cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal.

Previous studies have shown that spontaneous exploration of the Elevated Plus Maze provides a sensitive measure of 'anxiety' induced by pharmacological or behavioral stressors. In particular, the percent time spent exploring the open arms of the plus maze is decreased during ethanol withdrawal, and this effect is antagonized by intracerebroventricular administration of 25 micrograms of alpha-helical CRF, a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist (H.A. Baldwin et al., Psychopharmacology, 103 (1991) 227-232). The present study was designed to examine the effect of alpha-helical CRF infusion within the central nucleus of the amygdala during ethanol withdrawal. Rats were made dependent on ethanol by maintenance on an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 16 days, withdrawn from ethanol and tested on the elevated plus maze at 8 h post-ethanol access. In comparison with pair-fed control rats, ethanol withdrawn subjects spent significantly less percent time exploring the open arms of the plus maze. This decrease in open arm exploration was antagonized by administration of alpha-helical CRF (250 ng) bilaterally into the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not by intracerebroventricular administration of 250 ng of alpha-helical CRF. The ability of intra-amygdala alpha-helical CRF to antagonize decreased open arm exploration is unlikely to be due to changes in motor activity, since general activity on the maze was reduced in all EtOH withdrawal groups. These results suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala may be an effective site for endogenous CRF systems to mediate anxious behavior associated with ethanol withdrawal.
Two loop scalar self energies in a general renormalizable theory at leading order in gauge couplings

I present results for the two-loop self-energy functions for scalars in a general renormalizable field theory, using mass-independent renormalization schemes based on dimensional regularization and dimensional reduction. The results are given in terms of a minimal set of loop-integral basis functions, which are readily evaluated numerically by computers. This paper contains the contributions corresponding to the Feynman diagrams with zero or one vector propagator lines. These are the ones needed to obtain the pole masses of the neutral and charged Higgs scalar bosons in supersymmetry, neglecting only the purely electroweak parts at two-loop order. A subsequent paper will present the results for the remaining diagrams, which involve two or more vector lines. I also include an illustrative example, featuring several nontrivial consistency checks.
Performance and phosphorus balance of pigs fed diets formulated on the basis of values for standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that pigs fed diets that are equal in digestible P will perform equally regardless of the con- centration of total P in the diets, and that the addition of microbial phytase, distillers dried grains with solu- bles (DDGS), or a combination of phytase and DDGS will result in a reduction in P excretion. In Exp. 1, a P-free diet and 6 diets containing corn, soybean meal (SBM), or DDGS without or with microbial phytase (500 phytase units per kg) were formulated. Diets were fed for 12 d to 42 pigs (initial BW = 13.5 ± 3.9 kg) housed in metabolism cages that allowed for total col- lections of feces. Basal endogenous P losses were deter- mined to be 199 mg/kg of DMI for pigs fed the P-free diet. Addition of phytase increased (P 0.10) of the addition of phytase on the STTD of P in DDGS (75.5 vs. 72.9%). In Exp. 2, a total of 160 pigs (initial BW = 11.25 ± 1.95 kg; 4 pigs/pen) were allotted to 4 corn- and SBM-based di- ets with 2 amounts of phytase (0 or 500 phytase units per kg) and 2 amounts of DDGS (0 or 20%) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets were formulated to contain 0.32% STTD of P according to the STTD values determined in Exp. 1. Diets were fed for 21 d and results indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing no DDGS tended (P < 0.10) to decrease G:F, but inclusion of 20% DDGS in the diets tended (P < 0.10) to increase ADG, ADFI, and final BW. In Exp. 3, the diets used in Exp. 2 were fed to 24 pigs (initial BW = 14.6 ± 1.4 kg) that were placed in metabolism cages individually. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d. Phytase and DDGS increased (P < 0.01) the apparent total tract digestibility of P in the diets. Absorption of P was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn-SBM-DDGS diets than pigs fed corn-SBM di- ets, and phytase, DDGS, or the combination of phytase and DDGS reduced (P < 0.01) P excretion. In conclu- sion, the addition of phytase increased the STTD of P in corn and SBM, but had no effect on the STTD of P in DDGS. Diets may be formulated based on STTD values without compromising pig performance, and di- etary phytase, DDGS, or the combination of phytase and DDGS will reduce P excretion by growing pigs.
The SMN complex, an assemblyosome of ribonucleoproteins.

