cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Experimental Design for Human Thermoregulatory System Identification

Rollins et al . (2006) proposed a block-oriented modelling (BOM) approach for obtaining human thermoregulatory models for individual subjects. The objective of this approach is to obtain a library of model structures that map input changes such as humidity, ambient temperature, exercise, and so on, to dynamic thermoregulatory responses such the core temperature, skin temperature, muscle temperature, sweat rate and so on. These model structures will be categorized by human attributes and environmental conditions. To obtain this library of model structures a huge amount of experimentation in environmental chambers will be required to determine how the structures vary over the enormous input space. Thus, it is critical that experimental time is minimized. Using a D-optimality criterion, this article presents an experimental design approach that reduced the experimental time by 70% in comparison to the design in (Rollins et al ., 2006).
Completely aqueous procedure for the growth of polymer brushes on polymeric substrates.

The growth of polymer brushes on polymer substrates is often challenging because of substrate incompatibility with the organic solvents used for initiator attachment. This letter reports the use of layer-by-layer adsorption of macroinitiators and subsequent aqueous ATRP from these immobilized initiators to prepare polymer brushes on polymeric substrates. Polyethersulfone (PES) films and porous membranes were modified with polyelectrolyte multilayer films, and a previously developed polycationic initiator, poly(2-(trimethylammonium iodide)ethyl methacrylate-co-2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl acrylate), was then electrostatically adsorbed onto these polyelectrolyte films. The immobilized macroinitiator is very efficient in initiating the growth of polymer brushes on PES, as demonstrated by aqueous syntheses of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) films. PHEMA (250 nm thick) and PDMAEMA (40 nm thick) brushes were grown in 2 h from surfaces modified w...
Treatment of hypertension and prevention of ischemic stroke

Data clearly indicate that treatment with antihypertensive drugs reduces the incidence of all strokes in men (by 34%), women (by 38%), elderly persons (by 36%), including those older than 80 years (by 34%), younger persons, those with systolic and diastolic hypertension, persons with isolated systolic hypertension, and in those with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (by 28%). Blood pressure should be reduced to less than 140/90 mm Hg. The overall data also suggest that reduction of stroke in persons with hypertension is related more to a reduction in blood pressure than to the type of antihypertensive drugs used.
18FDG PET scanning of benign and malignant musculoskeletal lesions

To describe the technique, applications and advantages of 18FDG PET scanning in detection, analysis and management of musculoskeletal lesions. Forty-five patients (19 males,26 females) aged 9 to 81 years had radiographs, routine radionuclide scans, CT and/or MRI of clinically suspected active benign or malignant musculoskeletal lesions. 18FDG scans with a Siemens ECAT EXACT 921 dedicated PET unit (Knoxville, Tenn.) and FWH=6 mm images acquired as a 5–6 bed examination (6 min emission and 4 min transmission) used OSEM iterative reconstruction with segmented transmission attenuation correction and a Gaussian filter (cutoff 6.7 mm). Region of interest (ROI) 3×3 pixel image analysis based on transverse whole body images (slice thickness 3.37 mm) generated Maximum Standard Uptake Values (Max SUV) with a cutoff of 2.0 used to distinguish benign and malignant lesions. Thirty-nine studies were available for SUV ROI analysis. Overall sensitivity for differentiating malignant from benign osseous and non-osseous lesions was 91.7% (22/24), overall specificity was 100% (11/11) with an accuracy of 91.7%. All aggressive lesions had a Max SUV >2.0. Data separating benign from malignant lesions and aggressive from benign lesions were statistically significant (P<0.001) in both categories. There was no statistically significant difference in distinguishing aggressive from malignant lesions (P, ns). 18FDG PET contributes unique information regarding metabolism of musculoskeletal lesions. By supplying a physiologic basis for more informed treatment and management, it influences prognosis and survival. Moreover, since residual, recurrent or metastatic tumors can be simultaneously documented on a single whole body scan, PET may theoretically prove to be cost-effective.
Compact preconditioned photonic crystal demultiplexers based on combined focusing and superprism effects

Wavelength demultiplexing is one of the major applications of unique dispersion properties of photonic crystals (PCs). Possibility of integration and compactness are two main advantages of PC based demultiplexers compared to other demultiplexing techniques for applications including compact spectrometers (for sensory applications) and WDM demultiplexers. Here, we show that resolution and size limitations of conventional superprism-based photonic crystal demultiplexers are caused by the choice of configuration. We suggest an alternative implementation (combining superprism effect and focusing) that improves the performance compared to the conventional implementation in terms of being more compact and relaxing the requirement for divergence angle of the incident beam. We use effective index model to describe the beam behavior inside the photonic crystal region. Using this model, effective indices (second order and third order) are calculated directly from the band structure and are used to find the optimal operation parameters for the demultiplexing device. Detailed calculations show that the required size of preconditioned superprism photonic crystal demultiplexers scales up as N 5/2 (N being the number of channels which is proportional to the resolution of the device) which shows significant advantage over N 4 dependence in conventional superprism-based devices, especially for high resolutions required in practical DWDM systems or spectroscopic applications. Structures obtained through optimization have been fabricated in SOI wafers using e-beam writing and ICP etching, and spatial separation of channels (with good isolation) in focusing superprism devices is experimentally demonstrated.
Inhibition of the ethylene response by 1-MCP in tomato suggests that polyamines are not involved in delaying ripening, but may moderate the rate of ripening or over-ripening

