cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive modeling for wastewater applications: Linear and nonlinear approaches

This study compares the multi-period predictive ability of linear ARIMA models to nonlinear time delay neural network models in water quality applications. Comparisons are made for a variety of artificially generated nonlinear ARIMA data sets that simulate the characteristics of wastewater process variables and watershed variables, as well as two real-world wastewater data sets. While the time delay neural network model was more accurate for the two real-world wastewater data sets, the neural networks were not always more accurate than linear ARIMA for the artificial nonlinear data sets. In some cases of the artificial nonlinear data, where multi-period predictions are made, the linear ARIMA model provides a more accurate result than the time delay neural network. This study suggests that researchers and practitioners should carefully consider the nature and intended use of water quality data if choosing between neural networks and other statistical methods for wastewater process control or watershed environmental quality management.
Making intelligence functional: Walter Dill Scott and applied psychological testing in World War I.

While ostensively constructing the first national “group tests of intelligence,” psychology's war leaders adopted a functionalist conception of intelligence that made the criterion of the tests not evolutionary “general intelligence,” but environmentally relevant features thereof. Breaking with the established, structuralist conception of American hereditarian testing, psychologists Walter Dill Scott, Walter Van Dyke Bingham, and Edward L. Thorndike implemented Alfred Binet's pragmatically vague notion of “intelligence in general.”
Flow Patterns of a Circular Vortex Ring With Density Difference Under Gravity

The evolution of a circular vortex ring with a density 1.5 times of the ambient fluid under gravity was investigated. Three distinct patterns, namely, laminar, wavy, and turbulent, were observed. It is found that approximately as Nre > 2000, the vortex becomes turbulent, as Nre < 1500, laminar but to disintegrate into subrings. The stability curve was determined.
The oxidation of parathion to paraoxon in aqueous media by silver oxide (AgO)

The present preliminary report clearly justifies more detailed examinations of this previously unreported oxidative technique. AgO may prove to be a general reagent for oxidizing thiono-organophosphorus pesticides to their phosphates which are often more potent ChE inhibitors than the parent compounds; many other oxidants have been utilized for this purpose with reported conversion efficiencies ranging from a few percent to near quantitative, usually on a macro-scale; most micro methods in the literature are of very low efficiencies. Whether AgO will also oxidize any of the thiolo-organophosphorus compounds to their phosphates is not yet established, except for negative results with Thimet.
Alleviating barriers to family involvement in education: The role of teacher education

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which selected course experiences influenced preservice teachers' perceptions of their comfort and competence levels in planning and implementing family involvement programs in schools. Students completed pre- and post-assessments related to their ability to work with parents. Pretest and post-test means were compared using a t-test for dependent samples to determine whether respondents' perceptions changed as a result of course participation. A variation of the constant comparative method of data analysis suggested by Strauss (1987) was used to analyze the qualitative data obtained from students' reflective post-semester statements. A framework suggested by de Acosta (1996) for foundation courses in family involvement in education was used to examine the focus of course content and experiences. Data analyses revealed that course experiences made a significance difference in enhancing the students' perceptions of their comfort and competence levels in planning and implementing family involvement programs.
Analysis of heterologous interacting systems by sedimentation velocity: curve fitting algorithms for estimation of sedimentation coefficients, equilibrium and kinetic constants

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) has played and will continue to play an important role in the investigation of protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–ligand interactions. A major advantage of AUC over other methods is that it allows the analysis of systems free in solution in nearly any buffer without worry about spurious interactions with a supporting matrix. Large amounts of high-quality data can be acquired in relatively short times. Advances in software for the treatment of AUC data over the last decade have eliminated many of the tedious aspects of AUC data analysis, allowing relatively rapid analysis of complicated systems that were previously unapproachable. A software package called SEDANAL is described that can perform global fits to AUC sedimentation velocity data obtained for both interacting and non-interacting, macromolecular multi-species, multi-component systems, by combining data from multiple runs over a range of sample concentrations and component ratios. Interaction parameters include both forward and reverse rate constants, or equilibrium constants, for each reaction, as well as concentration dependence of both sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. SEDANAL fits to time-difference data to eliminate timeindependent systematic errors inherent in AUC data. The SEDANAL software package is based on the use of finiteelement numerical solutions of the Lamm equation. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
STUDIES OF THE PAIRING HAMILTONIAN WITH VARIABLE INTERACTION MATRIX ELEMENTS

Abstract Approximate solutions are obtained for the pairing Hamiltonian having variable interaction matrix elements. The adequacy of these solutions is considered in detail.
Running on an incline.

