cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of muscle plasma membrane protein by a membrane-bound protein kinase

Abstract Protein kinase activity has been demonstrated in purified plasma membranes from rat diaphragm by measuring the incorporation of 32 P from [ 32 P]-ATP into endogenous membrane proteins and into histone, in vitro. Histone appears to be a better substrate than the endogenous membrane proteins; however, the properties of the enzyme are similar when phosphorylating endogenous or exogenous proteins. The activity of this membrane-associated protein kinase is not significantly affected by cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate or by cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, but is inhibited by theophylline. The 32 P incorporated into membrane proteins is alkali-labile and is released from the membrane by protease digestion, but it is not removed by phospholipase C, by hydroxylamine, or by chloroform—methanoll extraction. Solubilization of 32 P-labeled membranes by sodium dodecylsulfate and fractionation by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the radioactivity is predominantly associated with a single protein band with an apparent molecular weight of about 51 000. The phosphoprotein is a minor membrane component as judged by Coomassie blue staining.
Training the visual accommodation system.

Polarity cue for visual accomodation response of trained subjects to target motion direction change, considering retinal image blur and feedback relation
On the non-randomness of high-pollution days

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has changed the compliance criterion for the ozone national ambient air quality standard and has suggested a similar criterion in the proposed revision of the CO air quality standards. The criteria have been changed from counting the number of hours of exceedance per year to counting the number of days of exceedance per year. The purpose of this revision was, presumably, to avoid multiple-counting of single, unusual meteorological events. Since meteorological events, unusual or otherwise, often last more than one day, the new compliance criterion again suffers from the pitfall of multiple counting of single events. In this paper, statistical techniques (run tests and autocorrelations) were used to investigate the tendency of high pollution days and high-temperature days to occur in aggregates. The pollutants considered are oxidants, CO and NO 2 . The data used are from the California South Coast Air Basin and cover the period from 1969 to 1978. Positive associations of high-pollution days are clearly indicated in this analysis. By use of a first order Markov normal process, it was shown that an increase in serial correlation would “flatten” the distribution of P(m) (the probability of exceeding the air quality standard for m days) and thereby reduce the reliability of the compliance criterion.
The potential of in situ hybridization and an immunogold assay to identify Legionella associations with other microorganisms

Based on in vitro studies, bacteria in the genus Legionella are believed to multiply within protozoa such as amoebae in aquatic environments. Current methods used for detection of Legionella species, however, are not designed to show this relationship. Thus the natural intimate association of Legionella with other microorganisms remains to be clearly documented and the extent to which protozoa might be infected with Legionella species remains undefined. In this report we describe methods based on the use of Legionella specific reagents that would prove useful in describing its associations with other microorganisms. An immunogold and in situ hybridization technique have the potential to demonstrate the natural occurrence of Legionella species in free-living amoebae. In preliminary observations, however, bacteria reactive with Legionella specific reagents were often not intimately associated with amoebae. Bacteria occurred as free single cells, as cell aggregates, in proximity to other cells and debris, and only occasionally in close proximity to amoebae. Although some Legionella species replicate within amoebae, these preliminary observations suggest the bacteria may be encountered most frequently as extracellular microorganisms, either free-floating or in association with other structures or microorganisms. The future use of these techniques will aid in the elucidation of any naturally occurring relationships between Legionella species and other microorganisms.
Quazepam and flurazepam: Long-term use and extended withdrawal

Two investigational benzodiazepine hypnotics with long half-lifes, (30 and 15 mg quazepam and 30 mg flurazepam) were evaluated in 47-night sleep laboratory studies. The effectiveness and side effects of these benzodiazepines were assessed during short-, intermediate-, and long-term use. Subjects were also assessed for presence of rebound insomnia during the 15 days following abrupt withdrawal. Quazepam, 15 and 30 mg, and flurazepam, 30 mg, each were effective in sleep induction and maintenance after short- and intermediate-term use. Some loss of effectiveness was noted during long-term use of both doses of quazepam and, to a lesser extent, of flurazepam. Subjective reports of improvement in sleep latency and total sleep time were in general agreement with the objective data. During the 15 nights after abrupt withdrawal of these two long-half-life drugs there was no rebound insomnia, either immediate or delayed. Both drugs exerted carry-over effectiveness on the first 2 to 3 nights after withdrawal; with quazepam this effect persisted throughout the withdrawal period. Quazepam, 30 mg, induced frequent side effects related to sleepiness. Side effects noted with 30 mg flurazepam were less frequent and severe, while the side effects with 15 mg quazepam were minimal. These data suggest that the optimal dose of quazepam is 15 mg. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 781–788; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.236
Range difference multilateration for obtaining precision geodetic and trajectory measurements

