cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification and structure of lipoproteins

The lipoproteins were first discovered in the late 1920s by Macheboeuf who used ammonium sulfate precipitation to separate and fractionate the 1ipoproteins.l In the 194Os, they were further studied, first by Oncley and his group at Harvard, using Cohn fractionation, and later by Gofman and associates at the Donner Laboratory in California. Gofman et a12 used analytical ultracentrifugation to separate the lipoproteins based on their rate of flotation in the ultracentrifuge. In the mid-1950s, Havel, Eder and Bragdon introduced preparative ultracentrifugation, which remains the classic way of separating the plasma lipoproteins. In the 196Os, Hatch and Lees used albumin in buffer, which resulted in a much cleaner separation of the lipoproteins on paper electrophoresis. This technique was subsequently adopted by Fredrickson, Levy and Lees,4 who used electrophoresis along with preparative ultracentrifugation and heparin manganese precipitation as the basis of a system for phenotyping the plasma lipoproteins. The introduction of a simple system for classifying plasma lipoprotein disorders based on phenotypes helped to generate an outburst of interest in research in the plasma lipoprotein field (Table I). More recently, zonal centrifugation for dividing lipoprotein classes into subgroups and the use of monoclonal antibodies to identify apolipoproteins have been introduced. The plasma lipoproteins are macromolecular complexes held together by noncovalent, primarily hydrophobic, forces, and serve as the carriers of lipid in plasma. With the exception of the fatty acids, which are carried by albumin, all of the plasma lipids are transported in association with plasma lipoproteins. One of the functions of this group of particles is to serve as a detergent to solubilize and protect the water-insoluble lipids-cholesteryl esters and triglycerides-as they are carried in the blood. The major lipid components of the plasma lipoproteins are phospho-
Impact of cloud cover on erythemal UV-B exposure under vegetation canopies

The effect of cloud cover on the amount of solar UV radiation that reaches pedestrians under tree cover was evaluated using a three-dimensional canopy radiation transport model. The UVB irradiance across a horizontal domain at the base of a regular array of spherical tree crowns of varying radius was modeled under the full range of sky conditions: clear, few clouds, scattered clouds, broken clouds, and overcast. Differences in crown radius created differences in crown cover (m) with resulting differences in portions of the domain in direct beam shade. The spatial mean relative irradiance and erythemal irradiance of the domain and the spatial mean relative irradiance (Ir) and erythemal irradiance in the shaded regions of the domain were determined for solar zenith angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The mean Ir and erythemal UV irradiance under skies with 4 octas or less was not remarkably different from that under clear skies. Broken cloud cover reduces the spatial mean irradiance by approximately 20% to 30% across the 15o to 60o solar zenith range. In the shade, the irradiance was greater under partly cloudy than under clear skies. Partial cloud cover did not greatly influence the irradiance in the shade of the canopies. Significant changes in erythemal irradiance in the shade did not occur except with cloud cover of 8 octas (overcast) with solar zenith angles less than 45°. Consequently the mean ultraviolet protection factor for vegetation canopies under partly cloudy skies (50% or less cloud cover) is nearly equivalent to that for clear sky days. Regression equations were developed to estimate the areally averaged relative irradiances across the entire domain and only the shaded regions of the domain for each cloud cover fraction as functions of the solar zenith angle and canopy cover. These equations were then used to predict the variation in erythemal irradiance received across a region of suburban Baltimore, Maryland.
Features associated with locoregional spread of papillary carcinoma correlate with diagnostic category in the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology

BACKGROUND: Most malignancies identified by thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) are papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study sought to determine if clinically adverse features of PTC correlate with the preceding cytologic diagnosis. METHODS: Thyroid FNA diagnoses were correlated with subsequent histopathologic findings. RESULTS: From 6175 thyroid FNAs, histologic follow-up confirmed PTC in 52 of 184 (28%) FNAs with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 52 of 190 (27%) FNAs suspicious for follicular neoplasm, 182 of 229 (79%) FNAs that were suspicious for malignancy, and 188 of 198 (95%) FNAs that were malignant (M). Sex, age, and disease multifocality did not differ among FNA diagnosis groups. However, PTCs following an M FNA were more likely to have a higher American Joint Committee on Cancer T and N stage, and have lymphovascular invasion and/or extrathyroidal extension. Two patients had distant metastasis at initial surgery, whereas 16 developed subsequent recurrence and/or metastasis; all had a preceding M FNA. High-risk histologic subtypes of PTC also stratify to the M category, accounting at least partly for the association of cytologic diagnosis with adverse pathological parameters. Conversely, follicular variants of PTC predominate in non-M categories. CONCLUSIONS: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology conveys malignancy risk, but also predicts the presence of pathological risk factors and disease progression when the malignancy is PTC. M diagnoses identify higher risk PTCs, whereas AUS diagnoses identify low-risk PTCs, mostly follicular variants. These findings support the concept of conservative clinical management for some patients with AUS, while suggesting that a central neck dissection may be routinely justified in some patients with a M FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and structure of stilbene crowns.

