cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postoperative neurodevelopmental outcome of patients with hypoplastic left heart complex: hybrid versus Norwood strategy

Besides survival, the neurological status of patients after surgical treatment of congenital heart defect constitutes the most important indicator of the outcome in the current era. Nowadays, it is well documented in the literature a state of immaturity of the brain in neonates born with congenital heart disease that makes them particularly susceptible either to newly occurring brain damage or to worsening of pre-existing brain lesions when subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass surgery [1]. This susceptibility would be further enhanced by special techniques used for the reconstruction of the aortic arch, namely the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or the antegrade lateral cerebral perfusion [2]. This is the main explanation of the clear tendency of some centres to pursue the treatment of congenital heart disease less aggressively than in the past, by restoring traditional palliative techniques or introducing modern interventional tools, all designed to appeal to the extracorporeal circulation, whenever possible, beyond the terms of the fateful neonatal period [3]. The rationale for the hybrid procedure for treatment at the first stage of hypoplastic left heart complex should be exactly that. In spite of such rationale, literature provides controversial data regarding both survival and myocardial performance in patients undergoing hybrid procedure compared with those treated with Norwood operation. For instance, although avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest, the early postoperative haemodynamic profile of the hybrid procedure has been reported as not being superior to the Norwood in terms of cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow. As a matter of fact, the acute pressure load imposed by the bilateral banding to the already volume-loaded right ventricle would play a detrimental effect on myocardial performance both directly and mediated by increased circulating vasocontrictors. The resultant increase in systemic vascular resistance would be responsible for a potential for pulmonary overcirculation, with somehow elevated Qp:Qs ratios, the major benefit of the hybrid procedure residing in the avoidance of high VO2 states rather then tight control of Qp [4]. The paper by Knirsch et al .[ 5] provides further data to the evidence that deprive the hybrid procedure of the role of panacea revealing a substantial overlap of data regarding the neurodeve
Test performance of the individual NEXUS low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury.

Abstract Background: The National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) recently validated the ability of a decision instrument to define a population with an extremely low risk of cervical spine injury (CSI) after blunt trauma. It is unclear whether each of the 5 individual criteria is necessary for the decision instrument to maintain its high sensitivity. Methods: NEXUS was a prospective observational study at 21 emergency departments, which enrolled all patients with blunt trauma for whom cervical spine radiographs were ordered. In this substudy, we examined the NEXUS database to determine the contribution of each of the 5 individual low-risk clinical criteria to the overall sensitivity of the decision instrument. Results: All but 8 of 818 patients with CSI, and all but 2 of 578 patients with significant CSI, were identified by using the decision instrument. A substantial number of patients with CSI (236/818 [29%]) and patients with significant CSI (175/578 [30%]) met only 1 of the 5 non–low-risk criteria, and each of the 5 criteria was the only indicator of non–low-risk status in at least 8 patients with CSI and at least 5 patients with significant CSI. Conclusion: Because each of the 5 low-risk criteria was the only marker of non–low-risk status in at least a few patients with significant CSI, modification of the overall NEXUS decision instrument by eliminating any one of the criteria would markedly reduce sensitivity and make the instrument unacceptable for clinical use. [Panacek EA, Mower WR, Holmes JF, Hoffman JR, for the NEXUS Group. Test performance of the individual NEXUS low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med. July 2001;38:22-25.]
Energy dependence of particle multiplicities in central Au+Au collisions

We present the first measurement of the pseudorapidity density of primary charged particles in Au+Au collisions at root square[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 6% most central collisions, we obtain dN(ch)/d(eta)/(/eta/<1) = 650+/-35(syst). Compared to collisions at root square[s(NN)] = 130 GeV, the highest energy studied previously, an increase by a factor of 1.14+/-0.05 at 90% confidence level, is found. The energy dependence of the pseudorapidity density is discussed in comparison with data from proton-induced collisions and theoretical predictions.
On Statistical Analysis of Neuroimages with Imperfect Registration

A variety of studies in neuroscience/neuroimaging seek to perform statistical inference on the acquired brain image scans for diagnosis as well as understanding the pathological manifestation of diseases. To do so, an important first step is to register (or co-register) all of the image data into a common coordinate system. This permits meaningful comparison of the intensities at each voxel across groups (e.g., diseased versus healthy) to evaluate the effects of the disease and/or use machine learning algorithms in a subsequent step. But errors in the underlying registration make this problematic, they either decrease the statistical power or make the follow-up inference tasks less effective/accurate. In this paper, we derive a novel algorithm which offers immunity to local errors in the underlying deformation field obtained from registration procedures. By deriving a deformation invariant representation of the image, the downstream analysis can be made more robust as if one had access to a (hypothetical) far superior registration procedure. Our algorithm is based on recent work on Scattering coefficients. Using this as a starting point, we show how results from harmonic analysis (especially, non-Euclidean wavelets) yields strategies for designing deformation and additive noise invariant representations of large 3-D brain image volumes. We present a set of results on synthetic and real brain images where we achieve robust statistical analysis even in the presence of substantial deformation errors, here, standard analysis procedures significantly under-perform and fail to identify the true signal.
Intrinsic reduction of Josephson critical current in short ballistic SNS weak links

