cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Slot Divertor for Tokamaks with High Divertor Heat Loads

AbstractA new divertor configuration is suggested as a possible solution to the problems of high heat flux and erosion at the divertors in large high-power tokamaks. The proposed configuration is a toroidally symmetrical slot in the divertor that allows part of the edge plasma and most of its power to enter a cavity in a thin annular sheet. The large surface area of the sheet is exposed to interaction with gas in the cavity. This results in radiation and a reflux of fast neutral atoms, both of which transport power to the cavity walls. The heat flux is reduced because the power is spread over a much larger area. Erosion due to sputtering is also reduced because the decreased power flux reduces the sheath potential and, therefore, the average ion impact energy. Sputtering by fast neutrals should not be a serious problem because neutrals are not accelerated by a sheath as are ions. Helium ash and impurity atoms that are ionized within the cavity tend to be trapped there by the electric field that must exist...
Developing a clinical development paradigm for translation of a mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine

“…we are convinced that analysis of the immune response in the primary tumor following vaccination is likely to be significantly more informative than studies of the immune response in the peripheral blood.”
Lrp5 Has a Wnt-Independent Role in Glucose Uptake and Growth for Mammary Epithelial Cells

Lrp5 is typically described as a Wnt signaling receptor, albeit a less effective Wnt signaling receptor than the better-studied sister isoform, Lrp6. Here we show that Lrp5 is only a minor player in the response to Wnt3a-type ligands in mammary epithelial cells; instead, Lrp5 is required for glucose uptake, and glucose uptake regulates the growth rate of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Thus, a loss of Lrp5 leads to profound growth suppression, whether growth is induced by serum or by specific growth factors, and this inhibition is not due to a loss of Wnt signaling. Depletion of Lrp5 decreases glucose uptake, lactate secretion, and oxygen consumption rates; inhibition of glucose consumption phenocopies the loss of Lrp5 function. Both Lrp5 knockdown and low external glucose induce mitochondrial stress, as revealed by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of the ROS-sensitive checkpoint, p38α. In contrast, loss of function of Lrp6 reduces Wnt responsiveness but has little impact on growth. This highlights the distinct functions of these two Lrp receptors and an important Wnt ligand-independent role of Lrp5 in glucose uptake in mammary epithelial cells.
Role of weakly bound complexes in temperature-dependence and relative rates of MxOy− + H2O (M = Mo, W) reactions

Results of a systematic comparison of the MoxOy (-) + H2O and WxOy (-) + H2O reaction rate coefficients are reported and compared to previous experimental and computational studies on these reactions. WxOy (-) clusters undergo more direct oxidation by water to yield WxOy+1 (-) + H2, while for MoxOy (-) clusters, production of MoxOyH2 (-) (trapped intermediates in the oxidation reaction) is comparatively more prevalent. However, MoxOy (-) clusters generally have higher rate coefficients than analogous WxOy (-) clusters if MoxOy+1H2 (-) formation is included. Results of calculations on the M2Oy (-) + H2O (M = Mo, W; y = 4, 5) reaction entrance channel are reported. They include charge-dipole complexes formed from long-range interactions, and the requisite conversion to a Lewis acid-base complex that leads to MxOy+1H2 (-) formation. The results predict that the Lewis acid-base complex is more strongly bound for MoxOy (-) clusters than for WxOy (-) clusters. The calculated free energies along this portion of the reaction path are also consistent with the modest anti-Arrhenius temperature dependence measured for most MoxOy (-) + H2O reactions, and the WxOy (-) + H2O reaction rate coefficients generally being constant over the temperature range sampled in this study. For clusters that exhibit evidence of both water addition and oxidation reactions, increasing the temperature increases the branching ratio toward oxidation for both species. A more direct reaction path to H2 production may therefore become accessible at modest temperatures for certain cluster stoichiometries and structures.
Effects of subsidized crop insurance on crop choices

This study focuses on how subsidized crop insurance affects crop choices. Crop insurance may change farm investments by reducing risks and providing subsidies. First, actuarially fair insurance reduces risks in crop production and marketing, holding the expected return constant. Second, insurance subsidies encourage farms to purchase crop insurance, which increases the expected return to insured risky crops. Farms also have many self‐insurance mechanisms such as crop diversification or working off the farm. We derive conditions under which (1) unsubsidized and actuarially fair crop insurance or (2) insurance premium subsidies lead to more investment in a risky higher return crop. We then examine the role of self‐insurance for these conditions. The impact of premium subsidies is decomposed into a direct profit effect and an indirect coverage effect. These effects are explained by substitutions between market insurance and self‐insurance and between a risky crop and a safe crop. We discuss each effect as a combination of subsidy and risk effects. Numerical illustrations show that an insurance subsidy has a larger impact on risky crop investments compared to that of an input subsidy when farms are more risk‐averse and have high costs of self‐insurance. The framework provides a novel way to evaluate subsidized crop insurance programs.
Ultraviolet Filtered Rayleigh Scattering temperature measurements using a mercury filter

