cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Scattering from Microstrip Patch Antennas and Spirals Residing in a Cavity

ABSTRACT A new hybrid method is reviewed for the analysis of the scattering by conformal antennas and arrays comprised of circular or rectangular elements. In addition, calculations for cavity-backed spiral antennas are given. The method employs a finite element formulation within the cavity and the boundary integral (exact boundary condition) for terminating the mesh. By virtue of the finite element discretization, the method has no restrictions on the geometry and composition of the cavity or its termination. Furthermore, because of the convolutional nature of the boundary integral and the inherent sparseness of the finite element matrix, the storage requirement is kept very low at 0(n). These unique features of the method have already been exploited in other scattering applications and have permitted the analysis of largo–size structures with remarkable efficiency. In this paper, we describe the method’s formulation and implementation for circular and rectangular patch antennas in the presence of lumpe...
Radio-Frequency Oxygen Plasma as a Sterilization Source

An oxygen plasma sustained at 13.56 MHz in a standardized reactor with a planar induction coil was used for biological decontamination experiments. Optical emission, mass spectrometry, Langmuir probe, and electrical measurements were applied to detection of chemical species and ion-energy and e ux analysis. These diagnostics identie ed a plasma-mode transition in the range of 13 ‐67-Pa pressure and 100 ‐330-W power to the induction coil. At higher pressure and lower power, the plasma was sustained in a dim mode (primarily by stray capacitive coupling). A primarily inductive bright mode was attained at lower pressure and higher power. The coupling mode of plasma operation was then monitored by emission spectroscopy on an analogous, scaled-down reactor for biological degradation tests. Plasmid DNA degradation efe cacies were compared in both plasma modes. DNA removal was »25% more efe cient in the inductively coupled mode than in the capacitively coupled mode at the same power. The fast degradation was attributed to synergetic mechanisms (photo- and ion-assisted etching by
Relationship of Type A Scores to Careers at Plateau and Job Satisfaction

167 officers of financial institutions in the West answered a questionnaire measuring Type A behavior and a semantic differential scale for job satisfaction. Men and women had similar characteristi...
Successful Aging Criteria for Aging Well in the Workplace

Career theory, to date, has provided several frameworks for understanding how employees develop during their careers. However, these frameworks have not yet directly examined the criteria older workers use to evaluate their success in aging in the workplace. In the present study, the authors develop an inventory of tentative criteria for successful aging in the workplace. Two hundred and one working adults complete a self-report survey indicating the personal importance of each criterion. Factor analyses indicate five theoretically important domains for successful aging in the workplace: (a) adaptability and health, (b) positive relationships, (c) occupational growth, (d) personal security, and (e) continued focus and achievement of personal goals. Analyses indicate that only occupational growth is negatively related to age. Further evidence supporting the relevance of these criteria is also presented.
The reluctance of house staff to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in the inpatient setting: what are the considerations?

Abstract Objective: Medical house staff are required to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as part of their job responsibilities. Previously it has been shown that house staff are reluctant to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (MMR) in an out of hospital setting. Therefore, whether reluctance to perform MMR extends to the inpatient setting, and, if so, the reasons for this reluctance were investigated. Design: All 74 internal medicine house officers of a large metropolitan hospital responded to presentations of hypothetical inpatient cardiac arrest scenarios to assess their willingness to perform MMR. Setting: A 1200 bed university-affiliated teaching hospital in Los Angeles, California. Subjects: All categorical internal medicine house officers at this hospital. Interventions: This study is a survey which concerns whether the house officer would perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in different hypothetical cardiac arrest scenarios. Results: Forty-rive percent would perform MMR on an unknown patient and 39% would perform MMR in the elderly patient scenario. Only 16% would do MMR on a patient with a small amount of blood on his lips and only 7% would perform MMR on a patient with presumed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Medical housestaff were much more reluctant to perform MMR on elderly, trauma, or presumed immunodeficient patients in an inpatient setting than in an outpatient setting. All house staff that indicated their unwillingness to perform MMR cited fear of human immunodeficiency virus infection as their reason. Conclusion: Medical housestaff are quite reluctant to perform MMR in an inpatient setting. Thus, educating the medical house staff about the percent of patients that survive inpatient cardiac arrest and the actual risks of contracting infectious diseases, especially HIV infections, from MMR and preventative measures, such as effective barrier masks, should result in an increased willingness of physicians to perform MMR or mouth-to-mask ventilation on inpatients.
Suppression of the lethality of high light to a quadruple hli mutant by the inactivation of the regulatory protein PfsR in Synechocystis PCC 6803

