cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Processing and Risk Perception: An Adaptation of the Heuristic-Systematic Model

The heuristic-systematic information-processing model (HSM) holds that individuals will use 1 or both of these modes of information processing when attempting to evaluate information in order to arrive at a judgment. Using survey data, an adaptation of this model is evaluated across a series of 3 cases in which epidemiological information is communicated to communities concerned about cancer rates. This adaptation of the HSM proves to be a potentially useful model for understanding how individuals perceive risk. Although the model does vary across the 3 applications enough to justify inclusion of the case as a control variable, relationships among the model's most important constituent variables are generally consistent and strong. A quarter to a third of the variance in risk perception is predicted by information processing in a structural model having an acceptably close fit to the data.
An Evaluation of the Disincentive Effect Caused by P. L. 480 Shipments

Changes in foodgrain prices and domestic output caused by changing the quantity of U. S. Public Law 480 shipments to a hypothetical country show that both prices and output are highly sensitive to elasticities of supply and demand. But for many cases examined, changes in these shipments had relatively insignificant price-output effects and these could have been offset by a modest growth in population. Estimates of parameters for India indicate that a 20-percent increase in the quantity of foodgrain shipments between 1956-57 and 1961-62, other things being equal, would have decreased foodgrain prices 1.6 percent and domestic foodgrain output 0.4 percent. These disincentives may be outweighed by the effects on consumption, income distribution, and resource allocation, suggesting that, overall, the effects of P. L. 480 shipments are beneficial. HERE has been a good deal of argument over adverse and positive effects of U. S. Public Law 480 shipments. Of particular concern to policy makers is the effect of shipments on prices and domestic output in recipient countries. Witt has concluded that "all indications are that this [disincentive effect] is one of the most critical problems for P. L. 480. It should, therefore, be given the highest priority" [14, p. 88]. Economists hold diverse views about these effects, including the following: 1. Because the domestic supply curve for foodgrains is highly price-inelastic or even negatively sloped, P. L. 480 shipments affect output only slightly even though they do cause prices to decrease [5, 10]. The result is a redistribution of income away from the agricultural sector. 2. By lowering prices for foodgrains, P. L. 480 decreases output as producers shift resources to the production of nonfood products. Although the composition of output changes, total farm production does not change because aggregate supply is very inelastic [1]. 3. Although lower prices for foodgrains do not significantly affect short-run supply, they discourage private investment; lower private investment, in turn, diminishes long-run output. P. L. 480 shipments also allow governments to neglect public investment in the agricultural sector, and this neglect also hinders long-run output [4, 12]. Without subscribing to any of these arguments, I develop a conceptual framework in order to isolate and obtain probable bounds on the price-output effects. This is accomplished by comparing various combi* I appreciate the guidance of Dale E. Hathaway in conducting the research on which this article is based and the suggestions of Dupe Olatunbosun in preparing the final manuscript.
Two Studies of the Effects of Teacher Enthusiasm on the Social Studies Achievement of Seventh Grade Students

(1982). Two Studies of the Effects of Teacher Enthusiasm on the Social Studies Achievement of Seventh Grade Students. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 27-41.
Three-dimensional multi-relaxation time (MRT) lattice-Boltzmann models for multiphase flow

In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) multi-relaxation time (MRT) lattice-Boltzmann (LB) models for multiphase flow are presented. In contrast to the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) model, a widely employed kinetic model, in MRT models the rates of relaxation processes owing to collisions of particle populations may be independently adjusted. As a result, the MRT models offer a significant improvement in numerical stability of the LB method for simulating fluids with lower viscosities. We show through the Chapman-Enskog multiscale analysis that the continuum limit behavior of 3D MRT LB models corresponds to that of the macroscopic dynamical equations for multiphase flow. We extend the 3D MRT LB models developed to represent multiphase flow with reduced compressibility effects. The multiphase models are evaluated by verifying the Laplace-Young relation for static drops and the frequency of oscillations of drops. The results show satisfactory agreement with available data and significant gains in numerical stability.
In-utero gene transfer--an approach to the treatment of inherited lung diseases.

