cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolving specifications formally

This paper presents a formal specification and analysis method motivated by issues faced during early stages of requirements development for automotive features. At this early stage of development, only overall goals of features are understood, and there is a need to discover all possible scenarios of operation. We have developed a formalism — Structured Transition Systems (STS) — that facilitates the rapid evolution of specifications. STS supports multiple idioms of specification : transitions, state-diagrams, scenarios etc. It also supports constructs for hierarchical organization of a specification. We have further defined analyses that are useful for review and inspection of STS specifications. A distinctive feature of our method is the ability to use analysis results to refine and reinforce parts of the specification by importing analysis results into STS specifications. In practice, this leads to a feedback loop where requirements can be rapidly refined using analysis engines to drive the development of requirements. We have experimented using our technique on a number of automotive case-studies, and we present some of our experiences with these case-studies.
THE CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES OF STARS IN THE HALO (CASH) PROJECT. II. A SAMPLE OF 14 EXTREMELY METAL-POOR STARS*, **

We present a comprehensive abundance analysis of 20 elements for 16 new low-metallicity stars from the Chemical Abundances of Stars in the Halo (CASH) project. The abundances have been derived from both Hobby-Eberly Telescope High Resolution Spectrograph snapshot spectra (R {approx}15, 000) and corresponding high-resolution (R {approx}35, 000) Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle spectra. The stars span a metallicity range from [Fe/H] from -2.9 to -3.9, including four new stars with [Fe/H] < -3.7. We find four stars to be carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, confirming the trend of increasing [C/Fe] abundance ratios with decreasing metallicity. Two of these objects can be classified as CEMP-no stars, adding to the growing number of these objects at [Fe/H]< - 3. We also find four neutron-capture-enhanced stars in the sample, one of which has [Eu/Fe] of 0.8 with clear r-process signatures. These pilot sample stars are the most metal-poor ([Fe/H] {approx}< -3.0) of the brightest stars included in CASH and are used to calibrate a newly developed, automated stellar parameter and abundance determination pipeline. This code will be used for the entire {approx}500 star CASH snapshot sample. We find that the pipeline results are statistically identical for snapshot spectra when compared to a traditional, manualmore » analysis from a high-resolution spectrum.« less
Ortho–para nuclear-spin isomerization energies for all bound vibrational states of ditritium (T2) from non-Born–Oppenheimer variational calculations performed with explicitly correlated all-particle Gaussian functions

Abstract Direct variational calculations, where the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation is not assumed, are performed for all 26 bound rovibrational states corresponding to the lowest rotational excitation (i.e. the N = 1 states) of the tritium molecule (T2). The non-BO energies are used to determine the ortho–para isomerization energies. All-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions are employed in the calculations and over 11 000 Gaussians independently generated for each state are used. The exponential parameters of the Gaussians are optimized with the aid of analytically calculated energy gradient determined with respect to these parameters. The non-BO wave functions are used to calculate expectation values of the inter-particle distances and the triton–triton correlation functions.
Maturity Clienteles in the Municipal Bond Market: Term Premiums and the Muni Puzzle

This paper finds empirical support for the idea that term premiums arise when an excess supply of long-term bonds forces shorter holding period investors to bear price risk. The empirical support comes from the tax-exempt (municipal) bond market where an ex-ante measure of the expected excess return on long maturity bonds is significantly and negatively related to the size of the positions held by long holding period investors (property and casualty insurance companies) and hence negatively related to the extent that short holding period investors are required to hold long-term bonds. The required excess returns on longer term bonds (term premiums) would cause implied marginal tax rates to decline with maturity and thus are a new potential explanation for at least part of the “muni puzzle” (Chalmers, 1998).
Testing Conditional Effects of a Moderator in Deliberation: A Lab Experiment

Recent findings show that deliberation outcomes can be vulnerable to manipulations by moderators. However, what makes moderators influential over deliberation outcomes and how to minimize the chance of manipulation have not been investigated yet. To address this issue, this paper presents a lab experiment which tests one of the mechanisms through which moderators can affect deliberation outcomes. This study investigates how perceived expertise of a moderator conditions the moderator’s potential to persuade participants of deliberation. Subjects are asked to deliberate on whether to expand the subsidized jobs program of New York State or not. The result suggests that participants of deliberation are more susceptible to moderator’s influence when they perceive the moderator having expertise on the policy issue than not. The empirical evidence of this paper contributes not only to the existing literature on deliberative democracy but also provides broader implications to studies on leadership effects in a group discussion.
Survey of Consumer-Driven Health Plans Raises Key Issues

