cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combined energy and error optimization method for metal powder based additive manufacturing processes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to analyze the total sintering energy (TSE) required for manufacturing a part in metal powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes and optimize AM processes for minimizing total energy and form errors of AM parts while maximizing part strength. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a computational geometry approach to determine the TSE expended for manufacturing a metal AM part. The stereolithography (STL) file of a part is converted into a voxel data structure and the total sintering volume (TSV) is computed from the voxel representation. The TSE is then calculated from the TSV using the material property information of the metal powder. Findings – The TSE of an AM part is calculated for different slice thickness and part orientations, and the correlation of the total energy to these parameters is calculated. Using these correlations, the AM process is optimized to calculate the optimal values of slice thickness and part orient...
Lessons from the happiest place on Earth.

THE ROOTS OF DISNEY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO BUSINESS When the Disneyland resort opened in the summer of 1955, it consisted of a single theme park built on a 160acre orange grove in Anaheim, California. Today, it comprises 2 theme parks, 3 hotels, an entertainment district, and an expansive shopping area, all in California alone. More than 600 million people have visited the park, many as return guests, making the Disney theme parks the number one tourist attraction in America [1]. The Disneyland model is highly regarded for its organizational effectiveness and is taught in several business school curricula. Additionally, the Disney Institute has been established to provide business leaders with insights regarding the Disney approach to human resource management, brand development, and customer service; roughly a third of its attendees work in the health care industry [2]. At first glance, Disney may seem an unusual role model for health care leaders. However, a closer inspection shows several similarities between the challenges of operating a theme park and those faced by hospital administrators. Disney executives are charged with sustaining the massive Disney enterprise while battling long lines and ensuring a pleasant experience for their
Quality of Life: Concept, Measure and Results

QUALITY OF LIFE-QOL-is a new name for an old notion. It is a subjective name for the "well being" of people and the environment in which they live. For any individual, QOL expresses that set of "wants" which after being supplied, when taken together, makes the individual happy or satisfied. However, human wants rarely reach a state of complete satisfaction, except possibly for a very short time: as one want is satisfied, another pops up to take its place. As a result, the concept of quality of life varies not only from person to person, but also from place to place and from time to time. Recognition of these difficulties should not deter our efforts to define and measure the quality of life, and to do so in a manner that has some meaning within the decision-matrix associated with comprehensive planning for national health. This paper is an exploratory effort to develop an analytical framework to guide future empirical work, and to establish a set of quality-of-life indicators. These, in turn, will reflect our national health or social wellbeing, and can be constructed, evaluated, and reviewed over time in such a manner that actions towards the improvement of our future quality of life can be taken in a timely and efficient manner.
Differences between physical and social sciences in university graduate departments

The greater articulation of scientific fields with well-developed paradigms — in Kuhn's sense of the term — is viewed as facilitating scientific activities within those fields. Contrasting two physical science with two social science fields, earlier research reported greater consensus in the physical sciences, greater willingness to work with graduate students, and large advantages in research support and funding as compared to the social sciences.
Multiversion-based view maintenance over distributed data sources

Materialized views can be maintained by submitting maintenance queries to the data sources. However, the query results may be erroneous due to concurrent source updates. State-of-the-art maintenance strategies typically apply compensations to resolve such conflicts and assume all source schemata remain stable over time. In a loosely coupled dynamic environment, the sources may autonomously change not only their data but also their schema or semantics. Consequently, either the maintenance or the compensation queries may be broken. Unlike compensation-based approaches found in the literature, we instead model the complete materialized view maintenance process as a view maintenance transaction (VMlTransaction). This way, the anomaly problem can be rephrased as the serializability of VMlTransactions. To achieve VMlTransaction serializability, we propose a multiversion concurrency control algorithm, called TxnWrap, which is shown to be the appropriate design for loosely coupled environments with autonomous data sources. TxnWrap is complementary to the maintenance algorithms proposed in the literature, since it removes concurrency issues from consideration allowing the designer to focus on the maintenance logic. We show several optimizations of TxnWrap, in particular, (1) space optimizations on versioned data materialization and (2) parallel maintenance scheduling. With these optimizations, TxnWrap even outperforms state-of-the-art view maintenance solutions in terms of refresh time. Further, several design choices of TxnWrap are studied each having its respective advantages for certain environmental settings. A correctness proof based on transaction theory for TxnWrap is also provided. Last, we have implemented TxnWrap. The experimental results confirm that TxnWrap achieves predictable performance under a varying rate of concurrency.
Diversity among male-sterility-inducing and male-fertile cytoplasms of onion

