cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of action of known human carcinogens.

Mutational mechanisms can be proposed for most, if not all, known human carcinogens. Many of these are electrophilic or metabolically activated to reactive molecules which can alter DNA, causing genetic damage and different types of mutations. Even some human carcinogens previously proposed to be nongenotoxic (e.g., hormones and asbestos) exhibit mutational activity in assays for chromosomal mutations. Since such chemicals are usually inactive in the Salmonella assay and other assays for gene mutation, more emphasis has been placed on their nonmutational mechanisms. Clear evidence exists that these carcinogens can alter gene expression and stimulate cell proliferation by epigenetic mechanisms. Such properties are undoubtedly important in their carcinogenic activity. Although they are less well studied, DNA reactive, genotoxic carcinogens also alter gene expression and increase cell turnover by epigenetic mechanisms. These findings are consistent with the current understanding of the molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis. Most common human cancers evolve as the result of multiple mutational events. The molecular basis of these mutations is varied, and they include point mutations, deletion mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, gene amplification and chromosomal losses and gains. Therefore, different mutational activities of carcinogens can influence the carcinogenic process at different steps. Influences on gene expression and cell proliferation are also important in allowing clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells and in disrupting the suppressive effects of surrounding normal cells on preneoplastic cells (Dotto et al., 1988). The mechanisms of action of human carcinogens, and very probably many rodent carcinogens, include both genetic and epigenetic processes. Carcinogenesis is a multistep, multigenic, multicausal process (Barrett, 1987b), so both epigenetic and genetic factors are probably important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: Sick, Symptomatic but Underrecognized

Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) appears to be underrecognized or at least underreported in the medical literature. We have found that these children may suffer the same, if not more, severe consequences of sleep disordered breathing than obstructive sleep apnea patients. Seventy-five infants and children were age and gender matched from a heterogeneous patient population in Southern California. Each patient underwent clinical polysomnography. Twenty-five patients were in each of three groups. Group one patients were clinician referred to the sleep clinic and were found to be free of significant sleep pathology. Group two patients had UARS. Group three patients had frank obstructive sleep apnea. The three groups differed on respiratory, sleep and snoring parameters. A heuristic is presented to help clinicians tailor their treatment approach and sleep scientists to test the model to aid in the understanding of UARS.
Mini-Medical School Programs' Influence on Students' Desire to Pursue Medicine.

Abstract Purpose Mini-Medical school programs have become an increasingly popular means of encouraging high-school students to consider medical professions. However, there is little research evaluating the long-term effect of these programs on influencing career choice. The purpose of our study was to determine the motivational factors for attending the Mini-Medical school programs at our institution, student satisfaction with their experience, and whether it impacts intended secondary education and career choices. Methods An online anonymous survey was distributed to Drexel University College of Medicine Mini-Medical school program graduates to determine factors influencing student participation and program satisfaction. Results The most influential factors in attending the program were to confirm an interest in medicine ( n = 55, 95%) and parental advice ( n = 29, 50%). Most maintained an interest in medicine: 57% ( n = 33) pursued a pre-med degree, 55% ( n = 32) planned to apply to medical school within 3 years; and 12% ( n = 7) were either in medical school or matriculating in the fall of 2015. 91% ( n = 53) participants noted the program's influence on choosing a pre-med undergraduate track. Conclusion Our results suggest Mini-Medical school programs significantly impacted students' decision to pursue a medical career through fostering interest and effectively answering students' questions about the field.
Nitrate Reductase: A Nexus of Disciplines, Organisms, and Metabolism

Measurements of enzymes that mediate uptake and transformations of nutrients are important tools for aquatic microbial ecologists in understanding biogeochemical cycling. Nitrate reductase (NR) functions at a central regulatory step in nitrogen assimilation and so is a critical target for assessing nitrogen availability and use. Importantly, recent work demonstrates that NR can provide such information even when nitrogen is not the primary limiting resource, and also provides data about organismal genetic and functional diversity, and even insight into stress metabolism. NR measurements offer a means to explore complex interactions involving symbioses and cell–cell communication and also help integrate genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomics approaches to understanding microbial ecology and ecosystem dynamics. Moreover, NR has practical applications including biosensor and bioremediation technologies.
Computational investigation of the effects of knee airbag design on the interaction with occupant lower extremity in frontal and oblique impacts

