cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The fate of sediment, wood and organic carbon eroded during an extreme flood, Colorado Front Range, USA

Identifying and quantifying the dominant processes of erosion and tracking the fate of sediment, wood, and carbon eroded during floods is important for understanding channel response to floods, downstream sediment and carbon loading, and the influence of extreme events on landscapes and the terrestrial carbon cycle. We quantify sediment, wood, and organic carbon (OC) from source to local sink following an extreme flood in the tectonically quiescent, semi-arid Colorado (USA) Front Range. Erosion of >500,000 m3 or as much as ~115 yr of weathering products occurred through landsliding and channel erosion during September 2013 flooding. More than half of the eroded sediment was deposited at the inlet and delta of a water supply reservoir, resulting in the equivalent of 100 yr of reservoir sedimentation and 2% loss in water storage capacity. The flood discharged 28 Mg C/km2, producing an event OC flux equivalent to humid, tectonically active areas. Post-flood remobilization resulted in a further ~100 yr of reservoir sedimentation plus export of an additional 1.3 Mg C/km2 of wood, demonstrating the ongoing impact of the flood on reservoir capacity and carbon cycling. Pronounced channel widening during the flood created accommodation space for 40% of flood sediment and storage of wood and eroded carbon. We conclude that confined channels, normally dismissed as transport reaches, can store and export substantial amounts of flood constituents.
The Global Sulfur Cycle

The chemistry of gaseous sulfur compounds in the atmosphere at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm depends upon nonuniform distributions of sources and sinks as well as the variable physical properties of the atmosphere itself. Because of natural variations in sunlight intensity, temperature, humidity, surface chemical characteristics, and atmospheric transport processes, the behavior of sulfur compounds, both gaseous and particulate, is complex, and may never be known in great detail. Similar statements might be made for other trace constituents of the atmosphere, notably nitrogen oxides and nitrates. In this chapter, however, we will be concerned only with sulfur compounds.
Thermodynamic properties of the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-acetone binary liquid mixture using a modified flory theory

Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (P-F-P) theory was applied for the correlation the experimental data of excess molar volume for the binary liquid mixture of DBSA-Acetone at the temperature range of (293.15-303.15 K). The three contribution terms (pressure, interaction and free volume) in the P-F-P equation were compared with the total effect of P-F-P equation. A positive excess molar volume were obtained at all the range of mole fraction and at all the temperatures. The maximum value of excess molar volume was positioned at the 0.4 mole fraction. Eyring-Flory-Huggins theory was found useful in the estimation of the viscosity deviation variation with mole fraction at the same temperature range. A negative deviation was found in the viscosity for all the range of temperature and mole fraction. The maximum deviation in the viscosity was found at the mole fraction of 0.4. The increase in the negative deviation values with temperature was interpreted as a result of the decrease in the attractive forces between the like molecules. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 20(2018) 30-35
Learning From Experience? The Influence of Positive and Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences on Next-Day Alcohol Expectancies and Use Among College Drinkers

Objective:The purpose of the present study was to examine daily-level associations between alcohol-related consequences and next-day expectancies and alcohol use among frequently drinking college s...
The Effects of Lead Time of Take-Over Request and Nondriving Tasks on Taking-Over Control of Automated Vehicles

Automated vehicles have received great attention, since they offer the possibility of significantly increasing traffic safety, mobility, and driver comfort. Current automation technology is still imperfect; therefore, there will still be situations in which the automation will not be able to handle and will request the driver to suspend nondriving tasks and take over control of the automated vehicle in a limited period of time. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the effects of the lead time of take-over request as well as nondriving tasks on driver take-over. The present driving simulator experiment studied the effects of lead time and various realistic nondriving tasks on take-over behavior and driver acceptance to the automated vehicle. Results suggested optimal driver take-over performance when the lead time of the take-over request was 10–60 s for general nondriving tasks. Specifically, a take-over request with lead time at 10–60 s led to lower crash rate, greater minimum time-to-collision, and lower lateral acceleration. However, a longer lead time (e.g., 15–60 s) was necessary to achieve optimal driver acceptance even though drivers could successfully take over control with shorter lead time (e.g., 10 s). In addition, driver take over performance was significantly influenced by nondriving tasks. When more sensory modalities were occupied or when the cognitive load was very low, driver take-over performance was impaired, especially when the take-over request was too late (e.g., lead time was 3 s). Potential applications of the results in designing of take-over request in automated vehicles were further discussed.
Een Hematologische Aandoening

