cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Textural and isotopic variations in graphite from plutonic rocks, South-Central New Hampshire

Graphite occurs in two distinct textural varieties in syntectonic granitoids of the New Hampshire Plutonic Series and in associated metasedimentary wall rocks. Textural characteristics indicate that coarse graphite flakes were present at an early stage of crystallization of the igneous rocks and thus may represent xenocrystic material assimilated from the wall rocks. The range of δ 13C values determined for flake graphite in the igneous rocks (−26.5 to −13.8‰) overlaps the range for flake graphite in the wall rocks (−26.0 to −16.7‰), and spatial correlation of some δ 13C values in the plutons and wall rocks supports the assimilation mechanism. The textures of fine-grained irregular aggregates or spherulites of graphite, on the other hand, indicate that they formed along with secondary hydrous silicates and carbonates during retrograde reactions between the primary silicates and a carbon-bearing aqueous fluid phase. Relative to coexisting flake graphite, spherulitic graphite shows isotopic shifts ranging from 1.9‰ higher to 1.4‰ lower in both igneous and metasedimentary samples. The observed isotopic shifts and the association of spherulitic graphite with hydrous silicates are explained by dehydration of C-O-H fluids initially on or near the graphite saturation boundary. Hydration of silicates causes dehydration of the fluid and drives the fluid composition to the graphite saturation surface. Continued dehydration of the fluid then requires coprecipitation of secondary graphite and hydrous silicates and drives the fluid toward either higher or lower CO2/CH4 depending upon the inital bulk composition. Isotopic shifts in graphite formed at successive reaction stages are explained by fractionation of 13C between secondary graphite and the evolving fluid because 13C is preferentially concentrated into CO2 relative to CH4. Epigenetic graphite in two vein deposits assiciated with the contacts of these igneous rocks is generally enriched in 13C (−15.7 to −11.6‰) relative to both the igneous and wall-rock δ 13C values. Values of δ 13C vary by up to 3.4‰ within veins, with samples taken only 3 cm apart differing by 2.0‰ These variations in δ 13C correlate with textural evidence showing sequential deposition of different generations of graphite in the veins from fluids which differed in proportions of carbon species or isotopic composition (or both).
Two-tier model for nucleate pool boiling on microconfifured composite surfaces

Abstract A new model is developed to describe the heat transfer mechanism in nucleate pool boiling on a microconfigured composite surface. Both the microlayer and macrolayer thickness are determined from the model. This model can be extended to explain the nucleate boiling on plain surfaces. The enhancement mechanisms of heat transfer for the nucleate boiling on the microconfigured surface are analyzed.
A new species of Gustavia (Lecythidaceae) from Panama

Gustavia fosteri is described from material collected on Barro Colorado Island, Panama and the differences are given between it and its closest relatives, G. superba Berg and G. angustifolia Benth.
Clarifying the Role of Defensive Reactivity Deficits in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Using Startle Reflex Methodology

Prior research has demonstrated deficits in defensive reactivity (indexed by potentiation of the startle blink reflex) in psychopathic individuals. However, the basis of this association remains unclear, as diagnostic criteria for psychopathy encompass two distinct phenotypic components that may reflect differing neurobiological mechanisms-an affective-interpersonal component and an antisocial deviance component. Likewise, the role of defensive response deficits in antisocial personality disorder (APD), a related but distinct syndrome, remains to be clarified. In the current study, the authors examined affective priming deficits in relation to factors of psychopathy and symptoms of APD using startle reflex methods in 108 adult male prisoners. Deficits in blink reflex potentiation during aversive picture viewing were found in relation to the affective-interpersonal (Factor 1) component of psychopathy, and to a lesser extent in relation to the antisocial deviance (Factor 2) component of psychopathy and symptoms of APD-but only as a function of their overlap with affective-interpersonal features of psychopathy. These findings provide clear evidence that deficits in defensive reactivity are linked specifically to the affective-interpersonal features of psychopathy and not to the antisocial deviance features represented most strongly in APD.
Genetic Evolution for the Development of Robust Artificial Neural Network Logic Gates

Control tasks involving dramatic non-linearities, such as decision making, can be challenging for classical design methods. However, autonomous stochastic design methods have proved effective. In particular, Genetic Algorithms (GA) that create phenotypes by the application of genotypes comprising rules are robust and highly scalable. Such encodings are useful for complex applications such as artificial neural net design. This paper outlines an evolutionary algorithm that creates C++ programs which in turn create Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) that can functionally perform as an exclusive-OR logic gate. Furthermore, the GAs are able to create scalable ANNs robust enough to feature redundancies that allow the network to function despite internal failures.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Development of adenoviral-vector-based pandemic influenza vaccine against antigenically distinct human H5N1 strains in mice

