cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Holocene record of changing Arctic Ocean ice drift analogous to the effects of the Arctic Oscillation

[1] The Arctic Oscillation (AO) controls the configuration of the Transpolar Drift (TPD). If thicker ice from the Beaufort Gyre were exported, the volume of fresh water/sea ice in the Nordic seas would significantly increase, decreasing the formation of North Atlantic deep water. This would cool large parts of the Northern Hemisphere and affect global climate. Therefore, in order to understand how the global climate system functions, it is imperative to know how the TPD changed over the last millennium or more. The provenance of grains in a sediment core located near the confluence of the TPD and the Beaufort Gyre provides a direct proxy for changes in seaice drift owing to these circulation systems. The core has more than 200 cm of Holocene sediment, with intervals dominated by grains from the Russian shelves alternating with intervals of abundant grains from North American sources. Grains matched to Russian shelves indicate that the TPD was shifted toward North America, similar to what occurs during a more positive phase of the AO. This condition alternated with intervals where few grains matched to Russian sources, presumably because the TPD was restricted to the Russian half of the Arctic, far from the core site. During the last 1300 years, increased influx of Russian grains occurred approximately every 50–150 years. This fluctuation might represent the long-term oscillation of the AO, which modulates the same TPD shift today.
An optimal control problem with state space constraints arising in the design of bipolar transistors

We consider the problem of determining the optimal profile of doping concentration that minimizes the base transit time in homojunction bipolar transistors. This is a well-studied problem in the electronics literature, but typically only numerical optimization is used to find solutions. Also, we include a fixed base resistance, a constraint often ignored in numerical approaches. In this paper we give an explicit analytic solution to the problem using the Pontryagin maximum principle with state-space constraints and outline how its optimality can be proven using synthesis type arguments.
Performance evaluation of 2D compact PET systems - with applications to system design optimization

In recent years, owing to the need of high spatial resolution and high detection sensitivity for the use of PET in molecular imaging, there has been a growing interest in the development of compact PET systems. Unfortunately, this particular PET configuration has been prohibited by the presence of parallax errors. In recent studies, we have proposed a new design concept for building cost-effective compact PET systems by embedding sinogram restoration methods for removing parallax errors in the output by exploiting redundant information present in the acquired data. In this work, we consider the task of evaluating and comparing the performance of various compact PET systems. The results of this study will provide important design guidelines for building compact PET systems subject to various performance and cost constraints.
Electron impact excitation of the O I lambda 1172.6 A multiplet

The cross section for the dissociative excitation of the O I 1172.6 A multiplet is measured by the bombardment of O2 by 100 eV electrons. A cross section value of about 1.56 x 10 to the -22nd sq cm + or - 30 percent and an O I 1173 A/O I 989 A branching ratio of about 0.00013 + or - 35 percent are obtained. The branching ratio values are compared to the data of Morrison (1985) and Garstang (1961). The data reveal that the 1173 A branch from the O I (3s prime 3D0) state is not large enough to account for the discrepancy between the predicted and observed O I 989 A intensity in the earth's upper atmosphere.
Aerodynamic applications of Newton- Krylov-Schwarz solvers

Parallel implicit solution methods are increasingly important in aerodynamics, since reliable low-residual solutions at elevated CFL number are prerequisite to such large-scale applications of aerodynamic analysis codes as aeroelasticity and optimization. In this chapter, a class of nonlinear implicit methods and a class of linear implicit methods are defined and illustrated. Their composition forms a class of methods with strong potential for parallel implicit solution of aerodynamics problems. Newton-Krylov methods are suited for nonlinear problems in which it is unreasonable to compute or store a true Jacobian, given a strong enough preconditioner for the inner linear system that needs to be solved for each Newton correction. In turn, Krylov-Schwarz iterative methods are suited for the parallel implicit solution of multidimensional systems of linearized boundary value problems. Schwarz-type domain decomposition preconditioning provides good data locality for parallel implementations over a range of granularities. These methods are reviewed separately, illustrated with CFD applications, and composed in a class of methods named Newton-Krylov-Schwarz.
Developing science students’ metacognitive problem solving skills online

Technology is increasingly being harnessed to improve the quality of learning in science subjects at university level. This article sets out, by incorporating notions drawn from constructivist and adult learning theory, a foundation for the design of an online environment for the acquisition of metacognitive problem solving skills. The capacity to solve problems is one of the generic skills now being promoted at tertiary level, yet for many learners problem-solving remains a difficulty. In addition, there are few instances of instructional design guidelines for developing learning environments to support the metacognitive skills for effective problem solving. In order to foster the processes of metacognitive skills explicitly in first year science students, we investigated areas where cognitive support was needed. The aim was to strengthen the metacognitive and reflective skills of students to assist them in adopting strategies and reflective processes that enabled them to define, plan and self monitor their thinking during problem solving. In tertiary science, both well-structured and ill-structured problems are encountered by students, thus a repertoire of skills must be fostered. A model for supporting metacognitive skills for problem solving is presented in the context of an online environment being developed at the University of New England.
Local Delivery of Chemotherapy and Concurrent External Beam Radiotherapy Prolongs Survival in Metastatic Brain Tumor Models

