cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrafollicular Mechanisms Regulating Oocyte Maturation

Arrest and reinitiation of oocyte maturation occur in association with the processes of folliculogenesis and ovulation. Somatic cells in the ovarian follicle play important and variable roles in regulating these events. This review considers 2 aspects of somatic cell physiology in relation to maturational events in the ovarian follicle: 1) their endocrine metabolic activity (amphibians) and 2) cell cycle characteristics (mammals). In amphibians reinitation of meiosis following gonadotropin stimulation is linked to intrafollicular production and action of progesterone. Endogenous intrafollicular levels of progesterone fluctuate in response to physiological and experimental treatments. Amphibian gonadotropins (pituitary extracts) stimulate a rapid and progressive increase in intrafollicular levels of progesterone which precedes GVBD during in vitro culture. Subsequently, follicular and oocyte levels of the steroid decline, presumably as a result of its metabolism. Intrafollicular progesterone levels respond to manipulation of endogenous cAMP levels. Coordinated stimulation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzymes maximize intrafollicular progesterone levels and replicate the steroidogenic effects of gonadotropins. Less dramatic changes in intrafollicular progesterone levels occur in response to alterations in endogenous and exogenous calcium concentrations. The magnitude of the steroidogenic response of follicles varies depending on the nature of the stimulation. Oocyte maturation is not assured in the presence of elevated intrafollicular levels of steroid and cAMP. Evidence suggests that the relative amounts of cAMP and steroid play key roles in determining whether and when oocyte maturation occurs within ovarian follicles. The pathway for gonadotropin stimulation of progesterone synthesis appears to proceed via cAMP synthesis, cholesterol mobilization and pregnenolone synthesis. Continuous protein synthesis is required for progesterone production and involves early events in the steroidogenic cascade prior to enzymatic conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Maturation of oocytes, without evident hormone stimulation, can be achieved in the presence or absence of the somatic cells, following activation of protein kinase C or transient exposure to a synthetic protease inhibitor (TPCK) of chymotrypsin. Results indicate that several pathways exist for regulating arrest and reinitation of meiosis in the germ cell and all are sensitive to inhibition by cAMP. In addition to endocrine changes, somatic granulosa cells (mammals) undergo characteristic changes in their cell cycle profiles in association with follicle growth and ovulation of mature oocytes. The proportion of granulosa cells engaged in DNA synthesis (S-phase of the cell cycle) decreases markedly during the periovulatory period. Results suggest that endocrine and cell cycle changes in somatic cells which occur during follicle and oocyte maturation may be inter-dependent processes and an important area for future research.
Racing to get self-employed? Life history models and self-employment

Abstract Entrepreneurship research has shown that self-employment is a result of individual, environmental, and social factors, however, there is a limited understanding of whether the extent of coalescence of these factors over time is associated with self-employment. Using Life History Theory, we examine whether a single Super-K factor, encompassing general health, social relationships, and general personality factors, is related to self-employment. Results indicate that the Super-K factor is positively associated with the likelihood of self-employment, and that self-employment partially mediates the path between Super-K and income. However, the effect size is small, but not negligible, for the likelihood of self-employment. Our results also indicate the negligible overarching role of life time accumulation of health, social relationships, and personality on income through self-employment.
Hope for Indian Tribes in the US Supreme Court: Menominee, Nebraska v. Parker, Bryant, Dollar General … and Beyond

There has long been speculation that the Supreme Court is hostile to Indian tribes. Between 1990 and 2015, tribal interests lost in 76.5 percent of Supreme Court cases distinctly affecting them; the loss rate rose to 82 percent in first decade of the Roberts Court. With four Indian law cases on the docket last year, Native communities were poised for disaster. Newspapers speculated on why tribes couldn’t win in the Supreme Court. By the end of June 2016, however, tribal interests had lost just one case, won two, and the Court split four-four in a fourth, affirming a lower court decision upholding tribal jurisdiction without opinion. This Article cautiously argues that 2016 was not just a blip.One Term does not reverse a pattern of decades, and the Court remains a very dangerous place for Indian tribes. But together with other recent majority and dissenting opinions, the Term suggest a resurrection on the modern Court of an old idea: that tribes are a third sovereign in the federal system, and that this sovereignty has significant implications for statutory construction, federal common law, and even constitutional review. This shift is a product of a coordinated effort to familiarize justices with the modern reality of Native governments and highlight the connections between tribal status and the law affecting other sovereigns. It reflects as well that the newer members of the progressive wing come to the Court with more knowledge of federal Indian law than the last.Work remains to build a coherent theory of third sovereign status on the Court. Given the voting records of the current justices, moreover, a ninth justice, once confirmed, could often be a deciding vote. Voting in federal Indian law does not always accord with traditional progressive-conservative divides, so while a Trump administration nominee will likely tip this balance against tribes, it will not necessarily do so. The President-Elect himself has a dark history of levying false accusations and racial attacks against Indian tribes to protect his own casino interests. But while the Supreme Court is influenced by political tides, it is not the creature of them, and Chief Justice Roberts appears committed to maintaining this. 2016, therefore, remains evidence that the decades-long thumb on the scales against the third sovereign in the Supreme Court may, occasionally, be lifted.
A Stackelberg Game-theoretic Model for Interference Management in Inter-satellite Communication Networks

