cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunity, suicide or both? Ecological determinants for the combined evolution of anti-pathogen defense systems

Parasite-host arms race is one of the key factors in the evolution of life. Most cellular life forms, in particular prokaryotes, possess diverse forms of defense against pathogens including innate immunity, adaptive immunity and programmed cell death (altruistic suicide). Coevolution of these different but interacting defense strategies yields complex evolutionary regimes. We develop and extensively analyze a computational model of coevolution of different defense strategies to show that suicide as a defense mechanism can evolve only in structured populations and when the attainable degree of immunity against pathogens is limited. The general principle of defense evolution seems to be that hosts do not evolve two costly defense mechanisms when one is sufficient. Thus, the evolutionary interplay of innate immunity, adaptive immunity and suicide, leads to an equilibrium state where the combination of all three defense strategies is limited to a distinct, small region of the parameter space. The three strategies can stably coexist only if none of them are highly effective. Coupled adaptive immunity-suicide systems, the existence of which is implied by the colocalization of genes for the two types of defense in prokaryotic genomes, can evolve either when immunity-associated suicide is more efficacious than other suicide systems or when adaptive immunity functionally depends on the associated suicide system. Computational modeling reveals a broad range of outcomes of coevolution of anti-pathogen defense strategies depending on the relative efficacy of different mechanisms and population structure. Some of the predictions of the model appear compatible with recent experimental evolution results and call for additional experiments.
A New Policy Framework For Health Care Markets

The frustration with health care markets recorded in the paper by Len Nichols and colleagues reflects the general, and accurate, perception that these markets typically do not work well. But markets respond to the framework of rules and tax incentives in which they must operate, and in health care this framework works against efficiency. The sensible response is not to reject market-based approaches in health care as inherently ineffective in achieving efficiency and cost control. Nor is it to add yet another layer of rules and government micromanagement. It is instead to fix the framework so that markets will foster efficiency.
The diversification of South American murid rodents: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence data for the akodontine tribe

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships based on 801 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene are examined for eight genera and 28 species of the akodontine tribe of South American murid rodents. The akodontine tribe comprises some 35% of the total diversity of the subfamily Sigmodontinae, but the current taxonomy at virtually all levels is uncertain because of inadequate generic diagnoses and assessments of variation and trends in traditional morphological characters. Monophyly of the tribe cannot be resolved by the sequence data, based on comparisons to outgroup taxa in three other tribes (Oryzomyini, Phyllotini, and Thomasomyini). However, highly corroborated monophyletic units within the group are obtained in a variety of both parsimony and distance analyses. These include a redefined and numerically dominant genus Akodon (with Microxus and Hypsimys as synonyms), Bolomys, Lenoxus, Oxymycterus , and a strongly supported assemblage that includes the central Andean Chroeomys and 'Akodon' andinus and the southern Abrothrix, 'Akodon' olivaceus, and the long-clawed mice of the genera Notiomys, Geoxus, and Chelemys. Sequence divergence within species is typically less than 5%, although levels can reach 10% for some highly polytypic forms. Divergence among genera within the tribe reaches 35% in corrected estimates, a level that is as great as that among representatives of different tribes. Changes in the current classification of akodontines are suggested based on these data, and the timing and place of origin of the tribe and its radiation is discussed.
A Family's Request for Deception

D.P. is a seventy-four-year-old man who presents to an orthopaedic surgeon for an evaluation of thigh pain. He is accompanied by his wife and daughter. The physical examination demonstrates a well-developed patient with midthigh tenderness. When the orthopaedic surgeon leaves the examination room to request radiographs, he is followed by the patient's wife and daughter. They instruct the surgeon that, if the radiographs show cancer, the patient must not be told the diagnosis. The radiographs demonstrate a lytic lesion in the midpart of the femur consistent with metastatic disease. Before reentering the examination room, the physician is stopped and again instructed not to tell D.P. the diagnosis. The family members argue that the patient is old and frail and has a “heart condition.” A physician's failure to communicate accurately with a patient may be intentional or unintentional. Deception can assume several forms. A physician may outright lie, for example, by telling a patient that an abnormal test result was indeed normal or that the test results have not yet come in when they have. The physician may also obfuscate by cloaking bad news in vague terminology or confusing medical jargon that the patient may not be able to decode, such as referring to an obviously malignant tumor as a “growth” or “changes on the x-ray.” Some physicians withhold information until the patient specifically asks a pointed question that cannot be deflected. Whenever a physician fails to provide information to a patient about his or her medical condition, the physician is engaging in deception. The scenario described above presents a common variation on a failure of truth-telling, namely, the situation in which a patient's family asks that grave information be kept from the patient for the patient's good. That request puts the physician in a difficult predicament. A physician has a …
Anthropogenic CO 2 in the ocean

