cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete endogenous signals mediate neural competence and induction in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells

Endogenous signals capable of inducing neuroectodermal differentiation are expressed by differentiating P19 EC cells in vitro. The present study demonstrates that at least two discrete signals are required. One is expressed by isolated primitive streak mesoderm-like cell lines and has the capacity to induce the expression of Pax-3 but, alone, induces neural differentiation inefficiently. The second signal is not expressed by the primitive streak mesoderm-like cell line but is present in conditioned media from differentiating P19 EC cells following DMSO treatment. This signal does not induce either Pax-3 expression or morphological differentiation and does not commit stem cells to a neuroectodermal fate. Rather, it acts synergistically with the signal derived from the primitive streak mesoderm-like cells to increase the efficiency with which stem cells respond initially by Pax-3 expression and subsequently by differentiation towards neural lineages. The activity of this second signal can be replaced by forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine suggesting that its effects are transduced by a cyclic nucleotide-dependent pathway.
Impairment of cellular but not humoral immune responses in chronic pulmonary and disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in mice.

Humoral and cellular immune responses were measured during the progression of chronic pulmonary and disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in mice. The chronic disease was established by pulmonary infection of mice with different doses of the yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolate GAP. Levels of antibodies to P. brasiliensis, detected in serum by immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, directly correlated with the size of the infectious challenge. Significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to antigen were largely restricted to week 1 after pulmonary infection with intranasally administered high doses (5.0 x 10(6) or 1.1 x 10(7) CFU per inoculum). In vitro lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to P. brasiliensis antigens were significant only at 2 weeks after infection with intranasally administered 1.1 x 10(7) CFU. Responses of PBL to concanavalin A were depressed (50% of control response) as early as 8 weeks and reached a nadir at 10 to 18 weeks after infection. Infected mice made antibodies to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) (10(9) intravenously [i.v.]) normally at all times tested after infection. In contrast, infected mice sensitized to SRBC (10(6) i.v.) had significantly depressed DTH responses to SRBC at 9 and 20 weeks postinfection compared with noninfected mice. These results indicated that in this model, normal humoral responses developed to homologous and heterologous antigens. In contrast, the T cellular immune responses were depressed with progression and chronicity of the disease. Thus, this model closely mimics the immunological findings in human paracoccidioidomycosis.
A thermodynamic heat transfer model for intumescent systems

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed which describes the various physical processes of an intumescent system by considering mass and energy control volumes. Expansion is explicitly accounted for by assuming it to be a function of mass loss. Thermodynamic data from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter characterizes the chemical constituents of the coating. A computer program has been written to solve the system of equations, with appropriate boundary conditions, as a function of time. Model predictions are compared against experimental data.
Lambda Chops: Creation of Site-Directed Mutants in Insertable Fragments Utilizing Gateway ® Technology

We describe a method to produce site-directed mutations anywhere within cDNA by assembling mutagenized PCR fragments in proper orientation using lambda integration in an extension of Gateway technology to yield a full-length mutated gene. This process exploits the directionality of lambda insertion sequences ensuring integration and directionality of PCR product into a cloning vector. The process requires only two sequential integration steps to yield a mutagenized expression vector. Mutagenized vasodilator associated phosphoprotein (VASP) was produced by generating two PCR fragments representing the upstream and downstream portions of the gene, substituting alanine or glutamate residues for VASP serine239. The upstream PCR was engineered with attB1 lambda integration sequences at the 5′ region and attB2 at the 3′ region of the downstream fragment to ensure correct orientation. The desired mutation was encoded by the forward primer of fragment 2. The reverse primer of the fragment 1 was phosphorylated for subsequent ligation. Vent polymerase provided sequence accuracy and blunt-ended product. The first integration into a donor vector, catalyzed by BP Clonase II created a linear product circularized by blunt end ligation, yielding hundreds of entry vectors containing the mutagenized VASP. A second integration into destination vector yielded plasmid expressing mutant VASP upon transfection.
Terrorist success in hostage-taking missions: 1978–2010

This article investigates the determinants of logistical and negotiation successes in hostage-taking incidents using an expanded dataset that runs from 1978 to 2010. Unlike an earlier study, the current study has a rich set of negotiation variables in addition to political, geographical, and organizational variables associated with the perpetrators or targets of the attacks. The 33 years of data permit a split into two subperiods: 1978–1987 and 1988–2010, before and after the rise of religious fundamentalist terrorist groups. Logistical success depends on resource and target vulnerability proxies, while negotiation success hinges on bargaining variables. Among many novel findings, democracy significantly hampers logistical success throughout the entire period. Kidnappings, tropical climates, and high elevations foster logistical success. Religious fundamentalist terrorists’ logistical advantage during 1978–1987 was lost during 1988–2010. Abducting protected persons, making demands on the host country, and staging incidents in a democracy limit negotiation success for the terrorists. If terrorists moderate or replace one or more demands, the likelihood of negotiation success for the terrorists goes up.
Photorefractivity in nematic liquid crystals using a donor-acceptor dyad with a low-lying excited singlet state for charge generation