Small satellites are becoming increasingly popular for several scientific missions due to their significantly lower cost of development and launch compared to large satellites. A network of multiple small satellites can be utilized to compensate the limited capability of individual small satellites. Therefore, developing a reliable inter-satellite communication among these satellites is a key design factor to enhance the performance of small satellites networks. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic power optimization technique for interference management in inter-satellite communication network by taking advantage of computation and decision making capabilities of recent small satellites. In the proposed Stackelberg game model, the master satellite as the game leader determines the price of power transmission to optimize the network welfare and the slave satellites set their individual power to maximize their individual throughput. The proof of existence and uniqueness of the solution of the proposed game is provided.
A Disturbing Decline.

A Disturbing Decline A 29-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus presented with diarrhea that had been ongoing for several days and had initially been accompanied by nausea a...
Chediak-Higashi syndrome: A review of the past, present, and future

Since the initial description of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), over 75 years ago, several studies have been conducted to underscore the role of the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene in the pathogenesis of disease. CHS is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, which is caused by biallelic mutations in the highly conserved LYST gene. The disease is characterized by partial oculocutaneous albinism, prolonged bleeding, immune and neurologic dysfunction, and risk for the development of hemophagocytic lympohistiocytosis (HLH). The presence of giant secretory granules in leukocytes is the classical diagnostic feature, which distinguishes CHS from closely related Griscelli and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. While the exact mechanism of the formation of the giant granules in CHS patients is not understood, dysregulation of LYST function in regulating lysosomal biogenesis has been proposed to play a role. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of the disease and highlight the functional consequences of enlarged lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) in CHS.
History: From Bibliographic Control to Knowledge Organization

Throughout the history of what we now call knowledge organization there is woven a single, central thread, which will be the focus of this brief chapter. This thread is the confluence of art, commerce, and technology. As you will see, most of the history of the organization of recorded knowledge is rather colorless, which is a nice way of saying there is nothing much to report. A small number of documents existed, everybody who needed to know them did so, if anybody wanted to know about them one of the experts could be questioned, and that was it. Substantial change takes place historically when these three social threads—art, commerce, and technology—come together at important moments to act as a collective catalyst to move the domain forward. This thesis was first put forward in music bibliography (Young 1982) in a remarkable piece about the growth of music printing. But as we shall see, it is true not just of significant moments in printing or in bibliography but in the control of knowledge as well.
Controlling Out-of-Plane Buckling in Shear-Acting Structural Fuses through Topology Optimization

AbstractShear-acting structural fuses rely on steel plates subjected to in-plane lateral displacements that dissipate energy through shear yielding or may have cutouts that result in shear or flexu...
Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have a negative effect on the mental and social health of patients with ESKD on chronic in-center hemodialysis (HD), who have a high burden of psychologic symptoms at baseline and unavoidable treatment-related COVID exposures. The goal of our study was to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychosocial health of patients on chronic in-center HD. Methods Participants enrolled in the ongoing Technology Assisted Collaborative Care (TĀCcare) trial in Western Pennsylvania and New Mexico were approached for participation in a phone survey in May 2020. Data on the pandemic’s effects on participants’ physical and mental health, symptoms (such as anxiety, mood, loneliness, sleep, and stress), and food and housing security were collected. Results Surveys were completed by 49 participants (mean age 56 years; 53% men, 18% Black, 20% American Indian, and 22% Hispanic). Almost 80% of participants reported being moderately to extremely worried about the pandemic’s effects on their mental/emotional health and interpersonal relationships. More than 85% of the participants were worried about obtaining their dialysis treatments due to infection risk from close contact in the dialysis facility or during transportation. Despite this, 82% of participants reported being not at all/slightly interested in trying home dialysis as an alternative option. Overall, 27% of the participants had clinical levels of depressive symptoms but only 12% had anxiety meeting clinical criteria. About 33% of participants reported poor sleep quality over the last month. Perceived stress was high in about 30% of participants and 85% felt overwhelmed by difficulties with COVID-19, although 41% felt that things were fairly/very often going their way. Conclusions Our study provides preliminary insights into the psychosocial distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic among a diverse cohort of patients receiving chronic HD who are participating in an ongoing clinical trial.
Coupled transport of electrons and protons in a bacterial cytochrome c oxidase—DFT calculated properties compared to structures and spectroscopies

