cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low to near-zero CO2 production of hydrogen from fossil fuels: Status and perspectives

Abstract At present, practically all industrial production of hydrogen either directly or indirectly (e.g., through electricity generation) relies on fossil fuels (mostly, natural gas and coal) and, according to many projections, this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. As a result, hydrogen plants are and will remain a major source of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, with potentially adverse consequences to our planet's ecosphere and climate. In view of these negative trends, there is an urgent need to substantially reduce or even completely eliminate CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based hydrogen production processes in order to underscore environmental advantages of hydrogen as an ecologically clean fuel. The main technological approaches to low to near-zero CO2 production of hydrogen from fossil fuels can be classified into three main groups: (1) coupling hydrogen plants with CO2 capture and storage systems, (2) dissociation of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon, and (3) integrating hydrogen production processes with non-carbon energy sources such as nuclear and solar energy. The objective of this paper is to overview and analyze the current status of existing and emerging technological options and solutions to drastically reducing the amount of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based hydrogen manufacturing plants. A near-to-mid term outlook for low to near-zero CO2 hydrogen production from fossil fuels in the light of new technological trends is examined in this paper.
Obesity Accelerates Alzheimer-Related Pathology in APOE4 but Not APOE3 Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is modified by both genetic and environmental risk factors, which are believed to interact to cooperatively modify pathogenesis. Although numerous genetic and environmental risk factors for AD have been identified, relatively little is known about potential gene-environment interactions in regulating disease risk. The strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4). An important modifiable risk factor for AD is obesity, which has been shown to increase AD risk in humans and accelerate development of AD-related pathology in rodent models. Potential interactions between APOE4 and obesity are suggested by the literature but have not been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, we evaluated this relationship by studying the effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in the EFAD mouse model, which combines familial AD transgenes with human APOE3 or APOE4. Male E3FAD and E4FAD mice were maintained for 12 weeks on either a control diet or a Western diet high in saturated fat and sugars. We observed that metabolic outcomes of DIO were similar in E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Importantly, our data showed a significant interaction between diet and APOE genotype on AD-related outcomes in which Western diet was associated with robust increases in amyloid deposits, β-amyloid burden, and glial activation in E4FAD but not in E3FAD mice. These findings demonstrate an important gene-environment interaction in an AD mouse model that suggests that AD risk associated with obesity is strongly influenced by APOE genotype.
Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equilibria with continuous magnetic fields

A brief critique is presented of some different classes of magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium solutions based on their continuity properties and whether the magnetic field is integrable or not. A generalized energy functional is introduced that is comprised of alternating ideal regions, with nested flux surfaces with an irrational rotational transform, and Taylor-relaxed regions, possibly with magnetic islands and chaos. The equilibrium states have globally continuous magnetic fields, and may be constructed for arbitrary three-dimensional plasma boundaries and appropriately prescribed pressure and rotational-transform profiles.
FGF23 and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with CKD.

Background and Objectives High plasma concentration of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in adults with CKD, and induces myocardial hypertrophy in experimental CKD. We hypothesized that high FGF23 levels associate with a higher prevalence of LVH in children with CKD. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We performed echocardiograms and measured plasma C-terminal FGF23 concentrations in 587 children with mild-to-moderate CKD enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. We used linear and logistic regression to analyze the association of plasma FGF23 with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and LVH (LVMI ≥95th percentile), adjusted for demographics, body mass index, eGFR, and CKD-specific factors. We also examined the relationship between FGF23 and LVH by eGFR level. Results Median age was 12 years (interquartile range, 8–15) and eGFR was 50 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (interquartile range, 38–64). Overall prevalence of LVH was 11%. After adjustment for demographics and body mass index, the odds of having LVH was higher by 2.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 4.97; P Conclusions Plasma FGF23 concentration ≥170 RU/ml is an independent predictor of LVH in children with eGFR≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2.
The Behavioral Sciences and Sociobiology: A Darwinian Approach

Darwinian natural selection theory is the theory of choice for the overwhelming majority of behavioral biologists interested in the evolution of adaptive social behavior despite many challenges to the discipline of sociobiology over the years. The initial criticisms came from a group of ideologues who argued that sociobiology was based on a form of genetic determinism. This view was dismissed by working sociobiologists for several reasons but primarily because the criticism fundamentally misrepresents the goal of the discipline, which is to test hypotheses about the evolution and adaptive value of social traits and not to examine the proximate causes that influence the development of an individual’s social behavior during its lifetime. Among the additional opposing views to the discipline that have been presented over the years are those held by academics who believe (1) that evolution occurs because of differences among groups (not individuals), (2) that kin selection theory (an amendment to Darwinian natural selection theory) has failed and should be dropped, and (3) that Darwinian sexual selection (a subset of natural selection theory) should be replaced by a more modern and inclusive theory of the evolutionary effects of the interactions between the sexes. This chapter debunks each of these competitors. Darwinian theory as modified over the last 50 years continues to be the basis for evolutionary research into the interactions between the sexes, helpful behavior in its various forms, especially the evolution of altruistic behavior, and all aspects of human sociality.
Polarisation-free and high-resolution holographic grating recording and optical phase conjugation with azo-dye doped blue-phase liquid crystals

