cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higgs boson exchange effects in l + l − → W + W − at high energy

We consider the prospects for detecting effects due to the Higgs exchange diagram in high energy {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}, e{sup +}e{sup -}, and {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup -} collisions producing a pair of W bosons. The processes l{sup +}l{sup -}{yields}W{sup +}W{sup -} (with l={mu}, e, {tau}) are analyzed, analytically and via numerical simulations, to determine the center of mass energy, {radical}(s{sub H}), where the effects from Higgs exchange become relevant. The scaling of {radical}(s{sub H}) with the mass of the incoming leptons is also studied. Special consideration is given to the W{sup +}W{sup -}{yields}l{sup {+-}}{nu}{sub l}jj final state after experimental acceptance cuts are imposed. Angular cuts are shown to be able to significantly lower {radical}(s{sub H}). The center of mass energy for which Higgs exchange effects become relevant in l{sup +}l{sup -}{yields}W{sup +}W{sup -} is found to be much higher than that in l{sup +}l{sup -}{yields}{nu}{nu}W{sup +}W{sup -}. Higgs boson exchange effects in W-pair production thus will not be relevant for the e{sup +}e{sup -} and {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} colliders currently on the drawing board.
Purification of novel calcium binding proteins from Trypanosoma brucei: properties of 22-, 24- and 38-kilodalton proteins.

The present study was undertaken to systematically purify calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) from homogenates of Trypanosoma brucei. This work is important since CaBPs either serve as intracellular calcium buffers or mediate cellular response to calcium signals. Disruption of either process should be lethal to trypanosomes. We report that the 45Ca-gel overlay assay can be used to detect CaBPs following fractionation on DE-52, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 12. Specific CaBPs of 22, 24, and 38 kDa were purified. Each of these proteins associated with 45Ca under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. An approximate Kd for calcium of 8 μM was calculated for 22-kDa CaBP. None of the trypanosome CaBPs were related to known calcium binding protein families. They did not associate with hydrophobic interaction columns or cellular membranes in a calcium-dependent way, nor cross-react with 2 separate antibodies against annexin consensus sequences. A synthetic peptide corresponding to amino terminal residues 16–30 of 22-kDa CaBP was used to generate polyclonal antibodies. Immunoblots identified 22-kDa CaBP in African trypanosomes but not in other Kinetoplastidae or mammalian cells. Nonetheless, significant homology (58%) was observed between the amino terminal 37 residues of 22-kDa CaBP and the amino terminus of translationally controlled p21 from mammalian tumor cells. The present study is the first to apply systematic fractionation techniques to identify the complement of CaBPs in T. brucei. We conclude that novel CaBPs other than calmodulin and annexin family members contribute towards calcium pathways in these organisms.
Sorption and transport of water vapor in glassy poly(acrylonitrile)

Abstract : Sorption data for H2O in glassy polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are presented for a range of relative vapor pressures at temperatures from 20C to 50C. Simple dual mode sorption, involving 'hole-filling' and molecular solution appears to dominate the low activity region of sorption. Based on the clustering analysis suggested by Zimm and Lundberg, pronounced clustering of penetrant appears to occur above a relative pressure of 0.6. The form of the effective concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for H2O in PAN, determined by analysis of steady state permeation data, suggests that water in the microvoids and clusters has a lower mobility than the molecularly dissolved water in the polymer matrix. Time lag measurements at high upstream realtive water vapor pressures suggest that the transient state permeation has a non-Fickian character due to relaxations which occur slowly to accommodate the clustering process. (Author)
Seafood Allergy and Radiocontrast Media: Are Physicians Propagating a Myth?

Abstract Background Recent surveys have indicated that the misconception that seafood allergy confers a disproportionately increased risk of adverse reactions to radiocontrast media remains pervasive among physicians and patients. One possible explanation for the persistence of this notion is that physicians responsible for radiocontrast administration are inadvertently contributing to its propagation. Methods An anonymous survey was sent to 231 faculty radiologist and interventional cardiologists at 6 Midwest academic medical centers. Two questions dealt directly with seafood allergy related to radiocontrast media administration, and 6 questions served as distracters. Results Sixty-nine percent of responders indicated that they inquire about a history of seafood allergy before radiocontrast media administration. Some 37.2% of responders replied that they would withhold radiocontrast media or recommend premedication on the basis of a history of seafood allergy. Conclusion Even among faculty physicians at university medical centers, the notion of seafood allergy as a significant risk factor for adverse radiocontrast media reactions remains pervasive. Even if no action is taken on the basis of the answer, it seems probable that the act of inquiring about seafood allergy before radiocontrast media administration could lead patients and trainees to presume an inherent risk in patients who are seafood allergic, thus propagating the notion. Physician education with respect to seafood allergy and radiocontrast media administration is vital to halting the persistence of this misconception.
Flux tube texture of the solar wind: Strands of the magnetic carpet at 1 AU?

