cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basing Alfalfa Yields on Green Weights

Of the 28 samples taken on 12 different dates at Huntley the average loss in weight was 76.5 percent of the green weight. Of the 30 samples taken on 10 different dates at Fallon, the average loss in weight was exactly the same as at Huntley. The highest loss was 81.6 percent at Fallon and 80.6 percent at Huntley; the lowest at Fallon was 71.7 percent and at Huntley 70.0 percent; the extreme range was 10.6 percent at Huntley and 9.9 percent at Fallon. The results fail to show any consistent significant differences in the loss in weight of samples cut on different dates or at different stages of growth; that is, when the range of variation in samples cut on the same date or at the same stage of growth is considered it is seen that the variation in samples cut on different dates and at different stages of growth is not large enough to be considered significant. While the results reported above are not sufficient to warrant a conclusion as to the relative desirability of using green weights and of using "cured hay" weights, the losses in percent of green weight under rather diverse conditions were sufficiently constant to suggest the advisability of further investigation.
The dynamics of CO oxidation on Pt deduced from translational, rotational and vibrational excitation in product CO2

Abstract Internal energy distributions in the CO2 product of CO oxidation on a Pt surface have been measured using Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy. The analysis reveals that the distribution of states within any given mode is Boltzmann but that each mode is characterized by its own temperature. In order to observe the effects of coverage on the product energy distributions, the results for different surface temperature are compared. This comparison reveals that a given increase in surface temperature causes a much larger increase in symmetric stretch temperature. A simultaneous reduction in the translational energy is postulated. Simplified trajectory calculations in light of the experimental results suggest that the transition state comprises a CO2 molecule standing nearly vertical and slightly bent as it is formed.
Dating precariously balanced rocks in seismically active parts of California and Nevada

Precariously balanced boulders that could be knocked down by strong earthquake ground motion are found in some seismically active areas of southern California and Nevada. In this study we used two independent surface-exposure dating techniques—rock-varnish microlamination and cosmogenic 36 Cl dating methodologies—to estimate minimum- and maximum-limiting ages, respectively, of the precarious boulders and by inference the elapsed time since the sites were shaken down. The results of the exposure dating indicate that all of the precarious rocks are >10.5 ka and that some may be significantly older. At Victorville and Jacumba, California, these results show that the precarious rocks have not been knocked down for at least 10.5 k.y., a conclusion in apparent conflict with some commonly used probabilistic seismic hazard maps. At Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the ages of the precarious rocks are >10.5 to >27.0 ka, providing an independent measure of the minimum time elapsed since faulting occurred on the Solitario Canyon fault.
Positron emission tomography of patients with head and neck carcinoma before and after high dose irradiation

Background. Positron emission tomography (PET) with labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) demonstrates in creased tracer uptake in many neoplasms. This study was undertaken to define the patterns of FDG uptake in head and neck neoplasms before and after high dose irradiation. Methods. Twenty-five patients were evaluated prospectively with PET and standard clinical and radiographic techniques before and after irradiation. Results. Twenty-seven primary sites were confirmed pathologically in 23 patients and included the nasopharynx (four lesions), oropharynx (14 lesions), larynx (five lesions), oral cavity (two lesions), and paranasal sinuses (two lesions). Two patients had unknown primary sites. Twenty-four of 27 primary sites correlated with areas of increased tracer uptake on PET scans. Five patients had increased uptake in cervical lymph nodes that were uninvolved by radiographic or clinical criteria. Position emission tomography seemed to be able to differentiate tumor activity from fluid-filled sinuses in two patients with paranasal sinus tumors. In two patients with unknown primary sites, increased uptake in the base of tongue after PET suggested occult primary sites. Positron emission tomography scans obtained 1 month after high dose irradiation (RT) indicated decreased levels of FDG uptake in all patients' tumors. However, these scans did not accurately reflect the status of disease in these patients. Scans obtained 4 months after RT were believed to assess more accurately the presence of malignancy. Conclusions. Positron emission tomography is a new modality that may be useful in defining tumor activity in clinically negative areas. Appropriately timed posttreatment PET may be useful in predicting outcome after definitive RT and in distinguishing viable tumors from normal tissue changes after RT in patients with head and neck carcinomas.
Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials: a normal value study

Normal somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained from the lower lip of 40 volunteers. Efforts were made to exclude artefact. A consistent triphasic wave form of three peaks and troughs was defined. There were greater variations in amplitude than latency between subjects. Statistically, one side of the lower lip can be used as a control for the contralateral side, but it may not be possible to have reliable normal values between subjects. Somatosensory evoked potentials may however represent an objective method of evaluating trigeminal sensory nerve function.
On the uniform source of amyloid in plaques, tangles and vascular deposits

Abstract A series of recent studies involving isolation, sequencing and cloning of a precursor protein of amyloid of AD, as well as in aging and Guamanian ALS/PD confirms the unifying hypothesis that the amyloid of paired helical filaments, amyloid plaque cores and vascular amyloid are of one source. The gene for the precursor protein of this brain amyloid is on chromosome 21.
Glassy dynamics of protein methyl groups revealed by deuteron NMR.

