cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mallory Body Formation Runs Parallel to γ‐Glutamyl Transferase Induction in Hepatocytes of Griseofulvin‐Fed Mice

To evaluate whether Mallory bodies (MBs) are linked to the induction of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), mice were fed 2.5% griseofulvin (GF). The experimental and control mice livers were examined at four time periods, i.e., after 4 months' of GF feeding, 1 month after GF withdrawal and 13 days after GF refeeding, and at sacrifice after 4 months of GF withdrawal. The livers from mice continuously fed GF or control diet for 10 months were also examined. Tumors and nontumorous livers were examined histologically, histochemically, electron microscopically, and immunocytochemically. The tumors consisted of hepatomas and hyperplastic nodules. To localize MBs inside GGT-positive cells, a double-staining method was employed; GGT-positive cells were identified histochemically followed by staining for MBs using the unlabeled immunoperoxidase technique. The per cent area of the GGT-positive foci was closely correlated with the frequency of MBs observed in the course of a GF feeding and withdrawal. Almost all of the MBs were located in GGT-positive cells in both tumors and nontumor liver tissue. MBs and GGT positivity involved the same liver cells. They both were found in high frequency in tumors induced by GF. These results indicate that MB formation, like GGT induction, is a phenotypic change induced by GF. The coexistence of the two phenomenon in the same cell throughout all phases of tumor formation suggests that MBs may be related to the neoplastic process in the GF-fed mouse model.
Issues in Subcontracting Practice

Subcontractors are very important to the successful completion of most construction projects, yet the many issues involved in subcontracting practice are seldom acknowledged. A literature review indicates that these issues include the timeliness of payments by general contractors, the process of selecting subcontractors, subcontractor bonding, construction insurance, safety issues on the construction site, partnering arrangements with various parties, and productivity issues. A questionnaire survey was administered to subcontractors, general contractors, and construction owners to investigate these issues and to determine the differences in perceptions between the parties. The results confirm the existence of the issues identified in the literature and in addition indicate that (1) the practice of retainage withheld by general contractors seems to be acceptable to many subcontractors unless its magnitude is large relative to the size of the firm; (2) postaward bid shopping by general contractors is sometimes justified, particularly in cases where the scope of subcontract work is modified; and (3) current bonding and insurance practices are adequate unless the additional transferred risks are excessive. Recommendations are made on the basis of the findings to minimize the negative effects of said issues.
Signalling in stem cells

The meeting “Signal Transduction Determining the Fate of Stem Cells” was held at Montana State University in Bozeman, Montana, between August 9 and 12, 2003. The meeting was sponsored by the American Society for Cell Biology and was organized by G.L. Johnson and N. Terada. ![][1] Many scientific meetings have been organized to present research findings on stem‐cell sources, their pluripotent nature and potential therapeutic applications for treating disease. The theme of this meeting was the signalling pathways that control stem‐cell maintenance and differentiation. In his keynote address, A. Spiegel (Bethesda, MD, USA) emphasized the high therapeutic potential of stem cells, and also the need to understand more about their unique cell and molecular biology to harness their therapeutic application. Although embryonic, haematopoietic and hepatic stem cells from humans are the obvious therapeutics, stem‐cell research in various organisms from flies to humans was presented at this meeting. ### Signalling of stem‐cell proliferation and survival A common feature of stem cells, regardless of origin and type, is their ability to undergo self‐renewal. Cultured stem cells, especially embryonic stem (ES) cells, exhibit a high rate of proliferation and a short cell cycle time (10–12 hours). Studies by S. Dalton (Athens, GA, USA) showed that ES cells have a unique cell cycle that lacks complete G1 and G2 gap phases (Stead et al , 2002). The activity of cyclin‐dependent kinases (Cdks) is constitutively high relative to their activity in somatic cells such as mouse embryo fibroblasts. Genes that are the target of the E2F transcription factor are also constitutively active, consistent with the negligible activity of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein pathway in these cells. Analysis of Cdk activity in mouse ES cells reveals a novel, constitutively active Cdk6–cyclin D3 complex that is rapidly downregulated following ES cell differentiation. Importantly, this Cdk–cyclin complex is insensitive to the defined Cdk inhibitors such as p16. … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Design and analysis of beam apodizers using error diffusion

Beam apodization using binary amplitude masks designed with an error-diffusion algorithm is studied. High-shaping capability and predictability of mask properties is demonstrated for precompensation of the spatial gain variation of a glass amplifier.
Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pancreas Transplant

Various imaging methods have been used in the differential diagnosis of pancreas-transplant dysfunction. As early as 1977, angiography and radionuclide studies ([75Se]seleno-DL-methionine) were used to evaluate pancreas allografts. More recently, the use of 99mTc-labeled DTPA, computed tomography, and ultrasonography has been described, and abnormal findings associated with rejection have been reported with these imaging methods. However, no attempt has been made to determine the ability of each method to detect rejection and to differentiate graft dysfunction caused by rejection from dysfunction by other causes. We summarize our experience with the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pancreas transplantation and a comparative study of radionuclide 99mTc-DTPA scans, ultrasonography, and MRI in the detection and differentiation of pancreas-graft dysfunction.
An efficient negotiation protocol for real-time multimedia applications over wireless networks