[1] It is argued here that the inner heliosphere is filled with a network of entangled magnetic flux tubes and that the flux tubes are fossil structures that originate at the solar surface. 65,860 flux tubes are collected from seven years of measurements with the ACE spacecraft at 1 AU by spotting the flux tube walls with large changes in the magnetic field direction and the vector flow velocity. The tube walls are associated with large changes in the ion entropy density and the alpha-to-proton ratio. The median size of the flux tubes at 1 AU is 4.4 x 10 5 km. The tubes are larger in slow wind than in fast wind. The tubes are on-average aligned with the Parker spiral, with a large spread in orientations. This large spread may be caused by slight misalignments of tubes in the corona. The flux tubes map to granule and supergranule sizes on the Sun. The amounts of magnetic flux in the tubes at 1 AU correspond to the amounts of magnetic flux in field concentrations in the magnetic carpet. It is argued that the flux tubes do not reconnect during the ∼ 100-h advection to 1 AU owing to the expansion of the solar wind. The flux tube texture impacts the flow properties of the solar wind, turbulence in the solar wind, energetic-particle propagation in the inner heliosphere, and the driving of the Earth's magnetosphere. A method for using measurements of the flux tube walls for the remote sensing of magnetic field dynamics in the magnetic carpet is suggested.
Seed in soil, with an epigenetic view

It is becoming increasingly evident that discrete genetic alterations in neoplastic cells alone cannot explain multistep carcinogenesis whereby tumor cells are able to express diverse phenotypes during the complex phases of tumor development and progression. The epigenetic model posits that the host microenvironment exerts an initial, inhibitory constraint on tumor growth that is followed by acceleration of tumor progression through complex cell-matrix interactions. This review emphasizes the epigenetic aspects of breast cancer development in light of such interactions between epithelial cells ("seed") and the tumor microenvironment ("soil"). Our recent research findings suggest that epigenetic perturbations induced by the tumor microenvironment may play a causal role in promoting breast cancer development. It is believed that abrogation of these initiators could offer a promising therapeutic strategy.
Strict Naturalism and Christianity: Attempt at Drafting an Updated Theology of Nature

. In the first part of this essay I sketch a view on cosmogenesis from the perspective of modern science, emphasizing, first, that the laws of nature are outcomes of the history of nature, not imposed on nature from outside of nature; and, second, that the universe, including human beings, is the result of a single, natural process. It consistently brings forth novelty through a probabilistic sequence of syntheses. Consequently, the new emerges from the unification of elements that were previously unified. This universal creative process is both probabilistic and nonlinear. It is probabilistic (historical) because each creative event occurs within a cohort of also possible events. It is nonlinear because the new has qualities that its elements in isolation do not possess. I refer to this model of understanding cosmogenesis as strict naturalism. In the second part of the essay I argue that deistic and theistic models of cosmogenesis cannot cope with strict naturalism because they exclude teleology and supernatural interference in the creative process. In contrast to deism and theism, I show that Christianity is capable of integrating strict naturalism. To do that I focus on the Christian notion of incarnation. At the center of this reflection is the attempt to increase the understanding of Christian faith that only the Word of God creates.
Estimation of the Scaling Parameter for a Kernel-Type Density Estimate

Abstract An algorithm is given for estimation of the scaling parameter Λ in the kernel-type density estimate derived from the Fourier integral. A Monte Carlo study of five different densities compares the integrated square error (ISE) for the resulting estimate to the ISE for the Fourier integral estimate (FIE) with mean integrated squared error (MISE) optimal Λ and to the ISE for the normal kernel with asymptotically MISE optimal Λ. The study shows the FIE with estimated Λ compares favorably with the other estimates and demonstrates the asymptotic optimality of the FIE for smooth densities.
DUST FORMATION, EVOLUTION, AND OBSCURATION EFFECTS IN THE VERY HIGH-REDSHIFT UNIVERSE

The evolution of dust at redshifts z > or approx. 9, and consequently the dust properties, differs greatly from that in the local universe. In contrast to the local universe, core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are the only source of thermally-condensed dust. Because of the low initial dust-togas mass ratio, grain destruction rates are low, so that CCSNe are net producers of interstellar dust. Galaxies with large initial gas mass or high mass infall rate will therefore have a more rapid net rate of dust production comported to galaxies with lower gas mass, even at the same star formation rate. The dust composition is dominated by silicates, which exhibit a strong rise in the UV opacity near the Lyman break. This "silicate-UV break" may be confused with the Lyman break, resulting in a misidentification of a galaxies' photometric redshift. In this paper we demonstrate these effects by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of MACS1149-JD, a lensed galaxy at z = 9.6. A potential 2mm counterpart of MACS1149-JD has been identified with GISMO. While additional observations are required to corroborate this identification, we use this possible association to illustrate the physical processes and the observational effects of dust in the very high redshift universe.
Glycaemic regulation of glucose transporter expression and activity in the human placenta

