cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Debt in Emerging Markets: Is it Too High?

Daniel, Callen, Terrones, Debrun and Allard apply a number of different approaches to assess fiscal sustainability in emerging markets. Their analysis suggests that for these countries the sustainable level of public debt is often quite low. They discuss the heavy policy agenda that confronts policies to reduce public debt and cushion against the risks that high debt presents, including: a) reforms to strengthen and broaden the tax base; b) better control of expenditures during economic upswings; c) improving the credibility of fiscal policy; d) reducing exposure to exchange rate and interest rate movements; e) structural reforms to boost growth prospects; f) addressing the risks from contingent and implicit liabilities.
Abstract 2874: Functional Polymorphisms in Toll-like Receptor 4 Predict Worse Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 including 1063 A/G [Asp299Gly] and 1363 C/T [Thr399Ile] alter immune cell responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and are associated with increased rates of infection. The effect of these TLR4 SNPs on outcome following AIS is unknown. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled after onset of AIS. Clinical and demographic data were collected and neurological outcomes assessed at 3 months. Blood was drawn at multiple time points to quantify leukocyte subsets and assess plasma levels of C-reactive protein and a panel of cytokines. Genotyping for the TLR4 SNPs was also performed on blood samples. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to assess associations between TLR4 SNP haplotype and (i) each laboratory parameter noted above, (ii) infection risk and (iii) stroke outcome. Results: Of the 42 patients included; 6 (14%) were heterozygous for either one or both TLR4 SNPs. Baseline characteristics were similar in patients with or without a TLR4 SNP. In analyses adjusted for both initial stroke severity and age, the presence of a TLR4 SNP was associated with increases in blood leukocytes, plasma C-reactive protein and the cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). The presence of either TLR4 SNP was also associated with a trend toward increased rates of infection (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of 8.20 and 0.826-81.5, respectively) and a decreased likelihood of favorable outcome as defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of two or less at three months from stroke onset (0.014, 0.00-0.759). Conclusions: In AIS patients, functionally significant genetic variations in TLR4 influence both rates of stroke-associated infection and neurological outcome. These data suggest a direct connection between TLR4 function and stroke pathophysiology.
Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Silica Aerogels from Computer Simulations

Aerogels are of current interest in the aerospace community due to their light weight and low thermal conductivity, making them suitable for a variety of applications, notably cryotank insulation. These gels typically exhibit a complex structure; the smallest feature is a “primary” particle of amorphous silica, typically 2-5nm in diameter. The primary particles aggregate to form “secondary” particles, typically an order of magnitude larger, and these, in turn, form pearl-necklace structures whose details depend on the density. The gels appear to exhibit fractal dimensionality, at least over a small range of length scales. In this work, we investigate the relationship between the structure of the gels, their dimensionality and density, and their thermal conductivity. We model the secondary-particle aggregate structure using a modified Diffusion Limited Cluster Aggregation (DLCA) model. The model produces qualitatively different structures at low and high densities that are consistent with experimental observation. At lower densities, we find evidence for a transition from fractal behavior at small length scales to approximately compact behavior at larger lengths. We model the thermal conductivity using a variant of the random resistor network approach that has been used to describe, e.g. hopping electrical conduction in doped semiconductors. In our model, each secondary particle is assigned an effective thermal conductance that depends on the particle's size, and on the details of its contacts with neighboring particles; the conductivity of the gel network is obtained using standard numerical techniques. The scaling of the thermal conductivity with density and fractal dimension is discussed.
Wake Vortex Control Using Rapidly Actuated Segmented Gurney Flaps

A study to assess the potential for using rap idly actuated segmented Gurney f laps, also known as Miniature Tr ailing Edge Effectors (MiTEs) , for active wake vortex alleviation is conducted using a half -span model wing with NACA 0012 shape and an aspect ratio of 4.1 . All tests a re performed with the wing at an 8.9 ˚ angle of attack and chord based Reynolds number of 350,000 . The wing is equipped with an array of 13 MiTE pairs . Each MiTE has a flap that in the neutral position rests behind the blunt trailing edge of the wing, and in the down position extends 0.015 ch ord lengths perpendicular to the freestream on the pressure side of the wing . Measurements of section lift coefficient are made using pressure taps to assess the effect of various MiTE configurations on the spanwise lift distribution . Static and dynamic PI V measurements are made on the trailing vortex to assess the steady -state and transient effects of different actuation schemes . It is found that the MiTE configurations that nearly conserve the total lift on the wing can also displace the vortex by 0.041 chord lengths in the spanwise direction and 0.016 chord lengths in the liftwise direction . These perturbations can be produced at axial wavelengths corresponding to short and long wavelength vortex instabilities.
Mitigation of Liquefaction Potential of Silty Sands

