cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Collaborative Interdisciplinary Teaching and Learning Project: A Capstone Experience

Students studying web-development need experience in providing their expertise to people with limited Internet experience. On the other hand, students studying manufacturing management need experience to communicate ideas and concepts such as engineering drawings and tooling plans to non-engineering students. Based on this need, two faculty members developed an interdisciplinary collaborative project reflecting the essential elements of successful collaboration in teaching and learning. Students enrolled in either a web-development or a manufacturing course participated in this study. These students were working in interdisciplinary teams producing engineering drawings and production plans that were to be displayed and disseminated via interactive websites. As part of the challenge, students were required to use Internet tools such as chat rooms and discussion forums, to meet the outside-the-classroom communication component.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Velocity Profile Measurements in Hypersonic Flows Using Sequentially Imaged Fluorescence-Based Molecular Tagging

Nitric-oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence was used to perform velocity measurements in hypersonic flows by generatingmultiple tagged lines thatfluoresce as they convect downstream.Determination of axial velocitywasmade by application of a cross-correlation analysis of the horizontal shift of individual tagged lines. A single interline, progressive scan-intensified charge-coupled device camera was used to obtain two sequential images of the nitricoxide molecules that had been tagged by the laser. The charge-coupled device allowed for submicrosecond acquisition of both images, resulting in submicrosecond temporal resolution as well as submillimeter spatial resolution (0.5 mm horizontal, 0.7 mm vertical). Quantification of systematic errors, the contribution of gating/ exposure duration errors, and the influence of collision rate on temporal uncertainty were made. This velocity measurement technique has been demonstrated for two hypersonic flow experiments: 1) a reaction control system jet on an Orion crew exploration vehicle wind-tunnel model and 2) a 10 deg half-angle wedge with a 2-mm-tall 4-mmwide cylindrical boundary-layer trip. Mean-velocity uncertainties below 30 m=s (2.7% of the measured average velocity) and single-shot uncertainties below 100 m=s (9.7%of themeasured average velocity) have been obtained in regions with optimal signal intensities using this technique.
Anisotropies in Angular Distributions of Molecular Dissociation Products

General symmetry argumeats giving selection rules and showing that anisotropies are expectcd in a majority of cases are presented. Discussion is confined to electron scattering by diatomic molecules. (L.N.N.)
The Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1950

With the tremendous growth in the size of the federal budget and the continued trend toward concentration of power in the hands of the executive, the necessity for improving the appropriations process of Congress has been increasingly apparent in recent years. The consolidated appropriation bill of 1950 was an important experiment in this regard. The ideas it represented are evidently still important issues in Congress, although the 1950 procedure has not been repeated. During the first few decades of our republic's history, appropriations were in the main supplied by single annual bills, although a number of supplementary acts were passed each year.' As the nation grew and governmental functions and needs expanded, there was a gradual multiplication of the number of appropriation bills. Since the birth of the executive budget in 1921 Congress has generally divided the requests therein into about ten or twelve bills, enacted separately at scattered times throughout a session. In addition there have usually been supplemental, deficiency, and special appropriation acts. This procedure has proved unsatisfactory in several respects. Congress has lacked the ability to correlate prospective revenues with appropriations, and each expenditure act has been piled upon the other during a session with little or no planned relationship to an overall fiscal policy and perspective. Economies have been difficult to achieve and deficits hard to avoid, since the full impact of a particular expenditure was not realized until it was too late. Major attempts to reform the appropriations process were included in the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. Staffs for the Appropriations Committees were expanded and a legislative budget was provided for. Meantime, support increased for the idea of consolidating appropriations into one or two annual bills. The main advocates of the consolidated procedure in Congress were Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia, a leader of the economy bloc, and Representative Clarence Cannon of Missouri, Chairman of the House Appropriations Committee.
The e-Learning Rules of Engagement

The word "engagement" is often used in connection with e-learning so often, in fact, that it has come to represent a general, warm fuzziness that everyone wants but which proves elusive. But what does engagement really mean?
Remote inhibition of polymer degradation

Polymer degradation has been explored on the basis of synergistic infectious and inhibitive interaction between separate materials. A dual stage chemiluminescence detection system with individually controlled hot stages was applied to probe for interaction effects during polymer degradation in an oxidizing environment. Experimental confirmation was obtained that volatile antioxidants can be transferred over a relatively large distance. The thermal degradation of a polypropylene (PP) sample receiving traces of inhibitive antioxidants from a remote source is delayed. Similarly, volatiles from two stabilized elastomers were also capable of retarding a degradation process remotely. This observation demonstrates inhibitive cross-talk as a novel interactive phenomenon between different polymers and is consequential for understanding general polymer interactions, fundamental degradation processes and long-term aging effects of multiple materials in a single environment.
Soybean hulls, wheat middlings, and corn gluten feed as supplements for cattle on forage-based diets