Ethylene initiates the ripening and senescence of climacteric fruit, whereas polyamines have been considered as senescence inhibitors. Ethylene and polyamine biosynthetic pathways share S-adenosylmethionine as a common intermediate. The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene perception, on ethylene and polyamine metabolism and associated gene expression was investigated during ripening of the model climacteric fruit, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), to determine whether its effect could be via polyamines as well as through a direct effect on ethylene. 1-MCP delayed ripening for 8 d compared with control fruit, similarly delaying ethylene production and the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-synthase and some ethylene receptor genes, but not that of ACC oxidase. The expression of ethylene receptor genes returned as ripening was reinitiated. Free putrescine contents remained low while ripening was inhibited by 1-MCP, but increased when the fruit started to ripen; bound putrescine contents were lower. The activity of the putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase, was higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit. Activity of S-adenosylmethionine-decarboxylase peaked at the same time as putrescine levels in control and treated fruit. Gene expression for arginine decarboxylase peaked early in non-treated fruit and coincident with the delayed peak in putrescine in treated fruit. A coincident peak in the gene expression for arginase, S-adenosylmethionine-decarboxylase, and spermidine and spermine synthases was also seen in treated fruit. No effect of treatment on ornithine decarboxylase activity was detected. Polyamines are thus not directly associated with a delay in tomato fruit ripening, but may prolong the fully-ripe stage before the fruit tissues undergo senescence.
The population debate: A survey of opinions of a professional organization's membership

In analyzing results of a survey concerning population issues taken among members of an organization devoted to the scientific study of population, namely, the Population Association of America, we found high agreement that: (1) world population growth was much too high, (2) many of today's serious problems are caused by overpopulation, and (3) the U.S. should help any requesting country establish programs to curtail growth. There was no consensus, however, on issues such as: (1) ideal population size, (2) family planning as the most reasonable means of reducing population growth, (3) the need to initiate coercive birth control immediately, (4) redistribution of resources as a long-term solution to overpopulation, (5) how to solve population problems in time to avoid widespread catastrophe, and (6) whether the U.S. should exert pressure on other countries to establish a family planning program as a prerequisite to economic aid. These findings apply with few exceptions to four subcategories of members defined on the basis of extent of demographic training and employment.
Thoracic Sympathetic Block: A New Approach

Abstract Although a number of approaches to the thoracic sympathetic ganglia are described, the risk of pneumothorax generally precludes this procedure for other than neurolytic ablation. The approach that is described uses the principle of inserting a needle in a direction away from a potential complication by taking advantage of very consistent anatomy. Making use of 2 radiologic landmarks, the tubercle of the costotransverse articulation and the costovertebral articulation, when superimposed, allows a line when subtended from the costotransverse articulation to the observer that is parallel to the neck of the rib. The triangular space formed by the reflection of the parietal pleura, which lies anteromedial to the costotransverse articulation and before its reflection onto the mediastinum, provides a relatively safe passage for a needle that is directed to its target at the costovertebral articulation. In the author's experience, the frequency of pneumothorax is less than 1%, and it has occurred only when the foregoing radiologic landmarks due to pathology are poorly discerned. The technique should increase the usefulness of thoracic sympathetic ganglion blockade for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic use. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Antennal lobe organization in the slender pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera)

This study reports on the structure of the antennal lobe of the pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae. Anterograde staining of antennal receptor neurons revealed an antennal lobe with a few diffuse compartments, an organization distinct from the typical spheroidal glomerular structure found in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates and the antennal lobe of many other insects. This anatomical arrangement of neuronal input is somewhat reminiscent of the aglomerular antennal lobe previously reported in psyllids and aphids. As in psyllids, reports on the odor-mediated behavior of C. columbae suggest that the olfactory sense is important in these animals and indicates that a glomerular organization of the antennal lobe may not be necessary to subtend odor-mediated behaviors in all insects. The diffuse or aglomerular antennal lobe organization found in these two Paraneopteran insect orders might represent an independently evolved reduction due to similar ecological constraints.
Application of Collagen-Model Triple-Helical Peptide-Amphiphiles for CD44-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems.

