cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Chemistry and Flotation Behaviors of Monazite–Apatite–Ilmenite–Quartz–Rutile–Zircon with Octanohydroxamic Acid

Global demand and consumption of rare earth elements and compounds have led to increasing research to further our understanding of their beneficiation and recovery. Monazite is the second-most important rare earth-bearing mineral that can be exploited. In this study, the surface chemistry of monazite in terms of zeta potential, adsorption density, and flotation responses using octanohydroxamic acid is determined. Apatite, ilmenite, quartz, rutile, and zircon are the minerals that frequently occur with monazite, and hence they were chosen as gangue minerals in this study. The isoelectric points of monazite, apatite, ilmenite, quartz, rutile, and zircon are 5.3, 8.7, 3.8, 3.4, 6.3, and 5.1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were evaluated. Ilmenite has the highest driving force for adsorption. Adsorption density value shows that octanohydroxamic acid adsorbs onto monazite and its gangue minerals. This observation was further confirmed by microflotation experiments. Increasing the temperature to 80 °C raises the adsorption and floatability of monazite and gangue minerals, which does not allow for separation. Monazite is best recovered at a pH range of 7.5–10. Appropriate use of depressant is recommended in order to enhance the separation of monazite from its gangue.
Effectiveness of Two Methods of Presenting Information about Simple Reflexes

One of two groups of high school students matched on IQ read a narrative version of the set on simple reflexes from a programmed text; the other read and responded to the original programmed set. Effectiveness of instruction depended upon which of two tests of acquisition was used, and there were no differences in retention associated with mode of instruction.
On-chip manipulation of local heating and nanoparticle motion

We exploit the resonant enhancement of light in photonic crystal slabs to enhance selected optical properties. Enhancement of absorption and local field gradients result in applications to microscale heating and optical trapping, respectively.
Verification of Plutonium Content in PuBe Sources Using MCNP® 6.2.0 Beta with TENDL 2012 Libraries

Abstract Although the production of PuBe neutron sources has discontinued, hundreds of sources with unknown or inaccurately declared plutonium content are in existence around the world. Institutions have undertaken the task of assaying these sources, measuring, and calculating the isotopic composition, plutonium content, and neutron yield. The nominal plutonium content, based off the neutron yield per gram of pure 239Pu, has shown to be highly inaccurate. New methods of measuring the plutonium content allow a more accurate estimate of the true Pu content, but these measurements need verification. Using the TENDL 2012 nuclear data libraries, MCNP6 has the capability to simulate the (α, n) interactions in a PuBe source. Theoretically, if the source is modeled according to the plutonium content, isotopic composition, and other source characteristics, the calculated neutron yield in MCNP can be compared to the experimental yield, offering an indication of the accuracy of the declared plutonium content. In this study, three sets of PuBe sources from various backgrounds were modeled in MCNP6 1.2 Beta, according to the source specifications dictated by the individuals who assayed the source. Verification of the source parameters with MCNP6 also serves as a means to test the alpha transport capabilities of MCNP6 1.2 Beta with TENDL 2012 alpha transport libraries. Good agreement in the comparison would indicate the accuracy of the source parameters in addition to demonstrating MCNP's capabilities in simulating (α, n) interactions.
EZH2 Upregulation Is Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma through Potential RUNX3 Downregulation

Introduction: The runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a downstream effector of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, and has critical roles in apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration and invasion. Putative tumor suppressor activity of RUNX3 has been presented extensively in the literature, particularly in solid epithelial tumors and recently in lymphoma with loss of expression favoring tumorigenesis and/or prognosis, but its role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been studied. Enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, has been shown to mediate silencing of RUNX3. RUNX3 downregulation due to EZH2 upregulation has been shown in various solid tumors. In the present study, we investigated the EZH2 and RUNX3 RNA expression status in DLBCL and its impact on clinical outcome. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed and 169 cases of DLBCL treated with chemoimmunotherapy between 2003 and 2013 were included. Immunodeficiency- or EBV-associated and MYC+ LBCL were excluded. Archived formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded tissue samples were retrieved and RNA was extracted using commercially available kits. We correlated the RNA expression levels for EZH2 and RUNX3 in various sites using quantitative real-time PCR (Taqman assay) and custom designed primers for each gene. Control samples included three benign lymph nodes free of a neoplastic process. Results: We identified 66 cases of DLBCL, including25 nodal DLBCL and 41 extranodal DLBCL, with sufficient RNA extracted. Extranodal locations included testis (n=12), orbit (n=6), primary central nervous system (n=5), bone (n=3), breast (n=2) and viscera (n=13). The median age was 64 years (range 29- 81 years) with a female to male ratio of 0.4 (F=20 and M=46). Median overall survival (OS) was 28 months (1-156 months). Immunophenotypic subtype based on cell-of-origin using Hans algorithm was available in 63 cases; 34 cases were germinal center B-cell (GCB) type while 29 were non-GCB type. Treatment data was available in 63 cases and all patients received R-CHOP as initial therapy except three patients who died shortly after diagnosis. Forty-four cases showed higher expression of EZH2 and RUNX3 when compared to normal lymph nodes (p 0.05) (Figure 1). Conclusions: Our results showed that decreased RUNX3 RNA expression is associated with EZH2 overexpression and poses an adverse prognostic factor in DLBCL. Larger studies are needed to establish the prognostic and therapeutic utility of EZH2 and/or RUNX3. Disclosures Mehta: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Medimmune: Research Funding; Roche Genentech: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Forero: University of Alabama at Birmingham: Research Funding. Costa: Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding.
Intuitions for phonological constraints in binomials: A psycholinguistic investigation

