cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PAH formation in counterflow non-premixed flames of butane and butanol isomers

Abstract Using the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique in a counterflow non-premixed flame configuration, the formation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the butane isomers and the butanol isomers was investigated. For these C4 fuels, the PAHs of various aromatic ring size groups (2, 3, 4, and larger aromatic rings) have been characterized and compared in non-premixed combustion configuration. In particular, the formation and growth of the PAHs of different aromatic ring sizes in these counterflow flames was examined by tracking the PAH-PLIF signals at various detection wavelengths. The fuel structure effects on the PAH formation and growth processes were also analyzed by comparing the PAH growth pathways for these C4 fuels. Furthermore, PAH-PLIF experiments were conducted, by blending each of the branched-chain isomers with the baseline straight-chain isomer, in order to study the synergistic effects, as well as identify the relative importance of the H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism and the propargyl (C3H3) recombination/addition pathways in the PAH formation and growth processes. A chemical kinetic model available in the literature that includes both the fuel oxidation and the PAH chemistry was also used to simulate and compare the PAH species up to A4 rings. At the incipient stage of the PAH formation, the simulated results exhibited similar behavior to the experimental observations. The PAH formation pathways considered in the chemical kinetic model were further analyzed. In addition to propargyl, the present results demonstrated the important role of acetylene in the PAH formation and growth processes.
The Pink Tower Meets the Ivory Tower: Adapting Montessori Teaching Methods for Law School

Some principles of teaching are timeless. Maria Montessori developed a methodology for teaching children over 100 years ago, nearly the same time as Christopher Columbus Langdell was adapting the Socratic Method for teaching law students. Law school professors can incorporate Montessori's ideas to foster a more robust educational environment for law students as they join a profession of life-long self-directed learners. This article explores the Montessori Method, both its history and its present application, and describes in depth the theories behind Montessori's teaching philosophy. The article then suggests ways in which the core components of the Montessori Method can be adapted at the law school level, specifically in the mindset of professors, in classroom management, in physical building design, and in radical curricular reform. In so doing, the article seeks to capitalize on the timeless theories of education that can be used today to strengthen law school teaching.
Assemblies of Microfluidic Channels and Micropillars Facilitate Sensitive and Compliant Tactile Sensing

Recent advances in soft electronics are enabling new devices that can stretch and conform to curved, soft, or dynamic surfaces, whether in engineering systems or the human body. However, the close coupling of mechanical and electronic behavior in these devices can limit performance and introduce artifacts. In order to mitigate negative effects, and to facilitate greater control over mechanical and electronic performance, we present a method for designing soft tactile sensors based on multi-layer heterogeneous 3D structures that combine active layers, containing embedded liquid metal electrodes, with passive and mechanically tunable layers, containing air cavities and micropillar array geometric supports. The assembled devices consist of thin membranes that integrate arrays of tactile sensors with 2-mm spatial resolution. They are produced using a soft lithography fabrication method based on the casting, alignment, and fusion of multiple functional layers in a soft polymer substrate. We have optimized the electronic and mechanical performance of these devices using numerical simulations. The results accurately predicted measured performance, making it possible to tailor both electronic and mechanical properties. These methods enable the design of tactile sensing arrays that are highly conformable and robust, and that possess a number of desirable attributes, including high sensitivity, monotonic output, good linearity, low cross-talk, low rate dependence, and low hysteresis. This may enable new applications in wearable electronics, healthcare, and robotics.
The Growth and Development of Five Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Populations in a Common Garden

