cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The soft constraints hypothesis: a rational analysis approach to resource allocation for interactive behavior.

Soft constraints hypothesis (SCH) is a rational analysis approach that holds that the mixture of perceptual-motor and cognitive resources allocated for interactive behavior is adjusted based on temporal cost-benefit tradeoffs. Alternative approaches maintain that cognitive resources are in some sense protected or conserved in that greater amounts of perceptual-motor effort will be expended to conserve lesser amounts of cognitive effort. One alternative, the minimum memory hypothesis (MMH), holds that people favor strategies that minimize the use of memory. SCH is compared with MMH across 3 experiments and with predictions of an Ideal Performer Model that uses ACT-R’s memory system in a reinforcement learning approach that maximizes expected utility by minimizing time. Model and data support the SCH view of resource allocation; at the under 1000-ms level of analysis, mixtures of cognitive and perceptual-motor resources are adjusted based on their cost-benefit tradeoffs for interactive behavior.
USE OF SENSITIZED FLUORESCENCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE EXCHANGE OF SUBUNITS IN PROTEIN AGGREGATES

The exchange of subunits between oligomer protein particles depends upon a cycle of dissociations and associations. To examine the dynamics of these cycles we have employed two methods based on the transfer of excitation energy between fluorochromes attached to different subunits of protein oligomers, at various temperatures and pressures. In the heterotransfer method, identical solutions independently labeled with two different fluorophores, donor D and acceptor A, are mixed. The fluorescence spectrum permits the determination of the subunit exchange by the increase in A and decrease in D fluorescence as mixed AD oligomers are formed. In the homotransfer method the aggregates are labeled with fluorescein to the extent that, ideally, each subunit carries a fluorophore. The emission is strongly depolarized because sufficiently often it takes place after a transfer to a fluorophore oriented differently from the one originally excited. Both dissociation and subunit exchange with unlabeled material result in an increase in polarization and can be independently determined by the homotransfer method. Both homo- and heterotransfer have been employed in the study of the effect of temperature on the stability of the aggregates and the relation between the rate of dissociation and the rate of exchange when dissociation of oligomers is induced by hydrostatic pressure.
The contribution of financial liberalisation to rapid economic growth in China (1995–2005)

China’s reported economic growth since 1979 has surpassed all sustained performances in recorded history. We ask how China’s financial system changed and how large a role financial liberalisation played in China’s growth over the 1995–2005 period, in part to contribute to the debate regarding China’s long-term, sustainable growth rate. After separately estimating the comparative static effects of interest rate decontrol, improved efficiency of capital allocation, and foreign capital inflows as a result of financial liberalisation in a computable general equilibrium model, we conclude, conservatively, that 1.5 to 2 percentage points of China’s annual growth rate of almost 10% is attributable to financial liberalisation.
Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: Clinical and theoretical implications

A number of lines of converging evidence suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play a role in the onset and treatment of bipolar disorder. We review pertinent data on BDNF from several different areas of preclinical and clinical investigation that suggest novel theoretical and treatment implications for the recurrent affective disorders. Data from several recent studies have also converged showing that the val66met allele of BDNF, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is associated with selective minor deficits in cognitive functioning in subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and normal controls. Yet, paradoxically, the better functioning val66val allele of BDNF appears to be associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder and perhaps early onset or rapid cycling. All the primary antidepressant modalities, as well as the mood stabilizers lithium and valproate, increase BDNF. Stressors decrease BDNF and this effect can be blocked by antidepressants. Serum BDNF is low in proportion to the severity of mania and depression and increases with clinical improvement. Assessment of the val66val BDNF allele and a range of other SNPs as potential vulnerability factors for bipolar illness and its early onset could facilitate studies of early intervention, help reduce long delays between the onset of first symptoms and the first treatment, and help in the prediction of individual patient's likelihood of responding to a given treatment.
Anionic polymerization initiators containing protected functional groups. II

An organolithium reagent substituted with a primary amine-protecting group [i.e.,N(TMS)2] has been prepared and used to polymerize 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. A method is described for converting the resultingN(TMS)2-containing polydienes intoNH2-containing polymers. Both N(TMS)2- and NH2-terminated polydienes have been characterized with regard to microstructure, Mn, and Mw/Mn data, as well as qualitative and quantitative end-group analyses. The described preparative procedures represent a convenient route to the elusive primary amine-terminated polydienes.
Rubber particle agglomeration phenomena in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) polymers. I. Structure‐property relationships study on rubber particle agglomeration and molded surface appearance

The effects of molecular structures of ABS fabricated under a severe molding condition on rubber particle agglomeration and molded specular gloss were studied. An agglomeration index (NP) obtained by measuring particle size was used to determine the degree of rubber particle agglomeration. It was found that as graft level decreased, agglomeration increased. The rubber particle agglomeration also increased when graft molecular weight was increased. Lowering the particle size also led to a higher degree of agglomeration. Furthermore, increasing the compositional acrylonitrile mismatch between the grafted and matrix styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers increased the rubber particle agglomeration. Molecular structures that increased rubber particle agglomeration decreased the molded gloss. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hypothermia during reperfusion limits 'no-reflow' injury in a rabbit model of acute myocardial infarction.

