cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The central role of fallacious thinking in science education

This manuscript presents a model of conceptual change from a social constructivism perspective by examining the fallacious argumentation and discourse patterns revealed by students as they form scientific and social judgments. A central premise is advanced that likens how individuals react when anomalous data is presented in conflict with their own scientific beliefs to how they react when the social, moral, and ethical beliefs held by others are in conflict with their own convictions. A framework is provided that will allow science educators to examine “samples of thought” related to “social thinking.” A special case of fallacious reasoning—the effects of core beliefs on argumentation—seems to suggest the need for a view of science that moves beyond traditional (positivistic and postpositivistic) notions of “scientific” thinking and allows for the social construction of knowledge. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed81:483-496, 1997.
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes produces a decrease in pituitary substance P content and preprotachykinin mRNA.

Abstract Complications arising from diabetes mellitus include hormonal dysfunctions such as impairment in the regulation of gonadatroph and corticotroph secretion. Preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNA encoding the peptide substance P (SP), has been localized in the anterior pituitary. The goal of this study was to determine if streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes affects the SP content or PITT mRNA level in the pituitary of male rats. We injected STZ (55 mg/kg) to 6-week-old rats which developed hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 400 mg/dl) by 6 weeks post-injection. SP-like immunoreactivity in the pituitary dropped 54%. In situ hybridization was performed using a PPT specific oligonucleotide with signal intensity differences semi-quantified using an image analysis system. Normal pituitary had a regional distribution of PPT mRNA, with no detectable signal in the posterior or intermediate lobes, while the anterior lobe displayed a distinctive pattern of labeled cells arranged in clusters. In diabetic rats there was a 23% decrease in the PPT-mRNA hybridization signal compared to controls ( P
Comparison of various methods for amniotic fluid ΔOD450 bilirubin measurement

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of ΔOD450 method variability and its effect on ΔOD450 measurements between selected clinical laboratories in the U.S. Method Four amniotic fluid specimens were sent to 7 clinical laboratories in the U.S. for ΔOD450 analysis. In addition, scanning spectrophotometric data from 152 amniotic fluid samples were used to compare ΔOD450 values calculated using both log and linear OD scales. Results We found that no 2 laboratories used exactly the same method and no laboratory used precisely the same method as originally described by Liley. Despite the varied methods, the ΔOD450 measurements were remarkably similar. The exception was 1 sample that was subjected to chloroform extraction. The ΔOD450 measurement on this sample was 82% lower than the mean. On average, ΔOD450 results determined from a linear OD scale were 37% lower than those determined from a log scale. Conclusion Although there is no standard method for performing the ΔOD450, inter-laboratory variation of ΔOD450 results is remarkably small. As our and other previous studies have reported, these data suggest that both chloroform extraction and use of a linear scale have the potential to result in lower ΔOD450 results.
Identification of volatile sulfur compounds produced by Shigella sonnei using gas chromatography–olfactometry

Abstract This study investigates volatile sulfur compound production by Shigella sonnei cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and TSA supplemented with 80 μg/ml of the antibiotic rifampicin (TSA-R). Headspace volatiles were trapped and concentrated using solid phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Results identified two aroma active compounds: methanethiol (MT) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Potential pathways of MT and DMS formation were identified as the breakdown of l -methionine by l -methionine-α-deamino-γ-mercaptomethane-lyase (METase) and METase-mediated metabolism of methylated l -methionine, respectively. DMSO, used in TSA-R preparation, may have contributed to an increase in malodor production due to the action of DMSO reductase.
Semantic interference in a randomized naming task: Effects of age, order, and category

Lexical retrieval in production is a competitive process, requiring activation of a target word from semantic input and its selection from amongst coactivated items. Competitors are automatically primed through spreading activation within the lexicon, but competition may be increased by the prior presentation of related items: the semantic interference effect. This has been demonstrated in tasks in which pictures grouped by semantic category are compared to unrelated pictures (blocked naming) and in tasks involving successive naming of items from the same semantic category (continuous naming). Such highly structured tasks may not be representative of the processes at work under more natural word retrieval conditions. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective examination of naming latencies from a randomized picture naming task containing a wide variety of items and categories. Our large sample of adults, ranging in age from 22 to 89 years, also allowed us to test the hypothesis that older adults, who are pa...
Validity of modifying Mie theory to describe scattering by nonspherical particles.

