cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTEGRABLE MODELS IN STATISTICAL MECHANICS: THE HIDDEN FIELD WITH UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

In the past 30 years there have been extensive discoveries in the theory of integrable statistical mechanical models including the discovery of nonlinear differential equations for Ising model correlation functions, the theory of random impurities, level crossing transitions in the chiral Potts model and the use of Rogers–Ramanujan identities to generalize our concepts of Bose/Fermi statistics. Each of these advances has led to the further discovery of major unsolved problems of great mathematical and physical interest. I will here discuss the mathematical advances, the physical insights and extraordinary lack of visibility of this field of physics.
Feminine Power in Proclus's Commentary on Plato's Timaeus

Notorious for advancing a strict dichotomy between the masculine “demiurgic father” and the feminine “nurse/receptacle of becoming” as the “natural” origin of the cosmos, Plato's Timaeus has become a site for feminist interrogation. Most critics easily deem the text a masculine fantasy that projects feminine impotence and obligatory heterosexuality, reinforcing patriarchal power structures that are blindly reproduced in their historical reception. Consequently, this article analyzes the Neoplatonic replication of this framework, but with special attention given to Proclus's challenges to this gendered and sexual context. In this late, sometimes forgotten figure, we find, rather surprisingly, a Platonist who neither sequesters the feminine to the domain of the passive receptacle nor charges her simply with being a bastard image of the masculine. Rather, for Proclus, the feminine becomes the site of lived, erotic power that produces and sustains the value of authentic otherness. Furthermore, Proclus offers a challenge to the naturalness of the sex binary, suggesting a radical queerness as the basis of all identity. Overall, we shall see how classical patriarchal thinkers may, despite themselves, offer subversive models that might present readers with possibilities for troubling the sexual prejudices of ancient metaphysical schemas.
3D Gravity, Point Particles and Liouville Theory

This paper elaborates on the bulk/boundary relation between negative cosmological constant 3D gravity and Liouville field theory (LFT). We develop an interpretation of LFT non-normalizable states in terms of particles moving in the bulk. This interpretation is suggested by the fact that ``heavy'' vertex operators of LFT create conical singularities and thus should correspond to point particles moving inside AdS. We confirm this expectation by comparing the (semi-classical approximation to the) LFT two-point function with the (appropriately regularized) gravity action evaluated on the corresponding metric.
Acyclic Mechanism Design for Freight Consolidation

Freight consolidation is a logistics practice that improves the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of transportation operations, and also reduces energy consumption and carbon footprint. A “fair” sh...
Accurate and Stable Method for Solving Maxwell's Equations in Non-Conformal Mixed Tetrahedron and Brick Meshes

The solution of many real-world engineering problems can be made more flexible and efficient if objects can be separately meshed independent of each other. In this paper, we develop a method to solve Maxwell's equations in such a setting where non-conformal tetrahedron and brick meshes coexist. Using this method, the tetrahedron mesh can be used to discretize arbitrarily shaped objects, and embedded in the background brick mesh. A brick mesh can also be embedded in the background tetrahedron mesh. The meshes can be generated independent of each other and their interface does not need to share nodes and edges in common. The proposed method in time domain is free of matrix solution across the entire mixed meshes. An interface scheme is also developed to stitch two different meshes and thereby matrix systems accurately, while ensuring the time-domain stability. The method is equally applicable in frequency domain. Numerical experiments in non-conformal mixed meshes validate its effectiveness, accuracy, and flexibility.
Declining Intensive Care Unit Mortality of COVID-19: A Multi-Center Study

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality has waned significantly over time; however, factors contributing towards this reduction largely remain unidentified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trend in mortality at our large tertiary academic health system and factors contributing to this trend. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of intensive care unit (ICU) patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and August 2020 admitted across 14 hospitals in the Philadelphia area. Collected data included demographics, comorbidities, admission risk of mortality score, laboratory values, medical interventions, survival outcomes, hospital and ICU length of stay (LOS) and discharge disposition. Chi-square (? 2 ) test, Fisher exact test, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method, multinomial logistic regression models, independent sample t -test, Mann-Whitney U test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results: A total of 1,204 patients were included. Overall mortality was 39%. Mortality declined significantly from 46% in March to 14% in August 2020 (P < 0.05). The most common underlying comorbidities were hypertension (60.2%), diabetes mellitus (44.7%), dyslipidemia (31.6%) and congestive heart failure (14.7%). Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use was more commonly associated with the patients who died, while the use of remdesivir, tocilizumab, steroids and duration of these medications were not significantly different. Peak values of ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels were significantly higher in patients who died (P < 0.05). The mean hospital LOS was significantly longer in the patients who survived compared to the patients who died (18 vs. 12, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The mortality of patients admitted to our ICU system significantly decreased over time. Factors that may have contributed to this may be the result of a better understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and treatments. Further research is needed to elucidate the factors contributing to a reduction in the mortality rate for this patient population. J Clin Med Res. 2021;13(3):184-190 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4452
Urbanized Defense Communities: A Literature Review on the Policies, Politics, and Planning of Military Readiness and Local Land Use in the United States:

