cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEAWEED ANATOMY AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE: THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LIGHT GUIGES, HETEROGENEOUS ABSORPTION AND MULTIPLE SCATTER12

Light absorption by two green seaweeds with similar photophysiology but different anatomies are compared: i) Ulva lactuca var. rigida (C. Ag.) Le Jolis, an optically translucent species of two cell layers both bearing chloroplasts; and, ii) Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva, an optically opaque species with a colorlelss medulla surrounded by a cortex of choloroplast-bearing utriclels. Thallus absorptance (fraction of incident light absorbed) was measured for various pigment contents. Absorptance by U. lactuca was dependent on pigment concentration in an exponential manner and never exceeded 0.6, whereas absorptance by C. fragile was independent of pigment concentration and always approached a balue of 1.0. Water in the medullary tissue of C. fragile is often of the utricles. The utricles appear to be “integrating spheres” enhancing the capture of incident light, aided by the wave-guide function of the thin peripheral layer of cytoplasm and a reflector function at their base. Photosynthitic performance for U. lactuca saturates at high light intensities and attenuates rapidly with decreasing intensities. In contrast, photosynthetic performance for C. fragile saturates at low light intensities and attenuates slowly with diminishing radiation. Extrapolated diel variation in photosynthesis shows that U. lactuca's anatomy is adaptive for high light intensity environments, whereas C. fragile's anatomy is adaptive for low light intensity environments. Both seaweeds fit into the ecological category of “fugitive” species, and compete in the Long Island Sound (Atlantic Ocean) rocky intertidal for free-space. Predictions are presented for relative species abundances along a monotonic gradient of light intensity.
The initiation of intergranular failure in inconel-600

The nature of slip interaction with the grain boundaries was examined on the polished surface of Inconel-600 pulled in tension at 370°C and at the initial strain rate of 1.65 × 10−6 sec−1. It was shown that the grain boundaries could not always accommodate slip taking place at the boundary regions. This led to the separation of grains at the boundary. Depending on the detailed morphology of the carbides, these intergranular cracks could form at axial strains as low as 10 pet. Since the cracking takes place in the inert atmosphere, it is concluded that the grain boundaries are inherently embrittled by the formation of carbides and/or by solute segregation. There was no evidence of grain boundary sliding, but when carbides were absent highly localized slip in the boundary region gave the appearance of grain boundary offsets. The implications of these observations to stress corrosion cracking are discussed.
Microtubular Fir-Trees in Mitotic Spindles of Onion Roots

The organization of kinetochore fibers was examined inAllium root cells processed for tubulin immunocytochemistry. Metaphase fibers consist of a core or trunk of Mts to which are attached numerous branches, yielding a bottle-brush of fir-tree pattern similar to that reported inHaemanthus endosperm cells. Many of the branches cross the midzone and extend into the opposite half-spindle. In addition, branch Mts associate with more than one kinetochore fiber. During anaphase, branch Mts elongate while the trunks shorten and fuse into polar caps. Our results are discussed in terms of spindle fiber organization and Mt polarity.
Randomized Trial of Pulse Steroids in the Initial Treatment of Kawasaki Disease (KD)

We conducted a prospective randomized trial to determine whether addition of corticosteroids to IVIG might improve outcomes. Subjects met AHA criteria for KD and were treated at Childrens Hospital, Boston, between July 1998 to July, 2000 during the fi rst 10 days of fever. Subjects were randomized to receive IVIG, 2 gm/kg over 10 hours, with or without pulse IVMP, 30 mg/kg (maximum 1.5 gm) over 3 hrs. All patients received aspirin, 20 to 25 mg/kg q6h until afebrile for 48 hours, then 3-5 mg/kg/day. Twenty subjects received IVMP plus IVIG, 21 received IVIG alone. Groups were similar in baseline demographic, laboratory data, and coronary artery measurements. The mean duration of fever after starting IVIG therapy was 0.9 ± 1.2 days (mean ± SD) in the IVMP group, 2.4 ± 1.9 days in the IVIG alone group (P = 0.005, unpaired t-test). Patients treated with IVMP plus IVIG had shorter hospital stays (2.0 ± 0.8 vs. 3.3 ± 2.1 days, P = 0.007), and at six weeks, lower ESR (10.6 ± 6.0 vs.. 19.4 ± 12.4, P = 0.02) and lower mean ln CRP (-3.27 ± 0.64 vs -2.38 ±1.16, P = .01). No significant differences between treatment groups were noted in coronary dimensions at two or six weeks. IVMP was well tolerated; one child developed transient hypertension. In summary, treatment of acute KD with IVMP plus IVIG, compared to IVIG alone, resulted in faster resolution of fever, more rapid improvement in markers of inflammation, and shorter length of hospitalization. Adverse effects were infrequent. The effect of steroid therapy on coronary artery outcome, however, remains unproven. Further study of the optimal use of steroids in the treatment of KD should be performed.
Transforming “Body Parts” into Therapeutic Tools: A Report from Germany

