cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Egg Yolk Discoloration Produced by Cottonseed Meal

Abstract IN THE South where cotton is a major crop, cottonseed meal is abundant and relatively cheap. The protein quality, while not as high as animal protein, satisfies the essential amino acid requirements of poultry to an extent that it is a valuable protein supplement. Except for the rather unfortunate characteristic of producing discolored yolks, cottonseed meal is a good, convenient source of protein for the poultry diet. Research has been done previously in order to ascertain the cause of the egg yolk discoloration brought about by cottonseed meal in the diet. In most cases gossypol, a complex polyhydric naphthalene derivative present in cottonseed meal, has been postulated to be wholly or partially responsible although other workers maintain that gossypol plays no part at all. These conclusions have all been based on feeding trials. No chemical interpretations of the yolk discoloration have been reported. Inasmuch as all biological processes are fundamentally . . .
INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE SECONDARY TRAUMA QUESTIONNAIRE

Many measures exist to evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bur there are few ways of assessing secondary traumatic stress disorder and these are Limited to specific populations. Secondary traumatic stress disorder involves the transfer of trauma symptoms from those who have been traumatized to those who have close and extended contact with trauma victims. Thus, family members of those who have been traumatized and therapists who treat trauma survivors are vulnerable to developing secondary traumatic stress disorder. In this initial evaluation of the newly developed Secondary Trauma Questionnaire, 261 mental health professionals and 157 college students were evaluated. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire showed good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with known measures of trauma. The Secondary Trauma Questionnaire is presented as a promising way to measure secondary trauma symptoms and further research using this questionnaire appears to be warranted.
On-the-fly detection of access anomalies

Access anomalies are a common class of bugs in shared-memory parallel programs. An access anomaly occurs when two concurrent execution threads both write (or one thread reads and the other writes) the same shared memory location without coordination. Approaches to the detection of access anomalies include static analysis, post-mortem trace analysis, and on-the-fly monitoring.A general on-the-fly algorithm for access anomaly detection is presented, which can be applied to programs with both nested fork-join and synchronization operations. The advantage of on-the-fly detection over post-mortem analysis is that the amount of storage used can be greatly reduced by data compression techniques and by discarding information as soon as it becomes obsolete. In the algorithm presented, the amount of storage required at any time depends only on the number V of shared variables being monitored and the number N of threads, not on the number of synchronizations. Data compression is achieved by the use of two techniques called merging and subtraction. Upper bounds on storage are shown to be V × N2 for merging and V × N for subtraction.
A Kinetic Model for GaN Growth

A kinetic model is presented to explain GaN growth. The model is based on established values for the N and Ga desorption kinetics and well founded assumptions on the adsorption and decomposition of the N and Ga containing precursors. When grown on similar nucleation layers, it is shown that high quality GaN films are achieved when the V/DI ratio is chosen to be slightly larger than the Ga and N desorption rates. The model is verified by comparing the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the GaN to the growth temperature and V/HJ ratio. The model explains several features of GaN growth including, growth conditions for smooth surface morphology, growth conditions for highly resistive GaN, and a possible explanation for the origin of Ga and N vacancies in GaN. Based on the growth model, ordering of the GaN during growth is achieved via an adsorption/desorption cycle where Ga and N containing species are exchanged between the gas phase boundary layer and the solid surface. Consequences of the model on establishing growth conditions and run-to-run reproducability are also discussed.
Identification of a Novel Noncatalytic Bicarbonate Binding Site in Eubacterial beta-Carbonic Anhydrase.

The structures of β class carbonic anhydrases (β-CAs) determined so far fall into two distinct subclasses based on the observed coordination of the catalytic zinc (Zn2+) ion. The subclass of β-CAs that coordinate Zn2+ tetrahedrally with four protein-derived ligands is represented by the structures of orthologues from Porphyridium purpureum, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we present the structure of an additional member of that subclass, that from Haemophilus influenzae, as well as detailed kinetic analysis, revealing the correspondence between structural classification and kinetic profile for this subclass. In addition, we identify a unique, noncatalytic binding mode for the substrate bicarbonate that occurs in both the H. influenzae and E. coli enzymes. The kinetic and structural analysis indicates that binding of bicarbonate in this site of the enzyme may modulate its activity by influencing a pH-dependent, cooperative transition between active and inactive forms. We hypothesize ...
Pulse-Width Modulated CMOS Power Amplifiers

