cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grit, Growth Mindset, and the Path to Successful Lawyering

Research increasingly reveals the need for law students and new lawyers to possess a broad range of characteristics, skills, and professional competencies in order to succeed. Moreover, employers indicate that new lawyers’ ability to navigate a professional environment is far more important than their legal skills. Two constructs borrowed from the social sciences—grit and growth mindset—serve as promising mechanisms for students to develop these necessary characteristics and professional competencies. While few studies have applied these concepts directly to legal education and practice, generalized research demonstrates they are directly correlated with success and well-being. Law school is rigorous and increasingly demanding, particularly because students are now expected to develop and exhibit competencies and characteristics beyond basic legal knowledge and analysis. Accordingly, it is incumbent on legal educators to develop and provide students with specific strategies to help them succeed and thrive, both in law school and beyond. This article explores the possibility of using grit and growth mindset as tools for law students as they seek to develop and demonstrate the key characteristics and competencies valued by employers. The article ultimately demonstrates that fostering grit and growth mindset can be done across a law school curriculum. This article also includes suggestions for building reflective practices that allow students to reframe their experiences, particularly their setbacks and failures, with an eye toward acquiring grit and growth mindset.
New Drug for Prostate Cancer.

The Food and Drug Administration has approved darolutamide (Nubeqa), an androgen receptor inhibitor, for the treatment of nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.The most common adverse effects of darolutamide are fatigue, pain in the extremity, and rash. The drug can also cause fetal har
Recruiting and retaining women in computing professions: panel discussion

At a time when demand for graduates in computing is increasing, the number of majors, particularly women, has significantly decreased.
Love-to-Rayleigh scattering across the eastern North American passive margin

Abstract This study presents observations of Love-to-Rayleigh scattering beneath the eastern North American passive margin that place new constraints on seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. The scattering of Love-wave energy to Rayleigh waves is generated via sharp lateral gradients in anisotropic structure along the source-receiver path. The scattered phases, known as quasi-Love (QL) waves, exhibit amplitude behavior that depends on the strength of the anisotropic contrast as well as the geometrical relationship between the propagation azimuth and the anisotropic symmetry axis. Previous studies of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath eastern North America have revealed evidence for a mix of lithospheric and asthenospheric contributions, but the interpretation of indicators such as SKS splitting is hampered by a lack of vertical resolution. Complementary constraints on the depth distribution of anisotropy can be provided by surface waves, which have the additional advantage of sampling portions of the margin that lie offshore. Here we present measurements of QL phases using data from several hundred broadband seismic stations in eastern North America, including stations of the USArray Transportable Array, the Central and Eastern U.S. Network, and the MAGIC experiment in the central Appalachians. We find evidence for clear QL arrivals at stations in eastern North America, consistent with a region of particularly strong and coherent scattering inferred just offshore the central portion of the margin. The coherent scattering near the Eastern North American Margin likely reflects lateral transitions in seismic anisotropy in the asthenospheric mantle, associated with locally complex three-dimensional flow, with possible additional contributions from anisotropy in the mantle lithosphere. A second region of strong QL scattering near the southern coast of Greenland is enigmatic in origin, but may be due to pre-existing lithospheric fabric.
Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Personality: Brief Survey and Experimentation

Use of social media is increasing day by day. A huge amount of textual data, as well as images, continue to explode to the web daily. Personality prediction is an evergreen area of research. Predicting personality with the help of data through social media is a promising approach as this method does not require any questionnaires to be filled by users thus reducing time and increasing credibility. In the current work we have fetched real-time Twitter data through a standard API and thereby created a sample experimental dataset. We have employed several popular machine learning algorithms such as kNN, Naive Bayes and SVM. It was observed that Naive Bayes yielded the highest accuracy of 71.67% as compared to the other classifiers.
Destructive domino: Subcutaneous self-implanted penile foreign body implicated in rule-out penile fracture

41-year-old male presented with significant penile swelling following sexual intercourse. Two years earlier while incarcerated, the patient self-inserted a 1.5 cm subcutaneous penile foreign body (FB) made from a domino piece. An original concern for penile fracture was successfully ruled out by penile ultrasound, and computed tomography ruled out deep infection. Bloodwork otherwise revealed leukocytosis, and the patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotics and observation. Penile cellulitis and hematoma clinically improved, and the FB did not require removal. At 18 month follow up, the patient maintains normal urological and sexual function.
Surface traps for freely rotating ion ring crystals

