cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negotiating the Process of Historical Empathy

Abstract Historical empathy scholarship has evolved to the point where further progress necessitates empirical examinations from a variety of perspectives. Prior studies on historical empathy have largely focused on teachers’ pedagogical approach and student outcomes. This qualitative study focuses on students as they engage in the process of historical empathy to deepen our understanding of how they reach desired curricular and dispositional outcomes. Using an updated theoretical and instructional model for historical empathy as a cognitive-affective construct, a group of high school students engaged in historical empathy to better understand Harry Truman's decision to deploy the atomic bombs at the end of World War II. Results suggest that students are greatly influenced by identification, modern perspectives, shared human experience, and affective connections when engaging in historical empathy. The findings hold implications for developing historical understanding and dispositional appreciation for th...
Directional Coronary Atherectomy But Wait, There’s More

Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) was originally developed as a potential replacement for balloon angioplasty. The design of the catheter used to perform DCA offered several unique advantages. First, it was capable of removing obstructive atherosclerotic lesions. Thus rather than rearranging plaque within an artery as occurs with balloon angioplasty, the obstruction was relieved by reduction of the plaque mass. Second, certain lesions with characteristics unfavorable for balloon angioplasty appeared to be ideally suited for DCA. Since the atherectomy catheter had a cutting window that could be positioned rotationally as well as longitudinally within an artery, eccentric plaque could be removed selectively. Similar benefits were anticipated from lesions located at important coronary bifurcations, such as those involving the left anterior descending coronary artery and origin of the diagonal branch. Finally, tissue removed by DCA was available for analysis to expand our knowledge about coronary atherosclerosis. Samples of coronary atheroma could be examined grossly and microscopically1 and studied by immunohistochemistry.2 Initially, the value of DCA was assessed by means of a large registry that catalogued acute and late clinical outcomes.3 When compared with a historical control, the results of DCA appeared comparable to or better than those achieved by balloon angioplasty. There was a sense that the incidence of serious coronary dissection and abrupt occlusion after DCA was less than that after balloon angioplasty.4 DCA became the first of the “new” percutaneous, catheter-based devices approved for the treatment of coronary disease in the United States. Interestingly, unlike current “new devices,” approval did not require the performance of a randomized, clinical trial. DCA was quickly and enthusiastically embraced by the interventional community. During this early phase of its use, DCA was performed without adjunctive balloon angioplasty; that is, the DCA catheter was used alone and not …
Posttraumatic Reconstruction of the Ankle Using the Ilizarov Method

Reconstruction of the ankle after trauma requires a variety of treatment strategies. Once the personality of the problem is appreciated, a tailored approach may be implemented. The Ilizarov method provides a versatile, powerful, and safe approach. It is particularly useful in the setting of infection, bone loss, poor soft tissue envelope, leg length discrepancy, bony deformity, and joint contracture. In this article, a variety of posttraumatic ankle pathologies are discussed. Treatment methods including osteotomy, arthrodesis, distraction, correction of contracture, nonunion repair, and tibia and fibula lengthening are reviewed. The use of the Ilizarov method for acute and/or gradual correction as well as the application of simultaneous treatments at multiple levels is discussed in this article.
Hepatitis B-associated vasculitis in Alaska Natives: viral genotype, clinical and serologic outcome.

Background: The highest incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated vasculitis in the world has been reported in Alaska Natives. We examined the incidence of HBV-associated vasculitis before and after mass HBV vaccine immunization and the association between HBV genotype and vasculitis in a population-based cohort study in Alaska natives chronically infected with HBV. Methods: Genotyping was performed in vasculitis cases and 644 hepatitis B-positive controls without vasculitis using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the S gene. Occurrence of HBV vasculitis from 1974 to 2004 was calculated. HBV vasculitis patients and controls were also tested for basal core promoter and precore mutations. Results: Fifteen cases of HBV-associated vasculitis were identified: 13 (86%) had genotype D and one each genotype A and F. Genotype D was more commonly found in patients with vasculitis than controls [odd ratio (OR)=5.9, confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2, 21.8; Po0.015). Conclusions: HBV-associated vasculitis was associated with genotype D.
How Do Committee Assignments Facilitate Majority Party Power? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Arkansas State Legislature

We use a natural experiment in Arkansas’ state legislature to reexamine how the committee assignment process facilitates legislative party power. In contrast to the view that parties use committee assignments as significant carrots and sticks to enforce party discipline, we find that the rewards legislators reap from winning their preferred assignments appear meager and that party discipline prevails at typical levels in Arkansas despite that parties do not control assignments there. However, in contrast to other legislatures, disloyal legislators tend to fill powerful committees in Arkansas, suggesting that parties do stack powerful committees with loyalists in legislatures where they can.
Scheduling with asynchronous service opportunities with applications to multiple satellite systems

