cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How changes in work structure influence employees’ perceptions of CSR: millionaire managers and locked-out laborers

ABSTRACTCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is widely understood as the various activities corporations engage in to meet stakeholder demands and demonstrate fit in society. Often employees are positioned as the beneficiaries of corporate largesse and worker recruitment and retention are offered as rationale for CSR activities. The voice of the employee, however, is noticeably missing from the CSR literature. This study uses a case study approach to explore how locked-out union workers define CSR. We conducted 51 semi-structured interviews and analyzed 27 secondary data sources. The results suggest that workers fuse together economic and ethical responsibilities to develop a portrait of their employer's CSR. Workers defined CSR as an economic/ethical responsibility that is intimately tied to a set of explicitly and implicitly communicated values. Our analysis exposed four additional dimensions that informed employees’ understanding of CSR: reciprocity, fair treatment, economic justice, and organizationa...
Influence of bait on arboreal behavior of Peromyscus leucopus

We tested the hypothesis that Peromyscus leucopus are lured into trees by bait by marking 100 selected trees with peanut butter and using the fluorescent powder technique to monitor trails travelled by the marked mice. Marked P. leucopus climbed 34 trees baited with peanut butter and 8 without bait. This pattern was significant and supported our hypothesis that P. leucopus were lured into trees by bait. Further, no control tree was climbed unless the paired baited tree also had been climbed.
Amplification of low-frequency antiviral CD8 T cell responses using autologous dendritic cells.

Objective To utilize the potent antigen-presenting capacity of mature dendritic cells (MDC) in order to develop a rapid, sensitive method for quantifying antigen-specific CD8 T cells present at low frequency in peripheral blood. Design Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from seven HIV-1-positive individuals with low to moderate CD8 T cell responses, including five on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). IFN-γ ELISPOT assays were performed using either monocytes or MDC to present antigens expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses (r-VV). Methods Peripheral blood-derived monocytes were cultured for 5–6 days in the presence of IL-4 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, then matured in monocyte-conditioned medium. MDC were infected with r-VV and co-cultured in an ELISPOT assay with autologous monocyte-depleted PBMC. Results Relative to autologous monocytes, MDC amplified detection of antigen-specific CD8 T cells by 2–30-fold in response to antigens from HIV-1, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus. Furthermore, antigenic specificities were revealed that had not been detected using standard ELISPOT of PBMC. Conclusion This assay will prove useful for the detection of memory T cells present at low frequency, and may be of interest for identifying subdominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes. This method may have broad applications for the detection of antiviral CD8 T cell responses in patient populations in whom such responses have been difficult to detect, including HIV-1-seropositive individuals with advanced disease or undergoing HAART.
On the Practical Teaching of Logistics Management in Higher Vocational Institutes

As the development of logistics management talents cultivation,the industry and educational circles have never stop the researches of it.The researchers,experts and enterprises have realized that it is essential to strengthen practical teaching research of logistic management.This paper takes The City College of Jiangsu as an example,analyzing the situation of practical teaching of logistic management in the higher vocational institute,and it puts forward the thoughts of improvement.
Electrolysis of Oxalic Acid in Simulative Mother Liquor Generated From Plutonium(IV) Oxalate Precipitation Process

Cyclic voltammetry and linear voltammetry methods were used to study the characteristics of electrochemical behavior of oxalic acid(OA) and plutonium at platinum anode in simulative mother liquor(OW) generated from Pu(Ⅳ) oxalate precipitation step.The cyclic voltammograms show that the oxidation of OA on Pt anode is an irreversible reaction.An electrolytic method was described for the destruction of the OA in OW.0.002-0.1 g/L Pu has no obvious effect on the destruction velocity of OA.Under a constant current density,OA can be destroyed to below 0.001 mol/L after a certain time,which can satisfy the requirements of the technical process.
The Effects of Hearing Aid Directional Microphone and Noise Reduction Processing on Listening Effort in Older Adults with Hearing Loss.

