cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inclusion/Exclusion Protocol for RFID Tags

It is not uncommon to encounter objects with several RFID tags. However, the tags on these objects are generally mobile and move from or to (or, both) the object. No existing RFID authentication protocol considers this scenario. Moreover, an authentication protocol in such a scenario has the potential to be vulnerable to relay attacks where a tag that is not present on the object may pretend to be present. We present an authentication protocol that facilitates inclusion as well as exclusion of RFID tags on an object while simultaneously providing immunity to relay attacks.
A Word-List from South Carolina

Dialect is generally understood to be at variance with standard English, and therefore to be avoided. This natural attitude on the part of the public needs to be tempered with some understand­ ing of the fact that standard usage today is not what it was fifty years ago, nor what it will be fifty years hence, and that what was and what will be ib represented in large part by dialect. Public interest can therefore be evoked by an explanation of some of the changes that language has undergone. The excellent article of Professor George P. Wilson, “The Value of Dialect,” PADS, No. 11, pp. 38-59, carries the message which should be made known as widely as possible to the public. There is our raison d’etre, the justification of our labors, well suited to overcome any prejudice against dialect on the part of the public. However, as we cannot assume that the general public is familiar with this article, we must in a newspaper campaign bring that message and disarm a very real prejudice against words and ex­ pressions that are not standard. Shakespeare is a name to conjure with in this connection. Many South Carolinians pronounce the word character with the accent on the second syllable. Learned people smile at that. But the smile is at least more tolerant and less scornful when one remembers that the Bard of Avon did so too. We can explain certain observable peculiarities in our speech out of the early history of our language. The well known change from the Germanic au to the Anglo-Saxon ea seems still to be in the bloodstream of the latter day Anglo-Saxons. You hear them say today: “I ’m going de-an te-an [down town].” In a similar way we can throw light upon the persistent use of ah for I, the backward shift of the accent as in invite, entire, etc., the pronouns hit, ’em, etc. Scores of similar illustrations can be used to bring the public to realize that dialect is a part of our heritage as well as is standard usage. Wide public interest is necessary if collection is to be approxi­
Evolution of Pesticide Resistance and Slope of the oncentration-Mortality Line: Are They Related?

Researchers have often assumed that slopes of concentration-mortality lines from pesticide bioassays change predictably as resistance evolves. In particular, many authors have used differences in slope among conspecific populations to make inferences about the progression of resistance and the genetic variation available for further increases in resistance. Such inferences are based on the assumption that slope is steepest in populations that are highly susceptible or highly resistant (i.e., such populations have less genetic variation than heterogeneous populations with intermediate levels of resistance). We tested this hypothesis independently for each of 41 sets of bioassay data of conspecific variation in susceptibility to pesticides obtained from 26 articles published in the Journal of Economic Entomology during the past decade. These data represent 18 species of insects and mites and 25 pesticides. We used polynomial regression and a nonparametric approach to examine the relationship between slope and LC50 for each set of bioassay data. We found that, for most pest and pesticide combinations, slopes of the concentration-mortality lines were not highest in the populations with highest and lowest LC50s. This result suggests that slope was not a good indicator of genetic variation in susceptibility or that genetic variation in susceptibility was not related Simply to LC50. The slope of the concentration-mortality line provides information about tile phenotypic variation within a population, including genetic and environmental variation. If most of the phenotypic variation is not genetically based, variation in estimates of slope among conspecific populations may be caused primarily by changes in environmental variation and errors of estimation.
The Trust Indenture Act of 1939 in Congress and the Courts in 2016: Bringing the SEC to the Table

Distressed firms with publicly issued bonds often seek to restructure the bonds’ payment terms to better reflect the firm’s weakened repayment capabilities and thereby avoid a bankruptcy. But Depression-era securities law bars the bondholders from agreeing via a binding out-of-bankruptcy vote to new payment terms, thus requiring individualized consent to the new payment terms, despite that such binding votes are commonplace now in bankruptcy and elsewhere. Recent judicial application of this securities law rule to bond recapitalizations has been more consistent than it had previously been, with courts striking down restructuring deals that twisted bondholders’ arms into consenting to unwanted deals. These coercive bond exchanges first became common in the 1980s, when many hostile tender offers for public companies had a similarly coercive deal structure. The coercive deal structure in these takeover offers was brought forward then to justify wide managerial countermeasures, but this structure disappeared in takeovers. However, it persisted in bond exchange offers. While these court decisions striking down the coercive bond exchanges faithfully apply Depression-era securities law to thwart issuers from twisting bondholders’ arms into exchanging, the bond market and distressed firms would be better served by exempting fair votes that bind all bondholders to new payment terms. The Securities and Exchange Commission now has authority to exempt fair restructuring votes from this now out-of-date securities law.
Re-dicussion on Multiple Optimal Solutions of the Transportation Problem