ABSTRACTObjective: The lower extremity of the occupant represents the most frequently injured body region in motor vehicle crashes. Knee airbags (KABs) have been implemented as a potential countermeasure to reduce lower extremity injuries. Despite the increasing prevalence of KABs in vehicles, the biomechanical interaction of the human lower extremity with the KAB has not been well characterized. This study uses computational models of the human body and KABs to explore how KAB design may influence the impact response of the occupant's lower extremities.Methods: The analysis was conducted using a 50th percentile male occupant human body model with deployed KABs in a simplified vehicle interior. The 2 common KAB design types, bottom-deploy KAB (BKAB) and rear-deploy KAB (RKAB), were both included. A state-of-the-art airbag modeling technique, the corpuscular particle method, was adopted to represent the deployment dynamics of the unfolding airbags. Validation of the environment model was performed based on...
Meniscus growth during the wiping stage of intaglio (gravure) printing

During intaglio (gravure) printing, a blade wipes excess ink from the engraved plate with the object of leaving ink-filled cells defining the image to be printed. That objective is not completely attained. Capillarity draws some ink from the cell into a meniscus connecting the blade to the substrate, and the continuing motion of the engraved plate smears that ink over its surface. By examining the limit of vanishing capillary number ( , based on substrate speed), we reduce the problem of determining smear volume to one of hydrostatics. Using numerical solutions of the corresponding free-boundary problem for the Stokes equations of motion, we show that the hydrostatic theory provides an upper bound to smear volume for finite . The theory explains why polishing to reduce the tip radius of the blade is an effective way to control smearing.
Seismic Reflection Expression of Reactivated Structures in the New Madrid Rift Complex

An important aspect of seismogenesis concerns the role of preexisting faults and other structural features as preferred zones of weakness in determining the pattern of strain accumulation and seismicity. Reactivation of zones of weakness by present day stress fields may be the cause of many intraplate earthquakes. To understand the relation between reactivated structures and seismicity, it is necessary to identify structures which are properly oriented with respect to the present-day stress field so that reactivation can occur. The seismic reflection method is very useful for identifying and delineating structures, particularly in areas where the structures are buried as in the New Madrid seismic zone. Application of the seismic reflection method in widely separated locations within the New Madrid rift complex has resulted in successful detection and delineation of reactivated rift-related structures which are believed to be associated with earthquake activity. The purpose of this paper is to discuss results from seismic reflection profiling in the New Madrid rift complex. Reflection data from several surveys including USGS Vibroseis* surveys in the Reelfoot rift area reveal reactivated faults and other deep rift-related structures which appear to be associated with seismicity. High-resolution explosive and Mini-Sosie** reflection surveys on Reelfoot scarp and through the town of Cottonwood Grove, Tennessee, clearly show reverse faults in Paleozoic and younger rocks which have been reactivated to offset younger rocks. A Vibroseis survey in the Wabash Valley area of the New Madrid rift complex provides direct evidence for a few hundred feet of post-Pennsylvanian age reactivation of large-offset normal faults in Precambrian-age basement rocks. Several earthquake epicenters have been located in the vicinity of these structures. In the Rough Creek graben, Vibroseis reflection data provide clear evidence for reactivation of basement faults. The success of these reflection surveys shows that well-planned seismic reflection surveys must be included in any program seeking to determine the relationship between preexisting zones of weakness and seismicity of an area.
Periprosthetic fractures of the distal femur after total knee arthroplasty : Plate versus nail fixation.

Abstract The incidence of periprosthetic fractures about a TKA is increasing. Traditionally, these fractures are classified by their location and prosthesis integrity. In the setting of a supracondyar fracture about a well-fixed prosthesis, both plate and nail fixation of the fracture present themselves as options, each with unique benefits and pitfalls. Through review and discussion of the literature, we aim to describe some of the patient, fracture, and implant related factors that should be considered when planning fixation of periprosthetic fractures about a TKA. Additionally, we present several technical pearls that may be useful in the successful treatment of these difficult injuries. Level of evidence 4.
Hurdles to the Development of Effective HBV Immunotherapies and HCV Vaccines

Chronic infections with HBV and HCV continue to be major public health problems, with hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide; this is despite the availability of both an effective prophylactic HBV vaccine for more than 3 decades and potent direct antivirals for HBV and, more recently, HCV infection. Consequently, development of HBV immunotherapies and prophylactic HCV vaccines remains extremely urgent, but limited funding and significant gaps in our understanding of the correlates of immune protection pose serious hurdles for the development of novel immune-based interventions. Here we discuss immunological questions related to HBV and HCV, some shared and some pertinent to only 1 of the viruses, that should be addressed for the rational design of HBV immunotherapies and HCV vaccines.
Multimodal Advanced Imaging for Concussion

In the United States alone, 1.6 to 3.8 million people have sports-related concussions yearly. The patho-mechanisms of concussions may not be directly measured by conventional neuroimaging; advanced models may be needed to address the shortcomings of the current clinical protocols. Multimodal advanced imaging may provide more accurate diagnosis and predict the clinical course of concussion, assessing the efficacy of existing and emerging multifaceted therapies. In this article, the authors present an overview and pictorial display of conventional and advanced multimodal MR imaging methods that have been applied to identify the brain structures affected in traumatic brain injuries.
From Imagination to Creativity