Background: Older listeners with hearing loss may exert more cognitive resources to maintain a level of listening performance similar to that of younger listeners with normal hearing. Unfortunately, this increase in cognitive load, which is often conceptualized as increased listening effort, may come at the cost of cognitive processing resources that might otherwise be available for other tasks. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent and combined effects of a hearing aid directional microphone and a noise reduction (NR) algorithm on reducing the listening effort older listeners with hearing loss expend on a speech-in-noise task. Research Design: Participants were fitted with study worn commercially available behind-the-ear hearing aids. Listening effort on a sentence recognition in noise task was measured using an objective auditory–visual dual-task paradigm. The primary task required participants to repeat sentences presented in quiet and in a four-talker babble. The secondary task was a digital visual pursuit rotor-tracking test, for which participants were instructed to use a computer mouse to track a moving target around an ellipse that was displayed on a computer screen. Each of the two tasks was presented separately and concurrently at a fixed overall speech recognition performance level of 50% correct with and without the directional microphone and/or the NR algorithm activated in the hearing aids. In addition, participants reported how effortful it was to listen to the sentences in quiet and in background noise in the different hearing aid listening conditions. Study Sample: Fifteen older listeners with mild sloping to severe sensorineural hearing loss participated in this study. Results: Listening effort in background noise was significantly reduced with the directional microphones activated in the hearing aids. However, there was no significant change in listening effort with the hearing aid NR algorithm compared to no noise processing. Correlation analysis between objective and self-reported ratings of listening effort showed no significant relation. Conclusions: Directional microphone processing effectively reduced the cognitive load of listening to speech in background noise. This is significant because it is likely that listeners with hearing impairment will frequently encounter noisy speech in their everyday communications.
Pentecostal Hermeneutics and Race in the Early Twentieth Century: Towards a Pentecostal Hermeneutics of Culture

Integrating the work of liberation theologians and critical race theorists with early Pentecostal history and contemporary Pentecostal hermeneutic theory, Duane Loynes presses a philosophical hermeneutic case concerning the history of Pentecostal cultural hermeneutics, arguing that a key point of failure in early Pentecostal race relations was in the lack of a sufficient hermeneutic of culture in early Pentecostal theological hermeneutics. Loynes concludes that the development of a thoroughgoing Pentecostal hermeneutics of culture might serve contemporary Pentecostal hermeneutics, especially on behalf of the marginalized today.
Automatic multi-label annotation of abdominal CT images using CBIR

We present a technique to annotate multiple organs shown in 2-D abdominal/pelvic CT images using CBIR. This annotation task is motivated by our research interests in visual question-answering (VQA). We aim to apply results from this effort in Open-i SM , a multimodal biomedical search engine developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). Understanding visual content of biomedical images is a necessary step for VQA. Though sufficient annotational information about an image may be available in related textual metadata, not all may be useful as descriptive tags, particularly for anatomy on the image. In this paper, we develop and evaluate a multi-label image annotation method using CBIR. We evaluate our method on two 2-D CT image datasets we generated from 3-D volumetric data obtained from a multi-organ segmentation challenge hosted in MICCAI 2015. Shape and spatial layout information is used to encode visual characteristics of the anatomy. We adapt a weighted voting scheme to assign multiple labels to the query image by combining the labels of the images identified as similar by the method. Key parameters that may affect the annotation performance, such as the number of images used in the label voting and the threshold for excluding labels that have low weights, are studied. The method proposes a coarse-to-fine retrieval strategy which integrates the classification with the nearest-neighbor search. Results from our evaluation (using the MICCAI CT image datasets as well as figures from Open-i) are presented.
Long term post-release impacts of the introduced parasitoid Peristenus relictus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) populations in California.

Abstract The European Lygus spp. parasitoid Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) was released into California between 1998 and 2004. Four release sites, including one in the Central Valley and three along the Monterey Bay, were monitored from 1999 to 2015. Lygus spp. and P. relictus populations were monitored in alfalfa, weedy non-crop vegetation, and commercial strawberries. An experimental field cage study was also conducted to measure the contribution of both P. relictus and resident predators to Lygus spp. mortality. Results from both caging and longitudinal studies demonstrated that P. relictus had a negative impact on Lygus spp. nymphal densities. Annual percent parasitism peaks ranged from 45 to 71% in alfalfa or non-crop vegetation, which were either correlated with host densities or demonstrated a delayed density dependent response. Lygus spp. population reductions of over 90% were recorded at five of six sampling locations by 2011–2012. An increase in Lygus spp. densities was observed at two release sites during the last two years of monitoring in the Monterey Bay region and may be related to climate. In-season nymphal densities were correlated with winter temperatures, as warmer than average winters may have affected diapause and accelerated population growth rates. We consider this study, which corroborates the preference by P. relictus for congeneric North American host species, the biological control value of this parasitoid’s establishment, and climate as a possible contributor to Lygus spp. population dynamics, to be a valuable contribution to understanding biological control of Lygus spp. by P. relictus .
Hegel and Marx: A Reassessment After One Century

In recent decades a number of reinterpretations of Hegel’s social philosophy and Marx’s social theory have been carried out, which allows us to examine the relationship between the two thinkers in a perspective of fruitful complementarity. In this chapter, Honneth begins with a comparison of their respective philosophies of history (I). In a second step, the chapter explores the advantages of Hegel’s social theory vis-a-vis that of Marx (II). The third step consists in reversing the perspective and considering the merits of Marx’s analysis of capitalism (III). Finally, the question is raised of under what conditions and in what form the two approaches can be put into a relationship of productive complementarity.
A third road to the past? Historical scholarship in the age of big data

