cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deontic logic and the possibility of moral conflict

Standard dyadic deontic logic (as well as standard deontic logic) has recently come under attack by moral philosophers who maintain that the axioms of standard dyadic deontic logic are biased against moral theories which generate moral conflicts. Since moral theories which generate conflicts are at least logically tenable, it is argued, standard dyadic deontic logic should be modified so that the set of logically possible moral theories includes those which generate such conflicts. I argue that (1) there are only certain types of moral conflicts which are interesting, and which have worried moral theorists, (2) the modification of standard dyadic deontic logic along the lines suggested by those who defend the possibility of moral conflicts makes possible only uninteresting types of moral conflicts, and (3) the general strategy of piecemeal modification standard dyadic deontic logic is misguided: the possibility of interesting moral conflicts cannot be achieved in that way.
Middle Wisconsin glaciation in the Genesee Valley, NY: A stratigraphic record contemporaneous with Heinrich Event, H4

Abstract Two lacustrine deformation tills with ages corresponding closely to North Atlantic Heinrich event, H4, are preserved in the Genesee Valley on the western edge of the Finger Lakes region of New York State. The locality is at the convergence of a major north-flowing river with the Laurentide ice sheet and results in unusual preservation of datable organics. Intact Middle and Late Wisconsin glacial sequences are preserved above a Middle Wisconsin interstadial disconformity within a bedrock trough that has dimensions similar to those of the larger Finger Lakes. The shallow burial depth and age of the disconformity (circa 35,000 14 C years BP) demonstrate that deep erosion of Finger Lakes bedrock troughs cannot be presumed to have occurred during all major glacial advances. The preserved glacial stratigraphy indicates that proglacial and substrate conditions, as well as the rate of ice advance, may cause a wide variation in the ability of ice sheets to cause deep basal erosion during major glacial stadials. The evidence also demonstrates that Middle Wisconsin ice advanced more than 30 km south of the Lake Ontario shoreline in west-central New York. Other buried wood of Middle Wisconsin age in the Genesee Valley suggests that the recoverable record of Early(?) and Middle Wisconsin glaciations in New York is more diverse than is documented in the existing literature.
Phylogeographic studies in plants: problems and prospects

Genetic structuring of plant populations is strongly influenced by both common ancestry and current patterns of interpopulation genetic exchange. The interaction of these two forces is particularly confounding and hence interesting in plants. This complexity of plant genetic structures is due in part to a diversity of reproductive ecologies affecting genetic exchange and the fact that reproductive barriers are often weak between otherwise morphologically well-defined species. Phylogeographic methods provide a means of examining the history of genetic exchange among populations, with the potential to distinguish biogeographic patterns of genetic variation caused by gene flow from those caused by common ancestry. With regard to plants, phylogeography will be most useful when applied broadly across the entire spectrum of potential genetic exchange. Although current phylogeographic studies of plants show promise, widespread application of this approach has been hindered by a lack of appropriate molecular variation; this problem is discussed and possible solutions considered.
Structural proteins of Marek's disease virus

Abstract Marek's disease virus (MDV) was propagated in roller-bottle cultures of duck embryo fibroblasts and partially purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Analysis of viral protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that at least eight proteins (designated VPI-VPVIII) were present in MDV. The VPI is the major viral protein. At least two viral proteins, VPII and VPIV, with glucosamine label could be detected. These two peaks may represent viral glycoprotein and may be associated with the viral envelope. No host cell proteins coelectrophoresed with any viral proteins. Similar electropherograms were obtained by coelectrophoresis of MDV and herpes simplex virus proteins and of MDV and pseudorabies virus proteins.
Incidence, Types, and Lifetime Risk of Adult-Onset Strabismus

Objective To describe the incidence and types of adult-onset strabismus in a geographically defined population. Design Retrospectively reviewed population-based cohort. Participants All adult (≥19 years of age) residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, diagnosed with new-onset adult strabismus from January 1, 1985, through December 31, 2004. Methods The medical records of all potential cases identified by the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Incidence rates for adult-onset strabismus and its types. Results Seven hundred fifty-three cases of new-onset adult strabismus were identified during the 20-year period, yielding an annual age- and gender-adjusted incidence rate of 54.1 cases (95% confidence interval, 50.2–58.0) per 100 000 individuals 19 years of age and older. The 4 most common types of new-onset strabismus were paralytic (44.2% of cases), convergence insufficiency (15.7%), small-angle hypertropia (13.3%), and divergence insufficiency (10.6%). The incidence of adult-onset strabismus overall and its 4 most common forms significantly increased with age ( P 0.001 for all), with a peak incidence in the eighth decade of life. The lifetime risk of being diagnosed with adult-onset strabismus was 4.0% in women and 3.9% in men. Conclusions Paralytic strabismus was the most common subtype of new-onset adult strabismus in this population-based cohort. All of the most common forms of adult-onset strabismus increased with age, especially after the sixth decade of life. Further characterization of strabismus types found in this study is warranted to better define this disorder.
A note on calculating P values from 0.15–0.005 for the Anderson-Darling normality test using the F distribution

