cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E2F6 negatively regulates BRCA1 in human cancer cells without methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9.

E2F6 contains a DNA binding domain that is very similar to that of the other members of the E2F family of transcriptional regulators. However, E2F6 cannot bind to all promoters that contain consensus E2F-binding sites. Therefore, we used a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and genomic microarrays to identify promoters bound by E2F6 in human cells. Although most of the identified promoters were bound by multiple E2F family members, one promoter was bound only by E2F6. To determine which of the newly identified promoters were regulated by E2F6, we reduced the level of E2F6 by using RNA interference technology. We found that mRNA transcribed from promoters bound by E2F6 was increased after reduction of the amount of E2F6 protein in the cell. Interestingly, many of the E2F6-regulated genes encoded functions involved in tumor suppression and the maintenance of chromatin structure. Specifically, our results suggest that E2F6 represses transcription of the brca1, ctip, art27, hp1α, and the rbap48 genes. E2F6 has been postulated to mediate transcriptional repression by recruiting a histone H3 methyltransferase to the DNA. However, we found that the E2F6-regulated promoters did not contain histone H3 methylated at lysine 9. To determine the mechanism by which E2F6 regulates transcription, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation before and after the introduction of small inhibitory ribonucleic acids specific to E2F6. We found that depletion of E2F6 resulted in the recruitment of E2F1 to the target promoters. In summary, we have identified 48 endogenous target genes of E2F6 and have shown that E2F6 can repress target promoters in a manner that does not require histone H3 methylation at lysine 9.
Trap for MAbs: characterization of intact monoclonal antibodies using reversed-phase HPLC on-line with ion-trap mass spectrometry.

For the first time, the characterization of intact 150-kDa monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) using a commercially available three-dimensional ion-trap mass spectrometer (IT-MS) is reported. The IT-MS analysis was performed on-line with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a POROS column using a nontraditional solvent system of acetonitrile, isopropanol, ethanol, and water in formic acid. The operating parameters of the IT-MS were optimized by extending the mass range to m/z 4000 and elevating the tube lens offset voltage value to around −100 V. Mass accuracy better than 300 ppm (±40 Da) has been routinely achieved for these macromolecules. Multiple peaks 162 Da apart due to the hexose variants of the monoclonal IgG antibodies were partially resolved in mass spectra. Several commercial and chimeric antibodies have been investigated in this study.
New directions in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia of adults in Western countries. It is a systemic haematological malignancy that originates from B cells (B-CLL) in 95% of patients, while only a minority are derived through malignant transformation of T cells (T-CLL). Although B-CLL is classified as a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, several issues make this leukaemia a unique entity among malignant lymphoma. Inhibition of the programmed cell death (apoptosis) and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 are key elements of the pathophysiology of B-CLL cells and define clinical prognosis. Furthermore, B-CLL cells are arrested in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Dysfunctional apoptosis and cell cycle are the main reasons for the clinical enigma, that CLL can not yet be cured with conventional chemotherapy. However, the molecular pathways that are responsible for this characteristic feature of the B-CLL cells still need further definition.
Label-Free Biomarker Assay in a Microresistive Pulse Sensor via Immunoaggregation

We present a label-free biomarker detection method based on immunoaggregation and resistive pulse sensing technology. In this approach, target biomarkers and antibody (Ab)-functionalized microparticles are mixed to form biomarker-microparticle aggregates. A resistive pulse sensor is then used to measure the sizes and count the number of aggregates. The measured volume fraction of the aggregates represents the concentration of the targeted biomarker. In our tests, human ferritin, used as a biomarker, triggered the aggregation of antiferritin Ab-functionalized microparticles in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The volume fraction of aggregates increased with the increased ferritin concentration. We also demonstrated the detection of human ferritin in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) to mimic a real detection environment in complex media. The detection range from 0.1 to 208 ng/mL was achieved. In addition, we demonstrated that the detection range can be shifted to lower and higher concentrations by decreasing and increasing microparticle concentrations. This biomarker detection method is label-free, rapid, and able to quantitatively measure the concentration of any macromolecular biomarker as long as an antibody can be found, with simple measurement setup and sample preparations.
School gardens: an experiential learning approach for a nutrition education program to increase fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference, and consumption among second-grade students.

