cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter cover cropping influence on nitrogen mineralization, presidedress soil nitrate test, and corn yields

The mineralization and availability of cover crop N to the succeeding crop are critical components in the management of soil N to reduce N leaching. The effects of several leguminous and non-leguminous cover crops on soil N availability, N mineralization potential, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield were examined. The cover crops had variable effects on soil N availability and corn yield and N uptake. Because of the rapid mineralization of the cover crops following incorporation, the inorganic N levels in the soil sampled in mid-May 1992 (4 weeks after incorporation of cover crops), rather than the potentially mineralizable N, rate constants, initial potential mineralization rate, or cumulative N mineralized over 14 weeks, correlated well with N concentrations, C:N ratios, or the N added in the cover crops. However, the inclusion of potentially mineralizable N with inorganic N in a multiple regression improved the variability in the corn yield and the N uptake accounted for. Since extensive mineralization had occurred before the 21 May sampling, the potentially mineralizable N was affected more by the soil organic N and C than by the N concentrations of the cover crops. The presidedress NO3 --N test levels were well predicted by the inorganic and potentially mineralizable N (R 2=0.89, P<0.01), although the test levels were better in predicting corn yield and N uptake. If the available soil N test needs to be made earlier than recommended by the presidedress NO3 --N test, both inorganic and potentially mineralizable N are needed to better predict the corn yield and N uptake in the soils.
Abstract B169: Characterization of in vitro activity and predictive biomarkers of the novel p21‐activated kinase 4 (PAK4) inhibitor, PF‐3758309, in colorectal cancer cell lines

Background: The p21‐activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine kinases is overexpressed in multiple cancer types including breast, ovarian, colorectal, thyroid, and pancreatic. The two groups of PAK proteins, Group I (PAK 1–3) and Group II (PAK 4–6), are critical mediators of cell survival, motility, mitosis, transcription, and translation. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of a PAK4 inhibitor, PF‐3758309, against a panel of colorectal cell lines and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of sensitivity or resistance that could be used to individualize therapy. Methods: A panel of 27 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines were exposed to increasing doses of PF‐3758309 (0.015–1 µM) for 72 hours and analyzed for inhibition of proliferation using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cell lines were designated sensitive (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R) based on IC509s 0.125 and 1 µM, respectively. Assessment of induction of apoptosis was carried out using the caspase 3/7 assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours, whereas a soft agar colony assay was conducted on one sensitive and one resistant cell line to demonstrate anchorage‐ independent growth. To evaluate the effects on known target proteins of PAK‐4, immunoblotting was performed for phosphorylated and total PAK‐4, RhoA, GEF‐H1, as well as proteins involved in apoptosis and the cell cycle. Lastly, to identify predictive genetic markers, five each of the most sensitive (IC50 1 mM) cell lines were subjected to gene array analysis using the Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 gene chip. Results: Analysis of inhibition of proliferation in the 27 CRC cell lines demonstrated a greater than 10‐fold (IC50 1 mM) range of responsiveness to PF‐3758309 that was accompanied by similarly diverse ranges of apoptosis induction. A sensitive cell line (HCT‐116) demonstrated inhibition of anchorage‐independent growth upon exposure to PF‐3758309 that was not observed in the resistant (GEO) cell line. Overall, there did not appear to be an obvious relationship between effector protein expression and responsiveness to the PAK‐4 inhibitor. Interestingly, gene array analysis indicated vimentin and ZEB1 expression to be increased, while E‐cadherin was decreased, in the sensitive CRC cell lines. Other genes involved in cell cycle, MAPK pathway, and cytoskeleton dynamics were also differentially expressed. Conclusions: These data suggest that PAK4 inhibition by PF‐3758309 results in efficacy against CRC cell lines as demonstrated by decreases in proliferation, anchorage‐independent growth, and induction of apoptosis. The range of responsiveness to PF‐3758309 and differential gene expression is being utilized to develop patient selective biomarkers for treatment with this novel compound. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B169.
Desalination by reverse osmosis using MFI zeolite membranes

Abstract This paper reports an experimental study on the reverse osmosis desalination of aqueous solutions using α-alumina-supported MFI-type zeolite membranes. A Na + rejection of 76.7% with a water flux of about 0.112 kg m −2 h −1 was obtained for a 0.1 M NaCl feed solution under an applied pressure of 2.07 MPa. For a complex feed solution containing 0.1 M NaCl + 0.1 M KCl + 0.1 M NH 4 Cl + 0.1 M CaCl 2 + 0.1 M MgCl 2 , rejections of Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ reached 58.1%, 62.6%, 79.9%, 80.7%, and 88.4%, respectively, with a water flux of 0.058 kg m −2 h −1 , after 145 h of operation at an applied pressure of 2.4 MPa.
Robust Auto-Focusing Wideband Bayesian Beamforming

