cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social factors influencing choice of food source in a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

The influence of social factors, including social relationship, kinship, estrous cycle stage and hierarchical rank, on choice of a food source was studied in a group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large, outdoor compound. The subjects chose among three feeding stations that were spatially separated and located along the periphery of the compound. One feeding station was associated with a preferred food (orange), and two stations contained a less-preferred food (commercial chow or biscuit). A significant positive correlation was found between (a) the frequency with which one animal groomed another and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial and (b) the percent of time that subjects were in close proximity and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial, and this result was mediated by kinship. There was a significant difference in same-station choice by the adult male and by a maximally tumescent female compared to the choice when that female was detumescent. Finally, there was no significant correlation between social rank and the percent of trials during which the station associated with the more highly preferred food type was chosen. This study provided quantitative data supporting postulations that factors such as social relationship, kinship, and estrous cycle stage affect the composition of groupings of chimpanzees at feeding stations, and the results are consistent with field observations.
Microscopic changes in the condyle and disc in response to distraction osteogenesis of the minipig mandible.

Purpose Unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been shown to cause gross changes in the mandibular condyle and articular disc. The purpose of this study was to correlate histologic findings with these gross changes in a minipig distraction model. Materials and Methods Semiburied distractors were placed via submandibular incisions in 15 minipigs. Two unoperated animals served as controls. The protocol consisted of 0-day latency and rates of 1, 2, or 4 mm/day for a 12-mm gap. After the minipigs were killed (at 0, 24, or 90 days), ipsilateral and contralateral condyles and discs were harvested, decalcified, prepared for standard paraffin embedding, and evaluated to determine changes in 1 ) morphology and thickness of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone and 2 ) morphology of the disc. Results In control animals, there were no degenerative changes in the articular cartilage and underlying condylar bone; there were no significant differences in the mean articular cartilage thickness. The temporomandibular joint discs were normal. In experimental animals, distracted condyles showed increasing degenerative changes and mean articular cartilage thickness as the DO rate increased. The discs were thinner. These changes were present, but to a lesser degree, in the contralateral condyles. After 90 days, degenerative changes in the condyles and discs were reduced, after remodeling, except in the 4 mm/day DO group. Conclusions Histologic changes in the condyles and temporomandibular joint discs in response to mandibular DO correlated with previously reported gross changes. These changes were greater at higher distraction rates and remodeling back to normal occurred in mandibular condyles distracted at 1 mm/day.
Molecular and crystal structure of the regenerated form of (1 → 3)-α-d-mannan

The crystal structure of the hydrated form of (1----3)-alpha-D-mannan, obtained by solid-state deacetylation of the partially O-acetylated mannan, was analyzed by combined X-ray diffraction and stereochemical-model refinement techniques. The structure crystallizes in a four-chain, monoclinic unit cell with parameters a = 11.33 A, b = 18.36 A, c (fiber repeat) = 8.25 A, and gamma = 101.75 degrees, and the most probable space group is P2(1). In the most probable structure the chain-backbone conformation is a two-fold helix, but with all four O-6 rotational positions nonequivalent. The chains pack with antiparallel polarity and are connected by pairs of intermolecular hydrogen bonds that form an infinite, zig-zag sheet. There are 16 water molecules in the unit cell, generally embedded between the sheets in crystallographic positions, providing additional hydrogen bonding and establishing a three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network in the crystal structure. The reliability of the structure analysis is indicated by the X-ray residual R" = 0.281, based on 98 hkl reflection intensities.
Assessing patient utilities for varying degrees of low back pain.

Rationale and objectives We sought to quantify patient preferences for mild, moderate, and severe low back pain via time-tradeoff analysis and utility measurement. Materials and methods Forty-one patients being treated for low back pain in a tertiary care teaching hospital participated in the study. Patients were asked to decide which of three health states they were currently experiencing as well as which of the three health states was the worst experienced during their lifetime. A time-tradeoff analysis was performed, during which patients were asked the amount of time in each of the health states they would exchange for complete resolution of symptoms. We correlated (1) subjects’ current health state with reported utility and (2) degree of previous low back pain with results of time-tradeoff measurements. Results All patients were willing to trade a greater number of life-years for resolution of symptoms given a more severe perceived health state. Utility decreased as severity of back pain scenarios increased, with an average utility of 0.93 ± 0.11 for mild, 0.65 ± 0.21 for moderate, and 0.18 ± 0.17 for severe pain. No significant difference in time-tradeoff among subjects was identified based upon current health state on the day of interview. A statistically significant difference was seen in patients’ willingness to trade time among those who had actually experienced severe pain versus those who had not. Kendall’s correlation revealed that subjects who had experienced severe back pain exhibited significantly lower utilities (P Conclusions As expected, patients with severe low back pain were willing to sacrifice more potential years of life for resolution of symptoms, suggesting time-tradeoff can accurately reflect patient utility. 2. However, we found no correlation between a subject’s current health state and reported utility.
Ecological Factors Associated with Adolescent Sexual Activity

Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological systems theory was used as an organizing framework for the research on teenage sexual activity. Per Bronfenbrenner's theory, the literature is discussed according to macrolevel (system-wide), mesolevel (immediate social environment), and microlevel (individual) factors that are associated with adolescent sexual involvement. Following the review, implications for social work are explored.
Combined FISH, anti-γ-Hb and DAPI for detection of fetal nucleated RBCs in maternal blood

Since the 1970s, extensive research has been devoted to the development of a standard procedure for the isolation of fetal nucleated red cells (fnRBCs) from maternal blood. Since these cells are sources of fetal DNA, cytogenetic analysis would lead to a minimally-invasive method for the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and genetic disorders early in gestation. FnRBCs constitute a significant portion of the fetal blood, have a short and finite life span, and are rare in peripheral adult blood. They have been reported to exist in the maternal circulation at frequencies as low as 1:10 5 - 1:10 9 maternal nucleated cells. Due to these ultra-rare frequencies, isolation with minimal loss has been a time and labor-intensive process. To overcome this problem, a fully automated scanning cytometer that incorporates high-performance autofocus and image segmentation has been built and shown higher rate, quantity, sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) in a model cell preparation. For detecting fnRBCs, two discriminating characteristics may suffice: (1) the presence of fetal hemoglobin, which is the major intracytoplasmic protein found in fetal red cells from 5 to 35 weeks gestation, and (2) the presence of a nucleus. In clinical trials, the fetal origin of the isolated cells will be confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the X and Y chromosomes in male pregnancies. The aim of the present study was to develop a reliable and reproducible staining method for combined immunofluorescence and FISH analysis for these clinical trials. This staining technique was developed using fnRBCs extracted from fetal liver blood and a human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL) that expresses fetal hemoglobin. The resulting method for four-color X- and Y-FISH , anti-(gamma) -Hb fluorescence and DAPI staining was consistent and bright.
Normative predicates of next-generation management support systems

Popular literature on the design of management systems is dominated by those arguing the case for decision support system (DSS). The DSS approach is notable chiefly for its promise to accommodate information technology to the interests of particular organisations and ultimately to the preferences of individual decisionmakers. The problems with this approach, as well as the need for an alternative design methodology, the normative protocol, are discussed. This is distinct from the DSS platform in three major respects: (1) its employment of `structured' as opposed to casual design procedures; (2) its emphasis on universalistic as opposed to locally defined system requirements; and (3) its adoption of a compensatory (viz. accommodative) posture towards clients, such that decisionmaking procedures are made consistent with rationality criteria derived from modern management and decision science.
Antigenic relationships amongst coronaviruses

Several serological interrelationships between various members of the corona-virus group have been revealed in neutralization, complement fixation, and gel-diffusion tests, using human and hyperimmune animal sera. Several members of this group of human and animal pathogens are shown to cross-react in one or more type of test, but one member, avian infectious bronchitis virus, was shown to be unrelated. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV3) was found to be antigenically related to a number of human types of coronavirus. Difficulties were encountered in the investigation of paired human sera in demonstrating the specificity of antibody rises, placing doubt on the values of some serological studies. The significance of these interrelationships is discussed in the light of other investigations.
Early Outcomes After Bilateral Thoracoscopy Versus Median Sternotomy for Lung Volume Reduction

Objective: A National Emphysema Treatment Trial subanalysis, although finally describing outcomes as “comparable,” suggested that bilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may be slightly less morbid than by median sternotomy (MS). We report a single surgeon experience using both the MS and VATS approaches to provide additional information on this issue in a setting of uniform patient selection and perioperative management. Our hypothesis was that a VATS approach would provide equivalent or less morbidity than MS despite being applied to a group of patients subjectively selected to be higher risk than those undergoing MS. Methods: Consecutive patients over a 9-year period underwent LVRS by one surgeon by either MS or VATS in a nonrandomized fashion. Thoracoscopy was selected over MS primarily when the surgeon estimated a greater overall risk profile and thus a greater chance of morbidity/mortality in a particular patient. Results: There were 15 patients in the VATS group and 35 in the MS group. In terms of measures of risk profile, there were no differences between the groups that met statistical significance, but several values trended toward higher risk within the VATS group (eg, age, 63 VATS vs. 59 MS, P = 0.08; moderate pulmonary hypertension, 38% VATS vs. 14% MS, P = 0.11; and residual volume, 241% VATS vs. 226% MS, P = 0.32). With regard to outcomes, operative time was significantly longer in the VATS group (VATS = 155 minutes vs. MS=129 minutes, P = 0.01). All other outcomes, including the incidence of major complications (13.3% VATS vs. 17.1% MS, P = 0.39), were similar between the groups. There was a single death within 90 days (1.9% of entire series; 2.9% of MS group). Conclusions: In this series, although patients undergoing LVRS by VATS tended to have a higher risk profile, their outcomes were no worse than in those undergoing LVRS by MS. This suggests that the VATS approach to bilateral LVRS may incur slightly less morbidity and thus may be the best option in the most compromised patients who is nonetheless felt will benefit from LVRS.
CT pulmonary angiography: increasingly diagnosing less severe pulmonary emboli.