A single server is assigned to M parallel queues with independent Poisson arrivals. Service times are constant, but the server has the opportunity to initiate service at a given queue only at times forming a Poisson process. Four related scheduling policies are investigated: a simple first-come, first-serve policy for which the stability region is determined: a policy with maximum throughput, but requiring the server to have advance knowledge of service opportunities; a policy of threshold type, which is shown to be optimal among nonlookahead policies with preemption; and an adaptive policy, which when M=2 is shown to provide stability for all arrival rate vectors for which stability is possible under any nonlookahead policy with preemption. The work is motivated by the problem of transmission scheduling for a packet-switched, low-altitude, multiple-satellite system. >
Web-based Visual Decision Support System (WVDSS) for letter shop

Decision Support Systems (DSS) is one of the key tools to transform data to decisions. In this paper, a successful implementation of a web based DSS in a direct mail (letter shop) is explained. Utilizing continuous improvement framework, we provide how the Web-based Visual Decision Support System (WVDSS) helped the organization to successfully turn around the scheduling and capacity planning function along with extending the success to customer service, and warehouse operations. The outcome of implementing the WVDSS were (1) attainment of 100% scheduled delivery date, (2) improved efficiencies across the value stream, and (3) real-time notification of shipment to the customer service representatives. The unique contribution of this work is the original implementation of a web based decision support system in a high variety and low volume letter shop environment spanning transactional and manufacturing value streams. Web-based Visual Decision Support System (WVDSS) reduced the scheduling time.It was extended to other departments e.g. quality, customer service, and warehouse.Unique contribution is the original implementation WVDSS in a letter shop.Implementation spanned both transactional and manufacturing value streams.Outcome realized were 100% adherence to the scheduled delivery dates.
Arborescent lycopsid productivity and lifespan: Constraining the possibilities

Abstract One of the most enigmatic components of early terrestrial vegetation was the arborescent lycopsids. Because of the sheer abundance of their biomass in many wetland environments of the Late Paleozoic, they may have been an important variable in the global carbon cycle and climate. However, their unusual structure has invited extraordinary interpretations regarding their biology. One idea that has persisted in the literature for over forty years is that these trees had extremely short lifespans, on the order of ten years. Such an accelerated lifecycle would require growth rates twenty times higher than modern angiosperm trees (and at least 60 times higher than modern lycopsids). Here, we evaluate the morphology and anatomy of lycopsid trees—including aerenchyma, phloem, leaf base distributions, leaf structure, rootlet anatomy, and the demography of the preserved fossils—with comparison to modern plants with some similarity of overall form, most notably the palms. The environmental context of lycopsid trees also is considered in the light of the vegetation of modern water-saturated substrates. It is concluded that such rapid growth would violate all known physiological mechanisms. One hypothetical mechanism that had been proposed to provide for increased carbon fixation, a unique photosynthetic pathway, could not have been viable in these plants and there is no accounting for the increases in nitrogen and phosphorous uptake that would be necessary to sustain enormous rates of carbon fixation. Of the various aspects of lycopsid anatomy and ecology that might militate against this conclusion that productivity was not high, no line of evidence requires a uniquely rapid growth rate for the arborescent lycopsids and several lines of evidence seem to prohibit it. Thus, we conclude that the lifespans of arborescent lycopsids most likely were measured in centuries rather than years. These trees should not be expected to have been unique outliers with physiological function completely distinct from all other tracheophytes. Furthermore, they require no special consideration in the evaluation of Paleozoic biogeochemical cycling. Finally, the conclusion that lycopsid lifespans were an order of magnitude longer than previous expectations invites reconsideration of many other aspects of their ontogeny, physiology, and structure.
Volatility of by-product metal and mineral prices

Prices of by-product metals and minerals are often assumed to be inherently more volatile than prices of main and individual products. Yet there is limited analysis of their relative price volatilities. This paper applies regression analysis to compare the price volatility of by-product metals and minerals to commodities produced primarily or solely as main-products or individual products. This approach allows for estimating whether by-product supply is associated with greater price volatility and provides a framework for further research. By-products are found to have on average about 50% higher price volatility than main and individual products when evaluating annual prices over the last 50 years – although there are exceptions. However, when analyzing monthly prices over the past decade, the evidence that by-products have greater price volatility is mixed.
The implementation of workplace violence policy in state government.