Objective : Reflow following coronary artery occlusion is an important predictor of clinical outcome. This study tests the effects of regional hypothermia, initiated late during ischemia and maintained for 2 h of reperfusion, on the no-reflow phenomenon. Methods : Anesthetized, open-chest New Zealand White rabbits received 30 min of coronary artery occlusion and 3 h reperfusion. Regional myocardial hypothermia (H, n =14), starting 10 min before reperfusion and continuing for 2 h of reperfusion, was compared with normothermia (N, n =14). Regional myocardial blood flow (microspheres) was measured during occlusion and at the end of reperfusion. The anatomic zone of no-reflow (thioflavin S in vivo injection) and infarct size were measured in the ischemic risk region at the end of the study. Results : Myocardial temperature in H rabbits was decreased by 5.0±0.4°C from baseline (37.1±0.2°C) and remained about 32°C during the cooling phase, returning to 36.0±0.3°C at 3 h. N hearts remained within 0.2°C of baseline (37.3±0.1°C) throughout. Both groups were equally ischemic during occlusion, but at the end of reperfusion reflow to the previously ischemic zone was significantly higher in H, 77±5% of normal blood flow versus 36±4% in N ( P =0.0001). The zone of anatomic no-reflow was significantly smaller in H, 11±3% of the ischemic risk zone versus 37±3% in N ( P =0.0001), and was proportionally smaller when represented as a percent of the necrotic zone 36±6% compared with 75±5% in N. Infarct size, expressed as a percent of the ischemic risk zone was significantly smaller in H vs. N hearts (27±4 and 51±5%, P =0.0000). Conclusion : This study shows that hypothermic therapy initiated late during ischemia and continuing for several hours of reperfusion significantly improves reflow and reduces macroscopic zones of no-reflow and necrosis in this model. The improvement in reflow was greater than would be expected in the H group compared with N, based on the extent of necrosis. As reflow is a predictor of outcome, this intervention may have clinical implications.
A Successor of Tepexpan Man in the Valley of Mexico

A preceramic site at San Vicente Chicoloapan, in the Valley of Mexico, disclosed a human burial associated with stone-lined hearths and artifacts. The prevalence of primitive grinding stones suggests a collecting economy of the "Chalco culture," now for the first time recognized as such, and belonging to a long-headed people that succeeded Tepexpan Man some 8000 to 6000 years ago.
Field-Programmable Learning Arrays

This paper introduces the Field-Programmable Learning Array, a new paradigm for rapid prototyping of learning primitives and machine-learning algorithms in silicon. The FPLA is a mixed-signal counterpart to the all-digital Field-Programmable Gate Array in that it enables rapid prototyping of algorithms in hardware. Unlike the FPGA, the FPLA is targeted directly for machine learning by providing local, parallel, online analog learning using floating-gate MOS synapse transistors. We present a prototype FPLA chip comprising an array of reconfigurable computational blocks and local interconnect. We demonstrate the viability of this architecture by mapping several learning circuits onto the prototype chip.
A PRAGMATICS-BASED APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING INTERSFNTENTIAL ELLIPSIS

Intersentential elliptical utterances occur frequently in information-seeking dialogues. This paper presents a pragmatics-based framework for interpreting such utterances, including identification of the speaker's discourse goal in employing the fragment. We claim that the advantage of this approach is its reliance upon pragmatic information, including discourse content and conversational goals, rather than upon precise representations of the preceding utterance alone.
Optical tweezers with optically resonant particles

Optical tweezers are typically used on transparent dielectric particles. Particles with optical resonances should experience a larger trapping force near resonance. We present a numerical and experimental study of trapping force on such particles.
Morphologic Correlates for Laryngeal Reinnervation

