cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acidosis has no effect on the ATP cost of contraction in cat fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles

Studies of skinned fibers suggest that the rate of ATP turnover in skeletal muscle is depressed by acidosis. To examine whether this occurs in intact muscles, the ATP cost of isometric contractions was measured in ex vivo, arterially perfused cat biceps (predominantly fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles under normocapnic (5% CO2) and hypercapnic (70% CO2) conditions. Hypercapnia decreased extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.7 and intracellular pH from 7.1 to 6.5 (soleus) or 6.6 (biceps) but had no significant effect on the phosphocreatine (PCr)-to-ATP ratio in muscles at rest. The ATP cost of contraction was estimated from PCr changes, measured by gating the acquisition of 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to times before and after brief tetani (1 s at 100 Hz and 2 s at 25 Hz for biceps and soleus, respectively) or 10-s trains of twitches (2 and 1 Hz, respectively). Peak isometric force and the ATP cost of tetanic contraction (PCr/force x time integral) were not significantly different under hypercapnic compared with normocapnic conditions in either muscle (mean: 7.97 and 2.44 micromol x kg(-1) x s(-1) for biceps and soleus, respectively). Twitch force and the ATP cost per twitch decreased by nearly 50% during hypercapnic perfusion in both muscle types. The results indicate that hypercapnic acidosis has no significant effect on the ATPase rate per active myosin head in intact mammalian skeletal muscle.
Bulking up the hippocampus in schizophrenia: a role for 5-HT1A agonists?

Summary The volume of the hippocampus is reduced in patients with schizophrenia, and this deficit tends to become more pronounced with chronicity. Newer antipsychotics may protect against the progressive reductions in hippocampal volume while preliminary data offer hope that specific antipsychotics may act to reverse it. Declaration of interest None. Copyright and usage © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
Exploring longitudinal shifts in international nurse migration to the United States between 2003 and 2013 through a random effects panel data analysis

No study has examined the longitudinal trends in National Council Licensure Exam for Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) applicants and pass rates among internationally-educated nurses (IENs) seeking to work in the United States, nor has any analysis explored the impact of specific events on these trends, including changes to the NCLEX-RN exam, the role of the economic crisis, or the passing of the WHO Code on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. This study seeks to understand the impact of the three aforementioned factors that may be influencing current and future IEN recruitment patterns in the United States. In this random effects panel data analysis, we analyzed 11 years (2003–2013) of annual IEN applicant numbers and pass rates for registered nurse credentialing. Data were obtained from publicly available reports on exam pass rates. With the global economic crisis and NCLEX-RN changes in 2008 coupled with the WHO Code passage in 2010, we sought to compare if (1) the number of applicants changed significantly after those 2 years and (2) if pass rates changed following exam modifications implemented in 2008 and 2011. A total of 177 countries were eligible for inclusion in this analysis, representing findings from 200,453 IEN applicants to the United States between 2003 and 2013. The majority of applicants were from the Philippines (58 %) and India (11 %), with these two countries combined representing 69 % of the total. Candidates from Sub-Saharan African countries totalled 7133 (3 % of all applications) over the study period, with half of these coming from Nigeria alone. No significant changes were found in the number of candidates following the 2008 economic crisis or the 2010 WHO Code, although pass rates decreased significantly following the 2008 exam modifications and the WHO Code implementation. This study suggests that, while the WHO Code has had an influence on overall IEN migration dynamics to the United States by decreasing candidate numbers, in most cases, the WHO Code was not the single cause of these fluctuations. Indeed, the impact of the NCLEX-RN exam changes appears to exert a larger influence.
Determination of ocean surface wave shape from forward scattered sound

Forward scattered sound from the ocean surface is inverted for wave shape during three periods: low wind, mix of wind and swell, and stormy. Derived wave profiles are spatially limited to a Fresnel region at or near the nominal surface specular reflection point. In some cases, the surface wave profiles exhibit unrealistic temporal and spatial properties. To remedy this, the spatial gradient of inverted waves is constrained to a maximum slope of 0.88. Under this global constraint, only surface waves during low wind conditions result in a modeled surface multipath that accurately matches data. The power spectral density of the inverted surface wave field saturates around a frequency of 8 Hz while upward looking SONAR saturates at 1 Hz. Each shows a high frequency spectral slope of -4 that is in agreement with various empirical ocean wave spectra. The improved high frequency resolution provided by the scattering inversion indicates that it is possible to remotely gain information about high frequency components of ocean waves. The inability of the inversion algorithm to determine physically realistic surface waves in periods of high wind indicates that bubbles and out of plane scattering become important in those operating scenarios.
Epilogue: The Afterlife of the Life of the Flesh

