cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Events and HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Male Market Workers in Central Asia

We examined potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and the relationship between PTEs and HIV risk behaviors among male market workers in Kazakhstan, comparing Kazakhstani to external migrants. Using respondent-driven sampling, participants were 1342 male marketplace workers in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regressions were conducted. We found high prevalence of PTEs among participants, and significant differences between PTEs and HIV risk by migrant status. Kazakhstanis reporting 1–2 or three-or-more traumatic events were more likely to report engaging in sex trading, compared to Kazakhstanis who reported no PTEs (OR = 3.65, CI 1.20–11.11, p = 0.022; OR = 8.17, 95% CI 2.66–25.09, p = 0.000, respectively). Kazakhstanis who reported three-or-more PTEs were more likely to report unprotected sex (OR = 2.17, CI 2.17–3.89, p = 0.009). Results did not support this relationship among external migrants. Findings underscore the need for attention on services that address trauma and HIV risk among this population and more research to understand differences by migrant status.
Lateral Resolution in Scanning Force Microscopy

Two particular questions keep coming up regarding Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and we would like to address them here. The lateral resolution of AFM is a parameter that currently has no accepted definition. The definition used in our lab is “the minimum distance between objects at which you can distinguish distinct objects.” In other words, imagine a surface with two sharp features: upon bringing the two features closer and closer together, at some point only one object is seen. That distance is the resolution limit. It is useful to define “see” as having a dip in height greater than the noise level in the image.
Identifying tumor in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms from Ki67 images using transfer learning

The World Health Organization (WHO) has clear guidelines regarding the use of Ki67 index in defining the proliferative rate and assigning grade for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET). WHO mandates the quantification of Ki67 index by counting at least 500 positive tumor cells in a hotspot. Unfortunately, Ki67 antibody may stain both tumor and non-tumor cells as positive depending on the phase of the cell cycle. Likewise, the counter stain labels both tumor and non-tumor as negative. This non-specific nature of Ki67 stain and counter stain therefore hinders the exact quantification of Ki67 index. To address this problem, we present a deep learning method to automatically differentiate between NET and non-tumor regions based on images of Ki67 stained biopsies. Transfer learning was employed to recognize and apply relevant knowledge from previous learning experiences to differentiate between tumor and non-tumor regions. Transfer learning exploits a rich set of features previously used to successfully categorize non-pathology data into 1,000 classes. The method was trained and validated on a set of whole-slide images including 33 NETs subject to Ki67 immunohistochemical staining using a leave-one-out cross-validation. When applied to 30 high power fields (HPF) and assessed against a gold standard (evaluation by two expert pathologists), the method resulted in a high sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 88.8%. The deep learning method developed has the potential to reduce pathologists' workload by directly identifying tumor boundaries on images of Ki67 stained slides. Moreover, it has the potential to replace sophisticated and expensive imaging methods which are recently developed for identification of tumor boundaries in images of Ki67-stained NETs.
How Global Citizenries Think about Democracy: An Evaluation and Synthesis of Recent Public Opinion Research

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, individual scholars and research institutes have conducted numerous public opinion surveys to monitor how global citizenries react to the process of democratization taking place in their own countries and elsewhere. This article reviews the various issues surrounding the divergent conceptions of democracy among political scientists and ordinary citizens, and synthesizes significant findings of the conceptual and empirical research based on these surveys. It also raises a set of new questions that future surveys should address to broaden and deepen our knowledge about citizen conceptions of democracy.
Enhancing the efficiency of density functionals with an improved iso-orbital indicator

The accuracy and efficiency of a density functional is dependent on the basic ingredients it uses and how the ingredients are built into the functional as a whole. An iso-orbital indicator based on the electron density, its gradients, and the kinetic energy density, has proven an essential dimensionless variable that allows density functionals to recognize and correctly treat various types of chemical bonding, both strong and weak. Density functionals constructed around the iso-orbital indicator usually require dense real-space grids for numerical implementation that deteriorate computational efficiency, with poor grid convergence compromising the improved accuracy. Here, an improved iso-orbital indicator is proposed based on the same ingredients that retains the capability to identify the same chemical bonds while significantly relieving the requirement of dense grids. Furthermore, the improved iso-orbital indicator gives an improved recognition for tail regions of electron densities and is divergence-free for the exchange-correlation potential. The improved iso-orbital indicator is therefore expected to be the prime choice for further density functional development.
Congenital Tracheal Stenosis

This chapter presents a framework for classifying a range of conditions that involve compromised tracheal airflow in neonates. The discussion focuses on problems of the tracheal exoskeleton with stenosis, including complete tracheal rings, sleeve trachea, and absent tracheal rings. It also provides an in-depth description of slide tracheoplasty, which has become the operation of choice for these conditions.
Free Radicals and Myocardial Ischemia

