cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE OPTIMAL TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

The optimal approach to electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation includes appropriate patient selection, anticoagulation, careful selection and monitoring of antiarrhythmic therapy, and proper electrical cardioversion technique. The optimal technique requires the use of metal electrodes, with one electrode of at least 8 cm in diameter placed in the anterior position, and the second of 12-13 cm diameter placed posteriorly just below the left scapulae, with generous amounts of the appropriate gel (such as Hewlett-Packard Redux Paste) as the electrode-skin interface and firm pressure to the paddle electrode with the patient in expiration. Thus the anterior-posterior chest diameter is decreased and less air between the electrodes is assured. The initial shock strength should be 200 J. The shock is synchronized with the electrocardiographic QRS complex. This report reviews the justification for these recommendations.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PANCREAS INTOXICATION

1. A toxic constituent is present in the fresh pancreas of dogs before trypsinogen can have been activated. 2. The toxic fraction is present in the β-nucleoprotein, and therefore is thermostable. 3. It is gradually destroyed by autolysis but can be obtained in concentrated form from a gland which has autolyzed 24 hours. 4. The toxic material is probably protein in nature. 5. Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of from 0.05 to O.I gm. per kilo of body weight is usually fatal and elicits in dogs symptoms comparable to those of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas. 6. Dog pancreas differs from that of beef or pig in that guanylic acid and toxic protein combined with it are slowly broken down by autolysis. 7. After autolysis of dog pancreas the toxic protein and guanylic acid may be separated and obtained in relatively pure form.
Efficient gradual deformation using a streamline-based proxy method

Abstract The application of state-of-the-art history matching methods to large heterogeneous reservoirs is hampered by two main problems: (1) reservoir models should be constrained jointly to dynamic data and a large variety of geological continuity information, and (2) CPU demand should not be prohibitive for large models. This paper proposes a method contributing to alleviating these two main concerns. By combining three existing ideas, namely gradual deformation, multiple-point geostatistics and a fast streamline-based history matching method, an algorithm is proposed that could honor a large variety of geological scenarios and is obtained with a limited amount of flow simulations. The method expands on the traditional gradual deformation methodology in three ways: (1) multiple-point geostatistics is used to generate models that are geologically more realistic than traditional variogram-based models, (2) a streamline simulator is used to define “zones-of-influence” of producers in order to locally deform an initial model toward jointly matching a large amount of wells and most importantly (3) the number of flow calculations is limited by defining a proxy to the streamline simulator in terms of streamline-based harmonic averages. Using synthetic examples of increasing complexity, the method's efficiency and generality is assessed.
Synthesis of a terbenzimidazole topoisomerase I poison via iterative borinate ester couplings

A concise, efficient synthesis is described for a terbenzimidazole that acts as a potent topoisomerase I poison. The strategy involves iterative palladium-catalyzed borinate ester cross-couplings and should be applicable to the synthesis of analogs containing heterocycles other than benzimidazole.
Baryon Mass Splittings and Bag Model Parameters

In this paper, we use the observed mass splittings among low-lying baryons (i.e., the flavor-SU(3) octet and decuplet) to perform an extensive search for chiral-bag-model parameters including the strong coupling constant ..cap alpha../sub s/ (equivalent(4..pi..)/sup -1/g/sup 2/), the effective pion-quark coupling ..cap alpha../sub ..pi../ (equivalent(4..pi..)/sup -1/g/sub piQ/ /sup 2/), the quark mass differences m/sub d/-m/sub u/ and m/sub s/-m/sub d/, and the nucleon bag radius R/sub N/. It is found that a remarkably good simultaneous fit exists at a nucleon bag radius of around 0.45 fm for the baryon mass splittings including n-p, ..sigma../sup -/-..sigma../sup +/, ..xi../sup -/-..xi../sup 0/, ..sigma../sup 0/-..lambda.., ..sigma../sup -asterisk/-..sigma../sup +asterisk/, ..xi../sup -asterisk/-..xi../sup 0asterisk/, ..delta../sup + +/-p, ..xi../sup 0asterisk/-p, and ..sigma../sup +asterisk/-p. In addition, the quality of the fit, as measured in terms of a chi/sup 2/ defined in the text, is worsened by almost two orders of magnitude if the nucleon bag radius is chosen to be greater than approx.0.8 fm or less than approx.0.3 fm or if the effective pion-quark coupling is set to zero.
A Study of Single Events in GaAs SRAMs

