cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Estimate of the Odds Ratio That Always Exists

This article proposes an estimate of the odds ratio in a (2 × 2) table obtained from studies in which the row totals are fixed by design, such as a phase II clinical trial. Our estimate, based on the median unbiased estimate of the probabilities of success in the (2× 2) table, will always be in the interval (0, ∞). Another estimate of the odds ratio which has such properties is obtained when adding .5 to each cell of the table. Using simulations, we compared our proposed estimate to that obtained by adding .5 to every cell, and found that our estimate had smaller finite sample bias, and larger mean square error. We also propose the use of the bootstrap to form a confidence interval for the odds ratio based on our proposed estimate. Instead of a Monte Carlo bootstrap, one can easily calculate the “exact” bootstrap distribution of our estimate of the odds ratio, and use this distribution to calculate confidence intervals.
Evaluating Strategies for Pandemic Response in Delhi Using Realistic Social Networks

We analyze targeted layered containment strategies to contain an influenza pandemic in the National Capital Territory of India (NCT-I, including New Delhi and its surrounding areas). A key contribution of our work is to synthesize a realistic individual-based social contact network for NCT-I using a wide variety of open source and commercial data. New techniques were developed to infer daily activities for individuals using aggregate data published in transportation science, combined with human development surveys and targeted local surveys. The resulting social contact network is the first such network constructed for any urban region of India. The time varying spatially explicit network has over 13 million people and 200 million people-people contacts. The network has several interesting similarities and differences as compared to similar networks for US cities. As a second step, we use a high performance computing based modeling environment to study how an influenza-like illness (ILI) would spread over the NCT-I network. We also analyze well understood pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical containment strategies to control a pandemic outbreak. Our methodology builds on earlier work in this area. The results suggests that: (i) pharmaceutical containment strategies typically are more effective than the non-pharmaceutical ones for NCT-I residents, (ii) the epidemic dynamics of the region are strongly influenced by activity pattern and demographic structure of the local residents, (iii) a high resolution social contact network helps us make better public health policy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such study in the Indian sub-continent.
Evidence for a cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme in tomato

Abstract The similarity and cellular location of NADP + -malic enzyme (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) in developing fruit and other parts of the tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant were investigated in order to clarify the role of the enzyme in metabolism. There appeared to be a single enzyme (native NW 260 kD, subunit MW 66 kD) in mature green tomato fruit; this was purified to a specific activity of 42.5 μmol mg −1 min −1 and apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE. Polyclonal antibodies raised against this protein achieved 90% precipitation of enzyme activity, but required purification in order to detect specifically the 66 kD protein on Western blots. The purified antibodies recognized a similar protein in tomato leaves, roots and stems. The specific activity of NADP-ME was at least nine times higher in supernatant than in chloroplast fractions in tomato fruit and leaf, consistent with the distribution of a cytoplasmic marker (alcohol dehydrogenase), but in contrast to a chloroplast marker (rubisco). The purified NADP-ME antibodies did not detect a 66 kD protein in chloroplast preparations. A partial NADP-ME cDNA isolated from a fruit library specifically hybridized with a 2.1 kb transcript in RNA preparations from tomato leaves and fruits at different stages of development. The existence of a minor, possibly chloroplastidic NADP-ME in tomato cannot be excluded; the major NADP-ME is a cytosolic protein which is present in all plant organs analysed.
Know Thyself: Competence and Self-awareness

Economic analysis of asymmetric information typically starts with the assumption that individuals know more about their own characteristics than outside observers. This assumption implies that individuals can accurately assess their own competence in a given domain. However, individuals can only judge their competence if they are sufficiently competent. Results from field experiments contradict predictions from economic theories that assume self-aware agents, but are consistent with predictions from theories that incorporate a positive correlation between competence and self-awareness in a given domain. This correlation explains some of the overconfidence observed among economic agents and implies a structure on decision errors that can be exploited to make novel predictions in important areas of economics.
Asymptotic synchronization of leader-follower networks of uncertain Euler-Lagrange systems

This paper investigates the synchronization of a network of Euler-Lagrange systems with leader tracking. The Euler-Lagrange systems are heterogeneous and uncertain and contain bounded, exogenous disturbances. Network communication is governed by an undirected topology. The network leader has a time-varying trajectory which is known to only a subset of the follower agents. A Robust Integral Sign of the Error (RISE) based decentralized control law is developed to guarantee semi-global asymptotic agent synchronization and leader tracking.
Study Of Craniofacial Anomalies With A Portable Stereo Camera

