cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultured bladder cells and their response to mechanical strain.

The mechanism responsible for the transformation of a normal bladder into a poorly compliant storage vesicle is not well understood. However, a common feature of many poorly compliant bladders is an abnormal accumulation and distribution of matrix proteins within the bladder wall1–4. Histological examination of tissues from bladders with outlet obstruction is frequently associated with infiltration of connective tissue2. This abnormal accumulation is uniquely associated with the muscle bundles of the detrusor layer and has been shown by immunohistochemistry to be largely composed of type III collagen4. Biochemical studies of myelodysplastic bladders show this characteristic fibrosis to result from a quantitative increase in type III collagen5. Since these same bladders have altered compliance, we believe that the loss of elasticity is related to the changed collagen composition of the bladder wall. A common link in pathological conditions with poor bladder compliance is premorbid exposure of the bladder wall and its constituent cells to an abnormal physical environment, e.g., uncontrolled intermittent contractions. The impact of this abnormal environment upon bladder function is difficult to assess in whole bladder studies. It is likewise difficult to assess the relative contributions of the various tissue components within the bladder wall to the overall loss of compliance. We have previously isolated and maintained and characterized fetal bovine bladder urothelial, fibroblastic and smooth muscle cells in culture6–8. To begin to understand the role of mechanical forces in altering synthesis of connective tissue proteins and assess the relative responses of the individual cell types found in the bladder wall, we have applied equibiaxial deformations to the three major cell types found in the bladder wall9.
Variability of Surface Temperature and Albedo

Results from the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of surface temperature, including that of liquid water at high latitudes, are presented using mainly NOAA/AVHRR data from 1981 to 2008. The average surface temperature of the region north of the Arctic Circle is shown to be increasing at 0.7°C/decade while that south of the Antarctic circle has been increasing much more moderately at 0.1°C/decade. The trend in the Arctic represents about three times the global trend over the same period and is consistent with the expected effect of ice-albedo feedback. The trend of the Antarctic temperature is less than that inferred using global in situ and meteorological station data since 1981. Data from the same set of AVHRR sensors were used to study the spatial and temporal variability of narrow band albedo in the polar regions and results show the patterns of change that are consistent with warming and the changing snow and sea ice cover.
Climatic variability and its role in regulating C, N and P retention in the James River Estuary

Transformations and retention of C, N and P inputs to estuaries are subject to external factors such as discharge-driven variation in loading rates, and internal processes regulating biogeochemical cycles. We used an 8-year time series of finely resolved (monthly) mass balances for the tidal freshwater segment of the James River Estuary to assess the influence of discharge and temperature on C, N and P retention. Peak export and retention of organic, likely particulate, fractions occurred in months of highest discharge. With increasing discharge we observed higher mass retention, greater proportional retention (in relation to inputs) and more selective retention (with P retained preferentially over N and C). DIN retention was strongly influenced by water temperature with 10-fold high retention occurring at high (>20 °C) vs. low (<15 °C) water temperature at corresponding discharge. Our findings suggest that rising temperatures will have a greater effect on the retention of N than P because a greater proportion of the total N delivered to estuaries is in dissolved inorganic form, and therefore subject to temperature dependent rates of biological assimilation and denitrification. By contrast, the bulk of the P load was in particulate form, which is retained via sediment trapping, and not appreciably affected by water temperature. The tidal freshwater estuary was an important site for nutrient removal where the accumulation of N- and P- rich materials may delay recovery in response to nutrient load reductions.
Novel technique for enhancing RCS reduction bandwidth of checkerboard surfaces

A new technique for enhancing the RCS reduction bandwidth of checkerboard surfaces is developed. In the conventional checkerboard surface the phase difference of (180 ± 37)° has to be obeyed. Using the proposed technique, this limitation of conventional checkerboard surface has been eliminated, allows extension in 10-dB RCS reduction bandwidth. This design has been implemented on one such conventional broad checkerboard surface. For a designed surface, using the pro technique, the 10-dB RCS reduction bandwidth is increased 83% to 91% (an +8%). Simulated results are included indicate excellent agreement with measurement.
An Intragastric Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Program for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile in Children is Efficacious, Safe, and Inexpensive.

