cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An independent share in the work: Some thoughts on time-limited psychotherapy. a response to moss

In his article “A Therapy is Being Ended,” Donald Moss presents an artistic, thought-provoking series of reflections on the theoretical and ethical questions raised by the all too common practice of blindly assigning patients to work in ersatz long term therapy blindly, because it is done without regard for individual circumstances, and ersatz, because it is often simply a serially contiguous succession of incomplete segments. It is clear that such practices are irrational, negative, and anti-therapeutic. It is also true, as Moss asserts, that the avoidance of termination somehow lies at the heart of the problem. The construction of the article contributes to its power and its evocativeness, while simultaneously creating its most problematic aspect: its discontinuity diminishes its sharpness, philosophical, as well as clinical. Moss does not provide an explanation of his position with sufficient clarity to permit the reader to interact with and further refine some of the important concepts that he is raising. While his contention may be true ~ that at a preliminary stage, “the issues resist the taming effect of interpretation” can it ever be too early to encourage coparticipation in an exacting psychoanalytic inquiry, be it between author and reader or patient and therapist? It may be that this problem reflects a greater shortcoming in Moss’s reading of the issues. Moss invokes Freud’s description “The interpretation of dreams” [ 1] of the reflex functioning of the psychical apparatus. A more precise reading of this material reveals Freud’s contention that the earliest form of psychic activity is that of the infant’s hallucinatory cathecting of an inner image, associated with earlier experience of satisfaction, in order to deal with the pressure of internal need. The “bitter experience” which Moss cites is quite simply the lesson that wishing doesn’t make it sothat hallucinatory wish-fulfillment does not satisfy somatic needs. Action in the real world must be accepted as a prerequisite for satisfaction. It is most certainly true that central to every form of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is the movement toward the acceptance of reality as opposed to fantasy. Nevertheless, there is nothing in this fact that pertains to the length of treatment. There is no sense in which brief psychotherapy is more “blunt” in dealing with reality. In fact, it is entirely possible for a treatment to be “brief’ for the very motive of denying reality. The aspect of reality on which Moss most correctly focuses is that of loss. One of the most fundamental features of life is that it is finite: to live is to die. There are no exceptions. Furthermore, the very process of living, that of
Activity-dependent development of cortical axon terminations in the spinal cord and brain stem.

Corticospinal (CS) axon terminations in several species are widespread early in development but are subsequently refined into a spatially more restricted distribution. We studied the role of neural activity in sensorimotor cortex in shaping postnatal development of CS terminations in cats. We continuously infused muscimol unilaterally into sensorimotor cortex to silence neurons during the postnatal CS refinement period (weeks 3-7). Using anterograde transport of WGA-HRP, we examined the laterality of terminations from the muscimol-infused (i.e., silenced) and active sides in the spinal cord, as well as in the cuneate nucleus and red nucleus. We found that CS terminations from the muscimol-infused cortex were very sparse and limited to the contralateral side, while those from the active cortex maintained an immature bilateral topography. Controls (saline infusion, noninfusion) had dense, predominantly contralateral, CS terminations. There was a substantial decrease in the spinal gray matter area occupied by terminations from the side receiving the blockade and a concomitant increase in the area occupied by ipsilateral terminations from the active cortex. Optical density measurements of HRP reaction product from the active cortex in muscimol-infused animals showed substantial increases over controls in the ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral CS terminations for all laminae examined (IV-V, VI, VII). Our findings suggest that ipsilateral dorsal horn terminations reflect new axon growth during the refinement period because they are not present there earlier in development. Those in the ventral horn are present earlier in development and thus could reflect maintenance of transient terminations. Increased ipsilateral terminations from active cortex were due to recrossing of CS axons in lamina X and not to an increase in labeled CS axons in the ipsilateral white matter. Examination of brain stem terminations suggested that, between postnatal weeks 3 and 7, development of corticocuneate terminations also is activity-dependent but that development of corticorubral terminations is not. Activity-dependent CS development is a plausible mechanism by which early motor experiences could shape the anatomical and functional organization of the motor systems during a critical postnatal period.
Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth

Objective: To examine the relation between household water and sanitation, and the risk of stunting and reversal of stunting in Khartoum and Crezira regions Sudan. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: A total of 25 483 children aged 6–72 months from rural Sudan enrolled in an 18-month field trial in 1988 to study the effect of vitamin A supplementation on child health and survival. Results: The mean height-for-age z-scores at baseline and the end of study were −1.66 and −1.55, respectively, for the group with water and sanitation facilities, and −2.03 and −1.94 for the group without water and sanitation, after adjustment for age, region, gender, mother's literacy, intervention group (vitamin A vs placebo), family wealth, breastfeeding and cleanliness. Among children of normal height-for-age at baseline, the risk of stunting (<−2 height-for-age z-score) was lowest in the group that came from homes that had both water and sanitation compared to children from homes without these facilities (multivariate RR=0.79, 95% CI 0.69–0.90). Among children stunted at baseline, those coming from homes with water and sanitation had a 17% greater chance of reversing stunting than those coming from homes without either facility (adjusted RR=1.17, 95% CI 0.99–1.38). We did not detect a synergistic association between access to water and sanitation. Conclusions: Water and sanitation are independently associated with improved growth of children. Sponsorship: None.
Low Dopamine Function in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Should Genotyping Signify Early Diagnosis in Children?

AbstractAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is present in 8% to 12% of children, and 4% of adults worldwide. Children with ADHD can have learning impairments, poor self–esteem, social dysfunction, and an increased risk of substance abuse, including cigarette smoking. Overall, the rate of treatment with medication for patients with ADHD has been increasing since 2008, with > 2 million children now being treated with stimulants. The rise of adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse has occurred along with a concomitant increase of stimulant medication availability. Of adults presenting with a substance use disorder (SUD), 20% to 30% have concurrent ADHD, and 20% to 40% of adults with ADHD have a history of SUD. Following a brief review of the etiology of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment, we focus on the benefits of early and appropriate testing for a predisposition to ADHD. We suggest that by genotyping patients for a number of known, associated dopaminergic polymorphisms, especially at an ...
Evidence of Reactive Aromatics As a Major Source of Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate over China

We analyze the observations of near-surface peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) and its precursors in Beijing, China in August of 2007. The levels of PAN are remarkably high (up to 14 ppbv), surpassing those measured over other urban regions in recent years. Analyses employing a 1-D version of a chemical transport model (Regional chEmical and trAnsport Model, REAM) indicate that aromatic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are the dominant (55-75%) PAN source. The major oxidation product of aromatics that produces acetyl peroxy radicals is methylglyoxal (MGLY). PAN and O(3) in the observations are correlated at daytime; aromatic NMHCs appear to play an important role in O(3) photochemistry. Previous NMHC measurements indicate the presence of reactive aromatics at high levels over broad polluted regions of China. Aromatics are often ignored in global and (to a lesser degree) regional 3D photochemical transport models; their emissions over China as well as photochemistry are quite uncertain. Our findings suggest that critical assessments of aromatics emissions and chemistry (such as the yields of MGLY) are necessary to understand and assess ozone photochemistry and regional pollution export in China.
The White House Office of Management and Administration

The Office of Management and Administration (OMA) grew out of President Carter's 1977 reorganization of White House administration. Its title dates to the administration of George H. W. Bush. The head of the office, the assistant to the president for management and administration, currently handles numerous White House administrative functions such as salaries, office space, and budgeting, along with the allocation of perquisites like mess privileges and parking. OMA supervises units collectively called “White House Operations,” including the Travel Office, the Visitors Office, the Intern Program, and personnel security. The assistant for management and administration also oversees the White House Military Office. Drawing principally on interviews with former heads of the OMA and its predecessors, this article enumerates the great range of the office's responsibilities, highlights areas of potential controversy, considers the characteristics of a successful OMA manager, and summarizes the diverse approaches that have been taken to running the office.
ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF ERROR CORRECTION MODELS

This paper considers adaptive maximum likelihood estimation of reduced rank vector error correction models. It is shown that such models can be asymptotically efficiently estimated even in the absence of knowledge of the shape of the density function of the innovation sequence, provided that this density is symmetric. The construction of the estimator, involving the nonparametric kernel estimation of the unknown density using the residuals of a consistent preliminary estimator, is described, and its asymptotic distribution is derived. Asymptotic efficiency gains over the Gaussian pseudo–maximum likelihood estimator are evaluated for elliptically symmetric innovations.
Comparison of the abundance and composition of litter fauna in tropical and subalpine forests

Summary In this study, we quantify the abundance and composition of the litter fauna in dry and wet tropical forests and north- and south-facing subalpine forests. We used the same litter species contained in litterbags across study sites to standardize for substrate conditions, and a single method of fauna extraction from the litter (Tullgren method). Fauna densities were calculated per gram of dry litter. We found a higher density of total litter fauna and a higher taxonomic diversity in the tropical wet forest (80 individuals and 4 orders per g of dry litter and) as compared to the tropical dry (6 individuals and 1.5 orders per g of dry litter) and the subalpine forests (6–11 individuals and 2 orders per g of dry litter). Oribatid mites (Cryptostigmata) were the most abundant group of fauna across the study sites. The abundance of both micro- and macroinvertebrates was significantly higher in the tropical wet forest than all other sites. Taxonomic diversity (number of orders) was positively correlated with plant litter decomposition across all the sites. We conclude there is a significantly higher density of litter fauna and a greater taxonomic diversity per gram of litter in the tropical wet forest than in the tropical dry and the subalpine forests. Both of these factors can contribute to the differences in litter decomposition rates among the tropical and the subalpine sites.
Agricultural Policies and International Resource Allocation

