cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of particle size on the mechanism controlling n-hexane sorption in glassy polystyrene microspheres

Abstract The effect of particle size on the rate-determining transport mechanism controlling n-hexane sorption into polystyrene spheres was determined by monitoring the kinetics of n-hexane vapour absorption in two powder samples of distinctly different narrow particle size distributions. The microspheres differed in mean diameter by a factor of three hundred. In all cases, sorption in the smaller spheres was controlled principally by Fickian diffusion. In contrast, at temperatures and activities which result in relaxation-controlled (Case II) transport in films, the larger spheres (184 μm diameter) sorb by Case II kinetics. Under these identical boundary conditions, however, the small spheres (5340 A diameter) absorbed n-hexane by Fickian kinetics. Presumably, there is insufficient time or space in the small spheres to develop the step concentration profiles associated with limiting Case II transport. A mathematical model describing Case II sorption in spheres cylinders, and slabs is developed. The kinetics describing absorption in the larger spheres are well described by this analysis. Desorption in all cases is adequately described by concentration-dependent diffusion. Repeated experiments confirmed, moreover, that at identical temperatures and penetrant vapour activities the apparent equilibrium concentration of n-hexane in the small spheres is significantly higher than the corresponding sorption equilibria in the large spheres. Although several possible explanations for this glassy-state anomaly are presented, the most satisfying explanation involves the development of a non-sorbing core in the large spheres consequent to the prior sorption in the surrounding shell. Desorption data are consistent with the notion of partial swelling of large spheres.
Integrating a discovery‐based laboratory to teach supply chain management fundamentals in an undergraduate management course

Using experiential simulation games is a commonly used pedagogical method to enrich classroom discussions and to facilitate students’ learning in supply chain management education at both undergraduate and graduate levels. However, existing games are inappropriate for undergraduate students that are first‐time learners of the subject. In this paper, we describe a discovery‐based laboratory that is developed to supplement an undergraduate introductory operations management course when the fundamentals of supply chain management are taught. The detailed description of the lab and the assessment results of student learning effectiveness based on a rubric technique are provided. We also compare the student performance with and without the lab in terms of understanding the general aspects of supply chains. In addition, we comment on the limitations and possible expansions of the lab.
The contemporary development of a Neo‐Confucian epistemology

Until recently epistemology in the Western sense was never a central issue in Chinese philosophy. Contemporary Chinese neo‐Confucian philosophers, however, realize that in order to reconstruct some of the important traditional philosophical insights and make them meaningful in the present time, certain methodological and epistemological considerations are indispensable. The present paper undertakes to examine some of these efforts. Since most neo‐Confucian philosophers today have been influenced by Hsiung Shih‐li, in one way or another, his epistemological theory is presented first. Then the further development of a neo‐Confucian epistemological system in Mou Tsung‐san's thought is discussed. Hsiung Shih‐li has made an important distinction between what he calls the hsing‐ehih and the liang‐chih. The former may be translated as the original wisdom and is what we rely upon to grasp ontological reality; the latter may be translated as the measuring wisdom and includes both our commonsensical and scientific ...
Analysis of the Dextranase Activity Produced by an Oral Strain of Bacteroides ochraceus

An anaerobic, gram-negative, dextranase-producing filamentous bacterium isolated from human dental plaque has been identified as a strain of Bacteroides ochraceus. The inducible intracellular dextran-degrading activities produced by this microorganism can be fractionated inta endohydrolytic and exohydrolytic enzymes with distinct pH optima. These enzymes reduce the apparent rate of glucan production from sucrose by the dextransucrase produced by Streptococcus mutans and consequently may influence the in vivo production of polysaccharides involved in plaque accumulation and metabolism.
Synergy and Antagonism of Promiscuous Inhibition in Multiple-Compound Mixtures

Screening in mixtures is a common approach for increasing the efficiency of high-throughput screening. Here we investigate how the “compound load” of mixtures influences promiscuous aggregate-based inhibition. We screened 764 molecules individually and in mixtures of 10 at 5 μM each, comparing the observed inhibition of the mixtures to that predicted from single-compound results. Synergistic effects on aggregation predominated, although antagonism was also observed. These results suggest that screening mixtures can increase aggregation-based inhibition in a nonadditive manner.
Robust Regression Methods for Traffic Growth Forecasting

Least-squares regression has been applied as a tool to understand traffic growth patterns and to predict future growth. Specifically, given a set of historical annual average daily traffic (AADT) values for a location, regression can be used to summarize traffic growth patterns and to predict growth. However, this technique is vulnerable to outliers because standard linear regression techniques can produce arbitrarily large errors in their results if points are badly placed. The situation is made worse when thousands of traffic sites are analyzed at once because it is infeasible to examine each set of regression results individually. In this paper two outlier detection and removal techniques and one robust regression technique are compared with simple least-squares regression for accuracy in traffic growth prediction, with both linear and log-linear models of traffic growth on historical AADT values for several thousand sites in the state of New York. Each method was evaluated by the median absolute error in predictions being computed for 1 year, 4 years, and 8 years beyond the modeled values and also by the mean percent error being computed, giving each site equal weight. When all sites were equally weighted, the robust regression technique produced significantly better results than either plain regression or outlier detection techniques. Using median absolute error, none of the robust techniques produced significantly more accurate results than ordinary regression.
Tobacco outlet density, cigarette smoking prevalence, and demographics at the county level of analysis

