cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Field Microlensing and Its Effects on Stellar Transit Observations by Kepler

In this paper, we explore the astrophysical implications of near-field microlensing and its effects on stellar transit observations, with a special emphasis on the Kepler mission. Kepler is a NASA-approved mission whose goal is to detect a large number of extrasolar, Earth-like planets by obtaining nearly continuous photometry of more than 100,000 F, G, and K dwarfs for 4 years. The expected photometric precision of Kepler is 90 μmag (achieved in 15 minute samples), at which the effect of microlensing by a transiting companion can be significant. For example, for a solar-type primary transited by a white dwarf secondary, the maximum depth of the transit is 0.01%, which is almost entirely compensated for by the microlensing amplification when the white dwarf is at ~0.05 AU. The combined effect of microlensing and transit increases to a net amplification of 150 μmag at an orbital separation of 0.1 AU and 2.4 mmag at an orbital separation of 1 AU. Thus, the effect of microlensing can be used to break the degeneracy between a planetary-mass object for which the microlensing effect is negligible and a more massive object of the same size. For brown dwarfs at orbital separations of a few AU, the effect of microlensing is several percent of the transit depth, and hence the microlensing effect must be taken into account in deriving the physical parameters of the brown dwarf. The microlensing signal caused by a neutron star or a black hole in a binary can be several millimagnitudes, far exceeding the transit depth and potentially detectable even from ground-based observations. Kepler will be sensitive to white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes in binaries through their microlensing signatures. These observations can be used to derive the frequency of such compact objects in binaries and to determine their masses.
A Search for Viable Organisms in a Lunar Sample

The hypothesis that the moon could harbor viable life forms was not verified on analysis of the first samnples from the Apollo 11 mission. Biological examnination of 50 grainis of the butlk fines confirmn the negative results obtained by the Manned Spacecraft Center quarantine teamyz. No viable life forms, including terrestrial contaminants, were found when the sample was tested in 300 separate environmtenits. Only colored illorganiic artifacts, resembling mnicrobial clonies, appeared aroun1cd some particles. Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston.
Point sources from a Spitzer IRAC survey of the Galactic Center

We have obtained Spitzer IRAC observations of the central 2.0° × 1.4° (~280 × 200 pc) of the Galaxy at 3.6-8.0 μm. A point-source catalog of 1,065,565 objects is presented. The catalog includes magnitudes for the point sources at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm, as well as JHK_s photometry from Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The point-source catalog is confusion limited with average limits of 12.4, 12.1, 11.7, and 11.2 mag for [3.6], [4.5], [5.8], and [8.0], respectively. We find that the confusion limits are spatially variable because of stellar surface density, background surface brightness level, and extinction variations across the survey region. The overall distribution of point-source density with Galactic latitude and longitude is essentially constant, but structure does appear when sources of different magnitude ranges are selected. Bright stars show a steep decreasing gradient with Galactic latitude and a slow decreasing gradient with Galactic longitude, with a peak at the position of the Galactic center. From IRAC color-magnitude and color-color diagrams, we conclude that most of the point sources in our catalog have IRAC magnitudes and colors characteristic of red giant and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars.
The Uruguay Round and Africa: A Global, General Equilibrium Analysis

Using a 10-region, 12-sector model of the global economy, projected forward to 2005 with and without implementation of the Uruguay Round (UR) trade agreements, we confirm earlier expectations that Africa is likely to be the only major region of the world to lose from UR implementation--but find that UR-induced costs would be far outweighed by the potential gains from catching up with other low-income countries in agricultural productivity and in transport costs. Furthermore, we find that implementing the UR accelerates a resource-driven shift in Africa's comparative advantage towards agriculture (as opposed to mining or manufacturing) and towards trade with Asia (as opposed to Europe). Recognising and supporting this 'Asia/agriculture' development strategy will be a key to raising African incomes over the coming decade. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Remittance outcomes in rural Oaxaca, Mexico: challenges, options and opportunities for migrant households

In this paper we investigate the ways in which migrant households in rural Oaxaca Mexico use remittances. We use data from a survey and ethnographic research in 12 rural communities in the central valleys of the state to examine three investment strategies: those made in the local (village) commercial economy those made in the agricultural/dairy sector and those made in Oaxaca’s tourism industry. In our discussion we examine the challenges that surround such local efforts and ask whether such patterns increase dependency or create opportunities. Finally we ask can the investment of remittances mitigate future migration? (authors)
D-branes and short distances in string theory

