cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the OSA‐18 predictive of obstructive sleep apnea: Comparison to polysomnography

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine the ability of the OSA−18 to predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in a racially diverse population when compared to overnight polysomnography (PSG). Study Design Cross-sectional retrospective. Methods Children 2 to 12 years of age diagnosed with OSA who were treated at a tertiary care institution between 2008 and 2013 and had complete PSG and OSA-18 data were included. We performed logistic regression with OSA as the dependent variable and the OSA-18 total symptom score (TSS), age, gender, race, asthma, and body mass index (BMI) as independent variables. Results Seventy-nine children (32 females) were included (mean age 5.2 ± 2.4 years). The positive predictive value (PPV) was greater than 90 for an obstructive apnea–hypopnea index (oAHI) ≥ 1. The PPV and specificity were higher for white than for nonwhite children; however, sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of OSA-18 TSS were low for mild, moderate, and severe OSA regardless of race. Age, race, and BMI were not significantly associated with oAHI. Conclusions This study, conducted in a racially diverse cohort, examined the ability of the OSA-18 to predict OSA when compared to PSG—the gold standard—and found that sensitivity and NPV were extremely low for both white and nonwhite children. This suggests that the OSA-18 is not sufficiently sensitive to detect OSA nor sufficiently specific to determine the absence of OSA. The OSA-18 should be used as a quality-of-life indicator and is not a reliable substitute for PSG. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1491–1495, 2015
A Nation of Immigrants and a Nation of Laws: Race, Multiculturalism, and Neoliberal Exception in Barack Obama's Immigration Discourse†

This article analyzes the Obama administration's policy and policy rhetoric on immigration, showing that it works around and rearticulates neoliberal visions of race/ethnicity, culture, and U.S. identity. Obama's stories of exemplary assimilated immigrants foreground values such as entrepreneurialism, responsibility, and neoliberal multiculturalism. These stories idealize certain forms of subjectivity and regulate the inclusive and exclusive dimensions of citizenship. Through the logic of neoliberal exception, Obama argues that American identity is both open to all who strive for it and also limited to the “right” kinds of immigrants. Critically analyzing President Obama's celebrated immigration rhetoric, particularly in light of his administration's restrictive immigration policies, can contribute to studies of race, citizenship, and immigration in the neoliberal era.
PSA is a candidate self-antigen in autoimmune chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that recognition of seminal plasma antigens can occur in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. This suggests that an autoimmune component may contribute to symptoms in some men. To determine if any of the principal secretory proteins of the prostate could be candidate antigens in autoimmune prostatitis, we examined the recall proliferative response of purified CD4 T cells in patients with chronic prostatitis and in normal volunteers using purified seminal plasma antigens and autologous dendritic cells. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested from 14 patients with chronic prostatitis and 12 normal volunteers by density gradient centrifugation. The stimulating cells were irradiated autologous dendritic cells produced by culture of monocyte-enriched fractions with IL-4 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF). Purified CD4 T cells were the responding population. Recall proliferation assays were performed, using purified seminal plasma proteins as antigens. RESULTS In 14 patients with chronic prostatitis, we detected a greater than 2-fold increase in proliferative response to PSA compared to control in 5 patients (36%). No response to Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) or β-microseminoprotein was observed in these 14 patients. In 12 normal volunteer donors with no history of genitourinary disease or symptoms, no proliferative response above background was observed for any prostatic antigen. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that some men with symptoms of chronic prostatitis have evidence of a proliferative CD4 T-cell response to PSA. PSA is a candidate antigen in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and may be an appropriate target for immunotherapy for prostatic cancer. Prostate 44:49–54, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cardiac-specific overexpression of Gαq alters excitation–contraction coupling in isolated cardiac myocytes

Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of G alpha q exhibit a biochemical and physiological phenotype of load-independent cardiac hypertrophy with contractile dysfunction. To elucidate the cellular basis for altered contractility, we measured cellular contraction, Ca(2+)transients, and l -type Ca(2+)channel currents (I(Ca)) in left ventricular (LV) myocytes isolated from non transgenic (NT) controls or G alpha q hearts. Although baseline contractile function (% shortening) and the amplitude of Ca(2+)transients in G alpha q myocytes were similar to NT myocytes, the rates of cellular shortening and relengthening and the duration of Ca(2+)transients were prolonged in G alpha q myocytes. Myocytes from G alpha q hearts had larger cell capacitance but no change in I(Ca)density, voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation. The responses of I(Ca)to dihydropyridine drugs and a membrane permeable cAMP analog, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP, were not altered; however, the time course of I(Ca)inactivation was significantly slower in G alpha q myocytes compared to NT myocytes. The kinetic difference in inactivation was abolished when Ba(2+)was used as the charge carrier or when the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)was depleted by ryanodine, suggesting that Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation is reduced in G alpha q myocytes due to altered SR Ca(2+)release. Consistent with this hypothesis, the function of SR as assessed by the maximal Ca(2+)uptake rates and the apparent affinity of SR Ca(2+)-ATPase for Ca(2+)was reduced in ventricles of G alpha q heart. These results suggest that the reduced SR function contributes to the depressed contractility associated with this form of cardiac hypertrophy.
Characterization of novel histidine-tagged Tat-peptide complexes dual-labeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl and fluorescein for scintigraphy and fluorescence microscopy

