cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the χ (2) tensor of the potassium niobate crystal

We use the separated-beams, second-harmonic method to measure the full second-order nonlinear optical tensor of KNbO3 relative to d zxy of KDP for a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. Assuming d zxy(KDP) 5 0.39 pm/V, we find for KNbO3 that d xxx 5 21.9 pm/V, d xyy 5 8.9 pm/V, d xzz 5 12.4 pm/V, d yxy 5 9.2 pm/V, and d zxz 5 13.0 pm/V with estimated uncertainties of 62‐5%. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 180.4400, 190.4720.
Religion and Volunteering in Context Disentangling the Contextual Effects of Religion on Voluntary Behavior

This study examines whether religion’s effect on volunteering spills over to nonreligious individuals through personal ties between religious and nonreligious individuals. We use three different an...
An efficient actuating blade model for unsteady rotating system wake simulations

Abstract This paper describes an innovative, efficient actuating blade model to capture the unsteady motion of a rotating system within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, with application to wind turbine blades. Each blade planform is modeled via a cloud of sources that move independently during the simulation to provide rotation of the blade as well as optional motion such as blade flexibility (aeroelasticity) and active controls (flaps, morphing, adaptive shapes). The model can be implemented into structured or unstructured methods that span the gamut from full potential to Large Eddy Simulations (LES), and it does not require the use of overset grids. A key feature of this model is the development of a highly efficient parallelized kd-tree algorithm to determine the interactions between actuator sources and grid nodes. Computational evaluation of the method successfully demonstrates its capability to predict root and tip vortex location and strength compared to an overset Navier–Stokes methodology on an identical background grid, and further improvements in the solution are shown by the use of grid adaptation.
Forced confabulation more strongly influences event memory if suggestions are other-generated than self-generated

Purpose. Virtually all eyewitnesses to a crime, who eventually testify in court, are interviewed by police officers at least once. How do these interviews affect what the eyewitnesses are subsequently likely to report? The purpose of this study is to compare the relative impact of self- versus other-generated misinformation on confabulated memory about an event. Self-generated misinformation can occur by encouraging eyewitnesses to guess or speculate about possible answers to questions about which they report having no memory. Other-generated misinformation can occur by having an investigator suggest an answer to an eyewitness. Methods. After viewing a 5 minutes crime video, participants answered written questions. One week later these same questions were answered again. We specifically focused on individuals' answers to unanswerable questions that probed information not actually presented in the video. If a participant answered an unanswerable question, we know that their answer was confabulated because the information was not presented in the video. Results. If an answer to an unanswerable question was forced confabulated at time 1, that answer was more likely to be repeated at time 2 if it had been other-generated (suggested in the question) rather than self-generated (fabricated by the participant). Conclusions. Pressuring eyewitnesses to answer questions about an event, when they indicate that they do not know the answer, can result in false confabulations. Answers suggested by the investigator are more likely to be repeated later than are answers that are simply self-generated or speculated by the eyewitness. These results are consistent with the reality monitoring framework and ‘recollect-to-reject’ metacognitive reasoning strategies.
The Origin of the Reserve Clause: Owner Collusion Versus “Public Interest”

This article examines the creation of the first professional athletic labor market restriction over a century ago. In 1879, professional baseball club owners mutually agreed that each could reserve...
Drugs Used to Treat Spasticity

Spasticity is a common and disabling symptom for many patients with upper motor neuron dysfunction. It results from interruption of inhibitory descending spinal motor pathways, and although the pathophysiology of spasticity is poorly understood, the final common pathway is overactivity of the alpha motor neuron. Therapy for spasticity is symptomatic with the aim of increasing functional capacity and relieving discomfort. Any approach to treatment should be multidisciplinary, including physical therapy, and possibly surgery, as well as pharmacotherapy. It is important that treatment be tailored to the individual patient, and that both patient and care giver have realistic expectations. Pharmacotherapy is generally initiated at low dosages and then gradually increased in an attempt to avoid adverse effects. Optimal therapy is the lowest effective dosage. Baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine and dantrolene are currently approved for use in patients with spasticity. In addition, clonidine (usually as combination therapy), gabapentin and botulinum toxin have shown efficacy, however, more studies are required to confirm their place in therapy. Intrathecal baclofen, via a surgically implanted pump and reservoir, may provide relief in patients with refractory severe spasticity.
Sickle cell trait as a tag for bone marrow transplantation.

