cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image compression with embedded multiwavelet coding

An embedded image coding scheme using the multiwavelet transform and inter-subband prediction is proposed in this research. The new proposed coding scheme consists of the following building components: GHM multiwavelet transform, prediction across subbands, successive approximation quantization, and adaptive binary arithmetic coding. Our major contribution is the introduction of a set of prediction rules to fully exploit the correlations between multiwavelet coefficients in different frequency bands. The performance of the proposed new method is comparable to that of state-of-the-art wavelet compression methods.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of the filamentous hemagglutin from Bordetella pertussis by gel electrophoresis

A highly purified preparation of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) from Bordetella pertussis was analyzed for its protein composition by gel electrophoretic methods. In this preparation of FHA the following native species could be detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at pH 3.2: S, and S2 (inactive subunits or fragments); two monomers, a major form designated Ia (144K), and a minor form lb, differing only in net charge; and three oligomeric forms, designated II (213K), III (595K) and IV (1064K). Hemagglutinating activity was associated predominantly with component Ia. PAGE of FHA after derivatization with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed there to be three major species, designated A, C and D. According to estimated molecular weight values, A, C and D are likely to correspond to S2, Ia and II respectively. Isolated components II, III and IV yield all three SDS-species upon derivatization with SDS. Both moving boundary electrophoresis and gel electrofocusing showed hemagglutinating FHA to be a basic protein. Its apparent pI is 8.1.
Cubed Complete Rations for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Production by cows fed cubed complete rations as compared to the same ration components fed separately as long hay and concentrate was determined in two experiments. The cubed rations reduced milk fat percentages in both experiments and total fat production in one experiment. Solids-not-fat was increased slightly by cubed rations. Lower efficiency of feed utilization for the production of 4% fat-corrected milk was evident for cows fed cubed rations. Losses of body weight following parturition were reduced, and subsequent weight recoveries were more rapid in cows fed cubed rations. Also, molar ratios of acetic/propionic acids in the rumen were reduced. Effects of rations on milk composition, changes in body weight, and ratios of volatile fatty acids appear to be related to differences in coarseness or texture of the roughage components of cubed and baled hay rations. The results of these feeding experiments indicate complete rations prepared by cubing chopped alfalfa hay and concentrates in conventional hay cubing equipment have limitations as the sole rations for high producing dairy cows.
Ascorbic and uric acid responses to xanthotoxin ingestion in a generalist and a specialist caterpillar

For herbivorous insects, dietary sources of low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, may influence performance in the presence of phototoxic plant constituents. We examined responses of Trichoplusia ni, a broad generalist, and Depressaria pastinacella, a specialist on furanocoumarin-containing plants, to variation in dietary ascorbic acid availability in the presence and absence of xanthotoxin, a phototoxic furanocoumarin. In T. ni, dietary ascorbic acid significantly increased levels of this compound in body tissues (approximately 7-fold, 5-fold, and 8-fold in hemolymph, gut, and fat body, respectively). In the presence of xanthotoxin, however, the amount of ascorbic acid accumulated significantly decreased. This decrease was not due to antifeedant effects of xanthotoxin and may instead have resulted from depletion of ascorbic acid due to its radical scavenging activity. In contrast, ascorbic acid levels in D. pastinacella were less affected by variation in dietary levels of either xanthotoxin or ascorbic acid, although uric acid, another potential water-soluble nonenzymatic antioxidant, increased in response to dietary ascorbic acid, as it did in T. ni. Thus, for generalists, such as T. ni, that lack specialized detoxification mechanisms against phototoxins such as furanocoumarins, dietary ascorbic acid may play an important role in antioxidant defense, and, for caterpillars in general, uric acid may also contribute to antioxidant defenses. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 42:26–36, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance Spectrum of Mo 5 + in SrTi O 3 -An Example of the Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effect

The EPR spectrum of ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{5+}$ in SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at $T=1$. 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is reported. The spectrum is stable in suitably prepared samples or light-induced (3900-4300-\AA{} light) in photochromic samples, and can only be observed at liquid-helium temperatures. The $g$ tensor is ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=1.72$, ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\sim}0$. The hyperfine (hf) constant is ${A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=39\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ was not measured but the hf splitting is not very anisotropic. The linewidth varied from 3 to 8 G for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}\ensuremath{\parallel}〈100〉$ direction but broadened to 60 G at $\ensuremath{\theta}=60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The spectrum cannot be explained by crystal-field theory alone but does fit the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect as calculated by Macfarlane, Wong, and Sturge for the ${d}^{1}$ ions ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. We find a Jahn-Teller energy ${E}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{}\mathrm{T}}=480$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Mo}}^{5+}$. To obtain a reasonable first excited state (\ensuremath{\sim}10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), a small tetragonal distortion (\ensuremath{\sim}20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) must be assumed, as expected for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ below the 105 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K phase transition.
Magnesium Ions But Not ATP Inhibit Cyclic ADP-Ribose-Induced Calcium Release

