cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Sonically Treated Vi Antigen

Electrophoretically purified Vi antigen from Citrobacter freundii 5396/38 was depolymerized by sonic treatment. The treatment caused an 80% reduction in specific viscosity and a reduction in molecular weight from 1.6 × 10 6 to 3.9 × 10 4 . The O -acetyl and N -acetyl contents of the antigen and its infrared spectrum remained unchanged. The sonically treated antigen was only 1% as effective as the original antigen in eliciting protection in mice against challenge with Salmonella typhi . Sonically treated antigen also elicited lower antibody titers after single injections in mice and rabbits. No loss in ability to precipitate antibody or to sensitize red blood cells for hemagglutination was observed. Images
Cigarette smoke inhibits nasal airway epithelial cell growth and survival

Background Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure has been shown to be associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We hypothesized that that CS exposure results in impairment nasal epithelial cell growth and survival necessary for normal cell function. Furthermore, we hypothesized that normal nasal epithelial cell growth is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that CS inhibits normal nasal epithelial cell growth and survival through VEGF-dependent mechanisms. Methods To examine whether nasal epithelial cell growth is dependent upon VEGF, we exposed in vitro cultures of human primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) from normal subjects to blocking antibodies against the VEGF co-receptor, neuropilin-1 (NP1), and measured cell growth using a proliferation assay. To study whether CS inhibits cell growth, we exposed PNECs to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). We also examined the ability of CSE exposure of PNECs to induce apoptosis. Results Exposure of PNECs from normal subjects to VEGF receptor anti-NP1 antibody resulted in inhibition of constitutive cell growth. CSE exposure resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of constitutive cell growth. Addition of anti-NP1 antibody to CSE-exposed cells resulted in no further inhibition of cell growth. CSE exposure also resulted in induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to that seen with VEGF blockade using anti-NP1 antibody. Conclusion PNECs from normal healthy control subjects display VEGF-dependent constitutive cell growth. CSE impairs cell growth and promotes apoptosis of normal healthy nasal epithelial cells. The effect of CSE may occur in part through VEGF-dependent mechanisms.
Computer-Assisted Language Learning

One critic of research on computer-assisted learning described the reason for the lack of substantive progress in educational technology as follows: Part of the difficulty, in my view, is that we tend to encourage students (and faculty) to begin with educational and instructional solutions and search for problems that can be solved by those solutions. Thus we begin with an enthusiasm for some medium … and search for a sufficient and visible context in which to establish evidence for our solution … If we begin by implicitly and explicitly attempting to validate a belief about the solutions to largely unexamined problems, we are less open to evidence that our intuitions might be very far off the mark. (R. E. Clark, 1994: 28; emphasis in original) This situation, which may characterize CALL as well as it does computer-assisted learning in other areas, presents a problem for developing methodologies for CALL evaluation. It continues to prompt some to conceptualize the evaluation of CALL from the perspective of gross comparisons between computer-using learners with those learning through other media (e.g., Adair-Hauck, Willingham-McLain, & Yongs, 2000; Nutta, 1998), an approach unlikely to shed light on the problem or solution. Moreover, as researchers such as Pedersen (1987) pointed out, comparisons of CALL versus classroom learning outcomes create an irony wherein the most precise and sophisticated modern tool is investigated through the most crude and outdated educational research methods.
Life style — An emergent concept in the sociomedical sciences

The concept of life style recently has gained prominence in sociomedical research; yet the term remains poorly defined. This paper traces the evolution of the life style concept from its origins in sociological and personality studies to its current use in reference to behavioral risk factors for disease. Particular attention is given to the changes in meaning that have taken place over the past few decades. Similarities between the notion of life style and concepts of cultural integration are noted, and the various uses of life style are categorized along an idealist-materialist continuum. Finally, the authors fault medicalized notions of life style for failing to acknowledge the importance of the context and meaning of health-related behavior.
A case study of partially evaluated hardware circuits: Key-specific DES

FPGA based data encryption provides greater flexibility than ASICs and higher performance than software. Because FPGAs can be reprogrammed, they allow a single integrated circuit to efficiently implement multiple encryption algorithms. Furthermore, the ability to program FPGAs at runtime can be used to improve the performance through dynamic optimization. This paper describes the application of partial evaluation to an implementation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Each end user of a DES session shares a secret key, and this knowledge can be used to improve circuit performance. Key-specific encryption circuits require fewer resources and have shorter critical paths than the completely general design. By applying partial evaluation to DES on a Xilinx XC4000 series device we have reduced the CLB usage by 45% and improved the encryption bandwidth by 35%.
Promotions and wage discrimination in the federal government: Evidence from H.E.W.

