cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case study of work-based learning through the design of edX MOOCs for Latin America and the Caribbean

This exploratory case study analyzed the reported learning experiences among the multidisciplinary practitioners employed in the development of edX courses for a pioneering MOOC program targeted at Latin America and Caribbean. It applied work-based learning theory and activity theory to answer the question of whether and how a group of 20 participants—including subject matter experts, instructional designers, administrative assistants, platform technicians, and media producers—experienced work-based learning through their collaboration during the MOOC program’s initial professionalization period. Using qualitative research methods via interviews, observation, and document analysis, it illuminated the practical, pedagogical, and organizational factors that participants identified as critical for succeeding in their jobs. The principal study finding indicated that the entirety of participants experienced work-based learning in response to systemic tensions related to one or more of the five phases of the MOOC design cycle. The secondary findings concluded that participants encountered significant pressures and opportunities for learning as a result of: developing educational resources or learning activities (80%), the need for improving organizational processes (85%), and facing constant technological upgrades (75%). Finally, the study recommends that MOOC design teams (a) rethink the role of the instructor vis-a-vis the techno-pedagogical affordances of the MOOC platform, and (b) design adaptive organizational structures that support a plurality of sociomaterial workflows.
Early Memorialisation of the Holocaust: American and Scandinavian Perspectives

This concluding chapter discusses how the American Jews’ memorialisation of the Holocaust in the post-war years was associated with their commitment to liberalism. They manifested this in their political behaviour but also in the ways they defined and presented their religion and civic activities. The Denmark-Sweden rescue story provided the Jews of the United States an opportunity to believe in the possibility of human progress. In a similar way, Swedish Jews, and increasingly more non-Jews, expressed a rather positive commitment to Swedish society where the rescue missions became a bedrock of hope for a better future against the backdrop of the horrors and tragedies of the Holocaust.
Scanning interferometric Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (iNIRS): towards time-of-flight resolved imaging of human brain blood flow

Interferometric Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved method to measure diffuse optical field dynamics from the human brain. Here we demonstrate a non-contact, null source-collector separation iNIRS approach based on polarization splitting, which enables galvanometer-based scanning across large spatial fields-of-view and suppresses single and few-scattered superficial light that degrades the effective dynamic range for deep measurements. We present, for the first time, multi-dimensional TOF- and laterally-resolved data sets that describe human forehead dynamics. The resulting blood flow index images show significant spatial heterogeneity in superficial dynamics, helping to identify optimal regions for subsequent monitoring with improved brain specificity.
Evaluation of [11C]hemicholinium-15 and [18F]hemicholinium-15 as new potential PET tracers for the HACU system in the heart

621 Objectives: Like hemicholinium-3, hemicholinium-15 (HC-15) is an inhibitor of high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) system. HC-15 labeled with positron emitting radionuclide either carbon-11 or fluorine-18 may enable non-invasive monitoring of HACU system in the heart to study cardiac parasympathetic innervation using PET imaging technique. We present here our investigation on synthesis, biodistribution and PET imaging of [11C]hemicholinium-15 ([11C]HC-15) and [18F]hemicholinium-15 ([18F]HC-15) as new potential PET tracers for heart HACU system. Methods: [11C]HC-15 was prepared by N-[11C]methylation of the precursor 4-methyl-2-phenyl-morpholine-2-ol using [11C]MeOTf and isolated by a simplified silica SPE method. [18F]HC-15 was prepared by N-[18F]fluoromethylation of the precursor using [18F]FCH2OTf followed by a fast SPE purification. The biodistribution of both compounds was determined in normal Fisher rat model (n=4). The dynamic PET imaging studies of [11C]HC-15 in young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=4) were acquired 90 min post iv injection of 0.5-1 mCi of the tracer using IndyPET-II scanner. For the blocking experiments, the rats were pretreated intraperitoneally with 3.0 mg/kg of unlabeled HC-15 in saline 30 min prior to iv injection of the tracer. The dynamic PET studies in normal and ablated dogs were performed using Siemens CTI EXACT HR+ PET scanner with [13N]NH3, [11C]HC-15 and [18F]HC-15. Results: [11C]HC-15 was synthesized in 55-70% radiochemical yields based on [11C]CO2, 10-15 min overall synthesis time from EOB, >99% purity and >1.0 Ci/μmol specific activity at EOS. [18F]HC-15 was synthesized in 20-30% radiochemical yields, 20-30 min overall synthesis time from EOB, >99% purity and >1.0 Ci/μmol specific activity at EOS. Biodistribution of both tracers in rats shows high heart uptakes in R-ventricle for [11C]HC-15 and L-ventricle for [18F]HC-15, respectively. [11C]HC-15 rat heart PET dynamic studies show rapid heart uptake and blood pool clearance to give high quality heart images. The initial PET blocking studies of the tracer [11C]HC-15 with pretreatment drug HC-15 in rats found only minor reductions in rat heart [11C]HC-15 retention and no significant blocking in the data set. PET studies in dogs of both tracers also show significant heart uptake and give clear heart images. Conclusions: From these preliminary results we may conclude that [11C]HC-15 and [18F]HC-15 are potential tracers for visualization of the HACU system. However, further studies are necessary to determine the exact binding site of [11C]HC-15 and [18F]HC-15.
Raptor: Large Scale Processing of Big Raster + Vector Data

