cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Heterogeneous Non-resident Student Body: Measuring the Effect of Out-Of-State Students’ Home-State Wealth on Tuition and Fee Price Variations

More than 40 years of research has found a positive relationship between increases in the proportion of non-resident students enrolling in an institution and increases in the tuition prices this institution charges to these same students. Notably, this line of research has consistently treated this non-resident student body as if they constitute a homogeneous group in terms of their socioeconomic well-being, when in reality these students come from states with differing levels of socioeconomic prosperity. Notably, given that tuition and fee charges to non-resident students are market-based, institutions charge what out-of-state students are willing to pay. Under this rationale, it follows that the wealthier the student body of an institution is, the more institutions will be able to charge them in terms of tuition and fees for their education. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it offers a method to measure the level of wealth of the non-resident student body enrolling at an institution considering the level of wealth of these students’ home states, therefore creating a measure of heterogeneity of the non-resident student body. The second purpose is to evaluate whether this measure of heterogeneity is associated with larger increases in the net tuition and fee prices charged to these students compared to the increases related to the homogeneous structure that ignores these students’ home-state wealth. This twofold purpose was addressed utilizing a dataset built from regional, state, and institutional information of 1743 public and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions across the contiguous United States. Since all the outcome variables were found to be spatially dependent, spatial econometrics techniques were employed for model estimation. Results corroborated that treating non-resident students as a homogeneous structure rendered downwardly biased estimates of institutions’ abilities and/or decisions to set higher or lower tuition and fee prices compared to the estimates obtained using the heterogeneous structure. Considering current general disinvestment of states in higher education, the analysis of factors driving non-resident tuition and fee price-setting has become especially relevant for public policy officials and decision-makers at both the institution- and state-levels. Accordingly, this study examines a critical issue in the finance of higher education—the setting of institutional tuition and fees for non-resident students.
A Generalization of Boolean Rings

A Boolean ring satisfies the identity x 2 = x which, of course, implies the identity x 2 y − xy 2 = 0. With this as motivation, we define a subBoolean ring to be a ring R which satisfies the condition that x 2 y −xy 2 is nilpotent for certain elements x, y of R. We consider some conditions which imply that the subBoolean ring R is commutative or has a nil commutator ideal. Mathematics Subject Classification: 16U80, 16D70
Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Primary Care Physicians and General Internists

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is a safe and rapidly evolving diagnostic modality that is now utilized by health care professionals from nearly all specialties. Technological advances have improved the portability of equipment, enabling ultrasound imaging to be executed at the bedside and thereby allowing internists to make timely diagnoses and perform ultrasound-guided procedures. We reviewed the literature on the POCUS applications most relevant to the practice of internal medicine. The use of POCUS can immediately narrow differential diagnoses by building on the clinical information revealed by the traditional physical examination and refining clinical decision making for further management. We describe 2 common patient scenarios (heart failure and sepsis) to highlight the impact of POCUS performed by internists on efficiency, diagnostic accuracy, resource utilization, and radiation exposure. Using POCUS to guide procedures has been found to reduce procedure-related complications, along with costs and lengths of stay associated with these complications. Despite several undisputed advantages of POCUS, barriers to implementation must be considered. Most importantly, the utility of POCUS depends on the experience and skills of the operator, which are affected by the availability of training and the cost of ultrasound devices. Additional system barriers include availability of templates for documentation, electronic storage for image archiving, and policies and procedures for quality assurance and billing. Integration of POCUS into the practice of internal medicine is an inevitable change that will empower internists to improve the care of their patients at the bedside.
Embracing Organized Disorder: The Future of Organizational Membership

AbstractThe future of organizational membership may be in question. New technologies such as ecommerce and wireless internet access, globalization, and atomization, are external factors that will inevitably impact the future of organizations and the meaning of affiliation and employment. This paper is a tiny step in beginning to address this quandary from the perspectives of chaos, complexity, and psychoanalytic theories.
Variational Principles for the Return Current in Encephalography

The total electric current within the brain has been written as a sum of two terms of distinctly different nature (Geselowitz, 1967; Barnard, 1967). The first, \( {{\vec J}^i} \), is the ‘primary’ or ‘impressed’ intracellular current that flows within the neurons, and is the quantity of interest in neuroscience. This current leaks across the cell membrane, however, and since the cells are embedded in an electrically conducting medium the extracellular (‘return’) current flows through a large volume of this medium before returning to the cell. With the return current written as the product of the conductivity σ and the electric field intensity \( {\vec{\text E}} = - {\nabla}{\text{V}} \), at low frequencies the electric potential V is determined by the continuity equation (Geselowitz, 1967).
Analysis of Morphologically Similar Staphylococcus aureus Colonies for Assessment of Phenotypic and Genotypic Correlation.

