cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Orientation Factor in Single‐Molecule Förster‐Type Resonance Energy Transfer, with Examples for Conformational Transitions in Proteins

Incertitude in the orientation factor, κ2, in Forster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) has thus far hindered the evaluation of donor–acceptor distances in single-molecule measurements. In part, the confusion arises from directly applying ideas developed for ensemble-averaged experiments. By carefully considering the fundamental difference between single-molecule and bulk measurements, it is shown that, regardless of the excited-state lifetime of the chromophores, the idealized value of 2/3 is a very good approximation (within 10% relative error) for a broad range of parameter space for single-molecule FRET applications. Implications for interpreting and designing single-molecule FRET experiments are also discussed.
Lithium carbonate in the treatment of two patients with infantile autism and atypical bipolar symptomatology

Two patients with infantile autism by DSM-III criteria and with atypical bipolar symptomatology were treated with lithium carbonate. Both children demonstrated a significant response with levels above 1.0mEq/liter. Factors that may be useful in discovering patients with autism who may respond to lithium treatment include a family history of bipolar illness; extreme hyperactivity not responsive to a stimulant; a definite cyclic component to symptomatic behaviors; sustained laughter, irritability, or giddiness that is not stereotypic; and/or the presence of many or all of the symptom criteria for bipolar disorder.
Taking initiative: Proactive management and organizational performance in networked environments

While current research in network management focuses on establishing, empirically, that network management contributes positively to organizational performance, theoretical work remains to answer how network management induces positive organizational outcomes. Similarly, although the classical intraorganizational management perspective may seem unsuitable for today's multiorganizational environment, researchers should not abandon what classic organizational theory can offer as the perspective continues to shift. This article represents a first step toward bringing a proactive management perspective to bear on the empirical analysis of managerial activity and program performance, when operating within a networked environment. The goal is to enable researchers to see a clearer picture of how network management, particularly proactive management, influences organizational performance on a set of programmatic indicators. Public education provides the context for the investigation.
The formation of college English: A survey of the archives of eighteenth‐century rhetorical theory and practice

(1990). The formation of college English: A survey of the archives of eighteenth‐century rhetorical theory and practice. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 261-286.
The controlled rectifier

NEW semiconductor devices are being developed constantly. The controlled rectifier is one of the most exciting of these new devices. This device was commercially introduced by the General Electric Company early in 1958 and has been in production ever since. Inasmuch as the controlled rectifier is capable of performing many of the functions of magnetic amplifiers and thyratrons, it represents another tool with which the engineer should be acquainted.
Spatial Succession of Sacred Space in Chicago

Religious landscapes tell much more about a place than just religious adherence. The oftentimes strong correlation between ethnicity and religion means that a religious landscape can also be an ethnic landscape. In urban centers like Chicago, ethnic neighborhoods have long been identified by their central places of worship. The ethnic composition of neighborhoods, however, is not static. As one group moves up and out, another moves in. As a result, places of worship built to accommodate the original ethnic/religious group become places of worship for new residents. In the transition, new and growing groups may choose to share sacred space with the older and declining group. Through spatial succession of sacred space, sharing of sacred space, and converting profane space into sacred space, the ethnic groups of Chicago have created a fascinating and ever-changing religious landscape that tells much about the many different groups who live and worship in the city.
Binding of monoclonal antibodies inhibits dissociation but not exchange of HLA and β2-microglobulin

Abstract Hyafil and Strominger (Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 76:5834, 1979) showed that the complex of papain-solubilized HLA heavy chain and β 2 -microglobulin ( β 2 -m) will measurably dissociate and exchange with free β 2 -m at 37°C but not at 4°C. We have investigated the affects of monoclonal antibodies on these processes. The dissociation reaction at 37°C is inhibited by the presence of HLA-A,B,C, specific monoclonal antibodies. Monomorphic antibodies such as BB7.7 against combinatorial determinants are most potent though antibodies against many different determinants of the HLA heavy chain are effective. This suggests that dissociation of β 2 -m from HLA involves a conformational change of the HLA heavy chain which is prevented by antibody binding. BB7.7 also increased the rate of association of HLA heavy chain and β 2 -m. This affect was significantly greater at 37°C and 25°C than at 4°C. Monoclonal antibodies that inhibited dissociation did not inhibit the β 2 -m exchange reaction. If β 2 -m exchange proceeds through a simple dissociation/association reaction then the affect of antibody inhibition on dissociation is almost exactly compensated by its enhancement of association. Alternatively β 2 -m exchange may not proceed via a simple dissociation/association reaction.
Trichinella spiralis: genetic basis for differential expression of phase-specific intestinal immunity in inbred mice.

