cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Project IMPRESS: time-sharing in the social sciences

Assuming that one has access to a large, general-purpose time-sharing system, social scientists would like to have several computational resources. First, large quantities of data should be easily accessible on-line. Second, it should be possible to retrieve and statistically analyze these data without being a skilled programmer. Third, undergraduates should be able to become involved with data analysis, and the involvement should be accomplished with relative simplicity. Finally, faculty should be able to carry out their empirical research---no matter how complex---with equal simplicity.
Project InterActions: A Multigenerational Robotic Learning Environment

This paper presents Project InterActions, a series of 5-week workshops in which very young learners (4- to 7-year-old children) and their parents come together to build and program a personally meaningful robotic project in the context of a multigenerational robotics-based community of practice. The goal of these family workshops is to teach both parents and children about the mechanical and programming aspects involved in robotics, as well as to initiate them in a learning trajectory with and about technology. Results from this project address different ways in which parents and children learn together and provide insights into how to develop educational interventions that would educate parents, as well as children, in new domains of knowledge and skills such as robotics and new technologies.
The Influences of Demographics and Individual Differences on Children’s Selection of Risky Pedestrian Routes

Objective: Thousands of American children under the age of 10 are injured annually as pedestrians. Despite the scope of this public health problem, knowledge about behavioral factors involved in the etiology of child pedestrian injury remains sparse. The present study considered the roles of age, gender, ethnicity, family income, and inhibitory control on children's selection of safe pedestrian routes. Methods: Children's selections of risky pedestrian routes were examined in two laboratory analogue tasks. Multiple behavioral and self-report methods were used to measure temperamental inhibitory control. Results: Children from lower-income families, children of ethnic minority background, younger children, and those with less temperamental control selected riskier pedestrian routes. Conclusions: Prevention efforts might be tailored to focus on children at higher risk for pedestrian injury, such as younger, under-controlled children. Language: en
The merging of the arts with technology

This paper supports the author's opinion that the merging of the arts with technology has been a natural process. She argues her point by citing a brief history of multi-media installations. Additionally, she discusses her recent work as an artist.
The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys during the 2005 mass bleaching event

Understanding the variation in coral bleaching response is necessary for making accurate predictions of population changes and the future state of reefs in a climate of increasing thermal stress events. Individual coral colonies, belonging to inshore patch reef communities of the Florida Keys, were followed through the 2005 mass bleaching event. Overall, coral bleaching patterns followed an index of accumulated thermal stress more closely than in situ temperature measurements. Eight coral species (Colpophyllia natans, Diploria strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, M. faveolata, Porites astreoides, P. porites, Siderastrea siderea, and Stephanocoenia intersepta), representing >90% of the coral colonies studied, experienced intense levels of bleaching, but responses varied. Bleaching differed significantly among species: Colpophyllia natans and Diploria strigosa were most susceptible to thermal stress, while Stephanocoenia intersepta was the most tolerant. For colonies of C. natans, M. faveolata, and S. siderea, larger colonies experienced more extensive bleaching than smaller colonies. The inshore patch reef communities of the Florida Keys have historically been dominated by large colonies of Montastraea sp. and Colpophyllia natans. These results provide evidence that colony-level differences can affect bleaching susceptibility in this habitat and suggest that the impact of future thermal stress events may be biased toward larger colonies of dominant reef-building species. Predicted increases in the frequency of mass bleaching and subsequent mortality may therefore result in significant structural shifts of these ecologically important communities.
Periodic chest radiography: unnecessary, expensive, but still pervasive

4The follow-up of health-care workers infected without disease or previously treated for tuberculosis is an important concern, yet differences in approach continue to occur, apparently because of a lack of a rudimentary understanding of tuberculosis control techniques. Screening activities may be done without guidelines or even in a way that is against the current recommendations and nonetheless be well meaning. Periodic radiography in patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or previously treated for tuberculosis are a case in point. Recently, in an oral examination a third-year medical student was asked how to manage a health-care worker with a positive tuberculin test who had a well-documented history of tuberculous infection and a completed course of isoniazid preventive therapy. To the surprise of the examiner, the student recommended that the patient have radiography every year. When the student was asked why she had made this recommendation, it became clear she was simply following what was prescribed in her own case by her medical school’s student-health service. There was no other rationale. The New Jersey Medical School National Tuberculosis Center telephone information line has dealt with thousands of calls on many subjects including the issue of tuberculosis screening of health-care workers.
Cognitive and Perceptual Differences Between Schizophrenics and Organics

Distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients remains a significant clinical problem. However, substantive and methodological difficulties have led to discouragement and consequent loss of interest in this area of differential diagnosis. Several models for making this distinction were proposed: cognitive, empirical-psychometric, attentional motivational, neuropsychological and information processing. In evaluating these models, three persistent methodological problems were identified: diagnostic inaccuracy, inadequate sampling, and difficulty in interpretation of the subject's performance. Various suggestions were made for resolving these difficulties through such means as equating samples for level of deterioration, utilizing modern, objective diagnostic techniques in the selection of samples, comparing subtypes of brain damage and schizophrenia, and using test procedures that have been shown to assess dispositional characteristics of the conditions under study, rather than their epiphenomena. It was suggested that recent substantive findings, mainly those involving neurological deficit in schizophrenia and detection of major behavioral differences among various subtypes of schizophrenia and brain damage, could be used in attempts to resolve the differential diagnostic problem under discussion. It was suggested that resolution of the methodological problems posed in combination with new substantive data concerning schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients may set the stage for a new start for investigating an old problem.
The effect of hemin in vitro and in vivo on human erythroid progenitor cells

Hemin stimulates erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis in vitro. We cultured erythroid progenitor cells from normal individuals, patients with sickle cell anemia, and a patient with acute variegate porphyria who received intravenous hemin treatment, with 0-800 microM hemin added in vitro. Fifty to 200 microM hemin consistently stimulated colony growth from normal donors 2- to 8-fold, while concentrations of up to 400 microM were stimulatory in cultures from donors with sickle cell anemia. In vivo hemin decreased the number of blood BFU-e in the patient with porphyria, but did not abrogate the in vitro stimulatory effect of hemin. Hemin concentrations which increased colony numbers increased gamma globin synthesis in some studies and decreased it in others. Hemin thus has clearcut erythroid growth-potentiating activity, although a consistent effect on globin chain regulation is not apparent.
PbTiO3 Thin Films by Chemical Beam Deposition

The feasibility of chemical beam deposition of PbTiO3 thin films is demonstrated. The method utilizes chemical (molecular) beams of metalorganic precursors in a high vacuum chamber. Pyrolysis reactions of the metalorganics at the substrate surface are facilitated by presence of active oxygen from an ozone source. Fine grained, smooth polycrystalline PbTiO3 films have been deposited at substrate temperatures as low as 325°C.
Subcutaneous abdominal preadipocyte differentiation in vitro inversely correlates with central obesity

Expansion of adipose tissue mass results from increased number and size of adipocyte cells. We hypothesized that subcutaneous abdominal preadipocytes in obese individuals might have an intrinsicall...
Patterned transgene expression in multiple channel bridges after spinal cord injury

Patterning of gene delivery on sub-millimeter length scales within tissue engineering scaffolds is fundamental to recreating the complex architectures of tissues. Surface-mediated delivery of lipoplexes mixed with fibronectin was investigated to pattern vectors within 250 microm channels in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) bridges. Initial studies performed in vitro on PLG surfaces indicated that a DNA density of 0.07 microg mm(-2) inside each channel with a weight ratio of DNA to fibronectin of 1:20 maximized the number of transfected cells and the levels of transgene expression. Patterned vectors encoding for nerve growth factor (NGF) resulted in localized neurite extension within the channel. Translation to three-dimensional multiple-channel bridges enabled patterned transfection of different vectors throughout the channels for DNA:fibronectin ratios of 1:4 and multiple DNA depositions, with a large increase of neural cell bodies and neurite extension for delivery of DNA encoding for NGF. In vivo, the immobilization of non-viral vectors within the channels resulted in localized transfection within the pore structure of the bridge immediately around the channels of the bridge containing DNA. This surface immobilization strategy enables patterned gene delivery in vitro and in vivo on length scales of hundreds of microns and may find utility in strategies aimed at regenerating tissues with complex architectures.
Design and implementation of a 1GHz CMOS resonator utilizing surface acoustic wave

The design and fabrication of an integrated 1GHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator is described in this paper. The SAW resonator was fabricated using a combination of CMOS plus surface micromachining techniques. Utilizing the minimum feature size of the available 0.6 micron AMI CMOS process, the periodic distance of the interdigitated fingers of the SAW resonator was designed to create an ultra high frequency resonator of 1.15 GHz. Measurements and characterization of the fabricated resonator were performed and used as a basis to develop a two-port equivalent circuit model. To complement the resonator, a Pierce oscillator circuit was designed in CMOS to create a frequency synthesizer capable of generating frequencies up to 1.15GHz without the complexity of a phase-locked-loop (PLL) circuit.
T4 Bacteriophage Mutants Suppressible by a Missense Suppressor Which Inserts Glycine in Place of Arginine for the Codon AGA

