cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assert(!defined(sequential I/O))

The term sequential I/O is widely used in systems research with the intuitive understanding that it means consecutive access. From a survey of the literature, though, this intuitive understanding has translated into numerous, inconsistent definitions. Since sequential I/O is such a fundamental concept in systems research, we believe that a sequentiality metric should allow us to compare access patterns in a meaningful way. We explore access properties that could be incorporated into potential metrics for sequential I/O including: access size, gaps between accesses, multi-stream, and inter-arrival time. We then analyze hundreds of large-scale storage traces and discuss how potential metrics compare. Interestingly, we find I/O traces considered highly sequential by one metric can be highly random to another metric. We further demonstrate that many plausible metrics are weakly correlated, though metrics weighted by size have more consistency. While there may not be a single metric for sequential I/O that is best in all cases, we believe systems researchers should more carefully consider, and state, which definition they use.
Role of TNF‐α in ethanol‐induced hyperhomocysteinemia and murine alcoholic liver injury

We previously reported a link between ethanol-induced elevation of homocysteine, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and alcoholic liver injury in the murine model of intragastric ethanol feeding. We studied the role of TNFα in this setting by using TNFR1 knockout mice (C57 BL/6). There was a 7.4-fold increase of homocysteine in wild-type and a 6-fold increase in TNFR1 knockout mice with intragastric alcohol exposure for 4 weeks. Plasma TNFα increased in the wild-type (18.4 ± 3.3 pg/mL vs. 8.4 ± 1.3 pg/mL (control)) and in the knockouts (12.9 ± 1.4 pg/mL vs. 7.2 ± 1.6 pg/mL (control)). Similar extent of fatty liver was observed in both types. Increased ALT was observed in both groups. Necroinflammatory foci were increased significantly in ethanol-fed knockouts but not to the same extent as in the ethanol-fed wild type. Increase of hepatic apoptosis and reduction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine was detected in both types of animals fed ethanol. ER stress demonstrated by RT-PCR of mRNA of selective ER stress markers GRP78, CHOP, and SREBP1 was increased equivalently in both types of mice. Betaine administration decreased ER stress in conjunction with attenuation of the elevated plasma homocysteine in both types of animals. Betaine increased hepatic S-adenosyl-L-methionine by 28 fold in the knockouts and by 24-fold in wild type. In conclusion, TNFα makes a moderate contribution to the ALT elevation, necroinflammation, apoptosis, a small contribution to the fatty liver and no contribution to hyperhomocysteinemia and ER stress in intragastric alcohol fed mice. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;40:442–451.)
Response of individual rats and sheep to one or more injections of hypothalamic extract as determined by radioimmuoassay of plasma LH.

Ovariectomized adult rats were cannulated via the left carotid artery. Three days later they were heparinized and connected via the cannula to a peristaltic pump for continuous withdrawal of blood. Concentrations of LH in 60 μl samples of whole blood collected at approximately 5 min intervals were determined by radioimmunoassay. Untreated rats, ovariectomized at least one month earlier, exhibited considerable fluctuation in plasma LH concentrations over a 6 hr period. Treatment of such rats with subcutaneous injections of estradiol valerate and progesterone at the time of cannulation resulted in a reduction and stabilization of plasma LH levels when measured 3 days later. A rapid increase in plasma LH levels invariably occurred following the injection of neutralized crude acidic extracts of rat hypothalamic tissue into the aorta of steroid-treated castrates but did not occur following the injection of similarly prepared extracts of cerebral tissue. LH contamination of the hypothalamic extracts, determined...
Quantitative Analysis of the Parameters Affecting In-Cabin to On-Roadway (I/O) Ultrafine Particle Concentration Ratios

A mass-balance indoor particle dynamic model was adopted and modified to investigate how on-roadway ultrafine particle (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) concentrations and vehicle ventilation settings affect UFP levels inside vehicles. The model was first parameterized focusing on a mechanistic, simulation-based interpretation of in-cabin data reported in Zhu et al. (2007). Under three different ventilation conditions, (1) Fan off-recirculation (RC) off, (2) Fan on-RC off, and (3) Fan on-RC on, the modeled UFP in-cabin to on-roadway (I/O) ratios were found to be 0.40, 0.25, and 0.10, respectively, and agree with the experimental data very well. Then, analysis focused on how the model input parameters, such as ventilation settings, vehicle speed, filtration, penetration, deposition, and human respiration, affect I/O ratios in broader categories of vehicle cabin microenvironments. Under condition (1), the modeled I/O ratios increased linearly, up to ∼25%, within the literature reported penetration factor range. The ...
Much more than a surgery text

Consider a 35-year-old female with a thyroid nodule. Thyroid function testing, ultrasound (US) and fine needle aspiration (FNA) indicate a single non-functional nodule and the FNA is consistent with follicular neoplasm. A left thyroid lobectomy is performed by Da Vinci using endoscopic, video-assisted techniques requiring 136.4 minutes. There are no complications. The surgeon performing the operation was in New York City, but the patient was in a remote town in Alaska. Is this science fiction? Today it is, but perhaps not for long.
A Mutation in the gene-encoding bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase that renders the phage temperature-sensitive.

