cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intertidal recruitment and feeding in relation to optimal utilization of nursery areas by juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus: Pleuronectidae)

Juvenile Parophrys vetulus 19–102 mm were collected on an intertidal flat in Humboldt Bay during 1976–1977. Recently metamorphosed fish that fed almost exclusively on harpacticoid copepods and other epibenthic crustaceans were found in large numbers during spring and early summer. A feeding transition occurred among fish 50–65 mm in length, and infaunal polychaetes were the dominant prey of fish greater than 65 mm. Increases in the feeding niche width and average size of prey items, as well as a decrease in the number of prey items per stomach, accompanied growth. The disappearance of English sole from intertidal areas in early fall at an average size of 82 mm and their subsequent residence in subtidal channels until a size of 140 mm suggest a size-depth segregation within the nursery ground. The advantages of such a distribution are discussed in terms of optimal foraging and reduction of intra- and interspecific competition.
Lensless 2D correlation experiments

Converging light is used for a reference beam in constructing the Fourier transform of a filter for use in a 2-D correlator. This eliminates the need for the inverse Fourier transform lens used for performing correlation. We analyze this approach and demonstrate correct performance with optical experiments. Further, we propose a compact optical correlator system that uses only one curved element for both constructing filters and performing correlation.
Ecosystem functions within a mine drainage passive treatment system

Abstract The impacts of acid mine drainage (AMD) on receiving water bodies have been extensively studied. Water quality improvement provided by constructed wetlands is well known, but little is known about the ecological function of these treatment systems. A passive treatment system was constructed in eastern Oklahoma to treat AMD from an abandoned coal mine. Multiple water quality parameters were monitored. Chlorophyll a concentrations were determined throughout the system to estimate productivity. Multi-plate artificial substrate samplers were deployed to quantify and evaluate the macroinvertebrate assemblage within each cell. Productivity between treatment cells varied significantly. The cells receiving effluent from anoxic organic substrate had elevated nutrient levels, which led to elevated productivity. Chlorophyll a levels reached hypereutrophic conditions into final treatment cells. Macroinvertebrate community structure was significantly different among treatment cells. Primary cells produced more diverse and evenly distributed taxa, including the presence of moderately intolerant taxa. The treatment system exhibited early successional stage ecosystem functions and trends toward destructive oscillations.
Numerical study of slightly viscous flow

A numerical method for solving the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations in two space dimensions at high Reynolds number is presented. The crux of the method lies in the numerical simulation of the process of vorticity generation and dispersal, using computer-generated pseudo-random numbers. An application to flow past a circular cylinder is presented.
Cavity closure following the discontinuation of ineffective pneumothorax.

Eleven cases illustrating the closure of tuberculous cavities following the discontinuation of ineffective pneumothorax have been tabulated and analyzed. Phrenic paralysis was substituted for the pneumothorax in 10 of the 11 cases. Pheumoperitoneum supplemented phrenic paralysis in 5 cases. Phrenic paralysis and pneumoperitoneum were effective adjuncts in the treatment of these cases. Certain principles of collapse therapy and their influence on cavity closure in these cases are discussed. Cases 6 to 11 inclusive have been followed since this paper was submitted for publication. At this time all have arrested disease.
Synthesis and Structures of Salen-Supported Borates Containing Siloxides

The ligand N,N‘ ‘-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)diethylenetriamine (SalenN3H3) was used to prepare the compound SalenN3H{B(OMe2)}2 (1) which could, in turn, be used in the formation of SalenN3H{B(OSiPh3)2}2 (2). For comparative purposes, the compounds Salben{B(OSiPh3)2}2 (3) (Salben = N,N‘-butylenebis(2-hydroxybenzylideneamine), Salen(tBu){B(OSiPh3)2}2 (4) (Salen(tBu) = N,N‘-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamine) and Salben(tBu){B(OSiPh3)2}2 (5) (Salben(tBu) = N,N‘-butylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamine) were prepared. In reactions where the siloxide is (HO)2SiPh2, unique dimeric siloxide-bridged compounds result, [Salpten(tBu){B(O2SiPh2}]2 (6) and [SalenN3H{B(O2SiPh2)}]2 (7). Compound 6 possesses a zeolite-like cavity having a volume of 157 A3. All of the compounds were characterized by physical (mp, analyses) and spectroscopic techniques (1H and 11B NMR, IR) and, in the case of 1, 3, 4, and 6, by X-ray crystallography.
Achieving higher uplink performance and capacity via non-overlapping window adaptive maximum noise fraction beamforming technique

