cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of benzophenone chromophoric group branched polymer for self‐decontamination

To prepare self-decontamination materials with highly reactive chemical species, such as radicals, the benzophenone chromophoric group branched polymer was synthesized by Friedel–Crafts acylation of polystyrene with benzoyl chloride. The resultant polymer could be prepared into a casting film, and the polymer solution and film were characterized by FTIR, NMR, UV–VIS, XRD, and DSC. From the analyses, it was verified that the benzophenone chromophoric group branched polymer was successfully prepared, and the resultant polymer revealed radical reactivities such as antibacterial effect and decoloration of dye, under UV irradiation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1750–1755, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
The reduction of NO with D2 over the (110) surface of iridium

Abstract The heterogeneously catalyzed reaction between NO and D2 to produce N2, ND3 and D2O over Ir(110) was investigated under ultra-high vacuum conditions for partial pressures of the reactants between 5 × 10−8 and 1 × 10−6Torr, total pressures between 10−7 and 10−6 Torr, and surface temperatures between 300 and 1000 K. Mass spectrometry, LEED, UPS, XPS and AES measurements were used to study this reacting system. In addition, the competitive coadsorption of NO and deuterium was investigated via thermal desorption mass spectrometry and contact potential difference measurements to gain further insight into the observed steady state rates of reaction. Depending on the ratio of partial pressures ( R  P D 2 P NO ), the rate of reduction of NO to N2 shows a pronounced enhancement when the surface is heated above a critical temperature. As the surface is cooled, the rate maintains a high value independent of temperature until a lower critical temperature is reached, where the rate drops precipitously. This hysteresis is due to a change in the structure and composition of the surface. For sufficiently large values of R and for an “activated” surface, N2 and ND3 are produced competitively between 470 and 630 K. Empirical models of the different regimes of the steady state reaction are presented with interpretations of these models.
Stability analysis of double‐peaked proton distribution functions in the solar wind

Twelve proton velocity distribution functions as measured for different solar wind speeds by the plasma analyzer at the Helios spacecraft are modelled analytically by a superposition of two bi-Maxwellians. The stability of these distributions is investigated by solving the linear dispersion equation for parallel propagation of both left- and right-hand polarized modes. Due to the temperature anisotropy of the main proton component the presence of the resonant left-hand ion cyclotron instability is found to be typical for high-speed streams and is independent of an ion beam. The results indicate that the ratio of the beam density to total particle density and the beam drift velocity are generally close to the threshold values necessary to drive a highly unstable nonresonant right-hand mode. This instability is found for one proton distribution and is a consequence of the beam particles. It is concluded that both the ion cyclotron instability and the ion beam instability act as a regulating mechanism on the shape of solar wind double humped proton distribution functions.
Is there infection control without surveillance

A brief historical review of hospital surveillance data is presented. It is suggested that routine surveillance of nosocomial infections is important to identify problems for correction, to order priorities, and to influence rates favorably.
Decidual Renin Secretion is Modulated by Endothelial Cells

Because decidual renin may regulate uterine blood flow and decidual-endothelial cell proximity exists, we examined the modulation of decidual renin secretion by endothelial cells. Primary human decidual cell cultures were established. The effect of endothelial cells was studied by decidual-endothelial cocultures. Human umbilical endothelial cells were plated in half of the wells containing decidual cells and were then incubated for 24 h in serum-free media. The effect of endothelial cells was also studied by examining cAMP-mediated renin secretion using 105 M forskolin under standardized conditions. We also examined the role of cell-to-cell contact by coculturing endothelial cells directly on decidual cultures and on cell inserts placed in decidual culture wells. The media were assayed for renin by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for angiotensin I (AI) after AI generation under standardized conditions. Statistical differences were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with randomized complete block desi...
LEARNING WITHIN A LEARNER CONTROL TRAINING ENVIRONMENT: THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GOAL ORIENTATION AND METACOGNITIVE INSTRUCTION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES

This study proposes that effective engagement in metacognitive activities is critical to success in high learner-control training environments. A model was developed that focuses on the interactive effects of goal orientation and a metacognitive training intervention on metacognitive activity and learning outcomes. Seventy-nine participants completed a Web-based training course on how to create Web pages. Consistent with expectations, learners reporting greater levels of metacognitive activity during training gained more declarative knowledge, performed better on a skill-based measure, and had higher levels of self-efficacy. Metacognitive activity was also found to partially mediate the relationship between goal orientation and learning outcomes. Finally, the expected goal orientation by intervention interaction was found. The metacognitive intervention was beneficial in enhancing metacognitive activity for trainees with low performance-avoidance orientations, but resulted in lower metacognitive activity among highly avoidant learners. Implications of these findings for research on self-regulation and training practice are discussed.
Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function

