cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arsenite and arsenate levels in wine

Arsenic is receiving renewed attention because it is released to the atmosphere by coal-fired power plants as well as by smelters and agricultural pesticides. A portion of this arsenic that accumulates on agricultural land may be taken up by plants, animals, and ultimately by man. This study was conducted to establish amounts and chemical forms of arsenic in wines and the changes that occur during fermentation. In this study, 19 samples of domestic table wines were analyzed for several species of arsenic. The samples included 13 varieties of white and red wines. The concentration of arsenite (As/sup +3/), arsenate (As/sup +5/), methylarsonic acid (MAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were determined using the technique developed by Braman (1973) with modifications (Crecelius, 1974). The concentration of total arsenic was also determined on 4 samples by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Mathies, 1974). The levels of arsenic in these wines are of particular interest because half of the samples analyzed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable drinking water standard of 50 ppB (U.S. DEPT. HEW, 1962). Also, most of the arsenic in these wines is present as the highly toxic As/sup +3/ form, which is more toxic to humans than As/sup +5/ (Schroeder and Balassa, 1966).more » The United States does not have an arsenic standard for wine, but Great Britain's maximum tolerable arsenic level in wine is 100 ppB, and several other countries set the limit at 200 ppB (Schneyder, 1973). A maximum value of 20 ppB was once recommended for the United States (Amerine and Cruess, 1960). By comparing the levels of arsenic in these wines with the U.S. drinking water standard of 50 ppB, it is apparent that half of the samples analyzed exceeded this standard.« less
The Eccentric Spheres Model as the Basis for a Study of the Role of Geometry and Inhomogeneities in Electrocardiography

To study the role of internal geometry and inhomogeneities in the "forward problem" of electrocardiography (ECG), a mathematical model was constructed which permitted manipulation of these variables. The model, which consists of two eccentric systems of concentric spheres, contains all the important torso compartments, namely the blood cavity, the myocardium, the pericardium, the lung region, the surface muscle layer, and the subcutaneous fat. An analytic solution is found in the form of a double series expansion in Legendre polynomials. The integrated effect of the inhomogeneities on the surface potential distribution is investigated. The model demonstrates the importance of interactions between the various torso components in determining the potential distribution at the surface.
Exploration of the Habitability of Mars: Development of Analytical Protocols for Measurement of Organic Carbon on the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory

The mission goal of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory is to assess the habitability of a region on Mars. This large rover incorporates an Analytical Laboratory that contributes to this mission objective by means of a detailed characterization of mineralogy and chemistry. The Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite in the Analytical Laboratory provides the capability to analyze volatiles released from rocks and soils and gases directly sample from the atmosphere. A primary focus of this suite is the detection and identification of organic molecules. The protocols for the extraction and analysis of organics under development for this mission are described as are experiments carried out on Mars analog samples to evaluate these methods.
Combining indexing and learning in iterative refinement

Similarity measure has been one of the critical issues for successful content-based retrieval. Simple Euclidean or quadratic forms of distance are often inadequate, as they do not correspond to perceived similarity, nor adapt to different applications. Relevance feedback and/or iterative refinement techniques, based on the user feedback, have been proposed to adjust the similarity metric or the feature space. However, this learning process potentially renders those indices for facilitating high dimensional indexing, such as R-tree useless, as those indexing techniques usually assume a predetermined similarity measure. In this paper, we propose a simultaneous learning and indexing technique, for efficient content-based retrieval of images, that can be described by feature vectors. This technique builds a compact high-dimensional index, while taking into account that the raw feature space needs to be adjusted for each new application. Consequently, much better efficiency can be achieved, as compared to those techniques which do not make provisions for efficient indexing.
Characterizing computer input with Fitts' law parameters: the information and non-information aspects of pointing

Throughput (TP), also known as index of performance or bandwidth in Fitts' law tasks, has been a fundamental metric in quantifying input system performance. The operational definition of TP is varied in the literature. In part thanks to the common interpretations of International Standard ISO 9241-9, the "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals-- Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices", the measurements of throughput have increasingly converged onto the average ratio of index of difficulty (ID) and trial completion time (MT), i.e. TP=ID/MT. In lieu of the complete Fitts' law regression results that can only be represented by both slope (b) and intercept (a) (or MT=a+b ID), TP has been used as the sole performance characteristic of input devices, which is problematic. We show that TP defined as ID/ MT is an ill-defined concept that may change its value with the set of ID values used for the same input device and cannot be generalized beyond specific experimental target distances and sizes. The greater the absolute value of a is, the more variable TP (=ID/MT) is. ID/MT only equals a constant 1/b when a = 0. We suggest that future studies should use the complete Fitts' law regression characterized by (a, b) parameters to characterize an input system, a reflects the noninformational aspect and b the informational aspect of input performance. For convenience, 1/b can be named as throughput which, unlike ID/MT, is conceptually a true constant.
Image Format and Viewers for Computerized Tomographic Scanners

