cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dimple Depth on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Channel (AR = 3:1) with Hemispherical Dimples

Over the past decade, the use of dimples has shown promise as an alternative to the traditional ribs for internal heat transfer enhance ment of gas turbine blades and vanes. Studies have shown that dimpled channels provide reduced heat transfer enhancement compared to ribbed channels; however, dimpled channels are advantageous due to the reduced pressure drop incurred through the channel. The current experimental investigation uses both detailed and regionally ave raged heat transfer coefficient distributions to compare traditional hemispherical dimple configurations. One wide wall of a rectangular channel (AR = 3:1) is lined with hemisp herical dimples. While the effect of dimple depth is primarily considered ( δ / D = 0.15 ‐ 0.30), the changing depth also indire ctly varies the dimple spacing. In addition to the vari ation in dimple configurations, Reynolds numbers ranging from 10,000 ‐ 40,000 are investigated. Detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions are obtained on the dimpled surface u sing a transient temperature sensitive paint (TSP) technique. This technique is validated by comparing heat transfer coefficients obtained in a similar channel using traditional cop per plate and thermocouple measurements. Measurements indicate the average heat transfer coefficients, for both dimple depths, are relatively insensitive to coolan t Reynolds number. Decreasing the depth of the dimple yields less variation in the heat tra nsfer coefficients across the diameter of the dimple; in other words, with reduced dimple depth the difference between the minimum and maximum heat transfer coefficients is reduced.
Application of network security technology in small organization

This paper presents out an effective solution to network security technology --safety soft gateway technology.Compared with other common network security technologies,this technology can not only solve the problem of network security and resource configuration in small organization,but also is inexpensive and propagable.
Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: clinical study, literature review and meta-analysis.

To examine the clinical and neurological outcome of patients who sustained a severe non-penetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI) and underwent unilateral decompressive craniectomy (DC) for refractory intracranial hypertension. Single center, retrospective, observational. Level I Trauma Center in Portland, Maine. 31 patients aged 16–72 of either sex who sustained a severe, non-penetrating TBI and underwent a unilateral DC for evacuation of parenchymal or extra-axial hematoma or for failure of medical therapy to control intracranial pressure (ICP). Review of the electronic medical record of patients undergoing DC for severe TBI and assessment of extended Glasgow Outcome Score (e-GOS) at 6-months following DC. The mean age was 39.3y ± 14.5. The initial GCS was 5.8 ± 3.2, and the ISS was 29.7 ± 6.3. Twenty-two patients underwent DC within the first 24 h, two within the next 24 h and seven between the 3rd and 7th day post injury. The pre-DC ICP was 30.7 ± 10.3 and the ICP was 12.1 ± 6.2 post-DC. Cranioplasty was performed in all surviving patients 1–4 months post-DC. Of the 29 survivors following DC, the e-GOS was 8 in seven patients, and 7 in ten patients. The e-GOS was 5–6 in 6 others. Of the 6 survivors with poor outcomes (e-GOS = 2–4), five were the initial patients in the series. In patients with intractable cerebral hypertension following TBI, unilateral DC in concert with practice guideline directed brain resuscitation is associated with good functional outcome and acceptable-mortality.
Personality of Women Athletes in Intercollegiate Competition

Abstract This study described and compared the personality and background of women participating in intercollegiate sports competition. Personal feelings about competition and faculty adviser estimation of personality were also described. The Cattell 16 PF test of personality and a personal information questionnaire were administered. This investigation involved four groups of junior or senior college women athletes: 15 individual, 16 subjectively-judged, 28 team, and 18 team-individual sports participants. Each subject was required to have competed in her sport for at least two seasons. A group of 42 nonparticipants was also studied. The subjects were selected from the five largest state universities in Ohio. Results indicated groups were similar on 14 dimensions of personality and significantly different on 9. The individual and subjectively-judged were more alike and also more similar to the nonparticipants than to the other two groups. The team and team-individual groups tended to be alike and dissimi...
Management of Hyperglycemia in Patients With Acromegaly Treated With Pasireotide LAR.

Pasireotide (Signifor®) long-acting release (LAR) is a next-generation somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) approved for treatment of patients with acromegaly who have had an inadequate response to surgery or for whom surgery is not an option. Pasireotide LAR has been shown to be more effective than other SRLs in providing biochemical control in patients with acromegaly. However, hyperglycemia-related adverse events were more frequent in patients treated with pasireotide LAR than in those treated with other SRLs. Given the effectiveness of pasireotide LAR, it is important to understand whether these hyperglycemia-related events are manageable and, if so, the appropriate steps to take to manage them. In patients treated with pasireotide LAR, levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) increased in the first 1–3 months and stabilized for as long as 26 months thereafter. In phase III trials of patients with acromegaly, only 3.4–3.8 % discontinued pasireotide LAR because of hyperglycemia-related adverse events. In cases in which pasireotide LAR was discontinued, FPG and HbA1c levels returned to baseline. Frequent monitoring of glucose levels is recommended, especially immediately after initiating and discontinuing pasireotide LAR. The treatment strategies suggested herein are made on the basis of available clinical data from healthy volunteers and post hoc analyses of phase III trials. Data from several clinical trials indicate a predictable and possibly reversible hyperglycemic effect that is manageable with proactive monitoring and available antidiabetic medications.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene editing and its potential application in pain research

