cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Generalized H-Tree Topology and Buffering for High-Performance and Low-Power Clock Distribution

Clock power, skew and maximum latency are three key metrics for clock distribution in low-power and high-performance designs. An H-tree offers minimum clock skew and good robustness against variations, but at the cost of large wirelength and clock power. On the other hand, a “fishbone” clock network with spine-ribs structures has smaller wirelength, latency and clock power, but larger skew, as compared to an H-tree. No previous work enables systematic exploration of the regime between H-tree and spine to achieve an optimal tradeoff among clock power, skew, and latency. In this paper, we study the concept of a generalized H-tree (GH-tree)—a topologically balanced tree with an arbitrary sequence of branching factors—and propose a dynamic programming-based method to determine optimal clock power, skew, and latency, in the space of GH-tree solutions. Our method co-optimizes clock tree topology and buffering along branches according to fitted electrical models. We further propose a balanced ${K}$ -means clustering and a linear programming (LP)-guided buffer placement approach to embed the GH-tree with respect to a given sink placement. We validate our solutions in commercial clock tree synthesis (CTS) tool flows, in a commercial foundry’s 28LP technology. The results show up to 30% clock power reduction while achieving similar skew and maximum latency as CTS solutions from recent versions of leading commercial place-and-route tools. Our proposed approach also achieves up to 56% clock power reduction while achieving similar skew and maximum latency as compared to CTS solutions from a state-of-the-art academic tool.
von Willebrand factor self-association is regulated by the shear-dependent unfolding of the A2 domain.

von Willebrand factor (VWF) self-association results in the homotypic binding of VWF upon exposure to fluid shear. The molecular mechanism of this process is not established. In this study, we demonstrate that the shear-dependent unfolding of the VWF A2 domain in the multimeric protein is a major regulator of protein self-association. This mechanism controls self-association on the platelet glycoprotein Ibα receptor, on collagen substrates, and during thrombus growth ex vivo. In support of this, A2-domain mutations that prevent domain unfolding due to disulfide bridging of N- and C-terminal residues (“Lock-VWF”) reduce self-association and platelet activation under various experimental conditions. In contrast, reducing assay calcium concentrations, and 2 mutations that destabilize VWF-A2 conformation by preventing coordination with calcium (D1498A and R1597W VWD type 2A mutation), enhance self-association. Studies using a panel of recombinant proteins that lack the A1 domain (“ΔA1 proteins”) suggest that besides pure homotypic A2 interactions, VWF-A2 may also engage other protein domains to control self-association. Addition of purified high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein-A1 partially blocked VWF self-association. Overall, similar conditions facilitate VWF self-association and ADAMTS13-mediated proteolysis, with low calcium and A2 disease mutations enhancing both processes, and locking-A2 blocking them simultaneously. Thus, VWF appears to have evolved 2 balancing molecular functions in a single A2 functional domain to dynamically regulate protein size in circulation: ADAMTS13-mediated proteolysis and VWF self-association. Modulating self-association rates by targeting VWF-A2 may provide novel methods to regulate the rates of thrombosis and hemostasis.
Yoga: Theory and Practice-A Course that Illustrates Why Yoga Belongs in the Academy.

Abstract The course “Yoga: Theory and Practice” (YTP) evolved from the realization that although graduate and undergraduate academic yoga course offerings were filled beyond capacity with waitlists...
Synthesis of 15-Deoxy-12-hydroxy-10-(trifluoromethyl)-Delta(7)-PGA(1) Methyl Ester.

Cross-conjugated alkylidene prostaglandins have been shown to be potent cytostatic agents that exert their action through a unique and unusual mechanism. Compounds in this class also inhibit viral replication and have a role in osteogenesis and adipogenesis; consequently, they are of considerable current interest as pharmaceutical lead compounds. The purpose of our research was to define an efficent protocol for the assembly of the C-10 trifluoromethyl prostanoid mentioned in the title. This compound was predicted to show strong antitumor activity on the basis of the known structure−activity relationships within this series. A novel strategy for assembling the carbon skeleton of Δ7-unsaturated prostanoids bearing oxygen functionality at C-12 through an ionic electrocyclic process has been described. Key steps of the synthesis are the preparation of dieneone 14b through an electrocyclic ring-opening reaction and the ionic electrocyclization of 26a, which creates the functionalized carbon skeleton. The targ...
Time slice imputation for personalized goal-based recommendation in higher education

Learners are often faced with the following scenario: given a goal for the future, and what they have learned in the past, what should they do now to best achieve their goal? We build on work utilizing deep learning to make inferences about how past actions correspond to future outcomes and enhance this work with a novel application of backpropagation to learn per-user optimized next actions. We apply this technique to two datasets, one from a university setting in which courses can be recommended towards preparation for a target course, and one from a massive open online course (MOOC) in which course pages can be recommended towards quiz preparation. In both cases, our algorithm is applied to recommend actions the learner can take to maximize a desired future achievement objective, given their past actions and performance.
Retroviral transfer of the hENT2 nucleoside transporter cDNA confers broad-spectrum antifolate resistance in murine bone marrow cells