To determine whether the expression and activity of glucose transporters in human trophoblast are regulated by glucose, syncytiotrophoblast cells, choriocarcinoma cells, and villous fragments were incubated with a range of glucose concentrations (0-20 mM, 24 h). Expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters was measured by immunoblotting, while glucose transporter activity was determined by [3H]2-deoxyglucose uptake in the cultured cells. GLUT1 expression in syncytial cells was enhanced following incubation in absence of glucose, reduced by incubation in 20 mM glucose but was not altered by incubation at 1 or 12 mM glucose. Transporter activity was inversely related to extracellular glucose over the entire range of concentrations tested (0-20 mM). Incubation of villous fragments in 20 mM glucose produced a limited suppression of GLUT1 expression, but no effects were noted following incubation at 0 or 1 mM glucose. Neither GLUT1 expression in JAr and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells nor transport activity in JEG-3 cells was affected by extracellular glucose concentration. Unlike syncytial cells, JAr, JEG-3 and BeWo all expressed GLUT3 protein in addition to GLUT1. These results show that while syncytiotrophoblast GLUT1 expression is altered at the extremes of extracellular glucose concentration, it is refractory to glucose alone at lower concentrations. By contrast, an inverse relationship exists between glucose transporter activity and extracellular glucose. This suggests that there are post-translational regulatory mechanisms which may respond to changes in extracellular glucose concentration.
Part II: Radionuclide evaluation of aortic regurgitation

The timing for valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation remains a complex clinical problem. Rest radionuclide angiography measurement of ejection fraction is a simple informative study to help evaluate the appropriate timing for valve replacement in the asymptomatic patients or those with mild symptoms. In patients with normal ejection fractions the disease probably has not yet evolved to the phase in which valve replacement is essential. If the ejection fraction is mildly depressed (0.40 to 0.49) the time is right for intervention. By the time the ejection fraction falls to less than 0.40 the left ventricle is likely damaged and unlikely to regain normal function. If the patient has severe symptoms with maximal medical therapy, surgery is indicated no matter what the ejection fraction. The latter situation can arise especially when aortic regurgitation evolves over a short period, as might be the case in patients with bacterial endocarditis. A single ejection fraction measurement is not as reliable as serial studies. If, for example, the ejection fraction (under similar circumstances) falls from the greater than or equal to 0.50 range to the 0.40 to 0.49 range, the physician should be altered to the possibility that the left ventricle is deteriorating, and surgery should be considered. It should be understood that multiple hemodynamic factors in aortic regurgitation can alter the ejection fraction and could limit its use as the sole measure of left ventricular performance. Other systolic or diastolic parameters cannot be relied on in isolation as an indication or contraindication for aortic valve replacement. The exercise ejection fraction response reflects the total stroke volume and does not distinguish between regurgitant flow and forward flow. It is therefore possible to observe a decrease in ejection fraction in association with an increase in forward stroke volume during exercise as a result of an increase in heart rate and a decrease in peripheral resistance. Accordingly, it is not appropriate to compare the ejection fraction during exercise in aortic insufficiency with the expected response of the normal ventricle. Exercise position (sitting vs. supine) affects loading conditions and ejection fraction response. Because of the complexity of the exercise ejection fraction response, it is not clear that there is a role for exercise ejection fraction measurements in determining the appropriate time for aortic valve replacement. Criteria based on supine exercise may not be applicable to studies in the upright position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
In Situ Measurements of Water Vapor Partial Pressure and Temperature Dynamics in a PEM Fuel Cell

A fast in situ sensor was developed for detection of water vapor partial pressure and temperature simultaneously in the flow channels of a proton exchange membrane ~PEM ! fuel cell. Utilizing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy with wavelength modulation, this technique determined the ratio of harmonic signals of spectral absorption using a software lock-in amplifier. A curve-fitting analysis ensured errors less than 62.5% in water partial pressure and 63°C in gas temperature. Measurements were taken at steady and dynamic operating conditions in a serpentine channel prototypical PEM fuel cell while simultaneously sampling the anode and cathode gas channels near the inlet and outlet ports. External load and inlet humidity conditions were varied. With increasing current density, water vapor concentration increased toward both outlets, but the increase was more prominent on the cathode side. The temporal variation in water vapor during dynamic operation of the fuel cell was examined with a time resolution of 0.2 s. For sudden external load changes, transients in water concentration were observed near the anode outlet due to the increase in electro-osmotic drag through the membrane. This dynamic water transport was observed and can be used to characterize the step response of the cell to external changes in current.
Neural network architectures for systolic arrays

Summary form only given, as follows. The authors propose the use of an artificial neural network model to simulate the functions and operations of a systolic array. A systolic array and a neural network are both easy to implement and easy to configure. Since a neural network can be implemented on a programmable VLSI chip, it is very fast, easy to reconfigure, and cost-effective. It is concluded that a wide variety of designs of systolic arrays can easily be simulated on neural networks. >
What's in a Name When It Isn't a Word? 17-Month-Olds' Mapping of Nonverbal Symbols to Object Categories.