Gene 5 of bacteriophage T7 encodes a DNA polymerase essential for phage replication. A single point mutation in gene 5 confers temperature sensitivity for phage growth. The mutation results in an alanine to valine substitution at residue 73 in the exonuclease domain. Upon infection of Escherichia coli by the temperature-sensitive phage at 42 °C, there is no detectable T7 DNA synthesis in vivo. DNA polymerase activity in these phage-infected cell extracts is undetectable at assay temperatures of 30 °C or 42 °C. Upon infection at 30 °C, both DNA synthesisin vivo and DNA polymerase activity in cell extracts assayed at 30 °C or 42 °C approach levels observed using wild-type T7 phage. The amount of soluble gene 5 protein produced at 42 °C is comparable to that produced at 30 °C, indicating that the temperature-sensitive phenotype is not due to reduced expression, stability, or solubility. Thus the polymerase induced at elevated temperatures by the temperature-sensitive phage is functionally inactive. Consistent with this observation, biochemical properties and heat inactivation profiles of the genetically altered enzyme over-produced at 30 °C closely resemble that of wild-type T7 DNA polymerase. It is likely that the polymerase produced at elevated temperatures is a misfolded intermediate in its folding pathway.
Image Processing: How the Retina Detects the Direction of Image Motion

In the retina, the beautifully symmetrical 'starburst' amacrine cells interact with each other in a way that creates asymmetrical responses to moving images at their dendritic tips. This computation, occurring in a retinal interneuron, is a foundation of the directional signals transmitted by the retina to the brain.
Unilateral spectral and temporal compression reduces binaural fusion for normal hearing listeners with cochlear implant simulations

Patients with single sided deafness have recently begun receiving cochlear implants in their deaf ear. These patients gain a significant benefit from having a cochlear implant. However, despite this benefit, they are considerably slower to develop binaural abilities such as summation compared to bilateral cochlear implant patients. This suggests that these patients have difficulty fusing electric and acoustic signals. Although this may reflect inherent differences between electric and acoustic stimulation, it may also reflect properties of the processor and fitting system, which result in spectral and temporal compression. To examine the possibility that unilateral spectral and temporal compression can adversely affect binaural fusion, this study tested normal hearing listeners' binaural fusion through the use of vocoded speech with unilateral spectral and temporal compression. The results indicate that unilateral spectral and temporal compression can each hinder binaural fusion and thus may adversely affect binaural abilities in patients with single sided deafness who use a cochlear implant in their deaf ear.
Choice of cancer therapy varies with age of patient.

We used data on 22,899 cancer cases collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry to examine the relationship between patient age and the use of potentially curative therapy for cancers of selected sites and acute leukemias. For cancers of most sites, either local or regional stage, the proportion of cases receiving potentially curative therapy declined with age. For local-stage cancers, the proportion not given any treatment increased with age. Overall mortality rates during the first year after diagnosis were much higher for local-stage cases without treatment than for those who received treatment. These data show that cancer therapy varies with age and suggest that decision making regarding therapy is influenced by the presence of other diseases. ( JAMA 1986;255:3385-3390)
Self-rated health as a moderator of the relation between functional impairment and depressive symptoms in older adults

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between functional impairment, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms. Independently, self-rated health and functional impairment each contribute to depressive symptoms; however, it remains unknown how these variables are related to depression in combination. It was hypothesized that self-rated health would moderate the relation between functional impairment and depressive symptoms in a sample of older adults. Method: A community sample of adults aged 60 and above was recruited from primary care clinics (n = 106); 98 of these participants had usable data. Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed depressive symptoms, functional impairment, and self-rated physical health. Results: Self-rated health moderated the relation between functional impairment and depressive symptoms. For participants with poor self-rated health, greater functional impairment was associated with greater depressive symptoms. Conclusion: It app...
Continuity of Antipsychotic Medication Management for Medicaid Patients With Schizophrenia

Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine whether medication refill behavior varies by the number of prescribers of antipsychotic medication a patient has. Methods:A total of 7,868 patients with schizophrenia were identified from North Carolina Medicaid records for the period 2001–2003. Medication switching and adherence outcomes in 2003 were constructed from Medicaid pharmacy claims. Adherence was categorized into four levels (nonadherence, partial adherence, full adherence, or excess filler). Patients were stratified into four groups on the basis of the number of providers who prescribed antipsychotics in 2002 (one prescriber, two prescribers, three prescribers, or four or more prescribers). Medication switching was modeled via logistic regression, and the four-level adherence outcome was modeled via ordered logistic regression, with both regressions controlling for the number of prescribers, age, gender, race, and comorbidity. Medication switching in 2003 was also controlled for in the adheren...
The equational theory of pomsets

