cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypothesizing and reasoning about attacks missed by intrusion detection systems

Several alert correlation methods have been proposed over the past several years to construct high-level attack scenarios from low-level intrusion alerts reported by intrusion detection systems (IDSs). However, all of these methods depend heavily on the underlying IDSs, and cannot deal with attacks missed by IDSs. In order to improve the performance of intrusion alert correlation and reduce the impact of missed attacks, this paper presents a series of techniques to hypothesize and reason about attacks possibly missed by the IDSs. In addition, this paper also discusses techniques to infer attribute values for hypothesized attacks, to validate hypothesized attacks through raw audit data, and to consolidate hypothesized attacks to generate concise attack scenarios. The experimental results in this paper demonstrate the potential of these techniques in building high-level attack scenarios.
INVITED REVIEW: FOOD DOUGH RHEOLOGY

(1982). INVITED REVIEW: FOOD DOUGH RHEOLOGY. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 15, No. 1-4, pp. 1-25.
Real-time prediction of order flowtimes using support vector regression

In a make-to-order production system, a due date must be assigned to new orders that arrive dynamically, which requires predicting the order flowtime in real-time. This study develops a support vector regression model for real-time flowtime prediction in multi-resource, multi-product systems. Several combinations of kernel and loss functions are examined, and results indicate that the linear kernel and the @e-insensitive loss function yield the best generalization performance. The prediction error of the support vector regression model for three different multi-resource systems of varying complexity is compared to that of classic time series models (exponential smoothing and moving average) and to a feedforward artificial neural network. Results show that the support vector regression model has lower flowtime prediction error and is more robust. More accurately predicting flowtime using support vector regression will improve due-date performance and reduce expenses in make-to-order production environments.
Platinum-based combination chemotherapy for malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary.

Abstract Although considerable clinical data are available to guide treatment decisions for patients with ovarian epithelial malignancies, therapy for the rare malignant mixed mesodermal (mullerian) tumor (MMMT) of the ovary is poorly studied. Ten untreated patients diagnosed with primary ovarian MMMT were managed with cis -platinum-based combination chemotherapy from 1980 to 1985. Six of the 10 patients were stage III suboptimal with evaluable residual disease; 4 of these 6 had CRs with a median duration of response of 13 months. The remaining 2 patients had PRs, of 2 and 11 months duration. Four patients had stage III optimal disease; 1 progressed at 7 months, 1 progressed at 16 months and the other 2 patients have no clinical evidence of diease at 12+ and 22+ months. Despite impressive initial response rates, survival overall was poor, with a median survival for all 10 patients of 16+ months.
Effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on nicotinic acid-induced plasma FFA rebound

Abstract Nicotinic acid administration causes an initial depression in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) followed by a rebound above baseline concentrations. Beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol had no effect on the FFA rebound. Alpha adrenergic blockade with phentolamine completely abolished the FFA rebound and also partially inhibited the initial plasma FFA depression. No relationship between FFA rebound and plasma growth hormone levels was observed. A significant correlation was demonstrated between FFA depression and rebound following nicotinic acid administration. It is proposed that the abolishment of the FFA rebound by alpha adrenergic blockade is related to its inhibition of the initial FFA depression which in turn may be related to antagonistic effects of alpha adrenergic blockers and nicotinic acid on adenyl cyclase activity.
Voltage steps in the current-induced resistive state of thin-film type-I superconductors

We report the observation of voltage steps in the current-induced resistive state in superconducting strips of lead and indium. The strips were 1.7-6 mm long, 0.1-8.0 \ensuremath{\mu}m thick, and 100-300 \ensuremath{\mu}m wide. The voltage steps are attributed to the nucleation of trains of flux tubes moving rapidly from the edge to the center of the strip. In the center, opposite tubes arriving from opposite edges annihilate each other. The moving flux-tube trains are, obviously, the outgrowth to the case of a three-dimensional type-I superconductor of the dynamic behavior of the weak-link Josephson junction, and, in particular, of the Anderson-Dayem bridge. From a simple eddy-current-damping model we have estimated the number of flux tubes existing simultaneously in a single flux-tube train.
High-order multivariable transfer function curve fitting: algorithms, sparse matrix methods and experimental results

This paper develops a computational approach to multivariable frequency domain curve fitting, based on 2-norm minimization.
A less-invasive minilaparotomy technique for repair of aortic aneurysm and occlusive disease

A minimally invasive surgical technique for repair of aortic aneurysms and aortoiliac occlusive disease was studied. A small periumbilical incision, nondisplacement of the small bowel outside the abdominal cavity, and hand-sewn anastomoses are performed without laparoscopic assistance. This technique may reduce the duration of hospital stay.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Older Adults

Abstract Now that the baby boomer population has passed middle age and has entered the category of “older adults,” greater attention has been placed on how to adapt evidence-based treatments to the unique needs of an aging segment of the population. This introduction describes the contributions to the special series on cognitive behavioral treatment with adults aged 65 and beyond.
Osteoporosis: a national public health priority.

Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, is a silent condition that affects milions of Americans. Fractures in individuals over the age of 50 can be the first sign of weak bones from osteoporosis. Many osteoporotic fractures can be prevented and treated. Healthy lifestyle choices such as proper diet, exercise, and medications can help prevent further bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. Perianesthesia nurses have numerous opportunities to promote healthy behaviors for patients, family members, and themselves.
Characterization of a Third Human Thyroid Hormone Receptor Coexpressed with Other Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Several Tissues

A cDNA that encodes a third type of human thyroid hormone receptor (hTRα1) has been isolated from a skeletal muscle library. The cDNA encodes a 410 amino acid protein, Mr = 46,820. When expressed and translated in vitro, hTRα1 binds T3 with an association constant (ka) of 1.8 × 109 M−1. Comparison of the DNA sequence of hTRα1 and a previously identified α type thyroid hormone receptor (hTRα2) suggests that they could be transcribed from the same gene, and that alternative RNA splicing results in the synthesis of either hTRα1 or hTRα2. Two mRNA (3.2 kilobases and 6 kilobases) of hTRα1 have been detected in several tissues. At least three types of thyroid hormone receptors (hTRα1, α2, β), which possess similar affinities for hormone ligands, can be expressed in the same tissue.
An infrared study on the conformation of poly-L-proline in concentrated aqueous salt solutions.

The infrared absorption of poly-L-proline in concentrated aqueous salt solutions was measured in the fundamental region. Of primary interest were the carbonyl absorption of the peptide linkage and the methylene C–H bending absorption of the pyrrolidine ring. These spectral regions each show an additional component in the concentrated salt solutions. Using the position of the absorptions of poly-L-proline I (cis) and II (trans) as models, we conclude that both cis–trans linkages are present in the peptide in salt solutions. Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium slightly in favor of cis.
Elastic anharmonicity of InP: Its relationship to the high pressure transition

Abstract Ultrasonic wave transit times have been measured in n-type InP at room temperature using hydrostatic pressures up to 4 kbar. Linear pressure dependences are found for the elastic stiffness moduli implying that at the high pressure structural-electrical transition the shear-to-bulk modulus ratio (C 11 −C 12 ) 2B has a (fractional) value which fits the modified Born criterion for stability developed by Demarest et al . The anharmonic force constants and some of the third order elastic constants are found to be smaller the higher the transition pressure for indium III-V compounds.
Temperature Programmed Desorption Spectra of Systems with Concentration Gradients in the Solid Lattice

A mean-field reaction−diffusion model including dissociative adsorption and recombinative desorption of gas from a solid surface, coupled with diffusion of the adsorbed species into a one-dimensional solid with concentration gradients, has been developed. Gradients resulting from the diffusion of the adsorbate in the bulk are shown to be responsible for the development of multiple peaks in temperature programmed desorption spectra. Adsorption temperature is the primary factor that controls the development of concentration profiles during adsorption in these coupled systems. Exposure sets for a series of adsorption temperatures are the principal method available for characterizing the surface-kinetics/bulk-diffusion mechanisms that result from concentration profiles. For a fixed potential energy diagram with only two binding states, i.e. a single surface state and a single bulk state, up to four distinct peaks can appear in the desorption spectra, depending on the details of the potential energy diagram an...
The Ethics of Information: Absolute Risk Reduction and Patient Understanding of Screening

Some experts have argued that patients should routinely be told the specific magnitude and absolute probability of potential risks and benefits of screening tests. This position is motivated by the idea that framing risk information in ways that are less precise violates the ethical principle of respect for autonomy and its application in informed consent or shared decision-making. In this Perspective, we consider a number of problems with this view that have not been adequately addressed. The most important challenges stem from the danger that patients will misunderstand the information or have irrational responses to it. Any initiative in this area should take such factors into account and should consider carefully how to apply the ethical principles of respect for autonomy and beneficence.
Multicenter Study of Central Venous Oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients With Sepsis

