cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supervisory Power of the New York Courts

This Article discusses the role of supervisory power in the judicial culture of New York. In order to place supervisory power in a context, Part II outlines the emergence and decline of supervisory power in the federal system. Part III then traces the origin of supervisory power in New York to Cardozo's dictum in Lemon. Part IV explains how supervisory power is an aspect of the much broader inherent judicial power, which finds expression in the familiar common law decision-making process. Part V discusses three principal areas in which supervisory power has been exercised by New York courts since Cardozo: formulating rules of discovery, regulating grand jury practice, and fashioning remedies for governmental misconduct. Finally, Part VI demonstrates that supervisory power is a legitimate exercise of judicial authority based on two distinct theories: as a sub-constitutional common law of justice and fair dealing, and as an integral part of the court's inherent common law power to formulate rules for the proper administration of justice.
Identifying non-cooperative behavior among spouses: Child outcomes in migrant-sending households☆

Abstract I propose a model of household decision-making under asymmetric information and show that resulting allocations may not be fully cooperative. The model yields a simple test for cooperative decision-making, which I apply to data from China. I find that, when the father migrates without his family, children spend more time in household production, while mothers spend less time in both household production and income-generating activities. This is not consistent with standard cooperative models of the household: simply reallocating time to compensate for the father's absence would cause an increase in household labor for both children and mothers and, if migration occurs in response to a negative shock, we should observe an increase in mothers' time in income-generating activities rather than a reduction. The results also do not appear to be driven by an increase in mothers' bargaining power, as children's human capital is not affected by migration, controlling for income.
Shareholder Passivity Reexamined

This article assesses the extent to which the traditional passivity of American shareholders is a result of legal rules and conflicts of interest that discourage shareholder activism, or a result of collective action problems that discourage voting, proxy proposals, and other forms of shareholder activism. I develop a simple model of the decision of a large shareholder whether to vote or launch a proxy campaign. Large shareholders can have significant incentives to vote on an informed basis or launch proxy campaigns, especially for issues that are common across many companies and therefore involve economies of scale. However, they face significant legal impediments to owning large percentage stakes in companies or taking an activist role. These legal obstacles are reinforced by conflicts of interest that affect most major classes of institutional investors.
The influence of capital controls on long run growth: Where and how much?

Abstract The financial crisis in East Asia generated a revival of interest in the merits of financial openness. The ensuing debate on the benefits of openness has focused more on short and medium run issues than on the long run effects. Within the empirical literature on economic growth, little or no attention has been paid to the effects of financial openness. Contrary to the orthodox position, the few results that exist suggest that capital controls have no effect on economic growth. This paper argues that this conclusion emerges from a failure to account for underlying differences across countries with similar degrees of capital controls. We show that the degree of ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity in a country plays a significant role in explaining the effects of controls on economic growth. For countries with relatively higher degrees of ethnic heterogeneity, the effects are particularly adverse whereas for countries with high degrees of homogeneity, capital controls actually have a net positive effect on economic growth. On balance, more developing countries suffered due to controls than not. Within the sample of 57 non-OECD countries that did implement controls for the period 1975–1995, as many as 39 saw a reduction in their growth rates. This result is robust to a number of variables commonly used in the economic growth regressions.
The Constitutional Politics of the Establishment Clause

In these reflections presented at a Symposium hosted by Duquesne University School of Law on "The Future of the Establishment Clause in Context: Neutrality, Religion, or Avoidance?" I examine the constitutional politics driving the interpretation of the Establishment Clause. I suggest that the Supreme Court’s recent case law on taxpayer standing may signal a return to the founding design of the Establishment Clause. At the founding, the Establishment Clause constrained the actions of only the national government, disabled only Congress from establishing a religion, and vigorously protected the sovereignty of states. Each of these three signposts - national interdiction, congressional disability, and state sovereignty - may yet again soon hold true if the Supreme Court continues on what appears to be its current path toward de-incorporating the Establishment Clause.
Next Generation of International Aviation Finance Law: An Overview of the Proposed UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment as Applied to Aircraft Equipment

This article provides an overview of the UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, applied to aircraft equipment by virtue of a specific protocol. It sketches the historical development of the instruments, their general structure, and their central provisions. It also highlights several issues worthy of consideration during the process of the intergovernmental negotiations concerning the instruments.
A Meta-Analysis of Human Personality and Robot Acceptance in Human-Robot Interaction