Soybean hulls, wheat midds, and corn gluten feed are viable alternative supplements for forage-fed cattle. All three result from the processing of major Unites States agricultural crops, so large supplies are available. Their value is better for ruminant animals than for monogastrics because they contain digestible fiber components. These byproducts are widely available throughout the Unites States and will generally be more economical than traditional feed grains or commercial feeds when used appropriately as supplements to forage-based diets. Knowledge about the composition of base forage must be used in planning supplementation strategies because base forages vary in protein and mineral content [9]. Soybean hulls alone may be a good selection in situations in which forages are adequate or high in protein. In situations where forage is marginal or deficient in protein, wheat midds, corn gluten feed, or a mix of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed might be most desirable. All three feeds can be variable in nutrient composition, so they should be analyzed to ensure a balanced nutrient level in diets. Soybean hulls are especially variable in crude protein content and should always be analyzed when forages are marginal or deficient in protein. Despite the fact that published energy levels are substantially lower, research has shown that soybean hulls and wheat midds have a value comparable to corn and soybean meal in forage-based diets. Corn gluten feed has also been comparable to corn and soybean meal in most reports but is closer in value to its published energy levels. In general, results with soybean hulls have been surprisingly good and consistent, whereas responses to wheat midds and corn gluten feed supplementation have been more variable and sometimes disappointing. Feeding rates for soybean hulls can range from low to extremely high depending on forage availability and desired performance. Wheat midds should be limited in most situations to 50% of the expected dry matter intake because of their rapidly digested starch content. Corn gluten feed should be limited to approximately 50% of expected dry matter intake because of its high sulfur content. Several research groups are currently evaluating self-feeding programs for these byproducts, and while the potential for health and production problems exist, results have been encouraging in most cases. Self-feeding would reduce the labor costs of hand feeding and could provide backgrounders with a program to expand cattle numbers on a limited land base.
Korean telecom policy in global competition: implications for developing countries

Abstract United States efforts to open the Korean telecommunications market have been incessant and tenacious, to the extent that Korea is the only country to be twice designated by the US as a priority foreign country (PFC). Through major restructuring driven by the Korean government, the telecommunications infrastructure of Korea has been strengthened and expanded, and in the process has posed a threat to the US telecommunications industry. Thus, since the late 1980s, the Korean telecommunications industry has been monitored and threatened with trade sanctions by the United States Trade Representative, and all internal restructuring has been closely related to bilateral negotiations with the US, and multilateral negotiations in the Uruguay Round. Based on interviews with key Korean telecommunications personnel and analyses of public documents, this research examines the Korean telecommunications market, telecommunications policies relative to the US and WTO, and the recent economic crisis that has affected the stability of the industry. The paper also offers five major recommendations to government and industry policymakers, including a more active and positive stance toward liberalisation, the relinquishing by bureaucrats of their monopolistic power over policymaking, the securing of an open and transparent policymaking process, and, in relations with the US, and the mobilisation of regional and multilateral organisations to ensure fair competition in telecommunications.
Lattice dynamics of laser-heated GaAs crystals by means of time-resolved X-ray diffraction

Nanosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction has been employed to study the transient lattice structure of GaAs crystals induced by laser pulse heating. The time evolution of lattice spacing changes was measured with 12 ns resolution. A direct imaging X-ray CCD system with high spatial resolution allowed for the detection of transient structural changes on the order of 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} {angstrom}.
Susceptibility of Chicks to Experimental Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chicks were given intracerebral inoculations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae of colony types 1 or 2 one to two days after hatching. Small numbers of N. gonorrhoeae initiated lethal infection provided that the body temperature of the animals was not maintained at levels harmful to the microbes per se. The disease process, which appeared to be localized intracranially rather than disseminated by bacteremia, merits further investigation as a model for the study of pathogenetic and immunologic mechanisms in gonococcal infection. Although the etiologic role of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in human genitourinary infection was established many years ago, until roughly the past decade no laboratory models had been developed that contributed significantly to our knowledge of the pathogenesis and immunology of such infection. However, after the demonstration that virulence for humans was as
Production of a Recombinant Hybrid Hemoflavoprotein: Engineering a Functional NADH:Cytochrome c Reductase