The theoretical aspects of a new multilateration technique suitable for precision geodesy and orbit determination applications are examined. The multilateration technique considered herein makes use of the differential time of arrival of signals at an ensemble of ground stations from a spacecraft or aircraft as the fundamental data type. It is demonstrated that simultaneous measurements give rise to a system of equations which upon solution permits the determination of the three-dimensional vehicle coordinates plus the three-dimensional coordinates of the station net relative to an arbitrarily adopted origin (which may be taken to be one of the stations). A solution to these equations can be obtained without any a priori knowledge of the locations of the stations and vehicle. The necessary conditions for obtaining all of these coordinates in the same solution are discussed, and it is indicated that at least five stations are required in the station ensemble.
Limnological characteristics of several lakes on the Lake Wales Ridge, South-Central Florida

Three lakes near the southern terminus of the Lake Wales Ridge of south-central Florida were studied. The lakes, all connected by either natural drainage or canals, vary significantly in terms of shoreline development. All three lakes are soft water systems with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients; however, rates of primary productivity and chlorophyll a appear to be correlated with the degree of shoreline development. Nutrient enrichment bioassay experiments in the laboratory showed that, in general, water from all the lakes responded to additions of nitrogen and phosphorus in combination. Samples from only one lake responded to enrichment with phosphorus alone, and no samples to additions of nitrogen alone. Two of the lakes can be classified as oligotrophic while the third is most probably eutrophic.
A qualitative analysis of father-son relationships among HIV-positive young black men who have sex with men.

Young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are experiencing high and rising rates of HIV infection, more than any other age-risk group category in the USA. Contributors to HIV risk in this group remain incompletely elucidated. We conducted exploratory qualitative interviews with 20 HIV-positive YBMSM aged 17–24 and found that father–son relationships were perceived to be important sociocontextual influences in participants’ lives. Participants discussed the degree of their fathers’ involvement in their lives, emotional qualities of the father–son relationship, communication about sex, and masculine socialization. Participants also described pathways linking father–son relationships to HIV risk, which were mediated by psychological and situational risk scenarios. Our thematic analysis suggests that father–son relationships are important to the psychosocial development of YBMSM, with the potential to either exacerbate or attenuate sexual risk for HIV. Interventions designed to strengthen father–son relationships may provide a promising direction for future health promotion efforts in this population.
Analysis of biomechanical stresses during drywall lifting

Abstract Constant lifting of massive and bulky drywall sheets creates overexertion hazards among drywall installers. The objective of this study was to gain understanding of the biomechanical stresses imposed on the workers while lifting drywall sheets. A video analysis was performed to identify current drywall lifting techniques. Computer simulations of these techniques for lifting drywall sheets of 60, 80, and 100 lb were then conducted to estimate the biomechanical loadings on the workers. Four lifting methods were determined to be the most commonly used drywall lifting techniques. The University of Michigan Three-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP TM ) was used for the simulations. It was found that all four lifting techniques produced considerable biomechanical stresses at the workers' shoulders, torsos, and hips. Only a limited percentage of the male population has sufficient strength capability to perform the task. The estimated L5/S1 and L4/L5 disc compression forces were consistently high, ranging from 655 to 1363 lb for various loads and postures analyzed. Results from this study provided evidence regarding the biomechanical stresses associated with drywall lifting. Further studies are recommended to identify less stressful drywall lifting methods and to develop safe assistive devices to reduce overexertion injuries. Relevance to industry There is an increasing tendency toward awareness of ergonomic issues in the construction industry. One area of the construction industry – drywall installation – has been troubled with overexertion injuries. Lifting massive and bulky drywall sheets increases the risk of overexertion injuries. Prior to this study there has been little substantive research to quantify the excessive stresses imposed on drywall installers.
The influence of adenosine triphosphate on left ventricular function and blood flow distribution during aortic crossclamping in dogs

To evaluate the influence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced vasodilation on myocardial performance and blood flow during aortic crossclamping (XC), ten dogs were instrumented to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure and dimensions. Regional LV function was assessed from the percentage of systolic shortening, whereas the slope of the linear regression of the LV end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship was used as an index of overall contractility. The regional blood flow distribution was measured from sequential injections of radioactive microspheres. Following XC, systemic arterial pressure proximal to the clamp (SAPa), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LV end-systolic meridional wall stress (WS), and central venous pressure (CVP) increased significantly, whereas the cardiac index (CI) and heart rate did not change. After 30 minutes of ATP infusion (1 mg/kg/min) SAPa, LVEDP, WS, and CVP returned to control levels, CI increased significantly compared with XC alone, and vascular resistance fell below the control level. ATP produced a threefold increase in myocardial blood flow and shifted the intramural distribution in favor of the endocardial layer. In conclusion, our investigation of the effect of ATP on aortic XC in a canine model showed the drug to produce a smooth, predictable, and rapid reduction in left ventricular preload and afterload. This was accomplished with minimal changes in distal organ perfusion, some improvement in measured cardiac performance, and a large increase in myocardial blood flow.
The politics of food and gender in Occupied Paris.

