cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Host Cells in Tracheal Graft Implantation.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The ideal trachea replacement would be a living graft that is genetically identical to the host, avoiding the need for immunosuppression. We have developed a mouse model of syngeneic tracheal transplant that results in long-term survival without graft stenosis or delayed healing. To understand how host cells contribute to tracheal transplant integration, we quantified the populations of host cells in the graft and native trachea following implant. STUDY DESIGN Tracheal transplant, tracheal replacement, regenerative medicine, animal model. METHODS Tracheal grafts were obtained from female C57BL/6 mice and orthotopically transplanted into syngeneic male recipients. Cohorts were euthanized on day 14, day 45, and day 90 post-transplantation. Host and graft tracheas were explanted and analyzed by histology. Male host cells were quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and macrophages were quantified with immunofluorescence. RESULTS Evidence of host-derived cells was found in the midgraft at the earliest time point (14 days). Host-derived cells transiently increased in the graft on day 45 and were predominantly found in the submucosa. By day 90, the population of host-derived cells population declined to a similar level on day 14. Macrophage infiltration of host and graft tissue was observed at all time points and was greatest on day 90. CONCLUSIONS Tracheal graft integration occurs by way of subacute transient host-cell infiltration and is primarily inflammatory in nature. Host-cell contribution to the graft epithelium is limited. These data indicate that creation of living, nonimmunogenic tracheal graft could serve as a viable solution for long-segment tracheal defects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E340-E345, 2021.
General motivations, basic psychological needs, and problem gambling: applying the framework of Self-Determination Theory

Research into problem gambling has established that the addiction results from a complex array of bio-psycho-social factors. The range of factors, however, has yet to be comprehensively identified....
Design Optimization of MV-NMOS for ESD Self-protection in 28nm CMOS technology

An effective design for self-protection medium voltage nMOS with modification of drain junction in 28nm high voltage CMOS technology is presented. Pull down nMOS of the output driver is the main electrostatic discharge path. Design of Source/Drain junction of baseline device can be optimized for only current driving ability and DC reliability. Sometimes this design is not sufficient as ESD protection device including Self-protection output driver device which can be possible long-term reliability issue after ESD stress. Modification of N+ drain junction with LDD spacer mask shows improved ESD performance by reducing the electric field at poly/drain overlap region and, spreading the ESD current path between drain and source. TLP, HBM, DC-IV and, HCI characterization techniques were used to verify the structure and, TCAD simulations were used to examine failure analysis.
A Spatial-Diversity MIMO Dataset for RF Signal Processing Research

The procedure of classifying a detected signal’s modulation scheme with no a priori information is known as automatic modulation classification (AMC). AMC has presented numerous contributions toward civilian and military applications. However, in the scientific literature, designing automatic modulation classifiers has been limited to a single particular simulated environment in most cases of study. Hence, the performance of such classifiers lacks: 1) reliability in real-world environments and 2) multivariate environment analysis for AMC operation in dissimilar surroundings. These two reasons represent a significant obstacle to the real-world implementation of such classifiers. Therefore, in this research, we present our contribution to remove these obstacles by generating an emulated signal reference dataset named MIMOSigRef-SD. It includes a wide variety of signal streams modulated by different digital modulation schemes, such as M-QAM, MIL-STD-188-110 B/C standard-specific QAM, M-PSK, M-APSK, DVB-S2/S2X/SH standard-specific APSK, and M-PAM with different modulation orders, each with different multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system configurations in order to provide an extensive signal reference. Each signal is also exposed to the realistic impact of different channel models at 2450 MHz, specifically Vehicular-A/B, Pedestrian-A/B, and the Butler, through a channel emulator. This signal reference includes the randomly generated transmit signals, characteristics of the emulated environments, and the recorded received symbols. This enables the dataset to be highly applicable to applications beyond AMC as well. In general, this signal reference can help analyze, evaluate, and design any other radio frequency transceiver tasks under realistic environmental effects. We also validate the elements of the signal reference by comparing the emulation and simulation bit error rate of the designed communication system.
Effects of Resistance Footrest on Spine Posture in Visual Display Terminal Workers

Background: Flat-back posture refers to a posture in which the pelvis is tilted backward, the lumbar spine is bent, the upper thoracic spine is increasingly bent, and the lower thoracic spine is straight. Given that most of the day is spent sitting, we need to develop exercise programs and devices that are suitable for people who spend less time exercising than sitting. Objects: This study investigated the effects of resistance footrest exercise on spine posture angles in visual display terminal (VDT) workers with flat back. Methods: We measured the upper lumbar angle (ULA) and lower lumbar angle (LLA) using a flexible ruler for the ULA and LLA. Then, after 1 week of resistance footrest exercise designed to strengthen the lumbar spine musculature, we measured these angles again. We measured each angle three times and then compared measurements from before and after exercise. Results: There were no significant differences in the ULA following the strengthening exercise, but significant differences were observed in LLA. Conclusion: The resistance footrest exercise strengthened the muscles affecting the pelvic and lumbar lordotic angles, and increases in the LLA were changed. This suggests that the role of the lower lumbar spine in the lumbar lordotic curve is greater than that of the upper lumbar spine. In addition, considering the contemporary tendency to lead fairly sedentary lives, these results indicate that exercising while seated can be effective.
Financial Decision Power and Household Wealth: The Role of Personality and Cognitive Ability

