cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Addition of Dimesitylphosphine to Platinum(0): P−H vs P−C Activation

Reaction of Pt(dppe)(trans-stilbene) (1) with dimesitylphosphine initially gives, in equilibrium with 1, PHMes2, and trans-stilbene, the kinetic product of P−H activation, Pt(dppe)(PMes2)(H) (2, dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2). Further reaction of this mixture gives the thermodynamic product of P−C activation, Pt(dppe)(PHMes)(Mes) (3), plus the disproportionation products Pt(dppe)2 (4) and Pt(0).
Solvent effects on the molecular properties of pectins.

Measurements revealed that LiAc/HAc buffer, when compared with other solvents, gave relatively low values of turbidity for five commercial pectins with various apparent molar masses and degrees of methyl esterification (DE). Therefore, HPSEC with on-line light scattering and viscosity detection was employed to compare LiAc/HAc buffer against NaNO3 solution, a commonly used mobile phase for measuring the molecular properties of these pectins and an additional pectin prepared by microwave extraction. Microwave-extracted pectin was included in the study for its higher molar mass and DE compared with commercial pectins. Most commercial samples were more soluble and had a higher molar mass when dissolved in NaNO3 than in LiAc/HAc buffer, whereas the microwave-extracted pectin was more soluble in LiAc/HAc buffer and had about the same molar mass. Furthermore, association fragments of pectin contained in samples were more dissociated by LiAc/HAc buffer than by NaNO3. For the samples studied, weight-average molar...
On the limiting distribution of pair-summable potential functions in many-particle systems

For systems with finite phase space volume, the density of states can be viewed as a multiple of the probability density of the energy, when the phase space variables are independent uniformly distributed random variables. We show that the distribution of a random variable proportional to the sum of pairwise interactions of independent identically distributed random variables converges to a limiting distribution as the number of variables goes to infinity, when the interaction satisfies certain homogeneity requirements. The moments of this distribution are simple combinations of cyclic integrals of the potential function. The existence of this limit gives information about the structure function of some systems in statistical mechanics having pair-summable interactions, even in the absence of a thermodynamic limit. The result is applied to several examples, including systems of two-dimensional point vortices.
Image analysis in medical imaging: recent advances in selected examples.

Medical imaging has developed into one of the most important fields within scientific imaging due to the rapid and continuing progress in computerised medical image visualisation and advances in analysis methods and computer-aided diagnosis. Several research applications are selected to illustrate the advances in image analysis algorithms and visualisation. Recent results, including previously unpublished data, are presented to illustrate the challenges and ongoing developments. © 2010 Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal. All rights reserved.
A controlled trial of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.

To determine the efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of Crohn's disease, a 26-week double-blind trial was performed. 20 patients with Crohn's disease, requiring at least 10 mg of prednisone/day over the 3 months prior to entering the study were randomized into placebo (10 patients) and azathioprine (10 patients) treatment groups. Reduction of steroids was the major criterion of success in the trial. There were 7 relapses in the placebo group (5 patients) and 2 relapses in the azathioprine group (2 patients). Complications including fistulae were not affected by the medications. The mean reduction in steroid dosage in the azathioprine group at the end of the trial (−15.5 mg) was greater than in the placebo group (−6.1 mg). These results suggest that azathioprine may permit reduction or discontinuation of steroids without the worsening of symptoms in some patients who appear to require steroids for control of their symptoms. The clinical features of this “AZA-responsive subgroup” remain to be defined.
Continuity, Spiritual Growth, and Coping in Later Adulthood

SUMMARY Continuity of values, lifestyles, and relationships combines with spiritual growth in later life to provide most people a sense of direction and adequate resources for coping with changes that occur with aging. Being able to recognize threads of continuity and to perceive benefit from one's inner life are significant predictors of being able to maintain life satisfaction in the face of negative aspects of aging. Data from a 20-year longitudinal study are used to provide details.
Multistage methodologies for fixed-width simultaneous confidence intervals for all pairwise comparisons

Abstract We consider the problem of constructing a set of fixed-width simultaneous confidence intervals for all pairwise differences of means of k(⩾ 2) independent normal populations with a common and unknown variance. A purely sequential procedure has been proposed recently in Liu (1995) [Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 20, 35–44]. In order to save sampling operations, accelerated sequential and three-stage methodologies are developed for the same problem. Asymptotic second-order characteristics of these two methodologies are provided first. Next, through simulations, performances of the purely sequential, accelerated sequential and three-stage estimation techniques are compared for moderate sample sizes. Overall, the second-order asymptotics are found to provide good approximations even for moderate sample sizes.
Proton conducting polyaniline molecular sieve composites

