cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Figure Test

This self-assessment instrument and scoring note is adapted from the Hand Test and provides a means of assessing an individual's tendency to focus on people or things. Within the people measure, scores on Dependency, Direction, Communication, Exhibition, Aggression, and Affection are generated. The note is self-administered, -scored, and -interpreted. Excerpt UVA-PACS-0074 Rev. Apr. 11, 2013 THE FIGURE TEST On the following pages are a series of drawings of human figures. The drawings are not particularly detailed, nor necessarily intended to be realistic. Your instructions for taking this test are to answer a single question for each figure, and to note your responses to that question on the paper beneath the figure itself. The question is, “What might this person be doing?” . . .
Forum: Musical Wellness: Opportunities for String Researchers2:

Research in musicians’ health in the last 30 years reveals that anywhere from 37 to 87 percent of both adults and students suffer pain related to the practice of their craft; nearly as often as athletes do. ASTA was one of the first professional organizations to recognize the problem. But how much do we really know about performance injuries and their prevention? Musicians, music educators, and movement and medical scientists have all investigated these issues. String researchers have been particularly active in studying the biomechanics of playing and in testing preventions and interventions, and they are uniquely qualified to contribute to understanding in these and other aspects of music wellness.
Godina's Principles in the Twenty-First Century and the Evolution of Lower Extremity Trauma Reconstruction.

Background February of 2016 marked 30 years since the passing of Marko Godina, a pioneer and prodigy in the field of reconstructive microsurgery. Most noteworthy among his many contributions was his method of radical debridement of contaminated compound fractures followed by early free tissue transfer for wound closure. In the last three decades, the landscape of reconstructive surgery has undergone significant transformation owing to advances in reconstructive techniques and wound care technology, as well as new data. Methods Dr. Godina's work and legacy are reviewed, compared and contrasted with new and evolving data regarding lower extremity trauma reconstruction. Results Advancements in technique and technology have greatly molded lower extremtiy reconstruction over the past thirty years. Nonetheless, Dr. Godina's principles of timely care and early vascularized soft tissue coverage have withstood the test of time. Conclusion Marko Godina's contribution to reconstructive microsurgery cannot be overstated and his groundbreaking work continues to serve as the foundation of lower extremity trauma reconstruction. Three decades after his seminal work, we honor Dr. Godina's legacy and explore how his principles have endured, evolved, or been replaced.
Preserving racial hierarchy amidst changing racial demographics: how neighbourhood racial preferences are changing while maintaining segregation

Despite long-term, documented declines in racialized attitudes, racial inequality persists. Scholars have theorized why this dissonance exists but few have empirically demonstrated how views can be...
Parametric Study on the Performance of UHPC and Nano-modified Polymer Concrete (NMPC) Composite Wall Panels for Protective Structures

This study presents the performance of hybrid concrete walls incorporating ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) and nano-modified polymer concrete (NMPC) under blast loading. UHPC has compressive strength with failure strain very close to that of conventional concrete. Such strain is insufficient to sustain large plastic deformations required for structures subjected to very high strain rates. However, NMPC made from cement replacement by epoxy polymer provides failure strain ten times higher than conventional concrete, tensile, and excellent bond strengths. The nonlinear finite element code LS-DYNA has been used to conduct the numerical analyses. The hybrid composite concrete walls were produced by interconnecting elements made of UHPC and NMPC and were assessed for post-blast damage. The key parameters considered were charge weights, standoff distances, and the composite action of the composite UHPC and NMPC wall panels. The proposed hybrid concrete walls showed outstanding resistance to blast scenarios.
Functional analysis of lymphoid cell subpopulations involved in rejection of tumors induced by simian virus 40.

Lymphoid cell surface differentiation antigens of the hamster, in contrast to those of the mouse, are not well defined, and there is little information on the functional delineation and analysis of hamster lymphocyte subpopulations. More work in this direction will be of great importance in adding to our understanding of the hamster immune system and in further developing the hamster as a useful animal model for immunologic and other studies.
Cooperative Stereo Matching Using Static and Dynamic Image Features

Visual experience is intrinsically subjective. The manifest unity of our perceptions belies the indeterminacy of our sensations. A single pattern of excitation on the retinal receptors is consistent with many possible worlds of objects. The simple problem of determining object brightness exemplifies the ambiguities inherent in the retinal image. The photons incident on a given receptor may indicate the presence of a bright or dark object depending on the overall level of illumination. In mediating automatic gain control, the horizontal cells of the retina express an assumption about the nature of the illuminant. These neurons in the most peripheral part of the visual system take the first step toward interpretation of the image. By a process of lateral inhibition, they discount the effect of illumination and determine the brightness of an object relative to that of nearby objects. At all levels of complexity, the visual system interprets each data point within the context of the scene. This interpretation is consistent with the input data and with the internal structure of the system. Through evolution, the structure of the visual system provides correspondence between the mental image and the objective world.
The Effect of Course Content Position on Student Attempts of Practice Problems in Introductory Biology

