cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Sleep and Arousal in Drosophila

Sleep is a conserved neurobehavioral state observed in animals with sufficiently complex nervous systems and is critical for survival. While the exact function of sleep remains unknown, the lack of sleep can have a range of physiological and behavioral effects. Studies in invertebrates and vertebrates have identified conserved neural mechanisms and cellular pathways in control of sleep, wakefulness and arousal. Methodologies to measure sleep have ranged from EEG recordings in humans and rodents to in-depth analysis of locomotor patterns in flies, fish and worms. Here we focus on sleep measurements using activity monitoring in the highly versatile experimental model system, Drosophila melanogaster, which is amenable to a number of genetic, physiological and behavioral manipulations. Further, we also describe methods used to manipulate sleep and wakefulness to understand the neural regulation of sleep and how organisms balance sleep, wakefulness and behavioral arousal. Sleep as a behavioral state is regulated by a number of factors including food, environmental conditions, and genetic background. The methodologies described here provide, a high-throughput approach to study neural regulation of sleep and factors that affect this complex behavior.
High-throughput amplicon sequencing datasets of the metacommunity DNA of the gut microbiota of naturally occurring and laboratory aquaculture green sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus.

Abstract We present high-throughput amplicon sequence (HTS) datasets of the microbial metacommunity DNA of the gut tissue and the gut digesta of naturally occurring (n = 3) and laboratory aquaculture (n = 2) green sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. The HTS datasets were generated on an Illumina MiSeq by targeting the amplicons of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. After the raw sequences were quality checked and filtered, 88% of the sequence reads were subjected to bioinformatics analyses to generate operation taxonomic units (OTUs), which were then verified for saturation by using rarefaction analysis at a 3% sequence variation. Further, the OTUs were randomly subsampled to the minimum sequence count values. Then, the FASTA-formatted representative sequences of the microbiota were assigned taxonomic identities through multiple databases using the SILVA ACT: Alignment, Classification and Tree Service ( www.arb-silva.de/aligner ). The HTS datasets of this metagenome can be accessed from the BioSample Submission Portal ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/ ) under the BioProject IDs PRJNA291441 and PRJNA326427.
A View from Within: Lessons Learned from Partnering for Continuous Improvement.

BackgroundTraditional methods of implementing educational innovations face a number of critical challenges that have problematized efforts to improve practice, particularly at scale. Recently, cont...
Divergent visions: Intersectional water advocacy in Palestine:

This article draws lessons about environmental justice from a case study in the Jordan River Valley of the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Building on notions of justice as recognition, the artic...
Thermotolerant coral symbionts modulate heat stress-responsive genes in their hosts.

Some corals may become more resistant to bleaching by shuffling their Symbiodiniaceae communities toward thermally tolerant species, and manipulations to boost the abundance of these symbionts in corals may increase resilience in warming oceans. However, the thermotolerant symbiont Durusdinium trenchii may reduce growth and fecundity in Caribbean corals, and these tradeoffs need to be better understood as this symbiont spreads through the region. We sought to understand how D. trenchii modulates coral gene expression by manipulating symbiont communities in Montastraea cavernosa to produce replicate ramets containing D. trenchii together with paired ramets of these same genets (n = 3) containing Cladocopium C3 symbionts. We then examined differences in global gene expression between corals hosting Durusdinium and Cladocopium under control temperatures, and in response to short-term heat stress. We identified numerous transcriptional differences associated with symbiont identity, which explained 2%-14% of the transcriptional variance. Corals with D. trenchii upregulated genes related to translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and downregulated genes related to extracellular structures, and carbohydrate and lipid transport and metabolism, relative to corals with Cladocopium. Unexpectedly, these changes were similar to those observed in Cladocopium-dominated corals in response to heat stress, suggesting that thermotolerant D. trenchii may cause corals to increase expression of heat stress-responsive genes, explaining both the increased heat tolerance and the associated energetic tradeoffs in corals containing D. trenchii. These findings provide insight into the ecological changes occurring on contemporary coral reefs in response to climate change, and the diverse ways in which different symbionts modulate emergent phenotypes of their hosts.
Cascaded pyroelectric conversion: Optimizing the ferroelectric phase transition and electrical losses