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a research hotspot in genome editing and regulation. Currently, it is used in genomic silencing and knock-in experiments as well as transcriptional activation and repression. This versatile system consists of two components: a guide RNA (gRNA) and a Cas9 nuclease. Recognition of a genomic DNA target is mediated through base pairing with a 20-base gRNA. The latter further recruits the Cas9 endonuclease protein to the target site and creates double-stranded breaks in the target DNA. Compared with traditional genome editing directed by DNA-binding protein domains, this short RNA-directed Cas9 endonuclease system is simple and easily programmable. Although this system may have off-target effects and in vivo delivery and immune challenges, researchers have employed this system in vivo to establish disease models, study specific gene functions under certain disease conditions, and correct genomic information for disease treatment. In regards to pain research, the CRISPR/Cas9 system may act as a novel tool in gene correction therapy for pain-associated hereditary diseases and may be a new approach for RNA-guided transcriptional activation or repression of pain-related genes. In addition, this system is also applied to loss-of-function mutations in pain-related genes and knockin of reporter genes or loxP tags at pain-related genomic loci. The CRISPR/Cas9 system will likely be carried out widely in both bench work and clinical settings in the pain field.
Ultrasonic Determination of Elastic Constants from Oblique Angles of Incidence in Non-Symmetry Planes

The most common technique to determine the elastic constants of anisotropic materials from ultrasonic wave speed measurements requires that the material be cut into samples such that particular symmetry directions can be accessed for normal incidence wave speed measurements.[1,2] This is a destructive technique and is not feasible for thin or inhomogeneous materials. A truly nondestructive technique is needed. Recent work along these lines has addressed composite materials using ultrasonic immersion techniques.[3–7] However these methods have been limited to measurements in symmetry planes. Due to this limitation, all of the elastic constants can not be obtained by this technique alone. Two of the limiting factors are: the lack of a general analytic closed form solution for elastic wave propagation in anisotropic materials and that the energy vector does not, in general, lie in the plane formed by the incident wave and the refracted phase velocity. However, general analytic closed form solutions have been recently reported, removing the first of the limitations.[8,9] The second limitation greatly complicates the analysis of the problem.
Wearable Exoskeleton Assisted Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Feasibility and Experience

Impaired ability to walk independently is a significant consequence of multiple sclerosis (MS) resulting in substantial limitation in mobility and performance of daily activities, thus restricting full participation and home and community re-integration. Gait training/restoration in MS is necessary but often limited due to the progress and severity of the disease and limitations of traditional strengthening exercises Much attention has been emphasized in developing pharmaceutical treatment to stop or delay the progress of the disease, but not in developing rehabilitation strategies to improve quality of life and facilitate community re-integration for this population. Recently, wearable lower extremity robotic exoskeletons have been developed to restore ambulation in paralyzed or weak individuals with spinal cord injuries. Utilizing exoskeleton in MS rehabilitation may provident difference users experience and improve rehabilitation outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide preliminary results and early experience in our MS exoskeleton assisted rehabilitation program.
Skeletal dysplasia. A guide to the orthopaedic surgeon

Abstract Skeletal dysplasias encapsulate a wide variety of rare musculoskeletal diseases, predominantly of genetic origin. Recognition of these diseases and their natural history is crucial to the management of patients presenting with these conditions. We describe here some of the more common conditions in this category, with important orthopaedic aspects being highlighted.
Elevated Intra-Articular Cobalt and Chromium Levels in Mechanically Assisted Crevice Corrosion in Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Failed total hip arthroplasty (THA) caused by mechanically assisted crevice corrosion (MACC) has serious consequences such as adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR). Serum cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ion levels have been used to diagnose taper corrosion, but have not been shown to be an accurate measure of the severity of MACC or associated ALTRs. Additionally, elevated serum ions are not specific in patients with multiple artificial joints. Methods We examined the relationship between serum and intra-articular (IA) Co and Cr levels in a cohort of 20 patients undergoing revision THA, 16 who had symptomatic MACC. IA Co and Cr levels in MACC patients were compared with demographic, pre-operative, and operative findings. Results Serum and IA metal levels were found to be relatively low in THA patients undergoing revision surgery for isolated instability, aseptic loosening, or infection (average serum Co 0.03 ppb [parts per billion], IA Co 1.4 ppb, serum Cr 0.32 ppb, IA Cr 3.3 ppb). In patients with MACC, average IA Co (940 ppb) was significantly higher than serum Co (5.1 ppb) ( P = .0003) and IA Cr (491 ppb) was significantly higher than serum Cr (1.3 ppb) ( P = .0003). IA Co level was associated with shorter time of hip symptoms to revision surgery ( P = .0043). Conclusion Serum levels of Co and Cr correlated with joint levels in the entire cohort, but IA levels of MACC patients were 100 times greater than serum levels. IA Co and Cr levels may be useful in confirming MACC in a specific joint and the striking elevation may explain symptoms and ALTR with relatively low serum values.
Electrical Injury-Induced New Onset Dysautonomia