Rings of trapped ions are an attractive system to study quantum-many body dynamics with closed boundary conditions as well as symmetry breaking. One of the biggest challenges towards such experiments is to sufficiently suppress rotational imperfections of the trapping potential and to allow for instance freely rotating ring structures. We show how to overcome this challenge with a surface trap design and perform numerical calculations to analyze the consequences of various imperfections in detail. We conclude that trap electrode imperfections, external stray electric fields, and local charging of the trap electrodes can be controlled sufficiently well to allow ion rings to rotate freely even near their rotational ground state.
PBRM1 Regulates the Stress Response in Epithelial Cells

Polybromo1 (PBRM1) is a chromatin remodeler subunit highly mutated in cancer, particularly renal clear cell carcinoma. PBRM1 is a member of the SWI/SNF subcomplex, PBAF (PBRM1- Brg1/Brm Associated Factors) and is characterized by six tandem bromodomains. Here we establish a role for PBRM1 in epithelial cell maintenance through the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, metabolism, stress response, and apoptosis. In support of a general role for PBRM1 in stress response and apoptosis, we observe that loss of PBRM1 results in an increase in reactive oxygen species generation and a decrease in cellular viability under stress conditions. We find that loss of PBRM1 promotes cell growth under favorable conditions but is required for cell survival under conditions of cellular stress.
The Influence of Diabetes on Multisensory Integration and Mobility in Aging.

(1) Background: one out of every four adults over the age of 65 are living with diabetes, and this alarming rate continues to increase with age. Diabetes in older adults is associated with many adverse health outcomes, including sensory and motor impairments. The objective of this exploratory study was to determine whether diabetes influences the interplay between multisensory integration processes and mobility in aging. (2) Methods: in this cross-sectional observational study, we recruited 339 non-demented older adults (76.59 ± 6.21 years; 52% female, 18% with diabetes). Participants completed a simple reaction time test in response to visual, somatosensory, and combined visual-somatosensory stimulation. Magnitude of visual-somatosensory integration was computed and served as the independent variable. (3) Results: logistic regression revealed that presence of diabetes was inversely associated with the magnitude of visual-somatosensory integration (β = −3.21; p < 0.01). Further, mediation models revealed that presence of diabetes negatively influenced the relationship of visual–somatosensory integration magnitude with balance (95% CI −0.16, −0.01) and gait (95% CI −0.09, −0.01). Participants with diabetes and taking insulin (n = 14) failed to integrate sensory information entirely; (4) conclusions: taken together, results from this exploration provide compelling evidence to support the adverse effect of diabetes on both multisensory and motor functioning in older adults.
Small extracellular vesicles ameliorate peripheral neuropathy and enhance chemotherapy of oxaliplatin on ovarian cancer

There are no effective treatments for chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) facilitate intercellular communication and mediate nerve function and tumour progression. We found that the treatment of mice bearing ovarian tumour with sEVs derived from cerebral endothelial cells (CEC-sEVs) in combination with a chemo-drug, oxaliplatin, robustly reduced oxaliplatin-induced CIPN by decreasing oxaliplatin-damaged myelination and nerve fibres of the sciatic nerve and significantly amplified chemotherapy of oxaliplatin by reducing tumour size. The combination therapy substantially increased a set of sEV cargo-enriched miRNAs, but significantly reduced oxaliplatin-increased proteins in the sciatic nerve and tumour tissues. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the altered miRNAs and proteins formed two distinct networks that regulate neuropathy and tumour growth, respectively. Intravenously administered CEC-sEVs were internalized by axons of the sciatic nerve and cancer cells. Reduction of CEC-sEV cargo miRNAs abolished the effects of CEC-sEVs on oxaliplatin-inhibited axonal growth and on amplification of the anti-cancer effect in ovarian cancer cells, suggesting that alterations in the networks of miRNAs and proteins in recipient cells contribute to the therapeutic effect of CEC-sEVs on CIPN. Together, the present study demonstrates that CEC-sEVs suppressed CIPN and enhanced chemotherapy of oxaliplatin in the mouse bearing ovarian tumour.
Are social media bad for your employees? Effects of at-work break activities on recovery experiences

Abstract Since social media has become a fundamental part of the daily activities of people, the purpose of this study was to explore social media use by focusing on job demands that may explain why employees perceive social media are vital for them at work. Further, this study seeks to understand how employees use social media at work to experience recovery. Questionnaires were collected from current frontline hospitality non-managerial and managerial employees in the United States. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze data. Results of the study confirm that at-work break activities including social and non-media break activities can be a channel for employees to experience recovery and deal with job demands. Moreover, the results suggest that at-work break activities are an important mediator between job demands and recovery experiences. Social media break activities also moderated the mediation effect of non-social media break activities between job demands and recovery experiences.
Globalization Impact on Business Technology and Management Strategy

Recently, globalization with its numerous impacts on world production, consumption, trade, employment, communication and technology has changed the world environment for business resulting enhanced competition, emerging opportunities as well as threats and/or risks. Managing business organizations effectively has become more important, complicated and challenging. Business, now-a-days, has to adapt multivariate technologies or strategies in order to compete and survive successfully. This article examines critically the opportunities and risks poised to businesses and helps managers in appropriate decision making process. Most studies and literatures suggest that the overall benefit, as a result of globalization, outweighs its cost. However, this trend may ultimately cease to continue when associated costs will supersede benefits in the long-run. Therefore, management needs to cope with the changing trend and complexities of global business technology with a different course of action, strategy and dynamism as required.
The neuropathology of HIV pre- and post-HAART.

