cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radial velocities of stars with multiple co-orbital planets

To date, well over a thousand planets have been discovered orbiting other stars, hundreds of them in multi-planet systems. Most of these exoplanets have been detected by either the transit method or the radial velocity method, rather than by other methods such as astrometry or direct imaging. Both the radial velocity and astrometric methods rely upon the reflex motion of the parent star induced by the gravitational attraction of its planets. However, this reflex motion is subject to misinterpretation when a star has two or more planets with the same orbital period. Such co-orbital planets may effectively “hide” from detection by current algorithms. In principle, any number of planets can share the same orbit; the case where they all have the same mass has been studied most. Salo and Yoder (Astron. Astrophys. 205:309–327, 1988) have shown that more than 8 planets of equal mass sharing a circular orbit must be equally spaced for dynamical stability, while fewer than 7 equal-mass planets are stable only in a configuration where all of the planets remain on the same side of their parent star. For 7 or 8 equal-mass planets, both configurations are stable. By symmetry, it is clear that the equally-spaced systems produce no reflex motion or radial velocity signal at all in their parent stars. This could lead to their being overlooked entirely, unless they happen to be detected by the transit method. It is equally clear that the lopsided systems produce a greater radial velocity signal than a single such planet would, but a smaller signal than if all of the planets were combined into one. This could seriously mislead estimates of exoplanet masses and densities. Transit data and ellipsoidal (tidal) brightness variations in such systems also are subject to misinterpretation. This behavior is also representative of more natural systems, with co-orbital planets of different masses.
State Tax Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: A Winnable War?

Abstract When a multinational firm invests in a country, potential host states compete for the firm by offering firm-specific tax reductions. Critics blast such incentives for transferring rents to the firm without affecting the investment decision. In fact, these incentives are tied to the firm's use of domestic inputs and therefore affect output decisions. With positive interstate spillovers, a federal subsidy is necessary to reach the national optimum without tax competition. Competition reduces state taxes and the need for federal subsidies. Also, under competition, the firm locates efficiently. Therefore, tax competition does not always reduce national welfare.
Objective differences between overactive bladder patients with and without urodynamically proven detrusor overactivity

This paper aims to determine if there are differences between female overactive bladder (OAB) patients with and without urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO). A retrospective chart review was performed on 146 women with OAB. All patients completed an American Urological Association symptom score, 48-h bladder diary (documenting voided volumes, incontinent episodes, and degree of urgency to void), and urodynamic testing (UDS). Patients with urodynamic DO were then compared to patients without DO. There were no differences in symptom scores. Patients with DO (54.1%) were older (61.8 vs. 50.8 years) and had smaller maximum voided volumes per void (377 mL vs. 476 mL), average 24-h urine output (1,975 mL vs. 2,320 mL), and significantly more incontinent episodes. On UDS, patients with DO were more likely to have abnormal sensation, with strong desire and urgency occurring at significantly lower bladder volumes. Despite similar symptomatology, there are objective differences between OAB patients with and without DO.
Teaching silicon new tricks

Arguably the most important element for the electronics industry, silicon is now being given a new lease of life in the world of photonics.
A Primer on the Economics of Prescription Pharmaceutical Pricing in Health Insurance Markets

The pricing of medical products and services in the U.S. is notoriously complex. In health care, supply prices (those received by the manufacturer) are distinct from demand prices (those paid by the patient) due to health insurance. The insurer, in designing the benefit, decides what prices patients pay out-of-pocket for drugs and other products. In this primer we characterize cost and supply conditions in markets for generic and branded drugs, and apply basic tools of microeconomics to describe how an insurer, acting on behalf of its enrollees, would set demand prices for drugs. Importantly, we show how the market structure on the supply side, characterized alternatively by monopoly (unique brands), Bertrand differentiated product markets (therapeutic competition) and competition (generics), influences the insurer’s choices about demand prices. This perspective sheds light on the choice of coinsurance versus copayments, the structure of tiered formularies, and developments in the retail market.
RED EYES ON WOLF-RAYET STARS: 60 NEW DISCOVERIES VIA INFRARED COLOR SELECTION

