cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extragenic suppression and synthetic lethality among Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants resistant to anti-microtubule drugs.

The antimicrotubule agents oryzalin (ORY), colchicine (COL) and taxol (TAX) were used to select three recessive, conditional lethal (ts-) mutants which defined two new essential loci, ory1 and cor1. The two ory1 mutants conferred resistance to ORY, TAX, and COL; the cor1 mutant conferred resistance only to COL. Each of the mutants displayed wild-type sensitivity to a number of unrelated inhibitors. Assembly and disassembly of flagellar microtubules in the ory1 mutants displayed wild-type sensitivity to ORY and COL, suggesting that the ory1 gene product either does not participate in these processes or the ory1 gene product alone is not sufficient to confer resistance. The ory1 locus mapped to linkage group X; cor1 was mapped to the left arm of linkage group XII. A synthetic lethal interaction was observed between ory1 and cor1 mutations, i.e., inferred ory1 cor1 double mutants were inviable at the permissive temperature. The conditional lethal phenotype of ory1-1 was used to select many spontaneous TS+ revertants, which arose at high frequencies. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the revertants demonstrated that (1) the revertants fell into four phenotypic classes, including some which conferred supersensitivity to ORY and others which conferred cold-sensitive lethality, (2) reversion was caused in most or all cases by extragenic suppressors, (3) suppressor mutations displayed complex behavior in heterozygous (sup/+) diploids, (4) many different loci may be capable of suppressing ory1 mutants, and (5) suppressors of ory1-1 efficiently suppressed an independently isolated allele, ory1-2. Taken together the ory1, cor1, and suppressor mutations identify a number of interacting loci involved in essential cellular processes which are specifically susceptible to antimicrotubule agents.
David Bruns: An Editor for All Reasons

On January 1, 1990, David Bruns became the 3rd Editor in Chief of Clinical Chemistry , succeeding J. Stanton King, who served as editor from 1970 to 1989. After 18 years of distinguished service, Dr Bruns will retire from the Journal on January 1, 2008. Under his stewardship, Clinical Chemistry has evolved into an excellent journal with a reputation for publishing top-notch, state-of-the-art papers in clinical chemistry, laboratory medicine, and emerging related fields. Notable accomplishments during David’s editorship include:
The Land-Grant Colleges and Universities in Human-Resource Development

Mauriac, and probably several thousand other Frenchmen, have remarked that what worried them most about the United States and Russia was not the respects in which these countries differed but rather that they were fundamentally so much alike. If Mauriac had studied the history of the land-grant colleges and universities, he might have concluded that they were both the most Russian-like and the most thoroughly American sector of our education. Where else could one find schools so materialistically oriented or so (almost) successfully Jacksonian? To look at their history and their impact on American economic life over the past century is to examine a roaringly optimistic and an almost frighteningly successful endeavor to create the men—and the women—for a mass economy.
Changes in Respiratory Symptoms Related to Smoking in a Teenage Population: The Results of Two Linked Surveys Separated by One Year

Data on respiratory symptoms and smoking for 2749 white American high school students from two linked surveys, separated by a one year lapse, are presented. There was a significantly higher likelihood of smoking at second survey among those who had initial symptoms. (There had been no educational efforts linking smoking and respiratory symptoms in the interim.) This difference was almost entirely contributed by those who had been ex-smokers and light (less than or equal to four cigarettes/day) smokers at first survey. Initial ex-smokers and light smokers also had, overall, least fixed smoking habits. Whatever the initial smoking or symptom status, symptoms at second survey were far more likely with current smoking. Controlling for initial symptom and smoking status, the gradient of symptoms between current smokers and non-smokers was over two and a half fold, except among those who had had symptoms and had not been smoking, and whose initial symptoms presumably arose from causes other than current cigarette smoking. Even among that group, symptoms at second survey were half as likely again among those who reported having become smokers (p less than-001). There were also strong linear trends of increased likelihood of symptoms with increased numbers of cigarettes smoked. Symptom rates at second survey of those who had symptoms a year earlier, and who stopped smoking during the year, were not as low as for those who also stopped smoking, but who had not had initial symptoms, suggesting that symptoms associated with smoking were not completely reversible in the time interval of this study. The difference, however, was not significant.
Quantification of nitrogenase in Trichodesmium IMS 101: implications for iron limitation of nitrogen fixation in the ocean.