We investigated site-specific dynamics of key methyl groups in the hydrophobic core of chicken villin headpiece subdomain (HP36) over the temperature range between 298 and 140 K using deuteron solid-state NMR longitudinal relaxation measurements. The relaxation of the longitudinal magnetization is weakly nonexponential (glassy) at high temperatures and exhibits a stronger degree of nonexponentiality below about 175 K. In addition, the characteristic relaxation times deviate from the simple Arrhenius law. We interpret this behavior via the existence of distribution of activation energy barriers for the three-site methyl jumps, which originates from somewhat different methyl environments within the local energy landscape. The width of the distribution of the activation barriers for methyl jumps is rather significant, about 1.4 kJ/mol. Our experimental results and modeling allow for the description of the apparent change at about 175 K without invoking a specific transition temperature. For most residues in ...
Three‐dimensional centrifugal‐type instabilities in inviscid two‐dimensional flows

In this paper the classical Rayleigh centrifugal instability theory is extended to general inviscid two‐dimensional flows. Sufficient conditions for centrifugal instability are that the streamlines be convex closed curves in some region of the flow, with the magnitude of the circulation decreasing outward. If these conditions are satisfied, a class of three‐dimensional short‐wave instabilities can be constructed, which are localized near the streamline on which the exponent of a certain matrix Floquet problem is maximized.
Advocating for the Future of Science on Capitol Hill

Students make great science lobbyists. That was the message from AGU at the annual Science, Engineering, and Technology Congressional Visits Day (SET-CVD) on 12–13 March. As students, we exist at the intersection of research and education and are an exuberant and visual example of the positive outcomes of funding SET programs. As the future practitioners and beneficiaries of science, we also have a lot at stake. In the midst of current budget battles, it is more important than ever that we take the opportunity to remind our legislators that SET programs play a unique and important role in the education and training of our nation's citizens as well as in the scientific discoveries that benefit society and fuel our economy.
Observations on the formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines.

The formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines have been assessed in the living in clinical studies of growth, nutrition, and disease. Lines have also been used by many researchers in the analysis of patterns of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal materials, although most of this research has been undertaken on adult bones. However, how reliable and useful are transverse lines for interpretations of stress? The precise etiologies for their appearance are varied and controversial, and lines are also known to resorb during both childhood and the adult years. Sex differences in both their formation and persistence have also been reported. To assess better the viability of lines as indicators of stress, the present research analyzes rates of formation, distribution frequencies, and the persistence of transverse lines in individuals aged birth to 50 + years from a single archaeological population. The results suggest that while transverse lines may be analytically useful as subsidiary criteria for more fully understanding the biological well-being of prehistoric populations, caution should be exercised in the interpretations made concerning childhood stress, particularly when using adult bones.
Using prior probabilities in decision-tree classification of remotely sensed data

Land cover and vegetation classification systems are generally designed for ecological or land use applications that are independent of remote sensing considerations. As a result, the classes of interest are often poorly separable in the feature space provided by remotely sensed data. In many cases, ancillary data sources can provide useful information to help distinguish between inseparable classes. However, methods for including ancillary data sources, such as the use of prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification, are often problematic in practice. This paper presents a method for incorporating prior probabilities in remote-sensing-based land cover classification using a supervised decision-tree classification algorithm. The method allows robust probabilities of class membership to be estimated from nonparametric supervised classification algorithms using a technique known as boosting. By using this approach in association with Bayes' rule, poorly separable classes can be distinguished based on ancillary information. The method does not penalize rare classes and can incorporate incomplete or imperfect information using a confidence parameter that weights the influence of ancillary information relative to its quality. Assessments of the methodology using both Landsat TM and AVHRR data show that it successfully improves land cover classification results. The method is shown to be especially useful for improving discrimination between agriculture and natural vegetation in coarse-resolution land cover maps.
Regge Slope and the Λ Parameter in Quantum Chromodynamics: An Empirical Approach via Quarkonia

The string constant (or, equivalently, the asymptotic Regge slope α′) is related to the Λ parameter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The empirical information from the Ψ, ϒ spectroscopies is used to determine this relation. In so doing a quarkonium potential in excellent agreement with experimental data is also obtained. It is found that Λms―=0.5 GeV and α′=1 GeV−2.
An implementation supporting distributed execution of partitioned ada programs