We report a young athletic man with low voltage electrical injury that led to progressively worsening symptomatology of autonomic dysfunction including easy fatigability, weakness, palpitations, chest discomfort, and dizziness. Other potential causes for his symptomatology were ruled out. Disopyramide was initiated targeting his autonomic response to orthostatic changes with successful alleviation of his symptoms.
Measuring Perceived Causal Relationships Between Narrative Events with a Crowdsourcing Application on Mturk

The computational study of narrative is important to multiple academic disciplines. However, prior research has been limited by the inability to quantify each subject’s comprehension of the causal structure. With the aid of big data technology and crowdsourcing tools, we aim to design a new approach to analyze the content of narratives in a data-driven manner, while also making these analyses scientifically replicable. The goal of this research is therefore to develop a method that can be used to measure people’s understanding of the causal relationships within a piece of text.
pyDEM: A generalized implementation of the inductive design exploration method

Abstract The emergence of multiscale design of materials and products has necessitated development of inductive robust design methods to rapidly develop and deploy new material systems. In addition, practical applications require robust designs which ensure performance goals are satisfied while accounting for model, noise, and control factor uncertainties. Recognizing the utility of a robust platform for design exploration, the Python Design Exploration Module (pyDEM) has been developed. The purpose of this work is to present this improved, generalized implementation of the Inductive Design Exploration Method (IDEM) to support integrated multiscale materials, process, and product design. The capabilities of pyDEM are highlighted and demonstrated via two test cases: (i) four-level Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) panel and (ii) wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) process of titanium.
The Social Networks of Children With and Without Disabilities in Early Childhood Special Education Classrooms

Interaction with peers is an important contributor to young children’s social and cognitive development. Yet, little is known about the nature of social networks within preschool inclusive classrooms. The current study applied a social network analysis to characterize children’s peer interactions in inclusive classrooms and their relations with children’s disability status. The participants were 485 preschoolers from 64 early childhood special education (ECSE) inclusive classrooms. Results from teachers’ report of children’s social networks showed that children with disabilities formed smaller play networks compared to their typically developing peers in the classroom, but no evidence indicated that children with disabilities engaged in more conflict networks than their counterparts. Children’s play and conflict networks were segregated by children’s disability status.
A Survey of Nonverbal Signaling Methods for Non-Humanoid Robots

This monograph surveys and informs the design and usage of nonverbal signals for human-robot interaction. With robots increasingly being utilized for tasks that require them to not only operate in close proximity to humans but to interact with them as well, there has been great interest in the communication challenges associated with the varying degrees of interaction in these environments. The success of such interactions depends on robots’ ability to convey information about their knowledge, intent, and actions to co-located humans. The monograph presents a comprehensive review of literature related to the generation and usage of nonverbal signals that facilitate legibility of non-humanoid robot state and behavior. To motivate the need for these signaling behaviors, it surveys literature in human communication and psychology and outlines target use cases of non-humanoid robots. Specifically, the focus is on works that provide insight into the cognitive processes that enable humans to recognize, interpret, and exploit nonverbal signals. From these use cases, information is identified that is potentially important for non-humanoid robots to signal and organize it into three categories of robot state. The monograph then presents a review of signal design techniques to illustrate how signals conveying this information can be generated and utilized. It concludes by discussing issues that must be considered during nonverbal signaling and open research areas, with a focus on informing the design and usage of generalizable nonverbal signaling behaviors for task-oriented non-humanoid robots.
The theoretical distribution of wind in the planetary boundary layer with circular isobars

The equations of motions are solved for concentric circular flow in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) under the assumption of K = 1' I&/& and gradient wind independent of radius r. The theoretical distribution of wind is obtained for r 2 300 km. Other parameters of the PBL are also calculated. Finally, equilibrium of the forces in the PBL is analyzed. There are many theoretical works that investigate the vertical distribution of wind in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Before the 1960's, the theories usually were linear. The turbulent transfer coefficient K was assumed to be a known function of height. A summary was given by Wippermann (1973). Blackadar (1962) gave a non-linear model under the assumption that K is a function of mixing length and the wind distribution. He numerically solved the non-linear equation of motion in the neutral PBL. The vertical distribution of wind and some parameters in the PBL were obtained, and the results were in agreement with the observations. There were other non-linear theories for the neutral PBL (Lettau, 1962; Wippermann, 1972; etc.), all of which assumed that the isobars were straight lines. Estoque (1967) gave a non-linear theory of the PBL with circular isobars, but it is suitable only at lower latitudes where the Coriolis force is small. In this paper, a numerical model for a neutral PBL with circular isobars is given, and a numerical solution of this model gives some theoretical estimates of winds and other parameters in the PBL. There are no accurate PBL data under conditions of circular isobars, but there is some qualitative knowledge that can be used to verify the solution.
Racially disproportionate admission rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in North Carolina.

