cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward data distribution independent parallel matrix multiplication

To eliminate or reduce initial data redistribution overheads for distributed memory parallel computers, this paper considers the problem of writing data distribution independent (DDI) programs whose functionality and execution time are independent of initial data distributions. Relations between time-space mappings and input data distributions are established. These relations are the basis of a systematic approach to the derivation of DDI programs which is illustrated for matrix-matrix multiplication. Conditions on data distributions that correspond to an optimal modular mapping are provided. It is shown that only twelve programs suffice to accomplish redistribution-free execution for the many input data distributions that satisfy the above conditions. When DDI matrix multiplication programs are used in an algorithm with multiple matrix products, half of data redistributions otherwise required can be eliminated. >
Lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol: California, October 1972 to March 1974

The paper describes the results of a series of 30 observations of stratospheric aerosol made with a ground-based lidar on the North Pacific Coast during a period relatively uninfluenced by major volcanic penetrations and displaying a relative temporal minimum in particulate content. The objectives were to provide a record of aerosol behavior during this intervolcanic period, to compare this behavior with that revealed by previous studies using a variety of techniques, and to provide comparative data on the stratospheric aerosol by conducting joint lidar and aircraft observations. Determination of scattering profile ratios from lidar signal profiles and analysis of experimental errors are described. Analysis of the data shows that significant temporal variability of the aerosol was observed, probably of nonvolcanic origin. Much of the variability was confined to the 23-30 km height region, above the major peak in scattering ratio. The evidence is that this is not due to influxes of extraterrestrial material. Vertical motions of the centroid of the scattering ratio peak were recorded during the 1973 stratospheric warming, and illustrate the value of lidar's ability to monitor temporal variations of vertical structure.
Modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors by extracellular calcium in immature and adult hippocampal slices: whole cell recordings in CA3 pyramidal cells

Abstract Lowering extracellular calcium concentration [Ca 2+ ] 0 in rat hippocampal slices can lead to an induction of epileptiform activity. It has been shown that this effect is more pronounced in slices of neonatal rats (postnatal day, PND 8–19) than in mature slices (>PND 40) and it has been suggested that unique N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor properties of immature rat hippocampal pyramidal cells contribute to this developmental effect. In a voltage clamp experiment we tested NMDA receptor properties in hippocampal pyramidal cells by measuring NMDA receptor mediated currents evoked by iontophoretic applied NMDA in the basal dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons. We found that lowering extracellular calcium from 2 to 1 mM, increases NMDA evoked inward current in pyramidal cells around the resting membrane potential. However, this effect is observed in slices of neonatal as well as in slices of mature rats, suggesting that there is no difference in NMDA receptor sensitivity to extracellular Ca 2+ between these two age groups. The modulation of the NMDA receptor by extracellular calcium at physiological concentrations can have important consequences in pathological conditions during which extracellular calcium reaches low levels. Because this ‘hypocalcemic’ condition induces a larger current influx via the NMDA receptor channel at resting membrane potentials, it can further enhance cellular excitability and contribute to sustain epileptiform activity.
The Fossil Record of the Solanaceae Revisited and Revised—The Fossil Record of Rhamnaceae Enhanced

Solanaceae is a large cosmopolitan family of angiosperms that includes some 92–100 genera and 2300–2500 species. It has been the object of a great deal of attention because of its economic importance as a food source (tomatoes, potatoes, peppers), because it includes tobacco, and is source of drugs (alkaloids). However its fossil history has been elusive with relatively few seemingly reliable reports throughout Tertiary times and no solid bases for molecular dating models to pinpoint important events in its diversification and evolution. While the great diversity found within the family makes it difficult to find morphological characters that define it, in general, the flowers have an overall distinctive morphology with some diagnostic morphological characters. Thus, as is often the case, flowers are potentially the most reliable indicators of the family in the fossil record. There have been a number of reports of flowers representing Solanaceae in the Tertiary. Yet, we report here that upon reinvestigation only one taxon remains as a plausible representative of the family while one of the most notable and frequently cited fossil Solanaceae from the Tertiary of North America is clearly a member of the family Rhamnaceae consistent with the fossil leaf record.
Alcohol and heredity: Theories about the effects of alcohol use on offspring

Abstract Medical temperance writers throughout the nineteenth century and well into the first two decades of the twentieth century argued that alcohol use by parents caused hereditary disease in their offspring. In particular, it was believed that alcohol use was responsible for feeblemindedness, epilepsy, and various other nervous system disorders. In 1910, Karl Pearson and his associates at the Galton Eugenics Laboratory of the University of London published a statistical study seriously challenging the view that alcohol use was causally related to heritable disease in offspring. Although the study generated considerable controversy and had certain flaws by contemporary standards, the weight of the evidence was sufficient to discredit the theories of the medical temperance writers.
Further aspects of the roaming mechanism in formaldehyde dissociation