Miyanohara. A.. Yee. J-K. Bouic. K. et al. (1995) Efficient m vivo transduction of the neonatal mouse liver with pseudotyped retroviral vectors. Gene Then, 2, 138-142. Peault. B.. Tirouvanziam. R.. Sombardier. M.-N. el al. (1994) Gene transfer to human fetal pulmonary tissue developed in immunodeficient SCID mice. Hum. Gene Then. 5, 1131-1137. Pin. B.R.. Schwarz, M.A.. Pilewski. J.M. et al. (1995) Retroviral-mediated gene transfer in lungs of living fetal sheep. Gene Ther. 2, 344-350. Sekhon, H.S. and Larson. J.E. (1995) In utero gene transfer into the pulmonary epithelium. Nature Med., 1, 1201-1203. Tizzano, E.F.. Chitayat, D.. and Buchwald, M. (1993) Cell-specific localization of CFTR mRNA shows developmentally regulated expression in human fetal tissues. Hum. Mot. Genet., 2, 219-224. Trezise. A.E.O., Chambers, J.A., Wardle, C.J. et al. (1993) Expression of the cystic fibrosis gene in human foetal tissues. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2, 213—218. Vincent, M.C., Trapnell, B.C.. Baughman, R.P. et al. (1995) Adenovirusmediated gene transfer to the respiratory tract of fetal sheep in utero. Hum. Gene Then. 6, 1019-1028. Wivel, N.A. and Walters, L. (1993) Germ-line gene modification and disease prevention: some medical and ethical perspectives. Science, 262, 533—538. Zeitlin, P.L., Chu, S., McVeigh, U. et al. (1995) Alveolar stem cell transduction by an adeno-associated viral vector. Gene Then, 2, 623—631.
Molecular regulation of muscle cachexia: it may be more than the proteasome.

Muscle cachexia induced by sepsis, severe injury, cancer, and a number of other catabolic conditions is mainly caused by increased protein degradation, in particular breakdown of myofibrillar proteins. Ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolysis is the predominant mechanism of muscle protein loss in these conditions, but there is evidence that several other regulatory mechanisms may be important as well. Some of those mechanisms are reviewed in this article and they include pre-, para-, and postproteasomal mechanisms. Among preproteasomal mechanisms, mediators, receptor binding, signaling pathways, activation of transcription factors, and modification of proteins are important. Several paraproteasomal mechanisms may influence the trafficking of ubiquitinated proteins and their interaction with the proteasome, including the expression and activity of the COP9 signalosome, the carboxy terminus of heat shock protein 70-interacting protein (CHIP) and valosin-containing protein (VCP). Finally, because the proteasome does not degrade proteins completely into free amino acids but into peptides, postproteasomal degradation of peptides by the giant protease tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP II) and various aminopeptidases is important in muscle catabolism. Thus, multiple mechanisms and regulatory steps may influence the breakdown of ubiquitinated muscle proteins by the 26S proteasome.
Continuous versus intermittent infusion of furosemide in acute decompensated heart failure.

Abstract Background Despite advances in the treatment of chronic ambulatory heart failure, hospitalization rates for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remain high. Although loop diuretics are used in nearly all patients with ADHF to relieve congestive symptoms, optimal dosing strategies remain poorly defined. Methods and Results This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-group study comparing the effectiveness of continuous intravenous (cIV) with intermittent intravenous (iIV) infusion of furosemide in 56 patients with ADHF. The dose and duration of furosemide as well as concomitant medications to treat ADHF were determined by physician preference. The primary end point of the study was net urine output (nUOP)/24 hours. Safety measures including electrolyte loss and hemodynamic instability were also assessed. Twenty-six patients received cIV and 30 patients received iIV dosing. The mean nUOP/24 hours was 2098 ± 1132 mL in patients receiving cIV versus 1575 ± 1100 mL in the iIV group ( P = .086). The cIV group had significantly greater total urine output (tUOP) with 3726 ± 1121 mL/24 hours versus 2955 ± 1267 mL/24 hours in the iIV group ( P = .019) and tUOP/mg furosemide with 38.0 ± 31.0 mL/mg versus 22.2 ± 12.5 mL/mg ( P = .021). Mean weight loss was not significantly different between the groups. The cIV group experienced a shorter length of hospital stay (6.9 ± 3.7 versus 10.9 ± 8.3 days, P = .006). There were no differences in safety measures between the groups. Conclusions The cIV of furosemide was well tolerated and significantly more effective than iIV for tUOP. In addition, continuous infusion appears to provide more efficient diuresis.
Caudal cuneate nucleus projection to the direct thalamic relay to motor cortex in cat: an electrophysiological and anatomical study.

Abstract The input to the border region between the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) and ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus, VL-VPL, was studied in cats using a combined electrophysiological and anatomical technique. Neurons within this border region receive somatic afferent input and project to a region of the motor cortex having similar receptive fields. In this study we asked the question whether neurons in the VL-VPL border receive input from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). To answer this question we delivered intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) to the motor cortex while a second electrode inserted into the VL-VPL border, filled with a 20% solution of HRP dissolved in KCl, was used to record antidromically activated neurons. When an antidromically activated neuron was encountered and the neuron responded to natural peripheral stimulation, HRP was iontophoretically injected through the recording electrode. After a 48–72 h survival time, cats were sacrificed, and the brain tissue processed according to the method of Hardy and Heimer 10 . Labeled cell bodies were found in the caudal cuneate nucleus (CCN) in all injected animals. These results suggested that neurons in CCN project to cells in VL-VPL which in turn project to the motor cortex.
Sample Biomedical Projects Carried Out by Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Students

