cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring HPV Knowledge, Awareness, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Vaccine Acceptability of Latino Fathers Living in the United States: An Integrative Review

To conduct an integrative review to identify and synthesize studies exploring human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, awareness, beliefs, attitudes, and acceptability of the HPV vaccine among Latino fathers living in the United States. The review methodology was informed by those developed by Whittemore and Knafl, which allow for the inclusion of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews meta-analyses guidelines, five electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Science Direct) were searched for peer-reviewed, full-text studies published in English with samples that included Latino fathers and examined knowledge, awareness, beliefs, attitudes about the HPV and the HPV vaccines. Studies that did not provide information on the inclusion of fathers in the sample were excluded. Identified eligible studies were analyzed and synthesized using the matrix method. Eleven eligible studies were identified. Most (n = 10) included mothers and fathers. One study included only fathers, and this study determined that although fathers held positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccine, a notable number of participants were unsure of or had not formed an opinion about the HPV vaccine. Fathers felt that a recommendation from their child’s physician would impact whether they vaccinated their child. Moreover, of the ten studies including both parents, only two specifically compared fathers’ and mothers’ knowledge and awareness about the HPV and vaccine acceptability. These two studies determined that fathers were less aware of the HPV and had lower HPV vaccine-related knowledge than mothers. Nevertheless, all of the 11 examined studies, found moderate to high acceptability of the HPV vaccine among Latino parents despite uncertainty about possible vaccine risks and costs. Only 11 studies were identified that included Latino fathers. Of these studies, only one was conducted exclusively with Latino fathers and two compared fathers and mothers. Additional research focusing on Latino fathers is needed given the central role of the family in the Latino culture and the shared role fathers and mothers have in decision-making related to their children’s health.
Child Sexual Abuse Victimization Prevention Programs in Preschool and Kindergarten: Implications for Practice

With the alarming rates of child sexual abuse in the United States, there have been several attempts to develop and implement child abuse victimization programs in elementary schools across the country. Many programs have targeted older school-age children, but research shows that these programs can be effective for children of preschool and kindergarten age. This paper will review the literature that provides the rationale behind offering these types programs to the youngest of school-children, what these programs can offer, and describe specific programs that have been validated for preschool and kindergarten-aged children, using the best practice guidelines in the field of early childhood education. Recommendations for future programs and research needs are also offered.
Frontiers in Oncologic Reconstruction.

Objectives The authors seek to highlight some of the ongoing challenges related to complex oncologic reconstruction and the current solutions to these problems. Summary The standard of care in reconstruction following oncologic resection is continually evolving. Current frontiers in breast reconstruction include addressing animation deformity through prepectoral reconstruction, offering autologous reconstruction to patients with limited donor sites, and improving postoperative sensation with innervation of free tissue transfer. Facial nerve reconstruction and contour defects pose an ongoing challenge in patients undergoing parotidectomy requiring complex nerve transfers and autologous reconstruction. Lymphedema is not a monolithic disease, and as our understanding of the pathophysiology improves, our surgical algorithms continue to evolve.
Estimation of the probability content in a specified interval using fiducial approach

Statistical methods for constructing confidence intervals for the probability content in a specified interval are proposed. Exact and approximate solutions based on the fiducial approach are descri...
An Anatomic Predisposition to Mandibular Angle Fractures.

Purpose To investigate a predisposition to mandibular angle fractures, a retrospective study was performed in which fractured mandibles were compared with healthy mandibles with no history of fracture. Other investigations of angle fracture risk have exclusively studied patients with existing fractures. In addition, the risk has not been comprehensively explained in conjunction with the specific features of mandibular anatomy. We sought to characterize any anatomic variations between the jaws that had fractured and those that had never fractured. Materials and Methods Healthy mandibles with no history of fracture were physically measured at the William M. Bass Skeletal Collection at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and compared with fractured mandibles from computed tomography (CT) scans at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center. A total of 52 healthy mandibles and 44 CT scans were evaluated. MATLAB machine learning algorithms (MathWorks, Natick, MA) were used to compare the study populations and isolate those anatomic features that differed between healthy and fractured mandibles. Results Machine learning classifiers were able to differentiate between male and female jaws, with the condylion–gnathion distance the most distinguishing feature. The 6 most common anatomic features that differed between healthy and fractured mandibles were the 1) retromolar space, 2) perimeter of the cross-section just proximal to the second molar, 3) breadth of the ramal cross-section, 4) thickness of the oblique ridge, 5) transgonial angle, and 6) location of the ipsilateral mental foramen. The presence of third molars was also related to fracture risk, with third molars present in 72.7% of the fractured mandibles versus 26.9% of unfractured mandibles. Of the fractured mandibles with third molars present, 87.5% had the fracture running directly through the tooth or its socket. Conclusions The results from the present study have provided evidence that anatomic differences exist between mandibles that sustain angle fractures and those that do not. Although much of the morphology was found to be interdependent, the fracture risk could be accurately predicted using 6 anatomic features. Understanding these mandibular variations and identifying patients vulnerable to mandibular fracture could provide clinicians with additional objective information. Furthermore, using the methods demonstrated in our study, future research could focus on developing an algorithm that includes these unique anatomic features in the hope of assisting surgeons in providing tailored treatment for mandibular angle fractures according to patient-specific morphology.
Biomechanics and Gait Analysis, 1st ed.