Infants begin acquiring object labels as early as 12 months of age. Recent research has indicated that the ability to acquire object names extends beyond verbal labels to other symbolic forms, such as gestures. This experiment examines the latitude of infants' early naming abilities. We tested 17-month-olds' ability to map gestures, nonverbal sounds, and pictograms to object categories using a forced-choice triad task. Results indicated that infants accept a wide range of symbolic forms as object names when they are embedded in familiar referential naming routines. These data suggest that infants may initially have no priority for words over other symbolic forms as object names, although the relative status of words appears to change with development. The implications of these findings for the development of criteria for determining whether a symbol constitutes an object name early in development are considered.
Computation of the Kirkendall velocity and displacement fields in a one-dimensional binary diffusion couple with a moving interface

The moving interface problem in a one-dimensional binary / diffusion couple is studied using sharp and diffuse interface (CahnHilliard) approaches. With both methods, we calculate the solute field ...
Sources of uncertainty in cancer survivorship.

Purpose Previous research has demonstrated the common experience of illness-related uncertainty; however, little research has explored the specific sources of uncertainty throughout cancer survivorship. The purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of uncertainty for cancer survivors and their partners. Thus, the following research question is posed: What are the sources of uncertainty in cancer survivorship for survivors and partners?
Computational model of solid-state, molecular, or atomic media for FDTD simulation based on a multi-level multi-electron system governed by Pauli exclusion and Fermi-Dirac thermalization with application to semiconductor photonics

We report a general computational model of complex material media for electrodynamics simulation using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. It is based on a multi-level multi-electron quantum system with electron dynamics governed by Pauli Exclusion Principle, state filling, and dynamical Fermi-Dirac Thermalization, enabling it to treat various solid-state, molecular, or atomic media. The formulation is valid at near or far off resonance as well as at high intensity. We show its FDTD application to a semiconductor in which the carriers' intraband and interband dynamics, energy band filling, and thermal processes were all incorporated for the first time. The FDTD model is sufficiently complex and yet computationally efficient, enabling it to simulate nanophotonic devices with complex electromagnetic structures requiring simultaneous solution of the mediumfield dynamics in space and time. Applications to direct-gap semiconductors, ultrafast optical phenomena, and multimode microdisk lasers are illustrated.
For Patients with Colorectal Cancer, the Long-Term Use of Statins Is Associated with Better Clinical Outcomes

Statins have been found to suppress tumor cell growth and to limit the ability of tumor cells to metastasize in studies involving cell lines and animals. To explore how the long-term use of statins influences the presentation and survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a retrospective case-control study of male patients with a new diagnosis of CRC who we categorized as: (1) Statin Users who used statins continuously >/=3 years prior to the diagnosis of CRC and (2) Statin Non-Users who did not use statins. Clinical factors were analyzed by simple Chi-square and multivariate regression analysis to identify independent predictors for advanced CRC. We identified 1,309 male patients with a new diagnosis of CRC (mean age 69 +/- 1.1 (SE) years; 326 Statin Users, 983 Statin Non-Users). Compared to Statin Non-Users, Statin Users had a less advanced tumor stage (2.2 vs. 2.6; P < 0.01), a lower prevalence of metastases (OR = 0.7 [0.4-0.9, 95% CI]; P < 0.01), and a higher frequency of right-sided tumors (OR = 1.6 [1.3-2.1], 95%CI]; P < 0.01). Overall 5-year survival for Statin Users was 37% compared to 33% in Statin Non-Users (OR = 0.7 [0.6-0.9], 95%CI]; P = 0.03). In patients who present to the hospital with CRC, the long-term use of statins is associated with a less advanced tumor stage, a higher prevalence of right-sided tumors, a lower frequency of distant metastases, and a better survival rate.
Hemorrhage correlation with total energy and surface power near opossum skull exposed to pulsed ultrasound

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used noninvasively for therapeutic applications. Previous studies have shown that HIFU when targeted on fetal rat and mice bones resulted in hemorrhage. Hemorrhage occurrence and area were found to correlate with total equivalent energy (i.e. product of energy density, number of pulses and volume of the focal region) and surface power (i.e. product of pulse average intensity, number of pulses and beam area). Continuation of the trend was observed in Opossum pups. Opossum pups (78 post natal days) were exposed to 1.1 MHZ f/1 spherically focused transducer (6.3 cm focal length). Three groups of n=8 and a control group of n=8 were exposed to rarefactional pressure of 6, 4.5, 3.6 MPa with ITA values of 10.78, 5.39, 6.74 W/cm 2 . PRF was varied by 500, 500, 1000 Hz with an exposure duration of 2 to 4 minutes. Dependence of hemorrhage on total energy and surface power suggests mechanical failure to be a possible mechanism.
Displaced GAD65 amacrine cells of the guinea pig retina are morphologically diverse