ABSTRACTIs a third passage to the past possible, beyond Elton's and Fogel's two roads of narrative history and scientific/quantitative history? One that would combine narrative history's focus on the event, on individuals and their actions, at a particular time and place, to scientific/quantitative history's emphasis on explicit behavioral models based on social-science theories? That is the question this article addresses. It illustrates a computer-assisted methodology for the study of narrative—quantitative narrative analysis (QNA)—that does just that. Based on the 5 Ws + H of narrative—Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How—QNA quantifies events without losing the event itself, without losing people behind numbers, diachronic time behind synchronic statistical coefficients. When used in conjunction with dynamic and interactive data visualization tools (and new natural language processing tools), QNA may provide a third unforeseen road to the past.
IMPLEMENTING THE GROUP ON EARTH OBSERVATIONS DATA MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES: OBSERVATIONS OF A SCIENTIFIC DATA CENTER

The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Data Management Principles (DMP) provide direction for managing geospatial data and related information products and services. Offering opportunities for enabling discovery, accessibility, usability, preservation, and curation, the GEO DMP challenge repositories, such as scientific archives and data centers, to improve practices that foster the use of Earth science data today and in the future. In addition, the Data Management Principles Implementation Guidelines (IG) offer many practical suggestions for implementing the DMP with examples that can inform the consideration of options for improving geospatial data management practices. Implementing such improvements offers value to the users of geospatial data by enabling data providers to support the use of the data products and services that they disseminate. Adopting these improvements also can assist repositories in their efforts to meet the requirements for attaining data repository certification, which offers value for repositories and their stakeholders. This article shows how repositories can improve data management practices for geospatial data by adopting the GEO DMP, with examples drawn from a scientific data center. Current and future opportunities for improving data management practices to attain data repository certification also are described along with practical approaches that repositories can adopt in the short term.
Discrete Pools of Oligomeric Amyloid-β Track with Spatial Learning Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Amyloidosis

Despite increasing appreciation that oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) may contribute to cognitive decline of Alzheimer disease, defining the most critical forms has been thwarted by the changeable nature of these aggregates and the varying methods used for detection. Herein, using a broad approach, we quantified Aβ oligomers during the evolution of cognitive deficits in an aggressive model of Aβ amyloidosis. Amyloid precursor protein/tetracycline transactivator mice underwent behavioral testing at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age to evaluate spatial learning and memory, followed by histologic assessment of amyloid burden and biochemical characterization of oligomeric Aβ species. Transgenic mice displayed progressive impairments in acquisition and immediate recall of the trained platform location. Biochemical analysis of cortical extracts from behaviorally tested mice revealed distinct age-dependent patterns of accumulation in multiple oligomeric species. Dot blot analysis demonstrated that nonfibrillar Aβ oligomers were highly soluble and extracted into a fraction enriched for extracellular proteins, whereas prefibrillar species required high-detergent conditions to retrieve, consistent with membrane localization. Low-detergent extracts tested by 82E1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of bona fide Aβ oligomers, whereas immunoprecipitation-Western blotting using high-detergent extracts revealed a variety of SDS-stable low-n species. These findings show that different Aβ oligomers vary in solubility, consistent with distinct localization, and identify nonfibrillar Aβ oligomer-positive aggregates as tracking most closely with cognitive decline in this model.
5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. A comparison of their pharmacology and clinical efficacy.