The problem of uncertain direction-of-arrival (DOA) for narrowband sources has been addressed using adaptive Bayesian beamforming[2,3]. In this study, we present a wideband Bayesian beamforming technique based on the coherent signal-subpace transform (CSST). CSST focuses the wideband data onto a single narrowband to allow for a narrowband Bayesian beamformer, which in turn provides the data-driven DOA information needed to update the key part of CSST-the focusing matrix. Numerical simulations with array data show that the proposed beamformer is robust to both DOA mismatch and coherent wideband interfences.
Improved recognition of cor pulmonale in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To compare sensitivity of clinical methods (physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph) to echocardiography in the detection of cor pulmonale, and to determine the role of nocturnal oxygen desaturation in its development, 33 non-hypoxemic patients who had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were evaluated by clinical methods, echocardiography, and overnight ear oximetry. Compared to 25 age-matched control subjects, COPD patients had higher peak pulmonary systolic pressures by contrast-enhanced Doppler (40 +/- 13 versus 22 +/- 5 mm Hg, or 5.3 +/- 1.7 versus 2.9 +/- 0.7 kPa) and ratios of right to left ventricular volume (1.1 +/- 0.6 versus 0.6 +/- 0.1, both p less than 0.05). Defining cor pulmonale as pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular enlargement, or right ventricular hypertrophy, 25 COPD patients (75 percent) had cor pulmonale by echocardiography and 13 (39 percent) by clinical methods (p less than 0.05). Nocturnal desaturation was present in only 21 percent of patients. Echocardiographic measurements were similar between patients with emphysema and patients with bronchitis, and between patients with and without sleep desaturation. In patients who have severe COPD without waking hypoxemia, cor pulmonale is detected nearly twice as often by echocardiography as by clinical methods, but is usually not associated with sleep desaturation.
Character divergences and convergences in canopy‐dwelling Loranthaceae

The Loranthaceae is the largest plant family with aerial branch parasites termed mistletoes. Three genera of Loranthaceae are terrestrial root parasites and the remaining 72 genera are aerial parasites. Several characters, including habit, haustorial type, germination pattern, pollen morphology, chromosome number, inflorescence morphology and flower merosity, fusion, symmetry and size, are considered to reflect evolutionary relationships within the family. Convergence is a common evolutionary pattern and can confound interpretations of evolution. We investigated character evolution by mapping character states onto a phylogenetic tree based on the nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL–trnF regions. Convergences in form were found in several characters, including habit, haustorial type, flower symmetry and merosity. These convergences typically correspond to ecological parameters such as pollination syndrome or stresses associated with the canopy habit. Other characters such as chromosome number and germination pattern illustrate divergent evolution among clades. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 150, 101–113.
Culture, Communication and Cyberspace : Rethinking Technical Communication for International Online Environments

The increasingly global nature of the World Wide Web presents new challenges and opportunities for technical communicators who must develop content for clients or colleagues from other cultures and in other nations. As international online access grows, technical communicators will encounter a range of challenges related to culture and communication in cyberspace. These challenges include how to design content and develop services for online distribution to a culturally diverse audience of users; how to address cultural and linguistic factors effectively when collaborating with international colleagues and clients via online media; and how to develop effective online teaching and training practices and materials for use in learning environments comprised of culturally diverse groups of students. The contributors to Culture, Communication and Cyberspace examine these challenges through chapters that explore the different aspects of international online communication. The contributing authors use a range of methodologies to review a variety of topics related to culture and communication in cyberspace. In so doing, the authors also examine how business trends, such as international outsourcing, content management, and the use of open source software (OSS), are affecting and could change practices in the field of technical communication as related to online cross-cultural interactions. Intended Audience : Professionals, students, scholars, and practitioners in technical communication, software engineering, human-computer interaction, and information design/architecture who are involved in the creation of computer-mediated content for internationally diverse users.
Validation and measurement of the fundamental themes of relational communication

A recently advanced schema for relational communication proposes as many as 12 fundamental and distinctive themes underlying relational message exchange. Reported here are the results of three measurement studies using exploratory oblique and orthogonal factor analyses and confirmatory factor analysis. These offer empirical validation for seven to 10 of the themes. Additionally, results from seven experiments using the relational communication measure provide reliability estimates and predictive validity data. The final recommended measurement instrument is a 30‐item scale incorporating eight independent themes or clusters of themes.
Dual-Aircraft Investigation of the Inner Core of Hurricane Norbert. Part II: Mesoscale Distribution of Ice Particles

