cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using On-Line Discussion to Encourage Reflective Thinking in Pre-Service Teachers

Discourse has been thought to be an essential aspect of high quality education (Bean & Stevens, 2002; Harkness, Dâ€™Ambrasio & Marrone, 2006; Wade, Fauske & Thompson, 2008; NCTM, 2000; Heller, 2004). But because the teaching profession is sometimes one of isolation and disconnecteness (Wong & Wong, 2001; Zmuda, Kuklis & Kline, 2004; Sparks & Hirsh, 1997), teachers may not get opportunities to engage in thoughtful discourse. With advances in on-line education, however, teachers who might otherwise not have opportunities to engage in meaningful, reflective discourse about teaching and learning can easily, and at their own relative convenience, do so. Through an on-line venue, teachers can get involved in substantive communication about teaching and learning, address valid and invalid preconceptions about the profession, and work to improve their practice through directed meta-cognitive reflective activities.
Accessing Distant Text Information during Reading: Effects of Contextual Cues.

In 5 experiments, we investigated conditions under which readers access distant information. Participants read texts containing 2 episodes; the first of which described a goal that was satisfied or unsatisfied. Following the 2nd episode, participants read a statement that reinstated some part of the goal context. Experiments 1 through 3 demonstrated that reactivation of unsatisfied goal information depended on the type of original goal context and whether it was fully reinstated. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that, when the context was associated with both episodes, reinstatement of goal information from the distant target episode was successful only when the context was fully reinstated (Experiment 4). The results are consistent with models of comprehension that assume reactivation of relevant backgrounded information is achieved via a resonance process.
The grain-bed impact process in aeolian saltation

We report the results of impact experiments in which high velocity steel spheres (BBs) were directed against a loose bed of similar particles. The purpose of these experiments is to shed some light on the collision processes which occur when saltating sand grains driven by the wind strike the bed. The scattered particles fall into two categories: a single high energy rebound which scatters quasi-specularly, and a number of low energy recoils. The high energy rebound is identified with the “successive saltation” particle of Rumpel, and the low energy recoils are interpreted as creeping, or reptating particles. These observations provide information on the “splash function” of Ungar and Haff, which describes the response of a bed to grain impact and which plays a central role in the theory of saltation.
Physical Disturbance and Community Structure of Exposed and Protected Reefs: A Case Study from St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

Major physical disturbances impacted fringing reefs at 4 to 12 m depth off the south coast of St. John, at intervals of 28, 14 and 12 months over a 6 year period (1985–1991). The most wave exposed habitats were dominated by the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis and the encrusting gorgonian Erythropodium caribaeorum . Both of these species displayed high resistance stability in response to the 1987 bleaching event and to Hurricanes Gilbert (1988) and Hugo (1989). Although Hurricane Hugo was ranked as the most severe hurricane of the past century, it caused comparatively little damage to the shallow exposed reef, illustrating that the effects of physical disturbance may not always conform to a priori predictions based on wave exposure. This counter-intuitive result is explicable when the chronology of disturbance is considered. For example, the shallow exposed community was more heavily damaged than the protected reef by Hurricane Gilbert occurring one year prior to Hurricane Hugo. Sponges and thick mats of E. caribaeorum had accumulated on the protected reef during a 54 month period of little disturbance and were vulnerable to disturbance by virtue of their elevation above the substratum. These organisms were dislodged by extreme water motion generated by Hurricane Hugo. In contrast, the shallow exposed community was still recovering from Hurricane Gilbert when Hurricane Hugo struck. Monitored populations of two coral species, Agaricia agaricites and Tubastrea coccinea , declined over the six year period, but recruitment in 1990 partially compensated for high mortality caused byHurricane Hugo. There were significant increases in the abundance of algal turf on three out of the four study reefs (4 m exposed and protected, 12 m protected) in response to the creation of patch space by the multiple physical disturbances. This study demonstrates the need to interpret recent disturbances in light of the history of past disturbance on the reef.
NEW MAPS FROM OLD/ TRENDS IN CARTOGRAPHIC FACSIMILE PUBLISHING

Scholarly research in cartographic history has always been restricted because of the relatively few comprehensive collections of historical maps and atlases. Within the last few years, a rapidly increasing demand for rare cartographic works has led to inflated prices that few libraries can afford. The problem is now being resolved by facsimile reproduction using improved copying and printing techniques that make excellent copies readily available. The writer traces the development of the techniques over the past century to present-day cartographic facsimile publishing that is now carried on in several countries in response to the increased demand by universities and research libraries. La recherche specialisee en histoire de la cartographie a toujours ete restreinte en raison du nombre relativement petit de collections completes de cartes et d'atlas historiques. Depuis quelques annees une demande rapidement croissante d'ouvrages cartographiques rares a fait monter les prix a des niveaux exageres que peu d...
Psychosocial Concerns and Weight Control Behaviors Among Overweight and Nonoverweight Native American Adolescents

