cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in problem-solving research - Twelve recently described tasks.

Review of descriptions of the 12 problem-solving tasks developed since the last review (Ray, 1955) of this topic, indicating that the newer tasks are more sophisticated in design and provide for better experimental control than those used prior to 1953. Validity, reliability, sensitivity, trainability, problem structure, and problem difficulty are discussed as criteria for the selection of tasks to be used in studies of skilled problem-solving performance.
Enchanting Fields: Collective Events and Emotion as Value-Amplifiers during the Emergence and Institutionalization of the Maker Movement

Recent research has shown that emerging economic fields, and their associated products, practices and organizational forms, often resemble social movements. Championing new and unrecognizable ventures is a risky business that deters opportunists — leaving social movement organizations and socially and politically motivated field pioneers to mobilize support for field formation. However, once social and material support for the new field is established, the draw of legitimacy and more certain profits pulls opportunists into the field. These new entrants prioritize instrumental goals such as economic efficiency over value-rational goals associated with the early, movement-like field: the field becomes “disenchanted” as it is legitimated and marketized. Applying this theory of institutionalization to the maker movement, an education and open-source technology movement that has fueled a nascent field, we find that disenchantment — the trade-off of value-rationality for instrumental-rationality — is not a foregone conclusion in an institutionalizing field. Rather, organizations can use collective events to foster emotion, which in turn serves to maintain and augment the field’s value-rationality even as the field becomes institutionalized and marketized. This study identifies an emotional mechanism through which markets and organizations can sustain and recharge their values, providing conditions under which value-rationality and instrumental-rationality in a field are compatible.
Investment Options and HSAs: Findings from the EBRI HSA Database

This paper examines data from the EBRI HSA Database to get a better understanding of who is using the investment-account option, and how account balances and contributions differ with respect to whether there is an open investment option in a health savings account (HSA). It focuses on the 1.2 million accounts in the EBRI Database that have information on the presence of an investment option. In 2014, 6.4 percent of HSA owners in the EBRI HSA Database had used the investment option portion of the account. Forty-seven percent of the HSAs with investments were opened between 2005 and 2008, compared with 8 percent among HSAs without investments. Among HSA owners with investments, the average age was 48.5 in 2014, compared with 43 among HSA owners without investments. Individuals contributed $2,636 annually on average when they had investments and $1,224 when they did not have investments. Annual distributions for health care claims averaged $1,777 from HSAs with investments, and $1,293 from HSAs without investments. End-of-year account balances averaged $10,261 among HSAs with investments, and $1,709 in HSAs without them. These findings may indicate that HSA owners with investments are maximizing its use for saving, spending, and investing. However, they may not truly be using it as a retirement savings vehicle, as the propensity to take a distribution for a health care claim is the same whether or not an investment option is being used. Given the availability of investment options and the triple tax-advantage of HSAs, future research will examine whether HSA owners are moving contributions from 401(k) plans into HSAs.
Unmet Mental Healthcare Need and Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Veterans.

Introduction Suicide prevention remains a national priority, especially among vulnerable populations. With increasing trends in suicide among Veterans, understanding the underlying factors associated with such an outcome is imperative. In this study, the association between unmet mental healthcare need and suicidal ideation among U.S. Veterans was evaluated. Methods The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2013, was used to identify those with mental illness, resulting in a total sample of 2,015 Veterans. Data were analyzed in July 2015. Survey-weighted descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted with p Results Sixteen percent of Veterans reported unmet mental healthcare need and 18% had past-year suicidal ideation. After adjusting for confounders, unmet mental healthcare need was associated with increased likelihood of suicidal ideation (AOR=4.11) in the study population. Other characteristics, such as participating in a governmental assistance program and alcohol dependency in the past year, demonstrated 66% and 103% increased odds of suicidal ideation, respectively. Conclusions Unmet mental healthcare need is a critical aspect of suicidal ideation among Veterans. Improved access to care for such at-risk populations through means of integrated care is needed to ensure reduced burden of suicide among Veterans.
Optimizing an agent-based traffic evacuation model using genetic algorithms

Computer simulations are commonly used to model emergencies and discover useful evacuation strategies. The top-down conceptual models typically used for such simulations do not account for differences in individual behavior and how they affect other individuals. To create a more realistic model, this study uses Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) to simulate the evacuation of an urban population in case of a chlorine spill. Since the agents (each a car and driver) in this model do not behave uniformly, and the initial traffic and spill locations are randomized, optimizing traffic lights is challenging. A commercial evolutionary optimizer controls execution of the simulator, seeking to optimize the control of traffic lights in order to minimize deaths and injuries. ABM for a traffic evacuation could prove useful in the real world, when the threat is at a known location such as a power plant or a specific railway segment.
Early Events in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer

The majority of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide are attributed to lung cancer. There are more than 90 million smokers in the United States who represent a significant population at elevated risk for lung malignancy. In other epithelial tumors, it has been shown that if neoplastic lesions can be detected and treated at their intraepithelial stage, patient prognosis is significantly improved. Thus, new strategies to detect and treat lung preinvasive lesions are urgently needed in order to decrease the overwhelming public health burden of lung cancer. Limiting these advances is a poor knowledge of the earliest events that underlie lung cancer development and that would constitute markers and targets for early detection and prevention. This review summarizes the state of knowledge of human lung cancer pathogenesis and the molecular pathology of premalignant lung lesions, with a focus on the molecular premalignant field that associates with lung cancer development. Lastly, we highlight new approaches and models to study genome-wide alterations in human lung premalignancy in order to facilitate the discovery of new markers for early detection and prevention of this fatal disease. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 518-27. ©2016 AACR.
Citizen Language and Administrative Response: Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment

Despite more than 40 years of experience with Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the United States, little is known about who participates, how they participate, and whether agencies are resp...
Decline of the Left in India

This paper analyzes the reasons behind the decline of the Left movement in India over the past 15 years. The impact of this decline on the society in India is discussed, as are means by which the Communists can reverse this trend.
Group size, turnout, and political alignments and the development of U.S. party coalitions, 1960-1992

We propose an approach for analysing trends in the contributions of social groups to electoral coalitions, and apply this approach to an analysis of the impact of changes in the race, religion, class, and gender cleavages on coalitions in U.S. Presidential elections between 1960 and 1992. We improve on existing studies of party coalitions by developing a multivariate model that measures group-specific political alignments while also correcting for changes in group size and turnout rates. Our analyses show that there have been significant changes in the contributions of different social groups to major party coalitions: the Democrats now receive more votes from professionals (and to a lesser extent, managers), blacks, and non-religious persons, and fewer votes from working-class voters; the Republican coalition has gained among managers (and to a lesser extent, professionals), while losing out significantly among liberal Protestants, blacks, and non-working voters. The analyses provide evidence of a slight convergence amidst a larger pattern of enduring group-based differences within the Democratic and Republican coalitions. The approach developed here can readily be extended to study electoral coalitions in other national contexts
Progressive Sclerotization and Melanization of Certain Structures in Males of a Field Population of Hypera brunneipennis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Adults of Hypcra brunneipennis (Boheman) were collected at 1- to 3-week intervals from a single locality west of El Centro, California, over a period extending from May 1961 through April 1962. Aliquots of 20 5 weevils were selected from each sample and on the basis of these aliquots the degree of sclerotization of the spiculum gastrale and median struts of the lobe of the genital tube were estimated as well as the degree of melanization of the right elytron. The weevils were highly teneral and feebly melanized before entering diapause. A slight increase in sclerotization and melanization occurred immediately after the weevils entered diapause quarters. Levels remained quite constant from May through October and then increased somewhat in November, just prior to breaking of diapause. The rise to maximum levels of sclerotization and melanization was rapid once the weevils returned to the field in the late fall. The apparent significance of complete sclerotization of the genitalic structures is discussed.
Morphological effects on the small-molecule-based solution-processed organic solar cells.

We report a proof-of-concept study on solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) based on [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) and structurally compact donor molecules which have dithiophene–phenazine–dithiophene (TH-P) and dithiophene–quinoxaline–dithiophene (TH-Q) configurations with decyloxy and methyl side groups, respectively. These molecules formed one-dimensional fibers through self-assembly via weak nonbonding interactions such as π–π and van der Waals interactions even during a fast solvent removal process such as spin-casting. Photophysical and thermal properties of the new donor molecules were characterized with UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical data determined experimentally were correlated well with theoretical evaluations. The fibers from the two donor molecules showed distinct morphological differences, allowing for in-depth investigations into their influence on the OSC p...
FRI0301 A Phase I Pharmacokinetics TRIAL Comparing PF-06438179 (A Potential Biosimilar) and Infliximab in Healthy Volunteers (Reflections B537-01)

