cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Artificially Multilayered and Granular Metal Thin Films

The mechanical properties of two types of nanocomposite thin films, artificially multilayered thin films and granular metal thin films, are reviewed. Because of the small microstructural length scales characteristic of these materials, it would be expected that these materials display plastic properties markedly different from bulk solids. Also, because a significant fraction of the atoms in these materials are at interfaces, it might be expected that the elastic properties of nanocomposite thin films would be different from bulk materials. Artificially multilayered thin films, which are composed of alternating layers of two different materials, can display up to 50% enhancements or reductions in certain elastic moduli when the bilayer repeat length is reduced below about 5 nm. Significant enhancements in the hardness are also observed in this range of bilayer repeat length. Granular metal films, which are composed of a ceramic matrix embedded with metal granules of diameters as small as a few nanometers display novel mechanical behavior as a function of metal volume fraction. The hardness behavior suggests that there is a change in deformation mechanism at the metal percolation threshold. In addition, these materials display an enhancement in the apparent elastic compliance as measured by low-load indentation methods which also appears to be correlated with the percolation behavior of the metal.
Server-Side Traffic Analysis Reveals Mobile Location Information over the Internet

Users can attempt to thwart third-party services from discovering their location by disabling location services on their mobile device. In this paper, we show that web services can use throughput information to reveal the path taken by the phone and its owner among a set of possibilities. For example, a TCP-based music streaming service can compile a sequence of throughputs over several minutes. We collected hundreds of traces of music that we streamed to phones in two different scenarios: a user traveling to four different towns from campus (or the reverse direction); and a user traveling within our campus. We evaluate three classifiers: $k$k-Nearest Neighbors ($k$k-NN), which compares a test sequence with respective time points of training sequences; a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which computes the transition and emission probabilities of different geographic areas and chooses the most likely sequence of a test trace; and a Naive Bayes Classifier with KDE-based throughput estimates (NB-KDE), which looks at the density of throughputs at each time point along a path. In our study, the $k$k-NN, HMM, and NB-KDE approaches can distinguish between a small number of geographic routes taken by mobile users using only throughput measurements. The NB-KDE method performed best, using throughput alone to identify the path and direction among two roads within a University campus (four classes) with 77 percent accuracy, and the path and direction among four roads (eight classes) out of town with 83 percent accuracy. Furthermore, it was able to classify among eight paths with greater than 59 percent accuracy after one minute. We examine the limitations of these techniques.
Preoperative Computed Tomography Angiography in Autologous Breast Reconstruction-Incidence and Impact of Incidentalomas.

Background Incidentalomas are lesions found coincidentally during examination, imaging, or surgical procedures. Preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) before abdominal flap harvest for breast reconstruction can lead to identification of incidentalomas leading to the need for further investigations. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of incidental findings on preoperative CTA and to determine their impact on management. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at a single tertiary institution. CTA reports were analyzed for the presence of incidental findings and details of follow-up were studied. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with incidental findings. Results One hundred eighteen patients with a mean age of 49 years were included in the study. The majority of patients underwent bilateral reconstruction (65%, n = 77) in the immediate setting (70%, n = 83). Fifty-six percentage had an incidental finding on CTA, with hepatic (20%), renal (14%), and osseous (11%) abnormalities being most common. Additional imaging including ultrasound, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging were recommended in 19 cases (16%). Additional consultations were sought for 3 patients before reconstruction (with suspicion of bone metastases, an intraabdominal mass, and suspicion of colonic malignancy, respectively). No significant surgical delay secondary to CT findings was noted. Conclusions Incidentalomas following preoperative CTA of the abdomen/pelvis are common (56%). However, unlike previous reports, we did not observe a change in reconstructive plan following incidentaloma discovery. We recommend that all patients are counseled pre-CTA regarding the possibilities of incidentaloma detection and need for additional imaging.
Interhospital ECMO Transport: Regional Focus

Utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased dramatically over the last decade. Despite this trend, many medical centers have limited, if any, access to this technology or the resources necessary to manage these complex patients. In an effort to improve the current infrastructure of regional ECMO care, ECMO centers of excellence have an obligation to partner with facilities within their communities and regions to increase access to this potentially life-saving technology. While the need for this infrastructure is widely acknowledged in the ECMO community, few reports describe the actual mechanisms by which a successful interfacility transport program can operate. As such, the purpose of this document is to describe the elements of and methods for providing safe and efficient mobile ECMO services from the perspective of an experienced, high-volume tertiary ECMO center of excellence in the Southeastern United States.
Controlling substitution patterns on the 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐α]‐pyrimidine ring. Selective removal of chlorine at the 7‐position