Objective To assess the safety, efficacy, and relative expense of a nurse-led fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) program for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Study design Retrospective cohort study design in children aged 1-18 years with recurrent CDI. The intervention was an intragastric FMT with stool derived from a donor stool bank. Primary outcome was resolution of diarrhea at 3 months post-transplantation. A secondary analysis compared charge data associated with FMT by intragastric delivery vs administration by colonoscopy or nasoduodenal tube. Results A total of 47 intragastric FMT procedures were performed in 42 children (median age 9 years) with recurrent CDI. Response to treatment varied by disease status, with 94% success in previously healthy children, 75% in medically complex children, and 54% in children with inflammatory bowel disease (P = .04). FMT via intragastric delivery showed lower facility and professional charges by 85% and 78% compared with delivery via colonoscopy and radiology-placed nasoduodenal tube, respectively. The use of stool derived from a donor stool bank decreased charges by 49% compared with charges associated with the use of a donor who was a relative. Conclusion A nurse-led intragastric FMT procedure using stool derived from a donor stool bank is a relatively inexpensive and efficacious treatment for recurrent CDI in children. Intragastric FMT success in children was attenuated by the presence of underlying disease, particularly inflammatory bowel disease.
Threat Perceptions of Migrants in Britain and Support for Policy

Arguments that migrants represent a threat to the Britain are often cast in terms of impact on the economy and a criminal threat to Britain’s streets. We examine the impact of these attitudes on support for policies curtailing the rights of European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants in the United Kingdom separately, as well as their implications for support for punitive criminal sanctions. Using data on a nationally representative sample of Britons, results indicate that perceptions of migrants as a criminal threat have a greater effect on support for curtailing rights of EU migrants, more so than economic threat, suggesting that British citizens invoke deep rooted stereotypes about EU migrants as criminal when choosing their preferences. Criminal threat is also associated with support for more punitive criminal sanctions. Thus, threat narratives, especially narratives of immigrant crime, could be instrumental in public support for policy, but different narratives are associated with EU and non-EU migrants.
Identification of crack progression in filled rubber by micro X-ray CT-scan

Abstract Micro X-ray computed tomography (micro X-ray CT) is a technology that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images (virtual ‘slices’) of specific areas of the scanned object, allowing the user to get the inside information without cutting. In comparison with traditional methods, such as optical or scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, Micro X-ray CT-scan has advantages in the study of rubber filler aggregation and crack developments for its continuous and no-break scanning. In this research, two types of filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced with carbon black or silica were prepared and subjected to cyclic fatigue loads. Micro X-ray CT-scan tests were performed on both pristine (no fatigue) and fatigued samples. Filler aggregation as well as crack development and progression were investigated as a function of fatigue cycles by using micro X-ray CT-scan. Cracks were observed in directions both parallel (mode I) and perpendicular (mode II) to the applied uniaxial tensile fatigue loads.
Metrics Based on the System Performance Perspective

This part of the book presents two alternative – but not incompatible – views on how to quantify cyber resilience via suitable metrics. This chapter – the first of the two – takes the perspective in which system performance is central to the metrics. As discussed in the introduction chapter of this book, cyber resiliency has become an increasingly important, relevant, and timely research and operational concept in cyber security. Although multiple metrics have been proposed for quantifying cyber resiliency, a connection remains to be made between those metrics and operationally measurable and meaningful resilience concepts that can be empirically determined in an objective manner. This chapter describes a concrete quantitative and measureable notion of cyber resiliency that can be tailored to meet specific needs of organizations seeking to introduce resiliency into their assessment of their cyber security posture.
Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time

Although offshore wind energy development (OWED) offers a much-needed renewable energy alternative to fossil fuels, holistic and effective methods for evaluating environmental impacts on wildlife in both space and time have been lacking. The lengthy environmental compliance process, estimated to incur a 7-10 year permitting timeline [1], has been identified as a significant impediment to offshore energy development in U.S. waters. During operation, seabirds can collide and be displaced by turbines. During episodic pre-operation phases, cetaceans are most heavily impacted acoustically by pile driving (and similarly seismic air gun surveys for oil and gas exploration). The varying nature of impacts in space and time leads us to conclude that sites should be selected in space to minimize long-term operational impacts on seabirds, and timing of surveying and construction activities to be conducted in times of the year when sensitive migratory marine mammals are least present. We developed a novel spatiotemporal decision support framework that interactively visualizes tradeoffs between OWED industry profits and wildlife sensitivities, in both space and time. The framework highlights sites on a map that are the most profitable and least sensitive to seabirds. Within the U.S. Mid-Atlantic study area, the New York Call Areas are particularly well optimized for minimal impact on seabirds with maximal profits to OWED. For a given site, pre-operational activities (e.g. pile driving and seismic air gun surveying) are advised by cetacean sensitivity across months of the year that minimize impacts on migratory cetaceans, particularly those of highest conservation concern such as the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena Glacialis). For instance, within optimal sites for the New York Call Area the least impacting months are May and June. Other taxa are certainly affected by OWED and should be incorporated into this framework, but data on their distributions and/or sensitivities is currently less well known. Built with open-source software made publicly available, the authors hope this framework will be extended even more comprehensively into the future as our knowledge on species distributions and OWED sensitivities expands for streamlining environmental compliance.
Assessing Physical Activity in Temporary Spaces: Application of SOPARC / iSOPARC® for Play Streets

Purpose: The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) is a valid, reliable method for understanding how people engage in physical activity (PA) in various permanent settings...
Power Flow Solution Methods for Combined Transmission and Distribution Systems