Workplace violence has received an increasing amount of attention in the last five years. While it is difficult to conclude that it is actually escalating, the numerous studies do provide numbers that lead one to believe that it is a serious problem. Although agencies and corporations are beginning to develop workplace violence policies, there is no published research that documents the results of the implementation of such policies. The current research examines North Carolina state employees' familiarity with their new workplace violence policy and reporting procedures, how uniformally the policy is being utilized, victims' perceptions of their agencies' responses to their own violent incidents, and their generalized perceptions of the agencies' intent to keep the workplace safe. Language: en
Towards a Formal Model of the Deictically Constructed Context of Narratives

This paper proposes an approach to representing the context created by the use of deictic expressions in narrative discourse. It is based on the integration of approaches to formalizing context as first-class objects, the situation calculus for representing actions, text world theory for providing a cognitive model of discourse functioning and the classical linguistic understanding of the functioning of referential indices in language. The result is a representation of the context created by the indexical expressions in the narrative. This is the context needed to interpret each utterance as well as the whole discourse.
A satiating signal

The worldwide human obesity epidemic has provoked a great deal of experimentation to understand the biological controls of energy expenditure and food intake, two processes that together determine energy balance. Because food intake relies on feeding behavior that is determined by the brain, studies have focused on how the central nervous system receives and behaviorally responds to signals of metabolic status. On page 1293 of this issue, Lagerlof et al. ( 1 ) report that a glycosylation enzyme serves as a neuronal nutrient sensor that is critical in the control of food intake and body weight.
The bacterial community of entomophilic nematodes and host beetles

Insects form the most species-rich lineage of Eukaryotes and each is a potential host for organisms from multiple phyla, including fungi, protozoa, mites, bacteria and nematodes. In particular, beetles are known to be associated with distinct bacterial communities and entomophilic nematodes. While entomopathogenic nematodes require symbiotic bacteria to kill and reproduce inside their insect hosts, the microbial ecology that facilitates other types of nematode-insect associations is largely unknown. To illuminate detailed patterns of the tritrophic beetle-nematode-bacteria relationship, we surveyed the nematode infestation profiles of scarab beetles in the greater Los Angeles area over a five-year period and found distinct nematode infestation patterns for certain beetle hosts. Over a single season, we characterized the bacterial communities of beetles and their associated nematodes using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found significant differences in bacterial community composition among the five prevalent beetle host species, independent of geographical origin. Anaerobes Synergistaceae and sulphate-reducing Desulfovibrionaceae were most abundant in Amblonoxia beetles, while Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae were common in Cyclocephala beetles. Unlike entomopathogenic nematodes that carry bacterial symbionts, insect-associated nematodes do not alter the beetles' native bacterial communities, nor do their microbiomes differ according to nematode or beetle host species. The conservation of Diplogastrid nematodes associations with Melolonthinae beetles and sulphate-reducing bacteria suggests a possible link between beetle-bacterial communities and their associated nematodes. Our results establish a starting point towards understanding the dynamic interactions between soil macroinvertebrates and their microbiota in a highly accessible urban environment.
Black (and Brown) Bodies Out of Place: Towards a Theoretical Understanding of Systematic Voter Suppression in the United States:

The construct of place has largely been under-utilized, and, therefore, under-theorized, in social science discussions regarding systematic racial oppression, but we need to consider physical space...
Abstract B11: Cyclin D1 overexpression antagonizes Notch inhibition in the esophageal squamous epithelium

Cyclin D1 overexpression is common in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and other squamous cell cancers. Notch signaling is implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation, and may act as a tumor suppressor. While squamous differentiation is maintained in ESCC and its precursor lesions, the role of Notch in esophageal carcinogenesis remains elusive. The role of genetic interactions between cyclin D1 and the Notch signaling were explored in this study. Immortalized human esophageal cells EPC2‐hTERT (keratinocytes) were retrovirally transduced with tetracycline‐regulatable (tet‐cyclin D1. Notch was activated by the Notch1 intracellular domain and inhibited by dominant negative mastermind‐like1 (DN‐MAML1), a genetic pan‐Notch inhibitor. Notch activity was assessed by a 8xCSL‐luciferase reporter assay. Quantitative RT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. The squamous epithelium was reconstituted in organotypic (3‐D) culture, a form of tissue engineering. Notch activation led to inhibition of cell proliferation and terminal differentiation in EPC2‐hTERT with a robust induction of involucrin (an early differentiation marker). By contrast, DN‐MAML1 inhibited the ICN‐induced CSL‐dependent transcriptional activity and Notch target genes, including Hey1, Hes5 as well as involucrin. In organotypic culture, the parental EPC2‐hTERT cells formed a well‐organized stratified squamous epithelium. In organotypic culture, DN‐MAML did not affect basal cell proliferation, but severely impaired squamous maturation and terminal differentiation with loss of filaggrin expression (a late differentiation marker) in the suprabasal layer. In 3‐D culture, Cyclin D1 overexpression resulted in basal cell hyperplasia and antagonized the DN‐MAML1 effect. Thus, cyclin D1 appears to stimulate cell proliferation while restraining the Notch‐mediated squamous differentiation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B11.
Utilization of the SAVANNA model to analyze future patterns of vegetation cover in Kruger National Park under changing climate