Little technical information has been made available on CT image format or viewers. For large matrix displays (320 x 320 or 512 x 512), a high quality TV monitor with a bandwidth of 10 MHz or greater is required. If only a single field of a two to one positive interlaced TV monitor is displayed, an 875 line rate TV would be required in order to display the entire matrix. For image recording, a transparency system such as a multi-format unit or a 105 mm roll film camera will generally provide the best results. Finally, in order to improve the final CT image, various picture processing routines may be used. These include pre- and post-reconstruction smoothing, edge enhancement and image subtraction.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SOLID-STATE 13C CHEMICAL SHIFT TENSORS IN TERPENES. PART I. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS AND CHEMICAL SHIFT STRUCTURE CORRELATIONS IN CARYOPHYLLENE OXIDE

Principal values of the 13C chemical shift tensor were obtained for the 15 carbons of solid caryophyllene oxide using an improved PHORMAT NMR analysis. The improvements include TIGER processing and improved proton decoupling. TIGER is an alternative to Fourier methods and shortens 2D data collection by incorporating information from a high-resolution isotropic 1D FID to allow accurate processing of even severely truncated 2D evolution FIDs. In caryophyllene oxide, data collection required less than 1 day, giving significant time savings over comparable 2D Fourier methods. Experimental principal values were assigned with high statistical confidence to specific carbons by comparing them with corresponding calculated values. Correctly assigned values were used to evaluate five different tensor calculation methods. For caryophyllene oxide, the B3PW91 method gave the best correlation with experimental principal values with an RMS error of 2.3 ppm. Refinement of x-ray positions for hydrogens was shown to improve the calculated RMS error by a factor of >2. Calculated tensors can be used to provide principal value orientations in the three methyl groups of caryophyllene oxide. One of the perpendicular component, δ⊥, is found to exhibit the largest shift variation and dominates the methyl shifts. Sterically unfavorable non-bonded interactions between proximate hydrogens are shown to correlate with this large upfield shift in the δ⊥ component. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Meta-Analytic Review of the Concentra tion-Performance Relationship: Aggregating Findings in Strategic Management

This paper investigates the central methodological and substantive controversies surrounding the relationship between concentration and performance which lies at the heart of many strategy content models. We introduce the technique of meta-analysis to evaluate the nature of the relationship and to empirically assess the controversies using existing data. Our findings suggest that the relationship is moderated by industry definition and time period of data and is not affected by methodological artifacts. The implications of the findings are discussed with particular reference to the problems of aggregation that are likely to confront strategic management researchers in the future.
‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) volatile production during high pCO2 controlled atmosphere storage

Abstract ‘Fuji’ apple volatile compound dynamics were characterized during cold storage in air or at low pO2 controlled atmosphere (CA) with up to 5 kPa CO2. Volatile compounds in storage chambers were adsorbed onto solid sorbent traps and analyzed by GC–MS. Fruit volatile production differed quantitatively by CO2 concentration. Production of butyl, hexyl, and propyl esters by apples stored in CA was lower compared with that by fruit stored in air, while methyl and ethyl ester contents increased during CA storage compared with air. CO2 injury incidence was highest in fruit stored in CA at 5 kPa CO2, an atmosphere where methyl ester accumulation may provide an early indication of CO2 injury development.
Cytogenetic studies on chrysotile asbestos

Abstract The cytogenetic effects of chrysotile asbestos (chrysotile A) in vivo in Rhesus monkeys and Swiss albino mice, and in vitro in embryonic hamster cells were investigated. Single oral dosages of chrysotile, 100 or 500 mg/kg, failed to induce chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of Rhesus monkeys. Similarly, oral or intraperitoneal administration of chrysotile over a dose range from 0.4 to 400 mg/kg, failed to induce micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of mice. However, chrysotile induced a significant and dose-related increase in chromosome aberrations and a dose-related inhibition of the mitotic index of cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells.
High performance Cr, N-codoped mesoporous TiO2 microspheres for lithium-ion batteries

Cr, N-codoped TiO2 mesoporous microspheres have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction followed by annealing under an ammonia atmosphere. Through introduction of Cr, the nitrogen doping level was increased from 2.81 at.% for N-doped TiO2 to 5.68 at.% for Cr, N-codoped TiO2, which improves the electrical conductivity of TiO2. When used as an anode for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the Cr, N-codoping TiO2 microspheres led to an enhanced performance of 159.6 mA h g−1 at 5 C with a drop of less than 1% after 300 cycles.
A comparison of acute psychiatric care under Medicaid carve-outs, HMOs, and fee-for-service

