cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies in man of the cardiovascular effects of reflex vagal stimulation produced by carotid sinus pressure. II. Rates of impulse formation of two cardiac pacemakers in each of three individuals.

In each of three individuals, carotid sinus pressure produced a shift of the control of the heart beat from the dominant pacemaker to an ectopic, slower or faster, site of impulse formation. In each instance, it was possible to measure the fundamental rates of the two practically simultaneous pacemakers over fairly wide ranges of variation in rate. A direct, linear relationship was found to exist.
Polarization lifetime near an intrinsic depolarizing resonance

We have measured the time dependence of the polarization of a stored proton beam near an intrinsic depolarizing resonance. The distance to the resonance was varied by changing the vertical tune of the storage ring. The measurements are consistent with exponential decay and with a simple model for the change of the lifetime as the resonance is approached. It was originally expected that the presence of an internal target stimulates depolarization; however, we found no evidence for such an effect.
Studying anomalous diffusion in a liquid crystal/ polymer system using fast FTIR imaging

The diffusion of liquid crystal 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) into a poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) matrix has been studied using fast FTIR imaging. The concentration profiles were obtained as a function of time at several temperatures above and below the nematic to isotropic transition temperature (TNI) of 5CB and the Tg of PBMA. The time-dependent progression of the diffusion front position, when fitted to a power law model, exhibited exponential values between 0.40 and 0.52. This, along with the observed progression of a sharp 5CB-diffusion front into the PBMA matrix, indicates the presence of an anomalous diffusion process. It was shown that fast FTIR was able to correctly identify the diffusion process as anomalous, whereas a simple mass uptake analysis would have led to the conclusion that the process proceeded according to Fick's second law. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2261–2268, 1999
Relation of particle-size spectrum and food abundance to particle selectivity in the mud snail Hydrobia totteni (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae)

We studied the relationship between particle-size selectivity and variable particle-size distribution in the American mud snail Hydrobia totteni Morrison (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) collected in the summer of 1979 and 1982, from saltmarsh mudflats at Flax Pond, Old Field, New York, USA. Using individual size fractions of native sediment, snails fed fastest on intermediate-sized particles (41 to 63 μm); this pattern was related to diatom abundance, which was similarly greatest on the intermediate particle-size classes. These results conform to another study, which found a quite different relationship between feeding rate and particle size, but a similarly strong correlation between particle size and diatom abundance. Snails were fed a range of particle-size distributions of glass beads. As median particle size increased, preference shifted towards smaller particles. This shift cannot be explained by feeding rates determined from individual particle-size classes. The most reasonable alternative model is a shift towards feeding on fine particles that occur among the coarser particles that are not ingested. Our data suggest that diatom growth on certain particle sizes is as important to particle selectivity as the particle sizes themselves. Particle size preference cannot be extrapolated from studies of feeding rates on individual size classes since selectivity is qualitatively different in mixtures of various size classes.
Elemental Diet-Induced Immune Suppression Is Caused by Both Bacterial and Dietary Factors:

Because it is unclear whether elemental diet-induced immune suppression is an indirect effect caused by the translocating bacteria or is directly caused by the elemental diet, we tested whether prevention of diet-induced bacterial translocation or disruption of the gut microflora ecology would prevent diet-induced impaired lymphocyte function in a rat elemental diet model. Prevention of diet-induced bacterial translocation was accomplished by the addition of cellulose fiber or oral antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) to the elemental diet feeding regimen. Control groups consisted of rat food-fed and elemental diet-fed (4.25% amino acids; 28% glucose) rats. Immune function was quantitated by measuring the mitogen-induced blastogenic response of peripheral blood or splenic mononuclear cells to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. Bacterial translocation from the gut to the mesenteric lymph node and cecal bacterial population levels were measured in all groups. Although the incidence of elemental diet-induced bacterial translocation was reduced from 100% to 25% (p < .01) by the addition of dietary fiber, fiber did not prevent diet-induced impaired lymphocyte function. Because fiber supplementation of the elemental diet did not completely prevent diet-induced intestinal bacterial overgrowth or bacterial translocation, the experiment was repeated in antibiotic-decontaminated rats. Antibiotic decontamination completely prevented diet-induced intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation. Although antibiotic decontamination reduced the magnitude of lymphocyte mitogen suppression (p < .05), it was not fully effective in reversing the diet-induced lymphocyte suppression. These results indicate that elemental diet-induced lymphocyte blastogenic suppression is related to both bacterial and dietary factors.
Commercial Quality Influence on Perceptions of Television News

