cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of sex attraction.

Abstract The chemical communication system used to attract mates involves not only the overt chemical signals but also indirectly a great deal of chemistry in the emitter and receiver. As an example, in emitting female moths, this includes enzymes (and cofactors, mRNA, genes) of the pheromone biosynthetic pathways, hormones (and genes) involved in controlling pheromone production, receptors and second messengers for the hormones, and host plant cues that control release of the hormone. In receiving male moths, this includes the chemistry of pheromone transportation in antennal olfactory hairs (binding proteins and sensillar esterases) and the chemistry of signal transduction, which includes specific dendritic pheromone receptors and a rapid inositol triphosphate second messenger signal. A fluctuating plume structure is an integral part of the signal since the antennal receptors need intermittent stimulation to sustain upwind flight. Input from the hundreds of thousands of sensory cells is processed and integrated with other modalities in the central nervous system, but many unknown factors modulate the information before it is fed to motor neurons for behavioral responses. An unknown brain control center for pheromone perception is discussed relative to data from behavioral-threshold studies showing modulation by biogenic amines, such as octopamine and serotonin, from genetic studies on pheromone discrimination, and from behavioral and electrophysiological studies with behavioral antagonists.
An NMR study of acid sites on sulfated-zirconia catalysts using trimethylphosphine as a probe

Concentrations of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites on sulfated-zirconia catalysts were determined using the31P MAS NMR spectra of adsorbed trimethylphospine. A sample that had been calcined and exposed to air for a long period exhibited only Bronsted acidity; however, treatment of the sample at progressively higher temperatures resulted in the development of at least three types of Lewis acidity, along with a decrease in the concentration of Bronsted acid sites. In a related study the activity of these catalysts for the alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene was determined. The aged catalyst was inactive, but activation of the material at 100°C resulted in the most active catalyst. Thermal treatment at higher temperatures resulted in a loss in activity which paralleled the decrease in the Bronsted acid sites. These results are consistent with a model in which strong Bronsted acidity is a result of the interaction between bisulfate groups and adjacent Lewis acid sites.
Accelerated Growth and Early Breeding of Holstein Heifers

Abstract Twenty-four Holstein heifers were fed grain and alfalfa hay ad libitum for accelerated growth from 91kg body weight until verification of pregnancy (Treatment A). Grain then was deleted until near time of freshening. They were bred at second estrus if they weighed at least 305kg. An additional 24 heifers were fed a conventional roughage ration to allow a growth rate corresponding to the Beltsville growth standard and were bred when 15 to 16 mo of age (Treatment S). Observations were of growth rate, reproductive and productive performance, and length of herd life under normal culling. The A heifers gained 38% faster to 364kg body weight (1.1 versus .8 kg/day). Average weights and ages were first estrus 275kg, 8.3 mo (A), 288kg, 10.2 mo (S); first breeding 319kg, 9.6 mo (A), 392kg, 16.8 mo (S); and first calving 560kg, 19.7 mo (A), 26.9 mo (S). Differences in body dimensions at given weights were negligible. Treatment effects on dystocia were inconclusive. Lactation number, numbers of animals milked 100+ days, and average milk yields (kg) were: 1st lactation 24, 4436 (A), 22, 5415 (S); 2nd–22, 5295 (A), 18, 5903 (S); 3rd–12, 6278 (A), 10, 6407 (S); 4th–6, 7181 (A), 5, 5269 (S). Mean accumulative milk yields per animal to 36 mo of age were 7173 (A) and 4853kg (S). Accelerated growth and early breeding did not affect herd life.
Role of choline in the oxidation of fatty acids by the isolated liver.

THE lipotropic effect of choline has been interpreted most generally by assuming that fatty acids are carried out of the liver in the form of plasma phospholipides. However, the role of these compounds in the transport of fatty acids has been questioned1. The results presented here strongly suggest that choline acts by enhancing the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver.
Salvonitin, a diterpene from Salvia prionitis

Abstract From the roots of Salvia prionitis a new diterpenoid, salvonitin was isolated and its structure elucidated on the basis of its 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra.
Validation of an evacuated canister method for measuring part-per-billion levels of chemical warfare agent simulants.