This paper studies the how financial decision power is allocated within a household and how it is related to wealth production. Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) shows that both the absolute and relative values of husband’s and wife’s personality and cognitive ability predict financial decision power allocation. This is in line with a view of comparative advantage in that whoever has the suitable characteristics for financial decision-making that facilitates wealth production should assume the responsibility. In addition, personality and cognitive ability predict household wealth based on financial decision power role and gender. Inefficient financial decision-making power allocation decreases wealth especially financial wealth, indicating the importance of choosing a person with suitable endowments for financial wealth management.
The Fundamental Interrelationships between Government and Property

1. An introduction to essays on the fundamental interrelationships between government and property W.J. Samuels 2. The origins of property and the powers of government R. Adelstein 3. Government's role in property ownership: Hobbes Meets Gilligan D. Anderson 4. Disaggregating the concept of property in constitutional law C.E. Baker 5. A problem about privacy, property and custody: disputes about the disposition of "Frozen Embryos" S. Brophy, D.E. Edlin 6. Property appropriation and theory of the firm D. Ellerman 7. Government and property, democracy and markets L.A. Halper 8. Private property and the state H. Hovenkamp 9. Technology, law and politics: the case of product standards S. Krislov 10. The interplay between the public and private administration of property rights: order and efficiency S.T. Lowry 11. The government-property relation: confessions of a classical liberal S.G. Medema 12. Globalization, decline of the nation-state, and Foucault G. Minda 13. Credible testaments, property, and the role of government B.M. Mitnick 14. Government, civil society, and property: restraining the legal-economic Nexus L.S. Moss 15. Property: questioning efficiency, liberty and imperialism P.B. Potter 16. What government can do for property (and Vice Versa) C.M. Rose 17. Words from a largely forgotten man J.H. Schlegel 18. Government, property, markets? in that order? not government versus markets A.A. Schmid 19. Individuals, choice and institutions: an Austrian economic approach to the fundamental relationship between government and property L.A. Schwartzstein 20. Environmental protection: governments and the allocation and use of property K. Segerson 21. Property law and efficient resource use T.S. Ulen 22. A retrospective interpretive essay on the diverse approaches to the fundamental interrelationships between government and property N. Mercuro, W.J. Samuels
Using a Balance Scorecard Approach to Evaluate the Value of Service Learning Projects in Online Courses

Service learning projects serve as a valuable tool for applying course concepts in a way to benefit both the students and community. However, they often require a significant amount of additional effort beyond that required of assigning conventional homework problems. When the projects take place in an online course setting, the level of complexity subsequently increases. Valuing the overall contribution of such projects, in light of their additional instructor and course costs, can be difficult. Such valuations are further complicated with the measures being subjective. In 1992, Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton published an article in Harvard Business Review detailing a model for measuring the effect of multiple perspectives, both financial and subjective, on business performance (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). The Balanced Scorecard approach provides both an internal (process based) and external (outcomes based) standpoint to evaluating an organization utilizing four perspectives: (1) Learning and Growth, (2) Business Process, (3) Customer and (4) Financial (Kaplan & Norton, 1996). With its thorough approach to evaluating objective and subjective measures of business performance, the model serves as a potential framework for use in the educational setting. In this article, the author developed and applied a modified version of Kaplan and Norton’s Balanced Scorecard model to evaluate the value generated by a service learning project in an online course.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenic suppressors inhibit T‐DNA and VirE2 protein substrate binding to the VirD4 coupling protein

Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses a type IV secretion (T4S) system composed of VirB proteins and VirD4 to deliver oncogenic DNA (T-DNA) and protein substrates to susceptible plant cells during the course of infection. Here, by use of the Transfer DNA Immuno-Precipitation (TrIP) assay, we present evidence that the mobilizable plasmid RSF1010 (IncQ) follows the same translocation pathway through the VirB/D4 secretion channel as described previously for the T-DNA. The RSF1010 transfer intermediate and the Osa protein of plasmid pSa (IncW), related in sequence to the FiwA fertility inhibition factor of plasmid RP1 (IncPα), render A. tumefaciens host cells nearly avirulent. By use of a semi-quantitative TrIP assay, we show that both of these ‘oncogenic suppressor factors’ inhibit binding of T-DNA to the VirD4 substrate receptor. Both factors also inhibit binding of the VirE2 protein substrate to VirD4, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Osa fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) also blocks T-DNA and VirE2 binding to VirD4, and Osa-GFP colocalizes with VirD4 at A. tumefaciens cell poles. RSF1010 and Osa interfere specifically with VirD4 receptor function and not with VirB channel activity, as shown by (i) TrIP and (ii) a genetic screen for effects of the oncogenic suppressors on pCloDF13 translocation through a chimeric secretion channel composed of the pCloDF13-encoded MobB receptor and VirB channel subunits. Our findings establish that a competing plasmid substrate and a plasmid fertility inhibition factor act on a common target, the T4S receptor, to inhibit docking of DNA and protein substrates to the translocation apparatus.
Role of Signal Dynamics in the Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer

Epidemiological studies revealed a connection between several types of cancer and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and suggested that T2D is both a symptom and a risk factor of pancreatic cancer. High level of circulating insulin (hyperinsulinemia) associated with obesity has been implicated in promoting aggressive types of cancers. Peripheral insulin resistance, a symptom/risk factor of T2D, pressures pancreatic b-cells to increase insulin secretion, which results in hyperinsulinemia. This in turn, is believed to lead to a poorly understood gradual loss of functional b-cell mass, thus suggesting the existence of a fine-balance and interplay between b-cell function and mass. While the mechanisms of these connections are unclear, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway has been implicated in controlling b-cell function and mass, and mediating a link between cancer and T2D. However, the mechanism by which the mTOR pathway does so remains unclear. Moreover, incomplete understating of how the pathway is regulated and how it integrates body metabolism has hindered its efficacy as a clinical target. The IQ motif containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a growth factor- and nutrient-sensor that couples cell growth and division, and regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from b-cells. Dysregulation of IQGAP1 is associated in humans with several carcinomas and with T2D. Here we discuss how IQGAP1, through differential interactions with Rho-type of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), acts as a rheostat that fine-tunes the mTORC1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals, and potentially integrates b-cell function and mass with insulin action. Dysfunction of IQGAP1 provides a plausible molecular mechanism for understanding cancer initiation in diabetes, and a potential clinical target for treating both cancer and diabetes with high selectivity.
Developmental changes in modulation of cardiac repolarization by sympathetic stimulation: the role of beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Sympathetic Modulation of Cardiac Repolarization. Introduction: Our goals were to study the role of development in determining the cardiac effects of sympathetic neural activation, and to identify the roles of α- and β-adrenergic receptor-mediated pathways in modulating the effects of sympathetic stimulation. Methods and Results: We compared responses of young and adult canine hearts in situ to right, left, and bilateral stellate ganglion stimulation. We focused on changes in heart rate, rhythm, QT interval, rate-corrected QT interval (QT), and T wave amplitude. Right stellate stimulation (RSS) induced more pronounced sinus tachycardia in adult than young animals. Left stellate stimulation (LSS) Induced junctional tachycardia in adult more than young animals. In adults, LSS and RSS prolonged QTc (LSS > RSS). whereas 1-week-olds manifested QTc shortening with RSS. LSS also increased T wave amplitude, most markedly in adults. In all studies, bilateral stellate stimulation induced responses intermediate between those seen with RSS and LSS. β-Adrenergic blockade (propranolol) aholished all responses to LSS in adult hearts, but α-blockade (prazosin) attenuated only the LSS-induced prolongation in QTc. Conclusion: In the postnatal modulation of cardiac rhythm, rate, and repolarization by the sympathetic nervous system, β-adrenergic receptors play a major role at all ages, whereas α-adrenergic receptors play a lesser role, which is manifested only in adults. Moreover, expression of junctional tachycardias, which are β-adrenergically modulated, is seen only in the adults.
Vaginal micronized progesterone versus intramuscular progesterone for luteal support in women undergoing in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer

Objective To study the outcome of IVF-ET in women who used vaginal P (vaginal P 4 ) versus those who used P in oil via IM injection (IM-P 4 ) for luteal support. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Tertiary referral infertility center. Patient(s) A cohort of 544 women. Intervention(s) In 145 women, vaginal P 4 was used, while in 399 women, IM-P 4 was used for luteal support. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy rate. Secondary outcomes included other IVF-ET outcomes: rates of clinical pregnancy and pregnancy loss (chemical and miscarriage) and serum P levels during the luteal phase and early pregnancy. Result(s) Women who used vaginal P 4 for luteal support had ongoing pregnancy rates (odds ratio [OR], 1.0675; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7587–1.5020) and rates of total pregnancy loss (OR, 1.0775; 95% CI, 0.7383–1.5727) that were not statistically different from those who used IM-P 4 . During the luteal phase, women who used vaginal P 4 had mean serum P levels that were not statistically different from those who used IM-P 4 . However, during early pregnancy, mean P levels in pregnant women who used vaginal P 4 were statistically significantly higher. Conclusion(s) In women undergoing IVF-ET according to the GnRH agonist long protocol, luteal support with vaginal P 4 was associated with treatment outcomes that were no different from those associated with IM-P 4 luteal support.
Buprenorphine Duration of Action: Mu-opioid Receptor Availability and Pharmacokinetic and Behavioral Indices

