cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giving credit entices more students to check their work, but ...

This paper focuses on the effects of giving students credit for checking their answers. Two semesters of a beginning circuit analysis course are compared. In both semesters, answers on weekly quizzes were graded "all-or- nothing" in hopes that this would encourage the students to check their work carefully. A previous study of the first semester showed that this was insufficient inducement, so in the second semester, students were required to check their work by allocating quiz points specifically for checking. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the percentage of students who checked their answers on quizzes, but other important goals were not achieved. Specifically, quiz scores were not substantially higher in the second semester, and there were mixed results regarding checking answers on exams. This study also highlights the importance of conducting effective (vs. ineffective) checks and corroborates previous evidence that time pressure is not the primary barrier to checking answers.
Progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients

Understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy progression risk factors is important. Structural-functional relationship studies have increased our understanding of the glomerular, vascular and tubulointerstitial lesions evolution at various stages of diabetic nephropathy. Classical and more recently described lesions of diabetic nephropathy are discussed. Structural changes associated with progression toward proteinuria and GFR loss are summarized. The relationships of renal structure and function in diabetic nephropathy are best described by non-linear models which mimic the natural history of the disease, i.e., renal pathology develops in clinical silence but, once established, leads to proteinuria and GFR decline.
Newdle: Interactive Visual Exploration of Large Online News Collections

Newdle is a visual-analytics system for exploring tagged online news collections. Newdle automatically constructs an article network and article-tag network for a collection and conducts clustering and path analyses on them. Using the analysis results, the system builds visualizations and supports user interaction with the networks. A topic overview lets users grasp a large collection's contents at a glance. It intuitively displays significant article clusters' semantics and temporal features in the collection. Users can also conduct in-depth analyses on topics, tags, and articles. A working prototype of Newdle uses New York Times RSS feeds as its example data input. Case studies with this prototype illustrate Newdle's effectiveness and efficiency.
Gnosis in Corinth: I Corinthians 8. 1–6

Scholars are gradually relinquishing the belief that the Corinthians were Gnostics. As a noted student of Gnosticism concludes, we find in Corinth ‘at most only the first tentative beginnings of what was later to develop into full-scale Gnosticism’. In fact, a kind of agnosticism has emerged with regard to the early Christian community in Corinth. ‘The position in Corinth cannot be reconstructed on the basis of the possibilities of the general history of religion.’ I suggest, however, that it is possible to determine with some degree of precision the nature and background of the ‘proto-Gnosticism’ in Corinth: Hellenistic Jewish religiosity focused on sophia and gnosis.
Farm: An automated malware analysis environment

We present the forensic analysis repository for malware (FARM), a system for automating malware analysis. FARM leverages existing dynamic and static analysis tools and is designed in a modular fashion to provide future extensibility. We present our motivations for designing the system and give an overview of the system architecture. We also present several common scenarios that detail uses for FARM as well as illustrate how automated malware analysis saves time. Finally, we discuss future development of this tool.
Quantitative Comparison of Inflammatory Infiltrate and Linear Contraction in Human Skin Treated with 90‐μs Pulsed and 900‐μs Dwell Time Carbon Dioxide Lasers

Background Skin resurfacing with 90-microsecond pulse duration carbon dioxide (CO2) resurfacing lasers has been reported to have shorter duration of erythema compared with skin resurfacing with 900-microsecond dwell time lasers. The presence of inflammatory infiltrate following resurfacing may correlate with the persistence of this erythema. Furthermore, skin treated with the 90-microsecond pulse duration laser and the 900-microsecond dwell time lasers both result in equivalent improvement of rhytids in the treated skin. Objective To quantitative the inflammatory cell infiltrate and linear contraction of skin treated with the 90-microsecond pulsed and 900-microsecond dwell time CO2 lasers at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Materials and methods Volunteers were recruited from patients who were planning to undergo full face laser resurfacing under general anesthesia. Informed consent was obtained from all volunteers. In the posterior auricular areas of all volunteers, four separate rectangular areas were marked using a skin marking pen and a template. Two rectangular areas behind the right ear were treated with 6 passes of the 90-microsecond laser and two rectangular areas behind the left ear were treated with the 900-microsecond dwell time laser. The resurfaced areas were wiped with a moist cotton swab and then patted dry with dry gauze between passes. Contraction measurements of the resurfaced areas were taken before and immediately after laser treatment and again at 2 and 4 weeks following treatment. Punch biopsies were also performed at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in an area of skin different from where contraction measurements were taken. Results The number of inflammatory cells present in the skin at 2 and 4 weeks after laser resurfacing are greater for skin resurfaced with a 900-microsecond dwell time laser than a 90-microsecond pulse time laser. Linear contraction of skin immediately after treatment was 18% greater with the 900-microsecond dwell time laser than with the 90-microsecond pulsed laser. The difference in the amount of contraction produced by the lasers tended to decrease over time. At 4 weeks there was a 10% difference in mean linear contraction between the two laser types. Conclusion Increased numbers of inflammatory cells in skin resurfaced with the 900-microsecond dwell time laser may explain the observed persistence of erythema associated with the 900-microsecond dwell time laser. Measurable linear contraction produced by the 900-microsecond dwell time laser was initially 18% greater than the 90-microsecond pulse laser. This difference tends to decrease over time.
Metastatic head and neck carcinoma to a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy site

