cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In search of the Seven Dwarves: issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol expectancy research

Discusses substantive issues in predicting drinking patterns from expectancies, as well as issues of content and measurement of the scales developed to measure these expectancies. In recent years, much research has suggested that alcohol expectancies--or the beliefs that individuals hold about the effects of alcohol on their behavior, moods, and emotions--are an important factor in motivating drinking behavior. Although measures of these expectancies have consistently been shown to be correlated with measures of alcohol use, conceptual and methodological problems remain to be addressed. In order to progress in understanding this potentially important psychosocial factor in abusive and nonabusive drinking, alcohol expectancy research, which has been atheoretical in nature, should attend to potential contributions from other areas of research in psychology.
Issues in ethics - ethical issues in defibrillator patients' quality of life

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (TCDs), which package the wallop of external defibrillators in pager-sized appliances, save lives. But the serious mental and social consequences that may follow implantation raise ethical questions for both manufacturers and healthcare providers. This paper discusses the quality of life patients have after a defibrillator implantation. Cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia, dependence and depression were observed in patients. These ICD patients deserve better treatment. Just as it would be unethical not to warn them of the possibility of infection and not to have a course of antibiotics at the ready, so it is unethical not to prepare them for other possible side effects that can have severe life-altering impacts on their quality of life.
Sample tube seal testing for Mars Sample Return

Four sealing methods for encapsulating samples in 1 cm diameter thin-walled sample tubes were designed, along with a set of tests for characterization and evaluation of sample preservation capability for the proposed Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The sealing methods include a finned shape memory alloy (SMA) plug, expanding torque plug, contracting SMA ring cap, and expanding SMA ring plug. Mechanical strength and hermeticity of the seal were measured. Robustness of the seal to Mars simulant dust, surface abrasion, and pressure differentials were tested. Survivability tests were run to simulate thermal cycles on Mars, vibration from a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), and shock from Earth Entry Vehicle (EEV) landing. Material compatibility with potential sample minerals and organic molecules were studied to select proper tube and seal materials that would not lead to adverse reactions nor contaminate the sample. Cleaning and sterilization techniques were executed on coupons made from the seal materials to assess compliance with planetary protection and contamination control. Finally, a method to cut a sealed tube for sample removal was designed and tested.
Three-Dimensional Assessment of Vascular and Perivascular Characteristics in Subjects with Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose To study vascular features detected with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in subjects undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants and Controls Fifty-seven premature neonates, 10 with plus disease in at least 1 eye and 47 without plus disease. Methods Bedside noncontact SD-OCT imaging was performed after obtaining parental consent on 97 consecutive infants between January 2009 and September 2012. Fifty-seven subjects (31–49 weeks' post-menstrual age) who had an SD-OCT scan in at least 1 eye showing the edge of the optic nerve and at least 1 major retinal vascular arcade were included. One eye per subject was randomly selected for analysis. Two masked graders evaluated scans for (1) retinal vessel elevation, (2) scalloped retinal layers, (3) hyporeflective vessels, and (4) retinal spaces. To coalesce the weight of these features, a Vascular Abnormality Score by OCT (VASO) was created. For quantitative assessment of vessel elevation, retinal surface maps were created. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of SD-OCT vascular abnormalities, the VASO, intergrader agreement, and presence of elevation on surface maps. Results From among 67 SD-OCT characteristics that were recorded, the most common characteristics found were vessel elevation (44%), hyporeflective vessels (40%), scalloped layers (22%), and retinal spaces (11%). Features significantly associated with plus disease were vessel elevation ( P = 0.01), hyporeflective vessels ( P = 0.04), and scalloped retinal layers ( P = 0.006). Intragrader agreement was between 74% and 90% for all features. The VASO was significantly higher in subjects with plus disease ( P = 0.0013). On 3-dimensional SD-OCT volumes, eyes with plus disease had greater retinal surface elevation that more often matched en face retinal vascular patterns. Conclusions We present a novel 3-dimensional analysis of vascular and perivascular abnormalities identified in SD-OCT images of eyes with ROP. The SD-OCT characteristics that are more common in eyes with plus disease provide the first in vivo demonstration of the effects of vascular dilation and tortuosity on perivascular tissue. The VASO and surface maps also delineate the severity of vascular pathology in plus disease. Further studies evaluating these findings in eyes with pre-plus versus normal posterior pole vessels may determine the usefulness of SD-OCT in the early detection of vascular abnormalities in ROP.
Interactive packages for learning image compression algorithms

