cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate- and Temperature-Dependent Material Behavior of a Multilayer Polymer Battery Separator

Designing battery packs for safety in automotive applications requires multiscale modeling, as macroscopic deformations due to impact cause the mechanical failure of individual cells on a sub-millimeter level. The separator material plays a critical role in this process, as the thinning or perforating of the separator can lead to thermal runaway and catastrophic failure of an entire battery pack. The electrochemical properties of various polymer separators have been extensively investigated; however, the dependency of mechanical properties of these thin films on various factors, such as high temperature and strain rate, has not been sufficiently characterized. In this study, the macroscopic mechanical properties of a multilayer polymer thin film used as a battery separator are studied experimentally at various temperatures, strain rates, and solvent saturations. Due to the anisotropy of the material, material testing was conducted in two perpendicular directions (machine and transverse directions). Material samples were tested in both dry and saturated conditions at several temperatures, and it was found that temperature and strain rate have a nearly linear effect on the stress experienced by the material. Additionally, saturating the separator material in a common lithium-ion solvent had softened it and had a positive effect on its toughness. The experimental results obtained in this study can be used to develop mathematical constitutive models of the multilayer separator material for subsequent numerical simulations and design.
Critical experiments used to determine flow relations for rate-dependent metal deformation

Abstract This article addresses issues in the experimental evaluation of flow relations for rate-dependent metal deformation using 1145 commercially pure aluminum as the test material. Both testing procedures and test interpretation are critically examined, and many current approaches to both these issues are shown to be inadequate. Experimentally, the main difficulty with current work is a lack of appreciation of internal test machine dynamics and how they influence observed material response. This can produce spurious transient phenomena and completely invalid data in some cases. This problem is solved in this work, and very accurate measurements of intrinsic stress and strain rate histories are presented. The issue of test interpretation centers on the evaluation of flow equations and material rate sensitivity from so-called constant structure tests. Relaxation tests, rate increments, and rate decrements are studied in this work. Rate decrements are shown to best capture all thermally activated flow phenomena in 1145, but may well contain some contamination from anelastic effects. Relaxation tests are problematic on account of contamination from machine dynamics, and rate increment tests show some dependence on stress rate, which excludes their use in flow equation determination. A new and extremely general test interpretation scheme is proposed that assumes certain functional dependencies for the flow relation, and not specific functional forms. Power law forms are shown to be inadequate, and using rate decrements, a methodology is suggested for measuring the true material rate-dependence.
Automatic scoring of virtual mastoidectomies using expert examples.

Purpose Automatic scoring of resident performance on a virtual mastoidectomy simulation system is needed to achieve consistent and efficient evaluations. By not requiring immediate expert intervention, the system provides a completely objective assessment of performance as well as a self-driven user assessment mechanism.
Application of proton NMR spectroscopy in the study of lipid metabolites in a rat hepatocarcinogenesis model

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Altered lipid metabolism in the liver is a key feature of developing liver nodules and tumors. Methods of analysis vary from the most sophisticated chromatography to the in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In this study, we present a systematic method for the identification and quantitation of signature signals from lipid metabolites using 1D NMR proton spectroscopy. We assessed lipid metabolites in an epigenetic rat hepatocarcinogenesis model induced by treatment with a choline-deficient diet (CDAA, choline-deficient l-amino acid defined) over a period of 1 year, from the formation of steatosis, to the development of nodules and adenomas. A comparable choline-sufficient (CSAA) diet was used for the controls. The resonances of the methylene protons of the glycerol backbone in phospholipids were used to quantify the total concentration of such compounds. CDAA rat livers were found to have significantly higher levels of phospholipids, when compared to CSAA, throughout the entire carcinogenesis period. The tri-methyl protons of choline compounds serves to quantify total choline, and the vinyl and bis-allyl proton resonances can be used to not only quantify fatty acid concentrations but also to probe the number of double bonds in a fatty acid moiety. Early stages of carcinogenesis indicate a lower degree of double bonds in fatty acyl containing compounds in CDAA rat livers, when compared to CSAA. The results of this study are in agreement with those previously published in the literature on other rat hepatocarcinogenesis models.
Explaining Leniency: Organizational Predictors of the Differential Treatment of Men and Women in Traffic Stops

Scholars have devoted significant attention to measuring the degree to which a driver’s personal characteristics affect police decisions to stop and sanction motorists. Following the pattern of research on gender and enforcement practices more broadly, traffic stop studies show that female drivers are less likely to receive formal sanctions such as a citation following routine traffic stops. Despite the consistency of these findings across places and times, we know little about the conditions under which female traffic violators are granted leniency. This article extends research on the effect of driver and stop characteristics on gender disparities in traffic enforcement decisions by examining 149,888 stops from across 37 communities in Rhode Island with different local needs and variation in police organizational culture and structure. The findings confirm that although women are less likely to be cited than men, community-level variation in police agency culture and structure, particularly the proporti...
TRANSDUCER CONSIDERATIONS FOR POINT-SOURCE/POINT-RECEIVER MATERIALS MEASUREMENTS

