cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Antipsychotic Medication Use in Young Privately Insured Children

Objective To estimate trends of annual antipsychotic medication use by privately insured young children (aged 2–7 years) in the United States, and to describe the clinical and treatment characteristics of these children. Method The study population included young children from a nationwide commercial claims database (2007–2017). We estimated annual antipsychotic use by age and sex, defined as the number of children dispensed an antipsychotic per year divided by the number enrolled. We described clinical diagnoses and mental health service use in those with prescription antipsychotic use in 2009 and 2017. Results Annual antipsychotic use in young children was 0.27% in 2007, peaked at 0.29% in 2009, and statistically significantly declined to 0.17% by 2017 (linear trend: −0.017% per year, 95% CI: −0.018 to −0.016). Antipsychotic use was higher in boys than in girls. A greater proportion of antipsychotic users received a mental disorder diagnosis in 2017 (89%) than in 2009 (86%, p Conclusion In privately insured young children, antipsychotic use declined from 2009 to 2017, with shifts toward indications with some supporting evidence. Nevertheless, a majority of use remains off label and for conditions lacking effectiveness and safety data. Improving antipsychotic prescribing in young children remains a challenge.
X-ray and Optical Eclipses in ULXs as Possible Indicators of Black Hole Mass

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with 10^39 < L_x < 10^41 erg/s have been discovered in great numbers in external galaxies with ROSAT, Chandra, and XMM-Newton. The central question regarding this important class of sources is whether they represent an extension in the luminosity function of binary X-ray sources containing neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes (BHs), or a new class of objects, e.g., systems containing intermediate-mass black holes (100 - 1000 M_sun). We suggest searching for X-ray and optical eclipses in these systems to provide another diagnostic to help distinguish between these two possibilities. The sense of the effect is that ULXs with stellar-mass black hole accretors should be at least twice as likely to exhibit eclipses as intermediate-mass black hole systems - and perhaps much more than a factor of two. Among other system parameters, the orbital period would follow. This would provide considerable insight as to the nature of the binary.
Who Chooses DonorsChoose? Submission and Funding Patterns on the Nation’s Largest Education Crowdfunding Platform:

Crowdfunding platforms direct millions of dollars annually to schools across the country, but the scholarly and policy communities have a limited understanding of their operations. In this paper we...
Syndicated Communications and Worldspace

This case is used in the course elective, "Entrepreneur as Change Agent." This case concerns the development of WorldSpace, a direct-to-receiver satellite audio system that aimed to deliver information and entertainment to the population of developing nations. WorldSpace's founder was seeking investment and strategic support from Syndicated Communications (Syncom), a venture capital fund that targeted early-stage media and communications opportunities in underserved markets, primarily those consisting of or catering to minorities. The scope and magnitude of the WorldSpace opportunity was audacious, and its probability of returns and growth potential very attractive, but investing in WorldSpace would mean a tremendous risk for Syncom. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0064 Rev. Mar. 12, 2013 SYNDICATED COMMUNICATIONS AND WORLDSPACE Any attempt to “soften” the power of the oppressor in deference to the weakness of the oppressed almost always manifests itself in the form of false generosity: indeed, the attempt never goes beyond this. In order to have the continued opportunity to express their “generosity,” the oppressors must perpetuate injustice as well. An unjust order is the permanent fount of this “generosity,” which is nourished by death, despair, and poverty. True generosity consists precisely in fighting to destroy the causes which nourish false charity. False charity constrains the fearful and subdued, the “rejects of life,” to extend their trembling hands. True generosity lies in striving so that these hands—whether of individuals or entire peoples—need be extended less and less in supplication, so that more and more they become human hands which work, and working, transform the world. —Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed . . .
Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Targeted One-Week Virtual Radiation Oncology Intensive Shadowing Experience for Medical Students Underrepresented in Medicine: Mentor's Perspective.