We study the behavior of D-branes at distances far shorter than the string length scale ls. We argue that short-distance phenomena are described by the IR behavior of the D-brane worldvolume quantum theory. This description is valid until the brane motion becomes relativistic. At weak string coupling gs this corresponds to momenta and energies far above string scale. We use 0-brane quantum mechanics to study 0-brane collisions and find structure at length scales corresponding to the eleven-dimensional Planck length (lp11 ∼ gs13 lss) and to the radius of the eleventh dimension in M-theory (R11, ∼ gsls). We use 0-branes to probe non-trivial geometries and topologies at sub-stringy scales. We study the 0-brane 4-brane system, calculating the 0-brane moduli space metric, and find the bound state at threshold, which has characteristic size lp11. We examine the blowup of an orbifold and are able to resolve the resulting S2 down to size lp11. A 0-brane with momentum approaching 1/R11 is able to explore a larger configuration space in which the blowup is embedded. Analogous phenomena occur for small instantons. We finally turn to 1-branes and calculate the size of a bound state to be ∼ gs12ls, the l-brane tension scale.
Synthesis of Bicyclic γ-Ylidenetetronates

The bicyclic γ-ylidenetetronate motif found in several Stemona alkaloids was prepared in a stereoselective manner by addition of lithium methyl tetronate to an alkoxy oxonium ion formed from a lactone. The corresponding mixed alkyl ketal obtained was subjected to a Lewis acid−base-promoted dealkoxylation reaction to deliver the desired products.
Optimal Injection Strategies for Foam IOR

Miscible-gas foam field trials have employed a variety of injection strategies, with mixed results. Using simulation, we compare foam-injection strategies in homogeneous reservoirs with a variety of foam models. The optimal injection strategy for overcoming gravity override with foam in a homogeneous reservoir is alternating injection of separate, large slugs of gas and liquid at fixed, maximum-allowable injection pressure. This strategy minimizes both gravity override and time of injection, with minimal rise in injection-well pressure. Injection of gas at maximum pressure can partially reverse the effects of gravity slumping of surfactant during injection of liquid. The process is remarkably insensitive to the detailed properties of the foam, as long as foam does not collapse abruptly and completely at a “limiting water saturation” Sw*. However, care is needed to exclude the effects of numerical artifacts in simulating such a process, especially if foam collapses abruptly and completely at Sw*. An idealized model for the process reveals the mechanisms responsible for process success, why injection at fixed injection pressure is better than injection at fixed rate, why details of foam behavior play a secondary role in sweep efficiency, and why numerical artifacts can be difficult to identify.
1-Substituted 5-Aminotetrazoles: Syntheses from CNN3 with Primary Amines

1-Substituted 5-aminotetrazoles were prepared in situ by an excellent reaction of cyanogen azide and primary amines to generate an imidoyl azide as an intermediate in acetonitrile/water. After cyclization, the intermediate gave 1-substituted aminotetrazole in good yield. This protocol also was utilized in the syntheses of bis- and tris(1-substituted 5-aminotetrazole) derivatives.
Topics in electroweak physics

We briefly discuss five topics in Precision Electroweak Physics: i) the recently proposed Effective Scheme of Renormalization, ii) evidence for electroweak bosonic corrections derived from the radiative correction Δreff, iii) an approach to estimate the scale of new physics in a hypothetical Higgs-less scenario, iv) simple and accurate formulae for seff2, MW, φl, and their physical applications, v) a recent proposal concerning the field renormalization constant for unstable particles.
Flame propagation in metal slurry sprays

Abstract An analytical and computational study of vaporizing and burning liquid hydrocarbon-metal slurry droplet streams injected into a hot gas is presented. The objective is to investigate the mass and energy interactions between the slurry droplet streams and the gas flow. An idealized configuration consisting of parallel droplet streams is used. The governing gas-phase equations are analytically integrated by using the Green's function approach and a resulting set of first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is numerically solved. The slurry droplet model includes transient heating and particle drag, a shell-bubble formulation, heating and ignition of the metal agglomerate subsequent to the vaporization of the liquid fuel, and vapor-phase burning of the metal. Results show that, at different combustor locations, interacting and distinct premixed and diffusion type reaction zones are present. For the metal particle to be ignited, at a given metal loading, there exists a minimum inlet gas temperature requirement which depends upon the equivalence ratio. The heating and burning times of the metal agglomerate are found to be much larger in comparison to the liquid fuel vaporization times, and they increase with increasing metal particle size and metal loading of the slurry droplets.
Minimum vertical scale sizes in the wind structure above 100 kilometers

Zimmerman [1964] has compared the small-scale wind structure that can be detected at high altitudes with the theoretical minimum structure sizes that can be attributed to freely propagating internal atmospheric gravity waves [Hines, 1960, henceforth paper I]. He found that the theoretical curve adequately represented the minimum observed sizes at altitudes up to 130 km, but that, at least for the ‘summer’ data, it fell substantially short of the observed sizes at higher altitudes. He was led to suggest a transition to some other limiting process which would yield minimum sizes proportional to the atmospheric scale height. While the discrepancy found by Zimmerman was in an acceptable direction in the sense that the observed minimum scale sizes were greater than the theoretical minimum scale sizes, a reexamination of the theoretical work seemed to be in order. It became apparent that I had made a computational or plotting error in the preparation of Figure 12 of paper 1, that this error would lead to an incorrect estimate of the theoretical minimum scale size at a height of 225 km, and that it had in fact led (through interpolation) to a faulty theoretical curve for all heights above about 110 km in Zimmerman's diagrams.
Synthesis of several novel optically active nitroxyl radicals