A highly effective method for the selective removal of chlorine from the 7-position of the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine ring in the presence of chlorine at the 5- or 6-positions is reported. The method involves treatment of the appropriate substrate with zinc-copper couple in the presence of acetic acid in methanol-tetrahydrofuran. The method enables the construction of a variety of substitution patterns in key intermediates for the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine sulfonanilide herbicides.
Algorithms and Analytic Solutions Using Sparse Residual Dipolar Couplings for High-Resolution Automated Protein Backbone Structure Determination by NMR

Developing robust and automated protein structure determination algorithms using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data is an important goal in computational structural biology. Algorithms based on global orientational restraints from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) promise to be quicker and more accurate than approaches that use only distance restraints. Recent development of analytic expressions for the roots of RDC equations together with protein kinematics has enabled exact, linear-time algorithms, highly desirable over earlier stochastic methods. In addition to providing guarantees on the number and quality of solutions, exact algorithms require a minimal amount of NMR data, thereby reducing the number of NMR experiments. Implementations of these methods determine the solution structures by explicitly computing the intersections of algebraic curves representing discrete RDC values. However, if additional RDC data can be measured, the algebraic curves no longer generically intersect. We address this situation in the paper and show that globally optimal structures can still be computed analytically as points closest to all of the algebraic curves representing the RDCs. We present new algorithms that expand the types and number of RDCs from which analytic solutions are computed. We evaluate the performance of our algorithms on NMR data for four proteins: human ubiquitin, DNA-damage-inducible protein I (DinI), the Z domain of staphylococcal protein A (SpA), and the third IgG-binding domain of Protein G (GB3). The results show that our algorithms are able to determine high-resolution backbone structures from a limited amount of NMR data.
Collaborating with OpenMBEE as an Authoritative Source of Truth Environment

Abstract To realize a holistic, model-based systems engineering approach centered on an evolving system model one needs an Authoritative Source of Truth (AST) as part of the digital engineering environment. An AST captures consistent system data and models across disciplines, offering access in the form of stakeholder-specific views. To progress towards such an environment the open-source OpenMBEE by NASA/JPL is used here as an AST implementation to test its feasibility and demonstrate the collaboration with an AST as part of a pilot study. First results indicate benefits of model-based documents generated with a viewpoint library, supporting collaboration between various stakeholders accessing consistent data without a required modeling background and enabling a more efficient engineering process with faster design iterations. Further findings cover modeling and project management implications. OpenMBEE does show its potential as an extensible and integral element of a collaborative AST environment.
Designing and Debugging with Electronic Textiles: Diversifying Participation and Deepening Learning in K-12 Computer Science Education (Invited Keynote)

We are witnessing a remarkable comeback of computer programming in schools. While computers seem to be accessible everywhere, particularly outside school, where children and youth are connecting to wider networks of other young users, their capacity to wield such devices critically, creatively, and selectively is decidedly less potent. Learning the language of computers introduces students to processes for thinking and solving problems and for engaging creatively and critically with digital media. Using the example of electronic textiles—computational artifacts in which circuits are stitched with conductive thread to connect microcontrollers and control sensors and actuators, I describe how we can broaden access, diversify representation, and deepen learning. More importantly, I illustrate how the introduction of crafting with computing in schools that serve marginalized populations can help diversify who makes and the kinds of artifacts that are being made, how projects can introduce more complex programming concepts and practices, and what kind of tools we can design to support novice programmers in coding and debugging hybrid artifacts.
The innovative state: ÉcoQuartiers as French laboratories of ‘green culture’:

Taking its point of departure from Mariana Mazzucato’s The Entrepreneurial State (2014), this article examines the French state as an innovator in the realm of green housing. Drawing upon field res...
The Multispecies Coalescent in Space and Time

A key distinction between species tree inference under the multi-species coalescent model (MSC), and the inference of gene trees in sliding windows along a genome, is in the effect of genetic linkage. Whereas the MSC explicitly assumes genealogies to be unlinked, i.e., statistically independent, genealogies located close together on genomes are spatially auto-correlated. Here we use tree sequence simulations with recombination to explore the effects of species tree parameters on spatial patterns of linkage among genealogies. We decompose coalescent time units to demonstrate differential effects of generation time and effective population size on spatial coalescent patterns, and we define a new metric, "phylogenetic linkage," for measuring the rate of decay of phylogenetic similarity by comparison to distances among unlinked genealogies. Finally, we provide a simple example where accounting for phylogenetic linkage in sliding window analyses improves local gene tree inference.
Religious Literacy in a Perfect Storm

This summer a reporter caught up with Senator Mitt Romney (R) Utah asking him about the crisis. “Which one,” he responded, “there are so many.” He was not being flip; it was just an honest reaction...
Data Driven Calibration and Control of Compact Lightweight Series Elastic Actuators for Robotic Exoskeleton Gloves