There has been an increase in the amount of spatial data in the recent years due to the advancements in remote sensing technology and the widespread use of smart phones and GPS technology. This has resulted in petabytes of satellite imagery as well as highly accurate geographical features such as city boundaries, roads, and others being made publicly available. Spatial data can generally be modeled in two representations: raster and vector. Satellite imagery is an example of raster data and is usually represented in form of multi-dimensional arrays. Vector data is represented as a set of points, lines, and polygons, and is used to represent geographical features such as regional boundaries. The growth of geospatial data has helped in new scientific discoveries in a wide range of applications that require combining raster and vector data. However, traditional systems implement algorithms that work with either raster or vector data. This paper proposes a novel approach for the concurrent processing of raster and vector data.
The lived experience during the peri-diagnostic period of breast cancer: A scoping review.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the existing research that investigates the lived experience during the peri-diagnostic period of breast cancer. Methods Nine databases were searched for relevant literature between January 2007 and April 2019. Data were extracted and categorized using deductive and inductive approaches. Results A majority of the 66 studies included used qualitative methods to retrospectively explore the treatment decision making process of female breast cancer patients. Patients experienced uncertainty, emotional distress, and a need for more information from providers and relied on social support and family guidance during this period. Conclusions The results of this review show that the burdens experienced during the peri-diagnostic period parallel those in later periods of cancer care. However, these burdens are prompted by different circumstances. More research is needed to explore the lived experience during this period through the use of mixed-methods and by recruiting a diverse sample with regards to role in the breast cancer experience, age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Practice implications Interventions positioned at earlier points in the breast cancer experience should provide informational support, which could be delivered through shared decision making models. Additional support could be facilitated by patient navigation programs and health information technology.
Some Plots of Bessel Functions of Two Variables

For a finite reflection group G there is a rich theory developed by Dunkl, Heckman and Opdam leading to the notion of a commuting set of Bessel differential operators. These systems play an important role in the study of Calogero-Moser systems and other problems of physical interest. When G acts on the real line one recovers the usual Bessel function with a well known power series expansion at the origin. We obtain some such expansions in the case of G = A 2 acting in the plane and we use these to produce plots of some of these functions.
Bremsstrahlung emission of the SN1987A interior

The down‐scattering of gamma photons stores a significant fraction of the total energy in recoil electrons. In this paper we present the bremsstrahlung emission of those recoil electrons in SN1987A. If the bolometric luminosity derives from radioactive decay, the bremsstrahlung emissivity must be present, but has not previously been treated. Initially it was our hope to account for the Ginga 16‐28 keV measurements of SN1987A or to find a detectable X‐ray luminosity near 1 keV for ROSAT. Although this bremsstrahlung emission fails to explain Ginga fluxes, it dominates the X‐ray fluxes below 20 keV and can have detectable consequences for the X‐ray lines from circumstellar matter. We show our results for day 175, 500, 1000, and 1500.
Theoretical interpretations of enhanced laser light absorption

The absorption of intense laser light is obviously one of the very important questions for laser fusion applications. In experiments this absorption has been observed to be substantially more efficient than expected on the basis of classical inverse Bremsstrahlung. An absorption efficiency of ~ 70% has been typically observed in experiments with slab targetsl–4 --even using laser light intensities exceeding 1016 W/cm2 (Nd). It should be noted that a number of experiments with curved targets such as spheres or cylinders have shown a somewhat lower absorption efficiency of ~ 30%, with about half the energy lost to refraction around the target. But even in these experiments the absorption is usually found to be greater than expected classically at high intensities.
Whey protein gel composites in the diet of goats increased the omega-3 and omega-6 content of milk fat

