cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia providers’ perspectives on abortion provision: deductive findings from a qualitative study

Abstract Introduction A clinician’s willingness to provide abortion care is complex. Anesthesia providers’ experiences in providing anesthesia for abortion are not well studied. We aimed to explore anesthesia providers’ perspectives on abortion provision. Methods We conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with currently practising anesthesia providers in the southeastern United States. Participants were recruited from scientific meetings of two regional anesthesiology organizations and via snowball sampling. A semi-structured interview guide included domains of standardized second trimester abortion cases and personal abortion attitudes. Data were coded and analyzed iteratively using both inductive and deductive approaches with MAXQDA software. Deductive results are presented. Results Fifteen participants completed interviews from February 2018 to February 2019, at which point thematic saturation occurred. Participants represented a range of provider type, years of experience, workplace setting, and prior abortion experience. Participants demonstrated varied personal abortion attitudes, with greater acceptability of maternal or fetal health indications than social or financial indications for abortion. Most participants were willing to provide anesthesia for abortion in specific clinical scenarios. Conclusions Southeastern U.S. anesthesia providers hold a spectrum of personal views on abortion and are willing to provide anesthesia for second trimester abortion in specific clinical scenarios. Findings may inform future research or professional development activities, which are important efforts toward improving multidisciplinary abortion care.
London’s arts labs and the 60s avant-garde: by David Curtis, New Barnet, John Libbey Publishing, 2020, 170 pp., US$32.00 (paper), ISBN 9780861967483

In 1968, the Scottish Beat novelist Alexander Trocchi hosted an evening in London entitled “The State of the Revolt.” He was joined by the Glaswegian countercultural psychiatrist R. D. Laing and th...
Trends in Use and Expenditures for Brand-name Statins After Introduction of Generic Statins in the US, 2002-2018.

Importance The high and increasing expenditures for prescription medications in the US is a national problem. Objective To explore the association of generic statin competition on relevant use and cost savings and to provide use and expenditure trends for all available statins for private and public payers and for out-of-pocket spending. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study evaluated data from the January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2018, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey by using a difference-in-differences analysis. Participants included noninstitutionalized individual statin users. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2020, to March 30, 2021. Exposures The market entry of 5 generic statin medications (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin). Main Outcomes and Measures National- and individual-level reductions in the annual number of statin purchases and total expenditures across private insurance, public insurance (Medicaid and Medicare), and out-of-pocket spending (presented in 2018 US dollars). Results Between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2018, an average of 21.35 million statins (95% CI, 16.7-25.5 million) were purchased annually, with an average total annual cost of $24.5 billion (95% CI, $18.2-$28.8 billion). The number of brand-name statin purchases decreased by 90.9% (95% CI, 56%-98%) nationally and 27.4% (95% CI, 13%-40%) individually after the end of market exclusivity. Among major payers, the end of market exclusivity was associated with individual cost savings of $370.00 (95% CI, $430.70-$309.20) for private insurers, $281.00 (95% CI, $346.80-$215.30) for Medicare, $72.34 (95% CI, $95.22-$49.46) for Medicaid, and $211.90 (95% CI, $231.20-$192.50) for out-of-pocket spending. Combining all payers, the decrease translates to $925.60 (95% CI, $1005.00-$846.40) of annual savings per individual and $11.9 billion (95% CI, $10.9-$13.0 billion) for the US. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this survey study suggest that full generic competition of statins was associated with significant cost savings across all major payers within the US health care system.
Programming networks with intensional destinations

Distributed programming is a challenging task. It has tremendously gained importance with the wide development of networks, which support an exponentially increasing number of applications. Distributed systems provide functionalities that are ensured by nodes which form a network and exchange data and services possibly through messages. The provenance of the service is often not relevant, while its reliability is essential. Our aim is to provide a new communication model which allows to specify intensionally what service is needed as opposed to which nodes provide it. The intensional specification of exchanges offers a potential to facilitate distributed programming, to provide persistence of data in messages and resilience of systems, that constitute the topic of this thesis. We propose a framework that supports messages with intensional destinations, which are evaluated only on the fly while the messages are traveling. We introduce a rule-based language, Questlog, to handle the intensional destinations. In contrast to existing network rule-based languages, which like Datalog follow the push mode, Questlog allows to express complex strategies to recursively retrieve distributed data in pull mode. The language runs over a virtual machine which relies on a DBMS. We demonstrate the approach with examples taken from two domains: (i) data-centric architectures, where a class of restricted client-server applications are seamlessly distributed over peer-to-peer systems based on a DHT, and (ii) wireless sensor networks, where a virtual clustering protocol is proposed to aggregate data, in which cluster heads are elected using intensional destinations. Our simulations on the QuestMonitor platform demonstrates that this approach offers simplicity and modularity to protocols, as well as an increased reliability.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: What is the role of PET-CT in the initial work up?

