cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulindac sulfide alters the expression of cyclin proteins in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Sulindac sulfide (SS), the active metabolite of the colon cancer chemopreventive compound sulindac, inhibits the proliferation of HT-29 colon cancer cells mainly by inducing cell quiescence. We determined by bivariate flow-cytometric analysis both the DNA and cyclin protein content of individual cells. Thus, we assessed in detail the expression of several cyclins during the cell-cycle phases and demonstrated that SS (i) decreases the expression of cyclins BI and E and (ii) increases the expression of cyclins D1, D2 and D3, particularly in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. SS-induced apoptotic cells expressed both E- and D-type cyclins but not cyclin B1. The changes in cyclin expression combined with reduced catalytic activity of cyclin-dependent kinases could explain in molecu lar terms the anti-proliferative effect of SS on HT-29 colon cancer cells. These changes may contribute to the chemopreventive effect of sulindac.
Multiple cis‐acting sites positively regulate Escherichia coli nrd expression

Summary Regulation of nrd expression in Escherichia coli by cis-acting elements was found to be more complex than previously reported. At least five upstream sites appear to positively regulate nrd expression including a Fis binding site, a DnaA binding site, an AT-rich region, an inverted repeat and a 10 bp site between the AT-rich region and the inverted repeat. Double mutants defective in these sites indicate that all sites tested act independently when regulating nrd expression. As the decrease in nrd expression in exponentially growing cultures paralleled the decrease observed in DNA synthesis-inhibited cultures for all single and double mutants, we concluded that nrd is regulated by the same mechanism in these physiological states. As mutants unable to induce nrd expression during inhibition of DNA synthesis also fail to exhibit cell cycle-regulated nrd expression, we conclude that cell cycle nrd regulation is controlled by these same sites. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to show that the absence of an increase in nrd expression during DNA inhibition previously observed for deletion of the AT-rich region results from deletion of both the Fis binding site and the AT-rich region.
TEA-21: Transportation Policy, Pork Barrel Politics, and American Federalism

This article examines ISTEA's impact on intergovernmental relations in transportation policy over the past six years and provides an overview of the political maneuvering that took place during its reauthorization. ISTEA had a significant, decentralizing impact on transportation policy, but its 19971998 reauthorization was driven by electoral concerns that transcended congressional views on American federalism. These electoral concerns help to explain why ISTEA's reauthorization process took so long, why the decentralization in transportation policy that took place in 1991 was not broadened by TEA-21, and why it is unlikely that transportation policy will ever be fully devolved to the states and localities.
Characterizing the Binding of G-Quadruplex DNA to Insulin by Single Molecule and Bulk Ensemble Methods

The formation of guanine (G)-quadruplex structures in the guanine-rich tandem repeats of the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ILPR) is linked to transcriptional effects on the insulin gene. Recent studies demonstrate that the ILPR G-quadruplexes can bind to insulin, and while this may impact the transcription of insulin, little is known about the binding mechanism. We have performed single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fluorescence quenching spectroscopy measurements to characterize the binding interaction between G-quadruplex DNA and insulin. The bulk thermodynamic measurements performed at various temperatures from 10 - 37 degree celcius highlight a moderate affinity by the ILPR consensus sequence to insulin. In addition to thermodynamic measurements, kinetic off-rates were measured by single molecule force-pulling measurements.
Oral phentolamine: an alpha-1, alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Phentolamine mesylate is an alpha-1 and alpha-2 selective adrenergic receptor antagonist which has undergone clinical trials for erectile dysfunction treatment. Biochemical and physiological studies in human erectile tissue have revealed a high affinity of phentolamine for alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Based on pharmacokinetic studies, it is suggested that 30–40 min following oral ingestion of 40 or 80 mg of phentolamine (Vasomax), the mean plasma phentolamine concentrations are sufficient to occupy the alpha-1 and -2 adrenergic receptors in erectile tissue and thereby result in inhibition of adrenergic-mediated physiologic activity. In large multi-center, placebo-controlled pivotal phase III clinical trials, the mean change in the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function scores (Questions 1–5 and 15) from screening to the end of treatment was significantly higher following use of active drug (40 mg and 80 mg) compared to placebo. Three to four times as many patients receiving phentolamine reported being satisfied or very satisfied compared with those receiving placebo. At doses of 40 mg and 80 mg respectively, 55% and 59% of men were able to achieve vaginal penetration with 51% and 53% achieving penetration on 75% of attempts. The correction of erectile dysfunction or improvement to a less severe category of dysfunction was experienced by 53% of men with the 80 mg dose and 40% with the 40 mg dose of phentolamine. All trends of response were the same regardless of any concomitant medication. There were no severe adverse events. At 40 mg, 7.7% experienced rhinitis and fewer than 3.1% experienced any other side effect of treatment. Phentolamine is safe, well tolerated and efficacious for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
High Shear Thrombus Formation under Pulsatile and Steady Flow

