cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary elements and nuclear organization

Functional compartmentalization of eukaryotic genomes is thought to be necessary for the proper regulation of gene expression. Chromatin insulators or boundary elements have been implicated in the establishment of this compartmentalization, as they may be involved in creating independent chromatin domains. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of insulator function suggest a role for boundary elements in determining transcriptional identity of chromatin and in organizing chromatin into structural compartments within the nucleus. Insulators may thus be involved in setting up topological chromatin domains associated with particular transcriptional states.
Production and specificity of antibodies to streptococci in the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii.

Abstract Specific antibody activity at high levels to group A streptococcal carbohydrate was detected by radioimmunoassay in the sera of certain hagfish immunized with streptococcal whole cells. Antigen binding activity could be depleted by absorption of immune serum with streptococcal cells but not with sheep erythrocytes. Sugar inhibition studies indicated that rhanmose was the immunodominant sugar recognized in the A carbohydrate by hagfish antibody. This was in contrast to previous identification of N-acetylglucosamine as the immunodominant sugar recognized by antibodies from mammalian species.
An analysis of the quantity and diversity of messenger RNAs from pollen and shoots of Zea mays

The mRNAs of the mature pollen grain of Zea mays and of vegetative shoots were analyzed by comparing the kinetics of hydridization between homologous and heterologous reactions of cDNA to poly-(A)RNA in excess. The total complexity of pollen poly-(A)RNA i s 2.4×107 nucleotides, whereas in the seedling shoot it is 4.0×107 nucleotides. This corresponds to 24,000 different sequences in pollen and about 31,000 diverse mRNAs in shoots. The mRNAs in pollen can be divided into three abundance classes that constitute 35%, 49% and 15% of the total mRNAs having complexities of 2.1×105, 6.4×106 and 1.8×107 nucleotides, respectively. Estimates have been made of the number of copies of each sequence per pollen grain or shoot cell, and also of the pollen mRNA sequences shared with those of the shoot.
Application of a multi-element Ge detector in laser pump/x-ray probe time-domain x-ray absorption fine structure

The characterization and application of a multi-element Ge solid state detector in time-domain laser pump, x-ray probe (LPXP) x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) using a third-generation synchrotron source (Advanced Photon Source or APS) are described. In particular, the following problems are discussed: (1) proper handling of high numbers of x-ray photons within a single pulse or pulse cluster, (2) optimizing the incident number of photons, (3) synchronization of the laser pulse, the x-ray pulse and the detector readout, and (4) shaping time and timing requirements of the detector. Based on the study, we estimate the detector efficiency for LPXP-XAFS experiments and identify the problems and possible solutions.
WE-C-BRB-10: Dynamic Accelerated Partial Breast Arc Irradiation via Synchronized Trajectories of Couch and Gantry

Purpose: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and external beam boosts of the lumpectomy cavity are accessible non‐invasive alternatives to brachytherapy techniques. However, the utilization of IMRT, in a manner to adequately spare normal tissue beyond the chest wall, is limited due to angular and geometrical clearance restrictions in isocentric breast setups. To address this, a novel method is introduced in which synchronized motion of the gantry and couch, in conjunction with a prone breast setup, enables the placement of horizontal arcs around the ipsilateral breast and provides conformal coverage of complex targets with substantial sparing of normal tissue. Methods: Optimization algorithms were developed to determine non‐collisional gantry and couch trajectories that can concurrently maintain the target within beam apertures defined by a multi‐leaf collimator. The Varian TrueBeam STx, which in Developer Mode allows for customized programmable motion of the couch during beam‐on, was used to implement the method. Patient scans, simulated in the prone position on an in‐house immobilization board were used for treatment planning of non‐isocentric intensity modulated arcs. The dosimetric results were quantified against conventional limited angle IMRT for the clinical cases of APBI and lumpectomy boosts. Results: Relative to a typical 5 field IMRT APBI beam arrangement as suggested by RTOG‐0413, the proposed dynamic arc method resulted in 44% lower volume of normal tissue receiving 50% of the prescription (V50), and 40% lower volume of normal tissue receiving 100% of the prescription (V100). Conclusions: Recent reports have correlated the occurrence of unacceptable cosmesis in APBI to the volume of normal breast tissue receiving 50% and 100% of the prescription dose. From the results of this study, it is anticipated that the proposed method of synchronous treatment trajectories of the couch and gantry can allow for more clinically favorable APBI treatments.
Assessing Students' Awareness of Environmental Problems

(1974). Assessing Students' Awareness of Environmental Problems. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 5, Social Studies and the Environment, pp. 14-18.
Clinical techniques for diagnosing cardiovascular abnormalities in performance horses