We have spectroscopically identified 60 Galactic Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, including 38 nitrogen types (WN) and 22 carbon types (WC). Using photometry from the Spitzer/GLIMPSE and Two Micron All Sky Survey databases, the new WRs were selected via a method we have established that exploits their unique infrared colors, which is mainly the result of excess radiation generated by free-free scattering within their dense ionized winds. The selection criterion has been refined since the last report, resulting in a WR detection rate of ≈20% in spectroscopic follow-up of candidates that comprise a broad color space defined by the color distribution of all known WRs having B > 14 mag. However, there are smaller regions within this color space that yield WRs at a rate of >50% in spectroscopic follow-up. Candidates that are not WRs are mainly Be stars, which is possibly attributable to the physical similarities between the free-free emission parameters of Be disks and WR winds. As an additional selection experiment, the list of WR candidates was cross-correlated with archival X-ray point-source catalogs, which increases the WR detection rate of the broad color space to ≈40%; 10 new WR X-ray sources have been found in addition to a previously unrecognized X-ray counterpart to a known WR. The extinction values, distances, and Galactocentric radii of all new WRs are calculated using the method of spectroscopic parallax. Although the majority of the new WRs have no obvious association with stellar clusters, two WC8 stars reside in a previously unknown massive-star cluster, in which five OB supergiants were also identified. The new system lies at an estimated distance of ≈6.1 kpc, near the intersection of the Scutum-Centaurus Arm with the Galaxy's bar. In addition, two WC and four WN stars, all but one of which are X-ray sources, were identified in association with the stellar clusters Danks 1 and 2. A WN9 star has also been associated with the cluster [DBS2003] 179. This work brings the total number of known Galactic WRs to 476, or ≈7%-8% of the total empirically estimated population. An examination of their Galactic distribution reveals an approximate tracing of the spiral arms and an enhanced WR surface density toward several massive-star formation sites.
From simple, neutral triatomic molecules to complex chemistry

The simple structures of neutral triatomic molecules mask the complexity of their many reactions. Several of them are involved with our life cycle, and an example of their importance is witnessed by the now recognized effect of CO2 on our climate. In this tutorial review, we provide a basis for understanding why these triatomics react with other species, and show examples of how their chemistry has been exploited to synthesize complex molecules and aggregates, to change drastically the properties of materials, and to devise new processes.
The digital divide: Who really benefits from the proposed solutions for closing the gap

The authors conducted an exploratory content analysis of 269 English language articles about the digital divide to identify potential connections between proposed solutions and the strategic interests of the proposers, or stakeholders. Articles were coded by type of suggested solution and by type of stakeholder offering the solution. Educators predominated in the study literature, stressing the need for a change in Internet connectivity, educational content, and a change in user education, socioeconomic status (SES), and culture. The digital industry provided the next largest number of articles, suggesting governmental policy changes to promote new equipment, increased Internet connectivity, the training of digital industry workers, and a change in content of the Internet. Articles from the nondigital business community suggested that no gap existed or that market dynamics (the status quo) would close it.
Current status and future prospects for research in psychosomatic medicine

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the current status and future prospects for research in psychosomatic medicine. The heterogeneity of the subject populations studied has emerged as a major methodological weakness of earlier research that led to hypotheses concerning the role of intrapsychic conflict in the activation of specific organic processes. The naturalistic studies of human subjects have also suggested that bereavement or separation may be the critical antecedents of behavioral disturbances and physiological change both in man and animals. Profound behavioral changes in young primates are known to occur upon separation from their mothers. It is shown that on separating 14-day-old rats from their mothers, a profound fall in heart rate occurred and the heart rate could be restored on feeding rat milk to the pups. Another set of findings that derive from psychophysiologic research in animals and man teaches to look for patterned changes in several endocrine and autonomic variables. From such a pattern, it may be possible to discern mediating mechanisms showed that mental arithmetic produced changes in BP, muscle and splanchnic blood flow, heart rate. and cardiac output in normal and hypertensive subjects, which differed in the two subject populations only in duration and degree.
Pressure-induced development of bonding in NiAs type compounds and polymorphism of NiP

Abstract A reversible, displacive, pressure-induced structural phase transition has been found to occur in nickel monophosphide NiP at approximately 3.5 GPa by means of in situ synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The new phase, with Pearson symbol oC56, assumes an orthorhombic structure with Cmc21 space group and unit cell parameters a=23.801(2) A, b=5.9238(6) A, and c=4.8479(4) A at 5.79 GPa. The high-pressure phase is a superstructure of the ambient, oP16 phase with multiplicity of 3.5. The phosphorous sublattice gradually converts from the net of isolated P2 dimers found in the ambient NiP, towards zig-zag polymeric P∞ chains found in MnP-type structures. The transformation involves development of triatomic phosphorous clusters and interconnected Ni slabs with diamondoid topology. The high-pressure phase, which represents intermediate polymerization step, is a commensurately modulated superstructure of the NiAs aristotype. The phase transformation in NiP bears resemblance to the effect of successive substitution of Si or Ge in place of P found in the series of stoichiometric inhomogeneous linear structures in ternary NiP1−xSix and NiP1−xGex systems.
Benefits of Swept-and-Leaned Stators for Fan Noise Reduction