Local chemotherapy with biodegradable polymers prolongs survival with minimal morbidity in patients with intracranial high-grade gliomas. However, use of local chemotherapy for metastatic brain tumors has not been defined. We studied the safety and the efficacy of locally delivered chemotherapy with and without concurrent radiation therapy in treating tumors that frequently metastasize to the brain. The chemotherapeutic agents 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), carboplatin, and camptothecin were incorporated into controlled-release polymers and tested individually against intracranial challenges with one of four tumors (lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and melanoma). For each combination of drug and tumor type, four groups were tested: (a) empty polymer (no drug); (b) external beam radiotherapy (XRT) alone; (c) local chemotherapy from biodegradable polymer alone; and (d) local chemotherapy and XRT together. Polymers were implanted 5 days after tumor inoculation; XRT was given on days 7-9 (300 cGy/day). BCNU and XRT together were effective against all four tumors. BCNU polymer alone significantly prolonged survival in mice with intracranial melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Carboplatin alone was effective against both melanoma and colon carcinoma and in combination with XRT against colon and renal cell carcinomas. Camptothecin was effective only with XRT against melanoma. These studies demonstrate that local delivery of chemotherapy with concurrent radiation therapy is safe and can significantly prolong survival in models of common intracranial metastatic tumors. Concurrent use of local chemotherapy with standard XRT appears to be more effective than either treatment alone. Local chemotherapy may also be of benefit to patients who have previously received maximal cranial irradiation but suffer an intracranial recurrence.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of hole and exciton self-trapping in halide crystals

Abstract Subpicosecond and picosecond optical absorption spectra following band-gap excitation of alkali halide crystals have been measured and analyzed. It is found that a simple rule relates the low-energy edge of the “N band” previously attributed to the one-center (Landau-type) hole polaron, the photon energy of the (two-photon) excitation pulse, and the band gap. The rule explains the quantitative photon-energy dependence of the N-band position and its presence or absence in all of the data compiled from the present work and other published works, within the framework of two-photon cross-correlated absorption of the excitation and probe pulses as well as pulse dispersion considered separately in the optics and in the sample. It is concluded that the one-center self-trapped hole in alkali halides has not yet been identified by absorption spectroscopy in the visible-uv spectral range. The self-trapped hole and/or associated self-trapped exciton is observed in the two-center (V k ) configuration.
A small sample test for the equality of intraclass correlation coefficients under unequal family sizes for several populations

A small sample test for the equality of several intraclass correlation coefficients under unequal family sizes based on several independent multinormal samples has been proposed. It has been found that the small sample test consistently and reliably produced results superior to those of likelihood ratio test (LRT) proposed by Bhandary and Alam (2000) in terms of power most of the times (for higher intraclass correlation values for various combinations of intraclass correlation coefficient values and also the small sample test stays closer to the significance level under null hypothesis compared to the likelihood ratio test. For small sample situation, LRT has size drastically different from alpha-level whereas, the small sample test gives size closer to the alpha-level. This small sample test is computationally very simple and also can be used for both small sample and large sample situations. An example with real life data is presented.
Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal thinning, emergence of continents, and origin of the Phanerozoic ecosystem: A model

Ophiolites emplaced in collisional orogens prior to 1 Ga generally have a thicker magmatic crust than younger complexes. This fact suggests a model in which Mesoproterozoic oceanic crust was two or three times as thick as at present, possibly owing to partial melting of a more fertile mantle. Earth had less continental freeboard and 90%-95% marine inundation, producing a much more uniform worldwide temperature distribution. Neoproterozoic oceanic crust thinning increased ocean basin volume and continental freeboard, and caused a drop of average sea level relative to the level of the continents. The resultant increased erosion, sediment deposition, upwelling, and consequent biological productivity and burial led to increased atmospheric oxygen, which permitted the evolutionary development of animals.
Activation and desensitization of Fos immunoreactivity in the rat brain following ethanol administration