Background PF-06438179, a proposed biosimilar to infliximab, has an identical primary amino acid sequence and similar physicochemical, in vitro, and in vivo functional properties to infliximab. Objectives The Phase I study was designed to demonstrate pharmacokinetics (PK) similarity of PF-06438179 to infliximab sourced from the US (infliximab-US) and EU (infliximab-EU), and between infliximab-EU and infliximab-US. Safety was also evaluated. Methods In this double-blind trial (NCT01844804), 151 healthy volunteers, 18-55 years old were randomized 1:1:1 to one of 3 treatment groups, of which 146 received a single 10 mg/kg IV dose of PF-06438179 (n=49), infliximab-US (n=48), or infliximab-EU (n=49). All subjects provided informed consent. PK was evaluated over a period of 8 weeks and safety and immunogenicity were assessed up to 12 weeks. PK similarity for a given test-to-reference comparison was considered to be demonstrated if the 90% CI of the test-to-reference ratio of the area under curve from time 0 to the last time point (AUC T ), from time 0 to infinity (AUC 0–∞ ), and maximum concentration (C max ) were within the 80.00% – 125.00% bioequivalence (BE) acceptance window. Results The baseline demographics for the 130 subjects evaluable for PK were similar among treatment groups. The 3 study drugs exhibited a similar PK profile, which is characterized by a rapid increase of serum drug concentration during infusion followed by a multi-phasic decline in drug concentrations (Figure). The 90% CI for the ratios of C max , AUC T , and AUC 0–∞ were within the BE acceptance window of 80.00–125.00% for the comparisons of PF-06438179 to infliximab-US or infliximab-EU, and infliximab-EU to infliximab-US. Similar number of subjects experienced AEs among all 3 treatment groups. Overall the frequency and type of AEs reported were similar across all three treatment groups, although the number of AEs was highest in the infliximab-US group. The 3 treatments had a comparable ADA profile with a somewhat lower incidence of ADA response in the PF-06438179 group. No infusion related reactions were reported. Conclusions This study demonstrates PK similarity of PF-06438179 to both infliximab-US and infliximab-EU and of infliximab-EU to infliximab-US. The 3 study drugs were generally safe and well-tolerated in this study. Disclosure of Interest C. Udata Employee of: Pfizer Inc, S. Hua Employee of: Pfizer Inc, D. Yin Employee of: Pfizer Inc, S. Salts Employee of: Pfizer Inc, X. Meng Employee of: Pfizer Inc, M. Rehman Employee of: Pfizer Inc DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.5377
SWAPPING HATS : A GENERALIZATION OF MONTMORT'S PROBLEM

The following problem was first proposed by the mathematician Pierre Remond de Montmort [7] in Essay d’Analyse sur les Jeux de Hazard, his 1708 treatise on the analysis of games of chance: Suppose you have a deck of N cards, numbered 1, 2, 3, . . . , N . After shuffling, you draw one card at a time, without replacement, counting out loud as each card is drawn: “1, 2, 3, . . . ”. What is the probability that there will be no coincidence, i.e., no drawing of a card bearing the number just called out? In Montmort’s version of the problem, the deck had 13 cards, so the game was called Treize, French for thirteen. The game has also been called Rencontres (Coincidences), or Montmort’s Matching Problem. Montmort discusses a generalized version of this problem in his correspondence with Nicholas Bernoulli (1687–1759) from 1710 to 1712; these letters are included in the second edition of Montmort’s work on gaming [8]. In the generalization, N cards are drawn from a deck of Ns cards; there are s cards bearing each number from 1 to N . Again, one seeks the probability of at least one coincidence, for which Montmort and Bernoulli find a formula. Other mathematicians who have generalized and discussed this problem include de Moivre [6], Euler [1], Lambert [4], Laplace [5], and Waring [11]. For a more extensive account of the history of this problem, see [2, pages 326–345] and [10].
The Expansion of Europe Revisited: The European Impact on World History and Global Interaction, 1450–1800

The period from the fifteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century witnessed the creation, expansion, contraction, and fall of empires, enhanced and expanded communications, creation and growth – as measured by volume, range and intensity – of trading diasporas, diffusion of major religions far beyond their points of origin, intercontinental and transoceanic dissemination of flora and fauna, major movements – both coerced and voluntary – of population, growing technological sophistication, and advanced in humankind's knowledge of natural, earth, and planetary sciences. It also witnessed religious strife, conquest and war, decimation of populations through disease and hunger, and continued subjugation and oppression of groups of people. Taken by themselves, none of these aspects had been absent before this period and many had manifested themselves, albeit in vastly differing degrees of intensity on a very broad spectrum, on the major landmasses of the world.
A Clock Synchronization Device with IRIG-B Code Based on the SPOC Technology

The principle of IRIG-B code accurate time setting was researched in this paper,the clock synchronization device was designed with the IRIG-B code function and IRIG-B code decode function.The system used in Altera's SOPC solution.It can synchronize the external input signal automatically and output the standard IRIG-B code and synchronized signal of second plus.The device provides synchronous clock for the electronic transformer and electronic transformer calibrator.After several field experiments showed that the device meets the design requirements and achieves good effect.
Study on external insulation of air gap of ±800 kV DC system

