cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Multiple Identities

It is almost a truism to say that people have multiple identities. Certainly, it is this idea to which (1890) was referring when he said that each person has as many selves as others with whom they interact. Having noted that, however, very little has been theorized or investigated about the way in which these multiple identities relate to each other, or activated, or jointly operated to influence behavior. Most identity research focuses on one or another identity that people have without asking questions about how those identities relate to each other or what the implications are for understanding behavior that such behavior may function to verify (or not) more than one identity. I begin with a brief review of work that has begun to address these issues more directly, as well as work that, while not addressing such issues directly, nevertheless makes an indirect contribution to our understanding.
Nonconscious drivers of visual attention in interactive media environments

Many traditional models of visual perception, advertising and promotion assume passive media environments, and whether or not these models effectively transfer to highly interactive media environments such as social networks, videogames and visual websites is uncertain. Drawing on prior literature in visual psychology, consumer behavior and eye-tracker research, this article shows how key nonconscious factors shape vision in interactive environments in ways not present for passive media. User agency focuses visual attention on objects that are under user control, owing to telepresence and goal-driven perception creating a form of interactive tunnel vision. These drivers of perception guide visual attention in ways not seen in passive media, and could be operating largely outside of conscious awareness or control. This article includes implications for branded elements within interactive environments.
The Differential Effects of Elaborate Feedback and Basic Feedback on Student Performance in a Modified, Personalized System of Instruction Course.

Educators in large-enrollment courses are faced with the challenge of effectively disseminating information to their students to ensure that they learn the content provided. A related issue involves the means by which instructors evaluate student performance. Offering effective forms of performance feedback may be one technique to provide students with additional information to facilitate learning. Accordingly, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of elaborate feedback and basic feedback on student performance. Two groups from an introductory psychology course participated in the current study. The Basic Feedback Group (N = 108) received basic feedback on all quizzes. The Elaborate Feedback Group (N = 102) received elaborate feedback on all quizzes. Response accuracy and learning gain were evaluated between groups. Visual analyses demonstrated the relative effectiveness of elaborate feedback on subsequent student performance. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses revealed that elaborate feedback was beneficial in general and particularly for questions that were determined to be difficult by item analyses. Results and implications are discussed in further detail.
Editorial: The Role of Industry in the Development of a Product for Control of Mycoplasmal Plant Diseases

A number of mycoplasmal or mycoplasma-like diseases of plants have been treated with an oxytetracycline-based product. Remission of symptoms has generally resulted, and in some instances the local use of this product under temporary governmental registrations has been approved. The use of oxytetracycline for control of many such diseases is not commercially feasible because the potential market is relatively small and the costs of development are relatively high. However, oxytetracycline products may be useful when a disease problem becomes sufficiently serious to arouse academic attention and agricultural or public concern. The commercial use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride for remission and prevention of lethal yellowing of coconut palm was begun in 1974. Use of this product for control of pear decline disease followed shortly thereafter. To date, joint participation and cooperation of the drug and agricultural industries have also resulted in the control of two important mycoplasma-like diseases of peach trees in the United States.
Chromatin structure changes suggest a compensatory response to c-myc gene amplification in malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Changes in chromatin structure as determined from DNAse I hypersensitive site analysis are associated with c-myc amplification and increased transcript/protein levels in malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) cell lines. A DNAse I hypersensitive site near the PO promoter region was observed in one MFH cell line (UR HCL 1), and in normal fibroblasts (HFF), but not in an MFH cell line with an amplified c-myc gene (P3C). A DNAse I hypersensitive site exclusive to P3C amplified c-myc was identified slightly 3′ of exon one. No alterations in c-myc DNAse I hypersensitive site patterns were observed in HFF fibroblasts following serum release, when peak levels of c-myc transcript were induced. DNAse I hypersensitive site patterns associated with gene amplification may reflect a compensatory response by P3C cells to an abundance of c-myc transcript. Furthermore, elevated levels of protein in P3C cells provide additional evidence that amplified c-myc is an oncogene in MFHs.
How to Ask Questions about Drinking and Sex: Response Effects in Measuring Consumer Behavior:

This article reports a nationwide study of response effects based on answers from almost 1,200 respondents to threatening behavioral questions presented in various formats. Results indicate that th...
An improved clinical microtome for sectioning frozen tissue.

(1951). An Improved Clinical Microtome for Sectioning Frozen Tissue. Stain Technology: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 137-138.
Expression of p27KIP1 in human gliomas: relationship between tumor grade, proliferation index, and patient survival.

