cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three dimensional graphene scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering and in-situ electrical recording

In this paper, we present a three-dimensional graphene foam made of few layers of CVD grown graphene as a scaffold for growing cardiac cells and recording their electrical activity. Our results show that graphene foam not only provides an excellent extra-cellular matrix (ECM) for the culture of such electrogenic cells but also enables recording of its extracellular electrical activity in-situ. Recording is possible due to graphene's excellent conductivity. In this paper, we present our results on the fabrication of the graphene scaffold and initial studies on the culture of cardiac cell lines such as HL-1 and recording of their real-time electrical activity.
A Functional Approach to the Facebook Like Button: An Exploration of Meaning, Interpersonal Functionality, and Potential Alternative Response Buttons

This study employed a functional approach to conceptualize the Facebook Like button as a social cue that allows users to convey various meanings while enacting multiple interpersonal functions. Par...
Putting doctors behind bars.

A few years ago, if you asked the man on the street to define “bar codes,” he might have mentioned anything from the codified ethics of lawyers to the dress requirements at a drinking establishment. Today, however, more and more people understand them to be the stripes, printed black on white, that adorn supermarket products ranging from cat food to breakfast cereal.
Pancreatic Head Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. PET/MR imaging is a valuable tool to evaluate pancreatic and adjacent anatomy with simultaneous determination of metabolic activity. It is excellent at detecting local and metastatic spread which determines the appropriate therapeutic approach.
Extracellular matrix hydrogel therapies: In vivo applications and development.

Abstract Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) has been widely used for tissue engineering applications and is becoming increasingly versatile as it can take many forms, including patches, powders, and hydrogels. Following additional processing, decellularized ECM can form an inducible hydrogel that can be injected, providing for new minimally-invasive procedure opportunities. ECM hydrogels have been derived from numerous tissue sources and applied to treat many disease models, such as ischemic injuries and organ regeneration or replacement. This review will focus on in vivo applications of ECM hydrogels and functional outcomes in disease models, as well as discuss considerations for clinical translation. Statement of Significance Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel therapies are being developed to treat diseased or damaged tissues and organs throughout the body. Many ECM hydrogels are progressing from in vitro models to in vivo biocompatibility studies and functional models. There is significant potential for clinical translation of these therapies since one ECM hydrogel therapy is already in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
Paclitaxel-Triazine Dendrimer Constructs: Efficacy, Toxicity, and Characterization

This chapter reviews work from our laboratory over the last 10 years as it pertains to efforts focused on the exploration of triazine dendrimers as vehicles for drug delivery. The discussion is restricted to our efforts in paclitaxel-laden constructs, an area that we have had the most success and have made the greatest investment in time and energy. Areas of emphasis include the evolution of synthetic strategies, characterization, biodistribution, biocompatibility, safety and toxicity, efficacy, and therapeutic advantage. Throughout, limitations and challenges to these efforts are delineated. This chapter is not intended to exhaustively recapitulate the published work. Interested readers are referred to the original research publications and the supporting information provided with each. Instead, the intent is to provide insight into the evolution of the design and to realize this opportunity to share intuitions currently guiding these efforts which, accordingly, are less (or as yet un-) substantiated with experiment.
Methods for phylogenetic analysis of microbiome data.

How does knowing the evolutionary history of microorganisms affect our analysis of microbiological datasets? Depending on the research question, the common ancestry of microorganisms can be a source of confounding variation, or a scaffolding used for inference. For example, when performing regression on traits, common ancestry is a source of dependence among observations, whereas when searching for clades with correlated abundances, common ancestry is the scaffolding for inference. The common ancestry of microorganisms and their genes are organized in trees—phylogenies—which can and should be incorporated into analyses of microbial datasets. While there has been a recent expansion of phylogenetically informed analytical tools, little guidance exists for which method best answers which biological questions. Here, we review methods for phylogeny-aware analyses of microbiome datasets, considerations for choosing the appropriate method and challenges inherent in these methods. We introduce a conceptual organization of these tools, breaking them down into phylogenetic comparative methods, ancestral state reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic variables and distances, and provide examples in Supplementary Online Tutorials. Careful consideration of the research question and ecological and evolutionary assumptions will help researchers choose a phylogeny and appropriate methods to produce accurate, biologically informative and previously unreported insights. This Review Article details various methods that can be used for phylogeny-aware analyses of microbiome datasets, together with online tutorials, including the considerations and challenges of each method depending on the research question.
A Novel Concept of High Voltage Auxiliaries and its Feasibility Study on Blower Motors

