cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns are associated with dietary recommendations but have limited relationship to BMI in the Communities Advancing the Studies of Tribal Nations Across the Lifespan (CoASTAL) cohort

Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 1236 Lauhala Street, Suite 407G, Honolulu,HI 96813, USASubmitted 17 April 2011: Accepted 3 January 2012: First published online 21 February 2012AbstractObjective: Traditional food systems in indigenous groups have historically hadhealth-promoting beneﬁts. The objectives of the present study were to determineif a traditional dietary pattern of Paciﬁc Northwest Tribal Nations (PNwT) could bederived using reduced rank regression and if the pattern would be associatedwith lower BMI and current Dietary Reference Intakes.Design: The baseline data from the Communities Advancing the Studies of TribalNations Across the Lifespan (CoASTAL) cohort were used to derive dietary patternsfor the total sample and those with plausibly reported energy intakes.Setting: Paciﬁc Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA.Subjects: Adult PNwT members of the CoASTAL cohort with laboratory-measuredweight and height and up to 4d of dietary records (n 418).Results: A traditional dietary pattern did not evolve from the analysis. Moderateconsumption of a sweet drinks dietary pattern was associated with lowerBMI while higher consumption of a vegetarian-based dietary pattern was asso-ciated with higher BMI. The highest consumers of the vegetarian-based dietarypattern were almost six times more likely to meet the recommendations fordietary ﬁbre.Conclusions: Distinct dietary patterns were found. Further exploration is neededto conﬁrm whether the lack of ﬁnding a traditional pattern is due to methodologyor the loss of a traditional dietary pattern among this population. Longitudinalassessment of the CoASTAL cohort’s dietary patterns needs to continue.KeywordsDietary patternsReduced rank regressionNative American adultsBMIObesity prevalence rates in Native Americans andAlaska Natives, a geographically and culturally diversepopulation, have reached alarming rates. In comparisonto other populations, such as non-Hispanic whites andAsians, Native Americans/Alaska Natives are more likelyto be obese (BMI $ 30kg/m
Generating alternative designs for interjurisdictional natural resource development schemes in the Greater Ganges River basin

Planning for the development of regional water resources is often complicated by severe disputes. For example, in the Greater Ganges River basin, there are disagreements between India and Bangladesh over sharing the low river flows during the dry season and over controlling the potentially destructive large river flows during the monsoon. This paper illustrates an approach for providing the two riparian nations with distinct water resources plans to help solve their regional water conflicts. More specifically, a linear programming (LP) model representing a multipurpose river basin system is presented. The concept of near optimality is employed to generate a variety of solutions, in contrast to searching only for a global optimum. These solutions are grouped into similar project designs by applying a cluster analysis, which is a multivariate technique. Several project designs are graphically displayed, and their implications for national and international agreements are discussed. The range of regional alternatives available to India and Bangladesh could aid in their negotiations.
PARENT-CHILD CULTURAL MARGINALIZATION AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ASIAN AMERICAN FAMILY MEMBERS

The current study findings refute the recent claim that marginality theory lacks construct validity. Cultural marginalization is significantly related to depressive symptoms in Korean American, Chinese American, and Japanese American parents and adolescents living in the United States. Correlational analyses indicate that adolescents' depressive symptoms are significantly related to Asian and Asian American marginality scores, whereas mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms are significantly related to their levels of Anglo and Asian American marginality. In a structural equation model, adolescents' Asian American marginalization and fathers' Anglo marginalization are significantly related to adolescents' depressive symptoms. It appears that marginality is a significant factor in the depressive symptoms of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. Furthermore, marginality scores of fathers and adolescents are both significant factors in adolescents' depressive symptoms.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of an extended Miedema's model for ternary alloys

Abstract The extension of Miedema's semi-empirical model to ternary systems by means of an energy minimization scheme was implemented to demonstrate a number of physical phenomena associated with select ternary alloys. In order to gain a thermodynamic understanding of glass forming ability of Zr based alloys, a combination of extended Miedema's model and lattice strain energies has been invoked. The extended Miedema approach has also been used to study the phase selection during crystallization for amorphous Zr–Cu–Ni alloys. Also extended Miedema's model was used to illustrate its applicability to study the phase stability of Mo–Nb–Si alloys around M3Si composition (M = Mo, Nb), by predicting the amount of Nb (30 at.%) required to destabilize the structure.
MO-D-9A-01: “Stop Lecturing Me!” - New Methods for Teaching Medical Physics

