cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Comparison of the English and Spanish Western-Hemisphere Versions of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised.

OBJECTIVES Parent-report screening tools for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are widely used to promote early identification of children with or at risk for ASD. Most screening tools have been developed in English in the United States or United Kingdom; thus, translated versions are needed for use with culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Traditional translation methods include a forward translation, back translation, and review. However, when used in new cultural and linguistic contexts, this "forward-back" approach may have limitations, including differing psychometric properties compared with original instruments. This study presents a psychometric analysis of the forward-back translation methodology of an ASD screening tool. METHODS A retrospective chart review design was used to examine Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R; Robins et al.) records from 2974 toddlers. Data were compared between caregivers who completed the original English M-CHAT-R and caregivers who completed its forward-back "Spanish-Western Hemisphere" translation to compare select psychometric properties of the 2 instruments. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the 2 versions, including a higher overall risk score, higher initial screen-positive rate, and increased likelihood of leaving items blank among Spanish-speaking respondents. CONCLUSION Traditional translation methods seemed to affect select psychometric properties between translations of the M-CHAT-R. A more rigorous cultural adaptation approach may be necessary to maintain equivalence with the original instrument. Until new rigorous translations are available, it is recommended that language-specific screening tools continue to be used, along with recommended follow-up interviews, to avoid exacerbating existing health disparities.
Algorithm for adjustment of DDR write interface timing

While the demand for memory capacity and performance continues to increase, current DDR-2 memory implementations start to encounter limitations. At high data rates of 533 MT/s and above, it becomes increasingly difficult to support greater than two DIMMs on a single DDR channel due to board routing and timing constraints. Supporting different combinations of DDR-2 raw card types on the same platform also complicates the timing and routing due to the possible variations in load. This paper outlines a method of achieving higher data rates of DDR-2 while supporting multiple DIMM configurations on a single platform by utilizing hardware circuitry in the memory controller in connection with software algorithms to adjust the DDR signal timing relationships based on the populated memory configuration. The algorithm also compensate for the effects of ageing over the lifetime of the part. The techniques used in this work are related to DDR-2 but could also be applicable to DDR-3 and future technologies.
Sleep disordered breathing in the geriatric patient population

Abstract Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of nocturnal breathing events. It consists of obstructive, central, and mixed sleep apnea as well as upper airway resistance syndrome and snoring. Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by repetitive upper airway obstructive events. The primary symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and impairment of cognition. In some cases, it can be associated with increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) varies considerably in its distribution in age and its severity. The exact mechanism of OSA is not yet fully delineated but multiple factors are generally associated with the development of the sleep apnea (SA) syndrome. These factors include upper airway anatomic obstruction, as well as mechanical, neurological, and possibly inflammatory changes in the pharyngeal airspace. The prevalence of the OSA increases with aging. Most studies report a prevalence rate ranging between 11 and 62%. It is further associated with increased mortality in the older patient population. Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs in higher frequency among patients with cerebral vascular accidents, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, CNS infections, encephalopathies, and congestive heart failure. Patients with cerebral vascular accidents have a markedly elevated prevalence of sleep apnea mainly in the form of OSA and also have a poorer prognosis after an acute infarct. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease also have more frequent SDcB. This SDB should certainly be considered in the differential diagnosis of reversible dementia as treatment of the underlying SDB improves cognitive dysfunction. Medical management of SA relies on treatment with positive pressure therapy and rarely with use of medications, or with surgery. The role of oral appliances has not been clearly determined in elderly cohorts. The aim of this chapter is to help shed light on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of SDB in the geriatric patient population.
Color Space Quantization for Color-Content-Based Query Systems

Color histograms are widely used in most of color content-based image retrieval systems to represent color content. However, the high dimensionality of a color histogram hinders efficient indexing and matching. To reduce histogram dimension with the least loss in color content, color space quantization is indispensable. This paper highlights and emphasizes the importance and the objectives of color space quantization. The color conservation property is examined by investigating and comparing different clustering techniques in perceptually uniform color spaces and for different images. For studying color spaces, perceptually uniform spaces, such as the Mathematical Transformation to Munsell system (MTM) and the C.I.E. Laaaba, are investigated. For evaluating quantization approaches, the uniform quantization, the hierarchical clustering, and the Color-Naming-System (CNS) supervised clustering are studied. For analyzing color loss, the error bound, the quantized error in color space conversion, and the average quantized error of 400 color images are explored. A color-content-based image retrieval application is shown to demonstrate the differences when applying these clustering techniques. Our simulation results suggest that good quantization techniques lead to more effective retrieval.
Disposed to aggress?: In search of the violence-prone personality