Abstract This article examines the origins, development and meaning of women's mobilisation around problems of food scarcity and supply during the Occupation. Memoirs, fiction and testimony of the war years show that food issues dominated the daily life of French men and women. Police and protesters saw the struggle for bread as distinctly a women's issue, but for different sets of reasons. How did defining food protest as ‘female’ serve the political agenda of the Vichy authorities on the one hand, and that of the French Communist activists on the other? Particular attention will be paid to the summer of 1942 when the collaborationist press reported that women's demonstrations for food constituted a ‘second front’.
A reversible component of cerebral injury as identified by the histochemical stain 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC).

The extent of histochemical change following middle cerebral artery occlusion was quantitatively determined in three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (a marker of mitochondrial oxidative enzyme function). In group I (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 3 h, with immediate sacrifice. In group II (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 5 h, with immediate sacrifice. In group III (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 3 h, followed by a 2-h period of reperfusion prior to sacrifice. The area of injury was significantly larger (P<0.05) in the 5-h occlusion group [15±4% (mean±SD)] compared to the 3-h occlusion group (9±2%); indicating a time-dependent worsening of the histochemical detection of injury. However, the area of injury was significantly less in the reperfusion group (5±2%) compared to the group that was evaluated after 3 h of occlusion without reperfusion (9±2%); indicating that some component of the injury revealed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is potentially reversible. These data suggest that contrary to previous understanding, the histochemical abnormality revealed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is reversible in some circumstances and does not necessarily represent inevitable infarction.
Severe Acute Hyperammonemia After Brief Exposure to Valproate

The authors describe a case of acute hyperammonemia after the addition of valproate to the medication regimen of a patient on multiple psychotropic medications. The patient presented with acute mental-status changes consistent with delirium. With prompt intervention and supportive care, her delirium quickly cleared.
Patterns of Dissimilarities Among Instrument Models in Measuring Po2, Pco2, and pH in Blood Gas Laboratories

Study objectives To ascertain the degree of dissimilarities among blood gas and pH analyzer models of the same and different manufacturers in measurement of Po 2 , Pco 2 , and pH using fluorocarbon containing emulsion (FCE) proficiency testing material. Design Statistically and graphically analyze data from six recent proficiency testing surveys for the 20 more frequently used models of analyzers. Setting and participants Over a 2-year period, approximately 900 participants from blood gas laboratories in the United States analyzed similar ampules from each of 30 lots. Measurements and results Both graphic and statistical comparisons were used to demonstrate differences between manufacturers. For each of the four major manufacturers, comparisons revealed statistically significant differences not only for Po 2 , but also for Pco 2 and pH. Additionally, comparison models within each of the three manufacturers (those with multiple models and >15 instruments per model represented) disclosed statistically significant dissimilarities among models for each analyte in 115 of 153 model pairings. Previously reported tonometered blood differences among analyzer models for Po 2 are qualitatively similar to the differences found in these same models in this FCE study. Model differences are important in research studies and may be clinically important in deciding abnormality, selecting oxygen therapy, or the treatment of patients with respiratory failure or severe respiratory alkalosis. Conclusions To minimize the likelihood of misleading clinicians, laboratory directors should consider the degree of dissimilarity among blood gas analyzer models in current use and when changing instrumentation.
Monaural and binaural speech perception through hearing aids under noise and reverberation with normal and hearing-impaired listeners.

Speech perception was studied with normal and hearing-impaired subjects in a single sound-treated room at reverberation times T = 0.3 and 0.6 seconds. Binaural and monaural perception through heari...
Mechanisms by which human gliomas may escape cellular immune attack

Whereas substantial evidence indicates that the majority of glioma patients make humoral immune responses to their own tumours, the evidence that glioma patients make significant cellular immune responses is more tenuous and controversial. In order to study those properties of human gliomas that might contribute to their ability to escape cell-mediated immune attack, we have examined the ability of cultured human glioma cells to elicit allogeneic cytolytic lymphocyte responses in vitro. Five of ten glioma lines were unable to elicit allogeneic cytolytic lymphocyte responses in mixed lymphocyte-tumour cultures, despite the presence of serologically detectable alloantigens on the surface of the glioma cells. Analysis of the reasons why certain glioma lines failed to stimulate cytolytic lymphocyte responses revealed three distinct mechanisms by which human gliomas may escape cellular immune attack: 1. a defect in immunogenicity which can be overcome by “help” from an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, 2. the secretion of a protective mucopolysaccharide coat, and 3. the production of macromolecular immunosuppressive substance(s). The implications of these findings for the immunotherapy of human gliomas are discussed.
Modification of Experimental Post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Vasculopathy with Intracisternal Plasmin

