cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can damage be detected without any baseline data

A structural health monitoring system is developed for continuous online monitoring of delamination initiation and growth in composite structures. Structural health monitoring problems are often cast in the context of a statistical pattern recognition paradigm, in which a damage state of the system is inferred by comparing test data with baseline data. However, subtle signal changes due to damage can often be masked by larger ambient variation of the operational and environmental conditions of an in-service structure. Therefore, it is critical for the development of a robust monitoring system to minimize false-positive indications of damage caused by the undesired operational and environmental variation of the system. The issue of minimizing damage misclassification has been addressed in this paper by developing an instantaneous damage detection system that does not rely on any prior baseline data. The development of the proposed instantaneous damage diagnosis system is based on the concepts of time reversal acoustics and consecutive outlier analysis, and the proposed damage diagnosis system has been tested for detecting delamination in composite plates.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of the anterior insula in task-level control and focal attention

In humans, the anterior insula (aI) has been the topic of considerable research and ascribed a vast number of functional properties by way of neuroimaging and lesion studies. Here, we argue that the aI, at least in part, plays a role in domain-general attentional control and highlight studies (Dosenbach et al. 2006; Dosenbach et al. 2007) supporting this view. Additionally, we discuss a study (Ploran et al. 2007) that implicates aI in processes related to the capture of focal attention. Task-level control and focal attention may or may not reflect information processing supported by a single functional area (within the aI). Therefore, we apply a novel technique (Cohen et al. 2008) that utilizes resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) to determine whether separable regions exist within the aI. rs-fcMRI mapping suggests that the ventral portion of the aI is distinguishable from more dorsal/anterior regions, which are themselves distinct from more posterior parts of the aI. When these regions are applied to functional MRI (fMRI) data, the ventral and dorsal/anterior regions support processes potentially related to both task-level control and focal attention, whereas the more posterior aI regions did not. These findings suggest that there exists some functional heterogeneity within aI that may subserve related but distinct types of higher-order cognitive processing.
A data envelopment analysis approach to measuring vendor performance

While it has long been recognized that vendor selection is multi‐objective in nature, little has been done to develop techniques for measuring vendors’ performance on multiple criteria. Demonstrates the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a tool for measuring the performance of vendors on multiple criteria and for use in vendor negotiations. Describes the DEA model, develops a DEA formulation for measuring vendor efficiency and, finally, shows how a baby food manufacturer applied the DEA technique in a just‐in‐time environment. Shows how application of the DEA technique can provide savings in monetary and other measurable terms.
PHONONS IN GRAPHITE INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS

Vibrational excitations in pr is t ine graphite and in graphite intercalation compounds are discussed. Modes associated with carbon atom intralayer motions and with the internal excitations of guest molecular species are emphasized.
Effect of Altered Ion Occupancy on Permeation and Inactivation Gating in K+ Channel

The selectivity filter of a K+ channel is comprised of four equally-spaced K+-binding sites. In the first three sites the main-chain carbonyl atoms provide the octa-coordination for K+ ions. In the fourth site both main-chain carbonyl oxygen atoms and threonine side-chain hydroxyl oxygen atoms contribute to K+ coordination. This threonine is highly conserved among K+ channels with the only alternative being a serine substitution. Surprisingly, this conservative mutation, which preserves the hydroxyl moiety and the side chain polarity, has been shown to produce profound changes in permeation and gating in Shaker. Indeed, mutant T442S shows a dramatic destabilization of inactivation along with an increased conductance for Rb+ over K+. Although these studies provided early insights into the role of this position in ion coordination, the structural basis for altered single-channel conductances and gating kinetics remain unclear. KcsA has served as an archetypical K+ pore providing molecular insights into understanding selectivity, ion-permeation, gating pore-blocking and C-type inactivation. Equivalent mutation in KcsA (T75S) shows remarkably similar effects as seen in Shaker, including effects on inactivation, single-channel conductance, selectivity and rectification. Combining single-channel and macroscopic current measurements along with X-ray crystallography under different ionic conditions we now provide atomistic details that underlie these divergent channel properties and the role of Thr75 in channel function.
Diastolic Aortic Root Motion in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

The echocardiographic motion of the aortic root reflects, in part, left atrial filling and emptying. The echocardiograms of 60 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) secondary to aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, and hypertension were compared with those of 36 normal subjects to determine whether the alterations of early rapid diastolic filling associated with LVH would alter motion of the posterior aortic root Patients with LVH had a characteristic echographic pattern of motion of the posterior aortic root manifested by the attenuation of normal abrupt diastolic posterior aortic root motion. The atrial emptying index (AEI), defined as the fraction of passive posterior aortic wall motion occurring in the first third of diastole, was significantly reduced in patients with LVH (p
Formation of icosahedral Al-Mn by ion implantation into oriented crystalline films

