cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ben Sira on the Free Will Problem: A Comparison with Chrysippus

This article deals with the similarities and differences between Ben Sira and Chrysippus regarding their solutions to the tension between free will and determinism. Both Ben Sira and Chrysippus argue for compatibilism, the theory that free will and determinism are compatible. However, Ben Sira and Chrysippus have different understandings of freedom required by moral responsibility. According to Chrysippus, consent is the internal cause of persons’ actions, and, thus, they should be responsible for these actions. By contrast, Ben Sira claims that although being shaped by God’s plan, persons could have done otherwise and, in this sense, are responsible for their sins. The first section of this article examines the texts of Ben Sira and Chrysippus regarding the problem of free will. The second section discusses the positions of Ben Sira and Chrysippus on compatibilism. The last section explains the possible influence of Chrysippus on Ben Sira and the main difference between their understandings of freedom.
Determination of Interface Flow Stability Limits by Sensitivity Analysis of Transient Energy Margin

Abstract Due to the continued development and enhancement, the transient energy function method now provides accurate and reliable stability assessment. In this paper a procedure to determine stability limits in terms of interface power flow for a particular contingency is presented using analytical sensitivity of the energy margin. The proposed procedure is tested on a 17- generator equivalent of the network of the State of Iowa. Test results show that proposed procedure determines the stability limit accurately when the generation change is small or when the energy margin changes approximately linearly.
Human-centered compression for efficient text input

of natural language text input under degraded conditions, for instance by disabled users or on mobile telephones. Previous approaches to this problem were based on prediction of the input text. Prediction, however, requires the user to take overt action to verify or select the system’s predictions, causing an increased cognitive load that eliminates any speed advantages (Goodenough-Trepagnier, Rosen, and Galdieri, 1986). We have developed an alternative method that takes advantage of the duality between prediction and compression. Using this method, users input text in a compressed form, which the system then automatically decodes to generate the full text. Because the system’s operation is completely independent from the user’s, the overhead from cognitive task switching and attending to the system’s actions online is stet, enabling eciency improvements. Compression follows a simple rule that requires users to drop all vowels except at the beginning of a word, as well as any consecutive doubled consonants. For instance, the word “association” would be abbreviated “asctn”. Since multiple words might be abbreviated to the same character sequence, we have implemented a disabbreviation method that searches for the most likely decoding of the sentence. The method is implemented as a composition of several weighted finite-state transducers (Pereira and Riley, 1997). A key component of this model is a smoothed n-gram language model of the words. The model transduces word sequences, weighted according to the language model, to the corresponding abbreviated character sequences. Unseen words are handled using an n-gram model over letters. To disabbreviate a given input, we use Viterbi decoding to find the most likely path through the transducer that could have generated the abbreviated text. The system is implemented using the AT&T FSM and GRM libraries. We have conducted an automated decoding study in which we first abbreviated a held-out corpus of Wall Street Journal text of about 840,000 words, yielding a character reduction of 26.4%. We then applied the decoding procedure, and compared the decoding result with the original text, yielding the residual error rates shown for a variety of language models in Table 1. To assess the usability and the eciency
The k -BDH assumption family: bilinear map cryptography from progressively weaker assumptions

Over the past decade bilinear maps have been used to build a large variety of cryptosystems. In addition to new functionality, we have concurrently seen the emergence of many strong assumptions. In this work, we explore how to build bilinear map cryptosystems under progressively weaker assumptions. We propose k-BDH, a new family of progressively weaker assumptions that generalizes the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) assumption. We give evidence in the generic group model that each assumption in our family is strictly weaker than the assumptions before it. DBDH has been used for proving many schemes secure, notably identity-based and functional encryption schemes; we expect that our k-BDH will lead to generalizations of many such schemes. To illustrate the usefulness of our k-BDH family, we construct a family of selectively secure Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) systems based on it. Our system can be viewed as a generalization of the Boneh-Boyen IBE, however, the construction and proof require new ideas to fit the family. Our methods can be extended to produce hierarchical IBEs and CCA security; and give a fully secure variant. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of building new systems under our weaker assumption family.
Religious Pluralism, yet a Homogenous Stance on Interest Rate: The Case of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Despite the conventional consensus that interest rates are efficient mechanism of allocating loanable funds and the most influential monetary policy instrument in modern economies, the three major monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, prohibit the use of interest and consider charging interest as an act of exploitation and extortion. Several passages and verses in the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran make their position on interest clear and definitive, from the Bible’s dictum, “Do not charge your brother interest” to the Quran’s exhortation “give up what remains of your demand for usury.” This paper reviews those passages and verses, provides different scholars’ perspectives on these verses, and relates them to the current financial system. The paper also presents several recent events that support the religious position by showing the negative impact of interest on countries, societies, and individuals. These events have, in fact, inspired many economists and financial institutions to seek alternatives to the current system.
Modeling error distributions of growth curve models through Bayesian methods

