cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-role preferences in four age levels

Brown's (1956a; 1956b) influential finding that girls of all ages exhibit masculine rather than feminine sex-role preferences has been challenged by the argument that the scale used in his studies—the It Scale for Children (ITSC)—is masculine biased. The present investigation reexamined this issue with an instrument designed to be free of the limitations inherent in the ITSC. Boys and girls from grades 2, 5, 8, and 11 examined drawings of activities scaled for sex-role stereotypy and selected those activities they would like to engage in. Consistent with Brown's earlier work, boys exhibited strong masculine preferences at all ages. Contrary to Brown, however, girls did not show similar masculine preferences. Instead, their choices reflected strong feminine preferences throughout the spectrum of ages tested.
Parallelization by simulated tunneling

As highly parallel heterogeneous computers become commonplace, automatic parallelization of software is an increasingly critical unsolved problem. Continued progress on this problem will require large quantities of information about the runtime structure of sequential programs to be stored and reasoned about. Manually formalizing all this information through traditional approaches, which rely on semantic analysis at the language or instruction level, has historically proved challenging. We take a lower level approach, eschewing semantic analysis and instead modeling von Neumann computation as a dynamical system, i.e., a state space and an evolution rule, which gives a natural way to use probabilistic inference to automatically learn powerful representations of this information. This model enables a promising new approach to automatic parallelization, in which probability distributions empirically learned over the state space are used to guide speculative solvers. We describe a prototype virtual machine that uses this model of computation to automatically achieve linear speedups for an important class of deterministic, sequential Intel binary programs through statistical machine learning and a speculative, generalized form of memoization.
Abstract 496: Adaptive response to chronic oxidative stress involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Though the increased oxidative stress by endogenous and exogenous factors has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism for breast cancer growth and progression, but there is no direct mechanistic evidence for adaptation to ROS-induced toxicity by the breast cancer cells. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate effects of chronic oxidative stress on the growth, survival and tumorigenicity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H202) induced oxidative stress for both acute (48 hrs) and chronic (3 months) period. Cell growth and viability were evaluated by cell count and MTT assay and were confirmed by cell cycle analysis. Expression of genes related to cell cycle, cell survival, and metastasis were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Effect of oxidative stress on tumorigenic phenotype was determined in-vitro by soft agar assay. Results of cell count, MTT and cell cycle analysis revealed increased growth, and survival of MCF-7 cells that was chronically exposed to H2O2. This was further confirmed at molecular level by increased expression of cell cycle and cell survival genes, whereas down-regulation of apoptotic genes. Chronic oxidative stress also increased tumorigenic phenotype and metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells as revealed by increase in soft agar grown colonies and expression of metastasis related genes. Additionally, fibroblast-like appearance with down regulation of epithelial markers, whereas up-regulation of mesenchymal markers in cells with chronic exposure to oxidative stress further suggest that adaptation to chronic oxidative stress by MCF-7 cells involves epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Dysregulation of epigenetic regulatory genes expression also suggest potential role of epigenetic mechanism in increased survival and tumorigencity of breast cancer cells.The findings of this study for the first time provided direct evidence for involvement EMT and epigenetic changes in adaptation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to chronic oxidative stress. Results of this study are also highly significant in understanding the mechanism for acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs that are known to produce ROS in breast cancer cells. Citation Format: Prathap Kumar S. Mahalingaiah, Logeswari Ponnusamy, Kamaleshwar P. Singh. Adaptive response to chronic oxidative stress involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 496. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-496
Differential NF-κB regulation of bcl-x gene expression in hippocampus and basal forebrain in response to hypoxia

Cell death often occurs after hypoxic/ischemic injury to the central nervous system. Changes in levels of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL protein may be a determining factor in hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis. The transcription factor NF-κB regulates bcl-x gene expression. In this study, we examined the role of NF-κB in the regulation of bcl-x in hypoxia-induced cell death. Rat hippocampus and basal forebrain tissues were collected at different time points after hypoxia (7%O2, 93% N2 for 10 or 20 min). We found that 1) hypoxia induced apoptosis in the hippocampus and basal forebrain; 2) the NF-κB dimers c-Rel/p50 and p50/p50 bound to the bcl-x promoter NF-κB sequence (CS4) in the hippocampus, but only p50/p50 bound to the CS4 sequence in the basal forebrain and hypoxia-induced differential binding patterns of c-Rel/p50 and p50/p50 correlated with the bcl-x expression pattern in the hippocampus; 3) the hypoxia-induced patterns of binding of c-Rel/p50 to the bcl-x promoter CS4 sequence were different from those to the IgG-κB enhancer sequence, whereas those of p50/p50 were similar to both sequences; 4) nuclear protein levels of c-Rel, but not p50, correlated with the c-Rel/p50 DNA binding patterns to the bcl-x CS4 site; and 5) there were differential responses to hypoxia among the different NF-κB protein subunits. These results suggest that there is a tissue-specific regulation of bcl-x gene expression by NF-κB in hypoxia-induced cell death in the hippocampus. The absence of these regulating features in the basal forebrain may account for the early appearance of apoptosis in response to hypoxia as compared with that in hippocampus. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:223–234, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamic Knowledge—A Century of Evolution