Abstract Objective To examine the effects of a school garden on children's fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference, and consumption. Design Self-report questionnaires, interview-style taste and rate items, lunchroom observations. Setting An elementary school. Participants Second-grade students (n = 115). Intervention Participants were assigned to one of 3 groups: (1) nutrition education and gardening (NE+G) treatment group, (2) nutrition education only (NE) treatment group, or (3) control group (CG). Both treatment groups received classroom instruction, and the NE+G group also received a school gardening experience. Main Outcome Measures Fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference, and consumption. Analysis Analyses of variance (α = .05). Results Participants in the NE+G and NE treatment groups exhibited significantly greater improvements in nutrition knowledge and taste ratings than did participants in the CG. Moreover, the NE+G group was more likely to choose and consume vegetables in a lunchroom setting at post-assessment than either the NE or CG groups. Conclusions and Implications School gardens as a component of nutrition education can increase fruit and vegetable knowledge and cause behavior change among children. These findings suggest that school administrators, classroom teachers, and nutrition educators should implement school gardens as a way to positively influence dietary habits at an early age.
On-Farm Tests Indicate Effects of Long-Term Tillage Systems on Soil Quality

ABSTRACT To sustain productivity and environmental quality, an awareness of the impacts our management systems are having on soil quality is needed. The soil quality test kit is an on-farm tool that has been developed for conservationists and farmers to track changes in soil quality. The use of the kit was demonstrated by comparing soil quality on long-term no-till versus conventional tillage systems on a silt loam soil in Tennessee. The no-till management system had significantly improved surface soil properties over the conventionally tilled management system at this site. The no-till management system had higher infiltration rates, more stable aggregates, a lower soil respiration rate, a greater resistance to slaking, greater earthworm numbers, and a greater water content in the 0–7.6 cm soil depth. The soil quality test kit was able to distinguish differences in soil properties on this long-term management comparison. The kit is a good on-farm tool for use in comparison of relative differences in surf...
Reduced Growth of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti Freed of Intracellular Symbiotes by Chloramphenicol

The intracellular symbiotes of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti can be eliminated from cultures of the flagellates by a single chloramphenicol (CAP) treatment. Effective dosages were determined to be 0.01-0.08 per cent (w/v) CAP after a treatment for 2 weeks or more for B. culicis and 0.08 per cent (w/v) after 1 month for C. oncopelti in most cases. Ineffective dosages only lowered the numbers of symbiote-bearing flagellates. Growth of both species of flagellates in the presence of CAP was reduced in proportion to the drug concentration. Repeated subcultures at effectie dosages yielded symbiote-free flagellates, which maintained a low level of growth rate. After repeated subcultures at ineffective dosages, the growth rate rose and the symbiote-bearing cells, initially very few, increases in number. The lowest effective dosages proved to be marginal, often producing symbiote-free cultures, but occasionally cultures with a few symbiote-bearing cells. After repeated subcultures at these drug concentrations, symbiote-containing cultures grew faster than the symbiote-free cultures. Hence, the symbiotic bacteria benefit the growth of their hosts, perhaps by supplying essential factors that are adequate even in a rich blood medium.
COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS IN AN ADAPTIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

Abstract The paper addresses the following combinatorial problems: What are the minimal number of buses and drivers needed to keep up an adaptive public transportation network with prescribed departure and travel times. The system is adaptive in the sense that buses as well as drivers are not restricted to travel only one given two way line, but may also traverse among lines. However, adaptation to passenger loading is not yet directly considered. The relaxation of the “two way lines” constraint should provide more flexibility in employing the resources required to maintain and operate the network. No assumptions are imposed upon either the departure or travel times. The solution process is simple and intuitive and it seems that it can serve as a basic framework for accommodating some changes in the underlying structure of the system. The algorithm is an interim step in a mathematical program where the departure times are taken as control variables and are selected to minimize the average waiting time of passengers, or alternatively other performance indices of the network. The final buses' trips are not unique and their choice is subject to managerial considerations.
Effect of Polycarboxylic Acids on Blood Clotting.

SummaryHuman blood was incubated in vitro with the sodium salts of a number of di- and tricarboxylic acids and their effect on clotting time was noted. Cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, isocitrate and tricarballylate markedly increased clotting time of whole blood. Prolongation of clotting in the presence of isocitrate and cis-aconitate was dependent upon their concentration in blood. The possible mode of action of these metabolically active compounds and the implications of the findings were discussed.
Simulating Condensational Growth, Evaporation, and Coagulation of Aerosols Using a Combined Moving and Stationary Size Grid

We present a numerical method of simulating the aerosol processes of coagulation, condensational growth, and evaporation over a hybrid size grid. In the hybrid grid, the volume of involatile core material is constant for each size bin, but the volume of volatile material fluctuates. Since particles in each bin grow and evaporate at their own pace, particles from one bin can obtain the same volume as those from another bin while maintaining different composition. Similarly, particles from different bins that grow to the same size can evaporate back to their respective original core sizes. Allowing independent growth of particles inhibits numerical diffusion since particles in each bin grow or evaporate to their actual sizes. When two particles coagulate, they form a new particle with core volume between the core volumes of particles in two other bins. We partition the new particle and its total volume between these two bins. Similarly, we adapt other processes, such as nucleation, emissions, and transport ...
The role of nucleotide cofactor binding in cooperativity and specificity of MutS recognition.