The pharmacology of the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)-dependent Ca+2 release mechanism is very similar to that of the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Here we showed that MgCl2, a known inhibitor of RyR, blocked cADPR-induced Ca+2 release in sea urchin egg homogenates with a half maximal concentration of about 2.5 mM. The effect was specific since up to 10 mM Mg+2 had no effect on the Ca+2 release induced by inositol trisphosphate. K2ATP, another known modulator of RyR, at up to 10 mM did not affect the half-maximal concentration of cADPR, which remained at about 96 nM. These results indicate cADPR is a specific Ca+2 release activator and not merely an adenine nucleotide acting on the ATP-site. The inhibitory effects of Mg+2 further demonstrate the similarity between RyR and the cADPR-dependent Ca+2 release system.
Systematic research needs for understanding supervisory-based estimates of SDy in utility analysis

Abstract In utility analysis, the estimation of the standard deviation of performance. SD y, is often accomplished by techniques which require supervisory estimates of overall worth. Because these techniques involve human judgment, they are subject to psychometric scrutiny, to research on contextual effects, and to research about supervisors' cognitive perceptions of overall worth. The current paper addresses needs in all of these areas. The psychometric domain implies research needs regarding consistent judgments, accuracy, the meaning of percentiles, and the possibility of negative worth. The contextual and cognitive domains imply research needs related to job and organizational context, to the nature of the utility metric, and to decomposition of the estimation process underlying judgments of overall worth. Such research will help to delineate the boundaries for the application of utility analysis, as well as suggest improvements in current methodologies.
The Paradoxopsyllus fauna of Nepal with descriptions of eight new species and a key to the genus (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae).

Eight new species of fleas belonging to the genus Paradoxopsyllus Miyajima & Koidsumi, 1909 are described from various small mammal hosts from Nepal. P. acanthus , n. sp. is a common parasite of Rattus and Alticola species. P. digitatus , n. sp. also is known from hosts of these genera, but is much less common. A fairly common parasite of Rattus, Mus and Alticola species is P. hollandi , n. sp. The remaining 5 species all come from the Tibetan mountain desert of Mustang District. These are P. magnificus , n. sp. from Apodemus and Alticola, P. mustangensis , n. sp. from Rattus and Mus, P. oribatus , n. sp. from Apodemus and Ochotona, P. paraphaeopis , n. sp. from Rattus and P. spinosus , n. sp., also from Rattus . The usefulness of some of the characters used in taxonomic discrimination is discussed, and a key to the 26 known members of the genus is provided. A 9th species, P. custodis Jordan, 1932, is again reported from Nepal.
High-resolution imaging of the melt distribution in partially molten upper mantle rocks: evidence for wetted two- grain boundaries

[1] We determine the 3-D melt geometry of partially molten samples of olivine containing 1.6 and 3.6 vol.% of basaltic melt that were held in a piston cylinder apparatus at upper mantle conditions for 430 h. Our approach involves serial sectioning and high-resolution field emission SEM imaging. Resolution is such that melt pockets approaching ~30 nm in size were resolved while covering an area of ~300 by 230 µm. The principal result of this study is to show that thin layers (typically 100 nm or less in thickness) between adjacent grains observed in 2-D images persist with depth and are therefore wetted two-grain boundaries. Melt geometries most closely resembling triple junction tubules of the isotropic equilibrium model occur at all three-grain edges but are small compared to larger pockets. The wetted grain boundaries at a dihedral angle >0° for this system are inferred to be due to slow expulsion of melt from dynamically reorganizing grain boundaries during steady state grain growth. The attenuation peak observed in forced torsional oscillation experiments on similar samples is likely related to the wetted grain boundaries. Grain growth, driven by surface energy reduction, occurs also at the larger grain sizes expected for the mantle. This suggests the presence of wetted grain boundaries and significant velocity reduction and attenuation in partially molten upper mantle, as observed for example in back-arc basins.
Gamma-ray observations of NGC 253 and M82 with OSSE

Gamma-ray observations of the nearby starburst galaxies NGC 253 and M82 over the energy range (0.05-10) MeV have been obtained with the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) spectrometer on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). The priority of these galaxies as OSSE targets had been established on the grounds that the average supernova rate may be high in starbursts as indicated by infrared and radio observations, and at distances of approximately 3 Mpc a significant chance of supernova gamm-ray line detection exists. NGC 253 was detected in continuum emission up to 165 keV with a total significance of 4.4 sigma and an estimated luminosity of 3 x 10(exp 40) ergs/s. The spectrum is best fit by a power law of photon index approximately 2.5. We consider the possible contribution of different emission mechanisms, including inverse Compton scattering, bremsstrahlung, discrete sources, and Type Ia/Ib supernova continuum to the measured flux. No significant continuum flux was observed from M82. A search for the gamma-ray line from the decay of the most abundant radioactive element produced in supernovae (Ni-56 yields Co-56 yields Fe-56) yielded no significant detection: the 3 sigma upper limits to the line fluxes at 0.158, 0.812, 0.847, and 1.238 MeV for both galaxies are obtained.
Cooperative control of MAVs for a hidden emitter localization