This study introduces a practical use of maximum noise fraction (MNF) in beamforming antennas that enhances users' uplink performance and capacity in cellular systems. The study introduces a non-overlapping window adaptive MNF technique. In addition, it mathematically analyses the proposed method. Moreover, the performance benefits created via MNF technique in uplink scenarios is also studied. A multi-carrier wideband code division multiple access (MC-WCDMA) system is used as a toy example to represent the benefits created by the proposed technique when it is used as a beamformer. The performance of the proposed technique for uplink MC-WCDMA is mathematically analysed. Simulations are conducted to study the performance and the capacity of the proposed method. The effect of the noise covariance matrix estimation that is vital for the operation of MNF systems on the performance is investigated.
Dynamic localization of myosin‐I to endocytic structures in Acanthamoeba

We used fluorescence microscopy of live Acanthamoeba to follow the time course of the concentration of myosin-I next to the plasma membrane at sites of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. We marked myosin-I with a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody (Cy3-M1.7) introduced into the cytoplasm by syringe loading. M1.7 binds myosin-IA and -IC without affecting their activities, but does not bind myosin-IB. Cy3-M1.7 concentrates at two different macropinocytic structures: large circular membrane ruffles that fuse to create macropinosomes, and smaller endocytic structures that occur at the end of stalk-like pseudopodia. These dynamic structures enclose macropinosomes every 30-60 s. Cy3-M1.7 accumulates rapidly as these endocytic structures form and dissipate rapidly after they internalize. Double labeling fixed cells with Cy3-M1.7 and polyclonal antibodies specific for myosin-IA, -IB, or -IC revealed that all three myosin-I isoforms associate with macropinocytic structures, but individual structures vary in their myosin-I isoform composition. Myosin-I and actin also concentrate transiently at sites where amoebae ingest yeast or the pseudopodia of neighboring cells (heterophagy) by the process of phagocytosis. Within 3 min of yeast attachment to the amoeba, myosin-I concentrates around the phagocytic cup, yeast are internalized, and myosin-I de-localizes. Despite known differences in the regulation of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis, the morphology, protein composition, and dynamics of phagocytosis and macropinocytosis are similar, indicating that they share common structural properties and contractile mechanisms.
Reduced T-Cell and Dendritic Cell Function Is Related to Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression and Prostaglandin E2 Secretion in Patients With Breast Cancer

Background: In several neoplastic diseases, including breast cancer, immunosuppression correlates with disease stage, progression, and outcome. Thus, thorough analysis of immune parameters in breast cancer patients may be beneficial in designing effective anticancer immune-based therapies.
A note on the facticity of animal trials in early modern Britain; or, the curious prosecution of farmer Carter’s dog for murder

For a century or so there has been a lively debate on the meaning of animal trials in early modern and medieval Europe. One unresolved issue in this debate is the geographical and jurisdictional incidence of animal trials, including their facticity in Britain. This essay explores some neglected evidence in this regard, namely, three British animal trials identified in E.P. Evans’ (1906/1987) authoritative text The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.
Noninvasive glycaemia monitoring: background, traditional findings, and novelties in the recent clinical trials.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The noninvasive measurement of glycaemia is a topic of great interest and is rapidly changing; novelties have emerged frequently in the last years. The aim of the present review is to briefly present the main technologies in the field and the devices recently developed based on them. RECENT FINDINGS The main technologies for noninvasive glycaemia monitoring can be usually classified into two main categories, 'optical' and 'electric'. Each technology will be briefly presented. Some noninvasive glucose meters, Diasensor (based on near infrared spectroscopy), Pendra (impedance spectroscopy), and GlucoWatch (reverse iontophoresis), which entered either the European or the US market or both in the last years will be described. Unfortunately, none of them is currently in the market. Some new device prototypes, TANGTEST blood glucose meter (optical method), reverse iontophoresis-based glucose monitoring device, Aprise sensor (ultrasounds), have emerged in the last months. In clinical studies on humans, they generally showed a good accuracy in glycaemia measurement. SUMMARY The development of reliable methods for noninvasive glycaemia monitoring would have a tremendous impact on diabetes management. The most recent device prototypes appear promising, but because of the failure of previous projects, the assessment of such new devices must be done with extreme caution.
Release of Nuclear DNA Template Restrictions by Specific Polyribonucleotides

Certain synthetic homo- and copolyribonucleotide polymers are capable of releasing the DNA template restriction of isolated nuclei of rat liver cells when assayed with an excess of or in the absence of exogenous DNA polymerase. The purine homopolyribonucleotides are far more effective than are the pyrimidine polymers.
Adaptive chirp-Fourier transform for chirp estimation with applications in ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets

This paper first reviews some basic properties of the discrete chirp-Fourier transform and then present an adaptive chirp- Fourier transform, a generalization of the amplitude and phase estimation of sinusoids (APES) algorithm proposed by Li and Stoica for sinusoidal signals. We finally applied it to the ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets.
Hair Cortisol, Perceived Stress and Dispositional Optimism: A Pilot Study among Adolescents.