The expression of the Fos proto-oncogene protein has been used as an anatomical marker of activated brain areas. Detection of Fos immunoreactivity can provide information about the sites of action of various stimuli at the level of single cell resolution. Following intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (16% w/v), Fos immunoreactivity was induced in several rat brain areas including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the central nucleus of amygdala, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus nucleus and parabrachial nucleus. The induction was dose dependent, and the length of activation time was different in each nucleus. Fos immunoreactivity in the supraoptic nucleus appeared only when a higher concentration of ethanol was injected. Repeated administration of ethanol twice daily for 17 or 24 days resulted in a desensitization of Fos immunoreactivity in these nuclei. These data suggest that induction of Fos immunoreactivity can be used to determine the sites at which ethanol acts on the brain, and may provide important information about the mechanisms underlying the tolerance and physical dependence of alcohol usage.
Disenchantment and participatory limits of compulsory education: lessons from Southwest China

Despite the state’s unrelenting efforts to enforce compulsory basic education, schooling in rural ethnic China remains an elusive ideal that leads to massive dropout and prepares many only for factory sweatshops. Based on 16 months of ethnographic research, this article examines the disjuncture between the official education policy known as the Two Basics Project (TBP) and the lived practices and beliefs observed in two rural ethnic communities. It investigates how students’ disenchantment and withdrawal from school challenges compulsory education as a fragile universalist attempt at social progress. Instead of merely examining what factors contribute to the policy failure, the analysis questions the very ‘progressive’ ideals and teleological visions at work in China’s educational programming, and challenges binaries such as literacy/illiteracy, cultured/uncultured, modernity/traditionalism.
Elevated midtrimester maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, but not progesterone or estriol, are associated with the subsequent development of preeclampsia (PRE)

122 123 ELEVATED MIDTRIMESTER MATERNAL SERUM HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG) LEVELS, BUT NOT PROGESTERONE OR ESTRIOL, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA (PRE) PATRICK RAMSEY, RICHARD PARKER, National Institutes of Health, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Bethesda, MD University of Alabama at Birmingham, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Birmingham, AL OBJECTIVE: Abnormal levels of hCG and other endocrine markers have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to determine whether midtrimester maternal serum levels of hCG, progesterone, and estriol were associated with the subsequent development of PRE. STUDY DESIGN: As an ancillary investigation to a multicenter trial of aspirin therapy in women at high risk for PRE, serum specimens were collected at the initial study visit (11-26 wks). HCG, progesterone, and estriol levels were assessed using commercial immunoassays. Mild and severe PRE were defined using standard definitions. RESULTS: Specimens from 515 non-hypertensive/non-proteinuric women were available for study. The incidence of PRE was 13.2%. Median serum levels of hCG (28,069 vs 23,767 mIU/mL, P = 0.12), progesterone (79 vs 75 ng/mL, P = 0.84), and estriol (2.3 vs 2.4 ng/mL, P = 0.71) were similar between women with and without PRE. Hormone levels were then dichotomized by the 90th%ile cutoff for the study cohort (hCG-58,577 mIU/mL, progesterone-151 ng/mL, estriol-5.6 ng/mL) to evaluate the association of elevated levels with the development of PRE (Table). Elevated hCG levels were associated with both mild PRE (OR 2.6, 95%CI: 1.1-6.5) and severe PRE (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.3-7.7). In multivariate analysis, adjusting for gestational age at specimen collection, maternal age, study treatment, race, smoking status, BMI, diabetes, and multifetal gestations, an elevated hCG level remained significantly associated with subsequent PRE. CONCLUSION: In women at risk, elevated midtrimester serum levels of hCG, but not progesterone or estriol, are significantly associated with the subsequent development of PRE. December 2003 Am J Obstet Gynecol S98 SMFM Abstracts
Melt viscosity of polyethylenes

The melt viscosity of fractionated and unfractionated polyethylenes at low shear rates have been measured in the temperature range 140–280°C. The melt index is not an adequate measure of melt viscosity determined at low shear rate. From melt viscosity and intrinsic viscosity determinations on fractions an estimate of the degree of long-chain branching can be made. From viscosity measurements at several temperatures between 140 and 280°C. values of the apparent activation energy for fractionated and unfractionated polyethylenes were obtained. The activation energy increases from 8 to 13 kcal. as the weight-average molecular weight increases about 20,000 to about 200,000.
Spatial perception in colliculectomized and normal golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Held and Schneider and others have postulated two, functionally separate, modes of vision—one concerned with localization, the second with identification—and have suggested that the superior colliculus is crucial for the perception of location. Colliculectomized hamsters were tested on two localization tasks. No deficit in depth perception was observed. Perceptual-motor integration necessary to perform a search task was severely disrupted, however. These results suggest that the superior colliculus functions in the control of fine visual-motor coordination.
Semi-parametric upper bounds for option prices and expected payoffs

Abstract Upper bounds on the expected payoff of call and put options are derived. These bounds depend only on the mean and variance of the terminal stock price and not on its entire distribution, so they are termed semi-parametric. A corollary of this result is a set of upper bounds for option prices obtained by the risk-neutral valuation approach of Cox and Ross. As an example, these bounds are shown to obtain across both lognormal diffusions and mixed diffusion-jump processes for any given data set. We present an illustrative example that suggests these bounds may be of considerable practical value.
Spontaneously broken inter mass level symmetries in string theory