Abstract This paper extends previous empirical studies of racial and sexual wage differentials in the federal government by analyzing the role of promotions in the creation of these wage differentials. It is found that in the subsample of federal workers analyzed, differences in promotion rates are a significant factor leading to wage differences by race and sex.
Design and operation of a 700 kV, 700 A modulator

A 700 kV, 700 A pulse modulator capable of repetitive operation is under development for use in our high power microwave program. The output pulse is designed to give a flat top of about 200 ns at the rated voltage. The transformer consists of two sets of ferrite cores with their primaries driven in parallel and their secondaries connected in series. The primary on each core consists of 24 windings of 2 turns each, distributing the flux evenly throughout the core. The secondary winding has 20 turns which links both cores, giving a 20:1 step-up transformer for a 1 k/spl Omega/ matched load. A novel pulser arrangement has been used to drive the transformer. Each core is driven by two 5/spl Omega/ pulse lines plus/minus charged to /spl sim/40 kV with a switch connecting the two lines. In matched conditions this gives a 40 kV voltage across the load. This configuration produces a fast rising pulse eliminating the pulse rise time degradation associated with the transfer function of a discrete element pulseline. The transformer has been tested at 100 kV with a variety of dummy loads at low repetition rate. Preliminary results are also reported at high voltage with the modulator under oil.
Visual Revelations: On the Crucial Role of Empathy in the Design of Communications: Genetic Testing as an Example

The effectiveness of any sort of communication is strongly dependent on the extent to which the person preparing the communication is able to empathize with the recipients of that communication. To...
Cultivating regionalism: higher education and the making of the American Midwest

Some years ago, as an undergraduate at a large American Midwestern state university, I observed a fellow classmate pose a question to a professor who had recently emigrated from his native England....
Repression of p53-mediated Transcription by Adenovirus E1B 55-kDa Does Not Require Corepressor mSin3A and Histone Deacetylases

Abstract The Ad E1B 55-kDa protein (E1B) is a potent transcriptional repressor. In vitro biochemical studies revealed that direct p53-E1B interaction is essential for E1B to block p53-activated transcription and a corepressor may be involved. To understand how E1B represses p53-mediated transcription in vivo, we expressed E1B in several tumor cell lines that express wild type p53. Here we show that E1B strongly suppresses the expression of p53 target genes such as p21 and Puma-α in normal growth conditions or after cells were treated with p53-activating chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting that E1B-mediated gene repression is dominant and cannot be reversed via p53 activation. Interestingly, we found that E1B binds to corepressor mSin3A. Mutagenesis analysis indicated that the sequence motif “LHLLA” near the NH2 terminus of E1B is responsible for mSin3A binding, and this motif is conserved among E1B proteins from different Ad serotypes. The conserved paired amphipathic helix domain 1 of mSin3A is critical for mSin3A-E1B interaction. Surprisingly, E1B mutants that cannot bind to mSin3A can still repress p53 target genes, indicating that it is not the corepressor required for E1B-mediated gene repression. In support of this notion, repression of p53 target genes by E1B is insensitive to HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. We further show that both the NH2- and COOH-terminal domains of E1B are required for the repression function. Therefore, E1B employs a unique repression mechanism to block p53-mediated transcription.
The differential effects of naloxone hydrochloride on the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia☆

Abstract Rats injected with the opiate antagonist, naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg), 15 min prior to sessions in which they were given free food on a fixed time 75-sec schedule, displayed retarded acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia relative to vehicle-injected subjects. Rats injected with naloxone after schedule-induced polydipsia had been acquired were unaffected, i.e., they continued to drink at control levels. Given that schedule-induced polydipsia has been considered non-opioid in nature, because of previous reports of its sensitivity to naloxone, the present report of differential effects of naloxone on the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia suggests that some modification of this conclusion is necessary. Possible alternative mechanisms for these differential effects are discussed.
Ecological task analysis utilizing intrinsic measures in research and practice

Abstract Ecological task analysis (ETA) originally was proposed by Davis and Burton in 1991 to facilitate the linking between basic and applied research and theory and application in the area of adapted physical education. There, four steps in an applied model were laid out based upon theory and research. In the present paper, additional empirical and theoretical work, including social referencing studies, which supports the key concepts of ETA are included, targeting a broader audience of persons in a variety of movement therapy and physical activity instruction professions. Following this expanded overview, the concept of using intrinsic measures to assess movement performance is addressed in detail, including applications of dimensional analysis, allometric procedures, and Froude numbers. These performer-scaled measures are offered as an important way to establish direct links between task goals and the constraints of the performer and the environment, one of the four guiding concepts of ecological task analysis.
Ethical Considerations in Geographic Research: What Especially Graduate Students Need to Know

The topic of research ethics is assuming an increasingly more central role when preparing research proposals, with Institutional Review Boards being instructed to oversee more and more research act...
Self-Referencing in Poor and Good Readers' Recall

