cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater.

Disinfection of wastewater treatment plant effluent may be an important barrier for limiting the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). While ideally disinfection should destroy ARGs, to prevent horizontal gene transfer to downstream bacteria, little is known about the effect of conventional water disinfection technologies on ARGs. This study examined the potential of UV disinfection to damage four ARGs, mec(A), van(A), tet(A), and amp(C), both in extracellular form and present within a host ARBs: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), Escherichia coli SMS-3-5, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 01, respectively. An extended amplicon-length quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to enhance capture of ARG damage events and also to normalize to an equivalent length of target DNA (∼1000 bp) for comparison. It was found that the two Gram-positive ARBs (MRSA and VRE) were more resistant to UV disinfection than the two Gram-negative ARBs (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The two Gram-positive organisms also possessed smaller total genome sizes, which could also have reduced their susceptibility to UV because of fewer potential pyrimidine dimer targets. An effect of cell type on damage to ARGs was only observed in VRE and P. aeruginosa, the latter potentially because of extracellular polymeric substances. In general, damage of ARGs required much greater UV doses (200-400 mJ/cm² for 3- to 4-log reduction) than ARB inactivation (10-20 mJ/cm² for 4- to 5-log reduction). The proportion of amplifiable ARGs following UV treatment exhibited a strong negative correlation with the number of adjacent thymines (Pearson r 0.85; p < 0.0001). This suggests that formation of thymine dimers is not the sole mechanism of ARB inactivation. Overall, the results indicate that UV is limited in its potential to damage ARGs and other disinfection technologies should be explored.
Place attachment and recreation experience preference: A further exploration of the relationship

Abstract Place attachment and recreation experience preferences (REP) have received increasing attention in natural resource management, with previous literature ( Anderson and Fulton, 2008 , Kyle et al., 2004 ) indicating that REP predicts place attachment development. This study expands current insight into the relationship between the two concepts. Specifically, we tested two predictive models: the first explored the influence of REP dimensions on place attachment dimensions as tested in previous research; the second explored the influence of place attachment dimensions on REP dimensions alluded to, but not tested, previously. Contrary to expectations, our results did not support the model in which REP predicts place attachment development. Interestingly, our results support the second model and indicate that select place attachment dimensions predict REP dimensions. This positive influence of place attachment on REP dimensions empirically supports the notion that attachment to a setting may influence motivations to visit that setting. Specifically, findings suggest that meaningful social relationships nurtured within the resource encourage visitors to learn, be more knowledgeable, or teach about the resource, and experience quiet, solitude and personal growth. Additionally, respondents’ dependence on the resource motivates them to be among others like themselves. Overall, our findings suggest the complexity of REP–place attachment relationships. Management implications Place attachment has emerged as one important concept in recent outdoor recreation research. Managers should be aware that both the influence of experience on place attachment and the relationship of place attachment on the motivation to visit matter and influence each other. Exploring the relationship between place and recreation experience preference may enable resource managers to gain new insights and help further understand the development of visitor motivations. These insights can contribute to more appropriate site development, including social interactions and exchange of knowledge.
Dynamic Regulation of Nucleosome Positioning in the Human Genome

Summary The positioning of nucleosomes with respect to DNA plays an important role in regulating transcription. However, nucleosome mapping has been performed for only limited genomic regions in humans. We have generated genome-wide maps of nucleosome positions in both resting and activated human CD4 + T cells by direct sequencing of nucleosome ends using the Solexa high-throughput sequencing technique. We find that nucleosome phasing relative to the transcription start sites is directly correlated to RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding. Furthermore, the first nucleosome downstream of a start site exhibits differential positioning in active and silent genes. TCR signaling induces extensive nucleosome reorganization in promoters and enhancers to allow transcriptional activation or repression. Our results suggest that H2A.Z-containing and modified nucleosomes are preferentially lost from the −1 nucleosome position. Our data provide a comprehensive view of the nucleosome landscape and its dynamic regulation in the human genome.
Probability distribution of photoelectric currents in photodetection processes and its connection to the measurement of a quantum state

