cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Measurement of Anger

The nature of anger, hostility, and aggression and the relations among these concepts are considered in this chapter. The evolution of the concepts of anger and aggression from the ancient writings of Plato and Aristotle to those of Darwin and Freud is noted. Recent research findings on the relationships between anger, Type A behavior, and coronary heart disease (CHD) are also reviewed, and the essential distinction between anger as an emotional state and individual differences in anger as a personality trait is clarified. Conceptual definitions of anger, hostility, and aggression are examined as components of the AHA! Syndrome, in which anger is clearly an essential emotional motivator of both hostility and aggression. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ubiquitous nature of anger in daily life and the use of the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) to assess the experience, expression, and control of anger in research and the diagnosis and treatment of anger-related problems.
Cognitive Enhancers in Children and Adolescents: What Psychiatrists Need to Know

Personal enhancements (eg, cosmetic surgery) have gained societal acceptance, but cognitive enhancement poses significant ethical, philosophical, and sociopolitical issues.
Surgical approach to synchronous colorectal liver metastases: staged, combined, or reverse strategy

An increasing number of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are presenting with synchronous disease to the liver. The optimal surgical approach for this complex patient group is controversial, but ultimately depends on individual patient characteristics and institutional practices. Surgical strategies include the traditional staged approach, a combined colorectal and liver resection, or a liver-first reverse approach. In this review, the authors will provide an overview of each strategy, including case examples demonstrating the benefits of the more recently described liver-first approach, while arguing for individualized planning and multidisciplinary discussion for every patient.
Investigation of DPPC liposomes reveals their capability to entrap Aroclor 1260, an emerging environmental pollutant

Abstract Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a class of organic compounds that can accumulate in biological and ecological environments due to their resistive nature to chemical, thermal and photo degradation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of man-made POPs that saw wide-spread use in commercial and industrial infrastructure as both an insulator and coolant in electrical transformers and capacitors. 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) was one of the most widely produced PCBs. As these mechanical structures fail or are decommissioned, PCBs are released into the soil, migrate to the water table, and eventually spread to nearby ecosystems by rain and wind. The stability of POPs and specifically PCBs leave few options for environmental waste removal. Conventionally, liposomes have been used for their drug delivery capabilities, but here we have chosen to investigate their capability in removing this class of emerging environmental pollutants. Liposomes are small, nonpolar lipid bi-layered aggregates capable of capturing a wide variety of both polar and nonpolar compounds. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a well-characterized lipid that can be derived from natural sources. It is a phospholipid typically found as a major component of pulmonary surfactant mixtures. Liposomes were prepared using probe-tip sonication for both direct and passive incorporation of the HCBP compound. Assimilation was assessed using both differential scanning calorimetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. After direct incorporation of HCBP the phase transition temperature, Tm, decreased from 40.8 °C to 37.4 °C. A subsequent UV-Vis analysis of HCBP by both direct and passive incorporation showed an increase in HCBP incorporation proportionate to the length of exposure time up to 24 hours and relative to the initial quantity present during the direct incorporation. Together the decrease in Tm and increase in absorbance are indicative of HCBP incorporation and further demonstrate the potential for their use as a method of sustainable environmental cleanup.
Recent Advances on Diatom-Based Biosensors

Porous materials showing some useful transducing features, i.e., any changes in their physical or chemical properties as a consequence of molecular interaction, are very attractive in the realization of sensors and biosensors. Diatom frustules have been gaining support for biosensors since they are made of nanostructured amorphous silica, but do not require any nano-fabrication step; their surface can be easily functionalized and customized for specific application; diatom frustules are photoluminescent, and they can be found in almost every pond of water on the Earth, thus assuring large and low-cost availability. In this review, the most recent advances in diatom-based biosensors are reported, and a perspective view on future developments is given.
Is differential treatment in response to service failures effective? The roles of comparison, loyalty, and scarcity messages

Abstract Previous studies have shown how a strong relationship between a customer and a firm can exacerbate dissatisfaction after a service failure. However, the effectiveness of providing preferential benefits to loyal customers during a service recovery has been less explored. The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact of differential treatment on post-recovery responses by customers’ loyalty status as well as the moderating role of scarcity cues. By using a between subjects factorial design, the results revealed that less loyal customers’ post-recovery evaluations could be less positive when they were given less compensation than loyal customers. Moreover, scarcity cues were not sufficient to alleviate less loyal customers’ negative feelings in this circumstance. Hospitality practitioners may want to treat customers equally during service failures and use scarcity cues to mitigate loyal customers’ feelings. Future studies may find it fruitful to research individual differences in such effects.
Human-Computer Interaction, Usability, and Workflow

The widespread adoption and use of health information has transformed healthcare for clinicians and patients alike. The vast potential of these technologies have not yet been fully realized. Health technologies—ranging from personal health devices to electronic health records—have been riddled with issues related to usability, increasing the potential for adverse and unintended consequences. In this chapter, we provide an overview of human computer interaction issues and their theoretical foundations. This chapter provides an overview of methods that can be used to address the usability issues. It also describes efforts to understand technology-mediated workflow. The repertoire of available methods, coupled with the growing body of studies, constitutes a significant body of knowledge that can inform user-centered design and lead to enhanced user experiences.
Reddit on PrEP: Posts About Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV from Reddit Users, 2014-2019.

