cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting the Metabolic Plasticity of Multiple Myeloma with FDA-Approved Ritonavir and Metformin

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir targeting of glycolysis is growth inhibitory and cytotoxic in a subset of MM cells. In this study our objective was to investigate the metabolic basis of resistance to ritonavir and to determine the utility of co-treatment with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor metformin to target compensatory metabolism. Experimental Design: We determined combination indices for ritonavir and metformin, impact on myeloma cell lines, patient samples and myeloma xenograft growth. Additional evaluation in breast, melanoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines was also performed. Signaling connected to suppression of the pro-survival BCL2 family member MCL-1 was evaluated in MM cell lines and tumor lysates. Reliance on oxidative metabolism was determined by evaluation of oxygen consumption and dependence on glutamine was assessed by estimation of viability upon metabolite withdrawal in the context of specific metabolic perturbations. Results: Ritonavir-treated MM cells exhibited increased reliance on glutamine metabolism. Ritonavir sensitized MM cells to metformin, effectively eliciting cytotoxicity both in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft model of MM and in breast, ovarian and melanoma cancer cell lines. Ritonavir and metformin effectively suppressed AKT and mTORC1 phosphorylation and pro-survival BCL-2 family member MCL-1 expression in MM cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin effectively target MM cell metabolism to elicit cytotoxicity in MM. Our studies warrant further investigation into repurposing ritonavir and metformin to target the metabolic plasticity of myeloma to more broadly target myeloma heterogeneity and prevent the re-emergence of chemo-resistant aggressive MM.
Effects of high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectric materials on metal and silicon gate workfunctions

The dependence of metal and polysilicon gate work-functions on the underlying gate dielectric in advanced MOS gate stacks is explored. We observe that the metal workfunctions on high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics differ appreciably from their values on SiO/sub 2/ or in a vacuum. We also show the first application of the interface dipole theory on the metal-dielectric interface and obtained excellent agreement with experimental data. Important parameters such as the slope parameters for SiO/sub 2/, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, ZrO/sub 2/, and HfO/sub 2/ are extracted. In addition, we also explain the weaker dependence of n+ and p+ polysilicon gate workfunctions on the gate dielectric. Challenges for gate workfunction engineering are highlighted. This work provides additional guidelines on the choice of gate materials for future CMOS technology incorporating high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics.
Antimicrobial Effect of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh Strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa)

Antibacterial activity of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water prepared from 0.05% or 0.10% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions against indigenous bacteria associated with fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) was evaluated. The efficacy of EO water and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution in eliminating and controlling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto strawberries stored at 4 +/- 1 degrees C up to 15 d was investigated at exposure time of 1, 5, or 10 min. Posttreatment neutralization of fruit surfaces was also determined. More than 2 log(10) CFU/g reductions of aerobic mesophiles were obtained in fruits washed for 10 or 15 min in EO water prepared from 0.10% (w/v) NaCl solution. Bactericidal activity of the disinfectants against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 was not affected by posttreatment neutralization, and increasing exposure time did not significantly increase the antibacterial efficacy against both pathogens. While washing fruit surfaces with distilled water resulted in 1.90 and 1.27 log(10) CFU/mL of rinse fluid reduction of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, >/= 2.60 log(10) CFU/mL of rinse fluid reduction of L. monocytogenes and up to 2.35 and 3.12 log(10) CFU/mL of rinse fluid reduction of E. coli O157:H7 were observed on fruit surfaces washed with EO water and NaOCl solution, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased over storage regardless of prior treatment. However, EO water and aqueous NaOCl did not show higher antimicrobial potential than water treatment during refrigeration storage.
Lessons Learned from Professional Development Workshops on Using GIS to Teach Geography and History in the K-12 Classroom.

In recent decades, great concern has been expressed over the decline of geographic literacy and less time for geography in the classroom. With these issues in mind, geography education can be reinf...
Immune Function in PTSD

Disturbed regulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathoadrenomedullary system in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggests that immune function, which is modulated by these systems, may also be dysregulated. Two dermatologic, in vivo measures of immune function, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and skin barrier function recovery, were examined in female subjects with PTSD and compared to measures in healthy female comparison subjects. In addition, at the time of DTH test placement, circulating numbers of lymphocyte subtypes were assessed. In separate studies, the effects of acute psychological stress on DTH and skin barrier function recovery were examined in healthy volunteer subjects. Both DTH and barrier function recovery were enhanced in women with PTSD. These findings contrast with the effects of acute stress in healthy control subjects, which was associated with suppression of DTH responses and skin barrier function recovery. There was no difference between subjects with PTSD and healthy control subjects in proportions of circulating lymphocyte subsets or in expression of the lymphocyte markers CD62, CD25, and CD45RO/CD45RA. These results suggest that cell-mediated immune function is enhanced in individuals with PTSD, a condition that imposes chronic physiologic and mental stress on sufferers. These findings contrast with suppression of DTH and skin barrier function recovery in healthy volunteers in response to acute psychological stress.
New techniques for best-match retrieval