As reported by the ASME Center for Education Task Force [1], human health will be one of the major areas in which mechanical engineers will take the leadership position to develop innovative technologies in the future. To adapt to the transforming role of the mechanical engineering profession, undergraduate education of mechanical engineering needs to guide students to apply engineering principles in this area. In this paper, the development of an undergraduate biomedical course in a mechanical engineering major is introduced. Several course projects developed by mechanical engineering undergraduate students are described. These projects focused on the study of biomedical problems using engineering problem solving skills. The projects were started with the analysis of injuries or diseases of patients. Then, injuries and/or possible treatments were analyzed from the viewpoint of a mechanical engineer. All of these students’ projects are summarized in this paper and a few projects discussed in detail. Among these projects, the flow and pressure distributions of different types of heart valves were calculated using computational fluid dynamics; the consequence of injuries of joint cartilage was analyzed with bearing design theory; the treatment of a muscle hernia was calculated using the finite element method. These projects encouraged students to appreciate engineering applications in fields other than traditional fields such as automobile and aircraft design. The results of the projects are also useful in practice. The course model is applicable for engineering programs in other small teaching universities.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cytosolic arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) deficiency in the dog and other canids due to an absence of NAT genes

The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis in the dog for an unusual and absolute deficiency in the activity of cytosolic N-acetyltransferase (NAT), an enzyme important for the metabolism of arylamine and hydrazine compounds. NAT activity towards two NAT substrates, p-aminobenzoic acid and sulfamethazine, was undetectable in dog liver cytosol, despite substrate concentrations ranging from 10 microM to 4 mM and a wide range of incubation times. Similarly, no protein immunoreactive to NAT antibody was evident on western blot analysis of canine liver cytosol. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from a total of twenty-five purebred and mixed bred dogs, and eight wild canids, probed with a full-length human NAT2 cDNA, suggested an absence of NAT sequences in all canids. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA using degenerate primers designed to mammalian NAT1 and NAT2 consensus sequences generated products of the expected size in human, mouse, rabbit, and cat DNA, but no NAT products in any dog or wild canids. These results support the conclusion that cytosolic NAT deficiency in the domestic dog is due to a complete absence of NAT genes, and that this defect is shared by other canids.
Signal Processor Architecture Performance Assessment For Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC)

This paper discusses the problem of digital signal processor architecture performance evaluation. This aspect of signal processor technology, while not totally ignored in the past, has not received the explicit consideration which it deserves. If effective use of available resources is to be achieved, future implementation of complex VHSIC/VLSI-based systems probably will require increased consideration of the architecture performance assessment problem. Three broad approaches to this problem are discussed and a brief example of each is presented. Of the approaches considered, it appears at present that techniques based upon computer-aided simulation and/or analyses of signal processor models represent the most promising approach to this problem. Quantitative figures of merit for use in evaluating/comparing signal processor performance are presented and briefly discussed. These are typically defined in terms of a limited number of selected system parameters which might be of concern in a given application. Several techniques that are of interest to the architecture performance assessment problem are briefly reviewed and discussed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Circadian disruption and metabolic disease: Findings from animal models

Social opportunities and work demands have caused humans to become increasingly active during the late evening hours, leading to a shift from the predominantly diurnal lifestyle of our ancestors to a more nocturnal one. This voluntarily decision to stay awake long into the evening hours leads to circadian disruption at the system, tissue, and cellular levels. These derangements are in turn associated with clinical impairments in metabolic processes and physiology. The use of animal models for circadian disruption provides an important opportunity to determine mechanisms by which disorganization in the circadian system can lead to metabolic dysfunction in response to genetic, environmental, and behavioral perturbations. Here we review recent key animal studies involving circadian disruption and discuss the possible translational implications of these studies for human health and particularly for the development of metabolic disease.
Proper solar wind power estimation and planetary radiometric efficiencies (reply)

Etude des emissions radio-planetaires controlees par des entrees de vent solaire dans les magnetospheres planetaires
Thrombolysis for early hepatic artery thrombosis: definitive therapy or diagnostic aid?

Hepatic artery thrombosis is an uncommon complication of liver transplantation. However, it is a major indication for re-transplantation. The use of transcatheter thrombolysis and subsequent surgical revascularization as a graft salvage procedure is discussed. Four of 5 cases (80%) were successful in re-establishing flow and uncovering underlying arterial anatomic defects. None were treated definitively by endoluminal measures due to an inability to resolve the underlying anatomic defects. However, 2 of 5 cases (40%) went on to a successful surgical revascularization and represent successful long-term outcome of transcatheter thrombolysis followed by definitive surgical revascularization. We conclude that, definitive endoluminal success cannot be achieved without resolving associated, and possibly instigating, underlying arterial anatomical defects. However, reestablishing flow to the graft can unmask underlying lesions as well as assess surrounding vasculature thus providing anatomical information for a more elective, better planned and definitive surgical revision.
The Spin-Peierls Transition