The focus of this review article is on the anthropogenic CO 2 taken up by the ocean. There are several methods of identifying the anthropogenic CO 2 signal and quantifying its inventory in the ocean. The ?C* method is most frequently used to estimate the global distribution of anthropogenic CO 2 in the ocean. Results based on analysis of the dataset obtained from the comprehensive surveys of inorganic carbon distribution in the world oceans in the 1990s are given. These surveys were jointly conducted during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). This data set consists of 9618 hydrographic stations from a total of 95 cruises, which represents the most accurate and comprehensive view of the distribution of inorganic carbon in the global ocean available today. The increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean during the past few decades is also evaluated using direct comparison of results from repeat surveys and using statistical method of Multi-parameter Linear Regression (MLR). The impact of increasing oceanic anthropogenic CO 2 on the calcium carbonate system in the ocean is reviewed briefly as well. Extensive studies of CaCO 3 dissolution as a result of increasing anthropogenic CO 2 in the ocean have revealed several distinct oceanic regions where the CaCO 3 undersaturation zone has expanded.
Magnetic resonance imaging reveals that brain atrophy is more severe in older California sea lions with domoic acid toxicosis

Abstract In 1998, domoic acid (DA) toxicosis was first documented in marine mammals, when more than 400 California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) were determined to have been exposed to DA through contaminated prey that was linked to a bloom of toxin-producing diatoms. Over the last fifteen years, these blooms have increased in frequency and distribution, and DA toxicosis has become a more complex disease. Evidence with laboratory animals show that DA can cause epilepsy, may affect brain development, and may have synergistic effects with some pollutants. Detecting these effects in marine mammals requires quantitative methods to evaluate brain morphology in live animals. In this study, our goal was to employ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the morphologic effects of DA toxicosis on the brain in live, wild California sea lions admitted to a rehabilitation center. We performed MRIs and volumetrics of brain structures of 53 sea lions that exhibited clinical signs of acute or chronic DA intoxication. We found that the volumes of the hippocampi and parahippocampal gyri of sea lions with chronic DA toxicosis were less than the volumes of these structures in non-DA intoxicated animals. In addition, adult sea lions with chronic DA toxicosis had more structural damage to the brain than younger animals. This pattern may be explained by one or more of the following possibilities: (i) repetitive, sublethal exposure; (ii) increased susceptibility of adults to DA compared to younger animals; and/or (iii) initial exposure to the toxin followed by the progressive effects of ongoing seizure activity. Of these three possibilities, increased susceptibility and progressive effects of ongoing seizure activity most likely explain why atrophy of the hippocampus and thinning of the parahippocampal gyrus is most severe in adults.
The impulse design of transformer oil-cellulose structures

Transformer oil/cellulose structures are often designed based on a cumulative stress criterion derived from experimental tests at power frequency. However, such structures must also meet stringent impulse requirements defined by a basic insulation level (BIL). The industry has tried to establish an equivalence factor to permit power frequency cumulative stress methods to be used to estimate impulse withstand strength. Since the mechanisms of failure differ substantially under surge conditions, there would seem no good reason to suppose that a universal equivalence factor is appropriate. Tests are reported using a 2.3 MV generator to document impulse failure of a number of bulk, creep and hybrid structures to establish the nature of this relationship through statistical comparisons with the established 50/60 Hz methods. Factors varied from 1.94 to 3.34, depending on the configuration. The methodology is described and the results discussed in the context of the design of oil-cellulose structures, having regard to complicating factors such as waveshape and electrode covering. The study permits some speculation about impulse design under hybrid situations (i.e. failure paths involving both creep and bulk liquid)
Associative sequential recall in a synaptic matrix.

Abstract An adaptive neuronal network (synaptic matrix) was simulated. After learning a number of randomly generated scenes, the network was tested for associative sequential recall in a stimulus-bound mode and in an image-bound mode. It is demonstrated that neuronal mechanisms of this kind can exhibit orderliness or looseness of associative response suggestive of human recall behavior.
How we developed the GIM clinician-educator mentoring and scholarship program to assist faculty with promotion and scholarly work.

AbstractClinician Educators’ (CEs) focus on patient care and teaching, yet many academic institutions require dissemination of scholarly work for advancement. This can be difficult for CEs. Our division developed the Clinician–Educator Mentoring and Scholarship Program (CEMSP) in an effort to assist CEs with scholarship, national reputation, recognition, promotion and job satisfaction. The key components are salary-supported director and co-director who coordinate the program and serve as overall mentors and link CEs and senior faculty, and a full-time Senior Research Coordinator to assist with all aspects of scholarship, a close relationship with the General Internal Medicine (GIM) Methods Core provides advanced statistical support. Funding for the program comes from GIM divisional resources. Perceived value was evaluated by assessing the number of manuscripts published, survey of faculty regarding usage and opinion of CEMSP, and a review of faculty promotions. Although impossible to attribute the contri...
Differences in the ω3 fatty acid contents in pond-reared and wild fish and shellfish