The heritability, cross-situational consistency, and cross-temporal stability of aggressive behavior is examined in an effort to assess the logical, practical, and empirical utility of the violence-prone personality. For reasons of conceptual obscurity, circular reasoning, labeling, and negation of process, the concept of a violence-prone personality is rejected in favor of several more specific processes (i.e., Person × Situation interaction, survival strategies, psychological adjustment, the motivation to avoid change, implicit personality theories, systemic reinforcement of behavior, environmental stability, methodological issues).
Computational Complexity of an Optical Disk Interface (Extended Abstract)

The notion of an I/O interface for optical digital (write-once) disks is introduced that is quite different from earlier research in this area. The purpose of an I/O interface is to allow existing operating systems and application programs that use magnetic disks to use optical disks instead, with minimum difficulty. The interface is especially geared to applications that are not update-intensive or that require access to previous versions of records. We define what it means for an I/O interface to be disk-efficient. We demonstrate a disk-efficient interface and show that its I/O performance in many cases is optimum, up to a constant factor, among all disk-efficient interfaces. The basis of the interface is a data structure we call offset trees, which stores information about intervals with dynamically changing coordinates. Since this complexity model is based on practical concerns, these theoretical results translate nicely into an efficient implementation.
Studies in simpler tubocclusion methods

This report reviews animal and human studies undertaken to develop simpler, safer, and more acceptable methods of female sterilization. Animal studies revealed inadequate prevention of pregnancy by tubocclusive methods from within the uterus, and the laparoscopic route was chosen. A series of clips were evaluated, and a clip was designed which would have a spring load, be wide enough to cause true tissue necrosis, have a firm grip on the tube to prevent dislodgement, and have a smooth external surface. Extensive human trials of the clip and applicator have resulted in over 1,000 patients with clips applied by 27 physicians in 10 centers throughout the world. Six pregnancies appear to have been due so far to application onto structures other than the isthmic portion of the tube. Complications due to the clip itself appear to be minimal, and the feasibility of performing this operation under local anesthesia in a hospital facility other than the operating room is currently under evaluation.
Cytologic features of fibrolamellar carcinoma with mucin production: a rare variant of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FC) is an uncommon tumor that usually arises in non-cirrhotic livers of adolescents or young adults. It differs clinically from hepatocellular carcinoma in its better prognosis and lack of gender predilection. Cytologically, the tumor is composed of large polygonal cells with abundant cytoplasm, pleomorphic nuclei, and prominent large nucleoli. A variant of FC with mucinous differentiation has been previously described. These tumors have been regarded as combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinomas. Herein, we report the case of a 44-year-old Asian female with a large liver mass present for approximately two years. Core needle biopsy with imprint cytology demonstrated FC with areas of intracellular mucin. To our knowledge, cytological features of this rare tumor have not been described before. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:431-435. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of evolving residential electricity tariffs

Residential customers in California's Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) territory have seen several electricity rate structure changes in the past decade. A relatively simple two-tiered pricing system (charges by usage under/over baseline for the home's climate zone) was replaced in the summer of 2001 by a more complicated five-tiered system (usage below baseline and up to 30percent, 100percent, 200percent, and 300percent+ over baseline). In 2009, PG&E began the process of upgrading its residential customers to Smart Meters and laying the groundwork for time of use pricing, due to start in 2011. This paper examines the history of the tiered pricing system, discusses the problems the utility encountered with its Smart Meter roll out, and evaluates the proposed dynamic pricing incentive structures. Scenario analyses of example PG&E customer bills will also be presented. What would these residential customers pay if they were still operating under a tiered structure, and/or if they participated in peak hour reductions?
How does European Union Law Fit into the World of Public Law? Costa, Kadi and Three Conceptions of Public Law

There is basic disagreement about how European Union Law fits into the World of Public Law. When EU Law conflicts with UN Law or the constitutional law of Member States, there remains a great deal of confusion about whether and how courts should subject the law of the larger community to review under constitutional standards. The article argues that there are three competing conceptions of public law underlying this disagreement as it is reflected in major courts decisions by the ECJ and Member States courts, that are referred to as Democratic Statism, Legal Monism and Constitutionalism respectively. The article describes and analyzes these three conceptions and their implications as they play out in major court decisions in the European Union. Ultimately the article argues that only the constitutionalist conception provides a jurisprudentially and morally plausible account of both cosmopolitan and pluralist practices that characterizes the structure of European constitutional practice.
Evaluation of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire at baseline as a predictor for time to pain improvement in two clinical trials of pregabalin.