A regulatory gene, designated pfsR (photosynthesis, Fe homeostasis and stress-response regulator), was discovered by a genetic screen in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Deletion of the gene from a high light-sensitive strain lacking four hli genes (4Xhli) restored viability to the parental strain under high light conditions. The quintuple mutant pfsR-/4Xhli retained photosystem-II and oxygen evolution capacity at levels similar to the wild-type levels under high light conditions. The transcripts of the two bfr genes (encoding bacterioferritin) were found to be constitutively up-regulated, whereas the transcripts of ho1 gene (encoding a heme oxygenase) were greatly down-regulated in high light upon deletion of pfsR. Under intermediate high intensity light, the pfsR deletion strains accumulated carotenoids and chlorophyll a to a significantly higher level than their corresponding parental strains. An exacerbated, transient increase in oxygen evolution during the early hours of high light acclimation and a somewhat increased steady-state level of photosystem-II-mediated oxygen evolution observed in the 4Xhli strain were brought back to the wild-type levels upon deletion of pfsR from the strain. The pfsR deletion mutants were found to be less sensitive to iron limitation under low light conditions and to suffer less lipid peroxidation following exposure to high light. Therefore, inactivation of PfsR resulted in tighter control of iron availability, which in turn reduced oxidative stress during photosynthesis in high light. These studies have revealed a critical role of PfsR in regulation of iron homeostasis and stress response.
Function of Preliminary Incubation of Raw Milk Samples for Quality Control

Abstract Preliminary incubation of raw milk samples to evaluate bacterial quality has been a commonly recommended practice. The presumption has been that selective growth of a segment of the microflora associated with unsanitary methods and conditions would be enhanced. The present work involved a theoretical approach to evaluate this presumption. Pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens , and Escherichia coli as well as enriched mixed cultures of psychrotrophs and mesophiles were used. The generation time of each culture was determined at various temperatures. An analysis of covariance showed the coefficients of generation time related to temperature were not significantly different. Thus, preliminary incubation in the range of the temperature now recommended does not have a selective effect for specific groups of microorganisms.
Citalopram induced torsade de pointes, a rare life threatening side effect

Acquired Long QT syndrome is a disorder caused by medications, electrolyte imbalances, and drug interactions. This syndrome is associated with an increased risk of a characteristic life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia, known as torsade de pointes (TdP). In the setting of Long QT syndrome (LQTS), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can precipitate TdP. We report the first case of LQTS and TdP induced by citalopram in the United States. After discontinuation of citalopram, the QT/QTc interval normalized after 3 days and resolved further episodes of TdP. Patients on citalopram should be monitored closely for QT/QTc interval to prevent torsade de pointes.
Using data mining to profile TV viewers

Mining thousands of viewing choices and millions of patterns, advertisers and TV networks identify household characteristics, tastes, and desires to create and deliver custom targeted advertising.
Harmonious logic: Craig’s interpolation theorem and its descendants

Though deceptively simple and plausible on the face of it, Craig’s interpolation theorem (published 50 years ago) has proved to be a central logical property that has been used to reveal a deep harmony between the syntax and semantics of first order logic. Craig’s theorem was generalized soon after by Lyndon, with application to the characterization of first order properties preserved under homomorphism. After retracing the early history, this article is mainly devoted to a survey of subsequent generalizations and applications, especially of many-sorted interpolation theorems. Attention is also paid tomethodological considerations, since the Craig theorem and its generalizations were initially obtained by proof-theoretic arguments while most of the applications are model-theoretic in nature. The article concludes with the role of the interpolation property in the quest for “reasonable” logics extending first-order logic within the framework of abstract model theory.
Explaining success on the commons: Community forest governance in the Indian Himalaya

Summary. — In the past two decades, scholarship on resource use and management has emphasized the key role of institutions, communities, and socio-economic factors. Although much of this writing acknowledges the importance of a large number of different causal variables and processes, knowledge about the magnitude, relative contribution, and even direction of influence of different causal processes on resource management outcomes is still poor at best. This paper addresses existing gaps in theory and knowledge by conducting a context-sensitive statistical analysis of 95 cases of decentralized, community-based, forest governance in Himachal Pradesh, and showing how a range of causal influences shape forest conditions in diverse ecological and institutional settings in the Indian Himalaya. In focusing attention on a large number of cases, but drawing on findings from case studies to motivate our analysis and choice of causal influences, our study seeks to combine the strengths of single case-oriented approaches and larger-N studies, and thereby contributes to a more thorough understanding of effective resource governance. 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Mixing Patterns and Plankton Biomass of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes under Climate Change Scenarios