The essay will begin by describing the principal features of the common agricultural policy of the European Economic Community and indicating the effects of this policy on the level of agricultural self-sufficiency and on agricultural exports in the Community (Section I). This will be followed by a review of changes over time in average rates of agricultural protection in the EEC, Japan, and the United States (Section II). Information will further be provided on the welfare cost of industrial country agricultural protection (Section III) and on the possible effects of the removal of such protection on trade and economic welfare in the industrial and in the developing countries (Section IV). The essay will next consider the incentive policies applied by the developing countries and the potential welfare effects of these policies (Section V). Subsequently, the combined effects of agricultural protection in the industrial countries, developing countries, and the European socialist countries will be analyzed (Section VI). In the conclusions, the policy implications of the findings will be drawn.
Base analysis of RNA by 3H postlabeling--a study of ribothymidine content and degree of base methylation of 4 S RNA.

Abstract 1. Ribothymidine (5-methyluridine) and methylated base content of 4 S RNA from various sources have been determined. 2. Whereas bacterial 4-S RNAs contain one mole of ribothymidine per mole of RNA and have a low degree of base methylation, mammalian cytoplasmic 4-S RNAs, e.g. from rat liver, muscle, and brain, were found to contain only 0.45 to 0.5 mole of ribothymidine per mole of RNA and to have a methylated base content about three times higher than that of bacterial 4S RNA. 3. Cytoplasmic 4-S RNAs from Morris Hepatomas 7777 and 5123D are slightly undermethylated when compared with liver 4 S RNA, the ribothymidine content being slightly lower (Hepatoma 7777) or equal (Hepatoma 5123D). Pellet (15 000 × g ) 4-S RNAs contain less ribothymidine and methylated bases than do the respective cytoplasmic 4-S RNAs. These differences are more pronounced for the tumor 4-S RNAs. 4. Mitochondrial 4-S RNAs from liver and Hepatomas 5123D and 7777 contain about 3 to 5 times less ribothymidine and about 2 times less methylated bases than does liver cytoplasmic 4 S RNA, ribothymidine and methylated base content of mitochondrial 4 S RNA being lower for the tumors than for liver.
The influence of therapist values, religiosity and gender in the initial assessment of sexual addiction by family therapists

Abstract A total of 400 randomly selected clinical members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) were randomly assigned to one of four vignette conditions in which sex of the client and two extremes of sexual relationships (married and monogamous or nonmarried with varied partners) were experimentally controlled in a description of sexual interaction between two consenting adults. It was hypothesized that therapist values about sex outside of marriage, gender stereotypes regarding sexual activities, and sex and religiosity of the respondent would influence assessment of sexual addiction in vignettes read for the experiment. Results of the 199 (49%) marriage and family therapists who responded revealed that single male and single female clients with varied partners vignettes were pathologized more than monogamous married male and female vignettes. Male subjects tended to pathologize client vignettes more than female subjects. Highly religious males saw clients as more sexually...
Decades-long social memory in bottlenose dolphins

Long-term social memory is important, because it is an ecologically relevant test of cognitive capacity, it helps us understand which social relationships are remembered and it relates two seemingly disparate disciplines: cognition and sociality. For dolphins, long-term memory for conspecifics could help assess social threats as well as potential social or hunting alliances in a very fluid and complex fission–fusion social system, yet we have no idea how long dolphins can remember each other. Through a playback study conducted within a multi-institution dolphin breeding consortium (where animals are moved between different facilities), recognition of unfamiliar versus familiar signature whistles of former tank mates was assessed. This research shows that dolphins have the potential for lifelong memory for each other regardless of relatedness, sex or duration of association. This is, to my knowledge, the first study to show that social recognition can last for at least 20 years in a non-human species and the first large-scale study to address long-term memory in a cetacean. These results, paired with evidence from elephants and humans, provide suggestive evidence that sociality and cognition could be related, as a good memory is necessary in a fluid social system.
Least-squares fit of genomic data by sums of epistatic effects

With the growth of genetic information, new methods and computational approaches are needed to understand the volume of data. In this paper, we first define a class of functions (additive epistatic effects (AEE) functions) which capture the notion of additive combination of epistatic effects. We propose an exhaustive bootstrapping methodology to search for an AEE function which most closely approximates an observed phenotype. Lastly, we present a computational approach, which takes advantage of several features of the CRAY SV1ex, to obtain an optimized implementation of this search method. The program has been tested with several test cases and good results are shown with varying amounts of noise added to the test phenotype.
Optimal update with multiple out-of-sequence measurements