Propelled in the United States during the twentieth century, land use compatibility issues between military installations and neighboring communities amplified due to rapid population growth, spraw...
Analysis of the composition of 111In-labeled leukocyte preparation used for imaging inflammation and infection

2146 Objectives This study investigated the cellular composition & distribution of radioactivity in the 111In-oxine leukocyte (InWBC) preparation (injectate) injected into pts. Methods Samples from 20 routine InWBC labelings were included in this prospective investigation. Labeling efficiency & cell viability were determined. An automated analyzer determined WBC, RBC & platelet concentrations in whole blood & in injectate. Data were used to calculate percent of original cells remaining in the injectate. In a random subgroup of 5 injectates an aliquot of each preparation was passed through a microfluidic chip to separate WBC’s from RBC’s and platelets. The relative amount of activity associated with WBCs and RBCs/platelets in the injectate was determined with a gamma counter. Results WBC labeling efficiency was 93±3%; viability was 98±1%. Whole blood concentration of RBCs (3.12±552x107/mL) was significantly > platelets (,2.41±162x106/mL p WBCs (5.3±2.3 x 106/mL , p RBC (77±36 x 106, p than WBC (40±16 x 106M/mL, p=0.0002). Percent of cells retained in injectate vs. whole blood was significantly higher for WBCs (mean 64%, range = 43-91%) than RBCs (mean 0.3%, range = 0.03-0.97%; Wilcoxon p Conclusions The data indicate that, on average, only about a third of radioactivity in the injectate is WBC bound. Most of the activity is RBC/platelet bound which adversely impacts image quality and potentially test accuracy
Cancer map patterns: are they random or not?

Background Maps depicting the geographic variation in cancer incidence, mortality or treatment can be useful tools for developing cancer control and prevention programs, as well as for generating etiologic hypotheses. An important question with every cancer map is whether the geographic pattern seen is due to random fluctuations, as by pure chance there are always some areas with more cases than expected, or whether the map reflects true underlying geographic variation in screening, treatment practices, or etiologic risk factors. Methods Nine different tests for spatial randomness are evaluated in very practical settings by applying them to cancer maps for different types of data at different scales of spatial resolution: breast, prostate, and thyroid cancer incidence; breast cancer treatment and prostate cancer stage in Connecticut; and nasopharynx and prostate cancer mortality in the U.S. Results Tango’s MEET, Oden’s Ipop, and the spatial scan statistic performed well across all the data sets. Besag-Newell’s R, Cuzick-Edwards k-NN, and Turnbull’s CEPP often perform well, but the results are highly dependent on the parameter chosen. Moran’s I performs poorly for most data sets, whereas Swartz Entropy Test and Whittemore’s Test perform well for some data sets but not for other. Conclusions When publishing cancer maps we recommend evaluating the spatial patterns observed using Tango’s MEET, a global clustering test, and the spatial scan statistic, a cluster detection test.
Multilevel upscaling through variational coarsening

[1] A new efficient multilevel upscaling procedure for single-phase saturated flow in porous media is presented. While traditional approaches to this problem have focused on the computation of an upscaled hydraulic conductivity, here the coarse-scale model is created explicitly from the fine-scale model through the application of operator-induced variational coarsening. This technique, which originated with robust multigrid solvers, has been shown to accurately capture the influence of fine-scale heterogeneous structure over the complete hierarchy of coarse-scale models that it generates. Moreover, implicit in this hierarchy is the construction of interpolation operators that provide a natural and complete multiscale basis for the fine-scale problem. Thus this new multilevel upscaling methodology is similar to the multiscale finite element method, and indeed, it attains similar accuracy in computations of the fine-scale hydraulic head and coarse-scale normal flux on a variety of problems; yet it is an order of magnitude faster on the examples considered here.
Curtain eruptions from Enceladus’ south-polar terrain