ABSTRACT The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research on direct-reading instruments (DRIs) needed an instantaneous sampling method to provide independent confirmation of the concentrations of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. It was determined that evacuated canisters would be the method of choice. There is no method specifically validated for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. The purpose of this study was to validate an evacuated canister method for sampling seven specific VOCs that can be used as a simulant for CWA agents (cyclohexane) or influence the DRI measurement of CWA agents (acetone, chloroform, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, and carbon tetrachloride [CCl4]). The method used 6-L evacuated stainless-steel fused silica-lined canisters to sample the atmosphere containing VOCs. The contents of the canisters were then introduced into an autosampler/preconcentrator using a microscale purge and trap (MPT) m...
Spatial and seasonal variation in δ 15 N and δ 13 C values in a mesopredator shark, Squalus suckleyi , revealed through multitissue analyses

We used variance decomposition to explore the importance of body size, sex, location, and sampling period as predictors of intrapopulation variation in δ15N and δ13C values in spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi from the Puget Sound–Strait of Georgia basin. Isotopes in two tissues with long (dorsal white muscle) and short (liver) isotopic turnover rates (~1 year and ~3–4 months, respectively) were sampled to evaluate whether the relative importance of each variable differed depending on the time span over which diet information was integrated. Significant spatial variation was observed in both muscle and liver isotopic composition, whereby location uniquely explained 25 and 17 % of the total variance, respectively. The remaining variables explained considerably less variation in both tissue types. Furthermore, evidence of seasonal isotopic shifts in δ15N and δ13C values was apparent, but differed widely in direction and magnitude among groups. These findings suggest that members of spiny dogfish schools may share a common feeding history, possibly by spending extended time periods (weeks to months) foraging in a spatially fixed region. Another explanation is that individuals may move and feed in aggregations that exist for extended periods. These complex group-level patterns suggest that even for large-bodied, motile predators such as sharks, population-level diet estimates derived from averaging isotope ratios of individuals collected from only a few locations may poorly reflect the true population mean.
Development, validation, and utility of an instrument to assess core competencies in the Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) program.

To describe the development and psychometric evaluation of the Core Competency Measure (CCM), an instrument designed to assess professional competencies as defined by the Maternal Child Health Bureau (MCHB) and targeted by Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) programs. The CCM is a 44-item self-report measure comprised of six subscales to assess clinical, interdisciplinary, family-centered/cultural, community, research, and advocacy/policy competencies. The CCM was developed in an iterative fashion through participatory action research, and then nine cohorts of LEND trainees (N = 144) from 14 different disciplines completed the CCM during the first week of the training program. A 6-factor confirmatory factor analysis model was fit to data from the 44 original items. After three items were removed, the model adequately fit the data (comparative fit indices = .93, root mean error of approximation = .06) with all factor loadings exceeding .55. The measure was determined to be quite reliable as adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability were found for each subscale. The instrument’s construct validity was supported by expected differences in self-rated competencies among fellows representing various disciplines, and the convergent validity was supported by the pattern of inter-correlations between subscale scores. The CCM appears to be a reliable and valid measure of MCHB core competencies for our sample of LEND trainees. It provides an assessment of key training areas addressed by the LEND program. Although the measure was developed within only one LEND Program, with additional research it has the potential to serve as a standardized tool to evaluate the strengths and limitations of MCHB training, both within and between programs.
Secretory proteins from the salivary glands of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Abstract We determined whether the salivary proteins of mosquitoes are constant throughout adult life and whether the nature of the feeding stimulus determined salivary composition. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent silver-staining of harvested saliva yielded as many as 20 polypeptides; those precipitating silver most readily generally incorporated abundant isotope. Autoradiography revealed 12 prominant secretory polypeptide fractions, each synthesized beginning soon after ecdysis and throughout the first week of adult life. Synthesis was limited to the posterior regions of the salivary gland, mainly within the lateral lobes. Virtually all secretory polypeptides were antigenic and were secreted into hosts during blood-feeding. We concluded that the secretory salivary proteins of adult mosquitoes are continuously synthesized throughout the first week of adult life, and that most are secreted during blood-feeding.
Analyzing the functional consequences of transmitter complexity

Neurons and other cells are regulated by a great multiplicity of neurotransmitters, modulators, hormones and other chemical messengers, which, through complex networks of extensively diverging and converging pathways, exert a multiplicity of effects. How do we analyze the functioning of such a complex network? If the effects of a transmitter depend on the presence of many other transmitters, how can we predict what they will be? If multiple transmitters act through the same network, how can their actions be specific? If they converge on the same effects, are some of the transmitters redundant? Why are there so many transmitters? Such questions can be addressed using an analytical approach that examines, qualitatively or quantitatively, how the operation of the network globally maps a multidimensional input space of transmitters to a multidimensional output space of effects.
On concurrence of several linear regressions and applications to problems of enzyme kinetics