We report the development of Ultraviolet Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (UV FRS) as a diagnostic tool for measurements of gas properties. A frequency tripled, narrow linewidth, Ti:Sapphire laser illuminates a sample, and Rayleigh scattered light is imaged through a mercury vapor absorption filter. Tuning the laser through the absorption notch of the filter is a means of probing the scattering line shape, which contains temperature information. Temperature measurements of air are shown to have uncertainties of less than 3 percent. An enhanced scattering cross section as well as nearly ideal filter properties lead to higher values of signal to noise for the mercury filter in the ultraviolet than can be achieved with an iodine filter in the visible.
The Multinomial, Multiattribute Logit Choice Model:

The authors argue that for the cross-sectional multiattribute approach to choice modeling, the multinomial logit is theoretically and empirically superior to the more commonly used regression appro...
Practical and scholarly implications of information behaviour research: a pilot study of research literature

Introduction. This pilot study examined how current information behaviour research addresses the implications and potential impacts of its findings. The goal was to understand what implications and contributions the field has made and how effectively authors communicate implications of their findings. Methods. We conducted a content analysis of 30 randomly selected refereed research papers on information behaviour published between 2008 and 2012 in the U.S. and Canada. Analysis. Analysed elements included journal, year, author affiliation, types of implications, theory, methodology, context and scope of implications, location of implications, intended audience, beneficiaries, and future research. Results. Twenty-three papers offered practical implications; seven included both practical and scholarly implications. Only eight papers referenced theory and of these, only three generated theoretical implications. Seventy percent of studies discussed practical implications for librarians and archivists. Implications were often contextbound in that they related to a particular group or environment. Conclusion. The impact of information behaviour research encompasses a range of areas. A stronger relationship
Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department.

Objective To evaluate intravenous lidocaine’s safety and efficacy as an analgesic agent in the treatment of a variety of painful conditions presenting to the emergency department.
Whatever happened to AIDS

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has caught millions of people in its path worldwide during the first 13 years since it surfaced; half a million Americans have been diagnosed with AIDS, and hundreds of thousands more are in earlier stages of HIV disease. Yet the sense of urgency one would expect should attend such awful numbers is strangely absent, prompting the bitter query "Whatever happened to AIDS?" This paper discusses the present status of progress with respect to the epidemic and explores some of the reasons that might partially explain both the inherent difficulties of research and the inappropriate public sense of quiescence. It then puts forward some suggested areas of research endeavor and/or public policy that could re-energize the flagging public response to this massive health disaster.
The residual costs of multitasking: Causing trouble down the road

Objective: The cognitive workload of three Smartphone Digital Assistants (SDA) was manipulated in an on-off manner while participants drove an instrumented vehicle in order to measure the costs associated with intermittent dual tasking. Background: Previous research has shown costs in productivity when switching between two discrete tasks; however, similar costs have not yet been examined using intermittent, continuous dual tasks. Methods: Participating drivers completed 5 conditions: baseline driving, 3 SDA conditions, and a cognitively demanding math-memory operation span (OSPAN) task, each while responding to Detection Response Task (DRT) stimuli. Within the SDA conditions, on- and off-task DRT performance was compared to baseline driving and to the OSPAN task performance. Results: The on-task periods of the SDA conditions resulted in similar RTs as the OSPAN condition, while the off-task periods did not immediately return to baseline driving performance. Post hoc analyses of the on-off transitions wit...
Thermal Modifications of Ethnic Hair

The application of heat to straighten and style hair is often a major component in the hair care routine for women of all races. This chapter will discuss the chemical changes that occur with thermal straightening, the process behind it, frequently used thermal styling tools, and resultant heat-induced hair damage associated with this hairstyling practice. This chapter will also include a discussion of keratin straightening treatments and the controversies surrounding the safety of these products.
Densely Continuous Forms in Vietoris Hyperspaces

For countably paracompact normal spaces X and locally compact separable metric spaces Y, a characterization is given for the closure of the set of densely continuous forms from X to Y in the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of X × Y under the Vietoris topology. This shows that for such X having no isolated points, every closed subset of X × R that is dense over X can be ‘Vietoris approximated’ by a semicontinuous function on X.
5.4 Frequency-locked-loop ring oscillator with 3ns peak-to-peak accumulated jitter in 1ms time window for high-resolution frequency counting