Social media forums provide a window into how gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men talk about pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (PrEP) outside of research contexts. To examine information exchange about this important pillar of HIV prevention, discussions around PrEP were collected from the r/askgaybros subreddit of the social media site Reddit (2014–2019). Post titles and asks were qualitatively coded to identify themes describing the primary purpose of the post. In all, 1163 PrEP posts were identified, and a 23.3-fold increase in post volume was seen from 2014 (n = 20) to 2019 (n = 466). The most common post type was a mention of PrEP in a post primarily discussing: an assessment of risk after a sexual encounter (19.2%); a sexual or romantic relationship (6.0%); or other (29.3%). Access challenges (19.1%), information seeking (17.5%), and the cultural effects of PrEP on the gay community (16.3%) were other common themes. Posts regarding the initiation of PrEP (11.8%) and PrEP side-effects (9.4%) were moderately represented. Posts addressing promotion, shade, stigma, and usage were infrequent (≤ 5.5% of posts, respectively). Over time, discussion of PrEP has increased exponentially on r/askgaybros, which may reflect the normalization of PrEP. Qualitative analysis of these posts can be a rich source of data for scientists, practitioners, and healthcare providers interested in increasing uptake of PrEP and decreasing barriers to its use.
Heartbeat: ECG approaches to early detection of atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with an increasing prevalence in our ageing population. Yet, we have few effective approaches to identifying patients at risk of AF so that many patients are diagnosed only when they present with a stroke or heart failure. In this issue of Heart , Sanz-Garcia and colleagues1 present a simple ECG-based score that predicts subsequent AF with a predictive value area under the curve (AUC) of 0.776 (95% CI: 0.738 to 0.814). This computer assisted ECG approach was developed and validated in a cohort of 16 316 patients with the risk score based on age (up to four points), P wave duration in lead aVF (>200 ms, 2 points) and lead V4 (>150 ms, 0.7 point), T wave duration in lead V3 >250 ms (0.4 point), mean QTc interval >450 ms (0.3 point), transverse P wave clockwise rotation (0.3 point) and frontal QRS complex clockwise rotation (0.4 point) (figure 1). Figure 1 Probability of AF based on risk score values. Bars show the number of patients in the training cohort for each score value (non-AF in grey and AF in black). The trend line shows the estimated probability of AF. The table below represents the percentage of patients in the training cohort for each score value. AF, atrial fibrillation. In the accompanying editorial, Kashou and Noseworthy2 point out that, compared with clinical AF …
Obtaining a Surgical Airway

An understanding of airway management skills and concepts is essential for any clinician. Maintaining a patent airway is a prerequisite for successful ventilation and oxygenation, and even a temporary lapse in airway patency can lead to permanent, potentially fatal consequences. The first successful attempt at creating an artificial airway dates to 1667, when Robert Hooke inserted a narrow-lumen tube into a dog’s trachea and then manually insufflated the dog’s lungs using a bellows. The need for airway proficiency combined with technological advancement in fields such as laryngoscopy allowed physicians to improve the standard of care in airway management after World War I, and by the mid-1920s, most patients were intubated under direct laryngoscopic vision. The basic fundamentals of airway management have remained largely unchanged since that time. This chapter discusses basic airway skills such as proper patient positioning and mask ventilation. It will also describe how to conduct a focused airway examination and give a short overview of how to proceed if a difficult airway is encountered. Surgical airway techniques and their complications will also be covered in detail.
Parity Nonconservation in Atoms: Status of Theory and Experiment

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews diverse experimental and theoretical programs engaged in the study of parity nonconservation in atoms. The existence of parity nonconservation in atoms is now reasonably well established by experiment. Four different laboratories have performed parity nonconservation (PNC)optical rotation experiments on bismuth. Although there is strong evidence for an effect of the sign and order of magnitude expected from the Weinberg–Salam theory, the various experiments are not consistent among themselves. The atomic calculations are judged to be reliable to about 30%. This chapter starts with a discussion on the neutral current interaction in atoms. In the absence of H PNC , the states of the atom have definite parity. Electric dipole (E1) transitions, which normally dominate atomic spectroscopy, are forbidden between states of like parity. However, H PNC mixes s and p states and causes, in some cases, small E1 transition amplitude to appear and to interfere with transitions (M1, E2) normally present but weak between states of like panty, giving rise to an observable PNC effect. For instance, when H PNC couples E1 amplitude into an M1 transition, the transition rate acquires a dependence on the sense of circular polarization of incident radiation. The optical rotation experiments utilize this effect. This chapter ends with a view of experiments on cesium and thallium, and atomic hydrogen.
EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION: NEW MELONES DAM

