cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air Quality and Source Emissions

Community air quality criteria are currently of considerable interest in air pollution control. The use of air quality criteria as a guide for community action and especially for long-term community planning, is presented. In the earliest approaches to air pollution control, the damage or nuisance caused by pollution was the basis for action for abatement. Action could be taken only after proof of damage or nuisance. Since this approach was not acceptable, the emphasis shifted from abatement to prevention of excessive pollution, with attention directed to the source and the efficiency of control systems. The performance to be obtained from a control system was a matter of negotiation between the community and those responsible for the source. Certain efficiencies usually obtainable with well known types of processing equipment or control devices became accepted as good practice, and emission standards based on these practices were incorporated in regulations.
Halkieriids in Middle Cambrian phosphatic limestones from Australia

Halkieriids are part of a distinctive Early Cambrian fauna, the ''Tommotian fauna'' sensu Sepkoski (1992), that is preserved mostly as phosphatic and secondarily phosphatized skeletal elements. The distinctiveness of the Tommotian fauna is ascribed, in part, to its preferential elimination during the end-Early Cambrian mass extinction event (the ''Botomian extinction''). Newly discovered halkieriids in phosphatic limestones of the Middle Cambrian (Ptychagnostus gibbusZone) Monastery Creek Formation, Georgina Basin, Australia, now indicate that this group not only survived the end-Early Cambrian extinction, but was at least locally abundant thereafter. Most of the Georgina halkieriid sclerites can be accommodated within a single species, Australohalkieria superstes new genus and species, described and partly reconstructed here. Remaining sclerites probably represent two additional but rare halkieriid species. Additional newly discovered sclerites may have affinities with the sachitids, another problematic ''Tommotian'' taxon related to the halkieriids. Rare wiwaxiid sclerites extend the taphonomic and geographic distribution of this clade. The Monastery Creek Formation provides a valuable window on Middle Cambrian life, both because it provides information that is distinct from but complementary to other, similarly aged windows (e.g., the Burgess Shale) and because it represents a taphonomic window similar to those that preserve Early Cambrian small shelly problematica. A decline during the Cambrian in conditions necessary for the early diagenetic phosphati- zation of shallow-shelf and platform limestones may have effectively closed this taphonomic window, potentially biasing apparent patterns of diversity change through the period.
Introducing Care of the HCT Patient to New Graduate Nurses Using Problem Based Learning

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 21 (2015) S391eS397 S394 Findings & Interpretation: Patients surveyed after the above interventions were implemented (n1⁄431) reported greater satisfaction with the pre-transplant education program. All of the respondents “Strongly Agreed” or “Agreed” that educationwas consistent, understandable, and prepared them for admission. Nurses also expressed increased satisfaction with the program’s revisions. Discussion & Implications: This project served to standardize and improve patient education with input from various disciplines involved in the transplant process as well as patient and family advisors. These findings should be considered by transplant programs when developing or revising educational material.
σB Plays a Limited Role in the Ability of Listeria monocytogenes Strain F2365 To Survive Oxidative and Acid Stress and in Its Virulence Characteristics

Listeria monocytogenes strain F2365 was the first strain representative of serotype 4b (lineage I) to be sequenced in 2004, suggesting it could become the model organism for this serotype, which is associated with most human outbreaks of listeriosis worldwide to date. F2365 itself is an outbreak strain that was involved in the listeriosis outbreak associated with Mexican-style soft cheese in California in 1985. In this study, we show through phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis that L. monocytogenes strain F2365 has reduced ability to respond to acid and oxidative stress. F2365 has neither the σ B -dependent ability to survive acid or oxidative stress nor the σ B -dependent ability to infect Caco-2 epithelial cells in vitro or guinea pigs in vivo. More studies are needed to determine whether the atypical σ B -independent response to stress observed in F2365 is strain specific, serotype specific, or even lineage specific.
Rapid diagnosis of congential adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) by plasma steroid determinations

A sem-quantitative method for steroid determinations in a 0.5 ml plasma sample has been evaluated for the rapid (4–6 hr) diagnosis of CAH. Pet ether, benzene and methylene chloride extracts of plasma are quantitated by competitive protein binding using 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycortisol (cmpd S), and cortisol standards, respectively, for comparison. The observed plasma steroid concentrations are expressed as a ratio of “17-OHP” + “cmpd S” to “cortisol” since comparison of ratios, rather than absolute values, has been found to differentiate normals from patients more clearly. Plasma samples have been obtained from six normal children aged 4 days–7 yrs following administration of ACTH, from six adults with 11-hydroxylation impaired by the administration of metyrapone, and from three children aged 11 mos, 6 yrs and 8 years with CAH due to deficient 21-hydroxylation (five samples). The raios of “17-OHP” + “cmpd S” to “cortisol” for the respective groups have been determined: These preliminary results suggest usefulness of the procedure for rapidly ascertaining the presence or absence of the common variants of CAH, although further data from both normals and patients will be required for confirmation.
Investigation on Malassezia of lactating women's skin