Abstract Numerous studies examining the prognostic significance of p27KIP1 expression in human cancer have shown that decreased expression often is an independent prognostic factor associated with worse survival. However, the prognostic value of p27KIP1 expression in gliomas is less well established. To further address this issue, we evaluated the relationship between p27KIP1 protein expression in a series of 50 astrocytomas with clinicopathologic parameters including age, tumor grade, MIB-1 proliferation index, and patient survival using both Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The level of p27KIP1 protein expression in 9 nonneoplastic brain tissue specimens served as a control. Sixteen high-grade astrocytomas were analyzed by Western blot, and 26 high-grade astrocytomas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for levels of p27KIP1 protein expression. Regardless of the technique used to measure p27KIP1, approximately 50% of the high-grade tumors were low expressors and the other 50% were high expressors. Thus, expression of p27KIP1 was independent of tumor grade. Loss of p27KIP1 expression is often associated with an increase in proliferative activity. We measured the rate of tumor cell proliferation using MIB-1 immunostaining in 16 high-grade astrocytomas to determine whether there was an inverse correlation between p27KIP1 expression and proliferation. No correlation between p27KIP1 expression and MIB-1 labeling index or patient survival was found. Using immunohistochemistry, we noted that the staining pattern of p27KIP1 in glioblastomas was mainly in the pseudopalisading cells that outline areas of necrosis. Because p27KIP1 can be up-regulated by hypoxia, this staining pattern would be consistent with our observation that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is expressed primarily in pseudopalisading tumor cells around necrotic zones. It has been shown that a high level of p27KIP1 prevents apoptosis in hypoxic cells. Thus, maintenance of high levels of p27KIP1 in gliomas could result from the hypoxic microenvironment present within the tumor. No correlation was found between p27KIP1 expression and any of the clinicopatholgic parameters tested, including patient age and tumor grade, the 2 strongest predictors of survival among glioma patients. HUM PATHOL 34:48-53. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
South Korean Chaebols and Value-Based Management

South Korean industrial conglomerates (chaebols) are discussed in the context of value-based management (VBM). Recent economics and finance literature on the diversion of corporate resources from the firm to the controlling shareholders (tunneling), for which chaebols are notoriously known, is discussed. Chaebols have engaged in empire building and expropriation of minority shareholders, distorting the process of efficient resource allocation in South Korea, and became the root cause of the 1997 financial crisis. We argue that the 1997 crisis should be viewed as a consequence of chaebols’ systematic deviation from the guiding principles of VBM. We use tunneling within chaebols as an example of the need to directly address prohibition of the expropriation of minority shareholders as a primary postulate of VBM. We argue that VBM should require that the value generated by the firm not be expropriated from minorities, or any stakeholders, by dominant shareholders. We also examine moral and ethical considerations and present explanations as to why the unethical practice of tunneling has been tolerated by the South Korean public. We show that public opinion on tunneling is changing and that the treatment of minority shareholders by chaebols’ controlling families is becoming increasingly unacceptable to South Koreans.
A new semilocal convergence theorem for Newton's method in Banach space using hypotheses on the second Fréchet-derivative

A new global Kantorovich-type convergence theorem for Newton's method in Banach space is provided for approximating a solution of a nonlinear equation. It is assumed that a solution exists and the second Frechet-derivative of the operator involved satisfies a Lipschitz condition. Our convergence condition differs from earlier ones, and therefore it has theoretical and practical value. Finally, a simple numerical example is provided to show that our results apply, where earlier ones fail.
The treatment of refractory uveitis with intravenous immunoglobulin.

Abstract PURPOSE: To study the treatment of uveitis that has not responded to immunosuppressive medication. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) effectively treats a variety of autoimmune diseases, but it has not been adequately studied in the treatment of uveitis. METHODS: The trial included patients who satisfied criteria that included noninfectious uveitis, active inflammatory disease, and a failure to respond adequately to immunosuppressive medication. We treated two patients with IVIg (0.5 gm/day, 3 days/mo initial dosage) as a pilot study and then treated an additional eight patients with a similar dosage as part of a formal but uncontrolled protocol. RESULTS: Patients on the protocol have been followed for a median of 11 months and have received a median of 7.5 treatment cycles. Five of 10 patients have had a clinically important and sustained improvement in visual acuity, and two of eight protocol patients have markedly reduced their immunosuppressive medication. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous immunoglobulin can benefit some patients with uveitis that is otherwise refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. Although our preliminary experience is encouraging, the use of IVIg for uveitis should be limited because of cost, toxicity, the requirement for repeated administration, and the absence of controlled trials that demonstrate efficacy.
The "orienting reflex" as an input indicator in "subliminal" perception.

