cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BURNING THERMALS IN TYPE ia SUPERNOVAE

We develop a one-dimensional theoretical model for thermals burning in Type Ia supernovae based on the entrainment assumption of Morton, Taylor, and Turner. Extensions of the standard model are required to account for the burning and for the expansion of the thermal due to changes in the background stratification found in the full star. The model is compared with high-resolution three-dimensional numerical simulations, both in a uniform environment and a full-star setting. The simulations in a uniform environment present compelling agreement with the predicted power laws and provide model constants for the full-star model, which then provides excellent agreement with the full-star simulation. The importance of the different components in the model is compared, and are all shown to be relevant. An examination of the effect of initial conditions was then conducted using the one-dimensional model, which would have been infeasible in three dimensions. More mass was burned when the ignition kernel was larger and closer to the center of the star. The turbulent flame speed was found to be important during the early-time evolution of the thermal, but played a diminished role at later times when the evolution is dominated by the large-scale hydrodynamics responsible for entrainment. However, a higher flame speed effectively gave a larger initial ignition kernel and so resulted in more mass burned. This suggests that future studies should focus on the early-time behavior of these thermals (in particular, the transition to turbulence), and that the choice of turbulent flame speed does not play a significant role in the dynamics once the thermal has become established.
THE VERY SHORT PERIOD M DWARF BINARY SDSS J001641–000925*

We present follow-up observations and analysis of the recently discovered short period low-mass eclipsing binary, SDSS J001641–000925. With an orbital period of 0.19856 days, this system has one of the shortest known periods for an M dwarf binary system. Medium-resolution spectroscopy and multi-band photometry for the system are presented. Markov Chain Monte Carlo modeling of the light curves and radial velocities yields estimated masses for the stars of M 1 = 0.54 ± 0.07 M ☉ and M 2 = 0.34 ± 0.04 M ☉, and radii of R 1 = 0.68 ± 0.03 R ☉ and R 2 = 0.58 ± 0.03 R ☉, respectively. This solution places both components above the critical Roche overfill limit, providing strong evidence that SDSS J001641–000925 is the first verified M-dwarf contact binary system. Within the follow-up spectroscopy we find signatures of non-solid body rotation velocities, which we interpret as evidence for mass transfer or loss within the system. In addition, our photometry samples the system over nine years, and we find strong evidence for period decay at the rate of 8 s yr–1. Both of these signatures raise the intriguing possibility that the system is in over-contact, and actively losing angular momentum, likely through mass loss. This places SDSS J001641–000925 as not just the first M-dwarf over-contact binary, but one of the few systems of any spectral type known to be actively undergoing coalescence. Further study of SDSS J001641–000925 is ongoing to verify the nature of the system, which may prove to be a unique astrophysical laboratory.
Elective postoperative external radiotherapy after hysterectomy in early‐stage carcinoma of the cervix. Is additional vaginal cuff irradiation necessary?

This retrospective study of 44 patients who received postoperative radiotherapy soon after hysterectomy for early Stage IB to IIA carcinoma of the cervix was undertaken to determine the need for additional vaginal cuff irradiation (AVCI) following external pelvic irradiation (EPI). The reasons for adjuvant radiotherapy administration were mostly the nonradical type of performed hysterectomy or the presence of adverse prognostic histopathologic features. The overall survival and local control rates were 80% (35/44) and 89% (39/44) at 2 years and 63% (26/41) and 80% (33/41) at 5 years, respectively. Although the 2-year results seemed to indicate that AVCI was necessary, this was not supported by the obtained longer term data. Moreover, it appeared that AVCI could perhaps be safely done after EPI, when occult early-stage cervical carcinoma was found after total abdominal hysterectomy. Data from this study and the literature concerning AVCI's appropriate role in this particular disease condition are discussed.
OPTICAL PULSE-PHASED PHOTOPOLARIMETRY OF PSR B0656+14

We have observed the optical pulse profile of PSR B0656+14 in 10 phase bins at a high signal-to-noise ratio, and have measured the linear polarization profile over 30% of the pulsar period with some significance. The pulse profile is double-peaked, with a bridge of emission between the two peaks, similar to gamma-ray profiles observed in other pulsars. There is no detectable unpulsed flux, to a 1 σ limit of 16% of the pulse-averaged flux. The emission in the bridge is highly (~100%) polarized, with a position angle sweep in excellent agreement with the prediction of the rotating vector model (RVM) as determined from radio polarization observations. We are able to account for the gross features of the optical light curve (i.e., the phase separation of the peaks) using both polar cap and outer gap models. Using the polar cap model, we are also able to estimate the height of the optical emission regions.
Exploiting self-interference suppression for improved spectrum awareness/efficiency in cognitive radio systems