Observations of the south pole of the Saturnian moon Enceladus revealed large rifts in the terrain that were found to be the sources of the observed jets of water vapour; now it is shown that much of the eruptive activity can be explained by broad, curtain-like eruptions, many of which were probably misinterpreted previously as discrete jets. Images taken by the Cassini probe have revealed large fractures bounded by rifts towards the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. These features, popularly known as 'tiger stripes', reach higher temperatures than their surroundings and are thought to be the sources of observed jets of water vapour and icy particles. Joseph Spitale et al. compare Cassini images with simulated curtains of material erupting from Enceladus' south-polar terrain to produce detailed maps of the emissions at various times. Much of the eruptive activity can be explained by broad, curtain-like eruptions, many of which were probably misinterpreted previously as discrete jets. Phantom jets in the synthesized curtains correspond closely to regions of enhanced brightness in the Cassini images. Observations of the south pole of the Saturnian moon Enceladus revealed large rifts in the south-polar terrain, informally called ‘tiger stripes’, named Alexandria, Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus Sulci. These fractures have been shown to be the sources of the observed jets of water vapour and icy particles1,2,3,4 and to exhibit higher temperatures than the surrounding terrain5,6. Subsequent observations have focused on obtaining close-up imaging of this region to better characterize these emissions. Recent work7 examined those newer data sets and used triangulation of discrete jets3 to produce maps of jetting activity at various times. Here we show that much of the eruptive activity can be explained by broad, curtain-like eruptions. Optical illusions in the curtain eruptions resulting from a combination of viewing direction and local fracture geometry produce image features that were probably misinterpreted previously as discrete jets. We present maps of the total emission along the fractures, rather than just the jet-like component, for five times during an approximately one-year period in 2009 and 2010. An accurate picture of the style, timing and spatial distribution of the south-polar eruptions is crucial to evaluating theories for the mechanism controlling the eruptions.
Turbulent formation of protogalaxies at the end of the plasma epoch: theory and observations

The standard model of gravitational structure formation is based on the Jeans 1902 acoustic theory, neglecting nonlinear instabilities controlled by viscosity, turbulence and diffusion. Because the Jeans scale L_J for the hot primordial plasma is always slightly larger than the scale of causal connection ct, where c is the speed of light and t is the time after the big bang, it has been assumed that no plasma structures could form without guidance from a cold (so L_J CDM is small) collisionless cold-dark-matter CDM fluid to give condensations that gravitationally collect the plasma. Galaxies by this CDM model form by gradual hierarchical-clustering of CDM halos to galaxy mass over billions of years. No observations exist of CDM halos. Gravitational instability is non-linear and absolute, controlled by viscous and turbulent forces or by diffusivity at Schwarz length scales smaller than ct. Because the universe during the plasma epoch is rapidly expanding, the first structures formed were at density minima by fragmentation when the viscous-gravitional scale L_SV first matched ct at 30,000 years to produce protosupercluster voids and protosuperclusters. Weak turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries guide the morphology of smaller fragments down to protogalaxy size just before transition to gas at 300,000 years. The size of the protogalaxies reflect the plasma Kolmogorov scale with a linear and spiral morphology predicted by the Nomura direct numerical simulations and confirmed by deep field space telescope observations. On transition to gas the kinematic viscosity decreases by ten trillion so the protogalaxies fragment as Jeans scale clouds, each with a trillion earth-mass planets, as predicted by Gibson 1996 and observed by Schild 1996.
Comparison of bracket debonding force between two conventional resin adhesives and a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement: an in vitro and in vivo study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the debonding force of orthodontic brackets bonded with two conventional resin adhesives (Resilience L3 and Light Bond) and a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC). For the in vitro part of the study, 80 extracted premolars were randomly divided into four groups. In groups A and B, brackets were bonded to unetched enamel using Fuji Ortho LC cement in wet and dry conditions, respectively. In groups C and D, brackets were bonded to etched enamel using Resilience L3 and Light Bond, respectively. Debonding force was determined using a servohydraulic testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm / min. Data was analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test at p<0.05. A significant difference was found in debonding force between unetched Fuji Ortho LC and the two conventional resins. There was no significant difference between the two conventional resins or between unetched resin-reinforced glass ionomer in the wet and dry con...
Some properties of a pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase from murine leukemia cells.

A pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase (approximate mol wt 100,000) with a sharply defined specificity was partially purified from ascitic cells of the P388/38280 murine leukemia. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil ( K m = 100 µM) to pharmacologically active nucleotides. The lowest K m value was obtained with orotic acid as substrate ( K m 50 µM). The enzyme could also utilize 5-fluoroorotate ( K m 85 µM) and uracil ( K m = 5 mM). Inhibition studies, using fluorouracil as substrate, indicate that this enzyme has a strong affinity for pyrimidines with a carboxyl or amino group at position 6, or a fluorine (but not a larger halogen) at position 5. A methyl group at position 5 markedly decreases affinity of the enzyme for all pyrimidines. The affinity of the enzyme for 6-carboxypyrimidines was greatly increased in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide, but the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was markedly decreased. The enzyme requires Mg 2+ and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; the latter promotes stability at all temperatures. Enzyme extracted from a cell line made resistant to fluorouracil showed a decreased capacity to utilize fluorouracil as a substrate.
Modeling of inverter based Ac microgrids for control development

This paper will present the model formulation and testing for the integration of renewable energy into networked ac bus microgrid. This paper presents a model of an inverter based ac microgrid that is appropriate for use in advanced control schemes, such as Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC). A two inverter three phase ac system with a wye connected resistor-capacitor load is developed, and an example system is presented. The model development will show the electrical power network transformation from the abc to the 0dq domain. Testing and verification procedures will also be discussed demonstrating its behavior.
VEGF-C induces lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in the rat mesentery culture model.