Background: It is unknown whether the observed increase in computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) utilization has resulted in increased detection of pulmonary emboli (PEs) with a less severe disease spectrum. Methods: Trends in utilization, diagnostic yield, and disease severity were evaluated for 4,048 consecutive initial CTPAs performed in adult patients in the emergency department of a large urban academic medical center between 1/1/2004 and 10/31/2009. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings and peak serum troponin levels were evaluated to assess for the presence of PE-associated right ventricular (RV) abnormalities (dysfunction or dilatation) and myocardial injury, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: 268 CTPAs (6.6%) were positive for acute PE, and 3,780 (93.4%) demonstrated either no PE or chronic PE. There was a significant increase in the likelihood of undergoing CTPA per year during the study period (odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.07, P,0.01). There was no significant change in the likelihood of having a CTPA diagnostic of an acute PE per year (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.95–1.11, P=0.49). The likelihood of diagnosing a less severe PE on CTPA with no associated RV abnormalities or myocardial injury increased per year during the study period (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.10–1.75, P=0.01). Conclusions: CTPA utilization has risen with no corresponding change in diagnostic yield, resulting in an increase in PE detection. There is a concurrent rise in the likelihood of diagnosing a less clinically severe spectrum of PEs.
A transfer algorithm for hierarchical clustering

Abstract Transfer algorithms are usually used to optimize an objective function that is defined on the set of partitions of a finite set X . In this paper we define an equivalence relation ∾ on the set of fuzzy equivalence relations on X and establish a bijection from the set of hierarchies on X to the set of equivalence classes with respect to ∾. Thus, hierarchies can be identified with fuzzy equivalence relations and the transfer algorithm can be modified in order to optimize an objective function that is defined on the set of hierarchies on X .
The impact of ethical ideology on modifiers of ethical decisions and suggested punishment for ethical infractions

The present study sought to determine the extent to which individuals' ethical ideologies, as measured by Forsyth's (1980) Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ), impacted the degree of punishment they advocated for differing ethical infractions, as well as their selection of non-ethics related variables that might be used to modify judgments of disciplinary action. The data revealed that individual ideology does impact both advocated punishment and choice of non-ethics related variables, but only in some measures. The data are discussed in terms of potential moderating variables that could be examined in future studies.
Hammett Parameter and Molecular-Modeling Correlations of Substituent Effects on Esterification Kinetics

The effect of substituents on the rate of reactions is taught extensively throughout organic chemistry. The Hammett equation is useful in quantifying this dependence; however, there are relatively few experiments that investigate this relationship. We describe an advanced undergraduate experiment suitable for exploring the substituent effect on esterification kinetics of trifluoroacetic acid with a variety of alcohols. We find a negative correlation between the Hammett substituent constant and the rate of the esterification, indicating a slower rate of reaction for the substituted alcohols. The decrease in measured rates is also correlated with the calculated charge on the oxygen atom for the substituted alcohols. The combination of the experimental data with the theoretical calculations should increase the student’s understanding of substituent effects on reaction rates.
TU-A-210A-01: Quality Assurance for Digital Radiography

