cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broad temperature range study of Jc and Hirr anisotropy in YBa2Cu3Ox thin films containing either Y2O3 nanoparticles or stacking faults

Industrially optimized coated conductors generate very high current densities Jc and irreversibility field Hirr by quasi-empirical additions of multiple pin types. However, their microstructural complexity makes it hard to securely explain all aspects of their properties. We here describe the properties of two specially grown pulsed laser deposited YBa2Cu3Ox thin films with simpler pinning landscapes, for which we conducted detailed Jc(T, H, θ) and Hirr(T, H, θ) characterizations from 10 K to Tc, and in magnetic fields up to 31 T. One film has a random insulating Y2O3 nanoparticle distribution, while the second was grown with many ab-plane stacking faults. As a whole, the Y2O3-containing sample shows significantly higher Jc(θ) at all temperatures, except around the ab-plane at greater than 40 K. Consistent with our earlier studies of the effect of BaZrO3 (BZO) nanorods in commercial coated conductors, we find that there is significant additional Jc at low temperatures when insulating precipitates with strain mismatch are present that we attribute to point defect pinning that can resist thermal fluctuations only below about 30 K. In addition to this significantly enhanced low temperature Jc, the Y2O3-containing thin film also exhibits significantly reduced effective Ginzburg-Landau (G-L) anisotropy parameter fits for Hirr(θ), which fall to γeff ≈ 3.6 from the more usual γeff ≈ 5 in the stacking-fault containing thin film. Of significant practical importance is our finding that the Y2O3 containing film achieved a bulk flux pinning force density Fp of 1000 GN/m3 at 16 T and 4.2 K, a value about 30% larger than the mixed BZO-RE2O3 pin coated conductors which are presently the state of the art.
ANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF THIOURACIL

THE GOITERIGENIC effect in rats of a large number of substances related to thiourea has been demonstrated by Richter and Clisby (1942), Kennedy (1942), Astwood and co-workers (1943), and by MacKenzie and MacKenzie (1943). The latter two groups of investigators showed that these compounds inhibit the production of the thyroid hormone and bring about a decreased basal oxygen consumption, increased pituitary activity, and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. Astwood (1943 a) found that 2-thiouracil was more goiterigenic than any one of a large number of thioureas, sulfonamides and other substances which he tested. Astwood (1943 b) found that when thiouracil was administered to thyrotoxic patients for several weeks there resulted a clinical remission of the disease with a return of the basal metabolic rate to a normal range. Williams and Bissell (1943) confirmed these observations, and also found that the protein bound iodine of the plasma returned to normal levels after a few weeks of treatment.
Creativity, Psychopathology, and Emotion Processing: A Liberal Response Bias for Remembering Negative Information is Associated with Higher Creativity

To what extent do more creative people process emotional information differently than less creative people? This study examined the role of emotion processing in creativity and its implications for the creativity–psychopathology association. A total of 117 participants performed a memory recognition task for negative, positive, and neutral words; they also completed measures of emotion processing, creative achievement, and divergent thinking. Self-reported high creative achievement levels and better performance on divergent thinking tasks were associated with greater perceptual sensitivity for positive words and a more liberal response bias for negative words. Furthermore, mediational analyses revealed a relationship between creativity, emotional repair, and response bias for negative stimuli, whereby a low ability to repair negative emotions served as a mediator between creativity and response bias, with response bias predicting creativity. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context o...
Radiation-induced carotid artery disease

Nine patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery disease associated with neck radiation were compared to 40 control patients. The data suggest that significant differences in age, incidence of coronary and peripheral vascular disease, elevated lipids and serum cholesterol, and the angiographic incidence of disseminated atherosclerosis justify the description of radiation-induced carotid disease as a clinical entity. Elevated serum cholesterol and hyperlipidemia may contribute to the development of radiation-induced vascular disease. Successful surgical reconstruction does not appear to be influenced by the prior radiotherapy, although periarterial fibrosis and increased difficulty in separating the plaques from the vascular media was encountered.
Effects of working memory demand on neural mechanisms of motor response selection and control

Inhibitory control commonly recruits a number of frontal regions: pre-supplementary motor area pre-SMA, frontal eye fields FEFs, and right-lateralized posterior inferior frontal gyrus IFG, dorsal anterior insula DAI, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC, and inferior frontal junction IFJ. These regions may directly implement inhibitory motor control or may be more generally involved in executive control functions. Two go/no-go tasks were used to distinguish regions specifically recruited for inhibition from those that additionally show increased activity with working memory demand. The pre-SMA and IFG were recruited for inhibition in both tasks and did not have greater activation for working memory demand on no-go trials, consistent with a role in inhibitory control. Activation in pre-SMA also responded to response selection demand and was increased with working memory on go trials specifically. The bilateral FEF and right DAI were commonly active for no-go trials. The FEF was also recruited to a greater degree with working memory demand on go trials and may bias top-down information when stimulus-response mappings change. The DAI, additionally responded to increased working memory demand on both go and no-go trials and may be involved in accessing sustained task information, alerting, or autonomic changes when cognitive demands increase. DLPFC activation was consistent with a role in working memory retrieval on both go and no-go trials. The inferior frontal junction, on the other hand, had greater activation with working memory specifically for no-go trials and may detect salient stimuli when the task requires frequent updating of working memory representations.
Characteristics of aircraft A-C generators

