cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an effective landscape monitoring and management program on and around Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Traditional methods of monitoring changes in land use and land cover using remotely sensed imagery are combined with investigations into the societal issues and political pressures present on and around Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania in an effort to identify both the patterns and extent of land use and land cover change as well as the social reasons driving those changes. This multi-year project hopes to develop a truly sustainable monitoring and management plan for this critical environment which allows the native populations to maintain much of their traditional homelands and practices by integrating the human dimension of environmental change.
Comparisons between PnET-Day and eddy covariance based gross ecosystem production in two Northern Wisconsin forests

Abstract The PnET-Day model was independently parameterized to compare with estimated eddy covariance gross ecosystem production (GEP; gC m −2 day −1 ) in a mature mixed hardwood and a mature red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) forest in Northern Wisconsin during the growing season of 2002 and 2003. The mature hardwood forest was dominated by Populus tremuloides , Populus grandidentata , Betula papyrifera , Quercus rubra , Acer rubrum , and Acer saccharum . We evaluated the model's capability to predict the seasonal and interannual dynamics of GEP and explored the sources of discrepancy between PnET-Day and eddy covariance GEP estimates. GEP was directly estimated from the two eddy-flux towers, one for each forest type, during 2002 and 2003. PnET-Day growing season GEP for the mature hardwood forest was 12% higher in 2002 and 12% lower in 2003 than eddy covariance GEP estimates, while the modeled growing season GEP of the mature red pine forest was overestimated by 43 and 32% compared to eddy covariance GEP in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The disagreement between the two methods was attributed to year-to-year variability in foliage biomass and foliar nitrogen (N) in the mature hardwood forest and to high foliage biomass and specific leaf weight in the mature red pine forest (>50% larger than red pine in Harvard Forest where the model was developed and validated). The difference between PnET-Day and eddy covariance GEP estimates was greatest in May in the hardwood forest, primarily due to the discrepancy between the true and parameterized foliage onset day. Our results suggest that improved prediction of foliage onset is necessary to improve PnET-Day estimation of GEP in a hardwood forest.
Real-time tight coordination of mobile manipulators in unknown dynamic environments

This paper considers the problem of planning closed-chain motion for a pair of mobile manipulators to transport a common payload in a dynamically unknown environment (i.e., an environment with moving obstacles of unknown motion). We present a novel algorithm to plan the actions of the two robots in the team, one leader and one helper, in real-time to accomplish the task while avoiding other obstacles in the unknown dynamic environment. Our algorithm does not assign fixed roles to the two team members, but rather it dynamically decides who should lead based on circumstances to optimize the team's performance. The planner is readily extensible to handle a team of more than two robots in tight collaboration. The approach is implemented and tested in simulated task environments, which demonstrate the planning algorithm's effectiveness and efficiency.
Interoperable strategies in automated trust negotiation

Automated trust negotiation is an approach to establishing trust between strangers through the exchange of digital credentials and the use of access control policies that specify what combinations of credentials a stranger must disclose in order to gain access to each local service or credential. We introduce the concept of a trust negotiation protocol, which defines the ordering of messages and the type of information messages will contain. To carry out trust negotiation, a party pairs its negotiation protocol with a trust negotiation strategy that controls the exact content of the messages, i.e., which credentials to disclose, when to disclose them, and when to terminate a negotiation. There are a huge number of possible strategies for negotiating trust, each with different properties with respect to speed of negotiations and caution in giving out credentials and policies. In the autonomous world of the Internet, entities will want the freedom to choose negotiation strategies that meet their own goals, which means that two strangers who negotiate trust will often not use the same strategy. To date, only a tiny fraction of the space of possible negotiation strategies has been explored, and no two of the strategies proposed so far will interoperate. In this paper, we define a large set of strategies called the disclosure tree strategy (DTS) family. Then we prove that if two parties each choose strategies from the DTS family, then they will be able to negotiate trust as well as if they were both using the same strategy. Further, they can change strategies at any point during negotiation. We also show that the DTS family is closed, i.e., any strategy that can interoperate with every strategy in the DTS family must also be a member of the DTS family. We also give examples of practical strategies that belong to the DTS family and fit within the TrustBuilder architecture and protocol for trust negotiation.
Pathogenesis of Human Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Infection in Hamster Tracheal Organ Culture

Hamster tracheal organ culture was employed as a model for the study of the pathogenesis of human parainfluenza type 3 virus infection. It clearly supported replication of the virus over a 2-week period of time. Infected tracheal explants were examined with light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. They exhibited specific cytopathologic alterations including nuclear swelling and chromatin margination, multinucleated syncytia and binucleated epithelial cells, and fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Focal destruction and denudation of the respiratory epithelium occurred in later stages of infection. Virus was detected in close association with cilia and was observed budding off the unit membrane of epithelial cells.
Electrically Elicited Neurosecretory and Electrical Responses of the Isolated Crab Sinus Gland in Normal and Reduced Calcium Salines

