cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task Clarification and Individual Performance Posting for Improving Cleaning in a Student-Managed University Bar

A modified multiple baseline design across groups was employed to evaluate the effects of task clarification and individual performance posting procedures on low-probability cleaning behaviors for persons who worked in a wholly student-managed university bar. Products of cleaning behaviors were defined in terms of behavioral checklists, and were assessed by student managers who were reliably trained. Task clarification, introduced simultaneously to all groups, resulted in an abrupt 13% increase in checkmarks (maintained thereafter over a 5-week period) over those earned during the baseline level of performance. Introduction of performance posting for the first group produced an additional 37% increase in checkmarks that were reliably greater (ps < .05) than for the other two. Nonetheless, an apparent generalization of this posting effect (23% mean increase) occurred concomitantly for the subjects of two unposted groups. Increases in checkmarks to levels that were comparable to that of Group 1 occurred the...
INCREASED INCIDENCE OF W27 IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

The frequencies of 24 hlstocompatibility antigens (HL-A) were examined in 26 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Specificity W27 was noted in 42 per cent (11 patients) compared to 6 per cent of 267 normal controls (p < 0.0000). The group with W27 had more males (6 out of 11 versus 3 of 15), an earlier age of onset (4.5 versus 8.4 years p < .02) and absence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody. Distribution by type of onset of disease did not differ between those with or without W27. No patient had evidence of sacro-iliac joint disease. The presence of W27 in JRA. suggests an environmental and/ or genetic link between this disease, Reiter's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Follow-up of JRA patients with W27 could provide a clue to the etiology of a variety of rheumatic disorders and could help in the overall treatment and perhaps their prevention.
Temperature and time stability of whole blood lactate: implications for feasibility of pre-hospital measurement.

Background: To determine the time and temperature stability of whole blood lactate using experimental conditions applicable to the out-of-hospital environment. Findings: We performed a prospective, clinical laboratory-based study at an academic hospital. Whole blood lactate was obtained by venipuncture from five post-prandial, resting subjects. Blood was stored in lithium heparinized vacutainers in three temperature conditions: 1) room temperature (20°C), 2) wrapped in a portable, instant ice pack (0°C), or 3) wet ice (0°C). Lactate concentrations (mmol/L) were measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after sampling, and compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Mean baseline lactate among resting subjects (N = 5) was 1.24 mmol/L (95%CI: 0.49,1.98 mmol/L). After 30 minutes, lactate concentration increased, on average, by 0.08 mmol/L (95%CI: 0.02,0.13 mmol/L), 0.18 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.07,0.28 mmol/L), and 0.36 mmol/L (95%CI: 0.24,0.47 mmol/L) when stored in wet ice, ice pack, and room temperature, respectively. The increase in lactate was similar in samples wrapped in portable ice pack or stored in wet ice at all time points (p > 0.05), and met criteria for equivalence at 30 minutes. However, lactate measurements from whole blood stored at room temperature were significantly greater, on average, than wet ice or portable ice pack within five and ten minutes, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Whole blood lactate measurements using samples stored in a portable ice pack are similar to wet ice for up to 30 minutes. These conditions are applicable to the out-of-hospital environment, and should inform future studies of pre-hospital measurement of lactate.
On the generation and evolution of numerically simulated large-amplitude internal gravity wave packets

Numerical simulations of internal gravity wave (IGW) dynamics typically rely on wave velocity and density fields which are either generated through forcing terms in the governing equations or are explicitly introduced as initial conditions. Both approaches are based on the associated solution to the inviscid linear internal wave equations and, thus, assume weak-amplitude, space-filling waves. Using spectral multidomain-based numerical simulations of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and focusing on the forcing-driven approach, this study examines the generation and subsequent evolution of large-amplitude IGW packets which are strongly localized in the vertical in a linearly stratified fluid. When the vertical envelope of the forcing terms varies relatively rapid when compared to the vertical wavelength, the associated large vertical gradients in the Reynolds stress field drive a nonpropagating negative horizontal mean flow component in the source region. The highly nonlinear interaction of this mean current with the propagating IGW packet leads to amplification of the wave, a significant distortion of its rear flank, and a substantial decay of its amplitude. Scaling arguments show that the mean flow is enhanced with a stronger degree of localization of the forcing, larger degree of hydrostaticity, and increasing wave packet steepness. Horizontal localization results in a pronounced reduction in mean flow strength mainly on account of the reduced vertical gradient of the wave Reynolds stress. Finally, two techniques are proposed toward the efficient containment of the mean flow at minimal computational cost. The findings of this study are of particular value in overcoming challenges in the design of robust computational process studies of IGW packet (or continuously forced wave train) interactions with a sloping boundary, critical layer, or caustic, where large wave amplitudes are required for any instabilities to develop. In addition, the detailed description of the dynamics of the wave generation region may offer a first probe into the underlying physics of disruptive near-source nonlinearities observed in laboratory experiments of persistently forced IGW beams. Finally, the question arises as to whether a highly vertically compact IGW packet, which has propagated far from its source but still maintains its original structure and amplitude, can indeed occur in nature.
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: A Review