This study compares the use of acute psychiatric hospitalization; selected outcomes, including rehospitalization; as well as costs associated with the health maintenance organization (HMO), carve-out, and fee-for-service models as implemented in the Massachusetts Medicaid program between FY1994 and FY2000. This is a longitudinal analysis that primarily uses unduplicated individual data from the Massachusetts Case Mix database. Analyses focus on 56,518 individuals who were psychiatrically hospitalized on acute units within 57 hospitals. They employ Cox regression to compare rehospitalization among the three programs. The hypotheses were strongly supported: HMOs have the most substantial impacts in minimizing service provision, with the carve-out program having an impact intermediate between the HMO and fee-for-service programs. Lower utilization rates were associated with lower overall rates of hospitalization, shorter lengths of stay, fewer repeated stays, and less geographic access and greater displacement of psychiatric patients to medical units. The final model of rehospitalization has an overall predictive accuracy of 59.6%.
Size of the Coma cluster

STUDIES of counts of galaxies in large regions centred on the Coma cluster led Zwicky to conclude that the radius of the Coma cluster is at least 6° (13 Mpc for H = 55 km s−1 Mpc−1)1. Outside this radius, the contribution to the counts from foreground and background galaxies overwhelms the contribution from the cluster, rendering it invisible. The technology of image intensifier tubes has now advanced to such an extent that it is feasible to obtain line of sight (radial) velocities of large numbers of galaxies in fields of a cluster. These velocities can be used to distinguish cluster members from foreground and background galaxies2. Such studies have confirmed that the Coma cluster extends to at least 5° (ref. 3).
Lithium-induced changes in electrolyte balance and tissue electrolyte concentration.

Lithium carbonate was administered chronically in low doses (0.2 mEq/day) to rats on constant sodium diets. The changes in external sodium and potassium balance and brain sodium and potassium concentration were compared to those of control animals. Changes in external sodium balance were in some respects similar to those observed in patients treated with lithium. During the 14 day periods of lithium administration, cumulative sodium excretion was always greater in the lithium-treated rats (p<0.01), and brain sodium concentration was consistently decreased (p<0.01). The mechanisms responsible for these changes are discussed and related to a possible mechanism of action of lithium in manic-depressive disease.
Plasma, urine, and renal expression of adiponectin in human systemic lupus erythematosus.

Plasma, urine, and renal expression of adiponectin in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Background Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that has anti-inflammatory properties. A preliminary proteomic evaluation of urine for biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis demonstrated high levels of adiponectin in SLE urine. This prompted investigation of adiponectin expression in human SLE. Methods Adiponectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the urine and plasma of a clinically well-characterized SLE cohort, with renal and nonrenal SLE being followed in a prospective longitudinal study to identify risk factors for SLE flare. Renal adiponectin expression was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of kidney biopsies from SLE nephritis patients. Results Cross-sectional testing showed that plasma adiponectin levels were higher in patients with renal SLE flare than normal controls or patients with nonrenal SLE flare, after accounting for race and body mass index. Urine adiponectin levels increased significantly with renal flare, but not nonrenal SLE flare. Longitudinal testing revealed that the urine adiponectin increase began in the 2 months prior to renal flare. Urine adiponectin correlated with plasma levels and magnitude of proteinuria, and to a lesser extent serum creatinine. Plasma adiponectin levels were independent of renal function and proteinuria. In kidney biopsies, adiponectin was found on endothelial surfaces in normal and SLE kidneys, and on podocytes and in the tubules of SLE kidneys. Conclusion Plasma adiponectin levels are increased in patients with renal SLE compared to healthy controls and patients with nonrenal SLE. During renal but not nonrenal SLE flare, urine adiponectin levels increase significantly. Urine adiponectin may be a biomarker of renal SLE flare.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses to Cocaine in Adult Male Rats with Neonatal Isolation Experience

Our research demonstrates that neonatal isolation (ISO; 1 h/day isolation; postnatal days 2-9) enhances extracellular, ventral striatal dopamine (DA) responses to psychostimulants in infant and juvenile rats. In adult rats, we find ISO facilitates acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration. We now test whether ISO enhances cocaine-induced accumbens DA levels in adults using in vivo microdialysis. Behavioral responses to cocaine and DA antagonists were also examined. Adult male rats were derived from litters subjected to ISO or nonhandled (NH) control conditions. In experiment 1, microdialysis probes were aimed at accumbens core and separate groups administered vehicle or cocaine (5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.). Samples were analyzed for DA levels via high-performance liquid chromatography. In experiment 2, ISO and NH rats were administered one of these cocaine doses, and locomotor activity was assessed. Effects of cocaine (0.3-30 mg/kg), the D(1) antagonist SCH23390 [R-(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (0.003-0.03 mg/kg)], and the D(2) antagonist eticlopride (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) on disruption of responding for food were examined in experiment 3. Cocaine plasma levels were assessed in experiment 4. ISO enhanced cocaine-induced increases in accumbens DA levels. Furthermore, the D(2), but not D(1), antagonist disrupted behavior to a greater extent in ISO versus NH rats. Yet, ISO did not significantly alter behavioral responses to cocaine or cocaine plasma levels. These data show that the ability of ISO to enhance accumbens DA responses to cocaine endures into adulthood. Moreover, that ISO rats are more sensitive to a D(2) antagonist may reflect decreased levels of this receptor type as we showed previously in infant rats.
Extending the interpretation and utility of mixed effects logistic regression models