Abstract A gene has been constructed coding for a unique fusion protein, NADH:cytochrome c reductase, that comprises the soluble heme-containing domain of rat hepatic cytochrome b 5 as the amino-terminal portion of the protein and the soluble flavin-containing domain of rat hepatic cytochrome b 5 reductase as the carboxyl terminus. The gene has been expressed in Escherichia coli resulting in the highly efficient production of a functional hybrid hemoflavoprotein which has been purified to homogeneity by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on 5′-ADP agarose, and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein exhibited a molecular mass of approximately 46 kDa by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 40,875 Da, for the apoprotein, using mass spectrometry which also confirmed the presence of both heme and FAD prosthetic groups. The fusion protein showed immunological cross-reactivity with both anti-rat cytochrome b 5 and anti-rat cytochrome b 5 reductase antibodies indicating the conservation of antigenic determinants from both native domains. Spectroscopic analysis indicated the fusion protein contained both a b -type cytochrome and flavin chromophors with properties identical to those of the native proteins. Amino-terminal and internal amino acid sequencing confirmed the identity of peptides derived from both the heme- and flavin-binding domains with sequences identical to the deduced amino acid sequence. The isolated fusion protein retained NADH:ferricyanide reductase activity ( k cat = 8.00 × 10 2 s −1 , K NADH m = 4 μM, K FeCN 6 m = 11 μM) comparable to that of that of native NADH:cytochrome b 5 reductase and also exhibited both NADH:cytochrome c reductase activity ( k cat = 2.17 × 10 2 s −1 , K NADH m = 2 μM, K FeCN 6 m = 11 μM, K Cyt.c m = 1 μM) and NADH:methemoglobin reductase activity ( k cat = 4.40 × 10 −1 s −1 , K NADH m = 3 μM, K mHb m = 47 μM), the latter two activities indicating efficient electron transfer from FAD to heme and retention of physiological function. This work represents the first successful bacterial expression of a soluble, catalytically competent, rat hepatic cytochrome b 5 -cytochrome b 5 reductase fusion protein that retains the functional properties characteristic of the individual heme and flavin domain.
Laparoscopic versus open low anterior resection for rectal cancer: results from the national cancer data base

Background While the use of laparoscopy has increased among patients undergoing colorectal surgery, there is ongoing debate regarding the oncologic equivalence of laparoscopy compared to open low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer.
Sequence-Specific Label-Free DNA Sensors Based on Silicon Nanowires

Highly sensitive and sequence-specific DNA sensors were fabricated based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with single stranded (ss) probe DNA molecules covalently immobilized on the nanowire surfaces. Label-free complementary (target) ss-DNA in sample solutions were recognized when the target DNA was hybridized with the probe DNA attached on the SiNW surfaces, producing a change of the conductance of the SiNWs. For a 12-mer oligonucletide probe, 25 pM of target DNA in solution was detected easily (signal/noise ratio > 6), whereas 12-mers with one base mismatch did not produce a signal above the background noise.
A posteriori estimates for the Bubble Stabilized Discontinuous Galerkin Method

In this paper, two reliable and efficient a posteriori error estimators for the Bubble Stabilized Discontinuous Galerkin (BSDG) method for diffusion-reaction problems in two and three dimensions are derived. The theory is followed by some numerical illustrations.
The reconstruction of eighteenth century temperature records through the use of content analysis

The reconstruction of a temperature record for eighteenth century eastern Massachusetts is discussed. In addition to instrumental records diaries were analyzed in order to produce temperature indices. Reliability tests demonstrate that the methodology used is capable of replicating results regardless of changes in coders or intraregional variability in language. Validity tests, comparing diary reconstructions with instrumental records for the same period, produced positive results. A compilation of all climate related data shows the decades of the 1720's, 1750's, and 1760's were cool, while the 1770's and 1790's were warm.
Potentiation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-associated TDP-43 Aggregation by the Proteasome-targeting Factor, Ubiquilin 1

TDP-43 (43-kDa TAR DNA-binding domain protein) is a major constituent of ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic aggregates present in neurons of patients with fronto-temporal lobular dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The pathologic significance of TDP-43 aggregation is not known; however, dominant mutations in TDP-43 cause a subset of ALS cases, suggesting that misfolding and/or altered trafficking of TDP-43 is relevant to the disease process. Here, we show that the presenilin-binding protein ubiquilin 1 (UBQLN) plays a role in TDP-43 aggregation. TDP-43 interacted with UBQLN both in yeast and in vitro, and the carboxyl-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain of UBQLN was both necessary and sufficient for binding to polyubiquitylated forms of TDP-43. Overexpression of UBQLN recruited TDP-43 to detergent-resistant cytoplasmic aggregates that colocalized with the autophagosomal marker, LC3. UBQLN-dependent aggregation required the UBQLN UBA domain, was mediated by non-overlapping regions of TDP-43, and was abrogated by a mutation in UBQLN previously linked to Alzheimer disease. Four ALS-associated alleles of TDP-43 also coaggregated with UBQLN, and the extent of aggregation correlated with in vitro UBQLN binding affinity. Our findings suggest that UBQLN is a polyubiquitin-TDP-43 cochaperone that mediates the autophagosomal delivery and/or proteasome targeting of TDP-43 aggregates.
Ultrasonic Sensing From 100 kHz to 50 MHz Using Single Mode Optical Fiber

