cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Transient Ischemic Attack Practices: Does Hospital Admission Improve Patient Outcomes?

Introduction Immediate treatment has been shown to decrease the recurrence of cerebrovascular accidents following transient ischemic attacks (TIA), prompting the use of a specialized neurologic emergency department (Neuro ED) to triage patients. Despite these findings, there is little evidence supporting the notion that hospital admission improves post-TIA outcomes. Through the lens of a Neuro ED, this retrospective chart review of TIA patients examines whether hospital admission improves 90-day outcomes. Materials and Methods Two hundred sixty charts of patients discharged with TIA diagnosis were reviewed. These charts encompassed patients with TIA who presented to a main emergency department (ED) or Neuro ED from January 2014 to April 2015. Demographic information, admission ABCD 2 scores, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and admission Modified Rankin Scale, and reason for any return visits within 90 days were collected. Results This review shows that patients triaged by the Neuro ED were admitted at a lower rate than those seen by the standard ED. Further, patients triaged by the Neuro ED experienced lower readmission and recurrence of stroke or TIA within 90 days. Conclusions These results provide preliminary support for the notion that discharging appropriate TIA patients, with adequate follow-up, will not adversely affect the recurrence of TIA or stroke within 90 days.
Broken scale invariance in time-dependent trapping potentials

The response of a cold atom gas with contact interactions to a smoothly varying external harmonic confinement in the nonadiabatic regime is studied. The time variation of the angular frequency is varied such that the system is, for vanishing or infinitely strong contact interactions, scale invariant. The time evolution of the system with broken scale invariance (i.e., the time evolution of the system with finite interaction strength) is contrasted with that for a scale invariant system, which exhibits Efimovian-like expansion dynamics that is characterized by log-periodic oscillations with unique period and amplitude. It is found that the breaking of the scale invariance by the finiteness of the interactions leads to a time dependence of the oscillation period and amplitude. It is argued, based on analytical considerations for atomic gases of arbitrary size and numerical results for two one-dimensional particles, that the oscillation period approaches that of the scale-invariant system at large times. The role of the time-dependent contact in the expansion dynamics is analyzed.
Development of current measurement techniques for high frequency power converters

Current sensing plays dominant role in power converters, where current information can be used for controlling, monitoring and protection. One of the most challenging goals in modern power electronics converters is to increase switching frequency for the purpose of miniaturization, and improve the performance especially for end-users. Therefore, the need for accurate, lossless, and fast response current sensors is more highlighted. This paper presents a comprehensive review of different current sensing schemes for power electronics applications. The Challenges for implementation of conventional methods for high frequency (>1MHz) and high current converters will be addressed. More specifically, technical issue and hardware difficulties for developing Rogowski-based as well as Hall effect current sensors are discussed and finally, a new technique for improving the performance of Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) at 1MHz and 30V with a new technique is shown.
Successful Stem Cell Transplantation in a Patient with Pretransplant Hepatic Inflammatory Pseudotumour

Inflammatory pseudotumours (IPT) are rare benign neoplasms of unknown aetiology. We present a case of hepatic IPT which was incidentally discovered in a patient with relapsed B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) undergoing pretransplant workup. After investigation to exclude an infective cause she underwent a reduced intensity conditioning stem cell transplant (SCT) successfully and currently remains well and in remission. On repeat liver MRI after SCT, the IPT was seen to be resolving. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an adult patient with hepatic IPT successfully undergoing SCT. The reduction in size of the IPT after SCT also suggests an inflammatory rather than an infective aetiology for IPT.
Operational Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Using Noncontact Acoustic Excitation

Output-only modal analysis has been extensively developed in the past decades and widely used especially when the input is unknown or difficult to measure. This paper presents a noncontact experimental technique for measuring the modal parameters of a rectangular aluminum plate using only the output data, with the intention to apply the technique to turbine blades. Operational modal analysis (OMA) is employed to analyze an aluminum plate with free boundaries in the frequency range from 0 to 15000 Hz, which can be an operation frequency range of a turbine blade, under acoustic excitation in the form of white noise in a direction of interest. A single-point laser vibrometer and a free-field microphone are used to simultaneously measure the responses of the plate in a noncontact manner, with the microphone measurement serving as the reference. A cross-power spectral density (CPSD) acquired using the microphone measurement as the reference is shown to be equivalent to that using a laser vibrometer measurement as the reference as long as the natural frequencies of the test structure that are of interest are sufficiently high but lower than a certain value. A measurement method for in-plane vibration modes is also proposed and applied by shining the laser from the vibrometer with a certain incident angle. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the out-of-plane and in-plane modes of the plate are measured. The experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes of the plate are compared with those calculated using commercial finite element software to demonstrate the validity of the experimental technique. Experimental modal analysis (EMA) is also performed on the plate using an impact hammer and the laser vibrometer to validate the experimental results from OMA. The maximum error between the measured and calculated natural frequencies of the plate is 1.53% for the first 18 elastic modes, including 16 outof-plane plane modes and two in-plane modes. The Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) values between the corresponding mode shapes of the plate are all above 93%.
Exploring Underdetermined Specifications using Java PathFinder

