cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proposal power and majority rule in multilateral bargaining with costly recognition

This paper studies a sequential bargaining model in which agents expend efforts to be the proposer. In equilibrium, agents’ effort choices are influenced by the prize and cost effects. The (endogenous) prize is 9
Sparse linear representation

This paper studies the question of how well a signal can be reprsented by a sparse linear combination of reference signals from an overcomplete dictionary. When the dictionary size is exponential in the dimension of signal, then the exact characterization of the optimal distortion is given as a function of the dictionary size exponent and the number of reference signals for the linear representation. Roughly speaking, every signal is sparse if the dictionary size is exponentially large, no matter how small the exponent is. Furthermore, an iterative method similar to matching pursuit that successively finds the best reference signal at each stage gives asymptotically optimal representations. This method is essentially equivalent to successive refinement for multiple descriptions and provides a simple alternative proof of the successive refinability of white Gaussian sources.
Stereospecific rearrangements of optically active 2-aryl-3-ethenyloxiranes to give optically active β-ethenylbenzeneethanols: Benzyl vs. allyl cations and an efficient synthesis of (S)-ibuprofen

Abstract Rearrangements of aryl- and ethenyl-substituted oxiranes proceed well in the presence of triethylsilane and BF 3 to give optically active alcohols, which we have used for a synthesis of ( S )-ibuprofen 1 . We have also shown that a vinyl group migrates to a benzylic cation faster than a phenyl group migrates to an allyl cation.
Transfusion management strategies: A survey of practicing pediatric hematology/oncology specialists

Background Little is known about the criteria used by pediatric oncologists for the transfusion of red blood cells and platelets to pediatric oncology patients. Procedure Data regarding red blood cell and platelet transfusion practices were collected with an internet-based survey of physician members of the American Society for Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (ASPH/O). Respondents were asked to define platelet and red blood cell transfusion thresholds in a variety of clinical scenarios, and to describe criteria for dealing with cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission from blood products, platelet dosing strategies, and prevention of RhD alloimmunization. Results The overall response rate was 31.4% (264 of 841). Of the respondents, 76% indicated that their institution had defined criteria for acceptable transfusion practice; of these respondents, 114 (57%) indicated that there were special guidelines for pediatric oncology patients. Examination of the distribution of threshold platelet counts and hemoglobin levels that would prompt transfusion indicated a wide range of transfusion practice in commonly encountered clinical scenarios. Similar variability in practice was evident in platelet dosing strategies, CMV prevention strategies, and in the use of anti-D in RhD-negative patients who received RhD-positive platelets. Conclusions This current survey demonstrates that transfusion practices vary widely among pediatric hematology/oncology specialists and that prospective clinical trials may be necessary to determine optimal criteria for blood product support in pediatric oncology patients. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children usually a self limiting disorder. It may follow a viral infection or immunisation and is caused by an inappropriate response of the immune system. About 20-30% of children will fail to remit over six months (chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura). This is more likely in older children, especially girls. The disease is reviewed with reference to diagnosis, investigation, and management options.
Keeping up with the Joneses: Institutional changes following the adoption of a merit aid policy

Abstract The increasing use by private colleges and universities of financial aid based on “merit”, as opposed to based solely on financial need has caused many to raise concerns that this type of aid will go mainly to higher income students crowding out aid to lower income students. However, some analysts suggest that by attracting more “almost full-paying” students through the use of merit aid, institutions will have more financial resources that they can use to increase their financial aid to low-income students and thus their enrollment. Results using data from the College Board's Annual Survey of Colleges and other secondary data sources suggest that the increased use of merit aid is associated with a decrease in enrollment of low-income and minority students, particularly at more selective institutions. Middle and bottom tier colleges may be offsetting costs with tuition increases, as the introduction of merit aid is accompanied by an increase in net costs.
Long-term care of the disabled elderly: do children increase caregiving by spouses?

Do adult children affect the care elderly parents provide each other? We develop two models in which the anticipated behavior of adult children provides incentives for nondisabled elderly parents to increase care for their disabled spouses. The “demonstration effect” postulates that adult children learn from a parent’s example that family caregiving is appropriate behavior. The “punishment effect” postulates that adult children may punish parents who fail to provide spousal care by not providing future care for the nondisabled spouse if and when necessary. Thus, joint children act as a commitment mechanism, increasing the probability that elderly parents will provide care for their disabled spouses. We argue that stepchildren provide weaker incentives for spousal care because the attachment of a stepchild to a stepparent is likely to be weaker than the attachment of children to parents in a traditional nuclear family. Using data from the HRS, we find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that joint children provide stronger incentives than stepchildren for nondisabled elderly parents to provide care for their disabled spouse.
Effect of learner strategies with modular versus traditional instruction on motor skill learning and retention.