Since 2013, we have used all of the content from our Introduction to Biology Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) with students taking an equivalent on-campus, for-credit course in a mostly ungraded, blended manner. It appeared early on that students on campus watched the videos in high numbers, and more students answered practice problems from within video sequences than the (ungraded) problem sets or practice exams. As a follow-up, we asked, if the position of an ungraded problem impacts students' behavior to try practice problems. We hypothesized that placement of the ungraded problems in the course structure has a significant effect on the likelihood of a student attempting the problems. We predicted that ungraded problems placed immediately after a video segment within a sequence of videos would have a higher number of unique submissions compared to the same problem placed outside of the video sequence. To test our hypothesis, we performed A/B tests on the course content position of ungraded problems during both the fall 2015 and fall 2016 semesters. We positioned the ungraded problems in an appropriate video sequence or under the relevant problem set or exam available for practice in the course website. We found that more students attempted problems when the problems appeared in-between video segments for 34 out of 38 cases. Both sets of experiments (20 problems for 2015 and 18 problems for 2016) support our hypothesis that more students submitted answers to ungraded problems in the video sequence versus when we positioned the same problem in the course structure outside of the video sequence. These results indicate that the online course structure alone can influence student study behavior, a result potentially applicable to the design of blended learning experiences and MOOCs.
CHAPTER 12 – Racial Determinants of Peak Bone Mass

Race is a major determinant of peak bone mass, bone density, and fracture. Available evidence indicates that Caucasian women and men have a lower bone mineral density and a higher risk of hip fracture than African American women and men. While Asian women have a bone mineral density similar to that of Caucasian women, their risk of fracture is less. African American, Hispanic, and Asian women have at least a 40% lower incidence of hip fracture and 50% lower incidence of fractures at other sites than Caucasian women. The difference in fracture rates appears to be related to a variety of hormonal, biochemical, and life-style differences between Caucasian and other racial groups. The fact that differences in bone mineral density, especially between African Americans and Caucasians, can be traced to early childhood provides evidence that bone mass may be determined by genetic as well as by environmental factors. A number of factors, some of which are controversial, have been proposed that would contribute to or be responsible for the racial difference in bone density. These include differences in metabolism of vitamin D and calcium; skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone; lower rate of skeletal remodeling; differences in distribution of alleles of the vitamin D receptor; higher serum leptin and earlier puberty in girls; and higher serum testosterone, 17/3- estradiol, and rate of secretion of growth hormone in men.
Impact of Uncertainty on Non-Medical Professionals' Estimates of Sexual Abuse Probability

ABSTRACT The study assesses how an educational intervention describing uncertainty m child sexual abuse assessments affects estimates of sexual abuse probability by non-physician child abuse professionals (CAP). It evaluates whether CAP incorporate medical information into abuse estimates in concordance with Bayes' Theorem. Eighty-nine CAP estimated the abuse probability for a hypothetical preadolescent female: (1) randomly selected; (2) disclosing abuse; (3) with physical evidence of abuse; and (4) disclosing abuse but with a normal physical examination. CAP then attended a workshop that included discussion of uncertainty in abuse assessment. Post-lecture questionnaires, identical to pre-lecture questionnaires except for estimates of the examination sensitivity and specificity, were administered. Expected responses for post-lecture Scenarios (3) and (4) were generated using Bayes' Theorem and compared to actual responses. Respondents estimated a high abuse prevalence (average 32%, range 5 to 75%). Respon...
Systemic Right Ventricles with a Biventricular Circulation (L-Transposition and D-Transposition After Atrial Switch Operation)

In transposition of the great arteries (TGA), there are discordant ventriculoarterial alignments, with the great vessels arising abnormally from the “wrong” ventricle. As a result, the right ventricle ejects to the aorta, and the left ventricle ejects to the pulmonary artery. This can occur in the context of various congenital heart defects, most commonly either D-looped transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) or physiologically corrected transposition of the great arteries (also referred to as congenitally corrected or L-looped; l-TGA). Both forms of TGA can be associated with other congenital heart defects including ventricular septal defects, outflow tract obstruction, atrioventricular canal defects, and coarctation of the aorta. The physiologic and clinical consequences of these anomalies and the surgical procedures that are undertaken to address them are profound and may be uniquely assessed with exercise testing.
Nutrition-Related Messages Shared Among the Online Transgender Community: A Netnography of YouTube Vloggers.