Objective: To describe morphologic correlates for laryngeal reinnervation. Study Design: Review of anatomic experiments dealing with laryngeal innervation performed over a 25-year period. Methods: Description of results from experimental studies on the cat and human laryngeal muscles and nerve supply. Results: Despite separation of abductor and adductor laryngeal motor neurons in the central nervous system, the mixture of abductor and adductor axons in the recurrent laryngeal nerve indicates that selective re-innervation of an individual laryngeal muscle must be accomplished at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of the muscle. The optimal time for a reinnervating neural source to re-occupy vacated NMJ is at the time of denervation. If the reinnervation procedure is attempted long (>1 mo) after denervation, extraneous end plates of other neural systems must be eliminated to provide vacant NMJ. The nerve muscle pedicle (NMP) concept is an effective model for reinnervation of a laryngeal muscle provided its activity pattern is similar to that of the denervated muscle and its insertion into vacated NMJ is timely. Conclusion: NMP offers a logical method for selective laryngeal muscle reinnervation. Critical to the success of NMP are the physiological input to the NMP and timing of NMP implantation.
Treatment of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy Comparing the Effects of Adding Rifaximin to Lactulose on Patient Outcomes

Objectives:Rifaximin is approved for the reduction of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) recurrence in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD); however, few studies have evaluated the benefit of adding ...
Electrocardiography in Perspective

This chapter is designed to place electrocardiography in clinical and historic perspective by reviewing its development in the reference frame of clinical medicine of the past one hundred years.
New evidence on factors affecting the level and growth of US health care spending

AbstractThe dual problems of high and rising medical care expenditures and substantial differences in spending across geographic regions have long plagued the US health care system. We provide new evidence to explain why some states and regions of the country spend much more on medical care than others, and why health care spending for the nation as a whole has been growing rapidly over the last several decades. To do this, we estimate a health care spending panel data model using annual data on all 50 states for the period 1993–2009. Our model includes a number of socio-economic, health care provider, lifestyle and environmental variables that past studies indicate may affect the level or growth of aggregate health care spending. We exploit the time effect component of our model to obtain an upper-bound estimate of the effect of advances in medical technology. Our findings indicate that the most important factors influencing the level of spending are availability of providers, income, excessive alcohol c...
A social capital approach: An examination of Putnam’s civic engagement and public relations roles

Abstract Social capital approaches to public relations suggest that public relations professionals serve as brokers of social resources on behalf of organizations in that just as other forms of capital (e.g., financial capital) may be exchanged for organizational outcomes, so too can social resources (e.g., relationships, reputation, trust and so on) embedded in the networks of organizational publics. Robert D. Putnam’s widely recognized conceptualization of social capital suggests that civic engagement behaviors serve as surrogate measures of social capital. Results of the current research support such a social capital approach to public relations. Data indicated public relations professionals are more likely to participate in civic engagement behaviors than the general U.S. population, and differences were found between public relations roles (manager/technician) for three researcher-created subcategories of civic engagement behaviors: political involvement, participation in voluntary organizations, and personal interaction. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Survey of Income and Land Contract Relations in Five Villages of Southern Anhui

With the data collected from the fieldwork in the five villages of Southern Anhui,analyze economic status of various peasant families,examine the gap of income and living standards between families,and show that peasants' income was underestimated in the official data.Most respondents expressed their unwillingness to withdraw from land contract.However,they also stated that they might do so,given that the land would be nationalized under certain conditions.
Epidemiology and Outcome of Convulsive Status Epilepticus

The results of the North London Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Childhood Surveillance Study (NLCSESS) are used to develop a new treatment protocol, by researchers at the Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
Structural Properties of Lanthanides at Ultra High Pressure

Abstract This chapter focuses on the behavior of lanthanide metals from lanthanum to lutetium under extreme conditions of pressure at ambient temperature. The emphasis is on the x-ray diffraction data obtained in the past decade by combining modern diamond anvil cell techniques with the advanced data acquisition and structural refinement techniques at synchrotron x-ray sources. In most lanthanides, data has been obtained to ultrahigh pressure of 200 GPa and a three-fold volume compression at ambient temperature. The ubiquitous rare earth crystal structure sequence hcp → Sm-type → dhcp → fcc → distorted fcc (dfcc) → post-dfcc has been observed in lanthanides under high pressures. The structural changes up to dfcc phase have been attributed to the regular trivalent behavior and driven by sp →d electron transfer under pressure. Detailed structural refinements have confirmed that a hR24 hexagonal structure with 24 atoms/cell best describes the “ dfcc phase” in lanthanides under high pressures. The post-dfcc phases are generally attributed to the delocalization of 4f-shell under extreme conditions. A variety of crystal structures have been observed for the “ post-dfcc phase” including body-centered tetragonal ( bct ), alpha-Uranium ( α-U ) and monoclinic ( C2/m ) structure along with other low-symmetry crystal structures. The most pervasive is the monoclinic ( C2/m ) structure at ultrahigh pressures with transition pressure increasing from 5 GPa for cerium to 124 GPa for thulium. The measured Pressure-Volume (P-V) relation or equation of state data is also presented for lanthanides under extreme conditions.
Evaluating Pile-Up and Sink-In During Nanoindentation of Thin Films

