cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robinson Township v. Pennsylvania: A Model for Environmental Constitutionalism

In Robinson Township v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a plurality of the court held that a controversial law encouraging fracking ("Act 13") violates the state’s constitutional Environmental Rights Amendment, the provisions of which the court held are "on par" with political rights. The decision highlights the challenges of engaging constitutional environmental provisions but demonstrates that, with sufficient creativity and commitment, meeting these challenges lies well within the bounds of judicial capability and authority. Because courts around the world are increasingly being asked to engage in environmental constitutionalism, and Robinson Township's thorough examination of the issues is instructive, not only for cases involving fracking but for cases involving all manner of environmental concerns. Most importantly, it shows what a difference a constitutional environmental right can make.Robinson Township embodies the hope that constitutionalism affords for current and future generations. This article situates Robinson Township within comparative constitutionalism. Part I provides an overview of Act 13 and the Environmental Rights Amendment. Part II examines how the court there overcame impediments to judicial authority in reaching the merits. Part III considers how the court dispensed with some structural issues involving whether the case was or should be justiciable. Issues of whether and the extent to which constitutional environmental rights are on par with political rights are the focus of Part IV. How the court decided that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had violated its public trust responsibilities is addressed in Part V. Part VI then explains how the court’s analysis embraced environmental sustainability.Robinson Township is worth examining in detail because it provides a roadmap for how courts can maneuver through the factual, legal, and political complexities of environmental constitutionalism. We conclude that Robinson Township is a bellwether decision not only for Pennsylvania, but for advancing environmental constitutionalism around the globe.
Controlled Frequency Breathing Reduces Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue.

Burtch, AR, Ogle, BT, Sims, PA, Harms, CA, Symons, TB, Folz, RJ, and Zavorsky, GS. Controlled frequency breathing reduces inspiratory muscle fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1273-1281, 2017-Controlled frequency breathing (CFB) is a common swim training modality involving holding one's breath for approximately 7-10 strokes before taking another breath. We sought to examine the effects of CFB training on reducing respiratory muscle fatigue. Competitive college swimmers were randomly divided into either the CFB group that breathed every 7-10 strokes or a control group that breathed every 3-4 strokes. Twenty swimmers completed the study. The training intervention included 5-6 weeks (16 sessions) of 12 × 50-m repetitions with breathing 8-10 breaths per 50-m (control group) or 2-3 breaths per 50-m (CFB group). Inspiratory muscle fatigue was defined as the decrease in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) between rest and 46 seconds after a 200-yard freestyle swimming race (115 seconds [SD 7]). Aerobic capacity, pulmonary diffusing capacity, and running economy were also measured pre- and posttraining. Pooled results demonstrated a 12% decrease in MIP at 46 seconds post-race (-15 [SD 14] cm H2O, effect size = -0.48, p 0.05). However, swimming performance, aerobic capacity, pulmonary diffusing capacity, and running economy did not improve (p > 0.05) posttraining in either group. In conclusion, CFB training appears to prevent inspiratory muscle fatigue; yet, no difference was found in performance outcomes.
Bioidentical hormone therapy: An assessment of provider knowledge.

Abstract Objectives Bioidentical hormone therapy (BHT) is available in the United States in formulations that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but also in formulations that have not been so approved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs, and prescribing practices of BHT among healthcare providers. Study design A cross-sectional self-selected responder survey was conducted of health care providers attending primary care Continuing Medical Education (CME) conferences in the United States from May 2012 to April 2013. The questionnaire consisted of 26 items assessing knowledge, beliefs, and current practice around BHT. Results A total of 366 survey responses were analyzed. Though 69.8% of respondents accurately identified the definition of BHT, only 45.3% were aware that BHT is available in FDA-approved products and 34.2% of respondents incorrectly identified that BHT is available only in custom-compounded formulations. Of those who had prescribed CC-BHT, less than half agreed with the statement “I am comfortable prescribing BHT” (45.4%). Conclusions Our study showed that many practitioners are unaware that bioidentical hormones are available in FDA-approved products. Knowledge gaps identified by this survey highlight the need for and importance of education to further dispel misinformation surrounding the topic.
The Growing Problem of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS).