Previously, feeding whey protein gels containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduced their rumen biohydrogenation and increased their concentration in milk fat of Holstein cows. Our objective was to test the efficacy of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels produced in a steam tunnel as a method to alter the fatty acid (FA) composition of the milk lipids. Four primiparous Lamancha goats in midlactation were fed three diets in a 3 × 4 Latin square design. The WPI gels were added to a basal concentrate mix that contained one of three lipid sources: (i) 100% soya bean oil (S) to create (WPI/S), (ii) a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of S and linseed (L) oil to create (WPI/SL), or (iii) 100% L to create (WPI/L). Periods were 22 days with the first 10 days used as an adjustment phase followed by a 12-day experimental phase. During the adjustment phase, all goats received a rumen available source of lipid, yellow grease, to provide a baseline for milk FA composition. During the experimental phase, each goat received its assigned WPI. Milk FA concentration of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 reached 9.3 and 1.64 g/100 g FA, respectively, when goats were fed WPI/S. Feeding WPI/SL increased the C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 concentration to 6.22 and 4.36 g/100 g FA, and WPI/L increased C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 to 3.96 and 6.13 g/100 g FA respectively. The adjusted transfer efficiency (%) of C18:3 n-3 to milk FA decreased significantly as dietary C18:3 n-3 intake increased. Adjusted transfer efficiency for C18:2 n-6 did not change with increasing intake of C18:2 n-6. The WPI gels were effective at reducing rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; however, we observed a change in the proportion increase of C18:3 n-3 in milk FA suggesting possible regulation of n-3 FA to the lactating caprine mammary gland.
Modeling extreme "Carrington-type" space weather events using three-dimensional global MHD simulations

There is a growing concern over possible severe societal consequences related to adverse space weather impacts on man-made technological infrastructure. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made toward the first-principles modeling of space weather events, and three-dimensional (3-D) global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models have been at the forefront of this transition, thereby playing a critical role in advancing our understanding of space weather. However, the modeling of extreme space weather events is still a major challenge even for the modern global MHD models. In this study, we introduce a specially adapted University of Michigan 3-D global MHD model for simulating extreme space weather events with a Dst footprint comparable to the Carrington superstorm of September 1859 based on the estimate by Tsurutani et. al. (2003). Results are presented for a simulation run with “very extreme” constructed/idealized solar wind boundary conditions driving the magnetosphere. In particular, we describe the reaction of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system and the associated induced geoelectric field on the ground to such extreme driving conditions. The model setup is further tested using input data for an observed space weather event of Halloween storm October 2003 to verify the MHD model consistence and to draw additional guidance for future work. This extreme space weather MHD model setup is designed specifically for practical application to the modeling of extreme geomagnetically induced electric fields, which can drive large currents in ground-based conductor systems such as power transmission grids. Therefore, our ultimate goal is to explore the level of geoelectric fields that can be induced from an assumed storm of the reported magnitude, i.e., Dst∼=−1600 nT.
Stable clathrin: uncoating protein (hsc70) complexes in intact neurons and their axonal transport

We have studied the organization of clathrin during its transport in axons. Using immunoprecipitation techniques we have confirmed earlier findings that clathrin is transported as part of slow component b, but we also detect small amounts of clathrin in fast component. As fast component is known to correspond to the transport of membraneous material, including coated vesicle membrane components, our findings suggest that some clathrin in axons undergoes transport in the form of coated membranes and that a portion of the clathrin delivered to axons and axon terminals arrives by way of fast component. The organizational form of clathrin in slow component b (SCb) was examined in more detail, as it is thought to represent a non-membrane-associated species, is relatively long-lived, and at any instant represents the major transport species in axons. We used nondenaturing immunoprecipitation methods with stringent wash procedures to identify other SCb proteins that interact with clathrin. The immunoprecipitates contained major labeled bands that corresponded to clathrin heavy and light chains, along with a prominent 70-kDa band and several minor bands that ranged in apparent Mr from 70,000 to 150,000; the 70-kDa band was shown to be the ATP-dependent uncoating protein by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A very similar profile of polypeptides was also immunoprecipitated from extracts of cultured neurons. The results from a variety of control immunoprecipitations, including the use of antisera preadsorbed with purified clathrin trimers or clathrin light chains, indicate that coprecipitation of clathrin and uncoating protein with the other 70,000–150,000-Da polypeptides from SCb reflects specific interactions. Including exogenous uncoating protein in the lysis buffer had no detectable effect on the levels of endogenous uncoating protein recovered in the immunoprecipitates, indicating that complexes of clathrin, uncoating protein, and the other coimmunoprecipitating SCb protein existed in the intact neurons prior to lysis. Finally, a specific and functional association is further supported by the release of uncoating protein, but not the other 70,000– 150,000-Da polypeptides, from the immunoprecipitated complexes on the addition of ATP. Collectively, these observations provide the first direct evidence of interaction between clathrin and uncoating protein in intact cells, lend strong support to the concept that uncoating protein plays an intimate role in clathrin dynamics within cells, and reveal a family of 70,000–150,000-Da polypeptides that form a stable nonmembranous association with clathrin in intact cells.
Early iron age buffalo hunters on the Kadzi river, Zimbabwe