The sickle cell trait appears to offer a reliable and replicable tag for bone marrow transplantation. Red cell survival curves using sickle cell and nonagglutinable cell counts show good agreement. The recipients exhibited no untoward effects as a result of receiving marrow from a donor with sickle cell trait.
Handicap distance antimagic graphs and incomplete tournaments

Let G = (V,E) be a graph of order n. A bijection f : V ! {1,2,...,n} is called a distance magic labeling of G if there exists a positive integer µ such that P u2N(v) f(u) = µ for all v 2 V,
Novel implementation research designs for scaling up global mental health care: overcoming translational challenges to address the world’s leading cause of disability

Despite established knowledge that Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) bear the majority of the world’s burden of mental disorders, and more than a decade of efficacy research showing that the most common disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can be treated using readily available local personnel in LMICs to apply evidence-based treatments, there remains a massive mental health treatment gap, such that 75 % of those in LMICs never receive care. Here, we discuss the use of a new type of implementation science study design, the effectiveness-implementation hybrids, to speed the translation and scale up of mental health care in LMICs. We use our current study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) delivered by local personnel for depression and trauma-related disorders among HIV+ women in Kenya as an example of effectiveness-implementation hybrid design for mental health services research in LMICs.
Fracture Toughness of Pressure Boundary Steels With Higher Yield Strength

ASME Section III Appendix G provides a fracture mechanics methodology for evaluating the fracture resistance of pressure vessel materials based on comparing the applied stress intensity from service induced loadings on the assumed flaw to a material fracture toughness (KIR ) curve. The applicable fracture toughness curve described in Appendix G is defined as a lower bound curve for static, dynamic, and crack arrest fracture toughness tests for a database that includes a number of pressure vessel materials having specified minimum yield strengths of 50 ksi or less. For materials which have specified minimum room temperature yield strength greater than 50.0 ksi but not exceeding 90.0 ksi, the same fracture toughness curve may be used provided fracture mechanics data points are obtained on at least three heats of the material on a sufficient number of specimens to cover the temperature range of interest, including the weld metal and heat affected zone, and provided that the data points are equal to or above that of the fracture toughness curve of Appendix G of the ASME Code (Fig. G-2210-1). At present, the pressure boundary components of steam generators and pressurizers typically use SA-508 Grade 3 Class 2 forgings and SA-533 Type B Class 2 plate material with minimum yield strength of 65 ksi and 70 ksi respectively. The fracture toughness for these materials is not readily available. This technical paper is compilation of fracture toughness of forging and plate material, weld metal, and heat affected zone of such higher strength forgings and plate materials. The paper includes toughness data of weld metal and heat affected zone resulting from high heat input process and includes the toughness test data with long term postweld heat treatment. All dynamic fracture toughness values for the ASME forgings with a minimum yield strength of 65 ksi and plate material with a minimum yield strength of 70 ksi, heat affected zone, and weld metals exceed the ASME specified minimum KIR given in Article G-2000 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This data concludes that the ASME specified minimum reference KIR curve can be used conservatively for the forging and plate materials with minimum yield strength of 65 ksi and 70 ksi that are currently specified for construction of steam generators and other Section III, Class 1 components.© 2010 ASME
The structure and social functions of Korean immigrant churches in the United States

A vast majority of Korean immigrants in the United States are affiliated with ethnic churches. Korean ethnic churches serve important social functions for Korean church members and the Korean commu...
Studies on the Manufacture of the Synthetic Fiber Paper. 1

Synthetic pulp for papermaking may be manufactured by beating the fibers of polyvinylalcohol (the PVA) mixed-spun with starch or the fibers of polyolefins mixed-spun with PVA polymer. Various papermaking tests were carried out with this synthetic pulp to obtain the following results. 1) The more the PVA or starch content in the fiber, the more easily can it be fibrillated and the better are the dispersibility and other properties for papermaking. 2) The PVA fibers, if pre-mixed with starch on spinning, can be made into paper by beating without mixing any other material such as wood pulp, wether the fibers have been subjected to only heat treatment or to both the heat treatment and formalization in their manufacturing process. The fibers heat-treated only may also be used as a bonding material. 3) If the beaten PVA fibers, heat-treated, are formalized to eliminate interfiber bonds, then the strength of the paper made will depend on only the tangle of the fibers and it can be estimated at a quarter of the whole strength of the same paper but not formalized. 4) Polyolefins can be converted into another synthetic pulp by means of flash-or mixed-spinning. This pulp can be made into synthetic paper, being mixed with wood pulp.5) Hydrophilic synthetic pulp may be obtained by beating the thicker fibers that are produced by mixed-spinning the three polymers : polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinylalcohol. Such synthetic pulp can be made into paper either by itself or by mixing wood pulp in any proportion, which will be, if calendered, not inferior at all in strength to the conventional paper of wood pulp
Novel Hemicellulose–Chitosan Biosorbent for Water Desalination and Heavy Metal Removal