Most previous studies have investigated in vitro thrombus formation under steady flow conditions at physiological shear rates, though occlusive thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction and stroke forms under elevated shear rates and pulsatile flow. Two reports of pulsatile flow on thrombosis have yielded conflicting results. In the present study, we quantify the effect of very high shear, reversing pulsatile flow relevant to coronary thrombosis on platelet deposition leading to occlusive thrombus formation. Whole porcine blood was perfused in a collagen-coated, tubular, stenotic test section under pulsatile or steady flow. Pulsatile flow was generated with a frequency of 60 beats per minute and large magnitude excursions similar to a coronary artery waveform. Alternatively, steady flow conditions from a pressure driven system created shear rates matched to the maximum (16000 s−1), mean (3800 s−1), and an intermediate (6500 s−1) shear rates corresponding to the pulsatile system. Thrombus growth in thickness was recorded using a high-resolution CCD attached to a microscope. Steady flow recreated pulsatile flow thrombus formation in most cases. Lag time, t lag, thrombus growth rate, dV/dt, and time to occlusion, t occ, did not show statistically significant differences between pulsatile flow and steady flow with matched mean shear rate. Pulsatile flow conditions yielded t occ = 5.5 ± 2.8 min, which was not significantly different compared to a steady mean shear rate condition with t occ = 6.2 ± 1.7 min. Similarly, occlusion times for steady intermediate and steady maximum shear rate conditions were not significantly difference from pulsatile flow conditions yielding t occ of 4.6 ± 2.9 and 4.6 ± 1.8 min, respectively. In contrast, lag time for steady flow at maximum shear rate of 16000 s−1 was decreased to 26.1 s compared to pulsatile flow (t lag = 42.7 s, p = 0.03), steady mean flow (t lag = 60.9 s, p = 0.02), and steady intermediate flow (t lag = 39.9 s, p = 0.01). Occlusive thrombus formation under high shear, pulsatile conditions may be modeled in vitro using steady flow with matched mean shear rate with respect to occlusion time, lag time, and growth rate. Our results indicate that the magnitude of shear rate more strongly affects thrombus growth characteristics than flow pulsatility for an arterial frequency.
Nonlinear capacitance and electrochemical behavior of ionic liquid-ionic polymer transducers

Ionic polymer transducers (IPTs) are soft sensors and actuators which operate through a coupling of micro-scale chemical, electrical, and mechanical interactions. The use of an ionic liquid as solvent for an IPT has been shown to dramatically increase transducer lifetime in free-air use, while also allowing for higher applied voltages without electrolysis. In this work we model charge transport in an ionic liquid IPT by considering both the cation and anion of the ionic liquid as mobile charge carriers, a phenomenon which is unique to ionic liquid IPTs compared to their water-based counterparts. The electrochemical behavior of the large ionic liquid ions is described through a modification of the Nernst-Planck equation given by Kornyshev which accounts for steric effects in double layer packing. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to solve the resulting system of equations, and analytical expressions are derived for the nonlinear charge transferred and capacitance of the IPT as a function of the applied voltage. The influence of the fraction of mobile ionic liquid ions and steric effects on the capacitance of an ionic liquid IPT is shown and compared to water-based IPTs. These results show the fundamental charge transport differences between water-based and ionic liquid IPTs and give considerations for future transducer development.
Uremia therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection: has the outcome changed in the 1990s?

Abstract We conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine the relative course of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection sustained on maintenance hemodialysis. All 34 patients with ESRD and HIV infection receiving hemodialysis in one hospital-based and three community-based outpatient hemodialysis facilities in Brooklyn, NY, were studied. We documented their known duration of HIV infection, duration of ESRD, and hemodialysis prescription, and noted the presence of clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Total CD 4 count, serum albumin concentration, and percent reduction of urea (predialysis blood urea nitrogen minus postdialysis blood urea nitrogen, divided by predialysis blood urea nitrogen × 100) were measured. The 34 study subjects (26 men and eight women) included 31 blacks (91%) and three Hispanics (9%) with a mean age of 42 ± 7.5 years, 29 (85%) of whom had AIDS. Twenty subjects (59%) had a history of intravenous drug abuse. Only six subjects (18%) were receiving an antiretroviral drug (zidovudine = five, dideoxyinosine=one). In 23 subjects (68%), AIDS was diagnosed prior to ESRD and was presumed to be the cause of renal failure (HIV-associated nephropathy). The mean known duration of HIV infection was 50.5 ± 34 months (median, 48 months); the mean duration of ESRD was 57 ± 50 months, the mean total CD 4 count was 140 ± 150 cells/μL (median, 70 cells/μL), the mean hematocrit was 28% ± 5%, and the mean serum albumin concentration was 3.5 ± 0.37 g/dL. All subjects were receiving erythropoietin for anemia correction. The mean length of the prescribed thrice-weekly hemodialysis sessions was 3.5 ± 0.4 hours. Our results suggest that the survival of many ESRD patients with HIV infection receiving hemodialysis has improved compared with the uniformly dismal survival rate reported in the 1980s. Decisions on whether to initiate renal replacement therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced renal failure should be individualized because the combination of ESRD and HIV infection does not necessarily signal near-term death.
Estimating CO2 plume size: A correlation for site screening