Seven male subjects ran at 3.0 m/s on a motorized treadmill including a force platform under the tread. The subjects ran at each of five treadmill inclinations: +0.17, +0.077, 0, -0.077, and -0.17 radians. The position of the subjects' legs were read from cine films (100 frames/s). Results of the film and force plate analysis generally corroborated the "hanging triangle" hypothesis, which postulates that the angle between the leg and the vertical upon foot strike does not change as the treadmill is tipped up or down. A mathematical model of running, in which the leg is represented as a nonlinear spring, made satisfactory predictions of the way many parameters of running change with the treadmill angle, including the length of the leg at touchdown and liftoff and the peak leg force in the middle of a step. The peak leg force reaches a maximum at a treadmill angle near -0.12 radians, close to the downhill angle where other authors have found a minimum in the rate of oxygen consumption.
Adjusting Feeding Levels in Tank Experiments

Abstract Differences in channel catfish fingerling growth rate were evaluated in triplicate aquaria fed at either 3% or 4% of body weight daily with feeding rate adjustments being made on the basis of (1) weight of the fish in each tank within a treatment, (2) mean weight of all replicates within a treatment, (3) weight of the slowest growing fish within a treatment and (4) weight of the most rapidly growing fish within a treatment. Significant differences between feeding rates were not elaborated over an 11 week feeding trial when the first and third feeding rate adjustment techniques were employed. The first method, utilizing individual tank weights for feeding rate adjustment, is the most common one utilized in feeding trials. Our recommendation is that it be retained as the standard technique. The low sensitivity of the technique reinforces the view that significant differences, when detected, are biologically important and not an artifact of experimental design.
New Blocking Antibodies against Novel AGR2–C4.4A Pathway Reduce Growth and Metastasis of Pancreatic Tumors and Increase Survival in Mice

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) promotes cancer growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy via unknown mechanisms. We investigated the effects of extracellular AGR2 signaling through the orphan GPI-linked receptor C4.4A in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Proliferation, migration and invasion and apoptosis were measured using colorimetric, Boyden chamber, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. We developed blocking monoclonal antibodies against AGR2 and C4.4A and tested their effects, along with siRNAs, on cancer cell functions and on orthotopic tumors in nude mice. Extracellular AGR2 stimulated proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance of PDAC cell lines. AGR2 interacted with C4.4A in cell lysates and mixtures of recombinant proteins. Knockdown of C4.4A reduced migration and resistance to gemcitabine. PDAC tissues, but not adjacent healthy pancreatic tissues, expressed high levels of AGR2 and C4.4A. AGR2 signaling through C4.4A required laminins 1 or 5 and integrin β1. Administration of antibodies against AGR2 and C4.4A reduced growth and metastasis and caused regression of aggressive xenograft tumors leading to increased survival of mice. These data support a model in which AGR2 binds and signals via C4.4A in an autocrine loop and promotes the growth of pancreas tumors in mice. Blocking monoclonal antibodies against AGR2 and C4.4A may have therapeutic potential against PDAC.
Oral reading of words and sentences: Investigating the source of context effects

Background: Aphasic speakers' oral reading of isolated words has been widely studied, yet little is known about how contextual information influences reading ability when words are placed in sentences. Embedding words in sentences or texts has been argued to provide syntactic and/or semantic constraints on oral word reading that are unavailable in word lists, but no details are available about how such constraints might operate. The few studies that have actually compared sentence vs list reading have yielded conflicting results, and fail to show any consistent reading pattern that would predict when and why a reading advantage would arise from sentence context.Aims: We attempted to identify the pattern of aphasia/alexia that is associated with a sentence (vs list) reading advantage, and to assess the contribution of language and reading functions that might influence this context effect.Methods & Procedures: Five fluent, aphasic patients read the same 100 words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and function wor...
Cyclic electron flow around Photosystem II in vivo

The oxygen flash yield (YO2) and photochemical yield of PS II (ΦPS II) were simultaneously detected in intact Chlorella cells on a bare platinum oxygen rate electrode. The two yields were measured as a function of background irradiance in the steady-state and following a transition from light to darkness. During steady-state illumination at moderate irradiance levels, YO2 and ΦPS II followed each other, suggesting a close coupling between the oxidation of water and QA reduction (Falkowski et al. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933: 432–443). Following a light-to-dark transition, however, the relationship between QA reduction and the fraction of PS II reaction centers capable of evolving O2 became temporarily uncoupled. ΦPS II recovered to the preillumination levels within 5–10 s, while the YO2 required up to 60 s to recover under aerobic conditions. The recovery of YO2 was independent of the redox state of QA, but was accompanied by a 30% increase in the functional absorption cross-section of PS II (σPS II). The hysteresis between YO2 and the reduction of QA during the light-to-dark transition was dependent upon the reduction level of the plastoquinone pool and does not appear to be due to a direct radiative charge back-reaction, but rather is a consequence of a transient cyclic electron flow around PS II. The cycle is engaged in vivo only when the plastoquinone pool is reduced. Hence, the plastoquinone pool can act as a clutch that disconnects the oxygen evolution from photochemical charge separation in PS II.
Ubiquitin-mediated control of plant hormone signaling.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system ([UPS][1]) plays a role in nearly every aspect of plant biology. The wealth of emerging data demonstrates that regulated protein degradation rivals the well-studied area of transcriptional regulation for importance in cellular regulation. In this Update, we will
Pavlov's legacy to behavioral psychology, physiology, and psychiatry: A program about Pavlov

