cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium studies of 4-substituted pyridine 1-oxide-iodine charge-transfer complexes

Abstract A homologous series of 4-substituted pyridine 1-oxide-iodine molecular complexes was studied spectrophotometrically in carbon tetrachloride, for the methoxy(I), methyl(II), chloro(III), and nitro(IV) substituents. Due to low solubility, 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide was investigated also in dichloromethane. The values of K (l mole −1 ), ΔH (kcal mole −1 ), ΔG (kcal mole −1 , and ΔS (cal mole −1 deg −1 ) for the complexes were determined at 25°C from visible absorption measurements: for (I), 1300, −7.2, −4.2, −9.8; for (II), 200, −6.3, −3.2, −10.6; for (III), 37, −4.6, −2.1, −8.5; for (IV), only K equal to ∼1 was determined. These data were correlated with the reported results of 4-methylpyridine 1-oxide and pyridine 1-oxide. The log of the equilibrium constant at 25°C for this homologous series plotted versus the pyridine 1-oxide sigma values (σ PyNO ) was found to give a linear relationship.
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for childhood ADHD

Stimulants are extremely effective and safe and have been the mainstay for the pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for many years. However, there have been some concerns regarding their abuse, especially by teenagers and young adults. Lisdexamfetamine was recently approved for the treatment of ADHD in 6-12-year-olds and provides a novel approach to the treatment of ADHD. Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug comprised of dextroamphetamine covalently attached to an essential amino acid, L-lysine. Following oral administration, the amide linkage between the two molecules is enzymatically hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract, thus releasing active dextroamphetamine, which mediates the therapeutic effect in a fashion similar to other stimulants. The parent drug does not bind to sites responsible for the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in vitro. Lisdexamfetamine does not produce high dextroamphetamine levels when injected or snorted, and thus may have lower abuse potential compared to conventional stimulants. Lisdexamfetamine appears to have efficacy and tolerability comparable to other extended-release stimulant formulations used to treat ADHD, but reduced potential for abuse-related liking effects. Compared to equivalent amounts of immediate-release dextroamphetamine.
Methanol formation on Fe/Al-MFI via the oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide

A zeolite containing Fe and Al in the framework positions of an MFI structure was produced by hydrothermal synthesis. Subsequent thermal pretreatment caused the Fe to migrate from the lattice and become stabilized at cation-exchange sites associated with framework Al atoms. The interactions of CH4 ,N 2O, and methanol with this material were investigated by IR spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reactions methods. Upon exposure of thermally pretreated Fe/Al-MFI to methanol, the Bronsted acid protons and hydroxyl groups associated with Si and Fe reacted to form surface methoxy groups. Separate infrared features were observed for methoxy species bound to Si and Fe. Exposure of Fe/Al-MFI to CH4 and N2O above ∼ 448 K resulted in the formation of methoxy groups bound to both Fe and Si and the simultaneous loss of hydroxyl groups associated with both elements. The formation of methoxy groups was not observed on either Al-MFI or Fe-MFI, suggesting that the active sites in the oxidation of CH4 to methoxy species by N2O are extraframework Fe atoms associated with framework Al. The methoxy groups residing on the catalyst decomposed when the temperature was raised above 523 K and no methanol was observed in the products; however, when the methoxy groups reacted with H2O at 523 K, these groups were rapidly hydrolyzed to form methanol. For Fe/Al-MFI, small amounts of methanol were observed when CH4 and N2O reacted over Fe/Al-MFI at temperatures above 523 K, but the selectivity to this product was less than 2%, the majority of the CH4 undergoing combustion.  2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Total Cross Section for γ + n → π − + p Near Threshold by Chew - Low Extrapolation

The basic reaction was investigated near threshold by measuring the ratio R/sub d/ = sigma ( gamma + d yields pi /sup -/ + 2p)/ sigma ( gamma + d yields pi /sup +/ + 2n), and inferring the parameters of interest from R/sub d/ and the measured cross section for the reaction gamma + p yields pi /sup +/ + n. A new approach to the study of the basic reaction is possible through a Chew-Low extrapolation of certain recoilnucleon momenta into the nonphysical region. The total cross section near threshold on free stationary neutrons, deduced directly from the extrapolation, involves no uncertainties arising from the presence of the second nucleon in the target deuteron. When the method is specialized to treat the reaction gamma + d yields pi /sup -/ + 2p near threshold, the data are extrapolated to a pole in the transition amplitude in the nonphysical region of negative kinetic energy of the recoiling spectator proion. The results of extrapolations to the desired cross sections at energies of 153.4 to 174.1 Mev for the free nucleon reaction gamma + n yields pi /sup -/ + p are tabulated. (B.O. G.)
Reexamining El Niño and Cholera in Peru: A Climate Affairs Approach

