cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Input usage and productivity in Indian manufacturing plants

This paper analyzes the scale and productivity consequences of varied input use in Indian manufacturing using detailed plant-level data. Counts of distinct material inputs are higher in urban settings than in rural locations, unconditionally and conditional on plant size, and they are also higher in the organized sector than in the unorganized sector. At the district level, higher input usage in the organized sector is generally observed in wealthier districts and those with greater literacy rates. If looking within states, the usage is more closely associated with electricity access, population density, and closer spatial proximity to one of India's largest cities. Plants in the organized sector utilizing a greater variety of inputs display higher productivity, with the effects mostly concentrated among smaller plants with fewer than 50 employees. For the unorganized sector, there is little correlation of input counts and local conditions, for better or for worse, and a more modest link to productivity outcomes.
Temporal Variations in Crustal Scattering Structure near Parkfield, California, Using Receiver Functions

Abstract We investigate temporal variations in teleseismic receiver functions using 11 yr of data at station PKD near Parkfield, California, by stacking power spectral density (PSD) functions within 12-month windows. We find that PSD levels for both radial and transverse components drop by ∼5 dB following the 2003 San Simeon ( M 6.5) earthquake, with a persistent reduction in background levels of ∼2 dB, relative to the pre-2003 levels, after the 2004 Parkfield ( M 6) earthquake, corresponding to an estimated decrease in shear-wave velocity of ∼0.12 and , respectively, or equivalent negative changes in Poisson’s ratio of ∼0.02 and ∼0.01. Our results suggest that the perturbation originates at middle to lower crustal levels, possibly caused by the redistribution of crustal pore fluids, consistent with increased and sustained tremor activity near Parkfield following both earthquakes. This study shows that we can resolve temporal variations in crustal scattering structure near a major seismogenic fault using the receiver function method.
The Role of Education in Development

Most education around the globe is public. Moreover, investment rates in education as well as schooling attainment differ substantially across countries. We contruct a general equilibrium life-cycle model that is consistent with these facts. We provide simple analytical solutions for the optimal educational choices, which may entail pure public provision of education, and their general equilibrium effects. We calibrate the model to fit cross-country differences in demographic and educational variables. The model is able to replicate a number of key regularities in the data beyond the matching targets. We use the model to identify and quantify sources of world income differences, and find that demographic factors, in particular mortality rates, explain most of the differences. We also use the model to study the role of public education, and the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in development.
POINTWISE-RECURRENT MAPS ON UNIQUELY ARCWISE CONNECTED LOCALLY ARCWISE CONNECTED SPACES

We prove that self-mappings of uniquely arcwise connected locally arcwise connected spaces are pointwise-recurrent if and only if all their cut- points are periodic while all endpoints are either periodic or belong to what we call "topological weak adding machines". We also introduce the notion of a ray complete uniquely arcwise connected locally arcwise connected space and show that for them the above "topological weak adding machines" coincide with classical adding machines (e.g., this holds if the entire space is compact).
Self-pulse-shaping Coherent Control Of Excitons In A Semiconductor Microcavity

Heberle et al. demonstrated the use of phase-controlled optical pulse pairs to populate coherently and then to depopulate a quantum well (QW) with excitons on a 100-fs time-scale.1 In these experiments, one uses a pair of time-delayed identical pulses but with various relative phase shifts.
Heavy water detection using ultra-high-Q microcavities.

Ultra-high-Q optical microcavities (Q>10 to the 7th) provide one method for distinguishing chemically similar species. Resonators immersed in H2O have lower quality factors than those immersed in D2O due to the difference in optical absorption. This difference can be used to create a D2O detector. This effect is most noticeable at 1300 nm, where the Q(H2O) is 10(to the 6th) and the Q(D2O) is 10(to the 7th). By monitoring Q, concentrations of 0.0001% [1 part in 10(to the 6th) per volume] of D2O in H2O have been detected. This sensitivity represents an order of magnitude improvement over previous techniques. Reversible detection was also demonstrated by cyclic introduction and flushing of D2O.
Simulating essential pyramids

When an image contains multiple objects of interest simple algorithms try to simultaneously use the apex for each object, creating a severe bottleneck; previous asymptotically efficient algorithms have tended to be quite complicated. A novel approach is presented which systematically simulates a separate 'essential' pyramid over each object. This simplifies algorithm development, since algorithms can be written assuming that there is only a single object. This approach can yield optimal or nearly optimal algorithms for the pyramid computer, and can also be used for many nonpyramid architectures. For several of these, the simulated pyramids over all objects can perform an algorithm nearly as fast as pyramid computer over a single object. >
Accounting for Taste Heterogeneity in Purchase Channel Intention Modeling: An Example from Northern California for Book Purchases