The dramatic increase in the pyroelectric coefficient around the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition suggests high potential energy conversion efficiencies, but the reality is more complicated when thermal and electrical losses are considered. The performance of prototype mono-domain lead titanate thin films is simulated around phase transition using a phenomenological modeling approach. Thermodynamic properties are calculated using a modified Landau–Devonshire potential that is a function of temperature, applied electric field, and uniaxial tensile stress for bulk films. Significant performance enhancement near the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition is observed. However, increases in both the specific heat and the dielectric constant reduced the anticipated improvement. Critically, electrical losses during charging and discharging processes within the energy conversion cycle are included and calculated using the dielectric dissipation factor. Cascaded pyroelectric conversion cycles are considered where heat for each subsequent stage is provided by the previous stage, allowing for the segmentation of large temperature changes into multiple cycles. The implementation of a multi-stage or cascade approach could greatly increase the cycle efficiency over a large temperature range while utilizing lower, more realistic, electric field strengths. We show how each stage could be optimized through a secondary multi-caloric effect where the ferroelectric–paraelectric transition temperature is shifted using an applied biaxial stress. Loss tangents as low as 5% are shown to negate the benefits of cascading for high number of stages (n > 10). Using a stress-tuned optimum phase transition temperature for cascade stages provides roughly a 100% increase in thermal efficiency vs the unoptimized material for low electric field cycles.
Resting-state functional connectivity and amyloid burden influence longitudinal cortical thinning in the default mode network in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Proteinopathies are key elements in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with the nature and location of the proteinopathy characterizing much of the disease phenotype. Susceptibility of brain regions to pathology may partly be determined by intrinsic network structure and connectivity. It remains unknown, however, how these networks inform the disease cascade in the context of AD biomarkers, such as beta-amyloid (Aβ), in clinically-normal older adults. The default-mode network (DMN), a prominent intrinsic network, is heavily implicated in AD due to its spatial overlap with AD atrophy patterns and tau deposition. We investigated the influence of baseline Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) signal and intrinsic DMN connectivity on DMN-specific cortical thinning in 120 clinically-normal older adults from the Harvard Aging Brain Study (73 ± 6 years, 58% Female, CDR = 0). Participants underwent 11C Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) PET, 18F flortaucipir (FTP) PET, and resting-state MRI scans at baseline and longitudinal MRI (3.6 ± 0.96 scans; 5.04 ± 0.8 years). Linear mixed models tested relationships between baseline PiB and DMN connectivity on cortical thinning in a composite of DMN regions. Lower DMN connectivity was associated with faster cortical thinning, but only in those with elevated baseline PiB-PET signal. This relationship was network specific, in that the frontoparietal control network did not account for the observed association. Additionally, the relationship was independent of inferior temporal lobe FTP-PET signal. Our findings provide evidence that compromised DMN connectivity, in the context of preclinical AD, foreshadows neurodegeneration in DMN regions.
Transport and Interfacial Properties of Mixed Molten Carbonate/Hydroxide Electrolytes by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We use molecular dynamics simulations based on a recently developed force field to obtain the viscosity, ionic conductivity, and liquid–vapor surface tension of molten alkali-metal carbonate–hydrox...
Recommended Papers of 2020 From the TMR Editorial Board.

Abstract Worldwide readers of Transfusion Medicine Reviews are welcome to take note of the 15 publications in the field of transfusion medicine that are summarized herein. The papers were selected by the Editorial Board of the journal as being significant works published in the year 2020. They cover a broad range of topics in the field including the use of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 infection, antifibrinolytic therapy in adults with major gastrointestinal bleeding, neonatal and pediatric transfusion practice, immune thrombocytopenia, and the use of TEG/ROTEM versus conventional coagulation testing in patients with trauma. Despite the terrible medical challenges of 2020, these papers demonstrate that the year witnessed substantial advances in our understanding of improved transfusion care.
pH empowered: community participation in culturally responsive computing education

Culturally responsive computing (CRC) frames the localized knowledges and practices of Black, Brown, and Indigenous communities as assets for working toward racial justice in science, technology, e...
Shortage of experienced vets

Sean Wensley, the BVA President, comments: I thank Kirsty Turrell or flagging up this very important issue and I want to assure her that it is one of our priority issues. As we outlined in the BVA News article, one of our 10 policy priorities for the year is ‘Veterinary workforce issues and career support’, and recruitment issues are included in that priority. In the interests …
The Libyan novel: humans, animals and the poetics of vulnerability: by Charis Olszok, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2020, 320 pp., $100 (Hardback), ISBN 9781474457453

Charis Olszok’s ambitiously titled The Libyan Novel: Humans, Animals and the Poetics of Vulnerablility will undoubtedly serve as a critical starting point for future scholarship on the Libyan novel...
A 28 GHz Optically Synchronized CMOS Phased Array with an Integrated Photodetector

This paper presents a modular 28 GHz phased array. Each of its $\mathrm{2}\times \mathrm{4}$ -modules is driven by a CMOS RFIC, whose RF output is optically synchronized using a fully integrated silicon photodiode. The photocurrent is amplified using a tuned injection-locked TIA to serve as the reference for an on-chip synthesizer, which generates and distributes the RF signal to the PAs that drive the antennas. We demonstrate beam steering, data transmission, and synchronization of array modules up to 25m away from the clock source.
Do Households Increase Their Savings When the Kids Leave Home

