cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition of NMDA-mediated EPSPs in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The time course of ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA-mediated synaptic activity was studied in brain slices using extracellular electrophysiological techniques in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Bath application of 60 mM ethanol inhibited NMDA-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) by at least 45% in 7/11 of the slices tested, with the remaining 4 slices inhibited by 8.7–35%. Most slices inhibited by at least 45% showed a significant reduction in ethanol inhibition over a 15 min ethanol exposure period, suggesting the development of acute tolerance. In a second set of experiments, tolerance to ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA-mediated EPSPs that developed over time during the first ethanol exposure persisted during a second ethanol exposure. In contrast to ethanol, inhibition of EPSPs by the NMDA antagonist dl -2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) remained stable during a comparable application of the drug. These results suggest that acute tolerance can develop to ethanol inhibition of NMDA mediated synaptic activity in the hippocampus.
Fine-tuning lymphocyte regulation: what’s new with tyrosine kinases and phosphatases?

Although the basic mechanisms of lymphocyte signaling have been established, recent studies have provided new insights into how fine-tuning the regulation of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases contributes to the delicate balance required for appropriate lymphocyte activation. Recent studies include new work on the roles of the immune synapse in regulating T-cell receptor signaling, the discovery of new functions for the Src-family kinase Fyn and the Tec kinase Itk, particularly in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and new insights into positive and negative feedback mechanisms in antigen receptor signaling.
Single And Dual Wavelength Exposure Of Photoresist

The dependency of photoresist line width control on the photoresist thickness variations has been quantified for three different microelectronics wafer surfaces. The exposures were made with a step-and-repeat projection camera which is designed to image with both the Hg-g and Hg-h spectral lines to the wafer surface. A filter was placed in the light path so that resist exposures with only the Hg-g line could also be studied. The effect of camera defocus and nominal photoresist thicknesses of 800 and 1600 nm was included. The expected result of the line width variation periodicity being equal to 1/2 of the exposing wavelength was found. However, also found is an unexpected periodicity which could be described as λR/6© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dental cements: Investigation of chemical bonding

Abstract Dental cements are chemically bonded ceramics which are bonded by chemical reactions without the use of thermally activated solid state diffusion. This paper deals with the nature of the chemical bonding reactions in dental cements. Several dental cements such as Zn phosphate, Zn-eugenol, polycarboxylate and glass ionomer-types were characterized before reaction, after reaction and after heating to 500°C for their phase composition by powder x-ray diffraction. Chemical bonding resulted in all cases via non-crystalline phase formation. Microstructural development after reaction of these dental cements is also presented.
Social interactions of toddlers and preschoolers in same-age and mixed-age play groups

Abstract We observed the play of 32 toddlers and preschoolers randomly assigned to eight play groups. Four of the play groups contained children of the same age; the other four contained children who were 2 years apart in age. No differences were found in overall patterns of play as measured by Parten's (1932) play codes. Although negative behaviors occurred infrequently in both settings, younger children tended to exhibit more negative interactions in same-age settings, and older children exhibited more negative interactions in mixed-age settings. Younger children in mixed-age settings played with same-age and older playmates at expected rates; older children in mixed-age settings, however, were more likely to choose other older children as playmates. The results, which differ to some extent from previous research, may be due to the familiarity of children with peers within the group and common day-care experiences prior to the study.
The Role of Net Angular Momentum in Pump/Probe Spectroscopy: Absorption, Refringence, Scattering, and Nuclear Resonance

Applied net angular momentum (J) has the same role in spectroscopy as applied magnetic flux density (B), both having the same parity and motion reversal symmetry. This simple statement appears to have profound consequencies [sic], especially in the context of non-linear optics, where J can be generated by a pump laser. These are explored for pump/probe spectroscopy involving absorption, refringence and scattering in the semi-classical Rayleigh theory. It is shown that there are phenomena analogous to those induced by B, exemplified by the spin chiral class of circular and axial birefringence/dichroism (analogues of the Faraday and Wagniere/Meier effects produced by B); and pump laser induced Rayleigh/Raman optical activity; analogues of scattered optical activity induced by B. Nuclear effects of the pump laser induced J are introduced as nuclear electromagnetic resonance (N.E.R.).
„In-situ”-NMR-Untersuchungen von Katalysator- und Produktproben heterogen-katalytischer Reaktionen, die unter realen Reaktionsbedingungen erhalten wurden

In nur 170 Millisekunden kann in dem rechts gezeigten Katalysereaktor das Katalysatorbett um 150 K abgekuhlt werden. Dadurch ist die NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchung von Produkten moglich, die nach sehr kurzen Kontaktzeiten und unter realen Katalysebedingungen gebildet wurden.
New technical approach using light-emitting diodes (LED) in neonatal vascular transillumination

