cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced survival and neuronal differentiation of adrenal chromaffin cells cografted into the striatum with NGF-producing fibroblasts

Although adrenal medullary chromaffin cells have been used extensively for intracerebral grafting, their survival has generally been poor. Improved survival of the implanted cells has been achieved by exposing the chromaffin cells to NGF in vivo. Culture studies have shown, however, that chromaffin cells are converted into sympathetic neurons when NGF is included in the medium. The degree to which such a transdifferentiation may occur in vivo has not been determined. We assessed the effects of cografting chromaffin cells with primary fibroblasts genetically engineered to express NGF. Chromaffin cells from 10 d old rats were implanted with NGF-producing or beta- galactosidase-producing primary fibroblasts (control fibroblasts) into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine treated adult rats of the same strain. Eight weeks postgrafting, chromaffin cells cografted with NGF- producing fibroblasts displayed many of the features of mature sympathetic neurons such as large somata, long processes, transmitter vesicles similar to those found in neurons, and positive immunolabeling for the neuronal markers neurofilament, MAP2 and SCG10. Chromaffin- derived neuron number was also significantly enhanced in the presence of NGF-producing fibroblasts. While control fibroblasts were also found to increase chromaffin cell number above that of chromaffin cells grafted alone, the control fibroblasts did not induce neuronal transdifferentiation. These results demonstrate that chromaffin cells cografted with NGF-producing fibroblasts undergo transdifferentiation in vivo and express many characteristics of mature sympathetic neurons. The consequences of this transdifferentiation on the long term survival and function of the transplanted cells in vivo remain to be clarified.
A Causal-Power Theory of Focal Sets

This chapter reviews the probabilistic contrast model and its notion of focal sets, as well as the power PC explanation of why people use certain specific types of focal sets to evaluate causal relations. The power analysis generates a variety of testable predictions about people's causal judgments. It describes and discusses some experimental tests that differentiate the predictions of the power PC theory from those of the major competing account, the Rescorla-Wagner model. The latter model, originally proposed as a model of classical conditioning in animals, has more recently been applied to human causal induction. The central difference between the two approaches involves the distinction between the computational and algorithmic levels of cognitive analysis. It discusses that the issues of what function is being computed by an information process and why it is computed logically precede the issue of how a given function is computed. The Rescorla-Wagner model is founded on an algorithm for discrepancy reduction on a trial-by-trial basis. The chapter describes describe some recent findings from our laboratory that test discriminating predictions of the power PC theory and the Rescorla-Wagner model, using causal analogues of two well-known paradigms that have been used in studies of animal conditioning: overexpectation and extinction of conditioned inhibition. It also discusses other phenomena that discriminate between these two theories.
Hartree-fock trajectories for heavy-particle ionizing collisions

A semi-classical calculation of atomic ionization depends upon the trajectory of the projectile. In the past it has been customary to assume that the projectile passes the atom in a straight line. We have investigated this assumption by calculating realistic trajectories for heavy projectiles scattered from Hartree-Fock atomic potentials. We have also examined the experimental procedure of correlating impact parameters with projectile scattering angles using Rutherford scattering. It was found that this procedure is inaccurate for the lower projectile energies.
Motor proteins and molecular motors: how to operate machines at the nanoscale

Several classes of biological molecules that transform chemical energy into mechanical work are known as motor proteins or molecular motors. These nanometer-sized machines operate in noisy stochastic isothermal environments, strongly supporting fundamental cellular processes such as the transfer of genetic information, transport, organization and functioning. In the past two decades motor proteins have become a subject of intense research efforts, aimed at uncovering the fundamental principles and mechanisms of molecular motor dynamics. In this review, we critically discuss recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies on motor proteins. Our focus is on analyzing fundamental concepts and ideas that have been utilized to explain the non-equilibrium nature and mechanisms of molecular motors.
Idiopathic Preretinal Gliosis

Of 89 patients with idiopathic preretinal gliosis examined between 1970 and 1978, 52 were examined within six months of the onset of symptoms. Forty-seven patients were men and 42 were women; 83 (93%) were more than 50 years old. Initial visual acuities were 6/12 (20/40) or better in 60 of 98 eyes (61%). Nine patients had initial bilateral involvement, and the second eye became involved in one other patient during the follow-up period. Posterior vitreous detachment was present in 59 of the 64 eyes (92%) for which the state of the vitreous had been recorded; 16 of 74 eyes (21%) had fluorescein leakage into the macula. During a mean follow-up period of 31.1 months, the appearance of the fundus remained unchanged in 65 of 72 eyes (90%). Fifty-one of the 72 eyes (71%) had final visual acuities within one line of those recorded at the first examination. Spontaneous improvement of two lines or more occurred in only two patients, accompanied in both cases by an apparent decrease in the severity of the retinal wrinkling. Although these data indicated that idiopathic preretinal gliosis is generally a nonprogressive condition that does not cause serious visual loss, those patients followed up for more than three years did have a small overall decline in visual acuity.
THE VISCOSITY OF GERMANIUM DURING SUBSTRATE RELAXATION UPON THERMAL ANNEAL