A scheme to answer best-match queries from a file containing a collection of objects is described. A best-match query is to find the objects in the file that are closest (according to some (dis)similarity measure) to a given target.Previous work [5, 331] suggests that one can reduce the number of comparisons required to achieve the desired results using the triangle inequality, starting with a data structure for the file that reflects some precomputed intrafile distances. We generalize the technique to allow the optimum use of any given set of precomputed intrafile distances. Some empirical results are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of our scheme, and its performance relative to previous algorithms.
Lysine tRNAs from Bacillus subtilis 168: function of the isoacceptors in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing system

The two principal tRNA Lys isoaccepting species of Bacillus subtilis were compared in their functional activity in translating rabbit globin. Although neither species demonstrates any preference in reading either of the lysine codons, there is an overall preference for tRNa Lys 3 in lysine incorporation. The ratios of lysine incorporated by the two species into the different lysine-containing sites in the globin subunits vary over a more than two-fold range. As described in the accompanying paper, tRNA Lys 1 is a hypomodified form of tRNA Lys 3. Consistent with studies on other rRNA species, the fully modified isoacceptor functions preferentially. In contrast to these results, however, the fully modified isoacceptor (tRNA Lys 3) is found predominantly in rapidly dividing cells while the hypomodified isoacceptor (tRNA Lys 1) predominates in the stationary cells and spores of B.l subtilis.
A Core Chromatin Remodeling Factor Instructs Global Chromatin Signaling through Multivalent Reading of Nucleosome Codes

Summary ATP-dependent NuRD repressor complexes involve combinatorial assembly of its subunits. However, the mechanism of gene transcription by MTA1/NuRD remains enigmatic. Here we report that MTA1 methylation by G9a methytransferase and demethylation by LSD1 determines the nucleosome remodeling and transcriptional outcome. Contrary to the current static repressor model of the NuRD complex, we discovered that MTA1 association with nucleosomes and corepressor/coactivator complexes is dynamic. While methylated MTA1 is required for the NuRD repressor complex, demethylated MTA1 recognizes the bivalent histone H3K4-AcK9 mark and recruits coactivator NURF-trithorax remodeling complex in a signaling-dependent manner. MTA1's lysine 532 methylation represents a molecular switch as methylated and demethylated MTA1 nucleate NuRD or NURF complexes with opposite functions in a cyclical manner. In addition, MTA1 possesses an inherent histone amplifier activity with an instructive role in impacting the epigenetic landscape, providing a new perspective to the molecular governance of dual coregulator functions of a master coregulator.
Toxoplasma gondii: Decreased resistance to infection in mice due to estrogen

Exposure to pharmacological concentrations of potent estrogenic compounds, including 17 beta-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and alpha-dienestrol, increased the susceptibility of mice to Toxoplasma gondii as measured by brain cyst formation. Compounds with weak estrogenic activity or other hormonal activity, including 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, and zearalanol, did not alter host resistance to infection. The ability of estrogens to alter susceptibility was inhibited by the estrogen antagonist, tamoxifen. The restoration of ovariectomized mice with normal physiological concentrations of estrogen had no effect on subsequent infection with T. gondii. These results indicate that pharmacological, but not physiological, levels of estrogen selectively alter host resistance to T. gondii, possibly through hormonal events.
An uneasy case against property rights in body parts.

This essay deals with property rights in body parts that can be exchanged in a market. The inquiry arises in the following context. With some exceptions, the laws of many countries permit only the donation, not the sale, of body parts. Yet for some years there has existed a shortage of body parts for transplantation and other medical uses. It might then appear that if more sales were legally permitted, the supply of body parts would increase, because people would have more incentive to sell than they currently have to donate. To allow sales is to recognize property rights in body parts. To allow sales, however, makes body parts into “commodities”—that is, things that can be bought and sold in a market. And some view it as morally objectionable to treat body parts as commodities.
Measuring Entrepreneurship in Business Schools

The recent positions of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the European Foundation for Management Developments (EQUIS) on the value of entrepreneurship suggest a more entrepreneurial perspective in a business school's culture and strategic processes for obtaining and sustaining a business school's reputation. The study consists of scale development to measure the dimensions of entrepreneurship in business schools. Results suggest that AACSB deans must reassess the school's mission, nourish entrepreneurship, reward and support opportunity creation and discovery, and link entrepreneurship with the school's strategy.
Regulating Set-β's Subcellular Localization Toggles Its Function between Inhibiting and Promoting Axon Growth and Regeneration