This paper presents findings from the EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey released at the December 2005 Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) policy forum. The survey, the first independent study of its kind, was sponsored by EBRI and The Commonwealth Fund to get a fix on how consumers are reacting to CDHPs, the latest big idea in health insurance in the United States. Many employers are looking to these plans to help stem the steady rise in health care costs. Full survey results, including methodology, were published in the December 2005 EBRI Issue Brief, available on the Web. Additional participation and support for the survey came from the IBM Corp., Pfizer Corp., and The Procter & Gamble Company.
Perioperative Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Cardiac Complication Following Orthopaedic Surgery

Case: We present a case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cardiogenic shock following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in an eighty-three-year-old man with no history of cardiopulmonary medical problems. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was diagnosed with emergency cardiac catheterization and angiography. The patient was managed with supportive measures that included the placement of a ventricular assist device. Conclusion: The patient recovered without any permanent cardiac sequelae. We review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Construction of GPS Vehicle Management System Based on GPS/GPRS/GIS Platform

With the increase in fire-fighting and rescue tasks,the role of fire protection is even more important.How to improve the rapid response capability of the fire fighting,the dynamic management,scheduling and conductor of the fire vehicles is the key,which determining the combat effectiveness of the fire prevention department.Using the mature GPS/GPRS/GIS platform,this article proposes a GPS vehicle management system to enhance the combat effectiveness of fire protection.
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus

The most common types of diabetes observed in a primary care practice are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by total destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, whereas insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and inappropriate hepatic glucose secretion characterize type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes, but is first diagnosed during pregnancy.
TU‐FG‐BRB‐06: A Prompt Gamma‐Ray Spectroscopy System for Clinical Studies of in Vivo Proton Range Verification

Purpose: We present a new system to perform prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy during proton pencil-beam scanning treatments, which enables in vivo verification of the proton range. This system will be used for the first clinical studies of this technology. Methods: After successful pre-clinical testing of prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy, a full scale system for clinical studies is now being assembled. Prompt gamma-rays will be detected during patient treatment using an array of 8 detector modules arranged behind a tungsten collimator. Each detector module consists of a lanthanum(III) bromide scintillator, a photomultiplier tube, and custom electronics for stable high voltage supply and signal amplification. A new real-time data acquisition and control system samples the signals from the detectors with analog-to-digital converters, analyses events of interest, and communicates with the beam delivery systems. The timing of the detected events was synchronized to the cyclotron radiofrequency and the pencil-beam delivery. Range verification is performed by matching measured energy- and timeresolved gamma-ray spectra to nuclear reaction models based on the clinical treatment plan. Experiments in phantoms were performed using clinical beams in order to assess the performance of the systems. Results: The experiments showed reliable real-time analysis of more than 10 million detector events per second. The individual detector modules acquired accurate energy- and time-resolved gamma-ray measurements at a rate of 1 million events per second, which is typical for beams delivered with a clinical dose rate. The data acquisition system successfully tracked the delivery of the scanned pencil-beams to determine the location of range deviations within the treatment field. Conclusion: A clinical system for proton range verification using prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy has been designed and is being prepared for use during patient treatments. We anticipate to start a first clinical study in the near future. This work was supported by the Federal Share of program income earned by Massachusetts; General Hospital on C06-CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center.
MLECOG: Motivated Learning Embodied Cognitive Architecture

This paper presents a new cognitive architecture and its major functional blocks. It describes how the new architecture is related to major trends in cognitive architectures that move toward greater autonomy, motivations, and the creation of goals. After a brief characterization of existing cognitive architectures, particularly those that share similarities with our own, the desired architectural requirements for embodied cognitive systems are spelled out. The proposed cognitive architecture is then presented on a functional level that describes how its functional blocks interact to self-organize and to refine their operations. Selected implementation issues are also discussed. Finally, simulation results of an implemented simplified version of the proposed system are discussed. The simulation results show that the current implementation of the motivated learning embodied cognitive architecture system is capable of maintaining itself in a dynamic environment.
Completeness of revascularization in multivessel coronary artery disease

Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is frequently encountered in clinical practice among patients with both stable and unstable presentations (1). The question of whether such patients should undergo complete (CR) versus incomplete (IR) revascularization continues to be debated (1-3). This issue was originally recognized and described among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, where it was observed that CR conferred both a survival and symptomatic benefit in comparison to IR (3), with CR consequently achieving the stature of a surgical mantra and accepted as a truism (4).
Induction, Selection and Expansion of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Reactive Autologous T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy.