Purpose Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, or ANSD, can be a confusing diagnosis to physicians, clinicians, those diagnosed, and parents of children diagnosed with the condition. The purpose of...
Suppurative meningitis due to streptococci of Lancefield group B: A study of 33 infants

Thirty-three infants with meningitis due to group B streptococcus were evaluated. There was a preponderance of females and white infants among the study group. Twenty of 23 serotyped cerebrospinal fluid isolates were type III. Twelve infants had early onset of meningitis ( 10 days of age) characterized by a history of few, if any, predisposing maternal obstetrical complications, typical symptoms and signs of meningitis, less severe illness, infrequent isolation of group B streptococci from sites other than cerebrospinal fluid or blood, and a mortality rate of 14 per cent. Uncomplicated recovery of the patient seemed to correlate with late onset of symptoms and the presence of mild disease on admission. Neurologic sequelae were detected in only one of 23 survivors.
Rietveld refinement study of the pressure dependence of the internal structural parameter u in the wurtzite phase of ZnO

The pressure dependence of the internal structural parameter u of the wurtzite phase of ZnO was studied using high resolution angular dispersive x-ray diffraction up to 12 GPa in a helium pressure medium. The u parameter increases with pressure up to about 0.430 at about 5.6 GPa, and then rapidly decrease to about 0.380 during the phase transition. Two models of the phase transition path were proposed recently by first-principles calculations [A. M. Saitta and F. Decremps, Phys. Rev. B 70, 035214 (2004); S. Limpijumnong and S. Jungthawan, Phys. Rev. B 70, 054104 (2004)]. These possible mechanisms responsible for the wurtzite-to-rocksalt phase transition under high pressure are experimentally evaluated based on our results. The bulk moduli of the wurtzite and rocksalt phase at zero pressure were estimated as 135.3 {+-} 1.8 and 177.4 {+-} 4.6 GPa, respectively.
Elevation changes on the Greenland ice sheet from comparison of aircraft and ICESat laser-altimeter data

Precise measurements of surface elevation on the Greenland ice sheet have been made almost every year since 1991 by an airborne scanning laser altimeter operated by NASA/Wallops Flight Facility. Results show substantial thinning over large areas near the coast, with a general increase in thinning rates since 1997, in the drainage basins of thinning glaciers, and a recent thickening in the southeast associated with very high snowfall in this region during 2003. Here, we present first results from the comparison of the aircraft data with similar measurements from the laser altimeter aboard NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which was launched in January 2003. These show very close agreement with results inferred solely from the aircraft measurements, indicating that accuracies are similar for both datasets. Broad spatial coverage by satellite, together with the baseline dataset of aircraft measurements, offers the prospects of routine surveys of ice-sheet elevation changes by ICESat and follow-on missions.
Relation of Right Ventricular Pacing in Tetralogy of Fallot to Electrical Resynchronization

Prolonged QRS duration is a marker of increased sudden death risk in tetralogy of Fallot. Right ventricular pacing increased QRS duration in this population and could be counteracted with optimization of the atrioventricular interval in a subset of patients, potentially offering right ventricular resynchronization in patients with baseline right bundle branch block. Effective pacing therapy may require site-specific placement of pacing leads and precise pacemaker programming.
A comparison of the biological properties of of androst‐5‐en‐3β‐ol, a series of (20R)‐n‐alkylpregn‐5‐en‐3β‐ols and 21‐isopentylcholesterol with those of cholesterol

The delta 5-sterol, androst-5-en-3 beta-ol, which has no side chain at C-17, did not permit molting of the insect Heliothis zea, growth of either the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae adapted to anaerobic conditions, nor was the sterol esterified by a mammalian microsomal ACAT preparation. However, the sterol did form a liposome with egg lecithin and, when fed to mice, did inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis. 21-Isopentylcholesterol also formed a liposome but neither supported the growth of the yeast nor was metabolized by the protozoan. When sterols, 20(R)-n-alkylpregn-5-en-3 beta-ols, with side chains of varying lengths were added to the medium of the protozoan, maximal esterification with fatty acids occurred with the 20(R)-n-pentyl derivative, and maximal inhibition of tetrahymanol formation occurred with the n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl derivatives. In all of the assays cholesterol showed a positive response, either permitting molting or growth, being metabolized, inhibiting sterol or tetrahymanol synthesis, or forming a liposome.
Amino acid composition and physicochemical properties of mouse beta2-microglobulin.