Summary Introduction Avian H5N1 influenza viruses currently circulating in southeast Asia could potentially cause the next pandemic. However, currently licensed human vaccines are subtype-specific and do not protect against these H5N1 viruses. We aimed to develop an influenza vaccine and assessed its immunogenicity and efficacy to confer protection in BALB/c mice. Methods We developed an egg-independent strategy to combat the avian influenza virus, because the virus is highly lethal to chickens and the maintenance of a constant supply of embryonated eggs would be difficult in a pandemic. We used a replication-incompetent, human adenoviral-vector-based, haemagglutinin subtype 5 influenza vaccine (HAd-H5HA), which induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from people. Findings Immunisation of mice with HAd-H5HA provided effective protection from H5N1 disease, death, and primary viral replication (p Interpretation Our findings highlight the potential of an Ad-vector-based delivery system, which is both egg-independent and adjuvant-independent and offers stockpiling options for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine.
Differentiation to an NGF-Dependent State and Apoptosis Following NGF Removal Both Occur Asynchronously in Cultures of PC12 Cells☆

Long-term timelapse videomicroscopy was used to investigate the relationships and transitions between mitosis, differentiation, and apoptosis in cultures of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. After 4 days in NGF, cultures were at an early stage of neuronal differentiation. Removal of NGF led to an appreciable increase in apoptosis with no effect on the relatively high mitotic rate. After 7 days in NGF, cells were more neuronal; NGF withdrawal again resulted in no change in the low mitotic rate but an even greater increase in apoptosis, eventually leading to considerable net loss of cells. After 10 days, cells were terminally differentiated; removal of NGF did not affect the negligible mitotic rate but induced a dramatic increase in apoptosis resulting in death of most of the cells. Apoptosis in the fraction of cells that had become NGF-dependent followed a similar timecourse and was characterized by the same morphology at all three differentiation states. Thus, acquisition of NGF-dependence in PC12 cultures seemed to be the result of a steadily increasing percentage of cells that had each undergone a relatively rapid transition to a postmitotic, NGF-sensitive state. These studies were also helpful for elucidating the timing of apoptosis. Onset of apoptosis was markedly asynchronous within a culture, but the active, blebbing phase, once initiated, always lasted about 45 min, regardless of differentiation state or time spent without NGF. Thus, the active phase might represent a conserved sequence of events that every cell must ultimately undergo before apoptotic death.
Flow Limitation and Regulation of Functional Residual Capacity during Exercise in a Physically Active Aging Population

In 29 older (69 ± 1 yr), physically active subjects (O2max = 44 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1), we determined the effect of an age-related decline in elastic lung recoil (i.e., max50 = 65% of 30-yr-old adults) on the ventilatory response to progressive exercise. More specifically, we assessed if expiratory airflow limits were achieved and how this may modulate the regulation of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). We found that with only mild to moderate (50 to 75% O2max) exercise, the mean EELV was reduced 0.38 ± 0.07 L, and that expiratory flow limitation was present over 25 ± 4% of the Vt. In 11 subjects during this intensity of exercise, EELV was within their closing capacity. As exercise intensity progressed, Vt plateaued at 58 ± 2% of the vital capacity, and increased expiratory air flow rates were achieved by significantly increasing the EELV back to near resting levels, thereby moving a portion of the expiratory tidal flow-volume envelope away from the constraints of the effort independent portion of the maxima...
Thermal Conductance Measurements of a Micron-Sized Transition-Edge Hot-Electron Micro-Bolometer

Future ground and space-based astronomy missions in the millimeter and sub-millimeter range will rely upon kilopixel detector arrays. We are developing a superconducting Transition-Edge Hot-Electron Bolometer (THM) for use in these next generation missions. Thermal isolation of the THM is controlled by the hot-electron effect between the electrons and phonons within the small volume of the superconducting detector. To reach noise levels near the photon background noise for observing the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and the submillimeter and far-infrared background the optimal detector size occurs at the micron length scale. We present measurements of the thermal conductance of two micron-sized THM devices which show a hot-electron temperature dependence and predict NEP ≤ 5 × 10-18 W/√{Hz} for CMB loading conditions and NEP ≤ 1 × 10-19 W√{Hz} in the low power loading limit. We also briefly discuss the detector geometry and thermal conductance optimization for CMB loading conditions.
A low power low phase noise fractional-N synthesizer with linearization and mismatch noise shaping techniques for sub-GHz multi-band transceiver with narrow channel spacing

A fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a linearized phase-frequency detector and noise shaping of phase mismatch is presented. These techniques lead to spurious free operation over a wide frequency range (133–960M), and 15dB close in phase noise improvement. The core PLL consumes 15mW in 180nm CMOS and provides phase noise better than −94dBc/Hz@1kHz from a 924MHz carrier.
The 90-Year War over Public Power in Cleveland