The faunal sample from Kadzi, an Early Iron Age site in the Zambezi Valley, is the first substantial sample for that period and region in Zimbabwe. The site appears to have been a permanent or semipermanent settlement. The sample consists mainly of bovid remains, dominated by buffalo as a single species, suggesting special hunting skills. The presence of some domestic animals proves that these animals were available to the inhabitants of the site. Their status in the community is, however, uncertain. Possible explanations for the small number of cattle fragments could be the result of paucity of livestock for environmental or other reasons, or may reflect differential disposal of cattle bones as part of ritual expression. Environmental conditions, particularly the possible presence of the tsetse fly, could also have been a factor in determining the distribution of livestock and herd sizes in the region. The faunal remains provide valuable insight into the subsistence strategies of the period. They also provide evidence about animals present in the region during the first millennium AD.
G-protein Palmitoyltransferase Activity Is Enriched in Plasma Membranes

Heterotrimeric G proteins are covalently modified by lipids. Myristoylation of G-protein α subunits and prenylation of γ subunits are stable modifications. In contrast, palmitoylation of α subunits is dynamic and thus has the potential for regulating protein function. Indeed, receptor activation of Gs increases palmitate turnover on the α subunit, presumably by stimulating deacylation. The enzymes that catalyze reversible palmitoylation of G-protein α subunits have not been characterized. Here we report the identification of a palmitoyl-CoA:protein S-palmitoyltransferase activity that acylates G-protein α subunits in vitro. Palmitoyltransferase activity is membrane-associated and requires detergent for solubilization. The preferred G-protein substrate for the enzyme activity is the α subunit in the context of the heterotrimer. Both myristoylated and nonmyristoylated G-protein α subunits are recognized as substrates. The palmitoyltransferase activity demonstrates a modest preference for palmitoyl-CoA over other fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Palmitoyltransferase activity is high in plasma membrane and present at low or undetectable levels in Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of rat liver. The subcellular localization of this enzyme activity is consistent with a role for regulated cycles of acylation and deacylation accompanying activation of G-protein signal transduction pathways.
CYTONUCLEAR COADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA: DISRUPTION OF CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN BACKCROSS GENOTYPES

The cytochrome c oxidase enzyme (COX) is comprised of 10 nuclear-encoded subunits and three mitochondrial-encoded subunits in close physical association in the inner mitochondrial membrane. COX passes electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and pumps protons into the inner mitochondrial space for ATP production. Selection on nuclear-mitochondrial interactions within species should lead to coadaptation of the proteins comprising this important enzyme. Under this model, there should be relatively little disruption of COX activity when mitochondrial genomes are crossed among strains within species. A more pronounced disruption of activity is expected when the mitochondrial genome is expressed in the nuclear background of a different species. We test these hypotheses in Drosophila using hybridization and backcrossing among lines of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. Disrupted cytonuclear genotypes were constructed using backcrosses between two lines of D. simulans (siI and siII) that introduced each divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into each nuclear background due to maternal inheritance of mtDNA. Similar crosses were used to introduce each D. simulans mtDNA into the D. mauritiana maI nuclear background. Reconstituted cytonuclear control genotypes were constructed by backcrossing the initial F1 females to males of the maternal genotype. COX enzyme activities were compared among these disrupted and reconstituted backcross genotypes within and between species. The disruption effect on COX activity was restricted to males of interspecific genotypes. These data support the coadaptation hypothesis and are consistent with predictions that the evolution of modifiers of male mitochondrial dysfunction is hindered by the maternal inheritance of mtDNA. New sequence data for nuclear encoded subunits of COX identified amino acids that may play a role in the disruption effect.
Inhibition of the `Condensing Enzyme' of Aspergillus niger by Magnesium

Stern and Ochoa1,2 found that magnesium (or manganese) was required for maximum activity of the ‘condensing enzyme’ (oxalacetate + acetylcoenzyme A ⇌ citrate + coenzyme A) isolated from pigeon liver, and used an assay system containing 4 µM magnesium chloride per ml. The same or similar systems have been used by others in comparing enzyme-levels in different organisms2–5 and by us in studies of the ‘condensing enzyme’ of Aspergillus niger 6,7. In later work with the A. niger enzyme, we found that magnesium ions were not required and that they were actually inhibitory. Inhibition of the A. nigerenzyme by magnesium ions differentiates it from the avian enzyme and suggests that some of the lower specific activities reported for enzyme preparations from other organisms3,5 may reflect the same phenomenon.
Community College Nursing Student Success on Professional Qualifying Examinations from Admission to Licensure

The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to investigate variables associated with learning and performance as measured by the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), (2) to validate the predictive value of the Assessment Technologies Institute (ATI) achievement exit exam, and (3) to provide a model that could be used to predict performance on the NCLEX-RN, with implications for admission and curriculum development. The study was based on school learning theory, which implies that acquisition in school learning is a function of aptitude (preadmission measures), opportunity to learn (program length), and quality of instruction (program measures). Participants were 298 graduates of an associate degree nursing program in southeastern U.S. Of the 298 graduates, 142 were Hispanic, 87 Black, non-Hispanic, 54 White, non-Hispanic, and 15 others. The graduates took the NCLEX-RN for the first time (2003–2005). This study was a predictive, correlational design that relied upon ret...
Unravelling transient phases during thermal oxidation of copper for dense CuO nanowire growth