Abstract By studying the deformations of conformal field theories in the operator formalism, it is shown that there is an infinite class of target space gauge symmetries which relate string fields of different mass. It is argued that these symmetries are spontaneously broken by the spacetime metric.
High frequencies of response after limited primary therapy for multiple myeloma

Abstract Background Recent bortezomib combinations have induced remission in approximately 90% of patients newly diagnosed, with moderate frequency of adverse effects. Patients In an attempt to reduce adverse effects, and to prepare qualified patients for early intensification, we assessed the antimyeloma effect and toxicity of 3 different bortezomib combinations in small numbers of patients. Methods With reduced doses and short durations of exposure, we combined bortezomib with (a) cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone, (b) lenalidomide/dexamethasone/liposomal doxorubicin, and (c) cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone/lenalidomide. Results Response rates were high, with rare episodes of severe drug-related toxicity. Conclusions Further study of similar combinations of effective drugs given in limited doses and for short durations would be useful.
Anxiety and Immune Responsiveness

More stress from hospitalization, measured by level of anxiety at time of admission, in 75 males without cancer, infection, or autoimmune disease was associated with depressed immunological response of lymphocytes in vitro but positive reactions to skin tests of more delayed hypersensitivity. Findings suggest that psychological states of perceived stress and anxiety influence functioning of the immune system and could lead to greater vulnerability to infections and disease.
The CD4+/CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg ratio as a prognostic biomarker in cancer patients

Meeting abstracts The immune status of an individual is made up of the absolute number (cells/μl) and relative ratios of each category of immune cells. To determine the extent of similarity of the immune status between individuals across malignancies, we described the immune status using
The effect of a ventral medial hypothalamic lesion on the insulin-induced hypotensive response in normal rats.

The cardiovascular responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were studied in normal and ventral medial hypothalamic (VMH)-lesioned rats. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the VMH in mediating the insulin-induced decreases in cardiovascular tone. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane/chloralose. Following the induction of anesthesia, the trachea, femoral artery, and femoral vein were cannulated. The femoral artery was attached to a pressure transducer for cardiovascular monitoring. The cardiovascular activity was recorded using a Modular Instruments Micro 5000 signal processing system. The mean arterial pressure and pulse pressures and heart rate were evaluated. In control studies, a stable plasma glucose and blood pressure were obtained with urethane/chloralose anesthesia for the duration of the experiments. Insulin (2.0 or 5.0 U/kg) significantly decreased the plasma glucose as well as the blood pressure. In VMH-lesioned rats, the lesions were accomplished by radiofrequency, and the cardiovascular response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was investigated 1 or 6 weeks later. There was no difference in the cardiovascular response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia between the low or high insulin dose after 1 week in VMH-lesioned animals. The low dose after 6 weeks in VMH-lesioned animals did not produce a change in the mean arterial pressure response compared with controls. The pulse pressure was higher than in the sham-lesioned animals, and the plasma glucose response was greater. The high dose after 6 weeks in VMH-lesioned animals in contrast to sham-lesioned animals led to an increased cardiovascular response instead of a decrease. We propose that the decrease in cardiovascular activity in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal animals can be attributed to a direct or indirect effect on vascular dilation as well as possibly to an inhibition of sympathetic firing. However, it appears that insulin increases the vascular dilation as well as the parasympathetic tone after 1 week in the VMH-lesioned animals, similar to the findings in sham-lesioned animals. However, after 6 weeks, the insulin-induced decreased cardiovascular tone is minimal. Thus, we believe hat the VMH does not have a direct effect in modulating the insulin-induced decrease in cardiovascular tone, but its destruction appears to influence other regulatory centers.
Self protection of high current density superconducting magnets

Two schemes are proposed for superconducting magnet protection. The first is a self-protection scheme for high-current-density conductors using a metallic structure such as beryllium to act as a transformer secondary, with the conductor winding acting as the primary. A dump resistor is proposed as the second protection scheme for comparison. It requires the use of a lightweight high-temperature dump resistor with the current density limited to 15 kA cm/sup 2/. The self-protection scheme is being developed for spaceborne and mobile magnet systems. >
Thermoelastic Stresses in an Axisymmetric Thick-Walled Tube Under an Arbitrary Internal Transient