Abstract This study is part of an assessment of potential effects of climate change on the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Its purpose is to investigate potential future lake mixing patterns and primary production. Nested physical and biological models were applied to seasonal mixed layer depth, heat content, primary productivity, and to algal biomass measured as particulate chlorophyll. Two independent second generation General Circulation Models provided scenarios for future conditions of cloud cover, air temperature, humidity, and winds. The climate variables were used to force heat balance and surface mixed layer models for Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Physical models of heat balance and mixed layer dynamics were coupled with a model of primary biological production and growth of phytoplankton. Simulated climate conditions were for time periods centered at 1975, 2030, 2050, and 2090. Climate projections from both GCMs lead to elevated mixed layer and bottom temperatures in all five lakes by as much as 5°C during this century. Both GCMs point to longer duration of thermal stratification in the five lakes, stronger stability of stratification, and deeper daily mixing depths during peak thermal stratification. For Lake Erie, no striking differences in algal biomass are likely according to climate projections of either model, but for the other lakes, either the duration of nutrient limitation of algal growth is projected to increase, or light limitation caused by deeper mixing is projected to limit the development of algal biomass.
Interaction of divalent cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and barium with the calcite surface during layer growth

Coprecipitation experiments from aqueous solution at room temperature reveal that divalent Co, Zn, Cd, and Ba exhibit different pReferences for incorporation among multiple surface sites present on the calcite 104 face during spiral growth. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microanalysis reveals that Co and Cd are preferentially incorporated into the parallel arrays of 104− steps that define one pair of symmetrically equivalent vicinal faces on polygonized growth spirals. In contrast, Zn and Ba are preferentially incorporated into 〈41〉+ growth steps, which define a second pair of vicinal faces on the growth spirals but are symmetrically nonequivalent to the steps on the first pair. The step types differ in their direction and rate of migration on the 104 face and in the detailed structural configuration of the kink sites that lie within them. In comparison with previous work showing that ion size (relative to host Ca) controls the preference of ions between surface sites of different size and geometry, the present observations suggest more complex influences. Zinc exhibits step-specific pReferences similar to those of the larger ions Ba and Sr, which may reflect its strong association with ligands in solution or a particular interaction with surface sites. The inherent differences in step velocities between nonequivalent growth steps show a greater range of variability in the present work than previously. The step velocity anisotropy does not appear to be correlated with the differential, step-specific incorporation, although the dependence of impurity parti- tioning on step velocity may be an important influence superimposed on the structural control on trace element incorporation. The findings demonstrate how element-specific surface affinities and anisotropic kinetic behavior result from the existence of multiple expressions of a bulk site when exposed at a surface. This microscopic path dependence of surface processes is important for understanding the macroscopic chemical behavior of carbonates and other minerals.
Characterization of high-pressure carbon dioxide explosion to enhance oil extraction from canola

Abstract The change of pressure, temperature and phase during high-pressure carbon dioxide explosion process were investigated. Different initial temperature and pressure conditions were chosen, ranging from 25 to 65 °C and 500 to 3000 psi covering initial liquid, supercritical and gas phases. Under certain initial conditions with low temperature and high pressure, the depressurization process caused a phase change that increased the release time where the depressurization–time curves did not exponentially decrease. This explosion process was characterized based on total release time, rate of depressurization, and effect of phase change on the rate of depressurization. The temperature change associated with the change of pressure was also discussed. Canola flakes were exploded using chosen initial conditions. Oil extraction from canola flakes using supercritical carbon dioxide was improved after explosion treatment. Explosion at 35 °C and 3000 psi of initial condition resulted in the highest oil yield.
Characteristics of a cobalt-based phosphate microelectrode for in situ monitoring of phosphate and its biological application

The in situ monitoring of phosphate has been of great importance in many environmental applications, particularly those involving biological treatment processes and eutrophication monitoring. A microelectrode with small tip size (~10 mum) was fabricated with cobalt wire, characterized and evaluated for in situ and in vivo environmental analysis of phosphate in biological applications. The electrochemical performance of this cobalt-based microelectrode was fully examined for its characteristics, including detection limit, response time, selectivity, reproducibility, life time, interference with pH, ions and dissolved oxygen (DO), and the stirring effect. The microelectrode showed excellent selectivity for the orthophosphate ions (HPO(4) (2-), H(2)PO(4) (-)) in various environmental conditions. Alkalinity and DO were found to interfere with electrode response to phosphate. The phosphate microelectrode was also evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The developed microelectrode was used for in situ monitoring of phosphate in microbial flocs. Well-defined phosphate profiles across the flocs were observed under anaerobic (phosphorus release) conditions. This full characterization and successful application showed that the cobalt-based phosphate microelectrodes can be a very useful tool for in situ measurement of phosphate in various environmental conditions, including within microbial flocs.
Absence of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol in brain

Abstract The occurrence of measurable quantities of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol (MHPE), a minor metabolite of dopamine, in brain and CSF is controversial. Utilizing gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection in a study of trifluoroacetyl and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of this compound, we were unable to confirm the presence of MHPE in either whole brain or striatal tissue.
Organizational response of normal tissues to irradiation.