Inspired by recent developments in full-duplex communications, we propose and study new modes of operation for cognitive radios with the goal of achieving improved primary user (PU) detection and/or secondary user (SU) throughput. Specifically, we consider an opportunistic PU/SU setting in which the SU is equipped with partial/complete self-interference suppression (SIS), enabling it to transmit and receive/sense at the same time. Following a brief sensing period, the SU can operate in either simultaneous transmit-and-sense (TS) mode or simultaneous transmit-and-receive (TR) mode. We analytically study the performance metrics for the two modes, namely the detection and false-alarm probabilities, the PU outage probability, and the SU throughput. From this analysis, we evaluate the sensing-throughput tradeoff for both modes. Our objective is to find the optimal sensing and transmission durations for the SU that maximize its throughput subject to a given outage probability. We also explore the spectrum awareness/efficiency tradeoff that arises from the two modes by determining an efficient adaptive strategy for the SU link. This strategy has a threshold structure, which depends on the PU traffic load. Our study considers both perfect and imperfect sensing as well as perfect/imperfect SIS.
PAC and XPS studies of II-VI compounds

The perturbed angular correlation (PAC) method has considerable potential for studying near-surface defects of materials on a microscopic scale, especially in combination with standard surface techniques. We have characterized the near-surface and surface regions of II–VI compounds using PAC and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PAC was used to identify point defect complexes containing the radioactive 111In probe atoms, which were diffused into Cd0.96Zn0.04Te, Cd0.8Mn0.2Te and Hg0.79Cd0.21Te (MCT) samples under vacuum from 200 to 550 °C. After the Cd(Zn)Te samples were annealed at 450 °C for 30 min, 60% of the In atoms occupied unique non-cubic sites, characterized by an interaction frequency νQ = 60 MHz and an asymmetry parameter η=0.2. These sites were attributed to In-(cadmium vacancy) complexes, since this signal was eliminated by subsequent annealing in a cadmium atmosphere. Similar results were obtained for the Cd(Mn)Te samples, but the vacancy complex occured at a lower annealing temperature. The XPS data for Cd(Mn)Te showed that its oxide characteristics differed considerably from those of CdTe. Although oxide formation of CdTe occurs very slowly after sputter cleaning, a significant TeO layer was formed on the Cd(Mn)Te surfaces after only 10 min exposure to air. In addition, deionized water removed the native oxide completely for CdTe but not for Cd(Mn)Te. For MCT, annealing at 350 °C caused the formation of two defect complexes, characterized by frequencies of 83 and 92 MHz, and η ≈ 0.1. These PAC signals vanished after annealing under a mercury atmosphere, indicating that they were also due to In-vacancy complexes.
Transonic Flow Computations in Cascades Using Finite Element Method

Analysis of transonic flow through a cascade of airfoils is investigated using the finite element method. Development of a computational grid suitable for complex flow structures and different types of boundary conditions is presented. An efficient pseudo-time integration scheme is developed for the solution of equations. Modeling of the shock and the convergence characteristics of the developed scheme are discussed. Numerical results include a 45 deg staggered cascade of NACA 0012 airfoils with inlet flow Mach number of 0.8 and angles of attack 1, 0, and 1 deg.
Large aperture electrostatic dust detector

Diagnosis and management of dust inventories generated in next-step magnetic fusion devices is necessary for their safe operation. A novel electrostatic dust detector, based on a fine grid of interlocking circuit traces biased to 30 or 50 V has been developed for the detection of dust particles on remote surfaces in air and vacuum environments. Impinging dust particles create a temporary short circuit and the resulting current pulse is recorded by counting electronics. Up to 90% of the particles are ejected from the grid or vaporized suggesting the device may be useful for controlling dust inventories. We report measurements of the sensitivity of a large area (5 × 5 cm) detector to microgram quantities of dust particles.
Charm and bottom quark production cross-sections near threshold

The cross sections for charm and bottom quark production in the threshold region are discussed. We consider the effects of an all order resummation of initial state soft-plus-virtual gluon radiation on the total cross sections compared to the order $←pha_{s}^{3}$ results.
Radiometric measurements of electron temperature and opacity of ionospheric perturbations

Changes in the sky noise spectrum are used to characterize perturbations in the ionosphere. Observations were made at the same sidereal time on multiple days using a calibrated broadband dipole and radio spectrometer covering 80 to 185 MHz. In this frequency range, an ionospheric opacity perturbation changes both the electron thermal emission from the ionosphere and the absorption of the sky noise background. For the first time, these changes are confirmed to have the expected spectral signature and are used to derive the opacity and electron temperature associated with the perturbations as a function of local time. The observations were acquired at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia from 18 April 2014 to 6 May 2014. They show perturbations that increase at sunrise, continue during the day, and decline after sunset. Magnitudes corresponding to an opacity perturbation of about 1% at 150 MHz with a typical electron temperature of about 800 K were measured for the strongest perturbations.
Quantum Measurements and Finite Geometry