Abstract The forest restoration challenge (globally 2 billion ha) and the prospect of changing climate with increasing frequency of extreme events argues for approaching restoration from a functional and landscape perspective. Because the practice of restoration utilizes many techniques common to silviculture, no clear line separates ordinary forestry practices from restoration. The distinction may be that extra-ordinary activities are required in the face of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. Restoration is driven by the desire to increase sustainability of ecosystems and their services and restoration is likely to have multiple goals arising from the motivations of those involved. The process of setting restoration objectives translates vague goals into feasible, measurable targets and ultimately actions on the ground. Our objective for this review is to synthesize the science underpinning contemporary approaches to forest restoration practice. We focus on methods and present them within a coherent terminology of four restoration strategies: rehabilitation, reconstruction, reclamation, and replacement. While not a consensus terminology, these terms have a logical foundation. Rehabilitation restores desired species composition, structure, or processes to a degraded ecosystem. Reconstruction restores native plant communities on land recently in other resource uses, such as agriculture. Reclamation restores severely degraded land generally devoid of vegetation, often the result of resource extraction, such as mining. Replacement of species (or their locally-adapted genotypes) with new species (or new genotypes) is a response to climate change. Restoration methods are presented as available tools; because adding vegetation is an effective restoration technique, the discussion of methods begins with a description of available plant materials. We then discuss altering composition under different initial overstory conditions, including deployment methods depending upon whether or not an overstory is present, how much of the landscape will be restored, and the complexity of the planting design. We present some major approaches for altering structure in degraded forest stands, and describe approaches for restoration of two key ecosystem processes, fire and flooding. Although we consider stand-level designs, what we describe is mostly scalable to the landscape-level. No restoration project is undertaken in a social vacuum; even stand-level restoration occurs within a system of governance that regulates relationships among key agents. Gathering information and understanding the social dimensions of a restoration project is as necessary as understanding the biophysical dimensions. Social considerations can trump biophysical factors.
The diminishing role of diagnostic arteriography in carotid artery disease: duplex scanning as definitive preoperative study.

In an effort to eliminate the inherent neurologic morbidity associated with arteriographic investigation, we have increasingly relied upon duplex scans of the extracranial carotid arteries prior to endarterectomy. The percentage of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy without arteriograms has increased from 5% in 1984 to 69% during 1988–1989. Initially, carotid endarterectomy without arteriography was limited to patients with hemispheric symptoms and relative contraindications. Over the course of the study from 1984–1989, indications for operation were similar for patients having carotid endarterectomy on the basis of duplex scan alone or following arteriography. The perioperative outcome for these patients undergoing duplex scan (n=255) and arteriography (n=484) were similar for stroke (2.4% versus 2.7%, p=NS) and death (0% versus 0.4%, p=NS). Stratification of groups by indication did not show any significant differences in outcome. Duplex scans were sufficiently accurate to replace preoperative arteriograms in identifying significant stenoses at the carotid bifurcation, including asymptomatic disease. Lack of information regarding intracranial arterial occlusive disease did not adversely affect perioperative outcome. Carotid arteriography can be used selectively when duplex scans are technically difficult, when physical examination or scans suggest either inflow (arch) disease or diffuse, distal internal carotid plaque, or when cerebral symptoms are not sufficiently explained by duplex findings.
Mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins with reversible crosslinks

The tensile properties: Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, ultimate elongation, the glass transition temperature, and the dynamic mechanical properties (dynamic shear modulus (G'), loss tangent (Tan δ)), of three epoxy resins (Epon 828, Epon 836, Epon HPT 1071) cured with the disulfide-containing crosslinking agent—4.4-dithiodianilme (DTDA) have been characterized. The results show that DTDA is a satisfactory crosslinking agent for the epoxide resins that have been studied as compared to the well-known curing agent methylene dianiline (MDA). There are no significant differences between the properties of Epon 828 cured with DTDA at stoichiometric ratio (2:1) and Epon 828 cured with DTDA at small amine excess ratio (1.75:1). The glass transition temperature of the cured tetrafunctional epoxy resin Epon HPT 1971 (235°C) is significantly higher than that of difunctional epoxy resins such as Epon 828 (Tg–175°C), but the product is too brittle to be used without plasticizer.
Dominant lethal test response with IMS and TEM using different combinations of male and female stocks of mice

Abstract We conducted dominant lethal studies with chemical mutagens IMS and TEM to investigate the influence which different treated male stocks might have upon individual female response. In both studies, treated males from a CD-1 random bred stock and each of two F1 hybrid stocks (C57BL/6N × C3H; C57BL/6J × BALB/c) were mated to untreated females from the two F1 hybrid stocks. We found that variation in response due to the treatment effect was modulated by the specific male stock/female stock combination involved. The male-dependent variation observed prevented any meaningful evaluation of relative female stock sensitivity but it was obvious that factors other than differences in repair capacity of female germ cells contributed to the response differences observed.
The Future Health Education Workforce