Ma aterials from the human body (organs, tissues, and cells) are increasingly included among the array of effective therapeutic tools employed to extend life. This research report provides preliminary findings from a project that studied the mundane, everyday activities involved in managing the technical constraints of procuring and using human materials. It demonstrates how cultural meanings around the body are managed through actual practices. The research both augments and departs from previous perspectives by focusing on the core of scientific and medical practices that are directly involved in organ and tissue procurement and by examining the discursive practices of negotiating definitions and classifications of materials.
Pulmonary complications of heart diseases.

1)The appearance of pulmonary lesions during the course of many heart diseases must be evaluated carefully for proper diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. 2)Pulmonary complications may appear following certain congenital cardiac defects, acute and chronic inflammations of the heart and aorta, degenerative lesions of the coronary arteries and aorta, primary neoplasms of the heart and chronic cor pulmonale. 3)Cardiovascular disease may cause tracheal or bronchial compression, marked hypertrophy of bronchial arteries and veins leading to hemoptysis, pulmonic venous, pulmonic arterial, or combined hypertension, pulmonary emboli and infarcts, and pleural effusions. Heart disease predisposes the respiratory system to edema, bronchospasm and bronchial hypersecretion of mucus, and to various infections. 4)The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and therapy of these respiratory disorders due to cardiovascular disease have been presented.
Thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis: Recent Observations and Comparisons With Past Experience

To our previous report on the results of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis in 249 patients operated on between 1954 and 1981, we add a current review of 84 patients treated between 1982 and 1987. All patients underwent a median sternotomy, although this was performed after a bilateral submammary skin incision in most of the 57 female patients. There were no operative deaths, but one late death occurred at 5 months. During a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, 67 patients (80%) benefited from operation with remission achieved in 30 (36%) and improvement noted in 37 (44%). Acetylcholine receptor site antibody was present in 43 patients, of whom 19 (44%) achieved remission in contrast to 9 (27%) of the 33 patients without antibody. Hyperplasia of the excised thymus in 38 patients was associated with remission in 20 (53%) in contrast to remission in 7 (20%) of the 35 patients whose glands were "normal" or atrophic. The best prognosis was found in the 23 patients who had both receptor site antibody and thymic hyperplasia, as remission occurred in 15 of them (65%) in contrast to only 6 (27%) of the 22 patients who had neither factor. Remission rates (remissions per 1,000 patient-months of follow-up) for the present series (84 patients), the previous group (249 patients), and the overall group (333 patients) are 9.95, 6.13, and 6.62, respectively.
Detection and assessment of severity of tricuspid regurgitation using first-pass radionuclide angiography and comparison with pulsed Doppler echocardiography.

Abstract Noninvasive detection and semiquantitative assessment of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were performed using first-pass radionuclide angiography (RNA), by sampling a region of interest over the right atrium for any tracer entering the right atrium during right ventricular systole. The relative amount of tracer entering the right atrium was quantitated and the results were compared with semiquantitative Doppler echocardiographic grading of TR severity. Using the right ventricular time-activity curve to define end-diastolic and end-systolic frames, the right atrial counts for the 2 or 3 cardiac cycles after the peak right ventricular counts were summed. The right atrial “injection fraction” was calculated using the following formula: [(end-systolic counts — end-diastolic counts)/ (end-diastolic counts)] × 100%. The right atrial injection fraction was examined in 51 patients who had good quality RNA and Doppler studies. Of 27 patients with no evidence of TR by Doppler, 26 had a negative right atrial injection fraction. All 24 patients with a positive Doppler for TR had a positive right atrial injection fraction. Comparison of right atrial injection fraction grade ranges with semiquantitative grades of TR severity on Doppler revealed identical grades in 21 of the 24, with a single grade difference in the remaining 3 patients. Thus, right atrial time-activity curve quantitation during routine first-pass RNA allows detection and grading of the severity of TR, with results very similar to pulsed Doppler echocardiography. This simple procedure is easily appended to the evaluation of ventricular performance with first-pass RNA.
Rotation Criteria and Hypothesis Testing for Exploratory Factor Analysis: Implications for Factor Pattern Loadings and Interfactor Correlations

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has long been used in the social sciences to depict the relationships between variables/items and latent traits. Researchers face many choices when using EFA, incl...
Clinical and biochemical outcomes of men undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.

