cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A technique for implantation of the CentriMag left ventricular assist device to allow ambulation and rehabilitation in patients with heart failure.

Background: The therapeutic options for heart failure include inotropic agents, intraaortic balloon pumps, and left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). Implantable LVADs are not appropriate for all patients. The short-term devices require patients to stay in bed, connected to cannulas, which are usually inserted using a median sternotomy. This approach requires a subsequent sternotomy, midline cannulas (which can make sitting difficult), and immobility. We began using a right thoracotomy with cannulas placed through intercostal spaces for selected patients in need of temporary LVAD support. Methods: This retrospective chart review examined our experience with CentriMag LVAD placement via right thoracotomy from August 2009 to June 2013. We reviewed the reasons for support, the degree of postoperative mobilization, and the outcomes of the patients treated in this manner. Results: This approach was used in 6 patients. Four patients lacked financial or social support for a long-term, implantable LVAD. One patient was considered too ill to have an implantable LVAD placed, and one was treated with temporary support with hope for recovery from myocarditis. Five of these 6 patients were able to walk soon after LVAD implantation and initiate rehabilitation. One did not recover and had support withdrawn. Another suffered a stroke and had support withdrawn. Four of the 6 were transplanted successfully. Conclusions: CentriMag LVAD implantation via a right thoracotomy is a feasible approach that provides adequate hemodynamic support while allowing patients to ambulate, making subsequent cardiac transplantation less complicated by allowing the avoidance of a repeat sternotomy.
MEAT IN THE DIET OF PREMATURE INFANTS

Meat protein is as well retained and utilized as milk protein by the premature infant and is therefore as safe and efficient a source of protein as milk. The fat absorption of the premature infant is not significantly altered when the milk fat in the diet is partly or wholly replaced by meat fat or meat fat and olive oil. Strained meats do not contain a sufficient quantity of Ca and P to maintain an adequate intake of these minerals for the premature infant without further supplementation from other sources such as milk or pure mineral supplements. Strained meats are an excellent and readily available source of Fe for premature infants. The Fe of meat is absorbed by them, but how well it is stored and utilized by them requires further investigation.
Effect of labor on uterine blood flow

Abstract Simultaneous direct recordings of maternal blood pressure, intrauterine pressure, and uterine blood flow during ovine labor show that uterine contractions and maternal expulsive efforts decreased uterine blood flow. The acute diminution in blood flow was inversely and quantitatively related to the intensity of uterine contractions and was augmented by superimposed expulsive efforts. Uterine blood flow recovery was dependent upon the duration of the uterine relaxation phase. The present observations in the ewe and reported human observations indicate that uterine blood flow decreases during labor in women and that the average blood flow during a specific interval is determined primarily by the relationship between the intensity and frequency of uterine contractions and the duration of myometrial diastole.
Defusing a Google Bomb

Anonymous internet defamation is nothing new, but the recent Autoadmit controversy highlights one particularly difficult aspect of this problem: Google bombing. As private individuals are defamed on popular anonymous message boards, searches on Google and other engines return the defamatory posts as top hits for those individuals. This short essay suggests a notice and takedown solution modeled after the DMCA's similar provisions. I argue that such a solution is much more effective for the Google bomb problem than for copyright infringement because the parties involved are much more likely to have similar legal resources than in copyright disputes.
Minimization of Convex Functions

Utilizing the Gâteaux variations from the preceding chapter, it is straightforward to characterize convexity for a function J on a subset \(\mathcal{D}\) of a linear space \(\mathcal{Y}\), such that a convex function is automatically minimized by y ∈ \(\mathcal{D}\) at which its Gâteaux variations vanish.1 Moreover, in the presence of strict convexity, there can be at most one such y. A large and useful class of functions is shown to be convex. In particular, in §3.2, the role of [strongly] convex integrands f in producing [strictly] convex integral functions F is examined, and a supply of such f is made accessible through the techniques and examples of §3.3. Moreover, the Gâteaux variations of integral functions will, in general, vanish at each solution y of an associated differential equation (of Euler-Lagrange).
21 Analysis of the Candida albicans Genome

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of the Candida albcans genome. The most commonly isolated fungal agent of human disease, Candida albicans , is a diploid fungus that is capable of growing in a variety of morphologies, including yeast, pseudohyphae, or true hyphae. The chromosomes in C. albicans range in size from 4.3–1 Mb and they are numbered from the largest to the smallest. The ribosomal-DNA-bearing chromosome varies greatly in the size of its homologs, most likely because of sister chromatid exchange at the rDNA repeat. The variation in homolog size in this chromosome takes place frequently enough so that differences can sometimes be seen in serial clones of a particular laboratory strain. C. albicans has about 100 rDNA repeats per haploid genome and the size of the repeat is 12 kb. The homologs of this chromosome, labeled R, can vary in size from >4 to
The Rising Tide of the Transpacific