The photorefractive effect was observed in room-temperature nematic liquid crystal composites consisting of a eutectic mixture of 65% 4‘-(n-pentyl)-4-cyanobiphenyl and 35% 4‘-(n-octyloxy)-4-cyanobiphenyl doped with a donor−acceptor dyad in which 9-(N-pyrrolidinyl)perylene-3,4-dicarboximide is directly linked to 1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide. This dyad has a broad, intense absorption band that extends from 500 to 750 nm. Measurements of two-beam asymmetric energy exchange (beam-coupling) and the diffraction efficiency of the refractive index grating produced in these liquid crystal thin films were carried out. A comparison is made between the covalent donor−acceptor dyad and the corresponding noncovalent donor−acceptor pair. In each case the covalent dyad outperforms the noncovalent donor−acceptor pair. The results show that aminoaryleneimides are promising new charge donating chromophores that are capable of extending photorefractive performance of nematic liquid crystal composites into the near-...
Disorder of movement preparation in dystonia

Dystonia is undoubtedly characterized by a disorder of movement execution. In many patients, the `involuntary movements' are brought about entirely by attempted voluntary movement. Only in more severe cases are there truly involuntary movements, but even they are exacerbated by volition. The EMG pattern underlying movement demonstrates too much motor activation. There is excessive activation of antagonists, overflow into synergists, unnecessarily activated muscles and prolongation of muscle activation. Such activation gives rise to abnormal muscle spasms and incoordination. A number of recent studies seem to indicate that excessive muscle activation is due to a deficiency of inhibition (Berardelli et al ., 1998; Hallett, 1998). Defective inhibition has been demonstrated at all levels of the neuraxis, spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. The most direct demonstration of this has been done with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, which permit investigation of intracortical inhibition. The basal ganglia are in a good position, and seem anatomically able, to regulate some aspects of inhibition. Indeed, it has seemed to many investigators that the basal ganglia help to select movement by facilitating the appropriate movement and inhibiting the inappropriate ones. Then dystonia could be understood as a failure of the inhibition. The direct pathway through the basal ganglia could be the facilitation loop and the …
Interaction of self-stimulation and ethanol-intake behaviors in rats.

Abstract The effect of ethanol (10% v/v) intake was studied on the rate of self-stimulation (SS) in rats implanted with bipolar electrodes in the posterior hypothalamus. The rats were divided into 3 groups: in Group A, 6 rats were trained to press a bar for SS, and allowed to drink water only; in Group B, 6 rats were trained also for SS, and in Group C, 5 rats were put on to rotarod performance and served as controls for the physical exercise incurred in SS schedule; rats of both Groups B and C were offered ethanol and water in free choice. At the termination of the experiment, the contents of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in diencephalon-midbrain (DM) and pons-medulla (PM), and dopamine (DA) contents in DM and caudate nucleus (CN) of these rats were estimated. While in Group A rats the SS rate decreased gradually, in Group B rats the SS rate increased significantly and their ethanol intake increased to approximately 60% of their total fluid intake (TFI). In Group C rats ethanol intake was low (about 30% of TFI), compared to Group B. Neurochemical studies in Group B and C showed increased NE and 5-HT contents in DM and PM and decreased DA contents in CN and DM, compared to controls. The interaction between the two reinforcing behaviors seems to be related to induced changes in the brain amines.
Spermidine in hormone-dependent differentiation of mammary gland in vitro.

Stiulation of milk-protein synthesis in mouse mammary epithelium in vitro requires insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. The requirement for hydrocortisone can be replaced by spermidine. The possibility that spermidine mediates the effect of glucocorticoid is also supported by the observation that the cellular spermidine concentration increases before the accelerated synthesis of casein and α-lactalbumin.
Some Types of High School Dropouts

AbstractDropouts are not a homogeneous category, and the evidence indicates that many dropouts are capable of doing satisfactory work in high school. While some dropouts have limited intellectual ability, earn poor grades, are retarded in their grade placement, and are poor readers, many other dropouts do not face these particular problems.Many of the apparent contradictions in the findings concerning dropouts can be resolved by distinguishing between early and late dropouts. Students with limited ability generally leave school early; capable dropouts tend to remain in school longer. Comprehension of the diverse data concerning dropouts requires specification of three types: 1) involuntary dropouts, 2) retarded dropouts, and 3) capable dropouts.
The Disproportionate Erosion of Local Control: Urban School Boards, High-Stakes Accountability, and Democracy.