Abstract Objective To compare the psychosocial and weight-related concerns and weight control, eating, and exercise behaviors of overweight and nonoverweight Native American adolescents living on or near reservations. Study design A cross-sectional survey assessed psychosocial, health, and weight-specific concerns; disordered eating; and health-promoting behaviors. Study population The study population included 11,868 Native American youth in grades 7 through 12. Statistical analyses performed Analyses of variance and χ 2 tests were used to examine associations between weight status and psychosocial and weight-related concerns and behaviors. Stratified analyses were done by gender and by gender and age. Results Self-reported weights and heights indicated that 25% of the study population was overweight. Overweight youth were twice as likely to report health concerns as nonoverweight youth. Although a high percentage of nonoverweight youth expressed body- or weight-related concerns and reported engaging in disordered eating behaviors, prevalence rates for these concerns were significantly higher among overweight youth. Overweight youth were also somewhat less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors. In contrast, differences in global psychosocial concerns were minimal. Applications Overweight Native American youth were concerned about their weight, but did not appear to have major psychosocial concerns associated with being overweight. Interventions aimed at obesity prevention and overall health promotion are essential, given the high prevalence of obesity and of psychosocial and weight-related concerns and behaviors among the study population as a whole. The challenge is to develop culturally appropriate interventions aimed at the promotion of healthful weight control behaviors that will not lead to negative psychosocial consequences.
Teaching the history of women in sociology: Or Dorothy Swaine Thomas, wasn’t she the woman married to William I.?

One characteristic of feminist scholarship is the attention paid to the lost history of women in a wide variety of arenas. This interest stems from the insight that history is a social construction. As such, it is likely influenced by sexist assumptions. This train of thought led to the author’s interest in the possibility that sexism had biased both the opportunities for women in the past and the way the history of sociology had been conceived. This article describes an effort to explore these questions in an undergraduate research seminar. The article describes a variety of means the author used to unveil these problems with her students, and to engage them in asking new questions, reading standard sociological materials in critical ways, and working toward the creation of a less biased understanding of the history of sociology. The reactions of the students and professor, and the products of this course are specified. This course is one of many examples of the way feminist questions and perspectives have the potential for transforming sociology.
Justice, sacrifice, and the universal audience: George Bush's “address to the nation announcing allied military action in the Persian Gulf”

(1992). Justice, sacrifice, and the universal audience: George Bush's “address to the nation announcing allied military action in the Persian Gulf”. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 39-50.
Ergonomic Factors Related to Drop-Off Detection With the Long Cane: Effects of Cane Tips and Techniques

Objective: This study examined the effect of cane tips and cane techniques on drop-off detection with the long cane. Background: Blind pedestrians depend on a long cane to detect drop-offs. Missing a drop-off may result in falls or collision with moving vehicles in the street. Although cane tips appear to affect a cane user’s ability to detect drop-offs, few experimental studies have examined such effect. Method: A repeated-measures design with block randomization was used for the study. Participants were 17 adults who were legally blind and had no other disabilities. Participants attempted to detect the drop-offs of varied depths using different cane tips and cane techniques. Results: Drop-off detection rates were similar between the marshmallow tip (77.0%) and the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) when both tips were used with the constant contact technique, p = .294. However, participants detected drop-offs at a significantly higher percentage when they used the constant contact technique with the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) than when they used the two-point touch technique with the marshmallow tip (63.2%), p
First Results from the Berkeley-Fermilab-Princeton Multimuon Spectrometer

For the purpose of performing a highly sensitive study of muon-induced final states containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 muons, data have been collected with a new spectrometer in the Fermilab muon beam. Examples of rare multimuon events and first results on J/ψ(3100) production by muons are presented in this report.
The Local Consumer Information System: An Institution‐To‐Be?