A calculation procedure has been developed (Chylek et al., 1976) for determining the scattering properties of irregularly shaped, randomly oriented particles. The procedure uses a modified form of the Mie theory for spheres with equivalent cross-sectional areas. The validity of the procedure is examined with reference to the work of Welch and Cox (1978). Particular consideration is given to: (1) the assumption that surface waves constitute the only major difference between scattering by spherical and nonspherical particles, (2) the identification of certain properties of the Mie coefficients with surface waves, and (3) the technique of removing surface waves from the Mie theory. It is concluded that the idea of determining the scattering properties of random orientations of irregular particles by eliminating surface waves from the Mie expansion is valid. It is also found that the technique for removing the resonances leads to the introduction of substantial fictitious absorption.
Feature extraction for non-rigid motion analysis using continuity splines

Quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth and growth cone motility provides key information for the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating peripheral nerve injury. The goal of this research is to track the motion of the growth cone through sequential time frames and to provide quantitative analysis of specific neurite modalities. The motion of the growth cone can be characterized as nonrigid, since the contour of the growth cone is constantly deforming. The problem of tracking the motion of nonrigid objects is addressed, and energy-minimizing active contour methods are used to track the motion of the growth cone. >
Age-related changes in fat deposition in mid-thigh muscle in women: relationships with metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if fat deposition within mid-thigh muscle, represented by low density lean tissue density, is associated with age, low physical fitness, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in women. SUBJECTS: Seventy-two women aged 18–69 y with a wide range of total body fat (10–55%) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max: 17–61 ml/kg−1/min−1). MEASUREMENTS: Mid-thigh muscle, mid-thigh fat, low density lean tissue, intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (by computed tomography, CT), fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, DEXA), plasma insulin and leptin (by radioimmunoassay, RIA) and lipoprotein lipid profiles (by enzymatic methods). RESULTS: VO2max declined with age (r0.59, P<0.0001) while IAAT and subcutaneous abdominal fat increased with age (r=0.68, r=0.57, r=0.63,P<0.0001). Mid-thigh low density lean tissue correlated with age (r=0.52), VO2max (r=0.56), FFM (r=0.35), fat mass (r=0.68), IAAT (r=0.66) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (r=0.67, all, P<0.005). Mid-thigh low density lean tissue also correlated with fasting plasma leptin, insulin, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (r=0.44, 0.34, 0.41, 0.50, 0.53, respectively, all P<0.005), but not after controlling for body fat and age. Subcutaneous abdominal fat, IAAT, FFM and age were independent predictors of low density lean tissue (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mid-thigh low density lean tissue is directly related to age and adiposity. Furthermore, it appears that fat accretion in skeletal muscle adversely influences plasma insulin and lipoprotein metabolism in women, but not independently of total adiposity and age.
On the Calculation of Squaring Loss in Costas Loops with Arbitrary Arm Filters

The calculation of the optimum performance of suppressed carrier receivers with Costas loop tracking is directly related to evaluating the loop's so-called squaring loss. Recent work by the author and others presented specific numerical results for this loss when the input data were biphase- L (Manchester coded) and the Costas loop arm filters were of the n -pole Butterworth type. These results were largely obtained by numerical integration on a digital computer. This paper presents a partial fraction expansion technique for arriving at closed form expressions for squaring loss for Costas loops with arbitary arm filters and NRZ as well as Manchester coded data. Specific closed form results are given for one and two pole Butterworth filters as examples.
Natural orifice transesophageal mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy: a survival series in swine

Transesophageal endoscopic mediastinoscopy (MX) and thoracoscopy (TX) could reduce pain, eliminate intercostal neuralgia, provide better access to the posterior mediastinal compartment and pulmonary hilum, and improve cosmesis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of transesophageal natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and to determine the complications that might be seen in surviving animals. Using cap endoscopic mucosal resection and blunt dissection, a 15–20 cm submucosal tunnel was created in the esophagus and an endoscope passed through the tunnel into the mediastinum. One swine underwent MX; three swine underwent both MX and TX. The mediastinal compartment, hilar lymph nodes, pleura, lung, and esophagus were identified. Esophageal closure was obtained via submucosal tunnel flap-valve alone (two swine) or reinforcement with mucosal clips (two swine). The esophagus, mediastinum, and thorax were examined at necropsy. The esophagus was excised and sent for pathological examination. NOTES MX and TX provided excellent visualization of mediastinal and thoracic structures. Pleural biopsy was easily accomplished. All animals survived the procedure, ate well, and showed no ill effects. Swine were sacrificed at either 8 or 12 days postoperatively. At necropsy, mild atelectasis was noted in each animal. One animal (mucosal clip closure) developed a fluid collection in the submucosal tunnel. There was no evidence of mediastinitis or thoracic contamination in any animals. Transesophageal endoscopic mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy provide excellent visualization of mediastinal and intrathoracic structures. Pleural biopsy can be easily obtained under direct visualization. Structures that are difficult to visualize via traditional cervical mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy are seen well with this approach. The submucosal tunnel creates a flap-valve that, alone, may be sufficient for preventing esophageal leak. These procedures can be performed safely in swine with short-term survival. Further study with a larger sample size and longer survival is warranted.
Commentary on Foubert, Godin, & Tatum (2010): The Evolution of Sexual Violence Prevention and the Urgency for Effectiveness

