cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESULTS OF PREOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF AN EXTRACT OF PREGNANCY URINE: A STUDY OF THE OVARIES AND OF THE ENDOMETRIA IN HYPERPLASIA OF THE ENDOMETRIUM FOLLOWING SUCH ADMINISTRATIONS*

A study of the ovaries and of the endometria obtained at operation from women who had received APL (anterior-pituitary lutenizing) extracts of pregnancy urine was begun three years ago. Preliminary reports (1) indicated that our findings corresponded closely to Engle’s (2) observations following injections of an aqueous soluble pyridine extract in macacus monkeys but differed from the findings of Mandelstamm and Tschaikowsky (3) and of Geist (4). Our preliminary reports were based on a series of 11 patients, while the present studies include material from 24 cases. In the series reported previously there were studies of 11 patients whose ages ranged from 13 to 44 years. Total doses of APL extract of pregnancy urine varied from 1200 R.U. to 8200 R.U. The menstrual histories and diagnostic studies permitted the following grouping: 6 with regular menstrual cycles; 3 with amenorrhea; 1 with hyperplasia of the endometrium; and 1 with inflammatory metrorrhagia. There were observed no hemorrhagic responses and n...
Medium-accuracy fiber optic gyroscope using integrated optical circuit technology

A 2.8-inch diameter, low-cost interferometric gyroscope has been created through the application of a prototype LiNbO3-based integrated optical circuit (IOC) that incorporates polarizing waveguides, phase modulators, a power splitter/mixer, and polarization-maintaining 'fiber pigtails'. Instrument closed-loop performance exceeds 0.1 deg/hr (1-sigma) bias-drift performance at 100-sec integration time.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spin-restricted open-shell self-consistent-field theory

Abstract A method is given for eliminating the off-diagonal lagrangian multipliers which appear in open-shell SCF theory. This leads to a set of coupled eigenvalue equations which is easily solved for a new guess to the SCF orbitals. This procedure has proven more conveient than many others now in use.
Colonic motility in domestic Turkeys

This study was performed to determine (1) if electrical slow waves could be recorded from the colon of turkeys, and (2) how ingesta moves into and through the colon despite colonic antiperistalsis. Electrical activity and contractile forces were monitored via implanted bipolar electrodes and strain gage transducers (SGT), respectively. Two types of slow waves, small (sSW) and large (lSW) were recorded simultaneously. The former were correlated with antiperistaltic contractions observed radiographically and with small contractions recorded with SGT, the latter were correlated with large contractions recorded via SGT. The sSW had higher frequencies distally than proximally while the frequency gradient for the lSW was just the opposite. The sSWs were believed to be involved in regulation of antiperistalsis while the lSW were believed to be involved in regulation of the large contractions which, on the basis of the lSW frequency gradient, appeared to be peristaltic and to be primarily responsible for aborad movement of colonic digesta. The small contractions were believed to be responsible for reflux of urine from the cloaca into the colon and ceca and for cecal filling.
Informal Work and Protest: Undocumented Immigrant Activism in France, 1996–2000

Nominally, the wave of protests by undocumented immigrants that swept through France in the late 1990s successfully challenged the restrictive Pasqua immigration laws. However, despite appearances, the mass movement was at base a labour protest: undocumented workers demonstrated against immigration laws that undermined the way they navigated informal labour markets and, in particular, truncated their opportunities for skill development. Furthermore, it is proposed in this article that examining social movements for their labour content can reveal erosions of working conditions and worker power in informal sector employment. A case study of the Paris garment district is presented to demonstrate how the spread of ‘hybrid‐informality’ made legal work permits a prerequisite for working informally and relegated undocumented immigrants to lower quality jobs outside the cluster.
Ozone depletion and the air-sea exchange of greenhouse and chemically reactive trace gases

Abstract One of the most important aspects of global change is that of stratospheric ozone depletion and the resulting increase in UV radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. Some 70% of the Earth surface is covered by water containing an extremely complicated milieu of organic and inorganic chemical species. The photochemical production and transformation of various greenhouse and chemically reactive gases in the ocean has been a focus of much study over the last century. We assess the implications of increased UV radiation on aquatic and marine boundary layer biogeochemistry with a focus on trace gases that exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. CO 2 , DMS, CO, OCS, CH 4 , N 2 O, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and organohalogens are considered within the context of changing surface ocean UV fluxes and various feedbacks upon the integrated climate system. Links between the upper ocean photochemical environment and the lower atmosphere are stressed. Once in the atmosphere, these gases each play a different role in modulating several aspects of atmospheric chemistry and by implication atmospheric circulation and climate dynamics such as precipitation patterns, surface temperatures and surface–atmosphere substance exchange. We augment the conceptual models proposed with new observational data on surface ocean concentrations from the southern hemisphere obtained under a range of UV exposures.
Altered Excitation-inhibition Balance in the Brain of Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