Growth curve models are widely used in social and behavioral sciences. However, typical growth curve models often assume that the errors are normally distributed although non-normal data may be even more common than normal data. In order to avoid possible statistical inference problems in blindly assuming normality, a general Bayesian framework is proposed to flexibly model normal and non-normal data through the explicit specification of the error distributions. A simulation study shows when the distribution of the error is correctly specified, one can avoid the loss in the efficiency of standard error estimates. A real example on the analysis of mathematical ability growth data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 is used to show the application of the proposed methods. Instructions and code on how to conduct growth curve analysis with both normal and non-normal error distributions using the the MCMC procedure of SAS are provided.
Missing Links in the President’s Evolution on Same Sex Marriage

Pity the constitutional law professor turned President. We expect a level of incoherence and confusion from Presidents who are untutored in the Constitution’s mysteries. Constitutional law can be baffling with its layers of vague text, uncertain structure, contested history, and mystifying judicial doctrines. Yet when a President has not only studied the subject but also taught constitutional law in a former life,1 many demand more of that President. President Barack Obama has dashed such expectations, at least when it comes to his evolution on same-sex marriage. Fine-tunes and shifts in constitutional thought are appropriate, particularly for espousers of an evolving Constitution. But the President’s public evolution has a few missing links, places where he shrinks from the implications of his legal arguments on the constitutional status of homosexuals. Like all evolutions, the President’s has gone through several stages. After entering office, he continued his predecessor’s practice of enforcing and defending the Defense of Marriage Act2 (DOMA), even as he sought its repeal.3 Enforcing the Act required his administration to read federal statutory references to marriage as excluding same-sex married couples. Defending it entailed arguing that the Act was constitutional when plaintiffs asserted otherwise in court. In early 2011, the President underwent a metamorphosis. In his February letter to the Speaker of the House, Attorney General Eric Holder reported
Sets characterized by missing sums and differences in dilating polytopes

A sum-dominant set is a finite set A of integers such that |A+A|>|A−A|. As a typical pair of elements contributes one sum and two differences, we expect sum-dominant sets to be rare in some sense. In 2006, however, Martin and O'Bryant showed that the proportion of sum-dominant subsets of {0,…,n} is bounded below by a positive constant as n→∞. Hegarty then extended their work and showed that for any prescribed s,d ∈ N_0, the proportion P^(a,d)_n of subsets of {0,…,n} that are missing exactly s sums in {0,…,2n} and exactly 2d differences in {−n,…,n} also remains positive in the limit.
Determinants of Globalization and Growth Prospects for Sub-Saharan African Countries

Over the decades leading to the global financial crisis, the world witnessed a deepening integration of world economies, irrespective of a countrys geographical location on the spherical space. This process of increasing interdependence of world economies, most notably illustrated by the scale of financial flows and movements of goods and services now termed globalization, has been facilitated by research and development and advances in technology, especially in the area of information and communication technology. In spite of its global nature, its expected benefits have not been uniformly distributed, however. This paper shows that the countries and regions that are driving the process of knowledge creation and production of high-tech and manufactured goods, building on frontier technology, are benefiting the most from globalization, increasingly acting as drivers and relegating Sub-Saharan Africa to the end-user status. In this process, the income gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and the globalizers has increased even more. However, the paper also shows that raising the level of technological endowment in Sub-Saharan Africa to that of developed countries could go a long way to bridge Africa's output gaps and improve its export performance in the new globalization landscape of the post-financial crisis era.
Lab Labor: What Can Labor Economists Learn from the Lab?

This chapter surveys the contributions of laboratory experiments to labor economics. We begin with a discussion of methodological issues: when (and why) is a lab experiment the best approach; how do laboratory experiments compare to field experiments; and what are the main design issues? We then summarize the substantive contributions of laboratory experiments to our understanding of principal-agent interactions, social preferences, union-firm bargaining, arbitration, gender differentials, discrimination, job search, and labor markets more generally.
Analysis, design, and optimization of high speed vehicle suspensions using state variable techniques

