cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“It's all Interconnected”: Naming as Representational Affirmative Action and Character Development in Zadie Smith's On Beauty

Critics assert that characterization in Zadie Smith's On Beauty is fatally shallow and stereotypical. Instead, it is an authorial coup by Smith. This claim is established through three underlying a...
Gender-role Incongruity and Audience-based Gender Bias: An Examination of Networking among Entrepreneurs:

While most research explaining the persistence of gender inequality has focused on how decision makers’ own biases perpetuate inequities, a growing body of work points to mechanisms of bias that ma...
Chapter 13 – Contraception

Advances in reproductive science and medicine have made it possible to manipulate human fertility. Couples who wish to avoid an unwanted pregnancy can choose from many types of contraceptive measures. An ideal contraceptive would be 100% effective with no side effects, easy to use, reversible, effective for men and women, and free. Although no single current contraceptive method lives up to all of these standards, many options are available. This chapter reviews current methods of contraception, including their usage, advantages and disadvantages, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and major and minor adverse side effects. In addition, possible future methods of contraception are discussed.
Stimulation of subchondral bone cyst healing by placement of a transcondylar screw in the equine medial femoral condyle.

Objective To predict the bone formation stimulus of a transcondylar screw across an equine subchondral bone cyst (SBC) in an equine medial femoral condyle (MFC). Study design Finite element modeling (FEM) of an equine MFC with a 2 cm3 SBC under several transcondylar screw conditions. Sample population The right stifle of a yearling thoroughbred without stifle disease that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and donated to the University. Methods The FEM was derived from computed tomography of a yearling thoroughbred and analyzed in ABAQUS v6.14. The transcondylar screw was modeled as a 4.5-mm stainless steel cylinder. The region of interest was the centrodistal MFC, and bone stimulus was calculated. The stimulus threshold for bone formation (BFT) was >60 MPa and is presented as the percentage of total bone surface area (BFA) and frontal plane maps. Principal compressive stress vectors were also determined. Tested variables were daily cycles, load, and screw compression and position. Results At 750 cycles and 900-N load, BFT occurred proportionally with load, screw compression, and daily cycles (steps). Compressive stress was oriented vertically on the SBC surface without a screw but aligned with the long axis of well-placed lag screws. Screw placement through the void also increased the number and magnitude of compressive vectors. Conclusion This model predicted that a transcondylar lag screw across an MFC SBC increased surface BFA stimulation and reoriented the compression vector. Increasing screw compression, load, and steps per day increased the bone formation stimulus. Clinical significance This study provides evidence that supports the use of a lag screw thorough an MFC SBC to promote bone formation.
The Undergraduate Situational Judgment Test: An Active Learning Project for Teaching Selection Tool Effectiveness:

This article outlines an active learning project that gives students hands-on experience in developing an undergraduate situational judgment test. The five-part activity models the process for cons...
NCOA3: A molecular prognostic marker for melanoma

8007 Background: Nuclear receptor coactivator-3 (NCOA3, also known as AIB1 or SRC-3), a member of the steroid receptor coactivator 1 family, has been shown to be amplified in human breast cancer. W...
Atrial Fibrillation Management in Heart Failure: Interrupting the Vicious Cycle

In this review article, we aim to describe the pathophysiology of concomitant atrial fibrillation and both left and right heart failure, as well as pronounce the prognosis of having these two conditions simultaneously. This review also summarizes the current management of atrial fibrillation including stroke and thromboembolism prevention in the presence of systolic and diastolic heart failure. While rhythm control strategy is not superior to rate control strategy in atrial fibrillation patients without heart failure, catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation has shown to improve outcomes in patients with coexisting heart failure. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia that frequently coexists with heart failure. The incidence of one condition increases in the presence of the other posing a significant treatment challenge. Despite ample advancement in management strategies of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, this combination is associated with higher morbidity and mortality when found in the same patient. The treatment goal in these patients is to improve quality of life by controlling symptoms and to prevent thromboembolism with appropriate anticoagulation. Catheter ablation is a promising treatment option for symptomatic patients with depressed ventricular function. Finally, pacing with cardiac resynchronization therapy after AV nodal ablation should be considered when strict control of ventricular rate is desired in atrial fibrillation patients who meet the criteria for device implantation.
A Scientist’s Guide for Engaging in Policy in the United States

It is critical that research and scientific expertise inform legislative decisions and guide effective policy. However, significant communication gaps persist between science and policy communities. While interest in science policy among researchers has substantially increased in recent decades, traditional academic and research careers rarely provide formal training or exposure to the inner workings of government, public policy, or communicating scientific findings to broad audiences. Here, we offer ten practical steps for scientists who want to participate in science policy, with a focus on state and federal policy in the United States. We first include a primer to government structure and tailoring science communication for a policymaker audience. We then provide action-oriented steps that focus on arranging and successfully navigating meetings with government officials. Finally, we suggest structural steps in academia that would provide resources and support for students, researchers, and faculty who are interested in policy. We offer our perspective, as early-career marine scientists who have participated in policy discussions at state and federal levels and are current participants in the American Geophysical Union’s “Voices for Science” program. We offer potential pathways for engagement in science policy, with a goal of providing researchers with actions to effectively reach stakeholders and integrate policy into their research. Lastly, we hope to activate further conversations on best practices for science policy engagement, particularly for researchers interested in careers at the science policy interface.
Six New Species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) from Ecuador

