cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of high-intensity ultrasound on the structural, optical, mechanical and physicochemical properties of pea protein isolate-based edible film.

Abstract Pea protein is a promising alternative to animal-based protein and the interest in its application in food industry has been rapidly growing. In this study, pea protein isolates (PPI) were used to form protein-based edible films and the effect of ultrasound treatment on the structure of PPI and the structural, optical, mechanical and physicochemical properties of PPI-films were investigated. Ultrasound induced unfolding of PPI and exposed interior hydrophobic groups to protein surface while both PPI dissociation and formation of large aggregates were observed, as confirmed by measuring intrinsic emission fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity, surface charge, and particle size distribution and polydispersity index, respectively. FE-SEM showed that ultrasound decreased the cracks and protein aggregates at the surface of PPI-film. The film structure was also investigated by FTIR, which showed peak shift in amide I and II region and noticeable difference of protein secondary structure as affected by ultrasound. As a result of such structural changes caused by ultrasound, the properties of PPI-films were improved. Results showed that ultrasound greatly improved the film transparency, significantly increased film tensile strength but not elongation at break, and decreased moisture content and water vapor permeability of the film. This study provided structural data as evidence for utilizing ultrasound technique to develop PPI-films with improved optical, mechanical and water barrier properties.
Chill-Out: Relaxation Training through Respiratory Biofeedback in a Mobile Casual Game

We present Chill-Out, an adaptive biofeedback game that teaches relaxation skills by monitoring the breathing rate of the player. The game uses a positive feedback loop that penalizes fast breathing by means of a proportional-derivative control law: rapid (and/or increasing) breathing rates increase game difficulty and reduce the final score of the game. We evaluated Chill-Out against a conventional non-biofeedback game and traditional relaxation based on deep breathing. Measurements of breathing rate, electrodermal activity, and heart rate variability show that playing Chill-Out leads to lower arousal during a subsequent task designed to induce stress.
Dangerous Climate Impacts and the Kyoto Protocol

The U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change defines the long-term goal for climate change policy as stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that avoids "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system. O9Neill and Oppenheimer propose plausible interpretations of dangerous interference in terms of the potential for severe degradation of coral reef systems, disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and shut down of the large-scale, density-driven circulation of the oceans. Taking into account uncertainties in links between emissions, climate change, and impacts, they show that the Kyoto Protocol provides a first step that may be necessary for avoiding dangerous interference.
A Review of “Next-Gen Library Catalogs”

Join leading expert Marshall Breeding as he tours the next generation of library catalogs, which use social features, patron input, and personalization. Breeding's book is the first volume in the T...
A Radiometric Test to Determine the Lubricant Effect on Journal Bearing Load Capacity

Radiometric techniques were developed and successfully applied to journal bearing studies in a unidirectional bearing test machine. These techniques involve the detection of wear debris from a radioactive test bearing and were used to determine bearing load capacity with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian lubricants. Results show that the radiometric method of determining bearing load capacity correlates with engine field tests and laboratory film thickness measurements. The method is more rapid and less costly than engine field tests and provides a more direct measure of load capacity than film thickness measurements. Slight changes in bearing geometry due to wear which occur during testing can be corrected by a linear compensation factor. A method for the electrodeposition of radioactive tin on a journal bearing surface is appended.
Intelligence Failure and Terrorism: the Attack on the Marines in Beirut

With uncomfortable regularity presidents, be they Republican or Democrat and regardless of their foreign policy agenda, have expressed dissatisfaction with the intelligence they have received. Of late, Congress and the media have added their voices to those criticizing the performance of the intelligence community. So commonplace have these criticisms become that charges of an intelligence failure now accompany almost every failed foreign policy initiative. Not unexpectedly, this dissatisfaction has also brought forward demands for reform that would provide policy-makers with greater control over intelligence. From the policy-maker's point of view, the control problem in this case is not one of curbing illegalities or excessive behavior as has often been the case with covert action. Rather, it is one of making institutional processes and individual behavior more responsive to the policy-maker's values and concerns. The hoped-for result is intelligence analysis and estimates that will prevent policy-makers from being surprised again. This paper examines the legitimacy of these expectations by reviewing the relationship between intelligence and policy, the concept of an intelligence failure, and the attack on the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut.
Acquisition of Crosswell Seismic Monitoring Data

Crosswell seismic acquisition provides an ideal geometry for monitoring travel time changes in the subsurface. Analysis of delay time in terms of a characteristic frequency allows us to estimate optimal acquisition parameters (frequency and distance). We have deployed standard data acquisition equipment for continuous monitoring of crosswell travel time in two separate field experiments, with well spacing of 3 and 30 m. The acquisition hardware used for the field experiments is described, along with environmental effects (such as temperature) that influence the measurements. Two field experiments are described that correlate changes in travel time (and therefore velocity) with changes in barometric pressure. The results from the two field sites show a pressure sensitivity for velocity of 10{sup -6}/Pa to 10{sup -8}/Pa.
Links between Anr and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