Abstract Optically active nitroxyl radicals are prepared from enantiomerically pure bicyclic terpenoids. (−)-Camphoxyl radical (−)-4 derived from commercially available oxazolidinone ( (−)-1 ) and (+)-camphoxyl radical (+)-4 derived from (−)-camphene are readily prepared, conformationally rigid, enantiomeric nitroxyl radicals. (−)-Camphorsulphonic acid is used to prepare two additional optically active nitroxyl radicals 9 and 12 .
Understanding urban human activity and mobility patterns using large-scale location-based data from online social media

Location-based check-in services enable individuals to share their activity-related choices providing a new source of human activity data for researchers. In this paper urban human mobility and activity patterns are analyzed using location-based data collected from social media applications (e.g. Foursquare and Twitter). We first characterize aggregate activity patterns by finding the distributions of different activity categories over a city geography and thus determine the purpose-specific activity distribution maps. We then characterize individual activity patterns by finding the timing distribution of visiting different places depending on activity category. We also explore the frequency of visiting a place with respect to the rank of the place in individual's visitation records and show interesting match with the results from other studies based on mobile phone data.
A nonlinear inequality and applications

Abstract A nonlinear inequality is formulated in the paper. An estimate of the rate of decay of solutions to this inequality is obtained. This inequality is of interest in a study of dynamical systems and nonlinear evolution equations. It can be applied to the study of global existence of solutions to nonlinear PDE.
Spin-polarized photoemission

Spin-polarized photoemission has developed into a versatile tool for the study of surface and thin film magnetism. In this review, we examine the methodology of the technique and its application to a number of different problems, including both valence band and core level studies. After a detailed review of spin-polarization measurement techniques and the related experimental requirements we consider in detail studies of the bulk properties both above and below the Curie temperature. This section also includes a discussion of observations relating to unique metastable phases obtained via epitaxial growth. The application of the technique to the study of surfaces, both clean and adsorbate covered, is reviewed. The report then examines, in detail, studies of the spin-polarized electronic structure of thin films and the related interfacial magnetism. Finally, observations of spin-polarized quantum well states in non-magnetic thin films are discussed with particular reference to their mediation of the oscillatory exchange coupling in related magnetic multilayers.
C-Heteroatom-Bond Forming Reactions

Recent progress on the use of hypervalent iodine reagents for the construction of carbon-heteroatom (N,O,P, S,Se,Te, X) bonds is reviewed. Reactions of aryl-λ3-iodanes with organic substrates are considered first and are loosely organized by functional group, separate sections being devoted to carbon-azide and carbon-fluorine bond formation. Arylations and alkenylations of nucleophilic species with diaryliodonium and alkenyl(aryl)iodonium salts, and a variety of transformations of alkynyl(aryl)iodonium salts with heteroatom nucleophiles are then detailed. Finally, the use of sulfonyliminoiodanes as aziridination and amidation reagents, and reactions of iodonium enolates formally derived from monoketones are summarized.
A Time Delay Controller for Systems With Unknown Dynamics

A new control method, Time Delay Control (TDC), is proposed for such systems. Under the assumption of accessibility to all the state variables and estimates of their delayed derivatives, the TDC is characterized by a simple estimation technique that evaluates a function representing the effect of uncertainties. This is accomplished using time delay. The control system's structure, stability and design issues are discussed for linear time-invariant and single-input-single-output systems. Finally, the control performance was evaluated through both simulations and experiments
Observations of Mercury's magnetic field

Magnetic-field observations made during the third encounter of Mariner 10 with Mercury are discussed along with implications of an intrinsic field for the planetary interior. The data obtained confirm the presence of characteristic bow-shock, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere regions surrounding the planet and also indicate that Mercury occupies a much larger portion of its magnetosphere than does earth. Combined plasma, charged-particle, and magnetic-field data establish that the origin of the field is intrinsic to the planet rather than associated with an induction process due to solar-wind flow. Spherical harmonic analysis of the field data shows that the internal field of the planet is well described by a centered dipole with a moment of 5.0 by 10 to the 22nd power gauss-cu cm and oriented within 12 deg of the normal to the orbital plane in the same sense as earth. Surface intensities are deduced to be between about 300 and 800 gammas. It is concluded that an active dynamo is a more likely candidate than fossil magnetization for the origin of the field.
The effect of local compression upon blood flow in the extremities of man