Utilizing a double subarachnoid blood injection model in pigs, we have evaluated the protective effect of the intracisternal injection of the thrombolytic agent, plasmin, in preventing the secondary intracranial arteriopathy seen after artificial subarachnoid hemorrhage in untreated animals. Twelve animals injected with plasmin revealed markedly less intimal proliferation and medial necrosis than were seen in control animals. These observations support the hypothesis that the persistence of clotted blood around the intracranial arteries is the cause of the vasculopathy.
Effects of tranylcypromine treatment on neuroendocrine, behavioral, and autonomic responses to tryptophan in depressed patients

Effects of intravenous administration of the serotonin precursor tryptophan (TRP) on serum prolactin, neuromotor function, subjective mood, and blood pressure and pulse were determined in nine depressed patients before and during placebo-controlled treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) tranylcypromine. Tranylcypromine significantly increased the prolactin response to TRP. Four patients developed a distinctive neuromotor syndrome following TRP during tranylcypromine, but not placebo, treatment. Symptoms included hyperreflexia, ankle clonus, nystagmus, incoordination, tremor, myoclonic jerks, and nausea. There were no differences in peak prolactin, mood, or autonomic responses between patients with and without the syndrome, but those with the syndrome had received active tranylcypromine for a significantly shorter duration. Tranylcypromine had little effect on TRP-induced changes in mood or autonomic function, except for a modest enhancement of the TRP-induced rise in diastolic blood pressure. These results suggest that tranylcypromine treatment may enhance serotonin function in depression.
A Citizen Army for Science: Quantifying the Contributions of Citizen Scientists to our Understanding of Monarch Butterfly Biology

The first monarch citizen science program was launched in the 1950s and, since then, thousands of volunteers have made fundamental contributions to our accumulating knowledge of monarch biology. We quantified these efforts and the degree to which citizen science has contributed to monarch scholarship. We estimate that, in 2011, volunteers spent over 72,000 hours collecting data useful for monarch research. Of 503 monarch-focused research publications in which new results were presented from 1940 to 2014, 17% used citizen science data. We address persistent gaps in the use and coverage of these data and show that, despite a typical view of volunteers as mere data collectors for scientists, many citizens are deeply engaged in all aspects of monarch research and data use. Finally, we argue that monarchs provide a model system for understanding the impacts of citizen science on scholarship, public engagement, and conservation.
Predicted distribution of NAD domain among glycolytic enzymes.

X-RAY crystallographic studies have indicated that four dehydrogenases1–4, including lactate1 and glyceraldehyde phosphate4 dehydrogenase, contain a central parallel β sheet consisting of six strands flanked by four α helices. This super-secondary structure5 is called the dinucleotide fold or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) domain since it forms an NAD-binding site at the C terminus of the β sheet. The dinucleotide fold can be considered as two roughly identical mononucleotide domains each containing about 60 residues arranged in an alternating βαβαβ sequence and related by an approximate twofold axis5. The aromatic specificity site of subtilisin6,7 and the flavin-binding site of flavodoxin8,9 seem5 to be formed by a secondary structure very similar to a mononucleotide domain of the dehydrogenases. Crystallographic studies have shown that the structures of phosphoglycerate kinase10,11, hexokinase12, adenylate kinase13, phosphoglycerate mutase14 and triosephosphate isomerase15 also contain β sheets containing at least five strands flanked by at least three α helices. The nucleoside phosphate or, in the case of the mutase and isomerase, the sugar phosphate-binding site for each of these enzymes is either known10–12, or strongly suspected13–15 to be located at the C terminus of the β sheet. Differences occur, however, in some of these supersecondary structures relative to the NAD domain of the dehydrogenase family as regards the direction of the β strands12, the location of the binding site relative to the plane of the β sheet12, and most significantly, the sequential order or connectivity of the individual strands in the β sheet12–14. Whether these related supersecondary structures represent convergent5,12 or divergent evolutionary processes4,16, or both17, is a topic of active debate.
High-soluble-fiber Foods in Conjunction With a Telephone-Based, Personalized Behavior Change Support Service Result in Favorable Changes in Lipids and Lifestyles After 7 Weeks

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether an intervention of foods high in soluble fiber from psyllium and/or oats plus a telephone-based, personalized behavior change support service improves serum lipids and elicits cholesterol-managing lifestyle changes vs usual care. Design 7-week randomized, controlled intervention. Subjects/setting 150 moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women, age range 25 to 70 years. Intervention The intervention group consumed 4 servings/ day of high-fiber foods and had weekly telephone conversations with a personal coach who offered support and guidance in making lifestyle changes consistent with the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) cholesterol-lowering guidelines. The usual care group received a handout describing the NCEP Step-1 diet. Main outcome measures Serum lipids and lipoproteins and self-reported lifestyle changes. Statistical analyses For physiologic and dietary changes, mixed linear models for repeated measures were applied. Models were simplified using analysis of covariance where age in years was the covariate. Traditional general linear models were used to assess lifestyle changes. Results In the intervention group total cholesterol (TC) decreased 5.6%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 7.1%, LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio 5.6%, and triglycerides (TG) 14.2% ( P P P P P Applications/conclusions A 7-week intervention that includes both functional foods and individualized, interactive support for behavior change could be an effective model for dietitians to use with patients at risk for CVD, pending results of long-term studies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 503–510 .
The GABA B agonist baclofen reduces cigarette consumption in a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled smoking reduction study

