cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Niño 3 Sea Surface Temperatures Using Linear Inverse Modeling

Abstract Linear inverse modeling is used to predict sea surface temperatures (SSTS) in the Nino 3 region. Predictors in three geographical locations are used: the tropical Pacific Ocean, the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, and the global tropical oceans. Predictions did not depend crucially on any of these three domains, and evidence was found to support the assumption that linear dynamics dominates most of the record. The prediction model performs better when SST anomalies are rapidly evolving than during warm events when large anomalies persist. The rms prediction error at a lead time of 9 months is about half a degree Celsius.
Beta-Alanine Supplementation Improves Aerobic and Anaerobic Indices of Performance

SUMMARY: BETA-ALANINE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS BEEN FOUND TO INCREASE INTRAMUSCULAR CARNOSINE, STRENGTH, POWER, VOLUME PER TRAINING SESSION AND A HOST OF OTHER INDICES OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CAPACITY. HOWEVER, THERE IS A NEED TO SYNTHESIZE THIS RESEARCH SO THAT THE ATHLETE AND STRENGTH COACH ALIKE CAN OPTIMALLY BENEFIT FROM BETA-ALANINE SUPPLEMENTATION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN ANALYSIS OF STUDIES CONDUCTED ON BETA-ALANINE. THE REVIEW WILL COVER THE OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF BETA-ALANINE; ITS USE IN RESISTANCE TRAINING, INTERMITTENT, AND ENDURANCE-BASED EXERCISES; AND WHEN COMBINED WITH CREATINE IN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED INDIVIDUALS
The national animal health monitoring system: Addressing animal health information needs in the U.S.A.

Abstract The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) was created to address the animal health information needs of producers, consumers, agribusiness, academia, and animal health regulatory officials in the U.S.A. The NAHMS program is designed to collect, analyze and disseminate information about the health and productivity of U.S. agriculture, and has evolved through a series of state pilot projects, each of which used slightly different methodologies in the search for optimal strategies for animal health monitoring. Today, the NAHMS program is in transition from state pilot projects to a national focus. A successful transition requires strategic planning to accommodate the changes which are occurring in U.S. agriculture. In 1990, the NAHMS program will initiate a national survey of swine health, focusing on the period from farrowing to weaning. A total of 1400 herds will be involved. Interviews concerning management practices, facilities and herd health history will be complemented by prospective monitoring of sows and litters between farrowing and weaning. Up to 100 farrowings will be monitored in each herd over a 3-month period. The data generated by the NAHMS program will allow calculation of descriptive statistics on animal health and productivity and analyses of the farm-level characteristics as they relate to health, productivity, and economic efficiency.
Future prospects in the treatment of venous disease.

Our current knowledge of the natural history of venous disease suggests that congenital venous valve insufficiency and left iliac vein compression predispose to later deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. Available longitudinal studies are, however, inadequate to justify prophylactic treatment of these conditions at the present time. Furthermore, our knowledge of the natural history of acute venous thrombosis, of which venous valves are critical, and of the sequelae of ileofemoral venous thrombosis is also inadequate. Finally, the long-term results of venous reconstructive surgery are still not known. For this reason, long-term studies of large patient cohorts for each of these areas will be necessary. Nevertheless, I believe future treatment of venous disease will include earlier widespread DVT prophylaxis using both medical and surgical methods, more effective and complete thrombolysis, earlier surgery, and the use of new reconstructive surgical methods. Early identification of patients at high risk prior to their disease, followed by selective diagnostic separation of patients with significant obstruction and/or insufficiency and the availability of long-lasting surgical procedures that can be offered with low morbidity will justify earlier and more widespread prophylactic therapy.
Cardiovascular effects of norbormide.

Abstract A study was undertaken to define the arrhythmias caused by norbormide, a selective rat toxicant and to determine their role in the lethal effects of norbormide. Intravenous doses equal to or greater than 250 μg/kg were lethal; death was due to acute heart failure. Arrhythmias were not important for this effect.
Catalytic C-H bond amination from high-spin iron imido complexes.

Dipyrromethene ligand scaffolds were synthesized bearing large aryl (2,4,6-Ph3C6H2, abbreviated Ar) or alkyl (tBu, adamantyl) flanking groups to afford three new disubstituted ligands (RL, 1,9-R2-5-mesityldipyrromethene, R = aryl, alkyl). While high-spin (S = 2), four-coordinate iron complexes of the type (RL)FeCl(solv) were obtained with the alkyl-substituted ligand varieties (for R = tBu, Ad and solv = THF, OEt2), use of the sterically encumbered aryl-substituted ligand precluded binding of solvent and cleanly afforded a high-spin (S = 2), three-coordinate complex of the type (ArL)FeCl. Reaction of (AdL)FeCl(OEt2) with alkyl azides resulted in the catalytic amination of C−H bonds or olefin aziridination at room temperature. Using a 5% catalyst loading, 12 turnovers were obtained for the amination of toluene as a substrate, while greater than 85% of alkyl azide was converted to the corresponding aziridine employing styrene as a substrate. A primary kinetic isotope effect of 12.8(5) was obtained for the r...
Role of electrostatic interactions in protein loading in PLGA-PEG nanoparticles