In an effort to track and control the transmission of Staphylococcus aureus, patient isolates are saved for epidemiological studies ([1][1][–][2][3][3]). Study investigators often assume that colonies with the same morphology on the original culture plate represent the same clone. However, there
Laryngotracheal Involvement in Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis

Laryngotracheal amyloid deposition is an uncommon manifestation of systemic light chain amyloidosis. Diagnostic imaging, such as CT, is useful for suggesting the possibility of amyloidosis and delineating the extent of the lesions for surgical management; however, the diagnosis is confirmed with the histologic finding of amorphous eosinophilic material which stains positively for Congo red and may show apple green birefringence on polarization. These features are exemplified in this sine qua non radiology-pathology correlation article.
A quantitative analysis examining differences between US humanities and STEM students’ propensity toward innovation

Some scholars speculate that humanities education, as compared to STEM education, may be better able to provide students with the most in-demand twenty-first century workplace skill: innovation. Du...
The Fallacy of Thinking Conventionally about Nuclear Weapons

The chapter passionately argues in favour of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament as vital objectives to save humanity from certain catastrophe. The fact is that a nuclear weapon is not a weapon in the conventional semantic sense. It is not a rational means to a rational end; it is an instrument of unlimited, universal destruction. Hence, the threat or the actuality of a nuclear war is not a rational instrument of national policy but rather an instrument of suicide and genocide. This also makes nuclear disarmament utterly different from the conventional one.
Data center links beyond 100 Gbit/s per wavelength

Abstract Increased traffic demands within and between data centers now necessitate low-cost and low-power systems with per-wavelength bit rates beyond what can be easily achieved using conventional on/off keying. We review spectrally efficient links based on direct detection, Stokes vector detection, coherent detection and differentially coherent detection for data center applications. We show that limited spectral efficiency and power margin will inhibit scaling of direct detection-compatible formats beyond 100 Gbit/s. Stokes vector receivers can provide higher spectral efficiency without requiring a local oscillator laser, but require power-hungry analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital signal processing (DSP). Similarly, existing DSP-based coherent systems designed for long-haul transmission may be excessively complex and power-hungry for short-reach data center links. We present low-power DSP-free coherent and differentially coherent alternatives that avoid high-speed ADCs and DSP and achieve similar performance to their DSP-based counterparts in intra-data center links and dispersion-compensated inter-data center links.
Simulating Soil Organic Carbon Responses to Cropping Intensity, Tillage, and Climate Change in Pacific Northwest Dryland

Managing dryland cropping systems to increase soil organic C (SOC) under changing climate is challenging after decades of winter wheat ( L.)-fallow and moldboard plow tillage (W-F/MP). The objective was to use CQESTR, a process-based C model, and SOC data collected in 2004, 2008, and 2012 to predict the best management to increase SOC under changing climate in four cropping systems, which included continuous wheat under no tillage (W-W/NT), wheat and sorghum × sudangrass [ (L.) Moench. × L.] under no tillage, wheat-fallow under sweep tillage, and W-F/MP. Since future yields and climate are uncertain, 20 scenarios for each cropping system were simulated with four climate projections and five crop yield scenarios (current crop yields, and 10 or 30% greater or lesser yields). Measured and simulated SOC were significantly ( < 0.0001) correlated ( = 0.98) at all soil depths. Predicted SOC changes ranged from -12.03 to 2.56 Mg C ha in the 1-m soil depth for W-F/MP and W-W/NT, respectively, during the 2012 to 2052 predictive period. Only W-W/NT sequestered SOC at a rate of 0.06 Mg C ha yr under current crop yields and climate. Under climate change and yield scenarios, W-W/NT lost SOC except with a 30% wheat yield increase for 40 yr. Predicted SOC increases in W-W/NT were 0.71, 1.16, and 0.88 Mg C ha under the Oregon Climate Assessment Reports for low emissions and high emissions and the Regional Climate Model version 3 with boundary conditions from the Third Generation Coupled Global Climate Model, respectively, with 30% yield increases. Continuous no-till cropping would increase SOC and improve soil health and resiliency to lessen the impact of extreme weather.
A Review of Salvinorin Analogs and their Kappa-Opioid Receptor Activity

The plant metabolite salvinorin A potently and selectively agonizes the human kappa-opioid receptor, an emerging target for next-generation analgesics. Here we review analogs of the salvinorin chemotype and their effects on selectivity, affinity and potency. Extensive peripheral modifications using isolated salvinorin A have delivered a trove of SAR information. More deep-seated changes are now possible by advances in chemical synthesis.
Application of a robust design occupancy model for assessing fish recruitment