This paper introduces three interactive packages for learning image compression algorithms. The first two packages, RLE and Quadtree, animate bitmap image compression algorithms, and the third package, JPEG, is a tutorial about the Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG) standard. The goal in designing and developing the packages was to provide instructors with tutorial and demonstration tools for teaching various interesting algorithms to students in CS1/CS2, Data Structures and Algorithms, Data Compression and Image Processing courses. The packages visualize image compression algorithms by displaying their different states of execution, using different colors to highlight the important areas, and providing textual explanations to help users understand the visualization. All three packages are interactive, platform-independent, and easy to use.
Fluorescence polarization for mycotoxin determination

Over the last few years several laboratories have reported fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassays for mycotoxins. These have included assays for fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and acetylated derivatives, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone and related metabolites. Sensitivity in the FP assays may change dramatically over time, depending upon the antibody/tracer combination used. An important aspect of these homogeneous assays is the time required to reach an equilibrium endpoint. Although it is counterintuitive, the sensitivity of FP assays can actually be improved with shorter incubation times. However, the need for sensitivity must often be balanced against the need for the analyst to reproducibly time the incubation. The technical acumen of the analyst would be relatively more important in assays where measurements are taken before the system reaches equilibrium. In many cases the desired assays are those which reach equilibrium (and therefore give a stable endpoint) quickly, which may occur at the expense of sensitivity. It is for this reason the FP immunoassays are frequently not as sensitive as traditional ELISAs. Nevertheless, for many of the major mycotoxins rapid FP immunoassays can be developed, provided the appropriate combinations of antibody and tracer are used.
Using a Free Online Citizen-Science Project to Teach Observation & Quantification of Animal Behavior

Students of animal behavior must learn to accurately define and quantify observations and to be aware of observational bias. We designed an introductory, college-level animal behavior laboratory that uses a free, online citizen-science project (CamClickr) to help students identify and overcome biases when interpreting observations. The exercise encourages proficiency in making structural descriptions of animal behavior while teaching students to use ethograms to generate and test discrete hypotheses.
Commercial Radio as Communication

Most communication and culture producing institutions in the United States operate more for commercial than for any other motives. This essay examines commercial radio by comparing the day-to-day work routines in that institutional setting with the principles of a theoretical communication model. Commercial radio, of course, does not meet the standards of such a model. By this thought experiment, however, we can illuminate many peculiarities of the conduct of communication by commercial radio, learn more about the application of theoretical models to the evaluation of practicing institutions, and offer assessments of commercial radio that derive from communication theory, rather than from economics, law, politics, or business concerns.
Mixture Analysis and its Preliminary Application in Archaeology

Abstract Sexual dimorphism has been a special concern in human origins studies. Not only must sexual dimorphism be considered in attempts to determine sex ratios in archaeological faunal materials and prehistoric human population samples, but assessing the nature and degree of sexual dimorphism in various hominid species in the past can be crucial for understanding the nature and rate of hominid evolutionary change and sometimes to a certain degree for making species designations among (hominid or other) specimens. Obtaining sex ratio in a population is easy if each individual in the population can be accurately sexed through the use of one or more objective variables. But this is often impossible, due to the incompleteness of the osteological record. One does not, however, have to sex each individual in a population in order to “sex the population”. Mixture analysis is a statistical method that can be used to deal with the problem of sexing the population without knowing the sex of any individual member. This paper introduces some basic concepts and procedures of mixture analysis, gives a brief review of its development and previous applications in various fields, discusses some preliminary results of its application to the tooth metric data of African early hominids, of the Lufeng hominoids and of the two cervid species ( Megaloceros pachyosteus and Pseudaxis grayi ) from the Homo erectus site at Zhoukoudian Locality 1. The quantitative results of this research are compared to previous qualitative assessments of the same materials. A control study to test the power of mixture analysis to discriminate sexual dimorphism was conducted on metric dental data from modern great apes, the results compared to the known metric patterns. Analysis of hominid/hominoid tooth data indicates that there are more males than females in A. robustus and more females than males in A. afarensis ; there appears to be more than one species of hominoid represented at the site of Lufeng in China; and there are more females than males in the alleged smaller species among the Lufeng hominoids. The analysis of cervids from Zhoukoudian Locality 1 suggests that there are more females than males for the Megaloceros pachyosteus and more males than females for the Pseudaxis grayi ; Pseudaxis grayi is dentally more sexual dimorphic than Megaloceros pachyosteus . The analysis shows that mixture analysis has great potential for determining sex ratios and the degree of sexual dimorphism for zooarchaeological and palaeontological researches.
The role of cell surface components in the morphogenesis of the cellular slime molds

Abstract The interaction of surface-bound lectins with complementary carbohydrate-containing receptors seems to be the basis for species-specific cell-cell adhesion in cellular slime molds.
Radical reactions of epoxides. 2.† intramolecular competition between cyclopropylmethyl and oxiranylmethyl radical ring-opening rearrangements‡