Bringing together theoretical and methodological resources, as well as concerns, from Asian area studies, comparative literature, modernist studies, American ethnic studies (most especially Asian American studies), and postcolonial studies, transpacific literary and cultural studies encompasses in its general scope the different nations, peoples, and cultural traditions making up the Pacific Rim region, with a particular focus on examining the diverse material and conceptual roles that they (or ideas about them) have played both in the very constitution of western modernity and in its subsequent global spread. This essay offers a brief genealogy of this emergent scholarly formation and discusses recent scholarship that seeks to chart the reciprocal interactions and tensions among the intertwined domains of Pacific Rim geopolitics, cultural production (especially poetry), and racialization that have underwritten and accompanied the rise of Euro-American modernity and its unevenly contested effort to shape the rest of the world according to its own image.
Genetic Taste Markers and Food Preferences

Sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6- n -propylthiouracil (PROP) is an inherited trait. Although some people find PROP to be extremely bitter, others cannot distinguish PROP solutions from plain water. In a series of studies, greater PROP sensitivity was linked with lower acceptability of other bitter compounds and with lower reported liking for some bitter foods. Women, identified as “super-tasters” of PROP, had lower acceptance scores for grapefruit juice, green tea, Brussels sprouts, and some soy products. Many of these foods contain bitter phytochemicals with reputed cancer-protective activity. These include flavonoids in citrus fruit, polyphenols in green tea and red wine, glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables, and isoflavones in soy products. Consumer acceptance of these plant-based foods may depend critically on inherited taste factors. This review examines the role of genetic taste markers in determining taste preferences and food choices.
The Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE): Aerosol‐cloud relationships in marine stratocumulus

The Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) field campaign was undertaken in July 2005 off the coast of Monterey, California to evaluate aerosol-cloud relationships in the climatically important regime of eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus. Aerosol and cloud properties were measured onboard the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft. One cloud that was clearly impacted by ship emissions as well as the ensemble of clouds observed over the entire mission are analyzed in detail. Results at both the individual and ensemble scales clearly confirm the Twomey effect (first indirect effect of aerosols) and demonstrate drizzle suppression at elevated aerosol number concentration. For the ship track impacted cloud, suppressed drizzle in the track led to a larger cloud liquid water path (LWP) at the same cloud thickness, in accord with the so-called second indirect effect. Ensemble averages over all clouds sampled over the entire 13-flight mission show the opposite effect of aerosol number concentration on LWP, presumably the result of other dynamic influences (e.g., updraft velocity and ambient sounding profile). Individual polluted clouds were found to exhibit a narrower cloud drop spectral width in accord with theoretical prediction (M.-L. Lu and J. H. Seinfeld, Effect of aerosol number concentration on cloud droplet dispersion: A large-eddy simulation study and implications for aerosol indirect forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006). This field experiment demonstrates both the indirect aerosol effect on ship track perturbed clouds, as well as the subtleties involved in extracting these effects over an ensemble of clouds sampled over a 1-month period.
Mechanism of ubiquinol oxidation by the cytochrome bc1 complex: pre-steady-state kinetics of cytochrome bc1 complexes containing site-directed mutants of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein

To facilitate characterization of mutated cytochrome bc1 complexes in S. cerevisiae we have developed a new approach using a rapid scanning monochromator to examine pre-steady-state reduction of the enzyme with menaquinol. The RSM records optical spectra of cytochromes b and c1 at 1-ms intervals after a dead time of 2 ms, and menaquinol fully reduces both cytochromes bH and c1 and a portion of cytochrome bL. The rapid-mixing, rapid-scanning monochromator methodology obviates limitations inherent in previous rapid kinetics methods and permits measurements of rates exceeding 200 s−1. To document the validity of this methodology we have examined the reduction kinetics of the cytochrome bc1 complexes from wild-type yeast and yeast that lack ubiquinone. The results establish that menaquinol reacts via the Q cycle pathway both in the presence and absence of ubiquinone. From analyzing bc1 complexes containing Rieske proteins in which the midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur cluster has been altered from +280 to +105 mV, we propose a mechanism in which the protonated quinol displaces a proton from the imidazole nitrogen of one of the histidines that is a ligand to the iron-sulfur cluster and forms a quinol-imidazolate complex that is the electron donor to the redox active iron.
A Framework for Evaluating Induction into Teaching