Abstract Pomsets have been introduced as a model of concurrency. Since a pomset is a string in which the total order has been relaxed to be a partial order, in this paper we view them as a generalization of strings, and investigate their algebraic properties. In particular, we investigate the axiomatic properties of pomsets, sets of pomsets and ideals of pomsets, under such operations as concatenation, parallel composition, union and their associated closure operations. We find that the equational theory of sets, pomsets under concatenation, parallel composition and union is finitely axiomatizable, whereas the theory of languages under the analogous operations is not. A similar result is obtained for ideals of pomsets, which incorporate the notion of subsumption which is also known as augmentation. Finally, we show that the addition of any closure operation (parallel or serial) leads to nonfinite axiomatizability of the resulting equational theory.
Adaptive classification approach for multispectral remote sensing data based on canonical analysis

Based on local features, a new adaptive classification approach for multispectral remote sensing data is presented. Typical classification techniques based on global features tend to degrade because all classes are projected along the same direction, e.g. the principal component direction for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and minimum component direction for Minimum Component Analysis (MCA). The typical methods are under the assumption that class separability is uniform for all directions, which is not always true. The new method overcomes that disadvantage by selecting features, which give the maximum class separability, based on local information of the classes instead of global information. In the new method, a projection matrix for every class is first sought based on making its training examples well separated from the others. Every input vector is then linearly transformed into another space by every projection matrix. In the transformed spaces, it can be classified or labeled to different class by Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). In order to reduce computation cost, adaptive dimension reduction is also introduced. Good performance of the new method can be shown from the experimental results on the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) TM images.
Periodic response and crisis behavior for a system with piecewise-smooth non-linearities

Abstract The harmonic balance (HB) with alternating frequency time (AFT) method is applied to a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with piecewise-smooth non-linearity. The periodic solution of the system with the discontinuous type non-linearity is obtained by discretizing the non-linear function in the time domain. The explicit form of the Jacobian matrix is derived using a Galerkin technique to ensure the robustness, convergence and computational efficiency of the algorithm during numerical iteration. An approximate, but accurate stability analysis for the determined periodic solution is achieved through a Floquet analysis based on numerical integration for one period. The concept of the hyperbolicity in a Poincare map is used to determine the stability as well as the type of bifurcation associated with a determined periodic solution. The numerical simulation shows that two types of chaotic motion can exist: one through period doubling and the other due to boundary crisis.
DCCA Shrinkproofing of Wool Part II: Improving Whiteness and Surface Properties

In Part I, 20% owf DCCA treatment of wool fabric provided complete shrinkage control, but yellowness and deterioration of fabric handle resulted. In Part II, a mod ified 20% owf DCCA treatment over...
PARTIAL EQUILIBRIA WITH CONVEX CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS: EXISTENCE, UNIQUENESS AND STABILITY

We consider several risk-averse financial agents who negotiate the price of a bundle of contingent claims in an incomplete semimartingale model of a financial market. Assuming that the agents’ risk preferences are modeled by convex capital requirements, we define and analyze their demand functions and propose a notion of a partial equilibrium price. In addition to sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness, we also show that the equilibrium prices are stable with respect to misspecifications of agents’ risk preferences.
Effect of ACL reconstruction tunnels on stress in the distal femur.

Purpose This study examined the change in femoral stress caused by graft tunnels drilled for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Using a computational model, the number, geometry and position of the graft tunnels exits were varied to determine the effect on bone stress.
Occupant protection device effectiveness-- Some conceptual considerations

General conceptual considerations which apply to all occupant protection devices are examined formally to help clarify thinking about potential effectiveness of devices for which empirical estimates cannot be made due to the absence of any, or sufficient, field data. By considering hypothetical functions relating to the crash process, it is shown how overall field effectiveness of occupant protection devices depends on two elements. First, the specific dependence of effectiveness on severity in crashes, which flows from the engineering of the device and its relation to human biomechanics; this could, in principle, be determined in the laboratory. Second, the actual distribution of crashes by severity (and type) that occurs in real traffic; this cannot be determined in the laboratory. These considerations offer insights into why the actual effectiveness of occupant protection devices in preventing fatalities, as recently determined empirically from field data for car occupants (front and rear) and motorcycle riders, may be lower than expected based on laboratory tests.
Evaluation of Unaccountable Phlebitis with the Long Arm Silastic Catheter