ABSTRACT:Many American cities have their own municipal power systems, but none has had to withstand the kind of sustained and often bitter struggle over its existence as Cleveland. After reviewing the debate over municipal power in a number of US cities, the authors trace the conflict between public and private power systems in Cleveland over the past 90 years. The economic, legal, and political aspects of public v. private municipal power are reviewed and analyzed. The authors suggest that the Cleveland experience may provide guidance to other cities currently considering the establishment of their own municipal power systems.
Caging micromanipulation for automated microassembly

This paper introduces the concept of caging micromanipulation for use in automated open loop microassembly tasks. Utilizing a caging transport motion primitive along with rotational and translation primitives, we demonstrate full control of the state of the part. Additionally, a framework for planar microassembly task planning is provided based on the A* algorithm. It is used to determine the optimal assembly sequences and part starting locations in the workspace. We also describe a test-bed suitable for planar micro, meso-scale, and nano-scale manipulation and assembly tasks and present simulation and experimental results of this work.
Kinetic Reactions of Alpha and Beta Lactose. I. Mutarotation

Abstract Kinetic studies were made of mutarotation of alpha- and beta-lactose by a polarimetric method. Rate constants were determined in the temperature range of 0.5 to 55C. A complete statistical analysis of the data was made with a computer technique, and interpretation was based on a statistical test of the significance. The specific optical rotation of an equilibrium solution was dependent upon concentration and temperature. Concentration significantly affected the equilibrium rotation, causing a decrease of 0.01688 degree with each 1 g/100ml increase in concentration. The following expression was found to hold at equilibrium: \[ α ∞ \] D = 55.23 − 0.01688 c − 0.07283 \( t − 25 \) where c is gram anhydrous lactose/100ml solution, and t is degrees centigrade. It was shown that the mutarotation of lactose is a first-order reaction: The velocity constants calculated from the experimental data did not vary significantly from the postulation of the first-order rate law. Further evidence supporting this conclusion is that the velocity constant is independent of reaction time and the concentration of the reactant. The same studies where undertaken in a salt solution simulating natural whey in salt composition. The salt solution catalyzes the reaction about twofold, but does not alter the mechanism.
Testing the ECPSSR theory and its modifications with ratios of antiproton-to-proton ionization cross sections

While fits to 90% of all ever measured K-shell ionization cross sections by protons are on the average within 10% of the ECPSSR [W. Brandt, G. Lapicki, Phys. Rev. A 23 (1981) 1717], this theory systematically overestimates the remaining 10% of all data (comprised mainly of the measurements on heavy target elements) in the slow collision regime of proton velocities less than 0.1 of the orbital velocity of the K-shell electron. For ionization of H and He, experimental ratios of antiproton-to-proton cross sections and benchmark theories thereof exist in the range around where the projectile and target electron velocities match and the cross sections peak. They confirm the excellent accuracy with which the antibinding/binding and antipolarization/polarization effects are accounted for in the perturbed-stationary state (PSS) treatment of the ECPSSR theory. It is shown that the K-shell ionization of heavy elements by MeV antiprotons, which were routinely extracted from the LEAR – or alternatively in ionization of light elements below 0.3 MeV that will become available at the GSIs future Facility for Low-Energy Antiproton and Ion Research (FLAIR) – would provide for a decisive and critical test between various modifications of the ECPSSR theory and any other theory of inner-shell ionization by protons and antiprotons. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 34.50.Fa
Monte Carlo Method for Spin-Peierls Systems

The novel quantum Monte Carlo method for nonconserved particles will be presented in this chapter. The quantum Monte Carlo method based on the worldline representation has been applied to a wide variety of quantum spin and boson systems. Although the method has performed well for many quantum systems, the conventional methods cannot efficiently calculate particle-number nonconserving systems, such as the spin-Peierls model. Summing up the difficulties by the conventional methods, we will develop an extended worm (directed-loop) algorithm that overcomes all of the problems. The state-of-the-art quantum Monte Carlo method in the continuous time representation and the nontrivial technique for off-diagonal correlation measurement will be also presented. We will mention some programming details at the last portion.
Effect of bipolar androgen therapy for asymptomatic men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results from a pilot clinical study