Foubert, Godin, and Tatum describe qualitative effects among college men of The Men’s Program, a one-session sexual violence prevention program. This article and the program it describes are representative of many sexual violence prevention programs that are in practice and provide an opportunity for a brief discussion of the development and evaluation of sexual violence prevention approaches. In this commentary, we will focus on two considerations for an evolving field: the adherence to the principles of prevention and the use of rigorous evaluation methods to demonstrate effectiveness. We argue that the problem of sexual violence has created urgency for effective prevention programs and that scientific and prevention standards provide the best foundation to meet this need.
The use of biologics in anal fistulas

The management of anal fistulas is often challenging. Simple fistulotomy is ideal for intersphincteric tracts and low transsphincteric fistulas that incorporate a small amount of the sphincter muscles. More complex fistulas require a sphincter-sparing approach. The general goal of the numerous established procedures for the treatment of anal fistulas is to eliminate the fistula tract with the lowest rate of recurrence while preserving sphincter function. As such, the use of biologic materials in this cohort of fistulas has gained popularity over the years because they are resistant to infection, have limited foreign body reaction, and are repeatable without compromising fecal continence. Short- and long-term results are variable and will be discussed further in this article. There are also novel strategies using biologic materials that warrant consideration and further study.
Psychometric Properties of an Abbreviated Instrument of the Five-Factor Model:

Brief measures of the five-factor model (FFM) have been developed but none include an assessment of facets within each domain. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a simple, one-page, facet-level description of the FFM. Five data collections were completed to assess the reliability and the convergent and discriminant validity of the rating form with other measures of the FFM and to replicate correlations with measures of maladaptive personality functioning that have been obtained with more extensive measures. Results appeared to support the validity of the FFM rating form (FFMRF) because it obtained relatively good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. In addition, self-descriptions of persons in terms of the FFMRF related to maladaptive personality traits in a manner that was consistent with theoretical expectations. Negative findings and limitations of the rating form also are discussed.
The Vice Presidential Home State Advantage Reconsidered: Analyzing the Interactive Effect of Home State Population and Political Experience, 1884-2008

Previous research has found that presidential tickets perform particularly well in a vice presidential candidate’s home state when that state is relatively low in population. In this article, we argue that selecting a vice presidential candidate from a small state is not sufficient to produce a large vice presidential home state advantage; rather, state population should matter only insofar as the vice presidential candidate has extensive experience within that state’s political system. Analysis of presidential election returns from 1884 through 2008 demonstrates the statistically significant interactive effect of home state population and political experience on the size of the vice presidential home state advantage. The models presented in the article perform much better than models that do not account for this interactive effect. Do vice presidential candidates influence voting in presidential elections? Certainly many in the media and the public think so, as indicated by the extensive media coverage of, and speculation about, possible vice presidential selections and their strategic implications for presidential elections. Political scientists, however, have questioned the theoretical and empirical bases for expecting vice presidential candidates to significantly influence presidential voting. A particular area of scholarly interest, addressed in this article, is the vice presidential home state advantage.
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis Takes Another Twist

Abstract Rhomboid, a seven-transmembrane domain protein, has been shown genetically to potentiate EGFR signaling via the TGFα-like ligand Spitz. Here we discuss recently published papers that identify Rhomboid as a novel serine protease, cleaving Spitz within its transmembrane domain.
The Influence of Feed Levels on the Growth of Grooved Penaeid Shrimp in Mariculture1

Various sizes of grooved penaeid shrimp were fed 5 and 10% of their body weight. An economical feed level giving best growth is discussed.
Considerations in the design of an air traffic management system

The ATMS (air traffic management system) is a network-centric system of people, computer systems, and communication systems that manages en route flights and flight operations at airports. It is a network-centric system being used to manage another network-centric system, namely an air transportation system. At Stevens Institute of Technology we are developing a design language for network-centric systems and design guidelines for the development system of engineers and domain specialists involved in designing and integrating systems. This paper provides an outline of the design language under construction and the design guidelines being studied. Specifically, we discuss the ATMS mission objectives, ATMS sample usage scenarios, and system objectives for an ATMS.
Analog fault diagnosis: a fault clustering approach

A novel analog circuit fault diagnosis method is proposed. This method uses a neural network paradigm to cluster different faults. It is capable of dealing with the common fault models in analog circuits, namely the catastrophic and parametric faults. The proposed technique is independent of the linearity or nonlinearity of the circuit. The process parameter drifts and component tolerance effects of the circuit are well taken care of. Several fault diagnosis strategies for different problem complexities are described. The proposed methodology is illustrated by means of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) example. >
Minimal k‐arc connected graphs