Direct evidence of cupric ion outdiffusion through grain boundaries during thermal oxidation of high purity Cu is obtained using Raman spectroscopy. This diffusion feeds the growth of CuO nanowires on the surface while forming a Cu1+xO phase in the grain boundaries of the underlying Cu2O film. On complete Cu consumption, counter indiffusion of O2− ions converts the entire structure to a CuO film, while viable CuO nanowires still remain on the surface.
Lunette: A low-cost concept enabling multi-lander lunar science and exploration missions

Abstract The development of low cost missions for lunar exploration has emerged as a topic of increasing interest. Recently a study team from JPL was tasked to consider potential high-value lunar surface science and exploration missions that could be performed with small, low cost landed assets, with particular emphasis on missions that could be flown as secondary payloads on evolved expendable launch vehicle (EELV) launches. A mission concept and flight system design was developed in the course of this study that would deliver a network of up to six individual landers to a local lunar region, utilizing the full capabilities of the EELV secondary payload adapter (ESPA). The braking burn of the six landers would be performed by a single solid rocket motor integral with the ESPA ring, following which the landers would separate from the ESPA and perform final descent and precision landing using their own onboard propulsion systems. The six landers would initiate a one year mission, performing site survey and environmental science measurements including illumination, temperature, radiation, soil mechanics, and seismometry. Additional payload accommodation would be available on each lander to include unique experiments. The lander design was constrained to fit within the requirements for accommodation on the ESPA. These include a wet mass of no more than 180 kg, and dimensions that fit in an envelope of 61×71×96 cm. The total landed mass of the conceptual spacecraft is ∼140 kg which would deliver a total of ∼15 kg of payload mass to the lunar surface, per lander. In addition to the multi-lander ESPA-based design, a single lander flight system variant was developed that could enable globally distributed network science at very low cost. This paper discusses the mission concepts, flight system designs and numerous system engineering challenges that led to the development of this uniquely flexible and cost effective lunar mission concept.
Strategies in K‐12 science instruction to promote conceptual change

Three schools in a suburban area were studied by using interviews, classroom observations, and surveys for both teachers and students. We focused on fourth grade in an elementary school, eighth grade in a middle school, and tenth grade in a high school. The goal of the study was to understand the science classroom environment and to propose changes in methodology. By looking at the results of the data and examining the research literature with respect to conceptual change learning, this article presents a summary of the teaching practices that are successful and those that are not. It is found that laboratory or “hands-on” activities are favored by students and that there is evidence in the literature that these types of activities can promote conceptual change when combined with discussion and reflection. In addition, students find topics more interesting when they have some relevance to their daily lives or experience. To combine enhanced laboratory teaching with relevant content, teachers need to be provided with opportunities to improve their knowledge base with respect to the scientific research process by having access to laboratory research experiences. A proposal is given for improvements in teaching methodology as well as teacher preparation in order to promote conceptual change learning. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed82:455–472, 1998.
Dopamine-induced hypothermia in morphine-dependent rats.

Abstract The effect on body temperature of lateral ventricular injection of dopamine was studied in control rats and in rats rendered dependent on morphine by implantation of a subcutaneous pellet. Dopamine induced a significantly greater hypothermie response in animals of the morphine-dependent group when injected 72 hr after pellet implantation. The increased sensitivity of the morphine-dependent animals is probably the result of changes at the dopaminergic synapse; whether this is due to an increase in receptor sensitivity or is a reflection of an increase in receptors as a result of presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release is discussed.
A Fully Automated Shuttle-Box for Avoidance Conditioning