Summary Highly purified preparations of an 11,000-dalton substance with a pI value of 7.5 have been obtained from 3 M sodium thiocyanate extracts of spleen and liver cell membranes of A/J strain mouse. This substance appears to be the mouse homologue of human β 2 -microglobulin since a) it has a homology in amino acid composition, including the presence of twohalf cystine residues, to constant domains of mouse immunoglobulins as well as to human β 2 -microglobulin, b) it is not distinguishable antigenically from the 11,000-dalton component isolated from H-2 antigen molecules and c) it has a weak but significant cross-reactivity with human β 2 -microglobulin.
Liquid-vapor equilibrium in microscopic capillaries. III. Toluene

Abstract The effect of concave surfaces on the vapor pressure of toluene was determined in capillaries of 8 to 20 μ radius. The radius of the capillary meniscus was measured when thermal equilibrium was established between the vapor pressure of pure toluene in a conical capillary and the vapor pressure of toluene over a solution of a nonvolatile solute. For each capillary, a plot of the vapor pressure lowering versus the reciprocal of the equilibrium radius observed in six different experimental tests gave a good straight line, in agreement with the Kelvin equation. The equilibrium radii, however, were 10 to 30 times greater than the values calculated from the equation using normal liquid properties for toluene and the known vapor pressure lowerings. This result may be explained by the effect of long-range forces which induce the formation of toluene layers at the capillary walls with modified surface tension, density, and molecular weight.
Capecitabine to Reduce Nonmelanoma Skin Carcinoma Burden in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUNDSolidorgan transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at greater risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) than the general population, in large part because of their immunosuppression. Select individual SOTRs demonstrate a rate of tumor development at the upper end of their cohort. Capecitabine, a pr
Regional changes in brain 5-HT1A serotonin receptors in the rat model of persistent spasmodic dyskinesias induced by iminodipropionitrile

Chronic injection of iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) to rats causes persistent motor abnormalities such as hyperactivity, lateral and vertical dyskinesia of the neck, and random circling. These behavioral changes are very similar to those observed after the acute administration of serotonin (5-HT) agonists in rodents. Moreover, some aspects of this syndrome are reproduced by stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors. The present quantitative autoradiographic study revealed a number of changes in 8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino-3H]tetralin (8-OH[3H]DPAT)-labeled 5-HT1A receptors in the brains of IDPN-treated rats. There were significant increases of 8-OH[3H]DPAT binding in the frontal cortex and in the caudate-putamen. In contrast, there were significant decreases in the interpeduncular nucleus, the pyramidal layer of the CA3 field of hippocampus, the superior colliculus and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. These results provide further evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT system in the development of the IDPN-induced dyskinetic syndrome.
Nontraditional Students Online: Composition, Collaboration, and Community.

In November 2008 the Sloan Consortium published Staying the Course: Online Education in the United States. This study produced survey statistics relating to enrollments in online courses (defined a...
Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: role of cholesterol control in the United States.

The benefit of cholesterol-lowering drug therapy in patients with existing coronary heart disease (CHD) is well established through clinical trials. Prevention of recurrent coronary morbidity and mortality in CHD patients is called secondary prevention. In contrast, primary prevention is delaying or preventing altogether new-onset CHD. There are three categories of primary prevention: high-risk, moderate-risk, and long-term (life-time). A recent clinical trial has documented benefit of cholesterol-lowering drugs for prevention of coronary morbidity and mortality and total mortality in hypercholesterolemic, middle-aged men. This trial lends support for including aggressive cholesterol reduction in high-risk primary prevention. However, for such therapy to be cost effective at present-day prices of cholesterol-lowering drugs, only those patients in the higher ranges of risk can be selected for treatment. This leaves a large number of people at moderately high risk for premature CHD because of high cholesterol levels. These persons deserve increased professional attention to risk reduction. In general the nondrug approach is indicated. The latter approach includes eliminating other risk factors, e.g. cigarette smoking and hypertension, and reducing serum cholesterol levels by decreased intakes of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and excess total calories. Some moderate-risk patients may require low doses of cholesterol-lowering drugs to achieve the goals for cholesterol reduction. Finally, public health strategies need to be developed for applying the same nondrug approach for the general population for reducing the overall incidence of CHD.
Distance education librarians in the U.S. Arl libraries and library services provided to their distance users

This paper examines the extent to which U.S. Association of Research Libraries (ARL) are providing services to their distance education library patrons, it reveals whether each U.S. ARL library has a designated librarian in charge of services to distance education students, and it presents the perceived challenges faced by distance education librarians.
Enterotoxemia of wildfowl due to Cl. perfringens type C.