THE performance of 208/120-volt 400-cycle constant-frequency aircraft electric power systems under abnormal conditions resulting from synchronizing disturbances, loss of field excitation, and short circuits is described. As a basis for this study, tests were made on 40-kva alternators, to determine their electrical parameters. The values of these parameters expressed in per unit are listed in Table I.
The staining pattern of pigmented spindle cell nevi with S100A6 protein.

Background: Spitz nevi typically show strong diffuse staining with S100A6, whereas staining in melanomas is commonly patchy and weak. To our knowledge, S100A6 has not been studied in pigmented spindle cell nevus (PSCN), considered by many to be a variant of Spitz nevus. Methods: Forty-six archived PSCNs were stained with S100A6 and then categorized by predominant cell size and staining pattern. Results: Eighteen (55%) of the small cell predominant nevi showed patchy staining, eight showed diffuse staining and seven were negative for S100A6. Two predominantly large-celled ‘PSCNs’ were diffusely positive and had many histopathological attributes of classical Spitz nevi. On review, these two cases were reclassified as Spitz nevi and excluded from the remainder of this study. Of the nevi with mixed cell size, one had no expression of S100A6. In the remaining tumors, the small cells showed patchy staining in eight (80%) and diffuse staining in two (20%). The large cells showed patchy staining in four (40%) and diffuse staining in six (60%). Conclusion: In contrast to the strong diffuse S100A6 staining typical of Spitz nevi, the small spindle cells of PSCN commonly show patchy staining or fail to stain completely. In melanocytic neoplasms composed of small spindle cells, patchy S100A6 staining should not be interpreted as evidence of supporting a diagnosis of melanoma. Puri PK, Elston CA, Tyler WB, Ferringer TC, Elston DM. The staining pattern of pigmented spindle cell nevi with S100A6 protein.
Exchange bias effect in ball milled Co-Cr2O3 FM-AFM nanocomposites

Abstract Exchange coupled nanocomposite powders (Co)x(Cr2O3)1−x consisting of mixture of ferromagnetic (FM) Co and antiferromagnetic (AFM) Cr2O3 have been prepared by mechanical ball milling. Upon field cooling, going through the Neel temperature, TN ∼ 307 K, of Cr2O3, a hysteresis loop shift, coercivity, and remanence enhancement were observed; effects indicative of the presence of exchange bias field (HE) between the FM–AFM phases of the composite. The temperature dependent exchange bias field measurement shows that the exchange bias field reduces to zero at temperature T
Magnetic field directed assembly of two-dimensional fractal colloidal aggregates

The anisotropy of dipolar interactions can sometimes be a hindrance when assembling colloids, as it limits the diversity of structures that can be manufactured. Here we demonstrate that a mixture of paramagnetic and diamagnetic colloids in a ferrofluid can be used to create a variety of fractal aggregates in the presence of a field. These aggregates exhibit growth both parallel and perpendicular to the field, a distinct departure from the linear chains that are typical of dipolar assembly. The fractal dimension of these aggregates displays a parabolic character as the ferrofluid concentration is increased and varies between 0.94 ± 0.03 and 1.54 ± 0.03—a wider range than that which is seen when colloids are assembled using short-range forces. This behavior is explained by examining how the ferrofluid concentration affects the relative strength of the dipolar interactions between each type of particle. These dipolar fractal aggregates may find use in the study of gelation via long-range forces or the preparation of gels that can be activated using an external field.
Duals of Vector Fields and of Null Curves

The notion of dual curve of projective differential geometry is generalized to a dualization operator on the space of curves in the tangent bundle of a real or complex Riemannian manifold M and on the space of vector fields too. In dimension 3 it turns out that dualization maps null curves to isotropic curves and vice versa. We study this dualization in the special cases of $${M = \mathbb{C}^3}$$ and $${M = \rm{Sl}(2, \mathbb{C})}$$ and give analytic descriptions in terms of the Weierstras-, respectively Bryant data, of null curves in $${M = \mathbb{C}^3}$$ resp. $${M = \rm{Sl}(2, \mathbb{C})}$$ .
Anaerobic digestion for treatment of stillage from cellulosic bioethanol production