The geographic associations between tobacco outlet density, cigarette smoking prevalence, and demographic variables at the county unit of analysis were examined. End of year 2002 data were derived from licenses of 4745 tobacco selling retail outlets in all 99 Iowa counties. The 2000 census and the 2002 Iowa Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (IBRFSS) were used to gather data for demographic variables and smoking prevalence rates. The IBRFSS telephone interviews were conducted from January through December in 2002 with a random sample of 3662 Iowa residents. As expected, results showed that counties with higher density of tobacco outlets and smoking prevalence also tended to have a higher percentage of minority residents. Contrary to previous studies, however, counties with higher tobacco outlet density and smoking prevalence also tended to have higher median household income. Findings are discussed in light of the state's low income inequality. Implications of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Indian General Elections 2009: The Myth of the ‘National’ Verdict

This article argues that the results of the Indian General Elections, 2009, emphasize continuity more than change. Regional political parties, local-level issues and identity-based politics remain significant. The verdict represents a confirmation of established patterns of electoral politics in India and not a break with the recent past.
The effects of tests on learning and forgetting

In three experiments, we investigated whether memory tests enhance learning and reduce forgetting more than additional study opportunities do. Subjects learned obscure facts (Experiments 1 and 2) or Swahili-English word pairs (Experiment 3) by either completing a test with feedback (test/study) or receiving an additional study opportunity (study). Recall was tested after 5 min or 1, 2, 7, 14, or 42 days. We explored forgetting by means of an ANOVA and also by fitting a power function to the data. In all three experiments, testing enhanced overall recall more than restudying did. According to the power function, in two out of three experiments, testing also reduced forgetting more than restudying did, although this was not always the case according to the ANOVA. We discuss the implications of these results both for approaches to measuring forgetting and for the use of tests in promoting long-term retention. The stimuli used in these experiments may be found at www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Incipient aquaculture in prehistoric California?: Long-term productivity and sustainability vs. immediate returns for the harvest of marine invertebrates

Abstract California archaeologists have proposed two alternative methods for harvesting mussels—“stripping” and “plucking”. These two methods are modeled and compared with experimental data from central California (Jones, T.L., Richman, J.R., 1995. On Mussels: Mytilus californianus as a Prehistoric Resource, North American Archaeologist 16, 33–58) and archaeological data from the Punta Gorda Rockshelter, a well-stratified coastal shell midden in northern California. Foragers at the Punta Gorda Rockshelter appear to have practiced a “stripping” technique at approximately 24 month intervals. It is argued that, while this strategy reduced immediate foraging returns, it increased the long-term net productivity of the mussel beds. These findings are discussed in light of the broader literature regarding resource depression and resource cultivation in California prehistory. The conventional interpretation of reductions in the body size in archaeological assemblages is questioned both in terms of rates of return on these individuals and the impact of human predation on local prey populations.
Literature of disasters from the human factors point of view: a descriptive analysis

Based on information derived from bibliographic titles in Ergonomic Abstracts, this paper analyzes research done on human factors in disaster management. A bibliometric analysis is done to identify the most useful material in this important and timely subject area.
Factors associated with declining a rapid human immunodeficiency virus test in labor and delivery.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend routine rapid HIV testing in labor and delivery (LD however, if previous testing occurred, this was undocumented at L&D. Documentation and timely communication of HIV status is critical to provide appropriate HIV prophylaxis.
Multidetector CT angiography of arterial inflow and runoff in the lower extremities: a challenge in data acquisition and evaluation.

PURPOSE To show the feasibility of acquiring homogenous 3-dimensional datasets with high temporal and spatial resolution from computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) scans of the lower extremities and to assess automated vessel-tracking techniques for vascular evaluation. METHODS Eighteen men (mean age 67.0 years, range 43-83) with aneurysmal or occlusive vascular diseases underwent contrast-enhanced CTA of the lower limb arteries utilizing a 16-row CT imager. Curved multiplanar reformations were generated by manual selection of vessel centerlines in the infrarenal aorta and the arterial vasculature in the pelvis, thigh, and calf based on volume-rendering techniques. For each vessel, opacification and depiction were quantitatively evaluated. The manually segmented images were compared to datasets processed with automated vessel-tracking strategies by 5 radiologists, who evaluated diagnostic reliability and image quality. A Differential Receiver Operating Characteristic (DROC) analysis was performed. RESULTS An increase in the temporal and spatial resolution led to acquisition of high quality CTA datasets. Significant homogeneity of the vascular contrast-to-noise ratios was achieved in the pelvic (coefficient of variance 1.5% to 10.1%), thigh (0.1% to 9.4%), and calf (3.3% to 19.2%) vessels. The assessment of vascular delineation revealed full-width-at-half-maximum contrast values of 96.4%, 95.5%, and 111.3% in the pelvis, thigh, and calf, respectively. Observers were not able to distinguish between manual and automated vascular segmentation, as represented by a 0.56 value for the area under the DROC curve. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution CTA lower extremity datasets were acquired successfully, presenting vascular signal intensities of high homogeneity suitable for automated vessel-tracking techniques. Automated 3D visualization tools produced reliable, reproducible, and time-efficient centerline extractions that were comparable to manually defined centerlines.
Wayne Suttles (1918–2005)