Determining mechanical properties is crucial when selecting materials for thin film applications. Nanoindentation has been used as an experimental method because of its ease in testing small-scale applications, such as thin films. When the film material properties are complicated by substrate effects, more analysis is necessary to capture the correct information using this technology. In this work, we discuss the differences in pile-up when changing film and substrate. We aim to describe these trends quantitatively through material properties. First, we show our model is an improved method to the nanoindentation technique, and is vital in testing films on substrates. Next, we have measured pile-up and sink-in with a technique including scanning electron microscopy images to better understand the effects of these phenomena on material properties. Also, we have examined sink-in similarly based on projected area measurements with an emphasis on yielding properties. These evaluations lead to further information of film properties that were unknown through nanoindentation in previous tests, which in turn is crucial for thin film applications like electronics and coatings.
Biological Sequence Resources on the Internet

An enormous amount of biological sequence related resources are available on computers around the world. These resources include data, information, publications, software, and computing services. They are maintained by universities, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and large corporations. Computers within each of these organizations are connected together to form a Local Area Network (LAN). These LANs are then connected together to form a Wide Area Network (WAN). One network of WANs that connects computers around the world is known as the Internet. Any computer that is connected to the Internet can access resources that are made globally available on the Internet. At present, the Internet links over three million computers across more than 150 countries.
Die neueste Krankheit zum Tode — Das Werthersyndrom in der Verständigungsliteratur der siebziger Jahre: Fritz Zorn, Mars Mit einem Nachwort über Fiktion und Wirklichkeit

Fritz Zorns Mars, Erfolgs- und Kultbuch der spaten 70er Jahre, folgt dem Paradigma der Wertherlekture: es erlaubt, die sogenannte ‘Verstandigungsliteratur’ in eine historische Perspektive zu rucken, wie auch die Reichweite und Aktualitat des Werthersyndroms abzuschatzen. Fiktionstheoretische Fragen des Verhaltnisses von ‘Dichtung und Wahrheit’ stellen sich in dieser Perspektive in einer radikalisierten Form, deren rezeptionsasthetische Pointe in der Rolle des Autors als eines Idioten der Familie liegt. Wie einschlagige Ver-gleichsparadigmen von Sartre und Derrida zeigen (Flaubert, Genet, Artaud), treibt Mars die vom Werther inaugurierte Rezeptionsweise an den Rand postmoderner Konsequenzen, steht Zorns Mars in einer Reihe mit (etwa) Duras’ La Maladie de la mort und De Lillos White Noise.
How to apply a neural network algorithm to whole-genome shotgun sequencing

While assembling large-scale Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, short reads, k-mers and relationships (e.g. alignments among the reads) comprise the key information for constructing a graph wherein lies the whole genome information. One of the solutions for finding the whole genome from many reads is to search the shortest path (SP; KSP is the set of k shortest paths) in the corresponding graph. There are classical algorithms for finding the SP. However, theoretically (and aside from the many practical challenges inherent in real data) finding SP and/or KSP in a large graph is not trivial, since the computation time increases as the number of nodes and edges increases. Here, we first report a new mathematical neural network framework and algorithm for calculating KSP, and then we show its advantage in not depending on the number of nodes and edges but on the topology of a graph. Finally, we discuss how to apply this algorithm to a whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing problem.
Prolactin modulates peripheral androgen metabolism.

Although hyperprolactinemia may be associated with hyperandrogenism, if hirsutism develops, it is usually a mild form. This study was designed to investigate whether prolactin (PRL) modulates 5α-reductase activity (5α-RA), because 5α-RA is known to be a major factor influencing the manifestation of androgenicity. Compared with normal women, euprolactinemic hirsute and both hyperprolactinemic hirsute and nonhirsute women had elevated levels of unbound testosterone (uT). Serum 3α-androstanediol glucuronide (3α-diol-G) was elevated only in patients who were hirsute, and serum 3α-diol-G/uT ratios were elevated in euprolactinemic hirsute patients and normal in hyperprolactinemic hirsute patients. Genital skin 5α-RA in vitro was elevated only in euprolactinemic hirsute women. The previously recognized positive correlation between 5α-RA and the severity of hirsutism was dissociated with hyperprolactinemia. Human PRL incubated in vitro with normal genital skin also inhibited 5α-RA. These data suggest that PRL modulates 5α-RA and peripheral androgen metabolism and that other factors may also be involved in the evolution of hirsutism in hyperprolactinemia.
Adaptive sampling probabilities for non-smooth optimization