High distributed PV penetration makes the distribution systems more active and increases their impact on the upstream transmission grid. To facilitate the studies on this area, this paper proposes a power flow (PF) model and formulation of combined transmission and distribution (T&D) power systems. The formulation is based on the physical coupling of transmission and distribution grids. The unbalanced nature of distribution feeders and voltage regulators are modeled so that the resulting PF balance equations in distribution systems are similar to those in the interconnected transmission system. The formulated nonlinear PF equations are solved using the proposed unified and sequential methods. Both methods are verified and compared with each other using several combined T&D power systems. A multi-period PF simulation is also included to demonstrate the capability of the proposed formulation and solution methods in capturing the influences of high distributed PV penetration on transmission level.
Inducing Donor MHC Chimerism with Bone Marrow Derived Exosomes in Non-Human Primates

Purpose Cardiac allograft tolerance in non-human primates (NHPs) has been achieved by our group via hematopoietic mixed chimerism consisting of an allogeneic bone marrow (BM) and kidney co-transplantation from the same donor after non-myeloablative conditioning. In this setting, T cell tolerance is believed to rely on expression of donor MHC molecules in the host's primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Here, we investigated whether donor MHC chimerism could be achieved using donor bone marrow derived extracellular vesicles (exosomes) instead of cells. Methods Exosomes were isolated through serial ultracentrifugation from supernatants of donor BM cells cultured for 48 hours (expressing H38 MHC class I epitope). Two H38− cynomolgus macaque recipients received conditioning consisting of ATGAM and thymic irradiation, with or without total body irradiation (TBI) before a heart and kidney co-transplantation. Both recipients underwent a short course of immunosuppression with a calcineurin inhibitor and co-stimulation blockade with anti-CD154 mAb. A single dose of H38+ donor bone marrow derived exosomes was infused into H38− recipients on post-operative day 2. Image flow cytometry was used to detect the presence of recipient cells displaying donor MHC class I on their surface (cross-dressed) in the blood, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. Results Infusion of donor bone marrow derived exosomes resulted in the presence of recipient peripheral blood leukocytes displaying donor MHC class I molecules in both animals. Flow cytometric analysis showed that MHC class I chimerism was restricted to the myeloid cell compartment. Tissues collected from the total body irradiated NHP showed that H38+ cross-dressed cells were also present in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. In a separate study, a NHP recipient treated with an exosome protocol without TBI is currently 54 days post-transplantation with a well-functioning cardiac allograft. Conclusion Donor MHC chimerism in the form of MHC cross-dressing can be achieved in a NHP model using donor bone marrow derived exosomes. These findings suggest that bone marrow derived exosomes could be used in place of whole bone marrow to induce allograft tolerance. The use of exosomes would allow for the reduction of recipient conditioning and would eliminate the risk of GVHD making this approach clinically safer than traditional BMT.
Ligand-Free Copper(I)-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organostannanes with Sulfur Electrophiles.

The synthesis of aryl thioether through the cross-coupling of C–S bond is a highly attractive area of research due to the prevalence of aryl thioether in bioactive natural products, functional mate...
Silicon Microring Modulator Driven by Transparent Conductive Oxide Capacitor

We experimentally demonstrated a novel silicon microring modulator driven by transparent conductive oxide capacitor, achieving a large tuning efficiency of 95 pm/V. Analysis indicates that a potential high-speed operation above 44GHz can be reached.
The Landmark Series: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from pancreatic islet cells that remain relatively rare but are increasing in incidence worldwide. While significant advances have been made in recent years with regard to systemic therapies for patients with advanced disease, surgical resection remains the standard of care for most patients with localized tumors. Although formal pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy is the standard approach for most PNETs, pancreas-preserving approaches without formal lymphadenectomy are acceptable for smaller tumors at low risk for lymph node metastases. Furthermore, observation of small, asymptomatic, low-grade PNETs is a safe, initial strategy and is generally recommended for tumors < 1 cm in size. In this Landmark Series review, we highlight the critical studies that have defined the surgical management of PNETs.
Alterations of Circulating Biomarkers During Late Term Pregnancy Complications in the Horse Part II: Steroid Hormones and Alpha-Fetoprotein.