This chapter presents (i) unifying neuropathological criteria for diagnosing HIV encephalopathy to decrease variability in diagnostic terms and criteria, (ii) an overview of the neuropathology of HIV infection, and (iii) data to show that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce the severity of HIV encephalopathy but does not prevent monocyte trafficking to the brain. To determine the prevalence of HIV encephalopathy in autopsies before and after the introduction of HAART in 1995-1996, a group of physicians in Frankfurt, Germany, reevaluated neuropathology reports of autopsies performed on 436 HIV-infected patients between 1985 and 1999 at the Edinger Institute. Throughout the study period, HIV encephalopathy was the most common histological finding and the only neuro-AIDS complication that increased over time; the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma decreased. The diagnosis of CMV infection of the brain required the identification of cells with the characteristic cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions of CMV. Gross examination of the brain and spinal cord at autopsy may reveal no lesions specific for HIV encephalopathy. Brain atrophy is present in severe cases and can be mild to marked, with hydrocephalus ex vacuo. New neuropsychological impairment was twice as common in the pre-HAART group as in the post-HAART group and occurred sooner in the course of HIV. The treatment of choice for HIV dementia and HIV-associated neurocognitive decline is HAART.
Public Policy Schools

Since the 1970s graduate education in public policy has come to dominate elite graduate education for public service in the United States. It has done so through an emphasis on the imparting of a variety of rigorous analytic techniques—centered on micro-economics, descriptive and inferential statistics, and political and organizational analysis. Today, however, public policy education and the field of policy analysis faces a number of challenges—a decline in the belief that social problems can be solved through governmental action, the continuing weakness of the political and management parts of the policy curriculum, the potential negative effects of trying to serve an ever more heterogeneous set of student interests and expectations, and the failure of the field to foster the equivalent theoretical breakthroughs that finance theory provided for professional business administration programs.
Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates

Dried whole whey is utilized in food products for a number of reasons. In some cases the whey adds to the functionality of the product, in others it may be added essentially as a filler. The most important characteristic of dried whey in many applications is its low price. Depending on protein content, whey protein concentrates cost from 3 to 10 times as much as dried whey on a solids basis. If whey protein concentrates are to be added to food products it must be because they provide a functionality that makes this increased cost worth paying. The functions of whey protein concentrates in food products can be related to the functionality of their proteins.
Comparison between blue lasers and light-emitting diodes for future solid-state lighting

Solid-state lighting (SSL) is now the most efficient source of high color quality white light ever created. Nevertheless, the blue InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are the light engine of SSL still have significant performance limitations. Foremost among these is the decrease in efficiency at high input current densities widely known as “efficiency droop.” Efficiency droop limits input power densities, contrary to the desire to produce more photons per unit LED chip area and to make SSL more affordable. Pending a solution to efficiency droop, an alternative device could be a blue laser diode (LD). LDs, operated in stimulated emission, can have high efficiencies at much higher input power densities than LEDs can. In this article, LEDs and LDs for future SSL are explored by comparing: their current state-of-the-art input-power-density-dependent power-conversion efficiencies; potential improvements both in their peak power-conversion efficiencies and in the input power densities at which those efficiencies peak; and their economics for practical SSL.
Nested orthogonal realizations for linear prediction of ARMA processes

In this chapter we introduce a nested set of partial whitening filters for ARMA processes having orthogonal state variables. This provides a generalization of the tapped delay line realization for an ARMA process. The nested orthogonal sequence of realizations is obtained by similarity transformation using the inverse Cholesky factorization of its state covariance matrix. The resulting realization may be viewed as an extension of the AR ladder form to ARMA processes, and an algorithm for performing the factorization which generalizes the Levinson algorithm is described.
Pregnancy termination: techniques, risks, and complications and their management.

