cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syphilitic frosted branch angiitis with anterior uveitis in a patient with a new HIV diagnosis.

A 37-year-old man, previously well, presented with 2 weeks of conjunctival redness and burning discomfort of the left eye. Roughly 7 days after noticing these initial symptoms, he developed blurry vision of the left eye with fl oaters and the appearance of spider webs. Slit-lamp examination of the left eye (fi gure, A) showed marked conjunctival injection with a fi brinous anterior-chamber reaction and posterior synechiae. Funduscopic examination showed mild vitritis, with the appearance of ground glass retinitis and frosted branch angiitis (fi gure, B). At that time, the patient was diagnosed with HIV infection with an initial CD4+ T-cell count of 405 cells per μl (15%). Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titre was initially negative, but on recheck about a week later was positive with a titre of 1/512. Serum treponemal IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with secondary syphilis, presenting as anterior uveitis and frosted branch angiitis of the retina. His condition improved dramatically with intravenous penicillin treatment. Syphilis in HIV-infected patients has been resurgent in recent years and ocular involvement is not uncommon. Anterior uveitis is seen frequently with secondary syphilis and this patient’s initial non-reactive RPR may have represented a false negative test due to a high titre prozone eff ect. Though much less frequent, retinal vasculitis in the form of frosted branch angiitis has been reported as a manifestation of ocular syphilis. Frosted branch angiitis has also been reported with a variety of other conditions, including herpes simplex, tuberculosis, haematological malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. In the setting of HIV, frosted branch angiitis is most commonly associated with cytomegalovirus infection. In this case, cytomegalovirus involvement was felt to be unlikely due to high CD4+ count, which on recheck was 392 cells per μl.
Materials for the Study of the Economic History of Modern China

Given the present state of the study of Chinese economic history, this survey ought either to be limited to a single paragraph—or else it should comprise a monograph of several hundred pages. Thirty pages of selected titles may leave the reader with a false impression that these are the cream of a very large crop; on the other hand, within this space I can barely adumbrate the thousands of potential sources—printed and in manuscript, ephemeral and lasting—that will eventually have to be digested before the economic history of China will be definitively written.
Capacity, Settlement, and Energy Dissipation of Shallow Footings Subjected to Rocking

The effectiveness of structural fuse mechanisms used to improve the performance of buildings during seismic loading depends on their capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, isolation, and self-centering characteristics. Although rocking shallow footings could also be designed to possess many of these desirable characteristics, current civil engineering practice often avoids nonlinear behavior of soil in design, due to the lack of confidence and knowledge about cyclic rocking. Several centrifuge experiments were conducted to study the rocking behavior of shallow footings, supported by sand and clay soil stratums, during slow lateral cyclic loading and dynamic shaking. The ratio of the footing area to the footing contact area required to support the applied vertical loads (A∕ Ac ) , related to the factor of safety with respect to vertical loading, is correlated with moment capacity, energy dissipation, and permanent settlement measured in centrifuge and 1 g model tests. Results show that a footing with lar...
Topological quantum field theory

A twisted version of four dimensional supersymmetric gauge theory is formulated. The model, which refines a nonrelativistic treatment by Atiyah, appears to underlie many recent developments in topology of low dimensional manifolds; the Donaldson polynomial invariants of four manifolds and the Floer groups of three manifolds appear naturally. The model may also be interesting from a physical viewpoint; it is in a sense a generally covariant quantum field theory, albeit one in which general covariance is unbroken, there are no gravitons, and the only excitations are topological.
Antidepressant-Like Effect of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Previous studies have shown that infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into the midbrain, near the PAG and dorsal/median raphe nuclei, produced analgesia and increased activity in monoaminergic systems. Alterations in monoaminergic activity have also been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. The present studies examined the ability of centrally administered BDNF to produce antidepressant-like activity in two animal models of depression, learned helplessness following exposure to inescapable shock and the forced swim test. In the learned helplessness paradigm, vehicle-infused rats pre-exposed to inescapable shock (veh/shock) showed severe impairments in escape behavior during subsequent conditioned avoidance trials, including a 47% decrease in the number of escapes and a 5 fold increase in escape latency, as compared to vehicle-infused rats which received no pre-shock treatment (veh/no shock). Midbrain BDNF infusion (12–24 μg/day) reversed these deficits, and in fact, BDNF-infused rats pre-exposed to inescapable shock (BDNF/shock) showed escape latencies similar to veh/no shock and BDNF/no shock rats. In the forced swim test, BDNF infusion decreased the immobility time by 70% as compared to vehicle-infused controls. Non-specific increases in activity could not account for these effects since general locomotor activity of BDNF- and vehicle-infused animals was not different. These findings demonstrate an antidepressant-like property of BDNF in two animal models of depression, which may be mediated by increased activity in monoaminergic systems.
Opportunistic relay placement in mobile multihop wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we study the effects of opportunistic relay placement on the performance of multihop ad hoc networks. It has been previously shown that multihop mesh networks can aid in enhanced network performance by optimally utilizing power and bandwidth resources. We propose a placement scheme to introduce relay nodes in the network at critical locations that can significantly improve the throughput and link connectivity of the network. The placement algorithm uses a linear program formulation and takes into consideration the data rate and power availability of the surrounding nodes, network density, etc. However, these improvements can come at the cost of a few additional nodes and higher energy expenditure. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that placing minimal additional relay nodes can be worthwhile in improving the performance in a multihop network.
Properties of hyperthyroid rat myocardium.