The term “new psychoactive substances” (NPS) can be defined as individual drugs in pure form or in complex preparations that are not scheduled under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) or the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971). NPS may be categorized by chemical structure, by psychoactive properties, by biological targets, or by source (plant, synthetic, or combined). The emergence of hundreds of NPS in the past decade is challenging for public health and drug policies globally. The novelty of NPS, their ambiguous legal status, ability to evade toxicological tests, swift adaptation to legal restrictions, global Internet marketing, and scant public knowledge of their adverse effects are among the key drivers of this twenty-first century phenomenon. Multi-disciplinary research in areas of biology, epidemiology, prevention, and web analytics are needed to develop effective responses in a domain capable of overwhelming current international conventions and national drug control policies. Ultimately, research-guided prevention education will fortify societies against this tidal wave.
Building a Curriculum for Social Business Entrepreneurship

In recent years social entrepreneurship has been emerging as a viable alternative to government policies for addressing some of the society’s most pressing issues. Academics have also started to take note but only a small number of institutions of higher education offer educational opportunities for students who want to become social entrepreneurs. In this paper I show how business schools are well equipped to offer a coherent curriculum for social business entrepreneurs at a relatively low marginal cost and argue that a business-heavy curriculum is appropriate.
Misallocation and the Distribution of Global Volatility

Decreasing returns at the macro level are an outcome of efficiency at the micro level. When inputs are scarce, an efficient economy carries out only the most productive projects; when inputs are abundant, the economy implements less productive projects as well. This link between decreasing returns and efficiency suggests that misallocation can reduce the extent of aggregate decreasing returns. I formalize this connection and establish two main results: (i) misallocation amplifies the volatility of output with respect to fluctuations in inputs; and (ii) financial integration amplifies shocks in relatively distorted economies, but mitigates them in less distorted economies.
A User's Guide to Debiasing

Decades of research have yielded an array of debiasing strategies that can improve judgments and decisions across a wide range of settings in fields such as business, medicine, and policy. And, of course, debiasing strategies can improve our personal decisions as well. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a guide to these strategies. We begin with a brief discussion of the sources of bias in decision making. It helps to know how poor decisions arise in order to generate insights about how to improve them. This discussion is followed by a section on decision readiness which refers to whether an individual is in a position to make a good decision in a particular situation. Intense emotional states, fatigue, and poor decision-related skills (e.g., being innumerate) can all contribute to a lack of decision readiness. We then turn to a review of debiasing techniques, organized according to whether they modify the person or the environment. We close with a discussion of six considerations in choosing which debiasing method to apply.
The nucleon localization function in static and time-dependent DFT

Static and time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations are often used to predict fission fragment distributions or fusion cross sections with great success. However, nuclear shell structure and clusterization effects are usually studied using the density distribution of the nucleons which is a poor indicator of these phenomena. In this work, we employ a measure called the localization function, which was first introduced in chemistry to visualize electronic bonds and recently applied to nuclear physics for light nuclei to reveal α-clustering. We show, that the localization function reveals the shell structure of the fragments in fission long before the scission point and also illustrates the shell structure of intermediate states in time-dependent DFT calculations.
Criminalized electoral politics in Brazilian urban peripheries

Criminal violence can be used to sustain and construct local political orders that undermine democratic processes. In this article, I conceptualize how criminal violence and clientelism are jointly used at local levels (e.g. neighborhoods, municipalities) to influence electoral outcomes in Brazilian urban peripheries. I call this criminalized electoral politics. With the help of two dimensions–the nature of the relationship between political and criminal actors, as well as the type of activity that provides a criminal group’s primary source of income–I construct a descriptive typology that allows me to classify different forms of criminalized electoral politics prevalent in urban spaces. Throughout the text I use examples from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro to illustrate cases of criminalized electoral politics. In this way, this article offers a conceptual foundation to understand how criminal violence can affect the electoral linkages between citizens and politicians and, therefore, the quality of democracy and forms of local order in developing countries.
Defining the Applicant Pool for Postgraduate Year-2 Categorical General Surgery Positions.

Objective In the spring of 2010, a categorical general surgery postgraduate year (PGY)-2 position became available at our academic medical center secondary to attrition of a PGY-1 resident. We sought to study the unique characteristics of applicants to that position and to describe the selection process with hopes to stimulate additional studies about the unique challenges of recruiting applicants into advanced standing positions. Design Applications were received via e-mail and reviewed to characterize the applicant pool. An Excel spreadsheet was used to organize data. Characteristics assessed included United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates status, Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society status, sex, academic performance, number of case logs, volunteer and job experience, leadership roles, research experience including submissions, and advanced degrees. These characteristics were compared to those of the PGY-1 applicants through the Match that year. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Applicants for a categorical general surgery PGY-2 position in 2010. Results A total of 129 applicants provided the requested documents. There were 104 males, 25 females, no Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society candidates, and 82 international candidates. Of all, 46 candidates experienced academic difficulties. Quantitative averages include USMLE 1: 214.17, USMLE 2: 215.74, American Board of Surgery In Training Examination (ABSITE) percentile = 51.96, ABSITE 2 = 46.00, grand total case log: 192.10. Advanced degrees included 2 MBAs, 6 MPHs, and 7 nonphysiology MSs. The selection process to fill the position started on 3/25/2010 when the announcement was published and ended on 5/11/2010 when the offer of acceptance was sent. The selected applicant integrated well with the peers and just graduated from our residency as one of the leaders of the graduating class. Conclusions Although the attrition rate in general surgery remains high, there is a dearth of literature about how best to replace residents. The hardship of replacing residents highlights the importance of studying this group to improve the recruitment process and the quality of replacement residents. The selection process was time consuming and presented its own challenges given the lack of a computerized system for screening. It lasted nearly 7 weeks requiring faculty time commitment to mine through application data/e-mails, correspond with applicants, conduct interviews, and ultimately select an applicant for the position. This is the first study to investigate the applicant pool to advanced standing positions in general surgery and we present it as a pilot study to stimulate further research efforts.
Orthostatic Edema: Definition and Pathogenesis