Abstract Responsiveness of mouse strains after phase-specific immunization with Trichinella spiralis is compared. Two strains ( NFR N, NFS/N ) showed strong overall responsiveness. The response type could be characterized in phase-specific terms as: strongly anti-adult, weakly to moderately anti-preadult, and strongly antifecundity. By comparison, congenic mice of the C57B1 10 Sn background (B10·A, B10·D2, B10·S, B10·Q) displayed poor total responses that could be characterized as: weakly anti-adult, very weakly anti-preadult, weakly anti-fecundity after preadult immunization, and mixed (weak and strong) after adult immunization. The C 3 H HeJ mouse appeared to be intermediate between the B10·BR and the NFR N strains in overall responsiveness. Genetic determinants of anti-preadult or anti-adult responses of NFR N strain mice were dominant over their B10 congenic counterparts as shown in F1, crosses of NFR N × B1O·BR mice. Since the NFR N (predominantly H-2q) and the NFS N (H-2S) are both strong responders, while the B10·Q(H-2q) and B10·S (H-2S) are weak, it is suggested that the major genes controlling anti-preadult and anti-adult responses are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex. However, variations in anti-adult immunity and anti-fecundity in the B10 congenic mice (B10·Q and B10·S are the strongest responders) suggest that minor genes linked to the MHC exert some control over these responses. Some evidence was obtained for gene complementation as the F1 cross of NFR N and NFS N mice responded more vigorously than the parental lines. We conclude that multiple genes determine anti-T. spiralis intestinal responses in mice. The major genes are unlinked to the major histocompatibility complex whereas several minor genes are linked.
Project Galileo: surviving Io, meeting Cassini

Abstract Galileo has completed the long awaited Io flybys of the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission, and is now pumping up its apojove in each succeeding orbit in preparation for the chance to perform a dual spacecraft observation of the Jupiter System. Making up for the missed opportunity at the beginning of Galileo's primary mission, a total of three close passes by Io have given us an up close and personal look at this highly volcanic body. The results presented include new and exciting information about Io's interactions with Jupiter's magnetosphere, its interior structure, and amazing volcanoes. Galileo Millennium Mission results from a magnetic field study of Europa, and its likely impact on the question of a European ocean are provided. In addition the engineering challenges of operating the spacecraft during the past year are explored, as well as a brief examination of future challenges. The spacecraft has now experienced more than three times the radiation dose it was designed to, and this exposure is contributing to a number of spacecraft problems and concerns. The engineering data being generated by these continuing radiation-induced anomalies, and the ability of the spacecraft to survive these doses, will prove invaluable to designers of future spacecraft to Jupiter and its satellites.
Programmable measurement architecture

Measurement is at least half of network management. Many data centers require huge capital investments to build larger networks with higher link speeds; yet provide surprisingly little visibility into the network and traffic. Switch vendors often treat measurement as a second-class citizen, devoting most resources to control functions. Operators have limited control over what (not) to measure, and thus have to integrate incomplete measurement data from individual devices. Inspired by software-defined networking, we propose to design and build a new programmable measurement architecture that bridges the gap between operator's measurement requirements and device capabilities. We allow operators to flexibly program queries about the network state they need, provide generic and efficient primitives at many devices (hosts, switches, and reconfigurable devices), and automatically match the queries with the primitives. Our solutions have gained significant interests from both production data center operators and programmable switch vendors.
Combined Effects of Shut-in and Production: Solution With a New Inner Boundary Condition

A new approach was used to solve the problem of pressure buildup following constant bottom hole pressure production. Previous methods of solution involve finite difference solution or numerical evaluation of the superposition integral. An analytical solution correct for both the flowing and shut-in periods was obtained by solving the diffusivity equation with a single inner boundary condition which included the mixed conditions for flow and buildup. Both a skin effect and wellbore storage were included even though the production period was at constant wellbore pressure. Solution was obtained by Laplace transformation. The procedure presented in this paper may be used to solve other interesting problems. One example presented is the joint solution of constant rate production and shut-in with wellbore storage and skin effect. The procedure used does not involve superposition. As a consequence it is recommended to increase the field specific mixing energy to a value as close as possible to the API one. This provides optimum slurry quality and good similarity between laboratory and field conditions.
A Systematic Review of Recent Smartphone, Internet and Web 2.0 Interventions to Address the HIV Continuum of Care

eHealth, mHealth and “Web 2.0” social media strategies can effectively reach and engage key populations in HIV prevention across the testing, treatment, and care continuum. To assess how these tools are currently being used within the field of HIV prevention and care, we systematically reviewed recent (2013–2014) published literature, conference abstracts, and funded research. Our searches identified 23 published intervention studies and 32 funded projects underway. In this synthesis we describe the technology modes applied and the stages of the HIV care cascade addressed, including both primary and secondary prevention activities. Overall trends include use of new tools including social networking sites, provision of real-time assessment and feedback, gamification and virtual reality. While there has been increasing attention to use of technology to address the care continuum, gaps remain around linkage to care, retention in care, and initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
Forward to the fundamentals.