1524 Objectives The majority of head and neck (HN) cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) comprising only a small subset. Many studies have evaluated the utility of FDG PET-CT in the initial staging of HN cancer, but there is a paucity of research that looks specifically at the value of PET-CT in the initial staging of ACC. Because the histology and behavior of ACC are very different from SCC, PET-CT findings may also be different. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of FDG PET-CT in the initial staging work up of HN ACC. Methods We retrospectively identified 14 patients who had a pre-therapy PET-CT for initial staging evaluation of HN ACC. Each patient had a contrast enhanced (CE) pre-therapy CT/MRI of the HN performed within 2 months of the PET-CT. SUVmax of the primary tumor was measured. Cross-sectional and PET-CT imaging was correlated with histology. Results Patients comprised 6 M, 8 F (mean age 55 years). 4/14 had distant disease spread detected by PET-CT. 9/14 patients had perineural tumor spread that was detected only on CE CT/MRI. SUVmax range of primary lesions was 2.8-12.9. SUVmax was not significantly associated with the presence of metastatic disease (P=0.31), perineural tumor spread (P=0.08) or disease free survival (DFS) (P=0.52). Patients were followed for a mean of 2.7 years. Conclusions While PET-CT provides value in the initial staging of ACC by detecting distant disease, CECT/MRI of the H&N is superior in the evaluation of locoregional disease. The SUVmax of the primary tumor demonstrates wide variability that does not correlate with known prognostic factors or DFS. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the extent of locoregional disease determined by cross-sectional imaging can serve as a gatekeeper to PET-CT or if there is a future role for PET-MRI in the initial evaluation of HN ACC.
NYSE vs NASDAQ returns: Market microstructure or the poor performance of initial public offerings?

Abstract Reinganum (1990) reports that small NYSE securities have average returns about 6% per year higher than those of similarly-sized NASDAQ securities during the 1973–1988 period. He attributes the return differential to market microstructure differences. In contrast, this paper demonstrates that differences in the characteristics of the companies listed on the two exchanges explain much of the disparity. About 60% of the return differential can be attributed to the poor performance of recent initial public offerings, which comprise a large portion of the firms on NASDAQ. On average, IPOs underperform during the six calendar years after going public.
Active hair bundle movements in auditory hair cells

The frequency selectivity of mammalian hearing depends on not only the passive mechanics of the basilar membrane but also an active amplification of the mechanical stimulus by the cochlear hair cells. The common view is that amplification stems from the somatic motility of the outer hair cells (OHCs), changes in their length impelled by voltage-dependent transitions in the membrane protein prestin. Whether this voltage-controlled mechanism, whose frequency range may be limited by the membrane time constant, has the band width to cover the entire auditory range of mammals is uncertain. However, there is ample evidence for an alternative mode of force generation by hair cells of non-mammals, such as frogs and turtles, which probably lack prestin. The latter process involves active motion of the hair bundle underpinned by conformational changes in the mechanotransducer (MT) channels and activation of one or more isoforms of myosin. This review summarizes evidence for active hair bundle motion and its connection to MT channel adaptation. Key factors for the hair bundle motor to play a role in the mammalian cochlea include the size and speed of force production.
Romantic Tragedies: The Dark Employments of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley

Part I. Wordsworth: 1. Reading Wordsworth's power: narrative and usurpation in The Borderers 2. Cradling French Macbeth: managing the art of second-hand Shakespeare 3. 'In some sort seeing with my proper eyes': Wordsworth and the spectacles of Paris 4. Drinking up whole rivers: facing Wordsworth's watery discourse Part II. Coleridge and Shelley: 5. Osorio's dark employments: tricking out Coleridgean tragedy 6. Listening to remorse: assuming man's infirmities 7. Reading Shelley's delicacy.
Fundamental Tests of Quantum Mechanics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents recent advances in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, particularly those involving entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. Quantum mechanics predicts that the total spin of this two-particle system is zero, and for measurements of both components in one specific direction, it predicts that the results will be opposite with unit probability.It briefly mentions the latest down-conversion experiments and also concentrates. The chapter discusses the first atomic entanglement in the micromaser; and provides an extensive review of an experiment based on photodissociation of the dimer 199 Hg2 on the atom-based tests. The isotope 199 Hg has nuclear spin I = 1/2, and those molecules in a state with total nuclear spin I = 0 are selected. In addition, it is an exact experimental realization of Bohm's well-known version of the EPR gedankenexperiment. This experiment can test the Bell inequalities in a regime very different from those using photons.
Complex Families and Late-Life Outcomes Among Elderly Persons: Disability, Institutionalization, and Longevity

The authors examined the effects of marital status and family structure on disability, institutionalization, and longevity for a nationally representative sample of elderly persons using Gompertz duration models applied to longitudinal data from 3 cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 11,481). They found that parents with only stepchildren have worse outcomes than parents with only biological children. Elderly mothers with only stepchildren become disabled and institutionalized sooner, and elderly men with only stepchildren have shorter longevity relative to their counterparts with only biological children. The effect of membership in a blended family differs by gender. Relative to those with only biological children, women in blended families have greater longevity and become disabled later, whereas men in blended families have reduced longevity. The findings indicate that changing marital patterns and increased complexity in family life have adverse effects on late-life health outcomes.
Iodine 125 seed implants for prostatic carcinoma. Five- and ten-year follow-up.