Many sensing applications require a high-resolution frequency measurement. These applications include measurement of pressure, acceleration and eddy-current sensing. In these applications the sensor is part of an oscillator circuit where the physical quantity being measured is represented by a frequency. In most of these applications the supply current is dictated by the SNR requirements, therefore in order to save power, power cycling is used with a minimum conversion time. For an accurate frequency measurement this conversion time is limited by the time resolution and the accumulated jitter of the reference clock [1]. In this paper a ring oscillator with less than 3ns peak-to-peak accumulated jitter over a 1ms time window is presented. A high time resolution of 770ps is obtained by reading the state of the individual inverters of the ring oscillator. The accumulated jitter is 20 times smaller than the state of the art on-chip oscillators [2–4] and enables us to detect very small changes in physical quantities like distance, pressure, mass etc.
Global solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations

We study the nonlinear Schrodinger equation in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ without making any periodicity assumptions on the potential or on the nonlinear term. This prevents us from using concentration compactness methods. Our assumptions are such that the potential does not change the essential spectrum of the linear operator. This results in $$[0, \infty )$$ being the absolutely continuous part of the spectrum. If there are an infinite number of negative eigenvalues, they will converge to 0. In each case we obtain nontrivial solutions. We also obtain least energy solutions.
Partitioning Evapotranspiration into Green and Blue Water Sources in the Conterminous United States

In this study, we combined two 1 km actual evapotranspiration datasets (ET), one obtained from a root zone water balance model and another from an energy balance model, to partition annual ET into green (rainfall-based) and blue (surface water/groundwater) sources. Time series maps of green water ET (GWET) and blue water ET (BWET) are produced for the conterminous United States (CONUS) over 2001–2015. Our results indicate that average green and blue water for all land cover types in CONUS accounts for nearly 70% and 30% of the total ET, respectively. The ET in the eastern US arises mostly from GWET, and in the western US, it is mostly BWET. Analysis of the BWET in the 16 irrigated areas in CONUS revealed interesting results. While the magnitude of the BWET gradually showed a decline from west to east, the increase in coefficient of variation from west to east confirmed greater use of supplemental irrigation in the central and eastern US. We also established relationships between different hydro-climatology zones and their blue water requirements. This study provides insights on the relative contributions and the spatiotemporal dynamics of GWET and BWET, which could lead to improved water resources management.
139 Development of the system for opioid overdose surveillance (s.o.s.)

Statement of Purpose In 2015, a record number of Americans died of an opioid-involved overdose, bringing devastation to families and communities in urban and rural communities alike. Now, more people in America die from drug overdoses than motor vehicle collisions. In response to this alarming public health crisis, the Office of National Drug Control Policy is supporting the development of opioid overdose monitoring systems in High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA). In collaboration, the University of Michigan Injury Centre and the Acute Care Research Unit (ACRU) are developing and piloting a real-time System for Opioid Overdose Surveillance (S.O.S.) in the Michigan HIDTA. Approach We are developing a real-time surveillance system for fatal and non-fatal overdoses in Washtenaw County by linking data from two EDs, emergency medical services (EMS), and data from the Washtenaw County Medical Examiner (ME) office. Information for individuals with overdose will be linked through probabilistic matching to track individuals through their encounters with EMS and EDs for overdose and deaths including those that are reported by the MEs office. Using location data, overdoses will be geo-coded to identify overdose ‘hot-spots’ and this information will be available in a timely manner to public health and public safety officials. Results We anticipate that S.O.S. will provide real-time surveillance of daily EMS and ED encounters for opioid overdose, supplemented periodically with ME data. Conclusions By connecting opiate overdose data from the mentioned data sources, a comprehensive local real-time surveillance system may be developed. This system can serve as a prototype for a statewide overdose surveillance system. Significance S.O.S. will increase the timeliness and quality of opioid overdose reporting and inform regional public safety and public health strategies to reduce fatal and non-fatal overdoses.
Foreground gesture, background gesture

Do speakers intend their gestures to communicate? Central as this question is to the study of gesture, researchers cannot seem to agree on the answer. According to one common framing, gestures are an “unwitting” window into the mind ( McNeill, 1992 ); but, according to another common framing, they are designed along with speech to form “composite utterances” ( Enfield, 2009 ). These two framings correspond to two cultures within gesture studies – the first cognitive and the second interactive in orientation – and they appear to make incompatible claims. In this article I attempt to bridge the cultures by developing a distinction between foreground gestures and background gestures. Foreground gestures are designed in their particulars to communicate a critical part of the speaker’s message; background gestures are not designed in this way. These are two fundamentally different kinds of gesture, not two different ways of framing the same monolithic behavior. Foreground gestures can often be identified by one or more of the following hallmarks: they are produced along with demonstratives; they are produced in the absence of speech; they are co-organized with speaker gaze; and they are produced with conspicuous effort. The distinction between foreground and background gestures helps dissolve the apparent tension between the two cultures: interactional researchers have focused on foreground gestures and elevated them to the status of a prototype, whereas cognitive researchers have done the same with background gestures. The distinction also generates a number of testable predictions about gesture production and understanding, and it opens up new lines of inquiry into gesture across child development and across cultures.
Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing Among Persons Unaware of Their Infection.

