cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informatics for ubiquitous sequencing

Methods and technologies currently being developed promise an increase of between one and two orders of magnitude in the practical throughputs of DNA sequencing for gene discovery, expression analysis and variant analysis. Integrated laboratories will use all of these methods as components of a molecular strategy for the functional characterization of genes and their products. This review summarizes the types of data produced by these strategies, and the analysis and management challenges that they raise.
Thailand's Missed Opportunity for Democratic Consolidation

The year 1997 was critical for Thailand. A severe economic crisis hit in July calling into question years of economic growth and increasing prosperity. A few months later Thailand adopted a new Constitution that aimed at reforming the political system, and at making corruption and vote buying less prevalent. While this article shows that the economic turmoil was a prime catalyst for political change, it was not as simple as saying that public outcry over the economic crisis forced conservative parliamentarians into voting to accept the proposed constitution. While public outcry did matter, what is vitally important is that elite political leaders, the heads of the major parties, ministers, and generals, were renegotiating their alliances and ties both with one another, and with various groups in society that were pushing for change. Elite resignation to political pressure and policy shifts among the top leaders is what ultimately allows for the passage of the constitution and for Prime Minister Chavalit's departure. This article takes a closer look at Thai politics and tries to answer the following questions: Did the economic crisis lead to (meaningful) political reform and why or why not? Since the codification of the 1997 constitution has Thai politics become more democratic? It is my analysis that the consolidation of democracy was in reach in 1997 but today has slipped further from Thai citizens' grasp. The explanations, or the independent variables for both the successful reforms of the political system in 1997 and the backsliding away from democratization, are largely the same. When both internal and external pressures prod democracy along, reforms take place. When pressures are pushing in different directions democratic reforms become threatened. Internal pressures include the military, civil society, and the behavior and power of political and economic elites; and external ones are the IMF, national security concerns, and globalization in general. When conditions or variables change, and when elite priorities or preferences shift, as this article will show, we can see the results in Thai politics.
Pamidronate Prevents Bone Loss and Decreased Bone Strength in Adult Female and Male Rats Fed an Isocaloric Low‐Protein Diet

Isocaloric dietary protein deficiency is associated with decreased BMD and bone strength as well as depressed somatotroph and gonadotroph axis. Inhibition of increased bone resorption by the bisphosphonate pamidronate in rats fed an isocaloric low-protein diet fully prevents bone loss and alteration of bone strength. Introduction: Isocaloric dietary protein deficiency is associated with decreased BMD and bone strength as well as depressed somatotroph and gonadotroph axis. This negative bone balance is the consequence of increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Whether inhibition of bone resorption could prevent low-protein diet-induced bone loss and alteration of biomechanics is not known. Materials and Methods: The effect of the bisphosphonate pamidronate was studied in 5.5-month-old female or 6-month-old male rats pair-fed a control (15% casein) or an isocaloric low-protein (2.5% casein) diet for 19 and 26 weeks, respectively. Pamidronate (0.6 mg/kg) was given subcutaneously 5 days/month for 4 months in female rats or for 5 months in male rats. BMD, microarchitecture, and bone strength were measured at the level of the proximal and midshaft tibia. Urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, serum osteocalcin, and IGF-I were also measured. Results: The increase in bone resorption in female rats (+100%) and in male rats (+33%) fed a low-protein diet was prevented by pamidronate treatment. The reduced osteocalcin levels observed in rats fed a low-protein diet were further decreased in both female (−34%) and male (−30%) rats treated with pamidronate. The bone turnover decrease induced by pamidronate prevented bone strength reduction, trabecular bone loss, microarchitecture, and BMD alterations induced by the isocaloric low-protein diet. Similar effects were observed at the level of the midshaft tibia. Significant decrease of plasma IGF-I was observed in rats fed a low-protein diet independently of the pamidronate treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, inhibition of increased bone resorption in rats fed an isocaloric low-protein diet fully prevents bone loss and alteration of bone strength.
New profession by fiat: Italian dentistry and the European Common Market.

Abstract Dentistry posed major problems for the European Common Market's efforts to harmonize national arrangements for entry to practice by migrating professionals. The separation of dentistry from medicine in the other 8 member-nations did not occur in Italy. The 1978 Dental Directives passed by the Common Market Council of Ministers included special provisions requiring Italy within 6 years to authorize a new dental role independent from medicine and to create appropriate specific training. The analysis of these events covers three elements. First, the efforts of medical-dentists in Italy to reach consensus or to block a possible internal move toward creation of a separate dental specialty are appraised. Second, the actions of the international liaison committee of national dental associations to seek to deal with the Italian problem through contacts with the Italian medical profession, with the sub-group of Italian medical-dentists, and with the international liaison committee of national medical associations are reviewed. Third, the actions undertaken by Common Market bodies are analysed. This unusual instance of an international governmental authority seeking to force changes in the structure of a profession by impelling action by the government of a sovereign nation highlights the need for further cross-national analysis of the relations between professions and political systems. Whether health professions are more susceptible to international harmonization than technical, scientific, financial or design professions remains an open question, until such research occurs.
Economic Dependency, Repression, and Deforestation: A Quantitative, Cross‐National Analysis*