ABSTRACTWe present the results of a detailed study of the mechanism and dynamics of holographic Bragg grating formation in azo-dye doped blue-phase liquid crystals. The principal mechanism leading to refractive index modulation is lattice distortion caused by photo-activated trans–cis isomerism of the azo-dye dopant. High diffraction efficiency bulk (Bragg) gratings with grating spacing as small as 1 μm can be written with low optical power and do not require specific optical field polarisation. Furthermore, the written grating can be prolonged by uniform illumination with another laser, instead of being erased. Azo-doped blue-phase liquid crystals thus present themselves as highly promising photosensitive materials for high-resolution holographic recording and image processing application. An experimental demonstration of holographic image reconstruction via optical phase conjugation with excellent aberration correction capability is presented.
Dental management of children with asthma

Asthma affects about 1 in 10 children. The condition is characterized by acute respiratory distress brought on by environmental factors. The condition is treated with medications aimed to reduce reaction to stimulants by the airway. Dental management involves attention to the status of the patient and awareness of stimulants of the reactive airway. Clinical recommendations are provided.
Untangling Object-View Manifold for Multiview Recognition and Pose Estimation

The problem of multi-view/view-invariant recognition remains one of the most fundamental challenges to the progress of the computer vision. In this paper we consider the problem of modeling the combined object-viewpoint manifold. The shape and appearance of an object in a given image is a function of its category, style within category, viewpoint, and several other factors. The visual manifold (in any chosen feature representation space) given all these variability collectively is very hard and even impossible to model. We propose an efficient computational framework that can untangle such a complex manifold, and achieve a model that separates a view-invariant category representation, from category-invariant pose representation. We outperform the state of the art in the three widely used multiview dataset, for both category recognition, and pose estimation.
The Chronaxie and Propagation Velocity of Canine Cervical Vagus Nerve Fibers In Vivo

A recent medical development is the stimulation of the left afferent vagus nerve to control seizures in man. It is well known that vagus nerves innervate the heart; however, when afferent fibers are stimulated so are efferent fibers. Basic to the understanding of afferent fiber stimulation is the fundamental excitability properties of the vagus nerve. In this study, we measured chronaxie, rheobase and propagation velocity in the intact dog cervical afferent vagus nerve. Five adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, weighing 22–29 kg, were sedated with thiopental sodium, intubated, and connected to an anesthesia machine delivering isoflurane and oxygen. The ventral side of the neck was dissected and two bipolar electrodes were then placed on the vagus nerve, as far from one another as possible, and data were collected in the form of the strength–duration curve using single rectangular current pulses. Two different fiber types, which we designated A and B, were identified electrophysiologically. The average values for chronaxie were 75.4 ± 24.5 μs for A fibers and 82.3 ± 23.3 μs for B fibers. Values for rheobase were 0.63 ± 0.18 mA for A fibers and 0.66 ± 0.22 mA for B fibers. Propagation velocities were 59.0 ± 9.6 m/s for A fibers and 43.4 ± 8.0 m/s for B fibers. With an effective electrode area of 5 mm2, this yields current densities of 13.0 mA/cm2 and 12.9 mA/cm2 for A and B fibers respectively. We also identified fibers in the right vagus, which we called BH, with propagation velocity of 5.75 ± 0.35 m/s, which appears to be responsible for cardiac slowing. Fibers with a high propagation velocity appeared to have a short chronaxie and fibers with a low propagation velocity appeared to have a long chronaxie; however, no definitive relationship between propagation velocity and chronaxie was found.
Manipulating and Patterning Micro/Nanoparticles in Liquid Using Multimode Membrane Resonators

We report on the experimental exploration of manipulating and patterning micro- and nanoparticles through engineering a micro mechanical resonating membrane platform that operates in liquid. By exploiting the Chladni figures effect, we demonstrate that particles (such as silver nanobeads, silicon oxide micro- and nanobeads, polyethylene microbeads) dispersed on top of the rectangular vibrating membranes can organize into diverse cluster patterns, in response to the devices' multimode resonances in liquid. These particles (-10nm-l0μm in diameters) are observed to aggregate at the antinodes of each mode within seconds, and controlling the excitation frequency can spatially reconfigure the particle assembly in situ. Computational results support the experimental observations and elucidate that the boundary streaming dominates the particle aggregation at the antinodal locations. Further, we realize a 3×3 array of square membranes to demonstrate parallel patterning on the same chip, exemplifying the scalability of this microdevice technology.
Toward a socioecological model of gentrification: How people, place, and policy shape neighborhood change