This case study of an urban school board’s experiences under high-stakes accountability demonstrates how the district leaders eschewed democratic governance processes in favor of autocratic behaviors. They possessed narrowly defined goals for teaching and learning that emphasized competitive, individualized means of achievement. Their decision making was private; opportunities for local input were missing. They promoted centrally determined, standardized instructional and administrative practices, not locally driven ones. It concludes that accountability policies that are framed in terms of their potential to further democratic aims by granting greater liberty in exchange for results, and by holding all districts to the same high standards, may disproportionately reduce democratic control in urban settings.
Control of Four-Level Quantum Coherence via Discrete Spectral Shaping of an Optical Frequency Comb

We present experiments demonstrating high-resolution and wide-bandwidth coherent control of a four-level atomic system in a diamond configuration. A femtosecond frequency comb is used to excite a specific pair of two-photon transitions in cold 87Rb. The optical-phase-sensitive response of the closed-loop diamond system is studied by controlling the phase of the comb modes with a pulse shaper. Finally, the pulse shape is optimized resulting in a 256% increase in the two-photon transition rate by forcing constructive interference between the mode pairs detuned from an intermediate resonance.
Destruction of Salmonellae and Indicator Organisms During Thermal Processing of Turkey Rolls

Abstract TURKEY rolls are manufactured in a number of ways, and a variety of products are labeled “turkey rolls.” For instance, Forward and Joule (1955) listed eight different types of turkey rolls that were processed in Missouri. Throughout the country, there is variation in size, weight, shape, appearance, packaging, method of cooking, and subsequent storage of these products. With regard to differences in processing, Botsford (1950) described a process for making turkey rolls wherein carcasses were skinned and boned. The meat was replaced in the skin, and the skin sewed together. The rolls were then roasted at a low temperature. Dawson (1964) described rolls that were formed, placed in aluminum foil, and cooked in ovens at temperatures of 93.3–121.1°C. (200–250°F.) until they reached 71.1°C. (160°F.). After the rolls were cooked, they were unwrapped, drained of excess juice, and placed in plastic bags. The juice was mixed with gelatin and . . .
A microstructural study of the thermal fatigue failures of 60Sn-40Pb solder joints

When an electronic package encounters thermal fluctuations, cyclical shear strain is imposed on the solder joint interconnections. The thermal cycling leads to a condition of thermal fatigue and eventual solder joint failure. This study was performed in order to understand the microstructural mechanisms that lead to solder joint failures in thermal fatigue. Thermal cycling tests were performed on 60Sn-40Pb joints using a -55° C to 125° C cycle and 19% imposed shear strain. A heterogeneously coarsened region of both Pb and Sn-rich phases develops within the 60Sn-40Pb solder joints. Cracks initiate in the heterogeneously coarsened Sn-rich phase at the Sn-Sn grain boundaries. Heterogeneous coarsening and failure occurs in both high (35 to 125° C) and low (-55 to 35° C) thermal cycles. The elevated temperature portion of the thermal cycle was found to be the most significant factor in the heterogeneous coarsening and failure of the solder joints.
State atlases by state agencies: An historical survey

Abstract State government publications are a valuable but perplexing resource for researchers and librarians. Among the various monographs and series that state governments produce is the distinctive atlas format. In tracing the history of these oft-neglected publications, some notable themes and subject areas emerge. Although atlas production by state governments is, and often has been, marginal and sporadic, it mirrors particular currents in United States history.
Calculation of stresses in stiffened composite panels

A methodology for computing the stresses at the interface between the skin and stiffener in stiffened composite panels is described. The methodology is based on finite-element analyses and an elasticity solution. The finite-element analyses are standard, while the elasticity solution is based on eigenvalue expansions of the stress functions. The eigenvalue expansions are assumed to be valid in the local region where the stiffener flange terminates. The local elasticity solution is coupled to the global finite-element analysis using collocation on the boundary of the local region. Accuracy and convergence of the method are discussed and several examples of its utility are presented.
Psychological status after stroke as measured by the Hand Test.

Forty-two patients with recent cerebral vascular accidents (cva) and 32 hospitalized patients without brain damage were administered the Hand Test. The CVA group consisted of 24 patients with right cerebral involvement, 10 patient with left cerebral involvement, and 8 patients with bilateral impairment. The mean age of the brain-damaged group was 48.3 years. The Hand Test was administered from .5 month to 3 months after the insult in the CVA group, and 1 month to 4 years after theinitial appearance of the chief complaint in the non-brain-damaged group. The median test was used to analyze the data. The brain-damaged group showed less aggressive, more withdrawn behavior and have greater difficulty in dealing with reality. The high tendency of brain-damaged patients to withdraw from reality can be viewed as a regressive process due to impaired cognitive functioning and emotional constriction.
Ultra-Low Sulfur Determination in High Purity Base Metals and High Temperature Nickel Base Alloys