Clostridium perfringens Type C has been found as a possible cause of high mortality in waterfowl and wild birds in a 12 hectare (40 acre) area of Lake Okeechobee, Florida.
Toward physically-based rate laws for dislocations

Rate laws of the Becker type are inappropriate for dislocations. They were developed for independent particles, not for lines where the motions are highly correlated. Since one end of a line cannot communicate with the other end faster than sound speed will allow, there are serious correlation problems when the activation area is considered to be larger than a few atomic squares; e.g. there are difficulties with conventional kink nucleation theory. Without arbitrary modifications, this theory does not describe the observed temperature dependence of flow stresses satisfactorily. It is shown how the intrinsically one-dimensional Becker-type theory can be combined with a two-dimensional theory to yield a physically consistent model that provides a better description of the temperature dependence of plastic flow stresses without being arbitrary. It is also indicated how the behavior of covalent crystals with intrinsic resistance to dislocation motion can be described.
Analysis of the scattering of 28 MeV alpha particles

Abstract The elastic and inelastic scattering of 28 MeV alpha particles from the nuclei Ne, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ni, Co, Ag, Cd and Sn have been analysed using a non-spherical optical model potential and the distorted wave approximation. A four-parameter Woods-Saxon potential was used. Good fits are obtained for the medium weight and heavy nuclei, qualitative fits for the lighter nuclei. The deformabilities extracted are in good agreement with those found by other methods. Coulomb excitation is found to be important for the heavy nuclei. Some account is taken of quadrupole contributions to the elastic scattering from Al.
Aerodynamic separation and glideback of a Mach 3 staged booster

A study has been conducted of the staging maneuver for a two-stage, vertical-takeoff, launch vehicle and the subsequent glideback of the booster to a launch site runway. The booster and orbiter are both winged, fully reusable, and have liquid rocket main propulsion. for the staging maneuver, which nominally occurs at Mach 3, a flight control system and separation technique were devised which produced successful separations over a wide range of staging angles of attack. A guidance algorithm was developed for the unpowered glide-back of the booster from the completion of the staging maneuver to touchdown on a runway in the vicinity of the launch site. Using this guidance technique, the booster successfully touched down on the runway while being subjected to a wide range of seasonal and perturbed atmospheric conditions with and without wids as well as errors in staging state conditions and errors in predicted aerodynamics.
Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies

The occasion of honouring the memory of John Brooks, a great friend of Latin America, has helped me vanquish my initial reluctance to tackle a topic that is as broad, varied and still open-ended as the present situation of democracy in South America. As a first measure of my limitations, with the exception of some references to Costa Rica and Mexico, I will not discuss Central America and the Caribbean, not because I feel these regions are unimportant but because, simply, I do not know enough about them. However, when I feel that I am on sufficiently solid ground so as to refer to Latin America as a whole, I will do so.I begin by noting that in contemporary South America some countries satisfy the definition of political democracy. Those countries share two main characteristics. One is that they hold elections under universal adult franchise that, at least at the national level, are reasonably fair and competitive. These are standard criteria in the political science literature. However, having in mind the experience of Latin America and elsewhere in the third world, I believe that we should add that such elections must be institutionalised. By this I mean that all relevant actors expect that elections of this kind will continue being held in the indefinite future so, whether they like or not, it is rational for them to play democracy, not coup-making or insurrection. We should also stipulate that these elections are decisive, in the sense that those who are elected do occupy the respective offices and end their terms in the constitutionally prescribed way; they are not, as it has happened too often in Latin America, prevented from occupying office or thrown out of it because some supra-constitutional power feels that they are the ‘wrong people’.The second characteristic is the enjoyment of certain political rights, especially of opinion, expression, association, movement and access to a reasonably free and pluralist media. Of course, these and other rights are important per se; in addition, they are instrumental – necessary conditions – for the effectuation of the kind of elections I have just specified.
Use of High Levels of Dietary Aluminum and Zinc for Inducing Pauses in Egg Production of Japanese Quail

Abstract The effect of using a high level of dietary aluminum (.3% Al, as aluminum sulfate) was compared with that of using dietary zinc (1.5% Zn as zinc oxide) for force molting Japanese quail hens. A basal diet (2.5% Ca and .35% available P) was fed alone or supplemented with Zn or Al for 7 days in Trial 1 and for 4 days in Trial 2. Light was maintained at 16 h light (L):8 h dark (D) in Trial 1 and reduced to 8L:16D during Days 1 to 14 in Trial 2. In Trial 1, feed intake averaged 23, 11, and 7 g/hen/day during Days 1 through 7 for the control, Al, and Zn treatments, respectively. Both the Al and Zn treatments significantly (P In Trial 3, diets containing graded levels (0, .05, .10, or .15%) of Al were fed to Japanese quail hens for 28 days. Both .10% and .15% Al significantly (P Results demonstrated that high levels of dietary Al can negatively affect egg production of Japanese quail. If dietary Al is present in high enough amounts, it can induce pauses in egg production, possibly through its effect on feed intake, P metabolism, or both.
Age and Gender Effects on the Proximal Propagation of an Impulsive Force Along the Adult Human Upper Extremity