Based on dissertating the study of transportation problem,some concepts were proposed such as the multiple optimal solutions,the numbered multiple optimal solutions,the unnumbered multiple optimal solutions, the narrow-sense multiple optimal solutions and the broad-sense multiple optimal solutions etc.The classification and judgment on multiple optimal solutions of transportation problem were discussed.The judgment theorem on numbered multiple optimal solutions and unnumbered multiple optimal solutions were put forward.It was pointed and corrected that the formula for the least number of multiple optimal solutions was obtained in some article.The judgment theorem on the least number of unnumbered narrow-sense multiple optimal solutions was given.Finally,one example was verified the correctness of conclusion.
Learning From Others and Spontaneous Exploration: A Cross-Cultural Investigation.

How does early social experience affect children's inferences and exploration? Following prior work on children's reasoning in pedagogical contexts, this study examined U.S. children with less experience in formal schooling and Yucatec Mayan children whose early social input is predominantly observational. In Experiment 1, U.S. 2-year-olds (n = 77) showed more restricted exploration of a toy following a pedagogical demonstration than an interrupted, accidental, or no demonstration (baseline). In Experiment 2, Yucatec Mayan and U.S. 2-year-olds (n = 66) showed more restricted exploration following a pedagogical than an observational demonstration, while only Mayan children showed more restriction with age. These results suggest that although schooling is not a necessary precursor for sensitivity to pedagogy, early social experience may influence children's inferences and exploration in pedagogical contexts.
Hymenoptera allergy in children.

During the past ten years, the natural history, the appropriate use of in vivo and in vitro tests, and the treatment of Hymenoptera allergy have been elucidated. Hymenoptera-sensitive children differ from adults in several important respects. Children allergic to stinging insects are less likely to suffer life-threatening anaphylaxis than are adults. Children, even those untreated with venom immunotherapy, appear to lose their skin test and systemic sensitivity over the course of a few years, particularly if they avoid subsequent insect stings. The available data suggest that venom immunotherapy may safely be withheld from children who have suffered allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings, particularly if the reactions have not been life-threatening. Emergency precautions and avoidance of stinging insects are the rule for all sensitive patients.
Coupling of MIC-3 overexpression with the chromosomes 11 and 14 root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) resistance QTLs provides insights into the regulation of the RKN resistance response in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Genetic analysis of MIC-3 transgene with RKN resistance QTLs provides insight into the resistance regulatory mechanism and provides a framework for testing additional hypotheses. Resistance to root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is mediated by two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on chromosomes 11 and 14. The MIC-3 (Meloidogyne Induced Cotton3) protein accumulates specifically within the immature galls of RKN-resistant plants that possess these QTLs. Recently, we showed that MIC-3 overexpression in an RKN-susceptible cotton genotype suppressed RKN egg production but not RKN-induced root galling. In this study, the MIC-3 overexpression construct T-DNA in the single-copy transgenic line ‘14-7-1’ was converted into a codominant molecular marker that allowed the marker assisted selection of F2:3 cotton lines, derived from a cross between 14-7-1 and M-240 RNR, having all possible combinations of the chromosomes 11 and 14 QTLs with and without the MIC-3 overexpression construct. Root-knot nematode reproduction (eggs g−1 root) and severity of RKN-induced root galling were assessed in these lines. We discovered that the addition of MIC-3 overexpression suppressed RKN reproduction in lines lacking both resistance QTLs and in lines having only the chromosome 14 QTL, suggesting an additive effect of the MIC-3 construct with this QTL. In contrast, MIC-3 overexpression did not improve resistance in lines having the single chromosome 11 QTL or in lines having both resistance QTLs, suggesting an epistatic interaction between the chromosome 11 QTL and the MIC-3 construct. Overexpression of MIC-3 did not affect the severity of RKN-induced root galling regardless of QTL genotype. These data provide new insights into the relative order of action of the chromosomes 11 and 14 QTLs and their potential roles in regulating MIC-3 expression as part of the RKN resistance response.
Lipomodulin, a naturally occurring phospholipase A 2 inhibitory protein

Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme that cleaves an acyl group in the 2-position of the glycerol moiety of phospholipids. This acyl group is generally a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and is often found to be arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (Van Den Bosh, 1980). The latter compounds are well known to have diverse biological actions such as inflammation, pain, fever and so on (Kuehl & Egan, 1980). Lysophosphatidylcholine, the other product from phosphatidylcholine, also has a variety of biological actions, including enhancement of Na+ permeability and glucose uptake, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase (Shier, 1982). Thus, both products of phosphatidylcholine by the action of phospholipase A2, have various effect on biological and physiological functions. Since arachidonic acid is released from the cells responding to physiological and pathological stimuli (Kuehl & Egan, 1980), specific inhibitors for phospholipase A2 will provide insights to exploit more detailed roles of phospholipase A2 in many intracellular events.
Courtesy, Conduct and Etiquette: An Overview