Some Java libraries have underdetermined specifications that allow more than one correct output for the same input, e.g., an output array may have its elements in any order. While such specifications have a number of advantages (e.g., a library can change while still satisfying the specification), the non-determinism inherent in underdetermined specifications can lead to failures in client code that erroneously assumes behaviors based on the library implementation instead of only the specification. Our recent work introduced the NonDex approach for detecting such erroneous assumptions by checking client code against models of library methods, which encode all behaviors allowed by the specificationsWe present NonDex for JPF, which includes JPF models for 11 methods from the Java standard library (i.e., all methods that JPF supports from the current methods in Non-Dex). We use these models to systematically explore state spaces of 46 tests from student homework submissions. Our experiments show several interesting results, which provide new insights into the complexity of exploring the behaviors of code that uses underdetermined APIs and the structure of state spaces that arise in the exploration, and provide basis for future work on better detecting faults in tests that invoke underdetermined APIs as well as developing tool support for writing and maintaining more robust test suites
Small is Powerful: Recent Progress in Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Solar Cells

Over the last 5 years, research on the synthesis, device engineering, and device physics of solution-processed small molecule solar cells (SMSCs) has rapidly expanded. Improvements in molecular design and emergent device processing techniques have helped solution-processed SMSCs overcome earlier difficulties in controlling active layer morphology, such that many systems are now at—or approaching—10% power conversion efficiency. In this review, details of the highest performing blend systems are presented in order to identify key trends and provide perspective on current progress in the field. Among the best systems, a planarized molecular structure is prevalent, which can be achieved using large fused-ring moieties, intermolecular non-bonding interactions, and side chain engineering. To obtain efficient devices, the highest performing systems have been optimized through the careful combination of thermal and solvent annealing procedures. Even without additional processing, some systems have been able to obtain interconnected morphologies and efficient charge generation and charge transport. Ultimately, the design of more efficient materials also requires additional understanding of the device physics and loss mechanisms. After highlighting what is known to date on processes limiting device efficiency, an outlook on the most important challenges remaining to the field is provided.
Analytical Uncertainty Propagation for Satellite Relative Motion Along Elliptic Orbits

For satellites flying in close proximity, monitoring the uncertainties of neighboring satellites’ states is a crucial task because the uncertainty information is used to compute the collision proba...
Athletics and Academic Achievement in Latino Youth: A Cautionary Tale

Participation in extracurricular activities has been associated with enhanced academic achievement in Latino youth. Based on a longitudinal case study of one immigrant adolescent, this article finds that athletic participation is in itself neither a wholly positive or negative influence on Latino school achievement. Rather, effects of extracurricular sports on academic outcomes are mediated by complex factors including but not limited to ethnicity and are more contextually dependent and individually variable than existing scholarship suggests.
Trends in Tobacco Product Use Patterns Among U.S. Youth, 1999-2014.

Introduction We examined trends in seven mutually exclusive tobacco product use patterns (T-PUPs) in nationally representative samples of U.S. youth over time and age. Methods We used time varying effect modeling on National Youth Tobacco Surveys, 1999-2014 (N = 38662, 9-17 years, M = 15.02). Regression coefficients were estimated as a non-parametric function of time. T-PUPs were cigarette only, non-cigarette combustible only, noncombustible only, non-cigarette combustible and noncombustible dual, cigarette and noncombustible dual, cigarette and non-cigarette combustible dual, and POLY (i.e. cigarettes, non-cigarette combustibles, and noncombustibles) use. Results Among youth tobacco users, cigarette only use was the predominant T-PUP from 1999 to 2010. After 2010 and 2013, non-cigarette combustible only (AOR 1.38, CI = 1.02-1.87) and noncombustible only (AOR 1.57, CI = 1.00-2.45) use became more prevalent than cigarette only use. In 2011, dual and POLY T-PUPs were on the rise although not significantly different from cigarette only use. Cigarette only use was the predominant T-PUP among 11- to 17-year-old tobacco users. Non-cigarette combustible only (AOR 0.14, CI = 0.10-0.19), noncombustible only (AOR 0.01, CI = 0.008-0.02), non-cigarette combustible and noncombustible (AOR 0.01, CI = 0.01-0.03), cigarette and noncombustible (AOR 0.02, CI = 0.01-0.04), cigarette and non-cigarette combustible (AOR 0.32, CI = 0.24-0.43), and POLY (AOR 0.02, CI = 0.01-0.04) use were less prevalent than cigarette only use at age 17. Conclusions Non-cigarette, dual, and POLY T-PUPs are rising among youth tobacco users. Screening for all tobacco use and delivering treatment during pediatrician visits should be standard clinical practice. Implications Tracking trends in tobacco product use patterns (T-PUPs) over time and age is necessary to achieve Healthy People 2020 goal of reducing tobacco use among youth. Trends over time show a rise of non-cigarette T-PUPs especially noncombustible products but cigarette only use remains the most prevalent among 11- to 17-year-old tobacco users. The recent extension of FDA's regulatory jurisdiction over all tobacco products (e.g. e-cigarettes, hookah) is a step toward comprehensive tobacco control especially among youth. Public health practitioners should extend prevention and cessation efforts among youth to T-PUPs beyond exclusive cigarette smoking.
The Subtropical Stratocumulus-Topped Planetary Boundary Layer: A Climatology and the Lagrangian Evolution

