cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Analysis of the Solar Power Satellite

The energy requirements to build and operate the proposed Solar Power Satellite are evaluated and compared with the energy it produces. Because the technology is so speculative, uncertainty is explicitly accounted for. For a proposed 10-gigawatt satellite system, the energy ratio, defined as the electrical energy produced divided by the primary nonrenewable energy required over the lifetime of the system, is of order 2, where a ratio of 1 indicates the energy breakeven point. This is significantly below the energy ratio of today's electricity technologies such as light-water nuclear or coal-fired electric plants.
The effect of capitated and fee-for-service remuneration on physician decision making in gynecology

Objective To evaluate the variations in physician behavior leading to performance of gynecologic surgical procedures related to fee-for-service and capitation reimbursement systems. Methods This study compared the physician practice utilization of surgical services for fee-for-service and capitated contract reimbursement systems within a gynecology clinic. Attending gynecologists were reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis for all surgical services performed during a 6-month interval; subsequently, the same physicians were reimbursed on a capitated basis for 6 months and received a fixed payment for the clinical and surgical services provided. Results Three thousand seven hundred eighty consecutive outpatient gynecology visits were evaluated at the university gynecology clinic during 1994. We found a 15% overall decrease in the number of surgical procedures that were performed during the capitated reimbursement period compared with the fee-for-service time interval. The procedure most responsible for the reduction of surgical services was elective sterilization by laparoscopy, which underwent a statistically significant decrease ( P Conclusion The remuneration system in our review seemed to affect physician decision making for only the most elective procedures, whereas physicians maintained similar practice patterns for more severe conditions. Fee-for-service seems to encourage, whereas capitation seems to discourage, gynecologists from performing elective procedures.
Thinking Straight While Seeing Red: The Influence of Anger on Information Processing

Because angry people apparently rely on heuristic cues when making judgments, anger has been claimed to trigger superficial, nonanalytic information processing. In three studies, the authors found that induced anger promoted analytic processing. Experiment 1 showed that angry participants were more likely to discriminate between weak and strong arguments than participants in neutral moods. Experiment 2 demonstrated that anger overrode dispositional preferences not to process, causing even those low in need for cognition to process analytically. Experiment 3 reconciled these findings with previous work by showing that angry people used accessible, valid, and relevant heuristics but otherwise processed analytically, as indicated by attitude change and elaboration data. Together, these experiments showed that angry people can have both the capacity and motivation to process and that their selective use of heuristics reflects the cue's perceived validity and not the failure to process analytically.
Lower bound in energy for chaotic dynamics of ions

Abstract When a charged particle is acted upon by an electrostatic wave propagating across a uniform magnetic field, its dynamics is chaotic provided that its initial Larmor radius is larger than a threshold value ϱm. We analytically compute ϱm when the wave frequency is an integer multiple of the particle cyclotron frequency, and show that ϱm increases with the wave amplitude. This leads to the counter-intuitive result that the dynamics of a low energy particle can be made stochastic by decreasing the amplitude of the wave.
Properties of the Causative Agent of a Chicken Tumor: XII. Ultraviolet Light Absorption Spectrum of Purified Chicken Tumor Extracts Containing the Active Principle

Although the principle inducing chicken tumor 1 can be obtained in a state of relative purity, little is known of its intimate constitution, and the mechanism of its action is still a matter of conjecture. In a series of studies from this laboratory (1, 2, 3), the principle was tentatively considered as a chemical constituent of the active tumor extracts and its separation was attempted by means of chemical methods. Recent fractionation provided solutions having a low solids content and chemical analysis pointed to a protein and phospholipoids as chief constituents of the active residue (4). The character of the purified extracts, which were clear and colorless, made the ultraviolet absorption method available for further analysis. Certain extracts were found to absorb ultraviolet light selectively, a broad absorption band being detected with a maximum at about λ 2550. Attempts were made to secure evidence indicating a correlation between the light-absorbing power of such extracts and the tumor-producing activity. Materials and Methods Preparation of Tumor Extracts: The mashed tumor tissue was extracted with a quantity of distilled water totalling in volume 20 times the weight of the original pulp. Usually 25 gm. of tumor pulp was used for a single experiment. No alkali was added. The extract was centrifuged for fifteen minutes at 2000 r.p.m., the supernatant fluid poured through sterile gauze and filtered through a Berkefeld V candle, the suction flask being kept on ice. The Berkefeld filtrate was concentrated by ultrafiltration in thimbles lined with collodion membrane.
Congenital odontoid aplasia and posterior circulation stroke in childhood

Head trauma and vigorous physical activity were followed by delayed-onset posterior circulation stroke in a 5-year-old boy with odontoid aplasia and C1-C2 subluxation. Angiography demonstrated vertebral artery narrowing and occlusion of the left anterior-inferior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries. Odontoid aplasia and other atlantoaxial dislocations are treatable causes of posterior circulation insufficiency in childhood; these defects may be overlooked without appropriate radiographic study of the cervical spine using flexion-extension views.
States’ interests at international climate negotiations: new measures of bargaining positions

