cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Machine Learning

The author briefly introduces the emerging field of adversarial machine learning, in which opponents can cause traditional machine learning algorithms to behave poorly in security applications. He gives a high-level overview and mentions several types of attacks, as well as several types of defenses, and theoretical limits derived from a study of near-optimal evasion.
Joanne Simpson (1923-2010)

Joanne Gerould Simpson died at George Washington University Hospital, Washington, D.C., on 4 March 2010, just a few weeks short of her 87th birthday. She was a longtime member and Fellow (1994) of AGU and a world-renowned atmospheric scientist. She began her research career at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and continued at such distinguished institutions as University of California, Los Angeles; the Experimental Meteorology Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in Miami, Fla.; University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and finally as chief scientist for meteorology at NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres, Greenbelt, Md.
Subcellular Antigen Location Influences T-Cell Activation during Acute Infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Effective control of the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii depends on the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells that manage acute disease and prevent recrudescence during chronic infection. T-cell activation in turn, requires presentation of parasite antigens by MHC-I molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells. CD8+ T-cell epitopes have been defined for several T. gondii proteins, but it is unclear how these antigens enter into the presentation pathway. We have exploited the well-characterized model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) to investigate the ability of parasite proteins to enter the MHC-I presentation pathway, by engineering recombinant expression in various organelles. CD8+ T-cell activation was assayed using ‘B3Z’ reporter cells in vitro, or adoptively-transferred OVA-specific ‘OT-I’ CD8+ T-cells in vivo. As expected, OVA secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole strongly stimulated antigen-presenting cells. Lower levels of activation were observed using glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored OVA associated with (or shed from) the parasite surface. Little CD8+ T-cell activation was detected using parasites expressing intracellular OVA in the cytosol, mitochondrion, or inner membrane complex (IMC). These results indicate that effective presentation of parasite proteins to CD8+ T-cells is a consequence of active protein secretion by T. gondii and escape from the parasitophorous vacuole, rather than degradation of phagocytosed parasites or parasite products.
Robust conductivity changes in ZnO and MgZnO nanoparticle films from annealing in hydrogen ambient

We report changes observed in the I–V characteristics of ZnO and MgZnO nanoparticle thin films after annealing in H 2 at sufficiently high temperatures. The nanoparticles were grown on insulating silicon substrates and had an average diameter of 30 nm. The devices were of a two terminal design, where the terminals consisted of two 25 µm diameter gold wires laid parallel to each other on the nanoparticle film to measure the current passing through the film. When exposed to H 2 gas at room temperature, no significant changes in the current-voltage behavior of the nanoparticles were observed relative to measurements done in vacuum. Annealing in H 2 below 100 °C also resulted in no significant change in the current. When annealed above 100 °C, we observed an increase of about a factor of twenty that was semi-permanent. The origin of the change in I–V characteristics of ZnO and MgZnO nanoparticles when annealed in H 2 will be discussed.
Toward an Ethics of Fantasy: The Kantian Dialogues of Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge

In regular dialogue with one another since the early 1970s, sociologist Oskar Negt and author, filmmaker, and television producer Alexander Kluge have authored three volumes of social philosophy, in which they devote little if any attention to their dialogic method. By situating Negt and Kluge in contradistinction to Jurgen Habermas, this essay argues for Negt and Kluge's very different vision for critical theory after Theodor Adorno, one that intentionally steers clear of Habermas's investments in communication and discourse, but one that is nevertheless borne of intersubjective dialogue. Looking beyond the frame of their formal philosophy, this inquiry considers Negt and Kluge's many televised dialogues, in general, and their long-standing deliberations on Immanuel Kant, in particular, as meditations on their unique employ of dialogue as a paralinguistic means toward ethical ends. This ethics is for Negt and Kluge always a function of the quantity of fantastic labor a dialogue can evoke in minds of othe...
An Interspecific Comparison of Individual and Species Recognition in the Passerines Turdus Migratorius and Cyanocitta Cristata

Robins (Turdus migratorius) and blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) were raised in heterospecific and conspecific pairs to observe the impact of early social experience on the later ability to recognize and associate with conspecifics. Birds were also tested to determine if they could distinguish between a 'nestmate' (the bird they were raised with), versus an unfamiliar bird of the nestmate's species. All choices involved combinations of the two species. After thirty days of being raised with another individual (approximately day 10 to day 40 post-hatch), each experimental subject was tested in a weight-sensitive electronic 'choice' apparatus. Blue jays preferred the company of a nestmate over a non-nestmate. Blue jays also chose the nestmate's species when given a choice between two unfamiliar birds, robins chose the alternative to the nestmate's species and did not discriminate between the nestmate and its conspecific.
Hydrogen compatibility of dispersion-strengthened alloys