Abstract Recently we reported a novel “roaming” dissociation pathway of formaldehyde in which one of the H atoms strays far from the minimum energy reaction path, explores a broad region of the potential energy surface, then abstracts the remaining H atom to form molecular products, without going near the configuration of the conventional transition state saddle point. The detailed dynamics of the abstraction mechanism and its energy dependence have already been reported. Here, with a combination of experimental and theoretical results, we examine the roaming behavior at the energetic extremes. We show evidence of roaming below the threshold of the radical dissociation channel and consider the implications of this and the possible existence of a transition state for the roaming mechanism. We also show the occurrence of roaming up to ∼3200 cm−1 above the threshold of the triplet dissociation channel. In addition, we present results affording deeper insight into the dynamics of the roaming mechanism: we show evidence of roaming leading to CO in v = 1, and examine the issue of nuclear spin conservation during dissociation via the roaming mechanism.
Parenchymal microvascular systems and cerebral atrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are hypertensive, hyperactive, and hydrocephalic; furthermore SHR have smaller brain volume and weight than age-matched, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). At 6-7 months of age, local cerebral glucose is sizably lower in SHR than WKY. The hypothesis that these several abnormalities of SHR lead to variations in cerebral microvascular bed morphology was tested in 6-7-month-old SHR and WKY by quantitating various parameters of small, intermediate, and large parenchymal microvessels (grouped by luminal diameter) in 21 brain areas. Within each rat strain, the microvascular bed properties such as vessel profile frequency (density) varied considerably among the 21 brain areas. In opposition to the hypothesis, mean luminal diameter as well as profile frequency, surface area, and luminal volume of the microvascular beds per unit tissue mass were virtually identical in each brain area of SHR and WKY for the three groups of microvessels. These findings coupled with the reports of less tissue per structure but similar density of neurons throughout the brain of SHR and WKY indicate that there are fewer neurons and less vascular tissue per brain structure in 6-7-month-old SHR than WKY; in addition, they suggest a linkage between the size of parenchymal microvascular beds and the surrounding nervous tissue.
Views from the vulnerable: Understanding climatic and other stressors in the Sahel

Abstract In much of sub-Saharan Africa, considerable research exists on the impacts of climate change on social-ecological systems. Recent adaptation studies emphasize sectoral vulnerability and largely physical adaptation strategies that mirror anti-desertification plans. The adaptive role of subsistence farmers, the vulnerable ‘target’ population, is largely overlooked. This article aims to fill this gap by putting the views from the vulnerable in the center of the analysis. Drawing from participatory risk ranking and scoring among smallholders in central Senegal, data on multiple hazards indicate that farmers’ adaptive capacity to climate change is undermined by poor health, rural unemployment, and inadequate village infrastructure. Results from conceptual mapping reveal incomplete understanding of causes and consequences of climate change. Yet, shared knowledge and lessons learned from previous climatic stresses provide vital entry points for social learning and enhanced adaptive capacity to both wetter and drier periods now and in the future.
Measurement of Wheat Starch Granule Size Distribution Using Image Analysis and Laser Diffraction Technology

ABSTRACT Starch was isolated from flour of four wheats representing hard red winter (Karl), hard red spring (Gunner), durum (Belfield 3), and spelt (WK 86035-8) wheat classes. Digital image analysis (IA) coupled with light microscopy was used to determine starch size distributions where the volume of granules was calculated as spherical particles or oblate spheroids. Starch granules were classified into three size ranges: A-type granules (> 15 μm), B-type granules (5–15 μm), and C-type granules (<5 μm). An error was noted in using digital image analysis because the perimeter of some granules touch the edge (PTE) of the field being analyzed. To correct for this error, the PTE granules were manually replaced into the field by measuring their diameters and entering them into the database. The results showed differences in the starch size distributions between the classes of wheat evaluated, as well as the method of analysis. Four laser diffraction sizing (LDS) instruments were used to measure granule distrib...
Improving the Sensitivity of Mass Spectrometry by Using a New Sheath Flow Electrospray Emitter Array at Subambient Pressures

