cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Nasal Passage Particle Deposition: The Effect of Particle Size, Flow Rate, and Anatomical Factors

ABSTRACT This study determined the effect of particle size, flow rate, nostril shape, and nasal passage geometry on nasal particle deposition efficiency (PDE) in ten healthy, nonsmoking adults (seven males, three females). A polydispersed (1–10-μm diameter) aerosol was drawn by unidirectional flow in through the nose and out through the mouth. Three constant flow rates of 15, 25, and 35 l/min were used in this study. The nasal PDE was calculated by measuring size and concentration of aerosol entering the nose (C in) and exiting the mouth (C out), and was defined as (C in-C out)/C in for each particle size and flow rate. A mixed nonlinear model was used to fit the PDE to an equation using particle aerodynamic diameter, flow rate, nostril length to width ratio (ellipticity, E), and minimum nasal cross-sectional area (A min). Statistical analyses show that all above factors affect particle deposition in the nasal passage. Even after inclusion of the above factors, there remains a large intersubject variation...
Evaluation of HVAC filters as a sampling mechanism for indoor microbial communities

HVAC filters are in place for extended periods of time and can serve as integrated air samplers. This paper presents a comparison of bacterial and fungal concentrations and communities in HVAC filter dust and other sampling locations in occupied residences and in the unoccupied UTest House. A DNA-based, culture-independent approach was utilized to characterize the microbial communities. Microbial concentrations and communities in HVAC filter dust samples were not statistically different from those in high surface dust samples in occupied homes. Despite the general similarity in the communities, Proteobacteria were present in greater proportion in HVAC filter dust samples than in surface dust samples suggesting the air origin of this phylum. Gram-positive bacteria were present in greater proportion in occupied residences than in an unoccupied test house, confirming the potential association of this group with occupants. HVAC filter microbial communities were not different from those present in a composited month-long indoor air sample providing preliminary evidence that filters could be a viable option for long-term investigation of airborne biological contaminants.
Strain hardening and heterogeneous deformation during twinning in Hadfield steel

Abstract We identify the role of deformation twinning and twin–twin intersections on the strain hardening behavior of Hadfield steel single crystals using strain field measurements. In situ and ex situ strain field measurements resolved at micrometer length scales are obtained using digital image correlation. Ex situ measurements reveal that macroscopic twin-bands, which are composed of a mixture of fine twin-lamella and matrix material, generate approximately 30% axial strain. This measurement is comparable to strain predictions based on twinning crystallography. In situ measurements reveal that primary and secondary twins may nucleate simultaneously, but the primary twin-system remains predominantly active with increased deformation. The intersection of primary and secondary twin-systems was directly linked to an increase in the strain hardening response.
Functional imaging of colonic mucosa with a fibered confocal microscope for real time in vivo pathology

Background & Aims: Histologic interpretation of disease currently is performed with static images of excised tissues, and is limited by processing artifact, sampling error, and interpretive variability. The aim of this study was to show the use of functional optical imaging of viable mucosa for quantitative evaluation of colonic neoplasia in real time. Methods: Fluorescein (5 mg/mL) was administered topically in 54 human subjects undergoing screening colonoscopy. Fluorescence images were collected with 488-nm excitation at 12 frames/s with the confocal microendoscopy system. Movement of fluorescein in the transient period ( 5 s) were quantified. Results: Normal mucosa showed circular crypts with uniform size, hyperplasia revealed proliferative glands with serrated lumens, and adenomas displayed distorted elongated glands. For t less than 5 seconds, fluorescein passed through normal epithelium with a peak speed of 1.14 ± 0.09 μm/s at t=0.5 seconds, and accumulated into lamina propria as points of fluorescence that moved through the interglandular space with an average speed of 41.7 ± 3.4 μm/s. Passage of fluorescein through adenomatous mucosa was delayed substantially. For t greater than 5 seconds, high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was achieved using a discriminant function to evaluate the contrast ratio to distinguish normal from lesional mucosa (91%, 87%, and 89%, respectively; P P P Conclusions: Confocal imaging can be performed in vivo to assess the functional behavior of tissue in real time for providing pathologic interpretation, representing a new method for histologic evaluation.
The Writers' Group

This section allows readers to "meet" authors and to learn about the personal inspirations and influences that compel people to write for publication. We invite all readers to share their own literary experiences. In this issue, we hear from authors Anthony Bibus, Rosemary Link, Ronald Rooney, Kimberly Strom-Gottfried, and Maura Sullivan — members of a writing group.
High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches: Observations and implications for earthquake physics