Thin-film heterostructures experience structural relaxation when subjected to post-deposition thermal heat treatment. The rate of relaxation, elastic effects, and inelastic effects on the stress and deformation of the structure are determined by the physical properties of the materials, in particular, the solid-phase viscosity. During relaxation, movement of defects causes an increase of viscosity with time at a constant rate as these defects are annihilated. Experimental anneals have been performed on structures with polycrystalline silicon films on (111) germanium substrates, in which the substrate relaxes during thermal annealing. A numerical analysis of the experimental results has determined values for the viscosity and viscosity rate of (111) germanium wafers. In addition, four zones of the relaxation process have been identified, and results indicate that the increasing viscosity with time has a larger effect at lower furnace ramp-up rates.
Comments on “on the energy resolution of uranium and other hadron calorimeters”

Abstract The key phenomena contributing to the performance of uranium calorimeters as described by R. Wigmans [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A259 (1987) 389] are the same we identified in our work two years earlier. Our earlier publications stressed the importance of hydrogen in the active medium, the role of “electromagnetic sampling inefficiencies”, the consequences of saturation, and concluded that lead calorimeters might be made compensating.
A Neuron-Specific Enhancer Targets Expression of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene to Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Neurons

The molecular mechanisms specifying gene expression in individual neurons of the mammalian central nervous system have been difficult to study due to the cellular complexity of the brain and the absence of cultured model systems representing differentiated central nervous system neurons. We have developed clonal, differentiated, neuronal tumor cell lines of the hypothalamic GnRH-producing neurons by targeting tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. These cells (GT1 cells) provide a model system for molecular studies of GnRH gene regulation. Here we present the identification and characterization of a neuron-specific enhancer responsible for directing expression of the rat GnRH gene in GT1 hypothalamic neurons. This approximately 300 base pair (bp) upstream region (-1571 to -1863) confers enhancer activity to a short -173-bp GnRH promoter or to a heterologous promoter only in GT1 cells. The enhancer is bound by multiple GT1 nuclear proteins over its entire length. Deletion of more than 30 bp from either end dram...
Curial e Güelfa y la prosa corta alegórica: Los Triunfos de Petrarca en la narrativa en catalán del XV

Resumen: Los Triunfos de Petrarca gozaron de una amplia difusion en Europa, influyendo no solo en la literatura. En el presente articilo tratamos de ofrecer una vision de como la obra del italiano se dejo sentir en la Peninsula Iberica y, especialmente, en la Corona de Aragon. En este sentido, es remarcable la inspiracion que supuso el Triunfo del Amor , para el autor anonimo del Curial e Guelfa , aunque tambien se pueden encontrar rastros en otras obras. Palabras clave: Curial e Guelfa ; Petrarca; Triunfos ; tradicion literaria; humanismo; Corona de Aragon Abstract: The Trionfi of Petrarch enjoyed a wide circulation in Europe, influencing not only in literature. In this article we try to offer a vision of how the work of Italian writer was felt in the Iberian Peninsula and, especially, in the Crown of Aragon. In this sense, it is very remarkable the inspiration from the Trionfo dell’Amore for the anonymous author of Curial , although traces can also be found in other works. Keywords: Curial e Guelfa ; Petrarca; Trionfi ; literary tradition; Humanism, Crown of Aragon
Enzyme mechanism as a kinetic control element for designing synthetic biofuel pathways

As metabolic reactions are often in equilibrium, product sequestration is often used to drive engineered pathways forward. For n-butanol, however, this is not possible; instead, introducing kinetic barriers for backwards reactions significantly increases product yield. Living systems have evolved remarkable molecular functions that can be redesigned for in vivo chemical synthesis as we gain a deeper understanding of the underlying biochemical principles for de novo construction of synthetic pathways. We have focused on developing pathways for next-generation biofuels as they require carbon to be channeled to product at quantitative yields. However, these fatty acid–inspired pathways must manage the highly reversible nature of the enzyme components. For targets in the biodiesel range, the equilibrium can be driven to completion by physical sequestration of an insoluble product, which is a mechanism unavailable to soluble gasoline-sized products. In this work, we report the construction of a chimeric pathway assembled from three different organisms for the high-level production of n-butanol (4,650 ± 720 mg l−1) that uses an enzymatic chemical reaction mechanism in place of a physical step as a kinetic control element to achieve high yields from glucose (28%).
Simulation of void formation in liquid composite molding processes

Abstract Air entrapment within and between fiber tows during preform permeation in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes leads to undesirable quality in the resulting composite material with defects such as discontinuous material properties, failure zones, and visual flaws. Essential to designing processing conditions for void-free filling is the development of an accurate prediction of local air entrapment locations as the resin permeates the preform. To this end, the study presents a numerical simulation of the infiltrating dual-scale resin flow through the actual architecture of plain weave fibrous preforms accounting for the capillary effects within the fiber bundles. The numerical simulations consider two-dimensional cross sections and full three-dimensional representations of the preform to investigate the relative size and location of entrapped voids for a wide range of flow, preform geometry, and resin material properties. Based on the studies, a generalized paradigm is presented for predicting the void content as a function of the Capillary and Reynolds numbers governing the materials and processing. Optimum conditions for minimizing air entrapment during processing are also presented and discussed.
Wide- and narrow-band saturated fluorescence measurements of hydroxyl concentration in premixed flames from 1 bar to 10 bar