This study was initiated to identify the causal factor responsible for the development of "unaccountable phlebitis" when using the long arm silastic catheter. Use of computerized axial tomography has provided a means of analyzing veins containing indwelling silastic catheters of the upper arm. Physical data of diameters of the veins are limited to inaccuracies of the machine and must only be regarded as relative. We have been able to detect a great variability of cross-sectional vein diameter and area within any one patient. This narrowing tends to occur in the mid-upper arm region and may explain the occurrence of "unaccountable" phlebitis in this area. It appears that laminar blood flow and flotation of the catheter in the vein is inhibited in these areas of narrowing.
ON A POLYNOMIAL CHAOS METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH SINGULAR SOURCES

Singular source terms in the differential equation represented by the Dirac ‐ -function play a crucial role in determining the global solution. Due to the singular feature of the ‐ -function, physical parameters associated with the ‐ -function are highly sensitive to random and measurement errors, which makes the uncertainty analysis necessary. In this paper we use the generalized polynomial chaos method to derive the general solution of the differential equation under uncertainties associated with the ‐ -function. For simplicity, we assume the uniform distribution of the random variable and use the Legendre polynomials to expand the solution in the random space. A simple differential equation with the singular source term is considered. The polynomial chaos solution is derived. The Gibbs phenomenon and the convergence of high order moments are discussed. We also consider a direct collocation method which can avoid the Gibbs oscillations on the collocation points and enhance the accuracy accordingly.
Incorporation of labeled glucosamine into glycoproteins by organ cultures of hamster trachea: adverse effects of HEPES buffer.

Hamster tracheas wer cultured in serum-free CMRL 1066 medium buffered with either NaHCO3 alone or HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulphonic acid) plus NaHCO3 in an atmosphere of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. After 2 days in culture, tracheas maintained in HEPES plus NaHCO3-buffered medium showed an altered surface morphology. Histological examination after 6 days of culture with HEPES plus NaHCO3 showed the presence of only scattered clumps of cilia. Incorporation of [14C]-glucosamine into intracellular glycoproteins was reduced by 75% and into secreted glycoproteins by 54% in cultures buffered with HEPES plus NaHCO3, compared to NaHCO3-buffered cultures. Incorporation of [3H]fucose into intracellular glycoproteins was also reduced, although no effect was observed on secreted glycoproteins.
Analysis of Methoxyfenozide Residues in Fruits, Vegetables, and Mint by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Methoxyfenozide [3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoic acid 2-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl) hydrazide; RH-2485], in the formulation of INTREPID, was applied to various crops. Analysis of methoxyfenozide was accomplished by utilizing liquid-liquid extraction and partitioning, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method validations for fruits, vegetables, and mint are reported. Methoxyfenozide mean recoveries ranged from 72 to 129% over three levels of fortification. The overall average of mean recoveries is 97 +/- 10%. The limit of quantitation for fruits, artichoke, cucumber, squash, and refined sugar was 0.010 ppm, with a detection limit of 0.005 ppm. For all other crops, the limit of quantitation was 0.050 ppm, with a detection limit of 0.025 ppm. No residues were found greater than the limit of quantitation in control samples. Residues above the limit of quantitation were found in all matrices except refined sugar. Foliage (bean, beet, pea, and radish) had greater residue levels of methoxyfenozide residue than their corresponding roots or pods. Other crop matrices contained <1.0 ppm of methoxyfenozide except artichoke, which had a mean of 1.10 ppm.
Blue-light-emitting oligoquinolines: Synthesis, properties, and high-efficiency blue-light-emitting diodes

The synthesis, photophysics, cyclic voltammetry, and highly efficient blue electroluminescence of a series of four new n-type conjugated oligomers, 6,6′-bis(2,4-diphenylquinoline) (B1PPQ), 6,6′-bis(2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenylquinoline) (BtBPQ), 6,6′-bis(2-p-biphenyl)-4-phenylquinoline) (B2PPQ), and 6,6′-bis((3,5-diphenylbenzene)-4-phenylquinoline) (BDBPQ) is reported. The oligoquinolines have high glass-transition temperatures (Tg ≥ 133 °C), reversible electrochemical reduction, and high electron affinities (2.68–2.81 eV). They emit blue photoluminescence with 0.73–0.94 quantum yields and 1.06–1.42 ns lifetimes in chloroform solutions. High-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excellent blue chromaticity coordinates are achieved from all the oligoquinolines. OLEDs based on B2PPQ as the blue emitter give the best performance with a high brightness (19 740 cd m–2 at 8.0 V), high efficiency (7.12 cd A–1 and 6.56 % external quantum efficiency at 1175 cd m–2), and excellent blue color purity as judged by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates (x = 0.15,y = 0.16). These results represent the best efficiency of blue OLEDs from neat fluorescent organic emitters reported to date. These results demonstrate the potential of oligoquinolines as emitters and electron-transport materials for developing high-performance blue OLEDs.
Molecular modeling of polymer composite-analyte interactions in electronic nose sensors