We present fully self-consistent calculations of the thermodynamic properties of three-dimensional clean SNS Josephson junctions, where S is an s-wave short-coherence-length superconductor and N is a clean normal metal. The junction is modeled on an infinite cubic lattice such that the transverse width of the S is the same as that of the N, and its thickness is tuned from the short to long limit. Intrinsic effects, such as a reduced order parameter near the SN boundary and finite gap to Fermi energy ratio, depress the critical Josephson current I c , even in short junctions. Our analysis is of relevance to experiments on SNS junctions which find much smaller I cRN products than expected from the standard ~non-self-consistent and quasiclassical! predictions. We also find nonstandard current-phase relations, a counterintuitive spatial distribution of the self-consistently determined order parameter phase, and an unusual low-energy gap in the local density of states within the N region.
A Brief Boot Camp for 4th-Year Medical Students Entering into Pediatric and Family Medicine Residencies.

The transition from medical student to intern is a challenging process characterized by a steep learning curve. Focused courses targeting skills necessary for success as a resident have increased self-perceived preparedness, confidence, and medical knowledge. Our aim was to create a brief educational intervention for 4th-year medical students entering pediatric, family practice, and medicine/pediatric residencies to target skills necessary for an internship. The curriculum used a combination of didactic presentations, small group discussions, role-playing, facilitated debriefing, and simulation-based education. Participants completed an objective structured clinical exam requiring synthesis and application of multiple boot camp elements before and after the elective. Participants completed anonymous surveys assessing self-perceived preparedness for an internship, overall and in regards to specific skills, before the elective and after the course. Participants were asked to provide feedback about the course. Using checklists to assess performance, students showed an improvement in performing infant lumbar punctures (47.2% vs 77.0%; p 4. A focused boot camp addressing key knowledge and skills required for pediatric-related residencies was well received and led to improved performance of targeted skills and increased self-reported preparedness in many targeted domains.
I. Nature of Urobilin Obtained after Amalgam Reduction of Human Fistula Bile.

Summary and ConclusionsThe amalgam reduction of the native bilirubin in 7 samples of human fistula bile led only to mesobilirubinogen which in turn yielded urobilin IX, a, on suitable oxidation. No evidence of stercobilin formation was obtained. The formation of stercobilin is thus shown to depend upon a further chemical activity which is peculiar to the intestinal tract.
“I could not have made it without them”: Examining Trainee Cohort Perspectives on MSW Education for Public Child Welfare

This article reports findings from an evaluation of an MSW child welfare training program focused on increasing retention of knowledgeable, competent and experienced child protective service workers. From qualitative data gathered as part of the process evaluation, we found the cohort effect to be the most salient factor participants experienced as contributing to their successful program completion and their 100% retention rate. Analysis of the cohort effect yielded five themes instrumental in participants' individual and collective success: mutual support, empowerment, belief in self and their finding of a home base which ultimately helped them to launch their professional selves.
Preparation,characterization and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-driven photocatalyst Nd_2InNbO_7

Pyrochlore semiconductor Nd2InNbO7 was prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction method.Its crystal structure and photophysical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS) analysis.The results suggested that the Nd2InNbO7 belonged to cubic system and the crystal parameter was 1.061 6 nm.The Nd2InNbO7 with an energy gap of 2.68 eV exhibits visible-light-driven ability.Influence of catalyst concentration,co-catalyst and its amount loaded on the photocatalytic activity of Nd2InNbO7 were investigated,by taking degradation rate of selected methylene blue(MB) as target.The experimental results indicate that: the Pt-loaded Nd2InNbO7 possesses the highest photocatalytic activity in comparison with Ag-and RuO2-loaded Nd2InNbO7,because it is more effective in promoting the separation of photo-induced electron and hole.When concentration is 0.2 g/100 mL and 0.2% Pt is loaded,the Nd2InNbO7 possesses an optimal photocatalytic activity,and the MB is thoroughly decomposed in 4 h under the experimental visible light illumination.
A task manager using an ontological framework for a HARMS-based system

Recently, conversational interaction with technology has made its way into popular commercial use. Advancements in natural language processing have made that possible. Now, imagine a future where the average person can have a team of robots and smart devices working together to accomplish daily tasks and all one has to do is interact with the system naturally. For this theoretical team to exist, an interaction system must be developed that can translate utterances and autonomously organize and direct the agents into completing the task. This paper presents a task manager that uses on ontology to divide tasks into subtasks and finds the most capable agent to complete the task. The task manager is an extension of a robust dialogue manager that users can communication naturally with. Two ontologies were developed as initial steps towards a task manager for a multi-agent system. An experiment was conducted to test the combination of the dialogue manager and the task manager.
Concomitant cerebral and myocardial revascularization.