We have studied the use of wide-band detection in conjunction with saturation of a rovibronic transition of OH within itsA2σ+−X2∏(0,0) band. For wide-band detection, in which fluorescence is detected from the entire excited rotational manifold, the fluorescence yield is sensitive to collisions in two ways. First, it is sensitive to the ratio of rate coefficients describing rotational energy transfer and electronic quenching; this ratio determines the number of neighboring rotational levels that are populated during the laser pulse. Second, the fluorescence yield can vary with the total collisional rate coefficient; only after a sufficient number of collisions, corresponding to ≈ 2.5 ns in an atmospheric flame, does the rotational manifold reach steady state. We also compare measurements employing wide-band (detecting theR1 andR2 branches) and narrow-band (detecting a single transition) saturated fluorescence of OH. Over a wide range of conditions — obtained by varying the equivalence ratio, temperature, N2 dilution, and pressure — the wide- and narrow-band fluorescence techniques compare well. Given this good agreement, wide-band saturated fluorescence could be especially useful for analyzing atmospheric flames with XeCl-excimer lasers; one can potentially obtain 2—D images of OH which have a high signal-to-noise ratio and a reduced sensitivity to laser irradiance and quenching.
Prepubertal testis tumors: Actual prevalence rate of histological types

ABSTRACTPurpose: Tumor registries, urological textbooks and literature surveys all assert that yolk sac tumors are the most common primary testicular tumors in boys 12 years and younger. In contrast, several individual institutions have reported that benign tumors are more common than malignant tumors. To clarify these discordant findings, we surveyed the primary pathology records from 4 major pediatric centers.Materials and Methods: The pathology records of the contributing centers were culled for primary testicular masses in boys 12 years and younger. Older boys and those with either paratesticular tumors or leukemia were excluded. The prevalence of each histological subtype was calculated from the pooled cases.Results: A total of 98 patients met our criteria. Only 15% had yolk sac tumors. Teratomas comprised 48% of the tumors (mature 44%, immature 4%). Epidermoid cysts were found in another 14% of patients. Gonadal stromal cell tumors represented 13% of the total, divided among granulosa cell (5%), Ley...
Research Advances: Using Chemistry To Repel Pests, Improve Flavor, and Offer New Treatments

Chemists worldwide are applying basic chemical principles in news ways. This research and the resulting gain in understanding can impact our health, diet, and comfort.
Sumter Smith Arnim, DDS, PhD (1904-1990): A Pioneer in Preventive Dentistry

This article reviews the life story and contributions of Sumter Smith Arnim (1904-1990), a noted author, lecturer, teacher, and researcher in preventive dentistry. Following in the footsteps of Levi Spear Parmly, MD, DDS (1790-1859), and Charles C. Bass, MD (1875-1975), Arnim developed and popularized a wide range of preventive concepts and practices, especially dental plaque control via mechanical means. Today, these innovative ideas and techniques continue to have an impact on oral health research, the practice of dentistry, and the teaching of oral hygiene to dental patients. This article traces both the development of these oral health concepts and Arnim's study of dental plaque ("microcosm"), which he characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy and cinemicrography.
Discrepancies between intraocular lens implant power prediction formulas in pediatric patients.

Purpose The SRK II, SRK/T, Holladay I, and Hoffer Q intraocular lens power prediction formulas have been claimed to be interchangeable in their predicted postoperative refractive outcome among pediatric patients. In this study, we evaluated this clinical perception. Design Mathematical analysis. Methods Analytical prediction of implant power using keratometry values up to 55 diopters and axial length values as short as 16 mm was performed for 2 different refractive goals using the optimized intraocular lens constants for the SRK II, SRK/T, Holladay I, Hoffer Q, and Haigis formulas. Comparison graphs for the predicted implant power of each formula were constructed and differences between predicted results of the formulas were plotted. Main Outcome Measure Predicted implant power. Results Significant differences in intraocular lens power prediction were found among the Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and SRK II formulas in the pediatric range of axial length and keratometry values. The Holladay I and Haigis formulas were found to be similar in their intraocular lens power prediction. The SRK/T was comparable with the Holladay I and Haigis formulas, but still differed in the high keratometry values. Conclusions This analysis demonstrates differences in the intraocular lens power prediction among commonly used formulas for axial length and keratometry values in the pediatric range. It is unclear under what circumstances each of these formulas may be preferred in the pediatric population.
SU-FF-T-247: Performance of Two Commercial MOSFET Systems at Low Doses in and Out of Field