This study uses latent class modeling (LCM) to explore the effects of channel-specific perceptions, along with other variables, on purchase channel intention. Using data on book purchases collected from an Internet-based survey of two university towns in Northern California, we develop a latent class model with two segments (final N=373). Age turns out to be the only observed determinant of class membership, and in the intention model, the mostly-younger segment is more cost-sensitive and the mostly-older segment appears to be more convenience-sensitive. The results clearly demonstrate the effects on purchase intention of channel-specific perceptions, purchase experience, context and sociodemographics. Comparing the LCM to the unsegmented model and to models deterministically segmented on age indicates that the LCM is slightly better from the statistical perspective, but arguably weaker from the conceptual perspective. However, a model that interacts age with the explanatory variables in the conventional unsegmented model outperforms all the others (though not overwhelmingly so), including the LCM. Thus, our results suggest that using LCM as an initial stage in model exploration allows us to more intelligently specify a model where the taste heterogeneity is (potentially) specified deterministically in the end, which often yields a more parsimonious model, and may in fact fit the data better.
Opportunities in a high-tech industry

The author discusses challenges in the electric service industry. This paper focuses on four areas of proposed opportunity: superconductivity, power electronics, electric vehicles, and clean power generation. An overview of the history of the electric service industry is also presented.
Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Almost All or Almost Nothing

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are expected to accrete particle dark matter around them to form ultracompact minihalos (UCMHs), if the PBHs themselves are not most of the dark matter. We show that if most dark matter is a thermal relic, then the inner regions of UCMHs around PBHs are highly luminous sources of annihilation products. Flux constraints on gamma rays and neutrinos set strong abundance limits, improving previous limits by orders of magnitude. Assuming enough particle dark matter exists to form UCMHs, we find that PBH . 10 -4 (for mDMc 2 ≈ 100 GeV) for a vast range in PBH mass. We briefly discuss the unc ertainties on our limits, including those due to the evolution of the UCMH luminosity as it annihilates. Subject headings:dark matter — early universe — diffuse radiation — gamma rays: diffuse background
Relay beamforming strategies for physical-layer security

1 In this paper, collaborative use of relays to form a beamforming system and provide physical-layer security is investigated. In particular, amplify-and-forward (AF) relay beamforming designs under total and individual relay power constraints are studied with the goal of maximizing the secrecy rates when perfect channel state information (CSI) is available. In the AF scheme, not having analytical solutions for the optimal beamforming design under both total and individual power constraints, an iterative algorithm is proposed to numerically obtain the optimal beamforming structure and maximize the secrecy rates. Robust beamforming designs in the presence of imperfect CSI are investigated for decode-and-forward (DF) based relay beamforming, and optimization frameworks are provided.
A miniature low current GaAs MMIC downconverter for Ku-band broadcast satellite applications

A miniature low-current GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) downconverter with a novel image rejection filter was developed for commercial Ku-band broadcast satellite receivers. The low-noise RF amplifier, image rejection filter mixer, and intermediate-frequency amplifier were integrated on this MMIC. This MMIC used 0.3- mu m-gate ion-implanted GaAs MESFETs. The individual circuit designs and performance are described. The current consumption of the MMIC downconverter was only 40 mA. The chip size of the MMIC downconverter with the image rejection filter was 1.7 mm*2.05 mm. >
Data Vortex photonic network with non-crossing control links layout

This paper studies the physical layout of the routing links and control links within a multi-hop packet switched Data Vortex photonic network. For minimum signal interference, the proposed physical layout allows for non-crossing electrical control links while keeping the same simple routing patterns at specified cylinder levels for optical routing.
Supernovae and neutrinos

A long-standing problem in supernova physics is how to measure the total energy and temperature of {nu}{sub {mu}}, {nu}{sub {tau}}, {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}}, and {bar {nu}}{sub {tau}}. While of the highest importance, this is very difficult because these flavors only have neutral-current detector interactions. We propose that neutrino-proton elastic scattering, {nu} + p {yields} {nu} + p, can be used for the detection of supernova neutrinos in scintillator detectors. It should be emphasized immediately that the dominant signal is on free protons. Though the proton recoil kinetic energy spectrum is soft, with T{sub p} {approx_equal} 2E{sub {nu}}{sup 2}/M{sub p}, and the scintillation light output from slow, heavily ionizing protons is quenched, the yield above a realistic threshold is nearly as large as that from {bar {nu}}{sub e} + p {yields} e{sup +} + n. In addition, the measured proton spectrum is related to the incident neutrino spectrum. The ability to detect this signal would give detectors like KamLAND and Borexino a crucial and unique role in the quest to detect supernova neutrinos.
EXAMINATION OF WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY VIA TWO-SLIT INTERFERENCE