The primary author of and eight contributors to this text have generated this overview text of the general area of human biomechanics and gait analysis. All authors are contributors to the field and have leant their experiences to this text. Students and professionals interested in the general area of biomechanics and gait analysis, and applications thereof to areas related to rehabilitation and orthotics, will find this text of interest.
Management of a urethral tear with porcine small intestinal submucosa-augmented urethroplasty and balloon dilation for subsequent urethral stricture in a cat.

CASE DESCRIPTION As a result of vehicular trauma, a 3-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat sustained luxation of the sacrocaudal joint and a urethral tear. CLINICAL FINDINGS Retrograde con...
Determining the coercivity of anisotropic Heisenberg magnets by Monte Carlo sampling: Application to the design of permanent magnets

Abstract Monte Carlo methods are widely used to study magnetism. However, their use to the calculation of coercivity has been problematic because of difficulties in quantifying Monte Carlo time. Here we propose a new approach of studying coercivity based on Monte Carlo sampling of the switching time at different reverse fields. This method allows comparative analysis of how coercivity is affected by various factors without needing time quantification of the Monte Carlo step. We apply the new method to study antiferromagnet-ferromagnet exchange coupling systems and show that practically large coercivity and enhanced maximum energy product can be achieved by properly adding antiferromagnet to high-magnetization ferromagnets such as Fe16N2. The finding is important to the design of new rare-earth-free permanent magnets.
Competing Risk Analysis: What Does It Mean and When Do We Need It in Orthopedics Research?

Abstract Most orthopedic studies involve survival analysis examining the time to an event of interest, such as a specific complication or revision surgery. Competing risks commonly arise in such studies when patients are at risk of more than one mutually exclusive event, such as death, or when the rate of an event depends on the rates of other competing events. In this article, we briefly describe the survival analysis censoring methodology, common fatal and nonfatal competing events, and define circumstances where standard survival analysis can fail in the setting of competing risks with real-world examples from orthopedics. Please visit the following https://youtu.be/ifj_Mm3eGu8 for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.
State intervention, external spoilers, and the durability of peace agreements

How does state intervention during civil conflict affect the variation in post-agreement outcomes? While intervention in civil conflict is a widely studied topic, the conflict resolution literature...
Evolution: The deep genetic roots of tetrapod-specific traits

Summary Based on embryology and comparative genomics, recent studies reveal that genetic pathways and gene regulatory elements responsible for the invasion of land by tetrapod ancestors are deeply conserved in fish.
Specialty representation on national comprehensive cancer network guideline committees.

11041Background: Among the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, the existence of Category 1 evidence for cancer management decisions remains low, resulting in the reliance on mu...
Impact of Perioperative Thromboembolic Complications on Future Long-term Risk of Venous Thromboembolism among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Complex Gastrointestinal Surgery

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a common cause of morbidity and mortality following complex gastrointestinal surgery. Whether perioperative VTE also exposes patients to a higher long-term risk of VTE events remains poorly defined. The Medicare 100% Standard Analytic Files were used to identify patients undergoing esophageal, hepatic, pancreatic, and colorectal resection between 2013 and 2017. The impact of perioperative VTE, defined as a VTE episode occurring during the index hospitalization or within 30 days of discharge, on the risk of developing subsequent long-term VTE episodes (i.e., more than 30 days following discharge) was examined. Among 253,212 patients who underwent complex gastrointestinal surgery, 1.9% (n=4763) developed a VTE episode perioperatively. With a median follow-up period of 553 days (IQR 194–1052), a total of 11,052 patients (4.4%) developed a long-term VTE episode. Of note, patients who developed a DVT perioperatively had a higher risk of experiencing a long-term VTE episode than patients who had no perioperative thromboembolic complications (HR 6.50, 95%CI 6.04–6.98). The increase in risk was more pronounced among patients who had a PE (HR 27.97, 95%CI 25.39–30.80) at the time of surgery. Risk factors for long-term thromboembolic events following complex GI surgery included Black patients (HR 1.20, 95%CI 1.11–1.30), receipt of surgery at a teaching hospital (HR 1.09, 95%CI 1.04–1.13), nonelective surgery (HR 1.19, 95%CI 1.14–1.24), as well as a diagnosis of cancer (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.05–1.16). The development of a perioperative DVT was associated with an increased long-term risk of VTE in both cancer (HR 5.59, 95%CI 5.29–6.61) and non-cancer patients (HR 6.98, 95%CI 6.37–7.64). Similarly, experiencing a PE at the time of surgery led to a higher long-term risk of VTE in cancer (HR 24.30, 95%CI 21.08–28.02), as well as non-cancer (HR 30.81, 95%CI 27.01–35.15) patients. Patients with a history of perioperative VTE had a higher risk of developing subsequent VTE events within 1–2 years following complex GI surgery. The risk was more pronounced among patients who had perioperative PE rather than DVT. These findings were consistent among both cancer and non-cancer patients.
Antimicrobial-eluting cement orbital implant: a case report of staged enucleation for infectious panophthalmitis with extraocular extension