The relentless scaling of CMOS circuits has led to the possibility of completely integrated RF-SOCs, including the PA. A CMOS PA likely will not achieve the same peak output power and efficiency as its counterpart in a III-V technology. It is conceivable, however, that by taking advantage of the strengths of CMOS switching devices, future CMOS PAs can win in terms of average efficiency and, perhaps more importantly, cost. PWM techniques offer one such potential solution, owing to the level of digital integration possible. Because of this, PWM PAs are expected to scale well, and the dynamic range possible with such amplifiers should increase as well because the faster devices will be able to process signals with smaller pulse widths.
Improving the Detection and Tracking of Tropical Cyclones in Atmospheric General Circulation Models

Abstract Dynamical seasonal forecasts of tropical storm frequency require robust and efficient algorithms for detection and tracking of tropical storms in atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). Tropical storms are generally detected when dynamic and thermodynamic variables meet specified criteria. Here, it is shown that objectively defined model- and basin-dependent detection criteria improve simulations of tropical storm climatology and interannual variability in low-resolution AGCMs. An improved tracking method provides more realistic tracking and accurate counting of storms.
Public Versus Statutory Choice of Heirs: A Study of Public Attitudes about Property Distribution at Death

Intestate succession statutes should reflect the distributive preferences of intestate decendents. This telephone survey of 750 persons living in Alabama, California, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Texas supplements prior will studies and provides new insights concerning public attitudes about property distribution at death. Two other important findings of this study suggest that a modern intestacy statute should provide that (1) the surviving spouse inherit the entire estate in preference to the decendent's issue or family of orientation and (2) issue who are in the same generation share equally in the estate. It is a principle of American law and a practice of American life that an individual has the right to select almost any person, or institution to inherit his or her property so long as that individual is believed to be of sane mind at the time of selection. But for those who do not exercise that right, and die intestate, laws have been enacted in each state which guarantee an orderly distribution of the decedent's estate. Regardless of surviving parents of siblings, a person's spouse and/or children usually share in the entire estate. In most states children receive at least 50 percent of the parent's property. For those who are married and childless at death, the parents usually share in the estate with the spouse. If the parents have predeceased the decedent, the spouse is usually the sole or primary heir but a large minority of states permit siblings and their descedents to share in the estate with the spouse. For those who are unmarried, parents usually inherit their children's entire estate. Should no spouse, child, parent, sibling or their descendants survive the decedent, the next of kin according to lineal blood ties are usually designated as takers under the intestate succession statutes. The opportunity to distribute material possessions accumulated during a lifetime, and the probability of acquiring inheritable possessions, are ( 1980 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/80/041263-71$00.9
Hypotension as a risk factor for acute kidney injury in ICU patients

In the context of critical illness, hypotension may be associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Using the MIMIC II database, we studied the risk of AKI in ICU patients as a function of both the severity and duration of hypotension. Multivariate logistical regression was performed to find correlations between hypotension and AKI. Minimum mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the amount of time MAP was below a range of hypotension thresholds in a target 48-hour window (prior to AKI onset) were used as primary predictive variables in the multivariate model. Our results indicate that the risk of AKI was related to the severity of hypotension with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.04 (p &#60; 0.0001) per 1 mmHg decrease in minimum MAP ≤ 80 mmHg. For each additional hour MAP was less than 70, 60, 50 mmHg, the risk of AKI increased by 2% (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.0034), 5% (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.08, p = 0.0028), and 22% (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.43, p = 0.0122) respectively.
Multiresolution analysis on the symmetric group

There is no generally accepted way to define wavelets on permutations. We address this issue by introducing the notion of coset based multiresolution analysis (CMRA) on the symmetric group, find the corresponding wavelet functions, and describe a fast wavelet transform for sparse signals. We discuss potential applications in ranking, sparse approximation, and multi-object tracking.
No ifs, ands, or buts: uncovering the simplicity of conditionals

Schematic tables are a new representation for conditionals. Roughly a cross between decision tables and data flowgraphs, they represent computation and decision-making orthogonally. They unify the full range of conditional constructs, from if statements through pattern matching to polymorphic predicate dispatch. Program logic is maintained in a declarative canonical form that enforces completeness and disjointness among choices. Schematic tables can beused either as a code specification/generation tool, or as a self-contained diagrammatic programming language. They give program logic the clarity of truth tables, and support high-level direct manipulation of that logic, avoiding much of the mental computation demanded by conventional conditionals.
Three streams, one river: a coordinated approach to financing retirement