Hydrogen compatibility of Ni-2ThO2, Ni-20Cr, Ni-20Cr-2ThO2, and Inconel MA753 was investigated with both hydrogen charging and tests in high-pressure hydrogen gas. The former were conducted at 194 as well as at room temperature. Ductility and fractography results showed that recrystallized Ni-20Cr-2ThO2 and MA753 were not embrittled by hydrogen, while Ni-2 ThO2 showed small ductility losses with no change in fracture morphology. Annealed Ni-20 Cr-2 ThO2 and as-received Ni-20 Cr-2 ThO2 showed no ductility losses in charged hydrogen, but showed large ductility losses in high-pressure hydrogen; no changes in fracture morphology were observed. Ni-20 Cr was markedly embrittled by both sources of hydrogen. These results support the hypothesis of Thompson and Wilcox, that the presence of a dispersoid can confer improved performance in hydrogen.
Early influences on the development of industrial and organizational psychology.

Industrial and organizational psychology began as applied psychology. Hugo Munsterberg was well-known for his applications of psychology to forensics, psychotherapy, and industrial efficiency. James McKeen Cattell pioneered mental testing and argued for an applicable, if not applied, psychology. Walter Dill Scott and Walter VanDyke Bingham were devoted to the application of psychological principles to the problems of government and industry. The lives and accomplishments of these 4 figures are detailed as a way of examining the development of the subdiscipline between the years 1880 and 1920. The focus of the discussion is on how their efforts peculiarly changed the science and practice of industrial and organizational psychology. Each made a unique contribution in a unique time period. The field continues to benefit from their individual and collective influence.
The ‘Minority Problem’ and National Classification in the French and Czechoslovak Borderlands

In the aftermath of the First World War, a so-called ‘minority problem’ loomed large in European politics. This problem was understood, moreover, to be peculiar to central and eastern Europe. In fact, however, linguistic diversity was not a unique feature of the east, but also an ongoing challenge in states that had long claimed to have a unified national culture. This article compares policies of national classification and minority rights in France and Czechoslovakia after the First World War. It suggests that even as east/west binaries structured the unequal application of new international minority rights protections, France, rather than Czechoslovakia, implemented a more radical and racist policy of forcible national classification.
Calculation of ideal or empirically modified mass-action equilibria in heterovalent, multicomponent ion exchange

Abstract For chemical-engineering design purposes, it is useful, where possible, approximately to characterize the equilibrium between an ion-exchange material and any two exchangeable ion species involved by a constant selectivity coefficient. This can be done with the ideal or empirically modified mass-action law, but the application of even this simplified model to systems involving more than two exchangeable ion species, some of which differ in their valences, can lead to extremely cumbersome calculations. To overcome this difficulty, a successive-approximation algorithm is presented here, and specifically applied in the form of a program for a small electronic calculator. Within the limitations of the model, the program can compute the exchanger-phase composition of up to 10 ion species from the counterionic composition of the fluid phase, and vice versa. In addition to the given composition, a set of indepedent selectivity-coefficient and valence values is accepted as input. Instead of the valences, empirical, noninteger powers may be used where this improves the fit to experimental data. A method for bringing the data into a form suitable for direct solution is given, and the calculation procedure is illustrated with examples. Even in cases for which closed-form algebraic solutions can be developed, the present method, as implemented with the relatively slow, handheld electronic calculator, is fast enough to warrant its preferment, often even for the simplest binary ion-exchange calculations.
Limit Cycle Mixing

Abstract Lagrangian equations for momentum and buoyancy are developed for idealized turbulent fluid elements. The resulting formulation of transport can he viewed as a generalization of mixing length and parcel theories of mixing for application to gridded Eulerian models. This formulation of transport recognizes the mean gradients on the scale of the main transporting eddies and avoids problems with existing methods due to parameterization of fluxes in terms of local gradients between adjacent grid levels. The modeled fluid elements develop relative horizontal motions due to mean vertical shear. Shear-produced horizontal kinetic energy is converted to vertical kinetic energy through modeled pressure adjustments. The fluid element is decelerated through nonlinear pressure drag and small scale diffusion with the ambient fluid while vertical motions are constrained by stable stratification. The linearized version of the equations reproduces classical shear instability governed by a critical Richardson numbe...
Identifying adolescents at risk for hard drug use: racial/ethnic variations