Mitigation of liquefaction potential of soils with fines contents greater than 15 to 20 percent usually requires special adaptation of the dynamic densification methods — Deep Dynamic Compaction, Explosive Compaction, Vibro-Compaction, Compaction Piles — that are ordinarily used to improve loose, clean cohesionless soils. However, these methods can be used to attain the needed improvement in many soils if closely spaced vertical sand, gravel, or prefabricated (wick) drains are installed prior to construction. Soil-cement columns or walls installed by deep soil mixing or jet grouting can be used to provide both reinforcement and containment of liquefied soil. Removal and replacement of liquefiable silty and clayey soils using compaction, admixture stabilization or substitution by another 'material; e.g., roller compacted concrete, is also possible; however, the cost may be high, and consideration must be given to dewatering needs and the stability of open excavations. Mitigation of the liquefaction potential of high fines content sandy and silty soils using permeation grouting is not feasible because the low hydraulic conductivity of such soils.
Design and Implementation of Enterprise Data Protection and Leakage Proof Platform

Enterprise informatization is constructed vigorously,to facilitate the realization of information and data sharing.Various types of data are used in normal production and operation of enterprises.No matter what is the scale of enterprises,there are data leakage risks,these risks will make enterprise security,intellectual property,property and privacy multiple threats.This paper describes the data protection and leakage proof platform based on the whole life cycle of the protection of data,through the data classification,identification,retrieval,protection,monitoring and analysis,establishes from the service layer,protection layer and analysis layer of whole life cycle data protection system,thus greatly reduces the conscious or unconscious data leakage,improves enterprise data protection.
Detection of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among Close Family Contacts of Smear-positive Tuberculosis Patients

Objective To understand the detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis among close family contacts of smear-positive tuberculosis patients in Yantan district.Methods A total of 1542 close family contacts received exa mination,the children less than 15 years old received tuberculin purified protein derivative test,and those with the test result of ≥10mm or﹤10mm but with mal and people aged≥15 years received chest x-ray exa mination.Sputum smear and sputum culture check were conducted among those with shadows on lungs.Results The detection rate of active pulmonary tuberculosis among close family contacts of smear-positive tuberculosis patients was 3.8% in Yantan district.The detection rate of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 0.8%.Conclusion The detection rate of active pulmonary tuberculosis among close family contacts of smear-positive tuberculosis patients was high in Yantan district.
Influences, Parallels, Filiations

Paradoxical Resolutions: American Fiction Since James Joyce. By Craig Hansen Werner. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1982. 237 pp. $18.95.
Predication, and What is Said

In the previous chapter a theory of speaker’s reference based on the intentions of the speaker was developed. Completion of the story about what is said requires a companion theory of predication — referring to something is after all generally not all there is to saying something — and a demonstration of how these theories yield the desired result. Let us start then with predication. Happily, many of the considerations that occupied us in the previous chapter will apply here as well, which will allow the discussion to be somewhat less detailed than would otherwise be required.
Dimensions of Rules and Their Correspondence to Rule-Governed Behavior

I present an account of different types of rules in terms of form and function, their dimensions, and their correspondence to rule-following behavior. I identify five dimensions of rules (as verbal stimuli) and relate them the listener’s behavior (rule-following) and the listener’s history of contingencies. This classification is according to rule: (a) explicitness (or implicitness), (b) accuracy (congruence or correspondence), (c) complexity (first order, second order conditional discriminations), (d) source (given by others or self), and (e) time (immediate, delayed, or remote). The main premise is that the probability that the listener will behave according to the contingencies specified on a given rule would depend on these dimensions, the context in which the rule is provided, and the listener’s history with the rule or similar rules. Even though experimental manipulations of different types of rules (e.g., instructions) have been conducted in studies of stimulus equivalence, rule-following, say-do c...
Optimizing Multi-Copy Routing Schemes for Resource Constrained Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks

Intermittently connected mobile networks are wireless networks where most of the time there does not exist a complete path from a source to a destination. Researchers have proposed flooding based schemes for routing in such networks. While flooding based schemes are robust and have a high probability of delivery, they suffer from a huge overhead in terms of bandwidth, buffer space and energy dissipation due to large number of transmissions per packet. So flooding based schemes are impractical for resource constrained networks. Controlled replication or spraying methods can reduce this overhead by distributing a small, fixed number of copies to only a few relays, which then independently route each copy towards the destination. These schemes demonstrate a good delay performance without using a lot of resources. There are three important questions in the context of the design of these spraying based schemes: (i) How many copies per packet should be distributed? (ii) How to distribute these copies amongst the potential relays? (iii) How are each of these copies routed towards the destination? The first and the third questions have been studied in detail by different researchers. But, there has been no study which looks at the second question. This paper fills this void. Specifically, we propose a methodology to derive the optimal spraying policy. As a case study, we find the optimal spraying policy for two different spraying based schemes. Finally, we study the optimal policies to infer simple heuristics which achieve expected delays very close to the optimal.
Creating an isotopically similar Earth–Moon system with correct angular momentum from a giant impact

The giant impact hypothesis is the dominant theory explaining the formation of our Moon. However, the inability to produce an isotopically similar Earth–Moon system with correct angular momentum has cast a shadow on its validity. Computer-generated impacts have been successful in producing virtual systems that possess many of the observed physical properties. However, addressing the isotopic similarities between the Earth and Moon coupled with correct angular momentum has proven to be challenging. Equilibration and evection resonance have been proposed as means of reconciling the models. In the summer of 2013, the Royal Society called a meeting solely to discuss the formation of the Moon. In this meeting, evection resonance and equilibration were both questioned as viable means of removing the deficiencies from giant impact models. The main concerns were that models were multi-staged and too complex. We present here initial impact conditions that produce an isotopically similar Earth–Moon system with correct angular momentum. This is done in a single-staged simulation. The initial parameters are straightforward and the results evolve solely from the impact. This was accomplished by colliding two roughly half-Earth-sized impactors, rotating in approximately the same plane in a high-energy, off-centered impact, where both impactors spin into the collision.
Female Physicians Are Underrepresented in Recognition Awards from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Abstract Background Medical specialty societies are important resources for physicians in advancing their careers. There is a gap in the literature regarding gender disparities within these societies. This study assesses one area where disparities may exist: recognition awards. Objective To determine whether female physicians are underrepresented among recognition award recipients by the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPMR seven met this criterion, with a total of 264 individual awards presented. One award category was excluded because it focused on distinguished public service and included both physician and nonphysician (eg, public official) recipients. Awards that were not published online were also excluded. Main Outcome Measures Total awards given to female versus male physicians from 1968 to 2015, with awards given over the past decade (2006-2015) assessed independently. Lectureships were also analyzed as a set. For awards given to groups of physician recipients, analysis included gender composition of the group (eg, male only versus female only versus mixed-gender physician groups). To assess the proportion of female versus male physiatrists over time, physician gender and specialty data from 3 sources were used: the American Medical Association (AMA), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), and the AAPMR 84.1%). Females received 15.9% (n = 42) of the total awards, although there was an upward trend in female physician recipients to 26.8% (n = 26) from 2006 to 2015. Lectureships were given to 8 female physicians (n = 8 of 77, 10.4%). These results were lower than the proportion of female physicians in the field of physiatry (35% in 2013). Female physicians were more likely to receive awards if they were part of a group and less likely to be recognized if the award was given to only 1 recipient each year or involved a lectureship with a speaking opportunity at a national meeting. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study in medicine to assess whether female physicians are underrepresented among recipients of recognition awards presented by a national medical society. For nearly half a century, female physicians have been underrepresented in awards presented by the AAPM&R. Although it is encouraging that the proportion of female physicians receiving awards is increasing, further research is needed to understand why underrepresentation remains. Level of Evidence Not applicable.
Multi-Criteria Signal Timing Control for Over-Saturated Intersections

Abstract Delay minimization is one of the most commonly used criteria for optimizing performance of signalized intersections in unsaturated conditions. Under over-saturated conditions, however, minimizing delay alone may not be efficient since queue spillbackmay predominantly impose adverse effects on the system performance. Consequently, queue management becomes important under over-saturated conditions in addition to delay minimization. The paper adapts multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, including deviation minimization and compromise programming, to develop signal control strategies and investigate the system performance of signalized intersections under different traffic scenarios. It is found that two methods are capable of generating effective timing solutions fairly close to Pareto optimality.
Digestion of Peptidoglycan and Analysis of Soluble Fragments