Iron is widely thought to limit nitrogen fixation in the open, oligotrophic ocean due to the low solubility of Fe in oxic seawater and the high Fe demand for the nitrogenase holozyme. However, empirical evidence for Fe limitation of field populations of Trichodesmium based on either incubation experiments or molecular and physiological indicators has not quantitatively related Fe supply to the cellular Fe quotas for nitrogenase. Rather, the Fe required for N2 fixation has been inferred from in vivo catalytic activity. Using a pet14b expression vector, we cloned the nif H gene (encoding the Fe-protein, which contains 4Fe atoms per subunit) from Trichodesmium IMS 101, and purified the His-tagged apoprotein with which we derived a primary standard based on quantitative Western blots. Using a standard curve derived from the cloned Trichodesmium Fe apoprotein, we measured the absolute abundance of the Fe-protein in iron-replete cultures of this marine diazotroph. At peak expression, we calculate 0.04 mg nitrogenase mg(-1) C. Assuming a conservative stoichiometry of two Fe-protein subunits per MoFe protein (which contains 15 Fe atoms per subunit, or a total of 38 atoms of Fe per holozyme), we estimate 236 µmol Fe is bound to nitrogenase per mol cellular C. This estimate is about 10 times greater than the Fe previously calculated to support diazotrophic growth under these conditions. Our results suggest that under bloom conditions in the subtropical North Atlantic and North Pacific, as much as ∼2.22 and 0.06 µmol m(-3) of Fe is bound to Trichodesmium nitrogenase respectively. Such a high quota represents between ∼50% and > 100% summer-time average particulate Fe in surface waters, suggesting the importance of this taxon for the retention and biogeochemical cycling of Fe. Moderate growth (0.10 day(-1) ) towards the end of these blooms would require a vertical flux as high as ∼23 µmol Fe day(-1) m(-2) into the mixed layer.
An Empirical Test of Gain-Loss Separability in Prospect Theory

We investigate a basic premise of prospect theory: that the valuation of gains and losses is separable. In prospect theory, gain-loss separability implies that a mixed gamble is valued by summing the valuations of the gain and loss portions of that gamble. Two experimental studies demonstrate a systematic violation of the double-matching axiom, an axiom that is necessary for gain-loss separability. We document a reversal between preferences for mixed gambles and the associated gain and loss gambles---mixed gamble A is preferred to mixed gamble B, but the gain and loss portions of B are preferred to the gain and loss portions of A. The observed choice patterns are consistent with a process in which individuals are less sensitive to probability differences when choosing among mixed gambles than when choosing among either gain or loss gambles.
Air combat effectiveness assessment of military aircraft using a fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS methodology

Air combat is the basic operational means of air force. This paper models the air combat effectiveness assessment problem as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem and proposes a two-step evaluation model, combining the technique of fuzzy AHP (fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) and TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to idea solution). This study applies the fuzzy AHP method to determine the relative weights of multiple evaluation criteria and to synthesize the ratings of candidate aircraft. Aggregated the evaluatorspsila attitude toward preference; then TOPSIS is employed to obtain a crisp overall performance value for each alternative to make a final decision. To illustrate how the approach is used for the air combat effectiveness assessment problem, an empirical study of a real case involving seven evaluation criteria, six initial military aircraft assessed by 15 experts is conducted. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed evaluation procedure.
Query expansion and dimensionality reduction: Notions of optimality in Rocchio relevance feedback and latent semantic indexing

Rocchio relevance feedback and latent semantic indexing (LSI) are well-known extensions of the vector space model for information retrieval (IR). This paper analyzes the statistical relationship between these extensions. The analysis focuses on each method's basis in least-squares optimization. Noting that LSI and Rocchio relevance feedback both alter the vector space model in a way that is in some sense least-squares optimal, we ask: what is the relationship between LSI's and Rocchio's notions of optimality? What does this relationship imply for IR? Using an analytical approach, we argue that Rocchio relevance feedback is optimal if we understand retrieval as a simplified classification problem. On the other hand, LSI's motivation comes to the fore if we understand it as a biased regression technique, where projection onto a low-dimensional orthogonal subspace of the documents reduces model variance.
Probabilistic Approaches to Setting Acceptable Biological Catch and Annual Catch Targets for Multiple Years: Reconciling Methodology with National Standards Guidelines

In U.S. federal fishery management, acceptable biological catch (ABC) is set below (or equal to) the overfishing limit to account for scientific uncertainty, and annual catch targets (ACTs) are set below (or equal to) the ABC to account for implementation uncertainty (i.e., imperfect management control). In previous papers, we discussed probabilistic approaches to setting target and limit reference points for fishery management. Here, we explain how those approaches can be adapted to provide ABCs and ACTs over multiple years and otherwise made consist with recent revisions to the National Standards Guidelines, a part of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations that describes implementation of the Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act. Although described in terms of U.S. fishery management, our methods are sufficiently general for use by researchers in U.S. state agencies or elsewhere in the world. We demonstrate them via an example application to vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens in U.S. Atlantic waters.
American and German Trends in Sex Differences in Political Participation