In comparing several regressions E(yij) =αi + βixij i = 1, 2, ..., k, j = 1,2, ..., ni, researchers are generally interested in the following five problems: whether they have (1) equal slope, (2) equal intercept, (3) coincidence, (4) common intersection on X-axis, and (5) common intersection on (X,Y) - plane. Problems (1) - (3) can be put into the framework of the general linear hypothesis and the F-test can be used. However, problems (4) and (5) cannot be put into the general linear hypothesis because they are ratios of parameters. Hence, in this paper we consider the generalized likelihood ratio test for hypothesis testing. An application to an enzyme kinetics problem in Aniline Metabolism is demonstrated
The relationship between the oxidation and fermentation of galactose in the course of adaptation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The onset and degree of aerobic fermentation of galactose during adaptation was found to be dependent upon the preliminary accumulation of reserves and intermediates and eventual saturation of the respiratory systems. Also, the oxidation of galactose resulted in the accumulation of fructose phosphates indicating that the oxidative breakdown of galactose also proceeds to some extent through the Embden-Meyerhof scheme. The accumulation of metabolic compounds in the cells increased at an even greater rate following the start of fermentation. An important implication of these results is that fermentation by whole cells is not a reliable criterion for measuring accurately the activity of the galactose-adaptive enzyme, and experiments using this method to demonstrate that adaptive enzyme synthesis is autocatalytic in nature are subject to error.
Reforming Catholicism: Papal Power in Guatemala during the 1920s and 1930s

The status of Catholicism in Guatemala is truly deplorable,” remarked one Vatican diplomat as he gathered information about the Catholic Church in Guatemala in the 1920s. Its sorry condition, another papal representative contended, originated from the Liberal reform of the 1870s.
Unpacking the Meaning of ‘Market Access’: Evidence from Rural Kenya

Summary This paper critically examines the dimensions of market access. Using farm panel survey data from Kenya, we investigate changes in ten indicators of market access during the 1997–2010 post-liberalization period. We find major improvements in certain market access conditions and little change in others. There is generally low correlation between alternative indicators of market access. All-purpose indicators may not accurately reflect specific market access conditions of interest. Distances to physical infrastructure are often not representative of farmers’ access to markets; changes in specific market access conditions may have more to do with the behaviors of marketing agents. We consider the implications of these findings for agricultural marketing policies and for research methods.
A comparison of instrumentation methods to estimate thoracolumbar motion in field-based occupational studies

The performance of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) system for directly measuring thoracolumbar trunk motion was compared to that of the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM). Thirty-six male participants completed a simulated material handling task with both systems deployed simultaneously. Estimates of thoracolumbar trunk motion obtained with the IMU system were processed using five common methods for estimating trunk motion characteristics. Results of measurements obtained from IMUs secured to the sternum and pelvis had smaller root-mean-square differences and mean bias estimates in comparison to results obtained with the LMM than results of measurements obtained solely from a sternum mounted IMU. Fusion of IMU accelerometer measurements with IMU gyroscope and/or magnetometer measurements was observed to increase comparability to the LMM. Results suggest investigators should consider computing thoracolumbar trunk motion as a function of estimates from multiple IMUs using fusion algorithms rather than using a single accelerometer secured to the sternum in field-based studies.
Modulation of. beta. -adrenergic response in rat brain astrocytes by serum and hormones

Purified astrocyte cultures from neonatal rat cerebrum respond to isoproterenol, a ..beta..-adrenergic agonist, with a transient rise in cAMP production. This astroglial property was regulated by serum, a chemically defined medium (serum-free medium plus hydrocortisone, putrescine, prostaglandin F/sub 2/, insulin, and fibroblast growth factor) and epidermal growth factor. Compared to astrocytes grown in serum-supplemented medium, astrocytes grown in the chemically defined medium were nonresponsive to isoproterenol stimulation, and this difference did not appear to be due to selection of a subpopulation of cells by either medium. The data suggest that a decreased ..beta..-adrenergic receptor number and an increased degradation of cAMP may account for the reduced response to ..beta..-adrenergic stimulation. The nonresponsive state of astrocytes in the defined medium was reversible when the medium was replaced with serum-supplemented medium. An active substance(s) in serum was responsible for restoring the responsiveness of astrocytes. Each of the five components of the defined medium had little effect by itself; however, together they acted synergistically to desensitize astrocytes to ..beta..-adrenergic stimulation. On the other hand, epidermal growth factor, a potent mitogen for astrocytes, was very competent by itself in reducing the cAMP response of astrocytes to ..beta..-adrenergic stimulation. Thus purified astrocytes grown in themore » chemically defined medium appear to be a good model for the study of hormonal interactions and of serum factors which may modulate the ..beta..-adrenergic response.« less
Early angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by hypotension