A central tenet in the treatment of cancer patients with radiation has been that normal tissue complications were related to the volume of the tissue irradiated, although the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon were poorly understood. The advent of new treatment techniques, such as three-dimensional (3-D) conformal treatments, drove the developers of models to evaluate the resultant complex dose distribution plans, particularly in terms of predicting normal tissue complications. However, a lack of experimental data on the effects of changing volume on normal tissue responses made it difficult to substantiate these models. Consequently, radiobiology research on normal tissue dose volume effects in experimental animal models was initiated, providing considerable insight into the effect of changing volume on normal tissue response for a large number of tissues. This paper summarizes these data and the potential impact of new concepts and data in molecular radiation biology on dose volume effects in normal tissues.
Interactions between Forms of Fat Consumption and Restaurant Bread Consumption

How does fat consumption influence the consumption of companion foods such as bread? Adult restaurant goers who were randomly given olive oil for their bread used 26% more oil on each piece of bread compared to those who were given block butter, but they ended up eating 23% less bread in total. This finding illustrates one way in which fat intake can interact with the consumption of companion foods.
Accessing corporate memory in networked organisations

Competitive market forces and lower coordination costs are pushing large hierarchical organizations towards new organizational structures made of small, heterogeneous, project-oriented teams. These new organizations, however, lack the specialized knowledge created by functional units while working on several projects in the same area. Current collaborative technologies can help maintain communication between these groups and preserve organizational memory. We suggest another alternative for accessing this information which works by guiding users in their exploration of organizational records relevant to the problem at hand. In this model, hypothesis of information needs are formulated by monitoring the user's manipulation of information in a decision support system, and an information retrieval engine is used to recall previous projects that match these needs. A prototype for guided exploration has been implemented on top of a collaborative design support tool which defines an explicit protocol for the capture of project information. >
Genetic Testing of Children: Confluence or Collision Between Parents and Professionals?

Nursing has been challenged to lead in all areas of knowledge development in genetics. In addition to participation in genetic counseling and research, the profession must be an advocate for the proper use of new clinical practices in genetic care. One of these areas is the largely unregulated practice of genetic testing of minor children. Psychological and bioethical concerns have been raised about testing children at parental request when no immediate benefit will result. Several professional bodies have urged the adoption of guidelines that would limit parental choice in the testing process. This article argues that little data exists to support the creation of strict regulations, and also notes that analysis of this issue through the use of alternative ethical theory can yield useful directions for nurses attempting to navigate this controversial topic.
Sputter deposition system for controlled fabrication of multilayers

A detailed description of a sputter deposition system constructed specifically for the fabrication of x-ray and neutron multilayer monochromators and supermirrors is given. One of the principal design criteria is to maintain precise control of film thickness and uniformity over large substrate areas. Regulation of critical system parameters is fully automated so that response to feedback control information is rapid and complicated layer thickness sequences can be deposited accurately and efficiently. The use of either DC or RF magnetron sources makes it possible to satisfy the diverse material requirements of both x-ray and neutron optics.
Study of r-f cathode unbalance in zero-order interdigital magnetrons

The loading effect of the cathode and its support structure are analyzed insofar as they affect the circuit impedance. It is found that a series resonance occurs, heavily loading the anode cavity. Cold test measurements are presented which support this finding. The effect of the unbalance of the cathode potential with respect to the anode r-f potentials is analyzed in the space-charge-free case. Using rather general principles it is shown that the amplitude of the Hartree fundamental is unchanged, but that even Hartree harmonic components of the space field are introduced. The latter are (usually) unimportant since their phase velocities are quite different from that of the fundamental. Operating tests results are presented for a magnetron in which cathode potential was varied over the complete range of balance and unbalance. The only effect noticeable was that caused by impedance loading. Because of the lack of variation in electronic efficiency as cathode potential passed through balance, it is concluded that the unimportance of cathode potential unbalance is here demonstrated.
Crime Prevention Strategies in Neighborhoods Dominated by Rental Property