Recent studies have established a major role for oxygen-derived free radicals in post ischemic tissue injury to the intestine. During ischemia, there appears to be a calcium-triggered, protease- de pen dent conversion of the native xanthine dehydrogenase to a superoxide-producing xanthine oxidase. The catabolic degradation of ATP during ischemia provides an oxidizable substrate, hypoxanthine. On reperfusion, molecular oxygen is resupplied and a burst of superoxide production ensues, resulting in extensive tissue damage. The same mechanism appears to occur in myocardial ischemia. Xanthine dehydrogenase rapidly converts to the oxidase during nonperfusion in the rat heart. In the isolated perfused working rat heart model, 40 min of anoxia followed by reoxygenation results in substantial release of creatine kinase. The release of creatine kinase is blocked almost completely by pretreatment of the rats with allopurinol, a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Nonclassical Photon Correlations in Cavity QED

Nonclassical photon correlations produced by two-level atoms interacting with a single mode of the electromagnetic field inside an optical resonator were first discussed several years ago within the context of the quantum theory of optical bistability. Specifically, photon antibunching (where the second-order intensity correlation function initially increases rather than decreases with time delay) was predicted in both the “good” cavity [cavity decay rate (2κ) ≪ atomic decay rates (γ ≪, γ ⊥)] and “bad” cavity (2κ ≫ γ ≪, γ ⊥) limits. The size of the effect was assumed to be very small, scaling inversely with the number of atoms N (bad cavity), or saturation photon number ns (good cavity). It has recently become possible experimentally to consider a system in which these parameters are small (ns ~ 1, N ~ 10 – 100) and therefore the nonclassical effects are quite large. In this paper we present theoretical results for a system on which experiments are currently in progress. We specifically emphasize the close relationship between results obtained for N > 1 atoms, and those found by Rice and Carmichael for a single atom interacting with a cavity mode.
High Baryon Densities Achieveable at RHIC and LHC

Abstract In high energy collisions nuclei are practically transparent to each other but produce very hot, nearly baryon-free, matter in the central rapidity region. Where do the baryons go? We calculate the energy loss of the nuclei using the color glass condensate model. Using a space-time picture of the collision we calculate the baryon and energy densities of the receding baryonic fireballs. For central collisions of large nuclei at RHIC and LHC we find baryon densities more than ten times that of atomic nuclei over a large volume which appear at high rapidities. These results can and are being used as initial conditions for subsequent hydrodynamic evolution and could test the equation of state of matter at very high baryon densities.
SecureMatch: Scalable Authentication and Key Relegation for IoT Using Physical-Layer Techniques

Conventional authentication approaches, whether based on (preconfigured) symmetric or asymmetric keys, cannot react timely to large-scale attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices because they need to manage (i.e., create, certify, distribute, and revoke) long lists of keys or device identities. In particular, existing key revocation schemes are inept at handling the extreme scale of IoT networks. In this paper, we propose a new concept called relegation to facilitate developing SecureMatch, a protocol to cope with scalability while incurring minimal time and/or space complexity. Relegation is like a fuzzy key revocation by which only the trustworthiness level of a vulnerable but not compromised device is reduced. Inspired by lightweight identity-based signatures, SecureMatch uses public features of a class of devices as their public keys to characterize and relegate all similar devices that share a common vulnerability. Further, the proposed protocol encodes those public features, which are often collected from different layers of the protocol stack, into a device tag, and then transmits this tag in the physical layer using a reliable preamble-embedding technique. SecureMatch has low overhead and enables an authenticator to quickly authenticate a set of features as long as the devices exhibit the valid credentials. The performance of tag extraction was evaluated through LabVIEW and USRP experiments using commodity devices as transmitters.
Investigation of Scale Factor versus Frequency for a Bulk Wave Diffraction Gyroscope

We report on an investigation of the scale factor versus carrier frequency of a bulk-wave diffraction-based wave gyroscope. This result indicates that the mechanism of gyroscope operation, and path to optimization, requires the study of the wave excitation, and propagation, and can be studied by studying the operation at the many different resonance frequencies. Scale factor was measured at different high-overtone resonance modes to study frequency dependent of gyroscopic response. The effect of electrode drive configuration was investigated and optical interferometry is used to identify existence of shear and bulk waves. The scale factor increases with frequency on one receive IDT, while corresponds in general to the SAW response of the second IDT pair.
To Bioprint or Not to Bioprint