Abstract Mesoporous SBA-15/polyaniline composites were synthesized and their physical properties were investigated. The polyaniline was polymerized inside the pores of the mesoporous material by a post-synthesis process as well as an in one step process during the preparation of the molecular sieve. These materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. The composite polyaniline/SBA-15 was electrically insulating (dc conductivity ∼10 −8 S/cm) and produced proton conductivities of up to 10 −2 S/cm when doped with HCl.
Microarray analysis of early adipogenesis in C3H10T1/2 cells: Cooperative inhibitory effects of growth factors and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts differentiate into adipocytes when stimulated by a standard hormonal mixture (IDMB). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), inhibits induction of the key adipogenic gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and subsequent adipogenesis. This TCDD-mediated inhibition requires activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which can be accomplished by serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In the absence of serum or growth factors, IDMB induced adipogenesis without mitosis. Microarray analysis identified 200 genes that exhibited expression changes of at least twofold after 24 h of IDMB treatment. This time precedes most PPARγ stimulation but follows the period of TCDD/ERK cooperation and periods of increased cell contraction and DNA synthesis. Functionally related gene clusters include genes associated with cell structure, triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism, oxidative regulation, and secreted proteins. In the absence of growth factors TCDD inhibited 30% of these IDMB responses without inhibiting the process of differentiation. A combination of EGF and TCDD that blocks differentiation cooperatively blocked a further 44 IDMB-responsive genes, most of which have functional links to differentiation, including PPARγ. Cell cycle regulators that are stimulated by EGF were substantially inhibited by IDMB but these responses were unaffected by TCDD. By contrast, TCDD and EGF cooperatively reversed IDMB-induced changes in cell adhesion complexes immediately prior to increases in PPARγ1 expression. Changes in adhesion-linked signaling may play a key role in TCDD affects on differentiation.
Simultaneous separation and determination (in serum) of phenytoin and carbamazepine and their deuterated analogues by high-performance liquid chromatography--ultraviolet detection for tracer studies.

Abstract The use of stable isotope-labeled tracer compounds is the safest and most effective method to perform many steady state pharmacokinetic and drug interaction studies. We describe a method by which the heavily deuterated 2H10 analogues of carbamazepine (2H10 CBZ) and phenytoin (2H10 PHT) can be chromatographically separated by high-performance liquid chromatography from unlabeled CBZ and PHT. All compounds are quantitated against an internal standard (IS) (10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine) and measured using conventional UV detection rather than mass spectrometry. Baseline resolution of extracted serum containing 2H10 CBZ, CBZ, 2H10 PHT, PHT and IS is achieved on a heated (55°C) 25 cm × 4.6 mm BioAnalytical Systems Phase II 5 μm ODS column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of water—acetonitrile—tetrahydrofuran (80:16:4, v/v/v) at 1.2 ml/min. Eluting compounds were monitored at a UV wavelength of 214 nm. Calculated resolution of 2H10 CBZ from CBZ and of 2H10 PHT from PHT were 1.3. Serum standard curves were linear (R ⩾ 0.999) over a range of 0.5–14 μg/ml for 2H10 CBZ, 0.5–20 μg/ml for CBZ, 0.5–20 μg/ml for 2H10 PHT, and 0.5–30 μg/ml for PHT. Within-day percent relative standard deviations (precision) were less than 6% in all cases.
Teaching with Transmedia

The media environment is currently being dramatically changed by social networking, mobile computing, augmented reality, and transmedia. Of these four, transmedia is probably the least familiar to most educators. Transmedia enhances a central story idea with a variety of media components that provide additional information, give increased importance to minor characters in the main narrative, or even add new characters that were not in the original story. These techniques are already being widely used for movies, television, and advertising. They also offer significant advantages for education, although it will require some major adjustments in order for them to become accepted in higher education.
Operators or restrictors? A reply to Gillies

According to operator theories, "if" denotes a two-place operator. According to restrictor theories, "if" doesn't contribute an operator of its own but instead merely restricts the domain of some co-occurring quantifier. The standard arguments (Lewis 1975, Kratzer 1986) for restrictor theories have it that operator theories (but not restrictor theories) struggle to predict the truth conditions of quantified conditionals like (1) a. If John didn't work at home, he usually worked in his office. b. If John didn't work at home, he must have worked in his office. Gillies (2010) offers a context-shifty conditional operator theory that predicts the right truth conditions for epistemically modalized conditionals like (1b), thus undercutting one standard argument for restrictor theories. I explore how we might generalize Gillies' theory to adverbially quantified conditionals like (1a) and deontic conditionals, and argue that a natural generalization of Gillies' theory -- following his strategy for handling epistemically modalized conditionals -- won't work for these other conditionals because a crucial assumption that epistemic modal bases are closed (used to neutralize the epistemic quantification contributed by "if") doesn't have plausible analogs in these other domains. doi:10.3765/sp.4.4 BibTeX info
Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Can Be Estimated From Medical Records