Recovering the specific morphologies of the “life of the flesh” described and enacted in Shakespeare’s theater is a contribution to historical phenomenology, to our understanding of the experience of living in early modern England and of encountering the sovereign power of the nation-state at the moment of its birth. Yet it is also a utopian resource, helping us to rethink and reimagine some of the most basic assumptions of political modernity, including the relationship between persons, bodies, and the political community and the possibilities for resistance to state power.1 The specific ways in which the life of the flesh appears in this book are essentially and inescapably caught up with a historically specific experience of being subjected to the sovereign power of the new political form of the nation-state. At the same time, the structural opening that Shakespeare’s plays identify—a mode of resistance that uses subjection to sovereign power against itself to energize new forms of life together, founded on a new experience of the bodily self—carries a lesson that applies in other times and places. Shakespeare’s vision is not unprecedented or radically eccentric, and analogues to the early modern life of the flesh that I have examined in this book can also be triggered by crises within very different structures of sovereign power in very different historical contexts, albeit in ways that reflect the historically variable ways in which sovereign power seizes its subjects.
Opportunities and Challenges for Initial Implementation of Solutions Journalism Coursework

As journalism schools continue to respond to industry disruption, some are adding curricula about practices that reframe traditional journalism. In this article, I examined experiences of some of t...
Evaluation of mobile handset recovery from radio link failure in a multi-RATS environment

Radio link failure (RLF) is a common phenomenon in all radio access technologies like GSM or UMTS or wireless-LAN etc., when the radio channel signal strength is weak to continue with the application. RLF is a local event detected by mobile handset (or user equipment-UE) immediately and network nodes come to know later. It is also difficult to recover for the UE due to low signal. Hence, RLF has to be dealt locally by the UE. In case of RLF, 3GPP specification indicates to release of dedicated data and signaling resources which leads to discontinuation of the application. In order to avoid discontinuation of application one of the solution proposed to use other available RAT (radio access technology) from multi-RATs in the UE. A few literatures present the possibility of single-RAT or multi-RATs RLF recovery [2-11]. However, to the best of authorspsila knowledge, none of these publications present any performance evaluation for selecting an available RAT from multi-RATs environment after a RLF. In this paper, the authors have investigated the impact of three key parameters namely, RSSI (received signal strength identifier), QoS (quality of service), connection re-establishment time for RLF recovery across all available RATs. The analytical studies show that, two times increase in radio resources along with three times increase in number of mobile handsets experiencing RLF, the probability of success of RLF recovery increases significantly. Furthermore, one of the studies reveals that, when mean utilization of resources in the cells increases by 50% and the number of mobile handsets suffering from RLF increase by two times, the probability of success of RLF recovery decreases by 15%.
Sentinels of Breach: Lexical Choice as a Measure of Urgency in Social Media.

ObjectiveThis paper identifies general properties of language style in social media to help identify areas of need in disasters.BackgroundIn the search for metrics of need in social media data, muc...
Data-assimilated computational fluid dynamics modeling of convection-diffusion-reaction problems

Abstract This study focuses on the development and application of a data-assimilated multi-algorithm which combines a fourth-order finite-volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) algorithm and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation algorithm for solving the problems involving important physics relevant to wave convection, molecular diffusion, and reaction of interest to engineering science. This data-assimilated CFD algorithm is applied to estimate an uncertain model parameter. By restricting the problems to one- and two-dimensional spatial space, this study allows us to develop a greater understanding of the integrated algorithm without the complexity or computational cost associated with three dimensions. Although scalar partial differential equations are used, fundamental issues in the algorithm development and application of EnKF to the physical processes occurring in a domain on engineering scales are sufficiently illuminated. Results of the one-dimensional convection-diffusion-reaction problem and the two-dimensional flame propagation demonstrate the validity of the data-assimilated CFD modeling system.
Reversible DNA-Protein Cross-Linking at Epigenetic DNA Marks.

5-Formylcytosine (5fC) is an endogenous DNA modification frequently found within regulatory elements of mammalian genes. Although 5fC is an oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), the two epigenetic marks show distinct genome-wide distributions and protein affinities, suggesting that they perform different functions in epigenetic signaling. A unique feature of 5fC is the presence of a potentially reactive aldehyde group in its structure. Here, we show that 5fC bases in DNA readily form Schiff base conjugates with Lys side chains of nuclear proteins in vitro and in vivo. These covalent protein-DNA complexes are reversible (t1/2, 1.8 h), suggesting that they contribute to transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. On the other hand, 5fC mediated DNA-protein cross-links, if present at replication forks or actively transcribed regions, may interfere with DNA replication and transcription.
Bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration: case report of an exceedingly rare condition developed after pontine infarct (P1.292)