Abstract The effect of locally applied pressures of 10 to 50 mm. Hg on the extremities was investigated by three methods: (a) thermometric; (b) blood gasometric; and (c) plethysmographic. The results indicated that local pressures of remarkably low amounts may impair the circulation. Skin temperature measurements showed a definite effect with pressures as low as 20 mm. of mercury. At this pressure, the arteriovenous oxygen difference rose about 25 per cent, and plethysmographic tracings showed an equal decline in blood flow. With a local pressure of 30 mm. Hg, the blood flow decreased about 25 per cent as measured both by the blood gasometric and the plethysmographic methods. Even at 10 mm. Hg the plethysmograph revealed a 10 per cent decline in blood flow.
The C1 topology on the space of smooth preference profiles

This paper defines a fine C 1-topology for smooth preferences on a “policy space”, W, and shows that the set of convex preference profiles contains open sets in this topology. It follows that if the dimension(W)≤v(?)−2 (where v(?) is the Nakamura number of the voting rule, ?), then the core of ? cannot be generically empty. For higher dimensions, an “extension” of the voting core, called the heart of ?, is proposed. The heart is a generalization of the “uncovered set”. It is shown to be non-empty and closed in general. On the C 1-space of convex preference profiles, the heart is Paretian. Moreover, the heart correspondence is lower hemi-continuous and admits a continuous selection. Thus the heart converges to the core when the latter exists. Using this, an aggregator, compatible with ?, can be defined and shown to be continuous on the C 1-space of smooth convex preference profiles.
Icosahedral quasicrystals and magnetism

Abstract For several years the study of magnetic properties of quasicrystals was limited mostly to Mossbauer spectroscopy and susceptibility measurements on paramagnetic and spin-glass alloys primarily in the Al–Mn(–Si) system. A distribution of low-symmetry Mn sites appears to exist with only the larger sites (making up approximately 60% of the total) allowing a Mn moment to form. Fe and V (neither of which bears a moment in this system) appear to substitute preferentially in the non-magnetic and magnetic Mn sites respectively. Recently, ferromagnetic icosahedral quasicrystals have been discovered in the Al–Mn–Si and Al–Mn–Ge systems, broadening the field of interest as well as the range of techniques that can be brought to bear on these unusual materials. While large average effective moments can characterize paramagnetic quasicrystals (2·0 μB per Mn atom in Al60Mn20Ge20), ferromagnetic quasicrystals so far exhibit high Curie temperatures (up to 500 K) but very small magnetizations (less than 2e.m.u. g−...
Sequence-dependent variation in the reactivity of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine toward oxidation.

The goal of this study was to define the effect of DNA sequence on the reactivity of 8-oxo-7,8dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) toward oxidation. To this end, we developed a quadrupole/ time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometric method to quantify the reactivity of site-specifically modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides with two model oxidants: nitrosoperoxycarbonate (ONOOCO − 2), a chemical mediator of inflammation, and photoactivated riboflavin, a classical one-electron oxidant widely studied in mutagenesis and charge transport in DNA. In contrast to previous observations with guanine (Margolin, Y., et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 2, 365, 2006), sequence context did not affect the reactivity of ONOOCO2 − with 8-oxodG, but photosensitized riboflavin showed a strong sequence preference in its reactivity with the following order (8-oxodG = O): COA ≈ AOG > GOG ≥ COT > TOC > AOC. That the COA context was the most reactive was unexpected and suggests a new sequence context where mutation hotspots might occur. These results point to both sequence- and agent-specific effects on 8-oxodG oxidation.
A Computationally Assisted Methodology for Preference-Guided Conceptual Design

We present an interactive, computationally assisted, methodology for capturing and incorporating designer preferences into a numerical search for design concepts. An initial pool of manually created designs is parameterized and used in a computational search that recombines features to form new designs in a semi-automated way. Designs are evaluated quantitatively by performance calculations and evaluated qualitatively by human designers. Designer preference is captured when visual representations of designs are presented to the designer for subjective evaluation. The methodology searches for optimally performing designs, guided by quantitative performance models and designer preferences. The methodology couples the speed of computational searches with the ability of human designers to subjectively evaluate unmodeled objectives. The new methodology is demonstrated with a vehicle architecture example, which generates a set of designs that progressively improves in performance and more fully meets designer preference. The proposed method brings the ability to generate numerous, optimally performing solutions across a wide solution space, in an efficient and human-centered way, and does so in the early stages of design.
Data processing techniques in design automation

By providing a computer with basic information concerning the design of a device as complex as the modern computer one not only obtains an efficient record retention system but also brings to bear the full decision making abilities of the computer on the design problem itself. A major thesis of this paper is that the automation of the design of a complex system is primarily a data-processing problem in which the most powerful tools reside in the ability of the computer to perform such jobs as editing, extracting, sorting, and merging pieces of basic design information. This contention is substantiated by briefly describing the system currently in use to provide mechanized aids to design and production at Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, Electronic Data Processing Division.
The future of magnetic data storage technology