Een tandartsmailtmij: ‘Mijn patiente van 70 jaarmet een volledige dentitie, heeft 7 jaar geleden een acute leukemie doorgemaakt. In verbandmet een progressieve parodontitis moet deze vrouw door demondhygieniste behandeld worden. Zij geeft echter aan dat de behandelend arts dat afraadt. Ik heb daarop aan de behandelaar gevraagd of deze dit wil toelichten omdat de parodontitis duidelijk tandsteengerelateerd is bij een overigens goedemondhygiene. Het antwoord luidt:“Geachte tandarts,Mevrouw X heeft een hematologische aandoening waardoor de bloedplaatjes onvoldoende werken en zij een verhoogde bloedingsneiging heeft. Ik heb geen bezwaar tegen een behandeling van haar parodontitis. Deze dient dan echter wel vooraf te gaan door een bloedplaatjestransfusie op dezelfde dag.” De vraag van de tandarts is nu: ‘Hoe nu verder?’
Individualization of Clinical Target Volume Delineation Based on Stepwise Spread of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Outcome of More Than a Decade of Clinical Experience

Purpose Radiation-related toxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common. There are no well-established guidelines for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation with long-term follow-up. Current consensus continues to rely heavily on bony landmarks and fixed margins around the gross tumor volume (GTV), an approach used to define fields in the conventional 2- and 3-dimensional radiation therapy era. Methods and Materials We retrospectively evaluated patients with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic NPC treated with definitive radiation therapy using a technique of CTV delineation based on individual tumor extent and the orderly stepwise pattern of tumor spread. Dosimetric comparisons were made between national protocol HN001 and our contouring strategies on a representative early- and advanced-stage NPC. The primary endpoints were patterns of failure and local control; secondary endpoints included regional control and survival, estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Between 1999 and 2013, 73 patients (88% with stage 3-4 disease) were treated with median follow-up of 90 months for surviving patients. Median dose to GTV was 70 Gy. Four patients developed local recurrence and 1 patient developed regional recurrence. All locoregional recurrences occurred within the high-dose GTV. The 5-year local control, regional control, and overall survival was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85%-98%), 99% (95% CI, 90%-100%), and 84% (95% CI, 73%-91%), respectively. Compared with HN001, our contouring strategy resulted in 62% and 36% reduction in CTV for T1 and T4 disease, respectively. In the T1 tumor, the reduction of doses to the contralateral parotid, optic nerve, and cochlea were 54%, 50%, 34% respectively. In the T4 case, there was a decrease of optic chiasm dose of 46% and contralateral optic nerve of 37%. There were 10 grade 3 toxicities. There was no grade 2 or higher xerostomia and no grade 4/5 toxicity. Conclusions Our long-term experience with individualized CTV delineation based on stepwise patterns of spread results in excellent local control, with no recurrence outside the GTV.
Articular Cartilage Injuries of the Knee: Patient Health Literacy, Expectations for Management, and Clinical Outcomes.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to review the orthopedic literature regarding patient understanding of articular cartilage disease, interpret literature reporting patient expectations for s...
Von Willebrand disease and gastrointestinal bleeding: A national inpatient sample study.

Abstract Introduction Gastrointestinal tract bleeding (GIB) is a serious complication of von Willebrand Disease (VWD), but little is known regarding prevalence and risk factors. We, therefore, evaluated correlates of GIB among VWD using a large national database. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult discharges from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 2009 and 2014. International Disease Classification codes were used to identify those with and without VWD with and without GIB. Prevalence estimates were weighted using NIS-provided discharge-level weights to reflect national estimates. Categorical variables were compared by Rao-Scott chi-square test, continuous variables by weighted simple linear regression, and independent factors associated with GIB in VWD were determined by weighted multivariable logistic regression. Results GIB is more prevalent in VWD, 3.70%, than those without VWD, 1.49%, p Conclusions GIB is more common in VWD who are young, black, or male, and the most significant predictors of GIB include angiodysplasia, diverticulitis, hepatitis C, and smoking. After a first GIB, such individuals should consider factor prophylaxis to prevent GIB recurrence and associated morbidity.
A legacy of geo‐climatic complexity and genetic divergence along the lower Colorado River: Insights from the geological record and 33 desert‐adapted animals

AIM: To review the histories of the Colorado River and North American monsoon system to ascertain their effects on the genetic divergence of desert‐adapted animals. LOCATION: Lower Colorado River region, including Mojave and Sonoran deserts, United States. METHODS: We synthesized recent geological literature to summarize initiation phases of lower Colorado River evolution, their discrepancies, and potential for post‐vicariance dispersal of animals across the river. We simulated data under geological models and performed a meta‐analysis of published and unpublished genetic data including population diversity metrics, relatedness and historical migration rates to assess alternative divergence hypotheses. RESULTS: The two models for arrival of the Colorado River into the Gulf of California impose east‐west divergence ages of 5.3 and 4.8 Ma, respectively. We found quantifiable river‐associated differentiation in the lower Colorado River region in reptiles, arachnids and mammals relative to flying insects. However, topological statistics, historical migration rates and cross‐river extralimital populations suggest that the river should be considered a leaky barrier that filters, rather than prevents, gene flow. Most markers violated neutrality tests. Differential adaptation to monsoon‐based precipitation differences may contribute to divergence between Mojave and Sonoran populations and should be tested. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Rivers are dynamic features that can both limit and facilitate gene flow through time, the impacts of which are mitigated by species‐specific life history and dispersal traits. The Southwest is a geo‐climatically complex region with the potential to produce pseudocongruent patterns of genetic divergence, offering a good setting to evaluate intermediate levels of geological‐biological (geobiological) complexity.
Renal effects of SGLT2 inhibitors: an update.