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of learner strategies on learning and remembering a series of juggling skills, using modular versus traditional modes of instruction. The 48 subjects (M age = 16.6 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) a group taught by a live instructor (traditional) using learner strategies; (b) a traditionally taught no-strategies group; (c) a self-instructed group that used strategies with a modular instructional approach; and (d) a control group exposed to a similar module without the use of strategies. Two juggling experts rated subjects on their ability to perform five juggling skills immediately following eight learning sessions (acquisition) and 7 days after the first test (retention). The use of ANOVA revealed that the groups which used modular instruction, as opposed to traditional instruction, and strategies in comparison to no strategies, performed significantly better when scores on the acquisition and retention tests were combined. Perfor...
Reactive speed control in temperature-constrained real-time systems

In this paper, we study temperature-constrained real-time systems, where real-time guarantees must be met without exceeding safe temperature levels within the processor. We give a short review on temperature issues in processors and describe how speed control can be used to trade off task delays against processor temperature. In this paper, we describe how traditional worst-case execution scenarios do not apply in temperature-constrained situations. We develop a delay computation methodology that can be used in combination with a simple reactive speed control technique, and show how this simple reactive scheme can decrease the delay of tasks compared with any constant-speed scheme.
Measuring Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 1 is a frequently encountered neurobiological disorder in childhood and has been the focus of significant scientific investigation and clinical interest over the past five decades. 2,3 Primary care pediatricians provide a major component of the care for children and adolescents with ADHD. For the purpose of improving the care of these children, the American Academy of Pediatrics developed practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in the primary care setting for children ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. 4,5 Goldman et al. have noted that ADHD is one of the ‘‘best-researched disorders in medicine’’ and that there are compelling data to attest to the validity of the disorder. 6 ADHD carries with it a number of symptoms including problems with attention and concentration, distractibility and impulsivity (for review see Barkley 7 ). These symptoms are associated with an array of debilitating functional impairments in individuals with ADHD. Epidemiological studies have been somewhat variable with regard to the prevalence of ADHD; estimates range from approximately 7% to 10% percent although fewer children receive treatment for the disorder (for review see American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2 ). Contrary to previous clinical lore that ADHD represents a maturational lag that children would eventually out grow, 3 compelling data from follow-up studies suggest that 60 to 85% of children with ADHD continue to meet diagnostic criteria for the disorder at adolescence and that a significant percentage of adults suffer from functional impairment, although they evidence fewer symptoms of the disorder (for review see Barkley 7 ). In recent years, growing evidence supports a main genetic basis for ADHD, with approximately 76% of the variance of symptoms attributed to genetic factors. 8
Distinct immunologic and radiographic patterns in etanercept-induced lung injury

Nonspecific clinical presentation of non-infectious, immune-mediated pulmonary complications of etanercept therapy makes the diagnosis difficult. While bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell analysis is frequently used in diagnosing drug-induced lung disease, BALF patterns in etanercept-induced lung injury (EILI) are not well established. Furthermore, previous reports of EILI diagnosis relied on transbronchial or surgical lung biopsies. Here, we report two patients who developed pulmonary toxicity after etanercept treatment. Both patients were diagnosed with EILI. While one patient presented with CD4+-predominant lymphocytic alveolitis (consistent with a sarcoid-like pattern), the other patient exhibited a CD8+-predominant pattern (consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like reaction). The different BAL patterns were accompanied by distinct radiographic findings. Both patients significantly improved after etanercept discontinuation and corticosteroid initiation. We propose that EILI can present with distinct immunologic and radiographic phenotypes. In addition, early BALF analysis with lymphocyte immunophenotyping can further define the underlying immunologic abnormalities, and thereby, avoid more invasive procedures.
A formal model for reasoning about adaptive QoS-enabled middleware

Systems that provide distributed multimedia services are subject to constant evolution; customizable middleware is required to effectively manage this change. Middleware services for resource management execute concurrently with each other, and with application activities, and can, therefore, potentially interfere with each other. To ensure cost-effective QoS in distributed multimedia systems, safe composability of resource management services is essential. In this article, we present a meta-architectural framework, the Two-Level Actor Model (TLAM) for customizable QoS-based middleware, based on the actor model of concurrent active objects. Using TLAM, a semantic model for specifying and reasoning about components of open distributed systems, we show how a QoS brokerage service can be used to coordinate multimedia resource management services in a safe, flexible, and efficient manner. In particular, we show a system in which the multimedia actor behaviors satisfy the specified requirements and provide the required multimedia service. The behavior specification leaves open the possibility of a variety of algorithms for resource management. Furthermore, constraints are identified that are sufficient to guarantee noninterference among the multiple broker resource management services, as well as providing guidelines for the safe composition of additional services.
Systematic determination of earthquake rupture directivity and fault planes from analysis of long-period P-wave spectra