Abstract Between 1975 and 1985 132 patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and insertion of Iodine 125 seeds for biopsy-proved localized carcinoma of the prostate. Surgical stages were A2 9 percent, B 64 percent, C 9 percent, and D1 18 percent. Operative mortality was zero. Short and long-term complications were less than 33 percent. Ten-year survival rates of evaluable patients for surgical Stages A2, Bl, B2, and C1 were 75 percent, 70 percent, 48 percent, and 44 percent, respectively. For these patients, ten-year disease free rates for Stages A2, Bl, B2, and C1 were 67 percent, 36 percent, 60 percent, and 25 percent, respectively. Interstitial radiotherapy may play a role in the treatment of nonsurgical candidates with low volume and well- to moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Web-based synoptic reporting for cancer checklists

Background: The surgical pathology report remains the primary source for information to guide the treatment of patients with cancer. Failure to report critical elements in a cancer report is an increasing problem in pathology because of the heightened complexity of these reports and number of elements that are important for patient care. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer (ACS-CoC) in concert with the College of American Pathologists (CAP) developed checklists that contain all of the scientifically validated data elements that are to be reported for cancer specimens. Most institutions do not as of yet have pathology information systems in which CAP checklists are embedded into the laboratory information system (LIS). Entering the required elements often requires extensive text editing, secretarial support and deletion of extraneous elements that can be an arduous task. Materials and Methods: We sought to develop a web-based system that was available throughout the workstations in our department and was capable of generating synoptic reports based on the CAP guidelines. The program was written in a manner that allowed automatic generation of the web-based checklists through a parsing algorithm. Results: Multiple web-based synoptic report generators have been developed to encompass required elements of cancer synoptic reports as required by the ACS-CoC/ CAP. In addition, utilizing the same program, report generators for certain molecular tests (KRAS mutation) and FISH studies (UroVysion tm ) have also been developed. The output of these reports can be cut-and-pasted into any text-based anatomic pathology LIS. In addition, the elements can be compiled in a database. Conclusions: We describe a simple method to automate the development of web-based synoptic reports that can be entered into the anatomic pathology LIS and database.
The Application of the Continuous Anodic Oxidation Technique for the Evaluation of State‐of‐the‐Art Front‐End Structures

The differential Hall effect CAOT permits rapid accurate measurement of mobility, resistivity, and carrier concentration. For single crystal structures with carrier concentrations less than 1E20 B cm−3 the resistivity‐carrier concentration tracks the A.S.T.M. F‐723 algorithm relationship. Above ∼1E20 B cm−3, a scattering defect mobility component is added to the phononic and coulombic components. This component is significantly greater for beamline implantation than for plasma doping for both single crystal junctions and polysilicon films.
An anomaly of the external genitalia in female patients with exstrophy of the bladder

Abstract Exstrophy of the bladder is a rare anomaly which affects both males and females. Some affected females have an associated anomaly of the external genitalia which, while allowing menstruation, is sufficiently disabling to prevent sexual activity. Hitherto little attention has been given to the genital portion of this anomaly and its correction, probably due to the early death of patients with exstrophy. With improved prognosis, the anomaly of the external genitalia has become of importance. This article estimates its frequency and describes the anomaly and its surgical correction.
Addition of rapamycin and hydroxychloroquine to metronomic chemotherapy as a second line treatment results in high salvage rates for refractory metastatic solid tumors: a pilot safety and effectiveness analysis in a small patient cohort