Abstract As we approach the 21st Century, the major non-genetic contributors to premature death result from lifestyle. These lifestyle issues include tobacco use, diet and activity patterns, alcohol and illicit substance abuse, firearms, sexual behavior, and motor vehicles. All health professionals should learn more concerning how to motivate individuals to improve unhealthy lifestyles. However, health educators are uniquely positioned and educated to help change these behavioral determinants of health. A meeting convened in June, 1997, supported by the Bureau of Health Professions of the Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, resulted in a number of recommendations and conclusions concerning actions which might be initiated by the profession, with limited support from the Bureau of Health Professions, to change the curricula for graduate level health educators to make their education more relevant for actual practice of the profession. The discussion included the following issues: recruitmen...
Chemical and immunological studies of liver microsomes from mouse mutants with ultrastructurally abnormal hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.

Investigations of the lethal effects of a series of radiation-induced deletion alleles in the mouse have identified severe ultrastructural abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum liver membranes in lethal albino homozygous newborns. The ultra-structural defects were accompanied by deficiencies of several enzymes, some of them microsomal membrane bound. Chemical and immunological studies were therefore undertaken in order to identify a possible biochemical alteration of mutant endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Patterns of gel electrophoresis produced by several different methods showed no differences between the microsomal proteins of mutant and normal mice. Immunological methods also failed to detect any changes in the major proteins. Thus in spite of the severe ultrastructural defects no major differences between microsomal proteins of mutant and normal membranes could be identified. Since several of the enzymes affected are inducible by cAMP in newborn mice, microsomal and supernatant cAMP-binding activities were also measured in mutants and normals but showed no differences. As yet, the primary cause of the severe effects of the X-ray-induced deletions on membrane structure and enzyme activities remains unknown.
Reproduction by worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Genetic markers were used to study the reproductive behavior of worker honey bees. Five experiments were conducted that demonstrate the significance of worker reproduction. Biases were found in the egg-laying success of workers belonging to different subfamilies within queenless colonies, however, members of all subfamilies laid eggs. These biases were probably not a consequence of direct reproductive competition among subfamily members but most likely represent genetic variability for the timing of the onset of oviposition. Workers preferentially oviposit in drone-sized cells, demonstrating a caste-specific adaptation for oviposition behavior. Drone brood production is highly synchronous within colonies and can result in the production of more than 6000 drones before colonies die. Workers reproduce in queenright colonies but at a very low frequency.
Incorporation of malonyl CoA into fatty acids by liver in starvation and alloxan-diabetes.

Abstract Diabetes and starvation are associated with a marked enzymic defect in the direct conversion of malonyl CoA to long chain fatty acids by liver. The enzyme impairment is restored by pretreating the diabetic animal with insulin or by refeeding the starved animal.
Michigan State's Curricula in Agricultural Economics

Undergraduate Curriculum The major impetus for changing the undergraduate curriculum came from a faculty retreat in 1969 when the faculty expressed dissatisfaction over the then existing curriculum. The consensus of the faculty was that the department needed to revise its undergraduate program drastically, and either "get into" undergraduate education or "get out." The department had an undergraduate major in agricultural economics. However, an agribusiness major and a food marketing management major were administered by a faculty member jointly appointed in the College of Business and the Dean's office in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Therefore, potential majors were being split in several ways. As a result of the faculty retreat, the department chairman appointed an ad hoc committee to develop new undergraduate curricula in agricultural economics. The committee addressed itself to the task of developing a totally new structure for undergraduate education instead of adding to or modifying the existing program. This was no easy task since many difficult questions had to be resolved, such as the appropriate approach to undergraduate education. The report of this committee was subsequently submitted to the faculty and to the College and University Curriculum Committees for discussion, modification, and ultimate approval. Course outlines were developed by committees of faculty with expressed interest in the subject matter. The process resulted in the abolition of the old undergraduate major in agricultural economics and the creation of two new majors: food systems economics and management, and public affairs management. These two new majors now have been in operation for several years. While it is too early to judge their success, the preliminary evidence does appear to be favorable.
Fourth order accurate evaluation of integrals in potential theory on exterior 3D regions

We present two methods for the rapid, high order accurate evaluation of integrals in potential theory on general, unbounded 3D regions. Our methods allow for direct calculation of derivatives of the integrals as well. One of the methods uses a fourth order compact stencil, and the other uses a nonstandard variant of Richardson extrapolation. Both methods involve calculation of discontinuities in high order derivatives of the integrals across the boundary of the integration region. The extrapolation method, in addition, involves correction for the discontinuities in truncation error. The number of operations required for the methods is essentially equal to twice the number of operations needed to solve Poisson's equation on a regular grid. Both methods avoid problems associated with using quadrature methods to evaluate integrals with singular kernels. Numerical results are presented for experiments on a variety of geometries in free space.
On the mininum number of domains in which the nodal lines of spherical harmonics divide the sphere