Abstract The surge in dopamine in ventral striatal regions in response to drugs of abuse and drug-associated stimuli is a final common pathway of addiction processes. GABA B agonists exert their effects indirectly, by quieting dopaminergic afferents. The ability of the GABA B agonist, baclofen to ameliorate nicotine and drug motivated behavior is established within the animal literature, however its potential to do so in humans is understudied, particularly with respect to its possible utility as a smoking cessation agent. We conducted a nine-week double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial of baclofen for smoking reduction ( N = 30/group) in smokers contemplating, but not quite ready to quit. Baclofen was titrated upwards to 20 mg q.i.d. over a period of twelve days. The primary outcome measure was the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). A significant group by time effect of medication was observed. Baclofen was superior to placebo in reducing CPD ( β = 0.01, t = 1.97, p p In line with a multitude of preclinical studies examining the effects of baclofen on drug-motivated behavior, baclofen reduced CPD. In agreement with other studies examining craving and drug use, reductions in CPD were accompanied by a reduction in craving, a major motivator underlying continued smoking and relapse. These preliminary results demonstrate provisional evidence of the utility of baclofen to aid in smoking cessation and indicate further investigation.
Psychosocial Pathways to Prematurity: Changing Our Thinking Toward a Lifecourse and Community Approach

The purpose of this article is to explore the psychosocial antecedents of prematurity. Emphasis is on conceptual areas and supporting literature for (a) the contexts in which prematurity occurs and the diversity of women's experiences; (b) a lifecourse approach to prematurity that highlights allostatic load and the accumulation of trauma and loss in possible prematurity pathways; and (c) diverse psychosocial/biological pathways and mechanisms of prematurity processes. Pathways examining psychosocial and prematurity connections will be explicated, including antecedents and outcomes other than stress proneness and vulnerability. Implications for research are logically derived from a focus on the impact of social context on individual outcomes through multilevel models and methods. Clinical implications are derived from the social contexts, lifecourse, and multiple pathways focus of the article and include increasing social cohesion in communities, population health strategies, particular psychosocial interventions, and attentive listening.
Mechanics of variable mass systems

Abstract The equations of linear and angular momentum are derived for any system whose mass varies with time. The equations themselves are rather well known but the derivations are somewhat unique, and the angular momentum equation is generalized so that an arbitrary reference origin can be used. Throughout the derivations, a deliberate effort has been made to emphasize the physics of the problem.
Modification of membrane-bound lipids in erythrocytes of cold-acclimated and hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocyte membranes of active, cold-acclimated, and hibernating ground squirrels were assayed for their content of fatty acids and phospholipids. 2. 2. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) was the major fatty acid in active animals. 3. 3. During cold acclimation, the chain lengths of fatty acids were reduced while their degree of unsaturation was increased. Hibernation potentiated these changes. 4. 4. Most phospholipids remained at relatively constant levels during cold-acclimation, with the exceptions of SpH and DPG, which declined significantly. 5. 5. During hibernation, levels of lysophosphoglycerides and phosphatidic acid were elevated significantly. 6. 6. The functional significance of these changes is discussed.
The production of ultra-high purity single isotopes or tailored isotope mixtures by ICP-MS

Abstract We report the development and testing of a collector arrangement for quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that for the first time has been used to isolate small quantities of highly enriched (>99.99%) single isotopes, with deposition rates >10 ng h −1 . The collector assembly replaces the standard instrument detector allowing for implantation with simultaneous monitoring of the incident ion current. Even under zero bias implant conditions, low energy ( 151 Eu ion currents of 0.1–0.5 nA were collected on a simple, planar foil without resorting to any type of cup configuration. Recovery of the enriched isotope from such foils is much simpler than from a more complex cup configuration. High rejection of adjacent mass isotopes was demonstrated by selectively implanting 167 Er, then using laser ablation ICP-MS imaging to confirm the absence of any co-implanted 166 Er or 168 Er. The important analytical possibilities of this new approach to isotope ratio measurement, tracer purification, and radiation measurements are discussed.
Effects of cadmium upon the excurrent duct system of the rat testis.

