cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percolation threshold, Fisher exponent, and shortest path exponent for four and five dimensions.

We develop a method of constructing percolation clusters that allows us to build very large clusters using very little computer memory by limiting the maximum number of sites for which we maintain state information to a number of the order of the number of sites in the largest chemical shell of the cluster being created. The memory required to grow a cluster of mass s is of the order of ${s}^{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ bytes where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ ranges from 0.4 for two-dimensional (2D) lattices to 0.5 for six (or higher)-dimensional lattices. We use this method to estimate ${d}_{\mathrm{min}},$ the exponent relating the minimum path $\mathcal{l}$ to the Euclidean distance r, for 4D and 5D hypercubic lattices. Analyzing both site and bond percolation, we find ${d}_{\mathrm{min}}=1.607\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ (4D) and ${d}_{\mathrm{min}}=1.812\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ (5D). In order to determine ${d}_{\mathrm{min}}$ to high precision, and without bias, it was necessary to first find precise values for the percolation threshold, ${p}_{c}: {p}_{c}=0.196889\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000003$ (4D) and ${p}_{c}=0.14081\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00001$ (5D) for site and ${p}_{c}=0.160130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000003$ (4D) and ${p}_{c}=0.118174\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000004$ (5D) for bond percolation. We also calculate the Fisher exponent $\ensuremath{\tau}$ determined in the course of calculating the values of ${p}_{c}: \ensuremath{\tau}=2.313\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ (4D) and $\ensuremath{\tau}=2.412\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ (5D).
Finding the silver lining The relative roles of redemptive narratives and cognitive reappraisal in individuals’ emotional distress after the end of a romantic relationship

The present research sought to identify a novel factor that reduces the emotional impact of relationship dissolution. Specifically, we examined individuals’ use of redemptive narratives—a form of narrative focused on positive outcomes in negative situations—in post-dissolution journal entries written over the course of a 4-day diary study. An interaction emerged, that is, individuals reported reduced emotional distress to the extent that they had used more, versus fewer, redemptive narratives the day before (a lagged effect), but only at the end, not the beginning, of the study. This effect was independent from similar effects predicted by greater cognitive processing. These findings suggest that redemptive narratives may reduce individuals’ post-dissolution distress.
A STUDY OF THE GRAPEVINE IN A GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

Summary The purposes of this investigation were to replicate a classic study of the grapevine reported by Davis in 1953, and to extend the results by obtaining personality data (Bass Orientation Inventory scores) on the subjects. The present study was carried out in a state government unit with 79 employees. Davis’“ecco analysis” method was used to study the flow of information through the grapevine. Nine grapevine items were investigated with respect to where, when, and how the subjects had learned of the information. Two of Davis’ findings–the relatively small percentage of in-dividuals functioning in a liaison capacity in disseminating any particular item of information, and the positive relationship between grapevine knowledge and an individual's level in the organizational hierarchy–were confirmed. Two other findings of Davis–relating to the degree of within-unit vs. between-unit spread of information, and the degree of individual consistency in functioning as liaisons–were not confirmed. Again, it should be stressed that, while Davis’ study was concerned with communication within the managerial force of a manufacturing concern, the present study was carried out in a governmental organization and involved personnel from both the managerial and the rank-and-file levels. Thus, because of the particular nature of the samples in each of the two investigations, any generalizations about the operation of grapevines in organizations need to be stated with extreme caution.
Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in silent cardiac sarcoidosis: role of programmed ventricular stimulation.

Background— Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis is often silent and may lead to sudden death. This study was designed to assess the value of programmed electric stimulation of the ventricle (PES) for risk stratification in patients with sarcoidosis and evidence of preclinical cardiac involvement on imaging studies. Methods and Results— Patients with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis but without cardiac symptoms who had evidence of cardiac sarcoidosis on positron emission tomography (PET) or cardiac MRI (CMR) were included. All patients underwent baseline evaluation, echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function, and programmed electric stimulation of the ventricle. Patients were followed for survival and arrhythmic events. Seventy-six patients underwent PES of the ventricle. Eight (11%) were inducible for sustained ventricular arrhythmias and received an implantable defibrillator. None of the noninducible patients received a defibrillator. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with inducible ventricular arrhythmia (36.4±4.2% versus 55.8±1.5%, P <0.05). Over a median follow-up of 5 years, 6 of 8 patients in the group with inducible ventricular arrhythmias had ventricular arrhythmia or died, compared with 1 death in the negative group ( P <0.0001). Conclusions— In patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis and evidence of cardiac involvement on PET or CMR alone, positive PES may help to identify patients at risk for ventricular arrhythmia. More importantly, patients in this cohort with a negative PES appear to have a benign course within the first several years following diagnosis. PES may help to guide the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in this population.
A network for multiscale image segmentation