Phage mutants of T4 have been isolated which can multiply only on Escherichia coli strains which contain a missense suppressor which is known to cause the substitution of glycine for arginine in response to the AGA codon. Mutations producing the suppressible phenotype were mapped and shown to occur in six different phage cistrons. Two of the cistrons were concerned with deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, two were concerned with phage structural components, and two were concerned with functions required for growth in E. coli K-12 but not in E. coli B. The burst size of the different phage mutants grown on strains carrying the same suppressor was dependent upon the efficiency of suppression, which in turn is known to be dependent upon the glycyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity.
Effect of solution chemistry and speciation on shelf-life of silica sols and characteristics of deposited mesoporous thin films

The effects of storage temperature and time on deposition characteristics of molecularly templated silica sols, used in synthesis of mesoporous silica films, were investigated by preparing acid catalysed water–ethanol–TEOS sols with surfactant and analysing by silicon-29 NMR spectroscopy over a period of multiple days, and by producing films after specific storage times corresponding to collection of NMR spectral data, and analysed for thickness and porosity.
Evolution of the electronic design automation industry

The author discusses the last 25 years of the evolution of electronic design automation (EDA). He first examines the industry's dynamics and describes how it has coped with the increasing complexity of circuits. He argues that survival in the electronic design automation industry depends on how well it can produce a sequence of properly planned follow-on products and addresses the evolution of the hardware and software platforms on which these products reside. >
Operationalizing Organizational Strategy: Toward an Integrative Framework

In order to aid the researcher in understanding the dynamics of the operationalization of organizational strategy, an analytical framework based on a systems perspective is developed. By identifying the key dimensions that represent the “input”, “throughput”, and “output” aspects of the operationalization process, this framework purports to facilitate a unified basis for comparing and integrating various approaches to the measurement of organizational strategy.
Bioencapsulation of erythromycin using adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille)

Live adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille), were enriched with erythromycin to determine if Artemia could accumulate therapeutic levels for subsequent feeding to young fish. Three trials were conducted to determine the erythromycin incorporation and survival rates of enriched Artemia when fed either liposomes containing erythromycin or various erythromycin suspensions. Erythromycin concentration in Artemia fed a liposome suspension was low (∼ 5 μg mL−1) relative to Artemia fed the direct suspension (> 100 μg mL−1) over the same time period. When enriched with suspensions up to 1 g erythromycin L−1 sea water for 14 h, Artemia survival was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) relative to controls. Using a suspension of 1 g L−1, tissue erythromycin concentrations of 109 ± 16 μg erythromycin mL−1 Artemia homogenate (mean ± SEM) were achieved after 12 h. Concentrations above 170 μg mL−1 were obtained using suspensions of 2–5 g L−1, but Artemia survival significantly (P < 0.05) decreased.
Targeting Child Labor in Debt Bondage: Evidence, Theory, and Policy Implications

Despite recent multilateral efforts to single out child labor in debt bondage as one of the worst forms of child labor, several important questions have yet to be addressed: How pervasive is the phenomenon? Are there systematic correlations between the incidence of children in debt bondage and the economic, legislative, and financial development indicators of the economy? How does an understanding of these correlates affect the way national and international policy measures aimed at targeting this form of child labor are perceived? This article addresses each of these questions. The empirical findings suggest strong correlation between the likelihood of the incidence of child labor in debt bondage with the stage of development of an economy, the stage of financial development, and enforcement of core labor rights. Building on this evidence, the article presents a theoretical model that highlights the drawbacks and merits of a number of policies aimed at putting checks on child labor in debt bondage.
Activation of p21-Dependent G1/G2 Arrest in the Absence of DNA Damage as an Antiapoptotic Response to Metabolic Stress

The folate enzyme, FDH (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, ALDH1L1), a metabolic regulator of proliferation, activates p53-dependent G1 arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. In the present study, we have demonstrated that FDH-induced apoptosis is abrogated upon siRNA knockdown of the p53 downstream target PUMA. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of p21 eliminated FDH-dependent G1 arrest and resulted in an early apoptosis onset. The acceleration of FDH-dependent apoptosis was even more profound in another cell line, HCT116, in which the p21 gene was silenced through homologous recombination (p21(-/-) cells). In contrast to A549 cells, FDH caused G2 instead of G1 arrest in HCT116 p21(+/+) cells; such an arrest was not seen in p21-deficient (HCT116 p21(-/-)) cells. In agreement with the cell cycle regulatory function of p21, its strong accumulation in nuclei was seen upon FDH expression. Interestingly, our study did not reveal DNA damage upon FDH elevation in either cell line, as judged by comet assay and the evaluation of histone H2AX phosphorylation. In both A549 and HCT116 cell lines, FDH induced a strong decrease in the intracellular ATP pool (2-fold and 30-fold, respectively), an indication of a decrease in de novo purine biosynthesis as we previously reported. The underlying mechanism for the drop in ATP was the strong decrease in intracellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, a substrate in two reactions of the de novo purine pathway. Overall, we have demonstrated that p21 can activate G1 or G2 arrest in the absence of DNA damage as a response to metabolite deprivation. In the case of FDH-related metabolic alterations, this response delays apoptosis but is not sufficient to prevent cell death.
Formal Discussion Group on Solid Electrolytes