Arrays of chemically etched emitters with individualized sheath gas capillaries were developed to enhance electrospray ionization (ESI) efficiency at subambient pressures. By incorporating the new emitter array in a subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) source, both ionization efficiency and ion transmission efficiency were significantly increased, providing enhanced sensitivity in mass spectrometric analyses. The SPIN source eliminates the major ion losses of conventional ESI-mass spectrometry (MS) interfaces by placing the emitter in the first reduced pressure region of the instrument. The new ESI emitter array design developed in this study allows individualized sheath gas around each emitter in the array making it possible to generate an array of uniform and stable electrosprays in the subambient pressure (10 to 30 Torr) environment for the first time. The utility of the new emitter arrays was demonstrated by coupling the emitter array/SPIN source with a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The instrument sensitivity was compared under different ESI source and interface configurations including a standard atmospheric pressure single ESI emitter/heated capillary, single emitter/SPIN and multi-emitter/SPIN configurations using an equimolar solution of nine peptides. The highest instrument sensitivity was observed using the multi-emitter/SPIN configuration in which the sensitivity increased with the number of emitters in the array. Over an order of magnitude MS sensitivity improvement was achieved using multi-emitter/SPIN compared with using the standard atmospheric pressure single ESI emitter/heated capillary interface.
The Effects of Group Free Improvisation Instruction on Improvisation Achievement and Improvisation Confidence.

While improvisation in K-12 schools in the USA has gained some traction since the inception of the US National Standards in 1994, there is still a dearth of improvisation activities in schools because of the lack of music teacher preparation in improvisation. The purpose of this study was to determine if providing group free improvisation instruction and activities to collegiate non-music majors would help them become better and more confident improvisers. An additional purpose was to examine the relationship between improvisation achievement and selected variables. A repeated measures design was utilised to test improvisation achievement through solo improvisations of college non-music majors enrolled in a free improvisation class. There was no statistical difference in improvisation achievement by time of solo recording; however, improvisation confidence improved over time. Improvisation confidence was correlated with risk-taking personality as well as a pretest self-assessment of improvisation comfort....
Energy and angular momentum flow into a black hole in a binary

As a black hole in a binary spirals in gradually from large separation, energy and angular momentum flow not only to infinity but also into or out of the hole. In addition, the hole's horizon area increases slowly during this process. In this paper, the changes in the black hole's mass, spin, and horizon area during inspiral are calculated for a hole in a circular binary with a companion body of possibly comparable mass. When the binary is composed of equal mass black holes that have spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum and are rapidly rotating (with spins 99.8% of their maximal values), it is found that the fractional increase in the surface area of each hole's horizon is 1% by the time the binary spirals down to a separation b of $6M$ (where M is the binary's total mass), and 7% down to $b=2M.$ The flow of energy and angular momentum into the black holes' horizons changes the number of gravitational-wave cycles in the LIGO band by no more than a tenth of a cycle by the time the binary reaches $b=2M.$ The results obtained in this paper are relevant for the detection and analysis of gravitational waves from binary systems containing a black hole.
Prognostic factors and treatment of patients with T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.

BACKGROUND T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHL) are more aggressive and patients have a poorer prognosis compared with patients with the corresponding B-cell lymphomas. Although intensive treatments have been developed, it is unknown whether they are more effective than CHOP chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovorin, and prednisone). METHODS The authors' retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcome of 135 previously untreated patients with T-NHL who were treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) between 1996 and 2002. Lymphomas with T-cell histologies with the exception of mycosis fungoides were included. RESULTS The estimated median overall survival was 46 months. Thirty-seven percent of the patients received CHOP therapy, 48% received intensive therapy, and 15% received other therapy. The estimated 3-year overall survival rates were 62% for the patients treated with CHOP therapy and 56% for the patients who received intensive therapy. After the exclusion of patients with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), who are known to have a better prognosis than patients with other T-NHLs, the estimated 3-year overall survival rates were 43% for the patients treated with CHOP therapy and 49% for the patients who received intensive therapy. Parameters that may be independent prognostic factors for survival in T-NHL, excluding ALCL, included ECOG performance status ≥ 2, beta-2-microglobulin level > 2 mg/L, lactate dehydrogenase level higher than normal, bulky disease ≥ 7 cm, and a higher international prognostic index and tumor score. CONCLUSIONS The current study data suggested that patients treated with intensive therapies did not fare better than those treated with CHOP therapy. New treatment regimens need to be developed for patients with T-NHL. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Altered transition between agonist- and antagonist-favoring states of μ-opioid receptor in brain membranes with modified microviscosity