Objective Lymphatic and blood microvascular systems are critical for tissue function. Insights into the coordination of both systems can be gained by investigating the relationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Recently, our laboratory established the rat mesentery culture model as a novel tool to investigate multicellular interactions during angiogenesis in an intact microvascular network scenario. The objective of this study was to determine whether the rat mesentery culture model can be used to study lymphangiogenesis. Methods Mesenteric tissue windows were harvested from adult male Wistar rats and cultured for three or five days in either serum-free MEM or MEM supplemented with VEGF-C. Tissues were immunolabeled for PECAM and LYVE-1 to identify blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. Tissues selected randomly from those containing vascular networks were quantified for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Results VEGF-C treatment resulted in an increase in the density of blood vessel sprouting compared to controls by day 3. By day 5, lymphatic sprouting was increased compared to controls. Conclusions These results are consistent with in vivo findings that lymphangiogenesis lags angiogenesis after chronic stimulation and establish a tool for investigating the interrelationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in a multisystem microvascular environment.
Two Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity Signals in the Drosophila Wing Are Differentially Organized by the Fat/Dachsous Pathway

The regular array of distally pointing hairs on the mature Drosophila wing is evidence for the fine control of Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) during wing development. Normal wing PCP requires both the Frizzled (Fz) PCP pathway and the Fat/Dachsous (Ft/Ds) pathway, although the functional relationship between these pathways remains under debate. There is strong evidence that the Fz PCP pathway signals twice during wing development, and we have previously presented a Bidirectional-Biphasic Fz PCP signaling model which proposes that the Early and Late Fz PCP signals are in different directions and employ different isoforms of the Prickle protein. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the Ft/Ds pathway in the context of our Fz PCP signaling model. Our results allow us to draw the following conclusions: (1) The Early Fz PCP signals are in opposing directions in the anterior and posterior wing and converge precisely at the site of the L3 wing vein. (2) Increased or decreased expression of Ft/Ds pathway genes can alter the direction of the Early Fz PCP signal without affecting the Late Fz PCP signal. (3) Lowfat, a Ft/Ds pathway regulator, is required for the normal orientation of the Early Fz PCP signal but not the Late Fz PCP signal. (4) At the time of the Early Fz PCP signal there are symmetric gradients of dachsous (ds) expression centered on the L3 wing vein, suggesting Ds activity gradients may orient the Fz signal. (5) Localized knockdown or over-expression of Ft/Ds pathway genes shows that boundaries/gradients of Ft/Ds pathway gene expression can redirect the Early Fz PCP signal specifically. (6) Altering the timing of ds knockdown during wing development can separate the role of the Ft/Ds pathway in wing morphogenesis from its role in Early Fz PCP signaling.
Bullous eruption in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Mite dermatitis caused by Cheyletiella blakei

Cheyletiella dermatitis probably occurs much more frequently than the paucity of reports would suggest. A British study concluded that the most frequent pet-associated dermatoses are flea bites, Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis infestation, Cheyletiella dermatitis, and forage mite dermatitis. 1 Patients seldom suspect the cause. In a study among 37 patients diagnosed with Cheyletiella dermatitis, only two suspected that their pets were the source of the dermatitis. 2 Commonly, only one member in a family experiences significant bite reactions. 3 An astute clinician with a high index of suspicion can identify the causative agent and effect a cure. Our case is unique because the presenting dermatitis was herpetiform and began in midsummer on an isolated farm without the acquisition of new pets. The only outside animal contact to the farm was a stray male cat, illustrating the ubiquitous nature of Cheyletiella mites. To our knowledge this is the first case of ivermectin (Ivomec) usage for Cheyletiella mite eradication.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) inhibition of epstein-barr virus (EBV)- and interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced immunoglobulin production in human B lymphocytes

This study reports on the effects of TGFβ on the secretion of Ig isotypes by highly purified (>99% CD20-positive) human peripheral blood B cells. Stimulation of these B cell preparations with EBV resulted in the secretion of IgM, IgG, and IgA and the addition of IL-4 induced readily detectable levels (>100 ng/ml) of IgE between 10 and 25 days of culture. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 showed similar dose-dependent suppression of IgM, IgG, and IgA, and the relative proportion of IgG and IgA remained unchanged in the presence of TGFβ. IgE production induced by EBV and IL-4 was significantly inhibited by TGFβ. TGFβ effects on Ig secretion were not related to inhibition of B cell proliferation by this cytokine. In contrast to these TGFβ effects on EBV activation of primary B cells, the constitutive Ig secretion by EBV-transformed B cells was resistant to TGFβ, while the increase in Ig secretion induced by IL-6 was inhibited by TGFβ. Thus, TGFβ inhibits the EBV-induced secretion of the major Ig isotypes in peripheral blood B cells and has differential effects on Ig secretion by transformed B cells.
Cost of hospital care for older adults with heart failure: medical, pharmaceutical, and nursing costs.