Recently we have proposed and demonstrated two broadband single mode fiber optic sensor systems for detection of ultrasonic waves propagating in fluids. A review of such systems and their theoretical analysis is presented here. One such system is based on polarization modulation and only requires the use of a single fiber in a very simple configuration. This system has a frequency response from 0.7 MHz to 50 MHz, and a flat response between 11 MHz and 25 MHz. The other system is based on phase modulation, in the form of a two fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The ultrasonic wave is detected through the pressure induced changes in the interference between the two optical beams propagating in the "ref-erence" and "sensing" fiber, i.e., the two arms of the interferometer. This system has a frequency response from 50 kHz to 50 MHz, with a flat response between 50 kHz and 1 MHz.
Rat striatal cyclic nucleotide-reactive cells and acetylcholinesterase reactive interneurons are separate populations.

Abstract The concurrent localization of cyclic nucleotide immunofluorescent cells and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the rat caudate-putamen complex has been examined. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP stained elements do not exhibit coincident localization with the enzymatically detectible hydrolysis of acetylcholine. These data add further support for the preferential association of the cyclic nucleotides with striatal efferent projection systems, while the large cholinergic somata are part of the interneuron population of the rat caudate-putamen complex.
A Numerical Simulation of Residual Circulation in Tampa Bay. Part II: Lagrangian Residence Time

Lagrangian retention and flushing are examined by advecting neutrally buoyant point particles within a circulation field generated by a numerical ocean model of Tampa Bay. Large temporal variations in Lagrangian residence time are found under realistic changes in boundary conditions. Two 90-day time periods are examined. The first (P1) is characterized by low freshwater inflow and weak baroclinic circulation. The second (P2) has high freshwater inflow and strong baroclinic circulation. At the beginning of both time periods, 686,400 particles are released uniformly throughout the bay. Issues relating to particle distribution and flushing are examined at three different spatial scales: (1) at the scale of the entire bay, (2) the four major regions within the bay, and (3) at the scale of individual model grid cells. Two simple theoretical models for the particle number over time, N(t), are fit to the particle counts from the ocean model. The theoretical models are shown to represent N(t) reasonably well when considering the entire bay, allowing for straightforward calculation of baywide residence times: 156 days for P1 and 36 days for P2. However, the accuracy of these simple models decreases with decreasing spatial scale. This is likely due to the fact that particles may exit, reenter, or redistribute from one region to another in any sequence. The smaller the domain under consideration, the more this exchange process dominates. Therefore, definitions of residence time need to be modified for “non-local” situations. After choosing a reasonable definition, and removal of the tidal and synoptic signals, the residence times at each grid cell in P1 is found to vary spatially from a few days to 90 days, the limit of the calculation, with an average residence time of 53 days. For P2, the overall spatial pattern is more homogeneous, and the residence times have an average value of 26 days.
Facilitating sustainable development decisions: measuring stakeholder reactions

Sustainable development is an issue of increasing importance, in which organizations must engage multiple stakeholders and consider their objectives when deciding on organizational actions, but research provides little guidance regarding how managers can measure stakeholder reactions and use information to facilitate decision-making. The broad objective of this study is to provide insights useful for decision-making. In this study, we investigate in its natural and complex environment a real-world sustainable development conflict – whether to expand energy development in Wyoming. The primary issue is the impact that expanding energy development will have on wildlife and the environment. We collect data from both the local community and a broader national population for use in a quantitative analysis. We use contingent valuation methods to capture the social impact ascribed by the stakeholders. We conclude with a discussion of how this information can be used ex ante to inform decision-making for sustainable development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Educating Women: the political economy of patriarchal states

ABSTRACT This study reviews available evidence on the educational conditions of women and policies enacted by states throughout the world regarding education and gender. It focuses on two extremes of the educational continuum ‐ illiteracy and higher education ‐ in an effort to detect not only state behaviours toward women but also the interaction between gender and class. The evidence suggests that states, regardless of type of governance and mode of economic production, engage in activities that either continue to assign domestic responsibilities to women or leave undisturbed social representations of women's ‘proper role’ in society. These representations, though maintained through ideological forces, have a clear material foundation and are supported by an implicit coalition of men and women of upper‐and middle‐classes that permits wealthier women to share some benefits with men while extracting resources from lower‐class women.
Kinetics and modeling of GM-CSF production by recombinant yeast in a three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor

Continuous production of a recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV2181 (a/a, Trp 1) containing plasmid palphaADH2 and immobilized on porous glass beads in a fluidized bed bioreactor was studied. Kinetic models for plasmid stability, cell growth, and protein production in the three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor were developed and used to study the effects of solid loading or cell immobilization on plasmid stability and recombinant protein production. With increasing cell immobilization or solid loading in the bioreactor, plasmid stability and protein production improved significantly. The improvements could be attributed to the decreased theta value, which is the plasmid loss probability during cell division and is an indication of segregational instability of the recombinant cell, and the increased alpha value, which is the ratio of the specific growth rate of a plasmid-carrying cell to that of a plasmid-free cell and is indicative of competitive stability of the recombinant cell culture. theta decreased from 0.552 to 0.042 and alpha increased from 0.351 to 0.991 when solid loading in the bioreactor was increased from 5% (v/v) to 33%. The model simulation also showed that the specific growth rate of cells in the bioreactor was lower at higher solid loading. This indicated that there was significant mass transfer limitation, particularly for oxygen transfer, when the total cell density in the bioreactor was high at high solid loading. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 470-477, 1997.
A skull of Proargyrolagus, the oldest argyrolagid (Late Oligocene Salla Beds, Bolivia), with brief comments concerning its paleobiology

ABSTRACT A skull of the oldest described argyrolagid, Proargyrolagus bolivianus (late Oligocene of the Salla Beds, Bolivia) allows an assessment of the phylogeny of this group and a reconstruction of its paleobiology. Several aspects of the cranial anatomy of the Monodelphis-sized Proargyrolagus serve to support the hypothesis that argyrolagids are marsupials: the palate has large vacuities, the angular process is medially inflected, the auditory bulla is composed of a wing of the alisphenoid, and the dental formula includes four molars. Like Argentine Plio-Pleistocene argyrolagids, Proargyrolagus has an unfused symphysis, and a phaneric and almost vertically oriented ectotympanic in the shape of a flattened ring. Proargyrolagus is more primitive in having a less globular braincase, smaller orbits, and a shallower mandible. The dental formula is 4/3.1/1.3/2.4/4 or 4/4.1/0.3/2.4/4 (vs. 2/2.0/0.1/1.4/4 for Argyrolagus). Large infraorbital foramina transmitted nerves and vessels of the snout. The snout is lo...
Hiding Data in Ordered Dithering Halftone Images by Bit Interleaving

In this paper, we present a simple but novel method that does not require the original watermark in decoding to embed watermarks into dithered halftone images by bit-interleaving. In general, the sub-image resulted from bit-interleaving has the property that the sub-image from the consecutive threshold value has increasing number of black pixels. Our method fully utilizes this property such that it not only needs less additive pseudo pixels to eliminate the Non-increased black pixel pairs, but also avoids false positive detection. The experiments show that the technique is sufficiently robust to guard against the cropping and tampering.
The sympathetic nervous system and long-term blood pressure regulation*

There is considerable evidence that activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. However, the mechanisms that account for sympathetic activation and the precise mechanisms that mediate neurally induced hypertension are unclear. In large part, this is due to the difficulty in assessing sympathetic function under chronic conditions. Consequently, acute observations are often extrapolated to infer that similar neural mechanisms are operative under more longterm conditions, an unwarrantable assumption. Nonetheless, considerable theoretical and experimental evidence points to the renal sympathetic nerves as the critical link between the sympathetic nervous system and long-term arterial pressure control. Both chronic increases and decreases in renal adrenergic activity alter renal excretory function and produce sustained elevations and reductions in arterial pressure, respectively. Recent observations, including those in dogs with hemibladders and one denervated kidney, indicate that chronic suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity and attendant natriuresis are long-term compensatory responses to excess body fluid volumes and hypertension. Furthermore, studies combining deafferentation of cardiac receptors and sinoaortic baroreceptors with the split-bladder preparation suggest that chronic renal sympathoinhibition is mediated by baroreflex mechanisms, an especially important finding given the technical limitations in determining whether baroreflexes completely reset and impact sympathetic activity in chronic hypertension. In contrast to the chronic inhibitory effects of baroreflexes on sympathetic activity, other studies indicate that angiotensin II (Ang II) has sustained renal sympathoexcitatory effects. The opposing long-term effects of baroreflexes and Ang II on renal sympathetic nerve activity support two major hypotheses for sympathetic activation in hypertension: baroreflex dysfunction and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, abnormalities often associated with clinical hypertension.
Changes in regional coronary blood flow with hypertonic mannitol in conscious dogs