The failure of the CNS neurons to regenerate axons after injury or stroke is a major clinical problem. Transcriptional regulators like Set-β are well positioned to regulate intrinsic axon regeneration capacity, which declines developmentally in maturing CNS neurons. Set-β also functions at cellular membranes and its subcellular localization is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease, but many of its biological mechanisms have not been explored in neurons. We found that Set-β was upregulated postnatally in CNS neurons, and was primarily localized to the nucleus but was also detected in the cytoplasm and adjacent to the plasma membrane. Remarkably, nuclear Set-β suppressed, whereas Set-β localized to cytoplasmic membranes promoted neurite growth in rodent retinal ganglion cells and hippocampal neurons. Mimicking serine 9 phosphorylation, as found in Alzheimer's disease brains, delayed nuclear import and furthermore blocked the ability of nuclear Set-β to suppress neurite growth. We also present data on gene regulation and protein binding partner recruitment by Set-β in primary neurons, raising the hypothesis that nuclear Set-β may preferentially regulate gene expression whereas Set-β at cytoplasmic membranes may regulate unique cofactors, including PP2A, which we show also regulates axon growth in vitro. Finally, increasing recruitment of Set-β to cellular membranes promoted adult rat optic nerve axon regeneration after injury in vivo. Thus, Set-β differentially regulates axon growth and regeneration depending on subcellular localization and phosphorylation.
Tests of independence of continuous random variables which guard against special alternatives

For the problem of testing the independence of a set of continuous random variables, where the test is to be based on n independent and identically distributed observations, tests are constructed that guard against all alternatives but are particularly effective against special alternatives of interest. The tests are based on the numbers of observations falling in the cells of a grid constructed using order statistics.
RNA passes through the hole of the protein hexamer in the complex with the Escherichia coli Rho factor.

Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho is a ring-shaped hexameric protein that uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to dissociate RNA transcripts from the ternary elongation complex. To test a current model for the interaction of Rho with RNA, three derivatives of Rho were made containing single cysteine residues and modified with a photo-activable cross-linker. The positions for the cysteines were: 1) in part of the primary RNA-binding site in the N terminus (Cys-82 Rho); 2) in a connecting polypeptide proposed to be on the outside of the hexamer (Cys-153 Rho); and 3) near the proposed secondary RNA-binding site in the ATP-binding domain (Cys-325 Rho). Results from the cross-linking of the modified Rho proteins to a series of λ cro RNA derivatives showed that Cys-82 Rho formed cross-links with all transcripts containing the Rho utilization (rut) site, that Cys-325 Rho formed cross-links to transcripts that had therut site and 10 or more residues 3′ of the rut site, and that Cys-153 did not form cross-links with any of the transcripts. From a model of the quaternary structure of Rho, which is largely based on homology to the F1-ATPase, amino acid 82 is located near the top of the hexamer, and amino acid 325 is located on a solvent-accessible loop in the center of the hexamer. These data are consistent with binding of the rut region of RNA around the crown, with its 3′-segment passing through the center of the Rho hexamer.
Does Er@C60 emit light?

We present the results of recent investigations into the production, isolation and optical characterization of erbium metallofullerenes. Near-infrared emission from Er 3+ has been previously observed from Er 2 @C 82 . However, Er 2 @C 82 cannot be responsible for all of the observed emission near 1.5 μm. This paper describes recent attempts to determine the source of this additional Er 3 + emission from metallofullerenes. Our work focuses on using sublimation techniques in order to separate the numerous metallofullerene molecules created in the reaction process. Based on these studies we tentatively assign the observed emission to Er@C 60 .
Networks and Circles in the Production of Culture

Kadushin uses network analysis to show the distinctive structure of intellectual, scientific, and artistic circles. These circles of creators are contrasted with the utilitarian production networks which transfer creations into consumables.
AC modeling of mechanical resonators based on carbon nanotubes

High Q resonators are a critical component of stable, low-noise communication systems, radar, and precise timing applications such as atomic clocks. In electronic resonators based on Si integrated circuits, resistive losses increase as a result of the continued reduction in device dimensions, which decreases their Q values. On the other hand, due to the mechanical construct of bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators, such loss mechanisms are absent, enabling higher Q-values for both BAW and SAW resonators compared to their electronic counterparts. 1 The other advantages of mechanical resonators are their inherently higher radiation tolerance, a factor which makes them attractive for NASA's extreme environment planetary missions, for example to the Jovian environments where the radiation doses are at hostile levels. 2 Despite these advantages, both BAW and SAW resonators suffer from low resonant frequencies and they are also physically large which precludes their integration into miniaturized electronic systems.
A fluorescence microscopy method for determining the viability of entomophthoralean fungal spores