A closed-form axisymmetric solution was derived for the transient thermal-stress fields developed in thick-walled tubes subjected to an arbitrary thermal loading on the internal surface with convection to the surrounding external environment. Generalization of the temperature excitation was achieved by using a versatile polynomial composed of integral-and half-order terms. In order to avoid the difficult and potentially error prone evaluation of functions with complex arguments, Laplace transformation and a ten-term Gaver-Stehfest inversion formula were used to solve the resulting Volterra integral equation. The ensuing series representation of the temperature distribution as a function of time and radial position was then used to derive new relationships for the transient thermoelastic stress-states. Excellent agreement was seen between the derived temperature and stress relationships, existing series solutions, and a finite-element analysis when the thermophysical and thermoelastic properties were assumed to be independent of temperature. The use of a smoothed polynomial in the derived relationships allows the incorporation of empirical data not easily represented by standard functions. This in turn permits an easy analysis of the significance of the exponential boundary condition and convective coefficient in determining the magnitudes and distribution of the resulting stress states over time. Moreover, the resulting relationships are easily programmed and can be used to verify and calibrate numerical calculations.
Thioltransferase overexpression increases resistance of MCF-7 cells to adriamycin.

Abstract Thioltransferase, a small redox protein with thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities, has been reported to be expressed at higher levels in Adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 human breast tumor cells (MCF-7 ADRR) when compared with Adriamycin sensitive MCF-7 WT (MCF-7 WT) cells. The present study examined the effects of stably transfecting MCF-7 WT cells with the cDNA for human thioltransferase and the effects of subsequent Adriamycin cytotoxicity in the MCF-7 WT transfected cells. All transfected cell lines overexpressing thioltransferase activity were more resistant to Adriamycin than untransfected MCF-7 WT cells, supporting the hypothesis that increases in thioltransferase expression are related to Adriamycin resistance. This resistance was independent of the ability of thioltransferase to catalyze reduction of dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid, as the addition of an ascorbate generating derivative, L -ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, to the media did not additionally increase Adriamycin resistance. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
Identification of a molecular signature unique to metal-reducing Gammaproteobacteria.

Functional genes required for microbial (dissimilatory) metal reduction display high sequence divergence, which limits their utility as molecular biomarkers for tracking the presence and activity of metal-reducing bacteria in natural and engineered systems. In the present study, homologs of the outer membrane beta-barrel protein MtrB of metal-reducing Gammaproteobacteria were found to contain a unique N-terminal CXXC motif that was missing from MtrB homologs of nonmetal-reducing Gammaproteobacteria and metal- and nonmetal-reducing bacteria outside the Gammaproteobacteria. To determine whether the N-terminal CXXC motif of MtrB was required for dissimilatory metal reduction, each cysteine in the CXXC motif of the representative metal-reducing gammaproteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis was replaced with alanine, and the resulting site-directed mutants were tested for metal reduction activity. Anaerobic growth experiments demonstrated that the first, but not the second, conserved cysteine was required for metal reduction by S. oneidensis. The ability to predict metal reduction by Gammaproteobacteria with unknown metal reduction capability was confirmed with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogen whose genome encodes an MtrB homolog with an N-terminal CXXC motif. MtrB homologs with an N-terminal CXXC motif may thus represent a molecular signature unique to metal-reducing members of the Gammaproteobacteria.
Climate and Circulation of the Tropics

This is a very comprehensive effort in numerous important areas, such as interannual variability, regional circulation, climatology, tropical glaciers, and past climates. The emphasis, in most of these areas, would be called “climatological.” It is quite detailed, full of adequate references and historical accounts. The approach is descriptive. However, in many sections the paragraphs are too full of authors' names with only very brief explanations of their findings.
Human gaze control during real-world scene perception

In human vision, acuity and color sensitivity are best at the point of fixation, and the visual-cognitive system exploits this fact by actively controlling gaze to direct fixation towards important and informative scene regions in real time as needed. How gaze control operates over complex real-world scenes has recently become of central concern in several core cognitive science disciplines including cognitive psychology, visual neuroscience, and machine vision. This article reviews current approaches and empirical findings in human gaze control during real-world scene perception.
Structural determinants of RNA function

Abstract Highlights of recent structure-function studies of RNA include the determination of high-resolution RNA structures using NMR spectroscopy, and the development of techniques for the systematic evolution of RNA molecules with desired functions.
Does neurotensin mediate the effects of antipsychotic drugs

The possibility that the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) may function as an endogenous antipsychotic compound was first hypothesized almost two decades ago. Since that time, considerable effort has been directed towards determining whether NT neurons mediate the effects of antipsychotic drugs (APDs). The anatomic, biochemical, behavioral, and clinical relevance of this hypothesis is reviewed. Although the majority of the available evidence is indirect, the availability of several NT receptor (NTR) antagonists have now made possible the direct examination of the involvement of the NT system in the mechanism of action of APDs. Preliminary studies in our laboratory demonstrate the ability of a selective NTR antagonist to block the effects of APDs in two models of sensory motor gating deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. These data, taken together with a compelling series of studies demonstrating that increases of NT/neuromedin N mRNA expression and NT content in the nucleus accumbens and striatum after chronic administration of APDs are predictive of clinical efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects, respectively, provide direct preclinical evidence for a role of the NT system in the clinical efficacy of APDs. Although effects of selective NTR antagonists in normal volunteers or schizophrenic patients have not been studied, and nonpeptidergic NTR agonists have not yet been identified, these cumulative results provide the groundwork for the use of NT-ergic compounds in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Husserl on Sensation, Perception, and Interpretation