Abstract Mismatch repair (MMR) is essential for eliminating biosynthetic errors generated during replication or genetic recombination in virtually all organisms. The critical first step in Escherichia coli MMR is the specific recognition and binding of MutS to a heteroduplex, containing either a mismatch or an insertion/deletion loop of up to four nucleotides. All known MutS homologs recognize a similar broad spectrum of substrates. Binding and hydrolysis of nucleotide cofactors by the MutS–heteroduplex complex are required for downstream MMR activity, although the exact role of the nucleotide cofactors is less clear. Here, we showed that MutS bound to a 30-bp heteroduplex containing an unpaired T with a binding affinity ≈ 400-fold stronger than to a 30-bp homoduplex, a much higher specificity than previously reported. The binding of nucleotide cofactors decreased both MutS specific and nonspecific binding affinity, with the latter marked by a larger drop, further increasing MutS specificity by ≈ 3-fold. Kinetic studies showed that the difference in MutS Kd for various heteroduplexes was attributable to the difference in intrinsic dissociation rate of a particular MutS–heteroduplex complex. Furthermore, the kinetic association event of MutS binding to heteroduplexes was marked by positive cooperativity. Our studies showed that the positive cooperativity in MutS binding was modulated by the binding of nucleotide cofactors. The binding of nucleotide cofactors transformed E. coli MutS tetramers, the functional unit in E. coli MMR, from a cooperative to a noncooperative binding form. Finally, we found that E. coli MutS bound to single-strand DNA with significant affinity, which could have important implication for strand discrimination in eukaryotic MMR mechanism.
The Discrete Heal Algorithm With Intermediate Goods

good i by quantity a'. It is easy to modify this procedure for the case where final products are not homegeneous, but the presence of intermediate production raises considerable difficulties. They stem from the requirement that firms be asked about the effect of specific reallocations of inputs; because Heal type processes require that the aggregate production plan be feasible at each step of the procedure, these reallocations must be consistent with each other. In the presence of intermediate goods, this consistency is difficult to maintain as the answer of one firm will dictate the feasible changes in inputs for other firms. It should be possible to solve this problem for some special cases; I have not been able to do so in other cases without changing the procedure fundamentally. In our version of Heal's procedure, the planning board asks each firm to provide a local description of its production possibility set, and does not commit itself to transfers of certain size. The important difference here is between the examination of certain specific reallocations, and the study of local approximations to the economy. The questions that the centre asks of firms are composed of two parts, a prospective production plan and a real number which indicates the maximal size of the reallocation which the planning board has in mind. The answers of the firms are also composed of two parts, the first corresponds to the vector of marginal rates of transformation in the continuous version of the procedure, the second, a real number, is a measure of the distance between the proposal of the centre and the boundary of the production possibility set. Hence, the sizes of the messages which are transmitted are minimally larger than in the continuous version of the procedure. Even in the framework where both are applicable, the procedure of this paper has two advantages over that of Henry and Zylberberg. First, the message space is smaller.
Alkaline butanol extraction of bile salt and steroid sulfate esters: application to the assay of sulfotransferases.

Abstract A butan-1-ol solvent-extraction procedure has been evaluated for the assay of 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate:sulfotransferase activity with various bile salt and steroid substrates Although butanol extracted the sulfate esters of steroids and bile salts from aqueous solution at neutral pH, extraction at basic pH gave optimum recovery which was independent of protein in the sample. Greater than 99.9% of unreacted 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phospho[ 35 S]sulfate remained in the aqueous phase. The data for sulfotransferase activities obtained with this solvent-extraction assay were not significantly different from those obtained with a standard thin-layer chromatography method. Solvent extraction has enabled multiple, rapid assays of several steroid and bile salt sulfotransferases during chromatographic purification of these enzymes from tissue fractions.
THE ENFORCEMENT OF MATTERS OF CUSTOM AND TASTE

In its account of the limits of state interference, especially as it relates to 'morals' legislation, current wisdom holds that by distinguishing critical morality from descriptive morality, we have the basis for effectively showing whole classes of practices to be beyond the legitimate domain of state regulation. These classes include practices, like homosexuality, which are popularly considerd immoral, but where the consensus does not meet critical or philosophical standards. Accordingly, though we might have plausible grounds for outlawing some behavior just because it is genuinely immoral, like the torture of animals, we have no grounds for outlawing behavior which is merely unpopular, violating the customs or sense of taste of a community. I will try to show that arguments for such a position may not get to the heart of the problem of limits of legislation, and that some of the same reasons which would justify legislation countenanced by critical morality would also justify legislation in areas of custom and taste, provided certain conditions are manifestly satisfied. In his Maccabean Lecture, anthologized under the litle 'Morals and the Criminal law,' 1 Patrick Devlin espouses the thesis that recognizing a practice as injurious to society does not necessarily presuppose noticing that some specific harm befalls particular individual. Furthermore, protecting a society is distinguishable from protecting individuals, and each is a legitimate function of legislators. Near the end of his essay, Lord Devlin sums up his position as follows: But the true priciple is that the law exists for the protection of society. It does not discharge its function by protecting the individual from injury, annoyance, corruption, and exploitation; the law must protect also the institutions and the community of ideas, political and moral, without which people cannot live together? To assure that legislators do not overstep their authority in limiting personal freedom, Devlin suggests that two conditions be met before a practice is judged not to deserve tolerance. The first condition is that the behavior
Thermogravimetric analysis of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with dynamic heating rates