Abstract Plume size is an important factor in the consideration of a site for CO 2 sequestration. Flow model simulations are the accepted means of estimating plume size, but the development of geologic and numerical flow models requires a significant quantity of data, analyses and staff resources. These may not be readily available. Additionally, a proper geologic model should reflect all of the available rock and fluid properties and a general understanding of the dominant mechanisms influencing CO 2 injection and movement in the injection interval. The time and resources required for flow model simulations can be substantial. During site screening, when multiple sites are being considered, rigorous modeling of the geology of a site may be impractical and cost prohibitive. In such a situation, a reliable correlation tool that would provide a comparative indication of plume size at different sites and provide a hierarchy of site choices for additional tests and analyses or for advanced geologic modeling would be desirable. A right circular cylinder was used with a range of Monte Carlo-derived storage efficiency factors to estimate CO 2 plume size (lateral extent). The cylinder was described using net thickness and effective porosity. The storage efficiency factor included four displacement efficiency terms, which were areal, vertical, gravity, and microscopic displacement efficiency. For site screening, it was assumed that there was more certainty in thickness and porosity at a specific site than for basin-scale (regional) screening. Consequently, the correlations in this paper require the cumulative mass of injected CO 2 , net thickness, and effective porosity. The plume size correlations were compared with 13 flow model simulations where net thickness, cumulative CO 2 injection, and permeability were varied. Plume size values obtained from the 13 models compared very well with the plume size values obtained from the right circular cylinder correlations. Additionally, the storage efficiency values from each model compared well with the storage efficiency values obtained using the Monte Carlo simulations. The method was applied to published data on the Sleipner CO 2 storage field and gave relatively good results considering the elliptical shape of the Sleipner CO 2 plume.
Concentrated contact sliding friction and wear behaviour of several ceramics lubricated with a perfluoropolyalkylether at 25 °C

Abstract A concentrated contact sliding friction and wear study was performed at room temperature under a dry nitrogen atmosphere using several ceramic components (SiC, Si 3 N 4 and ZrO 2 ) lubricated with a perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) liquid lubricant. The friction and wear apparatus used in this study employed a stationary rider (hemispherically tipped pin) on rotating disk configuration. Both rider wear and frictional forces were measured. For comparison, tests were also conducted using 440C stainless steel components (lubricated with PFPE), and with ceramic and 440C components lubricated with squalane (an alkane hydrocarbon). It was found that minimal rider wear occurred for the squalane-lubricated tests whereas rider wear for the PFPE-lubricated test was substantially greater for all tested materials except ZrO 2 .
Cloud computing in the curriculum: fundamental and enabling technologies

Cloud computing is a new buzzword for a group of old technologies that have been integrated to create a system that is more than the sum of its parts. After teaching a seminar in cloud computing three times over the last year I have gained a better understanding of the fundamental and enabling technologies that should be brought into our curriculum to facilitate our students becoming competent users of cloud computing. Developing and deploying an application on a cloud architecture appears very similar to working with any remotely accessible server architecture but to work with it effectively our students need to understand the following technologies: firewalls, addressing and sub-netting, encryption, scripting, storage architectures, and virtualization. There are several enabling technologies that make the cloud more than just the sum of its parts. Some of the most important enabling technologies include: segregation of services and multi-systems architectures, workload characterization, identity federation, load balancing, and content distribution networks.
A Low Noise Low Power DC Coupled Sensor Amplifier with Offset Cancellation

A 16-channel sensor amplifier was designed in the Jazz 0.18μm CMOS process. The sensor amplifier has programmable gain from 20 to 2000 and a DC offset cancellation of ±0.3V using bulk voltage control. A charge pump, band gap reference and a resistor string DAC were designed for bulk voltage control. Input referred noise of 0.465μV was achieved at a gain of 2000. The power required per channel was 900μW and the supply voltages were ±V. Simulation results show the total harmonic distortion to be 0.017% and signal-to-noise-and-distortion (SINAD) ratio is 78 dB.
Trends in Otitis Media Treatment Failure and Relapse