Objective In order to know Malassezia of the lactating women's skin.Methods The scurf from the lactating women's breast skin was taken by sticky tape and cultured for Malassezia,which was identified by physiological and biochemical and morphological means.Results The normally main Malassezia in lactating women's breast skin was Malassezia furfur and Malassezia axis.Conclusion Lactating women's breast skin Malassezia is not exactly the same with normal people as previously reported.
Rapid Pliocene–Pleistocene erosion of the central Colorado Plateau documented by apatite thermochronology from the Henry Mountains

National Science Foundation (NSF); ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College Scientists); P.E.O. (Philanthropic Educational Organization); NSF grant [EAR-1219653, EAR-1338583]
Experimental Demonstration of a New Extension Plate Scour Countermeasure Downstream of Stilling Basins

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of a new scour countermeasure consisting of a horizontal extension plate (EP) downstream of a gated spillway-stilling basin structure. These experiments were performed on a 1:30 scale model of one of the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) gated spillway structures, the S65E gated spillway, because it has experienced worrisome downstream scour. Currently, riprap is the only scour countermeasure documented for these structures. EPs of various lengths were installed downstream of the stilling basin, and the equilibrium scour was measured. It was found that a plate length of approximately 1.88 times the exiting flow depth was the shortest length that resulted in significant scour reduction and downstream scour translation. Measured flow patterns reveal that the EP altered the flow patterns by transferring the plunging flow downstream and eliminating the near-bed reattachment and surface recirculation, possibly...
The Political Without Guarantees: Contagious Police Shootings, Neuroscientific Cultural Imaginaries, and Neuroscientific Futures

This chapter explores the aspirational applications of neuroscience to society and argues that such efforts bring with them a distinctive political program that seeks to reduce social, cultural, and political conditions to neurological and thus naturalistic phenomenon, where humans are situated as objects rather than subjects. Rather than critiquing the faulty inferences and base assumptions of recent neuro-rhetoric, this chapter instead addresses the reification of those qua neurological languages into governing practices. Doing so reveals the ways that two broad motifs, transcendence and determinism, contribute to the formation of this political program and how both motifs may well also reveal prospective futures for governing through the brain. In so doing, Casper seeks to demonstrate more generally that the assumptions and excessive enthusiasms that have mediated the expansion of somatic and mechanistic concepts into the cultural imaginary are already beginning artificially to harden scientific findings into governing inferences. That is, theories and ideas broadly understood to be under constant negotiation among scientists and clinicians are increasingly being resurrected in the form of absolute truth statements about human conduct and nature.
Chronic hepatitis B and C. What is the status of drug therapy

PreviewChronic hepatitis remains difficult to treat. Use of interferon has been successful against both hepatitis B and C viruses, but the outcome of long-term administration has yet to be determined. Not all patients respond to interferon, however, and some have side effects that cause them to discontinue therapy. Dr Wright discusses the results of studies to evaluate therapy with alpha, beta, and gamma interferon as well as with other agents, such as ribavirin, thymosin, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
Examining Specific Deterrence Effects on DWI Among Serious Offenders

Deterrence research supports the idea that punishment curbs offending; however, results for the specific deterrent effects of drunk driving are more nuanced. This research is often limited in its use of non-offender samples, its failure to examine links between past sanctions and subsequent risk perceptions, and in its use of aggregate-level data, thereby precluding any exploration of individuals’ perceived sanction risks. The current study examines the relationship between 824 felony inmates’ experiences with formal legal sanctions for drunk driving and their risk perceptions for driving drunk as well as their hypothetical intentions to drive drunk. Results generally fail to support deterrence theory’s propositions, and instead uncover some positive punishment effects (higher drunk driving intentions among those sanctioned previously) net of important theoretical controls. Implications for subsequent research and policy making are presented.
Understanding Information Credibility on Twitter