Objective: We describe a woman who developed bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) after right pontine infarct. Background: Bilateral HOD is an exceedingly rare form of trans-synaptic degeneration characterized by hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus. HOD typically results from focal lesions (neoplasm, inflammatory condition, cerebrovascular event, trauma, or surgical intervention) or genetic conditions (GFAP or PLOG mutations), or is idiopathic. When a focal lesion is involved, it interrupts connections from the inferior olive within the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, also known as the triangle of Guillain-Mollaret. HOD classically presents as palatal tremor, Holmes tremor, ataxia or ocular myoclonus. Design/Methods: Case report. Results: A 59 year old lady presented with sudden onset of dysarthria, vertigo, diplopia, and difficulty ambulating and was found to have a right paramedian pontine infarct. Over the course of 3–4 months, her symptoms improved with rehabilitation; however, after 4–5 months she developed progressively worsening dysarthria, dysphagia, vertigo, and ataxic gait. She was referred to our neurology clinic where she was noted to have palatal myoclonus, ocular myoclonus, flaccid dysarthria, left-sided dysmetria, and ataxic gait. Repeat imaging revealed bilateral inferior olivary nuclei enlargement and increased T2 signal intensity consistent with HOD. Over the subsequent 8 months she underwent additional rehabilitation, however her symptoms remained stable with the exception of worsening ataxic gait. Conclusions: This is a rare case of bilateral HOD resulting from right paramedian pontine infarct. The treatment for this condition is not known. Our patient remains stable with rehabilitative interventions. Some authors have reported radiologic improvement at 2 years but clinical course remains unknown. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Kudyba Morone has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mittal has nothing to disclose.
Enduring Behavioral and Brain Impacts of Prenatal Stress and Childhood Adversity and Their Potential Multigenerational Consequences

Abstract While exposures to stress are a lifelong occurrence, the impacts of prenatal stress and early adversity, in particular, on brain and behavior can be extensive and enduring, with potential adverse consequences for both physical and mental health. Indeed, effects of developmental stress are now being reported to have impacts across generations including multigenerational and even transgenerational effects. These consequences of prenatal stress and early adversity arise from biological reprogramming that can occur through multiple mechanisms, including changes in HPA axis function, catecholamines, maternal immunity, oxidative stress and others, to the first-generation offspring. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects can occur via epigenetic and cultural mechanisms to subsequent generations. Stress is best defined as the perception of unpredictable or uncontrollable events rather than stimuli that are or become controllable or predictable. However, such precision of definition has not uniformly been applied in the stress literature, raising questions as to whether reported outcomes actually reflect stress vs. adaptation vs. resilience. Stress is more impactful in low socioeconomic status conditions and occurs across generations, consistent with the cycle of poverty. Thus, a significant challenge to the experimental studies is the development and validation of chronic stress models that can be used across generations and that do not lead to adaptation, but to the opposite, namely a behavioral sensitization and/or anticipatory response to stimuli associated with the stressor.
Increasing business value of communications infrastructure: the case of internet-based virtual private networks

An Internet-based Virtual Private Network (IVPN) is a system and service that enables secure communication within a controlled user group across the Internet public infrastructure. For the last few years, the Internet-based VPN has been available, providing organizational use for meaningful applications. The paper empirically investigates the value of IVPNs in managing communications among distributed business entities. For this, we conducted two case studies based on the information gathered from two companies. Then, a general decision model of the IVPN is proposed, which could be used for the assessment of its strategic value as well as for the design of virtual telecommunication networks at other organizations.
Nonneoplastic Barrett’s Mucosa

In the United States and in many other countries, Barrett’s mucosa is defined in a 2008 position paper from a group sponsored by the American College of Gastroenterology [1] as “a change in the distal esophageal epithelium of any length that can be recognized as columnar type mucosa at endoscopy and is confirmed to have intestinal metaplasia by biopsy of the tubular esophagus.” In 2011, in another position paper by a group sponsored by the American Gastroenterological Association [2], this definition was modified as “the condition in which any extent of metaplastic columnar epithelium that predisposes to cancer development replaces the stratified squamous epithelium,” with a further statement that “Presently, intestinal metaplasia is required for the diagnosis … because intestinal metaplasia is the only type of esophageal columnar epithelium that clearly predisposes to malignancy.”
Regulation of EBV Promoters