There are various orbital implant options following enucleation. In cases of severe infection, such as panophthalmitis with extraocular extension, it is reasonable to consider a two-staged approach to decrease the risk of infectious complications. One option, illustrated by this case, is enucleation with insertion of an antimicrobial-eluting cement implant, followed by a secondary procedure to exchange the cement with a permanent orbital implant. We report on a patient with clinical, ultrasound, and radiographical findings consistent with infectious panophthalmitis with extra-scleral extension. Intolerable pain and progressive orbital involvement in a blind eye were the indications for enucleation. To reduce the risk of persistent infection, a gentamycin-eluting cement implant (Palacos® R + G as an intraorbital implant) was utilized in the initial procedure. Two months later, the cement implant was removed, and a scleral-wrapped porous implant was placed into a quiet socket without signs of inflammation or infection. In the setting of severe infection, a two-staged procedure utilizing an antimicrobial-eluting implant can be considered.
Detroit Area Study on Financial Services: What? Why? How?

The following article is based on a talk give by Assistant Professor of Law Michael S. Barr to the University of Texas Law School-Harvard Law School Joint Conference on Commercial Law Realities in Austin, Texas, in April. Barr was selected by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center to be the faculty investigator for the Detroit Area Study, which the University has conducted for more than 50 years. Barr is using the study to explore the financial services needs of low- and moderate-income households, building on his groundbreaking analysis in Banking the Poor. Barr raised a total of more than $800,000 from the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Fannie Mae Foundation, the Casey Foundation, and the Mott Foundation, as well as University sources, for the study. Barr is beginning field work this summer.
The neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NANT blocks acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in mouse hepatocytes (844.16)

3-Nitrotyrosine (3NT) in liver proteins of mice treated with hepatotoxic doses of APAP correlates with toxicity. Nitration is by peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a reactive nitrogen species formed from nitri...
Sensitization of heat-treated Listeria monocytogenes to added lysozyme in milk

Listeria monocytogenes was highly resistant to hen egg white lysozyme in whole milk but was sensitive in media and in phosphate buffer. Methods to sensitize the pathogen to lysozyme in milk were investigated. Treatment of whole milk by cation exchange to remove minerals, particularly Ca2+ and Mg2+, slightly promoted inactivation of L. monocytogenes by lysozyme at 4 degrees C over a period of 6 days. Heat treatment (62.5 degrees C for 15 s) strongly sensitized L. monocytogenes to lysozyme in demineralized milk and in MES [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] buffer. Addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to the demineralized milk restored resistance to lysozyme. Cells were more rapidly heat inactivated at 55 degrees C in demineralized milk containing lysozyme, and addition of Ca2+ to the demineralized milk restored the resistance to heat. The results indicate that minerals or mineral-associated components protect L. monocytogenes from inactivation by lysozyme and heat in milk, probably by increasing cell surface stability. The heat treatment of foods containing added lysozyme can probably play a significant role in producing microbiologically safe foods. Images
Little Ice Age cold interval in West Antarctica: Evidence from borehole temperature at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide

[1] The largest climate anomaly of the last 1000 years in the Northern Hemisphere was the Little Ice Age (LIA) from 1400–1850 C.E., but little is known about the signature of this event in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. We present temperature data from a 300 m borehole at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide. Results show that WAIS Divide was colder than the last 1000-year average from 1300 to 1800 C.E. The temperature in the time period 1400–1800 C.E. was on average 0.52 ± 0.28°C colder than the last 100-year average. This amplitude is about half of that seen at Greenland Summit (GRIP). This result is consistent with the idea that the LIA was a global event, probably caused by a change in solar and volcanic forcing, and was not simply a seesaw-type redistribution of heat between the hemispheres as would be predicted by some ocean-circulation hypotheses. The difference in the magnitude of the LIA between Greenland and West Antarctica suggests that the feedbacks amplifying the radiative forcing may not operate in the same way in both regions.
Intracoronary Injection of Large Stem Cells Size Matters

