cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel UV-mediated low-temperature sintering of TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Titania pastes were fired at 450 °C in oxygen to give white titania that was used to prepare dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Titania fired at lower temperature and/or under inert atmosphere have brown stripes and cells made from these stripes had no measurable efficiency. When the titania paste was screen printed and then heated and simultaneously irradiated with UV light, white stripes were obtained. Improved efficiency was noted for PV cells made from pastes heated at lower temperature under irradiation vs. cells made from low-temperature heated paste but without irradiation. UV irradiation appears to facilitate clean oxidation of residual organic materials in the titania precursor pastes. The best cells in our study made with our titania paste treated at 450 °C in oxygen had the following characteristics: efficiency=3.45%; Voc=630 mV; Jsc=8.5 mA/cm2; and a fill factor=0.64.
Howard Billman and the Tucson Indian School, 1888–1894

Abstract In 1888 the Reverend Howard Billman came to Tucson, Arizona, to be the first superintendent of the Tucson Indian School. Sponsored by the Presbyterian Church, the school enrolled boys and girls from the Pima and Papago tribes nearby. Billman organized, taught, supervised, farmed, laid adobe bricks, nursed, solicited money, recruited, and of course, preached. In the school, Billman supported the policy set by the Spanish and American governments of being a “bearer of civilization” to the Indians. Bringing civilization, which for Americans included the English language, literacy, agricultural technology, and the Protestant religion, sometimes disrupted cultural patterns of the Indians. Despite his intolerance and ignorance of the Pima and Papago lifestyle, however, the superintendent displayed great compassion for his pupils and their parents. In 1894 Billman resigned to become chancellor and later president of the University of Arizona.
Evidence for phytoene in euglena mutants

Abstract The hydrocarbon carotene fractions of several non-photosynthetic mutants of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris and of Astasia longa were examined. Evidence for the presence of phytoene, the presumed precursor of all C-40 carotenoids, is reported from 3 mutants, SM-L1, PBZ-G3 and HB-G, which synthesize unsaturated C-40 polyenes; they also synthesize other saturated carotenes. The mutant, PBZ-G4, and Astasia, which do not synthesize unsaturated carotenoids, fail to synthesize phytoene or any saturated C-40 pigments.
Distribution of GluR1 is altered in the olfactory bulb following neonatal naris occlusion.

The olfactory system is well suited for studies of glutamate receptor plasticity. The sensory neurons are glutamatergic, and they turn over throughout life, and the olfactory bulb neurons that process their inputs express many of the known glutamate receptor subunits. Neonatal naris occlusion alters olfactory bulb development and the expression of certain neuroactive substances and receptors, at least in part due to loss of the sensory inputs. We therefore postulated that neonatal naris occlusion might alter glutamate receptor expression during postnatal development. Single nares of newborn mice were occluded on postnatal days 1–2, and the distribution of glutamate receptor subunits was evaluated using immunoperoxidase methods. Light microscopic examination on postnatal day 6 failed to reveal adult-like staining of neuronal cell bodies in the olfactory bulbs. By day 12, cell bodies that were immunoreactive (-IR) for the GluR1 subunit were visible in the external plexiform layer (EPL) of both sides. By day 18, many of the GluR1-IR cell bodies could be identified as cell types that had previously been reported to express homomeric GluR1 receptors. Analysis of single, mid-dorsal sections from 18–25-day-old mice showed that the medial EPL of the occluded side had a significantly lower density of these cell bodies. The GluR1 staining of the adjacent mitral cell layer (MCL) was also heavier on the occluded side, but no gross differences in staining for other glutamate receptor subunits were observed. Neonatal naris occlusion therefore appears to provide a new model for studying expression of GluR1 receptors during the development of a discrete population of olfactory bulb neurons. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 54: 326–336, 2003
Nerve growth factor employs multiple pathways to induce primary response genes in PC12 cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF) leads to neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and promotes their survival in serum-free medium. Past studies have shown that purine analogues block some of the effects o...
How much is United States greenhouse gas emissions certainty worth

Abstract The United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Mandatory Reporting Program (GHGRP) is designed to collect accurate and timely facility-level emissions data that might be used by policy makers to support sound climate policy decisions in the future. After reviewing the US Inventory and the expected improvements under GHGRP, we find that the benefits of GHGRP are minimal and quite possibly zero while the cost of implementation is relatively high, that the stated goal of reducing emissions uncertainty is not met by the program in its current form, and that the additional emissions data to be collected is likely not needed given the ongoing non-committal environment of US GHG regulation. Our review also highlights the need for EPA to make its US Inventory GHG models accessible to the public, which would enable a more thorough review of its assumptions and methods by the broader scientific community.
Monobloc and facial bipartition osteotomies: Quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on computed tomography scans