Various probability distributions are calculated for photocurrent fluctuations for photoelectric detection and are expressed in terms of quantum averages of field operators. The calculation is based on an extended theory of Kelley and Kleiner for photoelectric counting [Phys. Rev. 136, A316 (1963)], which allows us to obtain the counting distributions for multiple time intervals and multiple detectors. The finite duration of the detector’s response function is also considered in our formalism, as is the possibility of fluctuations in the response function itself. This generalized theory is applied to homodyne and heterodyne detection processes. We find that with ideal conditions (perfectly balanced detectors with unit quantum efficiency), the characteristic function of the photocurrent fluctuations from homodyne detection is connected to the Fourier transformation of the Wigner function of a single-mode field, while that from heterodyne detection is linked to the antinormally ordered characteristic function of the field. More specifically, if the two orthogonal quadratures of the photocurrent are recorded in the heterodyne detection, the joint probability distribution for the two quadratures is simply the Q function of the field without the need for optical tomography. Our formalism is applied to the multimode case and allows one to draw important conclusions about the possibility of measurements of the complete quantum state of a multimode field. In particular, the complete characterization of fields with intermode correlations is a nontrivial undertaking, as we demonstrate with our general formalism as well as by specific examples.
Synergistic Effect of Abrasive and Sonication for Release of Carbohydrate and Protein from Algae

While algae have demonstrated significant potential as a raw material due to the high intracellular concentration of carbohydrates and proteins, a primary limitation as a biofuel feedstock is due to the fact that an economically feasible method of extraction has yet to be offered. Algae samples, acquired from a local waste treatment facility, were combined with abrasive materials and subjected to ultrasonication for specific time intervals. It was found that the synergistic effect of sonication in the presence of abrasive material, such as silicon beads or sand, could extract adequate protein and carbohydrate to be utilized in fermentation processes.
Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance Study of the Structure and Motions of H AA and H A ′ A Centers in Na + - and Li + -Doped KCl

Interstitial chlorine atoms in KCl can be stabilized by pairs of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ impurity ions which are nearest neighbors (nn) and next nearest neighbors (nnn) of each other, forming what are called, respectively, ${H}_{\mathrm{AA}}$ and ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}$ centers. These centers have a higher thermal stability than the ${H}_{A}$ (or ${V}_{1}$) and $H$ centers. Analysis of the electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) spectra shows that the symmetries of ${H}_{\mathrm{AA}}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$ and ${H}_{\mathrm{AA}}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$ are the same and very similar to those of the $H$ center: They each consist of a $〈110〉$-oriented $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule ion occupying a single negative-ion site and possessing weak molecular bonds with two neighboring substitutional ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions along $〈110〉$. In contrast to the $H$ center, the three molecular bonds of the $\mathrm{Cl}_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$ are bent in a {001} plane. It is concluded that the axis defined by the two adjoining nn impurity alkali ions is parallel to the $〈110〉$-oriented $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ internuclear axis. This model does not allow any motion for the ${H}_{\mathrm{AA}}$ centers, and none is observed in the EPR spectra as the temperature is raised. The ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}$ centers consist of a $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule ion, occupying a single negative-ion site associated with two ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions which are nnn of each other. However, the geometries of ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$ and ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$ are different. The ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$ geometry is qualitatively similar to that of the ${H}_{A}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$ center: The $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ axis makes an 18.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} angle with $〈001〉$ in a {110} plane. The geometry of ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$ is qualitatively similar to that of the ${H}_{A}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$ center: The $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ axis is tipped 11.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} away from $〈110〉$ in a {001} plane. Both centers therefore possess four equivalent orientations around a given $〈001〉$. These directions lie in {110} planes for ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$ and {100} planes for ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$. As the temperature is raised, the $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is thermally activated among these four directions, and motionally averaged ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Li}}^{+})$- and ${H}_{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}A}({\mathrm{Na}}^{+})$-center EPR spectra are observed corresponding to these two types of restricted pyramidal jumping motions.
Truncated-determinant diagrammatic Monte Carlo for fermions with contact interaction

For some models of interacting fermions the known solution to the notorious sign problem in Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is to work with macroscopic fermionic determinants; the price, however, is a macroscopic scaling of the numerical effort spent on elementary local updates. We find that the ratio of two macroscopic determinants can be found with any desired accuracy by considering truncated (local in space and time) matices. In this respect, MC for interacting fermionic systems becomes similar to that for the sign-problem-free bosonic systems with system-size independent update cost. We demonstrate the utility of the truncated-determinant method by simulating the attractive Hubbard model within the MC scheme based on partially summed Feynman diagrams. We conjecture that similar approach may be useful in other implementations of the sign-free determinant schemes.
Changing Patterns of Faculty Participation in Collection Development

Participation in collection development by social science faculty at Tulane University decreased following the shift in primary responsibility for selection from the faculty to the library in 1987. A review of both the before and after, as well as the transition itself, identifies factors affecting this change and faculty participation in general. Among these factors are disciplinary information needs, the library's collection and collecting priorities, faculty members' attitudes towards the shift in responsibility and funds, and personal interest.
Helmet-mounted display research activity on the NRC bell 205 airborne simulator