Medical physicists rarely have had exposure to teaching methodologies during their education. Our teaching methodologies are often based on copying the lecturing styles of effective teachers we have experienced. Consequently, it is rare that we make radical changes in our teaching methodologies. In recent years, new methodologies have been introduced that depart from the traditional lecture format. Some of these methodologies include Flipped Learning, Project-Based Learning, and Peer Instruction. In all cases, students acquire information outside of class, either through readings or recorded lectures. In Flipped Learning, students use class time to solve problems and discuss information acquired prior to class. In Project-Based Learning, students are assigned a project and acquire their understanding of the subject material by completing the project using a team approach. In Peer Instruction, students use class time to answer conceptual questions and assist each other in achieving conceptual understanding of the course material. In all cases, the course instructor serves as a guide to assist the student with their learning rather than as a presenter of information.In this course, several medical physicists will describe how these techniques are actually implemented in courses that they teach with the goal of providing attendees with models that attendees might use in their teaching. Learning Objectives: 1. Identify novel teaching methodologies such as Flipped Learning, Project-Based Learning, and Peer Instruction. 2. Be able to incorporate these teaching methodologies into their classes. 3. Identify various tools to aid in teaching such as Camtasia, Facebook, and SurveyMonkey
Isolation and characterization of deletion derivatives of pDL282, an Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans/Escherichia coli shuttle plasmid.

Abstract Recent reports have described the construction of several shuttle plasmids (D. J. LeBlanc, L. L. Lee, A. Al-Jaibat, P. K. Sreenivasan, and P. M. Fives-Taylor, Oral Micro. Immunol. (1993) 8, 94-99) and the development of an efficient transformation system for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (P. K. Sreenivasan, D. J. LeBlanc, L. L. Lee, and P. M. Fives-Taylor, Infect. Immun. (1991 ) 59, 4621-4627), a gram-negative bacterium implicated in human periodontal disease. This report presents results from further studies on pDL282, an A. actinomycetemcomitans-Escherichia coli shuttle plasmid. A. actinomycetemcomitans containing pDL282 lost the plasmid at a rapid rate when cultured in antibiotic free medium. Intact pDL282 was maintained for 20 generations or more when the host cells were grown in the presence of ampicillin, or ampicillin plus spectinomycin. However, prolonged incubation in the presence of spectinomycin only resulted in the emergence of one or the other of two unique deletion derivatives of pDL282, designated pPK1 and pPK2. Whereas A. actinomycetemcomitans was efficiently transformed with pDL282 (5.7 kb), pPK1 (3.6 kb), and pPK2 (2.5 kb), E. coli was transformed only by the two largest species. Like the parent molecule, pPK1 and pPK2 were rapidly lost from A. actinomycetemcomitans hosts in the absence of antibiotic selection. Neither pPK1 nor pPK2 suffered any further deletions following prolonged cultivation in the presence of spectinomycin. The minimal replicon of pVT736-1, the A. actinomycetemcomitans-derived plasmid component of pDL282, was located within a 1400 bp DNA fragment of pPK1 and pPK2. These studies demonstrate the instability of pDL282 and negate its usefulness as a cloning vector for A. actinomycetemcomitans. In contrast, pPK1 is stable, smaller and functions effectively as a cloning plasmid for A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Minimum Mass of a Neutron Star

THE mass of a star is completely determined by its equation of state with appropriate boundary conditions. For neutron stars, because of their high density, the equation of state can usually be approximated by that of cold degenerate matter, because the stellar thermal energy is small compared with the Fermi kinetic energy of the matter (Fig. 1).
A comparison between jerk optimal and acceleration optimal vibration isolation

Recently, vehicle jerk was suggested [1,2] as a measure of passenger discomfort in addition to the more commonly used acceleration. In this paper a further investigation is described of vibration isolation systems and vehicle suspensions which are designed by using LQG optimization techniques and which minimize a weighted sum of rattlespace, sprung-mass acceleration, and jerk. It is shown that significantly lower rms jerk is attainable for only minimal increases in rms rattlespace and/or acceleration. Also contained is a simpler derivation of the optimal feedback gains and some comments regarding force and servovalve bandwidth requirements in practical implementations of such suspensions.
Natural Convection in Vertically Vented Enclosures

Steady, laminar natural convection in vertically vented two-dimensional enclosures has been investigated both experimentally and analytically. A vertically vented enclosure is one in which the buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer are restricted by vents in the top and bottom bounding walls of the enclosure. The local heat transfer along the heated wall was determined using Mach-Zehnder interferometry, and the flow structure was determined using a smoke generation flow visualization technique. Analytically, the governing conservation equations were solved numerically using a control volume-based finite difference technique. The results reveal strongly non-uniform local heat transfer along the isothermal wall as a result of the blockage at the inlet. A local maximum and minimum occur in the lower half of the enclosure. The flow visualization and analytical predictions for the flow field reveal that these heat transfer extrema are attributed to separated flow effects near the inlet gap with the associated primary inlet flow impingement and bifurcation at the heated wall. The analysis predicts well the flow structure and local and average heat transfer data. The results show asymptotic behavior to the classical vertical parallel plate result in the limit as the vent gap approaches the enclosure width.
The influence of imperfections on the nucleation and propagation of buckling driven delaminations

