cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Cdc-42 Mobility and Dimerization In Vivo by Higher Order Fluorescence Correlation Cumulants

We demonstrate a new method for measurements of mobility dependent protein oligomerization using higher order fluorescence correlation cumulants. Fluorescence intensity distribution methods including fluorescence cumulant and moment analysis have been successfully used in recent years to analyze oligomerization phenomena. The extension of such methods to treat analysis at different binning times allows for the analysis of mobility dependent oligomerization. Nevertheless, the analysis of time binned distributions is mathematically complex and depends strongly on detector characteristics such as afterpulsing and dead time. Here we develop an equivalent method treating traditional correlation functions as bivariate fluorescence cumulants. Doing so brings the power of the cumulant analysis to bear on the measurement of mobility dependent oligomerization while maintaining the mathematical simplicity of the correlation functions that are the standard within fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We use this technique to show that the low mobility pool of intracellular EGFP-cdc-42 in living yeast cells is on average a dimer while the high mobility pool is monomeric. Examination of mutant yeast strains suggests that the low mobility pool is associated with recycling vesicles, providing an explanation for both the slow diffusion as well as the oligomeric state of this species. This technique could be easily extended to other proteins in the yeast genome that demonstrate heterogeneous mobility.
A Clinical Comparison of the Effect on the Gingiva of the Prophy-Jet and the Rubber Cup and Paste Techniques

This clinical trial compared the effect on the gingiva of the Prophy-Jet and the rubber cup and paste techniques of stain and supragingival plaque removal. Twenty-one human subjects with healthy gingiva or slight gingivitis participated. A split mouth design was used. The Prophy-Jet caused a statistically significant increase (P less than 0.05) in gingival irritation immediately posttreatment, but the differences were not deemed clinically significant. There were no statistically significant (P less than 0.05) or clinically significant differences in the effect on the gingiva between the two techniques at 7 and 21 days posttreatment. There was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between the two methods of stain and supragingival plaque removal in subjects with healthy gingiva or slight gingivitis.
Relativistically Compressed Exploding White Dwarf Model for Sagittarius A East

Recently, a new mechanism for Type I supernovae has been proposed whereby relativistic terms enhance the self-gravity of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf as it passes near a black hole. It was suggested that this relativistic compression can cause the central density to exceed the threshold for pycnonuclear reactions so that a thermonuclear runaway ensues. Here, we present numerical studies of such relativistically induced explosions of white dwarfs and red giant cores of various mass (particularly a typical 0.6 M☉ white dwarf) as they pass near a 3.7 × 106 M☉ black hole like Sgr A* in the Galactic center. We confirm by hydrodynamic thermonuclear burn simulations in three spatial dimensions that white dwarfs and red giant cores do indeed ignite and explode. In fact, they seem to explode even farther from the black hole than earlier estimates due to increased internal temperatures from adiabatic heating as the stars are compressed. We find that the compression is sufficiently fast that young white dwarfs can even be heated to thermonuclear rather than pycnonuclear ignition. We propose that such an event might explain the observed "mixed-morphology" Sgr A East supernova remnant in the Galactic center.
The American Democratic Left Looks at the British Labour Government, 1945–1951

(1975). The American Democratic Left Looks at the British Labour Government, 1945–1951. The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 98-119.
Chemical weapons in the Sudan: Allegations and evidence

(1998). Chemical weapons in the Sudan: Allegations and evidence. The Nonproliferation Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 115-136.
High mobility Ti-doped In2O3 transparent conductive thin films

Abstract Highly conducting and transparent titanium (Ti)-doped indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) films were deposited on sapphire substrate by ablating the sintered In 2 O 3 target containing 1–10 wt.% TiO 2 with a KrF excimer laser ( λ = 248 nm and pulsed duration of 20 ns). The effect of growth temperature from room temperature to 600 °C and oxygen pressure (1.0 × 10 − 4 –2.5 × 10 − 7 bar) has been studied by analyzing structural, optical, and electrical properties of these films. The conductivity, carrier concentration and mobility of the films grown at 600 °C are 10,858 S cm − 1 , 4.3 × 10 20 cm − 3 and 159 cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 respectively. This is the highest mobility ever obtained in doped In 2 O 3 films.
Increasing exergame physical activity through self and opponent avatar appearance

We manipulated the appearance of self and opponent avatars in an exergame.Using a normal weight (vs. obese) avatar boosted physical activity in real life.Physical activity was increased when self and opponent avatars had normal weight.Physical activity decreased when self and opponent avatars were obese. We investigated how manipulating self and opponent avatar weight (normal vs. obese) affected people's physical activity in real life as they played an exergame. While playing virtual tennis, female players operating a normal weight self avatar were more physically active relative to those using an obese self avatar. Participants physically exerted themselves the most when both self and opponent had normal weight avatars, implying increased physical activity when self and opponent avatars look equally fit. The study also identified conditions that discouraged physical activity (e.g., normal weight self avatar vs. an obese opponent). The findings were congruent with priming and social comparison models, and illustrated how virtual social cues can be leveraged to influence health behaviors via exergames.
As the World Ages: Attaining a Harmonious Future World Through Intergenerational Connections