The working principle of a SEA is based on using an elastic material connected serially to the mechanical power source to simulate the dynamic behavior of a human muscle. Due to weight and size limitations of a wearable robotic exoskeleton, the hardware design of the SEA is limited. Compact and lightweight SEAs usually have noisy signal output, and can easily be deformed. This paper uses a compact lightweight SEA designed for exoskeleton gloves to demonstrate immeasurable strain and friction force which can cause an average of 34.31% and maximum of 44.7% difference in force measurement on such SEAs. This paper proposes two data driven machine learning methods to accurately calibrate and control SEAs. The multi-layer perception (MLP) method can reduce the average force measurement error to 10.18% and maximum error to 29.13%. The surface fitting method (SF) method can reduce the average force measurement error to 8.06% and maximum error to 35.72%. In control experiments, the weighted MLP method achieves an average of 0.21N force control difference, and the SF method achieves an average of 0.29N force control difference on the finger tips of the exoskeleton glove.
Decoding the Transcriptome of Neuronal Circuits

Genomics is fostering broad discoveries across biological disciplines, including the neurosciences. However, the analysis of gene expression and gene regulation in the brain is complicated by the extraordinary cellular heterogeneity, complex connectivity, and dynamic physiology of the tissue. Indeed, one of the great challenges of modern neuroscience involves the functional and molecular classification of cells in the brain within the context of network connectivity. In parallel, a major area of focus in the field of genomics involves the development of technologies that can profile the transcriptome of single or small numbers of cells [38]. Thus, major objectives in these two fields are well aligned. Here, we review modern approaches for the analysis of gene expression at the cellular level in the brain. As detailed below, these new technologies involve both ex vivo genomics approaches and new and emerging technologies for in situ and in vivo imaging of molecules in the brain.
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence in Various Proteins (Excited States in Proteins and Tissues)

At least four different excited states were observed in various proteins under uv excitation; one with a band peaking at wavelengths around 410 nm and one band which peaks at around 370 nm. The former is ascribed to CO bonds since a very similar band appears in many highly purified materials not containing aromatic rings but only CO or peptide bonds; such as polyglutamic acid, cyclohexanone, acetamide and some sugars, for instance. This band is observed in many proteins and can also be excited with 365 nm. The 370 nm band appears preferentially in proteins of globular structure and is excited only in a relatively narrow excitation band around 310 nm. The blue is always accompanied, in proteins as well as in the above-mentioned non-aromatic compounds, by a short-living (∼0.5 sec decay time at 77°K) phosphorescence, with slightly larger wavelength than the fluorescence. There is further a long-living phosphorescence band (decay time several seconds at 77°K) also in the blue. Its decay time is strongly dependent upon the environment. It is observed in many globular proteins and in non-protein CO containing materials, but not in fibrous proteins such as collagen, as yet. Its decay time is particularly long in globular proteins such as in eggwhites. In cyclohexanone-Me-pentan solutions the lifetime of this band is long, in EPA glass it is much shorter. The species from which the longtime phosphorescence originates could be picked up as EPR signals by the half field strength method. For all materials investigated (proteins, tyrosin, cyclohexanone) the g-values are the same, but they depend on the environment, indicating a strong interaction with the surroundings. In Me-pentan solutions the g-value is smaller than in the solid material. Prolonged irradiation reduces the concentration of these excited species. Because of the various decay times and their dependence on the environment, many proteins do not exhibit a decay composed of one or two exponentials, but display a more complicated decay.
Observation of nitrate reduction in some non-saccharolytic strains of Acinetobacter.

Clinical isolates of non-saccharolytic Acinetobacter species were observed to reduce nitrate.
Modeling of Equiaxed Grain Growth in Uranium Dioxide Fuels

Grain size is one of the most important parameters affecting fission gas release and swelling of nuclear fuels. On the other hand, fission gas bubbles in previously irradiated fuel interact with moving grain boundaries and affect subsequent grain growth. Equations are developed that describe equiaxed grain growth in oxide fuel that has undergone previous irradiation (burnup) at temperatures too low to promote grain growth. The resulting expressions relate the grain growth rate at the new high temperature to the percent burnup (or fission gas content) experienced during the prior low-temperature period.
Immunochemical Evaluation of The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) Carrier State in Salmonids and Other Species

One of the most serious and pervasive diseases of cultured salmonids is infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) which is caused by an unusual virus of the same name (IPNV). The disease is especially prevalent on the West coast of the U.S. and the Canadian Maritime Provinces, but is also found in Asia, the British Isles and Europe. More than fifty species of fish and shellfish have been determined to harbor the virus (Dorson, 1983), although overt disease is not a necessary consequence of infection. When disease does occur, however, it is lethal to a large proportion of the affected population; this has been documented in many species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; Pacific salmon, Oncorhyncus sp.; striped bass, Morone saxitilis; menhaden, Brevoortia tyrranus; rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; brook trout, Salvelinis fontinalis; and eels, Anguilla sp. Isolation of the virus from asymptomatic animals has been accomplished with at least twenty other aquatic animals, including freshwaster, estuarine, and marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Among the more intriguing species infected are shrimp, hard clam, American and European oyster, blue crab, minnows, milkfish and tilapia (Dorson,1983).
Combiform: a combinable social gaming platform