In this paper, we review the evolutionary path of magnetic data storage and examine the physical phenomena that will prevent us from continuing the use of those scaling processes which have served us in the past. It is concluded that the first problem will arise from the storage medium, whose grain size cannot be scaled much below a diameter of ten nanometers without thermal self-erasure. Other problems will involve head-to-disk spacings that approach atomic dimensions, and switching-speed limitations in the head and medium. It is likely that the rate of progress in areal density will decrease substantially as we develop drives with ten to a hundred times current areal densities. Beyond that, the future of magnetic storage technology is unclear. However, there are no alternative technologies which show promise for replacing hard disk storage in the next ten years.
The solubility of fish‐produced high magnesium calcite in seawater

[1] Fish have been shown to produce high (10 to 48 mol %) magnesium calcite as part of the physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining salt and water balance. The importance of this source to the marine carbon cycle is only now being considered. In this paper, we report the first measurements of the solubility of this CaCO3 in seawater. The resulting solubility (pK*sp = 5.89 ± 0.09) is approximately two times higher than aragonite and similar to the high magnesium calcite generated on the Bahamas Banks (pK*sp = 5.90). This high solubility of fish-produced CaCO3 is a result of the high magnesium content and not a product of micro-environments created by microbial activity. This material is soluble in near surface waters, contributing to the input of carbonate to surface ocean waters, and may at least partially explain the observed increase in total alkalinity above the aragonite saturation horizon.
PhaseLift: Exact and Stable Signal Recovery from Magnitude Measurements via Convex Programming

Suppose we wish to recover a signal \input amssym $\font\abc=cmmib10\def\bi#1{\hbox{\abc#1}} {\bi x} \in {\Bbb C}^n$ from m intensity measurements of the form , ; that is, from data in which phase information is missing. We prove that if the vectors are sampled independently and uniformly at random on the unit sphere, then the signal x can be recovered exactly (up to a global phase factor) by solving a convenient semidefinite program–-a trace-norm minimization problem; this holds with large probability provided that m is on the order of , and without any assumption about the signal whatsoever. This novel result demonstrates that in some instances, the combinatorial phase retrieval problem can be solved by convex programming techniques. Finally, we also prove that our methodology is robust vis-a-vis additive noise. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A one-flask synthesis of Weinreb amides from chiral and achiral carboxylic acids using the deoxo-fluor fluorinating reagent.

The reagent [bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino]sulfur trifluoride (Deoxo-Fluor reagent) converts carboxylic acids to the corresponding acid fluorides, which then react with N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine to give the corresponding Weinreb amides in high yields. The reaction proceeds without racemization when optically active acids are used as the starting material. This method is operationally simple and provides the products in high purity.
A general method for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions using lithium triisopropyl borates.

Conditions for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of lithium triisopropyl borates are reported, as well as a procedure for a one-pot lithiation, borylation, and subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of various heterocycles with aryl halides. These borate species are much more stable toward protodeboronation than the corresponding boronic acids and can conveniently be stored on benchtop at room temperature.
Diels-Alder reactions using supercritical water as an aqueous solvent medium

Abstract A variety of Diels-Alder reactions have been performed in supercritical water as a reaction medium. The rapid reaction of Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene and various electron poor dienophiles such as diethyl fumarate and acrylonitrile is observed in supercritical water, and leads to high yields of clean products without added catalysts.
Resolution of Hartmanis' conjecture for NL-hard sparse sets

We resolve a conjecture of Hartmanis from 1978 about sparse hard sets for nondeterministic logspace (NL). We show that there exists a sparse hard set S for NL under logspace many-one reductions if and only if NL = L (deterministic logspace).
Anti-Indian Agitation and Economic Interests*

Throughout the United States in recent years there has been a resurgence of racist activity in many forms. In states with significant Indian populations and landholdings or land claims Indians have been the target of well-financed campaigns of propagandizing and lobbying. In 26 states organizations have been formed to work at the state and national levels against Indian rights. The state groups, such as Montanans Opposed to Discrimination, organized in 1974, and Wyoming Citizens for Equality in Government, are amalgams of smaller, special-interest organizations, each with its own program for abrogating Indian treaties and federal trust protection of reservations.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Virtual Betti numbers of genus 2 bundles

We show that if M is a surface bundle over S 1 with ber of genus 2, then for any integer n, M has a nite cover f M with b1( f M) >n . A corollary is that M can be geometrized using only the \non-ber" case of Thurston’s Geometrization Theorem for Haken manifolds.
Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism?