This study examines the impact of economic development and generational turnover on trends in sex differences in political participation. Election studies of the United States and West Germany are the sources of the trend data, which cover the period between 1952-1953 and 1980. Controls are imposed for increased education levels, the decreased preponderance of rural residents and farming families, and the replacement of older generations by younger ones. The results show that these socioeconomic processes have had a negligible impact on the sex difference trends. Furthermore, these socioeconomic processes cannot explain the variations in the rate of change by nation and by indicator of political participation. The article identifies different configurations of factors affecting the trends in voter turnout, in media attention and discussion, and in organizationally related types of campaign activity.
PCSK9 and the Road Less Traveled: How an Unconventional Approach Led to a Major Discovery

A gene with a remarkable translational research story is leading the way in becoming potentially the next blockbuster drug in heart disease. This “gene of rare effect,” proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 ( PCSK9 ),2 was found to be a contributing factor to profoundly low cholesterol concentrations in some individuals and has made its way from unknown factor to headline grabber, as detailed in a recent Nature news feature (1). In the postgenome era, the prevailing “common variant hypothesis” was that genetic variants present at approximately 5% frequencies were expected to contribute importantly to complex disease (such as heart disease). However, subsequent genome-wide association studies proved disappointing, finding that common variants actually have a very small effect on disease. On the contrary, a decade before the Human Genome Project, Helen Hobbs and Jonathan Cohen and their colleagues from the University of Texas Southwestern approached this problem in a divergent manner, by hypothesizing that many different rare variants were likely to have a big effect in complex disorders. They reasoned that common variants with a major impact on complex disorders would be weeded out by natural selection. The Dallas Heart Study (DHS) was a large multiethnic (>50% …
A separation logic for refining concurrent objects

Fine-grained concurrent data structures are crucial for gaining performance from multiprocessing, but their design is a subtle art. Recent literature has made large strides in verifying these data structures, using either atomicity refinement or separation logic with rely-guarantee reasoning. In this paper we show how the ownership discipline of separation logic can be used to enable atomicity refinement, and we develop a new rely-guarantee method that is localized to the definition of a data structure. We present the first semantics of separation logic that is sensitive to atomicity, and show how to control this sensitivity through ownership. The result is a logic that enables compositional reasoning about atomicity and interference, even for programs that use fine-grained synchronization and dynamic memory allocation.
Optimized differential absorption radiometer for remote sensing of chemical effluents

A differential absorption radiometer sensor that was optimized for near-perfect (to approximately 2%) correction of the absorption by ambient atmospheric species (e.g., water) is described. A target gas is detected remotely by its IR signature viewed through a bandpass filter centered at one of its strongest lines. A second radiometric measurement obtained through a bandpass filter centered at a frequency optimized to match the absorption by an atmospheric trace species (e.g., water vapor) at the sample filter frequency provides near-perfect correction for dominant background absorption effects. The net absorption (emission) by the target gas was obtained through subtraction of the reference signal of the second measurement from that of the target gas measurement. For multiple species detection, additional sample and reference filter pairs can be configured. Predictions show that detection of strong absorbers such as dimethyl methylphosphonate at an optical density below 100 mg/m2 is possible from distances of < 6 km.
Political Parties and Political Representation: Party Supporters and Party Elites in Nine Nations

Political representation in most Western democracies occurs through and by political parties. Based on parallel surveys of voters and party elites in nine West European nations, this article examines how well parties perform their representation role. The opinions of voters and party elites are compared for 40 party dyads. In some cases there is close correspondence between these opinions (e.g., economic and security issues), but in other instances the evidence of voter-party agreement is substantially weaker (e.g., foreign policy). An examination of party characteristics and contextual factors suggests that the clarity of party positions, represented by a centralized party structure and noncentrist ideology, strongly influences the efficiency of the party linkage process.
Advances in unsupervised audio segmentation for the broadcast news and NGSW corpora

The problem of unsupervised audio segmentation continues to be a challenging research problem which significantly impacts automatic speech recognition (ASR) and spoken document retrieval (SDR) performance. This paper addresses novel advances in audio segmentation for unsupervised multi-speaker change detection. First, we investigate new features which are intended to be more appropriate for segmentation that include: PMVDR (perceptual minimum variance distortionless response), SZCR ( smoothed zero crossing rate), and FBLC (filterbank log coefficients); next we consider a new distance metric, T/sup 2/-mean which is intended to improve segmentation for short segments (<5s). A novel false alarm compensation procedure is also developed and used after the segmentation phase. We establish a more effective evaluation procedure for segmentation versus the more traditional EER and frame accuracy approaches. Employing these advances within our new scheme, results in more than a 30% improvement in segmentation performance using the 3-hour Hub4 broadcast news 1997 evaluation data. Evaluations are also presented for audio from the NGSW corpus.
Daily Actigraphy Profiles Distinguish Depressive and Interepisode States in Bipolar Disorder.