In EBV-immortalized B-lymphocytes, the host cells are latently infected and only rarely undergo productive infection. To identify those factors that cause the switch from the latent to productive state, we are studying the regulation of the different classes of EBV promoters. We have constructed Plasmids which place the suspected promoter regions of five different EBV genes into the vector pCAT3M (1), which contains the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene but no added eucaryotic promoter element.
Neuroinflammation and Pediatric Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a frequent cause of neuroinflammation. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that result in neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) appear to be multifactorial, requiring both genetic risk and environmental influences. The prevalence of NPSLE in children has been estimated as high as 95%; however, there is variability, with many studies finding approximately 40% of the population affected (versus 10–15% of adult populations). Presentation of pediatric NPSLE is more complex and varied, as patients are in the midst of physiologic and psychological maturation. Pediatric patients have clinical manifestations consistent with the case definitions developed by the American College of Rheumatology. Injury results from demyelination, hemorrhagic and thrombotic vascular injury, and seizure and movement disorders. Other symptoms, including headache and cognitive and mood disorders, have mechanisms that have not yet been elucidated. Pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with vascular injury are described. Another important mechanism of injury may be disruption of the blood–brain barrier by systemic inflammation, allowing the passage of autoantibodies that bind and damage specific areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus or amygdala. Clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and testing are described, along with treatment guidelines. Current efforts to define sensitive but efficient neurocognitive evaluations to monitor patients over time are reviewed.
Cancer Diagnostic Applications of ENOX2 Proteins

That the cancer cell surface-located ENOX2 proteins are produced only by cancer cells and shed into the blood offer an opportunity for cancer detection based on serum analyses including early stages when the cancer is localized and potentially curable. Transcription variants of ENOX2 are well suited as absolute cancer-specific molecular targets for early diagnosis of cancer and recurrent disease. Each major form of human cancer presents with at least one, at most two, characteristic transcript variants of molecular weight and isoelectric point that are specific for the organ of cancer origin. Variants are revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with detection using a recombinant single chain variable region (scFv antibody specific for ENOX2 transcript variants. As the transcript variants are molecular signature molecules produced only by cancer cells, absent from noncancer cells, and not produced by benign or inflammatory conditions, false positive, in principle, are eliminated. The strategy of early detection combined with early intervention opportunities described in Chap. 11 raises the possibility of a significant paradigm shift in cancer management toward early diagnosis and treatment options vastly different from those currently employed to deal primarily with advanced cancer.
The thermodynamics of NiCuH solid solutions

Abstract Solubility isobars at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 N/m2 have been measured in the temperature range of 714–1430 K for H in NiCu solid solution matrix alloys in the entire range of compositions from NiH to CuH. The solubility data provide values for the partial molar enthalpy and excess entropy of the dissolved H-atoms. The thermodynamic parameters have been shown to be consistent with a statistical model in which the energy levels of the interstitial atoms are a function of the local atomic configuration of the sites in which they are located.
Papaya Nutritional Analysis

Papayas are sweet, flavorful tropical fruit, rich in vitamin C and carotenoids. Multiple interactions among preharvest environmental conditions, genetics, and physiology determine papaya nutritional composition at harvest. Selecting a cultivar with the genetic potential for high nutrient content and choosing a production location with a favorable climate are essential to maximize the nutritional composition of papayas. The genetic diversity within Carica papaya is quite narrow, but it is possible to broaden the germplasm base to improve nutritional composition through traditional breeding or transgenic methods. Recent advances in papaya genomics, gene identification, transcript characterization, high-density linkage maps, and transgenic methods will support further germplasm improvement. Potential applications of the genetic tools for enhancing papaya nutritional composition are explored, with an emphasis on carotenoids and ascorbic acid.
International Trade: An Explanation of Today’s Foreign Direct Investment into Emerging Economies

In this paper, we trace the evolution of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) theories from their origins to the present. We describe the comparative advantage (Ricardo), and the competitive advantage (Porter) theories of international trade and we review the international product life cycle (Vernon), and the oligopolistic reaction theories (Knickerbocker). We also discuss theories of monopolistic advantage, transactions costs, internalization, and eclectic and internationalization theories as related to multinational firms’ activities and FDI. We believe that one or more of these theories might provide an explanation for today’s FDI across emerging countries.
Wechsler adult intelligence scale-4th edition digit span performance in subjective cognitive complaints, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and probable dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Objective: The Digit Span (DS) subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4th Edition (WAIS-IV) was updated to better measure working memory which is potentially clinically relevant as prio...
Rapid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiology and clinical importance

