cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WKSP) Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Samples That Differentiates Impact of User Participation Levels

The microblogging social media platform Twitter, accounting for millions of 'tweets' per day, provides an effective platform for sampling conversations on a wide array of topics and influences a variety of research areas. Coupled with the presupposition that online conversations often mirror offline conversations, many researchers leverage Twitter samples to justify conclusions about the larger population. More recently, researchers are sampling Twitter for sentiment analysis or opinion mining on products and services and, relevant to this work, for political and social commentary that may lead to election prediction. Traditionally, sentiment analysis has been visualized as an aggregation of opinions expressed in the content discussed online, while neglecting the presence of the creators of the content and the impact of their varying levels of participation. This paper illustrates and proposes an alternative model for evaluating and visualizing sentiment using Twitter samples while leveraging and highlighting user participation and impact.
Multilevel factors affecting early socioemotional development in humans

Socioemotional climate in the family environment is critical to a child’s socioemotional development. This focused literature review examines some central dynamics of that relation, viz. how positive and negative parent-child interactions influence genetic, neurodevelopmental, affective, and behavioral adjustment in children across cultures. Our narrative review of the extant empirical research indicates that, first, socioemotional caregiving experienced in infancy contributes to the postnatal genome and development of the brain in that, for example, early parent-child interactions affect genetic expression and the integrity of white matter neural tracts involved in emotion regulation, social cognition, and behavioral adjustment and presumably do so in culturally common ways. Second, positive parenting (warmth and acceptance) favorably affects child socioemotional adjustment, whereas negative parenting (rejection and punishment) adversely affects child socioemotional adjustment, in specific and fairly consistent ways across cultures. Third, very negative parenting, specifically corporal punishment, anticipates poor child socioemotional behavioral adjustment across cultures. These dynamics are situated in broader caregiving contexts reflecting parent and child gender, parent-child relationship quality, and cultural normativeness. Overall, contemporary research emphasizes the importance of parent-child socioemotional dynamics and cultural interpretation for understanding long-term socioemotional development in human children.
Acute and long-term cannabis use among stimulant users: Results from CTN-0037 Stimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE) Randomized Control Trial.

Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to examine the impact of vigorous intensity, high dose exercise (DEI) on cannabis use among stimulant users compared to a health education intervention (HEI) using data from the Stimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise, National Institute of Drug Abuse National Drug Treatment Clinical Trials Network Protocol Number 0037 (STRIDE). Methods Adults (N = 302) enrolled in the STRIDE randomized clinical trial were randomized to either the DEI or the HEI. Interventions included supervised sessions three times a week during the Acute phase (12 weeks) and once a week during the Follow-up phase (6 months). Cannabis use was measured at each assessment via Timeline Follow Back and urine drug screens. Cannabis use was compared between the groups during the Acute and Follow-up phases using both the intent-to-treat sample and a complier average causal effects (CACE) analysis. Findings Approximately 43% of the sample reported cannabis use at baseline. The difference in cannabis use between the DEI and HEI groups during the Acute phase was not significant. During the Follow-up phase, the days of cannabis use was significantly lower among those in the DEI group (1.20 days) compared to the HEI group (2.15 days; p = 0.04). Conclusions For those who adhered to the exercise intervention, vigorous intensity, high dose exercise resulted in less cannabis use. Results suggest that there were no significant short-term differences in cannabis use between the groups. Further study on the long-term impact of exercise as a treatment to reduce cannabis use should be considered.
Critical Issues in Leadership Development for Peer Support Specialists

This paper is a qualitative analysis of perspectives on leadership development among working peer support specialists and highlights the challenges, needs and efficacy these individuals experience in their work settings. Six participants engaged in a 2 h semi-structured focus group. Participants were guided through a series of nine questions regarding their transition to leadership, professional communication and relationships. Seven themes emerged: managing dual relationships; having difficult conversations; push and pull of leadership; taking responsibility for others; taking responsibility for self-care; addressing stigma in the workplace, and, spirituality/a calling to help. These professionals integrate their personal experiences of recovery into their direct care and leadership approaches in the workplace. This blending of recovery concepts and supervision approaches reflect some of the powerful elements that peer recovery specialists are uniquely qualified to lead in the healthcare workforce. These findings provide important implications for leadership development among this growing segment of the healthcare workforce.
PUF-IPA: A PUF-based Identity Preserving Protocol for Internet of Things Authentication