To enable concurrent whole body scintigraphy and direct imaging of subcellular localization of permeation peptides, dual-labeled Tat-peptides useful for both radiometric analysis and fluorescence microscopy are desired for molecular imaging applications. Thus, novel dual-labeled D-Tat-peptides comprising Tat-basic domain (hgrkkrrqrrrgc), C-terminus conjugated with fluorescein-5-maleimide (FM) and N-terminus chelated with [99mTc(CO)3] via histidine coordination, were synthesized and characterized. In human Jurkat cells, radiotracer uptake and washout studies revealed concentration-dependent accumulation of the dual-labeled Tat-peptide within cells. Subcellular localization of Tat-peptide was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy using an analogous [Re(CO)3] dual-labeled Tat-peptide. As seen with C-terminus single-labeled Tat-peptides, localization to the nucleoli was observed with the dual-labeled Tat-peptide, suggesting that the mechanism of Tat-peptide uptake and localization was not dependent on free pep...
Synthesis of a tri- and a tetra-saccharide fragment of the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus.

Abstract Syntheses of the propyl glycosides ( 1–3 ) of β- d -Gal p -(1→4)-β- d -Glc p NAc, β- d -Glc p -(1→6)-[β- d -Gal p -(1→4)]-β- d -Glc p NAc, and β- d -Gal p -(1→4)-β- d -Glc p-(1→6)-[β - d -Gal p -(1→4)]-β- d -Glc p NAc, respectively, are reported. Reaction of allyl 2-acetamido-3- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-6- O -(4-methoxybenzyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide under Hg(CN) 2 catalysis, followed by oxidative removal of the 4-methoxybenzyl group, gave allyl 2-acetamido-3- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-4- O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 10 ) O -deacetylation of which, followed by hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation, gave 1 . Reaction of 10 with β- d -glucopyranose penta-acetate and β-lactose octa-acetate, under catalysis by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, and treatment of the products as for 10 gave 2 and 3 , respectively. Attempted glycosylation of 10 with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl bromide under catalysis by Hg(CN) 2 or silver trifluoromethanesulfonate gave an orthoester. Complete assignments of the 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectra of 1–3 are reported together with their carbon spin-lattice relaxation times which indicate that 3 assumes a compact instead of an extended shape.
A Novel Antiseptic-Microbial Barrier Cap for CVC Hubs or Injection Ports for Prevention of CVC-Related BSI

Abstract BACKGROUND: Patients with CVCs are at continuous risk of BSI caused by microorganisms that gain access through the hub or an injection port, particularly patients with long-term IVDs where infectious organisms most often gain access intraluminally. OBJECTIVE: We report a simulation study of a novel antiseptic cap (Saralex), which when threaded onto a luer-adaptable needleless injection port allows a chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge to come into continuous contact with the membranous surface of the port. Upon removal, there is no need to swab the membrane before accessing it with a needle or needleless connector. METHODS: One hundred five needleless IV systems of three types were tested. All contain a membrane and are accessible by a luer lock mechanism. Each test port was first heavily contaminated by dipping in a suspension of > 106 CFU/mL Enterococcus faecilis , then allowing it to dry. After 24 hours, 60 contaminated ports had the antiseptic cap threaded onto the port, removing it after 10 minutes; 30 ports were disinfected conventionally with a 70% isopropyl alcohol pledgett; and 15 were contaminated but not disinfected (positive control), before access. The contaminated test ports were then accessed with a sterile syringe containing 3mL of TSB and flushed; the flush solution was captured and cultured quantitatively. RESULTS: All 15 (100%) control ports which were not disinfected before entering showed massive microbial transmission across the membrane (4,500–10,000 CFU). Of the 30 ports accessed after conventional disinfection with an alcohol pledgett, 20 (67%) showed entry of microorganisms (442–25,000 CFU). In contrast, of 60 contaminated ports entered after application of the novel antiseptic cap for 10 minutes, only 1 (1.6%) showed any microbial transmission (P CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that if the membranous septum of a needleless port is heavily contaminated, conventional disinfection with alcohol may not reliably prevent ingress of microorganisms and CVC–related BSI. In contrast, the antiseptic cap provides a high level of protection, even in the presence of heavy contamination. This novel technology deserves to be studied in a large multi-center clinical trial.
Effects of variable solar irradiance on the reactive power compensation for large solar farm