Abstract Purpose: To examine early risk factors for initiation of hard drug use by 10th grade in a sample of adolescents drawn from diverse high schools and communities, compares the results across different racial/ethnic groups, and to evaluate the predictive performance of a user-friendly risk scale against the more complex logistic model. Methods: Using longitudinal data from 4347 adolescents from California and Oregon, we developed and cross-validated logistic and additive prediction models for non-Hispanic white students (the largest group) and assessed how well each model worked for black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents. We also developed a best logistic model for each group. Predictor variables were measured at Grade 7; the hard drug use outcome was measured at Grade 10. Results: Major risk factors for initiation of hard drug use included early marijuana and cigarette use, deviant behavior, poor parent–child communication, being offered drugs, and prodrug attitudes and intentions. White adolescents had the most risk factors, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks. Specific risk factors played more important roles for some groups than others. Early marijuana use provided the strongest warning signal for all groups except Blacks, while exposure to drug offers increased the risk for all but Hispanic youth. Poor communication with parents was particularly important for Hispanic and Asian adolescents, whereas doing poorly in school was a key predictor only for Asians. Social influences to use drugs and intentions to use them were the only predictors for Blacks. Although family disruption and limited parental education were associated with an increase in risk for white adolescents, the latter had the opposite effect for Hispanics and Blacks. The simple additive model worked almost as well as the most complicated logistic model in predicting hard drug use for each group except Blacks. Conclusions: These results suggest that curbing early initiation of marijuana and cigarettes and reducing prodrug influences and attitudes may dampen initiation of other substances for most youth. They also suggest that drug prevention programs need to be sensitive to differences across racial/ethnic groups and that using social background characteristics as indicators of risk can be very misleading. Carefully constructed risk scales based on simple additive models could help guide program development and provide clinicians with useful information about a troubled adolescent's likely trajectory.
The Effect of the Insect Chemosterilent Apholate on the Reproductive Performance of Leghorn Hens

Abstract APHOLATE [2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis (1-azir-idinyl) - 2,2,4,4,6,6 - hexahydro-1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine], is a derivative of the ethyleneimine group of compounds. A biological alkylating agent, it has been used successfully in feed and by contact to sterilize houseflies (La Brecque, 1961; Knipling, 1962; and others). Since similar compounds have given encouraging results when tested for fly control including a field trial conducted on a poultry farm (La Brecque, 1963), apholate is also a potential chemosterilent bait. Due to the possible accidental ingestion of these baits by poultry, it is of interest to investigate their toxicologic effects. Various hazardous effects of apholate have been investigated in Japanese quail and chicks (Sherman and Herrick, 1966) and mature chickens (Herrick and Sherman, 1966). In the latter paper, it was reported that the subacute feeding of apholate significantly depressed fertility in both cocks and hens. Although certain alkylating agents have shown teratogenic activity on the chick embryo (Murphy et al. . . .
Leading Edge Modification Effects on Turbine Cascade Endwall Loss

Experimental results are presented which provide area-averaged total pressure loss coefficient measurements for four different turbine airfoil leading edge configurations. A baseline (Langston) configuration, two leading edge bulbs, and a leading edge fillet were tested in a large-scale, low aspect ratio, high turning linear cascade. Results show that both the small bulb and fillet geometries each reduced area averaged total loss by 8%, while the large bulb exhibited a slight increase in total loss. Contour plots for all geometries are presented and the major differences between each are discussed. Through investigation of pitch averaged loss profiles it is found that the area of greatest reduction differs between the small bulb and fillet, leading to the possibility that the mechanisms through which each is affecting the flow may be different. This provides hope that the best features of each may potentially be combined to determine an optimum shape for secondary flow loss reduction.© 2003 ASME
Going Private Public Opinion, Presidential Rhetoric, and the Domestic Politics of Audience Costs in U.S. Foreign Policy Crises

This study investigates why, despite the potential credibility enhancement associated with generating domestic audience costs, leaders (in this instance, U.S. presidents) frequently opt to “go priv...
Structure-property Relationships in Polymer Composites with Micrometer and Submicrometer Graphite Platelets

The objectives of this work were (a) to investigate the influence of micrometer and submicrometer scale graphite platelets of different aspect ratios and volume fractions on the effective and local quasi-static and dynamic properties of composites with micrometer and submicrometer scale reinforcement, and (b) to compare and evaluate mechanical property measurements of inhomogeneous materials via local (microscale) and bulk (macroscale) experimental methods. Small platelet volume fractions (0.5%) provided proportionally larger increase of the elastic and storage moduli compared to large volume fractions (3.0%). Randomly distributed 15 μm platelets provided marginally higher composite stiffness compared to 1 μm platelets while small volume fractions (0.5%) of 15 μm platelets had a pronounced effect on the effective Poisson's ratio. It was found that local property measurements of inhomogeneous materials conducted by nanoindentation are not representative of the bulk behavior even when the characteristic length of the inhomogeneity is an order of magnitude smaller than the indentation contact area. In this case, statistical averaging of data from a large number of indentations does not result in agreement with bulk measurements. On the other hand, for small aspect ratio platelets with dimensions two orders of magnitude smaller than the nanoindentation contact area, the nanoindenter-obtained properties agreed well with the effective material behavior. It was found that platelets residing at the specimen surface contribute the most to nanoindentation data, which implies that this technique is only valid for well-distributed nanoparticulate and microparticulate systems, and that nanoindentation cannot be used for depth profiling of microstructured composites.
Immunochemical cross-reaction of fragments from the first third and the last third of bovine serum albumin