After a general introduction to the features and mechanisms of cytochrome c oxidases (CcOs) in mitochondria and aerobic bacteria, we present DFT calculated physical and spectroscopic properties for the catalytic reaction cycle compared with experimental observations in bacterial ba3 type CcO, also with comparisons/contrasts to aa3 type CcOs. The Dinuclear Complex (DNC) is the active catalytic reaction center, containing a heme a3 Fe center and a near lying Cu center (called CuB) where by successive reduction and protonation, molecular O2 is transformed to two H2O molecules, and protons are pumped from an inner region across the membrane to an outer region by transit through the CcO integral membrane protein. Structures, energies and vibrational frequencies for Fe-O and O-O modes are calculated by DFT over the catalytic cycle. The calculated DFT frequencies in the DNC of CcO are compared with measured frequencies from Resonance Raman spectroscopy to clarify the composition, geometry, and electronic structures of different intermediates through the reaction cycle, and to trace reaction pathways. X-ray structures of the resting oxidized state are analyzed with reference to the known experimental reaction chemistry and using DFT calculated structures in fitting observed electron density maps. Our calculations lead to a new proposed reaction pathway for coupling the PR → F → OH (ferryl-oxo → ferric-hydroxo) pathway to proton pumping by a water shift mechanism. Through this arc of the catalytic cycle, major shifts in pKa's of the special tyrosine and a histidine near the upper water pool activate proton transfer. Additional mechanisms for proton pumping are explored, and the role of the CuB+ (cuprous state) in controlling access to the dinuclear reaction site is proposed.
TollsOnly Please – Homomorphic Encryption for Toll Transponder Privacy in Internet of Vehicles

Cities have circumvented privacy norms and deployed sensors to track vehicles via toll transponders (like E-Zpass tags). The ethical problems regarding these practices have been highlighted by various privacy advocacy groups. The industry however, has yet to implement a standard privacy protection regime to protect users’ data. Further, existing risk management models do not adequately address user-controlled data sharing requirements. In this paper, we consider the challenges of protecting private data in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and mobile edge networks. Specifically, we present a privacy risk reduction model for electronic toll transponder data. We seek to preserve driver privacy while contributing to intelligent transportation infrastructure congestion automation schemes. We thus propose TollsOnly, a fully homomorphic encryption protocol. TollsOnly is expected to be a post-quantum privacy preservation scheme. It enables users to share specific data with smart cities via blockchain technology. TollsOnly protects driver privacy in compliance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act.
Defining coalescent genes: Theory meets practice in organelle phylogenomics.

The species tree paradigm that dominates current molecular systematic practice infers species trees from collections of sequences under assumptions of the multispecies coalescent (MSC), i.e., that there is free recombination between the sequences and no (or very low) recombination within them. These coalescent genes (c-genes) are thus defined in an historical rather than molecular sense, and can in theory be as large as an entire genome or as small as a single nucleotide. A debate about how to define c-genes centers on the contention that nuclear gene sequences used in many coalescent analyses undergo too much recombination, such that their introns comprise multiple c-genes, violating a key assumption of the MSC. Recently a similar argument has been made for the genes of plastid (e.g., chloroplast) and mitochondrial genomes, which for the last 30 or more years have been considered to represent a single c-gene for the purposes of phylogeny reconstruction because they are non-recombining in a historical sense. Consequently, it has been suggested that these genomes should be analyzed using coalescent methods that treat their genes-over 70 protein-coding genes in the case of most plastid genomes (plastomes)-as independent estimates of species phylogeny, in contrast to the usual practice of concatenation, which is appropriate for generating gene trees. However, although recombination certainly occurs in the plastome, as has been recognized since the 1970's, it is unlikely to be phylogenetically relevant. This is because such historically effective recombination can only occur when plastomes with incongruent histories are brought together in the same plastid. However, plastids sort rapidly into different cell lineages and rarely fuse. Thus, because of plastid biology, the plastome is a more canonical c-gene than is the average multi-intron mammalian nuclear gene. The plastome should thus continue to be treated as a single estimate of the underlying species phylogeny, as should the mitochondrial genome. The implications of this long-held insight of molecular systematics for studies in the phylogenomic era are explored.
Clinical Correlations to Specific Phenotypes and Measurements With Classification Systems: Lumbosacral Spine

Abstract This chapter examines the various classification schemes utilized to categorize alignment, assess boney anomalies, and assess disc vitality to identify potential lumbosacral disease and injury. Spinal pathophysiology is often multifactorial. On occasions, the severity of pathology and treatment is clear. In other instances, the pathology is more nuanced, requiring additional clinical and radiographic assessments. These cases have led to the development of multiple imaging-based classification systems in an attempt to identify which patients will respond appropriately to a specific intervention. An understanding of the classification schemes currently utilized is invaluable as it further solidifies their clinical significance and continues to drive research forward.
The Emerging Law of Outdoor Recreation on the Public Lands