Single sc injections of cadmium chloride in amounts below toxic levels selectively damage the testes of the rat. The testicular injury is considered to be secondary to vascular changes. This report describes lesions observed and conditions which appeared to favor their occurrence. Observations were made on histological examinations of the testes and excurrent duct systems of male rats given sc injections of cadmium chloride with or without concurrent injections of selenium dioxide and/or zinc acetate. Lesions were observed in 152 rats in some portion of the excurrent duct system of 518 animals. Necropsy was usually carried out at 5 days after cadmium injection but in a few instances at 4 hours to 5 months. Lesions observed in the excurrent duct system occurred in a minority of any group given identical treatment. The lesions were bilateral in 45% of cases. In 56 of 93 rats lesions were restricted to the ductuli efferentes without testicular injury of the usual type. In the other 37 rats testicular injury was also present. Similar ductuli efferentes lesions were produced by sc injection of selenium dioxide and zinc acetate combined in 3 of 6 rats given amounts of these 2 compounds just adequate to protect against cadmium injury to the testes. Lesions of the ductuli involved cellular changes within and external to the duct system. Internally there was stasis and impaction of sperm with loss of cilia and hypertrophy and focal hyperplasia of epithelial cells. Externally there was edema and round cell infiltration. Occlusion of ductuli resulted. Constriction of ductuli with periductal fibrosis followed. Vasculitis involving lymph vessels was observed and also at times involving veins. Arterials seemed unaffected. Focal changes were nonprogressive but some lesions were observed within 6 hours after injection of cadmium. It is thought that cadmium acts primarily upon the end-arterial capillary bed of the testicular artery and its superior epididymal branch where blood flow is more sluggish than elsewhere. [Rapid development of edema and dense capsular investment then produce tissue ischemia.
RADIOBIOLOGICAL AND TREATMENT PLANNING STUDY OF A SIMULTANEOUSLY INTEGRATED BOOST FOR CANINE NASAL TUMORS USING HELICAL TOMOTHERAPY

Feasibility of delivering a simultaneously integrated boost to canine nasal tumors using helical tomotherapy to improve tumor control probability (TCP) via an increase in total biological equivalent uniform dose (EUD) was evaluated. Eight dogs with varying size nasal tumors (5.8-110.9 cc) were replanned to 42 Gy to the nasal cavity and integrated dose boosts to gross disease of 45.2, 48.3, and 51.3 Gy in 10 fractions. EUD values were calculated for tumors and mean normalized total doses (NTD(mean)) for organs at risk (OAR). Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) values were obtained for OARs, and estimated TCP values were computed using a logistic dose-response model and based on deliverable EUD boost doses. Significant increases in estimated TCP to 54%, 74%, and 86% can be achieved with 10%, 23%, and 37% mean relative EUD boosts to the gross disease, respectively. NTCP values for blindness of either eye and for brain necrosis were < 0.01% for all boosts. Values for cataract development were 31%, 42%, and 46% for studied boost schemas, respectively. Average NTD(mean) to eyes and brain for mean EUD boosts were 10.2, 11.3, and 12.1 Gy3, and 7.5, 7.2, and 7.9 Gy2, respectively. Using helical tomotherapy, simultaneously integrated dose boosts can be delivered to increase the estimated TCP at 1-year without significantly increasing the NTD(mean) to eyes and brain. Delivery of these treatments in a prospective trial may allow quantification of a dose-response relationship in canine nasal tumors.
Deterministic algorithm for VP assignment in ATM networks

Virtual Path (VP) assignment is an important resource management activity in ATM networks. By using the VP concept, the logical layout of the network can be administered to minimize the total network cost to the provider. We formulate the VP assignment problem as a constrained optimization problem; the objective function to be minimized reflects processing/control costs at nodes and transmission costs between nodes. The blocking probability quality of service (QoS) requirements and overall throughput of the network are taken into consideration in the solution process as constraints. Since the solution space is complex, we develop a deterministic, iterative heuristic algorithm to reach a 'near-optimal' VP configuration for a given physical network and traffic demand. The Multi-Rate Loss Network model is used in the calculation of connection-level blocking probabilities. Results for static connection-routing are presented, for various forms of the objective function and constraints.
Experimental radioimmunotherapy. A brief overview

This overview highlights the use of experimental models in selecting monoclonal antibodies and radiolabels with promise for clinical radioimmunotherapy, discusses some of the experimental therapeutic approaches being studied in these models, and reviews some of the limitations of animal models caused by the allometric and other differences between man and mouse. These differences in scale must be considered when attempting to extrapolate animal radioimmunotherapy study data to human trials of radioimmunotherapy. With appropriate recognition of their limitations, experimental models of radioimmunotherapy have proven valuable and will continue to play a critical role as the place to first study innovations in radioimmunotherapy, before extension of the most promising reagents and treatment concepts into clinical therapeutic trials
The Tale I Tell: An Old Year Ends