In this article, the author identifies the indicators and characteristics of effective induction systems. Efforts within the Charlotte-Mecklenberg Schools' Career Development Program to incorporate the characteristics of effective induction systems are then described. Schlechty concludes with an analysis of funda mental changes needed in the way teacher education is conceptualized by school personnel.
Outcome analysis of HIV-positive patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: With improved antiretroviral therapy, HIV-positive patients are achieving a longer life expectancy. An increased incidence of anal squamous cell carcinomas has been noted in these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of HIV-positive patients with anal squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS: We conducted a review based on our tumor registry from 1980 through 1999. We identified 73 patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center affiliated hospitals; 23 were HIV positive (18 had AIDS). In the HIV-positive group, 9 hadin situ squamous carcinomas and 14 had invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Data collected included age, CD4 count, treatment, complications, and survival; these data were analyzed by Student'st-test. RESULTS: All patients were male. Those with squamous cell cancer of the anus were offered radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Beginning in 1998, all patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy before treatment. Seven of 14 anal squamous cell carcinoma patients had their therapy adjusted owing to toxicity. Morbidity included proctocolitis and diarrhea (n=2) requiring diversion (n=1), hemorrhagic cystitis (n=1), neutropenic fever (n=3), bone marrow suppression (n=1), and urethral stricture (n=1). Mean age was 42 years for anal squamous cell carcinoma patients and 36 years for squamous cell carcinomain situ patients (P=0.05). Mean CD4 count was 222 cells/ml in patients with infiltrating carcinoma and 200 in thein situ patients (P=NS). One-year and five-year mortality rates, respectively, were 40 percent and 80 percent for infiltrating carcinoma patients and 17 percent and 50 percent for thein situ patients. Both of thein situ patients who died had CD4 counts 100 cells/ml and are currently without anal disease. Mean CD4 count at diagnosis for all patients who died was 133 cells/ml, whereas for those surviving, it was 261 cells/ml (P=0.03). Eight (all with infiltrating carcinoma) of the 10 patients who died had persistent anal disease, but none had metastasis. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive patients within situ carcinomas present at an earlier age than those with infiltrating lesions.In situ patients with CD4 counts as low as 105 cells/ml do well with local excision. A low CD4 count at diagnosis without highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts a poor prognosis. Because these patients appear to succumb to their HIV status and not the anal disease, anal squamous cell carcinoma should be included with cervical squamous cell carcinoma as an AIDS-defining illness. HIV-positive patients, particularly AIDS patients, with invasive anal cancers and without effective antiretroviral therapy obtain little benefit and significant toxicity from current radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients before radiation therapy and chemotherapy are begun may decrease toxicity and improve survival. Additional clinical trials are warranted to test this theory.
Structural excitation energies in selenium

Abstract A realistic self-consistent pseudopotential approach, capable of generating accurate structural ground state and excitation energies, is used to settle the controversy regarding neutral bond coordination defects in glassy Se. Many surprising results emerge. The three-fold defect is not even metastable, but decays immediately into a one-fold defect. The latter is the lowerst energy simple defect, with a remarkably low formation energy of ⋍0.5eV. Relaxations are found to be unexpectedly small.
Etude and the folklore of user interface design

Research in user interface design is like the weather—everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything about it. While this isn't strictly true, the great majority of guidelines for user interface design that one is likely to come across are based on the experience or gut feelings of a particular designer. These are better than nothing, but they are made less useful since 1) a particular recommendation could be based on factors unique to the designer's own system, 2) the population for whom the particular system is intended is either not described in detail or is not a generalizable sample of computer users, 3) designers' gut feelings are notoriously inaccurate sources for human factors guidelines. Thus the main body of recommendations available to the designer of a new system is more in the category of folklore than of readily accepted engineering principles.So long as one recognizes these limitations, it is still very helpful to consider the recommendations one finds in the literature when designing a new system. Some of these are based on experimental evidence, while others are repeated often enough and with so little opposition that their utility is better than average. In this paper, I will show how these principles have been applied in designing the Etude text processing system. After summarizing the major ideas behind the design of Etude, I will focus on several specific areas of user interface design, comparing Etude's approach with the appropriate recommendations from the folklore. I will conclude by briefly describing a forthcoming experiment which is intended to determine if adherence to the folklore has in fact produced a system that is easy to use.
Intracoronary angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves diastolic function in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy.