AbstractThis investigation was designed to devise an accurate topographic method for descrip-tion and comparison of infants and children with craniofacial anomalies. Variations fromthe norm also could be studied. Biostereometrics was the method of choice. As the infantscould not be brought to one central office, a portable stereo camera unit was built. Two23/4" x 23" cameras were mounted on one base and synchronized to expose simultaneously withthe flash unit pointed towards the ceiling. A pair of stereo photographs was obtained.The stereo photographs were used to create a face contour diagram and measured in X, Y, Zcoordinates and provided quantitative data in three dimensions which can be used for com-parative studies.IntroductionWith the advent of new staining techniques, the sophistication of cytogenetic investi-gation of chromosome morphology has recently increased to the point where over 1,000 bandscan now be assigned to human chromosome complements. Many new chromosome anomalies arefalling into a definite pattern of clinically recognizable entities that are most oftenreflected in the facies as well as other parts of the body. We hypothesize that patientswith the same aberration involving a deletion and /or duplication of chromosome materialwill also manifest similar changes in their phenotype in respect to craniofacial morphology.The association of unique craniofacial phenotypes by pattern recognition to specifictypes of chromosome mutations leaves much speculation as to the molecular basis of thegenetic processes involved. However, defining the effects of these aberrations on themorphology and growth of the face and of specific bones of the craniofacial structureswill be an advance in our knowledge.Craniofacial morphologyAccurate description of the craniofacial structures for comparative investigations haspresented many difficulties. Most of the standard methods utilize a subjective descrip-
The Life of an Academic: Examining the Correlates of Job Satisfaction Among Criminology/Criminal Justice Faculty

This research examined job satisfaction among members (N = 1,057) of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) and the Academy of Criminal justice Sciences (ACJS). In particular, the research looked at what factors are related to job satisfaction (enjoyment). We explored substantive personal and professional correlates such as stress, family life, and scholarly productivity. A host of demographic factors including gender, race and income, were also included in the analysis. The multivariate analysis revealed that those criminologists with more journal article publications, and devote more time to family and friends, had high job satisfaction. Conversely, criminologists living in the south had low job satisfaction compared to those living in other parts of the country. The paper ends with a call for the continuing exploration of the personal and professional correlates of job satisfaction among criminologists.
Functional and conformational properties of carboxypeptidase A

ABSTRACT The conformations of carboxypeptidase Aα, γ have been investigated by comparing chemical, spectral and kinetic data in solution and crystals with the results of x-ray structural analysis of the enzyme crystals. The data indicate that the conformation(s) in the two physical states differ and the consequent limitations of mechanistic interpretations of structural analysis are discussed. The chemical, spectral and kinetic results show that the physical state of an enzyme is a significant experimental variable that likely induces changes in function-related-conformation. Since the kinetic properties of carboxypeptidase crystals differ markedly from those of solutions, enzyme substrate model building, based on kinetics in solutions, would seem of questionable value in solving mechanistic problems.
Fellowship Training in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

Fellowship training in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery is a relatively new phenomenon that reflects the increasing complexity of clinical medicine. Despite an expansion of fellowship opportunities over the last three decades, there is still incomplete regulation and standardization of fellowship training. Approximately one third of residency graduates obtain some form of fellowship training. This article describes the fellowship opportunities that are currently available within the field of otolaryngology. Fellowship training serves as an avenue to gain further credentials and certification, although only the fields of neurotology, pediatric otolaryngology, and sleep medicine are accredited by the ACGME.
Invisible No More: The Place Called Los Angeles

(2004). Invisible No More: The Place Called Los Angeles. The Historian: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 517-523.
MICROTUBULE BIOGENESIS AND CELL SHAPE IN OCHROMONAS III. Effects of the Herbicidal Mitotic Inhibitor Isopropyl N-Phenylcarbamate on Shape and Flagellum Regeneration

The role of microtubules and microtubule nucleating sites in the unicell, Ochromonas has been examined through the use of two mitotic inhibitors, isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate (IPC) and isopropyl N-3-chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC). Although IPC and CIPC have little or no effect on intact microtubules, the assembly of three separate sets of microtubules in Ochromonas has been found to be differentially affected by IPC and CIPC. The assembly of flagellar microtubules after mechanical deflagellation is partially inhibited; the reassembly of rhizoplast microtubules after pressure depolymerization is totally inhibited (however, macrotubules may form at the sites of microtubule initiation or elsewhere); and, the reassembly of the beak set of microtubules after pressure depolymerization may be unaffected although similar concentrations of IPC and CICP completely inhibit microtubule regeneration on the rhizoplast. These effects on microtubule assembly, either inhibitory or macrotubule inducing, are fully reversible. The kinetics of inhibition and reversal are found to be generally similar for both flagellar and cell shape regeneration. Incorporation data suggest that neither IPC nor CIPC has significant effects on protein synthesis in short term experiments. Conversely, inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide has little effect on microtubule regeneration when IPC or CIPC is removed. Although the exact target for IPC and CIPC action remains uncertain, the available evidence suggests that the microtubule protein pool or the microtubule nucleating sites are specifically and reversibly affected. Comparative experiments using the mitotic inhibitor colchicine indicate some similarities and differences in its mode of action with respect to that of IPC and CIPC on assembly and disassembly of microtubules in these cells.
The isolation from rat peritoneal leukocytes of plasma membrane enriched in alkaline phosphatase and a B-type cytochrome.