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy is a common, often lethal, neurodegenerative disease that results from low levels of, or loss-of-function mutations in, the SMN (survival of motor neurons) protein. SMN oligomerizes and forms a stable complex with five additional proteins: Gemins 2–6. SMN also interacts with several additional proteins referred to as ‘substrates’. Most of these substrates contain a domain enriched in arginine and glycine residues (the RG-rich domain), and are constituents of different ribonucleoprotein complexes. Recent studies revealed that the substrates can be modified by an arginine methyltransferase complex, the methylosome. This forms symmetrical dimethylarginines within the RG-rich domains of the substrates, thereby converting them to high-affinity binders of the SMN complex, and most likely providing regulation of the ribonucleoprotein assembly processes.
CARING FOR THE PROFESSIONAL CAREGIVER: THE APPLICATION OF CAPLAN'S MODEL OF CONSULTATION IN THE ERA OF HIV

Nurses as well as other health-care professionals have been impacted by the current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Issues related to virus transmission, voluntary testing, and professional requirements to provide care for those infected can trigger emotional as well as cognitive responses for all involved. The heavy emotional needs of patients and the regular confrontation of death increase the risk of burnout for those caring for the growing number of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In an effort to retain and to recruit nurses who are willing to become involved in the care of those infected with the virus, it is imperative that nursing administration provide psychosocial support services for those nurses. This article describes the development and implementation of a psychosocial support program, based on Caplan's (1973) model of mental health consultation, for nursing staff impacted by the HIV epidemic. The program, established through a cooperative alliance between psychiatric/mental health clinical nurse specialists and nursing staff, has proved to be effective and efficient. It is recommended that other psychiatric/mental health nurses, including faculty, use the consultation model to improve the psychosocial support available to health-care professionals affected by the HIV epidemic.
Annals: How the First Issue Came to Be

In this retrospective, the Annals' first editor in chief looks back at how the journal came to fruition: who was involved, what the environment was like, and some of the initial considerations and challenges.
On the Bounded-Skew Clock and Steiner Routing Problems

We study theminimum-cost bounded-skewrouting tree (BST) problem under the linear delay model. This problem captures several engineering tradeoffs in the design of routing topologies with controlled skew. We propose three tradeoff heuristics. (1) For a fixed topology Extended-DME (Ex-DME) extends the DME algorithm for exact zero-skew trees via the concept of a merging region. (2) For arbitrary topology and arbitrary embedding, Extended Greedy-DME (ExG-DME) very closely matches the best known heuristics for the zero-skewcase,and for the infinite-skewcase (i.e., the Steiner minimal tree problem). (3) For arbitrary topology and single-layer (planar) embedding, the Extended Planar-DME (ExP-DME) algorithm exactly matches the best known heuristic for zero-skewplanar routing, and closely approaches the best known performance for the infinite-skewcase. Ourwork provides unifications of the clock routing and Steiner tree heuristic literatures and gives smooth cost-skew tradeoff that enable good engineering solutions.
The stress field of slender particles oriented by a non-Newtonian extensional flow

An analysis is presented of the creeping motion around a flow-oriented slender particle in a material medium subject to a uniaxial extension in the far field. A general quasi-steady rheological model is adopted, of a kind representing isotropic (Noll) fluids subject to time-independent velocity gradients, or isotropic solids subject to time-independent strain fields. The analysis is based on the premise of a shear-dominated motion in the near field, which is joined asymptotically to the extension-dominated motion in the far field. For axisymmetric particles, and to the order of terms in slenderness considered here, the far-field perturbation due to the particle can be represented as a distributed coaxial line force in a transversely isotropic medium whose strength is governed by the structure of the near-field rheology.On the basis of the results for a single particle, a formula is derived for the stress contribution due to the presence of oriented slender fibres in dilute suspension in a non-Newtonian fluid. For certain simple rheological models exhibiting a strong shear-thinning behaviour, the particle contribution to tensile stress is greatly diminished relative to the Newtonian case, as was predicted by an earlier rudimentary treatment (Goddard 1975). The present analysis is thought to be highly promising for applications to general composite materials.
Practical capacity of digital watermark as constrained by reliability

The paper presents a theoretic analysis of watermark capacity. First, a simplified watermark scheme is postulated. In the scheme, detection yields a multidimensional vector, in which each dimension is assumed to be i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) and to follow the Gaussian distribution. The major constraint on the capacity is detected reliability, which is one of the most important measures of the utility of watermarks. The problem is to figure out the maximum amount of information payload with the reliability requirement still satisfied. The reliability is represented by three kinds of error rates: false positive error rate, false negative error rate, and bit error rate. These error rates are formulated under certain assumptions, and the theoretical capacity can be determined by setting the bounds on all of the error rates. Further, experiments were performed to verify the theoretic analysis and it was shown that this approach yields a good estimate of the capacity of a watermark.
Mutational Analyses of Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 42 Reveal Functional Domains Not Involved in Receptor Binding but Required for Membrane Fusion