Dish-Stirling systems are a form of concentrating solar power (CSP) emerging as an efficient and reliable source of renewable energy. Various technical hurdles are involved in the grid interconnection of dish-Stirling systems, particularly with issues related to power factor correction, low voltage ride-through capability, and reactive power planning. While there are no grid-interconnection requirements specific to dish-Stirling technology, the requirements currently established for wind farms are used as a starting point due to the similar design and operating characteristics between wind farms and dish-Stirling solar farms. A dish-Stirling solar farm requires external reactive power compensation to meet the power factor requirements presently set for wind farms. The following paper provides a brief overview of dish-Stirling technology, along with an analysis of methods for meeting power factor grid interconnection requirements and maintaining necessary voltage levels under varying irradiance conditions due to cloud cover. Simulation results for voltage and power factor of the solar farm are provided for both steady state and cloud transient conditions within a 12-bus network.
Chromosomes and large bowel tumors

As a variety of chromosome banding techniques are applied in the systematic study of large bowel neoplasms coupled with new approaches in cell and molecular biology, one can anticipate much new knowledge in this area. This report will present a synopsis of recent work from our laboratory. Chromosomal changes in large bowel neoplasms can be classified into those involving an abnormal number of chromosomes and those involving structural changes.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Applied to an In-House Incident Learning System

reviewing errors previously reported in our error reporting system. A separate safety checklist was developed for each step in the workflow from CT simulation to radiation start: CT simulation, physician contouring, dosimetrist planning, physics and radiation therapist check. Each checklist was completed before the plan could progress. The number of reported errors was examined starting from before the development of our department’s error reporting system until after the implementation of the safety checklist program. The severity of errors was graded according to the Radiation Error Scoring System (J Am Coll Radiol 2009;6:45-50). In this system, grade 1 and 2 errors are classified as “near misses,” and grade 3 and 4 errors as those reaching the patient. To assess safety culture, the United States Department of Health Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was sent to staff before and after the implementation of the checklist program. Results: Reported errors increased over time, including after the implementation of the safety checklists. Before implementing the error reporting system an average of 2.2 errors were reported per month (101 errors from 1/2009 9/2012). Of these errors, 73% were grade 1, 14% grade 2, 9% grade 3 and 4% grade 4. After implementing the error reporting system in 10/2012 but before implementing the safety checklist program, an average 11.4 errors were reported per month (161 errors from 10/2012 11/2013). Of these errors, 157 were grade 1 (97%), 4 were grade 2 (3%) and none were grade 3 or 4. After implementing the checklist program in 12/2013, an average 16.5 errors were reported per month (33 errors from 12/2013 1/2014, all grade 1). The only domain of the safety culture survey that was significantly different before and after the implementation of the checklist program was “Staffing”, with a positive response rate of 64% before and 75% during checklist implementation (pZ 0.04). All the other domains of the survey, including “Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety” were not different (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Implementing our electronic safety checklist was associated with an increase in reported errors. There seemed to be a trend toward reducing the severity of errors (more reported “near misses,” less errors reaching the patient), although more time is needed to determine if the safety checklists actually reduce the number of errors reaching patients. The safety culture of the department, as measured by a validated survey, did not suffer from implementation of a new process and even improved in one domain. Author Disclosure: J.C. Greenwalt: None. K. Mittauer: None. C. Liu: None. R.L. Deraniyagala: None. A.R. Yeung: None.
Prevention of Chemography in Prestained Epoxy Autoradiographs by an Intervening Carbon Film

Evaporation of a carbon layer over toluidine blue stained epoxy sections prior to applying emulsion eliminates or significantly reduces chemography that would otherwise be present in autoradiographs. This simple procedure permits routine proceasing of large numbers of slides without the limitations of the impermeable membranes currently recammended for light microscopic autoradiography following prestaining. The method permits “before and after” microphotography and use of simple staining procedures for sections to be studied autoradiographically.
Rapid methods for comparing the double-stranded RNA genome profiles of bluetongue virus

Various double-stranded RNA extraction procedures, gel electrophoresis systems, and methods to detect the RNA bands in the gel were investigated to find the most rapid methods to obtain the genome profiles of bluetongue virus in small volumes (1-25 ml) of infected cell culture fluids. Rapid double-stranded RNA extraction procedures coupled with staining the acrylamide gel slabs with ethidium bromide or silver nitrate resulted in well-defined genome profiles from bluetongue virus infected cell cultures in 6-48 h. Radioactive labelling of viral RNA with 32P was time consuming, cumbersome and expensive. These techniques detect less than 0.5 micrograms of double-stranded RNA which can be obtained from one 1-ml well of a 24-well cluster plate of bluetongue virus infected cell monolayers. The methods were therefore suitable for rapid comparisons of the electropherotypes of multiple virus isolates.
FTIR study of bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalysts

A series of Pt-Sn/A1203 catalysts supported on Degussa nonporous alumina were characterized by infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. The nominal platinum loading was kept constant in the catalysts at l wt% and the nominal amount of tin was varied from 0 to 5 wt%. At room temperature it was found that there was a general trend for the linearly adsorbed CO band to shift to lower frequencies with increasing amounts of tin in the catalyst, except for one of the catalysts (1.0 Pt-1.0 Sn/AI203) where a particle size effect seemed to be dominant. The amount of bridge-bonded CO species was very small and became undetectable in the case of large tin loadings (1 and 5 wt% Sn). Thermal desorption infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the vibration frequency of the isolated CO molecule and hence observe if there were any indications of electronic interactions between tin and platinum. For the monometallic 1.0 Pt/A1203 sample the singleton vibration frequency was 2041 cm- t. For all the Pt-Sn bimetallic samples it was found that the singleton vibration frequency lay within the range 2041 -+ 6 cm -1. This suggests that the electronic effect of Sn on Pt in our Pt-Sn/A120 3 catalysts is not very large. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Biomimetic stereoselective formation of methyllanthionine.

Fmoc-(2R,3S)-3-methyl-Se-phenylselenocysteine was used for the synthesis of dehydrobutyrine (Dhb)-containing peptides. Biomimetic cyclization via Michael addition of Cys to a Dhb yielded the B-ring of the lantibiotic subtilin as a single diastereomer. The methyllanthionine product was shown to have the natural configuration by preparation of the authentic stereoisomer. The formation of a single isomer suggests that the prepeptide has a strong intrinsic preference for the stereochemistry observed in lantibiotics.
The Conceptual Level Analogy Test: internal consistency and relationship to demographic variables.

Summary.-The Conceptual Level Analogy Test is a recently developed test of abstract reasoning predictive of morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. The present study examined the relationship of test scores with demographic variables and the internal consistenq of the test for a non-clinical sample. Analysis indicated that the test is a unidimensional scale. Significant effects were found for age, occupation, and education on total score. Corrections for these demographic factors in future work with surgical populations may improve the prediction of post-surgical status. During the past twenty years a substantial and increasing amount of research has been conducted regarding the pre- and post-operative status of cardiac surgery patients (Kelleher & Townes, 1983). The instrument which appears to have yielded the most promising predictive data in terms of post-operative morbidity and mortality is a recently constructed test of abstract reasoning, the Conceptual Level Analogy Test ( Willner, 1971). In a series of studies, Willner and his colleagues have found that pre-operative test scores significantly differentiated the "good" cardiac surgery outcome group from those with postoperative psychiatric symptoms and the "catastrophic" outcome (death or cerebrovascular accident) group during the immediate post-operative and follow-up testing intervals (Willner & Rabiner, 1980; Willner & Rabiner, 1979; Willner, Rabiner, Wisoff, Fishman, Rosen, Hartstein, & Klein, 1976). Also, work with psychiatric patients has been reported (Struve, Ramsey, Kane, & Willner, 1982). No information is available, however, concerning the internal consistency of the scale.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen 40. Methoden zur Herstellung von Pentamethylen‐1,5‐bis‐(dihydroxyphosphonylmethyl‐phosphinsäure) [1]

Alkyl-pentamethylene-1,5-bis-(dialkyloxyphosphonylmethyl-phosphinates) (VII) are formed in high yield by heating alkyl pentamethylene-1,5-diphosphonites, (RO)2P(CH2)5P(OR)2, with alkyl chloromethylphosphonates, ClCH2P(O)(OR)2, at 170° for several hours until evolution of alkyl halides ceases. Hydrolysis to the corresponding acid (VIII) is effected by refluxing with conc. HCl for 40 h. The synthesis and properties of some other 1,5-diphosphorus-substituted pentanes, i.e., H2P(CH2)5PH2, Cl2P(CH2)5PCl2, (Et2N)2P(CH2)5P(NEt2)2, (EtO) (HO)P(CH2)5P(OH)(OEt), and (HO)2P(CH2)5P(OH)2, are also reported.
787 ANTI-BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) ANTIBODIES ARE A COMPONENT OF CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES (IC) IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROBLASTOMA (NB)

The Raji cell assay (RA) and Clq binding test (ClqBT) were used to monitor changes in IC levels over 1 to 15 mos. in 17 patients with NB, 3 of whom were stage IVs. During the period of observation 19 tumor recurrences and 7 deaths were observed. IC were found in 10 of 62 samples (16.1%) by ClqBT and in 29 of 62 samples (46%) by RA. Changes in serum ClqBT or RA did not correlate with changes in disease activity or tumor burden. Sera from NB patients but not from age-matched controls precipitated a protein in 125I extrinsically labeled extracts of the LA-N1 NB cell line which had the molecular weight and antigenic characteristics of BSA. Using a modified Farr assay, 11 of 17 patients had anti-BSA antibodies; 23% of the initial samples and 14% of the subsequent 61 sera contained more anti-BSA activity than was found in 95% of sera from 13 age-matched controls. Incubation at pH 3.0 overnight in the presence of 125I-BSA, followed by neutralization, substantially increased the anti-BSA activity of 3 sera with high levels of IC but did not influence the anti-BSA activity of 3 sera with moderate to low IC. This demonstration of abnormally increased anti-BSA activity as well as “blocked” anti-BSA activity in IC suggests an altered reactivity to milk antigens or abnormal regulatory control of humoral immune responses in NB.
The fight for science textbooks