SUMMARY If an earthquake has a primarily unilateral rupture, the pulse width observed on seismograms will vary depending on the angle between the rupture direction and the takeoff vector to the station. We have developed a method to estimate the amount of pulse broadening from the spectrum and apply it to a long-period database of large, globally distributed earthquakes that occurred between 1988 and 2000. We select vertical-component P-waves at epicentral distances of 20 ◦ ‐98 ◦ .W ecompute the spectrum from a 64-s-long window around each P-wave arrival. Each spectrum is the product of source, receiver and propagation response functions as well as local source- and receiver-side effects. Since there are multiple receivers for each source and multiple sources for each receiver, we can estimate and remove the source- and receiverside terms by stacking the appropriate P log spectra. For earthquakes deeper than ∼200 km, source effects dominate the residual spectra. We use our pulse-width estimates to determine the best rupture direction and to identify which nodal plane of the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution is most consistent with this rupture direction for 66 events. In about 30 per cent of the cases, one of the two nodal planes produces a much better fit to the data and can be identified as the true fault plane. When results from previous studies are available for comparison, our rupture directions are usually consistent with their results, particularly for earthquakes with simple rupture histories.
Synthesis of aromatic bisabolene natural products via palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of organozinc reagents.

Aromatic bisabolene derivatives were prepared by two methods involving cross-coupling of organozinc reagents. The first synthesis of (±)-glandulone A (10), as well as syntheses of (±)-curcuhydroquinone (8) and (±)-curcuquinone (9), were accomplished via coupling of a secondary alkyl zinc reagent (1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenylzinc halide, 18) to protected bromohydroquinones using Pd(dppf)Cl2 as catalyst. Coupling of arylzinc halides with alkenyl triflate 16 using Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst provided a number of bisabolene derivatives and led to syntheses of dehydro-α-curcumene (2), (±)-curcuphenol (3), and (±)-elvirol (13). A high-yield synthesis of the (±)-heliannuol D precursor 29 is also reported using this method.
Turbulent heat transfer in plane couette flow

Heat transfer in a fully developed plane Couette flow for different Prandtl number fluids was studied using numerical simulations. The flow field was created by two infinite planes moving at the same velocity, but in opposite directions, forming a region of constant total shear stress. Heat markers were released into the flow from the channel wall, and the ground level temperature was calculated for dispersion from continuous line sources of heat. In addition, the temperature profile across the channel was synthesized from the behavior of these continuous line sources. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient for Couette flow is higher than that in channel flow for the same Prandtl numbers. Correlations were also obtained for the heat transfer coefficient for any Prandtl number ranging from 0.1 to 15,000 in fully developed turbulence.
Highly Diastereodivergent Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Cyclohexanes Catalyzed by Modularly Designed Organocatalysts

A highly diastereodivergent synthesis of tetrasubstituted cyclohexanes has been achieved using modularly designed organocatalysts (MDOs) which are self-assembled in situ from amino acids and cinchona alkaloid derivatives. Diastereodivergence is realized through controlling the stereoselectivity of the individual steps of a tandem Michael/Michael reaction. Up to 8 of the 16 possible stereoisomers have been successfully obtained in high stereoselectivities using MDOs for the tandem reaction and an ensuing epimerization. The method was used in the enantioselective synthesis of the natural products (-)-α- and β-lycoranes.
On the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves through regions of wind shear

Removal of incident wave spectrum by background wind shears during atmospheric gravity waves propagation to ionosphere from lower regions
Transverse variability of flow on both sides of a sill/contraction combination in a fjord-like inlet of southern Chile