The influence of prototypical imperfections on the nucleation and propagation stages of delamination of compressed thin films has been analyzed. Energy release rates for separations that develop from imperfections have been calculated. These demonstrate two characteristic quantities: a peak that governs nucleation and a minimum that controls propagation and failure. These quantities lead to two separate criteria that both need to be satisfied to cause failure. They involve a critical film thickness for nucleation and a critical imperfection wavelength for buckling. Implications for the avoidance of failure are discussed.
MICROCREDIT AND MECHANISM DESIGN

Individual microcredit loans are not necessarily simple fixed debt obligations, but rather may have contingencies and procedures suggested by the theory of mechanism design. Further, group or joint-liability lending may not be the single miracle cure practitioners claim nor operate the way the logic of a single theory might suggest. There are multiple theories, these theories can be distinguished in data on repayment rates, and the best-fit theory may vary with the environment. Finally, the debate about whether to lend to individuals or lend to groups may be misplaced. Under simple theories of selection, the Pareto superior regime, which is predicted to emerge, varies with exogenous environmental characteristics. (JEL: D5, D82, G2, O17)
First Report of Bean yellow mosaic virus (Pea Mosaic Strain) in Verbena × hybrida

Verbena × hybrida is an ornamental annual used in rock gardens as an edging plant and hanging baskets. It comes in a variety of colors and grows approximately 1.5 to 2.5 cm (6 to 10 inches) high. In the spring of 2002, verbena cv. Lavender Shades plants from California showing leaf mosaic symptoms tested positive for potyvirus using an antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with our genus Potyvirus broad spectrum reacting PTY-1 monoclonal as the detecting antibody (3). The virus was transmitted mechanically to Nicotiana benthamiana by sap inoculation from infected verbena plants. Infected tobacco showed systemic mild mosaic symptoms. Total RNA extractions from infected verbena and tobacco leaves were used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays with generic potyvirus-specific primers that amplify highly conserved 700-bp or 1,600-bp fragments from the 3' terminus of most potyviruses. This region includes the 3' noncoding region (3'NCR) and the potyviral coat protein (CP). The PCR-amplified fragments were cloned by using standard TA cloning procedures and sequenced using dye-terminator chemistry. The cloned nucleotide and putative coat protein amino acid sequences from the infected verbena and tobacco plants were compared with the corresponding regions of other potyviruses. Amino acid comparison of the CP region of the verbena po-tyvirus showed 95 to 96% identity to four pea mosaic strains (PMV) of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), 85 to 89% identity to 20 other strains of BYMV, 74 to 76% identity with six strains of Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV), and only 50 to 64% identity with 28 other potyviruses. Pairwise comparisons among and between the CP sequences of PMV, BYMV, CYVV, and other potyviruses revealed identities of 92 to 99% for BYMV∷ BYMV, PMV∷PMV, and CYVV∷CYVV; 84 to 89% for BYMV∷ PMV, 69 to 78% for BYMV∷CYVV and PMV∷CYVV, and 50 to 64% for all other potyvirus combinations. Additionally, similar pairwise analysis of the 3'NCR of the verbena potyvirus revealed 98 to 99% identity to PMV strains, 81 to 94% to other BYMVs, 68 to 75% to CYVVs, and 52 to 64% with other potyviruses. Other 3'NCR pairwise comparisons generally revealed the same identity trend as described for the CP. Further serological analysis with our panel of BYMV-specific, BYMV-subgroup, and potyvirus cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (3) confirmed the designation of the verbena potyvirus isolate as a pea mosaic strain of BYMV. To our knowledge this is the first confirmed report of BYMV-pea mosaic strain in Verbena (1,2). References: (1) Agdia, Inc. Positive Ornamental Plant Samples. Agdia On-line Publication, 2003. (2) A. A. Brunt et al. Verbena hybrida. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version 20. On-line publication, August 1996. (3) R. L. Jordan, and J. Hammond. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991.
Erratum: “The PtAl− and PtAl2− anions: Theoretical and photoelectron spectroscopic characterization” [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 164316 (2014)]

Erratum: “The PtAl− and PtAl2 − anions: Theoretical and photoelectron spectroscopic characterization” [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 164316 (2014)] Xinxing Zhang, Gerd Gantefor, Kit H. Bowen, and Anastassia N. Alexandrova Citation: The Journal of Chemical Physics 142, 129904 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4916639 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916639 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/142/12?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in The PtAl− and PtAl2 − anions: Theoretical and photoelectron spectroscopic characterization J. Chem. Phys. 140, 164316 (2014); 10.1063/1.4873160 Erratum: “High resolution photoelectron imaging of Au2 −” [J. Chem. Phys.138, 184304 (2013)] J. Chem. Phys. 139, 089903 (2013); 10.1063/1.4819894 Photoelectron spectroscopic and density functional theoretical studies of the 2′-deoxycytidine homodimer radical anion J. Chem. Phys. 139, 075101 (2013); 10.1063/1.4817779 Spectroscopic characterization of the ground and low-lying electronic states of Ga 2 N via anion photoelectron spectroscopy J. Chem. Phys. 124, 064303 (2006); 10.1063/1.2159492 Erratum: “Femtosecond stimulated emission pumping: Characterization of the I 2 − ground state” [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 8847 (2000)] J. Chem. Phys. 113, 8854 (2000); 10.1063/1.1318753 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 128.97.139.125 On: Tue, 28 Apr 2015 19:00:01
MEASURING QUALITY OF NURSING HOME SERVICE : RESIDENTS' PERSPECTIVE