A new negotiation protocol is proposed to reduce network resources waste for real-time multimedia services over wireless networks. Existing negotiation protocols for wireless communications can be classified into two categories: network-oriented negotiation and application-oriented negotiation. Currently, the research on the two categories are separated. This causes inefficient resource utilization, especially for real-time services, which have stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, a new negotiation protocol is presented, which combines application-oriented and network-oriented negotiation to achieve higher resource utilization. We design a protocol architecture and negotiation messages for three scenarios. Simulation results show that our protocol achieves higher bandwidth efficiency and shorter negotiation delay.
Acodazole Hydrochloride: Phase I Trial, Pharmacokinetics, and Evaluation of Cardiotoxicity in Dogs

Acodazole (NSC 305884) was examined in a Phase I trial evaluating a 1-h infusion repeated every 21 days in 37 patients with advanced carcinomas. Cardiac toxicity was dose-limiting at 1370 mg/m2, manifested as multiple premature ventricular contractions, QTc interval prolongation, and decreasing heart rate. Other toxicities included mild to moderate nausea and vomiting and local reaction near the i.v. injection site requiring the use of central venous catheters. Antineoplastic activity was not observed. Acodazole levels assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography disclosed a peak plasma level of 19 ± 4 (SEM) µg/ml for 1370 mg/m2. Acodazole plasma levels decreased in a triphasic manner over a 100-fold range. The volume of distribution at steady state was 238 ± 18 liter/m2 suggesting extensive tissue binding. The total body clearance was 13.6 ± 0.9 liter/h/m2; the percentage of urinary excretion was 29 ± 2% for 48 h. To evaluate cardiac toxicity, acodazole was administered to five dogs at 2262 mg/m2 (1-h infusion) which provided plasma concentrations similar to those achieved at 1370 mg/m2 in humans. Consistent findings in dogs were drug-related prolongation of QTc intervals, and reduction in heart rate, left ventricular dP/dt , and mean blood pressures. Clinical development of acodazole requires studies to further elucidate and alleviate this cardiac toxicity.
Vibration-Induced Frictional Force Fields on a Rigid Plate

By vibrating a rigid plate with up to six degrees of freedom, we can create a large family of programmable frictional force fields acting on parts resting on the plate. These fields can be used for sensorless part orientation, uncertainty-reducing transport, and simultaneous manipulation of multiple parts. The principle is demonstrated by a plate rotating about an axis below the plate. Simple oscillatory rotation produces a squeeze field that attracts and aligns parts along a center line. This behavior is confirmed in experiment. Motivated by this experimental confirmation, we use a simulation to find plate motions that yield a number of other useful primitive force fields. By sequencing these force fields, we can create any force field that is a convex combination of the primitives.
Efficacy of Postmilking Disinfection with Benzyl Alcohol Versus Iodophor in the Prevention of New Intramammary Infections in Lactating Cows

Five Michigan dairy herds participated in a split-herd study to compare the efficacy of two postmilking teat dips in the prevention of new intramammary infections (IMI) in lactating cows. Three hundred seventy cows were assigned to 4% benzyl alcohol, and 387 cows were assigned to 1% iodophor germicidal teat dip. The teat dips were applied by directly immersing the teats immediately after milking. Once a group was assigned to a teat dip, cows in that group maintained on that same teat dip throughout the trial. Total new IMI numbered 254 and 201 for cows treated with benzyl alcohol and iodophor germicidal teat dip, respectively. Staphylococcus spp. (52.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%), and Corynebacterium bovis (12.2%) were the predominant pathogens that caused new IMI in cows treated with benzyl alcohol. Staphylococcus spp., Staph. aureus, and C. bovis, respectively, were the pathogens responsible for 69.7, 12.4, and 4.5% of the new IMI in cows treated with iodophor. The incidences of new IMI caused by Staph. aureus (0.66 new IMI/100 milking quarters per mo), C. bovis (0.38 new IMI/100 milking quarters per mo), and all pathogens (3.15 new IMI/100 milking quarters per mo) were higher in cows treated with benzyl alcohol than in cows treated with iodophor (0.29, 0.11, and 2.35 new IMI/100 milking quarters per mo, respectively). Incidence of new IMI did not differ between groups for other pathogens. One percent iodophor prevented new IMI caused by contagious pathogens more effectively than did benzyl alcohol.
Simvastatin Attenuates Radiation-Induced Murine Lung Injury and Dysregulated Lung Gene Expression