PURPOSE We analyzed outcomes of patients with prostate cancer undergoing either radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) +/- salvage radiation or definitive radiation therapy (RT) +/- androgen deprivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2003-2010 there were 251 patients who underwent RRP and 469 patients who received RT (≥7,560 cGy) for prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed with the log-rank test to compare biochemical control (bCR), distant metastatic-free survival (DMPFS), and prostate cancer-specific survival (PCSS) between the two groups. RESULTS The median follow-up was 70 months and 61.3% of the men were African American. For low risk disease the 6-year bCR were 90.3% for RT and 85.6% for RRP (p = 0.23) and the 6-year post-salvage bCR were 90.3% vs. 90.9%, respectively (p = 0.84). For intermediate risk disease the 6-year bCR were 82.6% for RT and 59.7% for RRP (p < 0.001) and 82.6% vs. 74.0%, respectively, after including those salvaged with RT (p = 0.06). For high risk disease, the 6-year bCR were 67.4% for RT and 41.3% for RRP (p < 0.001) and after including those salvaged with RT was 67.4% vs. 43.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in regards to DMPFS or PCSS. CONCLUSION Treatment approaches utilizing RRP +/- salvage radiation or RT +/- androgen deprivation yielded equivalent DMPFS and PCSS outcomes. Biochemical control rates, using their respective definitions, appeared equivalent or better in those who received treatment with RT.
Upper-extremity mucormycosis infections in immunocompetent patients.

Purpose Mucormycosis can produce an aggressive and sometimes fatal soft tissue infection seen most commonly in immunocompromised individuals. Eradication consists of surgical resection and antifungal chemotherapy. Knowledge regarding infectious mucormycosis in the upper extremity has been limited to case reports involving mainly immunocompromised individuals. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for the development of mucormycosis infections within the upper extremity in immunocompetent individuals and to evaluate the effectiveness of the present therapies. Methods A 12-year retrospective review of all fungal infections involving the upper extremity was conducted in our institution. Seven immunocompetent patients with infectious cutaneous mucormycosis of the upper extremity were identified from 223 primary upper-extremity fungal infections. Results In the 7 patients 3 infections resulted from heavy soil contamination after motor vehicle collisions and 4 resulted from conveyor belt injuries in agricultural facilities. All patients had considerable upper-extremity soft tissue loss and 6 of the 7 patients had upper-extremity fractures or dislocations. Patients had an average of 10 surgical debridements. Four infections resulted in amputations: 1 partial hand amputation, 1 below the elbow, 1 above the elbow, and 1 at the glenohumeral joint. Conclusions Mucormycosis can produce limb-threatening infections in an immunocompetent host. Hand surgeons must have suspicion of such infections in patients with grossly contaminated open wounds. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level IV.
Comparison of RPTPζ/β, phosphacan, and trkB mRNA expression in the developing and adult rat nervous system and induction of RPTPζ/β and phosphacan mRNA following brain injury

The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)ζ/β and a major isoform, phosphacan, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that contains the RPTPζ/β extracellular domain but not the transmembrane and intracellular phosphatase domains, are expressed abundantly in the nervous system, primarily by astroglia. Because of similarities in the expression patterns of RPTPζ/β and the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, we investigated whether RNAs encoding these proteins were co-localized during development, which would suggest that these molecules might functionally interact in vivo. By in-situ hybridization, we noted extensive areas of overlap in the expression of trkB and RPTPζ/β mRNAs in the developing peripheral and central nervous systems. Analysis with a probe specific for the catalytic TrkB isoform suggested that RPTPζ/β and non-catalytic trkB mRNAs were co-expressed in particular regions of the nervous system while the catalytic trkB and RPTPζ/β transcripts were also, but to a lesser extent. RPTPζ/β and phosphacan expression were extremely similar, differing particularly in the level of expression in the ventricular and subventricular zones, hippocampus, and ependyma. Furthermore, both RPTPζ/β and phosphacan mRNAs were found in several subsets of neurons as well as astrocytes. Following CNS injury, we observed robust induction of RPTPζ/β mRNA in areas of axonal sprouting, and of both RPTPζ/β and phosphacan mRNAs in areas of glial scarring, implying that the encoded proteins and the cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins to which they bind may contribute to recovery from injury and perhaps regulation of axonal regrowth in the nervous system.
Butterflies show flower colour preferences but not constancy in foraging at four plant species