An inventory was developed to measure residents' perceptions of the quality of nursing home service. The content domain and dimensions of the inventory were derived from actual comments of nursing home residents. Independent studies employing a multiple-facility sample of 103 residents and 194 residents from a single institution supported a four-factor structure of the quality of nursing home service—Staff and Environmental Responsiveness, Dependability and Trust, Food-related Services and Resources, and Personal Control. The data provide preliminary support for the measure's reliability and validity so it may be used to study the antecedents and consequences of quality in nursing home service from the residents' perspective.
Status, correlations and temporal trends of chemical contaminants in fish and sediment from selected sites on the Pacific Coast of the USA

Abstract The National Benthic Surveillance Project (NBSP), a component of NOAA's National Status and Trends Program, monitored sediment and bottomfish for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (CHs), PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at selected urban and nonurban sites along the west coast of the USA from 1984 to 1993. This project successfully generated an extensive data set to evaluate the recent status and trends of environmental quality in coastal waters. This article summarizes and interprets the status of selected PAHs, PCBs and CHs in surficial sediments and selected species of bottom-feeding fish for 50 sites in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California for the first 7 years (1984–1990) of the NBSE. The highest concentrations of most sediment-associated organic contaminants were present in the most highly urbanized areas, and many of the organic contaminants were bioaccumulated by indigenous marine fish species. The concentrations of PAHs and CHs in sediments generally correlated with levels of these compounds or their derivatives in bottom-dwelling fish. Assessment of trends in the concentrations of chlordanes, dieldrin, DDTs, PAHs and PCBs for the 7 year period from 1984–1990 suggest that, since the mid-1980s, concentrations of the persistent CHs, such as PCBs and DDTs in sediment and fish, show no consistent temporal trends, whereas levels of PAHs, which are nonpoint source contaminants, showed consistent increases at both nonurban and urban near-coastal sites.
Morphology and property control via phase separation or phase dissolution during cure in multiphase systems

The morphology and properties of polymer alloys and blends can be controlled via phase separation or phase dissolution during cure. The morphology and properties control by phase separation was achieved by simultaneously manipulating miscibility, kinetics of phase separation, and cure reaction of polymer systems. Using phase diagrams consisting of binodal and spinodal curves, the morphology of epoxy/CTBN (carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer) systems can be controlled by the mechanism of nucleation and growth or by spinodal decomposition. We have found that the particle size of the rubber reinforcement in epoxies is affected by the mechanisms of phase separation. Phase separation by nucleation and growth gives larger rubber particles than the corresponding phase separation by spinodal decomposition. This contrast in the morphology development is the consequence of controlling phase separation through chemorheological behavior. Modification of the phase separation kinetics in epoxy/CTBN systems was extremely effective at altering both morphology and properties of these alloys. This technique offers a mean to shift the glass transition temperature of the rubber-rich phase while leaving the glass transition temperature of the epoxy-rich phase intact. Such control over morphology is the key to ultimately controlling material properties. The morphology and properties can also be controlled by phase dissolution during cure via invoking anion–cation interactions or intrachain repulsion forces. Phase dissolution in elastomer blending is the key for achieving optimal morphology having a synergistic effect in the polymer blends. The morphology and properties of NR (natural rubber)/EPDM blends were controlled through compatibilization and co-vulcanization to promote phase dissolution during cure. A synergistic result in the blends was achieved by having an interconnected phase morphology. The domain sizes of the blends are 3–5 μm before cure and 1–2 μm after cure. These blends showed superior mechanical properties to those of the individual NR or EPDM, after a long term of high temperature aging.
Will deprived areas still need community paediatricians? An unpopular hypothesis.