This article applies state variable techniques to high speed vehicle suspension design. When a reasonably complex suspension model is treated, the greater adaptability of state variable techniques to digital computer application makes it more attractive than the commonly used integral transform method. A vehicle suspension model is developed, state variable techniques are applied, numerical methods are presented, and, finally, an optimization algorithm is chosen to select suspension parameters. A fairly complete bibliography is included in each of these areas. The state variable technique is illustrated in the solution of two suspension optimization problems. First, the vertical plane suspension of a high speed vehicle subject to guideway and aerodynamic inputs will be analyzed. The vehicle model, including primary and secondary suspension systems, and subject to both heave and pitch motions, has thirteen state variables. Second, the horizontal plane suspension of a high speed vehicle subject to guideway and lateral aerodynamic inputs is analyzed. This model also has thirteen state variables. The suspension parameters of both these models are optimized. Numerical results are presented for a representative vehicle, showing time response, mean square values, optimized suspension parameters, system eigenvalues, and acceleration spectral densities.
The Promise of School Choice for Improving the Education of Low-Income Minority Children

Elaine Jones, the executive director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, has emphasized the plight of urban children from low-income families who are “locked into those schools.” She believes that it is essential for our society to improve “those schools,” and for that to happen, in her view, we need to provide our urban public schools with better teachers and more money. A different approach to improving underprivileged children’s educational opportunities, however, is to enable greater numbers of families to pull their children out of “those schools” and to enroll them elsewhere. Is expanded school choice the right thing to offer to families whose children are underserved by the urban public schools to which they are currently assigned? Choice supporters believe it is. They see choice not only as empowering the poor family to do better by its child, but also as providing traditional neighborhood public schools with competitive pressures that will spur them to improve. More generally, they seek to extend throughout society the advantages available to better off families.
Protecting Religious LIberty: Judicial and Legislative Responsibilities

Is the First Amendment hostile to religion? Answering that question requires at least the usual professorial ration of caveats. I assure you that I will directly answer the question. I submit, though, that the caveats constitute a more important, deeper response, a response which questions the question itself. Were I more radical in my intellectual sympathies, I would propose to deconstruct the question.
From double Hecke algebra to Fourier transform

The paper contains a systematic theory of the one-dimensional double affine Hecke algebra including applications to the difference Fourier transform, the Rogers-Macdonald polynomials, the Gaussian sums at roots of unity, and the Verlinde algebras. The main new result is the classification of finite dimensional representations for generic q and at the roots of unity.
The great exchange rate debate after Argentina

Abstract In this paper I discuss in what way, if any, the collapse of Argentina’s experience with a currency board has affected the policy debate on the appropriate exchange rate regime in emerging and transition countries. More specifically, I deal with three issues: (1) I discuss some important aspects of the Argentine experience; (2) I provide a comparative evaluation of economic performance under strict dollarization; and (3) I analyze emerging countries’ experiences with flexible exchange rates, including the issue of “fear of floating.”
GROWTH CONVERGENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA

This study analyzed the influence of structural change on GDP convergence in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay (ABU) in the context of a Keynesian model with balance of payments constraints. Empirical evidence suggested that income and structural convergence were associated in the post-II World War period. The differences in industrial and economic policies in ABU may have contributed to explain the intensity of the process of structural change in these countries. ABU exhibited a different ability to reshape their institutions with a view to encouraging industrial transformation. The Brazilian industrial policy seems to have been more efficient in promoting structural convergence.
NUCLEAR EXCAVATION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS.

This paper reviews the significant technical contributions to nuclear excavation of the past few years including (a) the effect of improved explosive design on radioactivity in fallout patterns, (b...
Self-stabilizing leader election in networks of finite-state anonymous agents

This paper considers the self-stabilizing leader-election problem in a model of interacting anonymous finite-state agents. Leader election is a fundamental problem in distributed systems; many distributed problems are easily solved with the help of a central coordinator. Self-stabilizing algorithms do not require initialization in order to operate correctly and can recover from transient faults that obliterate all state information in the system. Anonymous finite-state agents model systems of identical simple computational nodes such as sensor networks and biological computers. Self-stabilizing leader election is easily shown to be impossible in such systems without additional structure. An eventual leader detector Ω? is an oracle that eventually detects the presence or absence of a leader. With the help of Ω?, uniform self-stabilizing leader election algorithms are presented for two natural classes of network graphs: complete graphs and rings. The first algorithm works under either a local or global fairness condition, whereas the second requires global fairness. With only local fairness, uniform self-stabilizing leader election in rings is impossible, even with the help of Ω?.
Call admission control for capacity-varying networks