Much of the disagreement over whether households are adequately prepared for retirement reflects differences in assumptions regarding the extent to which consumption declines when the kids leave home. If consumption declines substantially when the kids leave home, as some life-cycle models of retirement saving assume, households need to achieve lower replacement rates in retirement and need to accumulate less wealth. Using administrative tax data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), as well as the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), this article investigates whether household consumption declines when kids leave the home and, if so, by how much. Because consumption data are noisy and savings is the flip side of consumption, this article examines whether savings in 401(k) plans increase when the kids leave home. The article also investigates alternative methods of saving, including non-401(k) savings and increased mortgage payments. TOPICS:Wealth management, retirement Key Findings • Households increase contributions to 401(k) plans by 0.3–0.7 percentage points when the kids leave home. The finding is significant across datasets and for alternative definitions of the kids leaving home. • The increase in 401(k) contributions, however, is only a fraction of that predicted by life-cycle models that assume consumption declines substantially when the kids leave. • This fact means that many households may not be able to maintain their preretirement standard of living.
Self-efficacy of teacher education students: A study based on Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

12 Introduction 13 Theoretical Model and Interpretations 13 Overview of the Theory 13 Definitions and Interpretations 15 Research Methods 20 Instrument Development 20 Scales 21 Conclusions and Suggestions 24 Suggestions 25 References 26 CHAPTER 3. CHANGE IN SELF-EFFICACY DURING STUDENT TEACHING Abstract 29 Introduction 30 Theoretical Framework 30 Methods 33 Instrument 33 Subjects 35 Results 36 Discussion 45 References 51
Alterior reflections from Asian philosophies: Levinas and the comparative way

Following the lead by Levinas, this paper suggests that the Western philosophical vision is in need to see itself vis a vis other visions of humanity that recognize different places for humans in the natural world, social world, and in the heavens. Moreover, an exclusive Western vision needs alterity to see itself for what it more truly is. Casting our gaze toward the Asian philosophical traditions, especially the Chinese and Indian traditions, provides the West with this needed reflection. By lifting ideas from the Asian philosophical tradition vis a vis the Western, the West can gain a greater understanding of itself by looking at the other.
The Role of Religion and Ethnicity in an Arab American Economy - Dissertation Executive Summary

This dissertation examines the role of ethnic and religious identities in the formation of entrepreneurial networks and is based on over 100 interviews with Iraqi, Lebanese, and Palestinian entrepreneurs of Christian and Muslim faiths. The literature on ethnic groups emphasizes the importance of ethnic unity in the success of ethnic-owned firms. Entrepreneurs in this study developed ties with those who shared their ethnic and religious groups, but explained that shared religious communities provided benefits in business that were different from those provided by ethnic unity. This finding suggests future studies should further focus on the role of religion in entrepreneurship.
Collections, selection, access: Where next?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review current strategies in collections, selection and the access libraries provide, to present scenarios that illustrate the roles libraries are beginning to play and to discuss viable strategies for libraries in the future. Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the literature was conducted to identify current strategies in collections and selection, and to explore innovations in access strategies that reveal future directions. Findings – Librarians are redefining collections and selection, implementing new strategies to provide information that is more relevant to today’s needs, focusing more intently on niche collections and experimenting in access strategies to market information and increase use. Practical implications – Libraries’ survival depends on re-thinking the philosophy and approach to collections, selection and access. Social implications – Libraries need this shift in thinking and approach to find their place in the new information w...
A characterization of visual feature recognition

Natural human interfaces are a key to realizing the dream of ubiquitous computing. This implies that embedded systems must be capable of sophisticated perception tasks. This paper analyzes the nature of a visual feature recognition workload. Visual feature recognition is a key component of a number of important applications, e.g. gesture based interfaces, lip tracking to augment speech recognition, smart cameras, automated surveillance systems, robotic vision, etc. Given the power sensitive nature of the embedded space and the natural conflict between low-power and high-performance implementations, a precise understanding of these algorithms is an important step in developing efficient visual feature recognition applications for the embedded space. In particular, this work analyzes the performance characteristics of flesh toning, face detection and face recognition codes based on well known algorithms. We show that the problem can be decomposed into a pipeline of filters which could lead to efficient implementations as stream processors. With better than 92% hit rate for a modest 16KB L1 data cache, the algorithms have memory system behavior commensurate with embedded processors. However, our results indicate that their execution requirements strain the performance available on current embedded systems.
Food Additives and Contaminants

The sections in this article are: 1 Additives 1.1 Food Additives 1.2 Color Additives 1.3 Feed Additives 1.4 Pesticides 2 Contaminants 2.1 Plant Toxins 2.2 Animal Toxins 2.3 Microbial Toxins 2.4 Organic Industrial Chemicals 2.5 Toxic Elements 3 Summary
Unusual Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase of Anoxic Archaea