This paper makes the case for the creation, testing and perfection of a new economic institution–a local consumer information system. The heart of the system would be a data bank to which the consumer could address questions and receive answers repeatedly regarding the local market. The purpose of the system would be to deliver relevant consumer information more efficiently. For the individual consumer this new institution would help identify his best buy variety of a product, quickly and at low cost. It would also tell him, again quickly and at low cost, from what local retailers and at what local prices this best buy variety might be purchased. This new institution would serve all consumers in a given community by lowering many prices, quality constant. By reproducing itself in different locales, as the product testing organizations have, it might be expected to multiply and serve consumers in many communities. The paper discusses the types of information to be provided, methods of information collection and dissemination, means of insuring accuracy and fairness and how it might be financed.
Efficient Random Route Mutation considering flow and network constraints

In the current network protocol infrastructure, forwarding routes are mostly static except in case of failures or performance issues. However, static route selection offers a significant advantage for adversaries to eavesdrop, or launch DoS attacks on certain network flows. Previous works on multipath routing in wireless networks propose using random forwarding to avoid jamming and blackhole attacks [18]. However, this work is far from being practical for wired network because of many topological and QoS constraints. Moreover, the potential of finding a significant number of disjoint paths in wired networks is extremely low, which consequently decreases the value of RRM. In this paper we present a proactive Random Route Mutation (RRM) technique that enables changing randomly the route of the multiple flows in a network simultaneously to defend against reconnaissance, eavesdrop and DoS attacks, while preserving end-to-end QoS properties. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: (1) modeling RRM as a constraint satisfaction problem using Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) to identify efficient practical route mutations, (2) proposing a new overlay placement technique that can maximize the effectiveness of RRM in visualized networks, and (3) developing analytical and experimental models to measure the effectiveness of RRM under different adversary models and network parameters. We develop a prototype RRM implementation in Software Defined Networks (SDNs). Our analysis, simulation and preliminary implementation show that RRM can protect at least 90% of the packet flow from being attacked against realistic attackers, as compared with static routes. Our evaluation study also shows that RRM can be efficiently deployed on both conventional networks and SDNs without causing any significant disruption for active flows.
Effects of Electric Fields on Cathodoluminescence from II-VI Quantum Well Light Emitting Diodes

Abstract : Effects of electrical bias on the cathodoluminescence (CL) have been investigated for a blue II-VI quantum well (QW) light emitting diode structure of ZnCdMgSe, lattice-matched to InP. In CL wavelength scans, the observed effects include largely reversible changes in QW CL intensity and wavelength and changes in cladding CL intensity. In CL time-based scans, the QW CL intensity showed both immediate and long term changes with bias. Irreversible, degradation-related decreases in QW CL intensity were also observed. Effects of bias on CL were modeled by calculating the rates of carrier production by electron bombardment and the resulting electron and hole currents with different applied bias fields. These model calculations do not explain many of the experimental observations, because the model does not include effects of bias on carrier escape and redistribution in the QW and effects of bias on generation and transport of atomic scale defects.
A Reassessment of the Performance of American Depository Receipts: The Brazilian Experience

Long-term and short-term returns of Brazilian equities traded on the New York Stock Exchange listed as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) are examined to determine whether they outperform the S&P 500 Index. The ADRs are segmented by IPOs, SEOs, and market timing. Findings suggest that the entire sample of Brazilian ADRs outperform the S&P 500 Index in short-term and long-term holding periods. Furthermore, the SEOs significantly outperform the market in both the short-term and long-term holding periods, while IPOs perform similarly to the market. Evidence suggests that market timing is a key factor in Brazilian ADR performance. Returns tend to move counter-cyclically to the U.S. bear market.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension causing reversible frontotemporal dementia

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) causes postural headache and neurologic symptoms owing to traction and brain compression. A 66-year-old man with chronic headache and progressive personality and behavioral changes typical of frontotemporal dementia was examined. He had MRI findings of SIH with low CSF pressure. His headache, dementia, and imaging abnormalities abated after treatment with prednisone. SIH can cause reversible frontotemporal dementia, and should be considered when dementia and behavioral changes are accompanied by headache.
A hybrid computer solution of the co-current flow heat exchanger Sturm-Liouville problem

Analog and digital computers have proven to be very valuable tools for solving engineering problems. In order to obtain solutions to some of the problems, trial-and-error or searching techniques must be employed. Two-point boundary value problems---of which the classical Sturm-Liouville system is a special but important case---belong to that class of problems.
Yielding in compression of strip between smooth dies

Abstract T his paper describes an experiment in compressing a flat high-strength steel between two smooth dies. The object was to compare the yielding loads determined experimentally with those from analysis based upon the plastic-rigid theory of plasticity. Except for very thin plates where the experimental scatter obscures the test results, it was found that the theory and experiments agree well.
Cool tropical buildings: Lessons from old-style designs