This paper provides a summary of the development of a three state machine-based cooperative control algorithm that is applied to multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Micro-Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) control. We use MAVs for cooperative search of a hidden electromagnetic source (emitter) in a controlled environment. MAVs are equipped with wireless sensor nodes capable of sensing an electromagnetic (EM) field around them. Simultaneous control and sensing capabilities of these MAVs are presented. The algorithm uses a three-state machine to control the MAVs during the search process. The first state is a decentralized cooperative search that allows MAVs to obtain information about the environment and detect EM emissions from the target. The second state implements a gradient descent algorithm in which the MAVs converge towards the target based on the received signal strength, while still maintaining a proximal distance from each other. MAVs are positioned at the optimal distance of the detected EM source before fine-tuning of the emitter localization is carried out. The third state incorporates a technique called Position-Adaptive Direction Finding (PADF), where the MAVs adapt their positions in order to further improve localization of a hidden emitter using an estimated path loss exponent as a feedback. We present simulation and experimental data that illustrate the proposed approach.
Commentary by Spear, R. on ''Integration of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for the Prevention and Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Rationale for Inter-Sectoral Collaboration:'' Can the Control of NTDs Profit from a Good WASH?

The deliberations of the working group presented in this report offer an interesting and timely summary that again raises issues that have long been apparent to many of us who work on the control of neglected tropical diseases. In short, the central issue they address is how best to integrate the widespread use of chemotherapeutic drugs administered to human and/or animal populations with more sustainable, but usually more expensive, environmental modifications to reduce disease transmission. The evidence from the field suggests that we have ineffectively marketed the need for an integrated approach both to ourselves and to policy makers within and outside the public health world. Many of the key issues and challenges are well articulated in the report, including capacity building and training that are increasingly necessary in an era of rapidly changing tools for disease surveillance as well as for control.
The use of an identity in Anderson for multivariate multiple testing

Abstract Consider the model where there are I independent multivariate normal treatment populations with p × 1 mean vectors μ i , i = 1 , … , I , and covariance matrix Σ . Independently the ( I + 1 ) st population corresponds to a control and it too is multivariate normal with mean vector μ I + 1 and covariance matrix Σ . Now consider the following two multiple testing problems. Problem 1: Test H ij : μ ij - μ ( I + 1 ) j = 0 vs K ij : μ ij - μ ( I + 1 ) j ≠ 0 , i = 1 , … , I ; j = 1 , … , p . Problem 2: Test H i : μ i - μ ( I + 1 ) = 0 vs K i : μ i - μ ( I + 1 ) ≠ 0 . For each problem an identity in Anderson [1984. An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis, second ed., Wiley, New York] is used to derive families of likelihood ratio statistics that can be used to determine step-down multiple testing procedures with desirable properties.
Women secondary school principals: multicultural voices from the field

Women, in general, are underrepresented at the secondary leadership level. Numbers of women in leadership become dismal when considering both gender and ethnicity. The lack of women’s voice in the literature on educational leadership, particularly those of minority women, grounded this qualitative research project that collected personal narratives of lived experience. The intent for this project was to illuminate differences and commonalities of women leaders from different ethnic backgrounds through their own voices and to listen for strategies used to overcome obstacles that have led to their current success as secondary principals. African‐American, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic women leaders were interviewed and understood from a feminist post‐structural lens to create a vision of what the leadership experience is like at the secondary level.
Dietary exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) stimulates terminal differentiation of Peyer's patch B cells to IgA secreting plasma cells.