Abstract Water velocity and density profiles were obtained over a semidiurnal tidal cycle to describe the transverse variability of flow in either side of Galvarino Pass, a sill/contraction combination in a fjord-like inlet in southern Chile (44.4°S). Velocity profiles were obtained with a 614.4 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) during eight repetitions of a circuit that consisted of along-fjord transects along the pass and cross-fjord transects at either side of the pass. The geomorphology in Galvarino Pass represents a coastline contraction of about 90%, decreasing from 2000 m to 200 m in just 1500 m in the along-channel direction. Depth varies from 40 m on the landward side of the pass to 10 m at the shallowest portion of the sill to 80 m south of the pass. The mean flow in the northern side of the pass showed a tendency of the flow to rotate anticlockwise throughout the water column. This feature should result in a sluggish flushing of the northern side. South of the pass, mean surface outflow and mean bottom inflow (at 20 m) developed near the western side of the fjord. Within the pass, the shallowest and narrowest section represented a boundary between inflows and outflows. The strongest net inflows (∼15 cm/s) were observed in the sill region and the strongest outflows (∼10 cm/s) were seen to the south of the pass. The magnitude of the tidal flows increased inside the pass, reaching a maximum over the sill, and then decreased northward owing to conservation of mass. In the across-channel momentum balance the advective terms seemed to be greater than the rest of the terms in the northern end of the pass and over the sill. Magnitudes of the terms in the along-channel momentum balance were comparable to those in the across-channel direction, highlighting the importance of the transverse dimension under strong geometric constraints.
Expansion and rupture of charged microcapsules

We study the deformations of pH-responsive spherical microcapsules – micrometer-scale liquid drops surrounded by thin, solid shells – under the influence of electrostatic forces. When exposed to a large concentration of NaOH, the microcapsules become highly charged, and expand isotropically. We find that the extent of this expansion can be understood by coupling electrostatics with shell theory; moreover, the expansion dynamics is well described by Darcy's law for fluid flow through the microcapsule shell. Unexpectedly, however, below a threshold NaOH concentration, the microcapsules begin to disintegrate, and eventually rupture; they then expand non-uniformly, ultimately forming large, jellyfish-like structures. Our results highlight the fascinating range of behaviors exhibited by pH-responsive microcapsules, driven by the interplay between electrostatic and mechanical forces.
Behavioral issues in asthma management

Despite advances in drug treatment, outcomes in asthma remain unsatisfactory. Often overlooked in developing treatment strategies are important factors that affect outcomes in asthma, namely behavioral issues such as the low rate of patient adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen, inadequate physician-patient communication, and inconsistent implementation of evidence-based treatment guidelines. The low adherence rates among asthma patients may be improved by education programs that emphasize both the potentially serious risks of this disease and a team approach to treatment that includes patients and their families in developing a treatment plan. Interactive physician education programs have been shown to improve guideline implementation and physician communication skills. Indeed, effective physician-patient communication may be the key to improving guideline implementation and patient adherence to treatment, resulting in meaningful decreases in asthma-related morbidity and mortality.
Green chemistry for sustainable cement production and use

Concrete is in desperate need of revitalisation in the 21st century due to growing durability, maintenance and environmental concerns. Improving the cement within concrete is an essential part of addressing these concerns. While Portland cement manufacture and use can still undergo slight environmental improvements, great opportunities lie in the utilisation of cements based on alternative compositions, binding-phases and green chemistry. This allows cement to be synthesised from a variety of materials including recycled resources and mineral wastes, which reduces the energy demands during production. The present work introduces industrial ecology and the principles of green chemistry as a means of driving the research, development and commercial attractiveness of alternative and sustainable cements. Three promising alternative cements are reviewed (alkali-activated cements, magnesia cements and sulfoaluminate cements) and compared to blended ordinary Portland cements in terms of their chemistry and properties. Emphasis is given to the material properties, durability, performance and applications of the “greener” alternative cements. It is clear that alternative cements have considerable potential in terms of environmental, engineering and economic properties.
Foundations of group signatures: the case of dynamic groups

Recently, a first step toward establishing foundations for group signatures was taken [5], with a treatment of the case where the group is static. However the bulk of existing practical schemes and applications are for dynamic groups, and these involve important new elements and security issues. This paper treats this case, providing foundations for dynamic group signatures, in the form of a model, strong formal definitions of security, and a construction proven secure under general assumptions. We believe this is an important and useful step because it helps bridge the gap between [5] and the previous practical work, and delivers a basis on which existing practical schemes may in future be evaluated or proven secure.
Breakdown of Oxide Films on Nickel

Oxide films have been formed on nickel by either electropolishing in or anodizing at different potentials and times in pH 2.8 . The 6–8A film of on electropolished nickel breaks down rapidly on open circuit at pH 2.8 with a poorly defined potential arrest structure. In contrast, several distinct potential arrests are observed during open‐circuit breakdown of the oxide films on anodized nickel, the number of arrests and their duration being dependent on the condition of film formation and indicative of film stability. The results are interpreted in terms of the anodic formation of a nickel oxide film ≈ 12A thick with a small area (<5%) covered by defective oxide. Breakdown begins at the defect sites by chemical dissolution of the oxide. Oxide undermining is responsible for removal of most of the oxide and starts when the underlying nickel metal at the defect sites has been exposed. Large variations in oxide film stability are associated with very small changes in the over‐all character of the film since the small coverage with defective oxide plays the major role in film breakdown.
Discovery of the Isotopes with 11 Z 19