Heart failure, the final common pathway of cardiovascular disease, affects about five million Americans and has been referred to as a global epidemic (Moser and Mann 2002). It is a disabling and costly chronic condition. It is becoming more prevalent as the population ages and survival increases from previously fatal acute cardiac events (Roger et al. 2004). Of the millions living with heart failure, 80 percent are 65 years of age or older. Those with heart failure incur great economic burden, with costs exceeding those of breast and lung cancer combined (Peacock 2003). In 2004, the estimated direct and indirect cost of heart failure in the United States was $25.8 billion, of which $13.6 billion, or 53 percent, was direct hospital cost (American Heart Association 2004). Heart failure is the most expensive of the Medicare diagnoses in the United States and yet, reimbursement often does not keep up with the mean total hospital charges. Mean total charges were $15,293 per visit in 2000, with the average American hospital losing more than $1,000 per visit (Peacock 2003; Ashish et al. 2004). Much has been written in the last decade about the positive collective effects on cost and readmission rates by using multidisciplinary disease management approaches, usually involving the continuum of care within and outside the hospital setting (Balinsky and Muennig 2003). Little is known, however, about the unique interventions or contributions to cost of care by specific disciplines; most of the research has been done with measures that come from the large Medicare data sets that describe medical care and treatments and not those of other health care disciplines. This research study analyzes data from an electronic documentation system that includes medical, nursing, and pharmacy treatments to demonstrate the unique contributions of these providers to hospital cost for older adults with heart failure.
Characterization of microbial souring in berea-sand porous medium with a north sea oil field inoculum

Microbial souring (H2S production) in porous medium was investigated in an anaerobic upflow porous medium reactor at 60°C using produced waters obtained from the North Sea Ninian oilfield as the inoculum. Multiple carbon sources commonly found in oil field waters (formate, acetate, propionate, iso‐ and n‐butyrates) with inorganic sulfate as the electron acceptor were used as the substrates. Stoichiometry and the rate of souring in the reactor column were calculated. A large proportion of H2S was trapped in the column as FeS and possibly as a gas phase. Concentration gradients for the substrates (organic acids and sulfate) and H2S were generated along the column. At steady state, the highest volumetric substrate consumption and H2S production were found at the front part (inlet) of the reactor column. The average volumetric sulfate reduction rate after H2S production had stabilized was calculated to be 203 ± 51 mg sulfate‐S.l‐1.d‐1. Comparison of the results with the authors’ previous work on the Alaska Ku...
In Vitro Antibiotic Synergism Against Ocular Fungal Isolates

A microtiter method for the determination of fungal sensitivities was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of two antifungal agents, amphotericin B and natamycin, both alone and in combination with four different antibiotics: rifampin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both, of the antifungal agent in the presence of antibiotic; antagonism was defined as fourfold or greater increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both. Amphotericin B and rifampin were synergistic against the majority of organisms, but synergism between amphotericin B and other antibiotics was infrequent. Combinations of natamycin and rifampin or of natamycin and gentamicin were synergistic against the majority of Fusarium solani tested. Combinations of amphotericin B and tetracycline were antagonistic against 14% of the organisms.
Echinacea sanguinea and Echinacea pallida Extracts Stimulate Glucuronidation and Basolateral Transfer of Bauer Alkamides 8 and 10 and Ketone 24 and Inhibit P-glycoprotein Transporter in Caco-2 Cells

The use of Echinacea as a medicinal herb is prominent in the United States, and many studies have assessed the effectiveness of Echinacea as an immunomodulator. We hypothesized that Bauer alkamides 8, 10, and 11 and ketone 24 were absorbed similarly either as pure compounds or from Echinacea sanguinea and Echinacea pallida ethanol extracts, and that these Echinacea extracts could inhibit the P-glycoprotein transporter in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. Using HPLC analysis, the permeation rate of Bauer alkamides by passive diffusion across Caco-2 cells corresponded with compound hydrophilicity (alkamide 8 > 10 > 11), independent of the plant extract matrix. Both Echinacea ethanol extracts stimulated apparent glucuronidation and basolateral efflux of glucuronides of alkamides 8 and 10 but not alkamide 11. Bauer ketone 24 was totally metabolized to more hydrophilic metabolites when administered as a single compound, but was also glucuronidated when present in Echinacea extracts. Bauer alkamides 8, 10, and 11 (175–230 µM) and ethanol extracts of E. sanguinea (1 mg/mL, containing ~ 90 µM total alkamides) and E. pallida (5 mg/mL, containing 285 µM total alkamides) decreased the efflux of the P-glycoprotein transporter probe calcein-AM from Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that other constituents in these Echinacea extracts facilitated the metabolism and efflux of alkamides and ketones, which might improve therapeutic benefits. Alkamides and Echinacea extracts might be useful in potentiating some chemotherapeutics, which are substrates for the P-glycoprotein transporter.
Where was the moon formed

Volatile substances have a low abundance in lunar surface rocks as compared to terrestrial rocks. If this depletion is explained in terms of a late accretion of volatile materials from a solar nebula with falling temperature, then the conclusion can be drawn that the moon accumulated not in earth orbit but as a separate planet, and that it was later captured by the earth.
Blood volume in congenital heart disease.