The wave-particle duality is the main point of demarcation between quantum and classical physics, and is the quintessential mystery of quantum mechanics. Young's two-slit interference experiment is the arch prototype of actual and gedanken experiments used as a testing ground of this duality. Quantum mechanics predicts that any detector capable of determining the path taken by a particle through one or the other of a two-slit plate will destroy the interference pattern. We will examine both the experimental and theoretical attempts to test this assertion, including a new kind of experiment, and to grasp the underlying truth behind this mystery from the earliest days to the present. Where positions differ, the views of both sides are presented in a balanced approach.
Text or pictures? an eyetracking study of how people view digital video surrogates

One important user-oriented facet of digital video retrieval research involves how to abstract and display digital video surrogates. This study reports on an investigation of digital video results pages that use textual and visual surrogates. Twelve subjects selected relevant video records from results lists containing titles, descriptions, and three keyframes for ten different search tasks. All subjects were eye-tracked to determine where, when, and how long they looked at text and image surrogates. Participants looked at and fixated on titles and descriptions statistically reliably more than on the images. Most people used the text as an anchor from which to make judgments about the search results and the images as confirmatory evidence for their selections. No differences were found whether the layout presented text or images in left to right order.
Reactions of silicon-based ceramics in mixed oxidation chlorination environments

The reaction of silicon-based ceramics with 2 percent Cl2/Ar and 1 percent Cl2/1 percent to 20 percent O2/Ar at 950 C was studied with thermogravimetric analysis and high-pressure mass spectrometry. Pure Si, SiO2, several types of SiC, and Si3N4 were examined. The primary corrosion products were SiCl4(g) and SiO2(s) with smaller amounts of volatile silicon oxychlorides. The reactions appear to occur by chlorine penetration of the SiO2 layer, and gas-phase diffusion of the silicon chlorides away from the sample appears to be rate limiting. Pure SiO2 shows very little reaction with Cl2, SiC with excess Si is more reactive than the other materials with Cl2, whereas SiC with excess carbon is more reactive than the other materials with Cl2/O2. Si3N4 shows very little reaction with Cl2. These differences are explained on the basis of thermodynamic and microstructural factors.
Searching for the Kaluza-Klein Graviton in Bulk RS Models

The best-studied version of the RS1 model has all the Standard Model particles confined to the TeV brane. However, recent variants have the Standard Model fermions and gauge bosons located in the bulk five-dimensional spacetime. We study the potential reach of the LHC in searching for the lightest KK partner of the graviton in the most promising such models in which the right-handed top is localized very near the TeV brane and the light fermions are localized near the Planck brane. We consider both detection and the establishment of the spin-2 nature of the resonance should it be found.
A SPLIT-SAMPLE TEST OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR STATED CHOICE MODELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION

A stated choice model is used to estimate wetland mitigation preferences. In a split sample mail survey, a main effects design is compared to a randomized design. Although randomized designs estimate main effects less efficiently, several policy relevant interactions were found to be significant, suggesting some merits of randomized designs.
Energy-efficient power and rate control with QoS constraints: a game-theoretic approach

A game-theoretic model is proposed to study the cross-layer problem of joint power and rate control with quality of service (QoS) constraints in multiple-access networks. In the proposed game, each user seeks to choose its transmit power and rate in a distributed manner in order to maximize its own utility and at the same time satisfy its QoS requirements. The user's QoS constraints are specified in terms of the average source rate and average delay. The utility function considered here measures energy efficiency and the delay includes both transmission and queueing delays. The Nash equilibrium solution for the proposed non-cooperative game is derived and a closed-form expression for the utility achieved at equilibrium is obtained. It is shown that the QoS requirements of a user translate into a "size" for the user which is an indication of the amount of network resources consumed by the user. Using this framework, the tradeoffs among throughput, delay, network capacity and energy efficiency are also studied.
An Improved Procedure for the Cr(II) Mediated Homoallylic Alcohol Synthesis

Abstract An improved procedure was developed for the coupling of allylhalides with aldehydes which utilizes CrCl2 prepared by reduction of CrCl3 with sodium amalgam.
Time-to-space conversion in quantum field theory of flavor mixing

We address the time-to-space conversion in quantum field theory of mixing. In the general theory of quantum field mixing (with an arbitrary number of mixed fields with either boson or fermion statistics) the mixing relations for flavor states are derived directly from the definition of mixing for quantum fields and the unitary inequivalence of the Fock space of energy- and flavor-eigenstates is found. The time dynamics of the interacting fields can be explicitly solved and the flavor time oscillation formulas can be derived in a general form. In this work, we analyze the conversion of these results to space-oscillations with a generalized method of wave-packets. Emphasizing the antiparticle content, we work entirely within the canonical formalism of creation and annihilation operators that allows us to include the effect due to the nontrivial flavor vacuum.
Higgs decays to muons in weak boson fusion