Abstract Within southern Africa's savanna ecosystems, woody and herbaceous species have differing growth characteristics that allow a tenuous co-existance. The high dependence of humans on the landscape, through agricultural production, tourism, and natural resource extraction makes understanding savanna vegetation dynamics essential. Studies analyzing resilience of savannas suggest potential state changes in vegetation structure from continuous grasslands with sporadic woody cover to less biologically productive landscapes. One of the biggest questions in this landscape is the impact of climate change. The spatially explicit SAVANNA model is used to analyze the impact of climate change on vegetation cover across Kruger National Park’s (KNP) main land system classifications (Satara, Skukuza, Letaba, and Phalaborwa). Manipulating climate inputs and management regimes allowed us to analyze the resilience of savanna vegetation under multiple Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios. Trends in future climate indicate an increase in temperatures greater than 1.0 °Celsius and a slight decrease in precipitation by 2080. Model results indicate a long-term decrease in multiple size classes of vegetation across all the four land systems. However, the model runs show differing response to climate change between the woody and herbaceous cover types. Spatial trends across the park follow closely with the north-south climate gradient. The most spatially distinct land system was Skukuza, which exhibited some of the highest initial net primary production (NPP) values and also the greatest decreases in NPP into the future. While this region is projected to lose large proportions of its herbaceous and shrub vegetation it is projected to increase in tree green leaf, mostly related to increasing fine leaf vegetation (Acacia sp.). The northern land systems were already dominated by mopane, but under all model scenarios mopane will increase in Letaba and Phalaborwa. This mopane increase will offset the loss of herbaceous and shrub vegetation, resulting in little to no decrease in NPP across time for these land systems. This work illustrates that landscape resilience is not only impacted by the severity of changing climate but the degree to which we manage such systems.
Troubling the Functional/Dysfunctional Family Binary Through the Articulation of Functional Family Estrangement

Critical perspectives remain largely absent from the study of family communication. To interrogate the power of discourse to construct knowledges about how family is and should be, we drew on Judith Butler’s poststructural theory of performativity to critically analyze the common experience of family estrangement. We argue that professional discourse performatively constructs the functional family binary by equating ongoing, open, and positive family communication with functional family identity, while constructing estrangement as unnatural, dysfunctional, and in need of intervention. We then illustrate how some individuals who self-identify as estranged from a family member “trouble” the functional/dysfunctional family binary by articulating their own families as functionally estranged.
Ground-up circular Higgs Factory ring design and cell length optimization

A “ground-up” Higgs Factory design methodology is described. For concreteness, numerical parameter choices are drawn primarily from CEPC, the Circular Electron Positron Collider. The goals are to find: (i) optimal parameters, (ii) improved understanding , (iii) a tentative lattice design. As illustration of the method, six chromaticity-corrected lattices, with cell lengths ranging from 45 m to 280 m, all with identical βy = 2 mm or βy = 10 mm intersection region optics, are designed and their properties compared. For simplicity only a single “toy ring,” circumference (76 km), with one interaction point, and a single beam energy (120 GeV) is considered. For the cell-length optimization a figure of merit FOM (essentially integrated luminosity) is maximized consistent with a dimensionless “fine tuning penalty function” or figure of demerit FOD not being allowed to exceed a conservatively chosen upper limit. The tentative recommendation from this investigation is that the optimal CEPC route is (except for obvious changes) to simply copy LEP: 80 m cell length and two-in-one single-ring operation. The main luminosity-increasing improvements are increased radius and power, top-off-full-energy-injection, noninterleaved sextupoles, more than 100 beam bunch operation, and improved intersection region design. Local chromaticity compensation (with its inevitable intense hard X-rays incident on the detectors) is found to be unnecessary. With these changes luminosity in excess of 1034cm−2s−1 is projected to be achievable.
Redefining Food Security in a Community Context: An Exploration of Community Food Security Indicators and Social Worker Roles in Community Food Strategies

ABSTRACTLarge numbers of households experiencing the effects of food insecurity threaten a community’s viability. Although hunger has been viewed as a social problem, research focused on household-level food security tends to primarily focus on the household economics. This thematic overview of academic and grey literature (a) describes community food security (CFS) research and indicators related to accessibility, affordability, community self-reliance, social justice, and sustainability; (b) provides examples of how community social workers can participate, lead or evaluate CFS strategies that can create sustainable food secure communities; and (c) invites social work researchers to develop holistic measures of CFS.
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry: trends and applications.