Summary The abnormal circulation in congenital heart disease is in many respects similar to the abnormal circulation in a peripheral arteriovenous fistula, although the vascular paths of the shunted blood are shorter. This communication is continuous in an extracardiac fistula, as the patent ductus arteriosus, and intermittent in intracardiac shunts, the septal defects. The abnormal communication initiates an accessory circulation which, in relation to dynamics and volume, is independent of the systemic or pulmonary circulation upon which it is parasitic. The accessory or “third” circulation in several simple congenital cardiac defects is illustrated. The relation of the abnormal circulation to the circulating blood volume is considered. The volume of the circulation was determined by the blue dye method in three categories of congenital heart disease, (1) intracardiac acyanotic shunts, (2) patent ductus arteriosus, and (3) cyanotic congenital heart disease. The values obtained were compared with the blood volume of normal children. The blood volume in patients with a patent ductus arteriosus was found to be increased, and the volume diminished following surgical ligation of the open ductus. The blood volume in acyanotic intracardiac arteriovenous shunts was elevated by a smaller amount. The volume in the cyanotic type of congenital heart disease was greatly increased, due to an increase of red blood cells. The plasma was usually below the expected amount. It was concluded that the abnormal circulation in the three categories ofcongenital heart disease requires an elevation of circulating blood volume. It could not be determined whether this increase is a direct measure of the abnormal shunt.
Oculomotor adjustments and size constancy

The effect on matched size of the oculomotor adjustments was determined by stimulation and relaxation of accommodation and convergence by means of spherical lenses. The normal coupling between accommodation and convergence was maintained by introducing the amount of convergence appropriate to the lens power and each S’s interpupillary distance. Data indicate that the oculomotor adjustments are adequate to account for size constancy up to approximately 1 m, beyond which their effect progressively decreases. The actual accommodation in force was assessed by means of the laser scintillation technique. It was determined that the magnitude of accommodation responds accurately to the spherical lens introduced up to about 1 m observation distance, beyond which underaccommodation was noted. Examination of the matched size as a function of the actual accommodation distance reveals a very close correspondence to the size constancy prediction up to about 1 m.
Hydrogenation of alkynes with a palladium anchored polystyrene catalyst

Abstract Treating chloromethylated polystyrene beads with anthranilic acid and then palladium chloride gives a material capable of catalyzing the cis-hydrogenation of alkynes. Hydrogenation of phenylacetylene (10mmol) with 0.017 g-atom (based on Pd) of catalyst at room temperature and 30 psig for 7.3 h resulted in 82 % styrene and 14% ethylbenzene. Methylphenylacetylene was converted to cis-1-phenylpropene (60%) and n-propylbenzene (17 %). Several other alkynes were also converted to cis alkenes. The catalyst is less selective than the Lindlar catalyst, but is air stable and stores well.
Biometry of 7,500 Cataractous Eyes

Summary This biometric analysis of 7,500 eyes of cataract patients gave a mean axial length of 23.65 mm, a mean average keratometric value of 43.81 diopters, a mean preoperative anterior chamber depth of 3.24 mm, and a mean central endothelial cell count of 2,470 cells/mm 2 . There is a statistically significant but clinically insignificant 0.16-diopter flattening of the cornea after cataract surgery without an intraocular lens, but none with an intraocular lens. Pseudophakic eyes do not show a clinically significant increase in corneal flattening over aphakic eyes. Anterior chamber depth increases from 3.24 mm to 3.32 mm (±0.08) in pseudophakic eyes and to 3.67 mm (±0.43) in aphakic eyes. Astigmatism averaged 1.0 diopter in phakic eyes preoperatively, showing a mean increase of only 0.5 diopter in aphakic eyes and 0.65 diopter in pseudophakic eyes. One third of the eyes in this series had axial myopia while slightly less than half had axial hyperopia; the remaining 20% were in the emmetropic range. Preoperative anterior chamber depths were lowest in eyes with short axial lengths and increased with axial length. However, deep (6 mm) and shallow (2 mm) anterior chamber depths were encountered in all three groups. Shorter eyes had steeper corneas than emmetropic eyes by less than 1.0 diopter while myopic eyes had weaker corneas than emmetropic eyes by about 0.5 diopter. Astigmatism was essentially the same in all three groups (1.0 diopter) except that emmetropic eyes showed a small (0.08 diopter) but statistically significant decrease in cylinder from the other groups, as well as a smaller range (6.3 vs. 9.5 diopters). There is a very small but extremely significant increase in endothelial cell count from hyperopic to myopic eyes. There is little correlation between fellow eyes for axial length, average keratometric value, or anterior chamber depth, indicating the need for bilateral examination in calculating intraocular lens power. All other possible correlations of these data were not statistically significant.
Sustaining change in universities : continuities in case studies and concepts