Hybrid/Electric Vehicles are expected to be one of the solutions for energy and environmental problems. Up to Now, low power automotive electronics have operated under a battery voltage of 12 V and a large current of more than 10 A. Because of this high current, the power electronic circuits cause substantial losses of power through wire harnesses, a DC/DC converter, semiconductors, and so on. In this paper, we have proposed a novel concept of high voltage auxiliaries, which replaces the 12 V loads with the high voltage loads driven directly by the high voltage battery. It is assured that the power efficiency of the high voltage test system is as high as 94 %, which is at least 10 % higher than that of conventional 12 V blower motor systems.
Collective entity resolution in multi-relational familial networks

Entity resolution in settings with rich relational structure often introduces complex dependencies between co-references. Exploiting these dependencies is challenging—it requires seamlessly combining statistical, relational, and logical dependencies. One task of particular interest is entity resolution in familial networks. In this setting, multiple partial representations of a family tree are provided, from the perspective of different family members, and the challenge is to reconstruct a family tree from these multiple, noisy, partial views. This reconstruction is crucial for applications such as understanding genetic inheritance, tracking disease contagion, and performing census surveys. Here, we design a model that incorporates statistical signals (such as name similarity), relational information (such as sibling overlap), logical constraints (such as transitivity and bijective matching), and predictions from other algorithms (such as logistic regression and support vector machines), in a collective model. We show how to integrate these features using probabilistic soft logic, a scalable probabilistic programming framework. In experiments on real-world data, our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art classifiers that use relational features but are incapable of collective reasoning.
Pretreatment Identification of Head and Neck Cancer Nodal Metastasis and Extranodal Extension Using Deep Learning Neural Networks

Identification of nodal metastasis and tumor extranodal extension (ENE) is crucial for head and neck cancer management, but currently only can be diagnosed via postoperative pathology. Pretreatment, radiographic identification of ENE, in particular, has proven extremely difficult for clinicians, but would be greatly influential in guiding patient management. Here, we show that a deep learning convolutional neural network can be trained to identify nodal metastasis and ENE with excellent performance that surpasses what human clinicians have historically achieved. We trained a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network using a dataset of 2,875 CT-segmented lymph node samples with correlating pathology labels, cross-validated and fine-tuned on 124 samples, and conducted testing on a blinded test set of 131 samples. On the blinded test set, the model predicted ENE and nodal metastasis each with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.91 (95%CI: 0.85–0.97). The model has the potential for use as a clinical decision-making tool to help guide head and neck cancer patient management.
Obstructive sleep apnoea and hypoventilation in an adult with congenital myasthenic syndrome

In this case report, we describe an adult male with congenital myasthenic syndrome due to mutations in muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK, c.79+2 T>G; IVS1 +2 T>G, c.2368 G>A, Val790Met) presenting with sleep apnoea and hypercapnic respiratory failure. In the intensive care unit, he required intubation followed by tracheostomy which resolved obstructive sleep apnoea. Later, due to persistent sleep-associated hypoventilation, he required nocturnal mechanical ventilation. His case illustrates how respiratory muscle weakness due to mutations in MuSK can lead to various forms of sleep disordered breathing.
Mexican-American Adolescents' Views on Factors That Facilitate Recognition and Help-Seeking for Perinatal Depression.

Edited byJacquelyn H. Flaskerud, PhD, RN, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USAJanna Lesser, PhD, RNSchool of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Cen...
Effects of recombinant equine somatotropin on wound healing, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and endogenous somatotropin responses to secretagogues in geldings.

The primary purpose of this experiment was to assess the possible beneficial effects of recombinant equine somatotropin (reST) administration on wound healing in adult geldings. The effects of the 21-d reST treatment on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and on endogenous ST characteristics were monitored as well. Single, full-thickness skin incisions (7.62 x 7.62 cm) were made in the pectoral region of all geldings on d 0. Treated geldings received reST at 20 microg/kg BW i.m., and control geldings received vehicle (10 mM sodium borate) at equivalent volumes daily from d 0 (immediately after surgery) through d 20. Tracings of the wounds were made with acetate transparencies, and wound areas were calculated via a digital analyzer. In addition to once-daily blood samples collected at specified days throughout the treatment period, an i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed on d 16, and three assessments of endogenous ST secretion were performed in the 2 d immediately following the end of treatment: epinephrine administration during the morning of d 21, an exercise test during the afternoon of d 21, and i.v. aspartic acid infusion on d 22. There was no effect (P > . 1) of reST treatment on wound healing as assessed by changes in wound areas. Daily plasma ST, IGF-I, glucose, and insulin concentrations were higher (P < .05) and urea-nitrogen concentrations were lower (P < .001) in geldings receiving reST relative to controls. Glucose, NEFA, and insulin concentrations were all higher (P < .01) in reST-treated geldings before glucose infusion on d 16, and the responses to glucose were greater (P < .05) as well. Epinephrine administration increased (P < .02) ST concentrations in control geldings on d 21 but not in reST-treated geldings; a similar suppressive effect of reST treatment was observed for the ST response to exercise (P < .001). After aspartic acid infusion on d 22, reST-treated geldings had a much smaller (P < .001) ST response than did control geldings. In conclusion, reST administered to geldings at 20 microg/kg BW i.m. caused hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin insensitivity, mobilization of fatty acids, and an apparent negative feedback on the pituitary's ST response to various stimuli known to induce ST secretion. However, there was no beneficial effect of reST treatment with the wound model used in this experiment.
Adversarial Security Attacks and Perturbations on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods.

