cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed optical diagnostic of an exploding wire fuse

Explosive flux compression generators generate hundreds of kiloamperes and voltages of a few kilovolts. A power conditioning stage is required since typically voltages in the hundreds of kilovolts range are needed. Inductive energy storage systems with an opening switch provide the necessary voltage gain. In our application, the opening switch has been implemented as an exploding wire fuse. The voltage gain, and hence the performance of the system, is greatly dependent on the opening switch. We utilized high-speed optical imaging (up to 10/sup 7/ pictures/s) to assess the performance of the exploding wire fuse.
E/sup 3/ concerns for the military use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment

The use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment on military platforms is expected to significantly increase as Secretary of Defense Perry's acquisition reform initiative continues to be implemented. Recent COTS installations on military platforms have demonstrated both the expected performance and time-to-develop improvements as well as some unexpected problems due to electromagnetic environmental effects (E/sup 3/) emission or susceptibility problems. Rapid response electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction teams have been able to successfully apply traditional DoD E3 installation and design techniques to restore (some of) the system performance. These lessons learned experiences have shown that program managers can neither ignore E/sup 3/ requirements nor simply specify existing commercial EMI requirements. In order to minimize the potential negatives due to the use of COTS equipment, it is necessary to analyze the causes of the existing problems and develop a methodology to minimize or eliminate similar E3 problems from occurring on future military platforms.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Efficiency for Carotenes from Carrots by RSM

Increasing demand for β-carotene has resulted in a growing interest in its extraction from natural sources. Carotenes were extracted from carrot pulp (press cake) using SC-CO 2 . Three levels of pressure (20.7, 27.6, and 34.5 MPa), temperature (40, 55, and 70°C), and ethanol co-solvent (0, 5, 10% wt) were studied. Percentages α-, β- and total carotenes extracted were determined by HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. A maximum of 99.5% of β-carotene was extracted using 10% ethanol. Concentration of ethanol and temperature were the most important factors in increasing extraction yield. A response surface model was developed from the results : %β-carotene extraction = 8.4558 + 0.8816 T - 10.7650 E + 0.1843 T * E + 1.9019 E 2 - 0.0261 E 2* T, where T = temperature (°C), E = ethanol (%). R 2 = 0.973.
Percent: A Privileged Proportion

Why is percent, a ubiquitous mathematical concept, so hard to learn? This question motivates our review. We argue that asking the question is worthwhile because percent is universal and because it forms a bridge between real-world situations and mathematical concepts of multiplicative structures. The answer involves explaining the long history of the percent concept from its early roots in Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese trading practices and its parallel roots in Greek proportional geometry to its modern multifaceted meanings. The answer also involves specifying what percent is: its meaning (fraction or ratio) and its sense (function or statistic). Finally, the answer involves understanding the privileged language of percent—an extremely concise language that has lost its explicit referents, has misleading additive terminology for multiplicative meanings, and has multiple uses for the preposition of. The answer leads to speculation, in light of previous research, concerning what can be done to teach perc...
New treatment strategies for aggressive lymphoma.

For the past three decades chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone) has been the standard treatment for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), with only minor changes having been made to the regimen to increase its efficacy. Recently, however, clinical trials have shown significant improvements in outcome in aggressive NHL by showing the benefit of using dose-dense or accelerated schedules as well as by adding rituximab to the standard CHOP regimen. Maintaining the relative dose intensity (that is, delivering the full dose of the chemotherapy on schedule) is an important principle in achieving optimal outcomes in the treatment of NHL. Clinical studies have shown that dose reductions and delays result in poorer outcomes in patients with NHL, and in many cases greater dose intensity appears to result in greater overall and progression-free survival. In particular, compressing the delivery of the standard 21-day CHOP doses into a dose-dense 14-day schedule has been shown to increase event-free survival, overall survival, or both in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Consequently, the CHOP-14 regimen (in which the dose intensity is 50% greater than that of the standard regimen) has been adopted by many oncologists for the treatment of aggressive NHL.
A Tale of Two Vectors

Why (according to classical physics) do forces compose according to the parallelogram of forces? This question has been controversial; it is one episode in a longstanding, fundamental dispute regarding which facts are not to be explained dynamically. If the parallelogram law is explained statically, then the laws of statics are separate from and (in an important sense) "transcend" the laws of dynamics. Alternatively, if the parallelogram law is explained dynamically, then statical laws become mere corollaries to the dynamical laws. I shall attempt to trace the history of this controversy in order to identify what it would be for one or the other of these rival views to be correct. I shall argue that various familiar accounts of natural law (Lewis's Best System Account, laws as contingent relations among universals, and scientific essentialism) not only make it difficult to see what the point of this dispute could have been, but also improperly foreclose some serious scientific options. I will sketch an alternative account of laws (including what their necessity amounts to and what it would be for certain laws to "transcend" others) that helps us to understand what this dispute was all about.
'Desperate for Love II': Further Reflections on the Interpenetration of Legal and Popular Storytelling in Closing Arguments to a Jury in a Complex Criminal Case