Abstract Horizontal fields of cloud microphysical parameters, vertical air motion, and horizontal wind at the 6-km level in Hurricane Norbert (1984) were obtained by mapping and interpolating data collected on board a WP-3D aircraft along numerous flight tracks executed within the central region of the storm. Although the storm was characterized by a strong vortex of winds reaching peak values > 50 m s−1 all around the storm, the precipitation was concentrated on the southwest side of the storm. A sloping eyewall was located within 20 to 30 km of the eye. Stratiform precipitation dominated the region outside the eyewall. A 25-km-wide band of maximum stratiform precipitation was centered 60–70 km southwest of the storm center. The ice particles at flight level tended to be relatively large both in the eyewall and in the outer band of stratiform precipitation. Particles were smaller and more numerous (100–300 L−1) in the zone between the eyewall and outer stratiform band. These particles occurred on the out...
Induction of Ovulation in Premenarchial Rhesus Monkeys with Human Gonadotropins

Five premenarchial rhesus monkeys were treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce ovulation. All animals had large elevations in serum estradiol concentrations and perineal sex skin development in response to HMG injections. Four of five monkeys had peripheral progesterone concentrations suggestive of ovulation after HCG administration and corpora lutea were confirmed histologically in two animals. Thus, ovaries of reproductively immature monkeys are capable of steroid secretion and ovulation when provided with sufficient gonadotropin stimulation.
Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behavior

Abstract Across two studies we investigated the relationship between moral relativism versus absolutism and moral behavior. In Experiment 1, we found that participants who read a relativist argument for tolerating female genital mutilation were more likely to cheat to win an incentivized raffle than participants who read an absolutist argument against female genital mutilation, or those in a control condition. In Experiment 2, participants who read a definition of morality phrased in absolutist terms expressed less willingness to engage in petty theft than those who read a definition of morality phrased in relativist terms, or those in a control condition. Experiment 2 also provided evidence that effects were not due to absolutist arguments signaling that fewer behaviors are morally permissible, nor to relativist arguments defending more disagreeable moral positions. Rather, the content of the philosophical positions themselves—the fact that relativism describes morality as subjective and culturally-historically contingent, whereas absolutism describes morality as objective and universal—makes individuals more likely to engage in immoral behaviors when exposed to moral relativism compared to moral absolutism.
Greater Tendency to Acne in White American than in Japanese Populations1

In studies of white subjects living in the United States and of Japanese living in Tokyo and Yokohama, extensive acne was observed to be more common among the American than the Japanese populations. These observations, and the previously reported higher incidence of male pattern baldness in Caucasoids than in Mongoloids, are in accord with the hypothesis that tendencies to pronounced development of secondary sex characters may merge with tendencies to certain sex-selective pathologic conditions. Sex differences in acnegenesis were marked; especially in the Japanese; acne was more extensive and retained at a later age in males than in females. Ethnic and sex differences in the production of sebum and acne were similar in direction to ethnic and sex differences in growth of beard and axillary hair. This suggests that sebaceous and piliary structures can be a unit, not only morphologically in the form of pilosebaceous aparatuses, but also physiologically in that the component parts react similarly
Polyetherimide substrates for future high density optical data storage

Polyetherimide (PEI) substrate for next-generation high density optical data storage is fabricated and characterized. Cover-layer incident or first-surface recording configurations do not require optical properties of the substrate, which are the prerequisite conditions for the conventional material of polycarbonate (PC). Instead of the optical properties, good mechanical properties with a sufficient transcribability are required. Even though PEI has higher glass transition temperature than that of PC, a microscopic transcribability of PEI is comparable with PC by laminating a thermal insulation layer on the backside of a stamper to retard the heat flow. A macroscopic warpage of PEI substrate is smaller than that of PC substrates, which reduces tilt and servo burden. The lowest critical speed coupled with the flutter of PEI substrate is larger than that of PC substrate because of the mechanical properties of PEI. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:97–101, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Buckling and postbuckling behavior of curved composite panels due to thermal and mechanical loading

The buckling and postbuckling responses of unstiffened cylindrically curved composite panels are studied using the finite element code STAGS and a geometrically nonlinear Rayleigh-Ritz solution. Loading is either through axial end-shortening at a fixed spatially uniform temperature, or it is temperature-induced due to the thermal stresses that arise when the spatially uniform temperature is increased while axial end displacement is restrained to be zero. Comparisons are made between two sets of boundary conditions and three laminates. Buckling and postbuckling responses are found to be strongly dependent on material orthotropy and are substantially affected by the amount of circumferential restraint along the straight edge boundaries.
Effect of gain dispersion on ultrashort pulse amplification in semiconductor laser amplifiers