I reported the beginning of my 2001 odyssey year in an earlier issue of Qualitative Inquiry. The year ended with the accounting that follows. As the year passed, more time was spent at the farm of my birth and early years in southern Wisconsin. Photographs were made of time spent at the farm. As winter came, my wife and I moved to Madison, my chronic illness continued to be treated, and I continued to document the meanings found in this everyday life—telling the tale I had sworn to tell.
Time for a change? Updated guidelines using interferon gamma release assays for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in the office setting

Treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alfa inhibitors and other systemic medications increases the risk of reactivating a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Therefore, screening for latent TB infection is important in dermatology patients eligible for treatment with these medications. Although the tuberculin skin test (TST) has its limitations, it has been the standard choice for diagnosis of latent TB infection. Since the development of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), the role of the TST has been re-evaluated and IGRAs have increasingly been incorporated into national guidelines. Although there are situations when either test may be performed, in individuals who have received a BCG vaccination and in those who are unlikely to return for a TST reading, IGRAs may be particularly helpful in distinguishing patients at risk for TB. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both the TST and the IGRA and presents a summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010 guidelines for using IGRAs.
Three New Cryptic Species within the Dargida procinctus (Grote) Complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) from the Neotropics

Based on morphological analysis, the species Dargida procinctus (Grote), currently considered to be widespread from Canada to Bolivia, is found to include three previously unrecognized species: Dargida spinicassida, n. sp., from northern Mexico; Dargida juxta, n. sp., from southern Mexico and Costa Rica; and Dargida lilium, n. sp., from Bolivia. Adults and male and female genitalia of all four species are illustrated. Dargida grammivora Walker and Dargida meridionalis (Hampson) are closely related species that could be confused with those of the Dargida procinctus complex. Adults and male and female genitalia of these are illustrated for comparison. A key is provided for differentiation of these six closely related species.
The spectrum of the SnS molecule

Abstract High resolution absorption and emission spectra of SnS have been studied using a separated isotope of tin, Sn120. The spectrum in the visible region was found to be very complex and has been only partially analyzed. Between 4000 and 3300 A a simple 1 Π - 1 Σ band system was found and from these bands the rotational and vibrational constants of the ground state were determined. The ground-state equilibrium internuclear distance is 2.209 A and the vibrational frequency ωe = 487.26 cm−1. A band system which lies between 3300 and 2500 A has been shown to be a 1Σ-1Σ system.
NMR probe for high-pressure and high-temperature experiments

Abstract An argon-pressurized, internally heated, high-pressure NMR probe for work in the temperature range 30 to 700°C and the pressure range 1 to 2000 bar is described. Measurements of the proton spin-lattice relaxation times in compressed supercritical steam are used to illustrate the operation of the probe.
Sampling Considerations for Disease Surveillance in Wildlife Populations

Abstract Disease surveillance in wildlife populations involves detecting the presence of a disease, characterizing its prevalence and spread, and subsequent monitoring. A probability sample of animals selected from the population and corresponding estimators of disease prevalence and detection provide estimates with quantifiable statistical properties, but this approach is rarely used. Although wildlife scientists often assume probability sampling and random disease distributions to calculate sample sizes, convenience samples (i.e., samples of readily available animals) are typically used, and disease distributions are rarely random. We demonstrate how landscape-based simulation can be used to explore properties of estimators from convenience samples in relation to probability samples. We used simulation methods to model what is known about the habitat preferences of the wildlife population, the disease distribution, and the potential biases of the convenience-sample approach. Using chronic wasting diseas...
Two-Body Motion under the Inverse Square Central Force and Equivalent Geodesic Flows

In this paper the fixed energy surfaces for the two-body problem for parabolic and, in particular, hyperbolic motion are completely, determined by utilizing an earlier work of J. Moser. The characterization of these fixed energy manifolds yields the explicit solutions to the above problems in an elementary way for arbitrary dimensions.
The size dependence of ground-state collective vibrational modes in molecular clusters. Benzene dimer through pentamer

Abstract We report the measurement of species-selective Raman spectra of collective vibrational modes in the ground states of benzene dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer by mass-selective, ionization-loss stimulated Raman spectroscopy at 0.2 cm −1 resolution. The spectra are markedly size-dependent and become complex rapidly with increasing size. The polarization characteristics of the spectra and the deuterium-isotope effects on them suggest that almost all of the observed bands correspond to intermolecular vibrations that have some librational character. The results are discussed in terms of the properties of the clusters and are compared to spectra of intermolecular vibrations in condensed-phase samples of benzene.
NMR structure of the C-terminal domain of SecA in the free state

Abstract SecA is an integral component of the prokaryotic Sec preprotein secretory translocase system. We report here the solution NMR structure of a fragment corresponding to the C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli SecA. In the presence of Zn 2+ , the fragment adopts a shortened version of the classic ββα zinc finger fold. The isolated C-terminal domain shows substantial differences from the X-ray structure of a homologous SecA domain bound to the chaperone-like cofactor SecB. The differences between the structures of the free and bound forms suggest that binding to SecB causes a perturbation of the C-terminal domain's intrinsically favored ββα fold.
Salt-dependent Intra- and Internucleosomal Interactions of the H3 Tail Domain in a Model Oligonucleosomal Array