Abstract Purpose: The results of monobloc (MB) or facial bipartition (FB) osteotomies on 23 consecutive patients operated on between 1987 and 1991 were evaluated. Patients and Methods: A previously described method of clinically relevant linear measurements taken from preoperative and postoperative computed tomographic scans of these patients was used to document their presenting dysmorphology and the results of surgical correction initially and 1 year after operation. These data were compared with control values, and a percentage of normal for each measurement was derived for each patient. Results: In the patients with craniofacial dysostosis undergoing an MB osteotomy, the initial cranial vault length (87% of normal), medial orbital wall length (87%), zygomatic arch length (84%), and extent of globe protrusion (134%) all indicated horizontal (anterior-posterior) deficiency of the upper and middle face. After surgery, these measurements moved closer to age-matched control values. At the 1-year interval a minor degree of relapse was evident. In the patients with craniofacial dysostosis who were believed to need an FB osteotomy, the globe protrusion (142% of normal), medial orbital wall length (85%), and zygomatic arch lengths (83%) all indicated horizontal (anterior-posterior) deficiency in the upper and middle face. In addition, the anterior interorbital distance (123% of normal), mid-interorbital distance (122%), and intertemporal distance (126%) all indicated upper face hypertelorism. As a result of the FB osteotomy, anterior bony projection was achieved, and the hypertelorism was improved, but fell short of age-matched normal values. In the patients with frontonasal dysplasia, cranio-orbital clefting, and isolated orbital hypertelorism who underwent an FB osteotomy, preoperative measurements showed a distinct widening of the whole upper midface with forward projection of the medial relative to the lateral orbital walls. The orbital measurements revealed a substantially widened anterior interorbital distance (175% of normal), increased mid-interorbital distance (123%), and an increased distance between the lateral orbital walls (106%). After the surgical procedure, these measurements were improved and relatively stable but not completely normalized. Conclusion: The use of quantitative measurements in the initial evaluation, intraoperative skeletal reshaping, and assessment of early and late reconstructive results provides useful benchmarks.
Telerobotic visual servoing

This paper addresses the problem of integrating the human operator with autonomous robotic visual tracking and servoing modules. A CCD camera is mounted on the end-effector of a robot and the task is to servo around a static or moving rigid target. In manual control mode, the human operator, with the help of a joystick and a monitor, commands robot motions in order to compensate for tracking errors. In shared control mode, the human operator and the autonomous visual tracking modules command motion along orthogonal sets of degrees of freedom. In autonomous control mode, the autonomous visual tracking modules are in full control of the servoing functions. Finally, in traded control mode, the control can be transferred from the autonomous visual modules to the human operator and vice versa. This paper presents an experimental setup where all these different schemes have been tested. Experimental results of all modes of operation are presented and the related issues are discussed. In certain degrees of freedom (DOF) the autonomous modules perform better than the human operator. On the other hand, the human operator can compensate fast for failures in tracking while the autonomous modules fail. Their failure is due to difficulties in encoding an efficient contingency plan.
On-line medicaid billing system for physicians' services.

Abstract An on-line Medicaid billing system for physicians' services was implemented and tested during a 2 1 2 yr period in 100 offices throughout the state of Alabama. Participating physicians represented 17% of all physicians in the state. Users entered data on standard Touch Tone (R) telephones equipped with card-dialers and received instructions and data confirmation from the central computer facility via voice answer-back. Input time for the average claim billing for two separate services was less than 1 1 2 min and resulted in a reduction of labor required for manual input by at least 50%. Editing of data at the source completely eliminated transmission of claims with erroneous patient identification numbers and also reduced errors in encoding procedures and diagnoses to an insignificant level.
On the Apparatus for the Multiple Acceleration of Light Ions to High Speeds

Significant improvements of the apparatus for the multiple acceleration of light ions, now called the "cyclotron," have recently been made. The apparatus produces many microamperes of deuterons having energies up to 6.3 Mev and a few tenths of a microampere of 11 Mev doubly charged helium ions. The means of deflecting the high speed ions from the accelerating system has also been improved, with the result that the ions can now be withdrawn completely from the apparatus into the air through a thin window in the chamber wall. The present paper is devoted to a detailed description of the cyclotron, including its adjustment and operation, with a discussion of the questions involved.
Deep Vein Thrombosis: Thrombolysis in the Pediatric Population

Improved medical treatment options have advanced pediatric care but often necessitate both invasive vascular procedures and venous access predisposing these patients to venous thrombotic events. Although pediatric deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is an increasingly recognized phenomenon, high-quality evidence for its antithrombotic treatment in general remains limited, and even more so with respect to thrombolytic therapy. Correspondingly, current American College of Chest Physicians guidelines discourage the routine use of thrombolytic therapy for pediatric DVT; by contrast, American Heart Association guidelines suggest consideration for such therapy in young patients in whom the balance of benefit to risk may be most favorable. The developing hemostatic system and relative rarity of thrombotic events have historically posed impediments to the design and conduction of prospective clinical trials of thrombolysis in children. This narrative review summarizes available information regarding thrombolytic therapy for pediatric DVT.
The optical absorption of lithium iodide

Abstract The optical absorption of a strain reduced LiI film indicates that the lowest energy interband transition in lithium iodide is indirect.
Biomechanical responses after Wingspan Stent deployment in swine ascending pharyngeal artery.