Background Buprenorphine (BUP) is effective in the treatment of opioid dependence when given on alternating days, probably as a result of long-lasting occupation of μ opioid receptors (μORs). This study examined the duration of action of BUP at μORs and correlations with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes in 10 heroin-dependent volunteers. Methods Availability of μOR (measured with positron emission tomography and [11C]-carfentanil), plasma BUP concentration, opioid withdrawal symptoms, and blockade of hydromorphone (HYD; heroin-like agonist) effects were measured at 4, 28, 52, and 76 hours after omitting the 16 mg/d dose of BUP in a study reported elsewhere. Results Relative to heroin-dependent volunteers maintained on BUP placebo, whole-brain μOR availability was 30%, 54%, 67%, and 82% at 4, 28, 52, and 76 hours after BUP. Regions of interest showed similar effects. Plasma concentrations of BUP were time dependent, as were withdrawal symptoms, carbon dioxide sensitivity and extent of HYD blockade. Availability of μOR was also correlated with BUP plasma concentration, withdrawal symptoms, and HYD blockade. Conclusions Together with our previous findings, it appears that μOR availability predicts changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measures and that about 50%–60% BUP occupancy is required for adequate withdrawal symptom suppression (in the absence of other opioids) and HYD blockade.
Three-dimensional radiographic imaging with a restricted view angle

The properties of many three-dimensional radiographic imaging systems are examined within a common analytic framework. It is found, by performing an important coordinate transformation, that the projection data of these systems can be transformed to a form amenable to analysis by the central-slice theorem. Therefore, a clear relationship between the measured data set and the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the object can be established. For the Fourier aperture system, each measurement in the detector plane gives directly one point in the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the object. The limited view angle of these systems manifests itself in the incomplete collection of the Fourier transform of the object. This “missing cones” region in the Fourier space produces a point-spread function that has long-range conical ridges radiating from the central core. It is shown that degradations in linear reconstructions of extended objects are not as disastrous as might have been expected.
Son of the linear search problem

I wish to find something which is located on a certain road. I start at a point on the road, but I do not know in which direction the object sought is to be found. Somehow, I must incorporate in my way of searching the possibility that it is either to the right or to the left. Thus, I must search first to the right, and then to the left, and then to the right again until it is found. What is a good way of conducting this search, and what is a bad way? This general problem can be phrased in many ways mathematically, some of which are answered in the papers in the bibliography. In this paper, we consider three well-known assumptions concerning thea priori guesses for the probability distribution on where the object is located. These concern uniform distribution on an interval, triangular distribution around the original point, and normal distribution about that point. The uniform distribution has a simple answer. For the triangular distribution, we obtain qualitative results and calculate approximate values for the turning points.
A fully nonparabolic hydrodynamic model for describing hot electron transport in GaAs

Abstract A new set of hydrodynamic conservation equations, expressing balance of momentum and energy in a particular conduction band valley of GaAs, is derived. It is demonstrated that the equations represent a generalization of Blotekjaer's popular balance equations, in that nonparabolicity and nondisplaced-Maxwellian distributions are fully accounted for. Results of Monte Carlo simulations, in which electrons are subjected to approximately 100 kV/cm, sharply peaked one-dimensional electric fields, are presented. Inclusion of nonparabolicity in the Γ valley of GaAs is shown to change the magnitude of the momentum equation's diffusion terms by up to 50%. Rapid transfer of electrons out of the Γ valley via Γ - L transitions is shown to result in an effective diffusion “force” that equals or exceeds the drift force, even under very high field conditions.
The use of the Minnaert correction for land‐cover classification in mountainous terrain

Land‐cover classifications in mountainous terrain are often hampered by the topographic effect. Several strategies can be pursued to correct for this. A traditional approach is to use training areas for the same land‐cover class for different topographic positions and later merge those into one class. Other solutions involve topographic corrections, such as a Minnaert correction. In this study the classification result of the traditional training‐area approach was compared with the classification result of a Minnaert‐corrected image. In order to derive the Minnaert constants, a SPOT XS scene of the Santa Monica Mountains, USA, was divided into three visually relatively homogeneous regions. Eighty per cent of the pixels were assigned the same land cover in both classifications. Differences in classification were mainly in the section of the image that had more diverse land cover than in the more homogeneous chaparral‐covered eastern section. This supports previous findings that the Minnaert constant needs ...
Correlation between tyrosine hydroxylase activity, melanogenesis, and estradiol binding in human melanoma cells.

