cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size-mediated foliar response to ozone in black cherry trees.

Abstract Local ozone concentration and visible foliar injury were measured over the 1994 growing season on open-grown black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees of varying size (age) within forest stands and adjacent openings at a site in north-central Pennsylvania. Relationships were determined between visible ozone injury and ozone exposure, as well as calculated between injury and ozone uptake expressed as the product of stomatal conductance and ozone concentration. In addition, simultaneous measurements of visible symptoms and leaf gas exchange were also conducted to determine the correlation between visible and physiological injury and ozone exposure. By September, the amount of leaf area affected by visible foliar ozone injury was greatest for seedlings (46%), followed by canopy trees (20%) and saplings (15%). A large amount of variability in foliar ozone symptom expression was observed among trees within a size class. Sum40 and Sum60 (ozone concentration > 40 and > 60 nl liter−1) cumulative exposure statistics were the most meaningful indices for interpretation of foliar injury response. Seedlings were apparently more sensitive to ozone injury than larger trees because their higher rates of stomatal conductance resulted in higher rates of ozone uptake. Seedlings also had higher rates of early leaf abscission than larger trees with an average of nearly 30% of the leaves on a shoot abscised by 1 September compared to approximately 5% for larger trees. However, per unit ozone uptake into the leaf, larger trees exhibited larger amounts of foliar injury. The amount of visible foliar injury was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.82) with net photosynthetic rates, but was not related to stomatal conductance. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance thus became uncoupled at high levels of visible foliar injury.
A cholinergic mechanism involved in fetal breathing during the high voltage ECoG state

The effects of muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission on fetal breathing was determined by administration of carbachol or carbachol plus a muscarinic receptor antagonist into the cerebrospinal fluid of the fourth ventricle in unanesthetized fetal sheep. In the hour following the instillation of carbachol (1.0 microgram), the incidence of fetal breathing in high voltage electrocortical state (ECoG) increased to 63 +/- 11.7 (SEM) percent compared to 1.2 +/- 0.9 after instillation of vehicle (Ringer solution). The cholinergic agonist increased breath amplitude from 4.5 +/- 0.4 to 10.6 +/- 1.4 mmHg. These effects were eliminated when the M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine (50-100 micrograms) was administered with carbachol but not by antagonists which are relatively selective for M2 or M3 receptors. When administered alone, muscarinic receptor antagonists did not effect the incidence or amplitude of fetal breathing in low voltage. These data indicate that the apnea which occurs during high voltage in the sheep fetus involves an inhibition of acetylcholine acting at M1 muscarinic receptor bearing neurons.
Continuing effects of Medicare Part D on rural independent pharmacies who are the sole retail provider in their community.

Abstract Background The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 established funding to allow Medicare beneficiaries to enroll in plans providing outpatient prescription drug coverage beginning in January 2006. The Medicare Part D program has changed the means by which beneficiaries purchase prescription drugs, impacting the business operations of pharmacies. Objectives To describe the experiences of rural independently owned pharmacies that are the sole retail pharmacy in their community 1 year after implementation of Medicare Part D, in order to learn if the initial financial and administrative problems associated with the implementation of the program in 2006 resolved over time. Methods A semistructured interview protocol was used in telephone interviews with 51 pharmacist owners of rural sole community pharmacies in 27 states who were identified through a random sampling process. Results The sole community pharmacists interviewed continue to face challenges directly related to Medicare Part D. Dealing with Part D plans and working with patients during enrollment periods remains administratively burdensome. Reimbursement amounts, complexity of dealing with multiple plans, and timeliness of payments continue to be cited as problems which could threaten the viability of independently owned pharmacies who are the sole retail providers in their communities. Conclusions Actions should be considered to help sole community pharmacies deal with the ongoing administrative and financial challenges of Part D. To ensure full choice for rural Medicare beneficiaries and full access to pharmaceuticals through the ongoing presence of a local pharmacy, the development of a mechanism to structure prescription reimbursement so that drug acquisition costs and related overhead are covered and a reasonable profit margin provided should be considered. Further study is needed to determine how existing policies and regulations can be modified to ensure reasonable access to pharmacy services for rural Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries.
Evaluation of Temperature Transients at Various Body Temperature Measuring Sites Using a Fast Response Thermistor Bead Sensor

Body temperature monitoring of humans has been an important tool for helping clinicians diagnose infections, detect fever, monitor thermoregulation functions during surgical procedures, and assess post-surgery recovery.1–3 Fever itself is typically not considered a disease. It is a response of the body to a disease, which is often inflammatory in nature. Elevation of the set point at the body temperature control center, the brain hypothalamus, is caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system responding to diseases. Since the brain hypothalamus is not easily accessed by thermometers, other body locations have been identified as alternative measuring sites. Those sites include the pulmonary artery, rectum, bladder, distal esophagus and nasopharynx, sublingual surface of the tongue, under the armpit, tympanic membrane, and forehead.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Attitudes toward Present and Expected Life Satisfaction for Self and Others