Orthostatic edema is defined as a disorder characterized by edema that becomes detectable after a period of time (no more than 12 hr) in the sitting or standing posture and that disappears spontaneously in recumbency. Its occurrence does not depend on intrinsic cardiac, renal, hepatic, or obstructive venous disorders, nor is it associated with an abnormal tendency to retain fluids in recumbency. A specific maximal duration of orthostasis required for the development of manifest edema has to be included in the definition, as ankle edema may develop in individuals in robust health after more prolonged periods of sitting or standing. Thus, pitting edema was readily demonstrable at the ankles of six healthy passengers (three of them males) that I was able to examine at the end of a flight from various American cities to Copenhagen, via Amsterdam, which lasted 15–16 hr, in 1960. In unusually hot weather, too, it is common for persons in apparently good health to note some puffiness at the ankles after being on their feet all day. For this reason, orthostatic edema should be considered present when edema is evident after what might be considered a “normal” day’s activity, under “normal” environmental conditions.
Phase II study of depsipeptide (DEP) in radioiodine (RAI)-refractory metastatic nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma

6059 Background: Historically, systemic therapy for radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory thyroid cancer has been understudied. Available drugs have modest efficacy. Depsipeptide (DEP) is a histone d...
The electron correlation cusp

The Kais function is an exact solution of the Schrodinger equation for a pair of electrons trapped in a parabolic potential well with r 12 −1 electron-electron interaction. Partial wave analysis (PWA) of the Kais function yields E L = E + C1(L + \-C −1 2)−3 + O(L −5) where E is the exact energy and E L the energy of a renormalized finite sum of partial waves omitting all waves with angular momentum l > L. Slight rearrangement of an earlier result by Hill shows that the corresponding full CI energy differs from E L only by terms of order O(L −5) with FCI values of C 1 and \-C −1 2 identical to PWA values. The dimensionless \-C 2 parameter is weakly dependent upon the size of the physical system. Its value is 0.788 for the Kais function, and 0.893 for the less diffuse helium atom, and approaches \-C 2→ 1 in the limit of an infinitely compact charge distribution. The lth energy increment satisfies an approximate virial theorem which becomes exact in the high l limit. This analysis, formulated to facilitate use of the Maple system for symbolic computing, lays the mathematical ground work for subsequent studies of the electron correlation cusp problem. The direction of future papers in this series is outlined.
Monsters in Calculus

One of the strangest, most mind-boggling examples in analysis is that of a function from to that is everywhere differentiable but monotone on no interval. The graph of such a “monstrous” function i...
Error analysis in optimization problems relevant for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract In the calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF LIBS) the spectral parameters of the emitted light (line positions, width, and optical depth) can be extracted by fitting the spectral data into a suitable (model) solution to the radiative transfer equation. It is shown that, unless some additional information about possible values of the spectral parameters is invoked, relative uncertainties in the values of the spectral parameters estimated by fitting the spectral data into the solution to the radiative transfer equation cannot be made small because there exist large (correlated) variations of the spectral parameters about their optimal values under which the fit error remains less than a preassigned (small) value. The same holds for costs functions used in Monte Carlo CF LIBS methods. A quantitative error analysis is carried for the entire range of optical depth used in CF LIBS (from 10 − 4 to 102). As a remedy for this fundamental deficiency in accuracy, a novel method that is based on integral characteristics of the spectral data, does not use any fitting procedure, and, hence, is free of the noted deficiencies, is developed to determine the spectral parameters. It is applicable to all spectral lines with optical depths from 10 − 4 to 102 so that all such lines can be utilized to improve the accuracy of techniques like the Saha–Boltzmann plot method.
Evolution and Structure of the Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management