Human personality has been identified as a predictor of robot acceptance in the human–robot interaction (HRI) literature. Despite this, the HRI literature has provided mixed support for this assertion. To better understand the relationship between human personality and robot acceptance, this paper conducts a meta-analysis of 26 studies. Results found a positive relationship between human personality and robot acceptance. However, this relationship varied greatly by the specific personality trait along with the study sample’s age, gender diversity, task, and global region. This meta-analysis also identified gaps in the literature. Namely, additional studies are needed that investigate both the big five personality traits and other personality traits, examine a more diverse age range, and utilize samples from previously unexamined regions of the globe.
Accounting information aggregation and managerial cooperation

Managers in decentralized organizations often face incentives against cooperation. In these situations, accounting information can increase cooperation when it reveals the cooperativeness of other ...
Contract, Mechanism Design, and Technological Detail

This paper develops a theoretical framework for studying contract and enforcement in settings with nondurable trading opportunities and complete but unverifiable information. The framework explicitly accounts for the parties' individual trade actions. The sets of implementable state-contingent payoffs, under various assumptions about renegotiation opportunities, are characterized and compared. The results indicate the benefit of modeling trade actions as individual, rather than as public, and they highlight the usefulness of a structured game-theoretic framework for applied research.
Patent Liability Rules as Search Rules

Patent law’s infringement doctrines, commonly understood to be simply rules of liability, are in fact search rules as well. Patent liability rules determine not only who will be responsible for what conduct, but also when patent holders and potential infringers will benefit from locating (or remaining ignorant of) one another. They thus affect the conditions under which parties will have incentives to engage in search. The dynamics of patent search are actually quite complicated. Under normal circumstances, patent law’s liability rules generate approximately optimal investments in search as both patent holders and possible infringers have incentives to locate one another. But when a direct infringer is insolvent or unreachable, the fact that contributory infringers can be held liable only when they have knowledge of the patent shifts search responsibilities toward patent holders. Search incentives are also affected by patent law’s rules regarding past conduct and by the possibility of holdup problems based on alleged infringers’ product-specific investments. This Article demonstrates that patent law’s liability rules may be generating inefficient levels of search and corresponding social welfare losses and proposes a simple doctrinal corrective.
Sports Agents: Ethical Representatives or Overly Aggressive Adversaries

Of particular importance in individual negotiations between agents and clubs are three aspects of bargaining. The first is bargaining in which the agent is seeking as large an economic reward for the player's services as possible. The more the agent receives for the player the less is left over for the club. In contrast is a second aspect of bargaining in which the negotiators engage in joint problem solving to come up with solutions that benefit both sides. A third aspect of individual contract negotiation is structuring the bargaining environment or ambiance so as to smooth the path toward agreement.
Obama's Moral Capitalism: Resuscitating The American Dream

Fairness is a fundamental principle of American culture. Is it also a constitutional principle to redress economic oppression? Simply, does the U.S. Constitution protect its citizens from predatory lending practices? Will President Obama's call for empathy in constitutional jurisprudence protect America's middle and under-privileged classes from class discrimination? This Article challenges the fairness of subjecting certain borrowers to overreaching, economically-oppressive lending practices. This seminal approach to the issue of predatory lending explores how established constitutional principles might protect and redress past, present, and future predatory lending victims, often socially and economically disadvantaged citizens. It seeks to define a novel constitutional theory, hereinafter entitled "moral capitalism," guaranteeing freedom from economic oppression and ensuring financial fair dealing. It concludes that class is the civil-rights' issue of the twenty-first century. 1. DOES THE U.S. CONSTITUTION PROTECT ITS CITIZENS FROM ECONOMIC OPPRESSION?: MORAL CAPITALISM, EMPATHY, AND THE CONSTITUTION ....... 1012 A. What Is Moral Capitalism? 1012 B. Economic Oppression through the Lens of Empathy and the Constitution . 1015 C. The Thesis and Overview of the Article 1021 t Professor, Loyola University (New Orleans) College of Law; former Visiting Professor, University of Miami School of Law, Washington University (St. Louis) School of Law, Vermont Law School; former law clerk to Honorable John Minor Wisdom, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit; former member Transition Team, President Bill Clinton; former Associate Deputy Administration, U.S. Small Business Administration, George H.W. Bush appointee; Yale Law School, J.D. 1981; Oxford University, England, B.A. 1980, M.A. 1985; Yale University, B.A. 1975. Special thanks to contributors, including my dear wife, Lisa Crusto, and the faculty, administrative assistants, and library staff at the Loyola University (New Orleans) College of Law, especially librarian Brian Huddleston and administrative assistant Victoria Luwisch. The author also gratefully thanks the Alfred T. Bonomo, Sr. Family and the Rosario Sarah LaNasa Memorial Fund, University of Miami law student Freddy Funes, and Loyola law student Desmonde X. Bennett. This is dedicated to my mother, Wilma Saulney Crusto Wilson, who gave my brothers, my sisters, and me life, love, and liberty.
Beliefs-Driven Price Association