The spin-Peierls transition is an unusual kind of magnetoelastic transition occurring (at least in in its simplest form) in a very limited number of quasi-one-dimensional insulating systems. It was predicted theoretically almost two decades ago, in the general context of physical chemistry and the properties of certain organic free radicals in particular. The first clear-cut experimental realization was not discovered until 1975.1,2 The discovery was made in the wake of a high level of interest which developed among physicists in the properties of quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors (organic metals), of which (tetrathiafulvalene)(7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane), (TTF)(TCNQ), remains the best-known example. Typical programs proceeded by synthesis followed by conductivity measurements, and low-conductivity samples were routinely discarded. The program followed at General Electric involved combining organic donors (e.g., TTF) with metallo-organic planar acceptors called metal bisdithiolene (BDT) complexes, MBDT, where M is a metal atom, such as Cu, Au, or Pt. In the case of (TTF)(CuBDT), the system was found to be an excellent insulator; however, magnetization studies suggested low-dimensional behavior (quasi-one-dimensional behavior) with curious properties.
Sizing and shape design sensitivity analysis using a hybrid finite element code

The practical (software) implementation of the theoretical FEM-based design sensitivity analysis method of Haug et al. (1986) is described and demonstrated. The fundamental principles of the method are reviewed; the problems involved in applying it to the Engineering Analysis Language (EAL) hybrid FEM code (Whetstone, 1983) are discussed; the formulations for beams, plate bending, and built-up structures are given in detail; programming aspects are considered; and numerical results for sample problems are presented in extensive tables. It is shown that the use of a data-base management system with an FEM such as EAL makes it possible to obtain accurate sizing and shape design sensitivity information using only one program with one data base.
Gutzwiller method for heavy electrons

The Kondo limit of the periodic Anderson model is studied with use of the Gutzwiller method. Because of the nonanalytic form of the energy gain due to hybridization, a small number of electrons are promoted out of the f-level giving rise to an almost-localized Fermi-liquid state of the f electrons. Both symmetric and asymmetric limits of the Anderson model are discussed and in the former case the difference between the lattice and single-site problems is examined. A comparison is made to other examples of almost-localized Fermi liquids which are based on the Hubbard model. Finally the consequences of disorder in the Anderson model are examined.
Proteins can convert to β-sheet in single crystals

Raman microscopy was used to follow conformational changes in single protein crystals. Crystals of native insulin and of the 5S and 12S subunits of the enzyme transcarboxylase showed a mixture of Raman marker bands signifying α-helix, β-sheet and nonordered secondary structure. However, by reducing the S–S bonds in the insulin crystal, or by lowering the pH for the 5S crystal, or by soaking substrates into the 12S crystal, the secondary structure in each crystal became predominantly β-sheet. The β-form crystals could be dissolved only with difficulty and yielded high–molecular weight protein aggregates, indicating that the β-sheet formation involves intermolecular contacts. Although their morphology appeared unchanged, the crystals no longer diffracted X-rays. Using crystals that had not been exposed to laser light, the dye thioflavin T formed highly fluorescent complexes with the “β-transformed” crystals but not with the native crystals.
DANGER SIGNS IN THAI HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DENGUE).

An increased incidence of certain symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings in patients with the severe forms of dengue hemorrhagic fever (shock or fatal termination) as compared with the relatively low incidence of these manifestations in the more mild forms of the disease was found on analysis of 70 virologically proved nonfatal cases and 38 fatal cases. The symptoms include hematemesis, melena, dyspnea, cyanosis, restlessness, and convulsions; the laboratory and roentgen findings include leukocytosis, marked thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, pleural effusion, albuminuria, and/or urinary casts. All of these may occur before the onset of shock and, therefore, are considered as danger signs in the disease.
Coadsorption of oxygen, gold and carbon monoxide on Ru(0001) and CO2 formation : A thermal desorption study

Abstract The coadsorption of O, Au and CO and CO a + O a reaction is studied on Ru(0 0 0 1) using temperature programmed desorption, Auger electron spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction. CO/CO 2 desorption is measured on surfaces with different oxygen coverages and varying concentrations of Au using isotopically labeled 13 C 18 O. There is no CO 2 formation from CO adsorbed on clean Ru(0 0 0 1) and O(2 × 1), but CO 2 forms on CO covered RuO x surfaces. We have observed CO 2 formation below room temperature on O(2 × 1) and RuO x surfaces covered by Au nanoparticles. The conversion from CO to CO 2 is found to be the highest over submonolayer Au films supported on RuO x suggesting a synergistic effect between catalytic Au nanoparticles and RuO 2 domains.
Long-term Growth Hormone Therapy in an Adolescent Boy with 45,X/46,XidicY(p11)