A complete set of mutually unbiased bases for a Hilbert space of dimension N is analogous in some respects to a certain finite geometric structure, namely, an affine plane. Another kind of quantum measurement, known as a symmetric informationally complete positive-operator-valued measure, is, remarkably, also analogous to an affine plane, but with the roles of points and lines interchanged. In this paper I present these analogies and ask whether they shed any light on the existence or non-existence of such symmetric quantum measurements for a general quantum system with a finite-dimensional state space.
Motion of charged particles near magnetic-field discontinuities

The motion of charged particles in slowly changing magnetic fields exhibits adiabatic invariance even in the presence of abrupt magnetic discontinuities. Particles near discontinuities in magnetic fields, what we call ''boundary particles'', are constrained to remain near an arbitrarily fractured boundary even as the particle drifts along the discontinuity. A new adiabatic invariant applies to the motion of these particles.
Polymeric Cyanoborane, (CNBH2)n: Single Source for Chemical Vapor Deposition of Boron Nitride Films

Polymeric cyanoborane, z(CHBH{sub 2}){sub n9} is a material readily prepared by passing hydrogen chloride through an ether suspension of sodium cyanotrihydroborate. This polymeric material was volatilized in a CVD reactor to produce, at 600{degrees}C, amorphous films containing boron, nitrogen, and carbon. Residual carbon present in the films was removed by ammonia treatment at 800{degrees}C, producing nearly stoichiometric boron nitride films that were adherent to a variety of substrates including silicon.
Congestion pricing under operational, supply-side uncertainty

Abstract This paper is concerned with finding first-best tolls in static transportation networks with day-to-day variation in network capacity, as accounted for by changes in the volume-delay function. The key question in addressing this problem is that of information , namely, which agents have access to what information when making decisions. In this work, travelers are assumed to be either fully informed about network conditions before embarking on travel, or having no information except the probability distributions; likewise, the network manager (toll-setter) is either able to vary tolls in response to realized network conditions, or must apply the same tolls every day. Further, travelers’ preference for reliable travel is accounted for, representing risk aversion in the face of uncertainty. For each of the scenarios implied by combinations of these assumptions, we present methods to determine system-optimal link prices. A demonstration is provided, using the Sioux Falls test network, suggesting that attempts to incorporate uncertainty into nonresponsive tolls involve significantly higher prices.
PROPERTIES OF THE DISTANT KUIPER BELT: RESULTS FROM THE PALOMAR DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEM SURVEY

We present the results of a wide-field survey using the 1.2 m Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory. This survey was designed to find the most distant members of the Kuiper Belt and beyond. We searched ~12,000 deg^2 down to a mean limiting magnitude of 21.3 in R. A total number of 52 Kuiper Belt objects and Centaurs have been detected, 25 of which were discovered in this survey. Except for the redetection of Sedna, no additional Sedna-like bodies with perihelia greater than 45 AU were detected despite sensitivity out to distances of 1000 AU. We discuss the implications for a distant Sedna-like population beyond the Kuiper Belt, focusing on the constraints we can place on the embedded stellar cluster environment the early Sun may be have been born in, where the location and distribution of Sedna-like orbits sculpted by multiple stellar encounters is indicative of the birth cluster size. We also report our observed latitude distribution and implications for the size of the plutino population.
Conversion of amines to carbamoyl chlorides using carbon dioxide as a phosgene replacement

Abstract Dialkyl carbamates, generated from amines and carbon dioxide, are converted to their corresponding carbamoyl chlorides using thionyl chloride in the presence of added tertiary amine base.
Finding non-coding RNAs through genome-scale clustering.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcripts that do not code for proteins. Recent findings have shown that RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms influence a substantial portion of typical microbial genom...
Twelve ways to improve cooperation with the Computer Center

Cooperation between the Computer Center and faculty is necessary for the continuance of programs in Computer Science. Enumerated here are twelve ways that cooperation between the Computer Center and faculty can contribute to a computer science education from the perspective of Computer Center staff.
Constraining Galactic Magnetic Field Models with Starlight Polarimetry

This paper provides testable predictions about starlight polarizations to constrain the geometry of the Galactic magnetic field, in particular the nature of the poloidal component. Galactic dynamo simulations and Galactic dust distributions from the literature are combined with a Stokes radiative transfer model to predict the observed polarizations and position angles of near-infrared starlight, assuming that the light is polarized by aligned anisotropic dust grains. S0 and A0 magnetic field models and the role of magnetic pitch angle are all examined. All-sky predictions are made, and particular directions are identified as providing diagnostic power for discriminating among the models. Cumulative distribution functions of the normalized degree of polarization and plots of polarization position angle versus Galactic latitude are proposed as tools for testing models against observations.
The number of graphs and a random graph with a given degree sequence