Although slow gastric emptying (gastroparesis) is a well-known complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM), it recently has become clear that rapid gastric emptying also is a frequent and important diabetic complication. In contrast, acute hyperglycemia causes slow gastric emptying, and acute hypoglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying. Rapid gastric emptying is frequent in T2DM; however, it may also occur in T1DM, particularly in the early stages of the disease, but may persist even into late stages. Recent studies suggest that usually, the stomach restricts the emptying of nutrients to 1-4 kcals/min. This restriction is due to the action of the gastric 'braking' hormones such as GLP-1, leptin, and amylin acting via the gastric inhibitory vagal motor circuit (GIVMC). Disruption of this braking system leads to rapid gastric emptying. Acute hyperglycemia also slows gastric emptying by stimulating the GIVMC, while acute hypoglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying by stimulating the gastric excitatory vagal motor circuit (GEVMC). In contrast, chronic hyperglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying by inducing oxidative stress in the stomach wall that disrupts inhibitory neuromuscular transmission and increases the contractility of the smooth muscle, while chronic hyperglycemia may also cause slow gastric emptying via severe inflammatory stress caused by proinflammatory macrophages and reduce contractility of the smooth muscle. There is a bidirectional relationship between blood glucose and gastric emptying. Thus, rapid gastric emptying may lead to a sizeable postprandial spike, and slow gastric emptying may blunt it. Postprandial hyperglycemia is involved in the development, progression, and complications of DM. Correction of fast gastric emptying involves agents that activate GIVMC and the use of gastric 'braking' hormones or their analogs. Recognition and treatment of rapid gastric emptying may contribute to better management of postprandial hyperglycemia and prevention of some diabetic complications.
Unique effects of religiousness/spirituality and social support on mental and physical well-being in people living with congestive heart failure.

People living with congestive heart failure (CHF) often experience increasing levels of depressive symptoms and declining quality of life with disease progression. Religiousness/spirituality (R/S) may mitigate these declines, but whether it does so above and beyond provision of social support has not been tested. 191 patients with CHF (64% male; Mage = 68.6 years) completed surveys at baseline and 6 months later. Four mental and physical outcomes were examined: depressive symptoms, positive states of mind, mental health-related quality of life, and physical health-related quality of life. Controlling for demographics and baseline health status, higher levels of spiritual peace and social support each uniquely predicted increased positive states of mind, only social support predicted improved physical health-related quality of life, neither spiritual peace nor social support predicted change in mental health-related quality of life, and only spiritual peace predicted reduced levels of depressive symptoms across 6 months. R/S may play an important role distinct from social support in promoting well-being in people with CHF. Future research should examine the efficacy of attending to patients’ R/S and developing interventions towards that end.
Human Cancer: Epidemiology, Hallmarks, and Defense Strategies

Cancer is a group of noncommunicable diseases that poses a significant public health problem worldwide. Malignancy causes morbidity and mortality that affect humans across spectrums of age, gender, or ethnicity. With the advent of modern medicine in the twenty-first century, the understanding of the pathophysiology of cancers and their relationship with human hosts can be summarized in hallmarks of cancer biology. Such understanding provides invaluable insights to defend the host and elucidate defense strategies that allow individualized approaches to guide cancer treatment using systemic therapies as well as locoregional therapies. Individualized cancer therapies may then utilize defense mechanisms including cytoreductive surgeries, molecular targeting, as well as geographic targeting that deliver differential toxicities to cancers.
Pilot study of a brief provider and EMR-based intervention for overweight teens with asthma.

Asthma-related morbidity is increased in overweight patients, yet providers are given little guidance on how to discuss weight and asthma management with overweight teens. We piloted an electronic medical record (EMR)-based tailored discussion guide (TDG) and a brief provider training, to address weight management in overweight teens with asthma. The primary outcome was intervention impact on patient-reported asthma outcomes (e.g., asthma control and morbidity). Secondary outcomes included change in BMI, patient-centeredness, and change in healthy behaviors. Teens aged 13–18 years with persistent asthma and a body mass index ≥ 85th percentile for their age and sex were eligible. Parents of eligible teens were contacted before an upcoming appointment to allow teen enrollment during the clinic visit. Providers reviewed Motivational Interviewing (MI) concepts and were trained in the TDG for support of conversations around weight and asthma management. Measures included asthma outcomes retrieved from the EMR at 6- and 12-month post-baseline, teen impressions of patient-provider communication at 6-week post-enrollment, and teen report of healthy behaviors at 6- and 12-month post-baseline. Of 44 teens enrolled (77% African-American, 63% female), mean BMI for intervention (n=25) and control groups (n=19) at baseline were similar. Thirty participants (68%) completed a 6-week questionnaire. Compared to controls, at 6 months, intervention teens reported fewer days of limited activity and “uncontrolled asthma,” but at 12 months, only restricted activity remained lower, and BMI was not reduced. Intervention teens reported clinic visits that were more patient-centered than controls, including discussion of asthma treatment options with provider, feeling ready to follow an asthma treatment routine, and receiving helpful tips about reaching a healthy weight. The healthy behavior “dinner with family” showed improvement for intervention teens at 6 and 12 months. The feasibility study also revealed a need to improve recruitment strategies and to streamline intervention delivery. Modest improvements in patient-reported asthma outcomes and health behaviors were observed. There was strong evidence that the TDG supports provider discussion of weight and asthma to create a more patient-centered conversation from the perspective of participating teens. Challenges to recruitment and clinic adaptation must be addressed before advancing to a full-scale trial. NCT02575326 Teen Asthma Control Encouraging a Healthier Lifestyle, www.cllinicaltrials.gov
Beyond Systems Thinking: Toward a Unifying Framework for Human Relationships