Abstract We investigate the muonic decay of a light Higgs boson, produced in weak boson fusion at future hadron colliders. We find that this decay mode would be observable at the CERN LHC only with an unreasonably large amount of data, while at a 200 TeV vLHC this process could be used to extract the muon Yukawa coupling to about the 10% level, or better if significant improvements in detector design can be achieved.
Intraoperative tumor detection: relative performance of single-element, dual-element, and imaging probes with various collimators

Accurate tumor staging depends on finding all tumor sites, and curative surgery requires the removal of ail cancerous tissue from those sites. One technique for locating tumors is to inject patients before surgery with a radiotracer that is preferentially taken up by cancerous tissue. Then, an intraoperative gamma-sensitive probe is used to locate the tumors. Small ( >
Polygonal model for layered inorganic nanotubes

Multiwalled inorganic nanotubes with circular cross sections must have either an incoherent interface or a large amount of strain. However, nanotubes with a polygonal cross section can have a coherent interface with considerably less strain. We present a model for polygonal nanotubes with no defects where the chirality of the nanotube determines the shape of the cross section. Circular and polygonal nanotubes are compared based on their strain energy and interfacial energy. We have used first-principles calcuations to parameterize strain and interfacial energy for ${\text{TiS}}_{2}$ nanotubes. These calculations show that the polygonal model is energetically favorable to the circular model when the inner radius is above a critical radius, $6.2\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ for a ${\text{TiS}}_{2}$ nanotube with ten layers. These results should provide insight into further investigations of nanotube structure and allow computational studies to more accurately predict nanotube properties.
Cognitive forward induction and coordination without common knowledge: An experimental study ✩

Abstract This paper investigates optimal play in coordination games in which cognition plays an important role. In our game logically omniscient players would be able to identify a distinct coordination opportunity from other obvious facts. Real players may be unable to make the required inference. Our main experimental results are that in a coordination task with a cognitive component (1) players play differently when playing against themselves rather than against another player, and (2) given the opportunity, players signal cognition by choosing the coordination task over an outside option, a phenomenon which we refer to as cognitive forward induction .
Novel trifunctional building blocks for fluorescent polymers.

Herein, we describe the synthesis of fluorescent 2-(arylsulfonyl)methacrylates and its polymers. These novel trifunctional monomers, possessing a fluorescent arylsulfonyl (ArSO2) group, an alkyl group (R), and a polymerizable olefin, serve as useful building blocks for functionalized fluorescent polymers.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL DISEASE ON VITIS VINIFERA CV. CABERNET FRANC IN FINGER LAKES VINEYARDS OF NEW YORK

Leafroll disease is one of the most important virus diseases of grapevines worldwide. It reduces yields, delays fruit ripening, reduces soluble solids, and increases titratable acidity in fruit juice. This study uses a net present value (NPV) approach over a 25-year lifespan of a vineyard to examine the economic impact of grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD) on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet franc in Finger Lakes vineyards of New York. It identifies optimal disease control options under several scenarios of disease prevalence, yield reduction, and fruit quality effects. The estimated economic impact of GLRD ranges from approximately $25,000 (for a 30% yield reduction and no grape quality penalty) to $40,000 (for a 50% yield reduction and a 10% penalty for poor fruit quality) per hectare in the absence of any control measure. The per hectare impact of GLRD can be substantially reduced to $3,000-$23,000 through roguing if levels of disease prevalence are moderate (1-25%). With disease prevalence levels greater than 25%, replacing the entire vineyard is the optimal response, yielding economic losses of ~$25,000/ ha. Furthermore, the use of vines derived from certified, virus-tested stocks in replant sites is predicted to keep the costs associated with GLRD infection to ~$1,800/ha. No intervention appears to be economically optimal when (1) infection levels are high (>25%), yield reduction is moderate (<30%), and no price penalty is enforced or (2) when GLRD is transmitted through vectors after year 19. These findings are valuable to construct integrated decision matrices for vineyard managers to devise profit-maximizing disease control strategies and to create incentives for extended uses of clean, virus-tested planting material.
Response of Simulated Squall Lines to Low-Level Cooling

Abstract Organized convection has long been recognized to have a nocturnal maximum over the central United States. The present study uses idealized numerical simulations to investigate the mechanisms for the maintenance, propagation, and evolution of nocturnal-like convective systems. As a litmus test for the basic governing dynamics, the experiments use horizontally homogeneous initial conditions (i.e., they include neither fronts nor low-level jet streams). The simulated storms are allowed to mature as surface-based convective systems before the boundary layer is cooled. In this case it is then surprisingly difficult to cut the mature convective systems off from their source of near-surface inflow parcels. Even when 10 K of the low-level cooling has been applied, the preexisting system cold pool is sufficient to lift boundary layer parcels to their levels of free convection. The present results suggest that many of the nocturnal convective systems that were previously thought to be elevated may actually...
On neutrino flavor states