A national retirement policy that coordinates Medicare, Social Security, and private pension reforms could make substantial progress in dealing with problems related to the baby-boom generation's retirement. Such a policy should include (1) better-designed work incentives for older persons--for example, a $10,000 "retirement bonus" option, paid by Social Security and Medicare, for each year of delayed retirement; (2) allowing workers without employer-sponsored pensions to use Social Security's payroll contribution system to invest in pension accounts; (3) expansion of private long-term care insurance by allowing pension-plan assets to be used for paying premiums; and (4) placing a higher priority on financing for basic Medicare and Social Security benefits than on taxpayer-financed subsidies of far more generous pension benefits.
In Vitro Uptake of Gentamicin by Rat Renal Cortical Tissue

The mechanism of gentamicin uptake in vitro by renal cortical slices of rat kidney was investigated. The cortical-slice-uptake ratio of gentamicin concentration in 1.0 g of tissue water to that of 1.0 ml of incubation medium (SW/M) was 1.44 +/- 0.04. The uptake of gentamicin was inhibited by 2 x 10(-5) M dinitrophenol (SW/M = 1.03 +/- 0.04) and by anoxia (SW/M = 1.01 +/- 0.04). The results indicate that aerobic phosphorylation is required to transport gentamicin into the cells. The uptake of p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium chloride by renal cortical slices was not affected by gentamicin.
Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy.

Red blood cell RBC transfusion guidelines are designed to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation by increasing blood oxygen- carrying capacity. However, since tissue oxygenation is not measured, RBC transfusion guidelines are mostly subjective. Clinical evidence of oxygen transport/consumption mismatches in infants is often unclear and confounded by multiple factors. Invasive hemoglobin measure- ments can contribute further to anemia if performed too frequently. Diffuse optical spectroscopy DOS is a noninvasive quantitative method to measure the tissue oxy, deoxy, and total hemoglobin con- centrations ctO2Hb, ctHb, ctTHb, as well as mixed arterial-venous tissue hemoglobin saturation stO2. Our objective is to determine if DOS can assess changes in tissue oxygenation in very low birth weight VLBW infants undergoing RBC transfusions. DOS measure- ments of ctO2Hb and ctHb are performed on 10 VLBW infants before and within 24 h after RBC transfusion. Seven nontransfused infants are studied to evaluate hemodynamic variations independent of RBC transfusion. Tissue near-infrared absorption and scattering values are measured using a four-wavelength 690, 750, 810, and 830 nm frequency-domain tissue oximeter OxiplexTS, ISS, Champaign, Illi- nois. In transfused subjects, DOS demonstrates significant increases in ctO2Hb 48±13 versus 74±20 M,p0.002, ctTHb 87±17 versus 107±24 M,p=0.004, and stO2 54±8 versus 68±6%,p 0.004 post-transfusion. DOS measurements correlate with mean hemoglobin increases for all infants r=0.83,p0.0001. No signifi- cant DOS changes occurred in the nontransfused group. Calculations of the differential path length for these transfused subjects show high variability 20%. DOS may serve as a noninvasive bedside tool to assess tissue oxygenation in infants and provide a functionally based transfusion trigger. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2080102
Econometrics of financial models and market microstructure effects

This paper addresses the problem of testing financial models in the presence of market microstructure effects. The moment restrictions implied by the financial and market microstructure models are jointly tested using Hansen’s (1982) GMM approach. To illustrate the methodology, I consider the random walk model in combination with the bid-ask price effect model of Blume and Stambaugh (1983). Within this sufficiently simple framework, I obtain closed-form expressions for the estimators, standard errors of the estimators, and the test statistic, which affords an opportunity to examine the precision of the estimators and the power of the test as the return interval increases. I show that apparent rejections of the random walk model cannot be sustained when tests of the model are adjusted for market microstructure effects, and I discuss other applications of the methodology.
Effects of prolonged tolbutamide treatment on plasma glucose concentrations and isoproterenol-induced cardiac lesions in rats.

Abstract Recent studies in humans suggest that oral hypoglycemic agents such as tolbutamide (TBA), while lowering blood glucose concentrations, may increase the risk of cardiac death in diabetic patients. The possibility that TBA might adversely influence the cardiotoxicity of isoproterenol (ISO) was studied in adult Long-Evans rats of both sexes. TBA was given po at 500 mg/kg for 30 days; control rats were given vehicle only. On each of Days 29 and 30, ISO was injected sc at doses of 0, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg for females and 0, 0.01, and 0.05 mg/kg for males. Surviving rats were sacrificed 24 hr after the last ISO dose, and cardiac lesions were scored histologically for incidence and severity. Mortality after ISO challenge was higher in control groups than in the TBA-treated groups. Body weights were unchanged but absolute heart weights were significantly lower in TBA-treated males after ISO challenge compared with those of control males, and heart-to-body weight ratios were lower in TBA-treated males and females given the high ISO doses. Plasma glucose was lower in TBA-treated rats, but was not affected by ISO in either control or TBA-treated rats. ISO-induced cardiac lesions were similar in both control and TBA-treated rats when related to sex and ISO dose. These data indicate that TBA protects against ISO lethality but does not appear to affect ISO-induced cardiac lesions.
Monitoring and surveillance: Design of a formal language for representing body positions

