cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle acceleration and MHD wave excitation upstream of interplanetary shocks

The theory of diffusive shock acceleration and its application in interplanetary space are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the distinction between diffusive and shock-drift shock acceleration, on ion-excitation of MHD waves upstream of the shock and the resulting self-consistent configuration of waves and accelerated ions, and on the mathematical theory of that configuration at quasi-parallel supercritical interplanetary travelling shocks. A comparison of predicted and observed proton anisotropies for the 12 November 1978 event is presented.
Factors affecting fish diversity on a temperate reef

Subtidal studies of fish stocks conducted along a rock breakwater in Southern California reveal a rich and diverse fauna with elements from cool and warm temperate regions. More than 100 species have been observed with half of these resident. Only a single large, permanently territorial species occurs on the reef though many small, often cryptic species defend home and/or reproductive sites. Many of the larger, mobile species orient to temperature stratification and a portion of the diversity can be allied to the ecotonal effect of stable stratification. Both large predators and herbivores are rare; the majority of the species are micropredators, grazing on sedentary or benthic microinvertebrates.
Including Residual Analysis in Designed Experiments: Case Studies

This article serves two purposes. First, we show via actual experiments how residual analysis can not only perform its usual statistical purposes but also serve as a final check for glitches. Second, we share a graphical display of residuals which, thou..
Neuropsychological decline/improvement in opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia.

Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia (OMA) is a rare neurological disorder (incidence = ∼1/5 million) primarily associated with involuntary conjugate saccadic eye movements, involuntary muscle jerks, cerebellar ataxia, and neuropsychological impairments. Unfortunately, there is limited published data regarding the nature and course of neuropsychological impairments following OMA diagnosis and treatment. This study presents neuropsychological data obtained at 1, 4, and 18 months post-diagnosis of a 52-year-old male with OMA. The patient initially demonstrated significant global neurocognitive, psychomotor, and psychological difficulties with substantial improvement over time. Treatment included medication management, physical rehabilitation, and psychological intervention.
Selective phosphorylation modulates the PIP2 sensitivity of the CaM–SK channel complex

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) regulates the activities of many membrane proteins, including ion channels, through direct interactions. However, the affinity of PIP2 is so high for some channel proteins that its physiological role as a modulator has been questioned. Here we show that PIP2 is a key cofactor for activation of small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels (SKs) by Ca(2+)-bound calmodulin (CaM). Removal of the endogenous PIP2 inhibits SKs. The PIP2-binding site resides at the interface of CaM and the SK C terminus. We further demonstrate that the affinity of PIP2 for its target proteins can be regulated by cellular signaling. Phosphorylation of CaM T79, located adjacent to the PIP2-binding site, by casein kinase 2 reduces the affinity of PIP2 for the CaM-SK channel complex by altering the dynamic interactions among amino acid residues surrounding the PIP2-binding site. This effect of CaM phosphorylation promotes greater channel inhibition by G protein-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2.
Two-step pathway to aminoacylated tRNA.

The 3.0 A crystal structure of a tRNA-dependent amidotransferase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi (Schmitt et al., 2005; in this issue of Structure ) provides the first detailed insight into how cells lacking canonical tRNA synthetases nonetheless carry out protein synthesis with high fidelity.
Relationships Between Regional Cerebellar Volume and Sensorimotor and Cognitive Function in Young and Older Adults

The cerebellum has been implicated in both sensorimotor and cognitive function, but is known to undergo volumetric declines with advanced age. Individual differences in regional cerebellar volume may therefore provide insight into performance variability across the lifespan, as has been shown with other brain structures and behaviors. Here, we investigated whether there are regional age differences in cerebellar volume in young and older adults, and whether these volumes explain, in part, individual differences in sensorimotor and cognitive task performance. We found that older adults had smaller cerebellar volume than young adults; specifically, lobules in the anterior cerebellum were more impacted by age. Multiple regression analyses for both age groups revealed associations between sensorimotor task performance in several domains (balance, choice reaction time, and timing) and regional cerebellar volume. There were also relationships with working memory, but none with measures of general cognitive or executive function. Follow-up analyses revealed several differential relationships with age between regional volume and sensorimotor performance. These relationships were predominantly selective to cerebellar regions that have been implicated in cognitive functions. Therefore, it may be the cognitive aspects of sensorimotor task performance that are best explained by individual differences in regional cerebellar volumes. In sum, our results demonstrate the importance of regional cerebellar volume with respect to both sensorimotor and cognitive performance, and we provide additional insight into the role of the cerebellum in age-related performance declines.
Investigation Of The Electromagnetic Properties Of Magnetite As A Function Of Grain Size