Cancer treatment by chemotherapy is typically accompanied by deleterious side effects, attributed to the toxic action of chemotherapeutics on proliferating cells from nontumor tissues. The cell surface proteoglycan CD44 has been recognized as a cancer stem cell marker. The present study has examined CD44 targeting as a way to selectively deliver therapeutic agents encapsulated inside colloidal delivery systems. CD44/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan binds to a triple-helical sequence derived from type IV collagen, α1(IV)1263–1277. We have assembled a peptide-amphiphile (PA) in which α1(IV)1263–1277 was sandwiched between 4 repeats of Gly-Pro-4-hydroxyproline and conjugated to palmitic acid. The PA was incorporated into liposomes composed of DSPG, DSPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG-2000 (1 : 4 : 5 : 0.5). Doxorubicin-(DOX-)loaded liposomes with and without 10% α1(IV)1263–1277 PA were found to exhibit similar stability profiles. Incubation of DOX-loaded targeted liposomes with metastatic melanoma M14#5 and M15#11 cells and BJ fibroblasts resulted in IC50 values of 9.8, 9.3, and >100 μM, respectively. Nontargeted liposomes were considerably less efficacious for M14#5 cells. In the CD44+ B16F10 mouse melanoma model, CD44-targeted liposomes reduced the tumor size to 60% of that of the untreated control, whereas nontargeted liposomes were ineffective. These results suggest that PA targeted liposomes may represent a new class of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems.
Upper limits for the rate constants of the reactions CF3O+O3→CF3O2+O2 and CF3O2+O3→CF3O+2O2

Abstract Flash photolysis/time-resolved UV absorption measurements of the rate constants for the title reactions are reported over the temperature range 210–253 K. The photolysis of F 2 /CF 3 H/O 3 /O 2 /N 2 gas mixtures reveals that the formation of CF 3 O 2 and CF 3 O radicals has no measurable effect on the ozone concentration. Fitting the data to a kinetic model yields upper limits of k 1 −14 cm 3 s −1 and k 2 −14 cm 3 s −1 for the CF 3 O+O 3 and CF 3 O 2 +O 3 reactions, respectively, over the temperature range 210–353 K. We have also measured the rate constant for the CF 3 O 2 self-reaction to be k obs =(3.8±1)×10 −12 , (3.2±0.4)×10 −12 , and (2.5±0.3)×10 −12 cm 3 s −1 at T =210, 295, and 353 K, respectively, and the CF 3 H+F rate constant to be 4×10 −4 cm 3 s −1 and 2.6×10 −13 cm 3 s −1 at 210 and 353 K.
Spectral analysis of coupled Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam model

The present paper is devoted to the asymptotic and spectral analysis of a system of coupled Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams. The model is governed by a system of two coupled differential equations and a two parameter family of boundary conditions modelling the action of the self-straining actuators. The above equations of motion form a coupled linear hyperbolic system, which is equivalent to a single operator evolution equation in the energy space. That equation defines a semigroup of bounded operators. This is a dynamics generator of the semigroup which is our main object of interest in the present paper. We prove that for each set of boundary parameters, the dynamics generator has a compact inverse and this inverse operator belongs to class O p of compact operators with p > 1. We also show that if both boundary parameters are not purely imaginary numbers, then the dynamics generator is a nonselfadjoint operator in the energy space. However, its inverse operator is a finite-rank perturbation of a selfadjoint operator. The latter fact is crucial for the proof of the fact that the root vectors of the dynamics generator form a complete and minimal set in the energy space. We will use the spectral results in our forthcoming papers to prove that the dynamics generator of the system is a Riesz spectral operator in the sense of Dunford and to use the latter fact for the solution of several boundary and distributed controllability problems via the spectral decomposition method.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of selected woody and herbaceous biomass feedstocks

A hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was applied to six biomass feedstocks—three woody and three herbaceous. Each feedstock was treated in liquid water for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 175 to 295 °C. Gaseous, aqueous, and solid hydrochar products were characterized to examine the effects of process temperature upon product yields, compositions, and energy densification. Thorough mass balance determinations were made for all HTC experiments. With increasing temperature, the mass of solid hydrochar products was reduced, but energy density increased. At temperatures ≥255 °C, hydrochars produced from woody feedstocks had energy contents of 28–30 MJ/kg, comparable to subbituminous coal. Hydrochars produced from herbaceous feedstocks had somewhat lower energy contents. With increasing temperature, the atomic O/C ratio of all samples was reduced from 0.6 to 0.7 in the raw feedstocks to approximately 0.2 in the hydrochars. Gaseous products increased with increasing HTC temperature, reaching 10–12 % at ≥275 °C. The sum of sugar and organic acid yields was typically 8–12 %, although the composition of these aqueous products varied with temperature. Water was produced in yields of 10–20 % at process temperatures of ≥255 °C.
Vibrational effects in the shape resonant photoionization leading to the A2T1u state of SF6

Abstract The Chase’s adiabatic approximation and Schwinger variational technique in static-exchange approximation are applied to investigate the effect of vibrational averaging on the shape resonant photoionization leading to the A 2 T 1 u state of SF 6 + . For this study, two of the S–F stretching vibrations are considered: the ν 1 symmetric stretching mode and the two degenerate ν 2 asymmetric stretching modes. Present work concludes that averaging over the asymmetric stretching mode of vibration reduces the peak e g resonant cross section by 45% relative to the results obtained at the equilibrium nuclear configuration, which agrees with experimental observation. However, the e g shape resonance is not affected significantly by averaging over the ν 1 symmetric stretching mode of vibration.
Adiabatic resonant microring (ARM) modulator