A 17-year-old boy with chromosomal mosaicism resulting in a 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11) karyotype came to medical attention at the age of 10 years because of short stature. He was treated with recombinant growth hormone for 6.6 years and has achieved a near final adult height of 172.5 cm. His clinical features included second-degree hypospadias, some stigmata of Turner syndrome, and spontaneous progression through puberty. We report long-term use of growth hormone in a male adolescent with isodicentric Yq.
Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 3A1 and P450 3A2 in rat liver following dexamethasone treatment

Induction of P450 3A1 and P450 3A2 was studied in adult rat liver following treatment with a single high dose of dexamethasone (DEX). The increase of both P450 3A1 and 3A2 occurred at the level of mRNA as well as protein. P450 3A isozymes thus induced were catalytically active. No constitutive expression of P450 3A1 mRNA or protein was observed in males or females. Constitutive expression of P450 3A2 mRNA and protein was observed in males but not in females. Additionally, in females, P450 3A2 was almost nondetectable compared to that in males, at any dose of DEX. A time course study following DEX treatment showed that P450 3A1 mRNA and protein were detectable in both sexes at 12 hours, increased until 48 hours, and then declined. The decline was more rapid in males. P450 3A2 mRNA and protein increased as early as 3 hours, increased further up to 48 hours, and slowly declined thereafter. A dose-response study indicated that P450 3A1 mRNA and protein progressively increased in both sexes from a dose of 30 mg/kg. In contrast, P450 3A2 mRNA and protein in males did not increase up to a dose of 30 mg/kg but increased at higher doses. Total P450 content and P450 3A catalytic activity were also found to increase with time and dose.
Culture of neurons from postmortem rat brain

Live neurons from pathological postmortem brains may provide a better model to study the molecular and cellular events associated with neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this study was to culture neurons from adult rat brain, 1 and 2 h postmortem, in typical normothermic autopsy conditions. We reliably cultured cells up to 2 h postmortem, in high yield, with neuron morphology, staining for neuronal markers (microtubule-associated protein 2, tau, and neurofilament 200). These neuron-like cells lacked glial marker staining (OX42 and glial fibrillary acidic protein). Our results suggest that neurons may be cultured from autopsy donors who have died either with or without a neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer or Parkinson disease.
The Mössbauer effect and biological physics

A few remarks about the early days of the Mossbauer effect will show how much the field has changed in thirty-five years. Some speculations about the future of physics indicate that complex systems will form a major field. Proteins may be the simplest systems that show true complexity; studies of their properties may keep not only biologists and biochemists, but also physicists, occupied for many years to come. The Mossbauer effect has made, and will continue to make, major contributions to structural and dynamic investigations of proteins. The ultimate goal is a quantitative theory of complex systems.
Time and norm optimal controls: A survey of recent results and open problems

We present in this paper a survey of recent results on the relation between time and norm optimality for linear systems and the infinite dimensional version of Pontryagin's maximum principle. In particular, we discuss optimality (or nonoptimality) of singular controls satisfying the maximum principle and smoothness of the costate in function of smoothness of the target.
Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts.

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Baim et al.1 The GuardWire distal protection device is the first technique associated with a significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events in patients who receive a stent in a saphenous vein graft (SVG). There is a particularly high reduction of non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (45%) and of no-reflow phenomenon (66%). Interestingly, however, direct stent implantation was performed more often in patients who received the GuardWire (79.4% versus 67.7% in the control patients; P =0.0002). This difference may influence the results of the study, as recent reports have shown that direct stenting reduces enzyme release2 and the rate of no-reflow3,4⇓ after percutaneous coronary intervention in native arteries, suggesting that direct stent implantation might be an effective strategy to limit the occurrence of distal embolization. …
Incarcerated Mothers' Perceptions and Interpretations of Their Fatally Maltreated Children.

Fatally maltreated children are an elusive component in the complex interaction that has led to their premature deaths. Retrospective research with women imprisoned for fatal child maltreatment indicated recurring themes of maternal interpretations of their children as rejecting and developmentally abnormal, either advanced or delayed. Separations and difficulties during reunions were critical. The fatality was not a one-time event, but the exit point of a recurrent cycle of abusive interaction.
Kinematics and timing of Tertiary extension in the western Lake Mead region, Nevada

