cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correction: The small and large ribosomal subunits depend on each other for stability and accumulation.

See original article: [The small and large ribosomal subunits depend on each other for stability and accumulation][1], 2(2), 2019. Following publication, the authors noted that Table S1 was missing from the published version of the article, a mistake introduced during production. We apologize to
Application of Ultrashort Hydrophobe Surfactants with Cosolvent Characters for Heavy Oil Recovery

A new class of ultrashort hydrophobe surfactants with cosolvent characters was investigated as a sole additive to conventional polymer flooding for heavy oil recovery. No alkali was used for emulsi...
PARP Inhibitors in Gynecologic Cancers: What Is the Next Big Development?

Conventional and novel applications of Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are reviewed in the context of recently published clinical trials and preclinical data supporting rapidly expanding uses of this class of chemotherapy. PARPi block a pathway of DNA repair and target defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR), a pathway responsible for high-fidelity repair of double-strand breaks in DNA. BRCA1/2 proteins are essential to this pathway. Approximately 15–30% of women with ovarian cancer will have a germline or somatic BRCA mutation, and PARPi have shown promise in this population in a variety of settings. With growing understanding of the HRR pathway and its role in gynecologic malignancies, the potential applications of PARPi continue to expand. While the role of PARPi in gynecologic malignancies is most established in ovarian cancer, there are also promising applications in uterine and cervical cancer. We review current indications for PARPi use and promising applications of these medications in gynecologic malignancies.
Exploring the Architecture of Place in America’s Farmers Markets

Exploring the Architecture of Place in America's Farmers Markets draws attention to the simple but elusive architectural space of public and farmers markets. It discusses three seminal types of markets—heritage building, open-air pavilion, and pop-up canopy—demonstrating the characteristics of each type using a mixture of narrative and illustration. The narrative combines historically informed architectural observation with interview material drawn from conversations the author has had over the years with market managers, vendors, and shoppers. The illustrations include an appealing variety of photos, diagrams, and drawings that enabled the author to view each market through an architectural lens based on eight scales of measure—the hand, the container, the person, the stall, a grouping of stalls, the street, the block, and the market's situation within the neighborhood. Some of the architectural elements discussed include walls that layer, openings that frame, roofs that encompass, and niches that embrace. While each of the case studies illustrates shared characteristics of one of the architectural typologies, each farmers market is distinct in the specific ways it reflects the local culture and environment. Ultimately, in viewing markets through these three types and eight scales of measure we are able to better appreciate how farmers markets foster social interaction and community engagement. The book concludes with a broad look at the way of life and living that public and farmers markets have spawned, while looking ahead to what the author sees as an emerging new typology – the mobile market – which takes the bounty of local farmers to neighborhoods underserved with fresh healthy food, and otherwise known as food deserts. Market vendors speak enthusiastically about the qualitative benefits that farming life allows, and the greater good their individual choice provides for the general public and region. Likewise, a spectrum of governmental, commerce and community leaders champion the economic development farmers markets catalyze through allied business development and civic commitment.
Mobility Modeling and Stochastic Property Analysis of Airborne Network

In literature, a few attempts have been made to model the mobility of the airborne networks. However, existing models are mostly application specific and oversimplify the system dynamics. This paper proposes a comprehensive mobility model for the airborne networks where the mobility of the airborne node is presented as a Gauss–Markov process comprising of three key parameters—the speed, angular velocity, and pitch angle. The consideration of the Gauss–Markov process and angular velocity enables the model to address the mobility more realistically and, thus, makes it capable of generating apparently all possible types of trajectories. Additionally, this model designs more realistic boundary effects to be practical. This paper also presents the stochastic analysis of the proposed model. Finally, by analyzing the extensive simulation results, it has been affirmed that the proposed mobility model can be used as a fundamental template to model and analyze a wide range of practical airborne networks regardless of the application including both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks.
Sensitivity of functional connectivity to periaqueductal gray localization, with implications for identifying disease-related changes in chronic visceral pain: A MAPP Research Network neuroimaging study.