Heart failure is a disease with an unmet need for effective treatments. Cardiac stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach to potentially replace scarred tissue within a failing heart. Delivery of various stem cells from different origins (eg, bone marrow, mesenchymal, endothelial, and cardiac progenitor) has been shown to improve cardiac function in animal models of ischemic injury; however, the efficacy of these cells in patients has been less convincing, despite multiple trials.1–4 One of the main barriers for effective stem cell treatment is the delivery and retention of the cells to the affected areas in the heart. Current cardiac-specific delivery methods include intramyocardial delivery, intracoronary injection, and pericardial delivery. Intramyocardial delivery can be performed either surgically or using percutaneous endocardial injection catheters.5 Pericardial delivery involves placement of pericardial stem cell sheets,6 which is typically performed surgically, but a percutaneous approach is also feasible.7 Intracoronary injection of cells can be accomplished using approaches that deliver cells via an antegrade intracoronary artery injection or a retrograde sinus injection. Among the various procedures, antegrade intracoronary artery injection is attractive because it is the least invasive and simplest approach; cells can be delivered using a 5F or 6F catheter using standard femoral or radial access. In addition, this approach can be integrated easily into clinical practice. Antegrade intracoronary injection is also used for delivering other therapeutic materials, such as vectors carrying genes8; however, there is one important aspect that needs to be addressed when injecting stem cells, that is, cell size.9,10 Optimal cell size is thought to be limited by the size of the coronary capillaries, which are thought to be ≈7 to 10 µm11; the size of some of the stem cells easily exceed this diameter. Therefore, …
Book Reviews: Archeology

Book reviewed in this article: The Collapse of Complex Societies. Joseph A. Tainter The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Norman Yoffee and George L. Cowgill, eds.
Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Amino Acids Separated by Anion Exchange Chromatography

Abstract Previous work has shown that the analysis of amino acids requires derivatization for spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) and fluorescence detection schemes. In this study, direct determination of both primary and secondary amino acids with pulsed amperometic detection (PAD) was achieved under alkaline conditions by oxidation of the amine and hydroxyl functional groups with a gold working electrode. PAD was found to be more sensitive (0.01 to 1.2 nM. mL−1) than ninhydrin derivatization (4.5 to 55.0 nM mL−1) with UV-Vis detection. Detection of amino acids by PAD was in good agreement with previous published work on the amino acid composition for the enzyme, ribonuciease A. High performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAC) with PAD for amino acid analysis requires little to no sample preparation and was not subjected to matrix interferences previously noted with reverse phase separation and OPA or ninhydrin detection. Application of the developed methodology indicated that several wheat (Triticum aestiv...
Magnetic anisotropy in quasi-2D Co(SCN)2(n-C3H7OH)2

Abstract The title system exhibits substantial magnetic anisotropy below 50 K, with only one principal crystal susceptibility of Curie-Weiss form and characterized by a large effective g ′ = 6.14. One of the other principal susceptibilities appears to diverge at lower temperatures, and conforms to a critical power law with γ = 1.75.
Reply to “does the Wickens STM technique tap encoding in young children?”

Abstract Several instances of successful application of Wickens STM technique to the study of encoding in second and third grade children are presented. In addition, a theoretical justification is given for the use of the procedure with young children.
Lack of nucleotide-promoted second messenger signaling responses in 1321N1 cells expressing the proposed P2Y receptor, p2y7

A recently cloned G protein-coupled receptor (named the p2y7 receptor) with relatively low sequence identity to previously cloned P2Y receptors was proposed to be a member of this family of receptors on the basis of both a radioligand binding assay with [35S]dATPαS and an inositol phosphate response to ATP in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with receptor cDNA. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that [35S]dATPαS is not a general radioligand for the identification of P2Y receptors and that COS-7 cells express an endogenous P2Y receptor (P2Y2) that complicates the analysis of nucleotide-promoted inositol phosphate responses. Thus, data supporting inclusion of the p2y7 receptor in the P2Y family of receptors are equivocal. To determine unambiguously whether the p2y7 receptor is a P2Y receptor subtype, a p2y7 receptor bearing an epitope-tag at its NH2-terminus was expressed in 1321N1 cells and cell surface expression of the receptor was demonstrated by an intact cell-based ELISA. Cells shown to express epitope-tagged p2y7 receptors by ELISA were examined for their second messenger signaling properties in response to a range of nucleotides. ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, and dATPαS had no effect on phospholipase C or adenylyl cyclase activities in cells expressing the p2y7 receptor. Experimental controls utilizing expression of other G protein-coupled receptors showed that 1321N1 cells displayed robust responses for each of these signaling pathways. These data, together with the low sequence identity of the p2y7 receptor to other P2Y receptors, indicate that the p2y7 is not a member of the P2Y family of signaling molecules.
Role of Histamine in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in the Rat: I. BLOCKADE OR POTENTIATION OF ENDOGENOUS AMINES, KININS, AND ATP

Pharmacological agents that block or potentiate the effects of naturally occurring vasoactive substances were used to try to determine which substance, if any, mediates the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia in isolated rat lungs. Isolated and ventilated lungs of rats were perfused at 37°C with homologous blood at constant-volume, pulsatile inflow, and pressor responses to brief periods of ventilation hypoxia (2% O2) were recorded (control, 21% O2). Antihistamines of four different chemical classes in concentrations of 70 to 140 µg/ml abolished all pressor responses to alveolar hypoxia without interfering with the effects of injected bradykinin, ATP, or serotonin. A histaminase-inhibiting compound, semicarbazide, potentiated the hypoxic pressor response. The hypoxic pressor response could not be abolished by α-receptor-, serotonin-, or ATP-blocking agents. The results suggest that endogenous histamine in the lung is involved in the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia.
Functional overlap between conserved and diverged KH domains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SCP160