Abstract Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed in 62 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by hypotension. All patients were treated within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain. Angioplasty was completely successful (residual lesion ≤50%) in 48 patients, partially successful (patent vessel >50% residual lesion) in four patients, and unsuccessful in 10 patients. Patients in whom angioplasty was successful had a hospital mortality rate of 19%; those in whom angioplasty was unsuccessful or only partially successful had hospital mortality rates of 60% and 50%, respectively, ( p = 0.012). Patients with occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending vessel had the highest failure rate (42%) and the highest mortality rate (67%). Other univariate predictors of hospital mortality were older age and elevated and-diastolic pressure. Successful emergency angioplasty improves mortality in patients with acute infarction complicated by hypotension.
Molecular Chaperone Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Effects of Curcumin

The intra- and extracellular accumulation of misfolded and aggregated amyloid proteins is a common feature in several neurodegenerative diseases, which is thought to play a major role in disease severity and progression. The principal machineries maintaining proteostasis are the ubiquitin proteasomal and lysosomal autophagy systems, where heat shock proteins play a crucial role. Many protein aggregates are degraded by the lysosomes, depending on aggregate size, peptide sequence, and degree of misfolding, while others are selectively tagged for removal by heat shock proteins and degraded by either the proteasome or phagosomes. These systems are compromised in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, developing novel targets and classes of therapeutic drugs, which can reduce aggregates and maintain proteostasis in the brains of neurodegenerative models, is vital. Natural products that can modulate heat shock proteins/proteosomal pathway are considered promising for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Here we discuss the current knowledge on the role of HSPs in protein misfolding diseases and knowledge gained from animal models of Alzheimer's disease, tauopathies, and Huntington's diseases. Further, we discuss the emerging treatment regimens for these diseases using natural products, like curcumin, which can augment expression or function of heat shock proteins in the cell.
What Do FAS 157 “Fair Values” Really Measure: Value Or Risk?

FAS 157, the U.S. accounting standard that prescribes how fair values of assets and liabilities are to be measured when other U.S. GAAP standards require fair valuation, stipulates that fair values be measured as the exit values of assets and liabilities—the proceeds for assets hypothetically sold on the date of the financial report, and, correspondingly, the amount required to settle liabilities on the date of the financial report. This conceptual article argues that exit values do not reflect the value of the net assets of the firm to shareholders, which is best reflected by discounted cash flows to maturity. Moreover, exit values—biasing fair values downward when markets are illiquid—have a pernicious, systemic risk effect; specifically, they give rise to write-downs that in turn cause contagion: prices of equities and other financial instruments of peers react negatively, leading to further write-downs by those peers. This may have aggravated the recent financial crisis. However, while exit values are not proper measures of value to shareholders, they are useful measures of downside risk when prospects turn sour for a firm. Thus, both exit values and discounted cash flows should be presented in financial statements. Que mesure veritablement la FAS 157 sur les justes valeurs : la valeur ou le risque? Resume La FAS 157, la norme comptable des Etats-Unis qui prescrit comment determiner les justes valeurs des actifs et des passifs pour repondre aux exigences des autres PCGR americains pouvant exiger ce type d'evaluation, stipule que les justes valeurs doivent etre etablies en fonction des valeurs de sortie des actifs et des passifs — soit, dans le cas des actifs, le produit de leur vente hypothetique a la date du rapport financier et, reciproquement dans le cas des passifs, la somme necessaire a leur reglement a la date du rapport financier. Dans le document de reflexion qu'il propose, l'auteur affirme que les valeurs de sortie ne refletent pas la valeur des actifs nets de l'entreprise pour les actionnaires, et que la valeur la plus representative est celle des flux de tresorerie a l'echeance actualises. En outre, l'utilisation des valeurs de sortie — qui entraine une distorsion des valeurs a la baisse lorsque les marches sont illiquides — a un effet pernicieux sur le risque systemique; en effet, elle provoque des reductions de valeur epidemiques : le cours des actions et autres instruments financiers des homologues reagit negativement, ce qui entraine chez eux de nouvelles reductions de valeur. Il se peut meme que cet effet d'entrainement ait aggrave la crise financiere recente. Cependant, bien que les valeurs de sortie ne soient pas des mesures appropriees de la valeur pour les actionnaires, il s'agit neanmoins de mesures utiles du risque de chute des cours lorsque les perspectives se gâtent pour une entreprise. C'est pourquoi les etats financiers devraient presenter, selon l'auteur, a la fois les valeurs de sortie et les flux de tresorerie actualises.
Multisystemic treatment of substance-abusing and dependent delinquents: outcomes, treatment fidelity, and transportability.

