cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sugihara Causality Analysis of Scalp EEG for Detection of Early Alzheimer's Disease

Recently, Sugihara proposed an innovative causality concept, which, in contrast to statistical predictability in Granger sense, characterizes underlying deterministic causation of the system. This work exploits Sugihara causality analysis to develop novel EEG biomarkers for discriminating normal aging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hypothesis of this work is that scalp EEG based causality measurements have different distributions for different cognitive groups and hence the causality measurements can be used to distinguish between NC, MCI, and AD participants. The current results are based on 30-channel resting EEG records from 48 age-matched participants (mean age 75.7 years) — 15 normal controls (NCs), 16 MCI, and 17 early-stage AD. First, a reconstruction model is developed for each EEG channel, which predicts the signal in the current channel using data of the other 29 channels. The reconstruction model of the target channel is trained using NC, MCI, or AD records to generate an NC-, MCI-, or AD-specific model, respectively. To avoid over fitting, the training is based on the leave-one-out principle. Sugihara causality between the channels is described by a quality score based on comparison between the reconstructed signal and the original signal. The quality scores are studied for their potential as biomarkers to distinguish between the different cognitive groups. First, the dimension of the quality scores is reduced to two principal components. Then, a three-way classification based on the principal components is conducted. Accuracies of 95.8%, 95.8%, and 97.9% are achieved for resting eyes open, counting eyes closed, and resting eyes closed protocols, respectively. This work presents a novel application of Sugihara causality analysis to capture characteristic changes in EEG activity due to cognitive deficits. The developed method has excellent potential as individualized biomarkers in the detection of pathophysiological changes in early-stage AD.
Virtual World and Real World Permeability: Transference of Positive Benefits for Marginalized Gay and Lesbian Populations

This study looks at how marginalized gay and lesbian people experience social pressures to conform to hetero-normative culture, how those pressures may lead to negative states, and how positive experiences in online virtual worlds would provide benefits over time and, presumably, become transferable into real life. I will show that engagement with Second Life can be a positive experience and that this positive experience can extend beyond the virtual world to provide lasting benefits in real life. The implications for educators are impressive. In creating virtual world communities, educators, psychologists, and other researchers can provide a safe harbor in which marginalized people can more fully explore their identities and develop the positive coping skills needed to deal with real world stigmatizing influences, which originate within the social environment. For scientists and technology innovators, the creation of virtual world communities and gaming/training programs would be an exciting path to explore, especially for those interested in social justice concerns.
Compiler aspects of an environment for programming by demonstration

This paper describes the compiler aspects of ThinkPad, a graphical environment for programming by demonstration. We present a model for programming by demonstration, and describe the support provided for the model. This support includes a semantics-based editing environment, an intermediate representation in which editing activity is reflected, and a set of procedures for mapping the intermediate representation into an executable language.
A Dose of Reality: Promoting Access to Pharmaceuticals

Access to drugs means both availability of the authentic drug and access at prices patients can afford. Unfortunately, current public policy does not effectively address either. The result is the worst of all worlds: neither goal is accomplished. Policymakers focusing on price fail to address safety, resulting in vulnerabilities that allow counterfeits and diverted drugs to enter into the supply chain; and those focusing on safety fails to address high prices, driving vulnerable patients to questionable and unsafe medication sources. A dose of reality that addresses these intertwined characteristics of access is proposed in this paper. This work first reviews the key safety-price interface: the problem of counterfeit drugs here and abroad. It identifies critical root causes that allow such a market to emerge, including the high costs of researching, developing, and selling authentic drugs that create the prices that drive vulnerable patients to alternate sources. Further, it details the other key infrastructural issues: the low financial and social costs of manufacturing fakes, a porous and poorly regulated US domestic gray market and international parallel trade system, the limited accountability of drug sales via the Internet, and the limited provider and patient suspicion of fake drugs. It then critically assesses the primary safety effort that ignores price--drug pedigree and track-and-trace systems, and the primary price effort that ignores safety--drug importation. It finds that beyond ignoring their complementary facet of access, both have striking limitations in dealing with the problems they purport to address. Taking these analyses into consideration, the paper presents a comprehensive legislative policy proposal that addresses both price and authenticity components of drug access, using extant private efforts and public expertise to promote efficient policy implementation. The resultant program has as its core a low cost/no cost drug program that segregates eligible patients from private markets. It also mandates both brand name and generic company participation as part of the social contract, requires identification and registration of legitimate wholesalers, bans Internet drug sales unless pharmacies are accredited by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, prohibits drug importation, directs the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create aggressive public and provider education on counterfeit drugs, and significantly increases penalties for counterfeiters to fit the crime of cheating the hopes of the sick and vulnerable.
A Bayesian wavelet approach to estimation of a change-point in a nonlinear multivariate time series