The K homology (KH) domain is a remarkably versatile and highly conserved RNA-binding motif. Classical KH domains include a characteristic pattern of hydrophobic residues, a Gly-X-X-Gly (GXXG) segment, and a variable loop. KH domains typically occur in clusters, with some retaining their GXXG sequence (conserved), while others do not (diverged). As a first step towards addressing whether GXXG is essential for KH-domain function, we explored the roles of conserved and diverged KH domains in Scp160p, a multiple-KH-domain-containing protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We specifically wanted to know (1) whether diverged KH domains were essential for Scp160p function, and (2) whether diverged KH domains could functionally replace conserved KH domains. To address these questions, we deleted and/or interchanged conserved and diverged KH domains of Scp160p and expressed the mutated alleles in yeast. Our results demonstrated that the answer to each question was yes. Both conserved and diverged KH domains are essential for Scp160p function, and diverged KH domains can function in place of conserved KH domains. These findings challenge the prevailing notions about the requisite features of a KH domain and raise the possibility that there may be more functional KH domains in the proteome than previously appreciated.
The effect of selective sweeps on the variance of the allele distribution of a linked multiallele locus: hitchhiking of microsatellites.

Abstract Microsatellite variation and the mechanisms which are responsible for this variation have received much attention in the last few years. Most theoretical studies of microsatellite allele distributions, however, did not incorporate the evolutionary dynamics of linked sites. The dynamics is usually modeled by invoking a special mutation mechanism such as stepwise mutation, which leads to a stepwise increase or decrease of the number of motif repeats on the occasion of mutation. It is shown here that selection at a locus, which itself is not subject to mutation, but which is adjacent to a microsatellite locus has an influence on statistics of the microsatellite allele distribution, provided that mutation rates are low to intermediate, when compared to 1/t1, the inverse of the time to fixation of a linked favorable substitution. If mutation rates are high, as for example in humans, a selective effect upon the microsatellite locus, such as hitchhiking, will quickly be obscured by mutations. In particular, in the latter case, the model shows that no correlation is to be expected between recombination rates and variability of microsatellites—such as had been predicted and experimentally demonstrated for nucleotide variability and recombination rates inDrosophila. The presented model is a generalization of the two locus two allele hitchhiking model which had been studied by Stephan and co-workers.
Posterior Fossa Malformations

Understanding embryologic development of the cerebellum and the 4th ventricle is essential for understanding posterior fossa malformations. Posterior fossa malformations can be conveniently classified into those that have a large posterior fossa and those with normal or small posterior fossa. Disorders associated with a large posterior fossa include classic Dandy–Walker malformation, Blake's pouch cyst, mega cisterna magna, and posterior fossa arachnoid cyst. Disorders associated with normal or small posterior fossa include Dandy–Walker variant, Joubert syndrome, tecto-cerebellar dysraphia, rhombencephalosynapsis, the neocerebellar hypoplasias, and cerebellar atrophy. Neuro-imaging features should enable the imager to provide the referring physician a logical approach to these complex posterior fossa malformations.
Levels of serum cholesterol in obese mice.

CHOLESTEROL-levels have been the object of considerable attention lately because of their possible relation to degenerative diseases, atherosclerosis in particular. In a number of experiments hyper-cholesterolaemia has been produced in experimental animals by adding cholesterol to the diet and by making other dietary changes.
Cnemidolestodea (Insecta): an ancient order reinstated

Synopsis The insect orders Caloneurodea, Titanoptera and Mantophasmatodea are restored (contra Hamilton 2003). The fossil insect order Cnemidolestodea Handlirsch, 1937 is redefined. Its definition, diagnosis and relationships are reformulated. It includes the following genera: Cnemidolestes Handlirsch, 1906; Protodiamphipnoa Lameere, 1917; Bouleites Lameere, 1917; Ischnoneura Brongniart, 1893; Narkemina Martynov, 1930; Narkeminospis Whalley, 1979; Aetophlebia Scudder, 1885; Amphiboliacridites Langiaux & Parriat, 1974; Paranarkemina Pinto & Pinto de Ornellas, 1980; Narkema Handlirsch, 1911. This clade has no known representatives younger than Late Carboniferous. This is the first evidence of the extinction of a high‐rank insect taxon at this period. The hypothesis that insects experienced a faunal turnover from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian needs to be tested.
Holography and optical computing: the ongoing entanglement