Many networks, such as Non-Geostationary Orbit Satellite (NGOS) networks and networks providing multi-priority service using advance reservations, have capacities which vary over time for some or all types of calls carried on these networks. For connection-oriented networks, Call Admission Control (CAC) policies which only use current capacity information may lead to excessive and intolerable dropping of admitted calls whenever the network capacity decreases. Thus, novel CAC policies are required for these networks. Three such CAC policies are discussed, two for calls with exponentially distributed call holding times and one for calls whose holding time distributions have Increasing Failure Rate (IFR) functions. The Admission Limit Curve (ALC) is discussed and shown to be a constraint limiting the conditions under which any causal CAC policy may admit calls and still meet call dropping guarantees on an individual call basis. We demonstrate how these CAC policies and ALC represent progressive steps in developing optimal CAC policies for calls with exponentially distributed call holding times, and extend this process to the more general case of calls with IFR call holding times.
Numerical simulation and optimization of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers

Abstract With heightened concerns on CO 2 emissions from coal fired electricity generation plants, there has been major emphasis in recent years on the development of safe and economical Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology worldwide. Saline reservoirs are attractive geological sites for CO 2 sequestration because of their huge capacity for long term sequestration. Over the last decade, numerical simulation codes have been developed in US, Europe and Japan to determine a priori the CO 2 storage capacity of a saline aquifer and to provide risk assessment with reasonable confidence before the actual deployment of CO 2 sequestration can proceed with enormous investment. In US, the 2nd version of Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH2) numerical simulator has been widely used for this purpose. However at present, it does not have the ability to determine optimal parameters such as injection rate, injection pressure, injection depth for vertical and horizontal wells, etc. for optimization of the CO 2 storage capacity and for minimizing the leakage potential by confining the plume migration. This paper describes the development of a “Genetic Algorithm (GA)” based optimizer for TOUGH2 that can be used by the industry with good confidence to optimize the CO 2 storage capacity in a saline aquifer of interest. This new code including the TOUGH2 and the GA optimizer is designated as “GATOUGH2”. It has been validated by conducting simulations of three widely used benchmark problems by the CCS researchers worldwide: (a) study of CO 2 plume evolution and leakage through an abandoned well, (b) study of enhanced CH 4 recovery in combination with CO 2 storage in depleted gas reservoirs, and (c) study of CO 2 injection into a heterogeneous geological formation. The results of these simulations are in excellent agreement with those of other researchers using different codes. The validated code has been employed to optimize the proposed water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection scheme for (a) a vertical CO 2 injection well and (b) a horizontal CO 2 injection well, in order to optimize the CO 2 sequestration capacity of an aquifer. The optimized calculations from GATOUGH2 are compared with the brute force nearly optimized results obtained by performing a large number of calculations. These comparisons demonstrate the significant efficiency and accuracy of GATOUGH2 as an optimizer compared to using TOUGH2 in a brute force manner. This capability holds a great promise in studying a host of other problems in CO 2 sequestration such as how to optimally accelerate the capillary trapping, accelerate the dissolution of CO 2 in water or brine, and immobilize the CO 2 plume.
Lymph gland metastases in invasive squamous cell cancer of the vulva

Abstract Cancer of the vulva has responded to surgical therapy. "The problem now is to decide in what way the results may be improved." 15 A clinical series of 195 patients who had extended vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal and pelvic lymphadenectomy were systematically examined for lymph gland metastases in the inguinal and pelvic regions. Forty-one patients had metastases in these lymph glands. Lesion site, lesion size, and patterns of metastases were delineated in these 41 patients. Variations in the pattern of central (clitoral) and lateral (labial) cancers were recorded. Risk factors of 20.5 and 4.6 per cent respectively, was calculated for omitting bilateral inguinal and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The latter figure indicated that one of 20 patients would have had residual disease if pelvic lymphadenectomy had been omitted. With our present inability to determine accurately lymph gland metastases by nonsurgical means, trends from this study indicate that optimum therapy requires addition of pelvic lymphadenectomy to extended vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy.
Overview and Status of the James Webb Space Telescope Observatory