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with malignancies of both epithelial and lymphoid origin. Efficient infection of the latent host reservoir B lymphocytes involves the binding of glycoproteins gp350/220 for initial attachment, followed by the concerted action of gH, gL, gB, and gp42 for membrane fusion. The type II membrane protein gp42 is required for infection of B cells and assembles into a complex with gH and gL. The cellular host receptor for gp42, class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA), has been structurally verified by crystallization analyses of gp42 bound to HLA-DR1. Interestingly, the crystal structure revealed a hydrophobic pocket consisting of many aromatic and aliphatic residues from the predicted C-type lectin domain of gp42 that in other members of the C-type lectin family binds major histocompatibility complex class I or other diverse ligands. Although the hydrophobic pocket does not bind HLA class II, mutational analyses presented here indicate that this domain is essential for EBV-induced membrane fusion. In addition, mutational analysis of the region of gp42 contacting HLA class II in the gp42-HLA-DR1 cocrystal confirms that this region interacts with HLA class II and that this interaction is also important for EBV-induced membrane fusion.
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase accelerates tumor growth and increases the resistance of tumors to cisplatin in vivo

We have shown previously that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity is essential for the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. In this study we asked whether GGT activity was necessary for the antitumor activity of cisplatin. GGT was transfected into PC3 cells, a human prostate tumor cell line. Two independent GGT-positive cell lines were isolated and characterized. GGT cleaves extracellular glutathione providing the cells with access to additional cysteine. Expression of GGT had no effect on the growth rate of the cells in vitro where the culture medium contains high levels of cysteine. However, when the cells were injected into nude mice the GGT-positive tumors grew at more than twice the rate of the GGT-negative tumors. Weekly treatment with cisplatin was toxic to both GGT-positive and -negative tumors. The GGT-positive tumors were significantly more resistant to the toxicity of cisplatin than the GGT-negative tumors. Therefore, expression of GGT is required for the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, but diminishes the tumor toxicity of the drug. These results indicate that the nephrotoxicity and the tumor toxicity of cisplatin are via two distinct pathways.
Polymerization of Three Hemoglobin A2 Variants Containing Valδ6 and Inhibition of Hemoglobin S Polymerization by Hemoglobin A2

To understand determinants for hemoglobin (Hb) stability and Hb A2 inhibition of Hb S polymerization, three Valdelta6 Hb A2 variants (Hb A2 deltaE6V, Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaQ87T, and Hb A2 deltaE6V, deltaA22E,deltaQ87T) were expressed in yeast, and stability to mechanical agitation and polymerization properties were assessed. Oxy forms of Hb A2 deltaE6V and Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaQ87T were 2- and 1.6-fold, respectively, less stable than oxy-Hb S, while the stability of Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaA22E,deltaQ87T was similar to that of Hb S, suggesting that Aladelta22 and Glndelta87 contribute to the surface hydrophobicity of Hb A2. Deoxy Hb A2 deltaE6V polymerized without a delay time, like deoxy Hb F gammaE6V, while deoxy Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaQ87T and deoxy Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaA22E,deltaQ87T polymerized after a delay time, like deoxy Hb S, suggesting that beta87 Thr is required for the formation of nuclei. Deoxy Hb F gammaE6V,gammaQ87T showed no delay time and required a 3.5-fold higher concentration than deoxy Hb S for polymerization, suggesting that Thr effects on Valdelta6 Hb A2 and Valgamma6 Hb F variants are different. Mixtures of deoxy Hb S/Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaQ87T polymerized, like deoxy Hb S, while polymerization of Hb S/Hb A2 deltaE6V mixtures was inhibited, like Hb S/Hb F gammaE6V mixtures. These results suggest alpha2betaSdelta6 Val, 87 Thr hybrids and Hb A2 deltaE6V,deltaQ87T participate in Hb S nucleation, while only 50% of alpha2betaSdelta6 Val hybrids and none of the Hb A2 deltaE6V participate. These findings are in contrast to those of mixtures of Hb S with Hb F gammaE6V or Hb F gammaE6V,Q87T, which both inhibit Hb S polymerization. Our results also suggest participation in nucleation of some alpha2betaSdelta hybrids in A2S mixtures but not alpha2betaSgamma hybrids in FS mixtures.
Radiating hypervelocity couette and boundary-layer flow in air☆

Abstract An analytical solution for high speed Couette flow of a gray gas is given for the situation in which the dominant physical mechanisms are the production of energy by viscous dissipation and its transfer by radiation. The analysis is extended to air for the non-gray, optically thin case including thermal conduction, and numerical results are presented to show the range of validity of the radiation controlled solution. The Couette flow results are then applied to the problem of the hypervelocity, laminar boundary layer on a flat plate in air. An approximate expression for the Planck mean absorption coefficient of air is used, and the results obtained confirm the hypotheses that these boundary layers will be optically thin and radiation controlled. The analysis results in simple expressions for estimating the boundary-layer temperature and heat-transfer coefficient.
A methodology for interoperability analysis