This study uses National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey data to estimate the proportion of men who have sex with men and persons who inject drugs unaware of their HIV infection who missed opportunities for testing and diagnosis in clinical settings.
Summarizing CSP hardness with continuous probability distributions

We present empirical evidence that the distribution of effort required to solve CSPs randomly generated at the 50% satisfiable point, when using a backtracking algorithm, can be approximated by two standard families of continuous probability distribution functions. Solvable problems can be modelled by the Weibull distribution, and unsolvable problems by the lognormal distribution. These distributions fit equally well over a variety of backtracking based algorithms.
Case 73: An Intraoperative Malfunctioning Vaporizer

It is Monday morning and you are scheduled to give anesthesia in a surgical clinic. Your list consists of four gynecological cases. The first patient is a 30-year-old woman (78 kg, 5 ft 8 in.) with a diagnosis of pelvic pain. She is admitted for a removal of an adnexal mass. The patient is otherwise healthy with no past surgical history. She takes only “over the counter analgesics” for her pain. You see her in the preoperative holding area. After an IV is placed and 3 mg of midazolam IV is given, she is taken to the operating room. After preoxygenation, the patient is anesthetized with propofol, fentanyl, and vecuronium. For maintenance you select sevoflurane in air (50%) and oxygen. You give the nurse permission to catheterize the patient. The vital signs are stable but you notice that the end expired sevoflurane value is only 0.5% even though the patient has now been on sevoflurane 2% for at least 5 min.
A Guide to the Calculation of Theoretical Densities of Crystal Structures for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Theoretical density is an important parameter used to estimate the porosity of materials after sintering, especially if the requirements for the materials’ densities are strict, such as in the case of the parts of solid oxide fuel cells.In this research paper, we provide examples of theoretical density calculations using unit cell structure and X-ray diffraction determined lattice parameters for a number of different ceramics, which are important for energy applications.Oxide perovskites, fluorites and rock salts were all investigated.
Linearity and Efficiency Improvements in Phased-Array Transmitters with Large Number of Elements and Complex Modulation

Phased array transmit systems use several antennas to combine RF power-amplifiers in free space. If all the RF channels are identical, then the transmit spectrum in the far-field, including both linear and nonlinear components, would be a scaled version of the output spectrum of each channel. However, random variations in the nonlinear components (AM-AM and AM-PM conversion) between the channels improves the nonlinearity of the overall array as the number of elements increases. In this paper, measured results are used to show that the adjacent channel power ratio, which is one metric of linearity, improves with the number of elements at a fixed backoff from the 1 dB compression point. Also, for a 100 Mbaud 64QAM signal and a fixed ACPR of −32 dBc, a 256-element phased-array can be operated at $P_{1dB}-2\mathbf{dB}$ , while an 8-element phased-array would need to be operated at $P_{1dB}-4\mathbf{dB}$ for the same ACPR level. This work has great implications on the overall efficiency of 5G phased arrays since it implies that large phased-arrays can be operated at less back-off than small phased-arrays (or single antennas with high power amplifiers). Thus, in reality and taking the ACPR as the figure of merit, phased-arrays are 2 dB more efficient than what is predicted by standard system simulations which assume the same non-linear response for all the phased-array channels.
Adenosine and Cardiac Aging

Basal and s-adrenergic-induced interstitial adenosine levels are significantly higher in the aged compared to the young adult myocardium. This results in a greater manifestation of the antiadrenergic action of adenosine reducing s-adrenergic responsiveness. Results suggest that despite similar adenosine production by young adult and aged myocardium, elevated basal interstitial adenosine levels in aged myocardium result from depressed in vivo activity of adenosine kinase coupled to a reduced inward adenosine transport. With s-adrenergic stimulation, adenosine production is greater in the young compared to aged heart. However, efficient recycling of adenosine in the young heart minimizes the enhanced adenosine release. This results in a net adenosine release which is still greater in the aged heart.
Robust pCASL perfusion imaging using a 3D Cartesian acquisition with spiral profile reordering (CASPR).