The present study was designed to investigate the differences between present and expected life satisfaction when one is older. Do persons perceive themselves and others as less satisfied with life when they are older? Some recent researchers (1, 3, 6) have found negatlve aspects of certain components of life satisfaction to be a large part of the stereoryped view of old age. Ninety-six university students, 18 to 26 gr. of age, responded to an 18-item life satisfaction scale (4) under four different instructions: (a) as they saw themselves presently, (b) as they thought the items would be applied to themselves when they became 70 yr. old, (c) as subjects thought items would be true or false for most 70yr.-old men, and (d) whether items would be true or false for most 70-yr.-old women. Order of insuuctions varied. Each scale was then scored to indicate the strength of life satisfaction. Scores on each scale were subjected to a 2 X 4 analysis of variance which yielded a significant P ratio (P = 63.99, df = 3/92, p = ,001). There w3s a consistent decline in life satisfaction from the self-ratings to self-ar-70 ratings to males-at-70 to females-at-70 rarlngs. There were no significant sex differences on the ratings. The significant decline from present to expected life satisfaction indicated that subjects expected to become markedly less satisfied with life as they aged. However. the difference between self-expectations and expectations for others indicated that sub jects saw themselves more positively as aging individuals than they saw others who were aged. The negative nature of attitudes toward old age has been pointed out (2, 5). Stereotypes of aging may very well be related to individuals' self-perceptions. Present subjects expressed largely negative attitudes for both self and others as a result of getting older.
Effects of stratification in the analysis of affected-sib-pair data: benefits and costs.

The benefits and costs of stratification of affected-sib-pair (ASP) data were examined in three situations: (1) when there is no difference in identity-by-descent (IBD) allele sharing between stratified and unstratified ASP data sets; (2) when there is an increase in IBD allele sharing in one of the stratified groups; and (3) when the data are stratified on the basis of IBD allele-sharing status at one locus, and the stratified ASPs are then analyzed for linkage at a second locus. When there is no difference in IBD sharing between strata, a penalty is always paid for stratifying the data. The loss of power to detect linkage in the stratified ASP data sets is the result of multiple testing and the smaller sample size within individual strata. In the case in which etiologic heterogeneity (i.e., severity of phenotype, age at onset) represents genetic heterogeneity, the power to detect linkage can be increased by stratifying the ASP data. This benefit is obtained when there is sufficient IBD allele sharing and sample sizes. Once linkage has been established for a given locus, data can be stratified on the basis of IBD status at this locus and can be tested for linkage at a second locus. When the relative risk is in the vicinity of 1, the power to detect linkage at the second locus is always greater for the unstratified ASP data set. Even for values of the relative risk that diverge sufficiently from 1, with adequate sample sizes and IBD allele sharing, the benefits of stratifying ASP data are minimal.
Photochemical modification of aromatic residues in irradiated ribonuclease.

Ultraviolet light-induced inactivation of ribonuclease A is accompanied by the development of absorption and circular dichroism bands in the region above 300 nm. These bands are attributed to the formation of products resulting from photochemical modification of tyrosine residues.
A retrospective analysis of the accuracy of T2-weighted images and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced sequences in the detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions.

The aim of this study was to determine the relative ability of T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences to detect and characterize focal hepatic lesions. We retrospectively studied 37 patients with proven focal hepatic lesions using the following sequences: a T1-weighted spin-echo sequence (T1), a T2-weighted sequence (T2), and a series of breath-hold dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences (Gd). Two observers were asked to determine retrospectively the number and type of focal hepatic lesions present using images from three combinations of sequences (T1+T2, T1+Gd, T1+T2+Gd). Proof of the number and diagnosis of focal lesions in each patient was established using a consensus read. Both readers detected more focal lesions when both the T2-weighted sequences and the gadolinium-enhanced sequences were available than on either sequence alone, although this improvement reached statistical significance (P < 0.05) only for one of the readers. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in the ability to characterize lesions between any of the sets of sequences. The combination of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced images and T2-weighted images was shown to assess focal hepatic lesions better than either of these sequences alone.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:266–273. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hemolytic anemia presenting as idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