A high-speed adiabatic resonant microring silicon modulator, which simultaneously enables interior electrical contacts, 4-μm diameter, and 6.9-THz free spectral range, is demonstrated with open eye diagrams up to 12Gb/s, and extinction ratios up to 7.3dB.
Microlubrication Effects During End Milling AISI 1018 Steel

Flood cooling is primarily used to cool and lubricate the cutting tool and workpiece interface during a machining process. But the adverse health effects caused by the use of flood coolants are drawing manufacturers' attention to develop methods for controlling occupational exposure to cutting fluids. Microlubrication serves as an alternative to flood cooling by reducing the volume of cutting fluid used in the machining process. In this study the effects of microlubrication during end milling of AISI 1018 steel was investigated using vegetable based cutting fluid aerosol. A solid carbide cutting tool was used with varying cutting speeds and feed rates having a constant depth of cut. A full factorial experiment was conducted and regression models were generated along with parameter optimization for the aerosol mass concentration and the aerosol particle size. The study shows that with a proper selection of the cutting parameters it is possible to reduce the aerosol mass concentration in end milling under microlubrication. But more scientific assessments are needed to lower the mass concentration of the aerosol particles, below the recommended value of 5 mg/m3 by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Limited studies have been reported to investigate the effectiveness and quality of mist produced under microlubrication. No study has been reported to date on end milling 1018 steel under microlubrication.
Participation Despite the Odds: Examining Sex Workers' Political Engagement

This article considers the following question: given sex workers' barriers to participation, how do they engage in political life, if at all? To answer this, I draw on semi-structured open-ended interviews with forty adults who have supported themselves with sex work in the San Francisco Bay Area. While these individuals do not represent all sex workers in the United States, they exhibit a variety of capacities and methods for expressing their voices in the polity. Even as they faced multiple disadvantages and barriers to participation, they engaged in civic and political life through voting and community-based advocacy work, and they indicated that nonprofit agencies provide spaces that potentially support and encourage these activities. Although my results are from a small sample, they provide an important contribution to political science by shedding light on a population that is rarely studied in the discipline, especially regarding their formal and informal political involvement. In so doing, this ar...
A Review of Some Rigorous Software Design and Analysis Tools

The increasing maturity of formal methods cannot be attributed to only the formal notations and methodologies that are accessible to system designers. The development of powerful software tools that apply and facilitate the use of these notations and methodologies effectively has been crucial. In this paper, FREDERICK SHELDON, GAOYAN XIE, OREST PILSKALNS and ZHIHE ZHOU survey some well-known software tools that have been deployed and used by both academic and industrial sections for rigorous design and analysis. The software tools are categorized by both the notations and methodologies, upon which they are based. We mainly discuss the tools' underlying formal methods, achievements and scope of applicability. We finish with the future trend of the development of such software tools. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute canine idiopathic polyneuropathy (ACIP) serum demyelinates peripheral nerve in vivo.

We examined the in vivo demyelinating activity of serum from dogs with acute canine idiopathic polyneuropathy (ACIP), a Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)-like illness. Sera from 6 ACIP cases demyelinated rat sciatic nerves more intensely than 11 control sera. Serum activity increased after guinea pig serum (gps) was added, although gps alone had little effect. ACIP sera did not bind more to whole nerve cross sections or Schwann cells in vitro than control sera, and did not contain elevated antigalactocerebroside titers. We do not as yet know the pathogenic importance of the demyelinating factor in ACIP and control dog serum, or understand its relationship to the demyelinating constituent in serum from humans with GBS.
Micros in mathematics education—Uses of spreadsheets in CAL

In this paper it is shown that teachers and students can study the mathematical problem through commercially available powerful spreadsheet software programs without being bogged down by the programming problem. It is illustrated by two examples. One is taken from a differentiable function the derivative of which is discontinuous at the origin. The other example uses Simpson's rule to find the area under the standard normal distribution.
Ric-8A Catalyzes Guanine Nucleotide Exchange on Gαi1 Bound to the GPR/GoLoco Exchange Inhibitor AGS3