Background and Purpose— The 15-item National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurological deficit with established reliability and validity for use in clinical research. An abridged 11-item modified NIHSS (mNIHSS) has been described that simplifies or eliminates redundant and less reliable items. We aimed to determine whether the mNIHSS could be accurately abstracted from medical records to facilitate retrospective research. Methods— We selected 39 patient records for which NIHSS scores were formally measured. Handwritten notes from medical records were abstracted, and NIHSS item scores were estimated by 5 raters blinded to actual scores. Estimated scores were compared among raters and with actual measured scores. Results— Interrater reliability for total NIHSS on admission and discharge was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. However, ICCs for 2 items (facial palsy and dysarthria) were poor (<0.40...
Development of chronic pulmonary inflammation in immunized guinea pigs by aerosol challenge with antigen: relationship of immune complex disease and cell-mediated hypersensitivity☆

Abstract Immunized guinea pigs develop immune complex disease (ICD) in the lungs after a single aerosol challenge with specific antigen. In the current study, immunized guinea pigs developed chronic pulmonary inflammation and cellular immunity (CI) in the lungs when aerosol challenged daily with specific antigen for 2 wk. When immune serum was passively transferred to normal recipients that were then aerosol challenged with specific antigen for 2 wk, chronic pulmonary inflammation and CI did not develop. These results suggest that ICD produced by passive transfer of serum and subsequent aerosol exposure to antigen was inadequate to cause chronic pulmonary inflammation and Cl. The development of chronic pulmonary inflammation by aerosol challenge with antigen was suppressed with cobra venom factor. However, because of other studies, we attribute this suppression to the diminution of complement (C) factors in the alternative C pathway that affect macrophage mobility rather than to the depletion of C5a, which is important in the development of ICD.
Wavelet-Based Audio Embedding and Audio/Video Compression

Watermarking, traditionally used for copyright protection, is used in a new and exciting way. An efficient wavelet-based watermarking technique embeds audio information into a video signal. Several effective compression techniques are applied to compress the resulting audio/video signal in an embedded fashion. This wavelet-based compression algorithm incorporates bit-plane coding, index coding, and Huffman coding. To demonstrate the potential of this audio embedding and audio/video compression algorithm, we embed an audio signal into a video signal and then compress. Results show that overall compression rates of 15:1 can be achieved. The video signal is reconstructed with a median PSNR of nearly 33 dB. Finally, the audio signal is extracted from the compressed audio/video signal without error.
Perceptions of Parent Involvement in Academic Achievement

The authors sought to understand the types of parent involvement that teachers, parents, and students believe affect the academic achievement of adolescent learners at the junior high school level. Research that included focus groups, interviews, and surveys indicated that teachers and students believed that parent involvement at school was considered less important to a child's academic achievement than parent involvement in academics at home. In addition, parents rated themselves as more participatory in academics than did their children or junior high school teachers.
Operative death and pediatric neurosurgery missions: international perspective and transcultural considerations

AbstractInternational surgical missions that perform and teach surgery to improve the care of children in less industrialised nations embody core altruistic values that resonate with physicians and nurses across the world. During such enterprises, challenges arise not only from the logistics of providing clinical care in unfamiliar surroundings, but also from interpersonal barriers that exist due to cultural and language differences. The scenario in which these barriers must be transcended is the surgeon-parent discussion of an intraoperative death of a child. It is imperative to develop a thoughtful preoperative relationship with the family of sick children and a process by which families can be made aware of a tragic outcome. The topic of intraoperative death, in the context of international surgical missions, is discussed in order to provide insights that may lessen the occurrence of long-term, complicated grief for parents whose child dies.
Monitoring Local Food Security and Coping Strategies: Lessons from Information Collection and Analysis in Mopti, Mali

Save the Children Fund (UK) established a local food security monitoring project in the Mopti region of Mali, which was operational between 1987 and 1993. This article describes some of the lessons learnt from this experience of monitoring food security and coping strategies. It illustrates how coping strategies can be an important element in tracking vulnerability in the Sahel, but that interpretation is complex and there are limitations to their use. Secondly, consideration must be given to the institutional context in which information systems are set up. Information providers must be linked institutionally to response mechanisms, to ensure that data are fed systematically into the design, implementation and monitoring of appropriate response.
Magnetic amplifier characteristics

IN A RECENT STUDY1 an analysis has been presented for the determination of the steady-state characteristics of magnetic amplifiers in terms of data of design. The method is to apply Kirchhoff's and Faraday's laws to the electric circuits of the amplifier and to use Ampere's law to relate the magnetic field intensities and currents, expressing the empirical relationship between field intensities and flux densities by means of some convenient analytical expressions.
Purges and Production: Soviet Economic Growth, 1928–1940

