cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate simulation of the latest Permian: Implications for mass extinction

Life at the Permian-Triassic boundary (ca. 251 Ma) underwent the largest disruption in Earth's history. Paleoclimatic data indicate that Earth was significantly warmer than present and that much of the ocean was anoxic or euxinic for an extended period of time. We present results from the first fully coupled comprehensive climate model using paleo- geography for this time period. The coupled climate system model simulates warm high- latitude surface air temperatures related to elevated carbon dioxide levels and a stagnate global ocean circulation in concert with paleodata indicating low oxygen levels at ocean depth. This is the first climate simulation that captures these observed features of this time period.
EDEM1 Recognition and Delivery of Misfolded Proteins to the SEL1L-Containing ERAD Complex

Summary Terminally misfolded or unassembled secretory proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently cleared by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. The degradation of ERAD substrates involves mannose trimming of N-linked glycans; however, the mechanisms of substrate recognition and sorting to the ERAD pathway are poorly defined. EDEM1 (ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like 1 protein) has been proposed to play a role in ERAD substrate signaling or recognition. We show that EDEM1 specifically binds nonnative proteins in a glycan-independent manner. Inhibition of mannosidase activity with kifunensine or disruption of the EDEM1 mannosidase-like domain by mutation had no effect on EDEM1 substrate binding but diminished its association with the ER membrane adaptor protein SEL1L. These results support a model whereby EDEM1 binds nonnative proteins and uses its mannosidase-like domain to target aberrant proteins to the ER membrane dislocation and ubiquitination complex containing SEL1L.
Studies of Individualism-Collectivism: Effects on Cooperation in Groups

Data from 492 college students indicated that group size and individuals' identifiability, sense of shared responsibility, and levels of individualism or collectivism influenced peer-rated cooperation in classroom groups. Levels of individualism or collectivism moderated the effects of size and identifiability on cooperation but not those of shared responsibility. These findings suggest that models of free riding and social loafing provide insights into individualistic cooperation in groups but are limited in their ability to explain the cooperation of collectivists.
State Fiscal Rules and Composition Changes in Public Spending before the Election

Political budget cycle models have been widely tested, but few studies consider different institutional contexts and different categories of public spending. This article uses data on disaggregated expenditures to estimate the effects of balanced budget requirements on electoral cycles. Using data of American states from 1977 to 2008, the analysis finds that prior to gubernatorial elections, politicians are likely to shift public spending toward more salient categories, such as corrections, security, and welfare expenditure, and away from education expenditure. This finding is consistent with the prediction of Rogoff’s signaling model. Yet, such effects are only significant in states with weak and medium carryover restrictions and are dampened as carryover restrictions become more stringent. Thus, balanced budget requirements constrain politicians’ ability to shift spending across different categories. Without considering the balanced budget requirements, the effects of political budget cycles may be over...
Toxicological effects of selected insecticides on Nephaspis oculatus (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia argentifolii (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

Toxicological effects of selected biorational insecticides were tested in the laboratory against all developmental stages of Nephaspis oculatus (Blatchley), a predator of whiteflies including silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Biorational insecticides included a mineral oil (Sunspray Ultra-Fine Oil), an insecticidal soap (M-Pede), and a mixture of sucrose and glucose esters (a detergent-like extract of Nicotiana gossei Domin). A pyrethroid (Capture 2EC) was used for comparison and water as control. N. oculatus has four distinct instars but the larvae were divided into two size categories (small and large) for bioassays. Pyrethroid was toxic to all developmental stages of N. oculatus and insecticide soap was toxic to larvae, but not to adults, eggs or pupae. Mineral oil was moderately toxic to eggs, but had no significant effect on other stages. Mixture of sucrose and glucose esters was innocuous to all life stages of the beetle. These results indicated that the use of pyrethroid would be incompatible with biological control of whitefly by N. oculatus and that considerable interference with predator activity could be expected from insecticidal soap, depending on the timing of application. On the other hand, mineral oil and especially N. gossei extract could be used against the whitefly with relative impunity to the coccinellids. I I
Homotopic language reorganization in the right hemisphere after early left hemisphere injury.