The effectiveness and transportability of multisystemic therapy (MST) were examined in a study that included 118 juvenile offenders meeting DSM-III-R criteria for substance abuse or dependence and their families. Participants were randomly assigned to receive MST versus usual community services. Outcome measures assessed drug use, criminal activity, and days in out-of-home placement at posttreatment (T2) and at a 6-month posttreatment follow-up (T3); also treatment adherence was examined from multiple perspectives (i.e., caregiver, youth, and therapist). MST reduced alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use at T2 and total days in out-of-home placement by 50% at T3. Reductions in criminal activity, however, were not as large as have been obtained previously for MST. Examination of treatment adherence measures suggests that the modest results of MST were due, at least in part, to difficulty in transporting this complex treatment model from the direct control of its developers. Increased emphasis on quality assurance mechanisms to enhance treatment fidelity may help overcome barriers to transportability.
The use of speech disfluency as an indicant of paradigm development in pharmacy's academic subdisciplines

Abstract Background Paradigm development among disciplines has implications for faculty productivity, quality of work life, turnover, organizational rewards, and scholarly progress. Although studied in basic fields, paradigm development has not been measured in professional programs, such as pharmacy. Objective The objective of this study was to compare speech disfluency rates in lectures of entry-level pharmacy courses within 5 subdisciplines of pharmacy as a measure of paradigm development. Methods Disfluency rates were observed in randomly selected courses in 4 schools of pharmacy. Disfluency rates among course faculty in personal interviews controlled for subjects' inherent disfluency rates. Lecturers completed a modified version of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation survey and a self-rated anxiety measure. Correlates of disfluency patterns were determined using analysis of covariance procedures. Results The overall mean disfluency rate in lectures was 2.11 disfluencies per minute. Average disfluency rates among the 5 subdisciplines ranged from 1.28 to 2.74. The subdiscipline under study, the lecturers' self-rated anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, or any alternative factors were not associated with disfluency rates in the classroom. Conclusions Although study results corroborate previous evidence that pharmacy's academic subdisciplines exhibit similar paradigm development, the use of speech disfluency as a measure of paradigm development may have limited utility in the study of disciplinary progress within professional domains.
Speaker compensation for local perturbation of fricative acoustic feedback

Feedback perturbation studies of speech acoustics have revealed a great deal about how speakers monitor and control their productions of segmental (e.g., formant frequencies) and non-segmental (e.g., pitch) linguistic elements. The majority of previous work, however, overlooks the role of acoustic feedback in consonant production and makes use of acoustic manipulations that effect either entire utterances or the entire acoustic signal, rather than more temporally and phonetically restricted alterations. This study, therefore, seeks to expand the feedback perturbation literature by examining perturbation of consonant acoustics that is applied in a time-restricted and phonetically specific manner. The spectral center of the alveopalatal fricative [∫] produced in vowel-fricative-vowel nonwords was incrementally raised until it reached the potential for [s]-like frequencies, but the characteristics of high-frequency energy outside the target fricative remained unaltered. An “offline,” more widely accessible signal processing method was developed to perform this manipulation. The local feedback perturbation resulted in changes to speakers’ fricative production that were more variable, idiosyncratic, and restricted than the compensation seen in more global acoustic manipulations reported in the literature. Implications and interpretations of the results, as well as future directions for research based on the findings, are discussed.
Cyclotron production of carrier-free indium-111

Zusammenfassung Carrier-free 111 In has been developed as a long-lived complement with identical chemistry to the short-lived 113 m In which has been used extensively in nuclear medicine for labeling and in vivo distribution studies. This radionuclide has been produced in 200–300 mCi amounts in the ORNL 86-in. cyclotron under conditions obtainable with commercial cyclotrons. Production yields, a chemical-separation procedure, and a target-recovery procedure for production of 111 In from enriched 111 CdO targets are presented. ZYKLOTRONHERSTELLUNG VON TRAGERFREIEM INDIUM-111 Tragerfreies 111 In ist als langlebiges Komplement entwickelt worden, mit demselben chemischen Aufbau wie das kurzlebige 113 m In, das weitgehend in der Kernmedizin zur Markierung und fur in-vivo Verteilungsstudien verwendet wird. Diesses Radionuklid wurde in 200–300 mCi Betragen in einem ORNL 86-Zoll Zyklotron unter mit handelsublichen Zyklotronon erreichbaren Bedingungen hergestelt. Die Produktionsausbeuteu, ein chemisches Trennverfahren und ein Treffplatten-Regenerierverfahren zur Herstellung von 111 In aus angereicherten 111 CdO Treffplatten werden besprochen.
Germ cells in Hydra oligactis males: I. Isolation of a subpopulation of interstitial cells that is developmentally restricted to sperm production

Abstract Single clones of interstitial cells were generated and analyzed to determine if one interstitial cell has the capacity to differentiate both somatic and germ cells. Such clones were produced by using hydroxyurea to selectively eliminate interstitial cells from normal Hydra oligactis males. The number of animals devoid of interstitial cells within the population was determined by staining whole animals with toluidine blue which renders the interstitial cells visible. The number of animals containing single clones of interstitial cells was then estimated using single hit Poisson statistics. In treatments which rendered 60–80% of the population devoid of interstitial cells, the majority of the animals containing interstitial cells lost the ability to produce somatic cells, including nerves and nematocytes, but retained the capacity to produce sperm. This result strongly suggests the presence of a separate germ line in hydra.
Local model better describes lunar gravity

