cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A wide-range axial-flow compressor stage performance model

Dynamic compression system response is a major concern in the operability of aircraft gas turbine engines. Multi-stage compression system computer models have been developed to predict compressor response to changing operating conditions. These models require a knowledge of the wide-range, steady-state operating characteristics as inputs, which has limited their use as predicting tools.The full range of dynamic axial-flow compressor operation spans forward and reversed flow conditions. A model for predicting the wide flow range characteristics of axial-flow compressor stages was developed and applied to a 3-stage, low-speed compressor with very favorable results and to a 10-stage, high-speed compressor with mixed results.Conclusions were made regarding the inception of stall and the effects associated with operating a stage in a multistage environment. It was also concluded that there are operating points of an isolated compressor stage that are not attainable when that stage is operated in a multi-stage environment.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
A robust hierarchical probabilistic framework for visual target tracking

A robust and efficient technique for detection of region boundaries in a sequence of images is the foundation for a hierarchical framework for visual target tracking. This robust technique is a multi-hypothesis test that searches for a boundary that maximizes a certain performance criterion. The framework also consists of a technique to restore noisy images when the parameters are not known and also filtering to predict positions and orientations of successive images. >
Atomic Oxygen Treatment Technique for Removal of Smoke Damage From Paintings

Soot deposits that can accumulate on surfaces of a painting during a fire can be difficult to clean from some types of paintings without damaging the underlying paint layers. A non-contact technique has been developed which can remove the soot by allowing a gas containing atomic oxygen to flow over the surface and chemically react with the soot to form carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reaction is limited to the surface, so the underlying paint is not touched. The process can be controlled so that the cleaning can be stopped once the paint surface is reached. This paper describes the smoke exposure and cleaning of untreated canvas, acrylic gesso, and sections of an oil painting using this technique. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy.
Effect of fluid rheology on enhanced oil recovery in a microfluidic sandstone device

Abstract As global energy usage increases, maximizing oil recovery from known reserves becomes crucial to meet the rising demand. In this work, we present the development of a microfluidic sandstone platform capable of quickly and inexpensively testing the performance of fluids with different rheological properties on the recovery of oil. Specifically, in this study we utilized these microfluidic devices to examine how shear-thinning, shear-thickening, and viscoelastic fluids affect oil recovery. Initial baseline experiments were performed by displacing oil with both water and a water–surfactant solution over a wide range of flow rates. The surfactant was found to reduce the interfacial tension of the water by a factor of ten and increased oil recovery by approximately 15% when compared to oil displaced by water at the same flow rates. Flopaam, a commercially available fluid thickener that is shear-thinning and viscoelastic was also studied. It was found to displace more oil then either the water or the surfactant solution and increase oil recovery at all flow rates studied. Finally, a shear-thickening nanoparticle solution was studied which was designed to thicken at a shear rate of approximately 10 s −1 . The shear rate corresponds to typical shear rates in the oil reservoirs, and values easily attainable in our microfluidic sandstone device. These shear-thickening fluids were found to be particularly effective at oil recovery. This was especially true for flowrates that closely matched the shear rates associated with the shear-thickening regime. When the appropriate choice of shear rate dependent viscosity was used to the capillary number, the oil recovery obtained from both the Newtonian and non-Newtonian was found to collapse quite well onto a single master curve. Additionally, it was shown that a two-stage recovery process that starts with an initial water flood followed by a flood with a secondary fluid can recover as much oil as a single stage recovery with that secondary fluid alone. These results clearly demonstrate that the microfluidic sandstone devices presented in this paper both reduce the time and cost required to investigate the effectiveness of enhanced oil recovery fluids using traditional methods, and can serve to quickly focus searches for customized oil recovery fluid selection.
Determination of N, N’, N’’-tris(3,7-dimethyloctyl)guanidine (TiDG) in Cesium Extraction Solvent

Several analytical methods were evaluated for determining the concentration of N,N’,N”-tris(3,7-dimethyloctyl)guanidine (TiDG) in a cesium extraction solvent. Of the methods evaluated, non-aqueous titration and 1H NMR were shown to be successful at quantifying the amount of TiDG present in both a pure solvent extraction system, and a blended system containing an additional base, trioctylamine.
Modeling spatiotemporal variability of the bioclimate envelope of Homarus americanus in the coastal waters of Maine and New Hampshire