AbstractPrior work has shown that deeper planetary boundary layers (PBLs) are associated with cloud breakup and reduced droplet concentration in subtropical stratocumulus cloud decks, motivating a need for a thorough understanding of PBL mechanics. Here, 169 000 boundary layer trajectories are calculated in four eastern subtropical ocean basins following reanalysis winds at 925 mb (1 mb = 1 hPa). These trajectories combined with a twice-daily cloud-top-height-inferred PBL depth product allow for a comprehensive Lagrangian analysis of the stratocumulus (Sc)-topped PBL as the cloud deck transitions from Sc to trade cumulus (Cu). Month-to-month variations of this PBL product are strongly positively correlated with an independent PBL product derived from GPS radio occultation.A climatology shows the PBL deepening offshore in every region. The yearly cycle of PBL depth varies in opposition to the yearly cycle of lower-tropospheric stability (LTS), but high-frequency variation between LTS and PBL depth is more ...
Abstract 73: Role of macrophages in the antitumor activity of an anti-transferrin receptor 1 antibody ch128.1 in a xenograft model of multiple myeloma

The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as CD71, is a membrane glycoprotein involved in cellular iron uptake and regulation of cell growth. The high level of TfR1 expression on malignant cells and its key role in cancer cell pathology make this receptor an attractive target for antibody cancer therapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric IgG3 specific for human TfR1 (ch128.1). This antibody exhibits direct cytotoxicity against certain human malignant B cells in vitro through TfR1 degradation and iron deprivation. Importantly, ch128.1 shows remarkable anti-tumor activity in xenograft models of disseminated multiple myeloma (MM) in immunosuppressed mice (SCID-Beige). Interestingly, this anti-tumor protection was observed even against MM cells (KMS-11 cells) that show no sensitivity to this antibody in vitro, suggesting the in vivo contributions of antibody effector functions. This possibility was supported by the lack of anti-tumor protection observed using a ch128.1 Fc mutant with impaired binding to FcγRs and to the complement component C1q. To examine host effector functions involved in ch128.1-mediated protection in our mouse model bearing KMS-11 tumors, depletion studies of complement and macrophages were performed. Complement depletion using cobra venom factor (CVF) did not affect protection, suggesting that complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) is not a relevant mechanism of action. Notably, we now report that macrophage depletion using clodronate liposomes (clodrolip) significantly reduced protection, suggesting that these effector cells play a relevant role in the anti-tumor activity. Consistent with this result, we also report that ch128.1 is capable of eliciting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) against KMS-11 cells in the presence of the murine macrophage cell line J774.2 or murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. To examine the role of iron deprivation in ch128.1-mediated tumor death in vivo, animals treated with ch128.1 were systemically supplemented with iron in a preliminary study. However, no difference in survival was observed, suggesting that iron deprivation is not a contributor to the effects of ch128.1 in our in vivo model or the iron dose tested was not optimal. Our results suggest that macrophages play a key role in ch128.1-mediated anti-tumor protection in our model and that ch128.1 can be an effective therapy of incurable human B-cell malignancies such as MM. Citation Format: Lai Sum Leoh, Yoon Kyung Kim, Pierre V. Candelaria, Otoniel Martinez-Maza, Tracy R. Daniels-Wells, Manuel L. Penichet. Role of macrophages in the antitumor activity of an anti-transferrin receptor 1 antibody ch128.1 in a xenograft model of multiple myeloma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 73. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-73
RF-assisted coherent detection based continuous variable (CV) QKD with high secure key rates over atmospheric turbulence channels