Rationale and Objectives To assess differences in excitatory (glutamate/glutamine or Glx) and inhibitory (γ-Aminobutyric acid or GABA) neurotransmitter levels using MR spectroscopy in pain processing regions of the brain in patients diabetic neuropathy (DN) and positive sensory symptoms and age-matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Materials and Methods Seven diabetic patients (5 males, 2 females, mean age = 57.0 ± 8.5 years) with confirmed DN and positive sensory symptoms and 7 age and sex matched HC subjects (mean age = 57.7 ± 3.2 years) underwent 3 Tesla MR spectroscopy. Glx and GABA levels were quantified in the right anterior and posterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex and right thalamus. Results Mean Glx levels were significantly higher and mean GABA levels were significantly lower within the posterior insula in the DN patients compared to HC ( P = 0.005 and 0.012 respectively). Conclusions This pilot data demonstrates an excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain of in patients with DN and positive sensory symptoms compared to pain free HC subjects.
Asymmetries in Benefiting, Harming and Creating

It is often said that while we have a strong reason not to create someone who will be badly off, we have no strong reason for creating someone who will be well off. In this paper I argue that this asymmetry is incompatible with a plausible principle of independence of irrelevant alternatives, and that a more general asymmetry between harming and benefiting is difficult to defend. I then argue that, contrary to what many have claimed, it is possible to harm or benefit someone by bringing her into existence.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANTERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY OF FOWL.

The anterior mesenteric artery of two species of fowl, the turkey and chicken, is found to differ structurally from the basic pattern observed in other avian arteries and in mammalian arteries in general. This difference in structure lies in the fact that the avian anterior mesenteric artery contains two well-developed muscular components: an inner circular, and an outer longitudinal, analogous to the arrangement of the muscularis externa of the intestinal wall. However, the evidence presented indicates that the outer longitudinal layer is part of the adventitia. The possible functional significance of this feature is discussed.
The effect of renal insufficiency on mycophenolic acid protein binding.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is commonly used in solid organ transplant recipients. MMF is converted to mycophenolic acid (MPA) upon reaching the systemic circulation. Many acidic drugs have altered protein binding in renal failure, and it is possible that MPA protein binding may be decreased. The authors studied 23 renal transplant recipients: 8 transplant patients (7 kidney, 1 kidney/pancreas) with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and 15 renal transplant patients with preserved renal function. Plasma was obtained for kinetic profiles of total MPA, free MPA, and its glucuronide metabolite (MPAG). Plasma was obtained from 10 hemodialysis patients and 8 healthy control volunteers to assess in vitro differences in MPA protein binding. Average free fraction of MPA in patients with chronic renal insufficiency was more than double that of patients with normal renal function (5.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.4, p < 0.01). Free MPAAUC was almost doubled in the patients with chronic renal insufficiency versus controls (2.04 +/- .08 vs. 1.03 +/- 0.6, p < 0.01). MPA protein binding is decreased, and free MPA concentrations are increased in patients with chronic renal failure.
Interaction of microwave biased n-GaAs and 337 &#181;m radiation

n-GaAs cooled to 4.2 K is impact ionized with X-band microwave pulses. Fast rise-time modulation of 337 μm radiation is observed. The GaAs is less absorptive in the ionized state than in the unionized state.
Experiences of psychological and physical aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: links to psychological distress.

Objective This research examined links between adolescents’ experiences of psychological and physical relationship aggression and their psychological distress. Experiences of psychological and physical aggression were expected to correlate positively with symptoms of psychological distress, but experiences of psychological aggression were expected to partially account for the association between experiences of physical aggression and psychological distress. In addition, psychological aggression was hypothesized to be perceived as more unpleasant and less playful than physical aggression.
The Inaccuracy in Using Interviews to Estimate Patient Reliability in Taking Medications at Home

AN IMPORTANT PART of the medical care of many chronically-ill patients is self-administration of oral medications at home over a long period of time. Many improvements in the care available for such patients rest in the development of new pharmacologic agents more effective and less toxic than their predecessors. As each new agent is developed, however, it must be submitted to clinical trials comparing it in effectiveness and toxicity with other drugs already in use. Such trials comparing several drugs presume that the patients assigned to receive the drugs being tested actually take their medications as prescribed. It is known, however, that patients vary
Effects of developmental change in body size on ectotherm body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation: caterpillars in a heat-stressed environment

Ectotherms increase in size dramatically during development, and this growth should have substantial effects on their body temperature and ability to thermoregulate. To better understand how this change in size affects temperature, we examined the direct effects of body size on body temperature in Battus philenor caterpillars, and also how body size affects both the expression and effectiveness of thermal refuge-seeking, a thermoregulatory behavior. Field studies of both live caterpillars and physical operative temperature models indicated that caterpillar body temperature increases with body size. The operative temperature models also showed that thermal refuges have a greater cooling effect for larger caterpillars, while a laboratory study found that larger caterpillars seek refuges at a lower temperature. Although the details may vary, similar connections between developmental growth, temperature, and thermoregulation should be common among ectotherms and greatly affect both their development and thermal ecology.
N-(N-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-[18F]fluorobenzamide: A potential ligand for PET imaging of σ receptors