Detecting edges of objects in their images is a basic problem in computational vision. The authors present the major ideas behind the use of scale space and anisotropic diffusion for edge detection, show that anisotropic diffusion can enhance edges, suggest a network implementation of anisotropic diffusion, and provide design criteria for obtaining networks performing scale space and edge detection. The results of a software implementation are shown. >
A 22–24 GH z 4-Element CMOS Phased Array With On-Chip Coupling Characterization

This paper presents a 22-24 GHz CMOS 4-element phased array based on the all-RF architecture with very low power consumption and chip area. The measured array performance, done at the system level at 22-24 GHz, shows an input and output match of <-13 dB, 9-12 dB gain, 7.5-8.0 dB NF, an IIP3 of -9.5 to -12.5 dBm, and a 4-bit phase control with an rms gain and phase error of <1.2 dB and <6deg, respectively (<0.5 dB and <3deg at 23.5-24.5 GHz). The chip consumes 76.5 mA from a 1.5 V supply and is 3 mm2 in area. Extensive coupling measurements show that the dominant on-chip coupling components result in system-level gain and phase errors which are proportional to the LNA gain. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of on-chip coupling effects on phased array performance, and the first demonstration of an all-RF mm-wave CMOS phased array with full amplitude and phase control on each element. The application areas are in high data-rate communications and automotive radars.
Reducing pathogen transmission in a hospital setting. Handshake verses fist bump: a pilot study

Handshaking is a known vector for bacterial transmission between individuals. Handwashing has become a major initiative throughout healthcare systems to reduce transmission rates, but as many as 80% of individuals retain some disease-causing bacteria after washing. The fist bump is an alternative to the handshake that has become popular. We have determined that implementing the fist bump in the healthcare setting may further reduce bacterial transmission between healthcare providers by reducing contact time and total surface area exposed when compared with the standard handshake.
Adolescent Women with Sexually Transmitted Infections: Who Gets Lost to Follow-Up?

BACKGROUND Adolescent patients comprise the highest rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in the United States. These patients often initially present to the emergency department (ED) with vague symptoms. OBJECTIVES 1) Quantify the frequency of underrecognized GC and CT cervical infections in adolescent women tested in the ED; 2) describe and compare the characteristics of those treated and not treated during the initial visit; and 3) quantify the delay interval until treatment was provided. METHODS This was a retrospective, cohort analysis of consecutive females (ages 13-19 years) seen at four academic medical centers over a 36-month period with positive results for GC/CT. Our key outcome measures were the proportion of adolescent females being untreated in the ED, the time to subsequent treatment, and the proportion lost to follow-up. RESULTS During the study period, 382 female adolescents had positive polymerase chain reaction studies for GC or CT or both; 266 (70%) were not treated in the ED. Untreated patients were significantly more likely to have a discharge diagnosis of urinary tract infection (23% vs. 11%, p < 0.008), new pregnancy (29% vs. 8%, p < 0.001), and vaginitis (24.8% vs. 5%, p < 0.001). Subsequently, only 11.7% (31/266) of the untreated patients fit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for empiric treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. After telephone, mail, and public health follow-up, treatment could be documented for only 59% of the patients. CONCLUSION The majority of adolescent women found to have GC or CT or both in the ED were not treated at presentation.
Polymorphisms in the Vitamin A Receptor and Innate Immunity Genes Influence the Antibody Response to Rubella Vaccination

Background Genetic polymorphisms play an important role in rubella vaccine-induced immunity.
Evaluation of Electrochemical Interface Area and Lithium Diffusion Coefficient for a Composite Graphite Anode

A structural model to calculate the electrochemical interface area for a composite graphite electrode is described. A new equation using the model predicted area to calculated chemical diffusion coefficient (D Li +) eliminates the effects from fabrication such as active mass (m B ) and geometric area (S Geo ). The chemical diffusion coefficient values calculated for graphite electrodes of different thicknesses and porosities using the new equation are almost the same as expected. The values of D Li + in the graphite vary between 10 -11.9 and 10 -9.9 cm 2 /s over the course of the lithium deintercalation in the graphite samples.
Audit of the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System

An audit of 100 abstracts from the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System was conducted to determine the reliability of this drug information source. The original article was reviewed and compared with the information contained on the corresponding de Haen card. The card was audited for accuracy, completeness and judgment of abstraction. Forty-six cards contained at least one error. A total of 66 errors were observed: 47 involved errors of accuracy, 15 involved errors of completeness and 4 involved errors in judgment. The subscriber is urged to use the de Haen abstracts as a means of literature access only, and not as a primary source of drug information.
Imaging Features of Primary and Secondary Adult Rhabdomyosarcoma