We report the case of a patient presenting with headache, increased intracranial pressure, and papilledema who was found to have profound hemolytic anemia. The idiopathic intracranial hypertension–like state resolved with correction of the underlying anemia. A 20-year-old male college student experienced intermittent headaches, blurred vision, and poor concentration over a period of several weeks. He reported progressive fatigue over a period of 3 months and a significant decline in his recent scholastic performance. He had been healthy otherwise, with no prior medical history. He was of Indian extraction and had no family history of anemia. His only medication was occasional acetaminophen. Headaches became intolerable and brought him to the emergency department. On examination, he was thin and lethargic and had mild scleral and mucosal icterus. His conjunctivae were pale and his skin was slightly jaundiced. He was normotensive at 130/65 but tachycardic at 120 beats per minute. Pulmonary, cardiac, and abdominal examinations were unremarkable. There was no hepato- or splenomegaly. Neuro-ophthalmic examination showed a visual acuity of 20/25 in both eyes, mildly constricted visual fields, and moderately increased blind spots. His ocular motility and pupillary responses were normal. Funduscopic examination revealed bilateral optic disc swelling with venous …
BIAS CORRECTIONS IN TESTING AND ESTIMATING SEMIPARAMETRIC, SINGLE INDEX MODELS

Semiparametric methods are widely employed in applied work where the ability to conduct inferences is important. To establish asymptotic normality for making inferences, bias control mechanisms are often used in implementing semiparametric estimators. The first contribution of this paper is to propose a mechanism that enables us to establish asymptotic normality with regular kernels. In so doing, we argue that the resulting estimator performs very well in finite samples. Semiparametric models are commonly estimated under a single index assumption. Because the consistency of the estimator critically depends on this assumption being correct, our second objective is to develop a test for it. To ensure that the test statistic has good size and power properties in finite samples, we employ a bias control mechanism similar to that underlying the estimator. Furthermore, we structure the test so that its form adapts to the model under the alternative hypothesis. Monte Carlo results confirm that the bias control and the adaptive feature significantly improve the performance of the test statistic in finite samples.
Aiding subgoal learning: Effects on transfer.

Students often memorize a set of steps from examples in domains such as probability and physics, without learning what subgoals those steps achieve. A result of this sort of learning can be that these students fail to solve novel problems that do not permit exactly the same set of steps even though the old goal structure is maintained. Three experiments demonstrated that both labeling and visually isolating a set of steps in examples independently help students learn a subgoal and be more likely to solve novel problems that involve that subgoal but require different steps to achieve it
Preference for Chemical Cues Associated with Recent Prey in the Wolf Spider Hogna helluo (Araneae: Lycosidae)

In the wolf spider, Hogna helluo, we tested the response to insect and spider prey chemical cues and whether they show a preference for cues associated with prey consumed most recently. Thirty adult female H. helluo were maintained on a diet of either females of a smaller co-occurring wolf spider (Pardosa milvina) or domestic crickets (Acheta domesticus). A single P. milvina or cricket nymph was maintained on filter paper for 24 h, after which the papers from both prey sources were simultaneously presented to individual H. helluo from each diet treatment group. H. helluo locomotor behavior on each treatment and initial substrate preference was recorded (n = 15/treatment). H. helluo fed crickets showed significantly longer residence time and decreased mobility on filter paper previously occupied by a cricket; spiders fed P. milvina showed longer residence times and decreased mobility on filter paper previously occupied by P. milvina. H. helluo fed P. milvina exhibited an initial preference for substrates previously occupied by P. milvina but H. helluo fed crickets did not show a corresponding initial preference for crickets. Results suggest that H. helluo can detect distant cues associated with P. milvina but not crickets before contacting the substrate and that H. helluo respond to chemical cues from prey and show a preference for those cues associated with their most recent prey.
Development and applications of a robot tracking system for NIST test methods

To investigate the standardization of ground robot endurance as defined by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), this paper presents the development and applications of a novel robot tracking system that uses three overhead cameras to record the number of laps and the distance traveled by a robot over the duration of a test. The computer algorithms employed perform four primary functions: 1) image acquisition and correction for camera barrel distortion, 2) localization of the robot through fiducial identification, 3) lap counting between user-defined “end-zones,” and 4) conversion of the path traversed from pixels to real-world distances via user-conducted calibrations. Analyses of the precision and accuracy of this system and expected sources of error are provided. Two applications relevant to robot endurance are discussed using data from three separate testing events. The first evaluation is the consistency of laps completed (the current NIST method of estimating the distance traversed), comparing distance and time across different robots and operators. The second evaluation considers trends in operator performance over time for the duration of a test.
Scientific Evidence and the Abandonment of Medical Technology: A Study of Eight Drugs

Researchers and decision-makers have shown considerable interest in the determinants of adoption of technological innovation in medicine by doctors and other health professionals. At the same time, comparatively little attention has been paid to the abandonment of technology. Our approach was to study the pattern of decline of drugs introduced to market following the 1962 amendments to the federal Food and Drug Act. On a sample of eight pharmaceuticals that met the criteria, we considered whether or not the pattern of abandonment observed in available time series data suggested support for a chain-reaction type of diffusion process via opinion leaders, and failed to find such support. We believe that abandonment behavior by physicians must sometimes be affected directly by external information stimuli without the need for processing by an intermediary opinion leader.
Spectroscopic studies of the mononuclear non-heme Fe(II) enzyme FIH: second-sphere contributions to reactivity.

Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) is an α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent enzyme which catalyzes hydroxylation of residue Asn803 in the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD) of hypox...
Structural and Textural Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon Formed within a Microporous Zeolite Template

A new class of pyrolytic carbon materials has been prepared by chemical vapor infiltration of a microporous zeolite powder followed by removal of the zeolitic substrate. A wide-pore Y zeolite was used as the substrate for the pyrolytic carbon, and propylene was used as the carbon precursor. The structure and porous texture of the resulting carbons were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by adsorption of N2 at 77 K and CO2 at 273 K. Carbon reactivity studies were performed by both nonisothermal and isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Under the present conditions of chemical vapor infiltration (800−850 °C, 2.5 vol % C3H6, 1 atm of N2), high-surface-area microporous carbons, with wide microporosity, well-developed mesoporosity and high adsorption capacity were obtained. The carbon yield and the apparent surface area of the carbon increased with increasing propylene pyrolysis temperature. The morphology of the carbons was very similar to that of the zeolite te...
The combined effect of temperature and humidity on the fatigue parameters and reliability of optical fiber

The lifetime of an optical fiber depends on its environment. Previous work extensively measured and characterized the separate effects of humidity and temperature on the fatigue parameters using three different kinetics models, but the combined effect has not been determined in detail. In this work, the details of how the fatigue parameters vary with temperature in a humid environment were investigated. It was found that the kinetics model parameters were different from values obtained elsewhere in liquid water. This may be the result of differences in the apparent activation energy for fatigue in liquid and vapor environments.
The Meta-Evaluand: The Evaluation of Project TEAMS.

In August 1997, a series of messages on EVALTALK, the American Evaluation Association's electronic discussion group, emphasized the need for meta-evaluation. To prompt public critique and discussion, this description of the evaluation of Project TEAMS was submitted to The American Journal of Evaluation. The evaluation used a program logic model to guide data collection and reporting activities and relied on multiple sources of data. Because of implementation problems in the program and the inability of the evaluation's methods to support strong inferences, the evaluation's conclusions about the program were mixed and tentatively stated. The public review by independent evaluators of an evaluation that is not exemplary, but may be typical in its strengths and weaknesses, is expected to demonstrate the utility of meta-evaluation to evaluators and evaluation clients and audiences.
Blood flow in the dental pulp of dogs determined by hydrogen polarography and radioactive microsphere methods.

Abstract A platinum electrode was implanted in the canine tooth via the buccal surface (1 mm bared tip, dia 0.125 mm) (Group I), or via the canine tip (4–5 mm bared tip) (Group II). Pulp and arterial hydrogen concentrations were measured during and after a 2–5 min inhalation period. Microspheres (MS) of 8 and 15 μm were then injected simultaneously to measure total pulp blood flow (Gp I) and regional blood flow in the coronal portion (Gp II). The clearance analysis of the pulp H2 curves showed that only a single rate constant existed for Gp I and two rate constants for Gp II. The blood flows obtained with 8 μm MS and H2 averaged 24 and 20 ml/min/g for Gp I; whereas, for Gp II flow values were 18 (MS and H2) for the main coronal portion and 67 and 55 for the coronal tip respectively. Flows determined with 15 μm MS were 2–3 times greater. Convolution analysis, using the entire pulp and arterial H2 curves, provided similar rate constants to the clearance analysis. Assuming that the 15 μm MS provide the accurate measure, H2 must shunt between the small arteries and veins during both the uptake and clearance phases. Vascular shunts of the order of 10 μm would have to exist.
Behavioral activation by enkephalins in mice.

Abstract Intraventricular injection of long lasting enkephalin analogues (D-Ala 2 Leu and Met enkephalin-amides) produced a sustained elevation of psychomotor activity in mice. The motor syndromes were characterized by continual stereotyped activity and were reversed by naloxone pretreatment. Naloxone administered to a separate group of mide reduced the initial activation seen after exposure to a novel environment. The present findings suggest one or more endogenous opiates normally facilitates behavioral excitation in mice.
REGENERATION AND TRANSDETERMINATION: THE ROLE OF WINGLESS AND ITS REGULATION

Imaginal discs of Drosophila have the remarkable ability to regenerate. After fragmentation wound healing occurs, ectopic wg is induced and a blastema is formed. In some, but not all fragments, the blastema will replace missing structures and a few cells can become more plastic and transdetermine to structures of other discs. A series of systematic cuts through the first leg disc revealed that a cut must transect the dorsal-proximal disc area and that the fragment must also include wg-competent cells. Fragments that fail to both transdetermine and regenerate missing structures will do both when provided with exogenous Wg, demonstrating the necessity of Wg in regenerative processes. In intact leg discs ubiquitously expressed low levels of Wg also leads to blastema formation, regeneration and transdetermination. Two days after exogenous wg induction the endogenous gene is activated, leading to elevated levels of Wg in the dorsal aspect of the leg disc. We identified a wg enhancer that regulates ectopic wg expression. Deletion of this enhancer increases transdetermination, but lowers the amount of ectopic Wg. We speculate that this lessens repression of dpp dorsally, and thus creates a permissive condition under which the balance of ectopic Wg and Dpp is favorable for transdetermination.
A new level of aspiration test and an application of it.