// Kwan-Hwa Chi 1,2 , Hui-Ling Ko 1 , Kai-Lin Yang 1 , Cheng-Yen Lee 1 , Mau-Shin Chi 1 and Shang-Jyh Kao 3 1 Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 2 School of Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Division of Chest Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Correspondence to: Kwan-Hwa Chi, email: // Shang-Jyh Kao, email: // Keywords : rapamycin, hydroxychloroquine, metronomic chemotherapy, autophagy Received : January 15, 2015 Accepted : March 18, 2015 Published : April 12, 2015 Abstract BACKGROUND: Autophagy is an important oncotarget that can be modulated during anti-cancer therapy. Enhancing autophagy using chemotherapy and rapamycin (Rapa) treatment and then inhibiting it using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could synergistically improve therapy outcome in cancer patients. It is still unclear whether addition of Rapa and HCQ to chemotherapy could be used for reversing drug resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five stage IV cancer patients were identified. They had no clinical response to first-line metronomic chemotherapy; the patients were salvaged by adding an autophagy inducer (Rapa, 2 mg/day) and an autophagosome inhibitor (HCQ, 400 mg/day) to their current metronomic chemotherapy for at least 3 months. Patients included 4 prostate, 4 bladder, 4 lung, 4 breast, 2 colon, and 3 head and neck cancer patients as well as 4 sarcoma patients. RESULTS: Chemotherapy was administered for a total of 137 months. The median duration of chemotherapy cycles per patient was 4 months (95% confidence interval, 3–7 months). The overall response rate to this treatment was of 40%, with an 84% disease control rate. The most frequent and clinically significant toxicities were myelotoxicities. Grade ≥3 leucopenia occurred in 6 patients (24%), grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia in 8 (32%), and anemia in 3 (12%). None of them developed febrile neutropenia. Non-hematologic toxicities were fatigue (total 32%, with 1 patient developing grade 3 fatigue), diarrhea (total 20%, 1 patient developed grade 3 fatigue), reversible grade 3 cardiotoxicity (1 patient), and grade V liver toxicity from hepatitis B reactivation (1 patient). CONCLUSION: Our results of Rapa, HCQ and chemotherapy triplet combination suggest autophagy is a promising oncotarget and warrants further investigation in phase II studies.
Contact sensing and mobility in rough and cluttered environments

In this study, we explore mobility in a cluttered, uneven and dynamic environment where collisions are inevitable. In particular, we study a mobile robot's ability to precisely track a planned path on an inclined surface, then respond to unknown collisions by using force compliance and estimation of the obstacle's surface normal. In addition, once the contact disturbance disappears, the robot merges automatically back to its original planned path. This study aims at highlighting the need to safely deal with unexpected collisions with external objects and use them to move alongside their contour, opening opportunities perhaps to use contacts as supporting structures. At the same time, it aims to endow capabilities for precise maneuvering in the rough terrains. Our newly designed compliant omnidirectional robot is able to quickly respond to contacts through the use of current control and absolute position / orientation sensing. A whole-body controller developed by the Human Centered Robotics Lab is used to compensate for gravity and create new multicontact constraints in response to the collisions. To pursue the study, we built the mobile base and a multicontact experimental setup. The results show that our model-based controller successfully accomplishes the tasks with good precision while relying on data-driven contact estimation.
Failure of normalization of CA19-9 following resection for pancreatic cancer is tantamount to metastatic disease.

Background Multidisciplinary therapy for pancreatic cancer involves radical resection followed by gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), when elevated preoperatively, is a useful marker to monitor disease status following resection. However, little has been reported on outcomes of patients in whom CA19-9 never normalizes. We hypothesize that failure of CA19-9 normalization within 6 months is prognostically equivalent to metastatic disease.
Some relationships between lagrangian and surrogate duality in integer programming

Lagrangian dual approaches have been employed successfully in a number of integer programming situations to provide bounds for branch-and-bound procedures. This paper investigates some relationship between bounds obtained from lagrangian duals and those derived from the lesser known, but theoretically more powerful surrogate duals. A generalization of Geoffrion's integrality property, some complementary slackness relationships between optimal solutions, and some empirical results are presented and used to argue for the relative value of surrogate duals in integer programming. These and other results are then shown to lead naturally to a two-phase algorithm which optimizes first the computationally easier lagrangian dual and then the surrogate dual.
On the relationship between coefficient of variation and the performance of M/G/1-FB queues

In this paper we analyze how the coefficient of variation of the service time distribution affects the mean sojourn time of M/G/1-FB queues. The results show that the coefficient of variation is a necessary but not sufficient measure to characterize heavy-tailed distributions in term of the performance under the FB policy.
In vitro characterization of the mechanism of insulin degradation and the effect of chloroquine

The cultured rat hepatoma cell line, MH1C1, inactivates 125I-labeled insulin by a temperature dependent mechanism. The estimated Km for insulin degradation is 1.4 · 10−7 M and the V is 2.5 · 10−10 mol/106 cells/h. The iodocompounds released from cells preincubated at 0°C with 125I-labeled insulin are immunoreactive with anti-insulin antibody, while the iodocompounds released from the cells incubated at 37°C only reacts to a very small degree with anti-insulin antibody. The degradation products were analyzed by Sephadex gel chromatography. Sephadex G-75 gel filtration of iodocompounds derived from cells incubated at 37°C with 125I-labeled insulin for 5, 20 min and 1 h showed a progressive decrease in intact insulin, and an increase in the peak representing insulin breakdown products. Treatment with chloroquine, a lysosomal enzyme inhibitor, resulted in a large increase of cell-associated insulin compared to control cells. However, chromatographic studies of iodocompounds extracted from cells incubated with or without chloroquine show a similar pattern but differ in the size of the peak which represents the degradation products of 125I-labeled insulin. Furthermore, the iodocompounds released from the chloroquine treated cells were not immunoreactive with anti-insulin antibody. These results suggest that chloroquine inhibits the release of insulin degradation products from the cells.
Postnatal ontogeny of evoked neuronal responses in the substantia nigra of the cat