Abstract Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVAc) copolymer with a vinyl acetate content of 40% was examined using thermogravimetric analysis with dynamic heating rate control. The method permitted determination of the vinyl acetate content of the copolymer and maximized the resolution of the two step weight loss profile by varying the heating rate in response to the weight loss. The weight loss profile resulted in a two step decomposition that varied in onset and completion as a function of the variable heating rate process. The resolution from a derivative profile of the two step weight loss was improved from 1.45 at a constant heating rate of 40°Cmin −1 to 3.89 with the dynamic heating rate.
Die Feinstruktur der He+-Linien 1640 Å und 4686 Å

Die Feinstruktur der He+-Linien 1640 und 4686 A ist mit groser Dispersion untersucht worden. Die erhaltenen Spektrogramme zeigen deutlich den Einflus derLamb-Verschiebung der 22S-, 32S- und 42S-Niveaus von He+. Alle gemessenen Aufspaltungen sind innerhalb der Mesgenauigkeit in Ubereinstimmung mit den Voraussagen der neuen Quantenelektrodynamik. Eine vonSeries vermutete anormale Verschiebung des 42P1/2-Niveaus ist nicht bestatigt worden. Die Intensitatsverteilung in der Feinstruktur der He+-Linien zeigt bei niedrigem Druck eine interessante Anomalie: Die Komponenten mit 32S und 42S oberen Zustanden sind relativ 5-bis 15mal starker als den normalen theoretischen Intensitaten entspricht. Diese Anomalie wird darauf zuruckgefuhrt, das bei niedrigem Druck die2S-Zustande wegen ihrer grosen Lebensdauer wesentlich mehr bevolkert sind als ihrem statistischen Gewicht entspricht.
Restoring a midtolerant pine species as a component of late-successional forests: Results of gap-based planting trials

Abstract Coniferous species with emergent growth forms can have positive influences on biological diversity and ecosystem function in temperate deciduous forests, but conifer populations have declined in some regions of mixed forest because of human activities. Restoration of midtolerant conifers can be especially difficult in mesic, late-successional forests without intensive treatments. The goal of this study was to quantify the effect of stand and site characteristics on the growth and competitive success of eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ) regeneration after gap-based restoration treatments in mesic hemlock-hardwood forests. We measured growth rates and competitive status of white pines averaging 7–15 years of age that had been underplanted or naturally established in small canopy openings (mean expanded gap size ranging from 50 to 2200 m 2 ) in 14 hemlock-hardwood stands in northern Wisconsin, USA. Mortality of planted seedlings was very high, and few sites had more than 20% of the surviving pine saplings meeting established success criteria (relative height >80%, or relative height >50% and relative growth rate >100%) compared to understory-gap competitors. However, six sites had some pines up to 3–5 m tall, with height growth rates exceeding 30 cm/year. Height growth was linearly correlated with light intensity but not strongly correlated with gap size. Fast-growing pines were generally found in locations with >35% transmitted radiation and on sites lacking a well-developed understory of shade-tolerant species. Browse and disease damage did not appear to have a strong impact on current white pine growth and competitive status but may have contributed to high mortality rates in the first few years. Restoration of white pine in canopy openings appears feasible even on high productivity mesic sites, but such treatments are likely to have low success rates if openings are small and understory vegetation is not controlled. However, they may be adequate for establishing a minor pine component, especially in northern hardwood stands designated for uneven-aged management. Such low-intensity treatments would also be appropriate in natural areas or parks where pine abundance has declined relative to presettlement conditions and intensive treatments such as shelterwood harvests would not be acceptable.
A case of hearing loss associated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment ameliorated by prednisone.