Waterhemp is a weed indigenous to the midwestern United States and is problematic in agronomic crop production. This weed is well suited to inhabit minimally tilled environments and is increasing in prevalence across many agricultural production areas and systems. A common garden experiment was established in Indiana in 2014 and 2015 with waterhemp populations from Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska to compare the growth and development of waterhemp from these regions. Three establishment dates (May, June, and July) were used each year to simulate discontinuous germination. Mean biomass accumulations from the May (1,120 g plant−1) and June (1,069 g plant−1) establishment dates were higher than from the July (266 g plant−1) establishment date. There were no differences in biomass accumulations between the five populations in the May and June establishments, but biomass accumulations ranged from 195 to 338 g plant−1 in the July establishment. Mean seed yields were higher from the May (926,629 seeds plant−1) and June (828,905 seeds plant−1) establishment dates compared with the July (276,258 seeds plant−1) establishment. In the May and June establishments, seed yields ranged from 469,939 seeds plant−1 to 1,285,556 seeds plant−1. The Illinois population flowered the latest of all the populations yet also grew the tallest. The July establishment flowered the most rapidly after establishment, accumulated less biomass, and also had the largest seeds. This study demonstrated differences among waterhemp populations when grown in a common environment and the effect of establishment timing on waterhemp growth and development.Nomenclature: Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (syn. rudis) AMATA
Long-term dynamics and characteristics of snags created for wildlife habitat

Abstract Snags provide essential habitat for numerous organisms and are therefore critical to the long-term maintenance of forest biodiversity. Resource managers often use snag creation to mitigate the purposeful removal of snags at the time of harvest, but information regarding how created snags change over long timescales (>20 y) is absent from the literature. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which characteristics of large (>30 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) snags created by topping had changed after 25–27 y. We also tested whether different harvest treatments and snag configurations influenced present-day snag characteristics. Of 690 snags created in 1989–1991, 91% remained standing during contemporary surveys and 65% remained unbroken along the bole. Although most snags were standing, we detected increased bark loss and breaking along the bole relative to prior surveys conducted on the same pool of snags. Although snag characteristics were not strongly influenced by snag configuration, we found that snags in one harvest treatment (group selection) experienced less bark loss and had lower evidence of use by cavity-nesting birds (as measured by total cavity cover) relative to snags created with clearcut and two-story harvest treatments. Our results indicate that Douglas-fir snags created by topping can remain standing for long time-periods (≥25 y) in managed forests, and that the influence of harvest treatment on decay patterns and subsequent use by wildlife is an important consideration when intentionally creating snags for wildlife habitat.
Moral Disapproval and Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography: A Longitudinal Examination

Background and Aims Internet pornography use is an increasingly common, yet controversial, behavior. Whereas mental health communities are divided about potentially problematic use patterns, many lay people identify as feeling dysregulated or compulsive in their use. Prior work has labeled this tendency perceived addiction to internet pornography (PA). This study's aims were to (1) assess the association between PA at baseline and other factors, including actual levels of average daily pornography use and personality factors and (2) assess the associations between baseline variables and PA 1 year later. Design Two large-scale community samples were assessed using online survey methods, with subsets of each sample being recruited for follow-up surveys 1 year later. Setting United States. Participants Participants were adults who had used pornography within the past 6 months recruited in two samples. Sample 1 (n = 1507) involved undergraduate students from three US universities and sample 2 (n = 782) involved web-using adults. Subsets of each sample (sample 1, n = 146; sample 2, n = 211) were surveyed again 1 year later. Measurements At baseline, we assessed average daily pornography use, PA and relevant predictors (e.g. trait neuroticism, trait self-control, trait entitlement, religiousness, moral disapproval of pornography use). One year later, we assessed PA. Findings Cross-sectionally, PA was correlated strongly with moral disapproval of pornography use [sample 1, Pearson's correlation: r = 0.68 (0.65, 0.70); sample 2, r = 0.58 (0.53, 0.63)]. Baseline moral disapproval [sample 1, r = 0.46 (0.33, 0.56); sample 2, r = 0.61 (0.51, 0.69)] and perceived addiction demonstrated relationships with perceived addiction 1 year later. We found inconclusive evidence of a substantial or significant association between pornography use and perceived addiction over time [sample 1, r = 0.13 (−0.02, 0.28); sample 2, r = 0.11 (−0.04, 0.25)]. Conclusions Perceived addiction to internet pornography appears to be related strongly to moral scruples around pornography use, both concurrently and over time, rather than with the amount of daily pornography use itself.
Beyond Service Toward Human Liberation: Social Relatedness and Transformative Leadership Through Academically-Based Community Service