This article stems from an observation that the nature of lawyering practice and storytelling at trial is changing rapidly. Many of these changes are the result of new technologies, especially the use of aural and visual ‘paratexts’ at trial. The use of these paratexts has permitted reinvention of the ways that stories are now told, and often the types of stories that are told. Evidence is often presented aurally and visually. This adjustment enables, and perhaps compels, a radical reinvention of the types of stories told at trial. As a result of these changes, a phenomenon has occurred that is notable in the high-profile and complex criminal trials: jurors seem to make sense out of increasingly complex situations through references to other imagistic stories. The new media world at trial evokes other cinematic stories of popular culture. There is an apparent interpenetration between popular stories and the stories that lawyers tell at trial. No longer does popular culture merely reflect the stories told by lawyers at trial--popular culture creates these stories.This paper focuses on perceiving the interpenetrations between the worlds of popular culture and the courtroom. This is done in the context of a close reading of closing arguments in a complex RICO racketeering case. The closing argument of the defendant in this case manifested a new type of argumentation that has emerged in the courtroom recently. It is stylish, imagistically and narratively sophisticated, and compelling in form and substance. The first part of this paper presents a narrative reconstruction based upon significant excerpts taken from the closing arguments in United States v. Bianco. After briefly contrasting the form of the parties closing arguments, the paper analyzes the interpenetrations between the defendant’s arguments and cinematic stories. These cinematic stories are the narrative templates that underlie the Defendant's closing argument. This newly emergent and open-ended storytelling style is remarkably influenced by the conventions of popular imagistic storytelling. The paper concludes by illustrating the interconnections between the Hollywood films, Pulp Fiction, Casablanca, and To Kill a Mockingbird, and the defense attorney’s narrative.
Hole contacts on transition metal dichalcogenides: interface chemistry and band alignments.

MoOx shows promising potential as an efficient hole injection layer for p-FETs based on transition metal dichalcogenides. A combination of experiment and theory is used to study the surface and interfacial chemistry, as well as the band alignments for MoOx/MoS2 and MoOx/WSe2 heterostructures, using photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory. A Mo5+ rich interface region is identified and is proposed to explain the similar low hole Schottky barriers reported in a recent device study utilizing MoOx contacts on MoS2 and WSe2.
Thermography and Repetitive Stress Trauma: A Pilot Study

Liquid crystal thermograms were used in this pilot study to produce “surface temperature gradient maps” of the forearms, wrists, and hands of persons with and without symptoms of cumulative stress trauma. In addition, individuals with other common wrist and hand dysfunctions, impairments, or maladies such as arthritis were included to evaluate possible confounding factors in these procedures.Bilateral comparisons were made of the thermograms of the upper extremities of each subject. Results indicate that temperature differences of 1 degree C. or greater between symmetric body parts, taken under correctly conducted procedures, may be interpreted as a positive indication of a definite and significant medical condition or trauma, including trauma produced by cumulative stress.
Pharmacokinetics, Serum Stability and Immunogenicity of A Polypeptide Inhibitor of B2GPI/Antibody Complexes Tested in Mice.