Antifolate drugs such as methotrexate are commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. It may be possible to increase the antitumor activity of antifolates by the coadministration of drugs that inhibit nucleoside transport, thereby blocking the capacity of tumor cells to salvage nucleotide precursors. An important limitation of this approach is severe myelosuppression caused by many of these drug combinations. For this reason, we have developed a gene therapy strategy to protect bone marrow cells against combined treatment with antifolates and nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR), a potent inhibitor of the es nucleoside transporter. A retroviral vector (MeiIRG) was constructed that expressed the NBMPR-insensitive ei transporter, hypothesizing that transduced bone marrow cells would survive drug treatment because of the preservation of nucleoside salvage pathways. In vitro clonogenic assays confirmed that the MeiIRG vector did protect myeloid progenitors against the toxic effects of 3 different antifolates when each was combined with NBMPR. On testing this system in vivo, decreased myelosuppression was observed in mice transplanted with MeiIRG-transduced bone marrow cells and subsequently treated with trimetrexate and NBMPR-P. In these mice, significant increases were noted in absolute neutrophil count nadirs, reticulocyte indices, and the numbers of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. Furthermore, a survival advantage was associated with transfer of the MeiIRG vector, indicating that significant dose intensification was possible with this approach. In summary, the MeiIRG vector can decrease the toxicity associated with the combined use of antifolates and NBMPR-P and thereby may provide a strategy for simultaneously sensitizing tumor cells while protecting hematopoietic cells.
Pluripotent stem cell-derived skeletal muscle fibers preferentially express myosin heavy-chain isoforms associated with slow and oxidative muscles

Skeletal muscle function is essential for health, and it depends on the proper activity of myofibers and their innervating motor neurons. Each adult muscle is composed of different types of myofibers with distinct contractile and metabolic characteristics. The proper balance of myofiber types is disrupted in most muscle degenerative disorders, representing another factor compromising muscle function. One promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of these diseases is cell replacement based on the targeted differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) towards the myogenic lineage. We have previously shown that transient induction of Pax3 or Pax7 in PSCs allows for the generation of skeletal myogenic progenitors endowed with myogenic regenerative potential, but whether they contribute to different fiber types remains unknown. Here, we investigate the fiber type composition of mouse PSC-derived myofibers upon their transplantation into dystrophic and non-dystrophic mice. Our data reveal that PSC-derived myofibers express slow and oxidative myosin heavy-chain isoforms, along with developmental myosins, regardless of the recipient background. Furthermore, transplantation of the mononuclear cell fraction re-isolated from primary grafts into secondary recipients results in myofibers that maintain preferential expression of slow and oxidative myosin heavy-chain isoforms but no longer express developmental myosins, thus indicating postnatal composition. Considering oxidative fibers are commonly spared in the context of dystrophic pathogenesis, this feature of PSC-derived myofibers could be advantageous for therapeutic applications.
Galena Russet: a Long Dormancy, Dual-Purpose Potato Cultivar Exhibiting Low Asparagine, Cold-Sweetening Resistance, and Enhanced Protein Content

Galena Russet is a potato variety notable for high marketable yields resulting from greater resistance to external tuber defects compared to industry standard Russet Burbank. Galena Russet exhibits long dormancy, cold-sweetening resistance, and higher protein content than standard varieties. In early-season trials conducted over 3 years in the Pacific Northwest, Galena Russet produced total and U.S. No. 1 yields similar to standard varieties. During 4 years of full-season trials in five western states, Galena Russet produced greater total and U.S. No. 1 yields than Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet in most locations, with specific gravities greater than Ranger Russet on average. Galena Russet produced light-colored fries out of storage with temperatures as low as 4.4 °C, demonstrating its cold-sweetening resistance and low reducing sugar concentrations. Moreover, the asparagine concentration of Galena Russet tubers was 42 and 36% lower than Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet tubers, respectively, following 2 months of storage. Low reducing sugar and asparagine concentrations may predict low acrylamide formation during processing. Galena Russet has shown greater resistance to PVY than Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet.
Comparison of gene expression levels of multidrug-resistance-linked ABC Transporters in doxorubicin-selected and parental MCF7 cells using quantitative real time RT-PCR