An advanced high bypass ratio fan model was tested in the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center 9 £ 15 Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. The primary focus of this test was to quantify the acoustic benee ts and aerodynamic performance of sweep and lean in stator vanedesign. Three statorsets wereused forthis testseries. Aconventional radial stator set was tested at two rotor ‐stator axial spacings. Additional stator sets incorporating sweep only and sweep and lean were also tested. The hub axial location for the swept-and-leaned and swept-only stators was at the sameaxiallocationastheradialstatoratthesmallerrotor ‐statorspacing (upstreamstatorlocation ),whilethetipof thesemodie edstatorswasatthesameaxiallocation astheradialstatorsetatthedownstream rotor ‐statorspacing. The acoustic data show that swept and leaned stators give signie cant reductions in both rotor ‐stator interaction noise and broadband noise beyond what could be achieved through increased axial spacing of the conventional, radial stator. Application of these test results to a representative two-engine aircraft and e ight path suggest that about a 3 effective perceived noise (EPN)dB fan noise reduction could be achieved through incorporation of these modie ed stators. This reduction would represent a signie cant portion of the6-EPNdB aircraftnoisereduction goal relative to that of 1992 technology levels of the current NASA Advanced Subsonic Technology initiative.
Electroweak Prospects for Tevatron RunII

Abstract The prospects of precision electroweak measurements from CDF and DO using RunII data is reviewed.
Open models of share markets with two dominant types of participants

This paper examines a share market by using a jump Markov process to model entries, exits and switchings of trading rules by a large number of interacting participants in the market. The paper examines stationary distributions of clusters of agents by strategies. We concentrate on situations where behavior of market participants are positively correlated. In these cases about 95 percent of the market participants can be shown to belong to two largest subgroups of agents with two trading rules. Contributions of the remaining 5 percent or so of participants are ignored in examining the market behavior as a whole. Market excess demand and price dynamics are examined in this framework. At the end a possibility for the existence of a power law is raised.
Measurement and analysis of thermal energy responses from discrete urban surfaces using remote sensing data

Abstract This study employs data from the airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) to measure thermal (i.e., longwave) energy responses, emitted or upwelling, from discrete surfaces that are typical of the city landscape within Salt Lake City, Utah, over a single diurnal time period (i.e., a single day/night-time sequence). These data are used to quantify the disposition of thermal energy for selected urban surfaces during the daytime and night-time, and the amount of change in thermal response or flux recorded between day and night. An analysis is presented on the thermal interrelationships observed for common urban materials for day, night, and flux, as identified from the TIMS data through the delineation of discrete surface type polygons. The results from the study illustrate that such factors as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and the amount of soil moisture available have a profound impact on the magnitude of thermal energy emanating from a specific surface and on the dynamics of ...
Fractional dynamics and the Standard Model for particle physics

Abstract Fractional dynamics is an attractive framework for understanding the complex phenomena that are likely to emerge beyond the energy range of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM). Using fractional dynamics and complex-scalar field theory as a baseline, our work explores how physics on the high-energy scale may help solve some of the open questions surrounding SM. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
Biosynthesis of Aromatic Polyketides in Bacteria

Natural products, produced chiefly by microorganisms and plants, can be large and structurally complex molecules. These molecules are manufactured by cellular assembly lines, in which enzymes construct the molecules in a stepwise fashion. The means by which enzymes interact and work together in a modular fashion to create diverse structural features has been an active area of research; the work has provided insight into the fine details of biosynthesis. A number of polycyclic aromatic natural products--including several noteworthy anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, and other medicinally significant substances--are synthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs) in soil-borne bacteria called actinomycetes. Concerted biosynthetic, enzymological, and structural biological investigations into these modular enzyme systems have yielded interesting mechanistic insights. A core module called the minimal PKS is responsible for synthesizing a highly reactive, protein-bound poly-beta-ketothioester chain. In the absence of other enzymes, the minimal PKS also catalyzes chain initiation and release, yielding an assortment of polycyclic aromatic compounds. In the presence of an initiation PKS module, polyketide backbones bearing additional alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl primer units are synthesized, whereas a range of auxiliary PKS enzymes and tailoring enzymes convert the product of the minimal PKS into the final natural product. In this Account, we summarize the knowledge that has been gained regarding this family of PKSs through recent investigations into the biosynthetic pathways of two natural products, actinorhodin and R1128 (A-D). We also discuss the practical relevance of these fundamental insights for the engineered biosynthesis of new polycyclic aromatic compounds. With a deeper understanding of the biosynthetic process in hand, we can assert control at various stages of molecular construction and thus introduce unnatural functional groups in the process. The metabolic engineer affords a number of new avenues for creating novel molecular structures that will likely have properties akin to their fully natural cousins.
A fuzzy logic system for channel equalization