The ever-growing big data and emerging artificial intelligence (AI) demand the use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods. Cybersecurity also benefits from ML and DL methods for various types of applications. These methods however are susceptible to security attacks. The adversaries can exploit the training and testing data of the learning models or can explore the workings of those models for launching advanced future attacks. The topic of adversarial security attacks and perturbations within the ML and DL domains is a recent exploration and a great interest is expressed by the security researchers and practitioners. The literature covers different adversarial security attacks and perturbations on ML and DL methods and those have their own presentation styles and merits. A need to review and consolidate knowledge that is comprehending of this increasingly focused and growing topic of research; however, is the current demand of the research communities. In this review paper, we specifically aim to target new researchers in the cybersecurity domain who may seek to acquire some basic knowledge on the machine learning and deep learning models and algorithms, as well as some of the relevant adversarial security attacks and perturbations.
Prevalence of endoparasites in northern Mississippi shelter cats.

Abstract Parasitism of domestic cats impacts feline health and public health, when zoonotic parasites are present. Our objective was to evaluate endoparasite prevalence in cats from northern Mississippi animal shelters. Feline cadavers (n = 56) were collected from seven shelters from August 2017 to January 2018. Data included shelter, sex, reproductive status, intake date, originating source, and treatment records. Cadavers were processed to isolate stomach, and small and large intestines. Contents were strained and examined using stereomicroscopes for helminth collection and identification. Centrifugal flotation using Sheather's solution was performed on feces; urine sediments were also examined. Descriptive statistics in SAS was performed using the Frequency procedure. Kappa agreement statistics were obtained to determine agreement between fecal flotation and necropsy results. Separate logistic regression models were developed to test effects of risk factors on the probability for cats to test positive for outcomes of interest. Helminths were recovered in 82% of cats (46/56); specifically, Ancylostoma spp. (52%), Toxocara cati (43%), Taenia taeniaeformis (36%), Dipylidium caninum (29%), and Spirometra spp. (4%) were identified. Thirty-seven of 56 cats (66%) had parasite eggs or oocysts on fecal examination, including T. cati (39%), Ancylostoma spp. (34%), Cystoisospora spp. (23%), Spirometra spp. (9%), T. taeniaeformis (9%), and capillarid-type eggs (5%). Feline originating source was associated with presence of T. cati eggs in feces and presence of D. caninum in the gastrointestinal tract. Feral cats were more likely to have T. cati eggs in feces than owner surrender cats (OR 28; 95% CI: 1.9, 423), or stray cats (OR 8, 95% CI: 1.1, 57.0). Owner surrender cats were more likely to have D. caninum helminths in the gastrointestinal tract than stray cats (OR = 19.5; 95% CI: 2.0, 190). Toxocara cati exhibited strong agreement (κ = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.89), Ancylostoma spp. exhibited moderate agreement (κ = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.65), and cestodes exhibited poor agreement (κ = 0.02, 95% CI: −0.12, 0.15) between presence of eggs and gross helminths. Capillarid eggs (Pearsonema feliscati) were recovered in urine sediment of 6% (3/48) of cats. Overall, our study demonstrates a high level of parasitism in cats that entered Mississippi animal shelters. Parasites with zoonotic potential, such as Alaria spp., Ancylostoma spp., D. caninum, Physaloptera spp., T. taeniaeformis, T. cati, and Spirometra spp. were identified. Our results support the need for effective antiparasitic treatment of cats entering animal shelters in order to improve feline health and prevent environmental contamination with zoonotic parasites.
Personality and Gendered Selection Processes in the Political Pipeline

Most research on the causes of women's underrepresentation examines one of two stages of the political pipeline: the development of nascent political ambition or specific aspects of the campaign and election process. In this article, we make a different kind of contribution. We build on the growing literature on gender, psychology, and representation to provide an analysis of what kinds of men and women make it through the political pipeline at each stage. This allows us to draw some conclusions about the ways in which the overall process is similar and different for women and men. Using surveys of the general U.S. population (N = 1,939) and elected municipal officials such as mayors and city councilors (N = 2,354) that measure the distribution of Big Five personality traits, we find that roughly the same types of men and women have nascent political ambition; there is just an intercept shift for sex. In contrast, male and female elected officials have different personality profiles. These differences do not reflect underlying distributions in the general population or the population of political aspirants. In short, our data suggest that socialization into political ambition is similar for men and women, but campaign and election processes are not.
Synthetic Biology Industry: Biosafety Risks to Workers