A description is given of COEDS (Communication Engineering Design System), which was developed for interoperability analysis of colocated communications equipment. The principal function of the COEDS system is to determine the degree of interference at a receiver caused by transmitters at the same site. These data are then used to determine the frequency separation required for the system to be ambient noise limited rather than interference limited. If a frequency plan can be specified for equipments to achieve required performance criteria and be ambient noise limited rather than interference limited, they would be interoperable in the scope of the COEDS system. The authors provide an example that demonstrates the block diagram interface, automated program operation, generation of graphical output, and ease of use in changing the design to meet performance criteria. Key features of COEDS are the block diagram editor, configuration database, test plan generator, use of a mouse to point and select for all input and execution, and postprocessor for output displays. >
A Note on a Test for the Sum of Ranksums

In wine tastings, in which several tasters (judges) taste several wines, it is important to insure objectivity to the extent possible. This is usually accomplished by holding the tasting “blind,” i.e., covering the bottles so that the tasters do not know which wine is in which bottle. At some agreed upon point in the proceedings, the tasters reveal what they think about the various bottles. Ideally, this revelation would take place by secret ballot, lest a taster's choices be influenced by what he or she hears another taster say. But in any event, there are two standard ways of rating the wines. The older method is to assign them “grades” on a scale of, say, up to 100 points (Parker) or up to 20 points as in the famous face-off between California wines and French Bordeaux wines in 1976 (see Ashenfelter et al., 2007). As Ashenfelter at al. point out, this has the distinct disadvantage that a judge with greater dispersion in his or her grades will have a greater influence on the average score that each wine achieves.
A novel set of structures within the elasmobranch, ovarian follicle

Elasmobranch fishes produce some of the largest oocytes known, exceeding 10 cm in diameter. Using various microscopy techniques we investigated the structural adaptations which facilitate the produc- tion of these large egg cells in three species of shark: the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, dusky smoothound, Mustelus canis and the little gulper shark, Centrophorus uyato. The ovarian follicle of elas- mobranchs follows the typical vertebrate pattern, with one notable exception; the zona pellucida reaches extreme widths, over 70 lm, during early oogenesis. Contact between the follicle cells and the oocyte across the zona pellucida is necessary for oogenesis. We describe here a novel set of large, tube-like structures, which we named follicle cell processes that bridge this gap. The follicle cell processes are more robust than the microvilli associated with the follicle cells and the oocyte plasma membrane and much longer. During early oogenesis the follicle increases in size relatively quickly resulting in a wide zona pellucida. At this stage the follicle cell processes appear taut, uniform and radially oriented. As oogenesis continues the zona pellucida nar- rows and the follicle cell processes change their orienta- tion, appearing to wrap around the oocyte. The presence of the contractile protein actin within the follicle cell processes and their change in orientation may well be an adaptation for maintaining the integrity of these large oocytes. The follicle cell processes also contain elec- tron dense material, identical to material found within the follicle cells, suggesting a role in the transport of metabolites to the developing oocyte. J. Morphol. 272:557-565, 2011. 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Forecasting the limits to the availability and diversity of global conventional oil supply: Validation

Oil and related products continue to be prime enablers of the maintenance and growth of nearly all of the world’s economies. The dramatic increase in the price of oil through mid-2008, along with the coincident (and possibly resultant) global recession, highlight our continued vulnerability to future limitations in the supply of cheap oil. The very large differences between the various estimates of the original volume of extractable conventional oil present on earth (EUR) have, at best, fostered uncertainty of the risk of future supply limitations among planners and policy makers, and at worse lulled the world into a false sense of security. In 2002 we modeled future oil production in 46 nation-units and the world by using a threephase, Hubbert-based approach that produced trajectories dependent on settings for EUR (extractable ultimate resource), demand growth, percent of oil resource extracted at decline, and maximum allowable rates of production growth. We analyzed the sensitivity of the date of onset of decline for oil production to changes in each of these input parameters. In this current effort, we compare the last eleven years of empirical oil production data to our earlier forecast scenarios to evaluate which settings of EUR and other input parameters had created the most accurate projections. When combined with proper input settings, our model consistently generated trajectories for oil production that closely approximated the empirical data at both the national and the global level. In general, the lowest EUR scenarios were the most consistent with the empirical data at the global level and for most countries, while scenarios based on the mid and high EUR estimates overestimated production rates by wide margins globally. The global production of conventional oil began to decline in 2005, and has followed a path over the last 11 years very close to our scenarios assuming low estimates of EUR (1.9 Gbbl). Production in most nations is declining, with historical profiles generally consistent with Hubbert's premises. While new conventional oil discoveries and production starts are expected in the near term, the magnitudes necessary to increase our simulated production trajectories by even 1.0% per year over the next 10 years would represent a large departure from current trends. Our now well-validated simulations are at significant variance from many recent “predictions” of extensive future availability of conventional oil.
Surgical Management of Skeletal Vertical Facial Problems