Diagnosticmedical physicists have traditionally played a key role in the radiology department's Quality Assurance (QA) program. Procedures for QA of digital radiography (DR) systems are less well‐established than those designed for conventional screen‐film radiography. Some methods that were appropriate for conventional systems do not yield accurate results for digital systems. Methods that rely on images on film cannot be performed in a facility devoid of chemical processing. Methods that do not consider effects of all stages of the digital imaging chain from acquisition to display are likely to provide erroneous results. Digital systems often do not provide data in a convenient form for assessing performance. Nevertheless, medical physicists are responsible for designing and directing efforts to assure the safety and efficacy of DR. Development of standards for performance verification of digital radiographic systems has been outpaced by commercialization of the technology. Practitioners, operators, vendors, and medical physicists are uncertain as to how to configure, calibrate, and verify systems for the best diagnostic quality images at the lowest practical radiation exposure to the patient. Several manufacturers have fielded commercial systems for performance verification, but long term data indicating trends and action limits is rare. Sources of definitive information on practical clinical methods are also scarce in the scientific literature. This has led to the current situation where clinical imaging operations are routinely conducted using systems that are not optimized. The good news is that methods in common practice for conventional radiography can be applied with modification to digital radiography. Some of these methods are described in recent literature. The AAPM has recognized the dilemma and has initiated an effort to provide practical guidance to clinical physicists, i.e. Task Group 150. This lecture will discuss some components of a QA program for DR, including adaptation of conventional QA processes. The lecture will discuss methods of evaluating system performance and provide examples of potential interferences. The lecture will review commercial devices for performance evaluation and their limitations. Finally, some ongoing standardization efforts will be described. Learning Objectives: 1. Review components of a QA program and show how they apply to DR. 2. Understand how some conventional tests should be modified for a digital radiographic system integrated into an electronic image management system. 3. Identify key references and standards that can be useful in QA of DR.
Beyond impressions and ideas: Hume vs. Reid

Thomas Reid was a persistent and acute critic of the philosophy of David Hume. It is Reid's contention that Hume's theory cannot account for the facts of human conception and belief.1 Hume's theory is deficient in that impressions and ideas are inadequate to account for the intentionality of human thought, the fact that human thoughts have objects, ones that may not exist. Impressions and ideas are also inadequate to account for the facts of belief, especially the fact of negative belief. Reid recognizes the genius of the attempt to account for human conception and belief in terms of impressions and ideas. He calls Hume the most acute metaphysician of the age and remarked, in correspondence, that if Mr. Hume were to stop writing, he and his cohorts in Aberdeen would have nothing to discuss. Reid remarks as well, however, that it is genius and not the lack of it that leads to false philosophy. Reid is not a mere modus tollens critic of Hume. Unlike G. E. Moore, Reid does not rest content with arguing that Hume's theory cannot account for the facts but contends that we need not despair of a bet ter.2 Reid's philosophy is an attempt to offer a better theory. I shall describe Reid's destructive and constructive efforts to refute the philosophy of Hume. Reid's theory postulates certain innate conceptual operations of the mind that he considers necessary to account for the facts of human concep tion. Some of these operations are operations on other operations of the mind, that is, they are metamental operations based on consciousness of the lower level operations. It is notable that intentionality and consciousness are the two features of the mental that are the most problematic from the standpoint of contemporary cognitive science and philosophy of mind.3 Reid's theory explains the connection between these two features, namely, that intentionality presupposes consciousness. To account for intentionality, according to Reid, it is necessary to sup pose that we have general conceptions which result from directing our atten tion to mental operations, what he calls abstracting and generalizing, to form general conceptions which are essential for communication and the ac quisition of knowledge. Some conceptions and beliefs arise from innate principles of the human mind. Reid argues that the beliefs to which such principles give rise are justified without reasoning, though he admits that all faculties of the mind are fallible. Our original perceptual beliefs concerning the external world are beliefs of this kind, ones that are justified without
Micromechanical simulation of the failure of fiber reinforced composites

Abstract The strength of unidirectionally reinforced fiber composites is simulated using the three dimensional shear lag model of Landis, C. M., McGlockton, M. A. and McMeeking, R. M. (1999) (An improved shear lag model for broken fibers in composites. J. Comp. Mat. 33, 667–680) and Weibull fiber statistics. The governing differential equations for the fiber displacements and stresses are solved exactly for any configuration of breaks using an influence superposition technique. The model predicts the tensile strength of well bonded, elastic fiber/matrix systems with fibers arranged in a square array. Length and strength scalings are used which are relevant for elastic, local load sharing composites. Several hundred Monte Carlo simulations were executed to determine the statistical strength distributions of the composite for three values of the fiber Weibull modulus, m =5, 10 and 20. Stress–strain behavior and the evolution of fiber damage are studied. Bundle sizes of 10×10, 15×15, 20×20, 25×25, 30×30 and 35×35 fibers of various lengths are investigated to determine the dependence of strength on the composite size. The validity of weakest link statistics for composite strength is examined as well.
Turbidimetric Method for Estimating Sum of β- and κ-Caseins in Whole Casein