Two satellites orbiting the Moon as a part of NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission have been mapping its inner structure by measuring subtle shifts in the pull of gravity on the satellites from points on the ground below. The stronger the shift is, the greater the mass of structures below the surface is.
Is there a Primal Face of Pain? A methodology answer

Pain assessment is of high priority in the clinical setting. Facial pain scales (FPSs) are pain assessment tools generally used with school-aged children. The implicit theoretical bases for the success of FPSs have seldom been explored. Explanations why and how FPSs work (or do not work) have not been addressed. We support the existence of a universal pain expression - the primal face of pain (PFP), which is present at birth, evolved in nature, and modulated through sociocultural factors. We propose it to be key in understanding the applicability of FPSs. We present here the design of a computer-assisted descriptive study that will observe, quantify and model the PFP as present in newborns. Measurement of the PFP will lead to exploration of the theoretical consequences of its existence, particularly as related to pediatric pain assessment and the valid use of FPSs. Further, this work can lay a foundation for the development of a new generation of FPSs.
Movies in Public Libraries: A Checklist Comparison with Internet Movie Database Recommendations

This research compares the fifty top-rated movies for 2000–2009 recommended by the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) with the holdings of ten medium-sized public libraries. The study shows that there was no relation between a movie's rank in the IMDb listing and the number of copies held. Relationships appeared between number of library holdings and country of production (U.S. productions favored), genre (family, sci-fi, animation, adventure favored), and Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating (G, PG, PG-13 preferred). Library holdings seem to reflect preferences of IMDb raters aged 30 and older, not popular movie tastes.
Nutrient supplements and cardiovascular disease: a heartbreaking story

Observational data have identified associations between carotenoids, folic acid, and vitamin E, or metabolites altered by these nutrients, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Despite biological plausibility, for the most part, data derived from nutrient supplement trials using moderate to high doses of single nutrients or nutrient combinations (exceeding amounts to avoid nutrient deficiency) have been disappointing. The data for vitamin D is not yet adequate to evaluate; observational data suggest were a relationship to exist it would be related to nutrient insufficiency. There is some evidence that use of nutrient supplements intended to decrease CVD risk has resulted in unanticipated adverse consequences. Potential discrepancies between observational and interventional data include concerns of residual confounding by diet and lifestyle patterns, publication bias against studies with null or negative outcomes, reliance on secondary rather than primary prevention trials, and unaccounted for contribution of genotypic variations. At this time there are insufficient data to recommend the routine use of nutrient supplements to prevent or treat CVD. In the recent past we have learned a great deal about anticipated and unanticipated consequences of nutrient supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes. As a result, we are in a better position to adjudicate new potential relationships as data emerge.
A massively parallel SIMD algorithm for combinatorial optimization

Many significant engineering and scientific problems involve optimization of some criteria over a combinatorial configuration space. The two methods most often used to solve these problems effectively-simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithms (GA)-do not easily lend themselves to massive parallel implementations. This paper introduces a new hybrid algorithm that inherits those aspects of GA that lend themselves to parallelization, and avoids serial bottlenecks of GA approaches by incorporating elements of SA to provide a completely parallel, easily scalable hybrid GA/SA method. This new method, called genetic simulated annealing, does not require parallelization of any problem specific portions of a serial implementation-existing serial implementations can be incorporated as-is. Results of a study on two difficult combinatorial optimization problems, a 100 city traveling salesperson problem and a 24 word, 12 bit error correcting code design problem, performed on a 16 K PE MasPar MP-1, indicate significant advantages of the method. One of the key results is that the performance of the algorithm scales up almost linearly with the increase of processing elements. Additionally, the algorithm does not require careful choice of control parameters, a significant advantage over SA and GA.
Velocity of surface carriers in inversion layers on silicon