Abstract Syntheses of E - and Z -[a,e]-dibenzo-7,10,13-trioxacyclotrideca-1,3,5-triene, 1 (n=1) and E - and Z -[e,a]-dibenzo-7,10,13,16-tetraoxacyclohexadeca-1,3,5-triene, 1 (n=2) are described and the X-ray structure of E- 1 (n=1) is reported.
Time-resolved Faraday rotation spectroscopy of spin dynamics in digital magnetic heterostructures

A time-resolved resonant Faraday rotation spectroscopy is employed to study the dynamical interplay between local magnetic moments and photoexcited carrier spins in quantum-confined semiconductor geometries. This highly sensitive technique functions as an energy selective, noninvasive, all-optical probe of spin dynamics ranging from femtosecond to microsecond timescales and is particularly suited to low-dimensional systems having small numbers of magnetic spins. Carrier spin-scattering rates, lifetimes, and the orientation and relaxation of perturbed magnetic ions are directly observed in the time domain. The utility of this technique is demonstrated through the study of a newly developed class of magnetic heterostructure, in which fractional monolayer planes of magnetic Mn/sup 2+/ ions are incorporated "digitally" into nonmagnetic II-VI ZnSe-ZnCdSe quantum wells. These digital magnetic heterostructures (DMH) possess large g-factors and exhibit enormous low-field resonant Faraday rotations in excess of 1.7/spl times/10/sup 7/ deg/T/spl middot/cm at low temperatures. Time-resolved Faraday rotation measurements identify a wealth of unexpected electronic and magnetic spin dynamics that are different from those generated in traditional semiconductors or alloyed diluted magnetic semiconductor structures.
Morphology and barrier properties of oriented blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)

Morphology and oxygen permeability studies were carried out for blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate), PEN, with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), EVOH. PET/EVOH blends are seen as a possible substitute for poly(vinylidene chloride)-coated PET packaging films. The effects of several processing parameters such as draw temperature and draw ratio on blend morphology and barrier properties suggest that the morphology of the EVOH phase dictates to a large extent the oxygen permeabilities of these blends. The relationships between morphology and oxygen permeability and explained are explained by consideration of two-phase conduction models. The model of Fricke is found to be a good predictor of the barrier properties of the PET/EVOH system. The oxygen permeability of PET was reduced by a factor of 4.2 with the addition of 20 wt% EVOH and that of PEN by a factor of 2.7 with the addition of 15 wt% EVOH. Water vapor permeabilities and mechanical properties of PET and PEN were only slightly affected by the addition of 15 wt% EVOH.
Influence of hypoxia on cardiac functions in the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis)

Abstract Crustaceans frequently encounter hypoxic water and have evolved a variety of compensatory mechanisms to deal with low O2 conditions. Typically, large decapod crustaceans attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing stroke volume to compensate for the hypoxia-induced bradycardia. Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), small hypoxic tolerant decapod crustaceans, were used to investigate cardiac responses to hypoxia in a smaller crustacean using videomicroscopy and dimensional analysis techniques. In addition, these techniques were compared to the more established dye dilution technique for calculation of cardiac output. No significant difference was found between the two methods for determining cardiac output in grass shrimp. Cardiac parameters (heart rate fH, stroke volume VS, and cardiac output Vb) were monitored in grass shrimp exposed to progressive hypoxia (PO2s=20, 13.3, 10, 5.3, and 2 KPa O2). Shrimp exhibit a cardiac response to hypoxia that is atypical when compared to larger crustaceans. Cardiac output was maintained until water PO2 fell below 10 KPa O2. This maintenance of Vb is consistent in both large and small decapods, however the mechanism differs. In grass shrimp, VS was PO2 dependent and declined significantly while fH increased significantly when PO2 was reduced to 13.3 KPa O2.
Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse

Whole-cell recordings from optic tectal neurons in Xenopus tadpoles were used to study the maturation of a glutamatergic synapse. The first glutamatergic transmission is mediated only by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and is silent at resting potentials. More mature synapses acquire transmission by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. This maturational program is mimicked by postsynaptic expression of constitutively active calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Newly formed synapses may be silent unless sufficient depolarization is provided by coincident activity that could activate postsynaptic CaMKII, resulting in the appearance of AMPA responses.
Node re-usability in structured hypertext systems

When the size of a graph-based hyperdocument exceeds a certain limit, the graph structure gets complicated and causes navigation and document management problems. A simple solution for this problem is the structuring of the hyperdocument into several smaller units. In this approach each unit contains nodes that share common properties and their link structures. Smaller, more manageable networks (called webs) which have their own, less complex graph structures are the result. In this paper we propose a model for hypertext systems which allows hyperdocument structuring using webs. The model demonstrates node reusability which becomes essential as it is very likely that the smaller units created will share nodes. The implementation details of a hypertext authoring system, HypAS, based on the proposed model are also provided.
AN ANALYSIS OF EXPERTS' RATINGS OF ERGONOMIC STRESS