Increased popularity of microblogs in recent years brings about a need for better mechanisms to extract credible or otherwise useful information from noisy and large data. While there are a great number of studies that introduce methods to find credible data, there is no accepted credibility benchmark. As a result, it is hard to compare different studies and generalize from their findings. In this paper, we argue for a methodology for making such studies more useful to the research community. First, the underlying ground truth values of credibility must be reliable. The specific constructs used to define credibility must be carefully defined. Secondly, the underlying network context must be quantified and documented. To illustrate these two points, we conduct a unique credibility study of two different data sets on the same topic, but with different network characteristics. We also conduct two different user surveys, and construct two additional indicators of credibility based on retweet behavior. Through a detailed statistical study, we first show that survey based methods can be extremely noisy and results may vary greatly from survey to survey. However, by combining such methods with retweet behavior, we can incorporate two signals that are noisy but uncorrelated, resulting in ground truth measures that can be predicted with high accuracy and are stable across different data sets and survey methods. Newsworthiness of tweets can be a useful frame for specific applications, but it is not necessary for achieving reliable credibility ground truth measurements.
Electronic Detection of Delayed Test Result Follow-Up in Patients with Hypothyroidism

Delays in following up abnormal test results are a common problem in outpatient settings. Surveillance systems that use trigger tools to identify delayed follow-up can help reduce missed opportunities in care. To develop and test an electronic health record (EHR)-based trigger algorithm to identify instances of delayed follow-up of abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) results in patients being treated for hypothyroidism. We developed an algorithm using structured EHR data to identify patients with hypothyroidism who had delayed follow-up (>60 days) after an abnormal TSH. We then retrospectively applied the algorithm to a large EHR data warehouse within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), on patient records from two large VA networks for the period from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011. Identified records were reviewed to confirm the presence of delays in follow-up. During the study period, 645,555 patients were seen in the outpatient setting within the two networks. Of 293,554 patients with at least one TSH test result, the trigger identified 1250 patients on treatment for hypothyroidism with elevated TSH. Of these patients, 271 were flagged as potentially having delayed follow-up of their test result. Chart reviews confirmed delays in 163 of the 271 flagged patients (PPV = 60.1%). An automated trigger algorithm applied to records in a large EHR data warehouse identified patients with hypothyroidism with potential delays in thyroid function test results follow-up. Future prospective application of the TSH trigger algorithm can be used by clinical teams as a surveillance and quality improvement technique to monitor and improve follow-up.
The Rise and Demise of the Iranian Green Revolution: Collective Action Framing in Social Media

This chapter focuses on the role of social media in galvanizing street protests, demonstrations, and other forms of democratic participation associated with the Iranian Green Movement, and examines how Iranian activists framed relevant events, norms, values, ideologies, issues, narratives, and symbols on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other websites. The political, social, economic, and technological circumstances in Iran that triggered the Green Revolution and eventually contributed to its apparent demise are investigated. In particular, the chapter explores how movement activists utilized social media to enunciate their political demands and mobilize supporters—both within Iran and around the world. Attempts by activists to achieve a frame alignment between the Green Movement and relevant indigenous (national) and transnational discursive concepts are examined. The chapter proposes that the use of collective action frames in social media was initially instrumental in mobilizing the Green Movement and contesting the dominant frames of the regime, but ultimately proved to be insufficient and even counterproductive at times in sustaining the necessary levels of popular support to topple the regime from power.
Nanoscale Characterization of WSe2 for Opto-electronics Applications

Two dimensional (2D) thin transition metal dichalcogenides are being widely investigated for optoelectronics applications. Here, we report on the interfacial study of WSe2 with photo-absorber materials for efficient charge transport using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) for solar cell applications. The WSe2 in these experiments was synthesized using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) with a WO3 powder and Se pellets as the precursors, where the selenium was placed upstream in an Ar carrier gas within the furnace at a temperature zone of 260-270°C. For the interfacial analysis, nanoscale KPFM measurements show an average surface potential of 125 meV for the CVD synthesized WSe2 flakes. KPFM measurements signify that a thin layer of WSe2 can be used to suppress back recombination of carriers between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the absorber layer. A proper band alignment between ETL and absorber layer helps to increase the overall device performance, which we will elaborate upon in this work. Capacitance-voltage and capacitance-frequency measurements were measured to study the role of defects.
Tapered antiepileptic drug withdrawal increased the risk for seizure recurrence

Source Citation Medical Research Council Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study Group. Randomised study of antiepileptic drug withdrawal in patients in remission. Lancet. 1991 May 18;337:1175-80.
People Analytics and Invisible Labor

This article explores two trends in labor and employment law: people analytics and invisible labor. People analytics includes the practice of employers using quantitative data to make objective decisions regarding employees. Invisible labor includes work that is unrecognized because it involves emotional work, or that is hidden due to the intermediation of technology. The article then discusses the paradox of the two trends. As people analytics relies on data for decision-making, how can employers use data analytics if there are increasingly invisible components to work? The article considers solutions: should people analytics include components of hidden labor, explicitly recognize and exclude invisible labor from people analytics, or a combination of both?
A novel variant form of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein in human lung cancer cell lines

