cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient approach to categorising association rules

Association rules are a fundamental data mining technique, used for various applications. In this paper, we present an efficient method to make use of association rules for discovering knowledge from transactional data. First, we approach this problem using an ontology. The hierarchical structure of an ontology defines the generalisation relationship for the concepts of different abstraction levels that are utilised to minimise the search space. Next, we have developed an efficient algorithm, hierarchical association rule categorisation (HARC), which use a novel metric called relevance for categorising association rules. As a result, users are now able to find the needed rules efficiently by searching the compact generalised rules first and then the specific rules that belong to them rather than scanning the entire list of rules.
Low temperature 65Cu NMR spectroscopy of the Cu+ site in azurin.

(65)Cu central-transition NMR spectroscopy of the blue copper protein azurin in the reduced Cu(I) state, conducted at 18.8 T and 10 K, gave a strongly second order quadrupole perturbed spectrum, which yielded a (65)Cu quadrupole coupling constant of +/-71.2 +/- 1 MHz, corresponding to an electric field gradient of +/-1.49 atomic units at the copper site, and an asymmetry parameter of approximately 0.2. Quantum chemical calculations employing second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory and large basis sets successfully reproduced these experimental results. Sensitivity and relaxation times were quite favorable, suggesting that NMR may be a useful probe of the electronic state of copper sites in proteins.
Improved interferometric detection of scattered light with a 4f imaging system

We analyze the performance of three imaging systems to detect near-forward scattered light interferometrically by using a Mach–Zehnder geometry. The alignment of each system is demonstrated by measurement of the heterodyne efficiency and correlation of the angular width and field 1/e radius measurements of the sample beam. Measurements of angular-scattering data demonstrate the range of angles over which each system is effective. Of the three systems analyzed, the 4f imaging system is determined to be most effective, because it accurately reproduces both the phase and the amplitude of the scattered field at the detector.
Interactive faculty development seminars improve the quality of written feedback in ambulatory teaching.

We performed a pre-post study of the impact of three 90-minute faculty development workshops on written feedback from encounters during an ambulatory internal medicine clerkship. We coded 47 encounters before and 43 after the workshops, involving 9 preceptors and 44 third-year students, using qualitative and semiquantitative methods. Postworkshop, the mean number of feedback statements increased from 2.8 to 3.6 statements (P=.06); specific (P=.04), formative (P=.03), and student skills feedback (P=.01) increased, but attitudinal (P=.13) and corrective feedback did not (P=.41). Brief, interactive, faculty development workshops may refine written feedback, resulting in more formative specific written feedback comments.
Rayleigh–Taylor instability in nonlinear Schrödinger flow

The Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) is a fundamental fluid instability that occurs when a light fluid is accelerated into a heavier one. While techniques for observing the RTI in classical fluids continue to improve, the instability has not been demonstrated in quantum fluids. Here, we exploit the formal equivalence between condensed matter and coherent nonlinear optics to observe the superfluid-like instability directly in the optical system. For the RTI, an initial refractive index gradient sets the acceleration, while self-induced nonlinear interactions lead to velocity differences and shear. The experimental observations show that density fingering is always accompanied by vortex generation, with perturbation modes following a hybrid dynamics: horizontal modes (along the interface) propagate as an incompressible fluid, but the vertical length scale (mixing length) is set by compressible shock dynamics. The growth rate, obtained analytically, shows that inhibition due to diffraction has the same spectral form as viscosity and diffusion, despite the fact that the system is dispersive rather than dissipative. This gives rigorous support for the observation that turbulence in quantum fluids has the same scaling as turbulence in normal fluids. The results hold for any Schrodinger flow, e.g. superfluids and quantum plasma, and introduce a new class of fluid-inspired instabilities in nonlinear optics.
Local anesthetic properties of opioids and phencyclidines: Interaction with the voltage-dependent, batrachotoxin binding site in sodium channels