Systemic haemodynamics and regional myocardial blood flow responses to hypertonic mannitol were studied in 10 conscious and 23 anaesthetized dogs. Mannitol infusion significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow in the conscious, intact dogs. Mannitol increased total coronary flow 20% in anaesthetized animals compared to 80% in the awake ones. In both groups mannitol exerted a significant positive inotropic effect as evidenced by increases in maximal LV dp/dt and dp/dt/ρ. These studies have also demonstrated that the intact conscious dog that has not received any sedation has an inner:outer wall left ventricular flow ratio greater than 1·0.
Autopsy Studies in Atherosclerosis

Gross lesions of atheroselerosis in many arterial sites were graded in 500 consecutive autopsies in a general hospital. The grading system used took into account both the total area of intimal involvement and the severity of individual lesions. The first report analyzes the distribution and severity of atherosclerosis in the 347 men and women of the study group who died without morphologic evidence of atherosclerotic catastrophe in the heart, aorta, or brain. The second report describes the atherosclerotic lesions in patients who died with evidence of atherosclerotic catastrophe. The third report carries out a similar investigation in those subjects who presented evidence of obesity, hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and rheumatic heart disease.
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hypermutable phenotype caused by the loss of DNA mismatch repair activity. MSI is detected in about 15% of all colorectal cancers; 3% are of these are associated with Lynch syndrome and the other 12% are caused by sporadic, acquired hypermethylation of the promoter of the MLH1 gene, which occurs in tumors with the CpG island methylator phenotype. Colorectal tumors with MSI have distinctive features, including a tendency to arise in the proximal colon, lymphocytic infiltrate, and a poorly differentiated, mucinous or signet ring appearance. They have a slightly better prognosis than colorectal tumors without MSI and do not have the same response to chemotherapeutics. Discovery of MSI in colorectal tumors has increased awareness of the diversity of colorectal cancers and implications for specialized management of patients.
Graphene nanoribbons with smooth edges behave as quantum wires

Unzipping carbon nanotubes produces high-quality graphene nanoribbons with smooth edges for revealing the intrinsic quantum transport phenomena in these materials.
Genetically predicted testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in men: a Mendelian randomization analysis in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study

Background Observationally lower testosterone is associated with an unhealthier cardiovascular (CVD) risk profile, but this association is open to confounding and reverse causality. The authors examined the association of testosterone with well-established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol and fasting glucose) and the Framingham score using a Mendelian randomization analysis with a separate-sample instrumental variable estimator. Methods To minimize reverse causality, a genetic score predicting testosterone was developed in 289 young Chinese men from Hong Kong, based on three selected testosterone-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10046, rs1008805 and rs1256031). Multivariable censored and linear regressions were used to examine the association of genetically predicted testosterone levels with CVD risk factors and Framingham score among 4212 older Chinese men from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Results Predicted testosterone was unrelated to systolic blood pressure [-0.11 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.70 to 0.48], diastolic blood pressure (0.04 mmHg, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.36), fasting glucose (0.02 mmol/l, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.06) or Framingham score (0.02, 95% CI -0.0001 to 0.03) but associated with higher LDL-cholesterol (0.02 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.04) and lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.01 mmol/l, 95% CI -0.02 to -0.001), after adjustment for potential confounders (age, education, smoking status, use of alcohol and body mass index). Conclusions Our findings did not corroborate observed protective effects of testosterone on cardiovascular risk factors or risk of ischaemic heart disease among men, but raises the possibility that higher testosterone may be associated with an unhealthier lipid profile.
Linking Reading with Meaning: A Case Study of a Hyperlexic Reader.

The research presented in this paper is a two-part case study of a 14-year-old mentally handicapped girl, Rachelle, who is hyperlexic. That is, she is able to easily decode the printed word, yet has great difficulty comprehending what she has read. We describe the characteristics of hyperlexia in a diagnostic case study of Rachelle and then outline an instructional program, implemented over a 1 1/2year period, which we based on current research and theory about the normal processes of reading and learning. Using a learner-centered, literature-based approach, we directed instruction toward helping Rachelle to connect reading with making meaning. Her reading and writing competency and attitudes improved steadily throughout the intervention, as shown through collected work samples and a variety of assessment procedures. We suggest that instruction for hyperlexics and for all readers should focus on linking reading with meaning. As early as 1845, Russell and Goldsbury (cited in Gough & Hillinger, 1980) introduced the concept of hyperlexia when they postulated the existence of a "fictitious ninny" (p. 114), Memorus Wordwell, a word caller who could read anything but had no understanding of what he read. The first description of an actual hyperlexic child was written by Bonner in 1917 (cited in Aaron, 1989). The student was a 13Vi-year-old boy, with a mental age of 7.4, who could read fluently, yet could not answer common sense questions or retell simple stories. In delineating
A Comparative Study of the Learning Style Preferences of Students with Learning Disabilities and Students Who Are Gifted