Summary Background: The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) is a patient-reported outcome that evaluates the impact of fibromyalgia (FM) on daily life. This study evaluated the relationships between the functional status of FM patients, measured with the FIQ at baseline, and median time to a clinically relevant pain reduction. Methods: Data were derived from two randomised, placebo-controlled trials that evaluated pregabalin 300, 450 and 600 mg/day for the treatment of FM. The Kaplan–Meier (nonparametric) method was applied to estimate median times to ‘transient’ and ‘stable’ events. The transient event was defined as a ≥ 27.9% improvement on an 11-point daily pain diary scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain), and the stable event was defined as the mean of the daily improvements ≥ 27.9% relative to baseline over the subsequent study duration starting on the day of the transient event. A parametric model using time-to-event analysis was developed for evaluating the relationship between baseline FIQ score and the median time to these events. Results: Median time was longer among patients treated with placebo relative to pregabalin for the transient events (11–12 days vs. 5–7 days) and stable events (86 days vs. 13–29 days). A significant association was observed between baseline FIQ scores and median time to transient and stable events (p < 0.001). Median times to events were similar between the studies. For transient pain reduction events, median times ranged from 3.0 to 4.5 days for baseline FIQ scores of 10, and 9.1–9.6 days for FIQ scores of 100; for stable pain reduction events, the median time ranged from 11.0 to 13.0 days and from 27.0 to 28.5 days for baseline FIQ scores of 10 and 100 respectively. Conclusions: Time to a clinically relevant reduction in pain was significantly associated with FM severity at baseline as measured by the FIQ. Such an analysis can inform patient and physician expectations in clinical practice.
Significant Seismic Anisotropy beneath the Southern Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau

[1] Shear wave splitting measurements using teleseismic PKS, SKKS, and SKS phases recorded by station LSA on the southern part of the Lhasa Terrane of the Tibetan Plateau reveal significant azimuthal anisotropy with a splitting time of up to 1.5 s, a conclusion that is contradictory to previous studies which suggested isotropy or weak anisotropy. In addition, systematic variations of the splitting parameters (fast polarization direction and splitting time) with the arriving azimuth of the seismic ray path are observed, suggesting a model of anisotropy that is more complicated than a single layer with horizontal axis of symmetry. The measurements are consistent with a model with two layers of anisotropy. The top layer has a NE-SW fast direction, which is consistent with GPS-revealed direction of surface movement, and can be associated with lattice preferred orientation of middle-lower crustal minerals such as amphibole. The lower layer has a nearly E-W fast direction and can be the consequence of either the N-S directed compressional stress originated from the India-Eurasia collision or flow in the asthenosphere related to the absolute motion of Eurasia. This study underlines the importance of a long duration of deployment of seismic stations in resolving complex anisotropy.
Physical Models of Supernovae and the Distance Scale

There are two basic techniques for employing astronomical phenomena such as supernovae to constrain the cosmic distance scale. One is to use a primarily empirical approach (peak, slope, shape, of light curves) which is intrinsically limited by observational uncertainties. The other is to consider the physical basis, which introduces model dependence. Here we will make the presumption that an understanding of the physics of the explosion is vital to the use of supernovae as distance indicators. In particular, we wish to emphasize that theoretical supernova atmosphere calculations are now available to effect the connection between observations and hydrodynamical models.
Robust and Adhesive Hydrogels from Cross‐Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) and Silicate for Biomedical Use

A systematic approach to develop robust and adhesive hydrogels by photopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-diacrylate and methoxy-PEG-acrylate in the presence of charged silicate nanoparticles (Laponite) is presented. PEG-diacrylate and silicate are used for covalent and physical cross-linking, thus providing the hydrogel with mechanical and adhesive strengths. Methoxy-PEG-acrylate is used as a softening agent. The resulting hydrogels can be extensively elongated and the hydrogels readily adhere to tissue even in the elongated state. These hydrogels may aid the development of adhesive tissue engineering matrixes, wound dressings, sealants, and the adhesive components of biomedical devices.
Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Exhibits Estrogenic Effects In Vivo in Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats

Studies were conducted using an ovariectomized rat model to determine the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extracts. A red clover extract, standardized to contain 15% isoflavones was administered by gavage [250, 500 and 750 mg/(kg x d)] to virgin, ovariectomized 50-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats, for 21 d in the presence and absence of 17beta-estradiol [50 microg/(kg x d)]. Estrogenic effects included an increase in uterine weight, vaginal cell cornification and mammary gland duct branching. Red clover produced a dose-dependent increase in uterine weight and differentiated vaginal cells at the two higher doses, but it did not stimulate cell proliferation in the mammary glands. Neither antiestrogenic nor additive estrogenic properties were observed in any of the tissues studied. These data suggest that red clover extract is weakly estrogenic in the ovariectomized rat model.
Field‐enhanced scanning near‐field optical microscopy