A program about Pavlov was held at the Countway Library as part of the “Leaders in American Medicine” series on 12 March 1980. A film (Pavlov Himself) was shown; it was produced by USSR Central Television and the Soviet Academy of Science and obtained from Films for the Humanities, P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, N.J. 08540. Three distinguished scholars discussed Pavlov's influence on psychology (Professor B. F. Skinner), physiology (Professor John Pappenheimer), and psychiatry (Dr. Peter Dews).
Evaluation of Molt Induction to Body Weight Loss of Fifteen, Twenty, or Twenty-Five Percent by Feed Removal, Daily Limited, or Alternate-Day Feeding of a Molt Feed

Postmolt egg production variables were compared among hens induced into molt by feed removal, by limited daily feeding of a low-density and low-energy molt feed at 22.8 g per hen, or by limited alternate-day feeding at 45.5 g per hen, until approximate body weight loss of 15, 20, and 25% was obtained. Hens were housed two per cage (25.4 x 45.7 cm) in a house of environmental design, and photoperiod was reduced to 8 h during the 28-d molt period. When target body weight loss was obtained, packed cell volume was determined and hens were maintained on 45.5 g/d of 1.2% calcium prelay feed through the 28-d molt period. Egg production and mortality were recorded daily; egg weight, egg specific gravity, body weight, and feed intake were recorded at 4-wk intervals postmolt. Packed cell volume of hens molted by feed removal (36.4%) was higher (P .05) as a result of molt induction method or percentage body weight loss. At the 4th wk postmolt, body weights were 50 and 57 g heavier for hens that had lost 15% body weight than those that lost 25 or 20%, respectively, and egg production was negatively linearly related to body weight loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Legal and Policy Perspectives on Transition Assessment and Documentation

Federal policy regarding students with disabilities in the 21st century has emphasized a concern for adult outcomes. Recent federal legislation, particularly the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), retitled the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, has sought to foster productive transition to help students fulfill postsecondary goals. In this article, the author reviews new policies regarding transition assessment and documentation, with a focus on how the new Summary of Performance requirement aligns with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990.
Striped Bass, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen: A Speculative Hypothesis for Environmental Risk

Abstract Striped bass Morone saxatilis has a paradoxical record of distribution and abundance, including population declines in coastal waters and variable success of freshwater introductions. This record is analyzed for consistency with a hypothesis that striped bass are “squeezed” between their thermal and dissolved oxygen preferences or requirements. A commonality among diverse field and laboratory observations supports an inherent thermal niche for the species that changes to lower temperatures as fish age. This shift can cause local conditions, especially warm surface strata and deoxygenated deep water, to be incompatible with the success of large fish. Crowding due to temperature preferences alone or coupled with avoidance of low oxygen concentrations can lead to pathology and overfishing, which may contribute to population declines. Through a mixture of evidence and conjecture, the thermal niche-dissolved oxygen hypothesis is proposed as a unified perspective of the habitat requirements of the spec...
National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance

National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance. John Charles Chasteen, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004. 257 pp.
Weaving community with community fibre: community informatics and the broadband revolution

Unexpectedly, the widespread availability of very very high speed (Broadband) bandwidth into communities and within large centres has become not only a long-term possibility but an immediate reality. Optical fibre connections and trunk lines provide data speed and flow-through capacity at levels unimaginable only a few years ago. Widespread, and even universal distribution (in Canada for example) of Broadband connectivity is being widely discussed. This paper examines the range of community applications and the implications of the implementation of community based Broadband applications.
Trichophytobezoar Duodenal Obstruction in New World Camelids