Abstract My book, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, based on mid‐1990s research in five European universities, set forth five “pathways of transformation” by which public universities assume a highly proactive stance. On the basis of further research that tracks developments in these institutions during the late 1990s, this paper presents a conceptual transition from transformation to sustainability. How is change institutionally sustained after much transformation has taken place? Enduring components are found in a steady state of change that includes a bureaucracy of change. Further analysis suggests three dynamics of sustained change: reenforcing interaction among transforming elements; perpetual momentum resulting from steady accummulation of incremental changes; and ambitious volition embedded in the university as collective commitment and institutional will. A longer manuscript under preparation will explore the utility of the old pathways and the new sustaining features in case studies of entr...
Surfactant apoprotein A modifies the inhibitory effect of plasma proteins on surfactant activity in vivo.

Surfactant Apoprotein A Modifies the Inhibitory Effect of Plasma Proteins on Surfactant Activity In Vivo
Attending to the Language and Literacy Needs of English Learners in Science.

This article presents the results of a study testing the efficacy of an instructional model that attends to the science, literacy, and language learning needs of English Learners (ELs) through a curriculum development project. The model is based on the premise that reading, writing, and discourse are better served when these important language processes are regarded as a means to rich subject matter learning. The quasi-experimental study included fourth and fifth grade ELs who experienced a science curriculum in one of two conditions: (a) science, literacy, and language integrated curriculum; or (b) a content-comparable curriculum where the focus was “hands-on” science. ELs in the treatment condition outperformed ELs in the comparison group in science understanding and science vocabulary, but no statistically significant differences were found with science reading.
Local IL-21 promotes the therapeutic activity of effector T cells by decreasing regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment.

The eradication of tumors by the immune system depends on the generation of antigen-specific T cells which can migrate to sites of tumor growth and maintain their effector functions despite local tumor-derived T-cell inhibitory factors. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an IL-2-related cytokine that has shown limited evidence of antitumor activity in murine models and early phase clinical trials. Effect of local IL-21 on T-cell responses within the tumor microenvironment, however, has not been extensively evaluated. Thus, we developed a stably transfected IL-21-secreting B16 melanoma cell line to test the effects of local IL-21 on endogenous and adoptively transferred T-cell responses. Tumors expressing IL-21 exhibited delayed growth in vivo, which was associated with an increase in activated systemic effector and memory CD8+ T–cell responses. Local IL-21 also enhanced the therapeutic effects of adoptively transferred gp100-specific T cells and was synergistic with IL-2. The effect was also associated with an increased proliferation of local CD8+ T cells and decreased accumulation of regulatory CD4+FOXP3+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. These data suggest that local IL-21 enhances endogenous and adoptively transferred T-cell immunity through increased effector CD8+ T cells and decreased CD4+ regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment.
THE GENERAL PHENOMENON OF BIPEDALISM

It simply has been assumed by some that the requirements for bipedal posture are "present in apes, but perfected only in man" (Schultz, 1950). This reiterates an older assumption that man is in most things the acme. Clearly, the critical transition from "ape to man" was featured by the acquisition of habitually upright posture and loco? motion (Darwin, 1874; Keith, 1923; Clark, 1955; Du Brul, 1958). But just as clearly, the popularity of the problem of bipedal? ism stems mainly from such anthropomorphism as revealed in the assumption. The fact is that quite a few vertebrates have shared this locomotor venture with
Empirical relationships between acoustic parameters in human soft tissues

Previously published summaries of sound speed, density, attenuation coefficient, and nonlinearity parameter, B/A, in human soft tissues are quantitatively analyzed. A highly significant empirical linear relationship is found to hold between sound speed and density for a wide range of soft tissues, including adipose, parenchymal, muscular, and connective tissues as well as body fluids. Even higher correlations occur between nondimensional parameters describing density variations and compressibility variations. Values for the nonlinearity parameter correlate significantly with sound speed and density, while the attenuation coefficient is found not to correlate significantly with any of the other parameters considered. Implications for tissue modeling and quantitative ultrasonic imaging are discussed.
Emergency medical transport of the elderly: A population-based study☆

Patterns of utilization of emergency medical services transport (EMS) by the elderly are poorly understood. We determined population-based rates of EMS utilization by the elderly and characterized utilization patterns by age, gender, race, and reason for transport. This observational, population-based study was conducted in Forsyth County, NC, a semi-urban county served by one convalescent ambulance service and one EMS service. Using data on all 1990 EMS transports and the 1990 U.S. census data, age-, gender-, and race-specific transport rates for persons aged 60 or older were calculated. Reasons for transport and frequency of repeat users were established. After exclusion of transports because of an address outside the county, a nonhospital destination, a scheduled transport, or missing data, 4,688 transports (78% of total) remained for analysis. The overall rate of transport was 104/1,000 county residents. Transport rates increased for successively older five-year age groups, demonstrating a 5.7-fold stepwise increase from ages 60-65 to 85+ (51/1,000 to 291/1,000). There was no difference in mean age between patients who were frequent EMS users (more than three transports during the year) (n = 66) and other elderly transportees. Reasons for transport differed little between those 60 to 84 years of age and those 85 years of age and older with the exception of chest pain, cardiac arrest, and seizures, all of which were significantly more prevalent in the younger age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vaporization reactions in the thulium-fluorine system