(1958). A New Level of Aspiration Test and an Application of It. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 73-77.
Work and metabolic patterns of fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle contracting in situ.

A study was conducted to compare the work capacity and aerobic and anaerobic metabolic profiles of the fast-twitch tibialis anterior and slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat stimulated to contractin situ. Results showed that the soleus could sustain greater relative and absolute work levels than the tibialis anterior. Metabolic profiles revealed that the tibialis anterior depended on anaerobic pathways to a greater extent than the soleus, since greater amounts of phosphocreatine were depleted and greater amounts of glycogen were broken down and metabolized to lactate in the tibialis anterior. The ability of both muscles to sustain prolonged work was attributed to the high capacity of red and intermediate muscle for fatty acid oxidation as evidenced by the higher levels of resting and exercise acyl-carnitine and the greater activity levels of carnitine palmityltransferase measured in the soleus.
Adherence to Oral Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer: A Nursing Perspective

Many factors contribute to the success or failure of adjuvant therapy, but perhaps one of the most critical is treatment adherence. Patients do not adhere to prescribed therapy for a variety of reasons, and each one should be uncovered and addressed or managed accordingly to maintain therapeutic levels and give patients the best chance for positive outcomes. Nurses are well positioned to play a central role in promoting adherence by ensuring that patients understand the need for treatment and by identifying any underlying causes of nonadherence to therapy. When the issues are identified and addressed effectively, patients' chances for successful clinical outcomes are greatly improved. This article summarizes the issues surrounding adherence, paying specific attention to adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer, and outlines strategies to reduce nonadherence that nurses can incorporate into clinical practice.
Spermicidal activity-structure relationship of nonoxynol oligomers: Physicochemical basis

Abstract Oligomers of nonoxynol-9 were isolated and purified using a preparative HPLC technique. The various oligomers obtained possess the same nonylphenol base, but vary in the length of poly(ethylene oxide) chain and thus have different physicochemical characteristics. The partitioning of these oligomers into human sperm and vaginal mucosa was performed. While the partitioning of the oligomers into human sperm was observed to follow a bell-shaped pattern, the vaginal mucosa partitioning showed a dome-shaped pattern. The permeation across the vaginal mucosa excised from the sheep was also studied for selected oligomers and the rate of vaginal permeation was found to follow zero-order kinetics, which varied with the number of ethylene oxide units in the oligomers studied. The vaginal permeabilities calculated for all the oligomers studied were observed to be a linear function of their partition coefficients. It is interesting to note that as the number of ethylene oxide units increased, both the spermicidal activity and the vaginal permeability increased proportionally, reaching a peak with a poly(ethylene oxide) chain having 8–10 ethylene oxide units, and then decreased as the chain length increased further. The observations substantiate the role of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance in the activity-structure relationship of nonoxynol-9 oligomers.
Square‐Loop Ferrites for Logic Application

The effects of composition, post sintering, and operating temperature in a square-loop ferrite system of interest for performing logic functions in digital telemetry applications are described. Ceramic processing methods used in preparing the multiaperture ferrite cores for this study are also described. Magnetic hysteresis loop characteristics of squareness ratio (Ra), magnetic induction switched (δBm), critical switching field (Hc, and maximum permeability (μm,) are reported as a function of zinc concentration in the system Mg0.5-tMn0.8ZnxFe1.7O4abc. These characteristics are also investigated as a function of the post-sintering treatments of air quenching and nitrogen annealing for the composition Mgo.35Zn0.15 Isel Essentially identical results are obtained for both the air-quenching and the nitrogen-annealing treatments. Significant hysteresis loop characteristics are shown at various operating temperatures in the range −78° to + 100°C.
Electrocapillary drop actuation and fingering instability in a planar Hele-Shaw cell.

The electrically driven displacement of a viscous poorly conducting Newtonian fluid drop positioned between conducting parallel plates is studied both theoretically and experimentally. A mathematical expression for the average-steady velocity is developed by using Darcy flow analysis with an interface pressure that includes a contribution from Maxwell stresses at the advancing gas-liquid boundary. Experiments were performed using silicone oil at plate separation distances less than the capillary length for voltages ranging 250--750 V resulting in a change in velocity of approximately one order of magnitude. This suggested that the driving force was proportional to the square of the applied voltage, a feature that is common among fluid motion driven by electrical phenomena. The trailing interface revealed a disturbance for large fluid displacements that is analogous to a fingering instability. The channel widths were small such that we could predict the transition from a single finger that grows linearly to a single finger that grows exponentially and to multiple fingers that grow exponentially, all occurring within the range of voltages studied. The theory and experiments show good agreement with classic interfacial linear stability analysis.
Vascular risk factors and cognitive decline among elderly male twins.