The erythro-thioimidazole precursor to the cyclopropyloxiranylmethyl radical has been prepared. Treatment with 7-19 equiv. of triphenyltin hydride at 70°C gave only 3-cyclopropylprop-2-en-1-ol, the product of epoxide ring opening. No product in which the cyclopropyl ring had opened was observed. Kinetic analysis allowed the assignment of a lower limit for the rate of oxiranylcarbinyl radical rearrangements of 1 × 10 10 s −1 at this temperature
Quantitative evaluation of coal as source rocks

Gas generated and expelled from coals often results in economic gas accumulations. As a consequence, it is important to consider the theoretical aspects of these processes and to develop methods that can be used to assess coal as a potential source rock. On the basis of results of modeling hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, and retention in coals, two comprehensive indexes are proposed for assessing the quality and the nature of coal as a potential source rock. Theoretical charts of the two indexes are used to assess coals as potential source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin in northwestern China.
Melodic Structure and Note Transition Probabilities: A Content Analysis of 15,618 Classical Themes

A content analytical scheme is described that can assess aspects of melodic structure in large samples of themes. This objective, computerised system was applied to 15,618 themes drawn from the classical repertoire. Tables result that give the probabilities of twoand three-note transitions, and, in the former case, the probabilities are presented both transition-by-transition and averaged across all transitions. Despite the simplicity of the coding system, it has been shown in past research to be powerful enough to distinguish the musical style of a composer and to yield a measure of melodic originality that relates in significant ways with other aesthetic, biographical and historical variables. To illustrate this utility, the table of two-note transition probabilities is employed both to gauge the melodic originality of a sample set of composed themes and to generate contrived themes with known originality scores for use in laboratory experiments on musical aesthetics.
Dynamic task allocation in operational systems: Issues, gaps, and recommendations

The use of automation in complex aerospace systems has helped to lessen operators' workload while increasing the precision and safety of certain tasks. However, as automation changes physical work into cognitive work, it can also lead to complacency, a loss of situation awareness, and the degradation of skills. Dynamic task allocation - in which the allocation of tasks between the human operators and the automation can change in response to the state of the operators, system, or environment - has the potential to leverage the advantages of automation while minimizing the disadvantages. While a number of studies have investigated dynamic task allocation in a laboratory setting, it is unknown how the concept is currently implemented in real-world operational systems, or what research gaps need to be closed to further this implementation. This paper begins with a review of the basic research into dynamic task allocation. It then analyzes the structure of human-automation and pilot flying-pilot monitoring dynamic task allocation in nominal and off-nominal approach and landing in commercial aircraft. Using the interaction and coordination between the two pilots as a model, the paper describes how dynamic task allocation between the human and automation can be optimally implemented in real-world operational systems and discusses the areas of future research necessary to achieve this.
C-peptide inhibitors of Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated cell entry: Effects of conjugation to cholesterol and side chain–side chain crosslinking

Abstract We previously described potent inhibition of Ebola virus entry by a ‘C-peptide’ based on the GP2 C-heptad repeat region (CHR) targeted to endosomes (‘ Tat - Ebo ’). Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of C-peptides conjugated to cholesterol, and Tat - Ebo analogs containing covalent side chain–side chain crosslinks to promote α-helical conformation. We found that the cholesterol-conjugated C-peptides were potent inhibitors of Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP)-mediated cell entry (∼10 3 -fold reduction in infection at 40 μM). However, this mechanism of inhibition is somewhat non-specific because the cholesterol-conjugated peptides also inhibited cell entry mediated by vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. One side chain–side chain crosslinked peptide had moderately higher activity than the parent compound Tat - Ebo . Circular dichroism revealed that the cholesterol-conjugated peptides unexpectedly formed a strong α-helical conformation that was independent of concentration. Side chain–side chain crosslinking enhanced α-helical stability of the Tat - Ebo variants, but only at neutral pH. These result provide insight into mechanisms of C-peptide inhibiton of Ebola virus GP-mediated cell entry.
Two models for memory organization using interacting traces

Abstract This paper discusses strategies for storing information in a memory, subject to the kinds of constraints that would correspond to some of the known restrictions on the anatomy and physiology of the mammalian nervous system. Thus it is assumed that individual memory “traces” (the elementary unit of memory storage) correspond to spatial patterns of activity in very large groups of cooperating neurons. It is also assumed that traces interact so that the stored information is the sum of all the previously stored traces. Although a great deal of information is lost in the storage process, it is still possible to answer many simple questions about the stored information. Two models are proposed which use such storage systems. The first model, the “recognition model,” assumes that we are interested in knowing whether or not an incoming trace is identical to one that was stored previously. It is shown that this question can be answered to a high degree of accuracy. Two variations of the recovery procedure are suggested. The second model, the “association model,” assumes that two traces have become associated in the past. We then present the system with the first trace and we wish to generate, at the output of the storage system, the second trace. A simple model for accomplishing this is developed and the degree of noise added by the system is evaluated. It is shown that this model can generate indefinitely long strings of associations from a single trace while the noise added by the system approaches a finite limit. The general features of the model are discussed and some possible experimental approaches to proof or disproof of the model are suggested. The models are discussed in light of some of the relevant psychological data.
Use of notebook computers for third-year surgical students