The discovery of non-linear systems dynamics has impacted concepts of knowledge to ascribe to it dynamic properties. It has expanded a development that finds its roots more than hundred years ago. Then, certainty was sought in systems of scientific insight. Such absolute certainty was inevitably static as it would be irrevocable once acquired. Although principal limits to the obtainability of knowledge were defined by scientific and philosophical advances from the 1920s through the mid-twentieth century, the knowledge accessible within those boundaries was considered certain, allowing detailed description and prediction within the recognized limits. The trend shifted away from static theories of knowledge with the discovery of the laws of nature underlying non-linear dynamics. The gnoseology of complex systems has built on insights of non-periodic flow and emergent processes to explain the underpinnings of generation and destruction of information and to unify deterministic and indeterministic descriptions of the world. It has thus opened new opportunities for the discourse of doing research.
Choroid plexus tumors in 56 dogs (1985-2007).

Background: Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) comprise approximately 10% of all primary brain tumors in dogs. The clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, or both in the presumptive diagnosis of CPTs has not been determined. Objectives: To report MRI and CSF findings in dogs with CPT and determine if there are distinguishing features that allow clinical discrimination between the tumor grades. Animals: Fifty-six client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CPT. Methods: Retrospective case series. The inclusion criterion was histologically confirmed CPT. Blinded review of cranial MRI and cisternal CSF analysis was performed. Results: Thirty-six of 56 dogs had a choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) and 20 had a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). Golden Retrievers were overrepresented compared with the hospital population (frequency 3.7 times that expected, confidence interval 95%= 2.0–6.7, P 80 mg/dL. Cytological evidence of malignancy in CSF was seen in 7 of 15 CPCs. Only CPCs had evidence of intraventricular or subarachnoid metastases on MRI. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: MRI, CSF analysis or both can help to differentiate between CPPs and CPCs, and may provide valuable prognostic and pretreatment information.
Direct Evidence of Ozone as the Active Oxidant in "Photooxidation" of Alkanethiols on SERS-Active Silver

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been used to study the mechanism of "photooxidation" of decanethiol self-assembled on roughened Ag. Direct exposure of self-assembled decanethiol to light from a low-pressure Hg lamp under ambient conditions results in adsorbed oxidized sulfur species. Absorbance spectroscopy was used to quantify ozone levels (~ 20 ppm) generated by the Hg lamp. When decanethiol samples were exposed to the same amount of 254 nm light from the lamp but were environmentally isolated, so that oxygen was present but ozone generated by the lamp could not diffuse to the surface, no oxidation was observed. In addition, when decanethiol samples were exposed to an equivalent amount of electrically generated ozone in the absence of light, the SERS oxidation product spectra were identical to those generated by the lamp under ambient conditions. Quantitative investigation of the kinetics of oxidation yielded second-order rate constants of 0.0029 ± 0.0005 ppm-1 s-1 and 0.0024 ± 0.0006 ppm-1 s-1, for electrically generated ozone and the lamp, respectively. The two rate constants are the same within error, indicating that under the conditions of our experiment the mechanism of oxidation is dominated by ozone and not light.
Hunter’s Syndrome and Its Management in a Public School Setting

Hunter’s syndrome is a progressive, degenerative, genetic disorder that results from faulty functioning of the enzymes responsible for breaking down mucopolysaccharides, the complex carbohydrates f...
Multiplicative cascade models of multifractal solar magnetic fields.

We present a multifractal analysis of digital, photoelectric images of line-of-sight magnetic fields in solar active regions and quiet photosphere. We study a positive definite measure related to the Ohmic dissipation of magnetic energy. After calculation of the multifractal spectrum directly and by scaling of the moments of the measure, we focus on a multiplicative cascade approach. We infer a scale-invariant rule by which the Ohmic dissipation measure is allocated among subsets of its support through a hierarchy of scales. Knowledge of this rule, which is hampered to some extent by image noise, permits the calculation of the multifractal spectrum to great accuracy. The scaling of the solar dissipation field resembles that of fully developed turbulence in an atmospheric boundary layer. The cascade multiplier probability distribution is itself a very useful quantity. It allows a convenient display of image properties, such as self-similarity. Further, it is more closely related than the multifractal spectrum to the physics of the turbulent field evolution, and it thus can be used to impose stronger constraints on turbulent dynamo models of magnetic field generation.
In situ high pressure XRD study on hydrogen uptake behavior of Pd-carbon systems