ABSTRACTResearchers have determined many of the factors that make neighborhoods susceptible to gentrification, but we know less about why some gentrification-susceptible neighborhoods gentrify and others do not. Some studies claim that internal neighborhood features such as historic housing stock are the most powerful determinants of gentrification, whereas other studies argue that a lack of strong affordable housing policies is the primary driver of neighborhood change. In this article, we move beyond a focus on singular determinants to recognize the interplay between these variables. We develop a socioecological model of gentrification in which we characterize neighborhood change as shaped by nested layers we categorize as people (e.g., demographics), place (e.g., built environment), and policy (e.g., housing programs). We then test the model in the five largest urban regions in the United States to begin to determine which variables within the people, place, and policy layers best predict whether a nei...
Strategies to improve uniformity in brain death determination.

In April 2018, Harvard Medical School sponsored a program commemorating the 50th anniversary of that institution's landmark report in JAMA, which was highly influential in establishing brain death as a medical standard for determining human death.1 Authorities presented papers summarizing the areas of consensus over the past 50 years and the remaining controversies. Given this recent status report on the consensus on best practices to determine brain death, and the generally uniform laws governing it in the United States, it is therefore ironic to learn that many physicians continue to conduct its determination incorrectly and with a high degree of variability.
Recessive pediatric-onset cone-rod dysfunction or dominant maculopathy in a consanguineous family harboring the peripherin mutation p.Arg220Gln.

Purpose Heterozygous peripherin mutation is associated with a wide range of typically adult-onset retinal phenotypes which can include asymptomatic maculopathy. There are few reports of biallelic peripherin mutations, only one of which detailed the ophthalmic phenotype. This report documents the retinal phenotype associated with homozygosity for a known peripherin mutation (c.659G>A; p.Arg220Gln), highlights its similar appearance to what was described in the one previous report, and shows how examination of family members can be useful in genetic diagnosis. Methods Retrospective case series. Results A 13-year-old Emirati boy was referred for low vision. The parents felt he was blind at birth but noted improvement with time. Retinal examination was significant for central macula horizontal ovoid discoloration as was documented for young adults with homozygous peripherin mutations in the one previous report. Electroretinography revealed cone-rod dysfunction. Both asymptomatic parents were examined and found to have central macular abnormalities. Sanger sequencing of peripherin based on clinical features uncovered the pathogenic variant c.659G>A; p.Arg22Gln (NM_000322.4) in homozygosity in the child and in heterozygosity in each parent. Exome sequencing in the child excluded pathologic variants in other retinal dystrophy genes. Conclusions The experience with this family highlights clinical features suggestive for biallelic peripherin mutations, documents cone-rod dysfunction as associated with homozygosity for the p.Arg220Gln peripherin mutation, and is an example of how examination of family members can help to guide genetic testing.
Adjacent Track Interference in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording: Impact and Implications

Some aspects of the challenges to high track density heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) are addressed with a focus on track interferences (adjacent as well as non-nearest neighbor erasure). Comparisons with corresponding conventional perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) parameters are also made. Adjacent and non-nearest neighbor track erasure data from functional HAMR and PMR drives and simulation data of signal-to-noise ratio loss in HAMR are also presented.
Is Surgery Necessary? Endoscopic Management of Post-transplant Biliary Complications in the Modern Era

Biliary complications are common following liver transplantation (LT) and traditionally managed with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. However, endoscopic management has largely supplanted surgical revision in the modern era. Herein, we evaluate our experience with the management of biliary complications following LT. All LTs from January 2013 to June 2018 at a single institution were reviewed. Patients with biliary bypass prior to, or at LT, were excluded. Patients were grouped by biliary complication of an isolated stricture, isolated leak, or concomitant stricture and leak (stricture/leak). A total of 462 grafts were transplanted into 449 patients. Ninety-five (21%) patients had post-transplant biliary complications, including 56 (59%) strictures, 28 (29%) leaks, and 11 (12%) stricture/leaks. Consequently, the overall stricture, leak, and stricture/leak rates were 12%, 6%, and 2%, respectively. Endoscopic management was pursued for all stricture and stricture/leak patients, as well as 75% of leak patients, reserving early surgery only for those patients with an uncontrolled leak and evidence of biliary peritonitis. Endoscopic management was successful in the majority of patients (stricture 94%, leak 90%, stricture/leak 90%). Only six patients (5.6%) received additional interventions—two required percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography catheters, three underwent surgical revision, and one was re-transplanted. Endoscopic management of post-transplant biliary complications resulted in long-term resolution without increased morbidity, mortality, or graft failure. Successful endoscopic treatment requires collaboration with a skilled endoscopist. Moreover, multidisciplinary transplant teams must develop treatment protocols based on the local availability and expertise at their center.
Liver transplantation in propionic and methylmalonic acidemia: A single center study with literature review.