The National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, in conjunction with the Canadian Department of National Defence, is investigating the use of helmet-mounted displays as an aid in improving pilot situational awareness in all- weather search and rescue helicopter operations. For over 30 years, the NRC Bell 205 Airborne Simulator has been an integral part of valuable research programs. Equipped with a full authority fly-by-wire control systems, the Bell 205 has variable stability characteristics, which makes the airborne simulator the ideal platform for the integrated flight testing of helmet-mounted displays in a simulated operational environment. This paper will describe the test facility in detail, including a description of the airborne simulator, the fiber-optic helmet-mounted display hardware, the camera system, the head tracking system, and the sensor platform. In addition, the paper will provide a complete description of the symbology overlaid on the camera image that was developed for use with the helmet mounted display. The paper will conclude with the description of a planned preliminary handling-qualities investigation into the effects of using helmet-mounted displays on the pilot's workload and performance while performing standard maneuvers.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surgical treatment of 127 anterior choroidal artery aneurysms: a cohort study of resultant ischemic complications.

BACKGROUND:The anterior choroidal artery (AChA) supplies important areas of the nervous system, particularly the posterior limb of the internal capsule and optic radiation. Treatment of AChA aneurysms poses particular challenges because of the complex anatomy of the aneurysm associated with the rela
Sex differences in mania phenotype and ethanol consumption in the lateral hypothalamic kindled rat model

Sex differences have been observed in mania phenotypes in humans. However the mechanisms underlying this difference are poorly understood. Activating the lateral hypothalamus is implicated in manic-like behaviors in rodents. Using newly established lateral hypothalamus kindled (LHK) rat mania model, we investigated sex differences of manic-like behaviors and its correlation with voluntary ethanol intake. We stimulated the lateral hypothalamus bilaterally in the male and female Wistar rats over five consecutive days. We recorded and quantified kindling-induced behaviors for each individual animal. We also assessed ethanol consumption using a two-bottle choice ethanol drinking as well as circadian locomotor activity counts daily throughout the experiment. We found notable sex differences in several aspects of manic-like behaviors during kindling. Males exhibited a significantly increased locomotor activity during the light phase, and reduced rest interval. On the other hand, females displayed significantly higher ethanol consumption and more frequent rearing behavior. However, no sex differences were present in the duration of sexual, feeding or grooming behaviors or in dark-phase activity counts. The excessive alcohol intake in LHK female rats is reminiscent of clinically reported sex differences in bipolar patients while the other phenotypic sex differences such as rearing and locomotor activity are less clearly described in clinical studies. Overall, our results lend further evidence for the validity of the LHK rat as a useful model to study brain region-specific molecular changes during mania and its correlation with alcohol use disorders.
A modified controlled cortical impact technique to model mild traumatic brain injury mechanics in mice.

For the past 25 years, controlled cortical impact (CCI) has been a useful tool in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, creating injury patterns that include primary contusion, neuronal loss, and traumatic axonal damage. However, when CCI was first developed, very little was known on the underlying biomechanics of mild TBI. This paper uses information generated from recent computational models of mild TBI in humans to alter CCI and better reflect the biomechanical conditions of mild TBI. Using a finite element model of CCI in the mouse, we adjusted three primary features of CCI: the speed of the impact to achieve strain rates within the range associated with mild TBI, the shape and material of the impounder to minimize strain concentrations in the brain, and the impact depth to control the peak deformation that occurred in the cortex and hippocampus. For these modified cortical impact conditions, we observed peak strains and strain rates throughout the brain were significantly reduced and consistent with estimated strains and strain rates observed in human mild TBI. We saw breakdown of the blood-brain barrier but no primary hemorrhage. Moreover, neuronal degeneration, axonal injury, and both astrocytic and microglia reactivity were observed up to 8 days after injury. Significant deficits in rotarod performance appeared early after injury, but we observed no impairment in spatial object recognition or contextual fear conditioning response 5 days and 8 days after injury, respectively. Together, these data show that simulating the biomechanical conditions of mild TBI with a modified cortical impact technique produces regions of cellular reactivity and neuronal loss that coincide with only a transient behavioral impairment.
Early healing after carotid endarterectomy: Effect of high- and low-dose aspirin on thrombosis and early neointimal hyperplasia in a nonhuman primate model