Complementary enhancement JFET(C-EJFET) and depletion MESFET(D-MESFET) GaAs RAM cells have been simulated for single event upset. Cells were simulated using a GaAs MESFET/JFET model incorporated into SPICE. Two device locations have been determined to be vulnerable to single event hits: the gate-to-drain junction and the source-to-drain channel region. Upset caused by source-to-drain charge injection in C-EJFET cells is similar to upsets in CMOS static RAMs. Gate-to-drain charge injection not a problem in CMOS RAMs, is an additional upset mechanism in GaAs RAMs. The critical charge for such hits is lower than the source-to-drain critical charge for upset. Determination of which mechanism dominates upset requires further examination. Resistor-coupled complementary designs were studied as a possible hardening approach. The dependence of critical charge on simulated pulse decay time has also been studied. The critical charge for the unprotected GaAs SRAM upset is comparable to that of Si SRAMs of equal line widths. Finally, soft error rates have been estimated for two GaAs SRAM designs.
Endothelial Damage From Retrocorneal Mode-locked Neodymium:YAG Laser Pulses in Monkeys

Laser pulses were focused 0.85 to 1.60 mm from the rhesus monkey corneal endothelium using a mode-locked laser at 3.3 and 4.5 mJ. Sixteen slightly off-axis pulses were applied with no contact lens on the eye. Corneal damage was studied clinically and by scanning electron microscopy. The retrocorneal distance for a 50% incidence of endothelial damage (LD 50 = lesion distance, 50%) for 3.3 mJ mode-locked pulses was found to be 1.60 mm. All mode-locked pulses of 4.5 mJ focused 0.85 to 1.60 mJ from the endothelium caused damage. In comparison, Q-switched pulses of 12 mJ or less are not likely to damage the cornea if focused more than 0.75 mm from the endothelium. The severe, early effect of mode-locked pulses is edema of endothelial cells in a 0.2- to 0.3-mm diameter circular zone surrounding a 0.1-mm diameter denuded zone with a small central break of Descemet's membrane. By two months, mild and moderate lesions heal with little or no distortion of the endothelial mosaic. Irregular enlargement of endothelial cells surrounding and covering the previously denuded area of severe lesions is caused by both mode-locked and Q-switched treatment. In no case was there clinically significant, persistent damage in the healed monkey corneas.
The Politician and the Diviner: Divination and the Consumption of Power in Sierra Leone

L'A. analyse les rapports entre la divination et le pouvoir politique au Sierra Leone. Les critiques du pouvoir politique formulees par les devins s'inscrivent dans un discours moral sur les ingerences demoniaques dans cette region de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. En effet, les formes du commerce europeen telles que le commerce triangulaire esclavagiste, ont ete comprises comme des manifestations surnaturelles operees par un esprit malin. L'enrichissement rapide des elites aux XIX e et XX e siecles sont traduites au niveau du rituel de divination par une intervention demoniaque
Human Variability in Mercury Toxicokinetics and Steady State Biomarker Ratios

Regulatory guidelines regarding methylmercury exposure depend on dose-response models relating observed mercury concentrations in maternal blood, cord blood, and maternal hair to developmental neurobehavioral endpoints. Generalized estimates of the maternal blood-to-hair, blood-to-intake, or hair-to-intake ratios are necessary for linking exposure to biomarker-based dose-response models. Most assessments have used point estimates for these ratios; however, significant interindividual and interstudy variability has been reported. For example, a maternal ratio of 250 ppm in hair per mg/L in blood is commonly used in models, but a 1990 WHO review reports mean ratios ranging from 140 to 370 ppm per mg/L. To account for interindividual and interstudy variation in applying these ratios to risk and safety assessment, some researchers have proposed representing the ratios with probability distributions and conducting probabilistic assessments. Such assessments would allow regulators to consider the range and like-lihood of mercury exposures in a population, rather than limiting the evaluation to an estimate of the average exposure or a single conservative exposure estimate. However, no consensus exists on the most appropriate distributions for representing these parameters. We discuss published reviews of blood-to-hair and blood-to-intake steady state ratios for mercury and suggest statistical approaches for combining existing datasets to form generalized probability distributions for mercury distribution ratios. Although generalized distributions may not be applicable to all populations, they allow a more informative assessment than point estimates where individual biokinetic information is unavailable. Whereas development and use of these distributions will improve existing exposure and risk models, additional efforts in data generation and model development are required.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Multimers, Metalloprotease, and Beyond

The pathophysiology of various types of thrombotic microangiopathies is coming progressively into focus. Therapeutic advances are likely to follow at a quickening pace. This discussion focuses on thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic microangiopathies associated with transplantation-immunosuppression or anti-angiogenesis therapy, and the preeclampsia/hemolysis-elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome (HELLP).
Abstract 3755: Prospective study of genomic hypomethylation of leukocyte DNA and colorectal cancer risk