Abstract Background Organic acidemias, especially propionic acidemia (PA) and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), may manifest clinically within the first few hours to days of life. The classic presentation in the newborn period includes metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, and hyperammonemia that is precipitated by unrestricted protein intake. Implementation of newborn screening to diagnose and initiate early treatment has facilitated a reduction in neonatal mortality and improved survival. Despite early diagnosis and appropriate management, these individuals are prone to have recurrent episodes of metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia resulting in frequent hospitalizations. Liver transplantation (LT) has been proposed as a treatment modality to reduce metabolic decompensations which are not controlled by medical management. Published reports on the outcome of LT show heterogeneous results regarding clinical and biochemical features in the post transplantation period. As a result, we evaluated the outcomes of LT in our institution and compared it to the previously published data. Study design/methods We performed a retrospective chart review of nine individuals with PA or MMA who underwent LT and two individuals with MMA who underwent LT and kidney transplantation (KT). Data including number of hospitalizations, laboratory measures, cardiac and neurological outcomes, dietary protein intake, and growth parameters were collected. Results The median age of transplantation for subjects with MMA was 7.2 years with a median follow up of 4.3 years. The median age of transplantation for subjects with PA was 1.9 years with a median follow up of 5.4 years. The survival rate at 1 year and 5 years post-LT was 100%. Most of our subjects did not have any episodes of hyperammonemia or pancreatitis post-LT. There was significant reduction in plasma glycine post-LT. One subject developed mild elevation in ammonia post-LT on an unrestricted protein diet, suggesting that protein restriction may be indicated even after LT. Conclusion In a large single center study of LT in MMA and PA, we show that LT may reduce the incidence of metabolic decompensation. Moreover, our data suggest that LT may be associated with reduced number of hospitalizations and improved linear growth in individuals with PA and MMA.
Modeling diffusion of nanocars on a Cu (110) surface

Nanoscale devices and machines that can be externally controlled or programmed promise revolutionary technological improvements. One example of such machines are nanocars, which are organic supramolecular structures (typically between 200–2000 Da) designed to achieve controlled molecular motion on atomically smooth surfaces. Spurred by a recent global competition where such nanocars had to race each other, interest in this nascent area has recently increased. However, the design space of nanocars is large, and a thorough understanding of how their structure affects their motion on surfaces is lacking. In this work, we investigated the diffusion of nine large organic molecules on a Cu (110) surface using classical simulation methods and transition state theory (TST). We find that, as expected, these molecules tended to diffuse more slowly as their molecular weight and attraction to the surface increases. However, these two parameters do not give a complete picture of surface diffusion. Thus we defined a structural parameter, elevation weighted density, based on the geometry of the molecule that interacts with the surface. We show that this parameter is a good predictor of surface diffusion, as demonstrated by its high rank correlation with TST free energy barriers and with diffusion coefficients calculated using classical simulations. We further discuss design strategies to tune the diffusion performance of nanocars.
Introduction: “But One Body”—Early Modern Transnational Protestantism and English Literature

With characteristic pugnaciousness, Martin Luther, embroiled in debate, succinctly and confidently defined the Christian church: “thank God, a seven-year-old child knows what the church is, namely, holy believers and sheep who hear the voice of their Shepherd.”
Early adolescent gender diversity and mental health in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.

BACKGROUND There are known associations between mental health symptoms and transgender identity among adults. Whether this relationship extends to early adolescents and to gender domains other than identity is unclear. This study measured dimensions of gender in a large, diverse, sample of youth, and examined associations between diverse gender experiences and mental health. METHODS The ABCD study is an ongoing, longitudinal, US cohort study. Baseline data (release 2.0) include 11,873 youth age 9/10 (48% female); and the 4,951 1-year follow-up visits (age 10/11; 48% female) completed prior to data release. A novel gender survey at the 1-year visit assessed felt-gender, gender noncontentedness, and gender nonconformity using a 5-point scale. Mental health measures included youth- and parent-reports. RESULTS Roughly half a percent of 9/10-year-olds (n = 58) responded 'yes' or 'maybe' when asked, 'Are you transgender' at baseline. Recurrent thoughts of death were more prevalent among these youth compared to the rest of the cohort (19.6% vs. 6.4%, χ2 = 16.0, p < .001). At the 1-year visit, when asked about the three dimensions of gender on a 5-point scale, 33.2% (n = 1,605) provided responses that were not exclusively and totally aligned with one gender. Significant relationships were observed between mental health symptoms and gender diversity for all dimensions assessed. CONCLUSIONS Similar to adult studies, early adolescents identifying as transgender reported increased mental health symptoms. Results also point to considerable diversity in other dimensions of gender (felt-gender, gender noncontentedness, gender nonconformity) among 10/11-year-olds, and find this diversity to be related to critical mental health symptoms. These findings add to our limited understanding of the relationship between dimensions of gender and wellness for youth.
Enhancing Executive Function While Addressing Learner Variability in Inclusive Classrooms