603 Tumor cells with the multidrug resistance phenotype overexpress ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters and are often resistant to structurally and mechanistically unrelated natural product drugs, a major cause of failed chemotherapy. Many multidrug resistant cancer cell lines have been established in vitro through continual selection. Although they provide an adequate tool for understanding ABC transporter expression and function, often selection procedures do not mimic in vivo drug concentrations and dosing frequencies. Our goal was to compare the gene expression levels of multidrug resistance-linked ABC transporters in parental drug sensitive MCF7 breast cancer cells to an established high-dose doxorubicin selected subline and to sublines selected by a low-dose single step, to determine if overexpression of the same ABC transporters occurs. Doxorubicin-resistant MCF7 clones were established employing a single step selection with either 14 nM or 21 nM treatment for 10 days followed by culturing continuously in drug-free medium. Using real time quantitative RT-PCR, we found that only one transporter (ABCB1) was overexpressed within the high dose (860 nM) doxorubicin-selected MCF7 cells compared to the parental MCF7 cells. Surprisingly within the 14 nM drug-resistant cells, several other transporters including ABCA4, ABCC2, ABCC4, and ABCG2 were overexpressed by more than 20-fold compared to the parental cells, and ABCB1 was not found to be overexpressed. Our results suggest that multiple ABC transporters are overexpressed in cells selected in a single step with low concentrations of doxorubicin. Further work to verify which ABC transporters are functional in these sublines is currently in progress.
Origins and properties of the tetrel bond

The tetrel bond (TB) recruits an element drawn from the C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb family as electron acceptor in an interaction with a partner Lewis base. The underlying principles that explain this attractive interaction are described in terms of occupied and vacant orbitals, total electron density, and electrostatic potential. These principles facilitate a delineation of the factors that feed into a strong TB. The geometric deformation that occurs within the tetrel-bearing Lewis acid monomer is a particularly important issue, with both primary and secondary effects. As a first-row atom of low polarizability, C is a reluctant participant in TBs, but its preponderance in organic and biochemistry make it extremely important that its potential in this regard be thoroughly understood. The IR and NMR manifestations of tetrel bonding are explored as spectroscopy offers a bridge to experimental examination of this phenomenon. In addition to the most common σ-hole type TBs, discussion is provided of π-hole interactions which are a result of a common alternate covalent bonding pattern of tetrel atoms.
The Knowledge and Use of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in a Sample of Physical Therapists in the United States

Purpose: Blood Flow Restriction Therapy (BFRT) is a rehabilitation technique that seems to elicit hypertrophy gains similar to heavy resistance training. Despite increased popularity of BFRT, the extent it is used in physical therapy (PT) is unknown. The purpose of the study was to examine the knowledge, and utilization, of BFRT by practicing Physical Therapists (PTs). Methods: PTs were recruited to complete an online survey on their knowledge and use of BFRT. Results: From 159 participants, it was found that 88.1% (n=140) of participating PTs had heard of BFRT, with age and gender disparities, though only 38.6% (n=54) reported using BFRT on a patient. There was a significant difference between male and female PTs knowledge (98% vs 81%, p < 0.001) and use (48% vs 24%, p = 0.016) of BFRT. 98% of PTs who reported using BFRT indicated it was beneficial or very beneficial for their patients. Conclusions: There were apparent gaps between PTs knowledge of BFRT and inclusion in practice, though most of these clinicians would be open to consider use of BFRT. Nearly all BFRT practitioners believed it was efficacious and will continue using it. Education and training of PTs could improve utilization of BFRT and, perhaps, ultimately clinical outcomes.
Metamemory: Rats know the strength of their memory.

Summary Assessing the quality of one’s own memories is a core cognitive function, but it has been unclear whether rodents possess this ability. Evidence that they do has come from research using a new behavioural paradigm in which rats make temporal bets guided by memory confidence.
Technology Intelligence on Clothes Dryers

In the US in 2009, almost 80 % of households had clothes dryers, of which approximately 80 % of the clothes dryers were electric (ENERGY STAR Market & Industry Scoping Report: Residential Clothes Dryers, 2011). Due to the large market of clothes dryers and the current inefficient dryer options in the US, focus has shifted on improving clothes dryer efficiency. The Energy Star Market and Industry Scoping Report (ENERGY STAR Market & Industry Scoping Report: Residential Clothes Dryers, 2011) evaluated potential savings options for clothes dryers, which included the drum, motor, dryer control, heat recovery, heat generation, and several other options. These potential clothes dryer feature upgrades are discussed under the clothes dryer adoption study section of this report.
Applications of the Glauber and Eikonal Approximations to Atomic Collisions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications of approximations to atomic collisions. Applications of the approximations were originally confined to high-energy nuclear physics. As pointed out, the theory is traceable to work by Moliere on the elastic scattering of fast charged particles in various materials. Closed-form expressions for direct and exchange amplitudes have been derived for elastic and inelastic electron scattering from the hydrogenic systems. The unrestricted direct and exchange amplitudes have been reduced to the numerical evaluation of a double integral for the hydrogenic systems. The inclusion of exchange effects are found to make small, but significant, improvements in the differential cross sections. However, large-angle scattering seems to be best described by the inclusion of second Born terms in the scattering amplitude. In this regard, the modified approximations are especially noteworthy. The approximations have also been reasonably successful in describing electron scattering from moderately complex target systems, such as helium and lithium.
Secure Routing in AD HOC and Sensor Networks