Hemicellulose material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized polymeric material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this research, an alkaline treatment was applied to pinewood (PW), switchgrass (SG), and coastal bermuda grass (CBG) in order to extract hemicelluloses to subsequently produce a novel biosorbent. Alkaline extraction at 75 °C recovered 23% of the biomass as a predominantly hemicellulose material with a number average degree of polymerization of ∼450. These hemicelluloses were grafted with penetic acid (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA) and were then cross-linked to chitosan. The effects of hemicellulose–DTPA concentration, reaction time, and temperature of reaction with chitosan on the resulting salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) uptake and weight loss in saline solutions were determined. A maximum salt uptake for the materials was ∼0.30 g/g of foam biosorbent. The foam biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectra, porosity, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Batch adsorption e...
Simple Intake and Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Characterize Exposure of Americans to Perfluoroctanoic Acid, PFOA

Models for assessing intakes of perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA, are described and applied. One model is based on exposure media concentrations and contact rates. This model is applied to general population exposures for adults and 2-year old children. The other model is a simple one-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic (PK) model. Parameters for this model include a rate of elimination of PFOA and a blood volume of distribution. The model was applied to data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, NHANES, to backcalculate intakes. The central tendency intake estimate for adults and children based on exposure media concentrations and contact rates were 70 and 26 ng/day, respectively. The central tendency adult intake derived from NHANES data was 56 and 37 ng/day for males and females, respectively. Variability and uncertainty discussions regarding the intake modeling focus on lack of data on direct exposure to PFOA used in consumer products, precursor compounds, and food. Discussions...
Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistor Array Technology: Applications in Printing and Document Scanning

Amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistor (TFT) array technology has been developed for new applications in low-cost, high-quality electronic printing. We have fabricated page-wide arrays of low-voltage pass transistors using a-Si:H TFTs for ionographic printing, in which voltages of 0 to 15 volts applied to a line of output electrodes modulate the flow of ions charging a dielectric receptor. High-voltage a-Si:H TFTs have been used in an electrographic printer to modulate high voltages required to initiate air discharges. Combining a-Si:H photodiodes on TFT arrays, we have also designed circuits for document scanning and photosensor amplifiers. TFT performance in relation to these novel printer and sensor applications will be discussed. Issues related to process integration, circuit design, and large-area fabrication technology will be addressed.
The role of vowel formant frequencies and duration in the perception of foreign accent

ABSTRACTThis study used synthesis to manipulate vowel formant frequencies and durations to evaluate their role on foreign accent perception. Formant frequencies and durations for the vowels /ae/, /ʌ/, and /a/ were manipulated with changes toward and away from the mean native English and Spanish-accented values from Sidaras, S. K., Alexander, J. E. D., & Nygaard, L. C. (2009. Perceptual learning of systematic variation in Spanish-accented speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 3306–3316). Native listeners rated these stimuli on degree of accentedness and comprehensibility. Gradual changes in formant frequencies from native to non-native values impacted /a/ negatively, /ʌ/ positively, and /ae/ minimally. Effects of vowel duration on either type of ratings were small and restricted to vowel-specific interactions. The current findings suggest that vowel formant frequencies are primary cues to foreign accent. Their influence depends upon whether or not frequencies could reflect alternativ...
Importance of Pelvic Radiography for Initial Trauma Assessment: An Orthopedic Perspective.

Abstract Background Many institutions have abandoned the routine for selective pelvic x-ray (PXR) for initial imaging in blunt trauma patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scanning. Objective Our aim was to examine the association between selective use of PXR and time to diagnosis of (major) pelvic fractures, as well as prioritization of key immediate interventions (including hip reduction and pelvic arterial embolization). Methods We conducted a 1-year review of early management of pelvic fracture patients undergoing pelvic CT scanning. Time interval and sequence of initial imaging and key immediate interventions were recorded. Results Of 218 pelvic fracture patients, 79 (36%) had no initial PXR, and instead had an initial CT scan. Time to first pelvic imaging in those patients was 48 min (standard deviation [SD] = 47 min vs. 2 min [SD = 6 min] with PXR; p p = 0.038). Conclusions Selective PXR was associated with a significant delay in recognition of (major) pelvic fractures, including those with associated hip dislocations and (potential) pelvic bleeding. PXR remains a useful screening tool to rapidly determine the need for immediate interventions and to allow early planning before CT scanning.
Sick and tired.