Did preparations for the Second World War account for the precipitous drop in the growth rate of Soviet industrial production from 10–12 percent per annum in the period 1928–1937 to only 2–3 percent per annum in the period 1937–1940? According to some who study the Soviet economy the answer is “yes.” This view has been succinctly expressed by Stanley Cohn: “After 1937, the rising spectre of Hitler forced the Soviet leadership to shift resources into armaments on a massive scale. As a result, the growth rate fell drastically to 3.6 percent per year between 1937 and 1940.” Such a sequence of events, however, has never been empirically demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to investigate formally the validity of this explanation, via aggregate production functions, particularly of the CES (constant elasticity of substitution) variety, as well as to explore an alternative hypothesis, espoused, among others, by Naum Jasny, Alec Nove and Warren Nutter. This hypothesis stresses a domestic factor as the major contributor to the disruption in industrial production: namely, the impact of Stalin's terror in the form of chaos-producing political purges.
The singular integrals related to the calderón-zygmund method of rotations

In this paper, we establish that the following maximal Hilbert transform along two-sided homogeneous curves, is bounded in the mixed norm Lebesgue spaces, Lp(Lq,(S1),R2), where .
Using a Session Feedback Form in Cognitive Therapy with Children

This article presents a new written form for eliciting session feedback from children. The importance of session feedback is discussed and the specific written form is presented. Clinical applications and advantages of the session feedback form are also reviewed. Additionally, the uses of the session feedback form in supervision are explained. Finally, cautions and limitations are outlined.
Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Variance Components in Animal Model Using Sparse Matrix Inversion and a Supercomputer

Abstract The estimation of variance components by EM-type REML algorithms requires repeated inversion of the coefficient matrix of the mixed model equations. In the animal model, the rank of the coefficient matrix is usually larger than the number of records. If inversion is done by dense matrix algorithms, equations are limited to fewer than 2000. This study investigated the inversion of large coefficient matrices by direct sparse matrix solvers in analyzing conformation final scores of selected Holstein herds. The largest model contained 36,771 animal effects, 30,739 permanent environmental effects, 6102 herd × sire interactions, 532 herd-time classes, and 55 unknown parent groups, resulting in a coefficient matrix of order 74,199. Inversion was by sparse matrix package SMPAK, partly vectorized for the Cray-2 supercomputer. The convergence rate was accelerated by modified Aitken's extrapolation. For most rounds, the traces were based on a sample of inverse elements, resulting in up to 25 times lower cost per round. The largest model required 8 MWords (64 Mbytes) memory and used 5h central processing unit time for one inverse or 10h CPU time for complete run. Estimates were .67, 6.08, 4.62, and 3.47 for variance of herd by sire, permanent environment, animal, and residual, respectively.
V, Cr, and Mn in the earth, moon, EPB, and SPB and the origin of the moon - Experimental studies

The abundances of V, Cr, and Mn inferred for the mantles of the earth and moon decrease in that order and are similar in both mantles (but distinct from those in the mantles of the Eucrite Parent Body and Shergottite Parent Body), suggesting a common origin for the mantles of the earth and the moon. This hypothesis was investigated on the basis of a comparison between the depletions of V, Cr, and Mn in the mantles of the earth and the moon, and the metal/silicate partition coefficients of these elements at 1260 C and 1 bar pressure among a S-bearing metallic liquid, a silicate melt, and a FeNi alloy. It was found that the earth and the moon depletions of V, Cr, and Mn are not correlated with metal/silicate partition coefficients; the V and Cr partitioned into S-rich metallic liquids under reducing conditions more strongly than Mn, consistent with the relative volatilities of these elements. This indicates that the depletion patterns of these elements in the mantles of the earth and moon cannot be attributed primarily to terrestrial core formation.
Stretch and compress based re-scheduling techniques for minimizing the execution times of DAGs on multi-core processors under energy constraints

Given an initial schedule of a parallel program represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and an energy constraint, the question arises how to effectively determine what nodes (tasks) can be penalized (slowed down) through the use of dynamic voltage scaling. The resulting re-schedule length with a strict energy budget should have a minimum amount of expansion compared to the original schedule achieved with full energy. We propose three static schemes that aim to achieve this goal. Each scheme encompasses submitting a schedule to either a conceptual “stretch” (starting tasks with a maximum voltage supplied to all cores followed by methodical voltage reductions) or “compress” (starting tasks with a minimum voltage supplied to all cores followed by methodical voltage boosts). The complexity arises due to the inter-dependence of tasks. We propose methods that efficiently make such findings by analyzing the DAG and determining the “impact factor” of a node in the graph for the purpose of guiding the schedule toward the desired goal. The comparison between the stretch-alone and compress-alone based algorithms leads to a third algorithm that employs schedule “compression,” but reschedules all cores following each successive voltage adjustment. Detailed simulation experiments demonstrate the effect of various task and processor parameters on the performance of the proposed algorithms.
A conceptual framework for estimating the climate impacts of land-use change due to energy crop programs.