Peptidoglycan (murein) is a vital component of the cell wall of nearly all bacteria, composed of sugars linked by short peptides. This protocol describes the purification of macromolecular peptidoglycan from cultured bacteria and the analysis of enzyme-digested peptidoglycan fragments using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Digested peptidoglycan fragments can be identified by mass spectrometry, or predicted by comparing retention times with other published chromatograms. The quantitative nature of this method allows for the measurement of changes to peptidoglycan composition between different species of bacteria, growth conditions, or mutations. This method can determine the overall architecture of peptidoglycan, such as peptide stem length, the extent of cross-linking, and modifications. Muropeptide analysis has been used to study the function of peptidoglycan-associated proteins and the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of single molecules.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the three-dimensional reconstruction of single molecules. Biological macromolecules have defined structures that are uniquely related to their metabolic functions. Two approaches have been proposed for three-dimensional reconstruction of single molecules. In the first approach a series of views of an individual molecule is picked from micrographs of tilting series. The molecule is reconstructed from these views by Fourier techniques. It is found that as no averaging is applied in this method, the reconstructed mass-density distribution represents the molecule together with the surrounding stain and the attached support film structure. Individual Fourier coefficients of single-particle projections, because of their high noise content, cannot be analyzed and compared individually. The proper way to compare features and assess the reproducibility of projection measurements or their Fourier transforms is to use global measures such as correlation functions. It is suggested that the resolution of the reconstruction should be matched to the resolution limit created by all the artifacts.
The New Art of Health Care: The Hyperrealism Period

The aim of this chapter is to provide to the reader a new approach of “Digital Health” which could be considered as a business process revolution but aiming to increase the care delivery value by lowering the total costs of care, based on scale economy and rationalization.
A Bell inequality for a class of multilocal ring networks

Quantum networks with independent sources of entanglement (hidden variables) and nodes that execute joint quantum measurements can create strong quantum correlations spanning the breadth of the network. Understanding of these correlations has to the present been limited to standard Bell experiments with one source of shared randomness, bilocal arrangements having two local sources of shared randomness, and multilocal networks with tree topologies. We introduce here a class of quantum networks with ring topologies comprised of subsystems each with its own internally shared source of randomness. We prove a Bell inequality for these networks, and to demonstrate violations of this inequality, we focus on ring networks with three-qubit subsystems. Three qubits are capable of two non-equivalent types of entanglement, GHZ and W-type. For rings of any number N of three-qubit subsystems, our inequality is violated when the subsystems are each internally GHZ-entangled. This violation is consistently stronger when N is even. This quantitative even-odd difference for GHZ entanglement becomes extreme in the case of W-type entanglement. When the ring size N is even, the presence of W-type entanglement is successfully detected; when N is odd, the inequality consistently fails to detect its presence.
Stress response of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima when exposed to sub-lethal amounts of crude oil and dispersant

The 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil well failure released billions of gallons of crude oil into the deep Gulf of Mexico, and, combined with chemical dispersants, this oil caused significant coral mortality. However, the mechanisms by which oil and dispersed oil impact deep marine fauna are not well understood. Here, we investigate the effects of oil and dispersed oil on a black coral common in the deep Gulf of Mexico, Leiopathes glaberrima. This coral occurs in several color morphs that show ecological and genetic differences. We hypothesized that dispersed oil would be more detrimental to coral health than oil alone and that this difference would be detectable in the gene expression response of the colonies even at sub-lethal concentrations. In two experiments, four and six colonies of red and white color morphs were exposed to oil, dispersant, and dispersed oil for a minimum of 96 hours. Visual assessment indicated that indeed dispersant and dispersed oil treatments were more damaging than oil alone, for target concentrations of 25 mg L–1. Decline in health was observed for all treatments, independently of color morphotype, but the decline was faster in the white colonies exposed to dispersant. The responses to the treatments were also investigated by monitoring gene expression after 24 hours of sub-lethal chemical exposure. Coral gene expression differed by chemical stressor. Interestingly, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarker gene, cytochrome P450, was only up-regulated in dispersed oil but not oil alone, suggesting that the dispersant increased the availability of such hydrocarbons in the tissue. The gene expression response was apparent at 24 hours when visual impacts were not (yet) detectable. The use of chemical dispersants in oil-spill remediation may cause health declines in deep-water corals and deserves further study.
Walnut consumption in a weight reduction intervention: effects on body weight, biological measures, blood pressure and satiety.