The purpose of this chapter is to share findings from an evaluative research project on the important contributions of Academically-Based Community Service (ABCS) courses to nurture students’ aptitudes in social relatedness and transformative leadership. Using data from completed post-semester student surveys, focus groups with ABCS students and teaching assistants, and ABCS course enrollment data at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), the author examines the promise of ABCS courses to equip college students with the skills and experience needed to more broadly contribute to positive social transformation. The findings support the need for continuous engagement and critical reflection, whereby students can expand their service orientation across contexts, develop transformative leadership skills, and complex problem-solving capacities.
Mental Health Courts as the “New Generation” of Problem-Solving Courts

In the Introductory chapter I situate Mental Health Courts within broader criminal justice polices and reforms, specifically within the problem-solving court movement. This chapter sets the foundation for a study on MHC’s as it contributes to our understanding of the intersection of criminal justice and mental health. I detail my research study and introduce the case studies that frame the book’s analysis and findings.
Bond Equilibrium Theory and its Implications for the Structure of Glasses

The difficulties in experimentally determining the structure of glasses are well known.1 This has stimulated theoretical investigations which have been undertaken from many points of view. Many of these are based on the minimization of the energy, subject to particular constraints. In the case of covalently bonded glasses, satisfaction of the bonding requirements of the atoms is a primary consideration. At the same time, statistical considerations play a role because of the disorder. Although glasses are not equilibrium systems, one can hope to gain important insights from an understanding of the equilibrium structure of covalent alloys. This is particularly true for glasses formed by cooling a melt, since the final metastable structure is frozen in from an equilibrium structure. A statistical mechanical bond equilibrium theory (BET), which was developed to describe covalently bonded liquid alloys2,3,4,5, offers a possibility for gaining understanding of glasses from this point of view.
On the hardness of designing public signals

Abstract We use computational complexity as a lens to study the design of information structures in games of incomplete information. We focus on one of the simplest instantiations of the information structure design problem: Bayesian zero-sum games, and a principal who must design a public signal maximizing the equilibrium payoff of one of the players. In this setting, we show that optimal information structure design is computationally intractable, and in some cases hard to approximate, assuming that it is hard to recover a planted clique from an Erdős–Renyi random graph. Our result suggests that there is no “simple” characterization of optimal public-channel information structures in multi-player settings.
Leadless multisite pacing: A feasibility study using wireless power transfer based on Langendorff rodent heart models.