Syraczrse University Summary.-The purpose of che current study was to assess whether use of a student's name in a reading passage (self-referencing) would improve the child's recall of information from the passage. 17 poor readers and 14 good readers, ages 10 to 13 years, were asked to read six reading passages and then spontaneously recall the paragraph information. Three of the passages contained the students' names while the other three passages contained generic names, e.g., Mary Brown. Analysis indicated that both groups collectively recalled more information [tom paragraphs containing their own names and that the groups did not differ in recall on either type of paragraph. It appears that self-referencing instructional marerials could have benefits for students' learning.
A Polymorphism in the Human Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Alters Fatty Acid Transport across Caco-2 Cells

The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) binds long-chain fatty acids in vitro, but its intracellular function has remained speculative. A polymorphism in the gene that encodes IFABP results in an alanine (Ala54) to threonine (Thr54) substitution at codon 54 that alters the in vitro binding affinity of the protein for long-chain fatty acids. To identify potential functional variability between Ala54 and Thr54 IFABP, we established permanently transfected Caco-2 cell lines that express either Ala54 or Thr54 IFABP. We found that Caco-2 cells expressing Thr54 IFABP transport long-chain fatty acids and secrete triglycerides to a greater degree than Caco-2 cells expressing Ala54 IFABP. These results provide the first demonstration that IFABP participates in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids. In addition, the observed increase in transport of fatty acids across cells expressing Thr54 IFABP suggests a plausible physiologic mechanism for our prior observation that Pima Indians with a Thr54 IFABP genotype have increased post-absorptive lipid oxidation rates and are more insulin-resistant than Pimas with a Ala54 IFABP genotype.
Reactions of co-ordinated ligands—III Reactions of iron isonitrile complexes with nucleophiles

Abstract Nucleophiles reacted with cyanopentabenzylisonitrileiron(II) bromide (X) in three different fashions: bases such as sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate decomposed X to tarry polymers; potassium cyanide caused polymer formation and generated benzyl isonitrile from the complex; weak bases which form only moderately stable complexes with iron(II), e.g. methanol, ethyl mercaptan or ammonia, were benzylated.
A simulation study on line management policies with special focus on bottleneck machines

A 300mm wafer fab is one of the most complex systems in the world. How to optimize this system in terms of planning and scheduling is critical for profitability of the semiconductor companies considering billions of dollars of initial investment involved. Line management or fab wide scheduling is more important than area level scheduling although the latter has higher resolution and is considered as a harder problem. Traditional line management policies focus on pre-determined bottlenecks and has proven to be successful. However, for a dynamic fab with changing bottlenecks, some potential issues have been discovered. This paper used simulation as a tool to study the issues involved and propose an improved line management policy.
The crossed grating method for order-separating spectra

Abstract An isometric bar grating was placed into the converging beam of a grating spectrograph in such fashion, that the direction of its dispersion crossed that of the main diffraction grating. The latter was set to operate in high order. The entrance slit height was reduced to 1/2 mm or less. On the photographic plate, spectra overlap as usual if they fall within the zero-order of the crossed isometric grating. However, the higher orders of this grating are displayed at discrete distances above and below the overlapping zero order. These distances depend only on wavelength. The resulting order-sorting and intensity effects are explained with pictures of the spectra from a Hg-arc and a Fe-arc.
To hear—to say: the mediating presence of the healing witness

Illness and trauma challenge self-narratives. Traumatized individuals, unable to speak about their experiences, suffer in isolation. In this paper, I explore Kristeva’s theories of the speaking subject and signification, with its symbolic and semiotic modalities, to understand how a person comes to speak the unspeakable. In discussing the origin of the speaking subject, Kristeva employs Plato’s chora (related to choreo, “to make room for”). The chora reflects the mother’s preparation of the child’s entry into language and forms an interior darkroom, the reservoir of lived experience, from which self-narratives issue. Unable to speak of their suffering, traumatized individuals need someone to help them make room for a time of remembrance, someone who is a willing and capable listener. I call such a person a healing witness. Through the mediating presence of the healing witness, fragmented memories of trauma are recreated and incorporated into self-narratives that are sharable with others. Unfortunately, opportunities for witnessing are vanishing. In the last section, I examine the failure of modern media and communication technologies to bear (“hold,” “carry,” “transport”) acts of witnessing. I argue that they perturb the semiotic. According to Kristeva, meaning arises from the dialectical tension between the semiotic (drives and affects) and the symbolic (logic and rules) and is threatened by arid discourse, psychosomatic illnesses, and outbreaks of violence when the semiotic is not represented. Unless we open technology to the imaginary, we risk losing the capacity to bear witness to one another and to create narratives and connections that are meaningful.
Airway-to-biophase transfer of inhaled oligonucleotides