[3H]Batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate ([3H]BTX-B) binds specifically and with high affinity (Kd = 30 nM) to a site on voltage-dependent Na+ channels. Compounds with local anesthetic activity inhibit the binding of [3H]BTX-B by a mutually exclusive, allosteric mechanism. The potential local anesthetic potency of a series of 23 opioids and phencyclidine-like compounds has been estimated by their inhibition of [3H]BTX-B binding to Na+ channels in a preparation of synaptoneurosomes from guinea pig cerebral cortex. The potency of these compounds were also tested as inhibitors of the specific binding of [3H]phencyclidine ([3H]PCP) to a high affinity site on rat brain membranes. Opioids such as morphine and codeine show little affinity for the [3H]BTX-B binding site or for the [3H]PCP binding site. Other analgesics, many of the PCP-like compounds and dioxadrol derivatives are potent versus [3H]BTX-B binding and display both stereospecificity and high affinity towards the PCP-binding site. However, there was no correlation between local anesthetic potency assessed as antagonism of [3H]BTX-B binding and affinity towards the PCP site. Five classical local anesthetics had no affinity for the PCP-site, but did displace [3H]BTX-B from its binding site.
Does the Mechanism of Lymph Node Invasion Affect Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Lymph node metastases are prognostically significant in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Little is known about the significance of direct lymph node invasion. The aim of this study is to find out whether direct lymph node invasion has the same prognostic significance as regional nodal metastases. Retrospective review of patients resected between 1/1/1993 and 7/31/2008. “Direct” was defined as tumor extension into adjacent nodes, and “regional” was defined as metastases to peripancreatic nodes. Overall, 517 patients underwent pancreatic resection for adenocarcinoma, of whom 89 had one positive node (direct 26, regional 63), and 79 had two positive nodes (direct 6, regional 68, both 5). Overall, survival of node-negative patients was improved compared to patients with positive nodes (N0 30.8 months vs. N1 16.4 months; p < 0.001). There was no survival difference for patients with direct vs. regional lymph node invasion (p = 0.67). Patients with one positive node had a better overall survival compared to patients with ≥2 positive nodes (22.3 and 15 months, respectively; p < 0.001). The lymph node ratio (+LN/total LN) was prognostically significant after Cox regression (p < 0.001). Isolated direct invasion occurs in 20% of patients with one to two positive nodes. Node involvement by metastasis or by direct invasion are equally significant predictors of reduced survival. Both the number of positive nodes and the lymph node ratio are significant prognostic factors.
Toward enzyme therapy in Gm2 gangliosidosis: beta-hexosaminidase infusion in normal cats.

Summary: As a first step toward the use of cats with Gm2 gangliosidosis as models for enzyme replacement therapy, we studied plasma clearance, organ disposition, and subcellular localization of human β-hexosaminidase in normal cats. Plasma half-life of placental β-hexosaminidase at low doses was 3–4 min; both Hex A and Hex B were cleared at approximately the same rate. The half-life of human plasma β-Miexosaminidase in contrast, was >60 min. Clearance curves at higher doses approached zero order kinetics, suggesting the existence of a saturable clearance mechanism. Injection of periodate-treated placental β-Miexosaminidase resulted in a plasma half-life of ∼50 min, strongly suggesting that rapid clearance of both Hex A and Hex B was mediated by carbohydrate-specific mechanisms. Circulatory bypass of liver resulted in plasma half-life of the enzyme of ∼60 min, indicating that the liver was the main clearing organ. As both main feline β-Miexosaminidase isozymes did not crossreact with antihuman β-Miexosaminidase immune sera, independent evidence of preferential hepatic uptake was obtained by immunofixation clectrophoresis; immunoelectrophoresis, and immunotitration. The human enzyme detected in liver accounted for ∼80% of the injected dose; small amounts of exogenous enzyme were detected in spleen and kidney. Subcellular fractionation of liver showed that human Hex A and Hex B had entered the lysosomal-vacuolar apparatus of hepatic cells. Speculation: Therapeutic applications of lysosomal enzyme replacement in patients with storage diseases are fraught with difficulties. Normal cats infused with human β-Miexosaminidase can be used to develop enzyme replacement methodologies to be tested in cats with genetic Gm2 gangliosidosis. This unique animal model makes it possible to explore in vivo rational approaches to therapeutic intervention in human patients.
Determination of the stoichiometry of some metal chlorocomplex ions in basic ambient temperature molten salts

Abstract Oxidation waves of chloride at platinum microdisk electrodes in ambient temperature ionic liquid mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (ImCl) and aluminum chloride were examined by normal pulse voltammetry to obtain information about the stoichiometry of several metal chlorocomplexes. It was found that FeCl−4, GaCl−4, CdCl2−4, and SmCl3−6' are the only species present in basic melts, those containing excess ImCl. In solutions of Nd(III), an equilibrium between NdCl3−6, NdCl2−5 and Cl− exists, for which the dissociation constant is evaluated as 3.7 mol/m3. An ill defined wave that could be the oxidation of chloride from CdCl2−4, NdCl3−6 and SmCl3−6 is also observed. The Stokes-Einstein coefficient for chloride, using n =1, was found to be:Dη/T=2.53×10−15kg m/s2 K.
X-Ray Absorption in the BL Lacertae Object PKS 0548–322