This report describes a completely automated shuttle-box avoidance conditioning apparatus for the rat. The equipment has been designed for maximum flexibility in order that the programming changes required for both simple and highly complex conditioning procedures may be made by simply re-setting dials. For each trial four independently adjustable time intervals are available, and for each of these intratrial intervals, visual, auditory, and shock stimuli may be presented independently or in combination. Thus, tones and lights (CS) and shock (UCS) may be presented over the four intervals simultaneously or sequentially with overlap, contiguity, or a rime lapse between the two stimuli. In the description to follow it will be noted that an open door between the two compartments of the shuttle-box permits S to move from one compartment to the other between trials. However, the circuitry is designed so that the CS and UCS are always presented to he compartment containing S regardless of Ss position or movements. While S's performance can be observed through a one-way viewing window, a permanent record of all stimuli and responses, including durations and latencies, is made on a specially modified hot-stylus recorder. In addition, counters and indicator lights facilitate observation of S's performance at any given moment. We have had two such apparatuses in operation in our laboratories for the past four years and the model described has proven highly accurate and reliable, with few failures during this period. Since E's presence is not required, we have been able with one apparatus, to rest 16 Ss a day at the rate of 40 trials per animal. This figure can be increased greatly if the number of trials per day is reduced. The apparatus consists of (a) a shuttle-box, (b) a session conuoller which controls and counts the total number of trials, (c) a primary timer unit for programming stimulus intervals, (d) an auxiliary electronic timer for intervals less than 1 sec., (e) a stimulus selector unit for selecting the appropriate stimuli for each trial interval and for feeding this information to the recorder, (f) a shock-scrambler for providing noxious shock to the grid floors at the shuttle-box, and (g) a "hot-stylus" recorder.*
COULD BENT CRYSTALS BE USED TO CONSTRUCT LONG BASELINE NEUTRINO BEAMS

Abstract Several programs are underway to construct long baseline neutrino beams from accelerators for experiments to study neutrino mixing and mass differences. Such programs require an intense proton beam extracted from an accelerator, a deflector to point it in the right direction, a target to make mesons, a meson decay pipe to produce the neutrinos, and a large neutrino detector. Channeling offers a technique to extract and direct such beams. However long crystals of germanium or tungsten would be required in most cases. The necessary bend angles would result in substantial dechanneling. While such arrangements are thinkable they are far in the future.
Balancing Model Order Reduction Technique for Descriptor-Like Systems

This paper presents the balancing model order reduction technique in the context of a descriptor- like system representation, which exhibits special structural properties. This is done by integration of these properties into the conventional balancing model order reduction method. An example is given to illustrate the tractability and the application of the proposed technique.
Fractals for fragmentations and unfolding functions

Abstract The digital image processing techniques were applied recently to the fragment characterizations and particle size distributions. However, the fragment size was measured in areal terms on the 2-dimensional (2-D) surface images of rock piles, which results in biased statistics. The biases are due to two reasons: the 2-D projected area of particles was measured for their 3-D volumes, and particles were overlapped on the surface images (not fully exposed to measure true areas). In this paper, a better technique was developed to obtain volumetric size distribution from the 2-D surface image by introducing fractal geometry and the unfolding method to correct the overlapping problem. The new unfolding method was tested positively against the actual sieve tests and demonstrated its superiority over other digital image processing methods. It is a simple and general method that does not require the socalled calibration of power term for a specific project.
Investigating the Potential Influence of Cause of Death and Cocaine Levels on the Differential Expression of Genes Associated with Cocaine Abuse

The development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of complex brain disorders such as drug addiction is likely to be advanced by a more complete understanding of the underlying molecular pathophysiology. Although the study of postmortem human brain represents a unique resource in this regard, it can be challenging to disentangle the relative contribution of chronic pathological processes versus perimortem events to the observed changes in gene expression. To begin to unravel this issue, we analyzed by quantitative PCR the midbrain expression of numerous candidate genes previously associated with cocaine abuse. Data obtained from chronic cocaine abusers (and matched control subjects) dying of gunshot wounds were compared with a prior study of subjects with deaths directly attributable to cocaine abuse. Most of the genes studied (i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, forkhead box A2, histone variant H3 family 3B, nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor alpha, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta) were found to be differentially expressed in chronic cocaine abusers irrespective of immediate cause of death or perimortem levels of cocaine, suggesting that these may represent core pathophysiological changes arising with chronic drug abuse. On the other hand, chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 and jun proto-oncogene expression were unaffected in cocaine-abusing subjects dying of gunshot wounds, in contrast to the differential expression previously reported in cocaine-related fatalities. The possible influence of cause of death and other factors on the cocaine-responsiveness of these genes is discussed.
EEG asymmetry as a function of occupation, task, and task difficulty

Abstract Nine male artists and eight male engineers were tested for asymmetry of occipital alpha as a function of occupation, lateral speicificity of task, and difficulty of the task. NEbes' ring test and a facial memory test were used as “right hemisphere” tasks, and linguistic and mathematical tasks were chosen as left hemisphere specific. Results found no difference on the basis of occupation or difficulty, and significant results were found for task laterality.
Characterization and origin of immunoreactive glandular kallikrein in rat plasma

Abstract A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for rat urinary kallikrein (RUK), capable of detecting 200 pg of antigen, has been developed and used to help characterize the nature and origin of immunoreactive glandular kallikrein in rat plasma. Although rat plasma did not cross-react in a parallel manner in the RIA, a highly significant (P M r , 29,500) on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than that of RUK (32,000). Hence, glandular kallikrein circulates in rat plasma in an inactive form. The submandibular and sublingual glands appear to be a major source of the plasma antigen, and the kidney plays an important role in the clearance and/or metabolism of glandular kallikrein from plasma.
ϕ(1020) and ω(782) Mesons from Dielectron Decays at STAR