Abstract Because systemic delivery of proteins and peptides proceeds via the lung, and oligonucleotides (ONs) possess some similar molecular characteristics, it is tempting to propose that inhalation may solve some of the systemic delivery problems being experienced by scientists in the ON industry. It is also likely that a variety of ON targets exist within the lung itself. Although the lungs and respiratory tract (RT) may offer their own metabolic challenges, this route offers an enormous absorptive surface area, quite capable of slowly delivering 5–7 kDa compounds to the circulation. Moreover, the presentation of formulated ONs appears capable of suppressing the local (lung) expression of gene products involved in inflammation and other disease processes. In this review we describe the current state of the art surrounding the cell biology of ONs and then critically analyze those factors which determine the feasibility of their delivery by aerosol inhalation. At present, systemic dosing requirements for the majority of ONs are a little too large to envisage their routine delivery via inhalation. ON molecular design to increase potency and decrease susceptibility to nuclease enzymes may or may not change this situation in the near future. On the other hand, ON delivery for the purposes of inhibiting expression of proteins involved with lung pathology at a local level is advocated because it appears to be within easy reach of current aerosol delivery technology.
Copolymers of α-Methylstyrene with N-Cyclohexylacrylamide: Synthesis, Monomer Reactivity Ratios, and Mean Sequence Length

Abstract Copolymerization of α-methylstyrene and N-cyclohexylacrylamide was carried out in toluene at 60 ± 1°C using azobisisobutyronitrile as the free-radical initiator. The total concentration of the comonomers was 1.5 mol·L−1 in the solvent. The copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the copolymer compositions were determined primarily from the 1H-NMR spectra. The reactivity ratios were found to be r 1 = 0.08 ± 0.01 and r 2 = 2.45 ± 0.03 by the Fineman-Ross method, and r 1 = 0.06 ± 0.01 and r 2 = 2.43 ± 0.08 by the Kelen-Tudos method. Mean sequence lengths in the copolymer were estimated from r 1 and r 2 values.
Microbiological Differentiation of Pyridoxine and Pseudopyridoxine

SummaryPyridoxine has been separated from pseudopyridoxine by using the yeast Sacchatomyces cadsbergensis and the bacterium Lactobacillus casei. It has been shown that Sacch. carlsbergensis assays and utilizes only pyridoxine while L. casei assays and utilizes only pseudopyridoxine.
The Youngest Vegetarians Vegetarian Infants and Toddlers

As the popularity of vegetarian diets increases, practitioners are likely to encounter vegetarian infants and toddlers. Vegetarian and vegan diets can be developed to meet nutrient needs and support growth of infants and toddlers. Key nutrients whose adequacy should be monitored in vegetarian/vegan diets include vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc. As for all infants, for the first 4 to 6 months, vegetarian infants should solely receive breast milk or a commercial infant formula. Fortified infant cereal or firm tofu is an appropriate first complementary food. Either of these, along with breast milk or formula, can meet needs for protein, iron, and zinc. Additional foods are introduced with timing similar to that for nonvegetarians. A variety of nutrient-dense foods should be introduced by 1 year of age. Fortified soy or cow’s milk should be the primary beverage postweaning. Growth should be monitored, and toddlers should be served a diet that includes high-calorie, low-fib...
Two general designs for fluidic batteries in paper-based microfluidic devices that provide predictable and tunable sources of power for on-chip assays

Microfluidic devices fabricated out of paper (and paper and tape) have emerged as promising platforms for conducting multiple diagnostic assays simultaneously in resource-limited settings. Certain types of assays in these devices, however, require a source of power to function. Lithium ion, nickel-cadmium, and other types of batteries have been used to power these devices, but these traditional batteries are too expensive and pose too much of a disposal hazard for diagnostic applications in resource-limited settings. To circumvent this problem, we previously designed a “fluidic battery” that is composed of multiple galvanic cells, incorporated directly into a multilayer paper-based microfluidic device. We now show that multiple cells of these fluidic batteries can be connected in series and/or in parallel in a predictable way to obtain desired values of current and potential, and that the batteries can be optimized to last for a short period of time (<1 min) or for up to 10–15 min. This paper also (i) outlines and quantifies the parameters that can be adjusted to maximize the current and potential of fluidic batteries, (ii) describes two general configurations for fluidic batteries, and (iii) provides equations that enable prediction of the current and potential that can be obtained when these two general designs are varied. This work provides the foundation upon which future applications of fluidic batteries will be based.
CHANGING BEHAVIOR WITHIN SESSION: CYCLICITY AND PERSEVERANCE PRODUCED BY VARYING THE MINIMUM RATIO OF A VARIABLE‐RATIO SCHEDULE

Four pigeons repeatedly chose between a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 and a variable-ratio (VR) 40 schedule of reinforcement, in which the minimum ratio of the VR cycled within each session. The minimum ratio ascended and descended (ASCDESC), descended and ascended (DESCASC), or remained constant (unchanging). In Phase 1, 2 birds (Group 1) were exposed to ASCDESC series and 2 birds (Group 2) were exposed to the DESCASC series. Choice proportions changed with the cycling minimum ratio for Group 2 but not for Group 1. In Phase 2, Group 1 subjects were exposed to the DESCASC series and Group 2 subjects were exposed to the unchanging condition. Although Group 1's choice proportions appeared to be undifferentiated in Phase 2, Group 2's choice proportions continued to cycle for more than 100 sessions. Group 2 subjects were then moved to the ASCDESC series in the third phase, and choice proportions cycled with the minimum ratio as in the first phase. The descending portion of the series was the more powerful determinant of cyclicity. Response rates also changed with the minimum component ratio, a finding that goes against the claim of universality of a rise-and-fall within-session pattern of responding. That preference varied despite the constancy of the average ratio requirement suggests nonlinear averaging in quantitatively representing a variable schedule's value. The strong perseverance observed also lends support to a growing body of literature on history effects.
Heme-a, the heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c oxidase, is increased in Alzheimer's disease