Abstract Four nitro- and fluorobenzamides (1–4) have been synthesized in good yields from nitro- and fluoro-substituted benzoyl chloride with 4-amino-1-benzylpiperidine. In vitro studies showed that these compounds have high affinities to σ receptors. N -( N -Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide (3), in particular, bound to σ receptors with high affinity (K i = 3.4 nM, guinea pig brain membranes) and high selectivity (σ-2σ-1 = 120). It was, therefore, labeled with 18 F and evaluated as a σ receptor radioligand. N -( N -Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-[ 18 F]fluorobenzamide (3a) was synthesized in one step by nucleophilic substitution of the 2-nitro precursor (1) with [ 18 F]fluoride in DMSO at 140 °C for 20 min followed by purification with HPLC in 4–10% yield (decay corrected). The synthesis time was 90 min and the specific activity was 0.4-1.0 Ci/μmol. Tissue distribution in mice revealed that the uptakes of 3a in the brain, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and small intestine were high, and the radioactivity in these organs remained constant from 60 to 120 min post-injection. The radioactivity in the bone did not significantly increase, suggesting in vivo defluorination may not be the major route of metabolism of 3a in mice. Blocking studies with haloperidol in rats indicated that the uptake of compound 3a in the rat brain was selective to haloperidol-sensitive σ sites. These results suggest that compound 3a is a potent σ receptor radioligand and may be a potential ligand for PET imaging of σ receptors in humans.
An estimate of the error caused by the plane-wave approximation in free-space dielectric measurement systems

In a free-space measurement system, the electrical constitutive parameters of a plane sheet of material are determined using incident, transmitted and reflected electromagnetic beams. The electrical parameters are almost always obtained from the measured transmission and reflection coefficients using a procedure that approximates each beam as a single plane wave whose wavefront is parallel to the surfaces of the sheet (the plane-wave approximation). A theoretical model is constructed to investigate, in a very general way, the limitations of the plane-wave approximation. The field of the incident beam is taken to be a Gaussian function at the center of the sheet and analytic expressions are obtained for the transmitted and reflected beams using the plane-wave spectrum technique. Power transmission and reflection coefficients are calculated and series expansions of these coefficients are used to determine under what conditions the plane-wave approximation applies. Graphical results are presented to show how the error associated with the plane-wave approximation depends on the various parameters for the problem: electrical size of the beam waist, electrical thickness of the sheet etc.
Significant Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States

Approximately 99 percent of past production and remaining identified resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States are accounted for by deposits that originally contained at least 2 metric tonnes (t) gold, 85 t silver, 50,000 t copper, 30,000 t lead, or 50,000 t zinc. The U.S. Geological Survey, beginning with the 1996 National Mineral Resource Assessment, is systematically compiling data on these deposits, collectively known as "significant" deposits. As of December 31, 1996, the significant deposits database contained 1,118 entries corresponding to individual deposits or mining districts. Maintaining, updating, and analyzing a database of this size is much easier than managing the more than 100,000 records in the Mineral Resource Data System and Minerals Availability System/Minerals Industry Location System, yet the significant deposits database accounts for almost all past production and remaining identified resources of these metals in the United States. About 33 percent of gold, 22 percent of silver, 42 percent of copper, 39 percent of lead, and 46 percent of zinc are contained in or were produced from deposits discovered after World War II. Even within a database of significant deposits, a disproportionate share of past production and remaining resources is accounted for by a very small number of deposits. The largest 10 producers for each metal account for one third of the gold, 60 percent of the silver, 68 percent of the copper, 85 percent of the lead, and 75 percent of the zinc produced in the United States. The 10 largest deposits in terms of identified remaining resources of each of the five metals contain 43 percent of the gold, 56 percent of the silver, 48 percent of the copper, 94 percent of the lead, and 72 percent of the zinc. Identified resources in significant deposits for each metal are less than the mean estimates of resources in undiscovered deposits from the 1996 U.S. National Mineral Resource Assessment. Identified resources are roughly the same magnitude as cumulative past production. Assuming that roughly the same proportion of resources in undiscovered deposits will occur in significant deposits, a substantial number of significant deposits remain to be discovered.
Thermodynamics of reversibly associating ideal chains

Solutions of ideal thermoreversible associating polymer chains are analyzed by standard Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations. The associating units are restricted to form only pairs and are located at the ends of each chain. Two cases are considered: equilibrium chemical association and diffusion limited association. Thermodynamic and structural quantities obtained in the simulations are directly compared to predictions of a mean field theory. Finite size effects when considering loop-like structures are addressed for the case of equilibrium chemical association. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 796–804, 2005
The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with sinusitis with complications.

