cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress for control of bovine leukosis

Bovine leukosis (the term as used will include lymphosarcoma, the related lymphocytosis, and subclinical infection with leukosis virus) has been studied intensively in recent years and a brief review for veterinarians is presented. Serological methods have now been applied to indicate and control bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection. Since 1975, the Commission of European Communities (CEC), has sponsored international conferences annually. These have enabled coordination and exchange of current results among the concerned laboratories in Europe, as well as Canada and the United States. Emphasis has been given to the adult, sometimes called enzootic, form of bovine leukosis both because of its economic significance as the most commonly occurring, and because it is the only form with which BLV has thus far been associated. In adult lymphosarcoma there may be only scattered lymph nodes enlarged (Figure 1), but the heart, abomasum and uterus often are involved.Three other forms are grouped with the term sporadic bovine luekosis and neither BLV or BLV antibodies can be demonstrated. The infrequent juvenile, or calf, form may be fully developed at birth or delayed until the age of about two years. Visceral organs as well as nearly all lymph nodes are usually affected. The thymic form is rare and manifested in cattle about two years old by lymphosarcoma extending from the anterior chest to the larynx. The cutaneous form is also rare. It occurs in cattle one and one-half to three years old. The scattered, discrete lesions resemble warts, but are congested and often exude serum. Lymph nodes later may become enlarged, as in the adult form. Spontaneous regression of tumors may occur in the adult, juvenile and cutaneous forms.
Diet Effects on Cerebrospinal Fluid Amino Acids Levels in Adults with Normal Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND Exploration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acids and the impact of dietary intake on central levels may provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic component of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of two diets with varied nutrient compositions on change in CSF amino acids levels in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognition (NC). Secondary objectives were to assess the correlations between the change in CSF amino acids and change in Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. METHODS In a randomized, parallel, controlled feeding trial, adults (NC, n = 20; MCI, n = 29) consumed a high saturated fat (SFA)/glycemic index (GI) diet [HIGH] or a low SFA/GI diet [LOW] for 4 weeks. Lumbar punctures were performed at baseline and 4 weeks. RESULTS CSF valine increased and arginine decreased after the HIGH compared to the LOW diet in MCI (ps = 0.03 and 0.04). This pattern was more prominent in MCI versus NC (diet by diagnosis interaction ps = 0.05 and 0.09), as was an increase in isoleucine after the HIGH diet (p = 0.05). Changes in CSF amino acids were correlated with changes in Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers Aβ42, total tau, and p-Tau 181, with distinct patterns in the relationships by diet intervention and cognitive status. CONCLUSION Dietary intake affects CSF amino acid levels and the response to diet is differentially affected by cognitive status.
What are patients saying about you online? A sentiment analysis of online written reviews on Scoliosis Research Society surgeons.

PURPOSE Physician review websites have significant influence on a patient's selection of a provider, but written reviews are subjective. Sentiment analysis of writing through artificial intelligence can quantify surgeon reviews to provide actionable feedback. The objective of this study is to quantitatively analyze the written reviews of members of the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) through sentiment analysis. METHODS Online written reviews and star-rating reviews of SRS surgeons were obtained from healthgrades.com, and a sentiment analysis package was used to obtain compound scores of each physician's reviews. A t test and ANOVA was performed to determine the relationship between demographic variables and average sentiment score of written reviews. Positive and negative word and word-pair frequency analysis was performed to provide context to words used to describe surgeons. RESULTS Seven hundred and twenty-one SRS surgeon's reviews were analyzed. Analysis showed a positive correlation between the sentiment scores and overall average star-rated reviews (r2 = 0.5, p < 0.01). There was no difference in review sentiment by provider gender. However, the age of surgeons showed a significant difference as younger surgeons, on average, had more positive reviews (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The most frequently used word pairs used to describe top-rated surgeons describe compassionate providers and efficiency in pain management. Conversely, those with the worst reviews are characterized as unable to relieve pain. Through quantitative analysis of physician reviews, pain is a clear factor contributing to both positive and negative reviews of surgeons, reinforcing the need to properly manage pain expectations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
A Neuroethological Approach to Song Behavior and Perception in European Starlings: Interrelationships Among Testosterone, Neuroanatomy, Immediate Early Gene Expression, and Immune Function