ABSTRACT In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the transcription factor Anr controls the cellular response to low oxygen or anoxia. Anr activity is high in oxygen-limited environments, including biofilms and populations associated with chronic infections, and Anr is necessary for persistence in a model of pulmonary infection. In this study, we characterized the Anr regulon in biofilm-grown cells at 1% oxygen in the laboratory strain PAO1 and in a quorum sensing (QS)-deficient clinical isolate, J215. As expected, transcripts related to denitrification, arginine fermentation, high-affinity cytochrome oxidases, and CupA fimbriae were lower in the Δ anr derivatives. In addition, we observed that transcripts associated with quorum sensing regulation, iron acquisition and storage, type VI secretion, and the catabolism of aromatic compounds were also differentially expressed in the Δ anr strains. Prior reports have shown that quorum sensing-defective mutants have higher levels of denitrification, and we found that multiple Anr-regulated processes, including denitrification, were strongly inversely proportional to quorum sensing in both transcriptional and protein-based assays. We also found that in LasR-defective strains but not their LasR-intact counterparts, Anr regulated the production of the 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines, which play roles in quorum sensing and interspecies interactions. These data show that Anr was required for the expression of important metabolic pathways in low-oxygen biofilms, and they reveal an expanded and compensatory role for Anr in the regulation of virulence-related genes in quorum sensing mutants, such as those commonly isolated from infections. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes acute ocular, soft tissue, and pulmonary infections, as well as chronic infections in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. P. aeruginosa uses quorum sensing (QS) to regulate virulence, but mutations in the gene encoding the master regulator of QS, lasR , are frequently observed in clinical isolates. We demonstrated that the regulon attributed to Anr, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, was more highly expressed in lasR mutants. Furthermore, we show that Anr regulates the production of several different secreted factors in lasR mutants. These data demonstrate the importance of Anr in naturally occurring quorum sensing mutants in the context of chronic infections.
Gender expression in a small world: social tagging of transgender-themed books

Social tagging is evaluated as an information behavior in a small world, using Chatman, Burnett, and Besant's Theory of Normative Behavior. A survey was distributed to people who assign tags to transgender-themed books in LibraryThing, an social network site that allows members to catalog and tag their personal book collections. This study first establishes that there is an identifiable community of interest and then lays the groundwork for understanding the function of tagging in sharing information among a marginalized community for whom vocabulary and taxonomies are vital.
The Inhibition of Mitochondrial Peroxidation by Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol

Ubiquinol-6 (reduced coenzyme Q6) was more effective than ubiquinone-6 and almost as effective as α-tocopherol in reducing the stable free radical diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl. The antioxidant activity of ubiquinol-6 was measured at low oxygen concentrations with an oxygen electrode. Ubiquinol-6 was found to be as efficient as α-tocopherol as an inhibitor of the heme-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid emulsions. Ubiquinol-6 was oxidized to ubiquinone-6 by free radical products of the heme-catalyzed decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide. α-Tocopherol did not inhibit this reaction. Light was used to catalyze the peroxidation of mitochondrial lipids at low concentrations of oxygen. This peroxidation was inhibited by the addition of ubiquinol-6 or α-tocopherol to the mitochondria. Light-induced mitochondrial peroxidation was inhibited by ubiquinol-6 produced from exogenous ubiquinone-6 by the electron transport-linked oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate. Ubiquinols may function as antioxidants in the mitochondrion. This could explain why ubiquinones and related compounds have been found effective in the relief of certain vitamin E deficiency syndromes in some species.
Effectiveness of 50% Nitrous Oxide/50% Oxygen during Laceration Repair in Children

Objective: To determine the effect of an inhaled 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen mixture on measures of observed anxiety in children during laceration repair. Methods: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison of an inhaled 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen mixture (treatment group) with 100% oxygen (control group) during repair of lacerations was performed. The study population was a convenience sample of children aged 2–7 years in an urban pediatric ED. The primary outcome variable was the change in scores before and during laceration repair with a 10-point modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) assessment. The secondary outcome variable was a 4-point anxiety scale measured before and during the procedure. Results: Thirty patients were entered into the study. Seventeen children inhaled the 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture and 13 inhaled 100% oxygen during laceration repair. There was no statistically significant difference in initial CHEOPS and anxiety scores between the 2 groups (p = 0.687 and 0.809, respectively). The median CHEOPS scores in the treatment group decreased by 5 points, while those of the control patients increased by 3 (p < 0.001). The median anxiety scores in the treatment population decreased by 1 point, with an increase of 1 for the control patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Administration of a 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen mixture to children during their laceration repair resulted in a significant decrease in measures of anxiety when compared with inhalation of 100% oxygen.
Reliability and Validity of Two Tests of Upper Extremity Motor Function Post-Stroke:

The Emory Motor Function Test (Wolf, Lecraw, Barton, & Jann, 1989) and the TEMPA (Test Evaluant les Membres superiors des Personnes Âgees) (Desrosiers, Hebert, & Dutil, 1991) are assessments of upper extremity (UE) motor skill. The TEMPA evaluates both speed and quality of movement. The Emory evaluates speed of movement; we modified the Emory by performing quality of movement ratings. The current study tests the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of these instruments in measuring the UE motor skills of individuals post-stroke. Scores on the Emory had inter-rater and test-retest interclass correlation coefficients of greater than .99. The speed of execution and the functional rating scores on the TEMPA also exhibited high inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities, interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > .83. While the task analysis ratings for the unilateral TEMPA tasks and the combined ratings were reliable (ICCs > .83), the task analysis ratings for the bilateral TEMPA tasks were less reliable ...
Thermal Inactivation of Yeasts in Fruit Juices Supplemented with Food Preservatives and Sucrose

Thermal inactivation of five yeasts (Candida krusei, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces bailii, S. cerevisiae and Torulopsis magnoliae) suspended in five fruit juices (apple, apricot, grape, orange and pineapple) as affected by potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and sucrose was investigated. Yeasts were most sensitive to heat when suspended in orange juice. Both preservatives, at a concentration as low as 100 ppm, enhanced the rate of inactivation in juices containing no added sucrose. Supplementation of juices with sucrose (30 and 50%) resulted in protection against death of yeasts. The detrimental effects of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were reduced in the presence of high concentrations of sucrose. While neither preservative exhibited a consistent superior lethal effect compared with the other, overall, sodium benzoate was generally more effective than was potassium sorbate.
A revised proof of optimality for the cube-per-order index rule for stored item location

The cube-per-order index (COI) is a commonly used storage assignment policy for allocating inventory in a warehouse. The optimality of COI-based assignment policy for a dual-address order-picking discipline (with storage and retrieval interleaving) has been established. Additional empirical evidence based on recent studies and counterexamples reveal the nonuniqueness of the COI layout and questions the validity of the earlier proof. A completely revised proof of optimality of the COI assignment policy for dual-address systems is presented, taking into account the nonuniqueness of the COI layout. A of the optimality of the COI layout in comparison with the familiar L-shaped and Organ Pipe configurations is provided.
Employment, factor income distribution, and economic growth: Theory and planning

The object of the paper is to present models of economic growth based on the idea that consumption is determined by the number of workers employed, and investment by the sales of final goods. It is shown that these assumptions lead to growth paths in which the rates of growth of employment and of technological change are determined by the parameters of production, consumption and investment functions, without reference to exogenous rates of growth of the labor force or of technology.
Equalization and decorrelation in primary visual cortex

There are many theories on the purpose of neural adaptation, but evidence remains elusive. Here, we discuss the recent work by Benucci et al. (Nat Neurosci 16: 724–729, 2013), who measured for the ...
Irregular frequencies and iterative methods in the solution of steady surface-wave problems in hydrodynamics

Two linearized problems in free-surface hydrodynamics are discussed. The first concerns flow due to a submerged line vortex in a running stream, and the second investigates three-dimensional flow about a moving pressure distribution at the surface of the fluid. Closed-form solutions to both linearized problems are well known, and therefore are not of interest; however, it is shown that the solution of either problem by a boundary-integral technique utilizing “simple” (Rankine) sources as fundamental singular solutions leads to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, for which the irregular frequencies do not occur discretely, but as a continuum. Consequently, Neumann-type iteration schemes for the solution of these equations necessarily diverge for any Froude number. Ramifications of this result in the attempted numerical solution of the corresponding non-linear problems are discussed, and the convergence difficulties encountered by Hess [1] are analyzed.
Importance of cell wall mannoproteins for septum formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The mannosyltransferase mutants mnn9 and mnn10 were isolated in a genetic screen for septation defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ultrastructural examination of mutant cell walls revealed markedly thin septal structures and occasional failure to construct trilaminar septa, which then led to the formation of bulky default septa at the bud neck. In the absence of a functional septation apparatus, mnn10 mutants are unable to complete cytokinesis and die as cell chains with incompletely separated cytoplasms, indicating that mannosylation defects impair the ability to form remedial septa. We could not detect N-linked glycosylation of the β(1,3)glucan synthase Fks1p and mnn10 defects do not change the molecular weight or abundance of the protein. We discuss a model explaining the pleiotropic effects of impaired N-linked protein glycosylation on septation in S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left Heart Bypass Reduces Paraplegia Rates After Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Background. The optimal strategy for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair remains unclear. We evaluated the protective effect of left heart bypass (LHB) during repair of extensive TAAAs. Methods. During a 12-year period, 710 patients had repair of extent I or II TAAAs. Left heart bypass was used in 312 (43.9%) patients. This group was retrospectively compared with 398 (56.1%) patients who had operations without LHB. Results. The overall 30-day survival rate was 94.8% (673 patients). In 42 patients, (6.0%) paraplegia or paraparesis developed. In patients with extent I TAAAs, paraplegia and paraparesis rates in LHB (6 of 123, 4.9%) and nonLHB (9 of 246, 3.7%) groups were similar (p 5 0.576) despite longer aortic clamp times in the former group. In patients with extent II TAAAs, the LHB group had a lower incidence of paraplegia or paraparesis (9 of 189, 4.8%) compared with the non-LHB group (18 of 137, 13.1%; p 5 0.007). Conclusions. Left heart bypass reduced the risk of paraplegia and paraparesis in patients who had repair of extent I and II TAAAs.
The distinctive dynamics of exurban tourism.