Background. Computer-aided instruction has become increasingly popular in medical education. Notebook computers (NCs) are attractive, convenient microcomputers. We hypothesized that use of NCs by third-year surgical students would enhance their performance of educational activities. Methods . During the 1994–1995 academic year 25 student volunteers used NCs during the surgery clerkship. NC software included questions for self-examination, anatomy self-instruction program, word processing and electronic mail (e-mail) for recording and sending history and physicals (H & Ps) to faculty for review, and MEDLINE search software. Identical software was available to all students at on-campus computer centers. All students were asked to record the number of hours that they used the self-examination and anatomy programs, number of H & Ps performed and reviewed by faculty, and number of literature searches performed. NC users were interviewed regarding the value of NC use and their rating of software programs. Results. NC users (n=25) used the self-examination and anatomy programs more often, performed more literature searches, and had a greater percentage of their H & Ps reviewed by faculty compared with non-NC users (n=143) (p self-examination > MEDLINE search > anatomy program. Conclusions. NC use enhanced performance of educational activities in the surgery clerkship. Effort toward developing educational software for surgical students is warranted because students are likely to use such programs.
Phenylephrine eye drops in pediatric patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery: incidence, presentation, and management of complications during general anesthesia

Background Phenylephrine eye drops are widely used as mydriatic agent to reach the posterior segment of the eye. In literature, many reports suggest a systemic absorption of this agent as a source of severe adverse drug reactions. Hence, we reviewed our experience with topical phenylephrine in ophthalmic surgery. Methods In May 2006, following US guidelines publication, a standard operating procedure was issued in our operating rooms to standardize the use of phenylephrine eye drops in our practice. Two years later, after the occurrence of a cluster of serious adverse drug reactions in infants undergoing surgery, a review of phenylephrine safety and systemic complications incidence was performed. Results We observed 451 pediatric patients, and 187 met the inclusions criteria: Among them, 4 experienced hemodynamic complications due to phenylephrine eye drops. The incidence of major complications was 2.1%. Conclusions Two different patterns of side effects occurred. The first one was a cardiovascular derangement with severe hypertension and heart rate alterations; the other one involved exclusively pulmonary circuit causing early edema. These clinical manifestations, their duration, and treatment responses are all explainable by alfa1-adrenergic action of phenylephrine. This hypothetic pathogenesis has been confirmed also by the usefulness of direct vasodilators (anesthetic agents) and by the negative outcome occurred in the past with the use of beta-blockers.
Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology

The symposium was held on January 13–14, 1981, at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo. The proceedings consist of 29 research papers. The papers are further divided into major groups of POLEXSouth, POLEX-North, Antarctic aerosols, Antarctic precipitation physics, Lidar observation, atmospheric circulation, oxygen isotopes, and glaciological studies in the Antarctica. The first seven papers report the meteorological observations at Syowa Station (69°00′S, 39°35′E) and Mizuho Station (70°42′S, 40°20′E, 2230 m MSL, 270 km inland from Syowa Station). Two papers by Yamanouchi et al. are concerned with radiometric measurements at Syowa and column water vapor amount at Mizuho. The total precipitable water at Mizuho in summer was 0.15 g/cm2 , and some diurnal variations were observed. The seven papers mainly describe the methods and preliminary results of meteorological observations as related to the POLEX-South project. Further interpretation, statistics, and discussions of the results are left for the future. The purpose of the observations aims at studying the heat budget of the eastern Antarctica.
Noninvasive Evaluation of the Severity of Aortic Stenosis in Adults

A noninvasive point score system for the evaluation of severity of aortic stenosis (AS) was employed in a prospective study of 153 patients (mean age 64.8±0.8 years) referred from invasive studies or for the evaluation of a systolic murmur. Seven variables were recorded and scored as follows: (1) LVH by ECG (0–2); (2) aortic valve calcium by chest x-ray film (0–2); (3) loudness of A 2 (0–2); (4) Q-peak of murmur (0–3); (5) T-time of carotid pulse (0–3); (6) ejection time (0–3); and (7) LVH by echo (0–1). Range of the total score was 0–16. All patients had the aortic valve area (AVA) determined by cardiac catheterization. Data analysis revealed that the relation between the total score and the AVA was curvilinear with a score ≥5 correctly identifying 100/107 (93 percent) of patients with a valve area of ≤1.0 cm 2 . If the patients with an AVA of ≤1.0 cm 2 were considered severe and patients with a total score
GENETIC STUDIES OF LOW‐ABUNDANCE HUMAN PLASMA PROTEINS: VII. HETEROGENEITY OF THE C1, SUBCOMPONENT OF THE FIRST COMPLEMENT COMPONENT