Holography records not a 3D image but an encrypted wavefront. To determine what object must have caused that wavefront, we must solve the inverse problem. Most of the time, inverse problems are singular, but in certain very simple cases they are not and an optical computer does that very well. In others, it is disastrous. So, optical computing has been part of holography from its beginning in 1947. It was not until 1962 with VanderLugt's work on Fourier Optical pattern recognitiion that holography became part of optical computing. In this paper, I review both directions of that continuing intercourse between hologrpahy and optical computing. Neither requires the other, and both are sometimes best without the other. But there remain a few cases where the fit seems ideal. The processing and recording and modification of spectral-temporal patterns is the test case I will use to illustrate their constructive relationships. Here are some examples: Spectral recognition is best done in the optical domain by holography. Temporal pulse shaping is best done in the optical domain by holography. Temporal pulses are best recorded by holography.
Managing the reference desk online

Communication between reference librarians is vital for the provision of enhanced reference services. This article discusses the creation and application of three Web‐based tools that allow librarians to offer quick answers to questions posed on the library’s e‐mail reference service, to easily share news and ideas with each other between reference desk shifts, and to be actively involved in the scheduling of reference desk shifts.
The Emotional Construal of War: Anger, Fear, and Other Negative Emotions

This study builds on the functionalist approach to examine whether emotions are specifically and robustly linked to action tendencies outside of the laboratory. In the year following the events of 9/11, four samples, totaling 546 college students, participated in a series of studies. Participants reported their negative emotions after viewing photographs of the 9/11 attack. The behavior of the participants and their support for President Bush's decision to deploy troops in the Middle East were assessed as proxies for action tendencies. Anger specifically predicted support for military action. Fear predicted current and anticipated future avoidant behaviors. All of these links between emotion and action tendency were robust across the four naturalistic circumstances. The results supported the functionalist approach to emotions, and provided a new angle to understand the public support for war. The results are discussed in the context of frustration–aggression, fear tactics, dimensional and discrete views, ...
PREDICTING THE PATIENT AT LOW RISK FOR LYMPH NODE METASTASIS WITH LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER: AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR STATISTICAL MODELS

Abstract Purpose : Statistical models using preoperative Prostate-Specific Antigen, Gleason primary grade or score of the biopsy specimen, and clinical stage have been developed to predict those patients with clinically localized prostate cancer at low risk for lymph node metastasis. It has been recommended that these patients do not require pelvic lymph node dissections. Four such models were evaluated to assess their accuracy in identifying this subgroup of patients. Methods and Materials : We reviewed the records of 214 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent pelvic lymph node dissections. Data from patients were entered into the four models. Results : Lymph node metastasis was detected in 14% of patients. The results showed the following for each of the proposed models respectively: 78, 50, 76, and 42% of the patients were identified as low risk and, hence, would be spared pelvic lymph node dissections. The false negative rates are 13 (7.8%), 5 (4.6%), 14 (8.6%), and 1 (1.1%). Sensitivities are 56.7, 83.3, and 96.7%. Conclusions : While the pelvic lymph node dissection is the most accurate method of detecting occult nodal metastasis, statistical models can identify a cohort of low risk patients that may be lymphadenectomy.
In vivo pollen tube cell ofArabidopsis thaliana I. Tube cell cytoplasm and wall

Pollen tubes are an excellent system for the study of polarized tip growth, cell movement, and cell-to-cell communication in plants. We report the first description at the transmission electron microscope level of cryofixed, in vivo grown pollen tubes. The tube cell ofArabidopsis thaliana growing in the style can be divided into four zones, similar to those reported for pollen tube cells of members of the family Solanaceae. Some distinct differences from data reported for other species include the morphology of the clear zone at the tip, the composition of the tip wall, and the apparent lack of arabinogalactan proteins in the pollen tube and surrounding transmitting tissue. The clear zone ofA. thaliana is packed with vesicles which do not form the inverted cone found in other species and that fuse in clusters with the plasmalemma in the tip region. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that the pollen tube has a primary, pectic wall composed solely of highly esterified homogalacturonans at the tip. This wall becomes increasingly thicker basipetally and is composed of both highly esterified and lowly esterified homogalacturonans behind the clear zone. A secondary callosic wall appears behind the clear zone and becomes thicker basipetally. Using a variety of probes, we have been unable to identify any arabinogalactan proteins in the pollen tube cell or in the transmitting tissue of the style. Unlike our earlier reports of the extracellular matrices of the septum transmitting tissue of the ovary, the stylar matrices were found to be rich in both highly and lowly esterified homogalacturonans.
Fluid Inclusion Analyses of Detrital Quartz Grains--New Provenance Tool: ABSTRACT