We review the issues associated with the construction of neutrino flavor states. We then provide a consistent proof that the flavor states are approximately well-defined only if neutrinos are ultra-relativistic or the mass differences are negligible compared to energy. However, we show that weak interactions can be consistently described by only neutrino mass eigenstates. Meanwhile, the second quantization of neutrino flavor fields generally has no physical relevance as their masses are indefinite. Therefore, the flavor states are not physical quantum states and they should simply be interpreted as definitions to denote specific linear combinations of mass eigenstates involved in weak interactions. We also briefly discuss the implication of this work for the mixing between active and heavy sterile neutrinos.
Understanding the PSCz galaxy power spectrum with N-body simulations

By comparing the Point Source Catalogue Redshift (PSCz) galaxy power spectrum with the results of nested pure dark matter N-body simulations, we try to understand how infrared-selected galaxies populate dark matter haloes, paying special attention to the method of halo identification in the simulations. We thus test the hypothesis that baryonic physics negligibly affects the distribution of galaxies down to the smallest scales yet observed. We are successful in reproducing the PSCz power spectrum on scales ≤40 h Mpc -1 , near our resolution limit, by imposing a central density cut-off on simulated haloes, which gives a rough minimum mass and circular velocity of haloes in which PSCz galaxies formed.
Multiple testing for neuroimaging via hidden Markov random field

Traditional voxel-level multiple testing procedures in neuroimaging, mostly p-value based, often ignore the spatial correlations among neighboring voxels and thus suffer from substantial loss of power. We extend the local-significance-index based procedure originally developed for the hidden Markov chain models, which aims to minimize the false nondiscovery rate subject to a constraint on the false discovery rate, to three-dimensional neuroimaging data using a hidden Markov random field model. A generalized expectation-maximization algorithm for maximizing the penalized likelihood is proposed for estimating the model parameters. Extensive simulations show that the proposed approach is more powerful than conventional false discovery rate procedures. We apply the method to the comparison between mild cognitive impairment, a disease status with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's or another dementia, and normal controls in the FDG-PET imaging study of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
Information processing of cancer chemotherapy data

Roswell Park Memorial Institute, one of the largest cancer research and treatment hospitals in the world, conducts an extensive program of cancer chemotheraphy, the use of chemical agents in the treatment of cancer. Roswell Park, acting as the statistical center for participating hospitals throughout the United States, is responsible for implementation, control, and follow-up of several chemotherapy studies. To facilitate the handling of the diverse and extensive amount of data made available by the participants, the architects of these chemotherapy studies found it desirable and necessary to automate as many facets as was feasible. This paper describes the procedures employed in a system which extensively treats medical data.
Ferroelectric transition in compressively strained SrTiO3 thin films

We report the temperature dependent capacitance-voltage characteristics of Pt/SrTiO3 Schottky diodes fabricated using compressively strained SrTiO3 thin films grown on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (LSAT) substrates. The measurements reveal a divergence of the out of plane dielectric constant of SrTiO3 peaked at ∼140 K, implying a ferroelectric transition. A Curie-Weiss law fit to the zero-bias dielectric constant suggests a Curie temperature of ∼56 K. This observation provides experimental confirmation of the theoretical prediction of out of plane ferroelectricity in compressively strained SrTiO3 thin films grown on LSAT substrate. We also discuss the roles of the field-dependent dielectric constant and the interfacial layer in SrTiO3 on the extraction of the Curie temperature.
IP over P2P: enabling self-configuring virtual IP networks for grid computing

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have mostly focused on task oriented networking, where networks are constructed for single applications, i.e. file-sharing, DNS caching, etc. In this work, we introduce IPOP, a system for creating virtual IP networks on top of a P2P overlay. IPOP enables seamless access to grid resources spanning multiple domains by aggregating them into a virtual IP network that is completely isolated from the physical network. The virtual IP network provided by IPOP supports deployment of existing IP-based protocols over a robust, self-configuring P2P overlay. We present implementation details as well as experimental measurement results taken from LAN, WAN, and Planet-Lab tests.
On the Way Towards Greener Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Processes as Quantified by E Factors

Transition-metal-catalyzed carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formations are among the most heavily used types of reactions in both academic and industrial settings. As important as these are to the synthetic community, such cross-couplings come with a heavy price to our environment, and sustainability. E Factors are one measure of waste created, and organic solvents, by far, are the main contributors to the high values associated, in particular, with the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical companies which utilize these reactions. An alternative to organic solvents in which cross-couplings are run can be found in the form of micellar catalysis, wherein nanoparticles composed of newly introduced designer surfactants enable the same cross-couplings, albeit in water, with most taking place at room temperature. In the absence of an organic solvent as the reaction medium, organic waste and hence, E Factors, drop dramatically.
Cases for the nugget in modeling computer experiments