Imagination is the necessary ingredient for major innovational breakthroughs. There have been different explanations as to how imagination might start and how to keep it going. Manu (2007) maintains that starting the imagination journey is triggered by the desire for a better quality of life. However, Epstein (1996) posits that a specific challenge jolts the imagination. This chapter discusses 12 propositions that foster the imagination journey.
College/University Instructional Physical Activity Programs and Academic Success in Higher Education

The goal of this review was to explore literature concerning the connection between college/university instructional physical activity programs (C/U IPAP) and academic success in college students. ...
Secondary agency conflicts: A synthesis and proposed measurement model

Abstract Secondary agency conflicts typically arise when ownership and control are combined in the hands of dominant shareholders who could then seek to misappropriate returns at the expense of minority shareholders. This type of agency conflict has attracted attention from researchers for the past nearly three decades. However, efforts at measuring secondary agency conflicts have been fragmented and scattered. The absence of a coherent and valid approach to assess the scope and intensity of secondary agency conflicts has impeded progress in both empirical and conceptual development of the topic area. Based on a review of the extant body of literature, this paper develops a composite Shareholder Inequity index that measures the potential for secondary agency conflicts employing three different governance dimensions that are grounded in the agency literature: blockholder power, differential control, and the absence of board neutrality. The index is tested and validated empirically using a sample of 748 publicly listed U.S. firms. The resulting Shareholder Inequity index demonstrates high levels of validity and reliability. Future corporate governance studies can utilize this validated measure to investigate potential secondary agency conflicts more consistently and rigorously in order to strengthen organizational theory development and research.
Arrhythmic Risk Stratification for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Should We Ask Who Is at High Risk or Who Is at Low Risk?

See Article by Orgeron et al Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a progressive disorder characterized by morphological changes in the myocardium that place the patient at risk for lethal ventricular arrhythmias. A genetic mutation involving desmosomes is seen in most patients1 that affects myocyte cell-to-cell adhesion. Athletes are likely to express this disease at an earlier age as exercise promotes progression of the disease. Because either ventricle can be affected, the term arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy has been proposed.1,2 Diagnosis is based on criteria as set out in the 2010 Task Force document,3 encompassing ventricular structure, histology, electrocardiographic features, arrhythmias, and genetic features. In 2015, an International Task Force published a consensus statement to provide clinical practice guidance based on available evidence and expert opinion.4 For implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation, the Task Force assigned a class I recommendation to patients who had been resuscitated from hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and for patients with severe right ventricular or left ventricular systolic dysfunction because these patients were felt to have life-threatening arrhythmic events >10% per year.4 The Task Force advised that an ICD should be considered (class IIa) for patients with hemodynamically stable sustained VT, syncope, nonsustained VT, or moderate ventricular dysfunction.4 A class IIb (may be considered) designation was assigned for those with minor risk factors, such as male sex, proband status, inducibility on electrophysiological study, or at least 3 precordial leads with T-wave inversion.4 Finally, class III (not recommended) was assigned to asymptomatic patients with no risk factors or healthy gene carriers.4 Since the publication of the International Task Force consensus statement, larger observational studies have added to our understanding of this disease. In 416 …
Studies on aspartate transcarbamylase and its allosteric interaction.

1. The sigmoid kinetics with respect to asparate and the competitive inhibition by cytidine triphosphate has been confirmed for aspartate transcarbamylase purified from Escherichia coli. 2. The pH dependences of native and heated aspartate transcarbamylase have been examined; that of the native enzyme is remarkable in exhibiting two optima, one at pH 8.5 and a much higher one at pH 10.2. 3. The effects of heat, urea, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and pH 10.2 on both enzyme activity and CTP inhibition have been investigated. These treatments resulted in the loss of sigmoid kinetics but, in contradiction with previous reports, sensitivity to CTP inhibition was not destroyed. However, the CTP inhibition of these treated enzymes was no longer dependent upon the concentration of aspartate. 4. Sigmoid kinetics and end product inhibition are thus not inseparably linked properties of aspartate transcarbamylase, and the homotropic and heterotropic interactions are not completely interdependent. 5. The behavior of the enzyme on Sephadex has been examined. The behavior of heated enzyme was consistent with a breakdown to smaller units, but the other treatments which destroy the sigmoid kinetics did not appear to produce dissociation to subunits. 6. The changes in enzymic behavior produced by the action of urea or pH 10.2 are completely reversible. 7. The findings have been discussed in terms of the subunit structure of aspartate transcarbamylase. In general it would appear that in our hands these desensitizing treatments have produced a weakening of interaction between subunits rather than an actual separation into catalytic and regulatory subunits.
Automatic Treebank Conversion via Informed Decoding