Synthetic biology involves two closely related capabilities: (1) the design, assembly, synthesis, or manufacture of new genomes, biological pathways, devices, or organisms not found in nature for use in agriculture, bio-manufacturing, health care, energy, and other industrial sectors and (2) the redesign of existing genes, cells, or organisms for the purpose of drug discovery and gene therapy. Synthetic biology has accelerated the growth of the biotechnology sector of the US economy. This rapid growth has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of workers employed in the synthetic biology industry.
DNN Beamforming for High Contrast Targets in the Presence of Reverberation Clutter

We evaluated training deep neural network (DNN) beamformers for the task of high contrast imaging in the presence of reverberation clutter. Training data was generated using simulated hypoechoic cysts and a pseudo nonlinear method for generating reverberation clutter. Performance was compared to standard delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming on simulated hypoechoic cysts having a different size. For a hypoechoic cyst in the presence of reverberation clutter, when the intrinsic contrast ratio (CR) was -10 dB and -20 dB, the measured CR for DAS beamforming was -9.2±0.8 dB and -14.3±0.5 dB, respectively, and the measured CR for DNNs was -10.7±1.4 dB and -20.0±1.0 dB, respectively. For a hypoechoic cyst with -20 dB intrinsic CR, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was 3.4±0.3 dB and 4.3±0.3 dB for DAS and DNN beamforming, respectively. These results show that DNN beamforming was able to extend contrast ratio dynamic range (CRDR) by about 10 dB while also improving CNR.
Prenatal alcohol exposure in the second trimester-equivalent increases the seizure susceptibility in developing rats.

Abstract We have previously reported that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the 2nd trimester-equivalent of gestation is associated with increased N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs) prevalence in postpartum developing rats. Whether the 1st trimester-equivalent of gestation is also a vulnerable period for developing GTCSs following PAE is unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of a single episode of PAE at embryonic day 8 (E8, in the 1st trimester-equivalent) or E18 (in the 2nd trimester-equivalent) on NMDA-induced seizures in developing rats at postnatal day 7 (P7, the equivalent of preterm newborns) and P15 (the equivalent of term infants). Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were given a single oral dose of ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) at E8 or E18 and the postpartum rats were tested for the susceptibility to NMDA-induced seizures at either P7 or P15. NMDA-induced seizures consisted of wild running-like behavior (WRLB), flexion seizures (FSs), clonic seizures (CSs), GTCSs, and tonic seizures (TSs); these seizures were observed in both control-treated and PAE-treated, male and female, P7 and P15 rats. Quantification reveals that the overall prevalence of CSs, GTCSs and TSs occurrence were significantly increased in the E18-PAE group compared to E8-PAE group, adjusting for sex and postnatal day. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of FSs and TSs occurrence was significantly increased in PAE-treated males compared to females, adjusting for embryonic stage and postnatal day. The overall prevalence of WRLB and FSs occurrence was also increased in PAE-P7 rats compared to PAE-P15 rats, adjusting for sex and embryonic stage. We conclude that the susceptibility to develop GTCSs was higher when PAE occurred in the 2nd rather than in the 1st trimester-equivalent of gestation.
Rural–urban health disparities for mood disorders and obesity in a midwestern community

Introduction: Prior studies indicate greater disease burden for obesity among rural compared with urban residents but no differences for mood disorder based on geographic location. Recent attention has focused on the need to examine regional rural–urban disparities in disease burden. We focused on mood disorders and obesity prevalence within three southeastern Minnesota counties served by the Mayo Clinic Center for Translational Science Award, in Rochester, Minnesota, as these were top priorities identified in community health needs assessments. Methods: Cross-sectional study to assess the association of rural–urban locality on 5-year (2009–2014) prevalence of mood disorder and obesity obtained using the Rochester Epidemiological Project medical records linkage system, among subjects residing in three mixed rural–urban counties on April 1, 2014. Multivariable analyses adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status using an individual housing-based measure, and counties. Results: The study cohort (percent rural location) included 91,202 (15%) for Olmsted, 10,197 (51%) in Dodge, and 10,184 (57%) in Wabasha counties. On multivariate analysis, 5-year prevalence of mood disorders and obesity was significantly greater for urban compared with rural residents, after adjusting for confounders; odds ratios (95% confidence intervals): 1.21 (1.17–1.26), P < 0.001, and 1.05 (1.01–1.10), P = 0.016, respectively. Observed effects were not modified in additional models adjusted for health care utilization (HCU; ≥1 general medical examination visit and flu vaccination). Conclusions: Rural–urban health disparities for burden of mood disorders and obesity are independent of socioeconomic status and HCU in a Midwestern community. It is important to assess potential regional heterogeneity of rural–urban disparities on health outcomes.
Real voice and TTS accent effects on intelligibility and comprehension for indian speakers of English as a second language.