Abstract : A linear graph is k-arc-connected if it is necessary to remove at least k arcs in order to disconnect the graph. This paper solves the problem of determining the fewest number of arcs required in a k-arc-connected graph on n nodes by describing constructions that produce such graphs having kn/2 arcs (for kn even) or kn + l/2 arcs (for kn odd). These results have application to the practical problem of synthesizing minimum cost, 'k-reliable' communication networks.
Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana. By Richard Grant

Most of the contemporary literature on urban globalization is focused on the major world cities of New York, London, and Tokyo. Much rarer are studies on the globalization of less prominent cities ...
Detection of thiophenes in the offgas condensate of an oil shale retort by a GC-microwave induced helium plasma detector

A series of alkylthiophenes and dimethyl disulfide were tentatively identified in an oil shale retort gas condensate from a 6-kg bench-scale retort using gas chromatography with a microwave-induced helium plasma detector (GC-MIP). The sulfur species were present in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 10.7 mol ppm in the undiluted offgas. The GC-MIP technique was successful in selectively detecting the sulfur components in the complex mixture. Quantitation was simplified relative to GC with flame-photometric detection because of the absence of quenching or other interference problems at the concentrations studied. Attempts to determine stoichiometry of the sulfur components by comparison of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur ratios with those of standards were unsuccessful because of the complexity of the carbon and hydrogen chromatograms.
Cooperative Behavior in Dyads Effects of Dissimilar Goal Orientations and Differing Expectations About the Partner

It was hypothesized that cooperative behavior would decrease over time in an interaction between cooperatively oriented and competitively oriented persons. Pairs of male undergraduates, in which one S was induced to assume a competitive orientation and the other a cooperative one, played thirty trials of a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Three experimental conditions were created by varying the nature of the information each S received about his partner's orientation. A decrease in the amount of cooperative behavior was found only when Ss believed that their (dissimilarly motivated) partner had the same orientation as themselves. When subjects had veridical information about their partner's dissimilar orientation, there was a significant increase in the amount of cooperative behavior over time for both pair members. When Ss had no mformation about their partner's goal orientation, cooperative behavior remained stable over time. The data were discussed in terms of the active versus passive role taken by subjects ...
Cabbage Looper Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Trapped with Male Pheromone

Traps in field plots assessed attraction of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), to lures emitting synthetic chemicals identified as the pheromone of the male; linalool, p-cresol and m-cresol. Male and female cabbage looper moths were captured in traps baited with racemic linalool, but significantly greater numbers of both sexes were captured in traps baited with the 3-component blend. Virgin and mated female cabbage looper moths were captured, with up to 5 spermatophores per female in mated ones. Pheromone was dispensed from polypropylene vials, and numbers of moths captured in traps increased with the size of the hole in the vial lid, up to the maximum 25-mm diameter hole tested. Rates of release of pheromone from vials with 25-mm diameter holes in the laboratory decreased from 4 to 3 milligrams per h over a four-week duration. This is the first evidence in the field of cabbage looper response to the chemicals identified as pheromones of the male.
Association Between Difficult Airway Predictors and Failed Prehosptial Endotracheal Intubation.

Abstract Objective Difficult airway predictors (DAPs) are associated with failure of endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine if DAPs are associated with failure of prehospital ETI. Methods This retrospective study compared the prevalence of DAPs in cases of failed prehospital ETI successfully intubated in the ED (FPH/SED) with cases with no prehospital attempt that were successfully intubated in the ED on the first attempt by a physician using direct laryngoscopy (NPH/SED). All cases were transported by ground or air to an academic, level-1 trauma center. Results A total of 1377 ED ETIs were performed; 161 FPH/SED and 530 NPH/SED were identified. The odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of finding DAPs in the FPH/SED group compared with the NPH/SED group was blood = 5.80 (95% CI, 3.89-8.63), vomit = 2.01 (95% CI, 1.25-3.21), short neck = 2.67 (95% CI, 1.39-5.03), neck immobility = 2.52 (95% CI, 1.72-3.67), airway edema = 10.52 (95% CI, 4.15-29.92), facial trauma = 4.64 (95% CI, 2.91-7.39), and large tongue = 3.08 (95% CI, 1.75-5.40). When grouped by the number of DAPs per case (0, 1, 2, 3, or ≥ 4), the odds of multiple DAPs in cases of FPH/SED compared with NPH/SED ranged from 2.89 (95% CI, 1.71-4.90) with 1 DAP to 24.55 (95% CI, 10.60-56.90) with ≥ 4 DAPs. Conclusion Cases of FPH/SED have more DAPs than NPH/SEDs.
Selection into Street Gangs Signaling Theory, Gang Membership, and Criminal Offending