The effect of gain dispersion in semiconductor laser amplifiers is discussed by considering an amplifier model that includes both gain saturation and gain dispersion. The saturated and unsaturated amplification regimes corresponding to whether the pulse energy is comparable to or much smaller than the saturation energy, are discussed separately. In the unsaturated regime, gain-induced group-velocity dispersion is found to play an important role. The amplified pulse can be compressed or broadened depending on whether the input pulse is chirped or unchirped. The pulse spectrum remains largely unaffected in the linear regime. In the saturation regime, self-phase modulation leads to considerable changes in the pulse spectrum. >
The value of travel time and reliability-evidence from a stated preference survey and actual usage

Abstract This research examined travel behavior of Managed Lane (ML) users to better understand the value travelers place on travel time savings and travel time reliability. We also highlight the importance of survey design techniques. These objectives were accomplished through a stated preference survey of Houston’s Katy Freeway travelers. Three stated choice experiment survey design techniques were tested in this study: Bayesian ( D b ) efficient, random level attribute generation, and an adaptive random approach. Mixed logit models were developed from responses using each of those designs. The value of travel time savings (VTTSs) estimates do vary across the design strategies, with the VTTS estimates based on the D b -efficient design being approximately half the estimates from the other two designs. However, among the three design strategies, the value of travel time reliability (VOR) was only significant in the D b -efficient design. The estimated VTTS from actual Katy Freeway usage (as measured using actual tolls paid and travel time saved on the managed lanes) is $51/h. This likely also includes any value that travelers place on travel time reliability. In comparison, our combined estimate of VTTS and VOR based on the SP survey ( D b -efficient design) was $50/h, which is remarkably close to the estimate from the actual usage data. Based on our dataset, the D b -efficient design technique proved superior to the other two techniques. Finally, this research also supports the importance of including both travel time and travel time reliability parameters when estimating the willingness to pay for, and therefore benefits derived from, ML travel.
Psychological Characteristics of the Haight “Junkie”

(1974). Psychological Characteristics of the Haight “Junkie”. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 21-28.
Colonoscopy practice patterns since introduction of medicare coverage for average-risk screening.

Abstract Background & Aims: Recent legislation passed in July 2001 provides coverage for all Medicare beneficiaries for average-risk screening colonoscopy. Methods: We analyzed the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative national endoscopic database to characterize colonoscopy practice patterns before and after the introduction of this coverage. Results: Between January 1998 and May 2002, 205,638 patients underwent colonoscopy, of whom 8.3% underwent average-risk colon cancer screening. The proportion of procedures performed for average-risk screening has increased dramatically from 4.6% (before July 2001) to 14.2% (after July 2001). With the increased volume of average-risk screening examinations, colonic lesion detection (masses and polyps greater than 9 mm) has declined (4.9% before July 2001 to 3.8% after July 2001). Conclusions: There has been a dramatic increase in the rates of screening colonoscopy during the past 4 years. If rates continue to increase, optimal resource utilization will assume increasing importance.
Activation of Protein Kinases in Chronically Hypoxic Infant Human and Rabbit Hearts Role in Cardioprotection

Background— Many infants who undergo heart surgery have a congenital cyanotic defect in which the heart is chronically perfused with hypoxic blood. However, the signaling pathways by which infant hearts adapt to chronic hypoxia and resist subsequent surgical ischemia is unknown. Method and Results— We determined the activation and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) in 15 infants with cyanotic (Sao2 95%) heart defects undergoing surgical repair and in 80 rabbits raised from birth in a hypoxic (Sao2 95%) environment. Tissues from infant human and rabbit hearts were processed for Western and in vitro kinase analysis. In human infants with cyanotic heart defects, PKCe, p38 MAP kinase, and JUN kinase but not p42/44 MAP kinase were activated and translocated from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction compared with acyanotic heart defects. In rabbit infants there was a parallel response for PKCe, ...
In Search of a Business Class in Thirteenth-Century Genoa

This paper is in no way a definitive study of classes, especially of the business classes, in the city of Genoa in the thirteenth century. The materials for such a study do exist in the notarial archives and in earlier publications on this and related subjects. Rather, this is a report drawn from “work resumed” and work in its early stages at that.
Looking to the future: women in science and engineering

As a result of the overall decrease in enrolment in science related fields and recent economic expansions, the United States is experiencing a shortage of trained scientists and engineers. One manner in which to increase the pool of scientists and engineers is to increase the participation of women in these fields. The purpose of this paper is discuss the progress that has been made and the issues that still need to be addressed in order to attract women to the fields of science and engineering.
Tree Nut Allergy, Egg Allergy, and Asthma in Children

Background. Children with food allergies often have concurrent asthma. Objective. The authors aimed to determine the prevalence of asthma in children with food allergies and the association of specific food allergies with asthma. Methods. Parental questionnaire data regarding food allergy, corroborated by allergic sensitization were completed for a cohort of 799 children with food allergies. Multivariate regression analysis tested the association between food allergy and reported asthma. Results. In this cohort, the prevalence of asthma was 45.6%. After adjusting for each food allergy, environmental allergies, and family history of asthma, children with egg allergy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-3.2; P < .01) or tree nut allergy (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1-3.6; P = .02) had significantly greater odds of report of asthma. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of asthma in the food-allergic pediatric population. Egg and tree nut allergy are significantly associated with asthma, inde...
Repeated Exposure of Coyotes to the Coyote Lure Operative Device