Considering the importance that English people themselves attached to manners, it is surprising that the literature written to promote proper behaviour has remained, until recently, largely unstudied by serious scholars. Only the courtesy book managed to escape this traditional neglect. John Mason’s Gentlefolk in the Making (1935) provides a comprehensive account of English courtesy works during their extended heyday from Thomas Elyot’s The Governour (1531) to Lord Chesterfield’s Letters to His Son (1774). His study, although thorough, makes no attempt to place the courtesy literature discussed in a larger social context.1
When the Prosecution Drops the Ball in Arguing 4th Amendment Standing, Who Picks It Up?

The peculiar situation that led to U.S. v. Noble, 762 F.3d 509 (6th Cir. 2014) is the most recent installment of a difficult dilemma several courts have faced nationwide. During the appeal of a criminal trial, one of three defendants was able to successfully suppress evidence on a motion joined by the other defendants because law enforcement violated the Fourth Amendment by frisking him after a search of his co-defendant’s car. However, during that same appeal the court decided that the two co-defendants never explained why they had standing to join the motion, and also decides that they in fact lacked the standing necessary to challenge the illegal search. In another awkward twist, the government never challenged the co-defendants’ standing when they joined the original motion at the trial level. This typically means that the issue of the co-defendants’ Fourth Amendment standing is not ripe for appeal. This situation poses the difficult dilemma of whether a court should allow defendants to suppress probative evidence when they have no right to do so or forgive the government’s failure to raise the argument at the proper time, forgoing the standard rules of appellate procedure. This note will focus on what the court ought to do in order to resolve this dilemma.
Revealed Preference Analysis of Characteristics in Discrete Choice

This paper begins to bridge the gap between applied discrete choice analysis and theoretical models of stochastic choice. In applications, observable characteristics of choice objects are ubiquitous. In contrast, most theoretical work is silent about characteristics. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a dataset to be consistent with a model of stochastic choice that includes characteristics. This model yields linear restrictions to test various functional forms of utility over characteristics. We use these conditions to test different model specifications using individual stated preference data on flight choice from Louviere et al. (2013). We find that linear utility over characteristics often performs best. There is also evidence of limited cognition as the number of alternatives to choose increases.
Information-Integrated Enterprises

The Berlin Wall didn’t fall as a direct result of information technology, but the fall of organizational walls certainly has. Information Technologies (IT) such as telecommunications, distributed computing, and databases have afforded people a phenomenal degree of freedom to form working relationships with others from anywhere in the world, and rearrange those working relationships with great alacrity as missions and conditions change, expand, or otherwise evolve. People and organizations have a growing potential to distribute throughout the world while remaining in dynamic alignment with other economic partners and valuable resources. IT has freed the enterprise from its history of geographical and physical constraints that allowed only for fixed and static alignment of resources, processes, and organizations with missions. As a result, the past decades have witnessed a parade of new business strategies focusing on the potential of the new enterprise. In the late 1970s and 1980s, we strove to create Computer-Integrated Manufacturing and Concurrent Engineering. Since then, we have seen a continuous stream of new visions each promoting a new enterprise model that claims to improve productivity, quality, and market timing. These models have included Agile Manufacturing, Virtual Corporation, Total Quality Management, Enterprise Re-engineering, Horizontal Corporation, Electronic Commerce, Global Information Enterprises, and many more models adopted within particular contexts, such as the Adaptive Integrated Manufacturing Enterprises developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Multi-owner multi-user privacy

In the realm of Internet of Things, sensitive information is distributed among several data owners, while multiple data users wish to access different aspects of this information. This paper presents an approach for a multi-owner multi-user (MOMU) system where data owners require privacy guarantees before offering their private data. In such a setting each owner has different privacy needs against each user, whereas, users may seek to collaborate in order to violate owners' privacy. Using approximate differential privacy, we focus on the case where n data owners possess a real-valued private data and m data users wish to learn a linear query of this data. We consider a Gaussian mechanism, derive the constraints on the covariance matrix for the mechanism to be multi-owner multi-user private, and propose a convex semi-definite relaxation to design the covariance. Finally, we illustrate our approach to a synthetic scenario where n agents act both as data owners and data users and we evaluate the privacy and the accuracy of the resulted mechanism.
Gravitational energy and faulting