Abstract Single unit extracellular responses evoked by striatal, cortical, and somatosensory stimulation were recorded in substantia nigra (SN) neurons of kittens (1–70 days of postnatal age) and adult cats. Neuronal responses to stimulation of each site were obtained throughout postnatal development. However, 4 major developmental shifts in the response of neurons were found: (1) the responsiveness of neurons to orthodromic activation increased with age; (2) the signs of the initial responses of neurons to caudate and cortical stimulation changed with age (excitatory and inhibitory responses in kittens vs almost entirely inhibitory responses in adults); (3) the response latencies of neurons decreased with age; (4) nigral neurons that were activated antidromically by stimulation of nigrostriatal axons showed age-related decreases in refractory periods and increases in conduction velocities.
Higher-Order Frozen-Time Models of Linear Time-Varying Systems

The paper deals with the construction of generalized frozen-time (FT) models-for linear time-varying continuous-time systems. The generalized FT models are higher-order models generated from a given n-dimensional state model by applying a stable differential operator to the state equation. This results in FT models whose coefficients depend on the derivatives of the time-varying system coefficient matrices. The accuracy of the higher-order FT models over local time intervals is investigated in terms of truncated Taylor series. In the last part of the paper, the application of the higher-order FT models to state feedback control is considered.
Scaling limits for interacting diffusions

We consider a large number of particles diffusing on a circle interacting through a drift resulting from the gradient of a pair potential whose support is of the order of the interparticle distance. We derive a nonlinear bulk diffusion equation for the density of the particle distribution on the circle. The diffusion coefficient is determined as a function of density in terms of standard thermodynamical objects.
Random Vibration of Structures: A Personal Perspective

Some topics in random vibration of structures are reviewed. For this occasion three topics are chosen: (a) effect of cross correlations in linear vibration of continuous structures, (b) effect of choice of deterministic theory describing the dynamic behavior of the structure, (c) new versions of stochastic linearization of nonlinear continuous structures. The essay attempts to partially answer a familiar but still nagging question “Now that I’m here, where am I?”
Theory and policy in regional science

These remarks were ones I made as the discussant of Koichi Mera’s presidential address to the meeting of the Western Regional Science Association, Rio Rico, Arizona, February 2003. Rather than dwelling on the many points of agreement between Mera and myself, I offer a few thoughts of my own on the role of theory and policy in the field of regional science. Regional science can be seen as an agglomeration of a theory community and a policy community, and both are important to the success of the agglomeration. I describe some ways the two communities should relate to each other.
Small-scale, hydrogen-oxidizing-denitrifying bioreactor for treatment of nitrate-contaminated drinking water

Nitrate removal by hydrogen-coupled denitrification was examined using flow-through, packed-bed bioreactors to develop a small-scale, cost effective system for treating nitrate-contaminated drinking-water supplies. Nitrate removal was accomplished using a Rhodocyclus sp., strain HOD 5, isolated from a sole-source drinking-water aquifer. The autotrophic capacity of the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium made it particularly adept for this purpose. Initial tests used a commercial bioreactor filled with glass beads and countercurrent, non-sterile flow of an autotrophic, air-saturated, growth medium and hydrogen gas. Complete removal of 2 mM nitrate was achieved for more than 300 days of operation at a 2-h retention time. A low-cost hydrogen generator/bioreactor system was then constructed from readily available materials as a water treatment approach using the Rhodocyclus strain. After initial tests with the growth medium, the constructed system was tested using nitrate-amended drinking water obtained from fractured granite and sandstone aquifers, with moderate and low TDS loads, respectively. Incomplete nitrate removal was evident in both water types, with high-nitrite concentrations in the bioreactor output, due to a pH increase, which inhibited nitrite reduction. This was rectified by including carbon dioxide in the hydrogen stream. Additionally, complete nitrate removal was accomplished with wastewater-impacted surface water, with a concurrent decrease in dissolved organic carbon. The results of this study using three chemically distinct water supplies demonstrate that hydrogen-coupled denitrification can serve as the basis for small-scale remediation and that pilot-scale testing might be the next logical step.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchoring: Control through Modification

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis and glycosylphosphatidylinositol modification of proteins are central to coordinated plant development.
Post-source decay in the analysis of polystyrene by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Various secondary series are observed in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectra of polystyrene. The number and positions of the series depend on the choice of matrix and added cation. For a given treatment, series observed in linear mode are not necessarily observed in reflectron mode, and vice versa. Post-source decay analysis was used to determine that the secondary series arise at least in part from formation and decay of adducts of polystyrene with matrix species. There is some treatment-to-treatment variation, but adduct formation and decay were observed for all tested treatments. The multiplicity of secondary series makes it unclear whether post-source decay occurs for the main series (polystyrene + cation)+ ions under the conditions normally used for polystyrene analysis. Such ions do undergo post-source decay at laser fluences greater than normally used. Although only polystyrene was investigated in this work, other polymers may also produce adduct and decay series in MALDI analysis. Their presence can mask the presence of minor components in a sample, but at least as observed here, do not have a strong influence on molecular mass determinations.
Suggestion concerning magnetic interactions in spinels