We report a molecular modeling study to investigate the polymer-carbon black (CB) composite-analyte interactions in resistive sensors. These sensors comprise the JPL electronic nose (ENose) sensing array developed for monitoring breathing air in human habitats. The polymer in the composite is modeled based on its stereoisomerism and sequence isomerism, while the CB is modeled as uncharged naphthalene rings with no hydrogens. The Dreiding 2.21 force field is used for the polymer, solvent molecules and graphite parameters are assigned to the carbon black atoms. A combination of molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (NPT-MD and NVT-MD) techniques are used to obtain the equilibrium composite structure by inserting naphthalene rings in the polymer matrix. Polymers considered for this work include poly(4-vinylphenol), polyethylene oxide, and ethyl cellulose. Analytes studied are representative of both inorganic and organic compounds. The results are analyzed for the composite microstructure by calculating the radial distribution profiles as well as for the sensor response by predicting the interaction energies of the analytes with the composites. c2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Characterization of a Methanosarcina strain isolated from goat feces, and that grows on H 2 -CO 2 only after adaptation

AMethanosarcina species, designated strain ChGul, was isolated from goat feces; this is the first fully described pure culture ofMethanosarcina obtained from feces. Antigenic fingerprinting suggests that isolate ChGul is a new immunotype. The mol% G + C content of DNA was 42.2%. Strain ChGul grew on methanol, methylamines, and acetate in a minimal salts medium. It grew on H2-CO2 only after adaptation. Growth occurred as a milky-white suspension and contained cells mostly in doublets and quadruplets of irregular cocci; many cells contained phase bright spots typical of gas vacuoles. The isolate did not grow on formate, or CO2 plus isopropanol, ethanol, or acetone as substrates and did not produce methane from formate. The optimum growth temperature was 35–37°C, and optimum pH was 6.2–6.8. ChGul is unusually sensitive to sulfide and has low tolerance for NaCl. Optimal levels of total sulfide and NaCl for growth were 0.5 mM and 20–40 mM, respectively. Since ChGul requires adaptation for growth on H2-CO2 and cannot use formate, it may be restricted to methylotropic or acetoclastic methanogenesis in the rumen, a function not observed in previously isolated rumen methanogens that use H2-CO2 and formate. Our work suggests that improper NaCl and sulfide concentrations, and cell lysis, may have made isolation of rumenMethanosarcina difficult in the past. It also underscores the need to evaluate feed compositions and media components for most probable number studies, with respect to NaCl and sulfide levels, to understand the role ofMethanosarcina in the rumen.
MMP inhibition as a potential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle and tendon is composed of different types of collagen molecules that play important roles in the transmission of forces throughout the body, and in the repair and regeneration of injured tissues. Fibroblasts are the primary cells in muscle and tendon that maintain, repair, and modify the ECM in response to mechanical loading, injury, and inactivity. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that digest collagen and other structural molecules, which are synthesized and excreted by fibroblasts. MMPs are required for baseline ECM homeostasis, but disruption of MMP regulation due to injury or disease can alter the normal ECM architecture and prevent proper force transmission. Chronic injuries and diseases of muscles and tendons can be severely debilitating, and current therapeutic modalities to enhance healing are quite limited. This review will discuss the mechanobiology of MMPs, and the potential use of MMP inhibitors to improve the treatment of injured and diseased skeletal muscle and tendon tissue.
Nrf1 to the rescue

When the level of proteasomal activity in a cell drops off, a transcription factor called Nrf1 travels to the nucleus to activate the genes that code for proteasomes.
Simple reversible fiber optic chemical sensors using solvatochromic dyes

There are many environmental and process-control sensor applications where speed and reversibility are more important than selectivity. These might include monitoring the fate and transport of contaminants in laboratory columns and microcosms, measuring hydrocarbons in waste treatment streams, mapping the extent of a plume of a known contaminant, or monitoring solvent concentrations (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, etc.) in a manufacturing process stream. In each case, there is prior knowledge of the type of contaminant and interferences, and in many cases the target molecule is at a relatively high concentration. For such applications, the sensor should be fast and reversible to allow real-time tracking of rapidly changing concentrations; however, it does not need to be very selective and might even respond to a wide variety of compounds. We are exploring new types of sensors for these applications. The sensors are based on reversible color changes that occur when solvatochromic (SV) dyes experience polarity changes. The optical sensors are made by immobilizing the SV dye in a polymer film that is coated on the end of a clad optical fiber or on the sides (i.e., evanescent region) of an unclad optical fiber. For the sensors described here interaction of a fluorescent SV dye with analyte vapors changes the amount of light absorbed by the dye and thus the fluorescence intensity that is measured with the optical fiber. Initial experiments have focused on fuel-related contaminants (e.g., xylene, benzene), and commercial solvents (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane--DCM). This paper will focus on the xylene and DCM results.
Arrivals: Cross‐Cultural Experiences in Literature