Objective:The mechanisms underlying selection into street gangs remain elusive in the current inventory of theory and research on gangs, raising continued questions about not who or why, but how youth enter gangs and the attendant criminological implications. This study provides a suggestive analysis of an alternative framing of the selection process, one that is rooted in signaling theory.Methods:A signaling scale was constructed using a mixed graded response model and national longitudinal data to explore the thesis that (1) gang prospects select into gangs using hard-to-fake signals of quality and gangs, in turn, receive and interpret these signals to select high-quality over low-quality prospects and (2) the selection process in a signaling framework conditions the well-established relationship between gang membership and criminal offending.Results:Respondents scoring higher on a signaling scale were more likely to select into gangs prospectively and see greater, although nonlinear, increases in crimi...
Obama to Blame? Minority Surge Voters and the Ban on Same-Sex Marriage in Florida

Did Barack Obama's successful candidacy for President in 2008 contribute to the passage of Florida's Amendment 2 by turning out newly registered African Americans who voted for Obama and then cast ballots in favor of constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage? If one looks at reportage by in the mainstream media, punditry in the blogosphere, and self-reflection within the gay community itself, there is ample reason to believe that such a causal relationship existed in 2008 with respect to anti-gay marriage measures. With a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, we reassess the claim that newly registered African American surge voters were responsible for the narrow passage of Florida's Amendment 2. Specifically, we ask whether African Americans - who turned out in droves for Obama in the Sunshine State - really put Amendment 2 over the top. We begin by taking a critical look at the qualification of the initiative for the ballot and the dueling campaigns to defeat it. We then situate the surge voter theory in the broader literature on ballot measures, candidate races, and voter turnout. Finally, drawing on individual (survey) and aggregate (county and precinct) data from Florida we put the theory to rigorous empirical tests. Our preliminary findings show little evidence that surge African American Obama supporters cast ballots in favor of Amendment 2.
Violent Repression of Environmental Protests

As global sea levels and natural resource demands rise, people around the world are increasingly protesting environmental threats to their lives and livelihoods. What are the conditions under which these peaceful environmental protests are violently repressed? This paper uses the random forest algorithm to conduct an event analysis of grassroots environmental protests around the world. Utilizing a database of 175 grassroots environmental protests, we found that: (1) a large proportion (37 %) of the protests involved violent repression; (2) most of the violence (56 %) was directed against marginalized groups; and (3) violence was geographically concentrated the global south in Latin America and Asia. The primary predictors of violence were political empowerment, GDP per capita, industry type, the presence of marginalized groups, and geographic region. Our analysis reveals a complex relationship between governance, resource extraction, and international funding that often resulted in human rights violations against marginalized groups.
Evaluation of the Shear-Stress Transport Turbulence Model for Heat Transfer Applications

In this paper, two two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models, namely baseline model (BSL) and shear stress transport model (SST), are investigated in the simulations of wall-bounded flows. Both models combine elements of the and models in different flow regions and demonstrates superior numerical stability properties, making them attractive for the engineering applications. However, it appears that the SST model underpredicts convective heat transfer in flows under strongly favorable pressure gradients, even though it can locate separation position accurately in some candidate flows with adverse pressure gradients. Proposed modification on SST model improves the heat transfer significantly for favorable pressure gradient conditions, but fails to capture the separation point accurately in flows under severe adverse pressure gradients. It is suggested that although SST model performs well at locating separation point for adverse pressure gradient conditions, caution must be taken when applying SST model to solve heat transfer problem in favorable pressure gradient boundary layer flows.
Modeling Circular Shear in Shape Memory Polymers With Triple Shape Effect Subjected to Crystallization Under Constant Shear

