cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor κB in cancer cells versus normal cells

Green tea has shown remarkable anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive effects in many animal tumor bioassays, cell culture systems, and epidemiological studies. Many of these biological effects of green tea are mediated by epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol present therein. We have earlier shown that EGCG treatment results in apoptosis of several cancer cells, but not of normal cells (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 1881-1886 (1997)). The mechanism of this differential response of EGCG is not known. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NF-kappaB during these differential responses of EGCG. EGCG treatment resulted in a dose-dependent (i) inhibition of cell growth, (ii) G0/G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle, and (iii) induction of apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells, but not in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Electromobility shift assay revealed that EGCG (10-80 microM) treatment results in lowering of NF-kappaB levels in both the cytoplasm and nucleus in a dose-dependent manner in both A431 cells and NHEK, albeit at different concentrations. EGCG treatment was found to result in a dose-based differential inhibition of TNF-alpha- and LPS-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in these cells. The inhibition of NF-kappaB constitutive expression and activation in NHEK was observed only at high concentrations. The immunoblot analysis also demonstrated a similar pattern of inhibition of the constitutive expression as well as activation of NF-kappaB/p65 nuclear protein. This inhibition of TNF-alpha-caused NF-kappaB activation was mediated via the phosphorylative degradation of its inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha. Taken together, EGCG was found to impart differential dose-based NF-kappaB inhibitory response in cancer cells vs normal cells; i.e., EGCG-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB constitutive expression and activation was found to occur at much higher dose of EGCG in NHEK as compared to A431 cells. This study suggests that EGCG-caused cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis of cancer cells may be mediated through NF-kappaB inhibition.
Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (c-ANCA) Positive Recurrent Eosinophilic Fasciitis Responsive to Cyclophosphamide: A Clinical Pathology Conference Held by the Division of Rheumatology at Hospital for Special Surgery

Abbreviations ANA Antinuclear antibodies c-ANCA Cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody CRP C-reactive protein CS Corticosteroids CT Computed tomography CYC Cyclophosphamide EF Eosinophilic fasciitis EMS Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome HES Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IgM, IgG, IgA Immunoglobulin M, G, A IL Interleukin IV Intravenous IVIG Intravenous immunoglobulins MAC Membrane attack complex MPO Myeloperoxidase antibody MRA Magnetic resonance angiography MRI Magnetic resonance imaging p-ANCA Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody PDGFRA Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha PR3 Proteinase 3 antibodies PUVA Psoralen plus ultraviolet A ROM Range of motion sIgMD Selective Immunoglobulin M Deficiency TGF β Transforming growth factor-beta
Noninvasive Conversion of Atrial Flutter Using a Multiprogrammable DDD Pulse Generator

. A patient with sick sinus syndrome and resistant paroxysmal atrial flutter was treated with amiodarone and implanted with a Medtronic 7005 DDD pacemaker. Following discontinuation of amiodarone, an episode of sustained atrial flutter was converted to sinus rhythm by noninvasive rapid atrial pacing in the outpatient ciinic. This case illustrates one of the many capabilities for arrhythmic intervention using currently availabie implanted pacemakers.
Statistical inference on the mechanisms of genome evolution

In a series of publications, I and my colleagues have developed hypotheses for how the evolution of various aspects of genome architecture is expected to proceed under conditions in which the forces of random genetic drift and mutation predominate (e.g., [1]–[15]). These models, collectively referred to below as the mutational-hazard (hereafter, MH) hypothesis, are sometimes represented as neutral models [16], [17], but this is not correct, as the key component of each model is the deleterious mutational consequence of excess DNA. The MH hypothesis is, however, a nonadaptational model, in that it yields expectations on the structure of genomes without invoking external selective forces. It is likely that some aspects of these models will need to be changed as more is learned about the molecular consequences of various aspects of gene structure and the nature of mutation. Such modifications will not alter the need for baseline null hypotheses in attempts to defend adaptive explanations for variation in genomic architecture [9]. Nevertheless, any theory that strives to provide a unifying explanation for diverse sets of genomic observations must be scrutinized extensively from a variety of angles and interpreted in the context of well-established molecular and population-genetic processes. Although I will argue that a recent challenge to the MH hypothesis by Whitney and Garland ([18]; hereafter, WG) contains numerous problems, this exchange may help clarify more broadly misunderstood issues.
Modeling error in assessment of mammographic image features for improved computer-aided mammography training: initial experience