The indirect-exchange mechanisms which produce spontaneous magnetization in metal oxides are an optimum if two interacting cations are located on opposite sides of an anion. The coupling rules which have been developed for this case are not applicable to spinels in which the cation-anion-cation angles differ appreciably from 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. An examination of the $d$-orbital symmetry of various cations in respect to the crystal lattice leads to several suggestions concerning the magnetic interactions in spinels. Of particular interest are those spinels containing cations with three or fewer $d$ electrons in the octahedral sites, or four if the symmetry is tetragonal. The properties of several spinels of this kind are considered in the light of the suggestions offered. Direct interactions between octahedral-site cations appear to be possible.
The use of alternative substrates in studying enzymic mechanisms involving two substrate

Abstract Three similar steady-state rate expressions appear to prevail in the case of many two-substrate enzyme systems. By employing an alternate substrate along with the usual substrates there is an alteration in these rate equations and a choice of mechanism can be made from among the various possibilities. This approach would appear to be useful for enzyme systems in which kinetics can be followed in one direction only.
Molybdenum-Manganese-Iron Antagonisms in the Nutrition of Tomato Plants.

11. KESSLER, B. Effect of certain nucleic acid components upon the status of iron, deoxyribonucleic acid, and lime-induced chlorosis in fruit trees. Nature 179: 1015-1016. 1957. 12. KESSLER, B. Effect of transmitted ribonucleic acid from healthy pear trees upon the synthesis and composition of protein. Nature 181: 201-202. 1958. 13. KESSLER, B. and MONSELISE, S. P. Studies on ribonuclease, ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in healthy and zinc-deficient citrus leaves. Physiol. Plantarum 12: 1-7. 1959. 14. KESSLER, B., SWIRSKI, E. and TAHORI, A. S. Effect of caffeine and other purines upon the ribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid ratio in leaves and the suitability of these leaves for aphids. Nature 181: 1955-1956. 1958. 15. KESSLER, B., SWIRSKI, E. and TAHORI, A. S. The effect of purines upon the nucleic acid and nitrogen metabolisms of leaves, and their sensitivity to aphids. Agr. Res. Sta. Rehovot, Ktavim 9 (3-4) (In press.) 1959. 16. MARKHAM, R. Nucleic acids, their components andt related compounds. In: Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Vol. IV. Pp. 246-304. SpringerVerlag, Berlin 1955. 17. MEULEN, A., VAN DER. Flowering of six month's. old citrus seedlings. Farming in South Africa 28: 141. 1953. 18. SALISBURY, F. B. and BONNER, J. Effects of uracil derivatives on flowering of Xanthium. Plant Physiol. 33 Suppl.: xxv. 1958. 19. SPIEGELMAN, S., HALVORSON, H. 0. and BEN-ISHAI, R. Free amino acids and the enzyme-forming mechanisms. In: Amino Acid Metabolism. Pp. 1048 pp. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1955. 20. STEWARD, F. C. and POLLARD, J. K. Nitrogen metabolism in plants: Ten years in retrospect. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8: 65-114. 1957. 21. WEBSTER, G. C. Nitrogen metabolism. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 6: 43-70. 1955.
Distributed control for link failure based on tie-sets in information networks

This study proposes distributed control for link failure based on loops in a network to conduct local management. A loop can be expressed by a set of links, which is called a tie-set. More local and high-speed recovery is considered to be possible if failure is resolved within some tie-sets. This paper introduces the tie-set concept first, and then describes the distributed algorithms for link failure. Experiments to compare against RSTP are also conducted.
Passage of xenobiotics and their metabolites from hepatopancreas into ovary and oocytes of blue crabs, callinectes sapidus: Possible implications for vitellogenesis

Female blue crabs with ovaries at stage 3 (ovaries between 5 and 10 g and oocyte diameters between 200 and 250 μm) were fed food containing various 14C-xenobiotics (dinitrochlorobenzene, hexachlorobiphenyl, triphenyltin, and tributyltin). After three and six days, the hepatopancreas and ovaries were removed and oocytes isolated from the ovaries. Between 8% and 16% of the radioactivity in the food was found in the hepatopancreas after three days. Hexachlorobiphenyl was not metabolized to a significant extent, and most radioactivity from this compound was found in the lipid droplets or in the lipid phase of subcellular fractions of the hepatopancreas. Triphenyltin and tributyltin were in the lipid droplets, but a significant amount of their radioactivity was associated with metabolites covalently bound to various proteins in the subcellular fraction and also in metabolites conjugated to sulfate, glucose, or glutathione. Most of the dinitrochlorobenzene was conjugated to glutathione and was rapidly eliminated from the body of the crab. Between 0·2% and 6% of the radioactivity in the hepatopancreas entered the ovary, with a small portion of the radioactivity in the oocytes. The ovary and oocyte contained primarily the unchanged parent compound, which was in lipid droplets and lipid phase of the oocyte lipoproteins, i.e. lipovitellin. There was little evidence of either free metabolites or metabolites covalently bound to oocyte macromolecules. We hypothesize that toxicants that effect the reproduction of crabs could act by interfering with the synthesis and assembly of lipovitellins.
The effect of task complexity on reflection-impulsivity☆