Abstract Experts in the field of industrial ergonomics are frequently called upon to visit workplaces in order to evaluate and rate ergonomic stressors which may cause fatigue, discomfort, or injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of agreement among experts' perceptions of four categories of ergonomic stress: materials handling (e.g., lifting), upper extremity activities, posture, and energy expenditure. A panel of five experts observed ten jobs in manufacturing and warehouse facilities. A three-point scale (1 = insignificant stress, 2 = moderate stress, 3 = high stress) was used to rate the jobs in each of the four stress categories. In addition, lifting stresses on each job were analyzed using methods described in the NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting . The resulting data were analyzed to determine the level of expert consensus and the level of agreement with the NIOSH results. In general, there was a high level of consensus among the experts. Perfect agreement (identical ratings by all five experts) was obtained for 30 percent of the experts' scores; while consensus agreement (identical ratings by three or more experts) was obtained for 87.5 percent of the scores. In general, the experts' perceptions agreed with the NIOSH ratings of lifting stress. On a few jobs, however, the expert panel considered lifting stresses to be greater than predicted by the NIOSH ratings.
Development of Woven Fabric-based Electrical Circuits

This paper describes the development of woven electrical circuits, which are formed by interlacing conducting and non-conducting threads into a woven fabric. Conductive threads in these electrical networks are arranged and woven such that they follow desired electrical circuit designs. Electronic devices can be attached to these electrical networks, which can serve as flexible circuit boards. In these woven circuits, an efficient transfer of current from one conductive yarn to an orthogonal one is achieved by the formation of an effective electrical interconnect at the point of intersection of these yarns. Formation of woven conductive networks also involves disconnect formation or cutting of conductive yarns at certain specified points. Different methods and processes were identified and applied in order to form interconnects and disconnects at specified points of these fabrics. Efficacy of these interconnects was evaluated by DC resistance and AC Signal measurements. The results of these evaluations are reported. The conductive threads woven into these fabric-based circuits were also evaluated for signal integrity issues.
The intramitochondrial dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, is a component of a protein complex that mediates mitochondrial fusion.

Abalance between fission and fusion events determines the morphology of mitochondria. In yeast, mitochondrial fission is regulated by the outer membrane–associated dynamin-related GTPase, Dnm1p. Mitochondrial fusion requires two integral outer membrane components, Fzo1p and Ugo1p. Interestingly, mutations in a second mitochondrial-associated dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, produce similar phenotypes to fzo1 and ugo cells. Specifically, mutations in MGM1 cause mitochondrial fragmentation and a loss of mitochondrial DNA that are suppressed by abolishing DNM1-dependent fission. In contrast to fzo1ts mutants, blocking DNM1-dependent fission restores mitochondrial fusion in mgm1ts cells during mating. Here we show that blocking DNM1-dependent fission in Δmgm1 cells fails to restore mitochondrial fusion during mating. To examine the role of Mgm1p in mitochondrial fusion, we looked for molecular interactions with known fusion components. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Mgm1p is associated with both Ugo1p and Fzo1p in mitochondria, and that Ugo1p and Fzo1p also are associated with each other. In addition, genetic analysis of specific mgm1 alleles indicates that Mgm1p's GTPase and GTPase effector domains are required for its ability to promote mitochondrial fusion and that Mgm1p self-interacts, suggesting that it functions in fusion as a self-assembling GTPase. Mgm1p's localization within mitochondria has been controversial. Using protease protection and immuno-EM, we have shown previously that Mgm1p localizes to the intermembrane space, associated with the inner membrane. To further test our conclusions, we have used a novel method using the tobacco etch virus protease and confirm that Mgm1p is present in the intermembrane space compartment in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest a model where Mgm1p functions in fusion to remodel the inner membrane and to connect the inner membrane to the outer membrane via its interactions with Ugo1p and Fzo1p, thereby helping to coordinate the behavior of the four mitochondrial membranes during fusion.
Cost-based Solution for Optimizing Multi-join Queries over Distributed Streaming Sensor Data

Sensors are envisioned to be at the center of distributed collaborative computing services involving time-critical decision support. Sensors are small devices with limited communication and computational capabilities that collect data on their neighboring physical world and send the data periodically to server machines. Sensors form a collaborative network with these servers, where the sensors gather information and the servers perform various operations (e.g. filter, aggregate, join etc) on the information streams in real-time according to predefined queries or rules. Sensor data streams are continuous, un-ending and have highly volatile characteristics. As a result, traditional database systems are inappropriate for handling queries for sensor streams, and several stream data management systems have been proposed in the literature. In this paper we focus on a special type of query, namely join queries, which is the most expensive query operator. Here, we address the problem of finding an optimal join tree that maximizes throughput for sliding window based multi-join queries over continuous sensor data streams. We present a polynomial time algorithm Fodp and three variants of Fodp. Our experiments in ARES show that for almost all instances, trees from Fodp and its variants perform close to the optimal trees from our exponential time algorithm OptDP (Gomes, 2006), and significantly better than existing XJoin based heuristic algorithms
Why does the number of uninsured Americans continue to grow