3763 EGFR protein is frequently over expressed in various cancers and mutations occur in a subset of non small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Of interest, the EGFR/KRAS pathway has not been implicated in small cell lung cancers (SCLC). Several variant forms of EGFR (type I to V) exist in malignant cells. We found a novel truncated form of egfr protein in lung cancer cell lines. The estimated size of the truncated protein was approximately 112 kDa and matched the size of the band found by Western blotting. The frequency of the truncated protein was greater in small cell lung carcinoma SCLC lines (16/20, 80%) than in NSCLC) lines (3/20, 15%). Affected lung cancer cells expressed truncated band alone or both truncated and wild type EGFR forms. The truncated protein had a cytoplasmic rather than cell surface localization and was generated by a post transcriptional event. Immunoprecipitation and N-terminal Edman amino acid sequence of this truncated egfr protein showed the cleavage point to be located in the middle of exon 5. The phospholylation site (Tyr 1068) of the truncated protein was constitutively active and not influenced by ligand stimulation. We designed siRNAs targeted against either the extra or intra-cellular domains which resulted in EGFR expression knockdown and decrease of the downstream phosphorylated proteins BRAF and MAPK. Liquid and soft agar culture assays showed decreased tumor cell proliferation after RNA interference mediated EGFR knockdown. The truncated EGFR protein presents a novel therapeutic target, especially for SCLC.
Congenitally Athymic (Nude) Mice and Their Application to the Study of Immunity and Aging

Numerous studies in several mammalian species, including man, mice, rats, and hamsters have established a strong relationship between the aging process and a decline in the functional capacity of the immune system (Walford, 1969). The socalled immunologic theory of aging predicts that genetic and induced defects in the immune apparatus may seriously compromise the general health of man or animals by failing to thwart infections and neoplasia on the one hand, and, on the other, by responding to self-antigens to produce destructive autoimmune disorders.
Lonely Together: Subaltern Family Albums and Kinship During Medical Incarceration

During one of the longest and most extensive systems of medical incarceration in modern history (1866–1969), the Hawai‘i Board of Health exiled men, women, and children with leprosy (now known as H...
Iridium and Osmium as Tracers of Extraterrestrial Matter in Marine Sediments

Platinum group elements, specifically iridium and osmium, are the most sensitive non-volatile elemental tracers of extraterrestrial (meteoritic) matter in marine sediments. The budget of these elements in sediments can be considered a mixture of extraterrestrial, eolian (i.e., wind-blown dust), and hydrogenous (i.e., seawater-derived) sources. Differences in the osmium isotopic composition between these three sources allow quantification of the amount of extraterrestrial osmium in sediments. Osmium isotope data for about 30 pelagic sediments from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, spanning the past 80 Myr, yield an average annual flux of extraterrestrial matter of 30,000 ± 15,000 metric tons. The only clear exception is the large impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Temporal resolution of these flux estimates is limited to at least several thousand years by the need to obtain statistically representative samples. The scatter in the flux estimates is large and secular variations in the flux of less than a factor of about three cannot be excluded. However, samples from individual cores indicate that the flux of extraterrestrial matter has varied by less than a factor of two, if the flux is averaged over the scale of temporal resolution in marine sediment samples.
Vestibular sensory substitution using tongue electrotactile display

Sensory substitution systems provide their users with environmental information through a human sensory channel different from that normally used. For example, a person who is blind may use a long cane to detect obstacles while walking and Braille or raised-line graphics to read information normally received visually. A person who is deaf may read lips to understand speech. A person without vision or hearing may use a method called Tadoma, placing his or her hands over the face and neck of a speaker to understand speech [1]. Persons with an impaired vestibular (balance) system use their hands, not primarily for mechanical support, but to sense how they move relative to their environment. Electronic sensors and tactile (touch) displays enable more sophisticated applications for sensory substitution. In this chapter we will briefly review visual and auditory sensory substitution, as well as tactile feedback in robotic systems, followed by an extended discussion of vestibular sensory substitution.
What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship?