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large aperture (6.5 meter), cryogenic space telescope with a suite of near and mid-infrared instruments spanning the wavelength range of 0.6 microns to 28 microns. JWST's primary science goals are to detect and characterize the first galaxies, study the assembly of galaxies, star formation, and the formation of evolution of planetary systems. JWST has a unique design based on the concept of passive cooling by means of a multi-layer sunshield to achieve the telescope's cryogenic operating temperature. Each of the five layers of the sunshield is approximately the size of a tennis court, and made of aluminized kapton. By maintaining an observatory attitude whereby the sunshield keeps the telescope in the shade from the sun's rays, the telescope and science instruments can operate at cryogenic temperature (-40 K). On the sun facing side of the observatory the spacecraft bus houses most of the electronic sub-systems, and provides a platform for the solar array and communications hardware. JWST is sufficiently large that it cannot fit inside .the fairing of its Ariane 5 launcher without being stowed in a more compact configuration, so the ability to deploy its major SUb-systems such as the telescope optics and sunshield after launch are another major feature of the observatory. Development of observatory is making rapid progress as major hardware SUb-systems nearcompletion. Polishing of the JWST telescope mirrors is complete with 18 primary mirror segments, the secondary mirror, tertiary and fine steering mirror all gold coated and through acceptance testing. Engineering test articles of each sunshield membrane layer are underway. The first layer 3 membrane is complete and is undergoing testing to evaluate its tensioned shape for compliance with alignment tolerances. As each major SUb-system is tested, the expected scientific performance of the observatory can be evaluated using test results and integrated system models of the observatory. We will discuss key performance parameters of the observatory, including thermal performance, image quality, sensitivity, and the ability to achieve background-limited observations. The observatory deployment after launch will also be discussed in the context of recent sub-system testing of deployment mechanisms.
Reputation from nested activities: the inefficient effects of scapegoating

Scapegoating is often said to be a source of inefficiency in organizations. In this paper, I analyze the consequences of scapegoating within a firm in a model where reputation concerns drive the actions of superiors. Consider delegation choices, for example. Hiring efficient workers may be a good idea if successful production is the only way to build reputation. But if successful scapegoating also increases reputation, superiors will tend to hire less efficient workers and will eventually blame them for failures. I characterize scapegoating as an activity "nested" after failures. Even though the results of scapegoating do not affect welfare directly, they do so indirectly through the decisions governing the probability of success in production. We examine how activities "nested" after good results may increase efficiency without relying on costly incentives and why superiors tend to hire better workers during good times.
Optimizing peer virtualization and load balancing

Structured peer-to-peer systems are popular solutions for large scale distributed computing and query processing. Heterogeneity among peers calls for peer virtualization to maintain a simple, yet powerful peer-to-peer overlay network. Nevertheless, peer virtualization generates a huge number of virtual peers and causes the unnecessary communication overhead in the routing process. In this paper, we propose a new peer-to-peer routing algorithm that reduces the number of hops of message forwarding and improves the performance of routing. We study the new and previous algorithms from the analytical perspective and through simulations. It shows that the average number of hops per query is improved by 15% to 25% in our algorithm. In addition, we propose a Top-k peer selection algorithm for load balancing to find out the top k best available nodes in the P2P network with 2(N-1) messages within 2O(logN) hops. (N is the number of physical nodes.) The load balancing scheme is based on multiple factors which could be optimized on cost, proximity, reputation and other factors.
Projecting Supply and Demand for Land in the Long Run

The goal of this work is to investigate land-use change at the global scale over the long run particularly in the context of analyzing the fundamental drivers behind land-use related GHG emissions. For this purpose, we identify the most important drivers of supply and demand for land. On the demand side, we begin with a dynamic general equilibrium (GE) model that predicts economic growth in each region of the world, based on exogenous projections of population, skilled and unskilled labor and technical change. Economy-wide growth is, in turn, translated into consumer demand for specific products using an econometrically estimated, international cross-section, demand system that permits us to predict the pattern of future consumer demands across the development spectrum. This is particularly important in the fast-growing, developing countries, where the composition of consumer demand is changing rapidly. These countries also account for an increasing share of global economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Consumer demand is translated into derived demands for land through a set of sectoral production functions that differentiate the demand for land by Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ). The paper devotes considerable attention to modeling the supply of land to different land-using activities in the economy. In order to represent the competition for land among different sectors in the model, we disaggregated the land endowment in each region into Agro-Ecological Zones, drawing on the data base of Lee et al. (2005), to reflect the fact that land is heterogeneous endowment. To further restrict land mobility across uses, land supply within an AEZ is constrained via a nested Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) frontier. In the nested structure, land owner of particular type of land (AEZ) first decides on the allocation of land between agriculture and forestry to maximize the total returns from land. Then, based on the relative returns to land in crop and livestock production, the land owner decides on the allocation of land between these two broad types of agricultural activities. A soft link between our GE model and an intertemporal forestry model is included for better representation of forestry sector in GE model. To reflect the real world fact that deforestation represents an important source of land supply in the face of high demand, we also introduce the possibility of conversion of unmanaged forest land to land used in production. This is treated as an investment decision whereby new land is accessed only when present value of returns on land in a given region is high enough to cover the costs of accessing the new land. In equilibrium, the supply of land to each land-using activity adjusts to meet the derived demand for land. A set of projections for the long run supply and demand for land obtained with this model is a useful input to improving our understanding of land-related GHG emissions in the future.
New Lower Bounds for Some Multicolored Ramsey Numbers