This research builds upon previous cross-national studies of deforestation. In doing so, I examine how various world-systems indicators interact with political conditions within a nation. I test the hypothesis that repressive nations create a “good business climate” for multinational capital, which, in turn, affects deforestation. This “good business climate” consists of economic incentives (e.g., tax holidays), regulatory concessions (e.g., environmental law exemptions), and imposed political stability (e.g., outlawing strikes, protests, and unions). The results indicate that export partner concentration, commodity concentration, multinational corporate penetration, and International Monetary Fund conditionality increase deforestation more at higher rather than at lower levels of repression. I also confirm previous findings that gross domestic product per capita decreases deforestation, indicating that richer nations are able to externalize their environmental costs onto poorer nations. I conclude with the theoretical implications of this research, policy implications, and possible directions for future research.
A Novel Human Leukocyte Antigen Score Improves Prediction for Rejection After Heart Transplant

A Novel Human Leukocyte Antigen Score Improves Prediction for Rejection After Heart Transplant E.P. Kransdorf ,1 L. Gragert,2 M. Cheng,3 D.E. Steidley,1 R.L. Scott,1 M.J. Pando,4 M. Maiers,2 O.E. Pajaro.5 1Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; 2Bioinformatics Research, National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, MN; 3Division of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; 4Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; 5Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ.
Quantitative light microscopic demonstration of increased pallidal and striatal met5-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rats following chronic treatment with haloperidol but not with clozapine: implications for the pathogenesis of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders.

Abstract Acute and late onset movement disorders frequently complicate the treatment of psychosis with typical neuroleptic drugs like haloperidol, but not with atypical neuroleptic drugs like clozapine. Although the neural mechanisms underlying neuroleptic-induced movement disorders remain unknown, alterations in basal ganglia function are likely involved. A potential role for the endogenous opiate peptides in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders is suggested by the immunocytochemical localization of met 5 -enkephalin (ME) in the striatopallidal projection pathway, and by the increased levels of ME measured by radioimmunoassay in the rat caudate-putamen nuclei (CPN) following haloperidol treatment. We sought to determine whether met 5 -enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (MELI) in terminal fields within globus pallidus and in perikarya in CPN was differentially altered in rats chronically treated with haloperidol or clozapine. Acrolein-fixed forebrain sections were collected from cohorts of adult rats receiving 21-day oral administration of haloperidol, clozapine, or water. Sections from the three treatment groups were collectively processed for immunocytochemical labeling using varying dilutions of ME antiserum and the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. In globus pallidus, densitometry measures revealed significantly increased levels of immunoperoxidase labeling for ME in haloperidol-treated, but not in clozapine-treated animals. In CPN, optical densitometry as well as cell counting measurements also showed a significant increase in MELI only in the haloperidol-treated group. These results support the concept that alterations in endogenous opiate peptides in basal ganglia may contribute to movement disorders seen in patients receiving typical neuroleptic drugs. A hypothesis is advanced to suggest how alterations in the enkephalin containing striatopallidal pathway may contribute to both the acute hypokinetic disorder (parkinsonism) and the late onset hyperkinetic disorder (tardive dyskinesia).
An alternate method for calibrating the thrombelastograph

Abstract Objective: This study evaluated various substances that could be used to calibrate the Thrombelastograph. Design: Prospective, controlled comparison. Setting: Operating room laboratory at a tertiary care university hospital. Participants: None. Interventions: Six substances commonly available in the operating room setting (ointments, cream, and gels) were analyzed by thromboelastography for 3 minutes. Sixty measurements were made for each substance. Measurements and Main Results: Thromboelastographic analysis of the ointments and cream preparations had an amplitude variability that exceeded 10 mm within the 3-minute recording period. The conductive gel had the most reproducible thromboelastography tracing with a mean amplitude of 62.5 ± 1.1 mm (analysis of variance, p Conclusion: Conductive gel is a useful substance for quickly checking the functional status of the Thrombelastograph at an operational stage. Calibration of the Thrombelastograph using a gel of known viscosity is clinically relevant and may be more practical than testing with thromboelastographic-defined normal and abnormal blood analogs.
Preparation and properties of 2,3:55,6-bis[bicyclo(3.3.1)nonyl]pyridine

Abstract A preparation of the title compound is reported and its basicity erlative to other bisannelated pyridines is discussed.
Direct Electron Transfer to the Oxygenase Domain of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS): Exploring Unique Redox Properties of NOS Enzymes