ABSTRACTWe propose a semiparametric approach to estimate the existence and location of a statistical change-point to a nonlinear multivariate time series contaminated with an additive noise component. In particular, we consider a p-dimensional stochastic process of independent multivariate normal observations where the mean function varies smoothly except at a single change-point. Our approach involves conducting a Bayesian analysis on the empirical detail coefficients of the original time series after a wavelet transform. If the mean function of our time series can be expressed as a multivariate step function, we find our Bayesian-wavelet method performs comparably with classical parametric methods such as maximum likelihood estimation. The advantage of our multivariate change-point method is seen in how it applies to a much larger class of mean functions that require only general smoothness conditions.
Abstract A6: Epithelial and myeloid-specific Ron receptor expression promotes tumor growth in a murine model of prostate cancer

The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed on epithelial cells and in several tissue resident macrophage populations. Over-expression and/or constitutive activation of the Ron receptor have been reported in several epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer. To investigate the significance of Ron receptor expression in prostate cancer our laboratory has examined the loss of function of Ron in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model. In this model, TRAMP mice crossed with mice that have a germline loss of the tyrosine kinase signaling domain of Ron referred to as the TK-/- mice had decreased prostate tumor size when compared to the wild type mice TK +/+. This study demonstrated the functional importance of Ron signaling in promoting prostate tumor growth; however, the data do not address the selective contributions of Ron signaling in epithelial versus stromal cells in tumor formation. Analysis of Ron expression by qRT-PCR in normal prostates and in several epithelial and stromal cell types indicated Ron expression in prostate epithelial cells and stromal cells including the macrophages. Utilizing human cell lines, we demonstrated that knockdown of Ron in PC-3 luc cells leads to decreased prostate tumor development and metastasis following orthotopic transplantation into the prostate compared to cells with high Ron expression suggesting that the Ron receptor expressed in epithelial cells is an important factor in prostate tumorigenesis. Given the expression pattern of Ron in the various stromal cell types, Ron expressing TRAMPC2RE3 tumor cells were orthotopically implanted into the prostates of TK +/+ and TK-/- animals. Our data shows that prostate tumor cells transplanted into TK-/- mice exhibited a significant decrease in prostate tumor growth compared to cells transplanted into TK +/+ prostates, suggesting that Ron signaling in the tumor microenvironment is critical to prostate tumor development in this model. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantation studies and studies using mice that have myeloid specific deletion of Ron, have demonstrated the importance of the Ron signaling pathway in myeloid cells for promoting tumor growth. Current studies are underway to examine the Ron dependent signaling pathways and molecules that contribute to prostate tumor growth. Taken together, our work has uncovered the novel role of the Ron receptor in regulating both the tumor intrinsic and extrinsic cellular compartments in regulating tumor growth and suggests that the Ron receptor signaling pathway may be a novel and efficacious therapeutic target in the treatment of this disease through targeting of multiple cell types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A6.
Histoplasma capsulatum variety farciminosum: a new combination for Histoplasma farciminosum

Four equine isolates of Histoplasma farciminosum from Egypt were grown on a variety of media in an attempt to induce conidia. Ofthe various media used, soil extract agar (diluted 25 and 50%) induced conidiation in each isolate. They produced numerous smooth-walled to warty microconidia and a moderate number of tuberculate macroconidia after 10-12 wk of incubation at 30 C. The yeast form of each isolate was obtained by growing the isolates at 37 C on brain heart infusion agar with and without 5% sheep blood. Repeated serial transfers onto fresh medium were necessary for complete conversion. Comparison of the micro- and macroconidia of H. farciminosum with those of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum showed a close relationship. The yeast-form budding cells of H. farciminosum were identical to those of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum. Because of the close similarity of the mycelial as well as yeast forms of H. farciminosum to those of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, we propose that H. farciminosum be treated as a variety of H. capsulatum rather than as a distinct species.
Reconstructing Bodies: Biomedicine, Health, and Nation-Building in South Korea since 1945

Biomedicine and public health have different meanings for different people. With South Korea's economic success and democratization after the Korean War (1950–53), labor power and infrastructure in...
Surface-Amplified Ligand Disorder in CdSe Quantum Dots Determined by Electron and Coherent Vibrational Spectroscopies

This Article reports measurements of the intra- and intermolecular ordering of tight-binding octylphosphonate ligands on the surface of colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) within solid state films, and the dependence of this order on the size of the QDs. The order of the organic ligands, as probed by vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, decreases as the radius of the QDs decreases; this decrease is correlated with a decrease in the order of underlying Cd2+, as detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) line width measurements, for radii of the QDs, R > 2.4 nm, and is independent of the disorder of the Cd2+ for R < 2.4 nm. We believe that, for R < 2.4, the decreasing order of the ligands with decreasing size is due to an increase in the curvature of the QD surfaces. Disorder in the Cd2+ results from the presence of a shell of Cd2+–surfactant complexes that form during synthesis, so this work demonstrates the possibility for chemical control over molecular order within films of col...
Imidazole lactic acid-a component of normal human urine.