Cytosols fractions from human mammary carcinoma, or malignant melanoma cells, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) bind3H-estradiol (3H.E) with strong affinity. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by cloned cell hybrids which were formed by the fusion of murine myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice pre-immunized with purified TH were used to differentiate between3H.E-binding protein in the cytosols of various neoplastic cells. These monoclonal TH-antibodies inhibited the enzymic activity and the binding of3H.E to TH or to cytosol fractions of melanotic melanoma cells, but had no effect on 3H.E binding to cytosol fractions from various mammary epithelial or carcinoma cell lines. Cultivation of estradiol-responsive melanotic melanoma cells in media supplemented with the TH-antibodies, caused loss of pigmentation, the cells became amelanotic and non-responsive to 17β-estradiol. The results indicate that the estrogen does not bind to melanoma cells via a receptor as for mammary carcinoma cells but to tyrosine hydroxylase.
Early demonstration of postoperative adhesions in a rodent model

Objective To assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of postoperative adhesion development in a rodent model. Design Prospective randomized controlled study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients Thirty sexually mature female Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions Cecal abrasion. Main outcome measure(s) At 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 336, and 504 hours after cecal abrasion, one to three rats were sacrificed (n = 26). Four nonabraded rats served as controls. Peritoneal adhesion status was evaluated and tissue was collected for histologic and immunohistochemical investigation. Results Postoperative tissue attachments were identified as early as 2 hours after cecal abrasion. Significant local edema and vessel congestion appeared within 2 hours, and cellular proliferation was observed at 24 hours; angiogenesis and tissue proliferation remained present at 2 weeks. β1 integrin was highly expressed early and was thereafter decreased. Cellular fibronectin was not detectable until 1 week after cecal abrasion. Conclusions Postoperative adhesions are initiated as rapidly as 2 hours after surgical intervention in this rodent model.
Regulatory issues in the approval of new drugs for diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome.

h s t l t l f e s the incidence of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome (MS) continues o increase worldwide, the pharmaceutical industry is aced with numerous challenges when developing and arketing new agents to control these disorders. In its decisions on the approval of new drugs, the videntiary standards of the US Food and Drug Adinistration (FDA) are consistent with those of phyicians and patients. Clinical investigations performed or the purposes of approval must include adequate ests by methods that are reasonably applicable, and he results must permit the reasonable conclusion that he drug is safe and effective under the conditions of se prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the abeling. All actual and implied claims must reflect xpected risks and benefits of the new treatment in the arget population(s). These conditions apply to the pproval of all drugs. However, there are specific ssues that pertain to drugs for diabetes, dyslipidemia, nd the MS. A discussion to address regulatory and scientific ssues in the approval of new drugs for diabetes, yslipidemia, and the MS took place at the 13th Inernational Atherosclerosis Society Symposium held n Kyoto, Japan on October 1, 2003. The discussion nvolved academic experts in the field, clinical invesigators who have extensive experience in the conduct f trials in this area, interested participants from the harmaceutical industry, and a representative from the DA. A series of questions were posed to the FDA epresentative. The questions and a summary of the iscussions that followed are presented in this article. he opinions expressed are those of the authors and do ot necessarily represent the official position of the DA.
Effect of homogenization and surfactant type on the exchange of oil between emulsion droplets

Abstract The goal of the research was to determine the effects of homogenization and surfactant type on the migration of oil between droplets in a mixed oil emulsion. Hexadecane or n-octadecane (20 wt%) was emulsified (d 32 =0.33±0.02 μm ) in 1 or 4 wt% sodium caseinate or Tween 20 solution. The freezing points of the emulsified oils were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and used to track the changing composition of the lipid droplets present. When separately prepared hexadecane and octadecane emulsions were mixed, two separate crystallization events were observed, corresponding to the two populations of oil droplets in the mixed emulsion. As the oils diffused between droplets and mixed, the crystallization temperatures of the two populations approached one another. When freshly mixed emulsions were re-homogenized together, there was an instantaneous exchange of oil between the droplets, which was greater for the Tween-stabilized than for the caseinate-stabilized emulsions. This effect increased with the number of additional passes through the homogenizer valve.
Radiation therapy for surgically proven para-aortic node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma

The impact of para-aortic field radiation therapy upon survival was studied among 26 patients with para-aortic nodal metastases from carcinoma of the endometrium. Seventeen of these 26 patients received postoperative radiation therapy to the para-aortic field as a part of their primary therapy. Sixteen of the 17 also received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Nine of 17 patients (53%) are alive without evidence of disease (18-55 months) with a median survival time of 27 months. Of the remaining eight patients, six (35%) died of endometrial cancer at 6-38 months, with a median survival time of 14.5 months. Five of these patients had distant disease. Two of the 17 patients (12%) died of intestinal obstruction felt to be secondary to radiation enteritis, one of whom was disease free. No difference in survival was detected in patients treated with radiation therapy with microscopic versus macroscopic nodal involvement. Of the nine patients who did not receive para-aortic radiation, eight were treated with hormonal therapy (n = 6) or chemotherapy (n = 2). Seven patients died of disease from 5-28 months, with a median survival time of 13 months. One patient is alive at 12 months. Survival in the 17 patients treated with para-aortic radiation was better than the eight patients not treated with para-aortic radiation (p = 0.004). This survival difference remained significant for patients with microscopic but not macroscopic nodal disease. Para-aortic field radiation appears to improve survival, but has a significant complication rate, and should be reserved for patients with histologic evidence of para-aortic metastases.
Athermal mounting of optics in metallic housings