Abstract Horses are frequently evaluated at referral institutions for poor exercise performance. Although the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems are more common causes of reduced athletic ability, the cardiovascular system is also an important cause, and horses with cardiac disease often present with a vague complaint of exercise intolerance. Determination of the contribution of cardiovascular abnormalities to decreased athletic ability may be difficult, as horses have a high percentage of murmurs and dysrhythmias that may not influence performance. However, they also may have paroxysmal or exercise-induced dysfunction that decreases cardiac output, and thus performance. Although resting examinations (physical exam and auscultation, electrocardiography, and echocardiography) will detect overt cardiac disease, and are an important part of the exam, an exercise test is crucial in the detection of exercise-induced dysfunction. The high-speed treadmill has revolutionized our ability to evaluate these horses. Exercising electrocardiography is used to evaluate heart rhythm during exercise, while functional evaluation with echocardiography is restricted to the immediate post-exercise period. In the future, measurement of exercising ventricular pressure dynamics and cardiac output may provide useful information in selected cases.
Modeling of supersonic turbulent combustion using assumed probability density functions

Recent calculations of turbulent supersonic reacting shear flows using an assumed multivariate beta probability density function (PDF) resulted in reduced production rates and a delay in the onset of combustion. This result is not consistent with available measurements. Earlier work was based on a one-equation turbulence model that required a specification of the length scale, PDFs that did not yield Favre-averaged quantities, and the gradient diffusion assumption. The present work incorporates a two-equation turbulence model based on a kappa-omega formulation, a PDF that yields Favre averages, and relaxes the gradient diffusion assumption. Results suggest that the form of the assumed multivariate PDF and the gradient diffusion assumption are the main causes of the discrepancy. 15 refs.
Sperm whales (Physeter catodon) react to pingers

Abstract Sperm whales, Physeter catodon , temporarily interrupted their own sound production in reaction to underwater pulses produced by our calibration sound sources (pingers). All seven whales that passed close to the hydrophone array at different times reacted the same way. They remained silent for at least 2 min, and some of the more distant ones quieted for shorter periods. Acoustic tracking of the sounds indicated that these whales moved underwater at a speed of about 2 knots and downward at a slope of 10–15°, in the general direction of other clicking sperm whales.
The Advection–Diffusion Problem for Stratospheric Flow. Part II: Probability Distribution Function of Tracer Gradients

This paper is a continuation of the study of the advection‐diffusion problem for stratospheric flow, and deals with the probability distribution function (PDF) of gradients of a freely decaying passive tracer. Theoretical arguments are reviewed and extended showing that mixing of a weakly diffused tracer by random large-scale flows produces a tracer gradient field whose probability distribution function has ‘‘stretched exponential’’ tails P (| =u |) } exp(2b | =u | g) with g , 1. This contrasts with the lognormal distribution expected for advective mixing in the absence of diffusion. The non-Gaussian distribution of tracer gradients can be derived in terms of the statistics of strain rates of the random driving flow. It is shown that the tails of the gradient PDF provide information about the dissipation scale, the scale selectivity of the dissipation law, and the fluctuations of shortterm strain. The gradient PDF is shown to contain information about tracer variability that is not present at all in the power spectrum of the tracer field. To show that the predictions remain valid for the gradient statistics of passive tracers driven by the wellorganized lower-stratospheric flow with mixing barriers, a series of advection‐diffusion simulations of a decaying passive tracer are presented. The mixing is driven by ECMWF winds on the 420-K isentropic surface using the high-resolution finite-volume model employed in Part I of this paper. It is found that the probability distribution function of the simulated tracer gradients is indeed stretched exponential, with the stretching parameter g 0.55. The largest gradients are not found in the regions of highest Lyapunov exponents, but rather in the surfzone regions adjacent to the reservoirs of high tracer fluctuation amplitude.
Dephosphorylation of Vav is associated with the induction of mouse erythroleukemia cell differentiation: effects of orthovanadate and levamisole.

Mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell erythroid differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) is accompanied by the production of hemoglobin, terminal cell division and decreases in lactate production and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels. A number of studies have suggested that decreases in the cellular level of protein phosphotyrosine content may play a role in MEL cell differentiation. In particular, it was shown that the expression of several protein tyrosine phosphatase genes accompany this process and that the transfection of one of these genes into MEL cells followed by its subsequent expression induced eythroid differentiation. However, none of the physiological substrates for these protein tyrosine phosphatases have been identified. It is shown here that MEL cell differentiation is accompanied by decreases in tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and possibly of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR). Immunoprecipitation of the EpoR and analysis of co-precipitated proteins, indicates that the EpoR associates with Vav, STAT5 and an unidentified 60 Kd protein, . HMBA-induced erythroid differentiation abrogates these associations. The phosphatase inhibitors, Na3VO4 and levamisole, inhibit HMBA-induced differentiation as well as the association of the EpoR with Vav, STAT5 and the 60 Kd protein. This is of interest since Na3VO4, at the concentrations used here, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases. These results suggest that levamisole, at least indirectly, acts by a molecular mechanism similar to that of Na3VO4 and that the loss of the association of the EpoR with Vav, STAT5, and and/or the reduction in the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins may play a role in MEL cell differentiation.
The changepoint problem in a multinomial sequence