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can be used to find subsurface water on Mars. The electromagnetic properties of the soil, specifically dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability, strongly affect the depth of penetration of GPR. Attenuation of electromagnetic waves is higher in soils with high magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity values. Previous research suggests that the electromagnetic properties of magnetite, a mineral present in the global Martian dust layer, may vary with grain size at low frequencies. In this paper these properties were measured at radar frequencies to determine whether grain size will affect GPR. The measurements indicated that grain size has an effect on these properties. Dielectric permittivity decreased with decreasing grain size, while magnetic permeability increased with decreasing grain size. The time constant of the magnetic relaxation also increases with decreasing grain size. The changes in dielectric permittivity are small and will have little effect on GPR results. However, the changes in magnetic permeability and the time constant of magnetic relaxation will have a larger effect. These results indicate that grain size should be taken into account when interpreting GPR data obtained on Mars.
Effects of Fire on Riparian Forests Along a Free-Flowing Dryland River

Riparian fire studies in the American Southwest have focused on flow-regulated rivers and typically show increase in introduced Tamarix, a species with high resprout capacity, and declines in Populus. Effects of fire, however, can vary with environmental setting. We examined riparian fire along the free-flowing Upper San Pedro River (Arizona) by making temporal comparisons supplemented by spatial contrasts between burned and unburned sites. Pre-fire, Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii were dominant species, with Tamarix sparse in the understory. Species differed in mortality and resprout rates, producing post-fire vegetation change. Mortality was highest for Tamarix, intermediate for Salix, and lowest for Populus, and also varied among size classes. Resprout rate was low for Populus, high for Salix, and also high for the few surviving Tamarix. The net effect was changes in population size structure (relative shifts towards larger Populus but smaller individuals of other species) and forest composition (decreased abundance of Tamarix relative to Populus and Salix), and in spatial distribution of stems. Tamarix’s low ability to survive fire resulted from competitive suppression by Populus and Salix, with their dominance a product of the site’s flow regime. Results indicate that post-fire outcomes within the riparian Southwest are variable and context-dependent.
ARI-1, an RBR family ubiquitin-ligase, functions with UBC-18 to regulate pharyngeal development in C. elegans

The LIN-35 retinoblastoma protein homolog and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC-18 function redundantly to control an early step of pharyngeal morphogenesis in C. elegans. In order to identify ubiquitin-ligases acting downstream of UBC-18, we carried out a two-hybrid screen using UBC-18 as the bait molecule. Our screen identified three putative ubiquitin-ligases, one of which, ARI-1, showed genetic interactions leading to defective pharyngeal development that were identical to that previously observed for UBC-18. ARI-1 is a member of the RBR family of ubiquitin-ligases and contains a C-terminal motif that places it within the highly conserved Ariadne subfamily of RBR ligases. Our analyses indicate that ARI-1 is the principal Ariadne family member in C. elegans that is involved in the control of pharyngeal development with UBC-18. Using GFP reporters, we find that ARI-1 is expressed dynamically in a wide range of tissues including muscles and neurons during embryonic and postembryonic development. We also provide evidence that dsRNA species containing 14 or fewer base pairs of contiguous identity with closely related mRNAs are sufficient to mediate off-target silencing in C. elegans.
Coleochaete and the origin of land plants

For a century the green alga Coleochaete has figured prominently in considerations of the origins of land plants (embryophytes). Certain of its advaneed features eontributed to Bower's (1908) theories on the origin of the land plant sporophyte by interealation. Though Bower's ideas were disputed in later years, reeent investigations of Coleochaete and other green algae have lent strong support to them. At present it appears that further study of Coleochaete and other eharophyeean algae may eontribute mueh to our understanding of how a number of plant features, ineluding reproduetive ones, originated.
Frequency doubling and optical parametric oscillation with potassium niobate

Frequency doubling and optical parametric oscillation are investigated with potassium niobate in an external resonator. For frequency doubling of 860 nm input, 650 mW of cw blue light around 430 nm has been generated for 1.35 W of infrared input. In a cavity with reduced losses, overall conversion efficiency of up to 70% has been achieved. With regard to parametric oscillation with a 430 nm pump, 100 mW of stable cw emission from the optical parametric oscillator has been obtained for pump power 250 mW. Blue-light induced infrared absorption has been discovered to have significant deleterious effects and to be the principal reason why even higher efficiencies have not been reached.
State Definitions of Emotional Disturbance.