In this paper I discuss general conceptual issues in the estimation of the impacts of CO2 emissions from soils and biomass, over time, as a result of land-use change (LUC) due to increased demand for energy crops. The effect of LUC on climate depends generally on the magnitude and timing of changes in soil and plant carbon, and in particular on the timing and extent of the reversion of land to original ecosystems at the end of the bioenergy program. Depending on whether one counts the climate impacts of any reversion of land uses, and how one values future climate-change impacts relative to present impacts, one can estimate anywhere from zero to very large climate impacts due to land-use change (LUC). I argue that the best method is to estimate the net present value (NPV) of the impacts of climate change due to LUC. With this approach, one counts the reversion impacts at the end of the program and applies a continuous discounting function to future impacts to express them in present terms. In this case, the impacts of CO2 emissions from the initial LUC then are at least partially offset by the impacts of CO2 sequestration from reversion.
The Kunitz-3 domain of TFPI-α is required for protein S-dependent enhancement of factor Xa inhibition

Protein S (PS) enhances the inhibition of factor Xa (FXa) by tissue factor pathway inhibitor-α (TFPI-α) in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids. Altered forms of recombinant TFPI-α were used to determine the structures within TFPI-α that may be involved in this PS-dependent effect. Wild-type TFPI-α (TFPIWT), TFPI-α lacking the K3 domain (TFPI-ΔK3), and TFPI-α containing a single amino acid change at the putative P1 residue of K3 (R199L, TFPIK3P1) produced equivalent FXa inhibition in the absence of PS, whereas the response in FXa inhibition produced by PS was reduced with TFPIK3P1 (EC50 61.8 ± 13.4nM vs 8.0 ± 0.4nM for TFPIWT) and not detectable with TFPI-ΔK3. Ligand blotting and surface plasmon resonance experiments demonstrated that FXa bound TFPIWT and TFPI-ΔK3 but not the isolated K3 domain, whereas PS bound TFPIWT and the K3 domain but not TFPI-ΔK3. Addition of TFPIWT, TFPIK3P1, or TFPI-ΔK3 produced comparable prolongation of FXa-induced coagulation in PS-deficient plasma, but the anticoagulant effect of TFPIWT was substantially greater than that of TFPIK3P1 > TFPI-ΔK3 in normal plasma and PS-deficient plasma reconstituted with PS. We conclude that the PS-mediated enhancement of FXa inhibition by TFPI-α involves an interaction between PS and TFPI-α, which requires the K3 domain of TFPI-α.
Characters of Hopf algebras

In the development of the character theory of finite groups, one of the key facts used in proving the orthogonality relations is the invariance property of cg E kG. (See, e.g., the proofs of Lemma 5.1.3 in [2] and of Eq. (31.8) in [l].) Since finite-dimensional Hopf algebras [5] and the dual algebras of certain infinite-dimensional Hopf algebras [7] contain elements with properties analogous to those of Cg, it is reasonable to expect that an orthogonality relation will hold for characters of such Hopf algebras. In Section 2 of this paper we prove such an orthogonality relation. In order to include a character theory for infinite dimensional Hopf algebras, we must consider characters as elements of the Hopf algebra which are associated with comodules over the Hopf algebra, rather than as functionals on the Hopf algebra which are associated with modules over the Hopf algebra. This point of view allows a simultaneous treatment of the characters of compact Lie groups and completely reducible affine algebraic groups (taking as the Hopf algebra the algebra of representative functions), of the characters of semisimple Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 (taking U(L)” as the Hopf algebra; the characters studied here differ from those of Expose 18 of [6] by a scalar multiple), and of the characters of finite groups (taking as the Hopf algebra the dual Hopf algebra to the group algebra). We then use our results to prove that the dimension of a simple comodule of an involutory cosemisimple Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field is not divisible by the characteristic of the field. In Section 3 we prove that the antipode y of a cosemisimple Hopf algebra is bijective, and that y2 maps each simple subcoalgebra onto itself. In Section 4 we give a generalization of Maschke’s Theorem: If the characteristic of the field does not divide the dimension of a finite dimensional involutory Hopf algebra, then the Hopf algebra and its dual are semisimple; if the characteristic does divide the
Analysis of the Primary Sequence of Human Myelin Basic Protein Peptides 1–44 and 90–170 by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry

The originally described sequence of human myelin basic protein peptide 45-89 has recently been shown to contain two errors which have now been resolved. In the present study fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was utilized to analyze the primary sequence of the other portions, peptides 1-44 and 90-170 of human myelin basic protein. The results obtained confirm the accuracy of the primary sequence published for both of these terminal peptides.
Establishment and growth of native hardwood and conifer seedlings underplanted in thinned Douglas-fir stands

Abstract Five conifers and two hardwoods native to the Pacific Northwest were planted under four overstory densities of 30-year-old plantations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Stand treatments were unthinned (547 trees ha−1), narrow thin (252 trees ha−1), wide thin (138 trees ha−1), and very wide thin (72 trees ha−1). Conditions in the unthinned stands were lethal to both hardwoods and conifers. Eighth-year survival in thinned stands ranged from 87 to 94% for conifer species and 61 to 94% for hardwood species. Eighth-year mean heights of conifer species ranged from 2.6 to 5.4 m. On the basis of size and damage incurred during the study, we ranked conifer species in decreasing order of suitability for underplanting as western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), Douglas-fir, grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don). Eighth-year mean height of red alder (Alnus rubra (Bong.)) was 7.7 m in thinned stands. Heavy and repeated browse (mostly from elk, Cervus elaphus) on bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) and to a lesser degree on western redcedar led us to conclude that these species may be unsuitable for underplanting unless they can be adequately protected. The other five conifer species and red alder suffered little damage during the study and are all viable choices for underplanting where diversity enhancement is an objective. Major findings from this study are (1) underplanting was successful (good survival and size) when the overstory canopy was thinned to wide or very wide spacings and available light was markedly increased; (2) fast growth of planted seedlings such as red alder, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce can enhance stand structure early in the development of thinned stands; (3) the level of thinning intensity affects light availability in the understory and will determine the vitality and longevity of underplanted seedlings; and (4) animal damage, mostly from elk browse and antler rubbing, varied by species and by size of seedlings but can be so serious as to limit the choice of seedlings.
Pavlov and the prisoner's dilemma

Our Pavlov learns by conditioned response, through rewards and punishments, to cooperate or defect. We analyze the behavior of an extended play Prisoner's Dilemma with Pavlov against various opponents and compute the time and cost to train Pavlov to cooperate. Among our results is that Pavlov and his clone would learn to cooperate more rapidly than if Pavlov played against the Tit for Tat strategy. This fact has implications for the evolution of cooperation.
Direct Repair for Managing Acute and Chronic Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Disruptions

Purpose Acute elbow injuries that disrupt the lateral ulnar collateral ligament and result in posterolateral rotatory instability usually require surgical treatment. The 2 technical options reported, direct repair and use of a palmaris longus tendon graft, have usually favored the use of the graft. To balance this emphasis, we report our experience with direct repair of the humeral origin in cases of trauma, whether acute, delayed, or recurrent. It was our hypothesis that because the humeral origin is the point of failure and separation, restoration of this attachment is sufficient to restore stability and durable function without the need for a graft. Methods Patients with complete disruption of the posterolateral ligaments of the elbow, who were managed with direct repair to the humeral origin, were included. Patients were separated into an acute treatment group ( 30 d). Mayo Elbow Performance Scores and postoperative range of motion were collected from patient records. Results A total of 34 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 42 months. No difference was seen in Mayo Elbow Performance Scores between acute (mean, 90) or delayed treatment (mean, 89) of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament tear. No difference was seen in final elbow flexion or extension. Two patients in the acute group had failure of the direct repair requiring intervention. In the delayed group, no patients had recurrent instability. Conclusions No significant difference in clinical outcome or range of motion was observed after direct repair of traumatic tears of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament tear between acute and delayed treatment cohorts. Despite complete disruption of the posterolateral ligaments, direct repair of the torn ligament to its humeral origin was effective without supplemental tendon graft reconstruction irrespective of interval from injury to repair, mechanism of injury, or associated fractures. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Wavefront correction system based on an equilateral triangular arrangement of actuators

We are developing an adaptive optics system that is based on an array of actuators arranged with subapertures that are equilateral triangles. The wavefront sensor is a video Hartmann sensor that also uses an equilateral array of lenslets. The controller hardware uses a VME bus. The design minimizes the generation of reflected wavefronts higher than first order across each lenslet for large excursions of actuators from positions where the mirror is flat and, thus maximizes the precision of the slopes measured by the Hartmann sensor. The design is also immune to the waffle mode that is present in the reconstructors of adaptive optics systems where actuators are arranged in a square array.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of Substrate Surface Roughness on Tin Whisker Growth