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether significant group, gender, and grade differences existed in the learning style preferences of students with learning disabilities and students who are gifted, using the Learning Style Inventory (LSI) (Dunn, Dunn, & Price, 1987). Subjects consisted of 53 students with learning disabilities and 64 gifted students randomly selected from two large public high schools. They were 10th-, 11th-, and 12th-grade students, aged 15 to 17. A three-way analysis of variance on the LSI raw scores revealed significant group differences in preferences for light, design, and kinesthetic modality, and in motivation, persistence, responsibility, parent motivation, and teacher motivation. Significant gender and grade differences were found in preferences for mobility and learning in the afternoon, respectively. A stepwise discriminant analysis revealed six variables that significantly discriminated between the two groups. Findings imply that incorporating the learning styles...
Variation in foliar nitrogen and albedo in response to nitrogen fertilization and elevated CO2.

Foliar nitrogen has been shown to be positively correlated with midsummer canopy albedo and canopy near infrared (NIR) reXectance over a broad range of plant func- tional types (e.g., forests, grasslands, and agricultural lands). To date, the mechanism(s) driving the nitrogen- albedo relationship have not been established, and it is unknown whether factors aVecting nitrogen availability will also inXuence albedo. To address these questions, we examined variation in foliar nitrogen in relation to leaf spectral properties, leaf mass per unit area, and leaf water content for three deciduous species subjected to either nitrogen (Harvard Forest, MA, and Oak Ridge, TN) or CO2 fertilization (Oak Ridge, TN). At Oak Ridge, we also obtained canopy reXectance data from the airborne visible/ infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) to examine whether canopy-level spectral responses were consistent with leaf-level results. At the leaf level, results showed no diVerences in reXectance or transmittance between CO2 or nitrogen treatments, despite signiWcant changes in foliar nitrogen. Contrary to our expectations, there was a signiW- cant, but negative, relationship between foliar nitrogen and leaf albedo, a relationship that held for both full spectrum leaf albedo as well as leaf albedo in the NIR region alone. In contrast, remote sensing data indicated an increase in canopy NIR reXectance with nitrogen fertilization. Collec- tively, these results suggest that altered nitrogen availability can aVect canopy albedo, albeit by mechanisms that involve canopy-level processes rather than changes in leaf-level reXectance.
A type system for format strings

Most programming languages support format strings, but their use is error-prone. Using the wrong format string syntax, or passing the wrong number or type of arguments, leads to unintelligible text output, program crashes, or security vulnerabilities. This paper presents a type system that guarantees that calls to format string APIs will never fail. In Java, this means that the API will not throw exceptions. In C, this means that the API will not return negative values, corrupt memory, etc. We instantiated this type system for Java’s Formatter API, and evaluated it on 6 large and well-maintained open-source projects. Format string bugs are common in practice (our type system found 104 bugs), and the annotation burden on the user of our type system is low (on average, for every bug found, only 1.0 annotations need to be written).
Opportunistic medium access in multi-channel wireless systems: A learning approach

Dynamic channel selection is an important component of multi-channel wireless systems. It allows a transmitter to identify the channel offering the best radio conditions and to avoid interference created by other transmitters. In absence of interference, the channel selection problem can be simply interpreted as a Multi-Armed Bandit problem for which low-regret learning algorithms such as Exp3 have been developed. With interference, the problem is complicated by the fact that transmitters interact, and that a given transmitter experiencing a transmission failure cannot identify whether the failure is due to a channel error or to interference. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of a system where transmitters independently run the learning algorithm Exp3 to select channels for their successive transmissions. We show that the system converges to a pure Nash Equilibrium of the corresponding game.
Genetic Variations and Patient-Reported Quality of Life Among Patients With Lung Cancer

Purpose Recent evidence has suggested a relationship between the baseline quality of life (QOL) self-reported by patients with cancer and genetic disposition. We report an analysis exploring relationships among baseline QOL assessments and candidate genetic variations in a large cohort of patients with lung cancer.
Increasing Second Language Learners’ Production and Comprehension of Developmentally Advanced Syntactic Forms

This investigation extended the use of the priming methodology to 5- and 6-year-olds at the beginning stages of learning English as a second language (L2). In Study 1, 14 L2 children described transitive scenes without an experimenter’s input. They produced no passives and minimal actives; most of their utterances were incomplete. In Study 2, 56 additional L2 children were exposed to an experimenter’s transitives (actives or passives) to determine whether and how it affected their English production and comprehension of these forms. Results showed that exposure to passives increased children’s production of passives. Repetition of the experimenter’s sentences increased both production and comprehension of passives and actives. Further, exposure to passives increased children’s use of complete sentences (transitives, nontransitives), primarily those with a focus on the putative patient of the transitive scene. Findings suggest that exposure to developmentally advanced forms activates the relevant transitiv...
Impedance measurements and standards for uniconductor waveguide