Purpose: Some applications in clinical dosimetry require dose measurements in the 1–10 cGy range, such as in vivo dose verification measurements of critical structures that are near the field edge shielded by a jaw, block, or MLC leaf. Since such dose results from scatter, the spectrum is different than in the field. In IMRT, even infield measurements can be underneath an MLC leaf and therefore subject to a different spectrum for part of the irradiation. The goals of this study were to investigate 1) the repeatability and reproducibility of MOSFET measurements in the 1–10 cGy range; and 2) the impact of the different energy spectrum outside the beam on the dose response. Method and Materials: Dose measurements were performed on an 18 MV clinical linear accelerator using two commercial systems (Thomson Nielsen AutoSense and mobileMOSFET) both operated in high sensitivity mode. Measurements were made on the central axis and out‐of‐field along a profile extending perpendicularly from the center of a field edge. Absolute dose was measured with a calibrated Farmer chamber. Results: The AutoSense device was able to measure doses down to 5 cGy with a repeatability of 5.8% (all numbers refer to1 SD) using high sensitivity detectors. The mobileMOSFET device measured at 1 cGy with an average repeatability of 4.8 % for high sensitivity detectors and 7.7 % for standard detectors. Reproducibility was 3.8% and 4.2%, respectively. MOSFET response outside the field increased with increasing distance from the field edge generally up to 8 % at 4.8 cm. Reproducibility for this location was also about 8 %. Conclusions: The commercial MOSFET devices AutoSense and mobileMOSFET have been shown to reliably measure doses down to 5 cGy and 1 cGy, respectively. MOSFET response outside the beam is increased close to the measurement uncertainty.
Charting Progress: Taking Steps Toward Better Documentation in the L&D

Logbooks can be considered aggregate databases that registered nurses (RNs) have the primary responsibility of completing in most health care settings. However, RNs may be unaware of the many uses for the information contained in logbooks and the importance of these entries (Paine et al., 1988). Labor and delivery (L&D) logs provide an essential source of vital statistics birth data for the medical records staff. These data bits are used for reporting statistics, projecting trends, and planning future care for pregnant women.
Chaos in a damped and driven toda system

Abstract We describe our numerical studies of chaos for a damped and driven single Toda particle and in a Toda lattice. Comparisons are made with chaos in other classes of nonlinear potentials.
Angular distributions of gamma-rays from (n, n′γ) reactions in Mg24 and Fe56

Abstract Angular distributions have been measured for several groups of γ-rays produced by neutron inelastic scattering by Mg 24 and Fe 56 . The particular γ-rays studied were the 1.37 MeV γ-rays mitted in 2 + → 0 + transitions in Mg 24 , the 0.85 MeV γ-rays from 2 + → 0 + transitions in Fe 56 and the 1.24 MeV γ-rays from 4 + → 2 + transitions in Fe 56 . Fast neutrons from a reactor were used to excite the target nuclei, and the relative yields of γ-rays were measured as a function of the angle between the incident neutrons and the outgoing γ-rays. In all cases good agreement is obtained between measured angular distributions and distributions calculated using a statistical model for the reactions.
Microstructural evolution of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

The tempering and subsequent annealing of modified 9Cr-lMo steel have been investigated to determine the influence of trace amounts of V and Nb on the sequence of precipitation processes and to identify the basis for the enhanced high-temperature strength compared to the standard 9Cr-lMo composition. Air cooling (normalizing) from 1045 °C results in the precipitation of fine (Fe, Cr)3C particles within the martensite laths. Additional carbide precipitation and changes in the dislocation structure occur during the tempering of martensite at 700 °C and 760 °C after normalizing. The precipitation of M23C6 carbides occurs preferentially at lath interfaces and dislocations. The formation of Cr2C was detected during the first hour of tempering over the range of 650 °C to 760 °C but was replaced by V4C3 within 1 hour at 760 °C. During prolonged annealing at 550 °C to 650 °C, following tempering, the lath morphology remains relatively stable; partitioning of the laths into subgrains and some carbide coarsening are evident after 400 hours of annealing at 650 °C, but the lath morphology persists. The enhanced martensite lath stability is attributed primarily to the V4C3 precipitates distributed along the lath interfaces and is suggested as the basis for the improved performance of the modified 9Cr-lMo alloy under elevated temperature tensile and creep conditions.
Error in interpretation of soviet capital retirement statistics

Abstract In a recent study of the Soviet economy, F. I. Kushnirsky significantly underestimates the service life of Soviet equipment in the 1980s. His estimate is not consistent with what is known about the notoriously aged and obsolete capital stock of the USSR during this period. This paper seeks to show where Kushnirsky's calculations go awry. It would seem highly desirable that the full magnitude of the problems confronting the economies of the countries which were formerly part of the USSR be appreciated in the West. Only then can effective assistance programs be devised.
The effect of nonreproductive groups on persistent sexually transmitted diseases

We describe several population models exposed to a mild life-long sexually transmitted disease, i.e. without significant increased mortality among infected individuals and providing no immunity/recovery. We then modify these models to include groups isolated from sexual contact and analyze their potential effect on the dynamics of the population. We are interested in how the isolated class may curb the growth of the infected group while keeping the healthy population at acceptable levels.
Focus of attention, self-esteem, and the attribution of causality