We report on a high signal-to-noise ASCA spectrum of the nearby (z = 0.069) BL Lacertae object PKS 0548-322, obtained during the performance verification phase of the instrument. Our principal result is the detection of discrete absorption at ~0.6 keV. The ASCA flux of the source, F2-10 keV ~ 2.8 × 10-11 ergs cm-2 s-1, corresponds to an average intensity state with respect to previous X-ray observations. The ASCA spectrum is well fitted by a convex broken power law plus Galactic column density plus an absorption feature, modeled with either an edge at an observed energy E ~ 0.66 keV and with optical depth τ ~ 0.3 or with a line (notch) at an observed energy E ~ 0.82 keV, width ΔE = 0.1 keV (fixed), and covering fraction fc ~ 0.1. The feature is at energies higher than in previous observations, when PKS 0548-322 was slightly brighter. The observed properties of the feature are consistent with absorption by ionized gas with column density N${r gas}{r H}$ --> ≈ 10 -->21 cm-2 and a low ionization parameter (Ux ≈ 0.007), strengthening the conclusion that ionized circumnuclear gas is common in BL Lacs. A very subtle curvature is measured for the underlying ASCA continuum, with steepening ΔΓ ~ 0.2 above 1.7 keV. However, there is no need for a curved continuum once a detailed photoionization model is fitted to the ASCA data. There is no significant contribution to the 0.6-10 keV ASCA data of PKS 0548-322 by the associated optical cluster of galaxies; the upper limit to the intergalactic gas luminosity is L${r IGM}_{2{–}10 {r keV}}$ -->~ 4 × 1043 ergs s-1, about 15% of the BL Lac luminosity.
Iran/contra and the defeat of accountability

Is Accountability a standard that transcends time and culture? Does it retain any meaning for an electronically mediated society? Older norms of fairness, reciprocity and of individual responsibility appeared to be inadequate ethical guides during the Iran/Contra Hearings. This article highlights the testimony of Oliver North in order to challenge the universality of Accountability as a criterion of legitimate conduct.
Pump-probe spectroscopy approach to Bragg scattering

A theory of Bragg scattering of atoms is presented in which atoms are scattered by counterpropagating optical fields having different frequencies. It is shown that, for this geometry, the system reduces to that encountered in the pump-probe spectroscopy of two or multilevel systems. As a result, one can tune the Bragg resonances by varying the frequency difference between the optical fields. The possiblity of using these techniques to construct an atom-beam splitter, whose output arms are separated in momentum space by a hundred photon momenta, is discussed.
An Annexin 2 Phosphorylation Switch Mediates p11-dependent Translocation of Annexin 2 to the Cell Surface

Annexin 2 is a profibrinolytic co-receptor for plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator that stimulates activation of the major fibrinolysin, plasmin, at cell surfaces. In human subjects, overexpression of annexin 2 in acute promyelocytic leukemia leads to a bleeding diathesis reflective of excessive cell surface annexin 2-dependent generation of plasmin (Menell, J. S., Cesarman, G. M., Jacovina, A. T., McLaughlin, M. A., Lev, E. A., and Hajjar, K. A. (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 994-1004). In addition, mice completely deficient in annexin 2 display fibrin accumulation within blood vessels and impaired clearance of injury-induced thrombi (Ling Q., Jacovina, A.T., Deora, A.B., Febbraio, M., Simantov, R., Silverstein, R. L., Hempstead, B. L., Mark, W., and Hajjar, K. A. (2004) J. Clin. Investig. 113, 38-48). Here, we show that endothelial cell annexin 2, a protein that lacks a typical signal peptide, translocates from the cytoplasm to the extracytoplasmic plasma membrane in response to brief temperature stress both in vitro and in vivo in the absence of cell death or cell lysis. This regulated response is independent of new protein or mRNA synthesis and does not require the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway. Temperature stress-induced annexin 2 translocation is dependent on both expression of protein p11 (S100A10) and tyrosine phosphorylation of annexin 2 because annexin 2 release is completely eliminated on depletion of p11, inactivation of tyrosine kinase, or mutation of tyrosine 23. Translocation of annexin 2 to the cell surface dramatically increases tissue plasminogen activator-dependent plasminogen activation potential and may represent a novel stress-induced protein secretion pathway.
Protonation-assisted spontaneous resolution: formation of a homochiral 2D interpenetrated hydrogen-bonded network from 4,4′-binicotinic acid under highly acidic conditions

The conformationally chiral 4,4′-bipyridine-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid (herein called 4,4′-binicotinic acid, BNA) forms racemic crystals either from neutral water as the free base, or from dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M) as the monohydrochloride salt, as determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Crystallization from more concentrated hydrochloric acid (6 M), on the other hand, yields the dihydrochloride salt of BNA, which was found to segregate into conglomerates with the chiral space group C2. In this structure, the BNA·2HCl forms a homochiral (4,4) net, with BNA molecules of the same chirality linked via COOH⋯Cl⋯HN hydrogen bonds. The resulting low-density framework self-penetrates to generate a two-fold 2D interwoven homochiral layer. Stacking of layers of the same handedness generates an enantiomorphous crystal. The increased contribution of ionic and hydrogen bonding in this crystal appears to be responsible for the observed spontaneous resolution.
Vitamin B6 repletion in cirrhosis with oral pyridoxine: failure to improve amino acid metabolism.