[1] Paleoseismic exposures excavated across relatively straight sections of major faults in southern California display a high degree of localization at depths of only a few meters below the surface. In some cases, the width of the slip zone in events with multimeter displacement is on the order of 1–2 mm to a cm, which is the resolution of the observations. Repetitive slip events in the same zone increase the observed width of the faulting, as expressed at trench depths, but the superposed slip again tends to be highly localized. These observations are probably representative of >80% of the length of the faults studied. Based on these results, combined with the expected tendency for narrower slip zone with depth, observations from exhumed faults, and high localization of seismicity along large faults, we hypothesize that the majority of slip carried by large faults occurs in very narrow zones. If correct, the emerging integrated view of high slip localization during earthquake ruptures places important constraints on many issues of earthquake dynamics.
Techniques for Avoiding Neurologic Injury During Adult Cardiac Surgery

The mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative neurologic injury are reviewed. The principle mechanisms of the ischemic injury are gaseous and particulate emboli and hypoperfusion caused by cerebrovascular occlusive disease. The contribution of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit to the development of ischemic injury is discussed. The important role of the surgeon in preventing particulate and gaseous microemboli and macroemboli is described and techniques for avoiding hypoperfusion in the presence of occlusive cerebrovascular disease are presented. Patients at greatest risk of perioperative neurologic injury are elderly patients with atherosclerotic aorta, cerebrovascular disease, and previous neurologic abnormalities. The pump oxygenator may be the cause of neurologic injury by generation of emboli, hypoperfusion, and perfusion accidents. The principles of perfusion safety are presented. Massive air embolization may occur from the heart-lung machine or from the heart. Methods of preventing massive air embolus including techniques of bypass and air removal from the heart are discussed. The management of massive air embolus is thoroughly described. The detection of cerebrovascular disease is discussed and the management of the patient with cerebrovascular disease described. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is a major risk factor for perioperative neurologic injury. Methods of detection and management are thoroughly described. Prevention of embolization from intracardiac debris and clot is described.
Immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine in experimental infection of the mouse withTrichinella spiralis (Nematoda)

Die Wirkung von Azathioprin auf die Immunantwort von mitTrichinella spiralis infizierten Mausen ist auf Grund der Anzahl in der Muskulatur aufgefundenen Larven beurteilt worden. Nach einer Erstinfektion zeigen behandelte Tiere gegenuber Kontrollen eine unterdruckte Immunantwort. Eine immunsuppressive Wirkung von Azathioprin bleibt bei einer sekundaren Infektion hingegen aus.
The human genome: chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome.

Deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 is the most frequent known interstitial deletion found in humans. The deletion has been associated with a highly variable phenotype that occurs in many combinations and with widely differing severities. This composite microdeletion syndrome encompasses DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial (or Shprintzen) syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face, and isolated conotruncal anomalies as the most common disorders. The full disorder is referred to as 22q11 deletion syndrome. In addition to the numerous structural malformations associated with gene deletions at the 22q11 chromosome, developmental delay, learning disability, and neuropsychiatric disturbances are common. Many studies have reported a greater incidence of psychotic illness (schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome, and deletions in the 22q11.2 chromosome have also been found in 2%–3% of individuals with schizophrenia, predominantly in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Most patients with velocardiofacial syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome have overlapping deletions on one chromosome 22q11, which suggests that a lower copy number of the same genes may be responsible for the etiology of these diseases. Fluorescent in situ hybridization is the technique in widespread use to detect these deletions in individual chromosomal preparations. A fluorescently labeled DNA or RNA probe is hybridized to immobilized metaphase chromosomes prepared from a blood sample. These types of molecular cytogenetic techniques are routinely used to diagnose human behavioral disorders due to chromosomal rearrangements (deletions, translocations, and insertions) and will be increasingly applied in the future as additional genetic illnesses are established.
An Empirical Study Measuring Conflict in Problem-Solving Groups Which are Assigned Different Decision Rules

The paper has two goals. First, to find out whether majority rule or a unanimous decision rule would facilitate more task conflict. Second, to develop several operational measures of task conflict. The study used an experimental design using 18 groups. The group discussions were tape recorded and coded using the valence coding system (Hoffman & Maier, 1964, 1967). Eight operational measures of task conflict are presented and used to test the main hypothesis. The results indicate that in unequal power groups an assigned majority rule facilitates more task conflict than an assigned unanimous rule or no assigned decision rule. The eight measures of task conflict are shown to be useful but require additional refinement.
Is There Hope for Renal Growth on Imaging Studies Following Ureteral Reimplant for Boys With Fetal Hydronephrosis and Urinary Reflux