Dietary strategies that help patients adhere to a weight reduction diet may increase the likelihood of weight loss maintenance and improved long-term health outcomes. Regular nut consumption has been associated with better weight management and less adiposity. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a walnut-enriched reduced-energy diet to a standard reduced-energy-density diet on weight, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and satiety. Overweight and obese men and women (n = 100) were randomly assigned to a standard reduced-energy-density diet or a walnut-enriched (15% of energy) reduced-energy diet in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention. Measurements were obtained at baseline and 3- and 6-month clinic visits. Participants rated hunger, fullness and anticipated prospective consumption at 3 time points during the intervention. Body measurements, blood pressure, physical activity, lipids, tocopherols and fatty acids were analyzed using repeated measures mixed models. Both study groups reduced body weight, body mass index and waist circumference (time effect p < 0.001 for each). Change in weight was −9.4 (0.9)% vs. -8.9 (0.7)% (mean [SE]), for the standard vs. walnut-enriched diet groups, respectively. Systolic blood pressure decreased in both groups at 3 months, but only the walnut-enriched diet group maintained a lower systolic blood pressure at 6 months. The walnut-enriched diet group, but not the standard reduced-energy-density diet group, reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at 6 months, from 203 to 194 mg/dL and 121 to 112 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). Self-reported satiety was similar in the groups. These findings provide further evidence that a walnut-enriched reduced-energy diet can promote weight loss that is comparable to a standard reduced-energy-density diet in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention. Although weight loss in response to both dietary strategies was associated with improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, the walnut-enriched diet promoted more favorable effects on LDL-C and systolic blood pressure. The trial is registered at ( NCT02501889 ).
Antibodies and Vaccines as Novel Cancer Therapeutics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic principles of antitumor antibody and vaccine development with illustrative examples of agents currently in clinical use. The realm of antibody-based cancer immunotherapeutics is divided into two categories, including unmodified monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic, regulatory, and immunization properties, and immunoconjugates. The most significant developments in antibody-based cancer immunotherapeutics has been the discovery of monoclonal antibodies demonstrating direct anti-tumor cytotoxic properties. Immunotoxins represent the largest component of the immunoconjugate effort. Cancer vaccines represent an attempt to actively immunize patients against single or multiple tumor-specific antigens. The role of immune adjuvants in the cancer vaccine is to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen. An example of a tumor-specific antigen containing immunodominant peptides capable of stimulating anti-tumor T-cell responses is MAGE-1. The MAGE-1 antigen is encoded by a gene spanning 5 kb, and the 2419 base pair sequence produces a predicted protein product of 26 kDa.
Temperature, acidification, and food supply interact to negatively affect the growth and survival of the forage fish, Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) and Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow)

Climate change processes are warming, acidifying, and promoting a reduction of plankton biomass within World oceans. While the effects of these stressors on marine fish have been studied individually, their combined and interactive impacts remain unclear. Here we present experiments investigating the interactive effects of increased pCO2, temperature, and food-limitation on the early life history traits of two species of marine schooling fish native to Northeast US estuaries, Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) and Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow). While each stressor significantly altered hatching times, growth rates, and/or survival of fish, significant interactions between stressors resulted in impacts that could not have been predicted based upon exposures to individual stressors. Fish that were unaffected by high pCO2 when reared at ideal temperatures experienced significant declines in survivorship when exposed to elevated pCO2 at temperatures above or below their thermal optimum. Similarly, fish provided with less food were more vulnerable to elevated pCO2 than fish provided with adequate nutrition. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating multiple stressors in studies investigating the impacts of climate change stressors on marine life. Collectively, these results suggest that climate change stressors may interact to synergistically suppress the productivity of fisheries in coastal ecosystems and that these effects may intensify as climate changes continue.
The Vitamin D Receptor

Publisher Summary Vitamin D is a secosteroid and is the only vitamin known to be converted to a hormone. The hormonal form of vitamin D acts, at least in part, through a nuclear-mediated mechanism. A specific receptor protein has been found for this molecule in intestine, bone, and kidney, where it is known to carry out specific actions in stimulating calcium and phosphorus transport reactions. In addition to the classic actions of vitamin D, it has been demonstrated that a number of tissues possess not only the receptor for 1,25-(OH)2D3 but also show specific nuclear localization of radiolabeled 1,25-(OH)2D3. These include the parathyroid gland cells, islet cells of the pancreas, certain cell types of the pituitary, brain cells, odonoblasts, endocrine cells of the stomach, epidermal cells of the skin, and epithelial cells of mammary tissue. Recent developments have shown that 1,25-(OH)2D3 causes differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells into monocytes. There is also additional evidence that these monocytes accumulate into multinuclear cells perhaps as an osteoclast precursor. Again, the molecular mechanism of action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in these responses remains unknown.
Improved Precision in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Quantification of Analyte through Dual-Modality Multisite Sensing