Objectives: Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis is associated with a high rate of recurrent stroke. Endovascular angioplasty and stenting using the WingspanTM Stent (Stryker) has been used for treatment of this disorder. However, a recent randomized trial (SAMMPRIS Clinical Trial) reported that it was inferior to aggressive medical management. To explore the cause of stroke complications after treatment with the Wingspan Stent, we simulated the biomechanical responses in a swine ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) using the finite element method. Methods: A Wingspan Stent was deployed in a swine APA, and simulated stress distributions including radial, circumferential, and wall shear stress were evaluated. Histopathological analysis of the selected APA was made 28 days post-stenting. Results: We detected increased radial stress concentration at distal stent markers with a stent edge and a graded augmentation of radial stress from proximal to distal. There was an impaired wall shear stress near...
Aggression in females is also lateralized: left-eye bias during aggressive courtship rejection in lizards

A small but taxonomically diverse number of vertebrates have a left-eye preference for aggression, but this has been shown only in males. Here we present data consistent with a left-eye preference for aggressive rejection display in females of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Already-mated females perform this display, which contains key elements of male–male aggressive displays, to courting males. Lateral eye placement reduces binocular vision of such displays. In a field study, we recorded the responses of individual gravid females to one of three possible stimulus presentations: a tethered conspecific male presented so the female viewed him (1) from a head-on (HO) position, (2) with her left visual field (LVF) or (3) with her right visual field (RVF). Although a small proportion of all trials yielded no response, females were significantly less likely to show any response in RVF presentations compared with HO or LVF presentations. In a large majority of trials, females responded to males, and almost all responding females displayed aggressively. When females displayed after RVF presentations, a female was equally likely to use her LVF or RVF to view the male when she first performed an aggressive rejection display. In contrast, in LVF and HO presentations where females displayed, females were significantly more likely than expected by chance to use their LVF to view the males when they displayed. Charge, a very aggressive act, also was significantly more likely to occur when females were viewing males with their LVF than their RVF or HO. Finally, in a small number of unmanipulated natural encounters we observed, all females used their LVF to display to courting males. Our results suggest that, as in males of several vertebrate species, females show a left-eye bias for conspecific aggression.
Statistical mechanics of charged traps in an amorphous semiconductor

The effect of a Coulomb interaction between charged traps in an amorphous semiconductor is investigated within the premises of the Mott-Cohen-Fritzsche-Ovshinsky model. The grand partition function is expressed as a functional integral over a set of Gaussian random fields. The free energy is expressed as a sum of the mean-field result plus fluctuations about the mean field. It is shown that for the system under consideration, the mean field is just the Hartree self-consistent field and that at $T=0$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K it represents the exact ground state. It is shown that the fluctuations about the mean field represent correlations in the system. Approximate expressions for the mean occupation number and the renormalized energies of the charges are obtained as well as the renormalized single-particle density of states. The excitation spectrum of single quasiparticles, within any given band, is shown to have a quasigap. It is shown that the effect of a Coulomb interaction between the charged traps is to reduce the density of states at the Fermi energy by a factor of 2 below its value in the absence of interactions.
Effectiveness of the Thin Prep® Imaging System in the detection of adenocarcinoma of the gynecologic system

BACKGROUND. The ThinPrep Imaging System (TIS) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use to decrease the number of false-negative results in ThinPrep (TP) gynecologic specimens and increase cytotechnology productivity. Although the increased detection of squamous abnormalities using the TIS has been well documented, to the authors' knowledge, data regarding the impact of the TIS in the detection of glandular abnormalities is limited. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the TIS in detecting glandular abnormalities in cervicovaginal specimens. METHODS. TIS evaluated TP tests with histologic confirmation of adenocarcinoma involving the gynecologic system were included in the current study. Two cytotechnologists independently reviewed the cases for the presence or absence of atypical glandular cells. Review results were correlated with initial cytologic and histologic diagnoses. RESULTS. A total of 124 cases met the criteria for inclusion in the current study. Seventy of these cases (56%) were found to contain atypical glandular cells on the TP slide. TIS was able to identify atypical cells in 97% of these cases (68 of 70 cases). Nine cases initially reported as benign were found to contain atypical glandular cells on secondary review. All but 1 of these cases contained atypical glandular cells detected by the TIS. The majority of these false-negative cases (6 of 9 cases) derived from endometrial adenocarcinoma. No cytologic evidence of a glandular abnormality was found in the 54 remaining cases. CONCLUSIONS. The TIS was found to be effective in identifying atypical glandular cells in specimens containing malignant glandular cells, leading to a full review of the slide. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Habitats and taphonomy of Europa