Hair Cortisol, Perceived Stress and Dispositional Optimism: A Pilot Study among Adolescents Psychological stress is often associated with poor health-related outcomes. One potential biomarker for chronic stress, hair cortisol, is minimally invasive compared to other cortisol collection techniques. This pilot study examined the relationships between hair cortisol and self-reported perceived stress, stressful life events, depressive symptoms, and dispositional optimism among adolescents.
Neurofilaments assume a less random architecture at nodes and in other regions of axonal compression.

Abstract Neurofilament distributions were mathematically characterized in four chicken somatic motor axons at each of four histologically distinct regions: compact myelinated regions, compact myelinated regions associated with Schwann cell nuclei, Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, and nodes of Ranvier. Compact myelinated regions had the largest cross-sectional areas, the lowest neurofilament densities, and the most random neurofilament organizations — nodes of Ranvier had the smallest cross-sectional areas, the highest neurofilament densities, and the most ordered architectures. In these myelinated axons, the closest natural neurofilament spacing was 25 nm. Mathematical analyses of serial sections suggested that neurofilament interactions are sufficiently weak and transient to permit a full range of variation from random to ordered cytoskeletal architectures as the neurofilaments move longitudinally through the few micron span of the paranodal-nodal region of a single axon.
Volvulus of the sigmoid colon: A ten-year study

A ten-year study of volvulus of the sigmoid colon is presented. Although the results of treatment of volvulus of the sigmoid colon are generally improving, the challenge for further improvement remains.
Vertical tomography of the temporomandibular joint with the use of a dental chair and intraoral x-ray unit

Abstract While designs for tomographic imaging are numerous, there are no reports in the literature of a vertical tomographic device based on a principle of patient movement relative to a fixed x-ray source. A vertical tomographic device was constructed with the use of a conventional dental chair to generate tomographic movement and a variable kilovolt (peak) intraoral x-ray unit as the x-ray generator. The device was assembled with commonly available components and construction elements machined from standard metal stock. Images made with 5 × 7 inch cassettes with RP X-Omat film and regular intensifying screens were compared with similar images produced by a commercial linear tomographic device costing about five times as much. Comparison of images of the temporomandibular joint of a tissue-equivalent skull phantom produced by transcranial technique and prototype and control tomograms demonstrated superior imaging produced with tomographic techniques and similar image quality between prototype and control-generated films.
Where, when and how much wind is available? A provincial-scale wind resource assessment for China

China's wind installed capacity has grown at a remarkable rate, over 80% annually average growth since 2005, reaching 91.5 GW of capacity by end of 2013, accounting for over 27% of global capacity. This rapid growth has been the result of a domestic manufacturing base and favorable national policies. Further evolution will be greatly aided with a detailed wind resource assessment that incorporates spatial and temporal variability across China. We utilized 200 representative locations for which 10 years of hourly wind speed data exist to develop provincial capacity factors from 2001 to 2010, and to build analytic wind speed profiles. From these data and analysis we find that China's annual wind generation could reach 2000 TWh to 3500 TWh. Nationally this would correspond to an average capacity factor of 0.18. The diurnal and seasonal variation shows spring and winter has better wind resources than in the summer and fall. A highly interconnected and coordinated power system is needed to effectively exploit this large but variable resource. A full economic assessment of exploitable wind resources demands a larger, systems-level analysis of China's energy options, for which this work is a core requirement. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Social and Cultural Determinants of the Gender Gap in Higher Education in the Islamic World

In an analysis of gender stratification in higher education in Iran, Pakistan and Turkey, cultural factors (particularly religion) were found to be much better predictors than structural factors. Realignments of state-class relations were unrelated to the size of the higher education gender gap, which is maximized by the institutionalization of Islamic religious codes. A woman who had received an invitation to attend one of the discussion sessions organized by the Women's Solidarity Association contacted me. She is a university teacher who wanted to participate in the session. Her husband, however, had refused, forbidding her to leave the house. This is a man who believes that work outside the home is not only a women's right, but indeed her duty, in order to elevate the financial and social level of her family. He sees no justification, however, for a woman to leave her home for any other purpose. His wife had explained to him the importance of her attendance at this meeting. ... He was not convinced, and told her that women have no problems-for after all, they have acquired education and gained employment as professors, government ministers, doctors and engineers. So then, what can their problems be? (El Saadawi, 1988: 8).
The modality effect: Is it a result of different strategies?

The theory that modality effects in immediate and delayed free recall are a result of differential encoding of recency items by subjects receiving auditory and visual presentation was tested in a series of experiments. Four of the experiments manipulated knowledge of list length and mode of presentation and found no decrement in auditory superiority when the subject was ignorant as to which items were recency items. This appears to disconfirm any theory that modality effects found for recency items in immediate free recall are a consequence of different subject strategies. Requirements for a general theory of modality effects and echoic memory are discussed.
Objective, subjective, and self-assessment of preadolescent orthodontic treatment need--a function of age, gender, and ethnic/racial background?

Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or underrepresented minority backgrounds in the United States have limited or no access to orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To determine whether preadolescents’ (a) objectively assessed orthodontic treatment need; (b) subjectively assessed orthodontic treatment need; and (c) self-perceptions of the psychologic aspects of their oral healthrelated quality of life and desire to have braces vary as a function of age, gender, ethnicity/race, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Data were collected from 1,566 preadolescents (age range: 8 to 11 years; 47.3 percent male/52.7 percent female; 55.7 percent African-American/39.7 percent White/2.9 percent Hispanic) in oral exams and in face to face interviews. Malocclusion was determined with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Results: Children (17.2 percent) had definite treatment need, 33.7 percent were borderline, and 49.1 percent had little or no need. Objectively and subjectively assessed treatment need was not affected by the children’s age or gender. However, girls were more critical of their smiles and wanted braces more than boys. The older the children were, the more critical they were and the more they wanted braces. African-American children and children in schools with higher percentages of children on free school lunches had less treatment need than White children and children in schools with lower percentages of students with free school lunches. While the provider-assessed treatment need was higher for White children than for Black children, Black children were less happy with their smiles than White children, and wanted braces more than White children. SES did not affect the children’s self-perceptions. Conclusions: Findings showed that substantial percentages of the preadolescents have an orthodontic treatment need. Orthodontic need and child self-perceptions varied as a function of the children’s age, gender, ethnicity/race, and SES.
860 CYSTINOSIS: DEFECTIVE FIBROBLAST LYSOSOMAL CYSTINE TRANSPORT

Defective cystine efflux has been demonstrated in lysosomes from both peripheral leukocytes and cultured EBV-lymphocytes from cystinotic patients. However, this abnormality has been difficult to demonstrate in fibroblast lysosomes, raising the question of whether lysosomal transport is the only defect in cystinosis. We have substantiated that some previous methods of loading fibroblast lysosomes with cystine, using cystine dimethyl ester (CDME), lead to cystine accumulation in a non-lysosomal as well as the lysosomal compartment (E. Harms, personal communication). If fibroblasts are removed from their anchorage substrate and incubated with 0.25 mM CDME for 15 min., only lysosomes are loaded with cystine as shown on Percoll gradients. In cystine-loaded lysosomes from two normal control fibroblast cultures the 20 min. cystine efflux was 19% and 20% without ATP and 56% and 74% with 2 mM MgATP. Lysosomes from two cystinotic fibroblast cultures had no cystine efflux over 20 min. both with and without ATP. We have used the dye, dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide to measure lysosomal membrane potential. MgATP causes a positive shift in membrane potential, in both cystinotic and normal lysosomes. In both cases, inhibitor and anion effects are consistent with an electrogenic proton pump. All of these findings support the concept of an abnormal lysosomal cystine transport protein as the primary defect in this disease.
Biorhythmic Cycles and the Incidence of Industrial Accidents.

The biorhythm theory of accident explanation that has been increasingly popularized in the business press was empirically examined. The data set consisted of municipal employees adjudged to be at fault in 150 work-related vehicular accidents, and municipal employees involved in 210 on-the-job accidents resulting in workmen's compensation claims. Each accident case was analyzed to determine whether or not the accident occurred on a biorhythmically critical day. The results showed no systematic relationship between critical days and accident occurrences for these data groups. The data were also systematically evaluated for the existence of non-biorhythmic cycles. The results of this analysis showed that no useful level of association existed for any cycle. It was concluded that, while other groups or events may exhibit measurable cyclical patterns, it seems likely that the relationships are more complex than a simple association such as that posited on the basis of biorhythm theory.
Determination of particulate composition, concentration and size distribution changes with time.

Abstract A sampling method which enables determination of paniculate composition and concentration from a single aerosol sample, both as a function of particle size and of time, is described. Analysis of the size-classified, time fractioned particulate samples can be accomplished by normal chemical or physical means. To illustrate this method's applicability several samples were analyzed, and results are presented for total weight distribution and particulate sulfate, nitrate, lead and iron concentration.
Experimental demonstration of the immunogenicity of silicone-protein complexes.

Although silicones, as a class, are nontoxic in animal and tissue studies, implanted silicone prostheses and medical devices are associated with various local and systemic host inflammatory reactions. They also have been associated with a form of autoimmune disease. To test the hypothesis that silicones may evoke an immunologically mediated inflammatory reaction, 10 guinea pigs were stimulated for 1 month with intraperitoneal injections of sterile medical-grade silicone oil admixed with homologous serum and complete Freund's adjuvant. Ten controls were stimulated with salin. Four additional animals were passively sensitized with splenic homogenates from four sensitized animals. Intradermal antigenic challenges consisted of silicone-homologous serum, pure silicone, saline-homologous serum, pure silicone, saline-homologous serum, and purified protein derivative. Cutaneous reaction patterns were graded grossly and microscopically. Silicone-serum and purified protein derivative antigens evoked three to four times greater palpable lesions in all 10 actively and all 4 passively sensitized animals at approximately 24 h compared to controls. Biopsies showed a moderate to marked lymphocytic infiltrate. Control sites and naive animals showed only edema at the challenge sites. The data suggest that silicone-protein complexes are potentially immunogenic.
On commutative group algebras of mixed groups