The predominant pool of organic matter on earth is derived from the biological reduction and assimilation of carbon dioxide gas, catalyzed primarily by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). By virtue of its capacity to use molecular oxygen as an alternative and competing gaseous substrate, the catalytic efficiency of RubisCO and the enzyme’s ability to assimilate CO2 may be severely limited, with consequent environmental and agricultural effects. Recent genomic sequencing projects, however, have identified putative RubisCO genes from anoxic Archaea. In the present study, these potential RubisCO sequences, from Methanococcus jannaschii and Archaeoglobus fulgidus, were analyzed in order to ascertain whether such sequences might encode functional proteins. We also report the isolation and properties of recombinant RubisCO using sequences obtained from the obligately anaerobic hyperthermophilic methanogen M. jannaschii. This is the first description of an archaeal RubisCO sequence; this study also represents the initial characterization of a RubisCO molecule that has evolved in the absence of molecular oxygen. The enzyme was shown to be a homodimer whose deduced sequence, along with other recently obtained archaeal RubisCO sequences, differs substantially from those of known RubisCO molecules. The recombinant M. jannaschii enzyme has a somewhat low, but reasonable kcat, however, unlike previously isolated RubisCO molecules, this enzyme is very oxygen sensitive yet it is stable to hyperthermal temperatures and catalyzes the formation of the expected carboxylation product. Despite inhibition by oxygen, this unusual RubisCO still catalyzes a weak yet demonstrable oxygenase activity, with perhaps the lowest capacity for CO2/O2 discrimination ever encountered for any RubisCO.
A REEXAMINATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION - CRITICAL EVENTS FROM 1912–1940

This study reexamines the accounting profession's response to opportunities and incentives given it during three unique periods in its history to foster reliable accounting, reporting and auditing practices. By profession, we mean the auditors of publicly held companies as represented by the American Institute of Accountants and its predecessor, the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA). We use two models of professionalism, the Functionalist and the Conflict models, to interpret the profession's response to these events. We find that both self interest and the public interest may have motivated many of the actions taken. These motivations are not, however, mutually exclusive and both may be used to interpret the same behavior.
SU-E-T-619: Planning 131I Thyroid Treatments for Patients Requiring Hemodialysis

Purpose: Treatment of 131I thyroid cancer patients who also require regular hemodialysis (HD) treatments requires consideration of the administered activity and the HD schedule. In this work the red bone marrow is considered the dose limiting organ and the treatment plan optimized the HD schedule with the amount of radioactivity administered. Methods: The ‘Safe’ dose was considered to be 2 Gy (200 rad) to the red bone marrow.1 131Iodine doses of 50 mCi to 100 mCi were modeled and found to require a range of HD schedules. In order to achieve the safe dose to the red marrow, more aggressive HD schedules are required. 100 mCi required an aggressive HD treatment of every 24 hours for at least one week to achieve the ‘safe’ dose and an exposure appropriate for release from the hospital. A more normal schedule of HD beginning at 18 hours then every 48 hours allowed for up to 60 mCi administered dose allowed for a safe dose and expected release after less than one week.2In addition room was equipped with video cameras cameras for monitoring the patient and their vital signs from an adjacent room during HD. In this way the dialysis nurses were able to monitor the patient closely from an adjoining room. Results: Two HD patients were administered adjusted doses of about 50 mCi. The medical and nursing staff were exposed to no more than 4 mR for the entire treatment. The residual Iodine in the patient appeared to be normal after 4 to 6 days when the patient was released. Conclusion: With careful treatment planning 131Iodine treatments can be performed safely for patients needing HD and treatments appear to be as effective as those for patients with normal renal function.
Sensory information processing in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis

Visual, auditory and brainstem event-related potentials were obtained from patients with hepatocellular and cholestatic disease and a control group of normal subjects. The results did not reveal systematic neurophysiologic disturbances in persons with well compensated cirrhosis. It is concluded that short-latency event-related potentials are rather insensitive for detecting subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.
The Rule of Law and the Law of Precedents