The test results of switching and lightning impulse flashover performance of air gap of ±800 kV HVDC transmission towers and converter station DC yards were reported. The correction method of switching impulse flashover voltage under high altitude was discussed and the altitude correction coefficient was given. The least typical air distances of ±800 kV HVDC transmission towers and converter stations were suggested. The research results in this paper can be applied to design of transmission lines and converter stations of ±800 kV .
Dermal Grafts for Correction of Severe Chordee Associated with Hypospadias

AbstractWe report on 24 patients with hypospadias and severe chordee that could not be straightened with conventional techniques. We used small dermal grafts to augment the ventral tunica albuginea, which resulted in a completely straight, normal appearing erection in all patients. Subsequent urethroplasty was not complicated by the presence of the dermal graft. This procedure is technically straightforward and consistently results in a completely straight penis. Although required only rarely in hypospadias surgery, we recommend the dermal graft technique of tunica albuginea augmentation for cases of refractory chordee.
Amino acid uptake by the fetal ovine hindlimb under normal and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic states.

As part of an effort to establish the contribution of different fetal organs to fetal amino acid metabolism, we measured in nine sheep fetuses the uptake of 27 amino acids by the hindlimb under nor...
Discrete Relaxation Method for Triple Patterning Lithography Layout Decomposition

In this paper, we consider the triple patterning lithography layout decomposition problem. To address the problem, a discrete relaxation theory is built. For designing a discrete relaxation based decomposition framework, we propose a surface projection method for identifying native conflicts in a layout, and then constructing the conflict graph. Guided by the theory, the conflict graph is reduced to small size subgraphs by vertex removals, which is a discrete relaxation. Furthermore, by ignoring stitch insertions and assigning weights to features, the layout decomposition problem on the small subgraphs is further relaxed to a 0-1 program, which is solved by the Branch-and-Bound method. To obtain a feasible solution of the original problem, legalization methods are introduced to legalize a relaxation solution. At the legalization stage, we prior utilize one-stitch insertion to eliminate conflicts, and use a backtrack coloring algorithm to obtain a better solution. We test our decomposition approach on the ISCAS-85 & 89 benchmarks. Comparisons of experimental results show that our approach finds solutions of some benchmarks better than those by the state-of-the-art decomposers. Especially, according to our discrete relaxation theory, some optimal decompositions are obtained.
The Characteristics of Natural Hailstones and Their Interpretation

Present knowledge of the characteristics of natural hailstones and their interpretation is reviewed. The theory of hailstone growth is first presented as this defines the terminology used in discussing the growth of hail. Broadly, the growth of the various hailstone layers may be described as “dry” or “wet” depending on whether or not all of the accreted supercooled droplets can be frozen by the forced ventilation processes of heat conduction and evaporation from the hailstone surface. The nature of the ice deposited depends on the particular regime in which the layer was formed. In the wet growth regime, it is usual for the excess unfrozen water to be incorporated in the ice structure to form a “spongy” deposit.
The gut peptide neuropeptide Y and post-traumatic stress disorder

Purpose of review This article reviews the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with which PTSD is highly comorbid. NPY is low in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of male combat veterans with PTSD and correlates negatively with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperreactivity, PTSD symptoms and time to recovery. NPY regulation has not yet been evaluated in women with PTSD. Recent findings NPY levels in bowel tissue are low in IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) versus IBS with constipation. The density of ghrelin containing cells of the gastric oxyntic mucosa is markedly increased in IBS-D. PTSD-related SNS hyperreactivity may interact with this substrate to increase ghrelin release, which activates receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord and basolateral amygdala to increase colonic motility and amygdala hyperreactivity, respectively. Loss of function gene polymorphisms in adrenergic α2-autoreceptors and increased corticotropin-releasing hormone, as observed in PTSD, are also thought to contribute to IBS-D. Summary Knowledge of shared underlying NPY system-related neurobiological factors that contribute to the comorbidity of PTSD and gastrointestinal disorders may help guide research, development and prescription of targeted and more effective individualized therapeutic interventions.
Boosting off-chip interconnects through power line communication

The number of available pins on SOC is one of the limiting factors to the off-chip bandwidth, for example many-core enabled Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where the package size and PCB floorplan are tightly constrained. A typical SOC package allocates more than half of the pins for power delivery, resulting in the number of IO pins for off-chip communications is greatly reduced. We observe the requirement for the number of power and ground (P/G) pins is driven by the highest performance state and the worst design corners, while SOC is in lower performance state for most of the time for longer battery life. Under observation, we propose to reuse some of the power pins as dynamic power/signal pins for off-chip data transmissions to increase the off-chip bandwidth during SOC low performance state. Our proposed method provides 30Gbps bandwidth per hybrid pair, while managing minimum impact to the original power delivery network (PDN) design.
The Trump Wall Tax: an exercise in critical thinking