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to describe trends in acute otitis media, treatment failure, and relapse and in high-dose amoxicillin use and to determine whether treatment of acute otitis media with high-dose amoxicillin was associated with treatment failure or relapse. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective study of acute otitis media visits made between 1996 and 2004 by children 2 months to 12 years of age in a large group practice, using computerized data. We defined acute otitis media as an otitis media visit with antibiotics dispensed (preceded by 30 days without otitis media visits), treatment failure as initiation of treatment with a second antibiotic before the first prescription was finished, and relapse as initiation of antibiotic treatment after the first prescription was finished but within 30 days after the index acute otitis media episode. The primary independent measure was high-dose amoxicillin (>70 mg/kg per day). We evaluated changes over time and determined whether high-dose amoxicillin use was associated with otitis media treatment failure or relapse. RESULTS. We identified 111335 acute otitis media visits over a 9-year period. The incidence of acute otitis media decreased from 385.1 visits per 1000 enrollees in 1996 to 188.8 visits per 1000 enrollees in 2004. The proportion of acute otitis media visits treated with high-dose amoxicillin increased from 1.7% in 1996 to 41.9% in 2004. Both otitis media treatment failure and relapse rates decreased from 1996 to 2004 (from 3.9% to 2.6% and from 9.2% to 8.9%, respectively). The odds of treatment failure or relapse did not differ between acute otitis media episodes treated with high-dose and low-dose amoxicillin. CONCLUSIONS. During the past decade, acute otitis media, treatment failure, and relapse became less common and high-dose amoxicillin use increased. However, high-dose amoxicillin treatment did not reduce the risk of individual infections resulting in adverse outcomes.
The dynamics and thermodynamics of solid-fluid-fluid three-phase contact

Abstract This paper is an attempt to clarify the dynamics and thermodynamics of solid-fluid-fluid three-phase contact. We demonstrate that the thermodynamic Laplace and Young equations, even in conjunction with a knowledge of temperature, partial potentials, phase mass, and solid surface configuration, do not provide a complete characterization of equilibrium. Dynamic Laplace and Young equations are derived which appear to indicate that spreading is a dissipative process. Finally, it is demonstrated that the effect of line tension on contact angle depends not only on line curvature but also on the relative orientation of the line with respect to the solid surface.
Properties of African squall lines inferred from time-lapse satellite imagery.

Analysis of 48 h of time-lapse satellite imagery of a family of squall lines in Africa links the phenomena with a characteristic cloud cluster and with a wind field perturbation which is enhanced in passing through an African easterly wave trough. A thin 'arc line' of low-level developing cumulus, a salient feature of the squall lines on the imagery, is shown to occur at the front boundary of the mesoscale/convective scale subsidence. Analysis of the wind field indicates that a squall line is associated with a vorticity center in the mid-level easterly flow which accompanies the mesoscale subsidence which, in turn, contributes to further forced ascent of subcloud air along the front of the squall line into convective towers which merge into an extensive anvil. The squall lines evolved through a life cycle of 6 to 12 h while the larger cloud cluster and wind perturbation lasted over 48 h. The magnitude of the vertical mass exchange suggests that squall-line families contribute significantly to the tropical energy balance.
Body Objectification and Depression in Adolescents: The Role of Gender, Shame, and Rumination:

Objectification theory posits that the tendency to view oneself as an object to be looked at and evaluated by others negatively affects girls', but not boys', subjective well-being. Although it has been established that women self-objectify more than men, research in this area has been limited to the study of adult college women. The aim in the current longitudinal study was to investigate the role of body shame and rumination in the link between self-objectification and depression among a community sample of girls and boys at ages 11 and 13. Results indicated that adolescent girls reported higher levels of self-objectification, body shame, rumination, and depression than boys. The findings support a model in which body shame and rumination mediate a direct relation between self-objectification and depression among girls; developmentally, the gender difference in self-objectification appears before the gender differences in rumination and depression.
Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: Predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method

Abstract Animal colour patterns are adaptive for three reasons: camouflage, communication and physico-physiological functions. This study proposes a conceptual framework for predicting the main adaptive function of carnivore colour patterns based on three factors: visibility, shape and location on the body, as well as, their behavioural ecological correlates. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach, the colour patterns present on the body, the tail and the eyes of 200 species of mammalian carnivores were analysed. Their evolutionary history was reconstructed using MacClade and Maddison's concentrated-changes test was used to test the association between species» colour patterns and their behavioural ecology on a composite phylogeny for all the Carnivora. The results for dark spots, vertical stripes, horizontal stripes, ringed tails, black tail tips, white tail tips, dark eye contour and dark eye patches, are presented. The comparative analyses indicate that spotted, vertically striped and horizontally striped coats evolved for camouflage. Tail markings seem to have evolved for intra- and/or inter-specific communication, while dark markings near and around the eyes are associated with variables consistent with a physico-physiological function. These findings suggest that both the physical environment and animal behaviour are important selective factors driving the evolution of animal colour patterns and that both need to be taken into consideration in future studies of animal coloration.
The Children's Action Tendency Scale: Is It Reliable and Valid with Latino Youngsters?

The Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS) is designed to ascertain how a youth will tend to behave in conflict situations. Although the CATS has favorable psychometric properties, it was developed with an Anglo sample. We evaluated the CATS with a sample of Latino youth and obtained similarly positive findings with respect to the instrument's reliability and validity, suggesting that it may be usefully employed in social work practice with Latino sixth and seventh graders.
Evidence of a myoepithelial cell in tick salivary glands

Type III acini from feeding female Dermacentor variabilis varied in size during in vitro and in vivo fluid production. As the type III acinus enlarged, its lumen enlarged and the adlumenal cell became thinner. As the acinus contracted, its lumen became smaller while the adlumenal cell became wider. Actin was demonstrated in salivary glands using an immunoblot technique. Actin was localized in the adlumenal cells of type III acini with fluorescent microscopy using rhodamine-phalloidin and with electron microscopy using heavy meromyosin to decorate actin filaments. Pre-treatment of salivary glands with cytochalasin D abolished fluorescence in adlumenal cells subsequently treated with rhodamine-phalloidin. These results support the hypothesis that the adlumenal cell in type III acini functions as a myoepithelial cell.
Teachers' Beliefs: The “Whys” Behind the “How Tos” in Child Care Classrooms

Abstract This paper examines the explanations offered by 12 child care teachers for their classroom activities and behaviors. The study was intended to explore the ability of teachers to articulate their beliefs (through stated rationales for their practices) and personal and professional influences related to those beliefs (rationales). The teachers were videotaped in their classrooms and then asked to view the videotapes and provide a “rationale” for their classroom activities and actions, as well as to describe what may have influenced their stated beliefs about what was taking place in their classrooms. The Constant Comparative Method was used to organize and analyze the data for recurring themes. Of the 871 rationales provided, 33% of them focused on children's socio-emotional development. Surprisingly, only 10% of the rationales focused on children's cognitive development and 6% focused on children's language development. However, teachers with 4-year degrees provided twice as many rationales that w...
Supplemental dietary protein for grazing dairy cows: Effect on pasture intake and lactation performance

Abstract One hundred twenty-four cows (92 multiparous and 32 primiparous) were used to evaluate the effect of grain supplements containing high crude protein [(22.8% CP, 5.3% rumen undegradable protein (RUP), dry matter basis], moderate CP (16.6% CP, 6.1% RUP), and moderate CP with supplemental RUP (16.2% CP, 10.8% RUP) on lactation performance of Holstein cows rotationally grazing annual ryegrass-oat pastures. Supplemental protein was provided by solvent extracted soybean meal in the high CP and moderate CP supplements and as a corn gluten meal-blood meal mixture (2.8:1) in the moderate CP, high RUP supplement. Cows were blocked according to previous mature milk equivalent production and calving date (partum group;0 d in milk or postpartum group; 21 to 65 d in milk) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments. Grain was individually fed, at approximately a 1:3 grain to milk ratio, before a.m. and p.m milkings. The study was replicated during two grazing seasons that averaged 199 d. Cows had ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay while on pasture (dry matter intake ?1.3 kg/d). Protein supplementation had no effect on study long pasture dry matter (12.7 ± 1.0 kg/d) or total dry matter (23.9 ± 1.2 kg/d) consumption. Protein concentration did not affect actual milk yield of either calving group (high CP vs. moderate CP); however, postpartum group cows receiving high CP grain supplements maintained greater milk fat concentrations (3.34 vs. 3.11%), which led to higher fat-corrected milk (FCM) yields than control cows receiving moderate CP grain diets (30.3 vs. 28.9 kg/d). Crude protein concentration in milk of high CP-supplemented, postpartum group cows was also higher than moderate CP cows (3.42 vs. 3.27%). Additional RUP did not increase FCM yield above that generated by moderate CP grain diets for partum (34.3 vs. 32.9 kg/d) or postpartum-group cows (28.9 vs. 28.2 kg/d). Increasing CP concentration of grain supplement did not affect milk yield of Holstein cows grazing immature winter annual pastures. Supplementing additional RUP was without benefit, indicating that in this study energy deprivation may have been the major nutritional constraint for high-producing dairy cows grazing lush pastures.
Effects of postnatal hypoxia-ischemia on cholinergic neurons in the developing rat forebrain: choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry

Choline acetyltransferase; Caudate-putamen; Nucleus basalis; Striatum; Cholinergic neuron We studied the effect of early postnatal hypoxia-ischemia on cholinergic neurons in the developing rat forebrain using immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). In 7-day-old rat pups, hypoxia-ischemia was induced in one cerebral hemisphere by combining unilateral carotid ligation with exposure to 8% oxygen for 2.5 h. This procedure caused brain injury in the hemisphere ipsilateral to ligation, most prominent in the corpus striatum, hippocampus and overlying cortex. In animals sacrificed 2-3 weeks after the insult, at approximately 3 weeks of age, the density of eholinergic cell bodies was slightly higher in the lesioned rostrai caudate-putamen than the opposite side (+ 12%, P < 0.05). In the more caudal portion of caudate-putamen, this effect was greater. In contrast, the size of the cholinergic perikarya in the injured striatum was significantly reduced. Cholinergic neurons in the septum (Chl, Ch2), globus pallidus and nucleus basalis (Ch4) were relatively unaffected. Considered together with previously reported neurochemical data, these observations suggest that the immature eholinergie neurons are less vulnerable to death from hypoxia-ischemia than other components of the striatum. However, differentiation of surviving cholinergic perikarya and possibly their axonodendritic processes may be disrupted'oy the early insult.
Toxicological information series, I. Toxicological information.