Targeting androgen receptor (AR) axis signaling by disrupting androgen-AR interactions remains the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Unfortunately, all men develop resistance to primary castrating therapy and secondary androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs). Resistance develops in part because castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells adaptively up-regulate AR levels through overexpression, amplification, and expression of ligand-independent variants in response to chronic exposure to a low-testosterone environment. However, preclinical models suggest that AR overexpression represents a therapeutic liability that can be exploited via exposure to supraphysiologic testosterone to promote CRPC cell death. Preclinical data supported a pilot study in which 16 asymptomatic CRPC patients with low to moderate metastatic burden were treated with testosterone cypionate (400 mg intramuscular; day 1 of 28) and etoposide (100 mg oral daily; days 1 to 14 of 28). After three cycles, those with a declining prostate-specific antigen (PSA) continued on intermittent testosterone therapy monotherapy. Castrating therapy was continued to suppress endogenous testosterone production, allowing for rapid cycling from supraphysiologic to near-castrate serum testosterone levels, a strategy termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). BAT was well tolerated and resulted in high rates of PSA (7 of 14 evaluable patients) and radiographic responses (5 of 10 evaluable patients). Although all men showed eventual PSA progression, four men remained on BAT for ≥1 year. All patients (10 of 10) demonstrated PSA reductions upon receiving androgen-ablative therapies after BAT, suggesting that BAT may also restore sensitivity to ADTs. BAT shows promise as treatment for CRPC and should be further evaluated in larger trials.
Steady-state target optimization in linear model predictive control

For practical model predictive control applications, a receding horizon regulator must be able to handle nonzero controlled variable targets and nonsquare systems in a consistent manner. This work presents a steady-state target optimization that determines the steady-state state and input targets for a constrained, linear, state-space regulator.
Design and Implementation of IPsec on a Bare PC

We consider IPsec as a means to provide security for a bare (OS-less) PC in a networked environment. We first present the underlying bare computing architecture that includes IPsec components. We then describe our design and implementation of IPsec with ESP and IKEv2 support for a bare PC. Bare PC optimizations that provide higher efficiency include application and protocol intertwining, and minimization of inter-layer communication and data copying. We also evaluate IPsec performance on a bare PC and compare it with a similar Linux system. Our experimental results indicate that 1) the cost of ESP processing is approximately 6% more for incoming versus outgoing packets; 2) an approximately linear relationship between ESP processing time and packet size exists for both tunnel and transport modes; 3) ICMP and HTTP response times with IPsec are less on a bare PC than on a Linux system. In this paper, we consider the design and implementation of IPsec on a bare PC and evaluate its performance. We also provide some performance comparison with applications that run on Linux. Due to the novel characteristics of bare machine computing and its unique architecture, the design and implementation of IPsec for an AO is different from a conventional implementation of IPsec in an OS-based system. IPsec can be efficiently implemented on a bare PC by using optimizations not easily achieved in conventional systems. Examples are intertwining the application with network protocols within an AO, minimizing the cost of inter-layer communication, and eliminating data copying between application and network buffers. The main contributions of this research are: 1) an implementation of IPsec for a bare (OS-less) PC; 2) experimental results related to the cost of IPsec processing on a bare PC; and 3) experimental results related to the increase in response time of applications when IPsec is present for a bare PC and for a conventional OS-based (Linux) PC. These results can serve as a baseline for designing future versions of IPsec for high-performance or high-security applications and security gateways running on bare machines.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort.

Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from traffic emissions and other combustion sources, and childhood obesity, have been implicated as risk factors for developing asthma. However, the interaction between these two on asthma among young urban children has not been studied previously.
Role of Iron in progressive renal disease

The importance of iron in renal injury is derived from the ease with which iron is reversibly oxidized or reduced, enabling it to participate in the production of free radicals. Experimental evidence for the role of oxidants and iron in progressive renal disease falls into two broad categories. First, considerable data implicate oxidants in the proteinuria of glomerular disease. To the extent that proteinuria is an important determinant of progression, reduction of proteinuria would result in retardation of progression. Evidence also suggests a role of oxidants and iron in diabetic nephropathy, a major cause of end-stage kidney disease. Second, more direct studies have examined the role of oxidants and iron in models of progressive renal disease. These studies include the demonstration of increased iron in the kidney in models of progressive kidney disease; enhanced generation of oxidants, providing a mechanism by which iron can be mobilized; and more direct evidence of the beneficial effect of iron-deficient diets and iron chelators. Although the collective information on the role of oxidants and iron derived from in vitro studies and animal models of glomerular disease and progressive renal failure is impressive, control studies of patients are needed to show the efficacy of antioxidants and/or iron chelators in retarding the progression of renal failure and may offer an important therapeutic modality to patients with renal disease.
An intervention to improve care and reduce costs for high-risk patients with frequent hospital admissions: a pilot study