Purpose: Nutrition care guidelines for the transgender population do not exist, despite significant nutrition-related clinical and psychosocial considerations. Social networking sites (SNSs) provid...
American Vigilantism — Popular Justice and Popular Culture

This essay on American vigilantism is a chapter in the forthcoming book Vigilante Justice in Society and Popular Culture: A Global Perspective (Peter Robson & Ferdinando Spina, eds). It summarizes the rich history of American vigilantism, meaning that people administer popular justice by taking the law into their own hands. It focusses particularly on the San Francisco Vigilance Committees of 1851 and 1856 when large numbers of people who were frustrated by crime and corruption took over criminal law enforcement and hanged a number of desperados. The chapter also discusses San Francisco’s Chinatown Squad of 1879-1920, a group of police assigned the job of law enforcement in Chinatown by any means necessary. The chapter then turns to vigilantism in American movies. Given the centrality of vigilantism in American history and the hearty public approval it usually enjoys, it’s not surprising that a vast number of films concern this subject. The chapter concentrates on police vigilantism, exemplified by Dirty Harry and its sequels. Almost all of the Dirty Harry films were set in San Francisco (which connects the two halves of this chapter). These very successful movies transmitted a strong message of political conservatism. They depicted San Francisco as a pit of depravity and sexual permissiveness. Police vigilantism offends the criminal law compromise that gives government a monopoly on the use of force, but subject to a series of constraints that vigilantes ignore.
Genetic and bioinformatic approaches to characterize ethanol teratogenesis

ABSTRACT Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) describes the full range of defects that result from prenatal alcohol exposure. The clinical diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most severe outcome, characterized by facial dysmorphism and neurological deficits. Gene-ethanol interactions underlie susceptibility to FASD but we lack a clear understanding of the genetic risk factors. Here, we leverage the genetic tractability of zebrafish to address this problem. We first show that vangl2, a member of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway that mediates convergent extension movements, strongly interacts with ethanol during late blastula and early gastrula stages. Embryos mutant or heterozygous for vangl2 are sensitized to ethanol-induced midfacial hypoplasia. However, we have no understanding of the potential mechanism of this sensitization. We performed single-embryo RNA-Seq during early embryonic stages, to assess individual variation to the transcriptional response to ethanol and determine the mechanism of the vangl2-ethanol interaction. Transcriptional changes due to ethanol are indicative of increased oxidative stress and ion transport as well as reduced DNA replication and cell division. To identify the pathway(s) that are disrupted by ethanol we used these global changes in gene expression to identify small molecules, often pathway inhibitors, that mimic the effects of ethanol via the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS L1000) dataset. This dataset predicted that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine, would mimic the effects of ethanol, despite ethanol not altering the expression levels of direct targets of Shh signaling. Indeed, we found that ethanol and cyclopamine strongly interact to disrupt midfacial development. Collectively, these results suggest that the midfacial defects in ethanol-exposed vangl2 mutants are due to an indirect interaction between ethanol and the Shh pathway. Vangl2 functions as part of a signaling pathway that regulates coordinated cell movements during midfacial development. Consistent with an indirect model, a critical source of Shh signaling that separates the developing eye field into bilateral eyes, allowing the expansion of the midface, becomes mispositioned in ethanol-exposed vangl2 mutants.
TikTok™, teens and isotretinoin: recommendations for identifying trending acne-related content on the world's most popular social media platform.

We enjoyed reading Roche et al.'s recent article published in Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, in which the authors discussed the potential for propagation of false, misleading, or harmful dermatologic information on TikTok.1 In reply, Nikookam and Guckian provided an interesting perspective regarding TikTok's potential for education in dermatology.2.
Teaching other teachers how to teach CS better

The Communications website, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts. twitter Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm Mark Guzdial shares how he assesses the efforts of other computer science teachers.
The Subversive Simone Weil: A Life in First Ideas

Robert Zaretsky’s The Subversive Simone Weil melds Simone Weil’s life with her thought, yet does so in a way that abjures the traditional distinction between intellectual biography and critical mon...
Preventive Lessons from Hypertension and Myocardial Infarction: Treating Asymptomatic Individuals to Lower the Risk for Subsequent Cardiovascular Events