To generate highly AML reactive autologous CTL, the optimal protocol of growth factor combination and sequence of administration were screened and compared in an AML-DC culture system aimed to induce AML cell DC differentiation, activate and expand naive T cells against AML; and simultaneously activate and expand possible rare existing AML reactive memory T cells. Primary AML peripheral blood or marrow cells containing more than 90% AML blasts were cultured in 96 well plates. Every single well was regarded and treated as an independent culture. Various growth factor combinations of GM-CSF, IL2, IL-3, IL-4, IL7, IL12, CD40L, TNF-α, anti-CTLA-4 mAb were compared for efficiency of AML cell DC differentiation induction and autologous T cell activation in 7 day culture. Significantly enhanced CD80/CD86 expression and total cell number (include both AML-DC and T cells, see attached figure) in the culture was observed when GM-CSF/IL-4 combined with IL-12. The T cells in each well were than expanded with high dose IL-2 (6000 u/ml) and CTL activity against autologous AML were examined by both 51Cr release assay and culture supernatant IFN-γ concentration assay. Multiple wells of AML cell culture from the same patient with the same cell number and culture condition exhibited substantial functional variation demonstrated by MHC-restricted autologous AML cell killing (3 - 70% specific lysis) and IFN-γ secretion (25 - 2994 pg/ml), indicating that the T cells randomly put in the independent wells vary greatly in efficiency of AML antigen recognition and activation. IL-12 alone exerted significant enhanced IFN-γ secretion in 4 of 5 patients. IL-12 combined with GM-CSF/IL-2/IL-4/IL-7 enhanced IFN-γ secretion compared with IL-12 alone in 3 of 5 patients. CTLA-4 blockade further significantly enhanced T cell activity in 5 of 5 patients. Highly active CTL lines were selected from high IFN-γ secretion wells and rapidly expanded using OKT-3/CD28 coated, mitomycin-c treated autologous AML cells. After expansion, the highly active lines still maintained high autologous AML cell killing compared to the low active lines. A therapeutic quantity of AML reactive autologous T cells (20.2±30.1)x109, (n=5) can be obtained after 6 weeks of culture from (6.4±2.9)x107 AML PBMC. This study demonstrated AML cells cultured in IL-12 or IL-12 combined with GM-CSF/IL-2/IL-4/IL-7/anti-CTLA4 mAb activated the potential of the patient immune system and may maximize the possibility of AML reactive CTL generation for adoptive immunotherapy. ![Figure][1] Figure [1]: pending:yes
A CRF that combines touch and vision for haptic mapping

Robots could benefit from maps that represent haptic properties of their surroundings. By touching locations with tactile sensors, robots can infer haptic properties of their surroundings, but touching all locations would be prohibitive. We present an algorithm that uses touch and vision to efficiently produce a dense haptic map. Our approach assumes that surfaces near a robot that are visually similar are more likely to have similar haptic properties. Given an image and sparse haptic labels, our algorithm uses a dense conditional random field (CRF) to produce a haptic map with labels for all image pixels. In an evaluation using images with idealized haptic labels, our algorithm substantially outperformed a previous algorithm. It also enabled a real robot to label leaves and trunks after reaching into artificial foliage. In addition, we show that our algorithm can use a convolutional neural network (CNN) for material recognition from Bell et al. [1] that we modified and fine-tuned. This CNN provides estimated probabilities for haptic labels using vision alone, which enables the algorithm to infer haptic labels before the robot makes contact with anything. In our evaluation, using this CNN further improved performance.
ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC RISK SCORE WITH BURDEN OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: AN ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 ANALYSIS

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). We tested whether an established AF genetic risk score (AF-GRS) was associated with the burden of AF in patients with established AF in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. Methods:
Dysregulation of GPCR Signaling in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Potential Role for Exercise Training?

PURPOSE: The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are activated by biological molecules (e.g. neurotransmitters) and are involved in many physiological events. As exaggerated GPCR-mediated signaling may contribute to cardiovascular disorders, RGS proteins (regulators of G-protein signaling) are viewed as an important regulatory molecule for the negative modulation of this signaling pathway. To address the significance of RGS proteins and suggest potential effects of exercise training on this molecule, a literature review on RGS proteins was conducted. METHODS: A systemic search in PUBMED was performed to obtain previous studies investigating roles of RGS proteins in the cardio-vascular systems. RESULTS: RGS proteins directly bind to the Gα subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins to inhibit GPCR signaling pathways and terminate their activity. Using mice genetically lacking RGS2 and RGS5, these proteins have been shown to contribute to pressure overloadinduced cardiac remodeling. Further, it has been suggested that systemic knockout of RGS2 protein causes hypertension by potentiating G protein signaling-mediated vascular responses and impairing nitric oxide/cGMP-induced vasorelaxation. Thus, RGS proteins have been suggested as potential drug targets for cardiovascular disorders accompanied by dysregulation of RGS proteins and GPCR signaling. Although exercise training has also been well-documented to strengthen cardiovascular function and ameliorate circulatory diseases, cellular mechanisms underlying the contribution of exercise intervention to RGS-mediated GPCR signaling have not been explored. CONCLUSIONS: This brief review discusses roles played by RGS proteins in the cardiovascular system and suggests future studies for investigating the interaction between exercise training and RGS protein-mediated regulation of GPCR signaling.
Response surface modeling for the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 :H7 on green peppers (capsicum annuum L.) by chlorine dioxide gas treatments

The effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas concentration (0.1 to 0.5 mg/liter), relative humidity (RH) (55 to 95%), treatment time (7 to 135 min), and temperature (5 to 25 degrees C) on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on green peppers were studied using response surface methods. A four-factor, central, composite, rotatable design was used. The microbial log reduction was measured as a response. A direct membrane-surface-plating method with tryptic soy agar and sorbitol MacConkey agar was used to resuscitate and enumerate ClO2-treated E. coli O157:H7 cells. The statistical analysis and the predictive model developed in this study suggest that ClO2 gas concentration, treatment time, RH, and temperature all significantly (P < 0.01) increased the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. ClO2 gas concentration was the most important factor, whereas temperature was the least significant. The interaction between ClO2 gas concentration and RH indicated a synergistic effect. The predictive model was validated, and it could be used to determine effective ClO2 gas treatments to achieve a 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on green peppers.
Vitrification, crystallization, and atomic structure of deformed and quenched Ni60Nb40 metallic glass

Abstract A Ni60Nb40 alloy was vitrified from fcc Ni and bcc Nb by cold rolling and by rapid solidification of an alloy ingot. The Ni60Nb40 that was vitrified by rolling has a lower crystallization onset temperature with single crystallization reaction compared to the two-stage crystallization at higher temperature for quenched Ni60Nb40. Fluctuation electron microscopy and hybrid reverse Monte Carlo modeling show that the as-rolled Ni60Nb40 contains fewer icosahedral-like Voronoi clusters and more crystal-like and bcc-like Voronoi clusters, which are inherited from the bcc Nb. The crystal-like and bcc-like medium range order clusters may be the structural origin for lower crystallization temperature in the as-rolled glass. It is demonstrated that hybrid reverse Monte Carlo simulations incorporating fluctuation microscopy and an empirical interatomic potential are insensitive to the starting structure.
Association of Depressive Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Vietnam War-Era Twins: A Longitudinal Twin Difference Study.

Importance Depressive symptoms are associated with lower heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic dysregulation, but the direction of the association remains unclear. Objective To investigate the temporal association between depression and HRV. Design, Settings, and Participants A longitudinal, cross-lagged twin difference study, with baseline assessments from March 2002 to March 2006 (visit 1) and a 7-year follow-up (visit 2) at an academic research center with participants recruited from a national twin registry. Twins (n = 166) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, who served in the US military during the Vietnam War, and were discordant for depression at baseline were recruited. Main Outcomes and Measures At both visits, depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and HRV was measured through 24-hour electrocardiogram monitoring. To assess the direction of the association, within-pair differences in multivariable mixed-effects regression models were examined, and standardized β coefficients for both pathways were calculated. The associations were evaluated separately in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Results In the final analytic sample (N = 146), all participants were men, 138 (95%) were white, and the mean (SD) age was 54 (3) years at baseline. Results showed consistent associations between visit 1 HRV and visit 2 BDI score across all HRV domains and models (β coefficients ranging from −0.14 to −0.29), which were not explained by antidepressants or other participant characteristics. The magnitude of the association was similar in the opposite pathway linking visit 1 BDI score to visit 2 HRV, with β coefficients ranging from 0.05 to −0.30, but it was largely explained by antidepressant use. In stratified analysis by zygosity, significant associations were observed in monozygotic and dizygotic twins for the path linking visit 1 HRV to visit 2 BDI score, although the associations were slightly stronger in dizygotic twins. Conclusions and Relevance The association between depression and autonomic dysregulation, indexed by HRV, is bidirectional, with stronger evidence suggesting that autonomic function affects depression risk rather than vice versa. The opposite causal pathway from depression to lower HRV is mostly driven by antidepressant use. These findings highlight an important role of autonomic nervous system in the risk of depression and contribute new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of depression and cardiovascular disease.
‘Wanting more from Mr. Eliot’: Muriel Rukeyser, T. S. Eliot, and the uses of poetry

ABSTRACTDespite disagreements with T. S. Eliot’s politics, Muriel Rukeyser was a serious student of Eliot’s poetry, prose, and plays for much of her life, sharing his interest in poetry’s communicative power and the novel ways in which modern poetics call for the mental, emotional, and physiological participation of readers. The Life of Poetry (1949), in conjunction with her five Vassar Lectures, assembled as ‘The Usable Truth: Five Talks on Communication and Poetry’, offers a complex view of her attitude toward Eliot, suggesting her sustained and critical engagement with his creative and critical work, in particular his concern with the communicative effectiveness of modern poetry; his poetic use of innovative cinematic techniques to reach readers in emotionally and intellectually exacting ways; his changing understanding of modern audiences; and his interest in the social uses of poetry, which motivated his turn to verse drama. Rukeyser’s political and aesthetic radicalism, which informed her engagement...
Computational Modeling of Electromagnetic and Thermal Effects for a Dual-Unit Retinal Prosthesis: Inductive Telemetry, Temperature Increase, and Current Densities in the Retina