The synergistic combination of single standing methods for the efficient and effective solution of complex problems represent the next level of research the last two decades in the area of computer vision and image understanding, due to their complicated challenges. Many of these combinations are based on the human researcher's experimental studies and most recently on a semi-automated or automated (small scale) efforts for discovering such combinations [1]. One of the successful approaches for the creation of such synergies is the use of formal language. Thus, this paper deals with one of the major challenges by developing a formal language to represent human body positions for later automated tracking, monitoring and interpreting of body motion (signatures) in a smart home environment. More specifically, the representation of the body positions is presented by using skin detection, image segmentation, face detection, and Local Global graphs and the formal modeling of the body positions is described by using a language called SOMA (the Greek word for the body)‥
An Evaluation of Private Sector Provision of Public Infrastructure in Australian Local Government

Private sector provision of public infrastructure in Australia at all levels of government, including local government, has steadily increased over the past twenty years. Nevertheless, this method of providing public infrastructure remains controversial. This article seeks to provide a critical review of the arguments surrounding private sector provision of infrastructure in Australian local government. It examines both the case for private sector provision of municipal infrastructure in Australia and the major arguments advanced against this approach to infrastructure development. Given the conceptual argumentation and empirical evidence on private municipal infrastructure provision, it is argued that policy makers should employ a nuanced performance evaluation framework to assess the benefits and weaknesses of private provision on the basis of the specific type of infrastructure in question and the kind of services it provides rather than simply endorse carte blanche privatization. Almost a decade ago the Economic Planning Advisory Commission’s (EPAC) Private Infrastructure Task Force argued in its Interim Report that ‘there are a number of reasons why private sector provision of infrastructure services may be flawed’ (EPAC 1995a:18). Despite these reservations, governments of all political persuasions and at all levels in the Australian federal system have continued to rely on private sector provision of public infrastructure. Given the controversy surrounding this method of providing public infrastructure, this is somewhat surprising. Accordingly, in this article we attempt to evaluate the economic merits of the private provision of public infrastructure in the context of Australian local government. The article itself is divided into four main parts. The first section of the paper briefly discusses the meaning of infrastructure, how local government can finance infrastructure, and the levels of private involvement in Australian local government infrastructure provision. Section two outlines the case against the private provision of public infrastructure provision revolving around natural monopolies, externalities, public goods, standards of service, job losses, risks, equity considerations and cross subsidisation. The third section of the paper considers the advantages of private sector provision of municipal infrastructure, including a reduction of public borrowing, efficiency gains and competition. The article ends with some brief concluding comments on the implications of the analysis for public policy making.
Price-cap regulation for transmission: objectives and tariffs

In this paper, the authors construct a mathematical metric for measuring the performance of the transmission provider (TP) under the newly proposed price cap regulation scheme. The heart of the problem lies in developing the systemwide social welfare function which captures the unique role of the TP in the new industry environment where the electricity is provided through the market mechanism. The restructuring of the electric power industry is still a relatively recent event at the time of this writing, and there is yet to be a consensus on the actual implementation scheme for regulating the TP based on the guaranteed rate-of-return. In this paper, one of the implementation schemes referred to as ex-ante flow tax scheme is described. Starting from this implementation scheme the price cap regulation (PCR) is proposed as a possible alternative regulation scheme to be imposed on the TP. Then, the authors develop the systemwide social welfare function associated with the PCR.
Atrial Fibrillation and Isolated Systolic Hypertension: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program and Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program-Extension Study