We investigate the effect of accent on comprehension of English for speakers of English as a second language in southern India. Subjects were exposed to real and TTS voices with US and several Indian accents, and were tested for intelligibility and comprehension. Performance trends indicate a measurable advantage for familiar accents, and are broken down by various demographic factors.
The Worst Tax Law Ever Enacted

Some tax laws are worse than others. The 1986 tax reform act is generally considered one of the best. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is generally considered one of the worst, although I would say it is too early to tell what its long-term impact might be, and some of its worst features (like the section 199A deduction) might be repealed in the near future if the Democrats win in November. Another example of a generally condemned tax law is the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. This law was a must-pass piece of legislation because Congress needed to react to the sanctions imposed upon the US by the EU as the result of its victory in the ETI litigation at the WTO. The AJCA included such beauties as a temporary participation exemption that did not create any jobs, a significant increase in the potential for cross-crediting in the foreign tax credit, and a deeply flawed anti-inversion rule that immediately gave rise to a second wave of inversions. But these bad features were not particularly lasting. The participation exemption only lasted one year, the cross-crediting provisions were significantly revised in 2017, and the anti-inversion provision became less relevant after 2017. Any damage that was done was temporary. To get to a bad tax law whose effects were really long-lasting, one should go much farther back to the Revenue Act of 1918.
The Design of a Cognitive System for Generating Structural Models of Social Behavior Systems and Ecological Fields

This book is concerned with relationships between human systems and their environments. It is also concerned with relationships among the human systems themselves as they interact in an environmental context. Its objective is to present a theoretical orientation and a conceptual scheme for use by those interested in creating structural models of social systems and of their relationships to each other in the context of the ecological fields they inhabit. It will not offer a description of any particular society nor will it present models of particular social systems or particular environmental problems. Instead it will develop a cognitive apparatus that can be used for such purposes.
Food consumption behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We conducted an online consumer survey in May 2020 in two major metropolitan areas in the United States to investigate food shopping behaviors and consumption during the pandemic lockdown caused by COVID-19. The results of this study parallel many of the headlines in the popular press at the time. We found that about three-quarters of respondents were simply buying the food they could get due to out of stock situations and about half the participants bought more food than usual. As a result of foodservice closures, consumers indicated purchasing more groceries than normal. Consumers attempted to avoid shopping in stores, relying heavily on grocery delivery and pick-up services during the beginning of the pandemic when no clear rules were in place. Results show a 255% increase in the number of households that use grocery pickup as a shopping method and a 158% increase in households that utilize grocery delivery services. The spike in pickup and delivery program participation can be explained by consumers fearing COVID-19 and feeling unsafe. Food consumption patterns for major food groups seemed to stay the same for the majority of participants, but a large share indicated that they had been snacking more since the beginning of the pandemic which was offset by a sharp decline in fast food consumption.
Mechanistic of Rac and Cdc42 synchronization at the cell edge by ARHGAP39-dependent signaling nodules and the impact on protrusion dynamics

SUMMARY Compartmentalization of GTPase regulators into signaling nodules dictates the GTPase pathways selected. Rac and Cdc42 are synchronized at the cell edge for effective protrusion in motile cells but how their activity is coordinated remains elusive. Here, we discovered that ARHGAP39, a Rac and Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein, sequentially interacts with WAVE and mDia2 to control Rac/lamellipodia and Cdc42/filopodia protrusions, respectively. Mechanistically, ARHGAP39 binds to WAVE and, upon phosphorylation by Src kinase, inactivates Rac to promote Cdc42-induced filopodia formation. With our optimized FRET biosensor, we detected active Cdc42 at the filopodia tips that controls filopodia extension. ARHGAP39 is transported to filopodia tips by Myosin-X where it binds mDia2 and inactivates Cdc42 leading to filopodia retraction. Failure in lamellipodia to filopodia switch by defective ARHGAP39 impairs cell invasion and metastasis. Our study reveals that compartmentalization of ARHGAP39 within Rac/Cdc42 signaling nodules orchestrates the synchronization of lamellipodia/filopodia crosstalk and highlights the intricate regulation of leading edge dynamics in migrating cells.
The Changing Face of Comparative Education: A Personal Retrospective