Abstract Preterm labor and/or abortion causes considerable economic impact on the equine industry. Unfortunately, few experimental models exist for the induction of various pregnancy-related complications, and therefore extrapolations are made from the experimental model for ascending placentits, although inferences may be minimal. Certain steroid hormones (progestogens, estrogens) and fetal proteins (alpha-fetoprotein; AFP) might improve the diagnostics for abnormal pregnancy, but the utility of these markers in the field is unknown. To assess this, thoroughbred mares (n = 702) were bled weekly beginning in December 2013 until parturition/abortion. Following parturition, fetal membranes were assessed histopathologically and classified as either ascending placentitis (n = 6), focal mucoid placentitis (n = 6), idiopathic abortion (n = 6) or no disease (n = 20). Weekly serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17β, and AFP. Samples were analyzed retrospectively from the week of parturition/abortion in addition to the preceding four weeks. For both ascending and focal mucoid placentitis, a significant increase in progesterone and AFP was noted, alongside a significant decrease in estradiol-17β and the ratio of estradiol-17β to progesterone in comparison to controls. In contrast, idiopathic abortions experienced a decrease in progesterone concentrations alongside an increase in AFP, and this was only noted in the week preceding parturition/abortion. In conclusion, spontaneous placental infection in the horse altered both endocrine and feto-secretory markers in maternal circulation, while minimal changes were noted preceding noninfectious idiopathic abortion. Additionally, this is the first study to report an alteration in steroid hormones and AFP during the disease process of focal mucoid placentitis, the etiology of which includes Nocardioform placentitis.
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Foramen Magnum Region: Clinical Features and Angioarchitectural Phenotypes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: AVFs of the foramen magnum region, including fistulas of the marginal sinus and condylar veins, have complex arterial supply, venous drainage, symptoms, and risk features that are not well-defined. The purpose of this study was to present the angioarchitectural and clinical phenotypes of a foramen magnum region AVF from a large, single-center experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed cases from a 10-year neurointerventional data base. Arterial and venous angioarchitectural features and clinical presentation were extracted from the medical record. Venous drainage patterns were stratified into 4 groups as follows: type 1 = unrestricted sinus drainage, type 2 = sinus reflux (including the inferior petrosal sinus), type 3 = reflux involving sinuses and cortical veins, and type 4 = restricted cortical vein outflow or perimedullary congestion. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (mean age, 57.9 years; 57.1% men) had 29 foramen magnum region AVFs. There were 11 (37.9%) type 1, nine (31.0%) type 2, six (20.7%) type 3, and 3 (10.3%) type 4 fistulas. Pulsatile tinnitus was the most frequent symptom (82.1%), followed by orbital symptoms (31.0%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (13.8%), cranial nerve XII palsy (10.3%), and other cranial nerve palsy (6.9%). The most frequent arterial supply was the ipsilateral ascending pharyngeal artery (93.1% ipsilateral, 55.5% contralateral), vertebral artery (89.7%), occipital artery (65.5%), and internal carotid artery branches (48.3%). CONCLUSIONS: We present the largest case series of foramen magnum region AVFs to date and show that clinical features relate to angioarchitecture. Orbital symptoms are frequent when sinus reflux is present. Hemorrhage was only observed in type 3 and 4 fistulas.
Nationalist-Populism, Its Causes, Content, and Consequences

This chapter deals with the emergence and evolution of nationalist-populism. The ideology, largely right wing, entails a desire to restore the “independence” and “sovereignty” of states confronting the tide of globalization and its multiple dimensions and the global norms and rules promoted by the liberal order. The chapter describes what populists believe and profiles those who support that ideology. The chapter also discusses the issues of importance to nationalist-populists and the consequences of their beliefs.
LEGAL CARE AND FRICTION IN FAMILY DETENTION

The modern instantiation of migrant family detention in the United States has resulted in the creation of carceral spaces in which conflict and care intermingle in everyday encounters. While legal advocates traversing these spaces offer critical aid to the detained, asylum-seeking parents and children confined within, legal advocacy is rarely recognized as caregiving work. Drawing from my ethnographic research with voluntary legal advocates working at family detention facilities in South Texas, this article demonstrates the potential for deploying a lens of care to such encounters, which I ultimately frame as “legal care.” I argue that cross-disciplinary conceptualizations of care, which emphasize its interdependency, relationality, and contested terrains (Puig de la Bellacasa 2017), as well as its practices as being marked by a continuous tinkering (Mol 2010), offer windows to reconfigurations of care and power that reside amid both the mundane and unpredictable frictions that characterize these environments.
Liposomal Delivery of Cyclocreatine Impairs Cancer Cell Bioenergetics Mediating Apoptosis.