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate how actors' attributions of causality are affected by their expectancy about the outcome of an action and their observation of the actual outcome while in a state of high or low objective self-awareness. In the presence or absence of a camera, subjects delivered therapeutic instructions which were expected to have a positive or a negative effect and which resulted in a positive or a negative effect on a supposedly phobic patient. Principal findings were that (1) attributions to self were greater under high objective self-awareness for positive relative to negative outcomes, (2) attributions to the patient were relatively great under high objective self-awareness when a positive outcome was expected but a negative outcome actually occurred. The results are discussed in terms of the joint role of focus of attention and self-esteem processes in the attribution of causality and in terms of their relationship to Duval and Wicklund's (1973) “focus of attention” attributional analysis.
Fast temperature sensing using changes in extraordinary optical transmission through an array of subwavelength apertures

Abstract. A fast, sensitive temperature sensor using changes in ex-traordinary optical transmission EOT through an array of nanoholes ina metallic ﬁlm with a monochromatic collimated light source is analyzedand experimentally demonstrated. The device is composed of a dielec-tric material in contact with a metallic ﬁlm with an array of nanoholes, 25arrays per chip were treated as a single sensor , on a glass substrate.Although the present experiment used a volume of water in a test cell todemonstrate the phenomena, there are many conﬁgurations that imple-ment this technology in a variety of applications. The fast response of thedevice is expected because it measures the average temperature of athin layer of the dielectric material directly above the nanoholes,100 nm. The thermal response parameter of the nanohole array sens-ing region is 10 8 times smaller and orders of magnitude faster than thatof the reference thermistor. The increased speed and sensitivity of thenanohole array temperature sensor over the thermistor is observed inthe reported data. The conﬁguration of this temperature sensor was usedfor simplicity and to demonstrate that EOT effects can be used for tem-perature sensing.
Learning time with a mnemonic system

Subjects trained in the use of a commercial mnemonic technique (“hook” or “peg” system) and Ss trained by a traditional rote procedure were tested on the total time required to leant a list of 20 concrete nouns. Mnemonically trained Ss learned the list in significantly less time than did rote-control Ss. Results do not support the “total time” hypothesis.
Spin relaxation of 3 He to paramagnetic centers in surfaces at very low temperatures

The memory function formalism is used to derive a generalized golden rule expression for the spin--lattice relaxation rate 1/T/sub 1/ for /sup 3/He to paramagnetic centers embedded in or residing on surfaces in contact with the /sup 3/He. This expression is applied to several simple models of relaxation to paramagnetic spins which do not interact among themselves, both for /sup 3/He in the Fermi-liquid phase and for a solid surface layer of /sup 3/He on the substrate. The magnitude of 1/T/sub 1/ is calculated for each case as well as the temperature and magnetic field dependence. Finally, the relationship between the spin--lattice relaxation rate and the Kapitza conductance across surfaces via magnetic interactions is determined.
Role of ATM in Oxidative Stress-mediated c-Jun Phosphorylation in Response to Ionizing Radiation and CdCl2

Ionizing radiation-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun is impaired in cells derived from individuals with ataxia telangiectasia (AT), in which the ATM gene is mutated. We demonstrate here that ATM modulates c-Jun phosphorylation following exposure to ionizing radiation as well as treatment with CdCl(2), a potent pro-oxidant. Exposure of AT and control fibroblasts to CdCl(2) induced a biphasic increase in c-Jun phosphorylation on serine residues 63 and 73, with the extent of the second phase being markedly greater in AT cells than in control cells. Heme oxygenase-1, a marker of oxidative stress, was also significantly induced in AT fibroblasts. Expression of recombinant ATM in AT fibroblasts, however, reduced the extent of the effects of CdCl(2) on both c-Jun phosphorylation and heme oxygenase-1 induction. Our data suggest that ATM contributes to oxidative stress-mediated signaling that leads to c-Jun phosphorylation by acting as a sensor of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis.
Leishmania chagasi:A Gene Encoding a Protein Kinase with a Catalytic Domain Structurally Related to MAP Kinase☆

Abstract The gene for a serine/threonine protein kinase was isolated fromLeishmania chagasi.The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by thisLeishmaniaprotein kinase (LPK-1) gene possesses all of the 11 conserved subdomains found in most other serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domains. Sequence alignment with other known protein kinases demonstrates that the 42-kDa LPK-1 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family involved in the signal transduction pathways in yeast and mammalian cells. The single copy gene for LPK-1 specifies a 3.1-kb mRNA that is expressed in both logarithmic and stationary phase promastigotes with a twofold higher steady-state level in the infective stationary phase promastigotes.
Thermodynamics of plasticized triblock copolymers. Part II: Model verification by light transmittance and rheology†