Hybrid-onion (Allium cepa) seed is produced using systems of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Two different sources of CMS (S and T cytoplasms) have been genetically characterized. Testcrosses of N-cytoplasmic maintaining and restoring genotypes to S and T cytoplasmic lines demonstrated that different alleles, or loci, restore male fertility for these two male-sterile cytoplasms. Other sources of CMS have been used or reported in Europe, Japan and India, and their relationships to S and T cytoplasms are not clear. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in the organellar genomes among commercially used male-sterile cytoplasms from Holland, Japan and India, and were compared to S and T cytoplasms. Mitochondrial DNA diversity among 58 non-S-cytoplasmic open-pollinated onion populations was also assessed. All five putative CMS lines selected from the Indian population Nasik White Globe were identical to S cytoplasm for all polymorphisms in the chloroplast genome, and always possessed the same-sized mitochondrial fragments as S cytoplasm. T cytoplasm, the male-sterile cytoplasm used to produce the Dutch hybrid Hygro F1, and two sources of CMS from Japan, were similar and showed numbers of mitochondrial polymorphisms similar to those observed among the 58 non-S-cytoplasmic open-pollinated populations. This research demonstrates that the same, or very similar, male-sterile cytoplasms have been independently isolated and exploited for hybrid-seed production in onion.
Transient gene expression in electroporated bean cotyledon protoplasts

A protocol has been developed for the introduction of foreign DNA into cell protoplasts from immature bean cotyledons. The method yields high amounts of the reporter enzymes β-glucuronidase (GUS) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) when cognate genes are driven by the promoter and upstream sequences of a bean β-phas gene. Comparisons with expression in stable tobacco transformants indicate that transient assays can be used to investigate enhancer function. This techniques should be applicable to other gene systems as well.
Large-scale analysis of format string vulnerabilities in Debian Linux

Format-string bugs are a relatively common security vulnerability, and can lead to arbitrary code execution. In collaboration with others, we designed and implemented a system to eliminate format string vulnerabilities from an entire Linux distribution, using type-qualifier inference, a static analysis technique that can find taint violations. We successfully analyze 66% of C/C++ source packages in the Debian 3.1 Linux distribution. Our system finds 1,533 format string taint warnings. We estimate that 85% of these are true positives, i.e., real bugs; ignoring duplicates from libraries, about 75% are real bugs. We suggest that the technology exists to render format string vulnerabilities extinct in the near future.
Tectonic Implications of Blueschist Facies Metamorphic Terranes in Alaska

Recent field investigations by researchers from the University of Alaska and the US Geological Survey have defined several “blueschist facies” metamorphic terranes in Alaska. Although the regional distribution and petrology of these terranes are not yet fully understood, this early report of their findings may be of considerable interest to those concerned with the tectonic framework of the North Pacific and Bering Oceanic basins and the contiguous continental blocks.
The synthesis of homoprotoberberines

Abstract Three approaches to the homoprotoberberines have been developed. Mannich condensation of amine 7 with formaldehyde gave homoprotoberberine 9. In the homophthalide approach, treatment of amino lactones 13 and 14 with base gave lactam alcohols 15 and 16, which could in turn be converted to amino alcohols 18 and 19. Furthermore, lactam alcohols 15 and 16 underwent catalytic hydrogenolysis to lactam 20. Reduction of 20 with LAH furnished homoprotoberberine base 21. In the Dieckmann sequence, cyclization of diester 24 afforded α-amino ketone 25 which was readily reduced to the homoprotoberberine alcohol 26. The homoprotoberberine bases prepared were found to be cis B/C fused. Homoprotoberberines unsubstituted at C-9 undergo catalytic hydrogenolysis with cleavage of the N7C8 bond.
EMPOWERING PARENTS IN CHILD PROTECTION MEDIATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

One of the greatest challenges that parents face in child protection mediation (CPM) is to voice their concerns and negotiate on a relatively equal basis with the other mediation participants. This article considers how imbalances of power, limited confidentiality protection, and the personal problems that bring parents into the child protection process can limit a parent's ability to exercise self-determination in mediation and offers guidance for mediators seeking to conduct CPM in a manner that effectively empowers parents to meaningfully and collaboratively participate in mediation.
Scattering of anti-plane (SH) waves by a semi-elliptical hill: I—Shallow hill

Abstract The paper presents an exact, analytical solution to the boundary-valued problem of the two-dimensional scattering of anti-plane (SH) waves by a shallow, semi-elliptical hill on an elastic half-space, based on the method of wave-function expansion in elliptical coordinate and elliptical cosine half-range expansion. It is expressed in terms of an infinite system of simultaneous linear equations that is later truncated for numerical computation. Some numerical results when semi-elliptical tends to semi-circular are compared with the existing results presented by Lee et al. (2006) [12] . Complicated effects on ground motion due to the existence of an elliptical hill at various aspect ratios and angles of wave incidence are illustrated.
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Versus Primary Stenting

The decision to perform primary aortoiliac stent placement or to reserve metal stents for inadequate balloon angioplasties is an important one. Unfortunately, only a single randomized control study, the Dutch Iliac Stent Trial, has examined this issue. It is important for interventionalists to recognize both the merits and deficiencies of that widely quoted work and to understand its limitations as a guide for patient care.
The study of models of intelligent interfaces

Researchers in the field of intelligent interfaces have concentrated on building architectures, and have placed little emphasis on defining appropriate models. As a result, this research area is not well defined. L-CID is a model of an intelligent interface that establishes the knowledge requirements for, determines the functionality of, and creates a definition for an intelligent interface. In addition to modeling knowledge-based user interaction, L-CID allows two important functions commonly overlooked in models of intelligent interfaces: (1) selfadaptation, and (2) user-interface management. Examples of implementations of L-CID for each of these functions are presented.
Perspective on cervical cancer: why prevent?