A challenging and frequent problem in premature neonates is vascular access because of their very small blood vessels. The use of small tourniquets and direct light has been the traditional technique, but its limitations are most apparent in the extremely small child. In the last three years we have been using Light Emitting Diodes (Red light) to transiluminate the vascular structures in arms and legs in these small patients, this has improved significantly the visualization and access of the vascular structures in our smallest patients. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are small and inexpensive devices that emit powerful "Cold light" capable to transiluminate a portion of an infant's extremity without burning the area of contact. The individual working on the IV access virtually sees through the tissues to place a catheter at the precise location of the extremity. According to an extensive search of the available literature, this LED application for vascular access in small newborns has not been described. In our physician's and neonatal nurse's hands, it is a simple and very efficient procedure for vascular access in the smallest patients. This paper presents an overview of vascular access technique using LED in the premature infant.
Flow cytometric analysis of lectin-binding to canine blood lymphocytes

Abstract The cell surface glycoconjugates of blood lymphocytes from 19 dogs with and without neoplastic disease were quantitated using flow cytofluorometric analysis of the binding characteristics of 3 lectins, namely, wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin-A, and Lens culinaris agglutinin. The specificity of lectin binding was determined using competitive monosaccharide inhibitors. The results show enhanced binding of concanavalin-A to blood lymphocytes from dogs with lymphosarcoma relative to healthy dogs, or those with a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplatic diseases.
IMPERIAL PREFERENCE:THE CASE OF AUSTRALIAN BEEF IN THE 1930s

During the 1930s, the Australian beef export industry, after protracted negotiations, was granted substantial concessions by the British Government. This paper traces the development of British and Australian government policies during the decade, shows how considerably the Australian beef industry benefited from concessions made to it at Ottawa in 1932 and, more particularly, in subsequent years, and concludes with a discussion of the considerations which appear to have influenced British decisions
Disseminated lymphoma involving the stomach. Correlation of endoscopy with directed cytology and biopsy.

Esophagogastroscopy was performed on 15 patients with disseminated lymphoma and suspected gastric involvement. Positive diagnoses for lymphoma were obtained in 2 of 15 biopsies (13%); 1 of 15 brush touch preparations (7%); and 2 of 15 standard cytology washings (13%). The gastroscopic observations were enlarged nondistensible folds in 13 of 15 patients (87%); multiple superficial ulcerations in 11 of 15 (73%); enlarged nodular ulcerations in 8 of 15 (53%); and large polypoid masses in 4 of 15 patients (27%). Our results suggest that the gastroscopic appearance was of considerably greater help in the diagnosis of gastric lymphoma than were directed brush cytology, biopsy, and cytology washings. This may be due to the infiltrative submucosal nature of secondary lymphoma and the superficial capacity of endoscopic biopsies. This experience with gastric lymphoma reemphasizes the importance of gastroscopic observations but should not deter continuation of an aggressive approach utilizing directed cytology and biopsy.
Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary revascularization.

This paper briefly reviews the results from three recent large-scale clinical trials evaluating the benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The available data suggest that these are promising agents for the management of ACS, particularly in improving the immediate outcome in the acute setting.
The high CO2-solubility of per-acetylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin

Abstract Per-acetylated cyclic hexa-, hepta-, and octa-saccharide, (α-cyclodextrin octadecaacetate, β-cyclodextrin heneiicosaacetate and γ-cyclodextrin tetracosaacetate, respectively) exhibit melting point reduction and high solubility in dense CO2. Two-phase boundaries of the CO2-acetylated sugar mixtures were determined for per-acetylated cyclodextrin concentrations of 2–30 wt.%. The dew-point locus of the CO2 per-acetylated cyclodextrin binary systems shifted to higher pressures as the number of saccharides in the acetylated cyclodextrin increased. The CO2-solubility of per-acetylated cyclodextrins was comparable to oligomers of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) (the most CO2 soluble non-fluorous vinyl homopolymer) that contained an equivalent number of acetate groups. This very high degree of miscibility implies that the acyl groups of the per-acetylated cyclodextrins were readily accessible for favorable Lewis acid:Lewis base interactions with CO2. Upon depressurization, each per-acetylated cyclodextrin formed rigid, brittle foams within the vessel as the boiling per-acetylated cyclodextrin-rich phase solidified during the removal of CO2.
The effect of temperature and extrusion speed on the consolidation of zirconium-based metallic glass powder using equal-channel angular extrusion