Six species of Burmeistera H. Karst. & Triana are described as new from Ecuador: B. chrysothrix Mashburn & Muchhala, B. crocodila Mashburn & Muchhala, B. erosa Mashburn, B. lingulata Mashburn & Muchhala, B. sierrazulensis Mashburn & Muchhala, and B. valdiviana Mashburn. These discoveries bring the total number of Burmeistera species in Ecuador to ca. 47. Descriptions are given for each species, as well as diagnoses to differentiate them from other Burmeistera. Also provided is a discussion of each species’ etymology, phenology, and ecology, a list of all specimens examined, and distribution maps and photos, when available.
The Biology of Cancer Cachexia and the Role of TNF-α

Cachexia, or wasting, is the most common syndrome resulting from human malignancies, estimated to contribute to nearly a quarter of all cancer deaths. Although cachexia has been clinically diagnosed for more than a century, it is only relatively recently that investigators have begun unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the wasting state that predominates in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. Tumor necrosis factor-α, or TNF-α is considered a leading mediator or cancer cachexia. This cytokine is produced by tumor, immune, and stromal cells to provide a growth and survival advantage within the tumor microenvironment. It also functions in an autocrine and paracrine fashion in adipose and skeletal muscles to regulate tissue breakdown. TNF-induced fat catabolism is largely regulated through the feeding response and through the control of gene expression to differentiate and maintain the homeostasis of adipose tissue. Regulation of skeletal muscle catabolism in cachexia is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, whose activity may also be controlled by TNF. Elucidation of the TNF signaling pathway has provided further insight into the regulation of cancer cachexia. One effector of this pathway in particular, NF-kB, appears to be essential for TNF-mediated fat and skeletal muscle decay. Understanding the mechanisms by which NF-kB functions in cancer cachexia may reveal still other novel therapeutic targets of wasting that may be used in combination with currently existing anti-TNF therapy.
Should Division I Football and Men’s Basketball Student-Athletes be Paid?

Division I men’s college athletics has become a mainstay in American culture. On Saturdays in the fall, people come together to watch their alma mater or a regional football powerhouse play their rival for bragging rights, generating prime marketing opportunities for beer, car, and fast food companies and millions of dollars in advertising revenue for broadcasters. Every spring, the entire country is engulfed in “March Madness” as the NCAA basketball tournament unfolds. People root for their own teams and wait with anticipation to see which mid-major team upsets a major power to become the “Cinderella Story” of the tournament. While amateur athletics emerged as a way to “enhance the educational experience of students1 ,” over time it has become a significant profit-generating venture. Universities are making millions of dollars off of their football and basketball programs, yet the student-athletes do not receive any compensation aside from free tuition and other perks (for those lucky enough to receive scholarships). Should college athletes who generate millions of dollars for their universities, for large corporations, and broadcasters, be paid? In the past few years, many journalists, lawyers, labor specialists, academics, and college athletes have begun to wrestle with this question. The goal of this thesis is to provide some historical context for this debate. This topic will give an historical viewpoint on the “pay for play” debate. It addresses the ethical compass of the NCAA as a governing body, the economics behind Division I Collegiate Football and Men’s Basketball, and the challenge universities face recruiting and retaining the best athletes. The economics behind intercollegiate athletics is the driving force behind the “pay for play” debate. This research explores the history of television contracts with particularuniversities, conferences, and the NCAA as a whole. In addition, it examines how money has challenged the ethical structure of the NCAA leading ultimately to the recent threat of unionization by college athletes, and the place of race and class in the debate over “pay for play”. Despite the recent boom in popularity on this issue, “pay for play” existed within Division I revenue generating sports (Men’s Basketball and Football) for over a century. Moreover, this history is relevant for understanding why the option of compensating these particular student-athletes is a more realistic possibility today rather than any other time since the Sanity Code. This report culminates with an in-depth discussion of possible policy changes for the NCAA to adopt, but ultimately suggesting a new, original model: The Distribution Model. This thesis will help to lay the foundation for a fair and just decision to be made on the “pay for play” argument in intercollegiate athletics.
The multiple simultaneous recording of gastrointestinal functions

Summary A method is described for the multiple simultaneous recording of gastrointestinal functions. Some results obtained by this method are presented.
Visualizing High Dimensional Datasets Using Partiview