Accurate quantification of analyte using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a desired, yet unfulfilled, ability that could enable a plethora of diagnostic- and defense-related applications. The major hurdles to overcome to achieve this goal are expensive manufacturing for highly ordered and reproducible substrates and low reproducibility of substrates produced through low cost methods. A technology that can set industry standards for manufacturing/processing of SERS substrates is still yet to be achieved. A dual-modality multisite sensing approach was developed, that overcomes the limitations experienced when fabricating bottom-up, reproducible, sensitive, and low-cost SERS substrates. Electrochemistry was combined with SERS for dual-modality sensing to improve precision by adding redundancy and encoding features, thus increasing measurement robustness and predictability. This technique works by calibrating SERS response with respect to active surface area, a parameter known to be proportional to charge, which can be estimated via electrochemical measurements. The dual-modality multisite measurement demonstrates at least 2.8× improvement in assay precision compared to the traditional single-site Raman measurements. The technique yields overall improved precision of measurement and is not limited to any particular SERS substrate or geometry, and thus it can be adapted and incorporated readily in any SERS sensing assay.
La traduction en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada. Dynamiques générales et impacts du PAES

Le Canada represente un cas de figure particulierement interessant pour etudier les dynamiques de la traduction dans les domaines des sciences sociales et humaines. Pays bilingue ou se cotoient deux langues centrales dans le champ international des SHS (l’anglais et le francais), le Canada s’est dote depuis plus de 40 ans de leviers institutionnels afin d’encourager le dialogue entre les deux communautes linguistiques. Le present article revient sur les realisations concretes des programmes mis en place afin, d’une part, de cartographier le reseau des echanges qu’ils dessinent et, d’autre part, de mesurer leur impact reel dans l’espace general des SHS. Dans un premier temps, nous presentons un historique de l’aide a la traduction des oeuvres savantes au Canada afin de comprendre les motifs derriere cette initiative du gouvernement federal et les repercussions que cela a pu avoir sur les oeuvres selectionnees. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous mesurons le rayonnement des ouvrages traduits. Reprenant une grille simple definie a partir des capitaux symboliques et sociaux en jeu, nous tâchons de presenter une appreciation de l’impact des sommes investies dans la traduction d’ouvrages scientifiques canadiens dans le domaine des SHS.
More gender bias in academia? Examining the influence of gender and formalization on student worker rule following

Student workers can influence professor productivity through the quality of research or teaching support provided. This is, in part, dependent on whether students follow the directions or rules put forth by the professor. While research on rule following is emerging, we know little about what influences rule following in student-professor work relationships. Using a survey experiment, we examine whether the way in which information is conveyed and who conveys it shapes student rule following. While we find students largely follow rules regardless of whether they are written or unwritten, we find significant gender bias. Male students are less likely to follow instructions given by a female professor than a male professor. Gender bias among student workers is another bias in academia that may influence productivity, but perhaps greater representation could reverse this trend.
Explaining Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Military Responses during the 2011 - 2012 Arab Uprisings

ABSTRACTThis article examines 20 civil-military variables across 21 Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries to better understand military responses during the “Arab uprisings.” This proje...
Noisy information, risk sharing, and international business cycles

We introduce a noisy information structure into an otherwise standard international real business cycle model with two countries. When domestic firms observe current foreign technology with some noise, predictions of the model on international correlation can be very different from those of a standard perfect information model. We show that the model can explain: (a) positive output correlation both in complete and incomplete market models, (b) consumption correlation smaller than output correlation with an introduction of information‐constrained consumers, and (c) observation of both positive and negative productivity–hours correlation in two countries.
Expectations for Sex without Birth Control among Young Men: Risk Factors from the USA National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge.

PURPOSE Male partner engagement in family planning can influence women's contraceptive behaviors and risk of unintended pregnancy. We identified factors associated with self-reported expectations for future contraceptive use among a nationally-representative sample of young men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge asked unmarried, sexually active men (ages, 18-29 y), who were neither involved in nor trying for a pregnancy, about their likelihood of having sex without contraception in the following three months. Demographics, social factors, and contraceptive awareness and attitudes were examined for potential associations using weighted analyses. RESULTS Of 903 men surveyed, nearly 600 were sexually active and expected to have sex in the following 3 months; nearly half (43%) reported at least some likelihood (23% slightly, 7% very, 13% extreme likely) that they would have sex without any contraception. Factors independently associated with sex without contraception included: not completing high school, not being in school full-time, not receiving sex education, limited awareness of contraceptive methods, multiple sexual partners, and friends with unintended pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Despite not wanting a pregnancy, many young men report they will have sex without contraception. While comprehensive sex education may increase contraceptive use, interpersonal and social factors also influence men's expected use of contraception.
Analyse the association between adverse events (AEs) and survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)