This study evaluated the effect of daily oral pyridoxine supplementation in patients with cirrhosis. Eight subjects were treated with 25 mg of pyridoxine for 28 days. Before and after the supplementation period, B6 status was assessed by measuring fasting plasma vitamer levels and response to a 25 mg oral pyridoxine load. In addition, a 24-hr urine collection was analyzed during each load study for B6 metabolites. The data indicated that supplementation achieved repletion of peripheral B6 stores, as evidenced by: (i) a significant (p < 0.005) rise in fasting plasma pyridoxal phosphate after supplementation (mean ± S.D. = 56.8 ± 30.5 nmoles per liter) as compared to initial levels (17.0 ± 17.8 nmoles per liter); (ii) a higher (p < 0.05) percentage excretion of the pyridoxine load as urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (31.0 ± 9.3%) compared to the initial load (19.6 ± 5.8%), and (iii) a postsupplementation area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve for pyridoxal phosphate (377 ± 529 nmoles·hr per liter), which was decreased (p < 0.005) from the presupplementation value (934 ± 756 nmoles·hr per liter). The postsupplementation fasting plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were within the normal range. The consequences of B6 repletion on amino acid metabolism were measured by oral protein loads (n = 4) or oral methionine loads (n = 4). No significant changes were observed for methionine or any other amino acid in regard to plasma fasting concentration, peak concentration or AUC. Although the vitamin B6 deficiency of cirrhosis was corrected by daily oral pyridoxine supplementation, there was apparently no improvement in the deranged amino acid metabolism.
Using Responsive Prosodic Variation to Acknowledge the User's Current State

Spoken dialog systems today do not vary the prosody of their utterances, although prosody is known to have many useful expressive functions. In a corpus of memory quizzes, we identify eleven dimensions of prosodic variation, each with its own expressive function. We identified the situations in which each was used, and developed rules for detecting these situations from the dialog context and the prosody of the interlocutor’s previous utterance. We implemented the resulting rules and had 21 users interact with two versions of the system. Overall they preferred the version in which the prosodic forms of the acknowledgments were chosen to be suitable for each specific context. This suggests that simple adjustments to system prosody based on local context can have value to users. Index Terms: Confidence, Emotion, User Modeling, Sensitive, Tutorial, Quiz, Social Interaction, Pace
Enteric colonization with antibiotic resistant bacteria in nurses working in intensive care units

To determine whether nurses who worked in an intensive care unit (ICU) might acquire enteric colonization with Gram-negative aerobic bacteria from their patients, rectal swabs were obtained from the patients and nurses in the ICU, from nurses working in a coronary care unit (CCU) and from young women with urinary tract infection who had not been exposed to the hospital environment. The healthy women differed from the patients in that their enteric flora contained greater numbers of lactose fermenting bacteria, they were less often colonized by resistant organisms and when resistant bacteria were present they were less abundant than in the patients. Nurses who had been treated with antimicrobial agents during the preceding six months were colonized more often with antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria. There was no evidence of transmission of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from patients to nurses largely because this species had been virtually eliminated from the patients by intensive use of antimicrobial agents. Instead, several multiresistant species of Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas were isolated from the patients and ICU nurses. It was difficult, however, to define clearly patient-nurse controls who had no exposure to the ICU patients. These observations and those of other investigators emphasize the need for examination of control populations and of therapeutic use of antibiotics when examining the issue of environmental acquisition of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Surface-wave radar and its application

Following a brief review of the problem of detecting drug-carrying aircraft approaching the United States from South America, a short description is given of over-the-horizon radar that makes use of radar pulses reflected from the ionosphere. An alternative, surface-wave radar, is then described beginning with the complete formulas for the electric field transmitted by a vertical dipole erected on the surface of the sea. The backscattered field of a small airplane and of a boat are calculated and the fields received by the array determined. Arrays of vertical dipoles are then described for sending radar pulses along the surface of the Gulf of Mexico.
Choosing Qualitative Research: A Primer for Technology Education Researchers

A number of writers have commented on the dearth of substantive research within the field of technology education, and point to the expansion of its research agenda as a means of strengthening the discipline. Waetjen, in his call for good research in technology education, states that “the plea is to use experimental type research as much as possible” (1992, p. 30). Interestingly, the three areas of research need outlined in his essay would all lend themselves to alternative methodologies, including qualitative methodologies.
Energy-efficient localization in networks of underwater drifters

In their quest to study the intricate underwater ecosystems, oceanographic scientists need spatially-rich data that is collected within the moving reference frame created by the oceans' currents. To this end, we are developing a system of networked underwater ocean explorers that drift freely with the currents. However, effective interpretation of collected sensor data hinges on knowing the positions of these drifters while submerged. Due to their uncontrollable motion, positions have to be tracked in time. Unlike in static networks, position estimation therefore represents a recurring cost, which should be minimized for reasons of limited on-board energy supplies. In this paper, we present a low-overhead scheme that is able to trade accuracy for energy savings by cleverly selecting the specific links that are required for the self-localization algorithm. Our technique is also agile enough to quickly adapt to on-demand changes in accuracy requirements, and cuts the position estimation costs by 40% or more under various ocean current dynamics.
The State of American Federalism 2014–15: Pathways to Policy in an Era of Party Polarization