The ganglion cell layer of mammalian retina contains numerous amacrine cells. Many belong to one type, the cholinergic starburst cell, but the other types have not been systematically identified. Using a new method to target sparsely represented cell types, we filled about 200 amacrine neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the guinea pig visual streak and identified 11 types. Ten of these resemble types identified in other species with somas in the inner nuclear layer, but one type has not been previously reported. Most of the types and nearly all the injected cells (95%) arborized low in the synaptic layer where they would co-stratify with various classes of ON ganglion cell. The displaced somas (7% of all amacrine cells) thus represent a heterogeneous pool, which are relatively accessible for study of their interactions with ON ganglion cells.
Cast Films from Soy Protein Isolates and Fractions

ABSTRACT Glycerol-plasticized soy protein films were cast from alkaline aqueous film-forming solutions of laboratory-prepared 7S, 11S, and soy isolate (LSI) fractions and from commercial soy isolate (CSI). Tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), water vapor permeability (WVP), total soluble matter (TSM), protein solubility (PS), and Hunter L, a, and b color values of these films were determined. The 11S films had greater TS than 7S films (P 0.05). The 7S films had higher TSM and PS values than 11S films (P < 0.05). CSI films were significantly darker (lower L value) and more yellow (greater positive b value) than LSI films (P < 0.05).
New organic magnetic materials: an overview

The findings of organic materials for electroluminescent devices has opened the door for a wide variety of applications in displays, communications, sensors, and the like. The advent of creating organic electromagnetic materials has raised the challenge of finding polymer (organic) materials in which there is sufficient electronic exchange as well as stability in both the thermal and chemical arena. This paper gives an overview of this search past, present, and future and the synthesis of promising new complex polymer building blocks which can yield superparamagnetic materials for devices of the future in power, storage, displays, and communication devices. The use of these methods to produce ferri-, para-, and superparamagnetic materials has changed our way of thinking about how to fabricate magnetic devices with properties heretofore unrealizable. The underlying principles and formulations of molecular structures which either imitate conventional ferromagnetic materials or uniquely take advantage of the complex molecular magnets offered by organic materials are described. New materials which introduce large numbers of magnetically coupled spins are explained.
The synchronization of the human cortical working memory network.

A verbal reasoning problem at the intersection of verbal working memory, problem-solving, and language comprehension was examined using event-related fMRI to distinguish differences in the differential timing of the response of the various cortical regions that compose the working memory network. Problems were developed such that the process demand as well as the timing of the manipulation of the contents of working memory (i.e., a demanding computation) was varied. Activation was observed in several regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the parietal lobe. Examination of the MR amplitude response revealed that the regions do not all activate simultaneously; instead, their activation time courses reveal differential responses that correspond to their theoretical processing role in the problem-solving task. The coordination of cortical area responses reveals how the various cortical regions synchronize and collaborate in order to accomplish a given cognitive function.
Effective chiral lagrangians for nucleon-pion interactions and nuclear forces

The general chiral invariant effective lagrangians is used to study the leading terms in powers of momenta in the S-matrix for a process involving arbitrary numbers of low-momentum pions and nucleons. This work extends and in part corrects an earlier report [S. Weinberg, Phys. Lett. B251 (1990) 288].
Importing Problems: The Impact of a Housing Ordinance on Colombo, Sri Lanka

Edward Said exposes how the U.S. stereotype of the Orient is constructed, hegemonized, and reproduced. The cities that the scholars talk about, the administrators administer, and the planners plan are also perceptions. This article investigates the construction of the perception of low-income areas in Colombo, Sri Lanka, as problems by its British colonial authorities in the 1910s–20s. It undertakes the cultural “unpacking” of this continuing colonial discourse. The article focuses on how the “concrete” living environments that had existed for many decades were re-presented as problems and as objective knowledge. It addresses a conflict and negotiation between two European groups: the British and British colonial authorities in Colombo. I argue that the tipping point of this transformation was the introduction of the Housing Ordinance of 1915 and that the transformation has more to do with British town planning discourses, of which the ordinance is a part, than with local conditions or indigenous or colonial viewpoints. However, this social production of urban problems must be seen within layers of power stemming from the imperial-colonial structures but mediated by regional officers who varied the practice of colonialism while maintaining the ideology of the “orientalist discourse.” It demonstrates that planners and authorities do not have a privileged vantage point to view the city, nor are their positions superior.
Behavior Therapy: Background, Basic Principles, and Early History