Fish recruitment is complex, regulated by environmental factors that induce high mortality early in life. Additionally, age-0 fish can be difficult to sample, making recruitment difficult to detect...
Pulmonary edema associated with pregnancy: echocardiographic insights and implications for treatment.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of echocardiography in determining the cause of pulmonary edema in pregnancy and the impact this information has on management. METHODS We studied prospectively 45 pregnant or recently postpartum women admitted to an obstetric intensive care unit with pulmonary edema during a 6-year period. Between 1 and 4 days after the onset of pulmonary edema, two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was performed, as was continuous, pulsed, and color Doppler echocardiography. The clinical diagnosis obtained from history, physical examination, chest radiograph, and laboratory data was compared with the echocardiographic diagnosis. RESULTS Three therapeutically and prognostically distinct groups were identified by echocardiography: 1) those with decreased systolic function (N = 19), 2) those with normal systolic function but increased left ventricular mass and presumed diastolic dysfunction (N = 17), and 3) those with normal hearts (N = 9). During the study period, two patients with systolic dysfunction died and one underwent cardiac transplantation. Patients with systolic dysfunction required short- and long-term treatment with digoxin, diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Those with diastolic dysfunction received diuretics and long-term antihypertensive therapy. Women with normal hearts required acute therapy only. In 21 patients (47%), echocardiography demonstrated clinically unsuspected findings, which altered the long-term management in 16. CONCLUSION Because clinical and roentgenographic findings do not accurately differentiate patients with respect to the presence and type of cardiac dysfunction, and because these subgroups differ with respect to treatment and probably prognosis, we recommend echocardiography to evaluate all pregnant women with pulmonary edema.
What is normal sleep in the elderly

Changes in the sleep and daytime alertness of the elderly are common and are secondary to a variety of causes. These changes cannot be attributed solely to the aging process. The role of occult sleep disorders in producing these changes in significant, and severe sleep disruption in the healthy elderly is almost always secondary to a sleep disorder such as sleep apnea. A number of precautions must be kept in mind when interpreting studies of sleep in the elderly.
Analyzing the tradeoffs between breakup and cloning in the context of organizational self-design

Organizational Self-Design (OSD) has been proposed as an approach to constructing suitable organizations at runtime in which the agents are responsible for constructing their own organizational structures. OSD has also been shown to be especially suited for environments that are dynamic and semi-dynamic. Most existing OSD approaches work by changing the organizational structure in response to changes in the environment - usually by spawning a new agent when an agent is overloaded and composing agents when they are free. One approach to spawning involves "breaking" up a problem into smaller sub-problems and assigning one of the sub-problems to the newly spawned agent. An alternative approach works by "cloning" the source agent and assigning the clone agent a portion of the source's work load. We posit that both of these approaches are complementary, have their own advantages, and can be used together. In this paper we analyze the tradeoffs between cloning and breakup and generate a hybrid model that uses both cloning and breakup to generate more suitable organizations than those that could be generated when using a single approach.
Abstract LB-047: Novel anti-psychotic drug for pancreatic cancer treatment

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly malignancy with a five-year survival rate of 7%. Despite advances in cancer treatment, this disease is still incurable and the treatment outcomes are limited. Few studies have shown that neuroleptic drugs exert better anti-proliferative effects in pancreatic cancer cells when compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents gemcitabine and oxaliplatin. In the current study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effects of pimavanserin, an anti-psychotic drug used for the treatment of Parkinson9s disease psychosis. Pimavanserin significantly suppressed the proliferation of AsPC1, BxPC3, PANC1, MIAPaCa2 and PO2 pancreatic cancer cells with the IC50 between 3 - 9µM at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Pimavanserin treatment induced 2-5 fold apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Notably, no significant cell death was observed in normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE-6) cells by pimavanserin treatment. Furthermore, pimavanserin treatment inhibits the expression of key oncogenic proteins and cancer stem cell markers such as pAkt(S473), pSTAT3(Y705), β-catenin, GLI-1, GLI-2, c-Myc, Oct-4, SOX-2, NANOG and CD44. We further evaluated the efficacy of pimavanserin in two different in vivo tumor models. Oral administration of 10mg/kg pimavanserin suppressed 50% of sub-cutaneously implanted BxPC3 tumors in athymic nude mice. In another setting, 10mg/kg pimavanserin by oral gavage inhibited the growth of orthotopically implanted PANC1 pancreatic tumors by 75%. Moreover, chronic administration of pimavanserin did not show any general signs of toxicity and no apparent changes were observed in the behavioral activity of mice. Further mechanistic studies are in progress. Since pimavanserin is already available in the clinic with established safety profile, our results will accelerate its clinical development for treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer. Our study is the first to demonstrate the anti-cancer effects of pimavanserin. Citation Format: Sharavan Ramachandran, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Novel anti-psychotic drug for pancreatic cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-047.
“Other Medical” Presentations and Considerations in Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry

This chapter covers some of the more common consultation-liaison psychiatry scenarios, including the patient with “somatic” symptoms of uncertain etiology requiring a thorough evaluation for “other medical” etiologies and the patient with behavioral symptoms more clearly attributable to “other medical” or “biological” (in the biopsychosocial formulation) etiologies. The consultant can play a key role in adequately investigating differential possibilities, in addressing all relevant aspects of the biopsychosocial formulation, in establishing an expected course of recovery, and in insuring that the child and family feel supported. The case vignettes will review the traditional somatic symptom and related disorders as well as other situations where the psychiatrist can help guide the team in considering other medical etiologies for behavioral symptoms.
Arthroscopic Lower Trapezial Transfer for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Irreparable rotator cuff tears are challenging in the young, active, high-demand patient with limited degenerative changes. The goal of treating irreparable rotator cuff tears is to re-establish the transverse and coronal force couples in an effort to balance the glenohumeral joint. Tendon transfer surgery is a viable option in patients desiring not only pain relief, but also for improvements in range of motion, strength, and function. Isolated posterosuperior tears can effectively be addressed with a lower trapezius tendon transfer. The procedure has the ability to reverse external rotation pseudoparalysis with restoration of strength. An arthroscopically assisted lower trapezius tendon transfer has recently been described and is the senior author's Bassem T. Elhassan (B.T.E.) preferred technique to address irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The advantages of the arthroscopically assisted compared to the open technique are its less invasive nature, which decreases the risk of hematoma and seroma, speeds recovery, and avoids the need for an acromial osteotomy or detachment of the deltoid muscle. Nonetheless, a thorough understanding of the anatomy around the shoulder girdle, sufficient arthroscopic skill, and careful patient selection are imperative for optimizing outcomes.
Movement, Difference, and Ability

This chapter (“Movement, Difference, Ability”) considers the issue of corporeal difference in phenomenological and cognitive accounts of movement and movement perception. Whose experience do we describe when we make generalizations about these phenomena, and what bodies authorize these accounts? Advocating a methodological practice that embraces divergence and a strategic use of experiential norms, it offers a phenomenological foundation for engaging what we know and fall short of knowing in the kinesthetic experiences of others. Central to this foundation is the dialectic relationships between Edmund Husserl’s concepts of I can and I cannot, which allows us to navigate the experiential terrains of ability and disability. The chapter concludes with an account of watching two integrated dance performances by Oakland’s AXIS Dance Company.
Some Aspects of GDPR Implementation in NAR

While the implementation of GDPR raised concerns for archivists in Europe mainly from the perspective of the quality of archives and archival processing challenges, this paper focuses on administrative implication of collecting personal data during the services to the public performed by National Archives of Romania. First, they are identified the main processes where the protection of personal data may be involved, then discuss the challenges and propose some possible solutions. The conclusion is that, if implemented in a smart way, GDPR gives an opportunity for modernization of workflow and reduce of red tape in organizations.
Middle Mediastinal Masses

This chapter will include most important anatomical landmarks and differential diagnosis of middle mediastinum across various imaging modalities.
The Unintended Consequences of Democracy Promotion: International Organizations and Democratic Backsliding:

Since the end of the Cold War, international organizations (IOs) have engaged in unprecedented levels of democracy promotion, and research overwhelmingly links them to positive democratic outcomes....
mNP hyperthermia and hypofractionated radiation activate similar immunogenetic and cytotoxic pathways.

The goal of this study is to better understand the immunogenetic expression and related cytotoxic responses of moderate but clinically relevant doses of hypofractionated radiation (1x15 Gy and 3x8 ...
Species and intra-specific competition affect growth in greenhouse more than mycorrhizal colonization on Quercus rubra and Acer rubrum seedlings

Abstract Aims Distributions of mycorrhizal guilds correlate with differences in soil nutrient availability and tend to predominate ecosystems where plant growth and development are limited by either soil phosphorus (AM, arbuscular mycorrhiza) or nitrogen (EM, ectomycorrhiza) (Read, 1991). In an effort to characterize functional trait differences, we designed a common garden greenhouse experiment to measure growth and colonization responses between two tree seedling species (Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra) that associate with the two major mycorrhizal guilds. Methods In a fully factorial, 12-week greenhouse common garden experiment, seedlings were treated to three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus availability, and grown under inter- and intra-species competition. Change in heights and stem diameters were tracked and mycorrhizal colonization was quantified by percent of total and morphology. Results Relative growth rates were higher for Acer rubrum seedlings across treatments and intra-species competition had a strong negative effect on height and stem diameter, especially for Quercus rubra. Both species were highly colonized (>50%) by typically endomycorrhizal forms (arbuscules and vesicles) but varied in the distribution of morphological forms present in cells. Conclusions This study highlights the plasticity of tree seedling symbiosis during early developmental stages and challenges the strict static categorization of plant species associations with particular mycorrhizal guilds.
Cardiovascular Family History Increases Risk for Late-Onset Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Report.