Sulfur in very low concentrations can have adverse effects on several alloys, especially high-temperature nickel base alloys. The high-purity metals used to produce these alloys must contain very low levels of sulfur. The determination of sulfur in these materials is routinely performed by the high-temperature-combustion infrared detection method. The LECO® CS444LS is a state-of-the-art analytical instrument that utilizes the high-temperature-combustion infrared-detection method. This paper reviews the key features of the LECO® CS444LS and the important analytical techniques required to produce accurate sulfur data. Peformance data on a variety of high-purity base metals and nickel base alloys is presented.
Design, analysis, and deployment of omnipresent Formal Trust Model (FTM) with trust bootstrapping for pervasive environments

The rapid decrease in the size of mobile devices, coupled with an increase in capability, has enabled a swift proliferation of small and very capable devices into our daily lives. With such a prevalence of pervasive computing, the interaction among portable devices needs to be continuous and invisible to device users. As these devices become better connected, collaboration among them will play a vital role in sharing resources in an ad-hoc manner. The sharing of resources works as a facilitator for pervasive devices. However, this ad hoc interaction among devices provides the potential for security breaches. Trust can fight against such security violations by restricting malicious nodes from participating in interactions. Therefore, we need a unified trust relationship model between entities, which captures both the needs of the traditional computing world and the world of pervasive computing where the continuum of trust is based on identity, physical context or a combination of both. Here, we present a context specific and reputation-based trust model along with a brief survey of trust models suitable for peer-to-peer and ad-hoc environments. This paper presents a multi-hop recommendation protocol and a flexible behavioral model to handle interactions. One other contribution of this paper is the integration of an initial trust model; this model categorizes services or contexts in different security levels based on their security needs, and these security needs are considered in trust bootstrapping. The other major contribution of this paper is a simple method of handling malicious recommendations. This paper also illustrates the implementation and evaluation of our proposed formal trust model.
Dental abnormalities in children treated for neuroblastoma.

Purpose To determine the frequency and types of dental abnormalities among children treated at a young age for cancer, as represented by neuroblastoma. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the dental records and panoramic radiographs of 542 children who were treated for neuroblastoma at our institution over a 31-year period. Patients in our study had to meet the following criteria: they were treated on an institutional protocol, they had undergone panoramic radiography, and their dental follow-up continued for at least 2 years after diagnosis. We evaluated the frequency of clinically or radiographically apparent microdontia, excessive caries, root stunting, hypodontia, and enamel hypoplasia in our study population. Results Of the 52 patients who met the study criteria, 71% developed dental abnormalities, comprising microdontia in 38%, excessive caries in 29%, root stunting in 17%, hypodontia in 17%, and enamel hypoplasia in 17%. In nearly half (23) of our patients, neuroblastoma was diagnosed on or before their first birthday. Conclusion Children treated for neuroblastoma are at high risk for abnormal dental development. The abnormalities in these patients may require extensive dental care and can compromise their quality of life. Frequent dental examinations and an intense oral hygiene program before, during, and after treatment may improve overall dental health. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 30:22–27, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emulsion scintillation counting of radium and radon

Abstract The distribution of radon between the supernatant gas and the two-phase solution in an emulsion-scintillator system has been measured experimentally. Effective distribution coefficients for radon are described as a function of emulsion composition. Under conditions routinely attainable with conventional liquid-scintillation counters, a count rate of 10.4 min −1/pCi of 222Rn in equilibrium with short-lived daughters is observed. A 226Ra concentration ⩾0.1 pCi/ml in biological samples containing comparable concentrations of other radionuclides can be determined indirectly by monitoring the in situ growth of radon activity in samples initially purged of radon. A prototype system based on the “isopiestic method” of solution thermodynamics is described for conventional liquid-scintillation detection of radium concentrations in the range of 1 pCi/l. The distribution coefficients for xenon are described also as a function of emulsion-scintillator composition.
Self-pulsing and chaos of a vibrational NH3-laser

Abstract Broad band intensity spectra are observed in the output of an optically pumped NH3-laser emitting on a vibrational transition in the mid-infrared, preceded by periodic self pulsing and a period doubling cascade. This provides the first evidence of chaotic emission of a continuous vibrational laser.
Specifying the relation between novel and known: input affects the acquisition of novel color terms.