Creatine kinase (CK) enzyme overexpression has been suggested to play a role in the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cyclocreatine (CCR) is a substrate analog of creatine kinase (CK), where its phosphorylated form is a poor phosphate donor in comparison with native bioenergetic molecule, creatine phosphate (Cr-P). The compound CCR has been shown to markedly inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of cancers, both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellularly, CCR is phosphorylated by CK to yield a synthetic phosphagen [(N-phosphorylcyclocreatine (CCR ~P)], with thermodynamic and kinetic properties distinct from those of creatine phosphate (Cr-P). Distinct inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis has been attributed to CCR accumulation as CCR ~P in tumor cells, especially in those expressing a high level of CK protein, with minimal adverse effects. Unfortunately, the clinical use of CCR against malignancies is quite limited due to its amphoteric nature, which accounts for most of its extremely low membrane permeability, as well as limited oral bioavailability (BA) and poor systemic pharmacokinetics (PK).Our current work describes the encapsulation of CCR , utilizing freeze and thaw vesicles (FTV )-composed mostly of saturated PC, DOPE, and Chol-into stealth™ liposomes , postcoated with 4.5 M% PEG-PE. Following physicochemical characterization, in vitro release and cellular uptake kinetics confirmed efficient delivery of liposomal CCR (CCR-Lip), leading to intracellular accumulation of its CC-P metabolic product. Successful delivery of CCR to cancer cell effectively depleted low energetic cancer cells of ATP significantly mediating myc-induced metabolic changes. CCR-Lip showed significant antimetastatic and anticancer effectiveness against both MCF-7 and PC-3 human carcinoma models (p < 0.05-0.01), with 4- to 6-fold lower IC50 values vs. closest drug control. Such shift in bioenergetics was coupled via AMPK and phospho-p53 to the mitochondrial apoptosis effector Bak , thus inducing a cell-intrinsic mechanism to counteract uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation, in target cancer cells. Our novel liposomal delivery system of the CCR substrate analog demonstrated strong inhibition of malignant cell bioenergetics, leading to significant antineoplastic and proapoptotic actions, against different cancers.
Association of Intrapartum Drugs with Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation: A Single-Center Retrospective Review.

ABSTRACT Background: Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) occurs commonly in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs; < 30 weeks GA). Early, concurrent neonatal use of indomethacin (Neo_IN) and hydrocortisone (Neo_HC), is a known risk for SIP. Mothers in premature labor often receive indomethacin (Mat_IN) for tocolysis and steroids (Mat_S) for fetal maturation. Coincidentally, ELGANs may receive Neo_IN or Neo_HC within the first week of life. There is limited data on the effect of combined exposures to maternal and neonatal medications. We hypothesized that proximity exposure to these medications may increase the risk of SIP. Design: We reviewed the medical records of ELGANS from June 2014 to December 2019 at a single Level III NICU. We compared antenatal and postnatal indomethacin and steroid use between neonates with and without SIP. Chi-Square, Student’s t-test, Fisher’s Exact test, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for analysis. Results: Among 417 ELGANs, SIP was diagnosed in 23; predominantly neonates <26 weeks GA (n = 21/126, 16.7%). Risk factors analysis focused on this GA cohort in which SIP was most prevalent. Mat_IN administration within two days of delivery increased SIP risk (OR 3.00, 95%Cl 1.25-7.94, p=0.036). Neo_HC was not independently associated with SIP (p=0.38). A higher proportion of SIP group had close temporal exposure of Mat_IN and Neo_HC compared to the non-SIP group, though not statistically significant (14% v. 7%, p=0.24). Conclusions: Peripartum Mat_IN was associated with increased risk for SIP in this small study sample. Larger studies are needed to further delineate SIP risk from the interaction of peripartum maternal medication with early postnatal therapies and disease pathophysiology.
Special Issue: Workshop on Grid Computing Portals (GCE 2005): Editorials

This article summarizes the outcome of a workshop held at Supercomputing 2005 that focused on grid computing portals and environments. This workshop is the first in a series of workshops planned in conjunction with the supercomputing meetings for the next few years. The intent of the workshop was to provide a venue for the community to share ideas, exchange experiences, and advance the field. Grid portals are faced with the challenge of providing simplified user interfaces to cyberinfrastructure, which results in the need for the portal developer to program to every layer in the cyberinfrastructure fabric and to develop unique solutions. This article summarizes the papers presented at this workshop. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral response and spatial pattern of Fraser fir mortality and regeneration, Great Smoky Mountains, USA

High elevation Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) forests of the Southern Appalachians have undergone widespread mortality since the introduction of the balsam woolly adelgid in the 1950s. Resulting changes in ecosystem pattern and process (e.g., stand dynamic processes) have greatly affected floral and faunal communities. In this project, we integrated field observations, geographic information system topographic models, and 1988–1998 satellite imagery to analyze spatial and temporal conditions of Fraser fir and spruce-fir ecosystems in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Tasseled cap indices (brightness, greenness, and wetness) and associated spectral changes for Landsat TM digital data were statistically modeled by topographic variables. Spectral changes were recorded using change vector analysis (CVA) and spherical geometry at multiple scales: individual sites, local ridges, and across the east-west gradient of the study area. Significant relationships were found between elevation and observed spectral changes and among mountain sites representing the east-west chronosequence of adelgid infestation. Topographic derivatives were related to tasseled cap and CVA measures in summary statistics, regression, and correlation analysis, revealing significantly different mortality and regeneration pathways that were a function of topographic settings. Geographic variations of these vectors also detail the scope of east-west and localized upslope progression of fir mortality. The application of CVA provided the ability to summarize variation in spectral changes (magnitude and direction) and to ascribe measures to mortality and regeneration processes.
Magnetic sensor operation onboard an AUV: magnetic noise issues and a linear systems approach to mitigation