Novel therapies are desperately needed for radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), which, despite aggressive corticosteroid therapy, remains a potentially fatal and dose-limiting complication of thoracic radiotherapy. We assessed the utility of simvastatin, an anti-inflammatory and lung barrier-protective agent, in a dose- and time-dependent murine model of RILI (18-(25 Gy). Simvastatin reduced multiple RILI indices, including vascular leak, leukocyte infiltration, and histological evidence of oxidative stress, while reversing RILI-associated dysregulated gene expression, including p53, nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor, and sphingolipid metabolic pathway genes. To identify key regulators of simvastatin-mediated RILI protection, we integrated whole-lung gene expression data obtained from radiated and simvastatin-treated mice with protein-protein interaction network analysis (single-network analysis of proteins). Topological analysis of the gene product interaction network identified eight top-prioritized genes (Ccna2a, Cdc2, fcer1 g, Syk, Vav3, Mmp9, Itgam, Cd44) as regulatory nodes within an activated RILI network. These studies identify the involvement of specific genes and gene networks in RILI pathobiology, and confirm that statins represent a novel strategy to limit RILI.
Effect of long-term hyperhomocysteinemia on myocardial structure and function in hypertensive rats.

Abstract Background Postulated mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhe) overlap with proposed mechanisms of adverse cardiac remodeling such as altered collagen metabolism and oxidant stress. Hence we examined the hypothesis that Hhe would promote myocardial fibrosis and systolic dysfunction. Methods Three-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were divided into three groups: (1) control, given amino-acid defined diet for 20 weeks; (2) Hhe group, given Hhe-inducing diet for 20 weeks; and (3) combined diet group, which were given Hhe-inducing diet for 10 weeks (which leads to myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction as shown in our prior studies) and subsequently returned to amino acid-defined diet for 10 more weeks. At the end of the treatment period, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and blood pressure were measured, and hearts were isolated for histomorphometric and biochemical assessment of cardiac remodeling and myocardial oxidative stress, and for in vitro cardiac function studies. Results The Hhe animals demonstrated a significant increase in the ratio of collagenous to noncollagenous protein due to reactive interstitial fibrosis, and increased myocardial oxidant stress, compared to the control group. Systolic function was significantly depressed in the Hhe animals compared to the control group. These changes were partially prevented by return to control diet at 10 weeks. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that clinically relevant levels of Hhe accelerate progression of hypertensive heart disease to systolic dysfunction and that increased myocardial oxidant stress may play a role in this process. Considering the high prevalence of hypertension and Hhe in the general population, our findings may have great clinical significance.
Unusual case of a vanishing bronchus of the left allograft in a lung transplant recipient

We present an interesting case of a complete vanishing of the left main bronchus in a lung transplant recipient who had a successful outcome due to acute respiratory support with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in order to perform airway dilation.
Relationship Between Supplemental Protein and Ruminal Fermentation of an Orchardgrass-Based Herbage Diet

Abstarct Even though many vegetative, cool-season pastures contain more than 25% CP on a DM basis, lactating dairy cows are commonly overfed supplemental protein while grazing. A dual-flow continuous culture fermenter system was used to assess the effect of supplemental CP on ruminal fermentation of an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) herbage diet. Treatments were 30 g DM of a 16, 14, 12, and 10% CP (corn- and soybean-based) supplement plus 45 g DM of herbage. Fermenters were sampled for pH, NH 3 -N, and VFA 4 times daily at feeding (0700, 1030, 1430, and 2030 h). Effluents were analyzed for DM, CP, NDF, OM, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), purine concentration, and bacterial production. The DM, OM, NSC, and CP digestibility values were calculated. Neither NDF nor CP digestibility was affected (P > 0.05) by supplemental CP. Apparent DM, OM, and NSC digestibility values, as well as the true OM digestibility value, increased (P 3 -N concentration decreased (P 3 -N and non-NH-N decreased (P
Abstract 11: Transgenic Overexpression of Snf1-Related Kinase in the Heart Improves Cardiac Metabolic Efficiency and Response to Myocardial Ischemia