In this study we investigate the hypothesis that there exist patterns in erroneous assessment of BI-RADS image features among radiology trainees when performing diagnostic interpretation of mammograms. We also investigate whether these error making patterns can be captured by individual user models. To test our hypothesis we propose a user modeling algorithm that uses the previous readings of a trainee to identify whether certain BI-RADS feature values (e.g. "spiculated" value for "margin" feature) are associated with higher than usual likelihood that the feature will be assessed incorrectly. In our experiments we used readings of 3 radiology residents and 7 breast imaging experts for 33 breast masses for the following BI-RADS features: parenchyma density, mass margin, mass shape and mass density. The expert readings were considered as the gold standard. Rule-based individual user models were developed and tested using the leave one-one-out crossvalidation scheme. Our experimental evaluation showed that the individual user models are accurate in identifying cases for which errors are more likely to be made. The user models captured regularities in error making for all 3 residents. This finding supports our hypothesis about existence of individual error making patterns in assessment of mammographic image features using the BI-RADS lexicon. Explicit user models identifying the weaknesses of each resident could be of great use when developing and adapting a personalized training plan to meet the resident's individual needs. Such approach fits well with the framework of adaptive computer-aided educational systems in mammography we have proposed before.
Hg(II) and Cd(II) complexes with mixed donor macrocyclic thioethers: The oxophobicity of mercury(II)

Abstract A series of Hg(II) and Cd(II) homoleptic complexes with mixed donor (O,S and N,S) macrocycles is reported. The macrocyclic oxa thiacrowns 9S2O (1-oxa-4,7-dithiacyclononane) and 18S4O2 (1,10-dioxa-4,7,13,16-tetrathiacyclooctadecane) bind to Hg(II) to form distorted tetrahedral S4 geometries without coordination of the oxygen atoms. In contrast, the two macrocycles coordinate to Cd(II) through all ligand donors to form S4O2 environments. We also report the structure of bis(9N2S (1,4-diaza-7-thiacyclononane))cadmium(II), [Cd(9N2S)2]2+ which shows octahedral coordination in a trans N4S2 environment. Furthermore, two new homoleptic Cd(II) complexes with the related hexadentate macrocycles 18N6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane) and 18S6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiayclooctadecane) are described. Among the Cd(II) complexes, we highlight a trend in 113Cd NMR that shows progressive upfield chemical shifts as secondary amine donors replace thioether S donors.
Psychology of Computer Use: XLVII. Parameters of Internet Use, Abuse and Addiction: The First 90 Days of the Internet Usage Survey:

While the addictive potential of Internet usage is a topic that has attracted a great deal of attention, as yet little research has addressed this topic. Preliminary data from the Internet Usage Survey shows that most of the 563 users reported instances of Internet use interfering with other aspects of their lives, most commonly problems with managing time. A subgroup of users endorsed multiple usage-related problems, including several similar to those found in addictions. Younger users tended to have experienced more problems.
Axisymmetric compression of a Mohr–Coulomb medium around a circular hole

An analytical solution is presented for the stress and strain fields in a Mohr–Coulomb material in plane strain around a circular hole when it is compressed by an axisymmetric far-field pressure. It is shown that several solutions arise involving one to three plastic zones depending on the values of Poisson's ratio and the friction angle. The solution chosen for presentation was obtained and used to validate the functioning of the Mohr–Coulomb yield condition that was added to the NONSAP finite element code. Stress and strain field comparisons are made.
Infrared Space Observatory Mid-Infrared Spectra of Reflection Nebulae*

We present 5-15 μm imaging spectroscopy of the reflection nebulae vdB 17 (NGC 1333), vdB 59 (NGC 2068), vdB 101, vdB 111, vdB 133, and vdB 135, obtained with the infrared camera and circular variable filter wheel on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). These nebulae are illuminated by stars with Teff = 3,600-19,000 K, implying UV (λ < 400 nm) to total stellar flux ratios of F(λ<400 nm)/Ftotal = 0.01-0.87. We detect the infrared emission features (IEFs) at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, and 12.7 μm, broad emission features at 6-9 μm and 11-13 μm, and 5-15 μm continuum emission, from the interstellar medium in vdB 17, vdB 59, and vdB 133 (F(λ<400 nm)/Ftotal = 0.22-0.87), and place upper limits on the emission from the interstellar medium in vdB 101, vdB 111, and vdB 135 (F(λ<400 nm)/Ftotal = 0.01-0.20). Our goal is to test predictions of models attributing the IEFs to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Interstellar models predict PAHs change from singly ionized to neutral as the UV intensity, G0, decreases. The ratio of PAH emission at 6-10 μm to PAH emission at 10-14 μm is expected to be 10 times higher in ionized than in neutral PAHs. We observe no spectroscopic differences with varying Teff. We analyze the spectra of vdB 17 and vdB 59 as a function of distance from the star to see how the spectra depend on G0 within each source. The only quantitative difference we find is a broadening of the 7.7 μm IEF at G0 = 20-60 within vdB 17. We observe only a 40% change in the 6-10 μm to 10-14 μm flux ratio over G0 = 20-6 × 104.
Transcatheter closure of large persistent left superior vena cava causing cyanosis in two patients post‐Fontan operation utilizing the Gianturco Grifka vascular occlusion device

