cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models for hemocyanin

Abstract Our attempts to understand oxygen binding at the active site of the binuclear copper protein hemocyanin (Hc) [1] encompass two strategies. The first of those is the investigation of the structures and reaction chemistry of Cu(I) complexes ligated by nitrogenous donors since the deoxy form of hemocyanin is of this form. Unfortunately, Cu(I) species have the d 10 electron configuration, and direct spectroscopic observations of the metal ion environment are severely limited. The reaction of carbon monoxide with Cu(I) complexes circumvents this problem by generating a derivative which is spectroscopically observable. By comparing the physical and spectroscopic properties of synthetic Cu(I)CO complexes with those for the carbonyl adduct of hemocyanin, we hope to confirm the proposed structure of the deoxy site in Hc [2]. This report reviews the synthesis and characterization of a series of two- and three-coordinate Cu(I) complexes ligated primarily by nitrogen heterocycles, especially pyrazole derivatives. The two-coordinate species are characterized by having a linear geometry with short CuN bond lengths (1.87 A) [3, 4]. For the most part, such compounds are inert towards carbon monoxide unless an additional donor is added. The three-coordinate species adopt structures in which steric effects of the ligand distort the coordination geometry. All of the three-coordinate complexes bind carbon monoxide to varying degrees, depending on the nature of the ligating atoms [5]. The structures of some binuclear Cu(I) complexes are also reported, in addition to the results of their reaction with dioxygen [6]. Our second strategy for probing the nature of the active site in hemocyanin involves the study of binuclear Cu(II) complexes. Spectroscopic studies of oxyhemocyanin suggest an active site comprising two pentacoordinate Cu(II) ions bridged both by a phenolate and a peroxide ion [1]. The phenolate bridge promotes strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two metal ions. We report the synthesis of some binuclear Cu(II) complexes bridged by oxy anions. The ligands are prepared by a multistep route from phenol derivatives and provide tetracoordinate chelation in a manner that allows binding of an additional ‘exogenous’ ion to each copper. Magnetic susceptibility studies of the resulting bis(bridged) species show varying degrees of antiferromagnetic coupling including a strongly coupled system with a μ-hydroxy-μ-phenoxy ligand set [7].
Structural and vibrational properties of Cs and {Cs,H,H} complexes in Si

Abstract Carbon is a common substitutional impurity in Si. It traps hydrogen, and several {C,H} and {C,H,H} complexes have been observed by electrical and optical techniques. In this paper, we report (preliminary) first-principles molecular-dynamics studies of the structures and energetics of substitutional carbon (Cs) and two {Cs,H,H} complexes. Complete vibrational spectra are obtained from linear response theory. The relative stability of the two {Cs,H,H} complexes is calculated as a function of temperature.
Activated/effector CD4+ T cells exacerbate acute damage in the central nervous system following traumatic injury

CD4(+) helper T cells (Th) have been demonstrated to participate in the chronic phase of traumatic injury repair in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that CD4(+) T cells can also contribute to the severity of the acute phase of CNS traumatic injury. We compared the area of tissue damage and the level of cellular apoptosis in aseptic cerebral injury (ACI) sites of C57BL/6 wild type and RAG1(-/-) immunodeficient mice. We demonstrate that ACI is attenuated in RAG1(-/-) mice compared to C57BL/6 animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD62L(low)CD44(high) activated/effector T cells 24 h prior to ACI into RAG1(-/-) mice resulted in a significantly enhanced acute ACI that was comparable to ACI in the C57BL/6 animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD62L(high)CD44(low) naive/non-activated T cells did not increase ACI in the brains of RAG1(-/-) mice. T cell inhibitory agents, cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, significantly decreased ACI-induced acute damage in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest a previously undescribed role for activated/effector CD4(+) T cells in exacerbating ACI-induced acute damage in the CNS and raise a novel possibility for acute treatment of sterile traumatic brain injury.
A numerical source of small-scale number-density fluctuations in Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations of multiphase flows

Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations of multiphase flow are known to suffer from two errors that can introduce small-scale fluctuations in the number-density of the dispersed phase. These errors can be reduced by increasing the number of particles in the simulation. Here, we present results to demonstrate that a third error exists that can also generate small-scale number-density fluctuations. In contrast to the two known errors, this error cannot be lowered by increasing the number of particles. Analysis shows that this error is caused by spatial variation at the subgrid scale in the interpolation error of the fluid velocity to the particle location. If the particle velocity divergence is zero, the particle concentration error remains at the subgrid scale. However, if particles preferentially accumulate either due to their inertia or due to divergence of the underlying fluid-velocity field, this error manifests as number-density fluctuations on the grid scale. The only mechanism of reducing these errors is through higher-order accurate interpolation. By studying two model problems, estimates for the errors are derived. These estimates are shown to be quite accurate for simulations of shock and expansion waves interacting with particles.
Antibody-Conjugated CdTe Quantum Dots for Escherichia coli Detection