Purpose/Objective(s) Medical students underrepresented in medicine (UIM) are less likely to attend medical schools with associated radiation oncology (RO) programs. In response, the Radiation oncology Intensive Shadowing Experience (RISE) was created to proactively address inequities in exposure to RO for UIM. This analysis describes the experiences of participating mentors. We hypothesize that RISE will have an overall positive impact on participating physician mentors. Materials/Methods RISE was developed as a one-week virtual opportunity for UIM senior medical students, interested in RO, attending US or US-affiliated medical schools. Participating medical students were matched with 1-2 RO attendings, a senior resident, a physicist, and a dosimetrist. Mentors were provided with course objectives and a detailed schedule for the week. Mentors completed a post-program survey. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test and Mann–Whitney U test. Free text responses provided additional descriptive data. Results Forty-three mentors participated in RISE across two academic medical centers from July-October 2020. Survey response rate was 93% (40/43); 14 attendings, 12 residents, 9 physicists and 5 dosimetrists. Mentors self-identified as White (55%), Asian (34%), Multiracial (5%), Black or African American (3%), and Hispanic/Latino (3%). The majority of attendings and residents found that the goals and objectives were clearly stated, interactions with students were meaningful, and they would recommend the experience to other colleagues (Table 1). Attendings reported a median of 6 hours [interquartile range (IQR) 5,8 hours] on RISE activities per week while residents reported 10 hours [IQR 9,13.5 hours] (P = 0.01). All attendings (100%) and 83% of residents agreed the time commitment was appropriate. Qualitative data revealed themes including positive mentor-mentee connections, improvement in student RO knowledge, positive perception of mentee enthusiasm and engagement, and a sense of personal fulfillment from participation. Conclusion RISE mentors reported a positive and fulfilling experience with the program, and manageable time commitments. Time commitment for resident mentors may need to be improved to ensure sustainability. Future work is merited to determine the long-term impact on both mentors and mentees.
Contractual Federalism and Strategy-proof Coordination

This paper takes a mechanism design approach to federalism and assumes that local preferences are the private information of local jurisdictions. Contractual federalism is defined as a strategy-proof contract among the members of the federation supervised by a benevolent but not omniscient federal authority. We show that even if the size of the information to be elicited is minimal, the incentive compatibility constraint has a bite in terms of flexibility and welfare. Strategy-proof and efficient federal mechanisms are necessarily uniform. There exists inefficient and non-uniform strategy-proof mechanisms, but they are socially worse than non cooperative decentralization. Federal mechanisms which are neutral and robust to coalition manipulations are equivalent to voting rules on uniform policies.
Rewarding Prosecutors for Performance

Prosecutorial discretion is a problem that most scholars attack from the outside. Most scholars favor external institutional solutions, such as ex ante legislation or ex post judicial and bar review of individual cases of misconduct. At best these approaches can catch the very worst misconduct. They lack inside information and sustained oversight and cannot generate and enforce fine-grained rules to guide prosecutorial decisionmaking. The more promising alternative is to work within prosecutors' offices, to create incentives for good performance.This symposium essay explores a neglected toolbox that head prosecutors can use to influence line prosecutors: compensation and other rewards. Rewards can both attract and retain the best candidates and also encourage those who are already prosecutors to perform better. Though we take lock-step seniority-based salaries for granted, recent management literature has emphasized the need to pay for performance, to attract and retain stars and encourage quality performance and hard work.First, Part I discusses possible metrics of prosecutorial success, to decide what traits and behavior to reward. Historically, prosecutors have focused on a couple of statistics such as conviction rates, but these numbers are manipulable and incomplete. Prosecutors' multiple constituencies and goals require subtler measures. A better solution is to collect and aggregate feedback from a variety of sources, including peer prosecutors, supervisors, judges, defense counsel, victims, defendants, and the public, as eBay does. This information, appropriately weighted and discounted, could better encourage prosecutors to serve all their constituencies.The next step is to devise incentives to encourage success on these metrics. Part II surveys pay and reward systems designed to attract and retain good prosecutors and to encourage them to succeed. A first step is to offer variable salaries, raises, promotions, and awards tied to the metrics of success. More radical solutions could range from hourly rates to performance-based bonuses to contingency fees. While some of the more radical solutions, such as contingency fees, would be unwise or unworkable, others are worth trying.
An application driven perspective on biological data integration

Data integration is an important part of biological applications that acquire data generated using evolving technologies and methods or involve data analysis across diverse specialized databases that reflect the expertise of different groups in a specific domain. The increasing number of such databases, the emergence of new types of data that need to be captured, as well as the evolving biological knowledge add to the complexity of already challenging integration problems. Furthermore, devising solutions to these problems requires technical expertise in several areas, such as database management systems, database administration and software engineering, as well as data modeling and analysis.
QualProbes: middleware QoS profiling services for configuring adaptive applications

It is widely accepted that in order to deliver the best Quality-of-Service (QoS), applications need to be adaptive to the fluctuating computing and communication environments. The middleware layer may assist by controlling the behavior of the applications so that they adapt and reconfigure themselves. In this paper, we present QualProbes, a set of middleware QoS Probing and Profiling services to discover such relationships at run-time. Our approach focuses on meeting the requirements of the critical performance criterion in the application. Such criterion may be affected by changes in more than one application-specific QoS parameters, and these parameters have diversely different resource usage patterns. QualProbes services are able to precisely capture the effects made to the critical performance criterion when resource availability varies, and thus enable more effective control of the application to adapt resource variations. Our case study with OmniTrack, an omni-directional visual tracking application, provides solid proof that QualProbes significantly enhance our capabilities to satisfy the critical performance criterion, the tracking precision while controlling the adaptation process of the application.
Five-co-ordinate compounds—III: Kinetics of some reactions of bisacetylacetonepropylenediiminooxovanadium (IV)