Recent advances in electromagnetic and thermal modeling of a dual-unit retinal prosthesis are presented. The focus is on the latest computational methods to quantify electrical and thermal deposition in the human tissue with the ultimate goal of addressing safety concerns and optimizing the overall performance of the system. A Partial Inductance Method (PIM) is used for the computation of the electrical coupling parameters of the radiating and receiving telemetry coils. Results for the inductive coil coupling are presented and different coil geometries are compared. Further, a finite difference method for the solution of a bio-heat equation is used to compute the temperature increase caused by the implanted electronics and the electromagnetic absorption due to the external power and data telemetry link. Temperature increases due to the implanted microchip, coils, and stimulating electrode array are shown. Finally, our computational approach based on a multi-resolution impedance method is used for the computation current spread in the human tissue. Results are presented showing variations of current spread in the retina and eye due to different electrode array geometries and placement configurations.
The sex ratio of normal and manipulated human sperm quantitated by the polymerase chain reaction

Objective To establish the primary sex ratio, the relative abundance of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm, in unselected sperm and in sperm selected by swim-up or Sephadex filtration (SpermPrep column; Fertility Technologies, Inc., Natick, MA). This was done to evaluate the possibility that these semen manipulations change the primary sex ratio. Design Ninety-eight unmanipulated semen samples were analyzed for sex chromosome content using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A smaller number of samples was analyzed before and after either swim-up or Sephadex filtration. Results The mean percentage of all sex chromosomes identified as a Y chromosome in unmanipulated semen samples ranged from 41.9% to 56.7%, with a mean average of 50.3%. There was no significant change in sex chromosome composition after either swim-up (n = 17) or column filtration (n = 20). Conclusions The chromosome compositions of semen samples from a large number of men have equal numbers of X and Y. Swim-up and SpermPrep filtration do not appear to alter the primary sex ratio.
On Two-Group Critical Problems in Neutron-Transport Theory

The FN method is used, in regard to two-group neutron-transport theory, to compute accurate critical dimensions for slabs and spheres.
Cortisol reactivity and weight gain among adolescents who vary in prenatal drug exposure.

Objective Low inhibitory control is linked with weight gain among youth. Inhibitory problems are associated with disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis cortisol response. Increased cortisol predicts appetite and weight gain (though may be gender specific). This study hypothesized that cortisol reactivity explains the association between inhibition and weight gain while considering the moderating factors of early stressors to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (e.g. prenatal-drug exposure) and gender. Methods Adolescents with prenatal-drug exposure (n = 76) and non-exposed comparison adolescents (NE; n = 61) completed the Conner's Continuous Performance Test and provided salivary cortisol samples. BMI z-score were measured at the initial and 12-month follow-up evaluations. A bootstrapped moderated mediation analysis was conducted to test for conditional indirect effects of cortisol reactivity. Results Lower inhibition was associated with increased cortisol reactivity among youth who were NE, and increased cortisol reactivity was associated with weight gain among girls. Cortisol reactivity mediated the relation between inhibition and BMI z-score change for the girls in the group who was NE. Conclusion Increased cortisol reactivity may play a mechanistic role in predicting weight gain among non-prenatally drug-exposed girls. Cortisol reactivity may be a biomarker for targeted interventions to improve biological regulation and ultimately health risk among girls.
KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF ATP-DEPENDENT CA2+ TRANSPORT IN SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM USING ATPβS DIASTEREOMERS AS SUBSTRATES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of ATPβS dia-stereomers, the SR ion-transporting system, and the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATPβS; it also discusses the kinetics of phosoho-enzyme formation after rapid mixing of [γ-32P]ATP or [γ- 32P]ATPβS(S) followed by rapid quenching. The chapter discusses a study to illustrate the HPLC elution profile of AMP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ADPβS, ATP, and ATPβS after single injection. The 10 μl injection consisted of an aqueous standard mixture containing 20 μM each of AMP, ADP, ATP, and ATPsS, and 10 uM of ADPsS. The chromatographic separation of ATP, ATPβS, ADP, ADPβS, and AMP was achieved at 20°C on a Partisil 10 SAX, 20 μ particle size ionic exchange column, 250 mm long, 4.6 mm i.d., supplemented with a small precolumn (30 X 2.9 mm i.d.) filled with similar but coarser particulate material, using a Waters 600 solvent delivery system with a model U6K sample injector and a model 441 absorbance detector. The mobile phase, consisting of 500 mM ammonium phosphate (pH 4.4), was pumped at a flow rate of 2 ml/min (1800 lb/square inch). Nucleotide absorbance was recorded at 214 nm (0.01 absorbance full scale).
"I Didn't Know": Pregnant Women's Oral Health Literacy Experiences and Future Intervention Preferences.