Recent scholarship on regulating 3D printing implicitly presumes the same regulation should apply to printing from both non-biological materials and biological materials. However, this presumption is mistakenly grounded. Technically, bioprinting is a subcategory of 3D printing. However, printing from biological materials presents different public policy considerations than printing from non-biological materials. When experimenting with mammalian genetic materials, emerging technological and scientific advances attract strong political, regulatory and ethical debates. The societal scrutiny is further heightened when the genetic materials are from humans.One analyst group speculates a global debate in 2016 as to whether to regulate bioprinting or ban it altogether. Banning bioprinting altogether is an easy solution, but it will stop technology and science from progressing. The more difficult question is how the law should regulate bioprinting. Current regulations on synthetic biology are not sufficiently comprehensive to regulate bioprinting because bioprinting moves synthetic biology’s production out of the laboratory to everyone’s home. After analyzing different ways to regulate bioprinting, this Article offers a novel framework to regulate bioprinting: except for research and life-threatening emergency, the legislature and the medical profession should jointly regulate access to bioprinting’s blueprints, sources, and bioprinters.
Aqueous solvation of the chloride ion revisited with density functional theory: impact of correlation and exchange approximations

The specificity of aqueous halide solvation is fundamental to a wide range of bulk and interfacial phenomena spanning from biology to materials science. Halide polarizability is thought to drive the ion specificity, and if so, it is essential to have an accurate description of the electronic properties of halide ions in water. To this end, the solvation of the chloride anion, Cl− has been reinvestigated with state-of-the-art density functional theory. Specifically, the PBE-D3, PBE0-D3, and SCAN functionals have been employed to probe the impact of correlation and exchange approximations. Anticipating the findings, adding exact exchange improves the electronic structure, but simultaneously significantly reduces the Cl− polarizability, resulting in an over-structured Cl–O radial distribution function (RDF) and longer water H-bond lifetimes to Cl−. SCAN does not yield as much improvement in the energetics of Cl− relative to bulk water, but does result in a smaller reduction of the polarizability and thus a less structured Cl–O RDF, which agrees better with experiment. Special consideration is therefore warranted in assessing the impact of exchange on the energy, charge density, and the charge density response when designing and testing hybrid functionals for aqueous halide solvation.
Chapter 33 – Photobiology and Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the photobiological and noncalcemic actions of Vitamin D. When human skin is exposed to sunlight, a photochemical process occurs that is essential for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and a healthy skeleton. During exposure to sunlight, the ultraviolet B portion of the solar spectrum photolyzes 7-dehydrocholesterol (the precursor cholesterol; provitamin D3) to previtamin D3. Once formed, previtamin D3 undergoes an internal isomerization of its three double bonds to form a more thermodynamically stable, 5,6-cis-triene and is transformed in vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is found principally in the cell membrane and within the membrane, the hydrophobic side chain of 7-dehydrocholesterol is aligned with the hydrophobic chains of the fatty acids and cholesterol, thereby restraining the confirmation of previtamin D3 when it is formed. Thus, when 7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to sunlight, 7- dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed to the s-cis, s-cis conformer of previtamin D3. 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to decrease cellular proliferative activity, reduce c-myc-mRNA, and induce the expression of monocyte-specific cell surface antigen 63D3. This suggests the possibility of using 1,25(OH)2D3 or one of its analogs as an antiproliferative agent for the treatment of some leukemias and other malignant disorders. Most cells and tissues in the human body possess VDR and are therefore potential target tissues for 1,25(OH)2D3. Although there is very strong evidence in vitro and in vivo that 1,25(OH)2D3 can have a wide range of noncalcemic activities that affect the function of the immune system, skin, gonads, prostate gland, brain, skeletal and smooth muscle, and pancreas, the true physiologic function of 1,25(OH)2D3 is not well understood.
Commentary: Culture trumps (transfusion) guidelines

Cultural elements may affect the establishment of patient care best practices such as transfusion rates.
Post-Racial Lies and Fear of the Historical-Political Boomerang in Jordan Peele’s Get Out and Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad

Scholars Marina Levina and Diem-My T. Bui argue that contemporary American monsters cluster around fears regarding rapid change. However, in some recent imaginings of the monstrous, the thing to fear most is not change but its absence. Jordan Peele’s Get Out (2017) and Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016) are modern slave narratives undermining conceptions of a post-racial moment. Couching his narrative in the American Northeast, his neo-slave masters cast as twenty-first-century white liberals, Peele investigates our proximity to slavery and its traumatic legacy. Whitehead crafts a nineteenth-century narrative of chattel slavery, then embeds within it post-emancipation historical atrocities (including lynchings, eugenics, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment). In making the case that the legacy of slavery remains, Peele and Whitehead refute post-racial rhetoric, prophesying overt racism and racial oppression to come.
Should We Fund Nuclear Microreactors

Recently in Joule, Gilbert and Bazilian argue that nuclear microreactors could be developed to provide a commercially viable source of distributed electricity generation. While microreactors are technically feasible to construct, the options for providing the same energy services using lower-cost renewables and storage brings into question the necessity of developing a nuclear option.
Culturally Responsive Health Promotion to Address Health Disparities in African American Men: A Program Impact Evaluation