Outdoor recreation is assuming a prominent role across the public lands, presenting the responsible federal agencies with difficult, new management challenges. Since World War II, recreational uses of public lands have been on a steady upward trajectory, which has only accelerated during this century. Today, an increasingly diverse array of outdoor activities, each pressing for greater access to the public domain, is spawning considerable controversy while raising corresponding environmental concerns. The outdoor recreation industry is now an economic powerhouse and, together with recreation participants, is becoming a notable political force. Curiously, prevailing law says very little about recreation on the public lands, unlike the laws governing timber, mining, and other resource uses. Instead, Congress has broadly delegated management authority to the responsible agencies and otherwise primarily relied upon special protective designations—national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas—and various funding mechanisms to meet recreation demands. As a result, the agencies, presidents, and courts are piecemeal developing what amounts to a common law of outdoor recreation. This Article explains how that is occurring and what it portends for recreation policy on the public lands, while also suggesting additions to the governing law.
Effects of Choice and Task Preference on the Work Performance of Students with Behavior Problems.

This investigation compared the effects of choice and assignment of preferred and nonpreferred tasks on the work performance of three students with moderate intellectual impairments and challenging behavior in a classroom setting. After assessing student task preferences, a multielement design was used to evaluate three conditions: (a) assigning a preferred task, (b) assigning a nonpreferred task, and (c) providing a choice between work tasks. Results indicated individual participant data were idiosyncratic and choice making failed to produce superior effects for any of the participants. Students' task preferences changed from preassessment to postassessment, although their nonpreferred tasks remained unchanged. Results are discussed in terms of previous research and future research needs with this student population.
Comparing Two IRT Models for Conjunctive Skills

A step in ITS often involve multiple skills. Thus a step requiring a conjunction of skills is harder than steps that require requiring each individual skill only. We developed two Item-Response Models --- Additive Factor Model (AFM) and Conjunctive Factor Model (CFM) --- to model the conjunctive skills in the student data sets. Both models are compared on simulated data sets and a real assessment data set. We showed that CFM was as good as or better than AFM in the mean cross validation errors on the simulated data. In the real data set CFM is not clearly better. However, AFM is essentially performing as a conjunctive model.
A multisite seasonal ensemble streamflow forecasting technique

[1] We present a technique for providing seasonal ensemble streamflow forecasts at several locations simultaneously on a river network. The framework is an integration of two recent approaches: the nonparametric multimodel ensemble forecast technique and the nonparametric space-time disaggregation technique. The four main components of the proposed framework are as follows: (1) an index gauge streamflow is constructed as the sum of flows at all the desired spatial locations; (2) potential predictors of the spring season (April–July) streamflow at this index gauge are identified from the large-scale ocean-atmosphere-land system, including snow water equivalent; (3) the multimodel ensemble forecast approach is used to generate the ensemble flow forecast at the index gauge; and (4) the ensembles are disaggregated using a nonparametric space-time disaggregation technique resulting in forecast ensembles at the desired locations and for all the months within the season. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in skillful forecast of spring seasonal streamflows at four locations in the Upper Colorado River Basin at different lead times. Where applicable, we compare the forecasts to the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center's Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and the National Resource Conservation Service “coordinated” forecast, which is a combination of the ESP, Statistical Water Supply, a principal component regression technique, and modeler knowledge. We find that overall, the proposed method is equally skillful to existing operational models while tending to better predict wet years. The forecasts from this approach can be a valuable input for efficient planning and management of water resources in the basin.
DNA methylation secures CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineage borders

Dynamic control of DNA methylation in the Cd4 locus serves an important role in reinforcing the binary fate stability of helper and cytotoxic T cells.
Da integração para a inclusão

Entrevista com os professores Andreas Hinz e Ines Boban, da Martin-Luther-Univesity, Halle-Wittenberg, Alemanha, em 2004. Traduzido e adaptado para o portugues pelo Prof. Dr. Hugo Otto Beyer O texto que segue tem suas ideias resumidas a partir da entrevista com os professores Andreas Hinz e Ines Boban. Algumas das ideias que podem ser destacadas sao: 1. A importância de nao se classificar as criancas conforme suas deficiencias ou “necessidades especiais”. 2. Ha uma clara diferenca quanto aos conceitos e praxis do projeto de integracao escolar e de inclusao escolar, o que o quadro abaixo ajuda a ilustrar e nos fazer entender. 3. Um importante conceito para se pensar e o das diferencas entre as criancas como fator de crescimento nas relacoes interpessoais, fragilizando-se o conceito de normalidade e anormalidade. 4. Nas situacoes de inclusao escolar nao se defende a ideia de um curriculo modificado para as criancas com limitacoes estruturais/funcionais, porem o mesmo curriculo e referenciado para todas as criancas, evidentemente com determinadas adaptacoes. 5. Propoe-se uma acao pedagogica conjunta, entre os professores, sem cair em definicoes unilaterais ou hierarquicas de funcoes. 6. Por ultimo, define-se uma educacao em cujo espaco de reflexao teorica e de praxis haja uma sintese da educacao especial com a pedagogia. Palavras-chave : Inclusao. Acao Pedagogica. Deficiencia.
Computed tomography of smoking-related lung disease: review and update