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to review studies on the interrelationships among endocrine state, brain mechanisms for song perception and production, and immunocompetence and relate these to the question of female choice based on male song in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). The chapter illustrates how by studying a single species from multiple viewpoints one can start to make connections among the major physiological communications systems—namely, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. This approach is needed to address how behavior is controlled and concomitantly how these physiological systems that regulate behavioral output have themselves been shaped by natural and sexual selection. Song in European starlings is long and complex and can include imitations of sounds from other species. Several lines of evidence support the contention that male starling song is important for female mate choice. European starlings and other members of the songbirds (suborder Passeres or Oscines) have evolved a suite of neural specializations in association with their sophisticated vocal abilities, which facilitate the learning, production, and perception of song. One can consider starling song as a sequence of phrases or motifs, where each motif is an acoustically complex event. The primary adaptive function of male starling song is in attracting and obtaining mates. Male European star lings produce a long complex song that is used by females to choose mates in a breeding context. Females tend to prefer males that produce songs organized into long bouts. These studies illustrate how behavioral investigations of functional significance can provide tools to implement a neuroethological investigation of behavioral mechanisms.
Stereo high voltage electron microscopy of melanophores: Matrix transformations during pigment movements and the effects of cold and colchicine

Abstract Pigment migration in isolated melanophores of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare , has been studied by high voltage electron microscopy. Cells were isolated from the scales by collagenase and allowed to spread on Formvar and carbon-coated gold grids. Melanophores were then fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and critical-point dried for viewing of whole cells in a high voltage electron microscope (1000 kV). The three-dimensional organization of the cytoplasmic matrix was stereoscopically examined in different states of pigment distribution, as well as under cold and colchicine treatment. The most prominent matrix constituent is an extensive mesh of cytoplasmic filaments (microtrabeculae) 2–18 nm in diameter that make contact to microtubules, pigment granules, and mitochondria. Microtrabeculae undergo dramatic changes in structural appearance in association with different phases of pigment movements. Cells fixed in the process of pigment aggregation are characterized by thickened and beaded trabeculae which may form irregular clots. Part of this material trails behind centripetally moving melanosomes. In dispersing cells, microtrabeculae are straight and of relatively uniform thickness throughout their length and form a highly ordered three-dimensional lattice. Reconstruction of the mesh in part precedes the arrival of pigment granules. Under the influence of cold or colchicine treatment, microtrabeculae show a high degree of polymorphism, being beaded, branched, or flattened with globose ends. Rather formless heaps are found associated with the surface of pigment granules. Since, however, these treatments also remove microtubules, the other important component of the cytoplasmic frame, alterations in microtrabecular structure may simply be mediated through removal of this organelle. In an attempt to separate the effects on microtrabeculae and microtubules from one another, cells have been cold-treated for only 15 min, a procedure that leaves a considerable portion of microtubules intact. Also under these conditions, microtrabeculae are beaded or transformed to globose heaps and flattened sheets. The observations suggest an involvement of microtrabeculae in the process of granule movement. Centripetal melanosome migration thereby seems associated with a collapse of microtrabeculae which again are reconstructed during pigment dispersion. The cold and colchicine experiments indicate direct effects of these agents on the structure and possibly also the function of the trabecular mesh. The significance and possible chemical composition of microtrabeculae is discussed.
The Renormalization group and the epsilon expansion

Abstract The modern formulation of the renormalization group is explained for both critical phenomena in classical statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. The expansion in ϵ = 4− d is explained [ d is the dimension of space (statistical mechanics) or space-time (quantum field theory)]. The emphasis is on principles, not particular applications. Sections 1–8 provide a self-contained introduction at a fairly elementary level to the statistical mechanical theory. No background is required except for some prior experience with diagrams. In particular, a diagrammatic approximation to an exact renormalization group equation is presented in sections 4 and 5; sections 6–8 include the approximate renormalization group recursion formula and the Feyman graph method for calculating exponents. Sections 10–13 go deeper into renormalization group theory (section 9 presents a calculation of anomalous dimensions). The equivalence of quantum field theory and classical statistical mechanics near the critical point is established in section 10; sections 11–13 concern problems common to both subjects. Specific field theoretic references assume some background in quantum field theory. An exact renormalization group equation is presented in section 11; sections 12 and 13 concern fundamental topological questions.
Optimization of Structures with Multiple Design Variables Per Member

A optimality criterion method of design for structural frames composed of I-section members is presented. The I-section is defined by four independent geometric parameters which are taken as the member design variables. Constraints on minimum area, yielding, and local flange and web buckling are incorporated into the algorithm. The method is applied to a number of frame structures for which solutions and solution effort are known.
Somatic Symptom Disorders Without Known Physical Causes: One Disease with Many Names?

Patients complaining of pain or fatigue in the absence of known physical diseases constitute a high percentage of those seeking general medical care. Depending upon the type of physician/specialist consulted, those individuals may receive disease labels that range from an implied psychological origin such as somatoform or psychosomatic disease, or to a presumed physical disease such as fibromyalgia. Although all these conditions are regularly associated with fatigue, we have provided a new label suggesting another disease category, "systemic exertion intolerance disease," which replaces the previous "chronic fatigue syndrome." All these conditions have common, overlapping features that usually consist of both fatigue and pain, and, in the absence of definitive objective confirmation, might be best classified under one heading such as somatic symptom disorder. Management of these disorders is challenging, but suggestions for proper identification and treatment are presented.
Iron catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation to formate enhanced by Lewis acid co-catalysts.