We tested the null hypotheses that neither age, gender nor muscle pre-cocontraction state affect the latencies of changes in upper extremity kinematics or elbow muscle activity following an impulsive force to the hand. Thirty-eight healthy young and older adult volunteers lay prone on an apparatus with shoulders flexed 75° and arms slightly flexed. The non-dominant hand was subjected to three trials of impulsive loading with arm muscles precontracted to 25, 50, or 75% of maximum pre-cocontraction levels. Limb kinematic data and upper extremity electromyographic (EMG) activity were acquired. The results showed that pre-cocontraction muscle level (p < 0.001) and gender (p < 0.05 for wrist and shoulder) affected joint displacement onset times and age affected EMG onset times (p < 0.05). The peak applied force (F1) occurred a mean (± SD) 27 (± 2) ms after impact. The latencies for the wrist, elbow, and shoulder displacements were 21 ± 3, 29 ± 5, and 34 ± 7 ms, respectively. Because the latencies for elbow flexion and lateral triceps EMG were 23 ± 5 and 84 ± 8 ms, respectively, muscle pre-activation rather than stretch reflexes prevent arm buckling under impulsive end loads.
Simulation of Triaxial Residual Stress Mapping for a Hollow Cylinder

This paper describes a novel method to determine a two-dimensional map of the triaxial residual stress on a radial-axial plane of interest in a hollow cylindrical body. With the description in hand, we present a simulation to validate the steps of the method. The simulation subject is a welded cylindrical nozzle typical of a nuclear power pressurized water reactor pressurizer; in the weld region, the nozzle inner diameter is roughly 132mm (5.2in.) and the wall thickness is roughly 35mm (1.4in.). The pressure vessel side of the nozzle is carbon steel (with a thin stainless steel lining), the piping side is austenitic stainless steel, and between the two are weld and buttering deposits of nickel alloy. Weld residual stresses in such nozzles have important effects on crack growth rates in fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, therefore measurements of weld residual stress can help provide inputs for managing aging reactor fleets. Nuclear power plant welds often have large and complex geometry, which has made residual stress measurements difficult, and this work validates a new experimental technique for measurements on welded nozzles.
Distinct Factors Associated With Head Start Mothers’ Self-Report of Perceived Low Positive and High Negative Maternal Expressiveness

Research Findings: There is growing acknowledgment of the need for parenting interventions to address early-onset behavior and emotional concerns. Favorable child outcomes have been linked to parents’ responsiveness and positive expressiveness. Given the theoretical and empirical link between perceptions and actual behavior, Head Start mothers (n = 114) participated in an investigation to examine factors that may be associated with level of self-reported maternal expressiveness. Participants completed the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire (Halberstadt, Cassidy, Stifter, Parke, & Fox, 1995). Analysis suggested that self-reported high negative expressiveness was linked with raising a preschooler with perceived internalizing and externalizing behaviors, high parenting stress, and obtaining a post–high school degree. A perceived view of being low in positive expressiveness, in contrast, correlated with different variables, including raising a preschooler with a diagnosed delay, not having any ch...
A segmented gas/liquid delivery system for continuous culture of microorganisms on insoluble substrates and its use for growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens on cellulose

An anaerobic continuous culture device was constructed that permits accurate delivery of media containing insoluble substrates, even at very low volumetric flow rates (<3 ml/h). The system consisted of: (1) a reservoir in which the medium slurry was mixed well by the combined use of stirring and diffusive gas sparging to suspend a cellulose substrate of small (< 45 μm) particle size; (2) a delivery system that segmented the slurry into small (~ 20μl) discrete liquid segments separated by intervening bubbles of CO2 gas; and (3) a stirred, temperature-controlled 2-l fermentation vessel. The device was used to examine substrate consumption, product formation, and cell yield by the anaerobic ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 under steady-state, cellulose-limited conditions at six different dilution rates (D) ranging from 0.017 to 0.101 h−1 (pH 6.4–6.6). Cellulose consumption decreased from 4.00 g/1 (at D=0.017 h−1) to 2.56 g/1 (at D=0.101 h−1). Increases in D resulted in a progressive shift toward production of more acetate and formate, and less succinate. Redox balance calculations revealed a deficiency in reduced products, probably due to the production of H2, which was not directly measured. Reducing sugar values remained low (0.05–0.10 g/1, as glucose) at all D values. The cellulose fermentation was characterized by a low maintenance coefficient (0.07 g cellulose/g cells per hour) and a high true growth yield (YG = 0.24 g cells/g cellulose, corrected for maintenance). Comparison of the data with literature values suggests that the fermentation of cellulose by this organism gives cell yields at least as great as the yields obtained from the fermentation of soluble sugars.
Stroke recovery profile and the Modified Rankin assessment.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and poststroke recovery in neurological deficits, activitie
Long-Term Survival After Surgical Revascularization for Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Disease