Electric and mechanical properties of right and left ventricular muscle of hyperthyroid rats have been studied in vitro. Excitability was not modified but refractory period was lengthened in left ventricular muscle. Developed tension was significantly reduced in both ventricles, the greater reduction being on the right. The results suggest direct and disproportionate effects of thyroid hormone on right and left ventricular myocardium.
Packaging as Brand Communication: Effects of Product Pictures on Consumer Responses to the Package and Brand

This paper examines the impact of product imagery (on packages) on consumers’ beliefs about the brand and their evaluations of both the brand and package. An empirical study using food products dem...
Onset of nondiffusive phonon transport in transient thermal grating decay

The relaxation of a spatially sinusoidal temperature perturbation in a dielectric crystal at a temperature comparable to or higher than the Debye temperature is investigated theoretically. We assume that most phonons contributing to the specific heat have a mean free path (MFP) much shorter than the thermal transport distance and can be described by the thermal diffusion model. Low-frequency phonons that may have MFP comparable to or longer than the grating period are described by the Boltzmann transport equation. These low-frequency phonons are assumed to interact with the thermal reservoir of high-frequency phonons but not with each other. Within the single mode relaxation time approximation, an analytical expression for the thermal grating relaxation rate is obtained. We show that the contribution of ``ballistic'' phonons with long MFP to the effective thermal conductivity governing the grating decay is suppressed compared to their contribution to thermal transport at long distances. The reduction in the effective thermal conductivity in Si at room temperature is found to be significant at grating periods as large as 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m.
Generation and Application of Squeezed States of Light

Squeezed states of light have recently been generated in several laboratories by a variety of techniques [1]. As the name implies, squeezed states are states for which the variance in one of two quadrature phase amplitudes is reduced (squeezed) below the level associated with the zero-point or vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field [2]. Because of an uncertainty relation constraining the product of variances, this reduction is necessarily accompanied by an increase in fluctuations above the vacuum level for the orthogonal quadrature-phase amplitude. Squeezed states are of great intrinsic interest from the perspective of quantum optics because of the nonclassical nature of the radiation field in these states. There is as well a growing interest in the potential that squeezed states offer for improvements in the precision of optical measurements and for fundamental spectroscopic investigations. In this brief contribution we review the research program at the University of Texas at Austin relating to the generation and application of squeezed states.
Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy: Large Field-of-View and High Resolution Microscopy Imaging

Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy enables a microscope to push past its physical limitations to provide gigapixel imaging capability and outperform the best available microscope. It is a novel computational approach for high-throughput microscopy imaging.
Design optimization of continuously and discretely graded foam materials for efficient energy absorption

Abstract Design optimization is proposed for graded foams by investigating the effect of density gradation on the load bearing and energy absorption characteristics. Stress-strain curves obtained experimentally for polyurethane foams with five different nominal densities are first used to generate a data set containing the deformation response of foams over a wide range of densities. Using this data set as the input, an analytical approach is employed to study the local and global constitutive response and energy absorption of continuously graded and discretely layered foams. Results obtained for the discretely layered structures are experimentally verified by conducting uniaxial compression on layered foam structures fabricated in-house. Results indicate that for layered structures, the convex gradation functions yield in an improved energy absorption and load-bearing performance, as well as lower overall structural weight, compared with monolithic foams. The analysis has been extended to study continuously graded foams in order to determine the optimal gradation functions which promote improved strength as well as superior energy absorption, compared with the single phase foam of the same structural weight.
Boyz in the 'Burbs: Parental Negotiation of Race and Class in Raising Black Males in Suburbia.