Suppose F is a perfect field of characteristic p 0 and G is an abelian group whose torsion subgroup Gt is p-primary. If Gt is totally projective of countable length, it is shown that G is a direct factor of the group of normalized units V(G) of the group algebra F(G) and that V(G)/G is a totally projective p-group. The proof of this result is based on a new characterization of the class of totally projective p-groups of countable length. Li addition, the same result regarding V(G) is obtained if G has countable torsion-free rank and Gt is totally projective of length less than ω1 + ω0 . Finally, these results are applied to the question of whether the existence of an F-i pomorphism F(G) ≅ F(H) for some group H implies that G≅H.
Lasing modes in disordered media for single-nanoparticle quantitation: a new approach for biosensing

Since random lasers were the objective of fundamental investigation, they have awaited utilities in biomedical applications. We investigate the feasibility that random lasing modes in disordered media can be used for singlenanoparticle quantitation. Our numerical experiments reveal that minute alterations in a single nanoparticle can induce dramatic changes in the eigenmodes of the system, which are self-formed in the disordered media, and that the multiple modes can serve as a "fine fishnet" to capture any perturbations. Combining its simplicity of realization and its sensitivity, random lasers could potentially serve a new biosensing mechanism.
Medication treatment perceptions, concerns and expectations among depressed individuals with Type I Bipolar Disorder

Background Subjective experience of illness affects outcomes among populations with bipolar disorder (BD). This cross-sectional study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluate perceived treatment effects, concerns and expectations among 90 individuals with BD.
Calibration and use of a cesium-iodide prism in the infrared

With a cesium-iodide prism the long wavelength range of an infrared spectrometer may be extended to 55μ The use of such a prism, the choice of optical system, and the problems of stray radiation are all discussed. Accurate data are assembled for calibration in this region, and sample calibration traces are shown. A simple gas absorption cell is described for use at long wavelengths.
Dictyostelium development in the absence of cAMP

Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are regulators of development in many organisms.Dictyostelium uses cAMP as an extracellular chemoattractant and as an intracellular signal for differentiation. Cells that are mutant in adenylyl cyclase do not develop. Moderate expression of the catalytic subunit of PKA in adenylyl cyclase–null cells led to near-normal development without detectable accumulation of cAMP. These results suggest that all intracellular cAMP signaling is effected through PKA and that signals other than extracellular cAMP coordinate morphogenesis in Dictyostelium.
Evaluation of a system designed to link people living with HIV/AIDS with mental health services at an AIDS-service organization.

Abstract This study evaluated the Rapid Response System, an initiative designed to link people living with HIV/AIDS with mental health services at an AIDS service organization. Data were extracted from agency records for 314 clients who had contact with the Rapid Response System over a 6-month period. Of the 281 clients who scheduled an appointment for an evaluation to initiate mental health services, 64% completed the evaluation. In the multivariate analysis, Latinos were significantly less likely than whites to complete the mental health evaluation. Further, there was a significant decrease in the likelihood of completing the mental health evaluation as the number of days between the Rapid Response System contact and the date of the evaluation appointment increased. Strategies that reduce the period of time between the initial referral and initiation of services may facilitate linkage with mental health treatment, particularly in the context of larger multi-service organizations.
Targeting Prosody: A Case Study of an Adolescent

Currently, there are few published treatment studies to address prosody in clinical populations. Developing treatment protocols is challenging due to the considerable degree of heterogeneity across individuals with prosodic disturbances and the multiple aspects of prosody, voice, speech, and language that can be affected. The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical management of prosody and outcomes in an adolescent who exhibits atypical prosody, residual segmental speech errors, morphosyntactic errors, and social communicative difficulties. An explicit approach using meta-awareness and discrimination strategies was used. Positive outcomes in some targeted behaviors were noted, whereas other behaviors did not change. Outcomes are discussed relative to the treatment approach.
Interoperability and the federal role

A smart grid is capable of integrating a broad array of generation resources and enables the participation of demand side resources in reliable system operation. To cost effectively realize this flexibility, the associated devices and systems need to connect and interact simply and reliably. Interoperability is the important ingredient to make this happen. Because the electric system transcends organizational boundaries between generators, electricity delivery companies, end-users, and other service providers, advancing interoperability between these organizations can be difficult to justify by individual organizations. But given the importance of a smart electric system to meet national economic, societal, and environmental objectives, a federal role is taking shape in the United States to improve the integration of automation elements and thus make smart grid a reality.
The effect of lattice strain on the diameter of BaZrO3 nanorods in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ films