To determine the areas involved in reorganization of language to the right hemisphere after early left hemisphere injury, we compared fMRI activation patterns during four production and comprehension tasks in post-surgical epilepsy patients with either left (LH) or right hemisphere (RH) speech dominance (determined by Wada testing) and healthy controls. Patient groups were carefully matched for IQ, lesion location and size. RH patients’ activation across all tasks was greatest in right hemisphere areas homotopic to areas activated by LH and control participants. Differences in right vs. left dominant hemisphere activation were limited to homologous areas typically activated by language tasks, supporting the hypothesis that language localization following transfer to the RH is the mirror-image of localization in the absence of transfer. The similarity of these findings to those in patients with larger, peri-sylvian lesions suggests that these areas in both hemispheres may be uniquely predisposed to subserve various language functions.
An efficient task allocation scheme for 2D mesh architectures

Efficient allocation of processors to incoming tasks in parallel computer systems is very important for achieving the desired high performance. It requires recognizing the free available processors with minimum overhead. In this paper, we present an efficient task allocation scheme for 2D mesh architectures. By employing a new approach for searching the mesh, our scheme can find the available submesh without scanning the entire mesh, unlike earlier designs. Comprehensive computer simulation reveals that the average allocation time and waiting delay are much smaller than earlier schemes of comparable performances, irrespective of the size of meshes and distribution of the shape of the incoming tasks.
A clinical decision rule to predict adult patients with traumatic intracranial haemorrhage who do not require intensive care unit admission.

Abstract Objective To derive a clinical decision rule to identify adult emergency department (ED) patients with traumatic intracranial haemorrhage (tICH) who are at low risk for requiring critical care resources during hospitalization. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients (≥18 years) with tICH presenting to the ED. The need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission was defined as the presence of a critical care intervention including: intubation, neurosurgical intervention, blood product transfusion, vasopressor or inotrope administration, invasive monitoring for haemodynamic instability, emergent treatment for arrhythmia, therapeutic angiography, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The decision rule was derived using binary recursive partitioning. Results A total of 432 patients were identified (median age 48 years) of which 174 patients (40%) had a critical care intervention. We performed binary recursive partitioning with Classification and Regression Trees (CART) software to develop the clinical decision rule. Patients with a normal mental status (Glasgow Coma Score = 15), isolated head injury, and age Conclusions This clinical decision rule identifies low risk adult ED patients with tICH who do not need ICU admission. Further validation and refinement of these findings would allow for more appropriate ICU resource utilisation.
When to use partitioned signature files for retrieving information in multimedia systems

Some techniques based upon the partitioning of the signature file have been considered for improving the performance of the basic signature file access method. The authors discuss the performance issues of this approach. They identify the systems that can take advantage of this extended scheme. The following problems associated with the existing signature file partitioning methods based on the superimposed coding technique are discussed: (i) the problem of reducing the number partitions that must be examined when processing queries and (ii) the problem of nonuniform accesses to partitions. It is shown that these methods are not appropriate for systems in which the objects have a relatively large number of words. Some areas which require further study are described. >
Information Theoretically Secure Encryption with Almost Free Authentication

In cryptology, secure channels enable the exchange of messages in a confidential and authenticated manner. The literature of cryptology is rich with proposals and analysis that address the secure communication over public (insecure) channels. In this work, we propose an informa- tion theoretically secure direction for the construction of secure channels. First, we propose a method of achieving unconditionally secure authentication with half the amount of key material required by traditional unconditionally secure message authentication codes (MACs). Key reduc- tion is achieved by utilizing the special structure of the authenticated encryption system. That is, authentication exploits the secrecy of the message to reduce the key material required for authen- tication. After the description of our method, since key material is the most important concern in unconditionally secure authentication, given the message is encrypted with a perfectly secret one-time pad cipher, we extend our method to achieve unconditionally secure authentication with almost free key material. That is, we propose a method for unconditionally authenticating arbi- trarily long messages with much shorter keys. Finally, we will show how the special structure of the authenticated encryption systems can be exploited to achieve provably secure authentication that is very efficient for the authentication of short messages.
Management of Lower Extremity Vascular Injuries: State of the Art

Expeditious evidence-based management of lower extremity vascular injury is essential to reduce morbidity. Advances in management, largely due to military conflicts, continue to improve outcomes and limb salvage. Diagnosis via an accurate physical exam and adjuncts such as arterial pressure index or computed tomography angiography allow for rapid management. Expedited restoration of flow to major vessels, temporary intravascular shunting in the damage control setting or to restore perfusion before fixation of skeletal injuries, and early fasciotomy remain fundamentals of treatment. While endovascular management has increased significantly in highly selected populations, there are no prospective randomized controlled trials on its use in lower extremity vascular injury and it remains an experimental, off-label approach without any long-term outcomes data. Knowledge of various complications, including those requiring early return to the operating room, are critical to ensure satisfactory outcome.
Knowledge-Based Formulation of Linear Planning Models