Managing post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a daily challenge for nursing staff in a day surgery department. Advances in anaesthetic drugs and techniques mean more rapid recovery times, which in turn allows more invasive procedures to be performed as day cases.
‘The Blindness of the Seeing Eye’: Literature, Ideology and the Unconscious

For the past several decades the images and symbols of the myth of America have tended to dominate critical discourse within American literary scholarship and American culture studies. This discussion generally accepts the hegemony of the myth of America as a promised land of regeneration. On the one hand are those who have interpreted the myth as the basic theme in shaping America’s consciousness of itself. According to this school of thought America was envisioned by Europe as the unspoiled Virgin Land, a pastoral New World Garden inhabited by the American Adam, a heroic figure who begins human history all over again. On the other hand, those critics who use the myth as a standard or ideal from which to attack the so-called realities of American culture and history also accept the myth’s terms. They assume that the images and symbols of the myth of regeneration reflect genuine beliefs and lasting values that have been violated and defiled throughout our history.1 In many of these works that deal with the myth of America, the subject of ideology receives minimal attention. Accordingly, in an eloquent and touching essay, Henry Nash Smith confesses to failing to perceive the importance of ideology to his study in Virgin Land of the symbol and myth of the West. Thinking about the cost to the environment and to Native Americans of the ideology of progress, civilization and free enterprise, Smith admits to not acknowledging ‘the guilt intrinsic to the national errand into the wilderness. Like my teachers and academic colleagues, I had in this fashion lost the capacity for facing up to the tragic dimensions of the Westward movement’.2
Ultracoproduct continua and their regular subcontinua

Abstract We continue our study of ultracoproduct continua, focusing on the role played by the regular subcontinua—those subcontinua which are themselves ultracoproducts. Regular subcontinua help us in the analysis of intervals, composants, and noncut points of ultracoproduct continua. Also, by identifying two points when they are contained in the same regular subcontinua, we naturally generalize the partition of a standard subcontinuum of H ⁎ into its layers.
P and S dual-doped graphitic porous carbon for aerobic oxidation reactions: Enhanced catalytic activity and catalytic sites

Abstract A highly porous graphitic carbon material, dually-doped with P and S, was studied as a metal free catalyst for aerobic oxidation reactions. Catalytic mechanism studies suggest that the active centers, originated from P-and S-doping, additively/synergistically catalyze the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols but with different pathways. For the first time, catalytic centers stemming from S-doping were experimentally identified to be exocyclic S species (C-S-C, sulfur out of the carbon ring), which are different from those proposed for electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) with a 4e− pathway and oxygen evaluation reactions (OER). Notably, all the catalytic sites from both P and S doping share a similar “protruding out” pyramid structure, which is in contrast to the planar structure of the catalytic sites in N- or B-doped graphitic materials. The unique geometric structure of the catalytic sites can minimize substrate steric hindrance effects, endowing the P, S co-doped catalysts with a wide substrate scope and functional group tolerance. Furthermore, the unambiguous distinguishment of the catalytic sites from those in OER and ORR provides valuable guidance for designing and developing carbon materials with controlled active sites to satisfy different catalytic applications.
Temporal lobe epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia in children: A tip to find the abnormality.

SummaryObjective To demonstrate an association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and pathologic characteristics in children who had surgery for medically refractory epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Methods We retrospectively studied 110 children who had epilepsy surgery. Twenty-seven patients with FCD were included. Thirteen had temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 14 had extra-temporal lobe epilepsy (ETLE). Three patients had associated mesial temporal sclerosis. Preoperative 3T MRIs interleaved with nine controls were blindly re-reviewed and categorized according to signal alteration. Pathologic specimens were classified according to the 2011 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and compared to MRI studies. Results Rates of pathology subtypes differed between TLE and ETLE (χ2(3) = 8.57, p = 0.04). FCD type I was more frequent in TLE, whereas FCD type II was more frequent in ETLE. In the TLE group, nine patients had temporal tip abnormalities. They all exhibited gray–white matter blurring with decreased myelination and white matter hyperintense signal. Blurring involved the whole temporal tip, not just the area of dysplasia. These patients were less likely to demonstrate cortical thickening compared to those without temporal tip findings (χ2(1) = 9.55, p = 0.002). Three of them had FCD Ib, three had FCD IIa, two had FCD IIIa, and one had FCD IIb; MRI features could not entirely distinguish between FCD subtypes. TLE patients showed more pronounced findings than ETLE on MRI (χ2(1) = 11.95, p = 0.003, odds ratio [OR] 18.00). In all cases of FCD, isolated blurring was more likely to be associated with FCD II, whereas blurring with decreased myelination was seen with FCD I (χ2(6) = 13.07, p = 0.042). Significance Our study described associations between MRI characteristics and pathology in children with FCD and offered a detailed analysis of temporal lobe tip abnormalities and FCD subtypes in children with TLE. These findings may contribute to the presurgical evaluation of patients with refractory epilepsy.
Micromachined Packaging for Terahertz Systems