In multisensor target tracking systems receiving out-of-sequence measurements from local sensors is a common situation. In the last decade many algorithms have been proposed to update a target state with an OOSM optimally or suboptimally. However, what one faces in the real world is multiple OOSMs, which arrive at the fusion center in, generally, arbitrary orders, e.g., in succession or interleaved with in-sequence measurements. A straightforward approach to deal with this multi-OOSM problem is by sequentially applying a given OOSM algorithm; however, this simple solution does not guarantee optimal update under the multi-OOSM scenario. The present paper discusses the differences between the single-OOSM processing and the multi-OOSM processing, and presents the general solution to the multi-OOSM problem, called the complete in-sequence information (CISI) approach. Given an OOSM, in addition to updating the target state at the most recent time, the CISI approach also updates the states between the OOSM time and the most recent time, including the state at the OOSM time. Three novel CISI methods are developed in this paper: the information filter-equivalent measurement (IF-EqM) method, the CISI fixed-point smoothing (CISI-FPS) method and the CISI fixed-interval smoothing (CISI-FIS) method. Numerical examples are given to show the optimality of these CISI methods under various multi-OOSM scenarios.
Early improvement predicts endpoint remission status in sertraline and placebo treatments of panic disorder

The early identification of likely remitters and non-remitters to pharmacotherapy for panic disorder may have important implications for clinical treatment decisions. To address this question, combined data from two fixed-dose and two flexible dose placebo-controlled studies of sertraline treatment of panic disorder were examined. Patients (N=544) diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, were treated with 50 mg of sertraline, 100 mg of sertraline, flexible dosages of sertraline, or placebo. Measures of early improvement included panic attack frequency (full+limited symptom attacks), anticipatory anxiety, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and the Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I) Scale. Improvement as reflected in CGI-I ratings and change from baseline in the HAM-A at weeks 1, 2, and 3 significantly (P<0.0001) predicted endpoint clinical remission (defined at endpoint as no full panic attacks and a CGI-Severity rating of 1 or 2). Improvements in panic attack frequency and anticipatory anxiety were not consistent predictors in multivariate predictive models. Receiver–Operator Curve analyses revealed good specificity (0.83) for change in CGI-I at week 2, and good sensitivity (0.82) for change in HAM-A at week 3. Predictive success for HAM-A and CGI-I was not significantly different for fixed vs. flexible dose sertraline treatment, nor for sertraline vs. placebo treatment. The use of ROC analyses for examination of early response as a predictor of final remission holds promise for aiding clinicians in decision making regarding the need for alternative or supplemental treatment approaches during the course of pharmacotherapy for panic disorder.
Statistical Learning Is Related to Early Literacy-Related Skills.

It has been demonstrated that statistical learning, or the ability to use statistical information to learn the structure of one’s environment, plays a role in young children’s acquisition of linguistic knowledge. Although most research on statistical learning has focused on language acquisition processes, such as the segmentation of words from fluent speech and the learning of syntactic structure, some recent studies have explored the extent to which individual differences in statistical learning are related to literacy-relevant knowledge and skills. The present study extends on this literature by investigating the relations between two measures of statistical learning and multiple measures of skills that are critical to the development of literacy—oral language, vocabulary knowledge, and phonological processing—within a single model. Our sample included a total of 553 typically developing children from pre-kindergarten through second grade. Structural equation modeling revealed that statistical learning accounted for a unique portion of the variance in these literacy-related skills. Practical implications for instruction and assessment are discussed.
Gaussian beam effects on the photon correlation spectrum from a flowing Brownian motion system

The theory of photon correlation spectroscopy for a flowing system of diffusing particles was extended to include the Gaussian shape properties of an incident light beam. We found that the characteristic time of the coherent translational term caused by the bulk flow of the system was independent of the distance between the scattering volume and the focal point of the incident beam. The flow velocity and beam radius at the focus determined the characteristic time of this term. We also studied the effect of defocusing on the amplitude of the incoherent or number density term of the homodyne-detected intensity autocorrelation function. We verified our results experimentally using a flowing dioctylphthalate aerosol.
Pairwise Key Generation Scheme for Cellular Mobile Communication

We present two new key generation schemes for secure communication between a pair of mobile nodes (cell phones). Unlike existing algorithms, our scheme does not (a) store a key chain in the memory from a universal key space, (b) use key broadcast, (c) distribute selected keys to the network nodes, and (d) use database of keys for selecting keys for communication. Rather, the pair of nodes that want to communicate securely generate identical keys independently with the help of a head node. We show the behavior of these schemes through a simple analytical model.
The Measurement of Dielectric Loss at High Frequencies an Under Changing Temperature

1. A method of measuring the properties of a dielectric while its temperature is changing has been developed and applied to certain thermosetting materials under high-frequency heating. 2. The presence of absorbed moisture in small amounts has a pronounced influence on the dielectric properties of such materials. A method for dealing with samples containg moisture is described. 3. Two basic phenomena are active in dielectric heating at high frequencies: dielectric absorbtion (in the Maxwell sense); and some form of molecular polarization. The former is evident in high-stress short-time heating cycles. The latter is the more important for the thermosetting process, and is completely developed in longer lower-stress heating cyc es. 4. The method provides a simple means of determining the total energy input per cycle and per cubic centimeter of the material under study.
Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms in Ti–Nb–Zr–Ta, Ti–Mo–Zr–Fe and Ti–15Mo biocompatible alloys