Abstract Abstract 2205 Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease with clinical features of thrombosis and pregnancy loss. Beta2-glycoprotein I (B2GPI) is the major antigen for APS-related antibodies. We engineered a polypeptide consisting of two ligand-binding A1 modules from the ApoE receptor 2. Previously, we demonstrated that this polypeptide, A1-A1, preferentially binds B2GPI/antibody complexes compared to B2GPI alone and efficiently inhibits the binding of B2GPI/antibody complexes to negatively charged phospholipids. Therefore, A1-A1 effectively interferes with two pathological mechanisms of B2GPI/antibody complexes: the binding to anionic phospholipids and ApoER2. In order to use A1-A1 to study pathological mechanisms of B2GPI/antibody complexes in vivo, we tested its pharmacokinetic, serum stability and immunogenicity in mice. To visualize A1-A1, we labeled it with a fluorescent probe Atto-488 attached to the N-terminus. Results: We monitored clearance of A1-A1 from the circulation after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. After intraperitoneal administration, the concentration of A1-A1 in the blood reached its maximum at 30 min after injection and cleared from the blood in 6–8 hours. When A1-A1 was injected intravenously, 14% of A1-A1 remained in the blood 1 hour after administration and decreased to 4% in 3 hours. We assessed the binding of A1-A1 to serum proteins in both mouse and human serum by gel-filtration chromatography. Chromatograms of A1-A1 in both mouse and human serum collected just after mixing of A1-A1 with serum were almost identical to those collected after 2 hours of incubation at 37° C. About 90% of A1-A1 stays free from serum proteins. Previously, we demonstrated that A1-A1 has a favorable stability in human serum. More than 35% of A1-A1 remained in human serum after 15 days of incubation at 37° C. Here, we determined whether A1-A1 is cleaved by proteases in mouse serum. Degradation of A1-A1 was monitored by the reversed-phase HPLC by comparing the peak corresponding to intact A1-A1 and A1-A1 incubated with serum for 2 hours at 37° C. After incubation with mouse serum, A1-A1 eluted at the same time as intact A1-A1 and the intensity of the elution peak did not decrease, indicating that A1-A1 remains intact in mouse serum. To evaluate immunogenecity of A1-A1, we immunized mice with A1-A1, A1-A1 in the presence of adjuvant and A1-A1 conjugated to a carrier protein. A1-A1 did not induce detectable anti-A1-A1 IgG production even in the presence of adjuvant or carrier protein. Conclusions: A1-A1 has favorable properties for use in vivo. It stays in the circulation for more than one hour following intravenous injection. After intraperitoneal administration, A1-A1 is rapidly absorbed into blood and cleared in about 6 hours. A1-A1 is resistant to both human and mouse proteases, has low immunogenicity and its amount in the blood is not depleted by binding to serum proteins. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Roles of Conserved Active Site Residues in the Ketosynthase Domain of an Assembly Line Polyketide Synthase.

Ketosynthase (KS) domains of assembly line polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze intermodular translocation of the growing polyketide chain as well as chain elongation via decarboxylative Claisen condensation. The mechanistic roles of ten conserved residues in the KS domain of Module 1 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase were interrogated via site-directed mutagenesis and extensive biochemical analysis. Although the C211A mutant at the KS active site exhibited no turnover activity, it was still a competent methylmalonyl-ACP decarboxylase. The H346A mutant exhibited reduced rates of both chain translocation and chain elongation, with a greater effect on the latter half-reaction. H384 contributed to methylmalonyl-ACP decarboxylation, whereas K379 promoted C–C bond formation. S315 played a role in coupling decarboxylation to C–C bond formation. These findings support a mechanism for the translocation and elongation half-reactions that provides a well-defined starting point for further analysis of the key c...
Neurologic Deep Dive: A Simulation Case of Diagnosing and Treating Decompression Sickness for Emergency Medicine Residents

Abstract Introduction Decompression sickness (DCS) is a rare and dangerous complication from a rapid decrease in environmental pressure, commonly seen in patients leaving a compressed-air environme...
Exploring utility organization electricity generation, residential electricity consumption, and energy efficiency: A climatic approach

Abstract This study examined the impact of electricity generation by fuel source type and electricity consumption on carbon emissions to assess the role of climatic variability and energy efficiency (EE) in the United States. Despite high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, residential electricity consumption continues to increase in the United States and fossil fuels are the primary fuel source of electricity generation. 97.2% of the variability in carbon emissions in the electricity industry was explained by electricity generation from coal and residential electricity consumption. The relationships between residential electricity consumption, short-term climatic variability, long-term climatic trends, short-term reduction in electricity from EE programs, and long-term trends in EE programs was examined. This is the first study of its nature to examine these relationships across the 48 contiguous United States. Inter-year and long-term trends in cooling degree days, or days above a baseline temperature, were the primary climatic drivers of residential electricity consumption. Cooling degree days increased across the majority of the United States during the study period, and shared a positive relationship with residential electricity consumption when findings were significant. The majority of electricity reduction from EE programs was negatively related to residential electricity consumption where findings were significant. However, the trend across the majority of states was a decrease in electricity reduction from EE while residential electricity consumption increased. States that successfully reduced consumption are discussed, in addition to the potential use of communication theory to design interventions aimed at improving EE program success.
An Algorithm for Identifying Optimal Spreaders in a Random Walk Model of Network Communication.

