cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mentoring and Student Support in Online Doctoral Programs

ABSTRACTThe increase in online graduate programs and the online mentoring of student research have led to the need to identify challenges faced by online mentees and successful strategies used by online mentors during the dissertation process. Based on semistructured interviews with ten graduates, strategies for online mentoring and areas of support valued by online doctoral students during the dissertation process are presented in this article.
Slip-line spacing in ZrB2-based ultrahigh-temperature ceramics

Macroscopic manifestation of microscale plasticity at room temperature in the form of slip-lines has been elusive in brittle solids. Recently, such a phenomenon has been reported in ZrB2 ceramics and ZrB2–SiC composites, where slip-lines were detected in room-temperature deformation. Here we show that the slip-line spacing increases with grain size in these ceramics and their composites. Such behavior has been rationalized on the basis of geometrically necessary dislocations and the role of grain boundaries and interfaces.
Utilization of palliative care in intubated patients with metastatic cancer: A 10-year nationwide analysis.

69Background: Due to improved survival, an increasing number of patients with advanced cancer are eligible for aggressive ICU care, including intubation. The American Society of Clinical Oncology r...
Medicare Accountable Care Organization Enrollment and Appropriateness of Cancer Screening.

Importance Despite rapid diffusion of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), whether ACO enrollment results in observable changes in cancer screening remains unknown. Objective To determine whether Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) ACO enrollment changes the appropriateness of screening for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Design, Setting, and Participants For this population-based analysis of Medicare beneficiaries, we used Medicare data from 2007 through 2014 and evaluated changes in screening associated with ACO enrollment using differences-in-differences (DD) analyses. We then performed difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) analyses to determine whether observed changes in cancer screening associated with ACO enrollment were different across strata of appropriateness, defined using age (65-74 years vs ≥75 years) and predicted survival (top vs bottom quartile). Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening measured yearly as a proportion of eligible Medicare beneficiaries undergoing relevant screening services. Results Among Medicare beneficiaries, comprising 39 218 652 person-years before MSSP enrollment and 17 252 345 person-years after MSSP enrollment, breast cancer screening declined among both ACO (42.7% precontract, 38.1% postcontract) and non-ACO (37.3% precontract, 34.1% postcontract) populations. The adjusted rate of decline (DD) in the ACO population exceeded the non-ACO population by 0.79% (P Conclusions and Relevance Medicare Shared Savings Program ACO enrollment is associated with more appropriate breast and colorectal screening, although the magnitude of the observed ACO effect is modest in the early ACO experience.
Parental Care, Sexual Selection, and Mating Systems in Neotropical Poison Frogs

Tropical frogs exhibit an extraordinary diversity of reproductive strategies, including complex patterns of parental care and mating behavior. The neotropical poison frogs (families Dendrobatidae and Aromobatidae) have parental care in almost all species, and many different types of parental care have evolved, including male, female, and biparental care. These different patterns of care are associated with various aspects of ecology and life history, and with diverse mating strategies and systems. We discuss the ecology and evolution of parental care in the neotropical poison frogs in an evolutionary and ecological context, and discuss how sexual selection affects and is affected by parental care in this clade. We also review theoretical and empirical research on the evolution of parental care, sexual selection, and mating systems. We describe the patterns of parental care and sexual selection in poison frogs in the context of previous theoretical and empirical studies. Finally, we suggest potentially productive directions for future research.
The Perceptible and the Imperceptible: Diderot’s Speculation on Language in his Letters on the Deaf and Blind

The study of language has always been interrelated with the study of philosophy, rhetoric, and epistemolgy, but now, more than ever, it has become integrally related with the social and behavioral sciences, as well as with the study of the poetic process. Recently the problem raised by Descartes and others regarding the creative aspect of language (that uniquely human property of ordinary language use which is “both unbounded in scope and stimulus-free”) has been revived (Chomsky, 1966, pp. 5, 30–31). The importance of the seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and early nineteenth-century studies is that they raised fundamental questions regarding the character of language and its relationship to human behavior, questions which still command a genuine interest and which have yet to be answered satisfactorily.
Were Free Southern Farmers

Antebellum critics of slavery argued that it was responsible for the relative inefficiency of free southern farms. We examine this issue, employing a stochastic production function, which allows us to distinguish between technological superiority and technical inefficiency, and controlling for crop mix, which we treat as endogenous. We find that although large plantations enjoyed a technological advantage, slave farms were less efficient than free northern farms but more efficient than free southern farms. In addition, free southern farms were significantly less efficient than comparable northern farms.
Faculty Peer Review as a Strategy to Assure Quality in a New Team-Based Learning Curriculum-a Single Institution Experience.