Abstract The veterinary research community has begun to use mixed effects logistic regression (MELR) for analyzing disease data obtained from groups of animals. In this article we discuss the issues of how to analyze these models and how to interpret MELR risk estimates and random effect variances (single and nested). We provide empirical evidence for their use and present equations for interpreting the results and comparing ordinary logistic regression (OLR) and MELR. These equations allow for a deeper interpretation of what random effects signify within the MELR model and help reveal the relationship between marginal (OLR) coefficients and conditional (MELR) coefficients. We used three veterinary data sets to illustrate our aims. The data sets contained data on vesicular stomatitis virus infection in cattle, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chicken flocks, and three infectious conditions in puppies (respiratory, intestinal illness, and internal parasites). The chicken data had nested random effects such that 357 flocks were housed on 104 different farms operated by 45 different owners. Significant random effects were detected for all but intestinal illness in puppies and the nested farm random effect in the chicken data. The intra-group correlation coefficients on the logit scale, calculated from the random effect variances, were 0.47 and 0.55 for the cow and chicken data, respectively. This indicated that about 50% of the total variance on the logit scale for the probability of disease was attributable to unmeasured or unmeasurable group-level factors. Since the farm random effect was not significant once the owner random effect was controlled for in the chicken data, the unknown factor(s) inducing the intra-group correlation was operating at the owner level or higher. These data sets were also used to illustrate why predicted probabilities from the MELR model should not be presented as point estimates. For example, the predicted OLR probability of testing seropositive to vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) for 5-year-old Bos taunts cattle living at an elevation of 0–500 m with a mean annual rainfall of 0–2 m was 74%. Given that significant herd random effects were present, however, the true probability of testing seropositive to VSV-NJ for such a cow should be formulated as a range of herd-specific probabilities: the probability varied from 48 to 97% for the central 65% of the herds and from 14 to 99% for the central 95% of the herds. We have also shown why marginal OLR coefficients are biased downward as estimates of conditional MELR coefficients owing to the intra-group correlation and non-linearity of the logistic regression model.
Commentary on "Optimal design of clinical trials for drugs designed to slow the course of Alzheimer's disease".

In this issue of Alzheimer’s & Dementia , Mohs et al [1] rovide a summary of a conference held by the Alzheimer’s ssociation Research Roundtable to discuss appropriate rial designs for drugs intended to slow the rate of decline in lzheimer’s disease (AD). The discussants included experts n AD trial design and also experts in the fields of multiple clerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, and ardiovascular disease. By bringing these individuals toether, concepts from other disease states could be considred as possibly applying to research in AD. The timeliness of this meeting was emphasized by brief resentations regarding 4 treatments, now in clinical develpment, which may slow AD progression. A monoclonal ntibody, AB001, and a -secretase inhibitor, LY450139, re being studied in Phase 2 trials. An agent that binds A , lzhemed, and an allosteric modulator of -secretase, Rlurbiporfen, are now in Phase 3 trials. Although these rugs are intended to slow the rate of progression of AD, a lear consensus on the evidence necessary to show such an ffect has not yet been achieved. Thus, a meeting such as his one is of critical importance.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data of the complex of recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP) and bovine factor Xa

The complex of bovine factor Xa and recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP) was crystallized in two different crystal forms using polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. Form I belongs to space group P42212 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 133.1, c = 68.8 A. It contains one complex per asymmetric unit and diffracts to 3.0 A resolution. Form II belongs to P41212 (or P43212) with dimensions a = b = 126.5, c = 146.7 A; it contains two complexes per asymmetric unit and diffracts to 2.5 A. The crystals of both forms consist of factor Xa (MW = 45.3 kDa) and rTAP (MW = 6.7 kDa).
Enhancing coating functionality using nanoscience and nanotechnology

Nanoscience is currently enabling evolutionary changes in several technology areas but new paradigms will eventually have a much wider and revolutionary impact. In the area of coatings, new approaches utilizing nanoscale effects can be used to create coatings with significantly optimized or enhanced properties. The ultimate impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the area of coatings, and other potential application areas, will depend on our ability to direct the assembly of hierarchical systems that include nanostructures. Two fundamentally different approaches to direct self-assembly are discussed. One approach involves ordering existing identifiable components into the desired coating or structures. The second approach involves the formation of new structures during the coating process. Potential impacts of nanostructure properties on film characteristics and applications are discussed with a focus on coating reactivity, corrosion resistance, strength and durability.
Sex difference in distribution and iron responsiveness of the two ferritins of rat cardiac and skeletal muscle