Abstract Previous studies examining the resting-state functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in chronic visceral pain have localized PAG coordinates derived from BOLD responses to provoked acute pain. These coordinates appear to be several millimeters anterior of the anatomical location of the PAG. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether measures of PAG functional connectivity are sensitive to the localization technique, and if the localization approach has an impact on detecting disease-related differences in chronic visceral pain patients. We examined structural and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) images from 209 participants in the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network study. We applied three different localization techniques to define a region-of-interest (ROI) for the PAG: 1) a ROI previously-published as a Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinate surrounded by a 3 mm radius sphere (MNI-sphere), 2) a ROI that was hand-traced over the PAG in a MNI template brain (MNI-trace), and 3) a ROI that was hand-drawn over the PAG in structural images from 30 individual participants (participant-trace). We compared the correlation among the rs-fMRI signals from these PAG ROIs, as well as the functional connectivity of these ROIs with the whole brain. First, we found important non-uniformities in brainstem rs-fMRI signals, as rs-fMRI signals from the MNI-trace ROI were significantly more similar to the participant-trace ROI than to the MNI-sphere ROI. We then found that choice of ROI also impacts whole-brain functional connectivity, as measures of PAG functional connectivity throughout the brain were more similar between MNI-trace and participant-trace compared to MNI-sphere and participant-trace. Finally, we found that ROI choice impacts detection of disease-related differences, as functional connectivity differences between pelvic pain patients and healthy controls were much more apparent using the MNI-trace ROI compared to the MNI-sphere ROI. These results indicate that the ROI used to localize the PAG is critical, especially when examining brain functional connectivity changes in chronic visceral pain patients.
Real-time Digital Signatures for Named Data Networking

Digital signatures are a fundamental building block for ensuring integrity and authenticity of contents delivered by the Named Data Networking (NDN) systems. However, current digital signature schemes adopted by NDN open source libraries have a high computational and communication overhead making them unsuitable for high throughput applications like video streaming and virtual reality gaming. In this poster, we propose a real-time digital signature mechanism for NDN based on the offline-online signature framework known as Structure-free and Compact Real-time Authentication scheme (SCRA). Our signature mechanism significantly reduces the signing and verification costs and provides different variants to optimize for the specific requirements of applications (i.e. signing overhead, verification overhead or communication cost). Our experiments results show that SCRA is a suitable framework for latency-sensitive NDN applications.
County-level variation in geographic access to Board Certified Behavior Analysts among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States.

This study examined variation in geographic access to Board Certified Behavior Analysts for children with autism spectrum disorder. Between March and May 2019, we integrated public data from the U....
Reasoning and Proof

It has occasionally been argued that from a strictly developmental perspective young children are unable to utilize strategies common to plausible reasoning and formal logic. This is then taken as justification by policy makers, curriculum developers and classroom instructors to not focus explicit instruction on reasoning and proof until late adolescence. However, this argument often rests upon inaccurate assumptions drawn from Piagetian theory (Lourenco, 2016). In particular, if an overly information-processing approach is followed, the accepted forms of representation become very narrowly prescribed and overly formal. These representational objects then come to define sets of potential activities which do not lend themselves for adequate explorations using the type of objects and activities used by beginning students. Given the emphasis placed in this book upon the objects utilized in mathematics instruction and the actions performed upon them this difference is profound and significant.
Weapons of the Weak State: How Post-Conflict States Shape International Statebuilding

International Organizations (IOs), such as the United Nations (U.N.), engage in statebuilding in a range of post-conflict states. Statebuilding scholarship largely assumes these IO statebuilders are the dominant authority, at least temporarily, in seemingly ``weak" states. We argue, in contrast, that the post-conflict state retains authority over the IO statebuilding effort via incomplete contracts that give the post-conflict state the residual rights of control over the unnegotiated components of their statebuilding contracts with IOs. Statebuilding contracts provide procedural ``weapons of the weak state," enabling the post-conflict state to shape the content of the IO's mandate, where it intervenes, whom it hires, and when it exits. Using quantitative text analysis of U.N. Security-Council speeches, analysis of 35 U.N. interventions, and in-depth case studies, this article demonstrates the potential of statebuilding contracts to give post-conflict states power over IO statebuilders, with important implications for scholarship on statebuilding and global governance.
Safety of Intravenous Push Levetiracetam Compared to Intravenous Piggyback at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center: A Retrospective Analysis.

INTRODUCTION Medication administration via intravenous push presents multiple potential advantages; however, there may be an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. In 2020, Brigham and Women's Hospital changed levetiracetam intravenous administration to intravenous push (IVP). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this analysis was to compare the safety profile of IVP to intravenous piggyback (IVPB) levetiracetam administration. METHODS This institutional review board-approved, single-center, pre-post analysis was performed between 1 November, 2019 and 30 May, 2020. The electronic health record was used to identify all administrations of intravenous levetiracetam greater than 1000 mg in patients ≥ 18 years old. The major safety outcomes included hypotension, bradycardia, drug-induced sedation, and intravenous site reactions such as phlebitis and infiltration. The major efficiency outcome was the time from pharmacy order verification to first-dose administration. RESULTS A total of 498 administrations in 162 patients were included in the analysis: 252 administrations in 84 patients in the IVP group and 246 administrations in 78 patients in the IVPB group. The incidence of bradycardia was 7 vs 3 (3.2% vs 1.5%, p = 0.34); hypotension 10 vs 6 (5.2% vs 3.5%, p = 0.44); sedation 21 vs 36 (19.3% vs 27.9%, p = 0.12); and peripheral IV site reactions 0 vs 1 (0% vs 0.6%, p = 0.39) in the IVP vs IVPB groups, respectively. The median time between order verification and first-dose administration was significantly reduced in the IVP vs IVPB group (23.5 vs 55 min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous push levetiracetam administration of doses up to 4000 mg was associated with a similar incidence of cardiovascular, sedation, and infusion site-related adverse events compared to IVPB and resulted in a significant reduction in time to first-dose administration. Intravenous push levetiracetam in doses as high as 4000 mg may be considered safe with appropriate monitoring.
Identifying resilient restoration targets: Mapping and forecasting habitat suitability for Castanea dentata in Eastern USA under different climate-change scenarios