Objective— To describe clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome associated with trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids. Study Design— Retrospective study Animals— Alpacas (7) and 1 llama. Methods— Historical and clinical data were obtained from the medical records of New World camelids with a diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction confirmed by surgical exploration or necropsy. Results— Seven camelids were <1 year old. Abnormal clinical findings included anorexia, reduced fecal output, recumbency, colic, abdominal distension, regurgitation, decreased serum chloride concentration, increased serum bicarbonate concentration, and/or elevated first gastric compartment chloride concentration. Survey abdominal radiographs obtained (4 animals) revealed gastric distension (4) and/or visualization of the obstruction (2). Diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy (1) or surgery (7). Right paracostal celiotomy was performed on all animals and duodenotomy (3) or retropulsion of the trichophytobezoar combined with third compartment gastrotomy (4) was used to remove the obstruction. Six animals survived to discharge and 5 were healthy at follow-up, 8–20 months later. The remaining discharged alpaca was healthy at 12 months but subsequently died of unrelated causes. Conclusions— Diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction should be considered in juvenile New World camelids with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Right paracostal celiotomy can be used for access to the descending duodenum and third gastric compartment for surgical relief of obstruction. Clinical Relevance— Duodenal obstruction from bezoars should be considered in New World camelids <1year of age with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Surgical relief of the obstruction by right paracostal celiotomy has a good prognosis.
Serum-starvation induces the extracellular appearance of FGF-1

Autocrine/paracrine stimulation of cell growth by members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of polypeptides is dependent upon extracellular interactions with specific high affinity receptors at the cell surface. Acidic FGF (FGF-1) lacks a classical signal sequence for secretion, suggesting that intrinsic levels of this mitogen may not stimulate cell growth and utilizes a non-classical pathway to gain access to the extracellular compartment. To evaluate the biological potential of intracellular FGF-1 more rigorously, human cDNA sequences for the growth factor were introduced into primary murine embryonic fibroblasts using retrovirally mediated gene transfer. Heparin affinity, Western analysis, mitogenic assays, in situ immunohistochemical techniques, induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and antibody inhibition studies were used to demonstrate functionality of the FGF-1 transgene in this experimental model. Under normal culture conditions, cells constitutively expressing intracellular FGF-1 exhibited a slight growth advantage. In contrast, when maintained in reduced serum, these cells adopted a transformed phenotype and demonstrated an enhanced growth potential, induction of FGF-specific phosphotyrosyl proteins and the nuclear association of the growth factor. Analysis of the conditioned media from these stressed cells indicated that serum starvation induces the secretion of FGF-1 as latent high molecular mass complexes requiring reducing agents to activate its full biological potential.
A customized hand cycle brake system to improve safety and performance for quadriplegic users

Quadriplegic hand cycles currently on the market possess brakes that are located in areas that create a safety hazard due to the user's limited hand functionality. The customized mechanical and electronic braking system presented here will allow for enhanced performance, eliminating this safety issue. To ensure the effectiveness of the system, a minimum force test was performed on the mechanical brake. It was found that a force of 10 lb was required to activate the brake, which is producible by quadriplegics. The electronic brake sensor was shown to be very effective after 50 cycles of the repeatability tests, passing the Flexiforce's linearity requirement of +/− 3%. Therefore, the two in one braking system proves to be effective in stopping the wheel as well as meeting the needs of the quadriplegic users
Understanding and predicting personal navigation

This paper presents an algorithm that predicts with very high accuracy which Web search result a user will click for one sixth of all Web queries. Prediction is done via a straightforward form of personalization that takes advantage of the fact that people often use search engines to re-find previously viewed resources. In our approach, an individual's past navigational behavior is identified via query log analysis and used to forecast identical future navigational behavior by the same individual. We compare the potential value of personal navigation with general navigation identified using aggregate user behavior. Although consistent navigational behavior across users can be useful for identifying a subset of navigational queries, different people often use the same queries to navigate to different resources. This is true even for queries comprised of unambiguous company names or URLs and typically thought of as navigational. We build an understanding of what personal navigation looks like, and identify ways to improve its coverage and accuracy by taking advantage of people's consistency over time and across groups of individuals.
System implications of integrated photonics

Micron-scale photonic devices integrated with standard CMOS processes have the potential to dramatically increase system bandwidths, performance, and configuration flexibility while reducing system power. I first describe some recent developments in silicon nanophotonic technology, such as microring resonators. Small devices have many advantages: reduced power, increased density, and increased speed. By integrating many thousands of these devices on a chip, photonics could potentially be used for most high-speed off-chip and global on-chip communication. Integrated photonics has many advantages at the board and rack scale as well. Recent high-speed board-level electrical signaling (>2.5GHz) precludes the use of multi-drop busses or communication over long distances on ordinary inexpensive PC board materials. By using photonics, high fan-out and high-fan-in bus structures can be built. Due to the low loss of optical signals versus distance, these structures can even be distributed over rack-scale distances. This dramatically increases system flexibility while reducing interconnect power. As an example of the potential impact of photonics, I describe a system architecture for the 2017 time frame we call Corona. Corona is a 3D many-core architecture that uses nanophotonic communication for both inter-core communication and off-stack communication to memory or I/O devices. Dense wavelength division multiplexed optically connected memory modules provide 10 terabyte per second memory bandwidth. A photonic crossbar fully interconnects its 256 low-power multithreaded cores at 20 terabyte per second bandwidth. We believe that in comparison with an electrically-connected many-core alternative, Corona can provide 2 to 6 times more performance on many memory intensive workloads, while simultaneously significantly reducing power.
Parolees’ Physical Closeness to Social Services: A Study of California Parolees