In the mid-1980s it was discovered that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) was at least partially responsible for producing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It was therefore realised that serotonin receptor blockade with serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists could inhibit chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. 5-HT3 antagonists have different chemical structures and receptor binding affinity. Granisetron, dolasetron and its major metabolite are pure 5-HT3 antagonists, while ondansetron and tropisetron are weak antagonists at the 5-HT4 receptor. Ondansetron has also been demonstrated to bind at other serotonin receptors and to the opioid µ receptor. The half-lives of granisetron, tropisetron and the active metabolite of dolasetron are 2 to 3 times longer than that of ondansetron. These observations initially suggested that more frequent ondansetron administration would be required; however, it has now been shown that receptor blockade does not correlate with elimination half-life and all 5-HT3 antagonists can be effectively administered once daily. Clinical trials have been conducted that directly compare the 5-HT3 antagonists. To compare these studies, it is necessary to assess trial design, including known risk factors for the development of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and response criteria. Stratification for risk factors, use of strict efficacy criteria and randomisation to a blinded trial using an appropriate comparative regimen are essential for a well designed antiemetic trial. Comparative clinical trials using various doses, routes and regimens of administration have been conducted with 5-HT3 antagonists. Despite some trial design shortcomings, most of the studies show equal efficacy between the agents, especially in moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and mild, infrequently occurring adverse effects. The addition of steroids also appears to improve outcome. However, since many doses and regimens of ondansetron were used, further study is needed to determine the optimal regimen. The efficacy of 5-HT3 antagonists in controlling delayed nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy is less well studied. Further, there is no good scientific rationale for the use of 5-HT3 antagonists in controlling delayed nausea and vomiting since serotonin has not been shown to be released during the delayed phase. In fact, most studies show no benefit or modest benefit of 5-HT3 antagonists over placebo. Because the 5-HT3 antagonists perform similarly in the clinical setting, pharmacological differences do not seem to translate into therapeutic differences. There is also no appreciable difference in the incidence or severity of adverse effects among the 5-HT3 antagonists. Determination of clinical use may then be driven by cost.
Relation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction from the National Inpatient Sample.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) increases the risk of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. The impact of OSA on hospitalization for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not well elucidated. We used data from the National Inpatient Sample for the years 2012 to 2014. We identified discharges (age ≥18 years) associated with OSA and HFpEF using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes (327.23 and 428.3x), respectively. Propensity score analysis, adjusting for age, gender, race, and comorbidities, compared the rates of admission for HFpEF in patients with OSA to those without OSA. Out of 12,608,637 discharges included, there were 147,463 patients with HFpEF, and 653,762 or 5.2% of all discharges had OSA. The prevalence of OSA in patients with HFpEF was 16.8%. Patients with OSA were older, more likely to be men, more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, history of coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, atrial fibrillation, African-American race, and smoking status. In patients with OSA, HFpEF occurred in 3.8% versus 1.0%, with adjusted odds ratio: 2.2 (95% confidence interval 2.16 to 2.23), p
Rational B-splines

We give an introduction to rational B-splines together with a critical evaluation of their potential for industrial applications.
Evaluating and quantifying the liming potential of phosphate rocks

The liming potential of phosphate rock was evaluated with theoreticalcalculations and quantified by laboratory titration and soil incubation. Threeanions present in the carbonate apatite structure of phosphate rock that canconsume protons and cause an increase in pH when dissolved from apatite arePO4 3−, CO3 2−, andF−. The pKa for HF is so low that F− has verylittle effect on increasing pH. The pKa for 2 protons onH2PO4 − and H2CO3are sufficiently high enough to cause an increase in pH withPO4 3− and CO3 2−releasedinto solution if the pH range is between 4 and 6. Because of the greater molarquantity of PO4 3− compared toCO3 2−, PO4 3− exerts agreater affect on the liming potential of P rock. For a variety of phosphaterocks with a axes ranging from 9.322 to 9.374 A in the carbonate apatitestructure, the theoretical % calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) rangesfrom 59.5 to 62%. With the presence of gangue carbonate minerals from2.5to 10% on a weight basis in the phosphate rocks, the theoretical%CCE ranges from 59.5 to 63.1%. Use of AOAC method 955.01 forquantifying the %CCE of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and Idahophosphate rock (IDPR) resulted in %CCE ranging from 39.9 to 53.7%which were less than the theoretical values. The lower values measured in theAOAC method was presumed to be due to formation of CaHPO4 orCaHPO4·2H2O precipitates which would result inlessthan 2 protons neutralized per mole of PO4 3−released from carbonate apatite. The highly concentrated solution formed in themethod was considered not indicative of a soil solution and thus determined%CCE values would be suspect. A soil incubation study was conducted todetermine a more appropriate %CCE value in a soil environment usingCopper Basin, Tennessee soil with a soil pH of 4.2. Agricultural limestone,NCPR, IDPR, and a granulated IDPR were added to 100 g of soil atrates of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/kg soil, incubated for 105 daysat field moisture capacity, and analyzed for changes in soil pH and P. The%CCE of each phosphate rock addition was determined using limestone as astandard curve. The relationship between %CCE and % dissolved Pfollowed a quadratic model where%CCE = 8.47 + 0.0078(%dissolved P)2 (r2 = 0.84).At 0% dissolved P, the model predicted 8.47% CCE which wasprobably due to gangue carbonate minerals. The experimental model showedqualitative agreement with theory showing increased liming ability withincreased dissolved P from the P rock. However, the model showed lower%CCE than theoretical calculations when %P dissolved ranged from20 to 60%.
To lie or not to lie in a subspace