We present a new method for channel equalization using fuzzy logic. The membership functions are derived from the training data set, and a method to estimate the delay of the communication channel is proposed. The performance of the fuzzy equalizer is compared with that of a transversal filter equalizer. It is shown using simulations that the transversal filter requires a much larger training set to achieve the same error rate. It is also shown, using simulations, that the fuzzy equalizer performs better in the presence of channel nonlinearities. >
Design of Subscale Airfoils with Full-Scale Leading Edges for Ice Accretion Testing

A design procedure for subscale airfoils with full-scale leading edges that exhibit full-scale water droplet impingement characteristics in an incompressible, inviscid e ow is presented. The design procedure uses validated airfoil design, e ow analysis, and water droplet impingement simulation codes to accomplish the task. To identify and isolate important design variables in the design, numerous trade studies were performed. This paper presents the results of the trade studies and briee y discusses the role of important design variables in the subscale airfoil design. The effect of these design variables on circulation, velocity distribution, and impingement characteristics is discussed along with the accompanying implications and compromises in the design. A strategy to incorporate viscous effects into the design is also presented. This article also presents the design of a half-scale airfoil model with a 5% upper and 20% lower full-scale surface of the Learjet 305 airfoil leading edge and compares its aerodynamic as well as the droplet impingement characteristics with that of the Learjet 305 airfoil.
The DIAMOND security policy for object-oriented databases

A formal data model and integrated multilevel security policy for object-oriented database systems are presented in this paper. The security policy addresses mandatory as well as discretionary security controls. Classes derive security classification constraints from their instances and logical instances.
Retail sales: a study of pricing behavior in supermarkets

This article examines temporary price reductions, or sales, on ketchup products in supermarkets in Springfield, Missouri, between 1986 and 1988. The descriptive data analysis indicates that intertemporal demand effects are present. A model of intertemporal pricing in which demand increases with the number of time periods since the last sale is considered and confronted with the data. The estimates indicate that demand increases in the time elapsed since the last sale. The timing of ketchup sales is well explained by the number of time periods since the last sale. Also, competition between retailers for accumulated shoppers influences the sale decision.
Electrostatic-Accelerator Free-Electron Lasers

The amplification of short wavelength coherent electromagnetic radiation by relativistic electrons moving through a spatially periodic transverse magnetic field was first demonstrated at Stanford University [1]. These experiments were carried out using the bunched electron beam emerging from a radio frequency linear accelerator. Although the electron beam quality was ideally suited to study the most important operating characteristics of the free electron laser, the small amount of available average electron beam current coupled with only a small laser extraction efficiency contributed to limit both the amount of average laser power produced (P=0.5 watts) and the overall operating efficiency of the device (e<0.1%).
Proton affinity of methyl nitrate - Less than proton affinity of nitric acid

Several state-of-the-art ab initio quantum mechanical methods were used to investigate the equilibrium structure, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and IR intensities of methyl nitrate, methanol, and several structures of protonated methyl nitrate, using the same theoretical methods as in an earlier study (Lee and Rice, 1992) of nitric acid. The ab initio results for methyl nitrate and methanol were found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The proton affinity (PA) of methyl nitrate was calculated to be 176.9 +/-5 kcal/mol, in excellent agreement with the experimental value 176 kcal/mol obtained by Attina et al. (1987) and less than the PA value of nitric acid. An explanation of the discrepancy of the present results with those of an earlier study on protonated nitric acid is proposed.
Chandra Observations of QSO 2237+0305

We present the observations of the gravitationally lensed system QSO 2237+0305 (Einstein Cross) performed with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory on 2000 September 6 and on 2001 December 8 for 30.3 and 9.5 ks, respectively. Imaging analysis resolves the four X-ray images of the Einstein Cross. A possible fifth image is detected; however, the poor signal-to-noise ratio of this image combined with contamination produced by a nearby brighter image make this detection less certain. We investigate possible origins of the additional image. Fits to the combined spectrum of all images of the Einstein Cross assuming a simple power law with Galactic and intervening absorption at the lensing galaxy yields a photon index of 1.90 consistent with the range of Γ measured for large samples of radio-quiet quasars. For the first Chandra observation of the Einstein Cross this spectral model yields a 0.4-8.0 keV X-ray flux of 4.6 × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1 and a 0.4-8.0 keV lensed luminosity of 1.0 × 1046 ergs s-1. The source exhibits variability over both long and short timescales. The X-ray flux has dropped by 20% between the two observations, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that image A is variable at the 97% confidence level within the first observation. Furthermore, a possible time delay of 2.7 hr between images A and B with image A leading is detected in the first Chandra observation. The X-ray flux ratios of the images are consistent with the optical flux ratios that are affected by microlensing, suggesting that the X-ray emission is also microlensed. A comparison between our measured column densities and those inferred from extinction measurements suggests a higher dust-to-gas ratio in the lensing galaxy than the average value of our Galaxy. Finally, we report the detection at the 99.99% confidence level of a broad emission feature near the redshifted energy of the Fe Kα line in only the spectrum of image A. The rest frame energy, width, and equivalent width of this feature are Eline = 5.7 keV, σline = 0.87 keV, and EW = 1200 eV, respectively.
1/4-BPS states on noncommutative tori