To address important biological questions structural studies must be combined with quantitative methods of measurement and analysis derived from physics, chemistry and mathematics.
An extremely rapid burst of respiration upon aeration of mitochondria: measurement of oxygen tension with 10-msec time resolution.

Abstract A continuous-flow apparatus was devised which was capable of measuring oxygen tension with a time resolution of better than 10 msec. Measurements were made with this device on suspensions of beef heart mitochondria. Anaerobic suspensions of mitochondria were aerated, and oxygen tension versus time was measured for times of 15 msec and longer. During the first few hundred milliseconds after aeration, respiration proceeded at a rate much faster than had ever been observed by conventional measurements. After this period, the respiration subsided to a rate comparable to that usually observed. This burst of respiration occurred only under conditions which cyclically discharged the energized state. Resting mitochondria showed no such burst, but mitochondria did show a burst when the energized state was being utilized by proton ejection, cation accumulation, oxidative phosphorylation, or uncoupler action. In the presence of uncoupler, antimycin prevented any burst of respiration, but rotenone plus malonate did not. This last result indicated that the substrates utilized during the burst were the components of the electron-transfer chain which lie between the antimycin block and the rotenone and malonate blocks, components such as CoQ and nonheme iron. This burst of respiration has a time course similar to that of the respiration-dependent proton ejection by mitochondria.
Relation of restenosis after excimer laser angioplasty to fasting insulin levels.

Abstract Several studies have shown that diabetes mellitus increases the risk of restenosis after coronary intervention, but the role of insulin in restenosis has not been defined. The relation between fasting insulin levels and restenosis was evaluated prospectively at 6-month angiographic follow-up in 70 patients undergoing excimer laser coronary angioplasty of 75 lesions. Restenosis (>50% diameter narrowing on quantitative angiography) was observed at 37 of 75 treated sites (49%). Although patients with glucose intolerance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus showed a trend toward increased restenosis (restenosis rate 69%; odds ratio for restenosis 2.7 [95% confidence interval 0.76, 9.82]; p = 0.124), those with increased fasting insulin levels >15 μU/ml had reduced restenosis (restenosis rate 24%; odds ratio 0.22 [0.07, 0.67]; p = 0.008). Other factors including fasting serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin and lipoprotein fraction were not predictive of restenosis. The relation between insulin levels and restenosis after excimer laser angioplasty may provide insights into the biology of vascular injury and repair after coronary intervention.
Demography and the canonical ensemble

The Gibbs canonical ensemble of statistical mechanics is used to describe the probability distribution of the age classes of mothers of new-borns in an age-structured population. The Malthusian parameter emerges as a Lagrange multiplier corresponding to a generation time constraint, while a new perturbation parameter appears as the Lagrange multiplier corresponding to a maternity constraint. Classical Lotka stability reduces to the unperturbed case of the more general canonical ensemble model. The model is used in a case study of the female (peninsular) Malaysian population of 1970. The Malthusian parameter and perturbation are calculated easily by linear regression. Use of the model identifies an anomaly in the population due to the effects of World War II.
Examination of level of analysis accuracy for curved I-girder bridges through comparisons to field data

To evaluate the accuracy of different levels of analysis used to predict horizontally curved steel I-girder bridge response, a field test was performed on a three-span structure. Collected strain data were reduced to determine girder vertical and bottom flange lateral bending moments. Experimental moments were compared to numerical moments obtained from three commonly employed levels of analysis. Level 1 analysis includes two manual calculation methods: a line girder analysis method described in the AASHTO Guide Specification for Horizontally Curved Highway Bridges, and the V-load method. Grillage models represent Level 2 and were created using three commercially available computer programs: SAP2000, MDX, and DESCUS. Level 3 consists of three-dimensional 3D finite element models created using SAP2000 and the BSDI 3D system. Responses obtained from each level are compared and discussed for a single radial cross section of the structure, and the compared results involve truck loads and placement schemes that do not represent those used for bridge design. The field test and numerical data presented are used solely to determine the accuracy of each level of analysis for predicting structure response to a specific live load at a specific cross section. Results showed that Level 2 and Level 3 analyses predict girder vertical bending moment distributions more accurately than Level 1 analyses throughout the tested cross section. The comparisons indicate that Level 3 girder vertical bending moment distributions offered no appreciable increase in accuracy over Level 2 analyses. The study also indicates that both Level 1 and Level 3 analyses provide bottom flange lateral bending moment distributions that do not correlate well with field test results for the studied bridge cross section.
Io's fast sodium: Implications for molecular and atomic atmospheric escape