Implementation of Pb-free electronics has resulted in use of pure Sn surface finishes which are known to pose reliability issues due to the spontaneous growth of Sn whiskers. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the effect of surface roughness on Sn whisker growth. The varying (brass) substrate roughness conditions have been created by an unpolished, an electrochemically-polished, and a mechanically-polished surface. Subsequent Sn deposition using magnetron sputtering produced a thin (~6000 Aring) Sn film on the brass. Results show that the smoother brass substrates produced significantly more Sn whiskers than rougher surfaces. Both the quantity of whiskers is greater and the average whisker length is longer as the brass smoothness increases. This is contrary to conventional wisdom which presumed that rougher surfaces offered more film stress and enhanced whisker growth.
Economic Development and Cultural Change: The Role of Emigration

The interest of social scientists long has focused upon cross-cultural migration, but barring a few exceptions, the emphasis has been either on socioeconomic factors in the receiving society or on the processes of adaptation involving the migrants themselves and their hosts. The sending society seldom has occasioned interest. The present paper investigates the role of migration in changes within a "sending community" of peasant South Italy which, as we shall see, has experienced heavy emigration since the end of World War II. The focus will be on the effects of objective economic changes resulting from emigration upon the peasant's traditional sense of despair and chronic melancholy.
The entropy term in isodesmic, association, and conformational equilibration reactions

Isodesmic reactions involving methyl, phenyl, and vinyl species are shown to be accompanied by small entropy changes. In contrast, the “association≓ reaction of methane with vinyl species has a large entropy change that is quite well estimated by approximate translational entropy differences. The effect of neglecting multiple species on conformational equilibrium returns us to small but still predictable changes.
The Body Logic Program for Adolescents: A Treatment Manual for the Prevention of Eating Disorders

The Body Logic Program for Adolescents was developed as a two-stage intervention to prevent the development of eating disorder symptoms. Preliminary results indicate that this program shows promise as an effective prevention effort. The current article provides a detailed description of the protocol for implementing Body Logic Part I, a school-based intervention. A brief review of Body Logic Part II, an intensive family-based intervention for high-risk students, is also provided. Examples of exercises are introduced and goals for practitioners are discussed. The authors hope that by providing this in-depth description of the protocol, researchers and clinicians can use this program in future prevention efforts.
Endogenous type-I interferon activity is not associated with depression or fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often suffer from depression and fatigue in addition to the physical manifestations of the autoimmune disease. Elevated production of type-I interferons (IFN-I) has been found in lupus patients and IFN-I can precipitate a variety of neuropsychiatric side effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dysregulated IFN-I production and the presence of depression or fatigue in lupus patients. Through cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis we found no significant correlation between abnormal IFN-I levels (as measured by peripheral blood expression of IFN-I-stimulated genes) and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Elevation of endogenous serum IFN-I levels is unlikely to account for the depression and fatigue associated with SLE.
Outcomes of Total or Near-Total Lip Reconstruction With Microvascular Tissue Transfer

Purpose The reconstruction of total lower lip defects is very challenging, whether from trauma or after oncologic treatment. The challenge faced by surgeons is to re-create not only an esthetically pleasing lower lip but also, more importantly, a lip that is functional. Materials and Methods The authors reviewed their experience at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville in reconstructing these challenging defects over a 3 year period. The timeline extended from 2007 through 2010. All surgeries were performed by the senior author. The medical records were reviewed to retrieve demographics, including age, gender, reasons for the acquired defect, lip reconstructed, reconstructive method, flap survival, and outcomes. Results Twelve patients with 13 free tissue transfers for total or near total lip defects reconstructed with free tissue transfer were identified. The patients' mean age was 57 years, and the overwhelming majority of patients were men (10 vs 2). The defects were due to resection of malignancies affecting the lip in 10 patients and to avulsive gunshot injuries in 2 patients. Of the 13 flaps used to reconstruct the defects, 11 were radial forearm flaps using the palmaris longus tendon and 1 was an anterolateral thigh flap using the fascia to resuspend the lip. There was a 100% survival rate of the flaps. Postoperatively, all patients were able to take oral diet and none of the patients complained of drooling, an inability to eat in a public setting, or microstomia. Of the patients who underwent reconstruction, 8 received pre- or postoperative radiation therapy and the remaining 4 patients did not. Conclusions In this case series, the radial forearm free flap was the most commonly used flap for lip reconstruction. The use of free tissue transfer for lip reconstruction is a very predictable method for reconstructing these challenging defects and maintaining a patient's ability to take in an oral diet. Although there was a clear color mismatch in most patients, none viewed this as a major drawback of the reconstruction.
Effect of Parenchymal Tethering on the Steady Propagation of a Liquid Plug in a Flexible Airway Model