SUMMARY The sinus gland (a neurohaemal organ) and its nerve have been isolated from the eyestalk of the crabs Cardisoma carnifex and Portunus sanguinolentus for studies correlating electrical responses recorded extra-cellularly from the sinus gland with hormone release. The appearance of erythrophore concentrating hormone (ECH) in the perfusate was followed by bioassay on leg segments of Ocypode pallidula. Electrical stimulation of the sinus gland nerve (175 pulses in trains of 5 at 5/s, every 10 s) results in significant amounts of hormone appearing in the perfusate, provided that a propagated compound action potential is recorded from the sinus gland. Release is normally below assayable levels in equivalent unstimulated control periods. A single preparation will release in excess of the equivalent of 20 pg of synthetic ECH in response to the standard routine of 175 stimuli. Many such secretory responses can be obtained over periods extending to as long as 30 h. Addition of tetrodotoxin (3 x io~ 7 M) rapidly abolishes propagated electrical responses and secretion; the effects are reversible. Perfusion with saline having 30% (7-5 mM) of normal (25 mMJ calcium reduces hormone release to about 10%, while the electrical response is often augmented. In 10% normal calcium, release is further decreased, and in 1 % is indistinguishable from unstimulated release; electrical responses are reduced. Reduced calcium salines also induce spontaneous unit potentials, which persist in 30% calcium saline but subside after 10 min or longer exposure to salines of lower calcium concentration. All the effects of reduced calcium salines are reversible. Inhibition of secretion without reduction of electrical responses in 30% calcium saline provides evidence for a direct role of calcium in excitationsecretion coupling. In salines that are more calcium deficient, failure of terminal electrical responses may also contribute to reduction of secretion. In the crab sinus gland, as in other neurosecretory systems, propagation of action potentials to the terminals causes hormone release for which the presence of external calcium is essential.
Bridging Structural Holes Scholarly Collaboration in Online Social Networks

In this paper we evaluate the interplay between scholarly social networks and academic output. To this end, we tested the hypotheses that the activity of users on academic social networks is associated with academic output. The quantitative data used for this study was collected from the publicly-accessible scholarly social network HASTAC and complemented with a qualitative survey collected from 123 students and recent alumni of the HASTAC Scholars Program. Our results partially support the hypothesis that activity in scholarly networks is associated with academic output, and show that Scholars who both collaborated online and published their academic work together bridge structural holes in the network. Finally, we discuss the generalizability of our findings and argue that online activity and academic output are both likely driven by networked Scholars devoted to academic research.
Glossy15, an APETALA2-like gene from maize that regulates leaf epidermal cell identity

Vegetative development in many plants progresses through distinct juvenile and adult phases. In maize, the transition from juvenile to adult shoot development affects a variety of leaf epidermal cell traits. These include epicuticular waxes, leaf hairs, and cell wall characteristics. Previous genetic and phenotypic analyses have shown that the maize Glossy15 (G115) gene is required for the expression of juvenile epidermal traits after leaf 2. We report here the molecular cloning of the G115 gene using a defective Suppressor-Mutator (dSpm} element insertion as a transposon-tag. Consistent with the g115 mutant phenotype, the pattern of G115 mRNA expression was correlated with a juvenile leaf epidermal cell identity and was regulated by upstream factors such as Corngrassl. The GI15 gene encodes a putative transcription factor with significant sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis regulatory genes APETALA2 and AINTEGUMENTA, which act primarily to regulate floral organ identity and ovule development. This finding expands the known functions of APETALA2-related genes to include the control of both vegetative and reproductive lateral organ identity and provides molecular support for the hypothesis that leaves and floral organs are related structures derived from a common growth plan.
Effects of Lowhead Dams on Riffle-Dwelling Fishes and Macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern River

Abstract Many studies have assessed the effects of large dams on fishes and macroinvertebrates, but few have examined the effects of lowhead dams. We sampled fishes, macroinvertebrates, habitat, and physicochemistry monthly from November 2000 to October 2001 at eight gravel bar sites centered around two lowhead dams on the Neosho River, Kansas. Sites included a reference site and a treatment site both upstream and downstream from each dam. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that habitat, but not physicochemistry, varied immediately upstream and downstream from the dams, with resultant effects on macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages. Compared with reference sites, upstream treatment sites were deeper and had lower velocities and downstream treatment sites were shallower and had higher velocities; both upstream and downstream treatment sites had greater substrate compaction than reference sites. Macroinvertebrate richness did not differ among site types, but abundance was lowest at downstream tre...
Deformation forms the course of literary history

The Russian Formalists and Czech Structuralists argued that foregrounding devices such as deformation and deautomatization are central to literature. They saw that such devices build a pressure for novelty into literature. Literature must change constantly because readers gradually become used to and bored with initially novel and interesting deformations. Formalist and Structuralist theorists saw that literature should change but could not explain the direction in which it would change. They hypothesized that the direction of change is determined by extra-literary sociocultural forces. I argue that this hypothesis may be wrong. If we examine the way in which people think of novel word combinations in the first place, we can formulate a theory that explains the direction of literary change. Production of novelty often involves movement away from ordinary waking consciousness toward an altered state of consciousness. Within the confines of a given style, to produce something even more novel, poets must reg...
Regulation of cytoplasmic calcium levels by two nitric oxide receptors.