Abstract A plasma membrane fraction more than 10-fold enriched in 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase was prepared from peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This fraction was highly enriched in MgATPase and a b-type cytochrome. High NADPH-duroquinone reductase activity was observed in the leukocytes, in addition to a lipid with quinone-like properties, neither of which cofractionated with plasma membrane. Therefore, we propose the possibility that an electron transport chain which functions to produce microbicidal oxygen metabolites is subdivided between the plasma membrane and one of the cytoplasmic membranes in non-phagocytizing cells.
Arginine Requirement of Chicks Fed a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet Simulating the Composition of Casein

Abstract Recent studies (Wietlake et al., 1954; Snyder et al., 1954, 1956; Krautmann et al., 1957) have focused attention on what appeared to be an unusually high requirement for arginine when chicks are fed a casein-cerelose type of diet. Inquiries into the problem by Fisher (1954), Griminger et al. (1955) have ruled out the possibility that non-availability of arginine in casein or chemical destruction of the amino acid are respectively causal factors. Evidence is being presented at this time demonstrating that the arginine requirement of the chick fed a crystalline amino acid diet formulated to simulate the composition of casein (Table 1) is of the same order as that noted on diets containing intact casein. The basal diet (Table 1) except for the level of fat and amino acid mixture is similar to that previously described by Klain et al. (1958). Details concerning the type of chick, their selection and care …
Early dislocation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Although instability can occur after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), the risk factors, the treatment, and ultimate fate of the implant in these patients remains poorly understood. Methods Demographics, acute treatment, and the need for revision were evaluated in all patients with RTSAs who sustained a subsequent dislocation within the first 3 months. Standardized outcome scores were collected preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results Atraumatic instability occurred in 11 patients (incidence, 2.9%) treated with RTSA early (before 3 months postsurgery). The mean time to dislocation was 3.4 weeks. These patients tended to be previously operated-on (64%), male (82%), overweight (mean body mass index (BMI) of 32.2 kg/m 2 , with 82% having a BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ), and without a satisfactory subscapularis repair at initial RTSA (64%). Initial treatment included closed reduction in 9 patients, open reduction in 1, and open reduction with a thicker polyethylene insert in 1. Four experienced recurrent instability requiring a thicker polyethylene insert. Two additional patients were converted to hemiarthroplasty due to persistent instability. Visual analog pain scores ( P = .014) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores ( P = .018) were significantly improved. Simple Shoulder Test scores trended towards improvement ( P = .073). Conclusions Early dislocations of the RTSA prosthesis were uncommon. The most common associated factors were a BMI >30 kg/m 2 , male gender, subscapularis deficiency, and previous surgery; in these patients, we now use an abduction orthosis. Closed reduction alone was successful in 4 of the 9 closed reductions (44%). Five of 11 RTSAs (45%) required polyethylene exchange. The RTSA was retained in 82%, 36% with the original implant.
Alcohol Prevalence and Attitudes Among Adults and Adolescents: Their Relation to Early Adolescent Alcohol Use in Rural Communities

Although research has identified numerous neighborhood mechanisms influencing urban adolescent risk behaviors, less is known about how community contexts influence rural adolescents. This study explores perceived controls against adolescent drinking (i.e., tolerance of community adolescent alcohol use), adolescent perceptions of community supportiveness, and the prevalence of community alcohol use exhibited by adolescents and adults. Multilevel analyses were applied to 1,424 6(th) through 8(th) grade students residing in 22 rural communities in the Northern Plains. Perceptions of tolerance, prevalence, and support from 790 parents, teachers, and community leaders were also collected. Analyses revealed that community supportiveness and controls against drinking reduced both the decision to try alcohol and past month use among early adolescents. Adolescents were more likely to have ever tried alcohol if they lived in a community with higher peer prevalence than higher levels of adult alcohol prevalence, but in communities where peer drinking was lower; adolescents were more likely to have tried alcohol if they lived in a high adult-prevalence community. Perceived peer drinking was not related to past month use.
On the bonding of La+ and La2+ to C2H2, C2H4, and C3H6

The interaction of La(+) and La(2+) with C2H2, C2H4, and C3H6 is studied using electronic structure calculations that include correlation. The calculations show that the bonding in the dication is electrostatic in origin, and the computed binding energies are in good agreement with experiment. The La(+) forms two chemical bonds with the hydrocarbons. Since the pi bond is weaker for C2H2 than C2H4, the La(+)-C2H2 binding energy is larger than for La(+)-C2H4, LaC3H6(+) rearranges to yield a stronger bond than in LaC2H4(+) even though both hydrocarbons have a double bond.
Dosing Algorithms to Predict Warfarin Maintenance Dose in Caucasians and African Americans