Background: A small percentage of high-risk patients accounts for a large proportion of Medicaid spending in the United States, which has become an urgent policy issue. Our objective was to pilot a novel patient-centered intervention for high-risk patients with frequent hospital admissions to determine its potential to improve care and reduce costs. Methods: Community and hospital-based care management and coordination intervention with pre-post analysis of health care utilization. We enrolled Medicaid fee-for-service patients aged 18-64 who were admitted to an urban public hospital and identified as being at high risk for hospital readmission by a validated predictive algorithm. Enrolled patients were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative interview techniques to identify needs such as transportation to/advocacy during medical appointments, mental health/substance use treatment, and home visits. A community housing partner initiated housing applications in-hospital for homeless patients. Care managers facilitated appropriate discharge plans then worked closely with patients in the community using a harm reduction approach. Results: Nineteen patients were enrolled; all were male, 18/19 were substance users, and 17/19 were homeless. Patients had a total of 64 inpatient admissions in the 12 months before the intervention, versus 40 in the following 12 months, a 37.5% reduction. Most patients (73.3%) had fewer inpatient admissions in the year after the intervention compared to the prior year. Overall ED visits also decreased after study enrollment, while outpatient clinic visits increased. Yearly study hospital Medicaid reimbursements fell an average of $16,383 per patient. Conclusions: A pilot intervention for high-cost patients shows promising results for health services usage. We are currently expanding our model to serve more patients at additional hospitals to see if the pilot’s success can be replicated. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01292096
Hyperbaric oxygen for neurologic indications. Action plan for multicenter trials in: stroke, traumatic brain injury, radiation encephalopathy and status migrainosus

Abstract Introduction: There is great interest in using hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) to treat neurological disease. The exquisite sensitivity of neural tissue to hypoxia makes increased oxygenation attractive as a therapy for disease processes that induce ischemia, edema, and, more recently, apoptosis. Four things specifically exist as targets for future projects and clinical trials: (1) stroke (2) traumatic brain injury (3) radiation induced necrosis and (4) status migrainosus. Methods: Specific aims: Stroke: determine if the use of HBO in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is effective at improving outcomes. TBI: determine whether use of HBO in the acute state after traumatic brain injury is effective at improving outcomes and reducing elevated ICP. RIN: determine whether HBO treatment of radiation necrosis of brain results in improvement of neurological function and reduction of necrosis. Migraine: determine whether use of HBO will relieve headache pain in status migrainosus. Results: Stroke: there is evidence from animal studies that focal cerebral ischemia may improve after HBO treatment. TBI: the interest in using HBO to treat TBI is based upon the premise that hypoxia, edema and apoptosis play significant roles in the pathophysiology of the disease. RIN: the evidence suggests that in cases where either the patient is not improving on medical therapies or when surgical resection is not possible, HBO should be considered as a treatment option. Migraine: there is some evidence looking at HBO as an effective treatment of acute migraine attack. Summary: Each is discussed further with proposed study design and justification for their respective parameters. As our action plan moving forward, it is our goal to investigate in each area with multidisciplinary, multi-centered, case controlled double blind crossover studies.
Exploring Ellsberg’s Paradox in Vague-Vague Cases

We explore a generalization of Ellsberg’s paradox to the Vague-Vague (V-V) case, where neither of the probabilities (urns) is specified precisely, but one urn is always more precise than the other. We present results of an experiment explicitly designed to study this situation. The paradox was as prevalent in the V-V cases, as in the standard Precise-Vague (P-V) cases. The paradox occurred more often when differences between ranges of vagueness were large. Vagueness avoidance increased with midpoint for P-V cases, and decreased for V-V cases. Models that capture the relationships between vagueness avoidance and observable gamble characteristics (e.g., differences of ranges) were fitted.
Predictive model for the detection of out-of-plane defects formed during textile-composite manufacture

Abstract A hybrid finite element model using a discrete mesoscopic approach was previously developed and has since demonstrated its ability to capture the tensile and shear behaviors of textile reinforcements for composites. The aim of the present research is to implement flexural properties into a non-homogenous beam/shell model such that the formation and shape of out-of-plane defects can be well predicted. A method for linking the measurement of bending rigidity to the determination of a compressive modulus is presented and simulations are used to demonstrate the ability of the modeling approach to predict the amplitude and curvature of out-of-plane waves. A comparison of the simulation results to experimental data shows the finite element model accurately captures this out-of-plane phenomenon.
Male contraception: ideas for the future.

Little progress has been made over the last century in developing contraceptives for men and men continue to have only a very small range of contraceptive options from which to choose. The most popular methods used by men remain condoms and vasectomy. Condom use remains however largely casual even despite recent interest in preventing the sexual transmission of HIV. Vasectomy is a permanent method of male contraception. There are many reasons why progress has been slow in developing male contraceptives but they relate primarily to the physiology of the male reproductive system. The ideal male contraceptive should be practical inexpensive easily available rapidly effective promptly reversible free of side effects and should not interfere with sexual intercourse. The author describes approaches to male contraception in sections on the suppression of gonadotropins and immunocontraception and closes with future considerations.
Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth and Characterization of GaNP/GaP Structures