In this study, gas-atomized amorphous Zr58.5Nb2.8Cu15.6Ni12.8Al10.3 (Vitreloy 106a) containing 1280 ppmw oxygen was consolidated by equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE). The powder was vacuum encapsulated in copper cans and subjected to one extrusion pass in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (Tg) and below the crystallization temperature (Tx). The effects of extrusion temperature and the extrusion rate on microstructure, thermal stability, hardness, and compressive strength are investigated. Compression fracture surfaces were examined to determine the deformation mechanisms. The consolidates in which the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) boundary was not crossed during processing exhibit differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) patterns similar to the initial powder, with a slight decrease in Tx. Compressive strengths of about 1.6 GPa are recorded in the consolidates processed at 30 °C and 40 °C below Tx, which is close to what is observed in cast counterparts. The fracture surfaces exhibit vein patterns covering up to 90 pct of the surface area in some samples, which are characteristic of glassy material fracture. The slight decrease in Tx after consolidation is attributed to thermal-history-dependent short-range order and formation of nanocrystalline islands. The present results show that ECAE is successful in consolidation of metallic glass powder. This processing avenue opens a new opportunity to fabricate bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with dimensions that may be impossible to achieve by casting methods.
Mexican Immigrants in the US Living Far from the Border may Return to Mexico for Health Services

Background This study explores to what extent and why Mexican immigrants in the U.S. living far from the border return to Mexico for medical services. Methods Structured Spanish-language qualitative interviews were completed with a crosssectional sample of 10 Central Mexican immigrants living in Northern California and with 10 physicians and 25 former immigrants living in Central Mexico. Results Sixteen of the 35 current and former immigrants (46%) said they or a close friend or relative had returned to Mexico from the U.S. for health-related reasons. Participants returned to Mexico for care due to unsuccessful treatment in the U.S., the difficulty of accessing care in the U.S. and preference for Mexican care. Discussion Obtaining care in Mexico appears to be common. These findings have implications for the maintenance of continuity of care, for Mexico’s healthcare system, and for the impact of changing border policies on immigrant health.
Environmental Effects of Interstate Power Trading on Electricity Consumption Mixes

Although many studies of electricity generation use national or state average generation mix assumptions, in reality a great deal of electricity is transferred between states with very different mixes of fossil and renewable fuels, and using the average numbers could result in incorrect conclusions in these studies. The authors create electricity consumption profiles for each state and for key industry sectors in the U.S. based on existing state generation profiles, net state power imports, industry presence by state, and an optimization model to estimate interstate electricity trading. Using these 'consumption mixes' can provide a more accurate assessment of electricity use in life-cycle analyses. It is concluded that the published generation mixes for states that import power are misleading, since the power consumed in-state has a different makeup than the power that was generated. And, while most industry sectors have consumption mixes similar to the U.S. average, some of the most critical sectors of the economy - such as resource extraction and material processing sectors - are very different. This result does validate the average mix assumption made in many environmental assessments, but it is important to accurately quantify the generation methods for electricity used when doing life-cycle analyses. 16 refs.,more » 7 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Activin Potentiates Proliferation in Mature Avian Auditory Sensory Epithelium

Humans and other mammals are highly susceptible to permanent hearing and balance deficits due to an inability to regenerate sensory hair cells lost to inner ear trauma. In contrast, nonmammalian vertebrates, such as birds, robustly regenerate replacement hair cells and restore hearing and balance functions to near-normal levels. There is considerable interest in understanding the cellular mechanisms responsible for this difference in regenerative capacity. Here we report on involvement of the TGFβ superfamily type II activin receptors, Acvr2a and Acvr2b, in regulating proliferation in mature avian auditory sensory epithelium. Cultured, posthatch avian auditory sensory epithelium treated with Acvr2a and Acvr2b inhibitors shows decreased proliferation of support cells, the cell type that gives rise to new hair cells. Conversely, addition of activin A, an Acvr2a/b ligand, potentiates support cell proliferation. Neither treatment (inhibitor or ligand) affected hair cell survival, suggesting a specific effect of Acvr2a/b signaling on support cell mitogenicity. Using immunocytochemistry, Acvr2a, Acvr2b, and downstream Smad effector proteins were differentially localized in avian and mammalian auditory sensory epithelia. Collectively, these data suggest that signaling through Acvr2a/b promotes support cell proliferation in mature avian auditory sensory epithelium and that this signaling pathway may be incomplete, or actively blocked, in the adult mammalian ear.
Lifetime-based optical sensing of pH using resonance energy transfer in sol-gel sensors