In addition to being a function of traditional fundamentals such as cash-flow persistence and the discount rate, the equilibrium association between a security price and a value-relevant statistic can simply be a function of what rational investors believe the association will be. We refer to this phenomenon as beliefs-driven price association (BPA). By explicitly considering the phenomenon of BPA, we show that the price response to information releases can vary over time even if the risk-free interest rate and investor preferences are static and the earnings/cash flow generating process is stable. This observation suggests, for example, that price-to-earnings associations and price volatility can vary over time even if a stable pattern of economic fundamentals suggests otherwise. The possibility of BPA suggests that measures of the cost of capital, information content, and growth prospects inferred from observed market prices will be confounded. While we do not predict when periods of BPA will arise, we provide empirically testable predictions about how prices should behave during periods of BPA. In particular, we predict that, during sufficiently long periods of high (positive or negative) BPA, price volatility, price levels, and expected returns will be higher than would be implied by a fundamental valuation framework. Finally, while BPA in the pricing of one security does not cause BPA in the pricing of other securities, the price levels of those other securities will be affected if the securities with BPA are sufficiently large relative to the market as a whole.
The End Of Religious Freedom: What Is at Stake?

In recent work, Steven Smith argues that the American tradition of religious freedom is newly imperiled and may even be nearing exhaustion. This Review puts to one side the substance of that argument and focuses instead on what the stakes might be, should it turn out to be correct. It concludes that the consequences would not be as severe as many people fear.
Sovereign risk and procyclical fiscal policy in emerging market economies

This study develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to account for the differences in fiscal policy stance over the business cycle between developed and emerging market countries, and, in particular, for the volatile and procyclical government consumption and transfer payment in emerging market countries. Two models with and without default option in sovereign borrowings replicate the contrasting cyclical behaviors indicating that the default option is responsible for procyclical fiscal policy. Further, augmented model with third-party bailouts, together with the stochastic trend income process, successfully predicts high volatilities of fiscal expenditures. These imply that procyclical fiscal policy, entailed by default option, may exacerbate the business cycle in emerging market countries.
Can Trustworthiness in a Supply Chain Be Signaled

The relationship between a buyer and its suppliers often relies on factors beyond the terms of a contractual agreement. Buyers can therefore benefit from identifying trustworthy suppliers. We argue...
Multitasking and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Pay-for-Performance in Health Care: Evidence from Rwanda

AbstractPerformance-based contracting is particularly challenging in health care, where multiple agents, information asymmetries, and other market failures compound the critical contracting concern of multitasking. As performance-based contracting grows in developing countries, it is critical to better understand not only intended program impacts on rewarded outcomes, but also unintended program impacts such as multitasking and heterogeneous program effects in order to guide program design and scale-up. We use two waves of data from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys collected before and after the quasi-experimental rollout of Rwanda's national pay-for-performance (P4P) program to analyze impacts on utilization of health-care services, health outcomes, and unintended consequences of P4P. We find that P4P improved some rewarded services, as well as some services that were not directly rewarded, but had no statistically significant impact on health outcomes. We do not find evidence that clearly sugge...
Historians Before the Bench: Friends of the Court, Foes of Originalism

Historians, I contend, can more effectively influence the Court and reclaim their authority to interpret the past without surrendering their professional principles. They must first understand that their attempts to get involved in originalist debates fall short in three ways: (1) they traffic in certitudes, which are anathema to the historical vocation; (2) they accept and legitimize the normative, originalist premise that the past ought to inform the present; and (3) they search for historical analogies to satisfy the Court’s originalists when they are better served locating or contextualizing persuasive case law. This Note will examine these three matters in turn in Parts One, Two and Three. In Part Four, I argue that historians can and should pursue alternative approaches in their briefs. Responding to each of the three issues named above, respectively, they should (1) attack originalist arguments by destabilizing their historical conclusions, (2) adopt alternatives to originalist advocacy in their amicus briefs, or (3) craft briefs narrowly in the fashion of a historical "special master." All three approaches would bring an urgent relevancy to historical advocacy without sacrificing historical principles.
Return momentum and global portfolio allocations