Abstract Exact P values in the range 0.15–0.005 for the Anderson-Darling statistic can be calculated using the F distribution by modifying the asymptotic statistic A* with a simple formula. The formula calculates F* and P is calculated using .
Functional neuroimaging of grammatical class: Ambiguous and unambiguous nouns and verbs

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies of grammatical-class differences suggest that nouns and verbs may be associated with different brain regions. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study focused on auditory grammaticality judgements of two-word stimuli consisting of noun/verb ambiguous and unambiguous nouns and verbs preceded by either "the" or "to". The fMRI results showed effects of class ambiguity in the left inferior frontal gyrus, possibly due to greater selection demands, and effects of grammaticality ("yes" vs. "no" response) in left superior temporal gyrus, consistent with greater activation for trials with greater conflict. In addition, posterior left temporal lobe regions showed increased activity on unambiguous trials for verbs than for nouns, consistent with prior imaging studies. Thus, in a task specifically focused on the grammatical (rather than semantic) aspects of words and that used morphologically simple nouns and verbs controlled for imageability, verbs preferentially activated posterior temporal but not frontal lobe regions. However, for ambiguous trials in this same region, nouns showed greater activation than verbs, suggesting that these effects can be modulated by class ambiguity.
Rett Syndrome: Evidence for Normal Dopaminergic Function

Rett syndrome (RS) is a neurological disorder associated with cortical atrophy, stereotyped hand movements, dementia, and extrapyramidal dysfunction. In a small number of RS patients, dopaminergic function has been reported to be decreased throughout the neocortex and basal ganglia. The present study investigated for changes in endogenous levels of dopamine, its metabolite homovanillic acid, dopamine reuptake sites and dopamine type-2 receptors in the brains of 12 RS patients (4-30 yrs) and 14 normal female controls (2.5-20 yrs). The levels of each biomarker did not differ significantly between RS and controls in any brain region examined. These data support the hypothesis that dopaminergic neuronal function may be relatively normal in RS.
Bayesian Signal Reconstruction, Markov Random Fields, and X-Ray Crystallography

A signal-reconstruction problem motivated by x-ray crystallography is (approximately) solved with a Bayesian statistical approach. The signal is 0–1 and periodic, and substantial statistical a priori information is known, which is modeled with a Markov random field. The data are inaccurate magnitudes of the Fourier coefficients of the signal. The solution is explicit, and the computational burden is independent of the signal dimension. The spherical model and asymptotic small noise expansions are used.
Sex-related differences in the control of gonadotropin concentrations in neonatal pigs.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine gonadal regulation of gonadotropin secretion in male and female neonatal piglets. In the first experiment, a single i.p. injection of charcoal-treated porcine follicular fluid (pFF) lowered ( P
PDGF-stimulated smooth muscle cell behavior inhibited by decorin mimic

While the number of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) performed in the United States has increased by 33%, thrombosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and restenosis remain complications of this procedure and inhibit complete functional recovery of the vessel wall. While some progress has been made via the local delivery of anti-restenotic therapeutics from drug-eluting balloons and stents, the onset of thrombosis has left room for therapeutic improvement. Towards this effort, our laboratory has developed an antithrombotic therapeutic (DS-SILY) consisting of a dermatan sulfate backbone functionalized with collagen-binding peptides, which effectively inhibits collagen-induced platelet activation and encourages endothelial cell proliferation. Due to the negative charge associated with DS, DS-SILY binds to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), in addition to other signaling molecules involved in the restenotic pathway, with high affinity. As such, PDGF-stimulated SMC cultures treated with DS-SILY demonstrate significantly decreased proliferation, migration, protein synthesis, and expression of inflammatory cytokines compared to cultures treated with PDGF alone. The trends demonstrated here correlate to responses exhibited intracellularly, where intracellular phosphorylation of the MAPKs ERK and p38 decreased with increased concentration of DS-SILY. These results indicate that the use of DS-SILY as an antithrombotic therapeutic during PCI could aid in the functional healing of the injured vessel wall.
Race and Ethnicity in Patients with Chronic Fatigue

Purpose: Chronic fatigue (CF) is a common complaint in ambulatory settings. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by profound fatigue associated with other symptoms that is rarely reported in racial/ethnic minorities. Our objectives were to determine if differences exist between Caucasian and minority patients presenting with CF, particularly in the frequency meeting criteria for CFS. Patients: 690 patients with CF seen in a university-based referral clinic. Design/Methods: Demographic, historical, physical examination, laboratory, and psychosocial information was prospectively collected and compared. Psychosocial assessment consisted of a structured psychiatric interview, the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey to assess functional status, the General Health Questionnaire to ascertain psychological distress, and measures of health locus of control, illness attribution, social support, and coping. Results: With the exception of less social support from friends, no significant race/et...
The structure of the nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide coenzyme when bound to lactate dehydrogenase.