Abstract Data to estimate human thermal stress levels were taken inside and outside 24 old-style buildings in the Bangkok, Thailand area. Interior coolness was found to be enhanced by: (a) shading from direct-beam solar radiation, (b) prevention of high temperatures on interior wall and ceiling surfaces, and (c) maximizing natural wind velocities inside the building. Any one factor having an undesirable status could negate the effects of many others having a highly desirable status.
Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Flow cytometry has been widely used to obtain information about DNA content in a population of cells, to infer relative percentages in different cell cycle phases. This technique has been successfully extended to the mitotic tissues of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster for genetic studies of cell cycle regulation in vivo. When coupled with cell-type specific fluorescent protein expression and genetic manipulations, one can obtain detailed information about effects on cell number, cell size and cell cycle phasing in vivo. However this live-cell method has relied on the use of the cell permeable Hoechst 33342 DNA-intercalating dye, limiting users to flow cytometers equipped with a UV laser. We have modified this protocol to use a newer live-cell DNA dye, Vybrant DyeCycle Violet, compatible with the more common violet 405nm laser. The protocol presented here allows for efficient cell cycle analysis coupled with cell type, relative cell size and cell number information, in a variety of Drosophila tissues. This protocol extends the useful cell cycle analysis technique for live Drosophila tissues to a small benchtop analyzer, the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer, which can be run and maintained on a single-lab scale.
Effect of perceived mispronunciation on speech effectiveness ratings and retention

(1968). Effect of perceived mispronunciation on speech effectiveness ratings and retention. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 47-58.
Negotiating the transition to college: Developmental trajectories and gender differences in psychological functioning, cognitive-affective strategies, and social well-being.

The transition to college, which for the majority of youth coincides with the transition to emerging adulthood, is stressful and disruptive. Using latent growth curve modeling (LGM), this study exa...
Suspect/foil identification in actual crimes and in the laboratory: a reality monitoring analysis.

Four reality monitoring variables were used to discriminate suspect from foil identifications in 183 actual criminal cases. Four hundred sixty-one identification attempts based on five and six-person lineups were analyzed. These identification attempts resulted in 238 suspect identifications and 68 foil identifications. Confidence, automatic processing, eliminative processing and feature use comprised the set of reality monitoring variables. Thirty-five verbal confidence phrases taken from police reports were assigned numerical values on a 10-point confidence scale. Automatic processing identifications were those that occurred “immediately” or “without hesitation.” Eliminative processing identifications occurred when witnesses compared or eliminated persons in the lineups. Confidence, automatic processing and eliminative processing were significant predictors, but feature use was not. Confidence was the most effective discriminator. In cases that involved substantial evidence extrinsic to the identification 43% of the suspect identifications were made with high confidence, whereas only 10% of the foil identifications were made with high confidence. The results of a laboratory study using the same predictors generally paralleled the archival results. Forensic implications are discussed.
Variations on the theme of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage.

Five unusual cases of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage are reported. In three the bleeding occurred within the subdural space, symptoms appearing within the immediate postoperative period in one case and after an interval of several weeks in the other two. In the remaining two cases the hemorrhage was epidural in location, contralateral to the site of the primary lesion in one and bifrontal in the other; the bleeding in both cases was probably related to a rapid reduction of intracranial pressure.
On the behaviour of the polar ionosphere under the influence of incident electron flux

Abstract The effect of incident electron flux on the behaviour of the winter polar ionosphere is investigated by using Green's function and integral equations. The treatment assumes a one spatial dimensional model and includes diffusion, recombination and production from the electron flux. Different incident electron energy spectrums in the soft electron zone outside the polar cavity have been used to compute the steady state electron density profiles. The effect of UT control of the diurnal variation in the incident electron flux is analyzed using the time variation in the incident energy flux given by Maehlum. The results show a UT variation in the foF2 consistent with observations. It will be shown that UT variation in the electron flux can also produce large variations in hmF2 which, however, must show some correlation with foF2 in the absence of other effects.
Recurrent necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum associated with venous insufficiency in an adolescent with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated long-term complications have become a significant health problem in adolescents. We report a 16-year-old girl with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus who had recurrent necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum associated with venous insufficiency.
Spectral Properties and Oscillation Theorems for Mixed Boundary-Value Problems of Sturm-Liouville Type.

Abstract This paper presents analogs, for certain mixed boundary-value problems, of the spectral and oscillatory properties exhibited by classical Sturm-Liouville systems. These mixed boundary-value problems have Green's functions which are sign consistent for all even and/or odd orders.
Dietary sterols: Role in larval feeding behaviour of the Southwestern Corn Borer,Diatraea grandiosella

Eine Beziehung zwischen chemischer Struktur und biologischer Aktivitat wurde im Einfluss diatetischer Sterole auf das Futterungsverhalten frisch geschlupfter Larven vonDiatraea grandiosella gefunden. Die experimentellen Resultate zeigen, dass die C29-Pflanzensterole, β-Sitosterol und Stigmasterol, die Futteraufnahme anregen, Cholesterol, 7-Dehydrocholesterol, Ergosterol und β-Sitosterolazetat sich in dieser Hinsicht neutral verhalten und Cholesterol-Ester die Futteraufnahme hemmen.
Near band-edge field-dependent absorption coefficient and refractive index determined by photocurrent and transmittance measurements