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) can be used for Internet of things (IoT) based identification, authentication and authorization. However, PUF based authentication systems are vulnerable to various attacks including, but not limited to, replay and modeling attacks. In this paper, we propose PUF-IPA, a PUF-based identity-preserving protocol for IoT device authentication. The PUF-IPA provides stronger resilience against security attacks as compared to previous approaches assuming a threat model where adversary can conduct not only passive or active attacks during authentication phase but can also breach the server storing PUF credentials. The proposed PUF-IPA is robust against brute force, replay, and modeling attacks. In PUF-IPA, no partial/full challenge-response pairs (CRPs) or soft models associated to a PUF within a device are stored, generated, transmitted, or received by the server during authentication events. The PUF-IPA improves the PUF response accuracy by enabling self-checking. Results reveal that the PUF-IPA improves the PUF response accuracy from 89% to 98% without the use of hardware-expensive error correction codes.
Blunted muscle mitochondrial responses to exercise training in older adults with HIV

Background Muscle mitochondrial dysfunction associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may improve with exercise. Methods Muscle specimens obtained before and after 24 weeks of exercise in older PWH (n=18; ART >2 years) and uninfected controls (n=21) were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) activity and complexes (C) I-V, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC1α), and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) content. Results Only controls had increased CS, MnSOD, PGC1 and CIV (P≤0.01; P Conclusions The blunted mitochondrial adaptations to training in PWH suggests the need for different types of exercise-induced stimulation.
CFD-guided development of a pre-chamber ignition system for internal combustion engines

In the present paper, the development of a non-fuelled pre-chamber ignition system is introduced. 3D combustion CFD has been employed to guide the design change. Based on the combustion performance of different pre-chamber designs, one design (B4) is identified as the best one among several designs. Design B4 is selected for detailed evaluations. The results of Design B4 are compared with the baseline SI engine. The fuel economy has been improved by using the pre-chamber ignition system. However, NOx emission is higher than the baseline engine, due to higher in-cylinder pressure and temperature. The combustion process in the pre-chamber is separated into three steps characterised with its heat release, temperature and pressure. Based on the pressure difference between the main chamber and pre-chamber, a four-stage mechanism is proposed to describe the gas exchange between them.
Self and memory

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights theoretical history of the relation of self and memory and draws together the diverse lines of recent research that provide a basis for further theoretical development. Theories that propose an important role for self (or ego) in memory have been in the wings and background of psychology since the beginning of the twentieth century. Ordinary, voluntary recall is a property peculiarly characteristic of the self system. The major function of the self system may provide the organization that preserves access to information from the varyingly distant past. The role of self in memory can be found in the works of four psychologists who had little in common-working in four different intellectual traditions, in four different countries, and in three different languages, and basing their conclusions on widely diverse types of data.
Eualuation of a Turbulent Combustion Model for Internal Combustion Engine Applications

Multidimensional numerical models of internal combustion engine processes require closure approximations for the effective turbulent reaction rates for the reactive mixture. In this paper, an engineering level approach, called the ''Eddy-Burn-Rate'' model, is proposed which attempts to reconcile the multiscale effects of turbulence on flame propagation. Two rate limiting steps are considered: an entrainment or mixing step and a burn or microscale reaction step. The model treats mixing via a two-equation second order closure turbulence model and defines a time constant for the fuel oxidation reaction based on laminar flame consumption on the Taylor micro-scale. The Eddy-Burn Rate model is evaluated against alternative turbulent reaction rate closure methods as well as data from two different combustion bombs.
The Hastings Center Project on Imperiled Newborns: supreme court, jury, or Greek chorus?

Ethics committees are many-splendored things and fulfill a variety of different functions. They can be educational resources, policy-making bodies, or consultants for particularly troubling cases. They can be legal watchdogs or instruments of institutional risk management. They can empower nurses or parents in conflicts with physicians or provide solace to physicians who face disturbing decisions. When ethics committees do so many things at once, there is a danger that they will do nothing well or will sabotage their central mission by getting embroiled in tangential or peripheral issues. But how should ethics committees work? Should they merely reflect widely held opinions, or can they show us new and better ways to analyze and solve controversial problems?
The Size-Weight Illusion Is Not an Illusion When Picking the Best Objects to Throw

Heaviness perception involves a misperception of weight known, since the 19th century, as the Size-Weight Illusion ^1^. The larger of two objects of equal mass is reported to be lighter than the smaller when they are lifted. The illusion has been found to be reliable and robust. It persists even when people know that the masses are equal and handle objects properly ^2^. It has been exhibited by children of only 2 years of age ^3,4^. All this suggests that the effect might be intrinsic to humans. Although different hypotheses have been advanced to account for the illusion over the 100+ years it has been studied ^5-11^, its origin remains unknown. More recently, people's perception of optimal objects for long distance throwing was found to exhibit a size-weight relation similar to the illusion ^12,13^, greater weights were picked for larger objects and they were indeed thrown to the greatest distances. Here we show that the perception of heaviness (including the illusion) and perception of optimal objects for long distance throwing are in fact equivalent. Thus, the size-weight illusion has a useful application: optimal objects for throwing are picked by a thrower as having a particular heaviness, which is the best heaviness learned when learning to throw ^14,15^. Long distance throwing is a uniquely human ability that is understood to have enabled our species to survive and even thrive during the ice ages ^16-22^. The fact that the illusion is a functional component of human throwing skill adds credence to the idea that it is intrinsic to the species.
Managing Talent at Bertelsmann AG (A)