In a model of network communication based on a random walk in an undirected graph, what subset of nodes (subject to constraints on the set size), enables the fastest spread of information? The dynamics of spread is described by a process dual to the movement from informed to uninformed nodes. In this setting, an optimal set A minimizes the sum of the expected first hitting times F(A), of random walks that start at nodes outside the set. Identifying such a set is a problem in combinatorial optimization that is probably NP hard. F has been shown to be a supermodular and non-increasing set function and fortunately some results on optimization of such functions exist, e.g., in the work of Ilev. In this paper, the problem is reformulated so that the search for solutions to the problem is restricted to a class of optimal and “near” optimal subsets of the graph. We introduce a submodular, non-decreasing rank function ρ, that permits some comparison between the solution obtained by the classical greedy algorithm and one obtained by our methods. The supermodularity and non-increasing properties of F are used to show that the rank of our solution is at least (1−1e) times the rank of the optimal set. When the solution has a higher rank than the greedy solution this. constant can be improved to (1+χ)(1−1e) where χ > 0 is determined a posteriori. The method requires the evaluation of F for sets of some fixed cardinality m, where m is much smaller than the cardinality of the optimal set. Given ν = ρ(A), a class of examples is presented that illustrate the tradeoff between m and solution quality ν.
Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) potential: Production of high purity H2 from cellulose via Alkaline Thermal Treatment with gas phase reforming of hydrocarbons over various metal catalysts

Abstract A novel Alkaline Thermal Treatment (ATT) reaction has been proposed as a unique bioenergy with carbon capture & sequestration (BECCS) approach. While our previous study demonstrated that high purity H2 can be produced from cellulose with a Ca(OH)2 and 10% Ni/ZrO2 mixture while suppressing CO2 formation, its complex reaction pathways are not understood. In order to decouple the solid and gas-phase catalytic reactions and improve the overall ATT of biomass, in-situ and ex-situ catalystic ATT reactions have been carried out. A screening of low loading Fe, Cu, Co, Pd, Pt and Ni catalysts showed that Ni was capable of significantly enhancing H2 production when placed in-situ or ex-situ. This suggested that the ATT of cellulose involves the reforming of intermediates (i.e., gaseous hydrocarbons) to H2. Catalyst development and reactor design should consider both solid-phase and gas-phase reactions in order to maximize the potential of this BECCS technology.
Outpatient Management of Emergency Department Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Variation, Patient Characteristics, and Outcomes

Study objective Outpatient management of emergency department (ED) patients with acute pulmonary embolism is uncommon. We seek to evaluate the facility-level variation of outpatient pulmonary embolism management and to describe patient characteristics and outcomes associated with home discharge. Methods The Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism (MAPLE) study is a retrospective cohort study of patients with acute pulmonary embolism undertaken in 21 community EDs from January 2013 to April 2015. We gathered demographic and clinical variables from comprehensive electronic health records and structured manual chart review. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between patient characteristics and home discharge. We report ED length of stay, consultations, 5-day pulmonary embolism–related return visits and 30-day major hemorrhage, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and all-cause mortality. Results Of 2,387 patients, 179 were discharged home (7.5%). Home discharge varied significantly between EDs, from 0% to 14.3% (median 7.0%; interquartile range 4.2% to 10.9%). Median length of stay for home discharge patients (excluding those who arrived with a new pulmonary embolism diagnosis) was 6.0 hours (interquartile range 4.6 to 7.2 hours) and 81% received consultations. On adjusted analysis, ambulance arrival, abnormal vital signs, syncope or presyncope, deep venous thrombosis, elevated cardiac biomarker levels, and more proximal emboli were inversely associated with home discharge. Thirteen patients (7.2%) who were discharged home had a 5-day pulmonary embolism–related return visit. Thirty-day major hemorrhage and recurrent venous thromboembolism were uncommon and similar between patients hospitalized and those discharged home. All-cause 30-day mortality was lower in the home discharge group (1.1% versus 4.4%). Conclusion Home discharge of ED patients with acute pulmonary embolism was uncommon and varied significantly between facilities. Patients selected for outpatient management had a low incidence of adverse outcomes.
Scaling Technoliberalism for Massively Multiplayer Online Games

The sandbox genre of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) addresses players as subjects with agency to shape worlds, impact populations, and make history through their actions within virtual environments. Designed features afford feelings of empowerment and solidarity that undergird technoliberal forms of subjectivity, which uphold technological structures as legitimate means to emergent effects in virtual worlds. This article uses ethnographic fieldwork and player interviews at EVE Online fan conventions to examine how the ideas and affects of technoliberalism are afforded through procedurally-encoded game processes, yet are aestheticized through branding onto player communities and their platforms. This smooths over the contradiction at the heart of technoliberalism that players’ agency to shape virtual world content is contingent on rules encoded into platforms whose development and adjustment are beyond their control. These contradictions are the key to understanding the pleasures of freedom and complexities of control in designed environments beyond gaming.
Women supporting women: Supportive/educative groups for ethnically diverse, urban, impoverished women dealing with depression and anxiety

