cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of access devices in cancer pain control

p AIN REMAINS a significant problem for cancer patients. Approximately 30% to 45% of patients with early- and intermediate-stage cancer and 75% of patients with advanced cancer experience pain. 1,2 Cancer pain may be caused by multiple etiologic factors, including surgical and diagnostic procedures, cancer therapy, complications of treatment, and tumor progression. 3 The pain of approximately 80% of cancer patients is controlled by simple routes of administration (oral, rectal, and transdermal); however, 20% of patients require more invasive, high-technological, painmanagement regimens. These patients often need alternative routes to treat their cancer pain. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) developed a hierarchy for pain management that recommends starting with the simplest route of administration and moving progressively up the pyramid to more invasive therapies to control pain (Fig 1). 4 This article discusses the availability and use of access devices and infusion pumps used in cancer pain management, including patient selection criteria, nursing management of each device, and patient education, including home care recommendations.
Discussion on “New stabilization and tracking control laws for electrohydraulic servomechanism”

New stabilization and tracking control problems have been studied for electrohydraulic servomechanisms (EHSs) in [2]. A stabilizing control law of geometric type is designed, and this method is extended to the problem of EHS tracking control with shortcomings, furthermore, the backstepping method is proposed to solve this problem. This will lead a novel way to design controllers for EHSs. Meanwhile, there are several issues open to further study in [2], such as nonsmooth control via differential inclusions for partial derivative systems, actuator saturation, and H∞ optimal control.
Caries Prevention in Pits and Fissures Sealed with an Adhesive Resin Polymerized by Ultraviolet Light: A Two-Year Study of a Single Adhesive Application

Examinations were made to determine the protection from caries 1½ and two years after the sealing of 200 pits and fissures of deciduous and permanent teeth surfaces with an adhesive resin polymerized by ultraviolet light. After two years, a single application of the adhesive to the surfaces of permanent teeth had resulted in a 99% caries reduction; there was an 87% reduction of caries in the pits and fissures of the occlusal surfaces of the deciduous teeth. Adhesive sealing could be useful in preventive dentistry because it is intended for the caries-susceptible areas that are least benefited by fluoride.
13-Phenyltridecanoic acid in seed lipids of some aroids

Several closely related long-chain omega-phenylalkanoic and omega-phenylalkenoic acids occur in the seed lipids of genera of the subfamily Aroideae of the Araceae. One, 13-phenyltridecanoic acid, is a major component. This is the first report of these acids in plant lipids. Their presence in only one subfamily may indicate that the Araceae is diphyletic.
Some Notes on Biased Statistics and African Americans

The decennial census is one of the most venerable components of American democracy and a paragon of population enumeration for the whole world. However, as an integral part of the American political tradition, it has shared the very peculiar nature of the American polity. It then deliberately counted Blacks as fractional persons—the Three-Fifths Compromise—and now, it involuntarily undercounts the Black population disproportionately. This undercount, in addition to decreasing the fair shares of political representation and federal funds entitled to African Americans, has resulted in various biased statistics on them.
Bright light augments antidepressant effects of medication and wake therapy.

Inpatient studies have suggested that bright light therapy can be used to sustain the antidepressant effects of wake therapy (sleep deprivation). In an outpatient trial, a half night of home wake treatment was followed by 1 week of light treatment. All subjects had Major Depressive Disorders according to DSM-IV criteria and were receiving concomitant antidepressant medication. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 10,000 lux bright white light for 30 min between 6 and 9 AM or dim red (placebo) light at a comparable time. Seven subjects completed treatment with bright white light and six completed treatment with placebo. On the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17, SIGH-SAD-SR version), the group receiving bright light improved 27% in 1 week (P=0.002). The group receiving placebo did not improve, except for one outlier. The benefit of bright light was significant compared to placebo with removal of the outlier (P<0.025).
LXVII. Note on the partial fraction problem

(1916). XV. Note on the partial fraction problem. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 31, No. 182, pp. 108-111.
Responses of cochlear nucleus neurons to harmonic and mistuned complex tones

Preliminary measurements of the representation in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of harmonic tones, harmonic tones with mistuned components, and double harmonic tones are reported. These data indicate that, unlike auditory nerve fibers and IC neurons, neurons in the CN may exhibit one of several qualitatively different response patterns when stimulated with mistuned tones. Primary-like neurons synchronized their discharges to 2-3 individual stimulus components, much like auditory nerve fibers do. Chopper neurons tended to respond with the periodicity of envelopes produced by interactions between adjacent stimulus components but exhibited little or no response synchronized to individual stimulus components. A small proportion of CN neurons exhibited complex slowly-modulated discharge patterns similar to those that are commonly observed in the inferior colliculus (IC). The patterns obtained from CN neurons with different pure tone discharge patterns were generally consistent with expectations based on previous studies with other stimuli. The measurements provided additional insight into the hierarchical processing stages that result in the highly patterned responses of IC neurons to harmonic and mistuned tones.
Foreign Exchange Volatility Shifts and Futures Hedging: An ICSS-GARCH Approach