(1977). On the mininum number of domains in which the nodal lines of spherical harmonics divide the sphere. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 1233-1244.
Development of a Bi-Disciplinary Course in Forensic Science

Forensic science programs and courses have traditionally been housed within chemistry departments at the college/university level, largely because the pioneers of the field were chemists who applied technology that was more chemical than biological in nature. However, with the development of such areas of study as DNA analysis, anatomical studies, and forensic entomology, it is becoming more and more important for forensic science students to have a strong biological background as well as a chemical background. Furthermore, while biology students are typically required to have extensive chemistry training as part of their major, the converse is not true for chemistry students. Therefore, it is possible that a student interested in forensic science could complete a major in chemistry and never have taken a biology class, leaving them woefully under-prepared for any type of masters program or career in forensic science immediately following graduation. Indeed, an examination of available positions in forensic science shows a large number of positions for DNA analysts for which the typical chemistry student would not be prepared without extensive biology training (http://www.aafs.org). Furthermore, positions for medical examiners or pathologists require extensive training in biology in addition to the continued medical training and residency programs. Therefore, it seems imperative that introductory forensic science courses adapt to these needs and be taught with a more bi-disciplinary approach in order to educate students on the whole field rather than one aspect. To that end, a new bi-disciplinary Forensic Science course was developed at Elmhurst College. This course was team-taught by a biology and a chemistry professor so that students would obtain a thorough understanding of the field and techniques used by both biologists and chemists. A description of this new version of a forensic science course follows, focusing on the addition of biology to a traditionally chemical course, the conclusions drawn upon completion of the course, and changes to be made in the future.
Visible region absorption and excitation spectroscopy of K2ReCl6 and various ReCl2- 6 containing A2MCl6 host crystals

Abstract For pure K 2 ReCl 6 and ReCl 2− 6 in K 2 SnCl 6 , K 2 PtCl 6 and (NR 4 ) 2 SnCl 6 (R = H, Et, Me, Pr) several new transitions located from 16000 to 20000 cm −1 were found using absorption and excitation spectroscopy which cannot be assigned to intraconfigurational transitions of ReCl 2− 6 . These may be due to either impurity or site interaction effects or interconfigurational transitions. Everything possible has been done to rule out the former possibility and the host dependences are not consistent with site effects. If the latter source is correct, the appearance of these transitions indicates large deviations from the ligand field model in this sytem. In particular, exceptionally low values for the Dq parameter are required to fit the calculated ligand field energy levels to any interconfigurational assignment of the new transitions. This could be evidence of strong mixing of d-d and charge transfer states not represented in the ligand field model.
Use of misfit strain to remove dislocations from epitaxial thin films

Abstract Misfit strain can be used to drive threading dislocations out of epitaxial films and thus to improve their perfection. This process is influenced by film thickness, the orientation of the interface, the dimensions of the interface parallel to its plane, and the misfit between film and substrate. A simple theoretical model, and the experimental observations made on deposits of Ga(As, P) on GaAs, suggest that it is desirable for the film thickness to be small. This in turn implies that the misfit should be large. It should not, however, be large enough to cause dislocation nucleation. If the film is face-centered cubic, and the threading dislocations are uniformly distributed over the 〈110〉 {111} slip systems, then the most desirable interface orientations lie near {012} or {013}. If the Burgers vectors of the threading dislocations are not uniformly distributed then other interfaces may become desirable. Multilayers are able to remove threading dislocations more effectively than single films.
TH-A-BRE-01: The Status of Intensity Modulated Proton and Ion Therapy

IMRT with photons has become a radiation therapy standard of care for many cancer treatment sites. The situation is quite different with intensity modulated particle (protons and ion) radiation therapy (IMPT). With the rapid development of beam scanning techniques and many of the newer proton facilities exclusively offering active beam scanning as their radiation delivery technique, it is timely to give an update on the status and challenges of IMPT. The leading principle in IMPT is to aim at the target from several, not necessarily coplanar, directions with multiple pencil beams that are modulated in their intensity and adjusted in their energy such that a desired dose distribution or, more generally, a desired bio-effective dose distribution is achieved. Different from low-LET photons, the varying relative biological effectiveness (RBE) along the beam path adds an additional dimension to the treatment planning process and will require biophysical modeling at least for carbon ion therapy. IMPT involves computationally challenging tasks, yet it needs to be very fast in order to be clinically relevant. To make IMPT computationally tractable, robust and efficient optimization methods are required. Lastly, IMPT planning is very sensitive to accurate knowledge of relative stopping and scattering powers of the intervening tissues as well as intra- and inter-fraction motion. Robust planning methods are being developed in order to obtain IMPT plans that are less sensitive against such uncertainties. This therapy symposium will present an update on the current status and emerging developments of IMPT from the medical physics perspective. Learning Objectives: 1. Become familiar with current delivery techniques for IMPT and their limitations. 2. Understand the basics of dose calculational algorithms and commissioning of IMPT. 3. Learn how to assess the accuracy of planning and delivery of IMPT treatments. 4. Get an overview of currently used and emerging optimization techniques. 5. Learn about the pro or contra arguments for using IMPT for moving targets.
Phosphatases in soils