GaNP bulk layers with different N concentrations and GaN0.025P0.975/GaP multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with various well thicknesses were grown on (100) GaP substrates by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy with a RF nitrogen radical beam source. Using high-resolution X-ray rocking curves, photoluminescence (PL) and absorption measurements, we have shown that incorporation of N in GaNxP1−x, alloys (x ≥0.43%) leads to a direct bandgap behavior of GaNP, and yields strong room-temperature PL from the epilayers. A large Stokes shift of 200 meV is found between the PL peak energy and the absorption edge for the GaNP epilayers, indicating a very strong carrier localization. From the PL peaks of a series of GaN0.025P0.975/GaP MQWs with different well thicknesses grown at the same growth condition, a large conduction-band effective mass mc* − 0.9 me has been obtained for the GaN0.025P0.975alloy, indicating a mixing of Γ and X band wave functions in the conduction band
Childhood in Grenaa (1874–1890)

Life in the new Grenaa home seems to have been idyllic. They lived in a beautiful house purchased by Sine and Mimi on a visit to Grenaa. In the early morning Mimi picked strawberries and asparagus and in the afternoon she sat in the garden with her mother while Marie, the maid they brought with them from Copenhagen, served them tea. Viggo worked diligently at the harbor, building his first schooner.
Component Analysis of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions To Enhance Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

More than 125 million people wear contact lenses worldwide, and contact lens use is the single greatest risk factor for developing microbial keratitis. We tested the antibacterial activity of multipurpose contact lens solutions and their individual component preservatives against the two most common pathogens causing bacterial keratitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus The in vitro antibacterial activity of five multipurpose contact lens solutions (Opti-Free GP, Boston Simplus, Boston Advance, Menicare GP, and Lobob) was assayed by the standard broth dilution method. Synergy between the preservative components found in the top performing solutions was assayed using checkerboard and time-kill assays. The ISO 14729 criteria and the standard broth dilution method were used to define an optimized contact lens solution formulation against a clinical panel of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains. Preservatives with the biguanide function group, chlorhexidine and polyaminopropylbiguanide (PAPB), had the best antistaphylococcal activity, while EDTA was the best antipseudomonal preservative. The combination of chlorhexidine and EDTA had excellent synergy against P. aeruginosa A solution formulation containing chlorhexidine (30 ppm), PAPB (5 ppm), and EDTA (5,000 ppm) had three to seven times more antipseudomonal activity than anything available to consumers today. A multipurpose contact lens solution containing a combination of chlorhexidine, PAPB, and EDTA could help to reduce the incidence of microbial keratitis for contact lens users worldwide.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome complicated with small bowel intussusception managed by laparoscopy-assisted transoral single-balloon enteroscopy.

Fig. 1. A 16-year-old girl presented with intermittent upper abdominal ain and passage of tarry stool for one month. She had ever received hipple procedure twelve years ago for large pancreatic cystic neolasm. On physical examination, she appeared pigmented macules ver the lips and pale conjunctiva, and the laboratory examination evealed microcytic anaemia. Her abdominal contrasted computed omography showed small intestine-to-small intestine intussuseption leaded by a large polyp (Fig. 1A, arrow). The antegrade ingle-balloon enteroscopy (enteroscope, SIF-Q260; splinting tube, T-SB1; balloon controller, MAJ-1725, Olympus Medical Systems orp., Tokyo, Japan) using push-and-pull method revealed one 3m large polyp (Fig. 1B) with intussusception stalk (Fig. 1C, arrow) oted at mid-jejunum, however, endoloop-assisted polypectomy ailed, probably due to large size of the polyp and intestinal dhesion caused by previous Whipple operation. Minimally invaive procedure with laparoscopic assisted transoral single balloon nteroscopy was performed for adhesiolysis and reduction of ntussusception (Fig. 2A, arrow: intussusception point), and simulaneous transoral enteroscopic polypectomy (VIO 200D, ERBE USA, nc., EndoCut® Q effect setting 2, 60 W) was done successfully. otal sixteen polyps were removed. The pathology revealed hamaromatous polyp (Fig. 2B), and Peutz-Jeghers (PJ) syndrome was iagnosed. Currently, no female or gastrointestinal tract maligancy was found under yearly follow up at gynaecologist outpatient epartment and surveillance enteroscopy twice annually. Because of intestinal adhesion secondary to repeated surgery f PJ syndrome patients, natural orifice luminal endoscopic proedures are sometimes very difficult and short bowel syndrome fter multiple resection of intestines is sometimes inevitable [1].
Politics: Worldviews in Action

We now come to the crux of our problem: how do people successfully organise themselves into stable societies? Today, most societies are far from stable. In many Third World countries, growing economic inequality, exacerbated by exploding populations, means rising instability. The Second World — the USSR and communist East Europe — has remained ‘stable’ over four decades only through imposing oppressive coercion. Even the industrial democracies, which still seem stable on the surface, face powerful internal tensions in the face of material shortages and an end to economic expansion. Understanding today’s world means understanding the factors that determine social stability and instability, including aspects of human nature (gleaned in Part II), and of the Western world-view (from Part III), which now dominates so much of the global economic and political power structure.
Credibility Assessment at Portals