Many scientists have deplored the success of creationists in expunging evolution from school science textbooks. A sustained and arduous effort is necessary for a reversal of this process.
Reducing groundwater pollution by toxic substances: Procedures and policies

One major source of water-related health problems is the improper disposal of toxic substances in the environment. Toxic materials leaching from unregulated and unlined pits, ponds, lagoons, and landfills have created a widespread environmental nightmare in the United States and many other parts of the world. At present, there are two major and interrelated components of this problem in the United States. The first is the issue of cleaning up abandoned disposal sites that pose actual or potential threats to water supplies. The second aspect of the problem concerns the necessity of siting proper management, treatment, or disposal facilities in the future. Priorities must be set to allow efficient, effective, and equitable allocation of the scarce resources that are available for accomplishing these tasks.
Advancing the social sciences through the interdisciplinary enterprise

Abstract Although interdisciplinary work in universities has expanded in recent decades, the influence of academic disciplines is pervasive. The article makes explicit the opportunities and challenges of interdisciplinary for the social sciences. The strategies offered for enhancing the interdisciplinary enterprise include selecting appropriate group members, establishing ground rules, explicating and bridging epistemological and methodological differences, and promoting infrastructural support.
Unitary Placement Testing for Spanish: Can a Single Instrument Adequately Serve Native Speakers and Non‐Natives Alike?

The article responds affirmatively to the question its title poses. A single testing instrument can indeed adequately place and evaluate native speakers of Spanish and non-native learners alike, provided that it incorporates various special features found in the two tests analyzed here—the Parisi Spanish Proficiency Test (PSPT), developed at Georgetown University, and the Examen de colocacion en espanol (EdCE), produced at the University of Texas, El Paso. Coefficients of correlation between the two were determined through multiple administrations of both to divergent student populations at the two cited schools. The tests themselves along with the statistics derived from them are discussed in detail. Also arrived at is a refinement of what is understood to constitute native-speaker proficiency in Spanish.
Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

The co-emergence of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacterial strains and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus pandemic has made tuberculosis a leading public health threat. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu), a facultative intracellular parasite. Mycobacterium leprae (Mle), a related organism that causes leprosy, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Given that different transporters are required for bacterial growth and persistence under a variety of growth conditions, we conducted comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of these two organisms. A minimal set of genes required for intracellular and extracellular life was identified. Drug efflux systems utilizing primary active transport mechanisms have been preferentially retained in Mle and still others preferentially lost. Transporters associated with environmental adaptation found in Mtu were mostly lost in Mle. These findings provide starting points for experimental studies that may elucidate the dependencies of pathogenesis on transport for these two pathogenic mycobacteria. They also lead to suggestions regarding transporters that function in intra- versus extra-cellular growth.
Theoretical approach to study crosstalk between three conductor nonuniform transmission lines

In this paper Theoretical approach to study crosstalk between three conductor transmission lines is developed. Methods for prediction of crosstalk between microstrip transmission lines are reviewed. Equations are derived which can be solved to obtain formulas for the near-end and far-end crosstalk for nonuniform transmission lines.
Demand Functions with Limited Budgets

'Opi OIp, is contained in a paper by Henry Schultz: "Interrelations of Demand," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XLI (August, 1933). Among the four commodities, barley, corn, hay, and oats, six equations of each of these types are tested. In most cases the differences between the left and right members as calculated statistically appear to be well within the discrepancies to be expected on the basis of the standard errors, though one of the six differences (hay-oats) is too great to be ascribed to chance alone. Schultz' results as a whole seem to confirm the
Affinity-based precipitation via a bivalent peptidic hapten for the purification of monoclonal antibodies.

In a previous study, we demonstrated a non-chromatographic affinity-based precipitation method, using trivalent haptens, for the purification of mAbs. In this study, we significantly improved this process by using a simplified bivalent peptidic hapten (BPH) design, which enables facile and rapid purification of mAbs while overcoming the limitations of the previous trivalent design. The improved affinity-based precipitation method (ABPBPH) combines the simplicity of salt-induced precipitation with the selectivity of affinity chromatography for the purification of mAbs. The ABPBPH method involves 3 steps: (i) precipitation and separation of protein contaminants larger than immunoglobulins with ammonium sulfate; (ii) selective precipitation of the target-antibody via BPH by inducing antibody-complex formation; (iii) solubilization of the antibody pellet and removal of BPH with membrane filtration resulting in the pure antibody. The ABPBPH method was evaluated by purifying the pharmaceutical antibody trastuzumab from common contaminants including CHO cell conditioned media, DNA, ascites fluid, other antibodies, and denatured antibody with >85% yield and >97% purity. Importantly, the purified antibody demonstrated native binding activity to cell lines expressing the target protein, HER2. Combined, the ABPBPH method is a rapid and scalable process for the purification of antibodies with the potential to improve product quality while decreasing purification costs.
An information-integrated framework to support e-Manufacturing