Recent observational evidence for sodium-bearing molecular ions in the Io plasma torus has strong implications for the nature of Io's atmosphere (Schneider et al. 1991). We use a Monte Carlo model offast-sodium production to analyze high-resolution ground-based images of sodium emission. We find the observations can be explained if a significant fraction of Io's exobase is molecular, possible including a sodium-bearing molecule, Total sodium loss rates from Io imply a collisionally thick atmosphere. Most of the images indicate significant slow-down of the corotating plasma near Io.
Contextual coherence and attention in phoneme monitoring

Abstract In a series of experiments (Eimas, Hornstein, & Payton, Journal of Memory and Language, 1990, 29, 160–180) , secondary tasks that required lexical knowledge induced lexical effects on phoneme monitoring times when the target-bearing items were presented in isolation. Lexical effects were not found in the absence of secondary tasks. In the present series of experiments in which the same target-bearing items were embedded in sentential contexts, lexical effects were not obtained with or without a secondary task. A word frequency effect was obtained, however, when target-bearing words were embedded in incoherent contexts composed of randomly ordered word strings, but only when a secondary task was required. The influence of sentential coherence and processing demands and their relation to the focus of attention during phoneme monitoring was discussed along with the role of lexical knowledge on the formation of a prelexical, presumably phonetic code during perception of connected speech.
O-Silylation and Attempted O-Alkylation of Lithium Ester Enolates. The Synthesis of O-Silyl Ketene Acetals.

Abstract The reaction of ketone enolates with alkylating or silylating reagents can be used to prepare O-alkyl or O-silyl vinyl ethers1. An analogous reaction of ester enolates would produce O-alkyl (I) or O-silyl (II) ketene acetals2. Such a simple route to ketene acetal structures would appear to be of major synthetic value3. Consequently, we have studied the reaction of lithium ester enolates, obtained from the corresponding esters and lithium N-isopropylcyclohexylamide (LiICA)4 as shown in eq. 1, with a variety of alkylating and silylating reagents.
Are They Living What They Learn?: Assessing Knowledge and Attitude Change in Introductory Politics Courses

Many assessment studies are devoted to discovering whether student knowledge increases after successful completion of a specific course; fewer studies attempt to examine whether students undergo a change in their values and attitudes as a result of that coursework. Given the continuing emphasis on assessment and the fulfillment of core curriculum goals at universities across the country, we designed a two-phase study of student learning outcomes in both core curriculum and major requirement courses. In addition to measuring changes in student knowledge, we also examine student attitude changes as a result of taking Introduction to World Politics or American National Government. We theorize that teaching such courses may impact student attitudes in such a way as to increase both knowledge and the likelihood of political participation. As such, our study provides insights into whether our students are meeting established student learning outcomes, but it also has implications for public policy and politics....
Intertemporal substitution in import demand

Abstract This paper investigates the role of intertemporal substitution in US import demand using a model of import consumption based on the permanent income hypothesis. Estimation of the model yields an intertemporal elasticity for consumer imports which is close to 0.8, an estimate which may include importers' purchase and inventory responses to the real interest rate. The implied relative price elasticity of import consumption is also estimated to be close to one. These results indicate that consumption imports may respond to changes in their intertemporal price, as well as changes in their price relative to that of domestic substitutes.
Seeing sounds: exploring musical social networks

Information gathering from multimedia retrieval systems is aided by effective visualization, but the degree to which visualization is effective depends in part on the way the context of the results is presented. When relationships represent media rich connections, static visualization alone may not be enough. This work explores how to represent context and utilize multimedia to convey a more accurate sense of search results. As a representative case, we explore various presentations of social networks formed by expert opinions of musical artist similarity. Our work extends research in information visualization and music retrieval to create a multimedia search experience. Three interactive presentation styles are used; graph-based 2D, Desktop 3D (VRML), and CAVE (immersive Virtual Reality). Visual models are augmented with spatial audio in 3D, and hyperlinks to sound files in 2D. Results of a preliminary user study of these styles are discussed along with implications for recommender system design.
Integration of Modern Software Tools for Virtual Prototyping and Intelligent Control of Mechanical Systems

Modern software tools have enhanced modeling, analysis and simulation capabilities pertaining to control of dynamic systems. In this regard MSC. Software’s Working Model and Mathwork’s MATLAB software environments have been extensively utilized in recent years in the industry as well as in academia. In this paper simulation studies involving PID (Proportional + Integral + Derivative) control and fuzzy logic control of simple mechanical devices are reported. The simulations are performed by integrating virtual prototyping capability of Working Model and the computational engine of MATLAB. The integration of the two software tools provide a powerful platform for studying different control algorithms for a variety of mechanical and mechatronic devices.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Formation of deeply bound molecules via chainwise adiabatic passage