Abstract The presence of two electrophoretically and structurally distinguishable forms of ferritin (“fast” and “slow”) in cardiac and skeletal muscle (diaphragm) of the rat was confirmed. Although the total amount of cardiac ferritin showed no difference in concentration in male and female rats, the distribution between the fast and slow species was remarkedly different in the two sexes, the fast form predominating in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of the female. In agreement with this, the rates of synthesis and of degradation of the fast species were greater in teh female, while the opposite obtained for the male. Iron administration stimulated synthesis of each ferritin species in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of both sexes. Induction of cardiac connective tissue hypertrophy with isoproterenol inverted the ratio of slow to fast ferritin in female rats, while iron adminsitration along with isoproterenol restored this to normal. It is concluded that the metabolism of ferritin in cardiac and skeletal muscle is sensitive both to sexual status and to iron administration.
Observations of a quiet-time Pc5 wave in the outer magnetosphere

Abstract We report an observation of the radial profile of a Pc5 magnetic pulsation and the associated energetic electron flux oscillations from 10 to 18 Re , recorded by the IMP -5 satellite at 19.00 M.L.T. on 21 March 1970. The Pc5 pulsation was mainly compressional and occurred during extremely quiet geomagnetic conditions. Fluxes of energetic electrons detected above three energy thresholds (18, 45, and 80 keV) were found to oscillate out of phase with magnetic field intensity. One new result is that both the wave amplitude and the wave period increased with radial distance. Second, the electron flux oscillation amplitude was roughly proportional to magnetic field fluctuation amplitude and wave period. The wave event is found to be interpreted better as an ion drift wave because of lack of polarization reversal. The characteristics of energetic electron flux oscillations are shown to agree qualitatively with theoretical calculations of the kinetic perturbation of distribution functions by compressional waves.
Bitterness in Evaporated Milk

Summary 1. From the results of the bacteriological study the organism agrees morphologically and culturally with Bacillus panis migula, described by Lawrence and Laubach. 2. The thermal death point of this organism lies between eight to ten minutes exposure to 250°F. under steam pressure. 3. The substance secreted by this organism is proteolytically active, producing both peptones and amino acids. The results of the action on neutral, acid and basic substrate indicate the presence of more than one specific enzyme.
Benefits of using the DCM4CHE DICOM archive.

With advances in digital imaging throughout the 1990s and the rapid adoption of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) in the last decade, standards for information exchange have become crucial to effective communication, both within the radiology department and with the larger enterprise and outside institutions and agencies. The original Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine1 (DICOM) standard was introduced in 1993 and, in the intervening years, has been widely adopted. Interest in DICOM, as well as the continuous integration of new technologies and modalities into medical imaging, has resulted in a series of new and revised DICOM standards. Along with the growing complexity of these standards has come a need for tools that can manipulate and store DICOM information. In 2000, responding to these needs, JDicom, a toolkit written in the Java programming language, was developed for manipulating DICOM. The popularity of this new tool kit persuaded its lead developer to build a full-featured DICOM archive. The mission of the project was to produce a DICOM archive that was free, open-source, and cross-platform and that embraced new directions being drawn up by the Integrating the Health Care Enterprise (IHE) initiative. This ambitious goal attracted more developers, and the DCM4CHE2 project was born. After 7 years of development, the DCM4CHE project has produced two generations of a DICOM archive. The current generation is the result of learned practical experience and reflects the old programmer’s adage: “Build it twice, because you will anyway.” This article reviews DCM4CHE and the DCM4CHE DICOM archive (DCM4CHEE) and evaluates their maturation as a viable platform for training, integration testing, and research.
Comparative analysis of proteinase activities of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Proteinase activities were compared in soluble and membrane fractions of guts obtained from larvae of Bacillus thuringiensisresistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis. Overall, serine proteinases from soluble fractions of the susceptible strain were more active than those of the resistant strain. The soluble trypsin-like proteinase activity of the resistant strain was approximately half that of the susceptible strain. The number and relative molecular masses of soluble and membrane serine proteinases were different. However, there were no significant differences in the activities of serine proteinases and aminopeptidases extracted from midgut membranes of the two strains. Cry1Ab protoxin hydrolysis by soluble proteinase extracts of the resistant strain was reduced approximately 20–30% relative to that of the susceptible strain. Reduced protoxin processing due to decreased activities of Bt protoxin activation proteinases may be associated with resistance to Bt toxin in this resistant strain of O. nubilalis. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Regulating cell surface glycosylation by small molecule control of enzyme localization.