A concern in many older communities is decay in neighborhoods dominated by rental properties. Multiple strategies are being adopted throughout the country to assist police departments and other policy makers to solve the crime problems of these areas. These strategies include the Crime Free Multi-Family Housing Program, zoning regulations, smart growth policies, landlord education programs, neighborhood organizations, drug and gang activity eviction legislation, administrative searches and inspections, and partnering between law enforcement and the rental industry. Legal and social issues need to be addressed, including recent court decisions on administrative regulations, concerns about affordable housing, and housing availability for persons with criminal convictions.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis and Lygodium microphyllum Invasion in South Florida—a biogeographic comparison

Lygodium microphyllum (Old World Climbing Fern) is one of the most problematic weeds in south Florida, invading numerous habitats from mangroves to pine flatwoods natural ecosystems. Much of the research efforts on L. microphyllum has been focused on reproductive potential, spore release, growth under different environmental conditions, belowground rhizome dormancy and survival strategies that describes its invasiveness. However, the role of an important mutualistic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the competitive ability and successful invasion of L. microphyllum by enhancing nutrient uptake has not been previously considered. Analysis of field root and soil samples from the ferns introduced and native range as well as a 7-week growth chamber experiment were done to determine the level of mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of L. microphyllum and the dependency on mycorrhizal fungi for growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. The field root samples showed that L. microphyllum was heavily colonized by AMF in relatively drier conditions, which are commonly found on some Florida sites compared to more common wetter sites where the fern is found in its native Australia. The results from the growth chamber experiment showed that the mycorrhizal treatment plants had significantly higher relative growth rate and biomass compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Similarly, L. microphyllum was highly dependent on the mycorrhizal fungi for growth and P uptake. Our results suggest that AMF play a significant role in vegetative reproduction and likely enhance the invasiveness of L. microphyllum in south Florida natural areas.
Resources, Fertility, and Parental Investment in Mao's China

During the first three decades of the People's Republic of China, income differences across social classes were compressed. Formal education was not an important determinant of personal income. In this study, there was no difference in income between white-collar and blue-collar families, although white-collar parents had more education than blue-collar parents. In urban China, where population density was high, couples of different occupational status appeared to make different trade-offs between quantity and quality of children. Urban white-collar couples had fewer, but better-educated, children than their blue-collar counterparts. In rural areas, white-collar couples still had better educated children than blue-collar couples, but no difference was found in lifetime reproductive success. High population density and an occupational structure that incidentally helped reinforce unequal distribution of cultural capital in the population encouraged urban couples with different levels of resources (i.e., cultural capital rather than income in this case) to adopt different reproductive strategies.
Bird Populations in Rustic and Planted Shade Coffee Plantations of Eastern Chiapas, México

Much of the remaining “forest” vegetation in eastern Chiapas, Mexico is managed for coffee production. In this region coffee is grown under either the canopy of natural forest or under a planted canopy dominated by Inga spp. Despite the large differences in diversity of dominant plant species, both planted and rustic shade coffee plantations support a high overall diversity of bird species; we recorded approximately 105 species in each plantation type on fixed radius point counts. We accumulated a combined species list of 180 species on repeatedly surveyed transects through both coffee plantation types. These values are exceeded regionally only by moist tropical forest. Of the habitats surveyed, shade coffee was second only to acacia groves in the abundance and diversity of Nearctic migrants. The two plantation types have similar bird species lists and both are similar in composition to the dominant woodland—mixed pine-oak. Both types of shade coffee plantation habitats differ from other local habitats in supporting highly seasonal bird populations. Survey numbers almost double during the dry season—an increase that is found in omnivorous migrants and omnivorous, frugivorous, and nectarivorous resident species. Particularly large influxes were found for Tennessee warblers (Vermivora peregrina) and northern orioles (Icterus galbula) in Inga dominated plantations.
Isoelectric focusing in a Sephadex column.

Abstract An isoelectric focusing technique on a Sephadex column is described. This technique provides for the fractionation of amphoteric compounds in a pH gradient and allows for better than 95% recovery of the focused material. Focusing in this system over a pH range of 3.5–10 reaches equilibrium in approximately 5 hr and thereby reduces the exposure of more labile proteins to long focusing times.
Nitridation of Non-Isothermal Silicon Compacts

The use of microwave heating for the processing of reaction-bonded silicon nitride offers at least two advantages over conventional heating methods. First, the reaction can be made to proceed preferentially in the interior of the reacting compact by maximizing the temperature gradient resulting from microwave heating. This helps maintain the flow of nitrogen into the compact during the later stages of the reaction, when the overall porosity is reduced. Second, the reaction rate can be controlled by changing the power, which gives better control over the processing than can be obtained using conventional heating.
Iteration method solutions for conservative and limit-cycle x1/3 force oscillators