This study explored (1) for evidence of visual input at so-called “subliminal” exposure durations, and (2) whether the response, if any, was a function of the thematic content of the stimulus. Thematic content (threatening versus non-threatening) and stimulus structure (angular versus curved) were varied independently under “subliminal,” “part-cue,” and “identification” exposure conditions. With Ss' reports and the frequency and latency of first eye movements (“orienting reflex”) as input indicators, there was no evidence of input differences which are a function of thematic content at any exposure duration, and the “report” data were consistent with the eye-movement data.
467 MARSHALL-SMITH SYNDROME: ANDROGEN ABNORMALITIES

In 1971 Marshall et al described a syndrome consisting of markedly accelerated skeletal maturation, relative failure to thrive and dysmorphism. Since then 11 cases have been reported. With the exception of an elevated testosterone in a neonatal female, hormonal evaluations have been normal. We present a male with Marshall-Smith Syndrome with abnormal adrenal androgen production. A.S. was noted at birth to have a bone age of 2 yrs. At age 8 mos. the bone age was 6 yrs. Noted were generalized hirsutism, prominent forehead, low set ears, shallow orbits with prominent eyes, small triangular upturned nose, hypoplasia of facial bones, long, tapered fingers, inguinal testes, small scrotum and a penile length of 5¼ cm. The following were normal for age: T4, FSH, LH, somatomedin-C, testosterone, testicular response to HCG, and androgen receptors in cultured skin fibroblasts. Seventeen hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was elevated (840 ng/dl; nl 30-100) as was androstenedione (67 ng/dl; nl<50). An ACTH stimulation test was done. A 30 min. increase in 17-OHP of 23.4 ng/dl/min. suggested an adrenal enzymatic defect and hydrocortisone 20 mg/m2/day was begun. The androstenedione decreased to 13/ng/dl and on therapy has remained normal. ACTH stimulation tests were performed on both parents. The 30 min. increase in 17-OHP was elevated in both (father-13.8 ng/dl/min; mother-8.9 ng/dl/min; nl<6.5 ng/dl/min) suggesting a heterozygous state for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It is speculated that an inherited abnormality in androgen production may be contributory to the osseous maturation seen in the Marshall-Smith Syndrome.
Estimating value in Baltimore, Maryland: An attractions network analysis

Abstract Research has long established that destination management organizations need to have a deep understanding of visitor behavior and, in turn, how this behavior leads to the creation of value within the destination system. This study builds upon recent studies indicating that the destination value creation process can be conceptualized as a network formed through the interactions of visitors and destination touch points. This case study discusses how to quantify this network using data collected for Baltimore, Maryland, and then deconstructs it to determine the value of network elements (i.e. attractions and the paths connecting attractions) within the city. The implications of this study are then discussed within the context of strategic destination network management.
Internet telephony: progress along the road

It has been three years since IEEE Internet Computing last dedicated an issue to Internet telephony, and it is interesting to see how much has changed since then -- and somewhat depressing to see how little has changed, as well.
A leaky stripline moisture sensor

A transmission line which excludes the ground plane has been designed using a conformal mapping technique. It is shown that by excluding the ground plane, the main field is the stray or fringing field, and hence the line can be effectively used as a leaky transmission line. A 50- Omega three-strip line was constructed and tested experimentally using a time-domain reflectometer and proved to be adequate as an immersion-type moisture sensor for wheat samples. >
Models and mechanisms in psychological explanation

Mechanistic explanation has an impressive track record of advancing our understanding of complex, hierarchically organized physical systems, particularly biological and neural systems. But not every complex system can be understood mechanistically. Psychological capacities are often understood by providing cognitive models of the systems that underlie them. I argue that these models, while superficially similar to mechanistic models, in fact have a substantially more complex relation to the real underlying system. They are typically constructed using a range of techniques for abstracting the functional properties of the system, which may not coincide with its mechanistic organization. I describe these techniques and show that despite being non-mechanistic, these cognitive models can satisfy the normative constraints on good explanations.
Symmetry and the hydrodynamic blow-up problem

The problem of whether a spontaneous singularity can occur in finite time in an incompressible inviscid fluid flow is addressed. As suggested by previous numerical simulations, candidate flows are restricted to be invariant under the octahedral group of symmetries and to have a compact vortex tube in the fundamental domain. It is shown that in such a flow the image vorticity contributes strongly to the axial strain rate on the fundamental in a way which is only weakly proportional to the curvature of the vortex lines. Analysis of a model flow shows that axial strain rate scales as the inverse square of the distance to the origin, and that the velocity field forms a topological trap in which the vortex tube is accelerated towards the origin – a degenerate critical point. Evidence from simulations supports these findings. These features suggest that linear strain rate/vorticity coupling can occur in a finite-time pointwise collapse of such symmetric flows.
IS/OUGHT REDUX: THE PRAGMATIST CONTEXT OF LON FULLER'S CONCEPTION OF LAW