The icosahedral quasicrystal phase has been produced by precipitation from the solid phase during ion implantation of Mn into oriented films of fcc Al on NaCl. Implantations at substrate temperatures of 20 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, 150 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and 275 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C resulted in amorphous, icosahedral, and crystalline phases, respectively. Microdiffraction patterns were obtained from individual icosahedral grains which had precipitated within the bulk of the Al grains. They are oriented with three mutually perpendicular twofold axes of the icosahedral structure parallel to the [001], [110], and [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] directions of the fcc Al matrix.
Tragedy of the Coulombs: Federating Energy Storage for Tiny, Intermittently-Powered Sensors

Untethered sensing devices have, for decades, powered all system components (processors, sensors, actuators, etc) from a single shared energy store (battery or capacitor). When designing batteryless sensors that are powered by harvested energy, this traditional approach results in devices that charge slowly and that are more error prone, inflexible, and inefficient than they could be.This paper presents a novel federated approach to energy storage, called UFoP, that partitions and prioritizes harvested energy automatically into multiple isolated smaller energy stores (capacitors). UFoP simplifies task scheduling, enables efficient use of components with differing voltage requirements, and produces devices that charge more quickly under identical harvesting conditions than a traditional centralized approach. We have implemented a UFoP reference design and conducted extensive experimental evaluation, including a short deployment. Our experimental results using an MSP430-based prototype show that UFoP provides as much as 10% more computational availability, and as much as four times more radio availability than the centralized approach. For all applications and energy environments evaluated, UFoP harvested 0.7-10.2% more energy than the centralized equivalent; meaning UFoP adds zero energy overhead.
The use of attributable fraction in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies

Because of the etiologic heterogeneity present in many diseases and the interaction among causal factors in the development of disease, relative risks relating any one exposure to a disease may be low, especially in the presence of common exposures. Nevertheless, in the design of epidemiologic studies, arbitrary values of relative risks are often used to determine the sample size required to detect an association between a particular exposure and a disease outcome. Such an approach may not yield adequate statistical power to detect an association. In this commentary, the authors point out the value of using the attributable fraction to determine an appropriate value of relative risk to use for sample size calculations. The approach is particularly useful in cluster investigations where the magnitude of the expected attributable fraction can be readily estimated from the observed and expected rates of disease. Specification of an attributable fraction is also useful in the design of case-control studies of etiologically heterogeneous diseases, especially when common exposures are suspected. Finally, the relationship among attributable fraction, relative risk and exposure frequency is valuable in interpreting results of an epidemiologic study and gaining insight into the differences in relative risk estimates found in various studies.
Failure of Endogenous Prolactin to Alter Renal Salt and Water Excretion and Adrenal Function in Man

Abstract Prolactin is a salt-retaining hormone in fish, and a similar role is frequently postulated in man, although clinical observation does not generally support this. The effect of TRH induced acute elevation of endogenous serum prolactin on renal water, sodium, potassium and total solute excretion was investigated during metabolic balance conditions and during escape from mineralocorticoid excess in 8 normal volunteers (6 males, 2 females). Cortisol and aldosterone production was additionally assessed by measuring plasma cortisol and aldosterone and urinary 17-hydroxysteroid, 17-ketosteroid and aldosterone excretion. No significant effect on renal water and solute handling was observed in any subject. Repetitive prolactin stimulation did not change the results. It is concluded that, in adult man, acute changes in serum prolactin do not alter salt and water metabolism or adrenal function.
Toward Patient-Specific Computational Study of Aortic Diseases: A Population Based Shape Modeling Approach

Patient-specific computational study of aortic disease provides a powerful means for diagnosis and pre-operative planning. However, creating patient-specific computational models can be time-consuming due to the fact that anatomical geometries extracted from clinical imaging data are often incomplete and noisy. This paper presents an approach for constructing statistical shape models (SSMs) for aortic surfaces with the eventual goal of mapping the mean aorta geometries to raw surface data obtained from the clinical images for each new patient so that patient-specific models can be automatically constructed.The input aortic models in this study come in the form of triangle meshes generated from CT scans on 6 patients. Statistical models with modes that characterize the variation pattern are found after optimizing the group-wise correspondence across the aorta training set. We use the direct reparametrization approach to efficiently manipulate shape correspondence. We use B-spline based differentiable shape representation for the training set and use the adjoint method for deriving analytical gradients in a gradient based approach for manipulating the shape correspondence to minimize the description length of the resulting SSM. Our numerical result shows that the evaluation measures of the optimized statistical model have been significantly enhanced.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Electrochemical characteristics of the S.I.A. dental amalgam cavity liner