Based on data from the Current Population Survey, this paper compares changes in insurance coverage for the period 1994-1998 with 1989-1993. The uninsurance rate continued to rise in the 1994-1998 period, but for very different reasons than 1989-1993. The increase in employer-sponsored coverage was more than offset by declines in Medicaid and in private nongroup coverage. The movement of people into higher income brackets was responsible for the overall increase in employer-sponsored coverage. The decline of 3.3 million in Medicaid is probably related to state and federal welfare reform. The paper also looks at changes in uninsurance by race/ethnicity and family work status. (Health Affairs 2000 July/August; 19(4): 188-196).
AdoHcy hydrolase of Trichomonas vaginalis: studies of the effects of 5′-modified adenosine analogues and related 6-n-cyclopropyl derivatives.

Abstract Trypanosoma brucei and Trichomonas vaginalis are both parasitic protozoans that are known to share many similar biochemical pathways. Aristeromycin, as well as 5′-iodovinyl and 5′-oxime analogues of adenosine, are potent inhibitors of AdoHcy hydrolase in T. brucei, an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of AdoHcy to adenosine and l -homocysteine. To help determine the role of this enzyme in T. vaginalis, we have tested a library of 5′-modified adenosine derivatives, including 5′-deoxy-5′-(iodomethylene)-adenosine and related 6-N-cyclopropyl analogues. Our results indicate that these inhibitors are effective at inhibiting the growth of T. vaginalis, by as much as 95%.
Frameshifting to PA-X Influenza

The genome of influenza A virus encodes a newly discovered protein that diminishes its pathogenicity.
Bound to the Ivory Tower? Scientist Mobility as a Driver of University-Industry Collaboration

This study examines the influence of scientist mobility from academe into for-profit firms based on a firm’s propensity to engage in R&D collaboration with universities. Drawing on human and social...
Effects of shifts in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity during hypoxia.

. To investigate the possibility that the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on tissue oxygenation may be reversed in severe hypoxia, 16 anesthetized rabbits with chronically-implanted tissue oxygen electrodes were ventilated with 12% oxygen and subjected to 100 ml exchange transfusions with high, low, or normal affinity rabbit blood. Despite the widely divergent in vivo P50 values produced, significant differences in tissue oxygen levels were not observed among the three groups following exchange transfusions. During subsequent normoxia, more complete recovery of tissue oxygen was apparent in the low affinity group. This study emphasizes the need for further definition of the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on the functions of individual organs.
Adaptation rates for MRAC systems

Abstract A method for predicting the adaptation rate of a single-input, hyperstability-based, MRAC system is developed. Assuming a slowly changing input and output, this rate follows well-defined root loci. A straightforward method for choosing adaptation gains results. The derived theory was applied to a laboratory experiment which involved a DC motor driving an inverted pendulum. Here, the adaptation rates were accurately pedicted in spite of imperfect model following due to the presence of unmodelled static friction.
Benchmarking models of breakup reactions

The continuum discretised couple-channel model (CDCC) and the dynamical eikonal approximation (DEA) are two state-of-the-art models used to study the breakup of halo nuclei. In this work, we compare them for the breakup of 15C on Pb at 68AMeV. Excellent agreement is obtained for both energy and angular distributions. Slight discrepancy is observed in the contributions of some partial waves, which might affect other breakup observables, like momentum distributions. The use of relativistic velocity has little effect on the energy distribution, but affects more significantly the angular distribution.
Pythia: a privacy aware, peer-to-peer network for social search

Emerging "live social search" systems such as Aardvark.com allow users to pose questions to their social network in real time. People can thus obtain answers from real humans for questions that prove too complex for web searches. Centralized systems that broker such queries and answers, however, do not provide adequate privacy. The success of these systems will be limited since users may avoid asking or answering questions related to sensitive topics such as health, political activism, or even innocuous questions which may make the querier seem ignorant.Since social search systems leverage the structure of the social network to better match askers and answerers, standard ideas that hide this structure such as "connect to Aardvark via Tor" fall short. Thus new techniques are needed to preserve the privacy of askers and answerers beyond the currently understood anonymity techniques. We explore the new and unique challenges for privacy, and propose Pythia, a decentralized architecture based on "controlled flooding" to enable privacy-enhanced social search that retains some degree of social network structure.
The Product of the CYP11B2 Gene Is Required for Aldosterone Biosynthesis in the Human Adrenal Cortex

The steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P450c11) enzyme is responsible for the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Animal studies have suggested that this enzyme or a closely related isozyme is also responsible for the successive 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation and 18-oxidation of deoxycorticosterone required for aldosterone synthesis in the zona glomerulosa. There are two distinct 11 beta-hydroxylase genes in man, CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, which are predicted to encode proteins with 93% amino acid identity. We used a sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression of the CYP11B1 and B2 genes. Transcripts of CYP11B1 were detected at high levels in surgical specimens of normal adrenals and also in an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor. Transcripts of CYP11B2 were found at low levels in normal adrenals, but at a much higher level in the aldosterone-secreting tumor. CYP11B2 mRNA levels were increased in cultured zona glomerulosa cells by physiological levels of angiotensin-II. The entire coding regions of both CYP11B1 and B2 cDNAs were cloned from the tumor mRNA. Expression of these cDNAs in cultured COS-1 cells demonstrated that the CYP11B1 product could only 11 beta-hydroxylate 11-deoxycortisol or deoxycorticosterone, whereas the CYP11B2 product could also 18-hydroxylate cortisol or corticosterone. A small amount of aldosterone was synthesized from deoxycorticosterone only in cells expressing CYP11B2 cDNA. These data demonstrate that the product of CYP11B2 is required for the final steps in the synthesis of aldosterone.
Measurements of the viscosities of saturated and compressed fluid 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) and pentafluoroethane (R125) at temperatures between 120 and 420 K

The shear viscosities of saturated and compressed fluid 1-chloro-l,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) and pentafluoroethane (R125) have been measured with two torsional crystal viscometers at temperatures between 120 and 420 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. At small molar volumes, the fluidity (reciprocal viscosity) increases linearly with molar volume at fixed temperature and weakly with temperature at fixed volume. We have described this behavior with simple empirical equations and have compared the data of Shankland and of Ripple with them. The data of Ripple are in good agreement with our data for both fluids.
Effects of caerulein and bombesin on insulin and glucagon secretion from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas

Abstract Caerulein and bombesin, peptides first isolated from amphibian skin, act upon the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. To determine if these peptides influence mammalian endocrine pancreatic function, we tested their effects on the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. In these experiments, we examined effects of constant infusions of either caerulein (10 −11 M through 10 −8 M) or bombesin (10 −11 M through 3.0·10 −7 M) which were superimposed upon glucose. Secretory studies consisted of a 20-min basal period (60 mg/dl glucose), then a 15-min infusion of glucose (150 mg/dl). Effects of the peptides (10 −9 M) upon the response to post-glucose arginine (168 mg/dl), cofusion with glucose (60 mg/dl) for 15 min, were also studied. Neither peptide had any effect on basal insulin secretion. However, both peptides had distinct effects on insulin responses to the stimuli. Both caerulein and bombesin produced enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion, increasing total insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Only caerulein enhanced arginine-induced insulin secretion. These peptides had no effect upon arginine-induced glucagon secretion.
Los Años de la Crisis: an examination of change in differential infant mortality risk within Mexico.

The main aim of the present analysis is to test the possibility that the period of economic hardship characterizing Mexico over the decade 1986-1996 has negatively influenced infant health outcomes. Data on births from two installments of the Encuesta Nacional de la Dinamica Demografica, a nationally representative demographic survey, are used to determine whether a reduction in mortality differentials has paralleled the overall drop in the national infant mortality rate. The findings indicate that the decrease observed in the overall infant mortality rate has been matched by decreases in several disparities at the same time that it has been marred by increases in others. The data support the possibility that where you live has become an increasingly salient factor in determining the odds of infant mortality. High parity, low education and unemployment status have also become more salient factors in predicting post neonatal infant mortality risk in the more recent period as compared to the earlier period. As Mexico's infant mortality rate begins to stabilize in the near future, this research highlights the need to re-focus our research efforts on the causes and consequences of differential mortality trends.
Tunable UV and IR picosecond pulse generation by nonlinear mixing using a synchronous mode-locked dye laser

Abstract The short-pulse output from a synchronous mode-locked tunable dye laser was sum and difference mixed in nonlinear crystals of KDP, ADP and LiIO 3 with the 1.064-μm and 532-nm pulse trains from its mode-locked Nd: YAG pump. This method allowed efficient generation of narrow-bandwidth tunable short pulses in the uv from 270 to 432 nm and in the IR from 1.13 to 5.6 μm.
The origin of fibrillar particles sometimes seen in plant nucleoli.