Abstract Behavior therapy has a complicated history and ever-changing web of intellectual allegiances and influences, including behaviorism, behavior science, cognitive science, folk psychology, and Eastern philosophical traditions, to name only a few. These schools of thought are extremely difficult if not impossible to encapsulate using a few simple properties that traverse and define every approach. Rather, behavior therapy is much more like a ‘family resemblance’ in which common essential properties play a role in a complex web of belief. Against this backdrop, therefore, it is the aim of this article to discuss the common essential properties related to the conceptual and theoretical background, basic principles and learning processes, and early history of first-generation or first-wave behavior therapy. The first-wave behavior therapists include such prominent figures as Joseph Wolpe, Ogden Lindsley, Nathan Azrin, and Hans Eysenck, to name only a few. The so-called ‘second-wave’ and, perhaps, ‘third-wave’ behavior therapy will be taken up in article Behavior Therapy: The Second and Third Waves .
Cytology of Triangularia Backusii

The cells of the ascogenous hyphae in Triangularia backusii are uninucleate. These cells grow out into false hooks, and each hook develops directly into an ascus into which the single nucleus moves. There is no evidence of crozier formation or karyogamy. The nucleus undergoes three successive divisions to give eight nuclei around which eight ascospores are cut out. A nuclear beak is associated with Ithe nucleus at telophase I, II, and III, and spindle pole bodies are observable at metaphase III. There is a "track" stage during the nuclear division in the vegetative hy,phae.
Shielding Cover Design for Civil Air Defence Engineering With Parking Lot Basement

Many domestic and overseas scholars have devised various kinds of shielding covers for engineering protection,in which the new materials are invented and structures are changed.But the shielding covers have some difficulty to be put into application.This paper concisely discusses the present status and tendency of shielding covers,from the view point of application,and regards parking lot basement as shielding cover,then puts forward a design method.The calculated results show that it can satisfy the criterion of engineering protection,and provide a reference for civil air defence engineering design.
Theoretical aspects of enzymes in diagnosis. Why do serum enzymes change in hepatic, myocardial, and other diseases?

Increased synthesis by viable cells in response to injury is emerging as a key factor in unraveling the mystery surrounding serum enzyme changes in disease. Other factors include the passive release of enzymes from damaged and dead cells and decreased removal of enzymes from blood. The frequent use of reference standards such as gram of tissue wet weight and mg protein for enzyme activity in biochemical pathology without relating these to morphologic units such as total organ or cell has led to many erroneous concepts in pathophysiology, including those dealing with enzyme release. The concept of total liver enzyme as a power function of body weight and its significance relative to aging, chronic illness, neoplasia, and serum enzyme changes is presented.
HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Messaging: Targeting Root Causes of Sexual Risk Behavior.

INTRODUCTION Sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) often lead to sexually transmitted infections (STI), yet little is known about what drives SRB and whether this differs by sex. METHOD Participants (n = 920; 75% white) were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, enrolled in 1993 and 1994 in grades 1 to 2, and followed up through age 24/25 years. Lifetime STI diagnosis was defined by self-report or seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus 2. Multivariable models assessed individual (social skills, behavioral disinhibition) and environmental factors (family involvement, school bonding, antisocial friends) predictive of STI diagnosis as mediated by 3 proximal SRB (sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol, condom use, lifetime number of sex partners). RESULTS Twenty-five percent of participants had ever had an STI. All SRBs differed by sex (P < 0.001), and female participants were more likely to have had an STI (P < 0.001). Behavioral disinhibition and antisocial friends in adolescence were associated with more SRB for both sexes, whereas social skills were associated with less SRB in female but more in male participants. Considering SRB and individual and environmental factors together, lifetime number of sex partners (adjusted relative risk [ARR], 1.04per partner; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.05) and inconsistent condom use (ARR, 1.10per year; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16) were associated with increased risk of STI, whereas social skills were associated with decreased risk of STI (ARR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Behavioral disinhibition seemed to drive SRB, but family involvement mitigated this in several cases. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent environmental influences and individual characteristics drive some SRB and may be more effective targets for STI/HIV prevention interventions than proximal risk behaviors.
Improved Load Rating of Reinforced-Concrete Box Culverts Using Depth-Calibrated Live-Load Attenuation

AbstractThis paper describes depth-calibrated live-load attenuation for the load rating of reinforced-concrete box culverts using production-simplified models. In-plane depth calibration is accomplished using a production-simplified, two-dimensional, linear-elastic, finite-element, soil-structure interaction model with results compared with those from the recommended direct-stiffness, structural-frame model. Out-of-plane live-load attenuation considers each potential critical section depth rather than the cover soil depth only. The effectiveness of depth calibration is assessed by comparing predicted live-load moments obtained from the models versus measured live-load moments obtained from full-scale culvert load tests. A load rating case study illustrates the potential for improved alignment between load rating and observed performance. Findings show that depth calibration improves current load rating practice by increasing the accuracy and precision of live-load demand predictions, particularly in culve...
3D Bioprinting: Biologically Inspired Smart Release System Based on 3D Bioprinted Perfused Scaffold for Vascularized Tissue Regeneration (Adv. Sci. 8/2016)