Abstract Binomials (e.g., spic and span; hanky-panky) are lexicalized sequences of two or more constituents whose irreversible order is determined by semantic and phonological factors ( Benor and Levy, 2006 ; Cooper and Ross, 1975 ). As an extension of early psycholinguistic work ( Pinker and Birdsong, 1979 ) the present experimental study examines speakers' sensitivities to proposed phonological constraints on constituent ordering in binomials. Intuitions for preferred constituent order by native English and French speakers, and those of advanced L2 English and L2 French speakers, were elicited with a computer-based judgment task, using pairs of nonsense sequences, structured in such a way that one expression conforms to a specific constraint, and the other violates it (e.g., rigster and ragster vs. *ragster and rigster). The constraints in question involve quality and number of consonants, and quality and length of vowels in constituent elements of binomials. Experimental results revealed that the intuitions of native English speakers were generally more in line with the proposed constraints than those of native French speakers. Further, the intuitions of advanced nonnative speakers of both languages were overall not significantly different from those of natives, suggesting that subtle nativelike sensitivities to the phonological constraints in question may be acquired. A planned analysis revealed that intuitions are similar for coordinated type (e.g., wheeling and dealing) and hyphenated (reduplicative) type (e.g., razzle-dazzle) items, a heretofore unexplored distinction. A further analysis showed that participants displayed sensitivities to vowel quality and coda complexity. The result partially concords with accounts on invariable word order that derive from principles of phonoiconicity and markedness ( Birdsong, 1979 ; Sobkowiak, 1993 ).
Post-partum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome requiring decompressive craniectomy: case report and review of the literature

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon but potentially devastating syndrome if not recognized and treated appropriately. As the name implies, recognition of the condition and proper management may reverse the clinical and radiological findings. However, diagnosis is not always straightforward. We present the case of a 24-year-old female who was 4 days post-partum and presented with headache, neck pain, and new-onset seizures. She had undergone epidural anesthesia during labor, and initial imaging was suggestive of intracranial hypotension versus pachymeningitis. Despite initial conservative therapy including anti-epileptic drugs, magnesium therapy, empiric antibiotics, and Trendelenburg positioning, the patient continued to deteriorate. Follow-up imaging was suggestive of PRES with signs of intracranial hypertension. The patient underwent a decompressive suboccipital craniectomy for refractory and severe PRES and later fully recovered. This case highlights the sometimes difficult diagnosis of PRES, possible association with pregnancy, eclampsia/preeclampsia and/or cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and the rare but life-saving need for decompression in severe cases.
Evaluation of a Tennessee statewide initiative to reduce early elective deliveries using quasi-experimental methods

Concerted quality improvement (QI) efforts have been taken to discourage the practice of early elective deliveries (EEDs), but few studies have robustly examined the impact of directed QI interventions in reducing EED practices. Using quasi-experimental methods, we sought to evaluate the impact of a statewide QI intervention to reduce the practice of EEDs. Retrospective cohort study of vital records data (2007 to 2013) for all singleton births occurring ≥36 weeks in 66 Tennessee hospitals grouped into three QI cohorts. We used interrupted-time series to estimate the effect of the QI intervention on the likelihood of an EED birth statewide, and by hospital cohort. We compared the distribution of hospital EED percentages pre- and post-intervention. Lastly, we used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the effect of QI interventions on maternal and infant outcomes. Implementation of the QI intervention was associated with significant declines in likelihood of EEDs immediately following the intervention (odds ratio, OR = 0.72; p < 0.001), but these results varied by hospital cohort. Hospital risk-adjusted EED percentages ranged from 1.6–13.6% in the pre-intervention period, which significantly declined to 2.2–9.6% in the post-intervention period (p < 0.001). The QI intervention was also associated with significant reductions in operative vaginal delivery and perineal laceration, and immediate infant ventilation, but increased NICU admissions. A statewide QI intervention to reduce EEDs was associated with modest but significant declines in EEDs beyond concurrent and national trends, and showed mixed results in related infant and maternal outcomes.
Efficacy and toxicity of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the phase III clinical trials.

e14591Background: Selective CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib have demonstrated efficacy in advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer. Drug-related toxicity has been managea...
Comparison of Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion versus Laminoplasty in the Treatment of Multilevel Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes.