We consider the set of all graphs on n labeled vertices with prescribed degrees D = (d1,…,dn). For a wide class of tame degree sequences D we obtain a computationally efficient asymptotic formula approximating the number of graphs within a relative error which approaches 0 as n grows. As a corollary, we prove that the structure of a random graph with a given tame degree sequence D is well described by a certain maximum entropy matrix computed from D. We also establish an asymptotic formula for the number of bipartite graphs with prescribed degrees of vertices, or, equivalently, for the number of 0-1 matrices with prescribed row and column sums. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
Field‐Forced Antiferroelectric‐to‐Ferroelectric Switching in Modified Lead Zirconate Titanate Stannate Ceramics

Electric-field-forced antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transitions in several compositions of modified lead zirconate titanate stannate antiferroelectric ceramics are studied for ultra-high-field-induced strain actuator applications. A maximum field-induced longitudinal strain of 0.85% and volume expansion of 0.95% are observed in the ceramic composition Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.66Ti0.09Sn0.25)O3 at room temperature. Switching from the antiferroelectric form to the ferroelectric form is controlled by the nucleation of the ferroelectric phase from the antiferroelectric phase. A switching time of <1 μs is observed under the applied field above 30 kV/cm. The polarization and strains associated with the field-forced phase transition decrease with increasing switching cycle, a so-called fatigue effect. Two types of fatigue effects are observed in these ceramic compositions. In one, the fatigue effects only proceed to a limited extent and the properties may be restored by annealing above the Curie temperature, while in the other, the fatigue effects proceed to a large extent and the properties cannot be restored completely by heat treatment. Hydrostatic pressure increases the transition field and the switching time. But when the applied electric field is larger than the transition field, the induced polarization and strain are not sensitive to increasing hydrostatic pressure until the transition field approaches the applied field.
Non-commutative moduli spaces, dielectric tori and T-duality

Abstract We review and extend recent work on the application of the non-commutative geometric framework to an interpretation of the moduli space of vacua of certain deformations of N=4 super Yang–Mills theories. We present a simple worldsheet calculation that reproduces the field theory results and sheds some light on the dynamics of the D-brane bubbles. Different regions of moduli space are associated with D5 -branes of various topologies; singularities in the moduli space are associated with topology change. T -duality on toroidal topologies maps between mirror string realizations of the field theory.
Six-dimensional tensionless strings in the large N limit

Abstract When N five-branes of M-theory coincide the world-volume theory contains tensionless strings, according to Strominger's construction. This suggests a large N limit of tensionless string theories. For the small E 8 instanton theories, the definition would be a large instanton number. An adiabatic argument suggests that in the large N limit an effective extra uncompactified dimension might be observed. We also propose “surface equations”, which are an analog of the Makeenko-Migdal loop equations, and might describe correlators in the tensionless string theories. In these equations, the anti-self-dual 2-forms of 6D and the tensionless strings enter on an equal footing. Addition of strings with CFTs on their world-sheet is analogous to addition of matter in 4D QCD.
Fusion power deployment

Abstract Fusion power plants could be part of a future portfolio of non-carbon dioxide producing energy supplies such as wind, solar, biomass, advanced fission power and fossil energy with carbon dioxide sequestration. In this paper we discuss key issues, for other sources of energy, that could impact fusion energy deployment during the last half of this century. These include geographic issues such as resource availability, scale issues, energy storage requirements and waste issues. The resource needs and waste production associated with fusion deployment in the US should not pose serious problems (Fusion Technology 39 (2001) 513). One important feature of fusion power is the fact that a fusion power plant should be locatable within most local or regional electrical distribution systems. For this reason fusion power plants should not increase the burden of long distance power transmission to our distribution system. In contrast to fusion power, regional factors could play an important role in the deployment of renewable resources such as wind, solar and biomass or fossil energy with CO2 sequestration. We examine the role of these regional factors and their implications for the deployment of these renewables, fossil, and fusion.
Intercomparison of millimeter-wave radiative transfer models

This study analyzes the performance at millimeter-wave frequencies of five radiative transfer models, i.e., the Eddington second-order approximation with and without /spl delta/-scaling, the Neumann iterative method with and without geometric series approximation, and the Monte Carlo method. Three winter time precipitation profiles are employed. The brightness temperatures calculated by the Monte Carlo method, which considers all scattering angles, are considered as benchmarks in this study. Brightness temperature differences generated by the other models and sources of those differences are examined. In addition, computation speeds of the radiative transfer calculations are also compared. Results show that the required number of quadrature angles to generate brightness temperatures consistent with the Monte Carlo method within 0.5 K varies between two and six. At least second to 15th orders of multiple scattering, depending on the significance of scattering, are required for the Neumann iterative method to represent accurately the inhomogeneous vertical structure of the scattering and absorbing components of precipitating clouds at millimeter-wave frequencies. The /spl delta/-scaling in the Eddington second-order approximation improves brightness temperatures significantly at nadir for cloud profiles that contain snow due to the correction for strong scattering, while it did not make any difference at 53/spl deg/ off-nadir. The computational time comparisons show that the Neumann iterative method generates accurate brightness temperatures with better computational efficiency than the Monte Carlo method for cloud profiles with weak scattering. However, it can consume computational time that is even greater than the Monte Carlo method for some millimeter-wave frequencies and cloud profiles with strong scattering. A geometric series approximation can improve computational efficiency of the Neumann iterative method for those profiles. In view of the ease of introducing scaled parameters into the Eddington second-order approximation, good computational time efficiency, and better than within 2 K accuracy when compared with the Monte Carlo method, we recommend its use for brightness temperature calculations at millimeter-waves in precipitating atmospheres.
Hemorrhage associated with vitamin C deficiency in surgical patients.