This paper recognizes the intergenerational conflicts that can emerge as older and younger persons compete for scarce resources. It then proposes that intergenerational relationships can not only promote intergenerational solidarity but also they may mitigate against five beliefs or “dangerous ideas” proposed by Roy and Judith Eidelson that lead to global violence and conflict: superiority, injustice, vulnerability, distrust, and helplessness. A rationale for how intergenerational relationships provide the individual, developmental grounding for shaping empowering beliefs and resultant positive and productive actions is offered. Specific ways these beliefs counter the formation of dangerous ideas are described. In that creating “global citizens” is an ultimate goal, examples from around the world of creative ways younger and older persons have collaborated to address serious social problems end the piece.
Quantitation of protein kinase A-mediated trafficking of cardiac sodium channels in living cells

Objective: Na + current derived from expression of the principal cardiac Na + channel, Nav1.5, is increased by activation of protein kinase A (PKA). This effect is blocked by inhibitors of cell membrane recycling, or removal of a cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif, suggesting that PKA stimulation increases trafficking of cardiac Na + channels to the plasma membrane. Methods: To test this hypothesis, green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to Nav1.5 (Nav1.5–GFP), and the effects of PKA activation were investigated in intact, living cells that stably expressed the fusion protein. Using confocal microscopy, the spatial relationship of GFPtagged channels relative to the plasma membrane was quantitated using a measurement that could control for variables present during livecell imaging, and permit an unbiased analysis for all cells in a given field. Results: In the absence of kinase stimulation, intracellular fluorescence representing Nav1.5–GFP channels was greatest in the perinuclear area, with additional concentration of channels beneath the cell surface. Activation of PKA promoted trafficking of Na + channels from both regions to the plasma membrane. Experimental results using a chemiluminescence-based assay further confirmed that PKA stimulation increased expression of Nav1.5 channels at the cell membrane. Conclusions: Our results provide direct evidence for PKA-mediated trafficking of cardiac Na + channels into the plasma membrane in living,
Monotonicity of optimal flow control for failure-prone production systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of the optimal flow control for a production system with one machine which is subject to failures and produces one part type. In most previous work, it has been assumed that the machine has exponential up and down times, i.e., its state process is a Markov process. The system considered in our study has general machine up and down times. Our main result is establishing monotone properties for the optimal control policy.
The use of an oximetrically determined circulation time from the right ventricle to the ear in congenital heart disease.

Evans Blue (T-1824) was injected into the right ventricle through a cardiac catheter and the time of the arrival of dye at the ear was measured with an oximeter. This circulation time appeared to indicate reliably the presence of venoarterial shunting through an over-riding aorta. The difficulties ordinarily encountered in positive identification of this defect are discussed. The importance of the identification, particularly with regard to the differential diagnosis between tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis with an interatrial communication, is stressed.
The new risk environment in California agriculture.

A perceived increase in the risk environment of agricultural production in California is found to have significant economic implications. Using a portfolio model, hypotheses are derived concerning the reaction of individual producers to the shift in risk. Survey results indicate that agricultural producers are reacting in a manner consistent with a hypothesized ltransition periodr that could last several years before a new equilibrium is found. Unfortunately, the timing of this transition may be adding to the recessionary conditions within California's economy. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida

The geochemical reactivity of uranium (238U) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Fe, Mn, Ba, and V was investigated in the water column, pore waters, and across a river/estuarine mixing zone in Tampa Bay, Florida. This large estuary is impacted both by diverse anthropogenic activity and by extensive U-rich phosphatic deposits. Thus, the estuarine behavior of uranium may be examined relative to such known U enrichments and anthropogenic perturbations. Dissolved (< 0.45 m) uranium exhibited both removal and enrichment processes across the Alafia River/estuarine mixing zone relative to conservative mixing. Such non-conservative U behavior may be attributed to: i) physical mixing processes within the river; ii) U carrier phase reactivity; and/or iii) fluid exchange processes across sediment/water interface. In the bay proper, U concentrations were ∼ 2 to 3 times greater than those reported for other estuarine systems and are likely a result of erosional inputs from the extensive, underlying U-rich phosphatic deposits. Whereas dissolved U concentrations generally did not approach seawater values (13.6 nM) along the Alafia River salinity transect, water column U concentrations exceeded 16 nM in select regions of the bay. Within the hydrogeological framework of the bay, such enriched U may also be derived from advective fluid transport processes across the sediment/water interface, such as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) or hyporheic exchange within coastal rivers. Pore water profiles of U in Tampa Bay show both a flux into and out of bottom sediments, and average, diffusive U pore water fluxes (Jdiff) ranged from − 82.0 to 116.6 mol d− 1. It is likely that negative U fluxes imply seawater entrainment or infiltration (i.e., submarine groundwater recharge), which may contribute to the removal of water column uranium. For comparison, a bay-wide, Ra-derived submarine groundwater discharge estimate for Tampa Bay (8 L m− 2 d− 1) yielded an average, advective (JSGD) U flux of 112.9 mol d− 1. In Tampa Bay, the estuarine distribution of U indicates a strong natural, geologic control that may also be influenced by enhanced fluid transport processes across the sediment/water interface.
Single replacement constructs of all hydroxyl, basic, and acidic amino acids identify new function and structure-sensitive regions of the mitochondrial phosphate transport protein.