Explanation of the origin of the complex array of structures in some extensional terranes (including folds and normal, strike-slip, and reverse faults) includes many models that implicitly assume kinematic compatibility between and contemporaneous operation of these structures. We present new stratigraphic and age data from the highly extended western Lake Mead region, Nevada, together with an analysis of fault kinematics (technique of Marrett and Allmendinger, 1990) to test the assumptions of kinematic compatibility and contemporaneity of structures in an area of excellent exposure and superb stratigraphic control. Our analysis indicates an overlapping but clearly distinct chronology of deformation. Early regional extension (>18?-13.5 Ma) is marked by development of a basin into which the middle Miocene lower Horse Spring Formation was deposited. In the western Lake Mead region, this basin was disrupted by more areally restricted, post-13 Ma normal and kinematically coupled right-slip faulting along the Las Vegas Valley shear zone. Kinematic analysis of faults indicates an average regional extension direction of nearly due west for the middle and late Miocene. Extension and right-slip faulting was followed by development of dominantly southvergent contractional structures including tight, east-plunging folds and east-striking reverse faults. These structures deform the post 8.5 Ma Muddy Creek Formation; the Muddy Creek Formation is not cut by the Las Vegas Valley shear zone. Older faults, including the eastern Las Vegas Valley shear zone, reactivated as south-vergent reverse faults. Northeast-striking left-slip faults cut folds and reverse faults. These observations show that north-south shortening and left-slip faulting postdate the major phase of extension and right-slip faulting in the western Lake Mead area. Dynamic models that invoke either a single stress field or rotating stress fields to explain development of structures in the western Lake Mead area are inconsistent with the kinematic and age data. Similarly, kinematic models that view all structures in the context of a single strain field are precluded by systematic cross-cutting relationships that demonstrate at least partial diachroneity of deformational styles. Large-magnitude extension south of the Las Vegas Valley and Lake Mead fault zones appears to have been followed by north-south contraction that was highly localized near the region of greatest extension. We suggest that lateral pressure gradients arising from differential crustal thinning at the northern end of the Colorado River extensional corridor may have provided the driving mechanism for localized contractional deformation.
Multimodal Cues Drive Host-Plant Assessment in Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri)

ABSTRACT Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) transmits the causal agent of Huanglongbing, a devastating disease of citrus trees. In this study we measured behavioral responses of D. citri to combinations of visual, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli in test arenas. Stimuli were presented to the psyllids in droplets or lines of an emulsified wax formulation in two different arena types in no-choice tests. First, when placed on a colored ring situated halfway between the center and perimeter of a petri dish, D. citri spent more time on yellow versus gray rings; however, this response disappeared when either gray or yellow wax droplets were applied. When the psyllids were presented with droplets scented with terpenes, the response to both scent and color was increased. The addition of a dilute (≈0.1 M) sucrose solution to the wax droplets increased the magnitude of D. citri responses. Next, groups of D. citri were placed on plastic laboratory film covering a sucrose solution, to mimic a leaf surface. Test ...
Numerical simulation of developing and decaying two-dimensional turbulence

Two-dimensional isotropic turbulence is investigated in its development from an arbitrarily specified initial flow through its transformation into a statistically self-preserving decaying flow. Numerical simulation is the principal method of investigation. The early development is characterized by rapid growth of the mean squared vorticity gradient, and this growth is found to be predicted satisfactorily by the quasi-normal hypothesis. During the later states of decay the numerical results are found to be generally consistent with the predictions by Kraichnan, Leith and Batchelor of a k−3 inertial range spectrum. The dimensionless constant of the spectrum is found to be near 2, about half the value found earlier for turbulence maintained by a constant forcing amplitude. The results are also consistent with Batchelor's predictions of the time-dependent behaviour of certain quadratic moments: An inconsistency in those predictions is pointed out, however, which can be resolved by altering the inertial range spectrum by a logarithmic term, as suggested by Kraichnan. The most important two-point Eulerian correlation functions are exhibited. An investigation is made of the Gaussianity of the flow with results indicating a strong tendency toward intermittency in the enstrophy dissipation.
Aspects and applications of symbol manipulation

Symbol manipulation is a valuable set of techniques currently available to computer users. Because many of these techniques are relatively new and have been used in a wide variety of applications, the terminology and utility of symbol manipulation are poorly understood by a large portion of the computing community. This paper presents some definitions of the basic concepts in symbol manipulation, and some examples of the applications of these concepts. These examples have been selected to illustrate the importance of the computational techniques used. They may also suggest valuable new applications for the techniques of symbol manipulation.
FemABX family members are novel nonribosomal peptidyltransferases and important pathogen-specific drug targets.