Abstract Platelet aggregation and release phenomena are central to most postulated mechanisms of thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia after carotid endarterectomy. Therefore high-dose aspirin (HDA) has been advocated to minimize these sources of endarterectomy failure. We have defined low-dose aspirin (LDA) that selectively blocks platelet cyclooxygenase but preserves arterial wall cyclooxygenase in the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis . We compared this theoretically optimal aspirin dose with HDA and no treatment (control) in a model of carotid endarterectomy. The aspirin was started before operation and continued for 6 weeks after operation, at which time the endarterectomized vessels were excised. The patency and morphologic findings of the arteries were measured. Platelet function was monitored by bleeding time and serum thromboxane A 2 determinations. LDA and HDA were associated with 100% patency, whereas the control group had 50% patency. However, HDA did not protect the vessel from developing neointimal hyperplasia, which was seen in the control group and was associated with platelet adherence to the flow surface at 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, LDA significantly decreased but did not totally prevent neointimal hyperplasia and the flow surface was healed. Therefore the genesis of neointimal hyperplasia after endarterectomy may be more complex than simply a function of platelet-vessel wall interaction. (J ASC SURG 1988;7:275-83.)
Toxicology of white phosphorus (P4) to ducks and risk for their predators: Effects of particle size

Particles of white phosphorus (P4) in pond sediments at Eagle River Flats, Alaska, USA, a military artillery range are acutely toxic to dabbling ducks and swans. We determined if toxicity of P4 to ducks varied by its form (i.e., dissolved or particulate) or particulate size. Residual P4 in the digestive tracts of ducks was measured to assess risks posed to predators and scavengers of ducks. Farm-reared mallards were treated with 12 mg P4/kg body weight, either dissolved in oil, or as numerous small, or one to two large particles. At the first major convulsion, ducks were euthanized and the quantity and location of P4 in the digestive tract were determined. These data were compared to data from dead ducks collected from the artillery range. Dissolved, small, or large particles of P4 produced similar acute toxicity. Residual P4 in digestive tracts was greatest in ducks treated with small particles and was as great as 3.5 mg P4. Similar quantities of residual P4 were found in dead ducks collected at Eagle River Flats. For dabbling ducks, P4 particle size is not as important as the dose ingested. For predators, the P4 contents of the entire digestive tract is important for assessment of the risk of poisoning.
Spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt modelling in a mountainous river basin: estimation of meteorological inputs and verification of model results

A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model has been applied to a 2150 km 2 drainage basin in the Boise River, ID, USA, to simulate the accumulation and melt of the snowpack for the years 1998‐2000. The simulation was run at a 3 h time step and a spatial resolution of 250 m. Spatial field time series of meteorological input data were obtained using various spatial interpolation and simulation methods. The variables include precipitation, air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar and thermal radiation. The goal was to use readily available data and relatively straightforward, yet physically meaningful, methods to develop the spatial fields. With these meteorological fields as input, the simulated fields of snow water equivalent, snow depth, and snow covered area reproduce observations very well. The simulated snowmelt fields are also used as input to a spatially distributed hydrologic model to estimate streamflow. This gives an additional verification of the snowmelt modelling results as well as provides a linkage of the two models to generate hydrographs for water management information. This project is a demonstration of spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt modelling in a large mountainous catchment using data from existing meteorological networks. This capability then suggests the potential for developing new spatial hydrologic informational products and the possibility of improving the accuracy of the prediction of hydrologic processes for water and natural resources management. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children

The present review focuses on three issues, (a) the time course of developmental increases in cognitive abilities; (b) the impact of age on individual differences in these abilities, and (c) the mechanisms by which developmental increases in different aspects of cognition affect each other. We conclude from our review of the literature that the development of processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence, all follow a similar time course, suggesting that all three abilities develop in concert. Furthermore, the strength of the correlation between speed and intelligence does not appear to change with age, and most of the effect of the age-related increase in speed on intelligence appears to be mediated through the effect of speed on working memory. Finally, most of the effect of the age-related improvement in working memory on intelligence is itself attributable to the effect of the increase in speed on working memory, providing evidence of a cognitive developmental cascade.
Resuscitating a Circulation Abstract to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Coronary Care Unit Concept