Abstract The coyote lure operative device (CLOD) is a substance delivery system for coyotes (Canis latrans). Field testing has demonstrated that free-ranging coyotes will activate CLODs, but whether individual animals or mated pairs will do so repeatedly has not been examined. We conducted 2 experiments with captive coyotes to determine whether individual animals or mated pairs would approach and activate CLODs repeatedly when exposed to them in a familiar environment over 4 consecutive days. The second experiment allowed us to determine whether a bias existed toward either member of a pair when CLODs were activated. We concluded that individuals and mated pairs approach and activate CLODs with decreased latency over a 4-day testing period. Both sexes activated CLODs when encountered as individuals, but males activated more CLODs than females when mated pairs were exposed to the device. These results imply that an end user of the CLOD can wait until regular “take” occurs before introducing an active ingre...
AN ETHNOBOTANICAL INVESTIGATION OF TREE IDENTIFICATION BY THE AGUARUNA JÍVARO OF THE PERUVIAN AMAZON

ABSTRACT A year-long ethnobotanical study was carried out in several indigenous communities on the Nieva River, in the Peruvian Amazon, to determine how the Aguaruna Jivaro identify trees of their local environment. Eight key informants provided freelists of tree names and in follow-up interviews explained how they identify 63 of the named trees chosen for detailed study. Voucher specimens were collected for the 63 taxa. This study made use of the Aguaruna concept of kumpaji, glossed as companion, which denotes species thought to be morphologically similar but not subsumed under a shared name. Questions designed to elicit identification methods included asking what distinguishes each tree from other trees informants consider to be its companions. Results indicate that the Aguaruna rely on both sensory and ecological clues to identify trees. Sensory clues appear to play a greater role than ecological ones.
The Youth Olympic Games: Analyzing Institutional Performance in an Olympic Context

The 1 st Youth Olympic Summer Games (YOG) took place in Singapore from August 14-26, 2010 with participation of 3,530 elite young athletes ranging in age from 14 to 18 years old. These Games were followed by the first Youth Olympic Winter Games hosted by Innsbruck, Austria in 2012. Does the introduction of these Games represent good sport policy, good sport practice or merely a crass attempt to further commercialize and promote the Olympic brand image to youth? Although academics and sport officials in their critical analyses of the YOG are cautious about this newly introduced event, the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) background ideational abilities – i.e. the process by which the YOG has become communicated and accepted - has skipped their attention. This paper utilizes discursive institutionalism as a theoretical framework to analyze available primary and secondary sources, documents, reports, personal interviews, and official communications on the first Youth Olympics. There is a serious disconnect between the initial idea and the institutional manner in which the IOC is developing this Olympic event. The paper also advocates for establishing an independent review mechanism that can provide feedback on the IOC’s performance related to Youth Olympic Games.
An Arthroscopic Second-Look Study on the Effect of Remnant Preservation on Synovialization of Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Allograft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Purpose To assess the effects of preserved more anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remnant on synovial coverage, knee stability, and function after bone patellar–tendon–bone (BPTB) allograft reconstruction through second-look arthroscopy and follow-up study. Methods From June 2007 to February 2009, 51 patients received single bundle BPTB allograft ACL reconstruction and second arthroscopic examination. The patients were divided into 4 types according to the types of ACL remnant: type 1, 18 had bridging between the posterior cruciate ligament and the tibia; type 2, 21 had bridging between the intercondylar notch roof and the tibia; type 3, 4 had bridging between the lateral condyle and the tibia; and type 4, 8 subjects had no ACL remnants. Clinical results were evaluated with the KT-1000 maximum displacement test and Lysholm scale at mean 12.3- and 53.5-month follow-up. Second-look synovium coverage was recorded as follows: covering 25% or less, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and more than 75%. Results Mean percentage of synovium coverage, Lysholm scale, and KT-1000 side-to-side difference were poorer in types 3 and 4 than the other 2 types at mean 12.3-month follow-up without statistical differences. The result of the final follow-up was comparable with the first one. Four patients had ruptured grafts and accepted revision surgery. Three of them belonged to types 3 and 4, and 1 patient with sport trauma belonged to type 2. There were other 11 patients with different types of impingement and partial absorption of grafts. Conclusions Although lack of statistical power, follow-up study and second-look arthroscopy showed that preserved type 3 and 4 ACL remnant caused poorer synovium coverage and might lead to earlier failure when using BPTB allograft. Early minor laxity at 12.3-month follow-up seemed to be not progressive at the final follow-up. Level of Evidence Level III, case-control study.
Dynamic party unity: the US Congress in comparative perspective*