The univariate changepoint problem has been extensively studied in the literature. Several investigators have developed test statistics and estimators (both parametric and nonparametric) in classical and Bayesian frameworks. Extensions to multivariate changepoint problems have also been considered. Most such papers have assumed that the variables have continuous distributions. In our study we consider the at most one changepoint(AMOC) problem in a sequence of multinomial random variables. Three estimators to detect a possible change in the sequence are proposed. The results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the estimators are presented.
Geometric Constructions for Determining the Screw Reciprocal to Five Lines

Screws reciprocal to five lines appear in the inverse Jacobian and statics equations of many serial and parallel robots. By closely examining the geometry of systems of five lines, a set of geometric procedures for computing reciprocal screws is derived. The methodology is based on the fact that one screw in a cylindroid reciprocal to four lines is reciprocal to a fifth independent line. The constructions are easy to implement and provide geometric insight into reciprocal screws and singularities.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Power: Fuses and circuit breakers: Dispelling some myths: Both have advantages and shortcomings. For home and light commercial use, a hybrid fuse-breaker combination is recommended

The author discusses the principles, and advantages and shortcomings for home and light commercial use. A hybrid fuse-breaker combination is recommended.
Identifying women's descriptions of breast tissue for the promotion of breast self-examination.

The purpose of this study was to identify women's descriptions of their breast tissue. Concrete objective descriptions of the breast, in women's own words, are important to formulate an intervention, based on a self‐regulation framework, designed to promote breast self‐examination. Descriptions were initially generated from open‐ended interviews with 27 women scheduled for mammography. The initial descriptions were validated by an additional 25 women scheduled for mammography. The descriptions of the breast that are relevant to women are presented, conclusions for a subsequent intervention study drawn, and implications for practice addressed.
On the Path to Exascale

There is considerable interest in achieving a 1000 fold increase in supercomputing power in the next decade, but the challenges are formidable. In this paper, the authors discuss some of the driving science and security applications that require Exascale computing a million, trillion operations per second. Key architectural challenges include power, memory, interconnection networks and resilience. The paper summarizes ongoing research aimed at overcoming these hurdles. Topics of interest are architecture aware and scalable algorithms, system simulation, 3D integration, new approaches to system-directed resilience and new benchmarks. Although significant progress is being made, a broader international program is needed.
Orientation controlled schottky barrier formation at Au Nanoparticle?SrTiO3 interfaces

In this paper, the electrical transport of Au nanoparticle/SrTiO(3) nanointerfaces has been studied. The fabrication method detailed creates atomically smooth SrTiO(3) substrate and controlled Au nanoparticle morphologies to create two unique interfaces. The two interfaces are identifiable in atomic force microscope images allowing us to compare variations in the electronic structure using scanning force spectroscopy. By combining AC imaging with scanning force spectroscopy, the interfaces are effectively probed and left undisturbed. The ideality factor and Schottky barrier height are obtained and compared with one orientation exhibiting deviations from thermionic emission theory while the other showing strong similarities to large area Schottky contacts. It is thus shown that controlling the interface structure is of utmost importance to controlling nanoscale Schottky barriers.
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan decarboxylase activity: microassay and distribution in discrete rat brain nuclei.

— 5-Hydroxy-l-tryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) activity was measured in discrete regions of the rat brain by means of a sensitive micromethod lhat allows the quantitation of enzyme activity in μg amounts of brain tissue. A good correlation was obtained between serotonin levels and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan decarboxylase activity in all the brain regions examined. Wide differences in enzyme activity were found in the different brain nuclei, with a 20-fold difference in activity between the most active region (the nucleus raphe dorsalis) and the least active regions (the corpus callosum and the optic tract).
Psychopathy scores reveal heterogeneity among patients with borderline personality disorder

The treatment and management of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in psychiatric and forensic settings can be exceptionally challenging because such individuals usually evidence serious emotional and behavioral difficulties, including self-harm, impulsivity, affect dysregulation, and aggression. Utilizing a sample of 221 psychiatric patients meeting criteria for BPD, the current study systematically examines the underlying heterogeneity in BPD vis-a-vis psychopathy in an attempt to identify meaningful subgroups. We used latent profile analysis, bootstrapping techniques and analysis of variance to items in a scale assessing psychopathy to identify four subtypes of BPD which differed significantly by gender, level of psychopathy, criminal history and other salient characteristics. Findings hold significant implications for treatment and for guiding the refinement of existing evidence-based interventions and community management strategies.
Chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of antiviral agents.