abstract A simple discussion of the energy changes involved in faulting within a self-gravitating body shows that the energy released in faulting is simply ∝ ( p′ ij + p ij /2) u i dS j , where p′ ij is the ambient stress before faulting, p ij and u i are the stress change and displacement associated with faulting and the integral is over the fault surface. This result was obtained earlier by Dahlen. A new expression for the work done against gravity (− ∝ ρ g i u i dv where ρ is density, and g i is the acceleration of gravity, and the integral is over the entire volume of the body) is given in the form of an integral over the fault surface. For dip-slip faulting in the earth, the gravitational energy change may be several orders of magnitude greater than the energy released; that large change in gravitational energy is compensated for by a similar change in stored elastic initial energy. In such cases the energy released is the relatively small difference between large changes in the potential energy of the elastic and gravitational fields, as recognized by Dahlen.
Magnetic swarm control of microorganisms

Abstract Tetrahymena pyriformis is a single cell eukaryote that can be modified to respond to magnetic fields, a response called magnetotaxis. Naturally, this microorganism cannot respond to magnetic fields, but after modification using iron oxide nanoparticles, cells are magnetized and exhibit constant magnetic dipole strength. In experiments, a rotating field is applied to cells using a two-dimensional approximate Helmholtz coil system. Using rotating magnetic fields, we characterize discrete cells' swarm swimming which is affected by several factors. The behavior of the cells under these fields is explained in detail. After the field is removed, relatively straight swimming is observed. We also generate increased heterogeneity within a population of cells to improve controllability of a swarm, which is explored in a cell model. By exploiting this straight swimming behavior, we propose a method to control discrete cells utilizing a single global magnetic input. Successful implementation of this swarm control method would enable teams of microrobots to perform a variety of in vitro microscale tasks impossible for single microrobots, such as pushing objects or simultaneous micromanipulation of discrete entities.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Sn-Doped Zinc Oxide Single Crystals

Sn dopant in ZnO may significantly improve the n-type conductivity of ZnO through a characteristic double effect. However, studies on bulk Sn-doped ZnO are rare, and the effect of Sn doping on the optoelectronic properties of bulk ZnO is not well understood. In this work, the effect of Sn doping on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO bulk single crystals was investigated through optical absorption spectroscopy, Hall-effect measurements, and thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy. Undoped and Sn-doped ZnO single crystals were grown by chemical vapor transport method and characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis. The Sn doping level in the crystals was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy measurements. Hall-effect measurements revealed an increase in conductivity and carrier concentration with increasing Sn doping, while TL measurements identified a few donor species in the crystals with donor ionization energy ranging from 35 meV to 118 meV. Increasing Sn doping was also associated with a color change of single crystals from colorless to dark blue.
Investigating strategies of pre-tenure women engineering faculty to overcome microaggressions in the classroom

Though considerable attention and resources have been dedicated over a few decades to improve the representation of women in engineering fields, the issues of underrepresentation still exist, especially among the tenure track and research faculty. “Chilly” climate models of underrepresentation discuss these and other barriers to women's persistence, including implicit gender bias in the department. For women of color in faculty roles, these biases overlap to become serious barriers to persistence. Microaggressions in the classroom can lead to depreciation of contributions of women faculty, disregarding their accomplishments and limiting their effectiveness within social and educational contexts. One area that is underexplored are the microaggressions that occur intentionally or unintentionally in the engineering classroom when (young) women faculty teach upper-level or graduate courses in traditionally gendered subjects such as internal combustion engines, computer programming, or rocket propulsion. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively investigate experiences and strategies that junior women faculty in engineering disciplines use in the classroom to overcome student bias and microaggressions through content analysis of semi-structured interview data. This Work-in-Progress paper will present preliminary themes and strategies by which women faculty establish credibility with predominantly male students.
No Homo: Gendered Dimensions of Homophobic Epithets Online

We examine a case of homophobic language online, specifically the deployment of the phrase “no homo,” shorthand for “I’m not a homosexual.” An analysis of 396 instances (comprising 1061 individual tweets) of the use of the phrase “no homo” on the social media platform Twitter suggests that the phrase is a gendered epithet that conveys cultural norms about masculinity. The first finding is that the phrase is used more often by male tweeters than by female tweeters. The second, as predicted by the literature on homophobia, is that the phrase is used in a negative emotional context to convey disapproval for men’s homosexuality or behavior that is not gender normative. The third finding is that the modal use of the phrase “no homo” is in a positive emotional context, accompanying expressions of men’s pleasure, desire, affection, attachment, and friendship. Our analysis suggests that the phrase “no homo” is a gendered one, primarily used by men to facilitate a particularly masculinized construction of positive emotional expression. Our research adds to and complicates findings on the relationship between homophobia and masculinity that suggests that homophobia is an organizing principal of masculinity in western cultures.
Overview of Cosmetic Concerns in Skin of Color