Efficient storage of hydrogen for use in fuel cell-powered vehicles is a challenge that is being addressed in different ways, including adsorptive, compressive, and liquid storage approaches. In this paper we report on adsorptive storage in nanoporous carbon fibers in which palladium is incorporated prior to spinning and carbonization/activation of the fibers. Nanoparticles of Pd, when dispersed in activated carbon fibers (ACF), enhance the hydrogen storage capacity of ACF. The adsorption capacity of Pd-ACF increases with increasing temperature below 0.4 bar, and the trend reverses when the pressure increases. To understand the cause for such behavior, hydrogen uptake properties of Pd with different degrees of Pd-carbon contact (Pd deposited on carbon surface and Pd embedded in carbon matrix) are compared with Pd-sponge using in situ XRD under various hydrogen partial pressures (<10 bar). Rietveld refinement and profile analysis of diffraction patterns does not show any significant changes in carbon structure even under 10 bar H2. Pd forms β PdH0.67 under 10 bar H2, which transforms to α PdH0.02 as the hydrogen partial pressure is decreased. However, the equilibrium pressure of transition (corresponding to a 1:1 ratio of α and β phases) increases with increasing the extent of Pd-carbon contact. This pressure is higher for Pd embedded in carbon than for Pd deposited on carbon surface. Both these Pd-carbon materials have higher H2 desorption pressure than pure Pd, indicating that carbon “pumps out” hydrogen from PdHx and the pumping power depends on the extent of Pd-carbon contact. These results support the spillover mechanism (dissociative adsorption of H2 followed by surface diffusion of atomic H).
Number of Subunits Comprising the Epithelial Sodium Channel

Abstract The human epithelial sodium channel (hENaC) is a hetero-oligomeric complex composed of three subunits, α, β, and γ. Understanding the structure and function of this channel and its abnormal behavior in disease requires knowledge of the number of subunits that comprise the channel complex. We used freeze-fracture electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods to evaluate the number of subunits in the ENaC complex expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In oocytes expressing wild-type hENaC (α, β, and γ subunits), clusters of particles appeared in the protoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. The total number of particles in the clusters was consistent with the whole-cell amiloride-sensitive current measured in the same cells. The size frequency histogram for the particles in the clusters suggested the presence of an integral membrane protein complex composed of 17 ± 2 transmembrane α-helices. Because each ENaC subunit has two putative transmembrane helices, these data suggest that in the oocyte plasma membrane, the ENaC complex is composed of eight or nine subunits. At high magnification, individual ENaC particles exhibited a near-square geometry. Functional studies using wild-type αβ-hENaC coexpressed with γ-hENaC mutants, which rendered the functional channel differentially sensitive to methanethiosulfonate reagents and cadmium, suggested that the functional channel complex contains more than one γ subunit. These data suggest that functional ENaC consists of eight or nine subunits of which a minimum of two are γ subunits.
Experiences with a New Oral Mercurial Diuretic—Merpurate

A new oral mercurial diuretic, Merpurate, was studied in dogs for chronic toxicity and in humans for effectiveness. It was found that this product was effective as a diuretic in the doses used and gave a minimal number of undesirable reactions.
Chemically Induced Polycystic Kidney Disease in the Newborn1

KIME etal., DARMADY and others have shown that diphenylamine (DPA), a fungicide, caused diffuse cystic disease in mature rats fed the compound for 6 months to one year. We report the development of polycystic changes in kidneys of newborn rats born of the mothers a) fed DPA (2 ½% in diet), and b) tube fed 2 ml of 1% DPA in alcohol, for the last 6 days of pregnancy. Controls received diet without DPA or were tube fed alcohol. All 70 newborn in the experimental group showed a) cystic dilatation of the collecting ducts, and b) vacuolar degeneration of the poximal tubules. Micro-dissection studies of the abnormal tubules will be presented.
Non-perturbative breakdown of scale invariance in φ2+n−14n+2☆

Abstract A large N analysis of the renormalizable interactions ( φ 2 ) 2 M | M −1 M , M ⩾ 3 is reported, generalizing a recent work of Bardeen, Moshe and Bander. At “multi-critical” points, each theory is perturbatively scale invariant. Each member of the M odd sequence exhibits a non-perturbative ultra-violet fixed point, spontaneous breaking of scale invariance and a dilaton.
Rapid narcosis and delayed mortality in larvae of king crabs and kelp shrimp exposed to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil

Abstract Sensitivity of larval Paralithodes camtschatica and Eualus suckleyi exposed 20 min–96 h to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil was determined. Swimming cessation in half the animals occurred within 20 minutes' exposure to 2 ppm WSF for shrimp larvae and only 0·5 ppm for crab larvae. Half the larvae of both species died after 6 hours' exposure to 8 ppm or 24 hours' exposure to 2–4 ppm, but deaths did not occur until several days after exposure ended. In the field, most non-swimming larvae would probably die as well.
Optical spectra of CsI, CsBr, ZuGeP2, and SbSI