Abstract Antisera were raised in rabbits against fragment 11–193 (less Arg-144) or fragment 377–571 of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Several rabbits and bleedings at different time intervals from each rabbit were studied. Fragment 377–571, corresponding to the last third of BSA, was invariably more immunogenic than fragment 11–193. Antisera to fragment 377–571 showed, in quantitative precipitin analysis, appreciable cross-reactions with BSA and with fragment 11–193, which increased with time after immunization. Similar results were obtained with antisera to fragment 11–193. The reactivity of antisera to fragment 377–571 with BSA was removed almost completely by adsorption with fragment 11–193. Conversely, absorption of the antisera with BSA removed their reaction with fragment 11–193 almost entirely. Joint absorption by BSA and fragment 11–193, each at equivalence, gave a reaction similar to that obtained by either fragment 11–193 alone or BSA alone in the region of antigen excess. After absorption of antisera to fragment 377–571 with BSA, addition of fragment 11–193 at equivalence (relative to the unabsorved antiserum) gave no immune precipitate but inhibited 100% the precipitin reaction of the absorbed antisera with fragment 377–571. However, antibodies in these antisera were removed quantitatively on an immunoabsorbent of fragment 377–571. Similar findings were obtained in absorption studies on antisera to fragment 11–193. A BSA-ammunoabsorbent removed quantitatively all the antibodies in whole antisera to fragment 377–571. Similarly, an immunoabsorbent of fragment 11–193 removed all these antibodies. Antibodies recovered from these immunoabsorbents did not react best in precipitin reaction with BSA or fragment 11–193, but with fragment 377–571. In this respect, they behaved exactly like the original whole antiserum and explained the observed differences in the precipitating ability of the antisera with fragments 11–193, 377–571 and BSA. These studies confirmed that BSA has repeating identical antigenic sites. Furthermore, fragments 377–571, 11–193 or BSA were essentially the same immunochemically but antisera directed against any of these as an immunogen differed only in their abilities to form insoluble immune complexes, and not in their abilities to bind with the other two cross-reacting antigens.
A teacher's bounded rationality in middle school science

Abstract The concept of bounded rationality was used to understand how a middle school science teacher dealt with the complexities of teaching two classes differing in levels of student achievement. The teacher constructed a mental model of teaching for her two classes based on her perceptions, beliefs, emotions, and affects about student characteristics. The teacher had the same mental model for the two classes, despite the fact that the two classes were quite different in achievement levels. Compared to the objective reality of differences between the two classes, her mental model of equal treatment seemed subjective. Her teaching behavior in the two classes was generally consistent with her mental model of teaching. The findings indicate patterns of teacher thinking and behavior that can largely be explained within the framework of bounded rationality. The findings also suggest implications for teacher change.
Early Interests and Joint Engagement in Typical Development, Autism, and Down Syndrome

This study examines how spontaneous interests in people and in objects relate to joint engagement in typically developing toddlers and young children with autism or Down syndrome. Ratings of interests were made repeatedly during intermissions in a laboratory-based protocol focused on caregiver-child interactions. Interests were moderated by diagnosis and relatively stable across intermissions. In autism, interest in people tended to be low and to decline rapidly, and the balance of interests favored familiar objects over people. Lower interest in people and in unfamiliar objects was associated with less coordinated joint engagement and with less steep developmental trajectories for symbol-infused joint engagement. These findings suggest that variations in interests may contribute to differences in the child’s engagement during social interactions that facilitate the acquisition of language.
On Denbigh's optimum temperature sequence

Abstract The example of an optimum temperature sequence in stirred tank reactors given by D enbigh is here discussed from the dynamic programming point of view. The notion of dynamic programming was developed to deal with just such optimum problems, in which a decision, in this case a choice of temperature, has to be made at each of N stages that will optimize some output of the whole process. A general presentation of the principle is given but application is made only to D enbigh 's example. The solution is extended to the case where physical restrictions are imposed on temperatures and holding times.
The impact of corporate venture capital investments on IPO firm alliance management capabilities

We examine the antecedents of the development of alliance management capabilities among IPO firms. We suggest that CVCs provide unique and tacit knowledge to their portfolio firms to develop greate...
Intramucosal gastric acid concentration determined by glass microelectrode technique

Abstract Penetrations of rat gastric mucosa with Pyrex or H + -sensitive glass microelectrodes in vivo disclosed: (I) The potential difference within the mucosa is negative relative to serosa, the greatest values encountered in the mid-glandular zone; (2) regions of high acidity (H + activity to 170 mequiv/l) were encountered throughout the mucosa; (3) these highly acid areas are probably glandular lumina.
Varicella vaccine uptake in Shandong province, China

Varicella vaccine has been licensed in China for decade to be used as single dose in children aged ≥ 12 mo of age in private sector. Little data were available on varicella uptake to date in China ...
Altered neuropeptide concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients

Abstract Immunoreactive somatostatin, bombesin, and cholecystokinin were measured incerebrospinal fluid of normal subjects and patients with anorexia nervosa, depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was decreased in anorexic and depressed patients. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity tended to be decreased in schizophrenics. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity did not differ between groups. These data suggest a possible function for neuropeptides in regulation of human behavior.
Extended chromatin fibers: evidence from scanning force microscopy studies

Unfixed chicken erythrocyte fibers in very low salt have been imaged using the scanning force microscope (SFM) operating in the tapping mode in air at ambient humidity. These images reveal a 3D organization of the fibers. The planar 'zig-zag' conformation is rare, and extended 'beads- on-a-string' fibers are seen only in chromatin depleted of H1 and H5. Glutaraldehyde fixation reveals very similar structures. Fibers fixed in 10 mM salt appear somewhat more compacted. These results, when compared with modeling studies indicate that chromatin fibers may exist as irregular 3D arrays of nucleosomes even at low ionic strength. The basic subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome, is composed of a core particle of 146 bp of DNA wrapping 1.75 left-handed superhelical turns around an octamer of core histones and of DNA connecting consecutive core particles. The linker of lysine-rich histones (H1 family) bind the DNA entering and exiting the nucleosome core particle. We suggest that by binding the entry/exit DNA, histone H1 may fix the entry/exit DNA angle. The fixed entry/exit angle, the rigidity of the linker DNA at low ionic strength, and the natural variability of the linker DNA length determine an irregular 3D fiber of chromatin. Our results emphasize the role of H1 in determining the entry/exit DNA angle, which further helps determine the mutual disposition of adjacent nucleosomes an the packing of the chromatin fiber.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FIS1 and DNM1L Cooperate in Mitochondrial Fission: Convergence of Evolution and Intelligent Design

Mitochondrial fission helps to maintain proper mitochondrial homeostasis in a poorly understood manner despite its association with human disease. Several proteins have been identified in this process, but only two -- FIS1 and DNM1L -- are found in every species that contain mitochondria. We asked whether these proteins might cooperate together in this process. We found that FIS1 has the ability to directly recruit DNM1L, but is auto-inhibited by an N-terminal arm. A point mutant was rationally designed to relieve auto-inhibition and found to increase DNM1L binding and impair mitochondrial fission. This point mutant also increased the population of a latent dimeric state of FIS1 highlighting the complex nature of protein-protein interactions in fission. To address this, we devised an unbiased and general method to rapidly identify residues critical to protein interfaces and applied this technology to yeast Fis1 interactions. Of the >3000 Fis1 alleles screened, ∼9% selectively disrupted interactions with one of the three protein partners including DNM1L. To test the functional consequences, each allele was parsed into its corresponding point mutation and tested for mitochondrial fission. Of 211 yeast Fis1 mutants tested to date, 97 resulted in nonfunctional fission indicating that our method identifies residues essential for mitochondrial fission. Orthologous mutations were introduced into human Fis1 and also found to impair interactions with DNM1L and mitochondrial morphology. Analysis of these data supports a new model for the assembly of the mitochondrial fission machinery.
Simultaneous binary collisions in the collinear N-body problem

1. We show that in the collinear N-body problem any simultaneous binary collision singularity (SBC) of L pairs of particles, with no other collisions, is C1 block-regularizable, that is, we show that near such an orbit there is a C1 diffeomorphism from collision and near collision orbits to ejection and near ejection orbits. 2. We also show that collision and ejection orbits form a real analytic submanifold in certain spatial variables that behaves like t13. 3. Finally we introduce a new method for blowing up the SBC singularity and replace it by a collision manifold in such a way that different SBC orbits correspond to different rest points on the collision manifold. Moreover, each collision restpoint is connected to the corresponding ejection restpoint by the flow on the collision manifold.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Use of radiation therapy

A patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is presented. The patient had a localized lesion on his scalp. Evaluation for systemic lymphoma was negative. A biopsy specimen showed superficial and deep dermal infiltrates of pleomorphic lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry was consistent with T-cell lymphoma. The patient was treated successfully with local irradiation. He remained free of further systemic and cutaneous recurrences of the lymphoma until he died 8 months after treatment of pneumonia. This case is the first to our knowledge to describe a localized CTCL in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
Reversible Oxidation State Change in Germanium(tetraphenylporphyrin) Induced by a Dative Ligand: Aromatic GeII(TPP) and Antiaromatic GeIV(TPP)(pyridine)2