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Systematic genome-wide (global) reductions of methylated cytosine levels have been observed in most cancer tissues, including colorectal cancer, and are hypothesized to contribute to carcinogenesis through genomic instability and protooncogene activation. Recently, genomic DNA hypomethylation has been measured in peripheral blood leukocytes and associated with colorectal tumors. However, as these studies used post-diagnostic specimens, it is possible that the observed findings reflect disease- and/or treatment-induced effects on leukocyte DNA methylation. Methods: Using prospectively collected blood specimens and questionnaire data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, we studied genomic leukocyte DNA methylation status in relation to subsequent colorectal cancer risk in a nested case-control study of 370 cases and 493 controls with no cancer diagnosis prior to the blood draw. Genomic leukocyte DNA methylation status was determined by an HPLC/Tandem Mass Spectrometry method and expressed as the relative amount of methyl-cytosine to total cytosine residues, or %5-mC. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression models, adjusting for age, gender, race, time since initial sigmoidoscopy screening, and year of randomization. Inclusion of other suspected colorectal cancer risk factors in the models did not materially change the results. Results: We observed a relatively narrow range of genomic leukocyte DNA methylation levels among cases and controls, with %5-mC ranging from 3.57 to 4.60 (median = 4.03, standard deviation = 0.19). Categorizing subjects by quartiles of %5-mC content in controls, using the lowest quartile as the reference category (Q1), we observed no trend in risk with adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for Q2, 1.44 (1.01-2.08); Q3, 1.06 (0.75-1.51); and Q4, 1.01 (0.70-1.47) (P-trend = 0.49). Dichotomizing subjects by median of %5-mC in controls with the lower %5-mC group as the reference, we found a borderline-significantly decreased risk for subjects with %5-mC above the median (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.61-1.06), particularly among subjects whose natural folate intake levels were above the median (OR = 0.60, CI = 0.39-0.95; P-interaction = 0.06). Conclusion: Preliminary findings from our study, to our knowledge the first prospective investigation of DNA methylation and colorectal cancer, show no clear dose-dependent association between genomic leukocyte DNA methylation status and subsequent cancer risk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3755. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3755
Progressive geometry encoder based on the octree structure

A progressive 3D geometry coding scheme based on the octree structure is proposed in this work, which achieves better coding efficiency than the state-of-the-art geometric codec known as the kd-tree-based codec. Given a 3D mesh, the quantized 3D vertices are first partitioned into an octree structure. The octree is then traversed from the root and gradually to the leaves and, during the traversal, each 3D cell in the tree front is subdivided along three orthogonal directions. For each cell subdivision, the order of subdivision directions is adaptively chosen, the neighborhood-prediction is used and the vertex number distribution is efficiently encoded. The final output bit stream contains relevant information associated with each cell subdivision. It is shown in experimental results that the coding cost is around 15.6 bits per vertex (bpv) for 12-bit coordinate quantization and 5.6 bpv for 8-bit coordinate quantization on average.
The conversion of Fredholm integral equations to equivalent cauchy problems

A new method is developed for converting various classes of Fredholm integral equations into equivalent initial value problems. In contrast with previous methods, which accomplished this by imbedding the equation, with respect to some parameter, in a family of similar ones, our approach is parameter free. To effect the conversion the integral equation is first shown to be equivalent to a two point boundary value problem. The application of various invariant imbedding algorithms completes the task. An extensive examination of linear equations is made, and it is shown that our procedure leads to a substantial reduction of dimensionality over previous methods. New techniques for solving critical length and continuation problems are another important consequence of our approach.
The ethical dilemmas of university-industry collaborations

This article examines the ethical dilemmas that can occur due to university and industry cooperative arrangements. The values that Conant (1952) and Merton (1942) ascribed to university science are used as a measure of the evolving university-industry relations in the 1980s. Examples of the types of relations being forged are discussed and possible conflicts of interest are explored. The author argues that the goals of the university are and must remain different from those of industry for the good of the entire society. The transformation of the university into a research institution for industry could result in the university not adequately training the scientists of tomorrow, and simultaneously, not discharging its duty to do basic research as it focuses on the more applied research that industry desires and funds.
Test time reduction using parallel RF test techniques

Wireless connectivity SOCs integrate multi-band radios on a single chip. Examples include WLAN 802.11 (“A” band or “BG” band), Bluetooth, Global Positioning System (GPS) and FM (Frequency Modulation) transmitters and receivers. It has been observed the cost of testing these RF components constitutes about 40% of the total cost of testing such an SOC. Reduction of this test cost is, therefore, important. The usage of multiple radios on a single chip provides the option of testing all of them concurrently. The unique functionality and different frequency bands of these radio modules however, prevent blind (unconstrained) parallelism, something which is ubiquitously possible for digital logic and memory modules. Additionally, the ability to test multiple dies in parallel (multi-site testing) and the ability to adopt low-cost tester platforms must also be considered. In this presentation, a case study of a complex SOC with four such radio modules is presented. It is shown how their concurrent test can be planned, together with high levels of multi-site with a low-cost tester platform. Various considerations and tradeoffs in the adoption of this solution are discussed, keeping in mind co-existence and coupling issues when these radios operate in parallel. The software BIST solution (where firmware is executed on a host processor inside the RF module) used to enable such concurrency is also explained, together with the design support required.
Theoretical study of lithium graphite. II. Spatial distribution of valence electrons