Chemically denatured bovine serum albumin (dBSA)-coated water-soluble cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs), which can effectively improve the chemical stability and photoluminescence quantum yield of CdTe QDs, were successfully conjugated to an anti-Escherichia coli antibody via a cross-linking reaction. The formation of antibody-conjugated CdTe QDs was confirmed using gel filtration chromatography. The anti-E. coli antibody-conjugated CdTe QDs were then used to detect E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes using fluorescence microscopy. It was shown that, after being conjugated to CdTe QDs, the anti-E. coli antibody still maintained its bioactivity and biorecognition specificity. Succinylated dBSA-coated CdTe QDs also were prepared to conjugate with the anti-E. coli antibody. However, no evidence was found that the succinylation provided a better route for antibody conjugation. Our results demonstrate the potential of bioconjugated CdTe QDs for broad biological applications, such as fluorescen...
Heterochromatin differentiation and phylogenetic relationship of the A genomes in diploid and polyploid wheats.

Heterochromatin differentiation, including band size, sites, and Giemsa staining intensity, was analyzed by the HKG (HCl-KOH-Giemsa) banding technique in the A genomes of 21 diploid (Triticum urartu, T. boeoticum and T. monococcum), 13 tetraploid (T. araraticum, T. timopheevi, T. dicoccoides and T. turgidum var. Dicoccon, Polonicum), and 7 cultivars of hexaploid (T. aestivum) wheats from different germplasm collections. Among wild and cultivated diploid taxa, heterochromatin was located mainly at centromeric regions, but the size and staining intensity were distinct and some accessions' genomes had interstitial and telomeric bands. Among wild and cultivated polyploid wheats, heterochromatin exhibited bifurcated differentiation. Heterochromatinization occurred in chromosomes 4At and 7At and in smaller amounts in 2At, 3At, 5At, and 6At within the genomes of the tetraploid Timopheevi group (T. araraticum, and T. timopheevi) and vice versa within those of the Emmer group (T. dicoccoides and T. turgidum). Similar divergence patterns occurred among chromosome 4Aa and 7Aa of cultivars of hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum). These dynamic processes could be related to geographic distribution and to natural and artifical selection. Comparison of the A genomes of diploid wheats with those of polyploid wheats shows that the A genomes in existing diploid wheats could not be the direct donors of those in polyploid wheats, but that the extant taxa of diploids and polyploids probably have a common origin and share a common A-genomelike ancestor.
Purification and characterization of a superhelix binding protein from vaccinia virus.

Abstract A vaccinia virus-specific DNA-binding protein (DBP), designated VDBP-11K, has been purified to homogeneity from virus preparations. The DBP has an apparent molecular weight of 11–12K by SDS-PAGE and of 16K by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. It appears to form specific aggregates in solution, yielding dimers and possibly higher oligomers. The protein binds strontly to single-stranded and to duplex DNAs which are linear, nicked circular, relaxed closed circular, or superhelical in structure. The DBP exhibits a large preferential binding affinity for superhelical DNA of either handedness, as determined by retention on nitrocellulose filters, the magnitude of the preference increasing with the extent of supercoiling. The maximum amount of protein bound, which occurs at a salt optimum of 0.03 M NaCl, corresponds to 1 DBP per 2.4 DNA duplex rotations. It is proposed that this protein plays a role in the condensation of vaccinia DNA in the virion.
Modeling the elastic transmission of tidal stresses to great distances inland in channelized ice streams

Geodetic surveys suggest that ocean tides can modulate the motion of Antarctic ice streams, even at stations many tens of kilometers inland from the grounding line. These surveys suggest that ocean tidal stresses can perturb ice stream motion at distances about an order of magnitude farther inland than tidal flexure of the ice stream alone. Recent models exploring the role of tidal perturbations in basal shear stress are primarily one- or two-dimensional, with the impact of the ice stream margins either ignored or parameterized. Here, we use two- and three-dimensional finite-element modeling to investigate transmission of tidal stresses in ice streams and the impact of considering more realistic, three-dimensional ice stream geometries. Using Rutford Ice Stream as a real-world comparison, we demonstrate that the assumption that elastic tidal stresses in ice streams propagate large distances inland fails for channelized glaciers due to an intrinsic, exponential decay in the stress caused by resistance at the ice stream margins. This behavior is independent of basal conditions beneath the ice stream and cannot be fit to observations using either elastic or nonlinear viscoelastic rheologies without nearly complete decoupling of the ice stream from its lateral margins. Our results suggest that a mechanism external to the ice stream is necessary to explain the tidal modulation of stresses far upstream of the grounding line for narrow ice streams. We propose a hydrologic model based on time-dependent variability in till strength to explain transmission of tidal stresses inland of the grounding line. This conceptual model can reproduce observations from Rutford Ice Stream.
Indonesia–Harvard University: Lessons From A Long-Term Technical Assistance Project