In this paper, we focus on the challenge of automatically converting a constituency treebank (source treebank) to fit the standard of another constituency treebank (target treebank). We formalize the conversion problem as an informed decoding procedure: information from original annotations in a source treebank is incorporated into the decoding phase of a parser trained on a target treebank during the parser assigning parse trees to sentences in the source treebank. Experiments on two Chinese treebanks show significant improvements in conversion accuracy over baseline systems, especially when training data used for building the parser is small in size.
On Electron Transfer Reactions in Disordered Media

It is the purpose of this paper to develop unified mathematical models for electron transfer reactions in condensed media. Using these models we will discuss the main qualitative features of these processes. Electron transfer reactions in the gas phase are reasonably well understood. In some cases the reaction is direct; in others it involves the formation of an unstable quasimolecule (of lifetime 10−13sec) posessing a full set of quantum numbers.1) 2) 3) 4) Using standard “adiabatic techniques” the processes can be described theoretically.5)6) In condensed media the situation is complicated by various factors such as: (1) Electrostatic interactions with the solvent that modify the energy levels and wave functions of the reactants. (2) Polarization changes in the solvent. (3) Bridge formation by solvent molecules. (4) Relaxation processes which do not occur in the gas phase. (5) The symmetry of interacting orbitals.
A New Approach for Quantitative 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Coal

The use of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane as a qualitative chemical shift standard and as a quantitative internal standard for carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy of coals and the use of samarium(II) iodide as a reagent for the realization of more quantitative spectroscopic results through the selective removal of organic free radicals from coal are discussed.
A Career in Organized Anarchy: Building Interpersonal Relationships in Higher Education

Interpersonal relationships are a foundational tool for accomplishing objectives in any organizational context but play an even more important role in Higher Education environments than many others. This work explores the value of relationships as a purposeful technique for achieving goals when no established process exists, issues are complex, or resources are scarce - scenarios which are all too familiar in Information Technology. A brief literature review sets the stage for gaining a better understanding of what drives various college and university environments and their organizational behavior models. Bases of Power are addressed as an academic concept related to influence tactics and their expected outcomes. Coupling an understanding of Higher Education cultural settings, power, and influence tactics we will examine how university decisions are made, and practical methods for directing those decisions towards desired outcomes within IT and throughout the campus communities we support. The value of relationships as an influence technique is established and strategies for how and when to cultivate relationships are discussed as they pertain to staff in diverse roles, from front-line support to CIO. Washington University in St. Louis is provided throughout this work as an example of an "Organized Anarchy" behavioral model where many semi-autonomous units exist, and actions are many times only loosely coupled to results.
Harmonic vibration testing for damage detection and localization in concrete

Current structural health monitoring techniques face significant difficulties in damage diagnosis for heterogeneous materials such as concrete. In this article, we propose a damage diagnosis method...
Methionine triggers Ppz-mediated dephosphorylation of Art1 to promote cargo-specific endocytosis

Regulation of plasma membrane (PM) protein abundance by selective endocytosis is critical for cellular adaptation to stress or changing nutrient availability. One example involves rapid endocytic turnover of Mup1, a yeast methionine transporter, in response to increased methionine availability. Here, we report that methionine triggers rapid translocation of the ubiquitin ligase adaptor Art1 to the PM and dephosphorylation of Art1 at specific threonine residues. This methionine-induced dephosphorylation of Art1 is mediated by Ppz phosphatases, and analysis of phosphomimetic and phosphorylation-defective variants of Art1 indicates that these events toggle Art1 recognition of Mup1 at the PM. Importantly, we find that Ppz phosphatases are dispensable for Art1 PM translocation, but are required for Art1 interaction with Mup1. Based on our findings, we propose that methionine influx triggers Art1 translocation to the PM, followed by Ppz-mediated dephosphorylation which promotes cargo recognition at the PM.
NMR Crystallography: Evaluation of Hydrogen Positions in Hydromagnesite by 13 C{1 H} REDOR Solid-State NMR and Density Functional Theory Calculation of Chemical Shielding Tensors.