Abstract The effects of 8 weeks of dietary exposure to the fungal toxin vomitoxin (25 ppm) on the kinetics of in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig) production and appearance of IgA-secreting cells in lymphocyte culture were assessed in the B6C3F1 mouse. The feeding regimen resulted in an IgA:IgG serum ratio of 2.4 compared to 0.4 in controls indicating that there was dysregulation of IgA production in the systemic compartment. Prior toxin feeding had no effect on viability of Peyer's patch (PP) or splenic lymphocyte cultures. IgA production, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was significantly greater in treatment PP and splenic lymphocytes cultured for 2–11 days than in corresponding controls. Similar trends were found for IgG production in PP cultures although levels were much lower. There were 1.7 and 2.0 times more IgA-producing cells, as measured by the ELISPOT assay, in freshly prepared PP and splenic lymphocytes from treatment mice compared to control mice, respectively. In contrast, after 2 days there were 10.9, 3.2, and 12.4 times more IgA-secreting cells in concanavalin A (Con A), LPS, and unstimulated treatment PP cultures, respectively, and 4.0, 2.0, and 3.5 times times more IgA-secreting cells in 2-day treatment spleen cultures, respectively. Both IgA and IgG secretion in Con A-stimulated cultures were significantly greater when treatment T cells and control B cells were combined than when control T cells and control B cells were combined. Increased Ig secretion attributable to T cell effects was not observed in LPS-stimulated or unstimulated PP reconstitution cultures or in spleen reconstituted cultures with and without mitogen. The results provide evidence that dietary vomitoxin enhances terminal differentiation of IgA secreting cells in PP. This and resultant migration of IgA secreting cells into the systemic compartment favor a shift from IgG to IgA as the primary serum isotype.
Pharmacology of ticarcillin combined with clavulanic acid in humans.

Abstract Serum and urine levels of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid after administration of doses of 50 mg/kg and 1.7 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg and 3 g/ 0.1 g, respectively, are potentially toxic to susceptible bacteria. Both compounds are widely distributed in body tissues and fluids, with concentrations exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most pathogens. Excretion is primarily renal, although there is some metabolism of clavulanate In the body. Due to accumulation, dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal insufficiency. Both ticarcillin and clavulanic acid are cleared by hemodialysis.
The role of cap methylation in the translational activation of stored maternal histone mRNA in sea urchin embryos

Cap methylation was examined in the early sea urchin embryo. Nucleotide analyses of 3H-methyl methionine-labeled RNA in two-cell embryos and in unfertilized eggs show that fertilization activates the cap methylation of about 10(7) RNA molecules. Greater than 37% of methyl-labeled RNAs following fertilization hybridize with so-called early histone genes H1, H4, and H2B, which encode a subpopulation of the maternal mRNA molecules. Activation of RNA cap methylation is inhibited by aphidicolin, but not by actinomycin D, suggesting that this process is temporally coordinated with DNA replication, but independent of RNA transcription. These results indicate that the translational activation of maternal early histone mRNA during fertilization is a consequence of cap methylation of mRNAs incompletely formed during oogenesis.
Soot precursor formation and limitations of the stabilomer grid

Abstract We have combined experimental and theoretical approaches to gain new insight into the mechanisms of PAH growth and soot formation. The experimental approach involves aerosol-mass spectrometry in conjunction with vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization of volatile species vaporizing from particles sampled from an Ar-diluted C 2 H 2 /O 2 counter-flow diffusion flame at nearly atmospheric pressure (700 Torr). We recorded aerosol mass spectra at different distances from the fuel outlet for fixed ionization energies and in a fixed position while tuning the photoionization energy. The mass spectra contain a large distribution of peaks, highlighting the importance of small building blocks and showing a variety of chemical species that extends beyond the traditional classification of PAHs based on thermodynamic stability. In addition, we performed stochastic simulations of PAH growth in the flame in order to provide better insight into the chemical composition of species associated with peaks in the measured mass spectra. These simulations were conducted using a stochastic nanoparticle simulator (SNAPS). Synthesis of experimental and simulated results showed that peaks in the observed mass spectra generally consisted of a mixture of PAH isomers. At m / z = 154 and 202, for example, experiments and simulations suggested that additional isomers than biphenyl and pyrene are important. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of odd-carbon numbered species and complex growth paths. The experimental results suggest that species of higher masses can build up concentration ahead of species of lower masses. Our experimental results show, for example, that the peak at m / z = 278 appears closer to the burner outlet than the peak at m / z = 202, i.e., suggesting that a single monotonic growth mechanism is not enough.
DAX-1 represses the high-density lipoprotein receptor through interaction with positive regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a and steroidogenic factor-1.

The high-density lipoprotein receptor (HDL-R) mediates the selective uptake of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in nonplacental steroidogenic tissues. We have previously demonstrated that sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a (SREBP-1a) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) positively regulate HDL-R gene transcription. In the present study, we examined whether DAX-1 (dosage-sensitive sex adrenal hypoplasia congenital critical region on the X chromosome, gene-1) could influence the expression of the HDL-R gene. Cotransfection studies demonstrated that DAX-1 was able to repress SREBP-1a and SF-1-dependent activation of the HDL-R promoter. Mammalian two-hybrid assays demonstrated that DAX-1 could interact with SREBP-1a. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that initial incubation of DAX-1 with SREBP-1a protein in the absence of DNA prevented subsequent binding of SREBP-1a to the HDL-R sterol regulatory elements in a dose-dependent manner, whereas, in the case of SF-1, DAX-1 ...
Heterodera Solanacearum N. Sp., a Parasite of Solanaceous Plants 1)