Wayne Suttles, the leading authority on the ethnology and linguistics of the Coast Salish, died on May 9, 2005, on San Juan Island, Washington. He was born April 24, 1918, in Seattle, Washington, and grew up on a dairy farm in Bothell, Washington. His interest in anthropology began in his youth, when he read early accounts of Native American life. He attended the University of Washington, where he majored in anthropology. It was at a meeting of anthropol? ogy majors that he met Shirley Smith, and they married in 1941. She survives him, along with seven children, ten grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. After receiving his B.A. in 1941, Suttles was promptly recruited into the Navy's Japanese language program. Fol? lowing intensive training in Berkeley, California, and in Boulder, Colorado, he served as a Naval Japanese Language Officer at Pearl Harbor and later on Okinawa. In 1946, he re? turned to the University of Washington for graduate work, earning in 1951 the first Ph.D. in anthropology awarded by that institution.
Community Based Interventions in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States with over 600,000 cardiovascular mortalities in 2008 alone. Given the burden of cardiovascular disease on both the individual and the healthcare system as a whole, substantial resources are invested in determining the most effective way of improving cardiovascular outcomes. As we have begun to better understand the impact of heart disease through epidemiologic data gathered on a national, regional, and city level, community-based interventions (CBI) have been targeted as a potential means of tackling this epidemic. This review focuses on the types of CBIs in terms of the targeted risk factors and setting of the intervention, challenges in their development, and future directions for research focus.
Quantitation of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in growing dogs as an index of in vivo skeletal muscle catabolism.

Purpose: To quantitate urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-mh) excretion as an index of in vivo muscle catabolism in dogs fed diets containing either normal or high protein levels.Methods: Twelve male, 5-month-old Beagle dogs were housed individually in metabolism cages and fed a non-meat, purified diet. They were divided into two diet groups of six dogs each, receiving 22.6% (NP) or 41.1% (HP) DM crude protein, respectively. Three dogs from each group received an intravenous injection of 385 +/- 29 kBq [14C] 3-mh. HCl. Urine and feces were collected daily until radioactivity returned to background levels (17 days). Urinary 3-mh was measured using an amino acid analyzer and percentage of bound 3-mh was estimated via acid hydrolysis.Results: Results are reported as means +/- SEM. 3-mh recovery in urine and feces of dogs were 263 +/- 28 kBq and 50.7 +/- 2.2 kBq and 327 +/- 45 kBq and 25.9 +/- 25.9 kBq for the NP and HP groups, respectively. The total cumulative 3-mh recoveries for the NP and HP groups were 81.8% +/- 2.8 and 91.4% +/- 2.7, respectively. Bound 3-mh accounted for 2.1 to 4.8% of urinary 14C-3-mh.Conclusions: Growing Beagle dogs excrete a higher percentage of 3-mh in feces (13.5% vs. 6.7%) when consuming the NP versus the HP diet. It appears that some of the 14C was lost in CO(2) and/or re-circulated in the body, as reported for sheep and pigs. We conclude that urinary 3-mh does not appear to be a quantitative index of in vivo muscle catabolism in growing dogs.
Implementations of a four-level mechanical architecture for fault-tolerant robots

Abstract This paper describes a fault tolerant mechanical architecture with four levels devised and implemented in concert with NASA (Tesar, D. & Sreevijayan, D., Four-level fault tolerance in manipulator design for space operations. In First Int. Symp. Measurement and Control in Robotics (ISMCR '90), Houston, Texas, 20–22 June 1990.) Subsequent work has clarified and revised the architecture. The four levels proceed from fault tolerance at the actuator level, to fault tolerance via in-parallel chains, to fault tolerance using serial kinematic redundancy, and finally to the fault tolerance multiple arm systems provide. This is a subsumptive architecture because each successive layer can incorporate the fault tolerance provided by all layers beneath. For instance a serially-redundant robot can incorporate dual fault-tolerant actuators. Redundant systems provide the fault tolerance, but the guiding principle of this architecture is that functional redundancies actively increase the performance of the system. Redundancies do not simply remain dormant until needed. This paper includes specific examples of hardware and/or software implementation at all four levels.
Validating the Food Behavior Questions from the Elementary School SPAN Questionnaire