Background. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a safe and widely accepted alternate route for enteral alimentation in the head and neck cancer patient population. Cancer metastatic to a PEG tube exit site is a rare but serious complication of this procedure. We sought to determine the route of spread responsible for PEG site metastases such that we may prevent further occurrences of this highly morbid condition. We also report a case of PEG site metastasis at our institution. Methods. We performed a MEDLINE search for the years 1962 to 2002 and conducted a review of the literature. In the case at our institution, a 63-year-old man was referred to our institution with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of tongue; he also had a 1.5-cm left apical lung nodule. He underwent PEG tube placement at the time of staging panendoscopy. Six months after the original tube placement, he had an ulcerated mass develop at the PEG site; biopsy of the mass revealed squamous cell carcinoma histologically identical to the base of tongue tumor. He also had recurrent lung cancer and four hepatic lesions develop. Results. In our MEDLINE search, of the five patients diagnosed with PEG site disease >10 months after PEG placement, all five (100%) had synchronous distant metastatic disease. In the group of patients diagnosed with PEG site metastases ≤10 months after PEG placement, only four (24%) of 17 had synchronous distant metastatic disease. All patients underwent PEG placement by means of the “pull” technique. Direct implantation with a variable-sized initial tumor burden can explain all cases of PEG site metastasis. The presence of distant metastases is representative of the natural history of advanced head and neck malignancies. Smaller initial tumor implants present later than would larger initial tumor burdens, when the patient is more likely to have distant metastatic disease. In the case at our institution, the patient did not respond to treatment for his hepatic and PEG site metastases and his lung cancer, and he died 4 months after detection of the PEG site metastasis. Conclusions. PEG site metastases are iatrogenic complications of PEG tube placement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. The use of laparoscopic, open, or the “push” technique of PEG tube placement in patients with head and neck cancer may prevent direct implantation of malignant cells into an enteral access site. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX–XXX, 2005
Low-Light Auto-Focus Enhancement for Digital and Cell-Phone Camera Image Pipelines

Images captured by a digital or cell-phone camera in low-light environments usually suffer from a lack of sharpness due to the failure of the camera's passive auto-focus (AF) system to locate the peak in-focus position of a sharpness function that is extracted from the image. In low-light, the sharpness function becomes flat, making it quite difficult to locate the peak.In this paper, a systematic approach is introduced to address the problem of low-light AF by performing computationally simple image enhancement preprocessing steps as part of the image pipeline. These enhancement steps elevate the sharpness function peak, leading to auto-focusing in low-light conditions. A sharpness junction quality measure along with experimental guidelines are presented for determining the most prominent enhancement steps for low-light AF. The implementation results on an actual digital camera platform are also shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution.
Goal Orientations and Illegal Behavior Among Juveniles

This study of goal orientations among juveniles in four types of communities-rural farm, upper urban, lower urban, industrial city-examines two conflicting theories about illegal, behavior: (1) that it is due largely to the pursuit of goals peculiar to the lower class and (2) that it is provoked by unequal chances of attaining goals which are essentially similar for all classes. The findings indicate, among other things, that both viewpoints have merit, i.e., major goal orientations are rather similar in nature throughout society, but significant differences in their distribution are found in various communities. D uring recent years a basic conflict has arisen in the literature concerning the role of goals or values in the etiology of illegal behavior among juveniles. Whereas some authors have attributed a large part of the involvement in misconduct to the pursuit of goals peculiar to certain segments of the population, other authors have suggested that desired goals are essentially similar for everyone, but that the means of attaining these goals are unequally distributed. The latter condition requires illegal behavior on the part of the disadvantaged in the attempt to overcome or compensate for their handicap.
THE DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM ENZYMES AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN VARIOUS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Clinical differentiation of Duchenne MD (DMD), Becker MD, Iimbgirdle (LGMD) and benign congenital MD (BCMD), in the early stages is not always possible and may require observation for several years before the correct diagnosis can be reached. DMD, with its rapid downhill course, has at the age of 10 years reached the stage which is far beyond that seen usually in patients affected with one of the other three MDs. Becker MD, LGMD, and BCMD, at that age, may still present similar clinical features. Helpful differential diagnostic criteria discussed in this article are summarized in Table 8. If the patient is a girl, it would be unlikely for her to have X-linked MD. She most likely represents a case of LGMD or BCMD, which may still not be distinguishable from each other in the early stages. Highly elevated CPK and Ald levels are typical for early X-linked MDs and BCMD and uncommon in LGMD. LDH and SGOT are very high in the early stages of DMD, high in Becker MD and BCMD and distinctly less elevated in LGMD. Thus serum enzyme levels are helpful in distinguishing LGMD from the other three MDs. Electrocardiographic abnormalities are common in the X-linked MDs. Tall right precordial R-waves with or with out deep Q waves in the left precordial leads are found in the majority of patients with X-linked MD. It is, however, not a constant finding of X-linked MD. Prescence of the EGG abnormalities appears to exclude MD with autosomal inheritance, notably LGMD and BCMD.
A see-through wire-grid film antenna for WLAN applications