Heterodera solanacearum n. sp. in the Piedmont region of Virginia is described as a parasite of solanaceous plants. It is distinguished in the female by the angle (d) between the stylet and the anterior face of the dorsal knob of approximately 108° ; by the fenestra which is barrel-shaped with convex ends; and an average Granek's ratio of 2.2. The breadth of the grooves of the posterior cyst wall is highly variable with the greatest breadth equal to or usually greater than breadth of adjacent ridge. The color of "young" cysts formed from the yellow females is equivalent to Munsell's 2.5 yellow-red hue and a 6/12 light strength/chroma notation.
Exchangeable inconsistent priors for Bayesian posterior inference

Nonparametric Bayesian methods offer a convenient paradigm to deal with uncertain model structure. However, priors such as the (hierarchical) Dirichlet process prior on partitions and the Indian buffet process prior on binary matrices are not always flexible enough to express our prior beliefs. We propose a much larger family of nonparametric exchangeable priors by relaxing the concept of consistency. We discuss the consequences of this point of view and propose novel ways to specify and learn these priors. In particular, we introduce new flexible priors and inference procedures to extend the DP, HDP and IBP models. An experiment on text data illustrates how flexible priors can be useful to increase our modeling capabilities.
Fundamental studies of supported bimetallic catalysts by NMR spectroscopy

Various hydrogenation reactions on transition metals are important commercially whereas certain hydrogenolysis reactions are useful from fundamental point of view. Understanding the hydrogen mobility and kinetics of adsorption-desorption of hydrogen is important in understanding the mechanisms of such reactions involving hydrogen. The kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption was studied by means of selective excitation NMR on silica supported Pt, Rh and Pt-Rh catalysts. The activation energy of hydrogen desorption was found to be lower on silica supported Pt catalysts as compared to Rh and Pt-Rh catalysts. It was found that the rates of hydrogen adsorption and desorption on Pt-Rh catalyst were similar to those on Rh catalyst and much higher as compared to Pt catalyst. The Ru-Ag bimetallic system is much simpler to study than the Pt-Rh system and serves as a model system to characterize more complicated systems such as the K/Ru system. Ag was found to decrease the amounts of adsorbed hydrogen and the hydrogen-to-ruthenium stoichiometry. Ag reduced the populations of states with low and intermediate binding energies of hydrogen on silica supported Ru catalyst. The rates of hydrogen adsorption and desorption were also lower on silica supported Ru-Ag catalyst as compared to Ru catalyst. This report contains introductory information, the literature review, general conclusions, and four appendices. An additional four chapters and one appendix have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.
Raphe neurons: Firing rate correlates with size of drug response

Significant negative correlations were obtained between the spontaneous discharge rate during waking and the neural response to systemic injections of either 5-MeODMT or LSD for serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, nucleus centralis superior, and nucleus raphe pallidus of unanesthetized and unrestrained cats. These data are discussed in terms of an hypothesis which accounts for both the rate of spontaneous activity of serotonergic neurons and the magnitude of their response to serotonin agonist drugs in terms of autoreceptor density on individual neurons.
Patterns of morphometric and allozyme variation in Aedes albopictus

A survey of microgeographic variation using morphometric and allozyme analyses was conducted on 19 US populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito that was recently introduced into the US. There was considerable variation within and among populations both in morphometric traits and allele frequencies. A multivariate discriminant analysis enabled the separation of populations into distinct groups; separation among the populations in the morphometric analysis was incomplete with an average of 70% of the individuals being correctly classified. In the allozyme analysis, the discrimination was complete. The populations from Texas were placed close together in the morphometric analysis, whereas in the allozyme analysis a geographic clustering of populations could not be detected. A test of association between the distance matrices derived from the morphometric and allozyme analyses was statistically nonsignificant. The results are discussed in the context of the colonization of the US by A. albopictus. The possible factors underlying the differences in the patterns of variation derived from morphometric and allozyme analyses are also discussed.
Inner surface morphology of the alimentary canal in Aedes aegypti (L.) (diptera: culicidae)

Abstract The inner surface morphology of the alimentary canal as seen in the scanning electron microscope is described. Two methods of tissue preparation new to entomology are also described. The freeze-fracture method involves infiltrating the fixed tissue with 100% ethanol and then freezing the tissue in liquid N 2 . The frozen tissue is then fractured, thawed, coated and viewed with the SEM. The paraffin method permits exact orientation and sectioning of the tissue prior to examination with the SEM. Excellent 3-dimensional representations of sensory receptors, spines and projections along the alimentary canal are provided by these methods.
In-shoe plantar pressure measurement: a review