The electron density distribution of M4 dogfish lactate dehydrogenase at 5 A resolution has been re-calculated using improved phases derived in part from a new heavy atom derivative. Difference maps have been calculated for an adenosine and a nearly isomorphous NAD derivative, permitting the positioning of the coenzyme on the molecule and identification of its adenosine moiety. A skeletal model has been fitted to the electron density which clearly establishes the “open” structure of the bound coenzyme. The coenzyme is bound at the base of a deep cleft with the nicotinamide end buried particularly deeply within the subunit. The reactive (A-type) hydrogen comes within 13.5 A of the essential thiol group, but is separated from it by substantial protein electron density. No two of the four coenzyme binding sites approach closer than 21 A.
The relationship of eosinophil granule proteins to ions in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.

Background Increased sputum levels of eosinophil granule proteins have been reported despite normal eosinophil numbers in peripheral blood and in the lung in cystic fibrosis (CF). Mechanisms of eosinophil priming and activation are still unclear in CF. Objective In the present study we investigated whether ion concentrations in the sputa of CF patients are related to eosinophil activity. Methods We assessed concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX), major basic protein (MBP) and ions (Na + , Cl - , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) in sputum samples of 29 children with CF as well as in 10 controls with bronchial asthma. Results Patients with CF demonstrated significantly higher levels of ECP, Na + , Cl and Ca 2+ levels than asthmatics (P < 0.04, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.02). No differences were seen between concentrations of EPX and Mg 2+ in the two groups. In CF, eosinophil granule proteins correlated significantly with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations (ECP, P < 0.0001, r = 0.65, P < 0.0001, r = 0.66; MBP, P < 0.03, r = 0.41, P < 0.03, r = 0.42), furthermore inversely with Cl concentrations (ECP, P < 0.0003, r = 0.63; EPX, P < 0.02, r = - 0.45; MBP, P < 0.03, r = - 0.41) but not with Na + levels. ECP, Na + and Cl were also correlated with lung function variables (FVC, P < 0.04, r = - 0.38, P < 0.02, r = 0.44, P < 0.03, r = 0.41; FEV1, P < 0.007, r = - 0.49. P < 0.006, r = 0.5, P < 0.008, r = 0.48; MEF50, P < 0.003, r = - 0.54, NS, P < 0.03, r = 0.42; MEF25, P < 0.039, r = - 0.4, P < 0.005, r = 0.51, P < 0.05, r = 0.37). Conclusion Our results demonstrated a significant relationship of eosinophil degranulation and ions in CF, indicating that ion composition in CF sputa may be at least partly be responsible for high levels of eosinophil products despite low eosinophil numbers.
On-site Coulomb repulsion in the small polaron system La 1 − x Ca x MnO 3

Conductivity measurements from 300 to 1200 K of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ thin films, with doping from $x=0$ to $x=1,$ show that the entire doping range fits the adiabatic small polaron model $\ensuremath{\sigma}=(A/T)\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{E}_{a}/kT).$ Furthermore the $x$ dependence of $A$ explicitly shows the effects of on-site Coulomb repulsion, i.e., a polaron cannot hop into an occupied site. Instead of increasing monotonically as more carriers are introduced, $A$ starts to decrease at $x=0.2$ and, as expected for Hubbard band splitting, is reduced to almost zero when the lattice is full.
GVVPT2 multireference perturbation theory study of selenium oxides

The electronic structures of oxides of selenium, SeO, SeO2, and SeO3, and their dimers, Se2O3 and Se2O5, were studied using the second-order Generalised van Vleck variant of multireference perturbation theory (GVVPT2), with comparison to the linked completely renormalised coupled cluster through perturbative triple excitations, i.e., CR-CC(2,3), theory. Geometry optimisations of SeO, SeO2, and SeO3 using GVVPT2 and the cc-pVTZ basis set show close agreement with CR-CC(2,3) results and, for SeO and SeO2, close agreement with experiment. In contrast, both GVVPT2 and CR-CC(2,3) predict that the r e bond length of SeO3 is significantly shorter (ca. 0.1 A) than the r 0 experimental value. Calculations of energies of oxidation reactions predict the formation of SeO2 and SeO3 from SeO to be exothermic. The geometries and energetics of four isomers of both Se2O3 and Se2O5 have been characterised using a composite methodology; key transition states between the isomers were similarly calculated. Because of comparab...
The Certainty of Uncertainty: GIS and the Limits of Geographic Knowledge