Abstract A bioclimate envelope model was developed to evaluate the potential impacts of climate variability on American lobster ( Homarus americanus ). Bioclimate envelopes were defined by season-, sex-, and stage- specific Habitat Suitability Indices (HSI) based on (1) bottom temperature, (2) bottom salinity, and (3) depth. The species’ association to each of these three environmental attributes was expressed using Suitability Indices (SIs) calibrated by standardized lobster abundance derived from 14 years of fishery independent survey. A regional ocean model (Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model) was integrated with the HSI to hindcast spatiotemporal variability of bioclimate envelopes for American lobster in coastal waters of Maine and New Hampshire from 1978 to 2013. The model predictions indicated higher habitat suitability in inshore waters for both adult and juvenile lobsters. A statistically significant increasing trend in habitat suitability was observed for both sexes and stages (juvenile and adult) during the spring (April–June), while no significant trend in habitat suitability was observed in the fall (September–November). This study provides a modeling framework to reconstruct climatically suitable lobster ranges that can be used to formulate climate-based hypotheses for future studies of this species.
Database- and sensing-based distributed spectrum sharing: Flexible physical-layer prototyping

This paper describes a database- and sensing-based architecture for distributed spectrum sharing in a localized area and band of frequencies among secondary users. Scalability is enabled by having broadcast database updates to protect primary users and distributed spectrum sensing and access by the secondary users. We analyze the requirements for each component of the architecture. A flexible physical layer is designed and implemented based on these requirements, and its performance is validated within an advanced software-defined radio (SDR) testbed.
Distribution of Species of Synchytrium in North America

About 95 species of the genus Synchytrium have been reported from the northern hemisphere. A few species have been reported from the southern hemisphere, mostly from South America. The descriptions of 43 species are incomplete but there is very little doubt, in most cases, that they belong in this genus. About 56 species (or 59 if we include the West Indies and Greenland) have been reported from North America, mostly from the United States. The descriptions of thirteen or more of these species are incom? plete. Fourteen of the North American species were reported and described in Europe, one from South America, one from Costa Rica and one from Greenland. They are Synchytrium andinum,1 S. anemones, S. anomalum, S. aureum, S. australe,1 S. boerhaaviae,1 S. chrysosplenii, S. dolochi,1 S. endobioticum, S. fulgens, S. globosum, S. groenlandicum,1 S. myosotidis, S. plantageum, S. potentillae, S. stellaria, S. succisae, and S\ taraxaci. Most of the Ameri? can species have been reported from the United States but a few have been found in Canada, Costa Rica, the West Indies and Greenland.
A Review of: “Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Robert A. Crouch, John D. Arras, et al., eds. 2004. Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research: Readings and Commentary”

Educational material for instruction in the ethics of clinical research is widely available in the form of journal articles, books, and, more recently, in multiple venues and formats on the Interne...
Abstract 159: Prognostic and diagnostic significance of microRNA in bladder cancer

Purpose: Recently the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the development and progression of cancer including genitourinary tumors, and lymphomas to name a few have illustrated specific miRNA9s to be dysregulated. Consequently miRNA9s are currently being investigated as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in neoplastic diseases. Because miRNA9s are highly conserved they are promising as a potential biomarker that may be acquired by non-invasive means. This study investigated the presence of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-155, miR-26, miR-126, and miR-182 in bladder cancer tumor and tumor normal tissue specimens. We further investigated the presence of miR-21, miR-17-5p and miR-155 in urine sediment of bladder cancer patients. Materials and Methods: quantitative Real time (RT-PCR) analysis was utilized for the detection of the precursors of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-155, miR-26, miR-126, and miR-182 in 23 RNA samples obtained from with bladder cancer tissue specimens. The relative expression values were compared to pooled matched non-tumor tissue. The presence of precursors of miRNA miR-21, miR-17-5p and miR-155 were also tested in 104 urine specimens from patients with active disease following positive cystoscopy (n=57) and patients previously diagnosed and treated for bladder cancer (n=34) with negative cystoscopic examination, patients with non-bladder cancer urological disease (n=6) and 7 healthy volunteers. Results: The precursors of the oncogenic miRNA miR-21, miR-155, and miR-26 were up-regulated in the early grades and stages of the disease and the levels of expression are maintained in high grades and late disease stage. Interestingly, high levels of miR-17-5p were detected in higher grades and stages of bladder cancer and correlated with poor long term survival. Our data also indicated that the miR-126 is down-regulated in bladder cancer specimens compared to the non-tumor tissues. Our preliminary data have also shown that high levels of the precursors of miR-21, miR-17-5p and miR-155 can be detected in urine sediment collected from patients with active disease in higher levels compared to cytoscopy negative patients, patients with non-malignant urological diseases and healthy controls. Conclusion: Our data have shown that miRNA detection in tissue and urine specimens in patients with bladder cancer has a promising prognostic and diagnostic significance and this preliminary data warranting further investigation to look at miRNA9s as potential biomarkers. Illustrating the presence of miRNA in urine sediment of bladder cancer patients may prove useful in noninvasive evaluation of bladder cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 159. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-159
Origin and TDDFT Benchmarking of the Plasmon Resonance in Acenes