A see-through film antenna is proposed for 2.4 GHz WLAN applications. The antenna is made by a high-quality wire-grid film where very thin copper wires are used so that the antenna is almost transparent. Several kinds of wire-grids are applied and the performance is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is found that the deterioration on radiation efficiency is limited and the transparency remains for practical applications, if the wire-grid is chosen appropriately.
Decreased apoptosome activity with neuronal differentiation sets the threshold for strict IAP regulation of apoptosis

Despite the potential of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) to block cytochrome c–dependent caspase activation, the critical function of IAPs in regulating mammalian apoptosis remains unclear. We report that the ability of endogenous IAPs to effectively regulate caspase activation depends on the differentiation state of the cell. Despite being expressed at equivalent levels, endogenous IAPs afforded no protection against cytochrome c–induced apoptosis in naive pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, but were remarkably effective in doing so in neuronally differentiated cells. Neuronal differentiation was also accompanied with a marked reduction in Apaf-1, resulting in a significant decrease in apoptosome activity. Importantly, this decrease in Apaf-1 protein was directly linked to the increased ability of IAPs to stringently regulate apoptosis in neuronally differentiated PC12 and primary cells. These data illustrate specifically how the apoptotic pathway acquires increased regulation with cellular differentiation, and are the first to show that IAP function and apoptosome activity are coupled in cells.
An On-Chip Tunable Frequency Generator for Crystal-Less Low-Power WBAN Radio

This brief presents a digitally tunable frequency generator for crystal-less low-power radios in size-constrained wireless-body-area-network applications. A switched-capacitor frequency-to-voltage converter is used to lock a ring oscillator (RO) to an on-chip reference voltage. The proposed frequency lock loop (FLL) significantly reduces the supply and temperature dependences of the RO frequency by 400x and 13x, respectively, to 0.23%/V and 126 ppm/°C compared to a RO without the FLL. The output frequency can be digitally tuned from 325 to 420 MHz with a resolution of 80 ppm to allow channelization or calibration.
Capacity of large array receivers for deep-space communications in the presence of interference

We develop a model for a large array ground receiver system for use in deep space communications, and analyze the resulting array channel capacity. The model includes effects of array geometry, time-dependent spacecraft orbital trajectory, point and extended interference sources, and elevation- dependent noise and atmospheric channel variations. Channel capacity is expressed as a simple quadratic form dependent upon covariance matrices characterizing the source, interference, and additive noise. This formulation facilitates inclusion of array and channel characteristics into the model, as well as comparison of optimal, suboptimal and equivalent single-antenna configurations on achievable throughput. Realistic examples of ground array channel capacity calculations are presented, demonstrating the impact of array geometry, planetary interference sources, and array combining algorithm design upon the achievable data throughput.
The Line of Fifths

The concept of pitch-class depends, as is well-known, on the assumption of octave equivalence: any two notes one or more octaves apart are members of the same category. But the pitch-class idea also entails another kind of equivalence, that is, enharmonic equivalence: any two notes of the same pitch belong to the same category. The assumptions of octave and enharmonic equivalence have proved to be extremely useful to music theory. Flrst proposed with serial music in mind, the pitch-class system has more recently opened up a new approach to the study of tonal music as well.l FIowever, we should remember that enharmonic equivalence is not the usual assumption in traditional tonal theory and music notation. There, the same pitch-class may be represented in different ways: as Ab or G", for example. Retaining the assumption of octave equivalence, we might call such categories 'tonal pitch-classes' (TPCs) as opposed to the twelve 'neutral pitch-classes' (NPCs) of atenal set theory. In this article, I shall explore the tonal pitch-class system and the role of tonal pitch-class distinctions in musical cognition. In emphasising the differentness of Ab and G", I am not in any way denying that they are, in another important sense, the same any more than distinguishing between C3 and C4 denies the essential similarity between them. It seems clear that both the neutral pitch-class and tonal pitch-class systems play important roles in tonal music. However, the tonal pitch-class system has not received the theoretical attention it deserves. I begin by proposing a very simple spatial representation of tonal pitchclasses. I then present a model of how TPC labels are inferred from neutral ones: that is, the principles for choosing one spelling of a pitch over another. I also discuss the issue of ambiguity: cases where a single event seems to be functioning as two different TPCs. In the second half of the article, I explore some of the ways in which spelling choices are consequential for other aspects of music cognition; I also consider their relevance to the problem of keyH1nding. In closing, I discuss the relevance of the TPC system to highly chromatic and post-tonal music. I should H1rst mention two issues that I do not intend to diwuss in this article. The Elrst is intonation. The premise of this study is that inferring the spelling of notes is an important part of tonal cognition; but I will argue that
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia-Associated Cell Membrane Antigen