The distinctiveness of the urban–rural fringe as a tourism venue, which merits recognition of exurban tourism as a distinct subfield, is based on a unique product amalgam that includes theme parks, tourist shopping villages, near-urban protected areas, factory outlet malls, golf courses and touring. In addition, the market is characterised by blurred tourist/non-tourist distinctions, a weak accommodation sector and extremely high visitation levels at some sites. It is argued that the urban–rural fringe is an inherently unstable area characterised by a variant of the standard destination life cycle confined to the late involvement, development and consolidations stages, and paralleling comparable volatile stages within the broader urban life cycle. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical method for the nonlinear neumann problem

An iterative scheme for the nonlinear Neumann problem over a smooth bounded domain in R2 is studied. An equivalent system of coupled problems is obtained by the method of “Alternative Problems.” A combination of the capacitance matrix method and one-dimensional nonlinear solver is then applied to this system yielding an efficient numerical algorithm.
Technical Note: Multi-sensor data fusion of aerosol optical thickness

This paper investigates the applicability and limitations of combining multi-sensor data through data fusion, to increase the usefulness of the datasets. This study focuses on merging daily mean aerosol optical thickness (AOT), as measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, to increase spatial coverage and produce complete fields to facilitate comparison with models and station data. The fusion algorithm used the maximum likelihood (ML) technique to merge the pixel values where available, and then the optimal interpolation method to fill the remaining gaps. The algorithm was applied to a regional AOT subset. The results illustrate that the fusion algorithm can produce complete AOT fields with reasonably good data values and acceptable errors. The cumulative semivariogram (CSV) was found to be sensitive to the spatial distribution and fraction of gap areas and, thus, useful for assessing the sensitivity of the fused data to spatial gaps.
Principal components-like procedures for cross-tabulated recreation data: an illustration from search activity related to park choice.

Abstract A principal components‐like method for analyzing cross‐tabulated recreation data is illustrated. Application of the proposed method is to data concerned with information search by re creationists selecting an urban park in which to recreate. The advantages of the methodology introduced over the usual methods for analyzing recreation data in cross‐classification tables are illustrated.
Steroid levels in cancer of the prostate--markers of tumour differentiation and adequacy of anti-androgen therapy.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has been shown to be the major biologically active androgen in the prostate; its steady state level depends upon plasma-testosterone substrate, 5α-reductase, 3-oxidoreductase and receptor binding, all essential biochemical steps for the mediation of androgen action. In both treated and untreated patients with prostate cancer, we have studied the usefulness of tissue DHT levels as (1) biochemical markers of tumour differentiation and (2) indicators of adequacy of antiandrogen therapy. Average DHT in 29 patients with untreated cancer was 4.1 ng/g compared with an average of 5.0 ng/g in 17 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (P < 0.3). Non-androgen target tissues averaged 0.93 ng/g and all contained less than 1.8 ng/g. In prostate cancer tissue from 6 out of 15 patients treated with either oestrogen, castration, or both, the values were similar to the average values in untreated cancer while 9 patients had values resembling non-androgen target tissue. In previously untreated patients with Stage D carcinoma, DHT tissue concentrations were correlated with objective responses of patients to anti-androgen treatment. If tissue DHT levels greater than 2.0 ng/g are considered indicative of tumour “differentiation”, a positive correlation between “differentiated” DHT levels and response to treatment was noted in 9 of 10 previously untreated patients with prostate cancer studied to date. In the same 10 patients, histological grading correctly predicted the response to treatment in only 5 of 10 patients.
The stereospecific generation of the cis-vicinal methyls in eremophilane and valencane sesquiterpenes: The total synthesis of (±) eremophilone and (±) 7-epieremophilone.