The fatty acid composition of total lipids from edible portions of pond-reared prawn, catfish, and crayfish were compared with those of their wild counterparts. It was found that the lipids of the cultured animals had higher levels of ω6 fatty acids and lower ω3 fatty acid levels and ω3/ω6 ratios compared with their wild counterparts. The pelleted catfish diet was rich in ω6 fatty acids. It was concluded that the lipids of pond-reared fish and shellfish may not have the high levels of ω3 fatty acids found in wild seafood, and that the feasibility of increasing the ω3 fatty acid content by dietary manipulation, needs to be investigated.
A numerical investigation of surface crevasse propagation in glaciers using nonlocal continuum damage mechanics

[1] We use a nonlocal viscoelastic damage model to investigate the conditions that enable water-free surface crevasse propagation in grounded marine-terminating glaciers. Our simulations, on idealized rectangular ice slabs in contact with the ocean, show that crevasses propagate faster in thicker ice slabs. We find that: (1) the fraction of ice slab thickness penetrated by surface crevasses decreases with increasing seawater depth near the terminus; (2) a no-slip (fixed) basal boundary condition retards crevasse growth; and (3) crevasses form closer to the terminus when the seawater depth is larger or when the glacier base is fixed to the bedrock, which could lead to calving of smaller icebergs. However, water-free surface crevasses can penetrate (nearly) the entire ice thickness only in thicker ice slabs terminating in shallow seawater depths. This leads us to the conclusion that surface crevasses alone are not responsible for calving events in marine-terminating and thin glaciers.
Factors Associated with Preventive Asthma Care in Inner-City Children

The goal of this cross-sectional study was to determine if the caregiver’s quality of life was associated with the child receiving appropriate preventive asthma care (2 or more preventive asthma care visits per year) in a sample of inner-city children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Our findings confirm that children with moderate to severe persistent asthma are not receiving adequate preventive asthma care despite experiencing frequent asthma symptoms. Having a recent emergency department (ED) visit and increased number of school absences due to asthma were the strongest factors associated with these children receiving guideline-based preventive asthma care. However, for a subgroup of children without recent ED care, we found that low caregiver education level, increased school absences, and decreased caregiver’s quality of life, albeit a trend, were associated with the child’s receiving adequate preventive asthma care. This suggests that in a subgroup of children receiving adequate preventive...
Physiologic Responses of Sheep to Two Different Methods of Papain Exposure

Human emphysema is a progressive, destructive lung disease that produces morphologic and functional heterogeneity throughout its course. Consequently, the mature form of the disease is described by a broad range of anatomic, radiological, and physiologic patterns. This report describes the development and characterization of a sheep model of emphysema that represents many of the essential features of both homogeneous and heterogeneous emphysema. Emphysema was produced by two different techniques of papain exposure: (1) aerosol (75 IU/kg) given weekly for 4 treatments (HM) or (2) aerosol (75 IU/kg) weekly for 3 treatments following subsegmental intrabronchial instillations, 75 IU (in 10 saline) per lobe in 6 lobes (HT). Dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg iv) was administered prior intrabronchial instillations only. On computed tomography, the HM group had homogeneous emphysema, the HT group gross nonuniformity of disease and bullae formation. Both groups demonstrated a significant (p < .05) increase in residual vol...
Molecular cloning of junctin from human and developing rabbit heart.

Abstract Canine junctin is a 26-kDa transmembrane protein found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Junctin has recently been shown to bind directly to calsequestrin, the ryanodine receptor, and triadin. Junctin is thought to play a role in facilitating (and perhaps regulating) Ca 2+ release from the SR. Immature heart exhibits decreased utilization of SR Ca 2+ stores for cell contraction. We have cloned human and rabbit cardiac junctin and investigated the expression of junctin in developing rabbit heart. Human junctin was cloned from an adult cardiac cDNA library. Rabbit junctin was cloned by RT-PCR. Northern blot analysis demonstrates a single primary mRNA transcript of approximately 2.8 kb in hearts from both species. Sequence analysis demonstrates greater than 97% homology between the predicted amino acid sequences of human, rabbit, and canine junctin in the putative transmembrane domain and subsequent initial 61 amino acid portion of the putative luminal domain. These domains also exhibit sequence homology with triadin. The C-terminal region shows much lower (72 to 75%) sequence homology among the three species. In addition, Northern blot analysis demonstrates that the expression of junctin increases markedly in postnatal rabbit myocardium. These findings suggest that the putative transmembrane domain and subsequent initial portion of the putative luminal domain of junctin play an important role in the binding of junctin to calsequestrin, the ryanodine receptor, and triadin in the postnatal heart. Furthermore, the previously described increase in SR Ca 2+ release with development is associated with the increased expression of junctin.
Synthesis and application of molecular probe for detection of hydroxyl radicals produced by Na(125)I and gamma-rays in aqueous solution.