Considerable effort has been devoted over the years to fighting uncertainty in geographic information in its different manifestations. Thus far, research on handling inaccuracy, fuzziness, error and related issues has focused for the most part on problems with spatial data and their direct products, typically representations of spatial objects or fields. This paper seeks to broaden the discussion of uncertainty in the geospatial domain by shifting the focus from information to knowledge. It turns out that there is a surprising number of things that we cannot know (or questions we cannot answer) that are not the result of imperfect information. Forms of not knowing are pervasive in domains as diverse as mathematics, logic, physics, and linguistics, and are apparently irreducible. This being the case it may help to explore how these realms of ignorance may affect our efforts. The paper distinguishes three different modes or forms of geospatial knowledge production, and argues that each of them has built–in imperfections, for reasons of logical principle and not just empirical fact. While much can and needs to be done to manage and resolve uncertainties where possible, I argue for accepting that uncertainty is an intrinsic property of complex knowledge and not just a flaw that needs to be excised.
The value of time in recreation benefit studies

Abstract This paper examines the role of time costs—both on-site and travel—in models describing recreation behavior, and draws implications for the travel-cost approach to recreation site benefit estimation. The analysis shows that both recreation and travel time are costly. The latter can be valued in terms of its scarcity value, but the former may be most appropriately valued in terms of the “alue of travel time saved.” Although there are cases in which on-site time costs need not be explicitly considered in recreation benefit models, it is not clear such cases are the rule rather than the exception. Suggestions are made for measuring on-site and travel time costs.
Andrew Carnegie – By David Nasaw

This accomplished historian and biographer has produced yet another fine piece of history and biography with this very scholarly and eminently readable and absorbing biography of Andrew Carnegie. T...
Microbial removal of alkanes from dilute gaseous waste streams: kinetics and mass transfer considerations.

Treatment of dilute gaseous hydrocarbon waste streams remains a current need for many industries, particularly as increasingly stringent environmental regulations and oversight force emission reduction. Biofiltration systems hold promise for providing low-cost alternatives to more traditional, energy-intensive treatment methods such as incineration and adsorption. Elucidation of engineering principles governing the behavior of such systems, including mass transfer limitations, will broaden their applicability. Our processes exploit a microbial consortium to treat a mixture of 0.5% n-pentane and 0.5% isobutane in air. Since hydrocarbon gases are sparingly soluble in water, good mixing and high surface area between the gas and liquid phases are essential for biodegradation to be effective. One liquid-continuous columnar bioreactor was operated for more than 30 months with continued degradation of n-pentane and isobutane as sole carbon and energy sources. The maximum degradation rate observed in this gas-recycle system was 2 g of volatile organic compounds (VOC)/(m3.h). A trickle-bed bioreactor was operated continuously for over 24 months to provide a higher surface area (using a structured packing) with increased rates. Degradation rates consistently achieved were approximately 50 g of VOC/(m3.h) via single pass in this gas-continuous columnar system. Effective mass transfer coefficients comparable to literature values were also measured for this reactor; these values were substantially higher than those found in the gas-recycle reactor. Control of biomass levels was implemented by limiting the level of available nitrogen in the recirculating aqueous media, enabling long-term stability of reactor performance.
Research experiences for undergraduates: autonomic computing research at FIU

According to Computing Research Association, during each year between 2003 and 2007, fewer than 3% of the US's Ph.D.s graduates in computer science and computer engineering were Hispanic or African American and fewer than 20% were women. Such an under-representation precludes the benefits of diversity in computer sciences research and industry and consequently compromises the competitiveness of the US economy. It is therefore imperative that undergraduate institutions introduce students from these groups to research at an early stage of their academic careers and to provide them with the tools necessary for success in graduate school. The School of Computing and Information Sciences (SCIS) at Florida International University (FIU) has been working to strengthen the pipeline of underrepresented students to graduate work in computer science by hosting an NSF sponsored Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site for the past three years. Our REU site has hosted 30 undergraduate students, 23 of them were underrepresented including 8 females, 16 Hispanics, and 4 African Americans, who published 13 technical papers. Six of the ten students who have already graduated, have started their graduate studies.
Promoting PGC-1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis is detrimental in pressure-overloaded mouse hearts