The establishment of hypertension as a risk factor for premature fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular diseases by epidemiological studies was the first step in developing a management strategy to improve prognosis. The demonstration in randomized, placebo- controlled trials that chronic antihypertensive therapy could reduce this risk provided the impetus for an ongoing educational program to motivate both physicians and patients to use pharmacologic agents to treat this asymptomatic condition in order to prevent future adverse cardiovascular events. The parallelisms between the concepts, surrogate outcomes, and more definitive randomized placebo-controlled trials addressing clinical outcome for the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in asymptomatic individuals with left ventricular dysfunction are presented. In both cases, the combination of definitive outcomes and safety data coupled with a supportive educational program are needed for physicians and patients to accept and continue lifelong therapy for asymptomatic conditions.
International Relevance and Applicability of United States-Based Marriage and Family Therapy Training in Turkey

This study involved a qualitative examination of Turkish marriage and family therapists’ perspectives with respect to the relevance and applicability of their United States (US)-based marriage and family therapy (MFT) training in Turkey. Eleven Turkish participants, who received their master’s and/or doctoral MFT education in the US and were practicing MFT in Turkey, were interviewed. The participants specifically discussed the transferability of the US-based coursework, practicum/internship, and supervision to their practice in Turkey. Seven themes emerged from the interviews: (1) Universality, (2), Ethical and Legal Issues, (3), Coursework, (4) Clinical Experience, (5) Supervision of Clinical Experience, (6) Culture and Diversity, and (7) Modification of Therapeutic Approaches. Data indicated that the participants perceived their clinical MFT training in the US to be transferable to Turkey, albeit with some necessary modification of therapeutic approaches. The limitations of the study and the implications for US-based MFT programs and international practitioners are discussed.
Detecting genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in whole genome sequence data via Lasso screening

Genetic factors play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) whole genome sequence (WGS) data offers new power to investigate mechanisms of AD by combining entire genome sequences with neuroimaging and clinical data. Here we explore the ADNI WGS SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) data in depth and extract approximately six million valid SNP features. We investigate imaging genetics associations using Lasso regression — a widely used sparse learning technique. To solve the large-scale Lasso problem more efficiently, we employ a highly efficient screening rule for Lasso — called dual polytope projections (DPP) — to remove irrelevant features from the optimization problem. Experiments demonstrate that the DPP can effectively identify irrelevant features and leads to a 400× speedup. This allows us for the first time to run the compute-intensive model selection procedure called stability selection to rank SNPs that may affect the brain and AD risk.
An extension-oriented compiler

The thesis of this dissertation is that compilers can and should allow programmers to extend programming languages with new syntax, features, and restrictions by writing extension modules that act as plugins for the compiler. We call compilers designed around this idea extension-oriented. The central challenge in designing and building an extension-oriented compiler is the creation of extension interfaces that are simultaneously powerful, to allow effective extensions; convenient, to make these extensions easy to write; and composable, to make it possible to use independently-written extensions together. This dissertation proposes and evaluates extension-oriented syntax trees (XSTs) as a way to meet these challenges. The key interfaces to XSTs are grammar statements, a convenient, composable interface to extend the input parser; syntax patterns, a way to manipulate XSTs in terms of the original program syntax; canonicalizers, which put XSTs into a canonical form to extend the reach of syntax patterns; and attributes, a lazy computation mechanism to structure analyses on XSTs and allow extensions to cooperate. We have implemented these interfaces in a small procedural language called zeta. Using zeta, we have built an extension-oriented compiler for C called xoc and then 13 extensions to C ranging in size from 16 lines to 245 lines. To evaluate XSTs and xoc, this dissertation examines two examples in detail: a reimplementation of the programming language Alef and a reimplementation of the Linux kernel checker Sparse. Both of these examples consist of a handful of small extensions used in concert. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
College football, elections, and false-positive results in observational research

A recent, widely cited study [Healy AJ, Malhotra N, Mo CH (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(29):12804–12809] finds that college football games influence voting behavior. Victories within 2 weeks of an election reportedly increase the success of the incumbent party in presidential, senatorial, and gubernatorial elections in the home county of the team. We reassess the evidence and conclude that there is likely no such effect, despite the fact that Healy et al. followed the best practices in social science and used a credible research design. Multiple independent sources of evidence suggest that the original finding was spurious—reflecting bad luck for researchers rather than a shortcoming of American voters. We fail to estimate the same effect when we leverage situations where multiple elections with differing incumbent parties occur in the same county and year. We also find that the purported effect of college football games is stronger in counties where people are less interested in college football, just as strong when the incumbent candidate does not run for reelection, and just as strong in other parts of the state outside the home county of the team. Lastly, we detect no effect of National Football League games on elections, despite their greater popularity. We conclude with recommendations for evaluating surprising research findings and avoiding similar false-positive results.
DTI-based response-driven modeling of mTLE laterality.