This manuscript reviews the principles and recent advances of scanning near-field optical microscopy based on tip-induced field enhancement. These scanning microscopes utilize minute probes to locally enhance an electromagnetic field through a complex interplay between surface plasmon excitation and localization of electric charges by geometrical singularities. The necessary conditions leading to an electromagnetic enhancement will be reviewed, as well as the means to characterize it. A brief account of the theoretical framework will be given, together with applications of the technique ranging from chemical imaging to nanolithography.
Electron-impact excitation of the resonance transition in Ca+

Detailed calculations of the electron-impact excitation of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ are performed using both perturbation theory and the close-coupling approach. Particular attention is focused on the resonance (4s-4p) excitation since experimental emission-cross-section data are available for this transition. The results of the most sophisticated model, a six-state (4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p) close-coupling calculation with semiempirical Hartree-Fock target wave functions and including one- and two-body core-polarization potentials are in better agreement with the experimental cross section and resonance-fluorescence polarization data than any other calculation. At incident electron energies below the 5s, 4d, and 5p thresholds, the six-state calculations are essentially in agreement with the experimental data, although rich resonance structures predicted by theory are not seen experimentally due to the finite energy resolution. At energies above the 5s, 4d, and 5p thresholds the six-state emission cross sections exceed the experimental cross sections by about 20%, once allowance is made for cascades from the 5s, 4d, and 5p levels.
Clinical performance of osteoporosis risk assessment tools in women aged 67 years and older

Summary Clinical performance of osteoporosis risk assessment tools was studied in women aged 67 years and older. Weight was as accurate as two of the tools to detect low bone density. Discriminatory ability was slightly better for the OST risk tool, which is based only on age and weight.
Formation of porous films on titanium alloys by anodization

Abstract Porous anodized films on titanium alloys have been shown to be advantageous for adhesive bonding and other purposes. Porosity may be achieved by increasing the current density in the anodization bath, by increasing the voltage, by increasing the concentration of the electrolyte, by increasing the temperature or by adding current-carrying ions to the electrolyte. Experiments are described in which each of the methods for increasing the current density are accomplished. Characterization results on the surfaces of these anodized oxides are shown; these were obtained using scanning electron microscopy, ion scattering spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy. The addition of lithium nitrate to phthalic acid electrolytes causes porosity in anodized films, but the lithium ions do not enter the oxide film.
Multi-Input Multi-Output Flight Control System Design for the YF-16 Using Nonlinear QFT and Pilot Compensation

Abstract : Nonlinear Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) and pilot compensation techniques are used to design a 2x2 flight control system for the YF-16 aircraft over a large range of plant uncertainty. The design is based on numerical input- output time histories generated with a FORTRAN implemented nonlinear simulation of the YF-16. The first step of the design process is the generation of a set of equivalent linear time-invariant (LTI) plant models to represent the actual nonlinear plant. It has been proven that the solution to the equivalent plant problem is guaranteed to solve the original nonlinear problem. Standard QFT techniques are then used in the design synthesis based on the equivalent plant models. A detailed mathematical development of the method used to develop these equivalent LTI plant models is provided. After this inner loop design, pilot compensation is developed to reduce the pilot's workload. This outer loop design is also based on a set of equivalent LTI plant models. This is accomplished by modeling the pilot parameters that result in good handling qualities ratings, and developing the necessary compensation to force the desired system responses.
Parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons in rat globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic study

Abstract To add to our understanding of the anatomical organization of the globus pallidus (GP) of the rat, a light and electron microscopic analysis of parvalbumin (PV, a Ca-binding protein) immunoreactive neurons in the GP was performed. Light microscopic analysis revealed that the GP contains PV-positive and PV-negative neurons. Approximately two-thirds of the GP neurons were PV-positive. The somata of PV-positive neurons were, on average, larger than PV-negative ones. The proximal dendrites of PV-positive neurons were smooth and often lay parallel to the border between the GP and the neostriatum. Distal dendrites of PV-positive neurons were varicose. Thin PV-positive fibers with large boutons (with average diameter of 1.7 μm) were observed in the neuropil of the GP. Some PV-positive boutons formed basket-like aggregates surrounding the somata of PV-positive or negative neurons. Electron microscopic observations revealed that PV-positive neurons were often large and contained deeply indented nuclei and a large volume of cytoplasm. PV-negative neurons had smaller somata that were occupied by deeply indented nuclei and a small volume of cytoplasm. Both PV-positive and negative neurons were contacted by synaptic boutons identical to the known striato-pallidal, subthalamo-pallidal, and local collateral boutons. The PV-positive boutons contained small round or elongated vesicles and often more than one mitochondrion. Most of the boutons (i.e. 86%) formed symmetric synapses with somata and large dendrites and, the other (14%) formed asymmetric synapses with small dendrites. The study indicated that GP projection neurons can be divided into two subgroups according to their PV-immunoreactivity. PV-positive and negative neurons received similar extrinsic synaptic inputs and both types of neurons were connected through their local collateral axons. It is conceivable that the physiology of PV-positive and negative neurons might be different because of a difference in the Ca-buffering mechanisms in these neurons.
Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent parental influences