The impact of high and low-quality commercials on perception of local television newscasts was examined to determine if contrast effects research or affective priming would provide a better explanation of the commercial/newscast interaction. This study showed the strongest support for contrast effects among males and affective priming among females. Men's and women's perceptions were affected differently by ad quality and ad presence on several measures. Results also suggested an interaction between news quality and the presence of commercials within newscasts in producing an emotional response. In addition, when commercials were present within the news program, participants were able to recall fewer of the news stories.
Investigation of Regenerative Combustion Using a Heavy Fuel Oil

A heavy-fuel-oil-e red regenerative burner has been under development. The objectives, at an early stage of the project, wereto evaluate theNO x emission leveland theperformanceoftheheatregeneratorand to solveproblems such as plugging of heat regeneration media, coking of atomizers, and e ame stability at cold startup. Utilization of a honeycomb-type ceramic regenerator resulted in high air-side temperature efe ciency, averaging 92%, and high preheated-air temperature, above 1000 ± C at a furnace temperature of 1200 ± C. Staging-fuel technology adopting two secondary fuel atomizers angled 30 deg with the aire ow and an internal e ue gas recirculation induced by the preheated-air jet helped to reduce NO x emission from 429 ppm without staging-fuel to 153 ppm using 100% staging-fuel, that is, a 64% reduction, at a furnace temperature above 1200 ± C.
Making Infrastructure Competitive in an Urban World

The infrastructure of the future provides the opportunity for new innovations to meet the constantly changing and diversified needs of cities. Some of the relatively more recent needs are using renewable resources, protecting infrastructure and its users against natural hazards, reducing environmental threats including global warming, enhancing safety and security, and providing an overall high-performing service for infrastructure users. Given that resources to support these additional financial needs and services are limited, this article will examine ways in which cities can address the demands of these new emerging areas synergistically as well as through more traditional investments. In particular, traditional investment areas for upgrading urban infrastructure to meet “state-of-good-repair” benchmarks are presented for energy, transportation, and water as a foundation for conceptualizing how these new demands might alter, yet dovetail with, traditional investment.
Remote sensing of the solar site of interchange reconnection associated with the May 1997 magnetic cloud

[1] The direction of suprathermal electron flux on open magnetic field lines in the 15 May 1997 magnetic cloud is used to predict the solar location of the interchange reconnection that released one end of what presumably were doubly connected field lines in the coronal mass ejection (CME) of origin on 12 May. A search for an X-ray signature of the interchange reconnection in the predicted location reveals a long-lasting arched structure stretching from high above the CME site to the northern polar coronal hole. At the edge of the coronal hole, coincident with the X-ray feature, are previously reported extreme ultraviolet brightenings (“crinkles”). The observations are consistent with a CME flux rope forming in a near-quadrupolar configuration while overhead open field lines reconnect with the rising, closed, rope fields to open one leg of the rope loop. The pattern is similar to the breakout model except there are no closed overhead field lines through which the rising flux rope must break out. The near-quadrupolar source appears to be responsible for the mismatch between the polarity of the flux rope observed at 1 AU and the sector in which it was embedded. Spacecraft interception of the leg rather than the apex of the flux rope loop may be responsible for the mismatch between the low inclination of the cloud axis and the high inclination predicted from the preexisting filament and magnetic configuration at the source.
Studies on the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response in a reversed passive Arthus reaction in guinea‐pig skin: contribution of neutrophils and endogenous mediators

1. Mediators of inflammation can increase vascular permeability in at least two different ways: by acting directly on endothelial cells or, indirectly, through an incompletely understood mechanism, dependent on circulating neutrophils. Neutrophil-dependent oedema formation has been described in the skin of rabbits, rats, hamsters, mice and man. In contrast, we presented evidence in a previous study that local oedema formation induced by i.d. injection of chemoattractants in guinea-pig skin was neutrophil-independent. In the present study, we sought evidence of neutrophil-dependent oedema formation in immune-complex-mediated vasculitis, the reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction, in guinea-pig skin. We also investigated whether haemorrhage in the RPA reaction was neutrophil-dependent (as it is in other species) and the role of endogenous mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins, nitric oxide, histamine, PAF and leukotrienes) in contributing to the local inflammatory response. 2. In the RPA reaction, most oedema formation occurred over the first 60 min whereas 111In-neutrophil accumulation was still increasing from 60 to 240 min. The different kinetics of these two events suggested that they may be dissociated. 3. Oedema formation was partially inhibited by a long-acting PAF antagonist (UK-74,505) and an H1 histamine receptor antagonist (mepyramine) but not by a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (ZM 230487). A nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) suppressed oedema formation by 68% whereas a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor suppressed oedema by 27%. 4. 111In-neutrophil accumulation in the RPA reaction was partially suppressed by UK-74,505. In contrast, ZM 230487 was without effect at doses which abrogated arachidonic acid-induced 111In-neutrophil accumulation. 5. The anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody, (mAb) 6.5E F(ab')2, effectively inhibited 111In-neutrophil accumulation induced by PAF, zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) and in the RPA reaction. However, oedema formation measured in the same sites was not altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Crack-Tip Shielding in Metal-Matrix Composites: Modelling Of Crack Bridging by Uncracked Ligaments