Reflux nephropathy is thought to be the etiology for renal maldevelopment. We present two boys with fetal hydronephrosis and sterile vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). There was lack of renal growth of the refluxing renal units on surveillance renal ultrasound. Parents elected to undergo open ureteral reimplants. Post-surgical ultrasounds demonstrated improved renal growth.
High-speed liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using a monolithic column for high-throughput bioanalysis

With the ever-increasing workload from a variety of in vitro and in vivo screening procedures, new analytical methodologies to perform bioanalysis in an accurate and high-throughput manner are in great demand. In this work, monolithic columns were used instead of conventional particulate HPLC columns to perform chromatographic separations. Because the pressure drop on a monolithic column was considerably lower than that on a particulate column, a high flow rate (6 mL/min) was used for a 4.6 × 50 mm monolithic column with a total backpressure of about 61 bar measured using acetonitrile/water (50 : 50). The capability of using a regular column length at high flow rates, combined with the extremely small dependency of separation efficiency on linear flow velocity, allowed for the generation of sufficient chromatographic resolving power in a significantly reduced runtime. As demonstrated in this work, a plasma extract of a mixture of tempazepam, tamoxifen, fenfluramine, and alprozolam were baseline separated within a total analysis time of one minute. An average peak width at half maximum of approximately one second was noted using a generic broad gradient. It was also found that the separation efficiency and signal/noise (S/N) ratios for this separation remained almost constant at flow rates of 1, 3, and 6 mL/min, respectively. The ruggedness of the separation was evaluated by injecting 600 plasma extracts containing the replicates of a standard curve of the above mixture during an overnight run. The chromatographic retention time, separation quality, peak response and sensitivity were highly reproducible throughout the run. This high-speed liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system has been used routinely in the authors' laboratory to support drug discovery programs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thrombocytosis in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura:

The clinical and laboratory features of acute Henoch-Schonlein purpura in 18 patients are presented. Thrombocytosis was noted in 67 per cent of the patients and was significantly as sociated with the presence of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. We found no cor relation between increased serum IgA concentrations or elevated sedimentation rates and any of the clinical features of Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Transform coding of images using trellis coded quantization

Trellis-coded quantization (TCQ) is incorporated into a transform coding structure for encoding monochrome images. Both fixed-rate and entropy-constrained designs are considered. The fixed-rate TCQ-based systems provide gains in peak signal-to-noise ratio of up to 4.13 dB over scalar quantizer-based schemes, while the entropy-constrained TCQ-based systems provide gains of up to 6.39 dB. The subjective quality of the TCQ-based systems is substantially better than that of comparable scalar quantizer-based systems. The high-frequency background noise, fuzziness, and block artifacts produced by the scalar quantizer-based systems are virtually eliminated by the TCQ-based systems. >
New developments in aerosol dosimetry

Dosimetry provides information linking environmental exposures to sites of deposition, removal from these sites, and translocation of deposited materials. Dosimetry also aids in extrapolating laboratory animal and in vitro data to humans. Recent progress has shed light on: properties of particles in relation to their fates in the body; influence of age, gender, body size, and lung diseases on inhaled particle doses; particle movement to the brain via the olfactory nerves; and particle deposition hot spots in the respiratory tract. Ultrafine size has emerged as an important dosimetric characteristic. Particle count, composition, and surface properties are recognized as potentially important toxicology-related considerations. Differences in body size influence airway sizes, inhaled particle deposition, specific ventilation, and specific doses (e.g. per unit body mass). Related to body size, age, gender, species, and strain are also dosimetric considerations. Diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis, produce uneven doses within the respiratory tract. Traditional concepts of the translocation and clearance of deposited particles have been challenged. Ultrafine particles can translocate to the brain via olfactory nerves, and from the lung to other organs. The clearance rates of particles from tracheobronchial airways are slowed by respiratory tract infections, but newer evidence implies that slow particle clearance from this region also exists in healthy lungs. Finally, hot spots of particle deposition are seen in hollow models, lung tissue, and dosimetric simulations. Local doses to groups of epithelial cells can be much greater than those to surrounding cells. The new insights challenge dosimetry scientists.
The role of genomics and proteomics : Technologies in studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are examples of complex diseases accompanied by changes in the expression of thousands of genes and a plethora of proteins encoded by these genes. Before the era of high-throughput analysis, typical translational research initiatives, aimed at defining the molecular targets for complex diseases, were performed on gene-by-gene basis. Innovative technologies, such as expression microarrays, mass spectromety, and reverse proteomics, now allow investigators to reveal complex patterns of the expression of biologically active molecules. For this reason, high-throughput approaches may be well suited for studies designed to untangle the molecular basis of the chronic liver diseases such as NAFLD.
A New Look at Comparative Public Administration: Trends in Research and an Agenda for the Future