As decision support systems (DSS) move towards more strategic application domains, there is a growing need for the capability of aiding the decision maker in modelling unanticipated planning problems efficiently without the support of scarce operations research specialists. A major contribution towards the development of model formation subsystems in DSS is expected from the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. However, it is claimed in this paper that under current AI technology, model formation subsystems cannot be made fully general and user-friendly at the same time. Instead, a problem-solving approach to model formation is proposed that combines the use of knowledge-based classification techniques as employed in many expert systems, with interactive construction of specialized submodels based on structural knowledge about an operations research technique and domain-specific knowledge about the requirements of an application area. The problem-solving approach is illustrated by a largely implemented system that assists decision makers in the formation of linear planning (LP) models for the application domain of production planning.
Ion-Induced Aggregation of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Studied by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is applied to investigate aggregation behavior of an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) featuring branched carboxylate groups (PPE-dCO2) upon the addition of different metal ions. FCS results reveal that monovalent metal ions (Na+, K+) bind to the CPE chain but do not induce aggregation, and divalent metal ions (Ca2+, Cu2+) bind and induce the formation of small aggregates. Iron cations (Fe2+ and Fe3+) bind strongly and induce the formation of large CPE aggregates. This is believed to be because of the propensity of these metals to bind to six ligands and thus bridge two of the triacid units on adjacent PPE-dCO2 chains. A comparison between the Stern–Volmer (SV) fluorescence quenching and the relative diffusion time change from FCS demonstrates that the most efficient SV quenching is observed for the ions that give rise to large increases in FCS diffusion time, underscoring the importance of ion-induced aggregation in the amplified quenching effect.
Political Exclusion, Oil, and Ethnic Armed Conflict

Why do members of some ethnic groups rebel against the state? One approach holds that groups subject to exclusion from national politics engage in armed conflict. We theorize that the presence of r...
A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Supervisory Values: Reply

The article presents a reply to comments made by Daniel Robey on the author's article “A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Supervisory Values,” in the March 1972 issue. Robey's comments claimed that be...
How We Treat Dermatitis Herpetiformis

The cause of dermatitis herpetiformis is unknown. Cases have been reported in association with internal malignancy, pyoderma gangrenosum and ulcerative colitis. Treatment may be topical or systemic, or both; systemic treatment is more effective.
Operation-level traffic analyzer framework for smart grid

The Smart Grid control systems need to be protected from internal attacks within the perimeter. In Smart Grid, the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) are resource-constrained devices that do not have the ability to provide security analysis and protection by themselves. And the commonly used industrial control system protocols offer little security guarantee. To guarantee security inside the system, analysis and inspection of both internal network traffic and device status need to be placed close to IEDs to provide timely information to power grid operators. For that, we have designed a unique, extensible and efficient operation-level traffic analyzer framework. The timing evaluation of the analyzer overhead confirms efficiency under Smart Grid operational traffic.
Differential expression of neuron specific enolase and creatine phosphokinase-BB by human medulloblastoma and glioma tumors and neuroectodermal cell lines

Two neuron-associated isoenzymes, neuron specific enolase (NSE) [EC 4.2.1.11] and creatine phospho-kinase (CK-BB) [EC 2.7.3.2] were quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in human neuroectodermal-derived cell lines, primary brain tumors and sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from brain tumor patients. This study was designed to determine if NSE and CK-BB could be delected in and could be used as markers for neuroectodermal tumors.
Fabrication and Characterization of Microspheres Encapsulating Astrocytes for Neural Regeneration

Astrocytes play a critical role in supporting the normal physiological function of neurons. Recent studies have revealed that astrocyte transplantation can promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Biomaterial can be designed as a growth-permissive substrate and serve as a carrier for astrocyte transplantation into injured spinal cord. In this study, we developed a method to generate collagen microspheres encapsulating astrocytes by injecting a mixture of collagen and astrocytes into a cell culture medium with a syringe controlled by a syringe pump. The collagen microspheres were cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate (4S-StarPEG) to reduce the degradation rate. The viability of cells in the cross-linked microspheres was higher than 90%. Astrocytes were transfected with plasmids encoding nerve growth factor (NGF)-ires-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) genes by electroporation and encapsulated in cross-linked microspheres. The l...
The Legal Regulation of FDI in the Context of Legal Reforms

Professor Mattei has observed that any legal observation is lacking in analytical value unless the researcher is conscious of the layer of the legal system’s structure at which he is conducting his studies.1 Legal scholars who have undertaken a study specifically focused on the legislation on foreign investment in the former USSR expressed this succinctly: [i]t is crucial for western investors in the former Soviet Union to exercise caution and to maintain vigilance in undertaking business ventures purely on reliance on the texts of the new legislative acts governing their rights and obligations … The macroeconomic and socio-political dimension of western investment in Russia should be carefully examined in light of current historical trends.2 In turn, in the course of an analysis of the process of development of commercial law in transitional states, Gray and Hendley stress that the transition in former socialist states is ‘most fundamentally a change in the role of the state’.3 They argue that the role of the state in the post-Communist context is vital because parties will have stronger incentives to take advantage of legal rights and abide by legal responsibilities primarily to the extent that they depend on the market, rather than the state, for survival.4
Sensitivity enhancement of NIR fluorescence contrast agent utilizing gold nanoparticles.