Eugene Braunwald, a world leader in cardiology for more than half a century, considers the coronary care unit (CCU) “the single most important advance in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction” (AMI).1 The first description of the CCU concept published in North America appeared in Circulation in October 1961. Los Angeles cardiologist Morris Wilburne outlined a technology-inspired extension of the intensive care unit model that had been developed during the previous decade.2 There was 1 crucial difference, however. The intensive care unit was a place to care for acutely ill patients with a broad range of surgical and medical problems. On the other hand, the CCU was conceived as a program of care that targeted a specific group of patients: those at risk of sudden death in the context of an AMI. Vulnerable patients were admitted to a special space staffed by nurses trained to use new electronic technologies for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias and to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The advent and diffusion of the CCU transformed the care of patients, the careers of cardiologists, and the boundaries of nursing practice in less than a decade. Continuous ECG monitoring alerted the staff to a life-threatening arrhythmia. This innovation was coupled with 3 new closed-chest treatment technologies: defibrillators, pacemakers, and CPR. The successful treatment of ventricular fibrillation (VF), an arrhythmia that had been invariably fatal, provided compelling evidence that the CCU model saved lives. Cardiac arrest caused irreversible brain damage in <4 minutes, so there was no time to wait for a doctor to rush to a patient and discharge a defibrillator. To address this problem, physicians trained specific nurses to deliver a life-saving shock without personal supervision. The first CCUs were opened in 1962. During the next decade, defibrillation was supplemented by new …
A tighter bound for the echo state property

This letter provides a brief explanation of echo state networks (ESNs) and provides a rigorous bound for guaranteeing asymptotic stability of these networks. The stability bounds presented here could aid in the design of echo state networks that would be applicable to control applications where stability is required
Beyond Cross-Cultural Psychologr: The Case of Third World Factory Women:

The psychocultural position of Third World women employed in the assembly plants of multinational enterprises is examined on the basis of well-documented accounts of their working conditions. In particular, it is argued that the impact of working conditions on stress related psychological symptoms can only be understood in the light of socio-historical and cultural analyses. An example of such an analysis, developed along lines sketched by Theodor Adorno and illustrated by a narrative from a young Mexican factory worker, demonstrates the possibility for a critical psychology that transcends the typical interests of cross-cultural research and is more relevant to pressing global problems. Strategies for intervention are briefly discussed.
From Here to Observables: Beyond Light and Velocity Curves

About 20 years ago, several computer models for binary star light curves appeared. At the same time it became possible to fit the models to light curves impersonally by the least squares criterion. With development of those and other models came the end of treating light curves of close binaries by graphical trial and error methods, with overly simple or non-existent physics. Improvements over the years have made it possible to fit radial velocity curves, to make simultaneous solutions of several data sets, and to handle many physical effects which are far beyond the old capabilities. It would require excessive space to describe such a program, but a basic overview of one of the programs can be found in Wilson (1979, 1990, and 1991). The computer models not only are physically realistic, but are sufficiently flexible to allow ready addition of new features. A good model includes the various inter-connected phenomena which once made binary systems intractable, for example tidal and rotational deformation, mutual heating, eccentric orbits, gravity darkening, limb darkening, and spots. Persons who are familiar with these computer models can add features where needed for unusual binaries.
Subdiffraction photon guidance by quantum-dot cascades.

We report on a waveguide composed of a cascade of gain-enabled quantum dots with subwavelength dimensions. Fabrication is demonstrated through DNA-mediated self-assembly and a two-layer molecular self-assembly process that enables rapid prototyping. The device, which is identified with fluorescence microscopy and tested by optical near field detection, allows optical signal transfer at a well-defined wavelength in flexible routing geometry, such as straight paths and 90° bends. The structure serves as a critical building block for nanophotonic systems with high integration density.
Effects of Weaning Date and Prepartum Protein Supplementation on Cow Performance and Calf Growth

Abstract Two experiments evaluated effects of weaning date on cow body condition score (BCS) and calf growth. In Experiment 1, 134 March-calving cows were used in a four-year experiment. Calves were weaned 18 August or 7 November and cows were fed 0 or 0.45 kg protein supplement (42% crude protein) three days per week from 1 December to 28 February while grazing upland range in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. In Experiment 2, spring calving cows (year 1, n = 97; year 2, n = 104) were assigned randomly to one of eight weaning dates at 2-week intervals from 19 August to 25 November. In Experiment 1, weaning in August increased cow BCS precalving ( P s 0.001) and prebreeding ( P s 0.001), but not pregnancy rates ( P = 0.56). Cows fed supplemental protein had greater BCS precalving ( P s 0.001) and prebreeding ( P = 0.001) than nonsupplemented cows, but pregnancy rates were similar ( P = 0.27). Calves born to cows fed supplemental protein prepartum had greater weaning weight than calves born to nonsupplemented cows regardless of whether weaning occurred in August ( P = 0.001) or November ( P s 0.001). Effects of weaning date on feedlot performance interacted with supplementation treatment. Calves born to cows fed supplement that were weaned in November generated the greatest net returns. In Experiment 2, BCS decreased linearly ( P s 0.001) as date of weaning was delayed from August to November. Nursing calf gain increased cubically ( P s 0.0004) and weaned calf gain from August to November increased quadratically ( P s 0.002). Protein supplementation did not affect cow pregnancy rate, but calves born to cows fed protein supplement had greater pre- and postweaning gains. Cow BCS decreased as weaning date was moved later in the year but cow pregnancy rate was not affected by weaning date.
On Egypt's de facto integration in the international financial market