Mitochondrial dysfunction in animal models of heart failure is associated with downregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α pathway. To test whether PGC-1α is an appropriate therapeutic target for increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and improving function in heart failure, we used a transgenic (TG) mouse model of moderate overexpression of PGC-1α (∼3-fold) in the heart. TG mice had small increases in citrate synthase activity and mitochondria size in the heart without alterations in myocardial energetics or cardiac function at baseline. In vivo dobutamine stress increased fractional shortening in wild-type mice, but this increase was attenuated in TG mice, whereas ex vivo isolated perfused TG hearts demonstrated normal functional and energetic response to high workload challenge. When subjected to pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), TG mice displayed a significantly greater acute mortality for both male and female mice; however, long-term survival up to 8 wk was similar between the two groups. TG mice also showed a greater decrease in fractional shortening and a greater increase in left ventricular chamber dimension in response to TAC. Mitochondrial gene expression and citrate synthase activity were mildly increased in TG mice compared with wild-type mice, and this difference was also maintained after TAC. Our data suggest that a moderate level of PGC-1α overexpression in the heart compromises acute survival and does not improve cardiac function during chronic pressure overload in mice.
Induction of spindle cell morphology in human vascular endothelial cells by human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein K13.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, a disease characterized by the presence of distinctive proliferating spindle-like cells. Although HHV8 can induce spindle cell transformation of vascular endothelial cells in vitro, the viral gene(s) responsible for this phenotype remain to be identified. We demonstrate that expression of HHV8-encoded viral Fas-associated death domain protein-like IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein K13 is sufficient to induce spindle cell phenotype in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which is associated with the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and can be blocked by Bay-11-7082, a specific inhibitor of this pathway. K13 induces the expression of several genes known to be upregulated in HHV8-transformed vascular endothelial cells, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, CXC ligand 3 (CXCL3), orphan G protein coupled receptor (RDC1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5). Furthermore, similar to K13, HHV8-induced spindle cell transformation of HUVEC is associated with NF-κB activation and can be blocked by Bay-11-7082. Thus, ectopic expression of a single latent gene of HHV8 is sufficient for the acquisition of spindle cell phenotype by vascular endothelial cells and NF-κB activation plays an essential role in this process.
Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency: an opportunity for intervention.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a potentially fatal disorder characterized by defective T- and B-lymphocyte function. We describe a 34-week female twin who had developed feeding intolerance, perioral cyanosis, abdominal distension and neutropenia at 1 month of age. Despite several evaluations including an ‘inconclusive’ newborn screening result for SCID, the presence of profound lymphopenia was unappreciated. Eventually a diagnosis of SCID in association with adenosine deaminase deficiency was made. This case serves to emphasize the importance of newborn screening for SCID in the context of careful evaluation of clinical and laboratory findings that may be overlooked and result in a delay in the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening condition.
Understanding Elementary Teacher Motivations for Science Fieldtrips.

This investigation sought to identify the motivations that comprise teachers' agendas when leading student fieldtrips to science museums or similar sites. A survey distributed to upper elementary teachers resulted in a variety of open-ended responses that were analyzed and coded to identify recurring themes. In addition, ten teachers planning to lead a school trip to a natural history museum were interviewed and observed. Interview and observation data were used to triangulate findings and refine descriptions of actual practice. Eight fieldtrip motivations were identified including to connect with the classroom curriculum, to provide a general learning experience, to encourage lifelong learning, to enhance interest and motivation, to provide exposure to new experiences, to provide a change in setting or routine, for enjoyment, and to meet school expectations. Results indicated that ‘connecting to the classroom curriculum’ was an important consideration, although teachers had different interpretations of what this meant. Further examination of the teachers' agendas suggested the influence of different contexts, including that of the school and the museum site. These findings lead to suggestions for facilitating school visits to informal settings by considering the teachers' fieldtrip perspectives and agendas. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed89:936–955, 2005
A medieval Arabic analysis of motion at an instant : the avicennan sources to the Forma fluens/fluxus formae debate

The forma fluens/fluxus formae debate concerns the question as to whether motion is something distinct from the body in motion, the flow of a distinct form identified with motion (fluxus formae), or nothing more than the successive states of the body in motion, the flow of some form found in one of Aristotle's ten categories (forma fluens). Although Albertus Magnus introduced this debate to the Latin West he drew his inspiration from Avicenna. This study argues that Albertus misclassified Avicenna's position, since Albertus could not conceptualize motion at an instant, whereas it is claimed here this was the very position Avicenna adopted. The paper includes an overview of Albertus's discussion and a brief survey of the Avicennan sources upon which Albertus drew. The heart of the paper treats Avicenna's analysis of motion at an instant. Avicenna's general argument was that since spatial points have no extremities, nothing in principle prevents a moving object from being at a spatial point for more than an instant, understood as a limit. It is then argued that Avicenna had the philosophical machinery to make sense of a limit, albeit not in mathematical terms, but in terms of an Aristotelian potential infinite.
Integrated Library Systems for Small Libraries: Estimating the Cost

The small library frequently presents an inadequate justification for the installation of an integrated library system. The “average” costs of system components—including hardware, software, and related expenses—are outlined to assist in projecting the costs of a small system. The potential benefits of a system—the areas in which operational costs can be reduced through the use of an integrated library system—are also reviewed. The realistic projecting of costs and potential long‐term savings (through increased performance and efficiency) will form the basis for justifying an integrated library system.
An Efficient Method to Calculate Three-Phase Free-Water Flash for Water−Hydrocarbon Systems

Using the free-water assumption and a modified Rachford−Rice (MRR) equation proposed in this work, a novel method is developed to calculate the three-phase flash of water−hydrocarbon mixtures. In the method, the number of phases can be determined instantly, the computation is as fast as that of two-phase flash, and binary parameters between water and hydrocarbons are only optional. The efficiency of the developed method is demonstrated by its reduction to the accurate Scheffer equation, its good results for two real systems, and its favorable comparison with regular three-phase flash.
Role of sample adequacy in fine needle aspiration biopsy of palpable breast lesions

