cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nigeria and World War II: Colonialism, Empire, and Global Conflict

Britain's declaration of war on Germany on 3 September, 1939, made Nigeria, like many other African societies, active participants in the war against the Axis powers. Leading to large-scale mobilization of human and materials resources, it transformed lives and societies in irrevocable ways. Of the 90,000 West African soldiers deployed to South East Asia after 1943, over half came from Nigeria. In this important, revisionist history, Chima J. Korieh examines how the lives of Nigerian producers, workers, merchants, men, women, and children from across society were affected. It recounts the extraordinary and often neglected story of the Nigerian people who were drawn into a global war, the enormous demands it made on their resources, and the way it would change both their lives and the societies they lived in. By placing the role that African societies played in the war within the contextual and theoretical frameworks of colonialism, race, gender, identity, labour, intellectual, and social history, Korieh challenges the dominant perception that World War II was primarily a European conflict and reveals the global impact of ordinary Nigerians on the war effort.
Performance of a clinical and imaging-based multivariate model as decision support tool to help save unnecessary surgeries for high-risk breast lesions

To investigate the performance of an imaging and biopsy parameters-based multivariate model in decreasing unnecessary surgeries for high-risk breast lesions. In an IRB-approved study, we retrospectively reviewed all high-risk lesions (HRL) identified at imaging-guided biopsy in our institution between July 1, 2014-July 1, 2017. Lesions were categorized high-risk-I (HR-I = atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical papillary lesion) and II (HR-II = Flat epithelial atypia, radial scar, benign papilloma). Patient risk factors, lesion features, detection and biopsy modality, excision and cancer upgrade rates were collected. Reference standard for upgrade was either excision or at least 2-year imaging follow-up. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a multivariate model using HRL type, lesion and biopsy needle size for surgical cancer upgrade with performance assessed using ROC analysis. Of 699 HRL in 652 patients, 525(75%) had reference standard available, and 48/525(9.1%) showed cancer at surgical excision. Excision (84.5% vs 51.1%) and upgrade (17.6%vs1.8%) rates were higher in HR-I compared to HR-II (p < 0.01). In HR-I, small needle size < 12G vs ≥ 12G [32.1% vs 13.2%, p < 0.01] and less cores [< 6 vs ≥ 6, 28.6%vs13.7%, p = 0.01] were significantly associated with higher cancer upgrades. Our multivariate model had an AUC = 0.87, saving 28.1% of benign surgeries with 100% sensitivity, based on HRL subtype, lesion size(mm, continuous), needle size (< 12G vs ≥ 12G) and biopsy modality (US vs MRI vs stereotactic) Our multivariate model using lesion size, needle size and patient age had a high diagnostic performance in decreasing unnecessary surgeries and shows promise as a decision support tool.
Mobile Phone Applications to Support Breastfeeding Among African-American Women: a Scoping Review

Racial disparities persist with respect to breastfeeding. The use of health e-technology is increasing, with promise for a role in improving breastfeeding outcomes. We undertook a scoping review of both individual breastfeeding apps and the literature on breastfeeding apps to map the available evidence on app-based breastfeeding support for African-American mothers. A systematic search of online databases identified 241 English language papers published on or before June 2020 that included e-technology in support of breastfeeding. We included those that (1) described individual human subjects research studies utilizing any research design, (2) described app-based breastfeeding support, and (3) could be pertinent for African-American mothers, and assessed for inclusion and relevance for this population. We also searched app stores for breastfeeding apps, and evaluated features with a rubric. Our aim was to identify if gaps exist relative to breastfeeding support for African-Americans. Of the 15 publications meeting inclusion criteria, 9 focused on app development, 4 examined user experience, and 3 examined breastfeeding outcomes with use of an app (one study overlapped categories). The percentage of African-American participants ranged from 100% (2 studies) to none (7 studies); 3 studies (20%) focused on African-American mothers’ breastfeeding experience. Of 77 apps that met inclusion criteria, just one was both breastfeeding-focused by content and targeted for African-Americans by picture predominance. The quality of studies was generally high and many included African-American participants, but research focused on breastfeeding apps specifically for African-American mothers/parents is limited, creating a meaningful gap in the literature.
The cancer microbiome atlas: a pan-cancer comparative analysis to distinguish tissue-resident microbiota from contaminants