PIP: This article outlines the current modalities of pregnancy termination, as well as their risks and complications, in 3 phases of pregnancy: 1) up to 49 days past the last menstrual period, 2) 8-15 weeks, and 3) 16-24 weeks. Before 8 weeks of pregnancy, suction dilatation and curettage (D and C) is the preferred method. However, a medical approach, possibly self-administered, is viewed as more satisfactory and requires only an improvement in side effects. From 8-15 weeks' gestation, suction D and C and dilatation and evacuation (D and E) are the methods of choice. The use of laminaria tents improves both the facility and safety of these procedures in nulliparous patients and perhaps in multiparous patients. Priming of the cervix with prostaglandin could further decrease the difficulty and risks of these procedures. The use of a hydrogel compound is especially worthy of consideration. There is controversy about the preferred method between 16-20 weeks' gestation. D and E appears to have fewer complications and to be more cost-effective than hypertonic saline injection. Urea-prostaglandin has fewer and less severe complications than saline injection, and seems to be more cost-effective than saline injection in terms of duration of hospitalization. The high frequency of failure and side effects, combined with the possibility of expulsion of a live fetus, make prostaglandin-only injection less desirable. After 20 weeks' gestation, urea-prostaglandin injection is probably the safer method. Given the rapid increase in complications with passing weeks, any delay in providing late abortion services should be avoided. 2nd trimester pregnancy terminations, especially those after 18 weeks' gestation, are associated with increased mortality and morbidity and should be performed at specialized centers where providers are better equipped to manage complications.
Imaging in the Dialysis Patient: Imaging in Dialysis Spondyloarthropathy

Destructive spondyloarthropathy has recently been described in patients who undergo maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal disease. The condition most frequently involves the lower segment of the cervical spine, although the craniocervical junction also may be affected. Although the pathogenesis of destructive spondyloarthropathy remains unclear, the disorder is thought to relate to a hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. It appears that the disease correlates with the duration of hemodialysis, although it has been reported in patients with chronic renal insufficiency not associated with hemodialysis. Radiographic features simulate those of an infectious process, encompassing a range of abnormalities from superficial erosions to large bony defects. Computed tomography (CT) images reveal osteolytic areas, with bone sclerosis of adjacent vertebral endplates, and minimal osteophytosis. The intervertebral spaces appear narrow or obliterated. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the disorder may show the imaging characteristics of spondylodiskitis. The absence of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images generally helps to eliminate the diagnosis of an infection. With progression of the disease, collapse of a vertebral body and spinal instability may occur. Severe complications of destructive spondyloarthropathy in long-term dialysis patients may include spinal cord compromise, necessitating surgical decompression, with or without spinal stabilization.
The Anti-aldosterone Effects of Torsemide Do Not Lead to Detectable Improvement in Potassium Losses in Patients Treated for Decompensated Heart Failure

Background: Loop diuretics are the mainstay of treatment for volume overload in heart failure. Data is limited as to which loop diuretic is the preferred agent. Studies in animal models suggest that torsemide may have a positive anti-aldosterone effect, through receptor antagonism and inhibition of aldosterone secretion. However, the clinical significance of these effects in human heart failure is unknown. Hypothesis: If the anti-aldosterone effects of torsemide are clinically meaningful, potassium losses from torsemide should be reduced compared to other loop diuretics lacking anti-aldosterone effects. Methods: We studied 75 hospitalized heart failure patients treated with loop diuretics. Within this sample, 51 patients received bumetanide, 25 torsemide, and 12 furosemide with 13 patients receiving both bumetanide and torsemide on different days. A spot urine was collected prior to diuretic administration and then a timed 6-hour urine collection was performed after diuretic administration to determine total potassium excretion. Values reported represent median (quartile 1 quartile 4). Results: The doses of bumetanide, torsemide, and furosemide received were 3 mg (2-4 mg), 40 mg (20-70 mg) and 40 mg (25-80 mg), respectively. There was no significant difference in total potassium excretion and the potassium to sodium excretion ratio between the patients on torsemide, bumetanide and furosemide (Table 1). There was also no significant difference in fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) or change in FEK between patients on different diuretics (Table 1). In the subgroup of patients that received both bumetanide and torsemide on different days (n513) total potassium excretion (p50.30), potassium to sodium excretion ratio (p50.58), FEK (p50.41), and change in FEK (p50.74) were similar across diuretics. Conclusion: Torsemide did not produce a detectable change in total potassium excretion or potassium handling compared to furosemide or bumetanide. Acute anti-aldosterone effects of torsemide do not appear to be clinically significant in heart failure patients receiving high dose loop diuretics.
Self-accomodation and shape memory mechanism of ϵ-martensite—I. Experimental observations