The capacity of a material to sense its environment and to change its shape on demand in a predefined way has tremendous technological significance for a wide variety of application areas. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) belong to this category of smart materials as they have the ability to undergo a shape change in a predetermined manner under the influence of an external stimulus. SMPs can recover their permanent shape after undergoing large deformation to a temporary shape on exposure to external triggers such as light, PH values and heat. Thermally induced SMPs are first generation SMPs and have been widely recognized. Crystallizable SMPs are a class of thermally induced SMPs whose temporary shape is due to formation of crystalline phases, and they will revert back to their permanent shape when the crystallization phase is melted through heating. Traditional crystallizable SMPs can only perform dual-shape memory cycles and this limits applications of crystallizable SMPs. Recently SMPs with triple shape effect have been reported that can switch from a second temporary shape to the first temporary shape and from there to the permanent shape under stimulation by heat. Our research focuses on modeling the mechanical behavior of these SMPs with triple-shape effect. The framework used in developing the model is built upon the theory of multiple natural configurations [3]. In order to model the mechanics associated with these polymers different stages of the shape fixation and recovery cycle and different phases of the material during this cycle need to be characterized. This includes developing a model for the amorphous phase and the subsequent semi-crystalline phases with different stress free states and melting of these phases. The model subsequently has been used to simulate results for a typical deformation cycle involving circular shear.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia is classified broadly as a chronic myeloid disorder and, more specifically, as a chronic myeloproliferative disease1 (Figure 1). The primary pathogenetic mechanism is a clonal stem-cell disorder that leads to ineffective erythropoiesis, dysplastic-megakaryocyte hyperplasia, and an increase in the ratio of immature granulocytes to total granulocytes. This clonal myeloproliferation is characteristically accompanied by reactive myelofibrosis (bone marrow fibrosis) and by extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen or in multiple organs. The diagnosis is often suspected when teardrop-shaped red cells and myeloid precursors are detected in the peripheral blood. The typical clinical features include marked splenomegaly, progressive anemia, . . .
Hwæt!: adaptive benefits of public displays of generosity and bravery in Beowulf

Costly signalling — along with other adaptive mechanisms, including reciprocity and kin selection — supports altruism in human societies. Because literary works can reflect the lives, motivations and ideals of real cultures, the same adaptive forces governing the actions of actual persons may drive the interactions depicted in these stories. Based on this reasoning, we analysed the interactions in the Old-English poem Beowulf, asking whether the beneficent behaviour exhibited by the characters functions as costly signalling or as exchange-based interactions. We found that both mechanisms play a role but costly signalling provides benefits beyond those from relationships based on exchange. Specifically, gift exchange promoted comrade allegiance but costly signalling additionally provided status increase to the signaller. Furthermore, boasting about oneself forged alliances whereas telling tales about the exploits of others increased speaker status. We show that hypotheses derived from evolutionary theory can be explored through quantitative text analyses of period-specific literature.
Cleaning and Recycling Mobile Phase for Chromatographic Separations

This work describes an environmentally friendly method to reuse the mobile phase eluent for isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems through the use of a charcoal-packed col...
Management of levodopa-induced jig-like gait disorder with pallidal stimulation

Levodopa, a metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is the most effective symptomatic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD); however, long-term treatment with levodopa is complicated by fluctuations in motor response (“wearing off”) and medication-induced dyskinesias in the majority of patients.
Effects of physiological hyperinsulinemia on counterregulatory response to prolonged hypoglycemia in normal humans

To test the hypothesis that differing physiological insulin levels can modify the counter-regulatory response to prolonged hypoglycemia, experiments were carried out in 10 healthy male subjects. Insulin was infused subcutaneously for 8 h in two separate randomized protocols, so that steady-state levels of 132 +/- 6 pM (low) and 402 +/- 18 pM (high) were obtained. The fall in plasma glucose was controlled by the glucose-clamp technique. Plasma glucose fell slowly and similarly in both groups, reaching an identical steady-state (final 120 min of each study) level of 3.4 +/- 0.1 mM. Steady-state plasma epinephrine (2.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2 nM) and norepinephrine (1.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.1 nM) were significantly (P < 0.05) greater during high- compared with low-dose insulin infusions. Plasma glucagon was reduced during high compared with low infusions (104 +/- 9 vs. 150 +/- 19 ng/l, P < 0.05). Growth hormone, cortisol, and pancreatic polypeptide increased significantly but were not different during the two insulin infusions. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) was equal during the steady-state period (8.4 +/- 1.0 mumol.kg-1.min-1) of each infusion. Blood lactate levels (1,255 +/- 73 vs. 788 +/- 69 mumol/l, P < 0.02) were increased in high compared with low, but nonesterified fatty acid (205 +/- 43 vs. 579 +/- 65 mumol/l) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (40 +/- 36 vs. 159 +/- 51 mumol/l) were reduced (P < 0.002) during the high-compared with low-dose infusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Doing history, making revolution: the aspirations of Henry E. Sigerist and George Rosen.