Study objective Abnormal (both low and high) central venous saturation (ScvO 2 ) is associated with increased mortality in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected sepsis. Methods This was a secondary analysis of 4 prospectively collected registries of ED patients treated with early goal-directed therapy–based sepsis resuscitation protocols from 4 urban tertiary care hospitals. Inclusion criteria were sepsis, hypoperfusion defined by systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or lactate level greater than or equal to 4 mmol/L, and early goal-directed therapy treatment. ScvO 2 levels were stratified into 3 groups: hypoxia (ScvO 2 2 71% to 89%); and hyperoxia (ScvO 2 90% to 100%). The primary exposures were initial ScvO 2 and maximum ScvO 2 achieved, with the primary outcome as inhospital mortality. Multivariate analysis was performed. Results There were 619 patients who met criteria and were included. For the maximum ScvO 2 , compared with the mortality rate in the normoxia group of 96 of 465 (21%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 17% to 25%), both the hypoxia mortality rate, 25 of 62 (40%; 95% CI 29% to 53%) and hyperoxia mortality rate, 31 of 92 (34%; 95% CI 25% to 44%) were significantly higher, which remained significant in a multivariate modeling. When the initial ScvO 2 measurement was analyzed in a multivariate model, only hyperoxia was significantly higher. Conclusion The maximum ScvO 2 value achieved in the ED (both abnormally low and high) was associated with increased mortality. In multivariate analysis for initial ScvO 2 , the hyperoxia group was associated with increased mortality, but not the hypoxia group. This study suggests that future research aimed at targeting methods to normalize high ScvO 2 values by therapies that improve microcirculatory flow or mitochondrial dysfunction may be warranted.
Graduate enrollment in oceanography

Excellent job opportunities exist for well-trained Ph.D. graduates in marine geology, geophysics, chemistry, dynamical-physical oceanography, and oceanographic engineering. This was one conclusion the deans of various schools of oceanography reached at a conference that included deans from Dalhousie University, Florida State University, the University of Hawaii, the University of Miami, Oregon State University, the University of Rhode Island, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, the University of Washington, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography. The results of this effort, combined with some of our own notions, form the basis of this short report. We hope that these thoughts will serve as a discussion base for more in-depth reflections.
Analysis of TFIIA Function In Vivo: Evidence for a Role in TATA-Binding Protein Recruitment and Gene-Specific Activation

Activation of transcription can occur by the facilitated recruitment of TFIID to promoters by gene-specific activators. To investigate the role of TFIIA in TFIID recruitment in vivo, we exploited a class of yeast TATA-binding protein (TBP) mutants that is activation and DNA binding defective. We found that cooverexpression of TOA1 and TOA2, the genes that encode yeast TFIIA, overcomes the activation defects caused by the TBP mutants. Using a genetic screen, we isolated a new class of TFIIA mutants and identified three regions on TFIIA that are likely to be involved in TBP recruitment or stabilization of the TBP-TATA complex in vivo. Amino acid replacements in only one of these regions enhance TFIIA-TBP-DNA complex formation in vitro, suggesting that the other regions are involved in regulatory interactions. To determine the relative importance of TFIIA in the regulation of different genes, we constructed yeast strains to conditionally deplete TFIIA levels prior to gene activation. While the activation of certain genes, such as INO1, was dramatically impaired by TFIIA depletion, activation of other genes, such as CUP1, was unaffected. These data suggest that TFIIA facilitates DNA binding by TBP in vivo, that TFIIA may be regulated by factors that target distinct regions of the protein, and that promoters vary significantly in the degree to which they require TFIIA for activation. Initiation of mRNA synthesis in eukaryotes depends upon the controlled and coordinated activities of a large number of proteins. RNA polymerase II and six different general transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH) assemble into a transcriptionally competent preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter elements of class II genes (47). Among the general transcription factors, TFIID plays a central role in initiation as it binds specifically to the TATA box through its component TATA-binding protein (TBP) and nucleates PIC assembly (47). Gene-specific transcriptional regulators typically bind upstream of the TATA box and, in concert with coactivators and corepressors, modulate the level of initiation by affecting the assembly or activity of the PIC. Although any step in the initiation reaction potentially may be regulated by the gene-specific factors, a growing body of data suggests that some transcriptional activators enhance the rate of initiation by recruiting TFIID to the core promoter or by recruiting the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme to the nascent PIC (20, 54, 65).
Squash beetle trenching behaviour: avoidance of cucurbitacin induction or mucilaginous plant sap?

. 1 Foraging patterns of the squash beetle, Epilachna borealis Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in field cages are not consistent with the hypothesis that this beetle avoids leaves in which its feeding damage has caused the induction of cucurbitacins. 2 E.borealis feeding does not induce accumulation of cucurbitacins inside or outside of feeding trenches. 3 Cucurbitacins do not reduce the survival or growth rate of E. borealis larvae. 4 High concentrations of cucurbitacins fail to deter E.borealis feeding; rather, cucurbitacins are feeding stimulants for squash beetles. 5 Trenching behaviour in E.borealis is facultative and correlates with leaf turgor and the degree to which sticky phloem sap oozes from damaged leaves. 6 Mucilaginous phloem sap in many curcurbit species inhibits feeding by E.borealis when it is applied to beetle mouthparts.
Difficulty Swallowing and Lack of Receipt of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Predict Acute Weight Loss in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, symptoms of underlying illness may promote weight loss through decreased caloric intake, increased metabolic needs, or nutrient malabsorption. We evaluated disease symptoms as predictors of acute weight loss (i.e., loss of > or =5% of weight). HIV-infected men and women (n=415) were telephoned every 5 weeks to obtain information about weight and recent symptoms. Weight change between each pair of consecutive calls (telephone intervals, 2814) was calculated. Acute weight loss occurred across 4.5% of intervals and among 24% of individuals. Patients reported > or =1 symptom before 58% of telephone intervals. The most common symptoms or symptom complexes before intervals were diarrhea (21% of patients), anorexia (17%), upper respiratory symptoms (16%), skin symptoms (12%), and abdominal pain (12%). Trouble swallowing (6%) and oral symptoms (7%) were less common. Risk of acute weight loss was significantly increased when oral symptoms or trouble swallowing were present, and it was decreased when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used or when diarrhea was not present. Even when HAART is being administered, clinicians should remain vigilant regarding weight loss, oral symptoms, and trouble swallowing.
ANIMAL ANALOGIES IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF FACES