Team-Based Learning (TBL) has focused largely on teaching faculty to develop lessons and help learners apply content. TBL literature has overlooked providing guidance or training in quality assurance. In this study, we describe a single institution’s experience with successfully shifting to the TBL model from a traditionally didactic curriculum. A faculty peer review program (FPRP) was instituted to assure that faculty developed quality TBLs and facilitated them according to their training. The transition from didactics to TBL was facilitated by (1) TBL faculty training, (2) development of a peer review committee, and (3) implementation of the FPRP. Following the implementation of the FPRP, students combined mean scores on major shelf exams in Biochemistry increased from 76.9 to 84.1%; Cell Biology, from 77.5 to 82.5%. Their National Board of Medical Examiners Biochemistry shelf exam mean scores increased from 52.4 to 60.8%; overall percentile ranking increased from the 59th to the 85th percentile. The FPRP proved to be integral to TBL faculty development and curricular change efforts. In a survey issued only to faculty who used the TBL model, they expressed appreciation for the FPRP and identified it as a contributing factor in the successful transition to the new TBL curriculum.
Cram-JS: reference-based decompression in node and the browser.

MOTIVATION The CRAM format addresses rising DNA storage costs for short-read sequencing by aligning reads to a reference genome and encoding the resulting alignment with Huffman, subexponential, Elias gamma, rANS, gzip and other codes. The CRAM codec is complex, and until now, there has been no JavaScript implementation. RESULTS We have developed a JavaScript library, Cram-JS, that natively reads and decompresses the CRAM format on-the-fly. The library is used in the JBrowse and IGV-JS genome browsers and can readily be used by other JavaScript applications, in the web browser or in Node. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Cram-JS is written to the ES-6 standard and is available from the GitHub repository at https://github.com/GMOD/cram-js.
Recruitment strategies and challenges: Lessons learned from a coal ash and children's health study.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the approaches and recruitment strategies of a study focused on the impact of coal fly ash on neurobehavioral performance among children living in proximity to coal-burning power plants. Challenges encountered with each recruitment approach are highlighted as well as solutions used to overcome those challenges and ultimately enroll children and one of their parents or guardians. To ensure participants were distributed throughout the study area, geographical information systems were used to guide recruitment and achieve the target sample size (N = 300). Several approaches were employed to recruit the number of needed participants, including "shoe leather" or door-to-door recruitment, placement of flyers and brochures in public spaces, mailings to targeted addresses, media announcements, and local government outreach. Since September 2015, 265 participants have been enrolled in the study using a combination of the described recruitment approaches. Even with a well-designed plan, it is important to re-examine strategies at every step to maximize recruitment efforts. Researcher flexibility in adapting to new strategies is vital in facilitating recruitment efforts, and the recruitment of participants in the study remains a dynamic and evolving process.
Scope and Mechanism of the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrative C–H Coupling of Phenols with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Expedient Synthesis of Chromene and Benzoxacyclic Derivatives

Chromene and benzoxacyclic derivatives were efficiently synthesized from the ruthenium-catalyzed dehydrative C–H coupling reaction of phenols with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The cationic r...
Introduction to Transparency in the Academic Appointment and Promotion Processes

The purpose of this chapter is to address the “sense of secrecy” around faculty promotion and bring transparency about the process of applying for and succeeding in a faculty career. Information in this chapter will be supplemented with career reflection exercises to help readers learn how to 1) define core terms related to academic appointment and promotion processes, 2) compare data elements for a curriculum vita (C.V. or literally story of their academic life) and education or clinical portfolios (compilations of samples demonstrating teaching skills or clinical skills), and 3) become aware of common steps in submitting a promotion package. Most critically, the reader can immediately begin to document what they have accomplished and what they are now doing in medicine as content for their first academic C.V. which compiles all relevant life experience related to becoming a professional medicine.
Genome-Phenome Wide Association in Maize and Arabidopsis Identifies a Common Molecular and Evolutionary Signature.

Abstract Linking natural genetic variation to trait variation can help determine the functional roles ofdifferent genes. Variations of one or several traits are often assessed separately. High-throughput phenotyping and data mining can capture dozens or hundreds of traits from the same individuals. Here, we test the association between markers within a gene and many traits simultaneously. This genome–phenome wide association study (GPWAS) is both a multi-marker and multi-trait test. Genes identified using GPWAS with 260 phenotypic traits in maize were enriched for genes independently linked to phenotypic variation. Traits associated with classical mutants were consistent with reported phenotypes for mutant alleles. Genes linked to phenomic variation in maize using GPWAS shared molecular, population genetic, and evolutionary features with classical mutants in maize. Genes linked to phenomic variation in Arabidopsis using GPWAS are significantly enriched in genes with known loss-of-function phenotypes. GPWAS may be an effective strategy to identify genes in which loss-of-function alleles produce mutant phenotypes. The shared signatures present in classical mutants and genes identified using GPWAS may be markers for genes with a role in specifying plant phenotypes generally or pleiotropy specifically.
Dilution enhancement in hierarchical and multiscale heterogeneous sediments