Abstract Children classified as either reflective, impulsive, or nonextreme were administered tests with an increasing number of alternative responses in order to determine whether or not they would retain their preferred mode of decision-making behavior independent of task complexity. The children's tendency to be reflective or impulsive was a remarkably stable feature of their problem-solving behavior and was a better predictor of errors than the number of alternative responses. The educational implications of the findings were discussed, and it was suggested that educational research acknowledge the importance of the preferred strategy of the learner.
Movement of Fish in Streams

Abstract This report is a continuation of a study conducted during the spring and summer of 1936 (Bangham, 1937) and includes in addition to the area covered in the earlier investigation, two other portions of stream each 1 mile in length. As in 1936 the larger fish were tagged, measured and then released. From June 15 to September 17, 1937, 11.7 per cent of 487 tagged fish were recaptured. No fish tagged the previous year were caught.
Variation of Elastin Fluorescence with Method of Preparation: Determination of the Major Fluorophore of Fibrillar Elastin

The variation of fluorescence of two fibrillar elastins as a result of preparation methods was studied and the major common fluorophore was identified. Dilution of acid-hydrolyzed bovine ligament elastin 1:2500 (g:ml) overcame inner filter effects (IFE) to reveal fluorescence excitation and emission maxima of 330/408 nm. An IFE effect observed in elastase-solubilized elastin was unresponsive to dilution. Elastase-solubilized elastin had maximal fluorescence at 338/410 nm (pH 2.3) and 325/394 nm (pH 7.4), and the fluorescence intensity was 35-40% of that of the acid-hydrolyzed elastin. Changes in fluorescence that occurred when an acid hydrolysate was evaporated to dryness were prevented by evaporation to a volume not less than 15 ml. As a result, there was an almost two-fold increase in the yield of a fluorophore with spectral maxima near 340/400 nm. Chick aorta elastin purified by enzymatic methods also contained substantial amounts of this fluorophore. It is concluded that the compound with fluorescence of 340/400 nm is the major common fluorophore of postnatal fibrillar elastins.
Quantifying and testing differences among means of compositional data suites

Commonly, geological studies compare mean values of two or more compositional data suites in order to determine if, how, and by how much they differ. Simple approaches for evaluating and statistically testing differences in mean values for open data fail for compositional (closed) data. A new parameter, an “f-value,” therefore has been developed, which correctly quantifies the differences among compositional mean values and allows testing those differences for statistical significance. In general, this parameter quantifies only therelative factor by which compositional variables differ across data suites; however for situations where, arguably, at least one component has neither increased nor decreased, anabsolute f-value can be computed. In situations where the compositional variables have undergone many perturbations, arguments based upon thef-values and the central limit theorem indicate that logratios of compositional variables should be normally distributed.
Toxicogenomic profiling in maternal and fetal rodent brains following gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos

Abstract Considering the wide variety of effects that have been reported to occur in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (CP) and the lack of consensus on their dependence of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity inhibition, we applied microarray technology to explore dose-dependent alterations in transcriptional response in the fetal and maternal C57BL/6 mouse brain after daily gestational exposure (days 6 to 17) to CP (2, 4, 10, 12 or 15 mg/kg, sc). We identified significantly altered genes across doses and assessed for overrepresentation of Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and KEGG pathways. We further clustered genes based on their expression profiles across doses and repeated the GO/pathways analysis for each cluster. The dose–effect relationship of CP on gene expression, both at the gene and pathway levels was non-monotonic and not necessarily related to brain AChE inhibition. The largest impact was observed in the 10 mg/kg dose group which was also the LOAEL for brain AChE inhibition. In the maternal brain, lower doses (4 mg/kg) influenced GO categories and pathways such as cell adhesion, behavior, lipid metabolism, long-term potentiation, nervous system development, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission. In the fetal brain, lower doses (2 and/or 4 mg/kg) significantly altered cell division, translation, transmission of nerve impulse, chromatin modification, long-term potentiation. In addition, some genes involved in nervous system development and signaling were shown to be specifically influenced by these lower CP doses. Our approach was sensitive and reflected the diversity of responses known to be disrupted by CP and highlighted possible additional consequences of CP neurotoxicity, such as disturbance of the ubiquitin proteasome system.
Disorders of excessive hair growth in the adolescent.