African American (AA) men continue to experience worse health outcomes compared to men of other races/ethnicities. Community-based interventions are known to be effective in health promotion and disease prevention. The program objectives were to (a) increase knowledge and risk awareness of targeted conditions, (b) change health-care-seeking attitudes toward regular primary care among AA men, and (c) improve their lifestyle-related health behaviors by leveraging the influence of women in their lives. The community-engaged educational intervention targeted both men and women and included eight 90-min sessions per cohort. Topics included prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, health-care access, and healthy lifestyle. Sessions were both didactic and interactive. A pre-/post-intervention questionnaire assessed knowledge. Interviews were conducted with male participants and a focus group discussion (FGD) with women to assess program impact. Interview and FGD transcripts were analyzed for themes and recommendations. Major themes were-increased knowledge/awareness of risk associated with chronic conditions, change in health-care-seeking attitudes, increased self-efficacy to engage the health-care system, and lifestyle changes. Other impacts reported were building community/social support, a safe and enabling learning environment, and enhanced community health status overall. Recommendations included having extended, more in-depth sessions, targeting the younger generation, smaller cohort sizes, and more community-based health programming. Community-engaged health promotion using a cohort model as well as including women can be effective in increasing knowledge, enhancing self-efficacy, and providing the much-needed social support. These can influence health-related behaviors and thus contribute to improving health outcomes for AA men.
Sex Differences in COVID-19 Hospitalization and Mortality.

Background: To investigate sex differences in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in a large Illinois-based cohort. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study compared males versus females with COVID-19 infections from March 1, 2020, to June 21, 2020, in the Rush University System. We analyzed sex differences in rates of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, vasopressor use, endotracheal intubation, and death in this cohort. A multivariable model correcting for age and sum of comorbidities was used to explore associations between sex and COVID-19-related outcomes. Results: There were 8108 positive COVID-19 patients-4300 (53.0%) females and 3808 (47.0%) males. Males had higher rates of hospitalization (19% vs. 13%; p < 0.001), ICU transfer (8% vs. 4%; p < 0.001), vasopressor support (4% vs. 2%; p < 0.001), and endotracheal intubation (5% vs. 2%; p < 0.001). Of those who died, 92 were males and 64 were females (2% vs. 1%; p = 0.003). A multivariable model correcting for age and sum of comorbidities showed a significant association between male sex and mortality in the total cohort (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.90; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Male sex was independently associated with death, hospitalization, ICU admissions, and need for vasopressors or endotracheal intubation, after correction for important covariates.
An Evaluation of the Core Competency Suicide Prevention Training Program for University Health Service Providers

Despite advances in suicide risk assessment and intervention, evidence-based suicide prevention training for university health service providers is still lacking. This study evaluated the core comp...
High-$Q$ Gallium Nitride Thickness-Shear Baw Resonators with Reduced Temperature Sensitivty

This paper reports on a high quality factor ( $Q$ ) gallium nitride (GaN) thickness-shear (TS) bulk acoustic wave resonator with a reduced temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF). $4.2\mu \mathrm{m}$ -thick AlGaN/GaN-on-Si substrate is used to create high-Q resonators operating in TS mode, as well as high-order width-extensional modes (WEn). The temperature characteristic of TS and WE resonators are measured and compared highlighting the considerable reduction in TCF of the shear mode. GaN resonator prototypes are presented operating in TS mode at 573MHz, with a $Q$ of 2700, and in WE 3 , WE 5 , and WE 7 modes at 239MHz, 407MHz, and 564MHz, with $Q\mathrm{s}$ of 8700, 7200 and 2300, respectively. A TCF of-17.9 ppm/°C is measured for the TS mode, which is significantly lower compared to WE 3,5,7 modes with measured TCF of $-24 \text{ppm}/^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\pm 0.3\ \text{ppm}/^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ . The large (> 6 ppm/°C) improvement in temperature sensitivity, along with the promise of monolithic integration with HEMT electronics highlights the potential of TS GaN resonators for realization of frequency stable and radiation hard integrated oscillators.
The brain in SLE: mechanisms and detection of injury and therapeutic strategies

Abstract Current therapeutic approaches to neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) are limited and not based on knowledge of disease pathogenesis. Therapeutic advances depend on an appreciation of disease pathogenesis. The first requirement is precise case definition and standardized assessments. It is clear that NPSLE is a heterogeneous group of syndromes resulting from multiple pathogenic processes. As an awareness of SLE manifestations in the central nervous system has increased, mechanistic insights have also increased due to sophisticated studies of animal models, improved neuroimaging techniques, and a growing awareness of brain–immune system interactions. The pathogenesis of NPSLE includes genetic predisposition, cytokines, autoantibodies, microglial dysfunction, and disruption of the blood–brain barrier, but alignment of specific pathways to individual disease manifestations is still in its infancy. While new information has yet to have altered clinical practice, it has begun to identify biomarkers for occult brain pathology and identified new and promising therapeutic targets in patients with NPSLE.
Lightweight Distributed Gaussian Process Regression for Online Machine Learning.

