cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poor awareness of colorectal cancer symptoms; a preventable cause of emergency and late stage presentation.

To assess knowledge of colorectai cancer (CRC) symptoms among outpatient attendees, and to review disease stage, presentation and duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with CRC. A questionnaire survey was used to evaluate knowledge of symptoms of CRC and other malignancies. A review of patients diagnosed with CRC during a two-year period was performed. Of 350 survey participants 26.6% could name a CRC symptom, compared to 53.4% for lung cancer and 71.5% for breast cancer. Of 102 patients diagnosed with CRC 3.9% had Dukes A disease, 324% had Dukes B, 39.2% had Dukes C and 24.5% had distant metastases. Forty per cent of patients presented acutely.The mean duration of symptoms was 24 weeks. Knowledge of CRC symptoms is poor and is reflected in the percentage of late stage and emergency presentations. Increasing public awareness of CRC may lead to earlier presentation and improved survival.
The Intraseasonal (30–50 day) Oscillation of the Australian Summer Monsoon

Abstract The tropical intraseasonal (30–50 day) oscillation manifests itself in the Australian summer monsoon by a pronounced modulation of the monsoonal westerlies. These 30-50 day fluctuations of the monsoonal westerlies are coherent with rainfall and OLR across northern Australia. The OLR fluctuation originates in the Indian Ocean and systematically propagates eastward at 5 m s−1, consistent with previous studies of the intraseasonal oscillation. The detailed evolution of the intraseasonal oscillation of the monsoon is studied via composites of upper air data in and about the Australian tropics. During the summer periods 1957-87, 91 events were identified at Darwin, Australia. The composite oscillation at Darwin has a very deep baroclinic structure with westerlies extending up to 300 mb. The westerly phase lasts about ten days and lags a similar duration rainfall event by about four days. During the westerly phase, the upper troposphere is warm and the extreme lower troposphere is cool. This structure ...
Biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.

SUMMARY : Biologic therapy includes many different categories of agents targeted to diverse mechanisms of disease. Recently, a host of novel biologic therapies have been developed to attack a wide variety of immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms. These include recombinant cytokines and growth factors; monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, accessory molecules, and cellular adhesion molecules; nucleotide-based therapies; and cell and gene therapies. Among the biologic agents recently reported to have been prospectively studied in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins 10 and 11. Many other biologics have been examined in other immune-mediated diseases in humans, and in animal models of colitis. This review surveys the rationale and use of biologic therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.
Repetitive growth stages in the solid phase epitaxy of silicon

Abstract We have studied the solid phase epitaxial growth of Si in the thin film system with a layer structure of Si(〈100〉 substrate)/Pd silicide/Si(amorphous). At approximately 500°C the 〈100〉Si single-crystal substrate grows with a corresponding consumption of the Si(amorphous) layer. Growth starts with nucleation of islands on the substrate. These islands then grow laterally to form a uniform layer. A second stage of island growth then develops and the process goes on repetitively. However, differences between the first and subsequent stages are observed.
Domestic Harm and Neglect Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Older Adults

This study examined harm, hurt, and neglect by caregivers as well as self-neglect and physical and mental health status among 113 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) older adults aged 60–88 years, who attended community-based social and recreation programs or groups in the United States. Reporting on their experiences with caregivers, 22.1% of the participants experienced at least one type of harm, including physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, financial, and neglectful; additionally, 25.7% of the participants reported they knew LGB older adults who experienced at least one type of harm from his or her caregiver. With regard to self-neglect, 62.8% reported experiencing it; those indicating positive psychological health reported fewer experiences with self-neglect.
Pain coping strategies in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome: correlation with pain, physical function, and psychological distress.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to describe the coping strategies used by children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS), and (2) to examine how pain coping relates to measures of pain, disability/function, psychological distress, and pain behavior. Methods. Sixteen children with JPFS completed the Child Version of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ-C), the visual analog scale for pain, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire modified for children, the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Subjects also underwent pain behavior observation. Pearson's product moment correlations were conducted to examine the relationship of coping to measures of pain and disability. Results. The Pain Control and Rational Thinking composite factor score on the CSQ-C correlated with measures of pain severity, functional disability, and psychological distress. Results supported the internal reliability of the CSQ-C in assessing pain coping. Conclusions. These results suggest that the CSQ-C may provide a reliable measure for assessing variations in pain coping in JPFS patients. Behavioral interventions aimed at increasing the perception of pain control may be beneficial in treating JPFS.
Diabetes is associated with postural instability and gait difficulty in Parkinson disease

Background Comorbid diabetes may be associated with more severe motor impairment in Parkinson disease. In normal elderly individuals, diabetes is associated with parkinsonian features, including gait difficulty and rigidity, though not tremor. Whether diabetes contributes to increased motor dysfunction in Parkinson disease by exacerbating nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation or through intensification of extranigral pathology is unknown.
Guided Waves in Inhomogeneous Focusing Media Part II: Asymptotic Solution for General Weak Inhomogeneity