The relationship between precedent and the rule of law is hotly contested.2 On the one hand, consider the views of the late Justice Lewis Powell. According to Justice Powell, “[E]limination of constitutional stare decisis would represent an explicit endorsement of the idea that the Constitution is nothing more than what five Justices say it is. This would undermine the rule of law.”3 He added that the “inevitability of change touches law as it does every aspect of life. But stability and moderation are uniquely important to the law.”4 Powell concluded that “restraint in decisionmaking and respect for decisions once made are the keys to preservation of an independent judiciary and public respect for the judiciary’s role as a guardian of rights.”5 On the other hand, stare decisis has also been portrayed as a betrayal of the judge’s duty to follow the law and thus of the rule of law itself. Here, consider the view of a current Justice,
Inhibitory GABAergic control of visual signals at the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Publisher Summary The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is organized to set the stage for the cortex in many ways, including retinotopic organization, laminar segregation, and the relative representation of parallel afferent pathways. Another important function that occurs at the LGN is the control of the flow of visual information to the cortex. The recognition that the gamma-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) inhibitory pathways can control the transfer ratio at the LGN provides a relatively simple explanation of a number of diverse changes that occur in the LGN and other thalamic relay structures. The control of the transfer ratio not only explains the way changes in signal detectability and contrast sensitivity may occur but also helps to explain the creation of a strengthened inhibitory surround at the LGN. Because the GABAergic circuitry at the LGN may itself be globally or focally controlled, it can serve as an early stage in the neural mechanisms that underlie attention.
Augmented Standardized Patients Now Virtually a Reality

Standardized patients (SPs), individuals who realistically portray patients, are widely used in medical education to teach and assess communication skills, eliciting a history, performing a physical exam, and other important clinical skills. One limitation is that each SP can only portray a limited set of physical symptoms. Finding SPs with the abnormalities students need to encounter is typically not feasible. This project augments the SP by permitting the learner to hear abnormal heart and lung sounds in a normal SP.
Optical and magneto-optical properties and electronic structures of single-crystalline RAl2 (R=Y, La, Ce, Pr, and Lu)

The diagonal optical conductivity spectra of single crystals of $R{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ $(R=\mathrm{Y},$ La, Ce, Pr, and Lu) were measured at room temperature by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the $1.5--5.6\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{eV}$ range. All the compounds exhibit two strong interband absorption peaks at about 1.8 and 3.6 eV for ${\mathrm{YAl}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{LuAl}}_{2},$ and at about 2.0 and 3.0 eV for ${\mathrm{LaAl}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{PrAl}}_{2}.$ Such differences in the second peak position appear in the theoretical optical conductivity spectra calculated from their band structures obtained by the tight-binding linear-muffin-tin-orbitals method. Most of the contributions to the two peaks in ${\mathrm{LaAl}}_{2}$ are from the p and d states, i.e., $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}d$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{d}p$ transitions, while those involving f states are negligible. These results suggest that f character near ${E}_{F}$ for ${\mathrm{LaAl}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{PrAl}}_{2}$ distorts their conduction bands significantly through hybridization, leading to different optical spectra compared to those of ${\mathrm{YAl}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{LuAl}}_{2}.$ The magneto-optical properties of ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{PrAl}}_{2}$ were measured at low temperatures. The Kerr rotation $({\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{K})$ and ellipticity $({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{K})$ for both compounds show similar spectral variations with maximum ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{K}$ of $0.35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $0.55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at about 2.1 eV for ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{PrAl}}_{2},$ respectively. The evaluated off-diagonal conductivity spectra of the two compounds are also similar, with two structures at about 2.1 and 3.8 eV for ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2}$ and 2.1 and 3.4 eV for ${\mathrm{PrAl}}_{2}.$ The energy difference in the second structures is interpreted as due to the different conduction-band structures of the two compounds caused by different hybridization strengths of their f states with conduction bands, because of the difference in their degree of localization.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and hospice care [Issues in Ethics]

Discusses the issues that arise with patients who have implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and are under end-of-life care.
Bereavement: Addressing Challenges Faced by Advanced Cancer Patients, Their Caregivers, and Their Physicians

Physicians who work with advanced cancer patients need to be aware of the process of grief and bereavement not only in terms of how it may impact the patient and family, but in how it can affect their own emotions and behavior. There are a number of simple things that physicians can do to normalize and promote adaptive grieving in advanced cancer patients and their families. Patients facing the end of life face enormous physical and existential challenges. Yet from this challenge there is the potential for enormous growth and a "good death" for the patient as well as an opportunity for the family to strengthen their relationship with the patient and find positive meaning in their caretaking activities. In addition to caring for the patient and family, physicians must be attentive to their own needs, which include acknowledging feelings of grief and loss and pursuing healthy venues that promote adaptive coping and decrease the risk of detachment and burnout. Despite the physical, emotional and spiritual demands of working with end-of-life patients and their families, being open and willing to face these challenges can lead to positive growth and increased meaning for all involved.
Authority-Based Explanation