Abstract Background ICIs with a programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies have shown survival benefits for various metastatic cancer patients. However, some patients treated with ICIs may suffer from AEs. We investigated the association between AEs and survival in metastatic cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of metastatic cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab, nivolumab or atezolizumab from April 2016 to June 2019 for AEs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier curve was used to estimate survival probability and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between each interesting group. Results We enrolled 101 patients. Primary cancers were urothelial carcinoma (n = 52), lung cancer (n = 42), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 5), and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2). Atezolizumab was the most common prescribed agents (n = 69), followed by pembrolizumab (n = 29) and nivolumab (n = 3). The AEs happened more frequently were associated with lung (n = 25), skin (n = 24), endocrine (n = 17), and liver (n = 11). Median time for these AEs happened was 1.4 months. Median OS (mOS) for these patients was 16.9 months and median PFS (mPFS) was 9.1 months. Among various AEs, patients with skin AE had significantly longer PFS and OS compared to those without skin AE (mPFS: 11.9 months vs. 4.9 months, p = 0.0016 ; mOS: 16.4 months vs. 10.3 months, p = 0.0022). In comparison with those without endocrine AE, the occurrence of endocrine AE was associated with an improved PFS (mPFS: 19.2 months vs. 6.0 months, p = 0.0476 ) and a trend toward to OS (mOS: 19.4 months vs. 10.9 months, p = 0.1731 ). There were no survival difference between patients who experienced lung or liver AEs. Conclusions In metastatic cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs, development of skin or endocrine AEs may indicate improved survival time. The patients with AEs involved visceral organ, like lung or liver, have no better survival time. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Toward a Dynamic Network-Centric Distributed Cloud Platform for Scientific Workflows: A Case Study for Adaptive Weather Sensing

Computational science today depends on complex, data-intensive applications operating on datasets from a variety of scientific instruments. A major challenge is the integration of data into the scientist's workflow. Recent advances in dynamic, networked cloud resources provide the building blocks to construct reconfigurable, end-to-end infrastructure that can increase scientific productivity. However, applications have not adequately taken advantage of these advanced capabilities. In this work, we have developed a novel network-centric platform that enables high-performance, adaptive data flows and coordinated access to distributed cloud resources and data repositories for atmospheric scientists. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by evaluating time-critical, adaptive weather sensing workflows, which utilize advanced networked infrastructure to ingest live weather data from radars and compute data products used for timely response to weather events. The workflows are orchestrated by the Pegasus workflow management system and were chosen because of their diverse resource requirements. We show that our approach results in timely processing of Nowcast workflows under different infrastructure configurations and network conditions. We also show how workflow task clustering choices affect throughput of an ensemble of Nowcast workflows with improved turnaround times. Additionally, we find that using our network-centric platform powered by advanced layer2 networking techniques results in faster, more reliable data throughput, makes cloud resources easier to provision, and the workflows easier to configure for operational use and automation.
The AI advantage: how to put the artificial intelligence revolution to work

JITCAR’s review of books on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) started with a review of Prediction Intelligence (Heath, 2019). Continuing with this theme, we now review The AI Advantage by Th...
Depletion Forces Induced by Mixed Micelles of Nonionic Block Copolymers and Anionic Surfactants.

Depletion forces were measured between a silica sphere and a silica plate in solutions containing nonionic Pluronic P123 poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers ...
Genetic mutations associated with susceptibility to perioperative complications in a longitudinal biorepository with integrated genomic and electronic health records