SUMMARY Charge-based structural variation has been observed in the C1, subcomponent of the first complement component C1 after isoelectric focusing and immunoblot-ting. One common and two uncommon autosomal co-dominantly expressed alleles, designated ClS*1, ClS*2 and ClS*3, have been recognized at the ClS structural locus. The frequency of these alleles was 0·979, 0·016 and 0·005, respectively, in a U.S. white population. No variation at the ClS locus was observed in a U.S. black sample (n = 95).
Preventable trauma deaths: Dade county, Florida

We reviewed 1,201 trauma deaths that occurred in Dade County, Florida, in 1982 in order to evaluate the need for an organized trauma network. There were 715 deaths (59.5%) at the scene. Of the remaining 486 patients who were transported to hospitals for treatment there were 240 central nervous syste
Hydrogeochemistry in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, and implications for land use in a World Heritage Site

The chemistry of surface and ground waters in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, home to thousands of large mammals and a World Heritage Site, is controlled by the volcanic host rock lithology, evaporative concentration, mineral precipitation and redissoluton, and biological factors. Three groups of waters are informally differentiated based on their ranges of concentration: (1) dilute inflow (meteoric runoff and springs from short flowpaths: pH 9, Cl> 100 mg/l). Evaporative concentration and biological activity in swamps commonly produce strong geochemical gradients between dilute sources and peripheral concentrated ephemeral wetlands. Dilute inflow is found in the Lerai, Munge, and Oljoro Nyuki streams, and several large springs near the Crater wall such as Ngoitokitok and Seneto. Concentrated inflow is found in downstream reaches of the Munge stream, discharging from springs away from the Crater wall such as Engitati and Mti Moja, and in dryseason pools. Brackish waters are found discharging from springs on the southern margin of Lake Makat, in mudflats surrounding marshes, in ephemeral pools, and in the lake itself. Although few hydrologic data are available, the persistence of relatively fresh water in vegetated wetlands is consistent with lower sedge-dominated wetland evapotranspiration rates compared with open water. This suggests that wetlands may play an important role in ensuring fresh water availability in the basin, and it demonstrates the need for future hydrologic study. Most of the Ngorongoro waters originate as rainfall outside the Crater, and travel into the basin as surface or ground water flow, emphasizing the need for a watershed-scale approach to land management.
Impaired driving histories among rural female drug-involved offenders

Aims: The present study: (1) examined prevalence of prescription medication misuse in an urban primary care clinic; and (2) compared two screening instruments modified to focus on prescription medication misuse in a medical care setting. Methods: Primary care patients attending an urban hospitalbased clinic completed an anonymous computer-directed health screen and RA-administered survey (total: 20min) while waiting to see the doctor. Domains included: demographics, tobacco, alcohol/other drug use and medical/psychosocial concerns (e.g., mood, sleep, pain). The 13-item RA screener included 4-item RxCAGE (CAGE modified to focus only on prescription medications) and 6item Prescription OpioidMisuse Index (POMI) expanded to include other prescription drugs (Knisely et al., 2008). Item frequencies and scale scores for the 2 screeners were calculated. Sensitivity and specificity of POMI-e were derived relative to RxCAGE. Additional analyses will compare screen positive and negative participants on medical and psychosocial concerns in the computerized survey. Results: Participants were N=2330 patients. Demographically, 77.3% were female, 71.0% were African-American, and mean age was 46.8 years (SD 11.8). Over one-third (34.8%) of the sample said yes to at least one RxCAGE item and 14% answered yes to 2+ items. Item endorsement ranged from felt guilty (8.1%) to tried to cut down (21.2%). On the expanded POMI (POMI-e), 33.6% answered yes to at least one item and 17.6% answered yes to 2+ items. Lowest frequency itemwas going to >1doctor (4.6%) andhighest frequency was using the medication to feel good (15.1%). Relative to RxCAGE, POMI-e sensitivity was 53.5% (positive likelihood ratio: 4.57) and specificity was 88.3% (negative likelihood ratio 0.53). Conclusions: Rates of prescription medication misuse were substantive. The 2 instruments, one general (RxCAGE) and one more specific (POMI-e), both showed promise as screening tools and warrant further study. Financial support: RO1 DA026091
Modeling and performance analysis of single-bus tightly-coupled multiprocessors