Cervical carcinoma (CC) remains a significant health problem in the United States (U.S.) despite the progressive fall in the mortality rate during the past 60 years. However, CC is still the most common cancer among women worldwide and the leading cancer cause of death in many countries. In the U.S., the current age-adjusted incidence of CC is about 8 per 100,000 population, which compares to 54.6 in Peru and 4.2 in Israel. The lifetime risk for acquiring CC in the U.S. is about 1%, while the lifetime risk in Peru is more than 5 times greater. Recently some industrialized countries have reported a 2–3-fold increase in the death rate from CC among women less than 35 years of age. The primary strategy to reduce the incidence and death rate from CC is screening by cervical cytology. Because of the high incidence of CC precursor lesions, as well as the lack of specificity and sensitivity, CC screening has proven very costly. Nevertheless, in countries or regions where such screening has been repetitive and comprehensive, the mortality rate from CC has been reduced up to 80%, with most cases of CC occurring in non-compliant patients. The decrease in mortality results from detection of invasive cancer at an earlier, and therefore more curable stage, as well as detection and treatment of precursors which prevent the development of invasive carcinoma. Because the strategy involves detection of cancer precursors, the rate of abnormal Pap smears and the number of women requiring medical intervention is many times higher than the CC rate. The age-adjusted incidence of carcinoma in situ is reported to be 3–5-fold that of invasive cervical cancers. The age-adjusted incidence of all dysplasias is unknown, but it is reported that more than half (perhaps up to 90%) of mild and moderate dysplasias regress spontaneously. Considering that there are 15,000 cases of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed in the U.S. annually, cytologic screening involves the diagnosis and treatment of 750,000 or more women each year for precursor lesions. The impact of CC on the patient and society, as well as the role of other strategies for early diagnosis and prevention, will be briefly reviewed.
Muscular activity characteristics associated with preparation for gait transition

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate lower extremity neuromuscular activity patterns during gait transitions with continuously changing locomotion speeds. Methods Muscular activities related to gait transitions (walk to run and run to walk) induced by changing treadmill speed were compared to muscular activities during walk and run at constant speeds. All transition and constant speed conditions were conducted in similar speed range. Surface electromyographic activities of gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris long head (BFL), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), and soleus (SL) were collected and analyzed. The influences of speed and mode of locomotion were analyzed. Results We have observed transition specific nonlinear muscular behavior in this study. For example, peak magnitudes of GM, RF, GA, and SL increased with speed quadratically as locomotion approached walk to run transition within the last five steps. Activity duration of GA decreased in a quadratic fashion with speed as approached run to walk transition within the last five steps. These nonlinear reactions to speed change were only observed in transition related conditions but not in the constant speed conditions. Conclusion These results indicated that, in preparation for transition, neuromuscular modifications occur steps before gait transition due to changing speed. Gait transition is not a spontaneous event in response to any type of triggers.
Child abduction murder: an analysis of the effect of time and distance separation between murder incident sites on solvability

Empirical studies of child abduction murder investigations are lacking. Accordingly, an empirical analysis of the effect of time and distance relationships on case solvability in child abduction murders (N=735) was conducted. The murders occurred across the United States from 1968 to 2002. Murder incident components examined were: victim last seen site, initial contact site, murder site, and body recovery site. Time and distance intervals between component pairings were also examined. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine if information relating to time and distance intervals between components were critical solvability factors. Results show that information about time and distance increases case solvability. Results also demonstrate that time and distance relationships contribute uniquely to case solvability in murders of abducted children. Findings also indicate that additional factors such as type of forensic evidence, investigative resources, or actions by first responders, may be critical to case solvability. Language: en
The two-phase zone and dry-out condition for porous surfaces

Abstract This paper focuses on the existence of the two-phase zone and the dry-out condition at a heated porous surface. The work is relevant to high intensity drying processes, underground coal gasification, geothermal energy production from hot dry rock, and around nuclear waste repositories. The condition for which a two-phase zone does not exist due to high heat flux is examined experimentally and theoretically. The results indicate that when the applied heat flux increases, the two-phase zone becomes smaller. In addition the dry-out condition is determined to be approximately 135 kW/m2.
The stability of the primary social attitudes: I. Religionism and humanitarianism.