Analogies between humans and animals based on facial resemblance have a long history. We report evidence for reverse anthropomorphism and the extension of facial stereotypes to lions, foxes, and dogs. In the stereotype extension, more positive traits were attributed to animals judged more attractive than con-specifics; more childlike traits were attributed to those judged more babyfaced. In the reverse anthropomorphism, human faces with more resemblance to lions, ascertained by connectionist modeling of facial metrics, were judged more dominant, cold, and shrewd, controlling attractiveness, babyfaceness, and sex. Faces with more resemblance to Labradors were judged warmer and less shrewd. Resemblance to foxes did not predict impressions. Results for lions and dogs were consistent with trait impressions of these animals and support the species overgeneralization hypothesis that evolutionarily adaptive reactions to particular animals are overgeneralized, with people perceived to have traits associated with animals their faces resemble. Other possible explanations are discussed.
Middleware Extensions for Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing is defined as a class of devices and applications designed to integrate into everyday life. These devices include smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart cards, radio frequency ID (RFID) tags, and a myriad of other devices used in non-traditional computing environments. Wireless communications are important to allowing these devices to network with peers and larger systems. The software part of pervasive computing has, until now, featured a variety of incompatible standards, each tailored for a specific niche. Middleware is the software that links different application components and is used in pervasive computing to link client applications with host systems. By providing extensions to middleware for pervasive computing such as Web services, context-sensitive applications, and message queues, development complexity can be reduced and interoperability can be improved.
Peripheral sweat gland function is improved with humid heat acclimation

Article history: 2. Mean rectal temperature and heart rate were significantly (p<O.OS) reduced by O.5'C and 17bpm. respectively. during an 8-day heat acclimation protocol in 13 male subjects. 3. Whole-body sweat rate was also significantly increased 20% during the same time period. The most important new finding was that humid heat acclimation produced a significant 63% increase in pilocarpine-induced sweat rate. These results strongly suggest that heat acclimation improves sweat gland function via a peripheral mechanism.
African mass communications: Selected information sources

This is the third installment in a continuing series of foreign area bibliographies edited by Dr. John Lent of Temple University's School of Communications and Theater. The first, on Asian media information sources, appeared in 19:321-340 (Summer 1975), and the second, on Caribbean mass communications in 20:111-125 (Winter 1976). The compiler of the present installment is a member of Temple University's radio-TV-film faculty and is author/editor of Broadcasting in Africa (1974) and Broadcasting in America (1976). In 1976-77 he will undertake teaching duties in Ghana on a Fulbright fellowship.
Melatonin, hydroxyl radical‐mediated oxidative damage, and aging: A hypothesis

Abstract: Melatonin is a very potent and efficient endogenous radical scavenger. The pineal indolamine reacts with the highly toxic hydroxyl radical and provides on-site protection against oxidative damage to biomolecules within every cellular compartment. Melatonin acts as a primary non-enzymatic antioxidative defense against the devastating actions of the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical. Melatonin and structurally related tryptophan metabolites are evolutionary conservative molecules principally involved in the prevention of oxidative stress in organisms as different as algae and rats. The rate of aging and the time of onset of age-related diseases in rodents can be retarded by the administration of melatonin or treatments that preserve the endogenous rhythm of melatonin formation. The release of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate enhances endogenous hydroxyl radical formation. The activation of central excitatory amino acid receptors suppress melatonin synthesis and is therefore accompanied by a reduced detoxification rate of hydroxyl radicals. Aged animals and humans are melatonin-deficient and more sensitive to oxidative stress. Experiments investigating the effects of endogenous excitatory amino acid antagonists and stimulants of melatonin biosynthesis such as magnesium may finally lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention of degeneration and dysdifferentiation associated with diseases related to premature aging.
A finite-size pencil beam model for photon dose calculations in three dimensions.