Prof. Wagner summarized the presentations as follows. In this section, entitled “Solid Electrolytes,” ionically conducting inorganic materials were discussed by Prof. R. A. Huggins; ionically conducting glasses by Dr. J. R. Owen; ionically conducting polymers by Dr. M. B. Armand; and composite materials as solid electrolytes by J. B. Wagner, Jr.
Improved SAR Imaging Contour Extraction Using Smooth Sparsity-Driven Regularization

Millimeter-wave imaging systems have been successfully used to detect security threats in airport checkpoints. Extracting the exact contour of the object under test from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is important in order to enhance the probability of threat detection of the imaging system. Unfortunately, extracting accurate contours from the SAR image is a challenging task. The latter drawback is due to blurring effect introduced by the point spread function (PSF) of the system in the SAR image. In this letter, a regularization method that promotes smooth, sparsity-driven solutions of the imaging equation is used to improve the contour extraction of the object under test. Preliminary results show that the extracted contour of the proposed approach has a root mean square (RMS) error that is 28%–35% smaller than that of the traditional, nonregularized approach.
Use of V agents and V-analogue compounds to probe the active site of atypical butyrylcholinesterase from Oryzias latipes

The atypical butyrylcholinesterase (aBuChE) from Oryzias latipes shares approximately 65% sequence similarity to both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and was studied for its capacity to spontaneously reactivate following inhibition by organophosphorus nerve agents. Like other cholinesterases, aBuChE was inhibited by all G- and V-type nerve agents. Interestingly, aBuChE was able to undergo spontaneous reactivation after inhibition with VR (t1/2 = 5.5 ± 0.2 h). Mass spectrometry of aBuChE after VR inhibition confirmed the presence of a covalently bound adduct of the size expected for non-aged VR on the peptide containing the active site serine. To understand the effect of substrate volume on rates of reactivation, the capacity of aBuChE to bind and spontaneously reactivate after inhibition with five V-agent analogues was examined. No appreciable reactivation was detected for enzyme inhibited by V2 (VX with O-isopropyl on retained group), V4 (VX with N-diethyl leaving group termination), or V5 (VX with N-dimethyl leaving group termination). Minimal reactivation was detected with V1 (VX with O-propyl on retained group). Conversely, spontaneous reactivation was observed when aBuChE was inhibited by V3 (VX with O-isobutyl on retained group; t1/2 = 6.3 ± 0.4 h). The data suggest that the ability of aBuChE to spontaneously reactivate after inhibition by V-agent analogues is related to the structure of the retained group. These results provide structural information that may shed light on the design of improved small molecule reactivators of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase, and further suggest that re-engineering the active site of a cholinesterase could result in enzymes with clinically relevant rates of nerve agent hydrolysis.
Theoretical study of the hydrogen abstraction of substituted phenols by nitrogen dioxide as a source of HONO.

The mild yet promiscuous reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and phenolic derivatives to produce nitrous acid (HONO) have been explored with density functional theory calculations. The reaction is ...
Poisons for Cutworm Baits

A comparison of Paris green with sodium fluosilicate in poison baits against the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon , and the southern grassworm, Laphygma frugiperda , indicated that Paris green is more rapid in its action and considerably more toxic, and that A. ypsilon is more easily killed than L. frugiperda . The tests were made in individual salve boxes with about 300 worms.
Models of Relationship Development

Several factors predict relationship development, including physical attractiveness, similarity, proximity, and complementarity. Given this variety of factors, several theories and models have been proposed to predict how relationships evolve, including filter theory, social exchange theories, resource theory, equity theory, interdependence theory, social penetration theory, uncertainty reduction theory, predicted outcome value theory, uncertainty management theory, anxiety and uncertainty management theory, Knapp's relational stage model, relational dialectics, turning points, stimulus-value-role theory, the premarital dyadic formation model, and the hyperpersonal model. Despite extensive theorizing, there are many venues for future research in this area, including empirical testing of understudied models; testing competing hypotheses presented by contrasting models; and expanding research to consider understudied relationship types such as cross-generational friendships or gay and lesbian romantic relationships. With the growing use of mediated communication in relationships, another necessary pursuit is re-examining the viability of models and theories considering features and affordances of communication technologies. Keywords: communication theory; interpersonal communication; interpersonal theory; relational communication
Automatically interpreting all faults, unconformities, and horizons from 3D seismic images