Studying the microbial composition of internal organs and their associations with disease remains challenging due to the difficulty of acquiring clinical biopsies. We designed a statistical model to analyze the prevalence of species across sample types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), revealing that species equiprevalent across sample types are predominantly contaminants, bearing unique signatures from each TCGA-designated sequencing center. Removing such species mitigated batch effects and isolated the tissue-resident microbiome, which was validated by original matched TCGA samples. Gene copies and nucleotide variants can further distinguish mixed-evidence species. We, thus, present The Cancer Microbiome Atlas (TCMA), a collection of curated, decontaminated microbial compositions of oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastrointestinal, and colorectal tissues. This led to the discovery of prognostic species and blood signatures of mucosal barrier injuries and enabled systematic matched microbe-host multi-omic analyses, which will help guide future studies of the microbiome's role in human health and disease.
For Worse or for Better: Predicting Deterioration in a Relationship Education Program for Low-Income, Racially Diverse Couples

Relationship education programs (REPs) have substantial bodies of evidence that support their efficacy as community-based relationship education interventions for many couples, including racial/eth...
Adherence to the 24-hour Movement Behavior Guidelines and Associations with Depressive Symptoms among College Students

Engaging in healthy daily 24-h movement behaviors (e.g., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] ≥ 60 minutes, screen time <2 hours, and sleep ≥ 7 hours) is suggested to be associated with fa...
How much battery does dark mode save?: an accurate OLED display power profiler for modern smartphones

By omitting external lighting, OLED display significantly reduces the power draw compared to its predecessor LCD and has gained wide adoption in modern smartphones. The real potential of OLED in saving phone battery drain lies in exploiting app UI color design, i.e., how to design app UI to use pixel colors that result in low OLED display power draw. In this paper, we design and implement an accurate per-frame OLED display power profiler, PFOP, that helps developers to gain insight into the impact of different app UI design on its OLED power draw, and an enhanced Android Battery that helps phone users to understand and manage phone display energy drain, for example, from different app and display configurations such as dark mode and screen brightness. A major challenge in designing both tools is to develop an accurate and robust OLED display power model. We experimentally show that linear-regression-based OLED power models developed in the past decade cannot capture the unique behavior of OLED display hardware in modern smartphones which have a large color space and propose a new piecewise power model that achieves much better modeling accuracy than the prior-art by applying linear regression in each small regions of the vast color space. Using the two tools, we performed to our knowledge the first power saving measurement of the emerging dark mode for a set of popular Google Android apps.
Quantitative analysis of 15N-labeled positional isomers of glutamine and citrulline via electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of their dansyl derivatives

The enteral metabolisms of glutamine and citrulline are intertwined because, while glutamine is one of the main fuel sources for the enterocyte, citrulline is one of its products. It has been shown that the administration of (15)N-labeled glutamine results in the incorporation of the (15)N label into citrulline, but it is not clear which of the three nitrogen groups of citrulline is actually labeled. To determine the (15)N-enrichment of the positional isomers of glutamine and citrulline, a rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed. The amino acids were analyzed as their dansyl derivatives. The product ion resulting from the loss of NH(3) from the omega carbon allows for the determination of the enrichment of the ureido (citrulline) or amido groups (glutamine). The protonated pyrrolidine (citrulline) or 5-oxopyrrolidine (glutamine) product ion contains the 2-N (amino group) and is used to determine its enrichment. The method described showed no ion suppression and a wide dynamic range ranging from 1.3 picomoles to 2 nanomoles for citrulline. Background samples and standards resulted in enrichments not different from those theoretically expected. The enrichment curves for the different glutamine and citrulline isotopomers were linear (R(2) > 0.998) over the range of enrichments studied. The method developed provides an additional insight into the metabolism of glutamine and citrulline tracing the precursor-product relationship between these two amino acids.
Crime & Elder Abuse: An Integrated Perspective by Brian K. Payne

Elder abuse and neglect is broadly defined as intentional actions that cause harm or create significant risk of harm to an older person by a caregiver, family member, or other trusted individual. T...
Differential growth of Legionella pneumophila strains within a range of amoebae at various temperatures associated with in-premise plumbing

Aims: The potential effect of in-premise plumbing temperatures (24, 32, 37 and 41°C) on the growth of five different Legionella pneumophila strains within free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Hartmannella vermiformis and Naegleria fowleri) was examined. Methods and Results: Compared with controls that actively fed on Escherichia coli prey, when Leg. pneumophila was used as prey, strains Lp02 and Bloomington-2 increased in growth at 30, 32 and 37°C while strains Philadelphia-1 and Chicago 2 did not grow at any temperature within A. polyphaga. Strains Lp02, Bloomington-2 and Dallas 1E did not proliferate in the presence of H. vermiformis nor did strain Philadelphia-1 in the presence of N. fowleri. Yet, strain Bloomington-2 grew at all temperatures examined within N. fowleri, while strain Lp02 proliferated at all temperatures except 41°C. More intriguing, strain Chicago 2 only grew at 32°C within H. vermiformis and N. fowleri suggesting a limited temperature growth range for this strain. Conclusions: Identifying the presence of pathogenic legionellae may require the use of multiple host amoebae and incubation temperatures. Significance and Impact of the Study: Temperature conditions and species of amoeba host supported in drinking water appear to be important for the selection of human-pathogenic legionellae and point to future research required to better understand Legionella ecology.
Obstructive shock in a 47 year old female with a deep venous thrombosis due to intravascular leiomyomatosis: a case report