This article examines definitions state education agencies use to describe the federal education disability called “emotional disturbance.” State definitions were collected so that various aspects of them could be analyzed and compared with results of similar studies completed in the 1970s and 1980s. Among results are that state definitions have changed substantially over the decades and definitions have become increasingly similar to the federal definition. Discussion elaborated key findings about components of the state definitions, changes in terminology, and features of the federal definition shared by state definitions. Several recommendations are offered for research and policy consideration, as suggested by the findings.
Dynamic analysis of profundus tendon function

A method for analysis of hand function is reported through evaluation and characterization of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon mechanics. A testing platform is used that allows for the dynamic evaluation of intact cadaver hand mechanics under normal and pathologic conditions using simultaneous measurements of tendon load, tendon excursion, grip strength, pinch strength, and joint angle. This study of FDP tendons in normal fresh cadaver hands demonstrates that FDP tendon excursion increases as the number and size of joints flexed increases. Extensor counterweighting 500 g, increases FDP tendon load and work but not excursion requirements, and FDP loads of up to 75 N are required for single finger grip strengths of 4 kg force. These loads do not result in permanent (plastic) deformation of either the tendon or the restraining soft tissues. Detailed descriptions of the platform and the mechanical tests performed are provided.
Multipoles in cylindrical coordinates

Solutions of Laplace's equation for azimuthally symmetrical potentials in cylindrical coordinates are found which can be correlated with two-dimensional multipoles in planes theta = const. Formulas are presented by which the coefficients for linear combinations of these solutions can be calculated to describe fields whose values are known along given axial or radial lines. (NL)
Uptake of soil applied cadmium, nickel and selenium by bush beans

A field study was conducted to determine the phytoavailability of Cd, Ni and Se to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar. Blue Lake) when grown in an Orangeburg loamy sand (Typic Paleudult). The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design, with three metals (Cd, Ni, Se) and three metal concentrations (control, medium, and high). Application of metals either at high or medium levels did not influence the biomass production. Cadmium was relatively immobile and tended to accumulate mostly in the roots. Nickel and Se, however, tended to be more mobile in the plant as indicated by Ni accumulating equally in roots and pods and Se accumulating mostly in the roots but significantly greater than Cd and Ni in all plant parts. Our results indicate that bush beans exposed to Se had Concentration Factors (C.F.) of up to 250 in the pods and over 800 in roots. Cadmium had a C.F. of 4 in roots and negligible in above ground plant parts, while a Ni C.F. was 2 in roots and pods but negligible in leaves. This study provides evidence that Se has more potential for accumulation in bush beans than does Cd or Ni.
Hyposecretion, not hyperabsorption, is the basic defect of cystic fibrosis airway glands.

Human airways and glands express the anion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR, and the epithelial Na+ channel, ENaC. Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway glands fail to secrete mucus in response to vasoactive intestinal peptide or forskolin; the failure was attributed to loss of CFTR-mediated anion and fluid secretion. Alternatively, CF glands might secrete acinar fluid via CFTR-independent pathways, but the exit of mucus from the glands could be blocked by hyperabsorption of fluid in the gland ducts. This could occur because CFTR loss can disinhibit ENaC, and ENaC activity can drive absorption. To test these two hypotheses, we measured single gland mucus secretion optically and applied ENaC inhibitors to determine whether they augmented secretion. Human CF glands were pretreated with benzamil and then stimulated with forskolin in the continued presence of benzamil. Benzamil did not rescue the lack of secretion to forskolin (50 glands, 6 CF subjects) nor did it increase the rate of cholinergically mediated mucus secretion from CF glands. Finally, neither benzamil nor amiloride increased forskolin-stimulated mucus secretion from porcine submucosal glands (75 glands, 7 pigs). One possible explanation for these results is that ENaC within the gland ducts was not active in our experiments. Consistent with that possibility, we discovered that human airway glands express Kunitz-type and non-Kunitz serine protease inhibitors, which might prevent proteolytic activation of ENaC. Our results suggest that CF glands do not display excessive, ENaC-mediated fluid absorption, leaving defective, anion-mediated fluid secretion as the most likely mechanism for defective mucus secretion from CF glands.
Estimation of location and scale in Cauchy distributions using the empirical characteristic function

SUMMARY The iterative method for the parameter estimation of stable laws proposed by Koutrouvelis (1981) is modified to handle the case where the distribution is assumed to belong to a Cauchy family with location and/or scale parameter unknown. It is shown that the determination of optimum values at which the empirical characteristic function needs to be evaluated reduces in this case to the determination of the asymptotically optimum quantiles for the parameter estimation of an exponential distribution by linear functions of order statistics. The estimators of the scale and location parameters are asymptotically independent and normally distributed, and achieve asymptotic efficiencies close to unity. The proposed procedure is compared to a method of estimation using linear functions of order statistics.
Creating a mobile computer lab for staff training