Recent advances in membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) are reviewed. On-line monitoring is treated by focusing on critical variables, including the nature and dimensions of the membrane, and the analyte vapor pressure, diffusivity, and solubility in the membrane barrier. Sample introduction by MIMS is applied in (i) on-line monitoring of chemical and biological reactors, (ii) analysis of volatile organic compounds in environmental matrices, including air, water and soil, and (iii) in more fundamental studies, such as measurements of thermochemical properties, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics. New semipermeable membranes are discussed, including those consisting of thin polymers, low vapor pressure liquids, and zeolites. These membranes have been used to monitor polar compounds, selectively differentiate compounds through affinity-binding, and provide isomer differentiation based on molecular size. Measurements at high spatial resolution, for example, using silicone-capped hypodermic needle inlets, are also covered, as is electrically driven sampling through microporous membranes. Other variations on the basic MIMS experiment include analyte preconcentration through cryotrapping (CT–MIMS) or trapping in the membrane (trap-and-release), as well as differential thermal release methods and reverse phase (i.e., organic solvent) MIMS. Method limitations center on semivolatile compounds and complex mixture analysis, and novel solutions are discussed. Semivolatile compounds have been monitored with thermally assisted desorption, ultrathin membranes and derivatization techniques. Taking advantage of the differences in time of membrane permeation, mixtures of structurally similar compounds have been differentiated by using sample modulation techniques and by temperature-programmed desorption from a membrane interface. Selective ionization techniques that increase instrument sensitivity towards polar compounds are also described, and comparisons are made with other direct sampling (nonchromatographic) methods that are useful in mixture analysis. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 19: 1–37, 2000
Molecular symmetry: Why permutation-inversion (PI) groups don’t render the point groups obsolete

Abstract The analysis of spectra of molecules with internal large-amplitude motions (LAMs) requires molecular symmetry (MS) groups that are larger than and significantly different from the more familiar point groups. MS groups are described often by the permutation-inversion (PI) group method. It is shown that point groups still can and should play a significant role together with the PI groups for a class of molecules with internal rotors. In molecules of this class, several simple internal rotors are attached to a rigid molecular frame. The PI groups for this class are semidirect products like H ^ F, where the invariant subgroup H is a direct product of cyclic groups and F is a point group. This result is used to derive meaningful labels for MS groups, and to derive correlation tables between MS groups and point groups. MS groups of this class have many parallels to space groups of crystalline solids.
Why do older adults have difficulty with semantic fluency

Aging involves many cognitive declines, particularly in fluid intelligence, with relative maintenance of crystallized intelligence. This paradox is evident in the language domain: lexical retrieval becomes slower and less accurate, despite well preserved vocabularies. Verbal fluency assesses both crystallized and fluid aspects of language. Semantic fluency hypothetically reflects semantic knowledge, while letter fluency putatively reflects executive functioning, which would predict a greater impact of aging on the latter. However, the opposite is typically observed.To investigate factors contributing to such asymmetries, we examined verbal fluency in 86 adults (30-89 years). Multiple regression analyses indicated that semantic fluency depends largely on lexical retrieval speed, as well as visualization strategies to support controlled retrieval, skills which may disproportionately decline with age. By contrast, letter fluency relies heavily on vocabulary knowledge, providing some protection agains...
A Secure Data Assimilation for Large-Scale Sensor Networks Using an Untrusted Cloud

Abstract Cloud computing technologies (CCTs) enable a large-scale sensor network (LSN) to outsource the computations of data assimilation to improve its performance. However, the cyber-physical nature of cloud-enabled LSNs (CE-LSNs) introduces new challenges. Outsourcing the computations to an untrusted cloud may expose the privacy of the sensing data. To address the security issues, we proposed a secure approach to achieve data confidentiality in the outsourcing process. We develop our mechanism by combining a conventional homomorphic encryption and a customized encryption scheme. We present theorems to characterize the correctness of the encryption and investigate the estimation performance and the security of the proposed method. We also analyze the impacts of the quantization errors on the estimation performance. Finally, we present numerical experiments to consolidate our analytical results.
Voice of a “Seasoned” OB Professor

I will be making some highly personalized comments on the Aguinis et al. (2017) focal article concerning rigor versus relevance, renaming/rebranding industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology, and I-O psychology versus business school organizational behavior (OB). Before commenting, however, I feel compelled to briefly frame my remarks from the perspective of my 50-year academic career. For example, I think it is important to note that I go back to the early 1960s at the University of Iowa, College of Business. I was studying for my PhD in the just emerging field of management and organizations (nothing was offered called organizational behavior or strategic management). However, and very unusual for the times for management majors, I also took a minor in the psychology department concentrating on social and I-O psychology. Also, after receiving my PhD in 1965, for my 2-year military obligation, after infantry officer training I was assigned to West Point and taught cadets the required psychology course and military leadership. This background had a formative and lasting impact on my thinking about OB and I-O psychology.
Placing Substance Abuse