Moises Ostrogorski once denounced political parties for burying diverse concerns of pluralistic societies under monolithic electoral options. E.E. Schattschneider celebrated them for the same reason: organizing choice and ‘responsible party government’ amid pluralistic complexity. Comparativists have found both dynamics in European legislatures: most European parties exhibit the high average levels of voting unity that Schattschneider’s theory implies, but also display rather Ostrogorskian cycles of discipline, stifling dissent on divisive issues at election time. We use comparativists’ tools to explore the dynamics and normative quality of party unity in the different terrain of the US Congress. We find similar cycles of unity in roll-call voting, but in the American context – with more loosely organized parties, especially historically but still today – Ostrogorskian stifling of dissent operates against a less Schattschneiderian background. In comparative perspective, Congressional parties muffle divisive issues more effectively than they deliver governance, with tenuous implications for representation.
Three New North American Ants

Two of the ants described below were collected by scouts of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, while making a survey to obtain information on the distribution of the Argentine ant. The other species, an interesting form of Lasius , was sent to me for identification by Professors Claude Wakeland and W. E. Shull of the Entomology Department of the University of Idaho.
Characteristics of Flatback Airfoils in Dynamic Motion

Flatback airfoils are now in use on the inboard portion of horizontal axis wind turbine blades in the field. The advantages of this blade geometry include a lighter, stronger blade with reduced sensitivity to soiling that is easier to transport. The DU97-W-300 and its 10% thick trailing edge flatback counterpart have been tested in a University of Wyoming wind tunnel in both static and dynamically pitching configurations because real wind turbine blades experience similar dynamic pitching due to yaw effects and shear in the inflow. Surface pressure and particle image velocimetry data have been collected at a Reynolds number of 225,000. The results show that the flatback does exhibit advantageous aerodynamic characteristics in both the static and dynamic configurations. Fundamental vortex shedding from the blunt trailing edge is present in both the static and dynamic case whenever the flow is attached. In a case where the flow separates under dynamic stall conditions, the flow physics are dominated by the dynamic pitching motion, and trailing edge vortex shedding is only present during the attached portion of the pitching cycle. This dynamic behavior has an impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the blade. Better wind turbine blade designs would result from a more complete understanding of such realistic flow characteristics.
From two-dimensional electron gas to localized charge: Dynamics of polaron formation in organic semiconductors

Electronic transport in organic semiconductors is mediated by localized polarons. However, the dynamics on how delocalized electrons collapse into polarons through electron-nuclear interaction is not well known. In this work, we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study polaron formation in titanyl phthalocyanine deposited on $\mathrm{Au}(111)$ surfaces. Electrons are optically excited from the metal to the organic layer via the image potential state, which evolves from a dispersive to a nondispersive state after photoexcitation. The spatial size of the electrons is determined from the band structure using a tight-binding model. It is observed that the two-dimensional electron wave collapses into a wave packet of size \ensuremath{\sim}3 nm within 100 fs after photoexcitation.
Hands-on Human Factors and Ergonomics Education

Teaching an introductory course in Human Factors and Ergonomics presents a number of opportunities to have the students participate in a variety of hands-on labs and projects. The students particip...
The Inequalities of Television Franchises

Is there a way to save U. S. television from the present quasimonopoly position that stems from the scarcity of VHF channels? This brief article calls attention to some serious inequities that have...
Mechanism of Recreating Government Procedure and Analysis of its Goal Value

Recreating of government procedure is a path to reform of modern government,which is driven by a specific motive mechanism and therefore,has a unique goal value and meaning.This shows directly the political nature of the recreating and the important premise for the understanding and implementing of the recreating.
Ancient Rimes Confirming the Mistake in Tun-tun-ran of the Hand Greater-Yin Meridian in Ling-shu

In Ling-shu,Huang Di Nei Jing,the text describes twenty-five classes of yin-yang person with twenty-five jan-ending adjective phrases,but only DunDun-Ran was used twice,resulting in today's belief that one of these two occurrences might be a mistake.In the Ming dynasty,when Zhang Jie Bin was annotating Huang Di Nei Jing,he wrote that even though the phrase has two occurrences in the treatise,each has its own meaning.This paper integrates the knowledge obtained in ancient Chinese phonology since the Ming and Qing dynasties.Due to the fact that the Dun-Dun-Ran of the Hand Greater-Yin Meridian does not rhyme with the rest of the rest of the treatise,it is believed that the phrase is indeed a mistake.
Shortness of breath: Patient history not always indicative of the cause