Bertelsmann's EVP HR Immanuel Hermreck and his team were focused on four key HR issues. Three of these were somewhat discreet: improving Bertelsmann's employer brand; managing Bertelsmann talent across the firm's decentralized businesses; and ensuring early identification and appropriate development of Bertelsmann's top 100 high potential managers (hi-pos) to better seed the company's future top management. The fourth issue-recruitment and retention-played an integral role across all three challenges and had to be strengthened and made consistent across the firm, not an easy prospect given Bertelsmann's highly decentralized structure. Hermreck knew navigating these issues would pose significant challenges, but getting them right was critical to Bertelsmann's competitive advantage and survival as a robust media company. He had some good results in from his early efforts, but as he looked forward, what should his action plan set out to do?
A proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of human hemoglobin A2: implications on the intermolecular contacts in sickle hemoglobin fibers and on the Bohr effect of human normal adult hemoglobin

High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 300 and 600 MHz has been used to investigate the conformation of a minor hemoglobin component of human blood, hemoglobin A2 (α2β2), in solution. We have found that (i) the replacement of the β chains by the δ chains in hemoglobin A2 conserves the α1δ2 interface but slightly perturbs the α1δ2 interface, and (ii) one surface histidine residue in the deoxy form and one in the carbonmonoxy form of hemoglobin A2 have local conformations and / or electrostatic environments which are different from the corresponding ones in human normal adult hemoglobin. By comparing the proton nuclear magnetic resonance titration of individual histidine residues in hemoglobin A2 and in human normal adult hemoglobin, we can conclude that in human normal adult hemoglobin, both β116 and β117 histidine residues are titratable in both the deoxy and the carbonmonoxy forms. Thus, these two histidine residues can contribute to the Bohr effect of human normal adult hemoglobin. The present nuclear magnetic resonance data on hemoglobin A2 and those previously obtained in our laboratory in sickle hemoglobin suggest that the antisickling property of hemoglobin A2 does not originate from an alteration of the intermolecular contact site at the β6 position, but involves additional amino-acid residues which are different in the β and δ chains. We have found that the replacement of the β116 and β117 histidine residues in the δ chains does not play a significant role in the antisickling effect of hemoglobin A2 and, thus, these amino-acid residues do not participate in the intermolecular interactions responsible for the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin.
Medical applications of ultrashort pulse lasers

The characteristics of the ultrashort pulse laser (USPL, <1 ps) ablation of biological tissues are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Effective USPL parameters for minimal damage and high ablation rates are discussed.
A Comparison of Information Seeking Using Search Engines and Social Networks

The Web has become an important information repository; often it is the first source a person turns to with an informa-tion need. One common way to search the Web is with a search engine. However, it is not always easy for people to find what they are looking for with keyword search, and at times the desired information may not be readily available online. An alternative, facilitated by the rise of social media, is to pose a question to one‟s online social network. In this paper, we explore the pros and cons of using a social net-working tool to fill an information need, as compared with a search engine. We describe a study in which 12 participants searched the Web while simultaneously posing a question on the same topic to their social network, and we compare the results they found by each method.
Kinetic behavior at high enzyme concentrations. Magnitude of errors of Michelis-Menten and other approximations.

Abstract The errors of the Michaelis-Menten equation and three other approximations have been examined in relation to the true rate equation in which the depletion of free substrate by binding to the enzyme is taken into account. The true velocities and errors are computed for various concentrations of the total enzyme and the total substrate. It has been shown that, when the concentrations of the total enzyme and the total substrate both lie within 10-fold of the Michaelis constant, the error of the Michaelis-Menten equation ranges from 0.08 to 900%, whereas that of the Cha-Cha approximation, v = VS/(K + S + E), ranges from 0.7 to 34.8%, and that of the asymptote of the true curve in the reciprocal plot, v = VS/(K + E + KS/(K + E)), ranges from less than 0.1 to 58.5%.
Inflammatory protease, caspase-1, is secreted from monocytes in a stably active form in response to inflammasome activation (INM3P.441)