AbstractIn the 1990s Peru experienced the first cholera epidemic after almost a century. The source of emergence was initially attributed to a cargo ship, but later there was evidence of an El Nino association. It was hypothesized that marine ecosystem changes associated with El Nino led to the propagation of V. cholerae along the coast of Peru, which in turn initiated the onset of the epidemic in 1991. Earlier studies supported this explanation by demonstrating a relationship between elevated temperatures and increased cholera incidence in Peru; however, other aspects of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their potential impacts on cholera were not investigated. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between El Nino and cholera in Peru from a holistic view of the ENSO cycle. A “climate affairs” approach is employed as a conceptual framework to incorporate ENSO’s multidimensional nature and to generate new hypotheses about the ENSO and cholera association in Peru. The findings reveal that EN...
Quadratically gated mixture of experts for incomplete data classification

We introduce quadratically gated mixture of experts (QGME), a statistical model for multi-class nonlinear classification. The QGME is formulated in the setting of incomplete data, where the data values are partially observed. We show that the missing values entail joint estimation of the data manifold and the classifier, which allows adaptive imputation during classifier learning. The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is derived for joint likelihood maximization, with adaptive imputation performed analytically in the E-step. The performance of QGME is evaluated on three benchmark data sets and the results show that the QGME yields significant improvements over competing methods.
Winter thermal structure of Lake Superior

Moorings equipped with thermistors that span the water column were deployed at up to seven locations throughout Lake Superior from October 2005 through May 2013. This year-round, multi-year, multi-location, full water-column record of the thermal structure reveals significant inter-annual and spatial variability in Lake Superior's winter heat content, thermocline depth, and phenology. There is a stark contrast in thermal structure between the cold, icy winter of 2009, during which strong negative stratification formed, and the much warmer winter of 2012, during which the stratification was much weaker. Significant inter-annual and spatial variability was also observed in ice cover, which influenced heat content. Ice cover significantly inhibits heat flux between the lake and the atmosphere, and spatial variability in ice cover translates into spatial variability in end-of-winter heat content. This is found to be preserved through the spring warming season, and is strongly correlated with variability in the timing of the onset of summer stratification, with regions that have warmer end-of-winter water columns stratifying earlier than regions with colder end-of-winter water-columns. Observed spring warming rates appear to depend not on mooring depth, but on regionally averaged depth; this suggests the existence of a lateral mixing mechanism.
Parasitoid-host endocrine relations: self-reliance or co-optation?

Abstract High titers of juvenile hormone (JH) maintain developmental arrest in Manduca sexta larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata . Parasitized hosts exhibit up to 9.5 times greater amounts of total hemolymph JH (from 0.6±0.09 to 2.51±0.43 ng/ml ) compared to non-parasitized controls. Elevated titers are observed throughout the fifth instar, even beyond egression of the parasitoids on day 5. GC–MS analysis revealed that in hemolymph of unparasitized control larvae, JH I is the major homolog and levels of JH III are negligible; in parasitized individuals the amounts of JH I, II, and III rise, and JH III predominates. Neck ligation ensured separation of M. sexta’ s corpora allata from the posterior section, which contained most of the parasitoids in the infected insects. When the posterior region was sampled, JHs were not detected in the non-parasitzed larvae, but in those parasitized, JH III was found ( 1.98±0.29 ng/ml, 24 h post-ligation). JH III was the only homolog produced and secreted by the parasitoid in in vitro culture. This is the first report stating that a parasitoid secretes JH III and may contribute, at least in part, to the circulating titer in the host hemocoel, concurrently promoting host production of JH I and II.
A performance comparison of parallel DBMSs and MapReduce on large-scale text analytics

Text analytics has become increasingly important with the rapid growth of text data. Particularly, information extraction (IE), which extracts structured data from text, has received significant attention. Unfortunately, IE is often computationally intensive. To address this issue, MapReduce has been used for large scale IE. Recently, there are emerging efforts from both academia and industry on pushing IE inside DBMSs. This leads to an interesting and important question: Given that both MapReduce and parallel DBMSs are for large scale analytics, which platform is a better choice for large scale IE? In this paper, we propose a benchmark to systematically study the performance of both platforms for large scale IE tasks. The benchmark includes both statistical learning based and rule based IE programs, which have been extensively used in real-world IE tasks. We show how to express these programs on both platforms and conduct experiments on real-world datasets. Our results show that parallel DBMSs is a viable alternative for large scale IE.
Freedom of Speech in the Global War on Terror: The Case of “Hadji Girl”

(2012). Freedom of Speech in the Global War on Terror: The Case of “Hadji Girl”. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 39-53.
Undulators as a Primary Source of Coherent X-rays

Coherent x-rays have long been sought as a tool to discover microscopic details of physical and biological assemblies. Such radiation would permit biologists, chemists and physicists to probe with spatial resolutions better than 1,000 A (perhaps 10 to 100 A in special circumstances), and with an ability to distinguish concentrations of specific atomic elements. It has been the prevailing view that such radiation, when available, would emanate from an atomic x-ray laser. Although that is possible, we are coming to realize that to a large degree these needs will first be satisfied by coherent x-rays generated through the interaction of relativistic electron beams of very high brightness with periodic magnet structures (undulators). Within the next 2-5 years it will be possible with undulators and monochromators to generate x-rays at substantial peak and average powers, with thousands of wavelengths of longitudinal coherence, full spatial coherence, complete polarization control and broad tunability at megahertz repetition rates.
Self and peer perception of male and female dental students.