Abstract The present review has concentrated on chromatographic techniques for the quantitative determination of antiviral drugs in biological samples. Special attention has been paid to the elements of chromatographic assays that are essential to ensure selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the various methods. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to determine the suitability of the methods for application to investigations in pharmacokinetics in man and experimental animals, biopharmaceutics, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolism and pharmacology. Because of the serious consequences of infection from material contaminated with viruses, special consideration has been given to the handling of contaminated samples. It was convenient to divide the antiviral drugs for the purpose of this review into two groups, the nucleoside and the non-nucleoside antiviral drugs. The nucleosides discussed are vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin, riboxamide, acyclovir, ganciclovir, desciclovir, carbovir, 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine, zidovudine, 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine, 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine, idoxuridine, 5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-fluoro-5-iodoaracytidine and 5-iodo-2′-deoxycytidine. The non-nucleoside antiviral drugs discussed are arildone, amantidine, rimantidine, moroxydine, enviroxime, foscarnet and ampligen.
INTERFACES AND TOUGHENING IN CERAMICS

Fracture mechanics modelling has recently provided insight into the role of interfaces in toughening of ceramics and ceramic composites by reinforcements that form crack bridging ligaments. Some results of the modelling are summarized and an indentation method is described for measuring interfacial mechanical properties (debond energy, frictional sliding resistance, and residual stresses) at individual fibers in composites with weak interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix.
Wave-based signal processing

This paper addresses the problem of adaptive sensing based on multiple sensor modalities. Assuming a multi-modality sensing problem is considered, that physical insight is available, and that a certain quantity of data has been collected thus far from the scene under test. The objective is to optimally choose what new multi-sensor data should be collected, with the objective of maximizing classification performance while minimizing sensing costs (e.g., battery use, time, etc.). It is desirable that the algorithm be non-myopic, in the sense that it accounts for the immediate utility of a given sensor, as well as the properties of sensing over a discounted infinite horizon. For example, a sequence of inexpensive measurements may have the same utility as a single expensive measurement, and the inexpensive measurements are only preferred if the algorithm operates non-myopically (i.e., the algorithm addresses long-term performance, looking ahead, rather than myopically and greedily choosing the sensor that yields the immediate best performance, independent of cost). The problem is solved via a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and this paper explains how the underlying wave physics is employed to improve POMDP sensing performance. The basic framework has been applied successfully to several sensing scenarios, and this paper focuses on the specific problem of multi-modality sensing of buried land mines.
Differential reflectometry of thin film metal oxides on copper, tungsten, molybdenum and chromium

Abstract A differential reflectometry study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of thin oxide films on metal substrates. The oxides were produced by heating pure metals of copper, tungsten, molybdenum and chromium in dry oxygen. A new “half polishing” technique was applied to obtain specimens with a step in oxide thickness in order to make them suitable for differential reflectometry. It was found that oxides formed this way yielded the same differential reflectograms as by electrochemical oxidation. A mathematical model involving the interaction of light with a thin corrosion product on metal substrates was applied to generate computer calculated differential reflectograms utilizing various optical constants and thicknesses of the assumed film. Three different thickness ranges have been identified. (a) For large film thicknesses, the differential reflectograms are distinguished by a sequence of interference peaks. (b) If the product of thickness and refraction index of the films is smaller than about 40 nm, no interference peaks are present. Any experimentally observed peaks in differential reflectograms of these films are caused entirely by electron interband transitions. (c) In an intermediate thickness range, superposition of interference and interband peaks are observed.
Spontaneous narrative-discourse performance of parents of autistic individuals.

The spontaneous narrative-discourse performance of parents of autistic individuals was compared to controls. The narratives of autism parents were similar in length to controls’ narratives but were...
Efficacy of selected media for recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from frozen chicken meat containing sodium chloride, sodium lactate or polyphosphate

The viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in frozen chicken meat (CM) containing sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium lactate, or polyphosphate over an 18 month period was determined. Additionally, several recovery media were evaluated. Ground CM (10 g) was inoculated (106 cfu g-1) with E. coli O157:H7, then held at -20°C. Surviving cells were enumerated monthly using a nonselective medium, tryptic soy agar (TSA). After 11 months, seven additional recovery media were also used to evaluate the ability to recover freeze/NaCl-injured cells. In all treatments, the initial population decreased (P < 0·05) during storage. In CM with no additives, E. coli O157:H7 decreased by 0·6 log10 cfu g-1 in 18 months. Addition of NaCl and sodium lactate resulted in reductions (P < 0·05) ranging from 1·4-2·4 log10 cfu g-1 over the same period. Addition of polyphosphate did not affect recovery (P < 0·05). Recovery of E. coli O157:H7 was least (P < 0·05) from CM containing 8% NaCl, and recovery was least efficient (P < 0·05) on selective media (i.e. MacConkey sorbitol agar, MSA). The addition of Mg2+ to MSA did not enhance recovery. Highest recoveries (P < 0·05) occurred on TSA, TSA plus 1% pyruvic acid and phenol red sorbitol agar (PRSA). E. coli O157:H7 survived (≥18 months) well in frozen poultry, and selective media such as MSA were inadequate for recovering freeze/NaCl-injured cells.
Time course and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthases expression during cardiac allograft rejection