Disruptions in activity are core features of mood states in bipolar disorder (BD). In this study, we sought to identify activity patterns that discriminate between mood states in BD. Locomotor activity was collected by using actigraphy for 6 weeks in participants with interepisode BD Type I (n = 37) or participants with no lifetime mood disorders (n = 39). The 24-hr activity pattern of each participant-day was characterized and within-person differences in activity patterns were examined across mood states. Results showed that among participants with BD, depressive days are distinguished from other mood states by an overall lower activity level and a pattern of later activity onset, a midday elevation of activity, and low evening activity. No distinct within-person activity patterns were found for hypomanic/manic days. Given that activity can be monitored noninvasively for extended time periods, activity pattern identification may be leveraged to detect mood states in BD, thereby providing more immediate ...
Comparative Law Observations on Taxation of Same-Sex Couples

Identifies the various models for addressing the interplay between same sex relationship protections and taxation outside the United States.
Supercritical Flow Past Bodies

We are now going to study the problem of uniform flow past a body; this is the viscoelastic analogue of the exterior problem of aerodynamics. Two typical problems are uniform flow past a body or steady motion of a body in a fluid at rest. These two problems are equivalent because of Galilean invariance.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Screening Patients and Associated Algorithms

Studies assessing body dysmorphic disorder in patients seeking treatment from dermatologists and plastic surgeons imply that busy aesthetic practices may come across many of these patients each month. This chapter describes methods for clinicians to screen for body dysmorphic disorder within their patient population utilizing behavioral observation, interview, and self-report questionnaires. The relevance of each of these techniques and tools depends on the practice milieu, but it is important not to neglect the significance of the face-to-face interaction between the physician and patient.
A New Federal Sentencing Guideline for Environmental Crimes

The Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker transformed the Federal Sentencing Guidelines from mandatory to merely advisory. The Court made clear that, as a matter of constitutional law, the Guidelines could not be mandatory unless juries were given the job of finding the facts that result in increased sentencing exposure for defendants. Jury fact-finding, however, is not consistent with the complexity of the existing Guidelines, leading to calls for simplified Guidelines that could be effectively implemented by juries in a mandatory system. The bipartisan Constitution Project Sentencing Initiative has developed a framework for such an approach. Using the CPSI framework, this Article proposes a new sentencing guideline for environmental crimes.
Regreso de tres mundos : Paradigma de lo autobiográfico en Hispanoamérica

Regreso de tres mundos de Mariano Picon Salas es una guia excepcional para explorar el poco estudiado campo de la literatura autobiografica en Hispanoamerica. En primer lugar, Picon Salas quiso o Crecer un testimonio generacional mas que personal. Esto, que desde el punto de vista biografico es una desventaja, pues elimina el pormenor de la circunstancia vital y ofrece por consiguiente un conocimiento parcial del hombre, es ventajoso para enfocar una cala en el estudio del genero en Hispanoamerica.
The Epistemology of Enterprises

Enterprises are essential to the sustainment of our modern society. However, they rarely receive the level of attention and rigor that technical systems do. Treating enterprises as systems is a promising approach, but enterprises depend on a substantial social component. The inherent complexity of social systems introduces epistemic limitations that inhibit our ability to model social systems and predict their behavior. Consequently, traditional engineering approaches that rely on prediction and control can be ineffective or misleading when applied to enterprises. In this paper we explore the implications of these epistemic limitations on the engineering of enterprises. We conclude that it is necessary to apply dynamic strategies to mitigate these limitations and adapt enterprise modeling efforts accordingly. The goal with enterprises, in contrast to traditional technical systems, is to influence rather than control. We outline an interdisciplinary research agenda to progress toward this goal.
Intersecting magisteria: Bridging archaeological science and traditional knowledge

Stephen Jay Gould famously argued that science and religion are fundamentally ‘nonoverlapping magisteria’ — two spheres of understanding that should peacefully coexist without intersecting. However...
Characterization and Optimization of Fluid Flow in a High Biot Number System

Experiments and analysis have been conducted to characterize flow separators used in applications where heated fluid passes between layers of solid material such as in the manufacturing of gelatinous materials. The Biot number of the configuration is the key parameter, and must be taken into account when optimizing performance. It is shown that most prior work was for low Biot number systems, and the particular configurations under consideration operate at high Biot number. Existing designs developed for lower Biot number (such as membrane filter spacers) are shown to perform poorly for this application. An experimental apparatus was designed and fabricated to quantitatively assess pressure drop through the system using different separation strategies. These results were compared with a simplified two-term model based on the physics of viscous drag in these devices. Channels without separators behave like classical Poiseuille flow. Channels with separators can be modeled with a two-term equation: a baseline Poiseuille term and a form drag term. A variety of separator designs are compared and their overall performance is discussed. We also illustrate the high sensitivity to gap height in all configurations.
Screening for Prostate Cancer with Prostate-Specific Antigen — An Examination of the Evidence

After lung cancer, prostate cancer is the leading cause of deaths from cancer among men in the United States. It will claim 40,000 lives in 1995.1 Studies in the early 1990s demonstrated that levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease, are elevated in most men with clinically important prostate cancer and that measuring them is the best means for early detection of the disease.2–5 In 1993, the American Cancer Society recommended that clinicians measure PSA in all men 50 years of age and older as part of an annual prostate examination and that PSA screening should begin at . . .
ATPS-98MONITORING ONCOLYTIC HSV-1 WITH NON-INVASIVE BIOLUMINESCENCE.