To advance empirical research on international environmental institutions, new data on national positions at the international climate change negotiations are introduced. The observations cover more than 90 countries at two historical moments of climate change decision making: the pre–Kyoto Protocol enforcement (2001–2004) and the post–Kyoto Protocol (2008–2011) meetings. Data were collected from different types of written text. Coding entailed a qualitative (dictionary-based) content analysis and a quantitative text analysis. By systematically exploring these new data, I offer a ‘map’ of national preferences at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). I also propose a discussion of the dimensions of conflict and policy competition over 10 years of climate negotiations.
Urbanism Reconsidered: A Southern Appalachian Perspective

URBANISM IS GENERALLY DEFINED as a way of life unique to cities which embodies individualism, impersonalism, transience, a secular world view, as well as the loss of community, extended family, and ties to the land. This article argues that much of what is considered “urbanism” by American anthropologists consists of cultural traits characteristic of the dominant American ethnic group, mainstream Anglo-Americans. This is illustrated with a case study involving the growth and development of a small town in Southern Appalachia in which native Appalachians and non-Appalachian mainstream inmigrants engage in ethnic conflict over the widening of a state highway running through town. Urban anthropology is urged to broaden its scope to include studies of regional contexts incorporating rural areas and small towns as well as metropolitan cities and to critically examine the concept of urbanism through comparative ethnic studies, [urbanism, ethnicity, Appalachia, Anglo-Americans]
Afferent connections of the optic tectum in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Horseradish peroxidase was injected unilaterally into the optic tectum of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The sources of tectal afferents were thereby revealed by retrogradely labeled neurons in various brain centers. Retrogradely labeled cells were seen in both the ipsilateral and contralateral telencephalon. The superficial pretectal area was labeled on both sides of the brain. Ipsilateral projections were also observed coming from the entopeduncular nucleus. Both the anterior thalamic nucleus and the ventro-medial thalamic nucleus projected to the ipsilateral optic tectum. Cells in the ipsilateral nucleus of the posterior commissure were seen to project to the tectum. Labeled fibers were visualized in the lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the injected tectum, however, no labeled cell bodies were observed. Therefore, tectal cells project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, but this projection is not reciprocal. No labeled cells were found in the cerebellum. Labeled cells occurred in both the ipsilateral and contralateral medial reticular formation; they were also observed in the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi. A projection was seen coming from the dorsal funicular nucleus. Furthermore, labeled cells were shown in the inferior raphe nucleus.
Update on Indications, Techniques, and Complications of Cardiac Implantable Device Lead Extraction

All devices (quite simply and with rare exception) that are infected, or strongly suspected of being infected, need to be removed, with complete extraction of all intravascular hardware and foreign material in the pocket. Failure to do so nearly always results in a failure to clear the infection, with inevitable recurrence of infection. Having the skills and tools to extract leads can make access to the venous system possible when occlusion or stenosis is present, thus preserving the venous system on the contralateral side. The far more controversial question is how one should deal with leads that are functional and are no longer needed, as well as leads that are non-functional and not connected to a device. Patients who are expected to outlive their next device, or who are potential candidates for MRI scans in the future, should be considered for extraction of all unused lead hardware. Doing so at an earlier time prevents the need to extract when the leads are older and more difficult to remove, and eliminates the additional risk of infection by preventing an additional procedure on the device pocket at a later date.
An Adaptive Coherent Optical Processor for Cell Recognition and Counting

An adaptive coherent optical processor, using discrete sampling of the Fourier spectrum, is described. The discrete sampling method was used to realize a system for recognizing and counting reticulated red blood cells using conventional blood film slides as the input field. This process is based on the assumption that a family of cells of distinct morphology will have a unique Fourier spectrum and that the intensity of the spectrum from the individual cells is additive when the population is large, randomly located, and nonoverlapping. Intensity measurements made at discrete spatial frequencies provide information on the number of cells of each type present. Inference of the counts is made through a linear estimation model obtained by a least squares regression of the intensity measurements against a set of known counts. If applied to the class of spectra for which the system model is designed, the estimation error is equal to or better than equivalent hand counting methods and is of the same order as that inherent in any least squares regression process.
Finite nuclei in a relativistic model with broken chiral and scale invariance

Abstract A relativistic hadronic model that provides a realization of the broken chiral and scale invariance of quantum chromodynamics has recently been applied to nuclear matter at the mean-field level. Although the model can reproduce nuclear matter saturation, calculations of finite nuclei reveal serious deficiencies.
The effects of varied dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature on the wood-boring isopod genus Limnoria