Physicians are confronted with a myriad of cutaneous diseases affecting those with skin of color. Patients with skin of color, which includes individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent, have unique cosmetic concerns. Such patients often require special consideration when it comes to receiving cosmetic procedures. These patients are particularly vulnerable because any kind of significant trauma, whether it is from a laser or chemical peel, can cause long-lasting or permanent pigmentary changes. For the clinician, cosmetic procedures with patients of skin of color can be challenging because of this increased risk of hyperpigmentation and scarring. Due to enhanced technology and scientific advances, the demand to seek procedures to address these patients’ cosmetic concerns has reached new heights. Patients with skin of color who request cosmetic procedures have various motivations and goals. They may want to attain even skin tone, remove unwanted hair, and/or reduce the signs of aging. This chapter will provide a systematic overview of the cosmetic concerns for those with skin of color by describing the practical approaches to treating pigmentary disorders, keloids, dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN), unwanted hair, skin laxity, and photoaging in those with skin of color.
Scalable High Resolution Mixed Mode Circuit Design

This paper discusses architectures for analog to digital interchange which are suitable for implementation in deep sub-micron CMOS mixed mode technologies. Discussed in detail are successive approximation and low over-sampling ratio sigma-delta converters giving >12 bits resolution at order MHz bandwidth. Also discussed are architectures potentially suitable for operational amplifiers buffering such converters, integrated in the same technology.
Trends of HIV incidence and prevalence among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China: Nine consecutive cross-sectional surveys, 2008-2016.

Background Sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) increased markedly in China during the past decade. HIV incidence is a critical indicator in HIV surveillance and we use a HIV-1 BED-capture-enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to examine the incidence among MSM in Beijing from 2008 to 2016. Risk factors related to recent HIV infection were also assessed. Methods Consecutive cross-sectional surveys on MSM were conducted yearly from 2008 through 2016. Demographic and behaviors data were collected. HIV status was determined and HIV positive specimens were tested for recent infection using BED-CEIA. Specimens with ODn values≤0.8 were considered recently infected, HIV incidence rates and prevalence were then calculated. Risk factors associated with recent HIV infection were assessed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results From 2008 to 2016, the numbers of eligible participants in the nine consecutive years ranged from 472 to 616. All the 261 eligible HIV-positive specimens were subjected to recent HIV infection testing. HIV prevalence ranged from 5.0% (3.3%-6.8%) to 10.2% (7.8%-12.7%), and incidence ranged from 1.57% (0.19%-2.95%) to 6.63% (3.65%-9.61%). MSM who never or sometimes used condoms during anal sex with men in the past 6 months (aOR = 1.515, 95%CI: 1.016-2.257, p = 0.041), or having syphilis infection (aOR = 1.561, 95%CI: 0.946-2.575, p = 0.081) were more likely to be recently infected with HIV. Being a Beijing resident (aOR = 0.409, 95%CI: 0.212-0.790, p = 0.008), or having only one male anal sex partner in the past 6 months (aOR = 0.467, 95%CI: 0.220-0.994, p = 0.048) were associated with a lower risk for recent HIV infection. Conclusions The HIV incidence fluctuated among MSM in Beijing. Unprotected anal sex, having multiple sex partners, being a non-registered Beijing resident and having a syphilis infection play important roles in the recent HIV infection. Effective intervention measures for HIV and syphilis control and prevention should be continuously strengthened.
Hydrodynamic Parameter Estimation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

This paper experimentally evaluates various hydrodynamic damping models for streamlined tail-controlled autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). We seek damping models that can be used to accurately predict the motion of a streamlined AUV, but do not possess unnecessary complexity. Additionally, we investigate the efficacy of estimating forces and moments due to control surfaces with the same data from which damping parameters are estimated. We then directly compare the results of estimated control surface forces and moments with that obtained using high-fidelity software tools. We use an offline least-squares method and an adaptive identifier method to approximate model coefficients from data attained from field trials. Field trials were conducted using two AUVs, and the experimental results are presented. The overall goal of this paper is to determine the form of a dynamic model that can be identified from data acquired during field trials.
Get Gamified: Promoting Augmented Reality and Digital Game Technology in Education

Most educators agree it is important to remain current with trends and continue to add fresh, innovative ideas to enhance lessons. This responsibility means that as professionals, educators must continue to seek ways to better understand students so that their unique 21st century needs can be met. Children and youth are introduced to the virtual world from a young age, which implies the manners in how they associate with technology-innovation may impact the ways in which they learn, and therefore, the production or output of knowledge. For this reason, technology innovation should be a key component in curriculum design. This chapter will highlight two main concepts of gaming technology innovation: Augmented Reality (AR), and Digital Game Technology (DGT). Understanding such phenomenon is necessary to meet student learners where they are. Special attention will be given to AR in the field of health and physical education (PE), as this is one discipline where field professionals often disagree on the appropriateness of the use of digital technology. All professional educators; however, must recognize the important role technology plays in the lives of students and seek ways to motivate them while ‘talking their talk’.
{sup 92}Mo(n,xnypz{alpha}{gamma}) reactions for neutron energies up to 250 MeV