We describe the fabrication and testing of an optical pH sensor based on fluorescence lifetime measurements and sol-gel technology. The sensor is based on the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), from a pH-insensitive donor to a pH-sensitive acceptor. The pH-dependent increase in the bromothymol blue acceptor absorbance results in increased energy transfer, reducing the lifetime of the Texas red hydrazide donor. The lifetimes were measured by the phase and modulation of the emission, relative to the modulated incident light, and were found to be insensitive to the total signal level and fluctuations in light intensity. However, the present sensors are sensitive to salt concentration and/or ionic strength. Importantly, this sol-gel sensor is not fragile, providing stable readings for days and can be repeatedly autoclaved without loss of sensitivity to pH. The use of FRET as the pH transduction mechanism can be reliably extended to longer wavelengths, and allows the future use of laser diode excitation sources.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of gold in gold ores

The gold content of placer gold flakes and gold bearing ores has been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis /INAA/ and radiochemical neutron activation analysis /RNAA/. It was discovered that significant errors result in the instrumental method for gold flakes as small as 10 mg due to sample self-absorption of neutrons during irradiation. Reliable results were obtained, for both ore samples and gold flakes, by dissolving the samples in aqua regia prior to irradiation.
A path to understanding the effects of algorithm awareness

The rise in prevalence of algorithmically curated feeds in online news and social media sites raises a new question for designers, critics, and scholars of media: how aware are users of the role of algorithms and filters in their news sources? This paper situates this problem within the history of design for interaction, with an emphasis on the contemporary challenges of studying, and designing for, the algorithmic "curation" of feeds. Such a problem presents particular challenges when, as is common, neither the user nor the researcher has access to the actual proprietary algorithms at work.
Morphology of poly(phenylene sulphide) single crystals grown by a two-stage self-seeding technique

Abstract We have successfully developed a two-stage self-seeding technique to grow poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) single crystals from dilute solution, and used these single crystals as model materials to investigate the morphological changes dependent upon the seeding and crystallization conditions. The seeding conditions control the coexistence of different crystal types and determine whether isolated single crystals will be grown. The crystal structure and morphology of PPS single crystals have been investigated by using the wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and transmission electron microscopy techniques including surface decoration by polyethylene. The morphology of the PPS single crystals reveals a highly anisotropic needle-like habit with a very smooth fold surface and very rough growth edges. The aspect ratio of the PPS needle-like single crystals increases as the crystallization temperature and molecular weight increase. Formation of needle-like crystals, lack of sectorization, formation of macroscopically rough growth surfaces, and molecular weight and crystallization temperature dependency of crystal habit suggest a crystal growth model in which the PPS molecules fold parallel to the growth direction during the crystal growth stage from dilute solution.
Anti-interleukin-8 autoantibodies in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that elevated concentrations of interleukin-8 associated with anti-interleukin-8 autoantibodies (anti-interleukin-8:interleukin-8 complexes) are found in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome who developed the disease. Design: Measurement of anti-interleukin-8:interleukin-8 complex concentrations in previously collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. These fluids were obtained from patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome who subsequently either recovered or developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients: A unique population of patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome was studied. There were 26 patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome who were divided into three groups. Group I patients had high interleukin-8 concentrations and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, group II had high interleukin-8 concentrations and did not develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, and group III had low interleukin-8 concentrations and did not develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. These patients were selected to test the hypothesis that presence of elevated concentrations of anti-interleukin-8:interleukin-8 complexes differentiates patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome from patients who did not. Measurements and Main Results: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of interleukin-8 associated with the anti-interleukin-8 autoantibodies were significantly different between groups (p <.03). The amount of interleukin-8 bound to the anti-interleukin-8 autoantibody was higher in group I than in group II and group Ill. Conclusions: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentration of anti-interleukin-8:interleukin-8 complexes may serve as a marker of disease progression in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Intensive Nuclear Selection in Tryptophan Limited Cultures of Escherichia coli B/r/l, trp*

The paradoxical constancy of the rate of mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 was observed long ago by Novick and Szilard. Mutation rates are independent of growth rate in tryptophan limited chemostat cultures, even though both average cell volume and DNA content increase with generation time. To examine nuclear selection in these multinucleate cells, cultures of E. coli B/r/l, trp were exposed briefly to acridine orange/visible light, and cells repackaged to uninucleate forms by shifting growth rates up to 0.5 divisions per hr. The kinetics of accumulation of mutant nuclei indicates that only a single master nucleus replicates in each cell, one of its progeny becomes the master nucleus during the following nuclear generation in the same cell, and both progeny become master nuclei if the cell divides. Autoradiographs showed that master nuclei are located at the ends of cells and that uninucleate cells are produced at each division, except possibly for a small fraction of aberrant divisions. This intensive selection during replication and inheritance of master nuclei provides an explanation for the constancy of cellular mutation rates, which is due to the constancy of the rate of DNA replication in these cultures and the (almost) complete selection for mutant nuclei in mutated cells.
Concerning the possibility of a parity admixture in the 57.6 keV transition in 180Hfm