Preliminary analyses by microthermometry of fluid inclusions in detrital quartz of the Upper Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone revealed the occurrence of 2 distinct groups of aqueous fluid inclusions. Specific salinity signatures and homogenization temperatures may be used to distinguish specific granite types of the source rock terrain. The inclusions chosen for analysis occur in isolated clusters or are randomly distributed within a grain, commonly in association with mineral inclusions of zircon, sphene, rutile, and/or tourmaline. Secondary inclusions are present in the Lamotte but are not included in this study. The first group of inclusions is characterized by low salinities (< 1.0-8.0 wt. % eq. NaCl), the second by high salinities (12.1-29.6 wt. % eq. NaCl). Final melting temperatures as low as -30.6°C indicate the presence of divalent ions in these inclusions. Both groups yield homogenization temperatures of between 150°C and 220°C. The low-salinity inclusions occur predominantly in subrounded to well-rounded sand less than 1.0 mm in size that is derived from a distal source. The brine inclusions occur exclusively in subangular to angular gravel 2.0-3.0 mm in size, implying a more proximal source area. A comparison of these inclusions with inclusions found in the granites of the apparent source terrain indicates that a medium-silica amphibole-orthoclase granite (Slabtown type) or a low-silica amphibole-plagioclase granite (Sivermines type) or both are the primary source rocks for this quartz. These granite types have limited areal distribution in the present-day St. Francois mountains and the identification of these granite types as the source rock for the locally derived quartz has broad implications for reconstructing Cambrian depositional environments and paleostructure of the ancient St. Francois mountains. End_of_Article - Last_Page 239------------
Single cortical neurones have axon collaterals to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex in fetal and adult primates

In the adult brain, cortical neurones that project to other cortical areas have traditionally been classified as either ‘associational’ (having connections within the ipsilateral hemisphere) or ‘callosal’ (projecting to areas in the contralateral hemisphere). Using double-labelling with fluorescent dyes1,2, we have now identified a novel category of mature cortical neurone that has both an ‘associational’ and a ‘callosal’ axon. Such neurones can direct their callosal axons either to a cytoarchitectonic area homotopic to the one in which their cell bodies reside or to an entirely different heterotopic region in the contralateral hemisphere. These cortical neurones with divergent axon collaterals in the adult neocortex differ from recently described neurones that have two axons only transiently during development3–5.
Comparison of theory and experiment in peristaltic transport

Various theoretical aspects of peristaltic motion have attracted considerable attention in the recent literature. There also exists a difference of opinion concerning the definition of peristaltic reflux. Thus far, there has been no completely satisfactory experimental verification of any of the theoretical analyses. The present article describes some details of an experimental work which was carried out to verify the theoretical analysis of peristaltic transport in a two-dimensional channel with one fixed wall and one flexible wall on which a travelling sine wave is imposed. An approximate correction for finite width was introduced. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental results shows a good agreement and gives verification to the theoretical analysis. In the light of the experimental results, a discussion of the different definitions of peristaltic reflux is presented.
The effect of rough surfaces on the stability of supercooled3He−A

We have studied the first order A-B phase transition in superfluid3He in ‘rough’ surface morphologies. Surfaces which present a small radius of curvature to the supercooled A-phase decrease the barrier to B-phase nucleation. Preliminary data indicate that the lifetime for the supercooled A-phase atT≈0.56Tc is substantially decreased when ionizing radation acts in concert with specific surface roughnesses. We have observed for the first time B-phase nucleation coincident with mechanical vibrations in tubes containing specific surface roughness. Also, we show that in the absence of a strong magnetic field the A-B interface can be prevented from entering a smooth-walled tube by a membrane filter of sub-micron pore diameter.
Arrested protein synthesis increases persister-like cell formation.

ABSTRACT Biofilms are associated with a wide variety of bacterial infections and pose a serious problem in clinical medicine due to their inherent resilience to antibiotic treatment. Within biofilms, persister cells comprise a small bacterial subpopulation that exhibits multidrug tolerance to antibiotics without undergoing genetic change. The low frequency of persister cell formation makes it difficult to isolate and study persisters, and bacterial persistence is often attributed to a quiescent metabolic state induced by toxins that are regulated through toxin-antitoxin systems. Here we mimic toxins via chemical pretreatments to induce high levels of persistence (10 to 100%) from an initial population of 0.01%. Pretreatment of Escherichia coli with (i) rifampin, which halts transcription, (ii) tetracycline, which halts translation, and (iii) carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone, which halts ATP synthesis, all increased persistence dramatically. Using these compounds, we demonstrate that bacterial persistence results from halted protein synthesis and from environmental cues.
Selective Tumor Cell Targeting by the Disaccharide Moiety of Bleomycin