a SYNOPSIS Objective. This study examines race variations in quality of care through the proxy of ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions. Hospital admission rates for eight ACS conditions were examined for African American and white Medicare beneficiaries in North Carolina. Temporal variations for ACS were also examined.
Teaching Against the Grain as an Act of Love: Disrupting White Eurocentric Masculinist Frameworks Within Teacher Education

What is radical love in teaching? How can radical love incite change and transformation within teacher education? What does radical love entail to prepare critically minded teachers for urban schools? In this conceptual paper, we respond to these questions through our individual and collective experiences as social justice oriented teacher educators preparing students to teach in urban schools. We engage with our womanist ways of knowing (Walker in In search of our mothers’ gardens: womanist prose, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 2004) and “theory in flesh” (Moraga and Anzaldua in This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color, 2nd edn, Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press, New York, 1983) to collaboratively reflect and analyze our conversations, reflective journaling, meetings, and other telling moments about what it means to practice radical love in teaching. More specifically, we identify three central concepts of what love as an act of resistance or teaching against the grain entails: (1) vulnerability, (2) collective support and healing, and (3) critique. Through these concepts we offer a framework from which to practice radical love in teaching and work in solidarity with others to transform oppressive systems in urban (teacher) education.
Participation in structured programming may prevent unhealthy weight gain during the summer in school-aged children from low-income neighbourhoods: feasibility, fidelity and preliminary efficacy findings from the Camp NERF study.

Objective Evaluate the feasibility, fidelity and preliminary efficacy of Camp NERF to prevent unhealthy weight gain and promote healthy behaviours in children during the summer. Design Camp NERF was an 8-week, multicomponent, theory-based programme coupled with the US Department of Agriculture's Summer Food Service Program. Twelve eligible elementary-school sites were randomized to one of three treatment groups: (i) Active Control (non-nutrition, -physical activity (PA), -mental health); (ii) Standard Care (nutrition and PA); or (iii) Enhanced Care (nutrition and PA, plus cognitive behavioural techniques) programming. Efficacy was determined by assessing mean change by group in child outcomes using hierarchical linear regression models. Setting Low-income, urban neighbourhoods in Columbus, OH, USA.ParticipantsEconomically disadvantaged, racial minority children of elementary school age (kindergarten-5th grade). Results Eighty-seven child-caregiver dyads consented; eighty-one completed pre- and post-intervention assessments resulting in a 93·10 % retention rate. Delivery of the intended lesson occurred 79-90 % of the time. Of the children, 56·98 % (n 49) were female; 89·53 % (n 77) were Black. Overall mean change in BMI Z-score from baseline to post-intervention was -0·03 (se 0·05); change in BMI Z-score did not differ significantly between treatment group. Change in nutrition, PA, mental health or psychosocial outcomes did not differ between groups. Conclusions Results from the current study demonstrate feasibility and fidelity, yet no intervention effect of Camp NERF. Instead, findings suggest that participation in structured programming of any type (health behaviour-related or not) may prevent unhealthy summer weight gain. Additional studies are needed to confirm findings. Results have implications for child nutrition policy addressing the issue of summer health.
Formalizing CNF SAT Symmetry Breaking in PVS.

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) remains a central problem to theoretical as well as practical computer science. Recently, the need to trust the results obtained by SAT solvers has led to research in formalizing these. Nevertheless, tools in the ecosystem of SAT problems (such as preprocessors, model counters, etc.) would need to be verified as well in order for the results to be trusted. In this paper we explore a step towards a formalized symmetry breaking tool for SAT: formalizing SAT symmetry breaking for formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF) using the Prototype Verification System (PVS).
On the Structure and Formation of UTLS PV Dipole/Jetlets in Tropical Cyclones by Convective Momentum Surges

AbstractThe structure and origin of mesoscale jets and associated potential vorticity (PV) dipoles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) in tropical cyclones (TCs) are investigated...
Teaching about Animals: Incorporating Nonhuman Animals into Sociology Classrooms:

The topic of human–animal studies (HAS) remains largely ignored within the sociology classroom. While a few sociologists have encouraged teaching about animals, none has assessed whether incorporat...
Practice pattern of use of high sensitivity troponin in the outpatient settings.