New Melones Dam, located on the Stanislaus River in central California, is a zoned earth and rockfill structure with a maximum height above foundation at embankment centerline of 637 feet and with a volume of about 15.9 million cubic yards. The dam consists of a rolled rockfill embankment with a central impervious core inclined upstream. This paper describes the site geology, foundation treatment, embankment construction procedures, embankment properties and instrumentation. The influence of site conditions and fill requirements on the degree of foundation excavation, surface treatment and grouting patterns are discused. Sources of construction materials and methods of excavation, stockpiling, materials processing and fill placement procedures are described.
Philosophy and Racial Paradigms

Etude des paradigmes raciaux que sont l'Ancien Paradigme, oppressif et raciste, le Nouveau Paradigme, liberaliste et non-raciste, et le Dernier Paradigme, selon lequel il n'y a plus de races. Definissant par paradigme racial l'ensemble des croyances qui attribuent un statut explicatif et normatif au comportement humain, aux situations sociales et aux evenements, et qui fait fonction d'ideologie et de theorie critique, l'A. examine le contenu ideationnel des differents paradigmes concernant le systeme culturel et la politique qui en resulte
Development of redesign process for digital VLSI system

Re-engineering of electronic circuits has received considerable interest in the design automation community. Re-engineering is the examination and alternation of a system to reconstitute it in a new form, which potentially involves changes at the requirements, design, and implementation level. This paper deals with "redesign" problem in which the original implementation information is either missing or incomplete. Given a target circuit with a test set and blocks of missing gates, a circuit is redesignable if the transfer function of each block of missing gates can be derived from the partial knowledge in existing implementation. The derived transfer functions are then used to construct the missing blocks. This paper presents a redesign process for digital circuits and systems.
Achieving Chemical Accuracy with Coupled-Cluster Theory

Due to formal and computational advances in coupled-cluster theory over the past few years, it is now possible to obtain very accurate molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies, heats of formation, binding energies, and vertical electronic excitation energies. For example, based on statistical analyses of a large number of calculations, it is shown that the CCSD(T)/spdfg level of theory gives rXH,rXY (double bonds), and rXY (triple bonds) with an average error of 0.0010, 0.0020, and 0.0026 A, respectively, with the theoretical bond distances usually too long relative to experiment. This level of theory yields bond angle predictions that are too small by 0.21 degrees on average. Fundamental vibrational frequencies predicted at the CCSD(T)/spdfg level of theory are accurate to better than 8.0 cm-1 on average, but the remaining errors are less systematic than those found for the geometrical parameters, except for X–Y stretches which are usually underestimated relative to experiment. For molecules described reasonably well by a single determinant reference function, single- and multiple-bond energies are given to within 1.0 and 2.0 kcal/mol, respectively, at the CCSD(T)/spdfg level of theory. The present monograph reviews the advances that have lead to the current state-of-the art, and also summarizes selected examples from the published literature.
The Effects of Cultural Differences on Knowledge Assets and U.S. MNCS' Firm Value

This study examined the effect of cultural differences (CD) between U.S. multinational companies (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries on the value of the U.S. parent companies as calculated using Tobin's Q. The findings suggested that CD had an inverse relationship with U.S. parent company firm value, and implied that cultural differences can impede knowledge transfer within the MNC. The results also revealed that: (1) risks or rewards can result from cultural distances in the transfer of knowledge assets, and (2) no conclusions can be drawn as to whether MNC value is enhanced or reduced as a consequence. Knowledge assets (intangible assets) were characterized by Forrester Research (2004) as essential determinates in an assessment of corporate value by investors and analysts. In a dissertation by this study's corresponding author, the impact to firm value of cultural differences (Hofstede, 1980a, 1980b, 1991a, 1991b & 1993) that existed between the foreign subsidiaries and U.S. parent companies was examined. The dissertation looked at the value impact of cultural differences on three different valuation models: (1) Tobin's Q (Anita, Lin, & Pantzalis, 2005); (2) Weighted Cost of Capital (WACC) (Copeland, Koller, & Murin, 2000); and (3) Market Value Added (MVA) (Pratt with Niculita, 2005) to test for consistency in the findings. Under the valuation model Tobin's Q, a discount in firm value of the U.S. parent company was found. In contrast, the WACC and MVA models improved the firm value of the U.S. parent company. These findings implied that CD can influence firm value, but no conclusions can be drawn as to whether it enhanced or reduced firm value of U.S. MNCs. The research implied that cultural differences and knowledge assets may result in risks or rewards to the firm value of U.S. MNCs. The study concluded that other variables could have had an effect on the firm value of the U.S. parent company because the methodology was multiple regression and correlation analysis.
23 GHz injection-locked 1.55 /spl mu/m VCSEL