Abstract Background: The role of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in breast lesions remains uncertain because its accuracy has been questioned. We hypothesized that this is related to failure to define standards for adequacy of sample preparation. Methods: We reviewed cytology and pathology reports from 351 patients undergoing FNAB at a 350-bed community, university-affiliated teaching hospital over a 2-year period. Patients were included if they had an open biopsy within 2 years of an FNAB of the same lesion. Cytology reports were reviewed by a cytopathologist unaware of the clinical setting or subsequent histology; surgeons unaware of the cytology reports reviewed histology reports. Cytological diagnoses were benign, likely benign, probable cancer, and definite cancer. Samples were characterized as satisfactory, less than optimal (few mammary epithelial clusters), or inadequate (no mammary epithelial clusters.) We assessed the proportion of inadequate samples, the accuracy of FNAB, and the influence of sample adequacy upon FNAB sensitivity. Results: Ninety-nine (28%) FNABs were inadequate, 77 (22%) less than optimal, and 175 (50%) satisfactory. Ninety-five patients (27%) had a final diagnosis of malignancy. FNABs classified as satisfactory or less than optimal and characterized as benign (n = 102) had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.91; those termed definite cancer (n = 43) had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.98. Only 10% of all cancers were identified in the 28% of FNABs that were classified as inadequate ( P Conclusions: We concluded that too few FNABs are performed in a fashion that permits definitive cytological interpretation. Inadequate FNABs are less likely to detect malignancy. After excluding inadequate preparations, FNABs interpreted as definite cancer and as benign are highly accurate in identifying patients with and without cancer.
Theoretical Explorations of Enantioselective Alkylation Reactions of Pyrroles and Indoles Organocatalyzed by Chiral Imidazolidinones

The transition structures for MacMillan's alkylations of N-methylpyrrole by aldehydes catalyzed by chiral amine salts were explored with B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional theory. These results provide an explanation of the enantioselectivities observed with these two catalysts.
Noncontact optical measurement of lens capsule thickness ex vivo

Purpose: To design a non-contact optical system to measure lens capsule thickness in cadaver eyes. Methods: The optical system uses a 670nm laser beam delivered to a single-mode fiber coupler. The output of the fiber coupler is focused onto the tissue using an aspheric lens (NA=0.68) mounted on a motorized translation stage. Light reflected from the sample is collected by the fiber coupler and sent to a silicon photodiode connected to a power meter. Peaks in the power signal are detected when the focal point of the aspheric lens coincides with the capsule boundaries. The capsule thickness is proportional to the distance between successive peaks. Anterior and posterior lens capsule thickness measurements were performed on 13 human, 10 monkey, and 34 New Zealand white rabbit lenses. The cadaver eyes were prepared for optical measurements by bonding a PMMA ring on the sclera. The posterior pole was sectioned, excess vitreous was removed, and the eye was placed on a Teflon slide. The cornea and iris were then sectioned. After the experiments, the lenses were excised, placed in 10% buffered formalin, and prepared for histology. Results: Central anterior lens capsule thickness was 9.4±2.9μm (human), 11.2±6.6μm (monkey), and 10.3±3.6μm (rabbit) optically and 14.9±1.6μm (human), 17.7±4.9μm (monkey), and 12.6±2.3μm (rabbit) histologically. The values for the central posterior capsule were 9.4±2.9μm (human), 6.6±2.5μm (monkey), and 7.9±2.3μm (rabbit) optically and 4.6±1.4μm (human), 4.5±1.2μm (monkey), and 5.7±1.7μm (rabbit) histologically. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a non-contact optical system can successfully measure lens capsule thickness in cadaver eyes.
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange in Clays

As an introduction, the general thermodynamic treatments for binary cation exchange are reviewed. The normal choice of standard states for the cations in the clay phase, and commonly used thermodynamic formulations with different scales of measurement are both discussed. The definition of standard states for the clay phase which is due to Gaines & Thomas ( J. chem. Phys . 21, 714 (1953)) is considered in most detail ; the effect of water activity changes in the homo-ionic forms of the clay on the magnitude of the cation activity coefficients is considered. In the main part of the paper, three topics of current interest are considered. First, the current controversies regarding the appropriate choice of measurement scale for exchange reactions in clays are reviewed, together with the consequent implications that a particular choice of concentration scale have regarding the definition of ideal behaviour in the exchange phase. It is emphasized that thermodynamic formulations in terms of either the cationic mole fraction scale or the equivalent function scale are equally valid. Second, some recent developments concerning the thermodynamics of ternary and multicomponent exchange are reviewed. The question as to whether multicomponent equilibria may be predicted from binary data alone is briefly discussed, and recent rigorous thermodynamic formulations of Chu & Sposito ( J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am . (1981)) and Fletcher & Townsend ( J. chem. Soc. Faraday Trans . II 77, 955; 965; 2077 (1981)) are compared. These formulations, also based on different measurement scales, are shown to be compatible and complementary. Finally, the question of site heterogeneity in clays is considered briefly, and some current attempts to interpret non-ideal behaviour in the exchange reaction in terms of this phenomenon are discussed.
Determination of acid dissociation constants of peptide side-chain functional groups by two-dimensional NMR.