Most surrogate models for computer experiments are interpolators, and the most common interpolator is a Gaussian process (GP) that deliberately omits a small-scale (measurement) error term called the nugget. The explanation is that computer experiments are, by definition, "deterministic", and so there is no measurement error. We think this is too narrow a focus for a computer experiment and a statistically inefficient way to model them. We show that estimating a (non-zero) nugget can lead to surrogate models with better statistical properties, such as predictive accuracy and coverage, in a variety of common situations.
Tetraphenylditin 1,2-Dichloride

Abstract The reaction of hexaphenylditin with hydrogen chloride in a one to two mole ratio in dry benzene yielded tetraphenylditin 1,2-dichloride. It was characterized by analyses for C, H, Sn and Cl and by bromine titration for tin-tin bonds. It was converted to the known compound tetraphenylditin 1,2-dibenzoate upon reaction with sodium benzoate.
Twenty-first century trade negotiations, the US constitution, and the elimination of US state-level protectionism

As international trade negotiations expand to address non-tariff barriers in the form of procurement practices, subsidies, and product standards, and new areas such as trade in services and investment, negotiators must constrain sub-federal government protectionism. Political and economic factors will drive the twenty-first century trade negotiator to seek additional constraints beyond those in current agreements. Recent US Supreme Court federalism jurisprudence has created uncertainty in the minds of negotiators as to whether the United States suffers from a constitutional incapacity to accept and implement anti-protectionism obligations and private party enforcement mechanisms with respect to US state governments. However, recent federalism jurisprudence related to the Commerce Clause, 10th Amendment, and 11th Amendment does not create any legal incapacity. Rather, negotiators will have to overcome the significant but not insurmountable political reluctance of the United States to comprehensively constrain state-level protectionism. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
VARIABILITY OF Fe ii EMISSION FEATURES IN THE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY NGC 5548

We study the low-contrast Fe ii emission blends in the ultraviolet (1250–2200 8) and optical (4000–6000 8) spectra of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 and show that these features vary in flux and that these variations are correlated with those of the optical continuum. The amplitude of variability of the optical Fe ii emission is 50%– 75% that of H� , and the ultraviolet Fe iiemission varies with an even larger amplitude than H� .H owever, accurate measurement of the flux in these blends proves to be very difficult even using excellent Fe ii templates to fit the spectra. We are able to constrain only weakly the optical Fe ii emission-line response timescale to a value of less than several weeks; this upper limit exceeds all the reliably measured emission-line lags in this source so it is not particularly meaningful. Nevertheless, the fact that the optical Fe ii and continuum flux variations are correlated indicates that line fluorescence in a photoionized plasma, rather than collisional excitation, is responsible for the Fe ii emission. The iron emission templates are available upon request. Subject headingg galaxies: active — galaxies: nuclei — galaxies: Seyfert — quasars: emission lines
Learning determinantal point processes

Determinantal point processes (DPPs), which arise in random matrix theory and quantum physics, are natural models for subset selection problems where diversity is preferred. Among many remarkable properties, DPPs offer tractable algorithms for exact inference, including computing marginal probabilities and sampling; however, an important open question has been how to learn a DPP from labeled training data. In this paper we propose a natural feature-based parameterization of conditional DPPs, and show how it leads to a convex and efficient learning formulation. We analyze the relationship between our model and binary Markov random fields with repulsive potentials, which are qualitatively similar but computationally intractable. Finally, we apply our approach to the task of extractive summarization, where the goal is to choose a small subset of sentences conveying the most important information from a set of documents. In this task there is a fundamental tradeoff between sentences that are highly relevant to the collection as a whole, and sentences that are diverse and not repetitive. Our parameterization allows us to naturally balance these two characteristics. We evaluate our system on data from the DUC 2003/04 multi-document summarization task, achieving state-of-the-art results.
HALLMARKS OF A PROFESSION

The banquet address delivered at the 1978 meeting of the American Academy of Optometry. A review of the criteria of a profession and an evaluation of optometry in meeting these criteria.
A Method for Estimating Distributed Lags When Observations are Randomly Missing

Abstract : This paper presents a frequency-domain technique for estimating distributed lag coefficients (the impulse-response function) when observations are randomly missed. The technique treats stationary processes with randomly missed observations as amplitude-modulated processes and estimates the transfer function accordingly. Estimates of the lag coefficients are obtained by taking the inverse transform of the estimated transfer function. Results with artificially created data show that technique performs well even when the probability of an observation being missed is one-half and in some cases when the probability is as low as one-fifth. The approximate asymptotic variance of the estimator is also calculated in the paper. (Author)
The stereoselective preparation of cis and trans-1,2-difluoroethylene synthons