A three‐dimensional dose computation model employing a finite‐size, diverging, pencil beam has been developed and is demonstrated for Cobalt‐60 γ rays. The square cross‐section pencil beam is simulated in a semi‐infinite water phantom by convolving the pencil beam photon fluence with the Monte Carlo point dose kernel for Cobalt‐60. This finite‐size pencil beam is calculated one time and becomes a new data base with which to build larger beams by two‐dimensional superposition. The pencil beam fluence profile, angle correction for beam divergence, the Mayneord inverse square correction, radial and angular sampling rates, error propagation, and computation time have been investigated and are reported. Radial and angular sampling rates have a great effect on accuracy and their appropriate selection is important. Percent depth doses calculated by finite‐size pencil beam superposition are within 1% of values calculated by full convolution and the agreement with values from the literature is within 6%. The latter disagreement is shown to be due to a low‐energy photon component which is not modeled in other calculations. Computation time measurements show the pencil beam method to be faster than full convolution and one implementation of the differential‐scatter‐air‐ratio (dSAR) method.
Toole’s Cerebrovascular Disorders, 6th ed

When the first edition of this book appeared in 1967, it stood alone as a source text in which a variety of conditions, both rare and common, affecting the nervous system through dysfunction of the vascular system were described in significant detail. The approach of Dr James F. Toole, who has made giant contributions to the field of stroke care for over a half-century, is pretty much adhered to in this modernized edition, which includes new information in several areas (including the genetics of stroke). Drs Roach, Bettermann, and Biller have not only assembled extensive and serviceable text but provided many more figures, illustrations, and images that are pertinent to the disease. They have also done a good job providing recent updates on progress in the field. Many of these new features apparently came from Dr Roach’s experience in the field. The text is written from the point of view of a reader who has received a diagnosis or suspected diagnosis and wants to explore its dimensions or possibly look for rare causes. As such, it is different from the “googleable search term” approach, but nonetheless there is still a place for their approach. The authors acknowledge that this text may not meet all needs, but it contains the right combination of details, illustrations, and overview to be the best text for anyone who is just acquiring an interest in the field. I found the chapters on inflammatory angiopathies, hematological disorders, and moyamoya particularly useful in cataloguing less common causes of stroke and thus promoting the occasional recognition of an unusual cause of stroke with distinct approaches to treatment. Each chapter is introduced by relevant quotes, and overall there is an inclination to take an historical approach. The early chapters “Interview and Examination” and “SyndromesofVascularDysfunction”may not seem as useful to us today because detailed imaging is available often before the patient is even examined; however, there is value in emphasizing pathology, as this book often does. Overall, I think that this is a very useful introductory text and handy reference, especially when rare causes of stroke are encountered. Although there are now many other newer and larger works on stroke, the sixth edition of this classic still merits a place on the shelf. Prose Illustrations Science Usefulness
Oxidation in H2O and D2O of 6-ethyl-5H-dibenz(c,e)azepine and 1-methylnicotinamide by aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver.

We report the solvent hydrogen isotope effects associated with the oxidation of 6-ethyl-5H-dibenz(c,e)azepine (6-ED) and 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MN) catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver using two assay methods. The first uses 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCI) as electron acceptor in an indirect assay in which the bleaching of DCI is measured as the substrate is oxidized. The second uses molecular oxygen as electron acceptor in a direct assay in which the oxidation of 1-MN to its pyridones is accompanied by an increase in absorbance at 300 nm and the oxidation of 6-ED to its lactam product is accompanied by a decrease in absorbance at 335 nm. We have found a solvent hydrogen isotope effect close to unity in the turnover number for each substrate and for each assay method. The solvent hydrogen isotope effects on kcatKm ranged from 0.4 to 1.1. We conclude that changes in bonding of hydrogen in solvent water, including hydrolysis of or general base attack on an enzyme-intermediate complex, do not play a rate-contributing role in the maximal velocity of oxidation of 1-MN and 6-ED catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver.
An unusual presentation of meningococcal meningitis—timely recognition can save lives!

Meningococcal meningitis has been known to have a high fatality rate. A high degree of suspicion is required for early recognition and timely intervention. In this report, a case of a young male is presented who came to the emergency department with predominately lower gastrointestinal symptoms but was diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis and managed accordingly.
Responses to selection for cadmium resistance in the least killifish, Heterandria formosa

An artificial selection experiment was conducted for six generations to investigate the responses to selection for cadmium resistance in the least killifish, Heterandria formosa. There was a rapid response to selection. After only one generation of selection, two of the three selection lines had an increased resistance to cadmium, while all three selection lines had an elevated resistance by the next generation. After six generations of selection, fish from the selection lines survived about three times as long as control line fish when exposed to cadmium. Realized heritability for cadmium resistance was estimated to be 0.50. Cross-resistance to copper was studied in the F2, F3, and F6 generations; fish from the cadmium-resistant lines had a longer survival time than those from the control lines. Resistance to heat was investigated in the F2, F3, and F5 generations; the cadmium-resistant lines had a significantly shorter survival time than the control lines. Our results showed that evolution of resistance to cadmium was rapid, that cross-resistance to copper occurred, and that the evolution of resistance to cadmium was accompanied by a trade-off (fitness costs) as evidenced by the reduced heat tolerance.
Foreign investment and bribery: A firm-level analysis of corruption in Vietnam