4 studies investigate how differential input affects preschoolers' abilities to learn novel color words. 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children saw objects in novel shapes and colors and heard a novel color label for the object. Labels were presented through ostensive definition (e.g., "See, it's mauve"), corrective linguistic contrast (e.g., "See, it's not purple; it's mauve"), or an inclusion statement (e.g., "See, it's mauve; it's a kind of purple"). 4- and 5-year-old children interpreted the novel word as a shape term when ostensive information was provided but as a color term when additional information, either contrastive or inclusive, specified a relation between the novel term and a known label for that color. Furthermore, children who consistently interpreted the novel word as a color word tended to treat the novel and known labels as mutually exclusive color terms if they heard contrastive information, whereas they tended to treat the words as hierarchically related if they heard inclusion information. 3-year-olds generally did not make use of either type of information in determining the semantic domain of the novel word or the relation between terms.
Social learning with heterogeneous agents and sequential decision making

In this paper, we consider the problem of social learning in a network of agents where the agents make decisions sequentially by choosing one of two hypotheses on the state of nature. Each agent observes a signal generated according to one of the hypotheses and knows the decisions of all the previous agents in the network. The network contains two types of agents: rational and irrational. A rational agent makes a decision by not only using its private observation but also the decisions of each of the agents which already made decisions. To that end, the agent employs Bayesian theory. An irrational agent makes a decision by ignoring the available information and by randomly choosing the hypothesis. We analyze the asymptotic performance of a system with rational and irrational agents where we study rational agents that use either a deterministic or random decision making policies. We propose a specific random decision making policy that is based on the social belief and the private signals of the agents. We prove that under mild conditions the expected social belief in the true state of nature tends to one if the rational agents use the proposed random policy. In a network with rational agents that use deterministic policy, the conditions for convergence are stricter. We provide simulation results on the studied systems and compare their performance.
A reconsideration of Gallicolumba (Aves: Columbidae) relationships using fresh source material reveals pseudogenes, chimeras, and a novel phylogenetic hypothesis

Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to test a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the avian genus Gallicolumba that relied heavily on preserved museum study skins for DNA samples. Our comparisons show that several published gene sequences represent pseudogenes or chimeras of multiple taxa, and these sequences had an adverse influence on phylogeny estimation. A new phylogenetic hypothesis strongly supports the monophyly of Philippine bleeding-hearts, the monophyly of Gallicolumba sensu stricto, and places Leucosarcia as part of an Australasian radiation rather than sister to Alopecoenas. These findings clarify Gallicolumba biogeography and also highlight the need for greater caution in the use of suboptimal source material in molecular systematic studies.
Computer assisted versus traditional vocational counseling with high and low readiness clients

Abstract This study tested Hershenson's hypothesis that different vocational counseling methods would be differentially effective for clients at different levels of readiness. The top 54 and bottom 54 high school sophomores from a class of 853 were selected on the basis of their Educational Development Series test scores. Half of each group (highs and lows) received individual counseling; the other half interacted with a computerized vocational information program (CVIS). It was predicted that high readiness subjects would change more with CVIS and lows would change more with counseling. Only the latter prediction was confirmed. The groups did not differ in satisfaction with their posttreatment vocational choices. Findings suggest that individual counseling be emphasized with low readiness clients when both options are available.
Multiple Forms of Choline‐O‐Acetyltransferase in Mouse and Rat Brain: Solubilization and Characterization

Three forms of acetyl coenzyme A: choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6, ChAT) have been isolated from mouse and rat forebrain synaptosomes with a 100 mM sodium phosphate (NaP) buffer of pH 7.4, a high-salt solution (500 mM NaCl), and a 2% Triton DN-65 solution, respectively. The Triton-solubilized form of ChAT differed from the other two forms in its capacity to acetylate homocholine, its pH profile, and its sensitivity to denaturation. NaCl-solubilized ChAT could be distinguished from the other two forms with respect to pH profile, sensitivity to inhibition by 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine (in the presence of Triton), and apparent Km value for choline acetylation. The caudate and putamen of rat brain contained the highest amount of ChAT activity, based on tissue wet weight, and the cerebellum contained the least of the brain regions examined; only the cerebellum had more membrane-bound than soluble ChAT. Septal lesion reduced ChAT activity in the NaP- and Triton-solubilized fractions prepared from hippocampus by 68% and 64%, respectively, whereas it reduced the activity of the NaCl-solubilized fraction by only 21%. These results suggest that three different forms of ChAT may exist in both mouse and rat brain.
A remark on minimal hypercones.

Abstract Let M be a minimal hypersurface in the sphere. It is shown that if the cone over M is a stable critical point for the area functional, then M admits a conformally equivalent metric with positive scalar curvature. This gives both topological and geometric restrictions on such hypersurfaces M.
Nucleation in premicellar aggregation.