We give an explicit expression for classical 1/4-BPS fields in supersymmetric YangMills theory on noncommutative tori. We use it to study quantum 1/4-BPS states. In particular we calculate the degeneracy of 1/4-BPS energy levels.
Global Aspects of Current Algebra

A new mathematical framework for the Wess-Zumino chiral effective action is described. It is shown that this action obeys an a priori quantization law, analogous to Dirac's quantization of magnetic change. It incorporates in current algebra both perturbative and non-perturbative anomalies.
A parallel branch and bound algorithm for solving large asymmetric traveling salesman problems

A parallel branch and bound algorithm that solves the asymmetric traveling salesman problem to optimality is described. The algorithm uses an assignment problem based lower bounding technique, subtour elimination branching rules, and a subtour patching algorithm as an upper bounding procedure. The algorithm is organized around a data flow framework for parallel branch and bound. The algorithm begins by converting the cost matrix to a sparser version in such a fashion as to retain the optimality of the final solution. Computational results are presented for three different classes of problem instances: (1) matrix elements drawn from a uniform distribution of integers for instances of size 250 to 10 000 cities, (2) instances of size 250 to 1000 cities that concentrate small elements in the upper left portion of the cost matrix, and (3) instances of size 300 to 3000 cities that are designed to confound neighborhood search heuristics.
The Binding of Learning to Action in Motor Adaptation

In motor tasks, errors between planned and actual movements generally result in adaptive changes which reduce the occurrence of similar errors in the future. It has commonly been assumed that the motor adaptation arising from an error occurring on a particular movement is specifically associated with the motion that was planned. Here we show that this is not the case. Instead, we demonstrate the binding of the adaptation arising from an error on a particular trial to the motion experienced on that same trial. The formation of this association means that future movements planned to resemble the motion experienced on a given trial benefit maximally from the adaptation arising from it. This reflects the idea that actual rather than planned motions are assigned ‘credit’ for motor errors because, in a computational sense, the maximal adaptive response would be associated with the condition credited with the error. We studied this process by examining the patterns of generalization associated with motor adaptation to novel dynamic environments during reaching arm movements in humans. We found that these patterns consistently matched those predicted by adaptation associated with the actual rather than the planned motion, with maximal generalization observed where actual motions were clustered. We followed up these findings by showing that a novel training procedure designed to leverage this newfound understanding of the binding of learning to action, can improve adaptation rates by greater than 50%. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the effects of partial assistance and error augmentation during neurologic rehabilitation, and they suggest ways to optimize their use.
Singular Monopoles and Gravitational Instantons

We model A_k and D_k asymptotically locally flat gravitational instantons on the moduli spaces of solutions of U(2) Bogomolny equations with prescribed singularities. We study these moduli spaces using Ward correspondence and find their twistor description. This enables us to write down the Kahler potential for A_k and D_k gravitational instantons in a relatively explicit form.
School Vouchers in Washington, DC: Achievement Impacts and Their Implications for Social Justice.

The District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP) is a school voucher initiative targeted to disadvantaged students in the US Capital. Vouchers worth up to $7,500 annually are awarded by lottery to students with family incomes near or below the federal poverty line. Students can then use their voucher at any of 60 participating private schools in DC. Is this program just? From the perspective of Rawlsian liberalism, an education program is just if it expands opportunity equally for all or at least improves the prospects for the “least advantaged” affected group. Since the OSP is a targeted program and not universally available to all students, it must satisfy Rawls's second condition, called “the difference principle”, in order to be viewed as just. Evidence from a rigorous evaluation of the program suggests that the DC voucher program advances the cause of social justice, but with an important caveat.
Recent results using all-point quark propagators

Pseudofermion methods for extracting all-point quark propagators are reviewed, with special emphasis on techniques for reducing or eliminating autocorrelations induced by low eigenmodes of the quark Dirac operator. Recent applications, including high statistics evaluations of hadronic current correlators and the pion form factor, are also described.
A decline in p38 MAPK signaling underlies immunosenescence in Caenorhabditis elegans