Abstract In this paper, we report the first empirical tests concerning the international investment strategies of a panel of investment houses from 1982 through 1999. The previously untapped data for this study comes from surveys published in the Financial Report , a confidential newsletter purchased by The Economist Newspaper , in 1989. In the surveys, the investment houses recommend portfolio allocations among equity, bonds, and cash, as well as equity holdings across six country categories. We test whether changes in these portfolio weights are consistent with the notion of momentum trading. That is, we test whether the recommended weights change in response to relative asset return performance in previous periods. We find evidence of momentum trading for strategic asset allocations to equities and cash as well as evidence of momentum trading for country-specific, or tactical, equity allocations. In addition, we find the results differ conditional upon the recommended weights to bonds. Specifically, investment houses that recommend a lower percentage to bonds, on average, are more likely to engage in momentum trading for equities. We find no evidence that changes in portfolio weights are consistent with changes in value-investing variables or with changes in macroeconomic variables.
Volumetric Density-Equalizing Reference Map with Applications

The density-equalizing map, a technique developed for cartogram creation, has been widely applied to data visualization but only for 2D applications. In this work, we propose a novel method called the volumetric density-equalizing reference map for computing density-equalizing map for volumetric domains. Given a prescribed density distribution in a volumetric domain in $$\mathbb {R}^3$$ , the proposed method continuously deforms the domain, with different volume elements enlarged or shrunk according to the density distribution. With the aid of the proposed method, medical and sociological data can be visualized via deformations of 3D objects. The method can also be applied to adaptive remeshing and shape modeling. Furthermore, by exploiting the time-dependent nature of the proposed method, applications to shape morphing can be easily achieved. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Multi-Fingered Active Grasp Learning

Learning-based approaches to grasp planning are preferred over analytical methods due to their ability to better generalize to new, partially observed objects. However, data collection remains one of the biggest bottlenecks for grasp learning methods, particularly for multi-fingered hands. The relatively high dimensional configuration space of the hands coupled with the diversity of objects common in daily life requires a significant number of samples to produce robust and confident grasp success classifiers. In this paper, we present the first active deep learning approach to grasping that searches over the grasp configuration space and classifier confidence in a unified manner. We base our approach on recent success in planning multi-fingered grasps as probabilistic inference with a learned neural network likelihood function. We embed this within a multi-armed bandit formulation of sample selection. We show that our active grasp learning approach uses fewer training samples to produce grasp success rates comparable with the passive supervised learning method trained with grasping data generated by an analytical planner. We additionally show that grasps generated by the active learner have greater qualitative and quantitative diversity in shape.
Robots that Help Humans Build Better Mental Models of Robots

Interactive Task Learning (ITL) is an approach to teaching robots new tasks through language and demonstration. It relies on the fact that people have experience teaching each other. However, this can be challenging if the human instructor does not have an accurate mental model of a robot. This mental model consists of the robot's knowledge, capabilities, shortcomings, goals, and intentions. The research question that we investigate is "How can the robot help the human build a better mental model of the robot?" We study human-robot interaction failures to understand the role of mental models in resolving them. We also discuss a human-centred interaction model design that is informed by human subject studies and plan-based theories of dialogue, specifically Collaborative Discourse Theory.
Modeling of a Reciprocating Engine-Generator Set for Controller-Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Island Microgrid Control Systems

This article demonstrates the modeling of a real engine-generator set (genset) based on manufacturer data for use in controller-hardware-in-the-loop testing of microgrid control systems. The simulation environment used is RTDS Technologies’ real time digital simulator using PB5 cards. In addition, this article provides detail on integration of a commercially available controller with the simulator analog and digital inputs and outputs for control of the simulated genset. Testing of the developed model is performed to validate the standard parameters of the synchronous generator and the dynamic performance of the genset during starting, load acceptance, and load sharing between multiple gensets. By integrating controller hardware, time spent on modeling the genset frequency, voltage, and load sharing controls is avoided and valuable simulator processing capacity is saved. The result of this investigation is a genset model that exhibits the characteristics of real equipment and may be used in the validation of controller hardware and software for the derisking of microgrid control systems.
Evolution of boldness and exploratory behavior in giant mice from Gough Island