This Case Study considers a 51-year-old male who developed unilateral hearing loss while taking pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. The patient was treated with prednisone and continued with his antiviral therapy. Improvement in the patient's hearing was achieved within a few days, and full recovery was achieved within 2 months. Background A 51-year-old white man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who was infected with HCV genotype 2b presented with sudden left-sided hearing loss. He had been taking pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin treatment for 6 weeks without any notable adverse effects. He had also been taking naproxen for 2 years for the treatment of chronic back pain. Investigations Physical examination, laboratory tests, including complete blood counts and liver function tests, otoscopic examination, audiogram, MRI of the middle ear, objective causality assessment using the Naranjo probability scale. Diagnosis PEG-IFN-induced acute sensorineural hearing loss. Management Prednisone while maintaining treatment with PEG-IFN.
Cost-effective use of antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

Clinical experience has indicated that the prophylactic use of antibiotics reduces infectious morbidity in patients undergoing cesarean section. Several factors must be considered (for instance, in vivo and in vitro efficacy, patient allergies, side effect profiles, status of host defenses, the total cost of therapy, and the risk of selecting resistant organisms that cause superinfections) before prescribing prophylactic antibiotic drugs for this indication. Moreover, medical-legal consequences associated with potential postpartum infections must be considered in assessing the costs and impact of a prophylactic regimen. Results of comparative antibiotic trials in indigent patients undergoing cesarean section demonstrated differing rates of successful antibiotic prophylaxis: piperacillin, 98%; cefoxitin, 91%; cephalothin and ceftazidime, 82%; cefotaxime, 80%; and ampicillin, 77%. Although the acquisition costs of antibiotics vary greatly, these costs are dwarfed by the substantial cost savings that can be realized by use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which, in our hands, have resulted in reduced laboratory and pharmacy expenses and decreased hospital stays for both mother and neonate. Controlled studies designed to investigate microbiologic as well as clinical efficacy of antibiotics are indicated. Further refinements in individualizing antibiotic regimens according to patient population should be sought.
Chlorpromazine Hyperthermia in Young Albino Mice

The intraperitoneal administration of chlorpromazine hydrochloride to albino mice, ranging in age from 10 to 38 days, caused hyperthermia in the younger and hypothermia in the older animals. No significant difference due to sex was observed in the effect of the drug at different ages.
An all-aqueous route to polymer brush-modified membranes with remarkable permeabilites and protein capture rates

Microporous membranes are attractive for protein purification because convection rapidly brings proteins to binding sites. However, the low binding capacity of such membranes limits their applications. This work reports a rapid, aqueous procedure to create highly permeable, polymer brush-modified membranes that bind large amounts of protein. The synthetic method includes a 10-min adsorption of a macroinitiator in a hydroxylated nylon membrane and a subsequent 5-min aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate from the immobilized initiator to form poly(acid) brushes. This procedure likely leads to more swollen, less dense brushes than polymerization from silane initiators, and thus requires less polymer to achieve the same binding capacity. The hydraulic permeability of the poly(acid) membranes is 4-fold higher than that of similar membranes prepared by growing brushes from immobilized silane initiators. These brush-containing nylon membranes bind 120 mg/cm3 of lysozyme using solution residence times as short as 35 ms, and when functionalized with nitrilotriacetate (NTA)-Ni2+ complexes, they capture 85 mg/cm3 of histidine6-tagged (His-tagged) Ubiquitin. Additionally the NTA-Ni2+-functionalized membranes isolate His-tagged myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase directly from cell extracts and show >90% recovery of His-tagged proteins.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) In the Counseling of Students with Learning Disorders

This article discusses the use of the WAIS as a diagnostic tool and as the entering wedge in the counseling process with clients whose presenting problem is academic underachievement. Examples are presented of the use of the test not as a measure of ability but as a source of behavioral observations that may be discussed with the client to alert him to his reactions to test taking, his methods of problem solving, and his reactions to specific learning tasks.
An Experimental Study of the Detection of Ice Nuclei on Membrane Filters and Other Substrata

Abstract An experimental study was made of a membrane filter technique for the detection of ice nuclei in which air of controlled humidity flows across the cooled membrane as opposed to the usual static thermal diffusion procedure. This is necessary to overcome water vapor losses to various sinks on the sample substrate; the procedure also makes it possible to observe the nucleation process directly by microscope. However, for very small nuclei such as AgI, even this flow system is not able to activate the nuclei. This is overcome by letting a puff of supersaturated air pass over the deposited aerosol, which should be on a water-repellent substrate, to promote vapor flow to the ice and condensation nuclei, rather than onto the substrate. At temperatures warmer than −12°C, the puff procedure is not necessary since the water vapor pressure is sufficient to keep up with the vapor sinks. Following the above procedures, consistent results are obtained for AgI, kaolin, soil particles and pollution aerosols in b...
Outcomes of severe disorders of language acquisition.