Abstract Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of stillage from a cellulosic ethanol process that uses sugarcane bagasse as feedstock was investigated. A biochemical methane potential (BMP) of 200 ml CH 4 at STP (g VS) −1 was obtained. The whole stillage was separated into two fractions: a fraction retained on 0.5 mm screen called residue and a fraction passing through 0.5 mm screen called filtrate. About 70% of total methane yield of stillage was produced from the filtrate. The filtrate was anaerobically digested in a 15 L semi-continuously fed digester operated for 91 days at HRTs of 21 and 14 days and organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.85 and 2.39 g COD L −1 d −1 . The methane yield from the stillage from the digester was about 90% of the yield from the BMP assays. The influent soluble COD (sCOD) was reduced from between 35.4 and 38.8 g COD (L −1 ) to between 7.5 and 8 g COD (L −1 ).
A Cure for the High Cost of Hepatitis C Virus Treatment

In this issue, Linas and colleagues estimate the cost-effectiveness of various regimens for HCV genotype 2 or 3 infection. The editorialists discuss the implications of the findings for future appr...
Capturing Designer Expertise The CGEN System

Knowledge-based systems are becoming pervasive in the computer-aided design area. For these systems to achieve satisfactory levels of performance large amounts of knowledge are necessary; however, the acquisition of knowledge is a difficult task. Automated knowledge-acquisition tools (AKAT) provide capabilities for quickly building and maintaining knowledge-bases. This paper describes CGEN, a tool which allows hardware designers, unfamiliar with artificial intelligence, to deposit their expertise into a knowledge-base. A set of experiments which tested CGEN's capabilities are presented. The experiments demonstrate hardware designers can produce high quality knowledge-bases using CGEN.
Head and eye movements in children with low vision

• Background: Early childhood nystagmus may herald blindness, brain tumors, benign idiopathic motor nystagmus or spasmus nutans. Nystagmus unique to low vision was sought.
Self-administered desensitization of a cemetery phobia using sexual arousal to inhibit anxiety

Abstract A client reported extreme anxiety whenever he had to drive past a cemetery at night. He successfully desensitized himself using sexual arousal to inhibit the anxiety. A one-year follow-up revealed that there was no anxiety associated with driving past cemeteries.
A Preliminary Report on the Radiologic Evaluation of Trypsin in Certain Chronic Chest Diseases

The proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, is finding a broad range of uses in medicine. It has been found to increase permeability of tissues which are partially obstructed by inflammation or perhaps by cellular debris. Other observers have reported, and our findings lend confirmatory support to the thesis, that trypsin increases the liquefaction of thick mucus. Laboratory work has demonstrated1 that the enzyme decreases the degree of inflammatory change around an intentionally traumatized area and tends to resolve the viscid accumulations of edema fluid surrounding the injury. Microscopic examination of inflammatory masses demonstrated a diminution of the fibrin, platelet, and cellular substances, in trypsin-treated animals compared to controls.2 In our previous work,3 ‘ clinical changes have been reported following the administration of trypsin to patients with certain chronic chest diseases. In those conditions where tenacious, inspissated mucus had impaired breathing, daily intramuscular injections of the enzyme appeared to lessen the viscosity and tenacity of the sputum, facilitating the raising of this embarrassing and inconveniencing “gunk.” Subsequently, the volume of the expectorate decreased and breathing became easier. Subjective effects were noted uniformly. In addition, objective studies were undertaken in the patients and the results were confirmatory, but not as consistent as the subjective improvement. Methods and Materials Radiologic examinations were made on all patients before and after a course of trypsin treatment. Some measure of difference was seen in almost all patients, and in half of them the degree of improvement was classed as marked. The purpose of this paper is to present the x-ray findings, as offered by the consulting roentgenologist who took the x-ray films, and also to present the readings of a reviewing roentgenologist. It has been shown
Low expectations: does Italy factor into American foreign policy calculations?

The American attentive foreign policy elite's perceptions of Italy as a foreign policy actor appear inconsistent with Italy's global role. The paradox of Italy's global status as a middle-power and the absence of status within the American foreign policy community raises three questions: What role should we expect Italy to play in American foreign policy calculations given its structural position in the international system? What role does Italy play in aiding or hindering American foreign policy objectives within the transatlantic community? Is there a disjunction between the American elite's subjectively low expectations for Italy as a foreign policy actor and Italy's objective importance for the successful realisation of American foreign policy objectives?
Diffusion Approximations for G/M/n + GI Queues with State-Dependent Service Rates

We consider a sequence of many-server queueing systems with impatient customers of the type G/M/n + GI in heavy traffic. This sequence is indexed by n, where the parameter n represents the number of servers in the nth system. The state process is considered to be the diffusion-scaled total customer count in the system and the service rate is a state-dependent perturbation of a given basic service rate μ0 > 0. When the system is critically loaded in the Halfin-Whitt heavy traffic regime, we obtain the limiting diffusion for the state processes. We also establish the asymptotic relationships among the diffusion-scaled processes representing the total customer count, virtual waiting time, and the number of customer abandonments. Motivated by the cost structures of telephone call centers, we formulate a cost functional and show that the expected value of this cost functional in the nth system converges to that of the limiting diffusion under mild assumptions.
Control of a Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction by Using a Pulsed-Plasma Jet Actuator

