cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Behavior of Prepubertal Children

Sexual development progresses throughout early childhood and into adolescence. This chapter addresses sexual knowledge and behavior in prepubescent children. Puberty onset and theories on earlier onset are described for context. Research on sexual knowledge and behavior, including sex play, in prepubescent children is reviewed. Cultural context and the influence of media are reviewed, as are special topics of premature and precocious puberty and gender identity.
Reflections on the Evolvement of Life

The “origin” of life has been the gist of all scientific or intellectual endeavors since the dawn of culture. There is hardly a religion or tribal tradition that has not tried to develop a model or explanation for the existence of living beings as we know them. The history of science as opposed to the history of technology may be considered as the history of ideas concerning the origin and function of the universe as perceived by man. The evolvement of life constitutes a major part of these ideas. It seems that the questions — “Where did we come from?” and “How were we created?”, are deeply entrenched in the human psyche.
Hard Ecology, Soft Ecology, and Ecosystem Integrity

What you take as your starting point depends on where you want to go. If you want to sail due south to the Dry Tortugas, then you start with plenty of fresh water, some food, a good navigational system, and arguably a ship-to-shore radio for the long trip. But if you want to sail due west to nearby John’s Pass, then you might need some fresh water, but no food, no sophisticated navigational system, and no radio. How you begin a journey depends on where you want to go. So it is with environmental ethics.
Symptoms of social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: A network perspective.

Abstract Background We used network analyses to examine symptoms that may play a role in the co-occurrence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Whereas latent variable models examine relations among latent constructs, network analyses have the advantage of characterizing direct relations among the symptoms themselves. Method We conducted network modeling on symptoms of social anxiety and depression in a clinical sample of 130 women who met criteria for SAD, MDD, both disorders, or had no lifetime history of mental illness. Results In the resulting network, the core symptoms of social fear and depressed mood appeared at opposite ends of the network and were weakly related; so-called “bridges” between these symptoms appeared to occur via intervening variables. In particular, the worthless variable appeared to play a central role in the network. Limitations Because our data were cross-sectional, we are unable to draw conclusions about the direction of these effects or whether these variables are related to each other prospectively. Conclusions Continued testing of these pathways using longitudinal data will help facilitate the development of more effective clinical interventions for these disorders.
Best practices in implementing inpatient pediatric asthma pathways: a qualitative study.

Objective: Clinical pathways (operational versions of practice guidelines) can improve guideline adherence and quality of care for children hospitalized with asthma. However, there is limited guida...
Intergovernmental relationships after disaster: state and local government learning during flood recovery in Colorado

When communities experience disaster, emergency response and recovery are led internally, based on local-level policy decisions and priorities. Decisions about how or whether to rebuild are made by...
Association of Pertussis Toxin with Severe Pertussis Disease

Pertussis, caused by respiratory tract infection with the bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis, has long been considered to be a toxin-mediated disease. Bacteria adhere and multiply extracellularly in the airways and release several toxins, which have a variety of effects on the host, both local and systemic. Predominant among these toxins is pertussis toxin (PT), a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits signaling through a subset of G protein-coupled receptors in mammalian cells. PT activity has been linked with severe and lethal pertussis disease in young infants and a detoxified version of PT is a common component of all licensed acellular pertussis vaccines. The role of PT in typical pertussis disease in other individuals is less clear, but significant evidence supporting its contribution to pathogenesis has been accumulated from animal model studies. In this review we discuss the evidence indicating a role for PT in pertussis disease, focusing on its contribution to severe pertussis in infants, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infection, and the characteristic paroxysmal cough of pertussis.
Confidence-aware motion prediction for real-time collision avoidance1:

One of the most difficult challenges in robot motion planning is to account for the behavior of other moving agents, such as humans. Commonly, practitioners employ predictive models to reason about...
#WhoAmI: Harm & Remedy for Youth of the #MeToo Era