Solid-state NMR measurements coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate how hydrogen positions can be refined in a crystalline system. The precision afforded by rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR to interrogate 13 C-1 H distances is exploited along with DFT determinations of the 13 C tensor of carbonates (CO3 2- ). Nearby 1 H nuclei perturb the axial symmetry of the carbonate sites in the hydrated carbonate mineral, hydromagnesite [4 MgCO3 ⋅Mg(OH)2 ⋅4 H2 O]. A match between the calculated structure and solid-state NMR was found by testing multiple semi-local and dispersion-corrected DFT functionals and applying them to optimize atom positions, starting from X-ray diffraction (XRD)-determined atomic coordinates. This was validated by comparing calculated to experimental 13 C{1 H} REDOR and 13 C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor values. The results show that the combination of solid-state NMR, XRD, and DFT can improve structure refinement for hydrated materials.
Trends, Outcomes and Readmissions among Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients with Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Hemodialysis: An Insight from the National Readmissions Database 2012-2014

Purpose Although renal function may improve after left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) implantation, acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring hemodialysis (HD) therapy can occur post-operatively. We sought to investigate in-hospital outcomes and readmissions among patients who developed AKI requiring HD during index admission for LVAD implantation. Methods We utilized data from the National Readmissions Database and the US Census Bureau to calculate annual national rates of in-hospital mortality, stroke, post-operative bleeding, length of stay, hospital cost and readmissions among patients who underwent implantation and developed acute kidney injury(AKI) requiring hemodialysis (HD) for years 2012 to 2014. Results We identified 208 patients with AKI on HD after LVAD implantation (weighted = 536). Among these patients, 68.5% had chronic kidney disease and 45.8% diabetes before LVAD implantation. Rates of in-hospital mortality (from 55.53% in 2012 to 34.67 % in 2014, p=0.025), length of stay (from 66.8 days in 2012 to 52.1 days in 2014, p Conclusion In-hospital mortality and length of stay are decreasing in patients requiring HD for AKI after LVAD implantation but remain higher than LVAD recipients without AKI on HD. A significant percentage of these patients who survive hospital discharge require maintenance hemodialysis.
Kinetics Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Post-consumer Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) in an Argon Atmosphere

The thermal decomposition of post-consumer samples of a carbonated water bottle made of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PC-PET, was examined by linear temperature programing under an argon atmosphere...
Delayed Cerebrospinal Fluid Cleft Formation Through the Midbrain and Thalamus Following Hemicraniectomy and Cranioplasty for Acute Subdural Hematoma

Background and importance Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cleft formation through brain parenchyma following nonpenetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a rare phenomenon. Here we present a unique case of delayed CSF cleft formation months after initial injury. Clinical presentation A 41-yr-old male presented after a fall with a right convexity acute subdural hematoma and ipsilateral frontal contusion. He underwent emergent hemicraniectomy with subsequent autologous cranioplasty 2 mo later. At 10-mo follow-up his neurological status had improved. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at that time demonstrated encephalomalacia at the site of his prior contusion and punctate right pontine traumatic shearing injury. The patient re-presented to clinic 13 mo after initial injury with 2 mo of progressively worsening dysarthria, left hand numbness, diplopia, and dysphagia. MRI revealed a new tubular-shaped CSF cleft extending from the fourth ventricle, through the right midbrain and thalamus that was not present on prior MRI. Computed tomography cisternogram confirmed communication with the ventricular system, and there was no clinical evidence for elevated CSF pressure. One month later, the patient's symptoms had not improved, and imaging revealed progression of the CSF cleft. Following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, progression of the cleft ceased. We postulate that this cleft was a late sequela of traumatic shearing injury. We discuss our efforts to diagnose the etiology of the cleft and the rationale for our management strategy. Conclusion To our knowledge, this represents the first reported delayed-onset CSF cleft through the midbrain and thalamus after closed TBI.
CROCODILES, SHARKS, AND SOME SPECULATIONS ON CENTRAL PETEN PRECLASSIC HISTORY

The first part of this two-part essay discusses the important roles crocodiles and sharks played in Preclassic (and later) political geography and myths of cosmogenesis in Mesoamerica. They are associated with sacrifices resulting in creation of the world and births of some major gods. Crocodiles are also associated with fertility, rebirth, and renewal of seasonal and temporal/calendrical cycles. Recent investigations at Nixtun-Ch'ich’ show that its gridded urban landscape, established in the Middle Preclassic period (ca. 800–400 b.c.), was likely modeled on a crocodile's back. The second part of the essay presents some speculations on the early role of this site and crocodiles in central Peten. At Tikal, archaeology and retrospective texts indicate that crocodiles appeared in early versions of the site's emblem glyph and in the name of an early ruler. Nixtun-Ch'ich’ might be the legendary chi place, important in the dynastic foundations of several lowland Maya centers.
The Unvaccinated Febrile Child: No Shot, Too Hot!