Thin film direct electrochemistry shows that the oxygenase domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase undergoes reversible electron transfer with an underlying electrode. The midpotential of the FeIII/FeII couple is found to be modulated by both the binding of the tetrahydropterin cofactor and the pH of the buffer medium.
Paying to queue: a theory of locational differences in nonunion wages

Abstract Traditional theories of the effect unions have on nonunion wages are difficult to reconcile with firm and worker mobility. We show how differences in nonunion wages can persist in a two-city search model. Nonunion wage differences across cities are driven by transition rates into the union sector. Should union queues form in the nonunion sector, union power decreases nonunion wages as workers are willing to take lower wages to line up for union jobs. However, if queues are formed in the unemployed sector, union power increases nonunion wages as nonunion firms pay premiums to induce workers to leave the queue.
Cloning and Functional Expression of a Human Eosinophil CC Chemokine Receptor

Eosinophils undergo chemotaxis, degranulate, and exhibit [Ca2+]i changes in response to the human CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), but the receptors involved have not been defined. We have isolated a human cDNA encoding the first eosinophil-selective chemokine receptor, designated CC chemokine receptor 3 (CC CKR3). CC CKR3 is a seven-transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor most closely related to the previously reported monocyte- and neutrophil-selective receptor CC CKR1 (also known as the MIP-1α/RANTES receptor). When [Ca2+]i changes were monitored in stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells, MIP-1α and RANTES were both potent agonists for CC CKR3 and CC CKR1. However, MIP-1β was also an agonist for CC CKR3 but not CC CKR1; MCP-3 was an agonist for CC CKR1 but not CC CKR3. CC CKR3 may be one of the host factors responsible for selective recruitment of eosinophils to sites of inflammation.
Cycle systems in the complete bipartite graph minus a one-factor

Let K"n","n-I denote the complete bipartite graph with n vertices in each part from which a 1-factor I has been removed. An m-cycle system of K"n","n-I is a collection of m-cycles whose edges partition K"n","n-I. Necessary conditions for the existence of such an m-cycle system are that m>=4 is even, n>=3 is odd, m=<2n, and m|n(n-1). In this paper, we show these necessary conditions are sufficient except possibly in the case that m=0(mod4) with n
On the Maintenance of Anomalous Fluid Pressures: I. Thick Sedimentary Sequences

Various physical and chemical processes may be envisioned which will cause anomalous pressures on an underground fluid. In order to consider the maintenance of anomalous pressure, it is necessary to consider the problem as one of nonsteady fluid flow. The time rate of pressure change and maintenance depends upon the hydrodynamics of flow through porous media and the particular boundary conditions. This paper presents a series of general solutions to hydrodynamic models which are germane to the problem of creating and maintaining excess-fluid pressures in a thick sedimentary sequence. The creation and maintenance of fluid pressures approaching lithostatic pressure through a process of continuous sedimentation was evaluated. Our results indicate that a sedimentation rate of 500 m/106 yr (reasonable for the Gulf Coast) will create fluid pressures approaching lithostatic in a sedimentary column that has a hydraulic conductivity of 10−8 cm sec−1, or lower. It is apparent that the creation of anomalous pressure and its maintenance depends, to a large degree, upon the hydraulic conductivity and, to a lesser extent, upon the specific storage of clay layers within the system.
Split Plateaux in the LaNi5–H System and the Effect of Sn Substitution on Splitting

Abstract Split plateaux corresponding to the appearance of an additional, γ , phase, which have been observed elsewhere, have been found in this research for closely stoichiometric LaNi 5 . The plateaux were found to be very horizontal at lower temperatures before splitting occurs. Some splitting in the decomposition plateau was found even at 273 K after cycling at more elevated temperatures. A virgin sample showed a small amount of splitting of the decomposition plateau at 373 K and this splitting increased markedly for the second cycle and its extent became nearly constant after about 5 or 6 cycles at 373 K. Van't Hoff plots were made using data from the split plateaux. Split plateaux were not found for any of the LaNi 5− x Sn x alloys which were examined at 373 K, i.e., those with x ≥0.05, after cycling where LaNi 5 exhibited split plateaux for the first cycle.
ON FABACEAE, NO ONE CAN HEAR YOU SCREAM

![Figure][1] PARASITISM One of the more gruesome Hollywood subgenres is the alien-parasite thriller, the signature moment of which is undoubtedly the `birth' scene from Alien (1979). What the public doesn't suspect is how disturbingly real these scenarios can be, at least for insects. All
The shaping game: A teaching technique

Rules for a new game are presented. Suggestions are made concerning how this game may be used as a vehicle to teach various operant conditioning principles.
The influence of high R ratio on unnotched fatigue behavior of 1045 steel with three different heat treatments