Abstract The microstructural evolution and the strengthening mechanisms in the two quaternary alloys, TNZT (Ti–34Nb–9Zr–8Ta) and TMZF (Ti–13Mo–7Zr–3Fe), and one binary alloy, Ti–15Mo, have been investigated. In the homogenized condition both the quaternary alloys exhibited a microstructure consisting primarily of a β Ti matrix with grain boundary α precipitates and a low volume fraction of primary α precipitates while the binary alloy showed single-phase microstructure with large β grains. On ageing the homogenized alloys at 600 °C for 4 h, all the alloys exhibited the precipitation of refined scale secondary α precipitates distributed homogeneously in the β matrix. However, after ageing while the hardness of TMZF marginally increased, that of the TNZT and Ti–15Mo alloys decreased. Furthermore, the modulus of TNZT decreased while other two alloys showed opposite trends. TEM studies indicate that there is initially a B2 ordering in TNZT that is destroyed after ageing causing a reduction in both hardness and modulus of this alloy. Also in Ti–15Mo, dissolution of ω precipitates on ageing causes the hardness to reduce, while the precipitation of secondary α causes an increase in the modulus. Using these examples, the important influence of thermal processing on the property–microstructure relationships in orthopaedic alloys for implant applications will be highlighted.
Neonatal Sucking: Effects of Quantity of the Response-Contingent Fluid upon Sucking Rhythm and Heart Rate.

Abstract The temporal organization of neonatal nutritive sucking and heart rate were studied in two consecutive 4-min periods to analyze the effects of two quantities of response-contingent fluid. One group of newborns experienced only the larger amount, a second experienced the smaller, and two other groups experienced both in counterbalanced order. Cumulative pausing time and intersuck intervals (sucking rate within bursts) were both affected by the amount of fluid delivered at each response. At the start of sucking bursts, heart rate accelerated to a stable level. Within-burst heart rates were higher with increased quantity of contingently delivered fluid. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between nutritive and nonnutritive sucking and to previous findings on the effects of fluid sweetness upon sucking.
VALIDATION OF AN INDICATOR OF MAMMALIAN RETINAL RECEPTOR RESPONSE: ACTION SPECTRUM.

An indicator of individual retinal receptor response in the mammal is sought. This indicator must represent a detectable physical or chemical change of state in the receptor induced by the transducer of the photoreceptor. A histochemical technique has recently been described which results in differential staining between light-adapted and dark-adapted receptors.In this experiment an attempt has been made to identify the action spectrum of this reaction in the predominantly rod retina of the albino rat. The action spectrum of this differential staining effect approximates that of rhodopsin.The staining takes place in the ellipsoid portion of the receptor (in the inner segment). From other investigations, however, rhodopsin is known to be localized in the outer segments of such cells.
Lymphoproliferative disorders presenting as mediastinal neoplasms.

Lymphoproliferative disorders may present in any organ of the body. The mediastinum is an uncommon location for presentation of these heterogenous disorders, but involvement of the mediastinum may be the sole site of disease for several aggressive lymphomas. Both Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may present in the mediastinum. The most common types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the mediastinum include lymphoblastic lymphoma and mediastinal large cell lymphoma. These lymphomas most commonly develop in the anterior mediastinum but may be seen in the middle and posterior mediastinum. Symptoms associated with a mediastinal presentation of a lymphoproliferative disorder are often attributable to compression of mediastinal structures (eg, superior vena cava syndrome) or invasion of thoracic structures such as the pericardium or pleura. Although staging can be performed with routine imaging studies, surgical intervention is often required to ensure accurate histologic diagnosis of these lymphomas. Once a diagnosis has been established, therapeutic modalities usually include chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Medium‐wave frequency allocations in postwar Europe: US foreign policy and the Copenhagen conference of 1948

The European Broadcasting Conference of 1948 met in Copenhagen to realign medium‐wave frequencies in Europe. Although only a non‐voting observer, the US felt the Cold War necessitated the maintenance and expansion of American external voices in Germany, such as the Voice of America (VOA), Radio in the American Sector (RIAS), and the American Forces Network (AFN). When the allocation plan proposed unacceptably large cuts in the number of frequencies under which the Americans were operating, the US acted in defiance of the plan, and continued to broadcast in Germany on unauthorized channels and with unauthorized po wer for several years.
Determination of picomole quantities of methaqualone and 6-hydroxymethaqualone in urine†

A sensitive analytical method involving isotope dilution analysis with multilabeled standards and using field ionization mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of methaqualone and its metabolie, 6-hydroxymethaqualone, in urine. The limit of sensitivity measured with urine samples is 200 pg/ml for the two compounds. Analysis of urines collected over 11 days following ingestion of a single 250 mg tablet of Mandrax™ by a human subject indicates that the slow phase of excretion of the two compounds has a half-life approximately 50 h long.
Can Public Meetings Accurately Reflect Public Attitudes Toward Wildlife Management