Purpose of review SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of antihyperglycemic drugs that protect kidneys and hearts of type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with preserved kidney function from failing. Here we discuss new insights on renal protection. Recent findings Also in T2DM patients with CKD, SGLT2 inhibition causes an immediate functional reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and reduces blood pressure and preserves kidney and heart function in the long-term, despite a lesser antihyperglycemic effect. According to modeling studies, the GFR reduction reduces the tubular transport work and metabolic demand, thereby improving renal cortical oxygenation. In humans, the latter is linked to protection from CKD. Urine metabolomics in T2DM patients suggested improved renal mitochondrial function in response to SGLT2 inhibition, and experimental studies indicated improved tubular autophagy. Modeling studies predicted that also in diabetic CKD, SGLT2 inhibition is natriuretic and potentially stimulates erythropoiesis by mimicking systemic hypoxia in the kidney. Meta-analyses indicated that SGLT2 inhibition also reduces risk and severity of acute kidney injury in T2DM patients. Studies in nondiabetic mice implied inhibition of the renal urate transporter URAT1 in the uricosuric effect of SGLT2 inhibition. Summary Renoprotection of SGLT2 inhibition involves blood glucose-dependent and independent effects and extends to CKD.
Chapter 8 – The Process of Drug Discovery

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the process of drug discovery. The drug discovery process can be envisioned in four interconnected phases. These are the acquisition of chemicals to be tested for biological activity, the determination of the activity of those chemicals on biological systems, the formulation of the most active of these for therapeutic testing in humans, and the determination of adequate delivery of the active drug to diseased tissues. Each phase of this collection of processes is interconnected with the others, and failure in any one of them can halt the development process. It is worth considering each process separately as well as the relationships between them. A starting point to this process is the definition of what the therapeutic end point of the drug discovery process will be, namely, a drug. There are certain properties that molecules must have to qualify as therapeutically useful chemicals. Any molecule possessing activity that can be introduced into the body compartment containing the therapeutic target could be a possible drug. Therapeutically useful molecules must be absorbed into the body, distribute to the biological target in the body, be stable for a period of time in the body, be reversible with time (excreted or degraded in the body after a reasonable amount of time), and be nontoxic. Ideally, drugs must be low molecular weight bioavailable molecules. These desired properties of molecules are often referred to as “druglike” properties. Molecules that fulfill these criteria generally can be considered possible therapeutically useful drugs, providing they possess target activity and few toxic side effects.
Flex-PIM: A Ferroelectric FET based Vector Matrix Multiplication Engine with Dynamical Bitwidth and Floating Point Precision

This paper presents Flex-PIM, a ferroelectric FET (FeFET) based processing-in-memory (PIM) engine for vector-matrix-multiplication (VMM). With FeFET as the basic memory cell, Flex-PIM features low read latency/programming energy, non-volatility and high density. The core of Flex-PIM micro-architecture is an all-digital VMM engine integrated with innovative memory array peripherals to realize dynamically controllable bitwidth and floating point precision. The Flex-PIM architecture is simulated in 28nm CMOS technology and shows multiplication-accumulation (MAC) operations from 32-bit floating point (99 GMACS/W) to 4 bit fixed-point (3.3 TMACS/W). A system level design with specialized instruction set is presented to acclerate training and inference of deep neural networks (DNN) using Flex-PIM. The full-chip simulations show that Flex-PIM can increase computing efficiency of training and inference by 32x and 120x, respectively, over desktop GPUs while maintaining high accuracy over a wide-range of DNN models using flexible precision.
SINGLE AND COMPOSITE HOT SUBDWARF STARS IN THE LIGHT OF 2MASS PHOTOMETRY

Utilizing the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) All-Sky Data Release Catalog, we have retrieved useful near-IR J, H and KS magnitudes for more than 800 hot subdwarfs (sdO and sdB stars) drawn from the Catalogue of Spectroscopically Identified Hot Subdwarfs (Kilkenny, Heber, and Drilling, 1988, 1992). This sample size greatly exceeds previous studies of hot subdwarfs.
A Porcine Organ-Culture Glaucoma Model Mimicking Trabecular Meshwork Damage Using Oxidative Stress