In order to investigate the similarity and differences between male and female dental students, the Bentler inventories, which utilize both self and peer report formats, were administered to first year students at U.C.L.A. Results indicated that male and female dental students are basically similar in terms of a wide range of personality traits both in terms as well as self perceptions. The only differences involved males' describing themselves as more masculine and orderly while females were portrayed by their peers as more feminine and clothes-conscious. In addition, comparison between self and peer report inventories for the same sex revealed few trait differences. Although caution should be made in generalizing these findings beyond the UCLA School of dentistry, the results suggest that it is not appropriate to admit nor exclude male or female students based upon any assumptions that doing so would dramatically change the personality characteristics of dental practitioners. However, more research is needed using a more representative national sample of students.
Phenylalanine and its metabolites induce embryopathies in mouse embryos in culture

The aim of this study was to determine the teratogenicity of phenylalanine (Phe) and Phe metabolites in neurulating mouse embryos. Therefore, the system of whole embryo culture was employed and D9 (neurulating) mouse embryos were exposed to Phe, phenylethylamine (PEA), phe-nylpyruvic acid (PPA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), 2-OH phenylacetic acid (2-OH PAA), and phenyllactic acid (PLA) at concentrations ranging from 0.01 mM to 10 mM for 24 hours. After 24 hours, embryos were examined for morphological abnormalities and protein content by the Lowry method. Phe at 1 and 6 mM concentrations was not teratogenic; however, 10 mM inhibited cranial neural tube closure in 82% of the embryos. PEA was the most toxic factor and concentrations of 1 and 10 mM were embryo-lethal, whereas neural tube closure defects (NTDs) were observed in 67% of the embryos at 0.1 mM. 2-OH PAA was the second most toxic metabolite with concentrations of 1 and 10 mM producing NTDs in 10 and 100% of the embryos, respectively. PLA and PAA produced no NTDs at concentrations of 1 mM, 60% at 5 mM, and 100% at 10 mM. Finally, PPA produced approximately 50% NTDs at both 1 mM and 10 mM concentrations. PLA, PAA, 2-OH PAA, and PPA produced a significant reduction in embryonic protein, and PEA and 2-OH PAA reduced yolk sac protein values. PEA, 2-OH PAA, PPA, PAA, and PLA also produced craniofacial abnormalities, i.e., incomplete expansion of the forebrain, collapse of the optic vesicle, and hypoplasia of the mandible and/or the maxilla. In summary, the results showed that the relative teratogenicity of Phe and its metabolites differs and suggested that a metabolite of Phe and/or a combination of Phe and one or more of its metabolites play a role in the phenylketonuric embryopathy.
MOTHER-INFANT FEEDING INTERACTION IN FULL-TERM SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) INFANTS

Follow-up studies have shown that some SGA infants do not catch-up in physical growth during the first 6 months. One possible causal factor is continued postnatal nutritional deficit. We hypothesized that a) SGA infants would exhibit less optimal feeding behaviors than ACA (appropriate-for-GA) infants, b) this would negatively affect maternal behavior during feeding, and c) non-optimal interactions would be associated with lower caloric intake. Fifteen term SGA (bw<10th%) and 15 term AGA (bw25th-90th%) infants matched for age, sex, GA, neonatal risk factors, maternal age, SES and parity were rated for non-optimal behaviors with reference to a feeding interaction during the first 3 days of life. Caloric intake was measured by the difference in infant weight before and after feeding. SGA infants scored lower on ratings of responsiveness (p<.05), ease of feeding (p<.05) and muscular tension (p<.01), while mothers of SGA infants exhibited higher total frequency of non-optimal feeding behaviors (p<.001) such as interruption of feeding and expression of concern. Positive correlations were found between infant non-optimal ratings and maternal non-optimal behaviors (p<.01). After controlling for birth weight, linear regression showed caloric intake to be predicted by infant non-optimal ratings (p<.01) and infant non-optimal behaviors (p<.05). These data indicate the importance of including neonatal behavior in the risk assessment of potential growth failures in SGA infants.
Clinical use of the olecranon-manubrium percussion sign in shoulder trauma