Combiform [see Fig. 1 center, video: 4-1] is a novel digital gaming console featuring four combinable handheld controllers. In particular, multiple players may freely combine and lock together their handheld game controllers, thereby creating a very flexible collective and transformable tangible interface. It can be understood as an emerging gaming system attempting to expand the co-located (the same confined physical space) social play experiences introduced by platforms such as Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Kinect and Hasbro Bop-it. Most co-located video games direct players' attention to the screen but not to the other players. This arrangement counter-acts the natural affordances required for social interaction [1]. Combiform is especially designed to drastically improve co-attentiveness during co-located play. The system and its 10 games emphasize tangible body-to-body interaction via a flexible combining and decombining mechanism. This new interactive technique affords an exceptionally strong re-enforcement for player to pay close attention to other players. In addition to significantly improving focus attention, players could now feel and direct each other's movements and gestures via these tangible links between controllers [video: 4-2].
Syntheses, structures, and properties of Co(III) complexes derived from polypyridine ligands containing one carboxamido nitrogen donor

Four cobalt(III) complexes containing the polypyridine pentadentate ligands N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N′-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide (PaPy3H), N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N′-[1-(2-pyridylethyl)acetamide (MePcPy3H), and N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N′-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide (PcPy3H), have been synthesized. All three ligands bind the Co(III) center in the same fashion with the exception of loss of conjugation between the carboxamide moiety and the pyridine ring in the latter two. The structures of [(PaPy3)Co(OH)][(PaPy3)Co(H2O)](ClO4)3 · 3H2O (1), [(PaPy3)Co(NO2)](ClO4) · 2MeCN (2), [(MePcPy3)Co(MeCN)](ClO4)2 · 0.5MeCN (3), and [(PcPy3)Co(Cl)](ClO4) · 2MeCN (4) have been determined. These ligands with strong-field carboxamido N donor stabilize the +3 oxidation state of the Co center as demonstrated by the facile oxidation of the corresponding Co(II) complexes (prepared in situ) by H2O2, [Fe(Cp)2](BF4), or nitric oxide (NO). The Co-Namido bond distances of 1-4 lie in the narrow range of 1.853-1.898 A. 1H NMR spectra of these complexes confirm the low-spin d6 ground states of the metal centers.
How Can Theory-Based Evaluation Make Greater Headway?:

The idea of theory-based evaluation (TBE) is plausible and cogent, and it promises to bring greater explanatory power to evaluation. However, problems beset its use, including inadequate theories about pathways to desired outcomes in many program areas, confusion between theories of implementation and theories of programmatic action, difficulties in eliciting or constructing usable theories, measurement error, complexities in analysis, and others. This article explores the problems, describes the nature of potential benefits, and suggests that the benefits are significant enough to warrant continued effort to overcome the obstacles and advance the feasibility of TBE.
A Quantitative Detector for Thin-Layer Chromatography Based on Voltammetry at a Pt Microwire Electrode

Abstract A quantitative electrochemical detector for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is demonstrated. This device is based on the voltammetric detection of the solute species at a platinum microwire electrode during TLC plate development. The resulting current response gave rise to a detection limit of 40 ng for a ferrocene solute species. Compared with present quantitative detection methods this device is rapid, simple, and inexpensive.
Adaptive nanowires for switchable microchip devices.

This paper demonstrates for the first time the use of adaptive functional nickel nanowires for switching on-demand operation of microfluidic devices. Controlled reversible magnetic positioning and orientation of these nanowires at the microchannel outlet offers modulation of the detection and separation processes, respectively. The former facilitates switching between active and passive detection states to allow the microchip to be periodically activated to perform a measurement and reset it to the passive (“off”) state between measurements. Fine magnetic tuning of the separation process (postchannel broadening of the analyte zone) is achieved by reversibly modulating the nanowire orientation (i.e., detector alignment) at the channel outlet. The concept can be extended to other microchip functions and stimuli-responsive materials and holds great promise for regulating the operation of microfluidic devices in reaction to specific needs or unforeseen scenarios.
Psychoprophylaxis in Midtrimester Abortions

Since controlled breathing and relaxation exercises had proven to be helpful to women laboring at full term, it seemed that these techniques could be extended to women experiencing midtrimester abortions. A modified from of the Lamaze method of Psychoprophylaxis was taught to 15 midtrimester abortion patients. By using a questionnaire designed to elicit responses about the quality of nursing care received, their perceptions of nursing care were compared with those of a group of 15 midtrimester abortion patients who received only the routine nursing care. The group using breathing and relaxation exercises reported a significantly more positive experience.
Development of an adhesive-bonded counterflow microchannel heat exchanger