AbstractPurpose: We analyzed the long-term clinical outcome and survival after surgical revascularization for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 222 patients who underwent surgical revascularization for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis between 1974 and 1987. The indications for performing surgical revascularization were treatment of hypertension in 60 patients, preservation of renal function in 12, and control of hypertension and preservation of renal function in 148. Postoperative blood pressure, renal function and survival data were analyzed during a mean followup of 7.4 years.Results: There were 5 operative deaths (2.2%) and postoperative thrombosis or stenosis of the repaired renal artery occurred in 16 patients (7.3%). Long-term cure or improvement of renovascular hypertension was achieved in 72.4% of patients. Preoperative renal function correlated significantly with a favorable blood pressure response to surgical revascularization (p = 0.013)...
Benton MacKaye: The TVA years

It seemed like a match made in planners’ heaven. In April 1934, Benton MacKaye, a pre‐eminent American planner and conservationist, came to work for the newly‐created Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation's foremost experiment in resource and regional planning. The match, however, proved much less harmonious and fruitful than initially envisioned. Within 26 months, the ties were broken and MacKaye was asked to leave the agency. By the fall of 1936, he was back in his ancestral home in Shirley Center, Massachusetts. This paper describes MacKaye's unique planning concepts and analyzes how his ideas differed from mainstream agency thinking. It examines how his influence within TVA quickly waned, except for his role as a friend and mentor for a small group of young agency staff members who shared his environmental ideals. Finally, the article will explore why MacKaye, despite his intriguing ideas (or maybe because of them) failed to have a lasting impact on agency policies.
Czochraiski crystal growth of sodium beta-alumina

Abstract At present, β-alumina is a controversial material. Reported diagrams are in disagreement with one another and chemical composition of the material appears to be uncertain. This work describes the Czochralski single crystal growth of sodium beta-alumina and relates several observations of this material to that obtained by others. Lattice parameters and chemical stoichiometry are discussed.
Parent-child concordance of Taq1 A1 allele predicts similarity of parent-child weight loss in behavioral family-based treatment programs.

Family-based treatments show positive relationships between parent and child weight losses. One mechanism for similar parent–child changes may be a common genetic predisposition to respond similarly to a structured weight loss program. We examined whether concordance of the Taq1 A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) predicts similarities in zBMI change in 26 families with obese parents and overweight/obese 8–12-year-old children. Results showed a relationship between parent and child zBMI change over 6 and 12 months (rs = .69, .77, ps < 0.001), and concordance for the number of Taq1 A1 alleles predicted the similarity in parent and child weight loss at 6 (p = 0.003) and 12 (p = 0.025) months. These results show concordance of the Taq1 A1 allele of the DRD2 between parents and children may be one mechanism for the similar response to family-based treatments within families.
DNA barcode sequence identification incorporating taxonomic hierarchy and within taxon variability.

For DNA barcoding to succeed as a scientific endeavor an accurate and expeditious query sequence identification method is needed. Although a global multiple–sequence alignment can be generated for some barcoding markers (e.g. COI, rbcL), not all barcoding markers are as structurally conserved (e.g. matK). Thus, algorithms that depend on global multiple–sequence alignments are not universally applicable. Some sequence identification methods that use local pairwise alignments (e.g. BLAST) are unable to accurately differentiate between highly similar sequences and are not designed to cope with hierarchic phylogenetic relationships or within taxon variability. Here, I present a novel alignment–free sequence identification algorithm–BRONX–that accounts for observed within taxon variability and hierarchic relationships among taxa. BRONX identifies short variable segments and corresponding invariant flanking regions in reference sequences. These flanking regions are used to score variable regions in the query sequence without the production of a global multiple–sequence alignment. By incorporating observed within taxon variability into the scoring procedure, misidentifications arising from shared alleles/haplotypes are minimized. An explicit treatment of more inclusive terminals allows for separate identifications to be made for each taxonomic level and/or for user–defined terminals. BRONX performs better than all other methods when there is imperfect overlap between query and reference sequences (e.g. mini–barcode queries against a full–length barcode database). BRONX consistently produced better identifications at the genus–level for all query types.
Triangulations in mÖbius geometry

We prove that a conformally flat closed manifold of dimension at least three adimts a hyperbolic, spherical or similarity structure in the conformally flat class if and only if the manifold has a smooth triangulation so that all codimension one simplexes are in some codimension one spheres
Does external funding help adaptation? Evidence from community-based water management in the Colombian Andes.