This chapter reviews the epidemiology of serious bacterial infection in children. We discuss an evidence based approach to the well appearing febrile, but unvaccinated child who presents to the emergency department.
Total Synthesis of (-)-Curvulamine

Curvulamine and related polypyrrole alkaloids represent a fascinating new class of natural products with unprecedented chemical structures, intriguing biological activities, and mysterious biosynthetic origins. Herein we report the first studies toward these molecules, resulting in a 10-step total synthesis of (-)-curvulamine, a dimeric member with promising Gram-positive and -negative antibiotic activity. A number of interesting chemical findings, including exploitation of the heteroaromatic pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepinone nucleus and an efficient stereodivergent reduction, are reported.
Estimating State-Industry Employment: With an Application to Industrial Localisation

We describe a method to construct an industry-by-state repeated cross-section of employment at the most dis-aggregated level publicly available, covering 1963–2012. Non-disclosed data are estimated with a procedure using the hierarchical information structure. To illustrate the usefulness of the procedure, the resulting estimated data are tested to determine if industrial localization of the processed food sector has changed over the last fifty years in the United States. Our findings suggest it has not changed systemically despite variation in levels of localization within industries.
A Bayesian Latent Variable Selection Model for Nonignorable Missingness.

Missing data are exceedingly common across a variety of disciplines, such as educational, social, and behavioral science areas. Missing not at random (MNAR) mechanism where missingness is related t...
Small mammal daily activity periods derived using AHDriFT camera traps

Determining when and under what conditions a species is active is essential to understanding its natural history and ecological niche. Estimating daily activity periods traditionally requires substantial field effort, especially for small mammals that are difficult to observe. Camera traps provide exact activity times but can be challenging to apply effectively for small mammals. We used a relatively new approach for camera trap surveys, the Adapted-Hunt Drift Fence Technique (AHDriFT), and for the first time demonstrate its efficacy to determine small mammal activity periods. We set 15 AHDriFT arrays in northern Ohio wet meadows from 10 March to 06 October 2019. We produced high-resolution daily activity periods for 10 small mammal species. We also modeled how temporal, weather, and spatial covariates influenced the activity of the five most frequently observed species. We generally found that small mammals at our study sites were most active from late summer into fall and decreased their activity on days with heavy precipitation. Jumping mice and deer mice were most active in the relatively sparse vegetation of forest-meadow edges, while voles and shrews displayed opposite trends. Five species had more nuanced daily activity periods than their historic descriptions, suggesting that AHDriFT can refine broad activity categorizations. We provide a precise hourly assessment of the daily activity periods for some of the most abundant and widespread North American small mammals.
Developing Resilience Understanding as a Tool for Regional and Tourism Development in Bavaria

The paper focuses on long-term strategies to apply concepts of economic resilience in a practical context of Bavarian tourism regions. Based on the case study of the Ingolstadt region and tourism destinations in Bavaria (Germany), qualitative empirical methods are used to look at the specific barriers to implement resilience strategies on the regional level. Implications of transferring resilience understanding to challenges of tourism regions, the role of destination managers and organizational preconditions to introduce destination resilience are discussed to emphasise the value of the concept to regional practitioners.
β-glucosidase supplementation during biomass hydrolysis: How low can we go?

Abstract Corn stover was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid to test the interaction effects of pH, cellulase loading and β-glucosidase loadings on biomass hydrolysis rates. A response surface model was developed showing that β-glucosidase supplementation had limited practical impact on hydrolysis between 0.5 and 2 CBU FPU −1 . The only significant interaction in the model was between pH and β-glucosidase loading but it also had little practical significance. Corn stover and corn cob were used to test the effects of further β-glucosidase reduction. Significant hydrolysis improvements were seen when 0.2 CBU FPU −1 were added but very little improvement was seen for higher loadings. Residual cellobiose concentrations confirmed these findings but suggest that further reductions would have more noticeable negative effects on hydrolysis rates. Results show that β-glucosidase supplementation during biomass hydrolysis can be reduced to between 10% and 20% of typical loadings.
Reconstitution of the Sodium/Potassium Pump

Several aspects of the Na+/K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) are reviewed in this volume. In order to prove that the Na+/K+-ATPase is the Na+/K+ pump, it was necessary to insert the purified enzyme in a bilayer (liposomes or black lipid membranes) and reconstitute Na+ and K+ transport.
Cognitive Architecture in Mobile Music Interactions

This paper explores how a general cognitive architecture can pragmatically facilitate the development and exploration of interactive music interfaces on a mobile platform. To this end we integrated the Soar cognitive architecture into the mobile music meta-environment urMus. We develop and demonstrate four articial agents which use diverse learning mechanisms within two mobile music interfaces. We also include details of the computational performance of these agents, evincing that the architecture can support real-time interactivity on modern commodity hardware.
The results in clinical use of Rh hapten

Abstract Results with treatment of Rh-negative sensitized women from 1953 through 1960 are reported. One third of the women treated with hapten lost their babies, as opposed to nine tenths of those in the control group, severely sensitized women whose physicians had requested hapten but for whom none was available at the time of request. This improvement over previously reported results is attributed to use of the hapten earlier in pregnancy and employment of larger quantities.
Observations of total serum base in children and young adults by a conductivity method.