This is a 78 year old male with a past medical history of coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension (HTN), and gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) who presented to the emergency room with worsening shortness of breath (SOB) and low-grade fevers for one week prior to admission. He was originally diagnosed with healthcare associated pneumonia (HCAP) and an acute on chronic COPD exacerbation and treated with prednisone, inhalers, ipratropium/albuterol, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. His symptoms were slow to respond to therapy and he continued to have end-expiratory wheezes with persistent SOB. A CT of his chest was ordered to rule out a possible pulmonary embolus (PE) and instead showed an obstructing mass in the bronchus. Pulmonology was consulted and performed a bronchoscopy, which revealed a foreign body (bean) causing the obstruction, which was removed, and the patient's symptoms improved shortly thereafter.
The effects of collecting duct active NaCl reabsorption and inner medulla anatomy on renal concentrating mechanism

First, the representation of the inner medulla incorporates an exaggerated radial separation between tubules, vessels, and collecting ducts; and, second, the hydraulic permeability in the upper portion of the inner medullary collecting ducts was erroneously set to zero. In the current work, we explore the role of collecting duct hydraulic permeability and anatomical heterogeneity via mathematical modeling. The model predicts concentrated urine for measured values of the hydraulic permeability and homogeneous lower inner medulla as long as net active NaCl reabsorption is incorporated in the upper inner medullary collecting duct epithelium. This new three-dimensional model results in two recycling paths. The upper portion of the inner medulla recycles NaCl, whereas the lower portion recycles urea.
Remember Tuskegee: public health student knowledge of the ethical significance of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

The ethical problems that surrounded the Tuskegee Syphilis Study prompted widespread public criticism when they first surfaced in 1972; the Tuskegee Study remains an important case in bioethics. We recently examined public health student knowledge of the ethical significance of the Tuskegee Study as part of an ethics curriculum needs assessment at Tulane University. A brief questionnaire was administered to 236 graduate students currently enrolled in seven epidemiology courses. Basic demographic information was obtained along with information about degree program. A series of questions was then asked to assess student knowledge of bioethics including the ethical significance of the Tuskegee Study. Only 19% (46 of 236) of the students demonstrated knowledge of the ethical significance of the Tuskegee Study. Knowledge of the Tuskegee Study's ethical significance was higher among students who were from the United States and those who were enrolled in the epidemiology program (P < .05). The ethical problems that surrounded the Tuskegee Study have rarely been encountered in public health. However, this important case stands as an exemplar of the potential for ethical abuses in human subjects research. Such cases ought to be highlighted in public health curricula. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): blacks, African Americans, educational curriculum, epidemiology, ethics, public health, racism.
Response of nine sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) cultivars to postemergence herbicide applications

A field experiment was conducted for 2 yr near Scottsbluff, NE, to evaluate the growth and yield response of nine commercial sugarbeet cultivars to five postemergence herbicide mixtures applied two times. Sugarbeet cultivars varied in their response to herbicides. Three of the five postemergence herbicide mixtures reduced sugarbeet leaf area at 9 wk after planting (WAP), while two treatments had no significant effect. Root yield reductions from herbicide treatments ranged from 3 to 11% averaged over the nine cultivars. Two applications of desmedipham plus phenmedipham at 180 plus 180 g/ha reduced root yield 3% compared to untreated plots. Two applications of clopyralid at 100 g/ha, triflusulfuron at 18 g/ha, or ethofumesate at 160 g/ha plus desmedipham plus phenmedipham resulted in a 17, 29, and 22% reduction in leaf area at 9 WAR respectively, and a 6, 8, and 6% reduction in root yield, respectively, compared to untreated plots. Sethoxydim at 280 g/ha plus desmedipham plus phenmedipham did not cause additional sugarbeet injury.
Higher Education Capacity for What? Balancing Issues of Equity, Efficiency, Choice, and Excellence

Higher education expansion throughout the Asia Pacific region leads to multiple growth opportunities and challenges at local, national, regional, and global levels. Proactive policy initiatives that strive to increase access to the masses are automatically faced with several social justice issues, including equity, efficiency, and choice. Ultimately, the ability of higher education graduates to perform well in industry is a key to measuring the quality of their higher education experience. Too often the preparation of graduates with sufficient twenty-first century skills is inadequate, especially where graduates are competing not only with others in their graduating class but also with graduates across their respective country and the entire Asia Pacific region and beyond. In this chapter, we examine the important and dynamic roles equity, efficiency, choice, and excellence play in the current higher education capacity-building scene in the Asia Pacific region. Brief country case study examples are provided on Bangladesh, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, and Korea.
Automatic fall detection by a wearable embedded smart camera