A standard method of visualizing high-dimensional data is reducing its dimensionality to two or three using some algorithm, and then creating a scatterplot with data represented by labelled and/or colored dots. Two problems with this approach are (1) dots do not represent data well, (2) reducing to just three dimensions does not make full use of several dimensionality-reduction algorithms. We demonstrate how Partiview can be used to solve these problems, in the context of handwriting recognition and image retrieval.
Dynamic mobilisations in cervical flexion: Effects on intervertebral angulations

Summary Reasons for performing study: Based upon human data, it is probable that many conditions associated with neck pain in horses may benefit from performing mobilisation exercises as part of the rehabilitation protocol. Objectives: To compare sagittal plane intervertebral angulations in a neutral standing position with the angulations at end range of motion in 3 dynamic mobility exercises performed in cervical flexion. Methods: Sagittal plane motion of the head, neck and back were measured in 8 sound horses standing in a neutral position and in 3 end-of-range neck flexion positions: chin-to-chest, chin-between-carpi, and chin-between-fore fetlocks. Skin markers on the head, transverse processes of C1–C6, and dorsal spinous processes of T6, T8, T10, T16, L2, L6, S2 and S4 were tracked and adjacent markers connected to form rigid segments. Intersegmental angles, measured between segments on the ventral surface, in the 4 positions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests (P<0.05). Results: The largest angular differences involved the cranial and caudal cervical joints with smaller angular differences (<10°) in the mid-neck. The angle at C1 was significantly more extended for chin-between-carpi (98 ± 11°) and chin-between-fetlocks (132 ± 11°) than for the neutral position (86 ± 8°) or chin-to-chest (92 ± 8°) positions. The intersegmental angle at C6 indicated progressive lowering of the neck from neutral through chin-to-chest and chin-between-carpi to chin-between-fetlocks. The intersegmental angles from T6–L1 were more flexed by 3–7° in the cervical flexions compared with the neutral position with the differences being significant for at least one of the dynamic mobilisations at each vertebral level. Conclusions: The articulations at the extremities of the cervical vertebral column are primarily responsible for sagittal plane position and orientation of the head and neck. Dynamic cervical flexion also flexes the thoracic intervertebral joints. Potential relevance: The results indicate that dynamic mobilisation exercises performed in cervical flexion have applications in mobilising the cervical and thoracic intervertebral joints, which may have some clinical applications in rehabilitation.
Interferometric investigations of convection in slat, flat plate and vee-corrugated solar collectors

ABSTRACT Local and average heat-transfer coefficients for natural convection between parallel plates, parallel plates with slats forming small aspect ratio enclosures, and a vee-corrugated plate with a parallel flat plate have been experimentally studied using interferometric techniques. The experimental conditions are similar to those existing in solar collectors. Measurements of the heat-transfer coefficient in the flat plate geometries were made over angles of inclination with respect to the horizontal ranging from 45° to vertical. The Grashof number range was 1 × 103 to 3 × 105. The aspect ratio (the ratio of plate length to spacing) ranged from .25 to 36. For aspect ratios of 4 and less, the enclosure is partitioned by slats. Slat angle, measured with respect to the plates, of 45°, 60° and 90° were studied. The local heat-transfer coefficients inside the vee cavity were determined and integrated to obtain average values. The vee opening angle examined was 60° and the enclosure angles of inclination from the horizontal were 0°, 45° and 60°. The vee aspect ratios (mean plate spacing to vee height) studied were .75, 1 and 2. The results are useful in determining the top convective loss coefficient and therefore in minimizing losses and optimizing the design of solar collectors. The results indicate that the convective losses are strong functions of the aspect ratio for aspect ratios less than 4. Slat angles less than 90° help reduce convective losses. The convective losses for a vee-corrugated surface are higher than those for a flat plate.
Abstract 19852: The Relationship Between Obesity and Heart Failure is Stronger than Those for Other CVD Subtypes and Not Explained by Traditional Risk Factors

Background: Although obesity is a risk factor for various subtypes of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the mechanisms responsible for these relationships likely differ. Limited studies have prospectively compared the associations between obesity and CVD subtypes within the same population. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the association of obesity with heart failure (HF) is stronger than those with other subtypes of CVD, and not fully explained by traditional risk factors. Methods: We followed 13,730 ARIC participants without CVD at baseline (1987-1989) and with body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m2. BMI (kg/m2) was categorized as normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese (30-34.9) and severely obese (≥35). Participants were followed prospectively for incident HF, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Cox regression models with adjustment for demographic and traditional CVD risk factors were constructed to estimate the associations between BMI and CVD subtypes. Seemingly unrelated regression was used ...
Does Information about Sugar Source Influence Consumer Liking of Products Made with Beet and Cane Sugars