Abstract This paper presents a brief history of the evolution of toxicological information in the United States since 1966 when concern over the hazards of the ubiquitous chemicals in the environment was translated into recommendations for action by The Panel on the Handling of Toxicological Information of the President's Science Advisory Committee. It describes some of the data bases that were developed as a result of these recommendations and introduces a series of papers that discuss toxicology information resources, their content, and their accessibility. The series is a project of the Information Handling Committee of the Society of Toxicology. Papers II–V of this series will be published in subsequent issues of Fundamental and Applied Toxicology .
Topology of trajectories of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations.

In spectral form the 2D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a square periodic region will be represented by 430 complex Fourier amplitudes which correspond to isotropic truncation of the upper wave number 16. For small viscosity, we have found five equilibrium states I–V in the entire range of forcing; I—fixed point, II—circle, III—closed orbit, IV—torus, and V—chaos. The fixed‐point equilibrium state is the laminar flow. As the forcing passes through a critical value, the fixed point evolves directly to equilibrium state III under a typical multimode forcing. The chaotic transition takes place on a 2‐torus‐like manifold (equilibrium state IV) which is the product space of a circle and the closed orbit of equilibrium state III, similar to the quasiperiodic 2‐torus of Ruelle and Takens. For sufficiently large forcing, the evolution of equilibrium state V is nothing but a simulation of quasistationary 2D turbulence. From the Lyapunov exponents of turbulent flows, we have evaluated the constants in the theoretical results of Foias and his colleagues, which relate the determining mode and fractal dimension with the enstrophy dissipation wave number of 2D turbulence.
Carbonyl Olefination Using Readily Prepared Tungsten Metallacycles

Treating the bis(imido) W(NAr)(2)Cl(2)(DME) with 2 equiv of cyclooctyne in pentane results in precipitation of a yellow complex containing a 6-membered metallacycle, W(C(8)H(12)C(8)H(12)NAr)(NAr)Cl(2) (1). This easily accessible compound was tested for its ability to effect carbonyl olefination/ring-closing metathesis (CO/RCM) with two substrates. One ketone was tested, 1-acetyl-1-(3-butenyl)cyclopentane, which generates 1-methylspiro[4.4]non-1-ene on CO/RCM. An ester, 4-benzoyloxybut-1-ene, was also test with 1 for CO/RCM. The dichloride 1 was found to be inactive; consequently, several derivatives were prepared, fully characterized including X-ray diffraction, and tested: W(C(8)H(12)C(8)H(12)NAr)(NAr)(OEt)(2) (2), W(C(8)H(12)C(8)H(12)NAr)(NAr)(OC(6)H(4)-p-OMe)(2) (3), W(C(8)H(12)C(8)H(12)NAr)(NAr)(OC(6)F(5))(2) (4), and W(C(8)H(12)C(8)H(12)NAr)(NAr)(Cl)(OTf) (5). In addition, synthesis of cationic complexes was attempted using 1 with Na[B(Ar(F))(4)] or AlCl(3). We were unsuccessful in fully characterizing the cations; however, these cations generated in situ show very high activity for CO/RCM with these substrates.
Early warning systems for identifying sick children

Early warning scores are becoming increasingly topical and widespread in paediatrics. This article examines the evidence base behind them and reinforces the call for a nationally coordinated setup programme.
The use of an alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a duckweed Lemna perpusilla as test organisms for toxicity bioassays of spent bleaching liquors and their components

Abstract The toxicity of spent chlorination and caustic extraction liquors and several of their compounds has been verified using as test organisms two aquatic plants, an alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a duckweed Lemna perpusilla . The effect on acute toxicity of increasing numbers of chlorine substituents on the phenolic rings was reconfirmed, and trends relating toxicity to the number and type of oxygen-bearing substituents on the phenolic ring were also reported. The use of aquatic plants as test organisms in toxicity bioassays requires more refinement but ultimately could complement current bioassays using aquatic animals.
Information systems professionals: skills for th 1990s

Results are reported of a survey of 79 senior information systems managers in order to determine the skills needed by project managers, systems analysts/designers, and programmers in the 1990s. The respondents are senior information systems professionals representing 58 organizations of varying size in several different industries. Data were gathered via structured interviews and compared with similar data from 1978 and 1987. The results are used to examine the relative importance of the six skill requirement areas identified in the information systems curriculum recommended by the Association for Computing Machinery. >
Ion temperature imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere

Detection of neutral atom emission from hot plasmas has evolved to the point where it is now possible to image hot plasmas in neutral atom emission. In this paper, we review the qualitative and quantitative spatially resolved information that can be obtained from neutral atom images, e.g., hot ion transport and ion temperatures. A challenging aspect of neutral atom imaging of the earth's quiet time magnetosphere is that the combination of small neutral fluxes and spacecraft motion necessitates the development of algorithms capable of summing neutral emission obtained from different vantage points over many months to obtain statistically significant images. The image summing algorithm and typical summed images are also presented in this work.
In vivo cleavage of a target RNA by copper kanamycin A. Direct observation by a fluorescence assay

A novel fluorescence assay to monitor in vivo cleavage chemistry of RNA target sequences has been established and used to demonstrate the activity of copper aminoglycoside mediated degradation of RNA in bacterial cells.
On the Persistency of Excitation for Blind Channel Estimation in Cyclic Prefix Systems

Recently, a new subspace-based blind channel estimation algorithm in cyclic prefix (CP) system was reported. A persistency of excitation (PE) property of the input signal is required for the algorithm to work. In this paper, the probability of fulfilling the PE property under different situations is studied. Four factors in the algorithm affect the PE property of the input signal: 1) signal constellation used; 2) precoder coefficients; 3) number of consecutive blocks; 4) a number called the repetition index. Theoretical derivations as well as numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the main points of this paper. Important conclusions are 1) that the probability of fulfilling the PE property increases and converges to unity when the number of received blocks increases but is always upper-bounded by a value less than unity when the repetition index increases; 2) that the probability of fulfilling the PE property is smaller when the algorithm is applied in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems than in single-carrier-cyclic-prefix (SC-CP) systems.
Closed-loop smart antenna systems with controllable metamaterial lattice interactions

This paper provides an introductory discussion and sample preliminary results on a new metamaterial-based smart antenna concept. This new antenna concept is based on controlling closed-loop interactions between printed slot microstrip patterns and a variety of lattice substrate structures. These type of interactions are controlled via the integration of controllable active devices within a set of microstrip antenna geometries that are under consideration. The resulting antenna technology enables the real-time configuration of antenna systems that transmit multiple programmable tones across large percentage bandwidths. The control philosophy is based on specifying a desired spectrum within the system memory and then iteratively sequencing through a series of programmable modes on the antenna-integrated substrate devices to achieve convergence to the desired spectrum.
Meniscal Root Suturing Techniques: Implications for Root Fixation

Background: Meniscal root tears have attracted increasing interest in recent years. Fixation is an important factor for rehabilitation and avoidance of early failure. Suture fixations have been the most commonly used techniques. The current study aimed to evaluate the maximum failure load of the native meniscal roots (anteromedial, posteromedial, anterolateral, and posterolateral) and of 3 commonly used meniscal root fixation techniques (2 simple stitches, modified Kessler stitch, and loop stitch).Hypotheses: (1) There will be no difference in maximum failure load between the native meniscal roots. (2) The loop stitch will sustain the greatest maximum load to failure, followed by the modified Kessler stitch and the 2 simple stitches. (3) The maximum failure load of the native meniscal roots will not be restored by the tested fixation methods.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: The maximum failure load of the 4 human native meniscal roots was evaluated using 64 human meniscal roots. Addition...
Structural Mechanism of S-Adenosyl Methionine Binding to Catechol O-Methyltransferase

Methyltransferases possess a homologous domain that requires both a divalent metal cation and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to catalyze its reactions. The kinetics of several methyltransferases has been well characterized; however, the details regarding their structural mechanisms have remained unclear to date. Using catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) as a model, we perform discrete molecular dynamics and computational docking simulations to elucidate the initial stages of cofactor binding. We find that COMT binds SAM via an induced-fit mechanism, where SAM adopts a different docking pose in the absence of metal and substrate in comparison to the holoenzyme. Flexible modeling of the active site side-chains is essential for observing the lowest energy state in the apoenzyme; rigid docking tools are unable to recapitulate the pose unless the appropriate side-chain conformations are given a priori. From our docking results, we hypothesize that the metal reorients SAM in a conformation suitable for donating its methyl substituent to the recipient ligand. The proposed mechanism enables a general understanding of how divalent metal cations contribute to methyltransferase function.
Effects of Relative Humidity and Actuation Voltage on MEMS Reliability

Polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) commonly operate under high electric fields. When combined with humidity from the environment, corrosion becomes a critical reliability issue. Oxidation at the anode is frequently observed and reported. In this paper, we provide the first report of damage occurring at the cathode in polysilicon MEMS under high relative humidity. This unusual phenomenon is determined to be electrochemical and chemical in nature. The accelerating factors leading to cathodic dissolution are discussed and suggestions to prevent such damage are presented.
Multi-layer multi-image encoding method for hiding graylevel images