Objective Spondylotic cervical myelopathy is a severe condition commonly affecting aging people. Although many investigations have been conducted, a consensus on the best surgical management is still missing. The aim of our study was to systematically review the pertinent literature and carry out a meta-analysis to compare the clinical and radiological outcome of the anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) and the posterior laminoplasty. Methods This study was conducted in agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines statement. Different medical database (PubMed, Embase, Scopus) were screened for eligible scientific reports. The key words “cervical,” “spondylosis,” “myelopathy,” “laminoplasty,” “ACDF” (MeSH) have been used in any possible combination. As outcome variables, the Japanese Orthopedic Association score, operation time, blood loss, cervical lordosis, range of motion and, complications were evaluated. Results A total of 626 articles were screened and 5 finally included in the meta-analysis. Comparing the anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) and laminoplasty groups, no differences were found in Japanese Orthopedic Association score, operation time, and complication rate. The ACDF was associated with lower intraoperative blood loss and better cervical lordosis preservation, whereas the laminoplasty was associated with a wider cervical range of motion. Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis seem to suggest that ACDF should be preferred to the laminoplasty for the treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy, although proper designed randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to further investigate this relevant ongoing issue.
Flexural behavior of hybrid concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer tube columns

Abstract The concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube (CFFT) system has been widely studied as a durable alternative design for bridge columns. Research has shown that utilizing a small number of longitudinal steel bars in the concrete core provides the energy dissipation characteristics required for resisting extreme loads, such as seismic and blast. However, the construction complexity associated with the addition of rebar discourages the implementation of this system. In a novel approach, this study proposes and investigates the structural performance of CFFTs with a hybrid glass/steel fiber reinforced tube. This hybrid CFFT (HCFFT) system integrates the required longitudinal steel reinforcement into the FRP shell in the form of 30-µm fibers. This study details the experimental results from two CFFT and four HCFFT circular specimens tested under half-cyclic four-point bending. The effect of concrete slippage inside the tube was investigated. The flexural capacity, residual deformation, damage, and energy absorption capacity were experimentally evaluated. The HCFFT specimens exhibited higher energy absorption and lower degradations in stiffness compared to the CFFTs at comparable flexural deformations. Moment-curvature analysis was used to quantify the contribution of the concrete core when it is allowed to slide inside the tube.
Two indoleamines are secreted from rat pineal gland at night and act on melatonin receptors but are not night hormones.

Introduction At night, the pineal gland produces the indoleamines, melatonin, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), and N-acetyltryptamine (NAT). Melatonin is accepted as a hormone of night. Could NAS and NAT serve that role too? Methods Concentration-response measurements with overexpressed human melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 ; mass spectrometry analysis of norepinephrine-stimulated secretions from isolated rat pineal glands; analysis of 24-hour periodic samples of rat blood. Results We show that NAT and NAS do activate melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 , although with lower potency than melatonin, and that in vitro, melatonin and NAS are secreted from stimulated, isolated pineal glands in roughly equimolar amounts, but secretion of NAT was much less. All three were found at roughly equal concentrations in blood during the night. However, during the day, serum melatonin fell to very low values creating a high-amplitude circadian rhythm that was absent after pinealectomy, whereas NAS and NAT showed only small or no circadian variation. Conclusion Blood levels of NAS and NAT were insufficient to activate peripheral melatonin receptors, and they were invariant, so they could not serve as circulating hormones of night. However, they could instead act in paracrine circadian fashion near the pineal gland or via other higher-affinity receptors.
Serotonin stimulated parathyroid hormone related protein induction in the mammary epithelia bytransglutaminase-dependent serotonylation