The final disposal of nuclear waste is at the interface between the technologies of the nuclear fuel cycle that produce the waste and the natural hydrologic and geochemical cycles of geologic repositories. Despite this broad interdisciplinary scope, nuclear waste management, as practiced, remains “balkanized” among the relevant disciplines. The individual subdisciplines continue to work in relative isolation from one another: materials science dealing with the immobilization of nuclear waste; engineering science dealing with the design, construction and operation of the repository; geoscience dealing with the long-term behavior of host rocks and the hydrology; health science dealing with the effects of radiation; social sciences dealing with the issues of trust, risk and ethics. Understanding how these very different disciplines interact is fundamental to creating and managing a nuclear waste organization. Based on a comprehensive review of the scholarly and scientific literature of waste management, we have analyzed the evolution and structure of research in nuclear waste management between 1979 and 2017. Focusing on materials science, we show that some research themes have been isolated from the most central themes of nuclear waste management. Moreover, we observed a relative decline of the fundamental research in materials science. This decline was evidenced by a drop in the number of articles published in the proceedings of the MRS symposia “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management” since 2000. We argue for the need to more precisely and inclusively define the field of nuclear waste management.
Coupled atmospheric surface observations with surface aerosol particle counts for daytime sky radiance quantification

For successful daytime imaging and detection, it is extremely important to be able to quantify the solar background noise of the sky in the ultraviolet (UV) to shortwave infrared (SWIR) range of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Daytime sky radiance can be characterized in any direction at any time using the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) atmospheric characterization and radiative transfer code. Atmospheric information needed for sky radiance characterizations includes temperature, pressure, humidity, and aerosol concentration that is present throughout the atmospheric path. The real- or near-real time atmospheric information can be obtained with satellites, radiosondes, surface weather stations, and particle counts or diagnosing it with numerical weather prediction (NWP). Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate how much real-time information is needed, how difficult is it to obtain, and whether or not some or all of the inputs need to be measured or predicted using NWP. In order to evaluate what is optimal in terms of ease of obtaining necessary data as well as accuracy and speed of the analysis, sky radiance measurements were made for a select number of non-winter days that were sunny and clear and offered varying atmospheric conditions. LEEDR sky radiances were calculated for the given days, times, and telescope look angles for each of the real-time observed surface observations and NWP data as well as all combinations of those inputs. Comparisons were made between the sky radiance measurements and the LEEDR radiance outputs to determine what combinations of real-time observed information produced the most accurate simulated characterizations.
Forest Resource Management Plans: A Sustainability Approach.

Forest Resource Management Plans is the capstone course in many forestry and natural resource management curricula. The management plans are developed by senior forestry students. Early management plans courses were commonly technical exercises, often performed on contrived forest “tracts” on university-owned or other public lands, with a goal of generating standard reports showing silvicultural, forest management, and timber harvesting activities. This early timber-oriented management approach gradually changed late in the last century into one that was oriented around real-world private forest landowners. Various types of actual forest properties and owner types were used for the exercises, but family forest properties tended to be stressed because they represent one of the most common types of management plans. Also, the timber emphasis changed to a multiple-use emphasis (with major considerations of nontimber resources, like wildlife, recreation, water, soils, and aesthetics). Forestry students were exposed to real-world forest owners and linked to practicing professional foresters who currently managed these properties. This same approach is being used to introduce forestry students to a major new emphasis: forest sustainability and forest certification. Sustainable forest management has grown into a major thrust of forestry for economic and ecological interests and forest certification systems are now crucial to ensuring sustainability. Clemson University is incorporating a major American forest certification system for family forest owners into its curriculum and capstone course to strengthen student understanding of these essential concepts. It represents an expansion of the landowner approach to broaden the capstone course to emphasis forest sustainability issues.
Exit Strategy: Career Concerns and Revolving Doors in Congress

Although the majority of research on revolving-door lobbyists centers on the influence they exercise during their postgovernment careers, relatively little attention is given to whether future career concerns affect the behaviors of revolving-door lobbyists while they still work in government. We argue that the revolving-door incentivizes congressional staffers to showcase their legislative skills to the lobbying market in ways that affect policymaking in Congress. Using comprehensive data on congressional staffers, we find that employing staffers who later become lobbyists is associated with higher legislative productivity for members of Congress, especially in staffers’ final terms in Congress. It also is associated with increases in a member’s bill sponsorship in the areas of health and commerce, the topics most frequently addressed by clients in the lobbying industry, as well as granting more access to lobbying firms. These results provide the systematic empirical evidence of pre-exit effects of the revolving-door among congressional staff.
Behavior of Graphite and Graphene under Mechanochemical Activation with Hematite and Magnetite Nanoparticles