Abstract Bisacetylacetonepropylenediiminooxovanadium (IV), a five-co-ordinate compound, has been separated into the four optical enantiomers (Dd, Ll, Dl, Ld) by means of a double-column chromatographic technique (adsorption on d -lactose and elution with toluene). The kinetics of mutarotation and racemization of the diastereoisomeric mixtures and the kinetics of chelate exchange with a quadridentate ligand and with benzoylacetone have been determined. The correlation of chelate exchange and change in optical activity is established, and evidence for stereospecificity is presented.
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken Wings

Campylobacter jejuni was found in 82.9% of 94 chicken wing packages analyzed on the day of arrival at supermarkets and in 15.5% of 45 packages obtained from the supermarket shelves a few days later. The number of bacterial cells ranged from 10(2) to 10(3.9) per wing. The prevalence of C. jejuni in the wings varied with the brand, the day of sampling, and the age of the product.
An inkjet-printed electrowetting valve for paper-fluidic sensors

Paper-fluidic devices have become an emerging trend for micro total analysis systems (microTAS) in the bioengineering field due to their ability to maintain the rapid, sensitive and specific attributes of microfluidic devices. Subsequently, paper-fluidic devices are also more portable, have a lower production cost and are easier to use. However, one of the obstacles in developing paper fluidic devices is the limited ability to control the rate of fluid flow during an assay. In our project, we use electrowetting on dielectrics where a dielectric, which is normally hydrophobic, is polarized and becomes hydrophilic. We have fabricated paper-fluidic devices by inkjet printing and spraying conductive hydrophobic electrodes/valves in conjunction with conductive hydrophilic electrodes which are able to stop the fluid front of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The hydrophobic valves were then actuated by an applied potential which altered the fluorinated monolayer on the electrode. As the applied potential between the electrodes was increased, the amount of time for the fluid front to pass the valve decreased because the monolayer was altered faster. However, we did not observe significant differences in time as we increased the distance between the electrodes. The valves were also incorporated in a lateral flow assay where the device was used to detect Saccharomyces cerevisiae rRNA sequences. With the ability to control the fluid flow in a paper-fluidic device, more complex and intricate assays can be developed, which not only can be applied in the biomedical, food and environmental fields, but also can be used in low resource settings for the detection of diseases.
Low-energy electron irradiation of methane on Pt(111)

Abstract The electron-induced chemistry of methane adsorbed on Pt(111) at 55 K has been examined using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and work-function change (Δф) measurements. Electron-induced surface chemistry is observed with a threshold near 8 eV. There is direct evidence for: (i) C-H bond cleavage to form CH3 and H, and (ii) loss of C-containing species during electron irradiation. The methyl groups and some hydrogen atoms remain adsorbed; there is inferential evidence that, during electron irradiation, methane and atomic hydrogen desorb. At 50 eV, the total cross-section for the alteration of adsorbed CH4 by desorption and dissociation is 3 × 10−16 cm2 for CH4 and 2 × 10−16 cm2 for CD4. Compared to methane, methyl groups are more stable during electron irradiation; the cross-section for electron-induced destruction is ≲ 1 × 10−17 cm2. Experiments involving coadsorbed atomic H or D provide independent evidence for the formation of adsorbed methyl groups. The observed electron-driven surface chemistry is ascribed to impact excitation, including ionization, of electrons in the highest lying methane molecular orbitals, i.e. σ(CH).
Static Electrification of Filaments: Effect of Filament Diameter

- A study was made of the effect of filament diameter on the charge transferred between filaments rubbed together under controlled ambient and mechanical conditions. Filaments of various diameters and of medium resistivity (nylon, ∼ 1012 ohm-cm.) were rubbed against a filament of low resistivity (tantalum, ∼ 10-5 ohm-cm.) and one of high resistivity (polyethylene, ∼ 1015 ohm-cm. ) at different normal forces between the fila ments. For nylon against tantalum, the charge transferred was found to be proportional to the square root of the product of the diameter and the normal force between the filaments. For nylon against polyethylene, the charge transferred was ound to be proportional to the square root of the normal force, but nearly independent of the diameter. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the charge transferred is proportional to the true area of contact (that is, the area over which interpenetration of molecular fields occurs) swept out on the object of lower conductivity.
Comparison of acute normovolemic hemodilution and preoperative autologous blood donation in clinical practice