The information integration of geometric design, finite/boundary element analysis (FEA/BEA), and numerical control (NC) machining is an important issue in e-Manufacturing and product development in geographically distributed sites. In this paper, a unified information-integrated framework based on XML (the eXtensible Markup Language) was created to support e-Manufacturing and integrate geometric design, FEA/BEA, and NC machining via the Internet. The structures of DTDs (Document Type Definitions) and XML files of geometric design, FEA/BEA, and NC machining were developed. Key technologies of supporting the XML-based integration and information communication, such as SAX (the Simple API (Application Programming Interface) for XML), DOM (the Document Object Model), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), etc., are discussed. XML-based information integration via the Internet will shorten the development cycle, save costs in product development, and, finally, improve the competitive capability of e-Manufacturing in the global competition of product development.
Adaptive anomaly detection using subspace separation for hyperspectral imagery

We propose adaptive anomaly detectors that find materials whose spectral characteristics are substantially different from those of the neighboring materials. Target spectral vectors are assumed to have different statistical characteristics from the background vectors. We use a dual rectangular window that separates the local area into two regions—the inner window region (IWR) and outer window region (OWR). The statistical spectral differences between the IWR and OWR are exploited by generating subspace projection vectors onto which the IWR and OWR vectors are projected. Anomalies are detected if the pro- jection separation between the IWR and OWR vectors is greater than a predefined threshold. Four different methods are used to produce the subspace projection vectors. The four proposed anomaly detectors are applied to Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HY- DICE) images and the detection performance for each method is evaluated. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Immunocytochemistry in effusion cytology

BACKGROUND Cytology plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of pleural effusions. In many cases, immunocytochemistry (ICC) is required to elucidate the etiology of the atypical cells. Effusions are samples that present unique problems for ICC. To date there is no standardization of ICC methods for effusions and cytology in general. METHODS The authors review the most commonly used cytologic preparations, fixatives, and antibodies used in effusion ICC. RESULTS Through the utilization of cell block preparations and a panel of antibodies appropriate for the differential diagnosis in question, ICC conditions utilized in surgical pathology can be most closely replicated. CONCLUSIONS ICC may provide reliable insights into various diagnostic dilemmas in effusion cytology, provided that laboratory standardization practices are followed. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:293–308. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Original Contribution: On the training of radial basis function classifiers

An approach for the implementation of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) technique is presented and applied to a network of the appropriate architecture. The paper explores a methodology for selecting kernel function parameters and the extent to which the number of RBF nodes can be reduced without significantly affecting the overall training error. These objectives are accomplished through algorithms that shall be described in detail. Emphasis is also placed on the problems faced by a technique that has been proved superior to the more traditional training algorithms, particularly in terms of processing speed and solvability of nonlinear patterns. Solutions are consequently proposed in view of making RBF a more efficient method for interpolation and classification purposes.
Suggested explanation for the anomalous temperature dependence of the corneal swelling pressure.

Abstract A possible explanation is presented for the unexpected decrease in corneal swelling pressure with increasing temperature. It is shown that the form used in previous studies for the Donnan osmotic pressure is valid only in certain limiting cases. When the predominant force is a repulsion between fixed electrostatic charges, there are regimes of charge separation for which the temperature coefficient of the swelling pressure is negative. The simple model used here to illustrate the effect gives the observed swelling pressure and its temperature coefficient only for unexpectedly high values of the fixed charge density. It does make a qualitative prediction for experimental test to decide whether a more refined model is worthwhile.
Stability Analysis and Computation of Solutions of Nonlinear Delay Differential Algebraic Equations With Time Periodic Coefficients

Stability theory of Nonlinear Delay Differential Algebraic Equations (DDAE) with periodic coefficients is proposed with a geometric interpretation of the evolution of the linearized system. First, a numerical algorithm based on direct integration by expansion in terms of Chebyshev polynomials is derived for linear analysis. The proposed algorithm is shown to have deeper connections with and computationally less cumbersome than the solution of the underlying semi-explicit system via a similarity transformation. The stability of time periodic DDAE systems is characterized by the spectral radius of a finite dimensional approximation or a “monodromy matrix” of a compact infinite dimensional operator. The monodromy operator is essentially a map of the Chebyshev coefficients of the state form the delay interval to the next adjacent interval of time. The monodromy matrix is obtained by a similarity transformation of the momodromy matrix of the associated semi-explicit system. The computations are entirely performed in the original system form to avoid cumbersome transformations associated with the semi-explicit system. Next, two computational algorithms are detailed for obtaining solutions of nonlinear DDAEs with periodic coefficients for consistent initial functions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Determination of sleep state in infants using respiratory variability