Oncolytic HSV-1 (hereinafter referred to as oHSV1) is one of the promising bioagents for cancer virotherapy. However, variability exists in oHSV1 mediated cytotoxicity and replication towards panels of patient-derived and mouse glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. We hypothesized that cell-specific differences may exist in oHSV1 infection/replication kinetics accounting for the observed variability. To study this, we have engineered a novel oHSV1 that expresses different luciferase cDNAs for bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in vitro and in vivo. This new oHSV1 (NG34-duLuc) expresses both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and Renilla luciferase (Rluc) genes under the viral late gene and immediate early gene promoters, respectively, to monitor different phases of the viral replicative cycle. NG34-duLuc vector DNA was generated in E.coli with the fHsvQuik system (Gene Ther. 2006;13(8):705-14), based on the NG34 virus backbone (H Nakashima, EA Chiocca et al., in preparation). We confirmed that cells infected by isolated viral clones expressed both luciferases. We further validated the bioluminescence of each luciferase upon the infection in vitro using U251, U87 human glioma cells and CT2A mouse glioma cells. In vivo BLI after NG34-duLuc treatment was also performed using subcutaneous or intracranial U87 xenograft nude mice and CT2A syngeneic CL57/BL6 mice. Overall, our findings confirm that the duplicate bioluminescence imaging can monitor the viral late gene and immediate early gene promoters respectively by Fluc and Rluc.
Modulating effect of protein powder on mouse immune functions

Objective:To investigate the effects of protein powder on mouse immune functions.Methods:Protein powder was administered to mice by oral gavage at 1.67~5.00 g/kgBW for 30 days.The delayed type hypersensitivity,splenic lymphocyte tranformation efficiency induced by Con A,serum antihemolysin,peritoneal macrophage phagocytizing chicken red blood cell,carbon clearance,NK activity were determined.Results:Compared with the control group,protein powder could improve significantly delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by dinitrofluorobenzen(DNFB) and the hemolysin level in serum,enhance the peritoneal macrophage phagocytizing chicken red blood cell,the activity of NK cells and the carbon clearance index.Conclusion:Protein powder can enhance the immune function of normal mice through cellular immune function,humoral immune function,monocaryon-macrophage function and NK activity.
Application Value Analysis of Choledochoscope in Treating Hepatolith

Objective To analyze choledochoscope clinical application value in the treatment of hepatolith. Methods Selecting a total of 86 patients with hepatolith in the hospital from April,2011 to March,2013,randomly dividing them into observation group and control group. Patients in the control group had high bile duct incision nephrolithotomy,patients in observation group had under choledochoscope lithotomy surgery,and operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage,time required and the postoperative residual stone recurrence between the two groups were observed. Results The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage time, postoperative residual stone rate and recurrence rate of the observation group were superior to the control group,with statistically significant difference( P 0. 01). Conclusion Choledochoscope in treating hepatolith application has significant effect. It can shorten the operation time,reduce intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage time,decrease the happening of the postoperative residual stone rate and the recurrence rate. So it is worthy of clinical popularization and application.
Statistical Identification of Co-regulatory Gene Modules using Multiple ChIP-Seq Experiments

ChIP-Seq experiments provide accurate measurements of the regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) under specific condition. Downstream target genes can be detected by analyzing the enriched TF binding sites (TFBSs) in genesâ promoter regions. The location and statistical information of TFBSs make it possible to evaluate the relative importance of each binding. Based on the assumption that the TFBSs of one ChIP-Seq experiment follow the same specific location distribution, a statistical model is first proposed using both location and significance information of peaks to weigh target genes. With genesâ binding scores from different TFs, we merge them into a weighted binding matrix. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based approach is then applied to the binding matrix for co-regulatory module identification. We demonstrate the efficiency of our statistical model on an ER-I± ChIP-Seq dataset and further identify co-regulatory modules by using eleven breast cancer related TFs from ENCODE ChIP-Seq datasets. The results show that the TFs in individual module regulate common high score target genes; the association of TFs is biologically meaningful, and the functional roles of TFs and target genes are consistent.
The physiology of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its importance in the administration of anesthesia