Extracting fault, unconformity, and horizon surfaces from a seismic image is useful for interpretation of geologic structures and stratigraphic features. Although others automate the extraction of each type of these surfaces to some extent, it is difficult to automatically interpret a seismic image with all three types of surfaces because they could intersect with each other. For example, horizons can be especially difficult to extract from a seismic image complicated by faults and unconformities because a horizon surface can be dislocated at faults and terminated at unconformities. We have proposed a processing procedure to automatically extract all the faults, unconformities, and horizon surfaces from a 3D seismic image. In our processing, we first extracted fault surfaces, estimated fault slips, and undid the faulting in the seismic image. Then, we extracted unconformities from the unfaulted image with continuous reflectors across faults. Finally, we used the unconformities as constraints for image flattening and horizon extraction. Most of the processing was image processing or array processing and was achieved by efficiently solving partial differential equations. We used a 3D real example with faults and unconformities to demonstrate the entire image processing.
Core Components of Family–School Connections: Toward a Model of Need Satisfying Partnerships

A growing literature supports the importance of family–school partnerships, in which schools and families work together and share responsibility for children’s school success. Following in this tradition, this chapter explores key components of effective family involvement, the factors that impact whether and how partnerships are constructed, and using self-determination theory (SDT), characteristics of need supportive partnerships. In particular, important to family–school partnerships are stakeholders’ role constructions including: (a) parents’ views of their roles regarding children’s learning, (b) teachers’ views of parents as able to help and their active invitations for parents to be involved, and (c) principals’ attitudes about how parents fit into the school organization. SDT highlights the importance of family–school partnerships that help parents, teachers, and children fulfill needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. When parents are more involved, provide academic structure, and interact in an autonomy supportive manner, children are more motivated; and subsequently successful at school.When parents feel more efficacious, they are more likely to be involved. Similarly, teachers need to feel that they know how to involve parents and that their efforts are appreciated. The chapter ends with an exploration of challenges to need supportive partnerships including traditional power structures within schools and pressures on parents and teachers. Suggestions for future research, including considering bidirectional, reciprocal and developmental effects of principal, teacher, parent and student behaviors and attitudes, are considered.
TRH in dorsal vagal complex mediates acid response to excitation of raphe pallidus neurons in rats

The role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the acid response to excitation of raphe pallidus neurons was investigated in urethan-anesthetized rats with gastric fistula. Kainic acid (0.19 microgram/30 nl) microinjected into the raphe pallidus stimulated gastric acid secretion. The response was prevented by vagotomy. A specific polyclonal TRH antibody, 8964, was raised and characterized (50% inhibitory dose for TRH was 80 pg/ml at an antibody final dilution of 1:10(5)). The TRH antibody injected intracisternally blocked the acid response to intracisternal TRH, but not that of the TRH analogue RX-77368. The TRH antibody (0.33, 0.65, or 1.3 micrograms.100 nl-1.site-1) microinjected bilaterally into the DVC prevented dose dependently by 31, 60, and 76%, respectively, the increase in acid secretion induced by kainic acid injected into the raphe pallidus. The TRH antibody (1.3 microgram/site) microinjected into medullary sites outside of the DVC had no effect. These data indicate that excitation of raphe pallidus neurons induces a vagal-dependent stimulation of gastric acid secretion that is mediated by endogenous TRH in the DVC. TRH neurons in the raphe pallidus projecting to the DVC may have a physiological relevance in the vagal regulation of gastric function.
Calibration of Noah Soil Hydraulic Property Parameters Using Surface Soil Moisture from SMOS and Basinwide In Situ Observations

AbstractSoil hydraulic properties (SHPs) control infiltration and redistribution of moisture in a soil column. The Noah land surface model (LSM) default simulation selects SHPs according to a location’s mapped soil texture class. SHPs are instead estimated at seven sites in North America through calibration. A single-objective algorithm minimizes the root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between simulated surface soil moisture and observations from 1) a dense network of in situ probes, 2) Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite retrievals, and 3) SMOS retrievals adjusted such that their mean equals that of the in situ network. Parameters are optimized in 2012 and validated in 2013 against the in situ network. RMSD and unbiased RMSD (ubRMSD) assess resulting surface soil moisture behavior. At all sites, assigning SHP parameters from a different soil texture than the one that is mapped decreases the RMSD by an average of 0.029 cm3 cm−3. Similar improvements result from calibrating parameters using in sit...
Excision of Flap Tears

SUMMARY The arthroscopic excision of flap tears of the meniscus requires an understanding of the development and structure of these tears, a knowledge of the various portals and approaches needed to gain access to them, and a good assortment of instruments.
Adaptive instruction for medical training in the psychomotor domain

The adaptive instruction provided by Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) tailors direction, support, and feedback to enhance/maintain the learning needs (e.g., lack of knowledge or skill) of each i...
Occupant-engaged fast demand response for commercial buildings