Abstract A low-temperature liquid-to-vapor counterflow microchannel heat exchanger has been redesigned and fabricated using a scalable, low-cost adhesive bonding process. Adhesive erosion concerns are mitigated with the use of sealing bosses. Performance has been tested using water and compressed air as test fluids. Results show greater effectiveness and higher heat transfer rates than the original heat exchanger due to relaxed design constraints afforded with adhesive bonding. A maximum effectiveness of 82.5% was achieved with good agreement between theoretical and experimental values. Although thermal performance was improved, higher pressure drops were noted. Pressure drops were predicted with a maximum error of 16% between theoretical and experimental values. Much of the pressure drop was found to be in the device manifold which can be improved in subsequent designs.
Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on phospholipid methylation in rat liver microsomes

The effect of altered methionine metabolism during pyridoxine deficiency on the activity of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.17) and the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) has been evaluated in rat liver microsomes. Animals fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet for 7 wk displayed a fivefold increase in the hepatic tissue level of S-adenosylhomocysteine when compared to either control or pair-fed animal counterparts. When PE methyltransferase was assayed in vitro, a significant increase in specific activity was observed using enzyme preparations from either pair-fed or pyridoxine-deficient rats. On the other hand, phospholipid levels did not conform to the measured enzyme activity. The level of PC in microsomes from either pyridoxine-deficient or pair-fed animal groups was significantly lower than that determined for the control group of rodents. However, the level of PC was noticeably lower in microsomes from pyridoxine-deficient animals than that from pair-fed animals, which received 45% of the feed intake of the control animals. In addition, the level of PE in microsomes from pair-fed and pyridoxine-deficient animals was significantly higher than that analyzed from the control animals, further confirming decreased methylation of substrate to product. It is concluded that pyridoxine deficiency may alter the methylation of phospholipid in the endoplasmic reticulum above and beyond that produced by feed restriction alone.
Pharmacologic Stress Using Selective A2A Adenosine Receptor Agonists

Adenosine and dipyridamole are nonselective A2A adenosine receptor agonists that provide reproducible coronary vasodilation thereby inducing flow disparities in the setting of physiologically important coronary stenosis. Although myocardial perfusion imaging in conjunction with pharmacologic stress with both agents has yielded high diagnostic accuracy and overall safety, limitations include concerns in selected populations, such as those with bronchospastic lung disease and heart block, frequent side effects, and a complicated method of delivery (sustained intravenous infusion). Regadenoson, binodenoson, and apadenoson are selective A2A adenosine receptor agonists that have been shown to provide more selective coronary vasodilatation, with improved safety profiles and patient tolerability. Additionally, these new agents may be delivered by an intravenous bolus eliminating the requirement for an infusion pump. Regadenoson is already in widespread clinical use in the United States. Binodenoson completed phase 3 clinical trials but has not yet been approved for clinical use. Apadenoson is currently in pivotal phase 3 clinical trials.
Localization of G-protein in rat occipital cerebral cortex.

Abstract Localization of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G-protein) was investigated in occipital cerebral cortical tissue of rat. An immunofluorescence histochemical staining technique was employed using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against bovine brain G-protein. Fluorescent staining was primarily localized to neurons, and labelled the cell body and the proximal region of processes. It appeared that all neuronal cells were equally stained, at least in layers II–VI where cell density permitted a direct assessment. The possibility of synaptic labelling could not be eliminated; however, no significant staining of glial elements was detected. The specific nature of staining was supported on Western blots of cortical extract, where the antibody recognized essentially two bands which coelectrophoresed with the alpha- and beta-subunits of purified G-protein. These results suggest that one potential role for the major species of G-protein present in cerebral cortex (Go) may be the overall regulation of neuronal activity.
Renal replacement therapies for acute renal failure: does dose matter?