Purpose To develop lateralization models for distinguishing between unilateral and bilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and determining laterality in cases of unilateral mTLE.
Two Random Walks on Upper Triangular Matrices

We study two random walks on a group of upper triangular matrices. In each case, we give upper bound on the mixing time by using a stopping time technique.
Transcription initiation of Xenopus 5S ribosomal RNA genes in vitro

We have studied initiation of transcription of 5S RNA genes in extracts of Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. To aid in this study we developed a general assay for specificity of transcription initiation that does not require accurate termination of transcription. Following in vitro transcription with gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphages, the RNA is digested with pancreatic RNAase and fingerprinted by two dimensional chromatography. A 5S RNA gene with a variant sequence, in which the G residue at position +1 is replaced by a C, initiates transcription at an A residue one nucleotide preceding the C. Although Xenopus RNA polymerase form III can initiate transcription at many sites on plasmid DNA, all of the transcripts start with purines. The majority of these purines are triphosphorylated. When a repeating unit of Xenopus 5s DNA is inserted into the plasmid, initiations at the vector start sites are suppressed and the major labeled 5' oligonucleotide is derived from 5S RNA.
Inter-Rater Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Preschool Play Scale with Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study examined whether the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale (PPS-R) was reliable and valid for use in assessing play behavior of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inter-rater reliability of the PPS-R was investigated. Comparing scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) on 61 children determined concurrent validity of the PPS-R. Intraclass Correlation and Spearman's Rank Order Correlation coefficients revealed the PPS-R had high inter-rater reliability (r = .94) and correlated significantly (r = .52, p< .01) with the total score of the VABS, respectively. Results support the PPS-R is a reliable and valid measurement of play behavior for preschoolers with ASD.
Nitrogen Mineralization from Soil Organic Matter and Crop Residues: Field Validation of Laboratory Predictions

Accurate prediction of N mineralization under field conditions would promote optimal N-use efficiency from both organic and inorganic sources. This study was conducted to assess the utility of microplot cylinders with mixed-bed exchange resins for monitoring field N mineralization, to compare laboratory predictions with field measurements of N mineralization, and to determine the impact of using ground (≤ 1 mm) crop residues in the laboratory to predict N mineralization of unground (≤25 mm) residues in the field. Nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) residues was followed in the laboratory at 15, 20, and 25 °C with 0, 2150, 4300, and 6450 kg vetch ha ' equivalent loading rates of ≤1 mm particle-size residue. Ground and unground residues were added to microplot cylinders at loading rates equivalent to 0, 4028, and 5010 kg vetch ha 1 and installed in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis) crop rows in two growing seasons. Nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter under field conditions was overestimated by laboratory predictions; however, field measurements of N mineralization from both ground and unground vetch residues were closely predicted by a complementary laboratory study. These data indicate vetch residue N mineralization under these modified field conditions (i.e., microplot cylinders) can be predicted from laboratory studies that use ground residues, constant temperatures, and variable residue quantities. This finding may advance our ability to model and account for residue N mineralization when developing N management recommendations.
Regulation of ribosome synthesis in Escherichia coli: Effects of temperature and dilution rate changes

The effect of temperature on the synthesis of ribosome in Escherichia coli K-12 was investigated. In continuous fermentation, the total and functioning ribosome contents decreased with increasing temperature, while the non-functioning ribosome content remained unchanged. Cells contained higher amounts of functioning ribosome at lower temperatures to compensate for the decrease in translational activity. A transient study was performed to investigate the dynamic response of the cell to changes in the dilution rate. In response to the dilution rate shift-up, the cell mass decreased until the cells produced a sufficient amount of ribosomes to support the new higher growth rate. However, the response to the dilution rate shift-down resulted in an immediate increase in cell mass. This may be due to the fact that the cell already contains enough ribosomes to support a lower growth rate corresponding to the new low dilution rate. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model was developed to describe the cell growth at transient as well as steady states. The total ribosome content was included as a variable because it affects the growth rate of the cell. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nondestructive picosecond-ultrasonic characterization of Mo/Si extreme ultraviolet multilayer reflection coatings

We have used noncontact, nondestructive picosecond-ultrasonic techniques to characterize Mo/Si multilayer reflection coatings for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Using our alternating-pump technique, we successfully excited and detected the two lowest frequency localized acoustic-phonon surface modes. By measuring their vibration frequencies simultaneously, we can extract the two key parameters for EUV reflector performance: d (bilayer thickness) and Γ (thickness ratio of Mo layer to the bilayer) of the Mo/Si multilayers. To demonstrate the utility of this technique, we measured the surface-mode frequencies and extracted the values of d and Γ for six mirrors. Good agreement with the results of at-wavelength EUV reflectometry was found. Damage to coatings caused by the pump and probe laser beams was also studied, and found to be negligible given our data-acquisition time.
Interaction between coherent structures and surface temperature and its effect on ground heat flux in an unstably stratified boundary layer