Abstract We quantify the dilution of solute clouds in geological formations displaying hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture through the use of a Lagrangian framework. This allows for a fundamental understanding of how dilution arises from the hierarchical architecture of sedimentary facies, and enables for a quantitative decomposition of dilution into facies-related contributions at different scales within the hierarchy. The new developed semi-analytical solution that quantify the dilution index is based on hierarchical expressions of the spatial covariance of the log-conductivity. The spatial correlation structure in the covariance expression is defined by the probability of transitioning within and across facies types of different scales, which are parameterized by independent and physically quantifiable attributes of sediments (including geostatistical properties of the conductivity field) and the proportions and lengths of facies types. We illustrate the applicability of the model in the well-documented tracer test at the Borden research site (Canada). We show how different scales of sedimentary architecture contribute to the dilution enhancement of the solute cloud at Borden aquifer. By quantitatively decomposing the dilution index into facies-related contributions, we gain fundamental insights on the key factors controlling the time-dependent rate of dilution. The results also illustrate that the probability of transitioning from one facies to another (i.e. cross-transitions) at different scales defines the temporal scaling for enhanced dilution. Additionally, we perform sensitivity analyses to investigate the effects of mean difference in conductivity, volume proportion, the statistical anisotropy ratio, and the scale of heterogeneity on the overall solute dilution.
Effectiveness of a Theory-Based mHealth Intervention for High-Risk Drinking in College Students.

Background: College students are among the most vulnerable groups to problems associated with high-risk drinking consequences such as illness, injury, sexual abuse, and death. Promising mobile heal...
Epitaxial Stabilization of Single-Crystal Multiferroic YCrO3 Thin Films

We report on the growth of stoichiometric, single-crystal YCrO3 epitaxial thin films on (001) SrTiO3 substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy reveal that the films grew in a layer-by-layer fashion with excellent crystallinity and atomically smooth surfaces. Magnetization measurements demonstrate that the material is ferromagnetic below 144 K. The temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity shows a characteristic relaxor-ferroelectric behavior at TC = 375-408 K. A dielectric anomaly at the magnetic transition temperature indicates a close correlation between magnetic and electric order parameters in these multiferroic YCrO3 films. These findings provide guidance to synthesize rare-earth, chromite-based multifunctional heterostructures and build a foundation for future studies on the understanding of magnetoelectric effects in similar material systems.
Fate of moderate aortic regurgitation after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of concomitant aortic regurgitation (AR) in cardiac surgery and the outcomes of treatment options. Methods Between April 2004 and June 2018, 3289 patients underwent coronary artery bypass, mitral valve, or aortic aneurysm surgery without aortic stenosis. AR was graded none/trivial (score = 0), mild (score = 1+), or moderate (score = 2+). Patients with untreated 2+ AR were compared with those with 0 or 1+ AR, and to those with 2+ AR who had aortic valve surgery. Thirty-day and late survival, echocardiography, and clinical outcomes were compared using propensity score matching. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients (4.2%) had 2+ AR; and 45 (33%) received aortic valve repair (n = 9) or replacement (n = 36) in the treated group and were compared with 2765 untreated patients with 0 AR and 386 patients with 1+ AR. Valve surgery was more common with anatomic leaflet abnormalities: bicuspid aortic valve (9% vs 0%; P Conclusions Aortic valve surgery in select patients with concomitant moderate AR can be added with minimal added risk, but untreated AR does not influence long-term survival after cardiac surgery and rarely required late intervention.
Canagliflozin increases intestinal adenoma burden in female Apc Min/+ mice.

The diabetes drug canagliflozin extends lifespan in male mice. Since malignant neoplasms are the major cause of death in most mouse strains, this observation suggests that canagliflozin might exert anti-neoplastic effects in male mice. Here, we treated a mouse neoplasia model, the adenoma-prone Apc Min/+ strain, with canagliflozin, to test the effects of this drug on intestinal tumor burden. Surprisingly, canagliflozin increased the total area of intestine involved by adenomas, an effect most marked in the distal intestine and in female mice. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that canagliflozin may not influence adenoma growth via direct SGLT1/2 inhibition in neoplastic cells. Our results are most consistent with a model where canagliflozin aggravates adenoma development by altering the anatomic distribution of intestinal glucose absorption, as evidenced by increases in postprandial GLP-1 levels driven by delayed glucose absorption. We hypothesize that canagliflozin exacerbates adenomatosis in the Apc Min/+ model via complex, cell-non-autonomous mechanisms, and that sex differences in GLP-1 responses may in part underlie sexually dimorphic effects of this drug on lifespan.
The Role of Citrate Transporter INDY in Metabolism and Stem Cell Homeostasis.