Over the past fifty years, new theoretical approaches have had a major impact on the field of comparative and international education. This paper is based on my book, Transforming Comparative Education, which focuses on the ideas that have changed the way we conceptualize and do comparative education. I discuss these contributions from a personal perspective and in chronological order. Reading through the research as it moves from decade to decade gives us an important insight into this field. After all, it studies the world. It compares how nations educate their populations, and it develops theories of education and educational change based on those comparisons. In the past five decades, the world has become increasingly “smaller,” increasingly interdependent, and increasingly networked and connected. With that process of globalization, not only has comparative and international education become much more important as a source of knowledge about education; globalization has itself become more central to the theories underlying the comparisons. I argue that an important aspect of globalization has been the increased collection of data on education through international testing and impact of evaluation. This has had the positive effect of increasing the knowledge base for comparative analysis, but it has also driven comparative analysis away from theory. I end the retrospective with an appeal to younger generations of comparative educators to learn and teach theory and to do intelligent empirical analysis that is based on theory.
When Do Politicians Appeal Broadly? The Economic Consequences of Electoral Rules in Brazil

Electoral rules determine how voters' preferences are aggregated and translated into political representation, and their design can lead to the election of representatives who represent broader or narrower constituencies. Relying on a regression discontinuity design, I contrast single- and two-round elections in Brazilian municipal races. Two-round elections use two rounds of voting to elect a winner, ensuring that the eventual winner obtains at least 50% of the vote. Theoretically, this can provide incentives for candidates to secure a broader base of support. Consistent with this, I show that in two-round elections, candidates represent a more geographically diverse group of voters, public schools have more resources, and there is less variation in resources across public schools. Effects appear to be driven by strategic responses of candidates, rather than differential entry into races. These results suggest that two-round elections can lead candidates to secure broader bases of support and to distribute public goods more broadly.
Edge Stiffeners for Thin-Walled Members

An effective width approach is presented for predicting ultimate strengths of thin-walled compression elements with edge stiffeners. In conjunction with procedures for predicting ultimate strengths, a requirement for adequate stiffener rigidity is given. Stiffener adequacy is assessed as that stiffener rigidity for which the ultimate strength of an edge-stiffened element equals that of an element of similar dimensions and material properties but supported by a web at the stiffener location. Critical and post-critical behavior of the assembly are studied analytically and experimentally; however, the stiffener requirement is based primarily on the experimental results. Simple formulations for assessing the performance of the stiffener and plate elements are presented.
Electronic Structure of Laterally Restricted Systems

This lecture* is intended to describe some of the structures being built to achieve quasi-one-dimensional behavior of electrons in semiconductors and some of the methods being used to calculate energy levels and charge densities for such structures. No attempt is made to describe the growing body of theoretical and experimental work on optical and transport properties. A basic knowledge of heterostructure physics, as presented in other lectures in this volume, is presupposed.
The Changing Structure of the Knowledge-Producing Labor Force

Since the publication of the work of one of the present authors (Machlup 1962) concerning the role of the “knowledge” sector in the economy of the United States, we have witnessed a burgeoning of interest in the knowledge industries and knowledge occupations (for example, see Porat 1976 or Lavey 1974). This interest is shared by economists, sociologists, political scientists, and educationists, but especially by information specialists, research managers, and policy makers.
Low-profile ultra-wideband reconfigurable tightly-coupled arrays

Ultra-wideband (UWB) arrays are desirable for multi-functional apertures utilizing multiple beams, polarizations, and frequency bands to enable diverse communication and remote-sensing capabilities. The desired bandwidth, compactness, and scanning capability are often mutually conflicting. Here we present our current and previous work on developing arrays with 7∶1 (loss less) and 14∶1 (with R card) bandwidths. While the latter have been fabricated for operation up to 4 GHz, for many applications it is desirable to achieve extremely broadband performance at much higher frequencies. As an example, we present an array utilizing a simplified feed network in a single 4-layer PCB operating across a 6∶1 band (3–18 GHz). Also we present a simple design capable of operating 28–68 GHz. More important, we have developed reconfigurable arrays capable of UWB operation and scanning. Design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement results for reconfigurable antenna arrays capable of band rejection are presented.
SEROLOGY OF THE MIMA-HERELLEA GROUP AND THE GENUS MORAXELLA