Abstract We report here the study of the normal reflectivity spectra R and the corresponding derivative spectra (1/ R ) d R /d E of SbSI between 2 and 6 eV. The spectra show very strong anisotropy. We have also tried to use the change of the wavelength modulation spectrum to monitor the change in the band structure of SbSI due to the phase transition at 292 °C (D 2h 16 →C 2v 9 ). Careful examination of the spectra at various temperatures around T c shows no observable change. We report also the wavelength-modulated reflectivity spectra of the chalcopyrite crystal ZnGeP 2 at 5 K between 2 and 6 eV, for E ∥ C and E ⊥ C . The experimental results are compared with the theoretical band structure calculation by de Alvarez and Cohen. We also present measurements on CsBr, CsI in the vacuum uv (between 5 and 8 eV) at 1.8K, showing noticeable difference with previous reflectivity measurements at 77 K.
Immunoassay and immunohistology studies of chromogranin A as a neuroendocrine marker in patients with carcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract Objectives. Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate is characterized by the expression of neuroendocrine cell products such as chromogranin A (CgA). We studied serum levels and tissue staining for CgA in prostate cancer to assess their clinical value. Methods. In 82 patients with prostate cancer, serum specimens were obtained at diagnosis and studied by both CgA and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunoassays. In 43 additional patients with prostate cancer, paraffin-embedded tissue from core biopsies or transurethral resections and serum samples were studied, respectively, by immunohistology and immunoassay for CgA. Results. In serum samples from the 82 patients in whom CgA and PSA levels were measured, 26 of 82 (32%) had an elevated CgA (greater than 200 ng/mL), and 36 of 82 (44%) had an elevated PSA (greater than 4.0 ng/mL). Of the patients with Stage D2 cancer, 11 of 18 (61%) had an elevated CgA and 6 of 18 (33%) had an elevated PSA. Four of 5 patients with local recurrence had an elevated CgA, but only 1 patient had an elevated PSA. Of the 43 patients in whom serum and tissue CgA studies were performed, 12 (28%) had elevated serum CgA, and 15 of the 43 (35%) had CgA staining in their prostate tissue. Of the 14 of these patients with D2 disease (distant metastases), 9 (64%) had elevated serum levels of CgA and 6 (43%) had positive staining in their prostate tissue. Of the 9 patients with Stage D2 disease and elevated serum CgA, 6 had a normal serum PSA. Conclusions. Our studies complement those of others and indicate that CgA has potential as a clinically useful serum and tumor marker for prostate cancer. Serum CgA measurements can identify some patients with advanced disease who do not have elevated serum PSA. However, further studies in larger groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of CgA as a marker for prostate cancer.
Larsen’s syndrome

A 1-day-old female full-term newborn had mild-to-moderate episodic inspiratory stridor. She had no retractions or cyanosis, her cry and feeding were normal, and the stridorous episodes typically occurred while she was crying. Genetic and orthopedic consultations were obtained for abnormal facies and knee and hip dislocations.
A study of three-nucleon interaction in three- and four-body nuclei

Abstract The variational Monte Carlo method is used to study the effect of model three-nucleon interactions on the binding energy and structure of 3 He and 4 He nuclei. Realistic two-nucleon intertions, such as Reid v 8 and Urbana v 14 , as well as simple spin-isospin independent two-nucleon interactions such as the Malfliet-Tjon model V are used in this study. The three-nucleon interaction V ijk is assumed to depend on r ij , r ik and the angle θ i , of the triangle r i , r j and r k . It is shown that V ijk having P 2 (cos θ i ) angle dependence can explain the binding energy and the dip in the proton distribution of 3 He nucleus. Results of limited studies of the effect of spin-isospin dependence of V ijk , are also presented. Simple models of V ijk , having only P 0 (cos θ i ) and P 2 (cos θ i ) terms can bring the theory of these nuclei closer to experiment, however they seem to give a much smaller dip in the proton distribution of 4 He.
Actions of bombesin, thyrotropin releasing factor, prostaglandin E2 and naloxone on thermoregulation in the rat.

Abstract Bombesin is a peptide isolated from anuran skin. When given intracisternally this peptide produces hypothermia in cold exposed rats. This action is reversed by thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and naloxone. TRF and PGE 2 produce hyperthermia in rats kept at room temperature, and this effect is prevented by bombesin. These results demonstrate potent actions of bombesin, TRF and PGE 2 to affect thermoregulation. An opiate dependent step for the mechanism of action of bombesin may exist.
Genomic Analysis of the F3031 Brazilian Purpuric Fever Clone of Haemophilus influenzae Biogroup Aegyptius by PCR-Based Subtractive Hybridization

PCR-based subtractive genome hybridization produced clones harboring inserts present in Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) prototype strain F3031 but absent in noninvasive Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius isolate F1947. Some of these inserts have no matches in the GenBank database, while others are similar to genes encoding either known or hypothetical proteins. One insert represents a 2.3-kb locus with similarity to a Thermotoga maritima hypothetical protein, while another is part of a 7.6-kb locus that contains predicted genes encoding hypothetical, phage-related, and carotovoricin Er-like proteins. The presence of DNA related to these loci is variable among BPF isolates and nontypeable H. influenzae strains, while neither of them was detected in strains of types a to f. The data indicate that BPF-causing strain F3031 harbors unique chromosomal regions, most of which appear to be acquired from unrelated microbial sources.
Interrelationship between parathyroid hormone and insulin: effects on DNA synthesis in UMR-106-01 cells.