Summary The amount of β + κ -casein present in whole casein was estimated in a buffered solution of acid casein in the presence of calcium, by means of the difference in optical densities (400m μ ) at 0 and 35C; the concentration of α s -casein was obtained by difference. By subtracting the κ -casein content (estimated by sialic acid analysis), the amount of β -casein present in the β + κ -casein mixture was obtained. Analysis of various test solutions containing known amounts of α s -, β -, and κ -caseins gave results which agreed within ±2.3%. The method is simple, convenient, and suitable for routine determinations. Analysis of caseins obtained from individual lots of skimmilk indicated that β -casein accounted for 19-36%, κ -casein for 10-23%, and α s -casein for 49-60% of the total casein.
Upper bound for the degree of an approximating monomial

Abstract It is known that if P is any polynomial of degree ⩽ n and m ( x ) = cx k is a monomial of best approximation to P in L p [ a , b ]among all monomials of degree n , then 1. (i) if p = ∞, no upper bound for k exists, and (ii) if 1 ⩽ K n = K n ( a , b ; p ) (independent of the polynomial P ) such that k ⩽ K n The proof of the existence of the upper bound K n is not constructive. In particular, with M n denoting the best bound K n (i.e., M n is the infimum of all K n for which (∗) is true), no estimate for M n is available (for a general p ). In this paper we have considered approximation by quasi-monomials cx k (i.e., k is real and ⩾ n ). We have obtained estimates for M n for the case of the L 2 -norm on the interval [0, 1]; our main result is 1 4 (n + 1) 3 ⩽M n ⩽6(n + 1) 3 .
Transient crystallization of an aromatic polyetherimide: effect of annealing

Abstract A systematic study using differential scanning calorimetry has been performed on the annealing behaviour of an aromatic polyetherimide (Ultem 5001). Although crystallization from the melt did not occur, crystallinity was easily induced in the presence of methylene chloride. With annealing, a sharp melt endotherm of the solvent-treated polyetherimide was observed. The melt temperature determined after annealing for 30 min increased progressively as the annealing temperature increased, leading to an extrapolation to an apparent equilibrium melt temperature of 369°C. However, the melt temperature, as well as crystallinity, increased with the increase of the residence time at each annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction data revealed two distinct crystalline phases; a low temperature (α) phase obtained by crystallization for 30 min at 248 and 258°C, and a high temperature (β) phase obtained at 258°C for 3 h or exceeding 258°C. Values of heat of fusion per gram of crystallite were consistent with a range of 247–261 J g −1 for the samples of higher crystallinity.
Artificial recharge of ground water by the city of bountiful, Utah

The City of Bountiful, Utah, is situated just beyond the eastern edge of an area where alluvial gravel and sand of Pleistocene and probably Tertiary age yield water by artesian flow. Attempts to recharge these aquifers by diversion of surplus stream water into a spreading canal east of the city have been unsuccessful, because of the relative impermeability of the torrential debris which has accumulated along the western base of the Wasatch Range. Instead, the water spread from the canal has increased the yield of permeable shore deposits of the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville which crop out east of the city.
Growth of Broiler Chickens in Response to Feed Restriction Regimens to Reduce Ascites

Abstract A trial was conducted to investigate the impact of early feed restriction on ascites induced by cold temperatures and the subsequent effect on the whole body and breast muscle growth of broilers. Two feed restriction regimens were tested, consisting of limiting daily feed intake of the birds to 75% of the ME required for normal growth from either 4 to 11 d or from 7 to 14 d. At 21 d, half of the birds were moved to a cold house (17.8 C) to induce ascites. Five birds from each pen were killed for the breast muscle growth, Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor, and heart and abdominal fat pad weights at 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 35, and 49 d of the experiment. Birds in the cold house were heavier and had better feed conversion than birds in the control house at 49 d of age. This could be attributed to the high ambient temperatures (27 to 33 C) in the control house. The ad libitum birds had a significantly greater percentage of P. major than the feed-restricted birds. Exposure to cold temperatures caused significantly higher percentage of ascites from 21 to 49 d. Cold temperatures also increased the percentage of total heart and the right ventricle weight relative to total heart weight ratio at 35 and 49 d of age, suggesting that the surviving birds were more likely to develop ascites. Although catch-up growth was observed, the final body weight of feed-restricted birds was not the same as ad libitum birds. Early feed restriction reduced the incidence of ascites, but at the cost of breast muscle growth.
Expression of BCR/ABL p210 from a Knockin Allele Enhances Bone Marrow Engraftment without Inducing Neoplasia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and some acute lymphoblastic leukemias are characterized by the t(9;22) chromosome, which encodes the BCR/ABL oncogene. Multiple mouse models of CML express BCR/ABL at high levels from non-Bcr promoters, resulting in the development of leukemias. In contrast, a significant fraction of healthy humans have been found to have BCR/ABL-positive hematopoietic cells. To bridge the gap between the information derived from current mouse models and nonleukemic humans with the BCR/ABL oncogene, we generated a knockin model with BCR/ABL p210 expressed from the Bcr locus. Unlike previous models, expression of BCR/ABL from the knockin allele did not induce leukemia. BCR/ABL mutant cells did exhibit favorable bone marrow engraftment compared to control cells. These data suggest that BCR/ABL expression alone is insufficient to induce disease. This model allows for inducible spatial and temporal control of BCR/ABL expression for analysis of early steps in the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL-expressing leukemias.
Using Computer Listserves To Achieve a More Diverse Classroom: the “Virtual Salon”