A family of iron(II) carbonyl hydride complexes supported by either a bifunctional PNP ligand containing a secondary amine, or a PNP ligand with a tertiary amine that prevents metal–ligand cooperativity, were found to promote the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formate in the presence of Bronsted base. In both cases a remarkable enhancement in catalytic activity was observed upon the addition of Lewis acid (LA) co-catalysts. For the secondary amine supported system, turnover numbers of approximately 9000 for formate production were achieved, while for catalysts supported by the tertiary amine ligand, nearly 60 000 turnovers were observed; the highest activity reported for an earth abundant catalyst to date. The LA co-catalysts raise the turnover number by more than an order of magnitude in each case. In the secondary amine system, mechanistic investigations implicated the LA in disrupting an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the PNP ligand N–H moiety and the carbonyl oxygen of a formate ligand in the catalytic resting state. This destabilization of the iron-bound formate accelerates product extrusion, the rate-limiting step in catalysis. In systems supported by ligands with the tertiary amine, it was demonstrated that the LA enhancement originates from cation assisted substitution of formate for dihydrogen during the slow step in catalysis.
Axonal degeneration and regeneration in rat uterus during the estrous cycle

Uterine innervation of the adult virgin rat changes throughout the estrous cycle. Nerves immunoreactive for the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 and the sympathetic marker dopamine β-hydroxylase are maximal at diestrus and minimal at estrus, whereas presumptive sensory and parasympathetic axons are unchanged. In the present study, we used quantitative electron microscopy to determine if depletion of immunoreactive nerves from the myometrium is due to loss of structurally intact axons, and whether this occurs through degeneration or retraction. Numbers of intact myometrial axons per unit sectional area were greatest at diestrus and least at estrus, while myometrial area was smallest at diestrus and greatest at estrus. However, depletion of intact axons at estrus was evident even after correcting for changes in uterine size. Varicosities adjacent to smooth muscle cells did not vary significantly with respect to their ultrastructural features or distance to the nearest smooth muscle target cell. Because retracting axons show increases in organelle content and distances to target cells, retraction probably does not play a major role in reducing uterine innervation. In contrast, axons with ultrastructural features consistent with degeneration (organelle and axolemmal disintegration, abnormal electron opacity, dense inclusion bodies) were significantly increased at proestrus and estrus. Growth cones were observed only at metestrus and diestrus. We conclude that cyclical degeneration and regeneration of myometrial innervation is a normal feature of the virgin adult rat.
Search for low activation energy abstraction of H from C–H bonds by D atoms in hydrocarbons at 77 K

Experiments have been done to determine whether thermal D atoms produced at 77 K in 3‐methylpentane‐d14 containing ∼1% C–H bonds as an isotopic impurity are able to abstract H by a low activation energy process, as CH3 radicals are known to do. The D atoms have been produced by 254 nm photolysis of DI. The trends in HD/D2 ratio with changing ratio of C–H bonds to [DI] are consistent with the conclusion that the D+C6H13H→ HD+C6H13 abstraction occurs at 77 K with low activation energy requiring either a tunneling mechanism or unusual molecular distortion in the glass.
Automated separation and conductimetric determination of inorganic nitrogen

Experiments were conducted for the evaluation of a continuous flow conductimetric method that measures the inorganic nitrogen compounds ammonia (NH\d3) and combined nitrite (NO\d2) and nitrate (NO\d3). Approximately 300 analyses were performed using the method during experiments to estimate the method detection level, to determine the bias and precision, and to determine the equivalency of the method to others found in \IStandard Methods\N. An estimated method detection level of 0.01 mg N/L (NH\d3–N, NO\d3\u-–N, or NO\d2\u-–N) was measured. Precision values for ammonia and nitrate standards at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 75 mg/L NH\d3–N or NO\d3\u-–N did not exceed 5.5 and 4%, respectively. Recovery values for ammonia and nitrate standards at the same concentration range did not exceed 104.8 and 103%, respectively. At concentrations of 0.05 mg/L NH\d3–N or NO\d3\u-–N, the precision values were 12.5 and 11% respectively, which were high relative to others obtained in this study but are within the range of values reported in \IStandard Methods\N.
Effect of long term tennis participation on aerobic power, body composition, muscular strength, flexibility and serum lipids