Abstract A total of 194 isotopes with 11≤Z≤19 have been identified to date. The discovery of these isotopes which includes the observation of unbound nuclei, is described. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Leaky rigid lid: New dissipative modes in the troposphere

An effective boundary condition is derived for the top of the troposphere, based on a wave radiation condition at the tropopause. This boundary condition, which can be formulated as a pseudodifferential equation, leads to new vertical dissipative modes. These modes can be computed explicitly in the classical setup of a hydrostatic, nonrotating atmosphere with a piecewise constant Brunt‐V€€€ frequency. In the limit of an infinitely strongly stratified stratosphere, these modes lose their dissipative nature and become the regular baroclinic tropospheric modes under the rigid-lid approximation. For realistic values of thestratification,thedecaytimescalesofthefirstfewmodesformesoscaledisturbancesrangefromanhourto a week, suggesting that the time scale for some atmospheric phenomena may be set up by the rate of energy loss through upward-propagating waves.
The evolution of progesterone receptor ligands.

Progesterone is one of the first nuclear receptor hormones to be described functionally and subsequently approached as a drug target. Because progesterone (1) affects both menstruation and gestation via the progesterone receptor (PR), research aimed at modulating its activity is usually surrounded by controversy. However, ligands for PR were developed into drugs, and their evolution can be crudely divided into three periods: (1) drug-like steroids that mimic the gestational properties of progesterone; (2) drug-like steroids with different properties from progesterone and expanded therapeutic applications; and (3) non-steroidal PR ligands with improved selectivity and modulator properties and further expanded therapeutic applications. Although the latter have yet to see widespread clinical applications, their development is founded on a half century of research, and they represent the future for this drug target. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 3, 374–400, 2007
Advancing the Empirical Study of Performance Management: What We Learned From the Program Assessment Rating Tool

Interest in performance management has never been higher. But what does actual research on this topic tell us about the effects of performance management, reform efforts, and governance more generally? Historically, the answer often seemed to be that such reforms did not work very well. This article focuses on a recent chapter in the history of performance management at the U.S. federal government, the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART). PART was created by the George W. Bush administration, and ended by the Obama White House. PART, like many management initiatives, came and went. What distinguishes it, however, is the quality and breadth of the research it prompted—research that has increased our knowledge of performance management and reform implementation as well as a whole host of fundamental governance phenomena such as political ideology, administrative burden, performance information use, leadership commitment, and goal ambiguity.
Organoiodine(V) Reagents in Organic Synthesis

Organohypervalent iodine reagents have attracted significant recent interest as versatile and environmentally benign oxidants with numerous applications in organic synthesis. This Perspective summarizes synthetic applications of hypervalent iodine(V) reagents: 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX), Dess−Martin periodinane (DMP), pseudocyclic iodylarenes, and their recyclable polymer-supported analogues. Recent advances in the development of new catalytic systems based on the generation of hypervalent iodine species in situ are also overviewed.
PAC-learning bounded tree-width graphical models

We show that the class of strongly connected graphical models with tree-width at most k can be properly efficiently PAC-learnt with respect to the Kullback-Leibler Divergence. Previous approaches to this problem, such as those of Chow ([1]), and Hoffgen ([7]) have shown that this class is PAC-learnable by reducing it to a combinatorial optimization problem. However, for k > 1, this problem is NP-complete ([15]), and so unless P=NP, these approaches will take exponential amounts of time. Our approach differs significantly from these, in that it first attempts to find approximate conditional independencies by solving (polynomially many) submodular optimization problems, and then using a dynamic programming formulation to combine the approximate conditional independence information to derive a graphical model with underlying graph of the tree-width specified. This gives us an efficient (polynomial time in the number of random variables) PAC-learning algorithm which requires only polynomial number of samples of the true distribution, and only polynomial running time.
Set invariance analysis and gain-scheduling control for LPV systems subject to actuator saturation

In this paper, a set invariance analysis and gain scheduling control design approach is proposed for the polytopic linear parameter-varying systems subject to actuator saturation. A set invariance condition is first established. By utilizing this set invariance condition, the design of a time-invariant state feedback law is formulated and solved as an optimization problem with LMI constraints. A gain-scheduling controller is then designed to further improve the closed-loop performance. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis and design method.
Evaluation of the Utility of Satellite-Based Vegetation Leaf Area Index Data for Climate Simulations