The state of American federalism in 2014–2015 is characterized by inertia and centrifugal force. Party polarization and divided government exacerbate gridlock at the federal level as President Obama faces Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. Policy activity has shifted outward to state legislatures and citizens, the federal and state executive branches, and the court system, creating a diverse set of alternative institutional pathways and outcomes. Some policies, like Medicaid and K-12 education, are largely shaped by federal-state executive branch negotiations, leading to individualized state programs. Other policies—such as marijuana, gun, and immigration laws—are made by state legislatures or citizens acting through the initiative process. Meanwhile, a series of court decisions has doubled the number of states where same-sex marriage is legal. In the current political context, American federalism is characterized by a substantial dispersion of power and a variety of pathways to policy-making.
The module of logarithmic p-forms of a locally free arrangement

For an essential, central hyperplane arrangement A ⊆ V ≃ k n+1 we show that 1 (A) (the module of logarithmic one forms with poles along A) gives rise to a locally free sheaf on P n if and only if for all X ∈ LA with rank X < dim V , the module 1 (AX) is free. Our main result says that in this case �(A,t) is essentially the Chern polynomial. The proof is based on a result of Solomon-Terao [16] and a formula we give for the Chern polynomial of a bundle E on P n in terms of the Hilbert series of ⊕m2ZH 0 (P n , ∧ i E(m)). If 1 (A) has projective dimension one and is locally free, we give a minimal
Differentiation of M1 Myeloid Precursor Cells into Macrophages Results in Binding and Infection by Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus and Apoptosis

Infection of susceptible mouse strains with BeAn, a less virulent strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), results in immune system-mediated demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) similar to those in multiple sclerosis. Since macrophages appear to carry the major detectable antigen burden in vivo, and purification of sufficient cell numbers from the CNS for detailed analysis is difficult, macrophage-like cell lines provide an accessible system with which to study virus-macrophage interactions. The myeloid precursor cell line M1 differentiates in response to cytokines and expresses many characteristics of tissue macrophages. Incubation of TMEV with undifferentiated M1 cells produced neither infection nor apoptosis, whereas differentiated M1 (M1-D) cells developed a restricted virus infection and changes indicative of apoptosis. Virus binding and RNA replication as well as cellular production of alpha/beta interferons increased with differentiation. Although the amount of infectious virus was highly restricted, BeAn-infected M1-D cells synthesized and appropriately processed virus capsid proteins at levels comparable to those for permissive BHK-21 cells. Analysis of Bcl-2 protein family expression in undifferentiated and differentiated cells suggests that susceptibility of M1-D cells to apoptosis may be controlled, in part, by expression of the proapoptotic α isoform of Bax and Bak. These data suggest that macrophage differentiation plays a role in susceptibility to TMEV infection and apoptosis.
Multifluid flow in bedded porous media: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

Abstract Understanding light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) movement in heterogeneous vadose environments is important for effective remediation design. We investigated LNAPL movement near a sloping fine- over coarse-grained textural interface, forming a capillary barrier. LNAPL flow experiments were performed in a glass chamber (50 cm×60 cm×1.0 cm) using two silica sands (12/20 and 30/40 sieve sizes). Variable water saturations near the textural interface were generated by applying water uniformly to the sand surface at various flow rates. A model LNAPL (Soltrol® 220) was subsequently released at two locations at the sand surface. Visible light transmission was used to quantitatively determine water saturations prior to LNAPL release and to observe LNAPL flow paths. Numerical simulations were performed using the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP) simulator, employing two nonhysteretic relative permeability–saturation–pressure ( k – S – P ) models. LNAPL movement strongly depended on the water saturation in the fine-grained sand layer above the textural interface. In general, reasonable agreement was found between observed and predicted water saturations near the textural interface and LNAPL flow paths. Discrepancies between predictions based on the van Genuchten/Mualem (VGM) and Brooks–Corey/Burdine (BCB) k – S – P models existed in the migration speed of the simulated LNAPL plume and the LNAPL flow patterns at high water saturation above the textural interface. In both instances, predictions based on the BCB model agreed better with experimental observations than predictions based on the VGM model. The results confirm the critical role water saturation plays in determining LNAPL movement in heterogeneous vadose zone environments and that accurate prediction of LNAPL flow paths depends on the careful selection of an appropriate k – S – P model.
Alcohol Availability and Neighborhood Poverty and Their Relationship to Binge Drinking and Related Problems Among Drinkers in Committed Relationships