Purpose: To synthesize N-(3-(3-aminopropylamino)propyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide (7), a novel DNA-binding, coumarin-based, fluorescent hydroxylradical (•OH) indicator and to assess its quantum efficiency compared with that of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (1) and N1,N12-bis[2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonyl]- 1,12-diamine-4,9-diazadodecane (9).Materials and methods: Using computer-generated molecular modeling, 7 and 9 and their respective 7-hydroxylated derivatives 8 and 10 were docked onto DNA dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2, the ligand–DNA complexes were energy minimized, and binding free energies and inhibition constants were calculated. Compound 7 was judged an appropriate target molecule and was synthesized. Compounds 1, 7, and 9 were incubated with Na125I or irradiated with 137Cs γ-rays, and the influence of pH, dose, type of radiation, and the concentration of indicator on fluorescence yield were determined.Results: Non-fluorescent 7 and 9 are converted to fluorescent, 7-hydroxylated derivatives 8 and 10...
The Formal and Conceptual Difficulties of MO Theory

Quantum chemistry, as practiced today by most theoreticians, relies upon the Schrodinger equation, mathematical methods for its approximate solution, most notably the variational method8 and the Rayleigh-Schrodinger and Brillouin-Wigner perturbation methods,9 and the MO10 and VB11 recipes for the construction of the antisymmetrized molecular wavefunction.12 It is not inaccurate to say that the vast majority of chemists have been nurtured with MO and VB theory, with the latter yielding decisively to the former in popularity in the last fifteen years or so. Accordingly, our first task is to survey briefly the various brands of MO theory and identify the formal and conceptual difficulties which hinder their application to chemical problems.
Looking Up: Regional Patterning in the Fly Eye

The Drosophila compound eye includes a dorsal domain specialized for the detection of the plane of polarized light. Two new papers show that this domain is controlled by graded Wingless signals acting through the homeodomain transcription factor Homothorax.
Successful induction of labor of late-second-trimester conjoined twins: an alternative to hysterotomy.

BACKGROUND:To demonstrate that vaginal delivery is a safe alternative to hysterotomy when planning pregnancy termination of late–second-trimester conjoined twins. We present two cases of conjoined twins in the late second trimester desiring pregnancy termination.CASE:The first case involved a multip
A Comparison of Growth and Magnetic Properties of FE(ll0)/AG(lll) and FE(100)/AG(100) Multilayers

Two series of Fe/Ag multilayers were grown in a Perkin-Elmer 430B MBE system, one of the Fe(110)/Ag(lll) orientation and another of the Fe(100)/Ag(100) orientation. Vastly different techniques were developed by this group and others to achieve epitaxial growth of both of these systems. Using RHEED, it was inferred that the optimal growth of Fe(110) on Ag(lll) occurred at a substrate temperature of 180° C. In contrast, the growth of Fe(lO0)/Ag(100) proceeded with the sharpest RHEED streaks at a reduced substrate temperature. We believe that these fundamentally different growth parameters are the result of physically different growth modes, conjectured to be: edge growth (Fe 110), and a more nucleated growth (Fe 100). Accordingly, dissimilar magnetic interfacial properties are also strongly in evidence, accounted for by the structural differences associated with the different Fe planes. Furthermore, Fe(110) layers as thin as 3 ML were grown on Ag(lll) and showed no superparamagnetism and a genuine 2-dimensional behavior of M(T). However, the Fe(100) on Ag(100) multilayers in a similar thickness range exhibited strong relaxation and a comparatively reduced Curie temperature.
On the complexity of two-player win-lose games

The efficient computation of Nash equilibria is one of the most formidable challenges in computational complexity today. The problem remains open for two-player games. We show that the complexity of two-player Nash equilibria is unchanged when all outcomes are restricted to be 0 or 1. That is, win-or-lose games are as complex as the general case for two-player games.
Report on Monitoring Results of 922 Hospital Disinfection Samples in Kaifu District,Changsha

Objective To investigate the condition of disinfection in medical institutions of Kaifu District,Changsha,and to provide a scientific basis for guiding disinfection work of hospitals,preventing and controlling nosocomial infection.Methods According to "The Hygiene Standard of the Hospital Disinfection"(GB15982-1995),the air of operating rooms,the hands of medical professionals,object surface,and disinfectant liquid in use of medical institutions in Kaifu District were determined and evaluated.Results Disinfection surveillance was conducted in the medical institutions of Kaifu District in 2010.The total number of the samples was 922,with the total qualified rate of 92.62%.The qualified rate of disinfection samples in township hospitals was 94.66%,while that in individual clinics was 91.12%.And the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).The qualified rate of disinfectant liquid in use was the highest(100.00%),while the total number of bacteria in the air was the lowest(83.33%).The qualified rate of medical professionals' hands was also lower(90.70%).Conclusions Disinfection surveillance on township hospitals,especially the individual clinics should focus on the future.At the same time,it is necessary to enhance the training about the knowledge of air disinfection and correct methods of washing hands so as to improve the quality of hospital disinfection.
Detecting of Bt transgenic rice by real-time quantitative PCR technique