Biographies de Sigerist (H.) et de Rosen (G.), deux medecins qui ont demontre que l'histoire de la medecine est d'une importance capitale dans les transformations sociales en general et dans le developpement de l'attitude des medecins en particulier
Endoscopic Suspension of the Vesical Neck in Massive Urethral Dilatation

AbstractEndoscopic suspension of the vesical neck was used to prevent urinary leakage in 2 female spinal cord patients with reflex neurogenic bladders, chronic urethral catheters and massive urethral dilatation. Factors responsible for the favorable results are discussed.
The effect of transforming growth factor-α on airway angiogenesis

A problem in lung transplantation is tracheal or bronchial dehiscence from ischemia. To determine if an angiogenic factor applied to the airway would improve capillary regrowth, a three-ring segment of trachea was completely severed and sutured in rats. In one group of animals the ischemic segment was wrapped with Gelfoam soaked in an angiogenic factor, transforming growth factor-alpha. In a second group the ischemic area was wrapped with Gelfoam soaked with only the vehicle. In a third group the devascularized area received no additional treatment. One animal from each group was killed daily for 7 days after operation. The tracheal vasculature was cast and viewed by light and scanning electron microscopy. None of the four animals that died early were in the transforming growth factor-α group. All animals lost weight between the day of operation and death, but this was least in the transforming growth factor-α group (p = 0.05). The light microscopy showed ischemic changes and the development of granulation tissue. The scanning electron microscopy of the vascular casts showed extensive loss of the vessels in the cut area. On day 1 the vessels of all animals dilated and their walls became rough. By day 3 a few corkscrew vessels penetrated the ischemic zone. By day 4 the animal that received transforming growth factor-α had more capillaries than the others. By day 6 revascularization in the transforming growth factor-α animal was abundant. Besides budding, new capillaries appeared to develop by lateral growth. After the fifth day vessels about 30 to 50 μm in diameter bulged focally. On the bulges, ridges the size, shape, and pattern of capillaries formed. Capillary formation in this manner has not been reported previously. Revascularization emerged sooner and more extensively with transforming growth factor-α. No adverse effect of transforming growth factor-α was found.
The power of names in a Chinese Indonesian family’s negotiations of politics, culture, and identities

ABSTRACTBased on patterns of naming across four generations in first author Lie’s Chinese Indonesian family, we argue that naming practices are not just a function of personal taste or cultural habit but rather reflect negotiation of larger-scale political and historical conditions. We show that seeming contradictions and puzzles in the names and naming practices in Lie’s family can be explained by the specific social and political challenges faced by members of the family, particularly during the assimilation period of Suharto’s 1966–1998 reign. Both Lie’s family and the Indonesian state have treated names as having a high degree of constitutive power in these negotiations.
Parallel Dynamics Simulation Using a Krylov-Schwarz Linear Solution Scheme

Fast dynamics simulation of large-scale power systems is a computational challenge because of the need to solve a large set of stiff, nonlinear differential-algebraic equations at every time step. The main bottleneck in dynamic simulations is the solution of a linear system during each nonlinear iteration of Newton’s method. In this paper, we present a parallel Krylov–Schwarz linear solution scheme that uses the Krylov subspace-based iterative linear solver GMRES with an overlapping restricted additive Schwarz preconditioner. Performance tests of the proposed Krylov–Schwarz scheme for several large test cases ranging from 2000 to 20000 buses, including a real utility network, show good scalability on different computing architectures.
Classification of Porcine Cranial Fracture Patterns Using a Fracture Printing Interface(

Distinguishing between accidental and abusive head trauma in children can be difficult, as there is a lack of baseline data for pediatric cranial fracture patterns. A porcine head model has recently been developed and utilized in a series of studies to investigate the effects of impact energy level, surface type, and constraint condition on cranial fracture patterns. In the current study, an automated pattern recognition method, or a fracture printing interface (FPI), was developed to classify cranial fracture patterns that were associated with different impact scenarios documented in previous experiments. The FPI accurately predicted the energy level when the impact surface type was rigid. Additionally, the FPI was exceedingly successful in determining fractures caused by skulls being dropped with a high-level energy (97% accuracy). The FPI, currently developed on the porcine data, may in the future be transformed to the task of cranial fracture pattern classification for human infant skulls.
Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention and Treatment Using Herbal Agents

The prevalence of Alzheimer rsquo s disease AD is increasing secondary to genetic and environmental factors There are some medications available in the market that slow down the disease progress however none of the approved medications treat AD without adverse effects There are many herbal agents or natural medicines that have proven effective to prevent or manage various neuropsychiatric conditions This article reviews herbal agents available in the market that have proven effective and discusses the possibility of standardizing dosage and formulation of herbal agents through Federal Drug Administration FDA regulations
Abstract P294: Transport Time Out for Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit Patients Traveling off of the Unit

Background: Transportation of critically ill patients to other areas for diagnostic testing or procedures can present risks to patient safety. It is necessary to ensure that the same level of care and support be provided for critically ill patients when they are removed from the ICU environment. There were no established processes available in the literature to address this safety issue. Aim: To establish a “transport time out” checklist process for transport of critically ill patients outside of the ICU environment. This process ensures that patient care and monitoring continues at the level deemed necessary by patient condition without interruption. Methods: A multidisciplinary team of nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapists created an algorithm to ensure that crucial care elements were considered prior to leaving the ICU environment with a critically ill patient. Elements were categorized in the “Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Drugs (ABCD)” format. Tools developed included a flowchart and transport time out check list (Figure). Results: The checklist outlines essential equipment and supplies for respiratory care, intravenous infusions, and clinical monitoring. The process has been in use for over 9 months encompassing approximately 330 patient transports. The process was rapidly and widely accepted by nursing staff. No adverse events during transport have occurred since implementation of the transport time out process. Conclusion: Use of a “transport time out” checklist process potentially can decrease the likelihood of adverse events during transport of a critically ill patient from the ICU. The process was simple and easy to implement.
A phase I study of the first-in-class mitochondrial metabolism inhibitor CPI-613 in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies.