Aerobic power, body composition, strength, flexibility and serum lipid concentrations were measured in 28 elite senior male tennis players who had participated in tennis for an average of 20.6 years and 18 moderately active age matched controls to determine the health and fitness benefit of long term tennis participation. A two‐way ANOVA was performed for age (40–59 and 60+ years) and activity (tennis and controls) on all variables except strength. A three‐way ANOVA was performed for strength with the speed of rotation defined as a repeated measure. A significant difference was found between the tennis player and control groups for both age groups studied for both aerobic power and body composition. The tennis player group also expended more kilocalories per week during activity and spent more time in vigorous activity than the control group for both age groups studied as measured by the Yale Physical Activity Survey. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups For strength and fle...
Sex on the Soap Operas: Patterns of Intimacy

A sample was drawn from all ABC CBS and NBC network daytime television soap operas broadcast in Philadelphia Monday through Friday over the 6 weeks from October 22 through November 30 1970 in an effort to determine the extent and nature of sexual behavior in daytime television soap operas. A simple random sample of 5 afternoons was drawn for each network and all of the programs for each sampled afternoon were coded. The completion rate for the original sample of afternoons was 93% (1 afternoon had to be substittued due to a preemption). The composite 1-week sample of soap operas from the 3 networks produced a total of 12 different soap operas spanning 50 hours (including commercials). Coding categories were based upon those developed by Silverman et al. Erotic touching was defined as interpersonal touching that has clear sexual overtones demonstrating or intending to demonstrate sexual love arousing or expressing sexual desire. 3 subcategories were used to classify whether the participants were married partners unmarried partners or of unclear marital status. Heterosexual intercourse was divided into these same 3 categories and was further coded for whether the behavior was expressed verbally was implied or was actually physically depicted. The remaining categories coded were homosexuality incest pedophilia prostitution aggressive sexual contact exhibitionism fetishism masturbation unnatural sexual behavior transvestitism and transexualism and voyerism. The total number of codable sex acts was 329 producing a frequency of 6.58 per hour. Thus there was 1 codable sex act approximately every 9 minutes. The single category with the largest frequency was erotic touching/unmarried with 115 codable acts followed by aggressive sexual contact/verbal with 68 acts. There was a complete absence of any findings in several categories such as incest homosexuality and masturbation as well as the complete absence of any physical representations relating to intercourse prostitution and aggressive sexual contact. There were 85 codable acts relating to prostitution and aggressive sexual contact resulting in an overall frequency of 1.70/hour. There were 58 codable acts involving married partners and 183 codable acts involving unmarried partners. There were 173 codable instances of verbal sexual behavior. CBS had 7.66 instances of codable sexual acts per hour ABC had 7.20 instances per hour and NBC had 4.60 instances per hour.
Degradation of film cooling performance on a turbine vane suction side due to surface roughness

After an extended period of operation, the surfaces of turbine airfoils become extremely rough due to deposition, spallation, and erosion. The rough airfoil surfaces will cause film cooling performance degradation due to effects on adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients. In this study, the individual and combined effects of roughness upstream and downstream of a row of film cooling holes on the suction side of a turbine vane have been determined. Adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients were measured for a range of mainstream turbulence levels and with and without showerhead blowing. Using these parameters, the ultimate film cooling performance was quantified in terms of net heat flux reduction. The dominant effect of roughness was a doubling of the heat transfer coefficients. Maximum adiabatic effectiveness levels were also decreased significantly. Relative to a film cooled smooth surface, a film cooled rough surface was found to increase the heat flux to the surface by 30% to 70%.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
New development in the MOCNESS, an apparatus for sampling zooplankton and micronekton

Four variants of the Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) have been constructed to sample a broad size spectrum of oceanic animals from microzooplankton to micronekton. The systems differ in mouth opening dimensions (ranging from 1/4 to 20 m2), the number of nets carried (from 5 to 20), and the mesh size of the netting (from 64 μm to 3.0 mm). A new electronics package enables an operator to send commands down a single conductor, armored cable to open/close the nets and provides 12-bit resolution for the environmental (temperature, depth, conductivity) and net operation data (flow, net-frame angle, net-bar release), which are transmitted up the cable to the deck unit at 2-s intervals. A microcomputer system, interfaced to the deck unit, calculates salinity, volume filtered by a net, net trajectory velocity, and vertical velocity. The data are printed out and stored on disc, and profiles of temperature and salinity versus depth are plotted during the course of the tow. Analysis of the relationship between the geometry of the MOCNESS under tow and the past and present methods used to estimate the water filtered by a net revealed that significant bias is introduced when the ascent or descent angle of a net is disregarded. The bias is a function of the ratio of vertical velocity to net trajectory velocity and results in an underestimate of volume filtered while shooting a net and an overestimate while hauling.
Antibacterial Effects of Silver Electrodes with Weak Direct Current