In this article we use two different methods to find new lower bounds for some multicolored Ramsey numbers. In the first part we use the finite field method used by Greenwood and Gleason [GG] to show that $R(5,5,5) \geq 242$ and $R(6,6,6) \geq 692$. In the second part we extend Fan Chung's result in [C] to show that, $$ R(3,3,3,k_1,k_2,\dots,k_r) \geq 3 R(3,3,k_1,k_2,\dots,k_r) + R(k_1,k_2,\dots,k_r) - 3 $$ holds for any natural number $r$ and for any $k_i\geq 3$, $i=1,2,\dots r$. This general result, along with known results, imply the following nontrivial bounds: $R(3,3,3,4) \geq 91$, $R(3,3,3,5) \geq 137$, $R(3,3,3,6) \geq 165$, $R(3,3,3,7) \geq 220$, $R(3,3,3,9) \geq 336$, and $R(3,3,3,11) \geq 422$.
Assessment of inhibited alveolar-capillary membrane structural development and function in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of extreme prematurity and is defined clinically by dependence on supplemental oxygen due to impaired gas exchange. Optimal gas exchange is dependent on the development of a sufficient surface area for diffusion. In the mammalian lung, rapid acquisition of distal lung surface area is accomplished in neonatal and early adult life by means of vascularization and secondary septation of distal lung airspaces. Extreme preterm birth interrupts secondary septation and pulmonary capillary development and ultimately reduces the efficiency of the alveolar-capillary membrane. Although pulmonary health in BPD infants rapidly improves over the first few years, persistent alveolar-capillary membrane dysfunction continues into adolescence and adulthood. Preventative therapies have been largely ineffective, and therapies aimed at promoting normal development of the air-blood barrier in infants with established BPD remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this review will be: (1) to summarize the histological evidence of aberrant alveolar-capillary membrane development associated with extreme preterm birth and BPD, (2) to review the clinical evidence assessing the long-term impact of BPD on alveolar-capillary membrane function, and (3) to discuss the need to develop and incorporate direct measurements of functional gas exchange into clinically relevant animal models of inhibited alveolar development.
Immigrant versus natives ? displacement and job creation

The impact of immigration on native workers is driven by two countervailing forces: the degree of substitutability between natives and immigrants, and the increased demand for native workers as immigrants reduce the cost of production and output expands. The literature so far has focused on the former substitution effect, while ignoring the latter scale effect. This paper estimates both of these effects using labor force survey data from Malaysia (1990-2010), a country uniquely suited for understanding the impact of low-skilled immigration. The instrumental variable estimates imply that the elasticity of labor demand (3.4) is greater than the elasticity of substitution between natives and immigrants (2.5). On average the scale effect outweighs the substitution effect. For every ten additional immigrants, employment of native workers increases by 4.1 in a local labor market. These large reallocation effects are accompanied by negligible relative wage changes. At the national level, a 10 percent increase in immigrants, equivalent to 1 percent increase in labor force, has a small positive effect on native wages (0.14 percent). The impact of immigration is highly heterogeneous for natives with different levels of education, resulting in substantial changes in skill premiums and hence inequality. Immigrants on net displace natives with at most primary education; while primarily benefiting those with a little more education, lower secondary or completed secondary education.
Evolutionary Processes in Binary and Multiple Stars

Binary systems of stars are as common as single stars. Stars evolve primarily by nuclear reactions in their interiors, but a star with a binary companion can also have its evolution influenced by the companion. Multiple star systems can exist stably for millions of years, but can ultimately become unstable as one star grows in radius until it engulfs another. This volume, first published in 2006, discusses the statistics of binary stars; the evolution of single stars; and several of the most important kinds of interaction between two (and even three or more) stars. Some of the interactions discussed are Roche-lobe overflow, tidal friction, gravitational radiation, magnetic activity driven by rapid rotation, stellar winds, magnetic braking and the influence of a distant third body on a close binary orbit. A series of mathematical appendices gives a concise but full account of the mathematics of these processes.
X-33 Lh2 Tank Failure Investigation Findings

This viewgraph presentation provides information on the composite sandwich-honeycomb structure of the liquid hydrogen tank of the X-33 reusable launch vehicle, and describes why the the first pressure test to determine the tank's structural integrity failed. The presentation includes images of the tank before and after the failed test, including photomicrographs. It then reaches conclusions on the nature of the microcracks which caused the liquid hydrogen leakage.
Verifying Atomicity Specifications for Concurrent Object-Oriented Software Using Model-Checking