The authors examined the relationship of alcohol outlet density (AOD) and neighborhood poverty with binge drinking and alcohol-related problems among drinkers in married and cohabitating relationships and assessed whether these associations differed across sex. A U.S. national population couples survey was linked to U.S. Census data on AOD and neighborhood poverty. The 1,784 current drinkers in the survey reported on their binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, and other covariates. AOD was defined as the number of alcohol outlets per 10,000 persons and was obtained at the zip code level. Neighborhood poverty was defined as having a low (<20%) or high (≥20%) proportion of residents living in poverty at the census tract level. We used logistic regression for survey data to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals and tested for differences of associations by sex. Associations of neighborhood poverty with binge drinking were stronger for male than for female drinkers. The association of neighborhood poverty with alcohol-related problems was also stronger for men than for women. We observed no relationships between AOD and binge drinking or alcohol-related problems in this couples survey. Efforts to reduce binge drinking or alcohol-related problems among partners in committed relationships may have the greatest impact if targeted to male drinkers living in high-poverty neighborhoods. Binge drinking and alcohol-related problems, as well as residence in an impoverished neighborhood are risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and other relationship conflicts.
Designing nanostructures by glancing angle deposition

Three-dimensional nanostructures can be fabricated by the glancing angle deposition technique. By rotating the substrate in both polar and azimuthal directions, one can fabricate desired nanostructures, such as nano-rod arrays with different shapes, nano-spring arrays, and even multilayer nanostructures. This method offers a fully three-dimensional control of the nanostructure with additional capability of self-alignment. There is almost no limitation on materials that can be fabricated into desired nanostructures. In this presentation, we will discuss the current status of the glancing angle deposition technology, its potential applications, and its future challenges.
Landing Footprint Computation for Entry Vehicles

A method is developed for generating landing footprints for entry vehicles in near realtime, as needed for an on-board flight management system. The method described in the paper is built around a previously developed, acceleration-based trajectory planner. The boundary of the footprint is constructed from the endpoints of extreme downrange or crossrange trajectories generated by the planner. The strengths of the method include fast computation time, respecting path constraints such as vehicle heating limits, accounting for Coriolis effects and constructing angle of attack profiles that are nearly optimal for long range glide. The accuracy of the landing footprint generator is determined by direct comparison with footprints computed with a general purpose optimization program.
The multi-pulsing transition in mode-locked lasers: a low-dimensional approach using waveguide arrays

The onset of multi-pulsing, a ubiquitous phenomenon in laser cavities, is considered. The multi-pulsing transition is studied in a specific model that uses a waveguide array as the cavity saturable absorber. Using a low-dimensional reduction constructed by the method of proper orthogonal decomposition (principal components), a complete characterization of the multi-pulsing transition is given, including the onset of periodic solution (Hopf bifurcation) and period-doubling bifurcation and Neimark–Sacker (torus) bifurcation as routes to chaos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first low-dimensional construction of the entire multi-pulsing transition from N to N+1 pulses per round trip. The reduced model qualitatively reproduces the dynamics observed in the multi-pulse transition of the mode-locked laser and confirms recent experimental observations of periodic and chaotic behavior preceding the multi-pulsing transition.
Recognition of traversable areas for mobile robotic navigation in outdoor environments

In this paper we consider the problem of automatically determining whether regions in an outdoor environment can be traversed by a mobile robot. We propose a two-level classifier that uses data from a single color image to make this determination. At the low level, we have implemented three classifiers based on color histograms, directional filters and local binary patterns. The outputs of these low level classifiers are combined using a voting scheme that weights the results of each classifier using an estimate of its error probability. We present results from a large number of trials using a database of representative images acquired in real outdoor environments.
Response Calculations for Light-Scattering Aerosol Particle Counters

Response calculations for five commercial light-scattering aerosol particle counters have been carried out that take into account the emissive power of the light source, the spectral sensitivity of the phototube, and the specific geometrical factors for each instrument. Earlier calculations had been published for two of these instruments, but these had not considered each of these factors appropriately. The results indicate a strong dependence of response upon both the real and imaginary part of the refractive index and, for a given refractive index, a multivalued response in the submicrometer range for three of the five instruments.
Narrow-band interference rejection using real-time Fourier transforms

An analysis is presented of a BPSK-PN (binary phase shift-keyed with pseudonoise) demodulator when present narrowband interference is attenuated using transform domain filtering. The signal of interest is a wideband direct-sequence spread-spectrum signal (DS-SS). The interference is a narrowband signal which may be of high power and which is either intentionally or unintentionally collocated in frequency and interfering with the signal of interest. The effect of windowing the input signal by a rectangular or Hamming windows as well as the use of an overlap and save scheme is presented. It is shown that the Hamming window far outperforms the rectangular window, and that the interference is for all purposes completely eliminated when the Hamming window is used in conjunction with the overlap and save scheme. The criterion used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different interference rejection techniques is the bit error rate (BER) as measured at the output of the demodulator. >
Conflicts, Commitments, and Cliques in the University: Moral Seduction as a Threat to Trustee Independence.