The picture painted by J. Couzin in her article (“The great estrogen conundrum,” News Focus, 14 Nov., p. [1136][1]) of nonplussed scientists consoling each other after the failure of basic research to correctly predict the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular health
Human brain infarction: proton MR spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging studies were performed of the distributions of the major hydrogen-1 metabolites of choline, creatine, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and lactate in normal (n = 6) and subacutely to chronically infarcted (n = 10) human brain. The two dimensions of phase encoding were applied over a 20-mm-thick section of brain tissue that had been selected with a double spin-echo localization method. Normal brain showed bilaterally symmetric metabolite distributions and no detectable lactate. Nine of 10 studies of brain infarction showed substantial decreases in NAA, creatine, and choline in the infarcted area compared with control areas; averaged for all studies, the decreases were 77% +/- 8, 63% +/- 11, and 54% +/- 12, respectively (mean +/- standard error). The decreased metabolite concentrations are probably due primarily to diminished cell density in the infarct. The decrease in NAA was larger than the decreases in choline and creatine. Findings in all of ...
Availability and Metabolism of Various Substrates in Ruminants. III. The Effect of Propionate on Acetate Oxidation in Vivo

Summary An aqueous solution of the sodium salts of acetic acid and acetic acid—1-C 14 were infused with and without sodium propionate into the jugular vein of a mature dairy steer for periods of 7 hr. The expired gases were metered, sampled, and analyzed for CO 2 content and its radioactivity determined. From the specific activity of the expired CO 2 and the total CO 2 output, the amount of the infused acetate oxidized was determined. It was shown that propionate fails to inhibit acetate oxidation as drastically as has been observed in vitro. The infusion of propionate with acetate caused a 23.5% reduction in the total volume of CO 2 expired as compared to the infusion of acetate alone. Although the rate of acetate oxidation was slightly depressed and the CO 2 output markedly reduced by propionate, the percentage of the expired CO 2 derived from infused acetate was the same for acetate and acetate plus propionate (21.38 and 21.65%, respectively).
Multiple endotherm melting behavior in relation to the morphology of poly[3,3‐ bis(ethoxymethyl) oxetane]

Two crystalline melting peaks have been observed by differential scanning calorimetry for low molecular weight poly[3,3-bis(ethoxymethyl) oxetane] (polyBEMO) samples, Mn < 1 × 104 g/mol, whereas only one melting peak has been observed for samples of higher molecular weight, Mn < 1 × 104 g/mol. Crystallization of low molecular weight samples at large supercoolings produces the lower melting form while low supercooling or annealing favors the higher melting species. Enthalpy of fusion values obtained by DSC for a multiple melting endotherm sample range from 28 to 39 J/g for crystallization temperatures from 58 to 35°C, respectively. Optical microscopy studies indicate that the lower melting peak corresponds to a spherulitic type morphology and the higher melting peak correlates to a fine grained crystal structure. Wide angle X-ray powder diffraction studies do not detect differences in the crystal structures of samples exhibiting either one or two melting peaks, which suggests that the multiple melting phenomenon is due to differences in morphology rather than the presence of different crystal forms.
Energy equilibrium of cleavage front transmission across a high-angle grain boundary in a free-standing silicon thin film

In this article, the crack growth driving force and the resistance to cleavage cracking associated with crack front transmission across a high-angle grain boundary in a silicon thin film are analyzed, and a closed-form solution of grain boundary toughness is obtained. It is noticed that the fracture resistance of the grain boundary is a function of the film thickness. This size effect is attributed to the nonuniform nature of cleavage front advance.
Toward a Culture of Counselor Wellness

In 1996, the Journal of Humanistic Education and Development published a special issue on counselor impairment. There has been a shift in focus over the intervening years, away from issues of impairment and toward counselor wellness. This article highlights that shift and introduces this special issue on counselor wellness.
Promazine Hyperthermia in Young Albino Mice

The intraperitoneal administration of promazine hydrochloride to albino mice at a dosage level of 1 mg./Kg. of body weight caused hyperthermia in 10-day-old and hypothermia in 38-day-old animals. The removal of the chlorine atom from the structure of chlorpromazine decreased significantly the hyperthermic and hypothermic responses of the phenothiazine in immature and mature mice, respectively. No significant difference due to sex was noted in the activity of the drug at different ages.
The artifactual nature of heparin-induced drug protein-binding alterations.