Legal approaches to sexual and gender-based harms between minors are both ineffective and under-examined. Despite the #MeToo movement, the flashpoint confirmation hearing of Supreme Court Justice Kavanaugh involving alleged high school peer sexual assault, and heightened public awareness, fundamental issues regarding individuals under age 18 remain ignored, over-simplified, or misunderstood. While the fields of children’s rights, family law, and criminal justice consistently wrestle with the continuum of human maturity and capacity in setting legal boundaries and rules, under-theorizing the #MeToo matter for youth will continue to perpetuate harm, toxic masculinity, and complicity in rape culture. This article bridges the gap between empirical reality and legal response in a crisis that cannot be understated. As many as 81% of students between grades 8 and 11 report experiencing school sexual harassment, and girls ages 16-19 are four times more likely than the general population to be victims of sexual assault. These figures are undoubtedly low as much victimization goes unreported, including among males, LGBTQI populations, communities of color, and adults. Engaging the consciousness of the #MeToo movement — one of newfound courage and tenacity among survivors — this article calls for a paradigm shift while deconstructing, reimagining, and reorganizing the problematic legal landscape regarding sexual and gender-based harms between youth. This article asserts that status quo responses miss concerns unique to minors and simultaneously over-criminalize, infantilize, and neglect youth. At best, the status quo approach fails to address underlying causes of rape culture and other harms. At worst, it deprives survivors of true remedies and recourse while unfairly branding children with life-long punishment. Sexting among youth is a pervasive habit that presents an archetypal case study. Myriad sexting scenarios can lead to a blunt legal response that fails to recognize the inaccuracy of victim-offender binaries in the digital age. After critiquing and deconstructing the existing criminal law approach, this article recommends a paradigm shift that more aptly situates the “Me” in #MeToo concerning minors. Creating an informed, interdisciplinary typology of instances of sexual and gender-based harm among youth, this article ultimately proposes a tiered response system defaulting to public health education and harm-reduction, which only resorts to criminal legal intervention in the most severe situations. Although egregious events may require legal redress, a large portion of incidents involve issues beyond the narrow scope of law and impact youth who seek nonlegal or farther-reaching remedies.
The design, construction and evaluation of a test chamber for measuring rangehood capture efficiency

There are no ASHRAE/HVI standards for characterizing or specifying acceptable values of capture efficiency (CE) (i.e. percentage of cooking-contaminants captured/exhausted by a household rangehood)...
The electrochemical interface in first-principles calculations.

Abstract First-principles predictions play an important role in understanding chemistry at the electrochemical interface. Electronic structure calculations are straightforward for vacuum interfaces, but do not easily account for the interfacial fields and solvation that fundamentally change the nature of electrochemical reactions. Prevalent techniques for first-principles prediction of electrochemical processes range from expensive explicit solvation using ab initio molecular dynamics, through a hierarchy of continuum solvation techniques, to neglecting solvation and interfacial field effects entirely. Currently, no single approach reliably captures all relevant effects of the electrochemical double layer in first-principles calculations. This review systematically lays out the relation between all major approaches to first-principles electrochemistry, including the key approximations and their consequences for accuracy and computational cost. Focusing on ab initio methods for thermodynamic properties of aqueous interfaces, we first outline general considerations for modeling electrochemical interfaces, including solvent and electrolyte dynamics and electrification. We then present the specifics of various explicit and implicit models of the solvent and electrolyte. Finally, we discuss the compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy, and identify key outstanding challenges and future opportunities in the wide range of techniques for first-principles electrochemistry.
Xenophon on Tyranny in Hiero

Xenophon on tyranny in the Hiero. Profound observations about the psychological characteristics of the tyrant. It is a dialogue.
Is There a Breach in the Barrier Protecting Humans from Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion-derived disease causing lethal spongiform encephalopathy in cervids like deer, elk, moose, and reindeer (1). It is similar to other zoonotic spongiform encephalopathies that are deadly to humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, and holds potential for lethal spillover into human populations (2). Concern regarding potential spillover into humans is increasing as CWD is rapidly spreading across wild cervid populations in North America, cervids that are consumed by millions of hunters (3). In a recent mBio Opinion/Hypothesis piece, Osterholm …
Dating Matters and the Future of Teen Dating Violence Prevention

Despite increased focus and research on violence prevention, rates of teen dating violence (TDV) victimization have remained stable for the last two decades. In response to this major public health concern, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed and evaluated a multicomponent school-based program, Dating Matters, with the goal of reducing teen dating violence perpetration and victimization. This commentary discusses themes from the results of Dating Matters studies included in this special section of Prevention Science. We review the challenges in implementing multicomponent violence prevention programs across the social ecology as well as the promise of success in communities with elevated rates of TDV. Finally, we summarize the implications of these findings for violence prevention research and offer emerging areas where more research is needed.
Imaging Using Millimeter Wave Communication Networks: A Bonus SAR

In the next generations of cellular communication networks, higher density of base stations and higher frequency bands will be adopted. If being reflected by targets, the communication signal also brings information of the targets, in addition to the communication messages, to the receivers. In this paper, it is proposed to leverage the reflected communication signals to reconstruct an image of the environment. Due to the analogy to traditional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse SAR (ISAR), the principles of SAR and ISAR, namely the tomography via Fourier transformation, are adopted with necessary improvements. The algorithms are further refined to estimate the 3-dimensional silhouette of the environment. Numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the proposed algorithms.
Rehabilitation of Longitudinal Joints of Double-Tee Bridges through Full-Scale Testing