Three species of the marine wood-boring genus Limnoria were subjected to low dissolved oxygen concentrations at different temperatures under laboratory conditions. 28-day median tolerance limits (TLm) were 1.0 mg/l of dissolved oxygen at 15° to 16°C and 19° to 20°C for L. lignorum, 0.75 and 0.60 mg/l at 15° to 16°C and 22° to 25°C, respectively, for L. quadripunctata, and 1.0 and 1.18 mg/l at 15° to 16°C and 22° to 25°C, respectively, for L. tripunctata. The amount of burrowing activity, as measured by the egestion rate, was directly related to the amount of dissolved oxygen. A daily egestion rate of 0.116 mg per day in L. tripunctata at 22° to 25°C was the highest figure measured. The daily egestion rate was sharply reduced at dissolved oxygen concentrations below 3.0 mg/l.
Spectrin isoforms: differential expression in normal hematopoiesis and alterations in neoplastic bone marrow disorders.

Spectrins are large, rod-like, multifunctional molecules that participate in maintaining cell structure, signal transmission, and DNA repair. Because little is known about the role of spectrins in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis, we immunohistochemically stained bone marrow biopsy specimens from 81 patients for αI, αII, βI, and βII spectrin isoforms in normal reactive marrow (NRM), myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasm, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with well-characterized cytogenetic abnormalities, acute erythroid leukemia (EryL), and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (MegL). In NRM, spectrin isoforms were differentially expressed according to cell lineage: αI and βI in erythroid precursors; αII and βII in granulocytes; and βI and βII in megakaryocytes. In contrast, 18 (44%) of 41 AMLs lacked αII spectrin and/ or aberrantly expressed βI spectrin (P = .0398; Fisher exact test) and 5 (100%) of 5 EryLs expressed βII spectrin but lacked βI spectrin. The frequent loss and/or gain of spectrin isoforms in AMLs suggests a possible role for spectrin in leukemogenesis.
Ranking fuzzy numbers by their expansion center

Based on the area between the curve of the membership function and the horizontal real axes, a new index, called the expansion center for fuzzy numbers is proposed. An intuitive and reasonable ranking method for fuzzy numbers based on their expansion center is also established. This new ranking method is useful in fuzzy decision making and fuzzy data mining.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND OXYGEN METABOLISM IN SHOCK AND CRITICAL ILLNESS: Invasive and Noninvasive Monitoring of Circulatory Dysfunction and Shock

More than 2 million people die in this country annually; about half of these die acutely with or of shock or its sequelae, organ failures. Circulatory failure and shock play a role in all fatal illnesses because circulatory failure is an integral part of the final common pathway. Moreover, shock is a common nonfatal circulatory problem that is central to most nonfatal primary circulatory disorders and is an essential part of circulatory complications of acute illnesses. Thus, circulatory dysfunction and its compensations are common components of lethal and nonlethal acute critical illnesses. Shock is a symptom complex diagnosed by subjective signs and symptoms such as cold clammy skin, pallor, weak thready pulse, unstable vital signs, and altered level of consciousness. These are secondary effects of shock, not the principal pathophysiologic problem. Unfortunately, these subjective signs and symptoms are not only used to diagnose shock but to evaluate the changing clinical status, effects of therapy, and prognosis. The lack of objectivity of these subjective symptoms has been a major deterrent to early diagnosis and therapy of shock. Shock is easily recognized after severe trauma and massive hemorrhage or in the late stages of acute illnesses by hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, and collapse. However, therapy in late stages is often ineffective. In the early stage, by contrast, shock is easily reversible, but it is recognized by subjective, nonspecific signs and symptoms. These manifestations are secondary effects of acute circulatory failure, not the underlying physiologic problem. Because diagnostic criteria are ambiguous, the recognition of shock is often delayed, and the opportunity for successful early therapy is missed.
Resonator Theory for Hollow Waveguide Lasers

A numerical technique has been developed for analyzing the transverse modes of waveguide lasers with external mirrors. Propagation outside the guide is computed with the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral and within the guide by decomposing the fields into the characteristic modes of the guide structure. The transverse modes of the entire waveguide–mirror system fall into a number of distinct classes: TE0m, TM0m, EH1m, EH2m, etc. For each class of modes, the, corresponding guide modes form a complete and orthogonal set and may be used as basis vectors to describe those modes. This reduces the mode analysis of the waveguide resonator to the diagonalization of a small (5 × 5 or 10 × 10) complex matrix. Guide losses, coupling losses, and mode shapes will be discussed for a number of interesting cases, with the Fresnel number of the waveguide ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 and with various values of mirror curvature and position. It will be shown that some values of resonator parameters are particularly advantageous for achieving single mode operation.
Therapeutic efficacy of salvage cystectomy. Do results reflect natural history of bladder cancer