The origin of plasmon resonance in acenes is described by analyzing the excitation spectrum of naphthalene in terms of configuration interaction. The strong longitudinal β-peak in the UV region of the spectrum results from a constructive interaction of the transition dipole moments of two degenerate configurations V1 and V2. V1 corresponds to the excitation of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO+1. V2 corresponds to the excitation of an electron from the HOMO-1 to the LUMO. The weak longitudinal α-peak in the visible results from a destructive interaction of the dipole moments of the same two configurations. Previous time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations showed a similar behavior for silver and gold nanoparticles but often with more than two interacting configurations. The plasmon occurs at the frequency where all configurations interact constructively. The β-peak of acenes can therefore be identified as the plasmon peak. The natural transition orbitals involved in the α- and β- ...
Calibrated Langevin-dynamics simulations of intrinsically disordered proteins.

We perform extensive coarse-grained (CG) Langevin dynamics simulations of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which possess fluctuating conformational statistics between that for excluded volume random walks and collapsed globules. Our CG model includes repulsive steric, attractive hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions between residues and is calibrated to a large collection of single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer data on the interresidue separations for 36 pairs of residues in five IDPs: $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-synuclein, the microtubule-associated protein $\ensuremath{\tau}$, and prothymosin $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. We find that our CG model is able to recapitulate the average interresidue separations regardless of the choice of the hydrophobicity scale, which shows that our calibrated model can robustly capture the conformational dynamics of IDPs. We then employ our model to study the scaling of the radius of gyration with chemical distance in 11 known IDPs. We identify a strong correlation between the distance to the dividing line between folded proteins and IDPs in the mean charge and hydrophobicity space and the scaling exponent of the radius of gyration with chemical distance along the protein.
In the New Period of Land Rights and Interests Protection and Loss of Farmers

In the third plenary session of seventeenth party central committee the rural land were highly concerned about,proposing land contract relationship stable and unchanged for a long time and allowing peasants to circulate rural land contract in various forms etc. Under this background, the factors of the system, management and market were analyzed related to the current loss of peasants’interest. Peasants’ land rights should be protected from improving the system,encouraging the circulation of land contracted management right and establishing farmer professional cooperative economic organization and so on.
Analysis on the screening results of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in umbilical cord blood for 7531 newborns

Objective To understand the morbidity of neonatal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency in Jiexi county via the screening of G6PD deficiency among newborns, and to improve people's knowledge of the disease which can be prevented and avoided. Methods G6PD of the umbilical cord blood of 7531 newborns were quantitatively measured via BS-200 automatic biochemical analyzer. Results 420 of the 7531 screened newborns were positive, and the positive rate was 5.6%.294 of the 4357 male newborns were positive,accounting for 6.7% of the male total(294/4357).126 of the 3156 female newborns were positive, accounting for 3.9% of the female total(126/3156).Severe deficiency in male newborns accounted for 74.8% of the total,and mild deficiency 25.2%. Severe deficiency in female newborns accounted for 18.3% of the total, and mile deficiency 81.7%. Conclusion The incidence rate of G6PD deficiency in Jiexi county is 5.6%, in which male patients are significantly more than female ones.Male majority are severe deficiency while female majority are mild deficiency. Health prescriptions are distributed to 100% of newborns with G6PD deficiency. People's awareness of prevention should be raised so as to avoid the disease.
Structure and Dynamics of the 1(TT) State in a Quinoidal Bithiophene: Characterizing a Promising Intramolecular Singlet Fission Candidate

Tetracyanoquinodimethane bithiophene (QOT2) has a long-lived (57 μs) photoinduced excited state that may correspond to triplets resulting from intramolecular singlet fission (SF). Since SF usually occurs through intermolecular processes, a detailed description of the excited states involved and their evolution is needed to verify this hypothesis. The photoresponse of QOT2 is investigated using high-level electronic structure methods and quantum dynamics simulations, which show ultrafast passage through a conical intersection from the bright 11Bu state to the dark 21Ag surface. Characterization of QOT2’s 21Ag wave function found it to be composed of two strongly coupled triplets, leading to the first detailed electronic structure description of an intramolecular 1(TT) state. The population of such a state upon excitation of QOT2 raises the possibility of SF through conformational changes that decouple the triplets. However, reaching an appropriate geometry for decoupled triplets appears unlikely given the ...
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections

Foot ulcers and infection are the most common reasons for hospital admission for diabetic patients in the United States. Foot infection precedes more than 85 % of the more than 60,000 lower extremity amputations that are performed yearly in the United States alone on diabetics. The two-year mortality following transtibial amputation in diabetics has consistently been over 35 %. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader a clinical algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infection. When these decision-making tools are employed, morbidity, mortality, and rescue consumption can be greatly decreased in this highly morbid patient population.
The geometry of slip processes at a propagating fatigue crack—II

Abstract A previously published model of fatigue crack propagation is refined and the resulting slip geometry at the crack tip is calculated. The essential features of this refined model are: The slip on both sides of the crack is assumed to occur on slip bands instead of the discrete slip planes used in the old model. Slip is represented by finite matrices, shape changes of the crack tip as well as the anisotropy of slip are fully taken into account. It is shown, that the geometric mean of the average strains on both sides of the crack cannot be chosen independently but is a unique function of material parameters c1, c2 (characterizing the inhomogeneity of slip on both slip systems involved) and the angle α between the two slip planes. Whenever such strains—which must typically be of the order of one—can be produced by the applied stress, ductile crack propagation is possible (ductile fracture criterion). The crack tip angle and the ratio of crack advance per cycle and crack opening displacement are also given in terms of c1, c2 and α. Finally it is demonstrated that only the surface production by slip on intersecting slip planes cannot be reversed by slip reversal in the compression phase.
Molecular Architecture of the Circadian Clock in Mammals

The circadian clock mechanism in animals involves an autoregulatory transcriptional feedback loop in which CLOCK and BMAL1 activate the transcription of the Period and Cryptochrome genes. The PERIOD and CRYPTOCHROME proteins then feed back and repress their own transcription by interaction with CLOCK and BMAL1. We have studied the biochemistry of the CLOCK:BMAL1 transcriptional activator complex using structural biology as well as the genomic targets of CLOCK and BMAL1 using ChIP-seq methods. We describe the dynamics of the core circadian clock transcriptional system. CLOCK and BMAL1 interact with the regulatory regions of thousands of genes. The gene network and dynamics of the system will be discussed. A mechanistic description of the core circadian clock mechanism should promote our understanding of how the circadian clock system influences behavior, physiology and behavioral disorders.
Isomorphism, Decipherment, Symbol

In a single big book entitled Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, Hofstadter attempts, with both playful creativity and rigour, to effect a rapprochement between the ‘artificial microworlds’ of the computer and the perceptual—conceptual universe of the brain/mind. His approach is by way of formal-systems theory. It involves a polymathic synthesis of ideas from many disciplines and is preoccupied with meaning.
The Concept of Republican Liberty

The republicans’ dual commitment to political participation and personal security remained the essence of republican liberty, derived from Roman ideas of what it is to be a free citizen and not a slave. Opponents of republican liberty denied this connection. But republican writers since Cicero sought to explain why neither is possible without the other. Cicero began the first great treatise on republican politics by defining libertas as life without a master. Laws are needed to mediate disputes between citizens, but always on an equal basis, in pursuit of the common good. Cicero argued that the res publica requires virtuous magistrates to administer these laws. Popular suffrage assures that the best men will govern the state, provided that voters subject themselves to the proper authority of an august and reflective senate. This mixture in the constitution prevents any one class in society from tyrannizing the others. Cicero believed that laws are only valid when they serve reason and justice. The one great innovation he suggested in Rome’s actual constitution was to eliminate the secret ballot, to reinforce the senate’s restrictive influence over the natural license (licentia) of the people.
Issues and Conclusions

The workshop on titanium steam turbine blading was concluded by a group discussion of unresolved issues and agreed-upon conclusions, moderated by R.I. Jaffee. The discussion was organized around four areas: design, manufacturing, characterization, and economics of titanium alloy blades. Each of the topics was introduced by prepared remarks from one of the participants and followed by general discussion led by Jaffee.
Participation in community activities through Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Supportive Service Programs

Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Supportive Service Programs (NORC Programs) constitute a national model in the United States of America that aims to benefit older adults ageing in place in their own homes and communities. One central aspect of NORC Programs is the provision of community activities to facilitate older adults’ connections with others. Guided by ecological systems theory, we explored from older adults’ perspectives what influences their participation in the community activities offered by NORC Programs, as well as the meaning of the social contact that such participation affords. We used data from an in-depth interview study with 41 older residents across seven NORC Program sites in the greater New York City area. Themes regarding influences on participation included individual circumstances (personal desire for social activity and health status), programmatic factors (relationships with staff and appeal of the activities) and community contexts (appeal of the other attendees). Perceptions of other attendees also emerged as an influence on the social effects of participation, which ranged from experiencing social contact alone to creating independent friendships. Overall, findings indicate that programme features combine with individual and community contexts to influence diverse experiences of community activities. In addition to implications for organisational practice, we interpret the results in terms of directions for future research regarding how community-based organisations can influence social integration in later life.
Illicit Bits: Detecting and Analyzing Contraband Networks in Massively Multiplayer Online Games

Although trade in illicit items and services is prevalent in many economic systems, collecting reliable data and making empirical claims about this activity is difficult. Using anonymized behavioral logs from a massively multiplayer online game, we analyze the items exchanged by players later banned for gold farming. We simultaneously analyze clandestine social networks of deviant players in MMOGs as well the network of contraband items that are sold by these players. The insights from the network analysis are used to build predictive models for identifying deviant players in the clandestine networks. We show that the results obtained from our proposed approach are far superior to the state of the art for such clandestine networks. Additionally we observed that the contraband networks contain certain type of objects which are not found in their "normal" counterparts.
OSMOREGULATION, INTRODUCTORY QUESTION: CAN WE OUTLINE THE NEURAL NETWORK FOR OSMOREGULATION IN VERTEBRATES?

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the osmoregulatory process. There are several significant aspects that need to be determined for the exploration of osmoregulation such as the properties of the body fluids that are transduced to neural signals, the location of the receptive sites in the peripheral as well as the central nervous system, how and where the several neural and humoral signals are integrated, how the integrated information is communicated by neuro–humoral connections with the responding organs, and how this central control interacts with local and systemic regulatory processes not involving the central nervous system (CNS). The chapter describes the neural network that accomplishes osmoregulation in each of the vertebrate classes and enables central coordination of osmoregulation with other centrally controlled homeostatic functions.
Perioperative Planning Assessment and Preparation

In the end stage renal disease pediatric and adult patient, peritoneal dialysis can be a cornerstone to survival and enhanced quality of life. Successful establishment of reliable peritoneal surgical access is essential. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) access creation is straightforward yet fraught with numerous largely avoidable complications.
Computer experiment designs for accurate prediction

Computer experiments using deterministic simulators are sometimes used to replace or supplement physical system experiments. This paper compares designs for an initial computer simulator experiment based on empirical prediction accuracy; it recommends designs for producing accurate predictions. The basis for the majority of the designs compared is the integrated mean squared prediction error (IMSPE) that is computed assuming a Gaussian process model with a Gaussian correlation function. Designs that minimize the IMSPE with respect to a fixed set of correlation parameters as well as designs that minimize a weighted IMSPE over the correlation parameters are studied. These IMSPE-based designs are compared with three widely-used space-filling designs. The designs are used to predict test surfaces representing a range of stationary and non-stationary functions. For the test conditions examined in this paper, the designs constructed under IMSPE-based criteria are shown to outperform space-filling Latin hypercube designs and maximum projection designs when predicting smooth functions of stationary appearance, while space-filling and maximum projection designs are superior for test functions that exhibit strong non-stationarity.
Cooperative Q-Learning for Rejection of Persistent Adversarial Inputs in Networked Linear Quadratic Systems

In this paper, a cooperative Q-learning approach is proposed to enable the agents in large networks to synchronize to the behavior of an unknown leader by each optimizing a distributed performance criterion that depends only on a subset of the agents in the network. The novel distributed Q-functions are parametrized as functions of the tracking error, control, and adversarial inputs in the neighborhood. In the proposed approach, the agents coordinate with the neighbors in order to pick their minimizing model-free policies in such a way to guarantee convergence to a graphical Nash equilibrium and also attenuation of maximizing worst case adversarial inputs. A structure of two-actors and a single-critic approximators is used for each agent in the network. This eventually solves the complexity issues that arise in Q-learning. The two-actors are used to approximate the optimal control input and the worst case adversarial input, whereas the critic approximator is used to approximate the optimal cost of each of the coupled optimizations. Effective tuning laws are proposed to solve the model-free cooperative game problem while also guaranteeing closed-loop stability with the use of rigorous Lyapunov-based stability proofs. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The Brief Case: Bacteremia and Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Staphylococcus schleiferi

A 60-year-old female was admitted to a hospital in Missouri with back pain and pathological fractures of multiple thoracic vertebrae. Four months prior to presentation, the patient began experiencing low back pain without inciting trauma. Over the next 2 months, the pain continued to worsen and she
Free-Space and Atmospheric Quantum Communications