State wildlife agencies often use input obtained through public meetings to develop management policies. Because public meetings can be dominated by single stakeholder groups, these policies may not reflect the attitudes of new wildlife stakeholders. In 2000 the Utah Wildlife Board, after a series of public meetings, adopted a statewide policy for winter-feeding mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The policy was implemented by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources from 2001 to 2007 in Cache County of northern Utah, USA. In 2007, we surveyed Utah households representing metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, and Cache County residents (n 5 1,800) to evaluate whether the winter-feeding policy reflected the attitudes of all wildlife stakeholders. Survey respondents, regardless of residence strata, believed winter- feeding programs were essential for managing mule deer in Utah (x 2 6 5 7.02, P 5 0.32). However, most respondents were reluctant to support feeding programs at the expense of habitat restoration projects (x 2 6 5 11.64, P 5 0.07). Our results suggest that the winter-feeding policy represented the attitudes of the Utah residents surveyed, though few had participated in its development. Respondents' strong utilitarian attitudes toward wildlife (e.g., strong support for hunting and feeding) influenced those respondents' perceptions of the policy. Given the effects of increased urbanization on utilitarian attitudes toward wildlife in many parts of the United States, coupled with decreasing numbers of traditional wildlife stakeholders, state wildlife agencies should continually reevaluate their public involvement processes to ensure new wildlife stakeholders' attitudes and concerns are represented.
Hypotension During Hemodialysis: Role For Nitric Oxide*

Abstract Hypotensive episodes during hemodialysis are a frequent complication in patients with end-stage renal disease. The possibility that nitric oxide (NO), a major regulator of cardiovascular hemodynamics, could be a factor was explored. Pre and postdialysis plasma samples from 17 hemodialysis patients were analyzed for the stable end products of NO, nitrite + nitrate (N02 + NOa), by the Greiss method. Predialysis N02 + NOalevels were significantly higher in end-stage renal disease than in nine age-matched controls (44.08 ± standard error of mean 5.74 versus 18.67 ± 3.56 uM, P = 0.017). In more than half of the patients, postdialysis values dropped markedly, whereas in others the value change was far less; several rose above predialysis values. Depending on the nitrite + nitrate reduction ratio (pre minus postdialysis N02 + NOa divided by the predialysis value) patients were separated into two groups, A (n = 9 where nitrate + nitrate reduction ratio was > 0.5 and B (n = 8 where nitrate + nitrate reduction ratio was
Partisanship and professionalism: Hong Kong journalists in transition

Media partisanship and professionalism constitute substrata of the same ideological space. We conceptualize media ideology at epistemological ( weltanschauung) and method ological (practical and operative) levels. Based on a survey we found that epistemologically, media ideology exerts a substantial albeit uneven influence on Hong Kong journalists in the way they view the political transition now under way and the media role in it. At the method ological level, journalists tend to endorse the abstract goals of professional norms but diverge on the concrete ways and means of achieving those goals.
Validation and Implementation of Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) for PVY Resistance (Ry adg gene) in a Tetraploid Potato Breeding Program

The gene Ryadg from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena provides extreme resistance to PVY. This gene has been genetically mapped to chromosome XI and linked PCR-based DNA markers have been identified. Advanced tetraploid russeted potato clones developed by the U.S. Pacific Northwest Potato Breeding (‘Tri-State’) Program with Ryadg PVY resistance were used in this study. The objective of this work was to assess the usefulness of molecular markers linked to Ryadg as a tool for selecting PVY resistance in a tetraploid potato breeding program. To achieve this, a full-sib tetraploid population segregating for Ryadg was screened with molecular markers linked to Ryadg, artificially inoculated with PVYO and evaluated in the greenhouse. A large percentage (96.4%) of the segregating lines showed coincidence between molecular markers and ELISA results at 40 days after inoculation. This justifies the use of molecular markers as an alternative to artificial inoculation followed by ELISA. Segregation (resistant vs. susceptible) based on ELISA and molecular marker results in the full-sib population indicated the presence of Ryadg as a simplex in the PVY resistant parent OR00030-1. Additional full-sib populations segregating for the Ryadg gene coming from OR00030-1 and from a related clone, AOR00628-3, were evaluated under field conditions. MAS can be used as a fast and efficient tool to select for PVY resistance, reducing the number of PVY susceptible lines retained for succeeding field evaluations, and thereby increasing the odds of generating PVY resistant potato varieties.
Outcomes of observation as therapy for pelvic organ prolapse: A study in the natural history of pelvic organ prolapse