Background High-sensitivity troponin assays (hs-Tn) detect lower serum concentrations than prior-generation assays and help guide acute coronary syndrome (ACS) evaluation in emergency departments. Outpatient hs-Tn utilization is not well described. Hypothesis Outpatient providers use hs-TnT to triage patients with suspected ACS. Methods We compared the volume of outpatient prior-generation troponin tests in the pre-hsTn implementation period (January 2015-March 2018) with outpatient hs-TnT volume in the post-implementation period (April 2018-January 2020). Triage patterns were compared between patients with hs-TnT≥99th vs Results Across a large tertiary healthcare system, a mean of 80 prior-generation tests/month were ordered during the pre-hsTn implementation period compared with 12 hs-TnT tests/month in the post-implementation period. Prior-generation orders rose by 1.72 tests/month during pre-implementation, vs a decline of 2.74 hs-TnT tests/month during post-implementation (P 99th percentile were more likely to be sent to the ED (RR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.22-9.25; P = .002). Among patients sent home (n = 66), those with hs-TnT > 99th percentile had more adverse events by 6 months (3.3% vs 22.2% RR, 6.67; 95% CI, 1.04-42.9; P = .026). Conclusions In this healthcare system, outpatient troponin utilization significantly declined since hs-TnT implementation. Some providers use hs-TnT to triage patients with suspected ACS to the ED; others test asymptomatic patients and some send patients home despite high hs-TnT values.
Within-Clutch Repeatability of Egg Size Traits in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus in a Long-Term View

Female birds are exceptionally consistent in laying rather uniform and individually specific eggs, so that variation in eggs of individual females is low, while variation among females is high. Repeatability is a population-level parameter used in quantitative genetics to quantify the level of intraindividual consistency in relation to interindividual variation in phenotypic traits, in this case, the egg traits. The statistical measure of repeatability is intraclass correlation of particular egg traits clustered in clutches. This study is based on a long-term dataset on repeatabilities of the length, breadth, volume and shape of eggs of Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus investigated in two ecologically varying sites (an urban parkland versus a mature deciduous forest) around the city of Łodź, central Poland in 1999–2013. Coefficients of repeatability of egg length, breadth, volume and shape in the study populations of Blue Tits showed some variation between years and study sites, but were generally very high, on average 0.7 or more, and did not significantly differ between the traits within years. The observed differences between repeatabilities do not seem to be strongly associated with year-specific weather indicators for the first half of April. Only coefficients of variation in mean daily temperature influenced repeatabilities of egg length and breadth, whereas effects of mean temperature were non-significant. Repeatability of egg length in the forest and breadth in both sites increased with increasing variation in daily temperature, whereas repeatability of egg length in the urban park site showed a reverse relation with variation in temperature. Year-site-specific mean laying dates, clutch sizes and egg volumes, considered as indicators of breeding conditions, tended to negatively affect the repeatabilities. However, in general, repeatabilities of different egg traits were not consistent in their variation between years and sites, which suggests an important role of stochastic factors in shaping this variation. External factors that are able to force females to diversify traits of eggs in a particular laying sequence do not seem to directly result from the environmental conditions prevailing during a spring period critical for laying eggs in a population in a given year (the first half of April), but seem to be linked to more subtle aspects of variation in the conditions for egg laying, as shown by links with the mean values of basic breeding parameters.
A critical threshold for global pediatric surgical workforce density.

1.7 billion children lack access to surgical care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The pediatric surgical workforce density (PSWD), an indicator of surgical access, correlates with survival of complex pediatric surgical problems. To determine if PSWD also correlates with population-level health outcomes for children, we compared PSWD with pediatric-specific mortality rates and determined the PSWD associated with improved survival. Using medical licensing registries, pediatric surgeons practicing in 26 countries between 2015 and 2019 were identified. Countries’ PSWD was calculated as the ratio of pediatric surgeons per 100,000 children. The correlation between neonatal, infant and under 5 mortality rates and PSWD was assessed using Spearman’s correlations and piecewise linear regression models. Four LIC, eight L-MIC, ten UMIC and four HIC countries, containing 420 million children, were analyzed. The median PSWD by income group was 0.03 (LIC), 0.12 (L-MIC), 1.34 (UMIC) and 2.13 (HIC). PSWD strongly correlated with neonatal (0.78, p 0.37. Currently, PSWD in LMICs is inadequate to meet UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for child mortality.
Methods for Authenticating Participants in Fully Web-Based Mobile App Trials from the iReach Project: Cross-sectional Study.