This study examines the proximity of service providers to recently released parolees in California over a 2-year period (2005-2006). The addresses of parolee residences and service providers are geocoded, and the number of various types of service providers within 2 miles (3.2 km) of a parolee are measured. “Potential demand” is measured as the number of parolees within 2 miles of a provider. Although racial and ethnic minority parolees have more service providers nearby, these providers appear to be particularly impacted based on potential demand. It is also found that the parolees arguably most in need of social services—those who have spent more time in correctional institutions, have been convicted of more serious or violent crimes in their careers, or are sex offenders—live near fewer social services, or the providers near them appear impacted.
Convergence of the chirped return-to-zero and dispersion managed soliton modulation formats in WDM systems

We investigated chirped return-to-zero (CRZ) and dispersion-managed soliton (DMS) formats that have been employed in experimental demonstration systems at Tyco, CNET, and KDD. We find that the DMS format and the CRZ pulse format used in these systems have been converging. By careful study of noise effects, single-channel nonlinear effects, and multichannel nonlinear effects, we provide evidence that these systems all operate in a quasi-linear region. In this regime, the pulse shape evolution is dominated by linear dispersion and the spread in the eye diagrams is dominated by signal-spontaneous beat noise, much as would be the case in a linear system. However, it is necessary to carefully manage the nonlinearity in these systems to minimize timing jitter due to interpulse interactions in a single channel, as well as interchannel interactions. Thus, nonlinearity plays an important role in system design.
Push-pull modulation of coupled-cavity VCSELs

Coupled-cavity VCSELs have the ability to modulate the longitudinal optical mode distribution. This longitudinal mode modulation can produce light output modulation without changing the total carrier and photon densities in the laser.
"Imagine All the People, Sharing. . ." or a (Not so) Modest Proposal Made on the Eve of IDEA Reauthorization.

The authors present a brief commentary and analysis of two problems related to 30 years of IDEA implementation: an increasing schism between general education and special education, and the unequal treatment of an entire class of students. Over the years, special education has become its own microcosm of programs and practices, making it difficult to realize an interdisciplinary approach to the education of all students. The authors analyze the possible sociopsychological implications of the categorization of students. They end with their vision of the unification of general education and special education into one education system for all students. DESCRIPTORS: educational reform, racially integrated, separatism
δ13C and δD compositions of n-alkanes from modern angiosperms and conifers: An experimental set up in central Washington State, USA

This study investigates stable carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of leaf wax n-alkanes from 3 angiosperm and 2 conifer species from a semi-desert natural environment. The δ13C and δD n-C27 alkane data show a clear distinction between Populus tremuloides/Syringa vulgaris (−31.9 to −32.7‰ and −168 to −186‰, respectively) and Pinus sylvestris/Picea pungens (−28.8 to −30.6‰ and −190 to −212‰) throughout the 2005 growing season. Like the other angiosperm species, Betula pendula was D-enriched (−162 to −178‰) relative to the conifer species. However, its δ13C values were more similar to those of Pinus sylvestris and Picea pungens in May, but had a ∼4‰ positive shift later in the season. We suggest that the observed isotopic variations derive mainly from lower stomatal conductance for CO2 and H2O vapor in conifers relative to angiosperms. Betula pendula experienced severe environmental stress that affected its carbon metabolism for most of the season. Our results suggest that shifts in δD and δ13C values of sedimentary leaf waxes may result not only from shifts in the paleoclimatic variables but also from temporal shifts in the distribution of angiosperms and conifers as well as from changes in the isotopic signatures of higher plants undergoing metabolic changes.
Pentamidine-induced severe hyperkalemia.

We now report a case of life-threatening hyperkalemia occurring in a patient treated for presumed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with intramuscular pentamidine
START Triage: Does It Work?