Introduction Intra cardiac tumours and tumour thrombi can present in a manner resembling a massive pulmonary embolism. Intravascular leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension is one such rare tumour. Survival from obstructive shock in this condition has not been previously reported.
Biosynthesis and distribution of ecdysone and 20‐OH‐ecdysone in Aedes aegypti

The distribution and biosynthesis of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-OH-ecdysone) was followed in sugar- and blood-fed female Aedes aegypti. In both sugar- and early blood-fed animals most of the ecdysteroid determined by radioimmunoassay was found outside the ovary. Twenty-four to 40 h after blood feeding, however, ecdysteroid was distributed between ovary and carcass in the ratio of 1:1.5. Ecdysteroid titer reached a plateau between 18 to 40 h after the blood meal and decreased thereafter. Analysis of the ecdysteroid titer using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that both 20-OH-ecdysone and ecdysone were synthesized after the blood meal. The ratio of 20-OH-ecdysone to ecdysone remained essentially constant and fluctuated in parallel throughout egg development. Chromatography of the early ecdysteroid peak (8 h after feeding) using TLC and HPLC indicated that although it cross-reacted with ecdysteroid antibodies, it did not have the same elution times as ecdysone and 20-OH-ecdysone and is, therefore, probably a precursor of these ecdysteroids. Injections of egg development neurosecretory hormone (EDNH) preparation purified to near homogeneity, into ligated abdomens, induced ecdysteroid synthesis only if the abdomens were first treated with methoprene (12.5 pg). Methoprene at this concentration did not stimulate ecdysteroid synthesis in these abdomens. When blood-fed females were treated with [4-14C] cholesterol and analyzed using TLC and HPLC procedures, both [14C]labeled ecdysone and [14C]labeled 20-OH-ecdysone were synthesized in the ratio of 1:1.5. This report is the first to show that both ecdysone and 20-OH-ecdysone are synthesized in vivo in female A. aegypti.
The relative effectiveness of stereometric and pattern stimuli in discrimination learning in children

The results of two discrimination experiments are presented. In the first, five-year olds learned size discriminations more rapidly with stereometric stimuli than with pattern stimuli; for seven-year olds there was little difference in learning the two discriminations. In Experiment II five-year olds learned size discriminations between perspective stimuli more rapidly than between control patterns without perspective. As in Experiment I both discriminations were equally easy for the seven-year olds. It was concluded that stimuli with depth provide added cues on which to base size discriminations.
FAM190A deficiency creates a cell division defect.

Like the p16 , SMAD4 , and RB1 genes, FAM190A (alias CCSER1 ) lies at a consensus site of homogeneous genomic deletions in human cancer. FAM190A transcripts in 40% of cancers also contain in-frame deletions of evolutionarily conserved exons. Its gene function was unknown. We found an internal deletion of the FAM190A gene in a pancreatic cancer having prominent focal multinuclearity. The experimental knockdown of FAM190A expression by shRNA caused focal cytokinesis defects, multipolar mitosis, and multinuclearity as observed in time-lapse microscopy. FAM190A was localized to the γ-tubulin ring complex of early mitosis and to the midbody in late cytokinesis by immunofluorescence assay and was present in the nuclear fraction of unsynchronized cells by immunoblot. FAM190A interacted with EXOC1 and Ndel1, which function in cytoskeletal organization and the cell division cycle. Levels of FAM190A protein peaked 12 hours after release from thymidine block, corresponding to M-phase. Slower-migrating phosphorylated forms accumulated toward M-phase and disappeared after release from a mitotic block and before cytokinesis. Studies of FAM190A alterations may provide mechanistic insights into mitotic dysregulation and multinuclearity in cancer. We propose that FAM190A is a regulator or structural component required for normal mitosis and that both the rare truncating mutations and common in-frame deletion alteration of FAM190A may contribute to the chromosomal instability of cancer.
Reporting lung cancer pathology specimens. Impact of the anticipated 7th Edition TNM classification based on recommendations of the IASLC Staging Committee.