Fraiberg and her colleagues (1975) introduced the metaphor "ghosts in the nursery" to de- scribe the ways in which parents, by reenacting with their small children scenes from the parents' own unremembered early relational experiences of helplessness and fear, transmit child maltreatment from one generation to the next. In this article we propose that angels in the nursery— care-receiving experi- ences characterized by intense shared affect between parent and child in which the child feels nearly perfectly understood, accepted, and loved— provide the child with a core sense of security and self-worth that can be drawn upon when the child becomes a parent to interrupt the cycle of maltreatment. We argue that uncovering angels as growth-promoting forces in the lives of traumatized parents is as vital to the work of psychotherapy as is the interpretation and exorcizing of ghosts. Using clinical case material, we demonstrate the ways in which early benevolent experiences with caregivers can protect against even overwhelming trauma, and examine the reemergence of these benevolent figures in consciousness as an instrument of therapeutic change. Finally, we examine implications of the concept of "angels in the nursery" for research and clinical intervention. RESUMEN: Fraiberg y sus colegas (1975) introdujeron la metafora "fantasmas en la habitacion" para describir las maneras en que los padres transmiten el maltratamiento infantil de una generacion a la otra, por medio de poner en escena, con sus ninos pequenos, situaciones de sus propias -si bien no recordadas- experiencias de miedo y falta de ayuda en sus tempranas relaciones en sus tempranas relaciones. En este ensayo, proponemos que "angeles en la habitacion," experiencias del cuidado recibido, caracterizadas por un intenso y compartido afecto entre padre o madre e infante, en las cuales el infante se siente casi perfectamente comprendido, aceptado y amado, proveen a este con un sentido central de seguridad y autovalor al que se puede recurrir cuando el infante se convierte en padre o madre, con el fin de interrumpir el ciclo de maltratamiento. Sostenemos que dejar al descubierto "angeles" como una fuerza que promueve el crecimiento en las vidas de padres o madres traumatizados es tan vital para el trabajo de la sicoterapia como la interpretacion y el exorcismo de "fantasmas." Por medio del uso de material de casos clinicos, demostramos las maneras por medio de las cuales las tempranas experiencias benevolentes con quienes nos prestaban el cuidado pueden proteger aun contra el trauma abrumador. Tambien examinamos la reaparicion de estas imagenes benevolentes en la conciencia como un instrumento de cambio terapeutico.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the growth, reproduction and survival of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an environmental stressor that can have a variety of negative effects on aquatic organisms including slowed growth, changes in reproduction and increased mortality. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is a highly transparent organism that has not been shown to actively avoid ultraviolet radiation or possess photoprotective compounds and may therefore be vulnerable to deleterious effects of UVR. Results of this study indicate that summertime UVR exposure equivalent to average UVR conditions within the top 0.5 m of the water column of the Rhode River, Maryland, USA, can cause mortality and reduced size of M. leidyi . Exposures tested did not, however, affect egg production beyond that attributable to UVR effects on mortality. Experiments indicated a sharp threshold for the tolerance of M. leidyi to biologically effective UVR exposure. A biological weighting function (BWF) was experimentally determined to describe the spectral dependence of UV induced mortality. The BWF was similar to those previously reported for mesozooplankton. M. leidyi is an important component of many ecosystems; thus, changes in its population size and abundance have the potential to significantly affect coastal and estuarine food webs, and oyster, fish and sea nettle populations, in systems like Chesapeake Bay. Future scenarios of decreased eutrophication and runoff that result in reduced dissolved organic matter and particulates, will likely lead to increased amounts and penetration of UVR in coastal and estuarine systems and could increase deleterious effects of UVR on M. leidyi .
Profiles of Victimized Women Among the Child Welfare Population: Implications for Targeted Child Welfare Policy and Practices

Despite the call to address domestic violence along with child maltreatment, little information exists to guide services for victimized women involved with child welfare. Research shows that victimized women contend with multiple problems stemming from violent victimization. Unfortunately less is known about combinations of needs and resources among victimized women, especially for those involved with child welfare. Through an examination of needs and resources among families with child maltreatment and domestic violence, we aimed to help address this knowledge gap. Needs and resources among 1,229 victimized caregivers were examined using the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW). Using latent class analysis, four distinct multivariate profiles of needs and resources among victimized caregivers were identified. Significant differences were found among the profile groups in the family violence they experienced in the 18 months following child welfare investigations. Based on these findings, we discuss implications for tailored practices to enhance the safety of victimized caregivers involved with child welfare.
Eating pathology, fat avoidance, and serum estradiol concentrations in young women