Traditionally recognized smoking-related lung diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory bronchiolitis/interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. More recently described smoking-related entities include combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and respiratory bronchiolitis with fibrosis. We review the important past and current literature pertaining to these diseases, including recent developments in quantitative imaging of COPD and in CT characterization of smoking-related fibrosis.
Paroxetine: current status in psychiatry

Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. It is commercially available in both an immediate-release (paroxetine) and a controlled-release formulation (paroxetine CR). The latter product was developed to improve gastrointestinal tolerability. Paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin among the available SSRIs. It has approved indications for the treatment of major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia in adults. Paroxetine CR is approved for the treatment of major depression, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adults. While the overall efficacy of paroxetine appears to be comparable with other SSRIs in the treatment of major depression, it is approved for use in a wider variety of anxiety disorders than any other antidepressant. Long-term data suggest that paroxetine is effective in preventing relapse or recurrence of depression for up to 1 year. Limited data show that paroxetine maintains a therapeutic response over 1 year in obsessive-compulsive disorder and up to 6 months in panic disorder. The side-effect profile of paroxetine is largely similar to that of the other SSRIs, although paroxetine tends to be more sedating and constipating in some patients, perhaps due to its anticholinergic activity. The potential for discontinuation syndrome and weight gain appears to be slightly higher with paroxetine than with other SSRIs. This review focuses on the immediate release and controlled-release formulations of paroxetine. It summarizes the efficacy and tolerability data for both formulations, with a particular emphasis on paroxetine CR which was introduced in 2002. It also discusses emerging evidence in other clinical areas and recent data that have led to modifications in the safety profile of paroxetine.
Improved agronomic and quality traits in transgenic crops: recent advances

The potential for genetic engineering of plants to produce new and useful traits in crops has now been confirmed. Although numerous examples exist in the literature of agronomically important traits, the examples of quality improvements are rare but increasing. This article describes several new agronomic and quality traits produced at the Monsanto Plant Science Division. Tomatoes have been produced that have reduced ethylene levels which result in delayed fruit ripening. Delayed ripening contributes to an extended shelf life of the tomatoes. Higher starch potatoes add value both by the increased yield of starch and by decreasing oil absorption during frying. Cotton that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis gene controls lepidopteran insect feeding damage as effectively as chemical insecticides. These genetically improved plants are valuable additions to modern agriculture and represent clear demonstrations of the types of improvements that are likely in the future.
Directing gaze in 3D models with stylized focus

We present an interactive system for placing emphasis in stylized renderings of 3D models. The artist chooses a camera position, an area of interest, and a rendering style for the scene. The system then automatically renders the scene with emphasis in the area of interest, an effect we call "stylized focus." Stylized focus draws the viewer's gaze to the emphasized area, through local variations in shading effects such as color saturation and contrast as well as line qualities such as texture and density. We introduce a novel algorithm for local control of line density that exhibits a degree of temporal coherence suitable for animation. Animating the area of emphasis produces an effect we call the "stylized focus pull." Finally, an eye-tracking experiment verifies that the emphasis does indeed draw the viewer's gaze to the area of interest.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2.

Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 is a novel sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph that plays a significant role in the sustainability of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. This recently discovered gammaproteobacterium encodes and expresses four carbonic anhydrases (CAs) from three evolutionarily and structurally distinct CA families: an α-CA, two β-CAs and a γ-CA. In order to characterize and elucidate the physiological roles of these CAs, X-ray crystallographic structural studies have been initiated on the α-CA. The α-CA crystallized in space group C2. The crystals diffracted to a maximum resolution of 2.6 A, with unit-cell parameters a = 127.1, b = 102.2, c = 105.0 A, β = 127.3°, and a calculated Matthews coefficient of 2.04 A3 Da−1 with four identical protein molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. A preliminary solution was determined by molecular replacement with the PHENIX AutoMR wizard, which had an initial TFZ score of 17.9. Refinement of the structure is currently in progress.
Intra-oral television micromeasurement instrumentation.