Background: Studies investigating the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline report discrepant outcomes. The co-twin control method improves on traditional case-control approaches by controlling for within-twin pair similarities of genetic and early environmental influences. Objective: To examine the association of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated body mass index (BMI) (>30 kg/m 2 ), individually and combined, with cognitive decline over a 12-year period in members of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Twin Registry of World War II male veterans. Methods: Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) was administered four times at approximately 4-year intervals from 1990 to 2002 as part of an epidemiologic study of dementia. Self-report medical information was collected from 1996 to 2002. We examined the difference in cognitive decline within twin pairs discordant for the vascular risk factors while controlling for baseline TICS-m, education, smoking, and alcohol history. Results: Among twin pairs discordant for diabetes (n = 177), the diabetic twins declined an average of almost 1 point more than their nondiabetic co-twins ( p = 0.018) at the last screening time point. Further analyses showed that this was in large part due to greater decline among older men (age 76 to 84 years). Cognitive change was not significantly different between members of pairs discordant for hypertension (n = 326), hypercholesterolemia (n = 282), or elevated BMI (n = 166). Conclusion: Based on this study of twin pairs who share similar genetic and early environmental risks for cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes is associated with greater cognitive decline, particularly among the oldest individuals.
The manganese(III) acetate oxidation of N-protected indolines

Abstract A variety of N-protected indolines can be oxidized to the corresponding indoles using manganese(III) acetate in glacial acetic acid.
Newton and the Notion of Limit

Abstract We investigate Newton's understanding of the limit concept through a study of certain proofs appearing in the Principia. We find that Newton, not Cauchy, was the first to present an epsilon argument, and that, in general, Newton's understanding of limits was clearer than commonly thought. We observe Newton's distinction between two properties easily confused, namely f/g→1 and f - g→0, we resolve a problem created by a spurious translation appearing in Cajori's revision of Motte's original translation, and we come to a deeper understanding of the well-known but less well understood Lemma XI of Section I, Book I. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Nous examinons la notion newtonienne du concept de limite en etudiant certaines preuves qui apparaissent dans les Principia. Nous decouvrons que Newton, et non pas Cauchy, a ete le premier a presenter un argument d'epsilon et que, en general, la comprehension newtonienne de la limite etait bien plus lucide qu'on ne le pense communement. Nous observons la distinction que fait Newton entre deux proprietes qui se confondent facilement, a savoir f/g→1 et f - g→0, et nous resolvons un probleme ne d'une traduction incorrecte parue dans la revision par Cajori de la traduction de Motte. Nous parvenons ainsi a comprendre plus completement le Lemma XI, Section I, Livre I, bien connu mais moins bien compris.
Interpretation of two photon absorption driven nonlinear absorption

Extensive measurements and modeling of several two photon absorbing materials are described. These are used to elucidate the relative significance of various relaxation and excitation processes that come into play in nonlinear transmission (NLT) and two photon absorption cross section measurements. A reliable measurement of the one photon absorption cross sections at energies 0.5 to ~1.7 eV below the fundamental transition are presented with Voigt function fits that enable the determination of the Gaussian and Lorentzian line widths. Both a numerical model and an analytical model are developed neither of which use any adjustable parameters in comparing calculated NLT results to data. Both models fit the data relatively well over the full range of the experiment. The analytical model captures the primary causes of the nonlinear absorption in the low intensity regime and demonstrates that the nonlinear transmittance can be estimated as a simple effective three-photon process. The numerical model calculates the spatial and time dependence of three state populations and all of the transitions between these states. This model improves the quality of the nonlinear transmission fit which is due to the inclusion of the ground state absorption. Additionally an observation of a strong, long lived transient which is quenched by oxygen suggests multiphoton ionization is happening at low intensities. Thus the full range of constraints applicable to all measurements of the two photon cross section are presented.
NUCLEAR DIVISIONS IN THE TAPETAL CELLS OF CERTAIN ANGIOSPERMS