Abstract Jupiter's moon Europa possesses an icy shell kilometers thick that may overlie a briny ocean. The inferred presence of water, tidal and volcanic energy, and nutrients suggests that Europa is potentially inhabited by some kind of life; indeed Europa is a primary target in the search for life in the Solar System although no evidence yet exists for any kind of life. The thickness of the icy crust would impose limits on life, but at least 15 broad kinds of habitats seem possible for Europa. They include several on the sea floor, at least 3 in the water column, and many in the ice itself. All of these habitats are in, or could be transported to, the icy shell where they could be exposed by geologic activity or impacts so they might be explored from the surface or orbit by future planetary missions. Taphonomic processes that transport, preserve, and expose habitats include buoyant ice removing bottom habitats and sediment to the underside of the ice, water currents depositing components of water column habitats on the ice bottom, cryovolcanoes depositing water on the surface, tidal pumping bringing water column and ice habitats to the near-surface ice, and subice freezing and diapiric action incorporating water column and bottom ice habitats into the lower parts of the icy shell. The preserved habitats could be exposed at or near the surface of Europa chiefly in newly-formed ice, tilted or rotated ice blocks, ridge debris, surface deposits, fault scarps, the sides of domes and pits, and impact craters and ejecta. Future exploration of Europa for life must consider careful targeting of sites where habitats are most likely preserved or exist close to the surface.
Delactosed, high milk protein powder. 1. Manufacture and composition

Abstract The objective of this research was to develop a new method for the production of delactosed, high milk protein powder without pH adjustment. Skim milk containing approximately 3.2% protein and 4.91% lactose was ultrafiltered at 38°C to approximately 15% protein and 3.8% lactose. The ultrafiltered milk was batch diafiltered three times at 32°C with water to approximately 18.9% protein and .08% lactose and then spray dried. Inlet and outlet air temperatures during drying were 120 to 125°C and 75 to 80°C, respectively. The average composition of the dried product was 5.3% moisture, 83.9% protein, 2.27% fat, .73% lactose, and 7.05% ash. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the powders showed that protein composition was similar to that of skim milk. This powder may have potential in the manufacture of new products or in the improvement of existing products such as low fat yogurts.
Biodiversity losses and conservation trade-offs: assessing future urban growth scenarios for a North American trade corridor

The Sonoran Desert and Apache Highlands ecoregions of North America are areas of exceptionally high plant and vertebrate biodiversity. However, much of the vertebrate biodiversity is supported by only a few vegetation types with limited distributions, some of which are increasingly threatened by changing land uses. We assessed the impacts of two future urban growth scenarios on biodiversity in a binational watershed in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. We quantified and mapped terrestrial vertebrate species richness using Wildlife Habitat Relation models and validated the results with data from National Park Service (NPS) biological inventories. Future urban growth, based on historical trends, was projected to the year 2050 for (1) a ‘Current Trends’ (CT) scenario and (2) a ‘Megalopolis’ (MEGA) scenario that represented a transnational growth corridor with open-space conservation attributes. Based on CT, 45% of existing riparian woodland (267 of 451species) and 34% of semi-desert grasslands (215 of 451 spe...
A new differentiation antigen of plasma cells.

A cell-surface differentiation antigen of mouse Ig-secreting cells, MSPCA (Mouse-specific plasma cell antigen), is identified by rabbit antiserum to mouse myeloma MOPC-104E (which secretes λμ) or myeloma MPC-67 (which secretes Kα); these two antisera contained little or no anti-Ig antibody. Although a11 5 mouse myelomas tested were MSPCA+, rabbit antisera to one of them, myeloma MOPC-7OA, contained anti-Ig antibody and little or no anti-MSPCA. This myeloma differs from myelomas MOPC-104E and MPC-67 in that the Ig components it makes, Kγ1, are readily demonstrable on the cell surface. These results suggest that rabbits immunized with myeloma cells may respond by producing preferentially either anti-MSPCA or anti-Ig antibody, depending on the surface Ig-phenotype of the myeIoma used for immunization.
Quantum cellular automaton for universal quantum computation

This paper describes a quantum cellular automaton capable of performing universal quantum computation. The automaton has an elementary transition function that acts on Margolus cells of 2×2 qubits, and both the "quantum input" and the program are encoded in the initial state of the system.
FREIGHT TRAFFIC FUNCTIONS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN RAILROADS1