Abstract Following the near-eradication of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) over the last century by an invasive fungal pathogen, progress has been made in recent decades towards generating blight-resistant varieties for restoration in its former native range in the Eastern US. Maximum Entropy species distribution modeling software was used with known surviving specimen locations and environmental data to determine optimal present-day habitat characteristics. Model projection was used to estimate shifts in ideal habitat under moderate and extreme carbon-emission climate scenarios over several time horizons ranging between present day and 2100. Sites with suitable habitat across all scenarios were identified and suggested as restoration targets, most notably lowland New England and high-elevation Southern and Mid-Atlantic Appalachian regions. The current study builds upon previous work by combining fine-resolution data, regional-scale breadth, future climate models, and a different source of chestnut location data to produce a species distribution model that is concurrently useful to local sample collectors, state-level planners and long-term restoration managers.
Biomechanics in the Growing Spine

Early onset scoliosis (EOS) presents an extremely challenging clinical scenario. While bracing/casting may be utilized, these techniques may often fail or be contraindicated [20, 22]. Spinal fusion and instrumentation may be the gold standard for adolescent or adult deformity cor- rection, but is contraindicated in EOS since spinal arthrodesis may limit truncal growth and adversely affect pulmonary development/function [8, 16, 22]. Surgical treatment that allows both deformity correction and spinal growth has existed since Harrington’s initial study in 1962 [17]. He advocated instrumentation without fusion in patients 10 years of age or less. Moe et al. [29] used a “subcutaneous rod technique” specifi cally for children with remaining growth potential. However, this “growing rod” did not provide stable fixation, and the use of Luque rods followed to achieve better results [24]. This technique was also associated with poor outcomes related to autofusions that were thought to occur due to the requisite subperiosteal exposure [14, 27, 33].
Reputational concerns, not altruism, motivate restraint when gambling with other people's money

People may behave prosocially not only because they value the welfare of others, but also to protect their own reputation. We examined the separate roles of altruism and reputational concerns in moral-hazard gambling tasks, which allowed subjects to gamble with a partner's money. In Study 1, subjects who were told that their partner would see their choices were more prosocial. In Study 2, subjects were more prosocial to a single partner when their choices were transparent than when their choices were attributed to a third party. We conclude that reputational concerns are a key restraint on selfish exploitation under moral hazard.
Comparison of Verbal Learning and Memory in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have deficits in verbal learning and recall. However, the specificity of these deficits has not been adequately tested. In the current study, verbal learning and memory performance of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure was compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder commonly seen in alcohol-exposed children.
Race and Healthcare in America: Foreword

In all four of the Articles that form this Symposium, the Authors identify troubling disparities and injustices in our healthcare system and suggest strategies to ameliorate these problems. Sadly, the reforms of the Obama administration will probably do little to address these issues directly. The mandated insurance coverage requirement, for example, applies to U.S. citizens and legal residents, but not, unsurprisingly, to undocumented immigrants? Similarly, the legislation expands public programs but does nothing directly to support the burden of EMT ALA's unfunded mandate on hospitals. And, as the evidence has long demonstrated, insurance coverage alone fails to guarantee equal medical treatment.The problem of racial disparities in healthcare remain systemically part of the larger problem of race relations in the United States-politically charged, difficult to isolate from the surrounding complexities of our woefully inefficient healthcare payment and delivery "system," under appreciated in significance, and often lost in favor of the latest media blitz about a cutting edge cure for a rare disease or a "miracle" recovery from a devastating injury. The Authors of these symposium articles very effectively draw attention to these racial disparities.
Effects of hindlimb suspension and elevated ambient CO2 on rat growth and renal function.