Based on band-structure calculations presented in part I, the valence charge density of Li${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ is evaluated and presented in contour diagrams and iinear plots. The hybridization of the Li $2s$ states with the bands of graphite is studied and quantified in terms of the Li contact density. It is found that the Li contact density of 0.15 electrons/${\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.}^{3}$ is mainly contributed by the bonding C $\ensuremath{\pi}$ band and only 6% by the weakly antibonding Fermi-level band, as is consistent with the experimental value of the $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ Knight shift.
A mouse model of familial porphyria cutanea tarda

Approximately one-third of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), the most common porphyria in humans, inherit a single mutant allele of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) gene. PCT associated with URO-D mutations is designated familial PCT. The phenotype is characterized by a photosensitive dermatosis with hepatic accumulation and urinary excretion of uroporphyrin and hepta-carboxylic porphyrins. Most heterozygotes for URO-D mutations do not express a porphyric phenotype unless hepatic siderosis is present. Hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations are frequently found when the phenotype is expressed. We used homologous recombination to disrupt one allele of murine URO-D. URO-D(+/-) mice had half-wild type (wt) URO-D protein and enzymatic activity in all tissues but did not accumulate hepatic porphyrins, indicating that half-normal URO-D activity is not rate limiting. When URO-D(+/-) mice were injected with iron-dextran and given drinking water containing delta-aminolevulinic acid for 21 days, hepatic porphyrins accumulated, and hepatic URO-D activity was reduced to 20% of wt. We bred mice homozygous for an HFE gene disruption (HFE(-/-)) to URO-D(+/-) mice, generating mice with the URO-D(+/-)/HFE(-/-) genotype. These animals developed a porphyric phenotype by 14 weeks of age without ALA supplementation, and URO-D activity was reduced to 14% of wt. These data indicate that iron overload alone is sufficient to reduce URO-D activity to rate-limiting levels in URO-D(+/-) mice. The URO-D(+/-) mouse serves as an excellent model of familial PCT and affords the opportunity to define the mechanism by which iron influences URO-D activity.
Options for the Economic Health of Farmers, Farmers Markets and Communities: Homebased Fruit and Vegetable Microprocessing

Kentucky passed farmer friendly legislation in 2003 allowing farmers to process value added food products in their home kitchens with the emphasis on community economic development and farm to table concepts. A unique partnership between the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, Kentucky Cabinet for Health Services, Kentucky Department of Agriculture, and Farm Bureau allows farmers to sell home canned foods from the farm, farmers market, or certified roadside stand. The value-added products must contain a fruit, vegetable, or nut grown by the Kentucky processor. Farmers processing low risk products simply register. Over 289 farms in Kentucky are selling items such as pumpkin bread, blueberry jam, and pear preserves. To produce low acid or acidified products, farmers must attend a workshop, have recipes approved by a process authority, develop a label, and make application for a fee. Over 200 farmers have been trained with 36 farmers producing diverse products such as salsa, pickled squash,...
Ray tracing on a connection machine

A new ray-tracing algorithm designed specifically for massively parallel hypercube connected processors is introduced. World space is subdivided according to a fixed size 3-D orthogonal grid. Rays are traced using ray-points which move along the rays, referencing the voxels intersected. One processor is assigned per ray, as well as one processor per object fragment.A pointerless data structure called an induced octree is used. This structure exists only as an ordering of the data in processor-address space, yet with it, all processors can determine the jump-distance to the nearest non-empty voxel in parallel to within a power of two. Ray-points move by large jumps whenever possible, and ray-object intersection proceeds in log time in the average ray length. Sorting via the network is the parallel analogue to octree-traversal.A code-scheduling mechanism is introduced which improves processor usage for SIMD architectures.Preliminary results are presented for an implementation using a CM-1 CPU equipped with 16k processors.
Postmortem Aviation Forensic Toxicology: An Overview

An overview of the subtopic aviation combustion toxicology of the field of aerospace toxicology has been published. In a continuation of the overview, the findings associated with postmortem aviation forensic toxicology are being summarized in the present overview. A literature search for the period of 1960-2007 was performed. The important findings related to postmortem toxicology were evaluated. In addition to a brief introduction, this overview is divided into the sections of analytical methods; carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide ion; ethanol; drugs; result interpretation; glucose and hemoglobin A(1c); and references. Specific details of the subject matter were discussed. It is anticipated that this overview will be an outline source for aviation forensic toxicology within the field of aerospace toxicology.
A simple method of securing the safety wire during ureteroscopy

needle prior to assembly Figure 1 Safety wire secured to the drape with a haemostat BACKGROUND Some experts no longer use a safety wire during routine ureteroscopy but most urologists advocate a safety guidewire to avoid complications,1,2 especially in complex cases. TECHNIQUE We describe a technique for securing the safety guidewire during ureteroscopy. Once the safety guidewire is placed, it is curled and secured to the drape using a haemostat (Fig 1). Then a towel that has been soaked in sterile water is draped across the curled safety wire.
SELF-INTERACTION OF THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 REGULATORY PROTEIN ICP27