Background. Diffuse hemorrhage in surgical patients with normal coagulation parameters may be caused by vitamin C deficiency and is rapidly reversed by vitamin C replacement. Methods. Patients treated on a surgical service were entered into a clinical registry over a 12-month period if they experienced diffuse hemorrhage in the face of normal coagulation parameters and a plasma ascorbic acid level < 0.6 mg/dL (normal 0.6-2.0 mg/dL). Oral vitamin C replacement was administered after determination of plasma ascorbic acid level. Response to therapy, including subsequent bleeding events, need for blood transfusions, and demographic data including social and dietary history were retrospectively reviewed from hospital and outpatient clinic records. Results. Twelve patients with bleeding diatheses and low plasma ascorbic acid levels were identified. Plasma ascorbic acid levels were 0.1 to 0.5 mg/dL (mean, 0.3 mg/dL). There were 6 men and 6 women; age ranged from 46 to 90 years (mean, 78 years). Coagulation parameters were normal in all patients. Diffuse postoperative bleeding from nonsurgical causes was evident in 10 of 12 patients. Four patients, 2 of whom had operations, presented with chronic recurrent blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Each patient received 250 to 1000 mg of vitamin C replacement daily. Within 24 hours of vitamin C administration, there was no further evidence of clinical bleeding nor need for subsequent blood transfusions in any patient. Conclusions. Vitamin C deficiency should be included in the differential diagnosis of nonspecific bleeding in surgical patients. Prolonged hospitalization, severe illness, and poor diet create vitamin C deficiency with significant clinical consequences. Oral vitamin C replacement rapidly reverses the effects of this disorder. (Surgery 2002;131:408-12.)
Vowel discrimination by hearing infants as a function of number of spectral channels

Reduced spectral resolution negatively impacts speech perception, particularly perception of vowels and consonant place. This study assessed impact of number of spectral channels on vowel discrimination by 6-month-old infants with normal hearing by comparing three listening conditions: Unprocessed speech, 32 channels, and 16 channels. Auditory stimuli (/ti/ and /ta/) were spectrally reduced using a noiseband vocoder and presented to infants with normal hearing via visual habituation. Results supported a significant effect of number of channels on vowel discrimination by 6-month-old infants. No differences emerged between unprocessed and 32-channel conditions in which infants looked longer during novel stimulus trials (i.e., discrimination). The 16-channel condition yielded a significantly different pattern: Infants demonstrated no significant difference in looking time to familiar vs novel stimulus trials, suggesting infants cannot discriminate /ti/ and /ta/ with only 16 channels. Results support effects of spectral resolution on vowel discrimination. Relative to published reports, young infants need more spectral detail than older children and adults to perceive spectrally degraded speech. Results have implications for development of perception by infants with hearing loss who receive auditory prostheses.
Visible school security measures and student academic performance, attendance, and postsecondary aspirations

Many U.S. schools use visible security measures (security cameras, metal detectors, security personnel) in an effort to keep schools safe and promote adolescents' academic success. This study examined how different patterns of visible security utilization were associated with U.S. middle and high school students' academic performance, attendance, and postsecondary educational aspirations. The data for this study came from two large national surveys--the School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (N = 38,707 students; 51% male, 77% White, MAge = 14.72) and the School Survey on Crime and Safety (N = 10,340 schools; average student composition of 50% male, 57% White). The results provided no evidence that visible security measures had consistent beneficial effects on adolescents' academic outcomes; some security utilization patterns had modest detrimental effects on adolescents' academic outcomes, particularly the heavy surveillance patterns observed in a small subset of high schools serving predominantly low socioeconomic students. The findings of this study provide no evidence that visible security measures have any sizeable effects on academic performance, attendance, or postsecondary aspirations among U.S. middle and high school students.
Degrees of freedom and the deconfining phase transition

Abstract There is a sharp increase in the relative number of degrees of freedom at the deconfining phase transition. Characterizing this increase using the Polyakov Loop model, we find that for three colors, where there is a nearly second order deconfining phase transition, the medium-induced energy loss turns on rapidly above T c . As expected, energy loss increases proportional to the relative number of degrees of freedom. In addition, however, there is a logarithmic dependence upon the screening mass, which changes markedly near the would be critical point. Thus this sensitivity to the screening mass can be used to probe non-ideal, nearly critical, behavior in the quark–gluon plasma.
NICMOS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND MODELS FOR A STARS