A technique is proposed for the extraction of precise values of field-dependent absorption coefficient α and refractive index n from photocurrent and transmittance measurements of optical modulator structures. The technique uses approximate results of α and n extracted from a simplified device as the initial input into an iterative procedure that utilizes the consistency between α and n to obtain successively better estimates of these parameters. The technique was applied to results that were measured experimentally, and we verified the accuracy by using synthetic data. Errors caused by measurement inaccuracy are also investigated. It is shown that the absorption coefficient has a modest sensitivity whereas the refractive index is insensitive to these errors.
Perfusion enhances functions of bone marrow stromal cells in three-dimensional culture.

Abstract Perfusion of medium through three-dimensional (3D) collagen sponges enhanced viability and function of cocultivated marrow stromal and hematopoietic cell lines. Cells of the murine bone marrow stromal cell line GPIa were cultured in novel 3D collagen sponges, made from pepsin-digested bovine skin. Static cultures of sponges were maintained in dishes with media changes every other day. Perfused sponges were contained in a glass column with medium flow set at 1.3 mL/min. In some sponges, the 32D cl3 c-fms m (CRX-1) hematopoietic progenitor cell line was added 7 days after GPIa cells. At 7 and 16 days, light microscopic evaluation showed poor viability of cells in static sponge cultures. In perfused sponge cultures, there was greater cellularity throughout the sponge and abundant accumulation of metachromatic extracellular matrix surrounding GPIa cells. Chondroitin 6-sulfate and heparan sulfate were identified as components of the matrix by immunohistochemical methods. DNA synthesis was evaluated by 15-h exposure of cultures to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), with subsequent immunohistochemical localization with monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody. Cells positive for BrdU were identified at the outer surfaces of both static and perfused sponges; however, positive cells were also seen throughout the internal areas of the sponges that were perfused. These results suggest that better nutrient exchange occurred in perfused sponges. In static cocultures of GPIa and CRX-1 cells, there was no detectable viability of the IL-3–dependent CRX-1 cells; however, under perfused conditions, CRX-1 cells flourished within the sponges as documented by BrdU incorporation. Thus, medium perfusion enhanced GPIa stromal cell line viability and function in 3D collagen sponge cultures, as demonstrated by BrdU incorporation, matrix production, and support of CRX-1 cells. This novel culture system may be useful for examining the interactions of bone marrow stromal cells with extracellular matrix molecules, soluble and matrix-bound factors, and with other cell types.
Influence of humidity on the breakdown voltage of sphere-gaps and uniform-field gaps

Studies were made of the influence of humidity on the breakdown voltage of gaps in air. The voltages were measured for gaps between uniform-field electrodes and between spheres. The sphere-gaps comprised 2, 6.25, 12.5 and 25cm-diameter spheres which were enclosed in an air-tight chamber in which the humidity was varied between 0 and 17 mm Hg of water-vapour pressure. An increase in breakdown voltage of up to 5.5% was observed for some gaps when the humidity was increased. The change in voltage for a given change of humidity varied with gap length and with the shape of the electrodes. It was largest for uniform-field electrodes and decreased with decreasing sizes of sphere. With sphere-gaps the effect increased with gap length, reached a maximum at a spacing which depended on the sphere diameter and then decreased to about half the maximum as the gap was increased still further. The results were obtained with sphere-gaps which were varied up to a maximum length approximately equal to the sphere diameters.
Data delivery in fragmented wireless sensor networks using mobile agents

Due to the wide range of applications in sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), research in this area has recently received increasing attention. WSNs rely on network connectivity to deliver data to a base station through multihop communication. However, connectivity may not be always achievable for a number of reasons. In this paper, we study the problem of data delivery in disconnected WSNs. A special class of disconnected sensor networks called "Fragmented wireless sensor networks (FWSN)" is considered. A FWSN consists of several groups of connected sensors that we call "fragments". To achieve connectivity between these fragments, mobile agents move in the network and act as data relays between fragments, in order to eventually deliver data to the base station. The main contribution of this paper is the modeling of the movement of these mobile relay nodes as a closed queueing network to obtain steady state results of the distribution of the mobile relays in the network. Building on these results, we derive the distributions of the fragment-to-fragment, and fragment-to-sink delays. Comparing these analytical results to results from the TOSSIM simulator, it is shown that this model accurately captures the system behavior, and can be used to predict data delivery delays.
The titration of oxygen adsorbed on a polycrystalline iron surface by hydrogen permeation