This paper describes the implementation of a novel paradigm for building distributed application software in Ada. The entire application is written as a single program, which is partitioned for distributed execution after its design. The partitioning is expressed in a separate notation called the Ada Program Partitioning Language (APPL). A modified compilation system accepts an Ada program and an APPL specification for it as input, to produce a separate executable image for each node. There is considerable freedom in what Ada entities may be placed on different nodes. The two-phase design approach helps reduce design complexity, and allows experimentation with different strategies for allocating software to hardware without requiring software redesign. Our implementation is currently under the final stages of testing using a modified version of the Ada compiler validation test-suite.Section 1 presents an overview of our paradigm and the rationale behind it. Section 2 introduces APPL. Section 3 describes our current implementation. Section 4 discusses the question of what Ada entities should be distributable, and compares several alternatives. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper with pointers to future work.
Test-meal in the diagnosis of malabsorption in infancy. Tolerance tests using simultaneous oral administration of glucose, D-xylose, cream and vitamin A.

Summary A test-meal containing 2 g of glucose per kg body weight (minimum of 20 g), 0.5 g of D-xylose per kg, 8 ml of standardized cream (12% fat) per kg and 7 500 IU of vitamin A palmitate per kg was administered through a nasogastric tube. During the next 10 hours capillary blood samples were obtained and analysed for glucose, D-xylose, triglycerides, and vitamin A using microanalytical methods. The results in 16 normal infants aged 1 to 20 months are reported. The results for all parameters determined, except D-xylose, were comparable to those previously reported using single tolerance tests. The variability related to age was pronounced for glucose, triglycerides and vitamin A. In patients with malabsorption syndromes (cystic fibrosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia, intrahepatic cholestasis, and gluten-induced enteropathy) the results were also comparable with those earlier observed using single tolerance tests. A combined test-meal has certain advantages over the examinations now used in infants with symptoms suggesting a malabsorption syndrome: a series of tolerance tests is avoided, and it is therefore easier to follow the absorption of fat and carbohydrates during the course of a disease and during a therapeutic regimen.
alternative to what? subcultural capital and the commercialization of a music scene

ABSTRACT This paper examines the commercialization of an alternative youth subculture. Sociologists have typically focused on the ways that authorities have attempted to repress and censor youthful rebellion, but less attention has been given to their appropriation by mass media and consumer markets. In fact, I argue that condemnation by authorities has often made deviance more alluring for some young people, while commercialization appears to dilute the adversarial qualities of youth culture. I use the concept “subcultural capital” to explain both the economic value of youthful rebellion and the process of co-optation that occurs when it is absorbed into the consumer culture. While labeling and other disciplinary forms of societal reaction have attempted to enforce the boundary between deviance and normality, commercialization can have the opposite effect of conflating these boundaries.
Cross Sections of Nuclei for High-Energy Pions

Measurements of the diffraction and absorption cross sections of nuclei for negative pions at kinetic energies between 0.6 and 1.4 Bev are described. They include the absorption cross section (1) in selected nuclei from Be to Pb at 0.97 Bev, (2) in C between 0.6 and 1.2 Bev, and (3) in Al, Ca, and Pb for 1.5-Bev/c momentum ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and protons. Diffraction cross sections were obtained for (1) Be, C, Al, and Ca at 0.97 Bev and (2) C at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.2 Bev.The data are compared to the optical model of the nucleus. Detailed computations are described both for a tapered Fermitype distribution of nucleons which fits the high-energy electron scattering data and for a uniform square-well nucleon distribution of the form $R={r}_{0}{A}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. All of the absorption cross sections are shown to be in excellent agreement for a Fermi distribution with a single radial parameter $c=(1.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04){A}^{\frac{1}{3}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, which is 6% larger than that required by electromagnetic measurements. The data are also consistent with the same value of the radial parameter as that which fits the electron-scattering data if the range of the pion-nucleon force is taken to be \ensuremath{\approx}1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. This range is equal to the range required by pion-nucleon scattering data. A uniform distribution $R={r}_{0}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ is not consistent with the data.The diffraction cross sections appear to be 20-30% higher than those predicted by the optical model and the dispersion relations. The implications of this discrepancy are discussed.
A comparison of the surface chemistry of phenyl cyanate and phenol on Al(111)

Abstract The surface chemistry of phenyl cyanate and phenol on Al(111) was investigated by temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy between 100 and 800 K. Chemisorption of the initial monolayer occurred via cleavage of the OCN bond for phenyl cyanate and the OH bond for phenol. A surface phenoxide species was formed for both cases that decomposed further to yield a chemisorbed phenyl group. Ultimately, benzene and hydrogen were observed as desorption products. Carbide and oxide remained on the surface as decomposition products for both molecules, while a nitride species also remained after phenyl cyanate decomposition.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Mammographic–Pathologic Correlation