Aims To determine the rate of progression or regression of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in subjects with symptomatic POP who decline intervention (pessary or surgery) and elect observation. Methods Sixty-four patients choosing observation as primary management of symptomatic POP were followed with sequential pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) exams. A change in the leading edge value of ±≥2 cm was considered significant. POP-Q exam results, choice of therapy and symptom severity at last visit were recorded. Results The leading vaginal edge POP-Q exam value at initial exam ranged from −1.5 to 7 cm. Distribution of patients by POP-Q stages on initial exam was: stage I: 1%, stage II: 31%, stage III: 31%, and stage IV: 1.78% (50/64) of patients demonstrated no change in leading edge value from first to last visit on POP-Q exams. Nineteen percent (12/64) demonstrated progression (≥2 cm increase in leading edge); 3% (2/64) demonstrated regression (≥2 cm decrease in leading edge). Median follow-up was 16 months (range 6–91 months). On multivariate analysis, no variable, including length of follow-up, was associated with change in leading edge value (P = 0.09, data not shown). At their last recorded visit, 63% (40/64) of subjects continued observation, 38% (24/64) desired a pessary trial or surgical correction. Those desiring intervention had no greater worsening of prolapse on exam at last follow-up compared with subjects who continued observation. Conclusion The natural history of pelvic organ prolapse is most often one of very minimal change in subjects who decline intervention (pessary or surgery) and choose observation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 383–386, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF NORMAL HUMAN RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS

The fractal dimension of the pattern of retinal blood vessels in the normal human eye was calculated. Photomontages were constructed from 10 red-free retinal photographs. Manual tracings of the vessels were made. Digital images of the tracings were analyzed on a computer using the box-counting method to determine the fractal dimension. The mean value and standard deviation of the fractal dimension (box-counting dimension), computed as described in the Methods section, is 1.70 ± 0.02 (N = 10). The use of standard methods for both data acquisition and computer assisted box-counting to determine the fractal dimension, resulted in reduced variance in the calculated data.
Effects of season, maturity, and sex on lipid class dynamics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede)

Abstract Factors that can influence changes in lipid class concentrations in specific tissues have not been reported for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. We investigated patterns of lipid composition by measuring seasonal levels of total lipid and major lipid classes in the muscle and liver tissues of juvenile and adult largemouth bass and gonad tissue of adults. Fish were collected in December, February, April and July to correspond with key stages of the sexual cycle. Total lipid concentrations were substantially greater in hepatic (32.8 [female] to 56.6 [male] mg. g−1) and gonadal tissues (34.4 [F] to 204.0 [M] mg. g−1) than in muscle (7. 5 [F] to 11.4 [M] mg. g−1). Muscle lipid concentrations in juveniles were significantly higher (10.9 [F] and 11.4 [M] mg. g−1) in summer than in winter in adult muscle tissue (8.6 [F] and 9.4 [MI mg. g−1). A 44% increase in ovary lipid was observed from preparatory to prespawn stages, followed by a 78% decline after the spawn. Additionally, seasonal hepatic lipid concentrations were substantially higher in juveniles. Concentrations of lipid classes (free cholesterol [C], triacylglycerol [TAG], free-fatty acids [FFA], esterified cholesterol [CE] and phospholipid [PL]) of all tissue types varied significantly among season, sex, and maturity categories. Changes with all lipid classes in the ovary coincided with those occurring in total ovarian lipid. Mobilization and transport of TAG and PL from the liver to the ovary appeared to occur during gametogenesis. All class concentrations in juveniles were invariably higher in liver than in muscle, but seasonally variable among hepatic and gonad tissues of adults. Juvenile males showed slightly greater hepatic C concentrations than other groups. Muscle and hepatic C were generally higher in juveniles.
CF3CFCH2 and (Z)-CF3CFCHF: temperature dependent OH rate coefficients and global warming potentials

Rate coefficients over the temperature range 206–380 K are reported for the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (CF3CFCH2), k1(T), and 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene ((Z)-CF3CFCHF), k2(T), which are major components in proposed substitutes for HFC-134a (CF3CFH2) in mobile air-conditioning units. Rate coefficients were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH using pulsed-laser photolysis to produce OH and laser-induced fluorescence to detect it. Rate coefficients were found to be independent of pressure between 25 and 600 Torr (He, N2). For CF3CFCH2, the rate coefficients, within the measurement uncertainty, are given by the Arrhenius expression k1(T) = (1.26 ± 0.11) × 10−12 exp[(−35 ± 10)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 where k1(296 K) = (1.12 ± 0.09) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. For (Z)-CF3CFCHF, the rate coefficients are given by the non-Arrhenius expression k2(T) = (1.6 ± 0.2) × 10−18T2 exp[(655 ± 50)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 where k2(296 K) = (1.29 ± 0.06) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Over the temperature range most relevant to the atmosphere, 200–300 K, the Arrhenius expression k2(T) = (7.30 ± 0.7) × 10−13 exp[(165 ± 20)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 reproduces the measured rate coefficients very well and can be used in atmospheric model calculations. The quoted uncertainties in the rate coefficients are 2σ (95% confidence interval) and include estimated systematic errors. The global warming potentials for CF3CFCH2 and (Z)-CF3CFCHF were calculated to be <4.4 and <3.6, respectively, for the 100 year time horizon using infrared absorption cross sections measured in this work, and atmospheric lifetimes of 12 and 10 days that are based solely on OH reactive loss.
An early bandwidth notification (EBN) architecture for dynamic bandwidth environment