Equimolar mixtures of graphene and iron oxide nanoparticles were subjected to mechanochemical activation. The phase sequence was investigated using Mӧssbauer spectroscopy as function of ball milling time. For low milling times (2–4 hours) the series with hematite (Fe2O3) nanoparticles was fitted with 2 sextets, corresponding to hematite with carbon introduced in the lattice. At high milling times (8–12 hours) the same series exhibited an additional sextet with hyperfine parameters characteristic to iron carbides and a quadrupole-split doublet, which could be assigned to carbon clusters with small amounts of iron in them. The series with magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) at low milling times was analyzed considering 2 sextets, corresponding to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of magnetite. At high milling times, the magnetite series also exhibited a broad sextet representing iron carbides and the doublet associated with iron-containing carbon clusters. Supporting information was obtained by determinations of the recoilless fraction. The results were compared with those obtained by ball milling graphite with hematite and magnetite nanoparticles.
Geopolitics and Transnational Crime

How do those engaged in transnational crime view the world? Suppose we could interview the leadership of such organizations and ask them to provide us with a map of the world through their eyes, what would it look like? Would it include states and their border crossings; be focused around places where illegal goods are produced, transported, or distributed; be defined by traditional trading routes; showcase areas that are safe havens and generally outside the reach of law enforcement; display spaces where potential commodities and employees are available; and/or delineate zones of influence and who governs them? Although such maps are implied in discussions of transnational crime, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the geopolitics of the illicit global economy. In fact, generally these areas are not studied until a major uptick in crime or a security breach has occurred. For example, consider the highlighting of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (or FATA region) in Pakistan during the US-Afghan War post-9/11 or of Hezbollah Territory in Lebanon after the war with Israel in 2006. What can we learn about the world as those involved in transnational crime envision it by examining the 80 black spots we currently have studied as part of the Mapping Global Insecurity Project? After all, maps represent interpretations of what counts geographically to their creators.
A preliminary computational surface oil spill trajectory model for ice-covered waters and its validation with two oil spill events: A field experiment in the Barents Sea and an accidental spill in the Gulf of Finland

Abstract Trajectory estimation of an oil spill in ice-covered waters is essential for response planning and risk assessment. This paper presents the preliminary development of a new computational model for the estimation of spreading and surface transport of oil in the presence of ice. A new approach for the estimation of spreading in 0.8–0.95 ice concentration range is proposed. Additionally, for the first time the pumping of floating in‑leads oil onto or under ice floes with closing leads is modelled. The model is able to estimate the mobilization of under-ice oil and its potential subsequent surfacing and works as a stand-alone model with any rectangular-grid ice-ocean model. The model was used to simulate trajectories of two real-life spill events, a field experiment in the Barents Sea where oil and ice were observed to move together and an accidental spill in the Gulf of Finland. Model results were generally consistent with observations.
Reaction of Nitroxyl (HNO) with Hydrogen Sulfide and Hydropersulfides.

Nitroxyl (HNO) has gained a considerable amount of attention because of its promising pharmacological effects. The biochemical mechanisms of HNO activity are associated with the modification of regulatory thiol proteins. Recently, several studies have suggested that hydropersulfides (RSSH), presumed signaling products of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-mediated thiol (RSH) modification, are additional potential targets of HNO. However, the interaction of HNO with reactive sulfur species beyond thiols remains relatively unexplored. Herein, we present characterization of HNO reactivity with H2S and RSSH. The reaction of H2S with HNO leads to the formation of hydrogen polysulfides and sulfur (S8), suggesting a potential role in sulfane sulfur homeostasis. Furthermore, we show that hydropersulfides are more efficient traps for HNO than their thiol counterparts. The reaction of HNO with RSSH at varied stoichiometries has been examined with the observed production of various dialkylpolysulfides (RSSnSR) and other nitrogen-containing dialkylpolysulfide species (RSS-NH-SnR). We do not observe evidence of sulfenylsulfinamide (RS-S(O)-NH2) formation, a pathway expected by analogy with the known reactivity of HNO with thiol.
EVALUATION OF THE FACE FOR AESTHETIC SURGERY

SUMMARY This article has provided an overview of the systematic aesthetic evaluation of the face; because of text limitations, it is not entirely comprehensive. Interested readers are directed to the following selective reading list for more detailed evaluations focusing on each of the facial aesthetic units. At the very least, the systematic aesthetic evaluation of the face presented herein will allow the examiner to recognize and specifically define a discrepancy from normal in a facial aesthetic unit.
Marine energy and the new blue economy