UMR-106–01 osteoblast-like cells respond to high concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in vitro by decreasing thymidine incorporation, a marker of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. This response is different from in vivo conditions, such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, in which high PTH levels are associated with an increased number of osteoblasts. When the response of UMR-106–01 cells to PTH is evaluated in vitro, however, these cells are exposed to only a single hormone. The present study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of two hormones, PTH and insulin, on the DNA synthesis of UMR-106–01 cells. PTH is known to decrease and insulin to increase thymidine incorporation by UMR-106–01 cells. To examine the interaction of these hormones, acute studies, defined as a 24 h exposure to hormone, and chronic studies, defined as a 7 day exposure to hormone, were performed. Both acute and chronic exposure to 10−9 M PTH decreased thymidine incorporation by UMR-106–01 cells, with suppression ranging from 27 to 81% (P < 0.05). Both acute and chronic exposure to 10−8 M insulin (INS) increased thymidine incorporation by UMR-106–01 cells; this ranged from 26 to 58% (P < 0.05). However, chronic exposure to 10−9 M PTH followed by an acute exposure to 10−8 M INS resulted in a 710% increase in thymidine incorporation (P < 0.01). Reversing the sequence by chronically exposing UMR-106–01 cells to 10−8 M INS followed by acute exposure to 10−9 M PTH resulted in a 53% decrease in thymidine incorporation (P < 0.01). When 10−9 M PTH and 10−8 M INS were administered simultaneously, the increase in thymidine incorporation produced by acute and chronic administration ranged from 35 to 56% of nontreated control values (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the timing of PTH and insulin administration may produce different responses in thymidine incorporation by UMR-106–01 cells. Whether during hyperparathyroidism in vivo, pulsatile increases in insulin secretion are important for osteoblast proliferation remains to be determined.
Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces

Three hundred Ss, black and white, male and female, at four age levels were tested for their recognition of 12 photographed faces: black, white, male, female, child, adolescent, and adult. Females recognized female faces more frequently than the male faces, while male Ss recognized the male and female faces with equal facility. Whites recognized the white faces more frequently than the black faces, while black Ss recognized the black and white faces with equal facility. Incorrect identifications of 24 faces not actually seen before were treated separately. Male faces and black faces were misidentified more than white faces and female faces. The number of false identifications of faces decreased as Ss increased in age. Perceived beauty in a face facilitated recognition. There was evidence of large differences in memorability among individual faces.
Role of Nucleotide P2 Receptors in Calcium Signaling and Prolactin Release in Pituitary Lactotrophs

Anterior pituitary cells express nucleotide-gated G protein-coupled P2 receptors (P2YRs) and cation-conducting channels (P2XRs). However, the identification of P2 receptors subtypes and their native ligands, and the distribution and function of these receptors within the secretory and non-secretory pituitary cells has been incompletely characterized. The focus in this study was on lactotroph subpopulation of cells. ATP and ADP, but not UTP and UDP, triggered calcium signaling in a majority (85%) of lactotrophs and prolactin release in mixed pituitary cells. Consistent with the role of P2 receptors in signaling and secretion, the actions of ATP and ADP were abolished in the presence of apyrase, an ectonucleotidase. Transcripts for Gq-coupled calcium-mobilizing P2Y1R, P2Y2R, P2Y4R, and P2Y6R, as well as Gi-coupled P2Y12R, were identified in mixed anterior pituitary cells. The ligand-selectivity profile of calcium mobilization-dependent signaling and prolactin secretion and the blockade of these responses by pyridoxal 5-phosphate 6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid indicated that P2Y1R mediates the stimulatory action of ATP and ADP. Within the channels expressed in anterior pituitary (P2X2R, P2X3R, P2X4R, and P2X7R), the P2X4R subtype provides a major pathway for calcium influx-dependent signaling and prolactin secretion. This conclusion was based on comparison of native to recombinant channels with respect to their ligand preference, sensitivity to pyridoxal 5-phosphate 6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid, and the rates of calcium signal desensitization.
Symbolic operators for NURBS