Abstract Conidial viability of two species of entomophthoralean fungi was assessed using parallel vital fluorochrome staining and germination studies. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) indicates viability when cells fluoresce yellow-green while propidium iodide (PI) indicates nonviability when cells fluoresce red. Various methods were used to induce Entomophaga maimaiga and Zoophthora radicans conidial mortality, including exposure to electromagnetic radiation, ethanol, or high temperatures. Following each treatment, half of the conidia were either stained with FDA and PI or held at ideal conditions for assessment of germination. In separate experiments, resting spores of Entomophaga grylli and E. maimaiga were treated either by autoclaving or with ethanol. Vital staining was used to assess the viability of the resting spores. FDA and PI were found to assess the viability of E. maimaiga and Z. radicans conidia accurately and precisely when compared to standard germination tests. No differences in comparative test results were found whether conidia were killed with ethanol, electromagnetic radiation, or high temperatures. When assessing resting spore viability, however, FDA and PI were not effective due to limited penetration of these stains through the thick walls of the spores and also due to the autofluorescence of E. maimaiga and E. grylli resting spores.
Effects of various barriers on platelet-activating factor-induced neutrophil chemotaxis

Abstract Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced neutrophil migration across endothelial and epithelial barriers is an important event in inflammation. We compared the effects of PAF on human neutrophil migration through filters alone, and human umbilical vein endothelial and Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells cultured on these filters. We found that the amount of PAF-induced neutrophil migration was barrier dependent. At low PAF concentrations, neutrophil migration through filters exceeded migration measured through either cellular barrier. As PAF concentrations increased to ⩾1 μmol/L, neutrophil migration through human umbilical vein endothelial cells often equaled or exceeded migration measured through filters alone. In contrast, significant neutrophil migration through Madin-Darby canine kidney cells was not observed until PAF concentrations exceeded 50 μmol/L. Thus, the intensity of PAF-induced neutrophil inflammatory processes is, in part, dependent on the barrier through which the neutrophils must migrate.
A rapid method for analysis of tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in ethyl esters of fish oil

A rapid, quantitative gas Chromatographic method is described for quantitating the phenolic antioxidant,tert- butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), in fish oil ethyl esters. The procedure entails silyl derivatization of TBHQ in an acetonitrile solution of ethyl esters followed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) analysis with an internal standard method of quantitation. Average recoveries of spiked samples were 98% at the legal limit of .02% (200 μg/g). The method can accurately determine as little as 20 μ/g of TBHQ in ethyl esters of fish oil. The technique has been applied to ethyl esters of vegetable oils with equal success.
Lacerations Involving Synovial Structures: Initial Treatment and Novel Therapy for Infectious Arthritis/Tenosynovitis

Infection of a synovial structure is a disabling and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improves the prognosis for open joint injuries in horses. An understanding of risk factors and knowledge of proper diagnostics is important to avoid a delay in the correct diagnosis of an open synovial structure, initiate treatment before synovial structure infection develops, and improve prognosis for return to function. This article focuses on initial evaluation and therapy directed at the contaminated open synovial structure before the development of an established infection. Surgical treatment options as well local therapy for infected synovial structures are also discussed.
Early childhood literacy: Creating a better world

Abstract Problem‐posing teaching using multicultural children's literature nourishes an integrated literacy curriculum that supports young children's meaningful learning. This method encourages integrated learning that is both developmentally and culturally meaningful through interacting with story, reading literature, and participating in related learning activities. The problem‐posing method was developed by Paulo Freire [Education for Critical Consciousness, Seabury, New York] and critical pedagogists. The method leads students of any age, experience or ability level to base new learning on personal experience in a way that encourages critical reflection. This method has not been widely used with younger learners, but lends itself well to integrated early childhood literacy development. This article shows selected qualitative data samples from case studies of early childhood teacher education students as they experience the method in a literacy course and as they use the method with young children. A c...
Porosity Defect Morphology Effects in Carbon Fiber – Epoxy Composites

This study examines the morphology of porosity defects and the effects on the flexural stiffness of prepreg produced carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites. In this study, an analytical and experimental effort is presented for assessing the effects of porosity on the flexural rigidity. The analytical approach for predicting the flexural rigidity is based on a transformed cross-section of the original laminate. Specimens of carbon/epoxy multi-layered specimens are manufactured with void contents in the range of 1 to 25% for calibration and validation of the proposed data. Significant improvements in flexural rigidity are correlated with higher porosity and thickness measurements.
Secondary Task Assessment of the Workload Associated with Spatial Pattern Search under Automatic and Controlled Processing