Antisera were raised in New Zealand White rabbits against non-B, non-T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells coated with antilymphocyte serum. Following minimal absorption with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, the antiserum reacted mainly with non-B, non-T ALL cells. The following numbers of patients had leukemia cells that reacted with the ALL antisera: 13 of 18 with ALL, 3 of 27 with acute myelocytic leukemia, 1 of 8 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), and 0 of 12 with CLL. The positive CML was a patient in CML blast crisis. Normal peripheral blood B- and T-lymphocytes and normal bone marrow were negative. Reactions of the anti-ALL serum (136K) were compared with the reactions of a rabbit anti-B-cell antiserum (63K) that reacted with approximately 70% of leukemia cells. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal donors were negative by both cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence tests. However, by immunofluorescence testing, 8 of 17 known malignant lines from a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders were positive; 4 of these lines were of T-cell origin. By immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ALL antigen appeared to consist of a single polypeptide chain of approximately 98,000 daltons. The anti-ALL antiserum was not cytotoxic for normal myeloid stem cells (colony-forming units).
Emergency Portacaval Shunt Versus Rescue Portacaval Shunt in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Emergency Treatment of Acutely Bleeding Esophageal Varices in Cirrhosis—Part 3

Background Emergency treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis is of singular importance because of the high mortality rate. Emergency portacaval shunt is rarely used today because of the belief, unsubstantiated by long-term randomized trials, that it causes frequent portal-systemic encephalopathy and liver failure. Consequently, portacaval shunt has been relegated solely to salvage therapy when endoscopic and pharmacologic therapies have failed. Question: Is the regimen of endoscopic sclerotherapy with rescue portacaval shunt for failure to control bleeding varices superior to emergency portacaval shunt? A unique opportunity to answer this question was provided by a randomized controlled trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus emergency portacaval shunt conducted from 1988 to 2005.
Hydroxyurea chemotherapy in the treatment of meningiomas

Meningiomas are slow growing, extraaxial tumors that derive from the arachnoidal cap cells of the meninges. Resection remains the main modality of treatment and can be curative in some cases. External-beam radiotherapy and radiosurgery can benefit selected patients. The role of chemotherapy continues to be defined, but should be considered for patients with inoperable or frequently recurring meningiomas. Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, is one of the most active agents and is known to induce apoptosis in meningioma cells in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Results of preliminary clinical studies suggest that hydroxyurea has modest activity against recurrent and inoperable meningiomas, and can induce long term stabilization in some patients. However, the results are conflicting and a few clinical trials did not show positive results. Further clinical trials with larger patient cohorts and longer follow-up periods will be necessary to confirm the activity of hydroxyurea. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC-07/10/E11)
In Defense Of The Extended Logistic Model Of Crop Production

The extended logistic model has been used extensively to relate seasonal crop production to applied nutrients (such as nitrogen). Model estimates include dry matter yield, plant nutrient uptake, and plant nutrient concentration. It has been applied to perennials such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.), and annuals such as corn (Zea mays L.). Dependence of response to such factors as water availability and harvest frequency (for perennials) can be incorporated into the model. On occasion readers still question the utility of the logistic model over other models (such as polynomials). This article attempts to clarify this point and offers a defense of the logistic model for analysis, design, and management of crop production systems. †Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08664.
Promoting Wellness Among Elementary School Children

In this article the authors (a) discuss wellness for children from a developmental perspective and (b) present results of a research study investigating the effects of wellness promotion guidance activities among fifth-grade children. Results reveal enhanced self-esteem and higher knowledge of wellness information among children in the experimental group.
Insight innovation dynamics of the typewriter industry