Introduction: Snf1-related Kinase (SNRK) is a serine/threonine kinase with sequence similarity to AMP-activated kinase. The function and substrates of SNRK are unknown. We have found that SNRK is upregulated in hearts from patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, and our previous gene array data suggested that SNRK alters metabolic gene expression. Here, we assessed the hypothesis that SNRK regulates cardiac metabolism. Results: SNRK transgenic mice with specific overexpression of SNRK in the heart displayed decreased glycolysis (1267.66 vs. 1925.60 nmol/min/g dhw, p=0.004, n=6), glucose oxidation (441.73 vs. 602.68 nmol/min/g dhw, p=0.068, n=6), and palmitate oxidation (262.39 vs. 385.07 nmol/min/g dhw, p=0.005, n=6) compared to wild type littermate controls in perfused working hearts. However, cardiac power output and function were maintained, demonstrating that SNRK transgenic mice have increased metabolic efficiency. Mitochondria isolated from SNRK transgenic mice had increased state 3 respiration and oxidative capacity, along with an increased respiratory control ratio (state 3/state 4 respiration), indicating reduced mitochondrial uncoupling. To identify the mechanism for the effects of SNRK on metabolic flux, we performed a yeast two hybrid screen with SNRK bait. Tribbles homolog 3 (Trb3), an inhibitor of Akt, was identified as a SNRK-interacting protein, which was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian two hybrid assay. Trb3 protein levels were increased in the SNRK transgenic mice, and phosphorylation of Akt and its substrate GSK3 was reduced. SNRK transgenic mice also had decreased mRNA levels of glucose transporter 1 and 4, hexokinase II, and phosphofructokinase. Additionally, mRNA levels of the fatty acid metabolism regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARγ were reduced, as well as their targets uncoupling protein 2 and 3. Finally, SNRK transgenic mice had decreased infarct size compared to wild type littermates (14.35% vs. 20.63% total left ventricle area, p=0.023, n=6) following myocardial infarction for seven days. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that SNRK increases cardiac metabolic and mitochondrial efficiency and resistance to myocardial infarct cell death.
The Accounting Treatment of Goodwill, Idiosyncratic Risk, and Market Pricing

We study the relationship between goodwill and future returns by considering how the information content of goodwill before and after Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 142 affects ...
Standard Rate of O2 Uptake and Body Size in the Crayfish Pacifastacus Leniusculus (Dana, 1852) (Decapoda: Astacidae): Intra- Versus Interspecific Relations in Crustaceans

ABSTRACT The allometric relation for standard O2 uptake rate (MO,) was investigated in the crayfish P. leniusculus ranging from 0.0334-69.40 g at 12°C. When converted to watts the relationship had a mass exponent of 0.789 and a mass coefficient of 0.282 (intercept at 1 kg). Another intraspecific study on kelp crabs (Weymouth et al., 1944) had an identical mass exponent, but different mass coefficient which may be species specific. Interspecific analysis of published data for aquatic decapods produced a significantly higher mass exponent (0.877) and a lower intercept (0.128). The value of intra- versus interspecific allometric analysis is discussed in the context of a prospectus for future investigations.
EFFECT OF PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING ON PROJECT OUTCOMES

Pre-construction planning is gaining popularity as one approach to improving productivity in the construction industry. In the past decade, only a handful of studies have been completed on the project planning process; yet, most contractors believe better planning can lead to better outcomes and increased profitability. This paper describes an on-going research project that attempts to (1) model the electrical pre-construction planning process, (2) investigate the relationship between planning practices and project outcomes, (3) identify which planning practices lead to outstanding performance, and (4) establish metrics for evaluating planning effectiveness. Preliminary results and a detailed methodology for the final phase are presented.
Effect of adrenal-caudate transplantation on CSF levels of salsolinol sulfate in patients with Parkinson's disease.

The main objective of this study was to determine whether the activation of dopaminergic pathways through adrenal-caudate transplantation stimulates the production of the dopamine cyclic metabolite salsolinol in CSF of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Salsolinol sulfate in CSF samples was assayed by radioenzymatic technique. The outcome of this study revealed that the replacement of degenerative nigrostriatal neurons with new dopamine-producing cells by adrenal brain transplants resulted in significant increase in CSF concentration of salsolinol sulfate as compared to preoperative levels.
Exploring the genetic basis for clinical variation in neurofibromatosis type 1.

One of the challenges to implementing individualized approaches to patient care (precision medicine) is the relative paucity of predictive markers of disease development and progression. In this re...
Malcolm Sharp and the Rosenberg Case: Remembrance of Things Past

There have been fewv moments in the Supreme Court in recent years which surpassed in tension and drama the final oral argument on Thursday, jtune 18, 1953, in the Rosenberg case.' The trial and sentence of the Rosenbergs in 1951 had provoked a worldwide furore which lhad mounted in intensity as the execution date approached. Pickets and counterpickets wvere parading in front of the WNhite Hlouse that Thursday afternoon, and a crowvd of several thousand persons packed the Supreme Court building and stood outside on the steps. The procedural status of the matter vas likewvise extraordinary. Three clays previously, on Monday, June 15, the Court had recessed until October after denying, by a vote of 5 to 4, a petition by the Rosenbergs for a stay of execution. On Tuesday, a new motion for a stay had been presented to Mr. Justice Douglas. Lawyers appearing for an amicus argued that the penalty provisions of the Atomic Energy Act2 -specincally the reqtuirement that no death sentence be imposed in a case involving atomic espionage wvithout a jury recommendation-superseded the Espionage Act of 19173 under wvhich the Rosenbergs had been indicted and convicted. Throughout the day on Tuesday, Mr. Justice Douglas had pondered the motion. Then, on Wednesday morning, June 17, he granted the stay; he felt that the point raised was a "substantial one wvhich should be decided [only] after full argument and deliberation."4 A few hours after the stay was granted, Attorney
Poets and Lawyers: Birds of a Feather