Background: Survivors of childhood cancer have an increased risk of therapy-related cardiovascular disease. It is not known whether family history of cardiovascular disease further increases risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes among survivors. Methods: Family history of cardiovascular disease was collected from 1,260 survivors [median age at diagnosis, 8 years (range, 0–23); age at last follow-up, 35 years (range, 18–66)] of childhood cancer in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study. Multivariable risk models evaluated associations with cardiovascular disease (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 2–4 events) and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Among survivors exposed to chest-directed radiation and/or anthracycline chemotherapy (n = 824), 7% reported a first-degree family history of heart failure, 19% myocardial infarction, 11% stroke, 26% atherosclerotic disease (myocardial infarction and/or stroke), 62% hypertension, and 31% diabetes mellitus. Eighteen percent of exposed survivors developed heart failure, 9% myocardial infarction, 3% stroke, 11% atherosclerotic disease, 30% hypertension, and 9% diabetes mellitus. Having a first-degree family history of atherosclerotic disease was independently associated with development of treatment-related heart failure [RR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.88; P = 0.04] among exposed survivors. Risk for hypertension was increased among exposed survivors with a first-degree family history of hypertension (RR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.26–1.92; P Conclusions: Family history of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors independently increased risk of heart failure and hypertension among survivors of childhood cancer exposed to cardiotoxic therapies. Impact: These data show the importance of cardiovascular family history as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in survivors of childhood cancer.
1, N6-Ethenoadenine, a mutagenic and potential damage for human cancer, is repaired by long patch branch of base excision repair in human cells

877 1,N6 Ethenoadenine (ϵA) is generated endogenously by lipid peroxidation and exogenously by tumorigenic industrial agents, vinyl chloride, and vinyl carbamate. ϵA detected in human tissues causes mutation and is implicated in lung and liver cancers. N-methyl purine DNA glycosylase (MPG) is the single enzyme known so far to repair ϵA. In in vitro reactions, MPG repairs ϵA by both the short- and long-patch branches of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, but the mechanisms of ϵA repair in in vivo conditions are not yet known. In this study, we have developed a very sensitive method to test the in vivo repair of ϵA in cultured cells. The assay involves phagemid M13mp18, containing ethenoadenine at a defined position along with a mismatch 4-base pair down-stream at the 3’ to the ϵA. The total and long patch repair events were estimated by plaque assay in E. coli with the plasmids recovered from the human cells after cellular processing. Intriguingly, the ϵA was repaired nearly 100% through the long-patch (4 or more nucleotide incorporations) BER pathway, and the detectable repair was observed only 18% in 16 hrs, whereas the repair neared completion within 24 hrs. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that MPG remains in a pre-formed complex with PCNA and FEN1, which are essential for long-patch BER. This suggests that MPG possibly selects the most error-free branch of BER, the long-patch, to repair ϵA, which is a spontaneously generated and/or inflammation-induced, highly mutagenic, and tumorigenic lesion in human cells.
Custom Paralympic Shooting Jacket: A Single-Case Virtual Product Development Project

While it is fairly easy for able-bodied Paralympic Shooting athletes to find shooting jackets that meet their various needs, it is not the case for Paralympic athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a custom shooting jacket for a Paralympic Shooting athlete who uses a wheelchair and has qualified for the upcoming Paralympics. In this single case study design, the resulting shooting jacket was developed through a User-Centered Design Process, starting with a semi-structured interview aimed at understanding the athlete’s needs. The top four themes that emerged from a thematic analysis of the interview data were: History of Jacket, Appearance, Colors, and Body Fit. These themes drove the jacket design. The researcher developed a 3D virtual prototype of the jacket using CLO3D and a 3D body scan of the participant. Physical jacket prototyping was developed using a custom half-scale dress-form of the participant in a seated position.
Rare Presentation of Incarcerated Incisional Richter's Hernia of the Cecum.