Silver, platinum, gold, stainless-steel, and copper electrodes were used with low currents (0.02 to 20 μA/mm 2 ) to explore their electrochemical effects on the growth of four bacterial species. In the higher current ranges, all electrodes inhibited growth at both poles, usually in conjunction with electrolytic break-down of the medium and severe corrosion of the metal. Silver, however, was extremely bacteriostatic, even at the lowest current, when used as the anode. Quantitative studies showed that most of this inhibition takes place in a few hours and is not accompanied by changes in pH. Electrochemically injected silver from the anode is probably the instrumental agent, being effective in concentrations of about 5 μg/ml. This is the equivalent concentration of silver sulfadiazine that has been shown to give complete inhibition of bacteria, but without the sulfonamide moiety. Images
The mass spectrometer as a substance-selective detector in chromatography

Abstract The computerized mass spectrometer has several modes of data acquisition when applied as a detector in chromatographis systems. These and several modes of data reduction are defined with examples from the field of environmental measurements of organic pollutants. The overall advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.
In-line valve injection for capillary electrophoresis.

Direct in-line injection is successfully demonstrated for capillary electrophoresis using a commercially available injection valve designed for liquid chromatographic applications. The internal, fluid-contacting materials in this valve injector are composed of ceramics and PEEK (polyetheretherketone). In studies up to 20 kV, this materials design provides a sufficient dielectric interface to insulate the high-voltage buffer from the metal valve body. Partial-loop injections from 6 to > 60 nL are shown to be highly reproducible and generally consistent with direct electrokinetic injections under the same experimental conditions. The small extracolumn variance contributed by the valve injection system is symmetrical, and the measured theoretical plates for 75-microm- and 100-microm-i.d. separation capillaries are 1.6 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(5), respectively. As a result, the separation performance is quite good, demonstrating the viability of in-line valve injection for capillary electrophoresis. This development in capillary electrophoretic instrumentation has important implications for the advancement of electrophoretic applications as well as for the design of completely integrated analysis systems.
Mössbauer and IR Investigations of Iron Ultraphosphate Glasses

Abstract The structures of x FeO · (1− x )P 2 O 5 glasses (0⩽ x ⩽0.50) prepared in sealed silica ampoules have been investigated using Mossbauer and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. Mossbauer results indicate that the glasses contain 6–18% Fe(III). Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions occupy octahedral coordination environments in these glasses. Analysis of the IR spectra indicates that the structure of glass transforms systematically from a three-dimensional P 2 O 5 network (dominated by Q 3 tetrahedra) to a two-dimensional network (dominated by Q 2 units) as the FeO content increases. This transformation is evidenced by the replacement of the IR band at 1380 cm −1 attributed to PO vibrations on isolated Q 3 sites with the band at 1260 cm −1 band which is attributed to asymmetric vibrations of PO 2 groups on the Q 2 tetrahedra. In addition, a new IR band at 1317 cm −1 is created when FeO is added to P 2 O 5 and this band is assigned to PO bonds that participate in the coordination environments of the Fe-octahedra. At x ∼0.35 FeO, the PO bonds that remain are only those that coordinate with the Fe-octahedra. These structural changes are similar to those observed for other ultraphosphate glasses.
Enhancing on‐line learning for individuals with disabilities

Attention to key concepts, resources, and strategies such as testing and assessment can greatly enhance the ability of on-line curricular offerings to accommodate learners with a wide range of disabilities.
Dispersion and band-gap scaling of the electronic Kerr effect in solids associated with two-photon absorption.

Measurements of the nonlinear refractive index of several semiconductors using beam-distortion methods and four-wave mixing show a strong systematic dispersion in the bound-electronic nonlinearity (electronic Kerr effect ${\mathit{n}}_{2}$) near the two-photon-absorption edge. This eventually turns from positive to negative at higher frequencies. We find that by using the two-photon-absorption spectrum as predicted by a two-parabolic-band model, we can predict the observed universal dispersion, scaling, and values of ${\mathit{n}}_{2}$ that range over 4 orders of magnitude and change sign, using a simple Kramers-Kronig analysis (i.e., relating the real and imaginary parts of the third-order susceptibility). The resulting scaling rule correctly predicts the value of ${\mathit{n}}_{2}$ for all the 26 different materials we have examined. This includes wide-gap dielectrics which have 3 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller values of ${\mathit{n}}_{2}$ than semiconductors.
Neurophysiology of the Neuromuscular Junction: Overview

: This manuscript reviews the physiology of neuromuscular transmission with emphasis on four features: (1) the structure of the neuromuscular junction, (2) release of vesicles of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal, (3) the roles of postsynaptic Na+ channels and acetylcholine receptors in converting the chemical signal from the nerve terminal into a propagated action potential on the muscle fiber, and (4) the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission. It also introduces new information about how the neuromuscular junction maintains physiological integrity during muscle fiber stretch and contraction.
Generation of a forward-traveling phase-conjugate wave in germanium