Intensified globalization, especially the necessity to learn more about how administrative reforms work effectively in different cultural contexts, requires public administration research to embrace comparative perspectives. How well is the field advancing in that direction? This article presents the results of a content analysis of 151 comparative public administration articles from 2000 to 2009. Results indicate that comparative research is building on theory and empirical research, making use of purposive samples, and using a mix of causal, descriptive, and exploratory methodologies. Subject matter varies widely, but most research focuses on European, Asian, and North American countries. Comparative research is primarily qualitative, making extensive use of existing data. The authors recommend enhanced application of mixed methods, increased use of culture as a key concept, and integration of a broad range of social sciences to encourage more students, practitioners, and scholars to think and work comparatively. Three senior comparative scholars respond, sparking a fascinating and insightful dialogue on this seminal topic in public administration.
The metabolic cost of lowering blood pressure with hydrochlorothiazide

The landmark Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) placed a new spotlight on thiazide diuretics as the first-line therapy for hypertension. This is concerning as thiazide-diuretics may contribute to comorbidities associated with the current epidemic of obesity. Previous randomized clinical trials have linked thiazide diuretic treatment to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. This proof of concept, longitudinal, randomized, double–blind study evaluated the effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker Valsartan and the specific thiazide diuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on hepatic triglyceride level (primary outcome), as well as triglyceride levels within other organs including the heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Additionally, we evaluated whether myocardial function, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion were affected by these treatments. Hepatic TG levels increased by 57% post HCTZ treatment: ∆hTG HCTZ = 4.12% and remained unchanged post Valsartan treatment: ∆hTG V = 0.06%. The elevation of hepatic TG levels after HCTZ treatment was additionally accompanied by a reduction in insulin sensitivity: ∆SI HCTZ = -1.14. Treatment with Valsartan resulted in improved insulin sensitivity: ∆SI V = 1.24. Treatment-induced changes in hepatic TG levels and insulin sensitivity were statistically significant between groups (phTG = 0.0098 and pSI = 0.0345 respectively). Disposition index, DI, remained unchanged after HCTZ treatment: ∆DI HCTZ = -141 but it was increased by a factor of 2 after treatment with Valsartan: ∆DI V =1018). However, the change between groups was not statistically significant. Both therapies did not modify abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat mass as well as myocardial structure and function. Additionally, myocardial, pancreatic, and skeletal muscle triglyceride deposits remained unchanged in both therapeutic arms. Our findings are two-fold and relate to hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity. HCTZ treatment worsened hepatic steatosis measured as hepatic triglyceride content and reduced insulin sensitivity. Valsartan treatment did not affect hepatic triglyceride levels and improved insulin sensitivity. The results of this study reinforce the message that in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes it is particularly important to choose an antihypertensive regimen that lowers blood pressure without exacerbating patient’s metabolic profile.
A Routine Activity Theory Explanation for Women's Stalking Victimizations:

Drawing on surveys administered to 861 university women in nine institutions, this article presents a routine activity theory model for predicting stalking victimization likelihood for women. Using routine activity theory, the model highlights lifestyle behaviors and interactions as predictors of stalking victimization. Whereas routine activity theory often highlights the role of demographics and statuses as predictors, this analysis emphasizes the role of women's social interactions and substance use in victimization risk. Significant predictors of victimization likelihood include substance use variables, activities in public settings, and residence off campus.
High-frequency eddy current conductivity spectroscopy for residual stress profiling in surface-treated nickel-base superalloys

Abstract Recent research results indicated that eddy current conductivity measurements can be exploited for nondestructive evaluation of subsurface residual stresses in surface-treated nickel-base superalloy components. Most of the previous experimental studies were conducted on highly peened (Almen 10-16A) specimens that exhibited harmful cold work in excess of 30% plastic strain. Such high level of cold work causes thermo-mechanical relaxation at relatively modest operational temperatures; therefore the obtained results were not directly relevant to engine manufacturers and end users. The main reason for choosing peening intensities in excess of recommended normal levels was that in low-conductivity engine alloys the eddy current penetration depth could not be forced below 0.2 mm without expanding the measurements above 10 MHz which is beyond the operational range of most commercial eddy current instruments. In this paper we report the development of a new high-frequency eddy current conductivity measuring system that offers an extended inspection frequency range up to 50 MHz with a single spiral coil. In addition to its extended frequency range, the new system offers better reproducibility, accuracy, and measurement speed than the previously used conventional system.
The institutional economics of John R. Commons: complement and substitute for neoclassical economic theory