1. When osmic acid was used as the fixative, dense particles ranging in size between 75 and 310 A which were composed of fibrils slightly thicker than 20 A, were observed with the electron microscope in sections of some of the nucleoli in root tips from six adult monocotyledonous plants:Ornithogalum virens, Allium cepa, Tulipa montana, Ipheion uniflorum, Tulbaghia violacea andBellevalia webbii. They were not observed in the nucleoli of similarly fixed root tips of three adult dicotyledonous plants:Vicia faba, Pisum sativum andKalanchoe, millotii; nor in those of the monocotyledonous plants when the tips were fixed either in formalin or glutaraldehyde and post-treated in osmic acid. 2. Particles resembling crystals, also not seen after aldehyde fixation, whose size ranged from 40–100 A inV. faba, 50–350 A inP. sativum and 100–400 A inZea mays, were observed likewise in association with 20 A fibrils in the nucleoli of about 75–80% of the cells in the hydrated tissues of their seeds. The nucleoli, possibly smaller than in active tissues, did not contain ribosomes. 3. In the nucleoli ofP. sativum, the size of the “crystals” ranged from 50 A in the smallest particles up to 210 A in the largest. 4. The opacity of contiguous parts of fibrils, comprising the remainder of the particle structure, matched that of a substance enveloping the “crystals” and seemingly diffusing from them. 5. The nucleoli in developing primary and secondary roots ofP. sativum seedlings revealed (a) that the “crystalline” particles remained unchanged during initial elongation of the primary root (b) that in similar roots of 48 and 72 hr seedlings, the “crystals” had dispersed to give fibrillar particles of more even size, matching those seen in the nucleoli of the monocotyledonous plants (c) that in these, the fibrils were continuous with the 20 A fibrils in the loop complex (d) that in secondary roots, they in turn dispersed to give nucleoli free of particles (e) that similar changes occurred in minute nucleoli, elsewhere described as karyosomes. 6. The transition was less obvious in the small particles ofV. faba, and their dispersal somewhat slower. Fibrillar particles were still present in nucleoli of a number of cells in 1st and 2nd generation secondary roots of a month-old plant of the monocotyledon,Z. mays. 7. A small group of evidently dormant cells, whose nucleoli were without “ribosomes” and in which “crystalline” particles had persisted, were observed in sections of a root tip ofTulipa montana, thereby confirming that such particles must occur in the nucleoli also of root primordia in bulbs.
Hodgkin's disease of the thymus gland.

Forty-four patients with Hodgkin's disease that was initially limited to the anterior mediastinum were studied by clinicopathologic analysis. In about half the cases there was involvement of the thymus gland, and in the other half there was involvement only of the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Evidence is presented that the thymic lesion, often called “granulomatous thymoma”4 is in fact Hodgkin's disease of the thymus gland. All but 4 patients had the nodular-sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease, and in all the cases in which the thymus gland was involved, nodular sclerosis was found. The patients with thymic involvement were younger, with a male predominance. The 5-year survival rate of 79% was similar whether or not the thymus gland was involved, and was comparable to reported cases of Stage I Hodgkin's disease elsewhere in the body. More than half the patients with followup observation have had recurrences, most of them above the diaphragm. Cancer 33:1615–1623, 1974.
Receiver apprehension: An explanatory model and accompanying research

This paper argues that processing demand (the relationship between cognitive ability and message complexity), evaluation, and motivation must be taken into consideration in order to adequately account for receiver apprehension. Processing demand is an incomplete explanation of receiver apprehension because one's motivation (vis., the desire to process a message) and the expectation that one will have to reproduce some aspect of the message for inspection by others (i.e., evaluation) are also important factors in receiver apprehension. Two studies described in this article offer empirical support for these claims.
Platelet adenylate cyclase responses in depression: Implications for a receptor defect

The dose-dependent stimulatory response of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the net synthesis of 3H-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in platelets whose adenine nucleotide pools had been labelled by prior incubation with 3H-adenine was measured. Also, the dose-dependent inhibition produced by norepinephrine (NE) on this stimulatory process was evaluated. Platelets were obtained from eleven moderately depressed male patients and from eight non-depressed normal male control subjects. No difference was noted between the two groups of subjects either in the stimulation produced by PGE1 or in the inhibition caused by NE. Subdividing the patients into different subgroups (e.g., bipolar or unipolar) did not produce any significant differences. This finding suggests that there is no generalized defect in alpha adrenergic responses in depressed male patients.
THE SPECIES CONCEPT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A MORPHOLOGIST