OBJECTIVE. Rhabdomyosarcomas are rare and aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas in adults. The purpose of this article is to describe the imaging features of primary and secondary adult rhabdomyosarcomas utilizing MRI, CT, and 18F-FDG PET/CT. CONCLUSION. MRI is the imaging technique of choice for the evaluation of primary rhabdomyosarcoma involving most body sites (extremity, pelvis, head, and neck), with the added advantages of diffusion-weighted imaging and whole-body MRI for staging. CT and FDG PET/CT play major roles in the evaluation of metastatic disease. Because the imaging features of adult rhabdomyosarcoma are nonspecific, other parameters, such as clinical findings, age, site, lymphadenopathy, and metastatic disease, should be combined to narrow the differential diagnosis.
The Language‐Learning Situation of Deaf Students

Deaf children often have major difficulty learning the language of their parents, who in the majority of cases are hearing. The principal reason for these problems is limitation of linguistic input reaching the children: The hearing loss itself acts as a drastic filter on the linguistic data, and information obtained from aided residual hearing, as well as from visual sources such as lipreading and signed representations of spoken language, is typically fragmentary. In addition to the limitations of input, the very difficulty of the task of learning an auditory language with severely restricted information is likely to lead to loss of motivation. Another complicating factor is language attitudes and the fact that the deaf community uses a visual-spatial language, American Sign Language (ASL), which deaf people acquire without effort and which provides a focus for cultural solidarity. Attitudes toward ASL are complicated by its identity as a minority language in a majority culture, whose standard language influences it to some extent. Attitudes toward English are complicated by the fact that the learning of English is imposed by an educational establishment run by hearing people and that ASL is not used as a language of instruction. The main educational hurdle faced by deaf students is acquisition of the language of the community into which they are bornacquisition not only of speech production but of the linguistic system itself. For many students the language of the community becomes neither their first language, in the sense that they may never achieve native-like grammatical competence in the language, nor, in traditional terms, a second language, in the sense that they may not be exposed in early life to any other language they can readily acquire. Most deaf children are born into hearing families who do not know or use a natural sign language. Some will be exposed to a natural sign language, such as American Sign Language (ASL),
Applications of Thurstonian Models to Ranking Data

Thurstonian models have proven useful in a wide range of applications because they can describe the multidimensional nature of choice objects and the effects of similarity and comparability in choice situations. Special cases of Thurstonian ranking models are formulated that impose different constraints on the covariance matrix of the objects’ utilities. In addition, mixture models are developed to account for individual differences in rankings. Two estimation procedures, maximum likelihood and generalized least squares, are discussed. To illustrate the approach, data from three ranking experiments are analyzed.
Architectural support for security management in enterprise networks

Enterprise networks are often large, run a wide variety of applications and protocols, and operate under strict reliability constraints; thus, they represent a challenging environment for security management. Security policies in todays enterprise are typically enforced by regulating connectivity with a combination of complex routing and bridging policies along with various interdiction mechanisms such as ACLs, packet filters, and middleboxes that attempt to retrofit access control onto an otherwise permissive network architecture. This leads to networks that are inflexible, fragile, difficult to manage, and still riddled with security problems. This thesis presents a principled approach to network redesign that creates more secure and manageable networks. We propose a new network architecture in which a global security policy defines all connectivity. The policy is declared at a logically centralized Controller and then enforced directly at each switch. All communication must first obtain permission from the Controller before being forwarded by any of the network switches. The Controller manages the policy namespace and performs all routing and access control decisions, while the switches are reduced to simple forwarding engines that enforce the Controller's decisions. We present an idealized instantiation of the network architecture called SANE. In SANE, the Controller grants permission to requesting flows by handing out capabilities (encrypted source routes). SANE switches will only forward a packet if it contains a valid capability between the link and network headers. SANE thus introduces a new, low-level protection layer that defines all connectivity on the network. SANE would require a fork-lift replacement of an enterprise's entire networking infrastructure and changes to all the end-hosts. While this might be suitable in some cases, it is clearly a significant impediment to widespread adoption. To address this, we present Ethane a deployable instantiation of our architecture. Ethane does not require modification to end-hosts and can be incrementally deployed within an existing network. Instead of handing out capabilities, permission is granted by explicitly setting up flows at each switch. We have implemented Ethane in both hardware and software, supporting both wired and wireless hosts. We describe our experience managing an operational Ethane network of over 300 hosts.
The Effects of ETFSplits on Liquidity and Individual Investors