Beet sugar contains an off-aroma, which was hypothesized to generate expectations on the acceptability of a product made with beet sugar. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of information about the sugar source (beet vs. cane) on the overall liking of an orange-flavored beverage. One hundred panelists evaluated an orange-flavored powdered beverage mix and beverage made with beet and cane sugars using a 5-phase testing protocol involving a tetrad test and hedonic ratings performed under blind and informed conditions. Tetrad test results indicated that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the beverage mix made with beet sugar and cane sugar; however, no difference was found between the beverage made with beet sugar and cane sugar. Hedonic ratings revealed the significance of information conditions on the panelists evaluation of sugar (F = 24.67, P < 0.001); however, no difference in the liking was identified for the beverage mix or beverage. Average hedonic scores were higher under informed condition compared to blind condition for all products, possibly because labels tend to reduce uncertainty about a product. Results from this study are representative of the responses from the general population and suggest that they are not affected by sugar source information in a beverage product. Based on concerns with the use of beet sugar expressed in the popular press, there may be a subgroup of the population that has a preconceived bias about sugar sources due to their prior experiences and knowledge and, thus, would be influenced by labels indicating the sugar source used in a product.
How Creative Contributions Emerge Over the Lifespan

The Nature of Creative Development is about the lifespan developmental processes that result in an individual's creative contributions. The central theme is that the development of a creative contr...
Air pollution and the chlorotic dwarf disease of Eastern White Pine.

Chlorotic dwarf is a serious disorder of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in young plantations. Diseased trees are stunted, with mottled foliage, and have only the current-year needles. In a series of experiments in which chambers were erected around living trees to regulate airflow and filter out pollutants, it was found that dispersoid pollutants, through their harmful effect on foliage of genetically susceptible white pines, are responsible for chlorotic dwarf. Ambient levels of ozone and sulfur dioxide, singly and in combination, promoted early symptoms of premature defoliation and needle mottling on susceptible ramets in fumigation chambers.
Digestion and Passage Kinetics of Chimpanzees Fed High and Low Fiber Diets and Comparison with Human Data

To investigate the digestive kinetics and fiber digestion of great apes, we conducted digestion trials on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with diets of two fiber levels, one containing 34% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the other 14% NDF. Chimpanzees exhibited a response to fiber similar to that of humans. First, increases in the fiber concentration of the diet decreased mean transit time (MTT), hindgut turnover time (T) and the digestibility of fiber. Second, differences in MTT and T between the treatments and animals explained most of the variability in the digestibility of fiber components. Third, consistent with human data, the fiber marker passed more slowly than the liquid marker only when the high fiber diet was consumed. Fourth, individual variability, as in humans, was a significant factor affecting digestion and passage. Fifth, the MTT of chimpanzees was longer than that of humans. This result may be due to the apes' larger hindgut. In comparison with other hominoids, humans have smaller volumes in the gastrointestinal tract and hindgut. The gut proportions of modern humans, in combination with evidence from the fossil record, indicate that during its evolution the human lineage was able to overcome nutritional constraints imposed on body size increases in the great apes. We suggest that this advance was achieved through technological and social innovations that permitted early humans to achieve larger body size without lowering dietary quality.
100/spl deg/C, 10 Gb/s directly modulated InGaAsP DFB lasers for uncooled Ethernet applications

100/spl deg/C, 10 Gb/s operation has been demonstrated using conventional InGaAsP technology and a 'robust' design. The key results are:- excellent temperature performance, passing of the GbE scaled mask from RT to 90/spl deg/C and transmission over 10 km of standard fibre without error floor.
Unnatural Rebellion: Loyalists in New York City during the Revolution. By Ruma Chopra. (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2011. Pp. x, 304. $35.00.)

As the renaissance in the study of the Revolutionary period continues, it is nice to see increased attention given to the Loyalists, those Americans who retained their affection for king and empire...
Effect of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous velocities derived from transesophageal echocardiography color-guided pulsed doppler imaging

Abstract The effect of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous flow velocity was studied in 66 patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography. Nine patients were studied intraoperatively before and after surgery, so that 75 pulmonary venous flow tracings were analyzed. Fifty-four patients had no significant (0 to 1+) mitral regurgitation and 21 had significant (2 to 3+) mitral regurgitation. Comparison of both groups revealed significant differences in the pulmonary venous flow pattern. In patients with no significant mitral regurgitation, the peak systolic velocity was higher (55 ± 16 vs. −4 ± 16 cm/s; p As the degree of mitral regurgitation increased, the peak diastolic velocity and diastolic velocity integral increased, whereas the peak systolic velocity and systolic velocity integral decreased. In patients with severe mitral regurgitation, the systolic flow became reversed (retrograde). The sensitivity of reversed systolic flow for severe mitral regurgitation was 90% (9 of 10), the specificity was 100% (65 of 65), the positive predictive value was 100% (9 of 9), the negative predictive value was 98% (65 of 66) and the predictive accuracy was 99% (74 of 75). Multivariate regression analysis including the variables age, heart rate, left atrial size, cardiac rhythm and left ventricular ejection fraction identified the degree of mitral regurgitation as the only independent predictor of pulmonary venous peak systolic velocity (F = 80; p Thus, mitral regurgitation significantly modifies the pulmonary venous flow pattern as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. The occurrence of reversed flow during systole is a highly sensitive and specific index of severe mitral regurgitation.
Presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts inversely correlates with Schwannian stroma in neuroblastoma tumors