Abstract Background The School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) questionnaire was developed as a surveillance instrument to measure physical activity, nutrition attitudes, and dietary and physical activity behaviors in children and adolescents. The SPAN questionnaire has 2 versions. Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of food consumption items from the elementary school version of the SPAN questionnaire. Design Validity was assessed by comparing food items selected on the questionnaire with food items reported from a single 24-hour recall covering the same reference period. Setting 5 elementary schools in Indiana. Participants Fourth-grade student volunteers (N = 121) from 5 elementary schools. Main Outcome Measure Agreement between responses to SPAN questionnaire items and reference values obtained through 24-hour dietary recall. Analysis The agreement between the questionnaire and the 24-hour recall was measured using Spearman correlation, percentage agreement, and kappa statistic. Results Correlation between SPAN item responses and recall data ranged from .25 (bread and related products) to .67 (gravy). The percentage agreement ranged from 26% (bread and related products) to 90% (gravy). The kappa statistic varied from .06 (chocolate candy) to .60 (beans). Conclusions and implications Results from this study indicate that the SPAN questionnaire can be administered in the classroom quickly and easily to measure many previous day dietary behaviors of fourth graders. However, questions addressing consumption of “vegetables,” “candy,” and “snacks” need further investigation.
Possible "New" Quantum Systems

Systems of spin-aligned hydrogen isotopes are studied. They are shown to exhibit even more extreme ''quantum'' behavior than the helium isotopes. Spin-aligned hydrogen is predicted to be a gas at all temperatures and its Bose-Einstein condensation and possible superfluidity are discussed. Spin-aligned deuterium is predicted to show critical behavior strongly influence by quantum mechanics. The preparation of spin-aligned hydrogen (in the presence of large magnetic fields) is also discussed. (AIP)
Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 by Overexpression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells Involves Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in cell migration and remodeling processes by affecting the extracellular matrix. MMP-2 is thought to be involved in cancer cell invasiveness. It has been proposed that the activity of MMP-2 can be modulated by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species. We hypothesized that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) could mediate MMP-2 activity by changing the intracellular ROS level and that nitric oxide (⋅NO) may be involved in this process. Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were stably transfected with plasmids containing MnSOD cDNA. A 2–30-fold increase of MnSOD protein and activity was observed in four clones. Our data demonstrated that overexpression of MnSOD stimulated the activation of MMP-2 with a corresponding elevation of ROS. A decrease in ROS by ebselen, a glutathione peroxidase mimetic, or by transduction of adenovirus containing human catalase or glutathione peroxidase cDNA abolished the effect of MnSOD on MMP-2 activation. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with antimycin A or rotenone increased intracellular ROS production and MMP-2 activation simultaneously. Our data also showed a suppression of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression that was accompanied by decreased ⋅NO production in MnSOD-overexpressing cells. However, the changes in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and⋅NO did not correlate with the MnSOD activity. Corresponding changes of MMP-2 activity after the addition of a NOS inhibitor (N G-amino-l-arginine) or a⋅NO donor ((Z)-1-[(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate) to the cells suggested the possibility that ⋅NO may be involved in the MnSOD-mediated MMP-2 activation pathway. These results indicate that MnSOD induces MMP-2 activity by regulation of intracellular ROS and imply that signaling pathways involving ⋅NO may also be involved in the MnSOD mediation of MMP-2 activity.
Gas Optics Applicable To The Free Electron Laser

Gas optic elements can be thought of as weak lenses which can be tailored to the needs of the FEL and are in fact well suited for them. This paper describes experimental and analytical work on defocusing gas elements which use fluid flows in their operation.
Silhouette maps for improved texture magnification

Texture mapping is a simple way of increasing visual realism without adding geometrical complexity. Because it is a discrete process, it is important to properly filter samples when the sampling rate of the texture differs from that of the final image. This is particularly problematic when the texture is magnified or minified. While reasonable approaches exist to tackle the minified case, few options exist for improving the quality of magnified textures in real-time applications. Most simply bilinearly interpolate between samples, yielding exceedingly blurry textures. In this paper, we address the real-time magnification problem by extending the silhouette map algorithm to general texturing. In particular, we discuss the creation of these silmap textures as well as a simple filtering scheme that allows for viewing at all levels of magnification. The technique was implemented on current graphics hardware and our results show that we can achieve a level of visual quality comparable to that of a much larger texture.
A practical approach to fast-light enhanced fiber sensing: experiments and modeling