Give deterministic necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee that if a subspace fits certain partially observed data from a union of subspaces, it is because such data really lies in a subspace. Furthermore, Give deterministic necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee that if a subspace fits certain partially observed data, such subspace is unique. Do this by characterizing when and only when a set of incomplete vectors behaves as a single but complete one.
The Relationship Between Experiential Learning and Nursing Management Competency.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the relationship between experiential learning and nursing management competency among nurse managers (NMs) in the early years of a supervisory role. BACKGROUND The relevance of experiential learning to the development of NMs has been explored in an effort to harvest the knowledge embedded in shared NM practice narratives. However, the relationship between experiential learning and nursing management competency has not been empirically measured. METHODS The author developed an experiential learning-based program for NMs in the initial 3 years of a supervisory role. Sixty-three NMs were enrolled. The relationship between experiential learning and nursing management competency was evaluated using multiple regression analysis after completing this program. RESULTS The results of multiple regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between experiential learning and nursing management competency (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A significant relationship was identified between experiential learning and nursing management competence.
Stability of condomless anal sex behaviours of young Black men who have sex with men: implications for HIV prevention, including pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Background Among a sample of young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM), this study evaluated the stability of annually assessing condomless anal receptive sex (CARS) as an indication for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Further, the study determined the proportion of YBMSM engaging in CARS rarely (defined as twice or less per year) who may thus may be more efficiently protected by condom use rather than PrEP. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a randomised control trial that recruited 600 YBMSM from a sexually transmissible infection (STI) clinic located in the southern US. Of these, 144 met the inclusion criteria for the present study. Only HIV-uninfected men assigned to the control condition, who completed the 12-month period of observation, were included. Results: Correlation coefficients between the baseline level of CARS were 0.16 at the first quarter and 0.09, 0.10, and 0.03 at each successive quarter. Discriminant function analysis indicated similarly weak predictive ability of the baseline measure (r = 0.215; P = 0.16). Of 106 reporting no CARS at baseline, 73 (68.9%) had summed scores of zero (no CARS) over the four follow-up assessments. Of 38 reporting any CARS at baseline, 14 (36.8%) had a summed score of zero for the observation period. Of these same 38, 27 (71.0%) had summed scores of two or fewer events of CARS for the observation period. Conclusion: Among YBMSM, CARS in not a stable behaviour over 12 months. Many YBMSM indicated for PrEP may benefit from be a program concurrently promoting condom use.
Muscle-derived Dpp regulates feeding initiation via endocrine modulation of brain dopamine biosynthesis

In animals, the brain regulates feeding behavior in response to local energy demands of peripheral tissues, which secrete orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Although skeletal muscle is a key peripheral tissue, it remains unknown whether muscle-secreted hormones regulate feeding. In Drosophila, we found that decapentaplegic (dpp), the homolog of human bone morphogenetic proteins BMP2 and BMP4, is a muscle-secreted factor (a myokine) that is induced by nutrient sensing and that circulates and signals to the brain. Muscle-restricted dpp RNAi promotes foraging and feeding initiation, whereas dpp overexpression reduces it. This regulation of feeding by muscle-derived Dpp stems from modulation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and dopamine biosynthesis. Consistently, Dpp receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons regulates TH expression and feeding initiation via the downstream transcriptional repressor Schnurri. Moreover, pharmacologic modulation of TH activity rescues the changes in feeding initiation due to modulation of dpp expression in muscle. These findings indicate that muscle-to-brain endocrine signaling mediated by the myokine Dpp regulates feeding behavior.
Performing an urgent neonatal cardiac intervention safely during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract The current pandemic has driven the medical community to adapt quickly to unprecedented challenges. Among these challenges is the need to minimize staff exposure to COVID-19 during neonatal cardiac procedures. In this report, we describe measures we have taken to protect health care workers while ensuring successful outcomes. These measures include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, physical distancing, designating separate delivery and transport teams, and limiting the number of providers in direct contact with any patient who is infected or whose infection status is unknown. Learning objectives 1. To understand specific challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with congenital heart disease needing urgent neonatal intervention. 2. To recognize measures that can be taken to minimize health care workers' exposures to the virus during high-risk neonatal cardiac procedures. 3. To review the management of neonates with d-transposition of the great arteries and inadequate mixing.
Indirect Calorimetry Measurements Compared With Guideline Weight-Based Energy Calculations in Critically Ill Stroke Patients.