The phosphate transport protein (PTP) catalyzes the proton cotransport of phosphate into the mitochondrial matrix. It functions as a homodimer, and thus residues of the phosphate and proton pores are somewhat scattered throughout the primary sequence. With 71 new single mutation per subunit PTPs, all its hydroxyl, basic, and acidic residues have now been replaced to identify these essential residues. We assayed the initial rate of pH gradient-dependent unidirectional phosphate transport activity and the liposome incorporation efficiency (LIE) of these mutants. Single mutations of Thr79, Tyr83, Lys90, Tyr94, and Lys98 inactivate transport. The spacings between these residues imply that they are located along the same face of transmembrane (TM) helix B, requiring an extension of its current model C-terminal domain by 10 residues. This extension superimposes very well onto the shorter bovine PTP helix B, leaving a 15-residue hydrophobic extension of the yeast helix B N-terminus. This is similar to the helix D and F regions of the yeast PTP. Only one transport-inhibiting mutation is located within loops: Ser158Thr in the matrix loop between helices C and D. All other transport-inhibiting mutations are located within the TM helices. Mutations that yield LIEs of 20% and none with LIE 20% are located near the ends of all the TM helices except TM helix D. Only a few mutations alter PTP structure (LIE) and also affect PTP transport activity. A novel observation is that Ser4Ala blocks the formation of PTP bacterial inclusion bodies.
The “excess entropy” around nonequilibrium steady states, (δ2S)ss, is not a Liapunov function

Abstract In a response to my recent paper [Fox, R. F. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2114-2117], Nicolis and Prigogine [Nicolis, G. & Prigogine, I. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 6060-6061] reasserted that the “excess entropy” around nonequilibrium steady states, (δ2S)ss, is a Liapunov function. A simple, explicit counterexample which invalidates this claim is presented. The existence of an alternative theory possessing a proper Liapunov function for steady states is reviewed.
Contribution of the erythrocyte matrix to the formation of rosettes by idiotype-specific lymphocytes.

Abstract Immunosuppression of a cross-reactive idiotype associated with anti- p -azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies of A/J mice, followed by hyperimmunization, causes the appearance of substantial percentages of T cells with anti-idiotypic specificity. The T cells were identified through their capacity to form rosettes with autologous (A/J) erythrocytes coated with Fab fragments bearing the idiotype. We report here that the RBC are a significant factor in determining the capacity of the lymphocytes to form rosettes. Relatively low numbers of rosettes were observed when the RBC were derived from species other than the mouse or from certain strains of mice. The property is not determined by the H-2 haplotype but is controlled by one or more genes that are closely linked to the H-2 locus, as shown by data obtained with RBC of several congenic strains. In an F 1 hybrid the property is dominant, suggesting a positive contribution of the RBC rather than the effect of an inhibitor. Also, idiotype-specific lymphocytes from C.AL-20 mice, which possess the allotype of the AL/N strain on a BALB/c genetic background, form rosettes much more efficiently with coated RBC from C.AL-20 or BALB/c mice than with A/J RBC; the opposite is true of idiotype-specific lymphocytes from A/J mice. This provides further evidence for complementary interaction between the lymphocytes and RBC.
Principles and applications of SQUIDs

An overview of the current status of DC and RF SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) is presented. Using Nb-based thin-film technology, a number of groups can now routinely fabricate DC SQUIDS with input circuits integrated on the same chip. At 4.2 K, the DC SQUID, which operates with a constant bias current, can detect signals with an equivalent energy per unit bandwidth of a few hundred h2 pi . RF SQUIDs, which operate with an RF flux bias, are usually machined from bulk Nb, and have a typical energy sensitivity per unit bandwidth of 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/h2 pi . Both types of SQUID can be used in a wide variety of applications, including magnetometers, gradiometers, susceptometers, voltmeters, RF amplifiers, gravity-wave antennas, and gravity gradiometers. Both DC and RF SQUIDs have been fabricated from high-temperature superconductors and operated at temperatures of up to 77 K. These devices exhibit high levels of 1/f noise, which generally arises from the motion of trapped magnetic flux. >
Operational Use Of Color Perception To Enhance Satellite Image Quality