Stromal cells have a central function in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis. Recent studies have shown that stromal myofibroblasts (cancer-associated fibroblasts) actively promote tumor growth and enhance tumor angiogenesis in many types of adult carcinomas. To evaluate the function cancer-associated fibroblasts have in neuroblastoma angiogenesis and investigate their relationship to stromal Schwann cells, we quantified cancer-associated fibroblasts in 60 primary neuroblastoma tumors and in a novel neuroblastoma xenograft model in which murine Schwann cells were induced to infiltrate into the tumor stroma. Tumor sections were examined for presence of microvascular proliferation, a hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts were characterized by positive immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and were distinguished from pericytes by staining negatively for high-molecular-weight caldesmon. α-SMA-positive cells were quantified and their number was defined as high when >1.0% of the area was positive. Associations between high cancer-associated fibroblast number, microvascular proliferation and established prognosticators were analyzed. High numbers of cancer-associated fibroblasts were associated with Schwannian stroma-poor histopathology and microvascular proliferation. Thirty-seven (80%) of the 46 Schwannian stroma-poor tumors had high numbers of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor stroma compared to only 2 (14%) of the 14 Schwannian stroma-rich/dominant tumors (P<0.001). Thirty-three (89%) of 37 tumors with microvascular proliferation had high numbers of cancer-associated fibroblasts compared to 9 (40%) of 22 tumors without microvascular proliferation (P<0.001). In the xenografts with infiltrating Schwann cells (n=10), the number of cancer-associated fibroblasts per mm2 was approximately sevenfold less than in the control xenografts without stromal Schwann cells (n=9) (mean of 51±30 vs 368±105, respectively; P<0.001). Thus, cancer-associated fibroblasts were inversely associated with presence of Schwann cells, suggesting that Schwann cells may prevent the activation of fibroblasts. A deeper understanding of the function cancer-associated fibroblasts have in neuroblastoma angiogenesis may guide future development of stroma-directed therapeutic strategies.
Effects of asteroid rotation on directed energy deflection

Asteroids that threaten Earth could be deflected from their orbits using laser directed energy or concentrated solar energy to vaporize the surface; the ejected plume would create a reaction thrust that pushes the object away from its collision course with Earth. One concern regarding directed energy deflection approaches is that asteroids rotate as they orbit the Sun. Asteroid rotation reduces the average thrust and changes the thrust vector imparting a time profile to the thrust. A directed energy system must deliver sufficient flux to evaporate surface material even when the asteroid is rotating. Required flux levels depend on surface material composition and albedo, thermal and bulk mechanical properties of the asteroid, and asteroid rotation rate. In the present work we present results of simulations for directed energy ejecta-plume asteroid threat mitigation. We use the observed distribution of asteroid rotational rates, along with a range of material and mechanical properties, as input to a thermal-physical model of plume generation. We calculate the expected thrust profile for rotating objects. Standoff directed energy schemes that deliver at least 10 MW/m 2 generate significant thrust for all but the highest conceivable rotation rates.
Dehydrated Scallop Viscera, a Potential Component of Poultry Rations

Abstract Dehydrated scallop viscera was found to contain approximately 50% protein, 19% ash (including 9.7% salt) and 16% ether extract. It is hypothesized that the material contains about 2.9 kcal. of metabolizable energy per gram. The amino acid pattern of the final product tends to resemble that of other protein supplements commonly included in commercial poultry rations. Pending results of feeding trials and an economic evaluation, it would appear that dehydrated scallop viscera has potential value as an ingredient in poultry feeds. Researchers are alerted to the possibility of encountering a form of paralytic poison in shellfish.
Rotational analysis of the A1Σ+-X1Σ+ transition of SrS

Abstract The previously unobserved A1Σ+-X1Σ+ transition of gas phase SrS was studied by dye laser spectroscopy. The 0-0, 0–1, 1-1, 2-1, 3-0, 3-2, 4-1, 5-1, and 5-2 bands were rotationally analyzed at high resolution. The A1Σ+ state is extensively perturbed. Spectroscopic constants of individual vibrational levels and equilibrium molecular constants were determined. Ground state (X1Σ+) constants derived from the analysis include: ωe = 388.2643(11) cm−1, Be = 0.1208034(33) cm−1, and r e = 2.43969 A . Excited state (A1Σ+) constants determined include: Te = 13932.7068(10) cm−1, ωe = 339.1454(20) cm−1, Be = 0.1139895(38) cm−1, and r e = 2.51155 A .
X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Stratum Corneum Membrane Couplets

X-ray diffraction analysis was done on the membrane couplets isolated from newborn mouse stratum corneum. The same lipid reflections were observed for whole stratum corneum and couplets, adding further support to the thesis that stratum corneum lipid is intercellular in location rather than associated with the intracellular filamentous protein.
Effect of Spatial Dynamics on Spin Squeezing in Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensates

We discuss the effect of spatial dynamics in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates on spin squeezing and transfer to squeezed light. We also present a general treatment of squeezing transfer from atomic spins to light fields.
Effect of lead exposure on the activity of some hepatic enzymes in the rat.