This chapter discusses how the concept of place and related geographic methodologies has been used in understanding health and health care, and it suggests avenues of exploration for research on substance abuse. ‘Place’ provides a foundation for understanding how substance abuse behaviors, prevention, and treatment relate to place environments from the personal to the global scale. I describe three main areas of contribution: exploring geographic inequalities in health; understanding the associations between place environments and health; and analyzing disparities in health care access and location. Each of these topics is discussed, in turn, emphasizing important themes and recent developments in health/medical geography literature and their applicability to research on substance use and abuse.
Emergence of Untaught Mands or Tacts of Novel Adjective-Object Pairs as a Function of Instructional History

We tested the effects of multiple exemplar instruction (MEI) on the emergence of untaught mands or tacts of adjective-object pairs in a multiple-probe design across four students with autism/developmental disabilities. None of the students emitted either mands or tacts for three sets of three adjective-object pairs (word sets counterbalanced across students and conditions) in pre-experimental probe trials. In the baseline phase, either mands or tacts were taught for the first adjective-object pairs to each student who then received probe trials for the untaught verbal operants. None of the students emitted the verbal operant that was not directly taught. In the MEI condition, a second set of adjective-object pairs was taught under alternating mand and tact conditions until both operants were mastered. Following mastery of the second set in the MEI condition, students were again probed for the untaught mands or tacts for the adjective-object pairs that were not in their repertoires when a single verbal operant was taught in baseline (the first set). All students emitted the untaught mands or tacts for the first set. Finally, a third set of adjective-object pairs was taught as tacts or mands and the untaught mands or tacts emerged. The data are discussed in terms of generative verbal behavior, abstraction of establishing operation control, and multiple exemplar instruction.
Decoding of regulatory signals at the microbial surface.

Recent work on the regulation of growth and differentiation in metazoan cells has conjured up a fascinating picture of the cell surface as a prime substation in the coding and decoding of regulatory signals. I am referring to studies on contact inhibition and growth control in mammalian cells (Burger, 1971, 1973; Dulbecco, 19714; Sambrook, 1972; Stoker, 1972), on lectin-induced transformation of resting into proliferating lymphocytes (Greaves and Bauminger, 1972; Lindahl-Kiessling, 1972; Rubin et al., 1972), on immune response (Mitchison, 1971), on the action of polypeptide hormones (Rodbell, 1972), on specific cell adhesion as related to morphogenesis (Moscona, 1968; Steinberg, 1964; McGuire, 1972), on fertilization and early development (Tyler, 1965; Metz, 1967; Tomkins and Rodman, 1971), on the action of diphtheria toxin (Pappenheimer et al., 1972), etc. In contrast, the microbial surface seems quite dull. But is it? Evidence to the contrary has been known for a number of years. Thus, in 1965, Kalckar summarized results indicating that the polymers of the external surface of a bacterium (which he named “ektopolymers”) play a decisive role in determining the repertoire of its social activities. Until very recently interest in the “ektobiology” of microorganisms—social or regulatory—has been limited, but a reversal of this neglect is now evident (see, for instance, Tomasz, 1971). Two factors are probably significant in this reversal.
Genetic and cytoplasmic control of undifferentiated growth in Aspergillus nidulans.

Abstract Undifferentiated, infiltrative variants of Aspergillus nidulans with aberrant pattens of mycelial growth arose spontaneously from genetically marked parental strais. These abnormalities of growth and develpment, reminiscent of neoplasms of higher organisms, could be transmitted to normal strains via heteokaryosis. Preliminary genetic analysis suggests that there is a gene or linkage group VIII necessary for the expression of this somatic variation.
Patient activation for self-management is associated with health status in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background Higher levels of patient activation for self-managing health are associated with positive clinical and health care utilization outcomes. Identifying a patient's activation level can guide clinicians to tailor interventions to improve their health. Effective self-management of atrial fibrillation (AF) requires patient activation to participate in treatment decisions, prevent complications, and manage risk factors. Yet, little is known about activation in patients with AF. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify patient activation levels and factors associated with activation in patients with AF. Methods Patients (N=123), 66% male, with a mean (SD) age of 59.9 (11.3) years seeking treatment for AF at an arrhythmia clinic completed the Patient Activation Measure (PAM), Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale, Knowledge about Atrial Fibrillation test, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, and Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. PAM scores were categorized into Levels 1-4. Associations among patient-reported outcomes, sociodemographic, and clinical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests and Kruskal-Wallis procedures. Results The PAM scores of nearly half (45.5%) of the patients were at Level 3, while the scores of 38% were at Level 4. Male sex (P=0.02), higher education (P=0.004), being employed (P=0.005), lower body mass index (P=0.03), tobacco abstinence (P=0.02), less AF symptom burden (P=0.006), less depression (P≤0.0001) and anxiety (P=0.006), greater knowledge of AF (P=0.01), and higher levels of physical activity (P=0.02) were associated with higher activation levels. Conclusion Higher levels of patient activation in those with AF were associated with a more positive health status and educational attainment. Additional research to describe activation in patients with AF is warranted to identify patients at risk for low activation and to tailor interventions to activation level.
Dementors Circling Higher Education: Countering the Administrative Mood (Stimmung) of Empirical Science