This paper reviews the requirements and operational characteristics of several sources and receivers which can be used as the basis of a point-source/point-receiver (PS/PR) materials testing system. Considered are sources and receivers whose temporal and spatial characteristics most nearly approximate those needed for making PS/PR measurements directly. Consideration is also given to means for utilizing non-ideal transducers, that is, those whose temporal response is bandlimited or which are not operating as a force source, or as a velocity or displacement receiver and those whose aperture is finite.
Detecting, understanding, and controlling for cheating on tests

Recent research and practice in detecting and controlling for cheating on objective tests are reviewed briefly, and results of a small survey of attitudes and practices concerning cheating are summarized. Two computer programs, Cheat-1 and Cheat-2, prepared by the writer to detect cheating by error-similarity analysis procedures, are described. The use of multiple answer-sheet forms and success with this method in controlling for cheating on classroom tests are described. Other matters concerned with cheating, such as cheating by teachers to improve students' scores, are also considered.
"What is the grass?": The Roots of Walt Whitman's Cemetery Meditation

Examines the significance of the cemetery for Whitman, seeking to "locate the roots of Whitman's idyllic poetic space in the real space of the rural cemetery" by examining nineteenth-century "cemetery literature" and by analyzing how rural cemeteries--particularly Brooklyn's Mount Auburn and Green-wood cemeteries--were covered in periodicals of the era, including in Whitman's own journalism; argues that Whitman made "innovative use of the rural cemetery" in his poetry.
Fibroblasts in Isogeneic Skin Equivalents Persist for Long Periods After Grafting

We have fabricated skin equivalents by combining fibroblasts from female Fischer rats with collagen to form a lattice and overlaying the lattice with a suspension of epidermal cells. The epidermal cells attach and form a sheet which differentiates. These skin equivalents were then grafted to male Fischer rats in order to follow the fate of the fibroblasts after implantation. Biopsies of the skin equivalent were taken between 9 days and 13 months after grafting and examined histologically or placed in tissue culture to permit karyotyping of the resident fibroblasts. Approximately 82% of the fibroblasts from the graft biopsied at 9 days were female, with this proportion decreasing sharply to 50% at 2 weeks and 60–64% at 1 month. At 1 month, this initial sharp drop is followed by a slow, linear decline which continues through the 13th month when 42% of the fibroblasts are female. We conclude that fibroblasts of the grafted skin equivalent become permanent residents of the skin of the host rat.
Low temperature storage effects on two olive fruit fly parasitoids

Effects of cold storage temperatures and storage duration were evaluated for Psyttalia humilis (Silvestri) from Namibia and Psyttalia ponerophaga (Silvestri) from Pakistan, braconid parasitoids of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) imported to California, USA. Immature stages of P. humilis were exposed to 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 °C for 1, 2 or 4 months (pupa only at 4 and 12 °C) and then held at 24 °C for adult emergence. Less than 5 % of parasitoids in the 4–8 °C treatments survived, regardless of storage duration. At the 10 °C treatment, adult survival decreased with increased storage duration, but increased with advancing developmental stages. Survival was not affected at the 12 °C treatment. Adult P. humilis were exposed to 6, 8, 10 °C for short periods (1, 2, 4, or 6 weeks) or ambient winter conditions in Parlier, California, USA (about 9 °C). Regardless of storage temperature, P. humilis reproduction was reduced after storage of four and six weeks. Similarly, after 4 months at ambient winter temperatures, P. humilis reproduction was reduced. Psyttalia ponerophaga pupae stored at 6 °C for 41–97 days had decreased survival and increased developmental time. Survival of P. ponerophaga pupae ranged from 13.9–52.1 %, whereas under similar storage conditions survival of P. humilis was <0.7 %, suggesting P. ponerophaga is more cold tolerant than P. humilis.
Aqueous pretreatment of polyetherimide to facilitate the bonding of electrolessly deposited metals. Part 2. Solubilizer-free systems

An aqueous method for chemically pretreating polyetherimide substrates to promote adhesion to electrolessly deposited copper or nickel is described. The process consists of cleaning the polymer surface followed by surface normalization and debris removal. In contrast to previously developed processes, no separate adhesion promotion step is required. Peel strengths between 150-250 and 120-150 g/mm were achieved for copper and nickel, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to investigate changes in the polymer surface morphology and chemistry during processing. Possible candidates for the different steps are presented, as are analyses of the failure loci following peel strength assessment.
NAFTA's Labor Side Agreement and International Labor Solidarity