(2000). Indonesia–Harvard University: Lessons From A Long-Term Technical Assistance Project. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 113-125.
Polydipsia and abolition of angiotensin-induced drinking after transections of subfornical organ efferent projections in the rat

Rats with transections of subfornical organ (SFO) efferent projections failed to drink to intravenous angiotensin-II (AII) but responded to intracellular dehydration and water deprivation and suppressed drinking when food deprived. However, the transected rats were polydipsic and polyuric. Thus SFO efferent projections mediate AII-induced drinking and may be involved in the regulation of body fluid balance.
SU‐E‐I‐01: Radiation Dose Reduction and Image Quality Evaluation of Coronal Truncated Projections in Cone‐Beam Dedicated Breast CT

Purpose: To investigate the radiation dose reduction and the effect of weighting schemes on image quality in cone‐beam dedicated breast CT acquired with coronal truncated projections that is similar in concept as extended field‐of‐view imaging with laterally‐shifted flat‐panel detectors. Methods: Three pre‐weighting schemes were implemented in conjunction with filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction to study the effect of coronal truncation in dedicated breast CT. If the fan‐angle of the non‐truncated projections is represented as 2f (24‐degrees), then coronal truncations corresponding to f+0.25, f+1.5, and f+2.7‐degrees were investigated. Monte Carlo simulations using the GEANT4 toolkit were used to determine the radiation dose reduction at the aforementioned truncations. Projection images of a numerical phantom with dimensions representative of an average pendant breast containing six spherical signal objects in a homogenous background were reconstructed without and with truncation. Cone‐beam projections from a diagnostic dedicated breast CT exam acquired with fan‐angle of 2f were truncated at the aforementioned fan‐angles and reconstructed. Phantom and clinical images were analyzed for artifacts and the visibility of signal features. Results: For an average 14‐cm diameter, 15% fibroglandular breast, the estimated dose reduction at fan‐angles of f+0.25, f+1.5, and f+2.7‐degrees were 47%, 34% and 21%, respectively. The severity of artifacts increased with decreasing fan‐angle. The choice of weighting scheme does not appear to have a substantial effect on mitigating artifacts. At fan‐angles of f+1.5 and above, shading artifacts were subtle and could not be easily discerned. The signal objects in the phantom and the microcalcification in the clinical images were discernible. For 10, 14 and 18 cm diameter, 15% fibroglandular breasts, the radiation dose reduction at fan‐angle of f+1.5‐degrees were 27%, 34% and 37%, respectively. Conclusion: There exists a potential to reduce radiation dose by approximately 30% from cone‐beam dedicated breast CT acquired with coronal truncated projections. Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 CA128906 and R21 CA134128. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the NIH or the NCI.
Wilms tumor arising in horseshoe kidney

Tumors originating in horseshoe kidneys are rare; only 21 cases of Wilms tumor reported in horseshoe kidneys. A seven-month-old girl with Wilms tumor arising from the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney is reported. The literature is reviewed, and surgical considerations are discussed.
Toward a computational model of aspect and verb semantics

The authors examine aspect and the semantic classification of verbs, two areas of concern for natural language processing not often studied in the context of computational linguistics. A five-way aspectual classification system is defined on the basis of three aspectual features, making use of the concept of predicates as event structures. The aspectual value of a sentence can differ from that of its predicate due to the operation of aspectual functions. Sentential aspect is ultimately derived from the operation of various components of the sentence on the aspectual properties of the predicate. A system of twelve semantic features describing the core meaning of verbs provides a level of specificity that can distinguish different senses of verbs and could be used to predict their consequent syntactic and semantic behavior. The computational utility of these models will be tested on a working machine translation system.
The current status of super computers

In this paper, commercially available super computers are surveyed. Computer performance in general is limited by circuit speeds and physical size. Assuming the use of the fastest technology, super computers typically use parallelism in the form of either vector processing or array processing to obtain performance. The Burroughs Scientific Processor is an array computer with 16 separate processors, the Cray-1 and CDC STAR-100 are vector processors, the Goodyear Aerospace STARAN is an array processor with up to 8192 single bit processors, and the Systems Development Corporation PEPE is a collection of up to 288 separate processors.
Quantitative GLC determination of methyl linolenate in the presence of conjugated dienes

Methyl linolenate and cis,trans conjugated isomers of methyl linoleate are not resolved by gas liquid chromatography because they have the same retention time on polar columns used for separation of methyl ester mixtures. A new column of intermediate polarity made from a mixture of OV-17 and OV-225 separated these critical pairs and enabled quantitative determination of methyl linolenate in partially hydrogenated or conjugated esters.
HighStaphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rate in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex

Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to cause a high number of infections and septicemias, often related to intravenous catheters, in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Our objective was to assess the frequency of S. aureus nasal carriage among patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC). The nasal carriage rate of S. aureus was determined within 24 hours of admission in 64 consecutively hospitalized patients with AIDS or ARC. Intravenous drug abusers were excluded. A control group of 64 patients with other diseases was also tested. Of 64 patients with AIDS or ARC, 35 (55%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus, compared with 18 (28%) of 64 control patients. Recent hospitalization did not influence carriage rate, nor did the recent use of antibiotics or zidovudine. The significant S. aureus carriage rate in patients with AIDS or ARC may contribute to the high incidence of intravenous catheter-related S. aureus infections in this population.
Functional supersensitivity of CNS α1-adrenoceptors following chronic antidepressant treatment

Abstract Chronic but not acute administration (21 days) of desipramine (10 mg/kg), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) or iprindole (5 mg/kg) enhanced the stimulatory effect of the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine on the acoustic startle reflex when phenylephrine was infused into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord. Comparable supersensitivity to phenylephrine also occurred 1 week after selective depletion of norepinephrine in the spinal cord via intrathecal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Behavioral supersensitivity to phenylephrine was associated with an increase in the number of 3H-prazosin binding sites following denervation but not following chronic antidepressant treatments. The results indicate that chronic antidepressant treatments may enhance functional α1-adrenergic transmission through mechanisms different than those following denervation.
Panic disorder among African Americans, Caribbean blacks and non-Hispanic whites

Introduction This study investigated co-morbidities, level of disability, service utilization and demographic correlates of panic disorder (PD) among African Americans, Caribbean blacks and non-Hispanic white Americans.
Improved outcomes in the management of esophageal cancer with the addition of surgical resection to chemoradiation therapy.

For patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, prospective randomized clinical trials have reported no added value of surgical resection to chemoradiation alone. Using a large regional cancer registry, our objective was to determine whether curative-intent esophageal resection provided a survival advantage in the multimodality management of esophageal cancer. Using the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP), we identified all patients with local and regional (i.e., AJCC Stages I–III) esophageal cancer during the years 1988–2006. Clinical and pathologic data included patient demographics, tumor information, indication for surgery, lymph node status, and timing of therapy. Overall survival was assessed by the Kaplan–Meier method, and multivariate Cox-regression analysis was performed. From CSP, 2233 patients with esophageal cancer were identified. Median survival (MS) of the entire cohort was 13.1 months. We stratified this cohort into patients who received chemoradiation alone (n = 645) and patients who received trimodality therapy (n = 286) (i.e., chemoradiation and surgery). Patients had significantly improved survival with trimodality therapy compared with chemoradiation alone (MS 25.2 vs. 12.3 months, respectively; P < 0.001). The survival advantage with trimodality therapy was observed for patients with squamous cell carcinoma (MS 24.5 vs. 12.8 months, respectively; P < 0.001) and adenocarcinoma (MS 25.9 vs. 10.6 months, respectively; P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, trimodality therapy was a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in patients with esophageal cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56–0.77, P < 0.001). Our data indicate that surgical resection remains an important component of the multimodality management of esophageal cancer.
Dragging Ras Back in the Ring

Ras proteins play a major role in human cancers but have not yielded to therapeutic attack. Ras-driven cancers are among the most difficult to treat and often excluded from therapies. The Ras proteins have been termed "undruggable," based on failures from an era in which understanding of signaling transduction, feedback loops, redundancy, tumor heterogeneity, and Ras' oncogenic role was poor. Structures of Ras oncoproteins bound to their effectors or regulators are unsolved, and it is unknown precisely how Ras proteins activate their downstream targets. These knowledge gaps have impaired development of therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of Ras biology and biochemistry, coupled with new ways of targeting undruggable proteins, is likely to lead to new ways of defeating Ras-driven cancers.
Cholera toxin B subunit linked to glutamic acid decarboxylase suppresses dendritic cell maturation and function.