Mammary-derived serotonin [5HT] has been implicated in breast-to-bone communication during lactation by increasing parathyroid hormone related-peptide [PTHrP] in the mammary gland. It is well-established that PTHrP acts on the bone to liberate calcium for the milk during lactation; however, the mechanism of 5HTs regulation of PTHrP has not been fully elucidated. Recently, serotonylation, has been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological processes. Therefore, we investigated whether serotonylation is involved in 5HTs regulation of PTHrP in the mammary gland. Using lactogenic differentiated mouse mammary epithelial cells, we studied the effect of increased intracellular 5HT using the antidepressant, fluoxetine [FLX], or 5-hydroxytryptophan ([5HTP] 5HT precursor) with or without transglutaminase inhibition on PTHrP induction and activity and the potential serotonylation target protein, RhoA. Treatment with FLX or 5HTP significantly increased intracellular 5HT concentration and subsequently increased PTHrP gene expression which was reduced with transglutaminase inhibition. Further, we demonstrated that transglutaminase becomes more active with lactogenic differentiation and with 5HTPor FLX treatment. We examined RhoA, Rac1, and Rab4 as potential serotonylation target proteins and have concluded RhoA is likely a serotonylation target protein. Our data suggest that 5HT regulates PTHrP induction in part through the process of serotonylation during lactation.
A peer evaluation training results in high-quality feedback, as measured over time in nutritional sciences graduate students.

Peer evaluation skills are not typically taught to students, yet they are expected to provide high-quality feedback to their peers. Gameful learning, a pedagogy supporting student-driven learning, ...
Trends in Radiation Fractionation for Bone Metastases: A Contemporary Nationwide Analysis.

Abstract Purpose Radiation therapy remains an important palliative tool for patients with bone metastases. The guidelines from the American Society for Therapeutic Radiation Oncology recommend the use of fewer fractions based on randomized data. We used the National Cancer Database to examine trends in radiation fractionation for patients with bone metastases. Methods and Materials We queried breast, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer in the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2015 for patients with bone metastases at the time of diagnosis who received bone-directed radiation therapy of 8 Gy in 1 fraction, 20 Gy to 24 Gy in 5 to 6 fractions, 30 Gy in 10 fractions, or >30 Gy in 10 fractions. We tabulated the baseline characteristics, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of single-fraction treatment. Results We identified 17,859 patients who met the study criteria. The median patient age was 67 years, and the majority of patients (67%) had primary prostate cancer. Most patients (62%) received spine treatment. Single-fraction treatment increased over time from 3% in 2010 to 7% by 2015. Use of more protracted courses (>30 Gy in 10 fractions) decreased from 34% to 15% over the same interval. The most commonly used regimen (50%-60% of cases) remained 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Predictors of single-fraction treatment included increased age, no systemic therapy, increasing distance from facility, treatment at an academic center, nonspine/nonskull metastasis, and more recent treatment year. Conclusions Use of single-fraction radiation for bone metastases has increased steadily but still accounts for
BMI change following spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis surgery.

Retrospective descriptive, multi-center study. We hypothesize that a post-operative weight gain will result in patients who are underweight prior to surgery. Cachexia and low body mass index is common among children with cerebral palsy (CP). Many interventions are undertaken to assist the child in nourishment and to obtain a more normal body mass. Additionally, scoliosis is common among children with CP. In our practice we have noted weight gain post operatively in severely underweight children after spinal fusion. We underwent a retrospective review of a CP cohort from a multicenter prospective registry. Percentiles on the CP specific growth chart for which each child belonged were plotted based on the patients’ age, weight, gender, GMFCS level, and tube feeding status. We then assessed percentile change in patients between pre-op visit, 1 year, 2 years and for those with available data, 5 years follow up visits. Patients with under two years of follow up, patients with GMFCS III and below, and patients without weight data were excluded. We identified a total of 211 potentially eligible patients from a multicenter prospective registry. 109 had complete 2 years data to analyze and 37 patients had full 5 years data to analyze. We found that patients under the 50th percentile pre-operatively increased their percentile on the CP growth chart for weight 12.1 percentiles (95% CI 6.7, 17.5 p value < 0.001) whereas patients that began at the 50th percentile or above on average lost 2.2 percentiles (95% CI −6.8, 2.3) though the change was not statistically significant (p value 0.330). These changes appeared stable at 5 years. Although regression analysis showed that Cobb correction and pelvic obliquity correction, and hyperlordosis were not independent predictors of the change, we noted that patients with residual curves after surgery of 40° or more experienced 13.3 percentile less weight gain than those with better corrections. Patients with CP are at risk for cachexia, malnutrition, reflux and other GI disorders. Data presented here suggests that corrective spinal surgery may improve weight percentile in patients who start out at 50th percentile and lower. Patients with 40° or greater of residual scoliosis may benefit less from spinal fusion than those with a better correction. II; Prognostic retrospective cohort study.
The second coming of Palmyra. A technological prison