Values for total serum base in 96 normal children under 12 years of age as determined by the conductivity method fell between 143 to 160.5 mEq./l. The mean was 153. Standard deviations for each age group are given. The values in 73 normal persons above the age of 12 varied from 142 to 160.5 mEq./l. The mean was 147 mEq./l. A statistically significant difference between the total serum base in children and adults was found.
Optimal renewal policies for complex systems

Most maintenance and replacement models for industrial equipment have been developed for independent single-component machines. Most equipment, however, consists of multiple components. Also, when the maintenance crew services several machines, the maintenance policy for each machine is not independent of the states of the other machines. In this paper, two dynamic programming replacement models are presented. The first is used to determine the optimal replacement policy for multi-component equipment. The second is used to determine the optimal replacement policy for a multi-machine system which uses one replacement crew to service several machines. In addition, an approach is suggested for developing an efficient replacement policy for a multi-component, multi-machine system.
Antimicrobial Agents, Drug Adverse Reactions and Interactions, and Cancer

The intent of this chapter is to review the types of adverse drug reactions and interactions associated with antimicrobial agents, specifically in the setting of patients with malignancies. The initial sections will discuss categorizing and describing the mechanisms of adverse reactions and interactions. The later sections include a detailed discussion about adverse reactions and drug interactions associated with commonly used antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents in this subpopulation. Where relevant, the clinical use and indication for the drugs will be reviewed. The antibacterial section will specifically address the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and drugs of last resort (newer agents, such as linezolid and daptomycin and novel uses of older previously retired agents, such as polymyxin B). The antifungal section will address the ramification of pharmacokinetic interactions and the need to measure drug levels. The chapter is not meant to be exhaustive and as such will not extensively address all antimicrobials or all interactions for each of these agents.
Presidential Leadership Style and the Political Use of Force

A growing body of work seeks to explain the lack of clear evidence for the diversionary use of force by casting doubt on such strategies' attractiveness for policy makers: while domestic political and economic problems may provide incentives for diversion, such strategies involve political and military risks that frequently outweigh these incentives. Such theories correctly identify the objective risks involved in diversion but do not account for variation in leaders' risk-taking propensities. We develop a “first image” theory of diversion that suggests a key psychological variable (locus of control) shapes leaders' willingness to engage in risky diversionary strategies. A statistical analysis of the American use of force, 1953–2000, finds strong support for this model. We conclude that the lack of clear evidence for diversion in general is a reflection of the contingent nature of the phenomenon and call for greater attention to how agents and structures interact to produce policy behavior.
Resonance structure counts in contorted and flat hexabenzocoronenes

In several articles we have reported algorithms to count resonance structures for convex cyclofusenes and parallelogram-like benzenoids with and without holes using a combinatorial/geometric approach. In this article, using the same approach we report algorithms that facilitate resonance structure counts in both contorted and flat hexabenzocoronene.
Two-dimensional model simulations of the QBO in ozone and tracers in the tropical stratosphere

[1] Meteorological data from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) and constituent data from the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) are used to construct yearly zonal mean dynamical fields for the 1990s for use in the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) two-dimensional (2-D) chemistry and transport model. This allows for interannual dynamical variability to be included in the model constituent simulations. In this study, we focus on the tropical stratosphere. We find that the phase of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signals in equatorial CH4 and profile and total column O3 data are resolved quite well using this empirically based 2-D model transport framework. However, the QBO amplitudes in the model constituents are systematically underestimated relative to the observations at most levels. This deficiency is probably due in part to the limited vertical resolutions of the 2-D model and the UKMO and UARS input data sets. We find that using different heating rate calculations in the model affects the interannual and QBO amplitudes in the constituent fields, but has little impact on the phase. Sensitivity tests reveal that the QBO in transport dominates the ozone interannual variability in the lower stratosphere, with the effect of the temperature QBO being dominant in the upper stratosphere via the strong temperature dependence of the ozone loss reaction rates. We also find that the QBO in odd nitrogen radicals, which is caused by the QBO modulated transport of NOy, plays a significant but not dominant role in determining the ozone QBO variability in the middle stratosphere. The model mean age of air is in good overall agreement with that determined from tropical lower-middle stratospheric OMS balloon observations of SF6 and CO2. The interannual variability of the equatorial mean age in the model increases with altitude and maximizes near 40 km, with a range of 4–5 years over the 1993–2000 time period. INDEX TERMS: 0341 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—constituent transport and chemistry (3334); 3334 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Middle atmosphere dynamics (0341, 0342); 3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; 3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation; KEYWORDS: interannual variability, stratospheric circulation, ozone
Effects of Abomasal or Intravenous Administration of Arginine on Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Concentrations of Somatotropin and Insulin in Plasma of Dairy Cows