More spatial resolution it not the necessarily better and spatial resolution is not the only measure of resolution that matters for crop monitoring. Temporal resolution is important if the target can change quickly as crops can, and perceptual resolution of the color axes of the display is important. Satellite data can be displayed as color images for operational crop monitoring. The atmospheric effects on radiation detected by the satellite, and rapid changes in the target crop make quantitative analysis impractical. This leaves qualtitative analysis of information displayed as color patterns within the images. A system is presented for displaying changes in intensity, hue and saturation (IHS) which is optimally suited for visual (qualitative) analysis. The color images use an IHS system to represent changes in crop health. Crops are monitored by comparing images and their patterns throughout the growing season. The system has been used successfully for monitoring the Sahel region of Africa, and is being tested for Southeast Asia.
Communicating about the risks of terrorism (or anything else).

Communication is essential to preventing terrorists from achieving their objectives. Effective communication can reduce terrorists' chances of mounting successful operations, creating threats that disrupt everyday life, and undermining the legitimacy of the societies that they attack. Psychological research has essential roles to play in that communication, identifying the public's information needs, designing responsive communications, and evaluating their success. Fulfilling those roles requires policies that treat two-way communication with the public as central to ensuring that a society is strengthened, rather than weakened, by its struggle with terror. There are scientific, organizational, and political barriers to achieving those goals. Psychological research can help to overcome them-and advance its science in the process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Analysis of a model for transport of charged particles in a random magnetic field

A model for the transport of charged particles in a random magnetic field is a Volterra integrodifferential equation with a long-range kernel. The integrodifferential equation is solved numerically with the method of Bellman, Kalaba, and Lockett (1966). The results are shown to be in excellent agreement with analytical asymptotic results.-
Atomoxetine Increases Fronto-Parietal Functional MRI Activation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot Study

We hypothesized that atomoxetine (ATMX) would produce similar brain effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as those of methylphenidate (MPH). Eleven ADHD adults performed the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline and after 6 weeks of ATMX treatment. ATMX was associated with increased fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and cerebellum but not dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (daMCC). These results suggest that ATMX and MPH have similar but not identical brain effects.
Analysis and design of furrow irrigation systems

Application efficiency is the primary criterion for furrow irrigation system design and management. In this study, the application efficiency function of a furrow irrigation system is analyzed. The application efficiency function is unimodal with respect to inlet flow rate and furrow length. Optimality conditions are derived for the cases in which application efficiency is a function of either furrow length or flow rate. Simple and sufficiently accurate equations and design and management rules are developed.
Shipboard Measurement of Ocean Waves

Over the past several years a number of techniques have been utilized for the measurement of ocean waves from shipboard platforms. These systems have ranged from commercial off the shelf (COTS) navigation radar and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems to specially developed in-house instrumentation systems. Most of these systems have been utilized to measure the directional wave spectra around the ship. More recently, the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) and others have begun to utilize these techniques for shipboard measurement of individual ship generated waves as well as open ocean waves. NSWCCD has used a number of these methods on various Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Naval Sea Systems (NAVSEA) sponsored field tests. These field tests were performed on a variety of naval platforms over a range of sizes, including some fixed platforms, for various sea states. While each of these tests has had individual measurement goals and objectives, the series of tests has also provided an environment for testing and developing new instrumentation and exploring their capabilities. As a result of these efforts, instrumentation has grown in sophistication from qualitative video-based observations of the wave field around an underway vessel to laser and radar based imaging and ranging measurements of free surface dynamics. This work has led to higher fidelity data, as well as data that were previously unobtainable. In this paper we provide an overview of these systems and techniques and summarize the basic capabilities of each method by providing measurement examples/applications. These systems include a shipboard array of ultrasonic distance sensors for measuring directional wave spectra, a COTS wave radar system, and a COTS scanning LIDAR system. While not intending to be exhaustive, this paper seeks to highlight the insights gained from the recent applications of these techniques, as well as the difficulties and issues associated with shipboard measurements such as ship motion and logistical constraints.
Biochemical Basis for Contraction of Vascular Smooth Muscle