We report the successful transcatheter closure of a large persistent left superior vena cava draining into the pulmonary venous circulation causing cyanosis in two patients who had previously undergone the Fontan operation utilizing the Gianturco Grifka vascular occlusion device. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:398–404. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Zearalenone in cereal grains

Zearalenone, a secondary metabolite with estrogenic properties, is produced by severalFusarium species that colonize cereal grains in the field and in storage. Recently, there have been reports of zearalenone contamination in corn, oats, barley, wheat, and grain sorghum. Corn and grain sorghum were examined for contamination due to obvious mold damage. Wheat, corn, and sorghum have been examined to determine the incidence of zearalenone in grains moving through commercial channels and stored on farms and at country elevators. Other grains such as oats and barley were analyzed because of associated estrogenic disturbances in farm animals. Stepsin procedures for the determination of zearalenone are extraction of a representative sample, partial purification of the extract by column chromatography, alkali treatment, or liquid-liquid partitioning, and subsequent measurement of the isolated toxin. Zearalenone is measured in partially purified extracts by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Confirmation of zearalenone contamination can be accomplished by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Multitoxin screening procedures have been deveoped for zearalenone in combination with one or more of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, patulin, ochratoxin, penicillic acid, citrinin, penitrem A, and sterigmatocystin.
Sufficient optimality conditions for some structural design problems

The derivation of sufficient conditions for optimal structural design is considered in this paper. It is shown how such conditions can be obtained for certain classes of problems. Examples involving design constraints on deflection and stability are presented to demonstrate the procedure.
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: A Historical Perspective

The most feared complication associated with the administration of local anesthetics is the profound and potentially lethal effect that these agents can have on cardiac conduction and function. This review traces the evolution of local anesthetic systemic toxicity beginning with the early deaths associated with the introduction of cocaine into clinical practice. The development of bupivacaine is discussed, with particular emphasis on the delayed recognition and acceptance of its inherent cardiotoxicity. Finally, the origins of lipid resuscitation are reviewed with respect to their theoretical foundation, as well as the confluence of events and experimental investigations that delivered this therapy into clinical practice.
Bounding the coefficients of the characteristic polynomials of simple binary matroids

Abstract We give an upper bound and a class of lower bounds on the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of a simple binary matroid. This generalizes the corresponding bounds for graphic matroids of Li and Tian (1978) [3] , as well as a matroid lower bound of Bjorner (1980) [1] for simple binary matroids. As the flow polynomial of a graph G is the characteristic polynomial of the dual matroid M ∗ ( G ) , the bound applies to flow polynomials.
Survivability of optical fiber sensor elements embedded in silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites

Optical fiber sensor elements were embedded in ceramic matrix composite (CMC) specimens fabricated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory using a rapid chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process. The silica and sapphire optical fiber sensors were placed between adjacent layers of interwoven NicalonR fibers during the stacking of a preform. This preform was then coated with pyrolytic carbon, used as an interface layer, and then densified with additional silicon carbide through CVI. This paper discusses the survivability of both the silica and sapphire optical fiber sensor elements, and suggests the possibility of using embedded optical fiber sensor elements inside high temperature composites for both fabrication monitoring and subsequent in-service lifetime monitoring at high temperatures.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SOLUTION OF A FOURTH-ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION USING THE METHOD OF LINES.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the solution of the fourth order boundary value problem with boundary conditions where α(s) is square integrable on 0≦s≦a, bounded from above by M and below by M >0 and 0≦z≦∞. This problem arises in certain areas of fluid dynamics. If [0, a] is divided into equal intervals of length h such that and ū is a vector with ith component u(si,z) the asssociated vector differential equation is . The eigenvalues of AB are shown to be nonnegative and the matrix of eigenveciors to have bounded condition number, which assures that the solution remains bounded as h→0, and hence the solution of the boundary value problem exists.
A MANAGERIAL SELECTION STUDY

Summary A study was conducted in a manufacturing division of an electronics firm to determine if tests could be selected which would be positively related to managerial success and thus useful in selecting employees who have good managerial potential. Data were obtained from 102 managers, 84 of whom were first-line managers. These employees were from four plants in various sections of the United States. A job analysis was conducted by means of interviews to find the characteristics that were minimal requirements for the position of manager and those that discriminated between better and poorer managers. Based on the job analysis, a number of characteristics were hypothesized which seemed to relate to the success of the managers interviewed. Tests were then selected to measure these characteristics. Both subjective and objective criteria were employed to evaluate the test results. The objective criterion (salary corrected for length of service) was found to be the most satisfactory measure. When the tests were correlated to the objective criterion for the first-line managers, two measures (Otis Test of Mental Ability and Background and Contemporary Data Form) were found to have significant validity and cross-validity. The results indicate that the use of these instruments in the selection procedure would increase the number of managers capable of performing in an above-average manner. This increase might be as much as 36 per cent over the present situation as measured by the criterion of the study.
Multiple bottlenecks, allopatric lineages and Badlands bison Bos bison: Consequences of lineage mixing