I’m Not Dead Yet (Indy) is a fly gene that encodes a homologue of mammalian SLC13A5 plasma membrane citrate transporter. Reducing expression of Indy gene in flies, and its homologues in worms, extends longevity. Indy reduction in flies, worms, mice and rats affects metabolism by regulating the levels of cytoplasmic citrate, inducing a state similar to calorie restriction. Changes include lower lipid levels, increased insulin sensitivity, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and prevention of weight gain, among others. The INDY protein is predominantly expressed in fly metabolic tissues: the midgut, fat body and oenocytes. Changes in fly midgut metabolism associated with reduced Indy gene activity lead to preserved mitochondrial function and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. All these changes lead to preserved intestinal stem cell homeostasis, which has a key role in maintaining intestinal epithelium function and enhancing fly healthspan and lifespan. Indy gene expression levels change in response to caloric content of the diet, inflammation and aging, suggesting that INDY regulates metabolic adaptation to nutrition or energetic requirements by controlling citrate levels.
Slow Strain-Rate Technique and Its Applications to the Environmental Stress Cracking of Nickel-Base and Cobalt-Base Alloys

The slow strain-rate technique (SSRT) was used to investigate the susceptibility of several nickel-base and cobalt-base alloys to environmental stress cracking. This technique was successful in revealing the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tendency of a given alloy in a specific environment. Yet, the measurable quantities (percent elongation, percent reduction in area, load at failure, and the total time to failure) were not always consistent indicators of the SCC phenomenon nor of its severity. Metallographic examination allowed to quantify the susceptibility to SCC through the measurement of the average "secondary stress corrosion crack" depth. The effects of strain rate, solution temperature, and solution concentration were clearly established using the SSRT. However, the effect of cold work on the susceptibility to hydroxide stress cracking was inconclusive. Also, the SSRT was not able to distinguish the SCC phenomenon from that of a "stress assisted intergranular corrosion" occurring on sensitized material.
Likelihood based hierarchical clustering and network topology identification

This paper develops a new method for hierarchical clustering based on a generative dendritic cluster model. The objects are viewed as being generated through a tree structured refinement process. In certain problems, this generative model naturally captures the physical mechanisms responsible for relationships among objects, for example, in genetic studies and network topology identification. The networking problem is examined in some detail, to illustrate the new clustering method. In general, the generative model is not representative of actual physical mechanisms, but it nonetheless provides a means for dealing with errors in the similarity matrix, simultaneously promoting two desirable features in clustering: intra-class similarity and inter-class dissimilarity.
Vertical gradients in regional alveolar oxygen tension in supine human lung imaged by hyperpolarized 3He MRI

Purpose To evaluate whether regional alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) vertical gradients imaged with hyperpolarized 3He can identify smoking-induced pulmonary alterations. To compare these gradients with common clinical measurements including pulmonary function tests, the six minute walk test, and the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.
The problem with fill patterns

The paper presents results of research on the use of fill patterns in graphs and charts by both paper and pencil designers and computer designers. In the study, technically trained university students responded to a prompt which told them to design a small set of graphs and charts for their manager. Subjects were interviewed, videotaped and their graphs and charts were reviewed by evaluators. Results showed that paper and pencil designers made better decisions about the use of fill patterns than computer designers and that computer users' decisions were greatly influenced by the computer program's automatic insertion of fill patterns. >
Bladder cancer in the elderly patient: challenges and solutions

Bladder cancer (BC) is an age-associated malignancy with increased prevalence in the elderly population. Elderly patients are a vulnerable population at increased risk for treatment-related toxicity secondary to medical comorbidities and geriatric syndromes. As a result, this population has been historically undertreated and suffers worse disease-specific outcomes than younger patients with BC. Recognition of this disparity has led to efforts to individualize treatment decisions based on functional status rather than chronologic age in an effort to optimize the use of curative therapies for the fit elderly and modify treatments to reduce the risk of toxicity and disease-related morbidity in vulnerable or frail patients. The comprehensive geriatric assessment is a decision framework that helps to balance underlying health considerations and risks of therapy with aggressiveness of the cancer. Development of systemic therapies with increased efficacy against BC and reduced toxicity are eagerly awaited, as are techniques and interventions to reduce the morbidity from surgery and radiation for patients with BC.
Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Purpose. The novel and traditional risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, the current strategies for the prevention of CMV disease, the emerging syndrome of late-onset CMV disease, and the risk factors for antiviral drug resistance are described. Summary. The evolution of transplantation practices, the changes in the characteristics of donors and recipients, the introduction of novel immunosuppressive drugs, and the widespread use of antiviral drugs for CMV prevention have collectively influenced the natural history of CMV infection and disease in SOT and HSCT recipients. Strategies for CMV prevention with the use of antiviral drugs, whether as prophylaxis or as preemptive therapy, are effective in reducing the incidence of CMV disease in transplant recipients. However, late-onset CMV disease is now emerging as a serious problem. Donor and recipient CMV serostatus and other traditional risk factors for early-onset CMV disease appear to contribute to the occurrence of late-onset CMV disease during the first year after transplantation. Conclusion. The epidemiology of CMV infection and disease has changed after transplantation. Strategies to prevent late-onset CMV disease include the prolonged use of antiviral prophylaxis, but this practice can lead to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance, which has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.
Use of triplex-forming oligonucleotides and adenoviral constructs for studying the regulation of gene expression.