Executive function is an umbrella term involving working memory, planning, organization, social inhibition, self-regulation, and cognitive flexibility. It is an area where many students with disabi...
Nursing Bullying in Hospitals

In this chapter, critical realism paradigm is integrated to question why nursing profession follows a military-type regime culture of “eating their young,” by exposing their junior nurses to workplace bullying and aggression. Qualitative empirical data in the form of nine in-depth interviews with nurses employed at various hospitals is used to demonstrate how workplace bullying is a form of systematic, planned operation of the management to train, socialize, and control their nurses to ensure they are able to consistently deliver quality medical services to their patients. However, this bullying type of management control strategy, where forces of insult and incivility are adopted to subjugate and dominate the nurses, results in a nursing field completely devoid of feelings, compassion, and empathy, whereby reducing job satisfaction and increasing high levels of employee turnover. To mitigate these negative impacts, more dialogic interventions are recommended as emancipatory guidelines to create awareness of more suitable training and development methods.
Per capita COVID-19 Case Rates are Lower in U.S. Counties Voting more Heavily Democratic in the 2016 Presidential Election, except not in States with a Republican Governor and Legislature

Abstract In our recent paper Why do per capita COVID-19 Case Rates Differ Between U.S. States? we established that U.S. states with a Democratic governor and a Democratic legislature have lower COVID-19 per capita case rates than states with a Republican governor and a Republican legislature, and case rates of states with a mixed government fall between the two. This difference remained after accounting for differences between states in several demographic and socio-economic variables. In a recent working paper The Changing Political Geographies of COVID-19 in the U.S. it was found that that early in the pandemic U.S. counties at higher levels of percentage Democratic vote in the 2016 presidential election had higher weekly per capita COVID-19 rates, but that the situation was in the opposite direction by August 2020. We show here that counties with a higher percentage of Democratic vote in the 2016 presidential election have a lower mean cumulative per capita rate of COVID-19 cases and of COVID-19 deaths, adjusted for county demographic and socio-economic characteristics, but only for counties in states that currently have a Democratic governor and both chambers of the legislature Democratic or in states that have a mixed government, but not for states that currently have a Republican governor and both chambers in the legislature Republican. One possible contributor to this difference is that some state Republican governments have restricted local action to fight the spread of COVID-19.
Disease Expression and Familial Transmission of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy With and Without CTG18.1 Expansion.

Purpose To characterize inheritance, penetrance, and trinucleotide repeat expansion stability in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Methods One thousand unrelated and related subjects with and without FECD were prospectively recruited. CTG18.1 repeat length (CTG18.1L) was determined via short tandem repeat assay and Southern blotting of leukocyte DNA. Multivariable logistic regression and generalized estimating equation models were employed. Results There were 546 unrelated FECD cases (67.6% female; 70 ± 10 years) and 235 controls (63.8% female; 73 ± 8 years; all ≥ 50 years). CTG18.1 expansion (CTG18.1exp+) was observed in 424 (77.7%) cases and 18 (7.7%) controls (P = 2.48 × 10-44). CTG18.1 expansion was associated with FECD severity (P = 5.62 × 10-7). The family arm of the study included 331 members from 112 FECD-affected families; 87 families were CTG18.1exp+. Autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression of FECD was observed, regardless of expansion status. FECD penetrance of CTG18.1 expansion increased with age, ranging from 44.4% in the youngest (19-46 years) to 86.2% in the oldest (64-91 years) age quartiles. Among 62 parent-offspring transmissions of CTG18.1exp+, 48 (77.4%) had a change in CTG18.1L ≤ 10 repeats, and eight (12.9%) were ≥50 repeats, including five large expansions (∼1000-2000 repeats) that contracted. Among 44 offspring who did not inherit the CTG18.1exp+ allele, eight (18.2%) exhibited FECD. Conclusions CTG18.1 expansion was highly associated with FECD but demonstrated incomplete penetrance. CTG18.1L instability occurred in a minority of parent-offspring transmissions, with large expansions exhibiting contraction. The observation of FECD without CTG18.1 expansion among family members in CTG18.1exp+ families highlights the complexity of the relationship between the FECD phenotype and CTG18.1 expansion.
Performance and Time-To-Market: Accelerating Cycle Time with Overlapping Stages