A series of discovery-based critical thinking exercises are presented that explore potential unanticipated consequences that might result from Trump's Wall Tax, a tax imposed on Mexican imports to pay for construction of a physical barrier between nations. These exercises include the distribution of the tax between nations, impacts on the Mexican labour force and impacts on the US labour force. It is discovered that if both nations would pay the tax, employment and wages might fall in Mexico thereby increasing pressure for illegal immigration and that employment and wages in the USA may fall as well. These exercises create the context to integrate multiple paradigms to further explore this controversial issue.
USP11 Enhances TGF&#946;-induced Epithelial-mesenchymal Plasticity and Human Breast Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a conserved cellular plasticity program that is reactivated in carcinoma cells and drives metastasis. Although EMT is well studied its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, to identify novel regulators of EMT, a data mining approach was taken using published microarray data and a group of deubiquitinases (DUB) were found to be upregulated in cells that have undergone EMT. Here, it is demonstrated that one DUB, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11), enhances TGFβ-induced EMT and self-renewal in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, modulating USP11 expression in human breast cancer cells altered the migratory capacity in vitro and metastasis in vivo Moreover, elevated USP11 expression in human breast cancer patient clinical specimens correlated with decreased survival. Mechanistically, modulating USP11 expression altered the stability of TGFβ receptor type II (TGFBR2) and TGFβ downstream signaling in human breast cancer cells. Together, these data suggest that deubiquitination of TGFBR2 by USP11 effectively spares TGFBR2 from proteasomal degradation to promote EMT and metastasis.Implications: USP11 regulates TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and human breast cancer metastasis and may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 16(7); 1172-84. ©2018 AACR.
Translational Evidence-Based Interventions in Osteoimmunology

We began this monograph by citing an Evidence Report Publication (No. 07-E012) of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). AHRQ plays a leadership role in the evolution of the field, from fundamental methodological issues to the design, establishment, verification, and dissemination of Registries. AHRQ defines Registries as: “… (a) patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes… registries (are) created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or costeffectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care….(and) are classified according to how their (patient) populations are defined…” (Gliklich and Dreyer 2010).
Cross-Linked Polyethylenimine for Selective Adsorption and Effective Recovery of Lignocellulose-Derived Organic Acids and Aldehydes

Lignocellulose materials are sustainable resources to produce various value-added organic acids and aldehydes. However, selective separation and effective recoveries of the lignocellulose-derived o...
Critical Entanglement for the Half-Filled Extended Hubbard Model

We study the ground state of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at half-filling using the entanglement entropy calculated by Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) techniques. We apply a novel curve fitting and scaling method to accurately identify a $2^{nd}$ order critical point as well as a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) critical point. Using open boundary conditions and medium-sized lattices with very small truncation errors, we are able to achieve similar accuracy to previous authors. We also report observations of finite-size and boundary effects that can be remedied with careful pinning.
An intramembrane sensory circuit monitors sortase A–mediated processing of streptococcal adhesins

Bacterial adhesins mediate adhesion to substrates and biofilm formation. Adhesins of the LPXTG family are posttranslationally processed by the cell membrane-localized peptidase sortase A, which cleaves the LPXTG motif. This generates a short C-terminal peptide (C-pep) that remains in the cell membrane, whereas the mature adhesin is incorporated into the cell wall. Genes encoding adhesins of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii were differentially expressed depending on whether the bacteria were isolated from saliva or dental plaque and appeared to be coordinately regulated. Deletion of sspA and sspB (sspAB), both of which encode LPXTG-containing adhesins, unexpectedly enhanced adhesion and biofilm formation. C-peps produced from a model LPXTG-containing adhesin localized to the cell membrane and bound to and inhibited the intramembrane sensor histidine kinase SGO_1180, thus preventing activation of the cognate response regulator SGO_1181. The absence of SspAB C-peps induced the expression of the scaCBA operon encoding the lipoprotein adhesin ScaA, which was sufficient to preserve and even enhance biofilm formation. This C-pep-driven regulatory circuit also exists in pathogenic streptococci and is likely conserved among Gram-positive bacteria. This quality control mechanism ensures that the bacteria can form biofilms under diverse environmental conditions and may play a role in optimizing adhesion and biofilm formation.
Acid exposure impairs mucus secretion and disrupts mucus transport in neonatal piglet airways