OBJECTIVE: Pathological dieting in young women is a continuum of behavior, with bulimia nervosa representing the extreme end of the continuum. This cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the relationship between the degree of eating pathology and dietary intake of college-age women. The relationship between dietary intake and serum estradiol concentrations was also examined. METHOD: We evaluated the dietary intake of 69 women, defined according to degree of eating pathology with a questionnaire instrument. Three-day food records at follicular and luteal phases of one menstrual cycle, and serum estradiol concentrations at approximate menstrual cycle days 6, 21, and 28, were evaluated. RESULTS: Greater degree of eating pathology was associated with significantly lower dietary fat and energy intake (p < .05). A trend for luteal phase energy intake to be related to serum estradiol concentration at day 28 (p = .06) was also observed. DISCUSSION: Fat avoidance may be a useful indicator of increased risk for an eating disorder in young women.
A new method for documenting lens opacities.

We tested an anterior segment camera and digital analyzer on 32 eyes of 22 patients to determine whether its measurement of lens opacities correlated with measurements obtained by a standardized clinical grading system. The lenses were graded clinically for nuclear opacity, nuclear color, cortical opacity, and posterior subcapsular opacity. The lenses were then photographed and analyzed with this new device, and the results were compared. The camera system showed good reproducibility. Its results correlated well with the clinical gradings for nuclear opacity (P = .001) and cortical opacity (P = .001) but less well with posterior subcapsular opacity (P = .3), although there were only seven eyes with posterior subcapsular opacities. This camera system could help document and follow up lens opacity with more accuracy and reproducibility than has been previously possible.
Expressive completeness in modal language

The logics of the modal operators and of the quantifiers show striking analogies. The analogies are so extensive that, when a special class of entities (possible worlds) is postulated, natural and non-arbitrary translation procedures can be defined from the language with the modal operators into a purely quantificational one, under which the necessity and possibility operators translate into universal and existential quantifiers. In view of this I would be willing to classify the modal operators as ‘disguised’ quantifiers, and I think that wholehearted acceptance of modal language should be considered to carry ontological commitment to something like possible worlds
Effect of Inclusions on Densification: I, Microstructural Development in an Al2O3 Matrix Containing a High Volume Fraction of ZrO2 Inclusions

The microstructural changes produced by large (38 to 53 μm), single-crystal ZrO2 inclusions (0, 0.09, 0.30 volume fractions, based on solid volume) within an Al2O3 powder matrix were detailed as a function of constrained densification. Composite powder compacts were produced by pressure filtration for conditions where the Al2O3 slurry was either flocced or dispersed. For both conditions, the ZrO2 inclusions constrained densification. Microstructural observations for all composites revealed (1) the presence of cracks with large opening displacements between inclusions and (2) large density variations within the matrix. The cracks were most frequent at high volume fraction of inclusions in composites produced from flocced slurries and apparently originated during specimen preparation. Their large opening displacment was a result of matrix densification. Fewer cracks were observed in composites produced from dispersed slurries. Instead, these microstructures were dominated by large variations in matrix density, viz., dense regions surrounding low-density regions, not consitent with the initial packing density of the matrix powder. The denser regions were formed early in the densification schedule. The lower-density regions eventually developed into regions containing large, elongated voids as the Al2O3 matrix grains became larger with heat-treatment time. This pore enlargement process was shown to result from the disappearance of necks between originally sintered grains and appeared similar to the thermodynamic instability observed in thin films and constrained fibers.
A Smooth Cloud Model

Abstract In this paper a large-eddy “smooth” cloud (SC) model will be presented with smooth implying that the entire model converges under a Newton-based solution procedure or that time scales within the SC model are being resolved. Besides ensuring that time scales within microphysical parameterizations are resolved, convergence of Newton’s method requires that advection schemes near cloud boundaries should not induce fast time scales. For example, flux-corrected transport (FCT) schemes that force cloud variables to stay oscillation free near boundaries are typically not differentiable in time and hence may prevent convergence of Newton’s method. To circumvent the use of a FCT scheme, an alternative approach, a cloud-edge (CE) diffusion-based approach, will be presented in this paper. Since the diffusion produced by the CE approach could conceivably lead to the fictitious evaporation of a real cloud, the first major point of this paper will be to document that the SC model when employing an evaporative l...
Recent results from CLEOII: charm physics