Purpose Re-cellularization of the trabecular meshwork (TM) using stem cells is a potential novel treatment for ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of this approach, improved in vivo and ex vivo models of TM pathophysiology are needed. Here, we investigate whether oxidative stress, induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can model glaucomatous ocular hypertension in the readily available porcine anterior segment organ culture model. Methods The impact of H2O2 on TM cell viability and function was first evaluated in vitro using primary porcine TM cells. Oxidative stress was then induced by H2O2 infusion into perfused porcine anterior segments. Trabecular meshwork function was assessed by tracking matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and the ability of the preparation to maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis after a flow challenge (doubled fluid infusion rate). Finally, the TM was evaluated histologically. Results H2O2 treatment resulted in a titratable reduction in cellularity across multiple primary TM cell donor strains. In organ culture preparations, H2O2-treated eyes showed impaired IOP homeostasis (i.e., IOPs stabilized at higher levels after a flow challenge vs. control eyes). This result was consistent with reduced MMP activity and TM cellularity; however, damage to the TM microstructure was not histologically evident in anterior segments receiving H2O2. Conclusions Titrated H2O2 infusion resulted in TM cellular dysfunction without destruction of TM structure. Thus, this porcine organ culture model offers a useful platform for assessing trabecular meshwork therapies to treat ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma.
How Audiences Decide: A Cognitive Approach to Business Communication

Introduction Part 1: Understanding Rational Decision Making 1. Audience Decision-Making Expertise 2. Types of Audience Decisions 3. Cognitive Processes in Audience Decision Making 4. Aids to Audience Decision Making Part 2: Understanding Intuitive Decision Making 5. Heuristics and Biases in Audience Decision Making 6. Person Perception in Audience Decision Making Part 3: Understanding Emotional Decision Making 7. Emotions in Audience Decision Making. Conclusion. References
Mercury Exposure and Heart Rate Variability: a Systematic Review

Background Mercury affects the nervous system and has been implicated in altering heart rhythm and function. We sought to better define its role in modulating heart rate variability, a well-known marker of cardiac autonomic function.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility and the Programming of Motor Activity: Pitfalls and Possible New Directions

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the stimulus-response compatibility and the programming of motor activity. In the generalized motor-program framework, a skilled motor action is composed of two sets of characteristics, invariant characteristics and parameters. Invariant characteristics are aspects of the motor program that make one generalized motor program different from another. Hypothesized invariant characteristics are relative timing and the spatial form of the movement. The generalized motor-program perspective could be studied in a response time (RT) paradigm by examining the natures of the program-selection and parameter-selection processes. The implications of the compatibility effects are important for interpreting the results of precuing studies. It is suggested that when S-R compatibility is low, the RT comparisons among different levels and types of precues will be dominated by the effects of precues on the response-selection process. When S-R compatibility is high, RT comparisons should reflect changes in motoric-processing time. The difference in RT between these identical responses across different levels of arm-precue information reflects the savings in RT when the arm is precued.
Inflammation and vascular injury: basic discovery to drug development

The invited special lecture at the 76(th) Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society focused on the central role of inflammation in vascular injury and repair. Early studies pioneered the concept that mechanical injury, such as balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent deployment, elicits an inflammatory response from the vessel wall. This hypothesis was developed and substantiated at a time when the prevailing dogma viewed restenosis following angioplasty as a primarily proliferative smooth muscle cell disease. Antibody targeting of Mac-1 reduced leukocyte accumulation and limited neointimal formation following balloon injury or stent implantation. Genetic absence of Mac-1 resulted in diminished leukocyte accumulation and neointimal thickening after carotid artery injury in mice. In the course of those studies, our laboratory made fundamental discoveries regarding the mechanism of leukocyte recruitment at sites of vascular injury and identified platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, a component of the GPIb-IX-V complex, as the previously unknown platelet counter-receptor for Mac-1. Follow-on studies have focused extensively on the structure, function, and signaling of the leukocyte integrin Mac-1. The binding site for GPIbα in Mac-1 has been mapped and subsequently showed that leukocyte engagement of platelet GPIbα via Mac-1 is critical not only for the biological response to vascular injury, but also for thrombosis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and multiple sclerosis, thereby advancing the hypothesis that virtually all inflammation is platelet-dependent. Furthermore, ligand engagement of Mac-1 initiates a novel gene program that promotes inflammation by activating NFκB and downregulating the expression of the forkhead transcription factor Foxp1 that controls monocyte differentiation. Small molecule inhibitors of Mac-1 function have been pursued, including targeting of Mac-1-GPIbα binding or the downstream tyrosine kinase spleen tyrosine kinase. Drs Teruo Inoue, Koichi Node, Tatsuya Fukotomi, Masashi Sakuma, Toshifumi Morooka, and Kohsuke Nakajima, valued Japanese collaborators and post-doctoral fellows, have contributed enormously to these discoveries.
Ty insertions upstream and downstream of native DUR1,2 promoter elements generate different patterns of DUR1,2 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Expression of allantoin pathway genes is subject to induction and nitrogen catabolite repression. Two classes of cis-dominant mutations (DUR80 and DUR1,2-Oh) result in overproduction of DUR1,2 mRNA. In DUR80 mutants, DUR1,2 expression remained inducible, nitrogen catabolite repression sensitive, and unresponsive to cell ploidy, i.e., overproduction was superimposed on normal gene regulation. DUR1,2-Oh mutations, in contrast, generated a pattern of DUR1,2 expression similar to that often reported when a Ty element inserts upstream of a gene, the ROAM phenotype. We analyzed four independent DUR80 and DUR1,2-Oh alleles. The DUR1,2-Oh mutation was, as expected, a Ty insertion at -445 3' of the native DUR1,2 upstream activation sequences (UASs). All three DUR80 alleles were also Ty insertions between -644 and -653 immediately 5' of the native DUR1,2 USASs. We suggest that the difference in DUR1,2-Oh and DUR80 phenotypes depends on whether the native cis-acting elements and transcription factors associated with them can operate. If they can, enhancement of normally regulated DUR1,2 expression is observed. This is a novel phenotype for Ty insertions. If the native DUR1,2 cis-acting elements are not present, the case when Ty insertion occurs 3' of them, a ROAM phenotype is generated. Nitrogen-regulated upstream activation sequence (UASNTR)-homologous sequences present in the Ty delta elements rather than cis-acting elements required for Ty transcription are the most likely candidates to serve as the cis-acting elements mediating the DUR80 phenotype.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Synchronously Growing Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Early log-phase cells of Mycoplasma gallisepticum A5969 were synchronized by holding in Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM) for 2 h. When transferred out of MEM into tryptose medium, the cells exhibited synchronous growth. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis proceeded continuously during this growth but stopped during the period of cell division. One round of DNA replication was observed per cell doubling, and a unique region of DNA was found to be permanently bound to the membrane.
Density dependence of the electron surface barrier for fluidHe3andHe4