Abstract While ecological and conservation consequences of combining animals of varied genetic backgrounds have been widely discussed, the demonstration of effects that stem from lineage mixing remains elusive. Since management agencies relocate populations or supplement them with individuals regularly, the opportunity for either inbreeding or outbreeding depression may be high; still, any putative effects will go unnoticed without detailed knowledge of life-history and behaviour. Here, we report potential consequences of lineage mixing in a restored population of North American Bos bison studied for five years. In 1984 two allopatric lineages became sympatric in Badlands National Park, South Dakota; they differed in both founding population size and the number of demographic bottlenecks experienced since 1907. Measures of reproductive variance in both sexes were employed to estimate effective population size based on 261 copulations and the survivorship of calves between 1985 and 1989. We assumed that the reproductive variance and mortality documented in this study are representative of the bison's recent past and based on this assumption we calculated Ne separately for each generation for which the lineages were allopatric. Four potential correlates of fitness were studied in the new sympatric population: (1) female fecundity; (2) juvenile survival; (3) growth rates; and (4) female age at puberty. Of these, neither female fecundity nor juvenile survival was associated with lineage but growth rates were more rapid and ages at puberty were lower for F1 purebred (inbred) juveniles than for F1 hybrid (outbred) juveniles. Possible consequences of this variation in the F1 generation include (1) higher winter mortality in the slower growing line as well as (2) decreased lifetime production of young; both are life-history parameters that could be interpreted as long-term selection against outbreeding. However, these data by themselves do not constitute support for an outbreeding depression hypothesis. The failure of males from one lineage to mate at all prevented the possible combinations of the F1 generation needed for the appropriate statistical contrasts. Nevertheless, these interpretations (1) substantiate a level of variation in life-history parameters stemming from lineage mixing; and (2) suggest that advice regarding prudent conservation strategies must be sought concerning the genetic histories of individuals and populations to be selected for re-introduction. This applies to both wild and captive populations. The prevalence of outbreeding and inbreeding tolerances within populations of managed and protected species needs verifiable documentation.
Role of CD73 in renal sympathetic neurotransmission in the mouse kidney

Adenosine formed during renal sympathetic nerve stimulation (RSNS) enhances, by activating A1 receptors, the postjunctional effects of released norepinephrine and participates in renal sympathetic neurotransmission. Because in many cell types CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase) is important for the conversion of 5′-AMP to adenosine, we investigated whether CD73 is necessary for normal renal sympathetic neurotransmission. In isolated kidneys from CD73 wild-type mice (CD73+/+; n = 17) perfused at a constant rate with Tyrode's solution, RSNS increased perfusion pressure by 17 ± 4, 36 ± 8, and 44 ± 10 mm Hg at 3, 5, and 7 Hz, respectively. Similar responses were elicited from kidneys isolated from CD73 knockout mice (CD73−/−; n = 13; 28 ± 11, 43 ± 10, and 44 ± 10 mm Hg at 3, 5, and 7 Hz, respectively); and a high concentration (100 μmol/L) of α,β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate (CD73 inhibitor) did not alter responses to RSNS in C57BL/6 mouse kidneys (n = 5; 21 ± 5, 36 ± 8, and 43 ± 9 at 3, 5, and 7 Hz, respectively). Measurements of renal venous adenosine and inosine (adenosine metabolite) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the metabolism of exogenous 5′-AMP to adenosine and inosine was similar in CD73−/− versus CD73+/+ kidneys. A1 receptor mRNA expression was increased in CD73−/− kidneys, and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (0.1 μmol/L; A1 receptor agonist) enhanced renovascular responses to norepinephrine more in CD73−/− versus CD73+/+ kidneys. We conclude that CD73 is not essential for renal sympathetic neurotransmission because in the absence of renal CD73 other enzymes metabolize 5′-AMP to adenosine and because of compensatory upregulation of postjunctional coincident signaling between norepinephrine and adenosine.
Stable bound states of asymmetric dark matter

The simplest renormalizable effective field theories with asymmetric dark matter bound states contain two additional gauge singlet fields, one being the dark matter and the other a mediator particle that the dark matter annihilates into. We examine the physics of one such model with a Dirac fermion as the dark matter and a real scalar mediator. For a range of parameters the Yukawa coupling of the dark matter to the mediator gives rise to stable asymmetric dark matter bound states. We derive properties of the bound states including nuggets formed from N ≫ 1 dark matter particles. We also consider the formation of bound states in the early Universe and direct detection of dark matter bound states. Many of our results also hold for symmetric dark matter.
Characterization of Silicon Nitride Micromachined Beams via Remote Optical Interrogation