PURPOSE To improve the robustness of arterial spin-labeled measured perfusion using a novel Cartesian acquisition with spiral profile reordering (CASPR) 3D turbo spin echo (TSE) in the brain and kidneys. METHODS The CASPR view ordering followed a pseudo-spiral trajectory on a Cartesian grid, by sampling the center of k-space at the beginning of each echo train of a segmented 3D TSE acquisition. With institutional review board approval and written informed consent, 14 normal subjects (9 brain and 5 kidneys) were scanned with pCASL perfusion imaging using 3D CASPR and compared against 3D linear TSE (brain and kidneys), the established 2D EPI and 3D gradient and spin echo perfusion (brain), and 2D single-shot turbo spin-echo perfusion (kidneys). The SNR and the quantitative perfusion values were compared among different acquisitions. RESULTS 3D CASPR TSE achieved robust perfusion across all slices compared to 3D linear TSE in the brain and kidneys. Compared to 2D EPI, 3D CASPR TSE showed higher SNR across the brain (P < 0.01), and exhibited good agreement (36.4 ± 4.7 and 36.9 ± 5.3 mL/100 g/min with 2D EPI and 3D CASPR, respectively), and with 3D gradient and spin echo (27.9 ± 7.2 mL/100 g/min). Compared to a single slice 2D single-shot turbo spin-echo acquisition, 3D CASPR TSE achieved robust perfusion across the entire kidneys in similar scan time with comparable quantified perfusion values (154.1 ± 74.6 and 151.7 ± 70.6 mL/100 g/min with 2D single-shot turbo spin-echo and 3D CASPR, respectively). CONCLUSION The CASPR view ordering with 3D TSE achieves robust arterial spin-labeled perfusion in the brain and kidneys because of the sampling of the center of k-space at the beginning of each echo train.
Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt by Zeinab Abul-Magd

Review of: Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt by Zeinab Abul-Magd. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017 (326 pages; cloth).
Innovations in on-demand audio education: Beyond trending

The evolution of broadcast audio has been rapidly changing over the past 10–15 years with the advent of podcasts in the early 2000s. As with other media, podcast audio has been adapted for use within medical and specifically neurology education in the form of the Neurology Podcast since 2007. As podcasts were an initial step in the field of on-demand media, further technological evolution has resulted in increasing customization of a listener9s audio experience. We believe a historical inflection point has been reached with the increasingly mainstream adoption of virtual assistant technology which allows for consumption of brief on-demand self-curated audio productions. As editors of the Neurology Podcast, we have introduced a new audio product to this technological landscape, the Neurology Minute. In doing so, we hope that curated on-demand educational audio will become a part of the daily routine of many practicing neurologists as we move into this new technological age.
Cardinality principle understanding: the role of focusing on the subitizing ability

The cardinality principle (CP) is a conceptual basis of counting collections meaningfully and provides a foundation for understanding other key aspects of numeracy, such as the successor principle or counting-on to determine sums. Unfortunately, little research has focused on how best to teach the CP. One suggestion is that modeling the CP should be done with small collections children can subitize—that is, immediately recognize the total without counting. The present study was designed to investigate the following key, not fully resolved, questions: Is subitizing level associated with CP knowledge and is a particular level of subitizing critical for achieving the CP? Does fostering children’s subitizing ability improve CP knowledge? Which approach to modeling the CP with subitizable collections is most efficacious in promoting the CP and its transfer? Eighty 2- to 5-year-old participants first received instruction designed to promote the ability to subitize collections from 1 to 5. Subitizing instruction alone resulted in 31 participants learning the CP. The remaining 49 participants were randomly assigned to one of three CP interventions: count-first, label-first, and count-only. All interventions involved collections participants could subitize. Results revealed that the participants who could subitize at least three achieved partial success on the CP task. Those who could subitize four and were in the count-first intervention achieved general success on the CP task. The findings underscore the need for early childhood educators and parents to build on subitizing ability to teach the CP.
Supporting Self-Directed Learning in a Project-Based Embedded Systems Design Course

Contribution: This article shares the learning ecosystem of a project-based embedded systems course, identifying course elements that support self-directed learning and how assignments guide students toward becoming adaptive experts. Background: The technology advances while the fundamentals of electrical engineering remain static. Educators can increasingly prepare students to identify what they need to know to solve problems and avail themselves of resources to learn. This article seeks to further understand ways that a project-based learning approach in an undergraduate embedded systems course can facilitate students’ self-directed learning. Research Question: In what ways can a project-based learning approach in an undergraduate embedded systems course facilitates the self-directed learning amongst students? Methodology: This article, conducted in the context of an existing embedded systems design (ESD) course, relied on interviews of students, teaching assistants, and faculty along with document analysis and a mixed inductive–deductive thematic analysis. Findings: A learning ecology of the course is presented. This includes descriptions of space and facilities that influence student motivation, means by which the pedagogical intent of the instructor impacts the student experience, how the course builds on project-based learning knowledge, how the content is distributed using knowledge sharing, how Making supported the ecosystem, how students and instructor occupy similar roles, how the curricular design process was conducted, and how the open ecology promotes student self-direction.
Impact of travel distance on timeliness of adjuvant chemotherapy in veterans with colorectal cancer.