Selective interfacial amalgamation (S.I.A.) has been developed as a dental amalgam cavity liner with the intent of increasing the restoration-tooth adhesion and reducing the debilitating effects of corrosion and marginal leakage. This paper examines the S.I.A. liner's effectiveness as a corrosion preventive cavity liner by two experimental techniques: anodic polarization and differential aeration tests. The results from these tests indicate that S.I.A. does enhance the corrosion resistance of a dental amalgam.
Novel TcvO(III) N2S2 complexes: Interconversion by redox reaction☆

To improve the versatility of ligands suitable for complexing a TcVO center core, a new bisaminoethanethiol (BAT) ligand, 7, was synthesized. A neutral and stable complex, [99mTc]7 (reduced), was initially formed. The reduced form of the Tc-99m complex can be converted to the oxidized form, and vice versa. Both Tc-99m complexes showed moderate uptakes in rat brain (0.17% and 0.1% dose/organ at 30 min for the reduced and oxidized forms, respectively). It may be possible to use the same reaction schemes to prepare various derivatives for further studies of these neutral and stable Tc-99m complexes.
Effects of tilt and decentration on multifocal intraocular lenses

A model eye wet-cell was used to evaluate the effects of tilt and decentration on the optical performance of three different designs of multifocal intraocular lenses. Tilt and decentration have the greatest effect on diffractive lenses shrinking the depth of focus, decreasing resolution, and increasing power. Tilt or decentration of aspheric refractive lenses significantly decreases image quality. Tilt and decentration have little effect on spherical refractive lenses.
Multiple gluon effects in fermion-(anti)fermion scattering at and beyond CERN LHC energies.

We extend the methods of Yennie, Frautschi, and Suura (YFS) to compute, via Monte Carlo methods, the effects of multiple gluon emission in the processes {ital q}+({ital {bar q}}){prime}{r_arrow}{ital q}{prime}{prime}+({ital {bar q}}){prime}{prime}{prime}+{ital n}({ital G}), where {ital G} is a soft gluon. We show explicitly that the infrared singularities in the respective simulations are canceled to all orders in {alpha}{sub {ital s}}. Some discussion of this result from the standpoint of confinement is given. More importantly, we present, for the first time, sample numerical Monte Carlo data on multiple soft gluon emission in the rigorously extended YFS framework. We find that such soft gluon effects must be taken into account for precise physics simulations at and beyond CERN LHC energies.
Update on Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD). DLB is characterized pathologically by Lewy body and Lewy neuritic pathology, often with variable levels of Alzheimer-type pathology. Core clinical features include fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism resulting in greater impairments of quality of life, more caregiver burden, and higher health-related costs compared with AD. These issues, together with a high sensitivity to adverse events with treatment with antipsychotic agents, make the need for an early and accurate diagnosis of DLB essential. Unfortunately, current consensus criteria are highly specific, but lack sufficient sensitivity. Use of composite risk scores may improve accuracy of clinical diagnosis. Imaging findings, particularly targeting dopaminergic systems have shown promise as potential markers to differentiate DLB from AD. A combination of non-pharmacologic treatments and pharmacotherapy interventions may maximize cognitive function and overall quality of life in DLB patients.
Polyalveolar Lobe Causing Lobar Emphysema of Infancy

Abstract Infantile lobar emphysema is an uncommon cause of acute or chronic pulmonary infection which often remains undiagnosed. The illness responds poorly to medical treatment, but recovery is often dramatic following lobectomy. Half of the reported cases do not have a definable cause. A patient with congenital lobar emphysema caused by a newly recognized entity, polyalveolar lobe, is reported.
The Development of Charitable Behavior in Elementary School Children

Summary One hundred eighty-seven kindergarten through sixth grade Caucasian boys and girls ranked seven types of candy according to preference, then were given the opportunity to share candy with children described as similar to them, with children described as dissimilar and needy, or with both. Charitable behavior, defined as sharing significantly more with needy recipients, was shown to emerge at about age 7 and to increase significantly to age 10. Results are discussed in relation to age changes in perceptual discrimination, ability to abstract, and internalization of social norms.
Microwave Resonator as a Dielectric Object Sorting Device: Advantages and Limitations

Microwave resonators have been used as sensors for sorting dielectric objects. Differences in volume or mass can be distinguished amnong objects of irregular shape but of uniform dielectric properties. Moisture content, or other permittivity-dependent qualities can be distinguished independent of mass or volume when objects are of uniform shape. Fundamental principles of the shape-independent and size-independent measurements are discussed, and experimental results are given. Measurements are fast, nondestructive and potentially continuous.
Long‐lived Snell dwarf mice display increased proteostatic mechanisms that are not dependent on decreased mTORC1 activity