: In unmodified synaptosomal brain membranes the presence of NaCl inhibited the binding to μ receptors of the tritiated opioid agonists etorphine, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol, and sufentanil by 53, 43, and 37%, respectively, and increased that of the antagonist [3H]naltrexone by 54%. On the other hand, in membranes whose microviscosity was increased by incorporation of cholesteryl hemi-succinate (CHS) the effects of sodium on opioid agonist and antagonist binding were abolished and strongly reduced, respectively. Furthermore, in the modified membranes the ability of sodium to protect the opioid receptor from inactivation by the sulfhydryl-reactive agent N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) was diminished. In CHS-treated membranes whose elevated microviscosity was reduced by the incorporation of oleic acid, the effectiveness of sodium in modulating opioid binding and attenuating receptor inactivation by NEM was restored. The results implicate membrane microviscosity in the mechanism by which sodium modulates the conversion between agonist-and antagonist-favoring states of μ opioid receptor.
The σE and Cpx regulatory pathways: Overlapping but distinct envelope stress responses

The Cpx and sigmaE extracytoplasmic stress responses sense and respond to misfolded proteins in the bacterial envelope. Recent studies have highlighted differences between these regulatory pathways in terms of activating signals, mechanisms of signal transduction and the nature of the responses. Cumulatively, the findings suggest distinct physiological roles for these partially overlapping envelope stress responses. The sigmaE pathway is essential for survival and is primarily responsible for monitoring and responding to alterations in outer membrane protein folding. Mounting evidence suggests that the Cpx regulon may have been adapted to ensure properly timed expression and assembly of adhesive organelles.
Breast cancer biomarker measurements and standards

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by changes in the levels and activities of important cellular proteins, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Genetic mutations cause changes in protein activity and protein expression levels that result in the altered metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis seen in cancer cells. The identification of the critical biochemical changes in cancer has led to advances in its detection and treatment. An important example of this is the measurement of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), where increased expression occurs in approximately 20-30% of breast cancer tumors. HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and is an important biomarker expressed on the cell surface. Measurement of the HER2 levels in tumor cells provides diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment information, because a targeted therapeutic is available. The most common methods to measure HER2 levels are immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays. The accurate and reliable measurements of the specific changes in protein biomarkers for detection and treatment of cancer are important challenges. This review is focused on efforts to improve the quantitation and reliability of cancer biomarkers by using standards and reference materials.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Alveolar Surface Topography in Induced Acute Respiratory Insufficiency

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy has been used to assess alveolar surface topography in a canine model of induced acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI). Mongrel dogs were infused with saline solution intermittently, continuously, or continuously with intermittent furosemide treatment. Ultrastructural and pathophysiological correlates of ARI were seen only in dogs that had fluid loading continuously at 100 ml. per kilogram of body weight per hour for 4 to 6 hours and that were not treated with furosemide. In acute pulmonary edema produced by continuous fluid overloading, the alveolar cell-air interface was altered. Irregular surface elevations, extravasated erythrocytes, and an apparent reduction in the diameter of the pores of Kohn were observed only in alveoli from dogs that died terminally after 4 to 6 hours of continuous fluid overloading. The morphological changes at the alveolar gas-exchange surface correlated with data indicating that respiratory function was being compromised by pulmonary edema. These observations and their relation to the genesis of ARI induced in the dog by continuous fluid overloading may provide a model for better understanding iatrogenic clinical respiratory failure.
Study of additive‐epoxy interaction of thermally reworkable underfills

Underfill is the material used in a flip-chip device to dramatically enhance its reliability as compared to a nonunderfilled device. Current underfills are mainly epoxy-based materials that are not reworkable after curing, which is an obstacle in flip-chip technology developments, where unknown bad die is a concern. Reworkable underfill is the key to address the nonreworkability of the flip-chip devices. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop epoxy-based thermally reworkable underfills. Our previous work showed that when incorporated into epoxy matrix, special additives could provide the epoxy formulation with die-removal capability around solder reflow temperature. The additive-epoxy interactions were studied and the results show that the additives do not adversely affect the epoxy properties. Moreover, when the additive decomposition temperature is reached, the decomposition of the additive causes a microexplosion within the epoxy matrix. Subsequently, the adhesion of the epoxy matrix is greatly reduced. Among the four additives studied, Additivel and Additive2 may be used in reworkable underfills that can be reworked around solder reflow temperature, Additive3 cannot be used in underfill because it greatly reduces the shelf life of the underfill, and Additive4 may be used to develop reworkable underfill that withstands multiple reflows.
Distant effects of a focal epileptogenic process