Led by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), there are currently several major international collaborative projects underway that will have a significant impact on the future reporting of lung cancer pathology. In particular, the IASLC Staging Committee has just completed an analysis of >100 000 lung cancer cases, providing the basis for proposed revisions of the current TNM staging classification. The purpose of this review is not to provide a comprehensive document on recommendations for specimen processing, but rather to discuss how the anticipated changes in the 7th edition TNM will impact on specimen processing, specifically looking at tumour size, how to deal with multiple tumours and visceral pleural invasion. TNM staging of carcinoid tumours and small cell carcinoma is also discussed.
The Impact of Health Information Technology Adoption by Outpatient Facilities on Pregnancy Outcomes

Objective Examine whether health information technology (HIT) at nonhospital facilities (NHFs) improves health outcomes and decreases resource use at hospitals within the same heath care network, and whether the impact of HIT varies as providers gain experience using the technologies. Data Sources Administrative claims data on 491,832 births in Pennsylvania during 1998–2004 from the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council and HIT applications data from the Dorenfest Institute. Study Design Fixed-effects regression analysis of the impact of HIT at NHFs on adverse birth outcomes and resource use. Principal Findings Greater use of clinical HIT applications by NHFs is associated with reduced incidence of obstetric trauma and preventable complications, as well as longer lengths of stay. In addition, the beneficial effects of HIT increase the longer that technologies have been in use. However, we find no consistent evidence on whether or how nonclinical HIT in NHFs affects either resource use or health outcomes. Conclusions Clinical HIT applications at NHFs may reduce the likelihood of adverse birth outcomes, particularly after physicians and staff gain experience using the technologies.
The crust of the Gulf of Mexico: A discussion

Abstract In the Gulf of Mexico, up to 11 km of sediments overlie a clearly oceanic crust. As much of the sediment appears to be of shallow-water origin, the question arises how it could be deposited to such thickness. A phase transition at a depth of 50–90 km could resolve the puzzle. A seismic discontinuity observed at 57 km is tentatively identified with this phase transition.
Theoretical description of carrier mediated magnetism in cobalt doped ZnO.

Substitutional cobalt in ZnO has a weak preference for antiferromagnetic ordering. Stabilization of ferromagnetism is achieved through $n$-type doping, which can be understood through a band coupling model. However, the description of the transition to a ferromagnetic ground state varies within different levels of band theory; issues arise due to the density functional theory underestimation of the band gap of ZnO, and the relative position of the nominally unfilled Co ${t}_{2d}$ states. We examine these limitations, including approaches to overcome them, and explain the contradictions in previous studies, which drastically overestimate the doping threshold for magnetic ordering.
Soybean Seed Yield Response to Planting Date and Seeding Rate in the Upper Midwest

Planting date and seeding rate are agronomic decisions that producers can use to maximize soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] seed yield and economic return. Current information on the response to planting date and seeding rate may underestimate the yield penalty for delayed planting in northern climates and overestimate the seeding rate required to optimize yield. The objective was to determine the effect of planting date and seeding rate on soybean seed yield at environments with different yield potentials in Iowa. Field experiments were conducted in six locations between 2003 and 2006 for a total of 13 environments. Four seeding rates were planted at four dates between late April and the middle of June. No yield difference existed between the late April and early May planting dates and the yield decline rate between each date was consistent among the six locations. Harvest plant populations were not influenced by planting date indicating that plant establishment does not pose a limitation to late April planting. Harvest plant populations required to reach 95% of the maximum yield were as great as 290,800 or as low as 194,000 plants ha -1 , for locations seeded in 38-cm row spacing and 157,300 to 211,800 plants ha -1 for locations seeded in 76-cm row spacing. Planting in late April or early May increased economic return ha -1 but there was no difference between seeding rates of 185,300 and 556,000 seeds ha -1 , accounting for additional seed costs. In the cool spring climate of the upper Midwest soybean producers can increase yield by planting soybean 1 to 2 wk earlier than current planting dates. These data also suggest that the optimal seeding rate for most locations is less than current seeding rates.
No electrical instability after intracoronary streptokinase administered into sinus node or AV node of dogs

Abstract Intracoronary streptokinase (SK) is being used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Complications including atrioventricular (AV) block and both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been described. Selective cannulation of the nutrient arteries of the sinus node and aV node in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog provides a model to study the specific pharmacologic effects of drugs administered directly to these structure. Selective perfusion of 2 ml normal saline into the sinus node artery of five dogs resulted in a transient 38.6% decrease in heart rate (148 ± 9.6 to 91 ± 12.7 bpm). This control response is typical of the method. Administration of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU of SK/ml in these same dogs resulted in similarly brief bradycardias of 41.2%, 40.2%, 39.4%, 41.2%, and 40.3% ( p = NS) below the control rate, respectively. The tachycardia induced by 0.0125 and 0.025 μg/ml of norepinephrine (24.2% and 31.4% sinus acceleration) was unaffected by the simultaneous administration of 500, 1000, and 2000 IU SK/ml. AV conduction was unchanged by selective perfusion of 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU SK/ml into the AV node artery of seven dogs, respective AV intervals being 111, 114, and 116 msec, with the control interval being 109 msec. Thus after selective perfusion of either the sinus node or AV node with SK in clinically used concentrations, we found no significant chronotropic or dromotropic effect in the dog.
Addendum to "Quasiparticle branch mixing rates in superconducting aluminum"