The objective of this study was to determine whether warfarin dosing algorithms developed for Caucasians and African Americans on the basis of clinical, environmental, and genetic factors will perform better than an empirical starting dose of 5 mg/day. From April 2002 through December 2005, 259 subjects (Caucasians and African Americans) who started using warfarin were prospectively followed until they reached maintenance dose. The Caucasian algorithm included 11 variables (R(2) = 0.43). This model (which predicted 51% of the doses to within 1 mg of the observed dose) performed better than 5 mg/day (which predicted 29% of the doses to within 5 +/- 1 mg). The African-American algorithm included 10 variables (R(2) = 0.28). This model predicted 37% of the doses to within 1 mg of the observed dose, representing a small improvement compared with 5 mg/day (which predicted 34% of the doses to within 1 mg of 5 mg/day). These results were similar to the results we obtained from testing other published algorithms. The dosing algorithms explained <45% of the observed variability in Caucasians, and the algorithms performed only marginally better for African Americans when compared with giving 5 mg empirically.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY. III.OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERSISTENCE OF HYPOPHYSEAL TRANSPLANTS IN THE ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER

Despite the extensive literature dealing with experimental work on the mammalian hypophysis the possibility of semi-permanent transplantation and its bearing upon certain aspects of endocrine physiology has been strangely neglected. Wide use has been made of pituitary substance, as fresh minced tissue or in extract form, and a considerable number of extremely pertinent observations have accrued as a result. Certain problems arise, however, the key to which apparently will not be obtained other than by the classical method of transplantation. A feasible technique would be easily adaptable to crucial experiments which should establish beyond equivocation various problems of a fundamental nature, evidence concerning which is still obscure or, at best, conflicting in nature; such, for example, as the necessity of nervous connections for the maintenance of normal pituitary functions. With respect to the other well-established glands of the endocrine system, freedom from dependence upon nervous pathways has lon...
Effects of antidepressants on isolated, electrically stimulated rat epididymal fat pads

The isolated, electrically stimulated rat epididymal fat pad in vitro was tested under various conditions as a model for neuronally induced lipolysis. A 24-hr fast, or a preincubation without electrical stimulation, decreased spontaneous lipolysis as measured by glycerol release; however, only slight alterations were seen in the response of the pads during a 40-min period of electrical stimulation. Spontaneous (nonstimulated) lipolysis was reduced by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-paratyrosine-methylester and increased by pretreatment with reserpine; both of these treatments abolished the response to stimulation. The effects of addition of a variety of agents to the incubation medium confirm the role of a sympathetic nervous-cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine-monphosphate mediated response system.
The hepatitis B vaccine protects re-exposed health care workers, but does not provide sterilizing immunity.

Background & Aims Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be prevented by vaccination with HB surface (HBs) antigen, which induces HBs-specific antibodies and T cells. However, the duration of vaccine-induced protective immunity is poorly defined for health care workers who were vaccinated as adults. Methods We investigated the immune mechanisms (antibody and T-cell responses) of long-term protection by the HBV vaccine in 90 health care workers with or without occupational exposure to HBV, 10−28 years after vaccination. Results Fifty-nine of 90 health care workers (65%) had levels of antibodies to HBs antigen above the cut-off (>12 mIU/mL) and 30 of 90 (33%) had HBs-specific T cells that produced interferon-gamma. Titers of antibodies to HBs antigen correlated with numbers of HBs-specific interferon-gamma−producing T cells, but not with time after vaccination. Although occupational exposure to HBV after vaccination did not induce antibodies to the HBV core protein (HBcore), the standard biomarker for HBV infection, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells against HBcore and polymerase antigens were detected. Similar numbers of HBcore- and polymerase-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were detected in health care workers with occupational exposure to HBV and in patients who acquired immunity via HBV infection. Most of the HBcore- and polymerase-specific T cells were CD45RO + CCR7 − CD127 − effector memory cells in exposed health care workers and in patients with acquired immunity. In contrast, most of the vaccine-induced HBs-specific T cells were CD45RO − CCR7 − CD127 − terminally differentiated cells. Conclusions HBs antigen vaccine-induced immunity protects against future infection but does not provide sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by HBcore- and polymerase-specific CD8 + T cells in vaccinated health care workers with occupational exposure to HBV. The presence of HBcore- and HBV polymerase-specific T-cell responses is a more sensitive indicator of HBV exposure than detection of HBcore-specific antibodies.
Chemistry as General Education.