BACKGROUNDThere is increasing recognition of myocardial angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is induced with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The potential physiological significance of subsequent increased angiotensin I to II conversion in the presence of LVH is unclear but has been postulated to cause abnormal Ca2+ handling and secondary diastolic dysfunction. Accordingly, we hypothesized that acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition would result in decreased production of angiotensin II and improved active (Ca(2+)-dependent) relaxation in patients with hypertensive LVH.METHODS AND RESULTSIntracoronary (IC) enalaprilat was administered to 25 patients with and without LVH secondary to essential hypertension. Indexes of diastolic and systolic LV function were determined from pressure (micromanometer)-volume (conductance) analysis at steady state and with occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Patients were divided into those receiving high- (5.0 mg, n = 15) and low-dose (1.5 mg, ...
Assessing knowledge structure in accounting education: an application of Pathfinder Associative Networks

Abstract Knowledge structure, or the way in which individuals organize knowledge, is a separate and distinct learning outcome. Extensive prior research supports the contention that knowledge structure is a primary determinant of expertise in any professional field. Assessments of structural development can provide instructors and students with unique feedback regarding progress toward the development of appropriate knowledge structure and the effectiveness of training, yet such assessments are seldom employed in accounting education. This paper presents a structural assessment technique, Pathfinder, which is easily implemented in an instructional setting to measure the development of students’ structural knowledge. This paper describes Pathfinder and presents results from two studies conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of employing Pathfinder in accounting education. Results indicate that Pathfinder measures of structural assessment improved in response to instruction in accounting and pre-instructional differences in knowledge of accounting influenced the post-instructional quality of knowledge structure. Most importantly, data produced by Pathfinder enhanced the prediction of performance-related outcomes relevant to professional practice, beyond that provided by more traditional measures of student learning. Finally, knowledge structure measures were positively associated with domain-specific self-efficacy. Combined, these results confirm the convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the measure and demonstrate that structural assessment can provide valuable feedback regarding instructional effectiveness.
Non-recursive methods for computing the coefficients of the autoregressive and the moving-average representation of mixed ARMA processes

Abstract Non-recursive methods for computing a given number of coefficients of the autoregressive and the moving-average representation of multivariate ARMA processes are suggested. The results are useful for analytical as well as practical purposes.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE RAT PAW FORMALIN TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANALGESICS

Administration of 5% formalin into the rat or guinea pig hind paw evokes two spontaneous responses: flinching/shaking and licking/biting of the injected paw. The temporal and behavioral characteristics of these objective endpoints are described. Additionally, several practical suggestions aimed at standardizing this test for the evaluation of analgesics are presented. The early/acute and late/tonic (0–10 and 20–35 min post-formalin, respectively) phases of flinching were used to quantitate antinociception in the rat. PD 117302, the kappa selective agonist, was three times more potent than morphine against tonic flinching after SC administration. Formalin may therefore be a noxious stimulus of choice in the evaluation of kappa agonists. Morphine was only twice as potent against tonic flinching as against acute flinching or the tail-dip reflex to water (50° C). In contrast, PD 117302 was 27 times less potent on early phase and was inactive in the tail-dip test. Thus, while morphine is essentially equipotent across tests, PD 117302 shows a spectrum of activity with impressive potency and efficacy being obtained against tonic pain. Kappa receptors may therefore be prominently involved in tonic pain states. Aspirin given orally was not consistently antinociceptive in either phase of the formalin test. Spinal transection completely abolished late phase responding but only partly attenuated flinching in the early phase. This suggests that the relative involvement of spinal (as opposed to supraspinal) processing of noxious inputs may, at least in part, be a function of stimulus intensity and underlie the differences in antinociceptive potency observed in this work.
Near-surface effects of gold in silicon

Abstract Gold was introduced into silicon wafers by diffusion from the back surface. The voltage threshold for inversion, near-surface doping density, carrier-generation lifetime, and surface generation velocity were studied by C – V and C - t techniques. Carrier-density profiles were obtained from spreading resistance measurements. The threshold-voltage shifts found are consistent with the introduction by gold of negative charges at the Si/SiO 2 interface. By preparing samples where strong carrier-compensation effects are measured, one enters a regime of high sensitivity of silicon resistance to gold-concentration changes. We infer a negative gold-concentration gradient as one proceeds from the surface into the bulk. The gold concentration continues to change at least up to 17 h at 900°C, with a time constant characteristic of the substitutional diffusion of gold in silicon. The reciprocal of the generation lifetime and the surface generation velocity increase approximately as the gold concentration. Lifetime decreases are limited substantially (by a factor of about 10 for a shallow doping density of 10 14 cm −3 ) for samples of low doping density if strong compensation effects are to be avoided. In spite of the inferred subtle rearrangements in gold concentration lasting many hours, the generation lifetime is independent of gold diffusion time at 900°C within experimental uncertainty in the interval sampled (10–1000 min).
Bypass of Senescence After Disruption of p21CIP1/WAF1 Gene in Normal Diploid Human Fibroblasts

Most somatic cells die after a finite number of cell divisions, a phenomenon described as senescence. The p21 CIP1/WAF1 gene encodes an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Inactivation of p21 by two sequential rounds of targeted homologous recombination was sufficient to bypass senescence in normal diploid human fibroblasts. At the checkpoint between the prereplicative phase of growth and the phase of chromosome replication, cells lacking p21 failed to arrest the cell cycle in response to DNA damage, but their apoptotic response and genomic stability were unaltered. These results establish the feasibility of using gene targeting for genetic studies of normal human cells.
Compositional analysis of polyphenylene sulfide containing PTFE and carbon fibers