It has been proposed that fast-light optical phenomena can increase the sensitivity of an optical gyroscope of a given size by several orders of magnitude. MagiQ Technologies is developing a compact fiber-based fast light Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) in optical fibers with commercially mature technologies. We have demonstrated repeatable fast-light effects in the lab using off-the shelf optical components. Numerical analysis has revealed the requirements for stable, sensitive operation of gyroscopes, accelerometers or other sensors, as well as identified methods for optimizing efficiency, size, and reliability with known optical technologies. By using photonic integrated circuits and telecom-grade components along with specialty fibers, our design would be appropriate for mass production. We have eliminated all free-space optical elements or wavelength dependent elements such as atomic vapor cells in order to enable a compact, high sensitivity IMU stable against environmental disturbances. Results of this effort will have benefits in existing applications of IMUs (such as inertial navigation units, gyrocompasses, and stabilization techniques), and will allow wider use of RLGs in spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicles or sensors, where the current size and weight of optical IMUs are prohibitive.
Abstract 499: RUNX2 protects human neuroblastoma cells against apoptosis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor with an undifferentiated status and is characterized by heterogeneous clinical courses. The RUNX gene family comprises RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3 transcription factors and is closely involved in a variety of cellular processes including development, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Since RUNX genes play crucial roles in neuronal differentiation, we studied the expression of RUNX mRNAs in human neuroblastoma NB1691 cells. An increased RUNX2 mRNA expression was found in NB1691 cells compared with RUNX1 and RUNX3 mRNAs. Hypoxia is known to be a significant physiological stress in the tumor microenvironment and is associated with tumor malignant phenotype. NB1691 cells exhibited an increased expression of RUNX2 mRNA upon exposure to hypoxia compared with normoxic cells. Knockdown of HIF-2α, but not HIF-1α, decreased hypoxia-induced up regulation of RUNX2 mRNA in NB1691 cells. BothHIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNAs as well as proteins were downregulated in hypoxic NB1691 cells treated with RUNX2 siRNA compared with non-targeted control siRNA. GLUT1, a HIF-1α downstream target gene and Oct4, a HIF-2α downstream target gene were also found to be decreased in RUNX2 siRNA-treated NB1691 cells exposed to hypoxia. Runx2 knockdown using RNA interference in NB1691 cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation under normoxic as well as hypoxic conditions. An increased percentage of apoptotic cells was found in NB1691 cells treated with RUNX2 siRNA, and this percentage further increased in hypoxic NB1691 cells treated with RUNX2 siRNA. Further, these observations were validated by TUNEL assay. Real-time PCR analysis revealed elevated levels of Bax, Puma, Noxa and Nix in NB1691 cells treated with RUNX2 siRNA compared with cells treated with non-targeted control siRNA-treated cells under hypoxic conditions. In conclusion, our study suggests that hypoxia up regulates RUNX2 in NB1691 cells in a HIF2α- dependent manner and RUNX2 protects neuroblastoma cells against apoptosis. Citation Format: Manu Gnanamony, Indra Mohanam, Sanjeeva Mohanam. RUNX2 protects human neuroblastoma cells against apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 499. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-499
Phase 2 Timing of Rectal Cancer Response to Chemoradiation: Analysis of Radiation Therapy (RT)

Purpose/Objective(s): Concurrent preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5FU is a standard of care for cT3-4 rectal cancer. Studies incorporating additional cytotoxic agents have increased morbidity with little benefit. We report 2 year outcomes of a prospective trial intended to (1) include the benefits of preoperative radiation therapy (RT) on local control (LC), (2) provide preoperative FOLFOX chemotherapy (CT), and (3) avoid the morbidity of concurrent RT and multi-drug CT. Materials/Methods: Eighty patients with cT3-4, any N, any M rectal cancer planned for resection of the primary tumor were enrolled prospectively on an institutional phase II trial from November 2009 through April 2012. Preoperative treatment included short course RT (25 Gy to involved mesorectum, 20 Gy to elective nodes in 5 fractions), followed by 4 cycles of mFOLFOX6. Postoperatively, 6-8 cycles of adjuvant FOLFOX was suggested at the discretion of the medical oncologist. The primary endpoint was T-stage downstaging (ypT < cT) and acute grade 3+ GI morbidity equal or better than historic controls. Pathologic response was additionally evaluated post-hoc for the low-risk patient subgroup eligible for enrollment to the ongoing PROSPECT trial. Patient reported quality of life data was obtained prospectively using the FACT-C questionnaire (Version 4) prior to RT, immediately prior to surgery, and 1 year following surgery. LC and PFS were estimated at 1and 2years using the Kaplan Meier method. Results: The primary endpoint was evaluable for 76 of 80 patients. The median follow-up was 21 months. The 76 evaluable cases included 7 cT4 and 69 cT3; 59 cN+, 7 cM1. Sphincter preserving surgery was performed on 59 cases. Grade 3 preoperative GI morbidity occurred in 7 cases (9%), and no patient had Grade 4 or 5 morbidity. At surgery 53 (70%) had ypT02 disease including 21 (28%) ypT0. Among low risk, PROSPECT eligible patients (n Z 38), 16 (42%) achieved ypT0 and 33 (87%) ypT0-2 disease. LC at years 1 and 2 for the entire cohort was 100% and 95%; PFS among cM0 patients at years 1 and 2 was 96% and 89%. Analysis of patient reported quality of life data revealed no decrement in patient reported outcomes at any time point. Conclusions: Sequential short course radiation and FOLFOX as preoperative therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer provides excellent tumor downstaging, with high 2-year LC and PFS. Therapy was well tolerated; supporting the ongoing RAPIDO trial that compares a similar regimen to conventionally fractionated 5FU based CRT for high risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Author Disclosure: J.R. Olsen: None. P.J. Parikh: None. S. Hunt: None. B. Tan: None. R.J. Myerson: None.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate on cell proliferation and Epstein-Barr virus DNA replication.