Abstract The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) regulatory protein ICP27 is a nuclear phosphoprotein required for viral lytic infection, which acts partly at the posttranscriptional level to affect RNA processing and export. In the present study, we show that ICP27 can interact with itself in vivo. Immunofluorescent staining of cells expressing both an ICP27 mutant with a deletion of the major nuclear localization signal and wild-type ICP27 showed that the mutant protein was efficiently imported into the nucleus in the majority of the cotransfected cells, suggesting heterodimer formation between the wild-type and mutant proteins. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using epitope-tagged wild-type ICP27 and a series of ICP27 mutants with deletions and insertions in important functional regions of the protein revealed that the C-terminal cysteine-histidine-rich zinc-finger-like region of ICP27 was required for the self-association. Furthermore the self-association was also shown in yeast using two-hybrid assays, and again, an intact C-terminal zinc-finger-like region was required for the interaction. This study provides biochemical evidence that ICP27 may function as a multimer in infected cells.
PART 1: Bus: Bus Performance Indicators: On-Time Performance and Service Regularity

New York City Transit has established a customer-oriented bus performance indicator program. The program contains two schedule adherence indicators—en route on-time performance and service regularity—that measure different aspects of service performance experienced by the customer. The indicators and analysis methodologies are described in detail. What do these indicators really measure? And what types of further analysis can be performed using the underlying data? These are some of the issues addressed. Recommendations are made for adding a third indicator to the performance indicator program.
Grid modernization efforts in the USA and Brazil - some common lessons based on the Smart Grid Initiative

This paper presents some comparisons between the trends in electricity infrastructure growth in the United States and Brazil, and attempts to identify commonalities and differences on grid modernization efforts in these two countries using the Smart Grid Initiative as a template.
Activity-guided isolation of steroidal alkaloid antiestrogen-binding site inhibitors from Pachysandra procumbens

Four novel steroidal alkaloids, (+)-(20S)-20-(dimethylamino)-3-(3'alpha-isopropyl)-lactam-5alpha-+ ++preg n-2-en-4-one (1), (+)-(20S)-20-(dimethylamino)-16alpha-hydroxy-3-(3'alpha-isopropyl) -la ctam-5alpha-pregn-2-en-4-one (2), (+)-(20S)-3-(benzoylamino)-20-(dimethylamino)-5alpha-pregn-2-en-++ +4beta -yl acetate (3), and (+)-(20S)-2alpha-hydroxy-20-(dimethylamino)-3beta-phthalimido-5 alpha- pregnan-4beta-yl acetate (4), as well as five known compounds, (-)-pachyaximine A (5), (+)-spiropachysine (6), (+)-axillaridine A (7), (+)-epipachysamine D (8), and (+)-pachysamine B (9), were isolated from Pachysandra procumbens, using a bioassay-guided fractionation based on inhibition of 3H-tamoxifen binding at the antiestrogen binding site (AEBS). Compounds 1-7 and 9 demonstrated significant activity as AEBS-inhibitory agents, and compounds 3, 5 and 9 were found to potentiate significantly the antiestrogenic effect mediated by tamoxifen in cultured Ishikawa cells. The structure elucidation of compounds 1-4 was carried out by spectral data interpretation.
The Logical Simplicity of Predicates

1. The problem in general. In an earlier article,' I proposed a way of determining the relative simplicity of different sets of extralogical primitives. The calculations assumed a fully platonistic logic, committed to an indefinite hierarchy of classes, with sequences and relations defined as classes. Recently2 it has been shown that a nominalistic logic, countenancing no entities other than individuals, can be made to serve many of the purposes for which a platonistic logic had been thought necessary. The question naturally arises how we are to determine the simplicity of extralogical bases of systems founded upon a nominalistic logic. In such bases, the only extralogical predicates will be predicates (of one or more places) of individuals. The present paper offers a general method of measuring the simplicity of such bases. We have first to consider by what standards we are to judge any proposed assignment of complexity-values. To reduce all our intuitive demands to precise principles would obviously be too difficult; but one basic demand is very roughly set forth as follows: The assignment of complexity-values to predicates must be such that if each basis of kind A is always replaceable by some basis of kind B, while it is not the case that each basis of kind B is always replaceable by some basis of kind A, then any basis of kind B must, in the absence of other indications, have a higher complexity-value3 than any basis of kind A. The "always" indicates that the replacement must not depend on additional information that may sometimes not be available. To illustrate the principle, every basis consisting of one one-place predicate is always replaceable by some basis consisting of one two-place predicate; for example, we may adopt as primitive the predicate "Q"4 so explained that Q(x, y) if and only if P(x) and P(y) and then define: "P(x) =,if Q(x, x)."5 But it is not the case that every two-place predicate can always be replaced by a one-place predicate. Accordingly, two-place predicates must have a higher value than one-place predicates. This admittedly vague principle has to be used with the greatest caution.6
Timing and Apparent Motion Path Choice With Human Body Photographs