In a retrospective review of patients who underwent salvage cystectomy, patients with muscle-invasive cancers who had initially presented with tumors that were pathologically TA or T1 appeared to have a better prognosis than those who had muscle-invasive (T2 or T3) cancers on initial clinical presentation. Prognosis in each group appeared to correlate with the stage of tumor at initial clinical presentation rather than with stage of tumor at recurrence after radiation therapy. Prognosis also appeared to correlate with architectural configuration of the presenting tumor as well as the type of invasion. Thus, papillary lesions with muscle invasion by a broad front of histologically cohesive blocks of cells appeared to have a better prognosis than did solid or nodular lesions that appeared to invade the muscle wall in a tentacular fashion with fingerlike tumor cell extensions that seemed to percolate through the bladder wall. Taken together, the results of treatment in these patients may have represented the intrinsic nature of their particular tumors.
Simple, accurate, and efficient revisions to MacCormack and Saulyev schemes: High Peclet numbers

Abstract Stream water quality modeling often involves numerical methods to solve the dynamic one-dimensional advection–dispersion–reaction equations (ADRE). There are numerous explicit and implicit finite difference schemes for solving these problems, and two commonly used schemes are the MacCormack and Saulyev schemes. This paper presents simple revisions to these schemes that make them more accurate without significant loss of computation efficiency. Using advection dominated (high Peclet number) problems as test cases, performances of the revised schemes are compared to performances of five classic schemes: forward-time/centered-space (FTCS); backward-time/centered-space (BTCS); Crank–Nicolson; and the traditional MacCormack and Saulyev schemes. All seven of the above numerical schemes were tested against analytical solutions for pulse and step inputs of mass to a steady flow in a channel, and performances were considered with respect to stability, accuracy, and computational efficiency. Results indicated that both the modified Saulyev and the MacCormack schemes, which are named the Saulyevc and MacCormackc schemes respectively, greatly improved the prediction accuracy over the original ones. The computation efficiency in terms of CPU time was not impacted for the Saulyevc scheme. The MacCormackc scheme demonstrated increased time consumption but was still much faster than implicit schemes.
Particle weight of turnip yellow mosaic virus.

The molecular weight of turnip yellow mosaic virus and its weight fraction of RNA were measured. The mass of the virus was found to be 5·5×10 6 for the necrotic Rademacher strain and 5·7×10 6 for the savoy strain. The weight fraction of RNA was 0·35. These values are consistent with the model of the virus having only two species of macromolecules: the viral RNA and 180 identical polypeptide chains.
Halomethyl-metal compounds XXXVII. The trimethylsilyl-substituted chloromethyllithium reagents: Me3siccl2Li and (Me3Si)2CClLi☆☆☆

Abstract The low temperature reactions of n-butyilithium with trimethyl(dichloromethyl)silane and bis(trimethylsilyl)dichloromethane have served in the preparation of trimethylsilyldichloromethyllithium and bis(trimethylsilyl)chloromethyllithium, respectively, in high yield. Reactions of these reagents with trimethyltin chloride, trimethylchlorosilane, mercuric halides and methyl iodide are described.
FROM THE IMPLIED VOLATILITY SKEW TO A ROBUST CORRECTION TO BLACK-SCHOLES AMERICAN OPTION PRICES

We describe a robust correction to Black-Scholes American derivatives prices that accounts for uncertain and changing market volatility. It exploits the tendency of volatility to cluster, or fast mean-reversion, and is simply calibrated from the observed implied volatility skew. The two-dimensional free-boundary problem for the derivative pricing function under a stochastic volatility model is reduced to a one-dimensional free-boundary problem (the Black-Scholes price) plus the solution of a fixed boundary-value problem. The formal asymptotic calculation that achieves this is presented here. We discuss numerical implementation and analyze the effect of the volatility skew.
High-frequency ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter coefficients of in vivo normal human dermis and subcutaneous fat

In vivo attenuation and backscatter coefficients of normal human forearm dermis and subcutaneous fat were determined in the ranges 14 to 50 MHz and 14 to 34 MHz, respectively. Data were collected using three different transducers to ensure that results were independent of the measurement system. Attenuation coefficient was obtained by computing spectral slopes vs. depth, with the transducers axially translated to minimize diffraction effects. Backscatter coefficient was obtained by compensating recorded backscatter spectra for system-dependent effects and, additionally, for one transducer using the reference phantom technique. Good agreement was seen between the computed attenuation and backscatter results from the different transducers/methods. The attenuation coefficient of the forearm dermis was well described by a linear dependence with a slope that ranged between 0.08 to 0.39 (median = 0.21) dB mm(-1) MHz(-1). The backscatter coefficient of the dermis was generally in the range 10(-3) to 10(-1) Sr(-1) mm(-1) and showed an increasing trend with frequency. No significant differences in attenuation coefficient slope between the forearm dermis and fat were noted. Within the range of 14 to 34 MHz, the ratio of integrated (average) backscatter of dermis to that of fat ranged from 1.03 to 87.1 (median = 6.45), indicating significantly higher backscatter for dermis than for fat. Data were also recorded at the fingertip where the attenuation coefficient slope of the dermis was seen to be higher than that at the forearm.
Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Stationary Waterjet Cleaning Process