e19159Background: Rural patients have well described disparities in quality cancer care. The VA Budget and Choice Improvement Act (2015) and VA Mission Act (2018) were passed to increase timely acc...
Collaborative Remembering in Ethnically Uniform and Diverse Group Settings

In collaborative memory research, effects of ethnic diversity have not been reported despite the prevalence of ethnically diverse versus uniform groups in everyday collaborations. We compared these groups to examine three key phenomena: the counterintuitive effect known as collaborative inhibition, the more intuitive downstream memory benefits of collaborative recall, and emergence of collective memory. We also examined source memory of former collaborators. Collaborative inhibition and collective memory were comparable between ethnically Diverse triads (one Asian, Black/African American, White each) and Uniform triads (three White members). At the same time, in diverse groups Black/African American members contributed less during collaboration and did not show post-collaborative recall benefits. Ethnicity differences did not emerge within nominal diverse groups, demonstrating for the first time the negative impact of stereotype threat in collaborative remembering. Uniform groups exhibited better source memory, suggesting homophily. Our findings have applied relevance for groups in academic and workplace settings.
High voltage electrical burn resulting in upper limb amputation

Electrical injuries are relatively common, almost always accidental and generally preventable. The direct effect of electrical current, the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy and blunt mechanical trauma can result in tissue destruction and organ dysfunction. Appropriate therapy includes trauma treatment and a detailed physical assessment. Various surgical interventions, including fasciotomy, grafting and even amputation, in addition to long-term supportive care.
Risk of Postpartum Flare Hospitalizations in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Persists After Six Months.

Although patients with IBD are at higher risk for flares during the postpartum period, little is known about the risk factors, timeline, and healthcare-associated costs of a readmission flare. To ascertain the timeline in which patients are hospitalized for postpartum inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) flares, and the associated risk factors. This is a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 7054 patients with IBD who delivered between 2010–2014 obtained from the National Readmissions Database. The presence of IBD was defined using previously validated International Classification of Diseases codes, and univariable and multivariable regression models were performed to assess risk factors associated with a postpartum flare hospitalization over the nine-month observation period. A total of 353 (5.0%) patients were hospitalized for a postpartum IBD flare, with approximately one-third (30.0%) readmitted after 6 months. On multivariable analysis, having Crohn’s disease (aRR 1.47, 95%CI 1.16–1.88), Medicare insurance (aRR 3.30, 95%CI 2.16–5.02), and ≥ 2 comorbidities (aRR 1.34, 95%CI 1.03–1.74) were independently associated with a higher risk of an IBD flare hospitalization. Compared to patients aged 25–29, those 20–24 were at higher risk for an IBD flare readmission (aRR 1.58, 95%CI 1.17–2.13), whereas patients aged 35–39 years were at lower risk (aRR 0.63, 95%CI 0.43–0.92). Among patients with IBD, Crohn’s disease, Medicare insurance, multiple comorbidities, and younger age were independent risk factors for a postpartum IBD flare hospitalization. As approximately one-third of these readmissions occurred after 6 months, it is imperative to ensure adequate follow-up and treatment for postpartum IBD patients, particularly in the extended postpartum period.
Coherent Pulse Echo in Hybrid Magnonics with Multimode Phonons

The hybridization of magnons and phonons is playing a critical role in the emerging field of hybrid magnonics because it combines the high tunability of magnetism with the long lifetime of mechanics for comprehensive coherent information processing. Recently there has been increasing interest in thin-film bulk acoustic waves because of their long lifetimes at high frequencies. However, the unique multimode nature of such phonon modes has not been exploited as an important resource for coherent information processing. In this Letter we study the simultaneous hybridization of multiple high-overtone bulk acoustic resonances with a magnon and a microwave mode. The demonstrated multimode hybridization allows us to observe coherent pulse echoes, opening opportunities for both fundamental studies and practical applications of hybrid magnonics.
An examination of ACEs, the internalization of the Superwoman Schema, and mental health outcomes among Black adult women.