21-YEAR-OLD man with no previous medical history presented to the emergency department 3 days after eing bitten in the left flank by a brown recluse spider. He eported fevers, chills, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, and ecreased urine output. He was febrile, hypotensive, and equired intubation for respiratory distress. Physical examiation was significant for an indurated and erythematous esion on his left flank. His weight was 73 kg. Before ntubation, arterial blood gas analysis showed a pH of 7.40, CO2 of 30 mm Hg, and PO2 of 58 mm Hg on 21% fraction of nspired oxygen. Sodium level was 130 mEq/L (mmol/L); otassium, 6.5 mEq/L (mmol/L); chloride, 101 mEq/L (mmol/ ); bicarbonate, 18 mEq/L (mmol/L); blood urea nitrogen, 6 mg/dL (16.4 mmol/L); creatinine, 3.4 mg/dL (301 mol/ ); glucose, 107 mg/dL (5.9 mmol/L); and lactic acid, 55 g/dL (6.1 mmol/L). Hematocrit was 22%, white blood cell ount was 20,000/ L, and platelet count was 107,000/ L. isseminated intravascular coagulation profile was remarkble for D-dimers of 1:32, fibrinogen of 114 mg/dL (3.4 mol/L), and international normalized ratio of 2.7. Urine nalysis was significant for 4 protein, 4 blood, coarse ranular casts, and no cells. Urine myoglobin was positive. he nephrology department was consulted, and a diagnosis f anuric acute tubular necrosis was made. The patient initially was started on intermittent hemodialyis (IHD) therapy for metabolic control and volume overload n the setting of anuric renal failure. However, after the first ialysis treatment, he developed hemodynamic instability nd was placed on continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration herapy using the Prisma machine with an M60 set with an N69 dialyzer (Gambro, Lakewood, CO) (effective surface rea, 0.6 m) and a blood flow rate of 120 mL/min. He was tarted empirically on a dialysate rate of 1,000 mL/h, prediutional replacement fluid rate of 300 mL/h, and fluid reoval rate of 200 mL/h, giving him a total effluent flow rate f 1,500 mL/h. Urea clearance was approximately 21 mL/ in/kg. He remained on this therapy for 3 months because f oligoanuria. During this period, his course was compliated by intra-abdominal compartment syndrome, enterocuaneous fistula, digital necrosis, pneumonia caused by seudomonas species, and other nosocomial infections. Depite this prolonged complicated hospital course and lengthy ialysis therapy, he recovered renal function, was extubated, nd eventually was transferred to a rehabilitation facility ith a creatinine level of 1.1 mg/dL (97 mol/L).
RECREATION ECOLOGY: WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT GEOGRAPHERS CAN CONTRIBUTE*

Geographers have made substantial contributions to the field of recreation ecology, the study of recreational impacts on the environment, despite the absence of a uniquely geographic perspective. Knowledge about recreation impact is still rudimentary and open to further contributions by geographers. Three areas where geographic methods seem particularly useful are (1) understanding the spatial variability of site susceptibility, (2) analyzing spatial distributions of impact, and (3) integrating social and ecological concerns in the development of management programs.
Prior knowledge is more predictive of error correction than subjective confidence

Previous research has demonstrated that, when given feedback, participants are more likely to correct confidently-held errors, as compared with errors held with lower levels of confidence, a finding termed the hypercorrection effect. Accounts of hypercorrection suggest that confidence modifies attention to feedback; alternatively, hypercorrection may reflect prior domain knowledge, with confidence ratings simply correlated with this prior knowledge. In the present experiments, we attempted to adjudicate among these explanations of the hypercorrection effect. In Experiments 1a and 1b, participants answered general knowledge questions, rated their confidence, and received feedback either immediately after rating their confidence or after a delay of several minutes. Although memory for confidence judgments should have been poorer at a delay, the hypercorrection effect was equivalent for both feedback timings. Experiment 2 showed that hypercorrection remained unchanged even when the delay to feedback was increased. In addition, measures of recall for prior confidence judgments showed that memory for confidence was indeed poorer after a delay. Experiment 3 directly compared estimates of domain knowledge with confidence ratings, showing that such prior knowledge was related to error correction, whereas the unique role of confidence was small. Overall, our results suggest that prior knowledge likely plays a primary role in error correction, while confidence may play a small role or merely serve as a proxy for prior knowledge.
Determination of sulfur dioxide in solution by anodic voltammetry and by u.v. spectrophotometry

Abstract A voltammetric method, has been developed for the determination of total sulfite in sulfuric acid solutions using activated platinum electrodes. The diffusion coefficient for sulfur dioxide in 0.1 F H 2 SO 4 is 2.1 · 10 −5 cm 2 /sec on the basis of the voltammetric data. The proper conditions for the spectrophotometric determination of total sulfite have been established. The molar absorptivity in 0.1 F H 2 SO 4 is 388 l/moles cm at the absorption maximum, 276 mμ.
Stability of 3-glycosyloxyprolines in an alkaline medium. Synthesis of model compounds

Abstract Glycosylation of the hindered secondary alcohol groups in substituted 3- and 4-hydroxyproline by reaction with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl- d -glucal and boron trifluoride etherate afforded 40–80% yields of 3- and 4-glycosyloxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acids. Modification of the 2,3-unsaturated glycosides of 4-hydroxyproline was achieved by hydrogenation, by addition of acetyl hypobromite, or by epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide in benzonitrile and ring-opening of the resultant 2,3-anhydro derivatives. From these model compounds was selected a 3-glycosyloxyproline that was suitable for assessment of the stability of the glycosyl linkage to base-catalyzed elimination. The model compound was N-acetyl-3-O-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-α- d -erythro-hexopyranosyl)-cis- d , l -hydroxyproline ethyl ester (12). Homogeneity of the compounds was ascertained by high-resolution n.m.r. spectral and chromatographic methods. The glycoside (12) of 3-hydroxyproline is stable even in warm base at 50°. The 3- and 4-hydroxyproline glycosides are both more stable to acid hydrolysis than the analogous compounds of serine and threonine. A reliable synthesis of crystalline cis- d , l -3-hydroxyproline ethyl ester hydrochloride is reported that affords quantities of 250 mg or more in overall yield of 15% from inexpensive starting materials.
Calcium oxalate crystal morphology: influence of phospholipid micelles with compositions based on each leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane

Abstract Because phospolipids appear to be involved in kidney stone formation, we investigated in vitro calcium oxalate crystal formation in the presence of micelles corresponding to the phospholipid content in the cytoplasmic and exoplasmic leaflets of the plasma membrane. For these studies, we used values for phospholipid composition in human red blood cells as a model system. Distinct morphological and particle number concentrations were observed with these and phosphatidylcholine micelles as well. The relationship of these observations to mechanisms of crystal-membrane interactions and possible early steps in kidney stone formation are discussed.
Formation of methyl benzoate from cocaine hydrochloride under different temperatures and humidities

It is of interest for drug enforcement agencies to know the fate of cocaine hydrochloride when in storage. Reported here are results obtained on vapor samples collected from cocaine hydrochloride stored under several combinations of temperature and humidity. The storage conditions were varied from ambient temperature to 40 degrees C and from zero humidification to 80 percent relative humidity. Cocaine hydrochloride samples were coated onto glass beads and loaded into a glass reactor which was in turn placed inside a heated metal chamber. Ultra-zero air, conditioned to the desired humidification, was purged into the glass container, through the glass frit, over the coated beads, and the exit gas was collected onto a sorbent tube packed with Tenax TA. Any chemical product arising from the interaction between cocaine hydrochloride and the flowing air was effectively collected onto the sorbent tube, which was analyzed using a split column GC/MS technique. The results of these storage experiments showed that methyl benzoate is a predominant volatile product, even at zero percent humidification. The average formation of methyl benzoate was found to range from 1.89 ng/min with ambient/dry conditions after one hour to 62 ng.min at 40 degrees C/80 percent RH upon introduction of flowing air. These results indicate that cocaine hydrochloride exposed to any realistic humidity level in the environment will produce methyl benzoate, a volatile organic material which can be much more readily detected than cocaine hydrochloride itself.
The FirstSearch experience at the Ohio State University

In February 1991, OCLC began testing its newly developed product—the FirstSearch™ Catalog. Designed distinctly for the end‐user, FirstSearch is an online computer system providing access to a variety of databases, most notably the OCLC Online Union Catalog. By October 1991, the system was made commercially available to all OCLC member libraries with a pricing structure different from any previously marketed system. As a test site, the Ohio State University has had experience with the system for several months, and has now made the transition from test site to customer.
Cell cycle alterations, apoptosis, and response to low-dose-rate radioimmunotherapy in lymphoma cells

Abstract Purpose: In an attempt to elucidate some aspects of the radiobiological basis of radioimmunotherapy, we have evaluated the in vitro cellular response patterns for malignant lymphoma cell lines exposed to high- and low-dose-rate radiation administered within the physiological context of antibody cell-surface binding. Methods and Materials: We used two different malignant lymphoma cell lines, a Thy1.2 + murine T-lymphoma line called EL-4 and a CD20 + human B-lymphoma line called Raji. Cells were grown in suspension cultures and exposed to high-dose-rate gamma radiation from an external 137Cs source or low-dose-rate beta radiation from DTPA-solubilized 90Y in solution. In some experiments, cells were pre-incubated with an excess of nonradioactive antibody in order to assess the effects of immunoglobulin surface binding during radiation exposure. Irradiated cells were evaluated for viability, cell-cycle changes, patterns of post-radiation morphologic changes, and biochemical hallmarks of radiation-associated necrosis and programmed cell death. Results: The EL-4 line was sensitive to both high-dose-rate and low-dose-rate irradiation, while the Raji showed efficient cell kill only after high-dose-rate irradiation. Studies of radiation-induced cell cycle changes demonstrated that both cell lines were efficiently blocked at the G2/M interface by high-dose-rate irradiation, with the Raji cells appearing somewhat more susceptible than the EL-4 cells to low-dose-rate radiation-induced G2/M block. Electron microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis studies showed that a significant proportion of the EL-4 cells appeared to be dying by radiation-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) while the Raji cells appeared to be dying primarily by classical radiation-induced cellular necrosis. Conclusion: We propose that the unusual clinical responsiveness of some high and low grade lymphomas to modest doses of low-dose-rate radioimmunotherapy may be explained in part by the induction of apoptosis. The unusual dose-response characteristics observed in some experimental models of radiation-induced apoptosis may require a reappraisal of standard linear quadratic and alpha/beta algorithms used to predict target tissue cytoreduction after radioimmunotherapy.
Biosynthesis and processing of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones

Understanding of the biosynthesis of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones has greatly increased in recent years. Isolation and sequencing of the rat somatostatin gene indicates that it contains a single intron located between the codons for Gn(-57) and Glu(-56) of pre-prosomatostatin. The gene contains three repetitive sequences, one at the 5' end of the gene and two of them 3' to the coding portion. Two of the sequences consist of alternating purine-pyrimidine bases and have been shown to adopt Z-DNA structures in vitro. The cDNA for rat somatostatin codes for a 116-residue peptide structurally similar to the anglerfish and catfish precursors to the 14-residue somatostatin (SST-14). In addition to SST-14, the catfish and the anglerfish both contain an additional pancreatic somatostatin, each derived from a different gene. The catfish contains a 22-residue somatostatin, which is O-glycosylated at Thr-5. The second somatostatin gene from anglerfish encodes a prosomatostatin that is processed to a 28-residue peptide. The mature peptide contains a hydroxylated lysine at position 23.
Review Article: The role of tumour necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of equine colic

Summary A large body of evidence in experimental animals, people and now horses supports the hypothesis that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an important proximal mediator of endotoxaemia. Because morbidity and mortality of colic in horses are associated with the escape of lipopolysaccharide into the peripheral blood, TNF may be the trigger to the complex cascade of events that is ultimately deleterious to the host. Clinical trials of inhibiting TNF with monoclonal antibodies in human septic shock patients are being undertaken. A similar approach to treating colic in horses is warranted.
Forum on the future of academic medicine: session III--getting from here to there.

Participants at the third meeting of the AAMC's Forum on the Future of Academic Medicine in June 1997 were asked to give their views of what the main characteristics of successful medical schools should be in the year 2010, given that market pressures are becoming increasingly dominant in the health care environment. The most-cited characteristics concerned structure and management systems. Participants were then asked how far along they thought schools had come in acquiring these and other characteristics they had named. There was wide disagreement on this question, but general consensus that a major obstacle to change at most schools is that faculty do not feel a sense of crisis and thus are not motivated to change. A recurring question at all three forum meetings was whether academic medical centers (i.e., medical schools and their associated teaching hospitals) have an obligation to serve the poor in the future health care system where cross-subsidies will have diminished. Some participants said that service to the poor should be financed through some explicit state-federal mechanism. Others agreed, and added that the treatment of the poor is a valuable educational tool. Dr. Cohen, president of the AAMC, updated the forum on the progress of an AAMC effort to improve the capacity of medical schools to understand their financial status. Another topic was how the AAMC can assist its members through the difficult period of change that market imperatives have created. A guest, Nicholas J. DeGrazia, PhD, a former academic administrator and now a specialist at helping troubled private companies, addressed the forum about the conditions that make change happen in organizations and noted that in academic medicine, there is not a sufficiently concise sense of dissatisfaction to spark meaningful change. He also discussed the characteristics of a successful change agent. Dr. Cohen suggested that perhaps the AAMC could organize a seminar on how to prepare change agents in medical schools. As in the two previous meetings, discussions were wide-ranging and candid, and there was a sense that forum members and others should find ways to have similar types of exchanges with their faculties, administrators, and students because time is of the essence as the market marches on.
42nd parsons memorial lecture. Power generation in the future

Today the utilisation of the world's sources of energy for the generation of power is the subject of intense and urgent investigation. That such researches would be critical to the needs of civilisation was seen clearly at the end of the last century by Charles Parsons. Parsons' steam turbine and his development, in parallel, of the dynamo marked a turning point in the history of electrical-power generation, but his interest covered a far wider range. He concerned himself with many aspects of energy conversion, and many current ventures have associations with his early ideas. Moreover, his scientific curiosity led him to explore in other quite different directions, into such diverse subjects as telescopes and the manufacture of diamonds. Against a background sketch of Parsons' life and achievements, this lecture comments on a number of promising alternatives for the generation of electricity in the future.
Absorption of radiation in a magnetoplasma and application to the laser-fusion process

One mechanism for the generation of heat in the laser-fusion process is via inverse bremsstrahlung. Since it is desirable to maximize the amount of heat produced, it is thus of interest to investigate possibilities for increasing the absorption rate via the inverse bremsstrahlung process. Here we show that, in the presence of a magnetic field, the absorption rate can be either increased or decreased depending on the relative orientations of the polarization vector of the laser beam, the incident direction, and the magnetic field direction, and depending on the relative magnitudes of the electron's average energy due to thermal and electric-field effects. In particular, for radiation incident along the magnetic direction, we show that the absorption of right-circularly-polarized radiation is decreased, whereas that of left-circularly-polarized radiation is increased, if we are in the weak-electric-field regime (thermal effects dominate). On the other hand, in the strong-electric-field regime, the rate of absorption of right-polarized radiation is greater than that of left. In addition, the right-polarized radiation will penetrate to a region of greater plasma density than the left, in the direction of the magnetic field.