As part of an investigation into the micro-mechanisms of crack-tip shielding associated with the growth of fatigue cracks in metal-matrix composites, simple models are developed for the role of crack bridging in high-strength aluminum alloys reinforced with SiC particulate (AI/SiCp). Based on experimental observations of crack growth, crack-tip shielding and crack-path morphology in these alloys, the bridges are found to be associated with uncracked ligaments in the wake of the crack tip, and are modelled in terms of approaches based on a critical crack-opening displacement or critical tensile strain in the ligament.
Enforcing spatio-temporal access control in mobile applications

Mobile application technology is quickly evolving and being progressively utilized in the commercial and public sectors. Such applications make use of spatio-temporal information to provide better services and functionalities. Authorization to such services often depends on the credentials of the user and also on the location and time. Although researchers have proposed spatio-temporal access control models for such applications, not much has been done with respect to enforcement of spatio-temporal access control. Towards this end, we provide a practical framework that allows one to enforce spatio-temporal policies in mobile applications. Our policy enforcement mechanism illustrates the practical viability of spatio-temporal authorization models and discusses potential challenges with possible solutions. Specifically, we propose an architecture for enforcing spatio-temporal access control and demonstrate its feasibility by developing a prototype. We also provide a number of protocols for granting and revoking access and formally analyze these protocols using the Alloy constraint solver to provide assurance that our proposed approach is indeed secure.
The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies

Abstract Identifying what the poor have, rather than what they do not have, focuses on their assets. This paper contributes to the extensive vulnerability/assets literature, by categorizing the assets of the urban poor in terms of an “asset vulnerability framework.” These include both tangible assets, such as labor and human capital, less familiar productive assets, such as housing, as well as intangible assets, such as household relations and social capital. Results from a recent urban study show that the poor are managers of complex asset portfolios, and illustrate how asset management affects household poverty and vulnerability. Translated into operational practice this framework facilitates interventions promoting opportunities, as well as removing obstacles, to ensure the urban poor use their assets productively.
Coverage Error of Three Conceptually Different Shade Guide Systems to Vital Unrestored Dentition

Statement of problem It remains unclear which shade guide system is most representative of the shades found in the human dentition. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the coverage errors (CEs) of 3 different shades in a selected population. Material and methods The coverage errors of the following shade guide systems were evaluated to determine which shade guide system is most effective in producing the best visual shade match: (1) Vita Lumin, (2) Chromascop, (3) Vitapan 3D Master, and (4) a combination of the 3 shade guide systems. The spectral reflectance values of the central one ninth (1-mm diameter) of each shade tab (without a backing) were measured with a spectroradiometer and an external light source at wavelengths from 380 nm to 780 nm at 2-nm intervals. All spectral reflectance measurements were made using 0-degree observer and 45-degree illumination and then converted to CIE values. The color values of 359 anterior teeth were measured with the same protocol. The CEs for each of the 359 anterior teeth for each shade guide system, and with all 3 shade guide systems, were determined and averaged. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to evaluate the mean minimum CEs within-subject (shade guide system) and between-subject (age) difference as well as the interaction between these variables (α=.05). Then, a post hoc multiple comparison was performed using the Tukey-Kramer test. Results A significant difference ( P P =.384). An interaction was found between shade guide systems and age ( P Conclusions The Vitapan 3D Master shade guide system resulted in the lowest coverage errors compared to the Vita Lumin or Chromascop shade guide systems. Coverage errors for the Vitapan 3D Master shade guide system did not differ significantly from the coverage errors when all 3 shade guide systems were combined. (J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:175-185)
On the relationship between the stress intensity factors and the far field of SH-waves diffracted on interface cracks

By using the Wiener–Hopf method, we solve the problem of diffraction of plane SH-waves on semiinfinite interface cracks and deduce the relationships between the radiation field in fixed directions and the stress intensity factors. The dependence of the stress intensity factors on the field of displacements scattered in the plane perpendicular to the crack tip is analyzed. It is shown that the ratio of the stress intensity factors can be represented via the ratio of the scattered far fields measured for various angles and frequencies of sounding.
Cell-mediated immune response to syngeneic UV induced tumors: I. The presence of tumor associated macrophages and their possible role in the in Vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes

Abstract A primary in vitro sensitization system employing a chromium release assay was utilized to investigate reactivity of murine spleen cells toward syngeneic ultraviolet (uv) light induced fibrosarcomas. These tumors are immunologically rejected in vivo when implanted into normal syngeneic mice but grow progressivly when implanted into syngeneic mice that had previously been irradiated with subcarcinogenic levels of uv light. Following appropriate sensitization, spleen cells from both normal and uv irradiated mice are capable of developing cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro against the uv induced tumors. It was subsequently discovered that in situ uv induced tumors all contained macrophages of host origin that became demonstrable only after enzymatic dissociation of the tumor tissue. These macrophages were immunologically active in vitro as their presence in the stimulator cell population was necessary to achieve an optimum anti-tumor cytotoxic response following in vitro sensitization. Anti-tumor reactivity generated by mixing spleen cells and tumor cells in the absence of tumor derived macrophages could be greatly enhanced by the addition of normal syngeneic peritoneal macrophages. When in vitro anti-tumor reactivity of spleen cells from normal and uv treated mice was compared under these conditions we again found no significant difference in the magnitude of the responses. In addition, the cytotoxic cells generated in response to uv induced tumors appeared to be highly cross reactive with respect to their killing potential. Cross reactive killing was observed between all uv induced tumors tested as well as with a syngeneic benz[a]pyrene (BP) induced fibrosarcoma. No cytotoxicity was observed against normal syngeneic PEC's even through these cells were shown to be susceptible to lysis by anti-H-2 k effector cells. It was concluded that: (a) A significant number of host-derived macrophages are present in uv tumor tissue. (b) These macrophages are important for the in vitro generation of tumor specific cytotoxicity. (c) Spleen cells from uv treated mice are capable of recognizing and responding against uv tumor associated antigens in vitro . Cytotoxic effector cells generated in response to uv induced tumors appear to have specificity for tumor associated antigens (TAA) present on all uv tumors tested as well as a syngeneic BP induced tumor. The relationship between in vivo and in vitro reactivity against uv tumors is discussed.
Emergence of cognitive deficits after mild traumatic brain injury due to hyperthermia

Mild elevations in core temperature can occur in individuals involved in strenuous activities that are risky for potentially sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion. Recently, we have discovered that mild elevations in brain temperature can significantly aggravate the histopathological consequences of mTBI. However, whether this exacerbation of brain pathology translates into behavioral deficits is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the behavioral consequences of elevating brain temperature to mildly hyperthermic levels prior to mTBI. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats underwent mild fluid-percussion brain injury or sham surgery while normothermic (37 °C) or hyperthermic (39 °C) and were allowed to recover for 7 days. Animals were then assessed for cognition using the water maze and cue and contextual fear conditioning. We found that mTBI alone at normothermia had no effect on long-term cognitive measures whereas mTBI animals that were hyperthermic for 15 min prior to and for 4 h after brain injury were significantly impaired on long-term retention for both the water maze and fear conditioning. In contrast, hyperthermic mTBI animals cooled within 15 min to normothermia demonstrated no significant long-term cognitive deficits. Mild TBI irrespective of temperature manipulations resulted in significant short-term working memory deficits. Cortical atrophy and contusions were detected in all mTBI treatment groups and contusion volume was significantly less in hyperthermic mTBI animals that were cooled as compared to hyperthermic mTBI animals that remained hyperthermic. These results indicate that brain temperature is an important variable for mTBI outcome and that mildly elevated temperatures at the time of injury result in persistent cognitive deficits. Importantly, cooling to normothermia after mTBI prevents the development of long-term cognitive deficits caused by hyperthermia. Reducing temperature to normothermic levels soon after mTBI represents a rational approach to potentially mitigate the long-term consequences of mTBI.
The Origin and Early Development of Monopolistic Competition Theory

I. Introduction, 515. — II. Early origins in railway rate theory: oligopoly, 517. — III. Process, structure and logic, 520. — IV. "Competing monopolists" and the literature of business, 524. — V. The attack on Marshall, 532; oligopoly, 533, increasing returns, 534, the representative firm and dynamic problems, 538. — VI. Marshall on monopolistic competition, 540.
Lactate-supported synaptic function in the rat hippocampal slice preparation

The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that cerebral energy metabolism can be fueled by lactate. As a sole energy substrate, lactate supported normal synaptic function in rat hippocampal slices for hours without any sign of deterioration. Slices that were synaptically silent as a result of glucose depletion could be reactivated with lactate to show normal synaptic function. When slices were exposed to the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetic acid, lactate-supported synaptic function was unaffected, whereas that supported by glucose was completely abolished. This indicated that lactate was metabolized directly via pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thus, under conditions that lead to lactate accumulation (cerebral ischemia) this "end product" may be a useful alternative as a substrate for energy metabolism.
The intestinal absorption of cholesterol, its esters and some related sterols and analogues in the roach, Eurycotis floridana