Caspase-1 is an inflammatory protease which is required for activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, in addition to a role in a form of cell death termed pyroptosis. Caspase-1 is synthesized as a zymogen which requires the assembly of a multi-protein complex, termed the inflammasome, for its activation. This assembly forms in response to pathogen or danger associated molecular patterns, but where and how this assembly happens in the cell is poorly understood. To address this question we compared the activity of the released caspase-1 to the cytosolic form in the human monocyte cell line, THP1. In response to endotoxin (LPS) and ATP, pro-caspase-1 is rapidly processed and released from monocytes in its mature, p20/p10, form. We found that the released form has activity which is stable for over 12h and this activity is inhibited by the caspase-1 specific inhibitor, YVAD-cmk. Interestingly, we were unable to completely immunodeplete the released caspase-1 activity or show its ability to cleave exogenously added proIL-1β. This contrasts to the in-vitro cell-extract model, where concentrating monocytic lysates spontaneously activates caspase-1. This cytosolic caspase-1 cleaves endogenous proIL-18, but rapidly loses function. These results suggest that caspase-1 activation requires multi-level regulation that links assembly of the inflammasome complex and enzymatic activity to its interaction with its target substrates during release.
College student mental health and quality of workplace relationships

ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of this study was to examine the effect of quality of workplace relationships on the mental health of employed undergraduates, with work-related variables as a potential mechanism. Participants: Participants were 170 employed students (76% female, average age = 19.9) recruited in March 2011. Most worked part-time and had been at their jobs over a year. Methods: Students were recruited from an undergraduate introductory psychology course and completed online surveys about the quality of workplace relationships, mental health (ie, somatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction), and work-related variables (ie, job satisfaction, support, turnover and burnout). Results: Students who reported having workplace relationships with co-occurring positivity and negativity had worse self-reported mental health outcomes than students reporting having wholly positive relationships. The relationship between workplace relationship quality and mental health was mediated by...
Early Diagnosis of Autism: Current Status of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT-Parts 1, 2, and 3).

Abstract The benefits of early intervention for very young children with autism are now well established. Hand and hand with these interventions is the necessity of psychometrically sound diagnostic tools. Not only should these tools be instrumental in differentiating developmentally delayed and other at risk infants. These measures should also be structured to address challenging behaviors and psychopathology. The latter problems co-occur at high rates in infants who evince autism. Being able to identify these behaviors and symptoms, and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions to remediate these problems, is a high priority. The Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT), is designed to address all of the issues listed. At this writing, the BISCUIT has the best psychometrics of any of the early childhood evaluation scales. Over 80 studies have been published to date using the BISCUIT. The purpose of this paper was to review the current status and future research trends using this test battery.
Relativistic scattering in a multimode external field

A variational principle is applied to the study of the relativistic scattering of a charged particle from a center of force in the presence of a strong, slowly varying external electromagnetic field. The analysis is first given in terms of a spin-zero wave equation and then modified to describe the scattering of a Dirac particle. In contrast to previous treatments of problems of this nature, the field is not assumed to be of the plane-wave type. More realistically, it is modeled as a superposition of modes, each with a different frequency and direction of propagation. Exact solutions of the wave equation describing the asymptotic motion of the particle in the presence of the field are not available for fields of this type. Nevertheless, the variational principle allows for a formulation of the scattering problem and, by a suitable choice of trial functions, generates a gauge-invariant low-frequency approximation for the transition amplitude. The error introduced by the inaccuracy in the asymptotic wave function is compensated for by the inclusion of a variational correction term which properly accounts for the effect of stimulated Compton scattering in initial and final states. It is verified that previously derived low-frequency approximations for one- and two-photon spontaneous bremsstrahlung are reproduced by taking the weak-field limit of the approximate stimulated-bremsstrahlung amplitude.
Laser shock processing induced residual compression: Impact on predicted crack growth threshold performance

Design credit is not currently taken for laser shock processing (LSP) induced compressive residual stresses in damage tolerant design. The inclusion of these and other compressive stresses in design practice has the potential to dramatically increase predicted fatigue crack growth threshold performance and damage tolerant design life. In the current effort, Ti-6Al-4V coupons will be subjected to shot peening, glass bead peening, and high intensity laser shock processing. The in-depth residual stresses due to processing will be analyzed and then input into a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis code to predict fatigue crack growth threshold performance. This analysis establishes both the utility and feasibility of incorporating LSP-induced compressive residual stresses into damage tolerant design practice.
A note on the absolute epsilon entropy

A novel characterization of the absolute epsilon entropy of an ergodic information source is presented. This characterization allows one to derive a new lower bound to this quantity, which is shown to be tight in some interesting special cases. >
COMPUTING JORDAN NORMAL FORMS EXACTLY FOR COMMUTING MATRICES IN POLYNOMIAL TIME