The quantum internet with free-space and atmospheric quantum channels is becoming a reality [1, 2]. Emerging from the early ideas of Feynman and his colleagues [3], quantum information science (QIS) technologies are under development around the world to construct the quantum internet. Destined to fulfill capabilities well beyond our current imagination, the quantum internet is being shaped by both the laws of quantum physics and the compelling needs for increased speed, bandwidth and cybersecurity. Free-space and atmospheric quantum communications will play a critical role in extending the quantum internet to global use. Quantum information will be teleported through mobile information teleportation networks that necessarily will include satellites. Recent developments in quantum physics have the potential to add to free-space and atmospheric communications a physical layer of quantum security and increased bandwidth and speed beyond classical communications capabilities. Achieving a quantum communications internet with distributed quantum computing capabilities will first require research involving theory, experiments and the development of proof-of-principle physics and engineering systems. This chapter introduces the reader to free-space quantum communications by providing both a review of the fundamental foundations of quantum communications as applied to free-space and the atmosphere (Sect. 10.2) and a review of representative free-space and atmospheric quantum communications experiments (Sect. 10.3).
A Systematic Review of the Outcome of Hair Transplantation in Primary Scarring Alopecia.

Importance: Hair loss, or alopecia, is one of the most commonly presented problems in dermatology. Scarring alopecias are considered particularly damaging due to limited success in slowing permanent disease progression, and current treatment methods, such as intralesional and topical steroids and topical minoxidil, are largely ineffective. Objective: Hair transplantation is a debated treatment option for advanced cases of primary scarring alopecia. This study reviews the efficacy of hair transplantation as a treatment option for primary scarring alopecia. Evidence Review: A primary literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify articles in scarring alopecia and hair transplants published from 1960 to the present time. Findings: Fifteen reports with 34 patients were included in this review. Twenty six patients experienced moderate to positive results, while 8 patients experienced negative results or recurrence of disease. Positive hair transplantation results have been reported in patients with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, en coup de sabre, discoid lupus erythematous, pseudopelade de brocq, and folliculitis decalvans. Positive and ­negative results were observed in patients with lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia. Conclusion and Relevance: Findings show that hair transplant surgery can be considered as a treatment option for certain primary scarring alopecias. However, data must be interpreted with caution due to concern for positive-result publication bias.
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL POLYISOBUTYLENE-BASED ELASTOMERIC POLYURETHANES BEFORE AND AFTER HYDROLYSIS

ABSTRACT The mechanical performance of thermoplastic elastomeric polyurethanes (PUs) before and after hydrolysis is investigated. These new PUs were prepared with a new asymmetric polyisobutylene-d...
Integrating natural and cultural resources in North American large-landscape conservation

Integrating science of natural and cultural resources for landscape-scale conservation design and planning is an important effort for solving complex socioecological problems. Despite recognition t...
Pain Management on the Battlefield

Military conflicts, by their nature, inflict enormous physical, mental, and emotional scars on the combatants. The injuries range from multi-trauma combat injuries to noncombat-related overuse injuries and accidents. This chapter will review the injury patterns and the current state of treatment for these conditions.
Regional Spotlight: Caribbean

The Caribbean is characterized by geographic, political, and economic diversity, yet it is subject to easy stereotyping. Close to 44 million people, 0.058% of the world population, live in this archipelago. Largely black and Hispanic with some indigenous people, the population in different islands is a reflection of their particular history. The Caribbean is the original melting pot, accommodating waves of involuntary migrants like Africans, East Indians indentured servants, and Chinese workers.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Pyuria in Premenopausal Women.

Background Asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in healthy women often trigger inappropriate antimicrobial treatment, but there is a paucity of data on their prevalence and persistence. Methods To evaluate the prevalence and persistence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in women at high risk of recurrent urinary tract infection, we conducted an observational cohort study in 104 healthy premenopausal women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection with daily assessments of bacteriuria, pyuria, and urinary symptoms over a 3-month period. Results The mean age of participants was 22 years, and 74% were white. Asymptomatic bacteriuria events (urine cultures with colony count ≥105 CFU/mL of a uropathogen on days with no symptomatic urinary tract infection diagnosed) occurred in 45 (45%) women on 159 (2.5%) of 6283 days. Asymptomatic bacteriuria events were most commonly caused by Escherichia coli, which was present on 1.4% of days, with a median duration of 1 day (range, 1-10). Pyuria occurred in 70 (78%) of 90 evaluable participants on at least 1 day and 25% of all days on which no symptomatic urinary tract infection was diagnosed. The positive predictive value of pyuria for E. coli asymptomatic bacteriuria was 4%. Conclusions In this population of healthy women at high risk of recurrent urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria is uncommon and, when present, rarely lasts more than 2 days. Pyuria, on the other hand, is common but infrequently associated with bacteriuria or symptoms. These data strongly support recommendations not to screen for or treat asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria in healthy, nonpregnant women.
The Identity of Social Groups