In the article 1600058, Lijie Grace Zhang and co‐workers develop a comprehensive design of engineered vascularized bone construct (top image), integrating biomimetic 3D printed fluid perfused microstructure with a biologically inspired smart growth factor release system (colored fibers). The design provides great potential for complex tissue/organ regeneration by delivering multiple growth factors (small spheres), in a highly coordinated manner based on appropriate time, location and biological signal.
Polyethylenimines as Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts for Glucose Isomerization

This study investigated polyethylenimines (PEIs) with varied architectures as low toxicity and efficient catalysts for aqueous isomerization of glucose to fructose. Under the investigated reaction conditions, the studied PEIs achieved 33–36% maximum fructose yields with 66–77% selectivity at 110–120 °C, with the branched PEI generally outperforming the linear and comb PEIs. Moreover, with 1 wt % sodium chloride, the PEIs achieved 35–38% maximum fructose yields with 61–72% selectivity at 110 °C. After modification through room temperature cross-linking, the branched PEI was transformed into a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst with similar isomerization performance (30% fructose yield and 78% fructose selectivity at 120 °C) to the homogeneous PEIs. Remarkably, in the presence of neutral salts, the heterogeneous PEI achieved an approximately 41% fructose yield with 72–78% selectivity at 110 °C and showed an excellent reusability.
Pilfering of stored seeds and the relative costs of scatter-hoarding versus larder-hoarding in yellow pine chipmunks

Yellow pine chipmunks ( Tamias amoenus ) scatter-hoard food during summer and autumn but must form a larder as a winter food source before winter begins. Yellow pine chipmunks do not larder-hoard large quantities of food during the summer, apparently because a summer larder could not be defended from pilferers. We tested the assumption that the rate of pilferage from an unguarded larder would be significantly greater than the rate of pilferage from surface caches (which are also unguarded by yellow pine chipmunks) during the summer and autumn. Buried plastic buckets were used as artificial nests containing larders of 1000 sunflower seeds or 200 Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) seeds. The pilferage of larder contents was monitored daily and compared to pilferage of surface caches. Animals (yellow pine chipmunks and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus ) removed sunflower seeds from caches much faster than from larders, but caches of Jeffrey pine seeds disappeared much more slowly than pine seeds in larders. Further, animals removed pine seeds from larders more quickly than they did sunflower seeds from larders. The difference between seed species was probably because sunflower seeds have much stronger odors, which rodents readily detect, and because chipmunks prefer pine seeds over sunflower seeds. Yellow pine chipmunks must spend a considerable portion of their time foraging for seeds and may not be able to defend a large larder during summer.
Court Orders, White Flight, and School District Segregation, 1970–2010

American public schools experienced a substantial reduction of black-white segregation after the Supreme Court ordered the immediate desegregation of Mississippi schools in 1969. Past research has shown that progress slowed by the 1990s, with some arguing that segregation actually began to rebound. This study is the first to examine enrollment data for each decade between 1970 and 2010 for a comprehensive set of districts across the country and also the first to include data for 1980 for a national sample of districts. It provides definitive evidence that most desegregation occurred in the 1970s, with little subsequent change. It also addresses two questions about the desegregation process. First, how closely was it tied to court orders for a particular school district or for a neighboring district? Desegregation was greatest in response to a legal mandate, but it also extended to districts that never faced court action. Second, what was the effect of mandates on white flight? White student enrollment declined generally in these decades but more in districts that faced a mandate in the immediate past decade. White flight contributed to a modest increase in segregation between school districts, but desegregation within districts was sufficient to result in a large net decline at a metropolitan level.
OX40 signaling activates epigenetic mechanisms to repress Th17 cells and Th17-related autoimmune diseases (LYM5P.708)

Th17 cells produce copious amount of IL-17, which mediates host antimicrobial responses and autoimmune diseases. The exact mechanisms that control Th17 homeostasis, especially those that inhibit Th17 differentiation, remain incompletely defined. Here, we found that the T cell costimulatory molecule OX40 is a potent repressor of Th17 cells and Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. Under Th17-polarizing conditions in vitro, engagement of OX40 strongly inhibited IL-17 production despite enhanced cell survival and proliferation. Mechanistically, OX40 engagement induced sustained activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-kB pathways, and it is RelB that mediated dominant suppression of Th17 cells that is independent of p52 and p50. RelB directly recruited H3K9 methyltransferases G9a and Setdb1 upon binding to IL-17 locus, and this resulted in di- and tri-methylation of H3K9, which led to a closed epigenetic configuration of IL-17 locus that prevents RORγt binding to IL-17 locus. Conversely, inhibition of histone methyltransferase activity significantly reversed OX40-mediated suppression of Th17 cells. Importantly, in an EAE model, stimulation of OX40 in vivo inhibited the disease process, while RelB-deficient CD4+ T cells induced exacerbated disease. In conclusion, our study identified a new mechanism in the control of Th17 cells, and this mechanism relies on OX40 induced repressive epigenetic process. This finding may have important therapeutic implications in the clinic.
A systematic review of treatments for acne scarring. Part 1: Non-energy-based techniques.