Abstract Most studies on phosphatase activity in soils have been concerned with acid phosphatase. This study was conducted to determine the activity of phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases), phosphodiesterase, and “phosphotriesterase”. The results indicate that acid phosphatase is predominant in acid soils and that alkaline phosphatase is predominant in alkaline soils. With universal buffer, the pH optima of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase were at pH 10. The activities of these phosphatases in soils were much lower than those of the acid and alkaline phosphatases. Studies on the effects of various soil treatments on the activity of phosphatases in soils indicated that air-drying increased the activity of acid phosphatase and phosphotriesterase, decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, but did not affect the activity of phosphodiesterase. Steam sterilization of soils at 121 C for 1 h inactivated alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and phosphotriesterase, but did not completely inactivate acid phosphatase. Addition of toluene to the incubation mixture did not markedly affect the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, but increased the activity of phosphotriesterase in soils. Studies of the kinetic parameters of phosphatases in the soils studied showed that the Km values ranged from 1.11 to 3.40 m m for acid phosphatase. from 0.44 to 4.94 m m for alkaline phosphatase, and from 0.25 to 1.25 m m for phosphodiesterase. Expressed as μg p-nitrophenol released·h−1·g−1 soil, the Vmax values ranged from 200 to 625 for acid phosphatase, from 124 to 588 for alkaline phosphatase, and from 46 to 127 for phosphodiesterase. The substrate of phosphotriesterase (tris-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) is insoluble in water; hence, the Km and Vmax values of this enzyme in soils could not be determined.
Popular music policy making and the Instrumental Policy Behaviour Process

Popular music policy making incorporates the art and rationality of ‘governmentality’. In doing so it seeks to move beyond benign policy making efforts and some of the prevailing approaches to cultural policy studies – primarily arts policy – to apply interventionary strategies into the space dominated by global recording companies. Major recording companies and the business-as-usual approach of Return on Investment dominates local and national popular music through the macro-level perspective of global trade regimes, thereby avoiding the micro-level activities needed by citizens locally. Critical approaches to the potential loss of localised music production in the face of globalisation are drawn from the heterodox, interdisciplinary schools of institutional economics which, in this case, uses instrumentalism to create a model that insists on research-based popular music making policies that respond to citizen needs. Using examples from the Australian experience, the Instrumental Policy Behaviour Process (IPBP) is proposed as a model for generating localised, resource-allocating approaches to popular music policy making.
Analysis of the Validity Scales in the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children

OBJECTIVE: Little empirical attention has been paid to the validity scales of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of cases identified by the validity scales and its analytical impact. METHODS: The current study compares regression models using data from two community samples (n = 3,724 and n = 2,245) and two samples of at-risk youth (n = 1,758 and n = 204). Using Chow tests to compare coefficients, we demonstrate the implications of removing cases identified by the TSCC validity scales. RESULTS: The Underresponse (UND) scale identified 8% of the community sample and 20% of the at-risk sample. Chow tests revealed significant group differences based on the UND scale for all TSCC subscales. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the analytical impact of the TSCC validity scales and provides statistical evidence for the removal of invalid cases. Language: en
Cardiovascular effects of phenothiazines