In this paper, we study the problem where a group of agents aim to collaboratively learn a common static latent function through streaming data. We propose a lightweight distributed Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithm that is cognizant of agents' limited capabilities in communication, computation and memory. Each agent independently runs agent-based GPR using local streaming data to predict test points of interest; then the agents collaboratively execute distributed GPR to obtain global predictions over a common sparse set of test points; finally, each agent fuses results from distributed GPR with agent-based GPR to refine its predictions. By quantifying the transient and steady-state performances in predictive variance and error, we show that limited inter-agent communication improves learning performances in the sense of Pareto. Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to evaluate the developed algorithm.
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Individual Computer Energy Saving Behavioral Intention and Use at Work

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used in many different contexts, but rarely in the area of sustainability. This study utilized the framework of the TPB to explore factors associated with individual computer energy saving behavior and use across a medium-sized US university. A simple energy-saving device was attached to the workstation of 147 faculty, staff and administrators for a period of 8-weeks and behavioral intention and actual hours used were measured. Structural equation modeling analysis confirmed the role of perceived behavioral control but did not support the roles of attitude or subjective norm in influencing behavioral intention. A particularly interesting result was low predictive power of the TPB on actual use and negative relationship between behavioral control and use which is contrary to those of previous studies that typically use self-report measures of use rather than objective measures of actual use. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Large volumes of rejuvenated volcanism in Samoa: Evidence supporting a tectonic influence on late‐stage volcanism

[1] Hot spot volcanoes are commonly constructed in a characteristic sequence of stages. After the volumetrically dominant shield stage, a protracted period of quiescence ends with a final stage of activity: rejuvenated volcanism. The mechanism responsible for generating rejuvenated volcanism is not generally agreed upon. New data obtained for samples 200 m down-section in a deeply incised canyon on Savai‘i (Samoa) are unusually enriched isotopically and indicate a relatively voluminous rejuvenated stage compared to other intraplate volcanoes. Using a modified flexural model originally proposed for Hawai‘i, we suggest that the location of Samoa near the Tonga Trench terminus causes plate flexure resulting in upward flow of the shallow mantle driving partial melting. In particular, subduction-related plate bending in the Samoan region may cause a larger flexural amplitude than generated by volcanic loading in Hawai‘i. The larger amplitude may explain the larger volume of rejuvenated melt in Samoa, constrained by our new data. Moreover, we argue that Sr-Nd-Pb-Os-He-Ne isotopes in Samoan rejuvenated lavas are all consistent with sampling of a lithospheric component that is characterized by a metasomatic imprint from the Pacific Plate's earlier passage over the Rarotonga hot spot. Furthermore, temperature estimates for the melts suggest a drop in temperature during the predicted shallower melting due to flexural uplift, compared to the conditions during shield volcanism. Thus, flexural bending and metasomatism of the Samoan lithosphere may have generated the voluminous and geochemically distinct Samoan rejuvenated lavas, implying the lithosphere may play an important role during this stage in non- Hawaiian hot spots.
The welfare effects of inflation and financial innovation in a model of economic growth: An Islamic perspective

Constructs a simple neoclassical growth model in which financial factors play an important role. The model demonstrates that the injunction against fixed interest payments induces the monetary authority in the Islamic economy to develop and innovate alternative financial instruments that do not have fixed nominal values and do not bear predetermined rates of return. The model also proves that financial innovation is welfare enhancing, while inflation reduces welfare and hampers growth. The model further proves that the government in an Islamic economy can effectively coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies to finance the budget using the Zakat and seigniorage.
Narratives, Identity, and Transformation

In attempt to honor the legacy of Dudley Allen Sargent and address our current concerns in kinesiology in a transformative manner, this article examines both our collective and individual narratives with respect to kinesiology and examines how this relates to our identity. In the language of anthropologist Clifford Geertz, we need to examine the kind of stories we tell about ourselves and the kind of stories others tell about us. I contend that we need to not only share our own individual and collective narratives but also make space to listen to the narratives of others.
Administrative violence, prison geographies and the photographs of Tuol Sleng Security Center, Cambodia