Standard forms of coordinate and stochastic gradient methods do not adapt to structure in data; their good behavior under random sampling is predicated on uniformity in data. When gradients in certain blocks of features (for coordinate descent) or examples (for SGD) are larger than others, there is a natural structure that can be exploited for quicker convergence. Yet adaptive variants often suffer nontrivial computational overhead. We present a framework that discovers and leverages such structural properties at a low computational cost. We employ a bandit optimization procedure that "learns" probabilities for sampling coordinates or examples in (non-smooth) optimization problems, allowing us to guarantee performance close to that of the optimal stationary sampling distribution. When such structures exist, our algorithms achieve tighter convergence guarantees than their non-adaptive counterparts, and we complement our analysis with experiments on several datasets.
Enhanced solubility of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in propane‐ and propylene‐expanded liquids

Conventional propylene hydroformylation occurs in a gas-expanded liquid phase. Reliable knowledge of the phase equilibria of such systems, including the solubilities of CO and H2 in propylene-expanded solvents, is essential for rational process design and development. Herein, we report the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of the following ternary systems involving CO, H2, propane, propylene, toluene and NX-795 at temperatures from 70 to 90°C and pressures up to 1.5 MPa: propane/H2/toluene, propane/CO/toluene, propylene/H2/toluene, propylene/CO/toluene, propane/H2/NX-795, propane/CO/NX-795, propylene/H2/NX-795 and propylene/CO/NX-795. The solubilities of H2 and CO in either propane-expanded or propylene-expanded phases are observed to be greater than those in the neat organic solvents, by as high as 66% at 70°C and 1.5 MPa. By modeling the vapor and the liquid phases as pseudo-binary systems, the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS) with van der Waals' mixing rules and binary interaction parameters is shown to satisfactorily predict the experimental VLE data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Autophagy and mitophagy in hepatocarcinogenesis.

ABSTRACTAutophagy is required for benign hepatic tumors to progress into malignant hepatocellular carcinoma. In our recent studies, we found that autophagy, or more specifically mitophagy, was required to suppress TP53 and induce the expression of the transcription factor NANOG to maintain hepatic cancer stem cells and promote hepatocarcinogenesis.
Concurrent phone texting alters crossing behavior and induces gait imbalance during obstacle crossing

Texting during walking has become a very common daily activity and could alter gait performance, especially during locomotion when additional visual attention is demanded, such as obstacle crossing. The purpose of this study was to examine biomechanical changes in obstructed gait characteristics while engaging in a phone texting activity. Gait analyses were performed on ten young healthy adults under the following two tasks: 1) walking and crossing an obstacle set at a 10% of the subject's height and 2) walking and crossing an obstacle while responding to a text message. Whole body motion data were collected with a 10-camera motion capture system. Our data demonstrated that a conservative gait pattern was adopted while performing texting when approaching and crossing over the obstacle, which was indicated by slower walking speeds and greater toe-obstacle clearances. This gait pattern was, however, accompanied by a greater body sway in the frontal plane during crossing, which could be an indication of perturbed gait balance control. Increased visual-attentional demand from a concurrent phone texting could negatively impact young pedestrians' safety during obstacle crossing.
A Video-Based Coaching Intervention to Improve Surgical Skill in Fourth-Year Medical Students.

Objective For senior medical students pursuing careers in surgery, specific technical feedback is critical for developing foundational skills in preparation for residency. This pilot study seeks to assess the feasibility of a video-based coaching intervention to improve the suturing skills of fourth-year medical students. Design Fourth-year medical students pursuing careers in surgery were randomized to intervention vs. control groups and completed 2 video recorded suture tasks. Students in the intervention group received a structured coaching session between consecutive suturing tasks, whereas students in the control group did not. Each coaching session consisted of a video review of the students’ first suture task with a faculty member that provided directed feedback regarding technique. Following each suturing task, students were asked to self-assess their performance and provide feedback regarding the utility of the coaching session. All videos were deidentified and graded by independent faculty members for evaluation of suture technique. Setting The University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Participants All fourth-year medical students pursuing careers in surgical specialties were contacted via e-mail for voluntary participation. In all, 16 students completed both baseline and follow up suture tasks. Results All students who completed the coaching session would definitely recommend the session for other students. A total of 94% of the students strongly agreed that the exercise was a beneficial experience, and 75% strongly agreed that it improved their technical skills. Based on faculty grading, students in the intervention group demonstrated greater average improvements in bimanual dexterity compared to students in the control group; whereas students in the control group demonstrated greater average improvements in domains of efficiency and tissue handling compared to the intervention group. Based on student self-assessments, those in the intervention group had greater subjective improvements in all scored domains of bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and consistency compared to the control group. Subjective, free-response comments centered on themes of becoming more aware of hand movements when viewing their suturing from a new perspective, and the usefulness of the coaching advice. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of a video-based coaching intervention for senior medical students. Students who participated in the coaching arm of the intervention noticed improvements in all domains of technical skill and noted that the experience was overwhelmingly positive. In summary, video-based review shows promise as an educational tool in medical education as a means to provide specific technical feedback.
Human Automation Teaming: Lessons Learned and Future Directions