ESPITE some spectacular recent mergers, the Anglo-American railroad system remains unique in its operation by hundreds of separate companies. Elsewhere in the world, state control has, first or last, acted to produce unitary national railnets or at least unified regional railway systems. In most countries the day of the privately owned, independently operated railroad company, if it ever existed, has passed into history. But in the United States, and to a lesser degree in Canada, the large number of separate railroads and the vigorous interchange of freight traffic between these carriers make it inaccurate to consider individual railways as discrete functional units. On all American and most Canadian railroads, traffic interchanged with connecting lines constitutes a major part of all freight handled, and most of the tonnage carried originates or terminates on some connecting or more distant railway. Thus it is that, contrary to popular impression, most Anglo-American railroads are largely concerned with hauling freight to or from other roads, and rarely do shipments move over the rails of only a single system. Because the Anglo-American railnet is composed of many separate systems, and because these railroads interchange large amounts of traffic with one another, nearly all railways have become specialized in certain kinds of traffic functions. These functions are determined by the regional setting of a railroad, together with the traffic connections that it has established with other systems.
Expression and regulation of CYP6D3 in the house fly, Musca domestica (L.)

Abstract Recently, a new cytochrome P 450 gene, CYP6D3 , was identified from house fly. CYP6D3 was found upstream of a related gene ( CYP6D1 ) on autosome 1. CYP6D3 cDNA sequences were obtained and compared from insecticide resistant (LPR) and susceptible (CS and Edinburgh) strains. Although each strain had a different CYP6D3 allele, the deduced amino acid sequences revealed no consistent differences between the susceptible and resistant strains. There was approximately 12-fold more CYP6D3 mRNA detected in adult LPR flies compared to CS, and the elevated level of expression in LPR was not due to gene amplification. Northern blots indicate expression of CYP6D3 mRNA is developmentally regulated with no expression in eggs, yet it is readily detectable in larvae as well as male and female adults. Phenobarbital is a well studied inducer of P 450s in insects and it induced expression of CYP6D3 mRNA in both the CS (16-fold) and LPR (1.6 fold) strains. The CYP6D3 5′ flanking regions were sequenced from the resistant and susceptible strains. Possible regulatory sequences within this region are discussed.
Friction Stir Processing of Cast NiAl Bronze

Friction stir processing (FSP) of cast NiAl bronze has resulted in significant increases in properties including more than doubling the yield greater that 40 percent increase in the threshold fatigue life; all achieved while increasing ductility. These and other strength, greater than a 60 percent increase in tensile strength, and property improvements were realized following studies of FSP procedures specifically for NiAl bronze. Within this manuscript, FSP procedures and other “lessons learned” are presented. Details of property improvements are documented elsewhere within this conference proceedings (see Fuller et al.). Presented herein are tool designs for efficient material flow, tool materials capable of long life at 1000°C, rastering procedures covering large surface areas, and other results pertinent to achieve improved properties in cast NiAl bronze following friction stir processing.
Large-scale expression of recombinant cardiac sodium-calcium exchange in insect larvae.

Abstract Recombinant bovine cardiac sodium–calcium exchange (NCX1) in a baculovirus construct was used to infect cabbage looper larvae ( Trichoplusia ni ). Infected larvae were homogenized and larvae membrane vesicles were purified. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of recombinant NCX1 protein in vesicles from infected larvae but not in controls. Vesicles from infected larvae expressed high levels of NCX1 activity (1.7 nmol Ca 2+ /mg protein/s) while vesicles from control larvae had no activity. NCX1 in larvae vesicles was bidirectional. Kinetic analysis yielded a V max of 3.6 nmol Ca 2+ /mg protein/s and a K m for Ca of 4.2 μM. NCX1 activity was inhibited by the exchange inhibitory peptide with an IC 50 of 4 μM. These data demonstrate a novel and efficient method for the expression of large amounts of active recombinant NCX1 protein that has general application for expression and analysis of recombinant membrane proteins.
Sclerotial formation in Corticium olivascens and other Hymenomycetes.

Sclerotia ofCorticium olivascens are reported and described for the first time. Examples include sclerotia collected from a stump ofPinus virginiana in Greenbelt, Maryland, and those formed in several cultures originally developed from spores produced by basidiocarps. Among outstanding characteristics of basidiocarps ofC. olivascens are the greenish or olivaceous color of the hymenial surface, constant presence of clamp-connections, development of septate cystidia, and production of nonamyloid but dextrinoid basidiospores. Cultural characteristics are described, and the negative oxidase reaction is noted.C. olivascens is a highly distinctive fungus which requires further taxonomic attention.
Controls on reef development and the terrigenous-carbonate interface on a shallow shelf, Nicaragua (Central America)