Abstract: Sleep staging has been conventionally performed using neurophysiologic and behavioral criteria. However, these criteria may not always be available. Since it is known that cardiorespiratory variables in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are different from those in quiet sleep, we asked whether such variables can be used for the determination of sleep state. We studied nine normal fullterm infants at 1 and 4 months of life. Ventilation was measured using barometric plethysmography and the RR interval using a high accuracy R wave detector. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and postural muscle electromyogram were recorded using surface electrodes and behavioral criteria applied. Means of RR interval, respiratory cycle time and tidal volume, and coefficients of variation of the same variables, were obtained for 30-s intervals throughout each sleep study. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov distances between REM and quiet sleep were larger for the coefficients of variation than for the means at both ages for all variables. Moreover, coefficient of variation of respiratory cycle time was found to provide the largest separation between REM and quiet sleep. In view of this result, we developed a statistical decision rule using coefficient of variation of respiratory cycle time for the classification of REM and quiet sleep in blocks of 5-min periods. Each study was divided into 5-min epochs and this rule was applied to each epoch. Of 85 epochs staged as quiet sleep by neurophysiologic and behavioral criteria, 79 epochs (or 93%) were classified correctly as quiet sleep using our decision rule. Of 85 epochs staged as REM sleep, 84 were classified as REM sleep and only one misclassified as quiet sleep. Five additional infants, whose results did not enter into the formulation of the decision rule, were used as a subsequent example to test the rule. The results of these five infants were similar to those of the previous nine others. We conclude that in young infants 1) the variability of cardiorespiratory parameters can separate quiet from nonquiet sleep better than the mean values and 2) sleep staging using a decision rule based on coefficient of variation of respiratory cycle time can be performed with high degree of accuracy.
Animal-vegetal asymmetries influence the earliest steps in retina fate commitment in Xenopus.

An individual retina descends from a restricted and invariant group of nine animal blastomeres at the 32-cell stage. We tested which molecular signaling pathways are responsible for the competence of animal blastomeres to contribute to the retina. Inactivation of activin/Vg1 or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling by expression of dominant-negative receptors does not prevent an animal blastomere from contributing to the retina. However, increasing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the retina-producing blastomeres significantly reduces their contribution. Conversely, reducing BMP signaling by expression of a dominant-negative BMP receptor or Noggin allows other animal blastomeres to contribute to the retina. Thus, the initial step in the retinal lineage is regulated by position within the BMP/Noggin field of epidermal versus neural induction. Vegetal tier blastomeres, in contrast, cannot contribute to the retina even when given access to the appropriate position and signaling fields by transplantation to the dorsal animal pole. We tested whether expression of molecules within the mesoderm inducing (activin, FGF), mesoderm-modifying (Wnt), or neural-inducing (BMP, Noggin) pathways impart a retinal fate on vegetal cell descendants. None of these, several of which induce secondary head structures, caused vegetal cells to contribute to retina. This was true even if the injected blastomeres were transplanted to the dorsal animal pole. Two pathways that specifically induce head tissues also were investigated. The simultaneous blockade of Wnt and BMP signaling, which results in the formation of a complete secondary axis with head and eyes, did not cause the vegetal clone to give rise to retina. However, Cerberus, a secreted protein that also induces an ectopic head with eyes, redirected vegetal progeny into the retina. These experiments indicate that vegetal blastomere incompetence to express a retinal fate is not due to a lack of components of known signaling pathways, but relies on a specific pathway of head induction.
Introducing Psychiatric Residents to Psychoanalysis: A Visiting Analyst's Perspective

The serious decline in applicants for psychoanalytic training mandates the attention of psychoanalytic educators. If students are to be drawn to psychoanalysis, creative methods must be employed to convey the vigor and excitement of work in the field. The author describes two experiences as a visiting analyst, in a university hospital psychiatric residency in which there is almost no regular exposure to psychoanalytic thinking. Because he was dissatisfied with an approach that stressed literature review and psychotherapy case presentations and supervision, he developed a teaching technique through which he was able to show the residents how he thought analytically and self-analytically. This teaching method is discussed in terms of Stein's (1988) injunction that analysts reveal more about the process of their thinking when they write, his description of how Bertram D. Lewin taught by encouraging analytic candidates to free-associate as a method of understanding new case material, and Arlow's (1972) view of the centrality of identification in education.
Life history and population dynamics of Atriplex triangularis

Life history and population dynamics were examined for an annual halophyte, Atriplex triangularis Willd., in an inland salt marsh at Rittman, Ohio. The effect of salinity and precipitation on survival, growth, and reproduction of Atriplex triangularis under field conditions was determined. Early germination enhanced the possibility of survival and reproduction of this species. No distinct ecotypes were found, but various populations demonstrated different degrees of phenotypic plasticity in response to salinity, indicating that genetic selection for plasticity in growth response is taking place along the salinity gradient. Most seeds fell directly below the parent plant, but a small number was found in traps up to 0.5 meter from fruiting individuals. High temperature, salinity, and darkness individually, and in combination, inhibited the germination of small seeds more than large seeds.
Inhibition of nucleotidyl transferase enzymes by metal ions in combination with 5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone.