Cell surface carbohydrates mediate interactions between the cell and its environment. Glycosyltransferases responsible for synthesis of cell surface oligosaccharides are therefore essential administrators of cellular communication. These enzymes often comprise large families. Redundacy of related family members and embryonic lethality both complicate genetic methods for deconvoluting functions of glycosyltransferases. We report a chemical method in which the activity of an individual glycosyltransferase is controlled by a small molecule. The approach exploits the requirement of Golgi localization, a common feature of glycosyltransferase superfamily members. In our approach, the glycosyltransferase is separated into two domains, one that determines localization and one responsible for catalysis. Control of enzyme activity is achieved using a small molecule to regulate association of the two domains. We used this method to regulate production of sialyl Lewis x by α1,3-fucosyltransferase VII in living cells.
Brugada-type patterns are easily observed in high precordial lead ECGs in collegiate athletes

Abstract Background Displacement of ECG leads can result in unwarranted findings. We assessed the frequency of Brugada-type patterns in athletes when precordial leads were purposely placed upward. Methods Four hundred ninety-one collegiate athletes underwent two ECGs: one with standard leads, one with V1 and V2 along the 2nd intercostal space. A positive Brugada-type pattern was defined as ST elevation in V1 or V2 consistent with a Type 1, 2, or 3 pattern in the high-lead ECG. A control group was comprised of 181 outpatients. Results No Type 1 patterns were seen. In 58 athletes (11.8%), a Brugada-type 2 or 3 pattern was observed. Those with Brugada-type 2 or 3 patterns were more likely male, taller, and heavier. In the control group, 18 (9.9%) had Brugada-type 2 or 3 patterns and were more likely male. Conclusions Proper lead positioning is essential to avoid unwarranted diagnosis of a Brugada-type ECG, especially in taller, heavier male athletes.
Conceptualizing Ancillary Care Obligations in Health Systems Research

In their target article, Hyder and colleagues (2014) provide an excellent conceptual framework for addressing the distinctive ethical issues posed by health systems research (HSR). With their gener...
Scenario‐based multiple criteria analysis for infrastructure policy impacts and planning

The consideration of emergent scenarios of economy, environment, technology, etc. is mandated by the US Department of Transportation for long‐range transportation planning of infrastructure that will involve federal funding. This paper develops a practical methodology of scenario‐based planning within a multi‐criteria decision aid to support the comparison of transportation policies across state, regional, and local agencies. The methodology is demonstrated in a case study. First, we review existing methods and practices of scenario‐based planning. Second, we perform a limited survey of select Metropolitan Planning Organizations on their concerns for emergent scenarios. Third, we develop the methodology for scenario‐based reweighting of an additive value function. Fourth, we demonstrate the methodology in four regions in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The paper builds in part on an existing approach to adjust the weights performance criteria based on scenarios. Our approach uses emergent scenarios to rewei...
SU‐E‐T‐331: Dose Comparison of IVD2 Measurement and Eclipse Treatment Planning Calculation for Whole Brain Irradiation

Purpose: To compare the dmax doses measured by Sun Nuclear IVD2 system with the doses calculated by Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) in the whole brain irradiation (WBI) of a humanoid unsliced phantom using standard lateral fields. Methods: The IVD2 system was carefully calibrated for measuring the dmax dose (at 1.5cm) of Varian Trilogy 6 MV photon beams. This system was also experimentally validated for the dependencies of field size, SSD, dose rate, and beam incident angle. The head and neck part of the phantom was scanned by a Phillips CT at the slice thickness of 2mm. A WBI plan was created using 6MV photon beams and parallel opposed lateral fields with the multiple leave collimator to spare the orbital structures. The plan was normalized to the weight point and with >=98% of brain volume covered by >=98% of prescription dose (300cGy/fraction). The phantom setup and target location were verified by the kV imaging and CBCT; the diodes were carefully placed at various locations. The comparison was made between the measured dose and the planned dose for all interested anatomical sites. Results: Our results indicated that the measured doses agree with the planned dose within 7.9% for the sites in the treatment fields such as mid right/left parietal bones. For the sites outside or partially outside the fields, such as the low chin and right/left orbits, the difference between the measurement and the TPS prediction was varied between 8.3% and 33.8%. Conclusion: Though the human head is relatively small in size, the dose at dmax of WBI can be accurately predicted by TPS and measured by IVD2 system if the points of the interest are inside of the fields. A difference up to 33.8% could be expected if the points are located on the boarder of the fields.
Deep-level distributions in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Electronic defect levels in hydrogenated amorphous silicon have been measured by transient-voltage spectroscopy. On Schottky-barrier diodes with n-type conductivity, the deep-level distribution displays a broad peak centered ∼0.8 eV below the conduction-band mobility edge. On metal-insulator-silicon capacitors with a silicon-dioxide gate dielectric, the saturated voltage transient arises from interfacial and bulk gap states. By comparison, measurements on silicon-nitride insulated capacitors demonstrate charge injection and trapping in the dielectric.
Nanoparticle-tuned assembly and disassembly of mesostructured silica hybrids.