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as promising protein drug delivery carriers for both oral and parenteral methods of administration. Understanding the mechanism of protein loading is imperative for designing more efficient drug delivery systems. However, the process of protein loading and the resulting structure of the polymeric NPs remain unclear. In this study, insulin and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) - poly (ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) NPs are used as model protein and polymeric drug delivery carrier, respectively. We show that electrostatic interactions between the protein drug and the polymer play a key role in mediating the formation of these NPs. It is also observed that majority of the protein molecules interact with the corona of the NPs instead of the core. These results provide a deeper insight into the formation of protein loaded polymeric NPs synthesized by the nanoprecipitation method, which can lead to the development of more efficient future protein drug delivery systems.
Effects of intraspecific competition and scavenging on growth of the periwinkle Littorina littorea

The effects of density of conspecifics, size of experimental cages, and scavenging of ani- mal tissue on the growth rate of Littorina littorea (L.) were tested during the summers of 1991, 1992, and 1994. In 1991, the effects of intraspecific competition were examined by holding individually marked periwinkles in cages of 5 different sizes and at 4 densities. Cages were 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 cm 2 in area, and were of different sizes to test for caging artifacts. Experimental densities were 50, 100, 200, and 400 m -2 and encompassed normal field densities (x = 299 m -2 ; SD = 205). Growth was measured as final shell height and the amount of shell added at the lip of the aperture. The experiment showed evidence for intraspecific competition and no effect of cage size. Periwinkles, which were between 12 and 16 mm in shell height, added an average of 6.8 mm per 6 wk at the lip when held at a density of 50 m -2 and 1.6 mm per 6 wk when held at 400 m -2 . The results were con- firmed with a 1992 experiment, which used 100 cm 2 cages and densities of 100, 200, and 400 m -2 . Field observations suggested that L. littorea may also scavenge animal tissue, and this was tested in a 1994 experiment in which periwinkles were provided mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue. Growth rates were nearly doubled when snails were given mussel tissue. While L. littorea is one of the most stud- ied gastropods, this study is the first experimental test of intraspecific competition, and the first demonstration that scavenging can enhance growth rates of periwinkles.
Introduction to virus-caused cancer: type C virus.

Ribonucleic acid-containing, C-type viruses have been isolated from almost every class of animals; they transform cells in vitro and cause leukemias and sarcomas in vivo. Although these viruses are structurally, biochemically, and biologically similar, they can be distinguished from each other by individually characteristic nucleic acids and antigens. They are usually transmitted vertically; evidence of their presence, in the form of nucleic acid sequences homologous to viral nucleic acid sequences, may be detected in normal cells. Many C-type viruses are defective; helper viruses are needed for full viral genome expression. Human C-type leukemia or sarcoma viruses have not been identified with certainty yet, although their existence can be predicted from the results of experimental animal studies and immunologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses of human tumors.
Supporting collaborative learning in engineering design

Abstract In team-based project courses, collaborative learning is the dominant learning mode. Collaborative learning has been shown to increase individual learning through co-construction and personal reflection. Rapid adoption of web-based communication and mobile computing by students provide opportunities to take advantage of computer-supported collaboration for engineering education. We present preliminary findings on a computer environment, the Kiva Web, that supports the activities of group collaboration for interdisciplinary engineering design teams. We have employed methods from human–computer interaction (HCI) to iterate on the design in the context of use. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the Kiva Web and the implications for both student design teams and professional design teams.
Broad band noise associated with the current carrying charge density wave state in TaS3

Abstract We report the observation of low frequency broad band noise in the current carrying charge density wave (CDW) state of orthorhombic TaS 3 . The noise amplitude is proportional to the number of condensed electrons, and we suggest that the broad band noise reflects the dynamics of the internal deformations of the CDW condensate.
Femtosecond Magnetism via Photoinduced Quantum Spin Hopping in a Strongly Correlated Manganite

We demonstrate a photoinduced femtosecond generation of ferromagnetism from an antiferromagnetic state in a colossal magnetoresistive manganite, which underpins quantum spin hopping during coherent photoexcitation to trigger the femtosecond spin reversal.
Correlation between changes in quality of life and symptomatic improvement in Chinese patients switched from typical antipsychotics to olanzapine