Objectives This study compares the use of computed tomography (CT) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment in the diagnosis and surgical management of patients with sinusitis with complications. The common CT findings of patients with intracranial or orbital infection of sinusitis are reviewed. Study Design We reviewed the charts of 82 adult and pediatric patients with the diagnosis of sinusitis with intracranial or orbital infection who were seen at the University of Mississippi Medical Center from January 1985 through December 1999. We assessed the diagnoses and outcomes to determine the most effective use of CT, with or without MRI, in the treatment of these patients. Methods Clinical presentations were reviewed, along with the CT and MRI findings, for patients who had sinusitis with complications. Clinical, CT, and MRI findings were compared for accuracy in diagnosing 43 patients with orbital infections and 39 patients with intracranial infections. Results For patients with orbital complications, most of whom had unilateral ethmoiditis, the diagnostic accuracy was 82% for clinical assessment compared with 91% for CT. For patients with intracranial complications, meningitis was the most common diagnosis, and MRI was more accurate (97%) in determining the diagnosis than CT (87%) or clinical findings (82%). Conclusion CT remains the standard modality for diagnosing sinusitis, but MRI frequently is necessary, especially for patients with intracranial complications. Both diagnostic methods have improved the management and outcomes of patients who have sinusitis with complications.
The influence of processing parameters on luminescent oxides produced by combustion synthesis

Rare-earth activated oxide phosphors have application in high energy photoluminescent (plasma panels) and cathodoluminescent (field emission devices) flat panel displays. These phosphors are composed of a highly insulating host lattice with fluorescence arising from the 3d! 3d, 5d! 4f or 4f! 4f transitions in transition metal or rare earth ions. Fabrication of complex host compositions Y 2SiO5 ,Y 3Al5O12, Y2O3, and BaMgAl10O27 along with controlled amounts of the activators (Cr 31 ,M n 21 ,C e 31 ,E u 21 ,E u 31 ,T b 31 ,T m 31 ) represent a challenge to the materials synthesis community. High purity, compositionally uniform, single phase, small and uniform particle size powders are required for high resolution and high luminous efficiency in the new flat panel display developments. This paper will review the synthesis techniques and present physical and luminescent data on the resulting materials. q 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Regulatory Requirements and Their Implications for Bank Solvency, Liquidity and Interconnectedness Risks: Insights from Agent-Based Model Simulations

Assessing how banks respond to changes in regulatory requirements requires the use of a modeling framework able to account for heterogeneity in the banking system and the adaptive behavior of banks. This paper proposes an agent-based model to analyze the interaction between regulatory requirements and bank solvency, liquidity, profitability, and interconnectedness. The model features endogenous bank networks arising through interbank loans, and dynamic bank balance sheet adjustment through risk-weight optimization, dividend payments, and loan book expansion. Numerical simulations uncover complex patterns linking solvency, liquidity and interconnectedness risk to regulatory requirements. Higher reserve requirements may lead to a larger number of bank failures when capital ratio requirements are low vis-a-vis the credit risk underlying banks’ loan portfolios. Higher minimum capital ratios help to reduce solvency problems in banks but raise interconnectedness risk, as measured by the increase in the number of degrees in the interbank network.
The "Crisis of Cenobitism" Reconsidered: Benedictine Monasticism in the Years 1050-1150

Well into the twelfth century and beyond, most medieval Christians instinctively identified some form of the contemplative life, usually Benedictine monasticism, as the highest "order" in Christian society and the exemplar toward which all should strive.1 It is altogether appropriate then that within the broad compass of medieval studies few areas have attracted such concentrated attention since the Second World War as the religious revival of the twelfth century.2 This movement, hardly mentioned two generations ago in Charles Homer Haskins's "renaissance," looms so large today that its preachers and reformers threaten at times to overshadow Haskins's poets, translators, lawyers, and scholars. Such a notable shift in emphasis could hardly have taken place without a distinct rearrangement of the historiographical terrain. To create a separate space worthy of monastic thought and culture, Jean Leclercq argued vigorously for a "monastic theology" that rivaled "scholasticism" in creativity and beauty. And to provide a setting adequate to so many contemporary reformers, several scholars argued for a
Predictive thermal model for indirect temperature measurement inside atomic cell of nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope

This paper describes a methodology for predicting temperatures inside a micro-device at critical locations where thermal sensors cannot be placed. The device under study is a nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope, an instrument that is highly sensitive to temperature variations. A physical thermal model of the device is developed and validated using experimental measurements from a prototype. A compact thermal model which approximates the behavior of the physical system is obtained through a sequential selection algorithm (with RMS error of approximately 0.15°C). The compact thermal model can be solved rapidly and is therefore suitable for real-time feedback control of the temperature inside the atomic cell.
Initiation and Evolution of Plate Tectonics on Earth: Theories and Observations