(2008). Husserl on Sensation, Perception, and Interpretation. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 219-245.
Solution effects on rydberg excitations: Resonance raman scattering of ammonia in hexane

Abstract The resonance Raman spectrum of NH 3 dissolved in n -hexane (≈10 −2 M) is obtained using 200 nm excitation. This wavelength is coincident with the lowest-lying Rydberg excitation. The scattering activity of the ν 2 coordinate is dramatically reduced in the solution spectra as compared to the gas phase results. This quenching of ν 2 Raman activity is largely attributed to significant increases in the pure dephasing rate of the Rydberg transition in solution and multimode effects due to the coupling of the resonant excitation to low-frequency solvent-dependent bath modes. The inversion barrier in the ground electronic state is estimated to increase by at least 475 cm −1 in n -hexane solution.
Play on: Retrospective Reports of the Persistence of Pretend Play Into Middle Childhood

Piaget (1962) asserted that children stop engaging in pretend play when they enter the concrete operational stage because they become able to accommodate reality and no longer need to assimilate it to their wishes. Consistent also with the views of Vygotsky, discussion of pretend play in developmental psychology is typically confined to early childhood, yet the activity itself does not seem to be so confined. As a preliminary investigation of pretend play in middle childhood, undergraduates were asked to complete a retrospective questionnaire about their childhood pretend play. The questionnaire items queried them about the content and context of their prior pretense engagements, when and why they stopped pretending, and personality characteristics relevant to pretense and fantasy. On average, respondents reported ceasing to pretend around 11 years of age. Among the statistically significant predictors of participants’ reported ages of ceasing to pretend were gender, childhood environs, siblings’ ages, be...
Phospholipase A2 activation and cell injury in isolated rat hepatocytes exposed to bromotrichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,1-dichloroethylene as compared to effects of carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract It was found that the four toxigenic agents, CCl 4 , CHCl 3 , CBrCl 3 , and 1,1-dichlorethylene (vinylidene chloride) all share the property of activating phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) of isolated hepatocytes in suspension, as determined over a 60- or 120-min time period. In all cases, PLA 2 activation, measured as the appearance of lysophosphatidylethanolamine, preceded the release of lactic dehydrogenase during incubation of the cells at 37°C. It is concluded that for these halogenated hydrocarbons phospholipase A 2 activation may be part of the chain of causality leading from initial bioactivation to ultimate cell death.
Multiple scattering in optical coherence tomography signal: Monte Carlo modeling and experimental study

The angle biased Monte Carlo technique is applied to simulate the OCT signal from homogeneous turbid medium. The OCT signal is divided into two categories: one is from a specific imaging target layer in the turbid medium; the other is from the other background medium. The Class II signal has wider spatial and angular distribution than the Class I signal. And it experiences more scattering events. The multiple scattered photons will decrease the contrast of the OCT image and their contributions become dominant at larger depths. The average number of scattering events increases with the probing depth for both Class I and II lights. Experimental study is conducted by measuring the depth-resolved degree of polarization (DOP) of the back- scattered signal from the turbid media. The DOP is derived form the Stokes vector measurements. The incident light is linear polarized and could be depolarize by the multiple scattering. The DOP decreases to 0.5 when Class I signal is equal to the Class II signal. Experiments in the intralipid solution with different scattering coefficient show the imaging depth is limited to 3-4 optical depths.
Rationale for Combining a Direct Renin Inhibitor with other Renin- Angiotensin System Blockers. Focus on Aliskiren and Combinations

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system has been a highly successful therapeutic approach for the prevention of hypertension-related end organ damage. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers lower blood pressure and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease. However, progression to end-stage disease remains common in these patient populations. A compensatory increase in plasma renin activity occurs with the use of either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, thus causing increased levels of angiotensin II, which may limit the therapeutic effectiveness of these agents. The direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, suppresses the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting its first and rate-limiting step. This early inhibition reduces the production of all downstream components of the system. In this review, recent clinically relevant advances in the understanding of renin-angiotensin system biology are explored as a rationale for combining aliskiren with other blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. These combinations more fully inhibit the renin-angiotensin system, with the goal of providing additional therapeutic benefits in diseases associated with chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
SU-E-J-221: Advantages of a New Surface Imaging Calibration Method for SRS Treatments