For optical diagnosis of the human body, using near infrared (NIR) has several advantages: NIR penetrates into the tissue deeper than UV or visible light, and in NIR most of the tissue-originated fluorescence may be avoided. Although NIR fluorophores are valuable, only a few can be used for humans and they have relatively low quantum yields. If the fluorescence emission of NIR fluorophores can be artificially enhanced, it can increase the sensitivity of optical diagnosis. In addition, conditionally emitted contrast agents as in Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or molecular beacon can be developed. One way of artificially changing fluorescence is by applying an electric field to the fluorophore. An excellent way of generating the field is via the plasmon field by gold nanoparticles (GNPs) upon the receipt of the excitation light of the fluorophore to be used. In this paper, the mechanism of the fluorescence manipulation for an NIR fluorophore, Cypate, by GNPs is studied both theoretically and experimentally.
Streaming data analysis on the wire

In the era of Big Data, more data can be potentially found in transit at any given moment than in storage. In this paper we discuss the feasibility of applying certain forms of processing on the wire, i.e., while data is in flight through the network. In a similar manner to cybersecurity processes and exploiting software defined networking concepts, we seek to design a framework for Analysis on the Wire that can on demand perform computations on data streaming through the network at specific network nodes. We further discuss use cases and perform preliminary evaluation of the proposed framework.
Subwavelength ultrasonic circulator based on spatiotemporal modulation

Enabling efficient nonreciprocal acoustic devices is challenging, yet very desirable for a variety of applications, including acoustic imaging, underwater communications, energy concentration and harvesting, signal processing, and noise control. We discuss the theory and design of a fully linear compact acoustic circulator based on spatiotemporal modulation of the effective acoustic index, providing a compact and practical way to realize large sound circulation at any desired frequency. Our proposal enables tunable isolation levels of over 40 dB, with insertion losses as low as 0.3 dB, in a noise-free, integrable, frequency scalable device whose total size does not exceed $\ensuremath{\lambda}/6$.
Lee Teng Hwee, Ho Pao Jin, and Educational Reform in Malacca, Singapore, Shanghai and Beyond, 1885–1945 (李登輝、何葆仁和麻六甲、新加坡、上海各處的教育改革及其它,一八八五-一九四五)

This essay focuses on Lee Teng Hwee and Ho Pao Jin, two “trans-local” activist educational reformers, in order to explore the interaction between changing social networks, governments, and educational reform movements in Shanghai, Singapore, and Malacca at critical moments between the 1880s and 1930s. Lee, as Fudan University President, and Ho, as Shanghai Student Union President, were key actors in the 1919 protest movement. Both were sons of families engaged in trans-regional trade, Lee moving from Batavia to Singapore, America, and Shanghai and Ho moving from Xiamen to Singapore, Shanghai, America, and Malacca. My purpose is to show how the shifting socio-economic networks and political structures and the activities of these educational reformers influenced each other, drawing on and contributing to local and trans-local experience. As these contributors were flexible in adapting to circumstances as they pursued their goals, we should also be flexible in our analysis of them.本文聚焦在李登輝、何葆仁這兩位「跨越地域」（trans-local）的行動派教育改革者，從而探討在一八八零年代到一九三零年代的關鍵時刻，發生在麻六甲、新加坡和上海各地社會網絡、政府和教育改革運動之間的交流。兩位在一九一九年抗議運動時皆是活躍份子：李氏當時是復旦大學的校長，而何氏則是上海學生會的主席。兩人亦皆出身於從事跨區域貿易的商人家庭：李氏自巴達維亞移居到新加坡、美國和上海；而何氏則自廈門移往新加坡、美國和麻六甲。我的目的是要突顯出變動的社會經濟網絡、政治結構和這些教育改革者的活動之間彼此的影響，特別是一地的經驗如何在另一地被承續。由於這些貢獻者是探取相當彈性的方式在追求其目標，會因不同的情境而做出調整，我們對他們的活動之分析也應是彈性的。 (This article is in English).
A microfluidic concentrator for cyanobacteria harvesting