This experiment investigated the workload associated with both a consistently mapped (CM) and variably mapped (VM) version of a memory/visual search task that required the processing of spatial pattern information representative of that found with some Command and Control (C2) systems. A secondary loading task paradigm which required concurrent performance of an additional spatial pattern search task was employed. The results demonstrated superior dual-task performance relative to single-task baselines on both the primary and secondary tasks when the CM version of the task was performed. The results indicate that the development of automatic processing through training can reduce the workload associated with processing spatial patterns of the type employed by C2 operators.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and lymph of lactating cows by somatotropin.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) circulate bound to specific high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs) that modulate physiological responses to both IGF-I and IGF-II. Administration of bovine somatotropin (bST) to lactating cows has been shown to increase total serum levels of IGF-I; however, its effects on IGFBPs are unknown. Therefore, we determined the effects of bST on specific IGFBPs that are present in bovine serum and lymph. The results show that bovine serum contains IGFBPs with mol wt (Mr) estimates of 43,000, 39,000, 34,000, 29,000, and 24,000, as determined by ligand blotting. Using specific antisera, immunoblotting showed that the 43,000 and 39,000 Mr bands were IGFBP-3 and the 34,000 Mr band was IGFBP-2. All five forms of IGFBP were also present in afferent mammary lymph. To determine the effect of bST, four cows were treated with bST (40 mg/day) or vehicle for 12-day periods using a cross-over design. The intensity of the IGFBP-3 band increased 3.3 +/- 0.1-fold (mean +/- SE; P less than 0...
Neogene tilting of crustal panels near Wrangell, Alaska

A late Oligocene–Miocene igneous complex south and west of Wrangell, Alaska, contains mafic dikes that yield a discordant paleomagnetic direction (inclination, I = 70.4°; declination, D = 39.3°; α 95 = 4.8°; N = 72 sites). Combined with local and regional geobarometric, metamorphic, and structural observations, the discordant paleomagnetic direction indicates east-side-up tilt by 16° about a tilt axis with azimuth = 8°. Neogene tilt of crustal blocks in the Insular superterrane accounts for much of the paleomagnetic discordance in Cretaceous plutons without the coastwise translation of >1000 km, as suggested by the Baja British Columbia hypothesis.
Interdisciplinary dialogues as a site for reflexive exploration of conceptual understandings of teaching–learning relationships

This study examines what the members of an interdisciplinary research alliance, at the intersection of Engineering and Education Ethnography, learned through ongoing dialogues among members (2012–2014). The analyses make visible how, and for what purpose(s), this interdisciplinary research alliance was constructed, including the theoretical/conceptual roots of perspectives guiding the members of the alliance, and how these orienting perspectives served as anchors for exploring points where differences in understandings became visible to members. By tracing responses that members had to differences in understandings, we examine how the differences became resources for members to (re)examine their initial assumptions and understandings of particular teaching–learning processes, and how these differences supported members, individually and collectively, in extending and (re)formulating their understandings of the relationship between and among teaching and learning processes that constituted no distance educ...
Immunization with recombinant alpha toxin partially protects broiler chicks against experimental challenge with Clostridium perfringens.

Abstract Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry has re-emerged as a concern for poultry producers, due in part to banning, by many countries, of the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds. This re-emergence has led to a search for alternative methods for control of the disease, particularly vaccination. The objective of this work was to determine if vaccination of broiler chicks with recombinant alpha toxin protected against experimental challenge. Broiler chicks were vaccinated subcutaneously at 5 and 15 days of age, followed 10 days later by challenge with Clostridium perfringens . Birds were challenged twice daily on 4 consecutive days by mixing C. perfringens cultures with feed (three parts culture: four parts feed). Non-vaccinated birds challenged with C. perfringens developed NE at the rate of 87.8%, while only 54.9% of vaccinated birds developed lesions. In addition, non-vaccinated birds had lesion scores averaging 2.37, while average scores in vaccinated birds were 1.35. Vaccination produced an antibody response, with post-vaccination anti-alpha toxin IgG (IgY) titers in vaccinated birds more than 5-fold greater than in non-vaccinated birds. After challenge, vaccinated birds had average IgG (IgY) titers >15-fold higher than those in non-vaccinated birds. These results suggest that alpha toxin may serve as an effective immunogen, and, as such, may play a role in pathogenesis.
Nutrient uptake in eastern deciduous tree seedlings

Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
Chemotherapy of Human African Trypanosomiasis