Background: Mobile health apps are important interventions that increase the scale and reach of prevention services, including HIV testing and prevention counseling, pre-exposure prophylaxis, condom distribution, and education, of which all are required to decrease HIV incidence rates. The use of these web-based apps as well as fully web-based intervention trials can be challenged by the need to remove fraudulent or duplicate entries and authenticate unique trial participants before randomization to protect the integrity of the sample and trial results. It is critical to ensure that the data collected through this modality are valid and reliable. Objective: The aim of this study is to discuss the electronic and manual authentication strategies for the iReach randomized controlled trial that were used to monitor and prevent fraudulent enrollment. Methods: iReach is a randomized controlled trial that focused on same-sex attracted, cisgender males (people assigned male at birth who identify as men) aged 13-18 years in the United States and on enrolling people of color and those in rural communities. The data were evaluated by identifying possible duplications in enrollment, identifying potentially fraudulent or ineligible participants through inconsistencies in the data collected at screening and survey data, and reviewing baseline completion times to avoid enrolling bots and those who did not complete the baseline questionnaire. Electronic systems flagged questionable enrollment. Additional manual reviews included the verification of age, IP addresses, email addresses, social media accounts, and completion times for surveys. Results: The electronic and manual strategies, including the integration of social media profiles, resulted in the identification and prevention of 624 cases of potential fraudulent, duplicative, or ineligible enrollment. A total of 79% (493/624) of the potentially fraudulent or ineligible cases were identified through electronic strategies, thereby reducing the burden of manual authentication for most cases. A case study with a scenario, resolution, and authentication strategy response was included. Conclusions: As web-based trials are becoming more common, methods for handling suspicious enrollments that compromise data quality have become increasingly important for inclusion in protocols. Trial Registration:
Pivot! Teaching Communications Online During COVID-19

When the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 hit, historically black colleges and universities were among the thousands of higher education institutions forced to pivot to online teaching. The pandemic has led to profound changes in social interaction and organization in postsecondary education. The pandemic required that institutions respond with ?emergency eLearning? or remote learning protocols, moving quickly from face-to-face, in-person classes to online learning systems. This move disproportionately impacted HBCUs, which traditionally serve low-income, first-generation students, many of whom lack access to needed resources and technology. This article examines how communications programs at HBCUs have fared in the emergency move to online teaching while serving an at-risk population for the coronavirus. It will discuss the pedagogical approach and process by which these primarily ACEJMC-accredited journalism programs moved courses online and attempted to train hundreds of faculty to teach online within days of expanding lockdown orders in mid-March through the end of 2020. This exploratory research focuses on 10 HBCUs, including all eight ACEJMC-accredited HBCU journalism and communication programs.
The law of the sea tribunal and the ICJ

Abstract The article traces the history of the Law of the Sea Tribunal. The conflict between supporters of the Tribunal and the opponents (who view it as infringing on the legitimate territory of the International Court of Justice) is explained. The relatively limited role of universal international courts in the 20th century is described and it is argued that a possible model for the potential success or otherwise of the new Tribunal may be found in the European regional courts: the ECU and the ECHR.
The Shikani Optical Stylet: a useful adjunct to airway management in a neonate with popliteal pterygium syndrome.

Summary The craniofacial abnormalities of popliteal pterygium syndrome present unique challenges to the pediatric anesthetist. Congenital fibrous bands between the maxilla and mandible limit mouth opening and the tongue may be fused to the palate. We describe the use of the Shikani Optical Stylet, a novel fiberoptic endoscope, in the airway management of a neonate with popliteal pterygium syndrome and syngnathia.
Isotopic tracing of fuel carbon in the emissions of a compression-ignition engine fueled with biodiesel blends

Experimental tests were conducted on a Cummins 85.9 direct-injected diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends. 20% and 50% blend levels were tested, as was 100% (neat) biodiesel. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}), hydrocarbons (HC) and CO were measured under steady-state operating conditions. The effect of biodiesel on PM emissions was mixed; however, the contribution of the volatile organic fraction to total PM was greater for the higher biodiesel blend levels. When only non-volatile PM mass was considered, reductions were observed for the biodiesel blends as well as for neat biodiesel. The biodiesel test fuels increased NO{sub x}, while HC and CO emissions were reduced. PM collected on quartz filters during the experimental runs were analyzed for carbon-14 content using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMs). These measurements revealed that carbon from the biodiesel portion of the blended fuel was marginally less likely to contribute to PM, compared to the carbon from the diesel portion of the fuel. The results are different than those obtained in previous tests with the oxygenate ethanol, which was observed to be far less likely contribute to PM than the diesel component of the blended fuel. The data suggests that chemical structure of themore » oxygen- carbon bonds in an oxygenate affects the PM formation process.« less
The war of presence and instant messaging: right protocols and APIs