Data on speech, language, performance IQ, school placement, and behavior are presented on 18 subjects diagnosed in childhood as “aphasic” and followed through adolescence. Results reveal that slow but steady growth in language is made, with expressive skills showing somewhat more rapid progress than comprehension. Performance IQ is highly correlated with language skills in later childhood and, along with receptive skill, is a good predictor of school placement. The diagnostic and prognostic implications of this information are discussed.
A method for prediction of Phenytoin levels in the acute clinical setting

Phenytoin (PHT) administration is complicated by saturation kinetics within the therapeutic range, causing marked changes in drug concentration with small changes in dose. The "half-life" increases with concentration, varying from 8-24 hr up to weeks, making it difficult to obtain the steady state levels needed by most prediction algorithms and nomograms. A Bayesian prediction program (Epidose) is presented which explicitly models PHT absorption and elimination kinetics in the non-steady state. The algorithm accounts for the interdependency of closely spaced sequential samples. Estimates of future PHT concentration were made on 20 hospital inpatients, most of whom were acutely ill and received other medications. Future (mean = 4 day) PHT concentrations were predicted over a range from 4 to 22 micrograms/ml (mean 13.9 micrograms/ml) with a median absolute error of 1.0 microgram/ml. These data demonstrate that the program can be used for accurate PHT concentration predictions in sick patients.
Effective rate coefficients for molecular hydrogen formation in diffuse interstellar clouds

Aims. A method to determine effective rate coefficients for H 2 formation on grain surfaces is proposed based on the continuous-time, random-walk Monte Carlo simulation. Methods. Our Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the efficiency of molecular hydrogen formation via recombination of H atoms on flat and rough surfaces of olivine and amorphous carbon under a variety of diffuse cloud conditions. The results are then fitted to two types of rate laws to determine effective rate coefficients for use in rate equation treatments. These rate coefficients can be utilized in pure gas-phase models, where the rate of molecular formation is associated with a grain collision rate for H atoms multiplied by an efficiency factor, and in gas-grain models, where the actual diffusion of H atoms on a grain surface is considered. Results. The effective rate coefficients are tabulated as a function of incoming atomic hydrogen flux and surface temperature, over temperature ranges for which the surfaces show a reasonable efficiency of molecular hydrogen formation. For the flat surfaces studied, corrections to the standard rate treatment do not exceed a factor of three.
Looking in the Rearview Mirror: What Incarcerated Women Think Girls Need From The System

Until the 1980s, scant literature existed about the programmatic needs of delinquent girls. Girls are being introduced into the system at a faster rate than in the past, and the number of girls arrested for "serious" crimes has increased; therefore, gender-specific needs can no longer be overlooked. Much of the gender-specific knowledge focuses on risk and protective factors, though the literature on girls' programmatic needs is beginning to grow. This study attempts to ascertain what girls need from the system by asking incarcerated women (who were system-involved as adolescents) to describe what they believe the system can do for girls.
Acute Pancreatitis Caused by Dyslipidemia

Hyperlipidemia can be a cause of acute pancreatitis. For example, dyslipidemia classified Fredrickson/WHO classification type I, V can induce acute pancreatitis spontaneously. Secondary hyperlipidemia (DM, alcohol, estrogen, etc.) also can induce acute pancreatitis. High serum amylase level and triglyceride level are hall markers of diagnosis. But lactescent serum interferes with accurate laboratory analysis of amylase. Serum amylase was normal or low in 50% of cases. Clinical course and treatment are similar with other causes of acute pancreatitis. Lipoprotein electrophoresis helps classify dyslipidemia by Fredrickson/WHO classification. In some cases, to prevent hyperlipidemic pancreatitis, serum triglyceride should be lower than 500 mg/dl. We report two cases of acute pancreatitis caused by dyslipidemia. (Ewha Med J 2011;34(2):55-59)
A high performance algorithm for incompressible flows using local solenoidal functions

The convergence of iterative methods used to solve the linear systems arising in incompressible flow problems is sensitive to flow parameters such as the Reynolds number; time step and the mesh width. This paper presents a class of algorithms to solve these linear systems using local solenoidal functions. An optimal preconditioner is described via an iterative method to solve the resulting reduced system. This paper also suggests inexpensive parallel matrix-vector products using bounded buffers for interprocessor communication. Experimental results for a three dimensional problem show that the preconditioning step need not be solved accurately at each iteration, thereby decreasing the time spent in the potentially expensive routine. These experiments also show that the proposed algorithm assures a constant rate of convergence across the range of flow parameter variation. Scalability of the algorithm is suggested by the experiments on the SGI Origin 2000.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TUMORS OF THE MOUSE.