Mitchell, Paul D. (West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown), and Robert G. Burrell. Serology of the Mima-Herellea group and the genus Moraxella. J. Bacteriol. 87:900–909. 1964.—The identity of organisms which have been assigned to the Mima-Herellea group of the tribe Mimeae and their taxonomic position are uncertain. In considering the possible relationship of the Mima-Herellea group to the genus Moraxella, the approach used was the isolation and identification of representative antigenic constituents of strains designated Mima polymorpha, M. polymorpha var. oxidans, Herellea vaginicola, Moraxella lwoffi, M. liquefaciens, M. non-liquefaciens, and Bacterium anitratum. Cell-free extracts of sonically disrupted cells were used in these studies, and the precipitinogens derived by this method were considered to be of capsular and somatic origin. Identity among the strains was established by immunodiffusion, with immune sera and antigenic extracts. Heterologous and homologous reactions were performed with adsorbed and unadsorbed sera to verify the cases of identity. In every instance of homologous reaction, at least five distinct antigen-antibody systems were discernible within the Mima-Herellea group. However, as evidenced by heterologous studies, the demonstrable antigenic composition varied among the species and, in some instances, among the strains. M. polymorpha var. oxidans appeared to be serologically distinct from H. vaginicola and M. polymorpha, whereas strains of the latter two organisms were theorized to be closely related serologically. Serological cross-reactions in heterologous studies and reciprocal adsorption tests revealed the existence of a serological relationship between members of the Mima-Herellea group and the genus Moraxella. A tentative scheme of identity is postulated on the basis of these crossreactions and cultural and biochemical reactions among the designated strains of Herellea, Mima, Moraxella, and Bacterium.
Use of rebinned spiral CT data to better approximate the 511 keV attenuation correction factors for PET/CT imaging

In reconstructing PET data in PET/CT imaging the determination of attenuation correction factors (ACFs) involves the scaling and reprojecting of the CT images. However in the case of truncation it is possible to obtain a better estimate of the ACFs passing through the CT field-of-view, since the ACFs at the CT energy (-70 keV) are known directly from the CT raw data. A proposed method for estimating the correct ACFs at 511 keV is to calculate the ACFs from the reconstructed CT images in the usual way at 511 keV, but also calculate them at 70 keV (i.e. without scaling). The correction to ACF at 511 keV is taken as the difference between the measured and reprojected ACF at 70 keV, scaled to 511 keV assuming it scales like water. It is expected that this procedure may be useful in obtaining better quantification of lesions within the CT field-of-view in the case of very large patients where the adipose tissue outside the CT field-of-view accounts for much of the attenuation.
Control mechanism of lymphocyte traffic. A study of the action of two sulfated polysaccharides on the distribution of 51Cr- and [3H]adenosine-labeled mouse lymph node cells.

Abstract The effects of dextrans of varying molecular weights and of pentosan sulfate on the distribution of 51 Cr-labeled mouse lymph node cells were studied in vivo , i.e., in recipients treated with the sulfated polysaccharides, and in vitro , i.e., by following the fate of cells treated in vitro , in intact syngeneic recipients. Both types of experiments demonstrate that dextrans, especially dextran sulfate (DXS) and pentosan sulfate (PS), considerably reduce lymph node entry of lymphocytes, with concomitant increases in the blood and, in the case of DXS, in both the blood and lungs. A parallel quantitative autoradiographic analysis of the distribution of [ 3 H]adenosine-labeled cells confirmed the data with the 51 Cr-labeled cells and, in adidtion, indicated that DXS and PS slow down circulation of lymphocytes through the marginal zone and red pulp of the spleen and, in the case of DXS, in the pulmonary capillary bed. Unusually large numbers of unlabeled lymphocytes were found in the endothelial wall of the post-capillary venules in lymph nodes of PS-treated mice.
Models of hypertension in aging

All forms of hypertension studied to date are caused by a defect in the handling of sodium and water by the kidney. There is a shift to the right in the pressure-natriuresis relationship (higher blood pressure) in which a hypertensive individual must increase blood pressure in order to excrete a normal sodium load. There are sex differences in blood pressure control in humans and animals, with males having higher blood pressure than females. However, blood pressure increases in some women after menopause. The mechanisms that play a role in hypertension, and have been studied extensively, include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelin, oxidative stress, the sympathetic nervous system, androgen/estrogen ratio, and obesity.
The Legacies of Literacy Studies

In typical formulations, literacy studies embrace two more-or-less opposing positions: that of “many literacies” and that of dangerously low levels of literacy, their causes and their consequences. When conceptualized complexly—not the most common practice—their contradictory relationships form part of our subject of inquiry and part of the challenge for explication and explanation.
No evidence for a forced‐unfolding mechanism during ATP/GroES binding to substrate‐bound GroEL: no observable protection of metastable Rubisco intermediate or GroEL‐bound Rubisco from tritium exchange

Abstract In tritium–hydrogen exchange experiments, the large GroEL substrate Rubisco was unfolded and exchanged in urea/acid/tritiated water, then diluted into either protic buffer or protic buffer containing GroEL. The respective Rubisco metastable folding intermediate or Rubisco-GroEL binary complex was then separated from residual tritium after varying times of exchange by centrifugation through P-10 or G-25 resin. No significant tritium was recovered in either case, in contrast to an earlier report. Thus, although the earlier-proposed forced unfolding mechanism for the action of GroEL on a bound polypeptide, occurring during ATP/GroES binding, remains an attractive hypothesis, the data here do not provide any indication that it is involved in the folding of Rubisco.
Application of Software Enabled Control Technologies to a Full-Scale Unmanned Helicopter