Abstract The dilute conditions under which microalgae suspensions are cultured have negatively impacted economical routes for cell harvesting using conventional approaches. A promising alternative has arisen, for which a microfluidic concentration approach has been developed for harvesting Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. This method uses passive hydrodynamic forces that include inertial focusing and Dean flow, and has a number of advantages over existing methods for concentrating dilute suspensions of microalgae; the method is truly passive, and does not require additional reagents, or external fields or electronics. After injecting a cyanobacteria suspension into an optimized microchannel configuration at a pre-determined flow rate, intrinsic inertial forces generated from the structure and geometry of the microfluidic network move the cyanobacteria laterally toward a known equilibrium position in the channel cross-section. Once focused, the cyanobacteria stream can be readily separated from culture medium to obtain a concentrated product. The system design and materials used in the new device are chosen with an eye toward low-cost, large-scale commercial manufacture. The operating parameters for inertial focusing of the cyanobacteria suspension have been optimized to achieve high-throughput and high-efficiency harvesting. The maximum recovery efficiency achieved in a single microchannel device is 98.4 ± 0.2% (mean ± standard deviation). For those conditions, initial results yield a concentration factor of 3.28 for a single pass, which is 98.5% of the maximum possible value for the current design. In addition, the calculated power consumption is less than or equal to that of tradition harvesting methods for a wide range of concentration factors. It is anticipated that this highly parallelizable, robust harvesting approach will prove to be economically feasible for concentrating microalgae/cyanobacteria at commercial scales.
The Thought Stopping Procedure: Description, Application, and Learning Theory Interpretations

While there has been considerable speculation concerning the use and application of Thought Stopping, there has been limited experimental verification and a lack of an adequate theoretical model. A detailed description of the procedure, so that Thought Stopping may be employed more readily by the clinician, also has been unavailable. The paper describes the procedure, provides a learning theoretical base, and discusses some of the anecdotal and empirical evidence.
WHY MILITARY INSTITUTIONS MATTER FOR MING HISTORY

Systemic attention to military institutions sharpens our understanding of the Ming dynasty in comparative, global terms and yields a fuller perspective on the state and its role in people’s lives. First, the Ming dynasty devoted more resources, in absolute terms, to its military enterprise than any other contemporary power. It maintained enormous standing armies that drilled regularly, empire-wide logistical systems, welfare provisions for military dependents and retired or injured military personnel, and multi-tiered, standardized arms productions under state supervision. Western European states were just starting to achieve such capacity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Second, focused on civil administration, such as taxes, labor service, magistrates, land surveys, tithing communities, and mutual responsibility organizations, past scholarship has largely ignored how the state’s extensive military institutions both shaped society and served as resources that people used to advance their personal, family, and community interests.
The Relative Contribution to Small Finger Abduction of the Ulnar Versus Radial Slip of the EDM: Implications for Tendon Transfers:

BACKGROUND The extensor digiti minimi (EDM) tendon is commonly divided into a radial slip (EDM-R) and an ulnar slip (EDM-U). To our knowledge, the degree to which each EDM slip concomitantly abducts the small finger with active extension has not been formally tested. This study sought to characterize the comparative contributions of finger abduction inherent to each slip of the EDM to observe the sequelae of active small finger extension following transfer of the contralateral slip. METHODS Eighteen fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were used in this study. Starting with the hand in resting position, a controlled traction of 10 N was applied to each slip of the EDM tendon. The range of small finger abduction with respect to the fixed ring finger was recorded utilizing infrared reflective markers tracked through the range of motion using a digital video camera. RESULTS The mean abduction of the small finger when the radial slip of the EDM tendon was tested was 13.33° (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.10°-16.55°), which was significantly different ( P ≤ .001) than small finger abduction produced by the ulnar slip of the EDM, with a mean of 23.72° (95% CI: 19.40°-28.04°). CONCLUSIONS Given the fact that the ulnar slip of the EDM tendon is shown to be the major contributor of aberrant abduction with active small finger extension, as traction on this slip produces almost twice as much abduction as the radial slip, the EDM-U is the ideal donor graft with respect to tendon transfers of the EDM.
Using recurrent neural networks (RNNs) as planners for bio-inspired robotic motion

In this paper, we propose using Long Short Term Memory Networks (LSTM) to serve as planners for bio-inspired robotic motion. LSTMs can learn long or short term correlations of sequential data. Using LSTM networks, we implement a motion planner using simulated fish trajectories. The motion or path planning unit can then be implemented on robots such that they can operate autonomously without knowing their absolute position in a global frame. Simulation results show that the planned path demonstrates characteristics that are similar to simulated fish trajectories. This work may lead to learning animal behavior and then formulating bio-inspired path planners for robots to operate in unknown environments.
Lithospermum erythrorhizon Root and its Naphthoquinones Repress SREBP1c and Activate PGC1α Through AMPKα.