The ability of trustees to make independent judgments in the best interests of the university is a fundamental characteristic of an effective governing board. Trustee independence is increasingly threatened, however, as the university becomes more deeply embedded in government, industry, networks, and the professions. This topic is investigated through analysis of qualitative interviews, focus group observations, and informant-produced documents from 59 public university presidents. It is argued that threats to trustee independence are produced primarily through a process of moral seduction that allows trustees to engage in self-interested decision making while maintaining an ethical self-concept. The article then provides a conceptual model to frame our understanding of how important social actors seek to capture and co-opt boards of trustees to serve external interests and describes how the institutional mechanism of moral seduction creates important policy considerations.
Long-Distance Debris Transport by Tornadic Thunderstorms.Part I: The 7 May 1995 Supercell Thunderstorm

Abstract On 7 May 1995, during VORTEX 95, the Tornado Debris Project at the University of Oklahoma collected debris transported up to 190 km (120 mi) in association with an isolated tornadic thunderstorm which moved over north Texas and southern/central Oklahoma. Analysis of WSR-88D radar reflectivity data along with eyewitness accounts suggest that plumes observable in the radar reflectivity field contained debris that were transported long distances by this storm. The three main clusters of debris can be explained by at least three different modes of deposition: rear-flank deposition, left-flank deposition, and forward-flank deposition. Trajectory estimates outside the storm based on terminal fall speeds of the collected debris suggest much of the debris did not travel as far as it would if it had left the storm at upper levels in a dry state. Direct and indirect precipitation effects are diagnosed as potential factors limiting the distance transported.
Relationship Between the Pathologic Subtype/Initial Stage and Microliths in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Farhana Sharmeen, Michael H. Rosenthal, Monica J. Wood, Sree Harsha Tirumani, Christopher Sweeney, and Stephanie A. Howard
Cyanobacterial productivity, variations of the organic carbon and facies of the Indidura Formation ( Cenomanian-Turonian), Northeastern Mexico

Rock sequences of Cenomanian-Turonian age commonly assigned to the Indidura Formation in northeastern Mexico (Coahuila State) show distinct facies indicative of significant spatial variability over the carbonate platform. Three stratigraphic sections where selected to characterize these differences. Las Delicias section (stratotype) is composed of 10-30 cm thick beds of very-pale orange biocalcirudites, without internal primary structures. Allochems consist of abundant echinoderms, pelecypods, ammonites, and fewer planktonic foraminifera. Total carbonate (CaCO3) varies between 48% and 94%, and total organic carbon (TOC) between 0.7 % and 1.5 %. La Casita Canyon section, southeast of Las Delicias, consists of 3-30 cm thick interbeds of pale yellowish brown biocalcilutites and olive gray shales. Hand specimens show no apparent depositional internal structures, whereas abundant bioturbation appears in thin sections. Allochems consist of sparse fragments of planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria concentrated in burrows. Total carbonate (CaCO3) varies between 0.8 % and 59.3 %, whereas TOC fluctuates between 0.17 % and 5.8 %. In contrast, the Sierra de Parras section, south of Las Delicias and west of La Casita, includes a sequence with well defined rhythms. They consist of 8-200 cm thick beds of light olive gray and brownish black, to olive black shales; and 5-100 cm thick marly biocalcilutites. Both facies exhibit similar internal structures arranged in nearly even-parallel “varve-like” dual lamination (<3 mm thick). Microscopically, they include few planktonic foraminifera scattered in the dark laminae. Epifaunal remains include only sporadic pelecypods (Inoceramus). Total carbonate (CaCO3) content varies from 43% to 78.3%, while TOC is relatively high between 7.3% and 24.3%, more often higher than 20%. Microfacies in the Parras area reveal compositional differences in the laminae associated with varying abundance of microspheres or “micro-ooids” that we attribute to be of cyanobacterial origin. Laminae developed from fluctuating cycles of calcareous cyanobacteria blooms, which remained dominant throughout the sequence. Corganic–rich black shales and limestones of the Parras region further document unique paleoceanographic conditions, which were also characterized by strong dysoxic/anoxic bottom conditions and rhythmical production of cyanobacteria. These conditions contrast sharply with prevailing paleoenvironments recorded at Las Delicias and La Casita where benthic epifauna, planktonic and nektonic organisms were able to thrive. Assuming that these facies are coeval, microfacies and TOC analyses of these rocks further demonstrate distinct spatial differences between these areas.
Influences on substance use cessation during pregnancy: An exploratory study of women on probation and parole

Research suggests that a lack of family support, low self-efficacy, mental illness, and life stressors increase the likelihood of women using illicit substances during their pregnancies. These risk factors often characterize the lives of women on probation and parole. The current study uses data from a larger study of women on supervision to explore the risk and protective factors of substance use during pregnancy. Results highlight the importance of self-efficacy, mental health treatment, and family support; and suggest avenues for intervention to improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
ATP Synthesis by Oxidative Phosphorylation.