S HOCK wave/boundary-layer interactions (SWBLIs) are a common feature of supersonic/hypersonic flight, and the unsteadiness of strongly separated interactions can lead to rapid fatigue of structural panels as well as inlet instability and unstart. To mitigate these problems, there is interest in developing techniques for controlling the separatedflowunsteadiness by using both passive and active control techniques. Previous SWBLI control work has focused on reducing the size of the separated flow and/or shifting the frequency of the interaction unsteadiness to a band that does not coincide with the resonant frequency of structural panels. A detailed survey of the variousmeans used for controlling SWBLI until the late 1980s is given in [1]. Recently, plasma-based actuators have been used by researchers for active control of SWBLI, since these actuators have several inherent desirable features such as high bandwidth and no moving parts. For example, previous researchers have used surface-mounted arc discharges [2] and glow discharges with external magnetic fields [3,4] to achieve control of reflected SWBLI. Wang et al. [5] used surface-mounted arc discharges with external magnetic fields and demonstrated the weakening of the separation shock strength in front of a compression ramp. Recently, arc discharges have been employed by Grossman et al. [6] and subsequent researchers [7–11] to generate a pulsed synthetic jet, which they termed a spark jet. The spark-jet design was modified by Narayanaswamy et al. [12] to extend the pulsing frequency to the kilohertz range. They termed the actuator a pulsed-plasma jet since the term spark implies a thermal discharge, which was not the case at the pressures used in their study (and in the current work). Narayanaswamy et al. [12] performed a detailed parametric study of the velocity and temperature characteristics of the pulsed-plasma jets. They reported a jet-exit velocity of about 300 m=s and a bulk gas temperature in the range 600–1000 K for the range of discharge currents tested. The same pulsed-plasma-jet array actuator is used in the present work to control the separation shock of a SWBLI generated by a compression ramp in a Mach 3 flow.
The use of extracorporeal life support in adult patients with primary cardiac failure as a bridge to implantable left ventricular assist device.

Abstract Background . Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an effective technique for providing emergent circulatory assistance, and may represent a life-saving option in patients who might not initially be considered a candidate for other forms of circulatory support (extracorporeal or implantable left ventricular assist device [LVAD]). In the setting of cardiac arrest, ECLS represents the only viable method of initiating circulatory support. However, ECLS has a number of disadvantages that include high complication rates (eg, stroke, bleeding) and a limited duration of potential support, which have prevented its widespread acceptance, particularly in the adult population. With the increased successful application of long-term implantable LVADs as a bridge to transplant, the major limitation of ECLS could be overcome by bridging patients to a long-term implantable LVAD ("bridge to bridge"), thereby reducing the reluctance to utilize ECLS when indicated. After acquisition of the HeartMate LVAD (Thermo Cardiosystems, Inc, Woburn, MA) we investigated the use of ECLS as a bridge to an implantable LVAD and subsequent transplantation in selected high-risk patients. Methods and Results . From Oct 1, 1996 to Sept 30, 2000, 33 adult patients presenting with cardiac arrest or severe hemodynamic instability were placed on ECLS for the bridge to bridge indication. Of the 33 patients, 10 patients survived to LVAD implant, 1 was bridged directly to transplant, 5 weaned from ECLS, and 16 died on ECLS. Overall, 12 patients survived to discharge. One-year actuarial survival from the initiation of ECLS was 36%. One-year actuarial survival from the time of LVAD implant, conditional on surviving ECLS, was 80%. Conclusions . The 1-year survival of adult patients placed on ECLS and who subsequently survived to an implantable LVAD was favorable. These data support a strategy of ECLS to implantable LVAD bridge to heart transplant in adult patients who are in need of circulatory support and who are not initially candidates for other forms of mechanical support. The favorable results of this strategy support utilization of ECLS even in situations where myocardial recovery is thought to be unlikely.
Modeling of the Structure and Reliability of Near-Bamboo Interconnects

When interconnect feature sizes (e.g., widths) and grain sizes are comparable, their average electromigration-lifetime increases. However, reliability increase occurs for a population of lines only if microstructural weak links, such as polygranular clusters, become unlikely throughout the population. Lifetime statistics and grain structure statistics are linked in a way which must be understood in order to take advantage of lifetime improvements through line-width-dependent and line-length-dependent current density limits. An analytic model has been developed which allows calculation of the polygranular cluster length distribution as a function of line width, line length and current density, given continuous-film median grain sizes and grain size deviations. A simple analytic model for the effect of post-patterning anneals on polygranular cluster length distributions is also presented. These models are shown to be consistent with detailed computer simulations of grain structures and grain structure evolution in interconnects. Improved grain structure models will enable less-conservative integrated circuit design practice, allowing design of higher performance circuits.
Must-See TV or ESPN: Entertainment and Sports Media Exposure and Body-Image Distortion in College Women