Summary: Seven-day-old rats were fed 1% lead acetate tetrahydrate solution for 2,4, or 7 days. Adult rats were fed the same lead solution for 6–8 wk. In the newborn rats, hepatic UDP-bilirubin glucuronyl transferase (GT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activities were markedly increased. GT activity was increased after 4 days as compared to the controls (6.3 ± 0.3 vs. 4.3 ± 0.3, P < 0.001), and was maximal after 7 days of treatment (7.5 ± 0.4 vs. 4.6 ± 0.4, P < 0.001). GGTP activity was already maximally increased after 2 days of lead treatment (1.4 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1, P < 0.001). Hepatic GT and GGTP activities were similarly increased in adult rats (7.9 ± 0.3 vs. 5.1 ± 0.1, P < 0.001, and 0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1, P < 0.005, respectively). In vitro studies adding lead citrate to liver homogenates did not produce any direct effect on GT and GGTP activities. Speculation: The increase in hepatic GT and GGTP activities in lead treated animals appears to be a response to lead induced cellular damage or may result from interference with regulatory mechanisms responsible for production of these enzymes and not related to hepatic enzyme induction. The hepatic metabolism of drugs ingested by children with an increased lead burden may, therefore, be significantly altered.
Rapid chemical probing of conformation in 16 S ribosomal RNA and 30 S ribosomal subunits using primer extension

We have investigated in detail the higher-order structure of 16 S ribosomal RNA, both in its naked form and in 30 S ribosomal subunits. Each base in the 16 S rRNA chain has been probed using kethoxal (which reacts with guanine at N1 and N2), dimethylsulfate (which reacts with adenine at N1 and cytosine at N3) and 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate (which reacts with uracil at N3 and guanine at N1). The sites of reaction were identified by primer extension with reverse transcriptase using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide primers. These results provide a detailed and rigorous experimental test of a model for 16 S rRNA secondary structure, which was derived mainly from comparative sequence analysis. Our data also provide information relevant to tertiary and quaternary structure of 16 S rRNA. Data obtained with naked 16 S rRNA show reasonably close agreement with the proposed model, and data obtained with 30 S subunits show nearly complete agreement. Apart from an apparent overall "tightening" of the structure (in which many weakly reactive bases become unreactive), assembly of the proteins with 16 S rRNA to form 30 S subunits brings about numerous local structural rearrangements, resulting in specific enhancements as well as protections. In many instances, the ribosomal proteins appear to "tune" the 16 S rRNA structure to bring it into accordance with the phylogenetically predicted model, even though the RNA on its own often seems to prefer a different structure in certain regions of the molecule. Extensive protection of conserved, unpaired adenines upon formation of 30 S subunits suggests that they play a special role in the assembly process, possibly providing signals for protein recognition.
Multi-element, large-volume CdZnTe detectors

Abstract Many applications using gamma rays, such as the determination of the elemental composition of planetary bodies, require the detection of gamma rays in the energy range 100 keV–10 MeV in a light, compact, room-temperature system. The photopeak efficiency of a single CdZnTe detector is limited because the volume currently available is limited to about 3.4 cm 3 . To achieve adequate efficiency, we have combined the signals from several large-volume, coplanar-grid CdZnTe detectors. At low energy, the signals are summed without requiring coincidence; at high energy, multi-fold coincidence is required to suppress the Compton continuum. To minimize noise, a signal from a single detector is only included in the sum if it exceeds a threshold set just above the noise. We describe the electronics, the single detectors, their packaging in thin-walled boxes, and the resulting spectra. The energy resolution for the combined spectrum is only slightly worse than the resolution of the single detectors. The effectiveness of the Compton suppression depends on the spectrum. The photopeak efficiency of the multi-element detector when the signals are summed without requiring coincidence is approximately the sum of the photopeak efficiencies of the single detectors, whereas the photopeak efficiency with Compton suppression is a more complicated function of the incident gamma-ray energy. These results indicate that a 27-element (3×3×3) array of 15 mm×15 mm×15 mm single detector elements can provide good gamma-ray data for planetary bodies and terrestrial applications requiring high-efficiency, good-resolution portable instruments.
Transplantation of the enamel-forming epithelium