We demonstrate that mechanical characterization of the motion of micromachined double- clamped silicon nitride beams is possible via remote optical interrogation. Using Fabry-Perot interferometry, information about the absolute displacement and resonant frequency of various mechanical modes is determined
Use of a conditioning technique to reduce stress associated with repeated intra-peritoneal injections in laboratory rats

Abstract We hypothesized that using classical conditioning to pair a stressful procedure such as injection with a rewarding experience decreases the stress associated with repeated exposure to this procedure. We investigated the effectiveness of pairing repeated intra-peritoneal injections with a positive stimulus to reduce physiological and behavioural stress responses of laboratory rats by comparing injection with 1 ml/kg of saline followed by one of three different reward types (food treat (F), stroking (S) and tickling (T)), delivered in a treatment box, with two control conditions (handling without injection (CH) and injected (CI)) followed by an equivalent period in the treatment box. Treatments were applied to rats ( N = 40; 8 rats/treatment) daily for 10 days. Audible and 50 kHz (laughing) vocalizations were assessed during handling and while in the treatment box. Chromodacryorrhea (an indicator of stress) was assessed daily in the home cage. Body weight, and behaviour in the Human Approach (HA) test, were assessed before (baseline) and after the 10-day treatment period. Behaviour in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test was assessed after the 10-day treatment period. Rats on all treatments produced more chromodacryorrhea during the treatment period compared to baseline, suggesting that all treatments induced stress. Principal component analyses on behaviour in the HA and EPM tests revealed two and three factors that explained 86.8% and 98.7% of total variance, respectively. Multivariate analysis of variance on these factors, along with the other variables, revealed a significant contrast between CH and the other treatments. CH rats performed fewer audible vocalizations when handled compared to rats given injections. We found no clear benefit of providing a food treat, stroking, or tickling to alleviate stress associated with injection under the conditions of this study, possibly due to differences between rats in their perception of the aversiveness of handling restraint and injection, their stress response style (active or passive), and their perception of the pleasantness of the different rewards. Rats on all treatments emitted 50 kHz chirps in the treatment box, suggesting that being placed in the box after handling was rewarding regardless of treatment.
Data component based management of reservoir simulation models

The management of reservoir simulation models has been an important need of engineers in petroleum industry. However, due to data sharing among reservoir simulation models, data replication is common and poses many challenges to model management, including management efficiency and data consistency. In this paper, we propose a data component based methodology to manage reservoir simulation models. It not only improves management efficiency by removing data replicas, but also facilitates information reuse among multiple models. We first identify the underlying structure of the simulation models and decompose them into three types of components: reservoir realization, design, and simulator configuration. Our methodology then identifies the duplicate components and guarantees that each component has one physical copy in the data repository. By separating the logical connections between the models and the components from the physical data files, our methodology provides a clean and efficient way to manage data sharing relationships among the models.
Refining the In-Parameter-Order Strategy for Constructing Covering Arrays

Covering arrays are structures for well-representing extremely large input spaces and are used to efficiently implement blackbox testing for software and hardware. This paper proposes refinements over the In-Parameter-Order strategy (for arbitrary t). When constructing homogeneous-alphabet covering arrays, these refinements reduce runtime in nearly all cases by a factor of more than 5 and in some cases by factors as large as 280. This trend is increasing with the number of columns in the covering array. Moreover, the resulting covering arrays are about 5 % smaller. Consequently, this new algorithm has constructed many covering arrays that are the smallest in the literature. A heuristic variant of the algorithm sometimes produces comparably sized covering arrays while running significantly faster.
Price Conversions for Style of Cutting Fryer Parts

Abstract CUTTING out piece chicken is a relatively new operation in the majority of poultry processing plants. The newness of this operation along with inherent complexities leaves a rather difficult pricing problem imperfect solution of which results in “runs” on and “back-ups” of supplies of different fryer parts. Maintaining a stipulated overall (weighted-average) price for all fryer pieces is part of the problem. This part can be alleviated by a simple nomogram known as a “Pricing Wheel” described by Nybroten (1955a). Any such device, if it is to be simple, must be based on certain constant cutting practices. If the cutting practices vary, a further pricing problem exists. This paper deals with the added problem of adjusting prices in response to changes in cutting practices. All variances related to differences between means of yields of fryer parts resulting from differences in style of cutting were analyzed and the differences between the …
SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE STYLES: SOCIALIZATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES

The study of human sex differences is inevitably hampered by the familiar heredity-environment conundrum-are males and females endowed with different potentials, or are males and females socialized to be different? Do both forces contribute to the pattern of differences between the sexes? If so, in what ways and how may they be disentangled? The study, of the human neonate offers some prospects for surmounting this problem since, presumably, when male and female infants who are only a few days old display different responses to some categories of stimuli, one can assume these responses are not environmentally conditioned. If sex-differentiated responses persist through the first months or years of life, one might expect these behaviors to interact with the socialization process. In this manner, girls and boys may themselves partially structure an environment of sex-differentiated treat-
A Study of Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia Isolates from Different Lichens

The phycobionts of 20 different lichens were studied in culture, described and assigned to species of Pseudotrebouxia and Trebouxia . Identical phycobiont species were isolated from widely different lichens which showed that these algal symbionts were not specific to particular mycobionts. There was much variation in cellular detail within individual algal species indicating that the criteria currently used to separate species of these phycobionts may be too restrictive.
Preference for Local Mates in a Recently Diverged Population of the Lesser Earless Lizard (Holbrookia maculata) at White Sands

When divergent selection favors different phenotypes in different environments, a preference for resident mates can help ensure that offspring are well suited to local conditions, thus increasing an individual's lifetime fitness. Here I use both field and laboratory experiments to investigate the potential for mate choice in a unique color morph of the Common Lesser Earless Lizard, Holbrookia maculata, which inhabits the gypsum dune fields of White Sands in southern New Mexico. I demonstrate that light-colored H. maculata, which have evolved within the last 6,000 years, can discriminate between potential mates. In the field, simultaneous choice experiments revealed that White Sands males in their natural habitat courted females from White Sands sooner than females from a nearby population occupying dark substrate. The use of paint treatments to reverse female dorsal coloration showed that male choice was not based on dorsal coloration alone, if at all. The only variable measured in field trials that correlated strongly with male courtship behavior was female display activity. Resident females displayed in more trials than nonresident females, and males preferentially courted actively displaying females suggesting that behavioral cues may be important in this system. In the lab, sequential choice experiments on an intermediate substrate color showed that preference for local mates was reciprocal, with males of both color morphs preferentially addressing courtship behavior to potential mates from their same locality. By integrating field and lab experiments, I demonstrate that male preference for local mates in the recently diverged White Sands population is robust to experimental design.
Becoming Visible: Religion and Gender in Sociology

The European men canonized as the founders of sociology sought to explain the societal shifts they associated with modernization including urbanization, the development of bureaucracy, and the emergence of the nation state. In this essay, I suggest how developing theoretical and methodological tools have gone hand in hand with social changes and new questions about the place of religion in contemporary society to make religion more visible in the discipline of sociology. Seeing gender has also been problematic in sociology, although in somewhat different ways. I show how asking questions about gender illuminates the unevenness of the secularization process. I outline recent developments in feminist thinking. I show how considering gender and religion together enhances our understanding of both.
Systems engineering medicine: engineering the inflammation response to infectious and traumatic challenges

The complexity of the systemic inflammatory response and the lack of a treatment breakthrough in the treatment of pathogenic infection demand that advanced tools be brought to bear in the treatment of severe sepsis and trauma. Systems medicine, the translational science counterpart to basic science's systems biology, is the interface at which these tools may be constructed. Rapid initial strides in improving sepsis treatment are possible through the use of phenomenological modelling and optimization tools for process understanding and device design. Higher impact, and more generalizable, treatment designs are based on mechanistic understanding developed through the use of physiologically based models, characterization of population variability, and the use of control-theoretic systems engineering concepts. In this review we introduce acute inflammation and sepsis as an example of just one area that is currently underserved by the systems medicine community, and, therefore, an area in which contributions of all types can be made.
Advancement in the Development of Models for Hepatitis C Research

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a pandemic disease affecting an estimated 180 million individuals worldwide and infecting each year another ~3-4 million people making HCV a global public health issue. HCV is the main cause for chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the United States, HCV-related chronic liver disease is a leading cause of liver transplantation. Despite significant improvements in antiviral drugs, only ~50% of treated patients with HCV have viral clearance after treatment. Showing unique species specificity, HCV has a narrow range of potential hosts infecting only chimpanzees and humans. For decades, the chimpanzee model has been the only and instrumental primate for studying HCV infection; however, availability, economic, and ethical issues make the chimpanzee an unsuitable animal model today. Thus, significant research has been devoted to explore different models that are suitable in studying the biology of the virus and application in the clinical research for developing efficient and tolerable treatments for patients. This review focuses on experimental models that have been developed to date and their findings related to HCV.
SIDERITE CONCRETIONS IN THE COPAN CRINOID LAGERSTÄTTE (UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN, OKLAHOMA): IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING TAPHONOMIC AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN MUDSTONE SUCCESSIONS