Micromachined packaging is emerging as the best choice for development of terahertz multipixel heterodyne array instruments and other advanced terahertz systems. Traditional computer numerically controlled (CNC) metal machining can still be used for component and simple single-pixel receiver fabrication but falls short when highly compact and integrated systems are needed. Several micromachining methods have shown potential at these frequencies with permanent thick-resists, thick-resist electroforming and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon micromachining are discussed in detail. These techniques use photolithographic techniques to produce features accurate to 3 $\mu\text{m}$ or less. Silicon micromachining and electroforming offers the additional advantage of vertical stacking of components, enabling higher circuit densities for these waveguide-based components. To demonstrate these capabilities several integrated systems are discussed.
The Real Effects of Short Selling on Firm Risk-Taking: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

This paper finds that the threat of short selling can impede firm risk-taking. In March 2010, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) initiates a pilot program which gradually removes short-sales constraints of stocks. Using this regulatory change as a quasi-natural experiment, I find these pilot firms’ earnings volatilities decrease significantly after short-sales constraints are relaxed. Further analyses indicate that this negative relation is largely driven by managers’ increased short-term concerns facing with downside risk. We also find that these pilot firms accumulate more cash, take less debt, invest less in R&D, involve in fewer M&A, have lower asset growth rate, worse financial performances and lower market values. These findings confirm that capital market frictions can affect real economic activities in emerging markets. JEL Code: G34, G38, G14
A minimized DC-bus capacitor with active combinational decoupling method for DC-AC application

This paper shows a combinational decoupling method to minimize dc-bus capacitance and improve power density for DC to AC applications, especially for single-phase inverters. The proposed method is combined with in-series structure and in-parallel structure together with power equations analyzed. The detailed control strategy is given. The simulations are conducted via PLECS software to prove the theoretical proposal. Furthermore, a 2kW prototype is built. The power density of this prototype is ∼55W/inch3. The decoupling capacitance is minimized ∼2/3 that of traditional series voltage compensator method. The experiments are further finished and the efficiency of the prototype is ∼ 95%. Besides, the issues for 2nd order decoupling method is investigated and an instantaneous pulse decoupling method is discussed in this paper. A brief comparison of these two methods are summarized.
Teacher/Student Interactions on the Silver Screen

From its opening sequence featuring a 1970 orange and black Pontiac GTO pulling into a high school parking lot to the strains of Aerosmith’s “Sweet Emotion” to the closing epic summer party in the woods, Richard Linklater’s Dazed and confused (Linklater et al., 1993) is so redolent of 1970s high school life in Texas that it was almost possible for the audience members to get a contact high just from sitting in the theatre watching it.
Interstate Water Compacts and Climate Change Adaptation

Over 95% of the available surface freshwater resources in the United States are interstate in nature and governed by interstate water compacts. These interstate compacts vary tremendously in how they allocate and manage interstate waters. Until recently, the water resources governed by interstate compacts have been relatively stable and unaffected by drastic changes in long-term weather patterns. However, within the next few decades North America is expected to experience increased regional variability in precipitation and susceptibility to drought. This article first looks at these expected changes on a macro and regional level to evaluate the increased stress on water resources that is expected to arise in some watershed. Interstate compacts may be the most important legal consideration in assessing water supply risks from climate change, and this article provides a critical evaluation of every interstate water compact: how it works, the resources it governs, and the rights and responsibilities it assigns to the party states. The article then assesses the relative risk and legal uncertainty resulting from climate change for interstate water resources subject to interstate compacts. The article concludes with a comparative assessment of the watersheds most at risk from climate change and the interstate compacts most able to adapt to climate change.
Treatment seeking for eating disorders: Results from a nationally representative study

Objective Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet up to 45% of individuals with EDs never receive treatment for their eating-related problems. This study sought to identify whether comorbidity, suicidality, discrimination, family cohesion, employment status, income, sex, age, marital status, religious belongingness, and ED-specific variables (body mass index and past-year ED diagnoses) were associated with treatment seeking in a nationally representative sample of individuals with EDs (N = 595; 77.8% women; 72.4% ethnic minority). Method Structural equation modeling was used to identify significant predictors of treatment seeking. Results In the full sample, age was associated with a greater probability of treatment seeking, and men had a lower probability of seeking treatment. No variables were significant predictors of treatment seeking among individuals in Hispanic or Caucasian subgroups. Discussion To our knowledge, this was the largest study to characterize predictors of treatment seeking in adults with EDs. Results from this study were consistent with existing literature documenting age and sex differences in treatment seeking among adolescents with an ED. Findings suggest a need for improved ED education and outreach—including greater mental health/ED literacy and decreased stigmatization for patients, providers, and the general public—and additional persuasive public-health messages to change community knowledge about treatment options for younger persons and men with EDs.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Release Uses a Cascading Network of Intra-SR and Channel Countercurrents