The purpose of this article is to distinguish a subset of patients with concomitant severe coronary and carotid artery occlusive disease. These patients are at high risk of stroke or myocardial infarction with any operative procedure. The clinical therapeutic approach with emphasis on specific surgical management is elucidated.
Heat Transfer Investigation Of Aluminum Oxide Nanofluids In Heat Exchangers

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of waterbased aluminum oxide nanofluids in enhancing the heat transfer performance of heat exchangers. Two types of heat exchangers were studied: a blocktype heat exchanger for an electronic system cooling, and a radiator-type heat exchanger simulating an automobile cooling system. Tests conducted on the block heat exchanger used 20 nm alumina particles at a concentration of 5% by mass (1.3% by volume), while tests conducted on the radiator-type heat exchanger used 50 nm alumina particles at a concentration of 3% by mass (0.8% by volume). Tests conducted on the electronic heat sink system show an average enhancement of about 20% in heat transfer coefficient, while tests conducted on the radiator-type heat exchanger show a substantial enhancement in heat exchanger effectiveness that reaches almost 49%. Results demonstrate that the application of nanofluids in low concentrations is sufficient to cause a considerable improvement in the system‘s thermal performance. Results also show that the increase in bulk flow heat transfer coefficient happens at the expense of the increase in fluid pumping power caused by the increase in fluid viscosity.
A39 Session 11: Cardiovascular Disease Intervention

Objective Since the development of cryo-energy for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation, the procedure has become safer and more effective as concomitant to coronary or valve surgery. However, it is still only performed in a fraction these cases when indicated, and less often in patients undergoing aneurysm surgery. We describe our experience in patients undergoing ascending aneurysm repair and concomitant surgical cryoablative atrial fibrillation MAZE. Methods From January 2004 until November 2011, 40 patients underwent ascending aneurysm repair and surgical cryo-ablation at our institution and were retrospectively analyzed. Average age was 67.6 years (43–85) and nine (23%) patients were female. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables including complications, rhythm success, and survival were analyzed. Results Aortic root replacement was performed in 23 (57.5%) and arch replacement with circulatory arrest in 18 (45%). An average of 5 lesions were performed. Each was performed for 60 s. All lesions achieved temperatures of −120 °C. At an average of 41.8 months, 81% of patients were in sinus rhythm, and 63% were in sinus rhythm off antiarrhythmic medications. Operative survival was 100%, with actuarial one and five year survivals of 97.5% and 93.1%, respectively. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed improved overall survival in patients with rhythm success (log-rank test p = 0.037). Conclusions Aortic aneurysm repair with concomitant Cryo-ablative MAZE is safe and efficacious despite the requirement for an already extensive procedure. Excellent short and long term survival can be achieved as can rhythm success rates similar to those quoted in the setting of other procedures. Successful restoration of sinus rhythm improves long term survival and should be considered in patients presenting with aortic aneurysm and atrial fibrillation.
PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY | Developmental Aspects of Seizures

Compared to adults, infants and children are at high risk for seizures. While there are a number of causes responsible for the heightened seizure susceptibility in the young brain, the depolarizing rather than hyperpolarizing effects of GABA during early development appears to be a major contributing factor. One of the consequences of early life seizures is a permanent alteration in seizure susceptibility. To understand the role of neonatal seizures on subsequent seizure susceptibility, we investigated whether early-life seizures have any effects on glutamate or GABA neurotransmission. We have shown that early-life seizures result in no change in the timing of the GABA switch from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. In addition, no changes in excitatory neurotransmission following neonatal seizures were found. However, neonatal seizures were associated with reduced amplitude of GABA currents in both the hippocampus and neocortex. In addition to its role in seizure susceptibility, alterations in GABAergic function may have long-standing consequences for other aspects of brain development.
Linezolid Dose That Maximizes Sterilizing Effect While Minimizing Toxicity and Resistance Emergence for Tuberculosis