A quantitative method was developed for detecting Bt transgenic rice by real-time PCR with the specific primer and probe to amplify the endogenous gene SPS and exogenous nos and bt gene. The standard curve of Ct vs the genetically modified organism(GMO) content based on reference materials was generated and a linear regression equation was obtained to quantify Bt transgenic rice.
Plasma Levels as Predictors of Clinical Response and Violent Behavior

Steady state serum levels have been found to be useful measurements when selecting dosage for medications. This has worked well with such drugs as digoxin, aminophylline, and phenytoin sodium, but work with neuroleptics has been less successful. A number of problems hamper research in this field. Certain medications show extremely low serum levels; problems occur with enzyme induction and multiple metabolites; and the assays are technically complex. Many studies have used flexible dose schedules which can obscure therapeutic results when additional medication is added to the regimens of nonresponsive patients or doses are reduced because of side effects. Finally, the most difficult obstacle to overcome is obtaining steady state levels in short-term acute care clinical settings where rapid patient turnover and brief hospitalization are the rule.
Imaging cardiac morphology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: recent advances.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe new cardiac MRI (CMR) findings on cardiac structure and myocardial composition in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). RECENT FINDINGS Quantitative CMR assessment of replacement fibrosis and interstitial fibrosis can risk stratify HCM patients for adverse outcomes. Patients with global LVH (increased LV mass index) have more adverse outcomes. The HCM phenotype with a spiral distribution of hypertrophy entails a good prognosis. Myocardial noncompaction can be associated with HCM, as are papillary muscle and mitral apparatus abnormalities. Genotype positive, phenotype negative relatives of HCM probands may be detected by myocardial motion abnormalities. Emerging CMR methods for myocardial fiber disarray and altered myocardial stiffness may shed more light on cardiac structure, function and outcomes in HCM in coming years. SUMMARY CMR structural features of HCM, including severity and distribution of hypertrophy and fibrosis, can augment clinical evaluation of HCM. New CMR phenotypes, associated papillary muscle, mitral leaflet and myocardial noncompaction abnormalities, role of left atrial enlargement, findings in genotype positive phenotype negative HCM, and emerging methods for the detection of myocardial fiber disarray and altered myocardial stiffness may shed light in coming years.
Incontinence after artificial urinary sphincter placement: the role of perfusion sphincterometry.

AbstractThe systematic, objective evaluation of incontinence after artificial urinary sphincter placement is critically important in the direction of further therapy. The technique and application of perfusion sphincterometry in the evaluation of 9 men with various causes of incontinence after artificial sphincter implantation are described. The perfusion sphincterometry study, which does not require sophisticated urodynamic equipment, helped to define clearly the cause of the incontinence and, thus, facilitated appropriate therapy. (J. Urol., 138: 529–532, 1987)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Publisher Summary Physical and thermodynamic property data, such as thermal expansion coefficient, are important in process engineering. Liquids contained in process equipment will expand with an increase in temperature. To accommodate such expansion, it is necessary to design a relief system which will relieve the thermally expanding liquid and prevent pressure build-up from the expansion. If provisions are not made for a relief system, the pressure will increase from the thermally expanding liquid. If the pressure increase is excessive, damage to the process equipment will occur. This chapter presents results for thermal expansion coefficient of liquids for major organic chemicals. The results are especially helpful in the design of relief systems for process equipment containing liquids that are subject to thermal expansion. The correlation constants are displayed in an easy-to-use tabular format, which is especially suited for rapid engineering usage with the personal computer or hand calculator. Correlation and experimental results are in favorable agreement
Synthetic Aperture Imaging Using Dense Camera Arrays

Synthetic aperture imaging is a technique that projects images of a scene from different views on to a virtual focal surface, enabling us to "see through" occlusions in the scene. Using a 100-camera array we have used synthetic aperture imaging to view objects concealed behind dense foliage and to track a person moving through a crowd. The ability to see through occlusions makes synthetic aperture imaging a potentially powerful tool for surveillance. This work makes two contributions. First, we characterize the image warps required for synthetic aperture imaging using projective geometry. This analysis leads to a robust camera calibration procedure for synthetic aperture imaging. Our analysis also shows the relation between the geometric complexity of the image warps and camera/focal plane configurations. In particular, we show that we can vary the focus through families of frontoparallel and tilted focal planes by simply shifting and adding the camera images. As image shifts are relatively simple to realize in hardware, this leads to a real-time system, which we demonstrate for tracking a person moving through a crowd. Second, we explore methods to achieve sharp focus at every pixel in the synthetic aperture image by reconstructing the 3D surfaces of the occluded objects we wish to see. We compare classical shape from stereo with shape from synthetic aperture focus, and describe variants of stereo that improves image contrast by deleting some of the light rays that are incident on the occluder.
Biophysical Considerations in the Assessment of Young Children with a Developmental Disability