In this invited paper, a high-speed continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system is investigated in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, which is enabled by employing the wavelength, polarization, and orbital angular momentum (OAM) states as degrees of freedom. Four-state discrete modulation is used for the key shaping for the convenience of easy generation, as well as to enhance the reconciliation efficiency. The polarization insensitive atmospheric turbulence channel is emulated by two spatial light modulators (SLMs) on which randomly generated azimuthal phase patterns yielding Andrews' spectrum are recorded. The phase noise is mitigated by the phase noise cancellation (PNC) stage, and transmittance fluctuation is monitored directly by the D.C. component in the PNC stage. After system calibration, a total secret key rate (SKR) of 240 Mb/s can be reached in the presence of atmospheric turbulence.
Advanced interfaces to scanned-probe microscopes

Publisher Summary This chapter looks at microscope control techniques that put the scientist in more natural and intuitive contact with the surface and allow more direct and natural guidance of experiments as they are being performed. The ideal human interface for an scanned-probe microscope (SPM) might present its user with a scaled-up 3D representation of the surface that can be probed and modified with a physical hand-held tool. The control system would translate tool motion into motion of the SPM tip and translate measured surface parameters into force pushing back on the tool, as well as visual and auditory representations of surface data. Advanced SPM control techniques, including remote control, semi-automatic tip control, dynamically planned experiments, and experiment replay are described. Details of manipulation for the determination of mechanical properties, including using friction and pinned samples have been provided. The SPM acts as the eyes and hands of its user as it interacts with the surface. The ideal interface, which is still being approached, might combine a natural,direct interface for experiment control, a rapid image processing toolkit, and multivariate data visualization capabilities into a consistent user-centered system. Such a system would allow the scientist to concentrate fully on the surface, its features, and interactions.
Impact of chlorination on silver elution from ceramic water filters.

Abstract Applying silver nanoparticles (nAg) or silver nitrate (AgNO3) to ceramic water filters improves microbiological efficacy, reduces biofilm formation, and protects stored water from recontamination. A challenge in ceramic filter production is adding sufficient silver to achieve these goals without exceeding the maximum recommended silver concentration in drinking water. Silver release is affected by silver type, application method, and influent water chemistry. Despite a lack of data, there is an assumption that chlorinated water should not be used as influent water because it may increase silver elution. Thus, the objective of this work was to systematically evaluate the impact of chlorinated water (0–4 mg/L free chlorine residual, FCR) on silver release from ceramic filter disks painted with casein-coated nAg, painted with AgNO3, or containing fired-in nAg over a range of ionic strength (IS = 0–10 mM as NaNO3) in the presence or absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Influent deionized water containing chlorine increased silver release 2–5-fold compared to controls. However, this effect of chlorine was mitigated at higher IS (≥1 mM) or in the presence of NOM (3 mg C/L). For filter disks painted with nAg or AgNO3, silver release increased with increasing IS (with or without chlorine), and effluent concentrations remained above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 0.1 mg/L even after 30 h (80 pore volumes, PVs) of flow with a background solution of 10 mM NaNO3. Silver speciation (nAg vs. Ag+) was monitored in effluent samples from painted or fired-in nAg filter disks. Results indicated that in general, greater than 90% of the eluted silver was due to Ag+ dissolution rather than nAg release. Additionally, a filter disk prepared with fired-in nAg exhibited a lower % released in the nanoparticle form (nAg = 5% of total Ag in effluent) compared to painted on nAg (nAg = 14% of total Ag in effluent). The findings of this study suggest that chlorinated influent water has minimal impact on silver elution from ceramic filters under simulated natural water conditions, and thus, the recommendation to avoid the use of chlorinated water with ceramic filters is not necessary under most conditions.
Digital Apprehensions: Policing, Child Pornography, and the Algorithmic Management of Innocence

In this paper, I discuss the embodied labor of policing child pornography through the ways in which algorithms and human reviewers like Linda see abuse images. I employ the concept of “apprehension” to suggest that the ways that reviewers “see” child pornography is always already oriented toward the capture and arrest of suspected offenders. As I have argued elsewhere (Author 2017; Forthcoming), the use of new digital techniques to find child pornography has fundamentally transformed and expanded policing into a distributed network of labor increasingly done by computer scientists and technology companies. Rather than suggest new software is the cause of these transformations, I draw attention to the constitutive and mutually defining relation between computing and corporeality, or how image detection algorithms need the work of human perception to put their detective skills to work. I argue further still that the case study of child pornography detection offers an entry point into examining the algorithmic management of race. I suggest that childhood innocence is coded as whiteness, and whiteness as innocence, in the algorithmic detection of victims and abusers. By taking ‘detection’ as a dynamic practice between human and machine, I make an intervention into critical algorithm studies that have tended to focus solely on the programming of racial bias into software. The algorithmic detection of child pornography hinges, crucially, upon practice and the tacit observation of human reviewers, whose instinctual feelings about child protection and offender apprehension become embedded within the reviewing and reporting process as cases escalate for law enforcement.
Rural physicians' understanding of the state-of-the-art in breast, colon and rectum cancer treatment †