We suggest and analyze a technique for efficient and robust creation of dense ultracold molecular ensembles in their ground rovibrational state. In our approach a molecule is brought to the ground state through a series of intermediate vibrational states via a multistate chainwise stimulated Raman adiabatic passage technique. We study the influence of the intermediate states decay on the transfer process and suggest an approach that minimizes the population of these states, resulting in a maximal transfer efficiency. As an example, we analyze the formation of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}_{2}$ starting from an initial Feshbach molecular state and taking into account major decay mechanisms due to inelastic atom-molecule and molecule-molecule collisions. Numerical analysis suggests a transfer efficiency $g90%$, even in the presence of strong collisional relaxation as are present in a high density atomic gas.
Fire and Fuel Management Communication Strategies: Citizen Evaluations of Agency Outreach Activities

ABSTRACT Wildfire impacts have increased in recent years. In response, public agencies have undertaken measures to reduce forest fuels and improve forest health conditions. To be successful these programs require a supportive local constituency. Research has identified a relationship between public understanding of, and support for, fuel and fire management activities. Correspondingly, in many areas federal agencies have focused their communication strategies on fuel management programs. This article draws on research in adult learning to develop a framework to evaluate citizen reactions to 11 different outreach programs at study locations in Arizona, Colorado, Oregon, and Utah. Few differences in citizen reactions were found among study locations, but results suggest interactive formats were more effective than unidirectional methods and are also more consistent with principles of adult learning. However, people were less likely to have participated in interactive activities. Contributions of learning th...
Nematocyst complements of nudibranchs in the genus Flabellina in the Gulf of Maine and the effect of diet manipulations on the cnidom of Flabellina verrucosa

Aeolid nudibranchs maintain functional nematocysts, which are sequestered from the nudibranchs’ cnidarian prey and provide protection against predators. Some species exhibit extensive variation in incorporated nematocysts, while others maintain a limited number of types. This study examines the apparent diversity in uptake and patterns of nematocyst incorporation among related species. Nematocyst complements were described for four Gulf of Maine nudibranch species in the genus Flabellina exhibiting a variety of feeding strategies and prey specificities. Diet manipulations were performed to examine the response to changing nematocyst availability using a generalist consumer, Flabellina verrucosa, to assess nematocyst uptake based on diet. The flabellinid species examined exhibited significant differences in nematocyst incorporation, reflecting differences in their specificity as predators and nematocyst types available in their natural prey. The nematocyst complement of F. verrucosa was the most variable and differed among collection regions. When diet was manipulated, nematocyst uptake depended on the prey the nudibranchs consumed, but when offered a variety of prey, F. verrucosa selectively preferred nematocysts from scyphistomae. The observed variation in nematocyst uptake among species and regions probably relates to environmental disparities among populations.
Flavor preferences conditioned by high-fat versus high-carbohydrate diets vary as a function of session length.

Intragastric (i.g.) infusions of fat and carbohydrate condition flavor preferences in rats, but different results have been obtained in studies using pure and mixed nutrient infusions. This experiment compared the preference conditioning effects of mixed high-carbohydrate (HC) and high-fat (HF) diet infusions during short-term and long-term sessions. In Experiment 1 food-deprived rats were given one flavored saccharin solution (CS+HC) paired with i.g. infusions of an HC liquid diet, a second flavor (CS+HF) paired with HF diet infusions, and a third flavor (CS-) paired with i.g. water infusions during 30-min one-bottle training sessions. In subsequent two-bottle tests (30 min/day), the rats preferred both CS+s to the CS- and preferred the CS+HC to the CS+HF. In Experiment 2, the same rats were trained and tested with the CSs and paired infusions during 22 h/day sessions with chow available ad lib. Both CS+s were again preferred to the CS-, but now the CS+HF was preferred to the CS+HC. When given additional 30-min choice sessions in Experiment 3 the rats showed no reliable preference for the CS+HC versus CS+HF under food-deprived or ad lib conditions. In Experiment 4, the rats were given 22-h CS+HC versus CS+HF choice sessions every other day. They showed no reliable CS preference during the first 30 min of each session, but reliably preferred the CS+HF during the remaining 21.5 h. These findings indicate that previously reported differences in preferences conditioned by pure versus mixed nutrient infusions are due to training procedures (session length, deprivation state) rather than to the type of nutrient infusions per se. The rats displayed different CS+HF versus CS+HC preferences as a function of test duration even after being given both short- and long-term training. Thus, short-term choice tests do not always predict the long-term intakes and preferences for high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods.
New insights in solving distributed system equations by the quadrature method—II. Numerical experiments

Abstract The results of a series of numerical experiments are presented to verify some of the important points made in Part I of this paper. First, the numerical solutions of various linear and nonlinear differential equations, which were obtained by following the proposed general procedure, are compared with the analytical solutions. It can be observed that a high degree of accuracy is achieved in every case. Second, quadrature coefficients determined by using the explicit formulae derived in this work are shown to be more superior than those by the conventional approach of inverting the Vandermonde matrix. Third, the suggested grid point placement scheme is demonstrated to be better than any other available choice, including the one adopted in the orthogonal collocation method. Finally, the developed techniques are applied to obtain the solution of a chemical engineering problem.
Black and Multiracial Politics in America Edited by Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh and Lawrence J. Hanks. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 404p. $55.00 cloth, $21.00 paper.