Abstract The effect of a tumor promoter, 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on cell growth and replication of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines and in a Burkitt somatic hybrid cell line (D98/HR-1) were studied. Following TPA treatment, cell proliferation was inhibited in all cell lines tested. The degree of inhibition of cell proliferation was greater if the cells were in a quiescent stationary phase (analogous to the G 0 stage) than if the cells were in a steady-state mode of exponential growth when TPA was added. Induction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA replication was observed only in P3HR-1 and D98/HR-1 cells, but not in Raji cells similarly exposed to TPA, as determined by cRNA-DNA hybridization with EBV-specific cRNA probe. Transient exposure (24 hr) of P3HR-1 cells to TPA followed by subsequent washing and incubation in TPA-free medium resulted in an increase (sixfold) in EBV genome copies per cell to the same level as achieved with continuous treatment; the increases in viral genome copies paralleled the increase in [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into EBV DNA. With transient TPA exposure, there was a 2-day lag period in cell proliferation and thereafter followed the similar kinetics of cell proliferation as those of the nontreated cells. These results indicate that transient exposure to TPA is sufficient to trigger the cells to enter the EBV replicative cycle, and the inhibition of some step in cell proliferation during the lag period may be inextricably linked to the effect of TPA in viral induction.
Management and disease outcome of type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors: the Mount Sinai experience

The incidence of gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased tenfold since the 1970s. Our aim was to describe the clinicopathologic profile, management, and outcomes of type I gastric NETs at The Mount Sinai Hospital. From existing databases of the Mount Sinai Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology and the Carcinoid Cancer Foundation, we identified 56 patients with type I gastric NETs seen at The Mount Sinai Hospital from 1993 to 2012. We generated a comprehensive dataset encompassing demographic, clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic factors. Survival information was determined from medical records and the Social Security Death Index. Tumor–node–metastasis staging was conducted, and tumors were graded based on mitotic counts and Ki67 index. Median NET size was 3.0 mm; 55.8 % displayed multifocal disease. Stages I, II, III, and IV disease were observed in 83.8, 10.8, 5.4, and 0 %, respectively. Tumors were either low (69.7 %) or intermediate (30.3 %) grade. Furthermore, 3.6 % of patients developed gastric dysplasia, and 5.5 % had gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients underwent endoscopy every 15 months, while 28.6 % underwent polypectomy, 32.7 % somatostatin therapy, and 46.4 % surgical resection. 5- and 10-year disease-specific survival was 100 %. Most patients received annual endoscopic surveillance, with a minority undergoing surgical resection, though outcomes remained excellent independent of therapeutic approach. We identified a very low but real rate of loco-regional spread, despite the generally indolent behavior of type I gastric NETs. Several patients demonstrated concurrent dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, underscoring the efficacy of regular endoscopic management not only for gastric NETs, but also for dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.
Synthetic studies directed toward the AB decalin common to HMP-Y1 and hibarimicinone

Efforts toward the synthesis of the decalin ring system common to the hibarimicin shunt metabolite HMP-Y1 and parent aglycone hibarimicinone are reported herein. An intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization rapidly generated the decalin framework. Two approaches toward completion of the AB decalin were vetted. Incorporation of a phenylsulfonyl leaving group β- to both a ketone and a γ-lactone followed by base-induced elimination of sulfinate led to the undesired α,β-unsaturated lactone. Methanolysis of the γ-lactone followed by elimination produced the unexpected bridged cyclic ether by way of an intramolecular oxy-Michael addition of the endo oriented C13 alcohol.
Stability of High-Energy N14H42+ Ion and the Effects of Carbon and Halogen Substitution

Previous studies of oxygen addition into an N12 cage framework revealed the possibility of stable high-energy density materials (HEDM) resulting from such additions. In the current study, nitrogen addition into N12 is studied as a means of generating stable HEDM. Nitrogen addition into N12 is shown to yield an N14H4(2+) ion, which is examined by theoretical calculations to determine its stability with respect to dissociation. Other variations on this ion are generated by substituting carbon for nitrogen and/or halogens for hydrogen. The cage structures will be compared with respect to stability, and factors that enhance stability will be discussed.
On the growth of ice crystals in supercooled water and aqueous solution drops