ABSTRACT Tenacious mucus produced by tracheal and bronchial submucosal glands is a defining feature of cystic fibrosis (CF). Although airway acidification occurs early in CF, whether transient acidification is sufficient to initiate mucus abnormalities is unknown. We studied mucus secretion and mucus transport in piglets forty-eight hours following an intra-airway acid challenge. Acid-challenged piglet airways were distinguished by increased mucin 5B (MUC5B) in the submucosal gland but decreased lung lavage fluid MUC5B, following in vivo cholinergic stimulation, suggesting a failure in submucosal gland secretion. Concomitantly, intrapulmonary airways were obstructed with glycoprotein rich material under both basal and methacholine-stimulated conditions. To mimic a CF-like environment, we also studied mucus secretion and transport under diminished bicarbonate and chloride transport conditions ex vivo. Cholinergic stimulation in acid-challenged piglet airways induced extensive mucus films, greater mucus strand formation, increased dilation of submucosal gland duct openings and decreased mucociliary transport. Finally, to elucidate potential mediators of acid-induced mucus defects, we investigated diminazene aceturate, a small molecule that inhibits the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC). Diminazene aceturate restored surface MUC5B in acid-challenged piglet airways under basal conditions, mitigated acid-induced airway obstruction, and magnified the number of dilated submucosal gland duct openings. These findings suggest that even transient airway acidification early in life might have profound impacts on mucus secretion and transport properties. Further they highlight diminazene aceturate as an agent that might be beneficial in alleviating certain mucus defects in CF airway disease. One sentence summary Early life airway acidification has profound impacts on mucus secretion and transport.
Extending Our Conceptualization of Boundary-Spanning Leadership for Community Engagement

In this reflective conceptual essay, we critically examine two complementary models related to leadership for community engagement—the boundary-spanning model (Weerts & Sandmann, 2010) and the preliminary competency model for CEPs (Dostilio, 2017a). Both models organize and present prioritized activities necessary for individuals to advance community engagement. We believe an exploration of points of convergence and divergence between the models will lay the groundwork for continued inquiry and allow for further refinement of both models, with the aim of supporting the professional development of community engagement professionals (CEPs).
Attractive proposals: An Appreciative Appraisal of Douglas Farrow’s Theological Negotiations:

Douglas Farrow’s Theological Negotiations is a muscular, reciprocally enriching set of explorations of neuralgic loci of perennial theological concern. Articulating his proposals with characteristi...
The Rationale for Including Disadvantaged Communities in the Smart Growth Metropolitan Development Framework

While Brown v. Board of Education marked the beginning of the end of de jure discrimination in American society,1 the decision did not lead to de facto equality for African-Americans, Hispanics, and members of other disadvantaged groups. Notwithstanding the efforts of distinguished jurists such as Judge A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., the economic disparities between blacks and whites actually increased in the aftermath of the Brown decision especially for bluecollar workers.2
Personalized Interventions: A Reality in the Next 20 Years or Pie in the Sky

There is no better representation of the need for personalization of care than the breadth and complexity of congenital heart disease. Advanced imaging modalities are now standard of care in the field, and the advancements being made to three-dimensional visualization technologies are growing as a means of pre-procedural preparation. Incorporating emerging modeling approaches, such as computational fluid dynamics, will push the limits of our ability to predict outcomes, and this information may be both obtained and utilized during a single procedure in the future. Artificial intelligence and customized devices may soon surface as realistic tools for the care of patients with congenital heart disease, as they are showing growing evidence of feasibility within other fields. This review illustrates the great strides that have been made and the persistent challenges that exist within the field of congenital interventional cardiology, a field which must continue to innovate and push the limits to achieve personalization of the interventions it provides.
Adaptation of the master antioxidant response connects metabolism, lifespan and feather development pathways in birds

Birds (Aves) display high metabolic rates and oxygen consumption relative to mammals, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Although excess ROS reduces lifespan by causing extensive cellular dysfunction and damage, birds are remarkably long-lived. We address this paradox by identifying the constitutive activation of the NRF2 master antioxidant response in Neoaves (~95% of bird species), providing an adaptive mechanism capable of counterbalancing high ROS levels. We demonstrate that a KEAP1 mutation in the Neoavian ancestor disrupted the repression of NRF2 by KEAP1, leading to constitutive NRF2 activity and decreased oxidative stress in wild Neoaves tissues and cells. Our evidence suggests this ancient mutation induced a compensatory program in NRF2-target genes with functions beyond redox regulation—including feather development—while enabling significant metabolic rate increases that avoid trade-offs with lifespan. The strategy of NRF2 activation sought by intense clinical investigation therefore appears to have also unlocked a massively successful evolutionary trajectory. Fast metabolisms tend to shorten lifespans by increasing oxidative damage. This study identifies a gene mutation that keeps a key antioxidant response active, possibly allowing Neoaves bird species to avoid the tradeoff between rapid metabolism and longevity that challenges most mammals, including humans.
When predictions are used to allocate scarce health care resources: three considerations for models in the era of Covid-19