Richter’s hernia, also called a partial enterocele, involves a protrusion of peritoneum with subsequent strangulation or incarceration of only part of the lumen of the anti-mesenteric portion of the small bowel through a fascial defect. We report a rare presentation of incarcerated incisional Richter’s hernia of the cecum in a 39-year-old female. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain that gradually improved. Physical examination revealed right lower quadrant tenderness and nodularity just above an abdominoplasty scar. Subsequent computed tomography scan demonstrated a 1 cm by 1 cm hypovascular pocket arising from the cecum with protrusion into the anterior abdominal wall. The hernia was successfully repaired surgically with resolution of symptoms. It is essential for clinicians to be mindful of the diagnosis of Richter’s hernia on the differential for abdominal pain as the risk of detrimental outcomes increases with delayed surgical intervention.
Probing Ligand Effects on the Ultrafast Dynamics of Copper Complexes via Midinfrared Pump-Probe and 2DIR Spectroscopies.

The effects of ligand structural variation on the ultrafast dynamics of a series of copper coordination complexes were investigated using polarization-dependent mid-IR pump-probe spectroscopy and two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy. The series consists of three copper complexes [(R3P3tren)CuIIN3]BAr4F (1PR3, R3P3tren = tris[2-(phosphiniminato)ethyl]amine, BAr4F = tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) where the number of methyl and phenyl groups in the PR3 ligand are systematically varied across the series (PR3 = PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2). The asymmetric stretching mode of azide in the 1PR3 series is used as a vibrational probe of the small-molecule binding site. The results of the pump-probe measurements indicate that the vibrational energy of azide dissipates through intramolecular pathways and that the bulkier phenyl groups lead to an increase in the spatial restriction of the diffusive reorientation of bound azide. From 2DIR experiments, we characterize the spectral diffusion of the azide group and find that an increase in the number of phenyl groups maps to a broader inhomogeneous frequency distribution (Δ2). This indicates that an increase in the steric bulk of the secondary coordination sphere acts to create more distinct configurations in the local environment that are accessible to the azide group. This work demonstrates how ligand structural variation affects the ultrafast dynamics of a small molecular group bound to the metal center, which could provide insight into the structure-function relationship of the copper coordination complexes and transition-metal coordination complexes in general.
The Miscegenation/Same-Sex Marriage Analogy: What Can We Learn from Legal History?

It has become commonplace among historically inclined legal scholars to look to the history of the United States’ elimination of bans on mixed-race sexual relationships for guidance about the recent controversy over same-sex marriage. This article argues that, while the analogy is helpful, it is not perfect because of the particular historical circumstances of the battle over antimiscegenation laws. Because regulations against interracial marriage were at the heart of defining and perpetuating the political and institutional system of white supremacy, they served a different purpose than the bans on same-sex marriage. The analogy can be pursued, however, to promote a critical consideration of the history of marriage as a heteronormative institution, generating a broader agenda for empowering change. Such a use of history takes the experience of the struggle against the antimiscegenation regime as a cautionary tale rather than a guidepost.
Agglomeration and taste heterogeneity: Equilibria, stability, welfare and dynamics

Abstract The spatial concentration of economic activity is modeled as a tag-of-war between consumer taste heterogeneity for location and external production benefits from the agglomeration of firms at the same location. The existence, number, stability and welfare of general equilibria are fully examined for a simple system of two regions which are identical a priori. When agglomeration effects are negligible at small sizes, the two locations grow equally until a critical bifurcation results in the accelerated growth of one location which ultimately attracts all activity. The supercritical bifurcation characterizes the case of agglomeration effects which are initially strong but become fully exhausted with size. In this case concentration occurs at the final phases of a decline process which exhibits a hysteresis effect relative to the opposite growth process. Both growth and decline involve middle cycles of non-equilibrium and stochastically sparked adjustment.
Stochastic Pole Placement Control of Robot Manipulators using an Extended Kalman Filter

A stochastic system model is controlled using a pole placement perturbation technique. An extended Kalman filter provides the controller with state estimates. The identification and control scheme is tested for its ability to manipulate the simulated robot's end-effector along given trajectories, and under various adverse conditions. Comparisons are made with the responses of the system when the controller is given the true states and when, in addition, the noise terms are removed.
Robust signal estimation using H/sub /spl infin// criteria

Kalman and Weiner filters are used extensively for implementation of optimal filters. These filters try to minimize variance of error when input signal and noise power spectral density (PSD) is known. Here we consider filters under H/sub /spl infin// setting. This paper shows the robust performance of H/sub /spl infin// filters under noise uncertainty. Optimization criteria for H/sub /spl infin// filters is represented in the time and frequency domain. From this representation it is shown that optimal H/sub /spl infin// filters place an upper bound on error PSD and error variance for a certain class of noise perturbations. It is shown that the estimation problem can be reduced to the model matching problem, which can be solved using /spl gamma/-iteration in the frequency domain. Simulations results are included to confirm the robust performance of these filters for noise PSD belonging to a certain class. >
Effects of permeability fields on fluid, heat, and oxygen isotope transport in extensional detachment systems