Abstract High tensile mean stress fatigue tests for R ratios of 0.8 and 0.9 were conducted on unnotched SAE 1045 steel uniaxial fatigue specimens with hardness levels of Rc=10, 37 and 50. S–N f curves for all three hardness levels for both R=0.8 and 0.9 were very flat except Rc=50 specimens with R=0.8. At high R ratios, the fatigue strength based on S max was higher than that of for low R ratios but were lower when based on S a . Acquired ϵ-N applied curves showed that cyclic creep/ratcheting was present for all three hardness levels, however, Rc=10, and 37 had significantly more cyclic creep/ratcheting than Rc=50. Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM, analysis showed that both Rc=10 and 37 monotonic and cyclic specimens fractured in a ductile manner with cup-cone shaped final fracture, where internal microvoid coalescence (ductile dimples) was dominant with small amounts of micro cleavage. Rc=50 cyclic specimens fractured in a brittle manner involving less cyclic creep/ratcheting. Rc 50 short life (N f 3 ) specimens were very similar to tensile and cyclic final fracture surfaces of Rc 10 and 37. The failure of these specimens was caused by cyclic creep/ratcheting rather than fatigue cracking. Rc=50 specimens with an N f >3x10 3 were the only specimens that failed due to thumbnail surface fatigue cracking. Fatigue life calculations, using S–N f and ϵ-N f models, were made to compare actual fatigue or cyclic lives with calculated lives. Both S–N f and ϵ-N f models were unsuccessful in accurately calculating the fatigue lives for these high R ratios. The unnotched fatigue resistance was less than that of mild notched (K t =1.65) specimens in 5 of 6 cases.
Torque Phase Shift Control Based on Clutch Torque Estimation

An automatic transmission shift method is presented, in which the torque transfer phase is controlled in closed loop. This is made possible by real-time estimation of the torque transmitted by the off-going and on-coming clutches participating in the shift. Each clutch torque is determined based on measured or estimated input and output shaft torques and accelerations. To illustrate an application of the method, traditional friction elements are used to emulate one-way-clutch function during a power-on upshift.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Exploiting transport of guest metal ions in a host ionic crystal lattice for nanofabrication: Cu nanopatterning with Ag2S

In this letter we demonstrate the possibility of using the solid ionic conductor Ag2S for the fabrication of sub-100 nnm features in a Cu film. We also evaluate the physical properties of the Cu–Ag2S interface through an electroimpedance spectroscopy study. Cu meander lines of 60 nm in width were obtained and the screening length and the surface adatom concentration of Cu on the interface were also evaluated to be 20 nm and 1012/cm2 respectively.
Persistence of Intracellular and Extracellular Changes after Incompletely Suppressing Expression of the R789C (p.R989C) and R992C (p.R1192C) Collagen II Mutants

Mutations in COL2A1 produce a spectrum of disorders whose hallmark feature is alterations in skeletal development. Attempts to counteract the effects of collagen mutations at the molecular level have been relatively ineffective due to the inability to selectively suppress a mutant allele, and failure to deliver a sufficient number of cells expressing wild-type collagen. Moreover, these approaches are hampered because the minimal therapeutic conditions that would allow extracellular matrix remodeling and recovery of cells from stress are not known. Here, we employed a tetracycline-inducible system for expressing the R789C or R992C collagen II mutants, allowing us to decrease the production of mutant proteins by 25, 50, 75, or 100% with respect to their initial production. Through analysis of intracellular and extracellular parameters we have shown that affected cell/matrix systems are able to recover from mutation-induced aberrations only when 100% expression of mutant collagens is shut off, but not if the expression of small amounts of mutant molecules persists in the system. Our data suggest that efficient remodeling of tissues affected by the presence of thermolabile collagen mutants may depend on their complete elimination rather than on partial reduction.
Increased dielectric quality factor in planar resonators by selective dielectric removal

A means for increasing the effective dielectric quality factor by selective removal of dielectric from a microstrip resonator is discussed. Methods for determining the impedance and effective dielectric constant are included. The reduction in loss compared with an equivalent microstrip resonator is presented. >
Externalizing Disorders in the Offspring from the San Diego Prospective Study of Alcoholism

Abstract Object Conduct disorder (CD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be more prevalent in relatives of alcoholics and may predict alcohol and drug problems, but not all studies agree. This paper evaluates these questions in well-educated families of alcoholics and controls. Methods Data from 165, 14–25-year-old offspring in the San Diego Prospective Study were used to create Group 1 ( n = 17) with CD or ADHD and Group 2 ( n = 148) with no such diagnoses. Correlations and hierarchical logistic regressions evaluated characteristics associated with these disorders, comparing the impact of CD and ADHD. Results The rates of CD (6.1%) and of ADHD (4.8%) were not strikingly elevated, and did not relate to the family history of alcohol or drug use disorders. Group 1 offspring were more likely to have divorced parents, a relative with bipolar disorder, a higher intake of alcohol and illicit substances, and associated problems.
The alkali metal thermoelectric converter /AMTEC/ - A new direct energy conversion technology for aerospace power