Background A mass casualty incident (MCI) demands rapid and efficient triage of victims. The Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) protocol has been proposed to identify salvageable victims from those with imminent mortality. This study evaluates the efficacy of START triage to predict likelihood of mortality of an MCI trauma victim. Methods Trauma patients were randomly selected using the trauma database at a local Level II trauma center. Survival was defined as a discharge from the hospital with the primary endpoint being death. For respiratory rate 14, one point was given to the victim for each category. Persons who did not meet these criteria were given a score of zero. The scores were then tabulated and analyzed with respect to the primary endpoint. Results Of the 355 persons analyzed, 341 (96%) survived and 14 (3.9%) were categorized as deceased. For patients with a tabulated score ≤1, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 0.4 and 0.98, respectively. For patients with a tabulated score of ≥2, the PPV and NPV were 0.08 and 0.99, respectively. Discussion Of the total victims, 75.77% with a respiratory rate
Complex patterns of fluid flow during wollastonite formation in calcareous sandstones at Laurel Mountain, Mt. Morrison Pendant, California

Late Cretaceous contact metamorphism at Laurel Mountain, east-central California, resulted in growth of wollastonite in calcareous metasandstones during infiltration of water-rich [X(CO 2 ) = 0.03-0.14] fluids. Fluids originated from the Laurel Mountain pluton and other magmatic sources. The mapped distribution of wollastonite versus calcite + quartz in the aureole reveals geometrically complex fluid flow paths at a range of scales. An inner aureole, concentric to the pluton, extends up to 500 m from exposed contacts and is characterized by ubiquitous wollastonite. An outer aureole has irregular distribution of wollastonite, chiefly at faults and stratigraphic contacts. Fluid flow was largely vertical during metamorphism, and permeability varied systematically. As fluids migrated up from crystallizing magmas into pendant rocks, they were variably channeled along a hierarchy of structural features. Faults in the aureole transported the largest fluid fluxes as recorded by δ 1 8 O(Wo) values (7-8‰) that approach equilibrium with the pluton. These faults distributed fluids up and away from the Laurel Mountain pluton. Of the total fluid flow, 2-4% was across layers, which mixed low-δ 1 3 C carbon (-25‰) from pelites into wollastonite metasandstones. Textural and isotopic data indicate that mineral reaction in the inner aureole was controlled by availability of fluids, permeability, and likely temperature; reaction in the outer aureole was driven mostly by access to water-rich fluids. Magmatic fluids in the outer aureole were isotopically shifted farther from magmatic values than fluids in the inner aureole and are inferred to have traveled from deeper sources. Isotope disequilibrium is widespread at Laurel Mountain. Values of Δ 1 8 O(Qt-Cc) in calcareous sandstones (1.78 ′ 0.3‰) indicate exchange, but not equilibration at peak metamorphic temperatures (560 °C). Most Δ 1 B O(Qt-Wo) values (2.0-6.5%o) indicate kinetically controlled exchange and disequilibrium during fluid-rock interaction. Minor isotopic resetting in the aureole was caused by polymetamorphism related to younger plutonism in the eastern Sierra Nevada. This study highlights the complexities of modeling fluid flow during contact metamorphism in composite batholith settings. These complexities include multiple fluid and heat sources, plus variable permeability, temperature, mineral-fluid exchange, and flow path.
Economic Openness and Media Penetration

Using country-level data, this study proposes and tests a multivariate model explaining levels of media penetration around the world, with special interest in the impact of an increasingly global economy on media industries. This study finds that countries with more open economies (i.e., those more exposed to the world market) tend to have higher penetration rates of newspapers, personal computers, Internet hosts, and main telephone lines, even after controlling for GDP per capita, literacy, urbanization, population, levels of democracy and freedom, and regional variables. The data cover most of the countries in the world. The results indicate a link between a global economy and an “information age”—an enormous expansion of world communication. This study complements earlier research on the economic constraints of media penetration; most of the earlier work was done in a U.S. setting and focused on GDP per capita in explaining media penetration.
When a mismatch can be good: large vocabulary speech recognition trained with idealized tandem features

This paper explores Tandem feature extraction used in a large-vocabulary speech recognition system. In this framework a multi-layer perceptron estimates phone probabilities which are treated as acoustic observations in a traditional HMM-GMM system. To determine a lower error bound, we simulated an idealized classifier based on alignment of reference transcriptions. This cheating experiment demonstrated a best-case scenario for Tandem feature extraction, highlighting the potential for dramatic system improvement. More importantly, we discovered a way to exploit the result without cheating: using the simulated classifier during training and a MLP classifier at test, the performance improved despite the mismatched Tandem features.
Bringing psychological science to the forefront of educational policy: Collaborative efforts of the American Psychological Association's Coalition for Psychology in the Schools and Education

The following article details the work of the American Psychological Association's (APA's) Coalition for Psychology in the Schools and Education (CPSE). First, a brief history of the background and creation of the coalition is described. The article then details the projects, completed and ongoing, of the CPSE. Those projects include a Teacher Needs Survey, the work of the Applications of Psychological Science to Teaching and Learning Task Force, and work in education advocacy and on the Higher Education Act. The article concludes with details regarding the composition of the CPSE and specifics regarding the APA divisions represented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does dispersal influence the strength of intraspecific competition in a stream salamander