Abstract In muscle, Ca 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytosol is mediated through the ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and sustained by countercurrents that keep the SR membrane potential near 0 mV. Likewise, Ca 2+ reuptake by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase pump requires countercurrent. Although evidence has suggested that TRIC K + channels and/or RyR K + influx provide these countercurrents, the exact sources have not yet been determined. We used an equivalent circuit compartment model of a cardiac SR, the surrounding cytosol, and the dyadic cleft to probe the sources of countercurrent during a complete cardiac cycle. By removing and relocating TRIC K + channels, as well as limiting when they are active, we explored the various possible sources of SR countercurrent under many conditions. Our simulations indicate that no single channel type is essential for countercurrent. Rather, a cascading network of countercurrents is present with anion fluxes within the SR redistributing charges throughout the full SR volume. This allows ion channels in the entire SR membrane, far from the Ca 2+ fluxes through the RyRs in the junctional SR and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase pump in the nonjunctional SR, to mediate countercurrents that support Ca 2+ release and reuptake. This multifactorial network of countercurrents allows Ca 2+ release to be remarkably robust.
Background Paper Functions of the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein

In 1962 Caspar and Klug conjectured that self-assembly of equivalent or quasi-equivalent protein subunits and viral nucleic acid produces either icosahedral or helical structures according to the biological functions required (1). Some 15 years later Wengler introduced the terms “transcription helices” and “translation helices” to describe the relationship between helical ribonucleoprotein (RNP) structure and genome function for animal viruses containing single-stranded RNA (2). In transcription helices the RNA genome is transcribed into complementary nucleic acid, without permanent disassembly of the RNP. In translation helices the RNA is liberated from the RNP and translated into protein. To account for the fact that no examples of enveloped viruses containing translation helices had been described, Wengler speculated that “the forces exerted on the viral RNP during budding necessitate the design of a helical RNP of such high stability that RNA cannot be released for translation in vivo. Therefore, translation helices will not be present in viruses which obtain a viral membrane by budding”.
Johansen's New Scorecard System: The Summit

Johansen's, a large high-end department store, has just completed its first year under a new scorecard system for evaluation of manager performance. The manager of Store 51 has traditionally been one of the company's top-performing managers from a financial standpoint, but his overall performance rating has declined due to performance along nonfinancial dimensions. Using a role-playing exercise, the managers at the performance summit must discuss his performance in the context of a new performance evaluation system, measurement issues around the nonfinancial metrics, and retention concerns. An alternative version of this case, (UVA-C-2371) takes a more traditional case method pedagogical approach to the same material. Excerpt UVA-C-2349 Rev. Dec. 13, 2017 Johansen's New Scorecard System: The Summit Background Johansen's, a large high-end department store, first opened its doors in New York City in 1950. Founded on the principle of superior customer service, Johansen's quickly found success and expanded its stores across the country. Johansen's built its reputation and brand on putting the customer first and offering an unparalleled level of customer service. This core value was integral to maintaining its position as the premier high-end retailer for decades. As of 2014, Johansen's had 121 stores across 32 states. Due to its growth over the years, Johansen's was divided into five regions: Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, and Northwest (Exhibit 1). Each region had a regional manager who oversaw all the store managers in that region. Generally, Johansen's promoted from within, and it was not uncommon for an associate at one store to be promoted to manager of another. At the store manager level, it was more typical for a promotion to regional manager to occur within the same region, but there were instances in which a store manager from one region was promoted to regional manager of another region. . . .
The Fermi Liquid theory of 4 He in 3 He

The Zharkov-Silin Fermi Liquid theory of solutions of4He in normal (non-superfluid) liquid3He is reviewed and slightly extended. The theory is expected to be valid only below ∼0.1 K, and it predicts that there should be a hundred-fold increase in the diffusion coefficient as the temperature is lowered into this region. The limited range of validity explains the apparent disagreement between the recent very low temperature measurements of the phase separation line by Nakamura et al. and extrapolations from higher temperatures. In the low temperature experiments the4He concentration X4 is so small that there is no macroscopic phase separation, only a gradual thickening of the4He-rich film on the walls. We confirm that the phase separation temperature Tps(X4) estimated from the thickening is close to the values which would be observed in an ideal experiment with a macroscopic phase. Fits to Tps(X4) including the new data show that the4He effective mass m 4 * is close to, and may be equal to, the bare mass m4. The difference in binding at zero pressure between4He in liquid4He and in liquid3He is (E44−EE43)/kB=(0.21+0.03/−0.01)) K. Using the volume measurements of Laheurte to calculate the pressure dependence of E43 indicates that the difference in binding has a minimum of (0.0±0.2) K near ∼11 atm. This implies that the solubility of4He in3He is enhanced in this region of pressure. The behavior of the spinodal line at low temperature, and the possibility of observing Bose condensation in a metastable solution of4He in liquid3He are also discussed.
Hobbes: The Religion of Terror