Orthodontic correction of the extremes of vertical facial proportions is perhaps the most difficult to achieve without the use of orthognathic surgical approaches. Obviously surgery is reserved for the appropriate age groups of these patients, and with the advances made in surgical procedures, more optimal outcomes can be achieved. Orthognathic surgery represents the combination of art and science. In this paper, the subject of maxillary orthognathic will be discussed providing a historical perspective as well as a brief review of the maxillary anatomy. A surgical technique employed by the senior author will be described in some detail in order to provide information on aspects of the "team approach" to patient management. Examples are provided in the sequential surgical procedures for both "long" and "short" facial patients. It is obvious that a close working relationship between an orthodontist and a surgeon is essential in order to obtain the optimal treatment outcomes.
Imperial Bureaucracy and Criminal Trials

This chapter attempts to shed lights on the millennial bureaucratic tradition of magistrate’s court, the indigenous notion of justice and the conduct of imperial criminal trials. Law in ancient China is developed completely free of Western influences (Jones 2003). In the long history of imperial China from 221 BC to 1911 AD, the public image of law is mostly that of penal law and fearful sanctions. There is almost no exception that threat of physical punishment is attached to any normal criminal trial. Legitimized judicial torture is a permanent feature in reality as well as in the literary and dramatic depiction of Chinese imperial criminal trials. On the one hand, torture can be used indiscriminately to those entangled in a criminal case—the petitioners, the accused, and the witnesses.
Bionomics of Oxybelus sparideus at Lake Texoma, Oklahoma (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Crabroninae)

Nesting habits of Oxybelus sparideus Cockerell were studied in southern Oklahoma. Wasp burrows were scattered along the sandy margin of a lake. They were nearly vertical, about 3.5 in. deep, and ended in 2 or 3 cells. They were stocked with 3–6 flies which averaged about the same size as the wasp. An entrance-closing ritual was performed whenever the wasp left the nest. The prey were almost exclusively various species of Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae. A sort of “self parasitism” resulted from destruction of the cell contents by larvae emerging from female sarcophagids which had been provisioned in 10 of 28 cells observed.
Self-Assembly of Responsive Multilayered DNA Nanocages

Here we report the assembly of multilayered DNA nanocages. The layers can be separated in response to a chemical cue, ATP. This is an effort to increase the structural complexity of DNA nanocages. The structures have been characterized by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy. We envision that the layer-by-layer assembly strategy used in this study can be easily applied to other DNA nanocages to form Russian-doll-like semisolid structures, while the chemically activated layer separation makes a contribution to the development of “smart” DNA nanocages.
Probing the Structure of Salt Water under Confinement with First-Principles Molecular Dynamics and Theoretical X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy.

We investigated the structure of liquid water around cations (Na+) and anions (Cl–) confined inside of a (19,0) carbon nanotube with first-principles molecular dynamics and theoretical X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We found that the ions preferentially reside near the interface between the nanotube and the liquid. Upon confinement, the XAS signal of water molecules surrounding Na+ exhibits enhanced pre-edge and reduced post-edge features with respect to that of pure water, at variance with the solvation shell of Na+ in bulk water. Conversely, the first solvation shell of confined Cl– has a main-edge intensity comparable to that of bulk solvated Cl–, likely as a result of a high number of acceptor hydrogen bonds in the first solvation shell. Confined nonsolvating water molecules exhibit bulk-like or water-monomer-like properties, depending on whether they belong to core or interfacial layers, respectively.
Cell-Free Translation of Biofuel Enzymes

In nature, bacteria and fungi are able to utilize recalcitrant plant materials by secreting a diverse set of enzymes. While genomic sequencing efforts offer exhaustive lists of genes annotated as potential polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, biochemical and functional characterizations of the encoded proteins are still needed to realize the full potential of this natural genomic diversity. This chapter outlines an application of wheat germ cell-free translation to the study of biofuel enzymes using genes from Clostridium thermocellum, a model cellulolytic organism. Since wheat germ extract lacks enzymatic activities that can hydrolyze insoluble polysaccharide substrates and is likewise devoid of enzymes that consume the soluble sugar products, the cell-free translation reactions provide a clean background for production and study of the reactions of biofuel enzymes. Examples of assays performed with individual enzymes or with small sets of enzymes obtained directly from cell-free translation are provided.
Ventral tegmental area orexin 1 receptors promote palatable food intake and oppose postingestive negative feedback

Hypothalamic orexin neurons project to numerous brain areas, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is involved in motivation and food-seeking behavior. Here we address how exogenously administered orexin-A and endogenous orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) activation in the VTA affects feeding behavior. We hypothesized that orexin-A and OX1R antagonist SB334867 delivered to the VTA, at doses that were subthreshold for effect when injected into the ventricle, would affect intake of palatable foods in multiple test situations. We first used a hedonic feeding model in which satiated rats selectively consume a high-fat diet (HFD). Intra-VTA orexin-A stimulated additional consumption of chow and increased HFD intake in this model. In ad libitum-fed rats given daily 30-min test sessions, intra-VTA orexin-A also increased intake of HFD and 0.1 M sucrose. Further analysis of licking patterns revealed that that VTA orexin-A increased meal size and licking burst size only toward the end of the meal. Consistent with this finding, a subthreshold dose of VTA orexin-A prevented intake suppression induced by gastrointestinal nutrient infusion. Surprisingly, intra-VTA orexin-A had no effect on operant responding for sucrose pellets on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. A role for endogenous VTA OX1R stimulation is supported by our finding that bilateral VTA injection of the selective OX1R antagonist SB334867 suppressed 0.1 M sucrose intake. Together, our data suggest that OX1R activity in the VTA facilitates food intake, potentially by counteracting postingestive negative feedback that would normally suppress feeding later in a meal.
Individual differences in the propensity to make attributions to prejudice