1. The extent to which flower colour and other visual cues influence butterfly flower choice in the field is poorly understood, especially in comparison with choices by Hymenoptera. 2. Using a novel approach to studies of visitation behaviour by butterflies, flower colour of four Asteraceae species was phenotypically manipulated to decouple the influence of that trait from others (including morphology and nectar rewards) on visitation by Lycaena heteronea, Speyeria mormonia, Cercyonis oetus, and Phyciodes campestris. 3. Flower visits were recorded to experimental flower arrays in subalpine meadows to measure (i) spontaneous preference by butterflies for particular colours and other traits and (ii) flower constancy (longer than expected strings of visits made to flowers of the same species), a behaviour that can reduce interspecific gene flow in plants. 4. Over three field seasons, 3558 individual flower visits in 1386 foraging bouts were observed for free-flying butterflies. All four butterfly species responded to the phenotypic manipulations of flower colour, although in different ways. Speyeria mormonia and L. heteronea also exhibited preferences based on other flower traits. Lycaena heteronea responded to combinations of traits such that the other traits it preferred depended upon the context of flower colour. 5. None of the butterfly species exhibited flower constancy in any of the arrays employed. 6. The observed preferences show that butterflies, like some other pollinators, are potentially capable of exerting selection on colour and other floral traits. Moreover, these flower preferences can depend on the context of other flower traits. The absence of constancy contrasts with reports of high constancy in many bees.
Stepping out of the academic brew: using critical research to break down hierarchies of knowledge production

Critical theory and critical research are undeniably useful for revealing oppressive social structures and challenging the status quo in the realm of grand theory; yet, they are also useful for creating knowledge structures when academics deploy them on the ground. This article explores how critical theory and critical research can be used to critique hierarchies of knowledge in academia and society in order to create new opportunities for learning and researching dialogically, a process that the author calls, ‘stepping out of the academic brew’. Using the concept of REDO (reveal, examine, dismantle, open) and an example of critical research done with and by urban high school students, the author offers a framework for how critical researchers (with the help of those with whom they work) might begin flattening hierarchical knowledge structures in education, in themselves, and in life.
Multivariate Acceptance Sampling Procedures for General Specification Ellipsoids

Abstract The multivariate acceptance sampling problem is discussed and a solution for a particular sub-class of the general problem developed. This is where the related quality variables have a multivariate normal distribution with known covariance matrix, and where the specification region may be set in the form of a general ellipsoid. Single sampling acceptance procedures by variables for fraction defective are developed. Methods are given for determining the sample size n and acceptance number c so as to achieve desired operating characteristics.
Pathway-based Biomarkers for Breast Cancer in Proteomics:

Genes do not function alone but through complex biological pathways. Pathway-based biomarkers may be a reliable diagnostic tool for early detection of breast cancer due to the fact that breast cancer is not a single homogeneous disease. We applied Integrated Pathway Analysis Database (IPAD) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) approaches to the study of pathway-based biomarker discovery problem in breast cancer proteomics. Our strategy for identifying and analyzing pathway-based biomarkers are threefold. Firstly, we performed pathway analysis with IPAD to build the gene set database. Secondly, we ran GSEA to identify 16 pathway-based biomarkers. Lastly, we built a Support Vector Machine model with three-way data split and fivefold cross-validation to validate the biomarkers. The approach-unraveling the intricate pathways, networks, and functional contexts in which genes or proteins function-is essential to the understanding molecular mechanisms of pathway-based biomarkers in breast cancer.
Poker flat radar observations of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling electrodynamics of the earthward penetrating plasma sheet following convection enhancements

Abstract The plasma sheet moves earthward (equatorward in the ionosphere) after enhancements in convection, and the electrodynamics of this response is strongly influenced by Region 2 magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling. We have used Poker Flat Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) observations associated with two relatively abrupt southward turnings of the IMF to provide an initial evaluation of aspects of this response. The observations show that strong westward sub-auroral polarization streams (SAPS) flow regions moved equatorward as the plasma sheet electron precipitation (the diffuse aurora) penetrated equatorward following the IMF southward turnings. Consistent with our identification of these flows as SAPS, concurrent DMSP particle precipitation measurements show the equatorial boundary of ion precipitation equatorward of the electron precipitation boundary and that westward flows lie within the low-conductivity region between the two boundaries where the plasma sheet ion pressure gradient is expected to drive downward R2 currents. Evidence for these downward currents is seen in the DMSP magnetometer observations. Preliminary examination indicates that the SAPS response seen in the examples presented here may be common. However, detailed analysis will be required for many more events to reliably determine if this is the case. If so, it would imply that SAPS are frequently an important aspect of the inner magnetospheric electric field distribution, and that they are critical for understanding the response of the magnetosphere–ionosphere system to enhancements in convection, including understanding the earthward penetration of the plasma sheet. This earthward penetration is critical to geomagnetic disturbance phenomena such as the substorm growth phase and the formation of the stormtime ring current. Additionally, for one example, a prompt electric field response to the IMF southward turnings is seen within the inner plasma sheet.
Developing Options for the Administration of Local Taxes: An International Review*