Abstract Study Objective: To compare, by model simulation, acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) and preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) to predict their efficacy in current clinical practice. To discuss their similarities and offer guidelines based on expected operative blood loss. Design: Model simulation using data obtained from total hip arthroplasty procedures. Setting: University medical center. Patients: 91 patients who participated in PABD undergoing single, primary, total hip replacement surgeries from January to December 1997. Interventions: A nonanemic (Hb baseline 14 g/dL), average-sized patient (estimated blood volume 5,000 mL) who donated two units by either PABD or ANH was assumed for model simulation. The Hb-final, as a function of 250-mL blood loss increments after retransfusion of two autologous units, was calculated for each technique and compared to a control (nondonor) to predict the effectiveness of PABD and ANH in conserving red cell mass. Data from hip arthroplasties over a 12-month period were used to determine the parameters for the model. Results were subjected to regression analysis and tested for parallelism of slopes, with p Main Results: The difference in Hb-final between PABD and ANH was not statistically different over a wide range of blood loss. When compared to control, there was no difference in Hb-final measurements in the estimated blood loss (EBL) range of less than 1,000 mL. ANH and PABD provide some benefit when EBL is greater than 1,500 mL in nonanemic, average-sized patients. As blood loss increases, the benefit of autologous collection becomes more clinically evident. Conclusion: PABD exemplifies a "chronic" form of ANH in current clinical practice and offers little advantage over ANH as a blood conservation technique for high-blood-loss operations. When surgical blood loss is predictably mild to moderate (range 250 to 1,000 mL), neither blood conservation technique is necessary.
Aging, environmental influences, and photocarcinogenesis

Repeated exposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) over a period of many years is responsible for the induction of most nonmelanoma skin cancers in man. The tumors are progressively more common in chronologically older people. Is this fact purely a function of adequate dose accumulation and development time, or is tumor expression influenced by "physiological age"? The answer to this question influences risk estimates of the results of atmosphere modification. Data from animal studies indicate that the tumor incidence is affected by dose-delivery factors and not just by the accumulated lifetime dose. In addition, young mice are more prone to tumor induction by a given UVR dose than are older animals. Because the quanlity and quantity of the stimulus (UVR) can be readily manipulated and accurately described, studies on photocarcinogenesis offer distinct possibilities for untangling some of the interactive variables in the aging process.
Real-Time Flight Simulation of Highly Maneuverable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper focuses on full six degree-of-freedom aerodynamic modeling of small unmanned aerial vehicles at high angles of attack and high sideslip in maneuvers performed using large control surfaces at large deflections for aircraft with high thrust-to-weight ratios. Configurations, such as this, include many of the currently available propeller-driven radio-controlled model airplanes that have control surfaces as large as 50% chord, deflections as high as 50 deg, and thrust-to-weight ratios near 2∶1. Airplanes with these capabilities are extremely maneuverable and aerobatic, and modeling their aerodynamic behavior requires new thinking because using traditional stability-derivative methods is not practical with highly nonlinear aerodynamic behavior and coupling in the presence of high prop-wash effects. The method described outlines a component-based approach capable of modeling these extremely maneuverable small unmanned aerial vehicles in a full six degree-of-freedom real-time environment over the full...
Structures of TraI in solution

Bacterial conjugation, a DNA transfer mechanism involving transport of one plasmid strand from donor to recipient, is driven by plasmid-encoded proteins. The F TraI protein nicks one F plasmid strand, separates cut and uncut strands, and pilots the cut strand through a secretion pore into the recipient. TraI is a modular protein with identifiable nickase, ssDNA-binding, helicase and protein–protein interaction domains. While domain structures corresponding to roughly 1/3 of TraI have been determined, there has been no comprehensive structural study of the entire TraI molecule, nor an examination of structural changes to TraI upon binding DNA. Here, we combine solution studies using small-angle scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy with molecular Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations to assess solution behavior of individual and groups of domains. Despite having several long (>100 residues) apparently disordered or highly dynamic regions, TraI folds into a compact molecule. Based on the biophysical characterization, we have generated models of intact TraI. These data and the resulting models have provided clues to the regulation of TraI function.
Protein synthesis and aggregation of embryonic cells