The density dependence of the electron surface barrier for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ fluids has been determined by injection of electrons from a planar gold surface into the liquid and the dense vapor phases. Barrier values for both isotopes are consistent with a Wigner-Seitz calculation for atomic densities up to the experimental limit of 1.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{22}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$) and 3.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{22}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ($^{4}\mathrm{He}$). Comparison of results with other theoretical and experimental values is presented.
Addressing fundamental architectural challenges of an activity-based intelligence and advanced analytics (ABIAA) system

The domain of Geospatial Intelligence Analysis is rapidly shifting toward a new paradigm of Activity Based Intelligence (ABI) and information-based Tipping and Cueing. General requirements for an advanced ABIAA system present significant challenges in architectural design, computing resources, data volumes, workflow efficiency, data mining and analysis algorithms, and database structures. These sophisticated ABI software systems must include advanced algorithms that automatically flag activities of interest in less time and within larger data volumes than can be processed by human analysts. In doing this, they must also maintain the geospatial accuracy necessary for cross-correlation of multi-intelligence data sources. Historically, serial architectural workflows have been employed in ABIAA system design for tasking, collection, processing, exploitation, and dissemination. These simpler architectures may produce implementations that solve short term requirements; however, they have serious limitations that preclude them from being used effectively in an automated ABIAA system with multiple data sources. This paper discusses modern ABIAA architectural considerations providing an overview of an advanced ABIAA system and comparisons to legacy systems. It concludes with a recommended strategy and incremental approach to the research, development, and construction of a fully automated ABIAA system.
Japanese Children's Reactions to Family Photographs: Associations with Mothers' Attachment Status

This study examined differences in children's responses to their family photographs within a sample of Japanese 6-year-olds (N = 44), exploring associations with their mothers' attachment status. The differences in children's photo reactions were captured by a 5-point continuous scale to rate how engaged children were and how positively they responded to the photographs taken earlier with their mothers. Mothers' attachment security was assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview. The findings revealed that children of mothers with secure attachment status were significantly more engaged/positive in their photo reactions than were children of mothers with insecure attachment status. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Exploring and Developing Consumer Health Vocabularies

Laypersons (''consumers'') often have difficulty finding, understanding, and acting on health in- formation due to gaps in their domain knowledge. Ideally, consumer health vocabularies (CHVs) would reflect the different ways consumers express and think about health topics, helping to bridge this vocabulary gap. However, despite the recent research on mismatches between consumer and professional language (e.g., lexical, semantic, and explanatory), there have been few systematic efforts to develop and evaluate CHVs. This paper presents the point of view that CHV development is practical and necessary for extending research on informatics-based tools to facilitate consumer health information seeking, retrieval, and understanding. In support of the view, we briefly describe a dis- tributed, bottom-up approach for (1) exploring the relationship between common consumer health expressions and professional concepts and (2) developing an open-access, preliminary (draft) ''first-generation'' CHV. While recognizing the limitations of the approach (e.g., not addressing psychosocial and cultural factors), we suggest that such explora- tory research and development will yield insights into the nature of consumer health expressions and assist developers in creating tools and applications to support consumer health information seeking. j J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13:24-29. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M1761.
Suspending Mammalian LHRHa-injected Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Individual Soft Mesh Bags Reduces Stress and Improves Reproductive Performance