Abstract 1. 1. Absorption of cholesterol from the intestinal tract of the roach, E. floridana, has been shown to occur predominantly in the crop but probably also in the gastric caeca. 2. 2. The amount absorbed is approximately proportional to the amount of cholesterol ingested over the range 0.05–500 μg. 3. 3. The role of esterification in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol has been studied, but remains incompletely defined. However, several lines of evidence suggest that esterification is not an obligatory event, though it may facilitate absorption at low dietary concentrations. 4. 4. Evidence is presented for the absorption of intact aliphatic cholesteryl esters from the gut. 5. 5. Cholestanol, cholesteryl methyl ether and cholesteryl chloride are absorbed about as efficiently as cholesterol. Δ 7 - Cholestenol is absorbed more efficiently, but β-sitosterol, Δ 4 - cholestenol and epicholestanol are absorbed less efficiently than cholesterol. 6. 6. These findings are compared with those from similar studies in vertebrates.
Strong electronic coupling in two-dimensional assemblies of colloidal PbSe quantum dots

Thin films of colloidal PbSe quantum dots can exhibit very high carrier mobilities when the surface ligands are removed or replaced by small molecules, such as hydrazine. Charge transport in such films is governed by the electronic exchange coupling energy (β) between quantum dots. Here we show that two-dimensional quantum dot arrays assembled on a surface provide a powerful system for studying this electronic coupling. We combine optical spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy to examine the chemical, structural, and electronic changes that occur when a submonolayer of PbSe QDs is exposed to hydrazine. We find that this treatment leads to strong and tunable electronic coupling, with the β value as large as 13 meV, which is 1 order of magnitude greater than that previously achieved in 3D QD solids with the same chemical treatment. We attribute this much enhanced electronic coupling to reduced geometric frustration in 2D films. The strongly coupled quantum dot assemblies serve as both charge and energy s...
Electrical Intracranial Stimulation as a Primary Reinforcer for Cats

Cats were trained to press a bar to receive electrical stimulation in the region of the medial forebrain bundle. The training was achieved without the employment of prior training to any conventional reinforcer but required a very large number of stimulations before the cats began to show positive reinforcement from the stimulations. It appears that the cats' response to intracranial stimulation underwent a transition from negative to positive with continued experience.
Neurohypophysial peptides in a bird without salt-glands

The neurohypophysial peptides in birds are arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT). As in mammals, AVT and MT are widely distributed in the central nervous system in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) and are found in high concentration in several peripheral tissues. AVT has oxytocic as well as antidiuretic actions in the fowl and is selectively released during oviposition or hypertonic saline infusion. The function of MT is not known. The relative potencies of AVT and MT in causing contraction of uterine muscle and displacing labeled vasopressin from myometrial binding sites are similar. AVT receptor density also is highest at oviposition, when uterine muscle is most sensitive to AVT. Peptides similar to AVT and MT are found in high amounts in the adenohypophysis, proventriculus, adrenal glands, and ovary (theca and granulosa). When based on protein content the concentrations of AVT in the granulosa and theca are about 20 times higher than MT. The levels of both peptides in the granulosa are about 10-fold higher than in the theca. AVT and MT levels in the granulosa vary in a different manner in relation to the oviposition cycle. In-vitro studies on dispersed granulosa cells suggest that prostaglandins may influence the synthesis and/or release of the peptides. Current information suggests that the central and peripheral distribution and functions of neurohypophysial peptides in chickens are similar to their mammalian counterparts. Use of this animal would provide a convenient and economic model for examining the synthesis and functions of these neuropeptides.
Radio Sources and the Milky Way at 440 MC

The brighter radio sources and two regions of the Milky Way were surveyed at 440 mc with equipment mounted in the Naval Research Laboratory's 50-foot radio telescope. An attempt was made to keep the technique in this survey as similar as possible to that used at higher frequencies. Flux values are given for nine discrete sources and contour maps are presented for the section of the galactic plane near and north of the galactic center and for the area near the strong radio source, Cygnus A. The results obtained for five of the discrete sources and for two lines across the Milky Way are compared with the results of other observers at other frequencies, in an attempt to study the radio frequency spectra of astronomical objects.
Coexistence curve of 2,6-lutidine + water, near its lower critical point

Measurements of the refractive index of both phases of the mixture 2,6-lutidina + water, near the lower critical point, are reported. For T-Tc < 0.5 K, a simple power law, Δn = (0.0471±0.001)(T-Tc)(0.338±0.003), describes the data. For 0.5 K <T-Tc < 15 K, a decorated lattice model better describes the data.
A technique using 99mTc-mebrofenin SPECT for radiotherapy treatment planning for liver cancers or metastases.