Heme-a, is the heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We measured heme-a levels in postmortem brain tissue from nine patients diagnosed with dementia: Alzheimer's disease (AD) was the primary diagnosis in five, AD/diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) was diagnosed in two, DLBD was diagnosed in one, and DLBD (severe)/AD (mild) was diagnosed in one. Eight non-demented patients who died from non-neurological causes served as controls. When the primary diagnosis was AD (AD and AD/DLBD), levels of cerebral heme-a were increased almost two-fold on a protein basis compared to controls (p<0.001). Using perfused and non-perfused rats we showed that measured levels of cerebral heme-a were unaffected by the presence of blood in brain tissue. In mice we showed that levels of cerebral heme-a were unaffected by 24h of storage at 4 degrees C prior to freezing. These animal studies suggest that increased levels of cerebral heme-a in AD were not due to blood in postmortem brain or variation in postmortem interval.
Formation of patterned ground and fine-scale soil development within two late Holocene glacial chronosequences: Jotunheimen, Norway

Abstract Chronosequences of ∼250 to ∼130 years were established on two late Holocene glacier forelands in the Jotunheimen region of southern Norway. Patterned features occurring within chronologically established time units were studied. Young patterned features, forming ∼10–20 years after deglaciation, are frost active. Vegetation cover is minimal within the young patterned features, consisting of bryophytes/organic crusts. Soil development within patterned ground is also minimal/absent because frost action retards horizonization. With time and distance from the glaciated ice margin, frost activity declines within the patterned features, suggesting that a thin, active “periglacial zone” exists near the ice margin. Initially, frost activity decreases at the borders of the features with the centers stabilizing later in time. This results in fine-scale soil heterogeneity and variations of soil development. Fine-scale pedogenic development is first encountered at the borders of patterned ground that has developed on terrain exposed since the ∼1930s, yet soil development is predominantly absent at the centers of patterned ground. With time and distance from the ice margin, frost activity declines and allows patterned features to homogenize from border to center positions in regard to soil characteristics. Across the chronosequences, soils within patterned features pedogenically follow previous soil chronosequence studies, evolving from USDA classifications of Entisols into Inceptisols. Frost disturbance within patterned ground, however, produces a lag effect, that results in longer periods of time for pedogenesis to occur and thinner soils than that of the surrounding terrain.
Identification of a protein signature in renal allograft rejection.

Purpose Serum creatinine functions as a poor surrogate marker of renal allograft dysfunction and long-term graft survival. By measuring multiple proteins simultaneously in the serum of transplant patients, we can identify unique protein signatures of graft dysfunction. Experimental design We utilized training and validation cohorts composed of healthy and volunteer subjects, stable renal transplant patients, and renal transplant patients experiencing acute allograft rejection. Utilizing our antibody microarray, we measured 108 proteins simultaneously in these groups. Results Using Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction, we identified ten serum proteins from 19 renal transplant patients with stable renal function, which are differentially expressed, compared to healthy control subjects. In addition, we identified 17 proteins that differentiate rejecting renal transplant recipients from stable renal transplant. Validation cohorts substantiated these findings. Conclusion and clinical relevance Our preliminary results support that a specific pattern of protein expression or “protein signature” may be able to differentiate between stable transplant patients from those with rejection. Future studies will focus on other etiologies of renal allograft dysfunction and the effect of treatment on protein expression and long-term outcome.
Some Additions to the Theory of Radio-Frequency High-Voltage Supplies

The double-tuned overcoupled air transformer, commonly used in radio-frequency high-voltage supplies, is represented by an equivalent primary circuit. This circuit can be used very advantageously to develop the theory of operation of the oscillator, including the two possible operating frequencies, the necessary conditions for oscillation and maximum efficiency, and the variation of operating frequency and load resistance with primary tuning. It is shown that, at the operating frequency, the load impedance is purely resistive. The various resistances in the circuit representing the power losses and the load resistance are included in the equivalent circuit resistance, which appears as the plate load of the class-C oscillator tube. This greatly facilitates the design of a circuit to give any required power and voltage output. There are several ways in which this design problem can be approached, and the paper outlines the method which was used and found successful by the author.
Developmental changes in choline- and ethanolamine-containing compounds measured with proton-decoupled (31)P MRS in in vivo human brain.