This study explores whether Egypt has become de facto perfectly integrated in the international financial market following the steps taken towards the de jure liberalization of the capital and financial accounts of the balance of payments since the early 1990s. It does so by running two empirical tests, namely, the uncovered interest parity and the monetary autonomy tests using monthly data for the periods January 2000–December 2011 and July 2004–June 2008. The outcome of both tests indicates that during the periods under investigation, Egypt has maintained imperfect de facto integration in the international financial market, despite the de jure financial openness. To explore the reasons behind such imperfect de facto integration, the study estimates a vector error-correction model (VECM) using quarterly data for the period 2001/2002–2010/2011. According to the variance decompositions generated from the VECM, high inflation rate in Egypt has been a major contributor to the variability of the spread betwee...
Environmental Chamber Studies of Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds

Selected results of environmental chamber experiments carried out in the new large indoor environmental chamber at the University of California at Riverside (UCR) that are relevant to quantifying ozone impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are described. Issues and data needs for quantification of VOC reactivities towards ground-level ozone are described. The ability of the current SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism to simulate recent data from this chamber concerning the ozone formation from irradiations of an ambient reactive organic gas (ROG) - NOx mixture and several new aromatics experiments are discussed. It was found that the mechanism consistently under predicts ozone formation in ambient surrogate - NOx experiments at low ROG/NOx ratios, and also under predicts the effects of adding CO to aromatic - NOx irradiations. The two problems may be related and suggest problems with the formulation of current mechanisms for atmospheric reactions of aromatics.
Impact of Time from Completion of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy to Surgery on Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients

Background No studies have examined the impact of the interval from conclusion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to surgery in breast cancer patients. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between time interval from neoadjuvant chemotherapy to surgery and survival outcomes.
Historic Preservation Law in a Nutshell (Table of Contents)

The purpose of this book is to provide a concise, coherent reference for the emerging field of historic preservation law for lawyers, policymakers, planners, architects, and students alike.We consider preservation law to be “emerging” because it began to fully develop in the United States only in the last fifty years. Two key transition points happened at the federal level: the 1966 passage of the National Historic Preservation Act and the 1978 Penn Central Supreme Court decision, which upheld a landmarks law against a constitutional challenge and consequently encouraged other localities to adopt similar ordinances. (Of course, this book covers laws and judicial decisions prior to and subsequent to those two key transition points.)Historic preservation law continues to evolve. Our book is intended to give a broad overview of the key issues as they stand today, supported by statutory references and caselaw. Some of the issues, particularly in the conservation/preservation restriction and the tax credit context, are very much “live,” and we strive to highlight areas of current controversy. We will address the way these legal controversies come to be settled, if at all, in future editions of this book.Most of the Chapters in this book focus on federal laws and jurisprudence implicating preservation, and we devote one Chapter to international preservation law. It is important to note, however, that the venue in which most people interact with historic preservation law is the local level. Hundreds of localities have stand-alone historic preservation ordinances, while others incorporate historic preservation considerations into their planning and zoning rules. While we could not survey every locality with a preservation ordinance, we present common legal strategies and areas of concern.Uploaded to this website is a PDF containing the title page and table of contents. The hard copy version of this book will be available spring of 2014.
An Armed Community: The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms

Military service should be the responsibility of every citizen, advised Niccolo Machiavelli in The Art of War, but soldiering should be the profession of none. Freedom and military might could coexist only when military service merged with the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Machiavelli derived his insights from the past. While Rome thrived, "there was never any soldier who made war his only occupation." Citizens bore arms in defense of the state, motivated by a commitment to the common good and officered by the nation's most respected individuals. Roman liberties succumbed to tyranny only when citizens allowed professional soldiers, unmoved by a sense of the common good, to subvert the military power of the state to their own self-interest. Hence, Machiavelli concluded, "a good man [would] not make war his only profession"; nor would a "wise prince or governor ... allow any of his subjects or citizens to do it." A well-governed commonwealth "should take care that this art of war should be practiced in time of peace only as an exercise, and in the time of war, only out of necessity and for the acquisition of glory. " Most important, the military force of society should be used only in the service of the common good: "If any citizen has another end or design in following this profession [of war], he is not a good man; if any commonwealth acts otherwise, it is not well governed."' Some 250 years later, the people of the United States incorporated the essence of the great Florentine political theorist's ideas into the language of the Second Amendment: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. " Despite the militia's poor showing during the revolutionary war, few Americans could imagine a republican government without citizens trained to arms. As the armed expression of civil authority, a militia deterred foreign aggressors while it eliminated the need for a potentially oppressive standing
Improved retroviral transduction of hematopoietic progenitors by combining methods to enhance virus-cell interaction