Dendritic cells are the largest population of antigen presenting cells in the body. One of their main functions is to regulate the delicate balance between immunity and tolerance responsible for maintenance of immunological homeostasis. Disruption of this delicate balance often results in chronic inflammation responsible for initiation of organ specific autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes. The cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is a weak mucosal adjuvant known for its ability to stimulate immunity to antigenic proteins. However, conjugation of CTB to many autoantigens can induce immunological tolerance resulting in suppression of autoimmunity. In this study, we examined whether linkage of CTB to a 5kDa C-terminal protein fragment of the major diabetes autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(35)), can block dendritic cell (DC) functions such as biosynthesis of co-stimulatory factor proteins CD86, CD83, CD80 and CD40 and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The results of human umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived DC-GAD(35) autoantigen incubation experiments showed that inoculation of immature DCs (iDCs), with CTB-GAD(35) protein dramatically suppressed levels of CD86, CD83, CD80 and CD40 co-stimulatory factor protein biosynthesis in comparison with GAD(35) alone inoculated iDCs. Surprisingly, incubation of iDCs in the presence of the CTB-autoantigen and the strong immunostimulatory molecules PMA and Ionomycin revealed that CTB-GAD(35) was capable of arresting PMA+Ionomycin induced DC maturation. Consistent with this finding, CTB-GAD(35) mediated suppression of DC maturation was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12/23p40 and IL-6 and a significant increase in secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Taken together, our experimental data suggest that linkage of the weak adjuvant CTB to the dominant type 1 diabetes autoantigen GAD strongly inhibits DC maturation through the down regulation of major co-stimulatory factors and inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. These results emphasize the possibility that CTB-autoantigen fusion proteins enhance DC priming of naive Th0 cell development in the direction of immunosuppressive T lymphocytes. The immunological phenomena observed here establish a basis for improvement of adjuvant augmented multi-component subunit vaccine strategies capable of complete suppression of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in vivo.
Ionic implantation of silicone chronic venous access devices does not alter thrombotic complications: a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Background. Ion implantation of silicone vascular catheters has been shown in preclinical and pilot studies to alter the thrombogenicity of silicone surfaces through the reduced adherence of thrombin. This prospective, randomized double-blinded study was designed to detect differences in function related to thrombotic events between ion-implanted and standard silicone chronic venous access devices (CVAD) placed in patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. Methods. Patients with nonleukemic malignancies who required venous access for chemotherapy and who were not receiving anticoagulants were randomized to receive standard or ion-implanted CVAD. Postoperative functional assessments of the ease of infusion or aspiration were performed by oncology nurses caring for the patients. Results. Follow-up, available for 100 of 106 randomized patients, showed more episodes of occlusion to aspiration in the ion implantation group (47%) than in the control group (39%) but this difference was not significant. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the number of occasions when anticoagulation or local thrombolytic therapy was required nor were there differences in the numbers of infection or deep venous thromboses. Conclusions. Ion implantation of silicone catheter material does not alter the incidence of local thrombotic complications of CVAD. Although there were no serious complications resulting from this treatment, the use of ion-implanted catheters cannot be recommended on the basis of this trial. (Surgery 2001;129: 547-51.)
The Role of Genre in the Bibliographic Universe

This paper examines the role of genre in organizing bibliographic information through three sets of modern cataloging rules spanning 171 years: Panizzi’s Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue (91 Rules), Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition 2002 Revision (AACR2r), and Resource Description and Access (RDA). Genre-related rules are identified on the basis of their inclusion of the keywords “genre(s)” and “form(s).” Then, the identified rules are analyzed from two aspects: the contexts in which these rules are addressed and four user tasks defined by the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)—find, identify, select and obtain. Genre is found absent in 91 Rules and mostly addressed in the note area in AACR2r, while in RDA, genre acts as the primary distinguishing characteristic of work and can be implemented widely as additions to access points, as separate elements, or as both. In conclusion, the paper suggests that the genre concept has yet to be clearly defined and its significance fully articulated in cataloging as well as in the broader discipline of knowledge organization.
Self-Assembly Enters the Design Era

Nanotechnology holds the key to the discovery of materials with the electronic, optical, mechanical, or transport properties required to overcome many of today's technological challenges. The past two decades have seen impressive progress in the synthesis of nanoparticles with astonishing properties ( 1 ). Bringing the potential of nanotechnology to reality requires an in-depth understanding of how to precisely assemble nanoparticles into structures and/or phases over multiple length scales, but this has proven enormously difficult to accomplish. Assembling nanoparticles into periodic structures, for example, has only been achieved for a handful of systems under very specific conditions ( 2 ). On page 204 of this issue, Macfarlane et al. ( 3 ) show that the use of single-stranded DNA as linkers provides a general strategy to program the self-assembly of almost any nanoparticle into a wide range of different periodic structures and do so with an exquisite control over their properties.
Modification of polysilanes: Preparation of comb-like graft copolymers

Poly(methylphenylsilylene) has been functionalized by protodearylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Comb-like graft copolymers have been prepared by polymerizing tetrahydrofuran. 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, and isobutylvinyl ether from a partially triflated poly(methylphenylsilylene) backbone. Model studies using trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to initiate the cationic polymerization of these organic monomers indicated that a promoter was required to achieve more efficient initiation.
Time course of Δ9 -THC effects on water consumption in rats

The water-licking behavior of four rats was continuously monitored across 11 1/2 hr light-dark cycles. The rats were injected intraperitoneally for six consecutive days with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol doses of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg per kilogram of body weight at the beginning of the dark cycle. The Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol produced a dose-related initial suppression of licking. This was followed by an elevation in licking which was of sufficient magnitude to compensate fully for the preceding suppression of consummatory behavior. Despite the occurrence of this drug-induced biphasic drinking function, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol did not disrupt the control exerted over drinking behavior by a diurnal light-dark cycle.
Identification of the pathway of α‐oxidation of cerebronic acid in peroxisomes