Cerebral phosphorylated metabolites, possibly involved in membrane and myelin sheath metabolism, were measured and quantified using proton-decoupled (31)P ({(1)H}-(31)P) MRS in 32 children and 28 adults. Age-dependent changes were determined for phosphorylethanolamine (PE), phosphorylcholine (PC), glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE), glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations. In the neonate, PE dominates the spectrum and decreases with age along with PC, whereas GPE, GPC, and PCr increase in concentration with postnatal age. PE (1.23 +/- 0.13 mM) and GPE (0.57 +/- 0.08 mM) co-resonate with choline in (1)H MRS. Together with PC (0.57 +/- 0.12 mM) and GPC (0. 94 +/- 0.13 mM) these four metabolites accounted for all of the visible (1)H MRS choline in normal adult brain. Children with diseases that affect myelination were found to have abnormal ?(1)H?-(31)P MRS. The new quantitative assay may provide novel insights in determining and monitoring normal and abnormal brain maturation noninvasively. Magn Reson Med 42:643-654, 1999.
Purification of Forssman and human blood group A glycolipids by affinity chromatography on immobilized Helix pomatia lectin.

Abstract A method for the affinity purification of intact glycolipids having nonreducing terminal α1–3-linked N -acetylgalatosamine residues has been developed. This technique relies on the retention of the carbohydrate-binding specificity of immobilized Helix pomatia lectin in aqueous solutions of tetrahydrofuran. Both Forssman glycolipid and a mouse blood group A-active hexaosylceramide were bound by columns of the lectin equilibrated in a solvent containing 95% tetrahydrofuran and 5% water. After application of a step gradient of increasing water content up to 50%, the specifically bound glycolipids were eluted in solvent containing N -acetylgalactosamine. The Forssman and A-active glycolipids were similarly purified in a single chromatographic step from total lipid extracts of sheep and human type A erythrocyte stroma, respectively. Nonspecifically bound lipids and glycolipids were eluted from this column by simply increasing the water content of the eluting buffer. The extension of this method to other carbohydrate-binding proteins including lectins and monoclonal antibodies may provide a rapid purification of glycolipids based on their carbohydrate structures.
Dynamic Hartmann Wavefront Sensor In Applications

Several different configurations of wavefront sensing instruments, that are based on the Hartmann sensor concept have been reported in the literature during the past years. The present paper describes experimental results that were obtained by using a novel technique that was first reported last year.1 This technique is aimed at interrogating wavefront deforming characteristics of an optical system under test by injecting a pencil beam of light (typically a diffraction limited, well collimated laser beam), that is translation scanned across the entrance aperture, and analyzing in real time the transmitted or reflected pencil beam. The two most important characteristics of the pencil beam that arrives at the receiver; i.e., the angle of arrival and intensity are both monitored simultaneously. This data is processed and displayed in a choice of formats. The present paper shows experimental results based on this diagnostic technique. The measured data is shown in the form of isometric plots of the angle of arrival. These re-sults are then compared to analytically expected behavior.
Mechanisms contributing to barbiturate intolerance in rats.

Summary 1 Female rats, 3 weeks after pretreatment with 200 or 400 (mg/kg)/day barbitone for 2 or 30 days, exhibited a prolonged sleeping time and a reduced awakening barbiturate brain level when challenged with either barbitone or pentobarbitone. After 3 additional weeks, the latter responses had returned, or were returning to, control values. 2 Barbitone pretreatment schedules had no residual effect upon in vitro hepatic pentobarbitone-metabolizing activity measured 3 or 6 weeks later, except in one instance, when hepatic enzyme activity was significantly enhanced 3 weeks after 30 daily doses of 200 mg/kg barbitone. In this case, however, an enhanced barbiturate sleeping time, together with a reduced awakening barbiturate brain level, were observed. 3 It is concluded that barbitone administered intraperitoneally in doses of 200 to 400 (mg/kg)/day for 2 or 30 days induces a non-hepatogenic intolerance to barbiturates, related to an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system to these drugs. This central intolerance is seen 3 weeks, but not 6 weeks, after pretreatment. Furthermore, this central intolerance has been observed to co-exist with an hepatic tolerance, a situation which could result in a reduced LD50 coupled with an increase in ED50.
2,4,4-trimethyl-2-phenyl-3-pentanone oxime