Metacommunity ecology emphasizes the role of dispersal in linking local processes across space. Competition is one such local process that can be affected by dispersal. Dispersal can influence intraspecific trait variation, thereby affecting the strength of intraspecific competition and, consequently, the relative importance of intra- versus interspecific interactions. Prior research has shown that spring salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, self-organize within streams by a common trait (body condition) and that dispersal and gene flow along streams vary with slope. Building on this prior work, we tested how dispersal influences the strength of intraspecific competition via one of two spatial mechanisms: (1) spatial sorting of individuals by traits that affect competitive performance or (2) variation in gene flow resulting in evolutionary divergence of traits affecting competitive performance. To test these alternative mechanisms, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with spring salamanders from downstream and upstream sites of streams with low and high rates of dispersal and gene flow. Spatial patterns of intraspecific competitive performance differed significantly in the low- and high-dispersal streams. In the low-dispersal stream, downstream individuals were better intraspecific competitors than upstream individuals, whereas the opposite was true in the high-dispersal stream. These differences support the spatial sorting mechanism, reinforcing direct dispersal data showing that high-performance individuals are more likely to move upstream in the high-dispersal stream and to remain downstream in the low-dispersal stream. To our knowledge, this is the first time that spatial sorting has been explicitly identified as contributing to the strength of intraspecific interactions. Our study underscores the importance of integrating natural rates of dispersal into mechanistic experiments to understand spatial variability in the strength of intra- and interspecific species interactions.
Task division in collaborative simulations

We describe a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of task division on collaboration between pairs of users in asynchronous groupware simulation. The study involved measuring and analyzing over 50 performance criteria on 16 team pairs. Statistically significant results show that task division increased team interaction and improved group performance in subsequent unrelated group activities when compared to a control version of the software. The simulation, CollabBillboard, was developed as part of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's technology enhanced collaborative classroom.
Genetic analysis of LOH of chromosome 1p, 19q and PIK3CA mutations in oligodendrogliomas

2803 Multiple genetic alterations have been identified in oligodendrogliomas, including the loss of chromosome 1p and 19q and the recent identification of PIK3CA mutations. The loss of 1p and 19q in oligodendrogliomas is a well established genetic phenomenon which has important prognostic and therapeutic implications for patients with these tumors. To ascertain any relationship between 1p and 19q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and PIK3CA mutations in oligodendroglioma samples evaluated histologically by two board-certified neuropathologists at Duke, we initially performed a microsatellite analysis on 44 tumors using a panel of 6 microsatellite markers. We found 1p and 19q LOH in 60% (13/22) of the well-differentiated oligodendrogliomas and 81% (18/22) of the anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. Mutations in PIK3CA, a member of the PI3K family, have been identified in a significant fraction (25-30%) of colorectal cancers, gastric cancers, and glioblastomas, and in a smaller fraction of breast and lung cancers. To determine whether PIK3CA is genetically altered in the oligodendrogliomas, we performed a large-scale mutational analysis of PIK3CA coding sequences on the same oligodendroglioma samples. We discovered eight unique missense mutations in oligodendrogliomas that clustered in the helical and catalytic domains. PIK3CA mutations were identified in 17% (6/36) of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, but only in 6% (2/32) of the well-differentiated oligodendrogliomas. Of note, all of the tumors with PIK3CA mutations possessed the LOH of 1p and 19q. Evidence from several retrospective studies suggests that allelic losses of 1p and 19q serve as molecular markers for response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and are an indicator of prolonged survival in patients with oligodendroglioma. This novel discovery here of relatively common PIK3CA mutations in anaplastic oligodendroglioma and their association with 1p, 19q LOH gives new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors and suggests the need to evaluate outcomes of patients with PIK3CA mutations. These mutations may serve as additional important prognostic markers.
A 13CO Survey of Intermediate-mass Star-forming Regions

We have conducted a 13CO survey of a sample of 128 infrared color-selected intermediate-mass star-forming region (IM SFR) candidates. We utilized the Onsala 20 m telescope to observe 13CO (1–0) toward 67 northern IM SFRs, used the 12 m Atacama Pathfinder Experiment telescope to observe 13CO (2–1) toward 22 southern IM SFRs, and incorporated an additional 39 sources from the Boston University Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey which observed 13CO (1–0). We detect 13CO (1–0) in 58 of the 67 northern sources and 13CO (2–1) in 20 of the 22 southern sources. The mean molecular column densities and 13CO linewidths in the inner Galaxy are higher by factors of 3.4 and 1.5, respectively, than the outer Galaxy. We attribute this difference to molecular clouds in the inner Galaxy being more massive and hosting star forming regions with higher luminosities on average than the outer Galaxy. IM SFRs have mean a molecular column density of 7.89 × 1021 cm−2, a factor of 3.1 lower than that for a sample of high-mass regions, and have a mean 13CO linewidth of 1.84 km s−1, a factor of 1.5 lower than that for high-mass regions. We demonstrate a correlation between 13CO linewidth and infrared luminosity as well as between molecular column density and infrared luminosity for the entire sample of intermediate-mass and high-mass regions. IM SFRs appear to form in distinctly lower-density environments with mean linewidths and beam-averaged column densities a factor of several lower than high-mass star-forming regions.
National Origin, Immigrants, and the Workplace: The Employment Cases in Latinos and the Law and the Advocates' Perspective