Abstract Velocity-field curves for surface free-carriers in silicon are determined from measurements on resistivegate IGFETs. The measurements were performed on n-channel devices fabricated on both (100) and (111) substrates and on p-channel devices fabricated on (100) substrates. The channel length of the devices is ∼8 μm and the impurity concentration of the substrates is ∼ 1015 cm−3. The dependence of velocity on the field strength along the channel is found to be well approximated by an empirical relationship involving three parameters: low-field mobility μ0, a critical field E cy signalling the onset of velocity saturation, and a parameter α that determines the curvature between the constant-mobility and constant-velocity branches of the curve. The curve-fitting parameters are given in tabular form for the two n-channel and one p-channel systems studied. The dependence of the velocity-field curves on temperatures in the range 100–350K is also reported.
A replication clock for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicate in vivo, or does it persist in the host in a nonreplicating latent state? David Sherman and his colleagues have developed a technique to answer this question in mice and find that the mycobacteria do replicate in vivo. It is unknown whether these findings will hold true in other animals, particularly nonhuman primates, but this technique could be applied to study the in vivo replication of other persistent pathogens responsible for chronic infections. Few tools exist to assess replication of chronic pathogens during infection. This has been a considerable barrier to understanding latent tuberculosis, and efforts to develop new therapies generally assume that the bacteria are very slowly replicating or nonreplicating during latency1,2,3. To monitor Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication within hosts, we exploit an unstable plasmid that is lost at a steady, quantifiable rate from dividing cells in the absence of antibiotic selection. By applying a mathematical model, we calculate bacterial growth and death rates during infection of mice. We show that during chronic infection, the cumulative bacterial burden—enumerating total live, dead and removed organisms encountered by the mouse lung—is substantially higher than estimates from colony-forming units. Our data show that M. tuberculosis replicates throughout the course of chronic infection of mice and is restrained by the host immune system. This approach may also shed light on the replication dynamics of other chronic pathogens.
THE TRICEPS-REFLECTING ANCONEUS PEDICLE (TRAP) APPROACH FOR DISTAL HUMERAL FRACTURES AND NONUNIONS

Adequate exposure is a prerequisite for treatment of distal humeral fractures, as with most surgical procedures. Challenging as they may be to reduce and fix, these fractures can be made more or less difficult to treat based on exposure; complications of successful treatment may arise as a result of the exposure. In this article the authors describe the triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle (TRAP) approach to the distal humerus, which provides an extensile and versatile approach for treatment of fractures and nonunions. The TRAP approach provides almost the same exposure as an olecranon osteotomy, without the complications of the osteotomy, and has the added advantage of retaining the whole olecranon to use as a template against which to assemble the articular fragments of the trochlea.
A fast, analytical estimator for the SEU-induced pulse width in combinational designs

Single event upsets (SEUs) are becoming increasingly problematic for both combinational and sequential circuits with device scaling, lower supply voltages and higher operating frequencies. To design radiation tolerant circuits efficiently, techniques are required to analyze the effects of a particle strike on a circuit early in the design flow and also to evaluate the circuit's resilience to SEU events. In this paper, we present an analytical model for SEU induced transients in combinational circuits. The pulse width of the voltage glitch due to an SEU event is a good measure of SEU robustness and our model efficiently computes it for any combinational gate. The experimental results demonstrate that our model is very accurate with a very low pulse width estimation error of 4% compared to SPICE. Our model gains its accuracy by using a non-linear transistor current model, and by considering the effect of tauB of the radiation induced current pulse. Our analytical model is very fast and accurate, and can therefore be easily incorporated in a design flow to implement SEU tolerant circuits.
INTERNSHIP ATTAINMENT AND PROGRAM POLICIES: TRENDS IN APA‐ACCREDITED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS

Completion of an internship that is accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) is considered to be to the “gold standard” for health service psychology training programs. The Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) facilitates a Match process between participating applicants and internship programs. The current study aggregated data from across all APA-accredited school psychology training programs to determine trends in internship types that students completed and programmatic requirements that might influence those trends. The study showed that 20% of students are completing internships of unknown quality. Further, participation in the Match and subsequent success in matching to an APA-accredited or APPIC-member internship were more likely to occur for students from programs that required or encouraged students to participate in the Match, had a firm deadline for dissertation proposals (with earlier deadlines being more successful), and were flexible in their policies regarding when students could complete a (600-hour) school-based organized field experience. There was considerable variability within programs, suggesting that students from the same program may have different training experiences with unknown implications. These data provide a foundation for school psychology organizations and trainers from school psychology programs to discuss standards for determining quality and strategies for supporting students who desire to pursue APA-accredited internships.
Violence toward mental health staff and safety in the work environment