A hierarchical stochastic queuing model is presented that consists of a set of processing elements (PEs) and a single queue/server pair representing the shared memory. The model takes into account not only global system behavior but also behavior of tasks on each processing element and probabilistic task migration among the PEs. It is shown that through the use of repeated aggregation each PE can be treated as a queue/state-dependent server pair. This reduction results in an immense simplification of the model. A CPU sensitivity analysis of this reduced model shows that at high CPU service rates, varying the CPU speed has a negligible effect on the server's state-dependent service rate, whereas at low CPU service rates, varying the CPU speed has an effect that depends on the local branching probabilities. Global performance metrics are then obtained on the basis of this reduction. >
Strong irradiance fluctuations in turbulent air: plane waves*

Analytical results are found for irradiance statistics of a plane wave propagating through uniformly turbulent air. They result from a new error analysis of approximations made in selective summation of diagram contributions to the iterated moment equations (in integral form). The results are determined by three regimes of the parameter k7/6L11/6Cn2 determined by its location with respect to powers of the micro- and macroscale Fresnel numbers (κm2L/k)−1/6∾0.3 and (kL02/L)∾104 (the numerical values are for 0.6-μm radiation and a horizontal pathlength L ∾ 1 km). The modified-Rytov result is found in the lowest regime. Irradiance I is log-normal in the intermediate (saturation) regime and the log-amplitude variance decays asymptotically as 0.41 (κm7/3L3Cn2)−1/6. When k7/6L11/6Cn2 far exceeds the macroscale Fresnel number kL02/L, the irradiance tends to an exponential distribution (in agreement with previous results).
Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia

Objective: To define the behavioral profile of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH), a malformation of cortical development that is associated with seizures but reportedly normal intelligence, and to correlate the results with anatomic and clinical features of this disorder. Methods: Ten consecutive subjects with PNH, all with epilepsy and at least two periventricular nodules, were studied with structural MRI and neuropsychological testing. Behavioral results were statistically analyzed for correlation with other features of PNH. Results: Eight of 10 subjects had deficits in reading skills despite normal intelligence. Processing speed and executive function were also impaired in some subjects. More marked reading difficulties were seen in subjects with more widely distributed heterotopia. There was no correlation between reading skills and epilepsy severity or antiepileptic medication use. Conclusion: The neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia is associated with an impairment in reading skills despite the presence of normal intelligence.
An ODE to a PDE: Glories of the KdV equation. An appreciation of the equation on its 100th birthday!

Though you may not believe me, I am normally of a shy and retiring disposition, modest to a fault, even timid at times. Therefore it is difficult for me to bring myself to make the following bold claim, but I must do so in the interest of the Higher Truth.
Protein Utilization by Screwworm Larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Reared on Liquid Medium

The proportion of protein utilization by larvae of the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) from liquid medium increased to 51% of available protein at 84–88 hr of age or 44 hr after transfer from the starting tray to the rearing vat. Thereafer, it declined gradually. The rate of utilization from the medium closely approximated the growth curve of the larvae. Change in pH of the medium in the rearing vats increased from 6.2 for fresh medium to 8.8 at the peak of protein utilization; it then decreased along with protein utilization.
Misspecifications that can result in path analysis structures

Structural equation modeling provides the behav ioral and social science researcher with a sophisticated methodology to investigate causal relationships among variables within a theoretical framework. However, the researcher must guard against specification error that can result from an inadequate theoretical model. The issue of specification error is a concern in any type of causal structure, from the simplest to the most complex. In this article discussion of specification er ror focuses on path analysis structures, a restricted type of causal model. Such structures imply rather stringent assumptions. Violations of the assumptions are discussed as possible sources of specification error in path analysis models. Alternative models are for mulated and empirically estimated to demonstrate the possible consequences of misspecified models. The discussion is extended to address the issue of specifi cation error in LISREL-type models as well.
Extending the record of meroditerpenes from Cacospongia marine sponges.

A new meroditerpene, (+)-isojaspic acid (1), along with two known meroditerpenes, cacospongin D (2) and jaspaquinol (3), have been isolated from a marine sponge Cacospongia. Comprehensive taxonomic identification distinguished this Cacospongia apart from morphologically similar Psammocinia. The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques and analysis of the optical rotation versus (+)-zonarol (8), (+)- isozonarol (9), (-)-dactylosponol (10), and (+)-hyatellaquinone (11). Furthermore, bioactivity evaluation showed that the meroditerpenes isolated significantly inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis.
The Progress in Relationship between CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins (C/EBPs) Family and Leukemia