In this paper asymptotic methods are employed to solve for the vector fields and propagation constants of modes propagating axially in a circular-cylindrical guiding system in which the dielectric constant decreases gradually and monotonically, but otherwise arbitrarily, from a maximum at the axis.
Chance-Constrained Programming

A new conceptual and analytical vehicle for problems of temporal planning under uncertainty, involving determination of optimal sequential stochastic decision rules is defined and illustrated by means of a typical industrial example. The paper presents a method of attack which splits the problem into two non-linear or linear programming parts, i determining optimal probability distributions, ii approximating the optimal distributions as closely as possible by decision rules of prescribed form.
Depth distribution of self-ion damage in nickel

Abstract The depth distribution of displacement damage produced by 4 MeV Ni ions in nickel single crystals has been studied by a transmission electron microscope technique. The experimental damage profiles have been compared with the calculated damage energy versus depth curves using the E-DEP-1 computer code of Manning and Mueller. The calculated damage peak is 16% too near the surface using the theoretical value of the electronic stopping parameter, k = 0.162 , of Lindhard, Scharff and Schiott. Good agreement is obtained for a reduced value of k = 0.126 . The energy deposition tables of Brice underestimate the experimentally observed peak depth by 5%.
Preclinical toxicologic evaluation of bleomycin (NSC 125 066), a new antitumor antibiotic.

Abstract Bleomycin, a potent antitumor antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus , was administered to 14 dogs at doses from 0.312 to 5.0 mg/kg iv every 4 days for 6 to 28 wk. The resultant toxicity was atypical for most antitumor agents. Nondose-related interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis restricted to pleural and subpleural areas were the treatment limiting toxicity and occurred in 93% of the dogs. Epithelial toxicity manifested as dermatitis, ulceration at friction sites, onychoptosis and alopecia also occurred in 70% of the animals. Hematologic changes and hepatotoxicity were minor and reversible, while dose-rlated anorexia and up to 60% weight loss were observed. Serum globulin changes in 2 dogs treated with 5.0 mg/kg included an increased α 2 level, a decreased α 1 level, and appearance of a second α 1 electrophoretic band. Severe nephrosis and/or nephritis also occurred in dogs treated with 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg and contributed to the moribund condition of both dogs treated with the largest dose. Comparison of major toxic changes and clinical conditions. of the animals indicated that the primary toxicity was not identified. Preliminary results indicated that bleomycin may have affected cellular sulfhydryl or disulfide groups or availability of essential metals in those organs that concentrated the compound.
Cover Picture: Directly Relating Gas-Phase Cluster Measurements to Solution-Phase Hydrolysis, the Absolute Standard Hydrogen Electrode Potential, and the Absolute Proton Solvation Energy (Chem. Eur. J. 24/2009)

A new method for measuring the absolute standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) potential is demonstrated by E. R. Williams et al. on page 5926 ff. Gaseous clusters containing one of nine different divalent metal ions and 24 water molecules (red and gray spheres) are reduced by thermally generated electrons. From reaction energies measured for nine different metal-ion-containing clusters, and other thermochemical data, an average absolute value for the SHE potential of +4.29±0.02 V is obtained. The cover image was created by Mariam ElNaggar.
Structural elements of articles and diachronous citation analysis among top-ranking tourism journals (1990–2010)

Abstract This paper analyses the influence of structural elements of articles (i.e., field-, journal-, article-, and author/reader related factors) along with place-related factors (i.e., destination, attraction, hotel/resort, or festival/special event/mega event) on citations received by research papers in the three top-tier tourism journals: Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, and Tourism Management from 1990 to 2010. Multiple linear regression tests showed that number of years since an article was published, length of an article, and frequency of journal publication were significant in predicting the frequencies of articles cited in SSCI and/or Scopus. The order of articles within an issue was also a significant predictor in Scopus. In addition, the citation frequency in the three journals differed with each other across SSCI and Scopus. Lastly, mentioning of place in the title of an article had a significant relationship, although it was negative, with the frequency of citations the article received in SSCI and Scopus.
The Line Spectra of the Isotopes of Mercury And Chlorine