We investigate the effects of stock splits on sample of ETF stocks that were split in the years 2000-2006, and compare them to a similar sample of non-splitting control ETFs. We examine stock excess returns, total capital, several measures of liquidity, and the premium or discount relative to net present value around the split. We also test for increases in smaller trades after the split. Our results support the hypothesis that two key management objectives of splitting an ETF stock are to increase demand from retail investors and to increase the total capital under management. We also find support for the existence of momentum in stock price indexes.
Prevalence of Pterygia in Hawaii: Examining Cumulative Surfing Hours as a Risk Factor.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To examine the association between surfing and pterygium prevalence in Hawaii.Methods: A convenience sampling was performed at four beaches on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. A total of 169 individuals were interviewed and underwent penlight examination to assess grade and extent of pterygium.Results: Of 169 participants aged 18–80 years, 88 non-surfers, 41 occasional surfers, 15 recreational surfers and 25 surfing enthusiasts were identified based on their lifetime surfing hours. Overall, 19 participants were found to have pterygia (28 pterygia total) including two non-surfers (2.3%), five occasional surfers (12.2%), three recreational surfers (20.0%), and nine enthusiast surfers (36.0%). Variables associated with pterygium prevalence were lifetime surfing hours (p < 0.0001), outdoor occupation (p = 0.04), Hawaiian residence (p = 0.009), and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander ethnicity (p = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression with the outcome of pterygium was performed, along with multiple linear re...
A New Bolus-Injection System for the Performance of Dynamic Time-Function Studies—a Preliminary Investigation

In 1973, it was reported that nuclear medicine procedures were growing at a rate greater than 15% per year and that an average nuclear medicine facility would,routinely handle 300-700 mCi of Tc-99m per day plus prepare Tc-99m coumpounds (1). Because of the increased number of static and dynamic imaging procedures performed in nuclear medicine laboratories and the use of higher dose radionuclides, unnecessary radiation exposure to personnel must be minimized. One particular dynamic imaging procedure that has experienced tremendous growth since 1973 is quantitative first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography. The technique tor this procedure employed by our laboratory is described by Berger et a! (2). High-count, high-frequency timeactivity curves are generated by this technique because it delivers an isolated, compact bolus of radioactivity very rapidly into a peripheral vein. These high-count, highfrequency time-activity curves are essential to derive valid clinical information. Unfortunately, the bolus of radioactivity is isolated in an unshielded length of polyethylene tubing, increasing the radiation exposure to imaging personnel (Fig. I). The new injection system isolated the bolus of radioactivity in a shielded environment, thereby decreasing exposure to imaging personnel (Fig. 2b). Nevertheless, it still had to be proven comparable to the tubing-injection system in generating high-count, high-frequency timeactivity curves. Residual activity of both injection systems
Morphologic Variation in the Raccoon, Procyon lotor, and Its Relationship to Genic and Environmental Variation

Morphologic variation in the raccoon, Procyon lotor , from the southeastern United States was assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses. The species was found to be sexually dimorphic with skulls of males generally more massive. This may relate to intraspecific territorial defense rather than intersexual resource partitioning. A matrix of correlation among skull characters was computed, and the first three principal components were extracted. These accounted for 84.2% of the variation in the character set among males and 86.5% among females. Three-dimensional projection of localities onto principal components showed that, for both males and females, large individuals occurred in western and northern states and the smallest animals occurred in the Florida Keys. Size gradations were seen with most raccoons similar to those in nearby geographic areas. No relationship was detected between genic and morphologic variation; however, a relationship was found between patterns of morphologic and environmental variation. This relationship was stronger in males. Canonical correlation suggested that trends in size of raccoons follow Bergmann's rule, but other arguments are against this. It appears that patterns of variation in size in raccoons have developed under a complex array of environmental pressures which cannot be individually dissected. It may be that the raccoon genome, while relatively static, allows for a high degree of morphologic plasticity in the face of environmental variation.
EXTENSIVE GENETIC VARIATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA'S AMONG GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS OF THE DEER MOUSE, PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS.