Surface layer plumes, thermals, downdrafts and roll vortices are the most prominent coherent structures in an unstably stratified boundary layer. They contribute most of the temperature and vertical velocity variance, and their time scales increase with height. The effects of these multi-scale structures (surface layer plumes scale with surface layer depth, thermals scale with boundary layer height and the resulting roll vortices scale with convective time scale) on the surface temperature and ground heat flux were studied using turbulence measurements throughout the atmospheric boundary layer and the surface temperature measurements from an infrared camera. Plumes and thermals imprint on the surface temperature as warm structures and downdrafts imprint as cold structures. The air temperature trace shows a ramp-like pattern, with small ramps overlaid on a large ramp very close to the surface; on the other hand, surface temperature gradually increases and decreases. Turbulent heat flux and ground heat flux...
Early Tertiary epithermal gold mineralization, Bahcecik prospect, northeastern Turkey

The Bahcecik prospect is located in the eastern Pontide tectonic province of the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. It is one of the first low sulfidation epithermal systems to be described from this area of Turkey. Gold mineralization occurred within Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic rocks and is localized along east-trending normal faults and lithologic contacts. An early quartz–sericite alteration event was focused along the major fault in the area and resulted in precipitation of arsenian (?) pyrite with anomalous gold. A later, more spatially extensive, advanced argillic alteration event overprinted the quartz–sericite event. Native gold was precipitated during this event as disseminations and fracture fillings in quartz. Gold mineralization is restricted to the high-temperature portion of the alteration zone characterized by quartz veins with diaspore–pyrophyllite selvages. The prospect area was subjected to Tertiary to Holocene supergene alteration.
Printed Wiring Design Aspects of Using Permanent Photopolymer (Dry Film Solder Mask) Coatings

The advantages of incorporating permanent photopolymer (dry film solder mask) coatings into high density printed wiring designs to obtain maximum component density and high reliability are discussed. Although originally developed for use as solder masks, these materials offer significant advantages to the PCB designer. Specific items to be discussed include high density conductor routing, in accordance with the proposed MIL STD 275D, on the solder side and under closely spaced components, component and heat sink mounting, the use of permanent polymer coatings to avoid metallic growth problems, new industry and military specifications and standards that relate to the incorporation of photopolymer masks into PCB designs and effects of coatings on high density, controlled impedance transmission lines.
The Cognitive Structure of Parenthood: Designing a Descriptive Measure

While parent's understanding of the general relationship between parents and children cannot tell us everything that a parent will do in a specific situation, it is an important indicator.
Analysis of speech transcripts to predict winners of U.S. Presidential and Vice-Presidential debates

In this paper, we describe investigations into the speech used in American Presidential and Vice-Presidential debates. We explore possible transcript-based features that may correlate with personally appealing or politically persuasive language. We identify, with chi-squared analysis, features that correlate with success in the debates. We find that with a set of surface-level features from historical debates, we can predict the winners of presidential debates with success moderately above chance.
Glaucoma screening by optometrists : Positive predictive value of visual field testing

PURPOSE: Visual field testing is increasingly being performed by optometrists in order to improve glaucoma detection. The aim of this study was to assess the positive predictive value (PPV) of visual field testing as currently practised by optometrists. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of referrals for suspected glaucoma to an ophthalmology department during a 3 month period. The PPV for glaucoma was determined according to the reason for referral. RESULTS: There were 86 referrals for suspected glaucoma. Isolated field loss accounted for 12% of these referrals but no cases of glaucoma detection. These subjects were either false positive referrals or had field defects of nonglaucomatous aetiology (tilted optic disc and porencephalic cyst). The PPV for glaucoma among referrals with isolated field loss was significantly less than that among referrals with field loss in association with corroborative abnormalities (0 vs. 60%, p = 0.005). No such difference was found for referrals with raised intraocular pressure (43% vs. 57%, p = 0.38) or suspicious discs (25% vs. 53%, p = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Visual field testing is currently leading to unnecessary referrals to the hospital eye service with no detectable improvement in the accuracy of glaucoma suspect referrals. It is important that optometrists perform visual field testing in accordance with validated screening methodology.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE SUSPENSIONS