Microtubule pulling forces that govern mitotic spindle movement of chromosomes are tightly regulated by G-proteins. A host of proteins, including Gα subunits, Ric-8, AGS3, regulators of G-protein signalings, and scaffolding proteins, coordinate this vital cellular process. Ric-8A, acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, catalyzes the release of GDP from various Gα·GDP subunits and forms a stable nucleotide-free Ric-8A:Gα complex. AGS3, a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI), binds and stabilizes Gα subunits in their GDP-bound state. Because Ric-8A and AGS3 may recognize and compete for Gα·GDP in this pathway, we probed the interactions of a truncated AGS3 (AGS3-C; containing only the residues responsible for GDI activity), with Ric-8A:Gαil and that of Ric-8A with the AGS3-C:Gαil·GDP complex. Pulldown assays, gel filtration, isothermal titration calorimetry, and rapid mixing stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that Ric-8A catalyzes the rapid release of GDP from AGS3-C:Gαi1·GDP. Thus, Ric-8A forms a transient ternary complex with AGS3-C:Gαi1·GDP. Subsequent dissociation of AGS3-C and GDP from Gαi1 yields a stable nucleotide free Ric-8A·Gαi1 complex that, in the presence of GTP, dissociates to yield Ric-8A and Gαi1·GTP. AGS3-C does not induce dissociation of the Ric-8A·Gαi1 complex, even when present at very high concentrations. The action of Ric-8A on AGS3:Gαi1·GDP ensures unidirectional activation of Gα subunits that cannot be reversed by AGS3.
Ingestive responses to mu and delta opioid receptor agonists in the domestic fowl

Abstract 1. Four experiments were conducted using the highly specific mu and delta opioid receptor agonists morphiceptin (B‐casomorphin 1–1, amide) or [Met5]‐enkephalin, respectively, to evaluate the effect of mu and delta opioid receptor agonists on ingestive behaviour in the domestic fowl. 2. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 μg of morphiceptin significantly stimulated drinking, while having no effect on feeding. Intramuscular injection of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mg morphiceptin/kg body weight induced a significant increase in feeding, whereas drinking was not altered. 3. ICV administration of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 μg [Met5]‐enkephalin, as well as intramuscular injection of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mg [Met5]‐enkephalin significantly stimulated feeding while having no effect on drinking. 4. These results suggest that, in the central nervous system, mu opioid receptor agonists stimulate drinking and delta receptor agonists stimulate feeding. At sites outside the blood‐brain barr...
Renin-stimulated TGF-β1 expression is regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase in mesangial cells

Recent evidence indicates that renin itself might be profibrotic, independent of angiotensin II; however, the signaling system by which renin exerts a direct effect is not known. We tested the hypothesis that renin receptor activation, in turn, activates the extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase system in mesangial cells. Recombinant rat renin induced a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and subsequent cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ERK1/2 activation by renin addition was not altered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade. An ERK kinase inhibitor significantly reduced the renin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the subsequent increase in transforming growth factor- β 1 (TGF- β 1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression. A small-inhibiting RNA, siRNA, against the renin receptor completely blocked ERK1/2 activation by rat renin. We conclude that renin induces ERK1/2 activation though a receptor-mediated, angiotensin II-independent mechanism in mesangial cells. This renin-activated pathway triggers cell proliferation along with TGF- β 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression. This system may play an important role in the overall profibrotic actions of renin.
Ethnic differences in the effect of parenting on gang involvement and gang delinquency: a longitudinal, hierarchical linear modeling perspective

This study examined the relative influence of peer and parenting behavior on changes in adolescent gang involvement and gang-related delinquency. An ethnically diverse sample of 300 ninth-grade students was recruited and assessed on eight occasions during the school year. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that, in general, adolescents decreased their level of gang involvement over the course of the school year, whereas the average level of gang delinquency remained constant over time. As predicted, adolescent gang involvement and gang-related delinquency were most strongly predicted by peer gang involvement and peer gang delinquency, respectively. Nevertheless, parenting behavior continued to significantly predict change in both gang involvement and gang delinquency, even after controlling for peer behavior. A significant interaction between parenting and ethnic and cultural heritage found the effect of parenting to be particularly salient for Black students, for whom higher levels of behavioral control and lower levels of lax parental control were related to better behavioral outcomes over time, whereas higher levels of psychological control predicted worse behavioral outcomes.
The X-chromosome in the larval salivary glands of hybrids Drosophila insularis × Drosophila tropicalis

The crossDrosophila insularis ×Drosophila tropicalis produces viable but completely sterile hybrids. Chromosomes have been studied in the cells of the salivary glands in hybrid larvae. The euchromatic sections of the chromosomes of the two species remain completely unpaired in the hybrid, despite the obvious similarities of the disc patterns in many portions of these chromosomes. A common chromocenter is nevertheless formed, owing to a mutual attraction of the heterochromatic sections adjacent to the centromeres in all the chromosomes. The condition of the chromosomes in the female and male cells is represented schematically in Fig. 1. The X-chromosomes show a remarkable difference in behavior in the cells of the two sexes. The euchromatic strands representing the X-chromosome are appreciably greater in width but somewhat paler in staining in male than in female larvae. This is a visible counterpart of the genetic phenomenon of dosage compensation.
Solitary late recurrence of renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Late recurrence of renal carcinoma is an unusual manifestation of this tumor but can occur in as many as 11 percent of patients surviving ten years. We describe a case of a solitary lesion occurring in the nephrectomy scar ten years following surgery. The literature is reviewed. Aggressive surgical management is warranted in the treatment of these solitary lesions. The use of advanced imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR[) can assist greatly in the management of patients.
Electronic tunneling in H+2 evaluated from the large-dimension limit