Despite the growing literature on the mental health implications of adverse childhood events (ACEs), little empirical evidence considers the role of sociocultural scripts in Black women's experiences of trauma and mental health. Emerging scholarship suggests that gendered racial stereotypes, such as the Superwoman Schema, might worsen the impact of ACEs on the mental health outcomes of Black women in the U.S. To address this gap, we sought to examine relationships among Black women's exposure to ACEs, endorsement of the Superwoman Schema, and mental health outcomes. The current sample included 447 Black women (20-35 years old) who completed measures of adverse childhood events, Superwoman Schema endorsement, and mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression). ACEs and endorsement of the Superwoman Schema were associated with higher stress, anxiety, and depressive symptomology. Additionally, Black women who experienced more ACEs and felt a stronger obligation to present an image of strength indicated more stress. Black women who experienced more ACEs and had a stronger determination to succeed reported higher anxiety. These results offer further evidence of the role of the Superwoman Schema on Black women's mental health. The authors discuss future research directions and clinical implications regarding the interconnections among sociocultural scripts of Black womanhood and trauma experiences.
Knowledge Acquisition by Teachable Systems

Knowledge acquisition for expert systems is a time-consuming, error-prone task that depends on knowledge engineers who are highly sensitive to the nuances of language and logic. Teachable systems can automate much of the knowledge acquisition process by enabling experts to build a knowledge base through a dialog in natural language. This paper surveys three prototypes of teachable systems and compares them to the more traditional representations used in hand-coding large volumes of knowledge. It uses conceptual graphs to illustrate the knowledge representation issues and shows that the kinds of representations typically encoded by hand can also be generated through a dialog. A by-product of the dialog is a more precise set of specifications in a humanly readable form as well as better facilities for an expert system to generate automatic help and explanations.
Recent Archaeological Investigations in the Niger-Benue Confluence, North Central Nigeria

Scholars have long recognized the Niger-Benue Confluence as one of extensive contact zone in Nigeria and crucial to examine issues related to migrations, settlement displacement, trade, slave raiding, and interregional cultural connectivity among societies of the region. One of the more fascinating developments in the area before the 19th century was the development of the distinctive features of social complexity emanated from wide scale regional interactions. This paper is a report of recent archaeological and ethnohistorical investigations at Idah, the former capital of Igala kingdom.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of fallot and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Background Although left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is known to occur in adults with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are not well characterized. Methods We retrospectively divided all patients with repaired TOF and impaired LV ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%) undergoing CRT at our institution (n = 10) into two groups: de novo CRT (group A, n = 6) or upgrade from existing device (group B, n = 4). Echocardiograms were reviewed at baseline, medium-term (>6 months post-CRT), and long-term follow-up. CRT response was defined as reduction in LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) ≥15% at medium term. Results Age at surgical repair was 13.1 ± 16.0 years, age at CRT was 44.4 ± 12.5 years, and baseline LVEF was 24.0 ± 10.5%. Group A demonstrated a preponderance of right ventricular (RV) conduction delay, whereas all patients in group B demonstrated RV pacing at baseline. At medium-term follow-up, patients in group A showed significant improvements in LVEF, LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and LVESV. Group B also demonstrated a significant improvement in LVEF with favorable trends in LV volumes. Of nine patients with complete data at medium term, eight showed evidence of CRT response. Average long-term follow-up was 53.4 ± 29.3 months. At long-term follow-up, LVEF, LVEDV, and LVESV remained numerically better than baseline, although the results were no longer significant. Conclusions Adult patients with repaired TOF and LV systolic dysfunction demonstrate significant medium-term response to CRT, even among those with RV conduction delay. The long-term impact of CRT in this population requires further characterization.
Genetic implications of a simulation model of litter size in swine based on ovulation rate, potential embryonic viability and uterine capacity: II. Simulated selection.

Direct selection for ovulation rate, uterine capacity, litter size and embryo survival and selection for indexes of ovulation rate with each of the remaining traits were simulated for a swine population. The relationships among these traits were determined from a simulation model that assumed that litter size was always less than or equal to both ovulation rate and uterine capacity. Heritabilities of ovulation rate and uterine capacity were assumed to be .25 and .20, respectively, and uncorrelated genetically and phenotypically. No additional genetic variation was assumed. Responses to weak selection pressure were simulated by recurrent updating of phenotypic variances and covariances combined with the heritabilities of ovulation rate and uterine capacity. Two indexes of ovulation rate and uterine capacity each resulted in 37% greater increase in litter size than direct selection for litter size. Indexes of ovulation rate and either litter size or embryo survival increased litter size by 21% more than direct selection for litter size. Selection for ovulation rate, uterine capacity or embryo survival was 6, 35 and 79%, respectively, less effective than direct selection for litter size. Responses to intense selection pressure were determined by direct simulation of genotypes and phenotypes of individuals. The two indexes of ovulation rate and uterine capacity exceeded direct selection for litter size by 39 and 27%. The indexes of ovulation rate and either litter size or embryo survival exceeded direct selection for litter size by 19 and 13%, respectively. Intense selection for ovulation rate or uterine capacity decreased selection response by 26 and 67%, respectively, relative to direct selection for litter size. Intense selection for embryo survival decreased litter size slightly.
Essay on Practice: Advising Family Enterprise in the Fourth Decade