ABSTRACT The effect of particle concentration on physical properties of aqueous and non-aqueous (methanol) TiO2 suspensions was studied with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The relative viscosity measured as a function of particle volume fraction (Φ) agrees well with the prediction of the Eiler's equation and the Maron-Pierce's equation. The maximum packing fraction (Φm) determined from the equations agree well with the maximum packing fraction determined from sedimentation experiment. The maximum packing fraction of sterically stabilized methanol based suspension by PVP adsorption is about equal to the closest packing fraction of spheres. Dynamic muduli (G' G“) of flocculated suspensions increases much more rapidly with Φ than that of the sterically stabilized suspensions and the storage modulus, G' increases more rapidly than the loss modulus, G“, indicating that the suspension becomes more elastic as ft increases.
Effect of particle size and surface structure on adsorption of O and OH on platinum nanoparticles: A first-principles study

Using first-principles density functional theory, we study the effect of particle size and surface structure on the chemisorption energy of OH and O on nanoparticles of Pt. We find that the chemisorption energies of O and OH are strongly affected by the size and structure of the Pt particle varying by up to $1.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ at different adsorption sites and particle sizes.
Improvement in rod and cone function in mouse model of Fundus albipunctatus after pharmacologic treatment with 9-cis-retinal.

The final oxidation step in a metabolic pathway, called the retinoid (visual) cycle, is catalyzed by 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs).1,2 This cycle of reactions is responsible for the production of 11-cis-retinal, a chromophore of visual pigments.3,4 Disruption of the main RDH enzyme in humans, RDH5, causes Fundus albipunctatus.5 Initially, it was thought that F. albipunctatus was an autosomal recessive form of congenital stationary night blindness characterized by the appearance of numerous small white dots in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and by delays in dark adaptation.6 However, more recently it was demonstrated that progressive cone dystrophy developed in some patients with F. albipunctatus.7–9 In mice, RDH5 is responsible for most 11-cis-RDH activity, but a second RDH—RDH11—plays a complementary role.10 The phenotype of RDH5 knockout in mice is milder than it is in humans; thus, human conditions are mimicked more closely in Rdh5−/−Rdh11−/− mice, and these mice were chosen for our study.11 These mouse models, with disrupted genes encoding 11-cis-RDH, showed delayed dark adaptation with slow 11-cis-retinal regeneration but lacked the retinal structural abnormalities that are typically observed in human diseases with mutation in the RDH5 gene.10,12,13 Interestingly, an accumulation of cis-retinyl esters, mainly 13-cis-retinyl ester, was detected in mice with disrupted 11-cis-RDH genes,12,13 and this accumulation can be related to the pathology of F. albipunctatus.11 Mutations in RPE65 and lecithin/retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) cause severe blindness from birth or early childhood14–16 because RPE65 and LRAT are essential for the production of chromophore in the RPE.17,18 Retinal degeneration was observed when visual pigments were not formed,19,20 but cone cells were more significantly affected, as demonstrated in an RPE65-deficient mouse model.21,22 The main causes of the retinal abnormalities were associated with a lack of 11-cis-retinal production because of the absence of RPE65 or LRAT enzymes. Treatment with 9-cis-retinoids successfully rescued visual function and structure in RPE65- and LRAT-deficient mice.23–26 In this study, we examined the pharmacologic approach with 9-cis-retinal to rescue cone function in mice with the combined deletions of RDH5 and RDH11 (Rdh5−/−Rdh11−/− [11-cis-RDHs]). Electrophysiologic and biochemical measurements demonstrate that the deletion of 11-cis-RDH results in delayed dark adaptation at an early age and cone dystrophy after 12 months. Delayed dark adaptation and cone functional abnormalities were improved substantially with oral 9-cis-retinal treatment. This study suggests a potential treatment of F. albipunctatus to prevent cone dystrophy.
International Transmission of Bank and Corporate Distress

The paper evaluates how increases in banks’ and nonfinancial corporates’ default risk are transmitted in the global economy, using in a vector autoregression model for 30 advanced and emerging economies for the period from January 1996 to December 2008. The results point to two-way causality between bank and corporate distress and to significant global macroeconomic and financial spillovers from either type of distress when it originates in a systemic economy. Corporate distress in advanced economies has a larger impact on economic growth in emerging economies than bank distress in advanced economies has. In contrast, activity in advanced economies is more vulnerable to bank distress than to corporate distress.
Clinical experience with minitracheostomy