We conducted a study to assess the efficacy of the use of osteophony in the evaluation of shoulder trauma. Evaluation of the shoulder includes the physical examination and often a radiographic series. We studied the usefulness of the olecranon-manubrium percussion (OMP) test, a physical diagnostic procedure performed in shoulder trauma. The bell of the stethoscope is placed over the manubrium, both elbows are flexed at 90 degrees, and the olecranon is percussed. In the normal examination with no disruption of bony conduction, both sides should produce a crisp equal sound. In the event of a dislocation or fracture with disruption of bony conduction, the affected side should be duller in pitch and intensity. We evaluated the utilization of the OMP test to assess its accuracy when used as a screening test for radiographs in conjunction with the physical examination and radiographic examination. Ninety-six patients were prospectively evaluated by the OMP test and also received radiographs. In those patients who had radiographic abnormalities, 40 of 47 (85.1%) had an abnormal OMP sign. In those patients without radiographic abnormalities, none had an abnormal OMP sign. In assessing anterior shoulder dislocations, 11 of 13 (84.6%) had an abnormal OMP sign (P less than .02). After relocation, 100% had a normal OMP sign. Of those with clavicular fractures, nine of nine (100%) had abnormal OMP signs (P less than .005). Of those with a fracture of the humerus, 16 of 20 (80%) revealed an abnormal OMP test (P less than .01). The test was not significant in assessing acromio-clavicular joint abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessing speech intelligibility in children with hearing loss: toward revitalizing a valuable clinical tool.

Background Newborn hearing screening, early intervention programs, and advancements in cochlear implant and hearing aid technology have greatly increased opportunities for children with hearing los...
On the Effect of Jury Size

Abstract In Williams vs. Florida, the Supreme Court compares twelve-man and six-man juries and claims that “there is no discernible difference between the results reached by the two different sized juries.” Walbert (1971) uses a simple probabilistic argument to refute the Court's opinion. Subsequently, Gelfand and Solomon (1974, p. 36) seem to contradict Walbert and side with the Court. This note reaffirms Walbert's result.
Diffusible Factors Essential for Epidermal Cell Redifferentiaion in Catharanthus roseus

During postgenital tissue fusions, some plant epidermal cells redifferentiate into parenchyma, a different cell type. Diffusible factors cause this response in the fusing gynoecium of the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Surgical manipulations of the gynoecium showed that epidermal cells from normally nonfusing surfaces could trasmit and respond to the diffusible factors. Furthermore, the diffusible fators could be trapped in agar-impregnated barriers, as shown by the redifferentiation of carpel epidermal cells from nonfusing regions when the factor-loaded barriers were appressed to them.
Human productivity in space and systems costs

Human productivity during assembly operations in-orbit is dependent on limits set by fatigue, metabolic rates, learning, and assembly techniques. In order to quantify these effects, tests were conducted in the NASA MSFC Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, in the NASA KC-135 in parabolic flight, and in space with the EASE program during the Shuttle Atlantis mission 61-B . A separate program attempted to relate productivity to system costs. Because of the surprisingly high productivity which had been demonstrated in orbit, it was shown that assembly operations would have only a small effect on system costs at the present level of launch costs. The results of these continuing studies have been reported in a recent paper. They will be briefly summarized here and the results updated to include additional cost elements and to examine the effects of reductions in transportation costs, resulting from advances in technology and from increased demand, on system costs. It is shown that, as launch costs are reduced, the assembly costs could become an increasingly important component of the total system costs.
Reciprocity of the Turbulent Atmosphere

The reciprocity theorem of Helmholtz is extended to the clear turbulent atmosphere. Two impulse responses (Green’s functions) are defined to characterize optical propagation in opposite directions between two parallel planar apertures separated by the turbulent atmosphere. It is shown that these impulse responses satisfy the same reciprocity condition as the free-space impulse responses do. This result underlies recent studies of adaptive communication systems for the turbulent channel.
Optimal control of a class of distributed-parameter systems using gradient methods

This paper presents a practical approach to the problem of optimal-boundary-control synthesis in 1-dimensional, linear, stationary, distributed-parameter systems. The optimal-control function is obtained directly from a generalised quadratic performance index, by gradient methods extended to the functional space. Algorithms for two gradient methods, namely, the steepest-descent and the conjugate-gradient, are developed. As an example, these algorithms are applied to a specific 1-dimensional heat-conduction system. The computational results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of both methods and, in particular, the accelerated convergence of the conjugate-gradient method.
P02.64. Vitamin D sufficiency is necessary for integrative treatment-associated improvements in chronic pain status

Methods Prospective observational study over 12 weeks of 252 patients with pain of any source lasting more than 6 months who sought integrative medicine evaluation and treatment at one of 9 Bravenet clinical sites across the United States. Interventions were not mandated. Baseline vitamin D status was reported to each clinician. Treatment options included conventional therapies as well as acupuncture, nutrition, massage and mind-body skills training. Measurements included the Brief Pain Inventory and 25-OH-vitamin D status.
Chaotic Vibration in Fluid-Stiffness-Controlled Instability of a Tube Row in Crossflow

The fluid-elastic instability of tube arrays in heat exchangers may become chaotic, especially when clearances exist between tubes and supports. When chaotic motion appears in tube arrays, significant sliding between the tubes and supports may be induced. An analytical model, consisting of a row of rigid tubes with three tubes supported by springs, is presented. Bifurcation diagrams, Poincare maps, power spectral densities, and tube orbits are used to investigate the conditions under which the unpredictable motion can arise. The emphasis is on fluid-stiffness-controlled instability.
Adenosine A1‐receptor occupancy predicts A1‐receptor antagonist effects of N‐0861