(1941). The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes: I. Religionism and Humanitarianism. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 283-288.
The Jeans Mass Constraint and the Fragmentation of Molecular Cloud Cores

The collapse and fragmentation of molecular cloud cores into binary and multiple protostar systems is a demanding computational problem, in part because of the large range of length scales involved. Truelove et al. proposed that the computational cell size Δx must be smaller than 1/4 of the Jeans length, λJ, if artificial (numerical) fragmentation is to be avoided. For a uniform Cartesian grid, Truelove et al.'s Jeans condition is equivalent to ensuring that the mass of a cell never exceeds ~1/64 of a Jeans mass. It is shown here that for a nonuniform spherical grid, artificial fragmentation can be avoided provided that the cell size of a cube with approximately the same volume as the spherical coordinate cell [Δx=(ΔxrΔxθΔx)1/3] is less than λJ/4 (i.e., that the mass inside each cell is much less than a Jeans mass), even if one of the three cell lengths (Δxr, Δxθ, or Δx) exceeds λJ/4. For a nonuniform grid, resolving a small fraction of a Jeans mass is less restrictive than resolving 1/4 of a Jeans length in each coordinate direction; resolving all three Jeans lengths is desirable but not necessary in order to avoid artificial fragmentation. The well-resolved collapse of an initially Gaussian-profile cloud is then followed with both isothermal and nonisothermal (Eddington approximation radiative transfer) thermodynamics and is shown to lead to fragmentation into a binary protostar system in both cases. The Jeans mass constraint appears to be a valuable indicator of physically realistic fragmentation.
The utility of reticulocyte indices in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia from anemia of inflammatory disease, portosystemic shunting, and breed-associated microcytosis in dogs

Background Indices of reticulocyte cell size and hemoglobin content show promise for diagnosing iron deficiency (FeDef), but have not been evaluated in other causes of canine anemia or microcytosis. Objectives The aims of this study were to establish reference intervals (RI) for reticulocyte indices in dogs, and to compare results from dogs with FeDef anemia to dogs with 3 conditions that may mimic FeDef on hematologic and biochemical testing, including anemia of inflammatory disease (AID), portosystemic shunting (PSS), or breed-associated microcytosis (BAM). Methods Reticulocyte indices were measured using the ADVIA 2120. Reference intervals were determined prospectively in 122 healthy dogs, and retrospectively compared between dogs with FeDef (n = 11), AID (n = 12), PSS (n = 12), and BAM (n = 7). Results Almost all dogs had at least one reticulocyte index outside the RI. The most discriminating reticulocyte indices were reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration (CHCMr) (FeDef ≤ 26 g/dL, AID ≥ 26 g/dL, PSS ≥ 24.1 g/dL, and BAM ≥ 27.7 g/dL), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) (FeDef ≤ 20.1 pg, AID ≥ 21.8 pg, PSS ≥ 19.2 pg, BAM ≥ 21 pg), percentage of reticulocytes with low CHCMr (%Hypo-r) (FeDef ≥ 74.2%, AID ≤ 80.1%, PSS ≤ 91.5%, BAM ≤ 61.6%,), and percentage of reticulocytes with low CHr (%LowCHr) (FeDef ≥ 50.7%, AID ≤ 31.3%, PSS ≤ 63.2%, BAM ≤ 34.1%). Conclusions Reticulocyte indices can be altered in dogs with various conditions, and are not specific for FeDef. Dogs with CHCMr, CHr, %Hypo-r, and %LowCHr beyond the above cutoffs are suspicious for FeDef. Dogs with AID, PSS, or BAM with reticulocyte indices altered beyond the ranges reported for those subgroups warrant evaluation for concurrent iron deficiency.
Physical Aging Studies of Styrene-Butadiene and Carbonate-Siloxane Block Copolymers

Abstract : The physical aging process in styrene-butadiene and carbonate- siloxane block copolymers has been studied by monitoring the time dependent changes in mechanical and thermal properties. Specifically, stress-strain, stress relaxation and differential scanning calorimetry experiments were utilized. For the styrene-butadiene systems, it was found that the rate of physical aging increases with decreasing glassy content between 50 and 100% glass. However, the rate must decrease to zero when the percent glass reaches zero. The occurrence of physical aging was also noted in the polycarbonate siloxane block copolymer investigated. The data are discussed in light of the practical ramification of utilizing these block copolymers in material applications.
Measurement of the inclusive charged-current cross section for neutrino and antineutrino scattering on isoscalar nucleons