We describe both frequency-domain and time-domain filter models that incorporate onboard AUV reference sensor measurements to cancel platform noise, and apply the models to data collected as described in companion papers. We evaluate the relative performance of the time-domain and frequency-domain models, and show that it depends on the measurement sets used to perform the modeling. We conclude that windowed time-domain filters hold much promise for future AUV-resident magnetic sensor systems.
Cell division and differentiation in avian embryos: techniques for study of early neurogenesis and myogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques for the study of early neurogenesis and myogenesis of the cell division and differentiation in avian embryos. Cell division and differentiation have long been recognized as two fundamental processes in the development of multicellular organisms. Early cytologists provided morphological descriptions of mitotic activity and changes in cytoplasmic organelles based on light microscopic observations of developing embryos. The cell cycle consists of a mitotic phase in which the chromosomes condense and separate as the nucleus divides and an interphase during which there are growth in the size, replication of DNA (S or synthetic phase), and other elaborate preparations for the next division. The regulatory mechanisms that control the number of cell divisions in any given tissue are not only crucial for producing a normal multicellular organism but also may contribute significantly to species differences. During and after the gastrulation stage of development, a few nerve cell precursors begin to exit the cell cycle (to enter a long Go phase) followed later by exiting skeletal muscle precursors. One characteristic that many neuroblasts and skeletal myoblasts have in common is that their terminally differentiated state is postmitotic.
Better mathematical constraints on ages of Carboniferous stage boundaries using radiometric tuff dates and cyclostratigraphy

Using more geologically reasonable constraints on radiometric dates from tuffs in a cyclic mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession in the Donets Basin, Ukraine, newer and more geologically accurate ages of stage boundaries are calculated for the Carboniferous period. These calculations assume astronomically forced (Milankovitch) cyclicity and use radiometric dates of ash layers in the stratigraphic record. Unlike previous work, measurement uncertainties are propagated through calculations to provide mathematically constrained uncertainty in the ages of the boundaries. This work uses more realistic errors in the known dates of zircons in the ash layers and does not assume an a priori value for the Milankovitch long-eccentricity period. These calculations are compatible with other previous methods of determining the boundaries and represent improvement over existing age constraints.
Communication Power, by Manuel Castells: New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 571 pp. $34.95 paper

It would be an exaggeration to say that Manuel Castells produces books at a rate greater than the ability of most mortals to read them with the care and concentration they require, but not by much....
Approximate energy minimization for large Lennard-Jones clusters

We have designed a simple method to place particles on lattices, concentric shells and icosahedral concentric layers for minimizing the total energy of Lennard-Jones clusters, approximately, by analytical means. The most significant difference of our schemes from others is the dramatic reduction of parameters, which allows the study of large clusters, not possible otherwise. We present the derivation of formulae for minimal per-particle energy and for inter-particle distance. We also present their asymptotic values for large number of particles.
Temporal Dynamics of Brain Activity in Human Memory Processes

We propose a line of study by which Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) can be used together with nonlinear dynamics concepts as a medium for the study of brain organization. The concentration is on (a) the complex behavior of elementary neural circuits, and how they interact over brief spans of time to produce cognition and memory; and (b) the change in circuit patterns associated with aging. The method of orbital decomposition appears to be ideally suited for these objectives and for determining how they integrate into hierarchical processes. The adapted procedure begins with a 3-D FMRI matrix of metabolic activity. Recurring patterns within a matrix row are identified and matched across rows and across depth slices. These hierarchical patterns are then compared over time for further recurrences. The computational procedure identifies the optimal pattern length over time, the patterns, and the largest Lyapunov for the system of patterns. Computations are assisted by statistical tests for the extent to which the isolated patterns represent the underlying data.
Oxygen Reduction at Very Low Overpotential on Nanoporous Ag Catalysts

Here we report a monolithic nanoporous Ag (np-Ag) material, synthesized using the dealloying method, as high-performance catalysts for ORR in alkaline media. As shown in Scheme 1, when there is insufficient potential input, the O2 molecules are more likely to rebound off from a planar electrode surface (i.e. bulk polycrystalline metal, films made from nanoparticles or nanowires) before they could be reduced. In contrast, they are more likely to be trapped inside the monolithic nanoporous structure, contacting with catalytic surface for multiple time, which greatly enhances the chance for them to be fully reduced. As a result, the np-Ag catalyst is able to achieve an equivalent or better ORR performance than the state-of the-art Pt/C catalyst at low overpotentials, which is most desired in electrochemical energy applications for maximizing efficiency.
Data collection and descriptive analysis: a first step for developing quality software

Software measurement activities can be partitioned into the descriptive, decision support and method effectiveness assessment phases, which parallel the defined, managed, and optimized levels of the US Department of Defense Software Engineering Institute's (SEI's) software maturity framework. The authors describe the descriptive phase of software measurement and give an example of the measurement activities involved in the descriptive phase of the Guidance and Control Software (GCS) project, which is a specific flight-critical software project. The descriptive phase of measurement consists of data collection and descriptive analysis. This analysis can provide insight into the relationship between specific development and test techniques and is a first step toward achieving an optimized software development process. >
X-ray diffraction studies on metal deposition in group D streptococci.