Windows of opportunity and product life cycles have been shortening in recent years, placing pressure on firms to stay competitive. Many firms have responded to this pressure by setting goals of reducing new product development (NPD) cycle time and/or improving product performance, often by setting up fuzzy gates between stages, cross-functional teams, or both. This study examines the tradeoff between product performance and time to market, focusing on the effect of overlapping stages during which marketing, design, and manufacturing engineering are jointly working on performance improvement. An NPD process model comprising a design stage, a process stage, and an intermediary overlap stage representing the interaction between design and process personnel is developed. Key findings include the following. 1) Overlapping stages reduces time to market, but the marginal returns to lengthening the overlap stage yield progressively smaller improvements in time to market. 2) The longer the market window is open, the less is the pressure to rush the product to market, and product performance can be further improved by leaving the product longer in development. 3) It is better to keep the product longer in development rather than accelerate time to market if the base product performance is low. 4) If the productivity of the overlap stage is increased, it is more profitable to keep the product in development longer and boost product performance at launch than to rush the product to market quicker. 5) The greater the market power the firm possesses, the faster it should bring the product to market, as long as product performance and sustainability of market power are not substantially reduced. A set of propositions is derived from the model, and is tested in a small-scale empirical study on firms in the automobile and automotive supply industry. The results are largely supportive of the propositions. Management implications and recommendations for further research are presented.
Characterization of fuel drop impact on wall films using SPH simulation

The ability to accurately predict the outcome of the drop/wall interaction is essential to engine spray combustion modeling. In this paper, the process of fuel drop impact on a wet wall was simulat...
Evaluating low flow patterns, drivers and trends in the Delaware River Basin

Abstract In the humid, temperate Delaware River Basin (DRB) where water availability is generally reliable, summer low flows can cause competition between various human and ecological water uses. As temperatures continue to rise, population increases and development expands, it is critical to understand historical low flow variability to anticipate and plan for future flows. Using a sample of 325 U.S. Geological Survey gages, we evaluated spatial patterns in several low flow metrics, the biophysical and climatic drivers of these metrics, and trends in low flows for two periods: 1950–2018 and 1980–2018. We calculated the annual 7-day low flow and date, low flow deficit as the departure below a long-term daily flow threshold and the number of discrete low flow periods below this threshold. We also aggregated several climate metrics to watershed scale and used existing watershed properties quantifying land cover, topography, soils, geology, and human activity. Random forest models were used to assess the hierarchy of variable importance in explaining mean-annual low flow variability for each low flow metric using all gages. We find muted regional patterns in mean-annual low flow and low flow variability, likely due to the myriad of anthropogenic, landscape, and flow modifications that obscure flow regimes from their natural characteristics. In contrast, individual years show markedly different spatial patterns in low flow magnitude and severity. Coincident with increases in precipitation, 7-day low flows have generally increased and low flow deficits decreased for both 1950–2018 and 1980–2018 periods. However, 7-day low flows have decreased in the Coastal Plain physiographic province where water use and impervious area have increased in recent decades, highlighting the effects of land and water management on low flows. With continued change expected in the DRB, additional research needs are highlighted to enable estimation of future low flows and to plan for periods of prolonged low flow.
Suicide Mortality Among Veterans Health Administration Care Recipients With Suicide Risk Record Flags.

Objective:In 2008, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) established a suicide high-risk flag (HRF) for patient records. To inform ongoing suicide prevention activities as part of operations and...
Reusability First: Toward FAIR Workflows

The FAIR principles of open science (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) have had transformative effects on modern large-scale computational science. In particular, they have encouraged more open access to and use of data, an important consideration as collaboration among teams of researchers accelerates and the use of workflows by those teams to solve problems increases. How best to apply the FAIR principles to workflows themselves, and software more generally, is not yet well understood. We argue that the software engineering concept of technical debt management provides a useful guide for application of those principles to workflows, and in particular that it implies reusability should be considered as ‘first among equals’. Moreover, our approach recognizes a continuum of reusability where we can make explicit and selectable the tradeoffs required in workflows for both their users and developers.To this end, we propose a new abstraction approach for reusable workflows, with demonstrations for both synthetic workloads and real-world computational biology workflows. Through application of novel systems and tools that are based on this abstraction, these experimental workflows are refactored to rightsize the granularity of workflow components to efficiently fill the gap between end-user simplicity and general customizability. Our work makes it easier to selectively reason about and automate the connections between trade-offs across user and developer concerns when exposing degrees of freedom for reuse. Additionally, by exposing fine-grained reusability abstractions we enable performance optimizations, as we demonstrate on both institutional-scale and leadership-class HPC resources.
Evidence-Based Practice for the Use of Internal Strategies as a Memory Compensation Technique After Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