Pathogen-specific antibiotics kill the offending species without inviting the patient's flora to help develop a resistance mechanism. The current scarcity of pathogen-specific antibiotics reflects the rarity of essential genes that are also not widely represented in and conserved among species. The FemX enzyme that initiates the synthesis of the interchain peptide of the peptidoglycan in a subset of bacterial species was purified fromLactobacillus viridescens. Subsequently, the encodingfemX gene was cloned and sequenced using reverse genetics. The femX gene is a member of the femAB family, a large family of genes previously implicated in interchain peptide synthesis but with unknown specific functions. Mutagenesis of thefemX gene identified the members of the extended FemABX family as novel nonribosomal peptidyltransferases. Determinants of FemX complex substrate recognition and a strong stimulator of FemX activity were also identified. The FemABX family members are ideal candidates for pathogen-specific antibiotic development.
Embedded system tools

Differences in the set of tools required for software development in the traditional environment versus the embedded system environment are considered. Techniques to solve unique development requirements for embedded systems are explored through an existing example. Sets of tool solutions consisting of combinations of IBM, IBM business partners, and vendors products that address various requirements of the software development community are shown in the solution example.
Cyclic AMP modulates fast axonal transport in aplysia bag cell neurons by increasing the probability of single organelle movement

Stimulation of Aplysia bag cell neurons triggers elevation of cAMP and prolonged secretion of ELH neuropeptide. Using video-enhanced microscopy to track individual organelle movements in bag cell neurons, we find that organelle translocation consists of periods of movement interrupted by stationary episodes. cAMP elevation leads to a 2- to 3-fold enhancement of the average rate of organelle transport in both anterograde and retrograde directions. This effect does not result from alteration of the instantaneous velocity of organelle transport along microtubules, but rather from an increase in the proportion of time individual organelles spend in motion. Biochemical measurements also provided evidence that cAMP elevation promotes ELH peptide translocation from the somata into axons. Enhanced transport of ELH as a result of these effects may contribute to the replenishment of neuropeptide-containing vesicles at release sites during prolonged periods of secretion.
Effects of Implanted Transmitter Size and Surgery on Survival, Growth, and Wound Healing of Bluegill

Abstract Surgically implanted transmitters generally should be less than 2% of body weight. However, laterally compressed fish such as bluegill Lepomis macrochirus may be more affected by transmitter size because of their small body cavity. Previous research on the effects of transmitters on laterally compressed centrarchids has given little attention to transmitter size or shape. We evaluated the effects of two transmitter sizes (approximately 1% and 2% of fish body weight) on survival, tag loss, growth, and healing of bluegill over a 10-week period. Both transmitters were similar in width and height but differed in length. Ten fish each were implanted with one of the two transmitter sizes, 11 fish were subjected to surgery only, and 10 fish were used as controls. No fish died immediately as a result of the surgery. However, two fish implanted with a large transmitter expelled their transmitters between weeks six and eight, including one fish that subsequently died in week seven. At 2 weeks after surgery...
MEASURING DRINKING PATTERNS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

Alcohol use among college students is of interest to clinicians and researchers. The results of such studies depend on the quality and nature of the measures used. The literature includes a wide variety of operational definitions of drinking patterns, making difficult comparisons across studies. For 109 men and 83 women attending college this paper provides data on the Drinking Practices Questionnaire, a self-report measure of drinking patterns designed specifically for use with college students. The three subscales, Negative Affect, Positive Expectancies, and Negative Consequences, have good internal consistency reliabilities, and scores correlate significantly with measures of problems associated with alcohol use. Appropriate uses of the measure are discussed.
Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia

We studied two otherwise normal, synaesthetic subjects who 'saw' a specific colour every time they saw a specific number or letter. We conducted four experiments in order to show that this was a genuine perceptual experience rather than merely a memory association. (i) The synaesthetically induced colours could lead to perceptual grouping, even though the inducing numerals or letters did not. (ii) Synaesthetically induced colours were not experienced if the graphemes were presented peripherally. (iii) Roman numerals were ineffective: the actual number grapheme was required. (iv) If two graphemes were alternated the induced colours were also seen in alternation. However, colours were no longer experienced if the graphemes were alternated at more than 4 Hz. We propose that grapheme colour synaesthesia arises from 'cross-wiring' between the 'colour centre' (area V4 or V8) and the 'number area', both of which lie in the fusiform gyrus. We also suggest a similar explanation for the representation of metaphors in the brain: hence, the higher incidence of synaesthesia among artists and poets.
Charge-dependent secretion of an intrinsically disordered protein via the autotransporter pathway

Autotransporters are a large class of virulence proteins produced by Gram-negative bacteria. They contain an N-terminal extracellular (“passenger”) domain that folds into a β-helical structure and a C-terminal β-barrel (“β”) domain that anchors the protein to the outer membrane. Because the periplasm lacks ATP, the source of energy that drives passenger domain secretion is unknown. The prevailing model postulates that vectorial folding of the β-helix in the extracellular space facilitates unidirectional secretion of the passenger domain. In this study we used a chimeric protein composed of the 675-residue receptor-binding domain (RD) of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA fused to the C terminus of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 autotransporter EspP to test this hypothesis. The RD is a highly acidic, repetitive polypeptide that is intrinsically disordered in the absence of calcium. Surprisingly, we found that the RD moiety was efficiently secreted when it remained in an unfolded conformation. Furthermore, we found that neutralizing or reversing the charge of acidic amino acid clusters stalled translocation in the vicinity of the altered residues. These results challenge the vectorial folding model and, together with the finding that naturally occurring passenger domains are predominantly acidic, provide evidence that a net negative charge plays a significant role in driving the translocation reaction.
Enforced Folding of Unnatural Oligomers: Creating Hollow Helices with NanosizedPores