Restriction endonucleases have recently permitted the detection of extensive intraspecific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heterogeneity in a number of mammalian species (e.g., Potter et al., 1975; Upholt and Dawid, 1977; Avise et al., 1979b; Brown, 1980; Brown and Simpson, 1981; Ferris et al., 1981). Because mtDNA appears to evolve very rapidly (Brown et al., 1979), and because mtDNA seems to be strictly maternally inherited (Hutchison et al., 1974; Lansman et al., 1983), the molecule has been advocated as a potentially useful marker for estimating matriarchal phylogenies within and among conspecific populations and closely related species (Lansman et al., 1981). To date, however, only a small handful of studies have begun to exploit this potential for natural population analysis (Avise et al., 1979b; Brown and Wright, 1979; Brown, 1980; Brown and Simpson, 1981; Ferris et al., 1981a, 1981b). In the first paper of this series, we included a description of mtDNA restriction fragment divergence among three geographically distant samples of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (Avise et al., 1979a). Of particular interest was the observation that samples from Colorado and southern Michigan were very similar in mtDNA sequence (estimated nucleotide divergence, P .005), while a sample from North Carolina was very distinct from these (P .040). Here we greatly extend our survey of the deer mouse by analyzing mtDNA sequence variation in 135 animals collected across much of the vast range of the species in North America. Our procedure has been to map restriction sites recognized by eight endonucleases. The restriction maps permit comparisons of the pattern and character of changes in the mtDNA molecule that have occurred during its evolutionary history in P. maniculatus. Thus the data presented in this paper are of considerable significance to two different but closely interrelated aspects of mtDNA evolution: (1) the ' Number IV in the series, "The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence relatedness in natural populations." 2 Current address: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina 27709.
The history of human origins research and its place in the history of science: research problems and historiography

Palaeoanthropology is a relatively recent science when its history is compared to that of other natural sciences, but it has grown to become a prominent field of study that has produced many remarkable discoveries and important theories. It has constructed a professional identity and formed its own institutions, while still retaining close links with other natural and social sciences. Most significantly, it has revolutionized our understanding of human origins and prehistoric human culture. This paper is a historiographical study of recent scholarship in the history of palaeoanthropology and other sciences involved in human origins research that will attempt to outline some prospective new areas of enquiry as well as some promising ways of examining that history. Historically palaeoanthropology grew out of a number of different sciences and today it still encompasses a range of problems and sub-disciplines, and therefore in this paper I include within its scope human evolution, hominid palaeontology, and prehistoric archaeology, while acknowledging other fields that have contributed to the study of human origins. Indeed, examining this conception of palaeoanthropology is one of my objectives. The dramatic changes that have occurred in palaeoanthropology in recent decades have led some practitioners to become interested in the history of their discipline and a number of recent works examine the major discoveries and theoretical developments of palaeoanthropology in the twentieth century. 1 This is not the first time that palaeoanthropologists have taken a retrospective look at their past in order to assess the current state of their field following a period of rapid growth and upheaval. During the middle of the last century, just when palaeoanthropology was emerging as a distinct discipline, scientists and popularizers of science published historical surveys of the emergence and development of human origins research that usually begin with Darwin, evolutionary theory, and the first discoveries of human fossils in the nineteenth century. 2 Most of these early works portray the history of palaeoanthropology as consisting of a series of hominid fossil discoveries and models of human evolution that changed over time as the fossil evidence and biological theories changed. Only occasionally was the history of palaeoanthropology situated within the broader developments that were taking place in the other natural sciences, and rarely do they discuss the external social factors that helped shape the history of human origins research. Despite the prominent accomplishments of palaeoanthropology and its growing stature as a science, few general histories of modern science even mention
The Problematic Prehistory of Prostate Cancer

In the early summer of 1817, the Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons, William Lawrence, presented several cases of ‘Fungus Haematodes’ (including some reported by his colleague, George Langstaff, the attending surgeon for St Giles’ Cripplegate Workhouse). As part of his series, Langstaff recorded a case of extreme urinary blockage arising from, he supposed, a diseased prostate:
Construction and Testing of Experimental Plants Using Solar Cells and Concentrators

Results of the development work for photovoltaic power conversion with concentrators are presented. A preprototype module was constructed and tested consisting of 4 solar-guided parabolic troughs with an aperture area of 32 m2 and a power output of approx. 2.5 kWel. One photovoltaic generator delivers electrical energy with an overall efficiency of 9.3 %. In our hybrid system we produce both electricity and heat. At a temperature of 90°C the thermal efficiency is 45 % and the electrical efficiency 6 %. The temperature of the solar cells mounted on the specially developed cooling channel is approx. 10°C above the coolant temperature. An indoor test facility was constructed and examined to simulate sunlight with respect to wave length distribution, intensity and parallelism. This light was concentrated to 8000 W/m2 on a focal line 1.1 m in length. Non-uniform illumination of solar cells, unavoidable in concentrator systems, was simulated and a small efficiency decrease of less than 3 % measured. The power output for air-conditioning or deslination equipment can be improved by approx. 40 % by additional use of the thermal energy. Solar cells with concentrators represent an effective and economic system for the production of electrical energy and low-temperature process heat.
Recent progress in understanding gauge topology, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking

Abstract A model of interacting instanton-dyons as the dominant degrees of freedom was used to discuss confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in SU (2). The case without fermions and with two flavors of fermions was discussed. Numerical results show that within this model, both with and without fermions, confinement is induced by the repulsion between dyons of same type, as the density of dyons increase at lower temperature. With fermions, the result of confinement at lower temperature, combined with the increased density made the effective distance between fermionic zero-modes smaller, thus inducing a non-zero chiral condensate, obtained by fitting to a eigenvalue density formula from random matrix theory.
Food- and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks on Passenger Cruise Vessels and Aircraft

Outbreaks of illness on passenger cruise vessels during 1970–1975 were caused by Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vehicles for the etiological agents were water, multiple foods, seafood cocktail, and shrimp and lobster. Staphylococcus aureus caused two outbreaks of foodborne illness on aircraft during the same period. Vehicles were custard and ham.
Improving Health Care for Spanish-Speaking Rural Dairy Farm Workers.

Background: Dartmouth Geisel Migrant Health (DGMH) is a medical student group that provides on-site health services for Spanish-speaking dairy workers in rural Vermont and New Hampshire in conjunction with a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Study Objective: This project was undertaken to evaluate and improve the services provided by DGMH and the FQHC and to refine understanding of the target population. Methods: We surveyed 25 workers at 6 collaborating dairy farms to identify health priorities and concerns and perceived barriers and facilitators to health care for these workers. Surveys were administered over 2 weeks in July 2015. Interpreter-mediated appointment and sliding-fee-scale data from a period 7 months that spanned survey administration were also assessed. Results: Diabetes and hypertension were the most common health concerns. Thirty-two percent of participants reported 10 or more days of depressed mood in the past month. Insurance and language were the most common barriers to health care and employers and on-site clinics were the most common facilitators. Appointments most often addressed women9s health, gastrointestinal problems, health maintenance, diabetes, and back pain. Thirty FQHC sliding-fee-scale applications were completed by workers. Conclusions: These Spanish-speaking dairy-farm workers have many health concerns and perceive substantial barriers to health care. Collaboration between medical students, a rural FQHC, and farm employers provides important services that facilitate health care access among this population.
Traces through time: A probabilistic approach to connected archival data

This paper explores challenges in applying modern data analytical techniques to historical archival data, through the lens of The National Archives' Traces through Time project. It considers the potential of computational approaches to create new access routes for heritage collections, offers a practitioner's perspective on the implications for archival description in a digital age and anticipates future developments in this field.
The familial incidence of rheumatic fever; a statistical study of the familial and personal history of rheumatic fever.

Abstract 1. 1. Three per cent of those making up the normal control groups had a personal history of rheumatic fever earlier in life. 2. 2. An attack of rheumatic fever earlier in life tends to facilitate a later attack, but this difference is not great. 3. 3. The occurrence of rheumatic fever in the family increases the risk of the individual developing the disease while still in contact with the family, but not after he is separated from the family. There does not, therefore, appear to be a strong and inherited susceptibility. The occurrence of multiple cases in families could be explained either on the basis of common environment or contagion. In the light of the widely accepted relationship of streptococcal infection to rheumatic fever, and the lack of agreement concerning the roles of social, economic, and geographic factors, we prefer to look on these data as indicating the dominant role of contagion in the development of rheumatic fever.
Recent Advances in Computer Software Techniques and Practices for the Control of Metals Industry Processes

Abstract The application of digital computers to metals processes is approaching a mature business posture after ten years of infancy and adolescence. This arrival at maturity has been greatly enhanced by new developments and practices which have provided the necessary tools for placing process control computer software on a manageable firm product basis. This paper briefly traces the historical development of computer software techniques applied to metals industry processes and then proceeds to describe the more recent developments in greater detail. Recent experiences in applying new software techniques to the control of metals processes is outlined in some detail. Resulting benefits derived by the system supplier and ultimate user, such as manpower utilization, improved installation cycle, user acceptance, and system performance are explored. The paper concludes with a summary of hardware and software developments currently under development, which show much promise in providing the tools necessary to develop a discipline for software engineering similar to the discipline necessary in other engineering practices.
Statistical analysis of dental variation in the Oligocene equid Miohippus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) of Oregon

As many as eight species of the “anchitherine” equid Miohippus have been identified from the John Day Formation of Oregon, but no statistical analysis of variation in these horses has yet been conducted to determine if that level of diversity is warranted. Variation of the anterior-posterior length and transverse width of upper and lower teeth of Turtle Cove Member Miohippus was compared to that of M. equinanus, Mesohippus bairdii, Equus quagga, and Tapirus terrestris using t tests of their coefficients of variation (V). None of the t tests are significant, indicating that the variation seen in Turtle Cove Miohippus is not significantly different from any of the populations of other perissodactyls examined in this study. Data also indicate that Mesohippus is present in the Turtle Cove Member. Additionally, hypostyle condition, used to diagnose all species of Miohippus, was found to be related to stage of wear using an ordered logistic regression. Only two species of equid, one Miohippus and one Mesohippus, in the Turtle Cove Member can be identified, therefore only Miohippus annectens, the genotype and first species described from the region, can be recognized as the sole Miohippus species known from the Turtle Cove assemblage. There are insufficient data to determine which species of Mesohippus is present. The dependence of hypostyle condition on crown height in Miohippus implies that wear stage must also be considered in investigations of dental morphology in the “Anchitheriinae.”
Correlates of Social Support and its Association With Physical Activity Among Young Adolescents.