The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) or neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) for breast cancers has increased significantly. NACT is, by definition, utilized, before surgery and before radiation therapy. The idea behind this type of treatment is to be able to eradicate potential systemic micrometastatic foci and produce shrinkage of the primary tumor. Some cases are treated to convert inoperable cancers into operable ones; other cases are treated to allow breast conservation. One of the concerns with the use of NACT is a reported increase in local recurrence after breast conserving surgery. It is therefore critical for accuracy of results and margin evaluation that the radiologic and pathologic evaluations are performed in an interdisciplinary forum. Evaluation of the imaging studies in conjunction with the pathologic information provides the most accurate information regarding residual versus no residual disease.
Static Ring Fixation for Nonplantigrade Charcot Midfoot Deformity

It is now appreciated by the orthopedic foot and ankle community that Charcot foot arthropathy imparts a severe negative impact on health-related quality of life. These effects are not reversed with conventional methods of accommodative treatment. Surgical correction may allow patients a less encumbered ambulation. Traditional methods of internal fixation are not applicable in many of the patients because of morbid obesity, open wounds with osteomyelitis, poor bone quality, and an impaired immune status. The static application of the Illizarov method allows correction of the deformity through a small surgical incision with limited soft-tissue stripping, and maintenance of that correction with a preassembled, 3-level, static circular external fixator.
The effect of water on the thermal transitions of fish scales from Arapaima Gigas

Abstract Fish scales are collagen based structures that display interesting mechanical properties, particularly in the wet state. In this paper we study the effect of water content on the thermal transitions of scales from the Amazonian fish Arapaima Gigas by means of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) tests. The endothermic peaks found are discussed and the results are compared with previous studies of other collagen based structures. The peaks observed were found to depend on the water content of the samples. The role of water on the thermal stability of fish scales is discussed. The peak temperature related to the denaturation of collagen was found to increase with increasing water content. Hence, samples with higher water content were more thermally stable than samples with lower water content. This tendency is contradictory with regard to that observed on other collagen based structures such as bones and tendons.
Hemophilus influenzae pericarditis with cardiac tamponade

Abstract The unusual occurrence in an adult of purulent pericarditis caused by Hemophilus influenzae, type b and complicated by cardiac tamponade is described. Medical and surgical treatment was required. The clinical course and the pathologic report of tissue removed at pericardiectomy within 3 weeks after onset of the infection indicated the development of “acute” constrictive pericarditis. The patient fully recovered and was asymptomatic 3 years later without evidence of chronic constrictive pericarditis.
Hybrid silicon transmitter using quantum well intermixing

A hybrid silicon DFB laser array emitting over 200nm was integrated with EAMs (3dB bandwidth>30GHz). Four bandgaps spread over >100nm were realized using quantum well intermixing for increased spectral gain and for laser-modulator detuning.
Diagnosis and management of women with stroke during pregnancy/postpartum

Although the incidence of stroke is extremely low, the complications are serious. Maternal mortality has been reported to be as high as 26%. It is important for doctors to be aware of the causes, diagnostic techniques, and management strategies for stroke in order to achieve the best outcome for the mother and fetus. Recurrence risk appears extremely low, so women should feel confident in future positive pregnancy outcomes.
The Impact of Schottky Barrier Tunneling on SiC-JBS Performance

The impact of barrier tunneling on SiC-JBS performance is studied both experimentally and theoretically. We show that although the pinch-off effects associated with the JBS structure can significantly suppress the surface electric field, barrier tunneling still dominates the reverse behavior. Barrier tunneling determines the apparent breakdown voltage, as well as the apparent breakdown voltage vs. forward voltage drop trade-off of the JBS diode in practical applications.
Highly Organized Structures and Unusual Magnetic Properties of Paddlewheel Copper(II) Carboxylate Dimers Containing the π−π Stacking, 1,8-Naphthalimide Synthon

The substituted carboxylate compounds N-(3-propanoic acid)-1,8-naphthalimide (HLC2) and N-(4-butanoic acid)-1,8-naphthalimide (HLC3) react with Cu2(O2CCH3)4(H2O)2 in the presence of either pyridine (py) or 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy) to produce the dimeric complexes [Cu2(LC2)4(py)2]·2(CH2Cl2)·(CH3OH) (1), [Cu2(LC3)4(py)2]·2(CH2Cl2) (2), [Cu2(LC2)4(bipy)]·unknown solvent (3), and [Cu2(LC3)4(bipy)]·(CH3OH)2·(CH2Cl2)3.37 (4). The core of these four compounds contains the square Cu2(O2CR)4 “paddlewheel” secondary building unit (SBU) structural motif with nonbonding Cu···Cu distances that average 2.66 A, with each copper in a nearly square pyramidal geometry. Strong π−π stacking interactions of the 1,8-naphthalimide groups organize the structures of 1 and 2 into sheets and into a three-dimensional structure for 1. The propylene connector in the LC3 ligand allows an arrangement of the 1,8-naphthalimide groups that is different from the square shape of the SBU core. Use of the 4,4′-bipyridine linking ligand produces ...
Biology of Dipogon Sayi Banks (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in Trap-Nests in Wisconsin