The use of stationary waterjet for the removal of coating material from the substrate is investigated analytically and experimentally. In the analysis, the cleaning width as a function of standoff distance, water pressure, and nozzle radius is derived by considering the structure of waterjet and the cleaning mechanism. Also derived are the relations of the optimal cleaning standoff distance and maximum cleaning width to the critical cleaning standoff distance, and how the water pressure and nozzle radius affect this critical standoff distance. These derived analytical relations are verified with experimental results.
A Fair Trade approach to community forest certification? A framework for discussion

Abstract Forest certification has gained growing attention as a market-based instrument to make globalizing markets a force for mitigating rather than fostering environmental degradation. Yet in practice, market mechanisms currently appear to encourage concentration of forest certification in Northern temperate and boreal forests, rather than in the tropical forests certification originally aimed to protect. At the same time, the share of tropical and other Southern forests under community management is increasing dramatically. Utilizing a comparative analysis of coffee and wood products commodity chains, a preliminary framework is proposed for exploring the obstacles and the possibilities of a “Fair Trade” approach to community forest certification. Obstacles include the structure of conventional wood products commodity chains, common wood product characteristics, certification's current commitment to conventional market logics and practices, and informal governance influences favoring powerful economic actors. The paper argues, however, that other features of forest certification, especially in the FSC scheme, are potentially supportive of a Fair Trade community forestry approach.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 10-epi-Anamarine via an Iterative Dihydroxylation Sequence

The enantioselective syntheses of 10-epi-anamarine and 5,10-epi,epi-anamarine have been achieved in 13 to 14 steps. The route relies upon an enantio- and regioselective Sharpless dihydroxylation of either dienoates or trienoates to establish the C-8 to C-11 stereochemistry. A diastereoselective Leighton allylation established the desired C-5 stereochemistry. The route also relies upon a ring-closing metathesis to establish the α,β-unsaturated lactones.
Meta-analysis of protocolized goal-directed hemodynamic optimization for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock in the Emergency Department.

Author(s): Wira, Charles R; Dodge, Kelly; Sather, John; Dziura, James | Abstract: Introduction: To perform a meta-analysis identifying studies instituting protocolized hemodynamic optimization in the emergency department (ED) for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.Methods: We modeled the structure of this analysis after the QUORUM and MOOSE published recommendations for scientific reviews. A computer search to identify articles was performed from 1980 to present. Studies included for analysis were adult controlled trials implementing protocolizedhemodynamic optimization in the ED for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Primary outcome data was extracted and analyzed by 2 reviewers with the primary endpoint being short-term mortality reported either as 28-day or in-hospital mortality.Results: We identified 1,323 articles with 65 retrieved for review. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria 25 studies (15 manuscripts, 10 abstracts) were included for analysis (n¼9597). The mortality rate for patients receiving protocolized hemodynamic optimization (n¼6031) was 25.8% contrasted to 41.6% in control groups (n¼3566, p,0.0001).Conclusion: Protocolized hemodynamic optimization in the ED for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock appears to reduce mortality. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(1):51–59.]
The effect of veratridine on sodium-sensitive radiocalcium uptake in frog sartorius muscle

Abstract Veratridine increases the ability of sodium to displace calcium from muscle binding sites at physiological Ca 0 2+ concentrations of 1.0 mM. Lithium and hydrazine both of which can substitute for sodium with regard to the muscle action potential are much less effective in depressing calcium binding in the presence of veratridine. Lithium or hydrazine substitution for sodium prevents or delays the veratrine response. The uptake of 45 Ca into the slow component of muscle as measured by 45 Ca desaturation curves is enhanced by veratridine when the TTX treated sartorius muscle is exposed to 20 mM K + . Substitution of sodium by lithium or hydrazine does not interfere with the veratridine stimulated 45 Ca uptake in the presence of high potassium. These findings indicate that veratridine affects calcium binding sites in the surface of the muscle fiber so as to increase the effectiveness of sodium in competing with calcium for these sites. Veratridine also appears to increase the transient calcium influx observed upon depolarization of the muscle fibers by high external potassium.
Role of thermal insulation in passive designs of buildings

Abstract The utilization of solar energy for active and passive applications in buildings requires the careful selection of materials that have, (a) high thermal storage capacity, (b) thermal insulation efficiency, and (c) a balance of the two. The choice is not easy to make notably when the building falls in a temperate climatic zone. This paper tackles the selection of materials for usage in buildings from different angles to ensure the ease of selection. First, the optimal economic thickness of an insulation material is determined very accurately using the minimum life-cycle cost method and the annual heating degree days (AHDDs) for different sites. From this, the optimal thermal transmittance (U-value) for the building structure in a given climatic zone is determined. Second, a graphic relationship between U-value vs AHDDs is established. Third, annual energy savings in kWh ton−1 of insulation material is calculated. From this, the pay-back period of energy consumed in manufacturing the installed thermal insulation material is calculated. The higher the pay-back period the less desirable is the use of thermal insulation materials and more favourable is the use of high mass materials. This approach is well reasoned to allow its extensibility to all buildings in all climatic zones. It should certainly give insight to the possible contribution of solar energy in meeting demand for active and passive heating/cooling of buildings. Results are summarized in Figs 3 and 4.
BED THICKNESS AND GRAIN SIZE: CROSS‐BEDDING