Abstract The measurement of masses, widths, transverse momentum spectrum, and yields of ϕ → e + e − at mid-rapidity ( | y | 1 ) from STAR experiment in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV are presented and compared to the ϕ meson result from the hadronic decay channel. The ω → e + e − spectrum is also presented. Particle identification based on the STAR Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector upgrade in conjunction with ionization energy-loss (dE/dx) measurements from the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is used for a clean electron and positron identification.
Space Station Information Management

General requirements and concepts for the 1975 space station information management problem are sized parametrically. Because of the need for feasible distribution of data to space and ground users over long-term flight conditions, emphasis has been placed on the preliminary concepts for onboard data processing and autonomous information handling combined with only single-point ground distribution. The requirements for such extensive critical data-distribution capabilities have been established from preliminary estimates.
CENTROSOME AND MICROTUBULE INSTABILITY IN AGING DROSOPHILA CELLS

Several cytoskeletal changes are associated with aging which includes alterations in muscle structure leading to muscular atrophy, and weakening of the microtubule network which affects cellular secretion and maintenance of cell shape. Weakening of the microtubule network during meiosis in aging oocytes can result in aneuploidy or trisomic zygotes with increasing maternal age. Imbalances of cytoskeletal organization can lead to disease such as Alzheimer's, muscular disorders, and cancer. Because many cytoskeletal diseases are related to age we investigated the effects of aging on microtubule organization in cell cultures of the Drosophila cell model system (Schneider S-1 and Kc23 cell lines). This cell model is increasingly being used as an alternative system to mammalian cell cultures. Drosophila cells are amenable to genetic manipulations and can be used to identify and manipulate genes which are involved in the aging processes. Immunofluorescence, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed for the analysis of microtubule organizing centers (centrosomes) and microtubules at various times after subculturing cells in fresh medium. Our results reveal that centrosomes and the microtubule network becomes significantly affected in aging cells after 5 days of subculture. At 5-14 days of subculture, 1% abnormal out of 3% mitoses were noted which were clearly distinguishable from freshly subcultured control cells in which 3% of cells undergo normal mitosis with bipolar configurations. Microtubules are also affected in the midbody during cell division. The midbody in aging cells becomes up to 10 times longer when compared with midbodies in freshly subcultured cells. During interphase, microtubules are often disrupted and disorganized, which may indicate improper function related to transport of cell organelles along microtubules. These results are likely to help explain some cytoskeletal disorders and diseases related to aging.
The Molecular Beam Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments. The Magnetic Moments of Li 6 3 , Li 7 3 and F 19 9

A new method of measuring nuclear or other magnetic moment is described. The method, which consists essentially in the measurement of a Larmor frequency in known magnetic fields, is of very general application and capable of the highest precision in absolute and relative measurements. The apparatus consists of two magnets in succession which produce inhomogeneous magnetic fields of oppositely directed gradients. A molecular beam of the substance to be studied possesses a sigmoid path in these magnets and is focused on a suitable detector. A third magnet which produces a homogeneous field is placed in the region between the two deflecting magnets. In this strong homogeneous field the nuclear moments are decoupled from other nuclear moments and from rotational moments of a molecule in a $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state, and precess with their Larmor frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}H}{\mathrm{hI}}$. An oscillating field perpendicular to the homogeneous field produces transitions to other states of space quantization when the frequency of this field is close to $\ensuremath{\nu}$. If such transitions take place the molecule is no longer focused on to the detector by the subsequent inhomogeneous field and the observed intensity diminishes. The application of the method to the molecules LiCl, LiF, NaF and ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ is described. The nuclear moments of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ were found to be 3.250, 0.820 and 2.622 nuclear magnetons, respectively.
Jesus' Journey to Jerusalem (Luke 9.51-19.46): a Conflict with Israel:

After reviewing the problems presented by Luke's journey narrative (9.51-19.46), this essay proposes to view the Lukan journey from a literary-critical perspective. It proposes that the Lukan narra...
Bruno Latour: A Philosophical Critic of ‘Facts’ and ‘Modernity’

Bruno Latour: Hybrid Thoughts in a Hybrid World, by Anders Blok and Torben Elgaard Jensen, London: Routledge, 2011, $138.00. Bruno Latour may be considered one of the leading social theorists of ou...
Domain structure of trapped flux in type II superconductors

Abstract Trapped flux in thin foils of type II superconductors shows a domain structure with regions of opposite flux arranged in the specimen. As in a ferromagnetic body, the domains are established in order to reduce the total energy of the system.
Resource Consumption in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks: Applications and Shannon Limits