Abstract Inhibition of urchin polymerases by the metal ions Fe+2 and Cu+2 is modulated by exogenous ligands and the resultant inhibition is further a function of the polymerase class. The DNA polymerase β is singularly resistant to Fe+2 and Cu+2 metal ions alone and in combination with the title ligand. DNA polymerase α and the RNA polymerases II and III show varying degrees of sensitivity to the title inhibitor.
Affective economies: Eastleigh's metalogistics, urban anxieties and the mapping of diasporic city life

Abstract In this essay, we trace the national and religious anxieties that emerge with the influx of Somali refugees and capital investments into the Nairobi suburb of Eastleigh. More specifically, we look at how the ambiguity of Somali identity [citizen/refugee] in Kenya renders ineffective the state's attempt to police the circulation of the ‘Somali body’ and capital and how this becomes part of a quest for certitude that manifests itself in security discourse on the ‘Somali threat’ on one hand and a national/religious discourse on authentic Kenyanness. Through a reading of affective and moral economies, we illustrate how ‘Somali driven development’ and presence in Eastleigh, rather than act a source of national and religious anxieties can be seen as an opportunity to re-negotiate and re-evaluate both national and urban senses of community.
New aspects of photoluminescence studies of fluorozirconate glass fibers

Abstract Laser-excited photoluminescence (PL) has been studied in low-loss multimode fluorozirconate glass fibers and compared to doped bulk fluoride glasses. The PL intensity is shown to be proportional to the length of the optical fiber. Comparison of the magnitudes of the PL and Raman scattering intensities from fiber and bulk glass allows determination of the impurity concentrations of Nd 3+ and Fe 3+ in the fiber, provided that light polarization effects are taken into account.
Equivalent-strain method and crack vertex advance

An approximate approach is proposed for determining the opening of a crack and the size of the plastic zone arising ahead of the crack front for bounded bodies. The basis of the approach is the equivalent loaded-state method. The method has been tested in solving various standard problems and has been found very effective.
Who provided maize to Chaco Canyon after the mid-12th-century drought?

Abstract Between A.D. 1181 and 1200, in the early part of a climatically wet period, corn was imported to Chaco Canyon from a region outside the Chaco Halo (defined in this paper as the region between the base of the Chuska Mountains and Raton Wells). Strontium-isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) analyses of 12 corn cobs dating to this period match 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios from five potential source areas, including: the Zuni region, the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome area, the Totah, the Defiance Plateau, and Lobo Mesa. The latter two areas were eliminated from consideration as possible sources of corn in that they appear to have been unpopulated during the time period of interest. Therefore, it appears that the corn cobs were imported from the Zuni region, the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome area, or the Totah area during a time when the climate was relatively wet and when a surplus of corn was produced in regions outside Chaco Canyon. Based on proximity to and cultural affiliation with Chaco Canyon, it is hypothesized that the corn probably was imported from the Totah.
URINARY CATECHOL AMINES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM.

As an approach to investigation of the relationship between the thyroid and catechol amines, urinary excretion of catechol amines, metanephrines and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) was measured in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Urinary levels of catecholamines in 32 hyperthyroid patients were not significantly different from the values found in euthyroid subjects; in 20 hypothyroid patients the mean value for urinary norepinephrine was slightly higher than in the euthyroid and hyperthyroid groups. Urinary VMA in 32 hyperthyroid and 18 hypothyroid patients was within the range observed in euthyroid subjects. Urinary total metanephrines in 13 hyperthyroid and 10 hypothyroid patients did not differ significantly from the values found in the euthyroid group.
The canals of Mars - An assessment after Mariner 9

The Lowellian canal network has been compared with the results of Mariner 9 photography of Mars. A small number of canals may correspond to rift valleys, ridge systems, crater chains, and linear surface albedo markings. But the vast bulk of classical canals correspond neither to topographic nor to albedo features, and appear to have no relation to the real Martian surface.
The calculation of electron density and temperature in Ar spectroscopic plasmas from continuum and line spectra

Abstract The measurement of electron temperature and electron density from line and continuum radiation in Ar plasmas used for spectroscopic purposes is discussed. The correct equations for the calculation of these parameters from experimentally observable quantities are identified. Such expressions yield the theoretical spectral irradiance expected from line and continuum radiation. To aid calculations, grouped constants from these equations are calculated using SI units of measure. The sources of accurate values for the parameters and correction factors appearing in the irradiance equations are listed. In addition the approximations made in order to simplify electron temperature and electron density determinations are reviewed. Practical aspects of making accurate measurements of these parameters in Ar plasmas are considered. Theoretical plots of line to continuum emission ratio vs electron temperature and of continuum irradiance vs electron density are presented as an illustration using parameters appropriate for Ar emission at 430 nm and the spectrally adjacent continuum.