Objective To complete a systematic review of internal memory strategy use with people who have brain injury and provide practitioners with information that will impact their clinical work. Methods A systematic literature search to identify published intervention studies that evaluated an internal memory strategy or technique to improve memory function of individuals with brain injury. Relevant data from reviewed articles were coded using 4 clinical questions targeting participants, interventions, research methods, and outcomes. Results A comprehensive search identified 130 study citations and abstracts. Forty-six met inclusion/exclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. Visual imagery was most frequently studied, in isolation or in combination with other internal strategies. Despite significant variability in research methods and outcomes across studies, the evidence provides impetus for use of internal memory strategies with individuals following brain injury. Conclusions Individuals with traumatic brain injury may benefit from internal memory strategy use, and clinicians should consider internal memory strategy instruction as part of intervention plans. Further research needs to better delineate influences on intervention candidacy and outcomes.
Covalently coupled immunostimulant heterodimers (INM2P.419)

We report increased stimulation of dendritic cells via heterodimers of immunostimulants formed at discrete molecular distances. Many vaccines present spatially organized agonists to immune cell receptors. These receptors cluster suggesting that signaling is increased by spatial organization and receptor proximity, but this has not been directly tested for multiple, unique receptors. In this study we probe the spatial aspect of immune cell activation using heterodimers of covalently attached immunostimulants including pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles, imidazoquinolines, palmitylated peptides, lipoteichoic acids, and CpG oligonucleotides.
Adjunctive Role for Immediate Feedback in the Acquisition and Retention of Mathematical Fact Series by Elementary School Students Classified with Mild Mental Retardation

The effects of feedback on the acquisition and retention of mathematical fact series by elementary school students classified with mild mental retardation was examined in 4 studies. Immediate feedback was provided by either an educator or the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF AT), at the end of a test series by a review of correct solutions (delayed feedback), or for control purposes, with a Scantron form. Reductions in errors and inaccurate perseverative responding during intervention periods were higher, and the repetition of errors during maintenance test was lower, when feedback was provided by an educator in Study 1. These results were replicated and extended in Study 2 to the operation of subtraction. In Study 3, the concurrent presentation of both forms of immediate feedback was more effective than the presentation of either form separately. In Study 4, the adjunctive value of the IIF AT to facilitate the teaching-learning process was established, with higher levels of independent learning and retention demonstrated when the I F AT was available. The IF AT, as a simple paper and pencil tool, can assist the educator through the provision of individualized performance feedback and the encouraging of students to continue responding while simultaneously promoting independent learning.
Therapeutics against influenza.

Despite 75 years of research into prevention and treatment of influenza, the viruses that cause this disease continue to rank as some of the most important pathogens afflicting humans today. Progress in development of therapeutics for influenza has been slow for much of that time, but has accelerated in pace over the last two decades. Two classes of antiviral medications are used in humans at present, but each has limitations in scope and effectiveness of use. New strategies involving these licensed agents, including alternate forms of delivery and combination therapy with other drugs, are currently being explored. In addition, several novel antiviral compounds are in various clinical phases of development. Together with strategies designed to target the virus itself, new approaches to interrupt host–pathogen interactions or modulate detrimental aspects of the immune response have been proposed. Therapy for influenza will likely undergo substantial changes in the decades to come, evolving with our knowledge of pathogenesis as new approaches become viable and are validated clinically.
Botulinum toxin outcomes for idiopathic overactive bladder stratified by indication: lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus intolerability.

Aims To determine if the outcomes of intradetrusor botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections for the management of refractory overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms are different if performed due to lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus medication intolerability. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing intradetrusor BTX-A (BOTOX®, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) injections from 2004 to 2010 for the management of refractory idiopathic OAB with or without urge incontinence. All patients failed anticholinergic medications due to either lack of efficacy or intolerable side effects. Patient outcomes following BTX-A injections (150–200 units) were compared based on the primary reason for discontinuing anticholinergic medications (lack of efficacy vs. intolerability). Successful BTX-A injections were defined as those producing symptomatic OAB improvement warranting future repeat injections upon return of symptoms. Results A total of 85 patients were included in the study. Overall, 58/85 (68%) reported symptomatic improvement following BTX-A injections. Successful outcomes were reported in 34/57 (60%) patients treated secondary to lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus 24/28 (86%) due to intolerable side effects (P = 0.02). Conclusions BTX-A injections are more successful in patients with anticholinergic intolerability as compared to patients with poor medication efficacy (86% vs. 60%, P = 0.02). Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1538–1540, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioinformatic analysis of human CNS-expressed ion channels as candidates for episodic nervous system disorders