Introduction:Acne is a common condition that can result in permanent scarring. Acne scars can be broken down into three categories: atrophic; hypertrophic; and keloidal. Atrophic scars can be furth...
Poisoning a Society: A Superorganism Perspective on Honey Bee Toxicology

Like every biological discipline, the study of poisons spans multiple scales of biological organization. At the molecular level, one can explore the genetic traits that underlie an organism’s respo...
Effects of extreme floods on macroinvertebrate assemblages in tributaries to the Mohawk River, New York, USA

Climate change is forecast to bring more frequent and intense precipitation to New York which has motivated research into the effects of floods on stream ecosystems. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 13 sites in the Mohawk River basin during August 2011, and again in October 2011, following historic floods caused by remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. The annual exceedance probabilities of floods at regional flow-monitoring sites ranged from 0.5 to 0.001. Data from the first 2 surveys, and from additional surveys done during July and October 2014, were assessed to characterize the severity of flood impacts, effect of seasonality, and recovery. Indices of total taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness; Hilsenhoff's biotic index; per cent model affinity; and nutrient biotic index-phosphorus were combined to calculate New York State Biological Assessment Profile scores. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine if the Biological Assessment Profile, its component metrics, relative abundance, and diversity differed significantly (p ≤ .05) among the four surveys. Only total taxa richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity increased significantly, and abundance decreased significantly, following the floods. No metrics differed significantly between the July and August 2014 surveys which indicates that the differences denoted between the August and October 2011 surveys were caused by the floods. Changes in taxa richness, EPT richness, and diversity were significantly correlated with flood annual exceedance probabilities. This study increased our understanding of the resistance and resilience of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by showing that their assemblages were relatively impervious to extreme floods across the region.
Owner Advances: The Debt — Equity Dilemma1:

It is common practice for owners of small business to make advances to the firm with the intent that these advances be considered debt. However, the Courts have carefully scrutinized these types of...
Disturbance ecology benchmarks for Schima–Castanopsis forests in the central Himalayas

ABSTRACTRoughly 2.8 billion people burn wood for basic energy needs, and traditional wood-fuel represents ~55% of global wood harvest. With increasing anthropogenic disturbance of natural forests, the “stability/fragility” paradigm of forest ecology is gradually being replaced by a “disturbance/recovery” paradigm. In order to understand effects of human-induced disturbances on natural forest ecosystems, and to plan for recovery of disturbed forests, appropriate metrics become necessary. Such metrics will aid in assessment and management of forests for carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem health, and sustainability of natural resources. Such metrics are especially needed in “wood-fuel hotspots” of the world where over 275 million people live and harvest wood-fuel unsustainably. In this article, I provide metrics of human-induced disturbance in Nepal’s Schima–Castanopsis dominated forests and show relationships of disturbance intensity with forest structure and composition, site produc...
Authoring feedback for novice programmers in a block-based language

We present a block-based language for specifying feedback to novice learners about the programs they are constructing in a block-based programming language. In addition to feedback based on run-time and output checking, we are particularly interested in immediate feedback: corrective guidance given as the program is being constructed. Immediate feedback is a natural extension of the block-based language philosophy. Block-based languages prevent by design certain types of mistakes in all cases. Immediate feedback guides against, without fully preventing, problem-specific mistakes (i.e., constructions that are erroneous in only some cases). A feedback specification contains a block pattern and a set of actions that can be taken whenever the corresponding pattern is present or absent in the student's block program for a given problem. The paper illustrates the language through several examples derived from misconceptions found in the block-based programs of students taking a university-level Computational Thinking class. The feasibility of the proposed approach is shown by the translation of a specification using an evolving programmatic interface in BlockPy, a dual block/text programming environment for a subset of Python.
Towards a Novel Protocol Analysis Framework for Industrial Control Systems

Nowadays industrial controls systems (ICS) are becoming more and more robust and intelligent, owing to the development of industrial networking technology. While, on the other hand, security issues arise and pose great challenges. Among these issues, the security of ICS protocols receives the attention from both academy and industry in recent years. Due to the close and proprietary nature of industrial protocols, it is difficult to conduct protocol analysis and protection on these protocols. To address this issue, we propose a novel protocol analysis framework, named ICS-PAS, for ICS protocols. ICS-PAF could differentiate unknown protocols and their command types, extract protocol format and recognize the data types of protocol payloads. In addition, ICS-PAF could also infer and model the state transition of ICS protocols. ICS-PAS requires no prior knowledge and could deal with binary protocols. We also conduct comprehensive experiments to verify the performance of ICS-PAS. The results show that ICS-PAS outperforms traditional approaches in terms of recognition accuracy and efficiency.