Article-at-a-Glance Background During Summer 2005, the Kenneth B. Schwartz Center asked hospitals to hold rounds to discuss the topic, "What Makes for a Compassionate Patient-Caregiver Relationship?" Review of questionnaires and transcripts of the rounds held at 54 hospitals in 21 states yielded three major categories: communication, common ground, and respect for individuality. Communication Suggestions to improve compassionate care often focused on style and content. Rounds attendees felt that compassionate care also depends on imparting medical facts in a clear and useful manner to patients—often difficult for complex medical issues. Common Ground Compassionate care depends on showing empathy for a patient's illness experience no matter what his or her background. Rounds participants felt that caregivers could make a conscious choice to care deeply for patients. Sharing personal information with patients and admitting mistakes were key methods for identifying common ground. Treating the Patient as an Individual Compassionate care requires striking an individualized balance between providing guidance and allowing autonomy to achieve shared consensus, especially with complex information. A Prescription for Change Most interventions target students yet do not continually reinforce compassion. Advocates for compassionate care should instead treat lack of compassion not as an acute trauma but as a chronic condition requiring a lifetime of continuous support, regular guidance, repeated reinforcement, specific targeted outcomes, and more innovative care programs.
Some Industrial Applications of Text Mining

Three industrial applications of text mining will be presented requiring different methodologies. The first application used a classification approach in order filter documents relevant for personal profiles from an underlying document collection. The second application combines cluster analysis with statistical trend analysis in order detect emerging issues in manufacturing. In the third application a combination of static term indexing and dynamic singular value computation is used to drive similarity search in a large document collection. All of these approaches require a knowledgeable human to be part of the process, the goal is not an automatic knowledge understanding but using text mining technology in order to enhance the productivity of existing business processes.
Correction to: Cloning and Expression of Heterologous Cellulases and Enzymes in Aspergillus niger.

The author's family name were incorrectly published in the original version. This has been corrected to read as: Given Name: Saori Family Name: Amaike Campen
Clinical features and outcome of dermal squamous cell carcinoma in 193 dogs (1987-2017)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a frequently recognized dermal tumour in dogs and has been described as a common pathology induced by solar ultraviolet radiation exposure. Little has been published about this neoplasm with regard to clinical features and outcome in dogs. This retrospective study included 193 dogs from a single institution histopathologically diagnosed with SCC of the dermis. Thirty-eight percent of all dogs had documented histopathologic actinic change. The overall median survival time was 1004 days, with the population demonstrating actinic change associated with a significantly longer survival time (median 1359 days, range 16-3530 days) compared to dogs without actinic change (median 680 days, range 16-3066 days) and this achieved significance on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.193-0.930, P = 0.032). These data demonstrate increased survival of dogs with SCC demonstrating actinic change over those with non-actinic SCCs, and purports long-term survival for these animals. Dogs received a variety of treatment approaches as a retrospective study, and future prospective studies will be necessary to investigate whether adjunct therapies such as radiation or chemotherapy offer improvement in survival for dermal SCC in the dog.
FasTag: automatic text classification of unstructured medical narratives

ABSTRACT Objective Unstructured clinical narratives are continuously being recorded as part of delivery of care in electronic health records, and dedicated tagging staff spend considerable effort manually assigning clinical codes for billing purposes; despite these efforts, label availability and accuracy are both suboptimal. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, we trained long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on 52,722 human and 89,591 veterinary records. We investigated the accuracy of both separate-domain and combined-domain models and probed model portability. We established relevant baselines by training Decision Trees (DT) and Random Forests (RF), and using MetaMap Lite, a clinical natural language processing tool. Results We show that the LSTM-RNNs accurately classify veterinary and human text narratives into top-level categories with an average weighted macro F1 score of 0.74 and 0.68 respectively. In the “neoplasia” category, the model built with veterinary data has a high accuracy in veterinary data, and moderate accuracy in human data, with F1 scores of 0.91 and 0.70 respectively. Our LSTM method scored slightly higher than that of the DT and RF models. Discussion The use of LSTM-RNN models represents a scalable structure that could prove useful in cohort identification for comparative oncology studies. Conclusion Digitization of human and veterinary health information will continue to be a reality, particularly in the form of unstructured narratives. Our approach is a step forward for these two domains to learn from, and inform, one another.
Deliberate Differentiation by the Chinese State: Outsourcing Responsibility for Governance

Do authoritarian governments’ responses towards different civil society organizations (CSOs) reflect policy differentiations? Building on the existing literature of graduated control, diversification of civil society, and consultative authoritarianism, this paper utilizes an online field experiment,1 and interviews with government officials and CSO leaders to demonstrate that local governments have the tendencies to intentionally treat different CSOs with different policy responses, referred to as “deliberate differentiation” in this paper. However, contrary to what the existing literature would suggest, this study reveals that at the local level, such differentiation is driven more by the state's interest in extracting productivity and outsourcing responsibility for the provision of public goods and less by the state's need to acquire information from CSOs, including politically sensitive advocacy groups.
Effect of moisture on E-glass/epoxy interfacial and fiber strengths