Abstract Experimental aspects of the self-accomodation of ϵ-martensite variants have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Characterization of the faulting configuration of martensitic substructures confirms that the spontaneous martensitic transformation is generally self-accomodating, although involving localized homogeneous shears which often result in the formation of secondary variants at intersections. Stress-induced transformation promotes the growth of a single preferred variant, either at the expense of others within a band or by the formation of secondary variants at intersections between different bands. In Part II, based on these experimental observations, theoretical considerations of self-accomodation and the shape memory mechanism of ϵ-martensite will be discussed in comparison with the well-known Cu-based shape memory alloys.
Paradigm Shift in Design for NASA's Space Exploration Initiative: Results from MIT's Spring 2004 Study

*† ‡ § ** †† ‡‡ This paper summarizes the findings of a comprehensive study commissioned by NASA’s space architect and conducted by graduate students and faculty at MIT during spring 2004. The goal of the study was to broadly analyze implications of NASA’s new space exploration initiative at the value, system architecture and vehicle levels. The space exploration system is expected to accomplish a wide variety of defined and undefined mission objectives throughout its lifetime, while doing so with limited resources. As a result, the traditional view of designing an optimal system that satisfies current mission objectives is no longer an effective design approach. A new approach is needed in which the system’s lifecycle is considered throughout the design process, and environmental factors such as political and budgetary uncertainty are incorporated alongside more traditional factors such as technology development and scientific interests. To promote a sustainable system design, the first step in the design process is the identification of the true value delivered by the system to its stakeholders. In this paper we argue that the true value of an exploration system is knowledge acquisition, not simply transportation of humans and cargo to planetary surfaces. The new design process is defined and then applied to the space exploration system with decisions and analysis guided by knowledge delivery as the ultimate purpose, resulting in the design of a sustainable exploration system.
Impurity levels and power loading in the pdx tokamak with high power neutral beam injection

Abstract The PDX tokamak provides an experimental facility for the direct comparison of various impurity control techniques under reactor-like conditions. Four neutral beam lines inject > 6 MW for 300 ms. Carbon rail limiter discharges have been used to test the effectiveness of perpendicular injection, but non-disruptive full power operation for > 100 ms is difficult without extensive conditioning. Initial tests of a toroidal bumper limiter indicate reduced power loading and roughly similar impurity levels compared to the carbon rail limiter discharges. Poloidal divertor discharges with up to 5 MW of injected power are cleaner than similar circular discharges, and the power is deposited in a remote divertor chamber. High density divertor operation indicates a reduction of impurity flow velocity in the divertor and enhanced recycling in the divertor region during neutral injection.
Phylogeny Estimation of the Radiation of Western North American Chipmunks (Tamias) in the Face of Introgression Using Reproductive Protein Genes

The causes and consequences of rapid radiations are major unresolved issues in evolutionary biology. This is in part because phylogeny estimation is confounded by processes such as stochastic lineage sorting and hybridization. Because these processes are expected to be heterogeneous across the genome, comparison among marker classes may provide a means of disentangling these elements. Here we use introns from nuclear-encoded reproductive protein genes expected to be resistant to introgression to estimate the phylogeny of the western chipmunks (Tamias: subgenus: Neotamias), a rapid radiation that has experienced introgressive hybridization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We analyze the nuclear loci using coalescent-based species-tree estimation methods and concatenation to estimate a species tree and we use parametric bootstraps and coalescent simulations to differentiate between phylogenetic error, coalescent stochasticity and introgressive hybridization. Results indicate that the mtDNA gene tree reflects several introgression events that have occurred between taxa of varying levels of divergence and at different time points in the tree. T. panamintinus and T. speciosus appear to be fixed for ancient mitochondrial introgressions from T. minimus. A southern Rocky Mountains clade appears well sorted (i.e., species are largely monophyletic) at multiple nuclear loci, while five of six taxa are nonmonophyletic based on cytochrome b. Our simulations reject phylogenetic error and coalescent stochasticity as causes. The results represent an advance in our understanding of the processes at work during the radiation of Tamias and suggest that sampling reproductive-protein genes may be a viable strategy for phylogeny estimation of rapid radiations in which reproductive isolation is incomplete. However, a genome-scale survey that can statistically compare heterogeneity of genealogical process at many more loci will be necessary to test this conclusion.
The Elplacarnet Tree: A Complement to the Periodic Table for the Organometallic Chemist

Only a limited number of the many possible networks of planar sp2 carbon atoms are sufficiently compact to bond entirely to a single transition metal atom as perhapto ligands. These networks, which are conveniently called elplacarnets, correspond to the vertices of a tree. The edges of this elplacarnet tree correspond to four different types of growth processes which occur at vertices of degree 1, at vertices of degree 2, in rings, and across an edge connecting two vertices of degree 1. For the middle transition metals (e.g. chromium through cobalt) the elplacarnet tree contains 13 vertices and 12 edges. Some applications of the elplacarnet tree in understanding the extensive varieties of structures of transition metal organometallic complexes containing unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands are summarized.
Atmospheric methane in the recent and ancient atmospheres Concentrations, trends, and interhemispheric gradient