We performed a post hoc analysis of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program database to assess the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the elderly hypertensive population, its influence on cardiovascular events, and whether antihypertensive treatment can prevent its onset. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 4736 subjects with isolated systolic hypertension aged 60 years. Atrial fibrillation was an exclusion criterion from the trial. Participants were randomly assigned to stepped care treatment with chlorthalidone and atenolol (n2365) or placebo (n2371). The occurrence of atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events over 4.7 years as well as the determination of cause of death at 4.7 and 14.3 years were followed. Ninety-eight subjects (2.06%) developed atrial fibrillation over 4.7 years mean follow-up, without significant difference between treated and placebo groups. Atrial fibrillation increased the risk for: total cardiovascular events (RR 1.69; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.36), rapid death (RR 3.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 10.00), total (RR 5.10; 95% CI 3.12 to 8.37) and nonfatal left ventricular failure (RR 5.31; 95% CI 3.09 to 9.13). All-cause and total cardiovascular death were significantly increased in the atrial fibrillation group at 4.7 years (HR 3.44; 95% CI 2.18 to 5.42; HR 2.39; 95% CI 1.05 to 5.43) and 14.3 years follow-up (HR 2.33; 95% CI 1.83 to 2.98; HR 2.21; 95% CI 1.54 to 3.17). Atrial fibrillation increased the risk for total cardiovascular events, rapid death, and left ventricular failure. All-cause mortality and total cardiovascular mortality were significantly increased in hypertensives with atrial fibrillation at 4.7 and 14.3 years follow-up. (Hypertension. 2008;51:1552-1556.)
Feedback from the Fourth Amendment

The article explores the goals of the exclusionary rule, the mismatch between the rule and the goals of the rule, the effectiveness of the major alternative and suggests an improvement.
It takes two

Two forms of an unconventional myosin motor protein have separate functions in the growth and maintenance of hair bundles in auditory hair cells.
Bond Pricing Pedagogy and One-Step Bond Pricing

Pricing bonds is generally one of the earliest applications of time value of money in a finance curriculum. A bond price incorporates the use of an annuity and an individual discounted cash flow while also being a “fundamental” financial security. This paper works through the pedagogy of bond pricing and extends the traditional bond pricing formula in a manner that can be used to more clearly demonstrate the relationship between the coupon rate and the yield to maturity. Further, when implemented as a test question or within an assignment, this method can challenge students to think more critically about bond pricing and the time value of money.
Toxicity and field efficacy of cryolite against Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae

The toxicity of cryolite (sodium aluminofluoride) against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was determined by feeding larvae on cryolite-treated potato foliage. At 48 h, the LC50 was 15.3 and 18.5 µg/cm2 for 1st and 3rd instars, respectively. Larvae consumed less foliage at higher concentrations, and the reduction of leaf consumption was correlated to the concentration of cryolite. A feeding choice test indicated that cryolite does not repel or inhibit larval feeding. Field tests showed that the effectiveness of cryolite was stable at 2 hand 1 d after application but variable after 2 d, and that cryolite toxicity was dependent on the application rate and rainfall. Significantly less mortality caused by cryolite was observed at the rate of 6.5 kg/ha than at 12.9 kg/ha. Larval mortality was also significantly lower when 0.64 cm of simulated rainfall was applied compared with the treatments without rain.
Interleukin-1β induced Stress Granules Sequester COX-2 mRNA and Regulates its Stability and Translation in Human OA Chondrocytes

Enhanced and immediate expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA is observed in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes but the synthesis of protein found significantly delayed. Here we investigated the role of stress granules (SGs), ribonucleoprotein complexes that regulate mRNA translation, in the delayed translation of COX-2 mRNAs in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes. Stimulation of human chondrocytes with IL-1β activated the stress response genes and the phosphorylation of eIF2α that triggered the assembly of SGs. Using combined immunofluorescence staining of SGs markers and COX-2 protein, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and RNA immunoprecipitation, the COX-2 mRNAs were found sequestered in SGs in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes. No increase in COX-2 protein expression was observed during the persistence of SGs but enhanced expression of COX-2 protein was noted upon clearance of the SGs. Inhibition of SGs clearance blocked COX-2 mRNA translation whereas blocking the assembly of SGs by TIA-1 depletion resulted in rapid and increased production of COX-2 and PGE2. Our findings show for the first time assembly of SGs and sequestration of COX-2 mRNAs in human OA chondrocytes under pathological conditions. Post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2 mRNAs translation by SGs indicates a role in IL-1β-mediated catabolic response that could be therapeutically targeted in OA.
The Official Histories of Constantine Porphyrogenitus

The reign of Romanus I Lecapenus (920-44), although it was a time of growing prosperity and military success, apparently failed to attract contemporary historians. A poorly educated man of humble origins, Romanus had little interest in patronizing literature. Potential historians, who typically preferred not to record a reign until they knew how it would end, faced problems under Romanus even if they wanted to record earlier times. His predecessor was Constantine VII (913-20), whom Romanus had displaced as both senior emperor and heir apparent after he made his own eldest son, Christopher, the ranking junior emperor. Yet Constantine still held the imperial title. He was married to Romanus’ daughter, had crowned Romanus in the first place, and had an hereditary right to the throne, even after he was declared a bastard when his father’s fourth marriage was condemned. He also enjoyed enough popular support that he was eventually able to take power. Thus contemporary historians risked Romanus’ displeasure if they wrote about Constantine and his dynasty too favorably but also if they wrote too unfavorably, or indeed if they wrote anything at all that reminded readers of Romanus’ ambiguous situation. While the aging maverick Nicetas the Paphlagonian could ignore such concerns when he wrote in retirement around 921, any ambitious writer in Constantinople had to contend with them. Only after Constantine’s restoration as senior emperor in 945 did aspiring historians know where they stood.
Mycorrhizal associations of trees have different indirect effects on organic matter decomposition