The inception of plate tectonics on Earth and its subsequent evolution are discussed on the basis of theoretical considerations and observational constraints. The likelihood of plate tectonics in the past depends on what mechanism is responsible for the relatively constant surface heat flux that is indicated by the likely thermal history of Earth. The continuous operation of plate tectonics throughout Earth's history is possible if, for example, the strength of convective stress in the mantle is affected by the gradual subduction of surface water. Various geological indicators for the emergence of plate tectonics are evaluated from a geodynamical perspective, and they invariably involve certain implicit assumptions about mantle dynamics, which are either demonstrably wrong or yet to be explored. The history of plate tectonics is suggested to be intrinsically connected to the secular evolution of the atmosphere, through sea-level changes caused by ocean-mantle interaction.
A DISTRICT AUDIT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS

Twenty-one hospital consultants, representing 20% of the hospital specialists and 54 general practitioners representing 22% of the general practitioners in the Norwich Health District were circulated a questionnaire on the management of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis, as part of a departmental audit. The wide variations in the diagnosis and treatment of these two common conditions are shown in this study. Appropriate recommendations have been made for these two common conditions in the hope of providing a useful guideline for more uniform and effective therapy. We intend to repeat this study at a later date to assess if any of the recommendations have been undertaken successfully.
MMP-2 and TIMP-1 are derived from, not in response to, pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Introduction. Genetic therapy aimed at disturbing the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their natural tissue inhibitors (TIMP) in treatment of pancreatic cancer requires an understanding of whether MMP and TIMP are tumor- or host-derived. This study was undertaken to determine whether production of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 is by, or in response to, pancreatic cancer. Methods. PANC-1 (poorly differentiated human pancreatic cancer) or CD-1 (PANC cells transfected to overproduce TIMP-1) cells were implanted into the pancreata of 20 nude mice. After sacrifice, tumors and peritumoral stroma underwent immunohistochemical staining for human and murine MMP-2 and TIMP-1. Normal murine pancreas served as control. All stains were reviewed in a “blinded” manner by a pathologist and graded relative to normal control pancreata. Results. Control pancreata displayed faint murine MMP-2 and TIMP-1 staining and no human MMP-2 or TIMP-1. MMP-2 was most prominent in peritumoral stroma, while TIMP-1 was most prominent in tumors. CD-1 tumors contained very high levels of TIMP-1 compared to PANC-1 tumors and control pancreata. Tumoral and peritumoral MMP-2 were overwhelmingly human. As well, tumoral TIMP-1 was predominantly human. Conclusions. In a murine model for human pancreatic cancer, nearly all TIMP-1 and MMP-2 expression is tumor-derived (i.e., human). Pharmacologic and gene therapy aimed at disturbing the MMP/TIMP balance in pancreatic cancer should be targeted toward tumor-specific mechanisms and warrants continued investigation.
Folklore, Anthropology, and the Government of Social Life

Despite the enormous diversity of research within the anthropological tradition, a common unifying theme has been the “reach into otherness” (Burridge 1973:6), the venture of discovering humanity through the exploration of other cultures. From the inception of anthropology as a distinct domain of knowledge, this ethnographic curiosity has been staged within a comparative frame of reference (Hymes 1974). Early inquiries into different customs and social forms were based on the writings of European travelers, whose observations about people in distant lands provided the narrative material for constructing a plausible vision of their own world. Initially, insights into the workings of society remained implicit, hidden beneath the projected images of “otherness.” By the second half of the eighteenth century, these encounters with the unfamiliar through travel and commerce had begun to generate a conscious desire for societal self-knowledge among Europeans. The haphazard collection of ethnographic information was gradually transformed into a reflective methodology.
The Birth of Redox Regulation

When we obtained evidence for redox regulation in 1967, I would never have imagined that those experiments would lay the foundation for a field that was destined to embrace all types of living cells. The possibility that the early experiments with chloroplast ferredoxin (Fdx) would prompt the publication of a Special Issue on ‘Redox and Photosynthesis’ was equally far-fetched. In view of these unforeseen developments, I think it is timely to introduce this Special Issue by briefly describing how the field of thiol-based redox regulation started.
Evaluation of emissions and transport of CFCs using surface observations and their seasonal cycles and the GEOS CCM simulation with emissions‐based forcing