Abstract Community paediatricians have traditionally provided primary preventive services. The new GP Contract encourages GPs to provide such services within practices but practices in deprived areas may be less able to do so than more affluent practices. This paper attempts to analyse the role of a community paediatrician in a deprived area of South Sefton (Merseyside) HA in providing primary care both before and after the new contract, and the effect the contract had on the involvement of GPs in preventice health care. Only 20% of immunisations and 5% of child health surveillance (CHS) were donewithin practices in 1989. This rose to 34% and 16% respectively by 1991, but community clinic attendances also rose by 26%. Immunisation uptake improved from DT & Polio 77%, Pertussis 51% and Measles 37% to 98%, 87% and 98% over five years. The identification of problems before school entry was poor, but improved from 31% to 51% over three years. Most problems were identified by professionals during CHS and school health checks rather than being presented by parents. Increased recognition led to an increased need for ‘secondary level’ support and follow-up of problems. The GPs in this area needed the support of a community paediatrician to providecomprehensive preventive health care. Such areas may need to explore alternative models of care to meet child health needs.
MEASUREMENTS OF PHYTOPLANKTON‐PROTEIN CONTENT WITH THE HEATED BIURET‐FOL1N ASSAY1,2

The heated biuret-Folin method for determining protein consistently measures 90% of the total nitrogen of filtered algae samples as protein-N without the need of mechanical disruption as long as the heating period in biuret is 100 min at 100 C. Data indicate this protein assay measures total protein on all species tried and for naturally occurring mixtures of species plus detritus. Dilute algal suspensions with as little as 0.05 μg-atom particulate protein N.liter-1can he concentrated by fltration on glass fiber filters to 1.0 μg-atom particulate protein-N per filter, the optimal amount of sample for a 5 ml volume of biuret. The filtered algae samples can be stored for several weeks frozen before assaying, if necessary.
Partial purification and characterization of (Na++K+)-ATPase from garfish olfactory nerve axon plasma membrane

The (Na++K+)-ATPase of garfish olfactory nerve axon plasma membrane was purified about sixfold by treatment of the membrane with sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The estimated molecular weights of the two major polypeptide components of the enzyme preparation on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels were 110,000 and 42,000 daltons, which were different from those of the corresponding peptides of rabbit kidney (Na++K+)-ATPase. No carbohydrate was detected in the 42,000-dalton component either by the periodic acid-Schiff reagent or by the more sensitive concanavalin A-peroxidase staining procedure. The molecular properties of the garfish (Na++K+)-ATPase, such as theKm for ATP, pH optimum, energies of activation, Na and K ion dependence and vanadium inhibition, were, however, similar to those of the kidney enzyme.
"CT of the solitary pulmonary nodule"--a commentary.

AJR:190, May 2008 stability of the nodule over a period of 2 years and benign-appearing calcifications. However, both methods were problematic. Stability was not robustly and scientifically found to be reliable, with the original data from the 1950s suggesting a positive predictive value of 65% for benignity [6]. Identifying benign calcifications was subjective on radiography, as found in a later study [7]. Siegelman et al. [8] were the first to apply the ability of CT to measure soft tissues to pulmonary nodules. It was a breakthrough in the evaluation of the internal characteristics of pulmonary nodules: for the first time, an objective criterion was used to determine whether a nodule was dense enough to be considered calcified. By studying 91 nodules in 88 patients, Siegelman et al. found a Hounsfield unit (H) threshold of 164 H, above which nodules were considered calcified and thus presumably benign. The reasoning used for this threshold was that nodules that were sufficiently dense to be identified by chest radiography were believed to be benign because ma lig nancies with calcifications in them had been identified in < 1% of patients on radiography [9–11]. They assumed the increased sensitivity of CT would lead to the identification of an increased number of benign nodules, with no false-negatives and that this would lead to fewer futile thoracotomies. Several studies tested this threshold method, which was perfected by using phantom pulmonary nodules with a specific density to overcome machine-dependent factors that could influence specific Hounsfield measurements. More than 10% of nodules that had been evaluated with a threshold of 185 H (above which nodules should be benign) were malignant. Thus, this threshold was abandoned because it did not reliably distinguish between benign and malignant nodules [12]. However, the use of CT for documentation of obviously calcified nodules by visual inspection and the “CT of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule”—A Commentary
Craniocervical Myology and Functional Morphology of the Small-Headed Therizinosaurian Theropods Falcarius utahensis and Nothronychus mckinleyi

Therizinosaurs represent a highly unusual clade of herbivorous theropods from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Following descriptions of the basicrania of the North American therizinosaurs Falcarius utahenisis and Nothronychus mckinleyi, the craniocervical musculature in both taxa is reconstructed using Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and some extant birds as models. These muscles are subdivided into functional groups as dorsiflexors, lateroflexors, and ventroflexors. Lateroflexors and dorsiflexors in Nothronychus, but not Falcarius, are reduced, from the plesiomorphic theropod condition, but are still well developed. Attachments in both genera are favorable for an increase in ventroflexion in feeding, convergent with Allosaurus fragilis. Falcarius and Nothronychus are both characterized by a flat occipital condyle, followed by centra with shallow articular facets suggesting neck function very similar to that of an ostrich Struthio camelus. Neck movement was a combined result of minimal movement between the individual cervical vertebrae.
A 3,000-watt audio power amplifier

A 3,000-watt audio power amplifier has been developed using the Bereskin power amplifier circuit described at the 1954 IRE National Convention and in the March-April 1954 issue of the IRE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO. Solutions were found for some interesting problems that arose in this connection. A unit capable of delivering more than 3,000 watts with less than 2 per cent distortion over a 400-6,000 cycle frequency range was developed. The design procedure and test data on the final unit will be discussed.
Genetic susceptibility and immune-mediated destruction in beryllium-induced disease.