An NMR method is described for determining residue-specific acid dissociation constants for peptides which contain more than one residue of the same acidic or basic amino acid. The method is based on using the differences in CαH proton chemical shifts which result from peptide sequence nearest-neighbor and possibly secondary structure effects to resolve resonances for carbon-bonded reporter protons adjacent to each side-chain acidic group in two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) spectra. Acid dissociation constants were determined for each of the four lysine side-chain ammonium groups of the peptide Lys-Asn-Asn-Gln-Lys-Ser-Glu-Pro-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Lys-Lys-Thr-NH2. Resonances for the CeH2 protons adjacent to the four side-chain ammonium groups, which overlap in the one-dimensional spectrum, were resolved using the CαH−CeH2 cross peaks in the TOCSY spectrum. Chemical shift−pH titration data were obtained for each lysine side-chain ammonium group from one-dimensional subspectra taken from two...
Are the immune responses different in middle-aged and young mice following bone fracture, tissue trauma and hemorrhage?

Abstract Although immune responses following soft-tissue trauma–hemorrhage are markedly different in young (6–8 weeks) and aged (18–20 months) mice, it remains unknown if there are any differences in immune responses in middle-aged and young mice following bone fracture, soft-tissue trauma–hemorrhage (Fx-TH). To study this, young (6–8 weeks) and middle-aged (∼12 months) C3H/HeN male mice were subjected to sham operation or Fx-TH followed by resuscitation with Ringer's lactate. The mice were sacrificed 2 h thereafter and splenocytes, bone marrow cells (BM) and Kupffer cells (KC) were harvested, purified and stimulated with ConA (for splenocytes) or LPS (for BM and KC) in vitro. Splenocyte release of Th 1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) cytokines was decreased and Th 2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine release was increased following Fx-TH in both young and middle-aged mice. However, the decrease in IL-2 and increase in IL-10 were significantly more in middle-aged mice compared to young mice ( p p p
Driving glioblastoma to drink.

Attempts to treat cancer with drugs that target mutated proteins have met with mixed success. By screening for compounds that alter the phenotype of glioblastoma cells—an aggressive brain tumor—Kitambi et al. identify a potential new treatment of the disease and shed light on an unusual cell death mechanism.
Segmentation in the Market for Child Labor: The Economics of Child Labor Revisited

Recent events have focused attention on international labor standards, with some special attention being paid to child labor. The diverse forms of child labor are often merged into one: a stereotype of children sewing Nikes, although the situation varies widely from that model. Certain forms of child labor are not substitutable by adult labor; others are more appropriately modeled as a form of apprenticeship. A simple family utility function helps elucidate the reasons. The ultimate purpose of the paper is to challenge the policy ambiguitywe cannot tell whether restrictions on child labor are good or badthat was a result in Basu and Vans earlier (1998) modeling of child labor.
The rock magnetic fingerprint of chemical remagnetization in midcontinental Paleozoic carbonates

Supported by NSF EAR 90-05075. Contribution number 9203 of the Institute for Rock Magnetism; the IRM is supported by grants from the Keck Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the University of Minnesota
The Ceramics and Chronology of Cholula, Mexico

Chronology is a fundamental prerequisite for problem-oriented, anthropologically relevant archaeology. It is also the shaky foundation that has hampered attempts to reconstruct the culture history of Cholula, Mexico. Cholula is among the oldest continuously occupied urban centers of the New World, yet it remains one of the most enigmatic. This paper evaluates previous cultural sequences for the site, and summarizes recent evidence to construct a chronology using absolute dates and ceramic assemblages from primary depositional contexts. This revised sequence features a clearer understanding of Middle Formative settlement and the definition of ritual and domestic contexts from the Classic period. In addition, there is now evidence for a gradual transition between Late Classic and Early Postclassic material culture; and for the evolution of the Postclassic polychrome tradition within a sequence of short, clearly defined phases.
Rivers Viewed through Names and Epithets