Full autonomy seems to be the goal for system developers in almost every area of the economy. However, as we move from automated systems to autonomous systems, designers have needed to insert humans to oversee automation that has traditionally been brittle or incomplete. This creates its own problems as the operator is usually out of the loop when the automation hands over problems that it cannot handle. To better handle these situations, it has been proposed that we develop human automation teams that have shared goals and objectives to support task performance. This paper first summarizes a body of research to develop ground station automation support for single pilot transport operations. Then the paper will describe an initial model of Human Automation Teaming (HAT) which has three elements: transparency, bi-directional communications, and human-directed execution. Transparency in our model is a method for giving insight into the reasoning behind automated recommendations and actions, bi-directional communication allows the operator to communicate directly with the automation, and finally the automation defers execution to the human. The model was implemented through a number of features on an electronic flight bag (EFB) which are described in the paper. The EFB was installed in a mid-fidelity flight simulator and used by 12 airline pilots to support diversion decisions during off-nominal flight scenarios. Pilots reported that working with the HAT automation made diversion decisions easier and reduced their workload. They also reported that the information provided about diversion airports was similar to what they would receive from ground dispatch, thus making coordination with dispatch easier and less time consuming. These HAT features engender more trust in the automation when appropriate, and less when not, allowing improved supervision of automated functions by flight crews.
Miscellaneous Administrative Functions

A generalized order communications program has been developed for the transmission of requests within LDS Hospital (Figure 11.1). The program allows nurses and unit clerks to enter requests for ECGs, blood gases, and medical supplies. Use of the computer to order laboratory tests is planned for the near future. The requests are sent electronically to the appropriate hospital department. The same order entry program is used for the entry of information on patients requiring isolation precautions. The computer uses the entered data to determine automatically the appropriate isolation requirements and then automatically transmits a request for the necessary supplies to the central supply department. The order entry program is menu driven and has been created using the general questionnaire asking program (GQAP, a HELP system software development tool discussed in Chapter 4). The HELP system is also used by physicians, nurses, and clerks to enter orders for blood products, total parenteral nutrition, and radiology studies. These are discussed in detail in separate reports and will not be covered here.
Precision thermal control of the GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF)

The GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF) will be part of the first generation instrumentation suite for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). G-CLEF will be a general purpose optical passband echelle spectrograph with a precision radial velocity (PRV) capability of 10 cm/sec, a requirement necessary for the detection of Earth analogues. The instrument will be particularly sensitive to thermal effects and the necessary stability cannot be achieved through the use of low CTE materials alone. It is the combination of low CTE materials and exquisite thermal control which will enable the instrument to achieve its precision requirements. G-CLEF will complete its Critical Design phase in mid-2018. In this paper, we discuss the precision thermal control systems which enable milli-Kelvin-level stability of the spectrograph and its red and blue focal planes. The measurement electronics and thermal control strategies used in the spectrograph are described. Of particular importance is the development of a continuous LN2 flow cryo-cooler system used to maintain the focal planes at stable cryogenic operational temperatures. This system has been validated with a prototyping effort completed during the instrument’s design phase. We also review G-CLEF’s insulated enclosure which simultaneously maintains the spectrograph a stable temperature and limits the maximum thermal leakage into the telescope dome. This work has been supported by the GMTO Corporation, a non-profit organization operated on behalf of an international consortium of universities and institutions: Arizona State University, Astronomy Australia Ltd, the Australian National University, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Harvard University, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, the Sao Paulo Research Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, the University of Texas at Austin, Texas AM University, the University of Arizona, and the University of Chicago.
Decreasing Racemic Epinephrine for Bronchiolitis in an Academic Children’s Hospital