In this paper I outline the theory of institutional economics developed by John R. Commons and contrast it with neoclassical economic theory. Key concepts in Commons' theory are bounded rationality, property rights, working rules, institutions, transactions and incomplete contracts. Although Commons' writings tend toward the obscure and descriptive, I demonstrate that on a deeper level of analysis his ideas and concepts provide the basis for an alternative body of economic theory. In certain respects, this body of theory complements neoclassical theory by fleshing-out the institutional infrastructure that governs and regulates market exchange. In other respects, however, Commons' theory of institutional economics is a heterodox substitute for neoclassical theory because it is built using a different methodology, replaces or modifies central theoretical pillars of neoclassical theory, and denies the validity of the 'Invisible Hand' theorem and other core neoclassical propositions. Commons' institutional economics also provides a theoretical framework for an integration of the economic and social dimensions of human behaviour.
Developing Responsible Learners: The Power of Intentional Mental Processing

Most college students do not habitually do the deep thinking that will allow them to take their learning beyond the acquisition of knowledge. This paper examines the findings from a phenomenological study of eight students involved in an interdisciplinary community focused on developing responsible, life-long learners. Students identified both the myriad ways the learning opportunities had been structured to engage them in thinking and the impacts of the resultant deep reflection on their learning. Implications are that educators must do more asking than telling until students learn to ask and answer the challenging questions on their own.
Pulmonary Hypertension in the Intensive Care Unit

Pulmonary hypertension, a condition that can lead to right ventricular failure and hemodynamic collapse, can be very challenging to manage in critically ill patients who require the intensive care unit. Because of the underlying structure of the right ventricle, significant increases in right ventricular afterload initiate a vicious cycle of degenerating right ventricular function, giving rise to right ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock. In patients with pulmonary hypertension, inciting factors such as sepsis and arrhythmias can exacerbate this process. Important management principles include close monitoring of hemodynamics with both noninvasive and invasive modalities, optimization of right ventricular preload, maintenance of systemic blood pressure, enhancement of right ventricular contractility, reduction of right ventricular afterload, and reversal of identifiable inciting factors. The goal of this review is to discuss these key concepts in managing this difficult patient population.
Novel Roles for ERK5 and Cofilin as Critical Mediators Linking ERα-Driven Transcription, Actin Reorganization, and Invasiveness in Breast Cancer

Cancer cell motility and invasiveness are fundamental characteristics of the malignant phenotype and are regulated through diverse signaling networks involving kinases and transcription factors. This study establishes an estrogen receptor (ERa)/MAPK (ERK5)/cofilin (CFL1) network that specifies the degree of breast cancer cell aggressiveness through coupling of actin reorganization and hormone receptor–mediated transcription. Using dominant negative and constitutively active forms, as well as small-molecule inhibitors of extracellular signal– regulated kinase (ERK)5 and MAP–ERK kinase (MEK)5, it was revealed that hormone activation of ERa determined the subcellular localization of ERK5, which functions as a coregulator of ERa-dependent gene transcription. Notably, ERK5 acted in concert with the actin remodeling protein, CFL1, and upon hormone exposure, both localized to active nuclear transcriptional hubs as verified by immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays. Both ERK5 and CFL1 facilitated PAF1 recruitment to the RNA Pol II complex and both were required for regulation of gene transcription. In contrast, in cells lacking ERa, ERK5 and CFL1 localized to cytoplasmic membrane regions of high actin remodeling, promoting cell motility and invasion, thereby revealing a mechanismlikelycontributingtothegenerallypoorerprognosisofpatientswithERa-negativebreastcancer.Thus, this study uncovers the dynamic interplay of nuclear receptor–mediated transcription and actin reorganization in phenotypes of breast cancer aggressiveness.
Multi-Agent Q-Learning for Competitive Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Systems

Resource allocation is an important issue in cognitive radio systems. It can be done by carrying out negotiation among secondary users. However, significant overhead may be incurred by the negotiation since the negotiation needs to be done frequently due to the rapid change of primary users' activity. In this paper, an Aloha-like spectrum access scheme without negotiation is considered for multi-user and multi-channel cognitive radio systems. To avoid collision incurred by the lack of coordination, each secondary user learns how to select channels according to its experience. Multi-agent reinforcement leaning (MARL) is applied in the framework of $Q$-learning by considering other secondary users as a part of the environment. A rigorous proof of the convergence of $Q$-learning is provided via the similarity between the $Q$-learning and Robinson-Monro algorithm, as well as the analysis of the corresponding ordinary differential equation (via Lyapunov function). The performance of learning (speed and gain in utility) is evaluated by numerical simulations.
Cases of Conscience: Casuistic Analysis of Ethical Dilemmas in Expanded Role Settings