Radiotherapy or stereotactic body radiosurgery (SBRT) requires a sufficient functional liver volume to tolerate the treatment. The current study extended the work of de Graaf et al. (2010) [3] on the use of 99mTc-mebrofenin imaging for presurgery planning to radiotherapy planning for liver cancer or metastases. Patient was immobilized and imaged in an identical position on a single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT-CT) system and a radiotherapy simulation CT system. 99mTc-mebrofenin SPECT was registered to the planning CT through image registration of noncontrast CT from SPECT-CT system to the radiotherapy planning CT. The voxels with higher uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin were transferred to the planning CT as an avoidance structure in optimizing a 2-arc RapidArc plan for SBRT delivery. Excellent dose coverage to the target and sparing of the healthy remnant liver volume was achieved. This report illustrated a procedure for the use of 99mTc-mebrofenin SPECT for optimizing radiotherapy for liver cancers and metastases.
Observed and GCM simulated decadal variability of monsoon rainfall in east China

Variability and associated mechanisms of summer rainfall over east China are identified and described using both observations and a general circulation model (GCM) simulation. The observations include two data sets: the 90-station, 1470–1988 annual drought/flood index and the 60-station, 1889–1988 monthly mean precipitation measurements. The GCM data set is a 100-year equilibrium simulation of the present climate. Spectra of the drought/flood index indicate decadal cycles which decrease from north (≈47 y) to south (≈21 y). Correlation coefficients show decadal variability in the relationship between index values along the Yangtse River valley and those over northeast and southeast China. Analysis of the measured data confirms this result; for example, the correlation was small during 1889–1918, but significantly negative during 1930–1959. When compared with precipitation measurements, the GCM better simulates monthly means and variances along the Yangtse River valley. Three distinct 30-year periods of interannual variability in summer rainfall are found over this area. During each period, rainfall is negatively correlated with spring surface temperature over a remote region and is identified with variations in a specific component of the east Asian monsoon circulation: (1) when Eurasian temperatures decrease, the thermal contrast across the Mei-Yu front increases and frontal rainfall intensities; (2) lower temperatures over the Sea of Japan/northwest Pacific Ocean are identified with enhanced easterly flow, moisture transport and rainfall; (3) when tropical east Pacific Ocean temperatures decrease, rainfall associated with the low latitude monsoon trough increases. Given that the GCM generates decadal changes in the relationship between the physical mechanisms, the east Asian monsoon and planetary general circulations and east China rainfall, future studies should focus on the predictability of these changes with the use of improved and much longer GCM simulations.
The polarization model for hydration/double layer interactions: the role of the electrolyte ions.

Abstract The interactions between hydrophilic surfaces in water cannot be always explained on the basis of the traditional Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, and an additional repulsion, the “hydration force” is required to accommodate the experimental data. While this force is in general associated with the organization of water in the vicinity of the surface, different models for the hydration were typically required to explain different experiments. In this article, it is shown that the polarization-model for the double layer/hydration proposed by the authors can explain both (i) the repulsion between neutral lipid bilayers, with a short decay length (∼2 A), which is almost independent of the electrolyte concentration, and, at the same time, (ii) the repulsion between weakly charged mica surfaces, with a longer decay length (∼10 A), exhibiting not only a dependence on the ionic strength, but also strong ion-specific effects. The model, which was previously employed to explain the restabilization of protein-covered latex particles at high ionic strengths and the existence of a long-range repulsion between the apoferritin molecules at moderate ionic strengths, is extended to account for the additional interactions between ions and surfaces, not included in the mean field electrical potential. The effect of the disorder in the water structure on the dipole correlation length is examined and the conditions under which the results of the polarization model are qualitatively similar to those obtained by the traditional theory via parameter fitting are emphasized. However, there are conditions under which the polarization model predicts results that cannot be recovered by the traditional theory via parameter fitting.
Immunizations in adult immunocompromised patients: which to use and which to avoid.

UNLABELLED Immunization is important to protect immunocompromised patients from preventable infectious disease but is often underused. Although live vaccines are contraindicated for most immunocompromised patients, many killed or component vaccines are safe and recommended. Vaccines may sometimes induce suboptimal immunogenicity, but even partial protection may benefit severely ill patients. KEY POINTS Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza are strongly recommended for most immunosuppressed patients. When possible, immunization series should be completed before procedures that require or induce immunosuppression, such as organ transplantation or chemotherapy. If this is not possible, the patient may mount only a partial immune response, but even this partial response can be beneficial. Patients who undergo allogeneic bone marrow' transplantation lose preexisting immunities against a variety of diseases and should be revaccinated. In many situations, family members should be vaccinated to protect the patient. However, oral live polio vaccine should be avoided because it may carry the risk of infecting the patient.
Vascular biology. Targeted delivery of nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide is a biological signalling gas that has been assumed to reach its protein targets by simple random diffusion. The discovery of molecular mechanisms for precise nitric oxide delivery challenges that assumption.
A new eruptive cycle at Mount St. Helens