The purpose of this essay is to identify the philosophical context of the claim made by Lon Fuller that law and morality-or, as Fuller preferred to say, the law that is and the law that ought to be-are logically inseparable. Fuller first defended this claim in print in 1940 and continued to support it for nearly three decades. Reviewing his published arguments today, a disinterested observer is bound to acknowledge that they were thoroughly demolished in a succession of commentaries by eminent philosophers. Yet Fuller persisted in his claim. His stubbornness could be attributed, I suppose, to a lack of philosophical sophistication or rigour. However, his personal library reveals that Fuller was well read in twentieth-century philosophy and quite aware that his position ran counter to certain dominant lines of argument. I searched his library and private papers, therefore, with a view to locating sources of ideas that he may have found compelling, despite their repudiation or neglect in the contemporary literature, and that would provide a basis for understanding and perhaps reconstructing his side of the debate. The sources I found are surprisingly familiar: William James and John Dewey-though I should add that I do not mean to deny that Fuller drew ideas from a wide variety of sources in many languages and in many disciplines. Nonetheless, it is evident, I believe, that on crucial philosophical matters the pragmatist influence was a dominant one, even to the point of guiding his reading in other traditions of thought. Before broaching this connection, however, I shall briefly recount Fuller's debate with the philosophers.
Chromatin modification and the endothelial-specific activation of the E-selectin gene.

E-selectin plays a role in the binding and extravasation of leukocytes from the bloodstream. The E-selectin gene is rapidly and transiently expressed by endothelial cells activated by inflammatory stimuli. Despite the identification of factors critical for cytokine-induced activation of the E-selectin promoter, little is known about the mechanisms that restrict the gene expression to endothelial cells. We used in vivo approaches to characterize the E-selectin promoter in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. In endothelial cells specifically, nucleosomes are remodeled after tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the binding of the p65 (RelA) component of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to the endogenous E-selectin promoter after TNFα stimulation along with IκB kinase α. Multiple coactivators, including p300, steroid receptor coactivator-1, and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)-associated factor localize differentially to the E-selectin promoter. Additionally, TNFα induced localized histone hyperacetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation in the E-selectin gene specifically in endothelial cells. Post-induction repression of E-selectin expression is associated with recruitment of multiple deacetylases. Collectively, these studies suggest a model for the selective induction of the E-selectin gene in which the core promoter chromatin architecture is specifically modified in endothelial cells.
Bonding of the iron Lewis acid-THF adduct CpFe(CO)2 ·THF to silica gel and its implication for cyclopropanation reactions

Abstract The adsorption of the iron Lewis acid-THF adduct CpFe(CO)2 · THF (1) onto the silica gel has been observed to dramatically alter the cis:trans ratio for cyclopropanation reactions versus the homogeneous catalyzed reactions. To better understand this dramatic change in selectivity, we investigated the nature of bonding of 1 on silica with a number of analytical techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of a new peak at 687.7 eV for the silica-supported catalyst, which indicated possible fluorination by the BF 4 - anion. Further experiments using solid state NMR showed that a new boron species was also generated by the adsorption onto the silica gel. Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that adsorption of the iron Lewis acid-THF adduct onto the silica gel did not change the oxidation state to the iron; however, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy showed the loss of surface hydroxyl groups and a shift in one of the C–O absorptions to higher wave numbers. The combined data suggest fluorination of the silica surface by the BF 4 - anion. This theory was tested by adsorption of the iron Lewis acid-THF adduct onto a polytrimethyl hydrosilylsilicate resin and sodium perchlorate treated silica. Analysis showed that both fluorination and physical adsorption of the catalysts occur, although fluorination was found to predominate for binding.
Tricyclohexylphosphine derivatives of bis(2,6-difluorophenoxide)cadmium: a solution and solid-state NMR study.

The synthesis of Cd(O-2,6-F2C6H3)2(PCy3)2 has been achieved by the reaction of Cd[N(SiMe3)2]2 and 2,6-difluorophenol in THF in the presence of 2 equiv of tricyclohexylphosphine, and its distorted tetrahedral structure has been established by X-ray crystallography. Comparison of the solution and solid-state 113Cd NMR spectra of this derivative suggest that a facile solution equilibrium exists between it and its dimeric monophosphine analogue and free PCy3. At ambient temperature, the equilibrium lies strongly in favor of the dimeric complexes, whereas at −80 °C, the monomeric complex is dominant.
Positron emission tomography of 64Cu-DOTA-Rituximab in a transgenic mouse model expressing human CD20 for clinical translation to image NHL.

This study aims to evaluate 64Cu-DOTA-rituximab (PETRIT) in a preclinical transgenic mouse model expressing human CD20 for potential clinical translation. 64Cu was chelated to DOTA-rituximab. Multiple radiolabeling, quality assurance, and imaging experiments were performed. The human CD20 antigen was expressed in B cells of transgenic mice (CD20TM). The mice groups studied were: (a) control (nude mice, n = 3) that received 7.4 MBq/dose, (b) with pre-dose (CD20TM, n = 6) received 2 mg/kg pre-dose of cold rituximab prior to PETRIT of 7.4 MBq/dose, and (c) without pre-dose (CD20TM, n = 6) PETRIT alone received 7.4 MBq/dose. Small animal PET was used to image mice at various time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h). The OLINDA/EXM software was used to determine the human equivalent dose for individual organs. PETRIT was obtained with a specific activity of 545 ± 38.91 MBq/nmole, radiochemical purity >95%, and immunoreactivity >75%. At 24 h, spleenic uptake of PETRIT%ID/g (mean ± STD) with and without pre-dose was 1.76 ± 0.43% and 16.5 ± 0.45%, respectively (P value = 0.01). Liver uptake with and without pre-dose was 0.41 ± 0.51% and 0.52 ± 0.17% (P value = 0.86), respectively. The human equivalents of highest dose organs with and without pre-dose are osteogenic cells at 30.8 ± 0.4 μSv/MBq and the spleen at 99 ± 4 μSv/MBq, respectively. PET imaging with PETRIT in huCD20 transgenic mice provided human dosimetry data for eventual applications in non-Hodgkins lymphoma patients.
Forging a ‘new’ organizational infrastructure for Los Angeles’ progressive community