The title compound, C14H21NO, has two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Each mol­ecule forms hydrogen-bonded dimers about inversion centers via O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between oxime groups. The N—O distances in the oxime groups are 1.4160 (15) and 1.4131 (14) A.
Effects of Cyromazine and Diazinon on Three Economically Important Hawaiian Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Endoparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Effects of cyromazine and diazinon on eclosion, longevity, and reproduction of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel); and melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), were determined. Eclosion and longevity of the braconid endoparasitoids Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), P. fletcheri (Silvestri), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), and D. tryoni (Cameron) and the reproduction of D. longicaudata and D. tryoni that parasitized fruit flies exposed to cyromazine and diazinon were also determined. Formation of puparia was not affected by cyromazine but was affected by diazinon in a concentration-dependent manner at the concentrations tested. At LC50 B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae were more susceptible to cyromazine than to diazinon; C. capitata was equally susceptible to both chemicals. Eclosion of endoparasitoids from diazinon-treated hosts was concentration-dependent, but parasitoid eclosion from cyromazine-treated hosts was not significantly different from that of controls. Fecundity and fertility of B. cucurbitae were significantly reduced in females that survived treatment with 0.5 ppm cyromazine. Production of F 1 progeny by D. tryoni that eclosed from flies exposed to 1.0 ppm diazinon was significantly reduced. Cyromazine had no impact on progeny production of either lD. ongicaudata or D. tryoni at the concentrations tested. Potential use of cyromazine in conjunction with biological control for fruit fly eradication and control programs is discussed.
Growth hormone administration potentiates the effect of treadmill exercise on long bone formation but not on the vertebrae in middle-aged rats

To determine whether growth hormone administration would potentiate bone response to the stimulation of exercise, 80 female rats aged 14 months were divided into control (CON), ovine growth hormone administration (0.5 mg/kg daily) (GH), treadmill exercise (17 m/minute, 60 minutes daily) (EX), and GH+EX groups for 9 and 16 weeks. Static and dynamic histomorphometry were measured on the tibial shaft and (L-5) vertebral cortical bone. The periosteal and endocortical bone formation rate of the tibial shaft were higher in both EX and GH+EX than in the CON group in the 9-week study. There is a synergistic interaction between the two interventions in both cortical surfaces. After 16 weeks of study, the cortical bone area and periosteal bone formation rate were higher only in the EX than in the CON group. In the L-5 vertebra, the labeled surface on the periosteum was higher in the EX and the bone formation rate on the endocortical surface was higher in the GH than in the CON group. However, there was a negative interaction when the two interventions were combined. We conclude that a low-dose of growth hormone administration could initially potentiate long bone response to exercise. However, from the present study, long-term treatment with low-dose growth hormone administration does not enhance the increase in bone mass from exercise.
Observations of Solar and Lunar Radiation at 1.5 Millimeters

Observations of the radiation from the sun and the moon in a wide wavelength band centered approximately at 1.5 mm are reported. These waves were detected with a Golay detector using a searchlight mirror for a telescope. Measurements of atmospheric extinction are reported and compared with calculations of water vapor absorption which have been made by J. H. Van Vleck. It is found that the measured extinction is greater than the calculated.Observations of the radiation emitted by the moon at different phases are reported.The transmittances of some materials to the 1.5-mm waves from the sun are included.
Testing hypotheses about other people: The use of historical knowledge

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine the use of historical knowledge to test contemporary hypotheses about the personal attributes of other people. In the first and second experiments, participants read an extensive account of events in one week of the life of a woman named Jane. Two days later, they used this previously learned information to test hypotheses about Jane's suitability for one of two jobs: either the rather extraverted job of real estate salesperson, or the rather introverted job of research librarian. In their hypothesis-testing activities, participants first reported all those previously learned facts that they regarded as relevant to assessing Jane's suitability for the job under consideration, and then reported their judgments of her job suitability. Participants reported greater amounts of hypothesis-confirming than hypothesis-disconfirming factual material. Moreover, having tested hypotheses about Jane's suitability for one job, participants judged her to be better suited for that job than for the other job. In the third experiment, participants framed hypotheses for assessing job suitability and defined the task of testing these hypotheses. Participants framed hypotheses in terms of those attributes whose presence would confirm the hypotheses and defined the hypothesis-testing task as one of preferentially collecting hypothesis-confirming evidence. The nature and consequences of confirmatory hypothesis-testing strategies are discussed.
Fracture Toughness of a Beta‐SiC Whisker

Tensile fracture from an internal defect allowed measurement of the fracture toughness, KIc3 and fracture surface energy, y, for a single-crystal beta-SiC whisker with (111) crystallographic orientation in the tensile direction. Values of KIc=3.23 MPa.m1/2 and γ=9.06 J/m2 were obtained.
Unilateral and Bilateral Breast Reconstruction with Pedicled TRAM Flaps: An Outcomes Analysis of 188 Consecutive Patients.

Background: The abdomen remains a popular donor site for autologous tissue breast reconstruction. Recently, however, some authors have questioned whether the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap should remain a first-line reconstruction option.
Determination of diffusion and permeability coefficients in muscle