[ ]the visible rejection of Syrian refugees across many European countries, contemporary with the free circulation and consumption of the replica, undermines efforts to construct a global discourse that addresses the human scale of the Syrian conflict (Cunliffe 2016;Thompson 2017) [ ]the apparent applause that this replica has received across the world evokes the strong rejection of the reproduction of the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, Iraq, which was disassembled through excavation to be reassembled in Berlin in the 1930s [ ]calling for decolonizing practices in heritage preservation must revolve around an exploration of the channels of authority and expertise that give shape to specific safeguarding narratives, rather than focus on repackaging preservation strategies under new codifications and techniques that result in the same colonizing process of heritagization nonetheless
Initiation of localized steel corrosion in alkaline sulfate solution

The role of sulfate ions on corrosion of steel in alkaline solutions (including cementitious materials) has been contested in the literature due to the effects of the many exposures, material and test conditions. Recent observations of steel corrosion in cementitious grouts in post-tensioned bridges coinciding with elevated sulfate-ion concentrations have prompted the development of material specifications concerning segregated grout. Electrochemical testing of steel in alkaline sulfate solutions were conducted to elucidate the impairment of the passive layer. The increase in the anodic current exchange density at higher sulfate ion concentrations resulted in the development of electronegative potentials and high corrosion rates. The numerous distinct electrochemical noise events in solutions with > 1,300 ppm SO42− were characteristic of metastable pitting and pitting. The results of the testing identified sulfate levels that impair the passive layer and provided support for recent specifications that limited sulfate ion concentrations in deficient grout.
Perron–Frobenius Theorem and Some Applications

The Perron–Frobenius theory of nonnegative matrices has many useful dynamical consequences, in the field of Markov shifts in particular. The math in turn gives us insight into areas as diverse as Google page rank and virus dynamics, applications which will be discussed in this chapter.
Location Clusters, FDI and Local Entrepreneurs: Consistent Public Policy

In order to formulate public policy consistent with attracting foreign investment and fostering regional development, this paper analyzes a model of local entrepreneur’s choices when they are affected by foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers. FDI is determined by economies of agglomeration, market size, taxes, labor, and location costs. It is shown that location costs of the multinationals (MNE) affect the optimal quantity of MNE capital and regional development, while location costs and preferences of local entrepreneurs affect only their location and consumption. Other determinants of MNE location also impact regional development. The main policies advocated are as follows: provision of logistical infrastructure; creation and/or nurturing of pro-market institutions; non-discretionary policies; reduction of statutory tax rate; incentives to universities and research centers.
Nuclear phosphoproteins. II. Metabolism of exogenous phosphoprotein by intact nuclei.

Abstract When 32P-labeled phosphoprotein is added to a suspension of calf thymus nuclei, the protein enters the nuclei and a rapid metabolic ‘turnover’ of the previously incorporated phosphate groups occurs. The ony 32P-labeled product which can be detected in these nuclei is inorganic phosphate. The results indicate that the phosphoprotein is probably not involved in the metabolic transfer of phosphate groups from one molecule to another, but favors the hypothesis that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the nuclear phosphoproteins serve the purpose of modifying the structural and functional characteristics of the protein.
Upper Mantle anisotropy beneath Precambrian province boundaries, southern Rocky Mountains

Teleseismic shear wave splitting is used to estimate mantle anisotropy beneath Precambrian province boundaries in the southern Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. Data from the passive seismic experiment of the Continental Dynamics of the Rocky Mountains (CD-ROM) project and Laramie Seismic Array are used. Data from the south CD-ROM line in New Mexico show consistent northeast fast directed shear-wave splitting, correlating with absolute plate motion and parallel to the fabric of Proterozoic accretion structures. In Wyoming, a clear change in shear-wave splitting parameters is seen across the Cheyenne Belt Archean/Proterozoic suture zone. South of the suture zone, northeast directed fast directions are observed. North of the Cheyenne Belt, shear wave splitting parameters vary with backazimuth, with the same backazimuthal patterns observed with the CD-ROM and Laramie arrays, despite the arrays being separated by over 100 km distance. This similarity in backazimuthal variation suggests a common anisotropic structure beneath both regions rather than lateral variations in anisotropy. The azimuthal variations of both the north CD-ROM and Laramie arrays are best modeled with a plunging axis of anisotropy. Our preferred model of anisotropy has an axis of symmetry that plunges steeply to the northwest. CD-ROM tomography has shown a steeply plunging fast velocity anomaly that has been forward modeled as an anisotropic slab. This feature may also be the source of the observed pattern of shear wave splitting.
Kant and Anglo-Saxon Criticism