Do decentralization arguments extend to administration of subnational taxes? While centralized administration promises quality service at reasonable cost, it may dull accountability and slow the revenue flow. Also, central administration may devote less attention to collecting these taxes than for its own. Self-administration brings administration closer to taxpayers and assures representation of jurisdictional interests in revenue apportionment disputes. However, subnational governments may lack technical capacity. That is the dilemma: while the central administration may be indifferent to rigorous collection of subnational taxes, subnational governments may lack capacity for self-administration. In practice, nations use many different alternatives for administering subnational taxes.
On the Mechanism of Cavitation Damage by Nonhemispherical Cavities Collapsing in Contact With a Solid Boundary

A perfect fluid perturbation theory, which neglects the effect of gravity, and which assumes that the pressure inside a cavitation bubble remains constant during the collapse process, is given for the case of a non-hemispherical, but axially symmetric cavity which collapses in contact with a solid boundary. The theory suggests the possibility that such cavities may deform to the extent that the cavity wall strikes the solid surface before minimum cavity volume is reached. High speed motion pictures of cavities generated by spark methods are used to test the theory experimentally. It is found that the theory describes the change of shape of such cavities fairly well, and that the phenomenon of the cavity wall striking the solid boundary does indeed occur. By studying the damaging effects of various cavities of this type on aluminum samples, it is shown that pressures resulting from the cavity wall striking the surface are much higher than pressures caused by compression of gases inside the cavity. It is furthermore found that the estimated impact velocities of the cavity walls on the solid boundary can account for water hammer pressures sufficiently large to have caused the observed damage.
Effect of melatonin on pituitary secretion of prolactin in vitro during delayed implantation and the periimplantation period in the spotted skunk.

The pars tuberalis of the western spotted skunk is the only region of the brain known to bind 2-[125I]iodomelatonin, thus suggesting that this region of the pituitary might be essential in mediating the effects of melatonin in this species. Female skunks were killed during short-and long-day photoperiods. Hemisections of the adenohypophysis, with and without the pars tuberalis were cultured in the presence and absence of 10 nM melatonin to determine whether the pars tuberalis mediates the previously observed suppressive effects of melatonin on the seasonal increase in plasma prolactin leves in this species. Pituitaries obtained during long-day photoperiods secreted significantly more prolactin than those obtained during the short-day photoperiod. Melatonin had no effect on pituitary response to gonadotropin releasing hormone and failed to inhibit prolactin secretion during the 48 h culture period. However, melatonin significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of dopamine on prolactin secretion. The latter response was observed in both photoperiods and in the presence and absence of the pars tuberalis. These results suggest that the pars tuberalis does not mediate the inhibitory effect of melatonin on prolactin secretion in the absence of the hypothalamus. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metabolism of 5'-deoxypyridoxine in rats: 5'-deoxypyridoxine 4'-sulfate as a major urinary metabolite.

Abstract 5′-Deoxypyridoxine was taken up by rat liver and brain as rapidly as pyridoxine but was not retained by those tissues, an apparent consequence of its inability to form the 5′-phosphate derivative. More than 95% of the injected dose was excreted within 24 h. Practically no metabolism of 5′-deoxypyridoxine occurred in brain but in liver more than 95% was metabolized, mainly to two more electronegative compounds, one of which was identified as 5′-deoxypyridoxine 4′-sulfate. It accounted for more than 80% of the total urinary excretion of the antimetabolite. Almost no 5′-deoxypyridoxal was detected in liver, brain, or urine thus providing independent evidence for the concept that conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal- P occurs via pyridoxine-5′- P and that no mechanism exists in the rat for the direct oxidation of pyridoxine.
Optical rotation and viscosity of native and denatured proteins. V. The influence of salts and alcohols on the optical activity and viscosity of serum albumin

Abstract It was found that there is no denaturation of serum albumin if alcohols or salts are added in relatively low concentrations (0.5–1 mole/l.) at room temperatures. Optical rotation and viscosity of the albumin do not change or else they decrease under the influence of the mentioned agents, the decrease indicating contraction of the albumin molecules. With high concentrations of alcohols denaturation occurs (at room temperatures), which is manifested in a considerable increase of the viscosity of the albumin, although the optical activity changes very little. The expected increase in levorotation upon this denaturation is more or less compensated by the solvent effect of the alcohols. It was shown that the denaturation caused by alcohols or some salts is irreversible, as the solubility of the albumin decreased upon removing the denaturing agents in many instances. No denaturation was observed on treatment of the albumin with large amounts of alcohols at low temperatures of −0 ° or −5 °C. The optical activity of albumin, in acidic solutions containing alcohols, increases with increasing temperature. Several amino acids were dissolved in water-alcohol mixtures, and the optical activity of these solutions was measured.
Legislative Diversity and Social Tolerance: How Multiparty Systems Lead to Tolerant Citizens