Cerebronic acid (2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid), an alpha-hydroxy very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and a component of cerebrosides and sulfatides, is unique to nervous tissues. Studies were carried out to identify the pathway and the subcellular site involved in the oxidation of cerebronic acid. The results from these studies revealed that cerebronic acid was catabolized by alpha-oxidation to CO2 and tricosanoic acid (23:0). Studies with subcellular fractions indicated that cerebronic acid was alpha-oxidized in fractions having particulate bound catalase and enzyme systems for the beta-oxidation of VLCFA (e.g., lignoceric acid), suggesting peroxisomes as the subcellular organelle responsible for alpha-oxidation of cerebronic acid. Etomoxir, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, had no effect on cerebronic acid alpha-oxidation. Further, cerebronic acid oxidation was found to be dependent on the presence of NAD+ but not FAD, NADPH, ATP, Mg2+, or CoASH. Intraorganellar localization studies indicated that the enzyme system for the alpha-oxidation of cerebronic acid was associated with the peroxisomal limiting membranes. Studies on cultured fibroblasts from normal subjects and patients with peroxisomal disorders indicated an impairment of alpha-oxidation of cerebronic acid in cell lines that lack peroxisomes [e.g., Zellweger syndrome (ZS)]. On the other hand, alpha-oxidation of cerebronic acid was found to be normal in cell lines from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, adult Refsum disease, and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Our results clearly demonstrate that alpha-oxidation of alpha-hydroxy VLCFA (cerebronic acid) is a peroxisomal function and that this oxidation is impaired in ZS. Furthermore, this alpha-oxidation enzyme system is distinct from the one for the alpha-oxidation of beta-carbon branched-chain fatty acids (e.g., phytanic acid).
Plasma Sources For Development Of Growth Techniques For Diamond-Like Coatings

Thin, pure, hard carbon films about 1 pm thick have been deposited on a water-cooled copper plate installed in a continuous-wave (cw) plasma source with graphite walls. The transparent, glassy films were observed after several thousand multisecond pulses of intense hydrogen discharges. The properties of these films and the operating conditions of the plasma, source are described. Many ion beam and rf sources are available in the Fusion Energy Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The potential application of these plasma sources to growing large, thick diamond films is discussed.
Causality calculations in reflection spectroscopy

A new method is presented for obtaining intrinsic absorption spectra (i.e., index of refraction and extinction coefficient versus wavelength) from reflection spectra of stratified media, which usually are complicated by substrate absorption, thin-layer interference patterns, etc. A typical application is to obtain intrinsic absorption spectra of an organic monolayer chemisorbed on the surface of a very thin metal film, which is in turn supported by a bulk substrate. The basis of the method is the proven causality of a special reflection function that we introduce, and the application of the transformation of Peterson and Knight to this function. The method is general, and has been found to give accurate results for various multiphase systems without restriction as to number of phases, angle of incidence, or polarization. While the method is valid for general stratified media, its accuracy depends upon the information content of the particular reflection spectrum taken. The sensitivity available can be calculated and the adjustable optical parameters chosen accordingly.
Costs of care for people living with combined HIV/AIDS, chronic mental illness, and substance abuse disorders.

Abstract To determine healthcare access and costs for triply diagnosed adults, we examined baseline data from the HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes and Cost Study, a multi-site cohort study of HIV+ adults with co-occurring mental and substance abuse disorders conducted between 2000 and 2004. Baseline interviews were conducted with 1138 triply diagnosed adults in eight predominantly urban sites nationwide. A modified version of Structured Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID) was used to assign Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses for the preceding year. Utilization of a broad range of inpatient and outpatient services and medications over the preceding three months was patient-reported in face-to-face interviews. We then applied nationally representative unit costs to impute average monthly expenditures. We measured (poor) access to care during the three-month period by whether the patient had: (a) no outpatient medical visits; (b) at lea...
A Comparison of Open Surgery Versus Endovascular Repair of “Unstable” Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Objective Two randomized trials to date have compared open surgery (OS) and endovascular (EVAR) repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA); however, neither addressed optimal management of unstable patients. Single-center reports have produced conflicting data regarding the superiority of one vs the other, with the lack of statistical power due to low patient numbers. Furthermore, previous studies have not delineated between the outcomes of stable patients with a contained rupture vs those patients with instability. Our objective was to compare 30-day outcomes in patients undergoing OS vs EVAR for all rAAAs, focusing specifically on patients with instability. Methods Patients who underwent repair of rAAA were identified from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2005 to 2010). Unstable patients with rupture were identified as those who were American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification 4 or 5 requiring emergency repair with at least one of the following: preoperative shock, preoperative transfusion of >4 units, preoperative intubation, or preoperative coma or impaired sensorium. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Of the 1447 patients with rAAA, 65.5% underwent OS and 34.5% EVAR. Forty-five percent were unstable, and for these patients, OS was performed in 71.3% and EVAR in 28.7%. The 30-day mortality rate was 47.9% (OS, 52.8%; EVAR, 35.6%; P P = .001). Amongst patients with unstable rAAA, 26% had a myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest ≤30 days (OS, 29.0%; EVAR, 19.1%; P = .006), and 17% needed postoperative dialysis (OS, 18.7%; EVAR, 12.8%; P = .04). Amongst patients with stable rAAA, 13.6% had a myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest ≤30 days (OS, 14.9%; EVAR, 11.6%; P = .20), and 11.5% needed postoperative dialysis (OS, 13.3%; EVAR, 8.7%; P = .047). Multivariable analyses showed OS was a predictor of 30-day mortality for unstable rAAA (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.62) and stable rAAA (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.43). Conclusions Approximately one-third of patients treated for rAAA undergo EVAR in NSQIP participating hospitals. Not surprisingly, unstable patients have less favorable outcomes. In both stable and unstable rAAA patients, EVAR is associated with a diminished 30-day mortality and morbidity.
Induction of acute phase gene expression by brain irradiation