Island populations are hallmarks of extreme phenotypic evolution. Radical changes in resource availability and predation risk accompanying island colonization drive changes in behavior, which Darwin likened to tameness in domesticated animals. Although many examples of animal boldness are found on islands, the heritability of observed behaviors, a requirement for evolution, remains largely unknown. To fill this gap, we profiled anxiety and exploration in island and mainland inbred strains of house mice raised in a common laboratory environment. The island strain was descended from mice on Gough Island, the largest wild house mice on record. Experiments utilizing open environments across two ages showed that Gough Island mice are bolder and more exploratory, even when a shelter is provided. Concurrently, Gough Island mice retain an avoidance response to predator urine. F1 offspring from crosses between these two strains behave more similarly to the mainland strain for most traits, suggesting recessive mutations contributed to behavioral evolution on the island. Our results provide a rare example of novel, inherited behaviors in an island population and demonstrate that behavioral evolution can be specific to different forms of perceived danger. Our discoveries pave the way for a genetic understanding of how island populations evolve unusual behaviors. Organisms on islands are known to behave differently from mainland organisms. An absence of predators and a different set of natural resources are expected to make island organisms less anxious and more exploratory. We raised two groups of house mice, one from Gough Island in the South Atlantic and one from the mainland Eastern USA, in the same laboratory environment to see if behavioral differences between the two groups are heritable. Mice from both groups were placed in novel enclosures that are known to cause anxiety in rodents. We found that mice from the island are bolder and more exploratory in these enclosures but avoid predator odors in the same way as mainland mice. Our results show that boldness and exploration can evolve after island colonization.
Adjusting to the new normal: perspectives from an introductory programming sequence course

Neither comprehension nor learning can take place in an atmosphere of anxiety (Rose Kennedy, American philanthropist). With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic faculties and students faced great challenges and anxiety. Despite so many uncontrollable issues, as educators, we had to gain control over some of them; hence, we aimed to make the learning process as stress-free as possible. In this paper, we share the recent experience of remodeling an intermediate-level programming language course during the global pandemic. The outcomes, by the end of Spring 2020, in terms of achieving course objectives and students' learning experiences, are encouraging. Our goal is to share and accumulate the ideas among the community so that future educators may use the experience as a baseline.
Definable regularity lemmas for NIP hypergraphs

Author(s): Chernikov, Artem; Starchenko, Sergei | Abstract: We present a systematic study of the regularity phenomena for NIP hypergraphs and connections to the theory of (locally) generically stable measures, providing a model-theoretic hypergraph version of the results from [L. Lov #x27;asz, B. Szegedy, "Regularity partitions and the topology of graphons", An irregular mind, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, 415-446]. Besides, we revise the two extremal cases of regularity for stable and distal hypergraphs, improving and generalizing the results from [A. Chernikov, S. Starchenko, "Regularity lemma for distal structures", J. Eur. Math. Soc. 20 (2018), 2437-2466] and [M. Malliaris, S. Shelah, "Regularity lemmas for stable graphs", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 366.3, 2014, 1551-1585]. Finally, we consider a related question of the existence of large (approximately) homogeneous definable subsets of NIP hypergraphs and provide some positive results and counterexamples.
High-speed quantitative optical imaging of absolute metabolism in the rat cortex.

Significance: Quantitative measures of blood flow and metabolism are essential for improved assessment of brain health and response to ischemic injury. Aim: We demonstrate a multimodal technique for measuring the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen ( CMRO2 ) in the rodent brain on an absolute scale ( μM O2/min ). Approach: We use laser speckle imaging at 809 nm and spatial frequency domain imaging at 655, 730, and 850 nm to obtain spatiotemporal maps of cerebral blood flow, tissue absorption ( μa ), and tissue scattering ( μs' ). Knowledge of these three values enables calculation of a characteristic blood flow speed, which in turn is input to a mathematical model with a "zero-flow" boundary condition to calculate absolute CMRO2 . We apply this method to a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With this model, the zero-flow condition occurs during entry into CA. Results: The CMRO2 values calculated with our method are in good agreement with those measured with magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography by other groups. Conclusions: Our technique provides a quantitative metric of absolute cerebral metabolism that can potentially be used for comparison between animals and longitudinal monitoring of a single animal over multiple days. Though this report focuses on metabolism in a model of ischemia and reperfusion, this technique can potentially be applied to far broader types of acute brain injury and whole-body pathological occurrences.
Integrative Density Forecast and Uncertainty Quantification of Wind Power Generation