Treatment of GeCl2(dioxane) with Li2(TPP)(OEt2)2 (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) in THF yields Ge(TPP), the first free Ge(II) porphyrin complex. In pyridine Ge(TPP) is converted to Ge(TPP)(py)2, an antiaromatic Ge(IV) complex, whereas in benzene the reaction is reversed, and pyridine dissociates from Ge(TPP)(py)2 to form Ge(TPP). That reversible reaction represents an unusual, if not unique, example of an oxidation-state change in a metal induced by coordination of a dative ligand. UV−vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy show that Ge(TPP) is an aromatic Ge(II) porphyrin complex, while the 1H NMR spectrum of Ge(TPP)(py)2 clearly indicates the presence of a strong paratropic ring current, characteristic of an antiaromatic compound. Both Ge(TPP) and Ge(TPP)(py)2 have been crystallographically characterized, and the antiaromaticity of Ge(TPP)(py)2 leads to alternating short and long C−C bonds along the 20-carbon periphery of its porphine ring system. Coordination of pyridine to Ge(TPP) greatly increases its reducing abil...
Mechanical Response of Rat Cortical Neurons: AFM Indentations and Preliminary Modeling

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to blast exposure is becoming increasingly prevalent in soldiers returning from war and some consider TBI to be the signature wound of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts [1]. Common causes are exposure to explosions of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), rocket-propelled grenades, and landmines. A study by Hoge et al found that of 2525 soldiers, 4.9% reported injuries with loss of consciousness and an additional 10.3% reported injuries with altered mental status [2]. Despite the prevalence of TBI, little is known on the epidemiology of mild TBI and on its long-term health consequences. An improved understanding of the damage mechanism and injury progression will be critical for designing better protective gear and selecting appropriate treatments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Cr4+: GSGG saturable absorber Q-switch for the ruby laser

Abstract Cr 4+ : GSGG has been utilized for the first time to provide a saturable absorber Q -switch for the ruby laser. Single output pulse operation (100 mJ and 27 ns duration) with efficiencies relative to the free-running ruby laser operation of 25–30% was routinely obtained.
On the relation of PAG neurons to laryngeal and respiratory muscles during vocalization in the monkey.

Abstract Despite evidence from previous unit recording, microstimulation, lesioning and anatomical studies, the functions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) remain unclear. We attempted to clarify the function of the PAG by recording activity of PAG units along with laryngeal and respiratory electromyograms (EMG) during vocalization in awake monkeys. PAG units were classified with respect to vocalization on the basis of their discharge patterns as ‘early burst’, ‘late burst’, ‘tonic-increase’ and ‘tonic-off’, with the vast majority being of the early- and late-burst type. Early-burst cells were correlated most frequently with inspiratory muscles of the respiratory system and laryngeal abductor muscles. Late-burst cells were most clearly correlated with laryngeal adductor and expiratory respiratory muscles. Data from spike-triggered averaging and parametric correlations indicate that most cells are related to single muscles, but a significant number were related to functionally related groups of two or more muscles. The results suggest that the PAG determines qualitative aspects of vocalization by the multisynaptic action its cells have on laryngeal and respiratory motoneurons.
Metastatic behaviour of canine lung carcinoma in autochthonous and xenotransplant hosts.

Specimens from 24 chemically induced canine non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) were xenotransplanted into nude mice. Twenty-one tumour lines were established in serial transplantation; four were from NSCLC that arose from orthotopically induced NSCLC in four dogs, and 17 were from NSCLC that arose heterotopically in 15 subcutaneous bronchial autografts (SBA) in seven dogs. Distant metastases developed in recipients of two orthotopic NSCLC after three and eight consecutive tumour growth cycles; no metastases have occurred after three and six growth cycles of two other orthotopic tumour lines. Recipients of eight heterotopic tumour lines developed metastases after 3–9 consecutive tumour growth cycles, while no metastases have occurred after 4–11 growth cycles in recipients of nine other heterotopic tumour lines. In three instances, both metastasizing and non-metastasizing tumour lines resulted from NSCLC that arose in different SBAs in the same dog. These findings indicate that, in the canine SBA bronchogenic cancer model as expanded by tumour xenotransplantation, those molecular events involved in both the initiation and the full progression of a single cancer may be investigated serially and concomitantly.
A New Route for the Preparation of Alkylfluorovinylsilanes and Stannanes

Methylfluorovinylsilanes and stannanes Me 4–x M(CF=CF 2 ) x (M = Sn, x= 1; Si, x= 1,2) can be prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of CF 2 =CFBr with a mixture of the corresponding Me 4–x MCI x and P(NR 2 ) 3 in polar solvent. Similarly, the novel silane CF 3 (SiMe 3 )C=CF 2 was obtained from CF 3 CBr=CF 2
The Measure of Emotional Maturity

(1938). The Measure of Emotional Maturity. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 235-237.
Control of fly-borne diseases

Donald R. Barnard from the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology at Gainesville in Florida, USA, describes the biology of flies and the disease agents they transmit.
Thoracic volume radiation sparing following endobronchial brachytherapy: a quantitative analysis.