Background: Previous studies show that an ambient CO 2 concentration of 2.0% may complicate interpretation of animal experiments conducted in spaceflight, while 0.7% CO 2 exposure produces minimal effects. Hypothesis: With additional spaceflight factors, such as microgravity, effects from the 0.7% CO 2 exposure may be amplified. Methods: To investigate the combined effects from microgravity and elevated CO 2 on growth and renal function, two groups of rats were hindlimb suspended for 37 d, and a third group served as an ambulatory vivarium control (AMB). One suspension group was exposed to 0.7% CO 2 for 30 d (HLS + 0.7% CO 2 ), while the other group (HLS) served as a suspended control. Both the AMB and HLS groups breathed room air at 0.03% CO 2 . Results: The HLS group showed responses consistent with past hindlimb suspension studies when compared with AMB, indicating similar reductions in organ and tissue weights and body weight gain. When comparing HLS + 0.7% CO 2 animals to HLS controls, exposure to CO 2 revealed lowered food consumption and increased urine volume, NH 3 and CO 2 excretion, with no differences in any of the other measured parameters, such as body weight gain, pH values, or electrolyte handling. Conclusion: This study shows that chronic exposure to both 0.7% ambient CO 2 and hindlimb suspension together have little additional effect on rat growth and renal function.
Race, Brain Science, and Critical Decision-Making in the Context of Constitutional Criminal Procedure

This article surveys current and emerging neuroscience research that is uncovering deep cognitive-level and unconscious connections between race or racial constructs, perception, and decision making. Using those findings as a platform for consideration, the article addresses several implications that these cognitive patterns might have for the particular kinds of perceptual experiences and decision making opportunities that are relevant in the context of criminal law enforcement and police procedure, and begins to evaluate the influence that these cognitive trends may have on the development of specific legal regulatory mechanisms and their application to the larger law enforcement complex.
Transapical Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair as a Bridge to Open Repair of an Infected Ascending Aortic Pseudoaneurysm

Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta pose a significant risk for free rupture during open aortic repair. This report describes the use of a modified thoracic aortic stent graft, delivered through transapical access, as a successful bridge to homograft replacement of the ascending aorta for the treatment of a mycotic ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm.
SMEs, Growth, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence

This paper explores the relationship between the relative size of the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector, economic growth, and poverty alleviation using a new database on the share of SME labor in the total manufacturing labor force. Using a sample of 45 countries, we find a strong, positive association between the importance of SMEs and GDP per capita growth. The data do not, however, confidently support the conclusions that SMEs exert a causal impact on growth. Furthermore, we find no evidence that SMEs alleviate poverty or decrease income inequality.
Three-dimensional hydrodynamics on finite elements. Part II: Non-linear time-stepping model

The development and application of a non-linear 3D hydrodynamic model are described. The model is based on the wave equation rearrangement of the primitive 3D shallow water equations with a general eddy viscosity formulation for the vertical shear. A Galerkin procedure is used to discretize these on simple sixnode elements: linear triangles in the horizontal with linear variations in the vertical. Resolution of surface, bottom and interfacial boundary layers is facilitated and total flexibility is preserved for specifying spatial and temporal variations in the vertical viscosity and density fields. A semi-implicit time-stepping algorithm allows the solutions for elevation and velocity to be uncoupled during each time step. The elevation solution is essentially a 2D wave equation calculation with a stationary sparse matrix representing the gravity waves. With nodal quadrature the subsequent velocity calculation is achieved by factoring only a tridiagonal diffusion matrix representing the vertical viscous terms. As a result the overall calculation scales computationally as only a 2D problem but provides the full 3D solution. Application to field-scale problems is illustrated for the English Channel/Southern Bight system and the Lake Maracaibo system.
Optical characterization of condensed RTV effluent as a function of temperature

Room Temperature Vulcanized (RTV) materials, such as silicone adhesives, are commonly used to bond components of communication satellites and other types of spacecraft. The elevated satellite operating temperature causes the unused catalyst material in the RTV to volatize, which can then re-deposit or condense onto other spacecraft surfaces. This Volatile Condensable Material (VCM) can condense onto optically-sensitive spacecraft surfaces and significantly alter their original, beginning-of-life (BOL) optical properties, such as solar absorptance and emittance, causing unintended performance loss of the spacecraft. Knowledge of the optical impact of VCM's is therefore a major concern of spacecraft designers and spacecraft-contamination engineers. In view of this we have employed in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to monitor in real time the optical constants of the condensed effluent of RTV-566, SCV-2590-2 and SCV-2590 as function of condensation temperature from 120 K to 180 K. The film is condensed directly on to a QCM crystal. Thus the QCM generated deposition trajectory and thickness can be correlated to the optical trajectory and thickness, yielding the film density. We will present the optical constants, n and k, as a function the condensation temperature.
Resistance to Fluopyram, Fluxapyroxad, and Penthiopyrad in Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry.