One of the factors required for successful retroviral transduction is contact between viral particles and target cells. We hypothesized that combining agents that improve virus–target cell interaction via different mechanisms will increase transduction efficiency. We examined the transduction efficiency of leukemic K562 cells, primary normal and chronic myelogenous leukemia CD34+ cells with the amphotropic retroviral vector, G1Na, packaged in PA317 by enumerating G418-resistant colonies in semisolid media. We evaluated the ability of the recombinant fibronectin fragment, CH296, cationic lipids, or a transwell flow-through system, alone or in combination to improve retroviral transduction. Transduction of K562 cells improved 1.5 to two-fold with lipids or CH296, while their combination improved transduction 2.5-fold. Transduction of K562 cells in the transwell flow-through system improved transduction three-fold. Transduction of normal (NL) CD34+ CFC improved 10-fold with lipids and 20-fold with CH296. Lipid and CH296 had synergistic effects. The transwell flow-through system improved transduction of normal CD34+ CFC 30-fold. Finally, similar to what was seen for K562 cells, transduction of CML CFC improved two- to three-fold with either CH296 or lipids, whereas the combination had synergistic effects. We conclude that any physical means that enhances contact between viral particles and target cells improves transduction. Two such methods that have different action mechanisms have additive or synergistic effects on transduction.
Growth of in situ functionalized luminescent silver nanoclusters by direct reduction and size focusing.

We have used one phase growth reaction to prepare a series of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and luminescent nanoclusters (NCs) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction of silver nitrate in the presence of molecular scale ligands made of polyethylene glycol (PEG) appended with lipoic acid (LA) groups at one end and reactive (−COOH/–NH2) or inert (−OCH3) functional groups at the other end. The PEG segment in the ligand promotes solubility in a variety of solvents including water, while LAs provide multidentate coordinating groups that promote Ag–ligand complex formation and strong anchoring onto the NP/NC surface. The particle size and properties were primarily controlled by varying the Ag-to-ligand (Ag:L) molar ratios and the molar amount of NaBH4 used. We found that while higher Ag:L ratios produced NPs, luminescent NCs were formed at lower ratios. We also found that nonluminescent NPs can be converted into luminescent clusters, via a process referred to as “size focusing”, in the presence of added excess ...
General situation of toxicity study on zirconium and its compounds

Zirconium,a metal with good physical and chemical properties,is widely used in industrial production and once considered low toxic,even non-toxic. Along with the increase in industrial application,its toxicity gradually attracted more and more attention. People now find it is found that zirconium not only has cytotoxicity,but also can cause immune dysfunctions,the main target organ are skin and lung,the main pathological changes are allergic granuloma,additionally,it may induce pulmonary fibrosis. In this paper,the toxicity of zirconium and its compounds will be briefly summarized from the both in animal experiments and clinical studies,meanwhile its pathogenesis is discussed as well.
Effectiveness of vaccination in controlling ovine footrot

Efficacy of reducing footrot by use of a commercial vaccine was evaluated over 2 yr with 223 ewes from five crossbred genotypes. Ewes were assigned randomly within genotype, age and initial footrot status to a 2 x 3 factorial array of vaccination in the 1st yr and fall vaccination, winter vaccination or control in the 2nd yr. The flock contained a single Bacteroides nodosus serotype (XV) known to be highly cross-reactive with one of the vaccine serotypes (British serotype H). Vaccination reduced footrot incidence by 61% (P less than .01) in the 1st yr and by 45% (P less than .01) in the 2nd yr. Vaccination of previously uninfected ewes did not significantly reduce the rate of new infection, but vaccination of infected ewes reduced re-infection by 92% (P less than .01). Vaccination in the 1st yr failed to produce any carryover or additive protection in the 2nd yr. Genotypes differed in both footrot incidence (P less than .05) and footrot reduction following vaccination (P less than .05), but the effect was inconsistent between years. Vaccination increased serum antibody titers in both years (P less than .01). Among vaccinates in the 1st yr, infected ewes had lower titer levels than uninfected ewes (P less than .01), but no correlation between titer level and incidence was observed in the 2nd yr.
The Hall of Shame