In this study, the impact of volatility regime shifts on volatility persistence and hedge ratio estimation is determined for four major currencies using an iterated cumulative sums of squares (ICSS)-GARCH model. Employing a standard GARCH (1,1) model as the benchmark, within-sample results demonstrate that the inclusion of volatility shifts substantially reduces volatility persistence and the significance of the ARCH and GARCH coefficients. In terms of hedging effectiveness, the ICSS-GARCH model outperforms the standard GARCH model for all four currencies. In comparison to two constant volatility models, the standard GARCH model yields the lowest performance, whereas the ICSS-GARCH model performs at least as well as these models. In out-of-sample analysis, the GARCH model provides substantial variance reductions relative to the constant volatility models. Moreover, the ICSS-GARCH model yields positive variance reductions relative to all competing models, including the standard GARCH model. The results suggest that in cases where dynamic hedging is important, sudden shifts in volatility should not be ignored.
Study of T = 0 and T = 2 giant dipole resonances in 14N

Abstract The reaction 13 C ( p , γ) 14 N was studied over the range of excitation energies from 23 to 33 MeV in 14N, with emphasis on the transition to the 0+, T = 1 state at 2.31 MeV. The 1−, T = 0 GDR based on this state was confirmed to be concentrated between 15 and 23 MeV, in agreement with theoretical predictions. However, previous evidence for T = 2 resonances near 24 MeV was not confirmed and no evidence was obtained for the T = 2 GDR predicted to lie between 25 and 29 MeV.
High end microprocessors: Third generation

This session will focus on the current generation of microprocessors now becoming available from semiconductor manufacturers, which feature, generally, new and innovative architecture proposed to solve system and software problems, such as high level language support, increased addressability, and a rich variety of data types. The role of these new developments for users will be accented.
Ion Exchange of Soda‐Lime Glass with Univalent Cations

Fhdeld-assisted and ordinary diffusion ion exchange of K+, Rb+hd Cs+, and Ag+ from nitrate salts with Na+ in soda-lime glass tubes were investigated between 700 and 735 K by application of various currents between 0 and 20.0 mA. An analysis of the field-assisted process with both a forward and a reverse field allowed calculation of the conductivity of the exchanged layer from the change of potential difference with time. Good agreement with experiment was found in both directions but anomalously high conductivities were observed in the Rb and Cs layers. Photoelastic measurements on rings sliced from the ion-exchanged tubes were used to calculate the residual stress arising from the ion exchange with the different cations. These results showed that other factors in addition to the ion size influence the magnitude of residual stress after exchange. The voltage-current relation during field-assisted ion exchange, along with the Nernst-Einstein equation, permitted calculation of the self-discussion coefficient of the exchanged cation in the exchanged layer. The self-diffusion coefficient was also estimated by applying the Nernst-Planck equation to results from unassisted ion-exchange experiments.
Mechanical properties of experimental dental composites containing a combination of mesoporous and nonporous spherical silica as fillers

Abstract Objectives Mesoporous fillers have been investigated for use in dental composites because of their potential for creating micromechanical filler/resin matrix interphase bonding. Such a micromechanical bonding could eliminate the need for the silane treatment of fillers for interfacial chemical bonding that is prone to hydrolysis in the oral environment. In the case of micromechanical bonding, dental polymer chains are threaded mechanically (like a “necklace”) through nanosized channels in the fillers. Methods A combination of mesoporous silica, which was synthesized using the non-surfactant templating method, and nonporous spherical silica (500 nm) was used to prepare experimental dental composites. The porous silica used in this study contained interconnected pores and channels as opposed to porous fillers containing surface pores. The compressive strength, compressive modulus, flexural modulus, and flexural strength of these composites were evaluated. Results The results showed that composites containing a combination of mesoporous and nonporous fillers have better mechanical properties than the composites having either of these fillers alone. Significance The results showed that a combination of mesoporous and nonporous materials can be used to prepare stronger dental materials that may resist hydrolysis and wear.
Ammonia adsorption and decomposition on the GaAs(100)-c(8 × 2) surface

The effect of ammonia exposure and substrate temperature on the reaction of ammonia with GaAs(lOO)-c(8 x 2) has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). TPD data indicate that thermal decomposition of ammonia occurs at moderate temperatures (250 K). Above 250 K, recombinative desorption of ammonia is the dominant reaction mechanism. The appearance of the NH, deformation mode at low exposure and temperature indicates thermal decomposition of ammonia on the GaAs(lOO)-c(8 X 2) surface.
THE INFLUENCE OF WALL HEAT TRANSFER, FRICTION, AND CONDENSATION ON DETONATION TUBE PERFORMANCE