During the Cambodian genocide, between 1975 and 1979, approximately 200 security centres were established by the Khmer Rouge. One of these prisons, designated by the code-name S-21, was responsible primarily for the punishment of individuals ‘guilty’ of committing state crimes. During their detainment at S-21 prisoners were documented, photographed, interrogated and tortured before ultimately being executed. Following the downfall of the Khmer Rouge, the photographs of S-21 have received considerable attention, notably as evidence of crimes against humanity and as a means of discussing the ethics of post-mortem photographs. Less attention has considered the photographs as a means of furthering our understanding of the administrative violence of the genocide itself. Through a case study of the material practice of photography at S-21 we examine the inner logics of administrative violence. Specifically, we detail how photographs literally and symbolically expose law-making and law-preserving violence. The first part of our paper provides an overview of post-conflict administrative violence; this is followed with a discussion of security systems under the Khmer Rouge and an examination of the violence of photography. In so doing we contribute to the literatures on prison geographies and geographies of violence.
International policy: the Cuban missile crisis

In this study I revisit the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, in order to gain additional perspective on the relationship between organizational decision making and crisis outcomes. This exercise is an historical “counterfactual” or “what if” excursion, using recently declassified documents and simulated exchange calculations, from which I hope to draw three principal benefits. First, the study may shed some additional light on why Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was willing to take such a dangerous gamble. Second, our counterfactual crisis suggests that the risk of inadvertent war, so much written about in connection with Cuba, 1962, was less important than the risk of a deliberate, but miscalculated, escalation. Third, the balance of command and control vulnerability might have mattered more to crisis‐ridden US leaders than the balance of strategic nuclear forces. If so, it helps to explain the apparent reluctance of US leaders to employ highly coercive forms of nuclear brinkmanship.
Limitations of a mouse model of sickle cell anemia.

We aimed to use an established murine model of sickle cell anemia to develop an unambiguous method for testing new therapies, with survival as an end point. Survival rates following various challenges were compared for three different groups of mice: (a) sickle cell mice expressing human hemoglobin-S exclusively (hβs); (b) littermates that expressed both human hemoglobin S and murine β major globin (hβsmβ); and (c) wild-type C57BL/6 mice (wt). Two types of challenge were tested. The first set of studies was based upon recent observations indicating that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) can precipitate severe complications in patients with sickle cell disease. While hβs mice had higher neutrophil counts than hβsmβ mice at baseline, hβs mice tolerated several different doses and schedules of either human or murine G-CSF without adverse effects. A second type of challenge tested whether sickle cell mice exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to hemoglobin deoxygenation. Acute hemoglobin deoxygenation was accomplished either by a single intraperitoneal injection of sodium bisulfite or by a 1-h exposure to hypoxia. Neither intervention resulted in a significantly different survival rate for hβs mice compared to either hβsmβ or wt mice. Chronic twice-weekly exposures to hypoxia (1 h per exposure) also failed to produce significant differences in survival rates between hβs mice, hβsmβ, and wt mice over a period of 12 weeks. Our results demonstrate that neither G-CSF administration nor hypoxia accentuates survival differences between this model of sickle cell mouse and normal controls.
From psychophysics to the clinic: missteps and advances

People live in different oral sensory worlds. This variation affects health and quality of life. The need to make valid comparisons across individuals/groups to reveal this variation highlighted invalid use of conventional labeled scales (e.g., visual analogue, category scales). Valid comparisons can be made with magnitude matching and the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) employing multiple standards (real and remembered), thus permitting associations between oral sensation, preferences, intake (e.g., fats, vegetables), and health outcomes (e.g., cancer, phantoms, burning mouth syndrome). These measurement insights broadly apply to sensory/hedonic assessment of differences across groups in many different fields. As an illustration, we assess differences across groups experiencing different types of pain.
Generalized two-dimensional (2D) linear system analysis metrics (GMTF, GDQE) for digital radiography systems including the effect of focal spot, magnification, scatter, and detector characteristics

The MTF, NNPS, and DQE are standard linear system metrics used to characterize intrinsic detector performance. To evaluate total system performance for actual clinical conditions, generalized linear system metrics (GMTF, GNNPS and GDQE) that include the effect of the focal spot distribution, scattered radiation, and geometric unsharpness are more meaningful and appropriate. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) generalized linear system analysis was carried out for a standard flat panel detector (FPD) (194-micron pixel pitch and 600-micron thick CsI) and a newly-developed, high-resolution, micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF) (35-micron pixel pitch and 300-micron thick CsI). Realistic clinical parameters and x-ray spectra were used. The 2D detector MTFs were calculated using the new Noise Response method and slanted edge method and 2D focal spot distribution measurements were done using a pin-hole assembly. The scatter fraction, generated for a uniform head equivalent phantom, was measured and the scatter MTF was simulated with a theoretical model. Different magnifications and scatter fractions were used to estimate the 2D GMTF, GNNPS and GDQE for both detectors. Results show spatial non-isotropy for the 2D generalized metrics which provide a quantitative description of the performance of the complete imaging system for both detectors. This generalized analysis demonstrated that the MAF and FPD have similar capabilities at lower spatial frequencies, but that the MAF has superior performance over the FPD at higher frequencies even when considering focal spot blurring and scatter. This 2D generalized performance analysis is a valuable tool to evaluate total system capabilities and to enable optimized design for specific imaging tasks.
DMLS 2011: Fourth International Workshop on Diamonds for Modern Light Sources