The association of physicians and business technology Is good, established, and needs no apology But developing good science And the right alliance Might require a doctor of theology It’s important for us, I think you’ll agree To examine our deals with the laser companies A hearty discussion Might have repercussion And affect critical thinking of us meeting attendees
The First-Order Logic

This chapter focuses on the first-order logic. Any function or predicate symbol takes a specified number of arguments. If a function symbol f takes n arguments, f is called an n -place function symbol. It is noted that an individual symbol or a constant may be considered a function symbol that takes no argument. Similarly, if a predicate symbol P takes n arguments, P is called an n -place predicate symbol. A function is a mapping that maps a list of constants to a constant. For example, father is a function that maps a person named John to a person who is John's father. Therefore, father (John) represents a person, even though his name is unknown. An occurrence of a variable in a formula is bound if and only if the occurrence is within the scope of a quantifier employing the variable, or is the occurrence in that quantifier. A variable is free in a formula if at least one occurrence of it is free in the formula. A variable is bound in a formula if at least one occurrence of it is bound.
Assessment of Social Anxiety and its Clinical Expressions

Abstract Social anxiety is a nearly universal human phenomenon, and can range from normal concerns over social evaluation to debilitating distress and associated disruption in social, academic, and vocational functioning. Careful assessment of social anxiety is critical, especially in clinical contexts. We review various tools used to assess social anxiety, including clinical interviews, interviewer-rated scales, self-report questionnaires, self-monitoring techniques, thought-listing procedures, and psychophysiological assessments for adults, adolescents, and children. We likewise review measures of theoretically-derived factors associated with social anxiety.
Fractures of the proximal radius and ulna: Monteggia injuries

Abstract The characteristic Monteggia lesion, comprising a proximal ulna fracture and radiocapitellar dislocation, was first described in the orthopedic literature 2 centuries ago. Initially classified by the direction of radial head dislocation, improved understanding of the natural history revealed that the type of ulnar fracture and the presence of concomitant radial head or coronoid process fractures were very important. This has led to further characterization and advancements in optimal treatment. This chapter begins by detailing the history of Monteggia lesions and anatomical considerations, and it describes the different classification systems currently in use that help guide treatment. This is followed by an in-depth description of preoperative considerations and indications for operative and nonoperative treatment in children and in adults. The core section of the chapter details the current recommendations regarding treatment of the various subtypes of this injury, including nonoperative and operative correction of the ulna, radiocapitellar dislocation, and associated fractures of the radial head and coronoid process. The chapter concludes by discussing the common complications and indicating further directions for research.
Initial code acquisition in self-encoded spread spectrum systems using chip-offset correlation

Self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) systems derive their spreading codes from the data being transmitted. The inherent memory and time diversity in SESS modulation have been exploited for robust performance in jamming and multipath environments, as well as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. While SESS lends itself to random spreading codes, the receiver must acquire an estimate of the current spreading code before communication can proceed. In this paper we propose a method using chipoffset correlation to obtain an initial code estimate that is sufficient for continued system operation. We describe and analyze the chip-offset correlation method that necessitates a minor modification to SESS system.
Experimental and early investigational drugs for angina pectoris

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of death and disability among Western countries and angina pectoris is the most prevalent symptomatic manifestation. Strategies to improve management of chronic stable angina are a priority.Areas covered: A comprehensive review was conducted using the Medline and Cochrane databases as well as the clinical trial databases in the United States and Europe. Traditional therapies for angina will be discussed. This review particularly emphasizes investigational therapies for angina (including pharmacological agents, cell and gene based therapies, and herbal medications).Expert opinion: There has been renewed interest in older anti-angina agents (e.g., perhexiline, amiodarone, and phosphodiestrase-5 inhibitors). Other anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., allopurinol and febuxostat) are currently undergoing evaluation for angina therapy. Therapeutic angiogenesis continues to face some challenges. Future trials should evaluate the optimum patient popul...
Monolithic Integration of WDM Light Source for Silicon Photonics by Cascade of Al2O3: Er3+ DFB Lasers

We demonstrate a monolithic integration of WDM light source for silicon photonics by cascade of Al2O3: Er3+ DFB lasers. Simultaneous operation of four channels is achieved with dl/dT = 15.3±0.1 pm/°C temperature dependent wavelength shift.