Abstract Carbon fibers (ca. 30%) were determined in samples containing polyphenylene sulfide, inorganic filler and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) by means of thermal analysis using both thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two different, but related, methods were used to determine quantitatively the contents of the sample. The first, which was nominally called the “Indirect Approach”, utilizes DSC for the determination of the polymeric components and TG for determination of the residue, i.e. glass, fillers, etc. The amount of carbon is then determined by difference. The second method, which was nominally called the “Direct Approach”, utilizes DSC for the determination of PTFE and TG for the determination of all other components. The agreement between the two methods is good.
Polarized scattered light intensities from small spheroids oriented by a high frequency electric field

The polarized components of the intensity of light scattered by a system of small rigid spheroids oriented by an electric field have been derived for both oblate and prolate shapes. The orienting field can either be from a conventional external source such as a pair of capacitor plates (electro-optical scattering), or due to a light beam (optico-optical scattering). This formulation allows the orienting field to have any fixed direction in the plane normal to the propagation direction of the incident probe beam. Series-approximated solutions of the scattered intensities for any orientation axis in this plane are given. Comparisons are made with the random case. Computations carried out for −1 ≤ γ ≤ 1, where γ is a relative energy of interaction parameter = (α1L – α2L)E2/4kT, demonstrate the facility cf measurable intensity changes upon orientation with existing devices. Experimental guidelines for producing the maximum effect are outlined. Relative changes in 90° scattered light are discussed for rods and disks for various inclinations of the orienting field. A new Krishnan-type relation is found.
Noninvasive radiographic assessment of cardiovascular function in acute and chronic respiratory failure

Noninvasive radiographic techniques have provided a means of studying the natural history and pathogenesis of cardiovascular performance in acute and chronic respiratory failure. Chest radiography, radionuclide angiocardiography and thallium-201 imaging, and M mode and cross-sectional echocardiography have been employed. Each of these techniques has specific uses, attributes and limitations. For example, measurement of descending pulmonary arterial diameters on the plain chest radiograph allows determination of the presence or absence of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Right and left ventricular performance can be evaluated at rest and during exercise using radionuclide angiocardiography. The biventricular response to exercise and to therapeutic interventions also can be assessed with this approach. Evaluation of the pulmonary valve echogram and echocardiographic right ventricular dimensions have been shown to reflect right ventricular hemodynamics and size. Each of these noninvasive techniques has been applied to the study of patients with respiratory failure and has provided important physiologic data.
Cochlear implant electrode misplacement: incidence, evaluation, and management.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To review the presentation and management of improper electrode array placement, and to help guide clinical decision-making. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Pediatric and adult cochlear implant patients managed from January 2001 to present whose electrode arrays were not placed properly within the cochlea or extended beyond the cochlea into the internal auditory canal or adjacent structures. Results: Four patients, three pediatric and one adult, were identified from over 824 cases (< 1%) managed over the study duration. All cases had normal cochlear anatomy. These cases were initially identified due to poor auditory skill development or absent behavioral responses following implantation, which prompted imaging. Two patients presented several years after surgery. Sites of improper placement included the eustachian tube, vestibule, internal carotid artery canal, and internal auditory canal (IAC). Intraoperative findings and management are reviewed. Conclusions: Electrode array malpositioning is a rare, but serious and correctable complication in cochlear implant surgery. A multidisciplinary approach, including prompt audiologic evaluation and imaging, is important, particularly when benefit from the implant is limited or absent. Management of electrode arrays in the IAC may be more challenging. Laryngoscope, 2013
Cross-relaxation in laser-polarized liquid xenon

Abstract By dissolving compounds in hyperpolarized liquid Xe, we have successfully transferred the 129 Xe polarization to other spins in solution. We have observed signal enhancements of over 45 for 1 H, and over 70 for 13 C, compared to their thermal polarization signals at 200 K and 1.4 T. The lifetimes of the enhancements are on the order of 20 min. In addition, in dissolved toluene we have seen preferential enhancement of the ring protons over the methyl protons.
ECOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF YEASTS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS MARINE SUBSTRATES1