Unit 1 Arriving Exile (Eva Hoffman) Visitors, 1965 (Oscar Hijuelos) Poor Visitor (Jamaica Kincaid) Unit Review Unit 2 Learning English Elena (Pat Mora) Languages (Andrei Codrescu) A Book-Writing Venture (Kim Yong Ik) Unit Review Unit 3 Feeling Homesick No Speak English (Sandra Cisneros) Two Years in the Melting Pot (Liu Zongren) Wife (Bharati Mukherjee) Unit Review Unit 4 Changing Family Photos Black and White: 1960 (Virginia Cerenio) The Man Who Came to the Last Floor (Victor Hernandez Cruz) Vida (Judith Ortiz Cofer) Unit Review Unit 5 Intersecting Cultures Kaffir Boy in America (Mark Mathabane) Four Directions (Amy Tan) A Clean Break (Tahira Naqvi) Journey of Love (Nahid Rachlin) Unit Review Unit 6 Facing Discrimination Complexion (Richard Rodriguez) Wilshire Bus (Hisaye Yamamoto) Unit Review Appendixes World Map Other Selected Words Credits
Behavior and changes in cell morphology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in liquid medium and skim milk in the presence of caffeine

The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of caffeine on the behavior and changes in cell morphology of E. coli O157:H7 in a liquid medium and in skim milk. The inhibitory effect of caffeine at different concentrations was determined by inoculating E. coli O157:H7 in laboratory medium and skim milk samples. Samples were incubated at 37oC for 48 h, and E. coli O157:H7 population was enumerated. Our results showed that caffeine significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in laboratory medium and milk samples. A greater than 3.0 log CFU ml−1 inhibition was observed in milk containing 5.0 g/L caffeine within 12 h of incubation. Moreover, using flow cytometry, marked changes in the morphology of E. coli O157:H7 were also observed. Caffeine has potential as an antimicrobial agent and could be used as an effective natural additive to improve the safety of food products.
A study on the duration of cortical after-discharge in the cat.

Abstract The pattern of cortical after-discharge duration has been investigated in an acute, paralyzed cat preparation. In all animals the ectosylvian cortex was stimulated with 5 sec trains of 0.5 msec pulses of threshold voltage. Two frequencies of stimulation (25 and 50/sec) and two inter-period intervals (5 and 30 min) were used. However, in any given animal only one frequency and one inter-period interval was utilized. Thus, four groups of animals were studied. There was no statistically significant difference in the threshold voltage or the seizure duration of those animals stimulated at 25/sec as compared to those stimulated at 50/sec at either interval period. In each of the 4 groups, there was a significant difference among the seizure duration over the periods. There was considerable variability in the after-discharge duration both between animals and within the same animal.
DSC and NMR relaxation studies of starch-water interactions during gelatinization.

Abstract The interactions between water and starch during gelatinization as affected by water content, maximum heating temperature and amylopectin crystallinity pattern were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and 1H NMR relaxation. DSC was used to measure additional unfrozen water (AUW) arising from gelatinization, reflecting enhanced water–starch interactions, and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) of waxy corn, normal corn, potato and pea starches between 0.7 and 3.0 g water/g dry starch. The contribution of separated G and M1 stages in gelatinization was estimated using a deconvolution DSC technique. The results show that AUW largely depends on the initial water content. For the samples subjected to higher heating temperature (M1 process), a larger AUW is found presumably due to the greater disruption in granule structure. Deconvolution of the biphasic endotherm suggests that, as water content increases, the M1 process is much reduced and gradually incorporates into the dominant G process. NMR T2 distribution reveals two distinct water populations corresponding to intra- and extra-granular water, which rapidly exchange during gelatinization. After the M1 process, a relatively homogeneous gel with one water fraction from fast diffusional averaging is obtained. AUW and peak T2 values of pea starch are intermediate between those of native corn and potato starches, consistent with its composite A- and B-type crystal structure.
Approaches to Problem Behaviors in Dementia

Behaviors associated with dementia present serious management problems for nursing home staff and families of people with dementia. Sensory loss oft& compounds problems associated with dementia. This paper compares interventions focused on interaction and environment to those based on the medical model. Creating a closed unit for dementia patients is shown to be an effective way to provide care to people whose behavior is disruptive in other settings. In this study, use of an amplification device appeared to increase responsiveness and reduce the yelling behavior of an elderly woman with dementia and hearing loss.
TabletopCars: interaction with active tangible remote controlled cars

In this paper, we report on the development of the competitive tangible tabletop game TabletopCars, which combines the virtual world with the physical world. We brought together micro scaled radio controlled cars as active tangibles with an interactive tabletop surface to realize the game. Furthermore, we included Microsoft Kinect depth sensing as an interaction mode for embedded and embodied interaction. Our aim was to investigate the possibilities that emerge through the augmentation capabilities of interactive tabletops for creating novel game concepts and the interaction modes that novel input devices facilitate. This work presents TabletopCars as a testbed for embedded and embodied interaction and describes the system in detail. Finally, we report on a preliminary user study where users controlled the active tangible micro scaled cars through hand gestures.
Effects of School-Based Interventions With U.S. Military-Connected Children A Systematic Review

Objective:To examine the effects of school-based interventions on the well-being of military-connected children (i.e., dependents of U.S. military service members, veterans, or reserve component me...
Stability of phosphorus within a wetland soil following ferric chloride treatment to control eutrophication.