Excitation functions from the interaction of fast neutrons (up to an energy of 250 MeV) on a target of {sup 92}Mo have been measured. Yields have been determined for reaction {gamma} rays from {sup 88-92}Mo, {sup 88-92}Nb, {sup 86-91}Zr, {sup 84-86,88}Y, and {sup 80,82-86}Sr. These results are compared with model calculations using the GNASH code which takes into account compound nucleus, preequilibrium emission, multiple preequilibrium emission, and direct reaction contributions. The model calculations are in good agreement overall, but significant discrepancies emerge for some high-multiplicity, charged-particle-exit channels.
South Florida Tropicals: Avocado

This 4-page fact sheet is a major revision that discusses the background, availability, selection, ripening, storage, uses, yield, nutritive value, and basic, safe preparation of the avocado. The document also contains several avocado-based recipes. Written by Linda B. Bobroff and Amy Simonne, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, revised January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/he606
New Elements: A Celebration of New and First Books

The 2019 NASSR New Books panel celebrated four first monographs published in 2018 and 2019. The papers presented here offer personal and critical reflections on this body of new work as well as wha...
Planning in the Post-World War II United States

Like in all industrial societies, in the United States economic planning was a prominent political-economic ideal in the wake of World War II. Paying attention to the postwar decades, this article focuses on how and why private American industrial corporations appropriated the practice and rhetoric of planning, in the context of the outbreak of the Cold War. This corporate appropriation displaced debates about planning into a social and cultural register in the United States. Paradoxically, the outward-looking U.S. state accepted robust state planning regimes abroad even as the Cold War hampered the legitimacy of state-centered economic planning at home. The paradox helped set the stage for the global crisis of industrial societies after 1968 that brought the postwar era to a close and would ultimately undermine economic planning everywhere.
First Course DASH, Second Course Mediterranean: Comparing Renal Outcomes for Two “Heart-Healthy” Diets

To review studies evaluating renal outcomes based on patient adherence to the Mediterranean diet or to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and to determine which diet is most effective in preventing and managing renal disease. Both the DASH and Mediterranean diets have shown many health benefits, including reduced risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephrolithiasis, mortality due to all renal causes and composite outcomes. Both diets have shown a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) decline with a concomitant improvement in mortality and dialysis initiation. In summary, both diets resulted in similar magnitudes of risk reduction when comparing equivocal levels of adherence to each diet. Review of evidence for renal outcomes shows strikingly similar effects for both DASH and Mediterranean diets. We hypothesize that these results are due to the overlap in nutritional composition. Both encourage whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, beans/legumes, whole grains, and nuts. Additionally, they restrict animal protein consumption and limit processed and fast foods. Determining a nutritional management intervention for renal impairment is clinically important as approximately 1% of the USA annual budget is spent on end stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment. We believe either diet could be incorporated into a patient’s management when considering their renal health. In conclusion, we urge physicians to help patients choose either the DASH diet or Mediterranean diet based on the patient preference.
Redefining the Valuation Methods of Modern Day Hospital Care

This article discusses the report published last year by the Joint Commission ("Improving America's Hospitals") that seeks to showcase the achievements of hospitals identified as "Top Performers on Key Quality Measures." The Joint Commission's report also provides a comprehensive analysis on the ways in which those hospitals accredited by the organization fared for all quality measures. This article focuses on specific care measures set forth in the report (heart attack care, pneumonia, and one surgical example), and compares these historical trends with the appropriate Medicare reimbursement data for the same time period. While it comes as no surprise that hospital reimbursements do not share the same trajectory as Joint Commission quality standards, the contradictory manner in which health care regulations reward annual improvement by reducing reimbursements speaks volumes about a system not just in transition, but in a state of confusion. Mindful of the value based purchasing modifications to the Medicare program looming on the horizon, my article suggests that now is an appropriate time to take stock in the collections of data we have amassed as a means to understand and refine the delicate infrastructure of our nation's health care system, with a specific eye toward the ways in which value is assessed and rewarded. As the nation transitions toward a reimbursement policy dictated by performance measures rather than cost, our focus should also be directed toward creating a self-sustaining system that improves the delivery of health care throughout the nation and is fair to both the individuals and institutions that participate therein.
Stages of Objective Memory Impairment Predict Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology: Comparison with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sum of Boxes.