The primary focus of this chapter is to highlight several important issues about the health care of infants and preschoolers with a disability. Development is a complex ongoing process characterized by physiological and anatomical changes. The physical aspects of health—that is, the physiological and anatomical aspects pertaining to the body—will be specifically discussed in relation to various types of disabilities. Routine primary health care needs, as well as specialty health care needs, will be described. Specific assessment procedures for evaluating the physical aspects of health are also included. The discussion is not meant to be an exhaustive treatment of this topic; rather, it is an illustration of selected issues and examples. The consideration of both physical and developmental processes of health is critical in providing comprehensive, quality health care. In addition, the family unit and the home environment need to be considered for an understanding of how health of children and parents may be supported and fostered.
P246 Measurement and integration of work- and non-work-related psychosocial stressors

Research on work-related psychosocial stressors and workers’ mental health has primarily focused on a few dominant theoretical models (i.e., demand-control-support, effort-reward imbalance). Recognising that other components of a workers’ social environment (e.g., family, social network, community-level factors) and individual factors have been independently associated with mental health, a growing number of studies are attempting to integrate work, non-work, and individual determinants of mental health and stress. Yet including multiple categories of psychosocial stress exposure into a single analysis requires consideration of whether the measures employed are measuring distinct or overlapping concepts. Employing dimension reduction techniques may provide a data driven approach to measuring underlying constructs of stress. A conceptual and theoretical approach, however, may also help researchers gain clarity on which measures of stress to include and why. Here we propose a simple conceptual framework to evaluate the potential for conceptual overlap among commonly used psychometric scales and data sources used for measuring stress-related risk factors in work and non-work domains. We describe specific groups of measures that simultaneously provide information on a shared construct while keeping in mind both the importance of life course and different domains at which stressors may be measured. For example, stressors faced at the neighbourhood or contextual level may encompass features of the social, physical, or built environment and may work synergistically to impact mental health. On the other hand, measures of adversity faced during childhood are known to have long lasting mental health outcomes and may be distinct from measures of chronic stress related to a brief period of unemployment or other stressful life event. These findings inform how work- and non-work-related measurements are related, potentially improving exposure assessment and predictive ability of stress risk factors. Researchers are advised to consider conceptual overlap when assessing sources of stress exposure across multiple domains.
New electricity trading arrangements in England and Wales

This paper discusses how the market in the UK made a transition from a pool based system to one which was based on more general commodity markets. This market allows the bulk of electricity trading to take place in forward markets by bilateral contracts and on power exchanges with rolling half hour trades. The final balancing of generation and demand is passed to the operator one hour ahead of real time. The paper identifies how the operator manages the physical energy imbalance and how the balancing mechanisms costs are reconciled. The final section covers the market participants and the system operator prepared for the new market and how it was implemented.
Pagoda Structures in Marine Sediments

Geophysical traverses across flat or nearly flat mud bottom at depths between 2000 and 5500 meters off western Africa permitted the making of extensive shallow-penetration recordings at 3.5 kHz. The recordings reveal the common presence of alternating dark and light triangular features whose internal structure and acoustic properties may be due to local centers of cementation by gas hydrates, or clathrates. Probably the features are widely distributed in the fine-grained sediments of continental rises and abyssal plains of the world ocean, but are not detected by the usual echo sounding at 12 kHz or seismic reflection profiling at 20 to 100 Hz.
The Effect of Initial Therapy Choice in Determining Long Term Survival in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Abstract Successive advances in CLL therapy have led to significant gains in response quality and remission duration but have not yet shown improved survival. An inherent limitation of randomised trials is the long followup required to demonstrate survival benefit in indolent diseases. In order to examine the effect of initial therapy on survival, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of patients treated on frontline protocols at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Between 10/86 to 01/04, 616 patients received initial therapy with one of three fludarabine-based chemotherapy regimens. Patients in Cohort 1 (F; n=190) received fludarabine±prednisone, Cohort 2 (FC/M; n=140) fludarabine & cyclophosphamide or mitoxantrone, and Cohort 3 (FCR; n=286) FC & rituximab. Therapy indication and response assessment were as per the NCI 1996 Guidelines. Patient characteristics: median age 57 years; male 67%; Rai intermediate/high risk, 60%/36%; performance status 2 or more, 3.5%; abnormal cytogenetics 27%; B2m 4mg/L or greater, 38%. Median followup was 176, 108 and 56 months for F, FC/M and FCR respectively. Excluding the effect of therapy, univariate predictors of survival were (p-value all Download : Download high-res image (102KB) Download : Download full-size image
Is there a benefit to locally consolidative therapy for oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer?

Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is known to have a particularly poor prognosis, with a median overall survival of 8 months and a 10% survival rate at 2 years (1). Historically, treatment for metastatic NSCLC has been palliative chemotherapy (2) which has been shown to modestly prolong 1-year survival in comparison with best supportive care (3). Nowadays, with the advent of more sensitive imaging modalities, improvement in the specificity of radiation therapy delivery, and targeted systemic therapies, many patients with limited metastatic disease are being detected and treated more aggressively, in the absence of randomized, prospective data to support these practices. In patients with metastatic lung cancer, where obstructive or functionally limiting manifestations of disease can reduce performance status and diminish quality of life, there may be a uniquely important role for early enactment of locally directed therapy.
Heritable natural variation of an anxiety-like behavior in larval zebrafish

Complex behaviors are often observed at a spectrum in the population, and psychiatric disorders represent extremes of such behavioral spectra. While grasping the underlying cellular and molecular basis of these disorders represents a major challenge, it is believed that studies of complex behaviors in model organisms, where genotyping and phenotyping can be more conveniently carried out and cause-effect relationships can be further discerned, will help address this challenge. Here we report the characterization of a natural dark aversion behavior in larval zebrafish, which is previously shown to be fear or anxiety-associated. Phenotyping ∼200 individuals using a light/dark choice assay uncovered that, while a majority of individuals displayed medium level of dark aversion (mda), a small number of individuals exhibited strong dark aversion (sda), and a third small cohort showed variable dark aversion (vda). Through selective breeding and phenotyping of the next generation, we demonstrated that both the sda and vda traits are heritable, with sda being invariable while vda being highly variable across multiple trials. Additionally, sda appears to be recessive and vda appears to be dominant over the common allele(s) in the population. Moreover, compared to vda, sda showed increased thigmotaxis (preference for the walls in an open field), another measure of anxiety. Together, these findings reveal a naturally heritable variation of anxiety-like behavior in a tractable model organism, thereby laying foundation for future dissection of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Hospitality Business Simulations Today: New Generation Simulations for New Generation Students in a New Generation Marketplace

This chapter studies simulations as an approach to “real-world applications” which contributes to learner engagement. The latest generation of simulation provides a pragmatic and effective method for ensuring contemporary student engagement and higher-order learning skills of analysis and synthesis, while providing instructors with a vital tool in assessing learning outcomes. A case study of how simulations are used at Cornell University illustrates these benefits.
Failure analysis technique of backside focused ion beam on decapsulated device

Focused Ion Beam, also known as FIB, is a technique that widely used in semiconductor field. The common purpose is to do circuit modification, layout verification, micro-circuit failure analysis, mask repair and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) specimen preparation of site specific locations [1]. Backside fault isolation is a method to get optimum transmission and localized failure site. Fault site isolation is the step in which various techniques are employed to localize the defect area on the failed die. It is the most critical step in the failure analysis process because it greatly reduces the area required for failure analysis [2]. Having of topside fault isolation sometimes may lead to in-accurate of determining the failure site. The reason is emission site can be underneath of wire or blocking by thicker metallization and causing in-accurate of emission spot. As example, after decapsulation, the superimposed image between top side and backside revealed an emission site which located underneath wire bond. However, if the failing device is recover after removing the wire, then it is difficult to identify the defect since the fault isolation process can no longer be repeated. Hence, the wire should be remained. That analysis with leakage recovery cases is being known as a challenge in Failure Analysis (FA) process and resulted in a low success rate of determining the mechanism. It is hard for a FA engineer to find the failure root cause after recovering [3]. The conventional method next is by remove the wire upon revealed the emission site located underneath aluminum wire. Another new-approach technique is by performing Focused Ion Beam, FIB analysis from backside. The challenge is the device has been decapsulated for a die surface inspection. As for backside FIB milling approach, the sample must be in package form. Remolding the sample can be one of the method towards backside fault isolation analysis. In order to increase the accuracy of FIB milling, we are reducing the length of measurement into less than 200um × 200um length. Figure 1 showed the illustration diagram of the theory. While biasing the sample with similar parameter setup, the emitting emission site area should be same as previous backside fault isolation. This paper aims to describe and compare conventional technique which is by removing wire to reveal the defect underneath aluminum wire versus new approaches technique which is backside FIB Milling after decapsulate device.
Influence of biochar thermal regeneration on sulfamethoxazole and dissolved organic matter adsorption