About one-third of adults in the U.S. aged 65 or older fall every year, with 20% of the reported fall cases needing prompt medical attention. The methods that have been proposed for fall detection in recent years present trade-offs between level of intrusiveness, coverage area, processing power requirements and detection accuracy. We present a robust and resource-efficient method for fall detection by using a wearable embedded smart camera, which is a small, battery-operated unit. The proposed approach employs histograms of edge orientations as well as edge strength values, and analyzes their correlation. Moreover, we adaptively determine the cells that do not contribute to overall edge information, and remove them autonomously. Since the camera is worn by the subject, monitoring can continue wherever the subject may go including outdoors. The captured frames are not the images of the subject, and this alleviates the privacy concerns. The alert and an image of the surroundings can be transmitted wirelessly, only when a fall event is detected, for easier localization of the subject by emergency response teams. The experimental results obtained with over 300 trials are very promising with a 91% detection rate for falls.
Effect of Ply Dispersion on Failure Characteristics of Multidirectional Laminates

The influence of layer thickness and ply interdispersion was investigated on the failure characteristics of multidirectional laminates. The composite material investigated was a high strength carbon fiber composite with a toughened epoxy matrix (IM7/8552). The basic unidirectional material was fully characterized in a previous study under static and dynamic loading conditions. In this study the investigation was extended to angle-ply laminates with varying layer thickness while including the effects of residual stresses. Intralaminar and interlaminar failure mechanisms were observed and found to be strongly related to the layer thickness for the same layup. For thin layer thicknesses failure modes included fiber breaks resulting in higher ultimate strengths. For thicker layers consisting of multiple stacked parallel plies, more matrix dominated intralaminar and interlaminar failures were observed resulting in lower ultimate strengths. This trend reaches a lower limiting plateau as the layer thickness increases. Failure modes and ultimate strengths were further investigated as a function of strain rate. All results were evaluated by the recently developed Northwestern (NU) failure theory.
Chemoattractant-mediated leukocyte trafficking enables HIV dissemination from the genital mucosa

HIV vaginal transmission accounts for the majority of newly acquired heterosexual infections. However, the mechanism by which HIV spreads from the initial site of viral entry at the mucosal surface of the female genital tract to establish a systemic infection of lymphoid and peripheral tissues is not known. Once the virus exits the mucosa it rapidly spreads to all tissues, leading to CD4+ T cell depletion and the establishment of a viral reservoir that cannot be eliminated with current treatments. Understanding the molecular and cellular requirements for viral dissemination from the genital tract is therefore of great importance, as it could reveal new strategies to lengthen the window of opportunity to target the virus at its entry site in the mucosa where it is the most vulnerable and thus prevent systemic infection. Using HIV vaginal infection of humanized mice as a model of heterosexual transmission, we demonstrate that blocking the ability of leukocytes to respond to chemoattractants prevented HIV from leaving the female genital tract. Furthermore, blocking lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes prevented viremia and infection of the gut. Leukocyte trafficking therefore plays a major role in viral dissemination, and targeting the chemoattractant molecules involved can prevent the establishment of a systemic infection.
Hepatic angiosarcoma with clinical and histological features of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

Hepatic angiosarcoma is a mesenchymal tumor originating from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. It is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm accounting for less than 1% of primary malignant liver tumors. The deregulated coagulopathy that can be seen in hepatic angiosarcoma fulfills the clinical diagnostic criteria of disseminated intravascular coagulation. However, the mechanism that governs this coagulopathy has been poorly understood. This case report provides histological evidence of the consumption of coagulation factors along with trapped platelets occurring within the tumor, which is the foundation for the concept of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS). KMS is characterized by thrombocytopenia and hyperconsumption of coagulation factors within a vascular tumor. However, KMS associated with angiosarcoma has not been well recognized. This case report describes, for the first time, the histological evidence of KMS that occurred in an extremely rare mesenchymal malignant tumor of the liver.
Milking It: The Pastoral Imaginary of California’s (Non)Dairy Farming

Images of Califia, a fictional queen and the namesake of California, serve as the focus for this inquiry into the influence of pastoral imaginaries on the production of dairy and nondairy milk, especially almond milk. With effectively all US almond production occurring in California, almond milk is a uniquely Californian product. Milk, in both its traditional dairy and newer nondairy varieties, offers a rich aesthetic as well as agricultural history. These pastoral trends emphasize the vision of a tamed, benevolent nature and the faith in technological innovation to resolve agricultural struggles. From the establishment and expansion of dairy farms and almond groves, to recent dairying and drought crises, consumers have associated milk with the bounty of California9s land and the skill and dedication of its farmers, a sentiment also apparent in depictions of Califia in California murals and in the packaging of Califia Farms almond milk.
Shadow Capital: The Democratization of College Preparatory Education.

In this article, we examine the manifestation and consequences of shadow capital within two public, urban, nonselective, college preparatory–designated high schools serving exclusively nondominant ...