[1] Levels of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) in our atmosphere are determined by production, emission, and loss processes. However, atmospheric models are forced by the specified mixing ratios of these ODSs rather than the more fundamental emissions-based forcing. To more accurately represent the physics and chemistry of climate change on atmospheric circulation and ODSs, and therefore future ozone recovery, it is desirable to switch from the current highly constrained mixing-ratio-based forcing to emissions-based forcing in general circulation models (GCMs). As a first step of this model transition, we have conducted a 45-year (1960-2005) emissions-based simulation of the three primary chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, -12, -113) using the GEOS coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM). The simulated CFC concentrations and their seasonal cycles are compared with AGAGE and NOAA-GMD observations to evaluate emissions and atmospheric transport. The simulated CFC-12 agrees well with the observations, indicating a good estimate of emission and atmospheric loss. The simulated CFC-11 and CFC-113 shows high biases due to overestimate of emissions. Using tagged CFC tracers to track recent surface emissions and aged air masses transported downward from the stratosphere separately, we quantify the relative contribution of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) and tropospheric transport to the seasonal cycles of CFCs in the lower troposphere. The seasonal cycles of CFCs in the lower troposphere are dominated by tropospheric transport of recent emissions during 1985-1994. The 1995-1999 period marks the transition period when variations due to fresh emissions and STE become equally important. Seasonal cycles of CFCs at most surface sites in the 2000-2004 period are dominated by STE. Seasonal cycles of CFCs due to STE show a late winter/early spring maximum and a summer/fall minimum. Seasonality of the tropospheric transport component at individual stations is governed by seasonal transport variations of fresh emissions from the polluted regions.
Geometric Logic, Causality and Event Structures

The conventional approach to causality is based on partial orders. Without additional structure, partial orders are only capable of expressing AND causality. In this paper we investigate a syntactic, or logical, approach to causality which allows other causal relationships, such as OR causality, to be expressed with equal facility. In earlier work, [3], we showed the benefits of this approach by giving a causal characterisation, in the finite case, of Milner's notion of confluence in CCS. This provides the justification for the more systematic study of causality, without finiteness restrictions, which appears here. We identify three general principles which a logic of causality should satisfy. These principles summarise some basic intuitions about events and causality. They lead us to geometric logic — the “logic of finite observations” — as a candidate for a logic of causality. We introduce the formalism of geometric automata based on this choice; a geometric automation is a set E together with a pair of endomorphisms of the free frame (locale) generated by E. Our main result is to show that Winskel's general event structures are a special case of geometric automata. This is analogous to the transition from topological data (sets of points) to algebraic structures (lattices of open subsets) in “pointless topology”, [6]. This result links our ideas on causality with Winskel's theory of events in computation; it provides a syntax for describing event structures and it opens the way to giving a causal interpretation of event structure phenomena. We show further that geometric automata give rise to domains of configurations which generalise the event domains of Winskel and Droste.
Guideline to avoid cracking in 3D TSV design

Three dimensional through-silicon via (3D TSV) technology emerges due to the requirement of high performance, low cost and small form factor in the three dimensional packaging technology. The typical TSV structure is a thin silicon wafer drilled with through hole, the inside wall of the hole is plated with dielectric SiO 2 and diffusion barrier such as Ta, and then the hole is filled by Cu or W as the conductor. During fabrication, testing and service, the packages with TSV structures usually undergo temperature excursion. When the operation temperature is higher than stress-free temperature, the expansion of metal via will induces tensile stresses in circumferential direction in silicon interposer due to the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion. The tensile stress could drive the microcracks within the SiO 2 and silicon to initiate and finally break the silicon interposer by radial cracking. In the current paper, a design guideline is established based on fracture mechanics to avoid such failure, including the parameters such as via radius, flaw size, Young's modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, and fracture toughness. The explicit expression in mathematical form makes such a guideline easily implemented in 3D TSV design.
Identification of a Novel Family of Oligodendrocyte Lineage-Specific Basic Helix–Loop–Helix Transcription Factors

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors have been identified for neurons and their precursors but not for glial cells. We have identified two bHLH factors, Oligo1 and Oligo2, that are specifically expressed in zones of neuroepithelium from which oligodendrocyte precursors emerge, as well as in the precursors themselves. Expression of Oligo2 in the spinal cord precedes that of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), the earliest known marker of oligodendrocyte precursors, by several days. Ectopic expression of Oligo2 in vivo causes ectopic expression of Sox10, an HMG-box transcription factor expressed in oligodendrocyte and other glial precursors. These data identify Oligo genes as the earliest known markers of oligodendrocyte lineage determination and suggest they play a causal role in this process.
Focus on Elementary: Love, Engagement, Support, and Consistency: A Recipe for Classroom Management.