In demonstrations of apparent motion, observers typically report seeing motion along the shortest possible path between two sequentially presented objects. Recent work has demonstrated that violations of this shortest path rule occur with realistic photographs of a human body displayed for sufficiently long temporal intervals when a longer path is more anatomically plausible than the shortest path. The current set of experiments investigated the mechanisms by which information about biomechanical motion constrains apparent motion perception. In Experiment I, we demonstrated, first, that the availability of extra processing time does not simply—in and of itself—result in the perception of longer paths of apparent motion. Second, we rejected the hypothesis that the perception of biomechanically correct paths of apparent motion depends on biologically appropriate velocities. In Experiment 2, we discovered that the longer the motion path required to satisfy the biomechanical movement limitations of the stimul...
Linear elasticity of cubic phases in block copolymer melts by self-consistent field theory

We examine the linear elasticity of the bcc and gyroid phases of block copolymer melts with self-consistent field theory (SCFT). Linear elastic moduli for single crystals are predicted by calculati...
High-Temperature Sulfidation of Fe3Al Thermal Spray Coatings at 600°C

Abstract Sulfidation behavior of Fe3Al thermal spray coatings was studied inAr-3.5% H2-0.1% hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at 600°C for 500 h. Coatings were processed from the same lot of gas atomized Fe3A...
The consistency and independence of Suslin's hypothesis

In this self‐contained expository paper it is shown that Martin's axiom implies the non‐existence of a Suslin Tree and Jensen's axiom implies the existence of a Suslin Tree. Thus, Suslin's Hypothesis is independent of and consistent with ZFC.
Protein degradation and the stress response

Environmental stresses are manifold and so are the responses they elicit. This is particularly true for higher eukaryotes where various tissues and cell types are differentially affected by the insult. Type and scope of the stress response can therefore differ greatly among cell types. Given the importance of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) for most cellular processes, it comes as no surprise that the UPR plays a pivotal role in counteracting the effects of stressors. Here we outline contributions of the UPS to stress sensing, signaling, and response pathways. We make no claim to comprehensiveness but choose selected examples to illustrate concepts and mechanisms by which protein modification with ubiquitin and proteasomal degradation of key regulators ensures cellular integrity during stress situations.
Use of a CO2 laser to prepare chondrule-like spherules from supercooled molten oxide and silicate droplets

Chondrule-like spherules were formed from individual freely falling subcooled droplets of alumina, enstatite, forsterite, enstatite-albite and forsterite-albite mixtures that had been melted with a focused continuous CO2 laser beam. Their textures (rimmed, excentro-radial, barred, glassy) are strikingly similar to those of many meteoritic chondrules. It is suggested that the phenomena associated with rapid crystallization from the supercooled melt are responsible for the various textures observed in the artificial spherules as well as in similar meteoritic chondrules. It is suggested that the textures observed would also result from rapid crystallization of relatively slowly cooling molten droplets that may have been produced in larger scale events, including condensation from a nebula of solar composition and solidification in an ambient medium of high temperature.
Exploration of potential microbial control agents for the invasive crayfish, Orconectes virilis

Abstract The introduced crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Cambarinae; Hagen 1870), has become a serious invasive species in Arizona (USA), altering stream ecosystems and contributing to the decline of native species. But because it is native to the eastern US, and related crayfish including endangered species inhabit nearby states, introduction of a biological control agent presents a unique challenge. This represents a feasibility study, in which we explored bacteria, nematodes, and a virus as potential biological control agents for O. virilis while avoiding harm to native species. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) from shrimp was found to be highly pathogenic and readily passed by cannibalistic behavior but not by water transmission. Potential activity of WSSV against representative non-target arthropods that may be found in the same ecosystems was also explored.
Advance directives and the Self-Determination Act: a patient's perspective.

Advance Directives were created by Congress in an attempt to better serve the needs of patients in long term care and acute care settings. The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 was an excellent concept to further patient rights, but the Act did not present necessary guidelines to insure uniform implementation. Healthcare providers were given flexibility in designing and implementing policies and procedures to operationalize the Act. However, key Professionals are not actively participating in the implementation. Examined are patients' perspectives and ideas on how professionals should be actively involved in meeting the consumers needs, wants, and desires. A model on how to effectively implement the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 is discussed.
Breast Reconstruction with Microvascular MS-TRAM and DIEP Flaps