Abstract Phenothiazines have significant electrophysiologic and cardiocirculatory effects. The electrophysiologic effect of these drugs is similar to that reported for quinidine. Phenothiazines decrease the rate of rise of phase 0 of the action potential, decrease the duration and amplitude of phase 2, and prolong phase 3. The surface ECG changes produced by phenothiazines are lengthening of the QTC interval, ST-T wave changes, increased size of U waves, and prolongation of the PR interval. The degree of repolarization abnormalities secondary to phenothiazines seems to be dose-related. Various arrhythmias have been attributed to the effect of phenothiazine therapy and numerous cases of sudden death as a result of fatal arrhythmia have been described. Paradoxically, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine also have been shown to have significant antiarrhythmic properties. Chlorpromazine shows a powerful vasodilatory effects which is caused by alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, a central action, and a direct effect on the vascular wall. In addition, the drugs also have a direct depressant effect on the myocardium. As a result of peripheral vasodilatation and negative inotropic effects, hypotension is the most common adverse reaction of phenothiazines in patients with no evidence of congestive heart failure. Experimental studies have demonstrated significant reductions in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as systemic blood pressure following intravenous administration of chlorpromazine. These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by significant increase in cardiac output in one study and by no change in cardiac output in another study. The vasodilatory effect of chlorpromazine resulted in increased renal and mesenteric blood flow and prolongation of survival time in dogs following hemorrhagic hypotension. Chlorpromazine was found effective in relieving abnormal vascular tonus and improving the circulation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In patients with myocardial infarction complicated by congestive heart failure, intravenous administration of chlorpromazine caused significant hemodynamic improvement and a considerable degree of sedation. The drug was found effective in reducing the vasoactive response in patients with cardiogenic shock which resulted in improved tissue perfusion and metabolism.
New Method for Linearizing Many-Body Equations of Motion in Statistical Mechanics

A new criterion is proposed for linearizing many-body equations of motion which is well defined and is related to a stationary principle. The method is applied to the problem of correlation in a narrow $s$ band and the results differ considerably from Hubbard's treatment of this problem.
A review of systemic and topical fluorides for the prevention of dental caries.

ABSTRACT Because community fluoridation constitutes nearly an ideal public health method, it should be the cornerstone of all national programs of dental caries prevention. Where fluoridation is not possible for technical or political reasons, some alternative methods of providing benefits from systemic fluorides are available, including school water fluoridation, dietary supplements of fluoride and the fluoridation of salt. Dietary supplements of fluoride are not recommended for pregnant women for caries protection in their offspring. In areas with low fluoride levels in drinking water, solutions of 2 % sodium fluoride, 8% stannous fluoride and acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) (1.2% F ion) and the same concentration of an APF gel applied professionally can prevent dental caries. APF is currently the choice for these applications. Fluoride prophylaxis pastes should be used, particularly when a topical fluoride application is not scheduled to follow the prophylaxis. Effective unsupervised topical fluoride applications occur with use of fluoride containing dentifrices. Supervised self-applications of fluoride for public health programs overcome the inefficiencies of individual professional applications. Many studies continue to be reported on mouth-rinsing with fluoride solutions, toothbrushing with fluoride solutions and gels, toothbrushing with fluoride prophylaxis pastes and the application of fluoride gels in mouthpieces. Fluoride mouth-rinsing has several advantages. Self-application of fluorides will undoubtedly become the method of choice for delivering topical fluorides.
Affinity labeling of human serum thyroxine-binding globulin with N-bromoacetyl-l-thyroxine: Identification of the labeled amino acid residues

Abstract The l -thyroxine binding site in human serum thyroxine-binding globulin was investigated by affinity labeling with N -bromoacetyl- l -thyroxine (BrAcT 4 ). Competitive binding studies showed that, in the presence of 100 molar excess of BrAcT 4 , binding of thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin was nearly totally abolished. The reaction of BrAcT 4 to form covalent binding was inhibited in the presence of thyroxine and the affinity-labeled thyroxinebinding globulin lost its ability to bind thyroxine. These results indicate BrAcT 4 and thyroxine competed for the same binding site. Affinity labeling with 2 mol of BrAcT 4 /mol of thyroxine-binding globulin resulted in the covalent attachment of 0.7 mol of ligand. By amino acid analysis and high voltage paper electrophoresis, methionine was identified as the major residue labeled (75%). Lysine, tyrosine, and histidine were also found to be labeled to the extent of 8, 8, and 5%, respectively.
A contribution to a history of the placebo effect

A crystallized tear From the eye of a deer— Bitten by a snake— Made people well. So who can foretell What cures placebos make?.
Identification of trp-p2, an internal promoter in the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli☆

Abstract Previous genetic studies localized an internal low efficiency promoter, called p2, within the distal portion of the D gene of the tryptophan (trp) operon of Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of trpD reveals a promoter-like region about 150 nucleotides from the 3′ end of the gene. We report here the results of transcription studies in vitro that confirm the assignment of the trp-p2 promoter by demonstrating the synthesis of a discrete RNA transcript and identifying the precise startpoint of transcription. To characterize the promoter further, we cloned a fragment of DNA containing this region into a vector such that it would direct the expression of the galactokinase gene. Under these conditions, trp-p2 functions in vivo at a level of about 15% of the primary trp promoter. A comparison of the nueleotide sequence to a “consensus” promoter sequence of E. coli reveals that its efficiency is probably limited by the constraints imposed by the coincident amino acid sequence of trpD. We discuss circumstantial evidence that trp-p2 is not accidental, and may provide a bypass function advantageous to the cell under conditions of severe nutritional deprivation.
Solid-state conversion concepts for space needs