Dissociated 7-day chick embryo neural retina cells exhibited marked biosynthetic activity as measured by 14C-glucosamine and 3H-glycine incorporation. Glucosamine incorporation was more nearly directly related to the degree of aggregation than glycine incorporation. Several different labeled amino acids gave results very similar to glycine. Qualitatively, similar results were obtained using dissociated 7-day embryo liver and neural retina cells. Aggregation and incorporation of labeled glycine and glucosamine were inhibited by actinomycin D, puromycin, phleomycin, cycloheximide, borate, and periodate. Free hexosamines blocked aggregation and the incorporation of the amino acids and glucosamine by neural retina cells, but their acetylated derivatives and hexoses in similar concentrations did not. A number of amines, phenethyl alcohol, and EDTA depressed the incorporation of these precursors into macromolecules. Protein or some other macromolecules were required for maximal activity. Although the biosynthetic activity was dependent on the type of medium, all media showed an optimal protein concentration. Glycine predominantly labeled intracellular structures while glucosamine preferentially labeled the extracellular proteins. The distribution of the amino acid and glucosamine labels was dependent upon the protein concentration of the medium. Chick embryo extract was found unnecessary and occasionally inhibitory. When aggregates were dissociated the material liberated on dissociation had a greater specific activity than the whole aggregates. When the cells were fractionated into membranous and non-membanous components, the membrane material had a greater specific activity than the whole cells.
Lack of effect of somatostatin on the stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis by epinephrine in isolated canine hepatocytes.

Abstract The effects of somatostatin on epinephrine's ability to stimulate glucose output have been examined in hepatocytes isolated from dogs fasted overnight. Half-maximal stimulation of phosphorylase a activity and glucose output occurred at an epinephrine concentration of approx. 5·10 −9 M. Somatostatin at 10, 100 or 1000 ng/ml had no effect on the ability of a maximal (1·10 −7 M) and a submaximal (1·10 −8 M) dose of epinephrine to activate phosphorylase at 2 min, or to stimulate glucose output over 20 min. Since the doses of somatostatin used in the present study are up to 50-fold higher than the blood concentrations commonly found when somatostatin is used in vivo to inhibit pancreatic hormone secretion, it seems unlikely that use of somatostatin in this way would affect stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis by epinephrine in vivo.
PtAu bimetallic heteronanostructures made by post-synthesis modification of Pt-on-Au nanoparticles

Bimetallic PtAu heteronanostructures have been synthesized from Pt-on-Au nanoparticles, which were made from platinum acetylacetonate and gold nanoparticles. Using the Pt-on-Au nanoparticles as precursors, Ptsurface rich PtAu bimetallic heteronanostructures can be produced through controlled thermal treatments, as confirmed by field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and elemental mapping using a high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM). Oxidation of formic acid was used as a model reaction to demonstrate the effects of varying composition and surface structure on the catalytic performance of PtAu bimetallic nanostructures. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that these carbon-supported PtAu heteronanostructures were much more active than platinum in catalyzing the oxidation of formic acid, judging by the mass current density. The results showed that postsynthesis modification can be a very useful approach to the control of composition distributions in alloy nanostructures.
Opposite changes in turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine in the CNS of ethanol-dependent mice.

Abstract Turnover rates of noradrenaline and of dopamine were examined in regions of the CNS (brainstem, frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum) and in cardiac tissue of mice that had ingested ethanol for 2 or 7 days and during withdrawal of ethanol. Turnover of neurotransmitters was assessed from the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and from the depletion in levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and their deaminated metabolites in tissue, after irreversible inhibition of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase with dl -alpha-monofluoromethyldopa. There were no consistent changes in the turnover of noradrenaline or dopamine after 2 or 7 days of continuous ingestion of ethanol, but at the time that animals exhibited peak ethanol-withdrawal symptoms (8 hr after ethanol consumption was stopped), the turnover of dopamine in the striatum was markedly decreased to less than a third of that observed in control animals, whereas the turnover of noradrenaline in the brainstem was increased by a half. The changes in turnover of neurotransmitters in specific regions of the brain may reflect alterations in neuronal activity that result from withdrawal of ethanol, or may be determinants of particular ethanol-withdrawal symptoms.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEXTURE ON THE SHAPE- MEMORY EFFECT IN POLYCRYSTALS

A model is developed to show that texture is a crucial factor in determining the shape-memory effect in polycrystals. In particular, it is established that texture is the reason why the strains recoverable in Ti–Ni are so much larger than those in Cu-based shape-memory alloys in rolled, extruded and drawn specimens. Further, it is shown that both these materials recover relatively small strains in sputter-deposited thin films due to unfavorable texture. It is found that even the qualitative behavior of combined tension–torsion can critically depend on the texture. The results are in good agreement with experimental observations. Finally, textures are suggested for improved shape-memory effect.
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy techniques applied to ion trap tandem mass spectrometric analysis: nitroaromatics.