Holstein cows just past peak lactation were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of arginine infusion on concentrations of somatotropin and insulin in plasma, milk production, and milk composition. Treatments were: 1) control; 2) arginine injection into jugular vein, and 3) arginine infusion into abomasum. Concentrations of arginine and ornithine in plasma were increased by injection of arginine into the jugular vein compared with the control. The concentration of ornithine in plasma was increased shortly after injection of arginine into the jugular vein, and both arginine and ornithine concentrations in plasma decreased rapidly. Abomasal infusion of arginine significantly increased concentrations of arginine, ornithine, and urea in plasma compared with concentrations in the control treatment. Injection of arginine into the jugular vein increased concentrations of somatotropin and insulin in plasma, but the increase did not persist for more than 30 min. A secondary peak in plasma somatotropin concentration occurred approximately 1 h after the initial peak. Arginine infusion into the abomasum did not alter plasma concentrations of either somatotropin or insulin. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were not affected by treatments. Lack of changes in milk production and milk composition suggest that acute increases in somatotropin with concomitant increases in insulin are not sufficient to stimulate synthesis of milk and milk components by cows during established lactation.
The U.S. and ASEM: Why the Hegemon Didn't Bark

Relationships with the United States and American policy preferences have been important to the Asian and European members of ASEM in its establishment and activities. Yet U.S. policy, business, and media elites have paid little public attention to ASEM. The puzzle is why not. Explanations of inattentiveness or foresight about Asia's economic difficulties are unpersuasive. Instead, American "silence" fits with a reasoned understanding among internationally oriented policy and business leaders that ASEM has and will pose little in the way of difficulties for their preferences about Asia and the EU for security, civil society, and economic matters. Indeed, the maneuverings in and around ASEM about those three policy areas have been and are likely to continue to be of some modest help to American internationalists. Their domestic persuasiveness benefits from ASEM developments which bolster actions they desire and reduce pressure for policy positions they wish to avoid or believe are unlikely to gain approval in the American political economy.
The role of the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis in cancer

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is an IL-10 family cytokine produced by T cells and innate lymphoid cells. The IL-22 signaling pathway orchestrates mucosal immune defense and tissue regeneration through pleiotropic effects including pro-survival signaling, cell migration, dysplasia and angiogenesis. While these functions can prevent initial establishment of tumors, they can also be hijacked by aggressive cancers to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, the role of the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis in cancer is complex and context-specific. Evidence of IL-22 involvement manifests as dysregulation of IL-22 expression and signaling in patients with many common cancers including those of the gut, skin, lung and liver. Unlike other cancer-associated cytokines, IL-22 has restricted tissue specificity as its unique receptor IL-22R1 is exclusively expressed on epithelial and tissue cells, but not immune cells. This makes it an attractive target for therapy as there is potential achieve anti-tumor immunity with fewer side effects. This review summarizes current findings on functions of IL-22 in association with general mechanisms for tumorigenesis as well as specific contributions to particular cancers, and ponders how best to approach further research in the field.
Is Overall Oral English Ability Related to Young Latinos' English Reading Growth?.

The present study investigated whether young Latino dual-language learners' 2-year English reading growth varied over time according to their initial overall oral English ability. We followed 41 Latino children for 2 years. We tested overall oral English at the beginning of the study and administered multiple curriculum-based reading assessments at the beginning, middle, and end of each of the 2 years. The main conclusions were as follows: (a) The pattern of Instructional Reading Level growth and sound- and word-level subprocesses varied according to Overall Oral English ability. However, the impact of oral English was principally for students who had extremely low initial oral English. (b) There was no differential pattern in Comprehension or Fluency growth according to initial Overall Oral English.
Emotivism and Deflationary Truth

The paper investigates different ways to understand the claim that non-cognitivists theories of morality are incoherent. According to the claim, this is so because, on one theory of truth, non-cognitivists are not able to deny objective truth to moral judgments without taking a substantive normative position. I argue that emotivism is not self-defeating in this way. The charge of incoherence actually only amounts to a claim that emotivism is incompatible with deflationary truth, but this claim is based upon a mistake. It relies upon a problematic understanding of both emotivism and the deflationary theory of truth.
Gene therapy activates EVI1, destabilizes chromosomes.

One hazard of gene therapy is that the vector will insert into an inappropriate location, causing aberrant expression of genes that can lead to disease. A new study reveals how such events occurred in a recent gene therapy trial using a vector that has now fallen out of favor (pages 198–204).