Marine geology and physical oceanographic data collected during two field projects (∼4 months) on the Caribbean shelf of Nicaragua indicate a surprising dominance of carbonate deposition and reef growth on a shelf that is receiving an abnormally large volume of terrigenous sediments. High rainfall rates (∼400–500 cm/year), coupled with a warm tropical climate, encourage rapid denudation of the country’s central volcanic highland and transport of large volumes of terrigenous sediment and fresh water to the coast. Estimates suggest that three times more fresh water and fifteen times more sediment are introduced per unit length of coastline than on the east coast of the United States. Distribution of the terrigenous facies, development of carbonate sediment suites, and the location and quality of viable reefs are strongly controlled by the dynamic interaction near the coasts of highly turbid fresh to brackish water effluents from thirteen rivers with clear marine waters of the shelf. Oceanic water from the central Caribbean drift current intersects the shelf and moves slowely in a dominant northwest direction toward the Yucatan Channel. A sluggish secondary gyre moves to the south toward Costa Rica. In contrast, the turbid coastal water is deflected to the south in response to density gradients, surface water slopes, and momentum supplied by the steady northeast trade winds. A distinct two-layered flow is commonly present in the sediment-rich coastal boundary zone, which is typically 10–20 km wide. The low-salinity upper layer is frictionally uncoupled from the ambient shelf water and therefore can expand out of the normally coherent coastal boundary zone during periods of abnormal flooding or times when instability is introduced into the northeast trades. Reef distribution, abruptness of the terrigenous-carbonate interface, and general shelf morphology reflect the long-term dynamic structure of the shelf waters. A smooth-bottomed ramp of siliciclastic sands to silts and clays mantles the inner shelf floor in a linear belt paralleling the coast. This belt generally corresponds to the western flank of the coastal boundary zone. Occurrence of reefs is generally confined to areas outside this zone. Terrigenous clays and silts of the inner shelf are abruptly (<20 km from the coast) replaced byHalimeda-rich sediment of the middle and outer shelf. Within the carbonate facies belt, reef complexes thrive as small, isolated masses; large, reef-capped platforms; reef fringes around islands; and shelfedge structures with vertical relief that can exceed 25 m. In general, the frequency and proliferation of reefs increase away from the turbid coastal boundary layer and toward the cooler and saltier water that upwells at the shelf margin.
Stromal galectin-1 expression is associated with long-term survival in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The overall 5 year survival rate for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (i.e., PDAC) is a dismal 5%, although patients that have undergone surgical resection have a somewhat better survival rate of up to 20%. Very long-term survivors of PDAC (defined as patients with ≥ 10 year survival following apparently curative resection), on the other hand, are considerably less frequent. The molecular characteristics of very long-term survivors (VLTS) are poorly understood, but might provide novel insights into prognostication for this disease. In this study, a panel of five VLTS and stage-matched short-term survivors (STS, defined as disease-specific mortality within 14 months of resection) were identified, and quantitative proteomics was applied to comparatively profile tumor tissues from both cohorts. Differentially expressed proteins were identified in cancers from VLTS vs. STS patients. Specifically, the expression of galectin-1 was 2-fold lower in VLTS compared with STS tumors. Validation studies were performed ...
Synthesis of a polymerizable, bivalent glycan mimetic of the HIV envelope spike gp120

A synthetic study on the creation of a bivalent, ROMP capable monomer has the ability to be polymerized into the corresponding neo-glycopolymer mimetic of the surface glycans on gp120 envelope spike of the HIV virus. In our approach, we have developed a new strategy for orthogonally attaching both the terminal Manα(1-2)Man disaccharide unit of the D1 arm of Man9GlcNAc2 of HIV gp120 and the terminal Manα1-2 unit of its D2 arm to a bivalent scaffold to produce the corresponding polymerizable monomer. The Manα1-2 saccharide moieties were assembled using a nickel catalyst, Ni(4-F-PhCN)4(OTf)2, to activate trihaloacetimidate donors under a mild and operationally simple procedure.
Simplification of the axisymmetric photoelastic problem

The axisymmetric photoelastic problem is reformulated in such a way that data taken from only the meridional plane is sufficient to obtain a solution.
Continuous symmetries and conserved currents

Abstract The general relationship between one-parameter continuous symmetries and conserved currents in local Lagrangian field theories is reexamined. Defining a symmetry transformation of a system of fields as a one-to-one mapping of the fields carrying solutions of the equations of motion into solutions, it is noted that not all symmetry transformations imply conserved currents, and conversely, not all conserved currents can be derived immediately from symmetries. However, we develop the one-to-one correspondence between those local continuous symmetry transformations of the system which leave invariant the Euler-Lagrange equations from the original and transformed Lagrangians, and local conserved currents which can be written as linear functions of the Lagrangian derivatives. It is shown that the theorem proved by Noether, which is customarily referred to in the construction of local conserved currents for some symmetry transformations, is in general related only tangentially to the problem in question. The analysis presented for the constructions of conserved currents seems of particular interest in the case that divergence terms enter the symmetry transformation; also it illucidates the independence of conserved currents from the ambiguity always present in Lagrangian formulations due to divergence terms in the original system Lagrangian. In the elementary cases of general interest in field theory, the procedures for the construction of conserved currents do not diverge significantly from the tranditional ones, although even here the difference in attitude regarding the transformation is noted. The converse construction of symmetries from conserved currents has not been considered fully in the literature. The general analysis is applied and extended for systems of fields allowing naive canonical quantization or quantization via the Schwinger action principle. In particular, the consistency of the interpretation of integrals of the currents as quantum generators of the original symmetry transformations is explored in full generality.
Abscisic acid metabolism and lipid accumulation of a cell suspension culture of Lesquerella fendleri