Political decentralization is widely believed to reduce ethnic conflict and secessionism in the world today. Yet decentralization is more successful in reducing conflict and secessionism in some countries than in others. In this article, I explore why this difference occurs. I demonstrate using a statistical analysis of thirty democracies from 1985 to 2000 that decentralization may decrease ethnic conflict and secessionism directly by bringing the government closer to the people and increasing opportunities to participate in government, but that decentralization increases ethnic conflict and secessionism indirectly by encouraging the growth of regional parties. Regional parties increase ethnic conflict and secessionism by reinforcing ethnic and regional identities, producing legislation that favors certain groups over others, and mobilizing groups to engage in ethnic conflict and secessionism.Earlier versions of this article were presented at Harvard University and the Center for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton University. The author would like to thank Sandra Alfonso-Leon, James Alt, Micah Altman, Barry Friedman, Shigeo Hirano, Simon Hug, Gary King, Rose Rozaghian, Tulia Falleti, and two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments.
A New Method To Predict Performance of Horizontal and Multilateral Wells

Production enhancement and ultimate recovery improvement have given horizontal wells the edge over vertical wells in many marginal reservoirs. However, it is more expensive to drill and complete a horizontal well than a vertical one. Therefore, to determine the economical feasibility of drilling a horizontal well, engineers need reliable methods to estimate its productivity.
MODELING AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERSECTORAL TRANSFER PRICES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The value-added model underlies current measures of aggregate productivity growth. Unbiased estimates result only if the economy is closed to trade in foreign-produced material inputs and all domestic intersectoral transactions are characterized by marginal cost pricing. Neither condition typically holds. This paper identifies these biases and proposes a delivery-to-final-demand framework, a modified form of that first introduced by Domar. The rate of aggregate productivity growth is decomposed into terms identifying the contributions of total factor productivity growth within individual sectors, the reallocation of the economy's primary inputs among sectors, and changes in the allocative efficiency of markets for intermediate goods. The adjustments necessary to remove biases from existing value-added estimates are derived.
Comparison of LMA and LOW solar solution predictions in an SO(10) GUT model

Abstract Within the framework of an SO(10) GUT model that can accommodate both the LMA and LOW solar neutrino mixing solutions by appropriate choice of the right-handed Majorana matrix elements, we present explicit predictions for the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm221, sin22θ12, sin22θ23, sin22θ13, and δCP. Given the observed near maximality of the atmospheric mixing, the model favors the LMA solution and predicts that δCP is small. The suitability of Neutrino Superbeams and Neutrino Factories for precision tests of the two model versions is discussed.
Computational modeling of blood flow in the TrapEase inferior vena cava filter.

Purpose To evaluate the hemodynamics of the TrapEase vena cava filter (Cordis, Miami Lakes, Florida) by using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics, including simulated thrombi of multiple shapes, sizes, and trapping positions. The study was performed to identify areas of stagnant and/or recirculating flow that may have an effect on intrafilter thrombosis. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional computer models of the TrapEase filter, various thrombi shapes and sizes, and a 23-mm-diameter cava were constructed. The hemodynamics of steady-state flow were examined for the unoccluded and partially occluded filter. Results Flow in the unoccluded TrapEase filter experienced minimal disruption. Spherical thrombi in the downstream trapping position induced stagnant and/or recirculating flow downstream of the thrombus. The volume of stagnant flow and the peak wall shear stress increased with thrombus volume. For spherical thrombi trapped upstream, disruption of flow was observed along the cava wall ipsilateral to the thrombus and within the filter. Peak wall shear stress was greatest with conical thrombi, less with spherical thrombi, and least with ellipsoidal thrombi. Conclusions The authors have designed a computer model to study the hemodynamics of the TrapEase filter with various thrombi and trapping positions. The model offers advantages over in vitro techniques, specifically improved resolution and easy adaptation for new filter designs, thrombus morphologies and/or sizes, and flow parameters. The results agree with those of previous bench experiments that suggest the upstream trapping position of the TrapEase filter leads to a potentially thrombogenic region of stagnant and/or recirculating flow with low shear stress. These findings are supported by clinical studies showing an increased incidence of occlusive and/or nonocclusive thrombus within the TrapEase filter and the retrievable, nearly structurally identical, OptEase filter.
GLAST Large Area Telescope Multiwavelength Planning

Gamma-ray astrophysics depends in many ways on multiwavelength studies. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has started multiwavelength planning well before the scheduled 2007 launch of the observatory. Some of the high-priority multiwavelength needs include: (1) availability of contemporaneous radio and X-ray timing of pulsars; (2) expansion of blazar catalogs, including redshift measurements; (3) improved observations of molecular clouds, especially at high galactic latitudes; (4) simultaneous broad-band blazar monitoring; (5) characterization of gamma-ray transients, including gamma ray bursts; (6) radio, optical, X-ray and TeV counterpart searches for reliable and effective sources identification and characterization. Several of these activities are needed to be in place before launch.
Synthesis of 2-fluorotetronic acid

Abstract Fluorination of 2-bromotetronic acid ( 7 ) in ethanol produces 2-bromo-3-ethoxy-2-fluoro-γ-butyrolactone ( 8 ). Tributyltin hydride reduction of 8 gives 2-fluorotetronic acid in good yield.
Confinement, chiral symmetry breaking and continuum limits in quantum link models