The resonance frequency of 1.55 /spl mu/m VCSEL is enhanced from the free-running 7 GHz to /spl sim/23 GHz with the optical injection technique. This is the highest value reported for VCSELs. This shows the scalability of speed improvement by injection locking. Furthermore, it illustrates a wider applicability to different laser designs.
Differential deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains and their roles in resistance to infection during potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) wound-healing

Abstract Rapid suberization of wounded potato tubers is critical in avoiding infection byErwinia carotovorasubsp.carotovora(a causal organism of bacterial soft rot) andFusarium sambucinum(a causal organism of fungal dry rot) in cut seed and stored potatoes. However, until now the reason for the differential development of resistance to bacterial and then fungal penetration during suberization has not been shown to be related to the differential deposition of the two major suberin components (phenolic and aliphatic domains) during wound-healing. Tubers of four varieties of diverse genetic background were wounded and inoculated withE. carotovorasubsp.carotovorathroughout a 5-day time course andF. sambucinumthroughout an 11-day time course during wound-healing (18 °C and 98% RH). During wound-healing, the tubers were examined at the cellular level for deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains. The percentage of inoculated tubers which became infected was determined for each wound-healing time point and was related to the deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains. Total resistance to infection byE. carotovorasubsp.carotovoraoccurred after the completion of phenolic deposition on the outer tangential wall of the first layer of cells (2–3 days). However, this suberin phenolic matrix offered no resistance to fungal infection byF. sambucinumeven after phenolic deposition was complete on adjoining radial and inner tangential cell walls of the first layer of cells. Resistance to fungal infection did not begin to develop until after deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain was initiated. Total resistance to fungal infection was attained after completion of deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain within the first layer of suberizing cells (5–7 days). These results indicate that the suberin phenolic domain provides resistance to infection byE. carotovorasubsp.carotovorabut not infection byF. sambucinum.They further suggest that deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain is responsible for final resistance to infection byF. sambucinum.This is believed to be the first evidence indicating separate depositional patterns, at the cellular level, for the two major domains of suberin and separate roles for each of these domains in the development of resistance to bacterial and fungal infection during suberization.
The Electrified Interface

Earlier, it was discussed that while homogeneous systems are more easily described, many cellular processes are heterogeneous. Because so many processes occur that require the exchange of components across at least one phase, it is extremely valuable for the biological scientist to have an understanding of the forces and structures that act in the zone of transition between phases. When different phases come in contact with each other, an interface between them occurs. This interface is a surface, and the properties of a surface are different from those of either of the phases responsible for creating it. Additionally, the changeover between phases is never instantaneously abrupt, but instead there is a zone of transition extending from the surface for a finite distance into the bulk of each of the phases where the properties are representative of neither bulk phase. The surface and the regions immediately adjacent are termed the interphase, a very useful distinction. The properties of interphases will be the the subsequent focus of this section.
Antioxidant Activity of Sodium Lactate in Meat and Model Systems

Abstract Antioxidant activity of sodium lactate (NaL) was investigated in meat and model systems as follows: (1) portions of raw ground pork were treated with BHT (0.1 g/kg, fat basis), NaL (10 or 20 g/kg, weight basis), non-vacuum packaged and stored in the dark at 0 and 5°C for 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 d and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) was monitored; (2) in model studies, the antioxidant activity of NaL (5 or 10 g/L), with reference to BHT (0.1 g/L) and BHA (0.1 g/L), was examined in a system consisting of linoleic acid (2.5 mmol/L) dispersed in phosphate buffer (25 mmol/L, pH 5.8) containing Tween-20 (5 g/L), ferric chloride (150 μmol/L) and ascorbate (100 μmol/L). Samples were stored in the dark at 25 ± 1°C for at least 72 h. Oxidation was estimated by peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene (CD), and TBA-RS. NaL suppressed oxidation in pork during up to 7 d storage at 0 and 5°C and compared well with BHT. In model studies, while BHT and BHA effectively controlled formation of oxidation indices, NaL was particularly effective in controlling TBA-RS formation. Inhibition of PV or CD formation by NaL appeared to be concentration dependent. Calcium lactate (CaL) showed similar activity. The mechanism of NaL antioxidant activity is proposed to be in part through Fe3+-lactate complexation or lactyl radical reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and subsequent chelation of Fe2+ by the carboxylate species.
Visualization of the nanoscale pattern of recently-deposited cellulose microfibrils and matrix materials in never-dried primary walls of the onion epidermis