Epileptiform activity originating from a discrete epileptogenic cortical focus may give rise to concomitant 'projected discharges' in distant regions of the brain which are synaptically related to the primary epileptogenic area. In the field of clinical EEG, the occurrence of such discharges may represent an additional complicating factor in the interpretation of a tracing. In the experimental field, the phenomenon of projection of epileptiform discharges induced by topical application of strychnine has been utilized to detect interconnections between various cerebral structures ('strychnine neuronography', see ref. 24). It seems likely that such projected discharges may also disrupt function in 'normal' structures and thus contribute to the deficiencies in learning and memory observed in patients and in experimental animals with focal epileptogenic lesions 17,25,27,a4,a6. According to Morrell and his associates, cerebral structures under the effect of such repeated bombardment may become capable of independent epileptogenesis ~,37. Projection of paroxysmal discharge, probably involving callosal, commissural, and other subcortical pathways, is particularly evident in homotopic areas of cerebral cortex. This study was designed to analyze the inter-hemispheric projection of epileptiform discharges at the neuronal level. Using micro-electrode techniques, we have examined the effects of inter-ictal and ictal epileptiform activity originating within one area of the cortex upon spontaneous and evoked activities of individual neurons and of populations of neurons in the homologous contralateral cortex.
Global child-saving, transatlantic maternalism, and the pathologization of Caribbean childhood, 1930s–1940s

In a rapid shift between the 1920s and 1940s, British imperial policy went from paying almost no attention to child-rearing among colonized populations to hailing family order among the colonized as essential to economic progress and social stability. The shift resulted from the intersection of processes occurring on three different scales: global scientific and ideological developments, transimperial gendered professionalization, and local social and political struggles. This paper illuminates those multi-scalar dynamics by examining a specific subfield of empire, the British Caribbean. As riots and general strikes in Trinidad, Barbados, Jamaica, and other colonies shook the imperial order in the late 1930s, metropolitan observers discovered the “native” family as the crucial incubator of proper working-class citizens. This article uses British Caribbean newspapers and unpublished Colonial Office correspondence generated by the 1938–39 West India Royal Commission (Moyne Commission) to make visible the gl...
New Spectroscopic Evidence that H2 Molecules Present in the Gaseous Atmospheres of OB Stars Displaying the 2175A “Bump” Are Coherently Photoexcited

Archived VUV spectra of OB stars with the 2175A “bump” contain several “extra” narrow absorption bands that result from H2 laser-induced-absorption (LIA) processes, providing new evidence for the H2 nonlinear optics model we recently proposed.
On Whose Ground? Racialized Violence and the Prerogative of “Self-Defense” in the Trayvon Martin Case

This essay argues that public discourse surrounding the Trayvon Martin case is symptomatic of an abandonment of a once vibrant rhetorical tradition of Black self-defense. This tradition imagined violence as a potential source of agency for Black Americans and other marginalized populations, and recognized the capacity of White supremacy to exercise violence on racialized bodies and communities. Instead, activists in both camps of the Martin case, as well as media outlets covering it, embraced the enthymemes of a “war on crime” discourse that codes Black violence as intrinsically at odds with the aims of civil society. By turning to mainstream and activist media coverage in the aftermath of the shooting, I describe how competing discourses on Martin's death shared an investment in false alternatives regarding race and violence. Audiences were asked to choose between Martin the angelic child victim and Martin the violent “thug,” a dichotomy that stifled deliberation regarding the complex role of violence in...
Aliasing artifacts in mr imaging

Aliasing artifacts occur in the phase encoding direction when the dimensions of the imaged object exceeds the field of view. Signal generated from outside the field of view appears as a superimposed object at the opposite edge of the image. Increasing the field of view, changing the gradient axes relative to the patient, or use of surface coils can reduce aliasing and are parameters which are controlled by the radiologist/technologist. The manufacturer may provide software packages which exploit two additional strategies, either limiting the volume of the patient from which the MR signal is acquired as in Inner Volume Imaging or display of resolution unless the number of phase encoding steps is increased at a cost of increased acquisition time. The radiologist may in some clinical situations choose to tolerate aliasing in favor of improved resolution in the area of interest and decreased acquisition time.
The Dominant Type of Atomic Disorder in α‐Al2O3

Comparison of the energy of formation per defect, as deduced from experimental results on α-Al2O3 doped with donors and acceptors on the basis of various models, with theoretical values calculated by Dienes et al. for various disorder models shows closest correspondence of the exFrimentd values with the smallest theoretical values (obtained for Schottky disorder). This indicates that the theoretical results are reliable and that Schottky disorder is the major type of atomic disorder in α-Al2O3. Creep data on Al2O3:Fe by Hollenberg and Gordon make it possible to determine the enthalpy of Frenkel disorder of Al.
Application of Airborne Thermal Imagery to Surveys of Pacific Walrus