A retrospective analysis of patients with inoperable, Stage III non-small cell lung carcinoma presenting with malignant airway occlusion and treated with endobronchial brachytherapy boost prior to radical radiotherapy is reported. Of the 102 patients treated with endobronchial brachytherapy between October 1986 and January 1991, 22 were newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven Stage IIIA (14/22) or IIIB (8/22) non-small cell carcinoma with > 80% endoscopically demonstrated airway occlusion of the carina (1/22), mainstem bronchus (10/22) or lobar bronchus (11/22). Fifteen patients had complete lung or lobar atelectasis. Poor performance status (KPS 10% in 9/22) rendered these patients ineligible for multi-institutional trials. Endobronchial boost was delivered using low dose rate (20 Gy at 2 cm) or high dose rate brachytherapy (16 Gy in 4 fractions over 2 days at 2 cm). Following a 10-14 day post-endobronchial period to allow for reaeration, patients underwent additional external beam radiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions). Of the 15 patients with atelectasis, 6/15 (40%) reaerated completely, 4/15 (27%) partially, and 5/15 (33%) failed to reaerate. A new method, called "sequential volume integration" was used on the pre- and post-endobronchial films to analyze sparing of thoracic volume from external beam radiation as a consequence of reaeration. Patients with complete reaeration required 47% less and those patients with partial reaeration required 25% less ipsilateral thoracic volume radiation. There was a tend toward improved survival in reaerators (36 weeks) as compared to non-reaerators (24 weeks).
Long-term dispersion in unsteady skewed free surface flow

Abstract An analysis of two-dimensional horizontal plane shear dispersion in steady, periodic, almost-periodic and randomly forced skewed free surface flow is presented. A two-time scale perturbation analysis of the advection-diffusion equation is used to derive the two-dimensional advection-dispersion equation and the horizontal dispersion coefficient tensor. For combinations of steady, periodic and almost-periodic flow, the time dependent dispersion coefficient tensor contains steady terms and periodic terms at frequencies associated with the forcing frequencies and their sums and differences. For combinations of steady, periodic, almost-periodic and stationary random forcings, the expected value dispersion coefficient tensor contains terms associated with the steady forcings and terms associated with the unsteady forcings represented by the spectral density functions of the unsteady forcings. Estimates of the magnitude of the expected value dispersion coefficient tensor are presented for representative estuarine and continental shelf conditions.
Financial feasibility of participating in an international seed cooperative for tropical pines

A break-even analysis indicates the level of annual tree planting that covers the costs of participating in an international seed cooperative for tropical pines. The financial framework is estimated for CAMCORE, the Central America and Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative. The present value of financial returns is compared with the present value of expenditures of participating in the Cooperative.
Efficiency Analysis for a Mixed-Signal Focal Plane Processing Architecture

Monolithic integration of photodetectors, analog-to-digital converters, data storage, and digital processing can improve both the performance and the efficiency of future portable image products. However, digitizing and processing a pixel at the detection site presents the design challenge to deliver a system with the required performance at the lowest cost, not just a system with the highest performance. This paper analyzes the area-time efficiency, the area efficiency, and the energy efficiency of a mixed-signal, SIMD focal plane processing architecture that executes front-end image applications with neighborhood processing. Implementations of the focal plane architecture achieve up to 81x higher area efficiency and up to 11x higher energy efficiency when compared to traditional TI DSP chips. Higher efficiency ratings are required to maintain portability while addressing technology limitations such as interconnect wiring density, heat extraction, and battery life. Systems can be implemented with a less expensive fabrication technology by increasing the number of pixels per processing element (PPE).
165-W cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG laser.

Thermo-optic distortions often limit the beam quality and power scaling of high-average-power lasers. Cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG is used to efficiently generate 165 W of near-diffraction-limited beam from a power oscillator with negligible thermo-optic effects. End pumped with 215 W of incident pump power from two diode modules, the laser has an optical–optical efficiency of 76%, a slope efficiency of 85%, and an M2 value of 1.02.
Newly detected atrial high rate episodes predict long-term mortality outcomes in patients with permanent pacemakers.

Background Subclinical atrial high rate episodes (AHREs) detected by implanted devices in patients with no history of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. Data regarding the long-term survival of patients with permanent pacemakers and newly detected AHREs are limited. Objective This study aimed to assess whether newly detected AHREs in pacemaker patients predict mortality outcomes. Methods We evaluated 224 patients (mean age 74 ± 12 years; 118 men [53%]) with no history of AF who underwent dual-chamber pacemaker implantation from 2002 through 2004. During follow-up, patients with AHREs of ≥5-minute duration were identified. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index. Results Thirty-nine patients (17%) had AHREs of ≥5-minute duration within 6 months of pacemaker implantation. Over a mean follow-up period of 6.6 ± 2.0 years, the rate of all-cause mortality was 29%. In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular diseases, AHREs were associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–6.31; P = .013) and stroke mortality (HR 9.65; 95% CI 1.56–59.9; P = .015), with a trend toward increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.79; 95% CI 0.98–3.26; P = .059). The subgroup of patients with AHREs of ≥5-minute but P = .007). Conclusion AHREs are commonly encountered in pacemaker patients with no history of AF and are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality.
Attentive Facework During Instructional Feedback: Key to Perceiving Mentorship and an Optimal Learning Environment