A thin interval of bioturbated, fossiliferous mudstone within the middle portion of the Upper Pennsylvanian Barnsdall Formation crops out near Copan, northeastern Oklahoma. Representing slow background sedimentation in an oxygenated distal shelf setting, this exposure has yielded an exceptionally diverse and well-preserved crinoid fauna consisting of over 1200 articulated or partially articulated specimens. The interval is also characterized by abundant siderite concretions, present as four morphologies. Large concretions without a distinct skeletal nucleus are located in thin horizons containing abundant articulated crinoids; these indicate sediment starvation on the shelf. Also in these thin, crinoid-bearing units are extremely localized siderite concretions precipitated around sites where soft tissues would have been volumetrically more abundant within large macrofossils, notably tegmina and proximal arms of articulated crinoids, indicating extremely rapid burial events that episodically punctuated the sediment-starved conditions. Small concretions, generally <60 mm in diameter and commonly precipitated around endobenthic-fossil nuclei, are located in thicker units with few articulated crinoids. These indicate higher sedimentation rates and thicker individual burial events. Sideritized large-diameter burrows with sharply defined walls indicate firmer substrates created by minor erosive events. These are located in the thicker units alongside the smaller concretions and indicate higher-energy storm events than those represented in the thinner, crinoid-bearing units. Collectively, the evidence provided by siderite concretion morphologies and their relationships to macrofossil preservation demonstrate that the Copan crinoid Lagerstatte formed through periods of sediment starvation occasionally interrupted by distal storm events. These periods alternated with intervals of increased sedimentation and more violent storms.
Hydrogen Peroxide in the Lung Parenchyma Stimulates Vagally Mediated Phrenic Activity

Study objective: To elucidate the mechanism of hyperpnea and tachypnea, which are the common findings in cardiopulmonary patients. Rational: Recently, it was found that activating pulmonary afferents by directly injecting hypertonic saline solution into the lung periphery causes a vagally mediated neural hyperpnea and tachypnea, ie, the excitatory lung reflex. Since reactive oxygen species are released during a variety of pulmonary diseases, we examined whether hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a common mediator in cardiopulmonary diseases, can initiate the same excitatory lung reflex. Measurements and results: We recorded phrenic efferent activity in anesthetized, open chest, artificially ventilated rabbits as an index of respiratory drive and examined the respiratory responses to injections of H2O2 (10 mmol in 0.1 mL). The responses were compared with those to hypertonic saline solution (8.1%, 0.1 mL). H2O2 and hypertonic saline solution increased both the rate (mean [6 SEM], 43 6 8% and 61 6 10%, respectively; n 5 30; p 5 0.001) and the amplitude of phrenic bursts (12 6 2% and 20 6 4%, respectively; n 5 30; p 5 0.033). These responses were abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Conclusion: H2O2 can initiate the excitatory lung reflex. Therefore, mediator(s) released in pulmonary diseases could be one of the mechanisms causing hyperpnea and tachypnea. (CHEST 1999; 116:1365‐1368)
A Comparison of the Paternal Involvement of Low-Income Fathers in Four Developmental Stages: Adolescence, Young Adult, Adult, and Midlife

An adapted version of Lamb’s model was used to examine types of paternal involvement (positive engagement, access to the child, and financial stability) engaged in by cohabiting and non-cohabiting low-income fathers across four age groups. The sample consisted of 2,512 low-income fathers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Well-being study. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that age group of father and cohabitation status had a significant effect on all three dimensions of paternal involvement. Adolescent fathers had more limited access and were less engaged than fathers in other age groups, even though they were more financially stable. This study provides practitioners with a developmental perspective on paternal involvement that is useful in working with low-income fathers.
Candida Meningitis Post Gliadel Wafer Placement Successfully Treated with Intrathecal and Intravenous Amphotericin B

OBJECTIVETo report a case of Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) placement successfully treated with the combination of intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B.CASE SUMMARYA 33-year-old white female with a history of recurrent oligodendroglioma was admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit with acute mental status changes. Computed tomography of the head demonstrated a cystic dilation of the right frontoparietal tumor resection cavity with Gliadel wafers in place and the presence of a large fluid collection. The cavity was debrided surgically and a ventriculostomy catheter was left in place. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were positive for Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. Antiinfective therapy with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B as well as flucytosine and vancomycin was started. The patient had subsequent improvement in clinical manifestations, resolution of CSF leukocytosis, and mycologi...
X-RAY, FUV, AND UV OBSERVATIONS OF α CENTAURI B: DETERMINATION OF LONG-TERM MAGNETIC ACTIVITY CYCLE AND ROTATION PERIOD