Abstract In the last decade the CLEO II collaboration, using the CESR e+e− storage ring, has accumulated nearly 15fb−1 of luminosity. in the energy region around 10.5 GeV, corresponding to the production of more than 3·107 charmed particles (apart from daughters of B meson decay). This has produced new results in the spectroscopy of charmed baryons and mesons and a much improved limit on D 0 - D 0 mixing. We present evidence for an excitation of the Ξc, seen in both charge states; namely, the Ξ′c, the J p = 1 2 + c{sq} state, which is symmetric under exchange of light quark quantum numbers. Another state is seen in the decays to Ξc+π+π− and Ξc0π+π− via an intermediate Ξ c ∗ , and is consistent with the Ξc1, the J p = 3 2 − p-wave state analogous to the Λc1+(2625). The mass differences relative to the ground state are: M(Ξc+′) − M(Ξc) = (107.8 ± 1.7 ± 2.5) MeV/c2, M(Ξc0′) − M(Ξc) = (107.0 ± 1.5 ± 2.5) MeV/c2, M(Ξc1+) − M(Ξc+) = (348.6 ± 0.6 ± 1.0) MeV/c2, and M(Ξc10) − M(Ξc0) = (347.2 ± 0.7 ± 2.0) MeV/c2. We have made the first (preliminary) measurements of the natural widths of the Σc++ and Σc0 baryons: Γ++ = (2.98−.35+.38 ± 0.5) MeV, and Γ0 = (2.63−.33+.36 ± 0.5) MeV. In the charmed meson sector we find evidence for a wide 1+ state, the D10(2460). Its mass is (2.461−.034+.041 ± .010 ± .032) GeV; its width is (290−74+101 ± 26 ± 36) MeV. We find no supporting evidence for the D ∗′+ , a purported radial excitation claimed by the Delphi group at a mass of (2637 ± 2 ± 6) MeV. Finally we are able, using “wrong-sign” (DCSD) Kπ decays to make the following measurements: 1) the observed ratio of DCSD decays relative to the Cabibbo-allowed rate is Rws = (0.34 ± 0.7 ± .06)%, 2) the mixing parameters are bounded, at 95% confidence, by x′2
Salt of the Earth

Chemical compounds are often taken for granted, argues Bruce Gibb, and the most underappreciated is one that we're all very familiar with.
Mouse Fibroblast Cell Adhesion Studied by Neutron Reflectometry

Neutron reflectometry (NR) was used to examine live mouse fibroblast cells adherent on a quartz substrate in a deuterated phosphate-buffered saline environment at room temperature. These measurements represent the first, to our knowledge, successful visualization and quantization of the interface between live cells and a substrate with subnanometer resolution using NR. NR data, attributable to the adhesion of live cells, were observed and compared with data from pure growth medium. Independently of surface cell density, the average distance between the center of the cell membrane region and the quartz substrate was determined to be ∼180 A. The membrane region (∼80 A thick) contains the membranes of cells that are inhomogeneously distributed or undulating, likely conforming to the nonplanar geometry of the supporting adherence proteins. A second region of cell membranes at a greater distance from the substrate was not detectable by NR due to the resolution limits of the technique employed. Attachment of the live cell samples was confirmed by interaction with both distilled water and trypsin. Distinct changes in the NR data after exposure indicate the removal of cells from the substrate.
Effect of a cocktail on diazepam absorption

Six healthy male or female volunteers ingested a single 5-mg tablet of diazepam with a typical ethanol-containing cocktail (1.5 ounces of 80-proof vodka plus 4 ounces of orange juice plus ice) or with a similar ethanol-free mixture (4 ounces of orange juice plus ice) in the fasting state on two occasions separated by at least 1 week. Diazepam concentrations in multiple plasma samples drawn from 15 min to 24 h after each dose were determined by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. Mean values of pharmacokinetic variables for diazepam taken without and with ethanol, respectively, were: peak plasma diazepam concentration, 221 vs. 208 ng/ml; time of peak concentration, 0.79 vs. 1.79 h after dosing (P<0.1); apparent lag time prior to start of absorption, 16.5 vs. 26.2 min; apparent first-order absorption half-life, 19.3 vs. 34.6 min. The completeness of diazepam absorption, judged by the area under the 24-h plasma concentration curve, was nearly identical for the two conditions. Thus, coadministration of diazepam with the ethanol cocktail tended to slow the rate of diazepam absorption, but did not influence the completeness of absorption. Pharmacodynamic synergism of ethanol and diazepam, if it exists, cannot be attributed to enhancement of the rate or completeness of diazepam absorption.
Effects of nicotine vary across two auditory evoked potentials in the mouse.