Both mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks are gaining popularity due to the fact that they promise viable solutions to a variety of applications. A Mobile Ad hoc NET-work (MANET) consists of a collection of wireless hosts that are capable of communicating with each other without use of a network infrastructure or any centralized administration. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of tiny senor nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communication capabilities. In sensor networks, hundreds or thousands of nodes with low-power, low-cost, and possibly mobile but more likely at fixed locations, collectively monitor an area. However, both MANETs and WSNs are vulnerable to different attacks due to their fundamental characteristics such as open medium, dynamic topology, absence of central administration, distributed cooperation, and constrained capability. Before mobile ad hoc and sensor networks can be successfully deployed, security issues must be addressed. In this chapter we introduce security attacks on MANETs and WSNs and review the recent approaches of secure network routing protocols in both mobile ad hoc and sensor networks.
Evidence that fast exocytosis can be predominantly mediated by vesicles not docked at active zones in frog saccular hair cells

The prevailing model of neurotransmitter release stipulates that Ca2+ influx triggers the rapid fusion of vesicles that are docked at presynaptic active zones. Under this model, slower tonic release is supported by vesicles clustered nearby that have to translocate to the release sites before fusion. We have examined this hypothesis at the afferent synapse of saccular hair cells of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Detailed morphological measurements at this ribbon synapse show that on average 32 vesicles are docked at each active zone. We show that at this ‘graded’ synapse, depolarization produces an exocytotic ‘burst’ that is largely complete within 20 ms after fusion of 280 vesicles per active zone, almost an order of magnitude more than expected. Recovery from paired pulse depression occurs with a time constant of 29 ms, indicating that replenishment of this fast-fusing pool of vesicles is also fast. Our results suggest that non-docked vesicles are capable of fast fusion and that these vesicles constitute the vast majority of the fast-fusing pool. The view that the population of fast-fusing presynaptic vesicles is limited to docked vesicles therefore requires re-evaluation. We propose that compound fusion, i.e. the fusion of vesicles with each other before and/or after they fuse with the membrane can explain multivesicular release at this synapse.
Proteinpolysaccharide of bovine cartilage. I. Extraction and electrophoretic studies.

Abstract Proteinpolysaccharide can be extracted readily at 37° from bovine cartilage without destruction of the collagenous structure. The proteinpolysaccharide, regardless of the method of extraction, contains a variable ratio of chondroitin sulfate chains to protein as shown by preparative electrophoretic fractionation. More vigorous methods of extraction cause degradation of the proteinpolysaccharide and gel filtration distinguishes between single chains of chondroitin sulfate and multichain proteinpolysaccharide. Electrophoretic fractions which are richer in chondroitin sulfate chains show a corresponding increase in alkali-sensitive serine residues. These serines are not evenly distributed with respect to the core material. Other considerations make it unlikely that the sensitive serines are sequentially located in a core protein.
CELLS GROWN ON ISOLATED INTRAVASCULAR DACRON HUB; AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY.

Abstract Dacron hubs anchored by polyethylene sutures in the center of vascular prostheses were placed in the thoracic aortas of growing young pigs and adult dogs. This permitted cells in the blood-stream to settle, grow, and differentiate on the hub. The nature of the cells was studied by special histologic techniques and electron microscopy. Endothelial cells covered the hub. Between the endothelium and the dacron, and close to the dacron, there were giant cells of the foreign body type. Beneath the endothelium there were fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The covering of the hub was identical to the inner lining of the dacron vascular prosthesis to which the hub was anchored.
Automated measurement of arterial input function in first-pass myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance images using independent component analysis

Quantitative assessment of first-pass cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) perfusion imaging is useful for detecting coronary artery disease, but it requires the measurement of the arterial input function (AIF) from the left ventricle. This is usually done manually, which is time consuming and subjective. This study presents an automated method for measuring the AIF from the first-pass CMR perfusion images. It was tested on 194 clinical perfusion studies and compared with manual reference measurements. Our results show the proposed method successfully measured 98.79% of the perfusion series, with manual and automated measurements strongly correlating. Temporal statistics were similar for both measurements, showing agreement between the automated and manual AIFs. The automated method, however, more accurately selected the brightest left ventricle pixels and excluded papillary muscles. These improvements may help make AIF measurement and quantitative CMR myocardial perfusion analysis more accurate and readily available.
Using preemptive campon to establish connections in a network of cascaded crossbar switches

We consider a high bandwidth connection oriented network formed by cascading crossbar switches. Such a network could be used to implement Class 1 service of the Fibre Channel Standard, which is an emerging standard for local computer communications. Connections are full duplex and are established by forwarding a connection request from the source to the destination, reserving the entire link bandwidth of all the links as it advances. Three types of campon strategies for connection establishment are examined. Using a no-campon strategy, a connection request is rejected as soon as it is blocked, and it is retried later. Using a campon strategy, a blocked connection request waits at a blocking switch until it can be forwarded. We introduce a preemptive campon strategy in which a blocked connection request waits at a blocking switch but can be rejected if one of its reserved links can be used to forward another connection request. We demonstrate by simulation that preemptive campon performs better than the other two strategies in a variety of situations. >
Tricuspid Valve Replacement Using an Unstented Pulmonary Homograft