Hormone-induced spawning of channel catfish held communally in tanks is a reliable method to produce channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ♀ × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus ♂, F1 hybrid catfish fry. However, mature catfish are crowded, and repeatedly handled during the process of induced ovulation. Repeated handling of gravid females is stressful and may impair ovulation, egg quality, and reproductive performance. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of two methods of confining post-hormone-injected female channel catfish on stress response (cortisol concentrations) and reproductive performance: fish were either held individually while suspended in soft, nylon-mesh bags or communally in a concrete tank. Percent of females ovulated to hormone treatment, relative fecundity, percent egg viability, and latency of channel catfish did not differ for fish in the two treatments. However, percent hatch and fry/kg of females was higher (P 0.05). Suspending hormone-injected broodfish individually in soft bags reduced stress response, improved egg hatching rate, and increased hybrid fry produced per kg weight of female broodfish. Using this simple technology, farmers can improve the efficiency of hatcheries producing hybrid catfish fry.
The Efficacy of Random Digit Dialing in Selecting Matched Controls for a Case-Control Study of Pediatric Cancer

A study of random digit dialing as a method of control selection was conducted as part of a matched case-control study of risk factors for neuroblastoma. The study was conducted in 1981-1982 in the Greater Delaware Valley region. Participation involved parents submitting to a 2-4-hour telephone interview. Potential control telephone numbers were selected by substituting the last two digits of the case family's telephone number with randomly selected digits. Successive random telephone numbers were called until a family with a child matching the case by year of birth plus or minus three years and race who agreed to participate was identified. A total of 3,245 telephone numbers were dialed to select controls for 101 cases, an average of 32.1 telephone numbers per case. Among 1,908 residential households contacted, 25.5% refused to give information about household characteristics. Of households with known characteristics, 45% had children under 25 years of age and 14.9% had a child eligible for the study. Among 181 households invited to participate, 101 agreed. For 18.6% of all calls, residential respondents were randomly offered $10 as an inducement to participate. This inducement did not significantly influence participation rates among families invited to participate.
Do Developing Countries Benefit from Antidumping Laws? An Assessment Based upon a Theoretical Dumping Model

Este ensayo desarrolla un modelo de dumping internacional bajo mercados de competencia imperfecta donde las empresas explotan sus ventajas comparativas. El analisis de estatica comparativa sugiere, primero, que bajo libre comercio y una politica de competencia coordinada un producto con dumping puede aumentar el bienestar economico para el pais importador bajo diversas estructuras de mercado de dichos productos. Estos beneficios surgen de precios importados mas bajos y de un aumento de la competencia en el mercado domestico. Segundo, en ausencia de estas politicas de competencia coordinadas entre paises, el comercio de productos con dumping cuando los mercados de los productos son de competencia imperfecta si puede producir perdidas para el pais importador. Tercero, el analisis de bienestar de instrumentos compensatorios al dumping indica que dichas medidas comerciales son las menos convenientes para el pais importador. La mejor politica es libre comercio acompanada de una politica de competencia coordinada entre paises. Cuarto, el modelo en adicion permite identificar instrumentos alternativos que mejoran el bienestar del pais importador de bienes comerciados con dumping.
Leukemia cell lysis by sulfhydryl reagents and thiols

Abstract Iodoacetate and other sulfhydryl reagents as well as cysteine and other thiols caused lysis of the mouse leukemic lymphoblasts L5178Y, L1210, and P388 in culture. Lysis by either iodoacetate or cysteine was preceded by ATP depletion. However ATP depletion was not a sufficient explanation for lysis since deoxyglucose depleted ATP to the same extent as did iodoacetate but did not cause lysis. It was concluded that sulfhydryl-disulfide equilibrium was essential to the maintenance of cellular integrity and ATP concentration.
Configurational properties of water clathrates: Monte Carlo and multidimensional integration versus the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire approximation

To quantify the inadequacies associated with the use of the spherically symmetric Lennard-Jones Devonshire smooth cell approximation, Monte Carlo and multidimensional quadrature integrations were performed for various water clathrate cavity geometries while accounting for the asymmetries of the host lattice using complete crystallographic structural data with effects included for multiple coordination shells. Using the van der Waals−Platteeuw model as a basis, the configurational partition function was evaluated for typical hydrate host-lattice systems containing small (Ar, CH4, C2H6, CO2, ...; structure I type) and large (C3H6, C4H8, CHCl3, ...; structure II type) guest molecules. A range of intermolecular potential energy and size parameters were used to characterize configurational effects for structure I and II guest−host interactions. Additionally, angle-averaged potential energy profiles were calculated in order to compare with those determined using the Lennard-Jones Devonshire approximation. It wa...
Antigenic Fingerprinting of Methanogenic Bacteria with Polyclonal Antibody Probes