The paper describes the development, design and operation of a television microscopic instrumentation which was specifically constructed to measure intra-orally, under clinical conditions, the adaptation of the cavo-filling margin deterioration of restorations in primary teeth. Basically, the intra-oral television micromeasurement instrumentation is achieved by coupling a petrographic microscope to a two-camera closed-circuit television system through scan line measurement circuitry. A 1-mm dia. circular area of the cavo-filling margin can be serially viewed at 250 × magnification with linear measurement change as small as 2μ noted. Movement of the patient, at these magnifications, is limited by the use of a permachon (electronic memory) tube, which retains the image during measurement.
Alternatives to Multilevel Modeling for the Analysis of Clustered Data

Multilevel modeling has grown in use over the years as a way to deal with the nonindependent nature of observations found in clustered data. However, other alternatives to multilevel modeling are available that can account for observations nested within clusters, including the use of Taylor series linearization for variance estimation, the design effect adjusted standard errors approach, and fixed effects modeling. Using 1,000 replications of 12 conditions with varied Level 1 and Level 2 sample sizes, the author compared parameter estimates, standard errors, and statistical significance using various alternative procedures. Results indicate that several acceptable procedures can be used in lieu of or together with multilevel modeling, depending on the type of research question asked and the number of clusters under investigation. Guidelines for applied researchers are discussed.
The constitution of a crystalline, blue cornflower pigment

Abstract A new, crystalline, deep blue pigment has been isolated from cornflowers ( Centaurea cyanus L.). The pigment is an iron complex of 4 molecules of cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and 3 molecules of a “bisflavone” glucoside. The “bisflavone” glucoside is liberated on acid decomposition of the blue pigment, and chromatographic examination indicates that it is a single substance. On acid hydrolysis, however, it yields 7- O -methylapigenin and a second flavone which appears to be new and has not yet been positively identified. It is spectrally identical with 7- O -methylapigenin, and on the basis of its R f values it may be the 7- O -methyl derivative of vitexin. The reported properties of commelinin, the blue pigment of Commelina communis L., are strikingly similar to those of the cornflower pigment and suggest that these two pigments have an essentially identical type of structure.
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange on clean nickel surfaces

Abstract A reaction chamber has been developed for measuring the catalytic activity of small samples cleaned by argon ion bombardment. It has two compartments. Cleaning of the catalyst takes place in the lower compartment and it is then transferred to the upper compartment which contains no other active materials. Activity measurements were made with the two compartments isolated from each other by a ground glass valve. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange was studied on a solid polycrystalline nickel catalyst. Gas mixtures were analyzed with an omegatron mass spectrometer. The rate of reaction on the clean surface was 8.8 × 10 16 molecules cm −2 sec −1 ( p = 1mmHg, T = 293°K). Measurements were made of the activity as a function of pressure, contamination, and conditions of ion bombardment.
Interaction of trifluorohalomethanes with active nitrogen

Abstract Spectra of visible emissions from the interaction of CF3I, CF3Br, and CF3Cl with active nitrogen are reported. Addition of CF3I to active nitrogen produces IF B 3Π0+→X 1Σ + emission. Addition of CF3Br to active nitrogen produces strong NBrb 1Σ+→ X3Σ− emission and weak CN A 2Π → X 2Σ + emission. Mechanisms for production of these excited species are proposed. In addition, rate constants for collisional quenching of N2(A 3Σu+) by CF3I, CF3Br, and CF3Cl are reported.
Type II Arnold-Chiari Malformation with Normal Spine in Trisomy 18

A variety of anomalies of the central nervous system are observed in trisomy 18. The present case describes an infant having a type II Arnold-Chiari malformation without spina bifida. One previous case of an Arnold-Chiari malformation was reported in trisomy 18 but that infant also had a lumbar meningomyelocoele. Abnormalities of cerebral gyration, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum were also found in the present case.
Acidemia versus Hypercapnia and Risk for Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

In extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, levels of hypercapnia (Pa co 2) > 60 mm Hg are considered a risk factor for severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Since cerebral vasoreactivity depends on arterial pH (apH) rather than Pa co 2, we hypothesize that the role of mild-to-moderate hypercapnia (45–60 mm Hg) in the occurrence of severe IVH is modulated by the metabolic component of acid–base status. ELBW infants (n = 580, born 4 mEq/L or ≤4 mEq/L, respectively. Rates of severe IVH were higher in “high-BD” (16%) than “low-BD” (9%) group. Although adjusted risk for severe IVH increased with higher Pa co 2 and higher BD, apH was the sole predictor of severe IVH. In ELBW infants, higher degree of acidemia, rather than hypercapnia per se, during the first 48 hours of life, is associated with higher occurrences of severe IVH.
CLONING, EXPRESSION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A HISTONE‐LIKE PROTEIN FROM THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE LINGULODINIUM POLYEDRUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Although nucleosomes and histones are lacking in dinoflagellate nuclei, small basic histone-like proteins have been reported, but their function(s) is unknown. In this study we cloned and sequenced a gene for a histone-like protein from the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge (HLp) (formerly Gonyaulax polyedra Stein) and investigated its post-translational modification and DNA-binding activities. HLp appears to be acetylated in L. polyedrum, and we identified several L. polyedrum proteins that possess histone acetyltransferase activity and may be responsible for this modification. HLp binds weakly to L. polyedrum DNA but to certain specific sequences with higher affinity, consistent with its having a regulatory function.
U. S. Army Advancement in Transistor Reliability Through Manufacturing Process Improvements