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its supplemental labor pact, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) reflect the uneven advances of labor rights advocacy in connection with international trade. NAFTA provides extensive rights and protections for multinational firms and investors in such areas as intellectual property rights and investment guarantees. The NAALC only partially addresses labor rights and labor conditions, but within its limits it has shown itself to be a viable tool for cross-border solidarity among key actors in the trade union, human rights, and allied movements. The NAALC's principles and complaint mechanisms create new space for advocates to build coalitions and take concrete action to articulate challenges to the status quo and advance workers' interests. Cooperation, consultation, and collaboration among social actors have brought a qualitative change to transnational labor rights networks in North America.
Inward and outward transport of ammonium in roots of maize and sorghum: contrasting effects of methionine sulphoximine

To examine the adaptive responses of ammonium efflux of nitrate-grown plants during first exposure to ammonium nutrition, isotopic flows of ammonium in and out of root tissue of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) were delineated. Appreciable efflux of 14 N-ammonium occurred during the first 2 min of exposure, suggesting that ammonium efflux is characteristic of plants grown with nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. Treatment with methionine sulphoximine (MSX) enhanced the initial 14 N-ammonium efflux 5-fold in maize but less than 2-fold in sorghum. Increasing ambient acidity from pH 6 to pH 4 had relatively little effect on 14 N-ammonium efflux in either species
When Metabolism and Epigenetics Converge

Various cell types respond differently to the environment by using distinct circuits of genomic reprogramming. How does a fixed DNA blueprint allow flexibility in managing changes to environmental signals? Environmental inputs such as nutrition can modulate cell metabolism, and critical links between metabolism and epigenetic control—now widely thought to include chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA pathways ( 1 )—are beginning to emerge ( 2 , 3 ). Two reports in this issue, by Shimazu et al. ( 4 ) on page 211 and Shyh-Chang et al. ( 5 ) on page 222, provide insights into this connection.
Effect of Water upon the Polymorphic Transitions in Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate

THE polymorphism of anhydrous sodium sulphate is well known1–4 and the latent heats associated with its two transitions (orthorhombic form V to the orthorhombic form III at 177° C, and III to the hexagonal form I at 241° C.) have recently been determined by J. P. Coughlin5.
PKCα translocation is microtubule‐dependent in passaged smooth muscle cells

The translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes from their inactive cell locus to a variety of cytoskeletal, organelle, and plasmalemmal sites is thought to play an important role in their activation and substrate specificity. We have utilized confocal microscopy to compare phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (PDB) - stimulated translocation of PKCalpha in cultured cells derived from rat vascular smooth muscle. In enzymatically dispersed, passaged smooth muscle cells, PKCalpha was uniformly distributed throughout the unstimulated cell. PDB stimulation resulted in extensive association of the PKCalpha into filamentous strands with subsequent accumulation of the isoform in the peri-nuclear region of the cell. Dual immunostaining indicated that PKCalpha was extensively colocalized with microtubules in the interval immediately following PDB stimulation but was largely disassociated from microtubules at 10 min, at which time the translocation of PKCalpha to the peri-nucleus/nucleus was nearly complete. It was further found that the use of colchicine to disrupt the microtubules caused the loss of PKCalpha translocation to the peri-nuclear region. By comparison, cytochalasin B disruption of actin microfilaments had no significant effect on this parameter. The data suggest that PDB stimulation results in a transient association of PKCalpha with cell microtubules and that the microtubules play an important role in the translocation of PKCalpha from the cytosol in passaged cells derived from rat aortic smooth muscle.
Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk, and Fear of Crime

Studies of fear of crime repeatedly point to an apparent paradox: fear of crime and risk of victimization are related inversely among demographic groups (i.e., age, race, and sex groups). However, data from surveys of Chicago residents show that fear of crime is related positively to victimization rates once they are adjusted for exposure to risk. When demographic variables are included with the adjusted rates as predictors of fear of crime, age and sex effects persist. Even so the present findings indicate that fear of crime should not be interpreted as an irrational or unjustified response and that fear can be reduced by lowering victimization rates.
Reply to the Comment on "Dependence of the Ta K x-ray energy on the mode of excitation"

The difficulties in interpretation of the K x-ray shifts are acknowledged. A new experiment confirms, with higher accuracy, the previously reported data and excludes the possibility of a chemical shift.
Radiation-induced conductivity in alumina from 100 Hz to 10 MHz during proton irradiation

Changes in the dielectric constant and loss tangent of alumina have been measured in situ during proton irradiation. In these experiments, single crystal sapphire specimens were irradiated with 3 MeV protons which passed through the sample and were stopped in a copper-block heat sink. Dielectric properties were measured between 100 Hz and 10 MHz using a guard-ring capacitor configuration. The proton irradiation caused an immediate increase in loss tangent from about 10 −4 to more than 1.0. We have evaluated these changes at 300 and 373 K, vs irradiation time, flux and frequency. While the in situ radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) depends on these variables as well as on the history of previous irradiation, we believe that it is caused by a balance between the generation rate of electrons and holes, and their trapping and annihilation at displacement-type defects.
Commodity Programs and Inflation