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between changes in symptoms and changes in self-reported quality of life among Chinese patients with schizophrenia who were switched from a typical antipsychotic to olanzapine during usual outpatient care. Patients and methods: This post hoc analysis was conducted using data from the Chinese subgroup (n=475) of a multicountry, 12-month, prospective, noninterventional, observational study. The primary publication previously reported the efficacy, safety, and quality of life among patients who switched from a typical antipsychotic to olanzapine. Patients with schizophrenia were included if their symptoms were inadequately controlled with a typical antipsychotic and they were switched to olanzapine. Symptom severity was measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale (CGI-S). HealthRelated Quality of Life (HRQOL) was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life–Abbreviated (WHOQOL-BREF). Paired t-tests were performed to assess changes from baseline to endpoint. Pearson’s correlation coefficients ( r) were used to assess the correlations between change in symptoms (BPRS and CGI-S scores) and change in HRQOL (WHOQOLBREF scores). Results: Symptoms and HRQOL both improved significantly over the 12 months of treatment (P,0.001). Significant correlations were observed between changes from baseline to end of study on the BPRS and the CGI-S and each of the WHOQOL-BREF four domain scores and two overall quality-of-life questions. The correlation coefficients ranged from r=-0.45 to r=-0.53 for the BPRS and WHOQOL-BREF. The correlation coefficients were slightly smaller between the CGI-S and WHOQOL-BREF, ranging from r=-0.33 to r=-0.40. Conclusion: For patients with schizophrenia, assessing quality of life has the potential to add valuable information to the clinical assessment that takes into account the patient’s own perspective of well-being.
Quantitative analysis of allergens by a passive transfer method as demonstrated with fractions of cottonseed allergen, CS-1A

Abstract A quantitative method for comparing three properties of two allergenic fractions by the passive transfer technique is described. The properties are: (1) the passive-transfer-reaction-inciting capacities, (2) the reagin-neutralizing capacities, and (3) whether or not the specificities of the fractions are the same. The reproducibility of the method in the determination of both passive-transfer-inciting and reagin-neutralizing capacities was such that serial dilutions differing only twofold could be distinguished. The method eliminates the interfering effect of migration of allergen and the need for control tests. The method was demonstrated with subfractions, (CS-13D) 1A and (CS-13E) 5F6, of the cottonseed allergen, CS-1A, which were completely free of each other. The significance of the observations made in evaluation of the separated allergenic components of CS-1A is discussed.
Theoretical analysis of the reaction of multivalent antigen with heterogeneous antibody: a model of soluble phase antibody assays.

Abstract The theoretical characteristics of soluble phase antibody assays were analyzed using a computer model of antigen-antibody interaction which allowed antibody to be heterogeneous and antigen multivalent. Studies show that when antibody is heterogeneous with respect to affinity, the high affinity antibody will usually mask the low affinity antibody. If the reaction of multivalent antigen with multispecific antibody is studied in antigen excess, the reaction closely approximates a one to one binding reaction. Several characteristics of the soluble phase antibody assay are determined by the affinity-antigen product or the product of the antibody affinity constant multiplied by the molar antigen concentration. When the product is high, the sensitivity of the assay will vary with antigen concentration and titers will be independent of antibody affinity. If the affinity-antigen product is low, sensitivity is dependent upon antibody affinity and titers will reflect antibody affinity as well as antibody co...
A Comparison of preservation techniques in a vascularized rat laryngeal transplant model

In earlier laryngeal transplantation studies by Takenouchi, et al., 1 the longest ischemic interval tolerated was 45 minutes. A new animal model and enhanced preservative solutions made reassessment timely. This study evaluated two determinants of graft viability: 1. the duration of ischemia and 2. the composition of the preservative media. Three groups of viable transplants were assessed. Groups I and II were preserved with iced heparinized saline with respective ischemic intervals of 3 and 6 hours. Group III was preserved with the Wisconsin solution during a 20-hour ischemic interval. All animals were sacrificed at 24 hours. Representative sections of group I confirmed viability whereas group II exhibited both clinical and histologic evidence of irreversible vascular change
Virology Division News

George Martin Baer, one of the world’s most distinguished rabies experts, and a dear friend of many colleagues around the world, died on June 2, 2009, in Mexico City, at the age of 73. He is survived by his beloved wife, Maria Olga, three daughters, Katherine, of Washington, D.C., Alexandra, of New Paltz, New York, and Isabella, of Mexico City, and four granddaughters. Funeral services were held in Mexico City at the Iglesia de Santa Rosa de Lima on June 4, 2009. George was the only son of Kathi Meyer Baer, of Berlin, and Curtis Otto Baer, of Strasbourg, France (then Strassburg, Germany). His mother was a renowned musicologist and his father was a noted collector of 18th and 19th century master drawings and paintings. George was born in 1936 in London. In 1938, George’s parents fled Nazi Germany and in 1940 emigrated to the United States. George grew up in New Rochelle, New York, where he became an accomplished equestrian, and began a lifelong love of animals. He attended Cornell University, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in agricultural sciences in 1954, and a doctor of veterinary medicine degree in 1959. He earned a Master’s degree in public health from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1961. George was then commissioned as a U.S. Public Health Service officer, joining the Epidemiology Intelligence Service (EIS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He was assigned to the New York State Department of Health in Albany, where he worked on brucellosis and psittacosis, and began his life-long passion for rabies, especially the development of practical means for its prevention and control. In 1964, he was assigned as director of CDC’s Southwest Rabies Investigations Laboratory in Las Cruces New Mexico. The focus of his work in Las Cruces was on bat rabies. From 1966 to 1969, he served as a consultant to the Pan American Health Organization in Mexico, where he Respectfully submitted on behalf of George’s many friends and colleagues.
Error analysis of digital phase measurement of distorted waves