This report outlines transistor reliability improvements achieved by semiconductor manufacturers who incorporated improved processing techniques into their lines. These advancements were achieved under the project known as the Production Engineering Measures program for transistor reliability improvement. The procedures reported upon include the status of reliability of the particular devices used in the program (in most cases the entire family of devices); the methods of monitoring relative reliability improvements; and advanced techniques of specific processes such as diffusion, metalization, lead bonding, packaging, and photolithography.
Iodide trapping without organification in a transplantable rat thyroid tumor.

The present report describes a transplantable rat thyroid tumor that concentrates 40–70% of an injected dose of I131-iodidc and loses it rapidly with a half life, of 4–8 hours. The I131 in the tumor is 98–99% iodide as judged by tri-chloracetic acid solubility, chromatography and dialysis. The remainder of the I131 is organically bound and exists in the “participate” fraction. Iodide accumulation in vivo appeared to be independent of the level of thyrotropic hormone. Slices of the tumor concentrate iodide with a gradient (T/M ratio) ranging from 8 to 44.The gradient is largely abolished by various anions such as C104−, SeCN−, SCN− and by certain agents which uncouple oxidative phosphoryla-tion, such as dinitrophenol and dicumarol. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine have no significant effect on the T/M ratio at 10−4M. The defect in hormone synthesis seems to lie with the iodinating system since unlabcled thyroglobulin appears to be present. The ability to deiodinate L-diiodotyrosine has also been lost.
The Tibetan Tshogs Zhing (field of assembly): General notes on its function, structure and contents

Abstract The tshogs zhing, or field of assembly, is an important subject in Tibetan religious art. Typically, it focuses on one's own guru, seated at the crest of a great tree, with the gurus preceding him ranged in the sky above him and the deities of one's tradition ranged on the tree below him. The tshogs zhing is an object of visualisation in Tibetan guru yoga practices, and serves as both a ‘map’ of the Tibetan sacred cosmos and as an index of the guru's crucial role in the tradition as a mediator between the practitioner on the one hand and the diachronic lineage of teachers and the synchronie pantheon of deities, on the other.
Biological risk of older adults with visual impairments

Objectives To investigate whether biological markers of health differ among older adults with visual impairment compared to those with normal vision.
Escape behavior in neonatal rats

Rats, 5–11 days old, showed improved, performance over trials on a shock-escape task, as indicated by a decrease in competing responses. While rate of improvement did not differ at these ages, the number of competing responses did, being indirectly related to age. This finding plus the observation that Ss exhibited a definite direction preference suggest that the recorded response may be an inborn reaction to aversive stimulation. In contrast to competing responses, speed on trials without competing responses remained constant during training, suggesting that Ss move at an asymptotic speed for their level of maturation and a fixed level of motivation.
Voltammetric Detection of Heparin at Polarized Blood Plasma/1,2-Dichloroethane Interfaces

Heparin, a highly negatively charged polysaccharide, which has been used widely as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic, was detected by ion-transfer voltammetry at the interface between 1,2-dichloroethane and an aqueous buffer solution or undiluted blood plasma. Quaternary ammoniums with different numbers of methyl and long alkyl groups were examined as positively charged heparin ionophores using pipet electrodes filled with the organic electrolyte solutions of their tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate salts. It was shown that octadecyltrimethylammonium most selectively facilitates interfacial heparin adsorption without interference from potential-dependent ionophore transfer into the aqueous phase. Water-filled pipet electrodes were also used to study the stoichiometry of the interfacial complex between a heparin molecule and multiple ionophore molecules, which is discussed as a counterion condensation effect. Stripping voltammetry based on facilitated heparin adsorption and desorption gives a detection limit...
Fosfomycin does not inhibit the tumoricidal efficacy of cisplatinum.