Absolute flux distributions for eight stars are well measured from 0.8 to 2.5 μm with NICMOS grism spectrophotometry at a resolution of R ~ 100 and an accuracy of 1-2%. These spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are fitted with Castelli & Kurucz model atmospheres, and the results are compared with the Cohen-Walker-Witteborn (CWW) template models for the same stars. In some cases, the T eff, log g, and log z parameters of the best-fitting model differ by up to 1000 K from the earlier CWW model. However, differences in the continua of the modeled infrared flux distributions from 0.4 to 40 μm are always less than the quoted CWW uncertainty of 5% because of compensating changes in the measured extinction. At wavelengths longward of the 2.5 μm NICMOS limit, uncertainties still approach 5%, because A star models are not yet perfect. All of these A stars lie in the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) continuous viewing zone and will be important absolute flux standards for the 0.8-30 μm JWST wavelength range.
Embroidered confessions: an interactive quilt of the secrets of strangers

The condition of anonymity creates a private space within a public space as a person feels the freedom to act without attribution. This phenomenon holds true in both physical and digital spaces. People feel free to post their most intimate secrets on the Internet with the belief that their confessions are ephemeral and intangible. In reality, this data is perpetually archived and cached on distant servers. A disconnect exists between the perception of the transitory quality of digital data and the truth of its enduring existence. Through the weaving of the stories and secrets of strangers from the Internet into a material artifact, Embroidered Confessions represents the physical manifestation of the duality of digital information.
Cyclohexadienone annulations of aryl carbene complexes of chromium: new strategies for the synthesis of indole alkaloids

La reaction de composes acetyleniques avec des complexes carbonyles du chrome associes a des [methyl-1 indolyl-3 methoxy] methylenes fournit des dihydro carbazoles et une voie d'acces aux alcaloides de la famille de l'aspidosperma
The Power of the "Objective" Bayesian Unit-Root Test

Abstract Some researchers, for example, Koop (1992), and Sims (1988), advocated forBayesian alternatives to unit-root testing over the classical approach using theaugmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). This paper studies the power of what Koop(1992) has called the ”Objective” Bayesian approach to unit-root testing. Koop’s”objective” Bayesian test is interesting in light of the call by Phillips (1991a,1991b) for more objective Bayesian analysis of time series. We apply the ”ob-jective” Bayesian unit-root test to a study of long-run purchasing power parity(PPP) in the post-Bretton Woods era and also Monte Carlo simulations. Overall,our results suggest that the ”objective” Bayesian test is biased in favor of trend-stationarity. We conclude that, at least for the ”objective” Bayesian test, it is notbetter than the classical ADF approach in unit-root tests, and because of its bias,the ”objective” priors suggested by Koop is not appropriate.Journal of Economic Literature Classiﬁcation: C11, C22, F31I wish to thank Professor Stephen M. Miller, participants at the Southern Eco-nomic Association Annual Meetings, and Department of Economics, Universityof Connecticut, brown-bag seminar for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.Remaining errors are my sole responsibilities.
Tropospheric phase calibration in millimeter interferometry

We review millimeter interferometric phase variations caused by variations in the precipitable water vapor content of the troposphere, and we discuss techniques proposed to correct for these variations. We present observations with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 22 and 43 GHz designed to test these techniques. We find that both the fast switching and paired array calibration techniques are effective at reducing tropospheric phase noise for radio interferometers. In both cases, the residual rms phase fluctuations after correction are independent of baseline length for b > beff. These techniques allow for diffraction-limited imaging of faint sources on arbitrarily long baselines at millimeter wavelengths. We consider the technique of tropospheric phase correction using a measurement of the precipitable water vapor content of the troposphere via a radiometric measurement of the brightness temperature of the atmosphere. Required sensitivities range from 20 mK at 90 GHz to 1 K at 185 GHz for the millimeter array (MMA) and to 120 mK for the VLA at 22 GHz. The minimum gain stability requirement is 200 at 185 GHz at the MMA, assuming that the astronomical receivers are used for radiometry. This increases to 2000 for an uncooled system. The stability requirement is 450 for the cooled system at the VLA at 22 GHz. To perform absolute radiometric phase corrections also requires knowledge of the tropospheric parameters and models to an accuracy of a few percent. It may be possible to perform an “empirically calibrated” radiometric phase correction, in which the relationship between fluctuations in brightness temperature differences and fluctuations in interferometric phases is calibrated by observing a strong celestial calibrator at regular intervals. A number of questions remain concerning this technique, including the following: (1) Over what timescale and distance will this technique allow for radiometric phase corrections when switching between the source and the calibrator? (2) How often will calibration of the TrmsB – Orms relationship be required?
Tensile Properties and Microstructural Characterization of Hi-Nicalon SiC/RBSN Composites