Abstract In-shoe plantar pressure measurement has the potential to play a crucial role in the screening, treatment and behavior modification of patients who are at risk of, or are experiencing a variety of foot problems. In this article we review the instrumentation, methodology, applications, and rationale for in-shoe plantar pressure measurement. Possible new applications in the future are also discussed. In-shoe techniques are advantageous compared to the more traditional platform devices because they permit the most important interface, that between the foot and shoe, to be monitored and they allow for increased versatility of measurement for the calculation of more robust statistical estimates. Both discrete transducers and matrix systems have been developed; each approach has its advantages and disadvantages but, in general, matrix systems are preferable. Although there are still device limitations which must be overcome the technique of in-shoe measurement has opened the door to a whole new realm of pressure studies both in research and clinical practice.
The effects of halide anions on the partitioning behavior of pertechnetate in polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems

Abstract The pertechnetate anion quantitatively partitions to the upper polyethylene glycol (PEG)-rich phase in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) formed by the addition of aqueous high-molecular-weight PEG solutions to aqueous water-structuring salt solutions. Most metal cations partition to the salt-rich phase in these systems. Other matrix ions, such as those that might be present in real-world waste streams, affect the distribution ratios observed for TcO4 −, however, the effects are not well understood. The halide ions F−, Cl−, Br−, I− represent a wide range of water-structuring to chaotropic ions. The heavier halide ions have distribution ratios above one and are observed to follow the order DI > DBr > DCl. These ions depress DTc. Fluoride saltsout PEG and thus partitions primarily to the salt-rich phase and fluoride increases DTc. These trends can be correlated with the ions' Gibbs free energies of hydration (ΔGhyd), a measure of their interactions with water. Based upon these results, it is possible t...
Preserving the unpreservable: docile and unruly objects at MoMA

The aim of this article is to theorize how materials can play an active, constitutive, and causally effective role in the production and sustenance of cultural forms and meanings. It does so through an empirical exploration of the Museum of Modern Art of New York (MoMA). The article describes the museum as an “objectification machine” that endeavors to transform and to stabilize artworks as meaningful “objects” that can be exhibited, classified, and circulated. The article explains how the extent to which the museum succeeds in this process of stabilization ultimately depends on the material properties of artworks and, more specially, on whether these behave as “docile” or “unruly” objects. Drawing on different empirical examples, the article explores how docile and unruly objects shape organizational dynamics within the museum and, through them, the wider processes of institutional and cultural reproduction. The article uses this empirical example to highlight the importance of developing a new “material sensibility” that restores heuristic dignity to the material within cultural sociology.
Chemistry in Second Life

This review will focus on the current level on chemistry research, education, and visualization possible within the multi-user virtual environment of Second Life. We discuss how Second Life has been used as a platform for the interactive and collaborative visualization of data from molecules and proteins to spectra and experimental data. We then review how these visualizations can be scripted for immersive educational activities and real-life collaborative research. We also discuss the benefits of the social networking affordances of Second Life for both chemists and chemistry students.
Damage and Recovery Characteristics of Lithium-Containing Solar Cells

Damage and recovery characteristics were measured on lithium-containing solar cells irradiated by 1-MeV electrons. Empirical expressions for cell recovery time, diffusion-length damage coefficient immediately after irradiation, and diffusion-length damage coefficient after recovery were derived using results of short-circuit current, diffusion-length, and reverse-bias capacitance measurements. The damage coefficients were expressed in terms of a single lithium density parameter, the lithium gradient. A fluence dependence was also established, this dependence being the same for both the immediate-post-irradiation and post-recovery cases. Cell recovery rates were found to increase linearly with lithium gradient and vary approximately as o-0.59.
4D time-frequency representation for binaural speech signal processing

ABSTRACT Hearing is the ability to detect and process auditory inform ation produced by the vibrating hair cilia residing in the corti of the ears to the auditory cortex of the brain via the auditory nerve. The primary and secondary corti of the brain interact with one another to distinguish and corre late the received information by distinguishing the varying spectrum of arriving frequencies. Binaural hearing is natu res way of employing the power inherent in working in pairs to process information, enhance sound percepti on, and reduce undesired noise. One ear might play a prominent role in sound recognition, while the other rein forces their perceived mutual information. Developing binaural hearing aid devices can be crucial in emulating the working powers of two ears and may be a step closer to significantly alleviating hearing loss of the inner ear. This can be accomplished by combining current speech research to already existing technologies such as RF communication between PDAs and Bluetooth. Ear Level Instrument (ELI) developed by Micro-tech Hearing Instru ments and Starkey Laboratories is a good example of a digital bi-directional signal communi cating between a PDA/mobile phone a nd Bluetooth. The agreement and disagreement of arriving auditory information to the Bluetooth device can be classified as sound and noise, respectively. Finding common features of arriving sound usi ng a four coordinate system for sound analysis (four dimensional time-frequency representation), noise can be greatly reduced and hearing aids would become more efficient. Techniques developed by Szu within an Artific ial Neural Network (ANN), Blind Source Separation (BSS), Adaptive Wavelets Transform (AWT), and Independent Co mponent Analysis (ICA) hold many possibilities to the improvement of acoustic segmentation of phoneme, all of which will be discu ssed in this paper. Transmitted and perceived acoustic speech signal will improve, as the bi naural hearing aid will emulate two ears in sound localization, speech understanding in noisy e nvironment, and loudness differentiation. Keywords: Hearing Aid, Binaural Hearing Aid, 4D T ime-Frequency, Adaptive Mother Wavelet (AWT), Blind Source Separation (BSS), Independe nt Component Analysis (ICA), Harold Szu, Raed Mikhael
Carbohydrate in contrast to protein feeding increases the hepatic content of active thyroxine-5'-deiodinase in the rat.