The need for life-saving interventions such as mechanical ventilation may threaten to outstrip resources during the Covid-19 pandemic. Allocation of these resources to those most likely to benefit can be supported by clinical prediction models. The ethical and practical considerations relevant to predictions supporting decisions about microallocation are distinct from those that inform shared decision-making in ways important for model design. We review three issues of importance for microallocation: (1) Prediction of benefit (or of medical futility) may be technically very challenging; (2) When resources are scarce, calibration is less important for microallocation than is ranking to prioritize patients, since capacity determines thresholds for resource utilization; (3) The concept of group fairness, which is not germane in shared decision-making, is of central importance in microallocation. Therefore, model transparency is important. Prediction supporting allocation of life-saving interventions should be explicit, data-driven, frequently updated and open to public scrutiny. This implies a preference for simple, easily understood and easily applied prognostic models.
Ruralness as a Psychological Construct

Perhaps conscious of its frontier heritage, this nation has always had a rather romantic, nostalgic view of life in the country. Even when people were migrating away from rural areas in droves, the predominant view was that the quality of life was better in nonmetropolitan areas (see Chapter 10). Life in the country was perceived as more livable; subject to natural rhythms of life rather than the rat race. The rural life was clean and simple. A person was challenged by nature, somehow a fairer challenge than the ravages of the urban, industrial marketplace in which the individual was the pawn of corporate bosses. Getting back to nature was—and often still is—perceived as a means of cleansing and testing oneself. Indeed, juvenile corrections often involved sending delinquent youth to farms in the naive belief that the “streets” were the cause of their misbehavior. Even today wilderness programs seem to be based on an assumption that a sense of one’s competence and personal morals is most likely to arise from a personal confrontation with nature. Rural life, it seems, is believed to result in honesty, religiosity, and a strong sense of individualism.
Lung function trajectories and bronchial hyperresponsiveness during childhood following severe RSV bronchiolitis in infancy.

BACKGROUND Children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy have increased risks of asthma and reduced lung function in later life. There are limited studies on the longitudinal changes of lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity from early to late childhood in infants hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. METHODS In a prospective cohort of 206 children with their first episode of RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis in the first year of life, 122 had spirometry performed at least twice between 5-16 years of age. Methacholine bronchoprovocation was available in 127 and 79 children at 7 and 12 years of age, respectively. Longitudinal changes in FEV1 , FVC, and FEV1 /FVC z-scores and methacholine PC20 were analyzed. RESULTS 55% of the study cohort (N = 122) were male, and 55% were Caucasian. During follow-up, longitudinal changes in z-scores for pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1 (P < .0001) FVC (P < .0001) and FEV1 /FVC (P < .0001 for pre- and 0.007 for post-bronchodilator) from age 5 to 10-16 years were observed. Declined lung function in late childhood was significantly associated with gender, physician diagnosis of asthma, and allergic sensitization. PC20 geometric mean increased from 0.28 mg/mL at 7 years to 0.53 mg/mL at 12 years of age, and the frequency of abnormal bronchial hyperreactivity decreased from 96% to 78% (P = .0003). CONCLUSIONS Following severe RSV bronchiolitis, there appear to be significant longitudinal changes in pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function during childhood. The study has several limitations including significant dropouts and the lack of a control group and post-bronchodilator measurements. Bronchial hyperreactivity is common in children following severe RSV bronchiolitis; however, it appears to decrease as they enter late childhood.
Alternative Models of Psychopathology: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, Research Domain Criteria, Network Analysis, the Cambridge Model, and the Five-Factor Model:

Wilshire, Ward, and Clark (this issue, p. 323) critiqued the classification of psychopathology in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, offering as an alternative a “Cambridge ...
The Thermospheric Column O/N2 Ratio

More than 2 decades ago, D. J. Strickland and colleagues proposed use of the O/N2 column number density ratio as a new geophysical quantity to interpret thermospheric processes recorded in far ultraviolet (FUV) images of the Earth. This concept has enabled multiple advances in understanding the global behavior of Earth's thermosphere. Nevertheless, confusion remains about the conceptual meaning of the column density ratio, and in the application of this integral quantity. This is so even though it is now a key thermospheric measurement made by current and planned far ultraviolet remote sensing missions in pursuit of new understanding of thermospheric processes and variability. The intent here is to review the historical context of the O/N2 column density ratio, clarify its physical meaning, and resolve misunderstandings evident in the literature. Simple examples elucidate its original derivation for extracting column O/N2 ratios from measurements of the OI 135.6 nm/N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) emission based on an algorithmic synthesis of model precomputations. These are organized in the form of a table lookup of column density ratio as a function of observed radiance ratios. To accommodate generalized solar-geophysical and viewing conditions, the table required to specify the number of needed parameters becomes large. Proposed as an alternative is a simplified, first principles approach to obtaining the column density ratio from the emission ratio. This new methodology is now being applied successfully to FUV measurements made from onboard the Ionospheric CONnection satellite and will be applied retrospectively to the Global Ultraviolet Imager data.
Abstract 222: Towards patient-specific optimization of neoadjuvant treatment protocols for breast cancer based on image-based fluid dynamics