Given a rational matrix A, and a set of rational matrices B, C,… which commute with A, we give polynomial time algorithms to compute exactly the Jordan Normal Form of A, as well as the transformed matrices of B, C,…. We also obtain the transformation matrix and its inverse exactly in polynomial time.
When Doors Are Closed at the NRC

Andrew Lawler's article of 9 May conveys the impression that the National Research Council (NRC) holds all of its study committee meetings behind closed doors. In fact, the information-gathering meetings that I organize on behalf of NRC committees are open to whomever wishes to attend. Meetings are closed for only two reasons: to discuss committee members' personal financial information in order to determine whether they must be disqualified from service because of financial conflicts of interest, and to allow the committee to decide on its final conclusions and recommendations. These closed deliberations require about 20% of the total meeting time of the committees. It would be extremely damaging to the committee's work if deliberations about recommendations were made public before the committee has achieved a consensus on those recommendations. The article reports that the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is made up “primarily of elderly, white, and male scientists and engineers.” While the NAS, the honorary body of scientists under which the NRC operates, has a long way to go in increasing its diversity, important efforts are being made by NRC staff to increase the diversity of study committees. NRC management strongly encourages study directors to appoint women and minority scientists to committees.
Production of vortices by scattering particles.

We give an action that can be used to describe the production of global vortices in 2+1 dimensions by scattering Nambu-Goldstone bosons. At strong self-coupling the action reduces to scalar QED with particular values of the coupling constants and the production cross section is explicitly found. We then construct a corresponding action for the case of gauged vortices and consider the production of gauged vortices by scattering particles that have an Aharonov-Bohm interaction with the vortex.
Bidentate Ligands That Contain Pyrrole in Place of Pyridine

A series of ligands are prepared that are analogues of benzo-fused derivatives of 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy), in which pyrrole has been substituted for a pyridine ring. These ligands include 2-(2‘-pyridyl)-indole, 2-(2‘-pyrrolyl)-quinoline, and pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline. A novel reductive cyclization approach to the latter species is presented. All these ligands react with [Ru(bpy-d8)2Cl2], undergoing cyclometalation with concurrent deprotonation, to form complexes of the type [Ru(L)(bpy-d8)2]+ where L binds as a monoanionic ligand. The complexes are readily characterized by their 1H NMR spectra. Changes in the redox potentials and the electronic absorption spectra of both the ligands and the complexes are interpreted in terms of charge delocalization on the ligand.
Clinical realization of short-lag spatial coherence imaging on 2D arrays

To improve image quality in 3D ultrasound we extended a coherence-based imaging method named Short-lag Spatial Coherence (SLSC) imaging to 2D arrays. Specifically, we collected partially beamformed channel signals from a clinical matrix array and 3D ultrasound scanner to reconstruct matched SLSC and B-mode volumes of the in vivo liver vasculature. Volumetric SLSC imaging shows suppressed clutter and improved visualization of blood vessels when compared to conventional 3D B-mode. Contrast and CNR values computed on the selected cross-sections from the matched volumes range from 14 dB to 18 dB and from 1.40 to 2.10 for SLSC and from 4 dB to 13 dB and from 0.63 to 1.05 for B-mode slices.
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Liquid Crystalline N-[4-(4-n-Alkoxybenzoyloxy)-2-Hydroxybenzylidene]-Chloroanilines

Abstract N-[4-(4-n-Alkoxybenzoyloxy)-2-hydroxy-benzylidene]-chloroanilines[nAHmC(n; n=1-8, m; m=2: ortho, m=3: meta, m=4: para)] were synthesized. They exhibited a nematic phase. In addition, 8AH4C exhibited the smectic C and A phases. The temperature dependence of their Raman spectra has been observed in the spectral range of 20–1800 cm−1. In a group of nAHmC, the Raman band at about 980 cm−1 decreased in intensity and wavenumber through the solid-liquid crystal phase transition. In the other group, the corresponding band increased through the phase transition. The bands have been assigned to the CH out-of-plane vibration(980 cm−1) of the benzene ring. Such a behavior can be explained by the molecular conformations with different twist angles of the aniline ring to the salicylaldimino part of the molecule in conjunction with information gained in the photochromic studies of N-2-hydroxy-benzylidenanilines. The temperature dependence of the 1190 cm−1 band ascribed to the ring-N bond stretching vibration ga...
Effect of water on the generation of second harmonic in poled fused silica

The level of second harmonic generation (SHG) in fused silica can be altered by the addition and removal of water by wet and dry annealing in N2. The magnitude of the effect is sensitive to the lot of material. Maximum SHG occurs with annealing temperatures near 500 degree(s)C with smaller values of SHG occurring for annealing temperatures on either side of 500 degree(s)C. For annealed samples, the SHG has been found to have both surface and bulk components. Preliminary EPR analysis has shown a growth in both the Si and Ge E' centers on either side of a 500 degree(s)C - 600 degree(s)C annealing temperature. Finally, from depoling current data, evidence for a second order `bond effect' along with a third order `hole filling effect' has been found.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impacts of acute elevated seawater temperature on the feeding preferences of an Antarctic amphipod toward chemically deterrent macroalgae.