Prestressed precast double-tee bridges are the most common type of bridges on South Dakota local roads. They are also common in the neighboring states. Nevertheless, longitudinal girder-to-girder joints of many of double-tee bridges are deteriorating after a few years of service mainly due to insufficient joint detailing. The conventional joint consists of discrete welded steel plates embedded in grouted shear key. Twenty joint rehabilitation detailing alternatives were developed, rated, and two joint details were selected for bridge system testing: (1) a continuous joint reinforced with wire mesh and filled with latex modified concrete (LMC), and (2) discrete pockets reinforced with steel bars and filled with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). A full-scale 50-ft (12.19-m) long conventional double-tee bridge was constructed and tested under AASHTO fatigue loads. Subsequently, the longitudinal joint of the bridge was rehabilitated using the two proposed details in which each detail was incorporated on one-half of the bridge length. Fatigue and strength testing of the rehabilitated bridge showed that the both proposed joint rehabilitation methods are structurally viable. However, LMC is not a durable material for this application due to prior-to-testing cracks pertaining to restrained shrinkage. Only UHPC should be used in either proposed rehabilitation details. A cost analysis showed that the rehabilitation cost of a double-tee bridge with the proposed UHPC pocket joint method is only 30% of the bridge superstructure replacement cost. The presentation highlights the detailing and performance of both conventional and rehabilitated double-tee bridges, and a summary of findings will be presented.
Disentangling Transfer and Interference in Multi-Domain Learning.

Humans are incredibly good at transferring knowledge from one domain to another, enabling rapid learning of new tasks. Likewise, transfer learning has enabled enormous success in many computer vision problems using pretraining. However, the benefits of transfer in multi-domain learning, where a network learns multiple tasks defined by different datasets, has not been adequately studied. Learning multiple domains could be beneficial or these domains could interfere with each other given limited network capacity. In this work, we decipher the conditions where interference and knowledge transfer occur in multi-domain learning. We propose new metrics disentangling interference and transfer and set up experimental protocols. We further examine the roles of network capacity, task grouping, and dynamic loss weighting in reducing interference and facilitating transfer. We demonstrate our findings on the CIFAR-100, MiniPlaces, and Tiny-ImageNet datasets.
P11 Consumer Attention to Facts Up Front Labels on Similar Products with Different Serving Sizes

Background Facts Up Front (FUF) nutrition labels are used by food manufacturers to highlight selected nutrition information on the front of the package. Differences in serving sizes between similar products may go unnoticed by consumers, leading to misinterpretations of the nutritional information displayed in the FUF. Objective To examine consumer attention to FUF labels on 2 similar cereal products with differing serving sizes. Study Design, Setting, Participants Utilizing a nationally representative sample, 1,022 adults participated in an online survey. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants were shown images of 2 cereals with FUF labels that differed in serving size and nutrient amounts. Attention to the FUF and serving sizes was assessed, and participants were asked comparative questions about the nutrient content of the cereals. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regressions were performed. Results While 64.5% of participants reported looking at the FUF, only 21.3% were correct when asked which of the 2 cereals had the bigger serving size. The majority of participants incorrectly indicated that there were no differences between the cereals with respect to the nutrients presented, though these inaccuracies were less likely among participants who looked at the FUF. What seemed to go unnoticed by most participants were the marked nutritional differences between the products if the servings are equalized to 1 cup. In fact, when the serving sizes are equalized, the cereal with the larger listed serving size (and with seemingly higher amounts of less healthful nutrients such as sugar and sodium) actually had lower amounts of these nutrients in comparison to the cereal with the smaller listed serving size. Conclusion Attention to differences in the FUF and serving sizes was lacking. Participant inattention to the inequalities in serving sizes between cereals could mean they perceive them as being equal. Significant nutritional differences between products may be obscured by the failure of consumers to take different serving sizes into consideration.
Identification and characterization of a chicken major histocompatibility complex class II[beta] gene promoter

Three transfection methods were evaluated to establish a system for DNA transfection into a chicken macrophage cell line. The calcium phosphate method was determined to be the most efficient. Results from transient expression assays using the chicken macrophage cell line demonstrated that a 0.7 kb DNA fragment from a chicken MHC class n gene 5' flanking region contains a functional promoter, but may need additional enhancers outside this re^on for maximal promoter activity. ^Advances in Avian Immunological Research. J. F. Davison, ed. Carfax, Abingdon, UK 1995.
CGRP in Spinal Cord Pain Mechanisms