The effect of absorbed moisture on the fiber and interfacial strengths of an epoxy reinforced with continuous fibers of E-glass has been investigated. Single-fiber fragmentation tests of E-glass/epoxy model composites have shown degradation of both the strength of the fiber and the strength of the interface after immersion in water at 25 and 75 C. This work has expanded to investigate the effects of water on the tensile and interlaminar properties of full-scale composite materials after immersion in water for comparison with the results from the single-fiber fragmentation test. One goal of this research is an assessment of the ability to predict composite structural properties from a small-scale test such as the single-fiber fragmentation test, of particular interest is the possibility that the smaller scale of the test coupled with full immersion and elevated temperatures can provide an accelerated test for composite structures subjected to longer exposure under less severe environmental conditions. Four different composite test methods have been chosen to emphasize different aspects of the problem: tension tests of unidirectional layups should reflect the degradation of the fiber strength, while testing unidirectional layups in compression and in Mode I and Mode II delamination fracture should be more indicative ofmore » the degradation of the interface. Two different fiber coatings have been used in an effort to vary the nature of the glass/epoxy interface, and the specimens have been immersed at both 25 and 75 C to investigate the influence of temperature.« less
Alpha-synuclein is strategically positioned for afferent modulation of midbrain dopamine neurons and is essential for cocaine preference

Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is an abundant neuroprotein elevated in cocaine addicts, linked to drug craving, and recruited to axon terminals undergoing glutamatergic plasticity - a proposed mechanism for substance abuse. However, little is known about normal α-syn function or how it contributes to substance abuse. We show that α-syn is critical for preference of hedonic stimuli and the cognitive flexibility needed to change behavioral strategies, functions that are altered with substance abuse. Electron microscopic analysis reveals changes in α-syn targeting of ventral tegmental area axon terminals that is dependent upon the duration of cocaine exposure. The dynamic changes in presynaptic α-syn position it to control neurotransmission and fine-tune the complex afferent inputs to dopamine neurons, potentially altering functional dopamine output. Cocaine also increases postsynaptic α-syn where it is needed for normal ALIX function, multivesicular body formation, and cocaine-induced exosome release indicating potentially similar α-syn actions for vesicle release pre- and post-synaptically.
Becoming an object: A review of self-objectification in girls

Abstract Objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 ) provides a framework for understanding how cultural pressure on women’s appearance (i.e., sexual objectification) impacts their psychological and physical well-being. Although objectification theory proposes that objectification processes commence with the onset of puberty, much of the existing research on self-objectification has been conducted with adult women. Thus, less is known about how self-objectification operates with younger girls and adolescent girls. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of self-objectification research on girls under the age of 18 including the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of self-objectification as well as protective factors (n = 66 studies). In addition, we discuss how development is relevant to objectification theory and self-objectification. Finally, we call for a program of research that addresses methodological and conceptual concerns in existing research, fills gaps in the research literature, and pays further attention to developmental processes in self-objectification. An especially notable pattern we identified is that self-objectification is strongly related to age, such that older girls experience higher levels of self-objectification compared to younger girls. The aim of this paper is to provoke deeper considerations of development and the inclusion of girls in future research on self-objectification.
Underwaterwriting: from theory to empiricism in regional mortgage markets in the U.S.

This article provides the theoretical foundation for the concept of “Underwaterwriting,” which can be understood as various informational and institutional limitations related to environmental exposure and climate change impacts—specifically flooding and sea level rise inundation—shaping firm participation in mortgage markets. Underwaterwriting suggests that the unevenness of scientific knowledge and local soft information, as well as the institutional barriers for the utilization of that information, could result in determinations of risk that may not accurately reflect long-term asset performance or credit loss. These informational asymmetries may result in assignments of risk that reflect a degree of arbitrariness or inaccuracy that may operate to strand assets and shed or increase market share in ways that are inefficient and may otherwise lead to negative public externalities. Consistent with this theory, this article provides evidence that concentrated local lenders are transferring risk in high-risk coastal geographies in the Southeast Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (U.S.) through increased securitization of mortgages. These findings provide an impetus for supporting more robust analysis of climate-risk in light of forthcoming accounting rules that require an upfront accounting of forward-looking credit losses.
Ultra-Broadband Silicon Photonic Interleaver for Massive Channel Count Frequency Combs

We demonstrate an ultra-broadband interleaver operating over 100 nm for interleaving frequency comb lines with a box-like spectral response. This demonstration paves the way for fully-integrated wavelength division multiplexed transceivers scalable to hundreds of wavelengths.
Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity

Abstract Objective Although prior research has examined the prevalence of ACEs among children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the household and family settings of children with ADHD. Our study utilizes a recent nationally representative dataset to examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), child and household characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis and severity. Methods Using the 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), our sample consisted of children three years of age or older, as this is the youngest age at which the NSCH begins to ask caregivers if a child has been diagnosed with ADHD (n = 42,068). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between ACE type, score, and ADHD and ADHD severity, controlling for child and household characteristics. Results Children exposed to four or more ACEs had higher odds of ADHD (aOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.72–2.71) and moderate to severe ADHD (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.31–2.72) than children exposed to fewer than four ACEs. Other child characteristics positively associated with ADHD included age and public insurance; other Non-Hispanic races compared to Non-Hispanic White had lower odds of ADHD. Of children reported with ADHD, public insurance was also associated with caregiver-reported moderate to severe ADHD. Conclusions Children with ADHD have a higher prevalence of ACEs, making this study important for understanding the relationship between ACEs and ADHD at the population level.
Living Lean: Lunch with Guinevere

This case is part of the "Living Lean" series, which presents accessible, everyday scenarios for a Lean process-improvement journey. In this episode, the kitchen staff of a luxury hotel kitchen adapts its procedures to accommodate a party that includes a toddler. Excerpt UVA-OM-1436 Rev. Oct. 24, 2013 Living Lean: Lunch with Guinevere Charles, maitre d' of the restaurant at the Walden-Aster Hotel, hears an animated exchange echo among the chandeliers, then sees two women walk across the lobby, one pushing a stroller. Of the two reservations for two people at noon—both under the name Jennifer—one, he knows, has already checked in, so he surmises this is the other. Illustrations by Michael Twery. In the stroller, a toddler in a pink-and-black frock twists left and right to look at the vaulted Beaux Arts ceilings. As her mother begins unbuckling her, Charles approaches them and gestures to the stroller. . . .
Evaluation of static belt fit and belt torso contact for children on belt-positioning booster seats.

Objective: Previous studies have indicated that gap between the seatbelt and torso (reduced belt torso contact) for children on belt-positioning booster seats (BPBs) may lead to less torso engageme...
The creation of ghost forests is driven by physical, ecological, and disturbance factors but remains a rare phenomenon

Marine transgression and the landward migration of coastlines in response to sea-level rise will determine the future of coastal ecosystems and species worldwide, yet no complete model of these processes exist. Ghost forests, areas where coastal forest has been killed by saltwater inundation, are an attention-grabbing early indicator of marine transgression. Research on marine transgression to date has largely been limited to place-based studies that, due to logistical constraints and foci of expertise, investigate subsets of the potential drivers of marine transgression. Here I take advantage of new open source datasets to provide the first systematic analysis of marine transgression across large scales, focusing on the creation of ghost forests across a region of ecological and scientific importance, the northeast U.S. My analysis provides the first synthesis of the physical, ecological, and disturbance factors that influence marine transgression. It also provides crucial regional context for more intensive studies that have a limited geographic scope. I found that ghost forests are a rare phenomenon in the landscape context: 95% of recent forest loss is concentrated in less than 3.86% of marshes, and between 2000 and 2018, only 0.88% of the entire forested area of the transgression zone experienced loss. As a result of this rarity, regional variation in marine transgression is largely driven by opportunities for rare events, which are more numerous when suitable conditions, such as shallow slopes, cover extensive areas. Quantifying recent trends in the rate of forest loss found little evidence of acceleration, with evidence instead suggesting that fewer ghost forests are being created. I also found that physical, ecological, and disturbance factors, including hurricane impacts, were all important for understanding recent trends in forest loss, suggesting that an interdisciplinary approach is warranted for future analyses and modeling of marine transgression. Such interdisciplinary research is urgently needed, as the current rate of marine transgression points to the likelihood of near-term losses of coastal wetlands, with dire implications for the species that depend on them.
A Good Death

A Good Death? The promise of the “good death” was one of the outcomes that had inspired the physician to pursue a career in palliative care. But not all patients’ stories play out according to this...
In Situ Measurements of Through-Plane, Ionic Potential Distributions in Porous Electrodes

We present a novel apparatus for gathering in situ measurements of through-plane, ionic potential distributions in the porous electrodes of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Our diagnostic method uses a micro-structured electrode scaffold (MES) that is comprised of alternating layers of insulating and sensing materials into which a 100 μm diameter hole is micro-milled and then filled with catalyst ink. Using the MES, we performed a polarization curve experiment where the ionic potential was measured within a 50 μm thick catalyst layer at 8 and 24 μm from membrane. Our results show that there are significant ionic potential variations within the electrode. Such data is valuable in the electrochemical characterization of electrodes and catalysts. The MES potential measurements also provide insight into reaction distributions across the thickness of the electrode, which is valuable in the validation of porous electrode models.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Serotonin Receptors and Neurotransmission