We examined the effects of dissolved nitric oxide (NO) gas on cytoplasmic calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in C6 glioma cells under anoxic conditions. The maximum elevation (27 ± 3 nM) of [Ca2+]i was reach...
Supercurrents in the A1 phase of3He

We discuss how Fermi liquid interactions renormalize the supercurrents that flow in the A1 phase of superfluid3He. An interesting point which emerges from the calculation is that the unpaired spin population does not participate in superflow, despite superficial appearances to the contrary. We consider both the usual version of Fermi liquid theory and a generalized version appropriate in high magnetic fields.
Investigating the usability of e-textbooks using the technique for human error assessment

Many schools and universities are starting to offer e-textbooks as an alternative to traditional paper textbooks; however, limited research has been done in this area to examine their usability. This study aimed to investigate the usability of eight e-textbook reading applications on a tablet computer using the Technique for Human Error Assessment (THEA). The tasks investigated are typical of those used by college students when reading a textbook (bookmarking, searching for a word, making a note, and locating a note). Recommendations for improvement of the user experience of e-textbook applications are discussed along with tips for usability practitioners for applying THEA.
Elixir: conference tutorial

Elixir is an exciting new programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine. Erlang, for all it merits, is "different" and many students find it hard to begin learning it let alone achieving proficiency. Elixir has many of the strengths of Erlang - it is functional, concurrent, fault tolerant, has pattern matching, encourages recursion and higher order functions -- but has a somewhat Rubyish feel and is easier and more fun to work with than Erlang. There are a number of good Erlang books [2,3,4]. So far there is only one text [1] on Elixir.
Trends in ectopic pregnancy mortality in the United States: 1980-2007.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate trends in ectopic pregnancy mortality and examine characteristics of recently hospitalized women who died as a result of ectopic pregnancy in the United States.METHODS:We used 1980–2007 national birth and death certificate data to calculate ectopic pregnancy mortality ratios (d
Inhibitory effect of thiamine on vasoconstrictor action of nicotine tested in the Laewen-Trendelenburg preparation.

Summary1. Thiamine, in very small concentrations (1:10000), inhibits the vasoconstrictor action of nicotine in the frog vessels. 2. The inhibiting action of thiamine is linked with the thiazole moiety of the molecule, the pyrimidine group being ineffective. 3. Thiouracil, nicotinamide, paraaminobenzoic acid do not inhibit the action of nicotine; sulfathiazole has an inhibiting effect only in a relatively high concentration (4:1000). 4. The site of action of thiamine seems to be at the myoneural junction in the striated muscles and at the post-ganglionic nerve endings or in the muscle elements of the vessel walls in the smooth muscles.
Surgery in the Aged

Age alone is no longer a contraindication to surgery. Proper preoperative treatment and use of adjuvant therapy reduce the operative risk in the aged.Elderly patients do not tolerate postoperative complications well; thus, early recognition and treatment of complications are essential.Subradical operations or simple palliative procedures for cancer are often best in this age group. Multiple-stage procedures should be considered in conditions requiring extensive surgery.Emergency surgery is far more dangerous than elective surgery in the aged; therefore, early elective surgical treatment of conditions likely to cause surgical emergencies is advised.
Identification of differentially expressed genes regulated by Interleukin-1beta in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells using oligonucleotide microarray

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 4685 Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine involved in lung inflammation. We have shown that IL-1beta induced mucus hypersecretion in cultured normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells. Recently, it also has been demonstrated that IL-1beta was involved in tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis. To determine the genes or pathways regulated by IL-1beta, we performed oligonucleotide microarray analysis using total RNA isolated from NHTBE cells after treatment with IL-1beta (2.5 ng/ml) for 8 hr. Microarray analysis using Affymetrix Genechip, U133A, revealed that 52 genes were upregulated and 2 genes were down regulated by more than three folds (lower bound of 90% confidence interval) in IL-1beta treated cells compared to the untreated cells. The substantially upregulated genes include chemokines, such as C-C-motif ligand 20 (CCL20), C-X-C-motif ligand (CXCL) 2, CXCL3, CXCL5, and CXCL6. Cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase 12 were also significantly upregulated by IL-1beta. These genes were known to be involved in inflammation and metastasis. Besides, anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL2A1, TNF5, and NF-kappaB were found upregulated. Our results indicated that the effects of IL-1beta on inflammation and metastasis might be mediated mainly through upregulation of these chemokines and inhibit apoptosis in NHTBE cells via upregulation of BCL2A1, TNF5, and NF-kappaB. This work was supported in part by NIEHS and Eli Lilly Company.
Analysis of food safety risk monitoring in Mentougou District of Beijing in 2011