Minitracheostomy is a technique to assist in the removal of airway secretions while maintaining glottic function. A flanged, reclosable cannula 4.0 mm in internal diameter is inserted through the cricothyroid membrane into the trachea. Sixty procedures were performed in 56 patients from July 1988 to June 1989. Indications for placement included excessive postoperative secretions (46/60), difficulty with endotracheal suctioning (4/60), preoperative secretions (4/60), postpneumonic secretions (5/60), and acute airway obstruction (1/60). Successful intratracheal placement was possible in all instances, and the device was well tolerated. Major intratracheal bleeding necessitating endotracheal intubation occurred in 2 patients. Minor complications included local hematoma (5 patients), subcutaneous emphysema (2 patients), and hoarseness (1 patient). No deaths occurred. Cannulas remained in place for one day to 35 days. Removal resulted in closure within 48 hours. No adverse laryngeal effects were seen. A successful result, not requiring other invasive methods to remove secretions, was obtained in 43 (72%) of the 60 procedures. Minitracheostomy is a useful adjunct for secretion removal in the hospitalized patient.
Malaria: Host-Pathogen Biology

The development of resistance to insecticides by anopheline mosquito vectors of malaria and of resistance to drugs by Plasmodium falciparum pose new challenges for malaria control programs. The establishment of methods for the continuous cultivation in vitro of plasmodia provided an important new tool for research into the cellular biology and metabolism of these parasites. The molecular basis of the parasite's attachment to and entry into erythrocytes in the host is being elucidated. The impact of the intracellular parasite on erythrocyte metabolism is being explored, and the recognition of the role of plasmodia as an oxidant stress suggested a molecular basis for certain forms of genetic resistance to malaria. In addition, the consequences of parasitization are being studied with regard to alterations in erythrocyte antigenicity, rheologic properties, and the transport of nutrients and antimalarial drugs. The host's immune response to malaria is being assessed with regard to both protective and immunosuppressive effects. The rapid accumulation of new knowledge of host-parasite biology could provide the basis for the design of novel pharmacologic and immunologic methods for the control of malaria.
The effect of network density and homogeneity on attitude polarization

This paper analyzes data from the 1985 General Social Survey to determine if network homogeneity and density magnify social and political attitude differences between racial, gender, educational and religious categories. Network heterogeneity and density both have the predicted effect on attitude differences. The results vindicate the continued interests of social scientists in the role of social networks in the development and transmission of political attitudes.
Evaluation of indazole-based compounds as a new class of potent KDR/VEGFR-2 inhibitors.

Abstract A novel class of potent and selective inhibitors of KDR incorporating an indazole moiety 1 is reported. The discovery, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of this series of inhibitors have been investigated. The most promising compounds were also profiled to determine their pharmacokinetic properties and evaluated in a VEGF-induced vascular permeability assay.
Association of Ki-67, p53, and bcl-2 expression of the primary non-small-cell lung cancer lesion with brain metastatic lesion.

Abstract Purpose: The study was conducted to determine whether immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, p53, and bcl-2 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer is associated with a higher rate of brain metastases and whether the intrapatient expression of these biomarkers (in the primary tumors vs. brain lesions) is similar. Methods and Materials: At the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, tumors from 29 case patients with primary lung tumor and brain metastasis and 29 control patients with primary lung tumor but no brain metastasis were resected and examined for immunohistochemical expression. Ki-67, p53, and bcl-2 were analyzed in resected primary lung, lymph node, and metastatic brain tumors. Each control patient was matched by age, gender, and histology to a patient with brain metastasis. Results: No significant differences in patient survival characteristics were detected between the case group and control group. Also, difference in patient outcome between the two groups was not generally predicted by biomarker analysis. However, when the groups were combined, the biomarker analysis was predictive for certain patient outcome end points. Using median values as cutoff points between low and high expression of biomarkers, it was observed that high expression of Ki-67 (>40%) in lung primaries was associated with poorer disease-free survival ( p = 0.04), whereas low expression of p53 in lung primaries was associated with poorer overall survival ( p = 0.04), and these patients had a higher rate of nonbrain distant metastases ( p = 0.02). The patients with brain metastases were particularly prone to developing nonbrain distant metastases if the percentage of p53-positive cells in brain metastases was low ( p = 0.01). There was a positive correlation in the expression of Ki-67 ( p = 0.02)( r 2 = 0.1608), as well as p53 ( p r 2 = 0.7380), between lung primaries and brain metastases. Compared to Ki-67 and p53, bcl-2 was the least predictive. Conclusion: Differences in biomarker expression between the case and control groups did not serve as significant predictors of brain metastasis or patient survival. There was a strong correlation between lung primary biomarker expression and brain metastasis expression for Ki-67 and p53. Univariate analysis showed that low p53 and high Ki-67 expression predicted poor prognosis. This study shows that there may be a strong correlation between biomarker expression in non-small-cell lung cancer primary tumors and their brain metastases.