Despite debate regarding whether, and in what form, communities need external support for adaptation to environmental change, few studies have examined how external funding impacts adaptation decisions in rural resource-dependent communities. In this article, we use quantitative and qualitative methods to assess how different funding sources influence the initiative to adapt to water scarcity in the Colombian Andes. We compare efforts to adapt to water scarcity in 111 rural Andean communities with varied dependence on external funding for water management activities. Findings suggest that despite efforts to use their own internal resources, communities often need external support to finance adaptation strategies. However, not all external financial support positively impacts a community’s abilities to adapt. Results show the importance of community-driven requests for external support. In cases where external support was unsolicited, the results show a decline, or “crowding-out,” in community efforts to adapt. In contrast, in cases where communities initiated the request for external support to fund their own projects, findings show that external intervention is more likely to enhance or “crowds-in” community-driven adaptation.
Novel Nanocrystalline Materials by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We have developed a novel method based upon pulsed laser deposition to produce nanocrystalline metal, semiconductor and magnetic material thin films and composites. The size of nanocrystals was controlled by interfacial energy, number of monolayers and substrate temperature. By incorporating a few monolayers of W during PLD, the grain size of copper nanocrystals was reduced from 160nm (Cu on Si (100)) to 4nm for a multilayer (Cu/W/Cu/W/Si (100)) thin film. The hardness increased with decreasing grain size up to a certain value (7nm in the case of copper) and then decreased below this value. While the former is consistent with Hall-Petch model, the latter involves a new model based upon grain boundary sliding. We have used the same PLD approach to form nanocrystalline metal (Ni, Co, Fe embedded in α-Al2O3 and MgO) and semiconductor (Si, Ge, ZnO, GaN embedded in AlN and α-Al2O3) thin films. These nanocrystalline composites exhibit novel magnetic properties and novel optoelectronic properties with quantum confinement of electrons, holes and excitons in semiconductors. We review advanced PLD processing, detailed characterization, structureproperty correlations and potential applications of these materials.
Working and parenting: Can we do both?

(1980). Working and parenting: Can we do both? Issues in Health Care of Women: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15-23.
Emerging Systemic-Structural Threats to Workforce Diversity: Beyond Inadequate Agency

Certain equal employment opportunity and workforce diversity gains may be constrained or reversed unexpectedly in the coming years by long-standing systemic, structural forces, which are beyond the control even of employers who may diligently promote such social change opportunities for women and minorities. Such economic and social forces have independently advanced other important agendas, but now are predicted to interact to create a ‘perfect calm’ of diversity management opportunities. Propositions for examination, as well as research suggestions and implications for managers, policy makers, and affected parties, are suggested.
SEAR: towards a mobile and context-sensitive speech-enabled augmented reality

A maintenance engineer who talks to pumps and pipes may not seem like the ideal person to entrust with keeping a factory running smoothly, but we hope that our mobile speech-enabled augmented reality (SEAR) framework will enable such behavior in the future to be anything but suspicious. We describe how the SEAR framework uses our flexible and scalable vision-based localization techniques to offer the engineer a seamless multi-modal user interface. This interface juxtaposes a graphical augmented reality view with a context-sensitive speech dialog concerning the industrial equipment located in the immediate vicinity.
Analysis of Terrestrial Water Storage Changes from GRACE and GLDAS

Since March 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided first estimates of land water storage variations by monitoring the time-variable component of Earth's gravity field. Here we characterize spatial-temporal variations in terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) from GRACE and compare them to those simulated with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). Additionally, we use GLDAS simulations to infer how TWSC is partitioned into snow, canopy water and soil water components, and to understand how variations in the hydrologic fluxes act to enhance or dissipate the stores. Results quantify the range of GRACE-derived storage changes during the studied period and place them in the context of seasonal variations in global climate and hydrologic extremes including drought and flood, by impacting land memory processes. The role of the largest continental river basins as major locations for freshwater redistribution is highlighted. GRACE-based storage changes are in good agreement with those obtained from GLDAS simulations. Analysis of GLDAS-simulated TWSC illustrates several key characteristics of spatial and temporal land water storage variations. Global averages of TWSC were partitioned nearly equally between soil moisture and snow water equivalent, while zonal averages of TWSC revealed the importance of soil moisture storage at low latitudes and snow storage at high latitudes. Evapotranspiration plays a key role in dissipating globally averaged terrestrial water storage. Latitudinal averages showed how precipitation dominates TWSC variations in the tropics, evapotranspiration is most effective in the midlatitudes, and snowmelt runoff is a key dissipating flux at high latitudes. Results have implications for monitoring water storage response to climate variability and change, and for constraining land model hydrology simulations.
Genetics of the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D.

Abstract The use of candidate genes has increased the ability to identify genetic factors involved in diseases with complex and multifactorial etiology. The surfactant proteins (SP) A and D are involved in host defense and inflammatory processes of the lung, which are often components of pulmonary disease. Therefore, the SP-A and SP-D genes make particularly good candidates to study factors contributing to pulmonary disease etiopathogenesis. Moreover, SP-A also plays a role in the surface tension lowering abilities of pulmonary surfactant, which is essential for normal lung function. Although genetic variability at the SP-D locus may exist among humans, allelic variants have not yet been characterized. On the other hand, the human SP-A genes (SP-A1 and SP-A2) are characterized by genetically dependent splice variants at the 5′ untranslated region and allelic variants. The polymorphisms that give rise to SP-A1 and SP-A2 alleles are contained within coding regions, potentially having an effect on protein function. There appears to be a correlation between SP-A genotype and SP-A mRNA content. Furthermore, one SP-A2 allele (1A 0 ) shown to associate with low SP-A mRNA levels is found with higher frequency in a subgroup with respiratory distress syndrome. The evidence gathered thus far indicates that SP-A, possibly by interacting with other surfactant components, may play a role (e.g. be a susceptibility factor) in the development of respiratory disease.
Modeling reactive ion etching of silicon dioxide films using neural networks