Abstract In the post-9-11 world, assessing credibility at portals that control entry to countries, public transportation, and large public venues has become a major concern for governments. In response to this concern, the US Government has invested heavily in developing and applying new technology for credibility assessment at portals. The Government’s efforts have included human- and machine-based approaches. Our chapter provides a critical review of technologies currently in application and under development. We found the science for these technologies lacking in both theoretical foundation and empirical validation. We provide a scientific perspective on the deceptive context of portal credibility assessment, and on existing scientific theory and research that may be relevant for addressing that context. Finally, we outline a scientific approach to theory development and scientific validation for future research in this area.
Improved Length Lower Bounds for Reflecting Sequences

We present a computational method for finding lower bounds on the lengths of reflecting sequences for labeled chains. The method, called Quadtree Enumeration, is similar to an existing algorithm for finding such bounds, but exhibits several improvements and optimizations, and hence runs much faster. Using the new approach, we have shown a length lower bound of 19t – 214 for t-reflecting sequences for labeled 7-chains, thus improving the current length lower bound for universal traversal sequences for 2-regular graphs of n vertices from Ω(n1.48) to Ω(n1.51), and for universal traversal sequences for d-regular graphs of n vertices, where \(3 \leqslant d \leqslant \frac{n}{{17}} + 1\), from Ω(d2−1.48n2.48) to Ω(d2−1.51n2.51).
Dairy products and the Maillard reaction: A promising future for extensive food characterization by integrated proteomics studies

Heating of milk and dairy products is done using various technological processes with the aim of preserving microbiological safety and extending shelf-life. These treatments result in chemical modifications in milk proteins, mainly generated as a result of the Maillard reaction. Recently, different bottom-up proteomic methods have been applied to characterize the nature of these structural changes and the modified amino acids in model protein systems and/or isolated components from thermally-treated milk samples. On the other hand, different gel-based and shotgun proteomic methods have been utilized to assign glycation, oxidation and glycoxidation protein targets in diverse heated milks. These data are essential to rationalize eventual, different nutritional, antimicrobial, cell stimulative and antigenic properties of milk products, because humans ingest large quantities of corresponding thermally modified proteins on a daily basis and these molecules also occur in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This review provides an updated picture of the procedures developed for the proteomic characterization of variably-heated milk products, highlighting their limits as result of concomitant factors, such as the multiplicity and the different concentration of the compounds to be detected.
PREVENTION OF RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN NURSING

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease, in terms of its frequency, the severity of organ damage, and the consequences for the health of the population constitutes one of the most pressing problems of our population. The prevention of subsequent coronary events and the maintenance of physical functioning in such patients are a major challenge in preventive care. However, many patients opt for a change in their lifestyle, some with the support of a health professional. Objective: This empirical survey focuses on the knowledge of respondents about preventing cardiovascular disease. Statistical methods determine the differences between males and females in attending preventive check-ups, understanding and observing risk factors in their lifestyle, and having an interest in changing their lifestyle. Methods: The survey uses a non-standardized questionnaire. Apart from demographic data, the questionnaire had 10 items assessing the respondent’s knowledge of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, 10 on lifestyle and attitudes to the change in lifestyle, and five regarding their interest in education about the subject. Exploratory data includes answers from 70 respondents, who were outpatients in a general practitioner’s department. Of these, 32 are males (46.0%) and 38 are females (54.0%). Results of the survey are analyzed using the Chi-Squared test. Results: Fifty-four of the 70 respondents (55.7%; 20 males and 34 females) undertake preventive check-ups at the general practitioner’s department at least once in two years. No significant differences present between males and females in attending preventive check-ups (χ 2 = 3.455; df = 1; P = 0.05) and in showing a willingness for a lifestyle change (χ 2 = 1.789; P = 0.05). However, based on the given data, a significant difference presents between males and females regarding proper regime observance (χ 2 = 18.651; df = 1; P = 0.05). For example, females know the observance of a healthy diet is necessary for preventing ischemic heart disease (χ 2 = 20.124; df = 1; P = 0.05). Conclusion: The study shows that the difference between males and females is significant regarding their understanding of risk factors related to lifestyle and proper regime observance. Thus, education could lead to reducing or eliminating such risk factors. Prevention of risk factors is complex and lifelong. Under conditions of the Slovak health service, registered nurses are responsible for the education of patients.
Hospital Teaching Status and Readmission after Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Background Readmission after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair to a different (nonindex) hospital has been shown to be associated with high mortality rates. Factors influencing this association remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of hospital teaching status on nonindex hospital readmission and mortality. Methods An observational analysis of the longitudinally linked California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database was conducted from 1995 to 2009. Patients who were readmitted within 30 days after open AAA repair were included. The primary outcome measured was mortality on readmission. Results Over the 15-year study period, 3,475 readmissions after AAA were analyzed, of which 1,020 (29.4%) were to a nonindex hospital. After adjusting for age, race, gender, insurance, comorbidities, perioperative factors, and reason for readmission, nonindex readmission for patients undergoing their initial operation at a teaching hospital did not impact mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–2.17, P = 0.63). Nonindex readmission for patients undergoing their initial operation at a nonteaching hospital, however, significantly increased mortality (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04–2.54, P = 0.03). Conclusions Readmission to a different hospital is associated with a higher mortality rate for patients undergoing AAA repair at nonteaching hospitals. This effect is not seen in patients having their initial operation performed at teaching hospitals, possibly due to infrastructure at these hospitals allowing for decreased impact from fragmentation of care. In cases where triage to an index hospital for readmission is not possible, communication at a high level between the index hospital and readmission hospital is paramount.
Healing Arts: Rhetorical Techne as Medical (Humanities) Intervention