Objectives: This study measured the impact of an educational intervention aimed at heightening rural physicians' awareness of state-of-the-art breast and colorectal cancer therapies. Methods: Pre- and post-intervention mailed surveys were administered to all primary-care physicians and referring physicians in the seven-county intervention region in North Carolina (NC) and a comparison region in South Carolina (SC). Results: The survey revealed few significant changes in physicians' perspectives that could be attributed to the intervention. Physicians erroneously stated that lumpectomy without follow-up radiation was acceptable for treating breast cancer (55%), failed to indicate that adjuvant therapy was an accepted practice for treating Stage I breast cancer (67%), failed to acknowledge chemotherapy as experimental for Dukes' B colon cancer patients (70%), and failed to recognize a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation as a standard treatment for rectal cancer (25%). Conclusions: The low levels of awareness of National Cancer Institute guidelines were reflected in low breast-sparing surgery rates for women living in the intervention region. Stronger consensus on appropriate cancer treatments is needed throughout the medical community in order to reduce undesired variation in rural, community-based cancer care.
Origins, Evolution, and Breakdown of Bacterial Symbiosis

Animals and plants harbor bacterial symbionts. Diverse bacterial lineages infect eukaryotes and some of these infections offer significant benefits in terms of survival and reproduction. How did these bacterial mutualists evolve initially? Moreover what forces keep beneficial bacteria from exploiting their hosts or from abandoning their hosts when better options exist? Finally, under what conditions do these symbiotic interactions break down? Here the author describes the current theory and empirical evidence about the evolutionary origins, maintenance, and ultimate breakdown of bacterial symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts.
Perspectives on the Impact of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence on Materials, Processes, and Structures Engineering

The fields of machining learning and artificial intelligence are rapidly expanding, impacting nearly every technological aspect of society. Many thousands of published manuscripts report advances over the last 5 years or less. Yet materials and structures engineering practitioners are slow to engage with these advancements. Perhaps the recent advances that are driving other technical fields are not sufficiently distinguished from long-known informatics methods for materials, thereby masking their likely impact to the materials, processes, and structures engineering (MPSE). Alternatively, the diverse nature and limited availability of relevant materials data pose obstacles to machine-learning implementation. The glimpse captured in this overview is intended to draw focus to selected distinguishing advances, and to show that there are opportunities for these new technologies to have transformational impacts on MPSE. Further, there are opportunities for the MPSE fields to contribute understanding to the emerging machine-learning tools from a physics basis. We suggest that there is an immediate need to expand the use of these new tools throughout MPSE, and to begin the transformation of engineering education that is necessary for ongoing adoption of the methods.
The Rutherford Atom of Culture

Increasingly, psychologists have shown a healthy interest in cultural variation and a skepticism about assuming that research with North American and Northern European undergraduates provides reliable insight into universal psychological processes. Unfortunately, this reappraisal has not been extended to questioning the notion of culture central to this project. Rather, there is wide acceptance that culture refers to a kind of social form that is entity-like, territorialized, marked by a high degree of shared beliefs and coalescing into patterns of key values that animate a broad range of cultural performances and representations. Ironically, anthropologists and other scholars in cultural studies have overwhelmingly come to reject this view of culture. Arguably, then, the move in psychology to attend to cultural environments has paradoxically further distanced it from the fields most concerned with cultural forms. This essay reviews this state of affairs and offers a proposal how a more nuanced appreciation of cultural life can be articulated with theories and methods familiar and available to psychologists.
Impact of causal explanations for social anxiety disorder on stigma and treatment perceptions

Background and aims: There is evidence to suggest that biogenetic explanations for symptoms of mental disorders have become increasingly popular. Research suggests that such explanations provokes mixed blessings: biological explanations may reduce blame but also encourage prognostic pessimism and promote perceptions of pharmacological treatment over psychotherapy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of different causal explanations on social anxiety disorder.Method: About 205 adults completed an experiment where they read a vignette describing an individual with social anxiety disorder and were randomly assigned to a symptom explanation that was: (1) biological, (2) biopsychosocial, (3) psychosocial, or (4) no explanation.Results: The psychosocial condition yielded the highest perceived credibility and lowest attributions of blame. The biological condition promoted positive expectations for medication effectiveness compared to other conditions. Conditions did not differ on prognostic expectations.Conclusions: Calls attention to the risk of generalizing from previous research to mental disorders as a whole.
3142 U.S. Counties with High Opioid-Overdose Mortality and Low Capacity to Deliver Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: an Observational Study