Objective To examine specific molecular mechanisms involved in modulating hepatic lipogenesis and mitochondria biogenesis signals by Lithospermum erythrorhizon (gromwell) root extract. Methods Stable cell lines with luciferase reporter constructs were generated to examine sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 (PGC1) α promoter activity and estrogen-related receptor (ERR) α response element activity. Gene expression of SREBP1c, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, and PGC1α was measured by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Lipogenesis was measured in human hepatoma cells with Nile red staining and flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α was determined by using ELISA and Western blot. Results Gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones dose-dependently repressed high glucose and liver X receptor α induction of SREBP1c promoter activity and gene expression. Hepatic lipogenesis was repressed, and PGC1α promoter and gene expression and ERRα response element activity were increased by gromwell root extract. Gromwell root extract, shikonin, and α-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin increased AMPKα phosphorylation, and inhibition of AMPK blunted the repression in SREBP1c promoter activity by gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones. Conclusions Data suggest that gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones repress lipogenesis by increasing the phosphorylated state of AMPKα and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis signals.
Model-building in the visions system

The semantic Interpretation system of VISIONS receives a segmentation containing symbolically encoded regions, boundaries and endpoints. The model-builder consists of four major components: 1) multiple levels of representation for both the image-specific model and long-term general knowledge, 2) a set of modular knowledge sources, 3) a hierarchical modular strategy to control application of the knowledge sources, and 4) a tree representing the current state of search through the space of possible models.
Solvent Extraction of Eu(III) and Am(III) with Thio and Amide Extractants

Extraction studies of trivalent f-elements are reported for two thio donor ligands and for a diamide. The systems studied were tributylphosphate (TBP) + thiothenoyltrifluoracetone (HSTTA), triisobutyl phosphine sulfide (TiBPS) + thenoyltrifluoracetone (HTTA) and N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dihexyl-3-oxapentanediamide + HTTA. HSTTA and TiBPS were found to be much weaker extractants than the oxo analogs HTTA and TBP. Moreover, these soft donor ligands show little enhancement in Eu/An separation. A number of species were observed in the diamide extraction. The largest separation factor (α = 10) was obtained for the extraction of the M(TTA)(DMDHOPDA)(ClO4)2 species.
Oral Supplementation with Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine Improves Lean Body Mass in Healthy Older Adults

Oral intake of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine may ameliorate muscle loss by stimulating protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation while simultaneously decreasing inflammation. Previous studies provide evidence for improvement in body composition with dietary supplementation of these ingredients among patients with muscle-wasting diseases. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of this amino acid mixture on lean body mass, muscle volume, and physical function among healthy older adults. Thirty-one community-dwelling men and women, aged 65-89 years, were randomized to either two oral doses of the amino acid supplement (totaling 3 g HMB, 14 g arginine, 14 g glutamine) or placebo daily for six months. At baseline and month six, lean body mass was measured by air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and four-compartment model. Muscle volume of quadriceps was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and participants performed a battery of tests to assess physical function. As compared to the placebo group, the treatment group exhibited improvement in a timed stair climb (p =.016) as well as significant increases in lean body mass by all methods of assessment (p <.05). Regional analysis by DXA revealed increased arm lean mass in the supplement group only (p =.035). However, no change was observed in MRI-derived quadriceps volume. Dietary supplementation with HMB, arginine, and glutamine improved total body lean mass among a small sample of healthy older adults. Further research is indicated to elucidate mechanisms of action and to determine whether supplementation may benefit frail elders. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT01057082.
Yttria-stabilized zirconia-aluminum matrix composites via ultrasonic additive manufacturing

Abstract High-integrity ceramic-metal composites combine electrical, thermal, and corrosion resistance with excellent mechanical robustness. Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a low temperature process that enables dissimilar material welds without inducing brittle phases. In this study, multiple layers of Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films are jointed between layers of Al 6061-H18 matrix using a 9 kW UAM system. UAM is advantageous over existing metal-ceramic composite fabrication techniques by continuously joining ceramics to metals at a speed of 2 m/min while requiring a moderate temperature that is 55% of the melting point of aluminum. The welding interface, which is found to include a 10 nm thick diffusion zone, is investigated using optical microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The shear strengths of the as-welded and heat-treated composites are 72 MPa and 103 MPa, respectively. The shear deformation and failure mechanism of the YSZ-Al composites are investigated via finite element modeling.
When should a gynecologist refer a patient for specialty care in osteoporosis