Our purpose was to determine whether the reported alteration of protein drug binding after heparin administration in man was artifactual as a result of continued in vitro activity of triglyceride lipases. The lipoprotein lipase inhibitors protamine (14 mg/ml) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (10 mg/ml) were added to blood samples from 11 healthy subjects before and 15 min after 1000 USP units of intravenous heparin. Heparin elevated total nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration (P < 0.001) and the free fractions of lidocaine, diazepam, and propranolol (P < 0.001 for all). The presence of the lipase inhibitors diminished the heparin-induced elevation of NEFA (P < 0.001) and free fractions of lidocaine (P < 0.001) and diazepam (P < 0.001), but these values were still greater than control. The inhibitors reduced propranolol binding in control samples and did not diminish the effects of heparin. The change in NEFA concentrations correlated with the free fraction changes of all three ligands (r = 0.739 to 0.849). These data suggest that the heparin-induced protein binding changes are, to a large extent, in vitro artifacts. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 636–643; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.215
Classifying Compliance Gaining Messages: Taxonomic Disorder and Strategic Confusion

This research examines how problems with classification systems limit knowledge claims that can be made about compliance gaining message behavior. Strategies and their operationalizations from 74 compliance gaining message classifcation systems were previously integrated into a 64–category scheme that lists each strategy along with all definitions and examples located in the literature representing that strategy (Kellermann & Cole, 1991). Difficulties encountered during this cross-taxonomy strategy integration motivated an assessment, reported here, of the nature and structure of these different classification systems. The findings of this assessment of compliance gaining strategy taxonomies are threefold. First, current classification systems for compliance gaining messages include strategies that vary in myriad atheoretical ways, producing lists of techniques that are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive. Research findings reflect the structure of chaotic classifcation systems rather than the essence of compliance gaining message behavior. Second, conceptual definitions of the strategies are unclear, nonspecific, nonexclusive, and nondelimiting; these definitions make understanding the nature of the strategies difficult and classfication unreliable. Third, approximately two-thirds of the operationalizations used in the research literature are not valid representatives of the strategies for which they were initially generated. As a result, many “accepted” knowledge claims about compliance gaining message behavior are suspect, misstated, and/or of unknown validity.
Intracardiac Sound as a Diagnostic Adjunct in Subaortic Stenosis

The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of intracardiac sound recordings in patients with subaortic stenosis. Intracardiac pressure and sound were measured in 10 patients with various types of subaortic obstructions using a catheter-tip micromanometer. Seven patients had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), 2 had a subvalvular membrane, and 1 had a subvalvular tunnel. Within the left ventricular cavity, at the site of maximal systolic left ventricular pressure, either there was no systolic murmur, or the murmur was of low intensity. However, within the outflow tract of the left ventricle, distal to the site of intraventricular obstruction, a prominent systolic murmur was detected in all patients. This murmur was of higher intensity than the one measured distal to the aortic valve. In one patient, in whom no subvalvular obstruction was present, but in whom entrapment of the tip of the catheter occurred, no murmur was detected in the left ventricle even though a subvalvular pressure gradient was observed. Therefore it appears that a systolic murmur recorded with maximal intensity in the outflow tract of the left ventricle may be of substantial help in distinguishing between an artifactual intraventricular pressure gradient, and one that results from intraventricular obstruction.
Unique odontogenic tumor with dentinogenesis and features of unicystic plexiform ameloblastoma

A case of an atypical odontogenic tumor with features of unicystic plexiform ameloblastoma and odontoblastic differentiation with deposition of tubular dentin matrix is reported. The significance of dentinogenesis, amelogenesis, and calcification in odontogenic tumors is discussed.
Fractal analysis of a voltage-dependent potassium channel from cultured mouse hippocampal neurons

The kinetics of ion channels have been widely modeled as a Markov process. In these models it is assumed that the channel protein has a small number of discrete conformational states and the kinetic rate constants connecting these states are constant. In the alternative fractal model the spontaneous fluctuations of the channel protein at many different time scales are represented by a kinetic rate constant k = At1-D, where A is the kinetic setpoint and D the fractal dimension. Single-channel currents were recorded at 146 mM external K+ from an inwardly rectifying, 120 pS, K+ selective, voltage-sensitive channel in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. The kinetics of these channels were found to be statistically self-similar at different time scales as predicted by the fractal model. The fractal dimensions were approximately 2 for the closed times and approximately 1 for the open times and did not depend on voltage. For both the open and closed times the logarithm of the kinetic setpoint was found to be proportional to the applied voltage, which indicates that the gating of this channel involves the net inward movement of approximately one negative charge when this channel opens. Thus, the open and closed times and the voltage dependence of the gating of this channel are well described by the fractal model.
Capsule Commentary on Albrecht et al., Hospital Discharge Instructions: Comprehension and Compliance Among Older Adults