In recent work, Flanagan and Qadeer proposed atomicity declarations as a light-weight mechanism for specifying non-interference properties in concurrent programming languages such as Java, and they provided a type and effect system to verify atomicity properties. While verification of atomicity specifications via a static type system has several advantages (scalability, compositional checking), we show that verification via model-checking also has several advantages (fewer unchecked annotations, greater coverage of Java idioms, stronger verification). In particular, we show that by adapting the Bogor model-checker, we naturally address several properties that are difficult to check with a static type system.
Investor-State Tribunals and Constitutional Courts: the Mexican Sweeteners Saga

This article tackles the complex question of the relationship between international and domestic adjudicatory bodies. It does so by analyzing the debate between liberals and developmentalists over the effects of investorstate arbitration tribunals on domestic courts. For liberals, investor-state tribunals are a positive complement to domestic judicial institutions for their ability to “de-politicize” investment disputes, leading to economic policy stability that encourages foreign investment. For developmentalists, the same international alternatives reduce institutional quality by allowing powerful actors such as powerful corporations to skirt local judicial institutions. Through a comprehensive analysis of the negotiations of Chapter Eleven of NAFTA and the recent cases in the sweeteners conflict between Mexico and the United States, this article attempts to address how investor-state arbitration tribunals and constitutional courts interact and affect each other. The case study reveals two important lessons to this debate: i) scholars arguing against investor-state arbitration on the grounds of “circumvention” of domestic courts may do well to calibrate the debate of the use of remedies as one of added remedial possibilities in complex litigation; ii) those defending investor-state arbitration on the grounds of “depoliticization” of investment disputes may do well to consider the veto power wielded by international adjudicatory bodies that impact the judiciary and political systems of the host country.
Radio frequency interference mitigation for detection of extended sources with an interferometer

[1] Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a significant problem for current and future radio telescopes. We describe here a method for postcorrelation cancellation of RFI for the special case of an extended source observed with an interferometer that spatially resolves the astronomical signal. In this circumstance the astronomical signal is detected through the autocorrelations of each antenna but is not present in the cross correlations between antennas. We assume that the RFI is detected in both autocorrelations and cross correlations, which is true for many cases. The large number of cross correlations can provide a very high interference-to-noise ratio reference signal which can be adaptively subtracted from the autocorrelation signals. The residual signal is free of interference to significant levels. We discuss the application of this technique for detection of the spin-flip transition of interstellar deuterium with the Allen Telescope Array. The technique may also be of use for epoch of reionization experiments and with multibeam feeds on single-dish telescopes.
Learning from Difference : The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the European Union

This paper argues that current widespread characterizations of EU governance as multi-level and networked overlook the emergent architecture of the Union’s public rule making. In this architecture, framework goals (such as full employment, social inclusion, “good water status”, a unified energy grid) and measures for gauging their achievement are established by joint action of the member states and EU institutions. Lower-level units (such as national ministries or regulatory authorities and the actors with whom they collaborate) are given the freedom to advance these ends as they see fit. But in return for this autonomy, they must report regularly on their performance and participate in a peer review in which their results are compared with those pursuing other means to the same general ends. Finally, the framework goals, performance measures, and decision-making procedures themselves are periodically revised by the actors, including new participants whose views come to be seen as indispensable to full and fair deliberation. Though this architecture cannot be read off from neither Treaty provisions nor textbook accounts of the formal competences of EU institutions, the paper traces its emergence and diffusion across a wide range of policy domains, including telecommunications, energy, drug authorization, occupational health and safety, employment promotion, social inclusion, pensions, health care, environmental protection, food safety, maritime safety, financial services, competition policy, state aid, anti-discrimination policy and fundamental rights.
Pricing Currency Risk: Facts and Puzzles from Currency Boards ♣

The authors investigate the patterns and determinants of the currency risk premium in two currency boards-Argentina and Hong Kong. Despite the presumed rigidity of currency boards, currency premium is almost always positive and at times very large. Its term structure is usually upward sloping, but flattens out or even becomes inverted at times of turbulence. Currency premia differ across markets. The forward discount typically exceeds the currency premium derived from interbank rates, particularly during times of crisis. The large magnitude of these cross-market differences can be the consequence of unexploited arbitrage opportunities, market segmentation, or other risks embedded in typical measures of currency risk. The premium and its term structure depend on domestic and global factors related to devaluation expectations and risk perceptions.
Integration Time Required to Extract Accurate Data from Transonic Wind-Tunnel Tests