Inflation has been identified by many as the nation's number one economic problem. And that makes the theme of this plenary session-inflation and its pervasiveness in agriculture and the food system-especially timely. Unfortunately (and perhaps inexcusably), we have woefully little rigorous analysis of the subject to allow comprehensive assessment of impacts. We can, then, hardly be prescriptive. The role of the agricultural commodity programs in the performance of the national economy and their contribution to the persistent inflation is complex. The complexity has grown in this decade with the increased interdependence of the agricultural sector and the national economy. This paper identifies and explores the major considerations necessary for full and complete analysis of the costs and benefits of these programs to society, especially the inflationary impacts. I will discuss the impacts of inflation on the agricultural sector and the commodity programs, the role of commodity programs in affecting the national price level, the mechanism by which agricultural prices are transmitted through the economic system, and some issues and research areas important to future public policy decisions.
Total leukoderma and leukotrichia in a child after hematopoietic SCT: report of a case and review of the literature.

Total leukoderma and leukotrichia in a child after hematopoietic SCT: report of a case and review of the literature
A Zinc-binding Region in Vif Binds Cul5 and Determines Cullin Selection

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vif overcomes the anti-viral activity of APOBEC3G by targeting it for ubiquitination via a Cullin 5-ElonginB-ElonginC (Cul5-EloBC) E3 ligase. Vif associates with Cul5-EloBC through a BC-box motif that binds EloC, but the mechanism by which Vif selectively recruits Cul5 is poorly understood. Here we report that a region of Vif (residues 100-142) upstream of the BC-box binds selectively to Cul5 in the absence of EloC. This region contains a zinc coordination site HX5CX17-18CX3-5H (HCCH), with His/Cys residues at positions 108, 114, 133, and 139 coordinating one zinc ion. The HCCH zinc coordination site, which is conserved among primate lentivirus Vif proteins, does not correspond to any known class of zinc-binding motif. Mutations of His/Cys residues in the HCCH motif impair zinc coordination, Cul5 binding, and APOBEC3G degradation. Mutations of conserved hydrophobic residues (Ile-120, Ala-123, and Leu-124) located between the two Cys residues in the HCCH motif disrupt binding of the zinc-coordinating region to Cul5 and inhibit APOBEC3G degradation. The Vif binding site maps to the first cullin repeat in the N terminus of Cul5. These data suggest that the zinc-binding region in Vif is a novel cullin interaction domain that mediates selective binding to Cul5. We propose that the HCCH zinc-binding motif facilitates Vif-Cul5 binding by playing a structural role in positioning hydrophobic residues for direct contact with Cul5.
How Well Do Anatomical Reconstructions of the Posterolateral Corner Restore Varus Stability to the Posterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knee?

BackgroundWith grade 3 posterolateral injuries of the knee, reconstructions of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament are commonly performed in conjunction with a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to restore knee stability.HypothesisA lateral collateral ligament reconstruction, alone or with a popliteus tendon or popliteofibular ligament reconstruction, will produce normal varus rotation patterns and restore posterior cruciate ligament graft forces to normal levels in response to an applied varus moment.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsForces in the native posterior cruciate ligament were recorded for 15 intact knees during passive extension from 120° to 0° with an applied 5 N·m varus moment. The posterior cruciate ligament was removed and reconstructed with a single bundle inlay graft tensioned to restore intact knee laxity at 90°. Posterior cruciate ligament graft force, varus rotation, and tibial rotation were recorded before and after a g...
Epibranchial organs in lower teleostean fishes

Epibranchial organs, consisting of a paired pharyngeal diverticulum, occur in some osteo-glossiform, cypriniform, gonorynchiform and clupeiform fishes. They appear to have been independently developed during the evolution of the fishes of each of these four lineages, and constitute one of a series of gut specializations associated with microphagus habits. On the basis of adult gill-arch structure, the organs always seem to be formed in the same way, by the secondary upgrowth, posterior to the fifth epibranchial, of the ventral part of the fifth gill slit.
Phenobarbital augments hypothermic neuroprotection.

Seizures are associated with adverse outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We hypothesized that early administration of the anticonvulsant phenobarbital after cerebral hypoxia ischemia could enhance the neuroprotective efficacy of delayed-onset hypothermia. We tested this hypothesis in a neonatal rodent model. Seven-d-old rats (n = 104) underwent right carotid ligation, followed by 90 min 8% O2 exposure; 15 min later, they received injections of phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) or saline. One or 3 h later, all were treated with hypothermia (30°C, 3 h). Function and neuropathology were evaluated after 7 d (early outcomes) or 1 mo (late outcomes). Early outcome assessment demonstrated better sensorimotor performance and less cortical damage in phenobarbital-treated groups; there were no differences between groups in which the hypothermia delay was shortened from 3 to 1 h. Late outcome assessment confirmed sustained benefits of phenobarbital + hypothermia treatment; sensorimotor performance was better (persistent attenuation of contralateral forepaw placing deficits and absence of contralateral forepaw neglect); neuropathology scores were lower (median, phenobarbital 2 and saline 8.5, p < 0.05); and less ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere %Damage (mean ± SD, 11 ± 17 versus 28 ± 22, p < 0.05). These results suggest that early posthypoxia-ischemia administration of phenobarbital may augment the neuroprotective efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia.
Dietary habits of adolescent females