The field of obsteterics and gynecology occupies a unique position among those who care for patients with osteoporosis. As a generalist or primary care giver, the gynecologist is often the first physician to detect low bone mass or osteoporosis in an aging woman. As a specialist, the gynecologist may also have inner knowledge about this disease and is equipped to handle both the straightforward and the most challenging individuals with osteoporosis. Therefore, in some instances, the gynecologist will rarely refer patients to a specialist; other times, a gynecologist will consider referral to a specialist to be routine and often indicated. In this article, I suggest six reasons why someone in obstetrics and gynecology might refer a patient to a specialist in osteoporosis. These points include the discovery of low bone mass in a premenopausal woman; possible etiologies besides aging and the menopause, the occurrence of a fragility fracture in a woman whose T-score is not in the osteoporotic range; lack of access to instruments that measure central (spine and hip) bone density; challenging therapeutic settings; and the patient who is not improving on FDA-approved therapy.
Vertebral Artery Injury: An Update on Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment

The purpose of this review is to describe the current evidence for screening, diagnosis and treatment options for vertebral artery injuries (VAI). Data on vertebral artery injuries are relatively sparse. The available data on this topic are primarily derived from single institution series. Recent studies have suggested that screening protocols increase detection, CTA is the optimal diagnostic tool, and the most effect treatment strategy is not well established. Guidelines and data on vertebral artery injury are often based on pooled vertebral and carotid data, termed blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). There is insufficient evidence to support the application of BCVI-based guidelines to vertebral artery injury. More research is needed to elucidate the optimal treatment strategy for VAI.
Stroke recovery: Does one size fit all?

Stroke is common and disabling. The extensive literature on motor recovery after ischemic stroke and substantial advances to improve function1 capture only part of the story. The clinical and research communities increasingly recognize the importance of poststroke cognitive decline and patient-reported metrics, including mood, fatigue, and quality of life, in satisfaction with recovery.2,3 We lack evidence on how to best improve these symptoms after ischemic stroke, and even less data exist on recovery after other types of cerebrovascular events such as intracranial hemorrhage and TIA. A better understanding of recovery of function across cerebrovascular disease subtypes would inform discussions with patients and families and could help identify appropriate effective interventions to improve poststroke morbidity and quality of life.
Fifty Years of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Past, Present, and Future.

The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is the world’s longest running household panel survey. Since it began in 1968, it has collected data on the same families and their descendants, making it ...
Uniform boundary stabilization of a dynamical von Karman plate

Abstract In this paper, we develop global exponential decay rates for a von Karman plate. In previous works, geometric constraints have been placed upon the controlled portion of the boundary. In this paper all such geometric restrictions have been removed by using “sharp” trace regularity results based on microlocal analysis.
The use of EPR for the measurement of the concentration of oxygen in vivo in tissues under physiologically pertinent conditions and concentrations.

The aim of this paper is to describe an emerging methodology which appears to offer new capabilities for the measurement of the concentration of oxygen ([O2]) in complex biological systems in vitro and in vivo with the sensitivity and accuracy needed to make these measurements under conditions that are pertinent for physiological and pathological processes. The method uses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR or, equivalently, ESR); the approach is often termed EPR oximetry. In particular EPR oximetry can make measurements selectively in the intracellular compartment and in tissues in vivo and can detect [O2] as low as 0.1 micromolar. Our use of EPR to measure intracellular [O2] with nitroxides has been described previously (1–2) and therefore this paper will concentrate on the methodology to make measurements in vivo and also, at very low [O2]. We will review the basis of the methodology briefly but will emphasize results in tissues which illustrate the capabilities of this new technique. Because of the newness of this approach the results obtained so far have been aimed at determining and illustrating the potential of this technique, rather than providing detailed information on a specific biological problem. A companion paper illustrates a more detailed application of the new technology, the measurement of [O2] in skeletal muscle (3).
Disaster-driven discussion

Extreme weather events may provide opportunities to raise public awareness about the effects of climate change. Research now shows that although single events have limited impact on discussion of climate change in affected communities, some communities may be more receptive, particularly if the event can be clearly attributed to climate change.
Dissemination and Implementation Science

Although evidence-based interventions minimize healthcare variation and promote best practices, trial results or guideline publication alone does not guarantee practice change. Implementation is the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and change practice patterns within specific settings. This chapter reviews common implementation science terms, strategies, study designs and outcomes.
Eliminating Medical School Debt: A Dean and Geriatrician's View From Opposite Ends of the Training Pipeline

Free medical school tuition is an idea that is gaining traction. This commentary proposes alternative solutions to the problem of overwhelming educational debt: making medical school debt-free for ...
Computerized features of spatial arrangement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from H&E images predicts survival and response to checkpoint inhibitors in gynecologic cancers.