It may seem somewhat strange that an “atheist”, or someone capable of being suspected of being an atheist, should concern himself with the question of the religious foundation of the state, but Hobbes was actually the first in the modern trend of dissociating traditional religious belief and civil religion in the search for a non-traditional foundation for the state, although he endeavors to conceal the dissociation. In fact, Hobbes’s interest was not so much religious as political — the preservation of political order in the midst of the replacement of Christendom with a collection of national states. In this situation “Hobbes saw that public order was impossible without a civil theology beyond debate; it is the great and permanent achievement of the Leviathan to have clarified this point.”2 It was the decline of Christianity as a force in some way guaranteeing the political order of Christian states that led Hobbes to seek a remedy for this problem through a reinterpretation of Christianity as a civil theology. In this chapter and the next we shall consider the metaphysical structures of Hobbes’ civil religion.
Anticartel Laws and Enforcement

The principal application of industrial economics to antitrust analysis is to identify exercised market power. In economics and the law, market power is the ability to control exchange prices or to prevent entry by a buyer or seller into a market. The ability to set prices will never be absolute, but a market participant has power over price if it has discretion to influence price over some range. Similarly, a seller need not be able to blockade market entry entirely to have market power — merely the ability to slow down the rate of entry or prevent one new potential seller from entering is enough.
Disorders of Elimination

Every one of us began life wetting the bed and making a “mess” of diapers on a daily basis. Our parents and others then imposed some form of toilet training on us. By various means they taught us when to eliminate and when to withhold urine and feces and they insisted that we learn to comply with the mles. We were not alone. In a classic study of 22 cultures Whiting and Child (1953) concluded that toilet training is the most basic and universal target of socialization everywhere. Furthermore virtually every culture appears to succeed in toilet training 80-90% of its new members within the expected time limit. The few who remain untrained or who become trained but then relapse are said to have a disorder of elimination.
Monocyte Subpopulation Recovery as Predictors of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Outcomes.

Abstract Monocyte recovery after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been correlated with overall survival (OS). However, monocytes are heterogeneous and consist of classic (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14+CD16+), and nonclassic (CD14+CD16++) subpopulations, with unique functional properties. We hypothesized that monocyte subpopulation reconstitution would vary based on allogeneic stem cell source and would be associated with outcomes. We studied monocyte subpopulation recovery at days 28, 60, 100, 180, and 365 post-HCT among 202 patients with hematologic malignancy. Significant differences in absolute monocyte count (AMC) and monocyte subpopulation counts at days 60 and 100 were identified based on stem cell source (all P
Pitfalls in molecular diagnostics

Molecular diagnostic techniques are part of the ancillary arsenal of anatomic pathologists. Advances in technology and knowledge regarding disease pathogenesis, tumorigenesis, and immune function contribute to the development of these assays. However, each technique, if applied incorrectly or in ignorance, can lead to difficulties in execution or errors in interpretation. In this review of commonly used molecular diagnostic tests, including immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability testing, chromosomal microarray testing, and conventional and next-generation sequencing, the emphasis will be on potential pitfalls and considerations for each platform. Emerging technologies that may be used in clinical applications in the near future will also be discussed. An understanding of the methodologies, advantages, and drawbacks of molecular assays will help pathologists aid in diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Japanese Courts Interpret the ‘Algorithm’ Limitation on the Copyright Protection of Programs

The Japanese Copyright Law provides that copyright protection in computer programs does not extend to algorithms used in making programs. In March of 1989, the 29th division of the Tokyo District Court, which specializes in intellectual property cases, had occasion to consider how far beyond the literal code of a computer program the scope of protection would extend, in the context of a motion for preliminary injunction against alleged infringement of the copyright in several computer programs in Systems Science Corp. v. Toyo Sokki K.K. Implicitly, the court dealt with the algorithm limitation on the scope of protection. The case was then appealed to the Tokyo High Court, which issued an opinion in June 1989 expressly relying in part on the statutory algorithm limitation. While the two courts differed in their views on whether an injunction should be issued with respect to programs that were admittedly copied by the defendants, both courts used strong language in denying plaintiff’s claim of infringement with respect to another program that was not literally copied. Both opinions stand in sharp contrast to the famous Whelan Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Laboratory, Inc. decision in the United States, which held that the copyright in a computer program protects only against literal copying of code but also against copying of structure, sequence and organization. The Japanese case strongly suggests that courts in Japan will take a more moderate approach to the protection of computer programs under copyright law than have courts in the United States.
A New Statistical Method for Estimating Usual Intakes of Nearly-Daily Consumed Foods and Nutrients Through Use of Only One 24-hour Dietary Recall.