Abstract We conducted tests of airborne thermal imagery of Pacific walrus to determine if this technology can be used to detect walrus groups on sea ice and estimate the number of walruses present in each group. In April 2002 we collected thermal imagery of 37 walrus groups in the Bering Sea at spatial resolutions ranging from 1–4 m. We also collected high-resolution digital aerial photographs of the same groups. Walruses were considerably warmer than the background environment of ice, snow, and seawater and were easily detected in thermal imagery. We found a significant linear relation between walrus group size and the amount of heat measured by the thermal sensor at all 4 spatial resolutions tested. This relation can be used in a double-sampling framework to estimate total walrus numbers from a thermal survey of a sample of units within an area and photographs from a subsample of the thermally detected groups. Previous methods used in visual aerial surveys of Pacific walrus have sampled only a small per...
Scale-up Technique of Slurry Pipelines—Part 2: Numerical Integration

A kinetic energy turbulence model has been proposed for the computer flow simulation and scale-up of slurry pipelines. The numerical integration is performed by using a modified finite volume technique, with application to high-convective two-phase flows in two and three dimensions. The mixture kinetic energy and eddy viscosity turbulence models are compared. The one-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model (epsilon/sub t/ - model) is formulated and applied for the multi-species particle slurry flow in cylindrical pipes. A modified finite volume technique is proposed for high convective transport equations, for one and two-phase flows. The integral formulation per volume yields surface and volume integrals, that are stored and counted only by interfaces using a multidimensional approach. The nonlinear distributions in volumes and on interfaces are approximated employing the derivatives in the normal and tangent directions to the bounding surfaces. Linear, analytical (upwind) and logarithmic laws of interpolations are considered for internal flows. The numerical approach was tested with good results for transport equations of momentum and various contaminants (solid particles, temperature, eddy-viscosity) in pipes. Experimental data for one and two-phase flows are compared to the integral finite volume predictions. The proposed finite volume technique can economically simulate complex flow situations encountered in themore » slurry pipeline scale-up applications.« less
Experience report: Haskell in computational biology

Haskell gives computational biologists the flexibility and rapid prototyping of a scripting language, plus the performance of native code. In our experience, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation, and monads really worked, but profiling and debugging presented obstacles. Also, Haskell libraries vary greatly: memoization combinators and parallel-evaluation strategies helped us a lot, but other, nameless libraries mostly got in our way. Despite the obstacles and the uncertain quality of some libraries, Haskell's ecosystem made it easy for us to develop new algorithms in computational biology.
Dual control by ATP and acetylcholine of inwardly rectifying K+ channels in bovine atrial cells.

Whole-cell and single-channel recordings were used to study an ionic current activated by extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) applied to calf atrial cells. ATP (K d ≈ 10μM) elicited an inwardly rectifying current that reversed nearE K and was blocked by external Cs+ (10 mM). Under identical conditions, adenosine had no effect. Cell-attached patch recordings revealed an ATP-activated channel with a slope conductance of about 30 pS. At both the whole-cell and single-channel levels, the channels activated by ATP seemed nearly identical to the potassium channels activated by acetylcholine (ACh) in the same cells. However, the effects of ATP were not affected by atropine, suggesting that ATP does not interact with the same receptors as ACh. In some cells, whole-cell currents of similar magnitude were activated by ACh alone, ATP alone, or ACh and ATP applied together. These results suggest that calf atrial cells possess a population of inwardly rectifying potassium channels that are controlled jointly by two populations of receptors selective for ACh and ATP.
IV—Integrating the Non‐Rational Soul

Aristotelian theory of virtue and of happiness assumes a moral psychology in which the parts of the soul, rational and non-rational, can communicate well with each other. But if Aristotle cannot give a robust account of what communicating well consists in, he faces Bernard Williams's charge that his moral psychology collapses into a moralizing psychology, assuming the very categories it seeks to vindicate. This paper examines the problem and proposes a way forward, namely, that Freudian psychoanalysis provides the resources for the development of a satisfying Aristotelian moral psychology.
Virus-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte response in a neurotropic murine leukemia virus infection.

Abstract NFS/N mice infected with neurotropic CasBrM murine leukemia virus (MuLV) at 21 days of age were resistant to neurologic disease and demonstrated MuLV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in spleen cells after in vitro stimulation. NFS/N mice infected with CasBrM MuLV at 2 days of age failed to generate a significant MuLV-specific CTL response and developed neurologic disease 5–8 weeks later. Protection from neurologic disease transferred with fewer in vitro stimulated immune spleen cells than immune T cells from NFS/N mice infected with CasBrM MuLV at 21 days of age. CasBrM MuLV-specific CTL may play an important role in resistance to the paralytic effects of CasBrM MuLV infection by affecting virus dissemination to the central nervous system.
Partnering to Promote State-by-State Computing Education Reform (Abstract Only)