This research employs a concept of ‘innovation trinity’ – a common denominator of innovation consisting of three types of innovations: functionality, delivery and relationship innovation – to trace the dynamics of innovation in the typewriter industry. It reveals that about a century’s existence of the typewriter industry, from the creation to the final fading out, could be described by a full seven-stage innovation chain with two sustaining loops. The presented dynamics of the typewriter industry challenges the traditional concepts on dominant design and stages of an innovation life cycle and offers a venue for further exploring the vigour of innovation.
Service-oriented system engineering: a new paradigm

In the past a few years, we witnessed a rapid progress in service-oriented computing (SOC), which represents a paradigm shift from the current mainstream object-oriented computing (OOC) paradigm to the SOC paradigm. This paradigm shift is changing the way we develop and use software and hardware. Conferences, journals, books, research, experimentation, tools, and products in SOC, service-oriented architecture (SOA), service-oriented enterprise (SOE), service-oriented infrastructure (SOI), Web services (WS), and associated protocols and standards have emerged and a solid foundation for the new paradigm is being grounded. This paper focuses on the system engineering issues in the new paradigm.
Balancing practice economics with patient need.

Practices that accept patients with Medicaid must either accept lower income or increase the number of patients seen per day to compensate for the lower payment. The physician's right to choose patients and set schedules to keep the practice afloat conflicts with every child’s right to have access to health care.
A Model for Selection and Assessment of Community-Based Sites for Dental Students’ Extramural Clinical Experiences

As a recipient of the Robert Wood Johnson’s Pipeline, Profession, and Practice: Community-Based Dental Education grant, the Extramural Education Program (EEP) at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry was charged with developing partnerships with community-based oral health programs throughout Illinois. These programs are to be used for clinical service-learning rotations for fourth-year dental students, relying on the utilization of the dentists employed at the community site as preceptors for the students. Because the College of Dentistry had essentially no community-based service-learning experiences prior to the Robert Wood Johnson grant, procedures and protocols needed to be developed to standardize a process for site and preceptor selection. An administrative process was developed to engage, recruit, and partner with community-based oral health programs that provided direct clinical services. This article will discuss the development of criteria used to select sites and preceptors for extramural clinical rotations; the development of a set of standardized assessment instruments; and the credentialing process for community-based adjunct faculty that leads to the affiliation agreements. These community-based rotations have been integrated into the College of Dentistry curriculum as a required extramural service-learning course referred to as Extramural Clinical Experience (DADM 325).
On the Solution of Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations

A standard way of solving linear homogeneous differential equations with polynomial coefficients is the series method of Frobenius. The differential equations of the generalized hypergeometric functions, when solved by this method, have non logarithmic series solutions whose coefficients are found directly by solving a two-term recurrence relation as well as logarithmic solutions that are derivable from a two-term recurrence relation. We are here interested in a converse of this statement: THEOREM: If the non-logarithmic solutions of a linear homogeneous differential equation with polynomial coefficients are series whose coefficients are solutions of a two-term recurrence relation, then the differential equation is essentially a generalized hypergeometric differential equation and the solutions are generalized hypergeometric series or logarithmic solutions associated with generalized hypergeometric serses. This theorem is well-known to workers in the special functions of analysis but since it has seemed to be such a surprising result to others, we believe that this theorem should be made a matter of public record. Recurrence relations with more than two terms are so difficult to solve explicitly that virtually all the examples of the Frobenius method given in the standard textbooks that yield series with explicitly given coefficients are examples covered by this theorem. Our analysis will rest heavily on the use of the operator O=x(d/dx). It is a linear operator having the properties Oxn = nXn and 0 [on ]f(X) =-on+lf(X). Let { Pk(6) }I = be a set of polynomials in 0 with coefficients independent of x and such that the polynomials of greatest degree have degree precisely t. Then the most general linear homogeneous differential equation with polynomial coefficients of degree t can be written
Fetal Status: Sources and Implications

This essay considers the ways in which the various contexts--abortion, prenatal diagnosis, fetal research, and the use of fetuses in transplantation--shape the American debate on the moral standing of the fetus. This discussion gives rise to several philosophical debates on the status of the preimplantation embryo, particularly the debate over when the preimplantation embryo becomes individuated. How that question is resolved has critical ethical and policy implications.
Numerical Investigation on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in Search for an Efficient Design