UC Berkeley's Operational Excellence initiative is a multi-year, multi-project approach to make operations more efficient so that the University may direct more resources away from administrative expenses and towards teaching and research in supporting the UC mission statement.[1] One such project to help with the overall goal of OE is the creation of a 10 seat mobile computing lab in response to the growing need of staff training for OE projects across the UC Berkeley campus. The mobile lab was originally created and managed in March 2012 by a single FTE-technician who had to dedicate a significant amount of time managing the logistics of a new mobile computer facility. The project was then transitioned to the Educational Technology Services-Computer Facilities and its staff of 70+ student employees in November 2012. The pairing allowed for a flexible, affordable solution, which focused on the staff training needs of the campus. This allowed for the Computer Facilities staff to offer lecture-style training sessions in a traditional computer lab environment, with the new option of a mobile lab setup for smaller staff training sessions held in a departmental meeting room or office space.
Factors Affecting Stability of Modified Contemporary Comparison Sire Evaluations for Milk Yield

Abstract Characteristics of early Predicted Differences for milk from Modified Contemporary Comparison were related by regression analysis to stability of evaluations over time as measured by change of Predicted Difference. Change was considered both as actual difference and as absolute difference. Bulls were required to add at least 25 daughters between early and last available evaluations. Characteristics of early evaluations included number and production of daughters and contemporaries; effective daughters per herd; number, deviation milk, and repeatability of contemporary sires; percent daughters registered and percent culled in first lactation; percent records in progress; pedigree value of the bull; and Predicted Difference for type of the bull, his sire, and his maternal grandsire. Regression models accounted for relatively little of the variation of change of Predicted Difference, suggesting that random sampling was a major cause of change. Adding type information explained much variation, but measures of type were not associated with large differences of stability. Production by daughters and contemporaries significantly influenced changes and could aid decisions by studs. Artificial insemination and natural service bulls that entered artificial insemination service had similar absolute changes and were less stable than natural service bulls remaining in natural service. The three groups did not differ for actual change of Predicted Difference.
Non-Gaussian diffusion MRI of gray matter is associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

Background:Non-Gaussian diffusion imaging by using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) allows assessment of isotropic tissue as of gray matter (GM), an important limitation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Objective:In this study, we describe DKI and DTI metrics of GM in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and their association with cognitive deficits.Methods:Thirty-four patients with relapsing–remitting MS and 17 controls underwent MRI on a 3T scanner including a sequence for DKI with 30 diffusion directions and 3b values for each direction. Mean kurtosis (MK), mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA) of cortical and subcortical GM were measured using histogram analysis. Spearman rank correlations were used to characterize associations among imaging measures and clinical/neuropsychological scores.Results:In cortical GM, a significant decrease of MK (0.68 vs. 0.73; p < 0.001) and increase of FA (0.16 vs. 0.13; p < 0.001) was found in patients compared to controls. Decreased cortical MK was correlated ...
A test of ve-theories of risk and the effect of the central limit theorem

Abstract There are several theories of risk which indicate that risk could be a function only of variance and expectation. A transformation on odds or skewness was constructed which left the variance and expectation of a gamble unchanged. Perceived risk was clearly a function of this transformation as well as variance and expectation, even under multiple play in which the effect of the central limit theorem modifies the effect of skewness but it remains a relevant variable.
ACL Message-Oriented Agent Communication and Migration

This article presents an approach for inter-agent communication and inter-platform agent migration based on IEEE FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) Agent Communication Language (ACL) messages. The promising features of IEEE FIPA standards that support open, flexible, and interoperable agent communication and migration are discussed in the paper. Messages for agent communication and migration, platform architecture that deliver and manage these messages, and the main procedure of processing a mobile agent message are also introduced. An application example, in which a mobile agent visits multiple hosts and travels via mobile agent messages, simulates a mobile agent for remote data processing. This example shows the feasibility, simplicity, and openness of the presented approach for mobile agent migration. Using FIPA ACL messages for agent migration in FIPA compliant agent systems simplifies agent platform, reduces development effort, and easily achieves inter-platform migration through well-designed communication mechanisms provided in the agent platform.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Lower extremity iatrogenic nerve injury due to compression during intraabdominal surgery