To forge collaborative ties among the rhetoric of health and medicine, the medical humanities, and medicine itself, scholars need shared terms. We argue that techne can unite researchers from acros...
An empirical investigation on loan applications and fear of rejection of external financing in the foodservice industry

This article examines the loan application decision patterns of small-cap foodservice firms and the causes of these firms’ discouragement (fear of rejection) in relation to their external finance-s...
Efficient removal of dyes from aqueous solutions using a novel hemoglobin/iron oxide composite.

Abstract Magnetic particles entrapped in different matrices that display high thermal stability, low toxicity, interactive functions at the surface, and high saturation magnetization are of great interest. The objective of this work was to synthesize a novel hemoglobin/iron oxide composite (Hb/Fe3O4) for the removal of different dyes (indigo carmine, naphthol blue black, tartrazine, erythrosine, eriochrome black T and bromophenol blue) from aqueous solutions. The Hb/Fe3O4 composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser diffraction particle size analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, isoelectric point determination and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Hb/Fe3O4 composite showed high removal efficiency toward all the different classes of dyes studied and the mechanism of adsorption was dominated by electrostatic interaction. Adsorption was found to follow pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities for all the dyes range from 80 to 178 mg/g. The Hb/Fe3O4 composite possesses extra advantage of being easily isolated from aqueous suspension using an external magnet. The stability of the prepared Hb/Fe3O4 composite was also demonstrated.
New-Onset Diabetes Educator to Educate Children and Their Caregivers About Diabetes at the Time of Diagnosis: Usability Study.

Background: Diabetes self-management education is essential at the time of diagnosis. We developed the New-Onset Diabetes Educator (NODE), an animation-based educational web application for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Objective: Our hypothesis is that NODE is a feasible, effective and user-friendly intervention in improving diabetes self-management education delivery to child/caregiver-dyads at the time of diagnosis. Methods: We used a pragmatic parallel randomized trial design. Dyads were recruited within 48 hours of diagnosis and randomized into a NODE-enhanced diabetes self-management education or a standard diabetes self-management education group. Dyads randomized in the NODE group received the intervention on an iPad before receiving the standard diabetes self-management education with a nurse educator. The Diabetes Knowledge Test 2 assessed disease-specific knowledge pre- and postintervention in both groups, and was compared using t tests. Usability of the NODE mobile health intervention was assessed in the NODE group. Results: We recruited 16 dyads (mean child age 10.75, SD 3.44). Mean Diabetes Knowledge Test 2 scores were 14.25 (SD 4.17) and 18.13 (SD 2.17) pre- and postintervention in the NODE group, and 15.50 (SD 2.67) and 17.38 (SD 2.26) in the standard diabetes self-management education group. The effect size was medium (Δ=0.56). Usability ratings of NODE were excellent. Conclusions: NODE is a feasible mobile health strategy for type 1 diabetes education. It has the potential to be an effective and scalable tool to enhance diabetes self-management education at time of diagnosis, and consequently, could lead to improved long-term clinical outcomes for patients living with the disease.
Anthropological Perspectives on the Social Biology of Alcohol: An Introduction to the Literature

It is apparent that throughout human history the drug most widely used for altering human consciousness has been alcohol.* It is probably the oldest, and certainly now the most widespread mind-altering drug, but it is also distinctive in its versatility. In various times and in various contexts, human beings have used alcohol as an energizer or tranquilizer, as a “super-ego solvent” or sacred symbol, as a medicine or food, as a social leveler or source of subjective feelings of power, and for a host of other social or symbolic functions.
Pediatric HIV: School-Based Sequelae and Curricular Interventions for Infection Prevention and Social Acceptance.

Recently, risk factors related to the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS have shifted dramatically. Adolescents have experienced the largest annual increase in national cases of HIV infection, and there is a...