SummaryImidazole lactic acid has been found to be a normal component of urine in the Houston area. It gradually appears in the urine of those new to the area but in variable amounts.
Virtual microcontrollers

Embedded programming training today commonly involves numerous low-level details of a particular microcontroller. Such details shift focus away from higher-level structured embedded programming concepts. Thus, hard-to-break, unstructured programming habits are commonplace in the field. Yet structured embedded programming is becoming more necessary as embedded systems grow in complexity. We introduce a virtual microcontroller to address this problem. Freed from manufacturing or historical architectural issues, the virtual microcontroller contains the core features to support embedded programming training, and possesses an exceptionally clean interface to low-level features like timers, interrupt service routines, and UARTs. The virtual microcontroller can be mapped onto existing microcontrollers, or even onto FPGAs or a PC, providing more lab and book flexibility, at the expense of performance and size overhead. Most importantly, training can still use a bottom-up resource-aware approach, yet can focus more on structured embedded programming concepts.
A Theoretical and Experimental Approach for Correlating Nanoparticle Structure and Electrocatalytic Activity

ConspectusThe objective of the research described in this Account is the development of high-throughput computational-based screening methods for discovery of catalyst candidates and subsequent experimental validation using appropriate catalytic nanoparticles. Dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs), which are well-defined 1–2 nm diameter metal nanoparticles, fulfill the role of model electrocatalysts.Effective comparison of theory and experiment requires that the theoretical and experimental models map onto one another perfectly. We use novel synthetic methods, advanced characterization techniques, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to approach this ideal. For example, well-defined core@shell DENs can be synthesized by electrochemical underpotential deposition (UPD), and the observed deposition potentials can be compared to those calculated by DFT. Theory is also used to learn more about structure than can be determined by analytical characterization alone. For example, density function...
Precision 3-D Modeling for Autonomous Helicopter Flight

We present our primary research goals, which motivate the need for 3-D modeling as a key element for helicopter state estimation and situational awareness. We present a research system architecture, which integrates 3-D modeling and other on-board sensing to isolate the issues and requirements for our on-going research. Finally, we conclude by presenting preliminary modeling results and future research plans.
Effect of Cycling Temperatures on the Production of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone by Fusarium graminearum NRRL 5883

The effects of three regimens of cycling incubation temperatures and incubation at constant 25 degrees C on the growth of Fusarium graminearum NRRL 5883 and production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) on rice were compared. The effects of low-temperature stress were also studied by incubating rice cultures at a constant 15 degrees C for 4 weeks following incubation at constant 25 degrees C for 2 weeks. Both incubation temperature and time significantly (P < or = 0.05) affected growth of F. graminearum NRRL 5883 and production of DON and ZEN. The highest amount of free ergosterol (640 microg/g culture material) that was used as a measure of fungal growth was found in cultures incubated at temperatures cycling between 15 and 30 degrees C during a 6-week period. The highest amounts of DON (1,679 microg/g culture material) and ZEN (603 microg/g culture material) were produced in cultures incubated at a constant 25 degrees C for 2 weeks prior to incubation at a constant 15 degrees C for an additional 4 weeks. Under cycling incubation temperatures, maximum amounts of DON (850 microg/g culture material) and ZEN (98 microg/g culture material) were produced in cultures incubated at temperatures cycling between 15 and 30 degrees C for 6 weeks. Overall, there was no correlation between mold growth and production of either DON or ZEN. However, DON production and ZEN production were correlated.
Complex Dependencies: the Quirkiest Subject

This chapter is devoted to expletive and locative constructions. I provide detailed analyses of these constructions in English and explore the parameters that account for the cross-linguistic differences, taking into account data taken from French, German, Icelandic, Italian and Spanish. It is worth emphasizing that the latter goal has never been attempted, as far as I know. Extensive use will be made of concepts articulated in Chapters 2 and 3, especially Complex Dependencies, Local Agree and spec-to-spec Move, thus providing further empirical support for my framework.
Indexed Captioned Searchable Videos: A Learning Companion for STEM Coursework