Many of the trap-nests placed in the field for research primarily on Megachilidae were found to be utilized by the spider wasp, Dipogon sayi Banks.[2][1] Apparently little has been added to the literature[3][2] on this species since the Peckhams (ISOS) reported on the biology of sayi (= Pompilus calipterus Say) as follows: “It was on the fifth of August that we saw this good sized, dark gray wasp, walking up and down a fence post. A little scrutiny showed that she was carrying pellets of earth from the ground into a hole four feet above, in the wood, and very odd she looked, making this journey again and again on foot instead of using her wings. Upon cutting away the post we found that she was just partitioning off the second apartment in what was doubtless intended to be a long series. Both cells contained female spiders of the species Xysticus ferox, that in the inner one being twice as large as the other, and each spider had an egg on the side of the abdomen. The large one was dead, but the other responded feebly to stimulation and lived in this state for four days. One of the eggs, the one that had just been laid when we opened the nest, hatched at the end of sixty hours, but the larva did not live.” [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2
Change in citrus leaf lipids during freeze-thaw stress

Abstract Fatty acids in the leaves of the citrus hybrid B5-9-68, a BC1 progeny [(Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) x C. sinensis], were compared with those in P. trifoliata and C. sinensis. Total lipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid profiles of the cold hardened hybrid were similar to the profiles of the hardy P. trifoliata and different from the profiles of the less hardy C. sinensis. When subjected to a freeze regime, the unhardened hybrid lost 22% leaf fatty acids during the freeze stage and 13% during the thaw stage. Linolenic acid accounted for 98% of the fatty acid decrease. Degradation was greatest in phosphatidylcholine (89%), phosphatidylglycerol (83%), monogalactosyldiglyceride (79%) and digalactosyldiglyceride (50%). Phosphatidic acid increased 4-fold over the two stress stages. Total leaf fatty acids during the freeze-thaw regime increased 12% in the cold hardened hybrid. Three molecular species of triacylglycerol which were rich in linolenic acid increased in the hardened hybrid during the freeze-thaw regime. The increase in highly unsaturated triacylglycerol species under freeze-thaw stress suggests that triacylglycerol has a role in maintaining the fluidity of biomembranes during freezing conditions.
DAE2FSM: automatic generation of accurate discrete-time logical abstractions for continuous-time circuit dynamics

We abstract the I/O functionality of continuous-time dynamical systems (e.g., SPICE netlists with combinational and sequential logic) as Finite State Machines (FSMs). This enables efficient simulation of large designs implemented with less-than-perfect devices and components, and also opens the door to formal verification of transistor-level designs against higher-level specifications. In particular, our automatically generated FSMs faithfully capture the behaviour of latches, flip-flops, and circuits constructed from them. Among other technical advances, we generalize an existing (binary-only) FSM-learning approach to arbitrary I/O alphabets, which empowers it to learn high-fidelity abstractions of multi-level-discretized, multi-input/multi-output systems. Our approach, when applied to correctly functioning latches and flip-flops, is able to learn compact, multi-input FSM abstractions whose predictions closely match SPICE simulations. In addition, we have also applied our technique to produce multi-level-discretized FSM representations of digital systems that nevertheless exhibit "analogish" traits, such as an over-clocked, error-prone D-flip-flop. For such circuits, the automatically learned FSM abstraction includes additional states that characterise "failure modes" of the circuit for specific input sequences (these failure modes are also confirmed by SPICE simulations). Finally, we demonstrate that our technique is also applicable to larger and more complex multi-input, multi-output systems; for example, we are able to automatically derive an accurate FSM abstraction of a 280-transistor (BSIM4), 0-to-5 increment/decrement counter.
Context effects on procedural justice: Effects of interrelatedness, trust, and penalty on procedural preferences

The relationship of context to procedural preferences was studied by examining the effects of interrelatedness, trust, and penalty on preferences for adversary and inquisitorial hearing procedures. Subjects imagined themselves members of different communities and were led to believe that they had been accused of committing an offense of which they knew they were innocent. Interrelatedness, trust, and penalty interacted to affect subjects' ratings of both hearing procedures. Subjects in highly trusting settings (i) preferred the inquisitorial procedure more than those in nontrusting settings and (ii) preferred the adversary procedure less than their nontrusting counterparts. A “penalty effect” was also found. As penalty increased, subjects increased in their preference for the adversary procedure and decreased in their preference for the inquisitorial procedure, but only in noninterrelated communities. The implications for prior research and for the role of interrelatedness in procedural choice are discussed.
Complete Dispersive Fourier Transform in near-field for single-shot spectroscopy