Comparison, for Hg and Cl, of wave-lengths and relative intensities in line spectra from samples of varying isotopic composition.---Two samplepairs of mercury with atomic weight differences of 0.124 and 0.180 and one sample pair of chlorine with a difference of 0.097 were examined spectroscopically. An echelon (resolving power about 400,000) and a plane grating (resolving power 478,000 in the fifth order) were used. The spectra of the mercuries with the smaller atomic weight separation showed for the lines $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lambda}5461$, 4359, 4078 and 4047 no wave-length differences greater than the error of measurement (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$A). The first two of these lines, obtained, with the use of a special source from the mercuries of the greater atomic weight separation, were studied to see if differences in the relative intensities of the satellites could be brought out. None was found. The results, therefore, do not favor the isotopic origin of the satellites. The spectra of the two chlorine samples, when examined with the echelon showed distinct evidence of differences in wave-length. The heavier chlorine almost invariably gave the smaller wave-length. The displacements were of the order of 0.001A, and only two or three times the error of their determination. A convenient source of the chlorine spectrum is described.
Single subject design: Use of time series analyses in a small cohort to understand adherence with a prescribed fluid restriction

Purpose This paper presents a secondary in-depth analysis of five persons with heart failure randomized to receive an education and behavioral intervention on fluid restriction as part of a larger study.
Temporal integration in two species of Old World monkeys: Blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) and grey‐cheeked mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena)

Changes in auditory sensitivity as a function of signal duration were studied in two species of Old World monkeys. Testing was conducted under free-field conditions with pure tones 250, 800, 1600, and 4000 Hz in frequency. Test stimuli ranged in duration from 35-2000 ms. The results showed that the temporal integration functions for the blue monkeys were similar to those reported for rhesus monkeys [T. D. Clack, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1140-1146 (1966)], but differed significantly from those for mangabey monkeys and human subjects tested in the same apparatus, by the same procedure. Integration functions for humans and mangabeys did not differ. It was concluded that some taxonomic groups of primates exhibit temporal integration times that are much longer than those characteristic of humans, while others do not, and that interspecific differences in temporal integration are not readily related to species differences in their vocal repertoires.
Voluntary contributions and local public goods in a federation

Abstract This paper considers nonneutral effects of government spending in a federation of multiple jurisdictions. Both government spending and private donations finance local public goods, redistributive programs, that provide transfers for the poor. In the standard model, government spending has no effect on the public goods, as donors reduce their donations one for one in response to an increase in government spending. In a federation, donors of a jurisdiction donate, through federal charities, to help the poor in the jurisdiction and the poor in other jurisdictions as well. Jurisdictions are thus linked through donations. Such linkage influences donors' behavior beyond the traditional crowding-out effect. As a result, government spending has nonneutral effects on the level of public goods.
Early results of transcutaneous injection laryngoplasty with micronized acellular dermis versus type-I thyroplasty for glottic incompetence dysphonia due to unilateral vocal fold paralysis

Medialization thyroplasty (type I) has become the gold standard to improve glottic closure due to unilateral vocal fold paralysis. A newer injection method utilizing homologous collagen from cadaveric human tissue has been described as an attractive alternative as no donor site is required, there is a very low risk of hypersensitivity, and the intact, acellular collagen fibers may suffer a reduced long-term reabsorption rate. Preliminary results on eight patients comparing presurgical and postsurgical parameters (perceptual, stroboscopic, acoustic, and aerodynamic) revealed comparable results when compared with a control group of individuals, age- and sex-matched, that had undergone standard medialization thyroplasty (type I). Further study is needed to assess the long-term results with this minimally invasive method of vocal fold medialization.
Suppression of pump-induced frequency noise in fiber-laser frequency combs leading to sub-radian f ceo phase excursions

We discuss the origins and the suppression of the large frequency jitter on the carrier-envelope offset frequency (fceo) of fiber-laser frequency combs. While this frequency noise appears most prominently on fceo, its effects are felt across the frequency comb and it is a potential limiting factor in applications of fiber-laser frequency combs. Here we show that its origin lies in the white amplitude noise of the pump laser output. We dramatically reduce this noise by operating the pump laser in a lower-noise state, i.e. at higher pump current, and by more aggressively feeding back to the pump current with an optimal feedback network. We demonstrate instrument-limited fceo linewidths and an integrated fceo phase jitter of 1 rad.
0119 Shift work, long working hours, and physical labour in relation to menstrual function: the Nurses’ Health Study 3

Objectives We investigated associations between nursing occupational exposures and menstrual cycle regularity and cycle length. Method Cross-sectional data were collected in 2010–2012 from 6309 nurses aged 21 to 45 from the Nurses’ Health Study 3. We used multivariable regression modelling to analyse the associations between occupational exposures and prevalence of irregular cycles and long and short cycle lengths. Results Cycle length was recorded as Conclusions Night work, long working hours, and occupational physical labour might play a role in menstrual function disturbances.
Trajectory data analyses for pedestrian space-time activity study.