An elastic strain model has been applied in an effort to understand the effect of the lattice strain on the diameter of the BaZrO3 (BZO) nanorods self-assembled into aligned arrays along the c-axis in BZO-doped epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin films. The calculated elastic energy of the strained BZO/YBCO composite lattice suggests that the diameter of the nanorods is approximately independent of the doping concentration of BZO as long as the density of the nanorods is sufficiently large. An experimental confirmation was carried out using transmission electron microscopy on YBCO thin films with BZO doping varying from 2% to 6% volume concentration. The diameter of the BZO nanorods was indeed found to be approximately constant in the range of 5.2–5.9 nm. The increase of the doping concentration therefore simply leads to an increase of the nanorod density, which links directly to the matching field of the effective pinning and is consistent with the transport Jc results measured for these samples.
Did Plinian eruptions in California lead to debris flows in Nevada? An intriguing stratigraphic connection

A common association of thin, late Holocene Mono and Inyo crater tephra beds buried by debris flows within a 250-km-long corridor of western Nevada suggests that there has been at times a genetic link between these two otherwise independent processes. The unambiguous depositional relations and the undisturbed character of the tephra beds at more than 20 sites indicate that tephra deposition was often followed by burial under debris flows produced by intense precipitation. Considering that average return periods are hundreds of years for such storms, it is highly improbable that this stratigraphic association is random coincidence. We propose that the most plausible explanation for this association is that some Plinian ash columns produced intense thunderstorms, resulting in large debris flows that buried the tephra beds.
Phototherapy for scleroderma: biologic rationale, results, and promise.

Scleroderma is a chronic disease of connective tissue characterized by deposition of large amounts of collagen. Localized scleroderma affects only the skin, whereas systemic disease, systemic sclerosis, may affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and heart in addition to the skin. Althoug
Communication of Vital Signs at Emergency Department Handoff: Opportunities for Improvement

Study objective We describe the prevalence of vital sign communication errors during emergency department (ED) handoffs. Our secondary objective is to evaluate the association between handoff behaviors and ED crowding on vital sign handoff errors. Methods This was a prospective observational study of ED handoffs conducted at an urban academic hospital. We observed a prespecified convenience sample of ED shift rounds and included all patients whose care was subject to a handoff during ED shift change. The primary outcome was vital sign communication errors, defined as the failure to communicate an episode of medical-record-documented hypotension or hypoxia during ED shift rounds. Trained research assistants used a standardized data collection tool to collect data through direct observation and electronic health record abstraction. We report descriptive statistics and results of a logistic regression model constructed with generalized estimating equations to describe the association between handoff and rounds-level characteristics and handoff errors. Results We observed 1,163 patient handoffs during 130 ED shift rounds. Of 117 patients with episodes of hypotension and 156 patients with hypoxia, 66 (42%) and 116 (74%) were not communicated at rounds, respectively. One hundred sixty-six handoffs (14%) included a vital sign communication error of omission. In multivariate analysis, no handoff or rounds characteristic, including the ED occupancy rate, was associated with omission errors of vital sign communication. Conclusion Providers omitted communication of patient hypotension or hypoxia in nearly 1 in 7 ED handoffs. These communication errors do not appear to be related to ED crowding or care interruptions.
Characterization of Surface Electrostatic Potentials of some (5,5) and (n,1) Carbon and Boron/Nitrogen Model Nanotubes

To help understand and predict nanotube interactions, the electrostatic potentials on both the outer and the inner surfaces of 10 single-walled model systems have been computed at the Hartree−Fock STO-5G//STO-3G level. All structures were optimized computationally. Both carbon and boron/nitrogen tubes were studied, including the open and closed (5,5) and the open (6,1), (7,1), and (8,1), plus fullerene for comparison. Hydrogen atoms were introduced at the ends of the open tubes, to satisfy the unfulfilled valencies. The surface potentials were characterized in terms of both site-specific and global properties: positive and negative extrema and average values, average deviation, positive and negative variances, and electrostatic balance. The all-carbon systems, the closed (5,5) and fullerene, are very weakly positive on most of the outer and all of the inner surfaces, the latter potentials being somewhat stronger. In contrast, the open carbon tubes with charge-donating hydrogens at the ends are slightly n...
The blood precursors of lactose as studied with 14C-labeled metabolites in intact dairy cows.

Abstract 1. 1. Lactating dairy cows were injected intravenously with 14 C-labeled carbonate, 1− 14 C acetate, 2- 14 C butyrate, 2- 14 C caproate and U- 14 C glucose. 2. 2. By following the specific activity levels of the plasma glucose and the lactose in the milk over long periods of time, it was possible to calculate that no more than about 85% of the carbon atoms of lactose originated from plasma glucose. 3. 3. Except with acetate as a precursor, lactose synthesis from blood metabolites involved a shorter delay period than any other major milk constituent. 4. 4. The glucose and galactose moieties of lactose were equally labeled, irrespective of time of milk sampling or the 14 C-labeled metabolite injected. 5. 5. It is concluded that besides glucose, other blood metabolites can contribute carbon atoms for lactose synthesis via metabolic pathways which by-pass the plasma glucose pool. However, a single common intermediate for both monosaccharide moieties of lactose appears to exist, presumably within the mammary gland.
Mutants of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA defective in initiation. Effects of overproduction of methionyl-tRNA transformylase and the initiation factors IF2 and IF3.