Background. A substantial proportion of adolescents, particularly girls and minority youth, fail to meet daily physical activity (PA) recommendations. Social support contributes to adolescent PA, but studies examining this relationship have yielded inconsistent results and rarely focus on diverse, urban populations. Aims. This study examines the correlates of support for PA from family and friends and its relationship with PA outcomes among young adolescents. Methods. Data were collected in a cross-sectional survey of 4,773 middle school students. Social support from family and friends was separately measured using the Sallis Support for Exercise Scales. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to assess correlates of high support and the relationship between support and self-reported PA. Results. Approximately one quarter of students reported being active for at least an hour each day. 31.7% of students reported high family support for PA, while 17.8% reported high friend support. Differences in...
Hands-On Station: Fundamentals and Safety of Radiofrequency Electrosurgery

The objective of this station is for the user to learn to properly set up and use electrosurgery and understand how to achieve desired tissue effects. After completion of this station, the user will be able to set up an electrosurgical unit (generator) with monopolar and bipolar instruments, including selection of appropriate output settings, demonstrate a variety of tissue effects and understand the depth of thermal injury achieved with different generator settings, understand the safety mechanisms in a split-pad dispersive electrode, and demonstrate thermal injury to surrounding tissue with insulated and noninsulated monopolar laparoscopic instruments through a variety of mechanisms.
Predicting Risk in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Heart Failure Community Surveillance.

BackgroundRisk-prediction models specifically for hospitalized heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are lacking. Methods and ResultsWe analyzed data from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in...
Microscopic origin of the chiroptical response of plasmonic media

Plasmonic systems hold potential for amplifying chiroptical signals of molecular systems, however a comprehensive understanding of this effect does not exist. We discuss the common origin of chiroptical response in two-dimensional and three-dimensional plasmonic systems.
Computational resolution enhancement for mesh-based x-ray phase imaging

X ray phase imaging can offer significantly improved image contrast between materials of similar atomic number compared to traditional imaging, although it typically requires small, low power sources to generate the required spatial coherence. We have demonstrated the use of a simple wire mesh and Fourier transform techniques to overcome this limitation, essentially by observing shifts in the mesh. However, the resolution of that technique is limited by the mesh period. Here we demonstrate greatly improved spatial resolution by the application of wider windowing and appropriate combinations of Fourier components from multiple images acquired while spatially shifting the grid.
Ductile-phase toughening and Fatigue-Crack Growth in Nb-Reinforced Molybdenum Disilicide Intermetallic Composites

A study has been made of the role of ductile-phase toughening on the ambient temperature fracture toughness and fatigue-crack propagation behavior of a molybdenum disilicide intermetallicmatrix composite reinforced with 20 vol pct niobium spheres. Using disk-shaped compact DC(T) samples, only moderate improvements (∼24 pct) in fracture toughnessK lcvalues were found for the composite compared to the unreinforced MoSi2 matrix material. Moreover, (cyclic) fatigue- crack propagation was seen at stress intensities as low as 75 to 90 pct ofK Ic, with growth rates displaying a high dependency (∼14) on the applied stress-intensity range. The lack of significant toughening due to the incorporation of ductile Nb particles is associated with an absence of crack/particle interactions. This is attributed to the formation of a weak reaction-layer interface and elastic mismatch stresses at the crack tip between the Nb and MoSi2, both factors which favor interfacial debonding; moreover, the spherical morphology of Nb phase stabilizes cracking around the particle. Results suggest that increasing the aspect ratio of the distributed Nb rein- forcement phase with attendant interfacial debonding and eliminating possible Nb-phase em- brittlement due to interstitial impurity contamination are critical factors for the successful development of tougher Nb/MoSi2 structural composites.
Topological Adjustments to Genechip Expression Values