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To identify characteristics of counties with persistently high opioid-overdose rates and low capacity to deliver medications for OUD (MOUD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Setting: County-level opioid-overdose death data, 2013-2016, and 2017 publicly-available treatment provider data for MOUD: buprenorphine-waivered providers, opioid treatment programs (OTPs), and extended-release naltrexone providers. Participants: Populations in 3,142 U.S. counties. 24,851 buprenorphine-waivered providers; 1,517 OTPs; and 5,222 extended-release naltrexone providers. Measurements: The outcome variable, “opioid high-risk county”, was a binary indicator of high (above average) opioid-overdose rates with low (below median) MOUD availability rates. We used spatial logistic regression models to determine correlates of being a high-risk county. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 46.4% of all counties, and 71.2% of rural counties, lacked a publicly-available MOUD provider in 2017. In adjusted models, rural counties had 53% greater odds of being high-risk than urban counties. Counties in the East South Central, West South Central, and South Atlantic divisions had over twice the odds of being high-risk than counties in the West North Central division. Primary care provider density, greater traversability, and a higher proportion of the population under age 25 were all protective against a county being opioid high-risk. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Counties with both low MOUD provider availability and high opioid-overdose death rates are significantly more likely to be rural, have less primary care providers per capita, and in the southern regions. Strategies to increase MOUD must account for these factors.
Epidemiology and Video Analysis of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in the National Basketball Association.

Background:There is a paucity of literature regarding risk factors and mechanisms of Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures in the National Basketball Association (NBA).Purpose:To identify the risk factors ...
Towards an Ethics of Answerability: Reconsidering Dialogism in Sociocultural Literacy Research.

This essay responds to the problem that sociocultural literacy research has failed to adequately theorize individual literacy learners as moral agents with the capacity to produce harm or good to themselves and others. Building from the rhetorical construct of dialogism, this inquiry explores how the early ethical thought of Mikhail Bakhtin can contribute an “ethics of answerability” to sociocultural literacy studies. Explicating and extending a more established perspective in classroom literacy study—what I call an “ethics of difference”—my reading of Bakhtin’s early work offers a shift in focus from linguistic difference to the self who responds, or answers, to difference. An ethics of answerability highlights the unique and heavy responsibilities that individuals face as they respond to others in everyday interaction and in textual production. Proposed in light of this theoretical orientation are questions to guide inquiry in classroom-based sociocultural literacy research.
Annual simulation of photovoltaic retrofits within existing parabolic trough concentrating solar powerplants

Abstract Solar power for electricity production comes from either photovoltaics or concentrating solar power plants. The former has seen rapid growth and expansion due to the rapid fall in global prices, while the latter has seen moderate growth due to ability to cheaply store thermal energy for later use. Hybridization, or combining photovoltaics with concentrating solar power represents a potential way for lowering cost while enabling long term storage. Over 5 GW of capacity exist worldwide using parabolic trough style technology for concentrating solar power which presents a unique option for optimization in the form of a photovoltaic retrofit. While it is possible to analyze the performance with detailed physics models, it is necessary to create a model that can handle simulating the plant level performance to fully understand the potential performance. Here, the first utility scale plant level model of a hybrid photovoltaic-concentrating solar power plant is developed. The model is applied to existing concentrating solar power plants around the world utilizing RP-3 mirrors without thermal energy storage to understand the impact on electricity production. Model results indicate that the photovoltaic retrofit can increase yearly electricity production by up to 30% for plants with solar multiples exceeding 1.5, and that increasing the fraction of solar energy reflected further increases the yield. The increased electrical production declines as the plant solar multiple is decreased. The minimum LCOE observed was $0.07/kWh for plants with larger solar multiple and fraction of solar energy reflected to the PV is 50% of the total aperture.
The Content and Accessibility of Orthopaedic Residency Program Websites.