Abstract 1. 1. Subcutaneous transplants of the enamel-forming epithelium of the rat grew out first as cords and later as nests of epithelial cells. 2. 2. A continuous production of P.A.S.-positive material separated the epithelial cords from the surrounding stroma in the early transplants. This represented attempted enamel matrix formation later when the cells formed tubular structures. 3. 3. No enamel was formed. Foci of calcification unrelated to the epithelial proliferations represented a protective mechanism. 4. 4. Comparison with ameloblasts previously grown in tissue culture emphasizes that these cells can revert to a less specialized epithelium, regardless of their previous activity. Epithelial proliferations, as in ameloblastomas, can probably arise from any part of the enamel-forming epithelium.
TRANSFORMATION OF MONOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE INTO MACROPHAGES, EPITHELIOID CELLS, AND MULTINUCLEATED GIANT CELLS: An Electron Microscope Study

The sequential transformation of chicken monocytes into macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells in vitro was studied by electron microscopy after fixation and embedment in situ. The following changes occur. In the nucleus, margination of chromatin, evident in monocytes, decreases in later forms. Nucleoli become more complex and nuclear pores increase in number. In cytoplasm, a progressive increase in volume of the ectoplasm and endoplasm occurs in culture. Lysosomes increase in number and size prior to phagocytosis. During phagocytosis (most active from 1 to 3 days of culture) lysosome depletion occurs. Lysosomes are present in greatest number and show maximal structural variation in the epithelioid and young giant cells. Aging giant cells lose lysosomes. All stages possess variably large quantities of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The Golgi apparatus, small in monocytes, increases in size and complexity. Massive accumulations of lysosomes within the Golgi apparatus of macrophages and epithelioid cells suggest that lysosomes originate there. In giant cells, multiple Golgi regions occur, often ringing the nuclei. Monocytes and macrophages have few mitochondria. Mitochondria of epithelioid cells are larger, more numerous, and may have discontinuous outer membranes. Mitochondria are most numerous in giant cells where they increase with age and become polymorphous. Cytoplasmic filaments are approximately 50 to 60 A in diameter and of indeterminate length. They occur both singly and in bundles which touch cytoplasmic vesicles and mitochondria. Few filaments occur in monocytes and macrophages. A large increase in the number of filaments occurs in epithelioid cells, where filaments (90 to 100 A) surround the cytocentrum as a distinctive annular bundle often branching into the cytoplasm. The greatest concentration of filaments occurs in aged giant cells. Pseudopodia are always present. They are short and filiform in monocytes and giant cells, and broad, with abundant micropinocytotic vesicles, in macrophages and epithelioid cells. At every stage, the cell membrane contains dense cuplike structures. These may represent the membranous residue of lysosomes which have discharged to the outside, analogous to merocrine secretion. Contiguous epithelioid cells display elaborate cytoplasmic interdigitation. In places, the plasma membranes break down and epithelioid cells fuse to form giant cells.
Individualism and its Discontents: The Response to the Seriously Mentally Ill in Late Twentieth Century America

Abstract The rise of individualism — a set of socio-cultural arrangements that encourage and legitimate the autonomy, dignity and equality of individuals — is one of the master trends of social organization over the past two centuries. In this paper we relate this trend to recent changes in the social control of the seriously mentally ill, in particular, the change from long-term involuntary stays in isolated institutions to short-term voluntary stays in community-oriented, decentralized programs. Our analysis focuses on three aspects of individualism: 1.) the loss of moral sovereignty of family units and the corresponding increase in protection given to the autonomy of individuals; 2.) the increasing fluidity of family relationships that makes it easier both for members to leave their families and for families to expel their deviant members and 3.) the decreasing ability of communities to strictly uphold the moral order of public places. Finding ways to strike the appropriate balance between protecting f...
Photon-stimulated desorption of halogens

Photon-stimulated desorption of positive halogen ions is studied for systems than span a range of bond ionicities. It is found that only excitations of cation core-level electrons lead to ion desorption for very ionic systems, while only excitations of anion core electrons produce ions from more covalently bonded materials. For systems of intermediate bonding character, both cation and anion excitations can lead to ion desorption. These observations are explained within the context of Auger-stimulated desorption combined with nuclear motion.
Membrane Estrogen Receptor-α Interacts with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 1a to Mobilize Intracellular Calcium in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

Estradiol, acting on a membrane-associated estrogen receptor-α (mERα), induces an increase in free cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) needed for progesterone synthesis in hypothalamic astrocytes. To determine whether rapid estradiol signaling involves an interaction of mERα with metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1a (mGluR1a), changes in [Ca2+]i were monitored with the calcium indicator, Fluo-4 AM, in primary cultures of female postpubertal hypothalamic astrocytes. 17β-Estradiol over a range of 1 nm to 100 nm induced a maximal increase in [Ca2+]i flux measured as a change in relative fluorescence [ΔF Ca2+ = 615 ± 36 to 641 ± 47 relative fluorescent units (RFU)], whereas 0.1 nm of estradiol stimulated a moderate [Ca2+]i increase (275 ± 16 RFU). The rapid estradiol-induced [Ca2+]i flux was blocked with 1 μm of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (635 ± 24 vs. 102 ± 11 RFU, P < 0.001) and 20 nmof the mGluR1a antagonist LY 367385 (617 ± 35 vs. 133 ± 20 RFU, P < 0.001). Whereas the mGluR1a ...
Heterotic string vertex operators and new minimal supergravity