Linezolid has an excellent sterilizing effect in tuberculosis patients but high adverse event rates. The dose that would maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity is unknown. We performed linezolid dose-effect and dose-scheduling studies in the hollow fiber system model of tuberculosis (HFS-TB) for sterilizing effect. HFS-TB units were treated with several doses to mimic human-like linezolid intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and repetitively sampled for drug concentration, total bacterial burden, linezolid-resistant subpopulations, and RNA sequencing over 2 months. Linezolid-resistant isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The expression of genes encoding efflux pumps in the first 1 to 2 weeks revealed the same exposure-response patterns as the linezolid-resistant subpopulation. Linezolid-resistant isolates from the 2nd month of therapy revealed mutations in several efflux pump/transporter genes and a LuxR-family transcriptional regulator. Linezolid sterilizing effect was linked to the ratio of unbound 0- to 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) to MIC. Optimal microbial kill was achieved at an AUC0-24/MIC ratio of 119. The optimal sterilizing effect dose for clinical use was identified using Monte Carlo simulations. Clinical doses of 300 and 600 mg/day (or double the dose every other day) achieved this target in 87% and >99% of 10,000 patients, respectively. The susceptibility breakpoint identified was 2 mg/liter. The simulations identified that a 300-mg/day dose did not achieve AUC0-24s associated with linezolid toxicity, while 600 mg/day achieved those AUC0-24s in <20% of subjects. The linezolid dose of 300 mg/day performed well and should be compared to 600 mg/day or 1,200 mg every other day in clinical trials.
Network Meta-analysis

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have been used for several years to combine data from clinical trials and generate estimates of treatment effect associated with a therapeutic intervention in relation to a comparator. In recent years, there has been an added emphasis on comparative effectiveness research since decision makers are often faced with more than one available treatment and want to understand whether a new product is more effective than the existing options. For disease indications where there are several treatment options available, it is difficult or simply not feasible to have clinical trials comparing each pairwise combination of the available treatments. In such circumstances, a network meta-analysis is a valuable tool to compare treatments of interest that have not been assessed in head-to-head clinical trials. This chapter provides an introduction to network meta-analyses by describing evidence networks; the analytic methodology with fixed-effect and random-effects models, including from a Bayesian perspective, along with an application; the assumptions of homogeneity, similarity, and consistency; and a few special topics on the PRISMA guidance, individual patient data, and population-based adjusted indirect comparisons.
Reportable actionability versus pragmatic actionability: Implementing precision medicine at three large health systems

6539Background: Precision medicine (PM) molecular panel (MP) testing report actionable findings with associated targeted therapies (including immunotherapies). However, these actionable findings “r...
Functional Expression of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1a4 Is Regulated by Transforming Growth Factor- β/Activin Receptor-like Kinase 1 Signaling at the Blood-Brain Barrier

Central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery can be achieved by targeting drug uptake transporters such as Oatp1a4. In fact, many drugs that can improve neurologic outcomes in CNS diseases [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (i.e., statins)] are organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) transport substrates. To date, transport properties and regulatory mechanisms of Oatp1a4 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have not been rigorously studied. Such knowledge is critical to develop Oatp1a4 for optimization of CNS drug delivery and for improved treatment of neurological diseases. Our laboratory has demonstrated that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) signaling agonist bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9) increases functional expression of Oatp1a4 in rat brain microvessels. Here, we expand on this work and show that BMP-9 treatment increases blood-to-brain transport and brain exposure of established OATP transport substrates (i.e., taurocholate, atorvastatin, and pravastatin). We also demonstrate that BMP-9 activates the TGF-β/ALK1 pathway in brain microvessels as indicated by increased nuclear translocation of specific Smad proteins associated with signaling mediated by the ALK1 receptor (i.e., pSmad1/5/8). Furthermore, we report that an activated Smad protein complex comprised of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 and Smad4 is formed following BMP-9 treatment and binds to the promoter of the Slco1a4 gene (i.e., the gene that encodes Oatp1a4). This signaling mechanism causes increased expression of Slco1a4 mRNA. Overall, this study provides evidence that Oatp1a4 transport activity at the BBB is directly regulated by TGF-β/ALK1 signaling and indicates that this pathway can be targeted for control of CNS delivery of OATP substrate drugs.
Exciton Transport in Singlet Fission Materials: A New Hare and Tortoise Story.

Singlet fission is promising for redistributing the solar spectrum to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit for single-junction solar cells using molecular materials. Despite recent experimental and theoretical advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms, how exciton transport is coupled to singlet fission dynamics is much less explored. In this Perspective, we examine exciton transport in singlet fission materials, highlighting the use of transient absorption microscopy (TAM) to track the population of different states in both spatial and temporal domains. In contrast to the conventional picture where singlet and triplet excitons migrate independently, TAM measurements of acene single crystals reveal cooperative transport between fast-moving singlet and slow-moving triplet excitons. Such cooperative transport is unique to singlet fission materials and allows hundreds of nanometers triplet migration on the nanosecond time scale, beneficial for solar cell applications. The transport of triplet pair ...
Art Education Progress: A Field of Dichotomies or a Network of Mutual Support.