Many studies offer clear evidence that exposure to TDP (thinness depicting and promoting) media leads to distorted body-image perceptions in school-age females and college women. This study investigated women's exposure to two types of media—entertainment and sports media—and looked for possible associations with body-image distortion and eating disorders. College women were surveyed in the fall of 2001 and asked to report exposure to 40 programs airing on prime-time networks and report exposure to specific men's and women's sports. Exposure to “thin-ideal” television was a significant predictor of four dimensions of disordered eating for women of all races. However, women's exposure to sports media was not a significant predictor of lower degrees of disordered eating.
Lake Missoula and Its Floods

The city of Spokane lies astride the Spokane River, some 40 miles from its origination near Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. The convention center and hotel, site of the 65th annual meeting of SRM, are located right along the river, creating a beautiful and even idyllic setting. These qualities make it even harder to imagine a long-ago day when a miles-wide wall of water, measuring as much as 500 feet high, bore down on this site. Hours before, a great ice dam on glacial Lake Missoula (present-day Clark Fork River) had failed. The dam was as much as 2,500 feet in height, impounded a lake up to 2,000 feet deep, extended east in the intermontane valleys for 200 miles, and covered some 3,000 square miles. It probably contained over 500 cubic miles of water, approximating half the volume of Lake Michigan. It is now generally agreed that catastrophic fl oods, in accordance with prevailing ice age conditions, repeatedly issued from Lake Missoula, probably on the order of several tens of times. Geologists estimate that the latest and last of the fl oods occurred about 13,000 years ago, creating the observable effects on the ground today, while largely obscuring the effects of earlier fl oods. Most students of the fl oods support that this particular event and its effects should be named “Bretz’s Flood” after the early geologist J Harlen Bretz, who fi rst recognized in 1919 the effects of catastrophic fl ooding on the Columbia drainage of southeastern Washington, as well as the Columbia River Gorge, the Portland-Vancouver Basin, and the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Over the 2 million years of the last ice age, four major glaciations advanced into what is now the northwestern United States. The last of these, the Wisconsin glaciation, left clear evidence of its effects, while likely obscuring most of the evidence of earlier fl ooding. It is near-certain, however, that each of the many fl oods inundated thousands of square miles in what is now central and southeastern Washington to depths of hundreds of feet. Later study also showed that the many fl oods likely shared the same provenance, that is, the same cause and effect. Piecing together the available evidence, it appears that the full glacial climate was cold and dry, with strong winds that redistributed soil materials to the southeastern quadrant of the Columbia Basin. These processes created what is today called the Palouse, an area of wind-deposited silts (loess) over the underlying basalt that had literally oozed out of the earth over previous untold centuries. The winds created dune-like deposits of variable orientation and depth that today make up fertile farmland in southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. Bretz’s Flood followed the path of the many earlier fl oods and recreated the effects over thousands of square miles in the Columbia Basin. These can briefl y be considered in four major categories: 1) the channeled scablands, 2) the river canyon, 3) the Grand Coulee, and 4) Lake Lewis.
Complexity Model Based Proactive Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Video Decoding Systems

Significant power savings can be achieved on voltage/ frequency configurable platforms by dynamically adapting the frequency and voltage according to the workload (complexity). Video decoding is one of the most complex tasks performed on such systems due to its computationally demanding operations like inverse filtering, interpolation, motion compensation and entropy decoding. Dynamically adapting the frequency and voltage for video decoding is attractive due to the time-varying workload and because the utility of decoding a frame is dependent only on decoding the frame before the display deadline. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First, we adopt a complexity model that explicitly considers the video compression and platform specifics to accurately predict execution times. Second, based on this complexity model, we propose a dynamic voltage scaling algorithm that changes effective deadlines of frame decoding jobs. We pose our problem as a buffer-constrained optimization and show that significant improvements can be achieved over the state-of-the-art dynamic voltage scaling techniques without any performance degradation. Index
A classification of 200 isomerizations among 51 isotopomers of C8 (D2d)

The set of all 51 possible12C/13C isotopomers of a C8 cluster of D2d symmetry has been studied by means of the harmonic vibration analysis based on the force field resulting from the second order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation treatment with the 6-31G* basis set. The isotopomers can undergo 200 isomerizations which can be classified into 5 distinct groups using the properties of sums of the squares of harmonic vibrational frequencies.
Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope compositions of organic compound classes in sediments from the NE Pacific and Southern Oceans