It is well recognized that human movement in the spatial and temporal dimensions has direct influence on disease transmission1-3. An infectious disease typically spreads via contact between infected and susceptible individuals in their overlapped activity spaces. Therefore, daily mobility-activity information can be used as an indicator to measure exposures to risk factors of infection. However, a major difficulty and thus the reason for paucity of studies of infectious disease transmission at the micro scale arise from the lack of detailed individual mobility data. Previously in transportation and tourism research detailed space-time activity data often relied on the time-space diary technique, which requires subjects to actively record their activities in time and space. This is highly demanding for the participants and collaboration from the participants greatly affects the quality of data4. Modern technologies such as GPS and mobile communications have made possible the automatic collection of trajectory data. The data collected, however, is not ideal for modeling human space-time activities, limited by the accuracies of existing devices. There is also no readily available tool for efficient processing of the data for human behavior study. We present here a suite of methods and an integrated ArcGIS desktop-based visual interface for the pre-processing and spatiotemporal analyses of trajectory data. We provide examples of how such processing may be used to model human space-time activities, especially with error-rich pedestrian trajectory data, that could be useful in public health studies such as infectious disease transmission modeling. The procedure presented includes pre-processing, trajectory segmentation, activity space characterization, density estimation and visualization, and a few other exploratory analysis methods. Pre-processing is the cleaning of noisy raw trajectory data. We introduce an interactive visual pre-processing interface as well as an automatic module. Trajectory segmentation5 involves the identification of indoor and outdoor parts from pre-processed space-time tracks. Again, both interactive visual segmentation and automatic segmentation are supported. Segmented space-time tracks are then analyzed to derive characteristics of one's activity space such as activity radius etc. Density estimation and visualization are used to examine large amount of trajectory data to model hot spots and interactions. We demonstrate both density surface mapping6 and density volume rendering7. We also include a couple of other exploratory data analyses (EDA) and visualizations tools, such as Google Earth animation support and connection analysis. The suite of analytical as well as visual methods presented in this paper may be applied to any trajectory data for space-time activity studies.
Probable evolutionary relationship of serotonin and indoleacetic acid, and some practical consequences therefrom.

Probable Evolutionary Relationship of Serotonin and Indoleacetic Acid, and Some Practical Consequences Therefrom
System energy model for a digital ultrasound beamformer with image quality control

As the lateral resolution and axial imaging depth of a ultrasound image increase, so do the number of transducer elements and the corresponding processing units. Conventional ultrasound systems are often large and expensive due to the intensive requirement of large beamforming arrays. But for applications such as point-of-care diagnostics in rural areas, the movement to a portable and low-power ultrasound imaging system is warranted. To address the low power requirement for portable applications, the proposed beamformer operates in one of three modes, namely quarter, half, and full resolution modes, selectable at runtime. In the first two modes, a subset of elements, with effective pitches of 4x and 2x of the transducer pitch, are processed for low quality images of the full region of interest. These modes provide run-time power reduction, because the Analog Front End (AFE) and Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for the unused channels can be turned off by the feedback control signals from the beamformer. Based on the low quality image, the user can intuitively specify a smaller region where a higher quality image is desired, and the full resolution beamforming mode is used. A system energy model is set up to evaluate the image quality and frame rate performance, while providing realistic power consumption predictions. The model offers fast and accurate behavioral level understanding of the ultrasound system under optimization.
Analytical solution to the plate impact problem of layered heterogeneous material systems

Abstract An analytical solution to the problem of one-dimensional high amplitude wave propagation in layered heterogeneous material systems has been developed, based on Floquet's theory of ODEs with periodic coefficients. The problem is formulated based on a conventional plate impact experimental configuration. In a plate impact test, the boundary condition at the plane of the impact varies with time as a result of multiple wave interactions at the interfaces of the layered target material. The approach of the solution is to convert the initial velocity boundary value problem to a time-dependent stress boundary value problem and then obtain the stress time history by means of superposition. By taking this approach, we explicitly consider multiple wave interactions at the heterogeneous interfaces. A characteristic steady-state stress σmean for heterogenous material has been identified which is quite different from σ0 the stress at the initial time of impact. It is shown that σmean can be obtained by summing up the stress increments at the interfaces or by using mixture theory. The late-time (steady-state) solution procedures for the plate impact problem are presented for impact velocities corresponding to elastic as well as shock wave loading conditions. Results from the analytical model compare well with both numerical results obtained from a shock wave based finite element code and experimental data.
Interactive polygons in region-based deformable contours for medical images

A new user interaction method called interactive polygons is presented in this paper. These interaction polygons are designed for use with the Active Volume Model segmentation method [1], which deforms with constraints from both Region Of Interest (ROI) and image gradient information. The two kinds of interaction polygons we apply are “merge polygons” and “split polygons” which identify the foreground and background, respectively. Users are allowed to draw these polygons to correct the original AVM segmentation results. These interactive polygons are used to update the region statistics in the original model and help the model deform to the desirable boundaries.
Questioning riboflavin recommendations on the basis of a survey in China.