Abstract This article argues that individuals in countries with a more diverse political discourse express high levels of social tolerance relative to those in low‐discourse countries. Political systems with more parties facilitate the consideration of a broader range of issues, including those relevant to the interests of marginalized groups, and greater exposure to these issues increases individually‐held levels of social tolerance. Using data from the World Values Survey and other sources, we demonstrate that the number of parties in the legislature is positively related to social tolerance. Our results are robust across several model specifications.
Fiber Optic Microneedles for Transdermal Light Delivery: Ex Vivo Porcine Skin Penetration Experiments

Shallow light penetration in tissue has been a technical barrier to the development of light-based methods for in vivo diagnosis and treatment of epithelial carcinomas. This problem can potentially be solved by utilizing minimally invasive probes to deliver light directly to target areas. To develop this solution, fiber optic microneedles capable of delivering light for either imaging or therapy were manufactured by tapering step-index silica-based optical fibers employing a melt-drawing process. Some of the microneedles were manufactured to have sharper tips by changing the heat source during the melt-drawing process. All of the microneedles were individually inserted into ex vivo pig skin samples to demonstrate the feasibility of their application in human tissues. The force on each microneedle was measured during insertion in order to determine the effects of sharper tips on the peak force and the steadiness of the increase in force. Skin penetration experiments showed that sharp fiber optic microneedles that are 3 mm long penetrate through 2 mm of ex vivo pig skin specimens. These sharp microneedles had a minimum average diameter of 73 mum and a maximum tip diameter of 8 mum. Flat microneedles, which had larger tip diameters, required a minimum average diameter of 125 mum in order to penetrate through pig skin samples. Force versus displacement plots showed that a sharp tip on a fiber optic microneedle decreased the skin's resistance during insertion. Also, the force acting on a sharp microneedle increased more steadily compared with a microneedle with a flat tip. However, many of the sharp microneedles sustained damage during skin penetration. Two designs that did not accrue damage were identified and will provide a basis of more robust microneedles. Developing resilient microneedles with smaller diameters will lead to transformative, novel modes of transdermal imaging and treatment that are less invasive and less painful for the patient.
Method of phase-space tomography of rapidly evolving E beams

In this paper, we describe a new method of phase-space tomography. This method allows one to restore phase-space density using a small number of projections covering a limited range of linear transformations in the phase space. Practical applications of this method are discussed.
Descriptions, Indexicals, and Belief Reports: Some Dilemmas (But Not the Ones Your Expect)

I am going to state what I take to be a couple of dilemmas for certain theorists. The first is a dilemma for theorists who hold both that certain sentences containing pronouns or demonstratives express object-dependent propositions and that a certain version of Russell's theory of descriptions can account for all uses of definite descriptions. 1 The second is a dilemma for a certain view about the semantics of belief reports which is common among those who hold that sentences containing certain kinds of singular terms express object-dependent propositions, and this dilemma is generated by a partial solution to the first dilemma. So my dialectic involves the following players. To begin, there are three theses which, for reasons that will become clear, I shall call the hiddenindexical theory of belief reports, the hidden-indexical theory of descriptions, and the direct-reference theory of indexicals. Next, there is a dilemma for one who holds the direct-reference theory of indexicals in conjunction with the hidden-indexical theory of descriptions. After that comes a partial resolution of that dilemma, and that partial resolution is used to create a dilemma for one who holds the hidden-indexical theory of belief reports. Finally, I speculate fleetingly, but with much hand waving, about the complete resolution of these dilemmas. I begin by setting up the three theses.
An extended velocity projection method for estimating the subsurface current and density structure for coastal plume regions: An application to the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume

Abstract We describe a method for estimating subsurface current and density structure in a coastal region dominated by a plume from a set of surface observations of velocity and density. A detailed application of the method is shown via a case study of the Chesapeake Bay in November 1997. The proposed technique relies on developing a ‘plume feature model’ from theoretical models and past synoptic observational data sets, and incorporating the feature model into the previously developed velocity projection method [J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 6973] to obtain subsurface current structure within the Ekman layer depth. The primary feature model parameters include the location and extent of the frontal boundary, a simplified gravity current structure, and the spatial gradient of salinity across the frontal head of the plume, which are inferred from remote sensing or minimal strategic in situ observations. For the Chesapeake Bay case study, we show how the proposed method, referred to as ‘extended velocity projection’, can produce estimates of plume current structure consistent with available ADCP profiles. We assess the sensitivity of the results to feature model parameters, and identify the resolution of spatial salinity gradient as being particularly important. The difference between the density-stratified estimate and the ADCP data can be used to calibrate and improve the zero-order dynamic feature model parameters. This synergistic approach with the extended velocity projection method should be applicable to other coastal plumes and possibly other shallow water features.
Dorsal pallidum as a functional motor output of the corpus striatum.