A thermally regenerative electrochemical device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy, the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC), is characterized by potential efficiencies on the order of 15-40% and possesses no moving parts, making it a candidate for space power system applications. Device conversion efficiency is projected on the basis of experimental voltage vs current curves exhibiting power densities of 0.7 W/sq cm and measured electrode efficiencies of up to 40%. Preliminary radiative heat transfer measurements presented may be used in an investigation of methods for the reduction of AMTEC parasitic radiation losses. AMTEC assumes heat input and rejection temperatures of 900-1300 K and 400-800 K, respectively. The working fluid is liquid sodium, and the porous electrode employed is of molybdenum.
“Down and out” in D.C.: How Georgetown M.B.A. students learn about leadership through service to others

This article describes a community service project in which M.B.A. students learn about and experience directly the dynamics of leadership and power. The purposes of this project are to help students better understand the social reality of powerlessness, and how they, through their political activism and influence management skills, can improve the situations and lives of powerless people in the local community. In so doing, students begin to see the connection between political action and moral ends, the fundamental learning objective of this project.
Improved posthypoxic recovery of synaptic transmission in gerbil neocortical slices treated with a calpain inhibitor.

Among the various calcium-induced biologic events occurring in hypoxic neurons, activation of the calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) is a likely mediator of neuronal degeneration. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of a calpain inhibitor (Cbz-Val-Phe-H) against hypoxic damage to the neocortex.An in vitro neocortical slice model from gerbils was used to study the delay to hypoxic depolarization during hypoxia and the recovery of synaptic responses after hypoxia. These responses were examined in control slices and slices treated with Cbz-Val-Phe-H.The delay to hypoxic depolarization did not differ between treated and control groups. In contrast, synaptic recovery after a fixed period of hypoxia (15 minutes) was significantly improved in the Cbz-Val-Phe-H-treated slices (P < .01). Concentrations of Cbz-Val-Phe-H of 50 mumol/L or greater were significantly more protective than a concentration of 20 mumol/L (P < .01).The data indicate that calcium-activated proteolysis plays a critic...
Adenoviral-Mediated Imaging of Gene Transfer Using a Somatostatin Receptor-Cytosine Deaminase Fusion Protein

Suicide gene therapy is a process by which cells are administered a gene that encodes a protein capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into an active toxin. Cytosine deaminase (CD) has been widely investigated as a means of suicide gene therapy owing to the enzyme’s ability to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into the toxic compound 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, the extent of gene transfer is a limiting factor in predicting therapeutic outcome. The ability to monitor gene transfer, non-invasively, would strengthen the efficiency of therapy. In this regard, we have constructed and evaluated a replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) containing the human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) fused with a C-terminal yeast CD gene for the non-invasive monitoring of gene transfer and therapy. The resulting Ad (AdSSTR2-yCD) was evaluated in vitro in breast cancer cells to determine the function of the fusion protein. These studies demonstrated that both the SSTR2 and yCD were functional in binding assays, conversion assays and cytotoxicity assays. In vivo studies similarly demonstrated the functionality using conversion assays, biodistribution studies and small animal positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging studies. In conclusion, the fusion protein has been validated as useful for the non-invasive imaging of yCD expression and will be evaluated in the future for monitoring yCD-based therapy.
High-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy effectively palliates symptoms due to airway tumors: the 10-year M. D. Anderson cancer center experience.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of Iridium-192 high-dose-rate (HDR) endobronchial brachytherapy (EBBT) for the palliation of symptoms caused by relapsed or persistent endobronchial tumors. Methods and Materials: We reviewed the treatment outcomes between 1988 and 1997 in 175 lung cancer patients who underwent HDR EBBT for recurrent or metastatic tumors at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. One hundred sixty of these patients had previously received thoracic external-beam irradiation. This updated report includes 74 patients from a previous series. Most patients received 3,000-cGy EBBT delivered at a distance of 6 mm and divided into 2 fractions over 2 weeks. Subjective response was assessed by questionnaire at follow-up. Objective response was assessed by physical examination, bronchoscopy, and chest radiograph. Results: The median actuarial survival for the entire group was 6 months from the time of the first EBBT treatment session. Of the 115 patients (66%) who showed symptomatic improvement, 32% were much improved and 34% were slightly improved. Patients showing improvement survived for significantly longer than those who showed no change or worsening symptoms (7 vs. 4 months, p = 0.0032). Repeat bronchoscopy demonstrated a 78% overall objective response rate that correlated significantly with subjective response and symptom relief. Complications occurred in 19 patients (11% crude rate) with an actuarial complication rate of 13% at 1 year from the time of the first EBBT treatment session. The actuarial hazard for fatal hemoptysis due to EBBT was 5%. Conclusion: HDR EBBT effectively palliates most patients' symptoms caused by endobronchial lesions. This relief correlates significantly with an overall survival benefit. Treatment complications appear to be few, even for patients who have received prior external-beam irradiation.
A stochastic model of industrial fluctuations: An international comparison

Abstract This paper presents a stochastic model of production fluctuations. It compares the distributions of observed duration times for expansionary and contractionary phases with those which would be expected if production fluctuations were generated by a random process. From an analysis of the post World War II production time series of seven developed countries, it was concluded that the only ‘cycles’ in industrial activity are ‘Monte Carlo cycles’.
SCALING, DUALITY, AND THE BEHAVIOR OF RESONANCES IN INELASTIC ELECTRON-- PROTON SCATTERING.