What triggered the recent and ongoing eruption of Mount St. Helens? Is it new magma or just leftovers from the 1980s? How long will the eruption continue? Will the magma composition change, and will it become more explosive? The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) hosted a three-day workshop at which 25 petrologists addressed these fundamental questions. The workshop began with a review of monitoring data by CVO staff and was followed by presentations and discussions of new petrologic data.
Shallow Water Flows in Channels

We consider the shallow water equations for flows through channels with arbitrary cross section. The system forms a hyperbolic set of balance laws. Exact steady-state solutions are available and are controlled by the relation between the bottom topography and the channel geometry. We use a Roe-type upwind scheme for the system. Considerations of conservation, near steady-state accuracy, velocity regularization and positivity near dry states are discussed. Numerical solutions are presented illustrating the merits of the scheme for a variety of flows and demonstrating the effect of the interplay between the topography and the geometry on the solution.
One-year postcollaborative depression care trial outcomes among predominantly Hispanic diabetes safety net patients ☆,☆☆,★

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine sustained effectiveness in reducing depression symptoms and improving depression care 1 year following intervention completion. Method Of 387 low-income, predominantly Hispanic diabetes patients with major depression symptoms randomized to 12-month socioculturally adapted collaborative care (psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, telephone symptom monitoring/relapse prevention) or enhanced usual care, 264 patients completed 2-year follow-up. Depression symptoms (Symptom Checklist-20 [SCL-20], Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), treatment receipt, diabetes symptoms and quality of life were assessed 24 months postenrollment using intent-to-treat analyses. Results At 24 months, more intervention patients received ongoing antidepressant treatment (38% vs. 25%, χ 2 =5.11, df =1, P =.02); sustained depression symptom improvement [SCL-20 P =.03), SCL-20 score (adjusted mean difference −0.22, P =.001) and PHQ-9 ≥50% reduction (adjusted odds ratio=1.87, 95% confidence interval=1.05–3.32, P =.03)]. Over 2 years, improved effects were found in significant study group by time interaction for Short Form-12 mental health, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) functional impairment, diabetes symptoms, anxiety and socioeconomic stressors ( P =.02 for SDS; P Conclusions Socioculturally tailored collaborative care that included maintenance antidepressant medication, ongoing symptom monitoring and behavioral activation relapse prevention was associated with depression improvement over 24 months for predominantly Hispanic patients in primary safety net care.
Autophagosome Formation and Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy

Abstract Autophagy (macroautophagy), or the degradation of large numbers of cytoplasmic components, is induced by extracellular and intracellular signals, including oxidative stress, ceramide, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This dynamic process involves membrane formation and fusion, including autophagosome formation, autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and the degradation of intra-autophagosomal contents by lysosomal hydrolases. Autophagy is associated with tumorigenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiomyopathy, Crohn's disease, fatty liver, type II diabetes, defense against intracellular pathogens, antigen presentation, and longevity. Among the proteins and multimolecular complexes that contribute to autophagosome formation are the PI(3)-binding proteins, the PI3-phosphatases, the Rab proteins, the Atg1/ULK1 protein-kinase complex, the Atg9•Atg2-Atg18 complex, the Vps34-Atg6/beclin1 class III PI3-kinase complex, and the Atg12 and Atg8/LC3 conjugation systems. Two ubiquitin-like modifications, the Atg12...
Outcome of Respiratory Failure in Hematologic Malignancy

We reviewed records of patients with hematologic malignancy requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) from 1976 to 1985 (excluding postoperative MV
An oxidation domain in the BlmIII non-ribosomal peptide synthetase probably catalyzing thiazole formation in the biosynthesis of the anti-tumor drug bleomycin in Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003

We have previously proposed that the BlmIV and BlmIII non-ribosomal peptide synthetases are involved in the formation of the bithiazole moiety of the anti-tumor drug bleomycin in Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003. We report here the identification and characterization of an oxidation domain in BlmIII. The oxidation domain shows local homology to a family of oxidoreductases and is present in all thiazole-forming non-ribosomal peptide synthetase modules known to date. Both the blmIII-Ox domain and blmIII gene were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting BlmIII-Ox and BlmIII proteins were purified to homogeneity. The oxidation domain contains one molar equivalent of non-covalently bound FMN as a prosthetic group. These results provide experimental evidence for an oxidation domain within non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, suggesting that BlmIII-Ox probably catalyzes the thiazoline to thiazole oxidation in bleomycin biosynthesis.
Demonstrating Experimenter “Ineptitude” as a Means of Teaching Internal and External Validity:

Internal and external validity are key concepts in understanding the scientific method and fostering critical thinking. This article describes a class demonstration of a “botched” experiment to teach validity to undergraduates. Psychology students (N = 75) completed assessments at the beginning of the semester, prior to and immediately following the demonstration, and on an examination. Results indicated that students significantly increased quiz scores across 3 assessment points, scored higher on experimental validity questions on an exam, and increased use of critical thinking skills in a novel application. The demonstration engaged students during class and increased comprehension on the topic of experimental validity.
Wild Patience and Bad Fit: Assessing the Impact of Affirmative Action on Women in School Administration

Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-227 (1994). (Title IX-Educational Research and Improvement, 20 U.S.C. 6001) Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-62 (1993). Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-287 (1994). (20 U.S.C. 6301; reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; contains equity provision in the General Education Provision Act, ?427) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972-Prohibition of Sex Discrimination, Pub. L. No. 92-318, 86 Stat. 373 (1972). (20 U.S.C. 1681-87; 34 C.F.R., Part 106; 30955 Fed. Reg. (1980))
Noradrenergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex: A dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase immunohistochemical study

Norepinephrine has been implicated in the regulation of a number of cortical functions, yet relatively little is known about the anatomical organization of noradrenergic axons in the expanded and highly differentiated prefrontal cortex of primates. In this study, the distribution of fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, was characterized immunohistochemically in the prefrontal cortical regions of Old World cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and New World squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). In both species, differences in the density of DBH-labeled fibers were detected both across and within many prefrontal cytoarchitectonic regions. In cynomolgus monkeys, area 8B had the greatest density of DBH-immunoreactive fibers; within this region, the medial surface had a greater density of labeled processes than the dorsal surface. Areas 9 and 24 also had a high density of DBH-labeled fibers, areas 11, 12, 13 and 25 were of intermediate density, and portions of areas 10 and 46 had the lowest density of immunoreactive fibers. Regional differences in the density of DBH-immunoreactive fibers were also present in squirrel monkey prefrontal cortex. Despite the regional variations in the density of DBH-immunoreactive fibers, the laminar distribution of these fibers was very similar across cytoarchitectonic areas of cynomolgus prefrontal cortex. Layer I contained a low density of labeled fibers which were primarily tangential in orientation. The predominantly radially oriented fibers in layers II-IV were slightly higher in density. The density of both radially and tangentially oriented immunoreactive fibers increased substantially in layer V. Fiber density decreased in layer VI; a band of tangentially oriented fibers was present in the deep portion of this layer. With a few exceptions, the laminar distribution of DBH-immunoreactive fibers in the prefrontal regions of squirrel monkey cortex was similar to that of cynomolgus monkey. Since other data suggest that anti-DBH selectively labels noradrenergic axons in monkey neocortex, the distinctive innervation patterns exhibited by DBH-immunoreactive fibers reveal the regions and layers that may be the principal sites of action of norepinephrine in exerting its effects on prefrontal cortical function.
Point-like interactions in string theory induced by 2D topological gravity

Abstract We consider a string theory of two types of strings with geometric interaction. We show that the theory contains strings with constant Dirichlet boundary condition and those strings are glued together by 2D topological gravity with macroscopic boundaries. A light-cone string field theory is given and the theory has interactions to all orders.
Some specific areas of conflicts observed during pregnancy: a comparative study of married and unmarried pregnant women.

Two very different groups of women were seen in psychiatric interviews during pregnancy. Both groups consisted mainly of primigravidas, one group composed of graduate student wives, the other group of illegitimately pregnant girls residing in an institution. Some of the major conscious conflicts and fantasies of both groups are presented and contrasted and then related to salient features in the individual's current and recent life situations.
Make Your Own Working Models of Heart Valves

Heart valves play a vital role in efficient circulation of the blood, and the details of their physical structure are related crucially to their function. However, it can be challenging for the learner to make the mental connection between anatomical structures of valves and the changing pressure gradients that the valves experience and come to an understanding of valve function. Making your own simple, inexpensive working models allows your students to visualize valve action quickly and easily, and to predict effects on function if valve structure were altered. A link to a video showing use and construction of the working valve models is given.
Tax Avoidance How Income Tax Rates Affect the Labor Migration Decisions of NBA Free Agents

By using a data set of professional basketball players' free agent contracts from the National Basketball Association (NBA) between the 2001-2002 and 2007-2008 seasons, which has rich data on worke...
Centralized Collective Bargaining and the Problem of ‘Compliance’: Lessons from the Italian Experience:

According to the neo-corporatist approach to the “problem of compliance,” worker control over union policy is incompatible with centralized wage regulation, because only associations in which national leaders are insulated from their members are capable of delivering rank-and-file acceptance of wage moderation. This analysis of centralized collective bargaining agreements in Italy in the 1980s and 1990s provides a critical re-examination of the traditional neo-corporatist approach. The author, drawing on archival research and interviews, argues that centralization can be entirely compatible with decision-making procedures in which rank-and-file workers have ultimate decision-making power. In fact, the Italian labor movement's adoption of more “democratic” decision-making procedures, he claims, was instrumental in generating and sustaining centralized collective bargaining arrangements in Italy in the early 1990s.