We show that analog temporal phase modulation enables complete Dispersive Fourier Transform in near-field. As for proof of the concept, acetylene gas absorption spectrum is measured at 37 million frames/second update rate with high sensitivity.
Epigenetics and persistent memory: implications for reconsolidation and silent extinction beyond the zero

In their Perspective article, Lattal and Wood discuss the latest progresses on behavioral features of persistent memory formation, and how epigenetics is forcing a re-evaluation of behavioral and molecular distinctions between memory extinction and memory reconsolidation.
Effects of Algin/Calcium and Adipic Acid Concentration on Muscle‐Juncture Formation

Efficacy of a binding gel, containing various concentrations of algin/ calcium (ALG/Ca) and adipic acid (AD), between large meat pieces in both raw, refrigerated and cooked forms was examined. Functionality of the binding gel was based upon the ability to uniformly apply the gel solution and the binding capabilities of the gel. Optimum ALG/ Ca concentration for easy application and production of maximum juncture success and binding strength in both the raw and cooked states was determined. Juncture success and binding strength in both states were maximized and surface discoloration minimized with the theoretically ideal AD to Ca ion ratio (0.5:1.0). These results indicated that large muscle pieces might be adhesively bound by ALG/Ca/AD gels to produce structured products.
MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP Host Genes Cooperate to Control Cholesterol Homeostasis

Proper coordination of cholesterol biosynthesis and trafficking is essential to human health. The sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription regulators of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. We show here that microRNAs (miR-33a/b) embedded within introns of the SREBP genes target the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), an important regulator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesis and reverse cholesterol transport, for posttranscriptional repression. Antisense inhibition of miR-33 in mouse and human cell lines causes up-regulation of ABCA1 expression and increased cholesterol efflux, and injection of mice on a western-type diet with locked nucleic acid-antisense oligonucleotides results in elevated plasma HDL. Our findings indicate that miR-33 acts in concert with the SREBP host genes to control cholesterol homeostasis and suggest that miR-33 may represent a therapeutic target for ameliorating cardiometabolic diseases.
The many dimensions of cAMP signaling

In the previous issue of PNAS, Rich et al. (1) provide dynamic evidence that cAMP is produced in a restricted microdomain near the surface membrane of human embryo kidney cells transformed with adenovirus containing cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. When activated by cAMP, the channels conduct Ca2+ into the cell, thereby offering an on-line assay for the cyclic nucleotide through Ca2+ imaging. When the cells were stimulated with prostaglandin E1, the Ca2+ signal increased abruptly, then rapidly fell back to baseline. In contrast, total cAMP (assayed biochemically in the cells prelabeled with [3H]adenine) rose rapidly to a plateau and then remained elevated for some time. The rapidly declining cAMP measured by Ca2+ influx through CNG channels was taken to be “membrane localized”, whereas the radiolabeled cAMP represents the “total cellular” pool. These two pools are present within distinct compartments that are separated by diffusion barriers. Although subcellular compartmentalization of cAMP action was recognized at least 20 years ago (2), only recently has there been direct evidence for the idea that cAMP can act in special cellular domains rather than uniformly and everywhere (for recent general reviews, see refs. 3–5). An understanding of the molecular basis of compartmentalization should be achievable because of the extensive information now available concerning the molecular components of cAMP signaling pathways. Only recently has there been direct evidence for the idea that cAMP can act in special cellular domains rather than uniformly and everywhere.
Predictors of support for doctoral programs in media information technologies

Abstract This study assesses interest in curricular development in new technologies among communication faculty, with a focus on doctoral-level programs. Diffusion of innovations theory explains both individual- and organizational-level factors that may account for adoption of innovations, including those stemming from new technologies. In the field of communication, media information technology programs represent an organizational-level innovation of clear importance but with uncertain faculty support, due to individual factors (e.g., interest area, age) and departmental constraints (e.g., lack of resources). In light of this, several research questions are advanced to address: (1) the current level of support for media information technology programs among communication faculty members and (2) predictors of faculty interest in having more media information technology programs. Data were collected through a random sample of faculty members who filled out a survey on the World Wide Web. Results indicate that media information technology programs are viewed by faculty as the most needed type of program in the field of communication. Findings from a logistic regression analysis also reveal several predictors of support for new technology programs, including male gender, support for organizational communication programs, support for programs focusing on mass communication, and the belief that multimedia teaching facilities are important. The implications of these findings are discussed, with an emphasis on their relevance to faculty working in communication and related fields.
Online search stopping behaviors: An investigation of query abandonment and task stopping