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) can be found widely throughout the body. Although the activation of this receptor leads to multiple functions dependent on its location within the body and subunit composition, all nAChRs aid in the communication between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. The nAChR is composed of 3 domains: the extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular. The receptor functions in response to ligands that act as an agonist or antagonist that binds to the extracellular domain causing activation or inactivation of the receptor. The activation of the nAChR causes a twisting motion of the receptor, which opens a gate allowing for the passage of sodium, potassium, and calcium cations through the cell membrane. The muscle-type nAChR and neuronal-type nAChR have important roles during the administration of anesthesia. The muscle-type nAChR, located in the neuromuscular junction, is the target of neuromuscular blockers and local anesthetics to prevent muscle contraction. General anesthetics affect the neuronal-type nAChR by inhibiting functions of the central nervous system, including memory formation. The importance of the nAChR cannot be underestimated, for it is through the manipulation of this receptor that many anesthetic goals are achieved.
Organoactinides: Coordination Patterns and Chemical Reactivity

The explosive growth of organometallic chemistry over the past two decades, has, until very recently, largely bypassed the actinide elements. The reason for this partly stems from early unsuccessful attempts to synthesize uranium tetraalkyls. However, the actinide metal ions offer unique electronic (5f valence orbitals) and stereochemical (high coordination numbers, unusual coordination geometries) features which suggest intriguing prospects as organometallic reagents and catalysts. This paper summarizes recent developments in two important fields: sigma-bonded organoactinides and actinide ions as templates in cyclooligomerization reactions. In both areas, metal ion coordination geometry plays a central role in directing the path of various chemical transformations.
Intuitionism and effective descriptive set theory

Abstract Our very eloquent charge from Jan van Mill was to “draw a line to Brouwer from descriptive set theory, but this proved elusive: in fact there are few references to Brouwer, in Lusin (1928) [36] and Lusin (1930), none of them substantial; and even though Brouwer refers to Borel, Lebesgue and Hadamard in his early papers, it does not appear that he was influenced by their work in any substantive way. 1 We have not found any references by him to more developed work in descriptive set theory, after the critical Lebesgue (1905). So instead of looking for historical connections or direct influences (in either direction), we decided to identify and analyze some basic themes, problems and results which are common to these two fields; and, as it turns out, the most significant connections are between intuitionistic analysis and effective descriptive set theory, hence the title. ⇒ We will outline our approach and (limited) aims in Section 1 , marking with an arrow (like this one) those paragraphs which point to specific parts of the article. Suffice it to say here that our main aim is to identify a few, basic results of descriptive set theory which can be formulated and justified using principles that are both intuitionistically and classically acceptable; that we will concentrate on the mathematics of the matter rather than on history or philosophy; and that we will use standard, classical terminology and notation. This is an elementary, mostly expository paper, broadly aimed at students of logic and set theory who also know the basic facts about recursive functions but need not know a lot about either intuitionism or descriptive set theory. The only (possibly) new result is Theorem 6.1 , which justifies simple definitions and proofs by induction in Kleene’s Basic System of intuitionistic analysis, and is then used in Theorem 7.1 , Theorem 7.2 to give in the same system a rigorous definition of the Borel sets and prove that they are analytic; the formulation and proof of this last result is one example where methods from effective descriptive set theory are used in an essential way.
Development of an Interprofessional Patient Case Competition for Pharmacy and Medical Students

With the growing emphasis on team-based care, interprofessional education has become a priority for health professions’ schools. A pilot interprofessional case conference was designed for third year pharmacy students and first and second year medical students. Participants were assigned to teams with at least two students from each profession and were assigned a patient case for development of a treatment plan. Student teams presented their recommendations to a panel of pharmacy and medicine faculty and were questioned about their decision-making process. The authors report pharmacy and medical students’ perceptions and attitudes towards interprofessional education before and after participation.
Bridging Climate, Health, and Equity: A Growing Imperative

The article discusses the relations among climate change, public health, and equity. Topics include the importance of community leadership by public health professionals, the need for racial equity concerns to be part of addressing climate change and health issues, and the work of the organization Kresge Foundation in including racial equity in its efforts related to climate change and health.
Peroxisomes: Organization and Transport in Neurons

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous, single-membrane enclosed organelles found in most eukaryotes. In humans, they are abundant in the brain, heart, kidney, and liver. They house enzymes involved in many lipid metabolic pathways, such as the oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, bile acid intermediates, 2- and 3-methyl-branched fatty acids, and l-pipecolic acid, as well as in plasmalogen synthesis. The importance of this organelle is emphasized by the fact that peroxisome biogenesis is essential for survival in mammals. Interestingly, many of the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders present as neurological problems, and among the many symptoms observed is a neuronal migration defect. This article provides a brief summary of the role of peroxisomes in neurons, their mode of movement in mammals, and diseases associated with defects in neuronal migration.
RNA expression profiling in sulfamethoxazole-treated patients with a range of in vitro lymphocyte cytotoxicity phenotypes.