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations in the United States. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against routine use of bronchodilators in bronchiolitis management, racemic epinephrine was persistently used for this purpose at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital. Our aim was to decrease racemic epinephrine use for bronchiolitis by 50% within 8 months. METHODS: Our multidisciplinary team used the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Model for Improvement to develop an aim statement, choose metrics, and perform plan-do-study-act cycles to reduce racemic epinephrine use. We used focused education through in-person and online methods and provided direct feedback to residents, respiratory therapists, and nurses primarily caring for these children. The percentage of all patients admitted for bronchiolitis receiving at least 1 dose of racemic epinephrine was collected from the medical record and recorded on statistical process control charts for distribution to their work areas. Albuterol use and length of stay were collected as balancing measures. We used statistical process control charts to establish special cause variation and identify statistically significant differences in our measures. RESULTS: During our intervention period, the percentage of bronchiolitis patients receiving at least 1 dose of racemic epinephrine to treat bronchiolitis decreased from an average of 26% to 5%, and similarly, albuterol use decreased from an average of 48% to 34%. There was no clinically significant difference in length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Using a multidisciplinary approach and focused education techniques may be an effective way to reduce racemic epinephrine use for children with bronchiolitis.
Approaches to Cooperativity

The central problem in the study of hemoglobin is to understand the mechanism of cooperativity, which manifests itself primarily in the sigmoidal saturation characteristic and the Bohr effect. At the outset we recognize that the matter cannot be simple because the iron atoms are separated by distances of 25 to 40 A, which are much too great for direct (e.g. electromagnetic) interactions to be effective. In this chapter we discuss two general approaches toward the goal of understanding cooperativity in hemoglobin. The first one is thermodynamic in content and is based on a set of equilibrium equations constructed under a particular set of assumptions. In this category are the models proposed by Monod et al., (1965) and by Koshland et al., (1966). A rather different approach—one which seeks to understand cooperativity on the basis of the conformational differences between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin—was employed by Perutz (1970, 1972).
Assessing standard and kinetic energy conserving volume fluxes in discontinuous Galerkin formulations for marginally resolved Navier-Stokes flows

Abstract The robustness and accuracy of marginally resolved discontinuous Galerkin spectral element computations are evaluated for the standard formulation and a kinetic energy conserving split form on complex flow problems of physical and engineering interest, including the flow over a square cylinder, an airfoil and a plane jet. It is shown that the kinetic energy conserving formulation is significantly more robust than the standard scheme for under-resolved simulations. A disadvantage of the split form is the restriction to Gauss-Lobatto nodes with the inherent underintegration and lower accuracy as compared to Gauss quadrature used with the standard scheme. While the results support the higher accuracy of the standard Gauss form, lower numerical robustness and spurious oscillations are evident in some cases, giving the advantage to the kinetic energy conserving scheme for marginally resolved numerical simulations.
Petrophysical characterization of deep saline aquifers for CO2 storage using ensemble smoother and deep convolutional autoencoder

Abstract Carbon dioxide sequestration in deep saline aquifers requires accurate and precise methods to monitor carbon capture and storage and detect leakage risks. The assessment of the CO2 plume location during injection and storage depends on the accuracy of the spatial distribution model of petrophysical properties, such as porosity and permeability. This work focuses on stochastic methods for petrophysical characterization and presents a method for the prediction of porosity and permeability using borehole observations and surface geophysical data. This study utilizes injection and monitoring measurements at the borehole locations and time-lapse seismic surveys. The proposed method is based on a stochastic approach to inverse problems with data assimilation, namely the ensemble smoother with multi-data assimilation. Ensemble-based methods are generally unfeasible when applied to large geophysical datasets, such as time-lapse seismic surveys. In the proposed approach, a machine learning method, namely the deep convolutional autoencoder, is applied to reduce the dimension of the seismic data. The ensemble smoother is then applied in a lower dimensional data space to predict the aquifer petrophysical properties. This method updated predictions of porosity and permeability every time new data, either seismic surveys or borehole data, are available, to reduce the uncertainty in the CO2 plume prediction. The method is tested and validated on a synthetic geophysical dataset generated for the Johansen formation, a potential large-scale offshore site for CO2 storage.
Gut Microbial Metabolites and Blood Pressure Regulation: Focus on SCFAs and TMAO

Shifts in the gut microbiome play a key role in blood pressure regulation, and changes in the production of gut microbial metabolites are likely to be a key mechanism. Known gut microbial metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, which can signal via G-protein-coupled receptors, and trimethylamine-N oxide. In this review, we provide an overview of gut microbial metabolites documented thus far to play a role in blood pressure regulation.
Structure and reconstitution of a MCU-EMRE mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex

Abstract The proteins MCU and EMRE form the minimal functional unit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex in metazoans, a highly selective and tightly controlled Ca2+ channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane that regulates cellular metabolism. Here we present functional reconstitution of an MCU-EMRE complex from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and a cryo-EM structure of the complex at 3.5 A resolution. Robust Ca2+ uptake is observed into proteoliposomes containing the purified complex and is dependent on EMRE. The structure reveals a tetrameric channel with a single ion pore. EMRE is located at the periphery of the transmembrane domain and associates primarily with the first transmembrane helix of MCU. Coiled coil and juxtamembrane domains within the matrix portion of the complex adopt markedly different conformations than in a structure of a human MCU-EMRE complex, suggesting that the structures represent different conformations of these functionally similar metazoan channels.
A Capital Idea

Since life emerged, the earth has become a capital creation system. Capital creation has changed the face of the globe from a collection of rocks, gases, and water to an ensemble of forests, plains, cities, and other forms of capital.
Proximal Gradient Descent-Ascent: Variable Convergence under K{\L} Geometry

The gradient descent-ascent (GDA) algorithm has been widely applied to solve minimax optimization problems. In order to achieve convergent policy parameters for minimax optimization, it is important that GDA generates convergent variable sequences rather than convergent sequences of function values or gradient norms. However, the variable convergence of GDA has been proved only under convexity geometries, and there lacks understanding for general nonconvex minimax optimization. This paper fills such a gap by studying the convergence of a more general proximal-GDA for regularized nonconvex-strongly-concave minimax optimization. Specifically, we show that proximal-GDA admits a novel Lyapunov function, which monotonically decreases in the minimax optimization process and drives the variable sequence to a critical point. By leveraging this Lyapunov function and the KŁ geometry that parameterizes the local geometries of general nonconvex functions, we formally establish the variable convergence of proximal-GDA to a critical point $x^*$, i.e., $x_t\to x^*, y_t\to y^*(x^*)$. Furthermore, over the full spectrum of the KŁ-parameterized geometry, we show that proximal-GDA achieves different types of convergence rates ranging from sublinear convergence up to finite-step convergence, depending on the geometry associated with the KŁ parameter. This is the first theoretical result on the variable convergence for nonconvex minimax optimization.
Hypogonadism in opioid using males in an inner-city cohort: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: The link between male hypogonadism and opioids is well-established, but whether there is a difference in the frequency of hypogonadism between heroin and methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) has not been determined. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting, patients, and participants: Male drug users and nonusers matched for socioeconomic status between 18 and 65 years, recruited in Baltimore as part of the study of HIV, injection drug use, nutrition, and endocrinology (SHINE). Methods: Hypogonadism was defined as low free testosterone <50 pg/mL. Participants were categorized into three groups based on opioid use: (1) NONE, (2) methadone use as treatment of OUD (METHADONE), and (3) Heroin use (HEROIN). This third group was further divided to mild (MH), and heavy (HH) heroin use. We used multiple logistic regression to examine the association between hypogonadism and different groups. Results: The cohort consisted of 189 men, 94 percent black, average age 43 years, with high HIV (56 percent) and HCV (38 percent) prevalence. 24 percent had hypogonadism. Compared to NONE, there were higher odds of hypogonadism in METHADONE (aOR 3.46; 95 percent CI [1.34,8.93]; p = 0.01) but not in HEROIN. After dividing HEROIN into MH and HH, there were higher odds of hypogonadism in HH compared to NONE (aOR 3.27; 95 percent CI [1.12,9.53]; p = 0.03) but not in MH. Conclusions: Methadone used for treatment of OUD was associated with male hypogonadism similar to heavy heroin use. Targeted hypogonadism screening and treatment may be warranted in this population to reduce its health consequences such as sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, and abdominal adiposity.
The Age-Dependent Decline in Neuron Growth Potential in the CNS is Associated with an Age-Related Dysfunction of Neuronal Mitochondria

The age of incidence of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and the average age of people living with SCI is continuously increasing. In contrast, SCI is extensively modelled in young adult animals, hampering translation of research to clinical application. While there has been significant progress in manipulating axon growth after injury, how it is impacted by aging impacts this is still unknown. Aging is associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions, whereas mitochondria are essential to successful neurite and axon growth. Using isolation and culture of adult cortical neurons, we have analyzed mitochondrial changes in 2-, 6-, 12- and 18-month mice. We observed reduced neurite growth in older neurons. Older neurons also showed dysfunctional respiration, reduced membrane potential, and altered mitochondrial membrane transport proteins; however mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abundance and cellular ATP were increased. Taken together, these data suggest dysfunctional mitochondria in older neurons are involved in the age-dependent reduction in neuron growth. Both normal aging and traumatic injury are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, posing a challenge for an aging SCI population as the two elements can compound one another to worsen injury outcomes. The results of this study highlight this as an area of great interest in CNS trauma.