The F1F0-ATP synthase (EC 3.6.1.34) is a remarkable enzyme that functions as a rotary motor. It is found in the inner membranes of Escherichia coli and is responsible for the synthesis of ATP in response to an electrochemical proton gradient. Under some conditions, the enzyme functions reversibly and uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate the gradient. The ATP synthase is composed of eight different polypeptide subunits in a stoichiometry of α3β3γδeab2c10. Traditionally they were divided into two physically separable units: an F1 that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis (α3β3γδe) and a membrane-bound F0 sector that transports protons (ab2c10). In terms of rotary function, the subunits can be divided into rotor subunits (γec10) and stator subunits (α3β3δab2). The stator subunits include six nucleotide binding sites, three catalytic and three noncatalytic, formed primarily by the β and α subunits, respectively. The stator also includes a peripheral stalk composed of δ and b subunits, and part of the proton channel in subunit a. Among the rotor subunits, the c subunits form a ring in the membrane, and interact with subunit a to form the proton channel. Subunits γ and e bind to the c-ring subunits, and also communicate with the catalytic sites through interactions with α and β subunits. The eight subunits are expressed from a single operon, and posttranscriptional processing and translational regulation ensure that the polypeptides are made at the proper stoichiometry. Recent studies, including those of other species, have elucidated many structural and rotary properties of this enzyme.
The Echo of Things: the lives of photographs in the Solomon Islands

Since photography’s development (c. 1839), the technology has spread globally, becoming incorporated into local ways of seeing and being. The visual economies that emerged and the parallel developm...
Consequences of HMG-Domain Protein Binding to Cisplatin-Modified DNA

The HMG domain is a recently discovered motif which occurs in transcription factors and other DNA-binding proteins. The domain, composed of approximately 80 amino acids, was first identified in the abundant nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG1, high mobility group protein 1, so named because of its rapid mobility on Polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Some HMG-domain proteins, such as LEF-1 and SRY, contain a single HMG domain, whereas others, including hUBF, have up to five. In binding to DNA, the HMG domain prefers single-stranded or bent double-stranded structures. Proteins containing the domain bend duplex DNA by up to 130° when they bind to it, and HMG1 facilitates the formation of DNA circles as small as 59 bp in length. HMG-domain proteins also bind to the most abundant DNA adducts of the anticancer drug cisplatin, specifically, the 1,2-d(GpG) and 1,2-d(ApG) intrastrand cross-links. These adducts are believed to be responsible for the cytotoxicity of the drug. HMG-domain proteins may affect the antitumor properties of cisplatin, since they block excision repair of the cisplatin-DNA adducts both in human cell extracts and in yeast cells.
TMEM16 Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease

Abstract The TransMEMbrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family has received much attention since the discovery of TMEM16A as the long sought-after calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) in 2008. In mammals the TMEM16 family comprises 10 members, which are widely expressed and thus far have been associated with two main functions: serving as ion channels to transport ions across cell membranes and as lipid scramblases to catalyze phospholipid transposition between the two leaflets of the cell membrane. Recent structural and functional studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the TMEM16 proteins at the molecular level. The calcium-binding sites are highly conserved throughout the mammalian TMEM16 family and their eukaryotic homologs, implying that calcium-dependent activation might be a common characteristic of TMEM16 proteins. Unlike potassium channels, TMEM16 channels display a low level of ion selectivity. Some TMEM16 family members may even have both ion channel and lipid scramblase activities, suggesting that the ancestors of TMEM16 proteins might have evolved mechanisms to allow various ionic and lipid substrates to go through, thereby rendering them dual functionalities. The current understanding of the structure-function of TMEM16 proteins, their physiological functions, and potential pathological roles in human disease are summarized in this chapter.
A look-ahead probabilistic contingency analysis framework incorporating smart sampling techniques

This paper describes a framework of incorporating smart sampling techniques in a probabilistic look-ahead contingency analysis application. The predictive probabilistic contingency analysis helps describe the impact of uncertainties caused by variable generation and load on potential violations of transmission limits. The objectives of smart sampling techniques are to represent structure and statistical characteristics of different sources of uncertainty in the power system (e.g., load, wind, and solar generation) efficiently and accurately, and to significantly reduce the data set size and the computational time needed for multiple look-ahead contingency analyses. Case studies on the Alstom test system are presented to demonstrate the performance of the framework. The efficiency of the smart sampling techniques is also discussed.
Talk, Decisions, and Action in Curriculum-Making: Reflections on the "ILS" and "L97" Case Studies.

AbstractPrevious papers in this issue of JCS have presented case studies of the state-based curriculum commissions that developed the Illinois Learning Standards of 1997 and Norway’s Laereplanverket 1997 (L97) (1997). The studies were developed using as a framework a body of German research that sees state-based curriculum-making as a tool for managing the interface between school systems and states’ publics and politics. The principal question for this cross-case analysis is the portability of the German framework to the ILS and L97 cases. There many features of the two cases that do mirror the characteristics of Germany’s state-based curriculum-making, which leaves the questions ‘How, when and why was this transnational model of state-based curriculum-making invented?’
Partially Identified Treatment Effects for Generalizability

Recent methods to improve generalizations from nonrandom samples typically invoke assumptions such as the strong ignorability of sample selection, which is challenging to meet in practice. Although...