Abstract Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) constitute a mainstay in management of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry and several other crops. In this study, we investigated the risks of resistance development to three newer SDHIs (i.e., fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad) and their cross-resistance with the previously registered boscalid. We investigated the mutations in the SdhB subunit and evaluated their impact on microbial fitness in field populations of B. cinerea. Amino acid substitutions associated with resistance to SDHIs were detected at three codons of the SdhB subunit (BH272R/Y/L, BP225F, and BN230I) in the succinate dehydrogenase gene of field isolates from Florida. The BH272R, BH272Y, BH272L, BP225F, and BN230I mutations were detected at frequencies of 51.5, 28.0, 0.5, 2.5, and 4%, respectively. Strong cross-resistance patterns were evident between boscalid and fluxapyroxad and penthiopyrad but not with fluopyram, except in BH272L, BP225F, and BN230I mutants. A...
Unconditional security of time-energy entanglement quantum key distribution using dual-basis interferometry.

United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Information in a Photon Program (Army Research Office Grant W911NF-10-1-0416)
cMyc Is a Principal Upstream Driver of β-Cell Proliferation in Rat Insulinoma Cell Lines and Is an Effective Mediator of Human β-Cell Replication

Adult human β-cells replicate slowly. Also, despite the abundance of rodent β-cell lines, there are no human β-cell lines for diabetes research or therapy. Prior studies in four commonly studied rodent β-cell lines revealed that all four lines displayed an unusual, but strongly reproducible, cell cycle signature: an increase in seven G1/S molecules, i.e. cyclins A, D3, and E, and cdk1, -2, -4, and -6. Here, we explore the upstream mechanism(s) that drive these cell cycle changes. Using biochemical, pharmacological and molecular approaches, we surveyed potential upstream mitogenic signaling pathways in Ins 1 and RIN cells. We used both underexpression and overexpression to assess effects on rat and human β-cell proliferation, survival and cell cycle control. Our results indicate that cMyc is: 1) uniquely up-regulated among other candidates; 2) principally responsible for the increase in the seven G1/S molecules; and, 3) largely responsible for proliferation in rat β-cell lines. Importantly, cMyc expression in β-cell lines, although some 5- to 7-fold higher than normal rat β-cells, is far below the levels (75- to 150-fold) previously associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. Notably, modest overexpression of cMyc is able to drive proliferation without cell death in normal rat and human β-cells. We conclude that cMyc is an important driver of replication in the two most commonly employed rat β-cell lines. These studies reverse the current paradigm in which cMyc overexpression is inevitably associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. The cMyc pathway provides potential approaches, targets, and tools for driving and sustaining human β-cell replication.
A follow-up study of children with disorders of speech development.

SummaryA group of 58 children, initially presenting with delayed speech development, were reviewed. Twenty-three were being educated in primary schools, and two in secondary schools. Two children were at schools for the deaf, and three were at schools for partially hearing children. Three children attended schools for children with disorders of language development. Nine children went to schools for the educationally subnormal, and two to units for physically and mentally handicapped children. One child was taught at home by a teacher engaged by the parents, one was attending a private school, one was of pre-school age and two were at home receiving long term assessment (awaiting placement in some type of school). Three children go to training centres and three are resident in mental subnormality hospitals. Three children have left school.The study was concerned with the fate of children with secondary speech disorders and specific disorders of language development. Some of the problems of these various g...
A highly efficient 1-Watt broadband class-J SiGe power amplifier at 700MHz

In this paper, the design and measurement results of a highly efficient 1-Watt broadband class J SiGe power amplifier (PA) at 700 MHz are reported. Comparisons between a class J PA and a traditional class AB/B PA have been made, first through theoretical analysis in terms of load network, efficiency and bandwidth behavior, and secondly by bench measurement data. A single-ended power cell is designed and fabricated in the 0.35 μm IBM 5PAe SiGe BiCMOS technology with through-wafer-vias (TWVs). Watt-level output power with greater than 50% efficiency is achieved on bench across a wide bandwidth of 500 MHz to 900 MHz for the class J PA (i.e., >57% bandwidth at the center frequency of 700 MHz). P sat of 30.9 dBm with 62% collector efficiency (CE) at 700 MHz is measured while the highest efficiency of 68.9% occurs at 650 MHz using a 4.2 V supply. Load network of this class J PA is realized with lumped passive components on a FR4 printed circuit board (PCB). A narrow-band class AB PA counterpart is also designed and fabricated for comparison. The data suggests that the broadband class J SiGe PA can be promising for future multi-band wireless applications.
Exploration of Nanoscale Features of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Thin liquid films on solid surfaces are seen in a variety of systems including bubble growth during nucleate boiling and microgroove heat pipe evaporators and condensers. The small thickness of such films leads to difficult experimental observation of phenomena within various regions of the film: the wall-affected region, the bulk liquid, and the liquid-vapor interfacial region. A novel hybrid simulation methodology is used that combines a deterministic molecular dynamics simulation of the liquid regions with a stochastic treatment of the far-field vapor region boundary. In this simulation scheme, the imposed far-field pressure is iterated as the simulation is advanced in time until the mass in the system stabilizes at the specified temperature. This establishes the equilibrium saturation vapor pressure for the specified temperature as dictated by the intermolecular force interaction models for the fluid and molecules near the solid surface. Simulation results are presented for an argon liquid film on a metallic surface. The simulated surface tension values compare favorably with those from ASHRAE tables, although the simulated saturation density and pressure values behave as though the system is at a slightly higher temperature. The method presented here is a viable tool for simulating thin films on solid surfaces for systems operating far from the critical point.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Spinal stiffness in asymptomatic subjects.