Abstract Depression and anxiety are mental health issues that disproportionately affect urban, ethnically diverse, impoverished women. Using community based participatory research and in the context of long-term partnerships between a nursing department and underserved neighborhoods that are predominately Black, Hispanic, and White respectively, supportive/educative groups were offered. The study employed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design. Seventy-two women aged 17–88 years participated. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant increase in knowledge for self-care for depression and anxiety and a significant decrease in anxiety and depression symptomatology from before to after the group sessions.
The manifold role of the mitochondria in skeletal muscle insulin resistance.

Purpose of reviewThe role of mitochondria in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has been an area of intense investigation and debate for over 20 years. The mitochondria is a multifaceted organelle that plays an integral part in substrate metabolism and cellular signalling. This ar
Examining Pathways to and Through the Community College for Youth and Adults

Increasingly community colleges are envisioned as the place where students, regardless of age, make the transition to and through community college to employment. This chapter documents prominent and emerging policies and programs in the literature and examines pathways to college and careers for youth and adults. The centerpiece of the chapter is a review of the literature using a student-centered P-16 accountability model to describe college access for diverse student groups, to examine policies and programs that attempt to connect and align disparate levels of the overall educational system, and to explore signals sent to students about their readiness to transition from high school to college.
Inflammatory Determinants of Pregravid Obesity in Placenta and Peripheral Blood.

Pre-pregnancy (pregravid) obesity has been linked to several adverse health outcomes for both mother and offspring. Complications during pregnancy include increased risk for gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, placental abruption, and difficulties during delivery. Several studies suggest that these negative outcomes are mediated by heightened systemic inflammation as well as changes in placental development and function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which pregravid obesity affects these processes are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to address this question by carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the systemic maternal immune system coupled with placental gene expression and microbial profiling at term delivery (11 lean and 14 obese). Specifically, we examined the impact of pregravid obesity on circulating cytokines, chemokine, adipokines, and growth factors using multiplex Luminex assay. Innate and adaptive immune cell frequencies and their cytokine production in response to stimuli were measured using flow cytometry. Finally, changes in placental transcriptome and microbiome were profiled using RNA- and 16S-sequencing, respectively. Pregravid obesity is characterized by insulin and leptin resistance, high levels of circulating inflammatory markers IL-6 and CRP, in addition to chemokine IL-8 (p < 0.01). Moreover, pregravid obesity was associated with lower frequency of naive CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.05), increased frequency of memory CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.01), and a shift towards Th2 cytokine production (p = 0.05). Myeloid cells from the obese cohort produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines but lower levels of chemokines following TLR stimulation (p < 0.05). Lastly, pregravid obesity is associated with increased abundance of Bacteroides and changes in the expression of genes important for nutrient transport and immunity (FDR < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that pregravid obesity is associated with heightened systemic inflammation and of dysregulated nutrient transport in the placenta and provide insight into the basis of fetal reprogramming.
A 3,000-year lag between the geological and ecological shutdown of Florida's coral reefs

The global-scale degradation of coral reefs has reached a critical threshold wherein further declines threaten both ecological functionality and the persistence of reef structure. Geological records can provide valuable insights into the long-term controls on reef development that may be key to solving the modern coral-reef crisis. Our analyses of new and existing coral-reef cores from throughout the Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT) revealed significant spatial and temporal variability in reef development during the Holocene. Whereas maximum Holocene reef thickness in the Dry Tortugas was comparable to elsewhere in the western Atlantic, most of Florida's reefs had relatively thin accumulations of Holocene reef framework. During periods of active reef development, average reef accretion rates were similar throughout the FKRT at ~3 m/ky. The spatial variability in reef thickness was instead driven by differences in the duration of reef development. Reef accretion declined significantly from ~6,000 years ago to present, and by ~3,000 years ago, the majority of the FKRT was geologically senescent. Although sea level influenced the development of Florida's reefs, it was not the ultimate driver of reef demise. Instead, we demonstrate that the timing of reef senescence was modulated by subregional hydrographic variability, and hypothesize that climatic cooling was the ultimate cause of reef shutdown. The senescence of the FKRT left the ecosystem balanced at a delicate tipping point at which a veneer of living coral was the only barrier to reef erosion. Modern climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances have now pushed many reefs past that critical threshold and into a novel ecosystem state, in which reef structures built over millennia could soon be lost. The dominant role of climate in the development of the FKRT over timescales of decades to millennia highlights the potential vulnerability of both geological and ecological reef processes to anthropogenic climate change.
Noninvasive evaluation of fat-carbohydrate metabolic switching in heart and contracting skeletal muscle.