Classroom management is perhaps one of the most difficult aspects of an elementary teacher's job. Most of us focus on discipline when we think about managing a classroom, but much more is involved....
Mating systems in primitive Lepidoptera, with emphasis on the reproductive behaviour of Korscheltellus gracilis (Hepialidae)

Adults of Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) are crepuscular. Flight is restricted to two 20–40 minute periods each day: the first flight follows sunset during evening twilight, the other precedes dawn. Four to five times as many adults are active during the evening when courtship, mating and oviposition occur. Of these behaviours, only oviposition occurs during the pre-dawn period of activity. Field observations indicate that females release a sex pheromone while fanning their wings. Females usually fly before pairing. There is no obvious female choice or stereotyped courtship behaviour prior to pairing. In some hepialid genera females attract males, while in others (Hepialus Fabricius, Phymatopus Wallengren, Sthenopis Packard and Zenophassus Tindale) the calling system is reversed, with males attracting females. Cladistic analysis of the Hepialidae suggests that the plesiomorphic condition for the family is for females to release the long-distance attractant, and that the reversed calling system represents a derived condition restricted to lineages within a single clade. Available information on the mating systems of other basal lepidopteran lineages and Trichoptera support the hypothesis that ancestral Lepidoptera possessed a female-released, long-range attractant. Support for this position comes from (1) published literature; (2) field observations made by DLW; (3) the apparent absence of male scent structures and recognizable male calling behaviour among the pre-Neolepidoptera; and (4) cases of male antennal elaboration in several basal lepidopteran lineages.
Bioluminescence estimation from ocean in situ irradiances

An algorithm is developed for estimating the spatial location and magnitude of a bioluminescent radiation source from measurements of the in situ irradiance and scalar irradiance at two depths. The algorithm is based on the principle of photon conservation. The most direct application of the algorithm requires that the absorption coefficient be known, but the algorithm is useful even if that coefficient is unknown. Numerical tests and an error analysis have been done to test the algorithm numerically. In addition we show that if the estimated source magnitude is nearly constant, that value can be used to estimate the vertical attenuation coefficient of the radiation field.
Deterring Defiance: 'Don't Give a Poacher a Reason to Poach'

Poaching threatens species biodiversity and ecological integrity, but criminologists largely overlook this form of crime. The purpose of this study is to expand criminological theory on poaching by documenting the strategies poachers and game wardens suggest as successful deterrents. Defiance theory is used to understand how the interaction between game wardens and poachers is an important consideration for garnering voluntary compliance. Qualitative interviews with game wardens (N=16) and poachers (N=13) demonstrate that these parties ideologically agree about fish and wildlife conservation, and both parties offer similar methods for deterring poaching. However, because poachers are negatively disposed toward indiscriminant game wardens, the perception of unfair treatment/punishment may lead to future poaching. This study examines trajectories for future research on poaching and contributes to contemporary criminological theory by linking defiance theory with deterrence theory. Finally, the paper concludes with strategies for deterring poaching and garnering voluntary compliance.
Prediction of Coal ash leaching behavior in acid mine water, comparison of laboratory and field studies

Strongly alkaline fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash is commonly used to control acid mine drainage (AMD) in West Virginia coal mines. Objectives include acid neutralization and immobilization of the primary AMD pollutants: iron, aluminum and manganese. The process has been successful in controlling AMD though doubts remain regarding mobilization of other toxic elements present in the ash. In addition, AMD contains many toxic elements in low concentrations. And, each mine produces AMD of widely varying quality. So, predicting the effect of a particular ash on a given coal mine’s drainage quality is of particular interest. In this chapter we compare the results of a site-specific ash leaching procedure with two large-scale field applications of FBC ash. The results suggested a high degree of predictability for roughly half of the 25 chemical parameters and poor predictability for the remainder. Of these, seven parameters were successfully predicted on both sites: acidity, Al, B, Ba, Fe, Ni and Zn while electrical conductivity, Ca, Cd, SO4, Pb and Sb were not successfully predicted on either site. Trends for the remaining elements: As, Ag, Be, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mg, Mn, pH, Se Tl and V were successfully predicted on one but not both mine sites.
WHO ‘MADE’ THE MAGNUS LIBER ?

Without question, one of the most familiar texts to students of medieval music is the often-cited passage in the treatise of Anonymous IV that offers an account of the historical development of the Notre-Dame tradition. I introduce my own discussion of the ‘making’ of the Parisian liber organi with a brief consideration of this famous text.The Latin is, with minor adjustments, that of F. Reckow, Der Musiktraktat des Anonymus 4, 2 vols. (Beihefte zum Archiv fur Musikwissenschaft, 4-5; Wiesbaden, 1967), i, pp. 45-6. The translation is my own, but it has benefited from suggestions by Leofranc Holford-Strevens (most important among them, the readings of ‘optimus organista’ and ‘optimus discantor’ as ‘an excellent organista’ and ‘an excellent discantor’).
SPO21 Is Required for Meiosis-specific Modification of the Spindle Pole Body in Yeast

During meiosis II in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole body changes from a site of microtubule initiation to a site of de novo membrane formation. These membranes are required to package the haploid meiotic products into spores. This functional change in the spindle pole body involves the expansion and modification of its cytoplasmic face, termed the outer plaque. We report here that SPO21 is required for this modification. The Spo21 protein localizes to the spindle pole in meiotic cells. In the absence of SPO21 the structure of the outer plaque is abnormal, and prospore membranes do not form. Further, decreased dosage of SPO21 leaves only two of the four spindle pole bodies competent to generate membranes. Mutation of CNM67, encoding a known component of the mitotic outer plaque, also results in a meiotic outer plaque defect but does not block membrane formation, suggesting that Spo21p may play a direct role in initiating membrane formation.
Contributions of Antinucleoprotein IgG to Heterosubtypic Immunity against Influenza Virus