Rasmussen and Khalil (1981) have shown that the concentration of methane is increasing in the earth's atmosphere. A continuing increase of methane may perturb the global environment in the future by warming the earth and leading to more ozone and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. It appears that the present concentration of methane may be more than twice as high as the natural levels of 150 years ago. An analysis of air bubbles buried long ago in polar ice makes it possible to deduce the concentrations of methane in the old and ancient atmospheres. The present investigation is concerned with the results of an analysis of more than 80 ice core samples, taking into account both polar regions of the earth. The samples range in age from about 100 to nearly 3000 years old. It is found that the concentration of methane started changing significantly about 150 years ago. These findings suggest that the increase of methane is probably indirectly caused by the rapid increase of human population.
The detailed anatomy of the palmar cutaneous nerves and its clinical implications

The forearms and hands of 40 fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected under the microscope to study the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBm) and the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve (PCBu). Branches of the PCBm innervating the scaphoid were typically found, but in no specimen did we find a 'typical' cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve. According to our findings, standard incisions for open carpal tunnel release carry a significant risk of damaging branches of the PCBm or PCBu. The chance of injury to these sensory nerves can be minimized by using a short incision in the proximal palm or a twin incision approach, which we describe. Because the PCBm is closely associated with the ulnar side of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) sheath, this sheath should be opened on the radial side during harvest of the FCR tendon for transfer. When transferring the palmaris longus tendon, it should be cut proximal to the distal wrist crease to avoid possible damage to the PCBm.
Measuring the Water Content of Haze Particles

The present work explores the use of a piezoelectric ten-stage cascade impactor that provides a near real time readout of mass collected at each stage. We present preliminary results for measuring the relative fraction of water present in atmospheric haze particles of different sizes under various real meteorological conditions.
Microprobe Analysis of Project DUSTORM Hailstone Samples

Abstract Electron microproble X-ray analysis was used to determine the origin and composition of particulate matter found in hailstones produced during severe storms in the midwestern and central United States. Ratios of aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium and chlorine X-ray counts to silicon counts were measured for soil samples collected on the ground and compared with ratios for aerosols collected by aircraft and for the particles found in hailstones. Hailstones had higher ratios of K/Si and Ca/Si and lower ratios of Al/Si than the ratios found in soils. Chlorine (absent in dry soil particles) and sodium were found in the hailstones, suggesting that these elements may belong to a compound that is marine in origin.
GAS-PHASE HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE IN PHOSPHOROTHIOATE D(GTCAG) AND D(TCGAT)

The gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange of phosphorothioate d(GTCAG) and d(TCGAT) has been examined using electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. The exchange has been monitored for the [M-2H]2−, [M-3H]3−, and [M-4H]4− charge states. The mole fractions of each partially exchanged species have been calculated as a function of time. The rates of initial exchange could not be fit to simple exponential functions. The results suggest that each ion can adopt more than one gas-phase conformation, and that these conformers exchange at different rates. Observation of slowly interconverting populations is consistent with a model where initial ion conformations contain internal hydrogen bonds between the bases and charged residues that are disrupted over time. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routes of metabolism of [36Cl] ring-substituted monochloroacetanilides

Abstract The excreted monohydroxy and deacetylated metabolites of 2-, 3- and 4-[ 36 Cl]chloroacetanilide in the urine of rats were determined. The extent of ortho-hydroxylation (relative to the amino group) decreased in the same order as the relative toxicities and antipyretic activities of the administered drugs: 4- 3- 2-. Neither total hydroxylation nor para -hydroxylation followed this order. Deacetylation of the parent compound increased as the toxicity and antipyretic activity decreased. Conjugation of the hydroxylated metabolites as etheral sulfates and glucuronides was observed.
Labor, Delivery, and Early Parenthood An Attachment Theory Perspective

Having a baby is a powerful experience that, according to attachment theory, should activate the attachment system and elicit attachment needs and motives. The current study investigated first-time parents' perceptions of and responses to events surrounding labor and delivery and early parenthood. Couples expecting their first child completed measures of attachment orientations and questionnaires assessing key aspects of the experience of labor, delivery, and early parenthood. Attachment anxiety and avoidance significantly predicted individuals' perceptions of themselves and their partners, reactions to their partners' behavior, and emotional responses to their infants. Jealousy of the infant, perceptions of support given to or received from partners, and feelings of closeness to the infant were all associated with attachment orientations in theoretically meaningful ways.
Major orthogonal dimensions measurement of food grains by machine vision using ImageJ