3,4-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-on (I) reagiert mit Lithium-divinylcuprat-Komplex (II) zu (III), aus dem nach Umwandlung in das Ketal (IV) durch Hydroborierung das Carbinol (V) und weiter bei der Oxidation der Aldehyd (VI) erhalten werden.
Design of an optical remote sensing system for measuring refractive turbulence in the Antarctic boundary layer

We have investigated the feasibility of building an innovative optical remote sensing instrument to monitor the vertical profile of the refractive index structure characteristic C n 2 . There is currently no active optical remote sensing instrument which is capable of doing this. Calculations have been performed for a system designed specifically to resolve a site survey question at the South Pole, where recent balloon soundings suggest that excellent astronomical seeing conditions could be obtained by mounting telescopes above a thin layer of atmospheric refractive turbulence near the surface. The new sensor considered here is essentially an imaging lidar which measures range- dependent laser beam wander, from which the vertical profile of C n 2 can be derived. Calculations based on atmospheric characteristics and preliminary design parameters have been carried out for a practical system based on commercially available components. Design parameters include the choice of operating wavelength, elevation angle, transmitter and receiver diameters, and image scale. The calculations indicate that it is feasible to develop an optical remote sensor for monitoring vertical profiles of C n 2 at the South Pole.
Allylisopropylacetamide restricts expression of beta minor globin gene in Friend cells.

Two structural genes, β major and β minor, are present at the β-globin locus (Hbb) of a variety of mice phenotypically characterised by adult haemoglobin of the diffuse type1. These genes may be the result of duplication of an ancestral gene2, but there is increasing evidence that their expression is independently regulated. For example, in erythrocytes of the adult DBA/2 mouse, the ratio of the two nonallelic variant gene products is 4:1 in favour of the β-major chain whereas in Friend erythroleukaemia cells, clone 745, derived from the same mouse strain, the ratio varies from 3 to 0.6, depending on the inducer of erythroid differentiation used3–6. We reported previously that treatment of clone 745 cells for 6 d with 1×10−4 M haemin, an inducer of haemoglobin synthesis7, induces synthesis of the β minor, but not the β major globin chain5. This observation suggested the possibility that intracellular levels of haem (the reduced form of haemin) might act physiologically to selectively control the expression of one of the two β globin genes. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) on the relative amounts of β globin chains present in induced erythroleukaemia cells. AIA is a strong inducer of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in rat hepatocytes8 and in mouse erythroleukaemia cells9. Induction of the enzyme is due to breakdown by the drug of the haem moiety of the haemoproteins10. We report here that AIA treatment of Friend cells induced to differentiate by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) causes a reduction in the intracellular haem concentration and at the same time a marked decrease in the amount of the β minor globin chain. The ratio of the two β chains thus becomes very close to the ratio observed in normal erythrocytes of adult DBA/2 mouse.
Heterogeneous breast phantom development for microwave imaging using regression models

As new algorithms for microwave imaging emerge, it is important to have standard accurate benchmarking tests. Currently, most researchers use homogeneous phantoms for testing new algorithms. These simple structures lack the heterogeneity of the dielectric properties of human tissue and are inadequate for testing these algorithms for medical imaging. To adequately test breast microwave imaging algorithms, the phantom has to resemble different breast tissues physically and in terms of dielectric properties. We propose a systematic approach in designing phantoms that not only have dielectric properties close to breast tissues but also can be easily shaped to realistic physicalmodels. The approach is based on regression model tomatch phantom's dielectric properties with the breast tissue dielectric properties found in Lazebnik et al. (2007). However, the methodology proposed here can be used to create phantoms for any tissue type as long as ex vivo, in vitro, or in vivo tissue dielectric properties are measured and available. Therefore, using this method, accurate benchmarking phantoms for testing emerging microwave imaging algorithms can be developed.
Introduction to Schrödinger inverse scattering

Abstract Schrodinger inverse scattering uses scattering coefficients and bound state data to compute underlying potentials. Inverse scattering has been studied extensively for isolated potentials q ( x ), which tend to zero as | x | → ∞. Inverse scattering for isolated impurities in backgrounds p ( x ) that are periodic, are Heaviside steps, are constant for x > 0 and periodic for x x → ∞ and tend to ∞ as x → -∞, have also been studied. This paper identifies literature for the five inverse problems just mentioned, and for four other inverse problems. Heaviside-step backgrounds are discussed at length.
CXCR4 expression is associated with survival in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but CD38 expression is not.

Recent immunogenetic studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) suggest a dichotomy: those developing from naive, pregerminal B lymphocytes exhibiting germline configuration of Ig VHstatus (poor outcome) and those stemming from more mature, postgerminal center memory B cells with mutated Ig
RanBP2: A Tumor Suppressor with a New Twist on TopoII, SUMO, and Centromeres

In vertebrate cells, the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO plays a poorly defined role in targeting DNA topoisomerase II (TopoII) to centromeres (CENs) during mitosis, presumably to facilitate the untangling of sister chromatids as cells transition into anaphase. A new study by Dawlaty in the April 4 issue of Cell identifies the nucleoporin RanBP2 as a novel tumor suppressor that acts as a SUMO ligase for TopoII. Analysis of this interaction reveals TopoII recruitment to CENs is likely to play an important role in preventing chromosome segregation errors that lead to cancer.
Proteasome participates in the alteration of signal transduction in T and B lymphocytes following trauma-hemorrhage