Videos of classroom lectures have proven to be a popular and versatile learning resource. A key shortcoming of the lecture video format is accessing the content of interest hidden in a video. This work meets this challenge with an advanced video framework featuring topical indexing, search, and captioning (ICS videos). Standard optical character recognition (OCR) technology was enhanced with image transformations for extraction of text from video frames to support indexing and search. The images and text on video frames is analyzed to divide lecture videos into topical segments. The ICS video player integrates indexing, search, and captioning in video playback providing instant access to the content of interest. This video framework has been used by more than 70 courses in a variety of STEM disciplines and assessed by more than 4000 students. Results presented from the surveys demonstrate the value of the videos as a learning resource and the role played by videos in a students learning process. Survey results also establish the value of indexing and search features in a video platform for education. This paper reports on the development and evaluation of ICS videos framework and over 5 years of usage experience in several STEM courses.
Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Engineer Bone Regeneration

In this chapter, selected published articles pertaining to micro- and nanotechnologies for bone tissue engineering are reviewed with a focus on development of scaffolds. Nanoparticles and nanofibers have shown to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymeric implants. Non-union bone fractures are a major health care concern in the United States. One of the most widely used strategies in bone tissue engineering is the use of scaffolds for temporary structural support. Scaffolds are porous biomaterials and play a central role in tissue engineering approaches by guiding cell proliferation and assisting the exchange of nutrients and waste. Scaffolds made with micro- and nanoparticles and micro- and nanofibers show much promise as they impart the ability to create scaffolds with appropriate mechanical properties and microenvironment. The chapter discusses micro/nanomaterials of hydroxyapatite, a variety of synthetic polymers, and silk, and their potential for use as bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
Measurement of Productivity

The measurement of productivity has now become an essential element in the ongoing and difficult debate on how to improve it. A rising trend in productivity has been a central characteristic of the development of modern industrial society, the organization of its productive systems, the expectations of its citizens, and its patterns of consumption. As Kendrick and Pech (1961, p. 1) aptly put it, ’The story of productivity, the ratio of output to input, is at heart the record of man’s efforts to raise himself from poverty.’ It follows that a sustained period of faltering in this improvement process, indeed of a net decline, must necessarily have calamitous consequences for the economy and ultimately the structure, well-being, and cohesion of society.
A Proximal Fibularis Brevis Muscle Is Associated with Longitudinal Split Tendons: A Cadaveric Study

The anomalous distal musculotendinous junction of the fibularis brevis muscle has been hypothesized to contribute to the development of longitudinal fibularis brevis tendon tears. Specifically, the mass effect of the low-lying fibularis brevis muscle belly was thought to increase the pressure on the superior peroneal retinaculum and increase the probability of fibularis brevis tendon subluxation. A more recent examination of the fibularis brevis tendon junction found, contrary to this hypothesis, a statistically significant association between an anomalous proximal musculotendinous junction and the prevalence of longitudinal split tears. However, no rationale was offered. The present study examined the relationship between the musculotendinous junction and the prevalence of longitudinal fibularis brevis tendon tears. A total of 24 fibularis brevis tendon lengths were measured bilaterally in 12 human cadaveric specimens. The tendon lengths were assessed as the vertical distance from the most inferior aspect of the lateral malleolus to the most distal fibularis brevis musculotendinous extension. Only full-thickness tears were identified and included. The lengths of tendons with and without longitudinal tears were compared. Of the 24 tendons examined, 7 (29%) presented with full-thickness longitudinal tears from 4 cadavers (33%). The mean length for the tendons with tears was significantly longer (p < .001) than the mean length of those without tears (28.86 ± 3.02 mm versus 16.29 ± 7.30 mm). Our research concurs with the most recent findings, identifying a statistically significant association between an anomalous proximal muscle belly extension and longitudinal fibularis brevis tendon tears. Furthermore, we propose the hypothesis that a more proximal musculotendinous junction might predispose individuals to a lesser stabilizing effect of the muscle against the posterior lateral surface of the fibula, increasing the probability of anterolateral subluxation, attrition, and longitudinal tear development.
A novel program for ABSN students to generate interest in geriatrics and geriatric nursing research

The current shortage of nurse researchers in geriatrics adversely affects the capacity of nurses to conduct research to advance the evidence-based care of older adults. In an effort to generate interest in geriatrics and geriatric nursing research, the Duke University School of Nursing designed a summer internship for four students enrolled in the accelerated baccalaureate nursing (ABSN) program. This paper describes the experience of these ABSN students and the staff and faculty who worked with them. The program design, staff and faculty experiences, benefits and challenges, as well as recommendations for future programs are discussed. The purpose of this article is to highlight the benefits and challenges of offering research experiences to nursing students in an ABSN program to stimulate interest in geriatrics and geriatric nursing research.
Articulated coralline algae provide a spatial refuge to juvenile sea urchins from predatory crabs