The room temperature physical and mechanical properties of silicon carbide fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride matrix composites (SiC/RBSN) were measured, and the composite microstructure was analyzed. The composites consist of nearly 24 vol% of aligned Hi-Nicalon SiC fiber yarns in a approx. 30 vo1% porous silicon nitride matrix. The fiber yarns were coated by chemical vapor deposition with a 0.8 micron layer of boron nitride (BN) followed by a 0.2 micron layer of SiC. In the as-fabricated condition, both 1-D and 2-D composites exhibited high strength and graceful failure, and showed improved properties when compared with unreinforced matrix of comparable density. No indication of reaction between the SiC fiber and BN coating was noticed, but the outer SiC layer reacted locally with the nitridation enhancing additive in the RBSN matrix. A comparison is made between the predicted and measured values of matrix cracking strength.
On the Conservation of Rothalpy in Turbomachines

The conditions under which rothalpy is conserved are investigated by means of the energy and moment-of-momentum equations for unsteady flow of a viscous, compressible fluid. Differential and integral equations are given for the total enthalpy and rothalpy in both stationary and rotating coordinates. From the equations in rotating coordinates it is shown that rothalpy may change due to: (1) pressure fluctuations caused by flow unsteadiness in the rotating frame; (2) angular acceleration of the rotor; (3) work done by viscous stresses on the relative flow in the rotating frame; (4) work done by body forces on the relative flow; (5) changes in entropy due to viscous dissipation and heat transfer
Synthetic Jets in Cross-flow

Results of an experimental investigation on synthetic jets from round orifices with and without cross-flow are presented. Jet Reynolds number up to 46,000 with a fully turbulent approach boundary layer, and Stokes number up to 400. are covered. The threshold of stroke length for synthetic jet formation. in the absence of the cross-flow, is found to be Lo /D approximately 0.5. Above Lo /D is approximately 10, the profiles of normalized centerline mean velocity appear to become invariant. It is reasoned that the latter threshold may be related to the phenomenon of saturation of impulsively generated vortices. In the presence of the cross-flow, the penetration height of a synthetic jet is found to depend on the momentum- flux ratio . When this ratio is defined in terms of the maximum jet velocity and the cross-flow velocity. not only all data collapse but also the jet trajectory is predicted well by correlation equation available for steady jets-in-cross-flow. Distributions of mean velocity, streamwise vorticity as well as turbulence intensity for a synthetic jet in cross-flow are found to be similar to those of a steady jet-in-cross-flow. A pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, corresponding to the bound vortex pair of the steady case, is clearly observed. Mean velocity distribution exhibits a dome of low momentum fluid pulled up from the boundary layer, and the entire domain is characterized by high turbulence.
Distributed Drug Discovery, Part 1: Linking Academia and Combinatorial Chemistry to Find Drug Leads for Developing World Diseases

There continues to be a need for innovative and inexpensive drugs to treat diseases of the developing world.1,2 It is also important to link academic training and research to critical societal needs. Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) is addressing both these concerns by developing a concept called “Distributed Drug Discovery” (D3).(3) This Perspective describes how D3 can harness combinatorial chemistry, distributed over multiple academic and industrial locations, to educate students while they perform a key role in the early stages of drug lead discovery for developing world and otherwise neglected diseases. Two other articles in this issue of the Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry present case histories implementing the chemistry component of D3. One involves replicated D3 syntheses in the United States, Poland, Russia, and Spain.(4) The second is an application in which students at IUPUI make analogs of a potential anticancer agent.(5) In this Perspective, D3 is discussed in three parts: (I) The Concept of D3, (II) The Role of Combinatorial Chemistry in D3, and (III) Implementation of D3.
Formation, properties, and ion irradiation effects of hexagonal structure MoN thin films

Thin films (100-120 nm) of hexagonal structure MoN have been fabricated by reaction of Mo films in an NH 3 atmosphere. The as-formed films possessed superconducting transition temperatures T c ≃ 13 K, with resistance ratios r = R(296K)/R(T c ) in the range 5 to 10, low-temperature normal state resistivities ρ o = 4 to 10 μ Ω-cm, and extrapolated upper critical fields H c2 (0) = 4.0 to 5.0 T. Thin film X-ray diffraction patterns revealed no visible second phase, with measured lattice parameters close to literature values. The effects of lattice disorder on the superconducting and electronic properties were investigated by irradiation with nitrogen ions of energy 45 and 340 keV, resulting in a nearly uniform damage profile without the introduction of any new chemical species. The results indicate that ordered hexagonal MoN shows some of the unusual properties characteristic of moderate-to-high T c transition metal compounds, but is relatively insensitive to degradation of the superconducting properties by lattice disorder. For ion fluences Φ up to 2 × 1016N-ions/cm2, T c is found to decrease monotonically and saturate at 9.5 K, almost 3/4 the initial value, while H c2 (0) undergoes a gradual increase to 11T.
CO J = 2-1 and 4-3 Observations of Proto-planetary Nebulae: Time-variable Mass Loss