An analysis of errors associated with the digital measurement of phase angle between two signals, one of which may be distorted by a harmonic, is presented. All the results were found by running a simulation program on a VAX 11/780 computer. The results are very useful for the users of the phase meters. This technique may introduce large errors for some particular types of input waves. The main purpose of this work is to explain how large the error could be under certain conditions on the input waves. >
PLASMA THEORY OF ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION IN METALS

The recently developed transport theory of an electron gas is extended to include interaction with ions in a metal. The perturbation of lattice vibrations induced by an anisotropy of the electron distribution is calculated. Subsequently the ionic degrees of freedom are eliminated from the transport equation of the electrons in favor of a long-range electron-correlation term. The influence of this term becomes important at long wavelengths (in the far infrared) but constitutes a small perturbation for the eigenfrequencies of collective motion of the electron gas. Nevertheless, the dispersion relation for the collective oscillations shows that the contributions from the phonon interaction are of the same order of magnitude as the influence of thermal agitation. (auth)
Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation

An association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the development of cervical cancer was initially reported over 30 years ago, and today there is overwhelming evidence that certain subtypes of HPV are the causative agents of these malignancies. The p53 and retinoblastoma proteins are well-characterized targets of the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins, but recent studies have shown that the alteration of additional pathways are equally important for transformation. These additional factors are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, apoptosis and chromosomal stability. Understanding how HPV oncoproteins modify these activities provides novel insights into the basic mechanisms of oncogenesis.
Land Treatment of PAH-Contaminated Soil: Performance Measured by Chemical and Toxicity Assays

The performance of a soil remediation process can be determined by measuring the reduction in target soil contaminant concentrations and by assessing the treatment's ability to lower soil toxicity. Land treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil from a former wood-treating site was simulated at pilot scale in temperature-controlled soil pans. Nineteen two- through six-ring PAHs were monitored with time (initial total PAHs = 2800 mg/kg). Twenty-five weeks of treatment yielded a final total PAH level of 1160 mg/kg. Statistically significant decreases in concentrations were seen in total, two-, three-, and four-ring PAHs. Carcinogenic and five- and six-ring PAHs showed no significant change in concentration. Land treatment resulted in significant toxicity reduction based on root elongation, Allium chromosomal aberration, and solid-phase Microtox bioassays. Acute toxicity, as measured by the earthworm survival assay, was significantly reduced and completely removed. The Ames spiral p...
Automated Process for Unmanned Aerial Systems Controller Implementation Using MATLAB

A method is presented that attempts to optimize, standardize, and automate the process of unmanned vehicle controller design, evaluation, validation and verification, followed by actual hardware controller implementation on the vehicle. The proposed approach follows the standard practice to utilize MATLAB/SIMULINK and related toolboxes as the design framework. Controller design in MATLAB/SIMULINK is followed by automatic conversion from MATLAB to code generation and optimization for particular types of processors using Real-Time Workshop, and C to Assembly language conversion to produce assembly code for a target microcontroller. X-Plane is used to verify, validate and optimize controllers before actual testing on an unmanned vehicle and actual implementation on a chip and printed circuit board. Sample designs demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Smartphones in the workplace: Changing organizational behavior, transforming the future

In the past decade, Smartphones have been developed and increasingly integrated with people’s lives not only for social use, but for professional use as well. Many researchers claim that Smartphones can have negative consequences in the workplace such as lowering productivity, separating people from their realities, bringing stress from personal issues to work, and creating bad manners. Companies, however, have a difficult time mandating a policy in regards to prohibiting the use of Smartphones. Therefore, CEOs and corporate leaders should encourage their employees to use their Smartphones as tools for increasing their company’s efficiency. This research aims to examine the results of the use of Smartphones in the workplace as integrated internal connection tools. Using Smartphones in the workplace can be valuable in three ways: promoting autonomy, strengthening relationships with peers as well as superiors, and improving knowledge-sharing. Moreover, these three main factors can increase employee job satisfaction, which leads to better efficiency in the workplace. Organizations will be better able to successfully adapt with changes that are occurring every day by integrating the use of Smartphones in the workplace.
Predicted and measured strain response of rectangular panels due to acoustic loading