Hirsutism is a common condition in the adolescent female and reflects, in part, significant hormonal activity at the level of the pilosebaceous unit. Whereas benign conditions usually are the underlying causes of hirsutism, serious and life-threatening conditions can present initially as hirsutism or virilization. A number of effective therapies are available to treat this condition.
Effect of Oxidation and Thioglycolic Acid on Separation of Coal and Pyrite by Selective Oil Agglomeration

The separation of coal and pyrite particles by selective agglomeration with oil can be troublesome for coals which are weakly hydrophobic or hydrophilic and, therefore, are not strongly agglomerable. The hydrophobicity of lower rank coals and other coals which have become oxidized is generally low. On the other hand, the hydrophobicity of oxidized pyrite can be appreciable. The problem of separating such coals from pyrite was studied by oxidizing a moderately hydrophobic coal with air at 150°C for either 8, 20, or 72 hr to systematically reduce its hydrophobicity. Samples of the raw and treated coal were subsequently mixed with aged mineral pyrite from Peru and agglomerated with heptane. Although a mixture of raw, unoxidized coal and pyrite was largely separated by this method, it proved increasingly difficult to separate the materials as the coal became increasingly oxidized. While raw coal was agglomerated in preference to pyrite, this preference changed as the coal was oxidized. After 20 hr. of oxi...
Con A induced suppressor cells: suppression with I region incompatibility.

Abstract Allogeneic Con A induced suppressor cells differing in the I and S region but not H -2 K or H -2 D regions were as efficient as syngeneic cells in suppressing the secondary IgM and IgG response to burro erythrocytes. Con A activated suppressor cells were not sensitive to anti-Ia serum and complement. However, if the spleen cell population was treated with anti-Ia serum and complement before stimulation with Con A, suppressor cells were not generated.
Further studies on the inflammatory response induced by zinc wire implants in the central nervous system of rats.

Implantation of zinc wires into the central nervous system of adult Lewis rats initiates an inflammatory reaction with a predominantly mononuclear cell profile. Extensive cuffs of small lymphocytes, mature plasma cells, macrophages, and histiocytes are found around the site of the wire implant and around adjacent blood vessels. The inflammatory response persists for at least 35 weeks but, with time , is gradually replaced by extensive fibrosis, collagen deposition, and proliferation of glial cells in the adjacent neuropil. The Lesion is not necrotic, nor is it characteristic of a foreign body granuloma, since neither giant cells nor organized epithelioid cells are found. No obvious clinical effect is observed. The fact that the implantation of zinc wire initiates an inflammatory response which resembles certain immune-mediated reactions is consistent with the reports of others that zinc affects immunological responses both in vivo and in vitro. Other metals (Be, Co, Mg, Pt, and Ni), implanted to control for the effect of zinc, initiated responses that were both distinct for the metal used and reproducible, and thus underscore the significance of studying the role of metals in both acute and chronic diseases.
Relaxed consistency and coherence granularity in DSM systems: a performance evaluation

During the past few years, two main approaches have been taken to improve the performance of software shared memory implementations: relaxing consistency models and providing fine-grained access control. Their performance tradeoffs, however, we not well understood. This paper studies these tradeoffs on a platform that provides access control in hardware but runs coherence protocols in software, We compare the performance of three protocols across four coherence granularities, using 12 applications on a 16-node cluster of workstations. Our results show that no single combination of protocol and granularity performs best for all the applications. The combination of a sequentially consistent (SC) protocol and fine granularity works well with 7 of the 12 applications. The combination of a multiple-writer, home-based lazy release consistency (HLRC) protocol and page granularity works well with 8 out of the 12 applications. For applications that suffer performance losses in moving to coarser granularity under sequential consistency, the performance can usually be regained quite effectively using relaxed protocols, particularly HLRC. We also find that the HLRC protocol performs substantially better than a single-writer lazy release consistent (SW-LRC) protocol at coase granularity for many irregular applications. For our applications and platform, when we use the original versions of the applications ported directly from hardware-coherent shared memory, we find that the SC protocol with 256-byte granularity performs best on average. However, when the best versions of the applications are compared, the balance shifts in favor of HLRC at page granularity.
Air pollution regulation of nonvehicular, organic‐solvent emissions by Los Angeles Rule 66

In an effort to further their control of sources emitting organic solvents into the atmosphere, the Air Pollution Control District of Los Angeles County, Calif., successfully secured passage of Rule 66 into law July 28, 1966. Rule 66 specifically relates to the control of organic solvent emissions from stationary sources. This paper directs itself to a discussion of the technical aspects used by the Air Pollution Control District in establishing which organic solvents contribute most significantly to the formation of photomechanical smog, eye irritation, and ozone. It also draws attention to the very specific topography of Los Angeles County. And it suggests that air pollution control authorities elsewhere be made cognizant of this in establishing controls on organic solvent emissions in their localities, so as not to be unnecessarily harsh and restrictive.