Abstract The new blue economy will require new ways of producing, storing, and using energy as technologies and industries move further from shore-based power grids to collect new data sets and use the ocean in new ways. And coastal communities are seeking to integrate renewables to improve energy resilience, reduce carbon emissions, and power clean ports and industries. At the same time, the energy sector is undergoing a revolution toward renewable, distributed technologies that rely on energy storage and smart grid technology. Blue economy and energy technology trends are intersecting creating new challenges and opportunities for cross-sector collaboration. Marine energy (power from waves, tidal currents, ocean currents, and ocean thermal gradients) holds promise as a source of power for the new blue economy. The successful development of marine energy faces many technical, social, and market challenges—as well as access to data and information emerging from the new blue economy. Meeting the full potential of marine energy will require innovation and codevelopment across energy and ocean technology sectors; an improved understanding of ocean physical, biological, and social systems; and new public sector partnerships to coordinate and leverage research and development investments.
Comparative Study of Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms for Network Intrusion Detection

This paper introduces promising network intrusion detection techniques, mainly based on an ensemble of machine learning and feature dimensionality reduction algorithms. We applied hybrid techniques using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as dimension reduction techniques, followed by LDA or Random Forest as classifiers. We then applied LDA, Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as independent classifiers. A thorough investigation and comparative study of the models on the Kitsune family of datasets, representing different attacks, is then provided in terms of accuracy and confusion matrix elements. The experimental results and analysis indicate favorable results in Network Intrusion Detection Systems to identify security threats, especially when there is limited training data for imbalanced classes.
Client-Therapist Convergence on Sleep Difficulty and its Impact on Treatment Outcomes.

While agreement between clients and their clinicians on therapy goals has frequently been investigated as a process-level variable (i.e., working alliance), dyadic convergence on presenting concerns is also important for initial case formulation. Transdiagnostic presenting problems, like sleep difficulty, pose a particular challenge for client-therapist convergence. The current study describes sleep difficulty in a treatment-seeking college population and investigates the impact of client and therapist baseline sleep problem reports on therapy outcomes. Data were collected through a large practice research network, with the sample comprising 47,023 clients from 99 university counseling centers across the United States. A larger proportion of clients (49.3%) had self-reported high baseline sleep difficulty than those with a clinician-identified sleep concern (16.0%). Clients with baseline sleep difficulty were more likely to end treatment with greater self-reported sleep difficulty and psychological symptom distress, although they may experience larger gross symptom change than clients without baseline sleep difficulty. Clinician-identified sleep concerns were significantly associated with client outcomes, particularly when clients did not report baseline sleep difficulty themselves. Findings from this study suggest that it may be efficacious and efficient with limited time for treatment to address sleep concerns in a college setting. Clinicians' attendance to their clients' transdiagnostic presenting concerns, like sleep difficulty, may increase clients' own awareness of problematic patterns of behavior. When time for therapy is short, as is often the case in college counseling, it may be efficient to prioritize these concerns with the potential to impact a broad range of symptoms.
Experimental Implementation of Saturation Control

An approach for implementing an active nonlinear vibration absorber is presented. The technique is based on exploiting the saturation phenomenon exhibited by multidegree-of-freedom systems having quadratic nonlinearities and possessing two-to-one internal or autoparametric resonances. The proposed technique consists of introducing a second-order controller and coupling it to the plant through a sensor and an actuator, where both the feedback and control signals are quadratic. Once the plant is forced near resonance, its response saturates to a small value, and the remaining oscillatory energy is channeled to the controller. We present experimental results of the application of the proposed control technique. The controller is built in electronic components, and the strategy is tested by regulating the responses of a rigid arm and a cantilever beam. In the first case, the arm is actuated by a DC motor, whereas in the second case, the actuator consists of piezoceramic patches attached to the beam.
Waiting time in a preemptive resume system with compound-poisson input

A single-server queueing system withN priority classes, general service times, and preemptive resume discipline is investigated. The first two moments of the waiting time are calculated. The mathematical method uses the approximation of the waiting time by lower and upper bounds which converge to one another. These bounds are the solution of certain time-discrete queueing models.
Solving DEA via Excel

The paper discusses how the Excel Solver can be used to solve various Data Envelopment Analysis REA) models. The structure of the DEA models allows one to use simple visual basic for applications (VBA) codes to automate the DEA calculation. As a result, one can easily establish the DEA spreadsheets and solve any existing or new DEA models.
Constraint Stabilization for Rigid Bodies: an Extension of Baumgarte’s Method

A method of Baumgarte for the stabilization of mechanical constraints is extended to rotating bodies whose state is described by angular velocity variables and angle variables or Euler parameters. Computational results for several constraint situations are reported.
Two new acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines with early B-cell phenotypes