Lesquerella fendleri (commonly known as “Fendler’s bladderpod” or “yellowtop”) is a member of the Brassicaceae and is an important seed oil-producing plant. The lipid profile of L. fendleri seed indicates potential for producing a high quality replacement for castor oil. In this work, characterization of the lipid content of a suspension cell culture, derived from seedlings of L.fendleri, is provided. Under the described suspension cell culture conditions, 16:0, 18:1Δ9, 18:2 Δ9, Δ12 and 18:3 Δ9, Δ12, Δ15 fatty acids were found to accumulate in the cells, while 16:0, 26:0 and 28:0 fatty acids were predominant in the culture medium. Subsequently, the effect of application of abscisic acid (ABA), which modulates lipid accumulation, was assessed. Exogenously applied ABA was taken up by the cells and metabolized via the conjugation pathway, resulting in the accumulation of ABA-glucose ester. Preliminary tests demonstrate the cell line is responsive to exogenous ABA, resulting in increased cellular lipid content and increased accumulation of lipids in the culture medium. This novel L. fendleri suspension culture presents a valuable model system for efficient characterization of mechanisms associated with ABA-induced accumulation of lipids.
Semantic analysis for focused multi-document summarization (fMDS) of text

Excess amounts of unstructured data are easily accessible in digital format quickly, yet there is no way for a human reader to easily 'ingest and digest' as quickly. This information overload places too heavy a burden on society for its analysis and execution needs. Focused (i.e. topic, query, question, category, etc.) multidocument summarization is an information reduction solution that has reached a state-of-the-art and now demands further exploration into other techniques to model human summarization activity. Such techniques have been mainly extractive and rely on distribution and complex machine learning on corpora in order to perform closely to humans. Consequently, the field needs to move toward more abstractive approaches to model human ways of summarizing. A simple, inexpensive and domain-independent system architecture is created for adding semantic analysis to the summarization process. Our system is novel for a couple of reasons. First, in its use of a semantic cue words feature and semantic class weighting to determine sentences with important information as a new semantic analysis metric. Second, in its use of semantic triples clustering to decompose natural language sentences into their most basic meaning to reduce the complexity of processing sentences and capture more likely semantic-related information. In competition against the gold standard baseline system from the Text Analysis Conference on the standardized summarization evaluation metric ROUGE, this work outperforms the baseline system by more than ten rankings. This work shows that semantic analysis and light-weight, open-domain techniques have potential.
Survey of Data Cleansing and Monitoring for Large-Scale Battery Backup Installations

A continuous supply of electrical power is necessary for many areas of modern life, including industry, healthcare, and telecommunications. Therefore, battery backup systems, which can provide power in the event of emergencies, have become extremely important for many types of industries. Due to the importance of these systems, they are often installed and maintained by large firms dedicated to this task, but such firms then must monitor a huge number of such systems. Handling this Big Data problem requires facing two challenges: dealing with potentially noisy and erroneous data in a fashion which preserves the important information and may even help point towards repairable failures in the monitoring systems, and using the cleansed data to build models of the battery systems which will allow for prediction of their state. In this work, we survey the scope of progress in these two areas, presenting papers which have looked at the data cleansing and battery monitoring problems in the context of battery backup installations. We also consider the work which has yet been performed, areas which retain the potential for future research.
An adaptive scheme for robot joint trajectory generation

It has been shown recently that robot inverse kinematic transformation can be easily carried out by using a nonlinear dynamic system called “joint space command generator.” In this paper, an adaptive version of the command generator is proposed. The main feature of this command generator is that the inverse Jacobian is estimated on-line (using least-squares algorithms), thus the explicit form of the inverse Jacobian is not required. Since the Jacobian is dependent on the end-effector orientation representation, the adaptive command generator is then inherently flexible in accommodating any choice of orientation representation during Cartesian trajectory planning. The only knowledge required is the forward kinematics of the robot. Thus inverse kinematic transformation of robot trajectories can be carried out with a minimum amount of kinematic information. Extensive simulation studies of the proposed scheme have been carried out which showed that the adaptive command generator is computationally feasible and highly accurate. Different orientation representations have been tested with equal success. Some typical simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of the adaptive command generator.
An eye-opening experience