Abstract The objective of the study was to measure postero-anterior stiffness of thoracolumbar spine from normal asymptomatic subjects at T4, T9, and L2 levels using a standardized device and protocol. Sixteen volunteer subjects (eight males and eight females) meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Their T4, T9, and L2 spinous processes were identified and marked. These spinous processes were cyclically loaded with 22.5 N, 45 N, 90 N, and 135 N fixed forces at 0.1 Hz in postero-anterior direction by a computer controlled and operated Therapeutic Spinal Mobilizer (TSM) for five cycles to the level of subject’s acceptance of the load magnitude. The magnitude of the force and displacement experienced at the spinal level were recorded using a load cell and linear variable differential transducer. The stiffness was obtained from the slope of the load/deformation curve. The stiffness values were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the effect of independent variables. The stiffness at different levels was significantly different (p
Genetic Causes of Abnormal Fetal Development and Inherited Disease

A review of the technical principles of genetics and inherited disease is presented. Basic terms are defined and placed in perspective, then follow discussions of mutant genes and how they effect heredity and chromosomal aberrations and their mechanisms for causing abnormalities.
Tanning and skin cancer

Dialogues in Dermatology, a monthly audio program from the American Academy of Dermatology, contains discussions between dermatologists on timely topics. Commentaries from Dialogues Editor-in-Chief Jacqueline M. Junkins-Hopkins, MD, are provided after each discussion as a topic summary and are provided here as a special service to readers of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology .
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in delivering and evaluating the efficacy of hepatocyte growth factor gene in chronic infarct scar.

Abstract Background In an open-chest model of acute infarct, epicardial delivery of hepatocyte growth factor (pCK-HGF-X7) gene improved left ventricle (LV) function. This study was designed to test (a) the efficacy of HGF gene in infarct scar delivered under magnetic resonance (MR) guidance and (b) the potential of multiple MR sequences in assessing the effects of pCK-HGF-X7 (treatment) and pCK-LacZ (control) genes on myocardial structure and function. Materials and methods Swine (six per group) were subjected to myocardial infarct, under X-ray fluoroscopy, and developed LV remodeling at 5 weeks. Multiple clinical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences were performed before delivery of gene (at 5 weeks after infarction) and 5 weeks after delivery of gene. Under MR guidance, the active endovascular catheter was introduced into LV to transendocardially deliver 3.96×10 11 viral copies of pCK-HGF-X7 or pCK-LacZ in the border and core of the infarct scar. Histological evaluation of the infarct scar was performed 5 weeks after delivery of gene. Results At 5 weeks after infarction, there was no significant difference in measured cardiovascular MR parameters between the groups. The pCK-HGF-X7 gene caused significant improvement in the following parameters ( P P P P P P Conclusions Hepatocyte growth factor gene (pCK-HGF-X7) delivered under MR guidance into infarct scar ameliorated global function and 3D strain, increased regional perfusion and infarct resorption, and enhanced angiogenesis/arteriogenesis. This feasibility study provides novel approach and analysis methods and instrumentation for delivering and evaluating new locally delivered therapies.
Health Care and End-of-Life Decisions: Community Engagement with Adults in East Harlem

This was a model of community engagement for a Hispanic population in East Harlem, New York City to assess health care decision-making processes, with a focus on end-of-life decisions, among older men and women. The design involved two senior center-based semi-structured focus groups conducted in Spanish and English followed by a series of bilingual skills-building workshops focusing on situational decision-making. All program aspects were conducted between April and June of 2013. The themes for the workshops included: “Getting the most from your pharmacist encounter;” “How to prepare for your primary care visit;” and “I am getting discharged from the hospital: what do I do?” For the two focus groups, 21 community members participated, each of whom self-identified as Hispanic or Latina/o. Ten common themes emerged from a two-stage/two coder, grounded theory-based qualitative analysis and included: Where Community Members Receive Care; General Challenges, Cultural Challenges, and Benefits of Health Care in New York City/East Harlem; Key Facilitators in Health Care Decision Making; Key Facilitators in End-of-Life Decision Making; and Perceptions of Health Care Disparity. Themes and their subcategories, discussed herein, may offer guidance for area health providers and health care delivery entities. This project served as formative, qualitative data collection for a larger scale forthcoming community assessment while offering community benefit related to health decision-making, especially end-of-life decision making, in the context of a rapidly changing urban American health care delivery landscape. Application of this synergistic community benefit and data collection model is recommended for similar and other communities in the U.S. and other countries.
Differences in cognitive complexity of adolescents with foreclosed and achieved identity status.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the complexity of the self-concept differs based on identity status in late adolescence. Adolescents in the achieved status have a strong sense of id...
Intra-Union Disputes Over Job Control