Summary 1.Organic matter decomposition is the main process by which carbon (C) is lost from terrestrial ecosystems, and mycorrhizal associations of plants (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and ectomycorrhizae (ECM)) may have different indirect effects on this loss pathway. AM and ECM plants differ in the soil decomposers they promote and the quality of litter they produce, which may result in different patterns of organic matter decomposition, and hence, soil C loss. 2.To determine how mycorrhizal associations indirectly affect decomposer activity, we collected soils and litters from four AM and four ECM tree species from a mixed-deciduous temperate forest for a field and lab study. We first characterized in situ patterns in soil chemistry and soil microbial biomass among these eight tree species. We then conducted a microcosm experiment with mineral soils, leaf-litter and fine roots originating from these tree species, where we reciprocally crossed litters and soils, and quantified the rate of heterotrophic respiration over a 140 day lab incubation. 3.In natural forest conditions, AM tree soils contained lower total C and microbial biomass C:N relative to ECM tree soils. In our microcosm experiment, AM soils supported greater heterotrophic respiration than did ECM soils. The addition of AM litter stimulated respiration more than did ECM litter, owing to the lower C:N of AM litter. Matching the mycorrhizal identity of litter and soil resulted in a difference in total respiration, such that combinations of AM litters with AM soils lost more C than did combinations of ECM litters and ECM soils. 4.Synthesis Our findings demonstrate that AM and ECM trees have differing indirect effects on decomposer activity through the decomposers they cultivate and/or the quality of organic matter they produce in soils. Mycorrhizal differences in litter quality accentuate these effects on soil C loss and may explain patterns in soil C dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
[Clinical findings, etiology and treatment of spontaneous epistaxis in children (author's transl)].

Epistaxis in children is most commonly encountered in the daily practice of clinical medicine.The age of onset of epistaxis in our clinic was from one to four years, and a repeated nose bleeding was continued until the age of 10 years. The' number of patients increase especially in summer every year, but the incidence of epistaxis has not been changed in our clinic for the past ten years. The ratio of male and female was 3 : 1. Epistaxis mostly occurred at night, but some in the morning or midday. The rhinological examination revealed a localized inflam mation in the mucous membrane of Little's area in 80% and an allergic change in 20% of patients. Bacteriological studies showed staphylococcal infection at Little's area in 72% of the patients. Pathological studies showed a infiltration of eosinophils in the inflamed mucosa. Treatments which were used in our clinic consisted of antibiotics, antihistamine and antiplasmin
An Impersonation-Proof Identity Verfication Scheme

Most schemes for the verification of personal identity are logically flawed in that they require an individual to exhibit a piece of private, i.e., secret, infor- mation such as a computer access password, a telephone credit card number, a per- sonal identification number (PIN), etc., to prove his identity. The logical problem is that this information, once exhibited, is potentially compromised and. could be used by anyone to undetectably impersonate the legitimate owner. What is needed is a protocol that will allow an individual to “prove” that he knows the secret piece of information, whose possession is equated with his identity, without revealing anything about the information itself which could aid a would-be cheater to imper- sonate him. Several investigators have proposed identification schemes to accom- plish this [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] that depend on interactive-proof schemes, often referred to as zero-knowledge proofs or ping-pong protocols, in which the individual responds to a series of queries in a way that the legitimate user could, but which an impostor (probably) could not. We describe a simpler identity verification scheme which uses a public authentication channel to validate a private authentication channel belong- ing to the individual who wishes to prove his identity. The public and the private channels can be completely independent and can even be based on different authen- tication algorithms, or they can both be of the same type. This scheme also pro- vides certified receipts for transactions whose legitimacy can later be verified by impartial arbiters who were not involved in the transaction itself.
Patient and Health-Care Provider Interpretation of do not Resuscitate and do not Intubate.