We are all excited to see an increasing number of national efforts to reform computing education. Persistent and sustainable change in a state, its higher education institutions, and its K12 districts requires the active participation of individuals and local organizations to engage policy makers, higher education, school districts and communities. U.S. education is highly distributed, with critical decisions pushed more to the community level and less at the national (or even state) level. The system is organized along K20 pathways and a reform process to improve these pathways will take place at multiple levels and state by state.This BOF will bring together emerging leaders at the state level with representatives from national initiatives to share best practices for implementing change. The NSF BPC Expanding Computing Education Pathways (ECEP) Alliance will present its 4-step model for state change: identify leaders, assess the CS education landscape, organize the statewide stakeholders, and find resources to enable change. We will moderate a discussion of how the ECEP model, its services and federal/foundation resources might be adapted to enhance state-based initiatives and partnerships. ECEP provides experts for state policy events, teacher professional development, and 2-4-year transfer summits. It provides training and funding to help start computing summer camps. ECEP trial interventions are helping more African American students pass the AP-CS-A exam.
Thermomagnetic transport coefficients: Solitons in an easy-plane magnetic chain

Using a simple model, we calculate the transport properties of a one-dimensional easy-plane ferromagnet in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. The model incorporates the combined effects of a magnetic field gradient and a temperature gradient acting on a gas of solitons and spin waves. Suggestions are made for experiments capable of measuring these effects in materials such as ${\mathrm{CsNiF}}_{3}$ and (${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{11}$${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$)${\mathrm{CuBr}}_{3}$. We also discuss their use as another type of probe for solitons.
A mechanism to detect changing access patterns and automatically migrate distributed R-tree indexed multidimensional data

We present an algorithm to migrate multidimensional data in a non-replicated distributed environment. Our proposed algorithm is intented to improve query performance for mobile objects. Our algorithm automatically detects access pattern changes and migrates portions of the data from current sites of residence to sites recently accessing the data most frequently, thus reducing remote communication costs. We assume the data is indexed by an R-tree multidimensional index and that a global R-tree is used to locate and retrieve portions of the data set. We present a distributed R-tree structure and experimentally explore a specific access detection and migration mechanism. Our experimental results show that when compared to the no-migration case, and depending on network speed, our migration scheme may result in a query time reduction of a few percent to an order of magnitude.
Effectiveness of Volunteer Assistance To Parolees Race as a Factor

In spite of the proliferation of correctional programs which match offenders and volunteers in a "helping relationship," very little research has been done on the outcome effectiveness of these programs. This quasi-experimental study compared the postprogram recidivism of 107 program participants with a group of offenders eligible for the program but not matched with a volunteer, and with a randomly selected group of offenders. The results indicate that, when compared with the performance of the control groups, the postprogram recidivism of white offenders in the experimental group is reduced following participation, while the postprogram recidivism of black experimental group members is increased.
Diffraction from adsorption systems with antiphase boundaries or islands

Abstract The structure function for overlayer systems containing either antiphase islands or domains is considered. It is shown using statistical arguments that a central notch in the superlattice beam predicted in previous papers does not exist. The use of LEED in determining order and some parodoxical effects of the LEED instrument response function on diffraction patterns from long- and short-range ordered systems are discussed.
Reconsidering public relations models

Abstract This essay examines some of the methodological and conceptual problems involved in measuring public relations models. The analysis suggests that there are several contradictions between the relationship management metaphor underlying this work and how public relations models are conceptualized and measured. Drawing on examples from the historical evolution of leadership studies, the authors argue that “public relations models” need to be measured at the relational level, rather than being aggregated across publics and relational stages. They also argue that an adequate normative theory of organizational practice will have a developmental component built into it.
Can public sector employment spur human capital acquisition

Abstract In a general equilibrium model of a product and an education sector, we add government employment of educated labor for public goods provision and for political economy reasons. Education subsidy may cause fewer public goods and retard the product sector.
The response of plants to elevated CO2V. performance of an assemblage of serpentine grassland herbs

Abstract Six species of herbs from the serpentine grassland of Jasper Ridge Nature Preserve (Stanford, California)—Microseris sp., Plantago erecta, Micropus Californicus, Agoseris heterophylla, Layia platyglossa and Lasthenia glabrata—were grown individually and in competitive arrays, under three levels of CO2: 350, 500 and 700 μl/l. CO2 affected the biomass of some species in the individually-grown plants but none in the competitive arrays. Here, in contrast to some previous studies, total community biomass was not significantly affected by CO2 in either condition. In every species where CO2 had a statistically significant effect on nitrogen content, higher CO2 resulted in lower nitrogen content. Competition appeared to decrease the effects of CO2. Our results suggest that in this community, competitive networks and adaptations to a low-resource habitat may strongly damp the effects of CO2. These results contrast with our previous work on annuals of a higher stature system and agree with recent results on Arctic tundra species.
New method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals

A new method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals is described. Spherical droplets of a gelatin dispersion prepared in the drug solution were produced by the capillary method, and the droplets were congealed rapidly to yield discrete units in the form of a free-flowing powder. The microcapsules obtained were spherical in shape and showed no tendency to form agglomerates. Hardening of the microcapsules resulted in a significant reduction of the release rate without altering the reproducibility. The results indicated that the process of microencapsulation described is simple, reproducible, economical, and amenable to industrial application.
Thermodynamics of first-order and continuous melting of xenon on graphite.