Objective To understand the food infection situation caused by foodborne pathogens in Mentougou District,and identify the potentially contaminated food,in order to provide scientific basis for control of foodborne diseases.Methods In accordance with the requirements of Beijing manual for monitoring foodborne pathogens in 2011,a total of 8 categories 130 samples were randomly selected for foodborne pathogens monitoring.Results Among 130 samples,5 strains of foodborne pathogens were detected,the total detection rate was 3.85%,among which the detection rate of Listeria Monocytogenes was the highest of 3.64%,followed by Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria with 0.91% detection rate.Among 8 categories of food,the contamination rate was 50.00% in Chinese salad and 14.29% in loose-packed cooked meat.Conclusion Food in Mentougou District has been contaminated by foodborne pathogens to different degrees,of which Chinese salad and loose-packed cooked meat are the main contaminated food,which indicate that monitoring and management of restaurant self-made food should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases.
Becoming a real doctor: my transition from fellowship to faculty.

Sometimes people write to make a point or tell a story. Other times, they write to work through personal problems, exploring ideas and reflecting on experiences to find understanding. This narrative is one of those explorations. Although I had completed my forensic psychiatry fellowship and was on
Application of Immobilized Carboxypeptidase Y for Deblocking in Peptide Synthesis

CPY is a metal-free carboxypeptidase from yeast with broad specificity (1). In addition to exopeptidase activity at acid pH, the enzyme is an effective esterase at alkaline pH (1) N -α-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester is hydrolyzed faster by CPY than by chymotrypsin. Using immobilized CPY (I-CPY) N-blocked L-amino acid or peptide ethyl esters can be deblocked at the C-terminus without any side reactions as shown in Table 1. Further, as indicated by the results in Table 1, a D-amino acid at the C-terminus prevents ester hydrolysis by I-CPY. This assures optical purity of the final product. Side reactions, deamination of Asn or Gin containing peptides and side chain deprotection of Asp and Glu containing peptides, often encountered by base catalzyed hydrolysis are avoided by using I-CPY for deblocking (2). A racemic mixture of Z-Phe-D, L-Ala-OEt is well resolved and selective removal of α-methyl group from α, β-dimethyl aspartate is readily accomplished with the use of I-CPY.
Hitler versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic

Hitler versus Hindenburg provides the first in-depth study of the titanic struggle between the two most dominant figures on the German Right in the last year before the establishment of the Third Reich. Although Hindenburg was reelected as Reich president by a comfortable margin, his authority was severely weakened by the fact that the vast majority of those who had supported his candidacy seven years earlier had switched their support to Hitler in 1932. What the two candidates shared in common, however, was that they both relied upon charisma to legitimate their claim to the leadership of the German nation. The increasing reliance upon charisma in the 1932 presidential elections greatly accelerated the delegitimation of the Weimar Republic and set the stage for Hitler's appointment as chancellor nine months later.
Positive Spikes with Neuronal Migration Disorders

Five of fifteen children with histologically proven neuronal migration disorders (NMD) and refractory localization-related epilepsy had surface positive spikes or sharp waves or both on scalp EEG performed preoperatively in a study at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Dual-linear polarization phased array antenna cross-polarization suppression using a novel image configuration

A novel planar array antenna configuration for cross-polarization suppression is presented. Array configuration has a significant effect on the total array cross-polarization ratio, which is studied here. A simple dual-linear probe-fed stacked microstrip antenna is designed and used to implement this new planar array antenna configuration. Simulation results show that the cross-polarization ratio level is significantly improved at broadside and off-broadside steering angles.
Immortalization of primary microglia: a new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system