Biochar is emerging as a cost-effective, environmentally-sustainable adsorbent for removing organic contaminants (OC) from wastewater, stormwater, and drinking water, but strategies for managing exhausted biochar are needed. Here, pine biochar generated at 850 °C was exhausted by background dissolved organic matter isolated from surface water [dissolved organic carbon ∼4.2 mg L−1, UV-absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) ∼0.10 cm−1] and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) [∼200 ng L−1], in a column. Exhausted biochar underwent a semi-oxic-thermal-regeneration step at 600 °C (i.e., heat treatment). SMX and UVA254 adsorption capacity and breakthrough were evaluated in rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs). Relative to fresh biochar, heat treated biochar that had been exhausted exhibited ∼3.5-fold and ∼3-fold greater SMX and UVA254 adsorption capacities, respectively, and ∼3-fold increase in adsorption efficiency (i.e., mass loss-adjusted SMX adsorption capacity). When applying the heat treatment to fresh biochar, a similar improvement in adsorption capacity was observed. Adsorption capacity and BET surface area were positively correlated and continued to increase after a second exhaustion–regeneration cycle, but the adsorption efficiency remained the same due to mass loss. SMX breakthrough correlated with that of UVA254, which provides the basis for a rapid, inexpensive method to predict OC breakthrough. Heat-treated biochar's SMX adsorption capacity was ∼20% of activated carbon's. Greater empty-bed-contact times increased the SMX adsorption capacity of heat-treated biochar. These results suggest that thermal regeneration could enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of biochar sorbents.
Resolution optimization of an off-axis lensless digital holographic microscope.

Microscopes aimed at detecting cellular life in extreme environments such as ocean-bearing solar system moons must provide high resolution in a compact, robust instrument. Here, we consider the resolution optimization of a compact off-axis lensless digital holographic microscope (DHM) that consists of a sample placed between an input point-source pair and a detector array. Two optimal high-resolution regimes are identified at opposite extremes—a low-magnification regime with the sample located near a small-pixel detector array, and a high-magnification regime with the sample near the input plane. In the former, resolution improves with smaller pixels, while in the latter, the effect of the finite pixel size is obviated, and the spatial resolution improves with detector array size. Using an off-axis lensless DHM with a 2 k×2 k array of 5.5 μm-pixels in the high-magnification regime, and standard aberration correction software, a resolution of ∼0.95 μm has been demonstrated, a factor of 5.8 smaller than the pixel size. Our analysis further suggests that with yet larger detector arrays, a lensless DHM should be capable of near wavelength-scale resolution.
Strategies used to facilitate the discussion of advance care planning with older adults in primary care settings: A literature review.

Background and purpose The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate strategies used in primary care settings to initiate advance care planning (ACP) conversations leading to the completion of an advance directive (AD). Approximately 50% of older adults have an AD; few talk to their primary care provider (PCP) about end-of-life wishes. The Institute of Medicine report and recent changes in Medicare reimbursement policies create opportunities for PCPs to address ACP in primary care settings. Methods We used a systematic review approach. The search included seven Elton B. Stephens Company databases, limited to English language and peer-reviewed publications from 1991 to 2017 using 10 key words. Conclusions Effective interventions were educational materials using various methods of delivery, computer-generated triggers for PCPs, inclusion of multidisciplinary professionals for content delivery, and patient preparation for PCP visit. Implications for practice The identified strategies provide a starting point for PCPs to consider increasing the ACP discussion with their patients. Primary care providers must create opportunities to meet the needs of their patients and their families. Established guidelines and reimbursement for ACP challenge PCPs to identify and contribute to the formulation of best practices to facilitate AD completion in primary care settings.
Cilia and Polycystic Kidney Disease

The primary cilium is a nearly ubiquitous microtubule-based structure present on most mammalian cell types. The exact function of the primary cilium in the kidney is still being assessed, but data indicate that it is an important signaling and sensory center. The cilium allows cells to respond to external environmental cues by regulating a wide range of pathways, and the cilium has been implicated as a mechanosensor detecting fluid movement across the surface of cells. Pathways currently associated with the cilium include hedgehog, Jak/Stat, mTOR, purinergic, and planar cell polarity. The clinical importance of the cilium is evident by data showing that mutations in many ciliary proteins cause a group of disorders collectively called the ciliopathies, the most common of which is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Patients with ciliopathies frequently exhibit cystic kidney and liver disease, but can also present with a wide spectrum of phenotypes and developmental defects. Currently it is unknown which of the many ciliary pathways are responsible for the development of cyst pathology. This chapter will discuss the current understanding of the role that primary cilia have in the kidney and models of how disruption of ciliary functions may contribute to cystogenesis.
Challenges in the Face of Uncertainty

This conference is focused on action, on ways to adapt to or control large-scale climate change. Before becoming too involved with such specific issues, however, it might be wise to pause and take an overview of the context within which we will be working. What are the assumptions underlying the need for action? What are the impediments to acceptance of these needs by policymakers? I shall begin with a consideration of the second question.