An earlier paper proposed a theoretical model for the thermodynamics of microphase separation in a plasticized triblock copolymer. Data on laser light transmission through plasticized films and on dynamic viscosity: of these films are presented in support of model predictions. Two styrenebutadiene-styrene copolymers were tested: Kraton 1101 with block weights (12.5-75-12.5) × 103 and TR-41-1467 with weights (9.6-47.5-9.4) × 103 using the solvent dipentene (p-mentha 1, 8 diene), which is favorable for both blocks. The role of such solvents is to depress the temperature of microphase separation, Ts. Optical and rheological measurements of Ts agreed with each other arid, in most cases, with the theory; discrepancies with theory were noted only when Ts was less than Ts for polystyrene. These data along with electron microscopy also support the prediction that the favored morphology for these systems is a mixture of planar and inverted (middle-block) cylinders and spheres.
Re-imagining Olympus: Keats and the Mythology of the Individual Consciousness

By the time John Keats began to write his great mythological works, the use of the classical world in poetry had become somewhat scorned in English literary circles, after the allegorical excesses of the eighteenth century. In Keats’ imagination, however, the Greco-Roman pantheon served not as a source of aesthetic embellishment but as part of a new, organic mythology of his own creation. For Keats, the self-exploration of a personal consciousness most closely approximates divinity, and such divinity depends upon interaction with the immediate, earthly space surrounding an individual. In this essay I explore Keats’ use of myth to access this personal identity, which he does frequently through three poetic techniques. The first I call “mythological sense,” meaning the apprehension of mythological allusions acting as a sixth sense for the narrator as he perceives his surroundings. The second is the physical boundedness that constricts mythological poems. The third is his use of embodied figures, initially anonymous mythological forms which appear first as objects in the narrator’s sensual experience, their mythological identifications secondary and often revealed only after their physical significance has been explored.
Nitrogen requirement and its relation to dietary water and potassium content in the lizardSauromalus obesus

1. Nitrogen metabolism was measured in chuckwallas (Sauromalus obesus) fed synthetic diets constructed to simulate various field diets. Responses to different dietary K+ and water contents were investigated as well, because the production of K+-containing semisolid “urate” pellets by these lizards may involve physical or chemical interdependence of nitrogen, K+ and water excretion. 2. Minimum digestible nitrogen requirement was 175 mg N/(kg x day) or 109 mgN/(kg0.75 x day) for a diet containing normal levels of water and K+ (Fig. 1). 3. In response to a more succulent diet, as occurs in the field in early spring, chuckwallas stored nitrogen when nitrogen assimilation exceeded the minimum requirement. 4. When dietary K+ concentration was reduced, nitrogen excretion was lower, and conversely, elevated dietary K+ levels elicited increased nitrogen excretion rates (Fig. 2). 5. Molar ratios of precipitated (water insoluble) K+ to “urate” (estimated from total urine nitrogen) ranged from 0.01 for low K+ diets to 3.17 for the normal K+, low nitrogen diet (Fig. 3). 6. Chuckwallas may accumulate nitrogen in spring, when food plants contain much water and nitrogen. Later in the year, when field diets contain little water or nitrogen but high K+ concentrations, chuckwallas may use their stored nitrogen to offset increased excretory nitrogen losses.
Impaired scaling of long latency postural reflexes in patients with Parkinson's disease

Abstract Young normal subjects adapt the size of posturally stabilizing reflexes in the lower extremity to predictable and unpredictable perturbations through shifts in cognitive set. It is unknown whether limitations in this ability to shift cognitive set may contribute to impaired scaling of postural reflexes in patients with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we have addressed this issue in 12 posturally unstable Parkinson patients and 13 age- and sex-matched controls. Postural stability was disturbed by sudden toe-up rotations of a supporting platform upon which subjects were standing. Subjects' cognitive set was altered by varying the perturbation amplitude either predictably (serial 4° versus serial 10°) or unpredictably (random mixture of 4° and 10°). Posturally stabilizing long latency (LL) reflexes were recorded from the shortened tibialis anterior muscle of both legs. We found that Parkinson patients, unlike some control subjects, were unable to scale the size of their LL reflex in response to variations in perturbation amplitude during predictable conditions. In addition, we observed that Parkinson patients could not modify the amplitude of the LL reflex through alterations in cognitive set during random conditions. We conclude that Parkinson patients have a fundamental difficulty in modifying the size of posturally stabilizing LL reflexes, as reflected by both problems with amplitude scaling and difficulties with changes in cognitive set. It is possible that this inability to modify LL reflexes may be a factor contributing to postural instability in Parkinson's disease.
Leisure during Middle Adulthood

(1987). Leisure during Middle Adulthood. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 34-34.
Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders.