Abstract An iterative technique is used to calculate a higher-order approximation to the periodic solutions of a conservative oscillator for which the elastic force term is proportional to x 1 / 3 . The related van der Pol-type limit-cycle oscillator is also studied.
Contribution of microorganisms to the biofilm nutritional quality: protein and lipid contents

The nutritional quality of biofilm, a microbial community associated to an organic matrix, was evaluated in artificial substrate (polyethylene screen) in net cages during 30 days in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. During this period, samples of biofilm were collected each 5 days for analysis of chlorophyll a, microorganisms abundance, dry weight, protein and lipid contents. During the study, chlorophyll a varied from 0.38 to 2.75 μg cm−2; dry weight between 7.16 and 17.63 mg cm−2; protein content from 0.43 to 1.76 mg cm−2 and lipid concentration between 1.21 and 4.23 mg cm−2. The variation of lipid in the biofilm was closely related to the abundance of free heterotrophic bacteria (34.25–56.54 × 106 cells cm−2), filamentous cyanobacteria (7.5–15.9 × 106 filaments cm−2), flagellates (6.92–12.89 × 106 cells cm−2) and mainly nematodes (29–1,414 organisms cm−2), while protein content varied similarly to the abundance of unicellular centric diatoms (52.10–179.81 × 103 cells cm−2), and nematodes. This information will allow a better management of food supply to raised aquatic organism with the utilization of natural productivity in the culture systems, with considerable decrease in production costs.
The effects of Corotating interaction region/High speed stream storms on the thermosphere and ionosphere during the last solar minimum

Abstract Geomagnetic storms at solar minimum are driven by the interaction between high speed streams and low speed streams (Corotating Interactions regions/High Speed Streams—CIR/HSSs- this includes both the CIR part of the storm and the HSS part as both has effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere), rather than by Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Solar minimum storms are generally of smaller amplitude, but they also have other characteristics that affect the response of the thermosphere/ionosphere (TI) system to them. We explore both the background upper atmosphere and the characteristics of these CIR/HSS events in 2008 using both models and data. The model data comparisons were good, showing mid-latitude positive storm effects on NmF2 on the day of the storm and long, extended periods of storm induced changes on the following days. Generally, the version of the NCAR-TIEGCM (National Center for Atmospheric Research-Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics Model) run with the Heelis convection pattern was in better agreement with the data than the version run with the Weimer convection pattern. We attribute this difference in the response of the two versions of the NCAR-TIEGCM to the fact that the precipitation we associate with the Heelis model has been tuned to better represent observed precipitation over many years, whereas such tuning has just begun for the version of the NCAR-TIEGCM that uses the Weimer model. Physically, the most important conclusion that we draw is the CIR/HSS events can have significant effects on the ionosphere and thermosphere for several days after the CIR has ended. While CIR/HSS events are normally weaker than CME events, the effects of the latter normally disappear in a day or two. Thus the effects of CIR/HSS events may be comparable to those of CME events for some fields, notably neutral density changes.
Topography and intracranial sources of somatosensory evoked potentials in the monkey. I. Early components.

Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and associated multiple unit activity (MUA) were recorded from a series of epidural and intracortical locations following stimulation of the contralateral median nerve in the monkey. Cortical components were differentiated from the earlier subcortical activity and the intracerebral distribution and sources of each cortical potential were determined. Under barbiturate anesthesia the SEP wave form is simplified and can be wholly attributed to two sources. The earliest cortical activity consists of a biphasic P10-N20 wave which is generated in the posterior bank of the central sulcus. A second wave form, P12-N25, originates in the crown of the postcentral gyrus. No other cortical areas are active. In the alert state the morphology of the surface SEP is complex and reflects the interaction of volume conducted activity from several adjacent cortical sources. The wave form overlying the hand area of the postcentral gyrus consists of P12, P20, P40, N45 and P110. Precentral recordings exhibit P10, P13, N13, N20, P24, N45 and P110. Six anatomical sources have been identified. P10 and N20 originate in the posterior bank of the central sulcus including areas 3a and 3b and are volume conducted in an anteroposterior direction. P12 originates in area 1 as well as the anterior portion of area 2. P20 is generated in the medial portion of the postcentral gyrus including area 5. The source of P40 lies within the lateral portion of the parietal lobe including area 7b. Two components were generated in precentral cortex: P13/N13 originates principally in area 4 within the anterior bank of the central sulcus and P24 reflects activity in the anteromedial portion of the precentral gyrus including area 6. The long latency SEP components, N45 and P110, are generated widely within the somesthetic areas of postcentral cortex. The early cortical SEP components recorded in the monkey closely resemble in configuration and topography those recorded from man although the latter are longer in latency, reflecting interspecies differences in the length of conduction pathways as well as in cortical processing time.
Assignment of the Carbon-Hydrogen Stretching and Bending Vibrations of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) by Selective Deuteration