Instant messaging, coupled with presence and availability management services, is emerging as a killer application in both wireless and wireline networks. This has led to the emergence of a number of standard protocols (SIP/SIMPLE, Wireless Village, JABBER, etc.) in addition to proprietary protocols (MSN, Yahoo!, AOL, etc.) and standard APIs (JAIN SIMPLE, JAIN Presence, JAIN Instant Messaging, PAM, JAIN PAM, etc.). We present the motivations, the objectives, as well as the scope and technical merits of each of these standards. In addition, we discuss, in detail, the chances of any of these standards prevailing in the industry and the relevant standardization bodies. Significant effort is devoted to the discussion and analysis of presence and instant messaging enabling technologies. In particular, we emphasize the role of Java middleware in enabling and animating such services. Finally, we reveal our views on how the various involved forums (in which those presence and instant-messaging protocols and APIs are being elaborated) can work together to define and promote a coherent suite of specifications, architectures, implementations, technology compatibility requirements, and roadmaps.
Objective Functions for Multi-Way Number Partitioning

The number partitioning problem is to divide a set of integers into a collection of subsets, so that the sum of the numbers in each subset are as nearly equal as possible. There are at least three natural objective functions for number partitioning. One is to minimize the largest subset sum, another is to maximize the smallest subset sum, and the third is to minimize the difference between the largest and smallest subset sums. I show that contrary to my previous claims, no two of these objective functions are equivalent for partitioning numbers three or more ways. Minimizing the largest subset sum or maximizing the smallest subset sum correspond to different practical applications of number partitioning, and both allow a recursive strategy for finding optimal solutions that is very effective in practice. Finally, a completely new version of this recursive strategy appears to reduce the asymptotic complexity of the algorithm, and results in orders of magnitude improvement over the best previous results for multi-way partitioning.
Two-Dimensional Elasticity

Many physical problems are reducible to two-dimensions which facilitates their eventual solution. If there is no traction on one plane passing through the body, this state is known as plane stress since all nonzero stresses are confined to planes parallel to the traction-free plane. This is an obvious possibility for bodies with one dimension much smaller than the other two, such as a thin sheet or diaphragm loaded in the plane perpendicular to the small dimension. Another possibility is a body in which one dimension is much greater than the other two, such as a long pipe or a dam between massive end walls. This is known as plane strain.
Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Space

The science problem I have tackled in this grant is the derivation of the diffusion tensor of energetic particles in turbulent magnetic fields, with a sensible mean field. The new approach was to use quasi-linear theory with a consistent treatment of those scattering terms leading to diffusion perpendicular to the mean magnetic field; and, to use modern data and formats for three-dimensional turbulence.
Haldane's Rule and X-Chromosome Size in Drosophila

The “dominance theory” of Haldane9s rule postulates that hybrids of the heterogametic sex are more likely to be inviable or sterile than the homogametic sex because some of the epistatic incompatibilities contributing to postzygotic isolation behave as X -linked partial recessives. When this is true, pairs of taxa with relatively large X chromosomes should require less divergence time, on average, to produce Haldane9s rule than pairs with smaller Xs . Similarly, if the dominance theory is correct and if the X chromosome evolves at a similar rate to the autosomes, the size of the X should not influence the rate at which homogametic hybrids become inviable or sterile. We use Drosophila data to examine both of these predictions. As expected under the dominance theory, pairs of taxa with large X chromosomes (~40% of the nuclear genome) show Haldane9s rule for sterility at significantly smaller genetic distances than pairs with smaller X chromosomes (~20% of the genome). As also predicted, the genetic distances between taxa that exhibit female inviability/sterility show no differences between “large X ” vs . “small X ” pairs. We present some simple mathematical models to relate these data to the dominance theory and alternative hypotheses involving faster evolution of the X vs . the autosomes and/or faster evolution of incompatibilities that produce male-specific vs . female-specific sterility. Although the data agree qualitatively with the predictions of the dominance theory, they depart significantly from the quantitative predictions of simple models of the dominance theory and the other hypotheses considered. These departures probably stem from the many simplifying assumptions needed to tractably model epistatic incompatibilities and to analyze heterogeneous data from many taxa.
Imaging Cells in Three‐Dimensional Collagen Matrix

The use of in vitro three-dimensional (3-D) collagen matrices to mimic an in vivo cellular environment has become increasingly popular and is broadening our understanding of cellular processes and cell-ECM interactions. To study cells in in vitro 3-D collagen matrices, both cellular proteins and the collagen matrix must be visualized. In this unit, the authors describe the protocol and provide troubleshooting for immunolabeling of cells in 3-D collagen gels to localize and visualize cellular proteins with high-resolution fluorescence confocal microscopy. The authors then describe confocal reflection microscopy as a technique for direct imaging of 3-D fibrillar collagen matrices by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. They also provide instrument settings required for simultaneous imaging of cellular proteins with fluorescence confocal imaging and 3-D collagen fibrils with confocal reflection microscopy. Additionally, the authors provide protocols for a "cell sandwiching" technique to prepare cell cultures in 3-D collagen matrices required for high-resolution confocal imaging.
Comparison of clinical characteristics and frequency of adverse outcomes in patients with Marfan syndrome diagnosed in adulthood versus childhood.

Patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) continue to elude diagnosis until well into adulthood. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult survivors with MFS diagnosed during adulthood (age, ≥18 years) with those of adult survivors with MFS diagnosed in childhood ( 18 years) MFS patients seen at a combined pediatric and adult multidisciplinary MFS clinic from 2004 to 2006. Demographic, clinical, and cardiac variables were collected and a comparative analysis was performed between the two groups: patients diagnosed with MFS during childhood and patients diagnosed in adulthood. The primary outcome measures were the presence of aortic dissection and the need for urgent cardiovascular surgery. Despite a similar incidence of clinical characteristics, 39 of the 66 MFS patients were not diagnosed until adulthood. The overall incidence of major cardiac involvement was comparable between the two groups, although the patients diagnosed at a younger age were found to have a reduced need for aortic surgery (33% vs. 59%; P < 0.04) and fewer adverse cardiac outcomes (0% vs. 46%; P < 0.001). Moreover, the patients diagnosed with MFS in adulthood were more likely to require repeated surgical intervention for distal aortic disease (13% vs. 0%; P = 0.07). In conclusion, patients with MFS who remain undiagnosed until adulthood have well-established cardiovascular pathology frequently requiring surgical intervention. Due to this delay in diagnosis and management, they often suffer from a suboptimal clinical outcome. Our research demonstrates the importance of educating pediatric clinicians in early MFS diagnosis in hopes of improving the long-term outcome of all MFS patients.
Evidence that sediment type influences the horizontal and vertical distribution of nematodes at a deep-sea site

Abstract The relationship between sediment type and the nematode fauna was studied at the HEBBLE site (40°27′N, 62°20′W), which is at 4820 m depth on the Scotian Rise in the northeast Atlantic. Because of the hydrodynamic regime, the fine-grained, surficial sediments (brown mud) are eroded and redeposited several times per year, so the properties of brown mud can be expected to be relatively homogeneous, regardless of depth of burial. Brown mud accumulates in topographic lows, so although the 0–1 cm layer in our samples is brown mud, the 1–2 and 2–3 cm layers can be either brown mud or foraminiferan mud. Where both sediment types occur in a single horizontal plane (i.e. the 1–2 cm layer and the 2–3 cm layer), nematodes are more abundant in the brown mud than in the foraminiferan mud, and this pattern occurs across feeding and tail-morphology functional groups. In those samples in which brown mud occurs from 0 to 3 cm, nematodes do not differ significantly in abundance among the three depth layers, suggesting that the usual decrease in abundance with depth in the sediment is not simply a function of proximity to the sediment surface, but relates to a change in the quality of the sediment with depth. Further, in brown mud, nematodes tend to be more abundant in the 1–2 cm layer than in the 0–1 cm layer. At the HEBBLE site, there is reason to suspect that small organisms are at risk on the sediment surface. The unexpected nematode-abundance profile may occur for the same reason.
Proteinlike molecular architecture: Biomaterial applications for inducing cellular receptor binding and signal transduction

The development of biomaterials with desirable biocompatibility has presented a difficult challenge for tissue engineering researchers. First and foremost, materials themselves tend to be hydrophobic and/or thrombogenic in nature, and face compatibility problems upon implantation. To mediate this problem, researchers have attempted to graft protein fragments onto biomaterial surfaces to promote endothelial cell attachment and minimize thrombosis. We envisioned a novel approach, based on the capability of biomolecules to self-assemble into well-defined and intricate structures, for creating biomimetic biomaterials that promote cell adhesion and proliferation. One of the most intriguing self-assembly processes is the folding of peptide chains into native protein structures. We have developed a method for building protein-like structural motifs that incorporate sequences of biological interest. A lipophilic moiety is attached onto a N alpha-amino group of peptide chain, resulting in a "peptide-amphiphile." The alignment of amphiphilic compounds at the lipid-solvent interface is used to facilitate peptide alignment and structure initiation and propagation, while the lipophilic region absorbs to hydrophobic surfaces. Peptide-amphiphiles containing potentially triple-helical or alpha-helical structural motifs have been synthesized. The resultant head group structures have been characterized by CD spectroscopy and found to be thermally stable over physiological temperature ranges. Triple-helical peptide-amphiphiles have been applied to studies of surface modification and cell receptor binding. Cell adhesion and spreading was promoted by triple-helical peptide-amphiphiles. Cellular interaction with the type IV collagen sequence alpha 1(IV) 1263-1277 increased signal transduction, with both the time and level of induction dependent upon triple-helical conformation. Collectively, these results suggest that peptide-amphiphiles may be used to form stable molecular structure on biomaterial surfaces that promote cellular activities and improve biocompatibility.
OSIMS: OIL SPILL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The oil spill information management system (OSIMS) is an integrated information management tool providing a graphical interface to a database of spill-related data and models. OSIMS combines the utility of a geographic information system (GIS) with the intelligence of a decision support system (DSS), and provides worldwide access through World Wide Web (WWW) technology.