Two stratification courses, one at an elite private liberal arts college and another at a regional state university were joined through a listserve or computer mailing list . Students were required to participate in the “virtual salon.” The primary goal of the virtual salon was to increase the diversity of students discussing topics common in the courses. The virtual salon was successful in achieving this goal as well as making it a meaningful learning experience by creating passionate engagement in the material, the students shared knowledge, and a sense of community was created where students from diverse backgrounds felt comfortable expressing themselves.
Depression in epilepsy: Why aren't we treating?

Depression is a common and largely untreated comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. Our aim was to examine physician attitudes that may contribute to this treatment gap. We surveyed primary care physicians, neurologists, and psychiatrists chosen from the Ohio State Medical Board registry on the topics of depression in epilepsy, seizures with antidepressant use, and comfort in treating depression in epilepsy. Our data identified fear of increased seizure frequency with antidepressant use as a significant barrier to treatment. There was a clear inverse relationship between the estimated risk of antidepressant-induced seizures and comfort treating depression in epilepsy (P = 0.02), with 52% of primary care physicians identifying this as a reason for not treating depression in this population. Further education of community physicians and neurologists regarding the importance of treating depression in patients with epilepsy and research into the use of antidepressants in this population are indicated.
Abstract 5734: Role of the inflammasome complex in Cr(VI)-induced lung injury and inflammation

Certain particulate hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are human respiratory carcinogens that release genotoxic soluble chromate, leading to fibrosis, fibrosarcomas, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. While considerable information exists regarding Cr(VI) genotoxicity in cell culture, the mechanisms by which Cr(VI) causes lung injury and carcinogenesis in vivo are still unknown. We postulate that early inflammatory processes and mediators may contribute to the etiology of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. We have previously established that intranasal (IN) particulate Cr(VI) administration in Balb/c mice induced a pronounced innate inflammatory response in the lung. Our present aim was to directly test the contribution of inflammasome-mediated inflammatory processes to chromate-mediated lung cancer development. We used WT and inflammasome-deficient (ASC knockout) BALB/c mice for weekly IN delivery of either saline or 10 ug particulate basic zinc chromate, which is an intermediately water soluble chromate typically encountered in mining/chromate production facilities and which is also present as an environmental atmospheric contaminant in urban areas surrounding ferrochrome production facilities. After 9 weeks, immune cells, cytokines, MMPs and pathologic features of lung injury and inflammation were measured in airway lavage fluid and lung tissue. Inflammasome-deficient mice exhibited a markedly reduced number of airway leukocytes in response to Cr(VI) challenge when compared to their WT counterparts, which was particularly evident for macrophages. Moreover, the Cr-induced increase in airway levels of IL6 (8-fold), CXCL/KC (3-fold), as well as pro-MMP9 (100-fold) was significantly attenuated in the inflammasome-deficient mice. In contrast, histological examination of lung tissue in animals challenged with chromate revealed a similar increase in peribronchiolar inflammation in both WT and ASC-/- mice, suggesting that Cr-induced lung inflammation may involve ASC-dependent and independent mechanisms, and that tissue infiltration may be less impacted by ASC-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, particulate chromate is a potent inducer of inflammatory responses in the lung, mediated in part through the inflammasome complex. We postulate that these early inflammatory processes may contribute to the etiology of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. The findings may also be relevant to other lung particulates that induce injury and cancer. Supported by NIH grants CA107972 and ES017334 to SC and ES017307 to SRP. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5734. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5734
Derivation of the Pauli equation using the principle of minimum Fisher information

Abstract It is shown that the Pauli equation formulated in terms of hydrodynamical variables can be derived using the principle of minimum Fisher information.
On medieval blogging

So long as one defines ‘successful medieval-interest blogs’ as ‘blogs read by people not typically interested in medieval things,’ Carl S. Pyrdum, III and Brantley L. Bryant are the bloggers behind what may safely be called the Internet's two most successful medieval-interest blogs to date – Got Medieval (www.gotmedieval.com) and Geoffrey Chaucer Hath a Blog (www.houseoffame.blogspot.com), respectively. The editors of this special issue of postmedieval on ‘New Critical Modes’ asked them to interview one another via e-mail and to compile those e-mails into some semblance of a dialogue. What follows is the result of that request.
Evaluation of Minimum Zone Straightness by a Nonlinear Optimization Method