Abstract Background . We have demonstrated that inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ameliorated acute cardiac allograft rejection. This study determined the time course and cellular localization of inducible NOS expression during the histologic progression of unmodified acute rat cardiac allograft rejection. Methods . Tissue from syngeneic (ACI to ACI) and allogeneic (Lewis to ACI) transplants were harvested on postoperative days 3 through 10 and analyzed for inducible NOS mRNA expression (ribonuclease protection assay), inducible NOS enzyme activity (conversion of l-[ 3 H]arginine to nitric oxide and l- [ 3 H]citrulline), and nitric oxide production (serum nitrite/ nitrate levels). Inducible NOS mRNA and protein expression were localized using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results . Inducible NOS mRNA and enzyme activity were expressed in allografts during mild, moderate, and severe acute rejection (postoperative days 4 through 10), but were not detected in normals, isografts, or allografts before histologic changes of mild acute rejection (postoperative day 3). Inducible NOS expression resulted in increased serum nitrite/nitrate levels during mild and moderate rejection (postoperative days 4 through 6). Inducible NOS mRNA and protein expression localized to infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells in allograft tissue sections during all stages of rejection but were not detected in allograft parenchymal cells or in normals or isografts. Conclusions . Inducible NOS expression and increased nitric oxide production occurred during the early stages of acute rejection, persisted throughout the unmodified rejection process, and localized to infiltrating inflammatory cells but not allograft parenchymal cells during all stages of acute rejection.
The “One Source” cohort — evaluating the suitability of the human toenail as a manganese biomonitor

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the human toenail is a reliable biomonitor for the intake of Se and other elements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the toenail as a biomonitor for Mn. Toenail specimens from One Source™ multivitamin users and matched controls were selected. Se was measured using established NAA methods, then Mn was measured via a new procedure. The Se results confirmed the accurate classification of the cohort. However, the nail did not show significant, positive response to Mn supplementation. We hypothesize that the persistence of exogenous Mn confounded the results.
Sensory Determinants of Workload and Stress in Sustained Attention

Audio-visual differences regarding temporal changes in the workload and stress associated with vigilance performance were examined. Detection probability was superior for the auditory modality. Global workload scores (NASA-TLX) for both modalities did not increase over time but scores on the Frustration subscale did. Observers became more stressed over time (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire), though those in the auditory condition recovered toward the end of the watch. Sensory factors have different implications for the workload and stress of sustained attention.
The role of ethnic identity in the relationship of race-related stress to PTSD symptoms among young adults.

ABSTRACT Although many studies have shown that stronger ethnic identity is associated with better adjustment, the role of ethnic identity in the context of race-related threat is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ethnic identity on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the context of race-related stress, particularly to examine whether ethnic identity moderates the effect of racism on consequent PTSD symptoms. Subjects were 91 undergraduate students (11% Caucasian, 6.6% African American, 18.7% Hispanic, 47.3% Asian, 5.5% Middle Eastern, and 8.8% Other) who reported experiences of race-related stress. Race-related stress, ethnic identity, and PTSD symptoms were assessed through self-report measures. Results of a simultaneous multiple regression indicated that ethnic identity moderated PTSD symptoms in response to perceived racism, such that stronger ethnic identity was associated with more PTSD symptoms in the face of increasing levels of race-relate...
Methodological Issues in the Assessment of Diabetes Treatment Adherence

Improving treatment adherence in patients with diabetes remains an important objective of behavioral science research. However, progress is often limited by the heterogeneity in methods used to measure treatment adherence and difficulties in generalizing across methodologies. Various measurement methods are often used with little attention paid to questions regarding validity. Doubts about validity of adherence measurement often lead investigators to measure distal clinical outcomes instead, such as glycemic control, resulting in a loss of information. This article provides an overview of the literature on diabetes medication adherence, with a focus on measurement issues. We also consider work conducted in other chronic illnesses, particularly HIV/AIDS, that may have value in guiding future directions of diabetes medication adherence research. We highlight the need for focused investigation on how characteristics of self-report methodologies affect the validity of patient responses and conclude with practical recommendations based on the current state of the science.
Holofernes's head: tacen and teaching in the Old English Judith

AElfric's On the Old and New Testament includes a brief synopsis of the story of Judith, the Hebrew widow who decapitated the Assyrian general, Holofernes. In it, AElfric refers his friend Sigeweard to an English version of the Liber Judith which has been written ‘eow mannum to bysne, þaet ge eowerne eard mid waemnum bewerian wiþ onwinnendne here’. AElfric thus defines the tropology or moral lesson of the Judith story as a timely call to men such as Sigeweard to resist the invading army of Danes. Most scholars agree that AElfric is alluding to his own homily about Judith (‘on ure wisan gesett’), not the Old English poem celebrating the same heroine. Nevertheless many have held that Anglo-Saxon auditors of the poem derived the militaristic moral from it that AElfric draws from the poem's biblical source.
Comparative effects of ethanol and malnutrition on the development of catecholamine neurons: changes in specific activities of enzymes.