Purpose: To investigate the in vivo acute phase molecular response of the brain to ionizing radiation. Methods and Materials: C3Hf/Sed/Kam mice were given midrain or whole-body irradiation. Cerebral expression of interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6), interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α and TNK-β), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), von Willebrand factor (vWF), α1-antichymotrypsin (EB22/5.3), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was measured at various times after various radiation doses by ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay. The effects of dexamethasone or pentoxifylline treatment of mice on radiation-induced gene expression were also examined. Results: Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, EB22/5.3, and to alesser extent IL-1α and GFAP, messenger RNA were increased in the brain after irradiation, whether the dose was delivered to the whole body or only to the midbrain. Responses were radiation dose dependent, but were not found below 7 Gy; the exception being ICAM-1, which was increased by doses as low as 2 Gy. Most responses were rapid, peaking within 4–8, but antichymotrypsin and GFAP responses were delayed and still elevated at 24 h, by which time the others had subsides. Pretreatment of mice with dexamethasone or pentoxifylline suppressed radiation-induced gene expression, either partially or completely. Dexamethasone was more inhibitory than pentoxifylline at the doses chosen. Conclusions: The initial response of thebrain to irradiation involves expression of inflammatory gene products, which are probably responsible for clinically observed early symptoms of brain radiotherapy. This mechanism explains the beneficial effects of the clincial use of steroids in such circumtances.
Salivary Gland Neoplasms in Children

• Of 29 patients, aged 3 to 16 years, with nonvasoformative salivary gland tumors, 21 had malignant tumors. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common; adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma were equally represented. Pleomorphic adenoma was the exclusive benign lesion, occurring in eight patients. Mean follow-up for patients with malignant lesions was 13.6 years (minimum, 3.5 years). Absolute 2- and 5-year survival rates were 100% and 90%, respectively. Mean follow-up for benign lesions was 15.9 years; none recurred. Superficial or total parotidectomy is the treatment of choice for malignant parotid neoplasms. Benign parotid lesions are adequately controlled with parotidectomy based on extent of disease. Facial nerve sacrifice can often be avoided. We advocate postoperative radiotherapy for high-grade lesions or those with adverse prognostic factors, such as soft-tissue extension and perineural invasion. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:472-476)
Genetic Relationships within Tripsacum as Detected by RAPD Variation

Abstract Genetic diversity within species of Tripsacum was surveyed based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation, as detected with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirteen of the 16 Tripsacum species, including both temperate and tropical species, were included in this study using 56 decamer oligonucleotide primers. All of the 56 primers generated repeatable RAPD profiles and 53 of them detected polymorphic bands among the Tripsacum species. These 53 primers generated 350 repeatable bands ranging in size from 150–1600 bp, each primer generating an average of seven scoreable bands. Cluster analysis of polymorphic RAPDs indicated four major clusters. Cluster 1 consists of North American Tripsacum species, cluster 2 consists of South American Tripsacum species, cluster 3 includes T. zopilotense and T. latifolium from Mexico, and cluster 4 consists of Mesoamerican Tripsacum species. Cluster analysis does not reveal the division of two taxonomic sections ( Fasciculata and Tripsacum ).
Digital Algorithm For Retinal Photogrammetry

Digital photogrammetry provides a convenient and inexpensive means for determining the threedimensional geometry of the optic nervehead from stereophotographs of the ocular fundus. SR l's photogrammetry algorithm, STEREO, measures the relative height of each point of the ocular fundus by correlating the right and left images of the stereopair. The correlated regions are expanded and contracted in a dynamic fashion to increase the statistical confidence in the height estimate and avoid edge blurring, respectively. The resulting height map is then smoothed with a shrinking operator to remove obviously anomalous structure. Next, colorimetric and densitometric procedures extract the disc boundry in a repeatable way. Finally, the depth and volume of the optic cup are measured with a planimetry algorithm.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ionic liquid adsorbate enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium, osmium, and iridium complexes in water