The quasiparticle charge distribution generated in a superconductor by tunnel injection from a normal metal is computed as a function of temperature and injection voltage. The low-voltage limiting form is compared with the distributions obtained from the Tinkham-Clarke and Pethick-Smith chemical potential models. The quasiparticle charge relaxation rate tau/sup -1//sub Q/* due to inelastic scattering is computed for temperatures between 0.3T/sub c/ and 0.9999T/sub c/, and for injection voltages between 0.01..delta.. (T)/e and 20..delta.. (T)/e. The limit T ..-->.. T/sub c/ yields the voltage-independent Schmid-Schoen and Pethick-Smith result tau/sup -1//sub Q/*=..pi..tau/sup -1//sub E/=0(T/sub c/) ..delta.. (T)/4k/sub B/T, where tau/sup -1//sub E/=0(T/sub c/) is the inelastic scattering rate at the Fermi energy and at T/sub c/. At temperatures below T/sub c/, both the steady-state distribution function and tau/sup -1//sub Q/* depend on the injection voltage.
Colliding black holes: The close limit.

The problem of the mutual attraction and joining of two black holes is of importance as both a source of gravitational waves and as a testbed of numerical relativity. If the holes start out close enough that they are initially surrounded by a common horizon, the problem can be viewed as a perturbation of a single black hole. We take initial data due to Misner for close black holes, apply perturbation theory, and evolve the data with the Zerilli equation. The computed gravitational radiation agrees with and extends the results of full numerical computations.
Uso del dispositivo Starclose para el cierre de punciones accidentales de la arteria subclavia

corioamnionitis. Se practic o una ces area con car acter urgente. A los 4 d ias, la paciente present o dolor abdominal y fiebre. La tomograf ia computarizada s olo demostr o trombosis de la vena ov arica derecha. Se instituy o de inmediato un tratamiento anticoagulante y antibioterapia. El examen con eco-Doppler, efectuado 3 d ias m as tarde, revel o un trombo en la vena cava inferior que flotaba libremente y alcanzaba la confluencia de las venas hep aticas a pesar de la instauraci on de anticoagulaci on a dosis plenas. Por este motivo, se efectu o trombectom ia de urgencia por laparotom ia, y el trombo se extrajo mediante abordaje en la cava durante el clampaje suprahep atico de la vena cava inferior. La paciente se restableci o r apidamente de la intervenci on quir urgica y fue dada de alta el d ecimo d ia postoperatorio.
Endokinetic turning and programmed courtship acts of the male German cockroach

Male courtship behaviour of the cockroach, Blattella germanica, was investigated by artificial stimulation of male antennea with synthetic sex pheromone. Courtship acts elicited were unidirectionally programmed (i.e. the same event is never repeated in the same sequence), terminating mainly after wing-raising and orientated turning movements. Turns performed by courting males are controlled at least in part by internally stored spatial sensory information (endokinesis).
Predicting the aerodynamic performance of the Canadian Very Large Optical Telescope

A variety of aerodynamic studies have been completed to assist in the development of an integrated model for the Thirty Meter Telescope. These studies investigated the characteristics of wind loading on the Canadian Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT) and produced preliminary data for input into the VLOT integrated model. We describe the details of, and present the results from, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses and wind tunnel (WT) tests. The validity of the CFD results is assessed through correlation studies that compare the CFD and WT results. Through extensive comparison of the mean and RMS coefficients of pressure and the power spectral density plots of the pressures within the enclosure, excellent correlations between the experimental and computational results are shown.
Positive- and negative-acting signals combine to determine differential RNA replication from the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 genomic and antigenomic promoters.