The ability of heart and skeletal muscle (SM) to switch between fat and carbohydrate oxidation is of high interest in the study of metabolic diseases and exercise physiology. Positron emission tomo...
Loss of the FAT1 Tumor Suppressor Promotes Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors via the Hippo Pathway

Cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are effective in breast cancer; however, drug resistance is frequently encountered and poorly understood. We conducted a genomic analysis of 348 estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers treated with CDK4/6i and identified loss-of-function mutations affecting FAT1 and RB1 linked to drug resistance. FAT1 loss led to marked elevations in CDK6, the suppression of which restored sensitivity to CDK4/6i. The induction of CDK6 was mediated by the Hippo pathway with accumulation of YAP and TAZ transcription factors on the CDK6 promoter. Genomic alterations in other Hippo pathway components were also found to promote CDK4/6i resistance. These findings uncover a tumor suppressor function of Hippo signaling in ER+ breast cancer and establish FAT1 loss as a mechanism of resistance to CDK4/6i.
Kosmische Inflation auf dem Prüfstand

Nach gangiger Meinung blahte sich das Universum unmittelbar nach dem Urknall extrem auf. Doch das Modell dieser so genannten kosmischen Inflation beruht auf derart willkurlichen Annahmen, dass einige Forscher nach Alternativen suchen (aus Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8/2011).
Ethical Challenges in Acute Evaluation of Suspected Psychogenic Stroke Mimics

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is administered to patients with suspected ischemic stroke to improve blood flow to the brain In rare cases, patients present with complaints of stroke symptoms that appear to be non-organic due to malingering, factitious disorder, or conversion disorder (psychogenic stroke mimics). Deciding whether or not to administer tPA to these patients can be challenging. The risk of hemorrhage after administration of tPA is low, but not zero. The ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence need to be weighed carefully in these situations. We present two cases of patients with suspected psychogenic stroke mimics to illustrate the ethical challenges faced in identifying and managing psychogenic stroke mimics. Further research is needed to demonstrate effective treatment strategies for patients with acute stroke symptoms of psychogenic etiology.
Deciding on the Future: Race, Emigration and the New Economy in Cuba

Cuban emigration in the post-Soviet period has largely been attributed to economic motivations, but without significant racial analysis. Moreover, little is known about how black Cubans on the island think about emigration. It is therefore imperative to re-examine how blacks, once cited as the Cuban Revolution's loyalists, make decisions today about remaining in Cuba and/or pursuing economic security outside of its borders. Using original survey data of black Cubans on the island, I find that economic motivations are prominent among black Cubans, but that these motivations can be multifaceted. In a study of black Cubans and emigration, the issue of increasing racial inequality and racial exclusion has significant influence on economic opportunity, which in turn influences the desire to leave Cuba to achieve economic and professional success. The results have implications for the ways in which we analyse migration throughout the Latin American region, where race has not been factored into why people migrate.
Drosophila Cancer Modeling Using the Eye Imaginal Discs

Cancer is a devastating disease resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation producing tumors and invasion/metastasis of cells resulting in secondary tumors. The underlying genetic defects occur in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and in genes that promote cancer cell survival. Here, we describe the development of preclinical models to study cancer biology using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we focus on mutants that cause benign and metastatic tumors in flies and tumor models developed using the Drosophila eye-antennal imaginal discs (EADs) as a model system (e.g., MEN2). We discuss the key role these Drosophila models play in unraveling tumor-specific signaling interactions that promote growth and the discovery of molecular signals that may play instrumental roles in inhibiting tumor growth and progression. We also discuss recent information yielded by transcriptome analyses leading to the identification of tumor-specific transcription factor networks that can provide insights about altered signaling and gene regulation in cancer cells and may help identify molecular therapeutic targets. This chapter provides an update on techniques and models developed in Drosophila EADs, and also some key models developed in other tissues that have proven informative not just for the fly tumors but also for mammalian models and human tumors.
A Full-Duplex Receiver Leveraging Multiphase Switched-Capacitor-Delay Based Multi-Domain FIR Filter Cancelers