What margins of maneuverability do urban-based progressive movements have for affecting policy outcomes in entrepreneurial and neoliberal political systems? This article provides a partial answer to this question by examining how relations developed and stabilized between actors in the different sectors (community based organizations, labor, university) of Los Angeles’ progressive community. Such relations are a necessary but not sufficient condition for affecting policy outcomes. I argue that these relations have resulted from a 20-year process of interactions between the more innovative agents of each of the sectors. Through their repeated experimentation in building frameworks to coordinate their partnerships, I argue that a variety of complex mechanisms have taken shape that nourish relations and coordinate complex forms of collective action. Functioning as ‘relational platforms’, these coordinating mechanisms have combined to form an emergent ‘organizational infrastructure’ that facilitates both ongoing relational processes and the mobilization of collective resources in politically effective ways. Thus, by examining the organizational infrastructure that makes such a broad based ‘movement’ possible and sustainable, the article offers the reader one insight into how urban progressives have been able to build the power necessary to affect policies in one of the world's most entrepreneurial and neoliberal cities. Quelles marges de manoeuvre les nouveaux mouvements urbains ont-ils pour inflechir les resultats des politiques publiques dans les systemes neo-liberaux de type entrepreneurial? Cet article presente une reponse partielle en examinant comment se sont tissees et stabilisees les relations entre les acteurs des differents secteurs (organismes a l'echelon communautaire, main-d’œuvre, universite) de la communaute progressiste de Los Angeles. Ces relations sont une condition necessaire, quoique insuffisante, a une influence sur les resultats politiques. Elles sont le produit de vingt ans d'interactions entre les agents les plus creatifs de chacun des secteurs. Malgre leurs experiences repetees visant a construire des cadres pour coordonner leurs partenariats, un eventail de mecanismes subtils s'est constitue, nourrissant les liens et coordonnant des formes complexes d'action collective. Operant comme des ‘plates-formes relationnelles’, ces mecanismes de coordination se sont combines pour faire naitre une ‘infrastructure organisationnelle’, laquelle facilite autant les processus relationnels existants que la mobilisation de ressources collectives selon des modalites politiques efficaces. C'est cette infrastructure qui permet un ‘mouvement’ aussi vaste et durable. Par son analyse, l'article offre au lecteur une vision de la maniere dont les progressistes urbains ont ete capables de generer la force necessaire pour influer sur les politiques publiques dans l'une des villes neo-liberales les plus entrepreneuriales au monde.
Nontraumatic hip pain in active children: a critical differential.

A case report of an 8-year-old baseball player who was diagnosed with Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease gives an opportunity to consider the many nontraumatic causes of hip pain. Possibilities include slipped capital femoral epiphysis, septic arthritis, transient synovitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and bone tumor. Radiographs and bone scans are used to document and stage LCP, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Though the aggressiveness of treatment depends on the disease stage, the treatment of choice is generally nonsurgical containment of the femoral epiphysis with a cast or orthosis.
A Review of Hadrotrichodes waukheon Lasalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): A Possible Biological Control Agent of Marmara gulosa Guillén & Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in San Joaquin Valley Citrus

Abstract Hadrotrichodes waukheon LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is a parasite of the citrus peelminer, Marmara gulosa, a persistent pest in the San Joaquin Valley of California (USA) since 1998. Newly discovered morphological variation within the species is reported, including the first description of the male. New biological information including preferred life stage of host for parasitism, clutch sizes, male to female ratios and meconial positioning are included. Field studies demonstrated that one to four adult H. waukheon could emerge from a single M. gulosa larva, and later instar M. gulosa larvae were preferred. Hadrotrichodes waukheon is a gregarious, primary parasitoid and may be a candidate agent for biological control of M. gulosa.
Objective and Subjective Information Value of Words