Radiocarbon (Δ14C) abundance and stable carbon isotope (δ13C) compositions were measured for total lipid, total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), total carbohydrates (TCHO), and acid-insoluble organic fractions separated from phytoplankton, zooplankton, and sediment cores collected from two abyssal sites, one in the northeast (NE) Pacific Ocean and one in the Southern Ocean. These results are compared with those obtained for a separate core from the NE Pacific and reported by Wang et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 1365.]. An uncharacterized acid-insoluble fraction dominated (43-57%) the sediment TOC pool at both sites. Sediment collected from the NE Pacific exhibited higher TOC, TN. and higher Δ14C values and contained both labile (THAA and TCHO) and refractory (lipid and acid-insoluble) fractions. In contrast, sediment from the Southern Ocean had much lower TOC and Δ14C values, which indicated that organic matter was extremely refractory. Sedimentation rates calculated from 14C ages of TOC for both sites indicate that the differences in the organic composition and Δ14C signatures of organic matter in the sediments likely resulted from the differences in production and deposition of organic matter to the sediment, and the diagenetic stages of sedimentary organic matter in the two oceans. Unlike Δ14C, stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) compositions of TOC in the sediments of the two oceans had similar values, which reflect not only the organic matter input from marine-derived sources but also the nature of degraded, predominately uncharacterized organic fraction in these sediments. The differences in δ13C values among the compound classes in sediments at both sites can be attributed to the carbon isotopic signatures in original sources during photosynthesis and associated environmental factors. Preferential degradation of organic matter and heterotrophic effects may also play important roles for the observed δ13C variations and these effects need to be further investigated. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
Patterns and predictors of antipsychotic medication use among the U.S. population: findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

Abstract Background Given the importance of pharmacological treatment in mental disorders, it is important to have a thorough understanding of predictors and variations in antipsychotic use. Objective To provide a description of patient characteristics associated with antipsychotic use and to examine predictors of atypical antipsychotic use among antipsychotic users. Methods Data were obtained from the 2004 and 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Dependent variables were annual, self-reported, atypical and typical antipsychotic use. Independent variables included predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics according to Andersen's Behavioral Model. In addition to descriptive statistics, logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the determinants of antipsychotic use. Results Patients aged 65 and older were 0.63 times as likely to use antipsychotics as patients aged 26-45. Poor and near-poor patients were 1.55 and 1.37 times as likely to use antipsychotics as middle- to high-income patients, respectively. The odds of antipsychotic use were 2.95 and 1.99 times for patients with public and prescription insurance coverage, respectively. Patients with a usual source of health care were 1.51 times as likely to use antipsychotics as those without. Compared with typical antipsychotic use, patients aged 25 and younger were 3.88 times as likely to use atypical antipsychotics as patients aged between 26 and 45. Urban residents were 1.87 times as likely as rural residents to use atypical antipsychotics. The odds of antipsychotic and atypical antipsychotic use for the poor mental health population were 8.73 and 3.87 times as patients with good to excellent mental health status. Conclusions Predisposing and need factors play important roles in determining the use of antipsychotics. However, among antipsychotic users, the use of atypical versus typical antipsychotics appears to have been influenced primarily by need. These findings should be useful to clinicians and policy makers in directing antipsychotic treatments to patients in need.
Cardiac imaging--decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction after exercise.

A 67-year-old female with a history of angina was admitted for progressively increasing exertional precordial pain. There was no history of a prior myocardial infarct. A chest x-ray showed slight cardiomegaly. An electrocardiograph (EKG) showed nonspecific ST-T wave changes in the lateral wall. A gated cardiac blood pool scintiscan that used Tc-99m labeled red cells revealed normal ventricular function and a normal sized left ventricle. The resting left ventricular ejection fraction in the supine legs-up position was 63% and normal contractility was seen (Fig. 1). The patient underwent six minutes of supine bicycle ergometric exercise, reaching 85% of the target heart rate. Exercise was terminated because of chest pain. Repeat imaging at peak exercise demonstrates a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to 48% (Fig. 2). The left ventricle enlarged with an increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Hypokinesis of the septum developed which was not noted on the rest study. Selective coronary cineangiogram demonstrated a 90% narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery at its origin and an area of marked narrowing of the marginal branch of the left circumflex. A contrast left ventriculogram showed normal contractility and normal ejection fraction. The patient underwent aortocoronary bypass grafts to the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. Borer et al ~ first described the left ventricular response to exercise by using multiple gated equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy. In their initial work, all normal patients developed an increase in the LVEF of at least 7%, whereas all the patients with coronary artery disease either had a decrease or no change in LVEF. In addition, regional wall abnormalities were seen in all patients with coronary artery disease. Although initially the fall in LVEF with exercise or development of abnormal areas of contractility were thought specific for coronary artery disease (CAD), more extensive work has shown that many other conditions can cause these findings, including aortic stenosis, 2 aortic regurgitation? mitral regurgitation, 4 mitral valve prolapse, 5 chronic iron overload, 6 and in normal elderly patients] Technical factors in the performance of the studies are also of major importance in obtaining
A Critical Role for IFN Regulatory Factor 1 in NKT Cell-Mediated Liver Injury Induced by α-Galactosylceramide