Researchers and advisors in the field of family business have focused on a sequence of topics over the 30 years since the first dedicated conferences and the emergence of Family Firm Institute, Inc. (FFI) and family business review. This essay reviews the issues that have received the most attention from family business advisors across this time period (succession, governance, and intergenerational family dynamics). Then the author proposes a particular focus for intervention in the coming decade—family human capital utilization—and discusses four areas of consultation that may be increasingly valuable to client families.
Simultaneous post-injection transmission and emission contamination scans in a volume imaging PET scanner

For PET cameras without septa a transmission source of 0.5 mCi is adequate for attenuation correction while restricting near detector deadtime. However, emission contamination of post-injection transmission scans is then 30% for 1 mCi of emission activity in the FOV. The authors have developed a method to directly measure emission contamination of post-injection transmission scans using a virtual transmission source position offset by 20 degrees from the transmission source. Thus, the authors collect and subtract a masked emission contamination scan from the transmission scan. Intersection of transmission source gamma rays with the virtual source position mask is cancelled by performing the blank scan in the same manner. Thus, simultaneous and direct measurements of emission contamination are performed, removing the need for complex corrections to emission data and insensitive to activity redistributions between emission and transmission scanning. While the camera deadtime for pre-injection transmission (without emission activity in the FOV) is the same as for the blank scan, there is extra deadtime due to emission activity in the FOV during a post-injection transmission scan. This results from camera processing of the additional events from this emission activity. This excess deadtime depends primarily on the amount of emission activity. This activity is measured by detector singles countrates, so that we have generated a lookup table of extra deadtime vs countrate to correct for this. This method is accurate to 4% for 0.5 mCi in the FOV. Limitations to this method are (1) reduced transmission count densities due to deadtime which results in moderate increases in % standard deviations on measured attenuation coefficients, and (2) a transmission source angular dependent deadtime which is higher for transmission source angles that sample more than the average fraction of emission contamination events. This results in some underestimation of attenuation in high activity areas of the body. Clinical imaging using this method is now routine and often superior to pre-injection transmission since there is considerably less chance of patient motion between emission and transmission scans. From patient and phantom data taken with both pre- and post-injection transmission a lookup table of residual underestimation of attenuation correction by this method (due to angular dependent deadtimes) has been generated so that more accurate SUV calculations may be performed using post-injection transmission in a Volume Imaging PET Camera.
Antibacterial activity of the heartwood of Haematoxylon braziletto.

Aqueous extracts of the heartwood of the Mexican plant, Haematoxylon braziletto , contain a substance which, in appropriate concentrations, is bactericidal for Salmonella typhosa and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus and is bacteriostatic for Escberichia coli . The active principle has not been unequivocally identified but it is suggested that the antibacterial action is due to the pigment, brazilein, or to its precursor, brazilin, or to some derivative (s) of these. Neither the unpigmented sapwood nor the bark of the plant contains the active principle. Hematoxylin, which is derived from the heartwood of the related plant, H. campechianum , and which contains pigments that are closely related chemically to those of H. braziletto , has similar antibacterial activity in similar concentrations.
Prediction of HiMAT RPRV component interference effects at transonic speeds

Detailed surface flow field analyses of the NASA Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology Remotely Piloted Research Vehicle (HiMAT RPRV) are described. Computational predictions are provided by a nonlinear finite difference transonic wing-body code. Component interference effects are obtained through modifications in lifting surface twist and camber boundary conditions. Complex aircraft interactions created by wing-tip fins, landing gear, and lower surface wing actuator fairings are included. Lifting surface viscous flow effects are modeled using a two-dimensional 'strip' boundary layer method. Correlations with flight test data presented demonstrate the high degree of accuracy achieved for this realistic aircraft configuration. This methodology and approach appears to be generally applicable to other multisurface configurations.
Open source programming assistance for students

This paper shows that Java static analysis tools can be an effective resource for students to help track down faults as well as improving their programming skills. In many cases, introductory programming classes can have a large student body with only one instructor. In such cases, students may have very little instructor interaction and programming assistance. Static analysis tools can help provide students individual instruction that may not be provided on an individual bases from instructors. The tools can be used on student demand and they take on some instructional roles, as well as, alleviating the instructor from routine and repetitive questions on bug detection.