Background Applicants to orthopaedic surgery residency programs face a competitive match. Internet resources such as program websites allow prospective applicants to gauge interest in particular programs. This study evaluated the content and accessibility of orthopaedic surgery residency program websites. Methods Existing orthopaedic surgery residency programs for the 2020 application cycle were identified on the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) website. Individual program websites were accessed through links directly from the ERAS website, and a Google search for each program was performed to corroborate accessibility. Programs websites were then reviewed and evaluated on the presence of 20 criteria selected for their potential to influence resident recruitment (10) and education (10), respectively. The results were compared with the lone 2001 study and with orthopaedic fellowship website analyses. Results One hundred eighty-nine orthopaedic surgery residency programs were accredited at the time of the study. Only 6 programs (3.2%) did not have a website identifiable through ERAS or Google searches, leaving a final sample size of 183 websites. Approximately 73.3% of all recruitment content and 44.9% of education content were present on the websites available. There was a significant increase in all available recruitment and education content (p < 0.05) when compared with the lone 2001 study. Orthopaedic residency program websites provide comparable recruitment content at a higher rate (71.1%) than orthopaedic fellowship websites (59.6%) but fall slightly below average in presentation of education content (44.9% vs 45.9%). Conclusion This is the first study in nearly 20 years to assess the content and accessibility of orthopaedic residency program websites. There is noticeable variability in the presentation of website content, but approximately 73.3% of recruitment content and 44.9% of the educational content were easily accessible through internet search. Orthopaedic surgery residency programs and their applicants may benefit from standardization of program websites and an increase in recruitment and education content.
Meditation training modulates brain electric microstates and felt states of awareness.

Meditation practice is believed to foster states of mindful awareness and mental quiescence in everyday life. If so, then the cultivation of these qualities with training ought to leave its imprint on the activity of intrinsic functional brain networks. In an intensive longitudinal study, we investigated associations between meditation practitioners' experiences of felt mindful awareness and changes in the spontaneous electrophysiological dynamics of functional brain networks. Experienced meditators were randomly assigned to complete 3 months of full-time training in focused-attention meditation (during an initial intervention) or to serve as waiting-list controls and receive training second (during a later intervention). We collected broadband electroencephalogram (EEG) during rest at the beginning, middle, and end of the two training periods. Using a data-driven approach, we segmented the EEG into a time series of transient microstate intervals based on clustering of topographic voltage patterns. Participants also provided daily reports of felt mindful awareness and mental quiescence, and reported daily on four experiential qualities of their meditation practice during training. We found that meditation training led to increases in mindful qualities of awareness, which corroborate contemplative accounts of deepening mental calm and attentional focus. We also observed reductions in the strength and duration of EEG microstates across both interventions. Importantly, changes in the dynamic sequencing of microstates were associated with daily increases in felt attentiveness and serenity during training. Our results connect shifts in subjective qualities of meditative experience with the large-scale dynamics of whole brain functional EEG networks at rest.
Unique influences of pain frequency and pain-related worry on health-related quality of life in survivors of childhood cancer

Pain is common during childhood cancer treatment, can persist into survivorship, and is under-managed in young survivors of childhood cancer (SCCs). Pain may influence health-related quality of life in SCCs simply via its frequency, and/or by triggering worries about cancer recurrence. The purpose of this study was to explore proximal associations between pain frequency, pain-related worry, and health-related quality of life in SCCs. In this study, 111 SCCs (52% female, Mage: 17.67 years, range 8-25 years) were recruited from a Canadian Children's Hospital and completed self-report measures of pain frequency, pain-related worry, and health-related quality of life. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, chi-square analyses and a hierarchical linear regression were performed. Pain was frequently experienced in SCCs (70% reported pain in previous month) and was commonly worried about as a sign of cancer recurrence (39% of sample endorsed some degree of worry). Those who endorsed worrying about pain were 95% more likely to endorse experiencing that symptom over the previous month, X2(1, N = 110) = 21.13, p
Comparison of Flatfoot on the Activities of Medial and Lateral Plantar Flexor Muscle During Heel Rising

Background: Flat feet can be identified by assessing the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and these conditions can trigger epidemiological changes in the feet. Many of previous studies compared the muscle activity of lower body in terms of intervention and dynamics to treat the structural defect of flat feet. However, few studies have investigated or analyzed the muscle activity of gastrocnemius muscle in the subjects with flat feet. Objects: This study investigated the differences in changes of medial and lateral plantar flexors in subjects with flat feet during bipedal heel-rise (BHR) task and analyzed the differences in muscle activity between two groups by measuring the electromyography (EMG) of abductor hallucis (AH), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG). Methods: A total of Twenty one adult females participated in this experiment. Subjects were assigned to groups according to the navicular drop test. The task was applied to the leg, where the heel lifting action prevailed. The muscle activity of the medial and lateral feet plantar flexors was evaluated, and the % maximum voluntary isometric contractions (%MVIC) of these were compared. Results: For the difference between groups the muscle activity (%MVIC) of LG muscle was statistically significantly low in flat feet group compared to healthy feet group (flat feet: 64.57, healthy feet: 90.17; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study will contribute to identifying the muscle activities of medial and lateral feet plantar flexors among subjects with flat feet, which can cause abnormal epidemiological changes in the feet.
Use of RGB-D Camera for Analysis of Compensatory Trunk Movements in Upper Limbs Rehabilitation