Scope of the problem, 619. — A. Territorially defined jurisdiction, 619. — B. Jurisdiction defined by classification of work, 621. — C. Traveling employers, 627. — D. Traveling members, 630. — E. Threatened wage standards, 634. — F. Marginal workers, 636. — G. Missionary locals, 638.
Effect on Food Consumption of the Imported Cabbageworm When Parasitized by Two Species of Apanteles

Larvae of Pieris rapae (L.), parasitized by Apanteles rubecula Marshall, consumed significantly less leaf area than similar unparasitized larvae or than larvae parasitized by A. glomeratus (L.).
Does electroconvulsive shock produce retrograde amnesia

Abstract In an attempt to test the theory that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) causes retrograde amnesia (RA) by disrupting consolidation of a memory trace, the effect of a single ECS on retention of one trial conditioned autonomic response (change in heart rate, and number of boluses defecated) was investigated. No RA was found which suggests that ECS does not act by disrupting consolidation of a memory trace but probably does cause disinhibition of certain susceptible responses.
Does Single Motherhood Protect Against Black Female Suicide

Although sociological studies of suicide among non-White groups have become more common over the past two to three decades, Black females have not been widely studied since they have fairly low rates of suicide. Although researchers have begun identifying social factors that impact Black female suicide rates, the present study extends the research done by Nisbet (1996) regarding how being a single mother is related to Black female suicide rates. Specifically, the hypothesis that single motherhood among Black females is inversely related to Black female suicide rates is tested. Results suggest that single motherhood among Black females is related to lower rates of suicide among Black females. A sociological explanation for this phenomenon is offered.
National broadband map

Broadband access and availability to every American is a key pillar of this administration. Congress authorized the development and maintenance of the National Broadband Map to provide the first ever searchable and interactive map of broadband availability. Transparency in broadband availability had never before been fully realized to both consumers and policy decision makers alike. The collection, integration and publication of this data charts a new course in broadband information access and will add significantly to the policy discussion about increasing American's access to high-speed internet.
Structural transition and elastic anomalies in s-TRIAZINE, C3N3H3

Abstract Dynamical behavior of the coupled system of molecular orientations and acoustic phonons is investigated in order to provide a description of the structural phase transition in s-triazine, s-triazine molecular reorientations are in the fast relaxation limit. A softening of the acoustic phonon frequencies is found as T → T c.
New simulation methodology for finance: work reduction in financial simulations

We investigate the possibility of efficiency gains from schemes that reduce the expected cost of a simulated path, which allows more paths given a fixed computational budget. Many such schemes impart bias, so we look at the bias variance tradeoff in terms of mean squared error. The work reduction schemes we consider are fast numerical evaluation of functions, such as the exponential, as well as changes to simulation structure and sampling schemes. The latter include descriptive sampling, reducing the number of time steps, and dispensing with some factors in a multi-factor simulation. In simulations where computational budgets are tightly constrained, such as risk management and calibration of financial models, using cheaper, less accurate algorithms can reduce mean squared error.
Encapsulated inorganic resist technology applied to 157-nm lithography

In order to increase plasma etch selectivity in traditional single layer organic resists SiO 2 nanoparticles have been added to typical 248-nm resist formulations. Formulation modifications are necessary due to the dissolution acceleration effect of the particles. Surface functionalization of the nanoparticle surfaces with organic groups lessens this effect and allows the inclusion of acid labile groups. This allows for a wider formulation window and limits unexposed film thickness losses (UFTL). Both t-butyl ester groups and poly(t-butyl acrylate) have been used to achieve this effect. Encapsulated inorganic resist technology (EIRT) can be used as a single layer hard mask compatible with existing resist processing steps and replace complex and costly multilevel resist approaches. Lithographic evaluations have been performed with electron beam, and with 248 nm and 157-nm projection systems. Greater transparency at 157 nm is achieved by the addition of these materials, thus enabling the use of thicker films. High resolution imaging is demonstrated at these wavelengths.
Exon skipping in human β-casein