The decline in immune function with aging, known as immunosenescence, has been implicated in evolutionarily diverse species, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. During aging in Caenorhabditis elegans, intestinal tissue deterioration and the increased intestinal proliferation of bacteria are observed, but how innate immunity changes during C. elegans aging has not been defined. Here we show that C. elegans exhibits increased susceptibility to bacterial infection with age, and we establish that aging is associated with a decline in the activity of the conserved PMK-1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which regulates innate immunity in C. elegans. Our data define the phenomenon of innate immunosenescence in C. elegans in terms of the age-dependent dynamics of the PMK-1 innate immune signaling pathway, and they suggest that a cycle of intestinal tissue aging, immunosenescence, and bacterial proliferation leads to death in aging C. elegans.
P3 latency and symbol digit performance correlations in aging

Relationships among age, P3 latency, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performance were investigated for 172 subjects ranging from 20 to 79 years. Age-related increases in P3 latency were most evident for older normal subjects (greater than 55 years) and for a subset of subjects with low physical fitness levels, but were negligible for a subset of subjects with high physical fitness levels. A similar relationship was found between age and SDMT. P3 latency and SDMT performance were significantly correlated for older subjects with low fitness levels but not for young (less than 55 years) subjects or subjects with high fitness levels. Partial correlation analyses indicated a significant relationship between P3 latency and SDMT performance that was independent of age. These results agree with previous studies suggesting that P3 latency provides a sensitive measure of age- and/or health-related processes affecting CNS function and cognitive performance. Careful attention to nonpathologic subject variables and use of age-adjusted norms are important considerations for clinical use of P3 latency.
Performance and fundamental processes at low energy in a two-phase liquid xenon dark matter detector

Abstract We extend the study of the performance of a prototype two-phase liquid xenon WIMP dark matter detector to recoil energies below 20 keV. We demonstrate a new method for obtaining the best estimate of the energies of events using a calibrated sum of charge and light signals and introduce the corresponding discrimination parameter, giving its mean value at 4 kV/cm for electron and nuclear recoils up to 100 keV (nuclear recoil energy). We show that fluctuations in recombination limit discrimination for most energies, and reveal an improvement in discrimination below 20 keV due to a surprising increase in ionization yield for low energy electron recoils. This improvement is crucial for a high-sensitivity dark matter search.
Thermochemistry of chromium compounds, especially oxides at high temperature

Abstract The thermodynamics of reactions involving chromium are summarized, emphasis being placed on binary and ternary oxides at high temperature. Comparisons with other elements are made, and some geochemical generalizations suggested. Topics discussed include: metallic Cr and its oxidation; Cr compounds at room temperature; Cr 2 O 3 and its solid solutions with Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 ; systematics of formation of ternary chromium oxides, especially spinels; solid solutions containing chromium in spinels, garnets, and pyroxenes; shear phases (Magneli phases) containing chromium; and chromium sulfides.
Probing Primordial and Pre-Galactic Lithium with High-Velocity Clouds

The pre-Galactic abundance of lithium offers a unique window into nonthermal cosmological processes. The primordial Li abundance is guaranteed to be present and probes big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), while an additional Li component is likely to have been produced by cosmic rays accelerated in large-scale structure formation. Pre-Galactic Li currently can only be observed in low-metallicity Galactic halo stars, but abundance measurements are plagued with systematic uncertainties due to modeling of stellar atmospheres and convection. We propose a new site for measuring pre-Galactic Li: low-metallicity, high-velocity clouds (HVCs), which are likely to be extragalactic gas accreted onto the Milky Way and which already have been found to have deuterium abundances consistent with primordial. An Li observation in such an HVC would provide the first extragalactic Li measurement and could shed new light on the apparent discrepancy between BBN predictions and halo star Li abundance determinations. Furthermore, HVC Li could at the same time test for the presence of nonprimordial Li due to cosmic rays. The observability of elemental and isotopic Li abundances is discussed, and candidate sites are identified.
Design of a 100-kW gyro-TWT

A gyro-TWT is often plagued by absolute instabilities in lower order modes and even in the operating mode itself. These problems will be avoided by performing an experiment in the lowest order mode in cylindrical waveguide ( TE11 ) and using a low α beam to excite a wave with large kn. A gyroresonant wiggler will partially transform the axial velocity of a high quality Pierce beam into transverse velocity. A 100 keV, 5 A, α = 0.5 beam will generate 9 GHz rf in a 3 kG magnetic field. Magnetic tapering will be used to enchance the efficiency. The theoretical gain is predicted to be 60 dB with a bandwidth over 20%.
Jury Size and the Free Rider Problem

In recent times, judges in the United States have said that 6-person juries are inferior to 12-person juries. But by what reasoning is a smaller jury inferior? One argument is the Condorcet jury theorem, which says that a larger jury will reach a more accurate decision. This, however, assumes that the information of each juror is independent of the size of the jury. I show that a juror's information does depend on the size of the jury. In a larger jury panel each juror has less incentive to pay attention in the court, even though they are all pledged to hear and deliver a verdict on a trial. Because of the free-rider problem, a larger jury may actually make poorer decisions. The results apply to many environments in which decisions are made by committees and work teams. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Radiative Upsilon decay at the endpoint