: A rat model was developed in which the comparative effects of malnutrition and ethanol on the neurochemical maturation of catecholamine neurons in brain were studied. The animals were offspring of rats optimally nourished (control pups), fed a diet with 35% of the calories supplied by ethanol (EtOH pups), or a diet calorically equivalent to the latter but lacking ethanol (isocaloric = IC pups). These latter two groups were calorically deprived since rats fed the diet containing ethanol ate 40–60% less than the optimally nourished group. The diets were administered to dams either during the last week of gestation (prenatal) or during lactation (postnatal). The protein content per gram wet weight was not significantly different between brains of control and experimental pups. Developmental changes in EtOH pups were noted in the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). The specific activity of TOH was increased in EtOH and IC pups preand postnatally. In the postnatal experimental group TOH activity in the brains of EtOH pups was higher not only when compared with control pups but also with IC pups. Prenatal caloric deprivation or ethanol exposure also caused increased specific activity of DBH in the neonatal rat brain. In contrast, exposure to ethanol postnatally caused a significant and persistent reduction in the specific activity of DBH, not only compared with control pups but also to matched IC pups exposed postnatally to the IC diet. The specific activity of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalaninedecarboxylase (DOPADC) was significantly elevated in the brains of prenatal and postnatal EtOH and IC pups, with little difference between the groups. Activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catecholamine-0-methyltransferase (COMT) were generally lower in EtOH or IC pups than in control pups, again with little difference between EtOH and IC pups. These results suggest that an impaired metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine is detectable in the brains of pups as a consequence of malnutrition, ethanol exposure, or both.
Abstract 972: Direct activation of pro-apoptotic BAX as a novel strategy for cancer therapy

BCL-2 family proteins are essential regulators of cellular life and death and, when deregulated, contribute to the development, maintenance, and chemoresistance of human cancer. Anti-apoptotic members contribute to cancer pathogenesis by sequestering the α-helical BH3 death domains of their pro-apoptotic counterparts such as BAX. The anti-apoptotic groove that binds and neutralizes BH3 helices has been successfully targeted by small molecules and stapled peptides in an effort to “inhibit the inhibitors” of apoptosis. Using a Stabilized Alpha-Helix of BCL-2 domain (SAHB) modeled after the BIM BH3 helix, we previously identified a geographically distinct BH3-binding groove that mediates the direct activation of BAX, suggesting a new strategy for inducing apoptosis by flipping BAX9s “on switch”. Engagement of the novel site by BIM SAHB directly activates BAX (Gavathiotis et al. Nature, 2008), unleashing a succession of key conformational changes that culminates in the formation of toxic mitochondrial pores (Gavathiotis et al. Mol Cell, 2010). Here, we demonstrate that BIM SAHB effectively overcomes the apoptotic blockades of a series of diverse hematologic cancer cells by broadly targeting inhibitory anti-apoptotic complexes and directly activating BAX. Importantly, BIM SAHB induces dose-responsive caspase 3/7 activation and the morphologic features of apoptosis. To identify a BAX-selective agent, we further performed a computational screen to identify BAX activator molecules (BAMs) capable of directly engaging the BAX trigger site. We demonstrate by competitive fluorescence polarization binding assays and NMR analyses that BAM7 engages the BAX trigger site and, as a result, promotes the functional oligomerization of BAX. Strikingly, the molecule does not interact with the canonical BH3 binding pocket of anti-apoptotic proteins and induces cell death in a BAX-selective fashion. These first stapled peptide and small molecule gain-of-function modulators of a BCL-2 family protein highlight a new pharmacologic paradigm for induction of cancer cell apoptosis through direct activation of BAX. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 972. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-972
HIGH EFFICIENCY KA-BAND MMIC SSPA POWER COMBINER FOR NASA'S SPACE COMMUNICATIONS

In this paper, we will review the design, construction and performance of the two-way Ka-band waveguide branch-line and asymmetric magic-T based unequal power combiners. The manufactured combiners were designed to combine input signals that are equal in phase and with an amplitude ratio of two. Next, the design, construction and performance of a three-way branch-line unequal power combiner, achieved by serially interconnecting two 2-way branch-line hybrids and optimizing the dimensions using software tools, is presented. The application of the two-way and three-way combiners for combining the output from two or three MMIC PAs was demonstrated. The observed efficiencies for all three power combining configurations are 90 percent or greater at Ka-band (31.8 to 32.3 GHz).
The emerging positive agenda in organizations: greater than a trickle, but not yet a deluge