Background: Advance directives and end of life care are difficult discussions for both patients and health-care providers (HCPs). A HCP requires an accurate understanding of advanced directives to educate patients and their family members to allow them to make an appropriate decision. Misinterpretations of the do not resuscitate (DNR), do not intubate (DNI), and the Physicians Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form result in ineffective communication and confusion between patients, family members, and HCPs. Methodology: An anonymous, multiple choice online and paper survey was distributed to patients, family members of patients (PFMs), and HCPs from December 12, 2012 to March 6, 2013. Data regarding demographics, the accuracy of determining the correct definition of DNR and DNI, the familiarity of the POLST form and if a primary care physician had discussed advanced directives with the participants were collected. Results: A total of 687 respondents participated in the survey. Patients and PFMs could not distinguish the definition of DNR (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.453-2.804]) or DNI (95% CI (1.216-2.334)) 52% of the time while HCPs 35% and 39% of the time (P Conclusion: Discussion of end of life care is difficult for patients and their family members. Often times multiple discussions are required in order to effectively communicate the definition of DNR, DNI, and the POLST form. Education of patients, family members, and HCPs is required to bridge the knowledge gap of advance directives.
Language Policy as Metapragmatic Discourse: A Focus on the Intersection of Language Policy and Social Identification

Discursive approaches to language policy analysis have advanced our accounting of the complexity of language policy processes, actors, and activities, and in particular to the sociocultural contexts of all three. Drawing upon scholarship in linguistic anthropology, sociocultural linguistics, and sociolinguistics, this chapter focuses on the role of social identification in the appropriation of language policy. It highlights the concepts of metapragmatic discourse—or talk about recognizable kinds of people, language use, and social activity (Agha, Language and social relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007; Wortham, Learning identity: the joint emergence of social identity and academic learning, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006)—and speech chains, or series of communicative events along which a message travels (Agha, Language and social relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), as useful ways of seeing language policy and appropriations that help to foreground the important role of social identification therein.
Abstract 3587: Developing targeted therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Despite therapeutic approaches that combine surgical cytoreduction with chemotherapy, ovarian cancer remains the principal cause of death among women with gynecological malignancies. Virtually all patients relapse with drug-resistant disease. To elucidate the biological mechanisms that contribute to this resistance, we established a repository of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of ovarian cancer in mice. We used RNA-seq and Ingenuity Canonical Pathway software to analyze chemotherapy induced changes in expression patterns of six of these models. We found that the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway is one of the pathways most affected by paclitaxel and cisplatin treatment, with altered expression in seven genes associated with the S1P pathway (p<0.05). The biologically active lipid S1P contributes to cell growth, survival/apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration and metastasis in normal and tumor tissue. The S1P pathway has also been reported to be involved in chemoresistance in several types of solid tumors. The S1P pathway depends predominately on three core lipids: ceramide, sphingosine, and S1P. These molecules are termed the ceramide-sphingosine-S1P rheostat, and their expression is tightly regulated both intra- and extra-cellularly. Recent studies suggest a correlation between aberrations in the S1P pathway and poor prognosis, advanced stage, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Preliminary data using the sphingosine analog FTY-720 is consistent with the hypothesis that the S1P pathway regulates cell survival by effecting changes in the relative levels of ceramide, sphingosine, and S1P, as a cytoprotective autophagic mechanism to evade chemotherapy-induced cytotoxic effects. Cell proliferation assays, immunoblots, and fluorescence microscopy results of ovarian cancer cells exposed to FTY-720 in combination with carboplatin or paclitaxel treatment provide evidence that the S1P pathway may evade cell death through the induction of cytoprotective autophagy. Our data suggest that the S1P pathway contributes to the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Citation Format: Kelly M. Kreitzburg, Zacchary Dobbins, Ashwini Katre, Tooba Anwer, Ronald Alvarez, Charles N. Landen, Karina J. Yoon. Developing targeted therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3587. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3587
Mechanics issues of induced strain actuation

Over the past decade, tremendous advancements have been made inthe development of structural control paradigms and in the necessary supportingtechnologies. The fundamental paradigm that has driven these advancements is thedesire to create "biologically inspired", controllable structures. In search of thesestructures with adaptive and lifelike features, modern-day alchemists have developedseveral approaches, based on natural systems, to incorporate adaptability intostructures. This paper will describe four specific examples of adaptive behavior andthe applications which might benefit from such lifelike functions.
Laboratory evaluation of particle size, food contamination, and residual efficacy of pyrethrin + methoprene aerosol