Summary A system is described for constructing a reference chart of antigenic fingerprints of methanogens as a possible guide in identification of new isolates. The chart is easy to use and can accommodate into each fingerprint additional data that will be provided by new antisera, and more fingerprints as other reference bacteria will be studied, without changes in its format or accumulated contents. This ensures a perennial force to the chart as a reference instrument, and allows increase of its resolution power for bacterial identification. Based on this chart, a procedure is described for rapid identification of newly isolated methanogens and comparison of antigenic mosaics expressed on their surfaces. The procedure involves determination of the antigenic fingerprint and tabulation of the data for comparison with those in the chart. The main feature of the fingerprinting method is the use of a panel of antibody probes calibrated to reveal dominant antigens. As the probes reveal the most conspicuous markers in the antigenic mosaic they also delineate the most pronounced antigenic relationships among methanogens. Although the methods reported were developed for study of methanogens with polyclonal antibody probes, they can be applied to any other group of organisms with antigenic mosaics and to studies with panels of monoclonal antibodies.
Review Essay: The History of Israel Contested and Revised

Books reviewed in this article: Philip R. Davies, In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’ Philip R. Davies, Scribes and Scrolls: The Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures Lester L. Grabbe (ed.), Can a ‘History of Israel’ Be Written? Niels Peter Lemche, The Israelites in History and Tradition V. Philips Long (ed.), Israel's Past in Present Research: Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography Thomas L. Thompson, The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel
Two Trends in the Development of Conceptual Perspective-taking: An Elaboration of the Passive-Active Hypothesis:

Two developmental trends in conceptual perspective-taking are proposed and these proposals are used to frame a review of the perspective-taking literature. Perspective-taking competence is described in terms of children's understanding of relations between mental states and conditions that influence or determine mental states. The two proposed developmental trends are: (1) older children increasingly differentiate among the effects of conditions that determine mental states; and (2) children progress from understanding direct one-to-one relations between a determining condition and a mental state to understanding interactions in which one condition mediates the effects of another in producing a mental state.
The FLEXGene repository: exploiting the fruits of the genome projects by creating a needed resource to face the challenges of the post-genomic era.

Thanks to the results of the multiple completed and ongoing genome sequencing projects and to the newly available recombination-based cloning techniques, it is now possible to build gene repositories with no precedent in their composition, formatting, and potential. This new type of gene repository is necessary to address the challenges imposed by the post-genomic era, i.e., experimentation on a genome-wide scale. We are building the FLEXGene (Full Length EXpression-ready) repository. This unique resource will contain clones representing the complete ORFeome of different organisms, including Homo sapiens as well as several pathogens and model organisms. It will consist of a comprehensive, characterized (sequence-verified), and arrayed gene repository. This resource will allow full exploitation of the genomic information by enabling genome-wide scale experimentation at the level of functional/phenotypic assays as well as at the level of protein expression, purification, and analysis. Here we describe the rationale and construction of this resource and focus on the data obtained from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae project.
Making Philadelphia Safe for “WFIL-adelphia” Television, Housing, and Defensive Localism in Postwar Philadelphia

This article examines television and housing as sites of struggle over segregation in postwar Philadelphia. WFIL-TV, which was part of Walter Annenberg’s media empire, broadcast to a four state region it called “WFIL-adelphia,” and emphasized the station’s ability to help advertisers reach millions of these regional consumers in parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. At the same time, however, the racial tensions around WFIL’s West Philadelphia studio threatened to scare off advertisers. Just steps from the station’s front door, for example, black families seeking to move into West Philadelphia faced organized resistance from white homeowners associations. Scared of offending local and regional viewers and advertisers, WFIL implemented racial discriminatory admissions policies in its most popular show, the teenage dance program Bandstand (which became American Bandstand). I argue that, in working to maintain segregated spaces, both WFIL-TV and white homeowners associations practiced ove...
Incorporation of splice site probability models for non-canonical introns improves gene structure prediction in plants

Motivation: The vast majority of introns in protein-coding genes of higher eukaryotes have a GT dinucleotide at their 5'-terminus and an AG dinucleotide at their 3' end. About 1--2% of introns are non-canonical, with the most abundant subtype of non-canonical introns being characterized by GC and AG dinucleotides at their 5'- and 3'-termini, respectively. Most current gene prediction software, whether based on ab initio or spliced alignment approaches, does not include explicit models for non-canonical introns or may exclude their prediction altogether. With present amounts of genome and transcript data, it is now possible to apply statistical methodology to non-canonical splice site prediction. We pursued one such approach and describe the training and implementation of GC-donor splice site models for Arabidopsis and rice, with the goal of exploring whether specific modeling of non-canonical introns can enhance gene structure prediction accuracy. Results: Our results indicate that the incorporation of non-canonical splice site models yields dramatic improvements in annotating genes containing GC--AG and AT--AC non-canonical introns. Comparison of models shows differences between monocot and dicot species, but also suggests GC intron-specific biases independent of taxonomic clade. We also present evidence that GC--AG introns occur preferentially in genes with atypically high exon counts. Availability: Source code for the updated versions of GeneSeqer and SplicePredictor (distributed with the GeneSeqer code) isavailable at http://bioinformatics.iastate.edu/bioinformatics2go/gs/download.html. Web servers for Arabidopsis, rice and other plant species are accessible at http://www.plantgdb.org/PlantGDB-cgi/GeneSeqer/AtGDBgs.cgi, http://www.plantgdb.org/PlantGDB-cgi/GeneSeqer/OsGDBgs.cgi and http://www.plantgdb.org/PlantGDB-cgi/GeneSeqer/PlantGDBgs.cgi, respectively. A SplicePredictor web server is available at http://bioinformatics.iastate.edu/cgi-bin/sp.cgi. Software to generate training data and parameterizations for Bayesian splice site models is available at http://gremlin1.gdcb.iastate.edu/~volker/SB05B/BSSM4GSQ/ Contact: vbrendel@iastate.edu Supporting information: http://gremlin1.gdcb.iastate.edu/~volker/SB05B/
Employee Motivation and Organizational Commitment: A Comparison of Tipped and Nontipped Restaurant Employees