Conflicting statements are to be found in the literature concerning the nature of the nuclear divisions in the tapetal cells of angiosperm pollen sacs. A number of investigators have m-iade casual observations concerning these divisions in the plant witlh whiclh they were working; and in a few instances, notably by Tischler (I905), Bonnet (I9I2), and Mascre and Thomas (I930), detailed studies of the divisions of the tapetal nuclei have been made. The earlier workers reported fragmentation, or amitosis, as the typical method of nuclear division in the cells of the tapetum. Strasburger (I882), reexamining his preparations, found mitotic figures in the tapetal cells and concluded that the appearances formerly described by him as amitosis result from the fact that two daughter nuclei remain attached and finally come to lie in close contact. Tischler (1905) in a study of three species of Ribes reported that the first division of the tapetal nucleus is by mitosis and that any further division is by constriction or fragmentation. Bonnet (I9I2), after critically examining the tapetal cells of ten species of angiosperms, concluded that amitosis does not occur in the nuclei of the tapetal cells and that figures suggesting amitosis are due to mitotic irregularities and nuclear fusions. In one of the plants studied by Bonnet, Datura Stramnonium, O'Neal (I920) reported that the nuclei of the tapetum divide by fragmentation. Mascre and Thomas (I930) agree with Bonnet concerning the absence of amitosis, but find that the tapetal cells may again become uninucleate through nuclear fusions. The presence of typical mitoses in the tapetal cells of Buginivillaea glabra (Cooper, 1931) suggested an examination of other angiosperms with the idea of determining, if possible, the exact nature of these nuclear divisions. Material of 7 mnonocotyledons and 36 dicotyledons, representing in all 24 families, was collected and examined. With the exceptions of the preparations of Pereskia acutleata, which were furnished by Dr. R. I. Evans, and those of Liliunm canadense, Ranunculus fascicularis, Meniispermnum canadense, and Gossypiuns barbadense, which were loaned by Dr. E. L. Fisk, the material for this study was collected in the botanical greenhouses or about the campus of the University of Wisconsin. Flemming's medium solution was used as a
Iron assessment tests: transferrin receptor vis-à-vis zinc protoporphyrin

Abstract Objectives: To review and compare the biochemical, analytical, and clinical features of two relatively new tests for assessing iron status and diagnosing iron disorders, namely, the serum transferrin receptor concentration (sTfR) and the erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio (ZnPP/H). To consider the merits of each test for the diagnosis of iron disorders with emphasis on iron-deficient erythropoiesis, especially in the clinically important preanemia stage of iron depletion. Conclusions: Although the basic biochemical mechanisms underlying the two tests are very different, both of these tests are noteworthy because they are considered to reflect iron status in the bone marrow. The principal advantage to serum transferrin receptor is the lack of a response to anemia of chronic disease (ACD), which affects other iron status indicators, for example, ferritin and transferrin saturation. The principal advantage to erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin is low cost, but point-of-care testing and simplicity can also be advantages. Both serum transferrin receptor and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin have been demonstrated to be useful in a variety of clinical situations. Serum transferrin receptor can be best used in diagnosing iron disorders, especially for patients with pathologies that may affect iron metabolism. Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin can be best used as a primary screening test for assessing iron status, especially in patients likely to have uncomplicated iron deficiency. While these applications are primary, both tests are more broadly useful, for example, in monitoring iron therapy.
Proliferation resistance and the nuclear renaissance

Currently, nuclear power provides 16% of the world's electricity, using 439 reactors in 30 states and in Taiwan, China. This paper explores how emphasising proliferation resistance can guide decisions allowing increasing use of nuclear power without challenging international security. It reviews the definition of proliferation resistance and describes how proliferation resistance for a given fuel cycle can be evaluated. It explores how proliferation concerns interact with facility safety and plant operations. Finally, it explores today's thinking in technical measures and R&D programmes that could both decrease the risk of proliferation and ensure the successful renaissance of nuclear power.
Hybrid III system

A magnet system known as Hybrid III under construction at the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, is described. The superconducting magnet will consist of a Nb/sub 3/Sn magnet surrounded by a NbTi magnet. In a departure from earlier design philosophy, the NbTi magnet is not designed to be cryostable; it is provided with only enough cooling to cope with nominal dissipations generated by joints and field sweeps. The magnet is therefore referred to as a quasi-adiabatic magnet. The aim of the quasi-adiabatic concept is to make a magnet sufficiently adiabatic that there will not be hot spots in the event of a quench, and yet cooled well enough to ride out steady dissipations. The cryostat can operate at 1.8 K and at 4.2 K. The superconducting section is designed to generate 13 T at 1.8 K. The system is to reach 35 T, or perhaps more as water-cooled inserts are developed. >
Effectively exploiting parallelism in data flow analysis

We present an effective approach to performing data flow analysis in parallel and identify three types of parallelism inherent in this solution process: independent-problem parallelism, separate-unit parallelism and algorithmic parallelism. We present our investigations of Fortran procedures from thePerfect Benchmarks andnetlib libraries, which reveal structural characteristics of program flow graphs that are amenable to algorithmic parallelism. Previously, the utility of algorithmic parallelism had been explored using our parallel hybrid algorithm in the context of solving the Reaching Definitions problem for Fortran procedures. Here we present new refinements that optimize performance by increasing the grain size of the parallelism, to improve communication on distributed-memory machines. The empirical performance of our optimized and unoptimized hybrid algorithms for Reaching Definitions are compared on this large data set using an iPSC/2. Our empirical findings qualitatively validate the usefulness of algorithmic parallelism.
A family with hereditary ataxia HLA typing