The volatile nature of wind power generation creates challenges in achieving secure power grid operations. It is, therefore, necessary to accurately predict wind power and its uncertainty quantification. Wind power forecasting usually depends on wind speed prediction and the wind-to-power conversion process. However, most current wind power prediction models only consider portions of the uncertainty. This paper develops an integrative framework for predicting wind power density, considering uncertainties arising from both wind speed prediction and the wind-to-power conversion process. Specifically, we model wind speed using the inhomogeneous Geometric Brownian Motion and convert the wind speed prediction density into the wind power density in a closed-form. The resulting wind power density allows quantifying prediction uncertainties through prediction intervals. To forecast the power output, we minimize the expected prediction cost with (unequal) penalties on the overestimation and underestimation. We show the predictive power of the proposed approach using data from multiple operating wind farms located at different sites.
Some algorithms for the mean curvature flow under topological changes

This paper considers and proposes some algorithms to compute the mean curvature flow under topological changes. Instead of solving the fully nonlinear partial differential equations based on the level set approach, we propose some minimization algorithms based on the phase field approach. It is well known that zero-level set of the Allen–Cahn equation approaches the mean curvature flow before the onset of the topological changes; however, there are few papers systematically studying the evolution of the mean curvature flow under the topological changes. There are three main contributions of this paper. First, to consider various random initial conditions, we design several benchmark problems with topological changes, and we find different patterns of the evolutions of the solutions can be obtained if the interaction length (width of the interface) is slightly changed, which is different from the problems without topological changes. Second, we propose an energy penalized minimization algorithm which works very well for these benchmark problems, and thus furthermore, for the problems with random initial conditions. Third, we propose a multilevel minimization algorithm. This algorithm is shown to be more tolerant of the unsatisfying initial guess when there are and there are no topological changes in the evolutions of the solutions.
The Great Indoors: Integrating the Built Environment into Environmental Rights

It is widely held by legal scholars that the purpose of environmental rights is to protect individuals from environmental harms and improve the quality of the environment. However, thus far the focus of environmental rights has been placed exclusively on the natural environment. I break new ground in the literature on environmental rights by arguing that, in conjunction with international human rights regarding housing and public health, they should apply to the built environment as well. Through an analysis of relevant international laws and case law, and a review of scientific evidence, I demonstrate that protecting indoor environmental quality (IEQ) within buildings is necessary to the full realization of health, housing, and environmental rights. This argument has four important implications. First, it provides victims of indoor environmental harms with a new rights-based mechanism through which they may pursue the redressing of their grievances. Second, it makes a strong case for the inclusion of green building development in efforts to protect environmental rights throughout the world. Third, by directing policymakers to specific, measurable steps that can be taken to protect environmental rights, it eliminates the charge that such rights are too ambiguous to be successfully implemented. Finally, it leads to the establishment of a new legal device—a responsibility to adopt sustainable building practices.
Neonatal Death in India: Birth Order in a Context of Maternal Undernutrition

We document a novel fact about neonatal death, or death in the first month of life. Globally, neonatal mortality is disproportionately concentrated in India. We identify a large effect of birth order on neonatal mortality that is unique to India: later-born siblings have a steep survival advantage relative to the birth-order gradient in other developing countries. We show that India’s high prevalence of maternal undernutrition and its correlation with age and childbearing can explain this pattern. We find that Indian mothers exit the underweight body mass range at an internationally comparatively high rate as they progress through childbearing careers.
Modeling Framing in Immigration Discourse on Social Media

The framing of political issues can influence policy and public opinion. Even though the public plays a key role in creating and spreading frames, little is known about how ordinary people on social media frame political issues. By creating a new dataset of immigration-related tweets labeled for multiple framing typologies from political communication theory, we develop supervised models to detect frames. We demonstrate how users’ ideology and region impact framing choices, and how a message’s framing influences audience responses. We find that the more commonly-used issue-generic frames obscure important ideological and regional patterns that are only revealed by immigration-specific frames. Furthermore, frames oriented towards human interests, culture, and politics are associated with higher user engagement. This large-scale analysis of a complex social and linguistic phenomenon contributes to both NLP and social science research.
Coloring the Black Box: What Synesthesia Tells Us about Character Embeddings.