Abstract Isomerization of ( Z )-HFC=CFSiEt 3 with ultraviolet light and catalytic phenyl disulfide has resulted in a high yield, stereoselective preparation of cis -1,2-difluorotriethylsilylethylene, ( E )-HFC=CFSiEt 3 . ( E )-HFC=CFSiEt 3 has been converted to ( Z )-F(Bu 3 Sn)C=CFSiEt 3 , ( Z )-IFC=CFSiEt 3 , ( Z )-BrFC=CFSiEt 3 , ( Z )-Me 3 SiFC=CFSiEt 3 , and ( Z )-IFC=CFI. ( E )-IFC=CFI has been prepared from ( Z )-HFC=CFSiEt 3 .
Mechanism Design for “Free” but “No Free Disposal” Services: The Economics of Personalization Under Privacy Concerns

Online personalization services belong to a class of economic goods with a “no free disposal” (NFD) property where consumers do not always prefer more services to less because of the privacy concerns. These concerns arise from the revelation of information necessary for the provision of personalization services. We examine vendor strategies in a market where consumers have heterogeneous concerns about privacy. In successive generalizations, we allow the vendor to offer a fixed level of personalization, variable levels of personalization, and monetary transfers (coupons) to the consumers that depend on the level of personalization chosen. We show that a vendor offering a fixed level of personalization does not offer a coupon unless his marginal value of information (MVI) is sufficiently high, and even when personalization is costless, the vendor does not cover the market. Under a fixed services offering, the vendor serves the same market with or without couponing. Next, we demonstrate that in the absence of couponing, the vendor's optimal variable personalization services contract maximizes surplus for all heterogeneous consumers, which is in contrast to standard results from monopolistic screening. When the vendor can offer coupons that vary according to personalization levels, the optimal contract is not fully revealing unless his MVI is high and he will not offer coupons when this MVI is low. However, a vendor with a moderate MVI (between certain thresholds) offers a bunched contract, wherein consumers with low privacy concerns receive a variable services-coupon contract, those with moderate privacy concerns receive a fixed services-coupon contract, and those with high privacy concerns do not participate in the market. The coupon value is decreasing in privacy sensitivity of consumers.
Scope and selectivity in palladium-catalyzed directed C–H bond halogenation reactions

Abstract Palladium-catalyzed ligand directed C–H activation/halogenation reactions have been extensively explored. Both the nature of the directing group and the substitution pattern on the arene ring of the substrate lead to different reactivity profiles, and often different and complementary products, in the presence and absence of the catalyst.
Financial market globalization, symmetry-breaking and endogenous inequality of nations

This paper investigates the effects of financial market globalization on the inequality of nations. The world economy consists of inherently identical countries, which differ only in their levels of capital stock. Each country is represented by the standard overlapping generations model, modified only to incorporate credit market imperfection. An integration of financial markets affects the set of stable steady states, as it changes the balance between the equalizing force of the diminishing returns technology and the unequalizing force of the wealth-dependent borrowing constraint. The model is tractable enough to allow for a complete characterization of the stable steady states. In the absence of the international financial market, the world economy has a unique steady state, which is symmetric and stable. In the presence of the international financial market, symmetry-breaking occurs under some conditions. That is, the symmetric steady state loses its stability and stable asymmetric steady states come to exist. In the stable asymmetric steady states, the world economy is endogenously divided into the rich and poor countries; the borrowing constraints are binding in the poor but not in the rich; the world output is smaller, the rich are richer and the poor are poorer in any of the stable asymmetric steady states than in the (unstable) symmetric steady state.
Graeffe''s method for eigenvalues

Let an entire functionF(z) of finite genus have infinitely many zeros which are all positive, and take real values for realz. Then it is shown how to give two-sided bounds for all the zeros ofF in terms of the coefficients of the power series ofF, in fact in terms of the coefficients obtained byGraeffe's algorithm applied toF. A simple numerical illustration is given for a Bessel function.
Planar plasmonic terahertz guided-wave devices

We describe the realization of planar plasmonic THz guided-wave devices, including straight waveguides, Y-splitters and 3dB-couplers, using periodically perforated metal films. These perforated films behave as effective media whose waveguiding properties can be broadly engineered.
Recent theoretical results for nonequilibrium deposition of submicron particles

Abstract Selected theoretical developments in modeling of deposition of sub-micrometer size (submicron) particles on solid surfaces, with and without surface diffusion, of interest in colloid, polymer, and certain biological systems, are surveyed. We review deposition processes involving extended objects, with jamming and its interplay with in-surface diffusion yielding interesting dynamics of approach to the large-time state. Mean-field and low-density approximation schemes can be used in many instances for short and intermediate times, in large enough dimensions, and for particle sizes larger than few lattice units. Random sequential adsorption models are appropriate for higher particle densities (larger times). Added diffusion allows formation of denser deposits and leads to power-law large-time behavior which, in one dimension (linear substrate, such as DNA), was related to diffusion-limited reactions, while in two dimensions (planar substrate), was associated with evolution of the domain-wall and def...
A treatment of higher-order features in logic programming