Abstract Short synthetic homopyrimidine- or homopurine-rich oligonucleotides can form sequence-specific triplexes with corresponding homopurine–homopyrimidine sites on duplex DNA and block transcription of a target gene in vitro. Such triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) can be rationally designed to target homopurine/homopyrimidine sequences that are often found in eukaryotic genes and thus used to modulate the expression of these genes. The antigene strategy using TFOs has been successfully applied to a number of genes in vitro. In this article we describe methods used in applying this antigene approach to the rat aquaporin 5 (rAQP5) gene. We specifically focus on the selection of TFOs based on the sequence of the target gene and on a novel method employing adenoviruses for delivery of TFOs to cells in vitro.
Spatial summation of excitation and inhibition in receptive fields of neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the cat and the influence of visual deprivation.

1. The spatial summation in receptive fields of neurons in the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of the cat was measured with continuously changing round light stimuli which were modulated sinusoidally. The mean impulse frequencies and the position of the phasic discharge in relation to the stimuli were investigated as a function of the size of stimuli. 2. The on-center neurons showed small receptive field centers and marked inhibition by the surrounding at frequencies from 1.5 to 20 cps. In the off-center neurons the on-excitation from the periphery exceeded the on-inhibition from the center when the entire receptive field was stimulated. Characteristic shifting of the discharges was ascertained. 3. Neurons fed by the visually deprived eye showed reduced effects of the surrounding. 4. The mechanisms of inhibition that can be derived from the results and the changes in the LGB during visual deprivation are discussed.
Ellipsa-detected one-and two-photon transitions: I2, B3Πou + − X1Σ+g and no, A2Π+ − X2Π

Abstract We illustrate the use of nonlinear transmission effects in the detection of resonances in the nonlinear cubic susceptibility χ(3), due to one- and two-photon resonances. Experimental results are presented on the A2Σ+ − X2Π two-photon transmission of nitric oxide and one-photon B3Πou + X1Π+g system of molecular iodine.
Mitotic Control of Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells are self-renewing, tumorigenic cells at the apex of tumor hierarchies, and postulated to be quiescent in many tumor types. This issue of Cancer Discovery highlights a study that links the presentation of kinetochores within mitosis to an essential requirement for BUB1B/BubR1, broadening our understanding of the cell-cycle machinery in cancer stem cells.
Vitality and recurrent event risk in acute myocardial infarction survivors

Background Low vitality, characterized by fatigue and lack of energy, is common among survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and has been shown to be associated with increased risk of primary and secondary cardiac events. The goal of this study was to determine whether an association between vitality and recurrent cardiac events (nonfatal MI, cardiac death) among acute MI survivors persists after controlling for possible physiological and psychological confounders. Design and methods Incident AMI survivors (n = 1328) from Erie and Niagara (New York) county hospitals were enrolled and followed up to 9 years. Vitality was measured by the Short Form-36 on a 0-100 scale approximately 4 months post-AMI. Cox proportional hazards models were developed to assess the vitality-recurrent event association controlling for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, index MI severity, and psychological correlates of vitality. Results Low-vitality individuals at baseline were more likely females, of higher BMI, smoking, diabetic, less physically active, and to have worse depression scores. Vitality was not strongly associated with MI severity markers. Lower vitality scores were associated with increased risk of recurrent cardiac events: adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for vitality scores 51-79, 21-50, and or =80) were 1.2 (0.8, 1.8), 1.4 (0.9, 2.2), and 2.9 (1.5, 5.4), respectively (Ptrend = 0.005). Conclusion Low vitality was associated with increased risk of recurrent cardiac events among AMI survivors after controlling for physiological and psychological confounders. Mechanistic links with vitality should be sought as interventional targets.
Inner and outer arm axonemal dyneins from the Antarctic rockcod Notothenia coriiceps.