Abstract Proteasomes are essential components of the cellular protein degradation machinery. They are nonlysosomal and their participation is critical for (1) the removal of short lived proteins involved in metabolic regulation and cell proliferation, (2) the control of the activities of regulators involved in gene transcription, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1), and (3) processing of antigenic peptides for MHC class I presentation. Trauma-hemorrhage induces profound immunosuppression which is characterized by reduced splenocyte proliferation, interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ productive capacity, increased activation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT1 in splenic T lymphocytes, reduced macrophage antigen presentation capacity and inordinate release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, it appears that the activity of several regulatory proteins involved in immune function is altered by trauma-hemorrhage. Since proteasomes are involved in regulation and removal of regulatory proteins, we hypothesized that trauma-hemorrhage alters proteasomal activity in splenic lymphocytes. The data showed that activities of 26s proteasome from CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + splenic T lymphocytes were enhanced following trauma-hemorrhage which was associated with increased expression of NF-κB and STAT1. On the other hand, trauma-hemorrhage attenuated the activity of 26s proteasome from splenic B lymphocytes which was restored upon IFN-γ stimulation and correlated with increased expression of NF-κB. These studies indicate a potential role for proteasomes in the regulation of signal transduction in splenic T and B lymphocytes following trauma-hemorrhage, and also suggest them as potential therapeutic targets for attenuation of immune suppression associated with this form of injury.
Characterization and Detection of Crack-induced Rotary Instability

System instability and chaotic response are the failure modes that could significantly impact the reliability and operating safety of high-speed rotor-dynamical machines. Initiation and propagation of surface cracks in rotary shafts are common causes for such failure modes. To be able to detect the onset and progression of these faults will considerably extend the lifetime and improve the reliability of the mechanical system. A waveletbased algorithm effective in identifying mechanical chaotic response has been applied to determine the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of a model-based, cracked rotor. This investigation confirms reported correlation of surface crack breathing with rotor chaotic motions. The effectiveness of the algorithm in detecting rotor-dynamic instability induced by mechanical faults as contrast to algorithms that are based on nonlinear dynamics is discussed. The results show not just the feasibility of the algorithm in mechanical fault diagnosis but also suggest its applicability to in-line, real-time condition monitoring at both the system and component levels.
Sterically crowded aryloxide compounds of aluminum

Abstract The chemistry of aluminum compounds containing sterically demanding aryloxide ligands is presented. In particular, those of compounds derived from 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT-H, from the trivial name butylated hydroxytoluene). The synthesis and structure of three-coordinate monomeric derivatives, and their ligand exchange reactions, are discussed in comparison to the more typical four-coordinate oligomeric aluminum alkoxide and aryloxide compounds. The reactions of the sterically crowded aryloxide compounds is divided into four general classes: oxidation and hydrolysis, the formation of Lewis acid-base complexes, the reaction with organic carbonyls, and the reaction with main group halides. Alane-aryloxide compounds are discussed separately, as are the 1,3-diphenyltriazenide derivatives. Finally, a discussion of the AlO bonding interactions in four-coordinate aluminum aryloxides is presented, giving spectroscopic and theoretical evidence for and against various postulates to explain the presence of short Al-O distances and large AlOC angles.
Bio-inspired surfactants capable of generating plant volatiles

Plants are able to synthesize, store and release lipophilic organic molecules known as plant volatiles (PVs) utilizing specific biological pathways and different enzymes which play vital roles in the plant's defence and in dealing with biotic and abiotic stress situations. The process of generation, storage and release of PVs by plants acquired during the course of evolution is a very complex phenomenon. Bio-inspired molecular design of farnesol-based surfactants facilitates similar production, storage and release of PVs. The designed molecules adsorb at air–water interface and self-aggregate into micelles in aqueous system. The structural design of the molecules allows them to self-activate in water via intramolecular cation-π interactions. The activated molecules undergo molecular rearrangements generating volatile organic molecules both at interface and inside the micelle core. The molecules adsorbed at the interface initially release the formed volatile molecules creating vacant space at interface, thus thermodynamically directing the micelle to release the manufactured volatile products.
Elastic scattering of protons by 4He from 20 to 28 MeV

Abstract The absolute differential cross section for the elastic scattering of protons by 4 He has been measured at about 50 angles from 7.5° to 174° at incident proton energies of 20.6, 23.3, 26.1 and 27.7 MeV with a typical accuracy of 2%. The excitation function was observed at c.m. angles of 22.6° and 114.6° from 20 to 28 MeV. The excitation functions have a well-defined resonance near 23 MeV corresponding to the previously known 16.6 MeV state of the compound nucleus 5 Li.
Physical activity advice to manage chronic conditions for adults with arthritis or hypertension, 2007.