The logic programming paradigm provides the basis for a new intensional view of higher-order notions. This view is realized primarily by employing the terms of a typed lambda calculus as representational devices and by using a richer form of unification for probing their structures. These additions have important meta-programming applications but they also pose non-trivial implementation problems. One issue concerns the machine representation of lambda terms suitable to their intended use: an adequate encoding must facilitate comparison operations over terms in addition to supporting the usual reduction computation. Another aspect relates to the treatment of a unification operation that has a branching character and that sometimes calls for the delaying of the solution of unification problems. A final issue concerns the execution of goals whose structures become apparent only in the course of computation. These various problems are exposed in this paper and solutions to them are described. A satisfactory representation for lambda terms is developed by exploiting the nameless notation of de Bruijn as well as explicit encodings of substitutions. Special mechanisms are molded into the structure of traditional Prolog implementations to support branching in unification and carrying of unification problems over other computation steps; a premium is placed in this context on exploiting determinism and on emulating usual first-order behaviour. An extended compilation model is presented that treats higher-order unification and also handles dynamically emergent goals. The ideas described here have been employed in the Teyjus implementation of the $\lambda$Prolog language, a fact that is used to obtain a preliminary assessment of their efficacy.
Scientists in a Changed Institutional Environment Subjective Adaptation and Social Responsibility Norms in Russia

How do scientists react when the institutional setting in which they conduct their work changes radically? How do long-standing norms regarding the social responsibility of scientists fare? What factors influence whether scientists embrace or reject the new institutions and norms? We examine these questions using data from a unique survey of 602 scientists in Russia, whose research institutions experienced a sustained crisis and sweeping changes following the collapse of the Soviet Union. We develop measures of how respondents view financing based on grants and other institutional changes in the Russian science system, as well as measures of two norms regarding scientists' social responsibility. We find that the majority of scientists have adapted, in the sense that they hold positive views of the new institutions, but a diversity of orientations remains. Social responsibility norms are common but far from universal among Russian scientists. The main correlates of adaptation are age and current success at...
An implicit form for the Osher upwind scheme

Conservative upwind schemes for the Euler equations, such as the Osher scheme, accurately resolve flow discontinuities and correctly model the physics of the problem. However, these schemes require many more arithmetic operations per integration step than simple central-difference schemes and hence result in large computing times. An implicit version of the first-order- and second-order-accurate Osher schemes in two spatial dimensions and generalized coordinates is developed in this study. Because implicit schemes permit the use of large integration steps, in many cases they require fewer integration steps to reach steady-state (especially in calculations on grids with widely varying mesh-cell sizes). The implicit scheme developed in this study accelerated convergence speeds by almost an order of magnitude in the problems considered. Test cases include quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flow and supersonic flow past a cylinder.
Design and evaluation of a hybrid passive/active ripple filter with voltage injection

Active ripple filters can substantially attenuate power converter ripple, allowing considerable reduction in passive filter component size. Investigated here is a hybrid passive/active filter topology that achieves ripple reduction by injecting a compensating voltage ripple across a series filter element. Both ripple feedforward and feedback are employed. The design of sensor, amplifier, and injector circuitry for this application is explored. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of the new approach, and illustrate its potential benefits. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is most effective in cases where it is desirable to minimize the amount of capacitance in the filter.
Use of sonication for the coupling of sterically hindered substrates in the phenolic Mitsunobu reaction

A vast rate increase in the Mitsunobu reaction of phenols with alcohols where either or both are sterically hindered has been achieved by the use of high concentration combined with sonication.
The Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Labor Market Outcomes of Evacuees

We use data from the Current Population Survey collected both before and after Hurricane Katrina to estimate the impact of Katrina on the labor market outcomes of evacuees. Our estimates are based on a difference-in-differences strategy that compares evacuees to all residents of Katrina-affected areas prior to Katrina, with a control group consisting of individuals who originally resided outside the areas affected by the storm. We estimate that Katrina had substantial effects on the labor market outcomes of evacuees over the 13-month period immediately following Katrina. However, our estimates suggest that the effects of Katrina diminished substantially over time as evacuees recovered from the hurricane and adjusted to new economic and social conditions. Evacuees who did not return to their pre-Katrina areas have fared much worse in the labor market than have those who returned. Differences in individual and family characteristics account for some of the differences in outcomes between returnees and non-returnees. We present evidence that non-returnees have fared much worse in the labor market primarily because they came from areas that experienced greater housing damage due to the storm and thus were more likely to have had their lives severely disrupted.