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a hypersensitivity disorder caused by beryllium exposure in the workplace and is characterized by the accumulation of beryllium-specific CD4 + T cells in the lung and granulomatous inflammation. This disorder occurs in 2–16% of exposed workers, depending on genetic susceptibility and the nature of the exposure. Susceptibility has been associated with HLA-DP alleles possessing a glutamic acid at the 69th position (Glu 69 ) of the β-chain. The mechanism for this association lies in the ability of these HLA-DP molecules to present beryllium to pathogenic CD4 + T cells. These findings in CBD have important implications for studies in autoimmune diseases, including those in which the inciting antigen is unknown and the target organ is inaccessible.
Charitable giving and cognitive ability

This paper presents the first detailed examination of the relationship between cognitive ability and charitable giving using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Data from a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of U.S. adults over age 50 indicated that higher cognitive ability—measured through a variety of cognitive tests—was associated with a higher probability of charitable giving, even after controlling for such intervening mechanisms as age, income, wealth, health, and education. This was true in comparisons both across different people at one point in time and within the same persons at different points in time. Understanding this relationship may affect the content and timing of appropriate charitable marketing approaches and help to explain other associations found in previous research on charitable giving. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The geochemistry of El Misti volcano, Peru fumaroles

El Misti is a 5822 m strato volcano in southern Peru. The mineralogy of the fumaroles is essentially sulfur, anhydrite, gypsum and ralstonite which are precipitated by acid vapors at 100°C–125°C. There are 2 to 6 parts per thousand chloride concentrations and several parts per million sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc concentrations in the condensed vapors. Elemental ratios indicate near complete leaching of the wall rock by the vapors. Arsenic and selenium are contaminants of the sulfur but are absent from the other minerals. Both the gypsum and anhydrite contain strontium and lead and show no tendency to fractionate these metals. The anhydrite alone contains significant thallium and bismuth. Bromine, strontium, thallium and lead are present in the ralstonite. The average δ D and δ O18 ratios from the fumarolic condensates are −31.4 ‰ and +4.8 ‰ respectively. A marine contaminated heavy water source at depth is indicated as the parent water for the vapors.
A note on genetic mapping

Abstract The purpose of the present note is to construct a model so that the original experimental result of Haldane may be predicted theoretically. Only large recombination rates, therefore, are of primary interest here; however, this approach yields new functions of a type that can be used in the crossing-over studies.
Sublimation of GeTe nanowires and evidence of its size effect studied by in situ TEM.

We report sublimation of crystalline GeTe nanowires at elevated temperatures in vacuum imaged by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The GeTe nanowires exhibit significant melting point suppression in the presence of Au contamination. A nanosized effusion cell is formed by coating the GeTe core with a SiO2 shell, where the core can be evaporated or sublimated from the open end of the shell at high temperatures. By measuring the speed of the moving interface between the condensed and vapor phases, we determined the vaporization coefficient of these nanowires to be greater than or equal to ∼10−3 over a wide range of temperatures. At the final stage of the nanowire vaporization, the material loss occurs at a higher rate, which is evidence of a higher vaporization coefficient for nanosized GeTe. This in situ technique offers a quantitative method of investigating phase transition dynamics and kinetics of nanomaterials, an important topic for designing nanoscale devices to be operated at high temperature...
Measurement of the mean grain size in a metal by using fractal dimensions

We propose a method for the automated determination of mean grain size on the basis of analysis of digital metallographic images of the microstructure of operated 12Kh1MF steam-pipeline steel. Measurements of the fractal dimension of grain boundaries of the metal form its basis. It enables one to automate calculations and analyze metallographic images with unclosed and broken grain boundaries without their interactive editing.
Electronic and magnetic properties of II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract Recent advances in the understanding of the electronic structure and magnetic exchange interactions in Mn-substituted II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are summarized. A number of related unresolved problems are then discussed, some of them having technological importance, including material stability and perfection and the properties of II–VI DMS containing other transition elements.
Studies on the Enteric Absorption of Selenium in the Chick using Localized Coccidial Infections