Various solid-state energy conversion concepts under development by the U.S. Air Force are discussed from the standpoint of present capabilities to satisfy aerospace vehicle electric-power needs. Performance possibilities based on completely developed concepts are estimated. Energy sources considered are solar, nuclear chemical, and acoustic, with emphasis on solar and nuclear
READING ABILITY AND VISUAL-MOTOR FUNCTION IN SECOND GRADE CHILDREN

One of the many causes of reading disabiliry is a defective visual-motor function. Between the ages of 6 and 8, visual-motor efficiency is at a critical point in development, and it is the time when most children are beginning to learn to read. It was, therefore, the purpose of this srudy to investigate the relationship between reading ability in second grade children and visual-motor ability as measured by the MemoryFor-Designs Test (MFD) and a balance test. Thirty-five second grade children, ranging in age from 7 yr., 5 mo. to 8 yr., 5 mo., were tested near the end of the school year on the MFD Test (Graham & Kendall, 1960), the Goodenough Intelligence Test (1926), and on total balance as measured by static and dynamic balance (Scott, 1950). T he MFD Test was given twice within a week; product-moment r = .83 between the two administrations. Ss were classified into three groups according to their reading ability on rhe Scott Foresman Reading Series (Gray, 1946-47). The biggest difference in reading ability came between the middle and low classifications, and because the numbers were small, the high and middle groups were combined into a high group. Comparisons were then made between the high and the low groups. There were 12 boys and 12 girls in the high group, and 8 boys and 3 girls in the low group. The division for the MFD Test was arbitrarily taken at a raw score of 8. The mean score for the high reading group was 3.54, and that for the low group 10.18. The x' of 8.1803, comparing 20 good and 4 poor MFD scores for the high readers and 3 good and 8 poor MFD scores for the low readers, was significant beyond the .O1 level. The x2 for reading and intelligence was .071, which was not significant. The correlation between the MFD Test and Goodenough Intelligence Test was - .1164, and between the MFD and balance, - ,2781. However, when che groups were divided for good and poor MFD scores, the mean balance of the good group was 79.71 (SD of 25.593) and that of the poor group, 53 (SD of 22.293). The mean difference of 26.71 (SE of 11.40) in favor of the good group (t = 2.3429) was significant at the .05 level. The low correlation berween the Goodenough and the MFD is not too surprising when it is considered (although both involve a visual-motor component) that they are measuring two different things and the scoring of each involves a different set of principles. Kendall (1948) found no significant correlation between reading retardation and the MFD Test in children from 6 to 16 yr. of age. However, the results of this study suggest that for this group, reading retardation is related to visual-motor development as measured by the Graham-Kendall Memory-For-Designs Test.
Peritoneal washing cytology in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomies: A 10-year experience and reappraisal of its clinical utility

Objective To evaluate the utility of peritoneal washing cytology (PWC) for detecting occult primary peritoneal carcinoma in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, we reviewed PWCs obtained during risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) from 117 patients at our institution and correlated the results with surgical pathology findings.
Empirical Bayes estimation for queueing systems and networks

Empirical Bayes estimators are derived for standardM/M/1 queues,M/M/1 queues with state-dependent arrival and service rates, finite capacityM/M/1 queues with state-dependent rates and for open Jackson networks. The asymptotic properties of the empirical Bayes estimators are derived both with respect to the conditional distribution of the observations given the parameters, and with respect to the joint distribution of the observations and the parameters.
Fully automated radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]PBR28, a radiopharmaceutical for the translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa, using a GE TRACERlab FXC-Pro.

Abstract In order to image the translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa in the clinic using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we had a cause to prepare [11C]PBR28. In this communication we highlight our novel, recently developed, one-pot synthesis of the desmethyl-PBR28 precursor, as well as present an optimized fully automated preparation of [11C]PBR28 using a GE TRACERlab FXC-Pro. Following radiolabelling, purification is achieved by HPLC and, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported example of reconstituting [11C]PBR28 into ethanolic saline using solid-phase extraction (SPE). This procedure is operationally simple, and provides high quality doses of [11C]PBR28 suitable for use in clinical PET imaging studies. Typical radiochemical yield using the optimized method is 3.6% yield (EOS, n=3), radiochemical and chemical purity are consistently >99%, and specific activities are 14,523 Ci/mmol.
Managing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-drug interactions in clinical practice.