Demand response (DR) refers to the active participation by retail customers in electricity markets, seeing and responding to prices as the prices change over time [1]. Occupants are excluded from traditional commercial building DR control loops. However, our experimental results suggest that motivated occupants can achieve significant load shaving with proper information. The analysis indicates more load shaving potentials with financial incentives. During the DR events, utility companies send DR requests to commercial building facility managers (FMs), who often send emails to occupants with generic instructions. Unless the buildings are equipped with advanced hardware, office building FMs have limited means to reduce significant peak load in the DR periods. We present a software-based, occupant-engaged fast DR system for commercial office buildings. Our collaborative DR (cDR) module is built upon our collaborative energy management and control (cEMC) platform. Through a web portal, occupants can submit a preferred temperature range and schedule. In this chapter, we present a novel occupant-engaged collaborative DR system from the perspective of cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSes). Traditional building automation systems (BASes) are designed based on thermal and mechanical requirements, without considering the impact of occupants' psychological motivations, such as peer pressure, social recognition, and gaming experiences. The cDR system is designed with cybernetics and social factor in mind. From the cybernetics perspective, we introduced a semantic building data model to enable micro-zoning scenarios. From the social behavior perspective, (1) we developed a zonal virtual energy meter algorithm to split the whole building energy consumption into individual occupants and (2) provide an embedded social network, in order to encourage an energy competition game. The effectiveness of the energy game is validated by real building experiments. In addition, we developed a game-theoretical optimal incentive design (OID) algorithm to allocate real financial incentives to individual occupants, and conducted a simulation-based study. During field experiments on a mid-size office building at Pittsburgh, in 2014 summer, we observed up to 1.6% load reduction for the traditional email-based DR method, and 11-15% load reduction using our cDR system without compromising on comfort. Up to 56.7% load was shed, with an acceptable loss of comfort.
Effects of an ethanol-paired CS on responding for ethanol and food: Comparisons with a stimulus in a Truly-Random-Control group and to a food-paired CS on responding for food.

Motivational increases due to exposure to alcohol-paired Conditioned Stimuli (CS) are central to some accounts of alcoholism. However, few studies isolate a stimulus's function as a CS from its other potential functions. Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) procedures isolate a stimulus's function as a CS from its other functions. Though there are several relevant studies using PIT, knowledge gaps exist. Particularly, it is not clear that an alcohol-paired CS will increase alcohol seeking compared to the same stimulus in a Truly-Random-Control group, nor whether such increases are specific to alcohol seeking. To address these knowledge gaps in Experiment 1, rats responded for ethanol (0.1 ml 8% w/v) under an RI 30-sec schedule, then the lever was removed and half the rats had ethanol delivered during occasional 120-sec light presentations, while the remainder had ethanol and the light presented under independent RT schedules. Later the lever was returned and the light was presented during responding in extinction (PIT test). Following this test, levers were again removed and the light was presented without ethanol (light extinction), following again by a PIT test. Responding in the two groups during light presentations did not differ in either PIT test. Experiment 2 repeated Experiment 1 using food instead of ethanol. In Experiment 2, responding during light presentations increased in the paired group. In Experiment 3, rats were trained on a concurrent FR schedule of food and ethanol delivery. Ethanol was delivered following 5 responses and the response requirement for food adjusted so that similar numbers of food and ethanol deliveries were obtained. Subsequently, rats underwent conditioning, control and testing procedures identical to those in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, the ethanol-paired CS increased ethanol-responding, but not food-responding. These results are most easily interpreted as changes in responding resulting from CS-elicited behavior rather than motivational changes. This interpretation is more compatible with some descriptions of the role of an alcohol-paired CS in alcoholism than others.
Heteroclinic dynamics of coupled semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback.

Generalized Lotka–Volterra (GLV) equations are important equations used in various areas of science to describe competitive dynamics among a population of N interacting nodes in a network topology. In this Letter, we introduce a photonic network consisting of three optoelectronically cross-coupled semiconductor lasers to realize a GLV model. In such a network, the interaction of intensity and carrier inversion rates, as well as phases of laser oscillator nodes, result in various dynamics. We study the influence of asymmetric coupling strength and frequency detuning between semiconductor lasers and show that inhibitory asymmetric coupling is required to achieve consecutive amplitude oscillations of the laser nodes. These studies were motivated primarily by the dynamical models used to model brain cognitive activities and their correspondence with dynamics obtained among coupled laser oscillators.
Kupffer cells facilitate the acute effects of leptin on hepatic lipid metabolism