Abstract The role of a nucleating agent (cholesterol) in the premicellar aggregation of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-405 and Brij 35 has been investigated. The I 1 / I 3 ratios of pyrene in the solutions indicate that SLS is strongly nucleated by cholesterol, but the other detergents appear to be so to a lesser extent. However, quenching studies show that premicellar Brij 35 also forms nucleated aggregates that protect the probe from the quencher. Energy transfer data with Triton X-405 suggest that such aggregates have a more open structure than self-assembling ones and are more accessible to water.
A strategy for satellite data archival. Low noise variable-rate vector quantization with application to AVHRR satellite images: A tutorial review

Abstract The volume of satellite data amassed by modern day weather and climate satellites is so enormous that it has become virtually impossible for researchers to access the original resolution data collected by the satellites. Typically, researchers are forced to deal with lower resolution reduced data (e.g. cloud cover or temperatures) and often at a resolution degraded by one to three orders of magnitude when compared with the resolution of the original data. The uncertainties in the reduced data are often unknown. This state of affairs will only get worse, since the data to be collected under the guidance of NASA’s global change program may increase by several orders of magnitude in the coming decades. We need to experiment with mathematically rigorous ways to tame the original data without significantly degrading the information content. Compression of original data by objective mathematical techniques is a promising approach. This study adopts recent compression techniques developed in the field of communications and applies them to weather satellite data. Typically, these techniques compress the raw data by factors ranging from 10 to 100. The compressed data can be decompressed to retrieve the near original data at the site of the user. The mean error in the compression–decompression process varies from a few percent to several percent. As a demonstration, we consider the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) radiances with a nadir resolution of 1 km ×1 km. For this demonstration, we adopt a well understood compression technique which is the so-called vector quantization technique. Several vector quantization techniques (full-search, tree-search, pruned-balanced-tree, greedy-tree and pruned-greedy-tree) are compared in performance and ease of implementation. The discussion focuses on the pruned greedy tree-structured vector quantizer because it is highly suited to the compression of AVHRR satellite images. For the case considered here, visual and scientific reproducibility of the original high resolution images are very good. The rms error for roughly 95% of the pixels in a scene is within 2%, even at a 32 : 1 compression ratio. The error in spatially averaged fields is less than 0.1% for averaging scales in excess of 50 km ×50 km. Some important spatial structural information is lost, however. It is found that the same image when compressed using JPEG standard shows significant loss of numerical accuracy at the same compression ratio of 32 : 1. But improvements and developments in compression techniques can minimize these errors and afford researchers the luxury of storing and working with high resolution data at roughly at about 0.03 of the space required by the original data.
Five‐year impact factor data in the Journal Citation Reports

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the five‐year journal impact factor (JIF) score of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR).Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at one of the important enhancements to the JCR, the new five‐year journal impact factor (JIF) score. This element complements the traditional JIF scores and data. The new indicator addresses the criticism against the short citation window for evaluating the performance of nearly 8,000 scholarly and professional journals on a medium term.Findings – It may be feasible that some of the other proposals presented by the best scientometricians for improving the JIF and its alternatives will be implemented in various specialty editions of JCR. Particularly interesting would be the adding of scores computed through diachronous instead of or in addition to synchronous measurement; creating new indicators based on the level of uncitedness of articles in journals; and calculating percentile JIF, JIF point averages and/or JIFs based on a...
Paired-Associate learning in children

The effects of percent occurrence of response members (% ORM), type of list (competitive vs. noncompetitive), commonality scores (C) and initial associative strength (IAS) upon the acquisition of a paired-associate list by 80 fifth-grade children were investigated. Acquisition was directly related to % ORM, IAS, C, and type of list. A significant interaction between IAS and type of list showed IAS to have a direct effect on the noncompetitive list but no effect on the competitive list. Error analysis disclosed more extralist than intralist errors with the noncompetitive list and the reverse with the competitive list.
Control of the Laser Pattern Generator

The laser pattern generator uses a control algorithm derived from information theory. It is implemented by applying shaped input waveforms and predicting the output. The performance index of this complementary control is several magnitudes better than that achieved by the solution of the Riccati equation.
Bearing Failure of Bolted Composite Joints. Part I: Experimental Characterization:

An investigation was performed to study the bearing failure of mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced laminated composite joints. Only double-lap metal/composite/metal bolted joints were investigat...
A tissue-engineered human endometrial stroma that responds to cues for secretory differentiation, decidualization, and menstruation

Objective To show the responsiveness of tissue-engineered human endometrial stroma to combinations of hormones that mimic the secretory and menstrual phases of the cycle. Design In vitro experimental study. Setting University uterine biology research laboratory. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Telomerase immortalized human endometrial stromal cells cultured in monolayers (two-dimensional, 2D) or encapsulated in a collagen I hydrogel (three-dimensional, 3D) to create a simplified tissue-engineered stroma were exposed to hormone treatments mimicking early and late secretory phases, decidualization, and steroid withdrawal conditions to recapitulate menstruation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Morphologic and biochemical markers of decidualization and collagenase activity. Result(s) The 3D tissue can manifest changes in morphology and biochemical markers of decidualization similar to 2D culture and characteristic of endometrial stroma in vivo. Unlike 2D culture, the 3D tissue responded to steroid withdrawal by increased collagenase activity and tissue breakdown. Conclusion(s) Three-dimensional tissue-engineered endometrial stroma can mimic secretory and menstrual phases of the cycle and may be useful for studying uterine receptivity and menstruation in a physiological endocrine environment.
Ultrasubharmonic resonance in a Duffing system