Albrecht et al. used data collected from elderly patients at a tertiary care facility and found that patient demographics and discharge diagnoses are associated with noncomprehension of and noncompliance with hospital discharge instructions.1 This is an interesting and important study as the comprehension of and compliance with discharge instructions could reduce ER visits or re-hospitalizations, improve post-discharge health outcomes, and decrease health care expenditures.2 In particular, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission has estimated that $12 billion worth of care is spent needlessly because of potentially avoidable readmission.3 While researchers and medical practitioners have put forth substantial effort to design and implement comprehensive inpatient education and discharge planning to improve comprehension and compliance, they rarely examine patient characteristics associated with noncomprehension and noncompliance.2 This study provides valuable insight into identifying the high-risk target population; using this information as a policy lever could improve the effectiveness of interventions to enhance comprehension and compliance. Their analytic approach warrants discussion. First, the authors examined the association between the outcome variable and explanatory variable in a bivariate analysis and included only significant variables in their regression analysis. This is hard to reconcile because the notion of ceteris paribus—that is, holding all other factors fixed—is the crux of measuring a true relation of interest. Furthermore, given that individual characteristics such as demographics, socioeconomic status, and health status might be correlated, excluding any potentially correlated variables could result in estimation bias.4 Indeed an overly large estimate (e.g., OR = 12.55 for “other” primary discharge diagnosis) casts suspicion on it. It might have been helpful to confirm that their model specification was appropriate had they performed post-estimation tests, such as sensitivity analysis and multiple testing. Second, the compliance was measured at 5 days of discharge. This may not reflect the true nature of noncompliance as it tends to decrease over time and long-term compliance would be more critical in patients’ health outcomes and expenditures.5 Integrating this study’s findings with the effect of medical provider attributes (e.g., primary care vs. surgical care) and physician-patient relationships (e.g., quality of communication) may motivate further study.
SIMULATIONS OF FLOW OVER A FLEXIBLE CABLE: A COMPARISON OF FORCED AND FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION

The paper presents results of direct numerical simulation from an on-going investigation of flow over a flexible cable. In particular, the forced cable vibration is compared with flow-induced cable vibration at Reynolds numbers 100, 200 and 300. The cables are assumed to be infinitely long and periodic, two spanwise wavelength cases were chosen: the "short" cable (L/d = 12.6), and the "long" cable (L/d = 45). The dynamics of the cable, concentrating on lift forces and the power produced by these lift forces were examined. Then the flow structures in the wake of the vibrating cable were examined. A breakdown of a time-periodic cable and wake response going from Re = 100 to Re = 200 was observed. At Re = 100 relatively similar responses were observed comparing the forced vibration case with the flow-induced vibration case, but at Re = 200 differences become larger. Finally, a comparison with the experimental results of forced vibration by Ramberg and Griffin is presented.
The Scope of Responsibility in Kant's Theory of Free Will

Benjamin Vilhauer, William Paterson University of New Jersey Abstract In this paper, I discuss a problem for Kant's strategy of appealing to the agent qua noumenon to undermine the significance of determinism in his theory of free will. I then propose a solution. The problem is as follows: given determinism, how can some agent qua noumenon be 'the cause of the causality' of the appearances of that agent qua phenomenon without being the cause of the entire empirical causal series? This problem has been identified in the literature—Ralph Walker provides what is perhaps the most dramatic presentation of it. But it has never received an adequate solution. In this paper, I argue that Walker’s objection is only decisive if we must understand our responsibility as responsibility for events, but not causal laws. I argue that we need not interpret Kant's theory in this way. I demonstrate that each agent qua noumenon could be responsible for "limited instantiation scope" causal laws which necessitate only the phenomenal actions of that same agent qua phenomenon. Part of this project involves showing that there are relevant constituents of actions which are "rare" enough to instantiate such laws. I demonstrate that, on Kant's view, events in agents’ bodies are not rare enough, but events in agents’ phenomenal souls are.
A parallelizable dynamic fleet management model with random travel times

Abstract In this paper, we present a stochastic model for the dynamic fleet management problem with random travel times. Our approach decomposes the problem into time-staged subproblems by formulating it as a dynamic program and uses approximations of the value function. In order to deal with random travel times, the state variable of our dynamic program includes all individual decisions over a relevant portion of the history. We show how to approximate the value function in a tractable manner under this new high-dimensional state variable. Under our approximation scheme, the subproblem for each time period decomposes with respect to locations, making our model very appealing for large-scale applications. Numerical work shows that the proposed approach provides high-quality solutions and performs significantly better than standard benchmark methods.
HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR

Abstract HB–EGF is a heparin-binding member of the EGF family that was initially identified in the conditioned medium of human macrophages. Soluble mature HB–EGF is proteolytically processed from a larger membrane-anchored precursor and is a potent mitogen and chemotactic factor for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells but not endothelial cells. HB–EGF activates two EGF receptor subtypes, HER1 and HER4 and binds to cell surface HSPG. The transmembrane form of HB–EGF is a juxtacrine growth and adhesion factor and is uniquely the receptor for diphtheria toxin. HB–EGF gene expression is highly regulated, for example by cytokines, growth factors, and transcription factors such as MyoD. HB–EGF has been implicated as a participant in a variety of normal physiological processes such as blastocyst implantation and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as tumor growth, SMC hyperplasia and atherosclerosis.