Background Iatrogenic nerve injury due to poor positioning and external compression is a common surgical complication. However, sciatic neuropathy from external compression and femoral nerve injury after self-retaining retraction are less-published complications. Methods Surgical Morbidity and Mortality Reports from 1986 through 1995 were reviewed to identify femoral and sciatic neuropathies following intraabdominal vascular and general surgeries. Results Two sciatic and 5 femoral neuropathies were reported, an incidence of approximately 0.17% of abdominal cases. Sciatic injuries were attributed to external compression, whereas femoral neuropathies were due to compression by self-retaining retraction. The 3 female and 4 male patients had a mean age of 53.4 years, and no patient had a prior history of peripheral neuropathy. Mean operating time for sciatic injuries was 8.2 hours, versus 4.3 hours for femoral neuropathies. Both patients with sciatic neuropathy had complete resolution of symptoms, compared with 1 femoral neuropathy patient. Two femoral neuropathies were permanent, 1 had partial resolution and 1 had improvement at 4 months but was lost to follow-up. Conclusions Sciatic and femoral compression neuropathies are rare but serious complications of abdominal surgery. When retracting in the deep pelvis, consideration should be given to using small, well-padded retractor blades and repositioning these regularly. Prevention of sciatic nerve compression requires careful padding of the table surface, especially for longer cases.
Descriptive analysis of fatal falls of older adults in a Midwestern county in the year 2005.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Falls in older adults continues to be a serious problem worldwide. Falls are the leading cause of injury related deaths among older adults in the United States. Though, there have been many effective fall prevention programs reported, there is still a gap in the literature that addresses the effectiveness of interventions that prevent fall related deaths. The purposes of this study are to (1) carry out preliminary descriptive analyses on persons who died after a fall in the year 2005 in one Midwest county and (2) compare county data to national and international statistics. METHODS AND MATERIALS: With cooperation of the County Medical Examiner, 103 death certificates and medical records of older adults who died due to complications after a fall from the year 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistics were developed for: (1) demographics prior to the fall, (2) fall descriptors including activity, place of fall, and outcome of the fall, (3) outcomes after fall including: injuries incurred, cause of death, and days from fall to death. RESULTS: Average age of people who died after a fall was 85.4 years. More than 50% of the fatal falls occurred in the home and resulted in a hip fracture. The most common cause of death was complications of a hip fracture with an average of 31 days from fall to death. CONCLUSION: Despite the recommendations regarding fall prevention, there still is a need to investigate the significant number of fatalities after falls. Language: en
Book Reviews: Applied Anthropology

Book reviewed in this article: Iroquois Land Claims. Christopher Vecsey and William A. Starna, eds. Formulating American Indian Policy in New York State, 1970–1986. Laurence M. Hauptman
Asphalt Binder Contribution to Mixture Workability and Application of Asphalt Lubricity Test to Estimate Compactability Temperatures for Warm-Mix Asphalt

The disconnect between estimated compaction temperatures on the basis of viscosity and behavior observed in laboratory- and field-compacted mixes indicates that the sole use of viscosity is insufficient to characterize the role of the asphalt binder in mixture compaction. The asphalt lubricity test was presented as a complement or replacement to viscosity on the basis of the concept that it was necessary to measure the properties of binders in thin films to relate better to compaction of mixes and to detect the effects of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additives. To assess the value of the asphalt lubricity test, the relative contributions of lubricity, viscosity, and aggregate gradation on mixture workability at different levels of compactive effort were studied with statistical analysis. The mixes included fine and coarse gradations prepared with various conventional and WMA-modified binders, compacted at a range of temperatures representative of those used for WMA. Results indicated that gradation and binder l...
Weak Electrolyte Transport across Biological Membranes

The objective of studies on the physiology of cellular membranes is to define the factors that determine the distribution of solutes between a cell and its environment. For the purpose of defining these determinants it is usually found convenient to divide solutes into two groups(1); those that exist as neutral molecules in aqueous solution, the nonelectrolytes; and those that bear a net positive or negative charge, the ions. The determinants for transmembrane movement of these two groups of solutes differ both with respect to the physical forces driving their flows and in terms of the interactions with membrane constituents that determine the rate at which a flow may occur. A third group of solutes may be identified which, from the perspective of their transport through biological membranes, exhibits properties in common with both nonelectrolytes and ions. These solutes are the weak electrolytes.
A Bayesian approach to parameter selection for simulated annealing

The authors present a hybrid method of global optimization which uses Bayesian global optimization to choose the parameters of a simulated annealing method, specifically, the initial and final temperatures. This removes the burden on the user for the choice of these values and allows the search to progress optimally. The properties of the Bayesian and simulated annealing algorithms are discussed. A new hybrid algorithm is introduced and selected results on standard test functions are presented. >
Manipulations of AMP Metabolic Genes Increase Growth Rate and Cold Tolerance in Escherichia coli: Implications for Psychrophilic Evolution

Diverse organisms have adapted to thrive at low temperatures (i.e., ,20 C, termed psychrophiles), colonizing the majority of earth’s biosphere. In contrast with mesophiles (20–40 C thermal range), all observed psychrophiles increase intracellular adenosine 5’-triphosphate concentrations as temperatures decline; this phenomenon has been described as an important compensatory mechanism to deal with decreases in thermal energy and molecular motion. We considered purine metabolic pathways in class gammaproteobacteria (n 5 115) to investigate metabolic and evolutionary bases of this process. A survey of the KEGG database indicated that psychrophilic purine metabolic pathways tend to be enriched with de novo adenosine 5#-monophosphate (AMP) synthetic enzymes, whereas mesophiles tend to be enriched with AMP degradative enzymes. Function of the observed psychrophilic pathway structure was tested by engineering the mesophilic gammaproteobacterium Escherichia coli to reflect psychrophilic purine metabolism, specifically by expressing adenylosuccinate synthetase (purA) from the psychrophilic gammaproteobacterium, Psychrobacter cryohalolentis ,i n an AMP nucleosidase (amn)–deficient background. Modified E. coli was capable of growing up to ;70% faster at low temperatures and became up to ;10-fold more cold tolerant relative to wild type. These findings highlight potentially important transitional steps in psychrophilic evolution.
Joint MMSE beamforming with SIC for an overloaded array system