Coralline algae provide settlement cues, food, and biotic structure for benthic marine invertebrates in intertidal and subtidal habitats. Here, we present evidence from laboratory experiments that juvenile sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (1.0–3.0 mm test diameter) are chemically attracted to articulated coralline algae Corallina vancouveriensis in the San Juan Archipelago (Washington, USA), resulting in movement of sea urchins into the algae. This behavior significantly reduced sea urchin mortality in the presence of predatory crabs Pagurus spp. and Cancer oregonensis as compared to treatments with no algae. In addition, we tested predation rates of various benthic predators from intertidal and subtidal habitats, and found that crabs were the most voracious predators of juvenile sea urchins. Our results indicate that C. vancouveriensis provides a spatial refuge to juvenile sea urchins from predatory crabs, and may facilitate recruitment into sea urchin populations by enhancing juvenile survival.
Time and Entrepreneurial Risk Behavior

Risk and risk behavior form an important segment of the entrepreneurship literature. Entrepreneurial risk behavior has been studied with both trait and cognitive approaches, but the findings do not...
Adherence rates to endocrine therapy among African American women with stage I-III, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.

e11582 Background: Breast cancer mortality has historically been higher in African American (AA) women compared to Caucasian women. Controlling for tumor characteristics, biological markers and com...
Against Root Faithfulness in Cupeño Stress

This paper develops a new, optimality-theoretic analysis of word-level stress assignment in Cupeno (Takic, Uto-Aztecan). I argue that primary stress is assigned to the leftmost lexically accented (i.e. stress-preferring) morpheme, else to the word's left edge. I contend that this analysis is simpler and better explains the Cupeno data than previous accounts, which assume that special faithfulness constraints privilege the accentual properties of roots over those of other affixes. The typological implications of this renanalysis of Cupeno stress are then discussed; without empirical support from Cupeno, it is suggested that "root faithfulness" plays no role in determining word stress in lexical accent systems cross-linguistically.
Can Semi-Anthropomorphism Influence Trust and Compliance?: Exploring Image Use in App Interfaces

Relying on automated suggestions from technology to make decisions has become a part of our everyday life. Most existing research examines trust in automation for high-risk domains as well as vast recommender systems for low-risk consumer use. This research aims to evaluate human trust in automated decision aids for low-risk everyday use, where one automated suggestion is presented and a few alternative options are available. In the current study, we investigate whether anthropomorphic imagery and information reliability can influence perceived trust of the automated decision aid. We report on results from 105 participants, which suggest that levels of semi-anthropomorphic imagery do not influence trust in the way that a full anthropomorphic image of a human might. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of how to utilize design, specifically visual imagery, to appropriately calibrate trust in automated decision aids for everyday use.
Probabilistic Methods in Computational Neuroscience

Probabilistic models have been successfully adopted in computational biology and bioinformatics. Recently, a number of powerful probabilistic models and methods have been developed in the field of computational neuroscience, and these effective models have significantly advanced this field. This special section aims to capture some snapshots of recent developments of probabilistic methods in the synergistic combinations of cognitive brain science, brain imaging, and neuroscience. It aims to report the latest advances in these fields to the research community working on probabilistic methods in brain imaging analysis and computational neuroscience. This special section includes five contributed articles.
Systems of Simultaneous Equations

In previous chapters we examined extensively the GLM under a variety of circumstances. A common feature of these discussions was a certain aspect of unidirectionality. Generally, variations in the explanatory (right-hand) variables were transmitted to the dependent (left-hand) variable, but not vice versa. Another common feature was that the explanatory variables were assumed to be independent of or, minimally, uncorrelated with the error term of the model. Only in the EIV model was this condition violated.
PROFILES OF MATHEMATICS COMMUNICATION ABILITIES IN GROUP MATERIAL BASED ON GPA SCORE OF MATHEMATICS TEACHER CANDIDATE STUDENTS