Influenza A virus causes recurring seasonal epidemics and occasional influenza pandemics. Because of changes in envelope glycoprotein Ags, neutralizing Abs induced by inactivated vaccines provide limited cross-protection against new viral serotypes. However, prior influenza infection induces heterosubtypic immunity that accelerates viral clearance of a second strain, even if the external proteins are distinct. In mice, cross-protection can also be elicited by systemic immunization with the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP). Both T lymphocytes and Ab contribute to such cross-protection. In this paper, we demonstrate that anti-NP IgG specifically promoted influenza virus clearance in mice by using a mechanism involving both FcRs and CD8(+) cells. Furthermore, anti-NP IgG rescued poor heterosubtypic immunity in B cell-deficient mice, correlating with enhanced NP-specific CD8 T cell responses. Thus, Ab against this conserved Ag has potent antiviral activity both in naive and in influenza-immune subjects. Such antiviral activity was not seen when mice were vaccinated with another internal influenza protein, nonstructural 1. The high conservation of NP Ag and the known longevity of Ab responses suggest that anti-NP IgG may provide a critically needed component of a universal influenza vaccine.
Dónde están los márgenes del estado

En su introduccion a esta rica coleccion de ensayos, Veena Das y Deborah Poole cuestionan la definicion de estado en los terminos de un control centralizado sobre un determinado territorio y proponen que exploremos los “margenes” del estado, esto es, aquellos sitios en los que el derecho estatal y el orden deben ser constantemente reestablecidos. Dado que el poder del estado es siempre inestable, puede ser percibido de una mejor manera en tanto uno logra alejarse del “centro”. Las autoras identifican tres formas en las que los margenes del estado pueden ser imaginados: en primer lugar, como las periferias o territorios en los que el estado aun debe penetrar; en segundo lugar, como “aquellos espacios, formas y practicas a traves de los cuales continuamente el estado es tanto experimentado como deshecho en la ilegibilidad de sus propias practicas, documentos y palabras”; y, finalmente, como “el espacio entre los cuerpos, la ley y la disciplina”. Cada uno de los magnificos ensayos recopilados en este libro traza alguna de estas formas de entender los margenes del estado. El argumento general que parece emerger de esta introduccion es que los margenes del estado pueden percibirse de diferente manera precisamente por el hecho de que el estado mismo no es un objeto estatico. Este argumento es altamente sugerente y deseo reflexionar sobre ello. El termino “estado” es utilizado en un gran numero de discursos diferentes. Estos incluyen, si bien no los agotan, el discurso de los estados soberanos (tanto principados como republicas) enfrentados en tiempos de guerra y de paz; el dis
BG: A Benchmark to Evaluate Interactive Social Networking Actions

BG is a benchmark that rates a data store for processing interactive social networking actions using a pre-specified service level agreement, SLA. An example SLA may require 95% of issued requests to observe a response time faster than 100 milliseconds. BG computes two different ratings named SoAR and Socialites. In addition, it elevates the amount of unpredictable data produced by a data store to a first class metric, including it as a key component of the SLA and quantifying it as a part of the benchmarking process. One may use BG for a variety of purposes ranging from comparing different data stores with one another, evaluating alternative physical data organization techniques given a data store, quantifying the performance characteristics of a data store in the presence of failures (either CP or AP in CAP theorem), among others. This study illustrates BG’s first use case, comparing a document store with an industrial strength relational database management system (RDBMS) deployed either in stand alone mode or augmented with memcached. No one system is superior for all BG actions. However, when considering a mix of actions, the memcached augmented RDBMS produces higher ratings.
Levy Systems and Path Decompositions

Ito [21] introduced the idea of a point process attached to a Markov process X, and subsequent work of Weil [42], Getoor [11], [12] and Maisonneuve [29] has shown that the existence of a suitably Markovian Levy system for such a point process can be instrumental in establishing path decompositions of the Markov process. A path decomposition, or splitting time theorem, is a result to the effect that some fragment of the trajectory of X is conditionally independent of some other fragment given suitable conditioning variables, usually with one or more of the fragments being conditionally Markovian. Millar [32] gives a survey of such results, and more recent work may be found in the papers of Getoor, Pittenger, and Sharpe: [12], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [36], [37], [40]. Levy systems suitable for deriving path decompositions were constructed in varying degrees of generality by Watanabe [41] and Benveniste and Jacod [2] for the point process of jumps, and by Ito [21], Dynkin [10] and Maisonneuve [28] for point processes of excursions.