On the reality of organic evolution we all agree; but has the species concept outlived its usefulness? It served prior to Darwin as an expression of the dogma of special creation. Does it serve equally well now to represent concrete realities as seen from the evolutionary standpoint? Morphology is essentially a comparative science dealing with phylogenies, and the limiting of this paper to the twenty minutes allowed will permit only of a resume rather than of the presentation of the detailed data as to the true significance of the species concept as related to phylogeny and evolution. On the matter of species it is to be noted that Darwinian evolution dealt rather with the question of origins than with that of content. In this particular the change is not per se so basic as we sometimes think. Linnaeus' idea of a species as a recognizably distinct group of interbreeding individuals all having a common descent is still the basis of most of our clear thinking in matters of classification. The evolutionary dictum that species originate as variants from a parent group and are themselves the potential parents of groups yet to be produced does not necessarily affect the question as to their make-up or delimitations at any given time. Does the concept species represent as adequately the unit of evolutionary progress as it did the unit for theories of special creation? The value of a scientific concept is not infrequently in direct proportion to its plasticity as shown in its ability to undergo more or less fundamental and far-reaching changes in its significance with the increase of our knowledge of the subject data on which it is based. For example, in cytology the concept cell has shown its utility by surviving such fundamental modifications in content as are involved in the change from its original use as relating to a cavity or box-like chamber in plant tissue to its present use to designate a oneor several-nucleated mass of protoplasm. The changes now going on in the conceptions back of the term atom are another illustration in point. I suppose there never was a time before in the history of science when a theory played such a dominant r6le as has the theory of evolution since the time of Darwin. Never has a viewpoint proved so fruitful of new interpretations, so stimulative of productive research. Its basic concepts dominate alike morphology, physiology, sociology, and such less sharply defined realms as psychology and philosophy. The only comparable case 1 Read in the symposium on "The Utility of the Species Concept," at the joint meeting of Section G of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Phytopathological Society, and the Botanical Society of America, at Toronto, December 28, I92I. 229
High Power Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier Pumped by Tapered-Gain-Region Lasers

Introduction High power erbium-doped fiber amplifiers have many important applications. A key element for practical implementations is the availability of high power pump lasers efficiently coupled to single mode optical fiber. We have used fiber coupled tapered-gain-region semiconductor laser pumps at 975 nm to achieve 0.7 W of power at 1.5 μm using conventional erbium-doped fiber. This represents a significant advance over previous results because it avoids the use of Ti: Al2O3 lasers, which are not practical pump sources for many applications, and because direct pumping with conventional erbium fiber is more efficient than designs using co-doped fiber.
Using the Rasch Model to Validate and Enhance the Interpretation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Kidney Symptom Index—Disease-Related Symptoms Scale

Abstract Objectives The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Kidney Symptom Index—Disease-Related Symptoms (FKSI-DRS) was developed to assess patients' kidney-cancer-related symptoms. The Rasch rating scale, a one-parameter logistic item response model, may enhance FKSI-DRS interpretation and validate its measurement properties. Methods We applied the Rasch model to FKSI-DRS data from a randomized phase 3 trial in which first-line sunitinib therapy showed superiority to interferon-alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Of 750 enrolled patients, 668 patients completed the questionnaire on cycle 1, day 28 and were evaluated in the current study. The nine FKSI-DRS items were analyzed to enhance interpretation of the summary score by using an item characteristic curve that related score to probability of reporting specific symptoms. Results The Rasch model fitted the FKSI-DRS well: 8 of 9 items had acceptable infit and outfit statistics ( 0.5); item difficulty spanned a wide range (−3.23 to 1.64 logits); and the five response categories performed adequately. The item characteristic curve offered enhanced interpretation of FKSI-DRS: For example, an FKSI-DRS score of 27 (mean baseline score for total sample) indicated a 47% chance of reporting "no" to "lack of energy," although a two-point difference between sunitinib and interferon-alfa, averaged across all assessments (29 vs. 27), corresponded to sunitinib achieving a 28% increase (13% absolute difference) in the probability of reporting "no" to "lack of energy" (60% vs. 47%). Conclusions Data suggest that the FKSI-DRS is an adequate measure of symptom status in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The Rasch model supports its validation and enhances its interpretation.
Characterizing Absence: Virginia Woolf's New Elegy in JACOB’S ROOM

While writing in the elegiac mode, Virginia Woolf reimagines the genre, using her novel Jacob's Room to critique and depart from a traditional, poetic lament for the dead. Ann Banfield, discussing ...
A Web Usage Mining Framework for Mining Evolving User Profiles in Dynamic Web Sites

In this paper, we present a complete framework and findings in mining Web usage patterns from Web log files of a real Web site that has all the challenging aspects of real-life Web usage mining, including evolving user profiles and external data describing an ontology of the Web content. Even though the Web site under study is part of a nonprofit organization that does not "sell" any products, it was crucial to understand "who" the users were, "what" they looked at, and "how their interests changed with time," all of which are important questions in Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Hence, we present an approach for discovering and tracking evolving user profiles. We also describe how the discovered user profiles can be enriched with explicit information need that is inferred from search queries extracted from Web log data. Profiles are also enriched with other domain-specific information facets that give a panoramic view of the discovered mass usage modes. An objective validation strategy is also used to assess the quality of the mined profiles, in particular their adaptability in the face of evolving user behavior.
Behavior of Neonate Diamondback Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Glossy-Leafed Resistant Brassica oleracea L.