Whether racism is perceived in ambiguous situations may depend on individual differences in perceivers’ beliefs about the prevalence of racial prejudice and discrimination, trivialization of targets’ concerns, and vigilance and confidence in recognizing instances of racial prejudice. In Studies 1 and 2, we develop a psychometrically sound measure of these beliefs, the Propensity to Make Attributions to Prejudice Scale (PMAPS), and provide evidence that the PMAPS is related to individual differences in the justification and suppression of prejudice. Studies 3 and 5 provide evidence that the PMAPS predicts attributions to prejudice in a variety of situations. Theoretically consistent racial and gender differences in the PMAPS were found in a large sample (Study 4). Together, these data provide evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the PMAPS and provide insights about the role that beliefs and expectations play in third-party observers’ judgments about expressions of prejudice.
Managing knee osteoarthritis with yoga or aerobic/strengthening exercise programs in older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Although exercise is often recommended for managing osteoarthritis (OA), limited evidence-based exercise options are available for older adults with OA. This study compared the effects of Hatha yoga (HY) and aerobic/strengthening exercises (ASE) on knee OA. Randomized controlled trial with three arms design was used: HY, ASE, and education control. Both HY and ASE groups involved 8 weekly 45-min group classes with 2–4 days/week home practice sessions. Control group received OA education brochures and weekly phone calls from study staff. Standardized instruments were used to measure OA symptoms, physical function, mood, spiritual health, fear of falling, and quality of life at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. HY/ASE adherences were assessed weekly using class attendance records and home practice video recordings. Primary analysis of the difference in the change from baseline was based on intent-to-treat and adjusted for baseline values. Eight-three adults with symptomatic knee OA completed the study (84% female; mean age 71.6 ± 8.0 years; mean BMI 29.0 ± 7.0 kg/m2). Retention rate was 82%. Compared to the ASE group at 8 weeks, participants in the HY group had a significant improvement from baseline in perception of OA symptoms (−9.6 [95% CI −15.3, −4]; p = .001), anxiety (−1.4 [95% CI −2.7, −0]; p = .04), and fear of falling (−4.6 [−7.5, −1.7]; p = .002). There were no differences in class/home practice adherence between HY and ASE. Three non-serious adverse events were reported from the ASE group. Both HY and ASE improved symptoms and function but HY may have superior benefits for older adults with knee OA.
Rock Art, Architecture, and Social Groups at the Basketmaker III–Pueblo I Transition: Evidence from the Procession Panel, Southeast Utah

This paper draws on iconographic style, social psychology research, and architectural evidence to suggest that the Procession Panel on Comb Ridge, southeast Utah, provides an accurate depiction of the households within an early Mesa Verde community ca. A.D. 760–800. It argues that the Procession Panel depicts a community in transition, when some households began to reorganize as members of lineages and materialized this relationship by constructing large, multihousehold surface dwellings. However, not all households organized into lineage-scale groups, and these differences between these two kinds of social organization created fault lines where social inequalities could later develop.
Self‐contained local broadband seismogeodetic early warning system: Detection and location

Earthquake and local tsunami early warning is critical to mitigating adverse impacts of large-magnitude earthquakes. An optimal system must rely on near-source data to maximize warning time. To this end, we have developed a self-contained seismogeodetic early warning system employing an optimal combination of high-frequency information from strong-motion accelerometers and low-frequency information from collocated Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instruments to estimate real-time displacements and velocities. Like GNSS, and unlike broadband seismometers, seismogeodetic stations record the full waveform, including static offset, without clipping in the near-field or saturating for large magnitude earthquakes. However, GNSS alone cannot provide a self-contained system and requires an external seismic trigger. Seismogeodetic stations detect P wave arrivals with the same sensitivity as strong-motion accelerometers and thus provide a stand-alone system. We demonstrate the utility of near-source seismogeodesy for event detection and location with analysis of the 2010 Mw7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah, Baja, California and 2014 Mw6.0 Napa, California strike-slip events, and the 2014 Mw8.2 Iquique, Chile subduction zone earthquake using observatory-grade accelerometers and GPS data. We present lessons from the 2014 Mw4.0 Piedmont, California and 2016 Mw5.2 Borrego Springs, California earthquakes, recorded by our seismogeodetic system with Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) accelerometers and GPS data and reanalyzed retrospectively. We conclude that our self-contained seismogeodetic system is suitable for early warning for earthquakes of significance (>M5) using either observatory-grade or MEMS accelerometers. Finally, we discuss the effect of network design on hypocenter location and suggest the deployment of additional seismogeodetic stations for the western U.S.
Modeling and Monitoring of Hierarchical State Machines in Scala

Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) are widely used in the design and implementation of spacecraft flight software. However, the traditional approach to using HSMs involves graphical languages (such as UML statecharts) from which implementation code is generated (e.g. in C or C\(^{++}\)). This is driven by the fact that state transitions in an HSM can result in execution of action code, with associated side-effects, which is implemented by code in the target implementation language. Due to this indirection, early analysis of designs becomes difficult. We propose an internal Scala DSL for writing HSMs, which makes them short, readable and easy to work with during the design phase. Writing the HSM models in Scala also allows us to use an expressive monitoring framework (also in Scala) for checking temporal properties over the HSM behaviors. We show how our approach admits writing reactive monitors that send messages to the HSM when certain sequences of events have been observed, e.g., to inject faults under certain conditions, in order to check that the system continues to operate correctly. This work is part of a larger project exploring the use of a modern high-level programming language (Scala) for modeling and verification.
COORDINATE REGULATION OF THE THREE ENYMES IN CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS

It has been observed by several investigators, including Kandutsch et al. (1), and Spector et al. (2), My ant and Mitropoulos (3), and others that it is crucial that the concentration of unesterified, or free cholesterol, within the cell be regulated between very narrow limits. It is known that the unesterified cholesterol which is present in cell membranes functions to modulate fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer. A change in the membrane content of free cholesterol, therefore, may affect fluidity and thereby bring about changes in permeability, which in turn may affect the properties of membrane-bound enzymes and transport systems. It is for this reason that an excess of free cholesterol within the cell may be considered to be toxic to vital cell functions. The storage of cholesterol in the form of cholesterol esters, and in the case of liver cell, the utilization of cholesterol via the bile acid synthesis, provides an elegant means for the control of the amount of unesterified cholesterol present within the cell.
DO TAXES ON SODA AND SUGARY DRINKS WORK? SCANNER DATA EVIDENCE FROM BERKELEY AND WASHINGTON STATE

We study two beverage taxes: the SSB tax of 1¢/oz in the city of Berkeley (in effect since 2015) and the temporary 2010 soda tax of 0.166¢/oz in Washington State. Using detailed scanner data, we find that prices in Washington reacted sharply and promptly (often by a larger magnitude than the tax), whereas retail prices in Berkeley reacted marginally (by less than 30% the magnitude of the tax). Further, we find a 5% volume reduction in Washington but fail to detect an effect in Berkeley. We discuss the possible causes for the discrepancy in effectiveness, in particular cross‐border shopping. (JEL H22, L66, I18)
Current and future management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Objectives Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic disease of the respiratory tract that occurs in both children and adults. It is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular low-risk HPV6 and HPV11, and aggressiveness varies among patients. RRP remains a chronic disease that is difficult to manage. This review provides perspectives on current and future management of RRP. Results The current standard of care is surgical excision, with adjuvant therapies as needed. Surgical management of RRP has evolved with the introduction of microdebriders and photoangiolytic lasers; the latter can now be used in the office setting. Numerous adjuvant pharmacologic therapies have been utilized with some success. Also, exciting preliminary data show that HPV vaccines may prolong the time to recurrence in the RRP population. There is also optimism that wide-spread HPV vaccination could reduce RRP incidence indirectly by preventing vertical HPV transmission to newborns. Conclusion To date, the biology of RRP is not well understood, although it has been noted to become more aggressive in the setting of immune suppression. Additional research is needed to better understand immune system dysfunction in RRP such that immunomodulatory approaches may be developed for RRP management. Level of evidence 4.
Study protocol: rationale and design of the community-based prospective cohort study of kidney function and diabetes in rural New Mexico, the COMPASS study.

Rural areas in the state of New Mexico have been the “ground-zero” for the epidemic of diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the United States. However, there is limited research about risk factors of diabetic CKD in this area and scarce data regarding the performance of emerging markers of renal filtration and epigenetic biomarkers of renal function and diabetes in this area with its unique ethnic/racial population. We designed the COMPASS study as a community-based program in rural New Mexico aiming to screen for CKD and to discover CKD-related translational biomarkers. The study involves a prospective, longitudinal cohort design involving individuals living in rural New Mexico. Participants undergo a screening for kidney disease using markers of abnormal renal filtration (impaired glomerular filtration rate) or damage (albuminuria). Those found to have CKD on the basis of these tests or those at risk for CKD are enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort. We measure markers of renal function, insulin resistance and epigenetics (microRNAs) on patients. Individuals are invited to participate in interviews and focus groups in order to characterize their attitudes towards research and barriers or facilitators to participation in future research studies about kidney disease. This study will provide important data about the local epidemiology of kidney disease in a high-risk rural setting and the utility of emerging renal filtration markers (Beta 2 Microglobulin and Cystatin C), while generating data and methods for the analyses of microRNA biomarkers. The qualitative research subproject will identify factors associated with increased willingness to participate in future translational research projects. With its geographical focus, this study will address a critical disparity in kidney disease research, while generating novel epigenetic data that are relevant for future studies in the general population.
Atomistic Modeling of Point Defects and Diffusion in Copper Grain Boundaries