[1] Field studies of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes indicate that meteoric fluids permeated the upper crust down to the detachment shear zone and interacted with highly deformed and recrystallized (mylonitic) rocks. The presence of fluids in the brittle/ductile transition zone is recorded in the oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope compositions of the mylonites and may play an important role in the thermomechanical evolution of the detachment shear zone. Geochemical data show that fluid flow in the brittle upper crust is primarily controlled by the large-scale fault-zone architecture. We conduct continuum-scale (i.e., large-scale, partial bounce-back) lattice-Boltzman fluid, heat, and oxygen isotope transport simulations of an idealized cross section of a metamorphic core complex. The simulations investigate the effects of crust and fault permeability fields as well as buoyancy-driven flow on two-way coupled fluid and heat transfer and resultant exchange of oxygen isotopes between meteoric fluid and rock. Results show that fluid migration to middle to lower crustal levels is fault controlled and depends primarily on the permeability contrast between the fault zone and the crustal rocks. High fault/crust permeability ratios lead to channelized flow in the fault and shear zones, while lower ratios allow leakage of the fluids from the fault into the crust. Buoyancy affects mainly flow patterns (more upward directed) and, to a lesser extent, temperature distributions (disturbance of the geothermal field by ~25°C). Channelized fluid flow in the shear zone leads to strong vertical and horizontal thermal gradients, comparable to field observations. The oxygen isotope results show δ18O depletion concentrated along the fault and shear zones, similar to field data.
Hierarchical and Interactive Decision Refinement Methodology for Engineering Design

This paper presents the Hierarchical and Interactive Decision Refinement (HIDER) methodology for engineering design. This methodology hierarchically refines (or reduces) a large initial design space through a series of multiple-objective optimizations, until a fully specified design is obtained. This contrasts with the traditional approach to design optimization which involves picking a fully specified design from the space of possible designs and then iteratively modifying its specifications to maximize the performance. The HIDER methodology uses an adaptive modeling approach that combines machine learning and statistical techniques for developing fast empirical models with different levels of detail and evaluation speeds. These models are used for multiple-objective optimization at different stages of the design. The use of layered models enables HIDER methodology to be used at different stages of parametric design, including early stages when design specifications are not complete. This methodology also supports multiple perspectives in concurrent design because it provides means for transforming models from these different perspectives into a uniform representation, as well as facilitating decision-making with respect to multiple competing objectives. This paper presents the HIDER methodology with an example in the parametric design of a diesel engine.
Serotonin modulates vocalizations and territorial behavior in an amphibian.

It is well established that the serotonergic system modulates social and aggressive behaviors. This study employed field experiments to examine the effects of serotonin on male social structure and behavior in the Puerto Rican coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. This frog displays three types of male behavioral phenotypes: territorial, satellite, and paternal males. Territorial males produce advertisement calls that delineate territories and actively defend these areas. Satellite males typically do not call or defend given areas but are commonly within given conspecific territories. Paternal males brood and defend developing embryos typically in isolation. The objective of this investigation was to focus on territorial and satellite males to determine the impact of the serotonergic system on territorial behavior, specifically with regard to advertisement calling. Serotonin receptor subtype systems 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/C) were chosen due to their known function in behavioral regulation. Fifteen territorial and satellite males were injected with the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT and 15 territorial and satellite males were injected with the 5-HT(2A/C) agonist DOI. Control territorial and satellite males received saline injections. Results indicated that a significant number of territorial males injected with 8-OH-DPAT and DOI failed to emit territorial vocalizations and did not display dominant postural behaviors. It is hypothesized that 8-OH-DPAT and DOI activate 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/C) receptor systems, respectively, and this activation results in the elimination of territorial behavior resulting in subordinate status. It is concluded that the serotonergic system is essential for the manifestation of male social behavior in E. coqui.
Differences in Dobson Spectrophotometer and Filter Ozonometer Measurements of Total Ozone.