The authors investigated the influence of heat transfer, friction, and condensation on the performance of a single-pulse detonation tube using a combination of numerical analysis and experiments. Several different 1-D modeling strategies were considered for quantitatively predicting wall heat loss and shear stress. The merits of each approach were evaluated using benchmark results from an axisymmetric, reacting Navier-Stokes model in which the wall losses are directly resolved for a low-pressure (P 1 = 6.67 kPa) model problem. These benchmark results represent the first known attempt at directly modeling wall heat transfer and shear stress behind a multidimensional detonation wave. Comparison of the 1-D models to the benchmark results reveals a Reynolds analogy approach with a constant friction coefficient can be used to simultaneously predict convective heat loss and shear stress at the walls. The 1-D models are extended for use at higher pressure (P 1 = 1 atm) via calibration with experimental heat flux...
Do Daily Stress Processes Account for Socioeconomic Health Disparities

Objectives. The present study examined the extent to which daily stressor severity and appraisals of the stressors accounted for socioeconomic disparities in health. Methods. Data from the National Study of Daily Experiences and the Midlife in the United States Survey were combined for the current analyses, resulting in 1,031 respondents who reported on 7,229 days. Results. Respondents without a high school degree experienced more severe stressors and appraised stressors as posing greater risk to their financial situation and to their self-concept than respondents with a high school or college degree. Differences in severity and stressor appraisal accounted for education differences in psychological distress and physical health symptoms. Discussion. Findings suggest the importance of considering variation across stressors, particularly implications for self-concept, in understanding sources of differential stressor vulnerability.
Comparative study of cerebral cortical potentials associated with voluntary movements in monkey and man

Abstract Eight monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) were taught to squeeze and release a handgrip. The movement simulated the brisk squeeze of a hand dynamometer performed by 7 human subjects. Monkey . During the performance of the voluntary movements, slow cortical potentials (motor potentials or MPs) were studied with monopolar, surface bipolar, transcortical and intracortical recordings. A survey of the dorsal expanse of cerebral cortex showed that the contralateral motor hand area, somatosensory hand area and area 6 adjacent to the supplementary motor area became active with movement. MPs also were seen in the motor and somatosensory cortex medial to the hand area, but we concluded that those potentials were probably related to adventitious movements in the arm and leg. That area 6 became active with movement was further verified with extracellular unit recording; the behavior of area 6 units was compared with that recorded from units in the motor hand area. Using simultaneous transcortal recordings a sequence of cortical activation was observed in those areas generating an MP. The motor hand area became active first, followed in turn by area 6 and the somatosensory hand area. The monosynaptic cortico-cortical connections of the motor hand area were studied with autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques and compared to the distribution of the MP. The hand area demonstrated reciprocal connectivity with portions of the somatosensory hand area, the supplementary motor area in area 6 and the cortex adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus. The distribution of the MPs correlated with the connectivity to the supplementary motor and somatosensory areas. Our physiologic studies did not adequately investigate the area adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus. Man . Motor potentials were studied using surface bipolar recordings with closely spaced electrodes (inter-electrode distances 1 cm or 2 cm). Recordings were made directly from the cortex in one subject studied under local anesthesia during an operation for epilepsy, and epidurally in 6 subjects in whom epidural electrode arrays had been inserted for the purpose of localizing an epileptogenic focus. Similar to the findings in the animals, MPs were recorded from the contralateral motor and somatosensory hand area with activity in motor cortex appearing first; area 6 just anterior to the motor hand area probably also generated a response. In addition, a locally generated potential not seen in monkey was recorded anterior to area 6. This difference in response distribution is viewed as possibly relating to the different significance which the seemingly comparable hand movements have for the animal and human subjects. No response was seen in motor and somatosensory hand area with ipsilateral movements. We have no information for the anteriorly recorded response with ipsilateral movement.
Factor Structure of the Depression-Proneness Rating Scale