BACKGROUND Perturbations in resting energy expenditure (REE) among critically ill stroke patients are ill defined, and guidelines recommend weight-based dosing when indirect calorimetry (IC) is not feasible to estimate daily energy requirements. We aimed to determine whether guideline-recommended weight-based dosing provides adequate energy requirements compared with guidelines recommended IC target. METHODS IC data was collected on stroke patients admitted to a neurocritical care unit. We compared low-weight-based dosing (25 kcal/kg) and high (30 kcal/kg) with the IC REE target. Subsequently, we analyzed the effect of stroke subtype on the differences among these measurements. RESULTS Seventy-two metabolic studies were performed (45.1% intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH], 18.3% aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage [aSAH], and 36.6% acute ischemic stroke [AIS]). Energy needs, estimated using low-weight-based group, were significantly lower than IC REE target (1496 kcal/day [IQR, 1224-1850] vs 1770 kcal/day [IQR, 1400-2150]; P = .003). High weight-based group energy measurements were similar to IC REE target (1806 kcal/day [IQR, 1530-2236] vs 1770 kcal/day; P = .343). Subgroup analysis showed that low-weight-based calculations were significantly lower than those of IC in ICH and aSAH, but they were similar in AIS (P ≤ .001, .016, and .078, respectively). Linear regression analysis showed that weight, height, and hemorrhagic stroke subtype were associated with IC (P ≤ .001, .024, and .051, respectively). CONCLUSION Important differences between weight-based estimation of energy needs and guideline-recommended IC estimation exist for critically ill stroke patients. Low-weight-based calculations of REE underestimate energy needs in ICH and aSAH patients.
Stabilization of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis with Pembrolizumab Therapy: A Case Report.

Summary Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign neoplastic disease of the respiratory tract that is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). The current standard of care is surgical excision with adjuvant treatment as needed. Multiple adjuvant treatments have been used with some success, but long-term control of disease remains difficult. We report on a case of a patient with a long history of RRP who had stabilized true vocal fold disease while on pembrolizumab for concurrent early stage lung squamous cell carcinoma.
Case 48: A Tip for Nasotracheal Intubation

You are an attending anesthesiologist in a large university hospital. Today you are to anesthetize an otherwise healthy 5-year-old boy. He is to undergo a prolonged facial maxillary surgery to correct facial bone damage caused by a motor car accident 6 months ago. The surgeon is requesting a nasal intubation and the table is turned 180°. He does not want the endotracheal tube (ETT) over the head but straight from the nose and down over the mouth and chin.
Transmission of a frequency channel through a long-haul optical fiber communications link

Finding ways to communicate precise frequency and time through an optical fiber network has become a critical issue. In dark optical fibers, Rayleigh scattering may impose a limit on duplex transport that can be reduced by appropriately modulating the signal. New limits appear in communication networks in which neighboring communication channels can impair the performance of a frequency communication channel. We review the physical phenomena that can potentially impair a frequency communication channel. These include linear impairments — amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, chromatic dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion. These also include nonlinear scattering impairments — Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering, and Raman scattering. Finally, these include impairments due to the Kerr nonlinearity — self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing. We show that ASE noise imposes a lower limit on the frequency signal of ∼1 nW, while both Brillouin scattering and self-phase modulation impose an upper limit of ∼1 mW. Finally, we heuristically examine the effect of cross-phase modulation and show that it can lead to a fractional frequency uncertainty ∼6.5×10−16 after 1 s.
A background correction algorithm for Van Allen Probes MagEIS electron flux measurements

We describe an automated computer algorithm designed to remove background contamination from the Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) electron flux measurements. We provide a detailed description of the algorithm with illustrative examples from on-orbit data. We find two primary sources of background contamination in the MagEIS electron data: inner zone protons and bremsstrahlung X-rays generated by energetic electrons interacting with the spacecraft material. Bremsstrahlung X-rays primarily produce contamination in the lower energy MagEIS electron channels (∼30–500 keV) and in regions of geospace where multi-MeV electrons are present. Inner zone protons produce contamination in all MagEIS energy channels at roughly L < 2.5. The background-corrected MagEIS electron data produce a more accurate measurement of the electron radiation belts, as most earlier measurements suffer from unquantifiable and uncorrectable contamination in this harsh region of the near-Earth space environment. These background-corrected data will also be useful for spacecraft engineering purposes, providing ground truth for the near-Earth electron environment and informing the next generation of spacecraft design models (e.g., AE9).
Transient MR Elastography: Modeling Traumatic Brain Injury

Current theory holds that the mechanisms by which head trauma causes hemorrhage, cerebral contusions and diffuse axonal injury result from angular acceleration and its resulting shear motion. We have developed a method for phase contrast MR imaging of small amplitude transient shear displacements as they traverse through the brain in vivo. This technique was successfully implemented and preliminary results suggest that it has promise as a tool for studying the underlying biomechanics of brain trauma and for detailed analysis of injury mechanism models.
Encoding Systems and Evolved Message Processing: Pictures Enable Action, Words Enable Thinking