The major reservoirs for HIV in the CNS are in the microglia, perivascular macrophages, and to a lesser extent, astrocytes. To study the molecular events controlling HIV expression in the microglia, we developed a reliable and robust method to immortalize microglial cells from primary glia from fresh CNS tissues and commercially available frozen glial cells. Primary human cells, including cells obtained from adult brain tissue, were transformed with lentiviral vectors expressing SV40 T antigen or a combination of SVR40 T antigen and hTERT. The immortalized cells have microglia-like morphology and express key microglial surface markers including CD11b, TGFβR, and P2RY12. Importantly, these cells were confirmed to be of human origin by sequencing. The RNA expression profiles identified by RNA-seq are also characteristic of microglial cells. Furthermore, the cells demonstrate the expected migratory and phagocytic activity, and the capacity to mount an inflammatory response characteristic of primary microglia. The immortalization method has also been successfully applied to a wide range of microglia from other species (macaque, rat, and mouse). To investigate different aspects of HIV molecular regulation in CNS, the cells have been superinfected with HIV reporter viruses and latently infected clones have been selected that reactive HIV in response to inflammatory signals. The cell lines we have developed and rigorously characterized will provide an invaluable resource for the study of HIV infection in microglial cells as well as studies of microglial cell function.
Bringing the Dynamic Microbiome to Life with Animations

Our bodies and natural environment contain complex microbial communities, colloquially termed microbiomes. We previously created a web-based application, EMPeror, for visualizing ordinations derived from comparisons of these microbiome communities. We have now improved EMPeror to create interactive animations that connect successive samples to highlight patterns over time.
Balancing Multiple Goals: Analyzing Votes on Free Trade Agreements in the U.S. House of Representatives

Despite increasing polarization in the House of Representatives, preferential trade agreements (PTAs) often pass not only with, but often because of, support from both parties. What explains these ...
Giant cell tumor of the pancreas arising in the ovarian-like stroma of a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.

We describe a malignant mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with ovarian-like stroma within which an osteoclast-like giant cell rich tumor arose. This rare tumor had a unique immunohistochemical profile with the giant cells staining for vimentin, leukocyte common antigen, and the monocyte/macrophage marker CD68, whereas the mucinous epithelium stained for epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin. The immunohistochemical findings are consistent with two lines of differentiation, one epithelial and the other suggesting mesenchymal differentiation of the giant cell tumor with an immunophenotype similar to giant cell tumor of bone. The coexistence of these two rare tumors suggests that they are histogenetically related. The finding of a giant cell tumor arising in the ovarian stroma indicates that the stroma of mucinous tumors is not always an innocuous component of the tumor.
Preliminary updated results of a phase I/II trial using trimodality therapy in patients with post-prostatectomy high-risk pathologic (p) T2-3N0M0 prostate cancer.

e16084 Background: We present the updated preliminary results of an on-going phase I / II trial with the purpose of determining the safety, feasibility and efficacy of post-prostatectomy 3-D confor...
Novel role of immature myeloid cells in formation of new lymphatic vessels associated with inflammation and tumors

Inflammation triggers an immune cell-driven program committed to restoring homeostasis to injured tissue. Central to this process is vasculature restoration, which includes both blood and lymphatic networks. Generation of new vessels or remodeling of existing vessels are also important steps in metastasis-the major cause of death for cancer patients. Although roles of the lymphatic system in regulation of inflammation and cancer metastasis are firmly established, the mechanisms underlying the formation of new lymphatic vessels remain a subject of debate. Until recently, generation of new lymphatics in adults was thought to occur exclusively through sprouting of existing vessels without help from recruited progenitors. However, emerging findings from clinical and experimental studies show that lymphoendothelial progenitors, particularly those derived from immature myeloid cells, play an important role in this process. This review summarizes current evidence for the existence and significant roles of myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECPs) in generation of new lymphatics. We describe specific markers of M-LECPs and discuss their biologic behavior in culture and in vivo, as well as currently known molecular mechanisms of myeloid-lymphatic transition (MLT). We also discuss the implications of M-LECPs for promoting adaptive immunity, as well as cancer metastasis. We conclude that improved mechanistic understanding of M-LECP differentiation and its role in adult lymphangiogenesis may lead to new therapeutic approaches for correcting lymphatic insufficiency or excessive formation of lymphatic vessels in human disorders.
A general higher-order one-dimensional model for large deformation analysis of solid bodies

Abstract In the present study, a general higher-order one-dimensional model for large deformation analysis of 3-D solids is developed. The displacement vector of the cross-section or slices of a 3-D body are approximated in the reference frame using general basis functions in polar coordinates. Using the principle of virtual displacements, we obtain the governing equations of motion for large deformation. Further, we develop weak-form finite element model of the theory. The finite element model is used to obtain solutions for cylindrical shells under internal pressure and pinching point forces. The solution obtained for the cylindrical shell under internal pressure from this one-dimensional analysis have been compared with the solutions obtained with the 7-parameter shell theory of Reddy and his colleagues. The results are found to be in good agreement although a one-dimensional model is used.
Analysis of a Functional Dimer Model of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase.

Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1 complex) serves as an important electron junction in many respiratory systems. It funnels electrons coming from NADH and ubiquinol to cytochrome c, but it is also capable of producing significant amounts of the free radical superoxide. In situ and in other experimental systems, the enzyme exists as a dimer. But until recently, it was believed to operate as a functional monomer. Here we show that a functional dimer model is capable of explaining both kinetic and superoxide production rate data. The model consists of six electronic states characterized by the number of electrons deposited on the complex. It is fully reversible and strictly adheres to the thermodynamics governing the reactions. A total of nine independent data sets were used to parameterize the model. To explain the data with a consistent set of parameters, it was necessary to incorporate intramonomer Coulombic effects between hemes bL and bH and intermonomer Coulombic effects between bL hemes. The fitted repulsion energies fall within the theoretical range of electrostatic calculations. In addition, model analysis demonstrates that the Q pool is mostly oxidized under normal physiological operation but can switch to a more reduced state when reverse electron transport conditions are in place.
Association between parent attitudes and receipt of human papillomavirus vaccine in adolescents

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage rates remain low. This is believed to reflect parental hesitancy, but few studies have examined how changes in parents’ attitudes impact HPV vaccine uptake. This study examined the association between changes in parents’ vaccine attitudes and HPV vaccine receipt in their adolescent children. A baseline and 1-year follow-up survey of HPV vaccine attitudes was administered to parents of 11–17 year olds who had not completed the HPV vaccine series. Changes in attitudinal scores (barriers, harms, ineffectiveness, and uncertainties) from the Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale were assessed. Two outcomes were measured (in parents’ adolescent children) over an 18-month period and analyzed using multivariable regression; receipt of next scheduled HPV vaccine dose and 3-dose series completion. There were 221 parents who completed the baseline survey (11% response rate) and 164 with available follow-up data; 60% of their adolescent children received a next HPV vaccine dose and 38% completed the vaccine series at follow-up. Decrease in parents’ uncertainties was a significant predictor of vaccine receipt, with each 1-point reduction in uncertainties score associated with 4.9 higher odds of receipt of the next vaccine dose. Higher baseline harms score was the only significant predictor of lower series completion. Reductions in parents’ uncertainties appeared to result in greater likelihood of their children receiving the HPV vaccine. Only baseline concerns about vaccine harms were associated with lower series completion rate. Education for parents should emphasize the HPV vaccine’s safety profile.
Heroin Use and Drug Injection among Youth Also Misusing Prescription Drugs.

OBJECTIVES We identified the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug use and its relationship to heroin and injection drug use in 4 nationally representative samples of adolescents. METHODS We used the most recent data (2009-2015) from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (Ntotal= 61,132). Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals for prescription drug misuse, heroin use, and injection drug use were calculated across time points, sex, and race/ethnicity subgroups. Using odds ratios, we determined the likelihood of youth reporting nonmedical prescription drug use also reporting heroin and drug injection. RESULTS In 2015, one in 6 adolescents reported recent prescription drug misuse. High rates of nonmedical prescription drug use persisted or increased among Hispanic boys, black boys, and "other" youth, while declining among white youth. Youth who used prescription drugs nonmedically at least once were 17.5 times more likely to have used heroin (CI: 13.7, 22.4) and 14.6 times more likely to have injected drugs (CI: 11.2, 19.2) in their lifetime. CONCLUSIONS Public health programming focused on reducing prescription drug misuse also may reduce youth engagement in heroin and/or injection drug use. Preventive efforts to support communities of color in reducing rates of prescription drug misuse are crucial.
Playing the poor in the US.

Writing about the state of health care in the US these days is like standing on a dismasted ship in the middle of a hurricane. No one knows where this all is going. Those who saw hopeful signs of a country on the verge of agreeing that universal coverage should be a bedrock principle on which to recraft and remodel the clinical and educational health systems have seen that movement undermined at a federal level. Those who saw socialist conspiracies on every page of the Affordable Care Act (ACA, Obamacare) railed against government health care but lost ‘bigly’ in the Congress. Now they have infiltrated the federal government with managers whose sole goal is to kill the ACA by a thousand cuts. To keep going, those of us educating future family doctors to practise in underserved communities often engage in magical thinking and pray for pixie dust. As always, those in communities with the fewest resources, who have just recently begun to believe that health care would be there when they needed it, stand to lose the most. Beginning with Nixon and expanded dramatically by Reagan, and now enshrined by the current administration, Republicans have always played the ‘undeserving poor’ card. The stereotype of low-income families as lazy, entitled, and lacking in self-reliance has been countered by the facts for decades. Yet, the latest administration fantasy — that Medicaid recipients should all be working — seems to ignore the fact that most recipients who are …
Effects of Phosphorus Source, Phosphorus Rate, and Liming Rate on Growth and Quality of Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L. ‘New Gold’