SUMMARY Qualitative and quantitative observations show a general positive correlation between grain size and thickness of cross-bedded units. Greater sand-wave height correlates with greater turbulence which permits more and coarser grains to be transported. A theory is developed which qualitatively explains these relationships.
Complications of regional anesthesia.

Purpose of reviewThe use of regional anesthesia, either alone or as an adjunct to general anesthesia, is at an all-time high. Demonstrated benefits include reduced side effects, more efficient use of facilities and enhanced patient satisfaction with the improved postoperative pain relief. New advanc
The Electrophysiologic Assessment of Hemispheric Asymmetries during Speech

Evoked potentials were summed and averaged for 14 normal subjects during language production tasks. No significant hemispheric asymmetries were obtained. Results show that there is insufficient evi...
Comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan

Abstract Aquifers of the peninsulas of Florida and northern Yucatan are Tertiary marine carbonate formations showing many lithologic and faunal similarities. In addition, the tropical to subtropical climates of the two areas are similar, each having annual rainfall of about 1000 to 1500 mm. Despite similarities in these fundamental controls, contrasts in the hydrologic and geochemical systems are numerous and striking. For example, Florida has many rivers; Yucatan has none. Maximum thickness of fresh ground water in Florida is about 700 meters; in the Yucatan it is less than 70 meters. In Florida the gradient of the potentiometric surface averages about 1 meter per kilometer; in the Yucatan it is exceedingly low, averaging about 0.02 meter per kilometer. In Florida the chemical character of water changes systematically downgradient, owing to solution of minerals of the aquifer and corresponding increases in total dissolved solids, sulfate, calcium, and Mg-Ca ratio; in the Yucatan no downgradient change exists, and dominant processes controlling the chemical character of the water are solution of minerals and simple mixing of the fresh water and the body of salt water that underlies the peninsula at shallow depth. Hydrologic and chemical differences are caused in part by the lower altitude of the Yucatan plain. More important, however, these differences are due to the lack of an upper confining bed in Yucatan that is hydrologically equivalent to the Hawthorn Formation of Florida. The Hawthorn cover prevents recharge and confines the artesian water except where it is punctured by sinkholes, but sands and other unconsolidated sediments fill sinkholes and cavities and impede circulation. In the Yucatan the permeability of the entire section is so enormous that rainfall immediately infiltrates to the water table and then moves laterally to discharge areas along the coasts.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in untransformed cells by the antiviral and antitumoral compound tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609).

Abstract The antiviral and antitumor xanthate compound tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is best known for its inhibitory effect on phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activity. Now we report that in NIH 3T3 cells, but not in several transformed cell types tested, D609 stimulated DNA synthesis when phosphocholine (PCho), insulin, or ATP was also present. Maximal co-mitogenic effects of D609 were observed at 5 μg/mL, a concentration 4–6 times lower than that required to inhibit phospholipase C activity. The synergistic mitogenic effects of D609 and PCho, but not of D609 and insulin, were associated with activation of p42 and, to a lesser extent, p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. The results raise the possibility that the mitogenic activity of D609 in untransformed cells may contribute to its antiviral and antitumor effects.
The Performance of an LMS Adaptive Array with Frequency Hopped Signals

The performance of an LMS adaptive array with a frequency hopped, spread spectrum desired signal and a CW interference signal is examined. It is shown that frequency hopping has several effects on an adaptive array. It causes the array to modulate both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal. Also, it causes the array output SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) to vary with time and thus increases the bit error probability for the received signal. Typical curves of the desired signal modulation and the time-varying SINR at the array output are presented. It is shown how the array performance depends on hopping frequency, frequency jump size, interference frequency, signal arrival angles, and signal powers.
G-CSF ADMINISTRATION TO NEONATES WITH EARLY-ONSET SEPSIS AND NEUTROPENIA: A RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL. |[utrif]| 1730