The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) is a proposed surrogate marker of sulfonamide antibiotic hypersensitivity. In the LTA, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) undergo apoptosis more readily in hypersensitive versus tolerant patients when exposed to drug-hydroxylamine metabolites in vitro. The purpose of this study was to identify key gene transcripts associated with increased cytotoxicity from sulfamethoxazole-hydroxylamine in human PBMCs in the LTA. The LTA was performed on PBMCs of 10 patients hypersensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (HS) and 10 drug-tolerant controls (TOL), using two cytotoxicity assays: YO-PRO (n = 20) and MTT (n = 12). mRNA expression profiles of PBMCs, enriched for CD8+ T cells, were compared between HS and TOL patients. Transcript expression was interrogated for correlation with % cytotoxicity from YO-PRO and MTT assays. Correlated transcripts of interest were validated by qPCR. LTA results were not significantly different between HS and TOL patients, and no transcripts were found to be differentially expressed between the two groups. 96 transcripts were correlated with cytotoxicity by YO-PRO (r = ±.63-.75, FDR 0.188). Transcripts were selected for validation based on mechanistic plausibility and three were significantly over-expressed by qPCR in high cytotoxicity patients: multi-specific organic anion transporter C (ABCC5), mitoferrin-1 (SLC25A37), and Porimin (TMEM123). These data identify novel transcripts that could contribute to sulfonamide-hydroxylamine induced cytotoxicity. These include SLC25A37, encoding a mitochondrial iron transporter, ABCC5, encoding an arylamine drug transporter, and TMEM123, encoding a transmembrane protein that mediates cell death.
Land and Leisure. By J. Allan Patmore

(1971). Land and Leisure. By J. Allan Patmore. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 279-280.
LDI-Sensitive Equity Factor Portfolios: The ALM Perspective to Smart Beta Investing

Pension plans often assume that the cost of producing high excess equity returns relative to their liability is a commensurate increase in liability tracking error. However, the authors show that a nuanced approach to equity risk factors may benefit plan sponsors by allowing them to generate upside gains while more effectively controlling their liability tracking error. Although equity risk factors may exhibit varying degrees of co-movement with a plan’s liability, a set of factors may be reconfigured to maximize liability sensitivity. By dynamically reweighting a portfolio of major equity risk factors, it is thus possible to create a liability-driven investing equity factor that can produce excess return versus plan liability while reducing tracking error.
Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound and CT in Evaluating Acute Cholecystitis

OBJECTIVE. In 2013, a multidisciplinary group at our Veterans Administration hospital collaborated to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) at our facility. ...
The effect of hypobaric pressure on the kidney stone twinkling artifact

Recently, our group proposed the color Doppler ultrasound twinkling artifact originates from stable crevice bubbles on the kidney stone surface because overpressure suppressed twinkling on ex vivo stones (Lu et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2013). However, the hypothesis is not fully accepted because the bubbles were not directly observed. Here, the submicron-sized bubbles predicted by the crevice-bubble hypothesis are enlarged in ex vivo kidney stones by exposure to a pre-focal, off-axis lithotripter pulse (p + = 1.5 MPa, p-=2.5 MPa) or hypobaric static pressures (0.021 MPa, absolute) to simultaneously capture their appearance by high-speed photography and ultrasound imaging. In rough stones that twinkle, consecutive lithotripter pulses caused more than 50% of bubbles to grow reproducibly from specific locations on the stone surface, suggesting the bubbles were pre-existing. Conversely, on smooth stones that did not twinkle, repeated lithotripter pulses initiated bubbles from varying locations on the stone...
Cerebrovascular dysfunction with stress and depression

Maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion through a dense network of cerebral microvessels is critical for the perseveration of normal brain function. Regulation of the cerebral blood flow has to ensure adequate delivery of nutrients and oxygen with moment-to-moment adjustments to avoid both hypo- and hyper-perfusion of the brain tissue. Even mild impairments of cerebral blood flow regulation can have significant implications on brain function. Evidence suggests that chronic stress and depression elicits multifaceted functional impairments to the cerebral microcirculation, which plays a critical role in brain health and the pathogenesis of stress-related cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular events. Identifying the functional and structural changes to the brain that are induced by stress is crucial for achieving a realistic understanding of how related illnesses, which are highly disabling and with a large economic cost, can be managed or reversed. This overview discusses the stress-induced alterations in neurovascular coupling with specific attention to cerebrovascular regulation (endothelial dependent and independent vasomotor function, microvessel density). The pathophysiological consequences of cerebral microvascular dysfunction with stress and depression are explored.
The Myth of the Fall and Walker Percy’s Will Barrett

Adam is wandering in a land outside a lost garden. He is bewildered by the signs of the times. Something is amiss in the world and in his personal life. Science is of no avail in his search for personal health. He is a fallen man in a fallen world. His story is the enduring story of the Myth of the Fall as it is found in the Book of Genesis. Walker Percy’s Williston Bibb Barrett, in both The Last Gentleman and The Second Coming is Adam on a journey, conscious of the fact that secrets exist all around him in a post-modern world, where in Percy’s own words: “men discovered that they no longer could understand themselves by the theory professed by the age” (MB 25).
Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Irofulven in Combination with Antimitotic Agents