Purpose: The present calibration method used for the AlignRT surface imaging system relies on the placement of a calibration plate at the linac isocenter using isocenter surrogates (crosshairs, room lasers, etc.). This work investigated the potential advantages of a new calibration method that shifts the AlignRT isocenter to be coincident with the linac MV beam isocenter. Methods: To quantify the potential uncertainties associated with the present calibration method for SRS treatments, the calibration plate was intentionally shifted away from isocenter +/−3mm in the longitudinal and lateral directions and +/−1mm in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions. A head phantom was placed in a mock SRS treatment position and monitored with the AlignRT system. The AlignRT-indicated offsets were recorded at 270, 315, 0, 45, and 90° couch angles for each intentional calibration misalignment. The new isocenter calibration was applied after each misalignment, and the measurements were repeated and compared to the previous results. Results: With intentional longitudinal and lateral shifts of +/−3mm and +/−1mm in the calibration plate, the average indicated offsets at couch rotations of +/−90° were 4.3mm and 1.6mm, respectively. This was in agreement with the theoretical offset of sqrt(2)*(intentional shift of the calibration plate). Since vertical shifts were along the rotation axis of the couch, these shifts had little effect on the offsets with changing couch angle. When the new calibration was applied, the indicated offsets were all within 0.5mm for all couch angles. These offsets were in agreement with the known magnitude of couch walkout. Conclusion: The potential pitfalls of the present calibration method have been established, and the advantages of the new calibration method have been demonstrated. This new calibration method effectively removes the potential miscalibration artifacts of the present calibration method, giving the AlignRT user more confidence in the system's indicated shifts.
The regulation of ubiquinone synthesis in fibroblasts: the effect of modulators of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity.

Abstract The effect of inhibitors of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and compactin were tested for their effects on the biosynthesis of ubiquinone in fibroblasts using [2- 14 C]acetic acid as a labeled precursor. LDL added to fibroblasts incubated in lipoprotein-deficient serum inhibited acetate incorporation into ubiquinone by 35%. Compactin, 2.5 μ m , inhibited acetate incorporation by 60%. Further increases in compactin concentration up to 20 μ m gradually increased the extent of inhibition but leveled off between 70 and 80%. The incorporation of 3 H]mevalonic acid and 4-[U- 14 C]hydroxybenzoic acid into ubiquinone were determined with a range of compactin concentrations. Whereas the incorporation of [ 3 H]mevalonate showed an apparent increase in response to compactin, the incorporation of 4-[U- 14 C]hydroxybenzoate into ubiquinone decreased. Both curves leveled off at concentrations of 5 μ m did not significantly change with further increases in compactin concentration approaching 20 μ m . Thus, the inhibition of acetate and 4-hydroxybenzoate incorporation into ubiquinone by compactin showed similar patterns. Cells incubated in lipoprotein-deficient serum compared to whole human serum showed inhibition of acetate incorporation similar to that observed previously for 4-hydroxybenzoate (9), thereby suggesting the presence of a stimulatory factor for ubiquinone biosynthesis in whole human serum. These data confirm and extend our earlier conclusions that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase greatly affects ubiquinone synthesis in fibroblasts.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Neurophysiological Results of Surgery Based on Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Testing:

Fifty-three hands with carpal tunnel syndrome had pre- and postoperative evaluations of median nerve distal motor latency (from wrist to thenar muscles) and orthodromic sensory nerve conduction velocity (from thumb and middle finger to wrist). At 6 months we observed a neurophysiological return to normal in all cases with normal preoperative distal motor latency and in about 50% of the hands with preoperative distal motor latency between 4 and 6 ms. Prolongation of the distal motor latency over 6 ms was not followed by return to neurophysiological normality, although some degree of sensory function was restored in the majority of cases.
ON THE EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY CHANGES AS MEASURED BY PSYCHOMETRIC TEST PROFILES

A wide variety of research, especially in clinical psychology, involves the measurement of behavior change. Studies dealing with treatment effects, developmental changes, and trait stability all require evaluation of changes occurring over time. In order to cope with the complexity of behavior change, current researchwhether experimental or survey-frequently employs multiple rather than single measures on each S. In particular, the multiple indicants may be standardized to form a profile; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scales are examples. Moreover, current usage of such multiple measure tests tends to emphasize the configuration of scores. Research designs employing multiple indicant tests frequently involve groups of profiles (hereafrer called Treatment Groups) which in the simplest experimental situation would consist of two groups, experimental and control. In the case of a survey, such as the example referred to below, it is convenient to maintain the terminology, recognizing that here Treatment Groups refers to population strata differentiated on the basis of some designated attribute, such as male versus female, different instirutional settings, etc. Once groups of individual profiles are formed, the critical, practical, and theoretical issue arises of determining the kind and extent of behavior change among the Treatment Groups2 as revealed in contrasts between the initial and subsequent mean profiles. To the clinician, as well as to the experimentalist working in the personality area, rhe assumption is suspect rhat the attributes being measured are invariant over time, so that, unlike the classical concept of test-retest reliability, test changes may not be regarded simply as so called "error vasiance" (Loevinger, 1957; Chassan, 1957). In fact, changes in profile patterning in repeated testings are realistically viewed as "more a measure of trait variance than of reliability of scales," at least In the case of instruments such as the MMPI (McKinley & Hathaway, 1944). Thus, to the excent that profile patterns reflect
Electronic structure of the semimetals Bi and Sb