Introduction: Standard-of-care neoadjuvant therapeutic regimens are based on clinical trials designed to identify treatment protocols at the population level, which cannot capture the unique characteristics of individual patients. Moreover, it is impossible for clinical trials to experimentally evaluate all the possible treatment combinations and dosing strategies. Mechanism-based, mathematical modeling can potentially address this critical barrier to achieving truly personalized treatment. In this contribution, we present preliminary results using a fluid dynamics model personalized with a patient9s imaging data to optimize a drug injection protocol in breast cancer. Methods: Nine breast cancer patients are included in this study. MRI data are acquired, processed, and used to estimate hemodynamics and imported to our drug delivery model. By varying the dosing schedule, the model predicts varying dynamics of drug distribution throughout the breast. We define an objective function, MSTD, balancing the treatment efficacy and toxicity, and use it to optimize the injection protocol for each patient. The injection schedules tested include: (a) single injection on day 1 of each 3-week cycle; double injections of half the total dose each at (b) day 1 and 2, (c) day 1 and 3, (d) day 1 and 5, and (e) day 1 and 8 within each 3-week cycle. The doses tested vary from 0 to 100 μg/ml of maximal plasma concentration. Improvement ratio of the optimal protocol to a standard protocol, 10 μg/ml via schedule (a), is measured. Results: The optimal protocol and improvement are reported for each patient in Table 1. Conclusion: Our modeling system can efficiently solve the personalization of drug injection protocol as an optimal control problem. Different patients have different optimal treatment protocols, each of which is predicted to outperform the standard protocol. Citation Format: Chengyue Wu, David A. Hormuth, Federico Pineda, Gregory S. Karczmar, Thomas E. Yankeelov. Towards patient-specific optimization of neoadjuvant treatment protocols for breast cancer based on image-based fluid dynamics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 222.
mRNA export: the long and winding road.

To the growing list of factors required for the export of messenger RNA from nucleus to cytoplasm can now be added Yra1. Yeast Yra1 and its metazoan orthologues bind mRNAs and interact with multiple mRNA export factors.Transport of proteins and small RNAs does not require Yra1 or any other proteins required for mRNA export, suggesting that mRNA export may proceed by a different mechanism. The finding that Yra1 has a role in mRNA export moves us one step closer to identifying all the proteins required for this process.
ORNL-RSH Package and Windows ‘03 PVM 3.4

The first public release of PVM was version 2.0 in February 1991; the first PVM release from Oak Ridge National Laboratory that supported the Windows operating system was version 3.4 (beta 5) at the end of 1997 and then with the formal release of PVM version 3.4.0 in January 1999. While this initial release provided the PVM framework and functionality to the Windows world, there were a number of shortcomings that created undue difficulties for users. Some of the problems encountered included the difficulty of the installation process itself, the necessity for a 3rd party and costly rsh package, and the lack of Windows user level documentation of the entire process (from install to use). Thus, the general goal of this work and its resulting release is to simplify the use of Windows PVM by its user community. To achieve this goal, the new package will have to include: a simplified installation process on individual and networked machines (clusters), a simplified and free (open source preferred) rsh package for PVM, and of course the associated documentation so that others may more easily use all the new software. This paper contains a brief introduction of new features included in the latest Windows PVM release and spends the remainder of the paper discussing the details of the new ORNL-RSH package that greatly simplifies the use PVM on Windows based machines.
Electroencephalographic studies of the encephalopathies:: II. Serial studies in tuberculous meningitis

Abstract Serial clinical and electroencephalographic correlations were made in 57 proven cases of tuberculous meningitis. Thirty-six children and 21 adults were included. The number of EEGs per patient varied from one to 33 and included observation periods from 3 days to 4 years. The records of adults and children differ markedly. In untreated adults the initial EEG is at most only midly slow. Terminally, the adult record shows only moderate slowing. Untreated children show very slow EEGs initially. Diagnostically, the EEG would seem to be of value in children. In an untreated lymphotic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis can be suspected or excluded on the basis of the initial EEG, since the record is invariably very slow if tuberculosis is present. Prognostically, EEG changes usually parallel or precede the clinical alterations. With improvement in the patient's condition the EEG becomes faster. Serial records enable one to suspect the development of seizures, hydrocephalus or relapse. The prognosis for recovery is poor in any patient who shows a very slow record with an amplitude reduction on one side for a two week period. The large number of patients with seizure discharges in the EEG seems to correlate with the high incidence (over 80 per cent) of clinical seizures observed in the present series.