Dietary constituents have specific effects on serum T3 and rT3 concentrations. We have previously demonstrated that glucose- compared to protein-fed rats have higher serum T3 levels. These alterations reflected greater hepatic T4- 5′-deiodinase activity in the glucose-fed group. To determine whether the greater enzyme activity was consequent to an increase in the hepatic content of active enzyme or sulfhydryl cofactor, further studies on T4-deiodination have been performed in liver homogenate preparations from glucose (20% glucose in water) and Purina (25% protein)-fed rats compared to 72-h fasted rats treated with L-T4. The Purina-fed animals demonstrated greater (P < 0.01) T4- 5′-deiodinase activity (T4 to T3) than the 72-h fasted group. However, hepatic T4-5-deiodinase activity (T4 to rT3) was similar for these dietary groups. Homogenate enrichment with the thiol reagent dithioerythritol (DTE) reversed the difference noted between the Purina-fed and the fasted group. Moreover, the hepatic content of no...
The Role of the Order−Disorder Transition Temperature of Block Copolymer in the Compatibilization of Two Immiscible Homopolymers

The important role that the order−disorder transition temperature (TODT) of a block copolymer plays in the compatibilization of two immiscible homopolymers is demonstrated, using the model ternary ...
TWO SYNTHESES OF 5-CHLORO-3-(2-THIENYL)-2,1-BENZISOXAZOLE

5-Chloro-3-(2-thienyl)-2,1-benzisoxazole (2) resulted from condensation of (a) o-nitrobenzaldehyde with thiophene in the presence of hydrochloric acid and (b) p-chloronitrobenzene with 2-cyanomethylthiophene. Spectral data for (2) are presented and interpreted.
Autobiographical memory sharing in everyday life : Characteristics of a good story

Storytelling is a ubiquitous human activity that occurs across the lifespan as part of everyday life. Studies from three disparate literatures suggest that older adults (as compared to younger adults) are (a) less likely to recall story details, (b) more likely to go off-target when sharing stories, and, in contrast, (c) more likely to receive higher global story quality ratings. No previous research has investigated these three related constructs in a single study. In addition, previous work has not examined the type of story most commonly told in everyday life: episodic autobiographical memories. Thus, to investigate story characteristics using ecologically valid materials, the current study examined autobiographical memory stories and fictional stories (as a comparison) recalled by younger and older adults. These were content-coded for level of detail and off-target responding, and also evaluated for global quality by layperson raters. Results show age and also gender differences in level of detail, amount of off-target responding, and global story quality across story types. Additional analyses show that level of detail, and personal significance of the memory (not person characteristics such as age and gender), are the best predictors of global story quality in autobiographical memory stories.
Cardiovascular birth defects and prenatal exposure to female sex hormones: a reevaluation of data reanalysis from a large prospective study.

In data of the U.S. Collaborative Prenatal Study (CPS), the Drug Epidemiology Unit (DEU) reported a relative risk of about 2.3 between maternal female sex hormone exposure during months 1 to 4 of pregnancy and cardiovascular malformation in infants (Heinonen et al., '77a N. Engl. J. Med., 296:67-70). Wiseman and Dodds-Smith ('84) reexamined the original CPS data and found the DEU had made errors in classification of exposure and disease of some cases. Also they challenged the classification of cases as "exposed" in those born to mothers who received the compounds outside the day 19 to 50 window of cardiovascular embryogenesis. Wiseman and Dodds-Smith stated that their reanalysis "clearly showed that there was [in the data used by the DEU] no statistically significant association between exposure in the critical organogenic period of pregnancy and cardiac malformation in offspring." They did not undertake any statistical analysis, but their reanalysis resulted in a widespread nonacceptance of the association reported by the DEU. The study reported here reclassified the cases of the original DEU study in accord with the implications of the Wiseman and Dodds-Smith reanalysis of exposure and disease. After this reclassification, an effect magnitude measure of association, the relative risk rose from 2.33 to 2.48 and remained nominally significant statistically at the .05 level. Thus, if anything, the quantitative consequences of the Wiseman and Dodds-Smith review of the data, when applied in an unbiased manner, result in an increase in the measure of effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analytical Shape Computation of Macromolecules: II. Inaccessible Cavities in Proteins