Abstract This paper reviews the results of the first systematic parallel measurements with a Dobson-type spectrophotometer and an M-83 filter ozonometer. Measurements were performed at the University of Sofia during a period of one full year. The M-83 is a working instrument in about one-third of the world's ozone network, and is predominantly used in the U.S.S.R. Observations taken every 15 min on clear sunny days, as well as the monthly and seasonal values, show that the filter ozonometer gives a reading of about 6% less ozone than the Dobson when observations are taken at sun zenith angles 2.0) the filter ozonometer readings are 20–30% higher than the Dobson readings. When visibility is limited (V ≤ 5 km), the filter ozonometer readings of ozone are 9–14% higher than the Dobson readings. Differences in the monthly ozone values between adjacent pairs of nearby stations using filter ...
Ultra-Compact Integrated Curved Diffraction Grating with Novel Non-blocking Geometry for DWDM Chips

A millimeter-size DWDM wavelength multiplexer can be realized with integration of nanoscale input-output waveguides and ultra-large-angle grating. However, it suffers from beam blocking due to large beam diffraction. A non-blocking geometry is proposed and demonstrated.
Exercise and reproductive dysfunction

Abstract Objective: To provide an overview of our current understanding of exercise-induced reproductive dysfunction and an approach to its evaluation and management. Design: A MEDLINE search was performed to review all articles with title words related to menstrual dysfunction, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, exercise, and athletic activities from 1966 to 1998. The pathophysiology, proposed mechanisms, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and management of exercise-associated reproductive dysfunction were compiled. Conclusion(s): Exercise-induced menstrual irregularity appears to be multifactorial in origin and remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The underlying mechanisms are mainly speculative. Clinical manifestations range from luteal phase deficiency to anovulation, amenorrhea, and even delayed menarche. Evaluation should include a thorough history and a complete physical plus pelvic examination. Most cases are reversible with dietary and exercise modifications. Hormonal replacement in cases of a prolonged hypoestrogenic state with evidence of increased bone loss is recommended, although the long-term consequences of prolonged hormonal deficiency are ill-defined.
Relationship between coping styles and perceptual asymmetry

This study examined the relationship between coping styles and hemispheric asymmetry, on the basis of prior evidence of reduced posterior right hemisphere (RH) activity in depression, and the relationship between ruminative coping and depression. Two samples of undergraduates (N = 170) completed chimeric faces tasks and 2 measures of coping styles, the self-report Responses Styles Questionnaire and a behavioral choice task. In women but not in men, self-reported rumination was associated with a decreased RH bias on the emotion-based chimeric task. In both genders, choosing to engage in an emotional task was associated with increased RH involvement. Results indicate that although brooding and dwelling on the negative may be associated with decreased RH involvement, openness to emotion may be associated with increased RH involvement.
MRI and echocardiography: How do they compare in adults?

TTE with color flow imaging remains the most appropriate initial method for imaging CHD in adults. In many patients with minor abnormalities, this will be the only imaging required. For complicated intracardiac anomalies not well shown by TTE, TEE or MRI are usually adequate with the choice of technique being dependent on the availability of appropriate equipment and expertise. For great vessel abnormalities, further evaluation with MRI and MRA is most appropriate. In patients suspected of having significant systemic or pulmonary venous abnormalities or abnormalities of the aortic arch, MRI and MRA should be regarded as the definitive imaging technique. MRI and MRA are robust methods for evaluating intracardiac disease and can provide accurate information on cardiac chamber anatomy relationships, valvar lesions, and shunts. However, in most patients, this information is provided more rapidly and cost effectively by color Doppler echocardiography.
Quantum electrodynamics of optical activity in birefringent crystals

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is applied for the first reported time to optical rotation in birefringent crystals. Using a modification of QED appropriate to anisotropic crystals together with general space–time symmetries, we derive the optical-rotation component of the photon propagator. We also derive a low-frequency theorem for the optical-rotation tensors that is valid to all orders in perturbation theory. We prove that optical activity depends in a nonlinear manner on the direction of propagation and is approximately proportional to the optical frequency. Earlier theories of optical rotation, which are primarily phenomenological, are either inconsistent with QED or are developed only for isotropic crystals. The relation among the QED predictions, the constitutive equations, and earlier approaches is fully discussed.
Thyroglossal duct carcinoma: A rational approach to management

Objective: To discuss the authors' experience with thyroglossal duct carcinoma and present a rational approach to the management of this entity. Study Design and Methods: A retrospective review of the cytopathology and pathology records of all patients with the diagnosis of a thyroglossal duct remnant from 1965 to 1997 was performed. Results: Three cases of papillary thyroglossal duct carcinoma were identified, with one suspected squamous cell carcinoma by needle aspiration. The papillary carcinomas are discussed in detail to illustrate the difficulty encountered in managing the thyroid gland in the setting of a thyroglossal duct carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration proved effective in making the diagnosis preoperatively. Conclusions: The authors recommend that a thyroglossal duct cyst with a microscopic focus of papillary carcinoma, without cyst wall invasion, be managed with a Sistrunk procedure. Treatment of all other thyroglossal duct papillary carcinomas should include removal of all thyroid tissue followed by radioactive iodine treatment.