The waves of immigrants arriving in the United States over the last 20 years, largely from Latin America and Asia, have settled in a few states—mainly California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey—and in big cities in those states. Like the migration of African Americans to northern cities in the twentieth century and the suburbanization of whites, this demographic transformation is remaking urban politics. Black and Multiracial Politics in America, a collection of original essays, addresses the implications of this change for “the practice and process of black and multiracial politics in American society” (p. xiii). The authors seek to forge a new link between the study of black and the study of multiracial politics.
Clinical effects of glucose-insulin-potassium on left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction: Results from a randomized clinical trial

Abstract The effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) on hemodynamics and left ventricular (LV) function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were investigated in a prospective randomized study. Patients who presented with suspected AMI were candidates for this study if prerandomization evaluation was completed within 12 hours from onset of chest pain. Patients over 75 years of age, insulin-dependent diabetics, patients with renal insufficlency, and comatose patients were excluded. Following completion of baseline hemodynamic measurements, patients were randomly allocated to 48-hour infusion of 300 gm G, 500 units I, and 80 mEq KCl per liter at rate of 1.5 ml/kg/hr or to conventional therapy. In addition to serial hemodynamic measurements, dextran LV function curves (LVFC) were constructed during the second and third days to assess extent of LV injury. Eighty-five of 118 patients who were initially randomized into this study had AMI documented by diagnostic rise and fall of CK-MB isoenzyme. Baseline characteristics and hemodynamics were similar for GIK and control patients with AMI. GIK patients who presented with their initial AMI had significant reduction in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure from prerandomization value of 16 ± 1 to 10 ± 1 by day 3, compared to 18 ± 1 to 16 ± 1 mm Hg for control patients ( p 2 for control patients ( p p p
Aretaic Appraisal and Practical Reasons

When we criticize someone for being unjust, deceitful, or imprudent—or commend him as just, truthful, or wise—what is the content of our evaluation? On one way of thinking, evaluating agents in terms that employ aretaic concepts evaluates how they regulate their actions (and judgment-sensitive attitudes) in light of the reasons that bear on them. On this virtue-centered view of practical reasons appraisal, evaluations of agents in terms of ethical virtues (and vices) are, inter alia, evaluations of them as practical reasoners. Here I consider and respond to an objection that threatens to debunk the virtue-centered view.
Somatosensory evoked potential assessment of the inferior alveolar nerve following third molar extraction

Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve can occur during 3rd molar removal. In this study, 14 patients who had 3rd molars removed were evaluated by 4 methods: 1) threshold to electrical stimulation, 2) visual analogue scale subjective ratings of electrical stimulation, 3) two-point discrimination in mental nerve area, and 4) analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials. The last technique proved to be the most sensitive of the methods, providing an objective evaluation as compared to other methods which require a subjective interpretation by the patient.
Prostaglandin release and altered microvascular integrity after burn injury.

Alterations in microvascular integrity occur after thermal injury in both burned and nonburned tissues including the lung resulting in increases in transvascular fluid and protein flux. Our purpose was to determine the role of the potent vasoactive prostaglandins, prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TxA2), in this process. We monitored fluid flux and protein permeability in lung, and in burned (B) and nonburned (NB) soft tissue using lymph flow, QL, and lymph protein content in 14 adult sheep after a 30% body burn. We measured levels of TxA2 as TxB2 and PGI2 as 6-keto-PGF1α in lymph and plasma over a 48-hr period. QL increased by 200–300% in lung and NB tissue in the first 12 hr, returning to baseline by 48 hr. Protein permeability was unchanged in lung and transiently increased in NB. Lymph PGI2 was increased, from 0.3 to 1.5 ng/ml in lung and 0.5 to 1.7 ng/ml in NB. Levels returned to baseline with QL. TxB2 levels were not increased. In B tissue, QL increased by 5- to 10-fold as did protein permeability, with PGI2 levels increasing from 0.3 to 10.9 ng/ml. Both QL and PGI2 remained increased for over 48 hr. TxB2 was unchanged. We, therefore, found that variable degrees of microvascular change occurred in lung, NB, and B soft tissue after thermal injury. Lymph PGI2 corresponded in both degree and time course with the measured microvascular injury. Thromboxane did not appear to play a role in this process.
More Recent Progress in the Preparation of Au Nanostructures, Properties, and Applications