Science courses are common in most general education requirements. This paper addresses the role of chemistry classes in meeting these requirements. Chemistry professors have for many years questioned the appropriateness of the standard introductory chemistry course as general education, resulting in the growing popularity of specialized non-majors courses. I suggest that current non-major chemistry courses cover too much consumer chemistry and ignore some of the big contributions of chemistry to human knowledge. Majors chemistry courses, while they prepare students for majoring in science, do not address these issues either. Consequently, chemistry courses are often an ineffective and unpopular way to meet general education science requirements. Part of the reason for this dilemma is the lack of chemists who address the contributions of chemistry to human knowledge in general. I propose that faculty at liberal arts colleges engage in this important task and that non-majors chemistry textbooks incorporate...
Quantification of endogenous testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and their possible intracellular determinants in various tissues of the male guinea pig.

Abstract Radioimmunoassay techniques have been employed to measure the endogenous concentration of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) within the plasma, seminal vesicle epithelium (SVE), seminal vesicle muscle (SVM), prostate gland (P), and other tissues of mature male guinea pigs. Additional studies have been performed comparing both the in vivo and in vitro distribution and metabolism of tritiated testosterone within these same tissues. The endogenous concentration of T and DHT within the sex accessory organs and plasma was determined to be as follows: SVE: ( DHT = 12.31 ± 0.57, T = 3.29 ± 0.44 pg / mg ), SVM: ( DHT = 4.37 ± 0.56, T = 4.33 ± 0.37 pg / mg ), P:( DHT = 7.19 ± 1.34, T = 3.83 ± 0.51 pg / mg ), and plasma: ( DHT = 1.8 ± 0.13, T = 4.41 ± 0.31 pg / mg ). Further studies revealed that, with the exception of steroidogenic tissues (adrenal and testis), a good correlation appears to exist between a tissue's capacity to form and retain [ 3 H]-DHT either in vivo or in vitro , and the endogenous content of DHT quantified within. This study demonstrates the selective capacity of the sex accessory gland epithelium as well as the sex accessory gland muscle to concentrate endogenous androgen from plasma, and that this capacity to do so appears to be determined, at least in part, by the selective ability to form and retain DHT.
Identification, physiological actions, and distribution of VYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Val1)-SIFamide) in the stomatogastric nervous system of the American lobster Homarus americanus.

In this study, the peptide VYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Val1-SIFamide) was identified in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). When bath-applied to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), synthetic Val1-SIFamide activated the pyloric motor pattern, increasing both burst amplitude and duration in the pyloric dilator (PD) neurons. To determine the distribution of this novel SIFamide isoform within the lobster STNS and neuroendocrine organs, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was generated against synthetic Val1-SIFamide. Whole-mount immunolabeling with this antibody showed that this peptide is widely distributed within the STNS, including extensive neuropil staining in the STG and commissural ganglia (CoGs) as well as immunopositive somata in the CoGs and the oesophageal ganglion. Labeling was also occasionally seen in the pericardial organ (PO), but not in the sinus gland. When present in the PO, labeling was restricted to fibers-of-passage and was never seen in release terminals. Adsorption of the antibody by either Val1-SIFamide or Gly1-SIFamide abolished all Val1-SIFamide staining within the STNS, including the STG neuropil, whereas adsorption by other lobster neuropeptides had no effect on immunolabeling. These data strongly suggest that the staining we report is a true reflection of the distribution of this peptide in the STNS. Collectively, our mass spectrometric, physiological, and anatomical data are consistent with Val1-SIFamide serving as a locally released neuromodulator in the lobster STG. Thus, our study provides the first direct demonstration of function for an SIFamide isoform in any species. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:406–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ordered Electrochemically Active Films of Hemoglobin, Didodecyldimethylammonium Ions, and Clay

Ordered films were made by casting aqueous dispersions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB)−clay composite and the protein hemoglobin (Hb). Cyclic voltammetry of Hb−DDAB−clay films on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes showed a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible peaks at about −0.06 V vs NHE in pH 5.5 buffers, characteristic of the four Hb heme FeIII/FeII redox couples. These composite films showed slow, small changes in electrochemical properties over 10 days storage in buffers, and excellent stability during further storage. Interlayer clay spacing estimated by X-ray diffraction suggested that the Hb was partly, but not fully, intercalated between clay platelets. Only a fraction of the DDAB surfactant in the films resided in bilayers. Soret absorption band positions suggested that Hb retains its native conformation in these films. The average formal potential of Hb heme FeIII/FeII couples in DDAB−clay films shifted linearly between pH 4.5 and 11 with a slope of −52 mV pH-1, suggesting tha...
Yb-Doped and Hybrid-Structured Solid Photonic Bandgap Fibers and Linearly-Polarized Fiber Lasers Oscillating above 1160nm