As mean global temperatures continue to rise, regional seawater temperature measurements have revealed that some geographic areas are warming faster than others. One region that is experiencing particularly rapid warming is the western Antarctic Peninsula. Previous studies investigating direct effects of warming on Antarctic marine invertebrates have established that small increases in temperature can have significant impacts on aspects of behavior, physiology, and growth rates in these largely stenothermal organisms. To investigate how warming may impact feeding preferences of an ecologically important mesograzer on macroalgae of the Antarctic Peninsula, we examined the impacts of exposure to acute elevated temperature on the ecologically important omnivorous amphipod Gondogeneiea antarctica (Chevreux) at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°46′S, 64°03′W) in April–May 2011. Amphipods were exposed to 1.5 °C (mean monthly upper summer temperature) or 3.5 °C (representative of current transient summer temperature peaks and projected mean for 2100) for a 24 h period. These amphipods were then used in choice-feeding assays with artificial food containing chemical extracts from six species of sympatric macroalgae known to produce feeding deterrents. We found that during acute exposure to elevated temperature (+2.0 °C), amphipods lost their feeding preferences in assays with artificial foods containing lipophilic (one macroalga), hydrophilic (three macroalgae), or combined lipophilic/hydrophilic (one macroalga) extracts. Our findings suggest that increased frequency in transient peaks and longer-term upward trends in ambient summer seawater temperature have the potential to alter feeding preferences in a common mesograzer that could influence macroalgal communities that dominate benthic communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula.
Effects of feeding and lighting stimuli on the synthesis of ornithine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase in rat liver.

Abstract In a previous study we showed that rats fed ad libitum and maintained on a 12-h light/ 12-h dark cycle demonstrated out-of-phase circadian oscillations in the rates of ornithine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase synthesis. As part of an investigation of the factors regulating both the generation of these cycles and their dissimilarity, this paper ompares the circadian fluctuations in the rates of ornithine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase synthesis measured immunochemically in rats given a single 2-h daily feeding in conjunction with exposure to constant light or a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. When the 2-hr feeding was administered to rats under constant light, reciprocal circadian oscillations in ornithine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase synthesis were observed regardless of the temporal location of the feeding interval. Ornithine aminotransferase synthesis began to increase after the feeding interval and reached a maximum 12 h later while serine dehydratase showed the opposite response. In rats maintained on both the restricted feeding regimen and a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle, however, retention of synthesis oscillations depended on the temporal location of the restricted feeding interval within the light-dark cycle. Rats fed for 2 h at the beginning of the dark phase exhibited circadian oscillations in serine dehydratase synthesis and a high nonoscillating level of ornithine aminotransferase synthesis, whereas rats fed for 2 h at the beginning of the light phase exhibited circadian oscillations in ornithine aminotransferase synthesis and a low nonoscillating level of serine dehydratase synthesis. These responses suggest the existence of meal-responsive and light-responsive regulators of ornithine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase synthesis.
Comprehensive analysis of the KSHV MiRNA targetome by Ago-HITS-CLIP

The gamma-herpesvirus Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and a subset of Multicentric Castleman’s Disease (MCD) in immunocompromised individuals. As all herpesviruses KSHV has a latent and a lytic life cycle. Malignant cells in KS, PEL, and MCD are latently infected with KSHV. Interestingly, the virus encodes 12 miRNA genes giving rise to 25 mature miRNAs that are predominantly expressed during latency, i.e. in malignant cells. This, together with the increasing evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in cancer, suggests a potential role for the KSHV miRNAs in viral tumorigenesis. However, to date, very little is known about the function of these viral miRNAs. To address the question we performed Ago-HITS-CLIP [1] using the anti-Ago antibody 2A8 [2] to isolate RISC complexes from KSHV-infected lymphoma cells (BCBL1, BC3). RNAs extracted from these complexes were analyzed by Illumina sequencing to identify viral and cellular miRNAs and their target genes. The search for canonical seed sequence matches (nt 2-7) of the KSHV miRNAs within the mRNA-derived sequencing tags revealed more than 1000 cellular targets. Gene ontology analysis revealed that KSHV miRNA targets are enriched in genes involved in apoptosis, lymphocyte activation, cell cycle regulation, and transcriptional control. Importantly, we reproducibly obtained clusters of reads on experimentally confirmed KSHV miRNA target sites in several known target genes (e.g. Bach1, BCLAF1, and THBS1). New target genes are in the process of experimental validation, with 4 confirmed targets so far: TP53INP1, TPD52, ANXA2, C/EBPB. Target analysis for non-canonical seeds as well as for cellular miRNAs is currently ongoing.
Dark ring sign: Finding in patients with fungal liver lesions and transfusional hemosiderosis undergoing treatment with antifungal antibiotics