Maurice Merleau-Ponty was concerned with our tendency to place greater value on numbers than they ought to have, and in response called for science to return to the “soil” (Merleau-Ponty, 1964) . O...
A retrosynthetic analysis algorithm implementation

The need for synthetic route design arises frequently in discovery-oriented chemistry organizations. While traditionally finding solutions to this problem has been the domain of human experts, several computational approaches, aided by the algorithmic advances and the availability of large reaction collections, have recently been reported. Herein we present our own implementation of a retrosynthetic analysis method and demonstrate its capabilities in an attempt to identify synthetic routes for a collection of approved drugs. Our results indicate that the method, leveraging on reaction transformation rules learned from a large patent reaction dataset, can identify multiple theoretically feasible synthetic routes and, thus, support research chemist everyday efforts.
Hardware and GNC solutions for controlled spacecraft re-entry using aerodynamic drag

Abstract Traditionally, controlled spacecraft re-entries have been conducted using propulsive de-orbit burns which are risky, expensive, and may not be possible for all vehicles. Recently, the miniaturization of technology has ushered in a new class of small satellites (such as CubeSats) that are too small to host thrusters but may require a controlled de-orbit if they contain materials capable of surviving re-entry. For all space vehicles requiring a controlled re-entry, the ability to harness the naturally occurring aerodynamic drag force for orbit control provides a cheaper and more reliable alternative to chemical propulsion. This paper discusses a comprehensive method for drag-controlled re-entry that is applicable to any vehicle capable of modulating its ballistic coefficient. First, a novel guidance generation algorithm efficient enough to run onboard a CubeSat outputs a desired ballistic coefficient profile and corresponding numerically propagated trajectory that if followed, will lead the spacecraft to a desired de-orbit location. This guidance generation algorithm is based on an analytical solution that provides convergence guarantees, ensures rapid performance, and facilitates a controllability analysis. Next, the guidance tracking algorithm utilizes an extended Kalman filter and GPS measurements to estimate the position and velocity of the satellite relative to the guidance. A full state feedback linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR) control strategy is then used to drive the relative position and velocity to zero using solely aerodynamic drag. This paper also discusses a novel retractable drag de-orbit device (D3) that can be attached to existing CubeSat structures and can easily be scaled up for larger satellites. The D3 provides passive three-axis attitude stabilization using aerodynamic and gravity gradient forces and can be repeatedly modulated to perform aerodynamically-based orbital maneuvering and controlled re-entry. The design of the planned 2U CubeSat to test the D3 and control algorithms in flight is also discussed. The re-entry point targeting algorithms were validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations which included realistic GPS measurement errors and drag force uncertainties. The algorithms were able to guide the satellite to a desired de-orbit location with an average error below 25 km and in all cases, the targeting error was low enough for debris mitigation purposes. The accuracy and reliability of these algorithms coupled with the D3 device that has successfully undergone thermal vacuum, vibration, and fatigue testing provide a cheap, reliable, and comprehensive attitude, orbit, and de-orbit control solution that can be used on large and small space vehicles, possibly replacing conventional propulsion and attitude control systems and making space more accessible to everyone.
Reversible Hydrogel Photopatterning: Spatial and Temporal Control over Gel Mechanical Properties Using Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis.