Abstract A machine vision ImageJ plugin was developed in Java for orthogonal length and width determination of singulated particles from digital images. A flatbed scanner obtained the digital images of particulate samples. The “pixel-march” method, which compared pixel colors to determine object boundaries for dimensional measurements, utilized only the ImageJ fitted-ellipse centroid coordinates and major axis inclination. The pixel-march started from objects centroid and proceeded along the fitted-ellipses’ major and minor axes for boundary identification. Actual dimensions of selected reference particles measured using digital calipers validated the plugin. The plugin was applied to measure orthogonal dimensions of eight types of food grains. The plugin has overall accuracy greater than 96.6%, computation speed of 254 ± 125 particles/s, handles all shapes and particle orientations, makes repeatable measurements, and is economical. Applications of developed plugin may include routine laboratory dimensional measurements, physical dimensional characteristics, size based grading, and sieve analysis simulation for particle size distribution.
Utilization of Matrix Population Models to Assess a 3-Year Single Treatment Nonsurgical Contraception Program Versus Surgical Sterilization in Feral Cat Populations

This study constructed matrix population models to explore feral cat population growth for a hypothetical population (a) in the absence of intervention; (b) with a traditional surgical sterilization-based trap, neuter, and return program; and (c) with a single treatment 3-year nonsurgical contraception program. Model outcomes indicated that cessation of population growth would require surgical sterilization for greater than 51% of adult and 51% of juvenile (<1 year) intact female cats annually, assuming an approximate 3-year mean life span. After the population stabilizes, this would equate to sterilizing approximately 14% of the total female population per year or having approximately 71% of the total female and 81% of the adult female population sterilized at all times. In the absence of juvenile sterilization, 91% of adult intact females would need to be sterilized annually to halt population growth. In comparison, with a 3-year nonsurgical contraception program, an annual contraception rate of 60% of ...
Hydrogen Inhalation Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in Transplantation Induced Intestinal Graft Injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury during small intestinal transplantation (SITx) frequently causes complications including dysmotility, inflammation and organ failure. Recent evidence indicates hydrogen inhalation eliminates toxic hydroxyl radicals. Syngeneic, orthotopic SITx was performed in Lewis rats with 3 h of cold ischemic time. Both donor and recipient received perioperative air or 2% hydrogen inhalation. SITx caused a delay in gastrointestinal transit and decreased jejunal circular muscle contractile activity 24 h after surgery. Hydrogen treatment resulted in significantly improved gastrointestinal transit, as well as jejunal smooth muscle contractility in response to bethanechol. The transplant induced upregulation in the inflammatory mediators CCL2, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were mitigated by hydrogen. Hydrogen significantly diminished lipid peroxidation compared to elevated tissue malondialdehyde levels in air-treated grafts demonstrating an antioxidant effect. Histopathological mucosal erosion and increased gut permeability indicated a breakdown in posttransplant mucosal barrier function which was significantly attenuated by hydrogen treatment. In recipient lung, hydrogen treatment also resulted in a significant abatement in inflammatory mRNA induction and reduced neutrophil recruitment. Hydrogen inhalation significantly ameliorates intestinal transplant injury and prevents remote organ inflammation via its antioxidant effects. Administration of perioperative hydrogen gas may be a potent and clinically applicable therapeutic strategy for intestinal I/R injury.
Heat Transfer in Nanocomposites with Monte-Carlo Simulations

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been suggested to be reinforcement fillers in a variety of composite materials due to their exceptional electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. In terms of thermal properties, incorporating CNTs into a polymer matrix should increase the effective thermal conductivity of the resulting composite. However, the presence of resistance to the transfer of heat at the CNT-polymer interface, known as the Kapitza resistance, results in underperformance of CNT nanocomposites, in terms of thermal properties. In this work, we use Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of CNT nanocomposites taking into account the Kapitza resistance, as well as the effective thermal conductivity for different inclusion geometries (sphere, cylinder and parallelepiped). The effect of the dispersion pattern of the nano-inclusions is also investigated. Finally, comparing the calculated thermal conductivity from the simulations to experiments, the methodology can be used to calculate the Kapitza resistance of such systems.
Methods of Assessing Risk for Periodontitis and Developing Multifactorial Models.