This paper explores the outlooks of black parents raising sons in a suburban school setting in a town that I call Rolling Acres. Dominant narratives about black males center on urban environments where hazards of violence, failing schools, and socially disorganized neighborhoods are prevalent. However, black parents in suburban settings are not immune to racial hazards when raising black boys. This article engages two domains of distinct concern for the parents of black boys: academics and social life. Through a series of in-depth interviews and participant observations with 18 families in a suburban context, I argue parents of black boys, though sometimes divided along gender lines, were concerned with a host of race-related challenges such as social promotion, special education classification, dating preferences, the stereotyping of black boys, and the strain between being cool and academically successful. These concerns demonstrate the importance of understanding how black families, and boys in particu...
Effects of prepartum protein restriction in the beef cow on immunoglobin content in blood and colostral whey and subsequent immunoglobin absorption by the neonatal calf.

Protein intake of first-calf beef heifers was restricted during the last 100 days of gestation, and the effects on passive transfer of colostral immunoglobins from the cow to the neonatal calf were examined. There were no significant correlations between concentration of immunoglobins (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2) in the sera or colostrum of the cow and prenatal crude protein consumption (.52 to .98 kg crude protein/day). Absorption of certain colostral immunoglobins (IgG1, and IgG2) by the calf were positively correlated (P less than .01) at 12, 18, 24 and 36 hr after birth to the maternal crude protein consumption. Colostrum was collected from the first milkings of pluriparous dairy cows, and then freeze-dried, mixed and reconstituted to be equivalent to 1 liter of colostrum. Mean IgG1 concentrations for the high and low protein groups were 6.02 +/- .90 and .78 +/- .15 mg . ml-1 (P less than .01), respectively. No relationship (P greater than .05) was found between the concentration of IgM in calf sera and daily crude protein intake of the dam. These data indicate that there was a selective decrease in absorption of IgG1 and IgG2 in calves from heifers fed low protein prenatal diets.
On the Validity of Two-Body Potentials in Metals

The use of wave functions of the Bloch type for metals leads to a crystal energy in which the contribution of the valence electrons depends explicitly on the crystal volume.1,2 Except for the contribution of the core-core interactions, the atomic positions do not occur explicitly in the crystal energy, although they enter as parameters defining the crystal potential. The reason for this is that the Bloch functions are extended throughout the crystal and are not preferentially associated with any particular atom. On this basis, therefore, the crystal energy of a metal cannot be expressed as a sum of interatomic potentials.
THE OCCUPATIONAL USE OF HILL SPACE IN THE TUCSON BASIN: EVIDENCE FROM LINDA VISTA HILL

ABSTRACTRecent investigations at the Tucson Basin “trincheras” site of Linda Vista Hill, located adjacent to the large floodplain village site of Los Morteros (AZ AA: 12:57 ASM), have revealed that a substantial number of the rock features there may represent the foundations of habitation structures. Evidence is presented that more than 80 of the Linda Vista trincheras were used as houses, and a mixed residential-agricultural use of the hill is proposed. Clustering of the proposed house foundations is apparent, and it is suggested that the Linda Vista trincheras may represent a restructuring of the Los Morteros community during the transition from the early to late Classic periods. It is suggested that other trincheras sites in the Tucson Basin were also used for residential purposes during the Classic period.
Children with autism spectrum disorder have reduced otoacoustic emissions at the 1 kHz mid‐frequency region

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally diagnosed disorder of early onset characterized by impairment in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Some of the earliest signs of ASD involve auditory processing, and a recent study found that hearing thresholds in children with ASD in the mid-range frequencies were significantly related to receptive and expressive language measures. In addition, otoacoustic emissions have been used to detect reduced cochlear function in the presence of normal audiometric thresholds. We were interested then to know if otoacoustic emissions in children with normal audiometric thresholds would also reveal differences between children with ASD and typical developing (TD) controls in mid-frequency regions. Our objective was to specifically measure baseline afferent otoacoustic emissions (distortion-product otoacoustic emissions [DPOAEs]), transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TrOAEs), and efferent suppression, in 35 children with high-functioning ASD compared with 42 aged-matched TD controls. All participants were males 6-17 years old, with normal audiometry, and rigorously characterized via Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Children with ASD had greatly reduced DPOAE responses in the 1 kHz frequency range, yet had comparable DPOAE responses at 0.5 and 4-8 kHz regions. Furthermore, analysis of the spectral features of TrOAEs revealed significantly decreased emissions in ASD in similar frequencies. No significant differences were noted in DPOAE or TrOAE noise floors, middle ear muscle reflex activity, or efferent suppression between children with ASD and TD controls. In conclusion, attention to specific-frequency deficits using non-invasive measures of cochlear function may be important in auditory processing impairments found in ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 337-345. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFFECT OF 5′-RIBONUCLEOTIDES ON HEAT-INDUCED OFF-FLAVOR OF HYDROLYZED VEGETABLE PROTEIN