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has emerged as an important molecule at different levels of the pain neuraxis. Anatomical, neurochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral data strongly suggest that CGRP in the spinal cord enhances neurotransmission, neuronal excitability, and nocifensive behaviors in preclinical pain models. Spinal CGRP also modulates the transmission of nociceptive information to supraspinal sites, thus contributing to high integrated pain behaviors. The precise mechanism of action of CGRP is still not fully understood, in part because of the complexity of the CGRP receptor(s). There is strong evidence for postsynaptic actions in the spinal cord, but CGRP receptors appear to be localized on both pre- and post-synaptic elements and can modulate the release and action of other transmitters as well. The availability of CGRP antagonists that have been tested successfully in Phase II clinical trials for migraine headache offers an important opportunity for new and improved therapeutic strategies in certain pain states.
Focus group interviewing in the library literature: A selective annotated bibliography 1996‐2005

Purpose – Focus group interviewing, an important social science research methodology dating to the 1920s, is currently experiencing renewed popularity worldwide. This paper aims to review the implementation of this qualitative assessment tool as it relates to the library environment. The article is designed to stimulate the use of focus groups in librarianship and to demonstrate the range of positive applications across various activities within this field, such as administration, cataloging, reference, internet, and other areas. The goal is to bolster recognition that this data‐gathering technique can be utilized to achieve a variety of goals.Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive search of online databases was conducted in library science and in numerous other social sciences, given the interdisciplinary nature of the topic. The salient monographic and journal literature was selected and annotated. A number of standard handbooks, textbooks, references sources, and scholarly articles were consulte...
Methods for identification of flavobacteria.

Published reports disagree on the best features for detecting and distinguishing between Flavobacterium meningosepticum (biovar IIa) and Flavobacterium species CDC group IIb (biovar IIb; Flavobacterium indologenes). This report discloses that at least some of these disagreements may reflect the methods used. To detect production of indole, a modified Kovacs reagent (not Ehrlich) and a buffered tryptophan medium were optimal, but not all strains of these two biovars produced indole. To distinguish the two biovars, hydrolysis of corn starch was preferable to that of soluble potato starch. Both biovars may hydrolyze DNA; the differentiation achieved varied with the methods used. Both biovars presented pigmented growth; only IIb, however, was obviously pigmented on a 2-day blood agar plate. Acidification of D-arabinose definitively distinguished these two biovars; several additional features were useful but not definitive.
Effects of intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic saline on uterine activity, blood and amniotic fluid volumes, and electrolyte concentrations.

Abstract Intraovular injection of hypertonic saline successfully initiated labor in 16 patients. There was a net increase in amniotic fluid volume associated with a decreased blood volume within 2 to 4 hours following injection. The sodium chloride in the amniotic sac is diluted by the influx of water and is lost into the maternal circulation where increased serum sodium and chloride concentrations were observed. Amniotic fluid pressures were continuously monitored. Uterine activity increases shortly after injection and continues to increase until delivery is accomplished.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure, Growth, and Hematology in Relation to Retinol Status of the Rat in Acute Vitamin A Deficiency

JOYCE E. COREY AND K. C. HAYESDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health,Boston, Massachusetts 02135ABSTRACT In order to produce a model with which to isolate the primarychanges associated with vitamin A deficiency in the weanling rat, cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) pressure, body weight gain, and hA©matologieresponses were characterized in two experiments. In experiment 1, 35 weanling male rats were fedgraded intakes of vitamin A for a 5-week comparison method. It was predictedon the basis of linear regressions that the CSF pressure should be the mostsensitive of the three parameters to marginal vitamin A intake. To establish thissensitivity of the CSF pressure elevation in temporal terms during the onset ofacute deficiency, 48 weanling male rats were either fed ad libitum a vitamin A-free basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with vitamin A or pair-fed thecontrol diet. The three parameters described above were measured during the15 days critical to the development of deficiency. The data indicate that the risein CSF pressure in acute deficiency was not as sensitive to the onset of deficiencyas had been predicted on the basis of marginal or chronic deficiency. Thesestudies suggest that an acute deficiency does not allow sufficient time for theelevation of the CSF pressure due to an abrupt and disruptive metabolic imbalance apparently involving water. The implications of using a study of acuteor chronic vitamin A deficiency as a model for experimental investigation arediscussed. J. Nutr. 102: 1585-1594, 1972.INDEXING KEY WORDS vitamin A deficiency â€¢cerebrospinal fluid pressure â€¢hemo concentration
Learning from Errors

Freaks of Nature . What Anomalies Tell Us About Development and Evolution / And What They Tell Us About Development and Evolution. By Mark S. Blumberg . Oxford University Press, New York, 2009. 340 pp. $22.95. ISBN 9780195322828. Oxford. 352 pp. £12.99. ISBN 9780199213054. Blumberg presents examples of aberrant individuals as an underappreciated perspective on developmental and evolutionary processes.
Effect of choline on basal and stimulated acetylcholine release: an in vivo microdialysis study using a low neostigmine concentration