Au nanoparticles exhibit excellent compatibility with biomolecules and some distinct optical properties. Their two popular features, the color change upon aggregation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhancement, have been exploited in analytical chemistry, biosensing platforms, and immunoassays. The preparation of monodispersed Au nanoparticles with improved electronic, optical, and chemical properties is still an on-going and formidable task. This review aims to outline the most significant and recent progress towards the utilization of gold nanoparticles in biosensing.
Simulated concentration profiles of redox centers in thin polymer films: Oxidation-state dependence of diffusion and partitioning between film and solu

Abstract Charge and mass transport in polymer films containing electrostatically bound redox centers are complicated by several factors: (1) the partitioning of the redox centers out of the film and into the adjacent solution, (2) the diffusion of redox centers within the film and in solution, and (3) the state of oxidation of the film, which affects the diffusivities locally. In this paper, digital simulations are used to analyze the effects of these factors separately on concentration profiles established laterally in a film between parallel cathodic and anodic band electrodes. The simulations are based on explicit finite difference methods and include partitioning of redox molecules between film and solution. The partitioning is governed by capacity factors for oxidized, A, and reduced, B, species, analogous to those defined in separation science, where solutes partition between stationary and mobile phases. Linear concentration profiles are obtained for cases where diffusion is (1) limited to the film without leaching of redox centers into the solution, and (2) limited to the solution, but with a partitioning equilibrium between the film and solution. The ratio of the slopes of the concentration profiles for B and A depends on the ratio of diffusion coefficients D A / D B and on the ratio of capacity factors k ′ B ′/ k ′ A . Non-linear concentration profiles are established when transport depends on the state of oxidation of the film.
Observation of Nucleation and Growth of CdS Nanocrystals in a Two-phase System

The nucleation and growth kinetics of CdS nanocrystals in a two-phase synthesis system have been investigated. It was found that the nucleation process is quite lengthy and overlapped with the growth process; nevertheless, as formed nanocrystals show extremely narrow size distribution owing to the unique heterogeneous reacting environment and Ostwald ripening growth. The nucleation and growth kinetics of the nanocrystals were also influenced strongly by the monomer concentration, capping agent concentration, and solvent polarity. It was also found that a high monomer concentration, a low capping agent concentration, and low solvent polarity lead to a higher maximum nucleus concentration and nanocrystal concentration, while high polarity solvents are favorable for the formation of nanocrystals with narrower size distribution and higher photoluminescence quantum yield.
Proposal for an allele nomenclature system based on the evolutionary divergence of haplotypes

The classical view of what constitutes an “allele” has been challenged by recent findings of a great deal of human genetic variability, i.e., we can expect, on average, one variant site every 100–250 bases of our haploid genome. The haplotype is defined as “the patterns of co-occurrence of variant sites on the same chromosome” (and therefore within each particular gene). Sufficient evidence exists for the divergence of haplotypes during evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens, and the total number of haplotypes per gene will reflect the amount of time any particular ethnic group has existed on the planet, e.g., greatest in Africans, fewer in East Asians, and still fewer in Caucasians. If the average gene spans 30 kb, we can expect ∼170 polymorphic variant sites per gene in the world population. We do not see 2170 haplotypes, however; we might find only 10 to 200 haplotypes (depending on the gene's size and degree of conservation of the gene product). This finite number allows for a reasonable haplotype nomenclature system for each gene, based on evolutionary divergence. For polymorphic variants (i.e., frequency ≥ 0.01), I propose using Arabic numerals for the major clades (e.g., *1, *2, … *20, *21), capital letters for sublineages (e.g., *2A, *2B, *2C), and Arabic numerals for sub-sublineages (e.g., *22G12, *22G13); additional subcategories may be added, in an alternating number/letter/number/letter sequence, depending on the complexity of present-day haplotypes of a particular gene. Web sites with a web master and external advisory committee should be set up for each gene superfamily, family, or individual gene (depending on complexity), and an international haplotype nomenclature committee, perhaps comprised of several dozen of these web masters, should oversee haplotype nomenclature for the entire human genome. The higher heterozygosity and multiallelic nature makes haplotypes more informative than biallelic SNPs. Ultimately, our knowledge of haplotype patterns, rather than single variant sites, of perhaps several hundred genes will likely be helpful in finding associations between genotype and any multiplex phenotype (e.g., complex diseases including cancer, and/or toxicity of pharmaceutical agents or environmental pollutants). Hum Mutat 20:463–472, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of scientists in developing Hubble Space Telescope

The objective of the Hubble Space Telescope Program is to build and operate a high-performance, fully-instrumented and long-lived optical observatory in earth orbit. Key Program elements are (1) a logistic strategy of Shuttle launch/maintenance and TDRSS communications, (2) overall responsibility at the MSFC Project for developing both the flight and ground systems, and (3) scientific participation in ST development and responsibility after launch for conducting the observing program. The ST Project is a management structure with a budget and schedule for delivering an ST system capable of achieving its established scientific objectives. The Project distributes through contracts the responsibility for supplying particular components, but retains the responsibility for system-level integrity. Scientists have set the performance objectives and now support the Project during the development stage by providing (1) PI management of the five Science Instruments, (2) continuing translations of scientific requirements into engineering specifications, (3) oversight of designs and performance tests, and (4) specific expertise on technical concerns.
Sequence-specific recognition of DNA in the nucleosome by pyrrole-imidazole polyamides.