Abstract In this study the utility of satellite-based leaf area index (LAI) data in improving the simulation of near-surface climate with the NCAR Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3), GCM is evaluated. The use of mean LAI values, obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder data for the 1980s, leads to notable warming and decreased precipitation over large parts of the Northern Hemisphere lands during the boreal summer. Such warming and decreased rainfall reduces discrepancies between the simulated and observed near-surface temperature and precipitation fields. The impact of interannual vegetation extremes observed during the 1980s on near-surface climate is also investigated by utilizing the maximum and minimum LAI values from the 10-yr LAI record. Surface energy budget analysis indicates that the dominant impact of interannual LAI variations is modification of the partitioning of net radiant energy between latent and sensible heat fluxes brought about through changes in th...
Nonlinear capillary waves on swirling, axisymmetric free liquid films

Abstract The nonlinear distortion and breakup of a swirling axisymmetric thin inviscid liquid sheet in a void and at zero gravity is analyzed by means of a reduced dimension approach. Nonlinear steady-state solutions are presented for various boundary conditions imposed at the nozzle exit. Unsteady solutions describing the nonlinear breakup of the radially expanding film due to dilational or sinuous modulations at the nozzle exit are presented. Fluid rings with thin connecting shells are formed due to nonlinear effects and sheet thinning caused by sheet divergence is found to increase nonlinear breakup lengths and times for both sinuous and dilational modes. For the case of a swirling annular liquid sheet, comparisons are made with an annular sheet which is stabilized by a constant gas-core pressure. Here, swirl causes a reduction in breakup lengths and times.
Measuring the Usability of Paper Ballots: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction

The Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002 secured funding for improvements to election administration. Improvements include upgrading older voting systems to meet new guidelines. To determine whethe...
Visualizing gene expression in situ

Visualizing bacterial cells and describing their responses to the environment are difficult tasks. Their small size is the chief reason for the difficulty, which means that we must often use many millions of cells in a sample in order to determine what the average response of the bacteria is. However, an average response can sometimes mask important events in bacterial physiology, which means that our understanding of these organisms will suffer. We have used a variety of instruments to visualize bacterial cells, all of which tell us something different about the sample. We use a fluorescence activated cell sorter to sort cells based on the fluorescence provided by bioreporter genes, and these can be used to select for particular genetic mutations. Cells can be visualized by epifluorescent microscopy, and sensitive photodetectors can be added that allow us to find a single bacterial cell that is fluorescent or bioluminescent. We have also used standard photomultipliers to examine cell aggregates as field bioreporter microorganisms. Examples of each of these instruments show how our understanding of bacterial physiology has changed with the technology.
Share Tenancy, Ownership Structure, and Prevented Planting Claims in Crop Insurance

A conceptual model based on opportunity cost and expected utility principles establishes linkages between the likelihood of prevented planting claims in crop insurance and existing share leasing arrangements/internal farm business structures. Results of heteroskedastic probit estimation procedures indicate that simpler internal business structures and more dominant farmer-tenant leasing position can increase the probability of submitting a prevented planting claim.
CHANGES IN INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA: LOOKING BEYOND INCOME TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION

This paper uses Demographic and Health Survey data from six Latin American countries to analyze levels and trends of inequality for two important non-income measures of wellbeing, children’s stature and adult women’s educational attainment. Our purpose is to determine whether the worrying trend of increasing income inequality in Latin America is also found in non-income dimensions of well-being. We find that it is not. Almost across the board, health inequality, measured by children’s stature, and education inequality, measured by young women’s years of schooling, have fallen in these countries in the late 1980s and 1990s, often dramatically. Further, by decomposing changes in non-income dimensions of poverty into shifts in the mean and changes in the distribution of health and education, we show that reduced inequality has contributed to significant reductions in education poverty, and to a lesser extent, health poverty. This, too, is a very different result from the income inequality literature.
Lagrangian Diagnostics of Tropical Deep Convection and Its Effect upon Upper-Tropospheric Humidity