Wideband self-interference cancellation (SIC) in full-duplex (FD) radios requires the achievement of large delays to accurately emulate the SI channel. However, compact, power-efficient, low-loss/noise nanosecond-scale delays are extremely challenging to achieve on silicon. Passive LC-based approaches are area intensive, whereas active approaches are power hungry and noisy. In this work, we presented a technique which leverages switched-capacitor circuits with multiphase clocking to obtain large on-chip delays with low area and power consumption. This technique is demonstrated in a FD receiver with time-interleaved switched-capacitor-based delay cells in RF and BB domains. The FD receiver is implemented in a standard 65nm CMOS process and operates from 100MHz - 1GHz with gain tunability of 15-38dB, noise figure of 5.4dB, and power consumption of 31mW. The canceler delay cells have delays ranging from 0.2ns-1.1ns in the RF domain, and 10ns-75ns in the BB domain, while consuming 25.5mW and 6.5mW respectively. These large tunable delays perform FIR-filtering based cancellation, enabling 30-35dB integrated SI cancellation over 20MHz on top of an off-the-shelf ferrite circulator when terminated by a dipole antenna (isolation of 22dB), and can handle TX power of up to +9dBm. Under SIC, the RF and BB cancelers degrade the RX noise figure by 1.1dB and 0.8dB respectively.
Using the characteristics of rootless cone deposits to estimate the energetics of explosive lava–water interactions

During volcanic eruptions, the interaction of magma and groundwater can produce thermohydraulic explosions capable of significantly increasing the eruption energy. The most well-known mechanism by which explosive magma–water interactions occur, molten fuel–coolant interaction (MFCI), is a complex series of macro- and microscale processes which have been simulated using laboratory-scale experiments. As a natural analog for MFCI experiments, we utilize rootless cone beds formed by lava–water explosions to estimate explosion energy. The specific mechanical energy of the lava–water explosions studied here occurs over a broader range (4 to 178 kJ/kg) than MFCI experiments and includes estimates for the highest-energy lava–water explosions studied to date. Explosion energy is partitioned similarly over the two systems, with kinetic transport and fragmentation energy making up 25–40% and 42–80% of the mechanical energy, respectively, which overlap the ranges estimated for MFCI experiments. Our study of lava–water explosions therefore provides a field-scale analog of MFCI laboratory experiments for understanding the energetics, and therefore hazards, of MFCI in natural systems.
The Four Ways to Assure Mediator Quality (and why none of them work)

Mediation is at a crossroads. Virtually every court system in the United States today promotes mediation in formal and informal ways. Mediation clauses are now considered utterly routine in most contracts. When disputes arise between sophisticated parties, the question is no longer whether to mediate, but rather how, when, and with whom. And yet, mediation has expanded with no systematic consideration of mechanisms for assuring the quality of the services mediators provide. This article outlines the framework that has been missing from public conversations about mediation. Over time, members of every practice or profession (whether doctors, lawyers, plumbers, or tattoo artists) fall under the influence of one or more of four possible quality control mechanisms. Some are required to have licenses in order to practice. Some are subject to state sanctions for misbehavior. Some practitioners are influenced heavily by consumers' reputation-driven choices in well-informed markets. And some practitioners restructure their practices in ways that minimize their exposure to liability for malpractice. As the title of my article suggests, however, none of these four quality-assurance mechanisms works as well for mediation as they do for other practice areas. Mediators today operate with no licensure, with little risk of state sanction for misconduct, with minimal public reputational information, and with virtually no risk of private liability for malpractice. This condition will not persist. And this article's framework explains the evolution to come.
Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases.

Abstract Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
The impacts of trust and feelings on knowledge sharing among chinese employees

This article examines the differential effects of two types of trust (affect based and cognition based) and two types of feelings (ganqing and jiaoqing) on different knowledge-sharing processes (seeking, transfer, and adoption) among Chinese employees. The influences of these different types of trust and feelings on Chinese employeesʼ propensities to seek, transfer, and adopt explicit and tacit knowledge are also analyzed and discussed. The analysis shows affect-based trust increases knowledge transfer, while cognition-based trust is more important to knowledge seeking and adoption. Affect-based trust alone can facilitate the different processes of sharing explicit knowledge. Effective sharing of tacit knowledge, on the other hand, requires the simul-taneous support from affect-based trust and cognition-based trust. Ganqing and jiaoqing are also important in knowledge transfer and adoption. Either feeling may increase the likelihood to seek, transfer, and adopt explicit knowledge by itself. The influences of both feelings on tacit knowledge seeking, transfer, and adoption hinge on the presence of cognition-based trust.
The origins of universal service