1. The histological and physiological characteristics in vitro of mouse tumors have been compared. 2. Twenty-eight adenomas, 31 adenocarcinomas, 18 carcinomas, and a series of tumors from 2 transplantable carcinomas and from Ehrlich carcinoma have been cultivated in vitro . 3. The adenomas were characterized by cells of normal appearance, migrating quickly and organizing in thin membranes, by few mitoses, a large acid production, and a rapid digestion of fibrin and egg albumin. 4. The carcinomas differed from adenomas in a less rapid and extensive migration of epithelial cells, a tendency to grow in bud-like formations, the presence of many mitoses, and a lesser acid production and fibrin and albumin digestion. 5. Ehrlich carcinoma differed from both adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas in the unhealthy state of the cells, their irregular growth, and the occurrence of a great many mitoses. Acid production was slight, and digestion of egg albumin or fibrin less marked, and even entirely lacking. 6. The adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas did not invade embryonic tissue. The transplantable carcinomas invaded it slightly, while Ehrlich carcinoma actively infiltrated and destroyed it.
Genetic Testing for Lung Cancer: Reflex Versus Clinical Selection

Interest in activating “driver” mutations in tyrosine kinase genes as therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has peaked recently due to the discovery that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) produce higher response rates, longer progression free survival (PFS) times, less toxicity, improved symptom control, improved quality of life, and greater convenience compared to cytotoxic chemotherapy in the first line treatment of advanced NSCLC patients harboring EGFR activating mutations (1–4). A more recent study showed that advanced NSCLC patients whose tumors harbor EML4-ALK fusion genes, who are treated with an ALK TKI termed crizotinib, have high response rates and long progression free survival times that are similar to those of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations treated with erlotinib (5,6).
Separating Excluded Volume and Chemical Effects of PEG on DNA Helix Formation

Small solutes affect protein and nucleic acid processes because of favorable or unfavorable chemical interactions of the solute with the biopolymer surface exposed or buried in the process. Large solutes also exclude volume and affect processes where biopolymer molecularity and/or shape changes. We recently developed an analysis to separate and interpret or predict excluded volume and chemical effects of a flexible coil polymer on a process. As a test system, of significance in its own right, we determined effects of the full series from ethylene glycol (EG) to polyethylene glycols (PEG) on the equilibrium constants for all-or-none intramolecular hairpin and intermolecular duplex formation by 12-nucleotide DNA strands. We find that helix-destabilizing chemical effects of PEG and its oligomers on these processes increase in proportion to the product of the amount of DNA surface exposed on melting and the amount of PEG surface that is accessible to this DNA; these chemical effects are completely described as the sum of interactions of PEG end and interior groups with this DNA surface. Helix-stabilizing excluded volume effects, once separated from these chemical effects, are quantitatively described by the analytical theory of Hermans, which predicts the excluded volume between a flexible polymer and a rigid molecule. An increase in PEG size at constant concentration of PEG monomer increases the excluded volume effect but decreases the chemical interaction effect, because in a large PEG coil a smaller fraction of the monomers are accessible to the DNA. Volume exclusion by PEG has a much larger effect on intermolecular duplex formation than on intramolecular hairpin formation.Reference: PNAS 2011 108 (31) 12699-12704 (http://www.pnas.org/content/108/31/12699.long)Supported by NIH grant GM47022 (TR) and a NIH Molecular Biophysics Traineeship to BK.
The Influence of Macro-Level Motives on Consideration Set Composition in Novel Purchase Situations

Consumers often have to create consideration sets when purchasing goals are not well defined. In these situations, the contents of a consideration set depend on a combination of two motives. First, consumers prefer to create a consideration set of easy‐to‐compare alternatives. It is easier to compare alternatives that have alignable attributes or alternatives that have overlapping features. Second, consumers prefer to create consideration sets that have a high likelihood of containing their optimal alternative. For example, when the set of available alternatives requires the consumer to make trade‐offs between benefits (i.e., to be compensatory), the consumer often delays making a decision about which benefits are preferable, and the consideration set tends to contain a more diverse set of alternatives. We document several factors that influence the relative importance of one or the other motive in consideration set formation and discuss implications for brand managers.
Time-sensitive computation of aggregate functions over distributed imprecise data

Summary form only given. Many distributed applications in the real world now require real time services in which aggregate queries need to be computed over a set of values. These applications can often tolerate varying degrees of inaccuracy in the results. System designers, on the other hand, would like to provide services with low inaccuracy and minimal management overhead. We focus on addressing the tradeoffs between timeliness, accuracy and cost for data aggregation in distributed environments. Specifically, we address the problem of time-sensitive computation of aggregate queries (count, sum and min) over a set of values represented by intervals with lower and upper bounds. These intervals are approximations based on most recent values about distributed sources. In order to meet the precision constraints from users, a subset of sources needs to be probed for exact values. We first propose algorithms for batch selection of the probing set, where selection is done before probing without the knowledge of the actual values. In addition, we propose an iterative selection approach where the selection of the next probing source depends on the previous returned value.
Passive mechanical behavior of human neutrophils: power-law fluid.