The objective of the research described in this paper is to assess the accuracy of classical linear acceleration/strain prediction theory for flat, rectangular panels excited by low level, acoustic plane waves. Predictions for both aluminum and laminated composite panels were based on the Ritz method using an orthotropic, multi-mode analysis with rotational springs on the boundaries. The measured natural frequencies and critical damping ratio of the panels were empirial inputs to the model. The comparison between measured and predicted acceleration was very good. Although a factor of three bias error was found between measured and predicted strains, the model was good for predicting the trends in the spatial variation in strain across the panel.
Category learning and the memory systems debate

A substantial and growing body of evidence from cognitive neuroscience supports the concept of multiple memory systems (MMS). However, the existence of multiple systems has been questioned by theorists who instead propose that dissociations can be accounted for within a single memory system. We present convergent evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of category learning in favor of the existence of MMS for category learning and declarative knowledge. Whereas single-system theorists have argued that their approach is more parsimonious because it only postulates a single form of memory representation, we show that the MMS approach is superior in its ability to account for a broad range of data from psychology and neuroscience.
Length-Limited Data Transformation and Compression

Scientific computation is used for the simulation of increasingly complex phenomena, and generates data sets of ever increasing size, often on the order of terabytes. All of this data creates difficulties. Several problems that have been identified are (1) the inability to effectively handle the massive amounts of data created, (2) the inability to get the data off the computer and into storage fast enough, and (3) the inability of a remote user to easily obtain a rendered image of the data resulting from a simulation run. This dissertation presents several techniques that were developed to address these issues. The first is a prototype bin coder based on variable-to-variable length codes. The codes utilized are created through a process of parse tree leaf merging, rather than the common practice of leaf extension. This coder is very fast and its compression efficiency is comparable to other state-of-the-art coders. The second contribution is the Piecewise-Linear Haar (PLHaar) transform, a reversible n-bit to n-bit wavelet-like transform. PLHaar is simple to implement, ideal for environments where transform coefficients must be kept the same size as the original data, and is the only n-bit to n-bit transform suitable for both lossy and lossless coding.
The development of large aeolian bedforms

Abstract Large aeolian bedforms (complex and compound varieties of dunes or draas) dominate over wide areas of many sand seas and are well represented in the rock record. Analyses of allometric relationships between dune height and spacing in several sand seas suggest that draas develop by vertical growth of existing dunes. In the Namib and other sand seas draa tend to occur in areas of low total and net sand transport rates. The distribution of such bedforms in a sand sea reflects long-term patterns of deposition which are related to regional-scale changes in wind regimes and sand transport rates. Superimposed bedforms are almost ubiquitous on draa and develop only after a minimum size of draa has been reached. Formation of superimposed dunes reflects spatial and temporal variations in secondary flow patterns developed on the draa. Measurements of winds and depositional patterns on complex linear dunes in the Namib Sand Sea suggest that an important mechanism for their growth is the migration of superimposed dunes from areas of high to low wind velocity on draa flanks, leading to the deposition of sediment by bedform climbing.
Evaluating coalition capacity to strengthen community-academic partnerships addressing cancer disparities.

The Arkansas Cancer Connection Program is a community–academic partnership between the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and nine community-based coalitions designed to address cancer health disparities through community-based participatory research. In 2005, a survey measuring coalition capacity was administered to 51 Cancer Council members to assess training needs and increase coalition capacity. The highest scoring components were leadership and member engagement while the lowest were development and capacity effectiveness. Effectiveness correlated with aspects of coalition capacity. The evaluation identified training needs, which were met by projects leveraging the coalition's strengths to advance community-based participatory research addressing cancer disparities.
Obesity is associated with premature occurrence of acute myocardial infarction

Background: The American Heart Association has classified obesity as a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, but its relationship with age at presentation with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is poorly documented. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of obesity on age at presentation, and on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with AMI. Methods: Our analysis includes a consecutive series of 906 Olmsted County patients (mean age 67.7 years, 51% male) admitted with AMI to the Mayo Clinic Coronary Care Unit (CCU). The patients were entered into the Mayo CCU Database, a prospective registry of data pertaining to patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic CCU with AMI. Age at AMI occurrence and in-hospital morbidity and mortality were noted. Results: Obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >30) with AMI were significantly younger than patients with AMI in the overweight (BMI 25–30) and normal-weight (BMI <30) groups (62.3 ± 13.1 vs. 66.9 ± 13.2 and 72.9 ± 13.4, respectively, p < 0.001). Obesity and overweight status were associated with male gender, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking history; however, after multivariate adjustment for these risk factors, excess weight and premature AMI remained significantly associated. Compared with normal-weight patients, overweight patients presenting with AMI were 3.6 years younger (p < 0.001, confidence interval [CI] 1.9–5.4) and obese patients 8.2 years younger (p < 0.001, CI 6.2–10.1). No significant increase in in-hospital morbidity and mortality was seen. Conclusion: In this population-based study, overweight and obese status are independently associated with the premature occurrence of AMI, but not with an increased incidence of in-hospital complications.
OH radical nonequilibrium in methaneair flat flames