Riboflavin status was surveyed in adults aged 35-64 y in 65 counties (two communes per county) in the Peo- ple's Republic of China by erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients (EGRACs), by urinary excretion of nbo- flavin 4 h after the oral administration of 5 mg riboflavin (one commune per county), and by direct measurement of food in- take over a 3-d period (one commune per county). EGRAC data were highly correlated between sexes (p < 0.001) and be- tween neighboring communes within the same county (p < 0.001) and with riboflavin intake (p < 0.001). The urinary- riboflavin-load test data were not correlated either with EGRAC or with riboflavin intake. Approximately 90% of the survey subjects were found to be deficient by Western and Chi- nese reference standards and allowances. Upon reconsidera- tion ofthe Western experimental data originally used to estab- lish these recommendations, it is suggested that riboflavin al- lowances are set too high both in China and in Western countries. Am J C/in Nutr 1990;5 1:436-45.
What maintains genetic variation in natural populations? A commentary on 'The maintenance of genetic variability by mutation in a polygenic character with linked loci' by Russell Lande.

The ‘ Chicago School’ of quantitative genetics that dominated much of evolutionary thinking in the later part of the twentieth century had its genesis at Harvard in the early 1970s. It was during this time as a graduate student in Richard Lewontin’s laboratory that Russ Lande began a series of papers that would end up shaping much of the way we think about the evolution of complex traits. Lande began his graduate career with an interest in theoretical ecology but was soon motivated to translate G. G. Simpson’s ideas about large-scale patterns in evolution into the formalism of population genetics developed by Sewall Wright. The merging of these approaches found their nexus in quantitative genetics, which allowed Lande to precisely formulate equations for evolutionary change in a way that made it possible to challenge his theoretical results with empirical data. In two parallel sets of papers, Lande laid out the theory of the response to selection and the maintenance of genetic variation for both single traits (Lande, 1976 a, b) and for suites of correlated characters (Lande, 1979, 1980, 1984), with the former forming the core of his dissertation work. Together with his and Steve Arnold’s work on the analysis of selection (Lande & Arnold, 1983), this theory provides a coherent system for understanding the evolution of traits whose patterns of variance and covariance are stable enough that the precise genetic details underlying this variation can essentially be ignored. The conditions under which this kind of abstraction is possible is part of the focus of Lande’s seminal paper in Genetical Research published in 1976 (Lande, 1976a).
Determination of Neutralizing Antibody and IgG Antibody to Varicella-Zoster Virus and of IgG Antibody to Membrane Antigens by the Immunoperoxidase Technique

Neutralizing antibody and IgG antibody to varicella-zoster (V-Z) viruis, as well as IgG antibody to membrane antigens of V-Z virus, have been determined with use of the immunoperoxidase antibody (IPA) technique. A group of 12 patients with zoster and a group of 25 healthy adults were tested, and titers of antibody were compared with those obtained with the complement-fixation (CF) test. In most cases, no titer of antibody to V-Z virus was detectable by CF in patients with zoster before onset of infection or in healthy adults, whereas titers of 1:20-1:80 were detectable in all cases by the IPA plaque-reduction neutralization test and the IPA test for detection of IgG antibody (IPA-IgG test), as well as by the IPA test for detection of antibody to membrane antigens (IPAMA). During the course of zoster infection, titers of CF antibody reached levels almost as high as titers detected with the other three techniques but dropped to undetectable levels after a few months. Antibody detected by neutralization, IPA-IgG, and IPAMA tests was detectable consistently. No titer of antibody to V-Z virus was detected by any test in samples of serum obtained from five children before varicella infection. The three techniques appear to be equally sensitive and specific. The plaque-reduction neutralization test is the most exact but also the most cumbersome and time-consuming. The IPAMA test requires that V-Z virus-infected cells be available daily. The IPA-IgG test seems to be the most suitable test since problems of nonspecific staining were not encountered at serum dilutions of 1:10.
4-Bromohomoibotenic acid selectively activates a 1-aminocyclopentane-1S,3R-dicarboxylic acid-insensitive metabotropic glutamate receptor coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat cortical slices

Glutamate activates a family of receptors, known as metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), that are coupled to various second messenger systems through G proteins. All mGluR subtypes characterized to date in rat brain slices are activated by the glutamate analogue 1-aminocyclopentane-1S,3R-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD). However, few agonists are available that selectively activate specific mGluR subtypes. We report that the glutamate analogue (R,S)-4-bromohomoibotenate (BrHI) stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortical slices in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 190 microM). The response to BrHI is stereoselective and is not blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. It is interesting that the responses to BrHI and 1S,3R-ACPD are completely additive, suggesting that these responses are mediated by different receptor subtypes. Consistent with this, the response to BrHI is insensitive to L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3), whereas the response to 1S,3R-ACPD is partially blocked by L-AP3. BrHI does not activate metabotropic receptors coupled to changes in cyclic AMP accumulation or activation of phospholipase D. Thus, BrHI seems to activate specifically a phosphoinositide hydrolysis-linked mGluR that is insensitive to 1S,3R-ACPD. This compound may prove useful as a tool for elucidating the roles of different mGluR subtypes in mammalian brain.
The effects of including a callous–unemotional specifier for the diagnosis of conduct disorder