Some of the current facts and theories concerning the contractile mechanism in smooth muscle are summarized. The review is divided into two major sections. One deals with the components of the contractile apparatus (the thick and thin filaments), and the protein components of each filament type are described briefly. The other is devoted to the Ca2+-dependent mechanism of regulation in smooth muscle, and this is restricted to those components that control the activity of the contractile apparatus. There are basically two theories that have been proposed as the regulatory mechanism in smooth muscle. One theory is that the regulatory mechanism is located on the thin filaments and is functional via some modification of the thin filament proteins. This system is termed leiotonin. The second theory is that regulation is achieved by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the light chains of myosin. Since the latter theory represents the author's bias and in general is more widely accepted, it is considered in more detail. A cyclic scheme is presented to illustrate tire role of the myosin light chain kinase in the activation and contraction of smooth muscle and the role of the myosin light chain phosphatase in the relaxation process.
The roles of international organizations in advancing nutrition rights

Abstract The right to adequate nutrition has been affirmed in many international instruments, but it has not been implemented. Primary responsibility for implementation rests with national governments, but the international community could do a great deal to help. To start, it should be recognized that, as a matter of principle, there is a legal obligation of the international community to provide services to assure that every child is adequately nourished. The specific services to be provided on the basis of this obligation would then have to be worked out. They would center on helping national governments do what needs to be done to assure that children are adequately nourished.
Consumer Shopping and Spending across Retail Formats

We present an empirical study of household shopping and packaged goods spending across retail formats—grocery stores, mass merchandisers, and drug stores. Our study assesses competition between formats and explores how retailers’ assortment, pricing, and promotional policies, as well as household demographics, affect shopping behavior. We find that consumer expenditures respond more to varying levels of assortment (in particular at grocery stores) and promotion than price. We also find that households that shop more at mass merchandisers also shop more in all other formats, suggesting that visits to mass merchandisers do not substitute for trips to the grocery store.
Functional Implications of the Binding Mode of a Human Conformation-Dependent V2 Monoclonal Antibody against HIV

Data from the RV144 HIV vaccine trial indicated that gp120 V2 antibodies were associated with a lower risk of infection; thus, the mapping of V2 epitopes can contribute to the design of an effective HIV vaccine. We solved the crystal structure of human monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2158, which targets a conformational V2 epitope overlapping the α4β7 integrin binding site, and constructed a full-length model of V1V2. Comparison of computational energy stability to experimental enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results identified a hydrophobic core that stabilizes the V2 region for optimal 2158 binding, as well as residues that directly mediate side chain interactions with MAb 2158. These data define the binding surface recognized by MAb 2158 and offer a structural explanation for why a mismatched mutation at position 181 (I181X) in the V2 loop was associated with a higher vaccine efficiency in the RV144 clinical vaccine trial. IMPORTANCE Correlate analysis of the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial suggested that the presence of antibodies to the second variable region (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 was responsible for the modest protection observed in the trial. V2 is a highly variable and immunogenic region, and structural information on its antigenic landscape will be important for rational design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Using X-ray crystallography, computational design tools, and mutagenesis assays, we carried out a detailed and systematic investigation of the epitope recognition of human V2 MAb 2158 and demonstrated that its epitope region overlaps the integrin binding site within V2. In addition, we propose a structure-based mechanism for mismatching of the isoleucine at position 181 and the increased vaccine efficacy seen in the RV144 vaccine trial.
Radiation can never again dominate Matter in a Vacuum Dominated Universe

We demonstrate that in a vacuum-energy-dominated expansion phase, surprisingly neither the decay of matter nor matter-antimatter annihilation into relativistic particles can ever cause radiation to once again dominate over matter in the future history of the Universe.
Cross section for the production of H+ (D+) ions from He+ + H2(D2) encounters below 7.2 eV

Abstract A small cross section for H + (D + ) production from He + + H 2 (D 2 ) reactions has been detected in ion beam collision cell experiments. Below 7 eV (c m.) this cross section exhibits a positive energy dependence down to ≈1 eV (c.m.). An inverse dependence is observed over the range 0.1–1 eV (c.m.). Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Ozone and SIRT3: an unexplored paradigm

Exposure to environmentally relevant doses of ozone induces oxidative stress and is associated with adverse effects at tissue level. Delineating the role of sirtuin3, involved in cellular energy homoeostasis, in the response of skin to ozone can be a step towards developing prevention strategies against cutaneous pathologies.
Asset Allocation Decisions Making the Choice Between Stocks and Bonds

Given renewed interest in bonds, this article considers asset allocation decisions in the context of realized returns for bonds and stocks. The study is based on new and improved data on bond returns covering long periods of time as well as calculations of the probabilities associated with stock bond returns. An analysis of these probabilities using inflation-adjusted returns suggests that the probability of earning sizable compound rates of return with bonds is not only small, but also declines over time. Therefore, despite recent strong performance by bonds, our results suggest investors should be cautious in making asset allocation decisions.
Efficiency of linear-to-circular polarization conversion for light reflection at the principal angle by a dielectric-conductor interface