Starting with the example of the American lawyer-poet Wallace Stevens, this article explores the natural affinity between lawyers and poets. As the article points out: (1) good lawyers, like good poets, wrestle with world and word; (2) good lawyers, like good poets, fuse theory and practice in a craft of language; (3) good lawyers, like good poets, appreciate the power of form and its role in ethos, logos, and pathos; (4) good lawyers, like good poets, appreciate the role and power of framing in what they do, and (5) good lawyers, like good poets, appreciate the power and role of narrative in what they do. The article also discusses the parallels between legal forms such as IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) and the Shakespearean Sonnet and parallels between ironic argument and the Italian sonnet form.
Vertical and Horizontal Problems in Financial Regulation and Corporate Governance

The following sections are included:IntroductionFinancial Institutions and the Companies that Own ThemHorizontal Governance Issues: Non-Bank Subsidiaries versus Bank SubsidiariesConclusionReferences
Implementation of fluorescence confocal mosaicking microscopy by “early adopter” Mohs surgeons and dermatologists: recent progress

Confocal mosaicking microscopy (CMM) enables rapid imaging of large areas of fresh tissue ex vivo without the processing that is necessary for conventional histology. When performed in fluorescence mode using acridine orange (nuclear specific dye), it enhances nuclei-to-dermis contrast that enables detection of all types of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), including micronodular and thin strands of infiltrative types. So far, this technique has been mostly validated in research settings for the detection of residual BCC tumor margins with high sensitivity of 89% to 96% and specificity of 99% to 89%. Recently, CMM has advanced to implementation and testing in clinical settings by “early adopter” Mohs surgeons, as an adjunct to frozen section during Mohs surgery. We summarize the development of CMM guided imaging of ex vivo skin tissues from bench to bedside. We also present its current state of application in routine clinical workflow not only for the assessment of residual BCC margins in the Mohs surgical setting but also for some melanocytic lesions and other skin conditions in clinical dermatology settings. Last, we also discuss the potential limitations of this technology as well as future developments. As this technology advances further, it may serve as an adjunct to standard histology and enable rapid surgical pathology of skin cancers at the bedside.
Developing and Testing a Dynamic Theory of Motor Carrier Safety

Developing an understanding of the longitudinal relationships between different measures of motor carrier safety is important to advance theory and practice regarding this significant supply chain management and public policy issue. In this article, we combine core principles from several theoretical traditions to propose a dynamic theory of motor carrier safety that specifies the longitudinal relationships between three core measures of safety publically reported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: unsafe driving, hour-of-service compliance, and vehicle maintenance. We test this theory using four years of longitudinal data on motor carrier safety for a random sample of large, for-hire motor carriers. Results from fitting a vector multivariate autoregressive moving average time-series model are largely consistent with the theory we propose. We describe the implications of our research for supply chain management theory and practice, summarize limitations, and suggest directions for future research.
Muslim American Policy Advocacy and the Palestinian Israeli Conflict: Claims-making and the Pursuit of Group Rights

Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, United States Muslims have been increasingly targeted as “others,” accused of holding dual-loyalties, and seen as potentially subversive. Nevertheless, Muslim American interest groups have not recoiled from foreign policy engagement. I argue that this is because mobilizing around symbolic foreign policy issues provides them with an opportunity to access the policy dialogue as a minority group making rights claims. To illustrate this argument, I conduct a discourse analysis of Muslim American policy engagement toward the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. I rely on primary documents produced by the Council on American Islamic Relations and the Muslim Public Affairs Council, the two leading United States Muslims organizations, as well as interviews conducted with institutional elites. I find that, through their policy advocacy, these organizations are framing their demands around United States interests and minority group rights, while positioning themselves as the legitimate representatives of the Muslim American community. One of the most important issues to us is, of course, the Palestinian Israeli issue because this is central to what America is in the Middle East and the Muslim world. 1 —Salam Al-Marayati All I want from you, Mr. Policymaker is [for you] to listen to the other side of the story. I have a narrative that you didn't have a chance to hear, so let me give it to you and as-salamu alaykum [peace be upon you]. 2 —Dr. Maher Hathout
Aspergillus and lung transplantation.