Over the last couple of decades we have been carrying out a study of stellar magnetic activity, dynamos, atmospheric physics, and spectral irradiances from a sample of solar-type G0-5 V stars with different ages. One of the major goals of this program is to study the evolution of the Sun's X-ray through NUV spectral irradiances with age. Of particular interest is the determination of the young Sun's elevated levels of high-energy fluxes because of the critical roles that X-ray (coronal) through FUV (transition region (TR), chromospheric) emissions play on the photochemical and photoionization evolution (and possible erosion) of early, young planetary atmospheres and ionospheres. Motivated by the current exoplanetary search missions (such as Kepler and CoRoT, along with the planned Space Interferometry Mission and Darwin/Terrestrial Planet Finder missions) that are hunting for Earth-size planets in the habitable zones (liquid water) of nearby main-sequence G-M stars, we are expanding our program to cooler, less luminous, but very importantly, much more numerous main-sequence K-type stars, such as {alpha} Centauri B. The long life (2-3x longer than the Sun) and slow evolution of K stars provide nearly constant energy sources for possible hosted planets. This program parallels our 'Sun in Time' program, butmore » extends the study to stars with deeper convective zone depths. Presented here are X-ray (coronal; ROSAT, Chandra, XMM-Newton), UV (TR; International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)), NUV (chromospheric; IUE), and recently acquired FUV (TR/chromospheric; FUSE Cycles 7/8) observations of the K1 V star {alpha} Cen B (HD 128621; V = 1.33; (B - V) = +0.88; {tau} = 5.6 {+-} 0.6 Gyr). These combined high-energy measures provide a more complete look into the nature of {alpha} Cen B's magnetic activity and X-ray-UV radiances. We find that {alpha} Cen B has exhibited significant long-term variability in X-ray through NUV emission fluxes, indicating a solar-like long-term activity cycle of P{sub cycle} = 8.84 {+-} 0.4 years. In addition, analysis of the short-term rotational modulation of mean light due to the effects of magnetically active regions has yielded a well-determined rotation period of P{sub rotation} = 36.2 {+-} 1.4 days. {alpha} Cen B is the only old main-sequence K star with a reliably determined age and rotation period, and for early K stars, as in the case of the Sun for G2 V stars, is an important calibrator for stellar age/rotation/activity relations.« less
Neonatal Mitral Valve Endocarditis Diagnosis and Successful Management

Although still considered to be a rare and mostly fatal illness, the reported incidence of neonatal bacterial endocarditis has increased during the past decade.1 This parallels the establishment of intensive supportive management of severely ill newborns with multiple medical problems. An extremely difficult diagnostic problem with protean manifestations, the presence of neonatal endocarditis should be vigorously sought in the at risk neonate.2 The authors report the first known case in America of successfully diagnosed and treated neonatal endocarditis involving the mitral valve.
A Case Study In Strategic Financial Planning In Health Service Organizations

Integrating strategic planning and financial planning is the best way for health service organizations (HSOs) to ensure their budget allocations are appropriately targeted to long range solutions. In strategic financial planning, in order to ensure that there is long range financial success, annual budgets need to be analyzed from a long term organizational perspective. This paper will propose a step by step approach to strategic financial planning and their application to the healthcare industry and how the integration of these processes will result in a long term successful framework for achieving the HSO’s mission and vision. Cleveland Clinic will be discussed as an example of an HSO that has successfully utilized strategic financial planning.
Chemical oceanography: The ocean's pressure cooker

Little is known about the mechanisms that destroy the oldest organic molecules found in seawater. Field and laboratory observations suggest that these molecules are destroyed by the heat and pressure of deep-sea hydrothermal systems.
Observations on Tetradonema plicans an entomoparasitic nematode, with a key to the genera of the family Tetradonematidae (Nematoda: Trichosyringida).

Tetradonema plicans Cobb was observed parasitizing larvae, pupae, and adults of Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae) in greenhouse pot cultures. This is apparently the first observation of the nematode since its description 50 years ago. Many females do not develop capsules as was described originally, but instead become packed with eggs throughout their entire length. The gonads are outstretched, and a modified intestinal tissue extends to the tail. Nonencapsulated females may escape from maggots and lay eggs in the external environment. These eggs hatch within several weeks. The diagnosis of the genus Tetradonema and diagnosis of the family Tetradonematidae are both emended, and a key to the genera of the family is presented.
Cell Death and DAMPs in Acute Pancreatitis

Cell death and inflammation are key pathologic responses of acute pancreatitis (AP), the leading cause of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP by linking local tissue damage to systemic inflammation syndrome. Endogenous DAMPs released from dead, dying or injured cells initiate and extend sterile inflammation via specific pattern recognition receptors. Inhibition of the release and activity of DAMPs (for example, high mobility group box 1, DNA, histones and adenosine triphosphate) provides significant protection against experimental AP. Moreover, increased serum levels of DAMPs in patients with AP correlate with disease severity. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism, diagnosis and management of AP. DAMPs might be an attractive therapeutic target in AP.