Using in vivo microdialysis, we examined the ability of choline (Ch) chloride (120 mg/kg i.p.) to amplify basal and stimulated acetylcholine (ACh) release from rat striatum in the presence of high (10−5 M) and low (5 × 10−8 M) neostigmine concentrations. High concentrations might suppress ACh release, and thus Ch dependence, by excessively stimulating presynaptic cholinergic receptors; alternatively, they could enhance Ch dependence by depriving the cholinergic terminals of Ch that would otherwise be formed intrasynaptically from the hydrolysis of ACh. Both basal and stimulated ACh release were found to be tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitive. The concentration of neostigmine in the microdialysis fluid positively affected basal ACh levels, but had no effect on Ch levels. Ch administration significantly increased ACh release (to 136% of basal values; P < 0.01) in the presence of the low neostigmine concentration, but failed to significantly increase ACh release following local electrical depolarization of striatal neurons. In contrast, Ch failed to affect basal ACh release in the presence of the high neostigmine concentration, but did increase electrically evoked release to 408% of basal values, as compared with 250% in rats receiving saline instead of the Ch (P < 0.05). Ch administration significantly increased microdialysate Ch levels in the presence of both of the neostigmine concentrations. Local administration of oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, to animals receiving the lower neostigmine concentration reduced basal ACh release and reduced the increase in basal release produced by Ch administration. These data affirm that systemic administration of Ch can enhance striatal ACh release, and show that the characteristics of this response are affected by the concentration of the cholinesterase inhibitor used in the experiment and by local muscarinic receptors.
How decays and final-state interactions affect velocity correlations in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We study rapidity correlations by calculating two-particle correlation functions and factorial moments for a simple thermal model of ultrarelativistic-heavy-ion collisions. In this model correlations arise from decays of unstable hadrons and the final-state interactions of the measured particles. These correlations are shown to be similar but smaller than correlations due to phase separation.
Cholinergic and adrenergic control of heart-rate changes in the rabbit*

The effects of atropine and propranolol upon the heart rate (HR) of albino and pigmented rabbits were tested in a replicated Latin square design. (a) The unconditioned HR response to peripheral shock was usually an acceleration in rate, although on occasions decelerations were obtained. (b) There were no differences in the HR URs of pigmented and albino rabbits. (c) HR changes elicited by shock did not diminish over sessions. And (d) HR changes during drug conditions suggested that although sympathetic activation contributed to the HR UR in the rabbit, the release of vagal inhibition also accounts for a reliable proportion of this response. Experiments on conditioned and unconditioned cardiovascular behaviors have revealed both increases and decreases in heart rate (HR) under various conditions (Obrist, Webb, Sutterer, & Howard, lY72). A recent experiment revealed unconditioned heart rate (HR) increases in the rabbit to be jointly determined by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (Kazis, Milligan , & Powell, 1973). In this study, separate groups of naive Ss were administered beta adrenergic and parasympathetic blockades and tested on a single day with four intensities of shock. These results agree with those of other investigators (e.g., Katcher, Solomon,
Learning Pronunciation Dictionaries: Language Complexity and Word Selection Strategies

The speed with which pronunciation dictionaries can be bootstrapped depends on the efficiency of learning algorithms and on the ordering of words presented to the user. This paper presents an active-learning word selection strategy that is mindful of human limitations. Learning rates approach that of an oracle system that knows the final LTS rule set.
Structure and Function of an NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase in an Open Conformation Capable of Reducing Cytochrome P450

NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) catalyzes the transfer of electrons to all known microsomal cytochromes P450. A CYPOR variant, with a 4-amino acid deletion in the hinge connecting the FMN domain to the rest of the protein, has been crystallized in three remarkably extended conformations. The variant donates an electron to cytochrome P450 at the same rate as the wild-type, when provided with sufficient electrons. Nevertheless, it is defective in its ability to transfer electrons intramolecularly from FAD to FMN. The three extended CYPOR structures demonstrate that, by pivoting on the C terminus of the hinge, the FMN domain of the enzyme undergoes a structural rearrangement that separates it from FAD and exposes the FMN, allowing it to interact with its redox partners. A similar movement most likely occurs in the wild-type enzyme in the course of transferring electrons from FAD to its physiological partner, cytochrome P450. A model of the complex between an open conformation of CYPOR and cytochrome P450 is presented that satisfies mutagenesis constraints. Neither lengthening the linker nor mutating its sequence influenced the activity of CYPOR. It is likely that the analogous linker in other members of the diflavin family functions in a similar manner.
Family Relationships and Adolescents' Health Attitudes and Weight: The Understudied Role of Sibling Relationships