For more than 10 years epidermal cell layers from onion scales have been used as a model system to study the relationship between cellulose orientation, cell growth and tissue mechanics. To bring such analyses to the nanoscale, we have developed a procedure for preparing epidermal peels of onion scales for atomic force microscopy to visualize the inner surface (closest to the plasma membrane) of the outer epidermal wall, with minimal disturbance and under conditions very close to the native state of the cell wall. The oriented, multilayer distribution of cellulose microfibrils, approximately ~3 nm wide, is readily observed over extended lengths, along with other features such as the distribution of matrix substances between and on top of microfibrils. The microfibril orientation and alignment appear more dispersed in younger scales compared with older scales, consistent with reported values for mechanical and growth anisotropy of whole epidermal sheets. These results open the door to future work to relate cell wall structure at the nm scale with larger-scale tissue properties such as growth and mechanical behaviors and the action of cell wall loosening agents to induce creep of primary cell walls.
Pliocene Uplift of the Grand Canyon Region—Time of Drainage Adjustment

Tertiary gravel deposits in ancient stream channels along the southern margin of the Colorado Plateaus of northern Arizona show by composition and structure that these deposits came from sources to the south and southwest at a time when central Arizona stood higher than the present Grand Canyon region. Three cobbles of basalt included in the gravel deposits have K-Ar ages of about 10.0 m.y., 12.2, and 12.4 m.y. showing that the major uplift of the plateau in northern Arizona had not taken place at that time. The present south-flowing drainage of the Verde River and neighboring streams resulted from final elevation of the northern Arizona region relative to central Arizona, and must have developed well before about 5 m.y.—the age of some basalts that flowed into the Verde Valley. Thus, the major relative uplift of the southern part of the Colorado Plateaus must have occurred within the 5 to 10 m.y. interval, or in early to middle Pliocene time. This time of uplift also was the time of major canyon erosion, including the cutting of Grand Canyon, within the Plateaus province.
New similarity measures of localities for a two-layer matching scheme and estimation of fundamental matrices

Estimation of fundamental matrices is important in 3D computer vision. It is well known that the estimation of fundamental matrices is sensitive to outliers-even a few of imprecise point correspondences may result in an estimated fundamental matrix inconsistent with the geometry setup of input images. In terms of interest points with localities, we have proposed a two-layer matching scheme that is a generalization of conventional normalized cross correlation (NCC), aiming to improve the precision of point correspondence. A locality of interest points means a set of interest points that are contiguous to each other in terms of 8-connectivity. The first layer of the matching scheme establishes locality correspondence, and the second layer refines point correspondence within matching localities. In this paper, we analyze a limitation of the similarity measure of localities proposed in our previous work and then we propose two new similarity measures to address the limitation. We test the two-layer matching scheme on images in Middlebury stereo datasets, with known fundamental matrices as the ground truth. From the experimental results, we observe the improvement of new measures of locality similarity, and we also observe that the estimated fundamental matrices are consistently close to the ground truth.
Non-invasive ambulatory monitoring of complex sEMG patterns and its potential application in the detection of vocal dysfunctions

Voice disorders are non-trivial when it comes to their early detection. Symptoms range from slight hoarseness to complete loss of voice, and may seriously impact personal and professional life. To date, we are still largely missing reliable data to help us better understand and screen voice pathologies. In this paper, we present an ambulatory voice monitoring system using surface electromyography (sEMG) and a robust algorithm for pattern recognition of vocal gestures. The system, which can process up to four sEMG channels simultaneously, also can store large amounts of data (up to 13 hours of continuous use) and in the future will be used to analyze on-the-fly various patterns of sEMG activation in the search for maladaptive laryngeal activity that may lead to voice disorders. In the preliminary results presented here, our pattern recognition algorithm (Hierarchical GUSSS) detected six different sEMG patterns of activation, and it achieved 90% accuracy.
Sources and growth dynamics of fecal indicator bacteria in a coastal wetland system and potential impacts to adjacent waters

Coastal wetlands are receiving increased attention as a putative source of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in Southern California coastal waters. We examined temporal trends of water and sediment-associated FIB after rain events along with spatial sediment characteristics at two sites within the Santa Ana River wetlands and made comparisons to FIB levels observed in adjacent surf zone waters. During the first two rain events, total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC) and enterococci (ENT) in wetland water and sediment samples peaked either on the same day or within several days of the rain event, while the third resulted in elevated wetlands sediment TC levels only. TC in adjacent coastal waters consistently peaked on the same day as the rain event and decreased quickly thereafter (within 1 day). The TC/EC ratios of surf zone samples consistently fell below 10, indicating an increased probability of human fecal contamination whereas wetland TC/EC ratios were higher, averaging approximately 60 and 14 at each site. These results suggest sediment-associated FIB populations may be distinct from those found in the water samples, or at least have internal dynamics independent of water-borne populations. Increases in sediment-associated FIB may be due to in situ population growth and/or increased survival due to changes in environmental parameters (salinity, moisture and nutrient input) resulting from the rain events. Spatial differences in between the two sites may be due to sediment differences such as organic content and finer grain size and/or discrete sources of FIB.
Nitric oxide reductase of Achromobacter cycloclastes