Summary Maintaining proteostasis is thought to be a key factor in slowed aging. In several growth-restricted models of long-life, we have shown evidence of increased proteostatic mechanisms, suggesting that proteostasis may be a shared characteristic of slowed aging. The Snell dwarf mouse is generated through the mutation of the Pit-1 locus causing reductions in multiple hormonal growth factors and mTORC1 signaling. Snell dwarfs are one of the longest lived rodent models of slowed aging. We hypothesized that proteostatic mechanisms would be increased in Snell compared to control (Con) as in other models of slowed aging. Using D2O, we simultaneously assessed protein synthesis in multiple subcellular fractions along with DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver over 2 weeks in both sexes. We also assessed mTORC1-substrate phosphorylation. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was decreased in all protein fractions of Snell compared to Con, varied by fraction in heart, and was not different between groups in liver. DNA synthesis was lower in Snell skeletal muscle and heart but not in liver when compared to Con. The new protein to new DNA synthesis ratio was increased threefold in Snell skeletal muscle and heart compared to Con. Snell mTORC1-substrate phosphorylation was decreased only in heart and liver. No effect of sex was seen in this study. Together with our previous investigations in long-lived models, we provide evidence further supporting proteostasis as a shared characteristic of slowed aging and show that increased proteostatic mechanisms may not necessarily require a decrease in mTORC1.
Angiotensin II increases portosystemic collateral resistance in portal hypertension.

The decreased vasoconstrictive response of the splanchnic vasculature in portal hypertension (PHT) to angiotensin II (ANGII) is newly established. This could explain the limited ability of PHT patients to compensate in hypovolemic shock. However, the effect of ANGII upon portosystemic collateral resistance (Rc) is not known. We hypothesized that ANGII could directly effect Rc and thus change portal venous pressure (PVP). Chronic PHT was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by partial portal vein ligation 3 weeks prior to study. Splanchnic blood flow and portosystemic shunt (PSS) were measured simultaneously in six normal rabbits and then in six PHT rabbits at baseline and during intravenous ANGII infusion at 1.0 μg/kg/min. Flow and resistance were standardized to 100 g small intestine weight. Superior mesenteric artery flow (Qsma) in normal rabbits was 64.9 ± 3.6 ml/min, increased to 134.6 ± 13.5 ml/min in the PHT animals (P < 0.001) and was reduced 30% (P < 0.05 vs PHT baseline) with ANGII. Concomitantly, PVP in the PHT animals was twice normal, 7.0 ± 0.32 vs 14.4 ± 0.55 mg Hg (P < 0.001) and rose slightly with ANGII. The high PSS in PHT (84 ± 6.0%, P < 0.001 vs normal) was not affected significantly by ANGII infusion. Rc in the PHT rabbits rose 50% from 0.06 ± 0.001 to 0.09 ± 0.01 mm Hg/ml/min (P < 0.001) with ANGII. This is the first evidence for a vasoconstrictive response in portosystemic collaterals during ANGII infusion. This change in collateral resistance causes both PVP and PSS to remain pathologically elevated in PHT despite a fall in portal inflow, thus predisposing to repeat variceal bleeding.
Hexapeptide libraries for enhanced protein PTM identification and relative abundance profiling in whole human saliva.

Dynamic range compression (DRC) by hexapeptide libraries increases MS/MS-based identification of lower-abundance proteins in complex mixtures. However, two unanswered questions impede fully realizing DRC’s potential in shotgun proteomics. First, does DRC enhance identification of post-translationally modified proteins? Second, can DRC be incorporated into a workflow enabling relative protein abundance profiling? We sought to answer both questions analyzing human whole saliva. Addressing question one, we coupled DRC with covalent glycopeptide enrichment and MS/MS. With DRC we identified ∼2 times more N-linked glycoproteins and their glycosylation sites than without DRC, dramatically increasing the known salivary glycoprotein catalog. Addressing question two, we compared differentially stable isotope-labeled saliva samples pooled from healthy and metastatic breast cancer women using a multidimensional peptide fractionation-based workflow, analyzing in parallel one sample portion with DRC and one portion wit...
Versatile Monazite: resolving geological records and solving challenges in materials science: Generalizations about monazite: Implications for geochronologic studies

With the advent of techniques that preclude mineral separation, ages from specific compositional domains in monazite [(Ce,La,Th)PO 4 ] have provided a wealth of information regarding the timing of the geologic evolution of numerous regions. However, confusion can arise when single grains show large differences in age that fail to correlate to chemistry or location within the monazite. Generalizations that lead to incorrect age interpretations include that monazite zoning in Y, Th, and/or the rare earth elements (REE) always identify: (1) distinct tectonic events; (2) environment of crystallization; and (3) provenance of detrital grains. Increasing Th contents in monazite do not always reflect: (1) increasing grade in metamorphic grains; (2) changes in silicate melt composition in igneous grains; (3) make the mineral more susceptible to alteration; nor (4) control the mineral’s uptake of REE. Metamorphic monazites from Himalayan garnet-bearing rocks with coexisting allanite show no relationship between Th content and REE. Instead, chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the allanite mirror those of the monazite, indicating the variations are related to the reactant that formed the mineral. Generalizations about Pb behavior in monazite remain problematic. Incorporation of Pb into monazite has thus far been precluded by experimental studies, yet common Pb has been measured in many studies of natural monazite. A clear understanding about controls of monazite composition and the role of the chemical and/or pressure-temperature ( P - T ) environment of the rocks in which it forms is required to correctly interpret the meaning of the mineral’s age(s).
Aripiprazole (OPC-14597) fully substitutes for the 5-HT1A receptor agonist LY293284 in the drug discrimination assay in rats.