Abstract Using the example of compact U(1) lattice gauge theory we argue that quantum link models can be used to reproduce the physics of conventional Hamiltonian lattice gauge theories. In addition to the usual gauge coupling g, these models have a new parameter j which naturally cuts-off large electric flux quanta on each link while preserving exact U(1) gauge invariance. The j → ∞ limit recovers the conventional Hamiltonian. At strong couplings, the theory shows confinement and chiral symmetry breaking for all non-trivial values of j. The phase diagram of the 3+1 dimensional theory suggests that a coulomb phase is present at large but finite j. Setting g = 0, a new approach to the physics of compact U(1) gauge theory on the lattice emerges. In this case the parameter j takes over the role of the gauge coupling, and j → ∞ describes free photons.
Efficient Equilibrium Sampling of All-Atom Peptides using Library-Based Monte Carlo

We applied our previously developed library-based Monte Carlo (LBMC) to equilibrium sampling of several implicitly solvated all-atom peptides. LBMC can perform equilibrium sampling of molecules usi...
Capabilities of the bubble technology

This paper aims at a technology forecast for magnetic bubbles. The approach is not to extrapolate the past rate of progress into the future, but to examine the rich varieties of current studies so as to bring attention to what can be evolved to enhance the basic capabilities of the bubble technology.
The non-thermal radiation–cluster merger connection

Abstract There is compelling evidence that at least some clusters of galaxies are powerful sources of non-thermal radiation. In all cases where this radiation has been detected, a general trend is that high energy densities of cosmic rays and correspondingly low values of the average magnetic field are required in order to have a self-consistent picture of the multiwavelength observations. Mergers of clusters of galaxies might provide large enough cosmic ray injection rates and at the same time provide the mechanism for the heating of the intracluster medium to the observed temperatures. In this paper we analyze critically all the components that play a role in the non-thermal emission of clusters during a merger, with special attention to mergers occurred in the past of the cluster. We outline the consequences of this model for high energy gamma ray observations and for Faraday rotation measurements of the intracluster magnetic field.
Traumatic Injury to Peripheral Nerves

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the epidemiology and classification of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries, the effects of these injuries on nerve and muscle, and how electrodiagnosis is used to help classify the injury. Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves results in considerable disability across the world. In peacetime, peripheral nerve injuries result commonly from motor vehicle accident trauma and less commonly from penetrating trauma, such as falls and industrial accidents. If plexus and root injuries are also included, the incidence is about 5%. In the upper limb, the nerve injured most commonly is the radial nerve, followed by the ulnar and median nerves. Lower limb peripheral nerve injuries are less common, and the sciatic nerve is injured most frequently, followed by the peroneal and rarely the tibial or femoral nerves. Peripheral nerve injuries may be seen in isolation, but they also often accompany central nervous system (CNS) trauma. Peripheral nerve injuries have significant impact, as they impede the recovery of function and return to work. There is also a risk of secondary disability from falls, fractures, or other injuries.
A Convergent Total Synthesis of Hemibrevetoxin B

A convergent biomimetic synthesis of hemibrevetoxin B from d-glucal and d-arabinose utilizes an electrophile-promoted cascade anti-Baldwin cyclization of an epoxy alcohol. The epoxy alcohol arises from a palladium-catalyzed coupling of a highly functionalized organozinc compound and an alkenyl iodide, which serve as two chiral building blocks of similar size and complexity. This first successful implementation of a cascade epoxy alcohol cyclization for the synthesis of marine polycyclic ether toxins proceeds in 39 steps and 4% overall yield.
Emission and Absorption in the M87 LINER

The nucleus of M87 displays a LINER spectrum at optical wavelengths, with a nuclear disk of nebulosity that is resolved by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We present new results from optical and ultraviolet spectra of the central ~40 pc as measured by HST. In contrast with previous results for the extended disk, the emission-line spectrum of the central region is best reproduced by a multicomponent photoionization scenario, rather than shock heating. The nebular properties as well as energetic considerations suggest a transition on scales of several tens of parsecs, from predominantly photoionization by a central accretion source to shock ionization within the disk. If this source is at all representative, it suggests that many LINERs may be composite in terms of the energetic processes that give rise to the emission spectrum. We also report measurements of resonance-line absorption for the nucleus. The absorption spectrum, like the emission lines, is characterized by low ionization. The absorption-line measurements coupled with independent constraints suggest a total hydrogen column density of 1019-1020 cm-2, outflowing from the galaxy center with a velocity of ~126 km s-1. The kinematic signature of an outflow, along with evidence that the absorber covers the power-law continuum source but not the emission-line clouds, suggests that the absorbing matter is related to accretion phenomena in the nucleus. The presence of such an outflow resembles similar behavior in luminous active galactic nuclei, although the low ionization that characterizes LINERs is probably indicative of a different mode of accretion in these sources.
Gay, Straight, or Questioning? Sexuality and Political Science