Symbolic operators for NURBS curves and surfaces are presented in this paper. The operators are used to compute NURBS entities by performing algebraic operations using NURBS curves and surfaces as variables. Dot and cross products, sum/difference and derivative operators are presented. An application to construct ruled surfaces to rational rail curves is also included.
Efficacy of right unilateral ultrabrief pulse width ECT: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ultrabrief (right unilateral) electroconvulsive therapy (UB-RU ECT) is a newer form of ECT, which uses a shorter pulse width than the standard ECT (0.3 vs 1.0 millisecond, respectively). As a result, the use of UB ECT may provide a means of further decreasing ECT-related cognitive adverse effects. In 2011, the University of Texas Southwestern Department of ECT in Austin adopted a UB ECT protocol. The purpose of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of UB-RU ECT. This study also examined whether sex, age, or diagnosis affected response rates. METHODS This retrospective chart review identified 62 patients treated with the UB ECT protocol. An analysis of ECT response rates and demographic characteristics was conducted based on the data from clinical evaluations and Patient Health Questionnaire 9. RESULTS Sixty-eight percent of patients in the study responded to ECT; 55% responded to UB pulse width RU ECT with another 13% responding when switched to standard pulse width bilateral ECT. The mean number of treatments in an index ECT series was 12.5. There was no statistically significant difference in response rates between bipolar and unipolar depressed patients. Men required progression to bilateral treatment more than women. CONCLUSIONS This UB ECT protocol demonstrated a similar response rate when compared to standard ECT protocols; however, an increase in the number of treatments was required. Ultrabrief protocols are a viable option for both bipolar and unipolar depression. In men, UB ECT protocols may be less advantageous due to a need to overcome a potentially higher seizure threshold in men; however, additional research is needed to confirm this finding.
Cutaneous radiation injury after complex coronary intervention.

A 57-year-old man who presented with exertional chest discomfort underwent stenting of a high-grade, calcified lesion in the distal right coronary artery (RCA). An ostial dissection, which resulted from deep intubation of the guiding catheter during delivery of the stent, was also treated. The
p21Waf1/Cip1 is an assembly factor required for platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors interact with cyclin-cdk complexes to arrest mitogen-stimulated transit through the cell cycle, but these proteins have recently been shown to have positive regulatory effects on cyclin-cdk complex activity as well. Most of the previous work in this area has focussed on the finding that overexpressed p21Waf1/Cip1 causes growth arrest. However, mice lacking p21Waf1/Cip1 showed normal development with no aberrancy in their cell cycles, and antisense p21Waf1/Cip1has only been shown to prevent cell cycle arrest, leading to the conclusion that the cyclin kinase inhibitors may not be required for cell cycle progression. We found that transfection of several lines of vascular smooth muscle cells with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide specific to p21Waf1/Cip1 correlates with decreased cyclin D1/cdk 4, but not cyclin E/cdk 2, association, yet, unexpectedly, results in dose-dependent inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Our finding that p21Waf1/Cip1 exhibits permissive effects on growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell cycle progression, such that its presence is required for growth factor-induced proliferation, is the first such report and opens up a fertile area of research relevant to diseases involving vascular cell proliferation.
Adaptive fault-tolerant wormhole routing algorithms with low virtual channel requirements

We present simple methods to enhance a recently proposed class of fully adaptive algorithms for fault tolerant wormhole routing. These algorithms are based on J. Duato's (1993) theory and are being used in several research projects. We show that with three virtual channels per physical channel, multiple rectangular shaped fault blocks can be tolerated in two dimensional meshes. There is no restriction on the number of faults, and maintaining fault information locally is sufficient. The logic for fault tolerant routing is used only in the presence of faults, and there is no performance degradation in the absence of faults. The proposed technique incorporates fault tolerance into wormhole algorithms with simple logic and low virtual channel requirements. >
Organizational factors associated with self-management behaviors in diabetes primary care clinics.

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between organizational characteristics as measured by the Chronic Care Model (CCM) and patient self-management behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe study design was cross-sectional. The study setting included 20 primary care clinics from South Texas. The sample included approximately 30 consecutive patients that were enrolled from each clinic for a sample of 617 patients. For the data collection procedures, the CCM survey was completed by caregivers in the clinic. Self-management behaviors were obtained from patient exit surveys. For measures, the CCM consisted of 6 structural dimensions: (1) organization support, (2) community linkages, (3) self-management support, (4) decision support system, (5) delivery system design, and (6) clinical information systems. Patient self-management behavior included whether the patient reported always doing all 4 of the following behaviors as they were instructed: (1) checking blood sug...
Evaluation of normalization methods for two-channel microRNA microarrays.