There is something fascinating about river names and epithets ~characterizing phrases!. At one time or another, everybody must have wondered about the meaning of names like Atchafalaya, Irrawaddy, Murrumbidgee, Po, Winnipeg, Yangtze, and Zambezi. Such names roll melodiously off the tongue, and epithets, like “mother of waters,” “the purifier,” “river of fire,” and “scourge of the sons of Han,” conjure intriguing images. But what do the names and epithets mean, and of what relevance are they to hydraulic engineering? This forum article views rivers through the names and epithets that people have applied to rivers. Though it may seem to be a perspective of little connection to hydraulic engineering, its relevance emerges while looking back—before the advent of hydraulic engineering—to when a river’s behavior was explained in largely metaphysical terms rather than in the hydraulician’s lingo of open-channel flow and sediment transport. Initially, rivers were viewed as a landscape feature that facilitated life and occasionally threatened it. Over time, many rivers came to be viewed as hallowed places, the abode of deities, or even as deities. Indeed, the word “river,” or something about a river, often is at the etymological root of a name by which a deity is known; the Ganges, Rhine, and Clyde are three such rivers. River names and epithets often express a systematic understanding of rivers and their behavior, an understanding that predates hydraulic engineering. Rivers not only flow through the belief systems of peoples, they also flow through language and are embedded in the names of peoples and places. In an informal and somewhat blithe way, this forum article briefly traces these and other views associated with river names and epithets. This article delves only lightly into the etymological origins of river names. The obscure and largely oral origin of many names makes river etymology an inexact science, with the names of some rivers open to multiple interpretations. Numerous reference sources were used to gather the river names and epithets mentioned here. Though some references are given, most are not; the full list would extend well beyond the article’s page limit, and make the article a stodgy read. Useful references include Fenimore Cooper ~1880!; Gilmore ~1914!; Room ~1974!; Stewart ~1975!; Rand McNally ~1980!; Evans ~1981!; Brewster ~1997!; and Kalyanaraman ~1999!. The Internet is an especially fertile reference source—e.g., www. wikipedia.org, www.theoi.com, www.geocities.com, and www. linquistlist.org.
Individual and Cultural Differences in Coping with Crowds and Crowded Conditions

Crowds of people have become a familiar pattern in almost all urban centers as population has increasingly congregated in cities. Crowding has had numerous effects on the economic, political, and social existence of individuals living in the cities. From the psychological viewpoint, it is generally assumed that crowding has serious negative effects on the behavior of humans. However, this assumption has not been adequately supported by scientific evidence (Baron, Byrne and Griffith 1974; Freedman, 1975).
Resuscitation of the trauma patient: Restoration of hemodynamic functions using clinical algorithms

Two algorithms were developed for immediate fluid resuscitation and subsequent management of emergency trauma patients and critically ill postoperative patients. These algorithms were developed from decision rules based on objective physiologic values attained in patients surviving life-threatening shock and trauma. The improved mortality in prospective studies of these two algorithms supports the hypothesis that compensatory physiologic responses of survivors of life-threatening acute illness are major determinants of outcome. Therapy that supports these compensations and produces the survivor pattern was found to improve survival rates and reduce post-resuscitation complications. These prospective studies confirm the validity of an organized, coherent physiologic approach that has as its goal the achievement of optimal physiologic patterns in contrast to simple restoration of hemodynamic and chemical abnormalities to the normal range, as has been the endpoint of the traditional approach.
Theoretical analysis of disruptions in DNA minicircles.

Under sufficient bending stress, which appears in DNA minicircles and small DNA loops, the double helix experiences local disruptions of its regular structure. We developed a statistical-mechanical treatment of the disruptions in DNA minicircles, studied experimentally by Du et al. The model of disruptions used in our Monte Carlo simulation of minicircle conformations specifies these conformations by three parameters: DNA bend angle at the disruption, θd; local DNA unwinding caused by the disruption; and the free energy associated with the disruption in the unstressed double helix, Gd. The model is applicable to any structural type of disruption, kinks or opening of single basepairs. The simulation shows that accounting for both torsional and bending deformation associated with the disruptions is very important for proper analysis. We obtained a relationship between values of Gd and θd under which the simulation results are compatible with the experimental data. The relationship suggests that the free energy of basepair opening, which includes flipping out both bases, is significantly higher than the generally accepted value. The model is also applied to the analysis of j-factors of very short DNA fragments.
Which public goods are endangered?: How evolving communication technologies affect The logic of collective action

The theory in Mancur Olson's The Logicof Collective Action is built fromhistorically uncontroversial assumptionsabout interpersonal communication. Today,evolving technologies are changingcommunication dynamics in ways thatinvalidate some of these onceuncontroversial assumptions. How dothese changes affect Olson's thesis? Usingresearch tools that were not available toOlson, we differentiate collective actionsthat new communication technologies helpfrom the endeavors that they hurt. In theprocess, we refine some of Olson'sbest-known ideas. For example, we find thatevolving communication technologieseliminate many of the organizationaladvantages that Olson attributed to smallgroups.
Racism or Sexism? Attributional Ambiguity and Simultaneous Membership in Multiple Oppressed Groups1

This study examines short-term psychological effects of prejudice attributions on African American women. Black female college students (N= 112) imagined themselves in an audiotaped scenario in which White male students made negative evaluations of them. Participants completed self-report measures of psychological stress and state self-esteem after they rated the likely contributions of various causal attributions to the negative evaluations. Attributions included personal characteristics of the participant and classmates, as well as 3 kinds of prejudice: racism, sexism, and ethgender prejudice (the interaction of racism and sexism). Attributions to racism and ethgender prejudice predicted increased stress and decreased state social self-esteem. Results contradict assertions that prejudice attributions are self-protective and imply that prejudice might involve internal and external causal dimensions.