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on neurotransmission and serotonin receptors, their synthesis, and metabolism. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter as well as a circulating hormone. Serotoninergic neurons in the brain synthesize and store serotonin at axon terminals where it is released and interacts with cell-surface receptors on adjacent neurons. The pathway of synthesis is common throughout the body. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan, an essential amino acid obtained in the diet. Uptake into vesicles is mediated by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). Stored 5-HT is released from synaptic vesicles by a complex series of phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions initiated by the influx of calcium. 5-HT in the synaptic cleft interacts with cell-surface receptors localized at the postsynaptic membrane or on the presynaptic terminal. 5-HT serves a key role in the regulation of gut function and motility. Enterochromaffin cells synthesize and store 5-HT in granules, and release 5-HT upon stimulation by norepinephrine released from the myenteric plexus.
Interactive Simulation for Water System Dynamics

The urban simulation modeling techniques demonstrated by Forrester of MIT have attracted wide interest from social scientists and the management science community. The techniques can also be applied to urban water problems, particularly those concerned with the economics of supply-storage-use problems. An example of a rate policy simulation study for Fort Collins, Colo., is presented. The flexibility of the approach is emphasized but the need for valid data, as in all simulation studies, is not understated. The modeling approach presented emphasizes an interactive simulation, written in BASIC language and run on an office size minicomputer, available to practically any engineering office. Although this case was restricted to an urban water supply system, the methodology should be valid for many other engineering-economic problems as well.
Mechanical Hemodynamic Support

Discuss the indications for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC). Formulate a plan for the evaluation and management of ischemic limb complications related to IABC. Discuss the use of VAD therapy in the management of failing ventricular function. Compare and contrast a variety of VADs with regard to indications, contraindications, and complications. Discuss the technique of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure.
Incremental and Distributed Learning with Support Vector Machines

Due to the increase in the amount of data gathered every day in the real world problems (e.g., bioinformatics), there is a need for inductive learning algorithms that can incrementally process large amounts of data that is being accumulated over time in physically distributed, autonomous data repositories. In the incremental setting, the learner gradually refines a hypothesis (or a set of hypotheses) as new data become available. Because of the large volume of data involved, it may not be practical to store and access the entire dataset during learning. Thus, the learner does not have access to data that has been encountered at a previous time. Learning in the distributed setting can be defined in a similar fashion. An incremental or distributed learning algorithm is said to be exact if it gives the same results as those obtained by batch learning (i.e., when the entire dataset is accessible to the learning algorithm during learning). We explore exact distributed and incremental learning algorithms that are variants and extensions of the support vector machine (SVM) family of learning algorithms. For the sake of simplicity, suppose that we have two data sets and , and we want to learn from them in an incremental setting using SVM. A naive approach (Syed, Liu & Sung, 1999) works as follows: 1. Apply the SVM algorithm to and generate a set of support vectors
Human Herpesvirus 8

Human herpesvirus (HHV) 8 or Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the newest member of the HHV family, discovered almost a decade ago in Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) tissue (1, 2, 3). Since it was first identified in KS and is linked to this disease, it is thus termed KSHV. This virus was also the eighth HHV identified; therefore, it is also commonly known as HHV-8. HHV can be divided into three subgroups: the α, β, and γ-herpesvirus. The γ-herpesviruses are able to infect human lymphocytes and can be further subdivided into two subgroups, γ-1 or lymphocrytovirus and β-2 or rhadinovirus. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the prototype β-1 virus, and the simian herpesvirus saimiri is the prototype β-2 herpesvirus (4). HHV-8 is classified as a β-2 rhadinovirus and is the first human virus of this subfamily identified (5). Like other herpesviruses, HHV-8 is a double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus. Its genome is linear, is about 165 kbp in length, and contains at least 87 viral genes (6, 7, 8).
Does packet replication along multipath really help

For reliability of communication and simplicity, often times packet are replicated along predetermined routes to the destination. Alternatively, for traffic load balancing, data traffic is distributed along disjoint or meshed multiple routes to the destination - called selective forwarding. In this paper, we study and quantify the resource usage in these schemes, namely, packet replication and selective forwarding approaches. Our evaluation shows that for successfully routing a message using forward error correction coding technique, packet replication wastes much higher network resource, such as channel bandwidth and battery power.