Abstract Background Existing genetic information can be leveraged to identify patients with susceptibilities to conditions that might impact their perioperative care, but clinicians generally have limited exposure and are not trained to contextualise this information. We identified patients with genetic susceptibilities to anaesthetic complications using a perioperative biorepository and characterised the concordance with existing diagnoses. Methods Adult patients undergoing surgery within Michigan Medicine from 2012 to 2017 were consented for genotyping. Genotypes were integrated with the electronic health record (EHR). We retrospectively characterised frequencies of variants associated with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency, factor V Leiden, and malignant hyperthermia, three pharmacogenetic factors with perioperative implications. We calculated the percentage homozygous and heterozygous for each that had been diagnosed previously and searched for EHR findings consistent with a predisposition. Results Analysis of genetic data revealed that 25 out of 40 769 (0.1%) patients were homozygous and 1918 (4.7%) were heterozygous for mutations associated with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency. Of the homozygous individuals, 14 (56%) carried a pre-existing diagnosis. For factor V Leiden, 29 (0.1%) were homozygous and 2153 (5.3%) heterozygous. Of the homozygous individuals, three (10%) were diagnosed by EHR-derived phenotype and six (21%) by clinician review. Malignant hyperthermia was assessed in a subset of patients. We detected two patients with associated mutations. Neither carried clinical diagnoses. Conclusions We identified patients with genetic susceptibility to perioperative complications using an open source script designed for clinician use. We validated this application in a retrospective analysis for three conditions with well-characterised inheritance, and showed that not all genetic susceptibilities were documented in the EHR.
Comparative efficacy of the dorsal application of Kinesio tape and splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) symptoms are problematic especially when signs and symptoms are not substantial enough to require surgical intervention. Conservative treatments have mixed effectiveness, yet are one of the best options for mild to moderate CTS. Kinesio tape is an emerging modality, as it provides biomechanical support while allowing movement. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of dorsal application of Kinesio tape on occupational performance as measured by pain and function in individuals with mild to moderate CTS, as compared with the accepted nonsurgical intervention of general cockup orthosis and lumbrical stretching exercises versus sham tape. Study Design Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods Forty-four participants (68 wrists) with CTS were randomized to one of three interventions: Kinesio tape group, sham group, or standard protocol group. Each completed baseline and four subsequent measurements of numeric pain rating scale, visual analog scale (VAS), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), grip and pinch, with application of intervention every three days. Daily symptom journals were completed, standard protocol group recorded wearing schedule and exercises. Results In the forearm and wrist, a significant reduction in median numeric pain rating scale pain scores in Kinesio tape group was observed (r = 0.76, P = .01; r = 0.77, P = .01; respectively), but not in the standard protocol group (r = 0.51, P = .17; r = 0.53, P = .11) and sham group (r = 0.46, P = .30; r = 0.39, P = .43) with a minimal clinically important difference of 1.0. In the Kinesio tape group, the forearm (24%) and wrist (36%) reached the clinical significance as compared with the standard protocol forearm (18%) and wrist (32%). The minimal clinically important difference for pain reduction on the visual analog scale was 1.64. Kinesio tape and sham group had significant improvement in function, but not the standard protocol group. Discussion This study provides promising evidence for the use of Kinesio tape as a possible conservative intervention for management of symptoms in individuals with mild to moderate CTS. The study also illuminates new considerations of younger, active individuals reporting signs and symptoms of CTS as well as mechanism of effects on pain reduction. Conclusions Kinesio tape provided additional improvement in pain and function as compared to the standard approach.
Long-acting liposomal bupivacaine and postoperative opioid use after Peyronie's disease surgery: a pilot study.

Background Novel strategies have been proposed to minimize postoperative opioid use, yet many patients experience significant pain after penile surgery. Our objective was to evaluate postoperative opioid use in patients undergoing penile ring block with long-acting liposomal bupivacaine (LB; Exparel) during surgery for Peyronie's disease (PD). Methods We identified patients who underwent tunica albuginea plication (TAP) and plaque excision/grafting (PEG) for PD between July 2019 and September 2020. Intraoperatively, a ring block was administered at the penile base penis with 20 cc of LB. Patients were instructed to use over the counter pain medications as first line treatment for postoperative pain, and opioids were available for severe breakthrough pain as needed [7.5 oral morphine equivalents (OME) =5 mg oxycodone]. Opioid use was assessed during the first five days postoperatively. Results In total, 28 patients met inclusion criteria including 18/28 (64%) who underwent TAP and 10/28 (36%) who underwent PEG. Median patient age was 56 years (IGR 51;61). Median postoperative 10-point visual analogue pain score was 0 (range 0-3). Duration of penile anesthesia ranged from 1.5-4 days. In total, 9/28 patients (32%) utilized opioids during the first five days postoperatively (range 7.5-75 OME). Two patients (7%) required opioids during the first two days after surgery. 27/28 (96%) were satisfied or highly satisfied with postoperative pain control. Conclusions Intraoperative penile ring block with LB resulted in excellent pain control with local anesthetic duration of 1.5-4 days. The majority of patients did not require any opioids during the early postoperative period. Further study comparing outcomes with shorter-acting local anesthetics is necessary to balance pain control benefits with additional cost.
Optimizing the Integration of a Biopesticide (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) With a Single-Site Fungicide (Benzovindiflupyr) To Reduce Reliance on Synthetic Multisite Fungicides (Captan and Mancozeb) for Management of Apple Scab.

Apple scab is one of the most economically important diseases of apple in temperate production regions. In the absence of durable host resistance in commercially preferred cultivars, considerable a...
Ceramic Sensors for Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen

Recent consideration of pollution control and fuel efficiency for a variety of combustion processes, and increasing concern over safety in industrial activities involving flammable and poisonous gases, have necessitated the development of sensors for reliable detection of these gases.