Background: ‘With Significant Callous–Unemotional Traits’ has been proposed as a specifier for conduct disorder (CD) in the upcoming revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). The impact of this specifier on children diagnosed with CD should be considered. Methods: A multi-site cross-sectional design with volunteers (n = 1136) in the third–seventh grades and 566 consecutive referrals (ages 5–18) to a community mental health center were used to estimate the prevalence rates of CD with and without the proposed specifier. In addition, the degree of emotional and behavioral (especially physical aggression) disturbance and level of impairment in youth with and without CD and with and without the specifier was evaluated. Results: In the community sample, 10%–32% of those with CD and 2%–7% of those without CD met the callous–unemotional (CU) specifier threshold depending on informant. In the clinic-referred sample, 21%–50% of those with CD and 14%–32% without CD met the CU specifier threshold depending on informant. Those with CD and the specifier showed higher rates of aggression in both samples and higher rates of cruelty in the clinicreferred sample. Conclusions: Results indicate between 10% and 50% of youth with CD would be designated with the proposed CU specifier. Those with CD and the specifier appear to be more severe on a number of indices, including aggression and cruelty. Keywords: Callous–unemotional traits, conduct disorder, DSM-V, aggression, youth.
Doha Merchandise Trade Reform: What Is at Stake for Developing Countries?

This paper provides new estimates of the global gains from multilateral trade reform and their distribution among developing countries in the presence of trade preferences. Particular attention is given to agriculture, as farmers constitute the poorest households in developing countries but are the most assisted in rich countries. The latest GTAP database (Version 6.05) and the LINKAGE model of the global economy are used to examine the impact first of current merchandise trade barriers and agricultural subsidies, and then of possible reform outcomes from the WTO's Doha Development Agenda. The results suggest moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa proportionately more than in other developing countries or high-income countries, despite a terms of trade loss in parts of that region. Net farm incomes would rise substantially in that and other developing country regions, thereby alleviating rural poverty. A Doha partial liberalization could move the world some way toward those desirable outcomes, but more so the more developing countries themselves cut applied tariffs, particularly on agricultural imports.
Calorigenic Action of Triiodothyronine on White Fat Cells: Effects of Ouabain, Oligomycin, and Catecholamines

In white fat cells obtained from normal rats given 25 micrograms of L-3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T-3) 18 hours prior to sacrifice, lipolysis was increased and the ATP content decreased by norepinephrine (0.2-0.3 μM) after incubation for either 10 or ISO minutes. Basal ATP content was unaffected by T-3 treatment. In control cells, norepinephrine did not alter ATP levels. The oxygen consumption of white fat cells incubated either in the absence or presence of glucose was increased by T-3 treatment. Oligomycin had little inhibitory effect on basal respiration of fat cells incubated in the presence of glucose but abolished the increase due to T-3 treatment. Ouabain at 0.1 or 1 DIM did not block respiration in fat cells from either control T-3 treated rats under conditions in which it blocked the lipolytic action of catecholamines. The present results suggest that the stimulation of respiration in white fat cells by T-3 is secondary to increased utilization or dissipation of energy conserved during electron tran...
Localized Fluoride Release from Fluorine-carrying Polyphosphonates

Fluoride release from fluorine-carrying copolymers of vinylphosphonate induced by calcium apatite and tooth enamel has been investigated. Fluoride ions were determined potentiometrically in the study of calcium hydroxyapatite, and Auger spectroscopy was used to study the fluoride release to enamel. The adsorbed copolymer of vinylphosphonic acid and vinylphosphonyl thiofluoride was shown to release fluoride to calcium hydroxyapatite and to enamel. The oxygen analog has shown a similar behavior with calcium hydroxyapatite, but not with tooth enamel. The results suggest a potential application of such copolymers as caries preventive agents which combine the effects of polyphosphonates and of fluoride ions.
Religious Beliefs Against Smoking Among Black and White Urban Youth

This study explores the relation of religiosity to cigarette smoking in a sample of 4776 Black versus White adolescents. Findings show that Black adolescents have significantly stronger religious beliefs against smoking than do White students. Further, teens with strong or very strong religious beliefs are less likely to have smoked. The protective effect of religious beliefs against smoking was stronger for Whites than for Blacks. These findings suggest that efforts in the Black religious community to prevent cigarette smoking have been somewhat successful. Similar efforts in the White community might help stem the tide of tobacco use among White teens.
Refractory topiramate-induced angle-closure glaucoma in a man: a case report