A tutorial review is presented of the measurement of impedance and reflection coefficient in uniconductor waveguide. Normalized impedance in a waveguide operating in a particular mode is defined and related to measured quantities such as the reflection coefficient and the VSWR. Emphasis is given to the rectangular waveguide operating in its dominant mode and to the tuned reflectometer as an instrument for achieving the most accurate results. The evolution of the tuned reflectometer at NBS is outlined and recent techniques are discussed. Different types of standards of reflection coefficient are described and the advantages and limitations of each are mentioned.
The molecular interfacial structure and plasticizer migration behavior of “green” plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Tributyl acetyl citrate (TBAC), a widely-used “green” plasticizer, has been extensively applied in products for daily use. In this paper, a variety of analytical tools including sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), contact angle goniometry (CA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied together to investigate the molecular structures of TBAC plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the migration behavior of TBAC from PVC–TBAC mixtures into water. We comprehensively examine the effects of oxygen and argon plasma treatments on the surface structures of PVC–TBAC thin films containing various bulk percentages of plasticizers and the leaching behavior of TBAC into water. It was found that TBAC is a relatively stable PVC plasticizer compared to traditional non-covalent plasticizers but is also surface active. Oxygen plasma treatment increased the hydrophilicity of TBAC–PVC surfaces, but did not enhance TBAC leaching. However, argon plasma treatment greatly enhanced the leaching of TBAC molecules from PVC plastics to water. Based on our observations, we believe that oxygen plasma treatment could be applied to TBAC plasticized PVC products to enhance surface hydrophilicity for improving the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of PVC products. The structural information obtained in this study will ultimately facilitate a molecular level understanding of plasticized polymers, aiding in the design of PVC materials with improved properties.
Multilevel Modeling and its Application in Counseling Psychology Research

Multilevel modeling (MLM) should be used when a researcher has collected hierarchical data. For example, when a researcher investigates an outcome variable (e.g., depression) with several clients drawn from different clinicians, the data set has a hierarchical structure. Herein, we describe the use of MLM in counseling research. The goals include the following: (a) to specify research contexts where MLM may be applied, (b) to describe how to conduct data analyses using MLM, and (c) to highlight key statistical and design issues encountered when analyzing hierarchical data. We also highlight how MLM can be used (a) to provide valid statistical inference in the presence of hierarchical data structure, (b) to separate the within-group effects from between-group effects for predictor variables, and (c) to study the interactions among predictor variables drawn from different levels (e.g., variables drawn from both clients and their clinicians).
Initial and Persisting Staining power of Solutions of Iron-Hematoxylin Lake

A study was made of factors affecting the initial staining power and the stability of iron-hematoxylin lake solutions. The findings were applied to the preparation of a superior hematoxylin staining solution. This is made up as follows: in 50 ml. water dissolve, in order, 1.0 g. ferric ammonium sulfate [FeNE4 (SO4)2⋅ 12H2O], 0.8 ml. sulfuric acid, 50 ml. 95% ethyl alcohol, 0.5 g. hematoxylin. Filter the solution to remove the insoluble, white crust of the ferric ammonium sulfate. The solution stains well ten minutes after it has been made. Peak performance is attained within 5 hours, and is maintained for 4 to 8 weeks. Staining time is 3 to 30 minutes. Excess stain can be rinsed off the slide and section by immersion in water, after which destaining, if necessary, can be accomplished with a solution of 50 ml. water, 50 ml. 95% ethyl alcohol, 0.18 ml. sulfuric acid. The slides may or may not be placed next in a neutralizing solution of 50 ml. water, 50 ml. 95% ethyl alcohol, 0.5 g. sodium bicarbonate. They...
Feasibility of Phospholipids Separation by Packed Column SFC with Mass Spectrometric and Light Scattering Detection

Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) have been separated by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering and mass spectrometric detection. Four different silica based stationary phases were investigated: diol, cyanopropyl, 2-ethylpyridine, and 4-ethylpyridine. A gradient mobile phase of pressurized carbon dioxide modified with methanol was employed. The individual effect of basic (isopropylamine), acidic (trifluoroacetic acid), and ionic (ammonium acetate) additives incorporated into the primary modifier on the separation of these four lipids from the four stationary phases was investigated. No additive was required to effect the elution of PC and PE (which differed only in polar head group) from any of the four phases. When the two ethylpyridine phases were used, near baseline resolution of two species in each lipid case that differed in fatty acid content were seen. PS and PI could be successfully eluted from each phase when isopropylamine was added to the mobile phase, although the PS peak was always weak and very broad. Ammonium acetate was a more effective additive for phospholipid separation than trifluoroacetic acid. All chromatographic separations were reproducible and required less than 15 min.