Adaptive compensation of enzymatic activities is common among cold-living poikilotherms. Their enzymes often demonstrate higher activities at low temperatures than do homologs from temperate or thermophilic species. To understand the molecular features necessary for cold adaptation of microtubule motor proteins, we have initiated studies of the flagellar dynein ATPases of Antarctic fishes (body temperature range = −1.8 to +2 °C). Dyneins were isolated by high-salt extraction of demembranated sperm axonemes from the Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod, Notothenia coriiceps. Although solubilization of inner arms was incomplete, an inner arm dynein was recognized as a discrete complex containing one major dynein heavy chain (DHC) and sedimenting through sucrose gradients at ∼12 S. Like inner arm dyneins from Chlamydomonas, the fish complex contained an actin-immunoreactive protein of 43 kDa and a 30-kDa protein. One isoform of the inner arm DHC gene family of N. coriiceps was detected by the polymerase chain react...
Consistent Model Selection for Marginal Generalized Additive Model for Correlated Data

We consider the generalized additive model when responses from the same cluster are correlated. Incorporating correlation in the estimation of nonparametric components for the generalized additive model is important because it improves estimation efficiency and increases statistical power for model selection. In our setting, there is no specified likelihood function for the generalized additive model, because the outcomes could be nonnormal and discrete, which makes estimation and model selection very challenging problems. We propose consistent estimation and model selection that incorporate the correlation structure. We establish an asymptotic property with L2-norm consistency for the nonparametric components, which achieves the optimal rate of convergence. In addition, the proposed model selection strategy is able to select the correct generalized additive model consistently. That is, with probability approaching to 1, the estimators for the zero function components converge to 0 almost surely. We illus...
PROTEASOME INHIBITORS INDUCE APOPTOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS BY INDUCING NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF IκBα

Proteasome inhibitors are known to suppress the proteasome-mediated degradation of IκBα in stimulated cells. This results in the cytoplasmic retention of NFκB and its reduced nuclear transcriptional activity. In this study, we show that in the metastatic prostate cancer cells, the proteasome inhibitors exhibit a novel, previously unrecognized effect: they increase the cellular levels of IκBα, which then translocates to the nucleus, associates with the nuclear p65 NFκB, thus inhibiting the constitutive NFκB DNA binding activity and inducing apoptosis. The proteasome inhibition-induced nuclear translocation of IκBα is dependent on de novo protein synthesis, occurs also in other cell types, and does not require IκBα phosphorylation on Ser-32. Since NFκB activity is constitutively increased in many human cancers as well as in inflammatory disorders, the proteasome inhibition-induced nuclear translocation of IκBα could thus provide a new therapeutic strategy aimed at the specific inhibition of NFκB activity by the nuclear IκBα.
CONTRIBUTION OF COLONIC ACETATE (Ac) TO CIRCULATING ACETATE POOL IN AN INFANT PIG MODEL

Ac results from colonic fermentation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, and can be an energy source for infants. The contribution of colonic Ac to the circulating Ac pool was studied in 4 weaned, fasted, anesthetized neonatal pigs (age 5-11 d, wt 1.7-2 kg). Baseline Ac entry rate was determined from the plateau enrichment of 3H-Ac in the portal vein during a 1-h infusion. Subsequently, 14C-Ac (1 mmol/kg, 185-243 dpm/nmol) was infused intracecally for 1 h. 3H-Ac dilution in the portal vein was used to calculate the Ac entry rate. The dilution of 14C-Ac provided a measure of endogenous Ac in the circulating Ac pool. Colonic infusion increased portal Δc. by 321% over baseline (% DOB). In 2 animals, no dilution of 14C-Ac indicated that all circulating Ac yas derived from the colonic infusion. In 1 animal, dilution of 14C suggested that endogenous production of Ac was not suppressed. The table shows values before (Baseline) and after 1 h of intracecal infusion (End and Portal Ac). Colonic Ac may make a major contribution to the circulating Ac pool and thereby affect endogeous production.
Population biology of White-crowned Sparrows: Residence time and local movements of juveniles

A field study of the ranging behavior of post-fledging White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) was carried out in undisturbed natural habitat in the Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin Co., California, USA. Forty-three first-brood juveniles, with tail feathers still growing, were banded at an estimated average age of 27 days and re-trapped an average of an additional 24 days for a total minimum time in residence in the immediate natal area of 51 days (Table 1).
Cloning of a novel inosine-guanosine transporter gene from Leishmania donovani by functional rescue of a transport-deficient mutant.

Abstract Purine transport is an indispensable nutritional function for protozoan parasites, since they are incapable of purine biosynthesis and must, therefore, acquire purines from the host milieu. Exploiting a mutant cell line (FBD5) of Leishmania donovanideficient in inosine and guanosine transport activity, the gene encoding this transporter (LdNT2) has been cloned by functional rescue of the mutant phenotype. LdNT2 encodes a polypeptide of 499 amino acids that shows substantial homology to other members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family. Molecular analysis revealed that LdNT2 is present as a single gene copy within the leishmanial genome and encodes a single transcript of 3 kilobase pairs. Transfection of FBD5 parasites with LdNT2re-established their ability to take up inosine and guanosine with a concurrent restoration of sensitivity to the inosine analog formycin B. Kinetic analyses reveal that LdNT2 is highly specific for inosine (K m = 0.3 μm) and guanosine (K m = 1.7 μm) and does not recognize other naturally occurring nucleosides. Expression ofLdNT2 cRNA in Xenopus oocytes significantly augmented their ability to take up inosine and guanosine, establishing that LdNT2 by itself suffices to mediate nucleoside transport. These results authenticate genetically and biochemically that LdNT2 is a novel nucleoside transporter with an unusual and strict specificity for inosine and guanosine.
Practical mathematical model to predict the performance of insulating packages