The results of a recent investigation on the free growth rate and the growth forms of ice in supercooled water and aqueous solutions are presented. The results are used to discuss the structure of frozen drops, the structure of hailstones, the mechanisms which are responsible for the glaciation of atmospheric clouds and the mechanisms which cause cloud electrification. It was found that the presence of dissolved salts and dust particles in cloud drops favor the formation of spongy and polycristalline ice, that it is unlikely for frozen cloud drops to develop into hexagonal shaped ice single-crystals, and that it is also unlikely that in atmospheric clouds freezing drops shatter and splinter. The latter result casts serious doubts on the splintering mechanism to contribute to thunderstorm electrification and to promote glaciation of clouds.
Cetuximab/C225-Induced Intracellular Trafficking of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The monoclonal antibody C225 interacts with the ectodomain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) to block ligand binding and initiates receptor endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. The data herein show that C225-dependent EGFR trafficking relocalizes the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nucleus. This mechanism, which also involves interaction of the C225-internalized receptor with the Sec61 translocon within the ER, is, in most respects, analogous to the pathway previously described for EGF-induced trafficking to the ER and nucleus. However, although inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase activity blocks EGF-induced nuclear localization of the receptor, the same kinase inhibitors stimulate C225-dependent nuclear localization of EGFR in the nucleus. In contrast, the kinase inhibitor Lapatinib fails to stimulate nuclear accumulation of the receptor in C225-treated cells and does not provoke receptor dimerization as do inhibitors that recognize the open conformation of the receptor kinase. This suggests that inhibitor-dependent receptor dimerization may facilitate C225-induced receptor trafficking.
Location aware messaging - integrating LBS middleware and converged services

With the advent of next generation communication infrastructure where Internet and telecommunication network could work together to provide converged services like (messaging, presence and call control), location-based services requires not only flexible and scalable middleware that supports three LBS service models: pull, poll and push, but also advanced converged service platform that supports LBS applications in future communication infrastructure. Motivated by a typical scenario that requires location aware converged services described in the paper, key techniques are identified for building such a system. Based on our ongoing research work on NextGen LBS middleware and converged service, we built a location-aware massaging system for coming visitors. By marrying LBS middleware and converged service platform, we experimented LBS running on converged service network, collected requirements of LBS applications to the converged service platform, and explored new features in LBS on the converged service platform. The overall architecture and key components of the LBS middleware and converged services are also presented
RENORMALIZATION IN A FIELD THEORY ENDOWED WITH A HIGH MOMENTUM CUT-OFF

In stochastic field theory, which has a high momentum cut-off and therefore no ultra-violet divergences, renormalization is used to determine anS-operator that leaves single-particle states unchanged or steady. A renormalization scheme is formulated for stochastic quantum electrodynamics that insures steadiness for all momenta. Finite renormalization parameters are determined that are, in general, momentum-dependent and not scalar. These define a nonlocal renormalized interaction Lagrangian in configuration space.
Chemical Kinetic Calculations of the Gas Phase in Filament‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond

A chemical kinetic model was developed for the gas mixture in filament-assisted diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) systems. CH4/H2 mixture was studied as the starting gas mixture. The predictions of gas evolution calculated from this model were used to interpret certain published experimental observations. From the initial analysis, it was concluded that the thermodynamic state of the gas composition determined the effects of transport parameters on diamond growth. In many filament-assisted diamond CVD systems the gas composition was found to be kinetically controlled. The analysis also suggested that CH3 is a major precursor of diamond films. When CH4/H2/O2 was used as the starting gas mixture, the results indicated that the oxygen additive catalyzed the process to increase the concentrations of CH3 and H, thereby increasing the growth rate and improving the quality of diamond films.
2,000‐Centigray total lymphoid irradiation for refractory rheumatoid arthritis

Because toxicity with the use of 3,000 centiGray (cGy) of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) was observed in an earlier study, 2,000-cGy treatments were delivered in a 2-portal format to 7 patients and in a modified 3-portal fashion to 6 patients, as part of a randomized, investigator-blinded trial of TLI treatment for refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of combined data from the 13 patients revealed statistically significant improvement in 5 clinical indicators of disease activity at the end of TLI and 6 and 12 months later, accompanied by T4-specific immunosuppression. Management considerations resulted in the introduction of prednisone therapy in 5 patients, methotrexate in 4, and azathioprine in 1 during the interval of 8-12 months post-TLI. Herpes zoster occurred in 5 patients prior to the initiation of this additional therapy. These data indicate that, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a TLI dose of 2,000 cGy is sufficient to produce measurable benefit that lasts for 6 months, and that the improvement can be maintained at 12 months by the use of prednisone and methotrexate.
An Investigation of the Effect of Learning Style on Student Success in an Online Learning Environment

Ninety-eight information science students were tracked during an online masters degree program. At their initial orientation, each student completed a demographic data form and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Because of their major, it was hypothesized that students would fall into Kolb's Converger and Assimilator categories and these learning styles would be predictive of success in the program. Results indicated that 79.6 percent (n = 78) of all students graduated from the program. Seventy-three students (74.5%) fell into the predicted categories and maintained an 83.6 percent (n = 61) graduation rate. Students not falling into the predicted categories maintained a 68 percent (n = 17) graduation rate. The implications are clear. First, the majority of students can succeed in an online learning environment regardless of their learning style. Care has to be taken, however, since a trend existed in this study for students with learning styles different from predicted to drop out in higher numbers. Insti...
Zoonotic skin diseases of dogs and cats.