The challenge to prepare the Studies Lecture for 1990, combined with freedom from daily academic concern, has given me more opportunity to reflect on my perspective on art education. Like all of us living through this extraordinary period in world history, watching intense social, political, and cultural readjustments, while contemplating their implications for this society, has been impelling and stirring. We have been forced to reassess our basic assumptions about the world and our interrelations with it. It requires flexibility with ideas to see these evolving connections in this transitional social arena. Not only the world scene but many aspects of our own society require rethinking. We are finally recognizing that this nation is far more diverse than we have been willing to accept; that minorities as a whole are no longer the minority in many urban areas; that the influx of new cultures is far greater than immigration data document; and that the basic ingredient of our society, the family, is undergoing transitions which ripple affect society as a whole. Being off campus we have missed dialogue about these tumultuous events with colleagues and students. I have missed discussing their impact on art and education, so I particularly welcome this invitation and your reactions. During my years of teaching, thoughtful graduate students often raised the question, "Just what is art education?" Trying to impress them with the importance of their own inquiry, my answer, in content, was "It is what we make it become." Years before, just after finishing my dissertation at Stanford, I went to an NAEA convention in New York City. There I first met Kenneth Beittel, and we shared our excitement with graduate research. He asked to take my dissertation to his great teacher Viktor Lowenfeld to read and then to meet with them the next morning. Lowenfeld's response was much the same that we were in our infancy as a field and that many steps, including mine, were needed to develop it. He was encouraging about the inquiry I was pursuing. This impressed me because, even though his perspectives were quite different than mine, his concepts of the field were more inclusive. It is in this more open context that I will pursue my presentation here.
Recrystallization mechanism and activation energies of severely-deformed magnesium during annealing process

Abstract This study investigated the annealing process of severely-deformed magnesium through experimental testing and theoretical modeling to uncover the recrystallization mechanism and derive the corresponding nucleation and grain growth activation energies. The fine grain structure in magnesium was acquired through one type of severe plastic deformation techniques, i.e. equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The recrystallization was achieved through annealing the ECAPed magnesium samples at various elevated temperatures (i.e., 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C) and durations (i.e., 30, 40, and 60 min). The ECAP processing produced fully twinned samples that possessed heterogeneous microstructure with finer microstructure in a sample's periphery region and coarser microstructure in a sample's center region. The microstructure analysis disclosed that twin-free recrystallized grains primarily nucleated at twin boundaries through the novel integration of the bulging mechanism and the twinning-type local atomic rearrangement. The recrystallization nucleation activation energy (Qn) and Avrami exponent (n) for the ECAPed magnesium were determined to be 22.2 kJ/mol and 5, respectively. This Qn is significantly different from the literature-suggested self-diffusion activation energy and should be the twinning formation activation energy. This study also found that the grain growth activation energies varied with the annealing temperature and the corresponding values were deduced from the experimental data.
Political Geographies of Humor and Adversity

Abstract This special issue is the product of efforts by scholars to theorize, contextualize, and conceptualize the everyday political life of humor among ordinary and vulnerable bodies. In this introduction, we revisit scholarship on humor in geography and identify some of the main themes explored by the featured authors. This selection of articles builds on work in critical geopolitics and political geography, feminist geopolitics, and emotional geographies to think about the banal ways that humor operates as a coping device, a tool to destabilize popular geopolitical narratives, a form of resistance, a tactic of survival amid adversity, and mechanism of engagement within research. This special issue presents some of these key conversations to encourage geographers to more critically engage with the methodological and theoretical possibilities of humor.
The Impact of Implementation Fidelity on Student Outcomes in the Life Skills Training Program

Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs have become increasingly popular during the last 20 years. Although the benefits of SEL programs are significant, the issue of implementation fidelity often arises. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of implementation fidelity in the Life Skills Training (LST) program implemented with middle school students in a large Florida school district. Three core elements of implementation fidelity were assessed including: (1) adherence; (2) participant responsiveness; and (3) quality of delivery. Student survey data were collected from 4812 students and 104 classrooms in 16 middle schools that participated in the LST program. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the effect of individual-level [gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES)] and classroom-level characteristics (adherence, participant responsiveness, and quality of delivery) on students’ SEL outcomes measured at posttest. At the individual level, results indicated that students’ race/ethnicity and SES were significantly associated with predicting student SEL outcomes at posttest. At the classroom level, participant responsiveness was significantly associated with predicting student SEL skills at posttest. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for research and practice.
ความต้องการของผู้จำหน่ายสินค้าที่มีต่อการใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ เพื่อการโฆษณาสินค้าเชิงวัฒนธรรม: กรณีศึกษาถนนคนเดินวันอาทิตย์ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่

การสอสารระหวางผจำหนายสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมกบนกทองเทยวชาวตางชาตสามารถทำไดโดยการใชขอความโฆษณาสนคาเปนภาษาองกฤษ จดประสงคงานวจยน คอ เพอศกษาความตองการของผจำหนายสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมทขายสนคาบรเวณถนนคนเดนวนอาทตย จงหวดเชยงใหมทมตอขอความโฆษณาสนคาเปนภาษาองกฤษและความคดเหนทมตอภาษาทใชในปายขอความเปนภาษาองกฤษ เครองมอในงานวจย คอ แบบสอบถาม การสมภาษณ และการสงเกตแบบมสวนรวม ผลการศกษา พบวา ผจำหนายสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมเหนดวยมากทสดหากมปายขอความโฆษณาสนคาเปนภาษาองกฤษ โดยเนอหาทตองการเขยนระบในปายขอความนอกเหนอไปจากชอสนคา วสดทใชในการผลต และราคา คอ คณสมบต เอกลกษณทโดดเดนของสนคา และประโยชนหรอสรรพคณทจะไดรบ สวนการสำรวจความคดเหนตอภาษาองกฤษทใชในปายขอความ พบวา ผจำหนายสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมเหนดวยมากทสดตอภาษาทสน กระชบ ไดใจความ และจากการสงเกตแบบมสวนรวม พบวา ผจำหนายสนคาสวนใหญมกสอสารภาษาองกฤษเปนคำๆ ใชวลสนๆ หรอใชอวจนภาษาประกอบ ซงไมสามารถอธบายสนคาหรอสอสารไดอยางตอเนอง อปสรรคในการสอสารภาษาองกฤษระหวางผจำหนายสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมกบนกทองเทยวชาวตางชาตอาจมผลทำใหเกดการเสยโอกาสทางการขายได ดงนน จงควรมการพฒนาขอความภาษาองกฤษเพอการโฆษณาสนคาเชงวฒนธรรมและศกษาประสทธผลของขอความทไดพฒนาในลำดบตอไป คำสำคญ: การใชภาษาองกฤษเพอการโฆษณา สนคาเชงวฒนธรรม การโฆษณา การวเคราะหความตองการ กรณศกษา Communicating to foreign tourists about cultural products can be done by means of advertising through the use of written English. The objectives of this study were to study the local stallholders at the Sunday Walking- Street Market, Chiang Mai regarding the use of written English to advertise cultural products and opinions towards language written in English. Survey questionnaires, interviews and participant observation were conducted to collect the data. The results revealed that local stallholders showed a high level of agreement in using English to advertise their products. The needs to use English to name the products, materials, and prices, including the uniqueness and the benefits of the products, were evident. Regarding the opinions towards language written in English, it was found that the local stallholders strongly agreed that concise and informative content were necessary to be written in the text of their signs. Difficulties in communication in English were also observed. An attempt to use words or phrases in chunks and gestures were insufficient in explaining products or continuing the conversation. Consequently, the difficulties in communication between the local stallholders and foreign tourist hinders selling opportunities. Thus, the development of English body text to advertise cultural products and the study of its effectiveness are highly suggested. Keywords: Using English in Advertisements, Cultural Products, Advertisements, Needs Analysis, Case Study
An Alternative Explanation of Differences in Relative Wages among Developed Economies by Endogenizing Invention, Innovation and Diffusion

I develop a model for a small, open, technology-lagging economy that imports leading-edge knowledge from the technology leader by paying high-skilled researchers from the leading country their opportunity cost to train the lagging country's future high-skilled workers while adding to a local appropriate stock of skill-biased knowledge. The laggard may also import only as share of leading-edge knowledge at a reduced licensing fee. I use as the large, technology-leading country the closed economy from an endogenous growth model that endogenizes invention, innovation and diffusion of knowledge that is capable of matching inverse movements of the relative wage and the detrended relative supply of skilled workers plus the various growth experiences of the U.S. over the last 40 years. Innovation is modeled as diffusing skill-biased knowledge (created by what is termed the inventive sector) to adoptive knowledge (accessible by low-skilled intensive sectors), consistent with the diffusion literature. By forgoing a homegrown inventive sector, the technology lagging country has a larger percentage of high-skilled workers in the innovative sector resulting in what I call the specialization in innovation effect. Since the lagging country specializes in innovation, it has more of its resources devoted to innovation which tends to diffuse a larger share of any given amount of imported skill-biased knowledge to adoptive knowledge and thus tends to decrease its relative wage. This effect may help explain the higher wage premium in the U.S. and the U.K. (countries that arguably specialize in inventive rather than innovative activities) than in other developed such as Germany, France, and Italy since the 1980s. Importing a smaller share of leading-edge knowledge contributes to even lower wage inequality in the laggard without sacrificing economic growth because the lower cost of human capital accumulation allows for a faster accumulation rate and more diffusion of knowledge throughout its economy. The specialization effect will be in evidence as long as the effect is not dominated by differential accumulation rates between the leader and laggard economies. If the developed laggard has a threshold level of human capital to access leading-edge technologies, a slower human capital accumulation rate relative to the leader may allow the laggard to import a stock of skill-biased knowledge each period that is much larger that it is capable of producing itself if it did not import technology. This raises the share of total knowledge that is skill-biased and tends to raise the relative wage.
“America First” Monetary Policy and Its Costs