Thermal insulation is used in a variety of applications to protect temperature-sensitive products from thermal damage. Several factors affect the performance of insulating packages. These factors include the packaging material, the geometry of the package, the geometry of the product, and the degree of contact between the product and the package. In this study, a comprehensive model which includes all of these factors was developed to predict the performance of the insulating package. First, an equation was derived for the calculation of the thermal resistance of a multilayered wall. The wall resistance was then used in a mathematical model which included the aforementioned factors. Basic heat transfer principles covering conduction, convection and radiation were applied to the model and the package heat penetration rate was calculated. Based on this model, several factors affecting the performance of the insulating package were discussed. Examples of the use of this model for ice requirement calculations were also included. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The deregulatory effects of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on the broadcasting industry: Expectations vs. reality

Abstract The broadcasting industry experienced drastic deregulation with the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This study examines the capital market reactions to the passage of the Act and aftermath changes in profitability and efficiency in the broadcasting industry. This study finds that the deregulation, particularly relaxing the rules for broadcast ownership, had significant positive effects on stock returns for the broadcasting firms. Among them, firms focusing on broadcasting business and small television groups gained more from the deregulation in terms of increases in market value, as opposed to diversified and large television groups. The longitudinal analysis indicates that the profitability of broadcasting firms in terms of return on sales improved after the Act. This can mainly be attributed to broadcasting firm’s increased market power that resulted from increased industry concentration. Profitability in terms of return on assets, however, deteriorated after the Act, which can be attributed to decreased operating efficiency represented by asset turnover. We find no evidence that the deregulation improved the broadcasting industry’s efficiency of employees to generate sales. Our findings question the notion that the deregulation would help the industry to improve its operating efficiency by achieving economies of scale.
Benign vulvovaginal cysts

Abstract This article discusses the common benign cysts found in the vagina and vulva. While not commonly encountered in routine surgical pathology practice, these cysts are a relatively frequent occurrence. The cysts are often asymptomatic and do not come to clinical attention. Cysts of the vagina and vulva can be classified as embryologic or non-embryologic in origin, with mullerian and mesonephric cysts being the most common embryologic cysts. A discussion of the embryologic origin of the vagina and vulva is included as this knowledge can help in accurately characterizing cystic lesions found in this location. Non-embryologic cysts include endometriosis, inclusion cysts, and other rare lesions. These entities are discussed to allow distinction from cysts of embryologic origin. With accurate clinical history, anatomic site of origin, and identification of the epithelial lining, definitive classification of the cyst is possible.
Diffusion coefficient and differential mobility of As in In for LPE and current controlled LPE

InAs has been grown on undoped InAs substrates by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and current controlled LPE (CCLPE) in the temperature range of 570 to 670°C. From the LPE growth rate versus temperature results, the diffusion coefficient of As in In was calculated to be D = 525exp[-(1.4 × 104)T] cm2 with an activation energy for diffusion of 1.2 eV (27.8 kcal/mol). CCLPE growth results indicated a linear relationship between the growth rate of InAs and the current density. The differential mobility of As in In was computed as μ = 0.9 × 10-2 cm2/V·s at 620°C.
Anti-Salmonella activity of alkyl gallates.

A series of alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) was synthesized and tested for their antibacterial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis. Nonyl (C9) and octyl (C8) gallates were noted to be the most effective against this food-borne bacterium, each with a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 μg/mL, followed by decyl (C10) gallate, with a MBC of 25 μg/mL. Dodecyl (C12) gallate exhibited activity against S. choleraesuis, with a MBC of 50 μg/mL. Propyl (C3) gallate showed no activity against S. choleraesuis up to 3200 μg/mL. The length of the alkyl group is not a major contributor but plays a role in eliciting the activity to a large extent. The same series of alkyl gallates, regardless of alkyl chain length, all showed nearly the same potent scavenging activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, indicating that the length of the alkyl group is not associated with the activity. Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Salmonella choleraesuis; Proteus vulgaris; alkyl gallates; respir...
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST RECOMBINANT CAPSID PROTEIN OF THE MEXICO STRAIN (MX) OF HUMAN CALICIVIRUSES. † 1032