In a previously unreported family with olivopontocerebellar atrophy, the kindred contained over 600 individuals in five generations. Of 83 offspring of affected individuals who are over 38.8 years of age (the mean age of the onset of disease in this family), 47 had ataxia; there was autosomal dominant transmission. Clinical findings included lower bulbar palsies, hyperreflexia, ataxia, incoordination, scanning and explosive speech, and, in some, slow motor-nerve conduction velocities. There was cortical and cerebellar atrophy of pontine nuclei, inferior olives, and XII nuclei, and loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Seventy-three individuals of the III and IV generations were typed for HLA histocompatibility antigens. A maximum lod score of 1.97 was found at male recombination fraction 0.18 and female recombination fraction 0.36. When the lod score values reported in other studies were combined with the values in this family, the maximum lod score was found to be 4.681 at a recombination frequency of 0.22.
Complete sequence analysis shows that the hemagglutinins of the H0 and H2 subtypes of human influenza virus are closely related

The complete sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from the A/WSN/33 strain (H0N1) of human influenza virus has been determined and compared with four other HA sequences: the human H2 strain A/Japan/305/57, the avian Havl strain A/FPV/Rostock/34, and the human H3 strains A/Memphis/102/72 and A/Victoria/3/75. The A/WSN HA gene is 1775 nucleotides in length coding for 565 amino acids. The plus strand sequence contains a noncoding region of 32 nucleotides at the 5′ end followed by the coding region of 1695 nucleotides and a 3′ noncoding region of 48 nucleotides (including the UGA nonsense codon). The amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence shows the presence of a 17 amino acid long “signal” prepeptide at the amino terminus followed by an HA1 of 325 amino acids, a single arginine connecting residue, and an HA2 of 222 residues at the carboxy terminus. The comparison with other subtypes reveals many conserved features throughout the primary sequence in all strains and reinforces the argument for a basic architecture required of the entire hemagglutinin molecule. Comparison of the H0 and H2 HAs (minus the “signal” prepeptide) shows a 67% amino acid sequence homology, which is the highest among the subtypes, suggesting a close geneologic relationship between the two.
Probing and caution in adaptive control systems

Adaptive controllers are being designed on the basis of certainty equivalence, neglecting the interaction between the estimators and controllers. This enforced separation leads to simple designs such as self-tuning regulators and the controllers based on model reference approaches. In some cases it may lead to non-optimal solutions due to system non-linearities or those non-linearities created by using state dependent parameter estimates. Under these circumstances the control exhibits a dual effect. The control affects not only the state, but also the uncertainty associated with the state. Due to this nonneutral behavior the estimation accuracy becomes a function of the control generated. Further, this uncertainty affects the control design. Hence, adaptive control systems are neither neutral nor separable. Linear systems with quadratic cost functions and Gaussian disturbances are neutral, separable and certainty equivalent. [1] In a stochastic framework the Gaussian noise requirement may be relaxed under certain other assumptions. [2,3] However, some non-linear systems also satisfy the above three properties. At present the necessary conditions are not known.
Yellow-green emission for ETS-LEDs and lasers based on a strained–InGaP quantum well heterostructure grown on a transparent, compositionally graded AlInGaP buffer

Epitaxial-transparent-substrate light emitting diodes with a primary emission peak at 590nm and a secondary peak at 560nm have been fabricated in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide (InAlGaP) system. The active layer consists of an undoped, compressively strained indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) quantum well on a transparent In0.22(Al0.2Ga0.8)0.78P/ ∇x[1nx(Al0.2Ga0.8)1-xP] /GaP virtual substrate. Theoretical modeling of this structure predicts an accessible wavelength range of approximately 540nm to 590nm (green to amber). Emission with a peak wavelength of 570nm has been observed via cathodoluminescence studies of undoped structures with a quantum well composition of In0.35Ga0.65P. Light emitting diodes have been fabricated utilizing simple top and bottom contacts. The highest LED power of 0.18μW per facet at 20mA was observed for a quantum well composition of In0.32Ga0.68P and a bulk threading dislocation density on the order of 7×106 cm-2. The spectrum of this device was composed of two peaks: a weak peak at the predicted 560nm wavelength and a stronger peak at 590nm. Based upon superspots present in electron diffraction from the quantum well region, we believe that the observed spectrum is the result of emission from ordered and disordered domains in the active region. The same device structure grown with a bulk threading dislocation density on the order of 5×107 cm-2 exhibited an identical spectral shape with a reduced power of 0.08μW per facet at 20mA. For a quantum well composition of In0.37Ga0.63P and an overall threading dislocation density on the order of 5×107 cm-2, a single peak wavelength of 588nm with a power of 0.06μW per facet at 20mA was observed.