I apply the theory of embodiment to various questions concerning the identity of social groups.
Primary non-continuous new daily persistent headache: Seven cases and proposed diagnostic criteria:

Primary new daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a rare disorder defined by the third edition of the International Headache Society (ICHD-3) as a continuous and unremitting headache. Non-continuous ...
Tube equal channel angular extrusion (tECAE) of Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy

Abstract This study describes a severe plastic deformation processing technique for tubular materials, in the interest of enhancing mechanical properties via grain refinement and crystallographic texture control. The process, dubbed as tube equal channel angular extrusion (tECAE), is used to process the Mg–3Al–1Zn (AZ31) magnesium alloy at low temperatures. Mg alloys often suffer from low strength levels derived from coarse grain size, strong crystallographic texture, and mechanical anisotropy; hence, AZ31 acts as an ideal candidate for tECAE, as AZ31 and other Mg alloys tubes have excellent potential application in various industries. Here, the texture evolution of one pass of tECAE processing at 200 °C, 175 °C, and 120 °C was assessed, where tECAE produced drastically refined grains and increased strength levels after only one pass. The texture evolution and the active deformation modes, and their relative activities, were successfully predicted using a viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity model as a function of processing temperature, for the first time for the tECAE process. Overall, tECAE is shown to be a useful technique for quickly obtaining improved mechanical properties in Mg alloy tubes, and it can be applied to other materials in tubular form as well.
Data-driven controllers and the need for perception systems in underwater manipulation.

The underwater environment poses a complex problem for developing autonomous capabilities for Underwater Vehicle Manipulator Systems (UVMSs). The modeling of UVMSs is a complicated and costly process due to the highly nonlinear dynamics and the presence of unknown hydrodynamical effects. This is aggravated in tasks where the manipulation of objects is necessary, as this may not only introduce external disturbances that can lead to a fast degradation of the control system performance, but also requires the coordinating with a vision system for the correct grasping and operation of the object. In this article, we introduce a control strategy for UVMSs working with unknown payloads. The proposed control strategy is based on a data-driven optimal controller. We present a number of experimental results showing the benefits of the proposed strategy. Furthermore, we include a discussion regarding the visual perception requirements for the UVMS in order to achieve full autonomy in underwater manipulation tasks of unknown payloads.
The role of toroidal rotation in the very high energy confinement quality observed in super H-mode experiments on DIII-D

In this paper, we report the key role that toroidal rotation and the related E × B shear physics played in the very high energy confinement quality ( H98y2>1.5) of super H-mode experiments on DIII-D. Experiments show that the energy confinement quality decreases when toroidal rotation decreases due to the decreased externally controlled torque per particle. Meanwhile, the total pedestal pressure in the experiments remains very high during the rotation and confinement quality change. TGYRO transport modeling suggests the contribution from rotation in the E × B shear is responsible for the confinement quality in excess of standard H-mode ( H98y2∼1). CGYRO gyrokinetic simulations reveal the governing physics in the core plasma of super H-modes: significant up-shift of nonlinear the ITG critical gradient is observed when applying E × B shear physics in the modeling based on experimental data. The effects of other physical parameters and contribution from pedestal height, which may play minor roles in this study, are also discussed.
Oxidation-Fatigue Interactions in a Single-Crystal Superalloy