Abstract Nitric oxide reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes was solubilized with dodecyl maltoside from membranes and substantially purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Preparations of enzyme had purities estimated to be 65–72% and specific activities of about 3 μmol NO/min per mg protein when measured at 30°C and pH 5.5 using ascorbate/phenazine methosulfate as the reducing system. Preparations lacked nitrite reductase activity. The enzyme consists of two peptides of approx. 38 and 17.5 kDa, and is identified as a cytochrome bc complex for which the mol ratio of cytochrome c to cytochrome b is about 1:1. A heme c containing band of approx. 55 kDa would appear to be a 1:1 complex or compound of the 38 and 17.5 kDa peptides. These and other observations suggest that A. cycloclastes possesses a nitric oxide reductase similar to that previously purified from Pseudomonas stutzeri and Paracoccus denitrificans . In contrast to the cytochrome cd 1 -type nitrite reductase of the latter two bacteria, the nitrite reductase of A. cycloclastes is a copper protein. This is the first reported characterization of nitric oxide reductase from a denitrifier with a Cu-containing nitrite reductase, and provides further evidence that the denitrification pathway in such bacteria requires nitric oxide reductase and proceeds by way of NO as an intermediate.
Characteristics of 50 Years of Research Samples Found in the Journal of Research in Music Education, 1953–2002:

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify specific characteristics and frequencies of subject samples as found in the Journal of Research in Music Education from its inception in 19...
DNA synthesis in the canine prostate: Effects of androgen and estrogen treatment

Canine prostatic DNA synthesis was evaluated by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of tissue slices in vitro. Among untreated beagles, prostatic DNA synthesis rates in young dogs with normal prostates, young dogs with spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and old dogs with BPH were 676 +/- 186, 1,220 +/- 156, and 641 +/- 88 cpm/100 micrograms DNA/hr, respectively. Among 81 young beagles (intact or castrated) that had been treated for 4 months with various steroids, rates of DNA synthesis varied according to the type of hormonal treatment. Prostatic DNA synthesis (cpm/100 micrograms DNA/hr) was significantly different (P less than 0.001) for dogs treated with estradiol alone (1,658 +/- 221 cpm/100 micrograms DNA/hr; n = 10 dogs), androgen alone (testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol; 1,000 +/- 61 cpm/100 micrograms DNA/hr; n = 31 dogs). However, there was no correlation between prostate size and rate of DNA synthesis (cpm/100 micrograms DNA/hr). Although treatment with estrogen alone resulted in the highest rate of DNA synthesis, it produced squamous metaplasia and the smallest prostates; these results are indicative of a high rate of cell turnover. Comparing prostates that reached the same size following 4 months of treatment with androgen alone or androgen plus estrogen, the rate of prostatic cell turnover was lower in the androgen plus estrogen group. These results are interpreted to indicate an inhibitory effect of estradiol on the rate of cell death in the presence of androgens.
Input modeling using a computer algebra system

Input modeling that involves fitting standard univariate parametric probability distributions is typically performed using an input modeling package. These packages typically fit several distributions to a data set, then determine the distribution with the best fit by comparing goodness-of-fit statistics. But what if an appropriate input model is not included in one of these packages? The modeler must resort to deriving the appropriate estimators by hand for the appropriate input model. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of a prototype Maple-based probability language, known as APPL (A Probability Programming Language), for input modeling. This language allows an analyst to specify a standard or non-standard distribution for an input model, and have the derivations performed automatically. Input modeling serves as an excellent arena for illustrating the applicability and usefulness of APPL. Besides including pre-defined types for over 45 different continuous and discrete random variables and over 30 procedures for manipulating random variables (e.g., convolution, transformation), APPL contains input modeling procedures for parameter estimation, plotting empirical and fitted CDFs, and performing goodness-of-fit tests. Using examples, we illustrate its utility for input modeling.
Partial Loss-of-Function Mutations in Insulin-Degrading Enzyme that Induce Diabetes also Impair Degradation of Amyloid β-Protein

The causes of cerebral accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in most cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unknown. We recently found that homozygous deletion of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) gene in mice results in an early and marked elevation of cerebral Aβ. Both genetic linkage and allelic association in the IDE region of chromosome 10 have been reported in families with late-onset AD. For IDE to remain a valid candidate gene for late-onset AD on functional grounds, it must be shown that partial loss of function of IDE can still alter Aβ degradation, but without causing early, severe elevation of brain Aβ. Here, we show that naturally occurring IDE missense mutations in a well-characterized rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) result in decreased catalytic efficiency and a significant ∼15 to 30% deficit in the degradation of both insulin and Aβ. Endogenously secreted Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 are significantly elevated in primary neuronal cultures from animals with the IDE mutations, but there is no increase in steady-state levels of rodent Aβ in the brain up to age 14 months. We conclude that naturally occurring, partial loss-of-function mutations in IDE sufficient to cause DM2 also impair neuronal regulation of Aβ levels, but the brain can apparently compensate for the partial deficit during the life span of the rat. Our findings have relevance for the emerging genetic evidence suggesting that IDE may be a late-onset AD-risk gene, and for the epidemiological relationships among hyperinsulinemia, DM2, and AD.
Anchored Protein Kinase A Recruitment of Active Rac GTPase