When a frequency band has been selected for a session in a dynamic spectrum access network, the initial choices for the modulation and coding must be consistent with the bandwidth that is available and the session's quality-of-service priorities. A measure of resource consumption is developed for use in the selection of the code-modulation combination. The resource- consumption metric accounts for the bandwidth, data- transmission time, and transmitted power for the session. Shannon capacity limits are employed to bound the resource consumption and permit tradeoffs between the time-bandwidth product of the signals and the amount of power that must be transmitted to achieve reliable communication.
Magnetohydrodynamic viscous flow over a nonlinearly moving surface: Closed-form solutions

In this paper, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow over a nonlinearly (power-law velocity) moving surface is investigated analytically and solutions are presented for a few special conditions. The solutions are obtained in closed forms with hyperbolic functions. The effects of the magnetic, the wall moving, and the mass transpiration parameters are discussed. These solutions are important to show the flow physics as well as to be used as bench mark problems for numerical validation and development of new solution schemes.
Emissions of C02 from energy crop production

Abstract Estimates of CO 2 emissions in kg C dry Mg −1 of biomass produced under present and likely future production technology (with biomass yields in dry Mg ha −1 in parentheses) are: hybrid poplar, 25.8 (11.3) and 21.8 (18.5); sorghum, 32.0 (13.3) and 21.8 (30.2); and switchgrass, 32.9 (9.0) and 29.2 (14.4). The lower yield for each energy crop can be achieved today, while the potential exists to reach the higher yield, and under some circumstances the higher yield can be reached today. On a kg C GJ −1 basis, CO 2 emissions from production of energy crops range from a high of 1.9 for switchgrass to a low of 1.1 at the higher yield for hybrid poplar. These carbon releases are considerably lower than emissions from fossil fuels, which on a kg C GJ −1 bases are 13.78, 22.29, and 24.65 for natural gas, petroleum, and coal, respectively.
Schistosoma mansoni: interactions of adult parasites with the complement system.

Summary The interaction of the mouse complement system with adult male Schistosoma mansoni was studied by immunocytochemical localization procedures and in-vitro assays for complement mediated tegument damage. Mouse C3 was demonstrated to be associated with the parasite's tegument, but was localized only in the infoldings of the tegument and not on its free surface. Freshly harvested parasites manifested no detectable tegumental modification when incubated in normal mouse serum or in immune mouse serum. However, parasites which had been allowed to lose their adsorbed host components by elution (incubation in serum free media for 3 h at 37°C) were severely damaged by incubation in normal mouse serum, but not by incubation in immune mouse serum. This damage was shown to be mediated by the alternative complement pathway and appeared to be initially limited to the tubercles of the adult male parasite. Tegument disruption could be blocked by pre-incubation of the eluted worms in either immune mouse serum or an IgG fraction of immune mouse serum. An IgG fraction of normal mouse serum did not protect the parasite, and infected mouse serum (IMS) which had been depleted of IgG produced tegument damage equivalent to that observed with normal mouse serum (NMS). The addition of I-IgG to NMS abrogated tegument damage. These data suggest that while adult schistosomes possess surface molecules bearing alternative pathway complement activation sites, these sites are masked by adsorbed host components in vivo. These results further indicate that in the absence of these masking host molecules anti-schistosome IgG may play a role in protecting the adult worm from alternative pathway activation, perhaps by binding to and blocking the activation sites on the tegument associated molecules.
350 mW green light emission from a directly frequency-doubled DBR laser in a compact package

We report a compact green light source consisting of a 1060-nm DBR laser, a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal waveguide and an adaptive optic element consisting of a micro-electro-mechanical system actuator. Up to 350 mW optical power at 530 nm with the wallplug efficiency of up to 15% was demonstrated. The change in the optical power at constant current over the temperature range from 10°C to 70°C was less than 18%.
Hierarchical underwater localization in dominating background flow fields

The effect of ocean flow on the motion of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) is often crucial in the development of underwater localization algorithms and should not be treated as small disturbances. The domination of strong ocean currents and the requirement of low power consumption prohibit AUVs to move against a background flow to obtain localization correction in a timely manner. Our recent studies, among others, enable an unmanned vehicle to follow a near optimal trajectory found by Lagrangian coherent structures based fluid control algorithm with minimal fuel usage, which improves the vehicles' runtime and the path following accuracy in the presence of strong background flow. Here, we propose a three-dimensional fully distributed localization hierarchy to improve the localization of low-cost mobile marine data collection underwater sensor networks using intra-vehicle communication and measurements. The proposed algorithm is realized by using the extended Kalman filter. Correlation terms in covariance matrices are considered independently to meet the distributed feature. Resulting simulated localization errors are bounded at satisfactory levels and the relationship between the number of AUVs and the performance of the algorithm is investigated.