This chapter describes the systematic classification of four basic terms necessary for the construction of psychological theory and a unified clinical psychology. Among these four terms—paradigms, theories, models, and dimensions—the first three lack substantive differentiation and have often been used synonymously or interchangeably. In view of that specious interchangeability, this chapter seeks to define all four terms. In the absence of such distinction, the terms’ synonymity will continue to cause confusion which, in turn, will impede the construction of psychological theory and frustrate ongoing attempts to unify clinical psychology.
Salt: combining ACID and BASE in a distributed database

This paper presents Salt, a distributed database that allows developers to improve the performance and scalability of their ACID applications through the incremental adoption of the BASE approach. Salt's motivation is rooted in the Pareto principle: for many applications, the transactions that actually test the performance limits of ACID are few. To leverage this insight, Salt introduces BASE transactions, a new abstraction that encapsulates the workflow of performance-critical transactions. BASE transactions retain desirable properties like atomicity and durability, but, through the new mechanism of Salt Isolation, control which granularity of isolation they offer to other transactions, depending on whether they are BASE or ACID. This flexibility allows BASE transactions to reap the performance benefits of the BASE paradigm without compromising the guarantees enjoyed by the remaining ACID transactions. For example, in our MySQL Cluster-based implementation of Salt, BASE-ifying just one out of 11 transactions in the open source ticketing application Fusion Ticket yields a 6.5x increase over the throughput obtained with an ACID implementation.
Diagnosing PD-MCI by MDS Task Force criteria: how many and which neuropsychological tests?

Background The optimal properties of a comprehensive (Level II) neuropsychological battery for determining Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) by Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Task Force criteria remain unresolved.
A heterogeneous interpolant

In this note we exhibit an interpolant for a certain valid implication ╞ φ → ψ, where φ and ψ come from the infinitary language L ω1ω1 . The existence of this interpolant follows from Takeuti’s heterogeneous interpolation theorem [5], but unfortunately the proof in [5] is not explicit enough to allow one to find the interpolant explicitly. Takeuti’s theorem asserts the existence of an interpolant in the class L ω1ω1 of heterogeneous formulas , which admits the rules of formation of L ω1ω1 plus the following additional rule:
Student Outcomes: The Impact of Varying Living-Learning Community Models

This study explores the effect of three distinct living-learning community models on a variety of student experience and academic performance outcomes. Central to the analysis is an investigation of whether there are differences in outcomes for learning communities with different missions and structures, all three of which fall into the “Linked Course” learning community design. Even in the least coordinated, most basic, learning community model, students show more positive outcomes (first semester GPA, retention, first-year experience) than nonlearning community students. The fact that simple structures that facilitate student interaction around academic work (even without coordinated faculty involvement) have a positive effect for students of all preparation levels provides encouragement to campus leaders with limited resources who are working to develop methods for improving the undergraduate educational experience on their campuses.
Sacral Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder

Urinary frequency/urgency and urinary urge incontinence, collectively referred to as overactive bladder, represent common problems in the urologist’s practice. Although pharmaceutical management and pelvic floor rehabilitation combined with behavioral modification helps many patients with overactive bladder symptoms, a substantial minority of patients are refractory to these interventions. In such refractory cases, sacral neuromodulation, a minimally invasive and reversible treatment, provides an attractive alternative prior to consideration of more invasive and irreversible treatment modalities. This chapter reviews the current state of sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory voiding dysfunction, with emphasis on the techniques, efficacy, risks, and benefits of this procedure.
Neutronics shielding analysis of the last mirror-beam duct system for a laser fusion power reactor

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo neutronics calculations for the last mirror-beam duct system for a laser-driven fusion power reactor conceptual design, where a three-section duct with focusing mirrors and right angle bends for the last two beam reflections is modeled. The estimate of neutron leakage flux after the second beam reflection is on the order of 10/sup 14/ n/(m/sup 2/ X s). Even though less in magnitude than the flux at the end point of neutral beam injectors in tokamak designs, reported in the range of 10/sup 17/ n/(m/sup 2/ X s), this still leads to a neutron dose rate of 10/sup 6/ rem/h after the second beam bend. Since space is not at a premium as in the case of magnet shields for magnetic confinement systems, minimum-cost lead mortar or concrete can be used as shielding materials instead of other minimum thickness costly materials. An energy leakage rate of 4.6 MW of 14-MeV neutrons per beam precludes the use of concrete behind the last mirror, suggesting the use of a secondary blanket composed of a lead acetate solution with immersed Boral (Al + B/sub 4/C) sheets. Boral as a penetration shielding material is found to reduce the thermal group flux aroundmore » the penetration by two to three orders of magnitude, compared to aluminum, and is recommended as a duct lining material for both inertial and magnetic fusion systems. Neutron heating rates and radiation damage parameters for the duct liner compare to those at the front face of the last mirror and first wall, and will require similar elaborate thermalhydraulic and mechanical designs.« less
Enhanced transcription of the 78,000-Dalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) gene and association of GRP78 with immunoglobulin light chains in a nonsecreting B-cell myeloma line (NS-1)