The effect of an added mixture of IMP:GMP (1:1) on heat-induced off-flavor in solutions of commercial samples of hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) was evaluated with a trained sensory testing panel using a standard paired comparison method. Samples were prepared with and without addition of nucleotide, vacuum sealed in cans, and heat processed at 250 F for 35 min. In every comparison, the panel was able to detect differences between samples at a very high level of significance, statistically, and indicated that IMP:GMP at 0.005% or 0.01% definitely suppressed apparent intensity of the typical off-flavor of heated solutions of HVP.
Settlement ecology in Bronze Age Messenia

Abstract In this paper, we model patterns of expansion and contraction of settlement in Bronze Age Messenia (ca. 3100–1050 BCE) using the ideal free distribution (IFD). We rank potential settlement locations on the landscape using environmental and cultural variables, including watershed size, which is a proxy for fresh water availability, net primary productivity, and the distance to the location of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos, a central site of political importance throughout most of the Bronze Age. The settlement chronology for the region is derived from an existing database of survey data and conforms to the predictions of the IFD. The highest-ranked habitats were settled first and the population expanded to lower-ranked habitats as population density increased. The data also conforms to the IFD prediction that important political centers should follow the same pattern, expanding from higher- to lower-ranked habitats. This model helps to provide an understanding of the effects of the unique environmental and cultural landscape of the region on settlement prior to the rise of the major Mycenaean centers in mainland Greece. The application of the IFD to a sociopolitically complex case demonstrates its broad potential for understanding historical trajectories in settlement patterns throughout the world.
Creep and slip: Seismic precursors to the Nuugaatsiaq landslide (Greenland)

Precursory signals to material's failure are predicted by numerical models, and observed in laboratory experiments or using field data. These precursory signals are a marker of slip acceleration on weak regions, such as crustal faults. Observation of these precursory signals of catastrophic natural events, such as earthquakes and landslides, is necessary for improving our knowledge about the physics of the nucleation process. Furthermore, observing such precursory signals may help to forecast these catastrophic events, or reduce their hazard. I report here the observation of seismic precursors to the Nuugaatsiaq landslide in Greenland. Time evolution of the detected precursors implies that an aseismic slip event is taking place for hours before the landslide, with an exponential increase of slip velocity. Furthermore, time evolution of the precursory signals' amplitude sheds light on the evolution of the fault physics during the nucleation process.
Vascular Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Exercise in Diabetes

Normal vascular function is characterized by a continuous interaction between the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle that maintains optimal vascular tone and organ perfusion via balanced vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive mechanisms. In an environment of chronic hyperglycemia, such as that occurring in diabetes mellitus, normal vascular function is disrupted most likely due to elevations in reactive oxygen species and the compounding effects of vascular inflammation. Such vascular dysfunctions represent key mechanisms for atherosclerotic changes and primary events in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which remains the single leading cause of mortality for those with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Exercise has been described as a cornerstone in the management and treatment of diabetes due to its prominent role in improving both metabolic and cardiovascular health. Evidence suggests that habitual physical activity disrupts chronic hyperglycemic by improving glycemic control via enhanced GLUT protein activation and increased insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, exercise-mediated shear stress may enhance vasodilatory capacity by improving expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase proteins and enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability. Although some specific precautions must be adhered to when prescribing exercise to diabetic populations, the benefits significantly outweigh the consequences of continuing a sedentary lifestyle. This chapter will present a non-exhaustive review focusing on changes in vascular function and inflammatory status from healthy to diabetic states, techniques that are often implemented to quantify such changes in vascular function, and the role of exercise in improving underlying mechanisms critical to maintaining normal vascular function and disrupting the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
Managing Resource Dependence at Multiple Levels

Managing external resource dependence is crucial for organizational performance. Yet, how organizations evaluate resource dependencies is relatively unexplored. This study examines how organization...
Appendicitis Grade, Operative Duration, and Hospital Cost

Background The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) established a grading system for appendicitis to allow prediction of risk and outcomes, to assist in quality improvement and resource management, and to provide a framework for research. Grading is determined in clinical, imaging, operative, and pathologic categories, but has not been completely validated. Our aim was to validate appendicitis grade with respect to duration of symptoms, operative duration, and hospital costs. Study Design We performed a retrospective medical record review, working backward until at least 40 of each grade of appendicitis were reviewed. Patients 8 years old and younger and those treated nonoperatively were excluded. Appendicitis severity was determined using the AAST grading scale (I to V), with V being the most severe. Statistical comparisons were made between increased grade and duration of symptoms, operative duration, hospital costs, and revenue. Data were analyzed using ANOVA or chi-square tests as appropriate. Results A total of 1,099 appendectomies performed between August 2013 and December 2016 were analyzed. Most were low grade. Median age was 18 years old, and 44.4% were female. Patients with increasing AAST grade had a longer symptom duration (p Conclusion The AAST appendicitis grade is a valid predictor of disease severity as defined by operative duration, hospital cost, and revenue. Duration of symptoms predicts severity. Appendicitis grade can be used in clinical care, residency training, and resource allocation.
Optimal information transmission by overlapping retinal cell mosaics