In a recent study, the well-documented tumor targeting properties of the antitumor agent bleomycin (BLM) were studied in cell culture using microbubbles that had been derivatized with multiple copies of BLM. It was shown that BLM selectively targeted MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells but not the "normal" breast cell line MCF-10A. Furthermore, it was found that the BLM analogue deglycobleomycin, which lacks the disaccharide moiety of BLM, did not target either cell line, indicating that the BLM disaccharide moiety is necessary for tumor selectivity. Not resolved in the earlier study were the issues of whether the BLM disaccharide moiety alone is sufficient for tumor cell targeting and the possible cellular uptake of the disaccharide. In the present study, we conjugated BLM, deglycoBLM, and BLM disaccharide to the cyanine dye Cy5**. It was found that the BLM and BLM disaccharide conjugates, but not the deglycoBLM conjugate, bound selectively to MCF-7 cells and were internalized. The same was also true for the prostate cancer cell line DU-145 (but not for normal PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells) and for the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 (but not for normal SVR A221a pancreas cells). The targeting efficiency of the disaccharide was only slightly less than that of BLM in MCF-7 and DU-145 cells and comparable to that of BLM in BxPC-3 cells. These results establish that the BLM disaccharide is both necessary and sufficient for tumor cell targeting, a finding with obvious implications for the design of novel tumor imaging and therapeutic agents.
Carbon Dioxide Complexation: Infrared Spectroscopy of Iron and Ruthenium η5-Cyclopentadienyl Carbonyl Metallocarboxylates

The metallocarboxylates FpCO2- (1-Mg2+, -Li+, -Na+, -K+), Cp*(CO)2FeCO2-K+ (3-K+), and Cp(CO)2RuCO2- (4-Na+, -K+) were generated in THF at −78 °C by treating the CpM(CO)2--Li+, -Na+, -K+, or -Mg2+ metalate with 1.0−1.2 equiv of CO2 (or 13CO2). The results of studies that were carried out on Me3SiCl trapping of 1-Mg2+, -Li+, -Na+, -K+, -nBu4N+, and -(dibenzo-18-crown-6)K+ as Cp(CO)2FeC(O)OSiMe3 (5) indicated that 1-Mg2+, -Li+, -Na+, and -K+ are stable at room temperature for at least 1 h, and with proper precautions their IR spectra can be obtained. The 13C NMR and IR spectral υ(OCO) and υ(CO) assignments (−15 °C to room temperature) are consistent with (a) ionic or (η1-C:η2-O,O‘) metallocarboxylate structures that are symmetrically chelated to the metallic counterion and (b) increasing charge density on the Fp moiety through the counterion sequence 1-Mg2+, -Li+, -Na+, and -K+. This counterion sequence reflects an attenuation of carboxylate−counterion ion pairing that influences the (a) exchange of the 13C...
Low-angle laser scattering of bovine cornea

Abstract Low-angle light scattering patterns and birefringence measurements indicate a symmetric distribution of superstructures of the size of 1–20 μ in the cornea.
Black and official market exchange rates and purchasing power parity: Evidence from Latin America

A group of studies have shown that in less developed countries, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory is supported more often when black market exchange rates rather than official rates are used in the testing procedure. They have all relied upon linear Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test applied either to the residuals of a cointegrating vector or to real exchange rates. In this article, we use a nonlinear ADF test and show that when nonlinearity is incorporated in the testing procedure, the nonlinear tests support PPP more often than the linear test regardless of whether we use official or black market exchange rate. Besides, for the post-Bretton Woods period, PPP is almost equally supported using either the black market exchange rates or the official rates.
Das Verhalten der Bitterschen Streifen unter elastischen Verzerrungen

Bittersche Streifen, d. h. der charakteristische Niederschlag von kolloidalen γ-Fe2O3-Teilchen an polierten Oberflachen von ferromagnetischen Einkristallen, wurden auf Kristallen unter Zug, Druck, sowohl wie auch in starkem magnetischen Felde hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse sind, das diese Figuren als die Begrenzungen der Weiss-Heisenbergschen Bezirke dargestellt werden konnen. Die Figuren zeigen in anschaulicher Weise das Umklappen der Magnetisierungsrichtung der Bezirke unter elastischen Verzerrungen und ermoglichen eine Abschatzung der inneren Spannungen des Kristalles.
Neurogenesis of the sexually dimorphic vasopressin cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala of rats

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and centromedial amygdala share many neuroantomical and neurochemical characteristics, suggesting similarities in their development. Here we compare the neurogenesis of a group of cells for which already several common characteristics have been documented, that is, the sexually dimorphic arginine vasopressin-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) cells of the BNST and amygdala. To determine when these cells are born, pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of the thymidine analogue bromo-2-deoxy-5-uridine (BrdU) on one of nine embryonic days, E10 to E18; E1 being the day that a copulatory plug was found. At 3 months of age, the offsprings of these females were killed and their brains stained immunocytochemically for BrdU and AVP. Most AVP-ir cells were labeled with BrdU by injections on E12 and E13. Although BrdU labeling of AVP-ir cells did not differ between the BNST and amygdala, it differed between males and females. From E12 to E13, the percentage of BrdU-labeled AVP-ir cells decreased more in males than in females. AVP-ir cells appeared to be born earlier than most other cells in the same area, the majority of which were labeled with BrdU by injections on E14, E15, and E16. The similarities in the birthdates of AVP-ir cells in the BNST and amygdala may help to explain why these cells take on so many similar characteristics. The sex difference in birthdates of AVP-ir cells may help to explain which cellular processes underlie the sexual differentiation of these cells.