In this paper we identify hidden patterns of intensities in Affymetrix biochips. The study shows that not only defective, but also “good” quality chips have local areas of elevated or lowered signal intensities. These areas may vary between chips, but have a distinct pattern, consistent for a particular chip type and batch. We describe an algorithm for quick estimation of Affymetrix biochip integrity either for a single chip or in a series of experiments. We also suggest a practical approach for improving the estimation of gene expression level by scaling probe intensities to the local grid mean intensity
Teaching cardiac auscultation using simulated heart sounds and small-group discussion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Several educators have reported poor identification of abnormal cardiac sounds by primary care residents. Practice and review with cardiology patient simulators and prerecorded heart sounds has been shown to increase the accuracy of diagnosis by medical students and residents. METHODS The participants were 15 members of an urban family practice residency. The residents were presented with simulated heart sounds and were asked to identify them in a pretest and posttest. Between the tests, participants were invited to three separate teaching sessions that involved a discussion of cardiac auscultatory findings and a review of audiotaped similar heart sounds. Residents who were unable to attend the teaching sessions formed a control group. RESULTS The pretest identification rate was 36% for the heart sounds. This improved to 62% for all residents after the intervention. Higher rates of improvement were demonstrated by the residents who attended one or more teaching sessions, compared with the residents who attended no teaching sessions. CONCLUSIONS Small-group discussion and repetitive auscultation of simulated heart sounds can improve the cardiac auscultatory proficiency of family practice residents.
Outcomes After the Implementation of Practice Management Guidelines for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Implantable Device Pocket Infections.

BACKGROUND Treatment of cardiovascular implantable device pocket infections (CIDPIs) requires a multimodal approach that includes antimicrobials, device explantation, and local wound care. Our institution implemented a practice management guideline (PMG) to standardize the care of CIDPIs and engage our acute care surgeons in 2013. Our PMG includes wound culture, complete capsulectomy, pulse lavage, and the placement of a negative pressure wound therapy appliance at the time of device extraction. Forty-eight hours later, wounds are irrigated and closed in a delayed primary fashion over drains. Our objective was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent device extraction before and after the implementation of the PMG for the treatment of CIDPIs. METHODS An IRB-approved retrospective review of 155 patients at our institution from 2012 to 2015 who underwent device explantation. Evaluated outcomes measured included days from device explant to wound closure, and postoperative complications. Outcomes data were analyzed before (pre-PMG) and after (post-PMG) enactment of the PMG. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients (42 males; mean age 68 years) were managed prior to PMG implementation; 97 (72 males; mean age 67) were managed after. Mean days from device explantation to wound closure were compared (pre-PMG 6 ± 3.5 and post-PMG 2.8 ± 1.8), and time to closure was reduced by 3-d post-PMG implementation (P < 0.05). No increase in surgical site infection, hematoma, or unplanned return to operating room was demonstrated between groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a PMG for the management of CIDPIs is effective in reducing the number of days to pocket wound closure; acute care surgeons are well equipped to participate in this practice and improve patient outcomes.
Physical Layer Cryptographic Key Generation by Exploiting PMD of an Optical Fiber Link

We present a symmetric physical layer based secret key generation scheme for Point-to-Point Optical Link (PPOL) communication by exploiting Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) as a random and inimitable channel characteristic. The randomness and security strength of generated cryptographic keys based on PMD is significantly high. In this paper, we present that random modulation of a probe signal caused by PMD in a high-speed data communication network (40 Gb/s and 60 Gb/s) is reciprocal with average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.862, despite the presence of optical nonlinearities, dispersion, and noise in the system. 128-bit symmetric cryptographic key has been successfully generated using the proposed scheme. Moreover, PMD-based encryption keys passed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests. We have shown through simulations with a 50 km link that, with optimal key generation settings, symmetric keys can be generated with high randomness (high P-values for NIST randomness tests) and with sufficient generation rates (>50%). Furthermore, we considered an attack model of a non-invasive adversary intercepting at 10 km into the link and found that the generated keys have high average key bit mismatch rates (>40%).
An Analysis of Bistatic Sea Clutter Statistics

This paper studies the amplitude distribution of bistatic sea clutter using a physics-based model. Such a study assists in understanding clutter statistics for target detection and remote sensing applications. The formulation of the model is based on a “two-scale” decomposition and Elfouhaily spectrum. This model provides a physical basis of the mean power (texture) function in the compound Gaussian model. The model developed in this paper does not include sea surface features such as breaking waves, so that the “sea spike” behaviors of sea clutter important at lower grazing angles are not captured. The model is therefore limited to application at larger grazing angles but otherwise throughout the entire bistatic scattering hemisphere.
Transferability of Lidar-derived Basal Area and Stem Density Models within a Northern Idaho Ecoregion

AbstractA patchwork of disjunct lidar collections is rapidly developing across the USA, often acquired with different acquisition goals and parameters and without field data for forest inventory. A...