Rationale Aripiprazole (OPC-14597) is a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a low incidence of side effects. The therapeutic action of aripiprazole has been attributed to its unique agonist/antagonist effects at D2 dopamine receptors; however, aripiprazole also has significant in vitro affinity at 5-HT1A receptors.
Cholesterol Metabolism in the Laying Hen as Influenced by Dietary Cholesterol, Caloric Intake, and Genotype

Abstract Three trials, each with 24 hens, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary cholesterol, caloric intake, and genotype on the synthesis, storage, and excretion of cholesterol in the laying hen. The two genotypes of birds used in this experiment had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P One percent added cholesterol versus none supplemented produced a significant (P
The Atlantic C-PORT Trial: A Community-Hospital–Based, Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Thrombolytic Therapy With Primary

453 patients from 11 community hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to receive either thrombolytic therapy (TT) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The primary outcome was the incidence of the composite adverse event (CAE) endpoint of death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke 6 months after the index MI. The time between emergency room (ER) arrival and first balloon inflation …
Survival of the gemmules of Anheteromeyenia ryderi (Potts) following aerial exposure during winter in New England

Gemmules of Anheteromeyenia ryderi survived 24 h exposure to air temperatures as low as −20 °C under laboratory conditions. Drying the gemmules of A. ryderi at 5 °C under laboratory conditions resulted in a reduced viability and a slower germination rate following rehydration compared with undried control gemmules. Only 25% of the gemmules germinated after drying for one month. Up to 25% of the gemmules of A. ryderi that were tested survived aerial exposure from early November to early April when a pond in Connecticut inhabited by this sponge was drained. During this period air temperatures dropped to as low as −16 °C. Continued aerial exposure of the gemmules during the summer resulted in nearly complete gemmule mortality.
Trophic phylogenetics: evolutionary influences on body size, feeding, and species associations in grassland arthropods

Contemporary animal-plant interactions such as herbivory are widely understood to be shaped by evolutionary history. Yet questions remain about the role of plant phylogenetic diversity in generating and maintaining herbivore diversity, and whether evolutionary relatedness of producers might predict the composition of consumer communities. We tested for evidence of evolutionary associations among arthropods and the plants on which they were found, using phylogenetic analysis of naturally occurring arthropod assemblages sampled from a plant-diversity manipulation experiment. Considering phylogenetic relationships among more than 900 arthropod consumer taxa and 29 plant species in the experiment, we addressed several interrelated questions. First, our results support the hypothesis that arthropod functional traits such as body size and trophic role are phylogenetically conserved in community ecological samples. Second, herbivores tended to co- occur with closer phylogenetic relatives than would be expected at random, whereas predators and parasitoids did not show phylogenetic association patterns. Consumer specialization, as measured by association through time with monocultures of particular host plant species, showed significant phylogenetic signal, although the strength of this association varied among plant species. Polycultures of phylogenetically dissimilar plant species supported more phylogenetically dissimilar consumer communities than did phylogenetically similar poly- cultures. Finally, we separated the effects of plant species richness and relatedness in predicting the phylogenetic distribution of the arthropod assemblages in this experiment. The phylogenetic diversity of plant communities predicted the phylogenetic diversity of herbivore communities even after accounting for plant species richness. The phylogenetic diversity of secondary consumers differed by guild, with predator phylogenetic diversity responding to herbivore relatedness, while parasitoid phylogenetic diversity was driven by plant relatedness. Evolutionary associations between plants and their consumers are apparent in plots only meters apart in a single field, indicating a strong role for host-plant phylogenetic diversity in sustaining landscape consumer biodiversity.
Paper Electrochromatography of Clay Minerals