The ability of DNA-binding proteins to recognize their cognate sites in chromatin is restricted by the structure and dynamics of nucleosomal DNA, and by the translational and rotational positioning of the histone octamer. Here, we use six different pyrrole-imidazole polyamides as sequence-specific molecular probes for DNA accessibility in nucleosomes. We show that sites on nucleosomal DNA facing away from the histone octamer, or even partially facing the histone octamer, are fully accessible and that nucleosomes remain fully folded upon ligand binding. Polyamides only failed to bind where sites are completely blocked by interactions with the histone octamer. Removal of the amino-terminal tails of either histone H3 or histone H4 allowed these polyamides to bind. These results demonstrate that much of the DNA in the nucleosome is freely accessible for molecular recognition in the minor groove, and also support a role for the amino-terminal tails of H3 and H4 in modulating accessibility of nucleosomal DNA.
Building steady-state simulators via hierarchical feedback decomposition

In recent years, compositional modeling and self-explanatory simulation techniques have simplified the process of building dynamic simulators of physical systems. Building steady-state simulators is, conceptually, a simpler task consisting in solving a set algebraic equations. This simplicity hides delicate technical issues of convergence and search-space size due to the potentially large number of unknown parameters. We present an automated technique for reducing the dimensionality of the problem by 1) automatically identifying feedback loops (a generally NP-complete problem), 2) hierarchically decomposing the set of equations in terms of feedback loops, and 3) structuring a simulator where equations are solved either serially without search or in isolation within a feedback loop. This paper describes the key algorithms and the results of their implementation on building simulators for a two-phase evaporator loop system across multiple combinations of causal and non-causal approximations.
Ensemble non-negative matrix factorization methods for clustering protein–protein interactions

Motivation: When working with large-scale protein interaction data, an important analysis task is the assignment of pairs of proteins to groups that correspond to higher order assemblies. Previously a common approach to this problem has been to apply standard hierarchical clustering methods to identify such a groups. Here we propose a new algorithm for aggregating a diverse collection of matrix factorizations to produce a more informative clustering, which takes the form of a ‘soft’ hierarchy of clusters. Results: We apply the proposed Ensemble non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to a high-quality assembly of binary protein interactions derived from two proteome-wide studies in yeast. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the algorithm lends itself to discovering small localized structures in this data, which correspond to known functional groupings of complexes. In addition, we show that the algorithm also supports the assignment of putative functions for previously uncharacterized proteins, for instance the protein YNR024W, which may be an uncharacterized component of the exosome. Contact: derek.greene@ucd.ie Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at http://mlg.ucd.ie/nmf.
Cortisol Modulation of Osteoblast Metabolic Activity in Cultured Neonatal Rat Bone

The effects of cortisol on basal levels of indices of osteoblast metabolic activity and on PTH regulation of osteoblast activity in vitro were examined in intact bone preparations from neonatal rat calvaria. Uniform punch sections from the frontal portion of calvaria of 3-day-old rats were cultured for 24 h at 37 C in modified BGJb medium. When bone sections were incubated in medium supplemented with cortisol (100 nm) for 24 h, indices of osteoblast metabolic activity, expressed both per total bone section and per μg bone DNA, were significantly increased relative to control values. Expressed per fig DNA, the following percentage increases were observed in cortisol-treated cultures: alkaline phosphatase activity, +22± (P < 0.02); [3H] collagen synthesis, +41± (P < 0.001); and [14C]citrate decarboxylation, + 108± (P < 0.001). Total DNA per bone section after 24 h was increased by 18± (P < 0.01), and [3H]thymidine incorporation at 24 h was increased by 26± (P < 0.01) relative to control values. Stimulation ...
ONE-DIMENSIONAL AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL ESTIMATES OF ABUTMENT SCOUR PREDICTION VARIABLES

An experimental study of the estimation of hydraulic parameters needed in bridge abutment scour formulas is presented. Two different compound channel geometries are studied with rough floodplains in shallow overbank flow. Vertical-wall and spill-through abutment shapes are included in the study, with the abutment face located on the floodplain for various embankment lengths. Water surface profiles and velocity distributions are measured and compared with predictions made by the one-dimensional (1-D) model WSPRO and a two-dimensional k-e turbulence model developed in previous research. The results show that a 1-D model can predict scour parameters reasonably well in the bridge approach section but not in the bridge contraction section.