The dietary intakes of 178 females (mean age was 12.8 ± 0.1 (S.E.M.)) were determined through 24‐hour diet recalls in both the fall and spring of one school year. The average subject consumed less than the recommended number of servings of three of the Basic Four food groups. Dietary intake at all meals but lunch, were similar in the fall and spring. Differences in the dietary intake at lunch may have occurred because fewer girls selected National School Lunch Program's Type A lunches in the spring than in the fall. Subjects who did select Type A lunches consumed more servings from the Basic Four groups than those subjects eating a la carte items or sack lunches. Subjects who selected Type A school lunches were significantly younger than those who selected d la carte items. Ninety percent of the subjects snacked at least once during the day. About half of the food consumed during snacks could not be classified as being representative of any of the Basic Four food groups.
Occurrence of α-galactosidase in higher fungi: Isolation of α-galactosidase from Calvatia cyathiformis

Abstract α-Galactosidase activity was commonly found in the basidiocarp materials of higher fungi. Puffballs generally contain higher α-galactosidase activity than do mushrooms. α-Galactosidase isolated from Calvatia cyathiformis hydrolyzed phenyl-,nitrophenyl-,methyl- and naturally occurring α-galactosides; however, phenyl- and nitrophenyl-α- d -galactopyranosides were hydrolyzed much faster than methyl-α- d -galactopyranoside, melibiose, raffinose and stachyose. p -Nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, p -nitrophenyl-α- d -mannopyranoside, p -nitrophenyl-α- d -glucopyranoside, methyl-β- l -arabinopyranoside, lactose, maltose, cellobiose and sucrose were not hydrolyzed by this enzyme preparation. The optimum pH of this preparation was found to be between 3 and 5. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by the presence of 0.1 mM HgCl 2 ; however, it was not affected by the presence of AgNO 3 , CdCl 2 , CuSO 4 , PbCl 2 , MnCl 2 , MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 and sulfhydryl reagents at 1 mM concentration. d -Galactose and melibiose acted as competitive inhibitors for this enzyme. This α-galactosidase also possessed glycosyltransferase activity. When o - or p -nitrophenyl-α- d -galactopyranoside was incubated with this enzyme, two new sugar spots were detected on paper chromatogram. One of these spots had the mobility of authentic galactobiose, but was not hydrolyzed by pneumococcal α-galactosidase.
Inflammatory T Helper 17 Cells Promote Depression- like Behavior in Mice

Results: Mouse brain Th17 cells were elevated by learned helplessness and chronic restraint stress, two common depression-like models. Th17 cell administration promoted learned helplessness in 89% of mice in a paradigm where no vehicle-treated mice developed learned helplessness, and impaired novelty suppressed feeding and social interaction behaviors. Mice deficient in the RORgT transcription factor necessary for Th17 cell production exhibited resistance to learned helplessness, identifying modulation of RORg Ta s a potential intervention. Treatment with the RORgT inhibitor SR1001, or anti-interleukin-17A antibodies to abrogate Th17 cell function, reduced Th17-dependent learned helplessness. Conclusions: These findings indicate that Th17 cells are increased in the brain during depression-like states, promote depression-like behaviors in mice, and specifically inhibiting the production or function of Th17 cells reduces vulnerability to depression-like behavior, suggesting antidepressant effects may be attained by targeting Th17 cells.
Jack of All Trades, Master of Flowering

Artists and scientists have long pondered the beauty and mystery of flowers and their origins. To Maurice Maeterlinck, the Nobel laureate in literature, the most striking feature of plants was the diversity of flowers, organs that evolved to enhance sexual reproduction ( 1 ). Charles Darwin was fascinated with the rapid expansion and dominance of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the late Cretaceous, a phenomenon he called "the abominable mystery" ( 2 ). Along with the evolution of flowers came the need for plants to trigger flowering at the right time. On page 704 of this issue, Wahl et al. report that an internal cue—the sugar metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P)—helps to ensure that flowering occurs at the time optimal for successful reproduction ( 3 ).
Problems of intensive therapy in childhood cancer.

Tremendous progress has been made in the treatment of childhood cancers. Certain hematologic malignancies have an impressive cure rate with the current intensive antineoplastic treatment regimens. There is optimism that the treatment of children who have advanced stage solid tumors with intensive, multimodality therapy may improve their chances for long-term survival. These treatment programs, though potentially curative, are highly toxic, with severe myelosuppression and damage to other organ systems. An awareness of these potential toxicities, an understanding of how to prevent or minimize certain problems, and the ability to treat those complications which do arise are all essential to the successful management of childhood cancer. 206 references.
Formation of ionic complexes in cryogenic matrices: a case study using co-deposition of Cu- with rare gas cations in solid argon.