Yeasts wcrc observed to be of common occurrence in subtropical marine waters and scdimcnts and with indwelling plants and anilnals. The most prevalent types prcscnt in all environments were oxidative, asporogcnous forms which expressed a growth requircmcnt for one or more vitamins. Certain distinctive metabolic attributes of yeasts were associated with environmental distribution. The incidental yeast flora on marine vegetation was uniformly low in number and consistent with the spccics isolated from surrounding waters and scdimcnts. The species found within the intestinal contents of fish appcarcd to be of transitory nature and restricted in population density. Yeasts have been found in significant numbers in the waters of those oceans and seas that have been systematically studied. The enumeration and taxonomy of yeasts in Atlantic subtropical marine waters and sediments has been reported by Fell, et nl. ( 1960) wherein the influence of terrestrial run-off on the yeast populations of estuarine areas and the presence of yeasts in planktonic masses and benthic sediments was established. As a further and continuing study of the ecology and systcmaties of marine fungi, selected aquatic habitats were examined intensively for the occurrence of yeasts to establish possible sites of active growth and reproduction of these microorganisms. In this work, quantitative and qualitative studies of the indigenous yeast flora isolated from diverse marine waters, sediments, and associated plants and animals were undertaken. MATERIALS AND Ml~ITIODS
Control of the homopause level

Abstract This paper reviews the hypothesis that internal gravity wave breaking in the factor responsible for upper atmosphere turbulence generation and control of the number density at the homopause level. Available data from Mars and Earth support the hypothesis, originally introduced by Lindzen, that breaking thermal tides are responsible for the necessary turbulence. The lowest-order, equatorially trapped, westward-propagating diurnal tidal mode is the primary cause on the Earth, and lower-order westward-propagating semidiurnal modes are the primary cause on Mars. The frequencies and vertical wavenumbers of the responsible modes determine the eddy diffusion coefficients; energy density is only indirectly involved by determining which modes can break. A general scale relationship between tidal heating and velocity amplitude can be used to assess the breaking potential of tidal modes, and is used here as the basis for arguing that the number density at the Martian homopause is likely to have been stable over much of geologic time. Difficulties with this approach arise in the cases of Venus and Titan because of their peculiar zonal winds. For Jupiter and Saturn, internal gravity waves generated by nontidal mechanisms probably control the homopause.
Immobilization of a thermostable α-amylase by covalent binding to an alginate matrix increases high temperature usability

Thermostable α-amylase was covalently bound to calcium alginate matrix to be used for starch hydrolysis at liquefaction temperature of 95°C. 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) was used as crosslinker. EDAC reacts with the carboxylate groups on the calcium alginate matrix and the amine groups of the enzyme. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment was applied to increase the number of available carboxylate groups on the calcium alginate matrix for EDAC binding. After the immobilization was completed, the beads were treated with 0.1 M calcium chloride solution to reinstate the bead mechanical strength. Enzyme loading efficiency, activity, and reusability of the immobilized α-amylase were investigated. Covalently bound thermostable α-amylase to calcium alginate produced a total of 53 g of starch degradation/mg of bound protein after seven consecutive starch hydrolysis cycles of 10 min each at 95°C in a stirred batch reactor. The free and covalently bound α-amylase had maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the immobilized enzyme (0.98 mg/mL) was 2.5 times greater than that of the free enzyme (0.40 mg/mL). The maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of immobilized and free enzyme were determined to be 10.4-mg starch degraded/mL min mg bound protein and 25.7-mg starch degraded/mL min mg protein, respectively. The high cumulative activity and seven successive reuses obtained at liquefaction temperature make the covalently bound thermostable α-amylase to calcium alginate matrix, a promising candidate for use in industrial starch hydrolysis process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
The apolipoprotein profile of the ovariectomized rat. Implications of estrogen in receptor-mediated uptake of lipoproteins

Abstract It is known that estrogens can influence the synthesis and catabolism of lipoproteins. We therefore investigated the changes in the apolipoproteins and lipids in the plasma of rats 30 days after ovariectomy. Using electroimmunoassay and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that apolipoproteins B, E and C were increased in the ovariectomized rat, whereas apo A-I and apo A-IV changed very little or not at all. Concentrations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride increased after ovariectomy as well. It is postulated that the hyperlipoproteinemia observed with ovariectomy may be due to the lack of estrogen's influence on receptor uptake and catabolism of lipoproteins.
Hybrid single objective genetic algorithm coupled with the simulated annealing optimization method for building optimization

Abstract Evolutionary genetic optimization algorithms (GA) have been used for thermal building optimization in the past. However, the results of these algorithms can differ significantly from each other because of random search and it is not guaranteed that the optimal solution is close to the global optimum. Furthermore, the use of these algorithms for non-expert users is limited. In this study, a hybrid single objective building optimization algorithm is introduced, which combines an evolutionary genetic algorithm with a modified simulated annealing algorithm. The goal of this paper is (1) to illustrate that the GA does not always provide solutions close to the global optimum and (2) to provide a building optimization method, which provides a higher reliability than what the GA alone can provide by using a relatively short computation time. Results illustrate that the hybrid GA coupled with the modified SA provides solutions close to the global optimum in all of the test runs in this study. The proposed algorithm therefore provides more reliable results than the GA without the addition of the modified SA.
Approximation of CFL by Regular Languages for Concurrent Program Verification