Assistive Robotics has been shown to be an important tool in the patient rehabilitation process. One of the first steps in this process is to capture the movements performed by the patient to analyze the movement restrictions presented. The present work presents a brief review of the state of the art as well as the development of a Range of Motion (ROM) measurement system based on the position of the joints in the three-dimensional space of the upper limbs using the Kinect sensor. In addition, preliminary tests to capture compensatory movements of the trunk are presented aiming to investigate the feasibility of using such system as a tool for detecting compensatory movements.
Alternating magnetic fields and antibiotics eradicate biofilm on metal in a synergistic fashion.

Hundreds of thousands of human implant procedures require surgical revision each year due to infection. Infections are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics due to the formation of biofilm on the implant surface. We have developed a noninvasive method to eliminate biofilm on metal implants using heat generated by intermittent alternating magnetic fields (iAMF). Here, we demonstrate that heat and antibiotics are synergistic in biofilm elimination. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, bacterial burden was reduced >3 log with iAMF and ciprofloxacin after 24 h compared with either treatment alone (p < 0.0001). This effect was not limited by pathogen or antibiotic as similar biofilm reductions were seen with iAMF and either linezolid or ceftriaxone in Staphylococcus aureus. iAMF and antibiotic efficacy was seen across various iAMF settings, including different iAMF target temperatures, dose durations, and dosing intervals. Initial mechanistic studies revealed membrane disruption as one factor important for AMF enhanced antibacterial activity in the biofilm setting. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing a noninvasive approach to reduce biofilm off of metallic implants.
Edgeworth: authoring diagrammatic math problems using program mutation

Building connections between mathematical expressions and their visual representations increases conceptual understanding and flexibility. However, students rarely practice visualizing abstract mathematical relationships because developing diagrammatic problems is challenging, especially at scale. To address this issue, we introduce Edgeworth, a system that automatically generates correct and incorrect diagrams for a given question prompt. It does so by mutating declarative mathematical statements with visual semantics. We evaluated the system by recreating diagrammatic problems in a widely used geometry textbook.
Measurements of Z Electrode Temperatures Using Absolutely Calibrated Streaked Visible Spectroscopy Systems and Avalanche Photodiodes

Absolute calibration of streaked visible spectroscopy systems has been performed at Z-machine at Sandia National Labs in order to determine temperatures of electrode surfaces during the current pulse. The ability to calibrate the full system, including all fiber optic runs and probes is crucial to understanding errors in the calibration process. The calibration procedure involves imaging a blackbody light source, with a known spectral radiance which is coupled to an integrating sphere. This source is streaked slowly over a few ns using Sydor streak cameras. The slow sweep is converted to a $100-500ns$ sweep by imaging a bright light source on both sweep rates, and obtaining wavelength and time dependent correction curves. Any broadband light source or several laser lines of differing wavelengths can be used for this correction. This technique has yielded temperature estimates of several eV in the Z convolute.
Micro-simulation model-development environments

This paper describes some of the results of an analysis of new software technology, which can be used to develop microsimulation models. Searching for microsimulation software development environment, the author concludes that opportunities of contemporary software technology are not exhausted; Web-based application development could provide better software architecture while fulfilling user requirements. The structure of the paper is as follows. The brief introduction defines microsimulation and categorizes the models used. The next sections focus in detail on two major approaches, database-oriented and web-oriented. The subsequent parts of the paper present two solutions for Web services, J2EE and .NET and discuss their respective merits and disadvantages. A sample model, using database-oriented approach with Web-service and final remarks concludes the paper. The major contribution of the paper is the presentation of new technology and its use for microsimulation. The software solutions discussed can be used for other simulation applications and the software architecture could build the basis of more general simulation software development environments.
Librarian as Professor of Social Media Literacy

Â Many high school teachers are prohibited from interacting with students in social media sites despite the fact that the majority of teenagers actively use them. The first opportunity most students have to interact with instructors in an online environment is in higher education. University and college librarians can take the lead in providing social media literacy instruction by developing courses and workshops using the Information Literacy Competency Standards developed by ACRL. This article discusses the development and instruction of a freshmen orientation course at Oregon State University titled Social Media: A Life Lived Online.
How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character by Paul Tough

Student success in America's schools has long been thought as the answer to societal problems. Recently, the emphasis on the importance of educating our youth has been directly associated with the ...