The efficiency ηLC of linear-to-circular polarization conversion when light is reflected at a dielectric-conductor interface is determined as a function of the principal angle phiv¯ and principal azimuth ψ¯. Constant-ηLC contours are presented in the phiv¯, ψ¯ plane for values of ηLC from 0.5 to 1.0 in steps of 0.05, and the corresponding contours in the complex plane of the relative dielectric function ϵ are also determined. As specific examples, efficiencies > or slanted equal to 88% are obtained for light reflection by a Ag mirror in the visible and near-IR (400-1200 nm) spectral range, and ≥40% for the reflection of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray radiation by a SiC mirror in the 60-120 nm wavelength range.
Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales

Baleen whales (Mysticeti) communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. These long-wavelength sounds can be detected over hundreds of kilometres, potentially allowing contact over large distances. Low-frequency noise from large ships (20-200 Hz) overlaps acoustic signals used by baleen whales, and increased levels of underwater noise have been documented in areas with high shipping traffic. Reported responses of whales to increased noise include: habitat displacement, behavioural changes and alterations in the intensity, frequency and intervals of calls. However, it has been unclear whether exposure to noise results in physiological responses that may lead to significant consequences for individuals or populations. Here, we show that reduced ship traffic in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, following the events of 11 September 2001, resulted in a 6 dB decrease in underwater noise with a significant reduction below 150 Hz. This noise reduction was associated with decreased baseline levels of stress-related faecal hormone metabolites (glucocorticoids) in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). This is the first evidence that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic stress in whales, and has implications for all baleen whales in heavy ship traffic areas, and for recovery of this endangered right whale population.
Ram accelerator optimization and use of hydrogen core to increase projectile velocity

The maximum ram accelerator velocities achieved to date are slightly under 3 km/s. This present paper analyzes projectile design and the use of the hydrogen core technique for ram accelerator operation between 3 and 7 km/s. Projectile structural design is studied; hollow, solid and two-material projectiles made of Mg, Al, Ti, steel, Ta and Re are analyzed to determine the maximum accelerations which can be reached. These projectiles are then analyzed for gasdynamic heating and the distances along the launch tube until the projectile surfaces reach the ignition and melting points are determined. The projectile surface is found to reach the ignition and melting temperatures after traversing small fractions of the necessary tube length. The use of a hydrogen core in the ram accelerator tube to reduce the heat flux to the projectile is studied. A new vortex technique is presented. With a projectile with a Ta or Re shell in a hydrogen core, one should be able to make the projectile survive up to launch velocities of 7 to 10 km/s.
An Analysis of Categorization Style in Preschoolers

Summary.-The main objective of this study was to assess age differences in the formation of conceptual categories by preschool children. Specifically, a sorting task, a categorization task, and a verbal task were administered to test the role of verbal mediation in the categorization style of children of two age groups: 2- to 3-yr.-olds and 4to 5-yr.-olds. When provided only perceptual information, both groups of children categorized objects according to visual similarity. When verbal information was also provided, the 4- to 5-yr.-old group ignored visual similarity and categorized conceptually; verbal mediation had a minimal effect on the 2- to 3-yr.-old group. Children in both age groups categorized items conceptually when only verbal lnforrnation was provided. These data suggest that children as young as 2 to 3 years old understand conceptual categorization but may prefer to categorize perceptually. Thus, categorization style may be a function of task demands as well as competence. A second objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of using videotaped presentations of material to young children in place of more traditional modes of presentation. The results suggested that the use of videotape appears to be an attractive alternative because it has the advantage of maintaining attention for significant periods of time without performance decrement.
Dissociable Medial Temporal Lobe Contributions to Social Memory

Medial temporal lobe structures such as the hippocampus have been shown to play a critical role in mnemonic processes, with additional recruitment of the amygdala when memories contain emotional content. Thus far, studies that have examined the relationship between amygdala activity and memory have typically relied on emotional content of the kind that is rarely encountered in day-to-day interactions. The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates whether amygdala activity supports emotional memory during the more subtle social interactions that punctuate everyday life. Across four training sessions, subjects learned common first names for unfamiliar faces in the presence or absence of additional contextual information that was positive, negative, and neutral in valence (e.g., “Emily helps the homeless,” “Bob is a deadbeat dad,” “Eric likes carrots”). During scanning, subjects performed a yes/no recognition memory test on studied and novel faces. Results revealed a functional dissociation within the medial temporal lobe. Whereas a region within the right hippocampus responded strongly to all faces that had been paired with a description, regardless of its valence, activity in the right amygdala was uniquely sensitive to faces that had been previously associated with emotional descriptions (negative and positive > neutral). This pattern of activity in the amygdala was preserved even when the emotional contexts associated with faces could not be explicitly retrieved, suggesting a role for the amygdala in providing a nonspecific arousal indicator in response to viewing individuals with emotionally colored pasts.
Wheelchair-mounted robotic arms: analysis, evaluation and development