The technique of two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy is combined with ion trap tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis to provide insight into the energetics and behavior of gas-phase ions. The 2D correlation method is demonstrated by the analysis of the fragment ions produced by the fragmentation of molecular radical cations of nitrobenzene and m-nitrotoluene at a series of applied potentials that effect collision-induced dissociation (CID). The asynchronous correlation intensities show that competitive loss of NO to form [M–NO]+ proceeds at a lower CID energy than loss of NO2 to form [M–NO2]+. The formation of the ion corresponding to [M–NO–CO]+ is shown by the method to occur at a lower CID energy than the formation of [M–NO2]+, but at a higher CID energy than [M–NO]+ for both nitrobenzene and m-nitrotoluene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variational equivalent to diagonal scaling

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of diagonally scaling a given nonnegative matrix a to one with prescribed row and column sums. The approach is to represent one of the two scaling matrices as the solution of a variational problem. This leads in a natural way to necessary and sufficient conditions on the zero pattern of a so that such a scaling exists. In addition the convergence of the successive prescribed row and column sum normalizations is established. Certain invariants under diagonal scaling are used to actually compute the desired scaled matrix, and examples are provided. Finally, at the end of the paper, a discussion of infinite systems is presented.
Prophylactic systematic desensitization: An analogue test☆

Abstract The concept of prevention is applied to behavior therapy techniques. Prophylactic systematic desensitization is evaluated as a technique to prevent the learning of specific fears. In an experimental analogue using college volunteers, shock was paired with the stimulus class of obese men. This resulted in the conditioning of a significant increase in measured fear responses. The traditional application of systematic desensitization then reduced this increase. Prophylactic systematic desensitization subjects were desensitized prior to conditioning. These subjects did not show a significant increase in fear following conditioning whereas a placebo control group did. These data suggest that it is possible to prevent the learning of fear responses by early intervention. While caution is urged due to the analogue nature of these data, clinical tests of this technique are suggested, e.g. the prevention of test anxiety by applying prophylactic desensitization at the beginning of a person's college career.
Cytomegalovirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children.

BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a frequent opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children. The interactions of CMV and HIV-1 in coinfected children are not well-characterized.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic CMV infection and symptomati
A Spitzer Study of Debris Disks in the Young Nearby Cluster NGC 2232: Icy Planets Are Common around ~1.5-3 M ☉ Stars

We describe Spitzer IRAC and MIPS observations of the nearby 25 Myr old open cluster NGC 2232. Combining these data with ROSAT All-Sky Survey observations, proper motions, and optical photometry/spectroscopy, we construct a list of highly probable cluster members. We identify one A-type star, HD 45435, that has definite excess emission at 4.5-24 μm indicative of debris from terrestrial planet formation. We also identify 2-4 late-type stars with possible 8 μm excesses and 8 early-type stars with definite 24 μm excesses. Constraints on the dust luminosity and temperature suggest that the detected excesses are produced by debris disks. From our sample of B and A stars, stellar rotation appears to be correlated with 24 μm excess, a result that would be expected if massive primordial disks evolve into massive debris disks. To explore the evolution of the frequency and magnitude of debris around A-type stars, we combine our results with data for other young clusters. The frequency of debris disks around A-type stars appears to increase from ~25% at 5 Myr to ~50%-60% at 20-25 Myr. Older A-type stars have smaller debris disk frequencies: ~20% at 50-100 Myr. For these ages, the typical level of debris emission increases from 5 to 20 Myr and then declines. Because 24 μm dust emission probes icy planet formation around A-type stars, our results suggest that the frequency of icy planet formation is ηi ≳ 0.5-0.6. Thus, most A-type stars (≈1.5-3 M☉) produce icy planets.
Night-Sky Radiations from the Upper Atmosphere

In places remote from artificial illumination at night, with no moon, the luminosity of the sky is due to several sources of light, all of which are at a considerable distance. The sources are (1) radiations from the gases of the upper atmosphere, (2) polar aurorae, (3) zodiacal light, (4) comets and possibly scattered sunlight in interplanetary space (if there is something there to scatter the sunlight), and (5) stars and nebulae in interstellar space.
Synthesis of nanocrystalline aluminum matrix composites reinforced with in situ devitrified Al–Ni–La amorphous particles

Nanocrystalline aluminum matrix composites were synthesized via hot extrusion of cryomilled 5083 Al (Al-4.59Mg-0.57Mn-0.25Fe in wt.%) blended with amorphous Al85Ni10La5 Powder. The compression yield strength of the as-extruded composite is 813 and 906 MPa for 10 and 20 vol.% Al85N10La5, respectively. The observed thermal stability is discussed in light of the mechanical behavior. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A self-sensing fiber reinforced polymer composite using mechanophore-based smart polymer