Abstract We derive a simple, analytic expression for the energy splitting Δ E between the lowest pair of H + 2 states (1sσ g and 2pσ u ) that results from electron exchange between two protons. The calculation employs the semiclassical instanton method, with two unorthodox features which markedly simplify the treatment: (1) The double-minimum potential and corresponding wavefunctions that govern the electronic tunneling are evaluated in the large-dimension limit. (2) The time variable is rescaled to cure divergent behavior of fluctuations about the instanton path that otherwise appears because of the potential develops sharp cusps as the internuclear distance increases. By virtue of exact interdimensional degeneracies, the large- D limit yields valid results for a 3D molecule. Indeed, a simple dimensional scaling law gives Δ E for all pairs of g, u states that stem from separated atom states with m = l = n −1, for n =1→∞. For a wide range of internuclear distances, our analytic expression for Δ E , which pertains to the leading order in l>, gives for such states good agreement with comparable semiclassical methods as well as with exact numerical calculations. It is remarkable that use of the effective potential for the large-dimension limit, which is exactly calculable from classical electrostatics, yields quantitatively results for electronic tunneling, an intrinsically quantal phenomenon.
Mechanism for Electron-Induced SF5CF3 Formation in Condensed Molecular Films

A potent greenhouse gas, trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), has been discovered in the Earth's upper atmosphere. There are no known natural sources of SF5CF3, and it has been reported that high-energy electron irradiation (5keV) of condensed mixtures of SF6 and CF4 forms SF5CF3. This paper focuses on a search for the electron-induced formation of SF5CF3 at low electron energies and for the mechanism of formation of SF5CF3. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) are used to search for products formed under electron irradiation of ultrathin condensed films (∼3 ML) of SF6 and CF4. The major evidence for the formation of SF5CF3 via irradiation is the observation in ESD of ionic fragments containing S−C bonds, which are also seen in the mass spectra of SF5CF3. The maximum yield of SF5CF3 products in the condensed film is induced by ∼8 eV electron irradiation; the mechanism is associated with low-energy dissociative electron attachment (DEA) of SF6 and CF4 f...
Confirmation of association between D10S583 and Alzheimer's disease in a case-control sample

Abstract Several independent studies have reported that loci on chromosome 10 are associated/linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including a family-based study demonstrating an association between the marker D10S583 and AD. We have examined the D10S583 polymorphic marker and apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in a case–control study. We observed the expected association of the APOE allele e4 with AD, and an inverse association between the D10S583 allele 209 and AD. These data support the original findings that suggest the presence of a candidate gene for AD in this region of chromosome 10. The nearby insulin degrading enzyme gene has been previously proposed as a candidate gene; however, a number of other putative candidate genes are also located in this region. The ongoing investigation of the genetic source of association and linkage in this region is clearly warranted.
Lithographically-defined 3-D Chip-scale Optical Interconnects Enabling Ultra-small Footprint Vertical Waveguide Couplers

Multi-mode waveguide fabrics are fabricated using gray-scale lithography on hybrid Si/III-V modulator chips. Novel vertical couplers provide access to a high-density transceiver array providing a seam-less interconnection fabric between the intra- and inter-chip domains.
Glial-gonadotrophin hormone (GnRH) neurone interactions in the median eminence and the control of GnRH secretion

A wealth of information now exists showing that glial cells are actively involved in the cell–cell communication process generating and disseminating information within the central nervous system. In the hypothalamus, two types of glial cells, astrocytes and ependymal cells lining the latero-ventral portion of the third ventricle (known as tanycytes), regulate the secretory activity of neuroendocrine neurones. This function, initially described for astrocytes apposing magnocellular neurones, has been more recently characterised for neurones secreting gonadotrophin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH). The available evidence suggests that glial cells of the median eminence regulate GnRH secretion via two related mechanisms. One involves the production of growth factors acting via receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. The other involves plastic rearrangements of glia–GnRH neurone adhesiveness. GnRH axons reach the median eminence, at least in part, directed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Their secretory activity is facilitated by insulin-like growth factor 1 and members of the epidermal growth factor family. A structural complement to these soluble molecules is provided by at least three cell–cell adhesion systems endowed with signalling capabilities. One of them uses the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), another employs the synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM), and the third one consists of neuronal contactin interacting with glial receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase-β. It is envisioned that, within the median eminence, soluble factors and adhesion molecules work coordinately to control delivery of GnRH to the portal vasculature.
Investigation of In_xGa_{1-x}As Ultra-Thin-Body Tunneling FETs Using a Full-Band and Atomistic Approach

Using a 2-D, full-band, atomistic, quantum mechan- ical simulator based on the sp 3 d 5 s ∗ tight-binding method with spin-orbit coupling, we investigate the performances of single- and double-gate relaxed InxGa1−xAs pin ultra-thin-body (UTB) tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) with 20nm to 50nm gate lengths. The ON-current, OFF-current leakage, and subthreshold slope (SS) properties are analyzed as function of the In concentration in 5nm thick structures. We find (i) that devices with a high In concentration allow more ON-current, but suffer from higher OFF-currents and lower SS, (ii) that double- gate devices perform better than single-gate ones, and (iii) that a longer gate length reduces the source-to-drain tunneling leakage and the OFF-current of the UTB TFETs. I. INTRODUCTION
Algerian foreign policy: from revolution to national interest