Background An increasing number of violent episodes toward staff were noted at a university department of psychiatry. A multidisciplinary committee was formed consisting of psychiatrists, biostatisticians, psychologists, nurses, administrators, data managers, social workers, security services, educators on personal safety and an attorney to address the problem. Aim To determine the prevalence of violence toward mental health staff, clinicians and non-clinicians, the trend of violence over time, gather more detail about the violent events, the personal struggle of staff affected and establish suggestions for intervention. Methods A workplace violence survey was designed to query staff experiences of endangerment, threats, assaults, age, sex and discipline, years in the field, treatment setting, sense of safety and proclivity to press charges. Results Of 742 surveys distributed, respondents returned 380 (response rate 51%). Forty-three percent of respondents reported being threatened and 25% assaulted. Threats and assaults increased significantly (P < 0.001) over all the time periods queried based on Poisson regression analysis. Work experience was a protective factor (P < 0.001), but not a guarantee against violent events. Conclusion Threats and assaults on mental health staff have a substantial prevalence and are increasing in our psychiatric population. Practical recommendations derived from our study but in need of further research for confirmation are: (1) multidisciplinary personal safety training to enhance team-building, improve communication and help prevent violent events and (2) establishment of post-event protocols to assist staff-victims and administrators navigate through complex issues occurring after violent events.
An expert system for paperwork optimization in production systems

Abstract Much like material handling, process paperwork only contributes to overhead cost (not proportionally included in the final product). The very computing technologies that have produced electronic mail systems (and similar paper-less information systems) have also made it quite easy and tempting to generate excessive paperwork in form of memos, reports, charts, lists, files, etc. This paper describes an expert system for minimizing such paperwork activities in various production systems.
Other Kinds of Violence: Wendell Berry, Industrialism, and Agrarian Pacifism

This article examines the need to understand pacifism and environmentalism as essentially consonant philosophies and practices, just as a proper theorization of ecocide must also include the violence inherent to industrialism and militarism. Few contemporary writers understand the stakes involved in this conflation as well as Wendell Berry, and few have had more occasion to enact the entwined values of pacifism and environmentalism than he has. Berry therefore marries pacifist politics to a land ethic of care, a union from which emerges an environmentalism highly critical of the violence of American corporate capitalism and militarism, the apotheosis of which can be seen in the guise of war (Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq, the "War on Terror"). Moreover, such violence has its domestic ecocidal analogy, best evidenced by strip mining and mountaintop removal. Berry's union of peaceableness and agrarian environmentalism does, however, deserve critical examination, for it often rests upon the construction of a sometimes frustrating disconnection between a precious and benign domesticity and a theoretically corrupt public sphere. To be sure, in his reworking of the fluid boundaries between the private and public through which his agrarian ethics is often articulated, Berry simultaneously invokes and disavows a separation he clearly understands to be artificial. In Berry's peaceful agrarian vision, then, the agrarian pacifist who is also by definition an environmentalist must draw upon enormous internal resources if she is to revolutionize the economies of ruin that characterize modern life.
Chemical and biological mechanisms of phytochemical activation of Nrf2 and importance in disease prevention

Plants are an incredibly rich source of compounds that activate the Nrf2 transcription factor, leading to upregulation of a battery of cytoprotective genes. This perspective surveys established and proposed molecular mechanisms of Nrf2 activation by phytochemicals with a special emphasis on a common chemical property of Nrf2 activators: the ability as “soft” electrophiles to modify cellular thiols, either directly or as oxidized biotransformants. In addition, the role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species as secondary messengers in Nrf2 activation is discussed. While the uniquely reactive C151 of Keap1, an Nrf2 repressor protein, is highlighted as a key target of cytoprotective phytochemicals, also reviewed are other stress-responsive proteins, including kinases, which play nonredundant roles in the activation of Nrf2 by plant-derived agents. Finally, the Perspective presents two key factors accounting for the enhanced therapeutic windows of effective phytochemical activators of the Keap1–Nrf2 axis: enhanced selectivity toward sensor cysteines and reversibility of addition to thiolate molecules.
Kohn-Sham calculations of NMR shifts for paramagnetic 3d metal complexes: protocols, delocalization error, and the curious amide proton shifts of a high-spin iron(ii) macrocycle complex.

A theory for the nuclear chemical shifts of molecules in arbitrary spin states is applied to a set of paramagnetic organometallic complexes of 3d metals. Ligand chemical shifts are calculated and analyzed using Kohn–Sham (KS) density functional theory with and without relativistic corrections. The roles of the KS delocalization error, Gaussian-type versus Slater-type basis sets, relativistic effects (scalar and spin–orbit), and zero field splitting (ZFS) are investigated. A strong functional dependence of the chemical shifts is apparent and correlated with the delocalization error. The functional dependence is between one and two orders of magnitude larger than variations of the NMR shifts due the other influences that are investigated. ZFS effects are negligible in the determination of the NMR chemical shifts of the complexes except at very low temperatures. The DFT calculated shifts agree reasonably well with experiment. A 73 ppm difference in the NMR shifts of the two protons in the amide groups of a high-spin Fe(II) macrocycle complex arises from selective O → Fe dative bonding that only involves the transfer of β spin density, along with orbital delocalization throughout the ligand bonding framework which electronically couples the coordinating oxygen lone pair orbitals directly to the amide trans proton.