A MAJOR handicap in the study of clay minerals from soil systems is the lack of adequate methods for separating and quantitatively estimating individual minerals from clay mineral mixtures. Present success in the application of paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography to the study of complex organic mixtures suggests that such techniques also might prove promising in clay mineral studies. Although appearing theoretically promising, past electrophoresis studies of clay mineral suspensions have seemed to possess rather limited applicability1–4. Difficulties in obtaining and maintaining clear-cut separations of mineral mixtures have continually hampered clay mineralogists using such techniques. In an attempt to provide an improved technique for the separation and characterization of clay minerals from mineral mixtures, preliminary studies were undertaken on behaviour of the minerals under varying conditions of paper electrochromatography.
Liver engraftment potential of hepatic cells derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potential renewable sources of hepatocytes for drug development and cell therapy. Differentiation of human iPSCs into different developmental stages of hepatic cells has been achieved and improved during the last several years. We have recently demonstrated the liver engraftment and regenerative capabilities of human iPSC-derived multistage hepatic cells in vivo. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo activities of hepatic cells derived from patientspecific iPSCs, including multiple lines established from either inherited or acquired liver diseases, and discuss basic and clinical applications of these cells for disease modeling, drug screening and discovery, gene therapy and cell replacement therapy.
Some thermodynamic properties of cesium tribromide and tetraethylammonium trichloride

CsBr3 has been prepared in high purity. Its enthalpy of formation has been determined by solution calorimetry to be −(433.8 ± 2.0) kJ mol−1. The vapor pressure of Br2 over CsBr3 has been measured as a function of temperature; the thermal data and the vapor pressures do not yield consistent Gibbs free energies for the decomposition of CsBr3. Although CsBr3 is difficult to prepare in high purity, and although it evolves Br2 at a substantial rate even at room temperature, it may be useful as a quantitative oxidant in certain solution-calorimetry applications. Another trihalide, N(C2H5)4Cl3, has been prepared and the vapor pressure of Cl2 has been measured; this compound is not sufficiently stable to be useful as a quantitative oxidant.
Emergence of Rheumatic Fever in the Nineteenth Century

How do we make sense of the process of disease definition when the tools for "framing" a pathophysiologic reality and the reality to be framed may have both been changing? The sudden emergence of rheumatic fever at the end of the eighteenth century was the result of distinct biological changes that led to cardiac damage. But the identification of the disease also depended on the ability of clinicians to diagnose it in the absence of easily observable cardiac symptoms. Clinicians were able to appreciate the alteration of rheumatism into rheumatic fever through assimilation of technological changes (the stethoscope and autopsy), refinements in clinical thinking (the "typical case"), and the concentration of patients in hospitals where they were treated by physicians who were medical leaders and educators.
Large-magnitude transient strain accumulation on the Blackwater fault, Eastern California shear zone

We investigate the Quaternary slip rate for the Blackwater fault, Eastern California shear zone, through mapping and geochronology of offset volcanic rocks. Basalt flows of the Black Mountains support the presence of faulting at 3.77 ± 0.11 Ma, 1.8 ± 0.1 km of subsequent slip, and a well-constrained long-term slip rate of 0.49 ± 0.04 mm/yr. Total slip diminishes northward, evidenced by a 0.3–1.8 km offset of a 7.23 ± 1.07 Ma dacite flow in the Black Hills and fault termination in the Lava Mountains, 5 km short of the Garlock fault. Slow long-term slip rate together with sparse evidence for Holocene rupture contradict predictions of rapid slip rate from tectonic geodesy. These results support the conclusion that as much as 95% of geodetic strain accumulation across the Blackwater fault, and thus from 1 to 6 mm/yr of geodetic strain measured across the Eastern California shear zone, is a transitory phenomenon. Discrepant geologic and geodetic results may indicate an increased near-term seismic hazard, but merit caution for interpretation of fault slip rates from geodesy alone.
SEAL Pack versatile, portable, and rapidly deployable SEa, air, and land vehicle

There are thirteen categories in the Robotic USAR ontology covering land, air, and sea vehicles. We present a robot system that is capable of four of those categories including aerial, terrestrial, and marine locomotion in a single package that is man-portable and low cost. Each mode of locomotion has useful capabilities that the others do not. The land vehicle can travel over 5km with a 500g load. The boat can travel 0.5 km over water or loiter for 140 minutes. The flyer can traverse any terrain for short periods of time. The system packs into a small 33 × 20 × 14 cm package weighing 1 kg. We present design issues and experimental verification.
Lectin induction of lymphokines in cultured murine leukocytes.