This paper proposes an encoding method to hide multiple covert images in multiple layers into a host image to form an overt image. The codes encoded in the overt image are classified into five groups, identification codes, image number codes, graylevel codes, dimension codes, and information codes. Identification codes are used to determine whether the overt image contains codes proposed in this paper or not; image number codes are used to indicate the number of covert images encoded in the overt image; graylevel codes are used to indicate the graylevel numbers of covert images; dimension codes are used to determine the sizes of covert images; information codes are used to decode covert images. Moreover, a covert image in an upper layer can hide several other covert images in a lower layer. The codes encoded in an upper-layer covert image are classified into four groups, image number codes, graylevel codes, dimension codes, and information codes. The host image and keys are not needed for decoding and all the reconstructed covert images do not contain any distortion when the proposed encoding method is used. The designer can quickly decode covert images, but people without authorization cannot successfully decode covert images. Moreover, the overt image looks almost the same as the host image.
The Response of Stilbene to Internally Generated Protons

A thick radiator neutron spectrometer has been constructed in which protons recoiling forward in the stilbene escape from the crystal and are detected in a silicon surface barrier counter. The coincident pulses from the two counters are recorded using a two-parameter analyzer. The instrument has been used to investigate (1) the response of stilbene to protons originating within the scintillator and (2) the behavior of the pulse shape discrimination as a function of the energy deposited in the stilbene crystal. The response function, which is required for the analysis of the neutron spectra, is compared with one obtained for protons incident externally on the same crystal. Small differences between the two response functions are observed and analyzed. Concerning the behavior of the pulse shape discrimination between protons and electrons it is found that, for internally generated protons, the ability to separate protons from electrons worsens as the energy deposited in the scintillator decreases. This contrasts with the behavior for protons which stop in the scintillator. The results support the hypothesis that the fast component of the pulse decreases with increasing stopping power whereas the slow component depends primarily on the energy lost. The results are analyzed and may be interpreted with certain assumptions to give the ratio of the fast and slow scintillation components.
Finite Deformations and Motions of a Pre-stressed Incompressible Elastic Tube:

Rivlin’s exact solution for finite bending of a rectangular block of incompressible isotropic elastic material into a circular cylindrical sector is specialized to the case of complete bending, in which two ends of the block are brought together. These ends may be glued together to form a circular cylindrical tube without introducing any stress discontinuity. Several boundary value problems that admit exact solutions, radial inflation or compaction, eversion, steady rotation, radial oscillation, torsion, azimuthal shearing and telescopic shearing, for a natural (unstressed) tube admit similar exact solutions for the pre-stressed tube. Except for the last two shearing deformations, these solutions for both the natural tube and the pre-stressed tube are independent of the strain energy. The availability of similar exact solutions for a naturally circular tube and for a pre-stressed tube that was originally a rectangular block should provide useful information about the effects of pre-stress on non-linearly ...
A variety of (3 + 1)-dimensional Burgers equations derived by using the Burgers recursion operator

A new variety of (3 + 1)-dimensional Burgers equations is presented. The recursion operator of the Burgers equation is employed to establish these higher-dimensional integrable models. A generalized dispersion relation and a generalized form for the one kink solutions is developed. The new equations generate distinct solitons structures and distinct dispersion relations as well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchronized control in a large-scale networked distributed printing system

As engineered systems that have traditionally been controlled centrally become more modular, distributed, and autonomous, techniques are needed to maintain control coordination among independent elements, often across a network with delays and bandwidth limitations. In particular, manufacturing systems may require tight coordination, or synchronization, among components acting on the same physical object. This paper addresses the problem of controller synchronization in such a system. We present an implementation of exact controller synchronization for independent controllers in a highly modular printing domain. Our approach, which allows networked controllers to join and leave a task dynamically, has produced excellent results on a high-speed printer prototype.
Collaborative Models for Translational Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Research

Little formal research has been conducted on strategies to structure basic, preclinical, and clinical research to increase the likelihood of discovering efficacious interventions for patients with neurological diseases. How academic research is organized and funded by government agencies and foundations seems likely to affect the quality and rate of production of valued therapeutic agents. Few models for translational biomedical research, however, have been defined and no strategies have been compared. Given the narrow width of expertise and laboratory capacity of individual investigators, the complexity of identifying and manipulating mechanisms of disease components over time, and the demand for solutions from society, our continued reliance on funding therapeutic discovery through standalone investigators and projects seems counterproductive. Models are described for funding collaborations of basic and clinical scientists to work in iterative, adaptable, cross-disciplinary interactions around key progress-limiting questions. Problem-oriented collaborations require leadership, incentives, trust, ongoing assessment, and an efficient infrastructure that overcomes barriers. These models are as testable as the hypotheses that drive scientific research.