Introduction Topiramate is a sulphonamide derivative indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and migraine. A known adverse affect is an idiosyncratic reaction that results in angle-closure glaucoma. We describe a patient with bilateral glaucoma related to topiramate that showed some unusual clinical features.
A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum‐deprived foals

Summary Fourteen mares and their foals were attended at parturition. After mare-foal bonding, 8 colostrum-deprived (CD) foals were removed from their dams, deprived of colostrum, and provided with an alternative milk source for the first 24 h of life. The mares were milked out every 2–4 h during this period to remove colostrum, after which the CD foals were returned to their mares and allowed to nurse. Six colostrum-fed (CF) foals were allowed to suck colostrum in the normal manner. Foal serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion (means, CD = 0 mg/dl; CF = 1,508 mg/dl). Accepted methods were used to minimise infections in the neonatal foals. Of the 8 CD foals, 7 demonstrated clinical signs of sepsis. Septicaemia was confirmed in 5 of the 7 septicaemic CD foals by ante-mortem blood culture or by culture of tissue at necropsy. Organisms isolated included: Actinobacillus equuli, Escherichia coli, undifferentiated coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., and Actinomyces pyogenes. Clinically ill foals were treated with antimicrobial drugs, intravenous fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine, and anti-endotoxin hyperimmune serum. Three septicaemic CD foals survived. Four of 7 septicaemic CD foals died or were destroyed. Post-mortem lesions included bacterial embolic pneumonia, glomerulonephritis/nephritis, lymphoid depletion/atrophy, splenic and lymphoid necrosis, hepatitis, septic arthritis, and systemic bacterial embolism. None of the CF foals became septicaemic. One CF foal had foal heat diarrhoea and 1 CF foal had a serum IgG concentration of 160 mg/dl (i.e. failure of passive transfer), but both foals were otherwise normal. Despite the precautions taken to prevent infection in these foals, the severity, rapidity of disease onset, and extent of this outbreak of septicaemia in CD foals demonstrate the importance of colostral immunity in protecting neonatal foals from opportunistic and pathogenic bacterial infection.
Hinged dissection of polypolyhedra

This paper presents a general family of 3D hinged dissections for polypolyhedra, i.e., connected 3D solids formed by joining several rigid copies of the same polyhedron along identical faces. (Such joinings are possible only for reflectionally symmetric faces.) Each hinged dissection consists of a linear number of solid polyhedral pieces hinged along their edges to form a flexible closed chain (cycle). For each base polyhedron P and each positive integer n, a single hinged dissection has folded configurations corresponding to all possible polypolyhedra formed by joining n copies of the polyhedron P. In particular, these results settle the open problem posed in [7] about the special case of polycubes (where P is a cube) and extend analogous results from 2D [7].Along the way, we present hinged dissections for polyplatonics (where P is a platonic solid) that are particularly efficient: among a type of hinged dissection, they use the fewest possible pieces.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh and frozen strawberries

Cut or intact surfaces of fresh strawberries were spot inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of nalidixic-acid resistant Listeria monocytogenes (10(6) (low inoculum) and 10(8) (high inoculum) CFU per three-berry sample). Inoculated strawberries were dried for 1 h at 24 degrees C and were stored in loosely closed containers at 4 or 24 degrees C. An initial population reduction of approximately 0.6 and 1.2 log cycles, high and low inoculum, respectively, was observed on intact but not cut berries after the 1-h drying period. A decrease of 1.4 and 3.3 log cycles per intact sample was observed over 48 h for the high and low inoculum, respectively, when stored at 24 degrees C. When held at 4 degrees C, a reduction of approximately 3 log cycles per intact-berry sample was observed for both inocula over the 7-day storage period. Populations on cut surfaces remained constant at both temperatures and both inoculum densities throughout the storage period. Sliced, inoculated strawberries (6.7 log CFU/25-g sample) with or without 20% sucrose were frozen at -20+/-2 degrees C. After 28 days of frozen storage, populations of L. monocytogenes determined on tryptose phosphate agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (TPAN) had declined by 0 to 1.2 log cycles, with and without 20% sucrose, respectively. Counts on modified Oxford agar supplemented with nalidixic acid were significantly (P< or =0.05) lower (0.5 to 1.8 log CFU/g) than on TPAN indicating that some cell injury had occurred. Results of this study indicate that L. monocytogenes is capable of survival but not growth on the surface of fresh intact or cut strawberries throughout the expected shelf life of the fresh fruit and can survive on frozen strawberries for periods of at least 4 weeks. On whole strawberries held at 24 degrees C, significantly faster declines (P< or =0.05) of L. monocytogenes were observed when lower rather than higher inoculum levels were applied.
Improved prediction of trans-membrane spans in proteins using an artificial neural network