Abstract A major function of the dopamine in the styriatum is to control the activity of its efferent systems which contain primarily GABAergic neurons. Direct intracerebral injections of the haloperidol into the corpus striatum impaired the performance of rats trained to depress a lever in a sensitive reaction time task. Rats were trained to depress a lever until the presentation of a visual conditioned stimulus and then to release the lever within a time limit of 500 ms to obtain a food reward. The increase in reaction time produced by dopamine blockade of the corpus striatum was mimicked by injection of a GABA agonist muscimol in nanogram quantities into the region of the dorsal pallidum, but not into the substantia nigra reticulata. Injections of a GABA agonist into the substantia nigra impaired performance by increasing the number of anticipatory responses (increased number of lever releases before the conditioned stimulus). These results suggest that the dorsal pallidum may play an important role in the response initiation associated with activation of the corpus striatum, and that the dorsal pallidum may form a significant part of parallel striatal outputs that have different functional significance.
Pds1p is required for faithful execution of anaphase in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

To identify mutations that cause defects in mitosis, a collection of mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was screened by a rapid visual assay for abnormal chromosome segregation. From this screen we identified one mutation, pds1-1 that was independently identified in an alternative screen for mutants that exhibit inviability after transient exposure to nocodazole and precocious disassociation of sister chromatids (Guacci, V., A. Yamamoto, A. Strunnikov, J. Kingsbury, E. Hogan, P. Meluh, and D. Koshland. 1993. CSH Symp. Quant. Biol. 58:677-685; Yamamoto, T.J., G. Li, B. Schaar, I. Szilak, and D.W. Cleveland. 1992. Nature (Lond.). 359:536-539). At 23 degrees C pds1-1 mutants exhibit frequent cell death and a 300-fold increase in chromosome loss compared to wild type. At 37 degrees C pds1-1 cells fail to elongate their spindles during anaphase. This spindle defect of pds1 mutants results from a temperature-sensitive step that occurs around the G1/S boundary about the time of spindle assembly. In the absence of spindle elongation pds1 mutants undergo cytokinesis, leading to the missegregation of both chromosomes and spindle pole bodies. After abnormal cell division pds1-1 mutants also initiate new rounds of DNA replication, spindle pole body duplication, and bud formation. Thus, in the pds1-1 mutant at 37 degrees C, cell cycle progression is uncoupled from the completion of anaphase. A pds1 deletion allele has similar phenotypes to the original allele. Taken together these results suggest that Pds1 protein plays an important role in chromosome segregation at 23 degrees C and an essential role for this process at 37 degrees C. The PDS1 gene encodes a novel 42-kD nuclear protein that has both basic and acidic domains. The level of PDS1 mRNA varies with the cell cycle with maximal accumulation around the G1/S boundary. The stability of Pds1 protein also appears to change during the cell cycle as overproduced Pds1p is stable in S and M but degraded in early G1. Therefore, expression of Pds1p is regulated apparently both transcriptionally and postranslationally during the cell cycle. The phenotypes of pds1 mutants and expression pattern of Pds1p are discussed in the context of other spindle-defective mutants and the knowledge that Pds1 protein is an inhibitor of anaphase (Yamamoto, T.J., G. Li, B. Schaar, I. Szilak, and D.W. Cleveland. 1992. Nature (Lond.). 359:536-539).
The ultrastructure of carp (Cyprinus carpio) immunoglobulin: a tetrameric macroglobulin.

Abstract The purified 14.5 s anti-dinitrophenyl or anti-sheep erythroeyte antibody derived from the serum of the hyperimmunized carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a tetrameric molecule measuring approximately 385 A across the span of the arms and 98 A across the diameter of the central region.
Economic Impacts during Microelectronics Product Design

Abstract An integral part of product design for manufacture is the use of predictive cost models to quantify the effects of early design decisions. An investigation has been performed to develop a set of detailed cost models to estimate the economic impact of microelectronics integrated circuit (IC) design alternatives. Cost-of-Ownership models, developed for IC fabrication equipment, are extended to the various cost domains in the microelectronics development cycle, including optical lithography and design for test solutions. The developed cost models have been implemented in software tools and these utilised to assess the effects of various design and processing options on overall IC manufacturing costs
Presence of receptors for bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide and mRNA for three receptor subtypes in human prostate cancers.