Recently Tuinman and Hafner (1971) reported use of the Removal of Information Procedure (RIP) in a study of the determinants of the information value of adjectives. In this sort of anti-cloze procedure, students are asked to delete words which they think are most difficult to fill in again. Since then, Tuinman (in press) has shown that students' ability to perform a RIP task and a cloze task are not correlated. Moreover, while the RIP test was reliable and students did perform according to task specifications, this test did not load on a general verbal factor, defined by such variables as IQ and tests of reading and language achievement. The information value of a specific word can be defined as the proportion of students who succeed in supplying a correct closure on a cloze task. The higher this proportion, the less information the word represents. For the present research, information value is referred to as objective information. Subjective or judgmental information value is defined in terms of the proportion of students who decide that in the context of k words, a particular word is the most difficult to fill in again. The higher this proportion, the more information a word carries for students serving as judges. Of interest is whether or not studencs can adequately predict the difficulty of words, i.e., whether their judgments are valid. A further question is, of course, to what extent this abiliry develops as a function of age and similar indicants of experience. Data relevant to the question, to what extent do objective and subjective information value correlate, were obtained by administering 300-word RIP and cloze tests, based on the same paragraph to 530 junior high school students. A full description of procedures is given in Tuinman (in press). For the 300 words the RIP mean and SD were .I88 and .I80 (positive skew due to a few outliers). The cloze mean and SD were ,427 and .291. Split-half reli'ability for the RIP was .73; the reliabilities for the five cloze versions used to obtain fill-in probabilities for all 300 words in the passage ranged from .82 to .91, with .89 as the median. The Pearson product-moment correlation obtained between RIP and cloze distribution of information values was 3 2 ; corrected for attenuation, .64. That an individual's performance on cloze tasks and RIP tasks seems uncorrelated (Tuinman, in press) does not indicate his inability to predict the information value of words. The moderate correlation berween the distributions reinforces the belief that junior high school age students can be effective as judges of the information value of specific words. This conclusion is of importance for further use of RIP tasks for psycholinguistic research.
CO2 recycling by reaction with renewably-generated hydrogen

Abstract A laboratory-scale reactor system was built and operated to demonstrate the feasibility of catalytically reacting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with renewably-generated hydrogen (H 2 ) to produce methane (CH 4 ) according to the Sabatier reaction: CO 2 + 4H 2 → CH 4 + 2H 2 O. A cylindrical reaction vessel packed with a commercial methanation catalyst (Haldor Topsoe PK-7R) was used. Renewable H 2 produced by electrolysis of water (from solar- and wind-generated electricity) was fed into the reactor along with a custom blend of 2% CO 2 in N 2 , meant to represent a synthetic exhaust mixture. Reaction conditions of temperature, flow rates, and gas mixing ratios were varied to determine optimum performance. The extent of reaction was monitored by real-time measurement of CO 2 and CH 4 . Maximum conversion of CO 2 occurred at 300–350 °C. Approximately 60% conversion of CO 2 was realized at a space velocity of about 10,000 h −1 with a molar ratio of H 2 /CO 2 of 4/1. Somewhat higher total CO 2 conversion was possible by increasing the H 2 /CO 2 ratio, but the most efficient use of available H 2 occurs at a lower H 2 /CO 2 ratio.
Purification and characterization of two new modification methylases; MClal from Caryophanon latum L and MTaqI from Thermus aquaticus YTI

A method for detecting Type II modification methylases and determining their methylation site by assaying the ability of methylated DNA to be cleaved by heterologous restriction enzymes is described and applied to the isolation of the restriction modification methylases from Thermus thermophilus HB8, Thermus aquaticus YTI and Caryophanon latum L. M.TaqI is shown to have a methylation specificity identical to M.ThI (TCGmeA). M.ClaI methylates at adenine and protects a subset of TthI sites indicating that it methylates the sequence ATCGmeAT. Methylation by M.ThI also protects against cleavage by SalI, XhoI and at some HindII, AccI and MboI sites.
N-Terminal Aliphatic Residues Dictate the Structure, Stability, Assembly, and Small Molecule Binding of the Coiled-Coil Region of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein

The coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMPcc) assembles into a homopentamer that naturally recognizes the small molecule 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vit D). To identify the residues critical for the structure, stability, oligomerization, and binding to vit D as well as two other small molecules, all-trans-retinol (ATR) and curcumin (CCM), here we perform an alanine scanning mutagenesis study. Ten residues lining the hydrophobic pocket of COMPcc were mutated into alanine; of the mutated residues, the N-terminal aliphatic residues L37, L44, V47, and L51 are responsible for maintaining the structure and function. Furthermore, two polar residues, T40 and Q54, within the N-terminal region when converted into alanine improve the α-helical structure, stability, and self-assembly behavior. Helical stability, oligomerization, and binding appear to be linked in a manner in which mutations that abolish helical structure and assembly bind poorly to vit D, ATR, and CCM. These results provide not...
Forecasting Stock Returns: The Relative Importance of Valuation Variables

To assess future returns an investor must understand the components on which returns are based. These components include the growth in the P/E ratio and the growth in real earnings. Our analysis shows that the growth rate in the P/E ratio and the growth rate in real earnings, as estimated over long periods and reported in the literature, have tended to obscure some important changes in the growth rates of these two variables. Examining the growth rates over shorter intervals reveals a different story and may offer insight into better forecasts of market returns.
The influence of surgeon personality factors on risk tolerance: a pilot study.