Abstract The cis -acting signals found at the 3′ ends of the genomic and antigenomic RNAs are a major factor determining the level of paramyxovirus RNA replication from each promoter. Using a minigenome system that reconstitutes SV5 RNA synthesis from cDNA-derived components, we show here that the genomic promoter (GP) for the paramyxovirus SV5 directs RNA replication ∼14-fold lower than that seen from the antigenomic promoter (AGP). The goal of this study was to identify cis -acting signals responsible for differential levels of RNA replication from the SV5 GP and AGP. We have previously shown that the SV5 AGP contains three sequence-dependent elements (CRI, CRII, and Region III) that are separated by sequence-independent spacer regions. Minigenomes containing chimeric promoters were constructed to test the hypothesis that transfer of discrete cis -acting AGP elements to the GP could confer higher replication properties to the GP. Minigenomes containing a substitution of the AGP CRI, CRII, or Region III elements alone in place of the corresponding GP sequences did not show enhanced levels of RNA replication. However, transfer of both the AGP 3′ terminal CRI and Region III elements into the corresponding sites of the GP led to a minigenome which replicated to ∼40% of the levels seen with the AGP. This enhanced RNA replication from the GP was further increased up to AGP levels by also including the intervening AGP segment (bases 20–50) located between CRI and Region III. Importantly, transfer of nonviral sequences in place of GP bases 20–50 also increased RNA replication to levels approaching that of the AGP, but only in the context of the AGP CRI and Region III substitutions. These data indicate that differential levels of RNA replication from the SV5 GP and AGP are due to a combination of positive-acting signals in the AGP (CRI and Region III) and a negative-acting signal in the GP (bases 20–50). Possible functions for the SV5 promoter elements in determining RNA replication levels are proposed.
Prospects for eruption prediction in near real-time

THE 'materials science' method for eruption prediction1–3 arises from the application of a general law governing the failure of materials: Ω⊙−α Ω¨ − A = 0, where A and α are empirical constants, and Ω is an observable quantity such as ground deformation, seismicity or gas emission. This law leads to the idea of the 'inverse-rate' plot, in which the time of failure can be estimated by extrapolation of the curve of Ω−1 versus time to a pre-deter-mined intercept. Here we suggest that this method can be combined with real-time seismic amplitude monitoring to provide a tool for near-real-time eruption prediction, and we demonstrate how it might have been used to predict two dome-growth episodes at Mount St Helens volcano in 1985 and 1986, and two explosive eruptions at Redoubt volcano in 1989–90.
Comparison between two stable hybridized 2D generalized FDTD algorithms for multiscale analysis

In this paper, we carry out a numerical comparison between two hybrid 2D generalized finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms, designed to analyze objects with fine details, without using the very small time steps dictated by the Courant condition. We evaluate the accuracy and the computational complexity of the above algorithms, employing either subgridding or triangular gridding to model the fine details. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 221–225, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20424
Comparison of existing & proposed SOI MOSFET device structures for minimizing total dose radiation damage

This paper compares various SOI MOSFET device structures with regard to their ability to mitigate total ionizing dose (TID) radiation effects. Three-dimensional rad-hardening of the dielectrics surrounding the channel and/or direct control of the channel surfaces is required, in order to reduce source-to-drain leakage caused by radiation-induced charges which accumulate at the dielectric interfaces surrounding the device. In addition, it is highly desirable to provide dynamic adjustment of the device's electrical characteristics in order to compensate for these TID effects as well as other wearout effects. A new, ultra-low-power SOI RF-CMOS technology from American Semiconductor that is able to operate reliably in high radiation environments is also be described. This double-gated 0.18 /spl mu/m technology permits dynamically "self-repairing" circuits, which are tolerant of large lifetime total doses of radiation. This technology also features MOSFETs and lateral BJT's with undoped channel/base regions that are appropriate for cryogenic operation.
Biophysical studies of signal peptides: implications for signal sequence functions and the involvement of lipid in protein export.

This review discusses efforts to understand the mode of action of signal sequences by biophysical study of synthetic peptides corresponding to these protein localization signals. On the basis of reports from several laboratories, it is now clear that signal peptides may adopt a variety of conformations, depending on their local environment. In membrane-mimetic systems like detergent micelles or lipid vesicles, they have a high tendency to form α helices. Ability to take up a helical conformation appears to be required at some point in the function of a signal sequence, since some peptides corresponding to export-defective signal sequences display reduced helical potential. By contrast, functional signal sequences share a high capacity to adopt α helices. High affinity for organized lipid assemblies, like monolayers or vesicles, is also a property of functional signal sequences. This correlation suggests a role for direct interaction of signal sequences with the lipids of the cytoplasmic membranein vivo. Supporting this role are studies of the influence of signal peptides on lipid structure, which reveal an ability of these peptides to pertub lipid packing and to alter the phase state of the lipids. Insertion of the signal sequencein vivo could substantially reduce the barrier for translocation of the mature chain. Lastly, synthetic signal peptides have been added to native membranes and found to inhibit translocation of precursor proteins. This approach bridges the biophysical and the biochemical aspects of protein export and promises to shed light on the functional correlates of the properties and interactions observed in model systems.
An Electronic Simulator for Nonlinear Servomechanisms

An electronic computer for the simulation of autopilot servomechanisms is being developed as a small-scale flexible analog computer capable of reproducing electrically the dynamic behavior of systems in which certain of the dependent variables or their derivatives may be limited in magnitude but which otherwise can be characterized by linear differential equations having constant coefficients. Specifically, the simulator is being designed to represent on a one-to-one time scale several types of closed-cycle systems or servomechanisms which are linear except for possible limitations of such quantities as motor torque, output velocity, and output displacement.
Migration of Combustor Exit Profiles Through High Pressure Turbine Vanes