Abstract The anomalies in the L-subshell internal conversion intensities in the 57.6 keV transition in 180Hfm, which have recently been interpreted by Scharff-Goldhaber and McKeown as evidence for parity impurities in the nuclear levels, are shown to be entirely understood with the inclusion of nuclear structure dependent terms in the internal conversion process.
Girls and science careers: The role of altruistic values and attitudes about scientific tasks

Two studies examined the roles of altruistic values, egalitarianism, self-efficacy, and perceptions of utility in shaping children's interest in scientific fields. In Study 1, middle school girls attending an intervention program (n = 617) heard presentations by female scientists (expected to increase egalitarianism), engaged in hands-on science activities (expected to increase self-efficacy), and received information about scientific careers (expected to increase utility value). In addition, girls heard presentations that either (a) emphasized the altruistic value of scientific careers, or (b) made no specific references to altruism. Comparison girls (n = 105) and boys (n = 69) attended the same middle schools as intervention attendees, but did not attend the intervention program. Results from Study 1 indicated that girls who believed more strongly in the altruistic value of scientific careers scored higher on the self-efficacy and utility measures than their peers. Further, belief in the altruistic value of science predicted interest in science. Study 2 replicated these findings using a pre- and posttest design.
A possible tumor suppressor role of the KLF5 transcription factor in human breast cancer

The 13q21 tumor suppressor locus, as defined by chromosomal deletion, harbors the KLF5 transcription factor which may have tumor suppressor function. To investigate whether KLF5 plays a role in breast cancer, we evaluated all genes and/or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) within a 3.3 Mb common region of deletion at 13q21. Of these, only KLF5 mRNA was expressed at high levels in non-neoplastic breast epithelial cells and in normal human mammary tissue, but at lower levels in various breast cancer cell lines. Using the real time TaqMan PCR assay, hemizygous deletion at KLF5 was detected in 13 out of 30, or 43% of breast cancer cell lines tested, and various degrees of loss of expression were detected in 21 out of 30, or 70% of these cell lines. Each of the cases with hemizygous deletion also exhibited loss of KLF5 expression, suggesting that loss of expression can result from chromosomal deletion, and that KLF5 may undergo haploinsufficiency during carcinogenesis. Only one of the 30 breast cancer cell lines tested exhibited a mutation in KLF5, and neither promoter methylation nor homozygous deletion was detected in any of the cell lines. In contrast, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was frequently detected at KLF5. Re-expression of wild-type KLF5 in T-47D breast cancer cells significantly inhibited colony formation in these cells. Of the KLF5-transfected clones that did form colonies, none were found to express KLF5 mRNA. These findings suggest that loss of function by deletion and/or loss of expression frequently occurs at KLF5, and KLF5 suppresses tumor cell growth in breast cancer.
Physiologic responses to weight lifting in coronary artery disease

This study assesses the safety of and physiologic responses to maximal repetition, dynamic, resistive weight lifting at 40, 60, 80 and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction compared with aerobic exercise using a maximal treadmill exercise test. Twelve men with coronary artery disease exercised to fatigue at 4 stations (overhead press, biceps curl, quadriceps extension and supine press). The electrocardiogram was monitored continuously. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (by sphygmomanometer) were measured at rest and during peak exercise. No symptoms or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia occurred with weight lifting, whereas 5 of 12 patients had ischemic ST-segment depression (> or = 1 mm) with the treadmill. No significant ectopy occurred with either activity. Mean peak heart rates with all lifts were less (range 74 to 92 beats . min-1; p < or = 0.05) than with the treadmill (157 beats . min-1). Peak systolic blood pressures were similar, whereas peak diastolic blood pressures were greater with all lifts (range 93 to 117 mm Hg; p < or = 0.05), except 100% maximal contraction biceps curl and quadriceps extension, than with the treadmill (79 mm Hg). Peak rate pressure product was greater with the treadmill than with all lifts (p < or = 0.05). Diastolic time interval from the electrocardiograph was shorter with the treadmill (0.154 second) than with all lifts (range 0.323 to 0.448 second; p < or = 0.05). Diastolic pressure-time index was greater with all lifts than with the treadmill (p < or = 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surface Wave Acousto-Optic Signal Processing: Potential And Limitations

The sophisticated requirements of modern-day communications, radar, and electronic warfare (EW) systems have strained the capabilities of currently available signal-processing hardware. Specifically, the require-ment for real-time, large-bandwidth analysis tends to favor analog processors and eliminate digital processors from consideration except in the low-frequency regime. An added, often complicating factor, is the necessity for operation in a very dense signal environment. This requirement can tend to favor one analog approach over another. In this paper, the newly emerging technology of acousto-optic signal processing is discussed with respect to its potential for solving the difficult signal-processing problems which will be facing both the military and civilian system designer. Specifically, by combining desirable features of acoustics and optics and in some cases charge-coupled devices (CCD's), acousto-optic technology offers great promise of fulfilling diverse requirements. This paper overviews some of the uses of acousto-optic technology, especially those using surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices in the areas of radar and communication signal processing. Two areas are covered: (1) Fourier transformation, including spectrum analysis, and (2) convolution and correlation.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent developments in the clinical pharmacology of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs.