Human Africa trypanosomiasis is a centuries-old disease which has disrupted sub-Saharan Africa in both physical suffering and economic loss. This article presents an update of classic chemotherapeutic agents, in use for >50 years and the recent development of promising non-toxic combination chemotherapy suitable for use in rural clinics.
Synthesis of [N‐methyl‐11C]‐3‐[(6‐dimethylamino)pyridin‐3‐yl]‐2,5‐dimethyl‐N, N‐dipropylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐7‐amine: A potential PET ligand for in vivo imaging of CRF1 receptors

A convenient synthesis of [N-methyl-11C]-3-[(6-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl]-2,5-dimethyl-N,N-dipropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-amine (R121920), a highly selective CRF1 antagonist has been developed as a potential PET ligand. 3 - [(6 - methylamino)pyridin - 3 - yl]-2,5-dimethyl-N,N-dipropylpyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-amine (7), the precursor for radiolabelling was synthesized through a novel palladium catalyzed Suzuki coupling of aryl bromide 5 with heteroaryl boronate ester 4. The requisite boronate ester 4 was synthesized in four steps from 2-amino-4-bromopyridine in 50% overall yield. Although the synthesis of cold R121920 proceeded in 93% yield by sodium hexamethyl-disilazide (NaHMDS) mediated N-methylation of the desmethylamine 7 at −78°C, the attempted radiosynthesis under various conditions using conventional bases were not successful. However, the radiolabeling of [11C]R121920 was successfully carried out with [11C]MeOTf in acetone at −20°C in the absence of added basic reagents. The radiotracer was purified by RP-HPLC followed by RP-solid phase extraction. The yield of the reaction was 5% (at EOB) and the specific activity was >1000 Ci/mmol (at EOB) with a radiochemical purity >99%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-performance liquid chromatography of side-chain-protected amino acid phenylthiohydantoins.

Abstract Eighteen side-chain-protected amino acids, routinely employed in solid-phase peptide synthesis, were derivatized to their phenylthiohydantoins (PTH) by one cycle of the Edman degradation. All of these side-chain-protected PTH amino acids elute, with almost-baseline resolution, in less than 18 min by high-performance liquid chromatography, utilizing a biphasic gradient of acetonitrile in 0.01 n sodium acetate, pH 4.5, or a linear gradient of 0 to 100% acetonitrile with the exception of the coelution of a O -benzyl-threonine and carbobenzoxy-lysine phenylthiohydantoin amino acids. The derivatized amino acids were subjected to reverse-phase chromatography on a Zorbax ODS column and monitored at 254 nm. None of the PTH amino acids coelute with side-chain-protected PTH amino acid counterparts, although PTH-tosyl-histidine undergoes deprotection to PTH-histidine in the Edman degradation. A protected decapeptide attached to a chloromethylated polystyrene resin was degraded on a solid-phase sequencer in 16 h. The PTH amino acids resulting from the automated Edman degradation on the decapeptide were fully resolved and quantified in less than 3 h demonstrating that automated high-performance liquid chromatography can keep pace with both the automated sequencer and synthesizer which requires minimally 2–3 h for attachment of each residue to the growing peptide chain.
Theoretical study of dissociative recombination of C 2 v triatomic ions: Application to H 2 D + and D 2 H +

We develop a theoretical treatment of the dissociative recombination of triatomic molecular ions of the ${C}_{2v}$ molecular symmetry group. Using the method, we study the dissociative recombination of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions. The theoretical rates obtained for the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ dissociative recombination are in general agreement with storage-ring experiments although there are some potentially informative discrepancies.
Effect of secretin on histamine-stimulated secretion in the gastric fistula rat.

SummaryIn rats with chronic gastric fistulas, secretin had no effect on histamine-stimulated acid secretion. This finding, together with our earlier studies showing that secretin inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion but not the increase in histidine decarboxylase activity, cannot be reconciled with the hypothesis that gastrin stimulates acid secretion by releasing histamine.We are grateful to Dr. Morton I. Grossman for advice and support and to Dr. Lawrence W. Way for help with surgery. This study was supported by Veterans Administration Research Funds. Dr. Johnson was supported by NIH Training Grant No. 5 TO1 AM05470-05. Dr. Johnson's current address is the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
Using queuing theory to predict organizational metrics