6074Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated success in solid tumors. In gynecologic cancers (GC), the response rate is still low (~10-15%) except in MSI-H endometrial cance...
Protein Discrimination Using a Fluorescence-Based Sensor Array of Thiacarbocyanine-GUMBOS.

Sensitive and selective detection of proteins from complex samples has gained substantial interest within the scientific community. Early and precise detection of key proteins play an important rol...
A Qualitative Community Assessment of Racial/Ethnic Sexual Gender Minority Young Adults: Principles for Strategies to Motivate Action(s) for Realistic Tasks (SMART Thinking) Addressing HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse:

HIV/STI, substance use, and mental health issues disproportionately affect racial/ethnic sexual minority young adults. These health vulnerabilities intensify across the life course, most notably wh...
Tandem Catalytic Systems Integrating Biocatalysts and Inorganic Catalysts Using Functionalized Porous Materials

Tandem catalysis research has recently come alive with various methods to design biosynthetic pathways utilizing enzymes and inorganic catalysts in single-pot systems. Clever applications of porous...
VEHiCLE: a Variationally Encoded Hi-C Loss Enhancement algorithm

Chromatin conformation plays an important role in a variety of genomic processes. Hi-C is one of the most popular assays for inspecting chromatin conformation. However, the utility of Hi-C contact maps is bottlenecked by resolution. Here we present VEHiCLE, a deep learning algorithm for resolution enhancement of Hi-C contact data. VEHiCLE utilizes a variational autoencoder and adversarial training strategy to enhance contact maps, making them more viable for downstream analysis. VEHiCLE expands previous efforts at Hi-C super-resolution by providing novel insight into the biologically meaningful and human interpretable feature extraction. Using a variational autoencoder VEHiCLE provides a user tunable, full, generative model for generating synthetic Hi-C data while also providing state-of-the-art results in enhancement of Hi-C data across multiple metrics.
The Professional Development of Future Professors of Foreign Languages: Looking Back, Looking Forward.

Although the professional development of graduate students in foreign language (FL) departments is of critical importance, discussion of its significance and evolution was all but absent in the 2007 Modern Language Association report “Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World,” a document advocating curricular and structural reforms of FL departments in forthright terms. This lacuna drove the current review, which traces the forms and foci of research appearing from 1987 to 2008 on the professional development of future professors of foreign languages. Empirical studies on the relation of graduate students’ beliefs and identities to their FL teaching experiences have integrated increasingly sophisticated research designs and theoretical frameworks over the past two decades; however, the primary focus of this field remained moving from a training perspective to a professional development perspective and substantiating this change with new practices that address FL graduate students’ long-term needs as teachers and scholars. The authors call for a renewed focus on empirical research in this field and a more symbiotic relationship between research investigating the processes and outcomes of FL graduate student professional development and the practices called for in FL departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Evidence-Based Interventions and Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates: The Colorectal Cancer Screening Program, 2015-2017.

Introduction The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers the Colorectal Cancer Control Program to increase colorectal cancer screening rates among people aged 50–75 years in areas where rates are lower than state or national levels. The aim of this study is to better understand the effectiveness of specific Colorectal Cancer Control Program components. Methods The study population included clinics enrolled in the Colorectal Cancer Control Program during Years 1 and 2. Clinic data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention annually from 2015 to 2017 for program evaluation were used. The outcome variable was screening rate change through Program Year 2, and predictor variables were a new implementation or enhancement of evidence-based interventions and other program components. The analysis, conducted in 2020, used ordinary least square and generalized estimating equations regressions and first difference models to estimate the associations of independent variables with the outcome. Results Of the total 336 clinics, 50%–70% newly implemented or enhanced different evidence-based interventions. Among these, client reminders were most highly associated with the increase in screening rates (8.0 percentage points). Provider reminder was not significantly associated with any change in screening rates. Among all program components, having a colorectal cancer screening champion was most highly (8.4 percentage points) associated with screening rate change. Results from different models were slightly different but in agreement. Conclusions Client reminders, provider assessment and feedback, and colorectal cancer screening champions were associated with increased clinic-level colorectal cancer screening rates. Universal implementation of these strategies can substantially increase colorectal cancer screening rates in the U.S.