Abstract Among the concerns faced by countries pondering the costs and benefits of greater economic openness to international capital flows is the worry that new and powerful external actors will exert a corrupting influence on the domestic economy. In this paper, we use a novel empirical strategy, drawn from research in experimental psychology, to test the linkage between foreign direct investment (FDI) and corruption. The prevailing literature has produced confused and contradictory results on this vital relationship due to errors in their measurement of corruption which are correlated with FDI inflows. When a less biased operationalization is employed, we find clear evidence of corruption during both registration and procurement procedures in Vietnam. The prevalence of corruption, however, is not associated with inflows of FDI. On the contrary, one measure of economic openness appears to be the most important driver of reductions in Vietnamese corruption: the wave of domestic legislation, which accompanied the country's bilateral trade liberalization agreement with the United States (US-BTA), significantly reduced bribery during business registration.
Analysis of communication losses in vehicle control problems

In this paper we study the effect of communication packet losses in the feedback loop of a control system. Our motivation is derived from vehicle control problems where information is communicated via a wireless local area network. For such problems, we consider a simple packet-loss model for the communicated information and note that results for discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters can be applied. The goal is to find a controller (if one exists) such that the closed loop is mean square stable for a given packet loss rate. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition is developed for the existence of a stabilizing dynamic output feedback controller. This LMI condition is used to study the effect of communication losses on a vehicle following problem. In summary, these results can be used not only to design controllers but also give a 'worst-case' performance specification (in terms of packet-loss rate) for an acceptable communications system.
Intersensory evoked brain potentials and intersensory psychophysics: a critical overview

Summary form only given. An overview is provided of the four key sensory dimensionalities (spatial, temporal, intensive and qualitative) of the four primary external senses: vision, audition, smell and touch. Some findings on intersensory evoked brain responses in normal children, bright dyslexia children and retarded children are reviewed. >
Development of a protein marker panel for characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using global quantitative proteome analysis

Abstract The emergence of new methods for reprogramming of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) led to the development of new approaches in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the self-renewal, expansion and differentiation of human iPSC (hiPSC) should lead to improvements in the manufacture of safe and reliable cell therapy products. The goal of our study was qualitative and quantitative proteomic characterizations of hiPSC by means of electrospray ionization (ESI)-MSe and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Proteomes of hiPSCs of different somatic origins: fibroblasts and peripheral blood CD34+ cells, reprogrammed by the same technique, were compared with the original somatic cells and hESC. Quantitative proteomic comparison revealed approximately 220 proteins commonly up-regulated in all three pluripotent stem cell lines compared to the primary cells. Expression of 21 proteins previously reported as pluripotency markers was up-regulated in both hiPSCs (8 were confirmed by Western blot). A number of novel candidate marker proteins with the highest fold-change difference between hiPSCs/hESC and somatic cells discovered by MS were confirmed by Western blot. A panel of 22 candidate marker proteins of hiPSC was developed and expression of these proteins was confirmed in 8 additional hiPSC lines.
“The ‘elocution’ specter and the teaching and researching of speech delivery”