In assessing risk for disease, periodontitis can be thought to be more like some of our common medical conditions: certain people are at higher risk than others, and efforts at prevention and intervention involve a combination of personal behaviors and professional practices. This paper presents some principles of designing risk assessment studies. In addition, the choices that must be made in deciding what is high risk and the type of model to be constructed are presented along with implications of each alternative. Terms such as risk indicators, risk factors, risk predictors, risk models, and prediction models are presented and discussed. To illustrate some of the issues, findings from the Piedmont 65+ Dental Study (a longitudinal study of oral health in older adults) indicate that: 1) indicators of risk developed from cross-sectional studies quite often are not confirmed as risk factors in longitudinal studies and longitudinal data implicate additional factors; 2) oral risk factors were important in explaining disease progression, but other categories of risk factors also played an explanatory role; 3) the risk models were able to predict who would experience attachment loss at some time during the 3-year period with a high degree of accuracy, but there was only moderate success at predicting who would not experience attachment loss; 4) including risk predictors in the models did improve the ability of one model to predict attachment loss, but the risk predictor masked the presence of an important risk factor; and 5) it is highly likely that adding measures of host defense mechanism to the study could result in improved models. J Periodontol 1994;65:468-478.
Mathematical model representing structure-property relationships of glass

Abstract A model for estimating glass properties was derived so that the computation factors of each oxide component represent the true oxide contributions to the properties of glass. The model also confirms the author's experimental results on structure-composition relationships of glass. The numerical values of these computation factors correspond to different absorption peaks (structural groups) of the IR spectra of silicate glasses; the abrupt change of these values in borate glasses corresponds to the shift of Raman and ESR peaks to new frequencies.
Equal opportunity in the classroom : Test construction in a diversity-sensitive environment

Although civil rights groups have successfully challenged the fairness of tests used in admission decisions by universities from an equal opportunity perspective, testing practices used by professors in the classroom have gone largely unquestioned. In this study, levels of performance of a sample of 231 students in six human resource management classes were compared on two multiple-choice tests and one essay test. Comparisons of scores between men and women and between Whites and minorities over the multiple-choice tests yielded statistically insignificant results. In the essay test comparisons, females scored significantly higher than males, and Whites scored significantly higher than minority students. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions are offered for test construction to meet the diversity challenge in the classroom.
Using mobile computing to enhance field study

Our research explores the pedagogical, technical, and evaluative issues surrounding the use of a new generation of hand-held, highly portable computers for teaching in the natural sciences. A primary goal is to develop pilot curricula that bring multimedia resources to the outdoor laboratory. Prototypes are being developed for data retrieval and input. It is hypothesized that learners will flourish in situations that provide an opportunity to test skills and theories in the "just-in-time" and "nomadic" field context in which they are used. Can computers enrich the outdoor, field experience by supporting team collaboration for students and teaching staff? This paper sets the background for the mobile computing research project we have initiated, and describes two prototype field applications developed for mobile learning environments.
Higher-order Poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light

A higher-order Poincare sphere and Stokes parameter representation of the higher-order states of polarization of vector vortex beams that includes radial and azimuthal polarized cylindrical vector beams is presented. The higher-order Poincare sphere is constructed by naturally extending the Jones vector basis of plane wave polarization in terms of optical spin angular momentum to the total optical angular momentum that includes higher dimensional orbital angular momentum. The salient properties of this representation are illustrated by its ability to describe the higher-order modes of optical fiber waveguides, more exotic vector beams, and a higher-order Pancharatnam-Berry geometric phase.
Precipitating Snow Retrievals from Combined Airborne Cloud Radar and Millimeter-Wave Radiometer Observations

An algorithm for retrieving snow over oceans from combined cloud radar and millimeter-wave radiometer observations is developed. The algorithm involves the use of physical models to simulate cloud radar and millimeter-wave radiometer observations from basic atmospheric variables such as hydrometeor content, temperature, and relative humidity profiles and is based on an optimal estimation technique to retrieve these variables from actual observations. A high-resolution simulation of a lake-effect snowstorm by a cloud-resolving model is used to test the algorithm. That is, synthetic observations are generated from the output of the cloud numerical model, and the retrieval algorithm is applied to the synthetic data. The algorithm performance is assessed by comparing the retrievals with the reference variables used in synthesizing the observations. The synthetic observation experiment indicates good performance of the retrieval algorithm. The algorithm is also applied to real observations from the Wakasa Bay field experiment that took place over the Sea of Japan in January and February 2003. The application of the retrieval algorithm to data from the field experiment yields snow estimates that are consistent with both the cloud radar and radiometer observations.
Fundamental issues in subsonic/transonic expansion corner aerodynamics

While the characteristics of subsonic/transonic expansion-corner aerodynamics are important in the design of subsonic high-lift devices, these must be optimized for transonic cruise and maneuvering flight. Attention is presently given to illustrative experimental examples of these flow phenomena; a flowfield model has been used as the basis of such flows' consideration, and computational examples are used to express these flows' essential features.
WITHDRAWN: Removed: Integrative differential gene expression analysis for cross-platform microarray datasets

This article has been removed, consistent with Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal. Please see . The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.