Abstract Antigens induce sensitized lymphocytes to undergo mitosis and to secrete soluble products, termed lymphokines, which modulate the immune response. Plant lectins are known to act as polyclonal lymphocyte mitogens and, in some cases, stimulate lymphocytes to produce lymphokines. In an effort to explore the relationship of specific cell surface glycoconjugates to the induction of mitosis and the production of lymphokine activities we have examined the ability of the mitogenic lectins, concanavalin A and Wistaria floribunda mitogen, and the nonmitogenic hemagglutinin from Wistaria floribunda seeds to stimulate the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF), macrophage chemotactic factor (CF), and lymphotoxin (LT). Concanavalin A causes lymphocytes to produce MIF and LT but no detectable CF activities. W. floribunda mitogen induces lymphocytes to produce soluble substances which exhibit all three lymphokine activities. The nonmitogenic W. floribunda agglutinin causes lymphocytes to produce MIF and CF but no observable LT activity. Within the sensitivity of the assays employed, the results indicate that mitogenesis is not a corequisite of the expression of either macrophage migration inhibition factor or lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor but it may be associated with the induction of lymphotoxin. It is also apparent that the expression of each lymphokine activity is independent of the expression of the other lymphokines studied.
Generalized Braid Groups and Rigidity

Abstract We prove another generalization of the rigidity criterion for the realization of groups as Galois groups. The main application is for finite quotients of generalized braid groups.
Time-Domain Acoustic Wave Solutions in Sheared Mean Flows:

The instability waves triggered by an acoustic source of certain frequencies always co-exist with the acoustic waves in the solution of non-homogenous linearized Euler equations (LEE), termed as the total solution, for a given sheared mean flow. The total solution thus contains both the acoustic wave solution and the instability wave solution, the latter referred to as the contained instability wave solution. A time-domain method for obtaining only the acoustic wave solution in sheared mean flows is proposed and verified in this paper. Instead of suppressing or filtering-out the contained instability waves, in the proposed method the acoustic wave solution is achieved by means of subtracting the contained instability wave solution from the total solution of the non-homogenous LEE. The two important aspects of the proposed method are the identification of an appropriate reference point where the instability wave dominates the acoustic wave solution and the development of the approximately pure instability ...
Hyaluronidase-induced reductions in myocardial infarct size

The size of myocardial infarctions following coronary artery occlusion in the rat was determined directly by measurement of creatine phosphokinase activity in homogenized whole left ventricles and by planimetric measurement of the area of the infarctions in histologic sections of serial slices of the left ventricles. Hyaluronidase was shown to produce significant reductions in expected infarct size both 48 hours and 3 weeks after occlusion without impairing fibrosis during the healing phase. Thus, the amount of myocardial necrosis that follows a coronary artery occlusion has been shown directly to be amenable to reduction with a pharmacological intervention.
Differences among battered mothers in their involvement with child protection services: Could the perpetrator's biological relationship to the child have an impact?

Abstract The co-occurrence of adult domestic violence and child physical abuse has been well documented. Although collaboration between domestic violence and child protection services has been the focus of new efforts for better serving women experiencing domestic violence and their children, there is limited information about the types of families experiencing intimate partner violence who are involved in child protection services. This article explores the distinguishing characteristics of families experiencing adult domestic violence (DV) that are involved in child protection services (CPS) in comparison with families that experience DV but are not involved in CPS. Using data from a four-city anonymous telephone survey, this study examined the participation of 107 women who utilized domestic violence services. Roughly one-third (29.9%) of those receiving DV services in this sample were also involved with the CPS system. While those families involved with CPS did not differ in most ways from the other families, they did differ regarding the biological relationship of the child to the adult male perpetrator of DV. Families in the sample in which the perpetrator of DV was the biological father of the child were less likely to be involved in CPS than when the perpetrator of DV was not the biological father of the child. These findings point to a need for greater awareness of the risk biological fathers pose to their children.
The Violent South: Culture of Honor, Social Disorganization, and Murder in Appalachia:

Nisbett and Cohen contended that consistently higher argument-related homicide rates in the South are a result of early historical and economic circumstances of the frontier that contributed to the development of a persistent ‘‘culture of honor,’’ which legitimized violence in response to provocations. Using 1990—1992 argument-related homicide data for Appalachian counties and considering the effect of the religious culture, this study attempts to reexamine Cohen’s finding that social stability increased honor/argument-related homicide rates in the American South but had the opposite effect in the North. Although results show that interregional differences in homicide rate exist in Appalachia and could be explained by an existing ‘‘culture of honor’’ reinforced by certain religious beliefs, this analysis did not find support for Cohen’s hypotheses. Family stability appears to be a crime deterrent in both subregions, though the relationship is not significant. Community stability is positively related to h...
ANTIREGULAR GRAPHS ARE UNIVERSAL FOR TREES

A graph on n vertices is antiregular if its vertex degrees take on n − 1 different values. For every n ≥ 2 there is a unique connected antiregular graph on n vertices. Call it An. (The unique disconnected antiregular graph on n vertices is Acn.) The main result of this note is that every tree on n vertices is isomorphic to a subgraph of An.
Heuristics for the Circuit Realization Problem

The Circuit Realization Problem has been previously shown to be NP-hard. We develop here several heuristics for the Circuit Realization Problem. These heuristics are locally optimal with respect to a transform and are f(n)-approximation algorithms. Several of the heuristics make use of a Statistical Mechanics technique for thermal equilibrium analysis in producing their solution. In addition, the heuristics are experimentally shown to have quite acceptable behavior.
Spatial Stories with Nomadic Narrators: Affect, Snapchat, and Feeling Embodiment in Youth Mobile Composing