In the absence of a well articulated conceptual framework for nursing ethics, this article argues for a theory of applied ethics--casuistics--used within a clinical reasoning model, to analyse the complicated issues presented in three cases involving adolescents receiving treatment for abuse through a rural alternative learning centre. The clinical nurse specialist, as an independent practitioner within the community, is presented with many ethical challenges arising from cultural diversity. The inherent independent nature of such practice environments combined with the pluralism which exists in today's multicultural society demands that professional nurses working in these circumstances develop and utilize an ethical framework for the analysis of patient care in situations that involve moral conflict.
Continuous object access profiling and optimizations to overcome the memory wall and bloat

Future microprocessors will have more serious memory wall problems since they will include more cores and threads in each chip. Similarly, future applications will have more serious memory bloat problems since they are more often written using object-oriented languages and reusable frameworks. To overcome such problems, the language runtime environments must accurately and efficiently profile how programs access objects. We propose Barrier Profiler, a low-overhead object access profiler using a memory-protection-based approach called pointer barrierization and adaptive overhead reduction techniques. Unlike previous memory-protection-based techniques, pointer barrierization offers per-object protection by converting all of the pointers to a given object to corresponding barrier pointers that point to protected pages. Barrier Profiler achieves low overhead by not causing signals at object accesses that are unrelated to the needed profiles, based on profile feedback and a compiler analysis. Our experimental results showed Barrier Profiler provided sufficiently accurate profiles with 1.3% on average and at most 3.4% performance overhead for allocation-intensive benchmarks, while previous code-instrumentation-based techniques suffered from 9.2% on average and at most 12.6% overhead. The low overhead allows Barrier Profiler to be run continuously on production systems. Using Barrier Profiler, we implemented two new online optimizations to compress write-only character arrays and to adjust the initial sizes of mostly non-accessed arrays. They resulted in speed-ups of up to 8.6% and 36%, respectively.
Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity.

Context: Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular height. Few researchers have studied navicular height and plantar pressures after physical activity. Objective: To determine if taping techniques effectively support the arch during exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered. Intervention(s): All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular height and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced. Main Outcome Measure(s): The dependent variables were navicular height in millimeters and plantar pressures in k...
Gender Differences in Social Security Disability Decisions

This study analyzes gender differences in Social Security disability awards. Logit analysis is used to identify significant determinants of receiving a Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) award. The results show that, even after controlling for applicant characteristics and nature of impairment, women receive Social Security disability awards at a significantly lower rate than do men. An analysis of the process whereby eligibility for SSDI is determined shows that men and women are equally likely to satisfy medical criteria for awards, but women, particularly women over age 55, are more likely to be rejected on the basis of vocational criteria.
Permissive Effects of Hormones on Lipolysis1

Hypophysectomy severely reduced glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) production by segments of epididymal fat. Preincubation of adipose tissue from either hypophysectomized or normal rats with dexamethasone (.016 μg/ml) increased glycerol and FFA production in response to low concentrations of epinephrine (.01–0.05 μg/ml). This effect of dexamethasone had a lag period in excess of 2 hr, and was blocked by actinomycin d. Glucose was not required. Even greater potentiation was seen when growth hormone was also present. It is suggested that acute effects of dexamethasone on lipolysis may result from some modification in the metabolism of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, secondary to the induction of synthesis of some new species of protein. Pretreatment of hypophysectomized rats with triiodothyronine (T3, 5 μg/rat) also markedly potentiated the lipolytic response of segments of adipose tissue to epinephrine and theophylline when tested in vitro 16 hr later. This effect of T3 was not inhibited by actinomycin d. ...
A novel mechanism of ligand binding and release in the odorant binding protein 20 from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that transmit malaria are attracted to humans by the odor molecules that emanate from skin and sweat. Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are the first component of the olfactory apparatus to interact with odorant molecules, and so present potential targets for preventing transmission of malaria by disrupting the normal olfactory responses of the insect. AgamOBP20 is one of a limited subset of OBPs that it is preferentially expressed in female mosquitoes and its expression is regulated by blood feeding and by the day/night light cycles that correlate with blood-feeding behavior. Analysis of AgamOBP20 in solution reveals that the apo-protein exhibits significant conformational heterogeneity but the binding of odorant molecules results in a significant conformational change, which is accompanied by a reduction in the conformational flexibility present in the protein. Crystal structures of the free and bound states reveal a novel pathway for entrance and exit of odorant molecules into the central-binding pocket, and that the conformational changes associated with ligand binding are a result of rigid body domain motions in α-helices 1, 4, and 5, which act as lids to the binding pocket. These structures provide new insights into the specific residues involved in the conformational adaptation to different odorants and have important implications in the selection and development of reagents targeted at disrupting normal OBP function.
Epidemiology of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Elderly Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is abundant in the circulation and has been shown to have a wide array of biologic effects. The authors carried out a cross-sectional community-based study of 420 men and 419 nonestrogen-using postmenopausal women aged 50-97 years to ascertain the within-person and laboratory reliability of IGF-I measurements, and the association of IGF-I with common epidemiologic confounders. There was no evidence of seasonal or diurnal variation. IGF-I decreased linearly with age in both sexes, with significantly higher levels in men than women (134.1 microg/liter vs. 126.9 microg/liter; p = 0.03) [corrected]. In age-adjusted analyses, IGF-I was not associated with height, total or central body fat, lean body mass, current smoking, physical activity, or commonly used medications. By contrast, in both men and women who reported any alcohol use, IGF-I levels were significantly higher compared with those in men and women who reported no alcohol use, and alcohol as a continuous variable showed a significant positive linear trend in men (p = 0.0007). The authors conclude that IGF-I varied significantly only with age, sex, and alcohol use. The minimal number of confounding variables, good reliability, and little intraindividual variation suggest that IGF-I should be suitable for epidemiologic research.
Necrotizing Cryptococcal Fasciitis of the Lower Extremity: Report of a Case Following Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation for Systemic Amyloidosis (P2.325)