We propose that a substantial part of the observed behavior of inelastic electron-proton scattering is due to a nondiffractive component of virtual photon-proton scattering. The behavior of resonance electroproduction is shown to be related in a striking way to that of deep inelastic electron-proton scattering. We derive relations between the elastic and inelastic form factors and the threshold behavior of the inelastic structure functions in the scaling limit.
Advanced Ultrafast Technologies Based on Optical Frequency Combs

This paper presents recent results in the development of novel ultrafast technologies based on the generation and application of stabilized optical frequency combs. By using novel active resonant cavity injection locking techniques, filtering, modulation and detection can be performed directly on individual components of the frequency comb enabling new approaches to optical waveform synthesis, waveform detection and matched filtering, with effective signal processing bandwidths in excess of 1 THz.
Atomic-scale modeling of interactions of helium, vacancies and helium–vacancy clusters with screw dislocations in alpha-iron

The interactions of He and vacancy defects with ⟨111⟩ screw dislocations in alpha-Fe were modeled using molecular statics, molecular dynamics and transition state energy determinations. The formati...
Genetic mapping of novel virulence determinants of Salmonella typhimurium to the region between trpD and supD

Abstract Salmonella typhimurium strains are known to vary greatly in their virulence for mice. A few of the genes affecting their virulence have been described. In this report we have localized at least two genes that affect the ability of S. typhimurium to grow in BALB/cByJ to a 6 unit section of the salmonella chromosome which does not contain any previously described virulence determinants. The genetic mapping was done by interrupted matings using Hfr strains made in a virulent LT2 strain. The Hfr strains were constructed by inserting the plasmid F′(TS)114 lac + Tn:: 10 into the LT2 chromosome at specific sites through homologous recombination with chromosomal Tn 10 s. Short interrupted matings to an avirulent LT2 strain in either direction through the portion of the chromosome from trpD at 34 units to supD at 40 units resulted in transconjugants which were fully virulent. Since we also found several transconjugants with intermediate virulence it appears that more than one virulence gene may exist in this area of the chromosome. The mechanisms of action of these genes are not known.
Nonlinear repetitive control

Repetitive controllers are generally applied to reject periodic disturbances and to track periodic reference signals with a known period. Their design is based on the internal model principle, proposed by Francis and Wonham (1975). This paper describes a new finite-dimensional SISO repetitive controller for two different classes of nonlinear plants. Simulation results show asymptotic tracking of the periodic reference signal by the proposed repetitive controller in closed loop up to the Nth harmonic frequency. A proof of robustness of the repetitive control system to small nonlinearities, like actuator nonlinearities, is provided.
STUDIES ON THE FERMENTATIVE PRODUCTION OF L-PROLINE

Addition of L-proline to the production medium for cultivation of strain No. 14-5, an isoleucine auxotrophic mutant of Brevibacterium flavum 2247, reduced L-proline accumulation by about 40%. The formation, but not the activity, of glutamate kinase, the first enzyme required for L-proline biosynthesis from L-glutamate, seems to be controlled by L-proline. No difference was observed in specific activities of this enzyme assayed in vitro in either strain No. 14-5 or the parent strain.During the growth of strain No. 14-5 (lacking in threonine dehydratase activity), the increase of intracellular glycine, methionine, aspartate, and threonine was considerably greater than in the parent strain. Intracellular valine, leucine, and lysine also increased. L-Proline produced was reduced to 42.9% without changing the level of intracellular glutamate by the addition of L-threonine and L-lysine to the medium before cultivation, but L- proline production was increased by nearly 20% when both amino acids were added near before the growth of this strain arrived at the stationary phase. Glutamate kinase formation was repressed by nearly 20% by the addition of both amino acids, whereas the activity was not inhibited.A cell homogenate of the parent strain, which was not able to produce L-proline in the medium, did produce L-proline from L-glutamate in the presence of ATP. From these findings, it was concluded that in strain No. 14-5 both the higher level of available ATP resulting from the inhibition of aspartate and homoserine kinase and the accumulation of intracellular L-glutamate promoted by biotin-rich condition contributed to the abundant production of L-proline through stimulation of the glutamate kinase reaction.
CAYLEY PARAMETRIZATION OF SEMISIMPLE LIE GROUPS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHYSICAL LAWS IN A (3+1)-DIMENSIONAL CUBIC LATTICE

The assumption of a discrete space-time is expressed mathematically by restricting the space-time variables to the field of integer numbers, and by restricting to the field of rational numbers the functions describing the laws of motion. This rational character must be preserved under the transformations connecting different systems of reference. The Cayley parametrization of semisimple Lie groups, and in particular of the Lorentz group, satisfies this condition if we require these parameters to take only integer values. The rational points of the most frequently used transcendental functions are obtained with the help of the integer complex and hypercomplex numbers. Some applications are made concerning the laws of motion in special relativity defined over a (3+1)-dimensional cubic lattice.
Introducing students to the medical literature.