Abstract The 78,000-dalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a stress-inducible protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. It has been identified as the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein. We report here a high level of GRP78 expression in a B-cell myeloma line, NS-1, which produces only kappa light-chain proteins but is unable to secrete them. GRP78 transcription was enhanced in NS-1 cells, resulting in higher levels of GRP78 mRNA and protein than in non-immunoglobulin-producing cells. Furthermore, the nonsecreted light chains in NS-1 cells were found in specific association with GRP78. We hypothesize that in nonsecreting lymphoid cells, the presence of free, unassembled light chains in the endoplasmic reticulum could result in increased transcription of the GRP78 gene and that GRP78 can also bind to immunoglobulin light chains.
Perfectionism and racial identity as predictors of life satisfaction in African American female college students

This study examines the relationships among racial identity, perfectionism and life satisfaction in a sample of 122 African American women. The current study found that the pre-encounter status of racial identity was associated with lower life satisfaction. Self-oriented perfectionism was positively associated with life satisfaction while socially prescribed perfectionism was negatively associated with life satisfaction. Implications for assessment and interventions with African American female college students are discussed.
Managing worker flexibility and attrition in dual resource constrained job shops

Worker flexibility is an attractive option for enhancing manufacturing performance, since it provides several strategic advantages, and also allows the firm to buffer against uncertainty. In this paper, we investigate issues related to acquiring a flexible work-force in those dual resource constrained (DRC) job-shops that have high learning costs and the presence of worker attrition. Our results show that significant improvement in traditional shop related measures can be attained at even very high attrition rates by incrementally training each worker in one additional department. However, this improvement comes at the expense of productivity losses which shop managers may not be willing to accept. The nature of the tradeoffs that exist in acquiring this incremental worker flexibility are addressed. Two strategies for improving shop performance, based on incrementally training workers or reducing attrition rates, are also recommended for the DRC shop modelled in our study. Conditions under which either of...
Anatomical Dolls in Child Sexual Abuse Assessments: A Call for Forensically Relevant Research

Although many props are used in child assessments to facilitate communication, none are as hotly debated as the use of anatomical dolls in forensic evaluations of child sexual abuse. This article examines two arguments against doll use—that their efficacy as interview aids is unproven and that they are sexually suggestive. It also offers a methodological critique of existing studies of anatomical dolls and argues that because of design limitations, these studies have minimal generalizability to actual forensic practice. This article suggests a number of design features for future research on anatomical dolls to increase the forensic relevance and utility in guiding practice. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of heptachlor and lindane on birds, Columbia Basin, Oregon and Washington, 1976-1981.

Abstract The effects of heptachlor seed treatments on birds in the vicinity of the Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon and Washington, were investigated from 1978 to 1981. An egg was collected from each of 60 nests representing six species. Heptachlor epoxide (HE) residues were detected in 35 eggs and were particularly high (8–13 μg g −1 ) in a few eggs of the black-billed magpie, mallard, and ring-necked pheasant. These residues were within the range that induced reproductive problems in other species in the area. Diagnostically lethal residue levels (⩾ 9 μg g −1 ) of HE were detected in the brains of nine birds (four species). Most of the avifauna in the area contained residues of HE and related compounds. Lindane, the replacement chemical for heptachlor, did not produce adverse effects in birds, and residues were not detected in either their eggs or brains.
Stimulus complexity and choice inconsistency among gambles

Abstract Tversky (Psychological Review, 1969 , 76, 31–48) found that some subjects can be induced to make intransitive choices among gambles. The gambles were so designed that for some pairs the subjects were inclined to choose on the basis of monetary values, while for others they were inclined to choose on the basis of the probabilities. This study replicates and expands Tversky's. The two principal findings are: (1) Tversky's results can be replicated using unselected subjects. (2) If subjects are forced to be transitive, by requiring them to evaluate the bets individually on a monetary scale, most resolve the intransitivity in favor of maximizing expected value.
Inhibition of the rat clearance system for agalacto-orosomucoid by yeast mannans and by mannose.