The continuous improvement of this world is based on technological advancement. And the technological advancement is directly related to the utilization of energy. The demand of energy is creeping up every day due to increase of population, industrial and agricultural advancement. But the conventional energy sources are becoming limited which is ultimately making them more expensive. In addition to this, everyone is concerned about global climate change. This whole scenario is pushing the world to find the alternative sources of energy. Alternative sources involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth, and geothermal heat. Solar and Wind power are the most popular among the various sources of renewable energy.Wind alone can fulfill most of the energy requirement of the world by its efficient conversion in to energy. Though Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) is more popular but needs high wind speed to extract energy from the wind. On the Other hand Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) can run at low wind speed, independent of wind direction and can be installed anywhere with cheapest cost. The main objective of this research is to improve the design and performance of VAWT to make it more attractive, efficient, durable and sustainable. For a VAWT, the blades perform the main role to extract energy from the wind. Airfoil is considered as the blade for this new design of VAWT. Airfoil has some good aerodynamic characteristics, matches with the characteristics of Savonious type VAWT, such as good stall characteristics and little roughness affect, relatively high drag and low lift coefficient. Three dimensional CAD models of various simple airfoils have been designed in Solidworks. Using these airfoils CFD simulation has been performed for five different VAWT designed models. Moving mesh and fluid flow simulation have been performed using CFD software FLUENT. The findings of these numerical simulations provided pressure contour, velocity contour, drag coefficient, lift coefficient, torque coefficient and power coefficient for all these models. From the results it can be concluded that NACA7510 airfoil VAWT model gives the better performance at higher Tip Speed Ratio (λ) than other models.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Tomentella and Related Genera in North America II. Studies of Nomenclatural Types of Species Described by Peck

This paper is concerned with some species of resupinate Basidiomycetes reported and described by C. H. Peck. During almost half a century as botanist of New York State, Peck described more than 2,700 species and varieties of fungi. An index to the fungi described from 1869 to 1908 has been compiled by him (1909). Gilbertson (1962a) has indexed those fungi described by Peck from 1909 to 1915. Nine of Peck's species are considered here. Specimens were sectioned vertically, treated with 95% ethanol, mounted in 2% KOH solu? tion, and treated with an aqueous solution of Phloxine-B. The line drawings, made with a camera lucida at X 1,250, and descriptions are from the holotype collection only. Morphology of the basidiocarp and spore terminology and measurement have been discussed in a previous paper (Larsen, 1965). Capitalized color names are from Ridgway (1912). Abbreviations of herbaria are those of Lanjouw and Stafleu (1964).
Archival Practice and the Foundations of Historical Method

The classic formulation of historical method in the United States had three elements: research, or the identification and location of sources and the selection of evidence from them; analysis, usually divided into external and internal criticism; and synthesis, or interpretation. This model of scholarly practice has not altogether disappeared, but it has long since ceased to serve the profession as a definitive methodology.1 The scientific analogy that first made it attractive was already coming into question in the 1920s, and it lost much of its remaining appeal to the proliferation of methods, subjects, and philosophies that began in the 1960s.2 These historiographic developments may explain the decline in formal teaching of analysis and synthesis, but they cannot account for the neglect of the search component of historical method. If anything, the diversification of scholarship and the growth in usable sources and means of finding them should have increased the demand for systematic search procedures. The difficulty is rather that there has never been an elaboration of search method comparable to the ongoing efforts to teach interpretation. Early manuals offered only surveys of sources, and these were designed to promote their use rather than to aid in their location. More recent guides have reported on the proliferation of finding aids and repositories, but this information has not been related to general ideas about research resources and means of using them.3
CENTRAL-LOCAL TENSIONS AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF EDUCATION WITHIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

We are less prone today than we were a few years ago to designate education as the prime mover in development--be the latter political, economic, or “social.” We are finding it both possible and more imperative to explore just how and when education becomes linked into development. No longer does it suffice to conclude that education is “necessary but not sufficient” to generate development and then supply anecdotes about correspondence between general plans and educational plans in this or that set of countries. We have perhaps become even overly cautious in assuming manpower plans to be useful guides for policies to turn out “high-level manpower.” While we may be little more capable than a decade ago to quantify the contribution of education to one or more aspects of development, we see more clearly how education is drawn into many conflicts that are aroused by the drive by national leaders for “modernization.” We observe also the reluctance of local groups or tribes to subordinate passively their own ideas of how to get ahead to some remote official's notions of which peasants must sacrifice how much in order that “the national plan” will be fulfilled. National officials are finding it less easy, however, to praise their local plans in international forums while rejecting the complaints of local citizens whose activities are the substance of development. Dividing my discussion into a half-dozen sections, I will treat education as the topic of central-local relationships and conflicts, as an influence upon the balance of central and local weight in policy decisions, and as an element in many sorts of activities that bring forth latent central-local parallel as well as opposed interests.
EVIDENCE FOR A NON-CALORIGENIC EFFECT OF THYROXIN ON ERYTHROPOIESIS AS JUDGED BY RADIOIRON UTILIZATION.