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are ubiquitous in engineering applications due to their superior mechanical properties at low weight. However, they are susceptible to damage due to their low interlaminar mechanical properties and poor heat and charge transport in the transverse direction to the laminate. Moreover, methods to inspect and ensure the reliability of composites are expensive and labor intensive. Recently, mechanophore-based smart polymer has attracted significant attention, especially for self-sensing of matrix damage in PMCs. A cyclobutane-based self-sensing approach using 1,1,1-tris (cinnamoyloxymethyl) ethane (TCE) and poly (vinyl cinnamate) (PVCi) has been studied in this paper. The self-sensing function was investigated at both the polymer level and composite laminate level. Fluorescence emissions were observed on PMC specimens subjected to low cycle fatigue load, indicating the presence of matrix cracks. Results are presented for graphite fiber reinforced composites.
Research on Teaching in Physical Education: A Commentary on Silverman's Review

This commentary discussed the need for a clearer definition of teaching. Silverman's RT-PE schema was reviewed, and several concerns were raised. Clark's framework for conceptualizing research methods for teaching was reviewed. And, finally, the Spectrum of Teaching Styles was suggested as a schema for organizing RT-PE content. Silverman's review has enriched our discipline, and he deserves our appreciation. In particular the breadth of his review is noteworthy. This review should be useful to teachers and should serve as a catalyst for further discussion in the research community about this interesting and important discipline.
Resonance Raman Spectra of Protohemin and Protohemin-Imidazole Complex,

Resonance Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of protohemin and its complex with imidazole have been obtained using several exciting lines from Ar+ and HeCd lasers. The effects of different axial ligands to iron in hemin are reflected in the resonance Raman spectra of their respective complexes. Within experimental limits, hemin does not show any anomalously polarized bands (Q1 > ¾) while its complex with imidazole shows several such bands when excitation is in the α and β absorption regions. When excitation is in the Soret region, a polarized band ∼ 1500 cm−1 appears in the spectra of hemin-imidazole complex and heme proteins. It is proposed as a spin state marker as well as to characterize the position of the iron ion relative to the porphyrin plane. Excitation profiles for some of the bands of hemin confirm the assigment of the α band near 5300 A in the unresolved visible absorption spectrum.
Anaphylactoid reaction during first hemofiltration with a PUREMA polysulfone membrane.

Adverse reactions during hemodialysis are extremely common and include a wide range of clinical presentations from mild to life threatening. We present a case of a 34 year old woman in the Burn Int...
Reviewer’s comment concerning “Direct repair of displaced anterior arch fracture of the atlas under microendoscopy: experience with seven patients” (DOI 10.1007/s00586-011-1965-5 R1 by Jian Wang)

I would like to commend Dr. Wang Jian for his interesting work on the repair of displaced anterior arch fractures of the atlas using microendoscopy. While Dr. Jian’s technique did not result in significant complications in this series of seven patients, we must remind our readers that surgical intervention is seldom required in patients with fractures of the C1 arch. Hence, surgical repair of the anterior arch fracture is controversial. With further experience in the treatment of these fractures, and with a potential randomized clinical trial one may potentially advocate this surgical technique if the surgical group will demonstrate superior results.
Cholesterol, cholesterol lowering, and endothelial function

A strong relationship between hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been established through epidemiological, experimental, and clinical trial data. Traditional theories on the pathophysiology of this relationship involve the deposition, modification, and cellular uptake of cholesterol, and the release of inflamatory and growth factors resulting in smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen matrix production. The vasculature has recently been found to be an active and complex organ, with the endothelium playing a controlling role in vascular tone, lipid breakdown, thrombogenesis, inflammation, and vessel growth. In the presence of risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, the endothelium promotes vasoconstriction, monocyte and platelet adhesion, thrombogenesis, and growth factor release. A high-fat diet also directly impairs endothelial function and increases coagulation factors. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with decreased availability of the predominant vasodilator nitric oxide, possibly by increased destruction by oxygen free radicals. This dysfunctional state appears before the earliest anatomic evidence of atherosclerosis and may represent an important initial step in its development. Several studies have shown improvements in endothelial function with cholesterol lowering in both normal individuals and those with coronary heart disease. Short-term improvements in endothelial-dependent vasodilation and adhesion molecule expression have also been reported with antioxidant therapy. These observations suggest that atherosclerosis is at least in part caused by endothelial dysfunction that favors cellular proliferation. This new understanding helps to explain the early and substantial reductions in major cardiovascular events associated with cholesterol lowering.
Comparison of two methods for detecting translocation heterozygotes in mice

Abstract • An accurate estimate of the error of misclassifying male translocation heterozygotes as normals is essential for the proper evaluation of results of the heritable translocation test in mice. The size of this error may vary from one laboratory to another depending, primarily, on the method or variation of the method used in screening for translocation heterozygotes. This report shows a way to estimate the misclassification errors involved in two methods, sequential and direct cytological analysis, of screening for translocation heterozygotes. • A positive correlation was found between the degree of partial sterility of a male and the frequency of cells with multivalent configurations among his diakinesis-metaphase I cells. We interpreted this to confirm that the length of translocated chromosome segments has some influence on the proportion of unbalanced gametes in the ejaculate, presumably reflecting the frequency with which adjacent-1 and adjacent-2 segregations and 3-1 misdivisions occur.
Making the case for the leadership role of school librarians in technology integration