This paper presents a control architecture designed to accommodate a selection of modern control algorithms on a full-scale rotary-wing, unmanned aerial vehicle. The architecture integrates a visual landing system, two path planners, a flight envelope protection algorithm, and two low-level flight controllers that were developed independently by six agencies in academia and industry. A newly developed vehicle model and an exportable simulation environment were assembled in an open control infrastructure to expedite the algorithm development. The collaboration resulted in successful flight testing of the architecture and multiple control algorithms on Boeing’s Renegade Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, a derivative of the Robinson R22. The aircraft successfully switched from a conventional flight controller to an adaptive neural network flight controller on four occasions making it the largest helicopter to operate under adaptive neural network flight control.
Acyl chain packing properties of deuterated lipid bilayer dispersions: Vibrational Raman spectral parameters

The phase, packing and dynamic behavior of model membrane systems consisting of lipids with completely deuterated chains is generally monitored by the temperature dependence of the line width of the methylene (CD2) symmetric stretching modes located at ∼2100 cm−1 1–5 Alternative empirical spectral parameters derived from the peak-height intensity ratios of spectral features assigned to the chain CD methylene and methyl stretching modes are introduced and evaluated. In particular, specific intensity ratios reflect a sensitivity to average inter- and intra-chain order–disorder properties of the portions of the lipid chains localized either near the methyl termini or near the head-group–acyl chain interface. The utility of these intensity parameters is evaluated by examining the bilayer behavior of binary mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with fully deuterated lipid chains (DPPC-d62) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with non-deuterated chains (DPPC-do) in various physical states. We also assess the use of intensity parameters for clarifying the effects of ethanol on the inter- and intra-chain interactions of DPPC-d62 bilayers. In the DPPC-d62–ethanol system particular emphasis is placed on the formation of the novel interdigitated chain gel phase.
Degradable computer systems with dependent subsystems

When building a model for degradable computer systems, it is not sufficient to merely quantify reliability and performance measures. These indices must be mathematically sound if they are to be used to design such systems in an optimal way. The paper presents an analysis of design optimisation for degradable computer systems and shows how this particular application leads to a system model with interdepedent subsystems. A procedure is presented on how to solve the resulting Markov model. Its computational complexity is compared to another solution method and shown to be largely more efficient.
The Passive Calcium Leak in Cultured Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells

Unidirectional 45Ca fluxes were measured to characterize the calcium-leak pathway in cultured endothelial cells of pig aorta. Lanthanum, but not other calcium channel blockers such as verapamil and diltiazem, inhibited the passive 45Ca uptake. Passive uptake of 45Ca across the plasma membrane increased progressively as extracellular pH was raised from 5.2 to 9.2. SK&F 96365, a putative inhibitor of receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry, selectively blocked ATP-induced 45Ca uptake. The Ca2+ leak pathway may play an important role in endothelial cell Ca2+ homeostasis which controls the basal and stimulated release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (i.e., EDRF, prostacyclin) in physiological or pathological situations.
Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter.

AT most synapses, chemical signalling is terminated by a rapid reaccumulation of neurotransmitter into presynaptic terminals1–5. Uptake systems for the biogenic amines are the initial site of action for therapeutic antidepressants and drugs such as cocaine and the amphetamines. We have isolated a complementary DNA clone encoding a human noradrenaline transporter. The cDNA sequence predicts a protein of 617 amino acids, with 12–13 highly hydrophobic regions compatible with membrane-spanning domains. Expression of the cDNA clone in transfected HeLa cells indicates that noradrenaline transport activity is sodium-dependent and sensitive to selective noradrenaline transport inhibitors. Trans-porter RNA is localized to the brainstem and the adrenal gland. The predicted protein sequence demonstrates significant amino-acid identity with the Na+/γ-aminobutyric acid transporter, thus identifying a new gene family for neurotransmitter transporter proteins. Analysis of its structure and function may lead to structure-based drug design for the treatment of human depression and could help determine whether transporter abnormalities underlie affective disorders.
The “old dominions” and their policies of defense independence: Implications for allied and United States security

(1990). The “old dominions” and their policies of defense independence: Implications for allied and United States security. Defense Analysis: Vol. 6, Comparative Defense Analysis, pp. 69-84.
Collisional ionization between fast alkali atoms and hexaflourobenzene

The formation of negative ions through collisions between alkali atoms and C6F6 is studied. Unlike all other systems studied to data the charge-transfer cross section producing C6F−(6 is very small. A possible explanation for this anomaly is presented based upon competition with the flourine abstraction reaction.