This paper focuses on kinematic analysis, evaluation and design of wheelchair mounted robotic arms (WMRA). It addresses the kinematics of the WMRA with respect to its ability to reach common positions while performing activities of daily living (ADL). A procedure is developed for the kinematic analysis and evaluation of WMRAs. In an effort to evaluate two commercial WMRAs, the procedure for kinematic analysis is applied to each manipulator. Design recommendations and insights with regard to each device are obtained and used to design a new WMRA to overcome the limitations of these devices. This method benefits the researchers by providing a standardized procedure for kinematic analysis of WMRAs that is capable of evaluating independent designs
Combinatorial Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and High-Throughput Screening of Sialosides

Although the vital roles of structures containing sialic acid in biomolecular recognition are well documented, limited information is available on how sialic acid structural modifications, sialyl linkages, and the underlying glycan structures affect the binding or the activity of sialic acid-recognizing proteins and related downstream biological processes. A novel combinatorial chemoenzymatic method has been developed for the highly efficient synthesis of biotinylated sialosides containing different sialic acid structures and different underlying glycans in 96-well plates from biotinylated sialyltransferase acceptors and sialic acid precursors. By transferring the reaction mixtures to NeutrAvidin-coated plates and assaying for the yields of enzymatic reactions using lectins recognizing sialyltransferase acceptors but not the sialylated products, the biotinylated sialoside products can be directly used, without purification, for high-throughput screening to quickly identify the ligand specificity of sialic acid-binding proteins. For a proof-of-principle experiment, 72 biotinylated alpha2,6-linked sialosides were synthesized in 96-well plates from 4 biotinylated sialyltransferase acceptors and 18 sialic acid precursors using a one-pot three-enzyme system. High-throughput screening assays performed in NeutrAvidin-coated microtiter plates show that whereas Sambucus nigra Lectin binds to alpha2,6-linked sialosides with high promiscuity, human Siglec-2 (CD22) is highly selective for a number of sialic acid structures and the underlying glycans in its sialoside ligands.
Crisp: a debugging tool for Java programs

Crisp is a tool (i.e., an Eclipse plug-in) for constructing intermediate versions of a Java program that is being edited in an IDE such as Eclipse. After a long editing session, a programmer usually would run regression tests to make sure she has not invalidated previously checked functionality. If a test fails unexpectedly, Crisp uses input from Chianti, a tool for semantic change impact analysis, to allow the programmer to select parts of the edit that affected the failing test and to add them to the original program, creating an intermediate version guaranteed to compile. Then the programmer can re-execute the test in order to locate the exact reasons for the failure by concentrating on those affecting changes that were applied. Using Crisp, a programmer can iteratively select, apply, and undo individual (or sets of) affecting changes and, thus effectively find a small set of failure-inducing changes.
Innate Immunity to Aspergillus Species

Summary: All humans are continuously exposed to inhaled Aspergillus conidia, yet healthy hosts clear the organism without developing disease and without the development of antibody- or cell-mediated acquired immunity to this organism. This suggests that for most healthy humans, innate immunity is sufficient to clear the organism. A failure of these defenses results in a uniquely diverse set of illnesses caused by Aspergillus species, which includes diseases caused by the colonization of the respiratory tract, invasive infection, and hypersensitivity. A key concept in immune responses to Aspergillus species is that the susceptibilities of the host determine the morphological form, antigenic structure, and physical location of the fungus. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the multiple layers of innate defenses against Aspergillus species that dictate the outcome of this host-microbe interaction.
Integrative network analysis of TCGA data for ovarian cancer

Over the past years, tremendous efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular basis of the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer. However, most existing studies have been focused on individual genes or a single type of data, which may lack the power to detect the complex mechanisms of cancer formation by overlooking the interactions of different genetic and epigenetic factors. We propose an integrative framework to identify genetic and epigenetic features related to ovarian cancer and to quantify the causal relationships among these features using a probabilistic graphical model based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. In the feature selection, we first defined a set of seed genes by including 48 candidate tumor suppressors or oncogenes and an additional 20 ovarian cancer related genes reported in the literature. The seed genes were then fed into a stepwise correlation-based selector to identify 271 additional features including 177 genes, 82 copy number variation sites, 11 methylation sites and 1 somatic mutation (at gene TP53). We built a Bayesian network model with a logit link function to quantify the causal relationships among these features and discovered a set of 13 hub genes including ARID1A, C19orf53, CSKN2A1 and COL5A2. The directed graph revealed many potential genetic pathways, some of which confirmed the existing results in the literature. Clustering analysis further suggested four gene clusters, three of which correspond to well-defined cellular processes including cell division, tumor invasion and mitochondrial system. In addition, two genes related to glycoprotein synthesis, PSG11 and GALNT10, were found highly predictive for the overall survival time of ovarian cancer patients. The proposed framework is effective in identifying possible important genetic and epigenetic features that are related to complex cancer diseases. The constructed Bayesian network has identified some new genetic/epigenetic pathways, which may shed new light into the molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer.
Campylobacter jejuni strains compete for colonization in broiler chicks.