Objective To evaluate the relationship between dose of N-0861 ([±]N6-endo-norbornan-2-yl-9-methyladenine), N-0861 plasma concentrations, and antagonism of adenosine-induced slowing of atrioventricular nodal conduction and to evaluate A1-receptor occupancy by antagonist present in plasma of subjects after administration of N-0861 to determine A1-selectivity of these effects. Methods The study was conducted in patients undergoing a clinically indicated electrophysiology study to evaluate atrioventricular nodal conduction. Nineteen subjects were enrolled in the study and received adenosine (60 to 140 μg/kg) before or during a bolus dose and maintenance infusion of specific doses of N-0861. Adenosine-induced slowing of atrioventricular nodal conduction was determined by measuring A-H intervals on the intracardiac electrocardiograms. Plasma concentrations of N-0861 were determined with an HPLC method. A1-Receptor occupancy by antagonist present in plasma from identical time points was determined with use of a radioreceptor assay. Results A linear relationship was shown between plasma concentration and dose of N-0861. A-H interval lengthening by 60 μg/kg adenosine was reduced by administration of N-0861. A linear relationship was observed between A1 occupancy and N-0861 concentration and between occupancy and antagonism of adenosine-induced A-H prolongation. Conclusion The results suggest that the effect of N-0861 on antagonism of adenosine-induced prolongation of A-H interval, at the doses used in this study, were the result of effects at the A1 receptor. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998) 64, 536–541; doi:
The Importance of Sound for Cognitive Sequencing Abilities The Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis

Sound is inherently a temporal and sequential signal. Experience with sound therefore may help bootstrap—that is, provide a kind of “scaffolding” for—the development of general cognitive abilities related to representing temporal or sequential patterns. Accordingly, the absence of sound early in development may result in disturbances to these sequencing skills. In support of this hypothesis, we present two types of findings. First, normal-hearing adults do best on sequencing tasks when the sense of hearing, rather than sight, can be used. Second, recent findings suggest that deaf children have disturbances on exactly these same kinds of tasks that involve learning and manipulation of serial-order information. We suggest that sound provides an “auditory scaffolding” for time and serial-order behavior, possibly mediated through neural connections between the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. Under conditions of auditory deprivation, auditory scaffolding is absent, resulting in neural reorganization a...
Involving the community in HIV prevention program evaluation.

This article describes the challenges and benefits of involving the community in evaluating an HIV prevention intervention for African American women. The intervention, Women’s Initiative for Sexual Health, was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial. The intervention and the evaluation involved the community in which the intervention was delivered. To solicit criticism and suggestions for the evaluation, the research team conducted a focus group within each of three collaborating community-based organizations. Our goal was to increase the relevance and appropriateness of the evaluation by showing respect for program participants and consequently for cultures other than our own. We recommend that other researchers involve the community in program evaluation.
2001:An information society?

What are the benefits and challenges of an increasingly information conscious society? What role can information play in improving the conditions of poor people and others who do not derive their full measure from modern life? And how can educators prepare the general population for day- to-day life in a world where sophisticated information sys tems will be commonplace? These and other questions are discussed pragmatically, recognizing that predictions of the future are often ethereal.
How important are “entry effects” in financial incentive programs for welfare recipients? Experimental evidence from the Self-Sufficiency Project

Abstract In the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) welfare demonstration, single parents who had been on public assistance for at least a year were offered a generous earnings subsidy if they left welfare and entered full-time work. A potential concern in generalizing the results of the experiment is that short-term welfare recipients might extend their welfare spells to become eligible for SSP if payments were generally available after 12 months. A separate experiment was conducted on a sample of new welfare entrants to measure this effect. One-half of the group was informed that they would be eligible to receive SSP if they stayed on welfare for a year, while the other half was randomly assigned to a control group. We use a variety of methods to evaluate the effect of the offer of SSP on the probability of remaining on welfare at least a year, including discrete hazard models with unobserved heterogeneity. The results show a modest “delayed exit” effect among the treatment group relative to the controls, leading to a 3 percentage point rise in the fraction of welfare applicants who remained on assistance for a year or more.
Ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation: the molecular basis for p53 regulation

The p53 tumor suppressor exerts anti-proliferative effects, including growth arrest, apoptosis and cell senescence, in response to various types of stress. Tight regulation of p53 activation is imperative for preventing tumorigenesis and maintaining normal cell growth; p53 stabilization and transcriptional activation are crucial early events in a cell's battle against genotoxic stress. Ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation are post-translational modifications to p53 that affect its overall appearance and activity. Recent findings suggest that these modifications have a profound affect on p53 stability and function. Defining the precise roles of these modifications in p53 function may show not only that they are markers of the stress response but also that they serve as the focal point in the regulation of p53.
Query processing for high-volume XML message brokering