This paper reports on measurements of the total cross section for the inclusive reaction vμ+N, as a function of incident energy. Neutrinos and antineutrinos with energy in the range 30–300 GeV were produced in the 1982 Fermilab narrow-band neutrino beamline. A total of 35 000 neutrino and 7000 antineutrino interactions were recorded in the CCFR detector located in LabE. The incident neutrino flux was determined by methods similar to those used in previous experiments. The rate of increase with energy of the total cross section (σ/Ev) in the range 30 to 75 GeV was determined to be 0.659±0.005(stat)±0.039(syst)×10−38 cm2/GeV and 0.307±0.008(stat)±0.020(syst)×10−38 cm2/GeV for incident neutrinos and antineutrinos, respectively. The 5.9% systematic errors are due primarily to uncertainties in the flux intensity measurement. The energy dependence of the cross section in the regionEν=100–300 GeV was found to be linear, as determined by relative normalization techniques. A weighted average of our previous and present measurement for the total ν-N cross section yields: $$\begin{gathered} \sigma (vN) = 0.666 \pm 0.020(statistical \hfill \\ + systematic)E_v 10^{ - 38} cm^2 ; \hfill \\ \sigma (\bar vN) = 0.324 \pm 0.014(statistical \hfill \\ + systematic)E_v 10^{ - 38} cm^2 ; \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ .
Dynamic Moisture Vapor Transfer Through Textiles Part III: Effect of Film Characteristics on Microclimate Moisture and Temperature Changes

This study investigates the influence of semipermeable functional films on the sur face vapor pressure and temperature of fabric-film-fabric assemblies. The film added between two fabric layers aff...
Modeling the Effect of Bumpy Abrasive Particles on Chemical Mechanical Polishing

In this study, the effect of course surface roughness of abrasive particles on the removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing is analyzed. The mechanical contact theory is used and the relationship between the polishing rate and properties of pad, wafer, and abrasive particle is studied. Particular attention is given to the case where abrasives are compact bumpy particles and the pad is soft. It is found that the polishing rate depends on the size of abrasive particle bumps. The penetration depth of bumpy particles is larger than that of the spherical particles of the same diameter; the removal rate by the abrasive wear mechanism for bumpy particles, however, is less than the corresponding smooth spherical particles.
Tangier disease and ABCA1

Tangier disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a severe high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency, sterol deposition in tissue macrophages, and prevalent atherosclerosis. Mutations in the ATP binding cassette transporter ABCA1 cause Tangier disease and other familial HDL deficiencies. ABCA1 controls a cellular pathway that secretes cholesterol and phospholipids to lipid-poor apolipoproteins. This implies that an inability of newly synthesized apolipoproteins to acquire cellular lipids by the ABCA1 pathway leads to their rapid degradation and an over-accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages. Thus, ABCA1 plays a critical role in modulating flux of tissue cholesterol and phospholipids into the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, making it an important therapeutic target for clearing excess cholesterol from macrophages and preventing atherosclerosis.
Binding of uranyl to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Liposomes aggregation effect on surface area

Abstract The binding of uranyl ion, UO22+, to egg phosphatidylcholine liposome was studied as a potential method for the determination of liposome surface areas. Unbound uranyl was determined spectrophotometrically as the Arsenazo III complex with centrifuge supernatant. There is an apparent positive cooperativity in uranyl binding capacity per mol increases upon liposome dilution. The data are consistent with liposomes existing in a highly aggregated state. The binding constant in the limit of low concentration of bound uranyl was (9 ± 3) · 10 6 M −1 in 0.1 M NaCl, pH 4.1 . At saturation about four uranyl ions are bound per 100 phosphatidylcholine molecules. Relative surface areas of different dispersions may be calculated from intercepts of extrapolated binding isotherms, and absolute surface areas may be calculated if a value for the uranyl-phosphatidylcholine stoichiometry is assumed.
Future Beam-Controlled Processing Technologies for Microelectronics

Beam-controlled processes that utilize photons, electrons, ions, and molecules have become essential in the fabrication of microelectronics. These processes are required for the deposition, patterning, etching, and characterization of semiconductor, packaging, and processing-related materials that form the basis of the integrated circuit. Fabrication techniques demand an increasing precision as the physical size of the device structures shrink to submicrometer dimensions. In this article, selected examples of beam-controlled processes expected to be important in the microelectronics industry are described. The continued rapid advances in microelectronics technology that underlie the electronic information-processing industry require the continued development and refinement of these new techniques.
Spline estimation and variable selection for single-index prediction models with diverging number of index parameters

Abstract Single-index models are useful and fundamental tools for handling “curse of dimensionality” problems in nonparametric regression. Along with that, variable selection also plays an important role in such model building process when the index vectors are high-dimensional. Several procedures have been developed for estimation and variable selection for single-index models when the number of index parameters is fixed. In many high-dimensional model selection problems, the number of parameters is increasing along with the sample size. In this work, we consider weakly dependent data and propose a class of variable selection procedures for single-index prediction models, which are robust against model misspecifications. We apply polynomial spline basis function expansion and smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty to perform estimation and variable selection in the framework of a diverging number of index parameters. Under stationary and strong mixing conditions, the proposed variable selection method is shown to have the “oracle” property when the number of index parameters tends to infinity as the sample size increases. A fast and efficient iterative algorithm is developed to estimate parameters and select significant variables simultaneously. The finite sample behavior of the proposed method is evaluated with simulation studies and illustrated by the river flow data of Iceland.
Intrinsic light response of retinal horizontal cells of teleosts