Abstract In this communication, we report the generation of a picosecond forward-traveling phase-conjugate wave at 1.06 μm in thin germanium samples by degenerate four-wave mixing. At this wavelength, the conjugate wave is produced by diffraction of the pump from an absorption grating produced by direct absorption of pump and signal pulses. We measure and discuss the transient effects caused by the finite duration of the nonlinear material response.
A community forestry planning process: Case study of citizen participation

Abstract Efforts to manage the urban forest may be hampered by inadequate budgets and unsympathetic politicians. Public involvement may reduce these obstacles by cutting operating costs and increasing opportunities for program funding. This paper describes a community forestry planning process that was implemented by citizens with little previous urban forestry experience. Major components of the process are described and illustrated using a case-study example.
Opsin gene expression and regulation in retinal transplants

In the present study we investigated the expression and regulation of the opsin gene in retinal transplants. Embryonic retinae were transplanted to intracranial locations in neonatal rodents in which they either reliably projected to the superior colliculus, or in locations (such as the cerebral cortex) in which they did not project to subcortical visual nuclei. Our results show that, regardless of the graft location, the developmental schedule of opsin gene expression in the outer nuclear layer was similar to normal, and that it was maintained in transplants for at least 6 months. To test if ambient light affected opsin gene expression, we dark-reared rats containing a retinal transplant for up to 26 days before assaying for opsin transcripts. In situ hybridization experiments showed that opsin gene expression in the transplants of these dark-reared recipients was not different either from transplants in animals reared in cyclic light conditions, or from the retina in situ. These observations support the hypothesis that the opsin gene is activated and maintained by molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the photoreceptor.
Spectroscopic examination of linear poly(ethylenimine) containing nucleic acid pendants as polynucleotide analogs

The NMR spectra and UV absorptions of polynucleotide analogs with a poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) backbone containing adenine, cytosine, and hypoxanthine pendants have been examined. As has been shown in single-stranded polynucleotides, these polymers also exhibited base stacking behavior in aqueous solution as well as in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Such stacking resulted in significant UV hypochromicities and observed differences in the NMR spectra compared to the corresponding model compounds. From continuous variation mixing experiments, well-defined base pairing interactions were observed between complementary graft polymers in aqueous solutions. Enhanced UV hypochromicity due to such interactions was also observed.
Microbial degradation of a new detergent builder, carboxymethyltartronate (CMT), in laboratory activated sludge systems

Abstract An approach for determining the biodegradability of new detergent builders under activated sludge conditions was investigated using carboxymethyltartronate (CMT) as a representative material. Preliminary biodegradation studies in river water and activated sludge indicated a 4–8 week period before acclimation to and biodegradation of CMT. More detailed studies in continuous flow activated sludge units established that acclimation to CMT degradation was not readily lost upon CMT starvation, could be maintained at low temperatures and under conditions of variable organic loading, and was unaffected by the presence of a variety of metal ions. The laboratory evaluation of CMT, which stressed the use of natural sewage/activated sludge systems in place of tests employing commercially available laboratory media, would predict CMT to be satisfactorily removed in full-scale activated sludge waste treatment plants.
Polar fish proteins

Abstract Fish from polar marine seas may be exposed to temperatures of less than — 1.8 C. Some of their proteins must therefore hare properties and functions different from those of species from warmer environments.
Reading Comprehension: The Purpose of Reading Instruction or a Red Herring.

Abstract This paper examines problems encountered in searching for a definition of reading comprehension. The tasks we ask readers to perform on tests to permit inferring that a reader is comprehending printed language are discussed. Implications for rethinking the missions of reading instruction are raised. The paper concludes with the suggestion that reading comprehension instruction should focus more on helping students find, formulate, and solve problems for which using written language is a solution, and less on the problems the traditional curriculum thrusts.
Impacts of aerosols and clouds on forest‐atmosphere carbon exchange

[1] The impact of aerosols and clouds on CO2 uptake and water use efficiency at Harvard Forest has been studied by using collocated turbulent flux and radiation measurements. Measurements of a multifilter narrowband radiometer provide both direct and diffuse components of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by product integrals of synthesized spectra, with a normalized action spectrum for canopy photosynthesis. Optical properties of aerosols and clouds are also retrieved from the radiometer data. Optical properties of aerosols and clouds have significant impacts on photosynthesis not only through changes of the total amount of PAR but also through changes of its spectral distribution (or light quality) and its partitioning between direct and diffuse components. The diffuse PAR is much greater under patchy/thin cloud conditions than under aerosol conditions for a given optical depth. The “diffuse radiation use efficiency” coefficients are 3.40 and 1.95 for patchy/thin clouds and aerosols, respectively. Furthermore, the radiation use efficiency of CO2 uptake under clouds which completely block direct beam solar (optically thick clouds) is approximately 57 and 13% higher than under aerosol and patchy/thin clouds, respectively. The water use efficiency also showed significant enhancement as atmospheric conditions changed from aerosols, to patchy/thin clouds, and then to clouds opaque to direct solar radiation. Under optically thick cloud conditions the water use efficiency is almost 5 and 3 times greater than under aerosol and patchy/thin cloud conditions, respectively. These indicate that an increase of diffuse radiation may not be the only factor responsible for the enhancement of carbon assimilation under cloudy conditions. Changes in many other factors, such as temperature, moisture, latent heating, and precipitation, in the presence of clouds may have both direct and indirect influences on carbon assimilation.
Renal and placental secretion of erythropoietin during anemia or hypoxia in the ovine fetus