NKT cells are remarkably abundant in mouse liver. Compelling experimental evidence has suggested that NKT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. Activation of NKT cells with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) causes liver injury through mechanisms that are not well understood. We undertook studies to characterize the key pathways involved in α-GalCer–induced liver injury. We found that expression of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) in mouse liver was dramatically upregulated by α-GalCer treatment. Neutralization of either TNF-α or IFN-γ inhibited α-GalCer–mediated IRF-1 upregulation. α-GalCer–induced liver injury was significantly suppressed in IRF-1 knockout mice or in wild-type C56BL/6 mice that received a microRNA specifically targeting IRF-1. In contrast, overexpression of IRF-1 greatly potentiated α-GalCer–induced liver injury. α-GalCer injection also induced a marked increase in hepatic inducible NO synthase expression in C56BL/6 mice, but not in IRF-1 knockout mice. Inducible NO synthase knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced liver injury following α-GalCer treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that both NKT cells and hepatocytes expressed IRF-1 in response to α-GalCer. However, it appeared that the hepatocyte-derived IRF-1 was mainly responsible for α-GalCer–induced liver injury, based on the observation that inhibition of IRF-1 by RNA interference did not affect α-GalCer–induced NKT cell activation. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism of NKT cell-mediated liver injury in mice, which has implications in the development of human liver diseases.
CBF gene expression in peach leaf and bark tissues is gated by a circadian clock

CBF (C-repeat Binding Factor) transcription factors are part of the AP2/ERF (Apetala2-ethylene responsive factor) domain family of DNA-binding proteins that recognize a C-repeat response cis-acting element that regulates a number of cold-responsive genes (CBF regulon). Induction of CBF gene expression by low temperature in Arabidopsis has been shown to be gated by a circadian clock. In peach (Prunus persica L.), five CBF genes are arranged in tandem on scaffold (linkage group) 5 of the peach genome. Since CBF gene regulation has been shown to be more complex in woody plants than herbaceous plants, the present study was conducted to determine if temperature-modulated CBF gene expression in peach leaf and bark tissues was also influenced by a circadian clock. One-year-old 'Loring' peach trees grafted on 'Bailey' rootstocks were entrained to a 12-h day/12-h night photoperiod at 25 °C. After 2 weeks, trees were exposed to 4 °C under continuous light for up to 48 h beginning at either subjective dawn + 4 h (ZT4; where ZT is Zeitgeber time) or subjective dawn + 16 h (ZT16) with leaf and bark tissues harvested at various time points. Gene expression of the five peach CBF genes and a DREB2 gene was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results revealed a distinct gating of CBF gene expression by a circadian clock for four CBF genes in both leaf and bark tissues. CBF genes were highly induced by 4 °C in ZT4 leaf samples with expression peaking at 6-24 h depending on the specific CBF gene. In contrast, CBF gene expression was highly attenuated in leaf, and to a lesser extent in bark, samples exposed to 4 °C at ZT16. These results are similar to reports for Arabidopsis. Further experiments were conducted to verify environmental influence on the induction of CBF and DREB2 genes. In contrast to DREB2 genes from other dicots, the peach DREB2 ortholog was induced by both low temperature and dehydration. Induction of the peach CBFs and DREB2 by either low temperature or dehydration corresponded with regulatory motifs present in their promoter sequences. Low temperature and dehydration induction data for three peach dehydrin genes indicated that the regulation of these genes in peach is complex, with individual dehydrin gene expression being correlated with the expression of one or more CBF genes.
An ethnography of communication approach to mobile product testing

Product testing of mobile communication technology has typically employed the same research methodologies that were traditionally applied to stationary technology. An approach that does not primarily rely on physical location to study mobile communication technologies is thus needed. The stable component of mobile communication technology is not physical space but human communication. Therefore, a research model is developed based on an ethnography of communication approach, which designates “talk” (i.e., symbolic communication) as the primary and essential unit of measurement while making stationary physical location secondary. This allows design teams to enter a user “speech community” anywhere. Eight participants tested both the stationary and mobile version of customer relationship management software for sales. All participants were professional salespeople, comprising a speech community. Users articulated their “local” speech community meaning systems in the form of scenarios of use, which can guide product design and marketing. The findings show that proof-of-concept testing of mobile versions of desktop software can be done in conjunction with the usability testing for stationary technology.
Better to bend than to break: Coping strategies utilized by substance-abusing homeless youth

This study investigated the relationship between coping styles and problem behaviors among a sample of substance-abusing homeless youth. Homeless youth (n = 268) were recruited through the only drop-in center in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Results revealed that youth with higher task-oriented coping reported less delinquent behaviors while those with higher emotion-oriented coping reported higher levels of anxiety/ depression and higher delinquency. Contrary to expectations, youth utilizing higher avoidance-oriented coping skills showed fewer HIV risk behaviors, fewer anxiety/depressive symptoms, and less frequent alcohol use. Findings emphasize the need to examine coping strategies in the context that individuals are situated.
Some observations of the transition process on the windward face of a long yawed cylinder