This paper illustrates an athermal mounting for a Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) optic in an AlBeMet housing for use at cryogenic temperatures. The GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) instrument beamsplitter utilizes this design and the difficulty is the significant delta in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the housing and the optic. The high discrepancy in CTE is exacerbated by a large thermal range from an ambient assembly to cryogenic operational temperature. The assembly utilizes CTE matched clips bonded to the optic using a well controlled bondline. The clips are attached to an optimized spacer of a high CTE material that is used to reduce the CTE mismatch. The spacers are coupled to a four flexure design that is symmetric in both axes. The net effect reduces the apparent CTE between the optic and the housing in a space constrained mounting. The flexures allow the final small amount of expansion room that the assembly requires as it goes over a large temperature swing. This design was qualified through extensive thermal cycling and vibration testing, and exhibited performance acceptable for production.
SU-C-137-01: Out-Of-Field Fetal Dose Measurement From a Head-And-Neck Treatment with VMAT: An Anthropomorphic Phantom Study

Purpose: The irradiation of pregnant patients is an uncommon occurrence but if discovered requires accurate fetal dose estimates. For this purpose, we measured the out-of-field dose to the fetal region from the primary dose given to a head-and-neck tumor(s) irradiated with a volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique. Methods: A VMAT-RapidArc plan was generated in ECLIPSE for a head-and-neck case extrapolated to an anthropomorphic phantom. The clinical plan, including target and OAR contours was co-registered to the phantom CT study. The phantom received a total dose of 60 Gy in 2 Gy/fx using a 6 MV photon beam from a Varian Trilogy irradiated using two 358o axial arcs. 108 TLDs and 6 Gafchromic films were mounted outside and inside the phantom to measure the out-of-field surface and internal scatter dose. Films were mounted axially in the phantom so that ∼60% of the area provided internal scatter and ∼40% leakage dose data. Results: At 9 cm inferior to the primary treatment site, the leakage dose (∼150 cGy) was about two times higher than internal scattering (∼80 cGy). At 30 cm, the leakage (∼40 cGy) was 2–3 times higher than the internal scatter dose (∼15cGy). The highest dose measured by TLDs at 25 cm away from the target was 20 cGy (0.3 % of total). Although, the data showed higher dose contribution from leakage than internal scattering, the combined amount was small with respect to the primary dose. The estimated fetal dose from these measurements amounted to 0.1–0.3 cGy (at 45–60 cm from the target) which could be slightly higher compared to the established NCRP #91 recommendation (0.5 mSv). Conclusion: Fetal dose measurements at different stages of pregnancy using a VMAT-RapidArc technique are underway. This data should provide updated and comprehensive information to complement TG-36.
Diversity of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus promoters isolated from goat milk and passaged in vitro.

Abstract Transcriptional regulation in retroviruses resides in the U3 region of the proviral long terminal repeat (LTR). Transcription binding sites (TBS) in the U3 region of proviral sequences derived from the milk of 17 goats infected with caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus (CAEV) were analysed by nested PCR and sequencing. U3 sequences shared a high degree of homology (86–99%) and were closely related to isolates previously ascribed to small ruminant lentivirus subtype B1. Multiple putative AP-1, AP-4, Ets-1, Stat-1 and TATA binding protein (TBP) sites were highly conserved (>85% of isolates), as were single AML(vis), GAS, IRF-1, NFAT and TAS sites. A 10 nucleotide insertion of undetermined relevance was identified in the U3 region of two isolates. To study the stability of TBS within the CAEV U3 region through in vitro passage, milk-derived isolates of CAEV from three infected dams were cultured in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells; in one isolate the viral U3 region was completely stable during in vitro passage, in a second isolate the viral U3 region accumulated multiple deletions, single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions, while a third isolate had an intermediate degree of promoter stability. Promoter mutations arising during in vitro passage did not affect most of the conserved putative TBS identified in CAEV.
Fluoxetine and sertraline dosages in major depression