Family relationships are important predictors of adolescents' diet, physical activity, and health issues including obesity. Despite their prominence in the family, siblings have received little attention on how they may influence these health-related behaviors. Addressing this gap, the present study examined associations between sibling relationship qualities and adolescents' health attitudes, exercise behaviors, and weight controlling for other family relationship qualities. Participants included one parent and two adolescent siblings (ages 12 to 19) from 326 families. Multilevel models indicated that net of parent-adolescent relationship qualities and adolescents' personal characteristics, sibling intimacy was related to healthy attitudes and greater exercise behaviors, whereas sibling conflict was associated with increased risk of being overweight. Links between sibling conflict and weight status, however, were further qualified by gender composition of the sibling dyad. Results highlight the significance of sibling relationships in adolescents' everyday health attitudes and behaviors and implications for intervention efforts are discussed.
Determination of occlusal vertical dimension: a literature review.

Summary The vertical dimension of occlusion refers to the length of the face as determined by the amount of separation of the jaws. Its determination is important for fabrication of all restorations. Many techniques have been used for measurement of the vertical dimension of occlusion in dentulous and edentulous patients. 9–25 These range from using preextraction records 9 to the use of swallowing, 16 functionally acquired jaw positions associated with phonetics, 17,19 and cephalometric radiographs and evaluation of radiopaque paste in the vestibular fornix. 25 There is no universally accepted or completely accurate method of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients. There seem to be no significant advantages of one technique other than those of cost, time, and equipment requirements. It is the end result that matters. It should be satisfactory to the dentist and the patient from an esthetic point of view and not induce degenerative changes from a functional standpoint. Regardless of the technique, the vertical dimension of occlusion must be determined carefully by the dentist for a successful prosthesis.
Modeling complex human–environment interactions: the Grand Canyon river trip simulator

Abstract Understanding the impacts of human recreation on natural resources is of critical importance in constructing effective management strategies. The Grand Canyon River Trip Simulator is a computer program that models complex, dynamic human–environment interactions in the river corridor of the Grand Canyon National Park. The system consists of a database and simulator engine. The database contains 487 trip diaries that report all stops for activities and camping along the 447 km Colorado River corridor within the purview of the National Park Service. The computer simulation employs statistics and artificial intelligence in creating an individual-based modeling system. This simulation system successfully models the recreational rafting behavior and captures the decision making of rafting parties as they responsively seek to optimize their experience. The model allows the Park managers to assess the likely impact of various alternative management scenarios for rafting trips on the Colorado River. The Grand Canyon River Trip Simulator advances our abilities to model complex systems in the context of human–environment interactions. It may serve as a suitable template for modeling a suite of other complex adaptive systems including ecosystems.
Immunologic Factors in Human Milk and Disease Prevention in the Preterm Infant

Exposure to the immunologic factors found in maternal breast milk has been shown to compensate for the immature immune system that characterizes the preterm infant. Feeding preterm infants with human milk not only provides protection from disease pathogenesis and ensures an optimal source of nutrients in the short term, but it also helps to ensure the development of a healthy immune response in the long term. Here, we review the immunological significance and antiinflammatory effects of a selection of the bioactive molecules found in human milk and how they may differ under conditions of preterm birth. In addition, the role that human milk plays in the intestinal colonization of the preterm infant and why this is important to short- and long-term health outcomes are discussed.
Symbolic substitution based flagged arithmetic unit design using polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting system

Abstract An extremely efficient modified-signed digit arithmetic unit based on symbolic substitution scheme is designed using the polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting system. Alternate design characteristics for both addition and subtraction are also presented.
An allyl(carborane)nitrosyl molybdenum complex: preparation and reactivity

Abstract Treatment of CH2Cl2 solutions of [NEt4][closo-3-(η3-C3H5)-3,3-(CO)2-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11] with [NO][BF4] at room temperature affords the allyl(carborane)nitrosyl complex [closo-3-(η3-C3H5)-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11] in moderate yield. Reaction between the latter compound and K-Selectride (K[BH(Bus)3]) in thf, followed by the addition of [N(PPh3)2]Cl affords the η2-alkene complex [N(PPh3)2][closo-3-(η2-CH2CHEMe)-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11]. Similarly, the complex [N(PPh3)2][closo-3-(η2-CH2CHEt)-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11] is obtained from the reaction between [closo-3-(η3-C3H5)-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11] and methyl lithium, followed by the addition of [N(PPh3)2]Cl. Treating CH2Cl2 solutions of the allyl-nitrosyl complex with the nucleophiles PPh3 and Ph3PCHC(O)Me affords the complexes [closo-3-(η2-CH2CHCH2PPh3)-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11] and [closo-3-{η2-CH2CH CH2CH(PPh3)C(O)Me}-3-(CO)-3-(NO)-3,1,2-MoC2B9H11], respectively. The IR and NMR data (1H, 11B{1H}, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H}) for the new complexes are reported and discussed in relation to their structures.
Photometric imaging of Mars during the 1973 opposition