Purpose of review This review summarizes recent developments regarding the unique clinical pharmacologic profile of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors for management of HIV. Recent findings First, intracellular data in patients suggest that nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-triphosphates are compartmentalized in different cell types. Additionally, intracellular drug–drug interactions were identified, which were undetectable in plasma. Second, extracellular data illustrate multiple bidirectional plasma drug–drug interactions between renally eliminated tenofovir and liver-metabolized drugs. Definitive mechanistic details for these interactions are lacking but they appear to involve renal and/or enteric drug transporters. Furthermore, the plasma versus female genital tract disposition of these agents was recently elucidated, which is important for currently investigated indications for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis. Finally, tenofovir/emtricitabine and abacavir (using a promising human leukocyte antigen-B*5701 genetic test for hypersensitivity)/lamivudine have emerged as common first-line nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors because of co-formulations, once-daily dosing, and favorable tolerability and adverse effect profiles. Nevertheless, elucidating the long-term safety profile for all nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors remains a priority. Summary Knowledge of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor disposition intracellularly and extracellularly has expanded. This provides a basis for rational use of these agents clinically and adds new perspectives for future research.
Transgene delivery via intracellular electroporetic nanoinjection

Development of an effective cytoplasmic delivery technique has remained an elusive goal for decades despite the success of pronuclear microinjection. Cytoplasmic injections are faster and easier than pronuclear injection and do not require the pronuclei to be visible; yet previous attempts to develop cytoplasmic injection have met with limited success. In this work we report a cytoplasmic delivery method termed intracellular electroporetic nanoinjection (IEN). IEN is unique in that it manipulates transgenes using electrical forces. The microelectromechanical system (MEMS) uses electrostatic charge to physically pick up transgenes and place them in the cytoplasm. The transgenes are then propelled through the cytoplasm and electroporated into the pronuclei using electrical pulses. Standard electroporation of whole embryos has not resulted in transgenic animals, but the MEMS device allows localized electroporation to occur within the cytoplasm for transgene delivery from the cytoplasm to the pronucleus. In this report we describe the principles which allow localized electroporation of the pronuclei including: the location of mouse pronuclei between 21 and 28 h post-hCG treatment, modeling data predicting the voltages needed for localized electroporation of pronuclei, and data on electric-field-driven movement of transgenes. We further report results of an IEN versus microinjection comparative study in which IEN produced transgenic pups with viability, transgene integration, and expression rates statistically comparable to microinjection. The ability to perform injections without visualizing or puncturing the pronuclei will widely benefit transgenic research, and will be particularly advantageous for the production of transgenic animals with embryos exhibiting reduced pronuclear visibility.
The binding of physiologically significant protons to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.

Abstract The intrinsic p K a values of protons of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) which titrate in the physiologically significant range (i.e., pH 6.8–7.8) have been determined by measuring the changes in chemical shifts of the two phosphate resonances of the molecule as a function of pH using 31 P-NMR spectroscopy. While conventional acid-base titration techniques resulted in apparent p K a values of 6.39 and 7.39 for these protons, analysis of the 31 P-NMR data by statistical thermodynamic methods yielded intrinsic p K a , values of 6.99±0.07 and 7.28 ±0.04, for protons associated with the phosphates bound to carbon-3 (C-3) and carbon-2 (C-2), respectively, with an interaction energy of + 0.77 kcal/mol. The free energies for the binding of protons to the C-2 and C-3 phosphates and the associated interaction energies determined by 31 P-NMR were used to generate a theoretical titration curve which was essentially identical to that determined by conventional acid-base titration. The physiological implications of this work are briefly discussed.
Near dipole-dipole effects in electromagnetically induced transparency.