This study investigated how the face threat mitigation students received from their teachers during feedback influenced their judgments about mentored relationships with their teachers and the supportiveness of the classroom learning environment. Public speaking students (N =345) at three universities completed an online survey about the speech feedback they had received from their instructors throughout that term. Receiving skilled facework during feedback predicted all aspects of perceived mentoring (including satisfaction) and almost all of the supportive learning environment components. Findings support instructional facework as a key communication mechanism by which teachers and students negotiate optimally adaptive and engaging learning relationships and environments.
1591 CT EVALUATION OF NEONATES WITH SEIZURES ATTRIBUTABLE TO PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS

Although the incidence of neonatal seizures has been reported to be 0.2 - 0.8%, seizures are more prevalent in NICUs. During a 36 month interval, 116 (3%) of all our NICU patients had one or more seizures. In 75 (65%) patients, these seizures were attributable to perinatal complications, either intracranial hemorrhage or asphyxia, defined as a 5 min. Apgar score of ≤4, and could be divided by age of occurrence into early seizures ( 24 hrs of age). 56 of these 75 infants, 26 preterm (PT) and 30 full term (FT) survived for greater than 72 hrs. 24/26 PT and 24/30 FT infants were evaluated by CT scan. Of those 24 PT infants, 23 had late seizures at an average age of 55 hrs; 22 had intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) and l had a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The other PT infant was asphyxiated and had an early seizure with a normal CT scan. Of the 24 FT infants, 19 had early seizures at a mean age of 9 hrs. 2 of those infants had subdural hematomas, 3 had focal regions of infarction, and the remaining 15 had normal scans, 5 FT infants had late seizures at a mean age of 56 hrs and had SAH. Thus, although echoencephalography has been found to be extremely useful for the diagnosis of IVH in PT infants, FT neonates with both early and late neonatal seizures should be evaluated by CT scan for the detection of intracranial lesions requiring immediate and/or close follow-up care.
Pattern formation in non-Newtonian Hele–Shaw flow

We study theoretically the Saffman–Taylor instability of an air bubble expanding into a non-Newtonian fluid in a Hele–Shaw cell, with the motivation of understanding suppression of tip-splitting and the formation of dendritic structures observed in the flow of complex fluids, such as polymeric liquids or liquid crystals. A standard visco-elastic flow model is simplified in the case of flow in a thin gap, and it is found that there is a distinguished limit where shear thinning and normal stress differences are apparent, but elastic response is negligible. This observation allows formulation of a generalized Darcy’s law, where the pressure satisfies a nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem. Numerical simulation shows that shear-thinning alone modifies considerably the pattern formation and can produce fingers whose tip-splitting is suppressed, in agreement with experimental results. These fingers grow in an oscillating fashion, shedding “side-branches” from their tips, closely resembling solidification patterns. A careful analysis of the parametric dependencies of the system provides an understanding of the conditions required to suppress tip-splitting, and an interpretation of experimental observations, such as emerging length-scales.
745-1 Management and Long-term Outcome of Patients with Electrical Storm

Patients with recent MI may develop recurrent cardiac arrest due to polymorphic VT/VF g 20 episodes a day; electrical storm (ES). ES usually portends a grave outcome; the treatment of ES remains a dilemma, and physicians often resort to intravenous antiarrhythmics (AA) (lidocaine, procainamide, bretylium, or a combination of these), as outlined in the ACLS guidelines. Since ES is associated with increased sympathetic activity, we hypothesized that sympathetic blockade (SB) would benefit ES patients. Thus, we compared the outcome of treatment between SB and AA in 34 consecutive patients with ES. All (30 M, 4 F; mean age 58) had recent MI, but the index VT/VF occurred at least 2 days after the onset of MI; 22 had anterior MI, 9 inferior, and 3 both anterior and inferior. All had sinus tachycardia or supraventricular arrhythmias, but had normal QT (mean QT 0.3B ± 0.05). 16 patients (Gr. I) were treated with AA and 18 (Gr. II) were treated with SB (7 left stellate ganglionic blockade and 11, β-blockade [7 IV propranolol; 2 IV sotalol and 2 esmolol]). Both Gr. I and II had comparable clinical characteristics. Mean EF was 31% in Gr. I and 30% in Gr. II. The above figure shows that 90% of Gr. I patients died within the first 10 days due to VT/VF (mean 32 ± 12 episodes/day). compared to only 18% deaths and near abolition of VT/VF in Gr. II. At one year follow-up, all Gr. I patients eventually died, but Gr. II had an excellent outcome; 13 of 18 were alive and well (72%). Gr. I had a 6 times greater relative risk of death than did Gr. II (p l 0.05) Conclusions 1) ES in patients with recent MI should be treated with SB. 2) AA as recommended by ACLS for multiple cardiac arrests are ineffective in ES. Download : Download high-res image (59KB) Download : Download full-size image