This study combines geostationary water vapor imagery with optical cloud property retrievals and microwave sea surface observations in order to investigate, in a Lagrangian framework, (i) the importance of cirrus anvil sublimation on tropical upper-tropospheric humidity and (ii) the sea surface temperature dependence of deep convective development. Although an Eulerian analysis shows a strong spatial correlation of 0.8 between monthly mean cirrus ice water path and upper-tropospheric humidity, the Lagrangian analysis indicates no causal link between these quantities. The maximum upper-tropospheric humidity occurs 5 h after peak convection, closely synchronized with the maximum cirrus ice water path, and lagging behind it by no more than 1.0 h. Considering that the characteristic e-folding decay time of cirrus ice water is determined to be 4 h, this short time lag does not allow for significant sublimative moistening. Furthermore, a tendency analysis reveals that cirrus decay and growth, in terms of both cloud cover and integrated ice content, is accompanied by the drying and moistening of the upper troposphere, respectively, a result opposite that expected if cirrus ice were a primary water vapor source. In addition, it is found that an 2°C rise in sea surface temperature results in a measurable increase in the frequency, spatial extent, and water content of deep convective cores. The larger storms over warmer oceans are also associated with slightly larger anvils than their counterparts over colder oceans; however, anvil area per unit cumulus area, that is, cirrus detrainment efficiency, decreases as SST increases.
Scalable Manufacture of Built-to-Order Nanomedicine: Spray-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Functionalization of PRINT Nanoparticles

Scalable methods, PRINT particle fabrication, and spray-assisted Layer-by-Layer deposition are combined to generate uniform and functional nanotechnologies with precise control over composition, size, shape, and surface functionality. A modular and tunable approach towards design of built-to-order nanoparticle systems, spray coating on PRINT particles is demonstrated to achieve technologies capable of targeted interactions with cancer cells for applications in drug delivery.
Las epístolas del abismo de Ugo Foscolo: Tres modalidades del suicidio discursivo en Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis

Resumen es: En su obra mas conocida (Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis), el autor italiano del siglo XVIII Ugo Foscolo reune y explora los motivos y tecnicas tradicion...
Spacecraft charging, an update

Twenty years after the landmark SCATHA program, spacecraft charging and its associated effects continue to be major issues for Earth-orbiting spacecraft. Since the time of SCATHA, spacecraft charging investigations were focused primarily on surface effects and spacecraft external surface design issues. Today, however, a significant proportion of spacecraft anomalies are believed to be caused by internal charging effects (charging and ESD events internal to the spacecraft Faraday cage envelope). This review will, following a brief summary of the state of the art in surface charging, concentrate on the problems introduced by penetrating electrons ("internal charging") and related processes (buried charge and deep dielectric charging). With the advent of tethered spacecraft and the deployment of the International Space Station, low altitude charging has taken on a new significance as well. These and issues tied to the dense, low altitude plasma environment and the auroral zone will also be briefly reviewed.
Evolving better representations through selective genome growth

The choice of how to represent the search space for a genetic algorithm (GA) is critical to the GA's performance. Representations are usually engineered by hand and fixed for the duration of the GA run. Here a new method is described in which the degrees of freedom of the representation-i.e. the genes-are increased incrementally. The phenotypic effects of the new genes are randomly drawn from a space of different functional effects. Only those genes that initially increase fitness are kept. The genotype-phenotype map that results from this selection during the construction of the genome allows better adaptation. This effect is illustrated with the NK landscape model. The resulting genotype-phenotype maps are much less epistatic than unselected maps would be, having extremely low values of "K"-the number of fitness components affected by each gene. Moreover, these maps are exquisitely tuned to the specifics of the epistatic fitness function, creating adaptive landscapes that are much smoother than generic NK landscapes with the same genotype-phenotype maps, with fitness peaks many standard deviations higher. Thus a caveat should be made when making arguments about the applicability of generic properties of complex systems to evolved systems. This method may help to solve the problem of choice of representations in genetic algorithms. >
Sensing centromere tension: Aurora B and the regulation of kinetochore function

Maintaining genome integrity during cell division requires regulated interactions between chromosomes and spindle microtubules. To ensure that daughter cells inherit the correct chromosomes, the sister kinetochores must attach to opposite spindle poles. Tension across the centromere stabilizes correct attachments, whereas phosphorylation of kinetochore substrates by the conserved Ipl1/Aurora B kinase selectively eliminates incorrect attachments. Here, we review our current understanding of how mechanical forces acting on the kinetochore are linked to biochemical changes to control chromosome segregation. We discuss models for tension sensing and regulation of kinetochore function downstream of Aurora B, and mechanisms that specify Aurora B localization to the inner centromere and determine its interactions with substrates at distinct locations.
Developing and Gathering Psychometric Evidence for a Fidelity Instrument: The Teaching Pyramid Observation Tool–Pilot Version