The objective of the research is to discover the profiles of Mathematics communication abilities of students with high GPA score and students with medium GPA score and its comparison. The research was conducted by revealing the students’ Mathematics communication abilities through Mathematics communication ability test with group problem. Based on the test results, the students then interviewed to confirm the students’ answers and to obtain deeper data. The research was qualitative research with descriptive approach. The subjects of the research were the students of academic year 2014 of Mathematics Education Program at FKIP Untad, consisted of two students with high GPA score and two students with medium GPA score. The results of the research reveal that: (1) the students with high GPA score (MIT) have Mathematics communication abilities in solving group problem: Representing the intention of the question by writing information which was known and asked in a form of point by point by using short sentence and able to make symbol in accordance with the information. The two subject writing the answer to solve group problem question quite complete started from known and asked information from the question until the stages of problem solving. However, the two subjects had difference in writing reason in the stages of group problem solving answer. Subject MIT1 was quite consistent in writing the reasons in several stages of solving which the subject made but subject MIT2 tended to not writing the reason in most of the answer stage of question solving, using all the symbols which often used in group material in solving test question, re-explaining the answer of question solving stage by stage according to the answer which the subject wrote. The subject explained each solving stage with reasons from the stage; (2) the students with medium GPA score (MIS) had Mathematics communication abilities in solving group problem. Subject MIS1 tended to write the information which was known and asked in one sentence, while subject MIS2 wrote information which was known and asked through point by point. The two subjects were able to make symbols in accordance with the information which was known from the question, the two subject writing the answer of group problem solving incompletely in the stages, able to write the reason in several stage of solving answer, very lack in using symbols which usually used in group material, even several sentences which could be written in from of Mathematics symbol were not written in from of symbol by the subjects. Subject MIS1 re-explaining the answer of test question shortly and not in details in the stages, while subject MIS2 re-explaining the answer of test question through stages by stages in accordance with the answer which the subject had written and explained each reason in the steps
Evolution of Resistance to Insecticides: The Role of Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations

Computers have become an important tool for scientific investigation in nearly all areas of science. In particular, the studies of ecology, resource management and pest control have been much affected by mathematical modeling and computer simulation. The widely heralded IBP and integrated pest management projects are only some of the most visible aspects of a transformation that is certain to continue. As yet, the study of resistance to insecticides has been less affected by mathematical modeling than these other areas, but several laboratories are now actively engaged in computer analysis of how such resistance has evolved and how it might be controlled. The number is certain to grow. Below I will review the principal studies of the evolution of insecticide resistance that have been published up to now and then speculate briefly where I think future work in this area might be most usefully directed.
Development of a method for the determination of hydromorphone in plasma by LC–MS

A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of hydromorphone in small volume plasma has been developed. Following solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges, samples were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an Atlantis T3 4.6 × 150 mm column (3.0 μm) and quantified using mass spectrometry. The mobile phase was a mixture of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (91:9). The standard curve ranged from 1 to 500 ng/mL. Intra- and Inter-assay variability for hydromorphone was 90%. The LLOQ was 1 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of hydromorphone samples at this institution. This method could be useful to those investigators dealing with small sample volumes, particularly when conducting pharmacokinetic studies that require multiple sampling from the same animal.
Orthophotography as a Data Base For Land Descriptions

Property descriptions, based on the use of orthophoto maps having geographic or cadastral grid reference systems and photo-identification of property corners, are compared with traditional methods ...
Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Hypertension is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to risk of progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Many factors including alterations in salt and water balance, the sympathetic nervous system, and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system underlie the pathophysiology of hypertension in this setting. Careful measurement of blood pressure, including out-of-office measurement, is important. Goal blood pressure for patients with CKD is less than 130/80 mm Hg. Restriction of dietary salt intake is an important nonpharmacologic intervention, and inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin axis are the cornerstone of drug therapy, especially in patients with proteinuria.
Retrospective analysis of adjuvant treatment for localized, operable uterine leiomyosarcoma.

11072Background: Surgery is the standard of care for uterine leiomyosarcoma, but recurrence rates are high and outcomes are poor. Standard adjuvant treatment of localized uterine leiomyosarcoma(uLM...
D-GCCA: Decomposition-based Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis for Multiple High-dimensional Datasets

Modern biomedical studies often collect multiple types of high-dimensional data on a common set of objects. A popular model for the joint analysis of multi-type datasets decomposes each data matrix into a low-rank common-variation matrix generated by latent factors shared across all datasets, a low-rank distinctive-variation matrix corresponding to each dataset, and an additive noise matrix. We propose decomposition-based generalized canonical correlation analysis (D-GCCA), a novel decomposition method that appropriately defines those matrices on the L2 space of random variables, whereas most existing methods are developed on its approximation, the Euclidean dot product space. Moreover to well calibrate common latent factors, we impose a desirable orthogonality constraint on distinctive latent factors. Existing methods inadequately consider such orthogonality and can thus suffer from substantial loss of undetected common variation. Our D-GCCA takes one step further than GCCA by separating common and distinctive variations among canonical variables, and enjoys an appealing interpretation from the perspective of principal component analysis. Consistent estimators of our common-variation and distinctive-variation matrices are established with good finite-sample numerical performance, and have closed-form expressions leading to efficient computation especially for large-scale datasets. The superiority of D-GCCA over state-of-the-art methods is also corroborated in simulations and real-world data examples.
Synchronizability of directed networks: The power of non-existent ties