Abstract Objective The source of the erythropoietin (EPO) that circulates in the fetus is unknown although it is known that EPO does not cross the placenta and that fetal kidneys, liver, and placenta express the EPO gene. This study tested to what extent in vivo EPO secretion by the fetal kidneys and placenta can be demonstrated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Study design Renal arterial and venous EPO concentrations were determined in eight late-gestation chronically catheterized fetal sheep made progressively anemic by exchange transfusion with saline solution over 5 to 8 days. In a separate additional series of experiments, umbilical arterial and venous EPO concentrations were determined in nine normoxic fetuses and in nine fetuses subjected to 12 hours of hypoxia induced by lowering maternal-inspired oxygen content. Organ secretion rates were calculated as the product of plasma flow rate and the arteriovenous concentration differences. Results Renal vein plasma EPO concentration was higher than the arterial concentration in 36 of 40 paired samples ( P r =0.94), were not different during normoxia (Po 2 =21.6±0.5 mm Hg, n=9). Under hypoxic conditions (Po 2 =15.6±0.4 mm Hg, n=9), umbilical vein EPO concentration (range 151-1245 mU/mL) was higher than arterial concentration (range 140-951 mU/mL) in eight of nine paired samples by 13.6%±3.3% ( P Conclusion Under nonanemic, normoxic basal conditions, the kidneys secreted EPO into the fetal circulation, whereas secretion by the placenta was not demonstrated. In the phlebotomy-induced fetal anemia experiments, the kidney demonstrated marked, progressive increases in the rate of EPO production. Similarly, in the fetal hypoxemia experiments, the placenta demonstrated progressive increases—albeit an order of magnitude greater than the kidneys—in EPO production rate. As an extension of these findings, we speculate that the hypoproliferative neonatal anemia that invariably occurs in the early weeks after birth is in part the result of loss of EPO production by the placenta.
Pneumonia in elders.

In spite of the availability of potent antibiotics and sophisticated diagnostic techniques, pneumonia continues to be a serious problem among elders. Respiratory infections occur frequently and often are complex. Management is complicated by atypical clinical presentations and altered metabolism of pharmacologic agents. Community-acquired pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia are caused by different organisms but can have similar clinical presentations. Current therapeutic measures and appropriateness of hospitalization are discussed. Via synthesis and application of this material, nurses can maximize positive outcomes by identifying symptoms, individualizing care, and implementing effective preventive education in the acute care setting, as well as in the community.
The water relations of two evergreen tree species in a karst savanna

The ecohydrology of karst has not received much attention, despite the disproportionally large contribution of karst aquifers to freshwater supplies. Karst savannas, like many savannas elsewhere, are encroached by woody plants, with possibly negative consequences on aquifer recharge. However, the role of savanna tree species in hydrological processes remains unclear, not least because the location and water absorption zones of tree roots in the spatially complex subsurface strata are unknown. This study examined the water sources and water relations of two savanna trees, Quercus fusiformis (Small) and Juniperus ashei (Buchholz) in the karst region of the eastern Edwards Plateau, Texas (USA). Stable isotope analysis of stem water revealed that both species took up evaporatively enriched water during the warm season, suggesting a relatively shallow water source in the epikarst, the transition zone between soil and bedrock. Q. fusiformis had consistently higher predawn water potentials than J. ashei during drought, and thus was probably deeper-rooted and less capable of maintaining gas exchange at low water potentials. Although the water potential of both species recovered after drought-breaking spring and summer rain events, associated shifts in stem water isotope ratios did not indicate significant uptake of rainwater from the shallow soil. A hypothesis is developed to explain this phenomenon invoking a piston-flow mechanism that pushes water stored in macropores into the active root zones of the trees. Epikarst structure varied greatly with parent material and topography, and had strong effects on seasonal fluctuations in plant water status. The study suggests that tree species of the Edwards Plateau do not commonly reduce aquifer recharge by tapping directly into perched water tables, but more likely by reducing water storage in the epikarst. A more general conclusion is that models of savanna water relations based on Walter’s two-layer model may not apply unequivocally to karst savannas.
Determination of the branching of the 1P1 Ba