The evidence is clear regarding applied science's longstanding fascination with the negative aspects of organizational life. The purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Organizational Behavior is to tangibly demonstrate that the concept of a “positive psychology” is gaining importance in both psychology and organizational behavior. To that end, our lead article focuses on five topic areas. First, we provide a limited historical backdrop of positive organizational research. Second, we suggest the theoretical basis for why the current overwhelming emphasis on the negative. Next, we introduce the seven peer refereed articles contained in this special issue which, when considered together, highlight the varied application and potentially widespread benefits of studying the positive in organizational research. Fourth, incorporating the “point/counterpoint” JOB framework, we offer two varying, but insightful, perspectives on positive organizational research by Luthans and Avolio and Hackman. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of how emerging research on the positive can be used to help build a stronger science of organizational behavior.
Effective Control of Chronic γ-Herpesvirus Infection by Unconventional MHC Class Ia–Independent CD8 T Cells

Control of virus infection is mediated in part by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class Ia presentation of viral peptides to conventional CD8 T cells. Although important, the absolute requirement for MHC Class Ia-dependent CD8 T cells for control of chronic virus infection has not been formally demonstrated. We show here that mice lacking MHC Class Ia molecules (K(b-/-)xD(b-/-) mice) effectively control chronic gamma-herpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) infection via a robust expansion of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m)-dependent, but CD1d-independent, unconventional CD8 T cells. These unconventional CD8 T cells expressed: (1) CD8alphabeta and CD3, (2) cell surface molecules associated with conventional effector/memory CD8 T cells, (3) TCRalphabeta with a significant Vbeta4, Vbeta3, and Vbeta10 bias, and (4) the key effector cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Unconventional CD8 T cells utilized a diverse TCR repertoire, and CDR3 analysis suggests that some of that repertoire may be utilized even in the presence of conventional CD8 T cells. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge that beta2-m-dependent, but Class Ia-independent, unconventional CD8 T cells can efficiently control chronic virus infection, implicating a role for beta2-n-dependent non-classical MHC molecules in control of chronic viral infection. We speculate that similar unconventional CD8 T cells may be able to control of other chronic viral infections, especially when viruses evade immunity by inhibiting generation of Class Ia-restricted T cells.
The Total Synthesis of Dynemicin A Leading to Development of a Fully Contained Bioreductively Activated Enediyne Prodrug

The title compound has been synthesized as its racemate in 33 steps. An intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction (see Scheme 5, 24 → 25) was used to provide control over the eventual cis C4−C7 relationship. The installation of another cis related ethynyl group at C2 arose from transformation 40 → 42 (see Scheme 8) whose directionality is governed by a benzophenone ketal functioning as a temporary steric control unit. Closure of the enediyne unit was accomplished on a trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (TEOC) protected dihydroquinoline derivative. It involved use of a novel bis-iodoalkyne/distannylethylene interpolative coupling transformation (61 + 58 → 63, Scheme 12). In the terminal phase of the synthesis, a novel iminoquinone ketal 74 (Scheme 15) was condensed with homophthalic anhydride derivative 78 (Scheme 16) as indicated in Scheme 17. The final deprotection involved cleavage of a methoxymethyl ester and two methoxymethyl phenol ethers. From this work, there arose the concept and demonstration of p-quinone mo...
Glucocorticoid regulation of a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene: the presence of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the 5′-flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene

The rat cytochrome P450 CYP2B2 gene encodes one of the two major phenobarbital-inducible forms of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. The sequence of a 1.4 Kb DNA segment from the 5' flanking region of this region [Jaiswal, A., Rivkin, E. and Adesnik, M. Nucl. Acids. Res. 15: 6755 (1987)] reveals the presence of a pentadecameric oligonucleotide sequence, located approximately 1.3 Kb upstream of the transcription initiation site, which is highly similar to the sequences of glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) that mediate the hormone-dependent transcriptional activation of many other genes. The putative GRE in the CYP2B2 gene 5' flanking region is shown to be functional by demonstrating that segments of DNA that contain it, including one that is only 25bp long, are capable of conferring dexamethasone inducibility on a chloramphenicol acetyltransfer-ase gene whose transcription is driven by the Herpes virus thymidine kinase gene promoter. Moreover, binding of a protein contained in a rat liver nuclear extract to a 25 bp synthetic DNA segment that contains the putative GRE was demonstrated in a gel mobility shift assay. This binding was specifically competed away by a DNA segment that contains the murine mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat which encompasses several well characterized GRE elements. The implications of these findings for the in vivo regulation of the P450IIB2 gene by glucocorticoids are discussed.
Tevatron B-physics: recent results and prospects

Between 1992 and 1996, the CDF and D0 experiments have collected data samples of 110 pb{sup -1} each of p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. In the year 2001 the Tevatron commenced p{bar p} collisions again at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV with the goal of delivering an integrated luminosity of 1 fb{sup -1} per year. In the mean time the CDF and D0 detectors have undergone substantial upgrades which allow for a rich B physics program with unique capabilities. In this paper we discuss recent results and the B Physics prospects at the Tevatron with 2 fb{sup -1} of data (Run IIa) or 15 fb{sup -1} of data (Run IIa+Run IIb).
Electron-spin resonance study of some irradiated D-glucopyranosides