Background: MiR arrays distinguish themselves from gene expression arrays by their more limited number of probes, and the shorter and less flexible sequence in probe design. Robust data processing and analysis methods tailored to the unique characteristics of miR arrays are greatly needed. Assumptions underlying commonly used normalization methods for gene expression microarrays containing tens of thousands or more probes may not hold for miR microarrays. Findings from previous studies have sometimes been inconclusive or contradictory. Further studies to determine optimal normalization methods for miR microarrays are needed. Methods: We evaluated many different normalization methods for data generated with a custom-made two channel miR microarray using two data sets that have technical replicates from several different cell lines. The impact of each normalization method was examined on both within miR error variance (between replicate arrays) and between miR variance to determine which normalization methods minimized differences between replicate samples while preserving differences between biologically distinct miRs. Results: Lowess normalization generally did not perform as well as the other methods, and quantile normalization based on an invariant set showed the best performance in many cases unless restricted to a very small invariant set. Global median and global mean methods performed reasonably well in both data sets and have the advantage of computational simplicity. Conclusions: Researchers need to consider carefully which assumptions underlying the different normalization methods appear most reasonable for their experimental setting and possibly consider more than one normalization approach to determine the sensitivity of their results to normalization method used.
A selective history of Internet technology and social work

ABSTRACT “Organized chaos” is the theme of the short history of the Internet and social work. It is a history of paradoxes. Although there are many paths to follow the historical influence of the Internet for social work, this essay notes that the Internet was bom from a military strategy. Decades later, social work education and practice employed this massive network. This essay traces the unlikely links among the original military agenda, astounding engineering feats, online social interaction action, and social work education and practice. A short glossary is provided to readers unfamiliar with technical terms.
Neuronal Lipodystrophy. Occurrence in an Imbred Strain of Cattle

Spontaneous neuronal lipodystrophy with visceral involvement is reported in a bull of an inbred strain of cattle. The presence of neuronal inclusions similar to the multilamellar cytosomes and curvilinear bodies described in a type of late infantile amaurotic idiocy and a neurovisceral storage disease in man was demonstrated by light microscopy and confirmed by histochemistry and electron microscopy.
Effects of physical fitness training on mortality, independence and disability after stroke unclear

Commentary on: DH Saunders, CA Greig, GE Mead, et al.. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2009:CD003316.
Transformation‐Toughened Ceramic Multilayers with Compositional Gradients

The processing and the thermomechanical characteristics of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic multilayers, with through-thickness gradients in the concentrations of the tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia phases, are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Analytical solutions for the evolution of thermal strains, internal stresses, and the overall curvature changes in response to various temperatures were derived using known plate theory formulations. Compositionally graded multilayer stacks and complex shapes of ZTA ceramics were fabricated by three-dimensional printing (3DP). The relative fractions of the tetragonal to monoclinic ZrO2 phases were varied in a prescribed fashion. Phase transformation of ZrO2 in ZTA during cooling from the sintering temperature was controlled by doping different amounts of Y2O3 through the thickness of the ZTA multilayer plate. The local content of monoclinic ZrO2 through the thickness was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The microstructure, some basic mechanical properties, and thermal expansion behavior of the 3DP ZTA system were also characterized. Thermally induced curvature of the ZTA multilayer plate was measured, and the experimental results were compared with the predictions based on the analytical solutions. Symmetric ZTA multilayers with surface compression were also prepared by 3DP and tested for flexural strength. Results showed a significant increase in strength from the monolithic specimens to the compositionally controlled ones. Results from the compression tests of notched ZTA blocks demonstrated the role of m-ZTA shield zones in enhancing the load-bearing characteristics. This study also demonstrated the possibility that commonly available computational tools can be used to design and construct complex shapes with compositional variation to enhance and control mechanical properties.
The Psychiatric Effects of Massive Trauma on Cambodian Children: I. The Children

This report, which uses standardized interviews by psychiatrists, describes the psychiatric effects on 40 Cambodian high school students in the United States who suffered massive trauma from 1975 to 1979. They endured separation from family, forced labor and starvation, and witnessed many deaths because of the Pol Pot regime. After 2 years of living in refugee camps, they immigrated to the United States at about age 14. Four years after leaving Cambodia, 20 (50%) developed posttraumatic stress disorder; mild, but prolonged depressive symptoms were also common. Psychiatric effects were more common and more severe when the students did not reside with a family member.
State formation and the decline of political parties: American parties in the fiscal state

The shifting salience of political parties is a central issue in American political development. From the debates over colonial “parties” to debates over the relevance of realignment theory in the 1980s and 1990s, scholars have attempted to assess the impact of political parties on political development. One topic that has provoked particularly extensive debate is the status of parties since World War II. Scholars point to confidence gaps, realignment, and institutional displacement, among other factors, to explain the postwar decline of political parties. But there are problems: Analytical frameworks explaining decline cannot account for recent signs of party resurgence; frameworks explaining resurgence typically account for little of the decline. Those focused on one aspect of the party system (e.g., parties in Congress) rarely offer insights on other aspects (e.g., parties in the electorate). What is needed is an approach that places parties within their structural settings. If these settings change, parties may change.
Hydroxycarbamide for very young children with sickle cell anaemia: no effect on the primary outcomes of spleen or kidney function, but evidence for decreased pain and dactylitis, with minimal toxicity