We review our recent work on Yb-doped and hybrid-structured solid photonic bandgap fibers (Yb-HS-SPBGFs) for linearly-polarized fiber lasers oscillating in the small gain wavelength range from 1160nm to 1200nm. The stack-and-draw or pit-in-jacket method is employed to fabricate two Yb-HS-SPBGFs. Both of the fiber shows optical filtering property for eliminating ASE in the large gain wavelength range from 1030nm to 1130nm and enough high birefringence for maintaining linear polarization, thanks to the photonic bandgap effect and the induced birefringence of the hybrid structure. The fiber attenuation of the Yb-HS-SPBGF fabricated by the pit-in-jacket method is much lower than that of the Yb-HS-SPBGF fabricated by stack-and-draw method. Linearly-polarized single stage fiber lasers using Yb-HS-SPBGFs are also demonstrated. Laser oscillation at 1180nm is confirmed without parasitic lasing in the fiber lasers. High output power and high slope efficiency in linearly-polarized single-cavity fiber laser using the low-loss Yb-HS-SPGF fabricated by the pit-in-jacket method are achieved. Narrow linewidth, high polarization extinction ratio and high beam quality are also confirmed, which are required for high-efficient frequency-doubling. A compact and high-power yellow-orange frequency-doubling laser would be realized by using a linearly-polarized single-cavity fiber laser employing a low-loss Yb-HS-SPBGF.
Source rocks of Western Newfoundland

Abstract Studies on the organic geochemistry of natural oil seeps, although not always associated with major economic deposits, offer opportunity to compare chemical characteristics of an oil to a sedimentary depositional environment. One such seep occurs in the geologically well-documented Parsons Pond region of Western Newfoundland. A number of potential sources for the oil, which has been observed for 170 years, have been proposed including shales from the Shallow Bay and Green Point Formations of the Cow Head Group, the Table Head Group and similar sediments from the Curling Group, all which represent deposition along a continental margin in the Cambro-Ordovician. Total organic carbon in the shales ranges from quite low (0.6%) to moderate (5.2%). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry shows evidence that suggest weathering. Odd predominance prior to C21 is seen in these oils and is characteristic of most Ordovician oils. The oils contain a slight even predominance in the C25+ alkanes. Pristane and phytane were both observed to be present yielding a ratio of 1.6. Isotopic compositions from the Green Point Formation extracts are closest to that of the oils (−28.5%). Similar variations in isotope values from one fraction to another are observed in both the oils and Green Point extracts. Nitrogen isotope studies show a large range in the extracts with the best comparison between the Broom Point (0.5%ℵ) and seep oils (0.6%ℵ). The composition of the organic matter from the Broom Point and Martin Point Members of the Cow Head Group reflect the hydrocarbon compositions of the oil The effect of thermal maturation eastward across the Parsons Pond region is observed in increased bitumen contents and heavier carbon isotope compositions.
Pesticides--how research has succeeded and failed in informing policy: DDT and the link with breast cancer.

Investigation of chemical exposures as possible etiologic factors for breast cancer has not been a research priority in the United States, which is surprising given the evidence from animal studies...
Innovative heat pipe systems using a new working fluid

The operating temperature and the heat load of capillary-pumping heat-pipe systems are much lower than maximum attainable limit, and the systems suffer operational instability problems because the working fluid has a negative surface-tension gradient with temperature that is unfavorable for the spreading or re-wetting on a heated surface. The present paper suggests an innovation of heat-pipe system by using new working fluids, which have a positive gradient of surface tension with temperature, to improve the performance of capillary-pumping heat-pipe systems and their operative stability.
Gaze influences finger movement-related and visual-related activation across the human brain

The brain uses gaze orientation to organize myriad spatial tasks including hand movements. However, the neural correlates of gaze signals and their interaction with brain systems for arm movement control remain unresolved. Many studies have shown that gaze orientation modifies neuronal spike discharge in monkeys and activation in humans related to reaching and finger movements in parietal and frontal areas. To continue earlier studies that addressed interaction of horizontal gaze and hand movements in humans (Baker et al. 1999), we assessed how horizontal and vertical gaze deviations modified finger-related activation, hypothesizing that areas throughout the brain would exhibit movement-related activation that depended on gaze angle. The results indicated finger movement-related activation related to combinations of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal gaze deviations. We extended our prior findings to observation of these gaze-dependent effects in visual cortex, parietal cortex, motor, supplementary motor area, putamen, and cerebellum. Most significantly, we found a modulation bias for increased activation toward rightward, upper-right and vertically upward gaze deviations. Our results indicate that gaze modulation of finger movement-related regions in the human brain is spatially organized and could subserve sensorimotor transformations.
Transient regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion with IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion protein enhances clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer (NK) cells