Sumrnmy.-The Zemore Depression-Proneness Rating Scale was administered to 208 university students. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three factors representing Negative Self-attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Lack of Appetite. Some similarity between the present factors and those of the Beck Depression Inventory was discussed. Because the scale overemphasizes cognitive components, attention to items on the somatic aspects of depression was suggested. However, it should be noted that depressionproneness appears to be the feature of Zemore's scale thar sets it apart from other depression scales. Zemore (1783) developed two self-report Depression-Proneness Racing Scales to assess an individual's tendency to become depressed. Of the two, only the second scale is of interest here. On the scale a respondent rates 10 depressive symptoms for frequency of occurrence over the past two years compared to ocher people. These items are among those most commonly assessed by self-report inventories of current lwel of depression (Beck, War, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961; Zung, 1965). Each item is rated on a nine-point scale; high scores indicate greater proneness to depression. More details about the construction, reliability, validity, and ocher psychometric properties of the scale can be found in studies by Zemore ( 1983), Zemore and Bretell ( 1783), and Zemore and Dell ( 1783). Since the construction of the scales, no exploration of their underlying dimensions has been made. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the factor structure of the second scale. METHOD A total of 208 undergraduate students, 115 men and 93 women, at a small, private university in suburban Philadelphia completed Zemore's DepressionProneness Rating Scale. This sample constituted approximately 10% of the total population of undergraduate day students at the Pennsylvania campus of the Universiry. The majority of the subjects were middle-class, Caucasians from the East Coast of the USA. The subjects' ages ranged from 17 to 25 yr., with a mean age of 17.56 yr. and standard deviation of 1.02.
Experimentally induced ileal ulcers in rats. A model to study non-specific inflammatory bowel disease.

A surgical technique was used to establish chronic intestinal ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats. A 2-cm-Iong segment of the distal ileum was excised and left attached on the mesentery. The ileum was reanastomosed. The excluded ileal segment formed a ‘cyst’ of various sizes. Initially, the anastomoses healed well, but after 6–8 weeks para-anastomotic ulcers developed in more than 50% of the rats. Histopathology showed a chronic inflammatory reaction with a predominance of mononuclear cells and increased numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes. The surface of the ulcers was covered with bacteria. Penetrating ulcers with fistula formation occurred. It is concluded that this experimental model may be useful for time sequential studies of the development of chronic and ulcerative ileitis. It may also be used to study the effect of medical and surgical regimens for the treatment of non-specific chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
Ethics of clinical trials. Do they help the patient

Ethical justification of a randomized clinical trial requires at the onset that the investigators be able to state an honest null hypothesis regarding the therapies to be compared. For example, in a randomized clinical trial with only two arms (A and B), it is necessary to state that there is no scientifically validated reason to predict that therapy A will prove to be either superior or inferior to therapy B. Moreover, there must be no therapy C known to be superior to A and B unless there is a cogent reason to reject therapy C; the population of research subjects will consist either of those in whom therapy C has been tried without success or individuals who are aware of therapy C and have rejected it for various reasons. Thus, theoretically, the patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial are assured that they will receive one of the two best known therapies for their condition. At first glance, one might conclude that randomized clinical trials do, in general, help the patient. There are some features of at least some clinical trials, however, that may be detrimental to the interests of some patients. It commonly is said, for example, that patients in randomized clinical trials are deprived of the "good of personal care." The physician-investigator may be constrained by rigid protocol requirements from being responsive to the particular needs and desires of the patient. Additionally, the process of obtaining informed consent to randomized clinical trials may be preemptive: patients who might have chosen palliative care rather than chemotherapy may not be afforded adequate opportunity to make such a choice. Any randomized clinical trial should maximize the likelihood of helping the patient.
Applications of the dynamic circuit theory to Maglev suspension systems

The applications of dynamic circuit theory to electrodynamic suspension (EDS) systems are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the loop-shaped coil and the figure-eight-shaped null-flux coil suspension systems. Mathematical models, including very general force expressions that can be used for the development of computer codes, are provided for each of these suspension systems. The general applications and advantages of the dynamic circuit model are summarized. The transient and dynamic analysis and computer simulation of Maglev systems are emphasized. The method can be applied to many EDS Maglev design concepts. It is also suited for the computation of the performance of Maglev propulsion systems. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the model. >
Using a Brief Parent-Report Measure to Track Outcomes for Children and Teens with Internalizing Disorders.

The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a widely-used, parent-completed measure of children’s emotional and behavioral functioning. Previous research has shown that the PSC and its subscales are generally responsive to patient progress over the course of psychiatric treatment. In this naturalistic study, we examined the performance and utility of the five-item PSC Internalizing Subscale (PSC-IS) as an assessment of routine treatment in outpatient pediatric psychiatry. Parents and clinicians of 1,593 patients aged 17 or younger completed standardized measures at intake and three-month follow-up appointments. Comparisons between PSC-IS scores and clinician-reported diagnoses, internalizing symptoms, and overall functioning showed acceptable levels of agreement. Change scores on the PSC-IS were also larger among patients with internalizing diagnoses than those with non-internalizing diagnoses. As a brief measure of internalizing symptoms, the PSC may be particularly useful to mental health clinicians treating youth with depression and anxiety as a quality assurance or treatment outcome measure.
Electrochemical evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase immobilized in polyacrylamide gels

Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) has been immobilized in polyacrylamide gels over a platinum grid matrix. The immobilized enzyme is used to oxidize L-lactate in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ferricyanide. The NADH produced is then chemically oxidized back to NAD+ by ferricyanide. The coupled reduction of ferricyanide ions to ferrocyanide ions results in a measurable electrochemical potential. This measurable zero-current potential is found to be Nernstian in nature and directly proportional to the logarithm values of L-lactate concentration over the range of 2 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-2)M. The results indicate that immobilized lactate dehydrogenase can be incorporated into a system to detect L-lactate acid in aqueous solutions.
Computational Aerodynamics for Aircraft Design

This article outlines some of the principal issues in the development of numerical methods for the prediction of flows over aircraft and their use in the design process. These include the choice of an appropriate mathematical model, the design of shock-capturing algorithms, the treatment of complex geometric configurations, and shape modifications to optimize the aerodynamic performance.
Abstract No. 30: Superselective transhepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in high risk patients as a bridge towards liver transplantation

Purpose: To determine whether superselective transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) can be performed safely in liver transplantion (LT) candidates who have relative contraindications to TACE due to advanced cirrhosis and poor hepatic reserve and are thus at high risk for post-treatment liver failure. Materials and Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients on the LT list who underwent superselective TACE (defined as delivery of chemotherapy-iodized oil emulsion at the segmental level or greater order) from 2005 to 2011 at our institution were retrospectively evaluated. Cases were deemed high risk if pre-treatment serum bilirubin (TBili) was 2.5mg/dL and/or Child-Pugh (CP) score was 10. 30-day procedural mortality and our ability to maintain patients on the LT waitlist within Milan criteria were assessed. Results: Forty-nine patients who underwent 70 high risk superselective TACE procedures (TBili mean 3.2mg/dL, range 2.510.1) met our eligibility criteria. Overall 30-day mortality was 0. One patient with pre-TACE TBili of 10.1mg/dL suffered from post-treatment liver failure (2%) and expired at 6 weeks due to worsening hepatic function, gastrointestinal bleeding, and septic shock. Of these patients, 32.6% were transplanted, 8.7% remain on the list, 21.7% dropped off the list due to malignant disease progression, and 37% were active on the list but were removed for other reasons (12 for nonmedical reasons, 7 for medical issues other than HCC progression). Eighteen patients who underwent 25 high risk superselective TACE procedures were classified as CP class C (TBili mean 4.1mg/dL, range 1.4-10.1). Of these, 27.8% were transplanted, 16.7% remain on the list, 22.2% were removed due to disease progression, and 33.3% were removed for other reasons. Conclusion: Particularly in regions with long wait list times, superselective TACE may be performed safely even in HCC LT candidates conventionally rejected for treatment because of poor liver function in order to bridge them to transplant.
Off-axis systems for 4-m class telescopes.

We describe here an off-axis design for a 4.0-m astronomical telescope. We show that the geometric optical performance of this configuration can equal that of an on-axis conventional configuration while the diffractive performance fundamentally surpasses conventional telescopes because of the absence of pupil obstruction. The specific optical design described here uses a single off-axis primary mirror to obtain three distinct final focus ports: an f/10 port (with corrector) for wide-field imaging and spectroscopy with a field of view (FOV) of 15 arc min; a small-field, 2-reflection f/10 port suitable for polarimetry and coronagraphy; and a slower, f/16 (3-reflection) port with a 7 arc min FOV. For general astronomical observations requiring high optical throughput and low scattered light, this design is superior to conventional Ritchey–Chretien optical configurations.
Neutrophil depletion fails to improve neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in dogs.

We tested the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) contribute to morbidity and mortality in a canine model of cardiac arrest—induced central nervous system ischemia. Circulating neutrophils were depleted by administration of a neutrophil-specific sheep immune serum before a ten-minute cardiac arrest in ten experimental animals. Ischemic damage measured by a neurologic deficit score in these animals was compared with that in 12 animals that received either vehicle control or nonimmune sheep serum. Animals receiving immune serum averaged 89% depletion of neutrophils immediately after resuscitation (neutrophils ± SEM: 703 ± 123/mm 3 after antiserum versus 6,384 ± 1,171/mm 3 before immune serum) and 70% depletion over the first three hours after resuscitation. Neurologic deficit scores assessed at one, two, six, 12, and 24 hours after arrest did not vary between depleted dogs and controls. Overall survival time in neutrophil-depleted dogs was less than in controls (15.5 ± 1.3 versus 19.5 ± 1.3 hours; P = .04). These results suggest that neutrophils may not contribute to clinically important central nervous system dysfunction after resuscitation from a ten-minute cardiac arrest.
Sem Petrography of Eastern Mediterranean Sapropels: Analogue Data For Assessing Organic Matter In Oil and Gas Shales