The atomic structure of several symmetrical tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in Cu and their interaction with vacancies and interstitials as well as self-diffusion are studied by molecular statics, molecular dynamics, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), and other atomistic simulation methods. Point defect formation energy in the GBs is on average lower than in the lattice but variations from site to site within the GB core are very significant. The formation energies of vacancies and interstitials are close to one another, which makes the defects equally important for GB diffusion. Vacancies show interesting effects such as delocalization and instability at certain GB sites. They move in GBs by simple vacancy-atom exchanges or by “long jumps” involving several atoms. Interstitial atoms can occupy relatively open positions between atoms, form split dumbbell configurations, or form highly delocalized displacement zones. They diffuse by direct jumps or by the indirect mechanism involving a collective displacement of several atoms. Diffusion coefficients in the GBs have been calculated by KMC simulations using defect jump rates determined within the transition state theory. GB diffusion can be dominated by vacancies or interstitials, depending on the GB structure. The diffusion anisotropy also depends on the GB structure, with diffusion along the tilt axis being either faster or slower than diffusion normal to the tilt axis. In agreement with Borisov's correlation, the activation energy of GB diffusion tends to decrease with the GB energy.
Epstein-Barr virus and familial Hodgkin's disease

Several studies suggest that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to Hodgkin's disease (HD). This study was undertaken to examine the role of EBV in familial HD (FHD). Among 60 FHD patients from 27 families with two or more cases per family, we tested available paraffinized tumor tissues from 46 cases by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER1) expression. Thirteen of 46 FHD patients (28%) had EBER1 expressed in the Reed-Sternberg cells. Concordance rate of EBV positivity was evaluated among 34 first-degree related pairs from 17 families for which both cases had available paraffinized tumor tissues. Only two of 17 pairs were concordant for EBER1 positivity. There was no excess of positive concordance (P = .18). Serologically, FHD patients had higher geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) and early antigen D (EA-D). There was no difference in seroprevalence between patients and control groups, nor was there concordance in elevated serology among 15 pairs of first-degree related FHD cases. Young adult unaffected family members (UFM) may not react to EBV in the same way as the general population as evidenced by the lower titer of VCA, although not statistically significant, and significantly lower titers of EA-D, compared with age-matched controls. While EBV might have some role in a subset of HD, lack of concordance of EBER1 expression and EBV serology among the FHD cases in the same family suggest that EBV does not play an important role in FHD.
POLITICAL COMPLEXITY, RISE OF

The rise of political complexity involves the successful introduction of offices, institutions, and hierarchical information exchange and decision making. This innovation creates centralized political arrangements that did not exist in egalitarian societies. Theoretical approaches to complexity have focused on consensus and conflict within and between communities. Chiefdoms – regional polities with an unspecialized central authority – rely on intensive economies, coercive power bases, and some degree of specialized economy and hereditary inequality. These polities often expand and collapse in cycles of individual competition for limited offices. States are complex polities with a centralized and specialized government. States are civil societies with larger populations and more hierarchical and specialized administrative structures. States also expand and fragment, and the largest states (empires) come to administer complex, multiethnic peripheral regions before experiencing decline or collapse. Ultimately, complexity confers certain competitive advantages, but complex societies tend to have problems with self-regulation and long term instability.
Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations of Enzyme Systems

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is being widely used for the study of biological systems. The popularity of this technique is derived from the special advantages it has to offer both from the biological and magnetic resonance points of view. From the biological viewpoint phosphorus-containing molecules, e.g., nucleoside di- and triphosphates, and other phosphate derivatives occur in a number of key biochemical pathways. 31P is a convenient nucleus for magnetic resonance since it is the only natural nucleus of phosphorus, has a spin 1/2 so that there is no quadru-pole moment and the associated line-broadening complications, and has reasonable sensitivity (at constant magnetic field 31P has a sensitivity ~7% of that of 1H). Among the isotopes of atoms that are ubiquitous in biological molecules (C, H, N, O, P, and S) 31P is one of the few nuclei that has all the above useful features from the NMR point of view. The NMR methodology made rapid progress during the past decade using high frequencies of operation that became possible with the advent of superconduc-ting magnets and employing Fourier transform methods coupled with computers for signal averaging and data processing. The modern NMR technology allows considerable scope for exploiting the above advantages of 31P NMR techniques for the study of biological systems.