Protein kinase A-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) influence fundamental cellular processes by directing the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) toward its intended substrates. In this report we describe the identification and characterization of a ternary complex of AKAP220, the PKA holoenzyme, and the IQ domain GTPase-activating protein 2 isoform (IQGAP2) that is enriched at cortical regions of the cell. Formation of an IQGAP2-AKAP220 core complex initiates a subsequent phase of protein recruitment that includes the small GTPase Rac. Biochemical and molecular biology approaches reveal that PKA phosphorylation of Thr-716 on IQGAP2 enhances association with the active form of the Rac GTPase. Cell-based experiments indicate that overexpression of an IQGAP2 phosphomimetic mutant (IQGAP2 T716D) enhances the formation of actin-rich membrane ruffles at the periphery of HEK 293 cells. In contrast, expression of a nonphosphorylatable IQGAP2 T716A mutant or gene silencing of AKAP220 suppresses formation of membrane ruffles. These findings imply that IQGAP2 and AKAP220 act synergistically to sustain PKA-mediated recruitment of effectors such as Rac GTPases that impact the actin cytoskeleton.
Improved interior point algorithms for exact and approximate solution of multicommodity flow problems

In this paper, we present a new interior-point based polynomial algorithm for the multicommodity flow problem and its variants. Unlike all previously known interior point algorithms for multicommodity flow that have the same complexity for approximate and exact solutions, our algorithm improves running time in the approximate case by a polynomial factor. For many cases, the exact bounds are better as well. Instead of using the conventional linear programming formulation for the multicommodity flow problem, we model it as a quadratic optimization problem which is solved using interior-point techniques. This formulation allows us to exploit the underlying structure of the problem and to solve it efficiently. The algorithm is also shown to have improved stability properties. The improved complexity results extend to minimum cost multicommodity flow, concurrent flow and generalized flow problems.
Synthesis of bacteriophage ϕX174 in vitro: Mechanism of switch from DNA replication to DNA packaging

Replication of a replicative form DNA of bacteriophage phi X174 initiates by rolling-circle synthesis of the viral DNA followed by discontinuous synthesis of the complementary DNA. Gene C protein of phi X174, which is involved in DNA packaging, inhibits the rolling-circle DNA synthesis by binding to the initiation complex in vitro. The gene C protein-associated initiation complex can synthesize and package the viral DNA to produce infectious phage when supplemented with phi X174 gene J protein and the prohead. Multiple rounds of phage synthesis occur without dissociation of the gene C protein from the complex. These results indicate that gene C protein is central in the switch from replication of a replicative form DNA to synthesis and concomitant packaging of viral DNA into phage capsid, which occurs in the late stage of infection.
Physiological control of nutrient self-selection in Heliothis zea larvae: The role of serotonin

Abstract Larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie), offered two portions of defined diet that are nutritionally complete except that one lacks protein and the other is missing a digestible carbohydrate, select a mixture of the two that is optimal for growth and development. Eating a diet high in sucrose but lacking protein, larvae have larger amounts of brain serotonin than when on a protein-containing diet. If an inhibitor of serotonin production (p-chlorophenylalanine) is incorporated in the food of larvae which have the opportunity to self-select, brain serotonin levels remain low and sucrose consumption increases by 85%. Adding a serotonin precursor, tryptophan, to the diet results in neither a significant increase in brain serotonin nor a decrease in sucrose intake, but does effect a significant increase in protein consumption. The data suggest that serotonin is involved in a physiological feedback loop that monitors and apportions the intake of different nutrients.
A quantitative, internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of parvovirus B19 DNA

Abstract Parvovirus B19 is an erythrovirus causing diverse clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic or mild, to more severe outcomes in, for example, immune-compromised patients. B19 is spread primarily via the respiratory route, but it can also be transmitted via blood and blood products. Viral loads in blood or plasma donations amount up to 1011 genome equivalents/ml. Therefore, screening of plasma for fractionation for the presence of B19 and removal of highly loaded donations is a way to limit considerably the input of B19 into production pools and to improve further the safety of plasma products. An assay for the quantitative detection of B19 DNA, based on real-time PCR using ABI Prism SDS7700 (TaqMan) is described here. This assay allows precise quantitation of viral loads over 7 orders of magnitude. An exogenous internal control (internal quality marker) is included in each individual sample to prevent false negative results. A linearized plasmid is used as an internal quality marker that contains the identical sequence of the B19 target sequence but with an altered probe hybridization site. This allows co-amplification of B19 and internal quality marker and co-detection of FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein) or VIC labeled probes respectively. The assay is validated according to current guidelines (of the International Conference on Harmonization, Paul Ehrlich Institute, and the Council of Europe) and is optimized for high throughput screening.
Optimization methods for large‐scale multiechelon stockage problems