This paper, based on theories of ecological perception, embodied motivated cognition, and evolutionary psychology, proposes that pictures elicit evolved biologically imperative responses more quickly and thoroughly than do words. These biologically imperative responses are directly responsible for evolved automatic reactions away from biological threats (e.g. escaping predators, avoiding disease and noxious stimuli) and towards opportunities (e.g. consuming food, approaching mates, finding shelter) in the environment. When elicited, these responses take time to occur and may delay or interfere with other types of behavior. Thus, when environmental information is presented in pictures (which should elicit larger biological responses than words) biological responses should interfere more with higher order tasks like information processing and cognitive decision-making. To test this proposition we designed an experiment in which participants performed speeded categorizations of 60 pairs of matched pleasant and unpleasant environmental opportunities and threats. They categorized the items based on their form (is this a word or a picture?) or based on how the picture made them feel (is this pleasant or unpleasant to you?). If pictures do elicit greater biologically imperative responses than their word counterparts, participants should be able to make form decisions faster than feeling decisions, especially when presented with words rather than pictures and especially when the words and pictures have less biological relevance. This main proposition was supported. Implications for this proposition in terms of communication theory are discussed.
Animal rights brochure.

R. Michael Conn and James Parker make an important point in their editorial “Animal rights: Reaching the public” (20 Nov. p. [1417][1]): The scientific community can and must do more to tell the public why animal research is important. The American Physiological Society (APS) has taken a step in this direction by publishing an eight-page color brochure containing a series of essays on this subject. The brochure, Questions People Ask About Animals in Research. … With Answers From the American Physiological Society , is intended to provide the public with informative and readable responses to their legitimate concerns about why we need to use animals in research. The brochure may be viewed at [www.faseb.org/aps/pubaff/animals/index.html][2]. Single copies are available at no charge from the APS Public Affairs Office at the address below. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.282.5393.1417 [2]: http://www.faseb.org/aps/pubaff/animals/index.html
Mitigating Blackouts via Smart Relays: A Machine Learning Approach

In this paper, we investigate the protective relays used in electric power systems and their role in large-scale blackouts. After reviewing the state of the art, to mitigate future blackouts, we propose a new machine learning approach for protective relays based on binary hypothesis testing, support vector machines (SVMs), and communications between the protective relays and the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), which we call smart protective relays. The goal of smart relays is to classify and discriminate the normal conditions from fault conditions via local measurements. It is shown that the proposed SVM-based smart relays can detect the location of an initial fault using local current, voltage, real power, and reactive power measurements, and by monitoring these metrics, they can make a correct decision even when the state of the system changes after some equipment failure. We show that by making an intelligent decision on whether and when to trip, and communicating the changes observed to SCADA for fast and intelligent decision making, SVM-based smart relays have the potential to mitigate large-scale blackouts and confine them to much smaller areas. By deploying SVM-based smart relays only at relatively few locations where they have the highest probability to be tripped incorrectly, the probability of cascade of failures and a blackout can be greatly reduced.
Factors contributing to the exercise limitation of heart failure

Exertional intolerance is a major clinical problem in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure and is associated with both muscle fatigue and dyspnea. The increased muscle fatigability is most likely caused by a combination of muscle underperfusion and muscle deconditioning; patients frequently exhibit skeletal muscle atrophy, altered muscle metabolism and reduced mitochondrial-based enzyme levels, consistent with deconditioning. The muscle underperfusion is largely due to impaired arteriolar vasodilation within exercising muscle. Exertional dyspnea appears to be due to increased respiratory muscle work mediated by excessive ventilation and decreased lung compliance. Both excessive carbon dioxide production, secondary to increased muscle lactate release, and increased lung dead space contribute to the excessive ventilation. Decreased lung compliance is caused by chronic pulmonary congestion and fibrosis. Optimal management of exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure requires an understanding of the role of these multiple potential contributors to exertional fatigue and dyspnea.
Climate Change Sensitivity Index for Pacific Salmon Habitat in Southeast Alaska

Global climate change may become one of the most pressing challenges to Pacific Salmon conservation and management for southeast Alaska in the 21st Century. Predicted hydrologic change associated with climate change will likely challenge the ability of specific stocks to adapt to new flow regimes and resulting shifts in spawning and rearing habitats. Current research suggests egg-to-fry survival may be one of the most important freshwater limiting factors in Pacific Salmon's northern range due to more frequent flooding events predicted to scour eggs from mobile spawning substrates. A watershed-scale hydroclimatic sensitivity index was developed to map this hypothesis with an historical stream gauge station dataset and monthly multiple regression-based discharge models. The relative change from present to future watershed conditions predicted for the spawning and incubation period (September to March) was quantified using an ensemble global climate model average (ECHAM5, HadCM3, and CGCM3.1) and three global greenhouse gas emission scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) projected to the year 2080. The models showed the region's diverse physiography and climatology resulted in a relatively predictable pattern of change: northern mainland and steeper, snow-fed mountainous watersheds exhibited the greatest increases in discharge, an earlier spring melt, and a transition into rain-fed hydrologic patterns. Predicted streamflow increases for all watersheds ranged from approximately 1-fold to 3-fold for the spawning and incubation period, with increased peak flows in the spring and fall. The hydroclimatic sensitivity index was then combined with an index of currently mapped salmon habitat and species diversity to develop a research and conservation priority matrix, highlighting potentially vulnerable to resilient high-value watersheds. The resulting matrix and observed trends are put forth as a framework to prioritize long-term monitoring plans, mitigation experiments, and finer-scale climate impact and adaptation studies.
On the Computation of Power-Generating System Reliability Indexes