Adoptive transfer of haploidentical natural killer (NK) cells can induce remissions in patients with AML. Despite lymphodepleting chemotherapy failure may result from suppression by host regulatory T cells (Treg). We report outcomes of 57 refractory AML patients treated with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by haploidentical NK cells and exogenous IL-2 to facilitate NK proliferation. We augmented Treg lymphodepletion with IL-2-Diphteria toxin fusion protein (IL2DT) in 15 subjects. NK cell-enriched product characteristics are described for three production methods. Day 14 blood donor NK expansion rates were 10% (no IL2DT) versus 30% (with IL2DT) and day 28 leukemia clearance were 25% versus 53% (with IL2DT; p=0.06), suggesting clinical efficacy of IL2DT strategy. Host Treg depletion at day 7 after IL2DT (mean 1% [range 0-4.7%]) correlated with donor NK cell expansion (p=0.01). The only factor correlating with AML clearance was donor chimerism detectable a week after NK cell infusion (mean 49.5%). In vitro, Tregs co-incubated with NK cells exhausted added IL-2 (0.25ng/ml) and suppressed NK cells proliferation. Higher amounts of IL-2 (10ng/ml l) or IL15 (0.5ng/ml ) lead to unaltered NK cell proliferation in vitro even at high NK:Tregs ratios. Future clinical improvements in adoptive cell therapy might include alternate methods of Treg depletion and the use of IL-15 to augment NK cell expansion.
681 THYMOSIN TREATMENT OF DI GEORGE SYNDROME

A 2½-month-old infant with complete DiGeorge syndrome was treated with bovine thymosin fraction V. Initial evaluation revealed normal numbers of blood lymphocytes, 29% EAC rosettes, 41% sIg lymphocytes and no T-rosettes. T-rosettes rose to 15% upon in vitro incubation with thymosin. There was no in vitro response to PHA, PWM, SLO, candida or allogeneic cells, and delayed skin reactivity to SKSD, candida and DNCB was absent. IgG, A, M and E were 175 mg%, 15 mg%, 40 mg% and 10 Iu/ml respectively. He received 10 mg/day of thymosin for 21 days, followed by 20 mg/day for an additional 17 days, and weekly injections of the same dose thereafter. During therapy the lymphocyte count did not change, but T-rosettes rose to 26% while EAC rosettes and sIg lymphocytes decreased to 14% and 10% respectively. Lymphocytes remained unreactive in vitro to PHA, PWM, candida and allogeneic cells, but reacted to SLO (S.I.=42). Delayed skin reactions remained negative. IgG, A and M were 120 mg%, 20 mg% and 62 mg% at 4 months of age, while IgE rose to 255 Iu/ml. No specific antibodies were detected. He died of sepsis at 4½ months of age. In the postmortem no thymus or parathyroids could be found, and the lymphoid tissue revealed depleted T-dependent areas with poorly developed germinal centers. Similar partial reconstitution of T-cell functions, presumably resulting from the maturation of null-cells, have been observed in other immunodeficiencies treated with thymic extracts.
Longitudinal research at the turn of the century : Searching for the Mexican American people

Longitudinal studies provide useful and unique data for social science research but are labor intensive and expensive. Key to conducting a successful longitudinal study is the ability to locate respondents in the follow-up effort. We conducted a 35-year longitudinal study among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles, California, and San Antonio, Texas. In this article, the authors describe (a) the individualized approach used in searching and (b) how recent technological developments have provided extensive sources of information that facilitated the searching process. The authors locate 79 percent of their sample. This study differs from previous longitudinal studies in that (a) the population is ethnic, urban, and working class; (b) more than 30 years had passed since the original study; (c) the authors built on a study not originally designed as a longitudinal effort; and (d) there had been no contact with respondents in the intervening period.
Estimating the polyserial correlation coefficient

We develop simple noniterative estimators of the polyserial correlation coefficient. A general relationship between the polyserial correlation and the point polyserial correlation is exploited to give extensions of Pearson's, Brogden's, and Lord's biserial estimators to the multicategory setting. The small sample and asmptotic properties of these estimators are studied in some detail. A comparison with maximum likelihood estimates shows that Lord's polyserial estimator is fairly efficient across three probability models.
The 4f14→4f135d transition of Yb2+ ion in NaCl crystals

Abstract The absorption and luminescence spectra of NaCl:Yb 2+ are investigated, and found to resemble the results for SrCl 2 :Yb 2+ in almost every respect. Thus, in spite of the presence of a charge compensating Na + vacancy, the internal conversion rate and metastable state lifetime are nearly the same as for SrCl 2 :Yb 2+ . The change in sign of Dq between the two cases produces changes in the absorption spectra which are well explained by cubic crystal field theory.
Adverse impact of heart failure on the electrophysiological response to ischaemia-reperfusion in human myocardium