Abstract In consideration of the limitations of mechanical and stent-mounted tissue valves, a technique was developed for tricuspid valve replacement using an inverted pulmonary homograft. It was used successfully in a 4-year-old patient operated on for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and in a 3 ½-year-old girl with Ebstein's anomaly.
Maxwell–Wagner relaxation in common minerals and a desert soil at low water contents

Abstract Penetration of 100- to 1000-MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals is virtually non-existent in arid and desert soils despite their low water content and moderate conductivity, the latter of which cannot explain the loss. Under the hypothesis that strong dielectric relaxation supplements DC conductivity to cause high intrinsic attenuation rates, we compared the complex permittivity of a desert soil sample with that of controlled samples of quartz, feldspars, calcite, coarse and crystallite gypsum, kaolinite and montmorillonite. The soil had 80% quartz, 10% feldspars and 10% gypsum by weight, with the latter composed of crystallites and crustations. All samples had 4–7% volumetric water content. We measured permittivity most accurately from 1.6 MHz to 4 GHz with Fourier Transform time domain reflectometry, and used grain sizes less than 53 μm. All samples show low-frequency dispersion with the soil, gypsum crystallites and montmorillonite having the strongest below 100 MHz, the highest attenuation rates, and conductivity values unable to account for these rates. The soil rate exceeded 100 dB m − 1 by 1 GHz. Through modeling we find that a broadened relaxation centered from 2 to 16 MHz sufficiently supplements losses caused by conductivity and free water relaxation to account for loss rates in all our samples, and accounts for low-frequency dispersion below 1 GHz. We interpret the relaxation to be of the Maxwell–Wagner (MW) type because of the 2- to 16-MHz values, relaxation broadening, the lack of salt, clay and magnetic minerals, and insufficient surface area to support adsorbed water. The likely MW dipolar soil inclusions within the predominantly quartz matrix were gypsum particles coated with water containing ions dissolved from the gypsum, and the conducting water layers themselves. The inclusions for the monomineralic soils were likely ionized partially or completely water-filled interstices, and partially filled galleries for the montmorillonite. The low water content may be necessary to help isolate these inclusions. For our common, low conductivity minerals, the MW contributions to attenuation rates are significant above 10 MHz, whereas they are significant above about 100 MHz for the more conductive minerals and soil.
Melting curve and high-pressure chemistry of formic acid to 8 GPa and 600 K.

We have determined the melting temperature of formic acid (HCOOH) to 8.5 GPa using infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and visual observation of samples in a resistively heated diamond-anvil cell. The experimentally determined melting curve compares favorably with a two-phase thermodynamic model. Decomposition reactions were observed above the melting temperature up to a pressure of 6.5 GPa, where principal products were CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O and CO. At pressures above 6.5 GPa, decomposition led to solid-like reaction products. Infrared and Raman spectra of these recovered products indicate that pressure affects the nature of carbon-carbon bonding.
Some Common Problems with Statistics in Papers and Presentations

It is always a struggle to write papers and talks that contain statistical information as the presentation methods used for analytic results do have an impact on the comprehension of the reader or audience. Furthermore, fundamental statistics are often misunderstood or obscured by the author rather than clearly explained. The fact that one can never be sure of the statistical sophistication of a reader or audience makes it easy for the author to write material that muddles rather than clarifies the results. Then, the reader or audience is left wondering if the author’s work is just “lies, damn lies, or statistics”. This paper provides a short discourse on fundamental statistical theory, intermixed with a few thoughts and suggestions on the use and presentation of statistical results. After all, any paper or presentation is useless if the intended audience misunderstands or misinterprets the information being presented.
Absence of α-adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis in swine adipose tissue☆

Abstract 1. Adipose tissue slices from young and older pigs and genetically obese pigs were incubated to demonstrate α-adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis as found by other investigators in dog, guinea-pig, hamster, human and rabbit adipose tissue. 2. Purported α-adrenergic agonists (amidephrine, clonidine, methoxamine, phenylephrine) did not inhibit basal or catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. 3. Purported α-adrenergic antagonists (dihydroergotamine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, prazosin, yohimbine) did not enhance basal or stimulated lipolysis. 4. Adipose tissue from pigs is different from that of most species but similar to that of rats with no α-adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis.
A model for manpower, employment, training and education

Abstract The increasing refinement and variety of economic projections can give the educational planner an extremely useful tool, providing he can find a way to convert sectoral projections of employment into educational requirements. In this study occupational data from the Census of 1960 were converted directly into their vocational educational equivalents so that cross-classifications by (SIC) sector permitted the derivation of sectoral employment/education coefficients. These coefficients, multiplied by projected employment in each sector, give projected employment in terms of the vocational preparation which is implied. Using this approach, vocational preparation requirements were projected to 1975 for the fifty states and 224 metropolitan areas. The results thus generated show the variety which can be anticipated among the various regions in the United States, and can provide guidance to local and state educational groups in setting up programs at state and local levels. A similar approach which used various national projections led to two conclusions. The level of sectoral detail can have quite important impacts on the “mix” of training requirements which results, suggesting that projections of this type must be based on quite detailed sectoral employment breakdowns. Second, shifts in patterns of growth can have marked impacts on some types of vocational training requirements while needs for other types remain relatively unaffected.
Group A Streptococcus tissue invasion by CD44-mediated cell signalling.

Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A Streptococcus, GAS), the agent of streptococcal sore throat and invasive soft-tissue infections, attaches to human pharyngeal or skin epithelial cells through specific recognition of its hyaluronic acid capsular polysaccharide by the hyaluronic-acid-binding protein CD44 (refs 1, 2). Because ligation of CD44 by hyaluronic acid can induce epithelial cell movement on extracellular matrix3,4,5, we investigated whether molecular mimicry by the GAS hyaluronic acid capsule might induce similar cellular responses. Here we show that CD44-dependent GAS binding to polarized monolayers of human keratinocytes induced marked cytoskeletal rearrangements manifested by membrane ruffling and disruption of intercellular junctions. Transduction of the signal induced by GAS binding to CD44 on the keratinocyte surface involved Rac1 and the cytoskeleton linker protein ezrin, as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Studies of bacterial translocation in two models of human skin indicated that cell signalling triggered by interaction of the GAS capsule with CD44 opened intercellular junctions and promoted tissue penetration by GAS through a paracellular route. These results support a model of host cytoskeleton manipulation and tissue invasion by an extracellular bacterial pathogen.
Cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of congential heart disease: Role in pediatric cardiology compared with echocardiography and angiography

Cine magnetic resonance imaging was used for preoperative and postoperative evaluation of 91 patients with congenital heart disease. Their ages ranged from 6 weeks to 14 years. The quality of study was excellent in 81% of the cases, in which it provided complete documentation of diagnostic features; substantial diagnostic information was provided in another 14%, and the study was nondiagnostic in only 5%. This technique was most useful for evaluating areas of the right ventricle (95%), great arteries (95%), vena cava (94%), and pulmonary venous system (91%). The anatomic delineation of these areas was comparable to that obtained by cineangiography and was superior to echocardiography, especially in postoperative patients. For complex venous anomalies, magnetic resonance imaging provided better anatomic details than did angiography or echocardiography. The capability of multiplanar imaging allows complex angled views through the desired planes of the heart and great vessels. Proper sedation is essential to obtain maximum diagnostic information. Our preliminary experience suggests that this new modality provides excellent anatomic information in infants and children with congenital cardiac defects and will play an increasing role in pediatric cardiac diagnosis.
Pollen and spores: Pattern of diversification. Edited by S. Blackmore and S. H. Barnes

S. Blackmore & S.H. Barnes: Palynological diversity R.C. Brown & B.E. Lemmon: Sporogenesis in simple land plants U. Fanning, J.B. Richardson & D. Edwards: A review of in situ spores in Silurian land plants J. Gray: Tetrahedralites, Nodospora, and the 'cross' tetrad: an accretion of myth G.A. van Uffelen: The control of spore wall formation J.H.A. van Konijnenburg van Cittert: Diversification of spores in fossil and extant Schizaeaceae M.E. Collinson: Diversification of modern heterosporous pteridophytes W.G. Chaloner & A.R. Hemsley: Heterospory: cul-de-sac or pathway to the seed? J.A. Doyle & C. L. Hotton: Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context E-M. Friis, P.R Crane & K. Rraunsgaard Pedersen: Stamen diversity and in situ pollen of Cretaceous angiosperms M.M. Harley, M.H. Kurmann & I.K. Ferguson: Systematic implications of comparative morphology in selected Tertiary and extant pollen from the Palmae and Sapotaceae M.S. Zavada: Determining character polarities in pollen N.I. Gabarayeve: Patterns of development in gymosperm and angiosperm pollen R. Scotland: A systematic analysis of pollen morphology of Acanthaceae genera with contorted corollas E.L. Vezey, J.J. Skvarla & S.S. Vanderpool: Characterizing pollen sculpture of three closely related Cappareceae species using quantitive image analysis of scanning electron micrographs E. Pacini & G.G. Franchi: Diversification and evolution of the tepetum G. El-Ghazaly & S. Nilsson: Development of tapetum and orbicules of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) J. Heslop-Harrison & Y. Heslop-Harrison: Structural and functional variation in pollen intines R.B. Knox & S.C. Ducker: The evolution of gametes - from motility to double fertilization P.A. Knox, S. Cromer & T. Jarvis: Underwater pollination, three-dimensional search, and pollen morphology: predictions from a supercomputer analysis.
A Team Approach in Communication Instruction: A Qualitative Description