Tucker, Fayne L. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), John W. Thomas, Milo D. Appleman, Stewart H. Goodman, and Jerry Donohue. X-ray diffraction studies on metal deposition in group D streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 92:1311–1314. 1966.—Streptococcus faecalis N83 and S. faecium K6A reduced several compounds of Group VI elements to the elemental form, but reduced none of several compounds tested containing elements of other groups. The elemental tellurium deposited by S. faecium K6A was in general of a larger particle size than that deposited by S. faecalis N83 as judged from X-ray diffraction analysis. The particle size of the deposited tellurium was correlated with the blackness of the precipitate produced by cells growing in the presence of tellurite. A black and gray variation was observed in S. faecium K6A which was considered to be due to particle size, the amount of tellurium present, and the location of the deposited tellurium. The gray color of S. faecium K6A was not due to the presence of any oxidized tellurium products.
Correlations between the Wide Range Achievement Test and the California Achievement Test with Intellectually Gifted Students

The scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test (GEs) and the California Achievement Test (standard scores) in reading, mathematics and spelling correlated from .29 to .53 for a sample of 252 (128 males, 124 females) gifted students in Grades 1 through 6.
Assessing the Neuroendocrine Stress Response in the Functional Neuroimaging Context

Abstract Neural regulation of stress responses, and the feedback of stress hormones to the brain, reflect complex brain–body interactions that may underlie the effects of psychological stress on health. Elucidating the brain circuitry involved in the cortical control of limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and the cortical “targets” of cortisol that in turn modulates brain function, requires careful assessment of glucocorticoid hormones, in the context of the neuroimaging paradigms. Here we discuss approaches for assessment of endocrine function in the context of neuroimaging, including methods of blood and saliva specimen collection, and methods for drug/hormone administration. We also briefly discuss important temporal considerations, including appropriate timing of sample collections for hormones with different time-courses of activation (e.g. ACTH vs. cortisol), the pharmacokinetics of both endogenous hormones and administered agents, and circadian considerations. These are crucial to experimental designs of rhythmic hormonal systems and multiple feedback loops. We briefly address psychological/behavioral ‘activation’ paradigms used for inducing endogenous LHPA axis responses within or in proximity to scanner, as well as strategies for administration of exogenous hormones or secretagogues. Finally, we discuss some of the analytical issues in terms of hormone responses (e.g. response and area under curve, diurnal variability) and strategies for linking measured levels of peripheral humoral factor to brain activity (e.g. hormone responses as between-subject regressors of BOLD activations, hormone levels as within-subject regressors in analyses of covariance of brain activity over time, etc.).
Embryogenesis and plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Brassica rapa L. ssp. Oleifera

Conditions favourable to embryogenesis from isolated microspores of Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (canola quality) were identified. A population with enhanced responsiveness for microspore embryogenesis (C200) was synthesized by crossing individual plants showing microspore embryogenic potential. For optimal microspore embryogenesis, buds (2–3mm in length, containing mid-late uninucieate microspores) were collected from older plants (2 months old) and microspores isolated and washed in iron-free B5 medium. NLN medium with its iron content reduced to half was beneficial for initial microspore culture. An elevated temperature(33–35°C) during the first day of culture, followed by maintenance at 25°C resulted in dozens of embryos from each isolation (about 100 buds). Seeds were obtained from plants regenerated from microsporederived embryos after colchicine treatment.
Upward Maintenance Tactics in Supervisory Mentoring and Nonmentoring Relationships

This study explored the communication strategies junior colleagues use In preserve stable mentoring and nonmentorig relationships with their supervisors. Data collected from 259 managerial and tech...
CROSS‐MODAL ADDITIVITY OF TASTE AND SMELL

Subjects were simultaneously given subthreshold levels of taste and odor stimuli, delivered orally, for both a commonly paired and an uncommonly paired taste–odor combination. Results indicate cross-modal summation of subthreshold concentrations of both taste–odor pairs when the olfactory stimulus is delivered orally. Results of control studies suggest that the summation was indeed across modalities, and not due to the taste of the odor compound or the smell of the taste compounds. Furthermore, results indicate that regardless of taste–odor pair commonness, taste and smell can combine in a completely additive fashion (i.e., at threshold detectability when both stimuli are presented simultaneously at 50% threshold level) if the taste–odor pair is presented orally. In several instances, but not all, measured probabilities exceeded those predicted by probability summation, indicating that hyperadditive mixing often occurs, but there do seem to be individual differences. Cross-modal summation, regardless of taste–odor pair commonness, has broader implications for the development of foods, beverages and pharmaceuticals, especially in masking undesirable tastes and smells.
Shoulder subluxation after stroke: A comparison of four supports