As monogenic forms of episodic nervous system disorders are often caused by ion channel mutations, we looked for features of human central nervous system (CNS) expressed ion channels that further our understanding of those phenotypes. To this end, we compared human ion channels with other CNS-expressed genes, which we categorized according to the existence of transmembrane domains. When looking at the phylogenetic distribution of these genes, we observed an increased percentage of ion channels that exist in vertebrate genomes while missing in invertebrate genomes. Because we hypothesized that this pattern may relate to a more specific expression, we searched for characteristics of ion channels that indicate a tighter expression regulation. We found that ion channels have longer intron and protein sequences, features typical of genes with more specific expression. In addition, ion channels have increased human-rodent conservation around their transcription start site, as indicated by a higher fraction of conserved noncoding regions. This points to a high relevance of mutations that regulate ion channel expression. When we finally asked whether vertebrate-specific diversification is also displayed by non-ion channel genes with important roles in the CNS, we found a similar phylogenetic distribution. This concordant phylogenetic pattern suggests that vertebrate-specific adaptations may account for a large part of the shared genetic basis of episodic CNS disorders, including monogenic and genetically complex disease manifestations. Consequently, this phylogenetic pattern may contribute to the prioritization of candidate genes in human genetic studies of episodic CNS disorders.
Oxidation behavior of cubic phases formed by alloying Al3Ti with Cr and Mn

Gravimetric, SEM, and XRD data are presented which document the significant improvement obtainable in the oxidation resistance of Al3Ti-containing alloys through additions of Cr. The L1(2) Al(67)Cr(8)Ti25 alloy exhibited excellent cyclic oxidation resistance at 1473 K, with the primary oxide formed being the ideally protective alpha-Al2O3. The Al(67)Mn(8)Ti(25) alloy also tested for comparison exhibited poor cyclic oxidation resistance, with substantial occurrence of TiO2 in the protective scales. Catastrophic oxidation was also encountered in the quaternary alloy Al(67)Mn(8)Ti(22)V(3).
Metabolite-promoted heat lability of beta-galactosidase and its relation to catabolite repression.

Gest and Mandelstam have reported1 that β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli is more heat labile in the presence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) than in its absence. They found the effect to be quite specific: of the other sugars and phosphorylated esters tested, only glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) weakly, but significantly, increased the heat lability of the enzyme. These results support the possibility that β-galactosidase possesses a specific binding site for FDP. Gest and Mandelstam1 suggested that FDP, which is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, might be the repressor metabolite postulated by Vogel2 and Szilard3. If this were true, catabolite repression would be effected by the production of FDP, which would then combine with nascent β-galactosidase to prevent the enzyme from leaving the ribosomes on which it is being synthesized.
A Novel High Energy Density Double Salient Exterior Rotor Permanent Magnet Machine

In this paper, a double salient exterior rotor permanent magnet machine is proposed and analyzed. This machine introduces the use of permanent magnet (PM) into a switched reluctance machine and has the same envelope as that of Toyota Prius third-generation (P3G) 60 kW interior PM synchronous machine (IPMSM). Simulation results show that the continuous torque and peak torque of the proposed machine are 97% and 30.4% more than that of P3G IPMSM under the same current density.
The selective oxidation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol on Au, Pd, and Au–Pd bimetallic catalysts

Abstract The oxidation of ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 CH 2 OH) and 1,2-propanediol (HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH) was investigated over Pd/C, Au/C, and a series of bimetallic catalysts prepared by electroless deposition of Au onto Pd/C. In order to explain the enhanced activity of the bimetallic catalysts, the oxidation kinetics of selectively deuterated reagents were investigated. On Au/C and 0.61Au–Pd/C, a primary kinetic isotope effect was observed for d 4 -ethylene glycol (HOCD 2 CD 2 OH), indicating that C–H bond scission is the rate-limiting step. Density functional theory and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments show a correlation between an increased electron density in Au core orbitals and more favorable thermodynamics for C–H scission as Au is added to Pd. Computational studies suggest that the rate enhancement on the bimetallic surfaces compared to Pd is likely due to a decrease in coverage of strongly bound adsorbates, while the enhancement over Au is likely due to a decrease in the barrier for C–H scission.
Ethnophaulisms and Exclusion: The Behavioral Consequences of Cognitive Representation of Ethnic Immigrant Groups:

Ethnophaulisms are the words used as slurs to refer to ethnic immigrant outgroups. This article explores the effects of these cognitive representations of ethnic immigrant groups on exclusion behavior directed toward these immigrant groups. Using archival data spanning a 150-year period of American history, the results of these analyses provide a sobering picture of the effects of the cognitive representation of immigrants: a century and a half of thinking about ethnic immigrant groups in a simplistic and negative manner and a corresponding tendency to exclude those immigrant groups from the receiving society. The implications of these results for theoretical approaches to intergroup relations are considered.