BACKGROUND Bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine or paracrine growth factors and stimulate the growth of some cancer cells, including human prostate cancer. Three bombesin receptor subtypes, termed gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), neuromedin B receptor (NMBR), and bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3), have been identified in rodents and humans. METHODS We investigated the presence and characteristics of the functional receptors for bombesin/GRP in human prostate adenocarcinoma specimens by radio-receptor assay and the mRNA expression of the three bombesin receptor subtypes by RT-PCR. RESULTS Of the 80 specimens of primary prostate cancer examined by receptor binding assays, 50 (∼63%) showed high-affinity, low-capacity binding sites for bombesin/GRP, and 12 of these 50 receptor-positive specimens also showed a second binding site. Of the 22 prostate cancer specimens analyzed by RT-PCR, 20 (91%) expressed GRPR mRNA, 3 (14%) showed NMBR mRNA, and 2 (∼9%) revealed BRS-3 mRNA. No correlation was observed between receptor expression and patients' age or pathological data. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a wide distribution of bombesin/GRP receptors in human prostate carcinomas supports the view that they may be involved in modulation of tumor progression and suggests that approaches based on binding of bombesin receptor antagonists or new targeted cytotoxic bombesin analogs to prostate cancers could be considered for the therapy. Prostate 42:295–303, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organizational learning about environmental risk communication: The case of Rohm and Haas’ Bristol plant

Corporations, particularly those in the chemical industry, have embarked on a major effort to increase their environmental credibility with the public. As a result, many companies are reaching out beyond their gates to increase dialogue with communities and environmentalists. Although many corporations have attempted to improve the communication skills of individual managers, little attention has been paid to improving how the company, as an organization, learns to improve communication practices in general, and environmental risk communication in particular. In this article, we discuss how one plant's process of learning about risk communication might inform organizational learning about communicating with communities about environmental concerns. We found that organizational learning was complex, and that different sub‐units learned different lessons and at different rates. Learning from crises, experience, and the experience of other organizations are discussed. This research suggests that corporations...
Effect of Cysteine Addition on the Volatiles of Extruded Wheat Flour

The sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine was added at concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.0% to wheat flour and extruded in a corotating twin screw extruder. A total of 18 sulfur-containing compounds was tentatively identified along with 4 pyrazines and 1 furan. The fact that most of the sulfur-containing compounds were thiazoles indicated that these compounds may be formed due to thermal degradation of cysteine. The increase in concentration of cysteine in the wheat flour did effect the concentration of most volatiles, including non-sulfur-containing volatiles; however, the addition of cysteine over the 0.5% level did not seem to greatly increase volatile production. Keywords: Extrusion; flavor; cysteine; wheat flour; volatiles
“Force Multipliers”: Conditional Effectiveness of Military and INGO Human Security Interventions

Following humanitarian disasters, does the presence of both military and civilian international nongovernmental organization (INGO) interveners help or harm human security outcomes? This article argues that INGOs and military interventions can individually aid in less complex human security outcomes, while for more complex human security outcomes, joint INGO and military interventions can have a “force multiplier” effect. The implications of this theoretical argument are tested using a cross-national time-series dataset of postcivil-conflict and postnatural-disaster states, combined with data on military and INGO humanitarian interventions. The results largely support the main premise of this article's theory: Both military and INGO humanitarian interveners can help bring about human security outcomes, but the necessity of both interveners engaging simultaneously varies by the complexity of the human security objective.
Steady accretion of a rotating fluid

The accretion of rotating gas on to a gravitating object is investigated by means of a perturbation to the spherically symmetrical flow. An expression is found for the correction to the accretion rate due to rotation of the gas in terms of the boundary conditions far from the object. In the case of accretion from a cloud with uniform angular velocity, the gas is accreted preferentially from a 'jet' near the axis of rotation. The angular-momentum distribution in the cloud can be altered by the propagation of inertia waves.
Anthropologists are speaking up (finally), but are they saying enough? A review of Besteman, C. and Gusterson, H. (Eds), Why America's Top Pundits Are Wrong: Anthropologists Talk Back

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the book, Why America's Top Pundits Are Wrong: Anthropologists Talk Back.Design/methodology/approach – The author, himself an anthropologist, evaluates how a group of anthropologists responds to popular right‐of‐center pundits.Findings – Why America's Top Pundits Are Wrong: Anthropologists Talk Back is just as instructive for what it reveals about the current condition of anthropology – and, for that matter, left academia – as for what it says about the lack of anthropological sophistication in popular books that purport to tell us what is right or wrong with the world and where it is heading. Freighted with postmodernism, the influence of Michel Foucault in particular, present‐day anthropology makes assumptions not unlike those of the Straussians of the far right. Thus, our left‐of‐center anthropologists have trouble locating what is so objectionable about reactionary conservatism and, at the same time, difficulties in assessing social conditions, both at ...
Characterization of ferrites at low temperature and high frequency

Complex values of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of 10 different materials, ferrites and ceramics, are measured in a frequency range from 1 to 40 GHz at room temperature and at 80 K. Recommendations are done for material usage in a cryogenic load for higher-order modes in the superconducting RF cavities of the Energy Recovery Linac.