Addition of iron and aluminum compounds has become an increasingly popular method to regulate phosphorus eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. It has been proposed that ferric chloride addition to agricultural runoff entering the northern Everglades could provide a means for enhancing natural mechanisms of phosphorus removal from the wetland. In this study we added ferric chloride to Everglades water spiked with 32PO4, incubating the resulting precipitates in microcosms simulating the Everglades ecosystem. 32P activity and reduction−oxidation (redox) potentials were monitored to determine if the 32P was released into the overlying water column due to iron reduction. Results of redox potential measurements and 32P activity indicate that although reducing conditions exist in the soil, on average less than 1% of the added 32P was measured in the water column during the 139-day incubation. Ferric chloride addition thus might prove an effective means of long-term phosphorus retention in the Florida Everglade...
Ion temperature anisotropy limitation in high beta plasmas

Measurements of parallel and perpendicular ion temperatures in the Large Experiment on Instabilities and Anisotropies (LEIA) space simulation chamber display an inverse correlation between the upper bound on the ion temperature anisotropy and the parallel ion beta (β=8πnkT/B2). Fluctuation measurements indicate the presence of low frequency, transverse, electromagnetic waves with wave numbers and frequencies that are consistent with predictions for Alfven Ion Cyclotron instabilities. These observations are also consistent with in situ spacecraft measurements in the Earth’s magnetosheath and with a theoretical/computational model that predicts that such an upper bound on the ion temperature anisotropy is imposed by scattering from enhanced fluctuations due to growth of the Alfven ion cyclotron instability.
Endoscopic predictors of successful endoluminal eradication in sporadic duodenal adenomas and its acute complications.

Background Sporadic duodenal adenomas (SDA) are mucosal neoplasms with malignant potential. Endoscopic eradication used both resection and ablation techniques. Optimal predictors, tools, and techniques for endoscopic eradication of SDA have not been determined. Objective To determine endoscopic predictors of successful endoscopic eradication therapy and the acute complication profile of this therapy. Design This is a retrospective cohort analysis of 36 consecutive patients referred for management of SDA at a tertiary-care center by a single practitioner. Setting Single-site study. Patients This study involved adult patients referred for endoscopic management of SDA. Interventions Endoluminal snare resection was individualized and performed with or without submucosal injection in en bloc or piecemeal fashion. Main Outcome Measurements Variables including demographics, endoscopic features of the tumors, and eradication techniques applied were measured against outcomes of complete resection and acute bleeding. Results Among 36 patients, 11 were male and 25 female, with a mean age of 65.3 ± 11.1 years. Of 33 patients who underwent attempted endoscopic resection, complete resection was achieved in 23 cases (69.7%). Statistically significant negative predictors of complete resection were age >70.5 years ( P = .0302), application of argon plasma coagulation ( P = .046), and increasing luminal circumference involved by tumors ( P P = .0121), snare cautery ( P P Limitations This is a retrospective analysis of a single operator's experience. Conclusions The extent of luminal circumference involved by the tumor is the strongest predictor of successful eradication. This predictor can guide management of SDA.
Everything Belongs to Me: Holiness, Danger, and Divine Kingship in the Post-Genesis World

The biblical concept of holiness continues to be a subject of debate among scholars, in several respects. These include the basic meaning of ‭ש ד ק‬, the relationship between holiness and danger, and the morality or amorality of the holy. This article offers a fresh examination of these issues. In addition, the article assesses the significance of the fact that the root ‭ש ד ק‬ is almost totally absent from the book of Genesis. While aspects of holiness are anticipated in Genesis and intimated by several characters, the lethal danger presented by the holy enters the biblical world only in the book of Exodus, where it is intimately connected to Yahweh’s taking on the role of Israel’s exclusive divine suzerain. After this change is discussed in general terms, two specific events which illustrate this difference are examined, one which takes place before the initial mention of holy ground in Exodus 3 and one which occurs shortly after. In each instance God attacks the person to whom he appears. In the first ...
Overtones of Free Oscillations and the Structure of the Earth's Interior