Abstract Objective To describe the prevalence and characteristics of persons with arthritis or hypertension who received advice from their health-care professional to manage their condition. Methods Data from 9 states were obtained from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Two modules (Arthritis Management and Actions to Control High Blood Pressure) were analyzed (sample sizes: arthritis 29,698, hypertension 29,783). Results Fifty-five percent of persons with arthritis and 75.8% of persons with hypertension reported that their health-care professional ever suggested physical activity or exercise to help manage their condition. Correlates for being less likely to receive advice were lower levels of education, longer time since last routine doctor visit, being physically inactive, and having lower body mass index. Among inactive, normal weight persons, 43.0% (95% CI: 38.7, 47.4) with arthritis and 50.0% (95% CI: 44.4, 55.6) with hypertension reported receiving advice; among inactive, obese patients, 59.1% (95% CI: 55.8, 62.3) with arthritis and 74.0% (95% CI: 70.5, 77.3) with hypertension reported receiving advice. Conclusions Findings suggest that health-care professionals may base physical activity counseling more on body mass index than a patient's activity level. To manage chronic health conditions, health-care professionals should assess patient's physical activity and offer all patients appropriate counseling.
Linear broadcast routing

Abstract In this paper we examine the problem of performing broadcasts in networks where the messages are constrained to follow linear paths. Many high speed networks, where routing is done in specialized hardware, have this characteristic. We show that the general problem is NP-complete but find a polynomial time approximation algorithm which is guaranteed to provide a solution which is within twice the optimal. We also suggest some generalizations of this work and propose several open problems.
Historical and present developments of ejector refrigeration systems with emphasis on transcritical carbon dioxide air-conditioning applications

Abstract This paper gives an overview of historical and present developments on how ejectors can be utilized to improve the performance of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Research on ejector refrigeration cycles that utilize low-grade energy sources to produce cooling is summarized. Another major class of ejector refrigeration cycles that is described tries to recover expansion work by means of a two-phase ejector. This particular approach appears to be very promising for transcritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 , R744) systems with inherently large throttling losses. The paper further presents the latest analytical and experimental results of a comprehensive study carried out to investigate possible performance improvements of transcritical R744 two-phase ejector systems. Relevant operational parameters were varied and effects on performance resulting from different ejector geometries were studied as well. Two-phase mixing shock waves inside the ejector were detected by recoding static wall pressure distributions.
Design and Experimental Validation of a Structural Health Monitoring Fastener

In this study a structural health monitoring (SHM) fastener, with built-in eddy current sensors for in-situ monitoring of fatigue cracks at hole locations in layered metallic joints was developed. This presents an optimal method of sensor integration for early stage detection of these cracks, which are among of the most common forms of damage in airframes. Thin, conformable eddy current sensors optimized for in-hole flaw detection [1] and a method of mechanical integration and complete data acquisition and software system are discussed. Results from fatigue tests of single layer and multi-layer specimens are presented in addition to results from bench-top flaw detection tests as a means of experimental validation of the system.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Spin-wave-related period doublings and chaos under transverse pumping

The experiments of Gibson and Jeffries on ferromagnetic resonance at very high signal powers are simulated with a model involving coupling of only one spin wave to the uniform mode. Bifurcation sequences and chaos similar to the ones observed are found in the computation.
The oxidation of Fe(II) with H2O2 in seawater

Abstract The oxidation of Fe(II) with H2O2 has been measured in seawater as a function of pH (2 to 8.5), temperature (5 to 45°C) and salinity (0 to 35). The effect of pH on the rate constant, k, d [Fe(II)] dt = −K[Fe(II)][H 2 O 2 ] was found to be a linear function of [H+] or [OH−] from pH = 6 to 8. The effect of temperature and ionic strength on k at pH = 6.0 was given by log k= 13.73 −2,948/T− 1.707 1 2 + 1.20I with a σ = 0.12 in log k. If the rates are expressed as d( Fe(II)] dt = −k 2 [Fe(II)][H 2 O 2 ][OH − ] the values of k2 are independent of temperature. This is due to the fact that the energy of activation of k is the same order of magnitude of ΔH w ∗ , the heat of ionization of water. The ionic strength dependence of k2 was given by log k 2 = 11.72–2.14I 1 2 + 1.38I with a σ = 0.11 in log k2. The results of k over the entire pH, temperature and ionic strength were given by k = k0αFe + k1αFeOH where αFe and αFeOH, k0 and k1 are the rate constants, respectively, for the oxidation of Fe2+ and FeOH+. The values of k0 and k1 are given by logk0 = 8.37− 1,866/T log k 1 = 17.26 − 2,948/T− 1.70I 1 2 + 1.20I . The addition of HCO3− at a constant pH was found to linearily increase the rate independent of the salinity and temperature. This may be related to FeCO30 reacting faster than FeOH+ with H2O2. At a given pH and ionic strength, the rates in seawater are nearly the same as in NaCl.
Ipsilaterale und kontralaterale Augenbewegungen nach elektrischer Reizung des frontalen oculomotorischen Gebietes des Affen

1. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit der Analyse von Augenbewegungen nach elektrischer Reizung der frontalen und occipitalen oculomotorischen Rindenregionen. 2. Die Tatsache, das diese Regionen weit voneinander liegen, und das innerhalb dieser Zonen eine genaue topographische Reprasentation der Augenbewegungen vorliegt, spricht fur eine funktionelle Verschiedenheit, die auch durch elektrisch genau kontrollierte Reizerfolge zutage tritt. 3. Diese Unterschiede werden mit dem Parameter der Reizung, insbesondere mit der hier gebrauchten Reizfrequenz deutlich. 4. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das Reizung einzelner Punkte des frontalen Augenfeldes mit niedrigen Frequenzen von 1 c/s bis 9–12 c/s zur konjugiertenipsilateralen Deviation der Augen fuhrt. 5. Reizung derselben Punkte mit hohen Frequenzen (30–60 c/s) gibt ohne weiteres und immer konjugiertekontralaterale Deviation. 6. Es mus betont werden, das die Narkose auserordentlich leicht sein mus, um diesen Reizerfolg mit niedriger Frequenz zu erhalten. 7. Unter gunstigen Bedingungen ist es moglich, durch eine Veranderung der Reizfrequenz ein Verschieben der Augen von einer Seite zur anderen vom gleichen Rindenpunkt aus zu erhalten. 8. Die Latenzzeit, die fur den Ubergang von der kontralateralen zur ipsilateralen Richtung notwendig ist, ist wesentlich langer als beim Wechsel in der umgekehrten Richtung. Unter diesen Umstanden erfolgt ipsilaterale Wendung langsamer, wenn keine Pause zwischen den Reizungen gemacht worden ist. Dies last die Vermutung aufkommen, das derselbe nervose Prozes, der die hohe Frequenz bewirkt, auch nach Frequenzanderung noch wahrend einiger Zeit wirksam bleibt. 9. Frequenzeffekte dieser Art werden nicht nach Erregung der occipitalen oculomotorischen Rinde gesehen. Die Blickrichtung nach Reizung hangt hier von dem Rindenpunkt und nicht von der Reizfrequenz ab. 10. Es wird vermutet, das der Frequenzeffekt sich auf einen subcorticalen Abschnitt auswirkt, und das die Endigungen der efferenten Bahnen, die von beiden corticalen oculomotorischen Hauptfeldern herfuhren, mit den Augenmuskelkernen verschiedenerweise verbunden sind.
Mueller-matrix measurements in a two-component blue-phase mixture

We have performed polarized Bragg-scattering measurements from the cholesteric blue phases (BP) of a mixture of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and 4-cyano-4'-(n-hexyl)biphenyl (6CB). Our data, which are reported in the form of a temperature-dependent Mueller scattering matrix, confirm the previous results obtained in a more complicated mixture by Flack, Crooker, and Svoboda. The scattering is dominated, in both BP I and BP II, by the m=-2 order-parameter coefficient, and we observe no change in the Mueller matrix at the BP I--BP II transition despite a discontinuous step in the Bragg wavelength. The structural implications of the results are discussed within the context of the theory of Grebel, Hornreich, and Shtrikman.
Elasticity of (Mg,Fe)O Through the Spin Transition of Iron in the Lower Mantle

Changes in the electronic configuration of iron at high pressures toward a spin-paired state within host minerals ferropericlase and silicate perovskite may directly influence the seismic velocity structure of Earth's lower mantle. We measured the complete elastic tensor of ferropericlase, (Mg(1-x),Fe(x))O (x = 0.06), through the spin transition of iron, whereupon the elastic moduli exhibited up to 25% softening over an extended pressure range from 40 to 60 gigapascals. These results are fully consistent with a simple thermodynamic description of the transition. Examination of previous compression data shows that the magnitude of softening increases with iron content up to at least x = 0.20. Although the spin transition in (Mg,Fe)O is too broad to produce an abrupt seismic discontinuity in the lower mantle, the transition will produce a correlated negative anomaly for both compressional and shear velocities that extends throughout most, if not all, of the lower mantle.
Body size, morphological constraints, and mated pair formation in four populations of horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) along a geographic cline

The relationship of body size to mating success was studied in four populations of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus L., along the east coast of the U.S.A. in the spring and summer from 1986 to 1989. Crabs of both sexes from Great Bay, New Hampshire, were significantly smaller than crabs from three middle Atlantic coast populations: Sandy Hook Bay and Delaware Bay, New Jersey, and Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. The formation of mated pairs was independent of body size in each population; there were no significant size differences between mated and single individuals, and size assortative mating did not occur. A comparision of male clasper dimensions with the corresponding point of attachment on the female indicates that there are no morphological constraints limiting amplexus between any male and any female within a population. The ratios of male to female prosoma width within amplexed mated pairs averaged from 0.78 to 0.80 in each population, despite the large difference in absolute size between southern and nothern populations. This may suggest a role for natural selection in regulating the relative sizes of each sex.