Abstract The electrochemistry, UV–vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and coreactant electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru ( bpy ) 3 2 + (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), (bpy)2Ru(DM-bpy)2+ (DM-bpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), (bpy)2Ru(DC-bpy)2+ (DC = 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine), Os(phen)2(dppene)2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; dppene = 1,2-cis-bis-2-diphenylphosphinoethylene), and Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) have been obtained in aqueous solution containing the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([emim][EtSO4]). Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) was used as the oxidative–reductive ECL coreactant. Minor shifts in the RuII/RuIII oxidation potential and no shifts in UV–vis absorbance and photoluminescence emission maxima are observed in the presence of 0.3% (v/v) [emim][EtSO4]. However, dramatic increases in ECL intensities between 2.4 and 3.5-fold are observed when [emim][EtSO4] is present for the ruthenium systems. Experiments indicate that adsorption of the IL occurs at the electrode surface, favoring the co-localization of luminophore and coreactant within the adsorbate layer (solid-phase co-extraction), leading to higher ECL intensities. Ir(ppy)3 and Os(phen)2(dppene)2+ are poorly soluble in aqueous solution. However, when these compounds are placed in aqueous solution containing trace amounts of [emim][EtSO4], adsorption onto the electrode takes place, yielding ECL intensity increases of ∼27- and 5-fold, respectively.
Location of renal ornithine decarboxylase activity.

Abstract Renal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was found to be more prevalent in the medulla of the normal rat kidney than in the cortex. When renal ODC activity was stimulated by ethanol, growth hormone, ACTH, or corticosterone, proportional increases were observed in both medulla and cortex. After hypophysectomy, ODC activities fell equally in both areas of the kidney. The administration of cycloheximide, which is known to cause a rebound increase after six hours in overall renal ODC activity, was followed by an increase of medullary ODC activity while cortical activity remained suppressed.
The carboxy-terminal region of the beta-subunits of luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin differentially influence secretion and assembly of the heterodimers.

One of the major structural differences between the LH beta and CG beta subunits is the carboxy-terminal region: beyond amino acid 114, LH beta has a hydrophobic heptapeptide stretch, while CG beta contains a 31-amino acid hydrophilic carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) that is O-glycosylated. The CG beta subunit is secreted quantitatively as a monomer and assembles efficiently whereas secretion and assembly of LH beta is inefficient. We previously implicated the carboxy-terminal heptapeptide as a determinant for the different intracellular behavior manifested by the LH beta subunit compared with the CG beta subunit. Here we tested the function of the heptapeptide and CTP domains by fusing them to their counterparts at amino acid 114 of CG beta or LH beta subunits. The secretion and assembly of these chimeras were examined in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Removal of the heptapeptide enhanced the amount of LH beta subunit secreted 4-fold compared with intact LH beta. Fusion of this heptapeptide to CG...
Exchange and Correlation Instabilities of Simple Metals

The influence of electron-electron correlation on exchange instabilities of a metal is examined. The employment of screened interactions does not constitute a proper treatment. Correlation effects suppress ferromagnetic instabilities, as is well known, but they need not supress instabilities of the spin-density-wave type. On the contrary, it is shown that correlation enhances exchange instability of the charge-density-wave type. For either type, the wave vector of such a state adjusts so that the Fermi surface makes critical contact with the energy gaps introduced by the instability. This circumstance optimizes the correlation energy. The observed conjunction of the long-period-superlattice periodicity with the Fermi surface in order-disorder alloys is probably an example of this phenomenon. It is suggested that charge-density-wave ground states are likely in simple metals having weak Born-Mayer ion-ion interactions, such as the alkali metals. The intensity of Bragg reflection satellites caused by a concomitant positive-ion modulation is computed.
Effect of non-equilibrium fission gas and fuel creep on swelling and release in irradiated carbide fuels

Abstract The code UCSWELL was developed to simulate fission gas behavior in carbide fuels. In the present work, one of the limiting assumptions in UCSWELL - that matrix gas bubbles are in equilibrium with gas atom concentration - is removed and non-equilibrium matrix fission gas bubbles are allowed, but with relaxation to equilibrium by means of vacancy diffusion and thermal and radiation-induced creep of the fuel. For a given grain size, the difference in swelling between equilibrium and non-equilibrium with relaxation bubble fission gas treatment increases with decreasing irradiation temperature. At a given temperature, the non-equilibrium effect is more pronounced for larger grain fuel. This is to be expected because the creep rate (and hence the rate at which bubbles grow to an equilibrium size) decreases as temperature decreases and/or as grain size increases. At temperatures, where the creep rate is grain size insensitive, grain size remains important to the equilibrium process in so far as the grain boundary is a source of vacancies to the non-equilibrium bubbles. While the difference in these quantities is at the most on the order of 20% for the steady operating conditions considered, it is anticipated that the non-equilibrium effects become more pronounced during reactor overpower and undercooling transients.