Abstract The OH radical concentration and rotational temperature were measured in atmospheric pressure methaneair flat flames using absorption spectra obtained with a tunable dye laser. The OH radical nonequilibrium and the associated recombination in the post flame gases were observed for fuel-air equivalence ratios of 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2. The predicted peak OH concentrations from one-dimensional laminar flame models were found to be in good agreement with the measured values. The OH decay profiles were consistent with a second-order dependence of the decay on the OH concentration. Although this dependence is associated with the recombination chemistry for the fuel-rich flames, it appears that for the lean flames diffusional transport is responsible. The OH decay rate constant was nearly the same for the stoichiometric and lean conditions, but was found to increase substantially for the fuel-rich conditions.
Spectra of europium-doped yttrium oxide and yttrium vanadate phosphors

The spectral distributions of the visible absorption and fluorescence emission under electron beam excitation of Eu3+-doped (Y2O3) and (YVO4) powders have been detected and analyzed. (Y2O3: Eu3+) has a cubicC crystal structure with a unit cell dimension a=10·61 A. Its observed transitions from7 F 0 to many upper states have been recognized; the observed number of Stark components is in agreement with that based on theC 2 site symmetry of the Eu3+ ion in Y2O3. Eu3+-doped yttrium vanadate has a typical zircon tetragonal crystal structure with unit cell dimensions ofc=6·29 A anda=7·11 A. The observed transitions in (Eu3+: YVO4) have been identified and assigned in accordance with theD 2d site symmetry of the Eu3+ ion in this lattice.
Modification of an Atomic Absorption Unit for Dual Beam, Background Correction Measurements

A simple modification is described which makes dual beam background correction measurements possible on a Varian-Techtron atomic absorption spectrometer. The modification is described and data are presented which demonstrate the validity of the measurements obtained.
Direct measurement of diffusion by hot tunneling microscopy: Activation energy, anisotropy, and long jumps.

We measure the activation energy for surface diffusion of isolated Pb adatoms on Ge(111) by observing individual atomic interchanges using a scanning tunneling microscope. The diffusion occurs mainly along one direction of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) reconstructed surface with Pb adatoms moving between substitutional Ge adatom sites. Only half of the adatom interchanges are to near-neighbor sites, the rest are ``long jumps.'' The scanning process does not affect the diffusion. For temperatures from 24 to 79 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C we find the diffusion obeys an Arrhenius law with an activation energy of 0.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV.
For Those (Men) About to Rock: Rock Radio and the Crisis of Masculinity

Researchers have described a crisis of masculinity (Allen, 2011; Pompper, 2010), in which men feel that they cannot handle societal changes brought about by feminism. They also confront a range of possible masculinities, including the dominant form still revered above all. One place in the media where dominant masculinity persists is rock-formatted radio. A textual analysis of 4 U.S. rock stations revealed a marginalization of female voices, the bawdy humor of shock jocks, and music that exemplifies overtly masculine themes. However, other evidence suggests contradictions and challenges within the stations' presentation of masculinity, further pointing to an ongoing crisis of masculinity.
A new technique of locating turbidite fans: Candeias formation (lower cretaceous), Recôncavo Basin, Brazil

Abstract The reservoir package in the Candeias oil field, the largest stratigraphic accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Reconcavo Basin, has been reinterpreted as consisting of sublacustrine turbidite fans interbedded among Candeias shales, with the best quartzose arenite reservoirs corresponding to channeled mid-fan lobes. The occurrence in the turbidites of reworked lacustrine carbonate clasts with subaerial exposure features indicates that the Candeias submarine fans originated from an intrabasinal shallow platform and followed NNW-SSE fault-controlled channels on their way to final deposition. Thick and irregularly shaped lobes of massive fine sandstones (Pitanga Member) are always located immediately behind (that is, updip from) the relatively thin and coarse turbidite fans and overlap them diachronically. The petrographic composition of the massive sandstone expresses an extrabasinal origin from low-grade metamorphics of the Precambrian basement, and their sedimentary structures indicate large-scale fluidized sediment flow depositional processes. However, the admixture of a small amount of shallow water lacustrine carbonate clasts reveals that Pitanga sediments also crossed the carbonate platform before being deposited as isolated or coalescent lobes. Candeias turbidite fans had a stationary source area, the carbonate platform, and reached the distal portion of the shale slope. Pitanga fluidized flows were deposited in a proximal position of the shale slope and had a deltaic source that gradually prograded from NNW to SSE across the Tucano Basin. The constant geometric relationship between Pitanga lobes and Candeias turbidite fans originates from the fact that both depositional systems followed the same NNW-SEE fault-controlled channels; this becomes, therefore, an exploration tool for the prediction of oil-producing Candeias fans that are at the limit of resolution of seismic reflection techniques. Three operational steps are required: structurally analyzing the carbonate platform to locate potential transverse faults to which feeder channels might correspond; outlining the lobes of Pitanga massive sandstones related to such channels using seismic reflection profiles; and drilling exploratory wells for Candeias turbidite fans beneath the frontal portions of Pitanga lobes.
Road culture of international long-term budget travelers