This study explores motivational and organizational commitment factors of tipped and nontipped restaurant employees when differentiated by gender. The data collected from employees of a nationally-known, branded restaurant chain was analyzed using the ANOVA procedure in an effort to determine if significant differences existed between the tipped and nontipped employees relative to their level of motivation and organizational commitment. The results show that limited differences do exist for certain motivational factors and organizational commitment factors when employees were differentiated by tipped versus nontipped employee status and by gender. The study concludes by offering management implications and suggestions for future research relative to implementing operational systems, policies, and procedures that attend to restaurant employee classification difference as well as gender preference.
Biology and Morphology of Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Parasitoid of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

A general description of the life stages of Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus, an egg-larval parasitoid of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is presented. Pink bollworms were reared in the laboratory on a wheat germ diet. At 29°C, parasitoid eggs (0.12—0.18 mm) begin to eclose ≈22 h after oviposition. Three instars occur in this species. The 1st instar is endoparasitic and ranged in length from 0.14 mm (neonate) to 1.25 mm (≈9 d old, end of the 1st stadium). The 2nd instar also is endoparasitic and is 1.89–3.04 mm long. This stadium lasts ≈2–3 d. The 3rd instar is an average of 3.82 mm long and is endoparasitic early in its development but becomes ectoparasitic toward the completion of its development. This stadium lasts =3 d. The pupal stage lasts ≈6–7 d. Adult parasitoids begin to emerge ≈21 d after oviposition. Parasitized and unparasitized pink bollworm larvae developed through 4 stadia. Larval head capsule widths, body lengths, and weights of parasitized pink bollworms are significantly smaller than those of unparasitized larvae during the 3rd and 4th stadia. Parasitized 4th-instar pink bollworms have a mean head width of 0.8687 mm, body length of 6.28 mm, and weight of 6.9 mg. Fourth-instar unparasitized pink bollworm measurements were 1.0743 mm, 9.31 mm, and 17.7 mg, respectively.
Analysis of process modifications for efficient diamond chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A theoretical model has been developed to investigate transport phenomena and chemical kinetics in a rotating disk diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. The model combines mass, momentum and energy balances for the gas flow with detailed gas and surface chemical kinetics for diamond formation. The model equations are solved numerically to determine gas phase composition profiles and diamond film growth rates for hot-filament and d.c. arc-jet systems. The model is then used to investigate the potential benefits of two process modifications which may increase the efficiency of diamond CVD reactors. The first involves lowering the energy requirements by dissociating hydrogen chemically with chlorine. The second involves increasing the growth rate by injecting methane through the substrate. Combining the two modifications may allow growth of a porous diamond film at 1200 μ h −1 , using an order of magnitude less energy per carat than a conventional d.c. arc-jet reactor.
Persistent thrombin generation in humans during specific thrombin inhibition with hirudin.

BACKGROUNDThe degree to which antithrombotic drugs suppress thrombin generation is unknown. Because hirudin, unlike antithrombin III, binds intravascular thrombin rapidly and selectively to yield a circulating inactive complex of 3- to 4-hour half-life, we used intravenous hirudin in humans to investigate the course of thrombin generation during and early after anticoagulation with this potent, direct antithrombin.METHODS AND RESULTSIntravascular thrombin was measured with an ELISA for the thrombin-hirudin complex formed during and for 18 hours after stopping a 6-hour infusion of hirudin at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg.kg-1.h-1 in three groups of six patients each. With free hirudin in 20- to 10,000-fold molar excess of thrombin and peak activated partial thromboplastin times of 2.3 to 3.0 times baseline, mean plasma thrombin-hirudin complex increased from 794 +/- 85 pg/mL (mean +/- SEM) 15 minutes after the start of the infusion to 1617 +/- 151 pg/mL at 6 hours of infusion to 2667 +/- 654 pg/mL at 24 hours. Duri...