In August of 2009, the American Psychological Association adopted the report of its Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation and urged mental health professionals to avoid telling their patients that sexual orientation can be changed (APA 2009a). The report examined the efficacy of “conversion therapies”—also called “reparative therapies”—wherein the patient and therapist attempt to change the sexual orientation of the patient from gay or lesbian to heterosexual. The report is over 160 pages and examines over 80 peer-reviewed, published studies spanning five decades of research. Despite the heft of the report, the findings are briefly and well summarized by the chair of the task force, Judith M. Glassgold, Psy.D.: “Contrary to the claims of sexual orientation change advocates and practitioners, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation” (APA 2009b). Of course, this conclusion is a given among all but minor fringe elements in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) community or among this community's friends and affiliates. While sexuality collectively seems to present itself along a scale, it seems for individuals to become fixed at some point along that scale. The APA report provides a useful framework for considering the role of sexuality in political science and raises several important questions for political science as both an endeavor and a discipline.
Relativistic Self-Dual Chern-Simons Systems:. A Perspective

The self-dual systems are constrained and so are simpler to understand. In recent years there have been several studies on the self-dual Chern-Simons systems. Here I present a brief survery of works done by my collaborators and myself. I also discuss several questions related to these self-dual models.
Asset Allocation without Unobservable Parameters

Some asset allocation advice for long-term investors is based on maximization of expected utility. Most commonly used investor utilities require measurement of a risk-aversion parameter appropriate to the particular investor. But accurate assessment of this parameter is problematic at best. Maximization of expected utility is thus not only conceptually difficult for clients to understand but also difficult to implement. Other asset allocation advice is based on minimizing the probability of falling short of a particular investor's long-term return target or of an investable benchmark. This approach is easier to explain and implement, but it has been criticized by advocates of expected utility. These seemingly disparate criteria can be reconciled by measuring portfolio returns relative to the target (or benchmark) and then eliminating the usual assumption that the utility's risk-aversion parameter is not also determined by maximization of expected utility. Financial advisors should not be persuaded by advo...
SYNTHESIS OF ()-XANTHOCIDIN

Abstract An efficient total synthesis of (±)-xanthocidin, a complex and unstable cyclopentanoid antibiotic, is described. The success of the key cyclopentannelation step suggests much greater versatility for the general version of this reaction.
Phase diagram and electrochemical properties of mixed olivines from first-principles calculations

Using first-principles calculations, we study the effect of cation substitution on the transition-metal sublattice in phospho-olivines, with special attention given to the ${\text{Li}}_{x}({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\text{Mn}}_{y}){\text{PO}}_{4}$ system. We use a cluster expansion model derived from first-principles with Monte Carlo simulations to calculate finite-$T$ phase diagrams, voltage curves, and solubility limits of the system. The phase diagram of ${\text{Li}}_{x}({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\text{Mn}}_{y}){\text{PO}}_{4}$ shows two low-temperature miscibility gaps separated by a solid solution phase centered at Li composition $x\ensuremath{\approx}y$, which corresponds to a state where most Fe ions are oxidized and most Mn are not. This intermediate low-$T$ solid solution is stabilized by the dilution of phase-separating interactions caused by the disorder of redox potentials on the transition-metal sites. The calculated voltage curves show two plateaus at $\ensuremath{\sim}4--4.2\text{ }\text{V}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}3.5--3.7\text{ }\text{V}$, corresponding to the ${\text{Mn}}^{3+}/{\text{Mn}}^{2+}$ and ${\text{Fe}}^{3+}/{\text{Fe}}^{2+}$ redox couples, respectively, with an extended sloping region in between corresponding to the low-$T$ solid solution phase. In agreement with experiment, we find that the ${\text{Mn}}^{3+}/{\text{Mn}}^{2+}$ $({\text{Fe}}^{3+}/{\text{Fe}}^{2+})$ voltage is decreased (increased) by Fe (Mn) substitution. We explain this by considering the energy of the solid solution which is the discharged (charged) state for these redox couples and argue that such changes are generic to all mixed olivine systems. We also find reduced phase transformation polarization on both plateaus which we attribute to the decreased composition difference between the oxidized and reduced state for each redox couple
Probing colored particles with photons, leptons, and jets

If pairs of new colored particles are produced at the Large Hadron Collider, determining their quantum numbers, and even discovering them, can be non-trivial. We suggest that valuable information can be obtained by measuring the resonant signals of their near-threshold QCD bound states. If the particles are charged, the resulting signatures include photons and leptons and are sufficiently rich for unambiguously determining their various quantum numbers, including the charge, color representation and spin, and obtaining a precise mass measurement. These signals provide well-motivated benchmark models for resonance searches in the dijet, photon+jet, diphoton and dilepton channels. While these measurements require that the lifetime of the new particles be not too short, the resulting limits, unlike those from direct searches for pair production above threshold, do not depend on the particles’ decay modes. These limits may be competitive with more direct searches if the particles decay in an obscure way.