Background Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are common and impairing, which has led to an examination of risk factors for their development and maintenance. Historically, research has examined cognitive vulnerabilities to BSDs derived largely from the unipolar depression literature. Specifically, theorists propose that dysfunctional information processing guided by negative self-schemata may be a risk factor for depression. However, few studies have examined whether BSD individuals also show self-referent processing biases.
Crystallographic anisotropies in condensation: N2 on (110) W☆

Abstract Condensation and desorption kinetics and binding states of nitrogen on the (110) plane of W are studied by flash desorption mass spectrometry. It is found that ∼ 9 × 1013 molecules cm−2 of nitrogen are adsorbed in a single major atomic state with a desorption activation energy of 79 kcal mole−1. The sticking coefficient s in this state is observed to be very low, s0 = 0.005, and decrease rapidly with increasing coverage. It is found that s(θ) can be fit fairly well by an expression of the form s = s0(1 − θ)2, indicating that two vacant sites are required for condensation. It is suggested that this state, occupying one-eighth of the geometric sites on the (110) plane, is actually associated with perfect sites on this plane and that the properties observed are due to the multiple bonding capabilities of the nitrogen atom.
Family structure, family attributes, and delinquency in a sample of low-income, minority males and females.

A popular thesis in criminology links “broken homes” to juvenile delinquency. This thesis has been invoked to explain higher rates of delinquency among youth from low-income, minority families than among youth from mainstream backgrounds. The study reported here employs data collected at two points in time to assess the thesis that family structure is significantly associated with self-reported delinquency within a sample of black males and females from low-income families. The relationships between an array of family variables, including family structure, and each of four types of self-reported delinquency are examined in analysis conducted separately for males and females. Findings indicate that few family factors are significant for delinquency and family structure is of minimal importance for the types of delinquency examined. The results differ for males and females. These findings raise serious questions about the cogency of the broken-home thesis of delinquency to explain delinquency among nonmainstream groups in our society.
Molecular cloning, expression and mutagenesis of an anti-insulin single chain Fv (scFv)

The immunoglobulin variable region genes of a murine anti-insulin IgG-producing hybridoma were rescued and cloned into a bacterial expression vector. The variable regions of the gamma heavy chain and the kappa light chain were expressed independently and together as a single chain antibody (scFv). The variable heavy chain alone demonstrated the ability to bind to insulin. The kappa light chain did not show any binding activity towards insulin. The scFv was constructed by PCR assembly using a (Gly4Ser)3 linker between the carboxyl end of the variable heavy chain and the amino terminus of the kappa light chain. The scFv bound insulin at an IC50 of 3.5 × 10−8 M whereas the parent antibody bound insulin at 1.0 × 10−8 M. Mutagenesis of the variable heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDR) indicated that CDR1 and CDR3 were important for binding to insulin. Position 99 in CDR3 of the heavy chain was found to be a critical position for the ability of the scFv to bind to insulin.
Kinetics, Selectivity, and Deactivation in the Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde on Anatase Titanium Dioxide

Metal oxide catalysts are active for aldol condensation reactions of aldehydes and ketones but typically exhibit rapid deactivation. In this study, aldol condensation with dehydration of acetaldehyde to produce crotonaldehyde was catalyzed by oxidized TiO2 anatase. Particular emphasis was placed on determination of product selectivities and reaction kinetics as a function of both conversion and the extent of catalyst deactivation. Condensation of acetaldehyde is rapid and selective on anatase TiO2, with turnover frequencies exceeding 0.03 s−1 and crotonaldehyde selectivities approaching 100%. The main side reactions generating volatile products are: (a) hydrogenation of the reactant and product aldehydes, (b) a secondary cross-esterification between crotonaldehyde and acetaldehyde to form ethyl crotonate, and (c) secondary condensations involving crotonaldehyde. Catalyst deactivation was observed to affect both the rate of reaction and the product selectivities, particularly at low values of time-on-strea...
Global spiral patterns in galaxies: complexity and simplicity.

: A coherent exposition of the density wave theory of galactic spirals is presented in a recent monograph [3]. It is centered on the working hypothesis of quasi-stationary spiral structure, a possibility first proposed by Bertil Lindblad [23]. This hypothesis has since been found to be widely applicable in a number of physical contexts, including the explanation of the Hubble classification system and other tegorical classes. Direct empirical support of this hypothesis has been provided especially by the regularity of the infrared images frequently observed in a number of galaxies (e.g., NGC 309), and by the observed amplitude modulation along the spiral arms (e.g., M51, M81, and NGC 1300). The present paper is a brief review of this theory with further clarification of the fundamentals and of certain specific issues raised in the literature. On the theoretical side, the likelihood for the validity of this hypothesis has been supported by modal studies. Emphasis is placed on the widely observed coexistence of a single regular structure in the Pop II objects and the more complex irregular structures in the Pop I objects, a contrast first discovered by Zwicky many years ago in the main disk of M51. It is pointed out that, in both barred and nonbarred spirals, this basic phenomenon may be understood by noting the fact that the microscale of the collisionless system of Pop II stars-i.e., the diameter of the epicycle-is typically on the same order of magnitude as the observed spacing between the spiral arms. The spiral pattern is thus a very compact structure which is unlikely to respond readily to internal and external disturbances of moderate magnitudes. This apparent robustness in structure is suggested by its observed regularity despite the impact from the coexisting Pop I objects with their strong irregular turbulent motions. This physical picture supports Oort's conjecture [28] of a limited role for tidal interaction in most of the spiral structure of galaxies. It also enables us to place in proper perspective a controversy between two schools of thought, with different emphasis placed on intrinsic mechanisms and on tidal interaction. It is primarily a matter of applicability, or frequency of occurrence of the different scenarios proposed. There is, as yet, little observational evidence presented in the literature that would support the need of an interpretation of the global spiral structure in the galactic disk in terms of a fast evolving structure recently generated from a featureless initial state through tidal interaction. Dynamically, the likelihood for realizing such a scenario is also estimated to be quite low [3, p. 130]. The above discussions are placed in the context of a general point of view much advocated in current scientific literature; namely, the need to analyze alternative mathematical models for diverse physical contexts in the study of “complex” systems and to judge separately the merits of each model on the basis of its empirical confirmation in an appropriate physical context.
Metastatic Peptostreptococcus Intermedius Endophthalmitis After a Dental Procedure