The interaction between oxygen and hydrogen on a clean polycrystalline iron surface was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. To avoid having the reaction kinetics limited by the slow adsorption of hydrogen on the oxidized surface, hydrogen was adsorbed by permeation through a thin iron specimen. For oxygen coverages of more than one monolayer this procedure resulted in the rapid titration of oxygen by the formation and desorption of water. In the temperature range of 475–625 K, the reaction path consists of the initial formation of OH from coadsorbed oxygen and hydrogen, followed by the disproportionation of two hydroxyl species to form H2O. An overall activation energy of 7–8 kcal/mol was measured for the above reaction sequence. Oxygen in coverages of less than one monolayer could not be removed by hydrogenation, in agreement with a previous study on an Fe(100) single-crystal substrate. The present study shows that this apparent stability of the chemisorbed oxygen is not due to the kinetics of hydrogen adsorption.
Educational Management of Children with Cochlear Implants.

During the last decade, the technology of assistive hearing devices for hearing-impaired children has improved significantly. Improvements in hearing aids and the introduction of cochlear implants and wearable tactile aids for children have made spoken language available to more deaf children and have changed the techniques for teaching listening and speaking skills. In June 1990, the Food and Drug Administration approved the Nucleus 22 channel cochlear implant for use with children. As a result, it is expected that more children will be implanted and, consequently, that the teachers and audiologists in the schools in which they are enrolled will need to learn to manage the devices. Since the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant does not restore normal hearing, children will continue to need instruction in listening and speaking. Furthermore, school personnel, who will be responsible for caring for and monitoring the implants, will have to learn how to maintain the devices. This article outlines some procedures for maximizing the benefits that profoundly deaf children can achieve with the cochlear implant.
Efficient register allocation via coloring using clique separators

Although graph coloring is widely recognized as an effective technique for register allocation, memory demands can become quite high for large interference graphs that are needed in coloring. In this paper we present an algorithm that uses the notion of clique separators to improve the space overhead of coloring. The algorithm, based on a result by R. Tarjan regarding the colorability of graphs, partitions program code into code segments using clique separators. The interference graphs for the code partitions are constructed one at a time and colored independently. The colorings for the partitions are combined to obtain a register allocation for the entire program. This approach can be used to perform register allocation in a space-efficient manner. For straight-line code (e.g., local register allocation), an optimal allocation can be obtained from optimal allocations for individual code partitions. Experimental results are presented demonstrating memory demand reductions for interference graphs when allocating registers using clique separators.
Transient heat flow between contacting solids

Abstract Approximate solutions valid for different time domains are found for the problem of transient heat flow between contacting solids. The parameters governing the heat flow and the applicability of the different solutions are given in terms of the contact geometry.
Commercial production of maleic anhydride by catalytic processes using fixed bed reactors

Abstract The production of maleic anhydride using n-butane feedstock in fixed bed reactors is the only technology that is used commercially in the USA today. This technology is also practiced in other parts of the world to a lesser extent. Key considerations in the commercial practice of fixed bed n-butane to maleic technology are presented. Major processing blocks considered are catalyst manufacture, n-butane supply, air compression, reaction system, maleic recovery/refining, and off gas incineration. Information presented is that in the open and patent literature plus unpublished non-confidential industry information.
Low-temperature deposition of conformal copper films in supercritical CO2 by catalytic hydrogen reduction of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate

Conformal copper films were deposited onto various copper diffusion barrier layers with catalytic hydrogen reduction of copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, Cu(hfa)2, in supercritical CO2. In the ...
An Investigation of Irrational Beliefs and Death Anxiety as a Function of HIV Status

The present study investigated the relationship of irrational beliefs and death anxiety as a function of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in homosexual and bisexual men. Recruited for this study were 101 HIV-seropositive participants (34 asymptomatic, 30 symptomatic, and 37 symptomatic and diagnosed with AIDS) and a contrast group (40 HIV-seronegative). In the primary analysis, HIV-negative participants in this study could not be differentiated from asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS diagnosed HIV-infected participants on measures of death anxiety and irrational beliefs regardless of the status or severity of illness. In addition, irrational beliefs strongly predicted death anxiety for all participants. Results from post hoc analyses suggested that HIV status produced an interaction effect with level of total irrational beliefs and together predicted death anxiety. Even in these analyses, total irrational beliefs explained more of the variance of death anxiety than HIV status. These results are discussed within the context of the need for expanding cognitive-behavioral treatment options for HIV-infected individuals.
Top-ranked schools of nursing: network of scholars.