In contrast to their word- or sentence-level counterparts, character embeddings are still poorly understood. We aim at closing this gap with an in-depth study of English character embeddings. For this, we use resources from research on grapheme–color synesthesia – a neuropsychological phenomenon where letters are associated with colors –, which give us insight into which characters are similar for synesthetes and how characters are organized in color space. Comparing 10 different character embeddings, we ask: How similar are character embeddings to a synesthete’s perception of characters? And how similar are character embeddings extracted from different models? We find that LSTMs agree with humans more than transformers. Comparing across tasks, grapheme-to-phoneme conversion results in the most human-like character embeddings. Finally, ELMo embeddings differ from both humans and other models.
Fair Scheduling for Input Buffered Switches

Input buffered switch architecture has become attractive for implementing high performance switches for workstation clusters. It is challenging to provide a scheduling technique that is both highly efficient and fair in resource allocation. In this paper, we first introduce an iterative Fair Scheduling (iFS) scheme for input buffered switches that supports fair bandwidth distribution among the flows and achieves asymptotically 100% throughput. We then apply the idea of fair scheduling to switches with multicasting capability and propose an mFS scheme which allocates bandwidth to various flows according to their reservations. We show that mFS produces throughput comparable to the existing schemes while distributing the bandwidth as per the given reservations. Extensive simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes.
PRESIDENTIAL BUREAUCRATIC POWER AND SUPREME COURT JUSTICE VOTING

Presidency scholars suggest that the federal bureaucracy has become “presidentialized” and that the federal agencies have become a primary tool for presidential policy implementation. However, in its review of federal agency litigation, the Supreme Court stands as an important monitor of executive bureaucratic action. Here, the conditions under which Supreme Court justices choose to facilitate executive bureaucratic action are assessed. This study tests the proposition that Supreme Court justices' voting decisions to support the president's bureaucratic agents are conditioned upon theoretically interesting extra-legal factors. Logistic regression analysis was conducted on justices' votes from Supreme Court cases involving cabinet and independent agencies during the years 1953–1995. The results indicate that Supreme Court justices' voting decisions to favorably review bureaucratic actions are influenced by extra-legal factors including attitudinal, political, and external concerns.
Infinitesimally small spheres and conformally invariant metrics

The modulus metric (also called the capacity metric) on a domain D ⊂ ℝn can be defined as μD(x, y) = inf{cap (D, γ)}, where cap (D, γ) stands for the capacity of the condenser (D, γ) and the infimum is taken over all continua γ ⊂ D containing the points x and y. It was conjectured by J. Ferrand, G. Martin and M. Vuorinen in 1991 that every isometry in the modulus metric is a conformal mapping. In this note, we confirm this conjecture and prove new geometric properties of surfaces that are spheres in the metric space (D, γD).
Unfolding polycube trees with constant refinement

Abstract We show that every polycube tree can be unfolded with a 4 × 4 refinement of the grid faces. This is the first constant refinement unfolding result for polycube trees that are not required to be well-separated.
User Response Prediction in Online Advertising

Online advertising, as a vast market, has gained significant attention in various platforms ranging from search engines, third-party websites, social media, and mobile apps. The prosperity of online campaigns is a challenge in online marketing and is usually evaluated by user response through different metrics, such as clicks on advertisement (ad) creatives, subscriptions to products, purchases of items, or explicit user feedback through online surveys. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of studies using computational approaches, including machine learning methods, for user response prediction. However, existing literature mainly focuses on algorithmic-driven designs to solve specific challenges, and no comprehensive review exists to answer many important questions. What are the parties involved in the online digital advertising eco-systems? What type of data are available for user response prediction? How do we predict user response in a reliable and/or transparent way? In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of user response prediction in online advertising and related recommender applications. Our essential goal is to provide a thorough understanding of online advertising platforms, stakeholders, data availability, and typical ways of user response prediction. We propose a taxonomy to categorize state-of-the-art user response prediction methods, primarily focusing on the current progress of machine learning methods used in different online platforms. In addition, we also review applications of user response prediction, benchmark datasets, and open source codes in the field.
Improving Outcomes in Child Care Subsidy Voucher Programs under Regional Asymmetries

Related to several efforts by governments to attain United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, subsidy vouchers are used to provide monetary support to income-eligible (IE) families who cannot afford child care. However, IE families are often unable to accept an offered voucher due to an inadequate supply of voucher-accepting child care providers that best suit their needs. Child Care Resource and Referral agencies (CCRR the marginal return of investment in outreach in that region is higher and abundant funds are available; the socioeconomic distress experienced by families in that region is significantly higher; or a large amount of funds is earmarked for outreach in that region. We contextualize our study for a CCR&R in Massachusetts and conclude that the proposed investment decisions can improve equity outcomes by 7.0%.
Tax Haven Incorporation and the Cost of Capital