The goal of the study is to understand the factors that influence people’s search stopping behaviors during online information search. Past research on search stopping behavior has primarily focused on the stopping behavior that takes place at the conclusion of an information-seeking task. However, in this study we focus on two types of stopping behaviors that take place during information search tasks: query abandonment, or the point at which a person decides to stop his/her current query and enter a new one, and task stopping, or the point at which a person decides to stop the search task. A laboratory study was conducted with 48 participants who were asked to complete a set of six assigned search tasks and were interviewed about their experiences and search strategies after search. Results show that participants made query abandonment decisions based on the properties of search results, of queries and of search tasks. Their decisions to stop a task were influenced by the content they had examined, the goal they wished to achieve, the subjective perceptions they felt, and the study constraints they faced.
Using what premarital couples already know to inform marriage education: Integration of a gottman model perspective

The Marriage Preparation and Preservation Act of Florida stimulated a study of premarital couples. “What are the best things that you do in your relationship” was asked in a survey of persons seeking marriage licenses. The sample consisted of 962 participants. Responses were examined using Gottman's “Sound Marital House” (1999) as a theoretical framework. Results indicate that premarital participants view specific aspects of the Sound Marital House as the best things they contribute to their relationship. Responses can be used as a guide to the development of a Gottman-based marriage preparation curriculum.
Matrix coefficients of depth-zero supercuspidal representations of GL(2)

Let F be a nonarchimedean local field with integer ring o, maximal ideal p =$o, and residue field k = o/p of cardinality q. The supercuspidal representations of GL2(F) are precisely those irreducible admissible representations which do not arise as constituents of parabolic induction. They are characterized by having matrix coefficients which are compactly supported modulo the center. In this paper we explicitly compute the matrix coefficients of depth-zero supercuspidal representations. These are the supercuspidals with the smallest possible conductor exponent, namely 2. First discovered by Mautner [1964, Section 9], they arise by compact induction from the (q 1)-dimensional representations of GL2(o) inflated from the cuspidal series of the finite group GL2(k). In the first section, we show that the matrix coefficients of any supercuspidal representation are expressible in terms of those of the finite-dimensional inducing representation. Thus, the task at hand essentially reduces to a computation of the matrix coefficients of the cuspidal representations of GL2(k). The latter is achieved in Theorem 2.7 using the explicit model from [Piatetski-Shapiro 1983]. With global applications in mind, in Section 3 we single out the case where the test vector in the supercuspidal matrix coefficient is a unit new vector. The resulting function, given in (3-6) and Theorem 3.2, may be used to define an integral operator on the global automorphic spectrum of GL2 which isolates those cuspidal
Pharmacovigilance, signal detection and signal intelligence overview

The field of pharmacovigilance (or drug safety surveillance) has evolved significantly over the last few years. Most notably, various statistical methods have been developed and applied to the scan of large-scale adverse event (AE) databases to identify disproportionality in the reporting of specific product-AE combinations against marginal distributions as a background. This paper provides an overview of the safety signal detection framework and how statistical data mining methods complement traditional safety monitoring approaches in the framework. In addition, commonly used statistical methods and AE databases are described with some analytical examples. Finally, emerging trends and future considerations in safety signal detection are discussed. This paper provides a context for the topics related to cross-functional signal intelligence.
Depression and Insomnia Among Adolescents: A Prospective Perspective

Background No studies of adolescents have examined the prospective, reciprocal association between insomnia and major depression.
Invariant Imbedding and Linear Systems

The principle of invariance, more widely known as invariant imbedding, is a powerful method of analyzing linear systems. The principle of invariance was first used by Ambarzumian [1], and Chandrasekhar [7] who later extended the work of Ambarzumian. The principle of invariance provided a stimulus for Bellman and Kalaba [3] to further pursue the ideas of Ambarzumian and Chandrasekhar. Bellman and Kalaba called the invariance principle the method of invariant imbedding, see [3] – [6].
A Genetic Screen for Modifiers of UFO Meristem Activity Identifies Three Novel FUSED FLORAL ORGANS Genes Required for Early Flower Development in Arabidopsis

In a screen to identify novel genes required for early Arabidopsis flower development, we isolated four independent mutations that enhance the Ufo phenotype toward the production of filamentous structures in place of flowers. The mutants fall into three complementation groups, which we have termed FUSED FLORAL ORGANS (FFO) loci. ffo mutants have specific defects in floral organ separation and/or positioning; thus, the FFO genes identify components of a boundary formation mechanism(s)acting between developing floral organ primordia. FFO1 and FFO3 have specific functions in cauline leaf/stem separation and in first- and third-whorl floral organ separation, with FFO3 likely acting to establish and FFO1 to maintain floral organ boundaries. FFO2 acts at early floral stages to regulate floral organ number and positioning and to control organ separation within and between whorls. Plants doubly mutant for two ffo alleles display additive phenotypes, indicating that the FFO genes may act in separate pathways. Plants doubly mutant for an ffo gene and for ufo, lfy, or clv3 reveal that the FFO genes play roles related to those of UFO and LFY in floral meristem initiation and that FFO2 and FFO3 may act to control cell proliferation late in inflorescence development.
Induction of apoptosis by particulate matter: Role of TNF-α and MAPK