Leptin has potent effects on lipid metabolism in a number of peripheral tissues. In liver, an acute leptin infusion (~120 min) stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation (~30%) and reduces triglycerides (TG, ~40%), effects that are dependent on phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity. In the current study we addressed the hypothesis that leptin actions on liver-resident immune cells are required for these metabolic effects. Myeloid cell-specific deletion of the leptin receptor (ObR) in mice or depletion of liver Kupffer cells (KC) in rats in vivo prevented the acute effects of leptin on liver lipid metabolism, while the metabolic effects of leptin were maintained in mice lacking ObR in hepatocytes. Notably, liver TG were elevated in both lean and obese myeloid cell ObR, but the degree of obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet was similar to control mice. In isolated primary hepatocytes (HEP), leptin had no effects on HEP lipid metabolism and only weakly stimulated PI3K. However, the coculture of KC with HEP restored leptin action on HEP fatty acid metabolism and stimulation of HEP PI3K. Notably, leptin stimulated the release from KC of a number of cytokines. However, the exposure of HEP to these cytokines individually [granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18] or in combination had no effects on HEP lipid metabolism. Together, these data demonstrate a role for liver mononuclear cells in the regulation of liver lipid metabolism by leptin.
Fundamentals of Infrared Detector Operation and Testing

(1991). Fundamentals of Infrared Detector Operation and Testing. Fusion Technology: Vol. 20, No. 4P1, pp. 509-510.
Vision-Based Obstacle Avoidance for Micro Air Vehicles Using an Egocylindrical Depth Map

Obstacle avoidance is an essential capability for micro air vehicles. Prior approaches have mainly been either purely reactive, mapping low-level visual features directly to headings, or deliberative methods that use onboard 3-D sensors to create a 3-D, voxel-based world model, then generate 3-D trajectories and check them for potential collisions with the world model. Onboard 3-D sensor suites have had limited fields of view. We use forward-looking stereo vision and lateral structure from motion to give a very wide horizontal and vertical field of regard. We fuse depth maps from these sources in a novel robot-centered, cylindrical, inverse range map we call an egocylinder. Configuration space expansion directly on the egocylinder gives a very compact representation of visible freespace. This supports very efficient motion planning and collision-checking with better performance guarantees than standard reactive methods. We show the feasibility of this approach experimentally in a challenging outdoor environment.
Majorization for CRFs and latent likelihoods (Supplementary material)

This supplement presents additional details in support of the full article. These include the application of the majorization method to maximum entropy problems. It also contains proofs of the various theorems, in particular, a guarantee that the bound majorizes the partition function. In addition, a proof is provided guaranteeing convergence on (non-latent) maximum conditional likelihood problems. The supplement also contains supporting lemmas that show the bound remains applicable in constrained optimization problems. The supplement then proves the soundness of the junction tree implementation of the bound for graphical models with large n. It also proves the soundness of the low-rank implementation of the bound for problems with large d. Finally, the supplement contains additional experiments and figures to provide further empirical support for the majorization methodology. Supplement for Section 2 Proof of Theorem 1 Rewrite the partition function as a sum over the integer index j = 1, . . . , n under the random ordering π : Ω !→ {1, . . . , n}. This defines j = π(y) and associates h and f with hj = h(π−1(j)) and fj = f(π−1(j)). Next, write Z(θ) = ∑n j=1 αj exp(λ fj) by introducing λ = θ − θ and αj = hj exp(θfj). Define the partition function over only the first i components as Zi(θ) = ∑i j=1 αj exp(λ fj). When i = 0, a trivial quadratic upper bound holds Z0(θ) ≤ z0 exp ( 1 2λ Σ0λ+ λ μ0 ) with the parameters z0 → 0,μ0 = 0, and Σ0 = z0I. Next, add one term to the current partition function Z1(θ) = Z0(θ) + α1 exp(λf1). Apply the current bound Z0(θ) to obtain Z1(θ) ≤ z0 exp( 2λ Σ0λ+ λ μ0) + α1 exp(λ f1). Consider the following change of variables u = Σ 0 λ−Σ −1/2 0 (f1 − μ0)) γ = α1 z0 exp( 1 2 (f1 − μ0) "Σ−1 0 (f1 − μ0)) and rewrite the logarithm of the bound as logZ1(θ) ≤ log z0 − 2 (f1 − μ0) "Σ−1 0 (f1 − μ0) + λf1 + log ( exp( 2‖u‖ ) + γ ) . Apply Lemma 1 (cf. [32] p. 100) to the last term to get logZ1(θ) ≤ log z0 − 2 (f1 − μ0) "Σ−1 0 (f1 − μ0) + λf1 + log ( exp ( 1 2‖v‖ 2 ) +γ ) + v"(u− v) 1+γ exp(− 2‖v‖) + 1 2 (u− v)" ( I + Γvv" ) (u− v)
Intelligent methods for managing geospatial data at the US federal government