In a retrospective study, we sought to determine medication dosages usually prescribed to obtain euthymia in 59 outpatients with a diagnosis of major depression treated with fluoxetine or sertraline. Charts of veterans admitted to the outpatient mental health clinic at the West Los Angeles Veterans Hospital with a diagnosis of major depression and treated with either fluoxetine or sertraline were reviewed. Progress notes were analyzed for a 6-month time period after the initiation of the medication treatment, and improvement was rated by a physician blind to the drug used for treatment. No significant differences were found in overall response rates between the fluoxetine (81% responders) and sertraline (76% responders) groups. Eighty-one percent of the fluoxetine responders compared to 32% of sertraline responders were at the manufacturer's recommended starting dose (MRSD) at the time of clinical response. One-third of patients receiving sertraline were started on or rapidly titrated to more than 50 mg/day. When only those patients receiving an adequate trial of sertraline at 50 mg were considered, 47% required a dose increase to achieve a remission. These data suggest that 50 mg of sertraline may be inadequate for some patients to achieve a resolution of symptoms of major depression and that many clinicians currently prescribe in a manner suggesting that they believe the MRSD is a suboptimal dosage.
Effect of near-infrared lasers on myofibroblast differentiation and contraction

The ability to modulate the myofibroblast phenotype will have important implications in wound healing, aging and cancer development. Our objective was to determine whether irradiation using a 980-nm laser affects the presence of myofibroblasts and cellular contractility using an attached collagen lattice model. Fibroblasts in type I collagen lattices were allowed to generate tension for 5 days in the presence or absence of laser light stimulation on day 4. Immunostaining was used to determine the total number of cells in a representative image and percentage of myofibroblasts in the same image; tension generation was determined by releasing tension and measuring diameter change over time. One treatment demonstrated a slight lattice contraction increase over control, correlated with increased cell number. Myofibroblast percentage was low and was not correlated with lattice contraction. More experiments are necessary due to limited sample size and lack of large deviations from the control.
Effectiveness of Different Tutorial Recitation Teaching Methods and Its Implications for TA Training.

We present results from a comparative study of student understanding for students who attended recitation classes that used different teaching methods. Student volunteers from our introductory calculus-based physics course attended a special recitation class that was taught using one of four different teaching methods. A total of 272 students were divided into approximately equal groups for each method. Students in each class were taught the same topic, ``Changes in Energy and Momentum,'' from Tutorials in Introductory Physics. The different teaching methods varied in the amount of student and teacher engagement. Student understanding was evaluated through pre- and post-tests. Our results demonstrate the importance of the instructor's role in teaching recitation classes. The most effective teaching method was for students working in cooperative learning groups with the instructors questioning the groups using Socratic dialogue. In addition, we investigated student preferences for modes of instruction through an open-ended survey. Our results provide guidance and evidence for the teaching methods that should be emphasized in training course instructors.
Efficient waveform synthesis by harmonic components

Various techniques for achieving waveform synthesis are presented, with particular attention directed toward acoustic waves. The numerical method of conjugate gradient direction is proposed as an efficient tool for extracting the modal properties of an “ideal violin” as it undergoes a sweep-type excitation. The feasibility of the method is first established by demonstrating its effectiveness in synthesizing various waveforms and comparing it to other existing methodologies. In the ensuing analysis, the “ideal violin” is assumed to be an input–output system that can be effectively modeled as a set of independent linear second-order systems. Characteristics of the instrument are then extracted from its response to the forcing functions.
Hall‐effect depletion corrections in ion‐implanted samples: Si29 in GaAs

The sheet free‐carrier concentration in a thin, conducting layer on an insulating substrate is lower than the net, sheet‐dopant concentration because of free‐carrier depletion in the surface and interface regions. Here we develop an algorithm to give the true, net sheet‐donor concentration from the measured sheet‐Hall concentration under the assumption of a Gaussian donor profile, which is usually sufficiently accurate for ion‐implanted samples. Correction curves are generated for Si29 ions implanted into GaAs at energies of 60, 100, 130, 150, and 200 keV, and at doses of 1×1011–2×1014 ions/cm2. Also, the Hall mobilities and r factors are calculated at various carrier concentrations for NA/ND=0 and NA/ND=0.5.
Should uncomplicated seizures be treated? Point—counterpoint

We have been asked to discuss the two sides of 3 question, “Should uncomplicated seizures be ated?” In articulating these two sides each of us metimes postures, sometimes exaggerates, and, at les, is pushed to extremes. But most of the time : try to play the roles of those two spokesmen sitg on your two shoulders, whispering as you try help the patient and the family make their decin-i. Before we begin a discussion about treating-or It treating-seizures, let’s begin with some basic finitions concerning seizures and epilepsy. A seizure is defined as a sudden alteration in ator, sensory, or cognitive function caused by an 3ctrical disturbance in the brain. A classification seizures is shown in Table 1. The different types seizures depend on where in the brain the
CO2+: a difficult molecule for electron correlation

Abstract Although unrestricted, Hartree–Fock calculations correctly predict a D ∞h equilibrium geometry for CO 2 + , inclusion of electron correlation by methods limited to double substitutions result in the incorrect prediction of a C ∞v equilibrium geometry. Additional electron correlation recovers the correct equilibrium geometry. This unusual pattern of first having, and then losing, and then regaining symmetry with increasing electron correlation is rationalized in terms balancing the contribution of a valence bond configuration having two C–O double bonds which favors a D ∞h structure and one having a single and a triple C–O bond which favors a C ∞v structure.
Natural Numbers and Natural Cardinals as Abstract Objects: A Partial Reconstruction of Frege"s Grundgesetze in Object Theory