The fourth in a series of workshops devoted to the use of diamonds at synchrotrons and free electron lasers (FELs) was held on May 5-6, 2011, at the Advanced Photon Source. The previous DMSL workshop was held in Japan in 2008. The workshop was supported in part by Argonne National Laboratory; Applied Diamond, Inc.; SINMAT, Inc.; and elementsix, Ltd. The scope was to assess : 1) the status, size, quality, and availability of synthetic type IIa diamonds; 2) the status of CVD diamonds; 3) applications for beamline optics; 4) applications for beam position monitors (BPMs) and detectors; 5) applications at FELs; and 6) novel applications, such as for an X-ray free electron laser oscillator (XFELO). On May 5, Linda Young (APS/XSD) gave the workshop welcome. There were three sessions on each of the two days. A website was created and will be kept live where the detailed age-nda and list of speakers will remain available (http://www.aps.anl.gov/News/Conferences/2011/DMLS). As part of the session on BPMs and detec...
Characterization of LANDSAT-4 MSS And TM Digital Image Data

Engineering analyses conducted to assess image data quality are described and results are presented for the Landsat-4 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM). Also, coincident data from the two sensors are compared. Macroscopic studies addressed trends and characteristics of full frames of data, while ?microscopic? studies assessed differences between individual detector responses. Raw data, radiometrically corrected data, and fully corrected data were analyzed, as well as special calibration data. The Landsat-4 MSS was found to produce data of high quality, comparable to previous Landsats, except for a low-level coherent noise effect which is unique to the current sensor. Radiometric relationships between Landsat-2 and -3 MSS's and the Landsat-4 MSS were established through empirical analysis of simultaneously acquired data. The TM was found to produce image data of very good spatial resolution and overall good radiometric data quality, showing improvements over MSS. Radiometric equalization of detector responses was found to be close to the theoretical limit of quantization error, except for two relatively low-amplitude artifacts. One is a difference in response that depends on the direction of mirror scan. This produces scan-angle effects superimposed on scene-related effects. The second is a tendency for level shifts to occur between mirror scans at random times but with correlations between detector responses. Two forms or patterns of level shift were identified, corresponding to four system noise states. Preliminary correction models and/or procedures have been developed and recommended for further evaluation.
Software Testing and the Naturally Occurring Data Assumption in Natural Language Processing

It is a widely accepted belief in natural language processing research that naturally occurring data is the best (and perhaps the only appropriate) data for testing text mining systems. This paper compares code coverage using a suite of functional tests and using a large corpus and finds that higher class, line, and branch coverage is achieved with structured tests than with even a very large corpus.
Some new approaches for preventing software tampering

In this paper, we propose several methods to increase the difficulty of reverse engineering applications, with special emphasis on preventing the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that permit only authorized users to execute the applications. We apply the hashing function to transform some constants in the software and recover them during the execution with the correct input of the password. The security of such a method depends on the hardness of the invertibility of the hashing function.
Communist regimes, legitimacy and the transition to democracy in Eastern Europe

The purpose of this article is to clarify the relationship between forms of political legitimacy employed by communist regimes in East and Central Europe and subsequent models of revolutionary change in 1989. The conceptual basis of the analysis lies in Max Weber's theoretical framework of legitimacy. The four cases selected for comparison are Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The attempts of de-Stalinization and reformation of these party-state regimes through the introduction of paternalistic and also more goal-oriented measures could not prevent their disintegration in the 1980s and their subsequent collapse in 1989. But, I argue, it was the withdrawal of ideological support by elites that ultimately brought communism to an end. The differences in revolutionary scenarios and transitions to democracy in the four cases indicate the importance of a shift in both rulers and masses towards interest in dialogue and compromise. Hungary and Poland represent the clearest scenarios in which communist partie...
Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words