Abstract Objective This study explored women's 1) experiences in accessing, understanding, appraising, and applying oral health information and services, and 2) preferences regarding oral health promotion during pregnancy. Methods Pregnant women ages 18 to 45 were recruited from an obstetrics and gynecology clinic at a large university hospital. Focus groups were conducted using the four domains of the integrated model of health literacy (access, understand, appraise, apply) and were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Thematic analysis was employed using Atlas.ti. Results Participants ( n = 17) were Hispanic (53%), married (67%), college educated (87%), employed (80%), and insured (100%). Most participants reported not accessing or receiving oral health information during pregnancy, with limited information received from less trustworthy sources (Internet; friends/family) and focusing on symptoms or myths. Participants revealed gaps in basic oral health understanding and demonstrated limited ability to evaluate or apply information, such as engaging in positive oral health behaviors, according to their needs and personal health status. Participants strongly desired that oral health promotion be integrated into prenatal care. Conclusions Participants described missed opportunities to improve oral health literacy and desire future health messages that facilitate patient–provider communication on oral health during prenatal care visits. Future health interventions should convey the importance and associated risks, be time efficient and patient centered, and include patient activation to prompt oral health–seeking behaviors during pregnancy.
Cemiplimab-rwlc as first and only treatment for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Introduction: In September of 2018, the United States Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved cemiplimab-rwlc (Libtayo) for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Cemiplimab is an intravenous human monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). Cemiplimab blocks T-cell inactivation and enhances the immune system's anti-tumor response. Areas Covered: We review CSCC and the studies leading to cemiplimab's approval, including common side effects and safety issues experienced during the clinical trials. Expert Opinion: Immunotherapy, specifically checkpoint inhibitors, represents an increasingly utilized class of medications that is proving to be an effective treatment option for those with certain cancers. Over time, immunotherapy is likely to be the standard of care for immune-sensitive tumors. There are many challenges that the field faces, including the identification of reliable biomarkers to better predict response, decreasing toxicity, and the potential treatment of organ transplant patients.
Primary Liver Cancer: An NCDB Analysis of Overall Survival and Margins After Hepatectomy.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitute the majority of primary liver cancers. This retrospective review aimed to determine whether site of care is a significant predictor of patient outcome after hepatectomy as measured by overall survival, hazard ratios (HRs), and resection margin status. Data regarding patients with a new diagnosis of ICC and HCC who underwent hepatectomy were analyzed from the national cancer database. The patients were divided into two cohorts: those receiving treatment at academic cancer centers (ACCs) and those receiving treatment at community cancer centers (CCCs). The study adjusted for confounding variables and selection bias using propensity score matching. Median overall survival (months), hazard ratios, and resection margin status (R0, R1/R2, unknown) were examined. The inclusion criteria were met by 10,463 patients. After propensity matching, 5600 patients remained, with half receiving treatment at ACCs and half at CCCs. Median overall survival from the date of diagnosis for patients undergoing hepatectomy was longer at ACCs than at CCCs (28.3 vs 24.8 months; p < 0.001). Additionally, multivariable Cox proportional hazards models showed that treatment at CCCs was associated with poorer survival than treatment at ACCs (HR, 1.226; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.142–1.316; p < 0.0001). Treatment facility designation also was a predictive indicator of resection margin status, with patients at CCCs exhibiting higher odds of R1/R2 resections (odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.19–1.67; p < 0.0001). Hepatectomy for ICC and HCC performed at ACCs was associated with improved outcomes compared with CCCs. Centralization of care to ACCs may lead to improved patient outcomes.
Putting Belonging in Context: Communal Affordances Signal Belonging in STEM:

A sense of belonging in a particular context is cued not only by the people in the role but by the affordances of the role-that is, the opportunities for goal pursuit. We investigate this role-based belonging in four studies documenting that the perceived affordances of social roles inform sense of belonging and convey known benefits of belonging. Perceiving more communal opportunities in naturalistic science, technology, engineering, and mathematic (STEM) settings was associated with heightened belonging in those roles (Studies 1-2). Experimentally manipulating collaborative activities in a science lab increased anticipated belonging in the lab and fostered interest, particularly among women (Study 3). Finally, mentally simulating communal affordances in a role promoted recovery from belonging threat: Considering communal opportunities in STEM facilitated recovery of STEM-specific belonging after recalling exclusion in STEM (Study 4). Investigations of role-based belonging offer the potential for both theoretical and practical advances.
Same Data Set, Different Conclusions: Preschool Delay of Gratification Predicts Later Behavioral Outcomes in a Preregistered Study:

One simple marshmallow test in preschool children predicts an array of important life outcomes, according to multiple studies spanning several decades. However, a recent conceptual replication casts doubt on these famous findings. We conducted an independent, preregistered secondary analysis to test whether previously observed longitudinal associations between preschool delay of gratification and adolescent outcomes would be conceptually replicated. Associations were significant for three of the five outcomes we tested using the analytic approach employed in the original studies of the marshmallow test. Relationships between delay of gratification and problem behavior held in bivariate, multivariate, and multilevel models; in contrast, no significant relationships between delay and problem behavior were found in the other recent replication, even though both studies used the same data set. These relationships were better explained by social support than by self-control, suggesting that the marshmallow test is predictive because it reflects aspects of a child's early environment that are important over the long term. This novel interpretation of the classic findings points to new directions for intervention.
Automated Failure-Mode Clustering and Labeling for Informed Car-To-Driver Handover in Autonomous Vehicles.

The car-to-driver handover is a critically important component of safe autonomous vehicle operation when the vehicle is unable to safely proceed on its own. Current implementations of this handover in automobiles take the form of a generic alarm indicating an imminent transfer of control back to the human driver. However, certain levels of vehicle autonomy may allow the driver to engage in other, non-driving related tasks prior to a handover, leading to substantial difficulty in quickly regaining situational awareness. This delay in re-orientation could potentially lead to life-threatening failures unless mitigating steps are taken. Explainable AI has been shown to improve fluency and teamwork in human-robot collaboration scenarios. Therefore, we hypothesize that by utilizing autonomous explanation, these car-to-driver handovers can be performed more safely and reliably. The rationale is, by providing the driver with additional situational knowledge, they will more rapidly focus on the relevant parts of the driving environment. Towards this end, we propose an algorithmic failure-mode identification and explanation approach to enable informed handovers from vehicle to driver. Furthermore, we propose a set of human-subjects driving-simulator studies to determine the appropriate form of explanation during handovers, as well as validate our framework.
Longitudinal Evidence for Reciprocal Effects Between Life Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction

The evidence for a correlation between life satisfaction and job satisfaction is strong; however, it is mostly based on cross-sectional results, which precludes establishing valid causal links between work and well-being. Limited longitudinal research suffers from relatively small sample sizes, narrow focus on a particular professional or national group, and differences in the lags between the waves of data examined. We address these issues by using three national, representative longitudinal studies with up to 30 years of repeated annual measurements of job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Using data from 216,573 individuals and applying panel vector autoregression models, we seek to establish whether, and to what extent, job satisfaction influences subsequent life satisfaction and life satisfaction has a concurrent impact on subsequent job satisfaction. Our findings corroborate that life satisfaction and job satisfaction are positively and reciprocally related, as in the spillover theory, and that life satisfaction influences job satisfaction more strongly than vice versa. The magnitude of the impact is found to be population-specific and time sensitive, with the highest effect in the subsequent year and with statistically significant effects lasting even up to 5 years. Gender, age, education, and household member status were found to differentiate the strength of the relationship.
2D material-based optoelectronic devices

2D materials have a number of intriguing value proposition that could be harnessed for compact, tunable, high-performance optoelectronic devices when heterogeneously integrated in photonic circuits. Here I review our latest work including; (1) tunable TMD-based microring resonator with engineered critical-coupling condition, (2) a broadband graphene plasmon-slot detector (R=0.7A/W), (3) a bandgap-shifted strain-engineered absorption-enhanced MoTe2 photodetector at 1.55um (R=0.5A/W, low-dark-current <10nA@-1V), (4) a record-high responsivity (R=1.4A/W) slot-plasmon exciton-modulated MoTe2 detector, (5) a MoS2 electro-absorption modulator all enabled by our recently developed method of cross-contamination-free yet deterministic dry transfer 2D material ‘printer’ mimicking a 3D printer for enabling rapid prototyping. These devices are based on heterogeneous integration of 2D materials into Silicon and SiN photonics, with the latter used for on-exciton modulation or exciton absorption.
It’s Me Doing Work for Someone Else: Prospective Teachers’ Attitudes Toward the ePortfolio Reflection Requirements

This chapter delves deeper into prospective teachers’ attitudes toward the ePortfolio reflection requirements. Receiving conflicting information about the purposes and benefits of the ePortfolio reflection, all participants concluded that ePortfolio reflection assignments represented institutional requirements, bearing little relation to their actual teaching and learning. Consequently, they treated it as “work for somebody else” to meet the requirements for successful graduation and obtaining a teaching license.
Incidence of Drug Use-Related Endogenous Endophthalmitis Hospitalizations in the United States, 2003 to 2016.