Phosphate rock ores, rich in phosphorus (P), are mined in great quantities around the world for the production of P fertilizers. However, availability of phosphate reserves is in question due to decreasing global supplies. Therefore, application of alternative, renewable P sources is of interest. Poultry litter ash (PLA), a byproduct of bioenergy production, contains P concentrations comparable to conventional fertilizers. In this experiment, two P sources, PLA and superphosphate (SP), were compared at two P application rates and two liming rates as fertilizer sources for the production of two commonly-grown greenhouse crops (Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L.‘New Gold’). Application of PLA produced plants of comparable biomass and quality to those fertilized with SP. Increasing P application rate, across both P sources, increased total flower numbers 42 and 26% for verbena and lantana, respectively. Foliar P concentrations of verbena and lantana increased 27 and 62% for P...
Adoption and Foster Care: United States

In the year 2000, more than $20 billion in federal, state, and local tax dollars was spent on public child welfare services in the USA. This did not include the hundreds of millions in private dollars (e.g., united ways, religious charitable agencies and organizations, foundations, and privately arranged adoptions both in the US and abroad) which was spent on such services. Clearly, child welfare is a big business in the USA. This article discusses trends in foster care; changes to the child welfare system brought about by the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997; child welfare guidelines set forth in the President's Initiative on Permanency Planning; the controversy surrounding privatization of child welfare services; and the use of kinship care as an alternative to traditional foster care and adoption practices.
Vulnerable and Online: Fandom's Case for Stronger Privacy Norms and Tools

When social media platforms do not offer adequate privacy and safety features, users construct their own strategies for protecting private information and avoiding harassment. Women and LGBTQIA people are vulnerable targets if their privacy is violated, leading to situations that can compromise their safety both online and off. In an initial exploration of privacy and safety concerns of participants in online fan communities, we find that they avoid engaging online to preserve their privacy and safety, thus limiting the involvement of already marginalized voices in public discourse. LGBTQIA people in particular practice non-use for fear of being outed in personal spaces if recognized. In response to challenges users face, we recommend that developers consider finer controls over user content in addition to thoughtful practices among researchers and journalists when it comes to sharing "public" data.
Improving Glucose Prediction Accuracy in Physically Active Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.

Background:Physical activity presents a significant challenge for glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes. As accurate glycemic predictions are key to successful automated decision-mak...
Taxonomic validity of Petalodus ohioensis (Chondrichthyes, Petalodontidae) based on a cast of the lost holotype

Only a crude line drawing of the holotype tooth of the shark Petalodus ohioensis Safford, 1853 has ever been published, and the location of that specimen has long been unknown. The discovery of a cast of the holotype in the collections of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History demonstrates that P. alleghaniensis Leidy, 1856, is a junior subjective synonym of P. ohioensis, thus resolving a long-standing dispute.
High-efficiency, large-aperture fifth-harmonic generation of 211-nm pulses in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals for fusion diagnostics

High-energy ultraviolet (UV) sources are required to probe hot dense plasmas from fusion experiments by using Thomson scattering resulting from the lower self-generated background from the plasma in the 180- to 230-nm spectral region. Although recently we demonstrated efficient, joule-class fifth-harmonic conversion of 1053-nm pulses using a cesium lithium borate (CLBO) crystal, larger crystals are necessary for increased UV energy. This paper presents an alternative approach for fifth-harmonic generation of a large-aperture neodymium laser using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). An Nd:YLF laser was optimized to produce square pulses with a flattop, square beam profile (1053 nm, 1 to 2.8 ns, 12 × 12 mm, ≤ 1.5 J, ≤ 5 Hz ). Noncritical phase matching in ADP suitable for sum–frequency mixing the fourth harmonic with residual fundamental light was achieved by cooling the crystal (65 × 65 × 10 mm) in a two-chamber cryostat to 200 K. The crystal chamber used helium (1 atm) as the thermally conductive medium between the crystal and the crystal chamber, which in turn was surrounded by a high-vacuum chamber that contained a liquid nitrogen reservoir to cool the crystal chamber. Temperature variation of 0.4 K across the crystal aperture was obtained using two 50-W heaters with active feedback. The total conversion efficiency from the fundamental to the fifth harmonic, including surface losses and absorption, was 26%.
Modeling the Incidence of Secondary Malignancy Related to Ionizing Radiation Use in the Management of Nephrolithiasis.