My aim in this lecture is to show how certain Anglo-Saxon thinkers, in virtue of their very critical attitude towards certain central doctrines and assumptions of Kant, have in fact purged Kant’s thought of much that is merely peripheral and overlaying, and have so released Hermes in the block, the philosopher in the picture-thinker and model-maker, to a much greater extent than would otherwise have been possible. I am not, of course, so ignorant and so arrogant as not to know that German thought has throughout its history only gone back to Kant in order to go beyond him, and that it has long been an axiom of Kant-study that no one who truly understands Kant can do other than this. Anyone who enters profoundly into the living web of contradiction in which the Kantian writings consist must necessarily follow the illumination shed by some of its glinting facets and ignore that which beams from others. Few can hold in suspense, and in inconsistent unity, the many distinct approaches and interests that nestle together in the thought of Kant: everyone inevitably opts for some in preference to others.
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in patients with achalasia

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder that results in poor clearance of the esophagus. Although an esophagus filled with debris and undigested food should put these patients at risk for aspiration, the frequency with which the latter occurs has never been documented. In this study, we sought to determine the incidence of respiratory symptoms and complaints in patients with achalasia. A comprehensive symptom questionnaire was administered to 110 patients with achalasia presenting to the Swallowing Center at the University of Washington between 1994 and 2008 as part of their preoperative work-up. Questionnaires were analyzed for the frequency of respiratory complaints in addition to the more typical symptoms of dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain. Twenty-two achalasia patients with respiratory symptoms who had also undergone Heller myotomy and completed a post-op follow-up questionnaire were analyzed as a subset. Ninety-five patients (86%) complained of at least daily dysphagia. Fifty-one patients (40%) reported the occurrence of at least one respiratory symptom daily, including cough in 41 patients (37%), aspiration (the sensation of inhaling regurgitated esophagogastric material) in 34 patients (31%), hoarseness in 23 patients (21%), wheezing in 17 patients (15%), shortness of breath in 11 patients (10%), and sore throat in 13 patients (12%). Neither age nor gender differed between those with and those without respiratory symptoms. In the subset of patients with respiratory symptoms who had undergone Heller myotomy, respiratory symptoms improved in the majority after the procedure. Patients with achalasia experience respiratory symptoms with much greater frequency than the approximately 10% that was previously believed. Awareness of this association may be important in the workup and ultimate treatment of patients with this uncommon esophageal disorder.
The Effects of Exercise on Catch-Up Growth of Rats Recovering from Early Undernutrition

The effects of an 8-wk exercise program were studied on growth of rats following a period of normal nutrition or undernutrition. Male Wistar weanling rats, underfed by fasting on alternate days for 4 wk, gained 56% as much weight as ad libitum-fed rats (carcass: 47% as much fat; 63% as much lean mass), and had markedly smaller fat depots, visceral organs, brains and hindlimb muscles and bones. Rats in both groups were then allowed free access to feed and subdivided into exercise or non-exercise groups. Eight wk of treadmill exercise (speed, 24 m/min; duration, 75 min/d; frequency, 5 d/sk) reduced weight gain in both normal-fed and underfed rats, but had a greater effect on underfed rats. Underfed rats that were exercised gained 76% as much weight (carcass: 54% as much fat; 92% as much lean mass), and tended to have lighter tissues than underfed rats that were not exercised. Data suggest that treadmill exercise following a postweaning period of undernutrition reduces "catch-up" growth in rats.
Underreactions and Overreactions: The Influence of Information Reliability and Portfolio Formation Rules

This paper shows that whether laboratory markets over- or under-react to information is influenced by two factors: the reliability of investors' information and the portfolio formation rule used to identify price anomalies. Consistent with research in psychology, prices tend to over-react to unreliable information and under-react to highly reliable information, because investors' confidence in their information is moderated toward a central level. Forming portfolios on the basis of price changes tends to yield larger apparent overreactions than forming portfolios on the basis of information that is independent of market price, because market prices include mean-reverting random errors (in addition to systematic price errors due to moderated confidence). These results can help empirical researchers develop specific alternative hypotheses to market efficiency, by helping them predict ex ante whether a given research study is likely to reveal over- or underreactions.
Health behaviors and mental health of students attending alternative high schools: A review of the research literature

Purpose. The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge about health-risk behaviors and mental health among alternative high school students. Conclusions. Substance use, diet and/or physical activity, sexual-risk behaviors, mental health, and violence were reviewed. Students were described as marginalized youth facing significant social environmental challenges. Findings from 43 studies published from 1997-2010 suggested a high prevalence of health-risk behaviors among alternative high school students. Very few studies were conducted by nurse researchers. Suggestions for future research include addressing social environmental factors, resiliency, and emotional/mental health outcomes. Practice Implications. Alternative high schools offer a venue to conduct research and implement nursing interventions with high-risk, yet resilient, youth. Language: en
Infection control practices and immune modification to prevent nosocomial sepsis in hospitalized newborn infants