Objective: To describe the MR appearance of necrotizing fungal granulomas occurring in the liver of leukemic patients with hepatosplenic fungal disease and transfusional hemosiderosis on antifungal antibiotics. Subjects and Methods: Four patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (n = 2) or acute lymphocytic leukemia (n = 2) who developed hepatosplenic fungal disease, and were treated with antifungal medication, underwent MRI examination on a 1.5 T MR imager. MR images were prospectively evaluated and correlated with liver biopsy (three patients), and clinical picture (one patient). Results: Multiple liver lesions measuring approximately 1 cm in diameter were identified in all patients. Lesions possessed a distinctive MR appearance: central mild hyperintensity with a peripheral ring of very low signal intensity on precontrast T 1 - and T 2 -weighted images. The central region of the lesions enhanced following gadolinium administration with the peripheral ring remaining low in signal intensity. Conclusion: Necrotizing fungal granulomas in the liver of patients with transfusional hemosiderosis on treatment with antifungal antibiotics have a distinctive appearance of moderate high signal intensity center on T 1 - and T 2 -weighted and postgadolinium MR images with a peripheral rim of low signal intensity. This appearance reflects the presence of iron-laden macrophages in the periphery of granulomas and may be expected in processes that initiate an immune response involving aggregation of macrophages in the liver of patients with transfusional iron overload.
Transient current on a wire penetrating a cavity-backed circular aperture in an infinite screen

The problem of a wire penetrating a circular aperture in an infinite conducting screen and entering a circular cylindrical cavity is considered. Results for the transient current propagating along the wire both inside and outside the cavity are presented. The current in both regions is evaluated in the frequency domain by the method of moments (MOM). An approximate method for evaluating the exterior current at an observation point far from the aperture is discussed. To obtain the transient response, a numerical inverse Fourier transform is used. The current response is examined as a function of cavity and aperture dimensions. Results obtained with the approximate method are compared with the MOM solution. It appears that information concerning the interior cavity dimensions is present in these exterior observations. >
Biochemical studies of a protein which restores contact inhibition of growth to malignant melanocytes

Summary A factor prepared from conditioned medium of a contact-inhibited hamster melanocytic cell line (FF), and which restores the capacity for contact inhibition of growth to malignant melanocytes, is a glycoprotein of molecular weight about 160000 whose amino acid composition shows an acid-base ratio of 2.04. Although the melanocyte contact inhibitory factor (MCIF) is a constituent of both contact-inhibited (FF) and non-contact-inhibited (RPMI 1846) melanocytes, being present in a fraction which includes endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, it is spontaneously released only into culture media of the contact-inhibited (FF) cells. Addition of MCIF to cultures of highly malignant hamster melanocytes (RPMI 1846) is followed by a rapid fall of intracellular cGMP and rise in cAMP. A protein with electrophoretic mobility identical with that of MCIF is present in conditioned culture media of other contact-inhibited cell lines including a human epidermal line and human and mouse fibroblasts, but is absent from media of hamster melanoma, and much reduced in cultures of SV40-transformed mouse fibroblasts. MCIF may be a widely distributed growth regulatory macromolecule concerned with facilitating cell-cell interactions required for the generation and/or reception of normal signals leading to cessation of growth.
John Polkinghorne: Crossing the Divide Between Physics and Metaphysics

John Polkinghorne is a significant contributor to the religion and science dialogue, bringing the expertise of a scientist coupled with serious theological study, ordination, and service as a parish priest. He takes both theology and science with utmost seriousness and describes himself as a bottom-up thinker, confronting the scriptural record as a scientist does data. But he refrains from giving scientific explanations of scripture. Polkinghorne's concern is with hope, and specifically with eschatological hope. The framework for his theological thinking is the Nicene Creed, in which is found the counterintuitive openness common to theoretical physics. He acknowledges the need for thinking beyond the confines of present scientific understanding in proposing active information as a concept for considering the mind.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Mediated Phosphorylation and Protooncogene Induction in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells

We have characterized the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in protooncogene induction mediated by insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. These cells possess few, if any, insulin receptors, thus allowing determination of the effects of these growth factors in the absence of any secondary signal mediated through the insulin receptor. We found that IGF-I produced a specific stimulation of tyrosine kinase activity of the 97-kDa β-subunit of the IGF-I receptor, resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptor and an increase in kinase activity toward a synthetic peptide substrate. This was associated with a gradual decrease in the level of phosphorylation of pp120, the major constitutive phosphotyrosine-containing protein of MDCK cells, and an increase in the ratio of serine to tyrosine phosphorylation. This was followed by a rapid, but transient, induction of c-fos gene expression, with no change in the levels of c-myc mRNA. Cycloheximide tre...
Fermi momenta and separation energies obtained from the quasi-elastic scattering of electrons from48Ca and40Ca

Measurements of average separation energies and of Fermi momenta for40Ca and48Ca are reported. Evidence for the possible existence of “bump” structure in the quasi-elastic scattering of electrons from48Ca is also presented.
Regional frontal abnormalities in schizophrenia: a quantitative gray matter volume and cortical surface size study.

Abstract Background: Previous structural studies of the frontal lobe in schizophrenia have had somewhat inconsistent results, but most of them have measured the frontal lobe as a single brain structure. To investigate more specific abnormalities in frontal subregions, we measured gray matter volume and cortical surface size in 10 subregions in drug-naive patients during the early stages of the illness. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure frontal subregions in 34 healthy male volunteers, and 26 male, drug-naive schizophrenia patients at early stages of the illness. Frontal subregions were manually traced using our locally developed parcellation method. Results: Patients with schizophrenia had a significant deficit in cortical surface size in the right straight gyrus and left orbitofrontal cortex. No differences were found in gray matter volumes. Conclusions: Frontal structural abnormalities found in drug-naive schizophrenic patients appear to be subtle and circumscribed to ventral portions. Anomalies in the cortical surface size suggest neurodevelopmental abnormalities might occur during the early stages of the gyrogenesis. Further investigations are needed to explore the implications of paralimbic ventral frontal regions (i.e., straight gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
The developmental origins of mammalian oocyte polarity

Drosophila has been an excellent model system to study the cell and molecular determinants of oocyte axis specification, a problem which is little known in mammalian species. Recent evidence supports the notion that mammalian oocytes utilize axis-orienting properties during the course of oogenesis. Among these, axis specification in relation to the oocyte cortex, germinal vesicle (GV) position, anchoring of GV and spindle, and patterning of follicle cell/oocyte attachments are proposed as conserved features of oogenesis in mammals that may be important to the survival and development of the preimplantation embryo.
Optical switching in cadmium telluride using a light-induced electrode nonlinearity

An optically controlled buildup and erasure of an electric field under the negative electrode in CdTe:In is reviewed both experimentally and theoretically. Below-band-gap impurity-absorbed light (850–920 nm) results in the buildup of a region of very high electric field (E ~ 20 kV/cm) under the negative electrode. Illumination at wavelengths above or near the band gap (800–840 nm) can erase the high electric fields. The writing and erasure of the field follow the illumination pattern and can therefore be used, when combined with the electro-optic or electroabsorption effects, for one- and two-dimensional infrared spatial modulators with signal beams in the 900–1500-nm range. Switching times are a few hundred nanoseconds at moderate intensity levels (milliwatts per square centimeter). We demonstrate a one-dimensional latching array with 170 line pairs/cm resolution, submicrosecond response, and 12-pJ/pixel switching energy. We also demonstrate a two-dimensional infrared spatial light modulator, similar to the PRIZ, which uses this effect. The optically controlled electric fields are large enough for sizable Franz–Keldysh effects, and we demonstrate these effects in both one- and two-dimensional devices.
Chicken genome sequence: a centennial gift to poultry genetics

A draft sequence of the chicken genome will be available by early 2004. This event conveniently marks the start of the second century of poultry genetics, coming 100 years after the use of the chicken to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in animals by William Bateson. How will the second, post-genomic century of poultry genetics differ from the first? A whole genome shotgun (WGS) approach is being used to obtain the chicken sequence, with the goal of generating approximately six-fold coverage of the genome. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and fosmid clone end sequences, along with a BAC contig map integrated with genetic linkage and radiation hybrid maps, will form the platform for assembly of the WGS data. Rapid progress in global analysis of chicken gene expression patterns is also being made. Comparative genomics will link these new discoveries to the knowledge base for all other animal species. It's hoped that the genome sequence will also provide common ground on which to unite studies of the chicken as a model species with those aimed at agriculturally-relevant applications. The current status of chicken genomics will be assessed with projections for its near and long term future.