The free muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MS-TRAM) and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps involve transferring skin and subcutaneous tissue from the lower abdominal area and have many features that make them well suited for breast reconstruction. The robust blood supply of the free flap reduces the risk of fat necrosis and also enables aggressive shaping of the flap for breast reconstruction to optimize the aesthetic outcome. In addition, the free MS-TRAM flap and DIEP flap require minimal donor-site sacrifice in most cases. With proper patient selection and safe surgical technique, the free MS-TRAM flap and DIEP flap can transfer the lower abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue to provide an aesthetically pleasing breast reconstruction with minimal donor-site morbidity.
Cerebrospinal fluid formation and bulk absorption in the freshwater turtle

Abstract Turtle brains were perfused from the lateral cerebral to the fourth ventricle with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing a trace amount of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA); both inflow and outflow rates and RIHSA concentrations were measured. Steady-state clearances of RIHSA (C RIHSA ) from the perfusate were measured at different intraventricular hydrostatic pressures. Both C RIHSA increased and outflow rate decreased linearly with increasing hydrostatic pressure. The CSF formation ( V f ) was 1.4 μl/min and was independent of hydrostatic pressure. Resistance to bulk absorption of CSF was 1790 cm·min/ml. The large resistance to bulk absorption in the turtle may be due to lack of an arachnoid membrane with associated valves.
Population level analysis of evolved mutations underlying improvements in plant hemicellulose and cellulose fermentation by Clostridium phytofermentans.

Background The complexity of plant cell walls creates many challenges for microbial decomposition. Clostridium phytofermentans, an anaerobic bacterium isolated from forest soil, directly breaks down and utilizes many plant cell wall carbohydrates. The objective of this research is to understand constraints on rates of plant decomposition by Clostridium phytofermentans and identify molecular mechanisms that may overcome these limitations. Results Experimental evolution via repeated serial transfers during exponential growth was used to select for C. phytofermentans genotypes that grow more rapidly on cellobiose, cellulose and xylan. To identify the underlying mutations an average of 13,600,000 paired-end reads were generated per population resulting in ∼300 fold coverage of each site in the genome. Mutations with allele frequencies of 5% or greater could be identified with statistical confidence. Many mutations are in carbohydrate-related genes including the promoter regions of glycoside hydrolases and amino acid substitutions in ABC transport proteins involved in carbohydrate uptake, signal transduction sensors that detect specific carbohydrates, proteins that affect the export of extracellular enzymes, and regulators of unknown specificity. Structural modeling of the ABC transporter complex proteins suggests that mutations in these genes may alter the recognition of carbohydrates by substrate-binding proteins and communication between the intercellular face of the transmembrane and the ATPase binding proteins. Conclusions Experimental evolution was effective in identifying molecular constraints on the rate of hemicellulose and cellulose fermentation and selected for putative gain of function mutations that do not typically appear in traditional molecular genetic screens. The results reveal new strategies for evolving and engineering microorganisms for faster growth on plant carbohydrates.
Approximating linearizations for nonlinear systems

The following problem is examined: given a nonlinear control system dot-x(t) = f(x(t)) + the sum to m terms(i=1) u sub i (t)g sub i (x(t)) on R(n) and a point x(0) in R(n), approximate the system near x(0) by a linear system. One approach is to use the usual Taylor series linearization. However, the controllability properties of both the nonlinear and linear systems depend on certain Lie brackets of the vector field under consideration. This suggests that a linear approximation based on Lie bracket matching should be constructed at x(0). In general, the linearizations based on the Taylor method and the Lie bracket approach are different. However, under certain mild assumptions, it is shown that there is a coordinate system for R(n) near x(0) in which these two types of linearizations agree. The importance of this agreement is indicated by examining the time responses of the nonlinear system and its linear approximation and comparing the lower order kernels in Volterra expansions of each.
The Pollyanna Problem: Assignment of Participants in a Gift Exchange

The assignment problem serves as the basis for a novel formulation and initial approach to assigning participants in holiday "Pollyanna" gift exchanges. This research presents the formalization of a typical heuristic assignment with constraints as commonly imposed by family and work dynamics. The constraints include restrictions on exchanging within the same nuclear family, restrictions on repeating that same exchanges as the previous year, balancing "good" gifts with "bad" gifts and restricting direct exchanges. A multidimensional assignment problem is formulated and reformulated employing Lagrangian Relaxation.
Bell inequalities for continuously emitting sources

A common experimental strategy for demonstrating nonclassical correlations is to show violation of a Bell inequality by measuring a continuously emitted stream of entangled photon pairs. The measurements involve the detection of photons by two spatially separated parties. The detection times are recorded and compared to quantify the violation. The violation critically depends on determining which detections are coincident. Because the recorded detection times have ``jitter,'' coincidences cannot be inferred perfectly. In the presence of settings-dependent timing errors, this can allow a local-realistic system to show apparent violation, the so-called ``coincidence loophole.'' Here, we introduce a family of Bell inequalities based on signed, directed distances between the parties' sequences of recorded time tags. Given that the time tags are recorded for synchronized, fixed observation periods and that the settings choices are random and independent of the source, violation of these inequalities unambiguously shows nonclassical correlations violating local realism. Distance-based Bell inequalities are generally useful for two-party configurations where the effective size of the measurement outcome space is large or infinite. We show how to systematically modify the underlying Bell functions to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and to quantify the significance of the violation.
Secondary standards for 223Ra revised