Objective This study attempts to assess the association between surgeon personality factors (measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory (MBTI ® )) and risk tolerance (measured by the Revised Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty (PRU) and Physician Risk Attitude (PRA) scales). Design Instrument assessing surgeon personality profile (MBTI) and 2 questionnaires measuring surgeon risk tolerance and risk aversion (PRU and PRA). Setting Saint Raphael campus of Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. Participants Twenty categorical surgery residents and 7 surgical core faculty members. Results The following findings suggest there might be a relationship between surgeon personality factors and risk tolerance. (a)Surgeons with the personality factor Thinking (vs Feeling) were more risk tolerant on the scale "Concern about Bad Outcomes." (b)Surgeons with the personality factor Extravert (vs Introvert) displayed greater risk tolerance on the scale "Reluctance to Disclose Mistakes to Physicians." (c)Surgeons with the personality factor Perception (vs Judgment) were more risk tolerant on the PRA scale. Conclusions In certain areas of risk assessment, it appears that surgeons with personality factors E (Extravert), T (Thinking), and P (Perception) demonstrated higher tolerance for risk. Conversely, as MBTI ® dichotomies are complementary, surgeons with personality factors I (Introvert), F (Feeling), and J (Judgment) suggest risk aversion on these same measures. These findings are supported by at least 2 studies outside medicine demonstrating that personality factors E, N, T, and P are associated with risk taking. This preliminary research project represents an initial step in exploring what may be considered a fundamental component in a "successful" surgical personality.
Optimal control for sub-unity power factor correction

This paper introduces an optimal control method for input current of a boost converter to reduce the double frequency voltage ripple at the load terminals. Using a calculus of variations method, the ideal current waveform is calculated and it is given as a reference current to a boost converter under a hysteretic control scheme. Both simulation and experimental results show a nearly 50 % reduction in capacitor size while the converter still meets IEC-61000-3-2 (class A) harmonics requirements with a power factor of 0.8 or higher. Therefore, using smaller size capacitors essentially resulted in lower cost, smaller size and higher reliability.
Ground-Based and Satellite-Derived Measurements of Surface Albedo on the North Slope of Alaska

Abstract Spatial and temporal variations of surface albedo on the North Slope of Alaska were investigated using both ground-based tower measurements and satellite remote sensing data. Ground-based measurements of incident and reflected solar radiation at several stations along the Dalton Highway over the period 1985–98 are used to determine in situ surface albedo. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived surface albedo were obtained from AVHRR Polar Pathfinder products, available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center, using a modified cloud mask. AVHRR-derived surface albedo agrees closely with in situ measurements. Results from this study indicate that surface albedo varies from greater than 0.9 for a snow-covered land surface under overcast conditions to less than 0.1 for a wet tundra land surface. Five distinct temporal periods are discerned, based on seasonal variations of surface albedo: winter stationary, spring snowmelt, postsnowmelt, summer stationary, and autumn freeze-up per...
Equatorial disturbances, monsoons, and 1982–1983 ENSO

Interannual modes are described in terms of three-month running mean anomaly winds (u″,v″), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR″), and sea surface temperature (T * ″ ). Normal atmospheric monsoon circulations are defined by long-term average winds (u n,v n) computed every month from January to December. Daily winds are grouped into three frequency bands, i.e., 30–60 day filtered winds (u L,v L); 7–20 day filtered winds (u M,v M); and 2–6 day filtered winds (u S,v S). Three-month running mean anomaly kinetic energy (signified asK L ″ , K M ″ , andK S ″ , respectively) is then introduced as a measure of interannual variation of equatorial disturbance activity. Interestingly, all of theseK L ″ , K M ″ , andK S ″ perturbations propagate slowly eastward with same phase speed (0.3 ms−1) as ENSO modes. Associated with this eastward propagation is a positive (negative) correlation between interannual disturbance activity (K L ″ , K M ″ , K S ″ ) and interannualu″ (OLR″) modes. Namely, (K L ″ , K M ″ , K S ″ ) becomes more pronounced than usual nearly simultaneously with the arrival of westerlyu″ and negativeOLR″ (above normal convection) perturbutions. In these disturbed areas with (K L ″ , K M ″ , K S ″ >0), upper ocean mixing tends to increase, resulting in decreased sea surface temperature, i.e.T * ″ ≦0. Thus, groups (not individual) of equatorial disturbances appear to play an important role in determiningT * ″ variations on interannual time scales. HighestT * ″ occurs about 3 months prior to the lowestOLR″ (convection) due primarily to radiational effects. This favors the eastward propagation of ENSO modes. The interannualT * ″ variations are also controlled by the prevailing monsoonal zonal windsu n, as well as the zonal advection of sea surface temperature on interannual time scales. Over the central Pacific, all of the above mentioned physical processes contribute to the intensification of eastward propagating ENSO modes. Over the Indian Ocean, on the other hand, some of the physical processes become insignificant, or even compensated for by other processes. This results in less pronounced ENSO modes over the Indian Ocean.
Robust MR AS-type algorithm for system identification

