was compared with the Severin classification. Serial measurements of acetabular development and subluxation of the femoral head were collected, as were the age at reduction, type of reduction, and Tonnis grade prior to reduction. These variables were used to predict the Severin classification. The mean age at reduction in 72 hips was 16 months (1 to 46). On the final radiograph, 47 hips (65%) were classified as Severin I/II, and 25 as Severin III/IV (35%). At 40 years after reduction, five of 43 hips (21%) had had a total hip replacement (THR). The Severin grade was predictive for THR. Early measurements of the acetabular index (AI) were predictive for Severin grade. For example, an AI of 35 degrees or more at two years after reduction was associated with an 80% probability of becoming a Severin grade III/IV hip. This study links early acetabular remodelling, residual dysplasia at skeletal maturity and the long-term risk of THR. It presents evidence describing the diagnostic value of early predictors of residual dysplasia, and therefore, of the long-term risk of degenerative change.
Protein Mobility in Secretory Granules and Fusion Pore Expansion: Factors Affecting Protein Secretion

We evaluated the importance on post-fusion discharge rates of the mobility of specific lumenal proteins within chromaffin granules in living cells. Two fluorescent proteins were investigated: tissue plasminogen activator (tPA-cerulean), which is discharged over many seconds after fusion, and NPY-cerulean, which is discharged within 200 ms. We developed a method not limited by optical resolution to measure the mobility of fluorescent proteins within individual secretory granules in living chromaffin cells. A bright flash of strongly decaying evanescent field (64 nm exponential decay constant) produced by TIRFM selectively bleached fluorophore that was proximal to the glass coverslip in individual granules (300 nm diameter). Fluorescence recovery occurred as unbleached fluorophore from distal regions of a granule diffused into the proximal regions. This experimental approach is accompanied by a new theoretical, quantitative analysis of recovery that takes into account the evanescent field depth, bleach efficiency, the limited number of total fluorophore molecules in a granule, granule diameter, and duration of bleach. The method and analysis permitted measurement of tPA mobility within chromaffin granules and a comparison of the mobilities of tPA-cerulean and NPY-cerulean. The diffusion coefficient of lumenal tPA-cerulean was 2 x 10−10 cm2/s, ∼1/3000 of the expected mobility in aqueous solution. The diffusion of NPY-cerulean was too fast to be resolved. A second goal bearing upon discharge rate was the measurement of fusion pore expansion using polarized TIRFM (Anantharam et al., J.Cell.Biol.2010,188:415-28.). We found that the membrane curvature change due to the fusion pore was much longer lived upon fusion of granules containing tPA-cerulean rather than NPY-cerulean. We quantitatively evaluated the relative roles of low protein mobility within a granule and a restricted fusion pore in determining the release kinetics from individual fused granules. ANW support NIH fellowship (T32-HL-007853)
Superweak gauge theory of CP-invariance violation

We describe an extension of the Weinberg-Salam model to the group SU(2) x U(1) x U(1) ' in which CP invariance is spontaneously broken and physical CP-invariance violation is mediated by the new massive Z' boson.