Abstract Examination of organic-matter-hosted pore systems in unconventional reservoir rocks has drawn attention to the appearance of sedimentary organic matter (OM) as seen in high-resolution SEM images. Field-emission SEM imaging of eastern Mediterranean sapropels (Pliocene–Pleistocene age from Ocean Drilling Program drill sites) was performed on samples prepared by Ar-ion cross-section polishing. The immaturity of marine kerogen in these rocks allows inspection of petrographic textures without overprints related to thermal maturation (hydrocarbon generation). Kerogen in these samples includes discrete particles that in some cases contain primary intragranular pores. The most abundant organic matter is in the form of microns-thick flaky or stringy material, largely nonporous and internally amorphous, and lacking the well-defined shapes of discrete particles. This dominant OM has behaved in a highly ductile manner in compaction and is now highly pervaded into intergranular spaces between silt- and clay-size grains. A portion of the larger mineral-hosted pores remain open, unfilled by ductile OM. Minor nanometer-scale pores of uncertain origin occur in the dominant OM. Silt- and clay-size mineral crystals are distributed in organic matter of most types, and it is difficult to fully ascertain if the OM/mineral mixing has occurred during compaction versus during aggregation during gravity settling (marine-snow sedimentation) or through sediment accumulation in OM-rich microbial mats. Results indicate that sediments rich in marine kerogen are subject to substantial compactional porosity loss in early burial. These observations of marine detrital organic matter in its early diagenetic state provide a useful baseline for interpretation of petrographic features in more mature OM-rich mudrocks. It is clear that petrographic discrimination of diagenetically generated organic matter (bitumen and related OM types) from ductile dispersed amorphous detrital OM (kerogen) using SEM data will be challenging in the absence of compositional information.
Theoretical integration in motivational science: System justification as one of many "autonomous motivational structures".

Recognizing that there is a multiplicity of motives – and that the accessibility and strength of each one varies chronically and temporarily – is essential if motivational scientists are to achieve genuine theoretical and empirical integration. We agree that system justification is a case of nonconscious goal pursuit and discuss implications of the fact that it conflicts with many other psychological goals.
AMR1, an Arabidopsis Gene that Coordinately and Negatively Regulates the Mannose/L-Galactose Ascorbic Acid Biosynthetic Pathway

Ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants occurs through a complex, interconnected network with mannose (Man), myoinositol, and galacturonic acid as principal entry points. Regulation within and between pathways in the network is largely uncharacterized. A gene that regulates the Man/l-galactose (l-Gal) AsA pathway, AMR1 (for ascorbic acid mannose pathway regulator 1), was identified in an activation-tagged Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ozone-sensitive mutant that had 60% less leaf AsA than wild-type plants. In contrast, two independent T-DNA knockout lines disrupting AMR1 accumulated 2- to 3-fold greater foliar AsA and were more ozone tolerant than wild-type controls. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of steady-state transcripts of genes involved in AsA biosynthesis showed that AMR1 negatively affected the expression of GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, GDP-l-Gal phosphorylase, l-Gal-1-phosphate phosphatase, GDP-Man-3′,5′-epimerase, l-Gal dehydrogenase, and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, early and late enzymes of the Man/l-Gal pathway to AsA. AMR1 expression appears to be developmentally and environmentally controlled. As leaves aged, AMR1 transcripts accumulated with a concomitant decrease in AsA. AMR1 transcripts also decreased with increased light intensity. Thus, AMR1 appears to play an important role in modulating AsA levels in Arabidopsis by regulating the expression of major pathway genes in response to developmental and environmental cues.
Structural and germination defects of Bacillus subtilis spores with altered contents of a spore coat protein.

Abstract The start sites for transcription and translation of a Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein gene, cotT, were determined. The CotT protein was synthesized as a 10.1-kDa precursor which was processed to a coat polypeptide of 7.8 kDa. Insertional inactivation of the cotT gene resulted in spores with an altered appearance of the inner coat layers and slow germination in response to a germination solution containing fructose, glucose, and asparagine. Rates of germination in L-alanine and in Penassay broth were the same as that of the wild type. A strain containing the cotT gene on a low-copy-number plasmid produced spores with an excess of CotT precursor and a thickening of the striated inner coat. These spores responded poorly to all of the germinants mentioned above. A site-directed mutation of the codon at the processing site of CotT resulted in the accumulation of the precursor in sporulating cells and on the spores, but there was no effect on the germination rates or solvent resistance of these spores. Both the lack and the overproduction of CotT led to subtle alterations in the structure of the inner spore coat and in the capacity of spores to respond to particular germinants.
DSM-V and the stigma of mental illness

Stigma associated with mental illness has been shown to have devastating effects on the lives of people with psychiatric disorders, their families, and those who care for them. In the current article, the relationship between diagnostic labels and stigma is examined in the context of the forthcoming DSM-V. Three types of negative outcomes are reviewed in detail – public stigma, self-stigma, and label avoidance. The article illustrates how a clinical diagnosis may exacerbate these forms of stigma through socio-cognitive processes of groupness, homogeneity, and stability. Initial draft revisions recently proposed by the DSM-V work groups are presented, and their possible future implications for stigma associated with mental illness are discussed.
Citizenship through education. A comment on Social exclusion in Europe: some conceptual issues