A robust adaptive algorithm for system identification and adaptive signal processing is derived. The algorithm can be viewed as a combination of the output-error-type and equation-error-type identifiers. No distributional assumptions on the noise term have been made. This approach allows computational advantages in obtaining the estimates, and it also allows us to identify any structural change.
Vertical components of overbite change: a mathematical model.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to better understand the multidimensional nature of overbite changes that occur during adolescence. The study used longitudinal cephalograms of 181 untreated children (102 males, 79 females) taken at ages 10 and 15. Four major components that directly affect overbite were measured: (1) maxillary vertical displacement, (2) mandibular vertical displacement, (3) upper incisor vertical change within the bone, (4) lower incisor vertical change within the bone. Cranial base, maxillary, and mandibular superimpositions were performed for each subject to assess the vertical changes that occurred in these 4 components and to assess overbite. A multiple regression analysis was used to develop a mathematical model describing the relationships of these components to changes in overbite. The model was validated with an independent subsample and a comparison of subjects whose overbites decreased and those whose overbites increased. The results showed that overbite changed minimally (0.2 mm) over the 5-year period; variation ranged from a 2.4 mm decrease to a 5.6 mm increase. The regression model indicated that the mandibular skeletal changes were twice as important as the mandibular dental changes and about 2.5 times as important as the maxillary changes in effecting overbite change. Within the mandibular skeletal component, vertical growth was more important than mandibular rotation in determining overbite change. The model demonstrated that a multivariate approach is necessary to understand overbite changes. More effective orthodontic treatment might be achieved by focusing on the primary components effecting overbite change, especially those with the greatest potential for therapeutic modification. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;117:486-95)
Reforming primary science assessment practices: A case study of one teacher's professional development through action research

Calls for reform have suggested that classroom practice can best be changed by teachers who engage in their own research. This interpretive study examines the process of action research and how it contributes to the professional development of a first-grade teacher. The purpose of the study was to explore the research process experienced by the teacher as she examined whether portfolios could be used as an effective means for facilitating and assessing young children's development of science process skills. Data sources included a journal kept by the teacher, documents produced by the teacher and students as part of the portfolio implementation process, hand-written records of teacher's informal interviews with students, and anecdotal records from research team meetings during the study. Data analysis was designed to explore how the teacher's classroom practices and thinking evolved as she engaged in action research and attempted to solve the problems associated with deciding what to assess and how to implement portfolio assessment. We also examined the factors that supported the teacher's learning and change as she progressed through the research process. Data are presented in the form of four assertions that clarify how the action research process was influenced by various personal and contextual factors. Implications address factors that facilitated the teacher as researcher, and how this research project, initiated by the teacher, affected her professional development and professional life. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:417–435, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10021
INCREASED PERITONEAL PROTEIN LOSS IN PEDIATRIC PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

Significant protein loss through the peritoneum of children on peritoneal dialysis(PD)has been well documented. To investigate this phenomenon,8 children(mean age 10yrs,range 1-19)were studied. A single 8-hour isotope-labelled exchange was performed and timed dialysate samples were obtained. Data were analyzed by the model of Pyle. The model determines the diffusive and convective characteristics of the peritoneum:the mass transfer area coefficient (MTAC)and the reflection coefficient(RC). The MTAC is an area permeability product(ml/min)and the RC is the fraction of solute reflected at the membrane during the convection associated with ultrafiltration. The mean(±SD)MTAC and RC for urea were 17.7±7.9 ml/min/1.73m2 and 0.14±0.08 respectively,for creatinine 11.6±7.0 and 0.28±0.01, for uric acid 7.7±3.9 and 0.44±0.16, for glucose 9.4±2.9 and 0.49±0.17, and for idealized total protein(T.P.)0.12±.15 and 0.95±0.03. When compared with adult means, excepting T.P., these were not statistically significant. The MTAC for T.P. was larger than in adults(p<0.03),and the RC for T.P.was smaller than in adults(p<0.01). This increased MTAC together with the lower RC signify that protein losses in children exceed those in adults. These data imply a greater large molecular weight solute removal in children on PD,resulting in effective clearance of uremic toxins. This may account for the low frequency of clinically manifest uremia-related morbidity,e.g.peripheral neuropathy,in children on PD,despite relatively elevated serum BUN and creatinine concentrations.
BRAIDS AND THE NIELSEN-THURSTON CLASSIFICATION

The well-known connection between braids and mapping classes on the n-punctured disc can be exploited to decide, using braid-theoretic techniques, the place of a given isotopy class in the Nielsen-Thurston classification as reducible or irreducible, and in the latter case, as periodic or pseudo-Anosov.