We have developed a third-neighbor tight-binding model, with spin-orbit coupling included, to treat the electronic properties of Bi and Sb. This model successfully reproduces the features near the Fermi surface that will be most important in semimetal-semiconductor device structures, including (a) the small overlap of valence and conduction bands, (b) the electron and hole effective masses, and (c) the shapes of the electron and hole Fermi surfaces. The present tight-binding model treats these semimetallic properties quantitatively, and it should, therefore, be useful for calculations of the electronic properties of proposed semimetal-semiconductor systems, including superlattices and resonant-tunneling devices.
Cross-border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors

The debate on whether the problem of transnational crime is growing or not rages on. Yet, basic research and reliable data on which to inform this debate are lacking. As a consequence, anecdotal and incomplete information leads to analyses that focus on individual problems and neglect serious structural problems underlying the demand for illegal goods and services. Both theoretical endeavors and policy construction would thus benefit from some corrective analysis. This paper paves the ground for such analysis by focusing on the interface of legal and illegal actors. It first seeks to clarify the meaning of the terms ‘international crime’ and ‘cross-border crime’, often referred to as ‘transnational crime’. Secondly, it separates for analytical purposes ‘enterprise crime’ from ‘political crime’, while recognizing that the two are often combined in practice. Thirdly, it attempts to construct a typology of legal–illegal links and associations, in order to better organize the existing knowledge and data on this subject. Fourthly, it addresses the question of whether the problem is growing, and if so, why. Finally, it outlines research and policy implications.
Complexation of the Surfactants Triton X-102 and Igepal CA720 with β-Cyclodextrin

The surfactants Igepal CA720 (IpICA7) and Triton X-102 (TX-102) and their interaction with β-cyclodextrin were studied with the use of various photophysical and photochemical methods. The fluorescence and absorbance spectra of these surfactants are concentration dependent and markedly enhanced in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy infers that the phenyl group of these surfactants is included inside the β-CDx cavity. The orientation of the phenyl moiety of the surfactant molecule inside the β-CDx cavity was investigated with the use of induced circular dichroism (ICD).
An expanding vortex site for the r-process in rotating stellar collapse

The astrophysical site of r-process nucleosynthesis is investigated theoretically using two-dimensional expanding-vortex stellar-collapse simulations based on the Eulerian adaptive-mesh MHD code of Symbalisty (1984). The results are presented graphically, and it is found that the classical r-process can be explained as the result of the collapse of the highly rotating iron core of a 15-solar-mass star, in which the angular velocity along the rotation axis reaches a maximum of 1000 rad/s, corresponding to an angular momentum of 3.4 x 10 to the 48th erg/s for the inner 1.5 solar mass. The ejected jets are shown to yield about 0.0004 solar mass per supernova, sufficient to explain the observed abundances of r-process products.
Childhood Adversity and Cumulative Life Stress Risk Factors for Cancer-Related Fatigue

Fatigue is a common symptom in healthy and clinical populations, including cancer survivors. However, risk factors for cancer-related fatigue have not been identified. On the basis of research linking stress with other fatigue-related disorders, we tested the hypothesis that stress exposure during childhood and throughout the life span would be associated with fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Stress exposure was assessed using the Stress and Adversity Inventory, a novel computer-based instrument that assesses for 96 types of acute and chronic stressors that may affect health. Results showed that breast cancer survivors with persistent fatigue reported significantly higher levels of cumulative lifetime stress exposure, including more stressful experiences in childhood and in adulthood, compared to a control group of nonfatigued survivors. These findings identify a novel risk factor for fatigue in the growing population of cancer survivors and suggest targets for treatment.
Adapting Editorial Peer Review of Webtexts for Classroom Use

This article picks up, literally, where another one leaves off: “Assessing Scholarly Multimedia: A Rhetorical Genre-Studies Approach” in Technical Communication Quarterly (Ball, 2012a). In that article, I describe how I have brought my editorial-mentoring work with Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, which exclusively publishes “born digital” media-rich scholarship, into undergraduate and graduate writing classes. This article describes how the process of editorial peer review translates into students’ peer review workshops in those same writing classes.