Abstract Objective: Shoulder subluxation is a well-known sequela of stroke. This study quantitatively compares the reduction of shoulder subluxation using four supports: the single-strap hemisling, the Bobath roll, the Rolyan humeral cuff sling, and the Cavalier support. Design/Setting: Anteroposterior shoulder radiographs of 20 consecutive first-time stroke survivors in a freestanding rehabilitation hospital were taken within 6 weeks of stroke onset. Vertical, horizontal, and total asymmetries of glenohumeral subluxation compared with the unaffected shoulders were measured before and after fitting of each support. Main Outcome Measures: Group means were compared to find which supports altered subluxation asymmetries and approximated the unaffected shoulder. Individual data were tallied to detect how often each support best reduced subluxation asymmetries. Results: The single-strap hemisling eliminated the vertical asymmetry of subluxation over the entire study group, but each support corrected the vertical asymmetry best in some subjects (55%, 20%, 40%, and 5%, respectively). The Bobath roll and the Cavalier support produced lateral displacements of the humeral head of the affected shoulder ( p = 0.005, 0.004, respectively). The Rolyan humeral cuff sling significantly reduced total subluxation asymmetry ( p = 0.008), whereas the single-strap hemisling, Bobath roll, and Cavalier support did not alter total asymmetry ( p = 0.091, 0.283, 0.502, respectively). Conclusion: When treating shoulder subluxation, several different types of supports should be evaluated to optimize the function of the affected extremity and the reduction of the shoulder subluxation.
Experimental modification of the sleep-induced peak of growth hormone secretion.

ABSTRACT The effects of adrenergic blocking agents and of glucose on the secretion of HGH during sleep were studied. Neither phentolamine (0.5 mg/min for 3 hr) in 4 subjects, nor propranolol (0.06 mg/kg/hr for 2 hr) in 3 subjects, altered the sleep peak of HGH significantly. Glucose (0.01 g/min/kg or 0.6 g/min) did not suppress the HGH peak in 7 studies in which glucose peaks ranged between 180 and 320 mg/100 ml (255±48 mg/100 ml), but seemed to suppress HGH in 3 studies in which glucose levels ranged between 350 and 480 mg/100 ml (399±58 mg/ 100 ml).
Distribution of charged pterins in nonmethanogenic archaebacteria

Pterin content was surveyed in nine species of nonmethanogenic archaebacteria comprised of six species of halobacteria, two species of Sulfolobus, and one specie of Thermoplasma. The results indicated the presence of the sulfate-containing dimeric pterin sulfohalopterin-2 in three species of halobacteria, “Halobacterium marismortui”, halobacterial strain GN-1, and Halobacterium volcanii. The phosphate-containing dimeric pterin phosphohalopterin-1 was present in three other species of halobacteria, Halobacterium salinarium, Halobacterium halobium, and Halococcus morrhuae. Evidence is presented that these halopterins exist in the halobacteria as tetrahydropterin derivatives. A positively charged monomeric pterin, solfapterin (erythro-neopterin-3′-D-2-deoxy-2-aminoglucopyranoside), was found to be present in Sulfolobus solfataricus and a negatively charged pterin was induced when S. solfataricus was grown in a medium containing homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid). This negatively charged pterin was not present when the cells were grown in the normal medium. Another positively charged pterin found in Thermoplasma was determined to be different from solfapterin based on its paper electrophoresis properties. Uncharged pterins were also identified in all of these bacteria, however, no attempt was made to elucidate the structure of these uncharged pterins. Pterin content was found to vary in the different bacteria and to depend on the conditions under which the cells were grown.
Incorporation of (3H) Ethanolamine into a Single Cytosolic Protein in a Cell Free System: Ethanolaminylation of EF-1α in Vitro

Abstract Ethanolamine containing modifications of cytosolic proteins have only been described for elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) which contains two ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol moieties at Glu 301 and 374 (Whiteheart et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14334-14341 and Dever et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20518-20525). In this report, we describe a cell-free, cytosolic extract which specifically incorporates [ 3 H]ethanolamine into a single cytosolic protein with properties identical to EF-1α. The incorporation reaction is dependent on time and extract and is independent of any membrane-bound components. The single in vitro -radiolabeled protein is modified on two sites and chromatographic analysis of pronase-digested peptides is consistent with the addition of an unmodified ethanolamine. Ethanolaminylation does not require divalent cations or ATP but is inhibited by N -ethylmaleimide and stimulated by reducing agents (β-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol), indicating the requirement for free sulfhydryls. The nucleophile, hydroxylamine, at low concentrations, greatly inhibits the incorporation reaction, indicating the importance of an electrophilic center. This cytosolic extract appears to be able to carry out only the initial step in the addition of the ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol moieties to EF-1α, and subsequent addition of the phosphoglycerol moiety appears to require membrane components.