In many operations, the US government depends on geospatial data to obtain insights and drive policy making. Federal data are usually pulled from multiple sources, aggregated differently, and formatted in an assortment of standards. Analysts have been overwhelmed by the ample amounts of inconsistent and unstructured data available to them; the main quandary is that they are unable to draw clear conclusions from that data without proper analytics. Moreover, when dealing with geospatial data, the challenge of data management can exacerbate. Geospatial data (including longitudes, latitudes, country codes, addresses and many other forms) are applied at many governmental use-cases such as: census, military operations, natural disasters, economical research, agricultural commodities' production, US trade, and many others. To address such dire needs, this paper introduces a novel method (called G-Fed) for geospatial data management at the federal government. G-Fed provides tools for streaming, validating, aggregating, and presenting data. Furthermore, G-Fed utilizes the power of big data analytics to drive its processes. Software engineering best practices are also applied within G-Fed; such as multithreading, security roles, on-demand data tools, standardization, and accessibility. The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report to point to the matter of federal data management. GAO's report identified fourteen issues that governmental agencies need to solve to overcome their data challenges. Efficiency pressures and federal budget constraints are pushing data implementations towards more automation, extra validation, and higher security. Additionally, the Open Data and the Big Data Initiatives (signed in 2012) have put more pressure on the backs of agencies to make their data (including geospatial) open and available to the public. However, without having state-of-the-art data repositories, it is not possible to address such demands. This paper addresses these issues by presenting a step-by-step set of guidelines. G-Fed aims to help agencies organize geospatial data in a manner that makes it possible to publish, and be provided online to the keen American public. A data repository of public government data is used for experimentation of G-Fed. Experimental results are recorded and presented.
Abstract B13: Synthetic vulnerabilities in MLL3 deficient pancreatic tumors

Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3) is a histone 3-lysine 4 methyltransferase, frequently mutated in a variety of solid tumors including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a nearly lethal disease due to our current inability to therapeutically target major oncogenic proteins driving this cancer. Like other tumor suppressor genes, direct targeting of MLL3 is not feasible, and thus our objective was to find biological pathways which are synthetic lethal targets in MLL3-deficient PDAC tumors. Identification of drug targets in such a specific genetic context could potentially dictate stratification of patients based on the mutational profile of their tumor. To achieve this, we generated a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of pancreatic cancer, in which targeted mutation of Kras (G12D) and loss of functional MLL3 was driven by Cre-recombination from early pancreatic lineage-specific transcription factor, Pdx1. Our unpublished data suggests that loss of MLL3 function in exocrine pancreas cooperates with mutant Kras to accelerate the progression of invasive pancreatic neoplasia. Using cell lines generated from spontaneous tumors arising in KC (KrasG12D alone) and KMC (KrasG12D; MLL3δ/δ) mice, we performed functional genomic analyses and found several key oncogenic pathways upregulated in MLL3-deficient cells. We selected two well-known oncogenic pathways and through a series of cellular and biochemical assays, further validated their selectively activation in KMC cells, in contrast with KC cells. Next, we picked multiple pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways, which are already approved at various phases of clinical trials, and tested for their efficacy on growth of KC and KMC cells in both two- and three-dimensional growth assays. In agreement with our data showing preferential activation in KMC cells, we found KMC cells to be significantly more sensitive than KC cells to the effect of these inhibitors. Thus, identification of synthetic lethal hits in context of MLL3 functional loss could potentially enable us to design strategies to limit metastasis in patients with surgically-resectable tumors. Citation Format: Sonal Gupta, Sammy Ferri-Borgogno, Mary R. Reisenauer, Anvita k. Gupta, Anirban Maitra. Synthetic vulnerabilities in MLL3 deficient pancreatic tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B13.
Lipid Homeostasis Is Maintained by Dual Targeting of the Mitochondrial PE Biosynthesis Enzyme to the ER

Summary Spatial organization of phospholipid synthesis in eukaryotes is critical for cellular homeostasis. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant cellular phospholipid, occurs redundantly via the ER-localized Kennedy pathway and a pathway that traverses the ER and mitochondria via membrane contact sites. The basis of the ER-mitochondrial PC synthesis pathway is the exclusive mitochondrial localization of a key pathway enzyme, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase Psd1, which generates phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We find that Psd1 is localized to both mitochondria and the ER. Our data indicate that Psd1-dependent PE made at mitochondria and the ER has separable cellular functions. In addition, the relative organellar localization of Psd1 is dynamically modulated based on metabolic needs. These data reveal a critical role for ER-localized Psd1 in cellular phospholipid homeostasis, question the significance of an ER-mitochondrial PC synthesis pathway to cellular phospholipid homeostasis, and establish the importance of fine spatial regulation of lipid biosynthesis for cellular functions.