Particulate matter (PM) is a major by-product from the combustion of fossil fuels. The biological target of inhaled PM is the pulmonary epithelium and resident macrophages. In this study, we demons...
Design of stable allpass filters with prescribed phase characteristics

This paper addresses the problem of obtaining all stable allpass filters that match the given phase characteristics in an optimal manner. In this context, it is shown that the class of all stable allpass systems, that match the associated partial impulse response sequence can be parameterized using the theory of bounded functions. The above parameterization is utilized to design stable allpass filters with prescribed phase responses. The given phase characteristics is first utilized to obtain its partial impulse response sequence and a parametric form of all stable allpass functions, and a least mean square procedure is then employed on its phase characteristics for further optimality. As a part of our analysis, it is also shown that there are no stable allpass solutions in the sense of classical Pade' approximation.
Undifferentiated U937 cells transfected with chemoattractant receptors: a model system to investigate chemotactic mechanisms and receptor structure/function relationships.

Transfection of either the C5a receptor or the formylpeptide receptor into undifferentiated U937 cells generated continuously growing cell lines that stably expressed these receptors. The transfected cells displayed significant numbers ofcell surface receptors that had ligand binding properties similar to fully differ- entiated U937 cells. Undifferentiated transfected U937 cells were capable of a ligand-specffic calcium flux and showed migratory responses that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to differentiated cells and were specific for each chemoattractant. Moreover, the chemotactic response could be desensitized by premcu- bating the cells in a high concentration of ligand and could be blocked by pertussis toxin. These results dem- onstrate that undifferentiated U937 cells possess the suhcellular signaling apparatus and machinery nec- essary to generate a motile response and that the only missing component for chemotaxis is expression of a chemoattractant receptor. In addition, the results demonstrate that undifferentiated U937 cells trans- fected with chemoattractant receptors provide a defined model system to study receptor structure/function re- lationships and may be used to investigate receptor- mediated chemotactic responses in a relevant human myeloid cell. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61: 329-337; 1997.
Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting a Unique Chromosomal Sequence of Yersinia pestis

Background: Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of the zoonotic infection plague, is a major concern as a potential bioweapon. Current real-time PCR assays used for Y. pestis detection are based on plasmid targets, some of which may generate false-positive results. Methods: Using the yp48 gene of Y. pestis , we designed and tested 2 real-time TaqMan® minor groove binder (MGB) assays that allowed us to use chromosomal genes as both confirmatory and differential targets for Y. pestis . We also designed several additional assays using both Simple-Probe® and MGB Eclipse™ probe technologies for the selective differentiation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from Y. pestis. These assays were designed around a 25-bp insertion site recently identified within the yp48 gene of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Results: The Y. pestis- specific assay distinguished this bacterium from other Yersinia species but had unacceptable low-level detection of Y. pseudotuberculosis , a closely related species. Simple-Probe and MGB Eclipse probes specific for the 25-bp insertion detected only Y. pseudotuberculosis DNA. Probes that spanned the deletion site detected both Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis DNA, and the 2 species were clearly differentiated by a post-PCR melting temperature ( T m) analysis. The Simple-Probe assay produced an almost 7 °C T m difference and the MGB Eclipse probe a slightly more than 4 °C difference. Conclusions: Our method clearly discriminates Y. pestis DNA from all other Yersinia species tested and from the closely related Y. pseudotuberculosis. These chromosomal assays are important both to verify the presence of Y. pestis based on a chromosomal target and to easily distinguish it from Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Biomechanics of baseball pitching A preliminary report

Fifteen professional major league pitchers were filmed with high speed cinematography. One hundred forty-seven pitches were analyzed using an electromagnetic digitizer and a microcomputer. Three phases of throwing were studied: cocking, acceleration, and follow-through. The cocking phase is the period of time between the initiation of the windup and the moment at which the shoulder is in maximum external rotation. This phase occurs in approximately 1500 ms, and the shoulder is brought into an extreme position of external rotation. The acceleration phase and the initial stages of the follow-through phase produce extraordinary demands on the shoulder and elbow. The acceleration phase begins with the throwing shoulder in the position of maximum external rotation and terminates with ball release. This phase occurs in approximately 50 ms, and peak angular velocities averaging 6,180 deg/sec for shoulder internal rotation and 4,595 deg/sec for elbow extension were measured. The follow-through phase begins at ball release and continues until the motion of throwing has ceased. This phase occurs in approximately 350 ms.