The retina provides an excellent system for understanding the trade-offs that influence distributed information processing across multiple neuron types. We focus here on the problem faced by the visual system of allocating a limited number neurons to encode different visual features at different spatial locations. The retina needs to solve three competing goals: 1) encode different visual features, 2) maximize spatial resolution for each feature, and 3) maximize accuracy with which each feature is encoded at each location. There is no current understanding of how these goals are optimized together. While information theory provides a platform for theoretically solving these problems, evaluating information provided by the responses of large neuronal arrays is in general challenging. Here we present a solution to this problem in the case where multi-dimensional stimuli can be decomposed into approximately independent components that are subsequently coupled by neural responses. Using this approach we quantify information transmission by multiple overlapping retinal ganglion cell mosaics. In the retina, translation invariance of input signals makes it possible to use Fourier basis as a set of independent components. The results reveal a transition where one high-density mosaic becomes less informative than two or more overlapping lower-density mosaics. The results explain differences in the fractions of multiple cell types, predict the existence of new retinal ganglion cell subtypes, relative distribution of neurons among cell types and differences in their nonlinear and dynamical response properties.
Electron Transport and the Potential of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond as a Thermoelectric Material

Publisher Summary The fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) are exemplars par excellence of the profound differences in properties of nanoscale compared to bulk materials. These three nanostructured carbons are closely related energetically because their free energies of formation differ one from each other by only a few kilocalories per mole. The carbon nanostructurers are unstable with respect to graphite and diamond but stable with respect to grapheme sheets containing equivalent numbers of carbon atoms. They derive their remarkable properties from the ability that is unique to carbon to rehybridize by virtue of the almost identical energies of the sp 2 and sp 3 electronic configurations. The topological and bond disorders at the ubiquitous grain boundaries in UNCD films impart qualities to this nanoscale material not possessed by bulk diamond, which make it suitable for a variety of applications. Bulk diamond is both an excellent electrical insulator and a superb thermal conductor. UNCD films are good electrical conductors, both n-type by virtue of the introduction of nitrogen and p-type by boron substitutions. Recent developments in the theory of thermoelectric performance enhancement in low-dimensional materials suggest that UNCD and UNCD/CNT composites might fulfill many of the requirements.
Modeling the Storm Time Electrodynamics

A model that electrodynamically couples inner magnetosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere, thermosphere, and electrodynamics has been developed and is used to separate sources of the storm time electric fields between the magnetospheric, ionospheric, and thermospheric processes and to investigate their nonlinear interactions. The two sources of the electric-field disturbances, prompt penetration (PP) and disturbance dynamo (DD), have been identified in the coupled model results. Furthermore, the results suggest that the sources of variability in storm time electric fields are associated with the nonlinear interaction between the PP and DD, such that the response depends on the preconditioning of the coupled system. The preconditioning in this study is caused by the fact that the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere respond to external forcing as a coupled system. The results clearly demonstrate the need for a fully coupled model of magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere, in order to determine the preconditioning effect.
Preliminary Creep Studies of Hot-Pressed Silicon Nitride

Time-dependent response of silicon nitride has been studied by several investigators via flexure and tension experiments. This paper attempts to review the available literature concerning creep behavior of silicon nitride. Preliminary observations of the tension and torsion response of hot-pressed silicon nitride are also reported. The ceramic specimens were heated over their straight-line gage length portions by means of an oxyacetylene torch, allowing rapid heating and cooling, as well as minimizing deformation in the gripping fixtures.
A quantitative methodology for indexing environmental sensitivity and pollution potential.