The high pressure turbine stage within gas turbine engines is exposed to combustor exit flows that are nonuniform in both stagnation pressure and temperature. These highly turbulent flows typically enter the first stage vanes with significant spatial gradients near the inner and outer diameter endwalls. These gradients can result in secondary flow development within the vane passage that is different than what classical secondary flow models predict. The heat transfer between the working fluid and the turbine vane surface and endwalls is directly related to the secondary flows. The goal of the current study was to examine the migration of different inlet radial temperature and pressure profiles through the high turbine vane of a modern turbine engine. The tests were performed using an inlet profile generator located in the Turbine Research Facility at the Air Force Research Laboratory. Comparisons of area-averaged radial exit profiles are reported as well as profiles at three vane pitch locations to document the circumferential variation in the profiles. The results show that the shape of the total pressure profile near the endwalls at the inlet of the vane can alter the redistribution of stagnation enthalpy through the airfoil passage significantly. Total pressure loss and exit flow angle variations are also examined for the different inlet profiles.
HIV Counseling and Testing of Psychiatric Patients: Time to Reexamine Policy and Practices

In the current issue of General Hospital Psychiatry, Drs. Hellerstein and Prager document the lack of attention to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk assessment and counseling for patients undergoing intake evaluation in a general hospital psychiatric clinic [l]. That this was the case among patients being seen at a major HIV/AIDS treating hospital in New York City only serves to underline the need to integrate HIV-related health care into mainstream medical and mental health care systems. Examining a group of acute psychiatric inpatients at another NYC hospital, Sacks et al. [2] recently documented a relatively high rate of HIV behavioral risk (19%) that was associated with a lack of knowledge or concern about HIV infection among a majority of the at-risk patients. These and other studies, taken together, suggest that though psychiatric patients may have a high prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors, they are not being adequately assessed or counseled for HIVrelated behavioral, affective, or cognitive problems in the course of their psychiatric assessment. If this is so in the city with the largest number of persons with AIDS (PWAs) in the U.S., we can only imagine the situation elsewhere. Meanwhile, a number of advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of HIV infection makes it necessary to reexamine our present policies and practices concerning the HIV counseling and testing of psychiatric patients. These advances include the in
Encouraging the development of racial justice allies

This chapter discusses the role of student affairs professionals in encouraging the development of racial justice allies through the exploration of whiteness.
Tempol treatment reduces anxiety-like behaviors induced by multiple anxiogenic drugs in rats

We have published that pharmacological induction of oxidative stress (OS) causes anxiety-like behavior in rats. Using animal models, we also have established that psychological stress induces OS and leads to anxiety-like behaviors. All evidence points towards the causal role of OS in anxiety-like behaviors. To fully ascertain the role of OS in anxiety-like behaviors, it is reasonable to test whether the pro-anxiety effects of anxiogenic drugs caffeine or N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) can be mitigated using agents that minimize OS. In this study, osmotic pumps were either filled with antioxidant tempol or saline. The pumps were attached to the catheter leading to the brain cannula and inserted into the subcutaneous pocket in the back pocket of the rat. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of saline or tempol in the lateral ventricle of the brain (4.3mmol/day) was maintained for 1 week. Rats were intraperitoneally injected either with saline or an anxiogenic drug one at a time. Two hours later all groups were subjected to behavioral assessments. Anxiety-like behavior tests (open-field, light-dark and elevated plus maze) suggested that tempol prevented anxiogenic drug-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Furthermore, anxiogenic drug-induced increase in stress examined via plasma corticosterone and increased oxidative stress levels assessed via plasma 8-isoprostane were prevented with tempol treatment. Protein carbonylation assay also suggested preventive effect of tempol in the prefrontal cortex brain region of rats. Antioxidant protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels indicate compromised antioxidant defense as well as an imbalance of inflammatory response.
Toxicity of Mercury to Young Chickens 2. Gross Changes in Organs

Abstract Mercury at a concentration of 250 p.p.m. or greater in the drinking water of young cockerels depressed growth at five weeks and caused a high level of mortality. The relative weights of the heart and adrenals were increased after five weeks of treatment. At this same time the relative weights of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were decreased. Five and 14 weeks of continuous high dosage of mercury did not alter the relative total testes weight, although a significant depression was found after 16 weeks of this treatment.
Parental division of labour and differentiation of attachments in a monogamous primate (Callicebus moloch)