Although silica nanoparticles are used as building blocks in nature and synthetic mesostructures, the influence of nanoparticle characteristics on the assembly and disassembly of mesostructured silica has not been investigated. We demonstrate that nanoparticle size and size distribution allow us to control the assembly of silica-type mesostructures and that, because of the discrete nature of nanoparticles, we can disassemble these mesostructures into a rich variety of structural building units. When assembling mesostructures, nanoparticles undergo size-dependent segregation once the nanoparticle diameter exceeds a critical size threshold, which is approximated by the root-mean-square end-to-end distance of the hydrophilic block of the block copolymer. Using this phenomenon, we direct gold–silica core–shell nanoparticles into the segregated regions of silica-type mesostructures, demonstrating the ability to precisely place nanoparticles and create compositionally heterogeneous, functional mesostructures. We further show that, because the mesostructures are composed of nanoparticles, they can be disassembled into nanotubes, hexapods and other complex, well-defined structural units, thereby introducing the concept of retrosynthesis to materials chemistry. Our results demonstrate how nanoparticle characteristics influence the structure and properties of nanoparticle-derived mesostructures. Size-dependent segregation and disassembly should improve structure control at the near-molecular level and should be applicable to a wide range of nanoparticle-derived mesostructures.
Tor Signaling and Nutrient-based Signals Converge on Mks1p Phosphorylation to Regulate Expression of Rtg1p·Rtg3p-dependent Target Genes

Abstract The heterodimeric bZip/HLH transcription factors Rtg1p and Rtg3p regulate the expression of a concise set of metabolic genes (termed RTG target genes) required for de novo biosynthesis of glutamate and glutamine. Several components have now been identified that control both the intracellular localization as well as activity of the Rtg1p·Rtg3p complex, yet the precise upstream regulatory signals involved remain unclear. For example, it has been proposed that Rtg1p·Rtg3p activity is repressed by glutamate, acting through the mitochondrial retrograde response pathway or, alternatively, by glutamine, acting through the Tor kinase pathway. Here we demonstrate that RTG target gene regulation is remarkably complex, with glutamate and glutamine as well as ammonia collaborating as potentially distinct signals to regulate RTG target gene expression. We show that both Tor and these nutrient-based signals converge on Mks1p, the immediate upstream inhibitor of Rtg1p·Rtg3p, and that a direct correlation exists between the degree of Mks1p phosphorylation and the extent of RTG target gene repression. Finally, we find that Tor- and glutamine-mediated RTG-target gene repression can be experimentally uncoupled, indicating that glutamine and Tor act, at least in part, independently to inhibit this pathway.
Continuous production of peroxidase, esterase, alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme by clones of promyelocytes.

THE classic description of maturation of cells of the bone marrow myeloid series is based on static observation of morphological and biochemical differences between cells in close proximity1. It is generally accepted that multipotential stem cells progress under appropriate leukopoietic stimuli to myeloblasts, and then to promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and at least three specific mature populations with distinct biological functions: polymorphonuclear neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils1. The stage at which a cell becomes committed to a specific population is unknown. One approach to defining the maturation relationship between myeloid cells has been through study of the production of enzymes2–4, chemical mediators5 and other intra-cellular or surface proteins6–9 specific to each leukocyte population. Histochemical techniques for identification of myeloid enzyme production have been used to correlate the production of these proteins with different stages of morphological maturation10. The inability to establish tissue culture lines derived from single myeloid cells stably arrested in development has prevented study of the degree of differentiation of cells in each stage of maturation. We report here the establishment of multiple clones of rat myeloid cells which maintain stable promyelocyte morphology in vitro and produce four enzymes. Clones derived from more primitive myeloblast cells produce only lysozyme.
Levels of phytoene and β-carotene in transgenic honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. inodorus)

Using a previously reported optimized Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol, a watermelon phytoene synthase-C (PSY-C) gene was introduced into the elite honeydew breeding line ‘150’. Putative transformants were selected on kanamycin-containing medium (from 150 to 50 mg·l−1) and presence of the transgene was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, Southern blot analysis confirmed integration of the transgene and revealed presence of one to two copies of the PSY-C transgene in the different transgenic lines. In addition, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis revealed transcript levels of the transgene in different tissues of these transgenic lines. Using flow cytometric analysis, it was found that all T0 transgenic plants were tetraploid. Moreover, altered phenotypes (color change) were observed for rind tissues of transgenic lines. Based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), β-carotene content and phytoene accumulation in fruit of transgenic lines were 32-fold and 11 μg·g−1 FW higher than the levels found in the control plants.
Impact of traffic oscillations on freeway crash occurrences