We report a high-precision vapor-pressure isotherm study of the melting of near-monolayer xenon adsorbed on Union Carbide's ZYX exfoliated graphite. The data are analyzed in terms of the film isothermal compressibility ${K}_{T}$. We identify a sharp peak in ${K}_{T}$ which occurs in low-temperature data as a first-order melting transition. As the temperature is increased, the amplitude of the peak decreases, reaching zero at a tricritical temperature ${T}_{t}=147\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ K. Above this temperature the melting appears to be continuous. A temperature-independent, weak, and relatively broad contribution to ${K}_{T}$ underlies the sharp peak at low $T$ and persists above ${T}_{t}$; we discuss possible origins of this component.
CELLULAR FACTORS IN THE TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION OF VIRAL RNA GENOMES: A PARALLEL TO DNA-DEPENDENT RNA TRANSCRIPTION

Viral RNA replication and transcription involves not only viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, but also cellular proteins, the majority of which are subverted from the RNA-processing or translation machineries of host cells. These factors interact with viral RNA or polymerases to form transcription or replication ribonucleoprotein complexes and may provide template specificity for RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, suggesting a close parallel to the mechanism of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. The types of cellular proteins involved and their modes of action are reviewed.
The role of litigation in human research accountability.

This essay examines and analyzes the recent and dramatic series of personal injury lawsuits instituted against those individuals and institutions that conduct and monitor human research. It discusses the social engineering functions of tort litigation, outlines the legal elements and viability of lawsuits against those who conduct and monitor human research, and evaluates and predicts what role tort litigation will play in fulfilling the goals of accountability in the context of human research and human research regulation. In general, tort law engenders two forms of accountability: retrospective and prospective. Retrospective accountability is backward looking, focusing on harms that have already occurred, their culprits, and the reimbursement of individuals for their injuries. Prospective accountability is forward looking in that it encourages actors and institutions to fulfill responsibilities toward individuals in order that harm does not occur, or at least that the risk of harm is decreased. This art...
Comment on “Time to Integrate Clinical and Research Informatics”

The same code standards should be used in both research and clinical care to facilitate data integration across domains.
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS

This paper reviews some of the ideas that have been expressed regarding the development of national financial accounts. It concludes that a consensus is emerging that a set of sector financing statements and balance sheets, based on a monetary survey and incorporating liquidity criteria, can contribute to the understanding of the operation of an economy.
Affiliation and Control in Marital Interaction Interpersonal Complementarity Is Present but Is Not Associated With Affect or Relationship Quality

The principle of complementarity in interpersonal theory states that an actor’s behavior tends to “pull, elicit, invite, or evoke” responses from interaction partners who are similar in affiliation (i.e., warmth vs. hostility) and opposite in control (i.e., dominance vs. submissiveness). Furthermore, complementary interactions are proposed to evoke less negative affect and promote greater relationship satisfaction. These predictions were examined in two studies of married couples. Results suggest that complementarity in affiliation describes a robust general pattern of marital interaction, but complementarity in control varies across contexts. Consistent with behavioral models of marital interaction, greater levels of affiliation and lower control by partners—not complementarity in affiliation or control—were associated with less anger and anxiety and greater relationship quality. Partners’ levels of affiliation and control combined in ways other than complementarity—mostly additively, but sometimes syner...
Optical activity of neutrinos and antineutrinos

Using the one-loop helicity amplitudes for low-energy $\ensuremath{\nu}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ scattering in the standard model with massless neutrinos, we study the optical activity of a sea of neutrinos and antineutrinos. In particular, we estimate the values of the index of refraction and rotary power of this medium in the absence of dispersion.
Development of atherosclerosis in dogs with hypercholesterolemia and chronic hypertension.

Hypercholesterolemia was induced in pure-bred dogs by cholesterol feeding and propylthiouracil or radioiodine. Hypertension induced by the injection of silica into the renal artery increased the severity of aortic atherosclerosis. Marked hypercholesterolemia increased the severity of aortic atherosclerosis even in normotensive dogs.