There is a growing interest in being able to control the mechanical properties of hydrogels for applications in materials, medicine, and biology. Primarily, changes in the hydrogel’s physical prope...
Pharmacists’ Perspectives on Prescribing and Expanding Access to Hormonal Contraception in Pharmacies in the United States:

Introduction:Pharmacist prescribing of contraception is becoming increasingly available in selected states. The objective of this study was to assess US community pharmacists’ perspectives on expan...
Severe pneumonia complicated with heart failure in children

It is still controversial whether or not the severe pneumonia is associated with heart failure in children.Currently, we pay more attention to the pathophysiological procedure of heart failure, such as pneumonia complicated with respiratory failure, shock and myocardial injury.Pay attention to the cardiopulmonary interaction mechanism and systemic inflammatory response.According to different pathophysiological mechanisms, guide the treatment by monitoring the hemodynamic status. Key words: Pneumonia; Heart failure; Pediatrics; Pathogenesis; Treatment,
Equal performance but distinct behaviors: Astatotilapia burtoni sex differences in a novel object recognition task and spatial maze

Abstract Sex differences in behavior and cognition can be driven by differential selection pressures from the environment and in the underlying neuromolecular mechanisms of decision-making. The highly social cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni exhibits dynamic and complex social hierarchies, yet explicit cognitive testing (outside of social contexts) and investigations of sex differences in cognition have yet to be fully explored. Here we assessed male and female A. burtoni in two cognitive tasks: a novel object recognition task and a spatial task. We hypothesized that males outperform females in a spatial learning task and exhibit more neophilic/exploratory behavior in across both tasks. In the present study we find that both sexes prefer the familiar object in a novel object recognition task, but the time at which they exhibit this preference differs between the sexes. Females more frequently learned the spatial task, exhibiting longer decision latencies and quicker error correction, suggesting a potential speed-accuracy tradeoff. Furthermore, the sexes differ in space use in both tasks and in a principal component analysis of the spatial task. A model selection analysis finds that preference, approach, and interaction duration in the novel object recognition task that reach a threshold of importance averaged across all models. This work highlights the need to explicitly test for sex differences in cognition to better understand how individuals navigate dynamic social environments.
Surgeon Variability Impacts Costs in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: the Volume-Cost Relationship

Physician variation in adherence to best practices contributes to the high costs of health care. Understanding surgeon-specific cost variation in common surgical procedures may inform strategies to improve the value of surgical care. Laparoscopic cholecystectomies at a single institution were identified over a 5-year period and linked to an institutional cost database. Multiple linear regression was used to control for patient-, case-, and hospital-specific factors while assessing the impact of surgeon variability on cost. The final dataset contained 1686 patients. Higher surgeon volume (reported in tertiles) was associated with decreased costs ($5354 vs. $6301 vs. $7156, p < 0.01) and OR times (66 min vs. 85 min vs. 95 min, p < 0.01). After controlling for patient-, case-, and hospital-specific factors, non-MIS fellowship training type (p < 0.01) and low surgeon volume (p < 0.01) were associated with increased costs, while time in practice did not contribute to cost variation (p = NS). Surgeon variability contributes to costs in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some of this variability is associated with operative volume and fellowship training. Collaboration to limit this cost variability may reduce surgical resource utilization.
Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality: Evidence for Lijphart's Proposition from Venezuela

What difference does it make if the state makes people vote? The question is central to normative debates about the rights and duties of citizens in a democracy, and to contemporary policy debates in a number of Latin American countries over what actions states should take to encourage electoral participation. Focusing on a rare case of abolishing compulsory voting in Venezuela, this article shows that not forcing people to vote yielded a more unequal distribution of income. The evidence supports Arend Lijphart's claim, advanced in his 1996 presidential address to the American Political Science Association, that compulsory voting can offset class bias in turnout and, in turn, contribute to the equality of influence.
The cross-section of consumer lending risk☆

Abstract This paper tests the validity of a single-factor (market) model to price consumer lending risk. It classifies US counties into 25 portfolios based on unemployment level and the change in nominal income. The results, using serious delinquency on revolving credit as default risk, show that the intercepts are indistinguishable from zero in 22 portfolios, and the average default rate of a portfolio increases with its beta. The additional risk factors based on unemployment and income growth portfolios marginally improve the single-factor model. The results are robust to time-varying betas and personal bankruptcy as a measure of consumer lending risk.
Are We Entering a Paradigm Shift for Dark Matter

While the LCDM framework has been incredibly successful for modern cosmology, it requires the admission of two mysterious substances as a part of the paradigm, dark energy and dark matter. Although this framework adequately explains most of the large-scale properties of the Universe (i.e., existence and structure of the CMB, the large-scale structure of galaxies, the abundances of light elements and the accelerating expansion), it has failed to make significant predictions on smaller scale features such as the kinematics of galaxies and their formation. In particular, the rotation curves of disk galaxies (the original observational discovery of dark matter) are better represented by non-Newtonian models of gravity that challenge our understanding of motion in the low acceleration realm (much as general relativity provided an extension of gravity into the high acceleration realm e.g., blackholes). The tension between current cold dark matter scenarios and proposed new formulations of gravity in the low energy regime suggests an upcoming paradigm shift in cosmology. And, if history is a guide, observations will lead the way.