The discovery of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells has overthrown the long-held belief that rods and cones are the exclusive retinal photoreceptors. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells use melanopsin as the photopigment, and mediate non-image-forming visual functions such as circadian photoentrainment. In fish, in situ hybridization studies indicated that melanopsin is present in retinal horizontal cells-lateral association neurons critical for creating the centre-surround receptive fields of visual neurons. This raises the question of whether fish horizontal cells are intrinsically photosensitive. This notion was examined previously in flat-mount roach retina, but all horizontal-cell light response disappeared after synaptic transmission was blocked, making any conclusion difficult to reach. To examine this question directly, we have now recorded from single, acutely dissociated horizontal cells from catfish and goldfish. We found that light induced a response in catfish cone horizontal cells, but not rod horizontal cells, consisting of a modulation of the nifedipine-sensitive, voltage-gated calcium current. The light response was extremely slow, lasting for many minutes. Similar light responses were observed in a high percentage of goldfish horizontal cells. We have cloned two melanopsin genes and one vertebrate ancient (VA) opsin gene from catfish. In situ hybridization indicated that melanopsin, but less likely VA opsin, was expressed in the horizontal-cell layer of catfish retina. This intrinsic light response may serve to modulate, over a long timescale, lateral inhibition mediated by these cells. Thus, at least in some vertebrates, there are retinal non-rod/non-cone photoreceptors involved primarily in image-forming vision.
Branch Points, Fixed Poles, and Falling Trajectories in the Complex J Plane

By means of the $\frac{N}{D}$ equations, analytically continued in complex angular momentum, we consider the details of the mechanism by which cuts in the angular-momentum plane eliminate Gribov-Pomeranchuk singularities. The implications of the two-body unitarity requirement are investigated. A fixed $l$-plane pole in the signatured partial-wave amplitude is shown to exist where the first Gribov-Pomeranchuk singularity would be expected in the absence of cuts. It is also shown in this case that moving (Regge) poles are not asymptotic to the position of the fixed pole.
Multimodal noninvasive and invasive imaging of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI: Results of the PREMiSe pilot study

Background There is no established noninvasive or invasive diagnostic imaging modality at present that can serve as a ‘gold standard’ or “benchmark” for the detection of the venous anomalies, indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of 2 invasive vs. 2 noninvasive imaging techniques for the detection of extracranial venous anomalies in the internal jugular veins (IJVs) and azygos vein/vertebral veins (VVs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Relative Abundance of and Composition within Fungal Orders Differ between Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)-Associated Soils

Nonnative Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is decimating sagebrush steppe, one of the largest ecosystems in the Western United States, and is causing regional-scale shifts in the predominant plant-fungal interactions. Sagebrush, a native perennial, hosts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), whereas cheatgrass, a winter annual, is a relatively poor host of AMF. This shift is likely intertwined with decreased carbon (C)-sequestration in cheatgrass-invaded soils and alterations in overall soil fungal community composition and structure, but the latter remain unresolved. We examined soil fungal communities using high throughput amplicon sequencing (ribosomal large subunit gene) in the 0-4 cm and 4-8 cm depth intervals of six cores from cheatgrass- and six cores from sagebrush-dominated soils. Sagebrush core surfaces (0-4 cm) contained higher nitrogen and total C than cheatgrass core surfaces; these differences mirrored the presence of glomalin related soil proteins (GRSP), which has been associated with AMF activity and increased C-sequestration. Fungal richness was not significantly affected by vegetation type, depth or an interaction of the two factors. However, the relative abundance of seven taxonomic orders was significantly affected by vegetation type or the interaction between vegetation type and depth. Teloschistales, Spizellomycetales, Pezizales and Cantharellales were more abundant in sagebrush libraries and contain mycorrhizal, lichenized and basal lineages of fungi. Only two orders (Coniochaetales and Sordariales), which contain numerous economically important pathogens and opportunistic saprotrophs, were more abundant in cheatgrass libraries. Pleosporales, Agaricales, Helotiales and Hypocreales were most abundant across all libraries, but the number of genera detected within these orders was as much as 29 times lower in cheatgrass relative to sagebrush libraries. These compositional differences between fungal communities associated with cheatgrass- and sagebrush-dominated soils warrant future research to examine soil fungal community composition across more sites and time points as well as in association with native grass species that also occupy cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems.
TWISTED MAGNETS AND TWISTED SUPERFLUIDS