Most existing organizational design processes focus on either the qualitative or domain-independent features of candidate designs. This paper demonstrates the significance of domain-specific features through an examination of an organizationally-driven information retrieval network. The behavior of a distributed search process and the consequences of hierarchical control are described. A model capable of predicting these characteristics is created in the ODML framework using techniques from queuing theory. This model can be used to guide the search for an appropriate design.
Ventures of the Post-Freudian Conscience

intellectual style of "dialogue," religion and psychology have inevitably confronted each other. Today's social milieu even suggests an alliance, at least at the point of interest: Psychiatrists and theologians are faced with men and women who are, in minimal terms, "beset by guilt about guilt, by anxiety about anxiety."' This is not to suggest that the presence within a shared vocabulary of such a concept as Angst implies an agreed meaning. That the alliance of interest is highly tenuous in many respects is seen in the fact that respecting another decisive term, one side not only shows verbal disinterest but possesses substantive qualms. The term is sin, identifiable in some quarters as the principal source of the tension between theology and psychotherapy, at least in Europe.2 But American psychotherapy has not shown markedly greater tolerance; else O. Hobart Mowrer's current and valiant campaign for the rediscovery of sin would neither have been necessary nor stirred such a tempest.
How does common ground increase

We studied the process of sharing and managing knowledge (common ground process) in three-member teams performing emergency management planning tasks on shared maps. We built a reference task and a role-based multi-view prototype for studying this process. In this paper we empirically test the claim that common ground increases through joint experience on a task over time. We model the common ground process using a realistic task, a controlled setting, and multiple measures. We present findings from the analysis of questionnaires, communication transcripts, videos, and artifacts.
Use of Epigenetic Drugs in Disease: An Overview

Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation alter gene expression at the level of transcription by upregulating, downregulating, or silencing genes completely. Dysregulation of epigenetic events can be pathological, leading to cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer development. Therefore, identifying drugs that inhibit these epigenetic changes are of great clinical interest. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic events associated with different disorders and diseases including cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders, and cancer. Knowledge of the specific epigenetic changes associated with these types of diseases facilitates the development of specific inhibitors, which can be used as epigenetic drugs. In this review, we discuss the major classes of epigenetic drugs currently in use, such as DNA methylation inhibiting drugs, bromodomain inhibitors, histone acetyl transferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, protein methyltransferase inhibitors, and histone methylation inhibitors and their role in reversing epigenetic changes and treating disease.
Quantum Critical Phenomena in Charged Superconductors

We study the effect of Coulomb interactions on the onset of superconductivity with increasing intergrain coupling in granular systems at $T=0$. We show that in three dimensions (3D) the onset transition is described by Euclidean scalar electrodynamics, and so can be either first or second order, depending on parameters. A renormalization-group analysis indicates that in 2D the transition can either be first order, or second order with $3\mathrm{D}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{XY}$-like critical behavior. In 1D Coulomb forces are shown to destroy the superconducting state.
Geometrical Representation of the Maxwell Field in Minkowski Space

The electromagnetic field tensor of a classical charged particle is associated with the orientation and density of a family of two-dimensional surfaces radially distributed about the world line of the particle in Minkowski space.
Sudan black B and acetocarmine as a combination stain.

Epidermis stripped from either fresh or fixed plant organs, or sections of paraffin-embedded or fresh material are placed on a slide and covered with a drop or two of iron-acetocarmine. The stain is intensified by warming the slide over a flame. After a few minutes a drop or two of a saturated solution of Sudan black B in 45% acetic acid is added and a cover slip applied. The preparations cannot be made permanent, but last a few weeks if sealed with a compound such as gum mastic-paraffin, or if the combined stain is drained off and a drop of Karo syrup is added before the cover slip is applied. The acetocarmine produces its usual staining effects, i.e., nuclei dark red and some components of the cytoplasm of certain cells a less intense red. The Sudan black B colors lipid structures an intense blue.
Carbon and nitrogen assimilation in the Bering Sea clams Nuculana radiata and Macoma moesta

Abstract We analyzed bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) of the benthic clams Nuculana radiata and Macoma moesta from the Bering Sea during controlled feeding experiments (spring of 2009 and 2010) using isotopically labeled sea ice algae. The aim was to determine the ability of these clam species to assimilate carbon and nitrogen from sea ice algae. Specimens were collected in the Bering Sea and placed into jars without sediment (2009, N. radiata only) or into natural sediment cores (2010, both species). The clams were offered isotopically enriched (both C and N) or non-enriched algal feeds for time periods of 42 (2009) and 18 d (2010). Isotopic assimilation rates for carbon and nitrogen were calculated using the change in the isotope ratios of the clams over the experimental time. N. radiata in the jar experiments had slow isotopic assimilation rates (0.01 to 0.23‰ d − 1 ), with solvent-extractable organic matter/lipids taking up both of the isotope markers fastest and muscle tissue the slowest. Lipids may thus be particularly suitable to track the immediate ingestion of sea ice algal production in benthic consumers. M. moesta showed 30% higher isotopic assimilation compared to N. radiata in sediment cores, likely reflecting the different feeding behaviors of these two species. Based on our results, N. radiata is likely better able to utilize food sources buried in the sediment and may be more competitive over the sediment surface feeding M. moesta under conditions of reduced ice algal production in the northern Bering Sea.
Gastric-cell maturation disorders in atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and carcinoma. Histologic site of origin and diagnostic significance of abnormal cells.