Abstract We describe the effects of overproduction of methionyl-tRNA transformylase and initiation factors IF2 and IF3 on the activity, in vivo, of initiator tRNA mutants defective at specific steps of the initiation process in protein synthesis. The activity of the U35A36/G72 and U35A36/G72G73 mutants, which are defective in formylation, was increased by overproduction of methionyl-tRNA transformylase. In contrast, the activity of the C30:G40/U35A36 mutant, which is formylated normally but is defective in binding to the ribosomal P site, was not increased. Overproduction of IF2 had a strong stimulatory effect on the activity of virtually all the mutants carrying the U35A36 anticodon sequence change, including the U35A36, U35A36/G72, U35A36/G72G73, and the C30:G40/U35A36 mutants. In cells overproducing IF2, the amount of protein made by translation of a mutant mRNA, which uses the U35A36 mutant initiator tRNA, is severalfold higher than that made by translation of a wild type mRNA. We discuss the possible implications of this result on overproduction of proteins and on the order of assembly of the 30 S ribosome mRNA fMet-tRNA initiation complex in Escherichia coli. Overproduction of IF3 did not affect the initiator activity of any of the tRNA mutants studied.
Photoionization by intense line radiation in laser-produced plasmas

Observed depletion of resonance-line emission from heliumlike ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ ions at 308-eV photon energy is associated with photoionization of lithiumlike ${\mathrm{Na}}^{8+}$ ions, as evidenced also by enhanced emission from the latter near the surface of laser-heated sodium-doped carbon targets. The data are analyzed in terms of the total density of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{8+}$ in the absorbing $n=2$ state, the photoionization cross section, and the relative population density of the radiating $3d$ excited state.
Will there be a vaccine to prevent HCV infection

Prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by vaccination has been a priority since discovery of the virus and the need has not diminished over the past 25 years. Infection rates are increasing in developed countries because of intravenous drug use. Reducing transmission will be difficult without a vaccine to prevent persistence of primary infections, and also secondary infections that may occur after cure of chronic hepatitis C with increasingly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens. Vaccine need is also acute in resource poor countries where most new infections occur and DAAs may be unaffordable. Spontaneous resolution of HCV infection confers durable protection, but mechanisms of immunity remain obscure and contested in the context of vaccine design. A vaccine must elicit a CD4+ helper T cell response that does not fail during acute infection. The need for neutralizing antibodies versus cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is unsettled and reflected in the design of two very different vaccines evaluated in humans for safety and immunogenicity. Here we review the status of vaccine development and the scientific and practical challenges that must be met if the burden of liver disease caused by HCV is to be reduced or eliminated.
Feature extraction from time domain acoustic signatures of weapons systems fire

The U.S. Army is interested in developing algorithms to classify weapons systems fire based on their acoustic signatures. To support this effort, an algorithm was developed to extract features from acoustic signatures of weapons systems fire and applied to over 1300 signatures. The algorithm filtered the data using standard techniques then estimated the amplitude and time of the first five peaks and troughs and the location of the zero crossing in the waveform. The results were stored in Excel spreadsheets. The results are being used to develop and test acoustic classifier algorithms.
Toluene and n-heptane sorption in Matrimid® asymmetric hollow fiber membranes

Abstract Equilibrium and transient sorption isotherms were obtained for toluene and n-heptane in both annealed and non-annealed Matrimid® asymmetric hollow fiber membranes at 35 °C. Equilibrium sorption follows the dual mode model except for toluene sorption into annealed fibers above a pressure of 0.5 psia. Except at the highest toluene exposure pressure, the equilibrium uptake of penetrant in annealed fibers was signigicantly less than in non-annealed fibers at a given pressure due to the significant reduction of excess free volume. Changes in the dual mode model parameters for the annealed samples may reflect not only reductions in sample free volume, but also charge transfer formation. The Berens–Hopfenberg model successfully describes all of the various transient sorption behaviors observed for toluene and n-heptane in Matrimid® with a significant relaxation-controlled contribution to the overall mass uptake over much of the experimental range explored. Purely diffusion-controlled (Fickian) uptake was seen only for toluene sorption in annealed fibers for a change in activity from 0 to 0.05, while purely relaxation-controlled (non-Fickian) uptake was observed for n-heptane sorption in non-annealed fibers for a change in activity from 0 to 0.09. A reduced value of DA/L2, the effective Fickian diffusion time, in non-annealed fibers for toluene at a low activity level provides evidence of antiplasticization, while at intermediate to high activity, the value of DA/L2 increases with activity for all of the systems studied in this work indicating plasticization.
On age-dependent branching processes with immigration