The incidence of nosocomial septicemia is extremely common in immature, newborn infants receiving intensive care. Developmental facets of host defense, medical interventions, and the hospital environment contribute to the septicemia rate exceeding 40% in extremely low birth weight infants. There is growing evidence that multifaceted, collaborative quality improvement measures may decrease infection rates; however, the effective implementation of these measures requires introspection and detailed analysis of hospital-specific infection control practices. Immune augmentation with human milk has been shown to effectively reduce nosocomial infections. The efficacy of pharmacologic agents such as polyclonal intravenous immune globulin and colony stimulating factors to reduce nosocomial infections has been mixed. Systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis may decrease staphylococcal and Candida spp infection rates in hospitalized infants, but this therapy carries the risks of alteration in host microbial flora as well as the development of antimicrobial resistance. Specifically targeted immunotherapy with hyper-immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies and probiotics are currently being investigated and may become effective tools to reduce nosocomial infections in the future.
Computational analysis of inter-material mixing and weld-flaw formation during dissimilar-filler-metal friction stir welding (FSW)

Purpose – Friction stir welding (FSW) butt-joining involving the use of a dissimilar filler metal insert between the retreating and advancing portions of the workpiece is investigated computationally using a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) finite element analysis (FEA). The emphasis of the computational analysis was placed on the understanding of the inter-material mixing and weld-flaw formation during a dissimilar-material FSW process. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The FEA employed is of a two-way thermo-mechanical character (i.e. frictional-sliding/plastic-work dissipation was taken to act as a heat source in the energy conservation equation), while temperature is allowed to affect mechanical aspects of the model through temperature-dependent material properties. Within the analysis, the workpiece and the filler-metal insert are treated as different materials within the Eulerian subdomain, while the tool was treated as a conventional Lagrangian subdomain. The u...
An On-Campus Homeless Shelter: A Case Study in Applied Sociology and Service Learning

This paper reports the experiences and outcomes of a winter homeless shelter hosted on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan College, a small liberal arts college located in Norfolk, Virginia. This uniqu...
Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

The articular surface plays an essential role in load transfer across the joint, and conditions that produce increased load transfer or altered patterns of load distribution accelerate the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Current knowledge segregates the risk factors into two fundamental mechanisms related to the adverse effects of "abnormal" loading on normal cartilage or "normal" loading on abnormal cartilage. Although chondrocytes can modulate their functional state in response to loading, their capacity to repair and modify the surrounding extracellular matrix is limited in comparison to skeletal cells in bone. This differential adaptive capacity underlies the more rapid appearance of detectable skeletal changes, especially after acute injuries that alter joint mechanics. The imbalance in the adaptation of the cartilage and bone disrupts the physiological relationship between these tissues and further contributes to OA pathology. This review focuses on the specific articular cartilage and skeletal features of OA and the putative mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis.
Older African American Women: An Examination of the Intersections of an Adult Play Group and Life Satisfaction

Abstract Despite the scholarly increase in examining American women, very few researchers have paid close attention to African American women and their perceptions of life satisfaction. This study explored eight older African American women's social world within a card playing group and its influence on their life satisfaction. This study was a qualitative design that utilized semi-structured interviews and participants observations. Three major themes emerged. The players experienced a sense of safe discourse when participating with the group. The playing group experienced independence from multiple roles. Finally, the playing group provided a coping mechanism for dealing with everyday stress and increased opportunities for socialization and strengthening of personal ties.
DNA bending is induced by binding of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain and progesterone receptors to their response element

Abstract Circular permutation analysis was used to determine the degree of DNA bending induced by binding of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding domain (DBD), the human progesterone receptor (PR) DBD, PR-A:A and PR-B:B homodimers, and PR-A:B heterodimers to the glucocorticoid response element/progesterone response element ( GRE PRE ). The bending angles induced by the GR DBD and the PR DBD were approximately 28° and 25°, respectively. The PR-B:B and PR-A:A homodimers and the PR-A:B heterodimers all induced similar DNA bending angles of 72–77°. The substantially greater DNA bend induced by full-length PR compared to the PR DBD indicates that sequences outside the classic zinc finger DNA binding domain may play an important role in the interaction of PR with the GRE PRE . Because PR-A:A and PR-B:B homodimers and the PR-A:B heterodimers induce similar DNA bends, the different abilities of the PR-A and PR-B isoforms to activate transcription are not due to differences in their abilities to distort DNA structure.
Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis of a Nonlinearly Elastic Static Lung Model