Observations made with the Heinrich Hertz Telescope of CO millimeter and submillimeter emission toward a sample of 22 proto-planetary nebula (PPN) candidates resulted in detections of 12 sources in the CO J = 2-1 line. Of these 12, seven sources were also detected in the J = 4-3 line. These 4-3 transitions are the highest yet observed in all but one of these PPNs. Statistical equilibrium/radiative transfer models were calculated for the CO emission in the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs), assuming various power-law density distributions. These models were compared with the intensity and profile shape of the observed spectra. For the region of the CSE probed by CO emission, the density laws must be steeper than inverse squared and are consistent with power laws between ρ ∝ r-3 and r-4. These radial density distributions imply that the mass loss was not constant but increased during the last part of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. Mass-loss rates at the end of the AGB for the three best-constrained sources are found to be 7.7 × 10-5 M☉ yr-1 (IRAS 22272+5435), 2.3 × 10-5 M☉ yr-1 (IRAS 07134+1005), and 1.3 × 10-5 M☉ yr-1 (IRAS 17436+5003) for the case of ρ ∝ r-3. These time-varying mass-loss rates can be integrated to calculate the enclosed envelope masses ejected in the past ~10,000 yr. The ejected envelope masses close to the star lie in the range 0.02-0.30 M☉; these values are consistent with theoretical models, which indicate that <20% of the stellar mass loss occurs in the last 10,000 years of the AGB. These results are in contrast to some recent dust studies based on infrared emission, however, in which much higher envelope masses are determined. The density laws, mass-loss rates, and enclosed envelope masses that we derive furnish important constraints for evolutionary models of stars in the late AGB and during the transition to the planetary nebula phase.
Judging the Relevance of Fair Value for Financial Instruments

ABSTRACT: We conduct three experiments to test if investors' views about fair value are contingent on whether the financial instrument in question is an asset or liability, whether fair values produce gains or losses, and whether the item will or will not be sold/settled soon. We draw on counterfactual reasoning theory from psychology, which suggests that these factors are likely to influence whether investors consider fair value as providing information about forgone opportunities. The latter, in turn, is predicted to influence investors' fair value relevance judgments. Results are generally supportive of the notion that judgments about the relevance of fair value are contingent. Attempts to influence investors' fair value relevance judgments by providing them with information about forgone opportunities are met with mixed success. In particular, our results are sensitive to the type of information provided and indicate the difficulty of overcoming investors' (apparent) strong beliefs about fair value. ...
Buckling of Imperfect Stiffened Cylinders under Destabilizing Loads including Torsion

This paper deals with the buckling of imperfect, thin, circular, cylindric, stiffened shells under the application of destabilizing loads, including uniform axial compression, lateral pressure, and torsion. The analysis includes individual load application as well as the case of combined loads. The methodology presented is based on the smeared technique, the Yon Karman-Donnell nonlinear kinematic relations, linear constitutive relations, and it considers the most general shape of a geometric imperfection. Numerical results for various configurations are presented. From the limited cases considered, one may conclude that stiffened configurations are not as sensitive as unstiffened ones, when loaded in torsion.
Silica-bound copper(II) triazacyclononane: a robust material for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of a phosphodiester

Copper(II) triazacyclononane, a catalyst for the hydrolysis of phosphate esters, has been covalently immobilized onto a silica surface and the resulting compound is a robust material that can effect heterogeneous phosphodiester hydrolysis.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a new hydrated ammonium barium thioarsenate: (NH4)BaAsS4·2H2O

Abstract A new alkaline-earth thioarsenate, (NH 4 )BaAsS 4 ·2H 2 O, has been prepared using low-temperature solvothermal methods and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, both infrared and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, and thermogravimetric analysis. The title compound crystallizes as large transparent yellow columns in the space group Pnma (no. 62) with a =11.890(3), b =6.929(3), c =12.095(4) A, V =996.5(6) A 3 and Z =4 with R / R w =0.0230/0.0307. The compound exhibits a low-dimensional structure built from barium interactions with discrete tetrahedral AsS 4 units, creating a framework in which the barium, ammonium cations and water molecules reside. Thermal analysis indicates the loss of both water and ammonia at relatively low temperatures.
A Class of Trinuclear Clusters with Carbonyl Bridging

Summary The impetus for this work was the structure of a trinuclear complex with two carbonyl groups showing incipient triple bridging - Cp,Rh,(CO);. Its structure, barrier to rotation of one Rh (CO), piece vs. the rest of the molecule, and the nature of the bridging carbonyl interaction are analyzed. Isolobal analogies form an interesting connection between this complex and a bridged isomer of the recently synthesized carbene complexes, CP~R~,(CO)~CR~, one isomer of Cp2Rh3(C0),, and hypothetical carbyne complexes Cp2Rh2(C0),CH+.-. A general bonding model for Cp2Rh2(p-CO),X complexes is constructed. The model, rich in geometrical detail, allows minima for the bridging carbonyl groups bending toward and away from the bonded ligand X.