SummaryThyroxin has been shown to have an effect on erythropoiesis, as judged by Fe59 uptake, which is greater than would be expected from its influence upon oxygen consumption. This non-calorigenic effect on erythropoiesis has been shown in 4 ways—1) by observing a greater percentage increase in Fe59 incorporation than in oxygen consumption in hypophysectomized thyroxin treated rats; 2) by observing an increase in Fe59 uptake in thyroxin treated polycythemic hypophysectomized rats where the increased number of erythrocytes should take care of any erythropoietic response to oxygen need; 3) by finding that thyroxin induced a greater erythropoietic response in thyroidectomized rats than did dinitrophenol even when the latter drug induced a higher oxygen consumption, and 4) by noting that thyroxin treated thyroidectomized polycythemic rats responded by an elevation in Fe59 uptake while dinitrophenol in similar rats had no effect.
N -Boc amines to oxazolidinones via Pd(II)/bis-sulfoxide/brønsted acid Co-catalyzed allylic C-H oxidation

A Pd(II)/bis-sulfoxide/Bronsted acid catalyzed allylic C–H oxidation reaction for the synthesis of oxazolidinones from simple N-Boc amines is reported. A range of oxazolidinones are furnished in good yields (avg 63%) and excellent diastereoselectivities (avg 15:1) to furnish products regioisomeric from those previously obtained using allylic C–H amination reactions. Mechanistic studies suggest the role of the phosphoric acid is to furnish a Pd(II)bis-sulfoxide phosphate catalyst that promotes allylic C–H cleavage and π-allylPd functionalization with a weak, aprotic oxygen nucleophile and to assist in catalyst regeneration.
Effects of temperature, concentration, and uranium chloride mixture on zirconium electrochemical studies in LiCl KCl eutectic salt

Abstract Experimental studies were performed to provide measurement and analysis of zirconium (Zr) electrochemistry in LiCl KCl eutectic salt at different temperatures and concentrations using cyclic voltammetry (CV). An additional experimental set with uranium chloride added into the system forming UCl 3 ZrCl 4 LiCl KCl was performed to explore the general behavior of these two species together. Results of CV experiments with ZrCl 4 show complicated cathodic and anodic peaks, which were identified along with the Zr reactions. The CV results reveal that diffusion coefficients (D) of ZrCl 4 and ZrCl 2 as the function of temperature can be expressed as D Zr(IV) = 0.00046exp(−3716/T) and D Zr(II) = 0.027exp(−5617/T), respectively. The standard rate constants and apparent standard potentials of ZrCl 4 at different temperatures were calculated. Furthermore, the results from the mixture of UCl 3 and ZrCl 4 indicate that high concentrations of UCl 3 hide the features of the smaller concentration of ZrCl 4 while Zr peaks become prominent as the concentration of ZrCl 4 increases.
Overview of Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjogren's syndrome, a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder (Shoenfeld and Schwartz, 1984; Smith and Steinberg, 1983), is characterized by diminished lacrimal and salivary gland secretion (sicca complex), resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and xerostomia. As originally described, the syndrome consisted of a triad of dry eyes, dry mouth, and rheumatoid arthritis. We now know that other connective tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, and polymyositis) may be present in place of rheumatoid arthritis, and that the sicca complex can exist as a primary pathologic entity with no associated disorder (Strand and Talal, 1980; Talal, 1985). Moreover, generalized lymphoproliferation, pseudolymphoma, or even lymphoid malignancy may appear in some patients (Talal and Bunim, 1964; Talal et al., 1967). More than 90% of patients are women, with a mean age of 50 years at diagnosis. The disease occurs in all races and all ages.
Religious beliefs and mammography intention: findings from a qualitative study of a diverse group of American Muslim women.

Objective Studies suggest that American Muslim women underutilize mammography. While religion has a strong influence upon Muslim health behaviors, scant research has examined how religion-related beliefs inform Muslim women's intention for mammography. Our study identifies and examines such beliefs. Methods Muslim women aged 40 years and older sampled from mosques participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Drawing upon the theory of planned behavior, interviews elicited salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs regarding mammography and the influence of Islam upon screening intention. Results Fifty women participated in 6 focus groups and 19 in semistructured interviews, with near-equal numbers of African American, South Asian, and Arab Muslims. Forty-two percent of participants had not had a mammogram within the past 2 years. Across differences in race/ethnicity and mammography status, women voiced four religion-related salient beliefs that inform mammography intention: (1) the perceived duty to care for one's health, (2) religious practices as methods of disease prevention, (3) fatalistic notions about health, and (4) comfort with gender concordant health care. Conclusions Religious beliefs influence decisions to pursue mammography across the ethnic/racial diversity of Muslim women. Notions about duty to God and the stewardship of one's body appear to enhance mammography intention. Theocentric notions of cure and illness and varied views regarding personal agency also inform decisional frames that impact mammography intention. Given the salience of religion among our participants, religiously tailored messages in interventions have the potential to enhance cancer screening.
Fate of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Production of Pickled Sausage by Using a Cold Fill Process