The core histone tail domains are known to be key regulators of chromatin structure and function. The tails are required for condensation of nucleosome arrays into secondary and tertiary chromatin structures, yet little is known regarding tail structures or sites of tail interactions in chromatin. We have developed a system to test the hypothesis that the tails participate in internucleosomal interactions during salt-dependent chromatin condensation, and here we used it to examine interactions of the H3 tail domain. We found that the H3 tail participates primarily in intranucleosome interactions when the nucleosome array exists in an extended "beads-on-a-string" conformation and that tail interactions reorganize to engage in primarily internucleosome interactions as the array successively undergoes salt-dependent folding and oligomerization. These results indicated that the location and interactions of the H3 tail domain are dependent upon the degree of condensation of the nucleosomal array, suggesting a mechanism by which alterations in tail interactions may elaborate different structural and functional states of chromatin.
Comparison of the effects of Mg(OH)2 and sucrose on the stability of bovine serum albumin encapsulated in injectable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) implants

Abstract Incomplete release and poor stability of encapsulated proteins are common hurdles to overcome when developing poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) controlled-release systems. Antacid excipients such as Mg(OH) 2 , which increase both microclimate pH and polymer water uptake, have been shown to prevent acid-induced instability of proteins encapsulated in PLGA. The purpose of this study was to delineate the effects of microclimate pH and polymer water content on the stability of encapsulated bovine serum albumin (BSA) by comparing the effects of Mg(OH) 2 with those of another excipient, sucrose, which increases polymer water content without significantly affecting acid-base chemistry of the polymer. These two excipients, when encapsulated in PLGA at appropriate levels (3% Mg(OH) 2 vs. 10% sucrose), were found to cause identical water sorption kinetics, thus allowing the effect of the two microclimate parameters to be determined. In contrast to their similar effects on polymer water sorption, Mg(OH) 2 afforded a much greater stabilization effect on encapsulated BSA than did sucrose, with less than 7% aggregates for 3% Mg(OH) 2 compared to 51% for 10% sucrose and 81% without either excipient after 4 weeks of incubation at 37°C. When the protein stabilization rationale of neutralizing the acidic microenvironment by adding Mg(OH) 2 was applied to the delivery of an important therapeutic protein, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), t-PA stability was also improved and the active protein was completely recovered during a one month period of in vitro release. These data demonstrated that although increased water uptake induced by antacid excipients may improve the stability of the encapsulated proteins, the homogeneous acid neutralization effect is unique to antacid excipients such as Mg(OH) 2 , which is necessary to maintain the stability of proteins in acidic PLGA specimens.
Investigations of rotation of axial ligands in six-coordinate low-spin iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrinates:Measurement of rate constants from saturation transfer experiments and comparison to molecular mechanics calculations

Saturation transfer experiments have been utilized to measure the rate of axial ligand rotation in (tetramesitylporphyrinato)iron(III) bis(2-methylimidazole), [(TMP)Fe(2-MeImH)2]+. Saturation transfer peak intensities of four distinct pyrrole protons have been measured at a series of temperatures. Derivation of analytical expressions for steady-state peak intensities in the case of cyclic four-site exchange allowed the determination of the exchange rate constant. Previously measured longitudinal relaxation rate constants of the pyrrole protons of [(TMP)Fe(2-MeImH)2]+ have been used for rate constant determination. The temperature dependence of the rates has allowed estimation of the enthalpy barriers and entropy of this rotation. Modified MM2 potentials have also been used to study the rotation of axial ligands in [(TMP)Fe(1,2-Me2Im)2]+ and (tetraphenylporphyrinato)iron(III) bis(1-methylimidazole), [(TPP)Fe(1-MeIm)2]+. The “adiabatic” potential energy surfaces (PES) for rotation of axial ligands (minima a...
Floristics, systematics, and the study of arctic vegetationa commentary

Some remarks are made on the special problem encountered in arctic plant geography and vegetation studies, viz. the circumpolar distribution of many taxa, which may have been described independently in different countries. 80 % of the arctic bryophytes, 70 % of the lichens and 50 % of the vascular plants have a circumpolar distribution and especially amongst the vascular plants there are several cases of confu- sion. Special attention is paid to Dupontia fisheri s.l., Carex aquatilis s.l. and C. bigelowii s.l. Especially for a classifica- tion of vegetation based on floristic data, having a list of accepted plant names and knowing their synonyms is of para- mount importance. An electronic database for arctic vegeta- tion will foster, if not require, more unified approaches to the description of plant communities.