I examine the problem of determining inventory stockage levels and locations of different parts in a multiechelon system. This stockage problem is complicated by parts commonality—each part may be used by several different end items. Stockage levels and locations of each part affect the availability of end items that use the part, since an end item will be out of service if it requires a part that is not available. Of course, if the part is available at another nearby location, then the end item will be out of service for a shorter period of time. An essential feature of any model for this problem is constraints on operational availability of the end items. Because these constraints would involve nonconvex functions if the stockage levels were allowed to vary continuously, I formulate a 0–1 linear optimization model of the stockage problem. In this model, each part can be stocked at any of a number of prespecified levels at each echelon. The model is to minimize stockage cost of the selected items subject to the end-item availability constraints and limits on the total weight, volume, and number of different parts stocked at each echelon. Advantages and disadvantages of different Lagrangian relaxations and the simplex method with generalized upper-bounding capability are discussed for solving this stockage model.
On a phase-change problem arising from inductive heating

In this paper we study a phase-change problem arising from induction heating. The mathematical model consists of time-harmonic Maxwell’s system in a quasi-stationary field coupled with nonlinear heat conduction. The enthalpy form is used to characterize the phase-change in the material. It is shown that the problem has a global solution. Moreover, it is shown that the solution is unique and regular in one-space dimension even with an unbounded resistivity.
A new abyssal euphausiid, Thysanopoda minyops with comparisons of eye size, photophores, and associated structures among deep-living species

ABSTRACT Thysanopodaminyops, from 3,600-5,000 m depth in the central North Pacific is a large (> 120 mm) euphausiid. This species has small eyes with few facets but with large crystalline cones. Photophores seem to be lacking, but where the first abdominal photophore is usually present on euphausiids, there is a specialized, ventrally protruding process (lobe) of unknown function. Bathypelagic (1,000-3,000 m) Thysanopoda cornuta and T. spinicaudata possess similar first segment lobes but also have such lobes on the fifth segment. Occurrence of similar lobes in relation to photophores in the several mesopelagic euphausiids, especially the vertical migrators, is described. Epipelagic species possess photophores but lack the lobes. Apparently blind, deep-living Bentheuphausia amblyops lacks photophores but has a series of lobes like those in the above species.Unique eye-size changes in relation to body length in deep-living T. cornuta and T. egregia are described: (1) eye size increases rapidly during ascent of early larval stages from bathypelagic to upper-mesopelagic depths, (2) decreases rapidly in later larval life during descent to postlarval depths, and (3) increases slowly thereafter, accompanying relative diminution of photophores. Thysanopoda spinicaudata, which has smaller eyes than T. cornuta, though much larger than T. minyops, seems to lack abdominal photophores but shows postlarval changes in relative eye size that are similar to the species that possess photophores. These and other adaptations to great depths, such as gill size, are considered.
Effect of hydrodynamic and thermal slip on droplet based thermal management systems

Fluid flow in a microchannel is primarily laminar due to viscous forces dominating over body or inertia forces. Hence fluid circulation in a droplet greatly enhances heat transfer. As a result, slip at a wall-fluid interface could have a two fold affect on heat transfer in droplet based thermal systems; the first is a direct result of thermal slip at the fluid-wall interface, the second is due to hydrodynamic slip at the interface which leads to reduction of internal circulation and in turn reduction in heat transfer. In this paper molecular dynamic simulations are used to look at the effects of thermal and hydrodynamic slip separately and then to investigate the cumulative effect of them on heat transfer in moving droplets in a microchannel. The affect of hydrodynamic slip in an isothermal channel is studied and it is observed that circulation is inversely dependent on slip length. A simple model is established that captures this effect and it also shows that the effect of slip on circulation only becomes important when the length scale of the problem is comparable to the order of slip length.
Relating bends and size in orthogonal graph drawings

An orthogonal drawing of a graph is an embedding such that edges are represented by sequences of horizontal and vertical lines. In this paper we present a theorem concerning the relationship between two important parameters of an orthogonal drawing: the number of bends, and the size of the drawing. We demonstrate two important applications of this theorem. First, if we know an upper bound on the number of bends produced by an algorithm, then we get an upper bound on the grid-size. Secondly, if we know a lower bound on the grid-size of a graph, then we get a lower bound on the number of bends.