Traffic oscillations are typical features of congested traffic flow that are characterized by recurring decelerations followed by accelerations (stop-and-go driving). The negative environmental impacts of these oscillations are widely accepted, but their impact on traffic safety has been debated. This paper describes the impact of freeway traffic oscillations on traffic safety. This study employs a matched case-control design using high-resolution traffic and crash data from a freeway segment. Traffic conditions prior to each crash were taken as cases, while traffic conditions during the same periods on days without crashes were taken as controls. These were also matched by presence of congestion, geometry and weather. A total of 82 cases and about 80,000 candidate controls were extracted from more than three years of data from 2004 to 2007. Conditional logistic regression models were developed based on the case-control samples. To verify consistency in the results, 20 different sets of controls were randomly extracted from the candidate pool for varying control-case ratios. The results reveal that the standard deviation of speed (thus, oscillations) is a significant variable, with an average odds ratio of about 1.08. This implies that the likelihood of a (rear-end) crash increases by about 8% with an additional unit increase in the standard deviation of speed. The average traffic states prior to crashes were less significant than the speed variations in congestion.
Two cases of chondroid syringoma of the hand

Two cases of benign chondeoid syringoma of the hand are described. Both patients did not have this tumor in the differential diagnosis at the time of operation. The importance of this tumor lies in its recognition. Eighty-two percent of the malignant chondroid syringomas occur in the extremities, and the differences in benign versus malignant presentation are discussed.
Numerical analysis for a model of kinetic theory of long range potentials

Abstract The numerical analysis of a simplified model of the linearized Boltzmann equation is described. The model was previously derived by the method of matched asymptotic expansions for plane Couette flow of a rarefied gas in which the range of the intermolecular potential is infinite. The model has singularities in both integrand and range of integration. The method of discrete ordinales has been applied in a form modified to account for the strongly singular behavior of the equation. The numerical results show how the collisions smooth out the discontinuity of the free molecule approximation.
Duak-Gate MOSFETS in TV if Amplifiers

The design of a dual gate MOSFET amplifier is, in theory, simpler than that of a bipolar amplifier because of the very low feedback associated with the dual gate device. When feedback is low enough to be neglected, the input impedance Zi= 1/Y11; the output impedance Zo = 1/Y22; and the voltage gain Vo/Vi = Y21RL, where RL is the total parallel resistance across the output tuned circuit, and includes ReY22.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INTERACTION OF SO(2) WITH MGO.

High resolution adsorption isotherms, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) methods were used to investigate the interaction of SO{sub 2} with high quality MgO powders. The results of these investigations indicate that when SO{sub 2} is deposited on MgO in monolayer quantities at temperatures near 100K both SO{sub 2} and SO{sub 4} species form that are not removed by simply pumping on the pre-dosed samples at room temperature. TPD and XANES studies indicate that heating of pre-dosed MgO samples to temperatures above 350 C is required for full removal of the SO{sub 3}/SO{sub 4} species. XANES measurements made as a function of film thickness indicate for coverages near monolayer completion that the SO{sub 4} species form first.
Factors associated with reunification: A longitudinal analysis of long-term foster care

Longitudinal analysis and a secondary sample of 411 children were used to examine how child welfare worker engagement with families and parent receipt of needed services shaped the outcomes for children in long-term foster care. The data came from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Multinomial logistic regression showed reunification to be likeliest for neglected children who had caseworkers deeply involved with their families; whose families needed housing and financial assistance but not domestic violence services, specifically; and who were provided appropriately matched services. Adoption was likeliest for neglected children who had caseworkers deeply involved with their families; whose families needed substance-abuse services but not housing services; whose families had a high risk of re-reporting; whose parents were married; who were White and relatively young; and who had experienced foster care for relatively longer periods. Implications for services and training are discussed.
SARA: Stochastic Automata Rate Adaptation for IEEE 802.11 Networks

Existing rate adaptation algorithms can broadly be classified under two categories: (a) signal to noise ratio measurement based and (b) statistical count based. While the former suffers from inaccurate estimations, the latter utilizes pre-defined thresholds for dynamically varying the rate. In this paper, we first analyze the impact of transmission rate on the performance of a wireless link as the performance may either improve or deteriorate with increasing transmission rates. Based on this observation, we then propose stochastic automata rate adaptation algorithm (SARA). SARA is inspired by stochastic learning automata (SLA), a machine learning technique for adaptation in random environments. SARA assigns a selection probability to each of the transmission rates. It then randomly selects a rate for a transmission attempt and dynamically updates the probabilities based on the obtained feedback from the receiver (ACK/NACK), thereby obviating the need for explicit channel estimation or predefined thresholds. As opposed to the previous work, SARA is ideally suited for both stationary and non-stationary channel environments and is fully compatible with the existing IEEE 802.11 MAC standard. We compare the performance of our proposed protocol with automatic rate fallback (ARF) thoroughly and adaptive ARF (AARF) and other existing protocols, under different channel scenarios.