In the immediate aftermath of independence, Algeria pursued a militant anti-imperialist policy of Third World solidarity under presidents Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumediene. The 1976 National Charter sets forth the rationale for such a foreign policy which was marked by Algerian leadership in the Group of 77, the Nonaligned Movement and the effort to create a New International Economic Order in North-South relations. During the 1980s, President Chadli Benjedid gradually shifted the focus of Algerian diplomacy from Third World leadership to a regional policy focused on the Maghreb and the establishment of the Union du Maghreb Arabe. The severe internal crisis of the 1990s led to a further retrenchment of Algerian foreign policy. Despite his role in the revolutionary years, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika has continued the evolution of the state's foreign policy towards national interest pragmatism.
Optimization of test parallelism with limited hardware overhead

Abstract The main considerations for built-in self-test (BIST) for complex circuits are fault coverage, test time, and hardware overhead. In the BIST technique, exhaustive or pseudo-exhaustive testing is used to test the combinational logic in a register sandwich. If register sandwiches can be identified in a complex digitial system, it is possible to test several of them in parallel using the built-in logic block observation (BILBO) technique. Concurrent built-in logic block observation (CBILBO) technique can further improve the test time, but it requires significant hardware overhead. A systematic scheduling technique is suggested to optimize parallel tests of register sandwiches. Techniques are proposed to deal with shared registers for parallel testing. The proposed method attempts to reduce further the test time while only modestly increasing the hardware overhead.
Decadal Climate Variability: Is There a Tidal Connection?

Abstract A possible connection between oceanic tides and climate variability arises from modulations in tidally induced vertical mixing. The idea is reexamined here with emphasis on near-decadal time scales. Occasional extreme tides caused by unusually favorable alignments of the moon and sun are unlikely to influence decadal climate, since these tides are of short duration and, in fact, are barely larger than the typical spring tide near lunar perigee. The argument by Keeling and Whorf in favor of extreme tides is further handicapped by an insufficiently precise catalog of extreme tides. A more plausible connection between tides and near-decadal climate is through “harmonic beating” of nearby tidal spectral lines. The 18.6-yr modulation of diurnal tides is the most likely to be detectable. Possible evidence for this is reviewed. Some of the most promising candidates rely on temperature data in the vicinity of the North Pacific Ocean where diurnal tides are large, but definitive detection is hindered by t...
Fractionation of hen oviduct chromatin into transcriptionally active and inactive regions after selective micrococcal nuclease digestion.

Abstract This report describes a simple method for the preparation of transcriptionally active and inactive chromatins from the hen oviduct. Oviduct nuclei were incubated with micrococcal nuclease until 2–3% of the DNA was rendered acid-soluble. The nuclear suspension was centrifuged following digestion. The resulting first supernatant fraction (1SF) contained chromatin particles released from intact nuclei. The nuclei in the sediment were lysed and centrifuged again to yield a pellet and a second supernatant fraction (2SF). DNA extracted from the 1SF and 2SF were hybridized to radioactive DNA complementary to purified ovalbumin mRNA for quantitation of ovalbumin genes. The results demonstrated that 1SF DNA was 5–6 fold enriched in the ovalbumin gene as compared to total nuclear DNA, whereas 2SF DNA was 5–6 fold depleted in this transcribed sequence. The fractionation procedure is related to transcriptional activity since nonexpressed genes such as the gene for ovalbumin in hen liver and the genes for globin in the oviduct were not preferentially localized in 1SF DNA. Electrophoretic analysis of the DNA in the active fraction (1SF) revealed a single band which corresponded to mononucleosome-length DNA (145–200 base pairs). Larger molecular weight oligonucleosome fragments were observed in the 2SF. To determine whether the fractionation of the ovalbumin gene was related to DNA fragment length, 1SF and 2SF DNA were combined and separated into four size classes by preparative electrophoresis. Hybridization studies revealed that the concentration of the ovalbumin coding sequence in mononucleosome-length DNA was 5 fold greater than in undigested DNA, and 16 fold greater than in the fraction containing DNA fragments >1200 bp in length. The concentration of transcriptionally inactive genes in mononucleosome-length DNA, in contrast, was equivalent to their concentration in the larger molecular weight DNA fragments. These results suggest that micrococcal nuclease selectively excises nucleosomes from oviduct chromatin containing the ovalbumin gene. This selectivity permits the recovery of mononucleosomes in the 1SF which are enriched in the ovalbumin gene and oligonucleosomes in the 2SF which are depleted in this sequence.
Living donor kidney transplantation in a Veterans Administration medical center