Background : Aspergillus infection is a known complication of transplantation. Methods : We describe our experience with 37 patients who received lung transplants over 2 years at Loyola University Medical Center. All patients who had evidence of aspergillus on culture of clinical specimens or had biopsies with hyphal forms consistent with aspergillus were categorized according to the clinical manifestations. Important risk factors were analyzed in comparison with other lung transplant recipients during the same period. Results : The incidence of invasive aspergillosis was high (16%). No patient with disseminated disease survived. Locally invasive disease responded well to treatment with amphotericin B and itraconazole. Conclusions : Lung transplantation patients may have a higher incidence of aspergillosis as compared with other transplantation groups. Prophylactic measures need to be explored.
Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on gene expression related to colonic inflammation and antioxidant enzymes in rats

Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor associated with colorectal cancer; however, some studies have reported that moderate alcohol consumption may not contribute additional risk for developing colorectal cancer while others suggest that moderate alcohol consumption provides a protective effect that reduces colorectal cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of moderate voluntary alcohol (20% ethanol) intake on alternate days for 3 months in outbred Wistar rats on risk factors associated with colorectal cancer development. Colonic gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2, RelA, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase M1, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 were determined. Blood alcohol content, liver function enzyme activities, and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts were also assessed. Alcohol-treated rats were found to have significantly lower 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine levels in blood, a marker of DNA damage. Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were both significantly lower in the alcohol group. Moderate alcohol significantly decreased cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression, an inflammatory marker associated with colorectal cancer risk. The alcohol group had significantly increased glutathione-S-transferase M1 expression, an antioxidant enzyme that helps detoxify carcinogens, such as acetaldehyde, and significantly increased aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 expression, which allows for greater acetaldehyde clearance. Increased expression of glutathione-S-transferase M1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 likely contributed to reduce mucosal damage that is caused by acetaldehyde accumulation. These results indicate that moderate alcohol may reduce the risk for colorectal cancer development, which was evidenced by reduced inflammation activity and lower DNA damage after alcohol exposure.
Development and Applications of a Calmodulin-Based Fusion Protein System for the Expression and Purification of WW and Zinc Finger Modules

Calmodulin from Homo sapiens is an α-helical calcium-binding protein that expresses to high levels in E. coli. When the N-terminus of a calmodulin variant is bound to Ca2+, it undergoes a conformational change, exposing hydrophobic pockets. This property can be utilized for purification purposes, as these pockets bind to phenyl sepharose resin with high affinity. Washing with EDTA chelates the Ca2+ ions from the protein, inducing a conformational change back to the more folded state and eluting the protein from the column. We describe herein the use of a protein expression and purification technique using the calmodulin variant and a short linker for proteolytic cleavage by the mutant NIa-Pro tobacco etch virus protease. We have shown this approach to be useful in obtaining purified quantities of various small proteins that could not be expressed using other methods, including high enough concentrations of a designed WW domain protein for NMR structural analysis. We have also obtained promising results on the usefulness of this procedure to express and purify zinc finger proteins without the addition of zinc ions or other cofactors.
Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Redox-Relay Heck Alkynylation of Alkenols to Access Propargylic Stereocenters

An enantioselective redox-relay Heck alkynylation of di- and trisubstituted alkenols to construct propargylic stereocenters is disclosed using a new pyridine oxazoline ligand. This strategy allows direct access to chiral β-alkynyl carbonyl compounds employing allylic alcohol substrates in contrast to more traditional conjugate addition methods.
Social-cognitive predictors of vocational outcomes in transition youth with epilepsy: Application of social cognitive career theory.

Objective This study examined the utility of social-cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) as a framework to investigate career self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, and contextual supports and barriers as predictors of choice actions among transition-age individuals with epilepsy. Moreover, these SCCT constructs are offered as an operational definition of work participation in this population. Method Using a quantitative descriptive research design and hierarchical regression analysis (HRA), 90 transition-age individuals with epilepsy, age 18-25, were recruited from affiliates of the Epilepsy Foundation and invited to complete an online survey comprised of a series of self-report social-cognitive measures. Results The HRA findings indicated that self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and environmental supports were significant predictors of work participation in youth and young adults with epilepsy. The final model accounted for 58% of the variance in work participation, which is considered a large effect size. Conclusions The research findings provide support for the use of the SCCT framework to identify predictors of work participation and to provide guidance for designing customized vocational rehabilitation services and career development interventions for individuals with epilepsy in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record
Magnetic field action on outdoor and indoor cultures of Spirulina: Evaluation of growth, medium consumption and protein profile

Abstract This study aimed at evaluating whether a magnetic field (MF) affects the growth of Spirulina sp. when applied to it at different exposure times in indoor and outdoor culture systems. The effects of MF on chlorophyll content, medium consumption and protein profile were also investigated. In raceway tanks, a 25 mT MF was applied for 24 h or for 1 h d −1 . MF for 24 h to outdoor assays increased biomass concentration and chlorophyll- a content besides altering the protein profile. Outdoor Spirulina growth was higher (∼3.65 g L −1 ) than the growth found in indoor assays (∼1.80 g L −1 ), while nitrogen and phosphorus consumption was not enhanced by the application of MF. This is the first study that investigated the influence of MF on outdoor microalga assays, and the results showed that MF affected the metabolism of Spirulina cultured in raceways , especially when it was grown outdoors in uncontrolled environmental conditions.
Elevated moisture stimulates carbon loss from mineral soils by releasing protected organic matter.