Many aspects of visual development are known to depend on activity. Two recent reports of rapid rewiring of connections in visual cortex and superior colliculus make clear that eye opening is an important event in the maturation of the visual system.
Therapeutic efficacy of oral pirbuterol in severe chronic congestive heart failure: Acute hemodynamic and long-term ambulatory evaluation

Abstract Development of effective orally administered cardiotonic agents for sustained ambulatory therapy of severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) is currently of considerable clinical interest. Thus we evaluated temporal cardiocirculatory responses to the new ingestible beta-adrenergic receptor agonist pirbuterol (PBL) (0.4 mg/kg) by cardiac catheterization and limb plethysmography in 10 patients with coronary disease and severe CHF refractory to digitalis and diuretics. PBL considerably improved left ventricular (LV) dysfunction during the 6-hour period of hemodynamic monitoring: control lowered cardiac index (CI) of 1.7 L/min/m 2 rose to 2.6 (p 2 (p 2 (p 2 (p 2 (p 0.05) MAP and LVFP, PBL modestly diminished MAP from 83 to 75 mm Hg (p −5 (p −5 (p
A review of factors predictive of surgical outcome for ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine

Object Ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a pathological condition that affects the ligament and causes slowly progressive myeloradiculopathy in adults. Although OLF has been regarded as endemic to East Asian countries, studies from outside these areas have increasingly been reported. Because of long-standing compression of the spinal cord by OLF, a patient’s functional prognosis may not always be favorable, and attempts have been made in recent studies to identify clinical factors that are predictive of the surgical outcome of patients with thoracic OLF. Methods The authors conducted a review of the literature published in the English, Japanese, and Korean languages. They examined studies in which correlation between clinical factors and outcome was statistically evaluated. The clinical factors included sex, age, level of the ossified ligamentum flavum, number of segments affected by OLF, coexisting ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) or other spinal disorders, preopera...
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Familial Transmission of Externalizing Disorders in Adoptive and Twin Offspring

Importance Twin-family studies have shown that parent-child resemblance on substance use disorders and antisocial behavior can be accounted for by the transmission of a general liability to a spectrum of externalizing disorders. Most studies, however, include only biological parents and offspring, which confound genetic and environmental transmission effects. Objective To examine the familial transmission of externalizing disorders among both adoptive (genetically unrelated) and biological relatives to better distinguish genetic and environmental mechanisms of transmission. Design Family study design wherein each family included the mother, father, and 2 offspring, including monozygotic twin, dizygotic twin, nontwin biological, and adoptive offspring. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate familial transmission effects and their genetic and environmental influences. Setting Participants were recruited from the community and assessed at a university laboratory. Participants A total of 1590 families with biological offspring and 409 families with adoptive offspring. Offspring participants were young adults (mean age, 26.2 years). Main Outcomes and Measures Symptom counts of conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and alcohol, nicotine, and drug dependence. Results There was a medium effect for the transmission of the general externalizing liability for biological parents ( r = 0.27-0.30) but not for adoptive parents ( r = 0.03-0.07). In contrast, adoptive siblings exhibited significant similarity on the general externalizing liability ( r = 0.21). Biometric analyses revealed that the general externalizing liability was highly heritable (a 2 = 0.61) but also exhibited significant shared environmental influences (c 2 = 0.20). Conclusions and Relevance Parent-child resemblance for substance use disorders and antisocial behavior is primarily due to the genetic transmission of a general liability to a spectrum of externalizing disorders. Including adoptive siblings revealed a greater role of shared environmental influences on the general externalizing liability than previously detected in twin studies and indicates that sibling rather than parent-child similarity indexes important environmental risk factors for externalizing disorders.
New product sales forecasting without past sales data

Thousands of new products are offered to consumers each year. In 1961, O'Meara reported that the failure rate of new produ,ts was 80% (~ee [ 10]). An article in the March 2, 1972 issue of Business Week found that the failure rate remained at 8 out of 10 (see [91). The capital, materials, time, and human effort used in producing 80% of the new products are wasted. If the farmers in America wasted 80% of their crops, it wc uld be a national scandal. If lumber companies only used lumber from two of every ten trees logged, env2~onmentalist.~ would have the public in an uproar. It's ,~nthinkable to put 80% of our resources to unproductive processes. Yet, that is exactly what happens in the marketing of new products. Particularly unpalatable is the fact that many resources wasted in new product marketing are nonrenewable. Time, capital, and thinking energies can never be renewed. The reasons for the failure of new product offerings are varied and include poor marketing, poor product design, and/or bad timing. Whatever the reason, if the company had had an accurate sales forecast, most of these products would never been marketed. Forecasting wlfich overestimates sales can lead a company to lose money through overproduction. The equally tragic experience of underestimation prevents a potentially profitable product from being fully marketed.