This research was conducted to identify, understand, and model the interactions of oxidation and low cycle fatigue (LCF) in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy, Rene N4. The LCF testing was conducted at 1093°C (2000°F) in three test environments: purified helium (<1 ppm oxygen), laboratory air, and enriched oxygen (80% oxygen at 2 atm pressure). Two cycle frequencies, 20 and ½ cpm, were investigated. The fatigue life and behavior of Rend N4 at 1093°C was found to depend on both oxygen concentration and cyclic frequency. These parameters influenced the portions of fatigue life required for crack initiation and crack propagation to different extents, although both portions were decreased under conditions which were environmentally more severe. A relatively small oxygen pressure dependence of fatigue life was seen (N f α PO 2 - 0 . 2 3 ). The fatigue process in Rene N4 showed a mixed time and cycle dependency leading to reduced fatigue life for longer cycles. Crack initiation was distinctly more time dependent than crack propagation and varied from ½ to 1/10 or less of the total fatigue life over the conditions investigated. Crack initiation in Rend N4 occurred by fatigue assisted cracking and spalling of oxide products to produce a roughened and pitted surface. This process also accelerated the observed oxidation rate. With further cycling, these pits developed into oxide spikes and then into sharp fatigue cracks. A modification of an oxidation-fatigue model by Antolovich was satisfactory in describing this process. The crack propagation process was also influenced by oxidation. However, the precise mechanism could not be clearly defined.
Involvement of CaMKIIα in Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Pain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, with manifestations of neuroinflammation and demyelination. Pain in MS patients, with remarkable prevalence up to ~90%, significantly reduce quality of life. Over past decades, advances have been made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of motor dysfunction in MS, but to a much lesser extent, MS-associated pain. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of pain and neuropathy in MS. We established a widely used animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to study the pain mechanism in mice. We found that spinal CaMKIIα activities were increased, correlating with the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, in EAE mice. Prophylactic and acute administration of KN93, an inhibitor of CaMKII, significantly reduced the clinical scores of EAE and attenuated mecha...
Extremely acid Permian lakes and ground waters in North America

Evaporites hosted by red beds (red shales and sandstones), some 275–265 million years old, extend over a large area of the North American mid-continent1. They were deposited in non-marine saline lakes, pans and mud-flats2, settings that are typically assumed to have been alkaline. Here we use laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions trapped in halites from these Permian deposits to argue for the existence of highly acidic (pH <1) lakes and ground waters. These extremely acidic systems may have extended over an area of 200,000 km2. Modern analogues of such systems may be natural acid lake and groundwater systems (pH ∼2–4) in southern Australia3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Both the ancient and modern acid systems are characterized by closed drainage, arid climate, low acid-neutralizing capacity, and the oxidation of minerals such as pyrite to generate acidity. The discovery of widespread ancient acid lake and groundwater systems demands a re-evaluation of reconstructions of surface conditions of the past, and further investigations of the geochemistry and ecology of acid systems in general.
Semantics and Types in Functional Logic Programming

The rewriting logic CRWL has been proposed as a semantic framework for higher-order functional logic programming, using applicative rewriting systems as programs and lazy narrowing as the goal solving procedure. We present an extension of CRWL with a polymorphic type system, and we investigate the consequences of type discipline both at the semantic level and at the operational level. Semantically, models must be extended to incorporate a type universe. Operationally, lazy narrowing must maintain suitable type information in goals, in order to guarantee well-typed computed answers.
Health and Social Inequality

The link between social cleavages and life chances has been a mainstay of sociology, social science, and public health's contribution to understanding well-being, morbidity, and mortality. From early classic work to the most recent studies, inequality has been associated with the incidence and prevalence of disease, access to health care, and higher-than-expected death rates, even for infants. Importantly, these differences have been documented for individuals, for neighborhoods, and for nations. On all of these key indicators, there is a clear gradient, whether measured by socioeconomic status (SES), education, or even social networks. Recent work has restated and expanded the impact of inequality through the Theory of Fundamental Causes and a focus on “health disparities.” The latter targets group membership by race, ethnicity, and/or gender, to name a few social characteristics. However, challenges arise from pushing our understandings of the role of inequalities further as status configurations, for example, only proxy the social interactions, social conditions, and social experiences that produce inequality. New theoretical and empirical research also suggests that incorporating biology into our understanding of how social inequality translates into poor health, unequal treatment, and premature death can be done by synthesizing new visions of sociocultural embeddedness with biological embedding into a complex systems framework for health and health care research. This integration dismisses the “old silos” and calls for increased collaborations across the sociomedical sciences, medicine, and genetics. Keywords: health; social inequality; health disparities; sociology; socio-medical science; medicine; genetics
Branding and Linguistic Anthropology: Brand Names, Indexical Fields, and Sound Symbolism

While the last few decades have witnessed a growing interest in the value of sociocultural anthropology to marketing and advertising (e.g., Sherry 1995; Sunderland and Denny 2007), linguistic anthropology has received significantly less attention from marketing theorists and practitioners. One notable exception is linguistic and linguistic-anthropological research on sound symbolism (e.g., Nuckolls 1999). Sound symbolism is the idea that speech sounds (i.e., vowels and consonants) by themselves convey meanings. For instance, the high front vowel [i] has been found to suggest small size to speakers of different languages around the world. Marketers have taken notice of ideas like this and used them to develop brand names that highlight brand- and product-related information.