The paper discusses imaging of Mars at 20 wavelengths in the spectral region from 0.35 to 1.10 microns performed during the 1973 opposition with a photometric imaging system that uses a silicon vidicon tube as the detector. The imaging system and data-reduction procedures are described in detail, and relative reflectance spectra for several small areas in the images are presented along with vidicon images obtained during early phases in the development of the 1973 dust storms. Several anomalous blue brightenings are examined and attributed to ground fog and H2O frost. It is suggested that anomalously large amounts of H2O were pulsed into the atmosphere from the regolith by the storm system. An apparent fading and recession of the north polar hood is noted, surface units revealed in contrast-enhanced ratio images are identified, and the need for higher-spatial-resolution orbital spectroscopy of dark areas is emphasized.
Nuclear reactor pressure vessel-specific flaw distribution development

Abstract Vessel intergrity predictions performed through fracture mechanics analysis of a pressurized thermal shock event have been shown to be significantly sensitive to the overall flaw distribution input. It has been shown that modern vessel in-service inspection (ISI) results can be used for development of vessel flaw distribution(s) that are more representative of U.S. vessels. This paper describes the development and application of a methodology to analyze ISI data for the purpose of flaw distribution determination. The resultant methodology considers detection reliability, flaw sizing accuracy and flaw detection threshold in its application. Application of the methodology was then demonstrated using four recently acquired U.S. PWR vessel inspection data sets. Throughout the program, new insight was obtained into several key inspection performance and vessel integrity prediction practice issues that will impact future vessel integrity evaluation. For example, the potential application of a vessel-specific flaw distribution now provides at least one method by which a vessel-specific reference flaw size applicable to pressure-temperature limit curves determination can be estimated. This paper will discuss also the development and application of the methodology and the impact to future vessel integrity analyses.
Testosterone facilitates aggression by modulating vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus

Abstract In many species, testosterone treatment facilitates offensive aggression tested in resident-intruder models. As the mechanisms of action of testosterone remain unclear, we hypothesized that testosterone interacts with neurotransmitter systems involved in the regulation of offensive aggression. We tested this hypothesis with the vasopressinergic system in golden hamsters in three separate experiments. First, we compared the density of V 1 vasopressin (AVP) receptor binding between castrated animals treated with testosterone and their untreated controls. The most noticeable difference was found within the ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH), a site involved in the control of aggression in several species of mammals. Within this area, V 1 AVP receptor binding disappeared after castration, while being maintained by testosterone-treatment. Second, we tested behavioral effects of AVP within the VLH. Microinjections of ANT (100 nl, 1 or 100 μM ) within the VLH accelerated the onset of offensive aggression in testosterone-treated animals. However, AVP-injected animals did not bite more than their vehicle-injected controls. Third, microinjections of AVP failed to activate offensive aggression in animals deprived of testosterone. As AVP receptors appeared to overlay previously described distributions of androgen and estrogen receptors in golden hamsters, we propose that testosterone facilitates the onset of offensive aggression, at least partly, through an activation of AVP receptors within the VLH.
Corticotropin releasing factor binding protein (CRF-BP) is expressed in neuronal and astrocytic cells.

Abstract Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) binding protein (CRF-BP) was measured in media and cell lysates of primary rat astrocytes, microglia and neurons with the use of a ligand immunoradiometric assay (LIRMA). A low basal level of CRF-BP was detected in the media and cell lysates from primary neuronal and astrocyte cells after 48 h in culture. No basal expression of CRF-BP was detected in cell lysates or media from primary microglial cultures. The CRF-BP expressed in cultured astrocytes and neurons had the same pharmacological characteristics as the human recombinant molecule. After forskolin, IBMX or forskolin/IBMX treatment, a robust increase in secreted CRF-BP levels in the media from astrocytes and neurons, but not microglia, was observed. An increase in CRF-BP-like immunoreactivity in cell lysates was also observed after IBMX/forskolin treatment. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that CRF-BP mRNA was increased in primary cultured astrocytes after IBMX/forskolin stimulation suggesting that regulation was at the level of gene transcription. ‘Axon sparing’ lesions produced with 0.12 M quinolinic acid in PBS injected intracerebrally (unilaterally into dorsal hippocampus) resulted in loss CRF-BP expressed in neurons. These data provide evidence for the differential localization and regulation of CRF-BP in different cell types in brain and suggest that CRF-BP expression may be locally increased in disease states associated with astrocytosis and gliosis.
A policy based system to incorporate self-managing behaviors in applications