A methodology for rating the suitability of sites forthe location of industrial facilities is formulated and appliedto the case of a coal-fired power plant location. The methodologycomprises two major interlinked components: the environmentalplant location indexing component, which involves theidentification, scaling and weighting of environmentalsensitivity factors; and the impact analysis component, whichinvolves the superimposition of the pollution generation impactsof an industrial facility on spatially gridded zones of variousenvironmental sensitivities. For each rectangular areal unitdefined by a square grid, the Unit Pollution Potential Index isdetermined by the severity and distribution of key environmentalsensitivity factors and the coverage of superimposed pollutanteffects as determined by contaminant fate and transport models.For any alternative site of a planned facility, the summation ofthe unit indices over the area of influence of the facilityprovides the quantitative Pollution Index, which can be used as abasis for comparison of alternative sites for planned facilities.For this paper, this methodology is applied to the hypotheticalcase of the siting of a coal-fired power plant in thenortheastern region of the United States, in which threealternative sites are considered. The three sites: A, B and Cyielded indices of 47.83, 47.91 and 47.6, respectively, indicatingthat site C is the most suitable for siting the power plant.
The revolution has come: Black Power, gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland

Founded in October 1966 by two Oakland, California college students, Bobby G. Seale and Huey P. Newton, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP), was one of scores of small local groups that ...
Constructing Women’s Language and Shifting Gender Identity through Intralingual Translanguaging

Japanese has many language varieties based on users’ social attributes such as gender, age and occupation. Regardless of whether each variety represents how people actually speak, each of them has a specific set of linguistic features and a socio-psychological group identity of its users. This paper analyzes women’s language (onna kotoba) and the use of gender-sensitive first-person pronouns (e.g., (w)atashi, boku, ore, jibun) in Japanese based on the perspective of translanguaging and a multifaceted model of the theory of identity. It shows that women’s language in Japanese was constructed by deploying some of the linguistic features of multiple language varieties that have developed in different contexts while being shaped by male-dominant ideology during Japan’s modernization process. It also shows how gender-sensitive linguistic boundaries are manipulated moment by moment by language users, affecting their master, interactional, personal, and/or relational identities.
On the Origin, Content, and Relevance of the Market Failures Approach

The view of business ethics that Christopher McMahon calls the “implicit morality of the market” and Joseph Heath calls the “market failures approach” has received a significant amount of recent attention. The idea of this view is that we can derive an ethics for market participants by thinking about the “point” of market activity, and asking what the world would have to be like for this point to be realized. While this view has been much-discussed, it is still not well-understood. This paper seeks to remedy this problem. I begin by showing, against some recent commentators, that McMahon’s view and Heath’s view are fundamentally the same. Second, I clarify the sense of “efficiency” at work in the market failures approach. Finally, I argue that, in its current form, this view has little relevance to the real world of business. I conclude by sketching two ways of modifying it to fit our world.
The Age of Independence, Revisited: Parents and Interracial Union Formation Across the Life Course

Romantic relationships that cross racial lines have grown since anti-miscegenation laws were deemed unconstitutional. In The Age of Independence, Rosenfeld argued that parental influence over children's mate selection processes had waned. Rosenfeld, however, was not able to test this supposition directly because of his reliance on cross-sectional census data. Using Waves I and III of Add Health for a cohort of individuals from 1994 to 2002, we examine whether parents matter in shaping their offspring's romantic attachments, by exploring whether adolescent reports of maternal closeness and parental control are associated with youth's likelihood of being in an interracial relationship in emerging adulthood. We find that parental factors do influence emerging adults' romantic relationships; these associations vary by race, ethnicity, and gender. Among white men, maternal closeness in adolescence reduces the likelihood of being in an interracial relationship in emerging adulthood. Parental control elevates the odds of being in an interracial relationship among black and Hispanic women. We also find that parental decisions on where families live shape offspring's choices, as relative exogamous group size in adolescence is associated with interracial union formation in later life. Our findings suggest that parental influence remains salient in the partner choices made by emerging adults.
Stability and Hydrolysis of Desomorphine-Glucuronide

Desomorphine, the principal opioid in Krokodil, has an analgesic potency approximately ten-times that of morphine. Similar to other opioids, during phase II metabolism it undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid to form desomorphine-glucuronide. Although hydrolysis of conjugated species is sometimes required prior to analysis, desomorphine-glucuronide has not been fully investigated. In this study, six hydrolysis procedures were optimized and evaluated. Deconjugation efficiencies using chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated and stability in aqueous solution was assessed. Acid hydrolysis was compared with five β-glucuronidase sources (BGTurbo™, IMCSzyme™, Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia and Patella vulgata). At optimal conditions, each hydrolysis method produced complete hydrolysis (≥96%). However, under simulated challenging conditions, P. vulgata was the most efficient β-glucuronidase for the hydrolysis of desomorphine-glucuronide. Both BGTurbo™ and IMCSzyme™ offered fast hydrolysis with no need for sample cleanup prior to liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) analysis. Hydrolysates using E. coli, H. pomatia and P. vulgata underwent additional sample treatment using β-Gone™ cartridges. Additionally, the stability of free and conjugated drug was evaluated at elevated temperature (60°C) in aqueous solutions between pH 4 and 10. No degradation was observed for either desomorphine or desomorphine-glucuronide under any of the conditions tested.
Dust deposition drives microbial metabolism in a remote, high-elevation catchment:

In barren alpine catchments of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, microorganisms are typically carbon (C)-limited, and C-limitation can influence critical heterotrophic processes, such as denitrificatio...
Social Influence in Product Placements: The Impact of Group Composition and Coviewing Context on Brand Recall and Attitudes

People often consume marketing messages in social settings (Ramanathan and McGill 2007). Social contexts impact individuals’ attitudes, evaluations, and/or judgments toward media content and/or characters (Lin and McDonald 2007). However, there is a paucity of research on social influence for a socially consumed form of marketing communication whose importance to marketers is growing, i.e., product placement. This research gap is significant because product placements are usually embedded in movie, television (Balasubramanian 1994) or mass media programming (Karrh 1998) that represent entertainment options where the viewing experience is often shared. In response, our study examines how social influence is shaped by group characteristics and coviewing contexts for product placements.
Smart neuromodulation in movement disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a technique for invasive subcortical neuromodulation using a totally implantable permanent device. DBS is an effective therapy for movement disorders and is under investigation for the treatment of many other conditions including Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, and depression. Traditional DBS is limited by labor-intensive manual programming, high current requirements, and lack of responsiveness to fluctuations in the patient's signs and symptoms. The field is moving toward adaptive closed loop systems with stimulation modulated by peripheral or intracranial sensors, a technique often described as "smart neuromodulation." Advances in the understanding of brain rhythms associated with specific neurologic symptoms and the introduction of novel bidirectional neural interfaces are facilitating investigative studies of closed loop stimulation in movement disorders. These studies suggest the potential for greater efficacy with fewer adverse effects. It may be possible to generalize the hardware platforms and control strategies developed to other brain disorders.
Deep learning for dermatologists: Part II. Current applications.

Because of a convergence of the availability of large data sets, graphics-specific computer hardware, and important theoretical advancements, artificial intelligence has recently contributed to dramatic progress in medicine. One type of artificial intelligence known as deep learning has been particularly impactful for medical image analysis. Deep learning applications have shown promising results in dermatology and other specialties, including radiology, cardiology, and ophthalmology. The modern clinician will benefit from an understanding of the basic features of deep learning to effectively use new applications and to better gauge their utility and limitations. In this second article of a 2-part series, we review the existing and emerging clinical applications of deep learning in dermatology and discuss future opportunities and limitations. Part 1 of this series offered an introduction to the basic concepts of deep learning to facilitate effective communication between clinicians and technical experts.
An Innovative Telephone Outreach Program to Seniors in Detroit, a City Facing Dire Consequences of COVID-19.

Dear Editor, We write this letter to call attention to the implications of loneliness and social isolation to the wellbeing of minority older adults, especially during the time of Covid-19, and des...
Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Unstable angina (UA) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) form part of the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that includes acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). These conditions are pathophysiologically related and may present in similar fashions. However, acute ST-segment elevation MI is identified by ST segment elevations on the electrocardiogram, while cardiac biomarkers are used to differentiate NSTEMI (biomarker positive) or UA (biomarker negative) in the setting of acute coronary syndrome without ST elevations on the ECG.
Behavioral evaluation of the analgesic effects of ketoprofen in lame dairy cows

Lameness in dairy cattle decreases productivity and diminishes animal welfare. Alleviating the pain associated with lameness would improve animal welfare and could improve productivity and enhance recovery. In dairy cows, lameness is associated with increased duration and frequency of lying bouts, abnormal locomotion, and increased weight shifting behavior. Weight shifting between the rear limbs can be used to objectively quantify pain levels and responses to pain-relieving drugs. The hypothesis of this study was that administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen would decrease pain-associated behaviors in lame dairy cows.
A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Acute Ischemic Stroke Thrombectomy Reperfusion using Discriminative MR Image Features

Mechanical thrombectomy (MTB) is one of the two standard treatment options for Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) patients. Current clinical guidelines instruct the use of pretreatment imaging to characterize a patient’s cerebrovascular flow, as there are many factors that may underlie a patient’s successful response to treatment. There is a critical need to leverage pretreatment imaging, taken at admission, to guide potential treatment avenues in an automated fashion. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a fully automated machine learning algorithm to predict the final modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score following MTB. A total 321 radiomics features were computed from segmented pretreatment MRI scans for 141 patients. Successful recanalization was defined as mTICI score >= 2c. Different feature selection methods and classification models were examined in this study. Our best performance model achieved 74.42±2.52% AUC, 75.56±4.44% sensitivity, and 76.75 ± 4.55% specificity, showing a good prediction of reperfusion quality using pretreatment MRI. Results suggest that MR images can be informative to predicting patient response to MTB, and further validation with a larger cohort can determine the clinical utility.
Chopping off the Tail: Bounded Non-Determinism for Real-Time Accelerators