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) comprise a family of transcription factors that are critical for normal cellular differentiation and function in a variety of tissues. They are not only involved in normal processes of physiological metabolism but also are related to the occurrence and development of many kinds of disorders. C/EBPs have multiple modes in which they act as activators or inhibitors in regulating transcription. These factors, particularly C/EBP&#945; and C/EBP&#946;, play an important role in normal myelopoiesis. New therapeutics that can stimulate C/EBP activity or mimic their dual effects should extend the reach of differentiation therapy in leukemia.
Color image semantics for digital libraries

Color is the most frequently used feature in image analysis and retrieval. Over the years color features have beensignificantly improved, advancing from simple histogram-based descriptors to address more complex features such asdominant colors, important regions and spatial relationships. However, no matter how sophisticated, most of theproposed representations are still unable to cross the well-know semantic gap and when applied to diverse imagecollections seldom produce satisfactory results. This work analyzes the shortcomings of traditional color retrievalapproach, and provides a new framework for capturing the elementary aspects of image semantics. Our approach isbased on the observation that the words we use to describe images and their content represent a true link between thepictorial (low-level) representation and higher-level semantics derived by observers. Following previous experimentalfindings on the role of color in the perception of basic semantic templates (people, nature, indoor/outdoor, etc.), wepropose a new feature representation based on color names. We also address several important steps needed to constructsuch representation: design of a color-name vocabulary and syntax, design of computational model and color namingmetric, and the application to complex images. We also include some results that provide a good match to humanjudgments, thus validating the use color names to develop semantic descriptors .Keywords: color names, color features, image retrieval, segmentation
Effect of calcium on absorption of fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro

The effect of Ca++ on jejunal osmiophilic particles was studied in a recirculating system which was not contaminated with plasma lipoproteins. An isolated, infused segment of rat jejunum was suspended in a bath of liquid paraffin. Transudate, containing osmiophilic particles, appeared like beads of sweat on the serosal surface, and fell to the bottom of the bath. In the range of 25–38 C, 30 C proved to be optimal for histological preservation of villous architecture. Production of transudate, 20 mg/min/g of jejunum, and transport of [14C] oleate proceeded nearly linearly after the first 30 min. Necrosis of mid-villus and crypt cells became obvious by light microscopy after one hour. Therefore, transudate was collected between the period of 30–60 min. Shadow casting of transudates, produced when saline was infused, revealed that 86±9 (SD) % of osmiophilic particles was <800 A in diameter; 13±8% was 800–1000 A; 0.4±0.5% was 1000–2000 A. Corresponding values were 58±10, 25±5, and 16±5% when 5 mM [14C] oleate+2.5 mM monoolein was infused; 75% of the transported [14C] appeared in triglyceride. Adding 2 mM Ca++ to the infusion doubled the transport of [14C] triglyceride without increasing particle size further. We conclude that luminal Ca++ increases the absorption of luminal fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro.
North Central Sociological Association 2008 Plenary Address: The Practice of Scientific Theorizing in Sociology and the Use of Scientific Theory in Sociological Practice

Abstract Sociological practice operates at the margins of sociology partly because theorists do not develop testable theories, while researchers rely heavily on methodologies that are not conducive to theory testing. Sociological theorizing engages in activities such as ideological critique, meta-theorizing, history of ideas, hero-worship of the classical theorists, and epistemological negativism that deflect attention away from developing general theories of generic social processes. Research is excessively atheoretical, partly as the result of the failings of theorists but also as a consequence of heavy reliance on survey methods and an overconcern with variable analysis and statistical techniques. Moreover, the expectation that theorists should also be researchers and researchers also theorists obscures the division of labor so evident in other successful sciences. The outcome of these trends is that practitioners do not have a clear and cataloged body of theoretical principles upon which to draw. Soci...
Scientific Communication: New Roles and New Players

SUMMARY. Communication in science has evolved from a process dependent on print-on-paper to one increasingly reliant on electronic media as databases have replaced indexes and journals have shifted to electronic formats. This migration from print to electronic has transformed the roles of virtually all participants in the system of scientific communication. Scientist-authors, publishers, and librarians have all assumed new duties as the Internet and the World Wide Web have blurred boundaries and realigned responsibilities. This paper examines some of these changes in detail with reference to a communication model developed during a print-based time by sociologists William Garvey and Belver Griffith. An updated model of the current scientific communication system will be presented that incorporates developments that have changed the very nature of research and publishing and have altered, as well, the ways that libraries and librarians interact with scientists and publishers. The challenges associated with these changes are identified and discussed. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website:
Toward global calibrations for estimating the wood properties of tropical, sub- tropical and temperate pine species

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of wood property assessment and, as a result, multi-site, multi-species (or global) calibrations are of interest to organisations who assess wood properties on a large-scale. In this study, the development of global wood property calibrations for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pines is explored. In a three-stage process, samples provided by ten forest industry companies and representing 14 pine species (two species had two varieties) and one hybrid, grown on 17 different sites in five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa) were used to develop calibrations for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness. Initial calibrations, based on samples from individual co-operators, had variable statistics; for example, R2 for density ranged from 0.51 to 0.89. In the second stage, multi co-operator calibrations were obtained from two independent data sets that included samples from sit...
Intramolecular cyclization of thiophene-based [7]helicenes to quasi-[8]circulenes.