Abstract This paper describes the subculture of the contemporary international budget traveler. From personal observations, interviews and mail questionnaires, it portrays individuals who have been a part of “road culture” for a year or more. It argues that such travelers are neither “heroes” nor “deviants” and that earlier depictions of them as hedonistic, anarchistic ‘drifters” is no longer accurate. The average traveler prefers to travel alone, is educated, European, middle class, single, obsessively concerned with budgeting his/her money, and at a juncture in life. Many are recent college graduates, delaying the transition into the responsibilities associated with adulthood in western society, or taking a leave between jobs. Their status is achieved on the road by experiencing hardship and nontouristic experiences, and by “getting the best value.”
Are ADHD/I and ADHD/C the Same or Different? Does It Matter?

Milich, Balentine, and Lynam have produced a high-quality analysis of the relationship between the inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. Although the debate over whether the predominantly inattentive type should be considered as a separate disorder is a current hot topic, this commentary concerns a broader issue: how important is this issue? I argue that DS/I/I diagnoses are unimportant when treating an individual child and that assessment and treatment should focus on careful functional analysis of impairment rather than on symptom counts.
Diffusion through a Double-Sided Plate: Development of a Method to Study Alga-Bacterium Interactions

Bacteria andalgae isolated froma wastewater oxidation pondwere inoculated ontoopposing surfaces of double-layer agar plates (Lutri plates) todetermine theusefulness ofsuchplates forstudying microbial interactions. Thealtered growthcharacteristics ofvarious algae depending on thespecies ofbacteria on the adjacent mediumsurface indicated thatthere was diffusion ofextracellular products throughtheagar, suggesting that this simple assaycanbeusedforscreening potential interactions ofactively growing organisms.
Use of fuzzy ontologies in generalization of knowledge tree results

In this paper we examine issues involving data generalization using a fuzzy ontology. In particular we consider generalizing the results produced by the knowledge tree process from an information base.
Antibiotic Usage in the Management of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A comparison of two groups of patients with acute laryngotracheo bronchitis, hospitalized before and after initiation of an educational program in infectious diseases, demonstrated no differences in severity or prognosis despite significant reduction in antirnicrobial usage. These observations show how a "scientific" approach to management of an infectious disease may reduce unnecessary and potentially harmful antimicrobial therapy.
Analysis of Emotional Effect on Speech-Body Gesture Interplay

In interpersonal interactions, speech and body gesture channels are internally coordinated towards conveying communicative intentions. The speech-gesture relationship is influenced by the internal emotion state underlying the communication. In this paper, we focus on uncovering the emotional effect on the interrelation between speech and body gestures. We investigate acoustic features describing speech prosody (pitch and energy) and vocal tract configuration (MFCCs), as well as three types of body gestures, viz., head motion, lower and upper body motions. We employ mutual information to measure the coordination between the two communicative channels, and analyze the quantified speech-gesture link with respect to distinct levels of emotion attributes, i.e., activation and valence. The results reveal that the speech-gesture coupling is generally tighter for low-level activation and high-level valence, compared to high-level activation and low-level valence. We further propose a framework for modeling the dynamics of speech-gesture interaction. Experimental studies suggest that such quantified coupling representations can well discriminate different levels of activation and valence, reinforcing that emotions are encoded in the dynamics of the multimodal link. We also verify that the structures of the coupling representations are emotiondependent using subspace-based analysis. Index Terms: emotion attributes, body gesture, speech prosody, speech-gesture interplay, mutual information
An exploratory study of the categorical versus spectrum nature of sexual orientation.