While the vast majority of scholarship on mobile media, social semiotics, and multimodality highlights work done behind the screen, few studies have considered the embodied processes of youth composing with and through mobile technology. This study, drawn from a larger critical qualitative connective ethnography, works to fill a paucity of literature by examining how one youth participant, Ben, uses the digital mobile application Snapchat to create and compose a myriad of phenomenological experiences. By partnering approaches from queer phenomenology and multimodal (inter)action analysis, this paper illuminates how the affective intensities and push-and-pull of orientations deliver a narrative that is enfolded by several felt moments. By illuminating the rich processes of embodied composing with mobile media and accounting for the spatio-temporal scales and traversals that Ben navigates to architect his experience, this article works to spotlight how youth composers tell spatial stories and map nomadic narratives to explore their own embodied experiences with and through mobile media.
Antioxidant and Oncogene Rescue of Metabolic Defects Caused by Loss of Matrix Attachment

Normal epithelial cells require matrix attachment for survival, and the ability of tumour cells to survive outside their natural extracellular matrix (ECM) niches is dependent on acquisition of anchorage independence. Although apoptosis is the most rapid mechanism for eliminating cells lacking appropriate ECM attachment, recent reports suggest that non-apoptotic death processes prevent survival when apoptosis is inhibited in matrix-deprived cells. Here we demonstrate that detachment of mammary epithelial cells from ECM causes an ATP deficiency owing to the loss of glucose transport. Overexpression of ERBB2 rescues the ATP deficiency by restoring glucose uptake through stabilization of EGFR and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) activation, and this rescue is dependent on glucose-stimulated flux through the antioxidant-generating pentose phosphate pathway. Notably, we found that the ATP deficiency could be rescued by antioxidant treatment without rescue of glucose uptake. This rescue was found to be dependent on stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, which is inhibited by detachment-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The significance of these findings was supported by evidence of an increase in ROS in matrix-deprived cells in the luminal space of mammary acini, and the discovery that antioxidants facilitate the survival of these cells and enhance anchorage-independent colony formation. These results show both the importance of matrix attachment in regulating metabolic activity and an unanticipated mechanism for cell survival in altered matrix environments by antioxidant restoration of ATP generation.
New findings on the pollination biology of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in Roraima, Brazil: Linking dioecy, wind, and habitat

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Despite the ecological, economic, and cultural importance of the palm Mauritia flexuosa in Amazonia, knowledge of its reproductive biology is scarce. Previous observations of this species suggested beetles as the probable pollinator, but experimental work to confirm this hypothesis was lacking. • METHODS We investigated the floral biology and pollination of M. flexuosa in undisturbed forest, undisturbed savanna/forest ecotone, and fragmented savanna within plantations of the exotic tree, Acacia mangium, in northern Brazilian Amazonia. In each habitat, we examined floral biology, combined floral visitor observations with laboratory analyses, and performed anemophily and exclusion experiments. • KEY RESULTS Fruit set was significantly greater in the visitor exclusion treatment than in the wind + visitor exclusion treatment and significantly lower in the wind + visitor exclusion treatment than the open control, but there was no difference in fruit set between the visitor exclusion treatment and the control. We found no significant difference in pollen dispersal among the three habitats. The presence of A. mangium appears to have no immediate effect on pollination of M. flexuosa, although it may indirectly affect other aspects of this native's reproductive ecology. • CONCLUSIONS Floral visitors of M. flexuosa are not pollinators. This dioecious palm depends on wind as its primary pollen vector. Wind pollination is not necessarily most effective in open habitats. These findings are important because they re-evaluate traditional assumptions of wind pollination and can improve management strategies of this natural resource in the Amazon.
Sustainable transportation in the US: A review of proposals, policies, and programs since 2000

Abstract This paper reviews the research, policy proposals and recommendations, implemented policies, and programs on sustainable transportation since 2000, with regional focus on the US, using the UK (related to the European Union if appropriate), and Canada as references. The paper finds that the concept of sustainable transportation has been given increased attention in all places. There are significant variances between the research, policy proposal, and implementation. Efforts made towards sustainable transportation, and the focus of the efforts at entities within and outside the US also vary notably. As a whole, the US did more research on sustainable transportation than the reference countries and it even undertook several studies of sustainable transportation practices in West Europe. The US federal government is less aggressive than its foreign counterparts in marketing and implementing sustainable transportation. This is evidenced by a lack of overarching federal policy (mandate) on and a universal working definition for sustainable transportation, and absence of a gateway and dedicated website to market and disseminate the idea of sustainable development in general and sustainable transportation in particular.