The understanding of how synchronization in directed networks is influenced by structural changes in network topology is far from complete. While the addition of an edge always promotes synchronization in a wide class of undirected networks, this addition may impede synchronization in directed networks. In this paper, we develop the augmented graph stability method, which allows for explicitly connecting the stability of synchronization to changes in network topology. The transformation of a directed network into a symmetrized-and-augmented undirected network is the central component of this new method. This transformation is executed by symmetrizing and weighting the underlying connection graph and adding new undirected edges with consideration made for the mean degree imbalance of each pair of nodes. These new edges represent "non-existent ties" in the original directed network and often control the location of critical nodes whose directed connections can be altered to manipulate the stability of synchronization in a desired way. In particular, we show that the addition of small-world shortcuts to directed networks, which makes "non-existent ties" disappear, can worsen the synchronizability, thereby revealing a destructive role of small-world connections in directed networks. An extension of our method may open the door to studying synchronization in directed multilayer networks, which cannot be effectively handled by the eigenvalue-based methods.
A 5 GHz 0.5 V Hybrid Class-B/F −1 CMOS Oscillator With −147 dBc/Hz Phase Noise at 10 MHz Offset Using Body-Biased 22 nm FDSOI

This work presents a self-biased 5 GHz hybrid class-B/F−1 oscillator for low phase noise and robust startup. The design exploits the concurrent conduction of nMOS and pMOS, when placed on differential sides, to form a differential-mode (DM) high-quality-factor second-harmonic resonator for low phase noise. The same resonator is shared between the main core (class-F−1) and the startup core (class-B), to allow phase noise reduction. The hybrid CMOS oscillator is fabricated in 22 nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) using thin-oxide-only devices, operated from 0.5 V supply, and achieves a phase noise <−147 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset across 11% tuning range. The peak figure of merit (FoM) is 190 dBc/Hz, and the supply frequency pushing ranges from 20–44 MHz/V, whereas the power consumption is from 15 to 18 mW. To the authors’ knowledge, the hybrid class-B/F−1 oscillator delivers the lowest phase noise using a 0.5 V supply at 5 GHz.
CHAPTER 11 – Molybdenum in Nitrogenase

Publisher Summary Nitrogen fixation ranks with photosynthesis as a process of fundamental importance to all life on earth. The biochemical process described by nitrogen fixation is the reduction of N2 to NH3, which can then be used for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other essential nitrogenous compounds. Intensive agricultural methods have led to increased use of and dependence on manufactured nitrogenous fertilizers with decreased emphasis on biological nitrogen fixation. However, with the depletion of fossil fuels, the cost of fertilizer production is rising, and this situation could easily lead to a worldwide food crisis. One aspect of nitrogen fixation that is receiving an increased amount of interest is the role of the element molybdenum. The enzyme nitrogenase that catalyzes the reduction of N2 to NH3 is one of a handful of enzymes that relies absolutely on Mo for catalytic activity. This fact has practical significance for agriculture since certain soils that could just barely support the growth of nitrogen-fixing legumes and could be greatly improved simply by addition of trace levels of Mo.
Node Classification in Temporal Graphs Through Stochastic Sparsification and Temporal Structural Convolution

Node classification in temporal graphs aims to predict node labels based on historical observations. In real-world applications, temporal graphs are complex with both graph topology and node attributes evolving rapidly, which poses a high overfitting risk to existing graph learning approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel Temporal Structural Network (TSNet) model, which jointly learns temporal and structural features for node classification from the sparsified temporal graphs. We show that the proposed TSNet learns how to sparsify temporal graphs to favor the subsequent classification tasks and prevent overfitting from complex neighborhood structures. The effective local features are then extracted by simultaneous convolutions in temporal and spatial domains. Using the standard stochastic gradient descent and backpropagation techniques, TSNet iteratively optimizes sparsification and node representations for subsequent classification tasks. Experimental study on public benchmark datasets demonstrates the competitive performance of the proposed model in node classification. Besides, TSNet has the potential to help domain experts to interpret and visualize the learned models.
Service user leadership in priority setting: an end in itself as well as a means to an end.