An experiment has been performed to determine the effect of yaw upon transition in the boundary layer formed on the windward face of a long cylinder. The china-clay-evaporation and surface-oil-flow techniques have been used to study the development of the fixed-wavelength stationary disturbances which are characteristic of cross-flow instability. It has been found that the boundary layer is also susceptible to time-dependent disturbances which grow to very large amplitudes prior to the onset of transition. These disturbances have been studied with a hot-wire anemometer. The conditions necessary for the onset and completion of transition have been determined by the use of surface Pitot tubes. Data from the experiment have been compared with the simple criteria for instability and transition which were proposed by Owen & Randall over thirty years ago. In general it has been found that these criteria are inadequate, and, where possible, improvements have been proposed. The raw data are presented in sufficient detail for them to be used to test, or calibrate, future theoretical models of the transition process in three-dimensional boundary-layer flows.
Reverence for Mothers in Ecuadorian and Euro-American Culture

Two studies examine differences between Ecuadorians and Euro-Americans in levels of reverence for their mothers. Data collected from college students in Ecuador and the United States show that Ecuadorians display higher levels of mother reverence than Euro-Americans. Ecuadorians also score higher on measures of maternal power, similarity of mothers to the cultural ideal of women, and uncertainty avoidance. However, levels of independence are significantly higher in the Euro-American sample than in the Ecuadorian sample. High levels of maternal power, idealization of mothers, and interdependent self-construals are found to predict mother reverence in both cultures. The implications of these findings for interpersonal and intercultural relations are discussed.
Pulsed electron heating of atmospheric pressure air glow discharges

By applying electric field pulses with duration small compared to the time constant for glow-to-arc transition it is possible to increase the electron energy in high pressure glow discharges considerably over the steady state value. Repetitive pulsed operation allows us to generate plasmas with high average electron density at lower energy cost than with DC heating only. Measurements of the dynamics of the plasma column after pulse application show that the plasma diameter approaches a steady-state value after initial expansion, which is approximately half the DC plasma diameter. As a first step towards repetitive pulsed electric field operation, required to obtain a semi-DC plasma with high average electron density we have measured the temporal development of the voltage across the plasma for two subsequent pulses. The dual pulse generator, built for this purpose, utilizes two, 10 /spl Omega/ striplines with high pressure spark gap as switches, which deliver two subsequent pulses directly to the load. The trigger pulses for the two switches can be adjusted in time between 1 /spl mu/s and 10 ms. Pulse amplitudes of 15 kV have been reached, but amplitudes of up to 50 kV seem to be possible. Experiments with the dual pulse system provide information on the repetition rate required to sustain a certain average electron density. Operation in atmospheric pressure air with applied electric fields of 20 kV/cm and 10 ns duration allowed us to increase the electron density for a time of 2.3 /spl mu/s to such values that the discharge voltage stayed below 30 V. Continuous operation in this discharge state would consequently require repetition rates of 450 kHz. Higher pulsed electric field operation would allow us to reduce the repetition rate.
Water counting: Quantitating the hydration level of paramagnetic metal ions bound to nucleotides and nucleic acids

Binding of divalent metal ions plays a key role in the structure and function of ribozymes and other RNAs. In turn, the energetics and kinetics of the specific binding process are dominated by the balance between the cost of dehydrating the aqueous ion and the energy gained from inner-sphere interactions with the macromolecule. In this work, we introduce the use of the pulsed EPR technique of 2H Electron Spin-Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) to determine the hydration level of Mn2+ ions bound to nucleotides and nucleic acids. Mn2+ is an excellent structural and functional mimic for Mg2+, the most common divalent ion of physiological interest. Comparison of data in D2O and H2O, with aqueous Mn2+ as a reference standard, allows a robust and precise determination of the number of bound water molecules, and therefore the number of RNA-derived ligands. Examples of applications to the mononucleotide models MnGMP and MnATP, as well as to the paradigmatic RNA system tRNAPhe, are shown.
Experimental investigation of finite amplitude distortion-based, second harmonic pulse echo ultrasonic imaging

The computational predictions for the imaging potential of the second harmonic produced by finite amplitude distortion were investigated with a simple experiment. A focused transducer containing concentric 2.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz elements was used to obtain a sequence of radio-frequency (r-f) backscattered signals using a tissue equivalent phantom. The 2.5 MHz element was used as the transmitter and the 5.0 MHz element was used as the receiver. At 0.68 cm in front of the geometric focal point of the transducer, the phantom contained a 0.6 cm diameter cylindrical volume which contained no scatterers. Each of these r-f signals was then processed to produce the corresponding fundamental (2.5 MHz-centered) and second harmonic (5.0 MHz-centered) envelopes. The contrast resolution obtained for the scatterer-free or cyst region of the envelopes was compared against the computed prediction and good agreement was obtained. The results of this experiment also suggest that the simple one-pulse scheme may be adequate for second harmonic imaging.