Abstract Background Acute ischaemia and reperfusion (I-R) are associated with pro-arrhythmic electrophysiological changes such as action potential duration (APD) shortening and conduction velocity (CV) slowing, though data from human myocardium are sparse. We studied electrophysiological changes during I-R in intact human myocardium, comparing differences between failing and non-failing hearts. Methods We optically mapped coronary-perfused left ventricular wedge preparations from six human hearts with end-stage heart failure (HF) and six non-failing hearts from donors rejected for transplant (NF). At baseline, the preparations were subjected to steady-state pacing across a range of cycle lengths, and then subjected to 30 min of global ischaemia, followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Restitution pacing protocols were repeated after reperfusion. Findings At baseline, HF hearts had longer APD80 and slower transmural CV compared with NF hearts across a range of cycle lengths (both ANOVA p vs 10 min ischaemia: mean HF APD 375 ms [SE 23] vs 324 [5], p vs 271 [28], p vs 16 [6], p vs 23 [2], p vs NF 1·0 [0], p Interpretation In human myocardium, acute ischaemia was associated with APD shortening and CV slowing, which were reversed with reperfusion. In end-stage HF, these changes were accelerated during ischaemia, and recovery was slower following reperfusion. This may enhance the spatial gradients of repolarisation during acute I-R in failing hearts, and thus increase arrhythmia susceptibility. Further work is needed to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms underlying the adverse electrophysiological response to I-R in human heart failure. Funding National Institute for Health Research, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.
Matrix Rigidity Mediates Growth Factor Response during 3D Endothelial Cell Sprouting

Angiogenesis, the development of complex vascular networks from existing blood vessels, is regulated by multiple biochemical and biomechanical signals acting in concert, although few quantitative systems allow direct measurement and manipulation of these variables. In response, we designed a microfluidic device that produces stable concentration gradients of growth factors within 3D culture matrices and allows independent tuning of the matrix rigidity, soluble growth factor absolute concentration, and concentration gradient steepness within a single experimental platform. Sprout formation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells was studied within collagen gels of varying density (shear moduli from 8-800 Pa) containing stable gradients of soluble VEGF. These experiments revealed that endothelial sprouting into multi-cellular, capillary-like structures is optimized at intermediate collagen matrix rigidities (G′∼100 Pa). In more compliant gels, cells were unable to maintain coordinated motion and instead migrated as individual cells through the matrix; while at higher gel rigidities, the cells formed broad clusters that rarely elongated into a sprout. Sprout thickness directly correlated with matrix rigidity, with thicker sprouts present in gels with the highest shear moduli. Intriguingly, our 3D experiments also found that endothelial sprouts alter their sensitivity to VEGF depending on the matrix density, suggesting a complex interplay between biochemical and biomechanical factors. As matrix stiffness increases, steeper VEGF gradients and higher VEGF absolute concentrations are required to induce directional sprouting. In more compliant gels, endothelial sprouts that originally misaligned were able to turn and properly reorient parallel to the VEGF gradient; however, this turning phenomenon was only rarely observed in stiffer gels. These results demonstrate that matrix stiffness is an effective factor in stabilization and orientation of endothelial cells during sprouting and suggests new anti-angiogenic strategies for potential cancer treatments and pro-angiogenic strategies for regenerative medicine scaffolds.
Improved cycling performance of bismuth-modified amorphous manganese oxides as cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract Bismuth-modified amorphous manganese oxides were synthesized via a room temperature aqueous route. They were galvanostatically tested as intercalation cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries at 1 mA cm−2 between 1.5 and 4.3 V. In sharp contrast to severe capacity fading of unmodified amorphous manganese oxide synthesized by the same route, a stable cycling performance of the bismuth-modified amorphous manganese oxide was observed. After an initial drop from 185 to 145 mAh g−1 in around 10 cycles, the capacity of the bismuth-modified amorphous manganese oxide remains essentially unchanged for another 40 cycles. Based on results from X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization, it is suggested that an electrochemically active and stable local structure evolves inside the bismuth-modified amorphous manganese oxide upon initial cycling, leading to the stabilized cycling performance for subsequent cycles.
A STUDY OF THE NUCLEUS AND CELL MEMBRANES OF OOCYTES WITH AN INTRA-CELLULAR ELECTRODE.

Abstract The three envelope systems of frog and newt oocytes, the nucleus membrane, the cell membrane, and the epithelial envelope, were examined with intracellular microelectrodes. The two latter were found to be strong barriers for ion movements, the former to be a much more permeable structure: 1. 1. The epithelial envelope has a high electrical resistance and capacitance, and sustains a resting potential of 6 mV, with its inner face negative. 2. 2. The cell membrane has the high resistance and capacitance of other cell structures, and sustains a resting potential (cytoplasm negative). The potential and resistance depend on the developmental stage of the cell. The potential, ranging from 5 to 35 mV, increases with the diameter of the cell. The specific resistance, ranging from 20 to 15,000 Ω cm2, increases roughly logarithmically with the cell diameter. The cell membrane capacitance of 5 μF/cm2 is independent of cell size. 3. 3. The nucleus membrane of oocytes has no appreciable resistance or potential. This contrasts with the nucleus membrane of another type of cell [21, 23]. A possible structural basis of the high conductance of the nucleus membrane of oocytes is discussed.