Abstract An ultrasubharmonic resonance of the type 3 2 can occur in a quasilinear system of Duffing type when the second harmonic is present in the excitation. The theoretical results obtained by the small parameter and harmonic balance methods are compared with analog computer solutions. It is shown that the presumption, often successfully used in solving subharmonic vibration problems, is not applicable here.
Cell Signaling through the Protein Kinases cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase, Protein Kinase Cϵ, and RAF-1 Regulates Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein-induced Syncytium Formation

Amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) utilizes the PiT2 sodium-dependent phosphate transporter as its cell surface receptor to infect mammalian cells. The process of A-MuLV infection requires cleavage of the R peptide from the envelope protein. This occurs within virions thereby rendering them competent to fuse with target cells. Envelope proteins lacking the inhibitory R peptide (e.g. envelope (R-) proteins) induce viral envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion (syncytium). Here we have performed studies to determine if cell signaling through protein kinases is involved in the regulation of PiT2-mediated A-MuLV envelope (R-)-induced syncytium formation. Truncated A-MuLV retroviral envelope protein lacking the inhibitory R peptide (R-) was used to induce viral envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion. Signaling through cyclic AMP to activate PKA was found to inhibit envelope-induced cell-cell fusion, whereas treatment of cells with PKA inhibitors H89, KT5720, and PKA Catα siRNA all enhanced this cell fusion process. It was noted that activation of PKC, as well as overexpression of PKCϵ, up-regulated A-MuLV envelope protein-induced cell-cell fusion, whereas exposure to PKC inhibitors and expression of a kinase-inactive dominant-negative mutant of PKCϵ (K437R) inhibited syncytium formation. v-ras transformed NIH3T3 cells were highly susceptible to A-MuLV envelope-induced cell-cell fusion, whereas expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Ras (N17Ras) inhibited this cell fusion process. Importantly, activation of Raf-1 protein kinase also is required for A-MuLV envelope-induced syncytium formation. Expression of constitutively active BXB Raf supported, whereas expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Raf-1 (Raf301) blocked, A-MuLV-induced cell-cell fusion. These results indicate that specific cell signaling components are involved in regulating PiT2-mediated A-MuLV-induced cell-cell fusion. Selective pharmacological modulation of these signaling components may be an effective means of altering cell susceptibility to viral-mediated cytopathic effects.
Synchronous luminescence spectroscopy: Methodology and applicability

This paper discusses the figures of merit associated with the synchronous luminescence (SL) technique in multicomponent analysis of complex samples. Spectral interferences and experimental factors that influence the choice of experimental conditions are investigated. The efficacy of SL is demonstrated in the direct determination of anthracene and 2-methylanthracene in a raw coal liquid. The application of the second-derivative technique to the SL measurement of organic samples is shown. Special emphasis is directed toward the applicability of the SL technique as a practical and cost-effective screening procedure in the routine analysis of complex organic samples.
A Large Area High Resolution Cosmic Ray Charge Composition Detector

A detector designed to study the charge composition of the primary cosmic radiation in the range Z = 3 to 30 has been flown on balloons during 1969. The flight is part of a program to study the charge composition in the energy range 10 to 105 GeV. The telescope consists of a four fold charge measurement using two plastic scintillators, a Cerenkov detector and a mosaic CsI(Tl) detector. The intrinsic limitations on charge resolution due to statistical fluctuations in energy loss are approached by correcting the pulse heights for geometrical effects. This is accomplished by calibrating the detector response in flight using a spark chamber to determine the particle trajectories.
ECTOMORPHY AND PERSONALITY