Two leukemic cell lines (697 and 207) were established from bone marrow cells obtained from children with ALL in relapse. These cell lines were positive for the common-ALL antigen (CALLA), the HLA-DR (i.e., Ia-like) antigen, and for cytoplasmic and surface IgM heavy chains. The lines were negative for other immunoglobulin heavy chains and light chains. The lines had elevated levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme and expressed surface antigens found on normal myeloid-macrophage cells (MMA) and on natural killer cells (HNK-1). A minority of cells in line 207 expressed the T-1, T-6, and Leu-1 antigens as detected by monoclonal antibodies. Line 697 was positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), while line 207 did not possess EBV. Line 697 carried a marker chromosome (identified as a translocation between chromosomes 7 and 19), which was also patient's fresh leukemic cells. The leukemic origin of the cell lines was further indicated by their morphological, cytochemical, and immunologic similarity to the patients' leukemic cells. Phenotypically, both cell lines appear to be arrested in a transitional stage of development between pre-B and B cells and express surface antigens usually found on normal and fresh leukemic cells of non-B-cell lineages.
Linking Science Education to the Workplace

This article examines the issue of linking education in the sciences with the world of work for all students. Traditionally, science teaching has been limited to preparing student for research career in science at the university level. The reform movement in science education is focused on intellectual skills that serve to fortify the human capital of all students and the economic productivity of the nation. The educational issue arises from evolutionary changes that are taking place in the practice of science, the development of a global economy, the nation's entrance into an Information Age, and the changing nature of the workplace. To identify and integrate these factors in the practice of science teaching is the goal of this article.
Intrinsic electrical transport and magnetic properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 MOCVD thin films and bulk material.

An investigation designed to display the intrinsic properties of perovskite manganites was accomplished by comparing the behavior of bulk samples with that of thin films. Epitaxial 1500 \AA{} films of perovskite ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}$Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}$Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ were grown by solid source chemical vapor deposition on LaAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and post annealed in oxygen at 950 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Crystals were prepared by laser heated pedestal growth. The magnetic and electrical transport properties of the polycrystalline pellets, crystals, and annealed films are essentially the same. Below $\frac{{T}_{C}}{2}$ the intrinsic magnetization decreases as ${T}^{2}$ (as can be expected for itinerant electron ferromagnets) while the intrinsic resistivity increases proportional to ${T}^{2}$. The constant and ${T}^{2}$ coefficients of the resistivity are largely independent of magnetic field and alkaline earth element (Ca, Sr, or Ba). Hall effect measurements indicate that holes are mobile carriers in the metallic state. We identify three distinct types of negative magnetoresistance. The largest effect, observed near the Curie temperature, is 25% for the Sr and 250% [$\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R(H)}$] for the Ca compound. There is also magnetoresistance associated with the net magnetization of polycrystalline samples which is not seen in films. Finally a small magnetoresistance linear in $H$ is observed even at low temperatures. The high temperature (above ${T}_{C}$) resistivity of ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}$Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is consistent with small polaron hopping conductivity with a slight transition at 750 K, while ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}$Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ does not exhibit activated conductivity until about 500 K, well above ${T}_{C}$. The limiting low and high temperature resistivities place a limit on the maximum possible magnetoresistance of these materials and may explain why the "colossal" magnetoresistance reported in the literature correlates with the suppression of ${T}_{C}$.
Creating Abundance: Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development

1. Introduction 2. The red queen and the hard reds: productivity growth in American wheat, 1800-1940 3. Corn: America's crop 4. Cotton: variety innovation and the making of king cotton 5. Weevils, worms, and wilts: the red queen's cotton playground 6. The other revolution in the cotton economy: cotton's revival in the twentieth century 7. That 'stinking weed of America': the evolution of tobacco production 8. California: creating a cornucopia 9. Livestock in the farm economy 10. Defining and redesigning America's livestock 11. Nature's perfect food: inventing the modern dairy industry 12. Draft power 13. Conclusion: tying it together.
The Rotational Spectra of the υ 8 = υ 9 = 1 and υ 6 = υ 7 = 1 Interacting Vibrational States of Nitric Acid (HNO 3 )

Abstract The analysis of the rotational spectrum of HNO 3 has been extended to include the υ 8 = υ 9 = 1 state at 1205.7 cm −1 and the υ 6 = υ 7 = 1 state at 1223.4 cm −1 . Based on 78–519 GHz data, the assignments in the 8 1 9 1 vibrational state have been significantly expanded from the previously reported microwave measurements [T.M. Goyette, F.C. De Lucia, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 139 (1990) 241–243]. A new microwave analysis is also reported for the 6 1 7 1 vibrational state. A simultaneous analysis takes into account the localized ΔK a = ±2 Fermi resonances between the vibrational states, describes the torsional splitting of 3.3 and 1.4 MHz for the 8 1 9 1 and 6 1 7 1 states respectively, and fits to experimental accuracy over 1500 rotational transition frequencies that extend up to J = 59. Infrared energy levels [A. Perrin, J.-M. Flaud, F. Keller, A. Goldman, R. D. Blatherwick, F. J. Murcray, C. P. Rinsland, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 194 (1999) 113-123] were also included in the analysis and fit to experimental accuracy. Measurement of strongly perturbed transitions in each vibrational state provide a determination of the band origin difference of 17.733184(17) cm −1 . The rotational constants agree well with those predicted by vibrational–rotational constants of the fundamental modes. Furthermore, the analysis will provide a very accurate simulation of the infrared spectrum of HNO 3 in the 8.3 μm region.
Development of a reliable and construct valid measure of nutritional literacy in adults