Fidelity assessment has received renewed attention in recent years, particularly as distinctions have been made in implementation science between intervention fidelity and implementation fidelity. Considering both types of fidelity has been recommended when developing fidelity instruments. In the present article, we describe development of the pilot version of the Teaching Pyramid Observation Tool (TPOT-P) as a case example of designing a fidelity instrument for use in research and practice. The TPOT is a multimethod judgment-based rating scale designed to measure practitioners’ fidelity of implementation of practices associated with the Pyramid Model. We describe the structure of the TPOT-P in relation to Pyramid Model components and fidelity indicators. We summarize the measurement approaches grounded in generalizability theory and classical test theory that were used to investigate the psychometric properties of TPOT-P scores based on data collected by trained raters on three occasions in 50 preschool ...
REMARKS CONCERNING POLYAKOV’S CONJECTURE FOR THE 3D ISING MODEL AND THE HIERARCHICAL APPROXIMATION

We consider the possibility of using the hierarchical approximation to understand the continuum limit of a reformulation of the 3D Ising model initiated by Polyakov. We introduce several new formulations of the hierarchical model using dual or fermionic variables. We discuss several aspects of the renormalization group transformation in terms of these new variables. We mention a reformulation of the model closely related to string models proposed by Zabrodin.
Microwave promoted synthesis of functionalized 2-aminothiazoles

Microwave irradiation promotes the rapid one-pot synthesis of 2-aminothiazoles fromed via the condensation of α-bromoketones with thiourea.
Maternal Teaching Strategies in Chicano and Anglo-American Families: The Influence of Culture and Education on Maternal Behavior.

The study examined (a) whether differences exist between Chicano and Anglo-American families in the strategies that mothers use to teach their own children and (b) whether such differences, if they exist, are likely to persist or disappear as a result of effective social change toward increased educational and occupational equality in the society where the two groups coexist. Eighty-three Chicano and Anglo-American mothers were observed in their homes teaching cognitive-perceptual tasks to their own five-year-old children. Significant differences in maternal teaching strategies were found between the two cultural groups. Results also showed that these differences appear to be the result of differences in the average level of formal education attained by the mothers in the two cultural populations. These results suggest that the observed differences in maternal teaching strategies may disappear as women in the two cultural groups attain similar levels of formal education.
Transient model of air-conditioner compressor single phase induction motor

This paper describes an air-conditioner (A/C) compressor single phase induction motor (SPIM) model for use in an electro-magnetic transients (EMTs) simulation. The system of differential equations representing the SPIM model is developed and formulated. The angular position of the rotor shaft is retained in the electrical and mechanical equations of the model so that position dependence of the driven-load torque can be explicitly recognized. The equivalent circuit of the proposed model is represented as an interface to the external electric network in the EMTs simulator. Motor dynamic response to voltage dip at different points on the voltage waveform has been studied. The rationale of motor stalling is explored. Multiple aggregate units of the proposed model have been implemented on a distribution feeder to test and verify the motor dynamics in an EMTs simulation.
A Diagnostic Study of the Role of Remote Forcing in Tropical Atlantic Variability.

This observational study focuses on remote forcing of the dominant pattern of north tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies by ENSO and NAO. Based on a spring SST index of the north tropical Atlantic (NTA) SST (58‐258N), it is shown that almost all NTA‐SST extreme events from 1950 to the present can be related to either ENSO or NAO. Since the SST NTA events lag NAO and ENSO events, NTA variability is interpreted as being largely a response to remote NAO or ENSO forcing. The local response of the tropical Atlantic to these external sources—whether it be ENSO or the NAO—is observed to be rather similar: changes in surface winds induce changes in latent heating that, in turn, generate SST anomalies. Once generated, the latter are damped through local air‐sea interaction, at a rate estimated to be 10 W m22 K21. Experiments with simple models, but driven by observations, strongly suggests that variability on interannual to interdecadal timescales—both time series and spectral signatures—can be largely explained as a result of direct atmospheric forcing, without the need to invoke a significant role for local unstable air‐sea interactions or ocean circulation.
Repairing the safety net: Is the EITC the right patch?

Using data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this article estimates the impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on economic risk. Risk is measured through the variance of full income (income holding labor supply constant). The results show that the EITC significantly reduces economic risk, but its effects are weaker dollar for dollar than traditional means-tested programs like Food Stamps. The difference is not statistically significant, however. Moreover, for many middle-class people, the risk-reduction benefits of the EITC exceed the tax burden it imposes. This is less true of means-tested transfers. These results are significant for the politics of antipoverty policy. They show that a real-world antipoverty program can generate enough middle-class economic security to build for itself a solid base of political support.
Sharp upper bounds on resonances for perturbations of hyperbolic space

For certain compactly supported metric and/or potential perturbations of the Laplacian on H n+1 , we establish an upper bound on the resonance counting function with an explicit constant that depends only on the dimension, the radius of the unperturbed region in H n+1 , and the volume of the metric perturbation. This constant is shown to be sharp in the case of