Author(s): Luo, Hanqi; Dodd, Kevin W; Arnold, Charles D; Engle-Stone, Reina | Abstract: BackgroundTo estimate usual intake distributions of dietary components, collection of nonconsecutive repeated 24-h dietary recalls is recommended, but resource limitations sometimes restrict data collection to single-day dietary data per person.ObjectivesWe developed a new statistical method, the NCI 1-d method, which uses single-day dietary data and an external within-person to between-person variance ratio to estimate population distributions of usual intake of nearly-daily consumed foods and nutrients.MethodsWe used NHANES 2011-2014 data for men (n = 4938 and n = 4293 for the first and second 24-h recalls) to compare nutrient intake distributions of vitamin A, magnesium, folate, and vitamin E generated by the 1-d method (with use of only the first recall per person) with those from the NCI amount-only method (with use of all days of dietary intake per person). The within-person to between-person variance ratio from the amount-only model was used as the unbiased "external" estimate for the 1-d method. We also examined the effect of mis-specification of variance ratios on usual intake distributions.ResultsThe amount-only and 1-d methods estimated statistically equivalent median (25p, 75p): 647 (459, 890) compared with 648 (461, 886) µg retinol activity equivalents/d, 338 (268, 420) compared with 334 (266, 417) mg magnesium/d, 595 (458, 762) compared with 589 (456, 758) µg dietary folate equivalents/d, and 9.7 (7.3, 12.6) compared with 9.6 (7.3, 12.7) mg vitamin E/d. As the external variance ratios increased from 25% to 200% of the unbiased ratios, the prevalence of inadequate intake ranged from 53% to 43% for vitamin A, 57% to 55% for magnesium, 16% to 2% for folate, and 70% to 73% for vitamin E.ConclusionsThe 1-d method is a viable statistical method for estimating usual intakes of nearly-daily consumed dietary components when the variance ratio is unbiased. Results are sensitive to variance ratio selection, so researchers should still collect replicate data where possible.
Spreading of rodent infestations through a city

This paper details a network-based analysis of the spreading of rodent infestations through a city under varying conditions. Models of two very different cities, Tulsa, OK, USA and Providence, RI, USA, are created as geometric graphs using publicly available map data. The SIR epidemic model is applied with varying parameters, and the resulting infestation rates are measured. Results indicate that the density of a city, the size of the largest connected component (from the point of view of a rodent migrating to a new location), and the distance and probability of migration all play a role in determining the resulting rate of infestation. Results obtained are consistent with infestation patterns and rates reported by studies of other similarly dense city environments. For Providence a targeted attack simulation is run, which shows that carefully targeted extermination interventions could reduce infestation in the city by approximately 40%.
Maternal activation of the EGFR prevents translocation of gut-residing pathogenic Escherichia coli in a model of late-onset neonatal sepsis.

Late-onset sepsis (LOS) is a highly consequential complication of preterm birth and is defined by a positive blood culture obtained after 72 h of age. The causative bacteria can be found in patients’ intestinal tracts days before dissemination, and cohort studies suggest reduced LOS risk in breastfed preterm infants through unknown mechanisms. Reduced concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) of maternal origin within the intestinal tract of mice correlated to the translocation of a gut-resident human pathogen Escherichia coli, which spreads systemically and caused a rapid, fatal disease in pups. Translocation of Escherichia coli was associated with the formation of colonic goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs), which translocate enteric bacteria across the intestinal epithelium. Thus, maternally derived EGF, and potentially other EGFR ligands, prevents dissemination of a gut-resident pathogen by inhibiting goblet cell-mediated bacterial translocation. Through manipulation of maternally derived EGF and alteration of the earliest gut defenses, we have developed an animal model of pathogen dissemination which recapitulates gut-origin neonatal LOS.
Lipase hypersecretion syndrome: A rare cutaneous manifestation of advanced pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma

Careful recognition of cutaneous lesions in patients with malignancies may aid in avoiding additional morbidity during end of life care.