A theory is presented for the study of diffusion in heterogeneous tissue-like structures. It is applicable to a common type of measurement in which the change of the amount of substance remaining in the tissue is determined as the substance diffuses from the tissue into an adjacent medium, for instance, Ringer's solution. The main objective of this paper is to obtain a method for the calculation of the diffusion coefficient in the intercellular space and of the permeability coefficients between this space and the cells, based on the type of measurement mentioned above. Although the fundamental ideas upon which the theory is based are applicable to any type of tissue, the formulae derived are limited to the case in which the cells form a flat bundle of parallel fibers. The theory is applied to the experimental results of E. J. Harris and G. P. Burn on diffusion of sodium in the sartorius muscle of the frog. We find that if we know the ratio of the cellular and intercellular volumes of the muscle the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of sodium outside and inside the cells can be determined. A very simple mathematical analysis of the experimental relation between the amount of substance diffusing out of the muscle and the time of diffusion gives us this ratio. The ratio of the equilibrium sodium concentrations in the case of the sartorius frog muscle is between about 10 and 30, depending on the muscle used. The same mathematical analysis makes it possible to obtain the permeability coefficients of muscle fibers through simple calculations, if their sizes are known. The permeability coefficients for the experimental work mentioned above using sodium are 1.25 to 11.5×10−8 cm/sec for the flow into the fibers and 3.2 to 16×10−7 cm/sec for the flow in the opposite direction. The determination of the diffusion coefficient in the intercellular space is more laborious and yields only an order of magnitude: 10−6 cm2/sec.
An Experimental Analysis of the Function of Red-Winged Blackbird Song

The social role of the male red-winged blackbirds' Ageliaus phoenicetts, advertising song was examined. Territorial male red-wings were captured on their territories and subjected to bilateral sectioning of the hypoglossal nerves where they descend along the trachea. This surgery resulted in males which delivered species atypical songs at the times when they attempted to sing the normal advertising song. A group of control males were captured and treated in the same way as the surgically treated males except the hypoglossal nerves were not sectioned. The following results were obtained: 1) Vocalization altered males were successful in maintaining territories for the remainder of the breeding season. 2) Vocalization altered males were able to mate with females and raise young successfully. 3) Five vocalization altered males returned to the same marsh the following breeding season, one year after the operation and successfully established and maintained territories. It was concluded that the ability to deliver species typical song was not necessary for the establishment and maintenance of a breeding territory under the environmental conditions encountered during these experiments.
ON THE COMPLEXITY OF NONNEGATIVE-MATRIX SCALING

An n × n nonnegative matrix A is said to be (doubly stochastic) scalable if there exist two positive diagonal matrices X and Y such that XAY is doubly stochastic. We derive an upper bound on the norms of the scaling factors X and Y and give a polynomial-time complexity bound on the problem of computing the scaling factors to a prescribed accuracy.
Consequence modeling for the EPA risk management plan (RMP)

The EPA Risk Management Plan (RMP) has considerable requirements for consequence modeling. This paper discusses the modeling requirements, the data required from your process to perform this modeling, and a summary of the minimal modeling procedures required to meet the RMP.
THE EFFECT UPON THE COMMUNALITIES OF CHANGING THE ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF FACTORS

This paper is concerned with the arithmetical consequences of adopting the theory of minimal rank as a means of determining communalities in factor analysis. The complexities and inconsistencies inherent in the algebraic formulation are illustrated by an analysis of Burt's 11 × 11 table of correlations between emotional traits. It is found that, owing to the appearance of Heywood cases, the only solution that meets Thurstone's requirements entails more factors and higher communalities than the minimal rank would imply, and that this solution has eventually to be rejected on psychological grounds. The final conclusion is that, even were a satisfactory method found for determining the communalities implied by minimal rank, the theory would still be unacceptable because it neglects the statistical considerations imposed by the fact that every empirical matrix is obtained by sampling.
Osteoporosis and Osseointegration of Implants

According to medical literature, osteoporosis and related bone pathologies are increasing in epidemic proportions. The exact etiology of the disease is unknown, but hormonal, dietary, and genetic factors all contribute to the related loss of bone density. In the disease process, bone loss occurs throughout the body. Research indicates that the mandible and maxilla are affected, and show oral manifestations. There is no scientific data to contraindicate the use of two-step osseointegrated implants in osteoporotic individuals. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding osteoporosis and its relationship to oral bone loss.
Beta-2 adrenoceptor genotype and progress in term and late preterm active labor.

Objective We sought to evaluate whether beta-2 adrenoceptor (β 2 AR) genotype at a functional polymorphic site encoding for amino acid residue 16 influences rate of cervical dilatation in term and late preterm active labor. Study Design Subjects who underwent vaginal delivery at ≥34 weeks' gestational age from May 2006 through August 2007 were identified. Each subject had provided venous blood from which DNA was extracted for β 2 AR genotyping. Digital cervical examinations with paired examination times were collected from intrapartum records. Rate of cervical dilatation in active labor was determined using linear regression. Rates were compared between genotype groups. Results Among 401 subjects with satisfactory genotype and intrapartum data, overall rate of active labor was 0.76 ± 0.01 cm/h. When labor was compared by genotype, homozygous Arg/Arg16 subjects progressed at a slower rate (0.64 ± 0.03 cm/h) than all other pooled genotypes (0.8 ± 0.02 cm/h, P Conclusion Homozygous β 2 AR genotype encoding for Arg/Arg16 was associated with slower progress in active labor.