2516^ Background: Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, including hematologic malignancies. This altered metabolism is a possible therapeutic target. The lipoate derivative CPI-613 is a first...
Nephrology Provider Prognostic Perceptions and Care Delivered to Older Adults with Advanced Kidney Disease.

Background and objectives Prognostic uncertainty is one barrier that impedes providers in engaging patients with CKD in shared decision making and advance care planning. The surprise question has been shown to identify patients at increased risk of dying. Design, setting, participants, & measurements In our prospective observational study, 488 patients ≥60 years of age with CKD stage 4 or 5 were enrolled. Binary surprise question (i.e., “Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?”) responses were recorded, and dialysis planning preferences, presence of advance care planning documentation, and care preceding death were abstracted. Results The median patient age was 71 (65–77) years old. Providers responded no and yes to the surprise question for 171 (35%) and 317 (65%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 1.9 (1.5–2.1) years, during which 18% of patients died (33% of surprise question no, 10% of surprise question yes; P Conclusions Nephrologists’ prognostic perceptions were associated with modest changes in care, highlighting a critical gap in conservative management discussions, advance care planning, and end of life care among older adults with CKD stages 4 and 5 and high-risk clinical characteristics. Podcast This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2017_09_18_CJASNPodcast_17_11.mp3
Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease: Issues and Implications for Social Work Practice

Owing to recent medical advancements, people with Down Syndrome (DS) are now able to live considerably longer lives and thus experience a variety of complex issues as they age. Alzheimer’s Disease ...
Abstract B018: Breaking down cancer: IDH and its impact on metabolism and DNA damage and repair

Metabolic reprogramming has been detected in many diseases, including cancer. Recently, a small number of metabolic enzymes have been identified as driver mutations for various types of cancer. To better understand how these genes lead to cancer, and to identify molecular targets for treatment, we are investigating the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation implicated in human glioma and acute myeloid leukemia. We are currently using Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study both the metabolic changes that occur when IDH is mutated, and the potential impact on DNA damage repair pathways. To analyze metabolic changes in the brain of IDH mutant flies, we have optimized a protocol for measuring the metabolism of whole brains using the XFe96 metabolic analyzer. We have also detected the expression of D2-HG, a metabolite produced by mutant IDH in human cells, in our fly IDH model. Generation of D2-HG in human cells has been reported to correlate with insufficient DNA repair. To study this further we are testing for increased DNA damage and lack of DNA repair initiation. In particular, we are investigating a hypothesized connection between the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway and IDH mutations. Citation Format: Kathryn Neville, Elizabeth Arcand, Gabriela Chiaramida, Kaylie O9Connell, Marla Tipping. Breaking down cancer: IDH and its impact on metabolism and DNA damage and repair [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B018.
Daily oscillations in expression and responsiveness of Toll-like receptors in splenic immune cells.

Abstract Circadian rhythms refer to biologic processes that oscillate with an approximate 24-h period. These rhythms direct nearly all aspects of animal behavior and physiology. The aim of our study was to determine if Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and responsiveness exhibit time-of-day dependent differences. Therefore, we isolated an adherent splenocyte population, which consisted primarily of B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, over the course of a 24-h light-dark period and measured daily changes in Tlr1-8 mRNA levels and cytokine expression after cells were challenged at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 1 or ZT13 with a TLR ligand. In addition, we assessed TLR3 protein levels in adherent splenocytes over the 24-h light-dark period and challenged mice at ZT1 or ZT13 with poly(I:C), the TLR3 ligand. Our study revealed that in this adherent cell population, all Tlrs exhibited rhythmic expression except Tlr2 and Tlr5, and all TLRs, except TLR8, demonstrated daily variations in responsiveness after challenge with their respective ligand. We also revealed that TLR3 protein levels fluctuate over the daily light-dark cycle in adherent splenocytes and mice exhibit a time-of-day dependent immune response when challenged with poly(I:C). Finally, we demonstrated that mRNA levels of Tlr2 and Tlr6 display rhythmic expression in splenic macrophages. Taken together, these findings could have important implications for TLR-directed therapeutics.