The structures of proteins are well-packed, yet they contain numerous cavi- ties which play key roles in accommodating small molecules, or enabling conformational changes. From high-resolution structures it is possible to identify these cavities. We have developed a precise algorithm based on alpha shapes for measuring space-filling-based mo- lecular models (such as van der Waals, solvent accessible, and molecular surface descrip- tions). We applied this method for accurate computation of the surface area and volume of cavities in several proteins. In addition, all of the atoms/residues lining the cavities are identi- fied. We use this method to study the structure and the stability of proteins, as well as to locate cavities that could contain structural water mol- ecules in the proton transport pathway in the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin. Proteins
Feature-Driven Multilayer Visualization for Remotely Sensed Hyperspectral Imagery

Displaying the abundant information contained in a remotely sensed hyperspectral image is a challenging problem. Currently, no approach can satisfactorily render the desired information at arbitrary levels of detail. In this paper, we present a feature-driven multilayer visualization technique that automatically chooses data visualization techniques based on the spatial distribution and importance of the endmembers. It can simultaneously visualize the overall material distribution, subpixel level details, and target pixels and materials. By incorporating interactive tools, different levels of detail can be presented per users' request. This scheme employs five layers from the bottom to the top: the background layer, data-driven spot layer, pie-chart layer, oriented sliver layer, and anomaly layer. The background layer provides the basic tone of the display; the data-driven spot layer manifests the overall material distribution in an image scene; the pie-chart layer presents the precise abundances of endmember materials in each pixel; the oriented sliver layer emphasizes the distribution of important anomalous materials; and the anomaly layer highlights anomaly pixels (i.e., potential targets). Displays of the airborne AVIRIS data and spaceborne Hyperion data demonstrate that the proposed multilayer visualization scheme can efficiently display more information globally and locally.
Energy scalable system design

We introduce the notion of energy-scalable system-design. The principal idea is to maximize computational quality for a given energy constraint at all levels of the system hierarchy. The desirable energy-quality (E-Q) characteristics of systems are discussed. E-Q behavior of algorithms is considered and transforms that significantly improve scalability are analyzed using three distinct categories of commonly used signal-processing algorithms on the StrongARM SA-1100 processor as examples (viz., filtering, frequency domain transforms and classification). Scalability hooks in hardware are analyzed using similar examples on the Pentium III processor and a scalable programming methodology is proposed. Design techniques for true energy scalable hardware are also demonstrated using filtering as an example.
Religion and American Public Life

In his 2000 best seller Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Civic Community, Robert Putnam analyzed the links between social capital and civic engagement. Lamenting the decline of “civic America,” he called for a Tocquevillean renewal of voluntary association in the United States. In American Grace, Putnam and coauthor David Campbell—who also helped with the preparation of Bowling Alone—return to the analysis of American civil society, focusing their attention on America's changing religious landscape and its implications for democracy. Their basic argument is that while the United States is religiously diverse and pluralistic to a profound degree, and while in recent years it has witnessed growing religious polarization, it has also succeeded in muting religious tensions and hostilities. As they conclude: “How has America solved the puzzle of religious pluralism—the coexistence of religious diversity and devotion? And how has it done so in the wake of growing religious polarization? By creating a web of interlocking personal relationships among people of many different faiths. This is America's grace” (p. 550).Given the importance of religion in American life and the influence of Putnam's broad agenda on much current social science research on social capital and civic engagement, we have decided to organize a symposium around the book, centered on three questions: 1) How is American Grace related to Putnam's earlier work, particularly Bowling Alone, and what are the implications of the continuities and/or discontinuities between these works? 2) What kind of a work of political science is American Grace, and how does it compare to other important recent work dealing with religion and politics in the United States? 3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of Putnam and Campbell's account of “how religion divides and unites us,” and what is the best way of thinking about the contemporary significance of religion and politics in the United States and about the ways that the religious landscape challenges U.S. politics and U.S. political science?
Cognitive Radio Based Multi-User Resource Allocation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Multi-Carrier CDMA Modulation

In this paper, we propose a cognitive radio based multi-user resource allocation framework for mobile ad hoc networks using multi-carrier DS CDMA modulation over a frequency-selective fading channel. In particular, given preexisting communications in the spectrum where the system is operating, in addition to potential narrow-band interference, a channel sensing and estimation mechanism is provided to obtain information such as subcarrier availability, noise power and channel gain. Given this information, both frequency spectrum and power are allocated to emerging new users (i.e., cognitive radio users), based on a distributed multi-user resource allocation framework, in order to satisfy a target data rate and a power constraint of each cognitive radio user, while attempting to avoid interference to the existing communications as well as to minimize total power consumption of the cognitive radio users.