Identification of 82 percent of all possible spheroidal overtones with greater than 300 seconds increases the resolving power of the set of gross searth data. Results of inversion indicate a change of composition in the deepest 500 kilometers of the mantle. The assumption that the inner core is rigid is required to satisfy simultaneously the data on free oscillations and travel times.
A bandwidth reducing token ring

Abstract Bandwidth restrictions limit the use of twisted pair wires that are so convenient for building networks. A new design for token rings using twisted pair wires is presented. Bandwidth compression is achieved through the use of an adapter that generates a duobinary signal and is transparent to the users. The analysis compares two accessing schemes, namely the “Early” and the “Non-Early” token release schemes. The posibility of accommodating both voice and data packets on the ring as well as higher signalling schemes are studied.
The Professional in Correction: Status and Prospects

The intricacies of criminal etiology and prison management require the level of knowledge, skills, and ethics associated with professionalism as a sociological concept. The criteria of the professions are applied to the correctional service to demonstrate this. To assess the degree of professionalization found among adult prisons, the ratio of prisoners per staff member is employed for various types of staff for the major regions. Highly irregular patterns and a generally low level of professionalization are revealed. The major obstacles to further professionalization include the lack of psychological unity among the various classes of personnel in corrections and the inadequacy of training programs. M OTIVATIONS behind the frequent advocacy of professionalization of the --M.. v correctional services include the desire to improve the quality of administration and treatment, promotion of job tenure and working conditions of existing personnel, and raising of * Read at annual meeting of Southern Sociological Society, April 1961, this paper was developed in conjunction with a special project of the North Carolina Prison Department supported by Grant OM-397 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health
Public Diplomacy and Journalism: Parallels, Ethical Issues, and Practical Concerns

The author argues that standards of objectivity and accuracy employed by journalists should also be held by practitioners of public diplomacy. The perceived commonality with propaganda makes public diplomacy vulnerable to challenge about its being an ethical enterprise. Examples of U.S. public diplomacy efforts in Iraq and in Arab-speaking countries more generally are discussed, including the development of television channels. It is argued that public diplomacy, like journalism, must be conducted ethically or else it will certainly fail.
Long distance path-loss estimation for wave propagation through a forested environment

Accurate modeling of wave propagation behavior through forested environments is of great interest for civilian and military communication applications. Existing foliage propagation models treat the forest as an effective lossy dielectric medium and predict an exponential increase of path-loss with respect to the propagation distance within the forest. Such a model captures only the coherent power of the signal and neglects the incoherent power from the field fluctuation due to the random distribution of scatterers, such as brranches and leaves, within th forest. For long distance communication, such incoherent power tends to dominate the overall received power after a certain distance. Experimental results show that the simple models grossly overestimate the path-loss. A new Statistical WAve Propagation (SWAP) model, based on coherent wave theory and a renormalization approach, is presented and is shown to provide a reasonably accurate and computationally efficient solution for the estimation of path-loss in a forested environment over long distances.
The buyback strategy: An alternative to container deposit legislation

Abstract This paper describes and defends a programmatic alternative to legislation that mandates the imposition of deposits on beer and soft drink beverage containers. We call this alternative a “buyback” program. It is essentially a consumer-financed and privately-administered recycling system that uses government as a financial intermediary. Like a deposit system, it can achieve any desired level of container recovery and reuse. In contrast to the deposit system, however, it can be phased in gradually; it can minimize the economic cost of the “backhaul” industry (e.g., collection, storage, transportation); and it can alter the long-run mix of container materials in accordance with economic common sense. If we as a society decide to undertake to recover for reuse almost all of our beverage containers, the buyback method is superior to the deposit method from nearly every point of view.
Preschoolers' communication during scripted interactions.

The communicative interactions of 15 dyads of four- to five-year-olds during pretend play involving routine, or scripted, events were investigated as a function of the children's knowledge of the scripts. Measures of the quantity and quality of interaction and the strategies that the children used to establish mutual knowledge (i.e. assess and adapt to their discourse partner's level of expertise), which is essential to good communication, were examined. Each dyad participated in a MATCHED condition (both members had extensive knowledge of the script) and a MISMATCHED condition (one member had extensive script knowledge and the other did not). Shared script knowledge facilitated communicative interactions, as indicated by more topic maintenance and fewer requests for clarification in the matched condition than in the mismatched condition. The children attempted to establish mutual knowledge more frequently in the mismatched condition than in the matched condition and, moreover, mutual knowledge establishment was related to the children's communicative effectiveness.
Pheomelanin photochemistry: photolysis of model compounds.

Two pheomelanin model compounds were prepared and their photochemistries examined. Upon irradiation, an oxygen-mediated photopolymerization reaction was observed. The photopolymers obtained were characterized by their apparent molecular weights, UV and fluorescence spectra. The implications of these findings with respect to the structure and photobiology of pheomelanin are discussed.