Research into the relation of literacy to health status has not included measures of nutritional literacy. This may be a critical area in the study of chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, which can both relate to obesity and nutrition. This paper details the development and psychometric characteristics of the Nutritional Literacy Scale (NLS), offered as a measure of adults' ability to comprehend nutritional information. In order to assess the internal consistency and construct validity of the NLS, demographic data, readability statistics, NLS scores and scores on the Reading Comprehension Section of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) were collected in a cross-sectional study of 341 patients from two primary care practices. The NLS score showed acceptable internal consistency of 0.84 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The Pearson correlation between the NLS and the S-TOFHLA was 0.61, supporting evidence for construct validity. Given the importance of proper weight and nutrition in the health of the public, as well as the absence of research on literacy skills as related to nutritional concepts, the NLS has the potential to add to the national research agenda in these areas.
Nonhormonal Management of Hot Flashes for Women on Risk Reduction Therapy

Hot flashes are very common in women in menopause and can have a detrimental effect on quality of life. Women on risk reduction therapy are particularly prone because treatments, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or oophorectomy, have the potential to exacerbate these symptoms. Hormonal treatments, despite the fact that they represent the most effective therapies, are not used for the treatment of hot flashes in these women because of concerns that they may increase the risk for breast cancer. As a result, several nonhormonal therapies have been tested in randomized placebo-controlled trials and shown to be effective, such as paroxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, fluoxetine, citalopram, gabapentin, and pregabalin. In addition, several nonpharmacologic therapies have been tested with various successes. An additional consideration is how some of those drugs, especially fluoxetine and paroxetine, interact with the metabolism of tamoxifen. This article discusses these issues, and provides some recommendations regarding use of nonhormonal therapies for treating hot flashes in women on risk reduction therapy, with an emphasis on pharmacogenomic considerations.
Successful Treatment with Octreotide of Spontaneous Chylothorax in a Premature Infant

A 2-month-old premature infant developed a spontaneous chylothorax. Medical therapy (chest tube drainage, parenteral alimentation) and thoracic duct ligation at 103 days of age had no effect. Drainage ceased during an octreotide infusion. The effusion recurred after octreotide was stopped, and responded completely to a longer course of therapy. Octreotide offers a substantial advantage over current medical management to some babies with spontaneous chylothorax.
Fluid dynamics during initial aeration of mature fetal lung and effect of temperature

Air volume-pressure (VP) curves were recorded simultaneously on pairs of mature rabbit fetuses from the same litter with one member of the pair at 37°C and the other at 22°C. lntrasaccular bubbles, formed primarily during inflation, were assessed for stability and surface tension (y). Average air flow rates (dV/dt) were calculated from the VP data. In separate experiments, liquid VP curves were recorded at 37° and 22°C: maximal liquid V was matched to maximal air V at 37° and 22° C, respectively. Fetal pulmonary liquid (FPL) viscosity (q) and density (p) were determined by standard methods. Both the effect of temperature on lung mechanics as reported previously, and the reliability of the rabbit model were confirmed in the paired fetuses. Analysis of fluid dynamics revealed that of the six parameters relevant to initial inflation-deflation of FPL-filled lungs, liquid p. distensibility (recoil), and γy were not altered significantly by temperature increase from 22° to 37°C. Enhanced lung mechanics at 37°C (including enhanced inflation at lower P, higher maximal V, increased production of intrasaccular bubbles, and higher V at end-deflation) was primarily due to lowering of FPL η at the higher temperature which appears to have an effect by augmenting bulk liquid flow and liquid drainage. Lower ηl increases bulk flow through airways directly. Consequent recruitment and distention of these conducting units effectively increases radius (r) and further enhances flow. (The ultimate “brake” to airways flow at both temperatures is counter P from γ at air/liquid menisci.) Lower η also increases liquid drainage during the process of intrasaccular bubble production. This effect, along with temperature enhancement of surfactant solubility, increases the rate of bubble formation within peripheral units. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.