This contribution deals with the integrative model underpinning contemporary European social policy. It was conceived as a comment on the article by O’Brian and Penna, addressing the same topic and published in this issue of IJSW. The author looks at processes of social inclusion/exclusion through the lens of political theory and the notion of citizenship, which is at its core. Based on this approach, the comment provides a perspective that in many respects is complementary to the conceptual analysis presented by O’Brian and Penna in their article.
Ambient temperature optimization for enterprise servers: Key to large-scale energy savings

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has for many years recommended that data center owners save energy by reducing air conditioning and warming up the data center. For the first 25 years of the computer industry, this was very sound advice because there was virtually no relationship between the operating temperature of enterprise computing servers and their energy efficiency. But for the most recent several years, this is no longer the case. Extensive Oracle research has demonstrated that with the latest generations of enterprise computing servers there are now strongly-coupled temperature-accelerated wastage mechanisms in IT server and storage systems that not only waste significant energy in warm data centers, but also degrade compute performance. This presentation shows novel Oracle temperature-aware algorithms that enable intelligent optimization of data center ambient temperatures to minimize or avoid these heretofore non-observable energy wastage mechanisms in IT systems. Oracle's suite of “Intelligent Energy Aware Data Center” (iEADC) algorithms predict an optimal ambient temperature set point, eliminating energy wastage throughout the data center, significantly increasing overall compute performance, decreasing the carbon footprint, while increasing return-on-assets for data center owners.
Associations between ADHD symptoms and smoking outcome expectancies in a non-clinical sample of daily cigarette smokers.

Author(s): Goldenson, Nicholas I; Pang, Raina D; Leventhal, Adam M | Abstract: Background and objectivesSmoking outcome expectancies for positive reinforcement (PR: beliefs that smoking produces desirable outcomes) and negative reinforcement (NR: beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect) are modifiable cognitive manifestations of affect-mediated smoking motivation. Based on prior data and theory, we hypothesized that NR and PR expectancies are associated with ADHD symptom levels in a non-clinical sample of cigarette smokers. (Am J Addict 2016; XX:XX -XX) METHODS: Daily cigarette smokers (N = 256) completed self-report measures of ADHD symptoms and smoking outcome expectancies. Cross-sectional associations of overall ADHD symptomatology and the ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention (IN: difficulty concentrating and distractibility) and hyperactivity impulsivity (HI: poor inhibitory control and motor activity restlessness) with PR and NR smoking outcome expectancies were examined.ResultsHigher levels of overall, IN and HI ADHD symptoms were positively associated with NR smoking expectancies after statistically controlling for anxiety, depression, alcohol/drug use problems, nicotine dependence, and other smoking expectancies. Although neither HI nor IN symptom dimensions exhibited empirically unique relations to NR expectancies over and above one another, the collective variance across IN and HI was associated with NR expectancies. PR expectancies were not associated with ADHD symptoms.Discussion and conclusionsAlthough PR and NR expectancies may be important etiological influences in the overall population of smokers, NR outcome expectancies appear to be disproportionately expressed in smokers with elevated ADHD symptoms. Cognitive manifestations of NR motivation, which may be modifiable via intervention, are prominent in smokers with elevated ADHD symptoms.Scientific significanceBeliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect may underlie ADHD-smoking comorbidity.
The Economics of Employee Benefits

If health insurance and other benefit costs really do harm U.S. businesses, why do so many firms offer these benefits? Why not pay workers a higher salary and let them buy insurance on their own? Do benefit costs, in fact, reduce the profits of U.S. firms? This chapter is an introductory analysis of the economics of employee benefits, appropriate for undergraduates and graduate students in economics, business, public policy, law, and human resource management. The chapter begins with a discussion of the role of differences in costs of providing benefits versus cash compensation, the use of benefits as a recruiting tool, and the role of tax incentives. The second part of the chapter analyzes how employee wages and firm profits are affected when benefit costs increase.
Competition in Food Retailing