We present a quantum fluids approach to incommensurate magnetic structures, emphasizing the close analogies between spin and neutral superfluidity. In particular we show that in twisted magnets the spin superfluid phase stiffness determines the long-wavelength behavior, and that there exists the spin analogue of the roton. We conclude with a brief discussion of charge fluctuation effects, and the possibility of twisted superconductors with mixed parity pairs.
Trends in computer applications to literature

As researchers and scholars very much concerned with methodology, with reliance upon formulas, now called programs (and more indirectly, compilers), with precisions, we are often hard put to explain to our unknowledgeable and often hostile "literary" colleagues what it is that we actually do. I believe, of course, that many of us are searching out ways to make the interface between humans and machines bearable, to ourselves, and explicable, to ourselves and others, who are convinced that a wo ld which talks about "character manipulation," "positional stylometry," "CAI," "input," and "data bases," is at best mad and at worst on the fringes only of true studies in literature and linguistics. Thus, while I make some observations about trends in computer applications, I am also keeping in mind the psychology as well as the aesthetics of computer applications. In his commentary on literature and technology, Sypher maintains that Renaissance methodologies were heavily indebted to the New Science, yet the artist's fascination with method was inherently different from 19th-century reliance on method because by then, "science was nearly synonymous with a rigorous notion of method that was orthodox to the degree of being official," (Sypher, pp. 20-21). While he correctly says that this view of science is naive, I think that many literary scholars hold something close to it. Thus, the computer is either seen as an electronic wizard,
Ego Development at the Crossroads: Identity and Intimacy Among Black Men and White Women in Cross-Racial Relationships

This study addressed the ego development of White women and Black men who were in cross-racial relationships. Twenty-one participants completed in-depth, individual interviews, focus group inquiries, and the Sentence Completion Test (SCT). The results indicate that a majority of the participants scored at the higher levels of ego development: 50% of the Black males and 67% of the White females were at the conscientious stage of ego development, 25% of the Black males and 22% of the White females were at the individuated stage. The results from the interviews and the focus groups substantiated the participants' scores on the SCT, exemplifying the complexity in which Black men and White women perceive themselves as individuals and others in relationships. Loevinger (1976, Ego development: Conceptions and theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.) contends that these higher stages represent a complex means of understanding oneself and of interacting in intimate relationships.
Prevention and Care of Combat-Related PTSD: Directions for Future Explorations

ABSTRACTIn the past decade, military personnel supporting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have faced multiple deployments and repeated traumatic stressors. Despite efforts to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other combat-related emotional difficulties, a significant number of military personnel experience psychological injuries during and following their deployments. Despite increased attention to prevention and treatment of these problems, it is clear that substantially more work is required to fully understand the emotional impact of combat and to better intervene to prevent potentially chronic problems. In the present article, the authors discuss possible avenues for future research and interventions (clinical and otherwise) to better prevent the development of combat-related PTSD. We discuss screening, assessment, education, and intervention for PTSD throughout the deployment cycle. In this discussion, we attend to both the needs of the current cohort of combat veterans and the poten...
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF FEVER ACCOMPANYING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY : THE ROLE OF THE SENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTE

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the possible role of the sensitized lymphocyte in mediating the fevers of delayed hypersensitivity. Rabbits were made delayed hypersensitive to one of several heterologous proteins (bovine gamma globulin, bovine serum albumin, or human serum albumin) by footpad injection of antigen or antigen conjugated with dinitrophenol and incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant. At intervals after sensitization, various tissues were removed, and single cell suspensions were incubated overnight with either carrier protein or conjugate in vitro. Release of an endogenous pyrogen (EP) was assayed by intravenous injection of the supernatant fluid into unsensitized rabbits. Of the tissues tested only those containing both lymphocytes and pyrogen-producing cells, blood, spleen, and draining lymph nodes, released detectable amounts of EP when incubated with antigen in vitro. Incubation of normal blood cells with specifically sensitized lymphocytes and antigen also resulted in significant release of pyrogen. Similarly, blood leukocytes released EP in vitro after mixture with supernates derived from incubation of sensitized lymphocytes and antigen. Cells and supernatant fluids from draining lymph nodes were usually effective in activating normal blood leukocytes earlier after sensitization than were those from mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that such cells, or antigen, had migrated from the original site of sensitization. The activator was soluble, nonpyrogenic in the dosages tested, and required incubation of viable cells with specific antigen for its production. These properties suggest that it may belong to the class of "lymphokines," biologically active agents released from lymphocytes that have been activated by immunologic or certain nonimmunologic stimuli.
Measurement and evaluation in corporate universities

Corporate universities have developed a variety of useful and creative methods for mission-specific evaluation.
Constituents of the Fruits of Viburnam opulus

Fresh unripe fruits of the plant were used in this study. Although the fruits are quite bitter, no glycosides were found.
Valence‐Electron theory using the thomas–fermi–dirac model: Application to the K atom and the K− ion