We present numerical calculations on the propagation of resonant optical pulse pairs in an absorbing medium of three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda} systems taking into account near dipole-dipole (NDD) interactions. We find that the NDD interactions reduce the effect of the electromagnetically induced transparency and the pulse group velocity. The NDD effect on phase modulation is also studied.
Laser-heated pedestal growth of laser and IR-upconverting materials

Abstract We have used a laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) station to pull single-crystal fibers of solid-state-laser and IR-upconverting materials. The fibers are characterized by laser spectroscopy, which provides feedback for crystal growth. Spectroscopic analysis of chromium-doped forsterite and Ti 3+ -doped sapphire fibers showed that the growth conditions greatly affected the activator concentration and dopant uniformity. Fibers of rare-earth-doped Y 2− x Sc x O 3 and Na 0.5 M 0.5 WO 4 (M = La, Y) were grown to study infrared upconversion in disordered hosts. Addition of Sc 3+ to Y 2 O 3 caused changes in the rare earth energy levels, linewidths, and fluorescence lifetimes. Na 0.5 La 0.5 WO 4 and Na 0.5 Y 0.5 WO 4 were grown with varied concentrations of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ . The two hosts had identical Er 3+ spectra but had slightly different fluorescence lifetimes. Addition of Yb 3+ increased the upconversion efficiency and lengthened the lifetime of the upconverted fluorescence.
Division of labor, plasticity, and crosstalk between dendritic cell subsets

For years, dendritic cell (DC) biologists have oscillated between two seemingly antagonistic ideas: functional specialization (division of labor) of DC subsets and plasticity (multitasking). More recently, a third hypothesis is gathering support: crosstalk between functionally distinct DC subsets. This reveals a previously unappreciated hierarchy of organization within the DC system, and provides a conceptual framework to understand how cooperation between functionally distinct, yet plastic, DC subsets can shape adaptive immunity and immunological memory. Here we review the recent advances in this area.
Shadow pricing with suboptimal policy rules

Abstract This paper aims to clarify different views on the validity of the little-Mirrlees border price rule for project evaluation in a context where the Government chooses its controls suboptimally in a systematic fashion. The rule is shown to be valid quite generally for small public sector projects when the Government's response restores market-clearing in nontradeables and foreign exchange. It can be invalid in contexts of (a) non-market clearing or (b) private sector projects that generate profits distributed to households. In the latter case special treatment of profit effects is required, along the lines described by Little and Mirrlees (1974).
Organ-specific exposure and response to sulforaphane, a key chemopreventive ingredient in broccoli: implications for cancer prevention.

Naturally occurring sulforaphane (SF) has been extensively studied for cancer prevention. However, little is known as to which organs may be most affected by this agent, which impedes its further development. In the present study, SF was administered to rats orally either in a single dose or once daily for 7 d. Tissue distribution of SF was measured by a HPLC-based method. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), two well-known cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes, were measured using biochemical assays to assess tissue response to SF. SF was delivered to different organs in vastly different concentrations. Tissue uptake of SF was the greatest in the stomach, declining rapidly in the descending gastro-intestinal tract. SF was rapidly eliminated through urinary excretion, and urinary concentrations of SF equivalents were 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those of plasma. Indeed, tissue uptake level of SF in the bladder was second only to that in the stomach. Tissue levels of SF in the colon, prostate and several other organs were very low, compared to those in the bladder and stomach. Moreover, induction levels of GST and NQO1 varied by 3- to 6-fold among the organs of SF-treated rats, though not strictly correlated with tissue exposure to SF. Thus, there is profound organ specificity in tissue exposure and response to dietary SF, suggesting that the potential chemopreventive benefit of dietary SF may differ significantly among organs. These findings may provide a basis for prioritising organs for further chemopreventive study of SF.
How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering

Studies examining memories of arousing 'real-life' events show that emotion heightens the feeling of remembering, without necessarily enhancing the objective accuracy of the memories. We measured brain activity associated with the feeling of remembering emotional and neutral photos. Subjects indicated whether recognition was accompanied by a recollection of details about the study episode ('remember') or not ('know'). 'Remember' judgments were boosted for emotional photos, but accuracy did not differ. For neutral photos, 'remember' judgments were related to enhanced activity in the parahippocampal cortex, previously related to recognition of visual details, which one might expect to supply the retrieval clues for a 'remember' judgment. In contrast, 'remember' judgments for emotional photos were associated with enhanced activity in the amygdala, suggesting that subjects rely on arousal and perceptual fluency to evaluate these memories. For the first time, we identify the neural mechanisms underlying the enhanced feeling of remembering for emotional events.
On Not Harming: Two Traditions

While ancient in origin, the principle, "Do No Harm," continues to occupy a prominent place in many present-day medical ethics codes. Of all the versions of the principle two distinct varieties can be distinguished. These parallel two ethical traditions. This paper develops the contrast between the two versions, relates them to the two ongoing ethical traditions, and then uses insights from contemporary ethical theory to demonstrate the significance of one of the versions. Finally it suggests some contemporary applications for a medical ethic and medical education.
Conflict behaviors of maltreated and nonmaltreated children