The resonance fluorescence from the $^{138}\mathrm{Ba}$ I 5535-\AA{} 6${\mathit{s}}^{21}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$-6s6p $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ transition has been measured as a function of incident intensity using a Doppler-free atomic beam geometry and a single-mode cw dye laser. The upper $^{1}\mathrm{P}_{1}$ level has a weak branch to intermediate metastable D states. A long laser-atom interaction region was used, which ensured that essentially all atoms could be pumped into the D states during their transit through the laser beam. By analyzing the shape of the saturation curve a value for the branching ratio to the 6s5d $^{1}$,3D levels of (3.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.38)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ has been obtained.
Review: ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and more intensive blood pressure-lowering strategies reduce cardiovascular events

Source Citation Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designe...
Elaine Showalter Collection Bibliography

Elaine Showalter's generous gift primarily of books by and about Victorian British women authors to the Rutgers University Libraries contains nearly 500 titles in 652 volumes. This bibliography was extracted from Rutgers' online public catalog, IRIS.
The effect of epinephrine following practolol on the pulmonary circulation of dogs

Abstract Epinephrine (1 and 2 μg/kg/min) was infused in 10 urethane-anesthetized dogs following administration of practolol. Practolo. was administered to block the cardiac β-adrenoceptors and thereby permit a better assessment of the direct action of epinephrine on the pulmonary circulation. Following practolol, both infusion rates of epinephrine were associated with an increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, mean pulmonary arterial and venous pressures and no change in heart rate and pulmonary blood volume. It is concluded that epinephrine, in the doses used, produces a mild increase in ‘tone’ of the pulmonary arterial and venouse system.
Equality of mentoring and coaching opportunity: making both available to pre-service teachers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore why mentoring is preferred over coaching when supporting pre-service teachers, compared with other stages in a teacher’s career where coaching is more readily available. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first draws upon pre-existing literature which addresses the ways in which mentoring is used for pre-service teachers; followed by a discussion of the place and use of coaching within education. It then focuses on data generated from interviews with senior teachers responsible for the induction of pre-service teachers within three UK-based secondary schools and compares this to findings about mentor and coach approaches used in other sectors or contexts. Findings – Findings point towards an imbalance in the use of mentoring and coaching within education, with a particular underuse of coaching for pre-service teachers. Some mentoring (and indeed coaching) interventions are founded on a deficit model; therefore mentors of pre-service teachers could be ...
An Obscure Rider Obstructing Science: The Conflation of Parthenotes with Embryos in the Dickey–Wicker Amendment

In 1996 Congress passed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment (DWA) as part of an appropriations bill; it has been renewed every year since. The DWA bans federal funding for research using embryos and parthenotes. In this paper, we call for a public discussion on parthenote research and a questioning of its inclusion in the DWA. We begin by explaining what parthenotes are and why they are useful for research on reproduction, cancer, and stem cells. We then argue that the scientific difference between embryos and parthenotes translates into ethical differences, and claim that research on parthenotes is much less ethically problematic. Finally, we contextualize the original passage of the DWA to provide an explanation for why the two were possibly conflated in this law. We conclude by calling for a public discussion on reconsidering the DWA in its entirety, starting with the removal of parthenogenesis from this prohibition of National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding.
MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH FATALITIES IN THE SECOND YEAR OF 65 MPH SPEED LIMITS

In 1987, the federal government relaxed the 55 mph (88 km/h) national maximum speed limit, permitting states to post 65 mph (104 km/h) speed limits on rural interstate highways. By the end of 1987, 38 states had done so; and two additional states followed suit in 1988. It is estimated that the higher speed limit caused motor vehicle crash fatalities to be 26% to 29% higher in 1988 than they would have been if the speed limit had remained at 55 mph. This translates into over 500 deaths attributable to the higher speed limits on rural interstate highways. Overall, it is estimated that more than 700 people, who would have lived had the limit not been raised, have died on rural interstate highways since states began to post 65 mph limits in 1987. The effect of the higher limit doubled between 1987 and 1988, and the 65 mph limit may cost far more in death and injury than predicted prior to the speed limit increase.
On the Microstructures Resulting from the Diffusionless Cubic→Tetragonal Transformation in ZrO2‐Y2O3 Alloys

A diffusionless cubic (c)→metastable tetragonal (t′) phase transformation occurs in certain alloys in the ZrO2-Y2O3 system on quenching from elevated temperatures. Microstructural features due to this phase transformation, principally anti-phase domain boundaries (APB's) and mechanical accommodation twins, have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Certain differences between our interpretation and those of other workers are discussed.