Abstract The vaporization and sublimation reactions for the thulium-fluorine system have been investigated by mass-loss, X-ray powder diffraction and elemental analysis techniques. Thulium trifluoride was reduced only partially by elemental thulium; a reduced stoichiometric fluoride could not be isolated. Partially reduced TmF 3 decomposes upon heating to a metal-rich vapor and a trifluoride-enriched residue. By a target collection Knudsen effusion method, equilibrium vapor pressures were determined for the reaction TmF 3 ( s , l )= TmF 3 ( g ). From the slope-intercept data, the following thermodynamic changes with associated standard deviations were derived: ΔH ° 1579 = (86.2 4 ± 0.4 8 ) kcal mol −1 and gDS ° 1579 = (34.9 5 ± 0.3 2 ) cal mol −1 K −1 . Use of estimated and reported thermodynamic functions gives ΔH ° 298 = (108 .2 ± 1 .5 ) kcal mol −1 and gDS ° 298 = (55 .4 ± 1 .3 ) cal mol −1 K −1 . Use of the third-law procedure yielded ΔH ° 298 = (107 .5 ± 2 .3 ) kcal mol −1 . The derived thermodynamic values are compared with those of other lanthanide fluoride systems.
Vector-sparse solver for unsymmetrical matrices

Abstract In this work, efficient algorithms for sparse computations (reordering algorithms, storage schemes, symbolic factorization, master degree-of-freedom, L∗D∗U numerical factorization, forward and backward solutions) are developed and integrated into the proposed procedures. In order to exploit fast saxpy operations offered by many vector computers, take advantage of available cache in many workstations, and minimize data movements into fast memory, special storage schemes are designed to store the coefficient (unsymmetrical) matrix. Thus, the upper triangular portion of the coefficient matrix is stored in a compressed sparse row format, while the lower triangular portion of the same matrix is stored in a compressed sparse column format. A reordering algorithm is applied on one portion of the matrix to minimize fill-ins. Unsymmetrical matrix–vector multiplication has also been sparsely computed for “error-norm check” purpose. The entire sparse procedures have been coded in standard Fortran language.
Pseudoarrhythmia Caused by Temporary Transvenous Pacemaker

THE INTERPRETATION of arrhythmias on a 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram or on a monitoring strip can frequently be a difficult task. Essential to the interpretation is a good-quality stable baseline without artifacts. We are dependent on proper electrode placement, faultless technical assistance, and quality equipment. Unfortunately, artifacts are not uncommon in full 12-lead scalar ECGs because the equipment must fulfill American Heart Association standards of a wide frequency response range from 0.05 to 100 hertz. With this wide frequency range, the scalar ECG is subject to motion artifacts from respiration, arm movement, muscle tremors such as parkinsonism, and high-frequency electrical signals such as 60-Hz interference. Fortunately, bedside monitors are provided with a low- and high-frequency cutoff that eliminates most artifact. Our patient had a temporary transvenous pacemaker that caused an unusual ventricular pseudoarrhythmia during monitoring. This points out the need for caution in interpretation and treatment of a patient with an
Modelled ionospheric Te profiles at mid-latitudes for possible IRI application

Abstract The electron temperature (T e ) variation in the mid-latitude ionosphere at altitudes between 120 – 800 km has been modelled for various seasonal and solar-cycle conditions. The calculated electron temperatures are consistent with plasma densities and ion temperatures computed from a time-dependent ionospheric model. The T e distribution can be represented by a subset of standard T e profiles. T e above 200 km is controlled by the magnetospheric heat flux into the ionosphere. For realistic values of the magnetospheric heat flux, the maximum electron temperature ranges from 3000 to 10,000 K at 800 km. The effect of increasing the heat flux is to increase the topside temperature but retain the profile shape. Hence, given a topside T e observation and selection of an appropriate profile shape, the entire T e distribution can be computed.
Acoustoelasticity - General theory, acoustic natural modes and forced response to sinusoidal excitation, including comparisons with experiment

A comprehensive theoretical model has been developed for interior sound fields which are created by flexible wall motion resulting from exterior sound fields. Full coupling between the wall and interior acoustic cavity is permitted. An efficient computational method is used to determine acoustic natural frequencies of multiply connected cavities. Simplified formulae are developed for interior sound levels in terms of cavity, wall and external acoustic field parameters. Comparisons of theory and experiment show generally good agreement.