Combination drug therapy is common in psychiatry. It plays a role in the treatment of patients with multiple disorders, in the management of residual symptoms or resistant disease, and in the alleviation of unwanted effects of the primary drug. Coadministration of psychotropic drugs with medications for medical illnesses is becoming more common as well, because as many as half the patients with major depression require long term treatment, and because the number of patients who are elderly is increasing as the population ages. To safely manage multidrug regimens, the clinician must be knowledgeable about drugdrug interaction potential. Drug-drug interactions can produce a change in the pharmacological effect of a drug by altering activity at the site of action (a pharmacodynamic interaction), or by changing the plasma concentrations of a drug (a pharmacokinetic interaction), or both. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have the potential to impair the oxidative metabolism of several drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics. However, the SSRIs highlight the maxim that overgeneralisation can be as detrimental to rational copharmacy as ignorance of interaction potential. The SSRIs differ in terms of which other drugs they affect, which patients are at risk, and to what extent the effect is clinically important. Clinicians must assess drug combinations on a case-by-case basis. Standard management practices of dose titration, monitoring plasma drug concentrations when the therapeutic index is narrow, and observing for adverse events minimise the clinical impact of potential drug-drug interactions.
Autoradiography ofCoelopa frigida (Diptera) embryos, after labeling with3H-uridine during various phases of oogenesis.

The distribution of tritiated (3H) uridine or its derivatives in embryos of the kelp flyCoelopa frigida is analyzed by autoradiography. The radioactive label is introduced into the growing oocyte, after injectio into females at different time periods post eclosion. The majority of the label remains in the cytoplasm for the entire embryonic development and is presumably incorporated into stable RNA. Only when the precursor is injected toward the final stages of oogenesis, can presence of label be detected in the nuclei, for a short time period during the blastodern stage. Since no preferential location in nucleoli is found, it appears possible that labeled cytidine could have been derived from the original precursor which would be available for incorporation into DNA.
Association between obstructive sleep apnea severity and endothelial dysfunction in an increased background of cardiovascular burden

There was evidence of a graded decline in endothelial function in association withn higher levels of intermittent hypoxemia.
Development of a Scaleable Process for the Synthesis of the A2a Agonist, UK-371,104

The development and utilization of a scaleable process for the manufacture of the A2a agonist UK-371,104 (1) is described. Key steps in the synthesis include (i) a palladium-catalyzed cyanation reaction to prepare the nitrile 10, (ii) a telescoped conversion of the acid 11 to the glycosidation substrate 9, and (iii) the stereoselective coupling of 8 with 9 in a glycosidation reaction mediated by TMS triflate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane followed by conversion through to 1.
Surgical Technique: When to Arthroscopically Repair the Torn Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Background Posterior cruciate ligament injuries can occur as isolated ligament ruptures or in association with the multiligament-injured knee. Delayed reconstruction, at 2–3 weeks post-injury, is predominantly recommended for posterior cruciate ligament tears in the multiligament-injured knee. While acute bone and soft tissue avulsion patterns of injury can be amenable to repair, the described techniques have been associated with some difficulties attaching the avulsed ligament.
Evidence for nuclear antigens in cytomegalovirus-transformed human cells

THE anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) method has revealed an antigen localised in the nucleus of both producer and nonproducer cultures of lymphoblastoid cells carrying the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome1. Early nuclear antigens resembling the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) have been detected in human embryo lung (HEL) cells as early as 3 h after infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV)2. These early antigens could be detected only by ACIF staining. We have reported3 that hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF) transformed with ultraviolet-inactivated CMV exhibit cytoplasmic and perinuclear CMV-specific antigens when tested with CMV-immune sera in the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test. We later noted that a human CMV of genital origin established a long-term persistent infection in HEL cells in vitro, which resulted in the development of two transformed cell lines after several cell culture passages4. CMV-specific antigens were demonstrated on the surface of the cells by the indirect IF technique. We have now investigated whether EBNA-like nuclear antigens can be detected in the CMV-transformed human cells with the ACIF technique, and whether there is a correlation of reactivity with early antigens of CMV-infected cells.
Catalytic disruption and volatilization of rhodium particles on silica in NO + CO

Initially reduced ≈ 100 A diameter Rh metal particles on SiO2 are found by TEM to be dispersed into an amorphous metal film by treatment in 5% NO + 5% CO in He at 260 °C, leaving thin rings around the perimeter of the original particles. Electron diffraction shows that Rh is amorphous while XPS shows that the Rh is approximately zero valent in the dispersed state. Continued heating in this mixture resulted in irreversible volatilization of the Rh even at these low temperatures. Subsequent heating in H2 at 650 °C caused sintering and the reformation of crystalline Rh particles, but with a lower loading than observed initially. Treatment of Rh particles in 5% NO at 260 °C causes Rh particles to shrink in diameter and to form thin shells around their perimeters. The only change observed after treatment in 5% CO alone at 260 °C was slight sintering of adjacent Rh particles.