ABSTRACT Preservation by pickling has been used for many years to extend the shelf life of various types of food products. By storing meat products in a brine solution containing an organic acid, salt, spices, as well as other preservatives, the pH of the product is reduced, thus increasing the safety and shelf life of the product. Pickling may involve the use of heated brines to further add to the safety of the food product. When precooked, ready-to-eat (RTE) sausages are pickled with a heated brine solution, the process is referred to as hot filling. However, hot filling has been shown to affect the clarity of the brine, making the product cloudy and unappealing to consumers. Because of the potential quality defects caused by higher temperatures associated with hot fill pickling, cold fill pickling, which uses room temperature brine, is preferred by some pickled sausage manufacturers. Because little information exists on the safety of cold fill, pickled sausages, a challenge study was designed using a b...
Does “Science” Matter to Sustainability in Higher Education? The Role of Millennial College Students’ Attitudes Toward Science in Sustainable Consumption

Higher education has committed to fostering the development of students as educated consumers as well as ethical professionals capable of valuing sustainability in their decision-making. Making decisions based upon the understanding of the complexities of sustainability requires a certain level of scientific knowledge and appreciation that can be introduced and developed by educators. However there has been no empirical study that supports significant relationships between attitudes toward science and sustainable consumption to date. This study developed a model depicting the effects of attitudes toward science on beliefs about sustainability and attitudes and behavioral intentions toward sustainable consumption. The model was tested via structural equation modeling with online survey data collected from 1,480 millennial college students in the Southern US. The results suggest that perceived importance of public understanding of science directly affects beliefs about sustainability including ethical obligation, consumer effectiveness, consumer responsibility, and perceived knowledge, which in turn indirectly affects attitudes and behavioral intentions toward sustainable consumption. An interest in science as a career, however, does not demonstrate such effects. This study is vital to higher education, policy makers, and industry practitioners who are working on turning consumption towards sustainability and expanding their ability to provide the scientific foundation that students can use to make sustainable decisions.
Defending the Wrist Deviation Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Screening: A Comparison of Vibration Thresholds and Distal Motor Latency

This research used distal motor latency (DML) and vibration thresholds (VT) to evaluate 84 hand activity and wrist deviation combinations to determine the best association with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Female volunteers, 2 healthy and 2 CTS diagnosed, were age matched and operated a keyboard for 4 hrs a day. Room temperature was 28°C(±2). Beginning DML and VT were taken with a relaxed neutral posture hand. The wrist was deviated in a randomly selected combination, and determinations were taken at 5-min intervals. The trial ended at 20 min or when discomfort was felt. The CTS conditions were discriminated by pain four times, DML once, and VT 14 times. Vibrometry was the most consistent CTS discriminator. The best VT results for wrist positions were obtained with wrist extension and extended extension, whereas the unclenched, clenched, and loaded power grip activities proved to be the most consistent hand activities.
Admixture Mapping Identifies an Amerindian Ancestry Locus Associated with Albuminuria in Hispanics in the United States

Increased urine albumin excretion is highly prevalent in Hispanics/Latinos. Previous studies have found an association between urine albumin excretion and Amerindian ancestry in Hispanic/Latino populations. Admixture between racial/ethnic groups creates long-range linkage disequilibrium between variants with different allelic frequencies in the founding populations and it can be used to localize genes. Hispanic/Latino genomes are an admixture of European, African, and Amerindian ancestries. We leveraged this admixture to identify associations between urine albumin excretion (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR]) and genomic regions harboring variants with highly differentiated allele frequencies among the ancestral populations. Admixture mapping analysis of 12,212 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos participants, using a linear mixed model, identified three novel genome-wide significant signals on chromosomes 2, 11, and 16. The admixture mapping signal identified on chromosome 2, spanning q11.2-14.1 and not previously reported for UACR, is driven by a difference between Amerindian ancestry and the other two ancestries (P<5.7 × 10-5). Within this locus, two common variants located at the proapoptotic BCL2L11 gene associated with UACR: rs116907128 (allele frequency =0.14; P=1.5 × 10-7) and rs586283 (C allele frequency =0.35; P=4.2 × 10-7). In a secondary analysis, rs116907128 accounted for most of the admixture mapping signal observed in the region. The rs116907128 variant is common among full-heritage Pima Indians (A allele frequency =0.54) but is monomorphic in the 1000 Genomes European and African populations. In a replication analysis using a sample of full-heritage Pima Indians, rs116907128 significantly associated with UACR (P=0.01; n=1568). Our findings provide evidence for the presence of Amerindian-specific variants influencing the variation of urine albumin excretion in Hispanics/Latinos.