Many problems related to verification of concurrentprograms can be reduced to the non-empty intersectionproblem for context-free languages. Since the latter is anundecidable problem, a practical approach for solving theintersection problem is to convert it to a decidable problemof the non-empty intersection of a context-free languageand a regular language. This is done by approximatingone of the context-free languages in the intersection fromabove or from below by a regular language. We give anapproximation technique from above by modeling a context-free language L in terms of linear integer inequalitiesand then obtaining the approximating regular language L¢E L by relaxing the linear inequalities such that eachinequality involves at most one variable. Previous approximationtechniques focused on approximation below. Wealso give an alternate technique with a finite-state automatabased approach, where we start with an automata Mwhich accepts a suitable finite-subset L0 of L, and thenextend M successively based on the pumping property ofL till the language accepted by M contains L
Are we underestimating the genetic variances of dimorphic traits

Populations often contain discrete classes or morphs (e.g., sexual dimorphisms, wing dimorphisms, trophic dimorphisms) characterized by distinct patterns of trait expression. In quantitative genetic analyses, the different morphs can be considered as different environments within which traits are expressed. Genetic variances and covariances can then be estimated independently for each morph or in a combined analysis. In the latter case, morphs can be considered as separate environments in a bivariate analysis or entered as fixed effects in a univariate analysis. Although a common approach, we demonstrate that the latter produces downwardly biased estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability unless the quantitative genetic architecture of the traits concerned is perfectly correlated between the morphs. This result is derived for four widely used quantitative genetic variance partitioning methods. Given that theory predicts the evolution of genotype-by-environment (morph) interactions as a consequence of selection favoring different trait combinations in each morph, we argue that perfect correlations between the genetic architectures of the different morphs are unlikely. A sampling of the recent literature indicates that the majority of researchers studying traits expressed in different morphs recognize this and do estimate morph-specific quantitative genetic architecture. However, ca. 16% of the studies in our sample utilized only univariate, fixed-effects models. We caution against this approach and recommend that it be used only if supported by evidence that the genetic architectures of the different morphs do not differ.
Quantitative tissue characterization of infarct core and border zone in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance is associated with future cardiovascular events.

Objectives This study evaluates how characterization of tissue heterogeneity of myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is associated with cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Background Prior studies demonstrated that the quantification of myocardial scar volume by CMR is superior to left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in predicting future CVE in ICM patients. Evaluation of infarct heterogeneity by measuring infarct core and border zones through CMR might have a higher association with CVE. Methods Seventy patients (mean LVEF: 25 ± 11%) considered for revascularization or medical management ± implantable cardiac defibrillator were enrolled. A 1.5-T GE MRI (Signa, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was used to acquire cine and delayed enhancement images. The patients' core and border zones of infarcted myocardium were analyzed and followed for CVE. Results Larger infarct border zone and its percentage of myocardium were found in the 29 patients (41%) who had CVE (median 13.3 g [interquartile range (IQR) 8.4 to 25.1 g] vs. 8.0 g [IQR 3.0 to 14.5 g], p = 0.02 and 7.8% [IQR 4.9% to 17.0%] vs. 4.1% [IQR 1.9% to 9.3%], p = 0.02, respectively). The core infarct zone and its percentage of myocardium, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and LVEF were not statistically significant. Sub-analysis of the medical management and revascularization patients with CVE demonstrated that the medically managed patients had a larger border zone, whereas there was no difference between border and core zones in the revascularization group (p Conclusions Quantification of core and border zones and their percentages of myocardium through CMR is associated with future CVE and might assist in the management of patients with ICM.
Forecasting Model for Air Taxi, Commercial Airline, and Automobile Demand in the United States

A nationwide model predicts the annual county-to-county person roundtrips for air taxi, commercial airline, and automobile at 1-year intervals through 2030. The transportation systems analysis model (TSAM) uses the four-step transportation systems modeling process to calculate trip generation, trip distribution, and mode choice for each county origin-destination pair. Network assignment is formulated for commercial airline and air taxi demand. TSAM classifies trip rates by trip purpose, household income group, and type of metropolitan statistical area from which the round-trip started. A graphical user interface with geographic information systems capability is included in the model. Potential applications of the model are nationwide impact studies of transportation policies and technologies, such as those envisioned with the introduction of extensive air taxi service using very light jets, the next-generation air transportation system, and the introduction of new aerospace technologies.
Pharmacodynamic analysis of time-variant cellular disposition: reticulocyte disposition changes in phlebotomized sheep.