N THIS paper we will attempt to specify the nature of competition among food retailers in local markets ("submarkets". This is an important problem because it is impossible to predict all the relevant consequences of various practices and forms of organization in food production and distribution without knowledge of the nature of competition in retail submarkets. Our point of departure must be the recognition that in retail markets our base line or referent system cannot be pure competition. Because each seller is at least spatially differentiated from all other sellers, every retailer has some degree of monopoly power. In other than small and isolated communities, the inevitable spatial monopoly element in food retailing is of a degree such that the submarket should be described as monopolistic competition or free competition. That is, the seller is indeed a price maker, but his power over price is sharply limited by the existence and potential existence of other sellers.1 These characteristics of retail markets have long been recognized and are no longer points at issue. The issues at present hinge on whether food retail markets tend towards oligopoly or whether they remain essentially freely competitive albeit with possibly serious imperfections. Since these two possible cases require quite different theoretical and policy treatments, it is essential that we attempt to resolve this issue first. Out of our discussion of the possibility of oligopoly, the nature of competition in these markets will emerge. The probably role of large chain stores in these markets will be discussed, and finally the apparent impact of existing public policy on competition in food retail markets will be assessed. By oligopoly we shall mean competition among a few sellers in which at least a quasi agreement on price is reached and maintained for a meaningful time period.2 This is the most common definition of oligopoly. It is,
Laying Off Brandeis' Policemen: Budget Cuts and Access to Government Information

One of the greatest spotlights on the activities of federal government is the Government Printing Office (GPO), its programs, and its digital publishing arm, FDSys. Many lawyers have benefitted from these programs without knowing it. If they have accessed the U.S. Code or a federal regulation on a website or looked up a public law or congressional report online, those documents came from the GPO. However, due to a combination of federal budget-cut pressure and anti-government antipathy by certain members of Congress, those programs are in danger. This article discusses the debate on government publications funding.
Integral Reaction Rate Measurements In 252Cf and 235U Fission Spectra

In support of the light water reactor-pressure vessel (LWR-PV) surveillance dosimetry program established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the National Bureau of Standards is undertaking a series of measurements to provide a physical basis for neutron dosimetry standards. Reaction rate measurements have been made with both 252Cf and 235U fission neutron fields. The following reactions have been measured through an activation technique: 115In(n,n′), 58Ni(n,p) and 54Fe(n,p).
Self-Assembled Monolayers of an Azobenzene Derivative on Silica and Their Interactions with Lysozyme

The capability of the photoresponsive isomerization of azobenzene derivatives in self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces to control protein adsorption behavior has very promising applications in antifouling materials and biotechnology. In this study, we performed an atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in combination with free-energy calculations to study the morphology of azobenzene-terminated SAMs (Azo-SAMs) grafted on a silica substrate and their interactions with lysozyme. Results show that the Azo-SAM surface morphology and the terminal benzene rings’ packing are highly correlated with the surface density and the isomer state. Higher surface coverage and the trans-isomer state lead to a more ordered polycrystalline backbone as well as more ordered local packing of benzene rings. On the Azo-SAM surface, water retains a high interfacial diffusivity, whereas the adsorbed lysozyme is found to have extremely low mobility but a relative stable secondary structure. The moderate desorption free energ...
Myeloperoxidase-induced inactivation of α1-antiprotease in hamsters

While numerous studies have demonstrated that the myeloperoxidase system found in neutrophils can oxidize and functionally inactivate alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vitro, there is little direct evidence that this phenomenon is relevant in vivo. Using incubation with tritiated porcine pancreatic elastase followed by column chromatography to quantitate binding, we demonstrated recovery of microgram amounts of functional alpha 1-protease inhibitor from bronchoalveolar lavage of hamster lungs. When exposed to the myeloperoxidase system in vitro, hamster alpha 1-protease inhibitor was 97% inactivated. Functional alpha 1-protease inhibitor recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage 20 minutes after hamsters were given intratracheal injections with myeloperoxidase and either hydrogen peroxide or glucose plus glucose oxidase was only half that recovered from control animals. These studies suggest that the myeloperoxidase system is effective in oxidizing alpha 1-protease inhibitor in vivo. They support the concept that oxidation of alpha 1-protease inhibitor by myeloperoxidase from neutrophil granules in the presence of H2O2 and halide may produce elastase-antielastase imbalance in vivo and contribute to the development of acute lung injury and emphysema in humans.
Applied Behavior Analysis: General Characteristics

This chapter describes the general characteristics of applied behavior analysis. These characteristics include the emphasis on the current environment, establishing operations, antecedent stimuli, and contingencies of reinforcement and punishment which influence behavior, including the problematic behavior that occasions the use of restraint and the application of restraints itself. Applied behavior analysis is also characterized by the use of functional behavior assessment to understand and reduce the target behaviors that occasion the use of restraint and other restrictive behavior management practices. The chapter goes on to describe the functions of restraint. These include both consequential and antecedent functions. The chapter goes on to describe the interesting phenomenon of self-restraint and its functions, its relationship to self-injurious behavior, and the compulsion hypothesis of self-restraint. The chapter notes that self-restraint may have a number of potential relationships to self-injurious behavior. Applied behavior analysis provides a useful and conceptually sound framework for understanding restraint and self-restraint which informs intervention to reduce restraint.