A 46-year-old man developed symptoms of a chronic progressive uveitis in his right eye approximately one week after a dental procedure. The patient's intraocular inflammation was not diminished by massive treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy or intravenously administered adrenocorticotropic hormone. The inflammatory process progressed to an overt endophthalmitis during a period of three weeks and the eye eventually required evisceration. A pure culture of Peptostreptococcus intermedius was isolated from the eye. The most likely source of this organism was hematologic transport following a dental procedure.
The role of pause in discourse and its place in linguistics: Some evidence from Eastern Bantu

Abstract Relatively few studies of breaks in the flow of speech assume a role in linguistic structure for pause. Using evidence from pause placement in several Eastern Bantu languages, including Kikuyu (from which all examples cited in the paper are drawn), it is possible to show that pause is not random, nor physiologically conditioned, nor explicable in terms of planning speech-bursts to come. There is a consistent contrast of three lengths of pause, with a ratio 1:2:3 or 1:2:4. The shortest pauses occur, apparently optionally, at word, phrase, or clause boundaries. The two longer categories, however, correlate with linguistic boundaries at the discourse level. The pattern of three pause levels is found in all the Eastern Bantu languages so far investigated, as a feature of narrative. If cases of hesitation are carefully distinguished from significant pause, it can be shown that the same pause hierarchy is part of normal conversation, at least for Kikuyu and other Dhaagiew languages. It is concluded that pause should indeed be seen as a linguistic category, though other languages have yet to be investigated, the possibility remains that pause is universal and automatic, rather than language-specific and linguistically significant. However, the fact that Kikuyu and Cinyanja differ, even though minimally, with ratios of 1:2:3 and 1:2:4, respectively, encourages acceptance of the pause as a valid linguistic unit.
Theory of inductively detuned traveling wave structures

Abstract As high power rf extraction cavities, traveling wave structures (TWS) have demonstrated significant advantages due to their inherent low field gradients. For applications involving long, multi-cavity devices such as a relativistic klystrons two-beam accelerator (RK-TBA), the extraction cavities must be inductively detuned to maintain longitudinal beam stability. In this paper, the theory of inductively detuned traveling wave cavities is developed within the framework of a coupled-cavity circuit description of TWS. We determine the output cell parameters (eigenfrequency ω0 and quality factor Q) required for proper matching to avoid unwanted reflections. We then derive the power balance equation which quantifies the generation and the transmission of electromagnetic energy in each cell of the TWS. An analytic formula for predicting the power output from a TWS is obtained. Finally, using the analytic results derived we check the applicability of the computer code RKS for inductively detuned TWSs.
Paradox in psychotherapy: a cybernetic perspective.

Abstract Recent uses of the term “paradox” in the field of psychotherapy have distracted attention from the concept's broader implications. All therapy can be seen as paradoxical because of the recursive nature of self-evaluation. Using agoraphobic problems as illustrative, and starting from the notion that the core issue for the agoraphobic is a demand for absolute control of his environment, we argue that therapy requires the bonding of two observers—the therapist and the “client-as-observer”. Negotiations issuing from this bond are crucial to outcome, even when behavioral techniques, often considered to have automatic effects, are used. Behavior therapy, like all other psychotherapy, is not simply action—it is action contextualized by a specific, negotiated social contract.
Pressure Induced Crossover and Mechanism for the Ferroelectric-to-Relaxor (Glass-Like) Transition in Compositionally-Disordered Soft Mode Systems

Results on a variety of compositionally-disordered ABO 3 perovskites have revealed a pressure-induced crossover from a normal ferroelectric to a relaxor state and the continuous evolution of the dynamics of the relaxation process making the relaxor state the ground state at high pressure. This crossover is a general feature of soft mode ferroelectrics with random site dipolar impurities, or polar nanodomains, and results from a large decrease with pressure in the correlation length among polar nanodomains--a unique property of soft mode, or highly polarizable, ferroelectrics. The physical mechanism for the crossover and some relevant theoretical models are discussed. An analogy between increasing pressure and increasing chemical substitution at 1 bar for inducing the crossover is pointed out, but it is the pressure results that reveal the essential physics.