It is proposed to calculate electronic structure of atoms and molecules by combining the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) theory and a correct quantum mechanical treatment. The potential generated from the TFD treatment of the positively charged cores contains no adjustable parameters and requires no modification for proper asymptotic behavior. To take the exclusion principle into account, the valence electron wave-function is constructed from the n + 1st, n + 2nd, etc. solutions to the one-electron Schrodinger equation using the core potential, where n is the number of core electrons. For the potassium atom, the simple calculations give excellent agreement with experiment for ionization potential, transition frequencies and intensities, magnetic susceptibility, and electric polarizability. From a two-electron configuration interaction wave-function for K−, a value for the electron affinity of K is obtained which agrees with experimental values.
Minimax risk over l p -balls for l p -error

Consider estimating the mean vector θ from dataN n (θ,σ 2 I) withl q norm loss,q≧1, when θ is known to lie in ann-dimensionall p ball,p∈(0, ∞). For largen, the ratio of minimaxlinear risk to minimax risk can bearbitrarily large ifp<q. Obvious exceptions aside, the limiting ratio equals 1 only ifp=q=2. Our arguments are mostly indirect, involving a reduction to a univariate Bayes minimax problem. Whenp<q, simple non-linear co-ordinatewise threshold rules are asymptotically minimax at small signal-to-noise ratios, and within a bounded factor of asymptotic minimaxity in general. We also give asymptotic evaluations of the minimax linear risk. Our results are basic to a theory of estimation in Besov spaces using wavelet bases (to appear elsewhere).
Low-Temperature Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophene on Ni/Pt(111) Bimetallic Surfaces with Monolayer Ni Coverage

Abstract The low-temperature HDS of thiophene was investigated over Ni/Pt(111) bimetallic surfaces using Auger electron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, and low-energy electron diffraction. The reactivity of the bimetallic surface, with Ni coverages at approximately one monolayer (ML), was compared to those of a Pt(111) surface and thick Ni(111) film. All surfaces decomposed thiophene; however, Ni/Pt(111) and thick Ni(111) produced butene. More importantly, the desorption of butene from the monolayer Ni/Pt(111) surface occurred at a significantly lower temperature (∼230 K) than that of the Ni(111) film (∼280 K). In addition, the Ni/Pt(111) and Pt(111) surfaces also produced butadiene. The selectivity to produce C4 hydrocarbon molecules on the Ni/Pt(111) surface remained similar to that of the Pt(111) surface. However, the overall activity toward the decomposition of thiophene increased from 0.053 thiophene per metal atom on Pt(111) to 0.077 thiophene per metal atom on the monolayer Ni/Pt(111) surface. The preadsorption of atomic hydrogen at liquid nitrogen temperatures on the ML bimetallic Ni/Pt surface further enhanced the activity toward the production of gas-phase butene by a factor of 2.2. We propose that this increase in the HDS activity on the monolayer Ni/Pt(111) surface results from the weak M–H bond, not seen on either pure metal surface.
Retinoids induce cytochrome P450 3A4 through RXR/VDR-mediated pathway

Abstract A panel of retinoids and carotenoids was screened as potential inducers of CYP3A4 through the RXR/VDR-mediated signaling pathway. Transient transfection assays revealed that 3 out of 12 retinoids screened transactivated RXRα/VDR and induced CYP3A4 reporter activity. These three retinoids are the active metabolites of retinoids, 9- cis -retinal, 9- cis -retinoic acid (9- cis -RA), and all- trans -retinoic acid (all- trans -RA). 9- cis -RA and all- trans -RA preferentially transactivated the RXR/VDR heterodimers and RXR homodimers. Retinoids and VDR agonist 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , but not PXR or CAR activator, could induce Cyp3a11 mRNA level in hepatocytes derived from PXR/CAR-double null mouse. Moreover, retinoids induced CYP3A4 enzyme activity in HepG2 human hepatoma and Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. A direct role of retinoid-mediated CYP3A4 induction through RXRα/VDR was proved by the results that 9- cis -retinal, 9- cis -RA, and all- trans -RA recruited RXRα and VDR to CYP3A4 regulatory region pER6 (proximal everted repeat with a 6-nucleotide spacer) and dXREM (distal xenobiotic-responsive enhancer module). Thus, using various approaches, we have unequivocally demonstrated that retinoids transactivate RXR/VDR heterodimers and RXR homodimers and induce CYP3A expression at mRNA as well as enzyme activity levels in both liver and intestinal cells. It is possible that retinoids might alter endobiotic metabolism through CYP3A4 induction in vivo.
Photoexcitation of Quasiparticles in Nonequilibrium Superconductors

We report measurements on superconducting tunnel junctions illuminated with optical radiation, which confirm the model of nonequilibrium superconductors proposed by Owen and Scalapino. Measurements of the chemical potential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$ for quasiparticle excitations and of the temperature dependence of the quasiparticle recombination time are presented.