We propose a new signal extraction method that combines MMSE beamforming with successive interference cancellation (SIC) for an overloaded antenna array system. By an overloaded array system, we mean that the number of desired signals exceeds the number of distinct antenna elements, often by a significant amount. We evaluate the performance of the proposed signal extraction method through the use of bit error rate (BER) simulation. The simulation results show that the new signal extraction method can increase the number of users that can be supported in an airborne communication environment. We also evaluate the effects of directional antenna patterns on the performance of the proposed signal extraction method. Performance results for an 8 element antenna array show that the proposed signal extraction method with a 60/spl deg/ half-power beam width (HPBW) directional pattern can support up to 16 users (twice as many as number of antenna elements) and a 30/spl deg/ HPBW directional pattern can support up to 24 users (three times as many as number of antenna elements).
Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory

As people get older, they experience fewer negative emotions. Strategic processes in older adults' emotional attention and memory might play a role in this variation with age. Older adults show more emotionally gratifying memory distortion for past choices and autobiographical information than younger adults do. In addition, when shown stimuli that vary in affective valence, positive items account for a larger proportion of older adults' subsequent memories than those of younger adults. This positivity effect in older adults' memories seems to be due to their greater focus on emotion regulation and to be implemented by cognitive control mechanisms that enhance positive and diminish negative information. These findings suggest that both cognitive abilities and motivation contribute to older adults' improved emotion regulation.
Management of fetal tumors

Objective To review the diagnosis, management, and treatment options of tumors presenting during fetal development. Methods Recognized textbooks and peer-reviewed literature (from the years 1985–2006) were summarized for the most common information on fetal tumors. Results Fetal tumors are rare, with a usual prevalence of less than 1 in 10,000 live births. The list of fetal tumors reviewed includes tumors involving multiple sites, such as teratoma, lymphangioma, and hemangioma, and tumors located specifically in organs such the liver, adrenal gland, kidney, and placenta. Conclusions Prenatal diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of fetal tumors is limited to case reports, small series, and single-institution experience.
Testing of concurrent software

Although a lot of research has been done in software testing, how to test concurrent programs effectively has not received much attention. Two early papers on testing concurrent programs were written by P. Brinch Hansen (see Software-Practice and Experience, vol.8, p.145-50 and p.721-9 (1989)) K.C. Tai's paper (1985) addressed several issues on testing concurrent programs and started the work on deterministic execution testing and debugging of concurrent programs. These and other research results on testing concurrent programs are briefly examined. The following approaches to testing concurrent programs are discussed: single execution testing, multiple execution testing, and deterministic execution testing. Problems in deterministic execution testing and debugging of concurrent programs are examined. >
EXTRACTIVE AND ENZYMATIC ANALYSES FOR LIMITING OR SURPLUS PHOSPHORUS IN ALGAE

SUMMARY An extractive procedure for detection of surplus-stored phosphorus (luxury consumption) in algae and an enzymatic analysis for conditions of P-limited growth in algae have been evaluated. A simple 60-min boiling water extraction of algae known to contain surplus P separates essential P compounds and surplus-stored P compounds. Surplus P compounds can be measured in the extract as orthophosphate. Extracts of algae limited in their growth by the amount of available P contain little or no orthophosphate. Limitation of algal growth by P supply induces the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The activity of this enzyme can be measured at pH 9 using p-nitro-phenylphosphate as substrate. Algae which were P-limited and contained no extractable orthophosphate have as much as 25 times more alkaline phosphatase activity than algae with surplus available P.
Reversible hydrogen storage properties of NaAlH4 catalyzed with scandium

Abstract A systematic study was carried out to compare the reversible hydrogen storage properties of Sc-doped NaAlH 4 with Ti-doped NaAlH 4 . Uncycled and cycled (five times) samples of 1, 2 and 4 mol% Sc-doped NaAlH 4 and 4 mol% Ti-doped NaAlH 4 were examined. Temperature programmed desorption, constant temperature desorption, and constant temperature cycling results revealed the following: Sc-doped NaAlH 4 realized very fast hydrogenation kinetics, reasonably fast dehydrogenation kinetics and minimal hydrogen capacity losses during cycling over a broad range of temperatures without any additives or co-dopants. Sc-doped NaAlH 4 also exhibited comparable kinetics and a higher hydrogen storage capacity compared to Ti-doped NaAlH 4 , depending on the temperature, metal dopant level, and cycling. Sc exhibited this superior performance over Ti perhaps because Sc is an earlier transition metal than Ti.
Autosomal Dominant Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 1 in an Infant with Salt Wasting Crisis Associated with Urinary Tract Infection and Obstructive Uropathy

Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA1) is a salt wasting syndrome caused by renal resistance to aldosterone. Primary renal PHA1 or autosomal dominant PHA1 is caused by mutations in mineralocorticoids receptor gene (NR3C2), while secondary PHA1 is frequently associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) and/or urinary tract malformations (UTM). We report a 14-day-old male infant presenting with severe hyperkalemia, hyponatremic dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and markedly elevated serum aldosterone level, initially thought to have secondary PHA1 due to the associated UTI and posterior urethral valves. His serum aldosterone remained elevated at 5 months of age, despite resolution of salt wasting symptoms. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a deletion of exons 3–5 in NR3C2 in the patient and his asymptomatic mother who also had elevated serum aldosterone level, confirming that he had primary or autosomal dominant PHA1. Our case raises the possibility that some patients with secondary PHA1 attributed to UTI and/or UTM may instead have primary autosomal dominant PHA1, for which genetic testing should be considered to identify the cause, determine future recurrence risk, and possibly prevent the life-threatening salt wasting in a subsequent family member. Future clinical research is needed to investigate the potential overlapping between secondary PHA1 and primary autosomal dominant PHA1.
Computational design and characterization of a temperature-sensitive plasmid replicon for gram positive thermophiles

Background Temperature-sensitive (Ts) plasmids are useful tools for genetic engineering, but there are currently none compatible with the gram positive, thermophilic, obligate anaerobe, Clostridium thermocellum. Traditional mutagenesis techniques yield Ts mutants at a low frequency, and therefore requires the development of high-throughput screening protocols, which are also not available for this organism. Recently there has been progress in the development of computer algorithms which can predict Ts mutations. Most plasmids currently used for genetic modification of C. thermocellum are based on the replicon of plasmid pNW33N, which replicates using the RepB replication protein. To address this problem, we set out to create a Ts plasmid by mutating the gene coding for the RepB replication protein using an algorithm designed by Varadarajan et al. (1996) for predicting Ts mutants based on the amino-acid sequence of the protein.
Jesus Barabbas, a Nominal Messiah? Text and History in Matthew 27.16–17*

This article examines the textual arguments offered for and against the reading Jesus Barabbas in Matthew 27.16–17. While siding with the position that the longer reading, Jesus Barabbas, stood in the original text of Matthew's Gospel, this article argues against the tendency of scholars to deduce from the longer reading that a historical figure called ‘Jesus’ with the patronymic ‘Barabbas’ was released by Pilate, and that this man's name was suppressed by Christian tradition out of reverence for the name Jesus.
A process-tolerant cache architecture for improved yield in nanoscale technologies

Process parameter variations are expected to be significantly high in a sub-50-nm technology regime, which can severely affect the yield, unless very conservative design techniques are employed. The parameter variations are random in nature and are expected to be more pronounced in minimum geometry transistors commonly used in memories such as SRAM. Consequently, a large number of cells in a memory are expected to be faulty due to variations in different process parameters. We analyze the impact of process variation on the different failure mechanisms in SRAM cells. We also propose a process-tolerant cache architecture suitable for high-performance memory. This technique dynamically detects and replaces faulty cells by dynamically resizing the cache. It surpasses all the contemporary fault tolerant schemes such as row/column redundancy and error-correcting code (ECC) in handling failures due to process variation. Experimental results on a 64-K direct map L1 cache show that the proposed technique can achieve 94% yield compared to its original 33% yield (standard cache) in a 45-nm predictive technology under /spl sigma//sub Vt-inter/=/spl sigma//sub Vt-intra/=30 mV.
Move and the robot will learn: Vision-based autonomous learning of object models

As robots are increasingly deployed in complex real-world domains, visual object recognition continues to be an open problem. Existing algorithms for learning and recognizing objects are predominantly computationally expensive, and require considerable training or domain knowledge. Our algorithm enables robots to use motion cues to identify and focus on a set of interesting objects, automatically extracting appearance-based and contextual cues from a small number of images to efficiently learn representative models of these objects. Learned models exploit complementary strengths of: (a) relative spatial arrangement of gradient features; (b) graph-based models of neighborhoods of gradient features; (c) parts-based models of image segments; (d) color distributions; and (e) mixture models of local context. The learned models are used in conjunction with an energy minimization algorithm and a generative model of information fusion for reliable and efficient recognition in novel scenes. The algorithm is evaluated on mobile robots in indoor and outdoor domains, and on images from benchmark datasets.
Dynamics of a System of Two Coupled Oscillators Which are Driven by a Third Oscillator