Intramolecular cyclization in a series of thiophene-based dibromo[7]helicenes (4−6) with different helix structures is investigated by vacuum pyrolysis, tin- and palladium-mediated C−C bond forming reactions. The product with the cyclic structure of the annelated aromatic rings, which resembles [8]circulene devoid of an atom linkage, is referred to as quasi-[8]circulene. Vacuum pyrolysis of 4 gives insoluble, unidentified products, while 5 and 6 yield the corresponding quasi-[8]circulenes under similar conditions. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses for 4 indicate complex reaction pathways, while those for 5 and 6 show a single process corresponding to a loss of 1 equiv of Br2 at about 330 °C. Pd-mediated reductive cyclization provides quasi-[8]circulenes for all three [7]helicenes, though only 4 gives a good isolated yield. Tributyltin hydride-mediated radical cyclization of 4−6 provides quasi-[8]circulenes in excellent yields, and it is practically insensitive to t...
Neurons generated in the adult brain are recruited into functional circuits

Adult canaries, Serinus canarius, received injections of 3H-labeled thymidine, a marker of DNA synthesis. Thirty days after the last injection, intracellular potentials were recorded from neurons in the nucleus hyperstriatum ventralis pars caudalis, a vocal control nucleus in the telencephalon; these same cells were then injected with horseradish peroxidase. Of the 74 neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase that were recovered, the nuclei of seven were radioactively labeled. Four of these seven neurons had responded to auditory stimuli. These double-labeled neurons were apparently generated during or after the 3H-labeled thymidine treatment (during adulthood) and subsequently incorporated into functional neural circuits.
Lamellar biogels: fluid-membrane-based hydrogels containing polymer lipids.

A class of lamellar biological hydrogels comprised of fluid membranes of lipids and surfactants with small amounts of low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol)-derived polymer lipids (PEG-lipids) were studied by x-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, and rheometry. In contrast to isotropic hydrogels of polymer networks, these membrane-based birefringent liquid crystalline biogels, labeled Lα,g, form the gel phase when water is added to the liquid-like lamellar Lα phase, which reenters a liquid-like mixed phase upon further dilution. Furthermore, gels with larger water content require less PEG-lipid to remain stable. Although concentrated (∼50 weight percent) mixtures of free PEG (molecular weight, 5000) and water do not gel, gelation does occur in mixtures containing as little as 0.5 weight percent PEG-lipid. A defining signature of the Lα,g regime as it sets in from the fluid lamellar Lα phase is the proliferation of layer-dislocation-type defects, which are stabilized by the segregation of PEG-lipids to the defect regions of high membrane curvature that connect the membranes.
Absolute rate constants for the reaction of SiH with hydrogen, deuterium and silane

Abstract Silylidyne, SiH, has been generated by excimer laser flash photolysis and its concentration monitored in real time by laser-induced fluorescence. Removal rates for SiH by hydrogen, deuterium and silane have been determined at 5 Torr total pressure in helium at ambient temperature. Silylidyne reacts gas-kinetically with silane, but considerably more slowly with hydrogen and deuterium.
501: HLA Sensitization in Pediatric Pre-Transplant Cardiac Patients on Mechanical Assist Devices

stains in these samples were negative, and lymphocyte marker stains revealed mostly CD3 lymphocytes. Conclusions: Post-transplant pulmonary capillaritis can occur in very young children, and as hypothesized in adults, likely represents a form of humoral rejection that is distinct from typical acute cellular rejection. Immunohistochemical stains may be useful in differentiating a humoral basis for lung rejection. Rituximab may be an effective treatment for acute pulmonary capillaritis/ humoral rejection.
Material characterization of GaAs grown in a novel OMVPE reactor

Abstract A novel organometallic vapor phase epitaxy reactor was designed and fabricated to achieve good material quality, high deposition efficiency, and uniformity over large-area substrates. GaAs epitaxial layers were grown under various conditions to study material characteristics such as morphology, mobility, carrier concentration, minority carrier lifetime and uniformity. Effective minority carrier lifetimes of 120 ns have been obtained in this reactor and methods of obtaining further improvements in this parameter are discussed. Doped and undoped GaAs epitaxial layers were grown on 2″ diameter substrates to study large-area uniformity characteristics. Thickness non-uniformity was founf to be dominated by edge effects due to the presence of the susceptor lip which supports the samples. Doping non-uniformity was caused by variations in surface temperature over the water.