The Top-Ranked Schools of Nursing (TRSN) study was a nationwide investigation to delineate a composite of elements that characterizes a top-ranked school. Research was identified as one of those significant elements. The influence and scope of research in a TRSN study is described as are the ways in which these endeavors are pursued and supported. These findings will be of benefit to those interested in promoting and improving nursing scholarship.
Evaluating social work practice

Few studies have explored the criteria by which social work practice is generally evaluated. This study, which used written case analogues, found that information on both the process and outcome of a case is used in making evaluative judments of practitioners' performance.
Magnetism in gold-iron alloysbelow 14 at.% Fe

Abstract The dependence of the magnetization on temperature and on magnetic field for Au alloys with 5, 10 and 13·8 at.% Fe has been measured. The gradual freezing of the spin orientations on cooling, time dependence, and thermomagnetic history effects characteristic of mictomagnetism are found. This magnetic behavior, occurring in disordered alloys, can be described in terms of a “spin glass” matrix with magnetic clusters. Metallurgical treatment strongly affects the cluster sizes and concentrations and the magnetization. The “Curie temperatures” observed by earlier Mossbauer measurements apparently correspond to the freezing of the “spin glass” matrix.
Hyperosmotic Stress as a Stimulant for Proinflammatory Cytokine Production

The synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines involves members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase stress pathway, particularly p38 MAP kinase and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase. In this report we used hyperosmotic stress to study changes in steady-state mRNA levels and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in freshly obtained human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)in vitro.There was no evidence of interleukin (IL)-8 gene expression in freshly obtained human blood despite 30 cycles of amplification of reverse-transcribed mRNA using the polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, exposure of PBMC to hyperosmotic conditions (330–410 mOsM) by the addition of NaCl to tissue culture medium induced gene expression for IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8. Routine tissue culture medium is hyperosmotic (305 mOsM) compared to human plasma (280–295 mOsM), but decreasing the osmolarity to the physiological range resulted in a 50% reduction in baseline IL-8 synthesis (P< 0.001). Although hyperosmotically induced accumulation of steady-state mRNA levels for IL-1α and IL-1β increased 50- and 7-fold over control, respectively, these were poorly translated into each respective cytokine. However, in PBMC stimulated by hyperosmotic stress, the addition of femtomolar concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, or 1% normal human serum resulted in a synergistic synthesis (at least twice that expected) of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8.
Pakistani Political Communication and Public Opinion on US Drone Attacks

AbstractConventional wisdom holds that Pakistanis are overwhelmingly opposed to American drone strikes in their country’s tribal areas and that this opposition is driven by mass media coverage of the loss of life and property the strikes purportedly cause. Using an approach based in the literature in political communication and public opinion, we argue this conventional wisdom is largely inaccurate. Instead, we contend that awareness of drone strikes will be limited because Pakistan is a poor country with low educational attainment, high rates of illiteracy and persistent infrastructure problems that limit access to mass media. Moreover, because of these same country characteristics, Pakistanis’ beliefs about drone strikes will be shaped primarily by informal, face-to-face political communication, rather than through more formal media sources. We test this argument using data that we collected by fielding a 7,656 respondent, nationally-representative survey carried out in Pakistan in 2013. The results of ...
Scratch resistance of Al/SiC metal/ceramic nanolaminates

Al/SiC nanolaminates have been shown to possess excellent combination of mechanical strength and flexibility. While metal–ceramic multilayers present a tremendous opportunity for hard coatings, the strength evaluation is usually carried out under static loading conditions such as nanoindentation and microcompression testing. In this study, we have studied the scratch resistance behavior of Al/SiC nanolaminates. These properties are then compared to monolithic films of Al and SiC. Finally, the deformation behavior under such loading was quantified by critical load, work of deformation, and postexperimental microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam cross sections. It is shown that the combination of hard SiC and plastic Al layers provides enhanced resistance to scratch loading and makes these materials as very good candidates for wear-resistant coatings.
Autistic Traits in Children With and Without ADHD

OBJECTIVE: To assess the implications of autistic traits (ATs) in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without a diagnosis of autism. METHODS: Participants were youth with ( n = 242) and without ( n = 227) ADHD and controls without ADHD in whom a diagnosis of autism was exclusionary. Assessment included measures of psychiatric, psychosocial, educational, and cognitive functioning. ATs were operationalized by using the withdrawn + social + thought problems T scores from the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: A positive AT profile was significantly overrepresented among ADHD children versus controls (18% vs 0.87%; P CONCLUSIONS: A substantial minority of ADHD children manifests ATs, and those exhibiting ATs have greater severity of illness and dysfunction.
Various ambiguities in re-constructing laser pulse parameters