Tools for the identification of trans-membrane spans from the protein sequence are widely used in the experimental community. Computational structural biology seeks to increase the prediction accuracy of such methods since they represent a first step towards membrane protein tertiary structure prediction from the amino acid sequence. We introduce a predictor that is able to identify trans-membrane spans from the sequence of a protein. The novelty of the approach presented here is the simultaneous prediction of trans-membrane spanning α-helices and β-strands within a single tool. An artificial neural network was trained on databases of 102 membrane proteins and 3499 soluble proteins. Prediction accuracies of up to 92% for soluble residues, 75% for residues in the interface, and 73% for TM residues are achieved. On average the algorithm predicts 79% of the residues correctly which is a substantial improvement from a previously published implementation which achieved 57% accuracy (Koehler et al., Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 2008). The algorithm was applied to four membrane proteins to illustrate the applicability to both α-helical bundles and β-barrels.
Psychology, History, and Social Justice: Concluding Reflections

This article provides a concluding commentary for a thematic issue of the Journal of Social Issues (JSI) dealing with the intertwining of psychology, history, and social issues. First we show how the social issues addressed and the scholarly approach in this journal collection are consistent with the JSI tradition. Then we contend that the questions asked in more traditional areas of psychology and in examining the intersection of history and psychology bear a resemblance. Next we identify three themes that cut across the articles in the collection: the role of social injustice in shaping identities, the depiction of history varies by who describes it, and responses to social histories are shaped by multiple forces. Finally, we consider policy implications focusing on how identities and group boundariesareimportantinpolicyadvocacyandtheuseofpolicytoseekredressof injustices. The current volume represents an innovative step in examining how psychology and history intertwine in the analysis of social issues. Even if our analysis of the past is incorrect, or if we are unaware of its impact, history casts its shadow on individuals, groups and societies as a whole. Yet most psychologists—even those concerned with contextual factors—have tended to shy away from studying how history gives rise to and in other ways relates to today’s social issues. This
Evolution and Religion

How are Creationist students, along with the unique philosophical conundrums they bring to science education, distinctive amidst their peers? In this chapter, I articulate a framework to think about religious ontology vis-a-vis evolution. As I argue, there are essentially three meaningful ontological positions toward evolution one might encounter when speaking with Americans. This perspective moves past a continuum model of acceptance or rejection of evolution. Using sociologist of religion Robert Wuthnow’s (America and the challenges of religious diversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005) ontological categories of religious exclusivists and religious inclusivists, I add to this framework the few nontheist students I encountered to show how arguments against evolution come from just a few ideologically “typical” positions.
Investigation of Different Methods for Obtaining Asphalt Mixture Creep Compliance for Use in Pavement Mechanistic–Empirical Design Software

Thermal cracking is a major distress type observed in flexible pavements, especially in regions with cold climates (e.g., northern United States and Canada). The Pavement ME Design Guide software developed under NCHRP Project 1-37A is the pavement analysis and design tool most widely used by state highway agencies for pavement designs. For thermal cracking predictions in flexible pavements, the most important material properties are the creep compliance and indirect tensile strength of an asphalt mixture in Level 1 and Level 2 analyses. Level 3 analyses use material properties and mixture volumetrics to predict creep compliance and indirect tensile strength. This study was part of a comprehensive research effort to characterize asphalt mixtures commonly used in the state of Michigan for implementation of the Pavement ME Design software. The main objective of the study presented in this paper was the investigation of methods of obtaining asphalt mixture creep compliance [D(t)] for use in flexible pavement ...
States ceding control: Explaining the shift to centralized bank supervision in the Eurozone

This article explains why there was a dramatic centralization of supervisory authority over the European Union’s largest banks under the European Central Bank (ECB) by the end of 2014. We note that scholars had long acknowledged that nationally fragmented banking markets could potentially undermine a common currency. But it was not until 2012 that there was sudden and broad consensus in favor of much stronger and more centralized bank supervision for the Eurozone. Particularly in comparison with the failure of the European Banking Authority (EBA) in 2011 to conduct credible bank stress tests that would restore confidence in the Eurozone’s financial sector, the ECB’s Asset Quality Review and stress tests of 2014 were a major step toward severing bank–state ties and rationalizing bank oversight – not to mention advancing European integration. We argue that the severity of the European debt and currency crisis by 2012 disrupted the coalitions that had long supported national bank control at the expense of supranational institutions. Specifically, multinational bank lobbying groups became among the strongest proponents by 2014 of centralized supervision and Banking Union, even if in earlier decades some of the same banks represented there had benefited from national supervisory forbearance. Moreover, the EBA’s earlier bank stress tests were, despite their initial flaws, an important institutional stepping stone on the path to a more effective Banking Union.