Analytical and numerical methods are applied to a pair of coupled nonidentical phase-only oscillators, where each is driven by the same independent third oscillator. The presence of numerous bifurcation curves defines parameter regions with 2, 4, or 6 solutions corresponding to phase locking. In all cases, only one solution is stable. Elsewhere, phase locking to the driver does not occur, but the average frequencies of the drifting oscillators are in the ratio of m:n. These behaviors are shown analytically to exist in the case of no coupling, and are identified using numerical integration when coupling is included.
Reconstruction or deconstruction?: A reply to Johanna Meehan

I argue that Johanna Meehan’s call to examine the extralinguistic psychic, affective and biological dimensions of gender identity is extremely important both for feminist theory in particular and for contemporary Continental philosophy in general. However, I suspect that such an examination might necessitate more than a mere expansion or reconstruction of Habermas’ views; on the contrary, I suggest that Meehan’s line of argument might lead instead toward a radical deconstruction of Habermasian critical theory.
Gender's Role in Responses to Infertility:

Infertility is a major life stressor that affects approximately 10% of U.S. married couples. Infertile women and men have reported experiencing depression, helplessness, and marital strain. Given U...
Anomaly and commonplace in European political expansion: realist and institutional accounts

The global expansion of the European state system suggests strong connections between political “life chances” and international status. Polities recognized as sovereign within the Western international community are much less likely than unrecognized polities to be colonized and are much less likely than dependencies to merge or dissolve. These variations in stability are difficult to understand through balance-of-power politics. They may be more plausibly explained through the institutional structure of the state system and, in particular, the organization of the system as a community of mutual recognition. Sovereign members of this community are treated in fundamentally different ways than are those seen as outside Western state society or as the dependent possessions of sovereign states.
Post-placement voltage island generation under performance requirement

High power consumption not only leads to short battery life for handheld devices, but also causes on-chip thermal and reliability problems in general. As power consumption is proportional to the square of supply voltage, reducing supply voltage can significantly reduce power consumption. Multi-supply voltage (MSV) has previously been introduced to provide finer-grain power and performance trade-off. In this work we propose a methodology on top of a set of algorithms to exploit non-trivial voltage island boundaries for optimal power versus design cost trade-off under performance requirement. Our algorithms are efficient, robust and error-bounded, and can be flexibly tuned to optimize for various design objectives (e.g., minimal power within a given number of voltage islands, or minimal fragmentation in voltage islands within a given power bound) depending on the design requirement. Our experiment on real industry designs shows a ten-fold improvement of our method over current logical-boundary based industry approach.
The Shape of the Carbon Nucleus

We1 have made the most precise determination to date of a nuclear charge distribution. Now that our result is published, it should serve as a standard to which all electron scattering data will be normalized2. What I wish to present here is a sketch of the current state of experimental electron scattering, a synopsis of our difficult measurement, and a glimpse of the process by which we achieved our results.
COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORIES OF GEORGIA AND VIRGINIA COTTON RATS

Abstract Adult hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were collected from the field monthly for >2 years from populations near the northern edge of their range in Virginia and contemporaneously from south-central Georgia. Body measurements and weights were taken at capture, and after dissection embryos, corpora lutea, and placental scars were counted and measured; testes and seminal vesicles were dissected out, measured, and weighed. This allowed comparison of several life-history parameters between the populations and tests of several life-history hypotheses. The breeding season was up to 2 months longer in Georgia than in Virginia, where there was typically a 3-month or longer winter inactive period. Some reproductive activity was observed among Georgia females in all 12 calendar months, whereas pregnancies were never observed in Virginia during November–February. Average litter sizes were significantly higher in Virginia (5.91 ± 1.41, up to 13) than in Georgia (5.16 ± 1.79, up to 9); this difference ma...
Ely the Transgressor

Top-of-the-charts citation counts hardly capture John Hart Ely's formidable role in American constitutional law. John's impeccable Establishment credentials as a student, teacher, and dean - at schools including Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Stanford - misleadingly suggest that he was influential because he was an insider.' John's uncanny ability to be present (and directly involved) at the creation of such significant matters as Gideon v. Wainwright, the Warren Commission, and the 1964 Term of the Warren Court might underscore such a misperception. In fact, John delighted to cross the usual lines and to elude classification. Perhaps it was his strong ego that allowed him to be generous to the unfamous and to those in need of protection.
Intellectual Property Rights Management with Web Service Grids

This paper enumerates the ways in which configurations of web services may complicate issues of licensing language resources, whether data or tools. It details specific licensing challenges within the context of the US Language Application (LAPPS) Grid, sketches a solution under development and highlights ways in which that approach may be extended for other web service configurations.