The key parameters for a light pulse are (i) carrier frequency, which cannot be described or imagined without its state of undulation expressed as its (ii) phase, (iii) carrier envelope that provides the temporal boundary of the field amplitude strength of the undulating E-field. The final parameter is the (iv) state of polarization or the unique plane along which the strength of the E-field gradient undulates. None of these filed characteristics are made self-evident by the fields themselves. We present various experimental results to illustrate our arguments
Functional Requirements for Specific Ligand Recognition by a Biotin-Binding RNA Pseudoknot †

Ligand-binding RNAs and DNAs (aptamers) isolated by in vitro selection from random sequence pools provide convenient model systems for understanding the basic relationships between RNA structure and function. We describe a series of experiments that define the functional requirements for an RNA motif that specifies high-affinity binding to the carboxylation cofactor biotin. A simple pseudoknot containing an adenosine-rich loop accounts for binding in all independently derived aptamers selected to bind biotin, suggesting that it alone represents a global optimum for recognition of this particular nonaromatic, electrostatically neutral ligand. In contrast to virtually all previously identified aptamers, unpaired nucleotides make up a small fraction of the binding motif. Instead, the identity of 14 nucleotides involved in base pairing is highly conserved among functional clones and their substitution by nonidentical base pairs significantly reduces or eliminates binding. Chemical probing is consistent with the predicted pseudoknot motif and indicates that relatively little change in structure accompanies ligand binding, a strong contrast with results for other aptamers. Competition experiments suggest that the aptamer recognizes all parts of the biotin ligand, including its thiophane ring and fatty acid tail. Two alternative modes of binding are suggested by a three-dimensional model of the pseudoknot, both of which entail significant interactions with base-paired nucleotides. Recent experiments have shown that it is possible to obtain RNA receptors for a variety of small molecule ligands from large (10 13 -10 15 ) pools of random sequence molecules (1- 7). RNAs that specifically recognize ATP, tryptophan, arginine, guanosine, cyanocobalamin, and an assortment of dye molecules have been isolated. The binding domains of these RNAs typically span up to 30 nucleotides, and their structures generally consist of loops and short bulges presented in specific secondary structural contexts. Binding is generally quite tight (KDs range from 30 nM to >20 IM) and highly specific (receptors being capable of discriminating between ligands that differ by a single atom). The successful isolation of these aptamers has bolstered RNA origin of life theories by suggesting that RNA is broadly capable of molecular recognition and thus primitive ribozymes may have specifically interacted with a wide range of substrates. Structural studies of RNAs isolated by in vitro selection have begun to address the basic mechanisms by which RNAs in general fold into well-defined conformations and tightly interact with specific target molecules. High-resolution NMR structures of aptamers selected for citrulline, arginine, FMN, ATP, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and theophylline have recently been determined and they reveal a wide range
Abstract 3336: Upregulated inflammatory cytokines in glioma stem cells: Targets for glioma therapies

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. With the highly invasive growth pattern, gliomas often escape current therapeutic modalities including combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recent studies implicate that a minority population of glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for glioma maintenance and recurrence. Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 are pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokines and their excessive production in the tumor microenvironment is associated with poor disease outcome in many cancer types, including glioma. These cytokines promote tumor growth via induction of proteins associated with tumor invasion and angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis. We hypothesize that GSCs acquire their chemo-resistance and invasion by excessive cytokine production. To test the hypothesis, we compared the cytokine gene expression of a human GSC-enriched population in serum-free medium (SFM) in the presence of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, to that of glioma cells in serum-containing medium (SCM). SFM is the neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) medium in which NPCs proliferate in neurospheres and this medium also has been used to enrich GSCs. We found that IL-1 beta and IL-6 were upregulated in GSC-enriched population along with increased expression of Nestin, a marker of neural stem cells. More interestingly, Smad interacting protein 1 (SIP1), which is thought to be involved in glioma cell migration and invasion, was also increased in the GSC-enriched population. The paralleled upregulation of IL-1 beta and IL-6 with Nestin and SIP1 in GSC-enriched population suggest that there is a possible correlation between them. The correlation is now under investigation. Since IL-1 beta is elevated in GSC enriched population, we further determined whether IL-1 beta plays a critical role in glioma growth. Glioma cells were co-cultured with mouse NPCs expressing IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which can bind to IL-1 receptors without transmitting activation signals and represents a competitive inhibitor of IL-1. Proliferation of glioma cells, which were modified to express Renilla luciferase, was measured using bioluminescence imaging. Our results showed that proliferation of glioma cells was inhibited in the co-culture with NPCs expressing IL-1ra, but not in the co-culture with NPCs without expression of IL-1ra, compared to glioma cells cultured alone. The results suggest that IL-1 has an important role in glioma cell growth and NPCs engineered to express IL-1ra have therapeutic potential for gliomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3336.