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the self‐perceived impact of technology training on the transformational leadership practices of pre‐service school librarians who participated in a Master's degree program in library and information studies focusing on leadership development.Design/methodology/approach – A concurrent triangulation mixed method design was implemented using two paper‐based self‐administered surveys. The first survey measured transformational leadership behaviors. The second obtained demographic variables and the participants' perceptions of the skills they learned in each of the five transformational leadership dimensions.Findings – The results indicate that the leadership curriculum taught the participants how to be transformational leaders by using technology. The participants also use technology in a way that is significantly different from other teachers in Florida. Moreover, it is important to teach practical applications for integrating technology.Research limitatio...
The illusion of knowing: Failure in the self-assessment of comprehension

The illusion of knowing is the belief that comprehension has been attained when, in fact, comprehension has failed. In the present experiment, the illusion was defined operationally as having occurred when readers who failed to find a contradiction in a text rated their comprehension of the text as high. Texts containing contradictions between adjacent sentences were presented, and readers were explicitly asked to search for contradictions. The frequency of illusions was greater when the contradictory sentences came at the end of three-paragraph texts rather than at the end of one-paragraph texts and when the contradictory information was syntactically marked as new. These results are interpreted within a framework that emphasizes that the goal of reading expository text is to establish coherence within and among sentences. In addition, the results are apparently incompatible with the notion that readers engage in active and accurate on-line monitoring of the degree to which this goal is met.
Interaction Between the Thyroarytenoid and Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles in the Control of Vocal Fold Adduction and Eigenfrequencies

Although it is known vocal fold adduction is achieved through laryngeal muscle activation, it is still unclear how interaction between individual laryngeal muscle activations affects vocal fold adduction and vocal fold stiffness, both of which are important factors determining vocal fold vibration and the resulting voice quality. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was developed to investigate vocal fold adduction and changes in vocal fold eigenfrequencies due to the interaction between the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles. The results showed that LCA contraction led to a medial and downward rocking motion of the arytenoid cartilage in the coronal plane about the long axis of the cricoid cartilage facet, which adducted the posterior portion of the glottis but had little influence on vocal fold eigenfrequencies. In contrast, TA activation caused a medial rotation of the vocal folds toward the glottal midline, resulting in adduction of the anterior portion of the glottis and significant increase in vocal fold eigenfrequencies. This vocal fold-stiffening effect of TA activation also reduced the posterior adductory effect of LCA activation. The implications of the results for phonation control are discussed.
Do motivational incentives reduce the inhibition deficit in ADHD

The primary goal of this study was to test three competing theories of ADHD: the inhibition theory, the motivational theory, and a dual deficit theory. Previous studies have produced conflicting findings about the effects of incentives on executive processes in ADHD. In the present study of 25 children with ADHD and 30 typically developing controls, motivation was manipulated within the Stop Task. Stop signal reaction time was examined, as well as reaction time, its variability, and the number of errors in the primary choice reaction time task. Overall, the pattern of results supported the inhibition theory over the motivational or dual deficit hypotheses, as main effects of group were found for most key variables (ADHD group was worse), whereas the group by reward interaction predicted by the motivational and dual deficit accounts was not found. Hence, as predicted by the inhibition theory, children with ADHD performed worse than controls irrespective of incentives.
Modeling power flow in magnetically insulated transmission lines

Summary form only given. The electric field stresses on the cathode of a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) exceed the explosive-emission threshold, however, electrons emitted into the vacuum line are magnetically insulated from reaching the anode due to the high currents. Thus, the total current flow is divided between current flowing in the metal and electron current flowing in vacuum. As a result of the vacuum electron flow, the impedance of the MITL is reduced below its vacuum value Z0, altering its power coupling to both the generator and the load. Various analytic models for MITL flow have been developed in which, to a good approximation, MITL behavior is determined by a single parameter termed the flow impedance Zf, which is a function of the geometry, voltage and boundary currents. Here, these models are compared and their predictions carefully benchmarked with PIC simulations with the goal of choosing the model best suited for use in circuit code modeling. This process has also illuminated a number of important physics details of MITL flow that have not been fully appreciated in the past. These new details will be presented and their impact discussed. This physics model is now being incorporated into the BERTHA transmission line code including methods for treating impedance transitions and voltage adders. Available results from the transmission line code model of MITL flow will be presented and compared with PIC simulations and future work will be described