Abstract Callicebus is one of several species of New World primates in which males and females share in caring for infants. In Callicebus , the males generally carry the preambulatory infant,except during bouts of nursing. Thus, infant care in this species rests on a triadic relationship involving some degree of coordination among three individuals. We investigated the contributions of the mother, father and infant to the development of this relationship, as reflected in the strength and differentiation of social preferences and emotional bonds. The results indicate that the male begins to carry the infant most of the time in the first week of life if the parents are experienced, and somewhat later if they are not. By the third month of life the father is established as the infant's primary attachment figure, although the parents did not differ in their attraction to the infant and each parent was more strongly attached to the other than to the infant. An important factor underlying the parental division of labour and differentiation of filial attachment appears to be the greater to erance of the male for prolonged infant contact. The combination of frequent rejection by the mother and acceptance by the father presumably accounts for the father's status as the primary object of filial attachment. As the infant's behavioural competence increases, it acts as the principal agent in maintaining the pattern established earlier by the parents.
AB INITIO POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES AND ELECTRON-SPIN-EXCHANGE CROSS SECTIONS FOR H-O2 INTERACTIONS

Accurate quartet- and doublet-state potential-energy surfaces for the interaction of a hydrogen atom and an oxygen molecule in their ground states have been determined from an ab initio calculation using large-basis sets and the internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method. These potential surfaces have been used to calculate the H-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ electron-spin-exchange cross section; the square root of the cross section (in ${\mathit{a}}_{0}$), not taking into account inelastic effects, can be obtained approximately from the expressions 2.390${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/6}$ and 5.266--0.708 ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}$(E) at low and high collision energies E (in ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{h}}$), respectively. These functional forms, as well as the oscillatory structure of the cross section found at high energies, are expected from the nature of the interaction energy. The mean cross section (the cross section averaged over a Maxwellian velocity distribution) agrees reasonably well with the results of measurements. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Early Intervention for Reading Disabilities Teaching the Alphabet Principle in a Connectionist Framework

Forty-eight children referred by teachers at the end of first grade for difficulty in reading were randomly assigned to three treatments, all of which modeled connections between written and spoken words but did not teach phonics rules, for eight half-hour individual tutoring sessions. The children were taught 48 words of varying orders of spelling-sound predictability (Venezky, 1995) using a whole-word method, for making connections between a word's name and its constituent letters; a subword method, for making connections between each color-coded spelling unit and its corresponding phonemes; or a combined whole-word and subword method. Regardless of the method used, children improved reliably on standardized reading measures and the taught words, showing that they could make connections between written and spoken words at the whole word and subword levels, even when rules were not taught. By posttest, the subword method showed a reliable advantage on a standardized test of real word reading. Knowledge of sounds associated with both multiletter and single-letter spelling units predicted reading achievement. Order of spelling-sound predictability (easy, moderate, difficult) was correlated with standardized measures of reading at pretest and posttest, and the magnitude of the relationship increased as a result of the intervention. Individual differences in verbal intelligence, rapid automatized naming, and phonological and orthographic skills predicted response to the intervention. Instructional implications of the results are discussed.
Thin film Ti/6H-SiC interfacial reaction: High spatial resolution electron microscopy study

Abstract The structure and chemistry of thin Ti films on Si-terminated vicinal (0001) α-SiC substrates was investigated by high-resolution imaging and high-spatial-resolution nanospectroscopy. The Ti was deposited on in-situ cleaned SiC substrates under UHV conditions by evaporation; subsequent post-deposition heat treatments were also performed under UHV conditions. Examination of as-deposited interfaces showed that Ti deposited epitaxially with basal plane/close-packed direction alignment on the substrate. No reaction zone was visible and the interface was chemically sharp. Lattice misfit was accomodated by interface dislocations. Post-deposition heat treatment at 700°C caused formation of Ti5Si3 and TiC reaction products at the Ti/SiC interface. The reaction product morphology was complex and dependent on reaction time. For short times (≈ 20 min) parabolic rate kinetics were obeyed, but for longer times (≈ 60 min) formation of Ti5Si3 dominated and the rate decreased. HREM image contrast of SiC, Ti5Si3 and TiC varied with position near the interfaces. Preliminary theoretical calculations indicated these apparent changes in structure resulted from local changes in orientation and thickness.
Challenges and opportunities in the management of Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in all regions of the world where sought. There is no gold standard for diagnosis of CDI, with available tests having limitations. Prevention of CDI will be seen with antibiotic stewardship, improved disinfection of hospitals and nursing homes, chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis and next generation probiotics. The important therapeutic agents are oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin with metronidazole being used only in mild cases or when oral therapy cannot be given. Current therapy of CDI for 10 days is associated with high rate of recurrence that may be prevented by prolonging initial therapy. Future treatment strategies will focus on drugs that inhibit C. difficile, reduce toxin activity and inflammation in the gut, and improve colonic flora diversity.