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of necrotizing cryptococcal fasciitis complicating post-transplant immunosuppression. BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that may give rise to opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Rarely, Crypytococcus may produce cellulitis, vasculitis, or fasciitis. DESIGN/METHODS: The medical record was reviewed and pathologic examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin and fungal stains. RESULTS: A 51 year-old man presented with fever, left lower extremity pain, swelling, and erythema six months after orthotopic cardiac transplant for systemic amyloidosis. Medications included dexamethasone, bortezomib, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. CT demonstrated left lower extremity edema with a heterogeneous density in the adductor longus and inflammatory stranding along the adductor longus and sciatic nerve. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was ineffective. Biopsy of the adductor longus muscle and surrounding soft tissues was done. No acute myositis, necrosis or organisms were seen in the muscle, but the fascia showed large quantities of narrow-based PAS-positive budding yeast in a mixed inflammatory background. Mucicarmine confirmed the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, consistent with Cryptococcus neoformans . Serum cryptococcal antigen was positive. Antifungal therapy with oral and intravenous agents was undertaken. Several weeks following biopsy the patient became encephalopathic and lumbar puncture was positive for cryptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS: The patient described here demonstrated lower extremity cryptococcal fasciitis in the setting of post-transplant immunosuppression, both of which are classic findings in this rare condition. However, presentation with unilateral leg pain and swelling rather than involvement of multiple extremities or disseminated infection was unusual. Histologically, the case was atypical because the fascia was extensively involved by fungi without evidence of vasculitis or myositis. This case illustrates an uncommon, possibly early, presentation of fasciitis with Cryptococcus neoformans . Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Cykowski has nothing to disclose.
MicroRNAs as novel therapeutic targets to treat kidney injury and fibrosis

MicroRNAs (miRs), a class of small noncoding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, have attracted increasing attention as critical regulators of organogenesis, cancer...
A Novel α-Hemolytic Streptococcus Species (Streptococcus azizii sp. nov.) Associated with Meningoencephalitis in Naïve Weanling C57BL/6 Mice.

During 1 year, experimentally naive C57BL/6NCrl weanlings born to timed-pregnant dams from a single vendor demonstrated markedly increased mortality associated with runting, abnormal gait, and decreased activity. Gram-positive, aerobic, α-hemolytic, coccoid bacteria were isolated from the meninges (n = 16), blood (n = 1), and kidneys (n = 1) of clinically affected weanlings (n = 15); from the uterus (n = 1), meninges (n = 1), and oral cavity (n = 2) of 3 dams; and from the meninges and oral cavity of a clinically affected 86-d-old mouse in the same colony. Multifocal, necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis with intralesional gram-positive coccoid bacteria were present in all but 2 affected animals. The bacterium also was isolated from the oral cavity of an asymptomatic timed-pregnant dam (1 of 23) from the same vendor and from 8 mice at the vendor's facility. All isolates (n = 25) were identified by using 2 semiautomated rapid-identification systems, one of which consistently identified the causative bacterium as Aerococcus viridans 2 (n = 12) or 3 (n = 13), with probabilities of 55.7% to 98.3%. The bacterium did not grow in 6.5% NaCl at 10 °C, thus suggesting a Streptococcus species. Partial 16S rRNA sequencing of 4 isolates suggested S. hyointestinalis (probability, 93.4%) and S. gallinaceus (99.5%). Full 16S rRNA sequences for 3 isolates identified the bacterium as a novel Streptococcus species most closely related to S. acidominimus strain LGM (96.5%) and Streptococcus species strain Smarlab 3301444 (96.3%) and for which we propose the name S. azizii.
Multiphysics Technologies