Matrix isolation spectra have been obtained for ionic species formed from a beam of mass-selected ions, with a coincident beam of externally generated counter-ions used to provide charge balance. Infrared spectra were obtained for copper carbonyl complexes formed following deposition of Cu− ions with rare-gas counter-cations into CO-doped argon matrices. Both anionic and neutral copper carbonyl complexes Cu(CO)nq (n = 1–3; q = 0, −1) were observed in the spectra, with peak positions corresponding to previously reported assignments; new partially resolved bands appearing in the range 1830–1845 cm−1 are assigned to larger [Cu(CO)3•(CO)n]− aggregates, having additional CO ligands in the second solvation shell. The experimental geometry ensures that all Cu-centers initially arrive at the matrix as anions, so the relative abundance of anionic relative to neutral complexes is much higher than in previous studies employing alternative methods for ion deposition; this allows for monitoring of electron-transfer pr...
Rhabdomyosarcoma-associated renal cell carcinoma: a link with constitutional Tp53 mutation.

ABSTRACT The 2004 World Health Organization classification includes the new entity “neuroblastoma-associated renal cell carcinoma.” The pathogenetic link between these entities is unknown as yet. The patient reported herein developed renal cell carcinoma after anaplastic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, a previously unknown association. The 2nd malignancy developed very soon after the 1st one, prompting concern for inherent cancer predisposition rather than a therapy-induced 2nd malignancy. A variety of features raised suspicion for Tp53 mutation, and indeed a pathogenic germline Tp53 mutation was identified in this child, despite a negative family history for Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Consideration of underlying predisposition is advocated in the context of rapid evolution of 2nd childhood malignancy.
Characteristics of suicidal individuals: A review

Abstract Evidence on the demographic characteristics of suicidal people is mixed. Demograph-ically, at relatively higher risk are men, whites, older adults or adolescents, and native Americans. In terms of personality, suicidal individuals are described as having maladaptive affect (depressed, irritable, aroused, and socially isolated) or maladaptive cognitions (hopeless, having negative expectations, field dependent, cog-nitively rigid, and impulsive). In contrast, some recent research has investigated whether suicidal persons lack important adaptive characteristics. The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) was developed with this emphasis and has the advantages of a positive focus (reasons for not committing suicide), six separate subscales, and strong reliability and validity. A more thorough understanding of adaptive characteristics through the use of such instruments as the RFL may help clinicians and researchers in treating and preventing suicidal behavior.
Assessing ecosystem sustainability and management using fuzzy logic

Abstract Concern about the negative impacts of growth and development on protected area ecosystems has drawn attention to methods for assessing ecosystem sustainability and management. Existing non-stochastic and stochastic methods for assessing weak and strong sustainability of ecosystems have several limitations. The non-stochastic method does not account for errors in measuring attributes, stochastic variability in attributes, and uncertainty about the relationship between ecosystem attributes and states (degrees) of ecosystem sustainability. Although the stochastic method better accounts for errors in measuring attributes, and stochastic variability in attributes than the non-stochastic method, it requires information about the probability distributions of attributes for different states of sustainability. Such information is not readily available. The fuzzy logic method overcomes the limitations of the non-stochastic and stochastic methods, but requires fuzzifying an index of sustainability in the case of weak sustainability, fuzzifying individual attributes in the case of strong sustainability, specifying and estimating membership functions for low, medium and high ecosystem sustainability, selecting a rule to determine whether an ecosystem is strongly sustainable based on the conclusions for fuzzy propositions, and specifying fuzzy sets for truth qualifiers when evaluating conditional and qualified propositions. Whether the benefits outweigh the costs of using the fuzzy logic method depends on the knowledge, data, and information available about the ecosystem, the expertise of the persons doing the assessment, and other factors. The non-stochastic, stochastic and fuzzy logic methods can be used to rank management alternatives and select a preferred alternative in cases where the current state of the ecosystem is unsustainable. Ranking management alternatives using a fuzzy logic method requires ordering the fuzzy scores for alternatives. All three methods for ranking management alternatives call for a group preference ordering for management alternatives in cases where individuals in the group have different preferences for alternatives.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 IIIB Selected for Replication In Vivo Exhibits Increased Envelope Glycoproteins in Virions without Alteration in Coreceptor Usage: Separation of In Vivo Replication from Macrophage Tropism