Earlier amino acid alignments of mature beta-caseins showed that the human protein was shifted in alignment relative to other species, with amino acid deletions in the N-terminal region and others inserted in the C-terminal region. Our alignment, based on cDNA sequences and their translation products, has shown that the amino acid deletions correspond exactly to exon 3 in the other species. Cloning and sequencing of a segment of the human beta-casein gene between exons 2 and 4 revealed the presence of an intact exon 3 sequence in the gene. An interruption of the polypyrimidine tract adjacent to the 5' end of exon 3 sequence may account for the omission of the exon from human beta-casein mRNA.
Bias Due to Sample Selection in Propensity Score Matching for a Supportive Housing Program Evaluation in New York City

Objectives Little is known about influences of sample selection on estimation in propensity score matching. The purpose of the study was to assess potential selection bias using one-to-one greedy matching versus optimal full matching as part of an evaluation of supportive housing in New York City (NYC). Study Design and Settings Data came from administrative data for 2 groups of applicants who were eligible for an NYC supportive housing program in 2007–09, including chronically homeless adults with a substance use disorder and young adults aging out of foster care. We evaluated the 2 matching methods in their ability to balance covariates and represent the original population, and in how those methods affected outcomes related to Medicaid expenditures. Results In the population with a substance use disorder, only optimal full matching performed well in balancing covariates, whereas both methods created representative populations. In the young adult population, both methods balanced covariates effectively, but only optimal full matching created representative populations. In the young adult population, the impact of the program on Medicaid expenditures was attenuated when one-to-one greedy matching was used, compared with optimal full matching. Conclusion Given covariate balancing with both methods, attenuated program impacts in the young adult population indicated that one-to-one greedy matching introduced selection bias.
Physics-Based Compact Modeling of Successive Breakdown in Ultrathin Oxides

In this letter, we present a physics-based compact SPICE model to predict statistical time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in nanoscale circuits. In our model, an increase in the gate leakage current ( $I_{G\_{\rm BD}}$ ) induced by TDDB is estimated using a quantum point contact (QPC) model depending on temperature. In addition, $I_{G\_{\rm BD}}$ is based on the statistics of time to breakdown (BD) ( $t_{{\rm BD}}$ ) and location of percolation path ( $x_{{\rm BD}}$ ) in the channel considering third successive BDs. We show that the model can be easily implemented to circuit simulators to predict the degradation of circuit lifetime. With the proposed model, we validated post-BD I–V characteristics with experimental data in ultrathin oxide technology.
“Diamond” Zoysiagrass as Affected by Light Intensity

Abstract ‘Diamond’, a new zoysiagrass [Zoyski mmrella (L.) Merr.] cultivar released from the Texas Agricultural Experimental Station, is noted for its fine texture and excellent density. To better define the utilization of this new turfgrass, more information is needed on the responses of ‘Diamond’ to variable shade levels. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate ‘Diamond’ turf responses under different light intensities. In the greenhouse, ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass was grown for 6 weeks under four shade treatments ranging from 30% to 90% shade levels. Soil temperature was maintained between 26° and 28°C. Turf under 30% and 60% shade had the highest turf establishment rate, as indicated by turf quality and color. Root mass and number decreased with increasing shade levels. In the field, the effects of light intensity on turf quality, carbohydrate status, and winter survival of ‘Diamond’ were examined during the growing seasons in 1995 and 1996. Well-established turf was subjected to four shade...
In Search of a Model Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness in Ukraine and Russia

Unlike Russia, one of the most potent forces in reinterpretations of Ukraine’s cultural legacy is its matriarchal myth. This article explores the ways in which that myth has been reconfigured to conform to the requirements of Ukraine’s contemporary historical circumstances. It also examines how a cult figure, known variously as the great goddess, domestic madonna, hearth mother and today as the nation’s mother, and widely portrayed in the media as such, can be transformed into an instrument of women’s subjugation. Although in her original incarnation Berehynia conveyed a message of female empowerment, today she represents nothing more than a free-floating symbol of an allegedly unchanging Ukranian reality, and the woman’s essential status within it, without any real connection to the society in which she once flourished. The idea of female empowerment which she embodies, however, seduces contemporary Ukranian women into a false sense of their own centrality even as it consigns them to inferior status.
Electron impact ionization of Rydberg atoms

The cross section for ionization of Rydberg atoms in collision with electrons at low and moderate energies is calculated using classical trajectories. The dependence of the total cross section on the initial angular momentum of the target is revealed. Low-discrepancy sequences of (quasirandom) numbers are compared with plain random numbers to confirm that they can lead to improved convergence of calculation in certain cases. A phenomenological parametrization using only two parameters is shown to describe well the classical cross section over a wide range of energies and angular momenta. Using the classical scaling law, the results are extended to any principal quantum number.