Objective To establish communication instructional goals and objectives (IGOs) adapted to a postgraduate surgical residency program. Design The curriculum that was tested in the current study is predicated on the following concepts: Leadership is a communication skill, not a medical skill; perception and interpretation are individual events and always will be imperfect; team is a relational-based concept, not a medical one; the concept of a perfect world is unrealistic and should not be the focus of any communication skills training; and change cannot occur locally if it is not nurtured globally. Results A communication curriculum designed to teach “affirming communication” as well as to focus on how acquiring the knowledge and skill associated with competent communication can result in positive organizational and clinical outcomes were tested using subjects from a rural trauma network. Statistically significant findings were observed regarding knowledge acquisition as well as perceptions and attitudes toward communication. Conclusion Any communication curriculum designed to educate needs to be grounded theoretically in both communication and medicine. Personnel from both disciplines need to be consulted in efforts to design a curriculum based in the social sciences yet applicable to surgery.
Choline acetyltransferase of human placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Cholinacetyltransferase (ChAc) wurde mit radiometrischer Methode im Homogenat unreifer menschlicher Plazenta bestimmt. Das Enzym war bereits nach 6–7 Wochen Graviditat eindeutig messbar und hatte hohere spezifische Aktivitat als dasjenige der reifen Plazenta. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass ChAc schon mit Beginn der Plazentation auftritt und unterstutzen fruher geausserte Vermutungen, dass ACh in der menschlichen Plazenta bisher noch nicht genauer definierte Aufgaben in der Regulation von Membranpermeabilitat und aktivem Transport haben konnte.
Analysis of Outcomes Following Failed Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Limb Ischemia

Despite recent studies highlighting the advantages of endoluminal intervention in the management of chronic limb ischemia (CLI), outcomes following failed peripheral angioplasty remain less well described. We present a retrospective analysis of failed transluminal infrainguinal percutaneous arterial angioplasty with or without stenting (PTA/S) in patients with CLI. A database of patients undergoing infrainguinal PTA/S between 2002 and 2005 was maintained. Patients underwent duplex scanning follow-up at 2 weeks, 3 months, and every 6 months after the intervention. Angiograms were reviewed in all cases to assess lesion characteristics. Results were standardized to current Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. In total, our analysis involved 246 patients who underwent treatment for CLI using PTA/S. Eighteen percent of procedures (n = 46) were considered an intervention failure secondary to restenosis by duplex ultrasound, returning clinical symptoms, a nonhealing foot lesion, or the absence of a prior palpable pulse. Indications for the original procedure in patients whose PTA/S failed were tissue loss in 44%, claudication in 44%, and rest pain in 12%, while TASC lesion grades were A (0%), B (18%), C (18%), and D (64%). Of patients failing PTA/S, 4% failed in the first 30 days, 78% failed between 1 and 18 months, while 18% failed following 18 months, with a mean time to failure of 8.7 months. Also, 82% of PTA/S failures were candidates for a second endovascular procedure, 11% were suitable for only traditional open bypass, and 4% demonstrated progression of disease necessitating amputation. Of patients undergoing a second endovascular procedure, limb salvage rates were 86% at 12-month follow-up and there was a single periprocedural mortality and complication rate of 6.6%. Of patients requiring open surgical bypass after failed PTA/S, 20% (n = 1) required a major amputation and there were no mortalities. Failure of endoluminal therapy for treatment of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease is amenable to subsequent endovascular intervention for limb salvage with limited morbidity and mortality.
Making space for queer youth: adolescent and adult interactions in Toledo, Ohio

Queer youths and queer youth-related issues are under-researched in geography. I contribute to the existing literature by investigating how adultist practices can both constrain and empower queer youth within the context of schools. Issues involving adolescence and sexuality are complex, and these nuances become more pronounced with regard to nonnormative sexual identities and expressions. Using interviews with adult queer youth advocates in Toledo, Ohio, I look at the ways in which adults construct uncertain, anxious and contradictory ‘safe spaces’ that can work to constrain/restrict queer youth but also to empower and/or facilitate queer youths' negotiation and navigation of other, predominantly heterosexist social spaces.
A transformação dos sistemas partidários da Europa Ocidental

This is the chapter of a book, published in 1966, that presented the results of a comparative research agenda on political parties, from the perspective of political development. It was part of a series called Studies in political development. The concept of catch-all party type, introduced here by Kirchheimer, is still widely used in comparative studies on parties around the world, and this work remains one of the most cited in political science still today. Although most of his writing is in German, and therefore inaccessible to the general public, this little masterpiece written in English, thus more accessible for a large public, made Kirchheimer one of the best-known authors in political science, and this specific analysis an indispensable reading for scholars and anyone interested in politics in general.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 192