Reliability models play an important role in the determination of the required generation reserves of a given electric power utility company and of its expected operating cost. Specifically, these models are used to compute the risk of system load loss and the capacity utilization ratios of different units comprising the system. Computation of these indexes usually requires the evaluation of the distribution function of the sum of a large number of discrete random variables with different distributions. Exact methods for computing these distributions prove computationally unfeasible for routine utility operations. This article compares the accuracy of several analytical approximations for computing the required performance indexes. These approximations are (a) the method of cumulants, (b) a distribution fitting procedure, and (c) a large deviation procedure due to Esscher. Application of these procedures to computing the indexes for several representative utility systems shows that Esscher's large deviati...
Structure, use, and validation of the IEUBK model

The potential impact of the effects of lead in children is a major concern. Although measurements of lead concentration can be made in a geographic area, it is difficult to predict the effects of this exposure that involve complicated biologic functions. Dynamic mathematical models that can be simulated on a digital computer provide one method of analysis to facilitate the prediction process. The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model is a dynamic mathematical model that has been discretized for execution on a digital computer. This paper is concerned with the general difficulties in validating a dynamic model of this type. A number of the general pitfalls of validating a model of this type are presented. The illustrations are of a general nature not requiring an understanding of the physiologic effects of lead on children. The concept of validating a model by comparing results to historical data is discussed. A comparison is made with traditional modeling efforts having this form of dynamic model. Also included are general mathematic concepts illustrating potential difficulties with intuitive analyses in calibrating a dynamic model.
StreetSmart Traffic: Discovering and Disseminating Automobile Congestion Using VANET's

Automobile traffic is a major problem in developed societies. We collectively waste huge amounts of time and resources traveling through traffic congestion. Drivers choose the route that they believe will be the fastest; however traffic congestion can significantly change the duration of a trip. Significant savings of fuel and time could be achieved if traffic congestion patterns could be effectively discovered and disseminated to drivers. We propose a system that uses a standard GPS driving aid, augmented with peer-to-peer wireless communication. The proposed system uses a combination of clustering and epidemic communication to find and disseminate dynamic traffic patterns.
Hamiltonian structure of two-fluid plasma dynamics

We present the Hamiltonian structure of two-fluid electrodynamics, with the Hamiltonian functional equaling the energy. The Poisson bracket on functionals of the fluid variables and the electric and magnetic fields is bilinear, antisymmetric, and satisfies the Jacobi identity.
The Perceiver and the Perceived Revisited

The present study reexamined the influences of the perceiver and perceived on the person perception process. A conceptual replication of Touhey's laboratory study of the influences of directed attention on the perception process was conducted with several methodological refinements. Subjects viewed a videotape of two men performing anagram tasks under either person-centered or task-centered viewing instructions. They subsequently described the men on a bipolar description procedure and responded to a questionnaire aimed at validating the instructional manipulation. Results indicated that subjects' attention was meaningfully manipulated by the instructions. Moreover, the person-centered group applied more distinctions to the targets, agreed with each other more in the selection of distinction dimensions, but less in the application of polar terms of the dimensions, and discriminated between targets to a greater degree than the task-centered group. The overall pattern of results appears to grossly replicate...
We think we can, we think we can, we think we can: the impact of thinking patterns and self‐efficacy on work team sustainability

In terms of the body of knowledge examining work teams, several books and articles have attempted to address the underlying causes of why work teams fail. However, a scarcity of writings has focused on the issue of work team sustainability. The dictionary defines “sustain” as “to prevent from falling, collapsing, or giving way,” and “to endure.” This definition gives rise to the following question: “What are the factors that contribute to those work teams that ‘endure’ and that do not ‘fall, collapse, or give way’ during challenging organizational experiences?” In this paper, we will take an initial step toward answering this question by presenting a cognitive model of work team sustainability based upon established cognitive principles of individual‐level effort and performance sustainability. This model is designed to provide some practical insights into the long‐term team performance sustainability issue while also serving as a possible foundation for future research efforts.