Modern data centers run web-scale applications on tens of thousands of servers, generating tens of thousands of Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) to backend services for each incoming user request. Tail latency, due to a small fraction of randomly slow RPCs, decreases the performance of these incoming requests, degrades users’ quality of experience, and limits disaggregation (applications’ ability to scale across a data center). We argue that current approaches to improve tail latency (especially, those bounding computation time) are insufficient, even with (reconfigurable-) hardware accelerators. Instead, to chop off the tail , datacenter services should dynamically trade correctness (or result quality) for timeliness, providing bounded latency with near-ideal accuracy. In this paper, we discuss how the increasing prevalence of machine learning (including search techniques like approximate nearest neighbor and PageRank), perceptual algorithms (like computational photography and image/video caching), and natural language processing lets modern hardware accelerators make these dynamic correctness tradeoffs while improving users’ quality of experience.
The superatomic state beyond conventional magic numbers: Ligated metal chalcogenide superatoms.

The field of cluster science is drawing increasing attention due to the strong size and composition-dependent properties of clusters and the exciting prospect of clusters serving as the building blocks for materials with tailored properties. However, identifying a unifying central paradigm that provides a framework for classifying and understanding the diverse behaviors is an outstanding challenge. One such central paradigm is the superatom concept that was developed for metallic and ligand-protected metallic clusters. The periodic electronic and geometric closed shells in clusters result in their properties being based on the stability they gain when they achieve closed shells. This stabilization results in the clusters having a well-defined valence, allowing them to be classified as superatoms—thus extending the Periodic Table to a third dimension. This Perspective focuses on extending the superatomic concept to ligated metal–chalcogen clusters that have recently been synthesized in solutions and form assemblies with counterions that have wide-ranging applications. Here, we illustrate that the periodic patterns emerge in the electronic structure of ligated metal-chalcogenide clusters. The stabilization gained by the closing of their electronic shells allows for the prediction of their redox properties. Further investigations reveal how the selection of ligands may control the redox properties of the superatoms. These ligated clusters may serve as chemical dopants for two-dimensional semiconductors to control their transport characteristics. Superatomic molecules of multiple metal–chalcogen superatoms allow for the formation of nano-p–n junctions ideal for directed transport and photon harvesting. This Perspective outlines future developments, including the synthesis of magnetic superatoms.
Water Quality Progress in Holston River Basin

Wastewater discharges of oxygen demanding wastes, suspended solids, ammonia, and total dissolved solids in the Holston River Basin of northeastern Tennessee have been reduced significantly since 1968. As a result, the quality of downstream rivers and reservoirs has improved. These changes were quantified using available historical data on waste discharges, river quality, and reservoir conditions. Additional improvements are needed, but careful studies will be required to ensure efficient abatement actions. Furthermore, the development of effective national policies will require similar trend assessments of representative basins, as a measure of the benefits received for abatement expenditures.
Introduction to Steady-State Systems

In the first two chapters we have discussed certain topics that are fundamental for equilibrium systems, especially binding. In this chapter we introduce simple steady-state systems. Chapters 4 and 5 will continue with somewhat more complicated equilibrium and steady-state systems, but without explicit introduction of interaction free energies. Then, in Parts II and III, we turn to the main theme of the book: systems of both classes comprised of subsystems that interact with each other, with the interactions treated explicitly.
Enhanced Cyclability of Li/Polysulfide Batteries by a Polymer-Modified Carbon Paper Current Collector

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered to be the next-generation rechargeable systems due to their high energy densities and low cost. However, significant capacity decay over cycling is a major impediment for their practical applications. Polysulfides Li2Sx (3 < x ≤ 8) formed in the cycling are soluble in liquid electrolyte, which is the main reason for capacity loss and cycling instability. Functional polymers can tune the structure and property of sulfur electrodes, hold polysulfides, and improve cycle life. Herein, we examine a polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified carbon paper (CP-PVP) current collector in Li/polysulfide cells. PVP is soluble in the electrolyte solvent, but shows strong affinity with lithium polysulfides. The retention of polysulfides in the CP-PVP current collector is improved by ∼50%, which is measured by a linear sweep voltammetry method. Without LiNO3 additive in the electrolyte, the CP-PVP current collector with 50 μg of PVP can significantly improve cycling stability with a cap...