Summary It is extremely difficult to determine if it really makes a difference to provide a medical journal to medical students. Does it alter their reading habits? Does it indeed form the basis for learning? In 1976 84% of the third year class and in 1972 69% (n= 97), personally subscribed to a Journal designated. In the fourth year class, 75% (n= 149) subscribed in 1976 and 58% (n = 82) in 1972. The conclusion is that the New England Journal of Medicine Project can be viewed as an endeavour which meets the need of students.
Dietary Acid Load: A Novel Nutritional Target in Chronic Kidney Disease?

Nonvolatile acid is produced from the metabolism of organic sulfur in dietary protein and the production of organic anions during the combustion of neutral foods. Organic anion salts that are found primarily in plant foods are directly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and yield bicarbonate. The difference between endogenously produced nonvolatile acid and absorbed alkali precursors yields the dietary acid load, technically known as the net endogenous acid production, and must be excreted by the kidney to maintain acid-base balance. Although typically 1 mEq/kg/day, dietary acid load is lower with greater intake of fruits and vegetables. In the setting of CKD, a high dietary acid load invokes adaptive mechanisms to increase acid excretion despite reduced nephron number, such as increased per nephron ammoniagenesis and augmented distal acid excretion mediated by the renin-angiotensin system and endothelin-1. These adaptations may promote kidney injury. Additionally, high dietary acid loads produce low-grade, subclinical acidosis that may result in bone and muscle loss. Early studies suggest that lowering the dietary acid load can improve subclinical acidosis, preserve bone and muscle, and slow the decline of glomerular filtration rate in animal models and humans. Studies focusing on hard clinical outcomes are needed.
Therapy Outcomes: Client Perception and Similarity with Therapist View

This study examined clients' perceptions of therapy outcome and how those perceptions related to therapist views. Additionally, the effects of client and therapist gender and ethnicity, and the match on these variables (e.g., female therapist-female client) were examined. Results showed that clients generally improved from both the client and therapist perceptions, although therapists' views were influenced by client ethnicity. There was no difference between gender or ethnicity matches on perception of outcome. Further examination showed that gender and ethnicity interacted to influence both client and therapist perceptions of outcome. The authors discuss the research and practice implications of these findings.
Real world analysis of electromagnetic pulses using adaptive wavelet transforms

ABSTRACT The Fourier Transform (Fl') is often used to analyze transient and non-stationary signals even when such signals are notperiodic in nature. We demonstrate how an adaptive Wavelet Transform (WT) can bring out signal details that the traditionalFT cannot, as first shown by Szu et a!. in 1992 (Ref. 1). The magnitude plot of the complex Monet wavelet shows theevolution of the signal's energy in both time and frequency, while the phase plot pinpoints signal discontinuities at variousscales. This information can be used to build a compact model and approximate representation of signals characterized bypulses. We are able to infer (not shown here) the physics of devices that generate EM pulses.Keywords: Adaptive wavelet transform, continuous wavelet transform, Morlet wavelet, signal analysis 1. INTRODUCTION While the continuous wavelet transform, and especially the complex Morlet wavelet transform, has been used mostly forqualitative assessments of signals, we can take such an assessment one step further by building a model of the signal based onparameters measured in the wavelet domain. The techniques presented here are useful when the signal can be characterizedas the sum of sinusoids modulated by Gaussian windows.
Studies pertaining to the purification and properties of thymine 7-hydroxylase

Abstract 1. 1. It has been shown that the thymine 7-hydroxylase activity of cell-free extracts prepared from cultures of Neurospora crassa, grown under forced aeration in liquid media, is usually very low or nondetectable. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that this lack of activity is a consequence of the Neurospora cells containing less of the hydroxylase when grown under the aerated conditions. Nonaerated conditions of growth have been developed which permit the preparation of highly active extracts from large batches of Neurospora. Thymine 7-hydroxylase has been purified 50-fold from these extracts with a resultant specific activity of 40 units/mg of protein. 2. 2. The purification procedure used yielded preparations of thymine 7-hydroxylase with markedly reduced amounts of the enzymes which catalyze the conversions of thymidine to thymine ribonucleoside and uracil-5-carboxylic acid to uracil and CO2. 3. 3. These enzyme preparations have been shown to couple the hydroxylation of thymine to the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate so that the products of the reaction, i.e. 5-hydroxymethyluracil, succinate and CO2, are produced in a 1:1:1 molar ratio.
A comparative analysis of the acute toxicity of technical-grade pyrethroid insecticides and their commercial formulations