Moisture response functions for soil microbial carbon (C) mineralization remain a critical uncertainty for predicting ecosystem-climate feedbacks. Theory and models posit that C mineralization declines under elevated moisture and associated anaerobic conditions, leading to soil C accumulation. Yet, iron (Fe) reduction potentially releases protected C, providing an under-appreciated mechanism for C destabilization under elevated moisture. Here we incubate Mollisols from ecosystems under C3/C4 plant rotations at moisture levels at and above field capacity over 5 months. Increased moisture and anaerobiosis initially suppress soil C mineralization, consistent with theory. However, after 25 days, elevated moisture stimulates cumulative gaseous C-loss as CO2 and CH4 to >150% of the control. Stable C isotopes show that mineralization of older C3-derived C released following Fe reduction dominates C losses. Counter to theory, elevated moisture may significantly accelerate C losses from mineral soils over weeks to months—a critical mechanistic deficiency of current Earth system models.
Nitric Acid and Water Extraction by T2EHDGA in n-Dodecane

Liquid–liquid distribution behavior of nitric acid (HNO3) and water by a diglycolamide (DGA) ligand, N,N,N’,N’-tetra-2-ethylhexyldiglycolamide (T2EHDGA), into n-dodecane diluent was investigated. S...
The ureteral folding technique for megaureter surgery.

AbstractThe folding technique for megaureter surgery achieved a success rate of 94.6 per cent in 74 megaureters. In this series failure to correct reflux was noted in only 3 ureters and only 1 obstruction resulted. This operation theoretically preserves lower ureteral blood supply, eliminates suture line leakage and prolonged stenting, and is a model of cost-effectiveness.
Impact of PCBM/C60 electron transfer layer on charge transports on ordered and disordered perovskite phases and hysteresis-free perovskite solar cells

Abstract For perovskite solar cells, thermal treatment of perovskite/PCBM layer is typically required for facilitated charge extraction, thereby eliminating the notorious photocurrent hysteresis. However, a simple manufacturing process without additional heat treatment is desirable for low-cost production. Remarkably, we observed an absence of photocurrent hysteresis of perovskite solar cell with as-deposited PCBM/C60 layer. To understand what caused hysteresis-free photocurrent behaviors, PL quenching studies were conducted using time-resolved lifetime decays and deconvoluted PL analysis. It is found that the perovskite/PCBM layer, which was not thermally treated after deposition, led to inefficient defect passivation of grain boundaries (GBs) and defective domains at the perovskite interface. This led to charge trapping and detrapping events at the perovskite/PCBM interface, which caused the photocurrent hysteresis behaviors. In contrast, it is found that C60 diffused from the PCBM/C60 layer effectively passivated the perovskite GBs even without thermal treatment, which facilitated the charge transfer through GBs to electrodes and eliminated the photocurrent hysteresis. Our result provides a more economical manufacturing process without heat treatment of perovskite/PCBM layer while achieving defect passivation and high charge extraction efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
Uterine Paramesonephric Cysts in Sprague-Dawley Rats from National Toxicology Program Studies.

Congenital uterine wall cysts arising from paramesonephric (Mullerian) and mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts are typically incidental findings in most species. We used immunohistochemistry to characterize and determine the origin of uterine cysts in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from multigeneration studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program. Subserosal uterine cysts were observed in 20 of the 2,400 SD rats evaluated in five studies, and 10 cysts were characterized for this study. Single cysts were unilocular, fluid-filled, and occurred throughout the uterus. Microscopically, all cysts had a well-developed smooth muscle wall, lined by flattened to cuboidal, sometimes ciliated, epithelium that stained intensely positive for cytokeratin 18 and paired box protein 8 (PAX8). Most cyst epithelia displayed weak to moderate positivity for progesterone receptor (PR) and/or estrogen receptor α (ER-α), as well as were negative for GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). Cyst lumens contained basophilic flocculent material. ...
A Near-Infrared Imaging Search for Low Mass Companions to Hyades Stars

We are conducting an infrared imaging search for very low mass stars and sub-stellar objects in 90″ by 90″ fields around 141 known Hyades stars. The Hyades represents a nearly ideal location for such a search due to its moderate age and proximity to Earth. An imaging search for companions seems more likely to sample a distribution similar to the original Hyades mass function than a search of the Hyades field.
Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of a cyclic hexapeptide (somatostatin analogue) in aqueous solution.