This article reviews the employment cases in Delgado, Perea, and Stefancic's Latinos and the Law, taking the textbook as a reference point for describing the role of organizations like the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund in the litigation and advocacy of civil rights positions in the cases. It explains the importance of such organizations in challenging assumptions that conflate Latinos and immigrants in the workplace, to the detriment of each subgroup. The MALDEF advocacy story helps to highlight the contested nature of national origin doctrine throughout the law, and specifically in the workplace context.
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Gene Disruption Produces Intrauterine Lethality in Mice

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a multivalent Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor that directly inhibits factor Xa and, in a factor Xa–dependent fashion, produces feedback inhibition of the factor VIIa/TF catalytic complex responsible for the initiation of coagulation. To further define the physiologic role of TFPI, gene-targeting techniques were used to disrupt exon 4 of the TFPI gene in mice. This exon encodes Kunitz domain-1 of TFPI, which is required for factor VIIa/TF inhibition. In mice heterozygous for TFPI gene-disruption, TFPIK1(+/−), an altered form of TFPI lacking Kunitz domain-1, circulates in plasma at a concentration ∼40% that of wild-type TFPI. TFPIK1(+/−) animals have plasma TFPI activity ∼50% that of wild-type mice, based on a functional assay that measures factor VIIa/TF inhibition, and have a normal phenotype. Sixty percent of TFPIK1(−/−) mice die between embryonic days E9.5 and E11.5 with signs of yolk sac hemorrhage. The extent of structural abnormalities within the yolk sac vascular system appears to mirror the condition of the embryo, suggesting that the embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues are both responding to same insult, presumably circulatory insufficiency. Organogenesis is normal in TFPIK1 null animals that progress beyond E11.5, but hemorrhage, particularly in the central nervous system and tail, is evident during later gestation and none of the TFPIK1(−/−) mice survive to the neonatal period. The presence of immunoreactive fibrin(ogen) in the liver and intravascular thrombi is consistent with the notion that unregulated factor VIIa/TF action and a consequent consumptive coagulopathy underlies the bleeding diathesis in these older embryos. Human TFPI-deficient embryos may suffer a similar fate because an individual with TFPI deficiency has not been identified.
Non destructive testing of test objects.

In order to determine the visibility of various features by different techniques and in different settings, several test objects containing wires have been used as standards. Examples are shown of the use of x-ray and active thermal imaging for the detection of inclusions. The effect of x-ray accelerating voltage and confounding materials on the x-ray images is shown. Calculated transmission functions for selected materials at a range of voltages are given. The effect of confounding materials, finishes, and textures on thermography is shown and on x-radiography is discussed.
LEFT VENTRICULAR DIFFUSE MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS IN SURVIVORS OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT REPAIR AND CORRELATION WITH MYOCARDIAL STRAIN BY CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE: INSIGHT INTO MECHANISM OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION

2 important complications after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair are left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and poor exercise performance. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can assess myocardial strain and determine diffuse myocardial fibrosis (DMF) using T1 mapping. Pts underwent CMR for ventricular
In Defense of the Play-Creativity Hypothesis

The hypothesis that pretend play facilitates the creative thought process in children has received a great deal of attention. In a literature review, Lillard et al. (2013, p. 8) concluded that the evidence for this hypothesis was “not convincing.” This article focuses on experimental and training studies that have tested this hypothesis. As categorized by Lillard et al., the majority of these studies failed to find evidence for the hypothesis. Furthermore, they contend that several of the studies that found evidence for the hypothesis were flawed either methodologically or statistically. This review of the evidence relative to this hypothesis included a larger number of studies, and, more important, screened studies for statistical power. The conclusion reached is that that the hypothesis is likely true. Additionally, it is shown that Lillard et al.’s criticisms of the studies that found evidence for the hypothesis do not stand up on close examination
Effects of Employees’ Positive Affective Displays on Customer Loyalty Intentions: An Emotions-as-Social-Information Perspective

Employees’ positive affective displays have been widely used as a strategic tool to enhance service experience and strengthen customer relationships. Companies have primarily focused their employee...