Commentary on: WC Wang, RE Ware, ST Miller, et al.. Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG). Lancet2011;377:1663–72.
Altering document term vectors for classification: ontologies as expectations of co-occurrence

In this paper we extend the state-of-the-art in utilizing background knowledge for supervised classification by exploiting the semantic relationships between terms explicated in Ontologies. Preliminary evaluations indicate that the new approach generally improves precision and recall, more so for hard to classify cases and reveals patterns indicating the usefulness of such background knowledge.
A new decision making algorithm for airbag control

Airbag systems have been introduced to supplement the seat belt system primarily to reduce head injuries. Most of the present airbag systems use distributed mechanical sensors, which are costly, not easy to calibrate, and not effective to trigger the airbag on time for different types of crashes. An electronic sensor is more effective in the sense that the signal from the accelerometer can be digitized and analyzed to study the behavior of the signal for different types of crashes. Unfortunately, most of the algorithms which are used for electronic sensors still have some problems. They either fail to trigger the airbag on time for several types of high speed crashes such as pole and angle crashes, or if they do trigger at these crashes they also trigger at low speed barrier crashes. A new algorithm for an electronic sensor is presented. This algorithm has been developed by analyzing a large volume of data obtained from actual crash testing experiments. The algorithm works for all types of crashes. The algorithm has been tested by applying it on real crash testing data. A hardware circuit has also been proposed in the paper, which can be used to implement the algorithm for real-time operations. >
A state-transition approach to understanding nonequilibrium plant community dynamics in Californian grasslands

Usinga spatially and temporally replicated dataset, we built astate-transition model for Californian grasslands. We delineatedvegetation states by allowing TWINSPAN to classifyplot-level (≈10 m2) species cover datacollected over 3 to 5 consecutive years on 9 sites in an experimental designthat incorporated 5 residual dry matter (RDM) treatment levels representativeofthe range of grazing management prescriptions for this type (0, 280, 560, 841,1121 kg RDM·ha−1). We identified anddescribed a new California annual grassland subtype – Coast RangeGrassland – that is distinct from the previously described Coastal Prairieand Valley Grassland. Classification and regression tree(CART) analysis correctly classified 63% ofTWINSPAN-created vegetation transitions amongstates with interactions among site and monthly climate averages as the maindriving factors. The RDM variable (a surrogate for grazing intensity) wasimportant in model refinement, but only at a few site × year combinations andpredictions were rarely attributable to the grazing intensity gradient. Theequilibrium-based conclusion that grazing intensity manipulation createsdistinctive community structure was restricted in application to a few sites.The results suggest that equilibrium models may be appropriate for predictingsystem productivity but not the community composition, details of which requirea nonequilibrium approach. The nonequilibrium state-transition modeloffers considerable potential for improving the development and testing ofhypotheses about vegetation change and the limitations of management controls,but will require relatively large spatially and temporally replicated datasets.
Hematoxylin as a pituitary stain.

The accurate picture of the acidophil granules of the anterior pituitary which is provided by iron hematoxylin can be combined with the differential staining of the basophils by either the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or combined aldehyde-fuchsin-PAS procedures. To accomplish this the two stages of the iron hematoxylin technique are separated so that mordanting in iron alum precedes and application of hematoxylin follows the basophil procedures.
The Relationship Between Interests and Values in Career Decision Making The Need for an Alternative Method of Measuring Values

Personal attributes such as interests and values are typically combined as part of an integrated career assessment to help clients examine, clarify, and integrate self-knowledge. Although most rese...
Prevention of the Choking Game: Parent Perspectives

BACKGROUND: Many preadolescents and adolescents have been reported to take part in forced asphyxiation as a means of creating a feeling of being high without taking drugs. This activity goes by different names, including the Choking Game, Blackout, and Space Monkey. The limited epidemiological data suggest that about 6-11% of adolescents report having engaged in this behavior. METHODS: This study surveyed a predominantly Caucasian cohort of parents regarding their knowledge of the choking game and its associated risks, as well as their attitudes toward possible prevention efforts. RESULTS: Three quarters of parents responding reported being familiar with the choking game but considerably fewer (20%) reported having talked to their children about this activity. Ninety-six percent of parents reported knowing that unintentional death was a potential risk and ninety percent believe information about this activity should be included in school health curricula. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of adolescents in the United States appear to be quite knowledgeable about the Choking Game and its potential risks and are overwhelmingly supportive of prevention measures. The parents surveyed understood the importance of preventing children from engaging in the Choking Game, but may need specific help in how to talk to their children about it. Further work is needed to confirm that the proportion of parents identified as aware of this risk taking behavior is consistent across other populations and to urgently identify effective prevention efforts that can be integrated into existing health curricula. Language: en