Analysis of viral replication and pathogenicity after in vivo selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attenuated in vitro will help to define the functions involved in replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Using the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse and human fetal thymus organ culture as in vivo models, we previously defined HIV-1 env determinants (HXB2/LW) which were reverted for replication in vivo (L. Su et al., Virology 227:46-52, 1997). In this study, we examined the replication of four highly related HIV-1 clones directly derived from Lai/IIIB or after selection in vivo to investigate the envelope gp120 determinants associated with replication in macrophages and in the thymus models in vivo. The LW/C clone derived from the IIIB-infected laboratory worker and HXB2/LW both efficiently infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the human thymus. Although the laboratory worker (LW) isolates showed altered tropism from IIIB, they still predominantly used CXCR4 as coreceptors for infecting peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, and the thymus. Interestingly, a single amino acid mutation in the V3 loop associated with resistance to neutralizing antibodies was also essential for the replication activity of the LW virus in the thymus models but not for its activity in infecting MDM. The LW virions were equally sensitive to a CXCR4 antagonist. We further demonstrated that the LW HIV-1 isolate selected in vivo produced more infectious viral particles that contained higher levels of the Env protein gp120. Thus, selection of the laboratory-attenuated Lai/IIIB isolate in vivo leads to altered tropism but not coreceptor usage of the virus. The acquired replication activity in vivo is correlated with an early A-to-T mutation in the V3 loop and increased virion association of HIV-1 Env gp120, but it is genetically separable from the acquired replication activity in macrophages.
High-Performance, Static-Coated Silicon Microfabricated Columns for Gas Chromatography

A procedure is described for the preparation of high-performance etched silicon columns for gas chromatography. Rectangular channels, 150 μm wide by 240 μm deep are fabricated in silicon substrates by gas-phase reactive ion etching. A 0.1−0.2-μm-thick film of dimethyl polysiloxane stationary phase is deposited on the channel walls by filling the channel with a dilute solution in 1:1 n-pentane and dichloromethane and pumping away the solvent. A thermally activated cross-linking agent is used for in situ cross-linking. A 3-m-long microfabricated column generated ∼12 500 theoretical plates at optimal operating conditions using air as carrier gas. A kinetic model for the efficiency of rectangular cross-section columns is used to evaluate column performance. Results indicate an additional source of gas-phase dispersion beyond longitudinal diffusion and nonequilibrium effects, probably resulting from numerous turns in the gas flow path through the channel. The columns are thermally stable to at least 180 °C usi...
Scaling and bandwidth-parameterization based controller tuning

A new set of tools, including controller scaling, controller parameterization and practical optimization, is presented to standardize controller tuning. Controller scaling is used to frequency-scale an existing controller for a large class of plants, eliminating the repetitive controller tuning process for plants that differ mainly in gain and bandwidth. Controller parameterization makes the controller parameters a function of a single variable, the loop-gain bandwidth, and greatly simplifies the tuning process. Practical optimization is defined by maximizing the bandwidth subject to the physical constraints, which determine the limiting factors in performance. Collectively, these new tools move controller tuning in the direction of science.
Casein kinase I regulates membrane binding by ARF GAP1.

ARF GAP1, a 415-amino acid GTPase activating protein (GAP) for ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) contains an amino-terminal 115-amino acid catalytic domain and no other recognizable features. Amino acids 203–334 of ARF GAP1 were sufficient to target a GFP-fusion protein to Golgi membranes in vivo. When overexpressed in COS-1 cells, this protein domain inhibited protein transport between the ER and Golgi and, in vitro, competed with the full-length ARF GAP1 for binding to membranes. Membrane binding by ARF GAP1 in vitro was increased by a factor in cytosol and this increase was inhibited by IC261, an inhibitor selective for casein kinase Iδ (CKIδ), or when cytosol was treated with antibody to CKIδ. The noncatalytic domain of ARF GAP1 was phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro by CKI. IC261 blocked membrane binding by ARF GAP1 in vivo and inhibited protein transport in the early secretory pathway. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive CKIδ also inhibited the binding of ARF GAP1 to membranes and interfered with protein transport. Thus, a CKI isoform is required for protein traffic through the early secretory pathway and can modulate the amount of ARF GAP1 that can bind to membranes.
The Invisible Foot: A Tribute to E. K. Hunt

This article pays homage to E. K. Hunt who was a founding member of URPE who helped build chapters on several campuses in western states. Much of the author’s own research work over the past forty ...
Spanish Root Exclamatives at the Syntax/Semantics Interface

In this paper several aspects of the syntax and semantics of Spanish root exclamatives are analyzed. Assuming a multi-layered approach to the CP projection, it is argued that a degree feature is checked in the Focus layer and that the exclamative feature is checked in the Force layer. The former type of checking provides evidence for the hypothesis that focus-related features are checked in different phases of the syntactic computation. The apparent diversity of exclamative structures in Spanish corresponds to a tight set of derivational mechanisms and corresponding interpretive steps.
The effects of fasting on the concentrations of intermediate metabolites in the blood and hepatic tissues of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes

Blood and liver samples were taken from four fasted pregnant and five fasted non-pregnant Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes. The following metabolites were measured: adenine monophosphate (AMP), adenine diphosphate (ADP), adenine triphosphate (ATP), citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, lactate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, α-glycerophosphate, malate, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, glutamate, alanine and NAD + . The effects of a 6-day fast on non-pregnant ewes were shown as significant reductions in the hepatic concentrations of 2-phosphoglycerate, alanine, NAD + and ADP, together with significant increases in the hepatic concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate, malate and the ratio of 3-hydroxybutyrate:acetoacetate. In the blood there were significant reductions in the concentrations of urea, citrate and in the ratio of 3-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate. Similar but more marked changes occurred in the late pregnant ewes, with additional significant reductions in the hepatic concentrations of citrate, ATP and the level of cell energy, and additional increases in the blood of the ratio of lactate: pyruvate and the concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 2-oxoglutarate. However, unlike the non-pregnant ewes no significant changes in either the plasma concentration of urea or the hepatic concentration of ADP were observed in the late pregnant ewes.
Steady-state flux-line cutting in type II superconductors

Flux-line cutting (intersection and cross-joining of adjacent nonparallel vortices) has been suggested as a mechanism for steady-state dissipation in current-carrying, type II superconductors in longitudinal magnetic fields. In this paper a specific theoretical flux-line-cutting model is proposed which generates a constant steady-state electric field in a current-carrying, ideal, type II superconducting slab in a longitudinal field. The assumed model consists of parallel vortex planes at different angles which periodically shuttle back and forth between the regions in which flux-line cutting occurs. The resulting macroscopic electric current and magnetic flux density distributions are calculated. The model yields a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic and a longitudinal paramagnetic moment.
Characterization of the cerebral cortical representation of heartburn in GERD patients

Although symptoms arising from the esophagus such as heartburn and pain can at times become challenging clinical problems, esophageal viscerosensation, especially with regard to chemical stimulatio...
Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users

Background Cannabis is the most widely consumed illicit substance in America, with increasing rates of use. Some theorists tend to link frequency of use with cannabis dependence. Nevertheless, fewer than half of daily cannabis users meet DSM-IV-TR criteria for cannabis dependence. This study seeks to determine whether the negative aspects associated with cannabis use can be explained by a proxy measure of dependence instead of by frequency of use.
The transformation of Cuban agriculture after the cold war

Cuba's agriculture after the 1959 revolution had been based on large-scale, capital intensive monoculture, which made Cuba heavily dependent on the socialist bloc for subsidized agrichemical inputs and for set prices of agricultural exports. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies in 1989–90, Cuba's inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and petroleum dropped by more than half Cuba responded with a dramatic shift in its agricultural development model that featured appropriate technology, alternative organization of labor, alternative planning, and environmental preservation. Cuban pest control efforts now focus on biological control and on enhanced monitoring and diagnostic techniques. Soil management emphasizes biofertilizers and vermiculture. Minimum tillage and crop rotation are frequent practices among Cuba's independent farmers, agricultural cooperatives, and state farms. The transition to low-input agriculture has decreased the exodus of people from rural areas to cities, and has lead to establishment of lab or camps with volunteer labor and long-term programs for rebuilding rural communities. To address the loss of important food imports while ensuring environmental conservation, agricultural planning now gives priority to crop rotations, city gardens, and introduction of food crops in sugar cane areas.
Application of the Amphoteric Native Defect Model to Diffusion and Activation of Shallow Impurities in III-V Semiconductors

The effects of heavy doping on the formation of charged point defects are considered. It is shown that the Fermi level dependent part of the formation energy of highly localized defects can be determined using a universal energy reference, common to all III-V compound semiconductors. The concept is used to analyze the electrical activity and diffusion of dopant impurities in these compounds. We present model calculations which explain the correlation between the maximum hole concentrations and the acceptor impurity diffusion in InP and in InGaAs alloys, doped with group II acceptors. The calculations account for the redistribution of the impurity atoms at the lattice matched InP/InGaAs interface. It is also demonstrated that an abrupt enhancement of the Fermi level induced defect formation is observed at the onset of highly degenerate statistics in heavily doped semiconductors.
Synthesis of water soluble precursors for ferroelectric materials

Abstract Solution deposition processes for the production of thin multi-element metal oxide films continue with great interest and varied success. Solution deposition via either sol-gel or MOD (Metal Organic Decomposition) methods are of interest due to the ability to produce a wide variety of compositional products at low capital investment cost. The sol-gel method generally uses hydrolytically sensitive metal alkoxides as the starting materials. Manipulation of the reagents and different hydrolysis rates for multi-element mixtures are issues. The MOD method utilizes large organic acid metal salts as the starting materials. In general, MOD solutions are more hydrolytically stable than the sol-gel solutions. MOD process challenges include large quantities of carbon to be decomposed during the firing, variable chemistry in synthesis of the starting materials (especially when the starting materials for the MOD precursors are metal alkoxides), and long reaction times for the synthesis. For both the current s...