Background The ultimate validation of a clinical marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its association with AD neuropathology. Objective To examine how well the Stages of Objective Memory Impairment (SOMI) system predicts intermediate/high AD neuropathologic change and extent of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology defined by Braak stage, in comparison to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale sum of boxes (CDR-SB). Methods 251 well-characterized participants from the Knight ADRC clinicopathologic series were classified into SOMI stage at their last assessment prior to death using the free recall and total recall scores from the picture version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (pFCSRT + IR). Logistic regression models assessed the predictive validity of SOMI and CDR-SB for intermediate/high AD neuropathologic change. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis evaluated the discriminative validity of SOMI and CDR-SB for AD pathology. Ordinal logistic regression was used to predict Braak stage using SOMI and CDR-SB in separate and joint models. Results The diagnostic accuracy of SOMI for AD diagnosis was similar to that of the CDR-SB (AUC: 85%versus 83%). In separate models, both SOMI and CDR-SB predicted Braak stage. In a joint model SOMI remained a significant predictor of Braak stage but CDR-SB did not. Conclusion SOMI provides a neuropathologically validated staging system for episodic memory impairment in the AD continuum and should be useful in predicting tau positivity based on its association with Braak stage.
Roots, Barriers, and Scaffolds: Integrating Developmental and Structural Insights to Understand Gender Disparities in Political Leadership

We join Heck et al. (this issue) in urging the psychological science to consider how gender disparities in political leadership are rooted in developmental processes. Heck et al. outline several wo...
Elucidating the influence of molten salt chemistries on the synthesis and stability of perovskites oxides

In this work, we investigate the synthesis of (La0.8Sr0.2)MnO3 (LSM) in various molten salts to gain insight on the influence of molten salt ions for synthesizing materials critical for energy applications. LSM nanoparticles with a size range of ∼10–200 nm and with target stoichiometries were formed from oxide precursors via feeding into KNO3. Furthermore, feeding precursors into the melt compared to mixing and heating from room temperature results in complete formation of LSM that was otherwise unattainable using conventional molten salt synthesis methods. In LiCl–KCl eutectic, the high Lux acidity of Li+ and Cl− establishes a thermodynamic barrier that impedes Sr from reacting with other precursors in solution and increases Sr stability in the melt compared to the perovskite phase. As a result, LSM will not form in a LiCl–KCl eutectic under ambient conditions. Thus, this study further explicates the molten salt synthesis for perovskites and can serve as a guide for future syntheses.
A County Hospital Experience with Reproductive Travelers to the United States for Obstetric Care: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes.

Objective: To describe the maternal and neonatal outcomes, health care utilization, and cost to reproductive travelers for obstetric care (RTOC) at a single institution. Methods: A retrospective ch...
Exercise 16: Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (ELISPOT)

The ELISPOT assay was developed for the detection of single antibody secreting cells (B lymphocytes) and in many ways it has replaced the hemolytic plaque assay. The ELISPOT assay is also used for the detection of single cytokine secreting cells (T Iymphocytes). The ELISPOT assay can be used together with the ELISA assay (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) to estimate the production of antibody molecules and cytokines produced by a single cell and to obtain the titer. In the ELISPOT assay, antibody or cytokine secreting cells are added to each well of a 96 well microtiter plate coated with antigen or antibody. Instead of the usual polystyrene wells used for ELISA, the plates for ELISPOT have nitrocellulose membranes at the bottom of the wells. The cells are cultured for 3 h (up to 5 days if mitogen stimulated), removed and the wells washed in buffer. A second antibody conjugated to an enzyme is then added and in the final step, a substrate is added that results in an insoluble product visualized on the membrane as spots or plaques. These spots can be counted microscopically under low magnification to determine the number of antibody or cytokine secreting cells in the sample (Fig. 40.1). In the ELISA assay a soluble antigen is used to coat the wells and antibody is added in solution. The added substrate results in a soluble product that can be measured using a spectrophotometer i.e. an ELISA plate reader.
Population-Level Change in Risk Factors for Cancer

Population wide change is the most important way to reduce the burden of cancer. Small changes at the individual level can translate to substantial changes in the burden of cancer within the population if the changes are distributed across the entire population.
The Understanding of Nature

Karl Popper has quoted from Xenophanes two passages which reveal how closely this pre-Socratic philosopher had anticipated Popper’s views on the status of our attempts to understand nature— “a woven web of guesses.”
Use of silica to identify host mechanisms involved in suppression of established Friend virus leukemia.