Most pharmacodynamic (PD) models of cellular response assume a time-invariant (i.e., constant) cellular disposition despite known changes in the disposition with time, such as the reticulocyte residence time in the systemic circulation during stress erythropoiesis. To account for changes in cellular disposition, a comprehensive PD model that involves endogenous erythropoietin (Epo), reticulocytes, and hemoglobin responses was developed in phlebotomized sheep that considers a time-variant reticulocyte residence time and allows for the simultaneous determination of changes in the cellular disposition and cellular production. Five sheep were phlebotomized to hemoglobin concentrations of approximately 4 g/dl. Epo concentrations, reticulocytes, and hemoglobin concentrations were frequently sampled for 5–7 days prior to and 25–30 days following the phlebotomy. Initial steady-state conditions were assumed and the time-variant reticulocyte residence time in the systemic circulation was semiparametrically represented using a constrained spline function. Hemoglobin production was modeled using a Hill function via an effect site compartment. The initial steady state reticulocyte residence time in the systemic circulation was estimated as 0.477 (0.100) (mean (SD)) days, which maximally increased 2.01- to 2.64-fold higher than the initial steady-state residence time 5.95 (0.899) days post-phlebotomy (P 0.05). The baseline hemoglobin production rate was estimated at 0.0929 (0.0472) g/kg/day and the maximum production rate under stress phlebotomy was estimated at 0.504 (0.0422) g/kg/day. These data indicate that endogenously released Epo under acute anemic conditions can increase hemoglobin production approximately 5-fold. The determined increase in reticulocyte residence time produced under stress erythropoiesis is similar to the commonly reported 2- to 3-fold increase observed in human patients.
The natural history of familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome: A 24 year review of a single center experience in screening, diagnosis, and outcomes

Abstract Purpose Understanding the natural history of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) will guide screening and aid clinical management. Methods Patients with FAP, age ≤ 20 years presenting between 1987 and 2011, were reviewed for presentation, diagnosis, extraintestinal manifestations, polyp burden, family history, histology, gene mutation, surgical intervention, and outcome. Results One hundred sixty-three FAP patients were identified. Diagnosis was made by colonoscopy (69%) or genetic screening (25%) at mean age of 12.5 years. Most children (58%) were asymptomatic and diagnosed via screening due to family history. Rectal bleeding was the most common (37%) symptom prompting evaluation. Colon polyps appeared by mean age of 13.4 years with > 50 polyps at the time of diagnosis in 60%. Cancer was found in 1 colonoscopy biopsy and 5 colectomy specimens. Family history of FAP was known in 85%. 53% had genetic testing, which confirmed APC mutation in 88%. Extraintestinal manifestations included congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (11.3%), desmoids (10.6%), osteomas (6.7%), epidermal cysts (5.5%), extranumerary teeth (3.7%), papillary thyroid cancer (3.1%), and hepatoblastoma (2.5%). Six patients died secondary to FAP. Conclusions Clinical presentation and manifestations in pediatric FAP are variable. We suggest an individualized patient-oriented screening algorithm that allows for earlier screening and appropriate management.
Ordered phases of filamentous viruses

This review will focus on the equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase behavior of colloidal suspensions of rod-like viruses. It will treat the simplest case where the rods are the sole colloidal component and also the more complex phase behavior that arises in mixtures of binary rods and mixtures of rods with spherical colloids, or with polymers. An enormous volume of literature is devoted to the theoretical treatment and computer simulation of the phase behavior of hard rod systems. Viruses, because of their monodispersity and well-characterized interparticle interactions, continue to be the best experimental system for exploring the issues raised by theory. These include elucidating the fundamental relationship between molecular properties, such as length and charge, and macroscopic properties, such as phase behavior. Furthermore, through genetic engineering of viruses, new colloids have been created that are interesting to materials science for their potential to form self-assembling functional materials, such as biosensors and transducers.
The Simulated Structure and Evolution of a Quasi-Idealized Warm-Season Convective System with a Training Convective Line

AbstractThis study details the development and use of an idealized modeling framework to simulate a quasi-stationary heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS). A 36-h composite progression of atmospheric fields computed from 26 observed warm-season heavy-rain-producing training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS) MCSs was used as initial and lateral boundary conditions for a numerical simulation of this MCS archetype.A realistic TL/AS MCS initiated and evolved within a simulated mesoscale environment that featured a low-level jet terminus, maximized low-level warm-air advection, and an elevated maximum in convective available potential energy. The first stage of MCS evolution featured an eastward-moving trailing-stratiform-type MCS that generated a surface cold pool. The initial system was followed by rearward off-boundary development, where a new line of convective cells simultaneously redeveloped north of the surface cold pool boundary. Backbuilding persisted on the western end of the new lin...