Background Schizophrenia patients display sensory processing deficits, reduced α7-nicotine receptor expression, and increased incidence of smoking, prompting investigation of nicotine receptor agonists as possible treatments. We evaluated the effects of acute and chronic nicotine, using an animal model that incorporates genetic variation for sensory processing and nicotine sensitivity. Methods C57BL/6J and DBA/2Hsd mice received 2 weeks of 4.2 mg/kg chronic nicotine or saline. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded before and after acute nicotine injection of 1.05 mg/kg on day 14, with a paired-click paradigm (S1/S2). Amplitude and gating of the P20 and N40 were compared between conditions. Results Acute nicotine increased the amplitude and gating of the P20 and decreased the amplitude and gating of the N40 across all groups, primarily by acting on S1. Chronic nicotine attenuated the effects of acute nicotine on the N40. Conclusions Our data support the notion that the mouse P20 shares pharmacological response properties with the human P50. In addition, findings suggest that nicotine might increase the initial sensory response (S1), with a resulting improvement in gating of some components.
A family with branchio-oculo-facial syndrome with primarily ocular involvement associated with mutation of the TFAP2A gene

Background: Branchio-Oculo-Facial syndrome (BOFS) is a rare, autosomal dominant developmental disorder that has a distinct phenotype with characteristic craniofacial abnormalities. We report a family with extensive ocular manifestations of BOFS caused by a novel mutation in the transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) gene.Materials and methods: Case report of phenotypic and genotypic characterization of a family with BOFS.Results: An infant presenting with anophththalmia/coloboma and subtle craniofacial symptoms was found to have a family history of congenital cataracts and colobomas in her mother. A mutation in the TFAP2A gene associated with BOFS (heterozygous H384Y in exon 7) was found in both the proband and her mother. This mutation had not been reported previously. Compared with other molecularly confirmed cases in the literature, this family has primarily ocular features, which are severe.Conclusions: BOFS can have profound ocular involvement without prominent extraocular features. When the syndro...
Biosynthetic preparation of cardenolides from [1-14C]acetic acid by stem discs of the milkweed Asclepias curassavica

Abstract [ 14 C]Calotropin (11.2 μCi/mmol) and uscharidin (14.1 μCi/mmol) were biosynthesized by stem discs of Asclepias curassavica incubated in a medium containing [1- 14 C]acetic acid. Relative isotope enrichment sites determined by 13 C NMR spectroscopy of [ 13 C]calotropin prepared by the same method were at C-23 (0.71 %), C-2′ (0.28 %) and C-4′ (0.21 %).
Water Metabolism of the Growing Domestic Fowl with Special Reference to Water Balance

Abstract INTRODUCTORY REVIEW 1. Water Intake. The amount of water consumed by a laying White Leghorn hen was reported by Heywang (1941) as approximately 18.2–18.3 gallons per year. He further stated that the amount of water consumed increased with increases in air temperature, live weight and rate of egg production. The converse was also found to be true. It was shown by Kare and Biely (1948) that the addition of increasing amounts of salt to the ration caused a progressive increase in water intake per gram of feed consumed. Increasing the protein content of the feed also increased the water consumption (Wheeler and James, 1950). Patrick (1955), in studying the same relationship, found that increasing the protein content of the feed does not always increase water consumption but may actually decrease it. Heywang (1940), studying the effects of cold drinking water on chick growth and yolk absorption, found that the …
The Role of Science and Technology in Ocean Management

In the near future, the U.S. will acquire-in the legal sense of property-1.4 billion acres of ocean space within an exclusive economic zone out to 200 miles offshore. In effect, the new area under national control will be an extension of the public lands which are retained under the stewardship of the federal government. This will create a need for the development of an ocean and coastal resource management system which must incorporate the concepts of multiple use and sustained yield. The working tools of resource management is knowledge and information. Marine Science and Technology must play a key role in providing a foundation for the management system. By focusing ocean policy on the development of a resource management system, we will for the first time have a framework for fitting marine science and technology into an integrated scheme which relates to a major national goal. As a consequence, ocean R&D can assume in the future a prominence which it has not enjoyed since the "golden age of technology" in the 1960s.
Development of a detailed surface mechanism for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ethanol on silver alumina catalyst

Abstract Ethanol selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx on silver alumina catalyst is a promising technology in reducing NOx from Diesel engines. In particular, experimental results show that using ethanol reductant on low loading silver alumina catalyst can result in greater than 90% of NOx reduction over a wide temperature range. Even though this technology has been demonstrated experimentally, there is no known detailed surface model to describe the ethanol SCR process. In this work, a detailed surface mechanism with 35 irreversible reactions has been developed by critically reviewing literature data on ethanol SCR and by performing Surface Perfectly Stirred Reactor (SPSR) simulations. Using the new surface SCR mechanism along with validated ethanol gas phase chemistry from LLNL, the cause of the inactivity of ethanol SCR at temperatures above 500 °C is found to be the desorption of NO and ethanol rather than gas phase ethanol oxidation. Predictions with the new ethanol SCR mechanism agree well with the experimental NOx conversion. However, further improvement on the model is needed to improve predictions involving the hydrocarbon species.