The C—H stretching and C—H bending vibrations of the methylene, α-methyl, and ester methyl groups of poly(methyl methacrylate) are discussed and assigned on the basis of the infrared spectra of its three deuterated derivatives: PMMA—CD2—OCD3, PMMA—CD2—OCD3, and PMMA—CD2—CD3. The digital analog of PMMA is obtained by coaddition of the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the deuterated PMMA derivatives. The experimental and digital PMMA spectra are compared in the regions of the C—H stretching and C—H bending vibrations: the agreement in frequency is excellent and the relative intensities are practically the same in the C—H stretching vibrations region. However, their relative intensities strongly differ in the C—H bending region.
The evolution of species interactions across natural landscapes

Given the potential for rapid and microgeographical adaptation, ecologists increasingly are exploring evolutionary explanations for community patterns. Biotic selection can generate local adaptations that alter species interactions. Although some gene flow might be necessary to fuel local adaptation, higher gene flow can homogenise traits across regions and generate local maladaptation. Herein, I estimate the contributions of local biotic selection, gene flow and spatially autocorrelated biotic selection to among-population divergence in traits involved in species interactions across 75 studies. Local biotic selection explained 6.9% of inter-population trait divergence, an indirect estimate of restricted gene flow explained 0.1%, and spatially autocorrelated selection explained 9.3%. Together, biotic selection explained 16% of the variance in population trait means. Most biotic selection regimes were spatially autocorrelated. Hence, most populations receive gene flow from populations facing similar selection, which could allow for local adaptation despite moderate gene flow. Gene flow constrained adaptation in studies conducted at finer spatial scales as expected, but this effect was often confounded with spatially autocorrelated selection. Results indicate that traits involved in species interactions might often evolve across landscapes, especially when biotic selection is spatially autocorrelated. The frequent evolution of species interactions suggests that evolutionary processes might often influence community ecology.
The myth of comfort food.

Objective: People seek out their own idiosyncratic comfort foods when in negative moods, and they believe that these foods rapidly improve their mood. The purpose of these studies is to investigate whether comfort foods actually provide psychological benefits, and if so, whether they improve mood better than comparison foods or no food. Methods: Participants first completed an online questionnaire to indicate their comfort foods and a variety of comparison foods. During two lab sessions a week apart from each other (and at least a week after the online questionnaire, counterbalanced in order), participants watched films that induced negative affect. In one session, participants were then served their comfort food. In the other, participants were served an equally liked noncomfort food (Study 1), a neutral food (Study 2), or no food (Studies 3 and 4). Short-term mood changes were measured so that we could seek out psychological effects of these foods, rather than biochemical effects on mood from particular food components (e.g., sugars or vitamins). Results: Comfort foods led to significant improvements in mood, but no more than other foods or no food. Conclusions: Although people believe that comfort foods provide them with mood benefits, comfort foods do not provide comfort beyond that of other foods (or no food). These results are likely not due to a floor effect because participants’ moods did not return to baseline levels. Individuals may be giving comfort food “credit” for mood effects that would have occurred even in the absence of the comfort food.
The Relationship of Logical Reasoning Ability, Oral Language Comprehension, and Home Experiences to Preschool Children's Print Awareness

The study examined the relationship of logical reasoning ability, oral language comprehension, and home experiences to preschoolers' print awareness. Measures of print awareness were: letter naming, visual discrimination, auditory discrimination, and two measures which assessed concepts about print (knowledge about the purposes of print in the environment and knowledge about the processes in- volved in using print). Sixty three-, four-, and five-year-olds were tested on the measures of print awareness, logical reasoning ability, and lexical and grammatical comprehension of oral language. Information on home experiences was obtained by surveying parents on their own reading habits and the reading-related activities in which they participated with their children. Three measures—logical reasoning abili- ty, lexical comprehension, and home teaching activites—provided the best overall model in accounting for differences in children's performances across the print awareness measures. Most teachers would quickly assert that entering schoolchildren differ greatly in ability to benefit from reading instruction. At one end of the spectrum is the child who already reads; at the other is the child who hasn't a clue about the purpose of the squiggles on the page. Investigators and practitioners have searched extensively for explanations of these differences in children's reading readiness. For the most part, they have confined their search to differences which exist among children when they enter school, with much less effort devoted to tracing the development of dif- ferences in print awareness over the preschool period. Yet differences in reading readiness among children when they enter school must reflect different
Strength and Respectability Black Women’s Negotiation of Racialized Gender Ideals and the Role of Daughter–Father Relationships