Incorporating the firm’s corporate parent in a tax haven is a major decision that receives significant attention from many stakeholders, yet certain implications of this corporate strategy remain unclear. While tax haven incorporation offers tax savings, it also imposes risks that are potentially costly and hence important to consider. We predict and find a higher cost of equity capital in firms with parent companies that are incorporated in tax havens but that are primarily based in nonhaven countries. We also predict and find that the observed cost of equity premium is more pronounced in firms with greater tax risk, firm-level information risk, and country-level legal risk. We also employ corporate inversions in a difference-in-differences test and again find a positive relation between tax haven parent incorporation and the cost of capital. Our findings imply that an increased cost of capital is a material cost of tax haven parent incorporation. We contribute to the literatures on valuation of tax haven use, tax and nontax costs of corporate tax strategies, corporate inversions, and the relation between taxes and the cost of capital. Our study provides evidence on the tax and nontax risks of a uniquely observable tax strategy (i.e., tax haven parent incorporation) that could factor into firms’ decisions about whether to incorporate in a tax haven and policymakers’ efforts to deter such activity.
Critical phenomena in the gravitational collapse of electromagnetic dipole and quadrupole waves

We report on critical phenomena in the gravitational collapse of electromagnetic waves. Generalizing earlier results that focused on dipole electromagnetic waves, we compare here with quadrupole waves in axisymmetry. We perform numerical simulations of dipole and quadrupole wave initial data, fine tuning both sets of data to the onset of black hole formation in order to study the critical solution and related critical phenomena. We observe that different multipole moments have different symmetries, indicating that the critical solution for electromagnetic waves cannot be unique, at least not globally. This is confirmed in our numerical simulations: while dipole data lead to a single center of collapse, at the center of symmetry, quadrupole data feature two separate centers of collapse on the symmetry axis, above and below the center of symmetry---reminiscent of similar findings reported for critical collapse of vacuum gravitational waves. While the critical solution for neither the dipole nor the quadrupole data is exactly self-similar, we find that their approximate echoing periods appear to differ, as do the critical exponents. We discuss whether the centers of collapse found for dipole and quadrupole data might all have the same properties, which would suggest a ``local uniqueness'' of the critical solution. Instead, we provide some evidence---including the differing echoing periods and critical exponents---suggesting that the critical solutions are distinct even locally. We speculate on the implications of our findings for critical phenomena in the collapse of vacuum gravitational waves, which share with electromagnetic waves the absence of a spherically symmetric critical solution.
The ADM version of GR at Sixty: a brief account for historians

I review the meaning of General Relativity, viewed as a dynamical field, rather than as geometry, as effected by the 1958-61“anti-geometrical” work of ADM. This very brief non-technical summary is intended for historians.
Opposing Influence of Sensory and Motor Cortex on Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior

The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia and is a key site of sensorimotor integration. While the striatum receives extensive excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex, the influence of different cortical areas on striatal circuitry and behavior is unknown. Here we find that corticostriatal inputs from whisker-related primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex differentially innervate projection neurons and interneurons in the dorsal striatum, and exert opposing effects on sensory-guided behavior. Optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents in ex vivo recordings produced larger postsynaptic potentials in striatal parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons than D1- or D2-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs), an effect not observed for M1-corticostriatal afferents. Critically, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents produced task-specific behavioral inhibition, which was bidirectionally modulated by striatal PV-expressing interneurons. M1 input produced the opposite behavioral effect. Thus, our results reveal opposing roles for sensory and motor cortex in behavioral choice via distinct influences on striatal circuitry.
Compliant Fins for Locomotion in Granular Media

In this letter, we present an approach to study the behavior of compliant plates in granular media and optimize the performance of a robot that utilizes this technique for mobility. From previous work and fundamental tests on thin plate force generation inside granular media, we introduce an origami-inspired mechanism with non-linear compliance in the joints that can be used in granular propulsion. This concept utilizes one-sided joint limits to create an asymmetric gait cycle that avoids more complicated alternatives often found in other swimming/digging robots. To analyze its locomotion as well as its shape and propulsive force, we utilize granular Resistive Force Theory (RFT) as a starting point. Adding compliance to this theory enables us to predict the time-based evolution of compliant plates when they are dragged and rotated. It also permits more rational design of swimming robots where fin design variables may be optimized against the characteristics of the granular medium. This is done using a Python-based dynamic simulation library to model the deformation of the plates and optimize aspects of the robot's gait. Finally, we prototype and test robot with a gait optimized using the modelling techniques mentioned above.