Abstract Nations often seek to import policies from others they believe to have achieved the goals they wish to achieve. This has been especially true of universal telephone service. But how the telephone was introduced and developed in the United States and its regulatory structure was an outcome of a set of historical circumstances, unique to the United States. History, to a great extent, determined that the telephone system be an entrepreneural enterprise and that even in this era of regulatory relaxation and reform, the goal of universal service persists.
Treatment of Asthma in Children

Regularly monitoring peak expiratory flow with peak flow meters is an important part of asthma treatment. Immunotherapy can be beneficial in treating childhood asthma. Anti-inflammatory therapy is the most important pharmacological intervention in treating childhood asthma. Patient education is of utmost importance. With proper anti-inflammatory medications and good patient education, children should be able to lead a normal life, including school attendance and sports. With proper management of childhood asthma, we should be able to significantly decrease asthma mortality. Environmental control should be incorporated into any asthma treatment strategy. Passive exposure to cigarette smoke can negate the beneficial effects of pharmacological treatment of asthma. A total asthma treatment plan should be customized for each asthma patient. This can lead to a decrease in both the indirect and direct costs of treating asthma, and can lead to a decrease in asthma hospitalizations and mortality. Developing optimal technique in the use of metered dose inhalers in children under 12 is difficult. Ongoing instruction and review may be necessary to ensure good technique. Spacers can help as well. Quality of life is an important issue in asthmatic children. Asthma in children should be managed with the goal towards optimizing quality of life.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Biomaterials

The sections in this article are Introduction Historical Perspective Biological Samples Qualitative NIR Spectroscopy Fundamental Components Water, Oil, Protein and Starch Water Oil Protein Starch Plant Materials Grains Wheat and Wheat Components Other Grains Tea Coffee Tobacco Food and Drink Food Cereals Meats, Poultry and Fish Fresh Fruit Additives: Molasses, Honey, Corn Syrup and Lemon Extract Sweets: Sucrose, Saccharin, Extra and Chocolate Drink Milk and Water Ethanol–Water Mixtures Spirits Fiber Cotton, Flax and Wool Human Samples Skin Hair Blood Urine Future Trends in NIR Spectroscopy Hyphenated Systems Imaging Spectrometry and Remote Sensing Hand-Held Spectrometry Dedication
GROWTH ESTIMATES FROM RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IN SOME SMALL ORGANISMS1

RNA concentrations were determined on whole amphipods (Orchestia platensis) of different sizes and a relationship between RNA and dry weight established by least squares. The smallest (and fastest growing) individuals had ten times the RNA concentration of the largest. Growth rate in the amphipods was estimated by length-frequencies in a time series and then related to RNA concentration. Growth rate and RNA concentrations were determined on a laboratory population of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Growth predictions for A. salina made by using the growth-RNA relation for amphipods were in reasonable agreement with the actual growth. Growth rate of larvae of the mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus, estimated from RNA determinations was consistent with observed values under laboratory conditions. These results indicate that the RNA-growth relationship might be useful in estimating growth or productivity in other species or in mixed populations of animals.
MPISH2: unix integration for MPI programs

While MPI is the most common mechanism for expressing parallelism, MPI programs remain poorly integrated in Unix environments. We introduce MPISH2, an MPI process manager analogous to serial Unix shells. It provides better integration capabilities for MPI programs by providing a uniform execution mechanism for parallel and serial programs, exposing return codes and standard I/O stream information.
Auditing Interval-Based Inference

In this paper we study the feasibility of auditing interval-based inference. Sensitive information about individuals is said to be compromised if an accurate enoughin terval, called inference interval, is obtained into which the value of the sensitive information must fall. Compared with auditing exact inference that is traditionally studied, auditing interval-based inference is more complicated. Existing auditing methods such as audit expert do not apply to this case. Our result shows that it is intractable to audit interval-based inference for bounded integer values; while for bounded real values, the auditing problem is polynomial yet involves complicated computation of mathematical programming. To further examine the practicability of auditing interval-based inference, we classify various auditing methods into three categories: exact auditing, optimistic auditing, and pessimistic auditing. We analyze the trade-offs that can be achieved by these methods among various auditing objectives: inference security, database usability, and auditing complexity.
The Refactoring Browser

The refactoring browser is a complete re-implementation of the standard Smalltalk system browser, which incorporates automatic refactorings into the tool. In addition to the browser, the accompanying Smalllint tool can quickly detect hard-to-find errors and style violations.
Cryogenic Thermometry For Turbulence Research: An Overview

We briefly summarize the current status of conventional cryogenic thermometry with emphasis on devices of interest for the proposed High Reynolds Number Turbulence Facility, and point out some other very high resolution capabilities that exist.