This chapter asks if the United States should pursue an MMT type monetary and fiscal policy even if it could, from the perspective of the emerging and developing countries. The chapter argues that while there might be some benefits for these countries, there could also be significant costs associated with floods and then sudden stops in capital flows, which can lead to significant macroeconomic problems for these countries. As a blueprint for a progressive macroeconomic policy, these impacts should be taken into account, including a more serious discussion of mitigating policies, such as financial regulations, capital controls and modifications in the US macro policy if necessary.
Book Review: In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat by Aparna Kapadia

Aparna Kapadia. In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat . Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi, and Singapore: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Hardback. 183 + x pages. How does one exactly praise a king? Aparna Kapadia, Assistant Professor of History at Williams College, reminds us in her book that a satisfactory answer to this question requires a critical examination of who composed the praise, and to what end. As Kapadia points out, the Mughal emperors are typically thought to have been the first to integrate Sanskrit, Persian, and Indic vernacular poetic conventions to enhance their prestige among their diverse communities of subjects. However, the wealth of scholarship on Mughal courtly patronage often obscures the fact that these developments had already begun to take place in previous centuries, especially in Gujarati literature composed during what she calls a “century of transitions” between 1398 and 1511 C.E. (3). Her rigorous examination of primary source materials and royal chronicles, together with her astute analyses of Mughal, colonial, and contemporary-era histories of this period, allow for a vivid understanding of a compelling world in which Rajput chieftains and Muzaffarid sultans—an independent dynasty of Gujarati sultans that reigned between the rule of the Delhi sultanate and Mughal empire—vied for power and control in the region. Her study of the fluid religious identities of Hindus, Muslims, and …
Neurosurgical resident research education: a survey of United States residency program directors.

OBJECTIVE The application of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has played an increasing role within neurosurgical education over the last several decades. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has mandated that residents are now required to demonstrate academic productivity and mastery of EBM principles. The goal of this study was to assess how neurosurgery programs around the US are dealing with the challenges of fulfilling these program requirements from the ACGME in addition to standard neurosurgical education. METHODS A 20-question survey was developed and electronically delivered to residency program directors of the 110 ACGME-approved MD and DO training programs in the US. Data regarding journal club and critical appraisal skills, research requirements, and protected research time were collected. Linear regression was used to determine significant associations between these data and reported resident academic productivity. RESULTS Responses were received from 102 of the 110 (92.7%) neurosurgical training programs in the US. Ninety-eight programs (96.1%) confirmed a regularly scheduled journal club. Approximately half of programs (51.5%) indicated that the primary goal of their journal club was to promote critical appraisal skills. Only 58.4% of programs reported a formal EBM curriculum. In 57.4% of programs an annual resident publication requirement was confirmed. Multivariate regression models demonstrated that greater protected research time (p = 0.001), journal club facilitator with extensive training in research methods (p = 0.029), and earlier research participation during residency (p = 0.049) all increased the number of reported publications per resident. CONCLUSIONS Although specific measures are important, and should be tailored to the program, the overall training culture with faculty mentorship and provision of time and resources for research activity are probably the most important factors. ABBREVIATIONS ACGME = Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education; EBM = evidence-based medicine; PGY = postgraduate year.
Microstructure of BaCO3 and BaTiO3 coatings produced on titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Abstract BaCO3 and BaTiO3 layers were coated on titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation at 5 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M Ba(CH3COO)2 and 2 M NaOH electrolyte. Coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Processing for 1 h required low voltages producing a BaCO3 coating along with a thin TiO2 interlayer (~60 nm). The coating is composed of orthorhombic BaCO3 nanorods that were vertically oriented at the bottom layer close to Ti substrate and horizontally oriented in the top layer close to the surface. Processing for 4 h required higher voltages resulting in generation of microarc discharges and discharge channel formation. These conditions produced a tetragonal BaTiO3 coating along with a broader TiO2 interlayer at the Ti interface composed of rutile and brookite nanostructures. It is suggested that the discharge channels promote the oxidation of the substrate along with the migration of titanium ions to the coating facilitating the BaCO3 to BaTiO3 transformation. The HRTEM evidence suggests that the latter transformation occurs via an epitaxial relationship existing between the BaTiO3 and BaCO3 crystal structures. Based on the present evidence, a structural model is proposed to describe the BaTiO3 growth from the BaCO3 lattice.
Medicine and Media: The Ranitidine Debate