XML filtering solutions developed to date have focused on the matching of documents to large numbers of queries but have not addressed the customization of output needed for emerging distributed information infrastructures. Support for such customization can significantly increase the complexity of the filtering process. In this paper, we show how to leverage an efficient, shared path matching engine to extract the specific XML elements needed to generate customized output in an XML Message Broker. We compare three different approaches that differ in the degree to which they exploit the shared path matching engine. We also present techniques to optimize the post-processing of the path matching engine output, and to enable the sharing of such processing across queries. We evaluate these techniques with a detailed performance study of our implementation.
The World Bank's Wildlands Policy: A Major New Means of Financing Conservation*

: The World Bank's new wildlands policy makes the Bank a major force for conserving biological diversity in developing nations. Under the policy, the Bank does not normally fund projects that would convert the most important wildlands. It encourages development projects on already degruded lands, calls for explicit justification for conversion of ecologically more valuable lands, and when suitable justification is given, requires protection for ecologically equivalent lands within the same country. The policy goes beyond discouraging destruction of wildlands. By requiring compensatory preservation of comparable ecosystems when important wildlands are proposed for Bank-funded development it provides a major new mechanism for financing ecosystem protection. Further, the policy explicitly encourages borrower nations to seek funding for conserving biological diversity in the course of developing their resources. Resumen: La nueva politica del Bunco Mundial sobre areas silvestres pone a este como una de las mayores fuerzas para la conservacion de la diversidud biologica en los paises en desarrollo. Bajo esta politica, el Banco normalmente no financiara proyectos que pudieran transformar las areas silvestres mas importantes. Al contrario, fomenta proyectos de desarollo en zonas ya degradadas, solicita justifcacion explicitas para la transformacion de tierra, ecologicamente ricas, y cuando la justifcacion apropriada es dadu, requiere la proteccion de zonas ecologicus equivalentes dentro del mismo pais. La politica va mas alla que solo desalentar la destruccion de las areas silvestres. Al requerir la compensacion de preservar ecosistemas comparables, cuando sepresenta al Bunco propuesta de desarrollo en areas silvestres importantes, se proveede ir nuevo mecanismo para financiar la proteccion de los ecosistemas. Mas aun, la politica estimula a los paises prestatarios a solicitar fondos para la conservucion de la diversidud biologica, durante el desarrollo de sus recursos.
Vinegar ingestion at mealtime reduced fasting blood glucose concentrations in healthy adults at risk for type 2 diabetes

Abstract This 12-week pilot study examined effects of vinegar on markers of type 2 diabetes in at-risk adults. Participants ( n = 14) ingested 750 mg acetic acid as a vinegar drink or a control pill (40 mg acetic acid) twice daily at mealtime. Blood glucose (fasting and 2-h postprandial) was recorded daily. Fasting blood collected at weeks 0 and 12 was analyzed for insulin and glycated hemoglobin. Average change in fasting glucose was reduced in the vinegar group versus control group (−0.91 ± 0.27 versus −0.26 ± 0.17 mmol/l) ( p = 0.05). Average change in 2-h postprandial glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin did not vary between groups. Fasting breath hydrogen at week 12 was elevated 19% in the vinegar group versus control group suggesting an increase in colonic fermentation in the vinegar group. These data indicate that vinegar, a simple addition to meals, has antiglycaemic effects in adults at-risk for type 2 diabetes, possibly related to carbohydrate maldigestion.
Bayesian analysis of empirical software engineering cost models

Many parametric software estimation models have evolved in the last two decades (L.H. Putnam and W. Myers, 1992; C. Jones, 1997; R.M. Park et al., 1992). Almost all of these parametric models have been empirically calibrated to actual data from completed software projects. The most commonly used technique for empirical calibration has been the popular classical multiple regression approach. As discussed in the paper, the multiple regression approach imposes a few assumptions frequently violated by software engineering datasets. The paper illustrates the problems faced by the multiple regression approach during the calibration of one of the popular software engineering cost models, COCOMO II. It describes the use of a pragmatic 10 percent weighted average approach that was used for the first publicly available calibrated version (S. Chulani et al., 1998). It then moves on to show how a more sophisticated Bayesian approach can be used to alleviate some of the problems faced by multiple regression. It compares and contrasts the two empirical approaches, and concludes that the Bayesian approach was better and more robust than the multiple regression approach.
A beam scraper using a linear motor

A beam scraper using a linear motor drive has been developed for use in the alternating gradient synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The device measures beam size by moving a target to a predetermined location and measuring the intercepted beam with nearby loss monitors or by noting the decrease in the circulating beam current. It has excellent vacuum characteristics, as the motor and sensor coils are outside the vacuum, coupled magnetically to the internal moving parts. No bellows or dynamic seals are required. The position-time profile is controlled by a closed-loop servo system which uses position feedback. >
Process control considerations for adhesive bonding in production

A system by which adhesive bonding would be best applied to production on ordnance items has been presented. In this system, process controls must be established. Significant and meaningful process controls must be selected and utilized toward producing the quality and reliability expected of the ordnance article.
The chromosomal response regulatory gene chvI of Agrobacterium tumefaciens complements an Escherichia coli phoB mutation and is required for virulence.