Abstract The standard NRQCD power counting breaks down and the OPE gives rise to color-octet shape functions at the upper endpoint of the photon energy spectrum in radiative ϒ decay. Also in this kinematic regime, large Sukadov logarithms appear in the octet Wilson coefficients, ruining the perturbative expansion. Using SCET, the octet shape functions arise naturally and the Sudakov logarithms can be summed using the renormalization group equations. We derive an expression for the resummed octet energy spectrum.
Synthesis of γ-halogenated ketones via the Ce(IV)-mediated oxidative coupling of cyclobutanols and inorganic halides

A straightforward method for the synthesis of γ-halo-substituted ketones formed via the CAN-initiated oxidative addition of halides to 1-substituted cyclobutanols has been developed. This method has short reaction times, and provides access to a range of bromo and iodo γ-substituted ketones in good to excellent yields.
DISCOVERY OF HIGHLY OBSCURED GALAXIES IN THE ZONE OF AVOIDANCE

We report the discovery of 25 previously unknown galaxies in the zone of avoidance (ZoA). Our systematic search for extended extragalactic sources in the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) and MIPS Galactic Plane Survey (MIPSGAL) mid-infrared surveys of the Galactic plane has revealed two overdensities of these sources, located around l ~ 47° and 55° and |b| ≾ 1° in the Sagitta-Aquila region. These overdensities are consistent with the local large-scale structure found at similar Galactic longitude and extending from |b| ~ 4 to 40°. We show that the infrared spectral energy distribution of these sources is indeed consistent with those of normal galaxies. Photometric estimates of their redshift indicate that the majority of these galaxies are found in the redshift range z ≃ 0.01-0.05, with one source located at z ≃ 0.07. Comparison with known sources in the local universe reveals that these galaxies are located at similar overdensities in redshift space. These new galaxies are the first evidence of a bridge linking the large-scale structure between both sides of the Galactic plane at very low Galactic latitude and clearly demonstrate the feasibility of detecting galaxies in the ZoA using mid-to-far infrared surveys.
A cohomological study of local rings of embedding codepth 3

Abstract The generating series of the Bass numbers μ R i = rank k Ext R i ( k , R ) of local rings R with residue field k are computed in closed rational form, in case the embedding dimension e of R and its depth d satisfy e − d ≤ 3 . For each such R it is proved that there is a real number γ > 1 , such that μ R d + i ≥ γ μ R d + i − 1 holds for all i ≥ 0 , except for i = 2 in two explicitly described cases, where μ R d + 2 = μ R d + 1 = 2 . New restrictions are obtained on the multiplicative structures of minimal free resolutions of length 3 over regular local rings.
The Supercurrent in Supersymmetric Field Theories

A supercurrent superfield whose components include a conserved energy-momentum tensor and supersymmetry current as well as an (generally broken) R symmetry current is constructed for a generic effective N=1 supersymmetric gauge theory. The general form of the R symmetry breaking is isolated. Included within the various special cases considered is the identification of those models which exhibit an unbroken R symmetry. One such example corresponds to a nonlinearly realized gauge symmetry where the chiral field R weight is required to vanish.
Exclusion of the majority: Shrinking college access and public policy in metropolitan Los Angeles

This paper examines trends in white and minority student experiences in the high schools, the community colleges, and the universities of the greater Los Angeles area since the mid-1970s. Black and Hispanic access to educational mobility is shown to have been severely hampered by high rates of dropping out of high school, by increasingly rigorous standards of admission and the high cost of attending 4-year public colleges, by the failure of community colleges in their transfer function, by the deemphasis on minority recruitment and retention programs, and by the curtailment of civil rights enforcement. To the extent that Los Angeles area trends forecast broader national patterns in our increasingly multiethnic society, the evidence from the area has fundamental national importance.
Implications of mean field accretion disc theory for vorticity and magnetic field growth

In addition to the scalar Shakura–Sunyaev αss turbulent viscosity transport term used in simple analytic accretion disc modelling, a pseudo-scalar transport term also arises. The essence of this term can be captured even in simple models for which vertical averaging is interpreted as integration over a half-thickness and each hemisphere is separately studied. The additional term highlights a complementarity between mean field magnetic dynamo theory and accretion disc theory treated as a mean field theory. Such pseudo-scalar terms have been studied, and can lead to large-scale magnetic field and vorticity growth. Here it is shown that vorticity can grow even in the simplest azimuthal and half-height integrated disc model, for which mean quantities depend only on radius. The simplest vorticity growth solutions seem to have scales and vortex survival times consistent with those required for facilitating planet formation. In addition, it is shown that, when the magnetic back-reaction is included to lowest order, the pseudo-scalar driving the magnetic field growth and that driving the vorticity growth will behave differently with respect to shearing and non-shearing flows: the former pseudo-scalar can more easily reverse sign in the two cases.
Cow evaluation in North America