Abstract Experimental data for all nuclei with mass A=192 have been evaluated. Summary band-structure drawings and level schemes from both radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. Associated spectroscopic data and adopted properties for levels and γ rays are given in tables. The energies and intensities of γ rays emitted by 192Ir are of special interest because of their use as calibration standards. The new values presented here incorporate recent data on several important transitions. Also of special interest are the new identification of a superdeformed band in 192Hg and of a π(2p-2h) intruder state in 192Pb. This evaluation of A=192, covering data received by December 1990, supersedes the 1983 compilation by V. S. Shirley and J. M. Dairiki (83Sh48) (Nuclear Data Sheets 40, 425 (1983)).
A selenite-induced decrease in the lipid content of a red alga

Abstract Two unicellular marine algae ( Dunaliella primolecta and Porphyridium cruentum ) have been found to contain a selenium-inducible, non-enzymatic glutathione peroxidase activity when cultured in the presence of selenite. To test the possibility that selenium functions in vivo as an antioxidant in these algae, a detailed examination of the lipid content of algae cultured in the presence or absence of selenite was conducted. If selenium augments the antioxidant defenses of algal cells, an increase in the content of oxidation-sensitive lipids would be expected. The fatty acid, chlorophyll, phospholipid and glycolipid content of the green alga D. primolecta was not affected by growth in selenite. At low light intensity there was a moderate decrease in the chlorophyll and polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the red alga P. cruentum when cultured in selenite. At higher light intensity the content of all fatty acids, phospholipid, glycolipid, chlorophyll, carotenoid and phycoerythrin decreased in P. cruentum grown in selenite. Since growth in selenite did not increase the quantity of oxidation-sensitive lipids in either alga, there is no evidence for an in vivo functioning of selenium as an antioxidant. Instead, the observed decrease in lipids of the red alga P. cruentum can best be explained as a selenite-induced oxidative effect.
Modulation of colon-derived experimental hepatic metastasis by murine nonparenchymal liver cells.

Although numerous animal tumor models have been used to study colon carcinoma, few display hepatic metastasis. C57B1/6Ros mice inoculated with liver-derived murine colon adenocarcinoma MCA-38 in the ileocolic vein develop distinct hepatic foci within 21 days and survive an average of 35 days. Furthermore, 111In-labeled LD-MCA-38 tumor cells were rapidly taken up by the liver within 60 min and 73% of the label remained in the liver after 24 h. Isolated nonparenchymal liver cells from untreated mice displayed little cytotoxicity against freshly excised 51Cr-labeled MCA-38 cells but did inhibit tumor growth in vitro as measured by inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Treatment with anti-asialo-GM1 decreased the lifespan of MCA-38 tumor bearing mice suggesting that asialo-GM1 positive cells in the liver may inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Nonparenchymal liver cells from mice treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid showed augmented cytotoxic and cytostatic activity against LD-MCA-38 tumor cells in vitr...
Statistical and computational uncertainties in atmospheric profiles from radio occultation - Mariner 10 at Venus

Statistical error in Mariner 10 occultation profiles is traced from initial observations to reduced temperature, pressure, and absorption profiles. It is shown that for the Mariner 10 profile with a height of resolution of 0.1 km, statistical measurement errors lead to uncertainties in temperature that are less than 2 K at all altitudes considered and are typically less than 0.5 K. Attention is also given to uncertainties in pressure and atmospheric absorption. In addition it is found that there is also a systematic error in the reduction of two-way data that arises from the parallax between the uplink and downlink ray paths. Finally, it is concluded that if the systematic error can be reduced to the level of the statistical noise in Mariner 10, then long term studies of thick atmospheres by occultation techniques will be feasible in the future at good levels of accuracy.
Goodness‐of‐fit using very small but related samples with application to censored data estimation of PCB contamination

Many environmental data sets contain observations which are below the method or instrumental limit of detection which are often referred to as ‘censored data’. These censored data create great uncertainties in the data analysis for the environmental quality management. It is necessary to quantify these uncertainties in order to determine compliance, or non-compliance, with relevant environmental quality standards, to estimate the parameters used in assessment models, and to monitor the environmental quality. The analyses for data sets that contain censored data are not new, but most distribution free methods require large sample sizes. For a data set containing censored observations with a small size, e.g. n = 3, which is typically observed for environmental samples, distribution free techniques will fail to provide reasonable answers due to the tremendous uncertainties in the analysis. This paper is proposed to demonstrate one approach which could be used to analyse environmental data sets with small sample sizes. If a distribution is known to be normal, or log-normal, optimal estimates are easily obtained. In the scientific investigation that motivated this study, at most three observations are available. We address two statistical questions. The first concerns normality. If all the populations are normal, even with different means and variances, we can obtain an overall check of fit. To do so, we propose to calculate the correlation between the three order statistics and the normal scores. The distribution of the whole set of correlations is then compared to what it would be if all of the populations are normal. Secondly, we consider transformations of the original observations and illustrate how our goodness-of-fit procedure can be used to select a transformation.