Abstract We apply the method of deformations of the stress-energy tensor to the case of the heterotic string compactified of d = 4 space-time preserving N = 1 supersymmetry. We construct a new vertex operator associated with an auxilliary antisymmetric background field in the supergravity sector and show that the construction is unique. We then obtain the supersymmetry transformations of the background fields and find them to be the same as those of the component fields of the new minimal supergravity multiplet and a physical linear multiplet coupled to a new minimal supergravity. We also show that it is possible to construct a vertex operator associated with an auxilliary scalar supergravity background field. We conclude that the heterotic string gives new minimal supergravity for any arbitrary compatification to four-dimensional space-time preserving N = 1 supersymmetry.
Spins of resonances in the 12C + 16O system

Abstract The spins of resonances appearing at 22 MeV c.m. entrance channel energy in the 12C + 16O system are determined. Several inelastic transitions are used and a value of Jπ = 15− is deduced. This value disagrees with a previous Jπ = 14+ assignment based on elastic scattering, but agrees with the Jπ = 15− value predicted at this energy by a recent microscopic calculation of 12C + 16O scattering.
UNSTABLE MAGNETOSONIC WAVES IN A RELATIVISTIC PLASMA.

Magnetosonic wave effect on anisotropic relativistic plasma component, obtaining cosmic ray plasma instability when wave frequencies are less than electron cyclotron frequency
Selection for purine regulatory mutants in an E. coli hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase double mutant

We have studied the relationship between purine salvage enzymes, 6-mercaptopurine resistance, and the purR phenotype in E. coli. Mutants resistant to 6-mercaptopurine were found to have defects in HPRT, the purR repressor, or in both. Analysis of these mutants led to the isolation of a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase double mutant (hpt- gpt-) that is extremely sensitive to adenine. Two classes of adenine resistant mutants were isolated from this strain. The first class was deficient in APRT (apt-) while the second class represented purine regulatory mutants (purR-). There is thus selection for the purR phenotype in a hpt- gpt-background.
Salivary Biochemistry in Buffalo: The Legacy of Michael J. Levine

The author pays tribute to the contributions of Michael J. Levine to the field of salivary biochemistry.
TNF-α upregulates adenosine 2b (A2b) receptor expression and signaling in intestinal epithelial cells: a basis for A2bR overexpression in colitis

Adenosine is an endogenous signaling molecule upregulated during inflammatory conditions. Acting through the A2b receptor (A2bR), the predominant adenosine receptor in human colonic epithelia, adenosine has been directly implicated in immune and inflammatory responses in the intestine. Little is known about expression and regulation of A2bR during inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is highly upregulated during chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. This study examined the expression of A2bR during colitis and studied effects of TNF-α on A2bR expression, signaling and function. Results demonstrated that A2bR expression increases during active colitis. TNF-α pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cells increased A2bR messenger RNA and protein expression. TNF-α significantly increased adenosine-induced membrane recruitment of A2bR and cyclic adenosine monophosphate downstream signaling. Further, TNF-α potentiated adenosine-induced shortcircuit current and fibronectin secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TNF-α is an important regulator of A2bR, and during inflammation, upregulation of TNF-α may potentiate adenosine-mediated responses.
Fabrication and characterization of interconnected porous biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) load bearing scaffolds

In this study, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (50:50 wt%) immiscible blend was used as a model system to investigate the feasibility of a novel solventless fabrication approach that combines cryomilling, compression molding and porogen leaching techniques to prepare interconnected porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. PCL was cryomilled with PEO to form blend powders. Compression molding was used to consolidate and anneal the cryomilled powders. Selective dissolution of the PEO with water resulted in interconnected porous scaffolds. Sodium chloride salt (NaCl) was subsequently added to cryomilled powder to increase the porosity of scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds had homogeneous pore structures, a porosity of ~50% which was increased by mixing salt with the blend (~70% for 60% wt% NaCl), and a compressive modulus and strength (e = 10%) of 60 and 2.8 MPa, respectively. The results of the study confirm that this novel approach offers a viable alternative to fabricate scaffolds.
China's Political Reforms: An Interim Report

Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction Reasons for Reform Policies of Reform Obstacles to Reform Student Demonstrations The Conservative Backlash Conclusion Bibliography Index
Magnesium oxide from Sea water and dolomite

The technological process of producing synthetic magnesium oxide by the hydration method from Black Sea water and Bosnin dolomite gives a product containing 96.7% MgO. The two-stage treatment of the magnesium hydroxide paste processed from salt water and dolomite either in a drying-briquetting-firing cycle or in a dehydration-briquetting-firing cycle yields high-density powders for the production of refractories.