A highly active cyclic hexapeptide analogue of somatostatin, Cyclo(N-Me-L-Ala-L-Tyr-D-Trp-L-Lys-L-Val-L-Phe), L-363,586, was found to improve the control of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic animals when given in combination with insulin. The compound is reported to be relatively stable in blood, nasal cavity, and intestinal lumen but undergoes rapid degradation in aqueous solution. The objective of this study was to elucidate the degradation mechanisms based on the kinetic data and the structure of the degradation products. Both pH and temperature had a profound influence on the instability of the peptide in aqueous solution. The data indicated that the peptide was most stable at a pH of about 4.7. The pH-rate profile exhibited specific acid catalysis at a pH less than 3.0 and base catalysis above pH 10.5. The kinetic pKa was determined to be 9.7. This pKa could be attributed to the tyrosine residue. The mechanisms of degradation under acidic and alkaline conditions appear to be different. Identification of the fragments obtained using mass spectrometry and amino acid sequencing suggest that the cyclic compound was cleaved to yield a linear fragment, which underwent further cleavage at both peptide linkages alpha to the trypto-phanyl residue. The indole group of that residue is probably the potential nucleophile attacking the adjacent carbonyls. A rate equation for the degradation of the hexapeptide has been proposed.
Protein Drug Delivery and Formulation Development

Several therapeutic agents including low and high molecular weight drugs intended for treating back of the eye disorders are routinely administered as intravitreal injections. Intravitreal injection of Lucentis®, a therapeutic protein, was approved in 2006 for treating the wet form of age-related macular degeneration. This chapter summarizes the challenges and opportunities in delivering therapeutic proteins to the eye. Specifically, barriers to delivery including permeability barriers, examples of marketed therapeutic agents as well as those under development, formulation approaches for proteins, and novel delivery systems are discussed. Wherever appropriate, other macromolecules such as aptamers that bind specific protein targets are also discussed.
Cognitive Function and Falls in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and purpose Cognitive impairments have been reported in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which subsequently increases the risk of falling. However, the relationship between specific cognitive processes and falls has not been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the contribution of cognitive function to falls in older adults with T2DM and to describe any differences by age group. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 1171 older adult respondents with T2DM from the 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Group assignment was based on age: younger group 65 to 74 years (N = 662) or older group (N = 509). Groupwise comparisons of demographic, cognitive, and mobility variables were completed, followed by logistic regression analyses to examine the contribution of specific cognitive processes to falls for the sample and then by group after controlling for demographic and mobility-related variables. Results Significant differences existed between groups in demographic, cognitive, and mobility variables and falls. Executive function was consistently identified as a predictor of falls in the whole sample (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09) and within groups: younger group (OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) and older group (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13), while delayed recall was a much stronger predictor of falls in the older group (OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59). Orientation and immediate recall were not predictors of falls. Conclusions Executive function and delayed recall, 2 cognitive domains reported to influence glycemic control and disease management in those with T2DM, are associated with an increased fall risk and should be included in the assessment of fall risk in this population.
Access and Closure

When addressing endovascular procedures, complication avoidance is often aimed at the critical portions of a procedure where the risk for a catastrophic outcome is the highest, for example, when deploying a framing coil in a ruptured aneurysm or delivering a liquid embolic to a potential area of eloquent cortex adjacent to an AVM. A perfectly framed aneurysm can be a satisfying result for both the interventionalist and the patient, but this success is easily belittled when access site complications occur at the beginning or end of an endovascular procedure. Formidable complications, such as the loss of a limb, or even the need for unplanned rescue procedures or surgeries required to treat the complications, are avoidable with prudent preparation from the interventionalist. This chapter will address complication avoidance in arteriotomy site access and closure, as well as management when these unfortunate outcomes manifest.
Text-based mentoring for postpartum mothers: a feasibility study

Although text messaging interventions targeting parents of older students have shown promise for improving a variety of outcomes, evidence on text-based outreach and support for parents of young ch...
False-positive occupancy models produce less-biased occupancy estimates for a rare and elusive bat species

Confirming presence and distribution of a species is necessary for effective conservation. However, obtaining robust occupancy estimates and confidently identifying factors important to occupancy may be difficult for rare and elusive species. Further, in surveys to assess presence, false-positive detections bias results; however, false-positive occupancy models can resolve this bias and, thus, better support conservation. We assessed the performance of false-positive versus standard occupancy models and important factors predicting presence for a low-density bat population in the southern Appalachian Mountains. From May to August 2013–2015, we surveyed 35 sites for northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) using both mist-net and acoustic methods. We compared AICcvalues for 13 standard occupancy models and 13 corresponding false-positive occupancy models. In our model comparison, false-positive models received more support, while none of the standard occupancy models were plausible. False-positive occupancy models produced a wider range of probability of occupancy estimates (0.004–0.998) and lower mean occupancy estimate (0.62) than standard models (0.482–0.970, mean = 0.86). Weighted parameter estimates for important predictors in two plausible false-positive occupancy models indicated the probability of occupancy for northern long-eared bats was higher at less-rugged, lowerelevation sites. In contrast, there was more ambiguity regarding the most plausible standard occupancy models and important predictors of occupancy from standard models. Due to low capture rates and the uncertainty of acoustic identifications, we recommend coupling a certain method with uncertain methods when surveying rare and elusive bat species. Applying false-positive occupancy models to our data yielded less-biased site-specific occupancy estimates and informative predictors, and, hence, more reliable predictions to inform conservation management plans.