Ranitidine has been the topic of recent media reports. Current findings, confirmed by the US Food and Drug Administration, indicate that some ranitidine products contain a substance that may be carcinogenic. Providers and patients require additional information on the risks of continuing therapy vs. the benefits of the medication. This article comments on what is currently known about the evolving situation of elevated N-nitrosodimethylamine levels in ranitidine and the limits of the existing information to assess best practices.
Looking at the Stars: Black Celebrity Journalism in Jim Crow America: by Carrie Teresa, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2019, 264 pp., £40.00 (hardcover), ISBN-13: 978-0-8032-9992-4

Celebrity is reliant on – arguably even a product of – journalism. Anyone who’s studied stardom knows this, as does anyone who has simply tried to find out more about a favourite star beyond or, we...
Does how long observing correlate with upper record value? Fukushima nuclear disaster’s radiation levels are illustrated

In this paper, an expression for computing the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the random upper record value, X and the random number of observations, Y is obtained. Also derived are theo...
A broader class of modified two-stage minimum risk point estimation procedures for a normal mean

In this paper, we design an innovative and general class of modified two-stage sampling schemes to enhance double sampling and modified double sampling procedures. Under the squared error loss plus...
Collecting Objective Measures of Visual and Auditory Function in a National in-Home Survey of Older Adults.

Maintenance of visual and auditory function is important for preventing the onset of activity limitations and preserving quality of life in later life. To date, national panel studies focused on health and aging have mostly collected subjective (self-reported) measures of visual and auditory function. The National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a study of Medicare beneficiaries ages sixty-five and older, recently developed a protocol for measuring objective visual and auditory function for its annual, in-home data collection conducted by trained interviewers. The protocol includes three vision tests-distance and near acuity and contrast sensitivity-and one hearing test-pure-tone audiometry-conducted using a tablet platform with results recorded in a scannable booklet. To identify operational issues and evaluate data quality for the proposed set of vision and hearing tests, NHATS incorporated a pilot study into its 2019 round (N = 417 participants and N = 9 interviewers). Using these pilot study data, the objectives of this paper are to: (1) describe the NHATS protocols to collect objective measures of visual and auditory function; (2) evaluate the quality of the data collected; and (3) assess whether results are influenced by interviewers. We found that respondents were highly likely to participate, with cooperation rates for each test about 90 percent. Data were high quality, with low rates of missingness, test results significantly associated with age and self-reported items, and percentages with poor vision or hearing consistent with prior population-based studies. Objective measures were more likely than self-reports to classify participants as having visual and auditory impairments and had stronger relationships with demographic correlates. Interviewer effects were small and not statistically significant in this small sample. Results of this study have demonstrated that objective visual and auditory functioning can be successfully incorporated into an interviewer-administered home-based protocol.
Synthesis of redox-active fluorinated 5-hydroxytryptophans as molecular reporters for biological electron transfer.

Fluorinated 5-hydroxytryptophans (Fn-5HOWs) were synthesized in gram scale quantities and incorporated into a β-hairpin peptide and the protein azurin. The redox-active Fn-5HOWs exhibit unique radical spectroscopic signatures that expand the function of 5HOW as probes for biological electron transfer.
Adolescent athletes and suicide: A model for treatment and prevention

Abstract When examining suicide in the US adolescent population, subgroups are typically lost in the shuffle. We believe that subgroups are bound by unique characteristics and these distinguishing factors should be taken into clinical consideration. With that in mind, we provide the case that athletes be deemed a specific population and superfluous information regarding athletes should be thoughtfully integrated into treatment and prevention models when dealing with depression and suicidal behavior. This manuscript will be particularly useful for clinicians who have little or no experience working with athletes. We cover theoretical constructs often utilized when examining athletes such as perfectionism, fear of failure and social cognitive theory. We also introduce potential risk factors unique to the athletic domain and offer models for treatment such as the traditional cognitive behavioral therapy, the transtheoretical model of change, motivational interviewing, mindfulness therapy and psychophysiological approaches. The goal of this manuscript is not to explain a link between athletes and suicide- rather, our goal is to help clinicians who work with athletes or plan to work with adolescent athletes to build an expansive view of the unique culture related to the sporting domain. The coverage of risk factors and theoretical models are not meant to be comprehensive or exhaustive and the treatment suggestions are not intended to replace traditionally-accepted approaches to suicidality, rather to serve as an adjunct to a clinical approach when working specifically with adolescent athletes.