In this paper, the author derives the Dedekind–Peano axioms for number theory from a consistent and general metaphysical theory of abstract objects. The derivation makes no appeal to primitive mathematical notions, implicit definitions, or a principle of infinity. The theorems proved constitute an important subset of the numbered propositions found in Frege"s Grundgesetze. The proofs of the theorems reconstruct Frege"s derivations, with the exception of the claim that every number has a successor, which is derived from a modal axiom that (philosophical) logicians implicitly accept. In the final section of the paper, there is a brief philosophical discussion of how the present theory relates to the work of other philosophers attempting to reconstruct Frege"s conception of numbers and logical objects.
Improved outcomes after aortic valve surgery for chronic aortic regurgitation with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

Objectives Among patients undergoing aortic valve surgery for chronic aortic regurgitation (AR), we sought to: 1) compare survival among those with and without severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD); 2) identify risk factors for death, including LVD and date of operation; and 3) estimate contemporary risk for cardiomyopathic patients. Background Patients with chronic AR and severe LVD have been considered high risk for aortic valve surgery, with limited prognosis. Transplantation is considered for some. Methods From 1972 to 1999, 724 patients underwent surgery for chronic AR; 88 (12%) had severe LVD. They were propensity matched to patients with nonsevere LVD to compare hospital mortality, interaction of operative date with severity of LVD, and late survival. Propensity score-adjusted multivariable analysis was performed for all 724 patients to identify risk factors for death. Results Survival was lower (p = 0.04) among patients with severe LVD than among matched patients with nonsevere LVD (30-day, 1-, 5-, and 25-year survival estimates were 91% vs. 96%, 81% vs. 92%, 68% vs. 81%, and 5% vs. 12%, respectively). However, survival of patients with severe LVD improved dramatically across the study time frame (p = 0.0004): hospital mortality decreased from 50% in 1975 to 0% after 1985, and time-related survival in patients with severe LVD operated on since 1985 became equivalent to that of matched patients with nonsevere LVD (p = 0.96). Conclusions Neutralizing risk of severe LVD has improved early and late survival such that aortic valve surgery for chronic AR and cardiomyopathy is no longer a high-risk procedure for which transplantation is the best option.
Modeling tendon morphogenesis in vivo based on cell density signaling in cell culture

A mathematical model of tendon morphogenesis is presented that is consistent with the dramatic transitions seen in this tissue as it progresses from rapid growth early in development to no growth in the adult. To accomplish this change, the embryonic chick tendon is hypercellular with each cell dedicating half of its protein production to procollagen but over time, as growth subsides, the tissue gradually becomes hypocellular with each cell producing only about 1% procollagen. Making this transition from the embryonic to the adult state, forming a roughly cylindrical tissue composed of approximately 90% collagen, and linking the correct muscle to the right bone, is a complex task. The proposed solution requires only two factors: an activator of growth and an inhibitor complex, composed of the activator and another molecule that modifies the activity of the activator. From a diverse set of cell culture observations, these two factors were deduced as the primary components of the mechanism that allows cells to signal their presence to their neighbors. Since cell density signaling is the principal regulator of both collagen synthesis and cell proliferation, its components should play the key role in tendon development. A mathematical model based on the changes in the concentrations of these factors with cell density correlates well with the transitions observed in vivo. Furthermore, the model predicts that in the maturing chicken there should be a high cell density region at the muscle tendon interface. Experimental observations of frozen sections of tendon from a 4 month old chicken confirm this prediction.
Faceted dislocation surface pits

Surface pits are commonly formed where threading dislocations emerge from a thin film. Observations of facetted pits are common in complex materials where the Burgers vector tends to be large. Such materials also commonly exhibit hollow-core dislocations/micropipes. In this presentation, we analyze the shapes of surface pits in anisotropic materials. New analytical results will be presented for the isotropic surface energy case that extends the classical analyses. We show that faceting is dominated by surface energy, while the elastic energy associated with the dislocation largely controls the size of the pits. In cases when the temperature is well below the roughening point, the fully faceted Wulff shape will lead to fully faceted pit shape. Analytical predictions for the pit shape and size are made. Application of this method to interpret observations of dislocation pits in GaN and InGaN/GaN superlattices will be presented.
The publisher and civic activity: Civic activism dilemma

Through use of decision‐making expertise already in place, newspaper publishers already possess elemental tools required for ethical decision‐making relating to extent of participation in civic activities. By also considering added qualitative factors that embrace broad perspective, detachment, and declaration, decisions are more likely to be adequately informed. This article suggests that publishers become active in building business and community leadership models strong enough to allay critics who question ethical motives.