Teachers of speech should he uniquely aware of the importance of teaching effective delivery as an integral part of the process of communicating ideas. The research emphasis on problems of content, however, has tended to mask our need for more definitive research in this area.
cis elements of the human CDX2 gene regulate expression of transgenes in mouse colonic epithelial cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1975 BACKGROUND: CDX2 is a caudal -related homeobox transcription factor that is expressed at high levels in epithelial cells of adult small intestine and colon in human and mouse. Previously, we found transcriptional activity of a reporter gene construct containing a 9.5-kb fragment from the 5’ region of the human CDX2 gene was well correlated with endogenous CDX2 expression in colon cancer cell lines (Hinoi T et al. , J. Biol. Chem . 278, 44608-16, 2003). This finding motivated us to assess the activity of the elements in an in vivo model. METHODS: Recombinant DNA constructs, containing 9.5-kb and 0.5-kb fragments from the 5’ region of the human CDX2 gene were cloned upstream of sequences for a nuclear localization signal and a LacZ (β-galactosidase) gene (CDX2P-9.5kb/NLSLacZ and CDX2P-0.5kb/NLSLacZ, respectively), were used to generate transgenic founders. Transgenic mice carrying the CDX2-9.5kb fragment upstream of sequences encoding a nuclear localization signal-Cre recombinase (CDX2P/NLSCre) fusion protein were also generated. β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity was measured by standard methods, and Cre expression/activity was analyzed by generating mice carrying the CDX2P/NLSCre transgene and Gtrosa26tm1Sor targeted mutation, which is a reporter for cells in which Cre recombinase has been active. RESULTS: In mice carrying the CDX2P-9.5kb/NLSLacZ construct, i n situ assays demonstrated strong β-gal expression in essentially all epithelial cells in appendix, colon, and rectal tissues, while minimal β-gal expression was seen in mice carrying CDX2P-0.5kb/NLSLacZ construct. The expression data from adult CDX2P-9.5kb/NLSLacZ transgenic mice contrast with data showing strong endogenous CDX2 expression throughout small intestine and colonic epithelium. Analysis in CDX2P-9.5kb/NLSLacZ staged embryos indicated β-gal expression largely mirrors the expression of CDX2 during development. Cre expression from mice carrying the CDX2P/NLSCre and Gtrosa26tm1Sor mutation was restricted in the gastrointestinal tract to distal ileum, appendix, colon, and rectum. Studies in various adult tissues indicated Cre expression is activated during development in caudal and posterior cells, which normally express CDX2 during development. CONCLUSIONS: A 9.5-kb 5’-flanking region from the human CDX2 gene contains key cis elements for regulating transcription predominantly in colonic epithelium of adult mice. Our studies with CDX2P/NLSCre mice suggest the mice may be very useful for somatic targeting of genes containing lox P sites preferentially in colonic epithelial cells of the adult mouse, perhaps allowing generation of new mouse colon cancer progression models.
Inter-Firm differences in Client Disclosures of Post-Retirement Benefit Obligations Under SFAS 106

This study examines the relationship between disclosure of pre--implementation estimates of the impact of newly-enacted accounting standards and the identity of the companies' auditor. While the results of prior research suggest that such differences would not exist across the largest (Big Six) accounting firms, our findings provide evidence that the identity of the CPA firm does influence such disclosures. These findings persist after controlling for the effect(s) of other variables thought to influence the decision to provide such disclosures. These results provide motivation for additional research on auditors' influence over their clients' disclosure practices, particularly in light of recent evidence that the informativeness of a company's disclosures influences their cost of capital.
The work of scholars: an institutional ethnography of a McNair scholars’ class

ABSTRACTThe McNair Scholars Program continues to be pivotal towards increasing diversity within graduate schools in the USA, particularly within doctoral programmes. The programme provides underrepresented undergraduate students with opportunities to learn about research and applying to graduate schools, which otherwise might not be available for these students. Every academic year, students who come from various socially marginalised backgrounds such as low-income, Black, Latino/a, among other social categories, work on learning research skills in the McNair programme to become attractive prospective graduate students. The purpose of this study was to understand students’ work within McNair programs, particularly when it came to completing McNair assignments. Based off an institutional ethnographic methodology, this study highlights how students lived the discourse of being McNair scholars.
GABAA-Receptor-Mediated Rebound Burst Firing and Burst Shunting in Thalamus

Ulrich, Daniel and John R. Huguenard. GABAA-receptor-mediated rebound burst firing and burst shunting in thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1748–1751, 1997. The role of γ-aminobutyricacid-A (GABAA)-rec...
Feature Inheritance and Object Raising in Epistemic Modal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese

We present evidence to argue that the object raising in epistemic modal constructions in Chinese is A-movement. The consequence of this claim is the apparent violation of Minimal Link Condition. Following Chomsky’s (2007 & 2008) feature inheritance hypothesis, we argue that the T of the TP complement of epistemic verbs does not contain any unvalued phi-features due to the absence of the CP-layer, and contains only the inherent EPP structural requirement, which, in itself, does not impose minimality restriction on the search of the goal. The implication of this analysis is three-fold: (i) the checking-based approach to A-movement does not hold in Chinese, (ii) Chinese employs the delayed version of Phase Impenetrability Condition, and (iii) activity condition in Chinese is subject to factor(s) other than Case.
Top-Down Management and Patrol Officers’ Attitudes About the Importance of Public Order Maintenance: A Research Note

Police organizations are inherently top down in their managerial style, and order maintenance policing—being a strategy adopted by top management and implemented by lower ranking personnel—may hit a roadblock that is typical in top-down organizations: Lower ranking personnel may not embrace the mission of order maintenance to the same extent that their superiors do. The present study compares attitudes about order maintenance policing across rank in an urban police department. The results indicate that patrol officers express significantly less support for public order maintenance relative to personnel of higher ranks; however, educational attainment and attachment to supervisors emerged as meaningful influences on attitude as well, which suggests that police managers and supervisors can improve lower ranking officers’ endorsement of top-down strategies like order maintenance through their supervisory and hiring practices.
Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes

Carbon nanofibers and nanotubes have been prepared from the decomposition of carbon containing gases with the aid of an iron catalyst particle. The physical characteristics as well as the degree of crystalline perfection of the structures were found to be dependent on the nature of the metal particle and the conditions at which the material was grown. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that nanofibers were obtained from large catalyst particles (>20 nm), whereas nanotubes were formed by the aid of smaller particles (<20 nm). The orientation of the graphitc platelets in the carbon nanofibers was dependent on the alignment of the planes at the rear faces of the iron particle that were responsible for the precipitation of carbon. Carbon nanofibers exhibited reactivity in carbon dioxide comparable to that of single crystal graphite under the same conditions.
Sub-Cell Shock Capturing for Discontinuous Galerkin Methods

A shock capturing strategy for higher order Discontinuous Galerkin approximations of scalar conservation laws is presented. We show how the original explicit artificial viscosity methods proposed over fifty years ago for finite volume methods, can be used very eectively in the context of high order approximations. Rather than relying on the dissipation inherent in Discontinuous Galerkin approximations, we add an artificial viscosity term which is aimed at eliminating the high frequencies in the solution, thus eliminating Gibbs-type oscillations. We note that the amount of viscosity required for stability is determined by the resolution of the approximating space and therefore decreases with the order of the approximating polynomial. Unlike classical finite volume artificial viscosity methods, where the shock is spread over several computational cells, we show that the proposed approach is capable of capturing the shock as a sharp, but smooth profile, which is typically contained within one element. The method is complemented with a shock detection algorithm which is based on the rate of decay of the expansion coecients of the solution when this is expressed in a hierarchical orthonormal basis. For the Euler equations, we consider and discuss the performance of several forms of the artificial viscosity term.
Boost-based Two-level Grid-connected Photovoltaic Inverter System

In grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system,maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV modules must be executed to achieve higher efficiency. For grid connecting,the dc voltage of the inverter must be higher than the amplitude of grid voltage which restricts the output voltage of PV modules. Consequently,a grid-connected photovoltaic inverter system is researched. The inverter system is composed of a Boost DC/DC chopper in series with an inverter. The boost chopper changes the output voltage of the PV array by adjusting the duty cycle,by which the MPPT was achieved. The controller for the inverter system contains inner current loop and external voltage loop. The external loop stabilizes the voltage of the capacitor of the inverter,while the inner current loop controls the grid-connecting current. The MPPT and the control of the grid-connected inverter are independent from each other which make the PV system more flexible and reliable. The design of main component's parameters and the control strategy for the inverter system is also presented. The simulation in MatlabR2007a/Simulink confirms the effectiveness of the inverter system.
Clinical research of early intervention on late preterm

【Objective】To explore the influence of early intervention on late preterm.【Methods】100 cases of patients with late preterm were divided into intervention group and general group randomly. The intervention group has been direction by conventional care rearing guidance, and they were intervention for individualize, according to assessment, make joint intervention plan.With there patients, intervention, assessment the intervention results. The Intelligent development situation were assessment by Gesell Developmental Schedules.【Results】The major movement and adaptation development in 3 months for the intervention group were higher than the general group(P0.05).【Conclusion】 It can improve the IQ, development of motor system, and reduce the disability rate, increase the long-term quality of life by early intervention on late preterm.
Iron phosphide nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for the OER in alkaline solution

Ultrasmall iron phosphide nanoparticles have been reported as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction under alkaline conditions with a low overpotential and Tafel slope. Mixing the FeP nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide further reduces the overpotential to 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is one of the lowest values reported for OER electrocatalysts.
Primary Neurolymphomatosis Presenting With Polyradiculoneuropathy Affecting One Lower Limb.

Objectives We report a case of primary neurolymphomatosis (NL) with unusual presentation and excellent treatment response. Methods Chart review. Results A 64-year-old woman presented with 2 months of progressive pain, weakness, and numbness in her right leg. Nerve conduction study/electromyogram suggested a right lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy with associated acute right peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head. L/S spine and right leg magnetic resonance imaging showed thickening and contrast enhancement of the right S1 nerve root and the right distal sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves, as well as a lobular enhancing lesion of the right superficial peroneal nerve. Whole-body fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scan showed no other lesions. A right superficial peroneal nerve lesion biopsy revealed infiltration of the nerve by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The lymphoma cells expressed BCL2 but not CD10, suggesting an origin in peripheral blood not lymph nodes. Despite the expression of BCL2, which is considered as a poor prognosis marker, our patient responded very well to the combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy with the R-MPV (rituximab, MTX, procarbazine, and vincristine) regimen. The patient showed marked clinical improvement and complete resolution of lymphoma lesions on the PET scan. Conclusions Our case broadens the clinical spectrum and illustrates the importance of early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of primary NL.