Our laboratory has previously reported diminished granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production in vitro and in vivo by human neonates and normal responsiveness of neonatal hematopoietic progenitors to recombinant G-CSF. We sought to determine whether G-CSF administration would enhance neutrophil production and recovery from illness in neonates with early-onset bacterial sepsis and neutropenia. Infants 0.5, requiring ventilatory support, and being treated for suspected sepsis, were randomized in double-blinded fashion to receive G-CSF (10 mcg/kg) or placebo IV daily for three days. CBC's, cytokine levels, and clinical status were monitored. Gestational age, weight, and gender were similar in both groups. Neutrophil counts increased fourfold in G-CSF-treated (p<0.05 vs baseline) and twofold in placebo-treated infants (N.S.) by 24 hours. Endogenous G-CSF concentration in plasma was 3889±2253 (X±s.d.) at entry, however, four preterm infants exhibited low levels of G-CSF despite significant neutropenia. Severity of illness was greater in G-CSF-treated infants at entry, 30±13 vs 24±12 (X±s.d.) as determined by Score for Acute Neonatal Physiology-Perinatal Extension (SNAP-PE), however, the rate of recovery was not significantly different between groups. Mortality was lower in G-CSF-treated infants than predicted by initial SNAP-PE (20% actual vs 26% predicted), but higher than predicted in placebo-treated infants(30% vs 13%). All five VLBW infants (≤ 28 weeks GA) receiving G-CSF survived vs two of four placebo-treated VLBW infants. Morbidity associated with prematurity was higher in the G-CSF- than in the placebo-treated cohort. In summary G-CSF shortened the duration of neutropenia, but it did not alter the rate of recovery from acute infection. A multicenter trial is in progress to determine the efficacy of G-CSF in treatment of neonates with sepsis and neutropenia.
A Lefschetz theorem for foliated manifolds

INTHIS paper we prove a Lefschetz Theorem for endomorphisms of Dirac complexes defined along the leaves of a compact oriented foliated manifold. This theorem is a generalization of the classical Lefschetz Theorem for elliptic complexes on a compact manifold [2] I and III, and has as a special case the Atiyah-Singer G Index Theorem for the classical elliptic complexes. If the endomorphism is the identity, we obtain an index theorem for Dirac complexes defined along the leaves of a foliation. By standard arguments, this index theorem may be extended to an index theorem for general elliptic complexes defined along the leaves of a foliation of a compact oriented manifold. Note that Connes [7], [8] has proven an index theorem for such complexes lifted to the holonomy groupoid of the foliation, while we work on the foliated manifold itself. We now briefly describe our main result. Denote by F a foliation of a compact oriented manifold M and by v an invariant transverse measure. Let
Segregation and school disorder

Abstract This investigation extends research on racial and ethnic segregation, poverty, and crime rates to schools. We study 371 high schools in Florida to determine whether poverty mediates the relationship between segregation and rates of school disorder. The data for this work come from the Florida Department of Education and the National Center for Educational Statistics. Consistent with previous studies of racial segregation and crime, we find that school segregation is strongly associated with levels of school disorder. Unlike previous research, however, poverty completely mediates the segregation–disorder relationship. Nevertheless, our findings are highly consistent with contemporary theories of racial segregation and violence.
Wave losses in the metal-dielectric transmission line with wedge-shaped conductor

We study wave losses in a metal-dielectric wedge-shaped transmission line in the form of a wedge-shaped metal conductor with circular dielectric cap. A distinctive feature of such a line is that it supports one fundamental mode not having the frequency cutoff. It is shown that the longitudinal current of the fundamental mode has a singularity at the rib of a wedge-shaped conductor. This singularity is described analytically. An efficient way for calculating the integrals arising during the losses calculation is proposed. It is pointed out that the mentioned singularity is non-integrable during the losses calculation in the case where the wedge degenerates into an infinitely thin half-plane. Expressions for the wave decay coefficients in a wedge-shaped transmission line in the metal and the dielectric for an arbitrary opening angle of the wedge are found. Structural decay coefficients of the fundamental mode for different dielectric permittivities of the cap and wedge angles are calculated. The results of calculation of losses in the metal and the dielectric in nine of the lower-order modes in a rectangular-wedge line are presented.
COLLECTIVE ROTATIONS IN NUCLEI

Abstract A systematic approach is made to the problem of determining the parameters of collective motion in nuclei. Formulas are given for the moment of inertia of the rotational energy and for the collective g -factor of the magnetic moment. These expressions are not based on the use of a model of the nucleus. Such a model will be needed, however, for the numerical evaluation of the expressions derived. The essential elements of a usable model are briefly discussed.
ADDING ASCORBIC ACID TO IRON-FORTIFIED COW'S MILK DOES NOT ENHANCE IRON BIOAVAILABILITY TO PIGLETS