As an incidental part of other research (Lester, 1981), undergraduate students in courses were given various personality inventories and asked for their heights and weights. From these data, ectomorphy ratios were calculated (the height divided by the cube root of the eight)^ and correlated with the personality inventory scores. This permits tests of Sheldon's (1942) theory of personality to be made. For male students, ectomorphy scores were not correlated with extraversion ( Pearson s = -0.02, n = 43) or manifest anxiety (s = -0.03, n = 48). The more ectomorphic males tended to be more cerebrotonic (r = 0.36, n = 52, one-tailed p < 0.05) and less viscerotonic (s = -0.28, n = 52, p < 0.05) than less ectomorphic males, as Sheldon predicted. There was no association berween ectomorphy and somatoronia (r = -0.10, n = 52). For females, ectomorphy scores were not related to manifest anxiety (s = -0.15, n = 45), viscerotonia (T = -0.20, n = 77) or somatotonia (r = -0.05, n = 77). The more ectomorphic females were less extraverted (r = -0.24, n = 51, p < 0.05) and more cerebrotonic (r = 0.27, n = 77, p < 0.05) than less ectomorphic females, as Sheldon predicted. Incidentally, for neither sex were ectomorphy scores related to measures of neuroticism, psychoticism, androgyny, self-esteem, or Type A behavior (found in those prone to heart attacks). These data support a modest relationship between ectomorphy and personality in the direction that Sheldon predicted.
Use of Feathers in a Gel Precipitation Test for Marek’s Disease

Abstract THE skin was first described as being involved in Marek’s disease (MD) by Helmbolt et al. (1963). Since then, evidence has indicated this organ’s role in the transmission and pathogenesis of the disease. Beasley (1970) has transmitted MD with dander from MD infected chickens. Herpes type particles have been observed (Clanek, 1970; Nazerian and Witter, 1970) and infectious cell free extracts have been recovered (Calnek, 1970; Nazerian and Witter, 1970; Purchase, 1970) from the cutaneous follicular epithelium of MD infected chickens. Lapen et al. (1970), Calnek and Hitchner (1969) and Purchase (1970) have observed an immunofluorescent (IF) antigen associated with MD in the cutaneous follicular epithelium of MD infected fowl. Lapen et al. (1970) described Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions in this epithelium and demonstrated they were part of the MD process. These observations suggested that the feather and associated follicular epithelium may contain sufficient MD associated antigen which could…
Thromboembolic risk in the patient with heart failure

Although heart failure is a procoagulant state, the incidence of arterial thromboembolism (peripheral arterial emboli and strokes) is relatively low in the outpatient setting and seems to be higher in those with concomitant atrial fibrillation or recent large anterior myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of a dyskinetic apex. Hospitalized heart failure patients, on the other hand, have an extremely high rate of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. Outpatients with heart failure should receive anticoagulation only in the presence of atrial fibrillation or if they have experienced a prior embolic event. Patients with recent large anterior infarction or recent infarction with documented thrombus should be treated with anticoagulation for the initial 3 months after the infarct, whereas those with evidence of a mural thrombus should receive anticoagulation at least until the thrombus has resolved. Heart failure patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy should receive antiplatelet agents for the prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. Antiplatelet agents should not be prescribed for heart failure patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy or without other evidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. All hospitalized heart failure patients who are not taking oral anticoagulants should receive prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparins or factor Xa inhibitors.
QUANTUM STATES AND TRANSITIONS IN WEAKLY CONNECTED SUPERCONDUCTING RINGS.

This paper reports the results of an experimental and phenomenological investigation of the static and dynamic behavior of weakly connected superconducting rings. The configuration is essentially a macroscopic superconducting ring of inductance $L$ incorporating a point contact as a weak link which determines the critical supercurrent in the ring, ${i}_{c}$. A phenomenological model for the stationary quantum states of the system as a function of an applied field is developed. The dynamic behavior is obtained directly from the time dependence of the applied fields. Experiments demonstrating both the stationary and the time-dependent magnetic behavior are described. The stationary behavior was obtained with a magnetometer incorporating a weakly connected ring as a sensor to measure the flux through the ring under test. The experimental results confirm the phenomenological model if the critical curr\`ent ${i}_{c}$ is greater than $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}{2L(1+\ensuremath{\gamma})}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=\frac{h}{2e}$ is the flux quantum and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a material and geometric parameter which is usually small compared to unity. In the regime $L{i}_{c}g\frac{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}{2(1+\ensuremath{\gamma})}$, the quantum states are discrete, and the transitions between states are well defined and irreversible. If the critical current is not too large, the transitions generally occur only between adjacent states; that is, $\ensuremath{\Delta}k=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. At large critical current, multiple quantum jumps are observed. On the other hand, if $L{i}_{c}l\frac{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}{2(1+\ensuremath{\gamma})}$, the quantum states merge into one another continuously and reversibly. In this case the magnetic behavior inthe neighborhood of the half-quantum points is related to the depairing or gapless regime in superconductivity. Measurements of the ac properties of the weakly connected ring at 30 MHz are interpreted directly in terms of the static properties under the influence of a time-varying applied field. In fact, no qualitative corrections to the theory are expected up to frequencies of the order of the superconducting energy gap.
Identity Management Motives of Stigmatized Employees: An Examination of Mediating Mechanisms

Employees with an invisible stigmatized identity (e.g., sexual orientation, religion, psychological disorder) engage in a balancing act between expressing who they are with hiding negative aspects ...