Seventy-two-hour LD50 studies involving the fenvalerate formulation, Pydrin 2.4 E.C., and the permethrin formulation, Ambush, were performed with male Swiss mice to compare the toxicity of the commercial formulations to that of the technical-grade pyrethroids. Comparison of the formulation ip and po LD50 values and the lethality of technical-grade pyrethroids revealed an increased toxicity of the technical-grade material when administered as the commercially formulated products. The calculated ip and po LD50 values for Pydrin 2.4 E.C. and Ambush were calculated to be 62 and 72 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those for Ambush were 429 and 424 mg/kg. Administration of doses of technical-grade fenvalerate which corresponded to the amount of fenvalerate contained in the calculated LD99 value of Pydrin resulted in no deaths. Administration of the LD99 value of Ambush, as the technical-grade product, resulted in no deaths following ip administration, whereas the po value resulted in 100% death. The data indicate an effect of the Pydrin formulation vehicle on fenvalerate toxicity, whereas the Ambush vehicle did not enhance permethrin toxicity. Technical-grade material in general was more toxic following po than ip administration suggesting the corn oil vehicle may have reduced ip absorption.
Treatment of disordered and ordered systems of polymer chains by lattice methods

Abstract Classical lattice theories of systems of long-chain molecules provide estimates of the number Z of random configurations to the exclusion of ordered ones. The decrease of Z thus estimated to values [unk]1 with decrease in chain flexibility at high densities is genuine, but it does not take account of eligible ordered configurations; the latter are not a subset of the configurations whose numbers are estimated by classical lattice methods. Failure to recognize this fact and the fundamental distinction between disordered and ordered states has engendered misinterpretations and has cast doubt on the validity of lattice-statistical methods. In a system at equilibrium, the decline of Z (disordered) with decrease in chain flexibility must be arrested by a first order transition to an ordered state. The inference that approach of Z (disordered) to values <1 presages a thermodynamic transition of second order is tenable only if the array of ordered configurations, not comprehended by theories in which the mean field of unoccupied lattice sites is random, can be ignored.
Understanding the Realities of Teaching: A Seminar Series Focused on Induction

The role of school teachers is becoming increasingly complex. This complexity may be even more pronounced for physical education teachers, who must often cope with additional challenges stemming from marginalization, isolation, and teacher/coach role conflict. Physical education teachers must also manage relationships with colleagues, administrators, parents, and students who may have varying perceptions of and expectations for physical education. As a result, physical education teacher education programs should include focused coursework to prepare preservice teachers for the realities of school life and their first teaching position. Doing so may reduce the reality shock and the washout effect experienced by some beginning physical education teachers by helping to bridge the transition from student to teacher. Toward this end, this article presents an example of a teacher education seminar series that includes strategies focused on inducting preservice teachers by teaching them about the realities of wo...
Grazing incidence of short elastic waves on a slender cavity

Abstract The diffraction of high-frequency P waves incident along the axis of a slender cavity of finite length is investigated. The diffracted field can be divided into several regions. Near the cavity SV waves are generated by mode conversion but they are confined to two slanted strips on the sides of the cavity. The boundary layers along the edges of these strips are also studied. Diffraction of incident SV waves is also considered but the P waves generated by mode conversion affect only the immediate neighborhood of the cavity. Similar problems with a rigid slender inclusion are briefly discussed.
New models for real-time tracking using particle filtering

This paper presents new methods for effi9;cient object tracking in video sequences using multiple features and particle filtering. A histogram-based framework is used to describe the features. Histograms are useful because have the property that they allow changes in the object appearance while the histograms remain the same. Particle filtering is used because it is very robust for non-linear and non-Gaussian dynamic state estimation problems and performs well when clutter and occlusions are present. Color histogram based particle filtering is the most common method used for object tracking. However, a single feature tracker loses track easily and can track the wrong object. One popular remedy for this problem is using multiple features. It has been shown that using multiple features for tracking provides more accurate results while increasing the computational complexity. In this paper we address these problems by describing an efficient method for histogram computation. For better tracking performance we also introduce a new observation likelihood model with dynamic parameter setting. Experiments show our proposed method is more accurate and more efficient then the traditional color histogram based particle filtering.
Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa

This article draws on data from over 35,000 respondents in 22 public opinion surveys in 10 countries and finds strong evidence that ethnic identities in Africa are strengthened by exposure to political competition. In particular, for every month closer their country is to a competitive presidential election, survey respondents are 1.8 percentage points more likely to identify in ethnic terms. Using an innovative multinomial logit empirical methodology, we find that these shifts are accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the salience of occupational and class identities. Our findings lend support to situational theories of social identification and are consistent with the view that ethnic identities matter in Africa for instrumental reasons: because they are useful in the competition for political power.