In this paper, a new algorithm, based on a nonlinear optimization method (NOM), has been developed. The accuracy as well as the reliability/robustness of the new algorithm have been verified by applying it to more than 200 CMM measured data sets on differently manufactured parts. The results have been compared with that of Least Squares Method (LSM) and Convex Hull (CVH) method applied to the same data sets. A data filter is proposed to be enclosed in the new algorithm to detect and delete outliers in the data sets.
Alterations in serum enzymes and isoenzymes in various species induced by epinephrine

Abstract 1. 1. The administration of epinephrine to rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs leads to an elevation of several serum enzyme levels. 2. 2. Serum lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns and histological examination indicate that several tissues may contribute to this increase, but that there is a relatively greater contribution from cardiac tissue and/or erythrocytes. 3. 3. Adrenergic blocking agents prevent the serum enzyme alterations, the tissue changes and the abnormal isoenzyme patterns induced by epinephrine. 4. 4. A likely cause of the serum elevations is an increase in cellular permeability.
Developing unified rheological curves for polymermodified asphalts—Part I. Theoretical analysis

Rheological data for polymer-modified asphalts are obtained by measurements on the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and expressed in terms of |G*|, G″ and |G*|/ Sin δ versus frequency curves. In each case, the material's volumetric-flow rate MVR (in cc/10 minutes) through a predefined die under conditions of constant temperature and stress can be obtained for the polymer-modified asphalts using a simple flow measurement device (FMD). A theoretical relationship between the fundamental rheological properties got from the DSR and the MVR obtained from the FMD shows that unified curves of viscoelastic properties of polymermodified asphalts can be obtained within a determined temperature range.
Performativity theory and language learning: Sedimentating, appropriating, and constituting language and subjectivity

This article examines several “language practice” interactions among adult immigrant students in an ESL classroom in the U.S. from the perspective of performativity theory. In drawing on performativity theory, it conceptualizes such classroom interactions, along with the research practices used to investigate them, as constitutive actions. That is, it considers such practices as producing the social realities (such as language) and particular subjectivities (such as language learner) which are the concern of second language researchers. Using microethnographic methods, it explores two metaphoric processes at play in the classroom talk, those of sedimentation and appropriation, and analyzes them as performative and ideological activity. It concludes by discussing how performativity theory can enable second language researchers to carefully consider and seek to understand the performative effects of using normative social constructs (such as language and language learner) to explore classroom language learning.
Pedestrian Detection in Low-Resolution Imagery by Learning Multi-scale Intrinsic Motion Structures (MIMS)

Detecting pedestrians at a distance from large-format wide-area imagery is a challenging problem because of low ground sampling distance (GSD) and low frame rate of the imagery. In such a scenario, the approaches based on appearance cues alone mostly fail because pedestrians are only a few pixels in size. Frame-differencing and optical flow based approaches also give poor detection results due to noise, camera jitter and parallax in aerial videos. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel approach to extract Multi-scale Intrinsic Motion Structure features from pedestrian's motion patterns for pedestrian detection. The MIMS feature encodes the intrinsic motion properties of an object, which are location, velocity and trajectory-shape invariant. The extracted MIMS representation is robust to noisy flow estimates. In this paper, we give a comparative evaluation of the proposed method and demonstrate that MIMS outperforms the state of the art approaches in identifying pedestrians from low resolution airborne videos.
Scrounging for Resources: Reflections on the Whys and Wherefores of Higher Education Finance

Multifaceted fiscal challenges are being placed on public universities, and some possible solutions for the future are offered in this chapter.
Analysis of 29 consecutive thoracoscopic repairs of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates compared to historical controls