Importance Complications arising from the nationwide opioid epidemic led to an increase in health care use. Few studies have investigated whether this is reflected in hospital admissions for endogenous endophthalmitis. Objective To report changing trends in epidemiology, risk factors, hospital course, and costs associated with drug use–related endogenous endophthalmitis hospitalizations in the United States from 2003 to 2016. Design, Setting, and Participants Nationwide, retrospective cross-sectional study using the National Inpatient Sample. A total of 56 839 patients admitted with a diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis were included. Data were analyzed between 2003 and 2016. Exposures Inpatient admission for endogenous endophthalmitis during the years 2003 to 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried to identify all inpatient admissions with a diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis in the United States between the years 2003 and 2016. Analyses were performed to identify national and regional trends in incidence and prevalence of associated infectious and noninfectious comorbidities in patients with or without a history of drug dependence or use. Median and cumulative inflation-adjusted costs for admissions were calculated. Results Of all patients, 55.6% were White, 13.6% were Black, and 10.6% were Hispanic. There were an estimated 56 839 endogenous endophthalmitis–related hospitalizations; 13.7% of these patients (n = 7783) had a history of drug dependence or use. The drug-using population was significantly younger (49.6 vs 57.5 years; difference, 7.9; 95% CI, 6.93-8.88;P Conclusions and Relevance A 4-fold increase in drug use–related endogenous endophthalmitis hospitalizations was observed in the United States from 2003 to 2016, resulting in substantial health care use burden. These findings support the hypothesis that clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for endophthalmitis when evaluating patients with intraocular inflammation in the setting of drug dependence or use.
Image Spam Classification with Deep Neural Networks

Image classification is a fundamental problem of computer vision and pattern recognition. We focus on images that contain spam. Spam is unwanted bulk content, and image spam is unwanted content embedded inside the images. Image spam potentially creates a threat to the credibility of any email-based communication system. While a lot of machine learning techniques are successful in detecting textual based spam, this is not the case for image spams, which can easily evade these textual-spam detection systems. In our work, we explore and evaluate four deep learning techniques that detect image spams. First, we train deep neural networks using various image features. We explore their robustness on an improved dataset, which was especially build in order to outsmart current image spam detection techniques. Finally, we design two convolution neural network architectures and provide experimental results for these, alongside the existing VGG19 transfer learning model, for detecting image spams. Our work offers a new tool for detecting image spams, usage of a bigger dataset, and is compared against recent related tools.
Ischemia-Guided Approach Versus Early Invasive Approach for NSTE-ACS: How Early Is Early?

Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) account for 70% of the patients with ACS. Most NSTE-ACS patients receive invasive therapies. Despite improvements in the systems of care and interventional techniques, the mortality of NSTE-ACS patients remains high, and delays in the treatment of NSTE-ACS patients continue to be a problem. This paper aims to discuss the importance of timeliness of invasive strategy in the treatment of NSTE-ACS as well as the state-of-the-art approach to this critical health problem. The relatively recent guidelines and meta-analyses on the subject try to shed light on the issue of timing. The picture is now a little clearer, but still much remains to be answered. We know that the early invasive strategy at least is safe and improves recurrent ischemia and refractory angina as well as the length of stay, lowering the cost. In higher-risk patients, there is a benefit for a more aggressive approach. The definition of “early” in the early invasive strategy has evolved over the past decade and currently pertains to an invasive strategy performed within 12–24 h of presentation.
Concurrent ocular pain in patients with neurotrophic keratopathy.

PURPOSE To illustrate that ocular pain may occur in patients with neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) that typically are thought to lack symptoms of discomfort, and that aa subset of these patients may also present with neuropathic corneal pain (NCP). METHOD Retrospective Case series of 7 stage 1 NK patients who presented with concurrent ocular pain, as confirmed by clinical examination, proparacaine challenge test, and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM). Records were assessed for results of ocular surface disease index (OSDI), pain on visual analog scale (VAS), ocular pain assessment survey (OPAS), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score, and IVCM findings. IVCM findings were compared to that of 20 healthy reference controls. RESULTS Mean age of patients was 63.7 ± 11.6 (range 44-76) years and 56.9 ± 8.6 (range 42-74) years in reference controls (p = 0.11). At presentation, ocular discomfort was 8.0 ± 1.3 (range 7-10) on VAS and mean OSDI scores were 72.26 ± 6.81 (range 62.50-79.54). Mean BCVA was 20/40, and mean CFS scores were 3.43 ± 0.79 (range 2-4) on the Oxford scale. IVCM analysis showed significant decrease in mean total, main and branch nerve densities in ranges consistent with NK as compared to normal controls (p < 0.001 for all), increased dendritiform cell density in three patients (p < 0.001), and the presence of microneuromas in six of the patients. CONCLUSION Patients with NK are thought to present with hypoesthesia. However, nerve damage and inflammation, which play a role in the development of NK may result in the development of chronic ocular pain, such as NCP, resulting in potential underdiagnosis of either disease.