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the primary loci of gastrointestinal absorption of inorganic selenium in the chick using radiotracer techniques and Eimeria sp. infections of known site specificity for the gastrointestinal tract. Results showed that coccidial infections in the anterior regions of the small intestine reduced selenium absorption and potentiated selenium deficiency among chicks fed critical levels of the mineral. Absorption experiments showed that selenium absorption was greatest in the duodenum and anterior ileum, although selenium was bound at least transiently to tissues in the gizzard and crop. It is concluded from these experiments that dietary inorganic selenium is absorbed primarily in the duodenum and anterior ileum. Factors such as enteric disease which disrupt the integrity of the anterior intestinal mucosa can, therefore, reduce the absorption of selenium and other nutrients absorbed in that region, resulting in a potentiation of nutritional deficiencies.
Vapor−Liquid and Vapor−Solid Phase Equilibria of Fullerenes: The Role of the Potential Shape on the Triple Point

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to calculate the vapor−liquid and vapor−solid coexistence curves for three fullerenes: C60, C70, and C96. Single-site potentials with parameters proposed by Girifalco and Pacheco/Ramalho were used to describe the interactions of the fullerene molecules. It is observed that the liquid-phase temperature range (as measured by the reduced triple point temperature, Tt/Tc) decreases considerably for C60 compared to 12−6 Lennard-Jonesium and eventually disappears for C96 as the potential wells become narrower with increasing molecular weight of the fullerenes. This confirms previous theoretical predictions that the width of the potential well has an important influence on the overall shape of a phase diagram. However, calculations of reduced second virial coefficients show that the fullerene phase diagrams can be described by an extended principle of corresponding states. The Gibbs ensemble simulations yield a triple point temperature of 1876 ± 13 K for C6...
Measurement of {Delta}m{sub d} using a probability based same-side tagger applied to lepton + vertex events

A measurement of Δmd is performed using inclusive lepton+vertex events at CDF. A probability based Same-Side Tagger was developed to tag the initial b-flavor of the , which suppresses tagging on B-decay products. We find Δmd = 0.42 ± 0.09 ± 0.03 ps-1.
B-cell hyperactivity in murine lupus II. Defects in response to and production of accessory signals in lupus-prone mice

The first part of this discussion, published in last month's issue (p. 287), reviewed the immunological abnormalities observed in murine lupus. The current theories on the signal requirements for B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation were also described. This month, the authors discuss recent experiments which suggest that the B cell hyperactivity associated with lupus may be the result of abnormal responses to and/or production of T-cell-derived B-cell-activating factors.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Regulates Endothelial Cell Motility through a Nitric Oxide-dependent Pathway

Coordinated regulation of endothelial cell migration is an integral process during angiogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial cell migration remain largely unknown. Increased expression of cell adhesion molecules has been implicated during angiogenesis, yet the precise role of these molecules is unclear. Here, we examined the hypothesis that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is important for endothelial cell migration. Total cell displacement and directional migration were significantly attenuated in ICAM-1-deficient endothelium. Closer examination of ICAM-1-deficient cells revealed decreased Akt Thr(308) and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase Ser(1177) phosphorylation and NO bioavailability, increased actin stress fiber formation, and a lack of distinct cell polarity compared with wild-type endothelium. Supplementation of ICAM-1 mutant cells with the NO donor DETA NONOate (0.1 microM) corrected the migration defect, diminished stress fiber formation, and enhanced pseudopod and uropod formation. These data demonstrate that ICAM-1 facilitates the development of cell polarity and modulates endothelial cell migration through a pathway regulating endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation and organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Isolation and identification of three new flavones from Achillea millefolium L.

Abstract Column chromatography on silica gel of a petroleum ether extract of the flowering heads of Achillea millefolium L. allowed three flavones to be separated and identified. Spectral studies (PMR, mass spectrometry, and UV) and a comparison with data for compounds reported in the literature established the flavones as 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, artemetin, and casticin. These compounds have not been reported previously as constituents of A. millefolium .
Public Goods and the Politics of Segregation: An Analysis and Cross-National Comparison

Despite the persistent inequality of advanced industrial society, traditional class politics has receded as an influence on policy. One reason stems from the divergent ways consumption and property...
Intraguild interactions between an oligophagous predator, Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and a parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract The intraguild interactions between two natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), an oligophagous predator, Delphastus catalinae (Horn), and a parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd), associated with predation, parasitization, host feeding, and suppression of B. tabaci populations were determined on cabbage under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. We conducted two laboratory experiments: a no-choice test of prey consumption by three larval instars and adult D. catalinae foraging for either whitefly fourth instar nymphs or whitefly nymphs containing second or third larval instar or pupal parasitoids of E. sophia; and a choice test, in which three larval instars or adult D. catalinae were allowed to forage for the above prey, presented simultaneously. We also conducted a mesocosm experiment under greenhouse conditions in which a low (20 females) or high (40 females) release of E. sophia adults, a low (6) or high (12) release of D. catalinae adults, a combined release with both predators and parasitoids at the low rate (20 parasitoids and 6 predators), and the experiments were performed on caged plants infested experimentally with whiteflies. In no-choice and choice experiments, predation was generally lower on the whitefly nymphs containing E. sophia pupae than on larval stages or on unparasitized whitefly nymphs. In choice tests, adult D. catalinae did not discriminate between prey types. In both choice and no-choice tests, second instar D. catalinae larvae tended to discriminate against whitefly nymphs containing parasitoid larvae, and the third and fourth instar predator larvae tended to attack less the whitefly nymphs containing parasitoid pupae than larvae. In the mesocosm experiment, the results indicate that D. catalinae did not avoid feeding on B. tabaci nymphs with larval stages of E. sophia and numbers of whitefly nymphs killed by E. sophia were lower in the presence of D. catalinae. However, whitefly immatures on cabbage leaves were significantly less abundant in each of the three treatments with the presence of D. catalinae as compared with treatments that did not include the predators.
An integrated economic decision and simulation methodology for e-recruiting process redesign