Because the forces and pressures on wind-tunnel models tested at transonic speeds are not steady, even for static aerodynamic tests, integration time is required to obtain data of acceptable accuracy. The integration time required for both static and dynamic tests is evaluated analytically and confirmed by experimental measurements. It is shown that, for static and dynamic tests, the accuracy obtained is a function of integration time, frequency of the signal, and the ratio of the dynamic amplitude to the full signal of interest. In addition, for the dynamic case, the frequency bandwidth used in analysis is important. Results of this study indicate that, for typical data accuracy desired from models in a large transonic wind tunnel (11- by 11-ft), up to the following integration times are required: static force and moment tests, 0.5 s; static pressure tests, 1 s; flutter tests, 30 to 60 s; and random-dynamic tests, 10 s.
The role of advective heat transport in talik development beneath lakes and ponds in discontinuous permafrost

[1] Regions of warm, thin, discontinuous permafrost have been observed to be experiencing rapid changes in lake and pond dynamics in recent decades. Even though surface water and groundwater interactions are thought to play a significant role in heat transport in these regions, the effect of these interactions on permafrost remains largely unquantified. In order to examine the influence of groundwater flow on permafrost dynamics, we modeled the development of a sub-lake talik under permafrost conditions similar to those observed in the southern-central Seward Peninsula region of Alaska using a numerical solution that couples heat transport and groundwater flow, including the effect of water phase changes on soil permeability and latent heat content. A comparison of model simulations, with and without near surface subpermafrost groundwater flow, indicates that stable permafrost thicknesses are 2 to 5 times greater in the absence of groundwater flow. Simulations examining the thermal influence of lakes on underlying permafrost suggest that a through-going talik can develop in a matter of decades and that the incorporation of advective heat transport reduces the time to complete loss of ice beneath the lake by half, relative to heat transport by conduction alone. This work presents the first quantitative assessment of the rates of sub-lake permafrost response to thermal disturbances, such as talik development, in systems with near-surface groundwater flow. The results highlight the importance of coupled thermal and hydrologic processes on discontinuous permafrost dynamics.
Efficient identity-based encryption without random oracles

We present the first efficient Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) scheme that is fully secure without random oracles. We first present our IBE construction and reduce the security of our scheme to the decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) problem. Additionally, we show that our techniques can be used to build a new signature scheme that is secure under the computational Diffie-Hellman assumption without random oracles.
Partial discharge characteristics of liquid-impregnated laminate dielectric structures

Evolving power conditioning system requirements in many important technological areas will place severe demands upon repetitive pulse-power components. A principal pacing system component in high reliability, repetitive pulse-power technology is the energy storage capacitor. A joint program for the research and development of repetitively operated, pulse discharge energy storage capacitors has been initiated at the Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories. The purpose of this ongoing activity is to create the knowledge base necessary for the design and fabrication of materials-limited, multikilojoule capacitors that are continuously operable to 100 pps with lifetimes approaching 109 charge-discharge cycles at 99.99% reliability. Recently increasing availabilities of quality plastic films, especially polypropylene, and the discovery of the excellent properties of perfluorocarbon liquids for impregnation fluids (1) make spirally-wound, plastic film/liquid impregnated capacitors the leading candidate for high energy density, repetitively operated pulse discharge energy storage devices. The dominant lifetime-limiting mechanism in this type of high energy density capacitor is a direct result of partial discharge activity at the buried foil edges, where the electric field is maximum. An initial objective of this joint program is to characterize and understand the mechanisms of this partial discharge phenomenon.
Elements and Evolution

Changes in elemental abundances in Earth's oceans on geological time scales are intimately linked to evolutionary processes.
U.S. public policy toward network industries

Network industries comprise a large sector of the US economy. This text shows that public policy concerns are not accidental, because such industries often embody two major and widely recognized forms of potential market failure: significant economies of scale, and externalities.
City Quality-of-Life Dynamics: Measuring the Costs of Growth

Two continuing California trends are population growth and improving air quality. Sprawl at the fringe of metropolitan areas may lower quality of life by contributing to congestion, reducing open space and raising pollution levels. This article studies this claim by estimating hedonic wage and rental regressions using California 1980 and 1990 micro census data. Real rents have fallen in faster-growing areas, suggesting that the “growth causes degradation” hypothesis has some merit. Sprawl’s damage to local quality of life would be higher if fringe growth degrades air quality and households greatly value avoiding polluted areas. The relative importance of air quality as an urban amenity is tested using data from Los Angeles county, an area where dramatic improvements in smog have taken place. While high-ozone areas feature lower rents, the ozone’s capitalization suggests that it is not a key urban disamenity.