Introduction: MX virus is a recently characterized Snow Mountain virus-like human calicivirus (HuCV) identified in stool from a Mexican child with acute gastroenteritis. The expression of the recombinant MX(rMX) capsid in baculovirus permitted the development of antigen and antibody EIAs that can be used for identification of this strain.Aim: This study describes the characterization of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) developed against the rMX antigen.Methods: Ten Mabs to the MX virus were generated using the baculovirus-expressed rMX viral capsid as immunogen. Specificity was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Enzyme immune assays(EIAs) using the Mabs were used to detect MX antigens in stools.Results: Each of the Mabs reacted with the rMX antigen and with stool specimens from 5 children infected with the MX virus, but not with the baculovirus-expressed recombinant Norwalk virus capsid. The Mabs divided into 3 groups based upon cross-reactivities in a competition EIA. Each group also revealed an unique antigen binding pattern in the immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses. EIAs utilizing the Mabs as coating or detector antibodies were specific and sensitive for detection of MX antigens in human stools. Conclusion: The unlimited supply of the rMX Mabs will allow development of type-specific assays for clinical diagnosis as well as antigenic characterization of HuCVs.
Modeling enrichment of soluble pollutants in snow covers

Snowmelt runoff presents an enhanced threat of environmental damage. Soluble impurities which have accumulated in the snow during winter months are transported to the lower portion of the snow cover early in the melting season due to melt-freeze cycles. These contaminants are removed rapidly at very high concentrations within the first fractions of snowmelt runoff causing sudden bursts of enriched pollutants. This paper reports a physically-based mathematical model to simulate the enrichment process in a snow cover. The model is based on the liquid water flow, heat transport, and pollutant transport equations. These nonlinear partial differential equations are solved simultaneously using a six-point implicit finite difference scheme.
Assessing the Scope of Corporate Security: Common Practices and Relationships with Other Business Functions

This study evaluates corporate security functions and goals. Data from a survey of corporate security directors of Fortune 1000 companies in the US suggest that corporate security carries out functions and processes typically identified in private security literature. These functions include physical security, executive and employee protection, premises security, investigations, and prediction of threats. In addition, other functions typically considered as security tasks are actually administered by or jointly shared with other departments within the organization. Some functions, such as crisis management, disaster preparedness, emergency preparedness, fraud prevention, and due diligence are not the monopoly of corporate security. These tasks are either administered exclusively by other departments or jointly shared with security. Findings also suggest that not only is corporate security located very high in the organizational hierarchy but it is well integrated into the business functions of the organization. Finally, contrary to the popular belief that corporate executives do not work closely with security, we find that in most organizations executives and departments are actively involved in ensuring the success of security.
Precision temperature measuring equipment

The paper describes the development of a resistance thermometer of high accuracy together with its associated bridge circuit. The thermometer is of the dual-element type in which two coils of metals having different temperature coefficients of resistance are incorporated in the sensing head. The change in the resistance ratio of the two coils gives a unique indication of temperature. The bridge circuit developed for use with the thermometer employs the transformer ratio arm method which allows highly accurate and stable ratios to be produced. A modified potentiometer recorder automatically balances the bridge and provides direct read-out. A further refinement is the addition of a shaft digitizer which gives a record of the temperature in a form suitable for automatic data logging. The whole apparatus is stable and robust and can be used in industrial applications.
Polyphosphorylated glycerolipids mimic adrenocorticotropin-induced stimulation of mitochondrial pregnenolone synthesis

As with adrenocorticotropin pretreatment in vivo, addition of cardiolipin in vitro enhances adrenal mitochondrial pregnenolone synthesis and apparent binding of cholesterol to cytochrome P-450scc. These effects are relatively specific for glycerolipids containing two or more phosphate radicals in the polar head group, and changes in such phospholipids or comparably acting substances may play a role in mediating adrenocorticotropin- or other hormone-induced effects on membrane-associated enzymes.
117. Oxidation of boronated graphite

Abstract The oxidation of boronated graphite occurs by two competing reactions in the temperature range 580–780°C, namely, the oxidation of carbon to yield CO2 and the oxidation of B4C to yield B2O3 and CO2. The former reaction is appreciably faster than the latter. The formation of molten B2O3 yields a physical barrier to reactant diffusion and, in the case of grey boronated graphite, leads to a maximum in the rate as a function of time. Because less B2O3 is formed in black boronated graphite, it behaves much like ordinary nuclear graphite. Upon removal of the B2O3 by leaching in boiling water, the oxidation rate is appreciably increased. This is particularly true for the grey boronated graphite, because the amount of B2O3 formed is greater than in black boronated graphite where the B4C is apparently not as accessible to the oxidant.
FERMI INTERACTION CAUSED BY INTERMEDIARY CHIRAL BOSON

The Fermi interaction is interpreted as a nonlocal interaction resulting from a double Yukawa-type interaction in which the intervening boson has a definite chirality. The theory is quantizable and renormalizables and in the "local" limits the results agree with the usual (V-A) theory of the direct Fermi interaction. The general framework of the theory not only gives a basis for the existencs of parity-nonconserving intsractions but also determines the allowed forms of such interactions. The nonlocal effect of the intervening boson propagator tends to give an improved agreement with experiments. (auth)