Currently available tools can help establish a common interface for various problem solvers in different fields. By integrating these tools, researchers can start bringing together the best work in science and engineering, perhaps forging an entirely new field. The multiphysics systems available today concentrate on physics problems commonly found in industrial and commercial applications. The focus is on including classical physics, such as electromagnetic wave propagation, fluid dynamics, and thermal diffusion, but we can look forward to these environments including quantum physics. As areas such as quantum optics, low-temperature condensed fluids, and quantum computing become part of the multiphysics systems, they'll become environments that join all kinds of physics into single computational packages.
Grenville Dodge and the Union Pacific: A Study of Historical Legends

HE history of our Revolution will be one continued lie from one end to the other," John Adams once predicted. "The essence of the whole will be that Dr. Franklin's electrical rod smote the earth and out sprang General Washington. That Franklin electrified him with his rod-and thence forward these two conducted all the policy, negotiations, legislatures, and war."' Whatever the truth of this forecast Adams knew well how legends are made and why they flourish, and it would scarcely have surprised him to find them in good health unto the sixth generation, even among scholars. The species of legend that is fashioned out of magic, heroism, and vanity still prospers, and nowhere more vigorously than in the chronicles of the nation's most dramatic railroad project, the building of the Union Pacific. The place of Grenville M. Dodge in this enterprise is the subject of a thriving fable, fashionable alike among scholars and popular writers. It invites study as an instance of the kind of history Adams expected of frail mortals. In his recent survey of the history of American railroads, John F. Stover declares, "General Dodge built the Union Pacific."2 Stover puts it more boldly than most, but he is by no means the author of the idea that this mighty railroad was largely the creation of the hustling entrepreneur and engineer from Council Bluffs, Iowa. With sundry variations and embellishments it is one of the familiar tales in American history. It is a rare book that fails to relate, at least in part, how in 1859 Dodge won Abraham Lincoln's interest in the Platte Valley route and four years later persuaded him to adopt it, how in 1865 Dodge stumbled on to an easy crossing of the Rockies during a skirmish with Indians, how the next year he left the
Thick Multilayered Micromachined Permanent Magnets With Preserved Magnetic Properties

This paper presents microfabricated permanent magnets possessing a multilayer structure that preserves the high magnetic energy density of thinner magnetic films, while simultaneously reducing average residual stress of the films and achieving a significant magnetic thickness. Many magnetic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices heavily rely on the availability of thick (a few tens to hundreds of micrometers, high-energy-density permanent magnet components able to be deposited in a fully integrated and CMOS-compatible manner (process temperature less than 450 °C). However, it is observed that increasing magnetic film thickness typically causes a concomitant decrease in magnetic properties such as maximum energy density and increased mechanical instability (cracking and delaminating, due to the increased elastic strain energy stored in the films as magnetic volume increases), both of which limit the maximum total magnetic energy of these small-scale integrated magnets. The microlaminated permanent magnet presented here utilizes sequential multilayer electroplating in which the alternating layers of relatively thin magnetic films (CoNiP, micrometer range) and non-magnetic materials (Cu, a few tens of nanometer to micrometer range) are electrodeposited in a multilayer fashion realizing thick laminated permanent micromagnets with improved total magnetic energy as compared with their non-laminated counterparts. Low interface roughness has been demonstrated to play an important role in preserving the component magnetic thin layer properties in the multilayer configuration. [2015-0300]
Contribution of Photochemistry to Activator Regeneration in ATRP

With the recent interest in photochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), an interesting question arises: how significant are the photochemical processes in ATRP reactions that are supposed to be chemically controlled, such as initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP? A comparison of the rates of polymerization under ICAR ATRP conditions under ambient lighting and in the dark indicates negligible difference in the polymerization rate, under the conditions [MA]:[EBiB]:[TPMA*2]:[CuBr2]:[AIBN] = 300:1:0.12:0.03:0.2 in anisole 50% (v/v) at 60 °C, where TPMA*2 is 1-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)-N-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine. This indicates that under typical ICAR conditions activator regeneration is almost exclusively due to the chemical decomposition of AIBN, not ambient lighting. To further investigate the effect of light on the activator regeneration, experiments were performed combining ICAR and photochemi...