In an effort to identify the Agrobacterium tumefaciens phosphate regulatory gene(s), we isolated a clone from an A. tumefaciens cosmid library that restored regulated alkaline phosphatase activity to an Escherichia coli phoB mutant. The gene that complemented phoB was localized by subcloning and deletion analysis, and the DNA sequence was determined. An open reading frame, denoted chvI, was identified that encoded a predicted protein with amino acid similarity to the family of bacterial response regulators and 35% identify to PhoB. Surprisingly, an A. tumefaciens chvI mutant showed normal induction of phosphatase activity and normal virG expression when grown in phosphate-limiting media. However, this mutant was unable to grow in media containing tryptone, peptone, or Casamino Acids and was also more sensitive than the wild type to acidic extracellular pH. This mutant was avirulent on Kalanchoee diagremontiana and was severely attenuated in vir gene expression. The pH-inducible expression of virG was also abolished. Growth of the chvI mutant was inhibited by K. diagremontiana wound sap, suggesting that avirulence may be due, in part, to the inability of this mutant to survive the plant wound environment. Images
Model-Based Design for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

In this paper, we show how Model-Based Design can be applied in the development of a hybrid electric vehicle system. The paper explains how Model-Based Design begins with defining the design requirements that can be traced throughout the development process. This leads to the development of component models of the physical system, such as the power distribution system and mechanical driveline. We also show the development of an energy management strategy for several modes of operation including the full electric, hybrid, and combustion engine modes. Finally, we show how an integrated environment facilitates the combination of various subsystems and enables engineers to verify that overall performance meets the desired requirements.
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus With Separate Foci of Melanoma In Situ and Atypical Melanocytic Hyperplasia in a Patient Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is a rare neoplasm. The primary nature of esophageal melanoma has been questioned in the past because most reported cases have not been able to demonstrate local tumorigenesis or evolution of the malignancy from a preceding benign lesion or cell. In addition, the occurrence of metastatic melanoma to the esophagus is much more common than PMME. We report a case of PMME with separate foci of melanoma in situ and atypical melanocytic hyperplasia in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PMME in a patient with a previous diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In addition to adding data to the limited literature on this subject, we also provide histologic evidence that demonstrates the primary nature of some esophageal melanomas. This case also documents the occurrence of PMME in a patient positive for human immunodeficiency virus. We also provide a review of the releva...
Tapir: the Evolution of an Agent Control Language

Abstract : Tapir is a general purpose, semi-declarative agent control language that extends and enhances the Hierarchical Agent Control (HAC) architecture [1]. Tapir incorporates the lessons learned from developing HAC and makes it easier and faster to create reusable and understandable actions. Tapir has been used in a battalion level war-game simulation, a robot simulator, a simulation of cellular dynamics and a simulation of rodent behavior. The language is built around constructs that define agents, sensors, actions, and messages. It has mechanisms for handling multiple agents, a flexible resource model, and multiple means for structuring concurrent actions. This paper provides an overview of HAC and its shortcomings and then explains how Tapir extends and improves upon it.
Interpersonal conflict which includes mistreatment in a university workplace.

In order to provide detailed documentation of faculty and staff experiences of perceived mistreatment, this article reports the findings of an institutional survey of mistreatment. From a random sample of 1,585 (11%) of one university's workforce, 810 (51%) responses were received. Of the total responses, 187 (23%) met criteria used to define cases of perceived workplace mistreatment. Equal proportions of women and men reported incidents of mistreatment. Mistreatment was perceived to come from coworkers as well as superiors. For the sample as a whole, job satisfaction was severely affected by experiences of mistreatment. The highest proportion of reported mistreatment was 38% for professional staff (at-will employees), followed in order by 25% for classified staff (covered by civil service protection), and 11% for faculty. These findings indicate that mistreatment occurs at all levels in institutions of higher education. The negative consequences of mistreatment for individuals in the workplace, as well as for the institution as a whole, are substantial. Language: en
NUCLEAR SPINS, NUCLEAR MOMENTS, AND HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF $sup 69$Ge AND $sup 75$Ge, AND $sup 3$P$sub 2$ HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF $sup 71$Ge.

The atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method has been used to measure the nuclear spin $I$ and the hyperfine structure constants $a$ and $b$ in the $^{3}P_{1}$ atomic state of 38-h $^{69}\mathrm{Ge}$ and 82-min $^{75}\mathrm{Ge}$, and in the $^{3}P_{2}$ atomic state of $^{75}\mathrm{Ge}$ and 11-day $^{71}\mathrm{Ge}$. From these measurements, the nuclear moments ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$ and $Q$ are deduced. The results are: for $^{69}\mathrm{Ge}$, $I=\frac{5}{2}$, $a(^{3}P_{1})=\ensuremath{\mp}23.40(3)$ MHz, $b(^{3}P_{1})=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.28(8)$ MHz, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}(\mathrm{uncorr})=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.733(7){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, and $Q(\mathrm{uncorr})=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.028(6)$ b; for $^{71}\mathrm{Ge}$, $a(^{3}P_{2})=+360.53(4)$ MHz; and for $^{75}\mathrm{Ge}$, $I=\frac{1}{2}$, $a(^{3}P_{1})=\ensuremath{-}81.06(8)$ MHz, $a(^{3}P_{2})=+335.94(9)$ MHz, and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}(\mathrm{uncorr})=+0.508(5){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$.
Effect of flow rate and glucose concentration on glucose uptake rate by the rat limb.

SummaryThis investigation has defined a relationship that glucose concentration and flow rate have upon the rate of glucose uptake by the resting perfused rat hindlimb. The glucose uptake rate is linearly related to the perfusate glucose concentration within the range of glucose concentration studied (50-400 mg%). It has also been determined that glucose uptake rate is hyperbolically related to the perfusate flow rate. It appears as though the glucose uptake rate is flow limited for rat skeletal muscle at rest.
School Siting: Contested Visions of the Community School

Problem: The United States is embarking on an unprecedented era of school construction even as debate continues over where schools should be located and how much land they should occupy. Purpose: My three goals for this study were to trace the evolution of school siting standards, to explain the factors currently influencing school facility location decisions, and to identify what local and regional planners could contribute to school siting decisions. Methods: I reviewed the land use planning and educational facilities literatures on school siting and conducted in-depth interviews with school facility planners from 10 counties in Maryland and northern Virginia to assess their perspectives on the school planning process. Results and conclusions: I discovered that different groups use very different definitions of community school. Smart growth proponents advocate community schools that are small and intimately linked to neighborhoods, while school facility planners expect community schools to meet the nee...
Pathways to Pain: Racial Discrimination and Relations Between Parental Functioning and Child Psychosocial Well-Being

The relationship between racial discrimination, parental functioning, and child adjustment is not well understood. The goal of the present study was to assess parental reports of discrimination in relation to depression and parenting practices, as well as on subsequent child internalizing and externalizing problems in low-income Black families. Data include a subsample of the Early Steps project, a multisite longitudinal study of financial and behaviorally at-risk families. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze our hypothesized model. Excellent model fit was established after removing externalizing problems from the model. As predicted, indirect associations were found from discrimination to parental depression, parenting, and child internalizing problems; and direct associations were found from discrimination to child internalizing problems. The results are consistent with findings suggesting that discrimination is negatively associated with adult well-being; moreover, contribute to the sparse literature on the effects of discrimination beyond the direct recipient. Finally, that parent discrimination was directly associated with child emotional problems suggests the continued need to address and treat discriminatory practices more generally.
The FI3T Project External Evaluation

An external evaluation of FI3T was conducted by a team from Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, MI consistent with expectations of the funding agency, the National Science Foundation. The focus of the evaluation was on determining worth, value, and merit of the project. The evaluation included both formative and summative evaluation elements, with the evaluation team collaborating with the project management team. A multi-method design was used to assess this multi-faceted faceted project. The FI3T evaluation has direct application in most grant-funded projects.
Rat growth, body composition, and renal function during 30 days increased ambient CO2 exposure.

Background: In experiments using rodents onboard orbiting spacecraft, specimens may be exposed to an increase in ambient CO 2 . Hypothesis: Many of the physiological changes reported in rats (and humans) for spaceflight are similar to those observed with increased CO 2 , raising the question whether the observed changes are due to spaceflight or more specifically, the elevated ambient CO 2 . Methods: To evaluate the effects of increased CO 2 , at levels similar to those experienced during spaceflight, three groups of adult male rats (n = 10) were exposed to ambient CO 2 concentrations of 0.3, 0.7 and 2.0% for 30 d. Control rats were exposed to atmospheric conditions (0.03% CO 2 ) for each group. Results: There were alterations in water turnover, food intake, and renal function with increased CO 2 . Blood pH, total CO 2 , and plasma concentrations of Na + , Ca 2+ , and corticosterone were significantly elevated at the 2.0% exposure, while plasma PO 4 3- was reduced. At the 0.3% and 0.7% CO 2 exposures, many of these changes were not significant. Animals exposed to 0.3% CO 2 showed a significant increase in total body Na+. Urinary Ca 2+ , K + , creatinine, corticosterone, and total CO 2 excretion were higher at 2.0%, but only Ca 2+ and CO 2 excretion were significantly elevated at 0.7%, and there was no significant alteration in renal function at 0.3%. Conclusion: Chronic increased ambient CO 2 levels, similar to those observed on the Space Shuttle and proposed for the International Space Station, elicit compensatory responses in rats which may affect interpretation of experiments designed to evaluate the effects of exposure to microgravity.