Black women and girls face conflicting expectations to be both strong and respectable. Studies of their socialization into racialized gender ideals often focus on the influence of society, mothers, and media. In this article, I investigate how black women’s relationships with their fathers shape their responses to racialized gender ideologies. Based on 79 in-depth interviews with 40 college-educated black women between the ages of 18 and 22, the data show that the quality of daughter–father relationships influences how black women navigate discourses of strength and respectability. This study extends research about the transmission of racialized gender ideals by identifying key differences between women with supportive fathers and those with distant, uninvolved fathers. The article concludes with an appeal for further examination of daughter–father relationships and their influence on black women’s meaning making and negotiation of femininity ideals.
Predicate result range caching for continuous queries

Many analysis and monitoring applications require the repeated execution of expensive modeling functions over streams of rapidly changing data. These applications can often be expressed declaratively, but the continuous query processors developed to date are not designed to optimize queries with expensive functions. To speed up such queries, we present CASPER: the CAching System for PrEdicate Result ranges. CASPER computes and caches predicate result ranges, which are ranges of stream input values where the system knows the results of expensive predicate evaluations. Over time, CASPER expands ranges so that they are more likely to contain future stream values. This paper presents the CASPER architecture, as well as algorithms for computing and expanding ranges for a large class of predicates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CASPER using a prototype implementation and a financial application using real bond market data.
Arabidopsis homeotic gene APETALA3 ectopic expression: Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation determine floral organ identity

APETALA3 (AP3) specifies the development of petals and stamens in the Arabidopsis flower. We constructed a transgenic line, 35S-AP3, that ectopically expresses AP3 under the control of a constitutive promoter. The resulting flowers exhibit a replacement of carpels by stamens and resemble flowers homozygous for the previously described Arabidopsis mutation superman. Although AP3 RNA is detected at high levels throughout the flower and stem in 35S-AP3, AP3 protein is detected at high levels only in the second, third, and fourth floral whorls, demonstrating that AP3 is posttranscriptionally regulated. Ectopic expression of AP3 causes a second floral homeotic gene, PISTILLATA (PI), to function in the fourth whorl of 35S-AP3 flowers. AP3 and PI also activate an AP3 promoter-reporter gene fusion, demonstrating that AP3 positively autoregulates.
Mapping the heparin-binding sites on type I collagen monomers and fibrils

The glycosaminoglycan chains of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are believed to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix assembly, through their interactions with heparin-binding proteins (for review see Ruoslahti, E. 1988. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4:229-255; and Bernfield, M., R. Kokenyesi, M. Kato, M. T. Hinkes, J. Spring, R. L. Gallo, and E. J. Lose. 1992. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8:365-393). Heparin-binding sites on many extracellular matrix proteins have been described; however, the heparin-binding site on type I collagen, a ubiquitous heparin-binding protein of the extracellular matrix, remains undescribed. Here we used heparin, a structural and functional analogue of heparan sulfate, as a probe to study the nature of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding site on type I collagen. We used affinity coelectrophoresis to study the binding of heparin to various forms of type I collagen, and electron microscopy to visualize the site(s) of interaction of heparin with type I collagen monomers and fibrils. Using affinity coelectrophoresis it was found that heparin has similar affinities for both procollagen and collagen fibrils (Kd's approximately 60-80 nM), suggesting that functionally similar heparin-binding sites exist in type I collagen independent of its aggregation state. Complexes of heparin-albumin-gold particles and procollagen were visualized by rotary shadowing and electron microscopy, and a preferred site of heparin binding was observed near the NH2 terminus of procollagen. Native or reconstituted type I collagen fibrils showed one region of significant heparin-gold binding within each 67-nm period, present near the division between the overlap and gap zones, within the "a" bands region. According to an accepted model of collagen fibril structure, our data are consistent with the presence of a single preferred heparin-binding site near the NH2 terminus of the collagen monomer. Correlating these data with known type I collagen sequences, we suggest that the heparin-binding site in type I collagen may consist of a highly basic triple helical domain, including several amino acids known sometimes to function as disaccharide acceptor sites. We propose that the heparin-binding site of type I collagen may play a key role in cell adhesion and migration within connective tissues, or in the cell-directed assembly or restructuring of the collagenous extracellular matrix.