Although there are over 250 zoonotic diseases, only 30-40 of them involve dogs and cats. Transmission of zoonotic infections occurs via bites, scratches or touch; exposure to saliva, urine or feces; inhalation of particles or infectious aerosols; contact with a transport or intermediate host (e.g. ticks, fleas); or exposure to contaminated water, soil or vegetation. This paper summarizes the most important common zoonotic dermatological diseases of dogs and cats. The most common dermatological zoonoses are flea and tick infestations and the diseases they transmit; dermatophytosis; and mite infestations (Sarcoptes and Cheyletiella). Prevention of zoonotic infestations or infections can be accomplished easily by the use of routine flea and tick control, screening of new pets for dermatophytosis, and routine hand-washing.
5-FU in chick embryos as a source of label for DNA and a depressant of protein synthesis.

Single injections of 100 μg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) containing 1.25 μc of [2-14C]5-FU were made into the yolk sac of 4-day chick embryos. Greater amounts of label were incorporated into DNA than into RNA extracts. The rate of accumulation of protein per embryo was lowered by 5-FU to a somewhat greater extent than was either DNA or RNA. Chromatography of TCA-soluble fraction from 5-day embryos indicated presence of 5-FU and two peaks of unidentified heavier molecules derived from 5-FU. Thus the selective depression of protein accumulation and the progressive labeling of DNA from 5-FU indicate a wider spectrum of metabolic effects in chick embryos than might be expected from the reports of 5-FU in the literature. These data suggest that 5-FU may act as a teratogen by one or more routes other than as an analogue of an RNA precursor.
Sialorrhea — Therapeutic Drug Options

OBJECTIVE:To review the efficacy and safety of various drug treatments for sialorrhea. Pharmacotherapy for drug-induced sialorrhea is not addressed.DATA SOURCES:Clinical studies were identified using PubMed (1966–October 2001). Key search terms included sialorrhea and drug therapy.DATA SYNTHESIS:Sialorrhea is a social and physical detriment to patients. Drug treatment, although not necessarily the treatment of choice for all patients, can offer some symptom relief.CONCLUSIONS:Literature has documented that benztropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine can reduce the incidence of sialorrhea. Although the literature evaluating the therapeutic options has limitations (e.g., small sample size, inconsistent outcome measurements), glycopyrrolate may have an advantage over the other agents due to fewer adverse effects.
A Contemporary Algorithm for the Treatment of Patello-Femoral Arthritis

Patellofemoral joint arthritis is now recognized as an increasingly encountered condition that can be quite debilitating. Unfortunately, the evidence-based treatment recommendations for this entity primarily consist of uncontrolled, observational case series. As such, the treatment of isolated patellofemoral disease varies and remains controversial. Patellofemoral joint pathophysiology and anatomy serve as the primary factors in determining the treatment of this problem. We aim to provide a contemporary algorithm for treating patellofemoral arthritis and to describe the most current surgical options.
Geology and Topography Effects on Exotic Plant Distribution in a Semiarid Mima Mound Prairie in Eastern Washington

Abstract Native prairie plant communities are among the most endangered habitats due to extensive agricultural use and exotic species invasion. Understanding how species composition, particularly of exotic species, varies with environment is essential for management and preservation of these communities. In semi-arid prairies, plant establishment is often heterogeneous across the landscape and depends on the patchy availability of resources across environmental gradients. We studied how soil geologic substrate, topography, and grazing history relate to patterns of native and exotic plant distribution in a semiarid Mima mound prairie in eastern Washington. We analyzed the relationship between native and exotic species richness and abundance on 61 Mima mounds in a prairie underlain by two types of soil geologic substrate (glacial alluvium and basalt) where half of each had been grazed recently. We found that exotic species richness and cover were lowest and native species cover was highest on mounds underla...
Effect of Storm-Water Wetlands and Wet Ponds on Runoff Temperature in Trout Sensitive Waters

With increasing development in areas of trout sensitive waters, the effect of urban storm-water runoff temperature on the aquatic ecosystem has become a concern. A study was conducted in western North Carolina, along the southeastern extent of U.S. trout populations, to determine the effect of storm-water wetlands and wet ponds on the temperature of urban storm-water runoff. Measurements included temperature at the inlets, outlets, and at several depths within the best management practices (BMPs). Parking lot runoff temperatures were significantly higher than the 21°C temperature threshold for trout during peak summer months and water temperatures consistently increased from the inlet to the outlet in the storm-water wetland and wet pond, implicating these BMPs as sources of thermal pollution. Despite similar inflow temperatures, effluent temperatures from the wet pond were significantly warmer than those from the storm-water wetland for the period from June to September. Substantial cooling was observed ...