Abstract Background A shortage of organ donors remains the major limiting factor in kidney transplantation. Living donor renal transplantation, especially living-unrelated donors, may expand the donor pool by providing another source of excellent grafts. Methods Between 1983 and 2003, 109 living donor kidney transplants were performed. Potential donors were assessed with a standardized routine. Antithymocyte serum (N-ATS) and Basiliximab were used as induction agents. Sandimmune, Gengraf, Neoral, and Prograf were the main immunosuppressants with Immuran, Mycophenolate Mofetil, and steroids. Eighty-two percent of the recipients were from out of state. Results Seventy-eight percent of the living donors were from living-related donors and 22% were from living-unrelated donors. One- and three-year patient survival rates were 97.6% and 93.2% with 1- and 3-year graft survival rates of 93.2% and 88.3%, respectively. There were 6 delayed graft functions (5.5%), 16 acute cellular rejections (10%), and 10 chronic rejections (9%). Twelve patients died, 7 of them with a functioning graft. In the past 6 years (1997–2003), the number of living donor kidney transplants surpassed deceased donor kidney transplants. Conclusions Because of the limited number of cadaveric kidneys available for transplant, living donors represent a valuable source, and the use of living-unrelated donors has produced an additional supply of organs. In our program, the proportion of living donors used for kidney transplant is comparable with other non–Veterans Administration programs and the survival of these allografts appears to be superior to deceased donor kidney transplants.
Social Capital and Regional Economies in Britain

Is social capital a prerequisite for prosperity? This paper analyzes social capital and economic performance in the British regions. Like Italy, Britain has a north-south economic divide. Are these differences caused by unequal stocks of social capital? This paper provides limited support for the hypothesized relationship between some indicators of social capital (especially trust and civic associations) and economic performance. Economic associations, however, are negatively correlated. This highlights shortcomings in social capital theory in terms of transferring the concept to new settings, the mechanisms linking social capital to production and the translation of social capital into public policy.
‘Be the Tree’: Classical Literature, Art Therapy, and Transcending Trauma in Speak

Laurie Halse Anderson’s young adult novel Speak concerns the rape and subsequent silence of ninth grade protagonist Melinda Sordino. By relying on extensive literary allusions involving trees, rape, silence, and transformation, Anderson creates a young adult problem novel that is both of the moment and timeless in its themes. The intertextuality of tree imagery in Speak can be placed in conversation with the rape and subsequent silence of women in classical myth and Shakespeare’s early tragedy Titus Andronicus. Grounded in Ovidian imagery, Speak has the appeal of an updated adaptation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses: a girl is raped by the high school equivalent of a god. She changes from typical adolescent to a withdrawn teen suffering from selective mutism. Yet Anderson allows a second metamorphosis: her protagonist is able to transcend her trauma through art, unlike the tragic nymphs of old whose stories ended upon their violation and subsequent transformations. Anderson’s imagery, deeply indebted to literature’s past but speaking to psychotherapy’s present, offers a distinct venue for readers to grapple with trauma and trees, and their long literary correlations.
A unified approach to the chromatography/FT-IR interface

Most previous interfaces between a Chromatograph and an FT-IR spectrometer have been applicable to only one type of chromatograph-gas, liquid, or supercritical fluid. In this paper, the similarities and differences between various chromatography/FT-IR interfaces are described, and an interface which should be equally applicable to all three types of chromatography is proposed. In each case, the mobile phase is eliminated while the eluting components are condensed in a small area on a moving substrate. The spectra are then measured using an FT-IR microscope. The methods by which the mobile phase is eliminated depend on the nature of the chromatography, while the infrared sampling technique is determined by the nature of the substrate. The relative merits of transmission, reflection-absorption, diffuse reflection, and diffuse transmission spectrometry are discussed.
Endoscopic laser therapy for the treatment of malignant esophageal obstruction.

Malignant esophageal obstruction in 24 patients was treated using the neodymium:ytrium, aluminum, garnet laser. There were 15 males and nine females; the average age was 70.9 years. There were 17 adenocarcinomas and seven squamous cell carcinomas, with two of these being recurrent after radiation therapy. Tumor lengths ranged from 2.5–19.0 cm, with an average of 6.7 cm. The average energy delivered per centimeter of tumor was 6,309 joules for the squamous cell carcinomas and 5,598 for the adenocarcinomas. Energy delivered per treatment ranged from 3,152 to 70,527 joules. Total energy delivered per patient depended on the volume of tumor destroyed. Esophageal lumens increased from 3.4 to 16.7 mm, and 23 patients had their diets advanced, 22 to regular and one to soft solids. Reobstruction did not occur in patients who received adjunctive therapy after laser therapy. This consisted of chemotherapy in five, surgery in two, and radiation therapy in one. Complications consisted of aspiration pneumonia in three patients, including one who developed a tracheoesophageal fistula, and one documented and two suspected perforations. Hospital stay averaged 5.4 days overall and 3.5 days in those treated with the single-session techniques. This increased to 8.0 days in patients with proven or suspected perforations. Endoscopic laser therapy is a safe and effective method for palliating esophageal cancer.