The dispersal and survival of neonate diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (L.), were measured on normal bloom susceptible ‘Round-Up’ cabbage and a resistant genotype descended from glossy cauliflower, PI 234599. During the first 24 h after hatching, neonate P. xylostella dispersed more rapidly and initiated fewer mines on the resistant glossy 2518 than on ‘Round-Up’. Also, a greater proportion of neonates were found dead on 2518 than on ‘Round-Up’. Individual neonates had significantly higher movement rates on three glossy resistant genotypes of Brassica oleracea than on two normal bloom types. Movement rates were negatively correlated with percentage of larvae surviving to fourth instar. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes with dichloromethane or disruption of the wax morphology eliminated the difference in movement rate on ‘Round-Up’ and 8329, a glossy cabbage descended from PI 234599. Headspace vapor of 8329 or ‘Round-Up’ plants did not affect movement rates of neonate P. xylostella . The results indicate that wax morphology is of primary importance in producing increased larval movement rates on glossy resistant lines. Wax chemistry may also contribute to the effect. Neonate nonpreference for leaf wax characteristics is proposed as the mechanism of resistance to P. xylastella in glossy B. oleracea .
The radiation characteristics of a ferrite-tuned cavity-backed slot antenna

The cavity-backed slot (CBS) antenna, is a lightweight, conformal radiator, and is considered efficient due to its electrical size and material loading within the cavity. Having these characteristics, the CBS antenna is an ideal choice for experimentation as a tuneable antenna. The concept of using a ferrite to magnetically tune a CBS antenna is not new; however, the literature lacks any substantial work to verify the capability of such an antenna. The present study focuses on experimentally examining the characteristics of a ferrite-tuned cavity-backed slot antenna utilizing magnetostatic wave modes.
Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation

At a time when almost any victimless sexual practice has its public advocates and almost every sexual act is fit for the front page, the easiest, least harmful, and most universal one is embarrassing, discomforting, and genuinely radical when openly acknowledged. Masturbation may be the last taboo. But this is not a holdover from a more benighted age. The ancient world cared little about the subject; it was a backwater of Jewish and Christian teaching about sexuality. In fact, solitary sex as a serious moral issue can be dated with a precision rare in cultural history; Laqueur identifies it with the publication of the anonymous tract Onania in about 1722. Masturbation is a creation of the Enlightenment, of some of its most important figures, and of the most profound changes it unleashed. It is modern. It worried at first not conservatives, but progressives. It was the first truly democratic sexuality that could be of ethical interest for women as much as for men, for boys and girls as much as for their elders. The book's range is vast. It begins with the prehistory of solitary sex in the Bible and ends with third-wave feminism, conceptual artists, and the Web. It explains how and why this humble and once obscure means of sexual gratification became the evil twin--or the perfect instance--of the great virtues of modern humanity and commercial society: individual moral autonomy and privacy, creativity and the imagination, abundance and desire.
Three‐dimensional spinal curvature in idiopathic scoliosis

Scoliosis is usually considered as a deformity of the spine in the frontal plane, without reference to curvatures in other planes. In this study, the three-dimensional shape of the spine of 104 patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis (5-55 degrees Cobb) was studied by means of stereo radiographs to determine relationships between curvature of the spine in the frontal plane view, in the lateral view, and in the intermediate views. There was a weak but statistically significant correlation (r = 0.2) relating greater scoliosis with lesser kyphosis or greater lordosis. In the thoracic region, the sagittal plane spinal curvature was less than that measured in a population without scoliosis (mean difference, 7.72 +/- 9.9 degrees). Seventy-four of 76 scolioses in the upper region of the spine with lateral curvature greater than 5 degrees Cobb were kyphotic. Sixty-four of 84 curves greater than 5 degrees Cobb in the lower region were lordotic. Measuring curvatures in the plane of symmetry of the rotated apical vertebra altered these ratios to 69 of 76 kyphotic in the upper region and 68 of 84 lordotic in the lower region. The plane of maximum curvature of sections of the spine with scoliosis was not related to the plane of symmetry of the rotated apical vertebra, for in kyphotic regions of the spine the rotations of these two planes were in opposite directions. In all cases, the magnitudes of the rotations were quite different, i.e., by a factor of -0.22 for curves in thoracic region and by a factor of 0.24 for curves in the lumbar region. This implies that mechanical measures to correct this spinal deformity or to prevent progression should apply different rotations to the apex from those applied to the curve as a whole and, in opposite senses, in curves in kyphotic regions. There was no evidence of an abnormality of sagittal curvature of a magnitude to implicate it in the etiology or in the treatment.
Commonly used eponyms in anesthesia

Names with eponym status in present-day anesthesia include Apgar, Bier, Bovie, Esmarch, Fick, Foley, Ganz, Hofmann, Huber, Joule, Luer, Macintosh, Magill, Mallampati, Miller, Ovassapian, Pascal, Ringer, Seldinger, Sellick, Swan, Trendelenburg, Tuohy, Valsalva, and Yankauer. A discussion of the people behind the eponyms, which may make these commonly used terms more interesting and provides a sense of the history of the specialty of anesthesia, is presented.