Surface tension on an air-liquid interface induces liquid flows, which may cause the lung’s airways to close due to the formation of a liquid plug as a result of drainage of the liquid lining coating the airways. Formation of the plug occurs more frequently when lung-surfactant availability is reduced. [1] Mechanical stresses due to fluid motion cause pulmonary epithelial cells to be damaged. [2, 3] Our previous studies for plug propagation in a rigid wall channel show that mechanical stresses are significantly large in the front transition region of the plug compared to the rear transition region. [7, 8] Pulmonary airways are flexible tubes which are surrounded by elastic parenchyma. In this study, the steady propagation of a liquid plug in a flexible tube is investigated numerically and mechanical stresses acting on the epithelial cells are estimated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Comparison of semiconductor-based, etalon-stabilized 10 GHz frequency comb sources

A comparative study of the performance of 10 GHz, semiconductor-based comb sources is presented with regard to the optical linewidth, stability of the comb modes, total optical bandwidth and timing jitter.
Two-dimensional electronic femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy

We report two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with a femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering probe. The method reveals correlations between excitation energy and excited state vibrational structure following photoexcitation. We demonstrate the method in rhodamine 6G.
Hollow and solid spherical magnetostrictive particulate composites

Nickel microspheres were produced by the spark erosion technique under both liquid nitrogen and water conditions. Density measurements and Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that a significant portion of the Ni particles produced under the liquid nitrogen conditions are hollow spheres with a density of 6.67(4)g∕cm3 while the particles produced in water are primarily solid spheres with a density of 8.40(1)g∕cm3, close to the bulk nickel value of 8.90g∕cm3. Nickel∕polymer composites incorporating the hollow and solid nickel microspheres were manufactured with volume fractions of 25% and 36%, respectively. The hollow and solid nickel composites exhibited saturation magnetostrictions of −24 and −28ppm, respectively. In addition, small quantities of Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2) were spark eroded under liquid argon conditions with ∼10% by volume of the spark eroded particles being solid microspheres. Calculations indicate that aligned composites that incorporate these Terfenol-D microspheres could rea...
Critical velocity measurement in superfluid helium by doppler-shifted resonance splitting

Splitting of fourth-sound resonances was observed in a cylindrical cavity packed with 0.3 µ of alumina powder. The porosity of the powder was 83%. Angular velocities of persistent currents in the superfluid helium filling the cavity were measured up to 13 rad/sec. A critical velocity of 37±7 cm/sec at 1.55°K was determined from these measurements. This result appears to be consistent with current theory and with other experiments.
Feminist futures: From dystopia to eutopia?

Abstract This essay evaluates the present and future state of world development from the perspective of Third World women, finding that globalization, alongside US foreign policy, is leading to a future of increased poverty, environmental damage, and conditions where peace and human security are not served. Yet, powerful new ways of organizing for change have been created by the actions and visions of the Zapatista communities of Chiapas, the rubber-tappers in the Amazon rainforest, the Self-Employed Women's Association in India, the movement against female genital mutilation in Senegal, and the Israeli peace activists of Women in Black. Their emphasis on principles of social justice and the love of life they embody offer a vision of a possible future eutopia—a better, not a perfect, society—that is within reach if enough people take them up and shape them further. Using the new paradigm of “women, culture, and development”, and the practices of future studies we analyze the ways in which women in a variety of settings are moving against the current of a dystopic future and are realizing visions of a more life-affirming form of development.
Importance of control group selection for evaluating antimicrobial use as a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the importance of control group selection during an evaluation of antimicrobial use as a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia at our institution. METHODS: We performed a case–control study. A case was defined as any patient admitted between Januar y 1997 and May 2001 who developed nosocomial MRSA bacteremia. We used two control groups; control group I consisted of patients with nosocomial methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteremia and control group II included only patients without bacteremia. We matched control-patients to case-patients using age, gender, time at risk, and hospital ward. Data collected on all patients included demographics, comorbidities, antibiotic use, time at risk, length of stay, severity of illness, and outcome. RESULTS: We evaluated 63 patients (21 in each group). The three groups were well matched regarding age, gender, underlying diseases, and severity of illness. Patients in the MRSA group were more likely to have received a fluoroquinolone and had a higher mean number of days of fluoroquinolone use than did patients in the MSSA group (P = .027 and P = .015, respectively). However, all measures of fluoroquinolone use were similar for case-patients and for control-patients who did not have nosocomial bloodstream infection. CONCLUSIONS: Control group selection is important in evaluating antimicrobial use as a risk factor for MRSA bacteremia. Using control-patients infected with MSSA, rather than uninfected control-patients, may overestimate the association between antimicrobial use and MRSA infection (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:634-637).