A model for the static pressure-volume behavior of the lung parenchyma based on a pseudo-elastic strain energy function was tested. Values of the model parameters and their variances were estimated by an optimal least-squares fit of the model-predicted pressures to the corresponding data from excised, saline-filled dog lungs. Although the model fit data from twelve lungs very well, the coefficients of variation for parameter values differed greatly. To analyze the sensitivity of the model output to its parameters, we examined an approximate Hessian, H, of the least-squares objective function. Based on the determinant and condition number of H, we were able to set formal criteria for choosing the most reliable estimates of parameter values and their variances. This in turn allowed us to specify a normal range of parameter values for these dog lungs. Thus the model not only describes static pressure-volume data, but also uses the data to estimate parameters from a fundamental constitutive equation. The optimal parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis developed here can be widely applied to other physiologic systems.
Meeting now suggests we will meet again: Implications for debates on the evolution of cooperation

Humans are often generous, even towards strangers encountered by chance and even in the absence of any explicit information suggesting they will meet again. Because game theoretic analyses typically conclude that a psychology designed for direct reciprocity should defect in such situations, many have concluded that alternative explanations for human generosity—explanations beyond direct reciprocity—are necessary. However, human cooperation evolved within a material and informational ecology: Simply adding consideration of one minimal ecological relationship to the analysis of reciprocity brings theory and observation closer together, indicating that ecology-free analyses of cooperation can be fragile. Using simulations, we show that the autocorrelation of an individual's location over time means that even a chance encounter with an individual predicts an increased probability of a future encounter with that same individual. We discuss how a psychology designed for such an ecology may be expected to often cooperate even in apparently one-shot situations.
Single Image Shadow Detection Using Multiple Cues in a Supermodular MRF.

We propose a single region shadow classifier based on a multikernel SVM. Our multikernel model is a linear combination of χ2 and Earth Mover’s Distance(EMD)[5] kernels that operate on texture and color histograms disjointly. This single region classifier already outperforms the more complex state of art methods, without performing MRF/CRF optimization. The local appearance of a single region is often ambiguous. Even for a human observer it can be hard to discern if a region is in shadow or not, without considering its context. Hence, it is sensible to look beyond the boundaries of a single region to decide its shadow label [1] [6]. In contrast to previous work we strive to use such contextual information sparingly. For MRF optimization reasons we prefer that most of the work is handled by the single region classifier (unary MRF potentials), with sparse pairwise connections that smooth the label changes across regions. We build on the work of [1] to propose our own improved pairwise classifiers but constrained to adjacent regions: for pairs of regions sharing the same material and same illumination condition, and for same material pairs viewed under different illumination (first lit, second in shadow). We also propose a shadow boundary classifier. Since shadow boundaries often overlap with reflectance changes confounding the effects of the illumination change, our classifier focuses on boundaries of shadows cast over surfaces with the same underlying material. We integrate our single region classifier, our pairwise classifiers, and our boundary classifier using an MRF. Confident positive predictions of the pairwise and boundary classifiers are used to define the pairwise potentials and the graph topology of the MRF. The unary potentials are defined based on the single region classifier. We want to minimize the following functional:
NIF final optics system: frequency conversion and beam conditioning

Installation and commissioning of the first of forty-eight Final Optics Assemblies on the National Ignition Facility was completed this past year. This activity culminated in the delivery of first light to a target. The final optics design is described and selected results from first-article commissioning and performance tests are presented.
Effect of age and exercise training on protein:protein interactions among eNOS and its regulatory proteins in rat aortas.

We tested the hypothesis that impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aged aorta is due, in part, to altered protein:protein interactions between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and key regulatory proteins resulting in impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation. We also hypothesized that endurance exercise training improves or restores NO-mediated vasorelaxation in aged aorta by reversing the detrimental effects of aging on protein:protein interaction between eNOS and its key regulatory proteins. Young (2 month) and old (22 month) rats were exercise trained (Ex) or remained sedentary (Sed) for 10 weeks yielding four groups of rats: (1) young Sed, (2) young Ex, (3) old Sed, and (4) old Ex. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) and protein:protein interactions were assessed in aortas. To determine the role of eNOS, endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh was assessed in the presence of l-NAME. Protein:protein interactions were assessed using co-immunoprecipitation. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was impaired in OldSed relative to YoungSed aortas. Training restored ACh-induced vasorelaxation responses so that OldEx were not different from YoungSed. l-NAME abolished the effects of age and exercise training on ACh-induced relaxation responses. Aging resulted in lower Cav1:eNOS and CaM:eNOS interactions but had no effect on Hsp90:eNOS interaction. Exercise training did not alter protein:protein interactions. Nitric oxide-mediated, endothelium-dependent relaxation is impaired in old aorta, which is associated with reduced Cav1:eNOS and CaM:eNOS interactions. Exercise training restores endothelium-dependent relaxation in old aortas by enhancing NO-mediated vasorelaxation. The beneficial effect of training is not mediated by reversing the detrimental effects of aging on protein:protein interactions between eNOS and its key regulatory proteins.