Objectives: This study investigates the effect of fosfomycin on the tumoricidal efficacy of cisplatinum. Study Design: Prospective study utilizing the FaDu squamous cell carcinoma cell line and a nude mouse tumor xenograft modeL Methods: Tumor cell growth was assessed in vitro in the presence of cisplatinum and/or fosfomycin utilizing the MTT assay. An optimal cisplatinum dose and dosing schedule was established in a nude mouse tumor xenograft model of squamous cell carcinoma. Using this model, fosfomycin was tested at three dosages and tumor growth monitored over 4 weeks. Results: Mice treated with cisplatinum and fosfomycin had smaller tumors than those treated with cisplatinum alone (P <.01). Conclusions: This study is the first demonstration that fosfomycin does not inhibit the tumoricidal efficacy of cisplatinum in vivo. This suggests that fosfomycin may be useful in preventing cisplatinum-induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in humans without altering the tumor response rate.
Estimation of sons' intergenerational earnings mobility in the presence of censoring

Based on intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I provide estimates of income mobility across generations for men. Special attention is paid to issues of censoring caused by a son's unemployment. Employing non-parametric bounds estimates, I illustrate that previous income mobility estimates rely heavily on (unjustified) assumptions of exogenous selection. Assuming a son's potential income is instead a function of his reason for unemployment and work history, I re-estimate mobility. Allowing for sampling variability, the range of feasible slopes consistent with these modified bounds restrictions is 0.27 to 0.55. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Localization of 125I-Labeled Human Growth Hormone in Adrenals and Other Organs of Immature Hypophysectomized Rats

Human growth hormone (HGH) labeled with 125I was injected intravenously into hypophysectomized, immature rats. One rat was frozen 6 min and another 20 min after injection by immersion in hexane cooled with dry ice. Whole-body sections were made of the frozen rats and autoradiograms were prepared by placing these sections on x-ray film. The autoradiograms revealed that, at both time intervals after injection, there was a high concentration of radioactive material in the kidney, liver and adrenal cortex. The only other tissues found to have a higher radioactive density than that of blood were the submandibular glands, nasal mucosa, gastric mucosa, bone and follicles of vibrissae. The radioactivity in the adrenal cortex was slightly higher in the zona glomerulosa than in the zona fasciculata and it was lowest in the zona reticularis. The concentration in the epiphyseal plates was no higher than that in bone or soft tissues. The radioactivity in the submandibular gland had the electrophoretic mobility of grow...
Tissue tropisms of porcine parvovirus in swine

Late-term gestation swine fetuses, similar to adult animals, are able to effectively mount immune response and survive porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection. An exception to this is the Kresse strain of PPV, which causes fetal death in late-term gestation swine fetuses. In an effort to understand the basis for this profound difference in pathogenicity between Kresse strain and the prototype strain of PPV, NADL-8, studies were designed to examine potential difference in sites of replication and quantity of virus produced between Kresse and NADL-8 strains. In order to define the sites of viral replication or sites of viral sequestration in situ hybridization, using digoxigenin-labeled strand-specific oligonucleotide probes, was applied to detect the presence of either double stranded viral DNA (RF) or viral single stranded DNA in tissues of infected fetuses. The presence and the state of viral DNA was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Relative amounts of RF-DNA synthesis in each tissue was compared between the two virus strains. Virus replication appeared to be of comparable levels in the livers of both NADL-8 and Kresse infected swine fetuses. Differences between these strains were observed in the brain and spleen; RF-DNA was detected in the brain and spleens of Kresse infected fetuses but not in NADL-8 infected ones. These findings indicate that differences in DNA replication of the PPV strains in selective sites, as well as the quantity of virus produced, may explain the distinction in pathogenesis of these viruses.
Deposition of durable wide-band silver mirror coatings using long-throw, low-pressure, DC-pulsed magnetron sputtering

Sputter deposition at long-throw distances (15-30 in.) and low pressures ( 21-in. diameter) in a standard box coater using smaller-diameter sputter cathodes. This paper will discuss the process used to successfully coat a 22-in.-diameter optic for the Keck Telescope in Hawaii with a new Wide-Band Durable Silver Mirror. The process uses smaller-diameter sputter cathodes in a 4-ft.-x-4-ft.-x-5-ft. box coater. We will also discuss how the process can be scaled to 36-in. or larger optics for use on terrestrial or space-based platforms.
A scintillation counter hodoscope for low energy light ions

Abstract A 10-counter plastic scintillator hodoscope to measure pulse height, timing and position is described. The spatial, timing and pulse height resolutions were measured in a number of tests, and the mass resolution is discussed. The spatial resolution using the time-difference technique (0.7 cm fwhm for 100 MeV α-particles) is roughly a factor of 1.8 better than the resolution using the ratio-of-pulse-height method for these counters.
The Weyl Definition of Redshifts.

In 1923, Weyl published a (not widely known) protocol for the calculation of redshifts. It is completely independent of the origin of the shift and treats it as a pure Doppler shift. The method is comprehensive and depends solely on the relation between the world lines of source and observer. It has the merit of simplicity of statement and generality. We illustrate the protocol by application to several standard situations. As a matter of historical interest, we include, in an appendix, the earliest known application of the Doppler principle. This was by Romer who used it to calculate the speed of light.