Given hyper-competition and rapid environmental changes, one of the most critical sources of competitive advantage is to recruit and retain talented workers. While most large-sized organisations have adopted e-recruiting as a new process of reaching a large pool of potential job seekers, many of them have failed to achieve the maximum benefits because they do not have the appropriate infrastructure and recruiting process in place. This paper presents an integrated economic decision and simulation methodology for e-recruiting process design. The methodology for e-recruiting process design consists of four phases: development of the economic recruiting decision model; design of recruiting process; construction of simulation model; performance evaluation. Our simulation study indicates that the integration of the economic decision model contributed to a significant improvement in both the average recruiting process time and total recruiting cost compared to the e-recruiting process redesigned without integrating the economic decision model.
Frequency domain thickness measurement approach for microscale multilayered structures

A frequency domain thickness measurement approach for multilayered structures consisting of micrometer-scale viscoelastic thin layers is introduced. The technique presented in present work is based on a transfer matrix formulation and pulse/echo boundary conditions. The algorithms are developed from a first-principle-based analysis of linear elastic wave propagation in layered structures. An experimental procedure is introduced for determining the natural frequencies of a multilayer structure consisting of highly attenuative layers. Extraction of layer thicknesses from a set of natural frequencies is also demonstrated. One unique feature of the current technique is that it requires acoustic equipment operating at relatively low frequency. Specific challenges due to strong frequency-dependent attenuation in viscoelastic materials are discussed and addressed.
Bacterial Flagella Are Firmly Anchored

There are mutants of Salmonella enterica (with mutations in fliF and fliL) that shed flagella when they are swimming in a viscous medium or on the surface of soft agar. Filaments with hooks and the distal rod segment FlgG are recovered. We tried to extract flagellar filaments from such cells by pulling on them with an optical trap but failed, even when we used forces large enough to straighten the filaments. Thus, flagella are firmly anchored.
Gestational Age Correlates With Immunosuppressive Properties of Hydatidiform Mole Pregnancies

PROBLEM: Soluble trophoblast extracts (HME) from some human hydatidiform mole pregnancies suppress IL-2-dependent T-cell proliferation, while others express no immunosuppressive bioactivity. This study was designed to determine if suppression by HME was correlated with gestational age, uterine size, or hCG secretion. METHOD: Soluble extracts were prepared from nine hydatidiform mole trophoblast samples and screened for immunosuppressive activity using a murine cytotoxic T-cell proliferation assay (CTLL-2). Gestational ages were determined from last menstrual cycle and uterine size was estimated at the time of surgery. Serum samples were collected prior to uterine evacuation and were assayed for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). RESULTS: Four of nine HME samples significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed CTLL2 proliferation, while five exhibited no suppressive activity. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.639) was noted for the relationship between gestational age of the molar pregnancies and interleukin-2(IL-2)-stimulated CTLL2 proliferation (expressed as % of control) in the presence of HME (500 μg/mL). This indicates that HME suppression of CTLL2 proliferation is highest in early gestation and then declines with increasing gestational age. A similar correlation was observed between estimated uterine size at surgery and CTLL2 proliferation with added HME, although the association was not as strong (r = 0.359). No association was noted between hCG levels and CTLL2 proliferative responses (r = −0.091). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that production of immunosuppressive factors by hydatidiform mole trophoblast is developmentally regulated, and decreases with advancing gestation.
The Behavior of Americium in Aqueous Carbonate Systems

The solubilities of crystalline Am(OH)/sub 3/ and AmOHCO/sub 3/ were measured at 25/sup 0/C in aqueous solutions of 0.1 M NaClO/sub 4/ by determination of the solution concentrations of Am. Prior to use in the measurements, the solid materials were characterized by their x-ray powder diffraction patterns. The solubility product quotients were calculated from the experimental data. The hydrolysis quotients of Am/sup 3 +/ were also estimated from the hydroxide solubility data. Using the thermodynamic data derived from these experiments and the recently reported formation constants for the Am/sup 3 +/ carbonate complexes, the solid phases and concentrations of solution species of americium in several aqueous carbonate systems were calculated using the computer code MINEQL. 20 references, 1 figure, 1 table.