This article reviews the progress made during the last several years on developing folding helicaloligomers consisting of aromatic residues based on a backbone-rigidification strategy. In this approach,rigid, planar, aromatic residues are linked by planar linkers such as amide and urea functionalities. Foldinginto helical conformations is realized based on the incorporation of localized intramolecular hydrogen bondsthat limit the rotational freedom of the backbones, and through the introduction of backbone curvature bylinking the aromatic residues in a nonlinear fashion. As a result, the corresponding oligomersare forced to adopt well-defined helical conformations containing interior cavities. Changing the backbonecurvature leads to the tuning of the cavity sizes. Such enforced folding based on a “tying up”leads to stable helical backbones that are independent of side chain substitution, which offers a varietyof robust helical scaffolds for presenting functional groups. The pore-containing helices combine the featureof secondary and tertiary structures, a feature seen in few other natural or unnatural folding systems.Such an enforced folding approach should provide a simple, predictable strategy for developing a newclass of nanoporous structures with predictable dimensions.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis

Increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage, and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction are associated with atherosclerosis or cardiomyopathy in human investigations and animal models of oxidative stress. Moreover, major precursors of atherosclerosis—hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and even the process of aging—all induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Chronic overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species leads to destruction of pancreatic β-cells, increased oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and dysfunction of endothelial cells—factors that promote atherosclerosis. An additional mechanism by which impaired mitochondrial integrity predisposes to clinical manifestations of vascular diseases relates to vascular cell growth. Mitochondrial function is required for normal vascular cell growth and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in apoptosis, favoring plaque rupture. Subclinical episodes of plaque ...
An analytical model of E-recruiting investment decision: an economic employment approach

The online recruiting market is one of the most rapidly growing e-commerce areas. Since the mid-1990s, a number of e-recruiting methods such as job boards, corporate career Web sites, and e-recruiting consortia have been introduced into the labor market. Among them, e-recruiting with the use of a corporate career Web site has been touted as the most efficient and cost-effective recruiting method. While the corporate career Web sites have experienced a phenomenal growth, no formal economic models have been developed for the analysis and assessment of investment decisions in various e-recruiting technologies. In this paper, a mathematics-based economic decision model for e-recruiting technology investment is introduced to evaluate the economic impact of various e-recruiting technologies. A classical economic order quantity (EOQ) model was extended to include costs uniquely associated with recruiting activities such as staffing and coordination costs. We derive a minimum employment level for an optimal investment in e-recruiting technologies. The model suggests that the optimal investment cost increases rapidly near the minimum number of employees to be recruited, but the growth of the optimal investment cost slows down as the total number of employees becomes greater than the minimum number of employees to be recruited.
Nest-Activity Patterns and Food-Provisioning Rates by Great Egrets (Ardea alba)

Abstract. Information on nest-activity patterns and energetic costs during the breeding season may shed light on current population trends of Great Egrets (Ardea alba). To address the issue, Great Egrets nesting in a mixed species colony in Wichita, Kansas, were studied from May–July in 2008 and 2009. A total of 35 h of scan samples at 28 random nests resulted in 5,062 instantaneous records; a separate 62 h of observations recorded 75 food-provisioning intervals. Adults at the nest engaged mainly in low-cost activities such as sitting, standing and preening, but activity patterns differed significantly by nest content. Adults with eggs spent significantly more time sitting but less time standing, preening or away from the nest. Overall variation in activity patterns among the 28 study nests was not significant. Food-provisioning intervals ranged from 6-480 min, with a median duration of 180 min. Intervals declined significantly with chick stage, were longer during periods of high wind velocity, and varied...
Evidence of cell damage in rat salivary glands after isoproterenol

Isoproterenol, which stimulates cell replication in rat salivary gland acinar cells also produces cytoplasmic disruption in these cells, although there is apparently little resultant cell death. Evidence of cell damage includes loss of cytoplasmic density, vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum, appearance of large lipid droplets within cells, and invasion of the epithelium by lymphoid elements.
Absence of open strings in a lattice-free simulation of cosmic string formation.

Lattice-based string formation algorithms can, at least in principle, be reduced to the study of the statistics of the corresponding aperiodic random walk. Since in three or more dimensions such walks are transient this approach necessarily generates a population of open strings. To investigate whether open strings are an artefact of the lattice we develop an alternative lattice-free simulation of string formation. Replacing the lattice with a graph generated by a minimal dynamical model of a first order phase transition we obtain results consistent with the hypothesis that the energy density in string is due to a scale-invariant Brownian distribution of closed loops alone.