Silica, an agent predominantly toxic for macrophages, inoculated i.v. to Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected mice, blocks the FLV-leukemosuppressive effects of chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (COAM)-statolon treatment. FLV-infected, COAM-statolon-treated mice that have received silica and have failed to suppress FLV leukemia produced normal amounts of interferon, but did not make antibodies cytotoxic for FLV leukemic cells. Transfer of untreated spleen cells, splenic T cells, or thymocytes from mice with suppressed FLV erythroleukemia to FLV-infected mice treated with silica and COAM-statolon restores the humoral immune response to FLV antigens and results in leukemosuppression. Thus, T lymphocytes from mice with suppressed erythroleukemia participate in FLV leukemosuppression either directly as effector cells, or indirectly as helper cells in the production of antibodies to FLV antigens.
A silicon implementation of the thalamic low threshold calcium current

A silicon model of the thalamic low threshold calcium current is presented. The channel current (I/sub T/) is the product of an activation and inactivation current, normalized by their sum. The individual currents are modeled by a simple current-mirror integrator circuit. A modified differential pair controls the threshold of activation while a leak transistor added to the inactivation mirror controls the rate of inactivation and deinactivation. The dynamics of I/sub T/ are the result of the interaction between the fast activation and slow inactivation currents. By adjusting the base level of the activation current, we can realize a hyperpolarization activated cation current (I/sub h/), responsible for rhythmic bursting in thalamic cells. By attaching the circuit to a constant leak integrate-and-fire neuron, we demonstrate in silicon both burst and tonic firing modes.
Hedonic Psychology, Political Theory and Law (I): Is Welfarism Possible?

I address a foundational question: to what extent is the concept of welfare meaningful and coherent? Subjective welfarists have adopted two strategies, historically, to determine whether a person is "better off" with one state of affairs than another, and each ultimately subtly undermines the other. The first, associated with Benthamite "hedonic" utilitarians, is to (try to) look directly at sensation: from this perspective, a person is better off if she feels more pleasure and less pain. The second, associated with "preference" utilitarians and with modern economics, is to declare that a person is better off if (a certain class of her) preferences are met or realized. Not only is hedonic utilitarianism impracticable given the incommensurability of emotional reactions, it is conceptually bankrupt. It does not seem to take adequate account of subjectivity: there is no reason for any particular subject to care about whether she experiences any particular set of sensations, like "pleasure" or "pain." A group I dub "the new hedonic psychologists" purport to measure hedonic states directly, but they are ultimately no more successful than Bentham was. There is no particular reason to believe that all people value what the "new hedonic psychologists" describe as positive experience, and reflection on the philosophical literature, particularly the literature on personal identity, as well as a careful reading of both the psychological literature on the varieties of happiness and the biological literature on the role of happiness help us see that. But preference utilitarianism is just as problematic. There is a fundamental conceptual problem in connecting the satisfaction of desire with experienced utility or well-being: desires are prospective and intentional while well-being is experienced. Our preferences are merely predictions about the hedonic states that we will experience if certain end-states occur; like all predictions, they can be wrong. Thus, sophisticated preference utilitarians try to solve the problem of "error" by respecting only the sub-class of preferences most likely to be "correct" - those that are adequately "informed" and "prudent." But what is critical to understand both at the philosophical level and with careful consideration of the empirical evidence adduced by hedonic psychologists that bears on this issue is that it is impossible to know when a desire is either prudent or adequately informed unless we know whether meeting it turned out to be hedonically satisfying and we eschewed hedonic utilitarianism precisely because we thought we could not determine directly what is and is not hedonically satisfying.
Discrete Neural Computation: A Theoretical Foundation

1. Introduction. 2. Linear Threshold Element. 3. Computing Symmetric Functions. 4. Depth Efficient Arithmetic Circuits. 5. Depth-Size Tradeoffs. 6. Computing with Small Weights. 7. Rational Approximation and Optimal Size Circuits. 8. Geometric Framework and Spectral Analysis. 9. Limitations of AND-OR Circuits. 10. Lower Bounds via Communication Complexity. 11. Hopfield Network. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.
Treatment of Pediatric and Adolescent Headaches

The treatment of headaches in children and adolescents is a combination of art and science. Treatment requires taking into consideration the diagnosis, the temperament of the family, and the personality of the child. A model or overall paradigm for treatment of headaches and children in adolescence is outlined. Sections on stress, patient education, lifestyle, sleep, and diet all precede the use of medications. Pediatric rescue or acute medications are described, followed by sections on preventive medications. These sections include how and when to intervene, optimizing prophylaxis choice by consideration of comorbidities, and alternative prevention approaches. Dr. Rothner describes appropriate use of multidisciplinary care. He concludes this chapter with special circumstances in pediatric treatment, including acute pediatric headache, acute urgent treatment, migraine with neurologic features, menstrual migraine, cyclical vomiting, chronic daily headache, post-traumatic headache, new daily persistent headache, exertional headache, and pediatric trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.