In today's heterogeneous Internet, bandwidth available to TCP flows is often variable. However, current TCP cannot perform optimally under such dynamically varying bandwidth conditions. This paper addresses this problem by introducing a new architecture to improve TCP performance with explicit bandwidth notification (EBN). It uses a normalized bandwidth feedback method to provide accurate and timely bandwidth estimations. Then, a new TCP control algorithm (TCP-EBN) is proposed to give a prompt response to any bandwidth changes. Our simulation results have shown that TCP-EBN performs much better than several other variations of TCP.
Magnetoresistive random access memory using magnetic tunnel junctions

Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) technology combines a spintronic device with standard silicon-based microelectronics to obtain a combination of attributes not found in any other memory technology. Key attributes of MRAM technology are nonvolatility and unlimited read and write endurance. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices have several advantages over other magnetoresistive devices for use in MRAM cells, such as a large signal for the read operation and a resistance that can be tailored to the circuit. Due to these attributes, MTJ MRAM can operate at high speed and is expected to have competitive densities when commercialized. In this paper, we review our recent progress in the development of MTJ-MRAM technology. We describe how the memory operates, including significant aspects of reading, writing, and integration of the magnetic material with CMOS, which enabled our recent demonstration of a 1-Mbit memory chip. Important memory attributes are compared between MRAM and other memory technologies.
Posaconazole Serum Concentrations among Cardiothoracic Transplant Recipients: Factors Impacting Trough Levels and Correlation with Clinical Response to Therapy

Fifty-six serum posaconazole trough levels were measured in 17 cardiothoracic transplant recipients. Initial levels were ≤0.5, 0.51 to 0.99, and ≥1 μg/ml for 47, 29, and 24% of patients, respectively. Median trough levels associated with therapeutic success were higher than those associated with failure (1.55 versus 0.34 μg/ml; P = 0.006). Patients with levels consistently >0.5 μg/ml were more likely to have successful outcome (P = 0.055). Age ≥65 years, oral administration, and absence of proton pump inhibitors were associated with higher levels of posaconazole (P = 0.006, 0.006, and 0.001, respectively).
Plant Volatiles as a Defense against Insect Herbivores

Leaves normally release small quantities of volatile chemicals, but when a plant is damaged by herbivorous insects, many more volatiles are released. The chemical identity of the volatile compounds varies with the plant species and with the herbivorous insect species. These volatiles attract both
The application of random forest in genetic case-control studies

High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technologies make massive genotype data, with a large number of individuals, publicly available. Accessibility of genetic data makes genome-wide association studies for complex diseases possible. The susceptibility to complex diseases can be predicted through the analysis of the genetic data and prospective patients can be helped to make informed decisions. With the development of DNA microarray technique, it is possible to access the human genetic information related to specific diseases. This paper uses a combinatorial method to analyze the genetic case-control data for Crohnpsilas disease and search disease-associated factors for given samples. A random forest based method has been applied to publicly available genotype data on Crohnpsilas disease for association study and achieved a promising result.
Endoscopic and Surgical Treatment of Mucosal (T1a) Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus

Background & Aims Endoscopic therapy is emerging as an alternative to surgical therapy in patients with mucosal (T1a) esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) given the low likelihood of lymph node metastases. Long-term outcomes of patients treated endoscopically and surgically for mucosal EAC are unknown. We compared long-term outcomes of patients with mucosal EAC treated endoscopically and surgically. Methods Patients treated for mucosal EAC between 1998 and 2007 were included. Patients were divided into an endoscopically treated group (ENDO group) and a surgically treated group (SURG group). Vital status information was queried using an institutionally approved internet research and location service. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard ratios. Results A total of 178 patients were included, of whom 132 (74%) were in the ENDO group and 46 (26%) were in the SURG group. The mean follow-up period was 64 months (standard error of the mean, 4.8 mo) in the SURG group and 43 months (standard error of the mean, 2.8 mo) in the ENDO group. Cumulative mortality in the ENDO group (17%) was comparable with the SURG group (20%) ( P = .75). Overall survival also was comparable using the Kaplan–Meier method. Treatment modality was not a significant predictor of survival on multivariable analysis. Recurrent carcinoma was detected in 12% of patients in the ENDO group, all successfully re-treated without impact on overall survival. Conclusions Overall survival in patients with mucosal EAC when treated endoscopically appears to be comparable with that of patients treated surgically. Recurrent carcinoma occurs in a limited proportion of patients, but can be managed endoscopically.