Maltreated and nonmaltreated children (ages 3-7 years) were paired for brief play sessions involving a single desirable object. Facial, verbal, and physical actions used while negotiating access to the object were examined. Results showed that the maltreated-nonmaltreated pairs were able to engage in a negotiation process resulting in approximately equal sharing of the object. The differences found between maltreated and nonmaltreated children primarily suggested that maltreated children were somewhat hesitant to engage their partners. Results also showed that children's scores on a facial expression recognition task predicted greater responsiveness to their partners' indication of reluctance to relinquish the object.
CD8+ T Cells: Foot Soldiers of the Immune System

Resting naive CD8+ T cells have an astounding capacity to react to pathogens by massive expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells that migrate to all corners of the body to clear the infection. The initial interaction with antigen-presenting cells in the central lymphoid organs drives an orchestrated program of differentiation aimed at producing sufficient numbers of effectors to get the job done without resulting in clonal exhaustion. Interactions with antigen-presenting cells and other immune cells continue at the site of infection to regulate further on-site expansion and differentiation, all with the goal of protecting the host with minimal bystander tissue damage. Here we review recent advances in CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen in lymphoid as well as in nonlymphoid tissues in the periphery, and how CD8+ T cell expansion and differentiation are controlled in these contexts.
Use of thermal analysis in the optimization of polymeric diffusion barriers in controlled release delivery systems

Abstract Increasingly a variety of polymers are being used as ratecontrolling barriers in controlled release delivery systems. These diffusion barriers are usually in the form of thin films coated over the dosage form. The films are deposited from either solvent or water-based vehicles (latices or pseudolatices). Some recent applications involve placing the dosage form inside an injection molded polymeric barrier. Owing to the rigid nature and high glass transition temperatures (Tg) of most of the polymers being utilized pharmaceutically, plasticizers are used to soften (lower the Tg) the polymers. Sometimes a similar result can be accomplished by blending or modifying the polymers used. Thermal analysis is a very useful tool in the selection of the optimal type and use level of the plasticizer. The use of thermal analysis also aids in the proper selection of the application temperature for the barrier film and in the prevention of overplasticization. The latter may be particularly troublesome when the dosage form is required to pass an accelerated stability test (elevated temperature and/or humidity). The study presented here will discuss the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) in the selection of the optimal plasticizer type and use level to achieve the desired properties in the polymeric barrier. The polymers discussed in this study will include: ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose acetate phthalate. The plasticizer selection and the resulting Tg's will be discussed and the optimal plasticizer use levels will be presented. Some of the unique problems encountered in the use of DSC versus TMA methods also will be discussed.
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Helps to Discriminate Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis From Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Abstract Background Susceptibility-weighted imaging is a relatively new magnetic resonance imaging sequence that can identify lesions of multiple sclerosis in adults. This study was designed to determine if susceptibility-weighted imaging is a useful discriminator between children who develop multiple sclerosis and children with monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Methods Eighteen children who presented with acute central nervous system demyelination and had a brain magnetic resonance imaging study including susceptibility-weighted imaging within 6 months of the first clinical attack were studied. Final diagnosis was based on international consensus definitions. Brain lesions detected on the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence were assessed for abnormal signal on susceptibility-weighted imaging. The burden of susceptibility abnormalities was then analyzed for differences between the multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis groups. Results Eight patients had a final diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and ten had multiple sclerosis. Twenty-two percent of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesions were identified on susceptibility-weighted imaging. The percentage of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesions identified on susceptibility-weighted imaging differed between the multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis groups ( P = 0.04). The median percentage (minimum-maximum) of lesions identified on susceptibility-weighted imaging in the multiple sclerosis group was 0.22 (0-0.68) and in the acute disseminated encephalomyelitis group was 0.0 (0-0.17). Conclusion Susceptibility-weighted imaging may be a useful technique in differentiating acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from multiple sclerosis at initial presentation.
Core American Values and the Structure of Antigay Prejudice

This work presents a new scale to measure conflicting attitudes toward sexual minorities. This scale parallels existing measures of conflicting racial attitudes (anti-Black and pro-Black attitudes; Katz & Hass, 1988). After constructing and validating measures of antigay and progay attitudes, we tested relationships among core American values with racial and sexual minority attitudes. We examined relations among the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE), Traditional Family Ideology (TFI), and egalitarian values with attitudes toward racial outgroups and sexual minorities. The results revealed that both PWE values and egalitarian values predicted anti-Black attitudes. By contrast, endorsement of egalitarian values, but not PWE values, predicted pro-Black attitudes. Results also revealed a similar but distinct pattern among values and heterosexuals' attitudes toward sexual minorities. TFI, but not egalitarian value endorsement, predicted antigay attitudes, whereas both TFI and egalitarian value endorsement predicted ...