This exploratory study investigated the nature of sexual orientation (categorical or spectrum) by assessing the relative ability of sexual and romantic indicators to be predicted by sexual orientat...
Autoimmunity to Collagen in Human Lung Cancer

Autoantibodies have been described in human cancer patients as well as in animal models of malignancy. The extracellular matrix and especially basement membranes act as barriers for tumor cell invasion. Collagen, particularly types I, III, and IV, are major constituents of the extracellular matrix. We tested the hypothesis that autoimmunity to collagen antigens is present in lung cancer. Sera from 67 patients with lung cancer and 50 reference subjects were tested for anticollagen antibodies by using purified human collagen types I-V and for antibodies binding human cartilage aggrecan proteoglycan. Antibody levels were determined by using ELISA. The relationship of serum levels of these antibodies to patient survival, histology, treatment response, disease stage, and pack years of smoking was examined by using multiple regression and discriminant function analyses. A subgroup of 45 patients in whom a smoking history was available was analyzed separately. Within 1 month of the initiation of therapy, mean serum levels of antibodies binding fibrillar collagen types I-III and V were significantly higher (P < 0.025) than were those in control sera (43.2% of patients positive for one or more anticollagen antibodies). Antibodies binding aggrecan proteoglycan were not different between patients and control sera. In the lung cancer patients, the levels of serum antibodies binding types IV and V collagens contributed to the variance of progression-free survival days, survival days, and the duration of favorable response in opposite directions. Histological cell type contributed to the variance in the level of serum antibody binding collagen types IV and V. Lower levels of antibody binding type IV and higher levels of antibody binding type V were associated with small cell carcinoma. The pack-years of smoking only contributed to the variance in the level of serum antibody binding type V collagen. We conclude that autoantibodies to fibrillar collagen antigens are present frequently in lung cancer patients, and their levels may be related to histological cell type and to the duration of the response to treatment.
Age-based packet arbitration in large-radix k-ary n-cubes

As applications scale to increasingly large processor counts, the interconnection network is frequently the limiting factor in application performance. In order to achieve application scalability, the interconnect must maintain high bandwidth while minimizing variation in packet latency. As the offered load in the network increases with growing problem sizes and processor counts, so does the expected maximum packet latency in the network, directly impacting performance of applications with any synchronized communication. Age-based packet arbitration reduces the variance in packet latency as well as average latency. This paper describes the Cray XT router packet aging algorithm which allows globally fair arbitration by incorporating "age" in the packet output arbitration. We describe the parameters of the aging algorithm and how to arrive at appropriate settings. We show that an efficient aging algorithm reduces both the average packet latency and the variance in packet latency on communication-intensive benchmarks.
Composition and Demographics of Beaver (Castor canadensis) Colonies in Central Illinois

Abstract Beavers (Castor canadensis) exhibit wide variations in colony composition and demographics over their broad geographic range, so regional population studies are important for sound management of this species. The objectives of this study were to investigate the: (1) size and sex-age composition of beaver colonies in Illinois, (2) reproductive potential of female beavers in these colonies and (3) efficacy of night-vision surveys versus removal trapping for estimating colony size. We harvested and aged 239 beavers (128 males:111 females) during the 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 trapping seasons. The average colony contained 5.6 beavers. Family groups consisting of a breeding pair and at least 1 offspring composed 86% of these colonies; the other 14% consisted of only a breeding pair. Samples of beavers harvested by commercial trappers were skewed towards yearlings and 2-y olds relative to samples taken from trapped-out colonies. Fetal rates were 3.0, 3.4 and 4.2/female for yearlings, 2-y olds and older a...
Expanding the religious heterogeneity of the student body

Church-related junior colleges that have increased their institutional strength over the years by serving the needs of a more diverse student body are successful not merely by chance.
Achromatized endomicroscope objective for optical biopsy

Currently, researchers and clinicians lack achromatized endomicroscope objectives that are as narrow as biopsy needles. We present a proof-of-concept prototype that validates the optical design of an NA0.4 objective. The objective, built with plastic lenses, has a 0.9 mm clear aperture and is achromatized from 452 nm to 623 nm. The objective’s measured Strehl ratio is 0.74 ± 0.05 across a 250 μm FOV. We perform optical sectioning via structured illumination through the objective while capturing fluorescence images of breast carcinoma cells stained with proflavine and cresyl violet. This technology has the potential to improve optical biopsies and provide the next step forward in cancer diagnostics.
Finite Element Modeling of Photostrictive Optical Actuators

This article reports development of a finite element for analysis of photostrictive thin films. The photostrictive effect can be thought of as a superposition of a bulk photovoltaic effect and the converse piezoelectric effect. Photostrictive materials can produce strain as a result of irradiation from high-intensity light. Neither electric lead wires nor electric circuits are required. Thus, photostrictive actuators are relatively immune from electrical interference. They have potential use in numerous MEMS devices. In this article, the details of the developed photostrictive thin film finite element are given. The element has been implemented in an in-house finite element code. Results of two verification studies are given. A steel simply supported beam with one PLZT actuator bonded on top of the beam was analyzed. The finite element displacement computations for transverse deflection matched the analytical results computed by another author within about 2%. In a second comparison, transverse deflection...