The aim of this study was to determine theantitumor activity of irofulven whenadministered in combination with a varietyof antimitotic agents. Irofulven incombination with either paclitaxel ordocetaxel demonstrated synergistic activityin both the in vitro and invivo studies. The majority of xenograftbearing animals that received suboptimal (< MTD) doses of irofulven and a taxanedemonstrated complete cures. In contrast,in vitro studies produced either anadditive or an antagonistic effect whenirofulven was combined with otherantimitotic agents such as vinca alkaloids,rhizoxin, s-trityl cysteine, orallocolchicine. Xenograft studies ofirofulven and vinca alkaloids reflectedin vitro results, as the tumorresponse in combination treated animals wasless than the response in irofulven(monotherapy) treated animals. Theseresults indicate that the therapeuticactivity of irofulven is enhanced whencombined with taxanes, and warrant furtherevaluation of these combinations.
Diplomacy of the Uprising

In this chapter, the author offers an analysis of the highest circle of news propagation and charts the coursing of information through the diplomatic structures of Austria-Hungary and Tsarist Russia, relying on correspondence between the consulates in Romania and the imperial metropolitan centres. The main concerns of the diplomats, their risk assessment advice and appraisal of the contamination potential of the uprising, as well as the measures suggested and taken, form the core of this chapter.
Bayesian data mining and knowledge discovery

One of the major problems faced by data-mining technologies is how to deal with uncertainty. The prime characteristic of Bayesian methods is their explicit use of probability for quantifying uncertainty. Bayesian methods provide a practical method to make inferences from data using probability models for values we observe and about which we want to draw some hypotheses. Bayes' Theorem provides the means of calculating the probability of a hypothesis (posterior probability) based on its prior probability, the probability of the observations, and the likelihood that the observational data fits the hypothesis.The purpose of this chapter is twofold: to provide an overview of the theoretical framework of Bayesian methods and its application to data mining, with special emphasis on statistical modeling and machine-learning techniques; and to illustrate each theoretical concept covered with practical examples. We will cover basic probability concepts, Bayes' Theorem and its implications, Bayesian classification, Bayesian belief networks, and an introduction to simulation techniques.
Incidence and Risk of Second Primary Malignant Neoplasm After a First Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance Second primary malignant neoplasms (SPMNs) are the leading cause of death in survivors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) has emerged as a risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and has different prognosis from classic tobacco/alcohol-associated HNSCC. This suggests that there also may be different risks and burden of SPMNs among patients who’s HNSCC were from HPV or tobacco and/or alcohol. Objective To assess SPMN risks and burden in a large US cohort of patients with a first potentially HPV-associated HNSCC vs non–HPV-associated HNSCC. Design, Setting, and Participants In this population-based retrospective cohort study, 109 512 adult patients diagnosed with HNSCC between 2000 and 2014 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Exposures HPV-relatedness based on whether patients’ first HNSCC was potentially associated with HPV. Patients were grouped into 2 cohorts: potentially HPV-associated HNSCC, and non–HPV-associated HNSCC. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incidence of SPMN (defined as the first subsequent primary cancer occurring at least 2 months after first cancer diagnosis). Excess SPMN risk was calculated using relative (standardized incidence ratios [SIRs]) and absolute (excess absolute risk [EAR] per 10 000 person-years at risk [PYR]). Results A total of 109 512 patients with HNSCC (mean [SD] age, 61.9 [12.1] years; 83 305 [76.1%] men) were identified. The overall SIR was 2.18 (95% CI, 2.14-2.22) corresponding to 160 excess cases per 10 000 PYR. The risk among patients with first potentially HPV-associated HNSCC (SIR, 1.98; EAR, 114 excess cases per 10 000 PYR) was lower than those with first non–HPV-associated HNSCC (SIR, 2.28; EAR, 188 excess cases per 10 000 PYR). Overall, the largest SIRs and EARs were observed for cancers of the head and neck, lung, and esophagus. However, the risks of SPMN were lower among potentially HPV-associated HNSCC patients. Conclusions and Relevance Patients diagnosed with HNSCC experience excess risk of SPMN, which was higher among those with non–HPV-associated HNSCC than from potentially HPV-associated HNSCC. Clinicians should implement strategies that prevent or detect SPMN early in patients with HNSCC.
Adolescent Heroin Abuse: Implications for the Consulting Professional School Counselor

Heroin use among adolescents has increased significantly over the past decade. This increase poses a considerable danger for adolescents potentially resulting in serious psychological, social, educ...
We Will Win the Day: The Civil Rights Movement, the Black Athlete, and the Quest for Equality, by Louis Moore

With We Will Win the Day, Louis Moore, associate professor of history at Grand Valley State University, has delivered an excellent and timely synthesis of the experiences and activism of black athl...