In “shared goals for mental health research”, Wykes et al. (2021) describe a core set of collaboratively developed research goals designed to accelerate progress. There is much to commend about bot...
A comparative study of population genetic structure reveals patterns consistent with selection at functional microsatellites in common sunflower

Microsatellites have long been considered non-functional, neutrally evolving regions of the genome. Recent findings suggest that they can function as drivers of rapid adaptive evolution. Previous work on common sunflower identified 479 transcribed microsatellites where allele length significantly correlates with gene expression (eSTRs) in a stepwise manner. Here, a population genetic approach is used to test whether eSTR allele length variation is under selection. Genotypic variation among and within populations at 13 eSTRs was compared with that at 19 anonymous microsatellites in 672 individuals from 17 natural populations of sunflower from across a cline running from Saskatchewan to Oklahoma. Expected heterozygosity, allelic richness, and allelic diversity were significantly lower at eSTRs, a pattern consistent with higher relative rates of purifying selection. Further, an analysis of variation in microsatellite allele lengths (lnRV), and heterozygosities (lnRH), indicate recent selective sweeps at the eSTRs. Mean microsatellite allele lengths at four eSTRs within populations are significantly correlated with latitude consistent with the predictions of the tuning knob model which predicts stepwise relationships between microsatellite allele length and phenotypes. This finding suggests that shorter or longer alleles at eSTRs may be favored in climatic extremes. Collectively, our results imply that eSTRs are likely under selection and that they may be playing a role in facilitating local adaptation across a well-defined cline in the common sunflower.
Durability Design Requirements and Analysis for Metallic Airframes

Air Force durability design requirements are reviewed and durability analysis methodology capable of satisfying these requirements are presented. The proposed methodology includes (1) durability critical parts, (2) guidelines for economic life criteria, and (3) analytical procedures for quantifying overall structural damage due to fatigue cracking. Two analytical formats for quantifying economic life are proposed: probability of crack exceedance and ratio of repair cost/replacement cost. Although the analytical methodology has been developed and verified using a fastener hole crack as the prototype, the basic concepts and methodology apply to cracks in other structural details as well. The durability analysis methodology is based on a fracture mechanics philosophy, using a probabilistic format but with deterministic crack growth. The methodology accounts for initial quality, crack growth accumulation in a population of details, load spectra, and structural properties. Essential elements of the methodology are presented, including an evaluation and illustration of the analytical methodology using test results for the F-16 full-scale durability test article.
Second-order growth, tilt stability, and metric regularity of the subdifferential

This paper sheds new light on several interrelated topics of second-order variational analysis, both in finite and infinite-dimensional settings. We establish new relationships between second-order growth conditions on functions, the basic properties of metric regularity and subregularity of the limiting subdifferential, tilt-stability of local minimizers, and positive-definiteness/semidefiniteness properties of the second-order subdifferential (or generalized Hessian).
Asymptotic analysis of Daubechies polynomials

To study wavelets and filter banks of high order, we begin with the zeros of Bp(y). This is the binomial series for (1 -y)-P, truncated after p terms. Its zeros give the p 1 zeros of the Daubechies filter inside the unit circle, by z + z-1 = 2 4y. The filter has p additional zeros at z = -1, and this construction makes it orthogonal and maximally flat. The dilation equation leads to orthogonal wavelets with p vanishing moments. Symmetric biorthogonal wavelets (generally better in image compression) come similarly from a subset of the zeros of Bp(y). We study the asymptotic behavior of these zeros. Matlab shows a remarkable plot for p = 70. The zeros approach a limiting curve 14y(I-y) I = 1 in the complex plane, which is the circle Iz z-11 = 2. All zeros have IyI < 1/2, and the rightmost zeros approach y 1/2 (corresponding to z = ?i ) with speed p-1/2. The curve 14y( y)I (47rp)1/2p 11 2yl/P gives a very accurate approximation for finite p. The wide dynamic range in the coefficients of Bp (y) makes the zeros difficult to compute for large p. Rescaling y by 4 allows us to reach p = 80 by standard codes.
High-Pressure Injection to the Great Toe with River Water.

CASE: A 53-year-old male sustained a high-pressure water injection injury to his foot while working in a river. He was taken to the operating room for emergent irrigation and debridement of copious riverbed sediment. Cultures taken from the operating room were positive for multiple anaerobes, fungus and mold and he was treated with appropriate antibiotics. To date, his only residual deficit is a 1 cm area of numbness at the entrance wound. CONCLUSION: High-pressure water injections to the foot are uncommon injuries. These are serious injuries that require emergent antibiotics, tetanus and surgical debridement. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2015-11.asp, free with no login]. Language: en