Abstract Objectives of this research were to assess the effect of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability from iron-fortified cow's milk and to evaluate the infant pig as a model for iron bioavailability studies. Iron bioavailability was measured by hemoglobin repletion assay. Piglets were made anemic by withholding the iron injections normally given at birth. Piglets from a single litter were weaned at age 14 days and divided into 2 groups of 4 on the basis of sex and hemoglobin concentration. The groups were randomly assigned to dietary treatments. The diets were based on pasteurized homogenized whole milk and were formulated to meet swine nutrient requirements. Both diets contained 0.25 mM FeCl 3 (14 mg/L diet) and were identical except that one was fortified with L-ascorbic acid to a concentration of 2.5 mM (0.44 g/L diet). Piglets were fed repletion diets for 10 days. The experiment was replicated with an additional 8 piglets from another litter. Means of the initial/final hemoglobin concentrations were 5.8910.21 and 6.259.69 g/dL for the ascorbic acid fortified and unfortified diets, respectively. No significant difference in hemoglobin regeneration efficiencies of the treatment groups was observed (p=0.632).
The price of personalizing politics: Political distrust and economic performance in Latin America, 1996–2006

While research has provided evidence that culture and institutional performance shape individual level trust in political institutions, scholars have neglected to adequately estimate the effect of political institutions and macroeconomic conditions on trust. Using data from the World Value Surveys for eleven Latin American cases, we test if countries with “partyizing” electoral systems - those with rules that encourage voters to hold the party, not individuals, accountable for government performance - experience lower levels of distrust in political parties and the legislature in times of poor economic conditions than those countries with “personalizing” electoral rules. Our analysis shows that the macro political and economic context largely conditions the impact of culture and institutional performance on political trust.
Primary histiocytic lymphoma of the esophagus.

A case with a primary histocytic lymphoma of the esophagus is reported. The patient's clinical presentation, radiographic, and endoscopic findings are described. Esophageal involvement represents a most unusual initial manifestation of gastrointestinal lymphoma.
Dimer shape anisotropy: a nonspherical colloidal approach to omnidirectonal photonic band gaps.

Theoretical calculations of the photonic band gap forming properties are reported for a class of colloidal dimer-based structures with similarity to zinc blende and which map onto diamond or opalline face-centered cubic structures at the extrema in shape parameters. Inspired by the range of nonspherical building blocks for self-assembly synthesized using seeded emulsion polymerization and sol−gel techniques, we explore in particular the band structures as a function of dimer lobe symmetry and the degree of lobe interpenetration for tangent dimers. Complete photonic band gaps were observed between the second and third, fifth and sixth, or eighth and ninth bands for various shape classes. As well, select inverted and direct dimer-based structures showed two complete band gaps simultaneously.
Wavelet-based method for detection of shallowly buried objects from GPR data

A method for simultaneous clutter suppression and signal detection in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is presented. It computes a running estimate of the background signal and detects abrupt changes from the estimated signal, assumed to correspond to the returns from a buried object, using a translation invariant (TI) wavelet packet decomposition. The detection statistic is defined as the sum of several peak energy values of the TI wavelet representation and is compared to an adaptively determined threshold. The technique performed satisfactorily when tested on a number of targets buried in several different soil environments.
Millimeter accuracy UWB positioning system using sequential sub-sampler and time difference estimation algorithm

A compact sequential sampling scheme using a high sampling rate analog digital converter (ADC) and direct digital synthesis (DDS) technology has been proposed for the millimeter accuracy UWB positioning system, which can achieve the equivalent of a 100GHz sampling rate. The analog bandwidth, frequency resolution, and time jitter of the sampler for UWB signal acquisitions are detailed. Based on the sampled UWB signal, a modified correlation algorithm for time difference estimation is proposed to further improve positioning accuracy and reduce the computational burden. Simulation results based on IEEE802.15.4a channel models and experiments utilizing the proposed sub-sampler show that our UWB positioning system can achieve up to millimeter accuracy.
Mapping Ds insertions in barley using a sequence-based approach

A transposon tagging system, based upon maize Ac/Ds elements, was developed in barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). The long-term objective of this project is to identify a set of lines with Ds insertions dispersed throughout the genome as a comprehensive tool for gene discovery and reverse genetics. AcTPase and Ds-bar elements were introduced into immature embryos of Golden Promise by biolistic transformation. Subsequent transposition and segregation of Ds away from AcTPase and the original site of integration resulted in new lines, each containing a stabilized Ds element in a new location. The sequence of the genomic DNA flanking the Ds elements was obtained by inverse PCR and TAIL-PCR. Using a sequence-based mapping strategy, we determined the genome locations of the Ds insertions in 19 independent lines using primarily restriction digest-based assays of PCR-amplified single nucleotide polymorphisms and PCR-based assays of insertions or deletions.The proncipal strategy was to identify and map sequence polymorphisms in the regions corresponding to the flanking DNA using the Oregon Wolfe Barley mapping population. The mapping results obtained by the sequence-based approach were confirmed by RFLP analyses in four of the lines. In addition, cloned DNA sequences corresponding to the flanking DNA were used to assign map locations to Morex-derived genomic BAC library inserts, thus integrating genetic and physical maps of barley. BLAST search results indicate that the majority of the transposed Ds elements are found within predicted or known coding sequences. Transposon tagging in barley using Ac/Ds thus promises to provide a useful tool for studies on the functional genomics of the Triticeae.