Abstract Efficacy of aerosol applications of pyrethrin + methoprene was assessed through emergence of morphologically-normal adults exposed as larvae and through a developmental index. Concrete arenas were treated with aerosol droplets (particles) averaging 2 μm or 16 μm, food material was placed on the arenas at 1–8 weeks post-treatment, and 3-4-week-old larvae of one of four stored product insect species placed on the arenas at the same time. No exposed Lasioderma serricorne (F.) larvae reached the adult stage at either particle size, though they developed further when exposed to residual deposits of the 2 μm aerosol particles compared to residual deposits of 16 μm particles. No exposed larvae of either Tribolium confusum Jacqueline duVal or Trogoderma variabile (Ballion) reached the adult stage when exposed to residues of the 16 μm particles, but most of the larvae exposed to the 2 μm residues completed development. Exposed Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) larvae completed development to the adult stage after exposure to both particle sizes, indicating low susceptibility to methoprene residues. When food material in the arenas was also treated with the two particle sizes and bioassays conducted using only larvae of L. serricorne, T. confusum, and T. variabile, results were similar to those described above. In a final experiment, only the 16 μm particle size aerosol was used to treat arenas with or without food, with arenas without food having it added one day after treatment. At 1–8 weeks post-treatment, the food was transferred to new untreated arenas and food was replaced in the arenas originally treated with aerosol. Bioassays were conducted using only larvae of T. confusum and T. variabile. The food material blocked deposition of the aerosol on the arenas or absorbed some of the residues, indicating transference of the methoprene residues from the treated surfaces onto the food.
Male and Female Ministers: Comparing Roman Catholic and Methodist Deacons on Personality Structure, Religious Beliefs, and Leadership Styles.

Christian deacons (50 Roman Catholic; 50 Methodist) self-reported their personality, religiosity, and leadership attributes, plus social desirability tendencies. There were no significant correlate...
Enhancing adaptive transfer of cross-cultural training: Lessons learned from the broader training literature

Abstract Drawing insights from the broader training literature, we argue that evaluation of cross-cultural training effectiveness should adopt comprehensive criteria, including cognitive, skill-based, and affective learning outcomes as well as adaptive transfer. We propose that the integration of an error management supplement in cross-cultural training can enhance trainee acquisition of self-regulation skills and self-efficacy that facilitate adaptive application of learning to novel cultural situations. In addition to the traditional error management training designs (i.e., positive error framing), the current paper describes additional design elements to promote acquisition of cognitive strategies, prevent premature automaticity, alleviate concerns about error occurrence during learning, and enhance readiness to transfer. In addition, we offer propositions regarding the effects of the supplement on learning and transfer outcomes, along with implications for future research and practice on cross-cultural training.
The Strategic Behavior of KIE Textile and Apparel Firms

This chapter explores the sources of knowledge identified in Chap. 6, and investigates if there is a direct relationship between the importance of the factors and sources of knowledge and entrepreneurial performance. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to consider the strength of the first part of the relationship: Sources of Knowledge→Strategic Behavior→Entrepreneurial Performance. The empirical evidence supports that sources of knowledge are related to strategic behaviors.
Pilot Project to Integrate Community and Clinical Level Systems to Address Health Disparities in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity among Ethnic Minority Inner-City Middle School Students: Lessons Learned

Effective obesity prevention and treatment interventions are lacking in the United States, especially for impoverished minority youths at risk for health disparities, and especially in accessible community-based settings. We describe the launch and pilot implementation evaluation of the first year of the B'N Fit POWER initiative as a middle school-based comprehensive wellness program that integrates weight management programming into existing onsite preventive and clinical services. Consistent with the existing implementation science literature, we focused on both the organizational structures that facilitate communication and the development of trust among stakeholders, students, and families and the development of realistic and timely goals to implement and integrate all aspects of the program. New implementation and programming strategies were developed and tested to increase the proportion of students screened, support the linkage of students to care, and streamline the integration of program clinical and afterschool components into routine services already offered at the school. We report on our initial implementation activities using the Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies (StaRI) framework using hybrid outcomes combining the Reach element from the RE-AIM framework with a newly conceptualized Wellness Cascade.
Decomposition of Planar Burmester Problems Using Kinematic Mapping

In this paper, we revisit the classical Burmester problem of the exact synthesis of a planar four-bar mechanism with up to five task positions. Instead of assuming the joint type (revolute or prismatic) a priori, we seek to extract both the dimensions and joint types of a four-bar linkage from the given tasks. Kinematic mapping of plane kinematics has been used to formulate the Burmester problem as a manifold fitting problem in the image space. Instead of finding the design parameters of planar dyads directly, this paper seeks to determine a set of eight homogeneous coefficients for the constraint manifold in the null space associated with the five given tasks. Two additional constraints on these coefficients are then applied to finalize the synthesis process. The result is a novel algorithm that is simple and efficient and allows for task driven design of four-bar linkages with revolute and prismatic joints.