Campylobacter jejuni isolates possess multiple adhesive proteins termed adhesins, which promote the organism's attachment to epithelial cells. Based on the proposal that one or more adhesins are shared among C. jejuni isolates, we hypothesized that C. jejuni strains would compete for intestinal and cecal colonization in broiler chicks. To test this hypothesis, we selected two C. jejuni strains with unique SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis macrorestriction profiles and generated one nalidixic acid-resistant strain (the F38011 Nalr strain) and one streptomycin-resistant strain (the 02-833L Strr strain). In vitro binding assays revealed that the C. jejuni F38011 Nalr and 02-833L Strr strains adhered to LMH chicken hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cells and that neither strain influenced the binding potential of the other strain at low inoculation doses. However, an increase in the dose of the C. jejuni 02-833L Strr strain relative to that of the C. jejuni F38011 Nalr strain competitively inhibited the binding of the C. jejuni F38011 Nalr strain to LMH cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, the C. jejuni 02-833L Strr strain was found to significantly reduce the efficiency of intestinal and cecal colonization by the C. jejuni F38011 Nalr strain in broiler chickens. Based on the number of bacteria recovered from the ceca, the maximum number of bacteria that can colonize the digestive tracts of chickens may be limited by host constraints. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that C. jejuni strains compete for colonization in chicks and suggest that it may be possible to design novel intervention strategies for reducing the level at which C. jejuni colonizes the cecum.
Hypogastric preservation with Viabahn stent graft during endovascular aneurysm repair

The presence of bilateral iliac aneurysms extending to the iliac bifurcations, in conjunction with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, complicates endovascular repair because of the difficulty of preserving one or both hypogastric arteries. Several open techniques have been suggested for hypogastric preservation, but they usually involve some type of anatomic or extra-anatomic bypass. Endovascular techniques for hypogastric preservation include branch iliac grafts, chimney grafts, and bellbottom limbs. We report the use of a Viabahn stent graft (W. L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) within the iliac limb of a Powerlink device (Endologix, Inc, Irvine, Calif) to preserve a hypogastric artery.
Make a Way Somehow: African-American Life in a Northern Community, 1790-1965

In a groundbreaking book, Kathryn Grover reconstructs from their own writings the lives of African Americans in Geneva, New York, virtually from its beginning in the 1790s, to the time of the community's first civil rights march in 1965. She weaves together demographic evidence and narratives by black Americans to recount their lives within a white-controlled society. Make a Way Somehow, which reflects the tenor of the gospel song whence it came, is a complete and meaningful history of black Genevans, with a moving focus on the individual experience. The author traces five principal migrations of African Americans to northern cities: the forced migration of slaves from the East and South before 1820; the antebellum fugitive slave farm-to-town movement; the postwar migration of emancipated people; the so-called Great Migration between the two World Wars; and the last movement that began around 1938 and ended in 1960, which was precipitated by the need for workers in large-scale, commercial agriculture and the war-mobilization effort. Grover pieces together the lives of generations of African Americans in Geneva and delineates the local system of race relations from the city's social and economic standpoint. Black Genevans were kept at the fringes of society and worked in jobs that were temporary and scarce. While antislavery and suffrage work was common, it represented but a small portion of reform in towns whose broader sentiments opposed racial equality. In a work that spans more than a hundred years, the author establishes a context for understanding both the persistence of a small group of blacks and the transience of a great many others.
Omnidirectionally balanced multiwavelets for vector wavelet transforms

Vector wavelet transforms for vector-valued fields can be implemented directly from multiwavelets; however, existing multiwavelets offer surprisingly poor performance for transforms in vector-valued signal-processing applications. In this paper, the reason for this performance failure is identified, and a remedy is proposed. A multiwavelet design criterion, omnidirectional balancing, is introduced to extend to vector transforms the balancing philosophy previously proposed for multiwavelet-based scalar-signal expansion. Additionally, a family of symmetric-antisymmetric multiwavelets is designed according to the omnidirectional-balancing criterion. In empirical results for a vector-field compression system, it is observed that the performance of vector wavelet transforms derived from these omnidirectionally-balanced symmetric-antisymmetric multiwavelets is far superior to that of transforms implemented via other multiwavelets.