Abstract The e.s.r. spectra generated in methyl α- D -glucopyranoside (1) and some selected derivatives thereof by high-energy radiation have been examined to determine the nature of the radiation damage. Evaluations of the e.s.r. spectra of irradiated methyl tetra-O-acetyl-α- D -glucopyranoside (2), methyl tetra-O-[(p-ethoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]-α- D -glucopyranoside (3), methyl tetra-O-(p-methoxybenzoyl)-α- D -glucopyranoside (4), methyl tetra-O-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-α- D -glucopyranoside (5), methyl tetra-O-(ochlorobenzoyl)-α- D -glucopyranoside (6), methyl tetra-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β- D -glucopyranoside (7), methyl tetra-O-nicotinoyl-α- D -glucopyranoside (8), and methyl tetra-O-(phenylcarbamoyl)-α- D -glucopyranoside (9) contained mainly one type of stable free-radical, together with some secondary radical in low concentration. The e.s.r. spectrum of compound 1 consisted of one doublet and one singlet; this observation was explained by assuming that the free electron position is at C-1, so that the cleavage of the C-1O glycosidic bond would give rise to the doublet, and the dehydrogenation of the C-1H bond would give rise to the singlet. For most of the substituted D -glucopyranosides studied, irradiation gave singlet spectra which were explained by assuming the radical site to be C-1 (by the dehydrogenation of the C-1H bond). The aromatic groups present in the substituted D -glucopyranosides were known to protect the glycosides from radiation damage1. In the aromatically substituted D -glucopyranosides, no reducing power was measurable, even when the compounds were irradiated to dosages as high as 5.2 x 1021 eV/g; this was additional evidence that no cleavage of the C-1O glycosidic bond occurs during irradiation of these compounds. The absence of hyperfine splitting of the free electron at C-1 with H-2 was explained by a change in the conformation of the molecule after H-1 had been cleaved. Displacement of the hydrogen atoms would then occur to remove any deformation of the ring caused thereby; this would remove H-2 from the vicinity of the unpaired electron at C-1. No thermally induced free-radicals could be detected in these compounds, unless they were heated to charring.
Exploring the Institutional Tool Kit: The Rise of Recycling in the U.S. Solid Waste Field

A typology of four institutional research perspectives in organizational sociology is offered with the intention of broadening what our subfield considers “institutional”: (a) social organization, (b) work and organization, (c) interactionism, and (d) cultural system. The case of the emergence of recycling in the U.S. solid waste field is drawn on to illustrate differences among these perspectives. The article advocates the view that organizational sociologists should draw from these diverse approaches as if they were theoretical resources in an institutional tool kit. This would make possible more eclectic multilevel approaches that should be attentive to the contingent nature of social action.
Signal-exon trap: a novel method for the identification of signal sequences from genomic DNA

We describe a genomic DNA-based signal sequence trap method, signal-exon trap (SET), for the identification of genes encoding secreted and membrane-bound proteins. SET is based on the coupling of an exon trap to the translation of captured exons, which allows screening of the exon-encoded polypeptides for signal peptide function. Since most signal sequences are expected to be located in the 5'-terminal exons of genes, we first demonstrate that trapping of these exons is feasible. To test the applicability of SET for the screening of complex genomic DNA, we evaluated two critical features of the method. Specificity was assessed by the analysis of random genomic DNA and efficiency was demonstrated by screening a 425 kb YAC known to contain the genes of four secretory or membrane-bound proteins. All trapped clones contained a translation initiation signal followed by a hydrophobic stretch of amino acids representing either a known signal peptide, transmembrane domain or novel sequence. Our results suggest that SET is a potentially useful method for the isolation of signal sequence-containing genes and may find application in the discovery of novel members of known secretory gene clusters, as well as in other positional cloning approaches.
Free vibrations of an arbitrary structure in terms of component modes.

A method for the analysis of the free vibrations of an arbitrary structure in terms of component modes is presented based upon the use of the normal, free-free modes of the components in a Rayleigh-Ritz analysis with the constraint or continuity conditions
Is primary open angle glaucoma caused by small proteins

Abstract Primary open angle glaucoma is a disease which is characterized by a decreased facility of outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior segment of the eye. Analyses by gel exclusion chromatography of the aqueous humor of normal monkeys have shown that the proteins in this fluid range in size from approximately 40 – 200 kilodaltons. Although small proteins and peptides are seen in the aqueous humor by SDS gel electrophoresis, these smaller proteins appear to elute by column chromatography with the albumin peak. In the outflow of the aqueous humor, the trabecular meshwork may be an efficient sieve for proteins of intermediate size, but this tissue may be obstructed if the proteins present become too large or too small as a result of other disease processes in the eye. Primary open angle glaucoma may be the result of the inability of the trabecular meshwork to filter small proteins and polypeptides efficiently.