Abstract We derive the probability generating function for the general Bellman—Harris age dependent branching process with immigration emphasizing the role of immigration parameters. The solution requires solving a single scalar-valued integral equation, namely the usual Bellman—Harris equation. Our results are applied to three particular examples. We derive the equations for the immigration of particles governed by a Bellman—Harris process into a second Bellman—Harris process. In the second example we study Poisson immigration of particles into a time continuous Markov branching process. In the third, we derive the equations for a one-time immigration into a Bellman—Harris process.
Brief paper: Discrete time-optimal command shaping

Finite impulse-response ''input shapers'' may be used to prefilter inputs to eliminate or minimize residual vibration when maneuvering flexible structures. Vibration is reduced at the expense of adding a delay equal to the length of the shaper. This paper first presents results that aid in the design of ''single-input shapers'' in the discrete domain. Next, MIMO shaping is considered. Given certain a priori information about the inputs, shorter shapers (which introduce less delay) can be derived. A time-optimal scheme is developed here, and existence of solutions is proved for both SISO and MIMO cases. The method is direct, general, easy to implement, and allows for the addition of derivative constraints to improve robustness. Finally, traditional optimal control and input shaping are compared, and it is shown that under certain conditions optimal discrete-time input shaping and discrete time-optimal control are equivalent.
Tongue fat and its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea.

Study objectives The objective of this study was to determine whether tongue fat is increased in obese sleep apneics compared to obese subjects without sleep apnea. We hypothesized that excess fat is deposited in the tongue in obese patients with sleep apnea. Design Case-control design. Setting Academic medical center. Patients We examined tongue fat in 31 obese controls (apnea-hypopnea index, 4.1 ± 2.7 events/h) and 90 obese apneics (apnea-hypopnea index, 43.2 ± 27.3 events/h). Analyses were repeated in a subsample of 18 gender-, race-, age-, and BMI-matched case-control pairs. Interventions All subjects underwent a MRI with three-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging. We used sophisticated volumetric reconstruction algorithms to study the size and distribution of upper airway fat deposits in the tongue and masseter muscles within apneics and obese controls. Measurements and results The data supported our a priori hypotheses that after adjustment for age, BMI, gender, and race, the tongue in apneics was significantly larger (P = 0.001) and had an increased amount of fat (P = 0.002) compared to controls. Similar results were seen in our matched sample. Our data also demonstrate that within the apneic and normal tongue, there are regional differences in fat distribution, with larger fat deposits at the base of the tongue. Conclusions There is increased tongue volume and deposition of fat at the base of tongue in apneics compared to controls. Increased tongue fat may begin to explain the relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea.
Factitious urticaria (dermographism): treatment by cimetidine and chlorpheniramine in a randomized double‐blind study

The HI-antihistamine chlorpheniramine and the H2-antihistamine cimetidine, given alone and in combination, have been compared with placebo in twenty patients with factitious urticaria (dermographism), in a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Of these regimes, the combination was the only treatment which significantly reduced weal size, flare size and duration of weal, compared with placebo, although other treatments approached statistical significance. Continuation of the most effective of the four treatments in nineteen of the patients for a further 3 months without breaking the randomization code provided further evidence of the great effectivness of combined cimetidine and chlorpheniramine. No significant side effects were note.
Timescales for the growth of sediment diapirs in subduction zones

SUMMARY In this study, we calculate timescales for the growth of gravitational instabilities forming in the sediment layer on the downgoing slab at subduction zones. Subducted metasediments are buoyant with respect to the overlying mantle and may form diapirs that detach from the slab and rise upwards into the mantle wedge. We use a particle-in-cell, finite-difference method to calculate growth rates for instabilities forming within a buoyant, wet-quartz metasediment layer underlying a dense mantle half-space composed of wet olivine. These growth rates are used to determine where sediment diapirs initiate and detach from the slab over a range of subduction zone thermal structures. We find that, given a sufficient layer thickness (200– 800 m, depending on slab-surface and mantle-wedge temperatures), sediment diapirs begin to grow rapidly at depths of ∼80 km and detach from the slab within 1–3 Myr at temperatures ≤900 ◦ C and at depths roughly corresponding to the location of the slab beneath the arc. Diapir growth is most sensitive to absolute slab temperature, however it is also affected by the viscosity ratio between the sediment layer and the mantle wedge and the length-scale over which viscosity decays above the slab. These secondary affects are most pronounced in colder subduction systems with old slabs and faster subduction rates. For a broad range of subduction zone thermal conditions, we find that diapirs can efficiently transport sediments into the mantle wedge, where they would melt and be incorporated into arc magmas. Thus, we conclude that sediment diapirism is a common feature of many subduction zones, providing a potential explanation for the ‘sediment signature’ in the chemistry of arc magmas.