Abstract Purpose The applicability of minimally invasive surgical techniques to pediatric surgical diseases continues to grow. Surgeons have hesitated to apply these methods to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) of Bochdalek because of the disease-associated pulmonary hypertension and patient fragility. We began performing thoracoscopic repair (CDH-T) in 2004 and have since completed 29 sequential repairs. To evaluate feasibility and outcomes, we compared this experience to a historical control group who underwent open repair (CDH-O) at the same institution by the same surgeons from 2001 to 2004. Methods From January 2001 through November 2007, 72 neonates were evaluated jointly by the Neonatology and Pediatric Surgical services for CDH. Fifteen infants died before any corrective operation and were excluded from analysis. Demographics including gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, percent outborn, usage of extracorporeal life support, and associated anomalies were recorded. End points were complications, additional operative procedures, initial patch closure, recurrence, length of stay in non–extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients, and postoperative mortality. Results Demographic characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. There were no statistically significant differences in complications (71.5% vs 55%, P = .28), additional related operative procedures (42.9% vs 34.5%, P = .59), use of prosthetic patch (42.8% vs 51.7%, P = .60), recurrence (6.9% vs 20.7%, P = .25), length of stay (24 vs 34 days, P = .11), or postoperative mortality (21.4% vs 6.9%, P = .14) between the CDH-O and CDH-T groups, respectively. There was one conversion in the CDH-T group (3.4%). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest reported series of CDH-T of neonatal CDH of Bochdalek. We have demonstrated the feasibility of performing this procedure thoracoscopically in an unselected population including children who have undergone prior extracorporeal life support. These results compare favorably with CDH-O, although further follow-up is required to determine the durability of the approach.
Behavioral Economic Measures of Alcohol Reward Value as Problem Severity Indicators in College Students

The aims of the current study were to examine the associations among behavioral economic measures of alcohol value derived from 3 distinct measurement approaches, and to evaluate their respective relations with traditional indicators of alcohol problem severity in college drinkers. Five behavioral economic metrics were derived from hypothetical demand curves that quantify reward value by plotting consumption and expenditures as a function of price, another metric measured proportional behavioral allocation and enjoyment related to alcohol versus other activities, and a final metric measured relative discretionary expenditures on alcohol (RDEA). The sample included 207 heavy-drinking college students (53% female) who were recruited through an on-campus health center or university courses. Factor analysis revealed that the alcohol valuation construct comprises 2 factors: 1 factor that reflects participants' levels of alcohol price sensitivity (demand persistence), and a second factor that reflects participants' maximum consumption and monetary and behavioral allocation toward alcohol (amplitude of demand). The demand persistence and behavioral allocation metrics demonstrated the strongest and most consistent multivariate relations with alcohol-related problems, even when controlling for other well-established predictors. The results suggest that behavioral economic indices of reward value show meaningful relations with alcohol problem severity in young adults. Despite the presence of some gender differences, these measures appear to be useful problem indicators for men and women.
The role of coping self-instructions combined with covert modeling in specific fear reduction

The present investigation examined the role of coping self-instructions in the reduction of specific fear using a covert modeling paradigm. A covert modeling condition (CM), in which subjects imagined a model approaching, handling, and coping successfully with feared snakes, was compared to a group presented with an imagined model coping effectively with snakes while self-instructing fear-reduction strategies (CMS). An attention placebo control group (AC) was included to control for therapist contact. The results indicated that the CMS group produced greater change on self-report measures than the CM and AC groups. The CMS and CM groups did not differ on the behavioral measure. The CM group was significantly different from the AC group on behavioral but not self-report measures. These findings suggest that the addition of self-instructions to covert modeling enhances its effectiveness in reducing cognitive components of fear.
Feed-Forward Process Control Strategy for Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacture Using Latent Variable Modeling and Optimization Technologies

Abstract In pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing processes, a major source of disturbance affecting drug product quality is the (lot to lot) variability of the incoming raw materials. A Feed-Forward process control strategy that compensates for raw material variability is presented. The approach involves building PLS (partial least squares) models that combine raw material attributes and tablet process parameters and relate these to final tablet attributes. The resulting models are used in an optimization framework to then find optimal process parameters which can satisfy all the desired requirements for the final tablet attributes, subject to the incoming raw material lots, prior to performing a batch. The connectivity obtained between the three sources of variability (materials, parameters, attributes) can be considered a design space consistent with Quality by Design (QbD) principles, which is defined by the ICH-Q8 guidance [1]. To implement the FF control, an in-house process simulator is presented. The effectiveness of the methodologies is illustrated through a common industrial tablet manufacturing case study.
Identity Formation at a French Colonial Outpost in the North American Interior

Identity formation is a central issue in colonial and post-colonial studies. The ways in which people defined and expressed their identities along multiple dimensions have material implications that are archaeologically accessible. For social archaeologists, material variation is actively constituted and the archaeological record is the residue of a system of signs that individuals used in the construction of class, status, gender, race, and ethnic relations. In the context of French and Native interactions, social identities were fluid, situational, and malleable. The interactions engendered by the fur trade and colonialism in New France had material consequences for identity formation that are being investigated at Fort St. Joseph, an 18th-century frontier outpost in the western Great Lakes.
Tachykinin peptides, receptors, and peptidases in airway disease.

(1995). Tachykinin Peptides, Receptors, and Peptidases in Airway Disease. Experimental Lung Research: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 809-834.