Silicon dioxide films are useful as interlayer dielectrics for integrated circuits and multichip modules. Reactive ion etching (RIE) in RF glow discharges is used extensively to form via holes in SiO/sub 2/ between metal layers of a multichip module. However, the precise modeling of RIE is difficult due to the extremely complex nature of particle dynamics within a plasma. Recently, empirical RIE models derived from neural networks have been shown to offer advantages in both accuracy and robustness over more traditional statistical approaches. In this paper, neural networks are used to build models of etch rate, anisotropy, uniformity, and selectivity for SiO/sub 2/ films etched in a chloroform and oxygen plasma. Back-propagation neural nets were trained on data resulting from a 2/sup 4/ factorial experiment designed to characterize etch variation with RF power, pressure and gas composition. Etching took place in a Plasma Therm 700 series RIE system. Excellent agreement between model predictions and measured data was obtained. >
The Politics of Contemporary Language Policy in Ethiopia

Language is political in Ethiopia because it has both structured and symbolized the nation-building project, and because, in the context of limited resources, any language policy change would requi...
The nature and spectral effects of the interaction of certain polar solvents with benzophenone

Abstract An investigation was conducted to study the effect of certain solvent mixtures on the n → π ∗ electronic absorption band and the fundamental carbonyl group vibration of benzophenone. The solvents principally investigated were nitriles, alcohol, and hydrocarbons. The nitrile-hydrocarbon-benzophenone mixtures exhibit an isobestic point indicative of a simple two species equilibrium. Also, for these cases, the n → π ∗ band maximum shifts 500 cm−1 toward higher frequency. A similar acetonitrile system exhibits no isobestic point but the n → π ∗ maximum shifts 725 cm−1 toward higher frequency. Changes in the frequency of the fundamental carbonyl band in the infrared show a similar relation of effectiveness among the nitriles. The data indicate electrostatic interaction between the positive C atom of the nitrile group and a nonbonding pair of electrons on the carbonyl oxygen. The complex is suggested to be of a monomer nitrile-benzophenone type except in the case of the acetonitrile where a dimer nitrile-benzophenone complex also exists. The data on the effect of alcohol suggests a predominance of monomer alcohol and dimer alcohol-benzophenone complexes.
Population strategies to enhance physical activity: the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

. A population-wide, community-based program in cardiovascular disease prevention, the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP), has been designed to promote more frequent and vigorous physical activity in North American communities, along with improved eating and smoking patterns. The physical activity component of this broad-based education strategy is based on the facilitation which physical activity provides to lowering of other risk characteristics for heart disease and its enhancement of other healthy behaviors and on the potential for prevention of elevated risk in the first place. The rationale for a population strategy to complement medical approaches to prevention is that exercise patterns are largely socially learned and culturally determined. The MHHP Physical Activity Program is implemented through three major education strategies: direct education, community organization, and mass communications. Early results from this 10year project indicate that it is feasible to enter U. S. communities and to involve their leadership actively in MHHP activities of health promotion. Moreover, attitudes, knowledge, awareness, participation, and behaviors related to exercise and eating patterns appear to be changed by the program. Nevertheless, there are problems in the design, implementation, analysis and interpretation of population changes in physical activity and other health behaviors in community demonstration programs. These issues, along with their solutions, should provide useful information for medical science and for the public health about population strategies of disease prevention and health promotion.
Racism in Japanese and U.S. Wartime Propaganda

(1994). Racism in Japanese and U.S. Wartime Propaganda. The Historian: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 671-684.
Bacillus subtilis Fur represses one of two paralogous haem-degrading monooxygenases

Identification of genes regulated by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein has provided insights into the diverse mechanisms of adaptation to iron limitation. In the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Fur senses iron sufficiency and represses genes that enable iron uptake, including biosynthetic and transport genes for the siderophore bacillibactin and uptake systems for siderophores produced by other organisms. We here demonstrate that Fur regulates hmoA (formerly yetG), which encodes a haem monooxygenase. HmoA is the first characterized member of a divergent group of putative monooxygenases that cluster separately from the well-characterized IsdG family. B. subtilis also encodes an IsdG family protein designated HmoB (formerly YhgC). Unlike hmoA, hmoB is constitutively expressed and not under Fur control. HmoA and HmoB both bind haemin in vitro with approximately 1 : 1 stoichiometry and degrade haemin in the presence of an electron donor. Mutational and spectroscopic analyses indicate that HmoA and HmoB have distinct active site architectures and interact differently with haem. We further show that B. subtilis can use haem as an iron source, but that this ability is independent of HmoA and HmoB.