The mechanical behavior of the neutrophil plays an important role in both the microcirculation and the immune system. Several laboratories in the past have developed mechanical models to describe different aspects of neutrophil deformability. In this study, the passive mechanical properties of normal human neutrophils have been further characterized. The cellular mechanical properties were assessed by single cell micropipette aspiration at fixed aspiration pressures. A numerical simulation was developed to interpret the experiments in terms of cell mechanical properties based on the Newtonian liquid drop model (Yeung and Evans, Biophys. J., 56: 139-149, 1989). The cytoplasmic viscosity was determined as a function of the ratio of the initial cell size to the pipette radius, the cortical tension, aspiration pressure, and the whole cell aspiration time. The cortical tension of passive neutrophils was measured to be about 2.7 x 10(-5) N/m. The apparent viscosity of neutrophil cytoplasm was found to depend on aspiration pressure, and ranged from approximately 500 Pa.s at an aspiration pressure of 98 Pa (1.0 cm H2O) to approximately 50 Pa.s at 882 Pa (9.0 cm H2O) when tested with a 4.0-micron pipette. These data provide the first documentation that the neutrophil cytoplasm exhibits non-Newtonian behavior. To further characterize the non-Newtonian behavior of human neutrophils, a mean shear rate gamma m was estimated based on the numerical simulation. The apparent cytoplasmic viscosity appears to decrease as the mean shear rate increases. The dependence of cytoplasmic viscosity on the mean shear rate can be approximated as a power-law relationship described by mu = mu c(gamma m/gamma c)-b, where mu is the cytoplasmic viscosity, gamma m is the mean shear rate, mu c is the characteristic viscosity at characteristic shear rate gamma c, and b is a material coefficient. When gamma c was set to 1 s-1, the material coefficients for passive neutrophils were determined to be mu c = 130 +/- 23 Pa.s and b = 0.52 +/- 0.09 for normal neutrophils. The power-law approximation has a remarkable ability to reconcile discrepancies among published values of the cytoplasmic viscosity measured using different techniques, even though these values differ by nearly two orders of magnitude. Thus, the power-law fluid model is a promising candidate for describing the passive mechanical behavior of human neutrophils in large deformation. It can also account for some discrepancies between cellular behavior in single-cell micromechanical experiments and predictions based on the assumption that the cytoplasm is a simple Newtonian fluid.
Studies of crystalline aggregates of pheophorbide and bacteriopheophorbide by electro-absorption (Stark effect) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction

Absorption and electro-absorption (Stark effect) spectra of polycrystalline and lyophillized samples of pheophorbides and bacteriopheophorbides have been measured in order to obtain information on the consequences of intermolecular interactions on electronic structure. The results support the general hypothesis that large red shifts in the absorption spectra of photosynthetic aggregates are associated with increased dipolar character in the excited state due to mixing with intermolecular charge transfer states. In some cases, new bands, which are difficult to detect or absent in the absorption spectrum, are observed in the electro-absorption spectrum, and these may be charge-transfer transitions. The structures of several polycrystalline aggregates, either ground single crystals or lyophillized powders, were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction. In some cases, the powder diffraction of lyophyllized powders was found to be nearly identical to that predicted from single crystal diffraction data on the same chromophore. High quality electro-absorption spectra were also obtained and analyzed for the monomeric pigments.
Attenuation of the effects of amphetamine on the activity of rats following amygdala lesions

The hypermotility effects of d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) are attenuated in male albino rats with lesions of the dorsomedial amygdala, but not in the amygdala-sham or normal-control animals. An analysis of the intrasession adaptation functions of the groups suggests that the attenuation is due to an inhibition of the disorienting action of the drug.
Auxins and Cytokinins as Antipodal Modulators of Elasticity within the Actin Network of Plant Cells

The cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells serves as a transmitter, transducer, and effector of cell signaling mechanisms. In plants, pathways for proliferation, differentiation, intracellular vesicular transport, cell-wall biosynthesis, symbiosis, secretion, and membrane recycling depend on the organization and dynamic properties of actin- and tubulin-based structures that are either associated with the plasma membrane or traverse the cytoplasm. Recently, a new in vivo cytoskeletal assay (cell optical displacement assay) was introduced to measure the tension within subdomains (cortical, transvacuolar, and perinuclear) of the actin network in living plant cells. Cell optical displacement assay measurements within soybean (Glycine max [L.]) root cells previously demonstrated that lipophilic signals, e.g. linoleic acid and arachidonic acid or changes in cytoplasmic pH gradients, could induce significant reductions in the tension within the actin network of transvacuolar strands. In contrast, enhancement of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ resulted in an increase in tension. In the present communication we have used these measurements to show that a similar antipodal pattern of activity exists for auxins and cytokinins (in their ability to modify the tension within the actin network of plant cells). It is suggested that these growth substances exert their effect on the cytoskeleton through the activation of signaling cascades, which result in the production of lipophilic and ionic second messengers, both of which have been demonstrated to directly effect the tension within the actin network of soybean root cells.