systems that are informationally equivalent and that can be characterized as sentential or diagrammatic. Sentential representations are sequential, like the propositions in a text. Dlogrammotlc representations ore indexed by location in a plane. Diogrommatic representations also typically display information that is only implicit in sententiol representations and that therefore has to be computed, sometimes at great cost, to make it explicit for use. We then contrast the computational efficiency of these representotions for solving several illustrative problems in mothematics and physics. When two representotions are informationally equivolent, their computational efficiency depends on the information-processing operators that act on them. Two sets of operators may differ in their copobilities for recognizing patterns, in the inferences they con carry out directly, and in their control strategies (in portitular. the control of search). Diogrommotic ond sentential representations sup port operators that differ in all of these respects. Operators working on one representation moy recognize feotures readily or make inferences directly that are difficult to realize in the other representation. Most important, however, are differences in the efficiency of scorch for information and in the explicitness of information. In the representotions we call diagrammatic. information is organized by location, and often much of the information needed to make on inference is present and explicit at a single location. In oddition. cues to the next logical step in the problem may be present at on adjacent location. Therefore problem solving con proceed through o smooth traversal of the diagram, and may require very little search or computation of elements that hod been implicit.
Embryonic Chicken Skeletal Muscle Cells Fail to Develop Normal Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Absence of the α Ryanodine Receptor: IMPLICATIONS FOR A TWO-RYANODINE RECEPTOR SYSTEM

Two ryanodine receptor (RyR), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels, alpha and beta, co-exist in chicken skeletal muscles. To investigate a two-RyR Ca2+ release system, we compared electrically evoked Ca2+ transients in Crooked Neck Dwarf (cn/cn) cultured muscle cells, which do not make alpha RyR, and normal (+/?) cells. At day 3 in culture, Ca2+ release in +/? cells required extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o), and Ca2+ transients had slow kinetics. At day 5, Ca2+ release was Ca2+o-independent in 40% of the cells, and transients were more rapid. By day 7, all +/? cells had Ca2+o-independent Ca2+ release. Contractions were observed in +/? cells on all days. Ca2+ transients were observed in cn/cn cells on days 3, 5, and 7, but in each case they were Ca2+o-dependent and exhibited slow kinetics. Localized vesiculations, not contractions, occurred in cn/cn cells. By day 10, Ca2+ transients were no longer observed in cn/cn cells even in Ca2+o. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ was not depleted, as caffeine induced Ca2+ transients. Thus, in the absence of alpha RyR there is a failure to develop Ca2+o-independent Ca2+ release and contractions and to sustain Ca2+o-dependent release. Moreover, contributions by the alpha RyR cannot be duplicated by the beta RyR alone.
Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous human immunoglobulin in children with primary immunodeficiency

UNLABELLED The primary objective of this prospective, open-label study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of home treatment with a 16%, ready-to-use, human normal immunoglobulin solution for subcutaneous administration (SCIg 16%, Subcuvia, Baxter Medical AB, Kista, Sweden) in children with primary immunodeficiency (PI) previously receiving intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) treatment. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of SCIg 16% through documented bacterial infections, IgG trough levels, quality of life (Child Health Questionnaire [CHQ]), healthcare resource utilization and patient preference. Twelve patients with PI were included in the study. There were no significant changes from baseline in vital signs or laboratory parameters. Most adverse events (311 of 328) were mild injection site reactions that, in most cases, resolved after 1-2 months. SCIg 16% maintained consistently high IgG trough levels, and the rate of bacterial infections was not different from that seen with previous IVIg treatment. SCIg treatment was also associated with significantly fewer lost work and school days and lower direct healthcare-related expenses and time consumed due to hospital or physician visits. CONCLUSION Home-based SCIg treatment was well tolerated, at least as effective as IVIg for preventing infections, and preferred by children with PI previously receiving IVIg treatment.
Acyl homoserine-lactone quorum-sensing signal generation

Acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorum-sensing control of gene expression. These signals are synthesized by members of the LuxI family of proteins. To understand the mechanism of acyl-HSL synthesis we have purified the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI protein and analyzed the kinetics of acyl-HSL synthesis by this enzyme. Purified RhlI catalyzes the synthesis of acyl-HSLs from acyl–acyl carrier proteins and S-adenosylmethionine. An analysis of the patterns of product inhibition indicated that RhlI catalyzes signal synthesis by a sequential, ordered reaction mechanism in which S-adenosylmethionine binds to RhlI as the initial step in the enzymatic mechanism. Because pathogenic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa use acyl-HSL signals to regulate virulence genes, an understanding of the mechanism of signal synthesis and identification of inhibitors of signal synthesis has implications for development of quorum sensing-targeted antivirulence molecules.
Narcissism and body image

Abstract This research examined the relationship between narcissism, as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979 ), and body image, as measured by the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire ( Winstead & Cash, 1984 ), in a nonclinical sample of college students. Also examined were narcissism's relationships to masculinity, femininity, and self-esteem. Results indicated that more narcissistic individuals had more favorable body images and were higher in masculinity and self-esteem. No gender differences were observed in either the levels of narcissism or its body image correlates. Overall, the findings suggest that the NPI measures “adjusted” narcissism rather than the “maladaptive” narcissism emphasized in theoretical and clinical accounts of the construct.