Summary Infused asialo-orosomucoid, agalacto-orosomucoid and purified mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are rapidly cleared from rat plasma. Clearance of 125 I-agalacto-orosomucoid is inhibited by simultaneously infused mannans and several simple sugars including mannose. Clearance of 125 I-mannans is inhibited by simultaneously infused agalacto-orosomucoid. Although mannans and agalacto-orosomucoid show cross-inhibition of clearance, neither inhibits the clearance of 125 I-asialo-orosomucoid. Thus, even though agalacto-orosomucoid is an N-acetylglucosamine terminal glycoprotein, a substantial part of its clearance from rat plasma is mediated by a mannose recognition system. Abbreviations Wild type mannan contains a 1→6 linked backbone with side chains of 1→3 and 1→2 linked mannose units. Mutant mannan mnn 2 (called 1→6 linked) has no 1→3 and 1→2 linked side chain on the polymannose backbone of the outer chain. Mannan from mutant mnn 1 (called 1→2 linked) has predominantly mannobiose side chains in 1→2 linkage. Mannan from mutant mnn 4 (called 1→3 linked) has many side chains with an additional mannose in 1→3 linkage
Proton Beam Radiography in Tumor Detection

Monoenergetic protons are highly sensitive to density variations and are capable of giving radiographs of very high contrast. As an initial step in exploring their diagnostic potential, protons with energies of 160 million electron volts are used in "contact radiography" on tumor-bearing human brain specimens. The proton radiographs are compared with x-radiographs taken under identical specimen conditions.
ON ELECTRON INDUCED IONIZATION OF HYDROGEN

Jones, Madison and Konovalov [Phys. Rev. A 55 (1997) 444] have calculated various approximate reaction amplitudes for the ionization of hydrogen by electron impact. It is shown here that their approximate amplitudes are Born approximations to new representations of the transition operator for the reaction.
Feasibility of swallowing interventions for tracheostomized individuals with severely disordered consciousness following traumatic brain injury

Primary objective : To report the ability of 12 tracheostomized acute rehabilitation hospital inpatients with severely disordered consciousness post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) to participate in an objective swallowing assessment. Research design : Post hoc analysis of data from a larger, prospective blinded comparison study. Methods and procedures : Subjects completed a modified barium swallow (MBS) study. Food/drink and tracheostomy tube management recommendations were made. Main outcomes and results : All subjects participated successfully during an MBS. Post-MBS, 10 subjects began receiving small amounts of food and/or drink. Prior to hospital discharge, all subjects received some food and/or drink and were extubated. Subjects were deemed representative of this patient population and, from a swallowing perspective, other tracheostomized patient populations at the same facility. Conclusions : Clinicians should routinely consider tracheostomized, acute rehabilitation hospital inpatients with severely d...
Tool for automatic real-time regional cardiac function analysis using HARP

The FastHARP magnetic resonance pulse sequence can acquire tagged cardiac images at a rate of 45 ms per frame, enabling 7–20 harmonic phase (HARP) images per heartbeat per tag orientation. By switching the tag orientation every heartbeat, data from just two heartbeats can be used to compute in-plane quantities describing myocardial deformation, such as circumferential and radial strain. Standard HARP software, however, requires about one second to compute each strain image, which is not fast enough to keep up with the FastHARP pulse sequence. In this work, we have developed real-time algorithms for HARP processing of tagged MR images. The code was implemented along with a visualization tool that runs in conjunction with the FastHARP pulse sequence. HARP strain computations and display can now be carried out in real-time after a one heartbeat delay. The software is also fast enough to track and plot the time profile of strain of one or more points in the myocardium in real-time. Our software has now been integrated into a research testbed for magnetic resonance cardiac stress testing, contributing to the emerging suite of clinical cardiac MRI protocols.
Using a guided inquiry and modeling instructional framework (EIMA) to support preservice K‐8 science teaching

This paper presents results from a study aimed at helping preservice elementary and middle school teachers incorporate model-centered scientific inquiry into their science teaching practices. Specifically, the authors studied the effect of using a guided inquiry and modeling instructional framework (EIMA) and accompanying science methods instruction on preservice elementary teachers' science lesson design skills, scientific model use, and teaching orientations. Analysis of preservice teachers' pre–posttests, classroom artifacts, peer interviews, and lesson plans throughout the semester indicates that the framework successfully built on preservice teachers' prior instructional ideas, and that the majority of preservice teachers learned and used the framework in their lesson plans and teaching. Additionally, analysis of pre–posttest differences indicates an increase in posttest lesson plans that focused on engaging students in scientific inquiry using several kinds of models. Most importantly, the framework and accompanying instruction enabled two thirds of the class to move their teaching orientations away from discovery or didactic approaches toward reform-based approaches such as conceptual change, inquiry, and guided inquiry. Results from this study show that using instructional frameworks such as EIMA can enable preservice teachers to socially construct, synthesize, and apply their knowledge for enacting reform-oriented science teaching approaches such as model-centered scientific inquiry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed91:158–186, 2007