Abstract To date, cows have been evaluated both genetically and phenotypically primarily for milk and fat yield. For these traits, the estimation procedure is quite sophisticated. Although procedures in DHI computing centers vary considerably, many dairymen on test receive routine estimates of the producing and transmitting ability of their cows. The degree to which this information is used appears to be highly dependent upon the effectiveness of the extension education program in the particular state. The cow index calculated by the USDA has become the major criterion of selection for dams of young bulls. Estimates of breeding values of cows for other traits are nearly nonexistent. As the economic importance of other traits is determined, procedures for obtaining data and for estimating breeding values will need to be developed. Presently, culling guides are based mainly on current lactation production or on production on current test day. Little emphasis has been placed on projection of net returns.
Safety, domain independence and generalized quantification

Abstract We define QLGQ, a query language with generalized quantifiers, which uses only conjuction to combine formulas, the rest of its expressive power coming from generalized quantification. However, the language is not safe. A safe (and domain independent) sublanguage (SQLGQ) is defined; the definition uses properties of generalized quantifiers as well as (minimal) syntax limitations on formulas, and is motivated on semantical grounds, unlike most past approaches which are purely syntactic. We prove that SQLGQ subsumes RC/S*, one of the largest classes of safe languages proposed in the literature. Given these results, we propose that the most useful type of quantification for query languages is relativized quantification, in which the scope of the quantifier is made explicit as part of the query, and give this idea a technical form using generalized quantifiers. Finally, we extend work by Hull and Su on alternative semantics for first-order logic (FOL) to this new framework and propose some open questions for further research.
CRITICAL DYNAMICS OF CONTACT LINE DEPINNING

The depinning of a contact line is studied as a dynamical critical phenomenon by a functional renormalization group technique. In D=2-\ensuremath{\epsilon} interface dimensions, the roughness exponent is \ensuremath{\zeta}=\ensuremath{\epsilon}/3 to all orders in perturbation theory. Thus, \ensuremath{\zeta}=1/3 for the contact line, equal to the Imry-Ma estimate of Huse for the equilibrium roughness. The dynamical exponent is z=1-2\ensuremath{\epsilon}/9+O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{2}$)1, resulting in unusual dynamical properties. In particular, a characteristic distortion length of the contact line depinning from a strong defect is predicted to initially increase faster than linearly in time. Some experiments are suggested to probe such dynamics.
Constructing big indecomposable modules

Let R be local Noetherian ring of depth at least two. We prove that there are indecomposable R-modules which are free on the punctured spectrum of constant, arbitrarily large, rank.
Why has economic growth been more pro-poor in some states of India than others?

Abstract We use 20 household surveys for India's 15 major states spanning 1960–1994 to study how the sectoral composition of economic growth and initial conditions interact to influence how much growth reduced consumption poverty. The elasticities of measured poverty to farm yields and development spending did not differ significantly across states. But the elasticities of poverty to (urban and rural) non-farm output varied appreciably, and the differences were quantitatively important to the overall rate of poverty reduction. States with higher elasticities did not experience higher rates of non-farm growth. The non-farm growth process was more pro-poor in states with initially higher literacy, higher farm productivity, higher rural living standards (relative to urban areas), lower landlessness and lower infant mortality.
Dendrimers at surfaces and interfaces: chemistry and applications

The highly compact and globular shape, as well as the uniform size and plurifunctionality of dendrimers make them ideal molecular building blocks for a wide range of interfacial materials involving self-assembled monolayers, Langmuir films, multilayers, and other surface-confined assemblies. Moreover, the study of the behavior of dendrimers at surfaces and interfaces provides unique insight into their chemical and physical properties. Dendritic macromolecules play an increasingly important role in the materials and surface sciences, where applications utilizing polymer thin films can benefit from their distinctive chemical and physical properties. Recent investigations have highlighted the use of dendrimers as functional surfaces and as interfacial materials for applications in membranes, adhesion, microelectronics or in chemical and biological sensing.
Primary carcinoma of the female urethra

AbstractThe clinical and morphological features in 81 cases of carcinoma of the female urethra were reviewed. The over-all 5 and 10-year survival rate for the entire group was 32 per cent. Survival expectations for patients with squamous carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were similar when analyzed according to stage and all cell types appeared to respond equally to irradiation. Prognosis was related directly to the clinical stage of the disease. A plea is made for more accurate assessment of the disease status. The high incidence of local recurrence noted for all forms of single modality therapy (46 to 64 per cent) suggests the need for clinical trials with combination preoperative irradiation followed by definitive surgical procedures.