Dose calibrator dial settings reported by NIST in 2010 (ARI, v. 68, p. 1367) are now known to give erroneously low (by 10%) activity readings. The original determinations were based on a chain of calibrations; a broken link in this chain was recently discovered. New calibration factors (i.e., dial settings), directly linked to updated NIST primary standards, are reported here. In addition, the raw data used to derive the factors reported in 2010 are revisited. The validity of the reevaluation is established via comparison with the new experiments and revised calibration factors for numerous clinical geometries are reported. The main conclusions of the 2010 report regarding geometry effects remain valid.
An adaptive predictor corrector strategy for output feedback control of nonlinear hybrid process systems

This work presents a methodology for model-based output feedback control of uncertain nonlinear hybrid process systems using an adaptive predictor corrector strategy. A hybrid monitoring scheme is initially developed to facilitate the identification of the active mode at any given time using the measured output. A set of stabilizing output feedback controllers are then synthesized to robustly stabilize the constituent modes where appropriate state estimators are used. To stabilize each mode with minimal sensor-controller communication, a predictive model of each mode is embedded within the corresponding state feedback controller to provide an estimate of the process state which is used during periods of communication suspension. To determine when the communication must be restored, the evolution of the state estimate for the active mode is monitored and the corresponding state estimator is prompted to send its estimate to update the model state only when some update criteria are satisfied. The key idea is to use the model as a predictor and to use the Lyapunov stability constraint for each mode as a criterion for adaptively correcting the model predictions. The implementation of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using a simulated model of a chemical reactor with multiple operating modes.
Interleukin-13 receptor α2 DNA prime boost vaccine induces tumor immunity in murine tumor models

Background DNA vaccines represent an attractive approach for cancer treatment by inducing active T cell and B cell immune responses to tumor antigens. Previous studies have shown that interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain (IL-13Rα2), a tumor-associated antigen is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy as high levels of IL-13Rα2 are expressed on a variety of human tumors. To enhance the effectiveness of DNA vaccine, we used extracellular domain of IL-13Rα2 (ECDα2) as a protein-boost against murine tumor models.
Serving a variety of vegetables and fruit as a snack increased intake in preschool children

Background: Although serving a greater variety of food increases intake, this effect has not been well studied as a strategy to encourage consumption of vegetables and fruit in preschool children. Objective: This study examined whether providing a variety of familiar vegetables or fruit to preschool children as a snack would lead to increased selection and intake. Design: In a crossover design, 61 children (aged 3–5 y) ate a snack in their childcare facility on 8 afternoons. At 4 snack times, the children were offered vegetables: either a single type (cucumber, sweet pepper, or tomato) or a variety of all 3 types. At 4 other snack times, the children were offered fruit (apple, peach, pineapple, or all 3 types). Uniform-sized pieces were served family style, and children selected and ate as much as they desired. Results: Offering a variety of vegetables or fruit increased the likelihood of selection (P < 0.0001); children chose some pieces in 94% of snacks with variety and in 70% of snacks without variety. Serving a variety also increased consumption of both vegetables and fruit (P < 0.0002); the mean (±SEM) increase was 31 ± 5 g, about one-sixth the recommended daily amount. Independent of the variety effect, children were less likely to select vegetables than fruit (P < 0.0001), and the mean intake was substantially less for vegetables than for fruit (22 ± 1 compared with 84 ± 3 g). Conclusions: Providing a variety of vegetables and fruit as a snack led to increased consumption of both food types in a childcare facility. Serving a variety of vegetables or fruit as a snack could help preschool children meet recommended intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01557218","term_id":"NCT01557218"}}NCT01557218.
Presenting systems concepts in Physiology and Pharmacology with simulation applets in Java

Java simulation applets solving equations for system models have been constructed for teaching system behavior in Pharmacology and Physiology. The applets are intended to be included in Web pages with text and other illustrations for use in the classroom or in self-study lessons. Students can experiment with the system by changing selected model parameters with sliders, immediately observing the resulting changes in system behavior. Several applet presentations are constructed for a model, each presentation designed for a different learning objective by displaying a subset of output variables and making a subset of parameters available for adjustment. Presentations may include control buttons, a graph for output display, sliders to adjust parameters, a legend table comparing parameter settings for multiple experiments, and an animation of the model linked to the calculations. The applet design is highly modular to facilitate replication with different models. Two architectures were tested and compared: 1) a single applet containing all the functions listed above embedded as a single unit in the Web page and 2) a cluster of individual applets of different functional types (control buttons, graph, sliders, etc.) distributed over the Web page and linked by a control object having no visible interface.