Abstract Objective To model the risk of secondary malignancy and associated mortality due to ionizing radiation from the evaluation and management of nephrolithiasis. Methods A PUBMED-based literature search was performed to identify model inputs, specifically annual incidence of nephrolithiasis sub-stratified by age and gender and radiation exposure associated with nephrolithiasis episodes. Estimates of age and gender specific radiation-induced malignancy and mortality rates were obtained from the BEIR VII Phase 2 report with dose extrapolation using the linear no-threshold model. Results Incidence of new diagnoses of nephrolithiasis ranged from 42/100,000 in males 20-30 years old to 248/100,000 in males 60-70 years old. Radiation exposure per nephrolithiasis episode was 37.3 mSv over a 2-year period. Data regarding average stone episodes per patient with nephrolithiasis was limited and conservatively estimated at 1.5. Modeled lifetime attributable risk of secondary malignancy and subsequent mortality in individual stone patients ranged from 0.096% and 0.085%, respectively, in males over the age of 70 to 0.59% and 0.39% in females 20-30 years old. In the USA, overall incidence of secondary malignancy and associated mortality related to nephrolithiasis management was calculated to be 862.7 and 545.3 cases/year, respectively. Conclusion This model suggests that ionizing radiation from the management of nephrolithiasis carries a small but significant risk of causing secondary malignancy. This knowledge must be considered when using modalities that involve radiation in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of nephrolithiasis.
Processing and use of natural gas

This chapter begins the third unit of the book. Attention now turns to the uses of fuels, and how the composition and properties of fuels influence the ways we use them. Again we begin with the simplest case, natural gas. Three important concepts are introduced here for natural gas and will then be amplified in later chapters for petroleum and coal. First, most fuels require some processing before they are ready for use. Second, the combustion chemistry is introduced. Third, we must recognize that natural gas, petroleum, and coal are not only fuels useful for their energy content but are also very useful sources of a variety of organic chemicals and materials.
Connected sums of almost complex manifolds, products of rational homology spheres, and the twisted spinc Dirac operator

Abstract We record an answer to the question “In which dimensions is the connected sum of two closed almost complex manifolds necessarily an almost complex manifold?”. In the process of doing so, we are naturally led to ask “For which values of l is the connected sum of l closed almost complex manifolds necessarily an almost complex manifold?”. We answer this question, along with its non-compact analogue, using obstruction theory and Yang's results on the existence of almost complex structures on ( n − 1 ) -connected 2n-manifolds. Finally, we partially extend Datta and Subramanian's result on the nonexistence of almost complex structures on products of two even spheres to rational homology spheres by using the index of the twisted spin c Dirac operator.
Techno-economic analysis to identify key innovations required for electrochemical oxidation as point-of-use treatment systems

Abstract Electrocatalytic-driven processes show promise for water purification, including abating persistent organic pollutants via advanced oxidation processes. Since the early 90s, thousands of research articles have systematically explored degradation of organic pollutants in batch systems and synthetic waters. Despite these research efforts, commercial treatment units for water treatment in the field are barely reported. Translation of scientific and technological advances into the market place requires identification of niche applications. Here we consider point-of-use devices. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of electrochemical oxidation was benchmarked against commercially-available competition in the water purification sector, specifically carbon block adsorption devices. Results identified electrode material as one of the driving capital costs. Decreasing boron-doped diamond cost by ten-fold or exploring alternative emergent materials such as Ti4O7 can enhance competitiveness of electrochemical devices in the market. Meanwhile, the first-order rate constant was identified as one of the most relevant parameters because it affects operational expenses. Strategies to enhance target pollutant selectivity in real water matrices is a research need to ensure efficient water purification with minimum electrical energy requirements. TEA showed a promising scenario for electrocatalytic devices to overcome commercially-available technologies. This initial TEA identified key challenges and research needs to overcome cost limitations and to beat traditional systems in reliability in the road map towards market implementation.
Identification of a selective manganese ionophore that enables nonlethal quantification of cellular manganese.

Available assays for measuring cellular manganese (Mn) levels require cell lysis, restricting longitudinal experiments and multiplexed outcome measures. Conducting a screen of small molecules known to alter cellular Mn levels, we report here that one of these chemicals induces rapid Mn efflux. We describe this activity and the development and implementation of an assay centered on this small molecule, named manganese-extracting small molecule (MESM). Using inductively-coupled plasma–MS, we validated that this assay, termed here "manganese-extracting small molecule estimation route" (MESMER), can accurately assess Mn in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we found evidence that MESM acts as a Mn-selective ionophore, and we observed that it has increased rates of Mn membrane transport, reduced cytotoxicity, and increased selectivity for Mn over calcium compared with two established Mn ionophores, calcimycin (A23187) and ionomycin. Finally, we applied MESMER to test whether prior Mn exposures subsequently affect cellular Mn levels. We found that cells receiving continuous, elevated extracellular Mn accumulate less Mn than cells receiving equally-elevated Mn for the first time for 24 h, indicating a compensatory cellular homeostatic response. Use of the MESMER assay versus a comparable detergent lysis-based assay, cellular Fura-2 Mn extraction assay, reduced the number of cells and materials required for performing a similar but cell lethality-based experiment to 25% of the normally required sample size. We conclude that MESMER can accurately quantify cellular Mn levels in two independent cells lines through an ionophore-based mechanism, maintaining cell viability and enabling longitudinal assessment within the same cultures.