Cytologic specimens were obtained with an all-nylon gastric brush and histologic specimens with a gastric suction biopsy instrument from 50 individuals, including patients with atrophic lesions of the gastric mucosa and carcinoma.
Sketched symbol recognition using Zernike moments

We present an on-line recognition method for hand-sketched symbols. The method is independent of stroke-order, -number, and -direction, as well as invariant to scaling, translation, rotation and reflection of symbols. Zernike moment descriptors are used to represent symbols and three different classification techniques are compared: support vector machines (SVM), minimum mean distance (MMD), and nearest neighbor (NN). We have obtained a 97% recognition accuracy rate on a dataset consisting of 7,410 sketched symbols using Zernike moment features and a SVM classifier.
Cloning of the 16-kDa V-ATPase proteolipid subunit from the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

V-ATPases are ubiquitous proton pumps found in eukaryotes, and are important in regulating the pH of cell compartments and in creating membrane potentials. The V-ATPase creates a proton gradient that is used as an energy source for the transport of other ions. The 16-kDa proteolipid is the proton-translocating subunit c of V-ATPases. Using PCR methods, we have cloned the fire ant 16-kDa subunit c, providing the first molecular characterization of this protein in a social insect. Northern blot analysis revealed three possible different transcripts. The presence of V-ATPases in ant Malpighian tubules had been previously demonstrated, where they provide the proton gradient necessary for the excretion of other ions and the formation of primary urine. The 16-kDa proteolipid is highly conserved among insects, and in ants may be important to the critical processes of diuresis and olfaction as a key component of the V-ATPase. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 45:109–116, 2000. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aspirin for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention: When Is It Worth the Risks?

Low-dose aspirin is widely used by individuals to prevent first myocardial infarction and stroke. Although many health care professionals and patients believe that aspirin is safe and effective, the evidence is far from conclusive. As a result, current practice guidelines are inconsistent and leave practitioners with many unanswered questions. Because aspirin is available without prescription, pharmacists may often be the only health care professional positioned to advise and educate the patient.
Extended-Range Forecasts of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Events during 2012 Using the ECMWF 32-Day Ensemble Predictions*

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated the capability of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 51-member, 32-day ensemble to forecast tropical cyclone (TC) events (formation and tracks) in the western North Pacific on the extended range (5–30 days). In this study, the performance of the ECMWF ensemble in extended-range forecasting of Atlantic TCs during May–December 2012 is evaluated using similar approaches. The conclusion from this evaluation is that Atlantic TC events have lower forecastability using the ECMWF ensemble than in the western North Pacific. Hurricanes Kirk and Leslie and Tropical Storms (TSs) Joyce and Oscar were successfully forecast in weeks 1–4 and, thus, are labeled as highly forecastable. Somewhat forecastable storms that are only forecast in three of the four weeks include Hurricanes Ernesto, Isaac, Nadine, and Sandy plus TS Florence. The limited forecastable storms that were successful in only the first two weeks include Hurricanes Gordon and Rafael plus...
Response of various conduit arteries in tachycardia- and volume overload-induced heart failure.

Although hemodynamics changes occur in heart failure (HF) and generally influence vascular function, it is not clear whether various HF models will affect the conduit vessels differentially or whether local hemodynamic forces or systemic factors are more important determinants of vascular response in HF. Here, we studied the hemodynamic changes in tachycardia or volume-overload HF swine model (created by either high rate pacing or distal abdominal aortic-vena cava fistula, respectively) on carotid, femoral, and renal arteries function and molecular expression. The ejection fraction was reduced by 50% or 30% in tachycardia or volume-overload model in four weeks, respectively. The LV end diastolic volume was increased from 65±22 to 115±78 ml in tachycardia and 67±19 to 148±68 ml in volume-overload model. Flow reversal was observed in diastolic phase in carotid artery of both models and femoral artery in volume-overload model. The endothelial function was also significantly impaired in carotid and renal arteries of tachycardia and volume-overload animals. The endothelial dysfunction was observed in femoral artery of volume-overload animals but not tachycardia animals. The adrenergic receptor-dependent contractility decreased in carotid and femoral arteries of tachycardia animals. The protein expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits increased in the three arteries and both animal models while expression of MnSOD decreased in carotid artery of tachycardia and volume-overload model. In conclusion, different HF models lead to variable arterial hemodynamic changes but similar vascular and molecular expression changes that reflect the role of both local hemodynamics as well as systemic changes in HF.