With the rapid increase in complexity of software systems and applications, it becomes necessary to develop tools to simplify the incorporation of self-managing features into applications. The use of object and component technologies, together with a policy system which externalizes business logic from an application, plays an important role in enabling systems with greater manageability and variability. In this presentation, we will show an approach to build policy based applications with much greater flexibility, expressiveness and reusability . The key concept in this approach is the separation of business logic expressed as policy or rules into its various sub-components and these sub-components are dynamically configurable.
Restricting the HyperelasticModels for Elastomers Basedon Some Thermodynamical,Mechanical, and Empirical Criteria:

The stress–strain relation for rubber-like or elastomeric polymersis derivable from a strain energy function within the context of hyperelasticity.In the mechanical characterization of elastomers, ...
Framing protest: News media frames of the million man march

This paper examines network television news (ABC, CBS, and NBC) coverage of the “Million Man March,”; a widely publicized and well‐attended demonstration that took place in Washington, DC on October 16, 1995. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the dominant framing practices‐problem definition, rhetorical devices, use of sources, and images‐employed by journalists to make sense of this particular expression of political protest. Additionally, the paper documents how and assesses why the Million Man March generated an enormous amount of media coverage. This particular analysis of network news coverage suggests the dominant framing strategies employed by journalists focused less on the issues that generated widespread interest in the march and more on the racial and political viewpoints of Louis Farrakhan. The implications of the framing strategies for both the demonstration and U. S. race relations are also discussed.
The Second Derivative Electronic Absorption Spectrum of Cytochrome c Oxidase in the Soret Region

Abstract The electronic absorption spectrum of solubilized beef heart cytochrome c oxidase was analyzed in the 400–500nm region to identify the origin of doublet features appearing in the second derivative spectrum associated with ferrocytochrome a . This doublet, centered near 22,600cm −1 , was observed in the direct absorption spectrum of the a 2+ a 3 3+ ·HCOO − form of the enzyme at cryogenic temperatures. Since evidence for this doublet at room temperature is obtained only on the basis of the second derivative spectrum, a novel mathematical approach was developed to analyze the resolving power of second derivative spectroscopy as a function of parameterization of spectral data. Within the mathematical limits defined for resolving spectral features, it was demonstrated that the integrated intensity of the doublet feature near 450nm associated with ferrocytochrome a is independent of the ligand and oxidation state of cytochrome a 3 . Furthermore, the doublet features, also observed in cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans , were similarly associated with the heme A component and were correspondingly independent of the ligand and oxidation state of the heme A 3 chromophore. The doublet features are attributed to lifting of the degeneracy of the x and y polarized components of the B state of the heme A chromophore associated with the Soret transition.
Molecular Marker for Predicting Treatment Response in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Does the Promise Fulfill Clinical Need?

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is largely diagnosed incidentally on imaging taken for unrelated reasons. The management of localized lesions is primarily extirpative with excellent results. Treatment of advanced RCC has evolved over recent years with the use of targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and antibody-mediated therapies. The treatment response to these targeted therapies is highly variable, with no clear clinical method of identifying patients who will benefit from or not tolerate therapy. The field of molecular markers has evolved significantly in the last decade, with a multitude of markers identified that predict treatment response and drug toxicity. The following review critically evaluates those molecular markers that have been assessed for their utility in predicting treatment response in patients with advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Identifying the ideal treatment for these patients will improve responses to therapy, minimize morbidity, and save significant healthcare dollars.
Affirmative Actions Can the Discriminant Accuracy of a Test Be Determined in the Face of Selection Bias

Clinical estimates of test efficacy can be distorted by the differential referral of positive and negative test responders for outcome verification. Accordingly, a series of computer simu lations was performed to quantify the effects of various degrees of this selection bias on the observed true-positive rate, false-positive rate, and discriminant accuracy of a hypothetical test. The error in observed true- and false-positive rates was positive with respect to diag nosis, and negative with respect to prognosis. The magnitude of error was highly correlated with the magnitude of bias associated with the test response (primary selection bias), but not with the magnitude of bias associated with additional independent factors (secondary selection bias). Mathematical correction for preferential referral based on the test response using a previously published algorithm completely removed the correlation with primary selection bias for both diagnosis and prognosis. Although a significant correlation with sec onda...
Examining the Rift Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Pharmacy Profession: A Channels of Distribution Approach

SUMMARYMarketing theory indicates that there is always conflict in channels of distribution. The pharmaceutical industry and the profession of pharmacy have a long history of conflict. It is manifested primarily as a battle over control of prescribing and dispensing decisions. Over time, the profession and industry have opposed each other on the issues of generic interchange, therapeutic substitution, and collaborative drug therapy management. While conflict between channel members will always be present, it can be minimized by a focus on shared goals. A greater commitment by each group to focus on patients–by promoting adherence and the use of cost-effective products, for example–could go far toward minimizing the level of conflict.