Introduction Fifteen to thirty percent of patients with impaired cardiac function have ventricular dyssynchrony and warrant cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). While leadless pacemakers eliminate lead-related complications, their current form factor is limited to single-chamber pacing. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of multisite, simultaneous pacing using miniaturized pacing nodes powered through wireless power transfer (WPT). Methods A wireless energy transfer system was developed based on resonant coupling at approximately 200 MHz to power multiple pacing nodes. The pacing node comprises circuitry to efficiently convert the harvested energy to output stimuli. To validate the use of these pacing nodes, ex vivo studies were carried out on Langendorff rodent heart models (n = 4). To mimic biventricular pacing, two beating Langendorff rodent heart models, kept 10 cm apart, were paced using two distinct pacing nodes, each attached on the ventricular epicardial surface of a given heart. Results All ex vivo Langendorff heart models were successfully paced with a simple coil antenna at 2 to 3 cm from the pacing node. The coil was operated at 198 MHz and 0.3 W. Subsequently, simultaneous pacing of two Langendorff heart models 30 cm apart using an output power of 5 W was reliably demonstrated. Conclusion WPT provides a feasible option for multisite, wireless cardiac pacing. While the current system remains limited in design, it offers support and a conceptual framework for future iterations and eventual clinical utility.
Acute Surgical Risk Profile of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumor Resection in Pediatric Patients: A Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Analysis.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to characterize the acute (30-day) surgical risk profile of pediatric patients undergoing surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs). Methods Preoperative factors were collected from the Pediatric American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for patients identified by Current Procedural Terminology codes for laminectomy and International Classification of Diseases codes for IMSCTs from 2012 to 2016. The postoperative outcomes were compared by tumor location and type. Results The mean age of the 139 patients meeting all inclusion criteria was 8.7 years, with a male predominance (58.7%). The cervical and thoracic IMSCT populations had worst preoperative health status, as indicated by American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and a greater proportion of malignant tumors compared with the lumbar IMSCT population. No patient died; 8.6% of the patients were readmitted, and 6.5% required reoperation. Of the 12 readmissions, 8 were required for patients with malignant tumors. The patients with cervical IMSCTs returned to the operating room at a significantly greater rate than did the thoracic and lumbar IMSCT populations. Two common reasons for reoperation in the cervical population were issues related to respiration and hydrocephalus management. The complications included 13 cases of infection, 6 of urinary tract infection, and 5 cases of surgical site infection. Conclusions Resection of IMSCTs in the pediatric population is a relatively low-risk procedure in terms of acute surgical complications. However, surgeons operating in the cervical spine should be aware of the increased risk of reoperation, in particular as it pertains to respiratory issues and hydrocephalus.
E-020 Design of an endovascular transdural cerebrospinal fluid shunt implant to MIMIC arachnoid granulation function

Background and purpose We describe the development of a novel endovascular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt device, intended for transdural deployment through a transvenous transfemoral approach into the cerebellopontine angle cistern, for the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus. The implant mimics the function of the arachnoid granulations by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space into a dural venous sinuses. Materials and methods Review of published literature points to an intracranial to dural venous sinus estimated time-averaged pressure gradient of 3–5 mmHg, with transient venous pressure increases of 40 mmHg occurring during coughing, sneezing, or straining events. The design must include a valve capable of resisting venous blood reflux into the subarachnoid space during these spikes, while permitting a target antegrade CSF flow rate of 10 mL/hr at the normal physiologic pressure gradient. An in vitro intracranial and venous pressure circuit, capable of acquiring instantaneous pressure and flow data at the location of the valve, was developed to evaluate valve dynamic characteristics. Implant size was selected based on anatomical boundaries for transdural deployment at the inferior petrosal sinus, hemodynamic resistance of CSF flow, and the associated postural hydrostatic pressure column effect. Results The resulting endovascular shunt prototype is comprised of a polyurethane shunt body that resides within venous blood flow and possesses a full-length 0.016’ diameter inner lumen to enable CSF flow. The shunt length of 35 mm creates a hydrostatic pressure gradient of Conclusion A novel tubular low-profile endovascular valved CSF shunt that mimics the function of the arachnoid granulations has been successfully developed and built for transdural deployment via the transvenous route. CSF Outflow into the venous sinuses may simplify valve requirements by re-establishing the physiologic venous pressure regulation in patients with communicating hydrocephalus and avoiding the postural siphon effect via a low-profile implant. Disclosures A. Malek: 2; C; CereVasc LLC. 3; C; Stryker Neurovascular, Microvention-Terumo. 4; C; CereVasc LLC. C. Heilman: 2; C; CereVasc LLC. 4; C; CereVasc LLC.
An Investigation of Teachers Encouraged to Reform Grading Practices in Secondary Schools.

Despite the ubiquity and complexity of grading, there is limited contemporary research on grading students in schools. There is, however, an outpouring of publications and consultants promoting new...
Assessing general strain theory and measures of victimization, 2002–2018

Abstract General Strain Theory (GST) is one of the leading theories of crime and delinquency in the field of criminology, with victimization identified as a leading source of strain due to the frequency and prevalence of its experience. However, measures of victimization widely range from direct experiences of physical violence to vicarious or even anticipated victimization, making it difficult to isolate the explanatory contribution of GST on crime and delinquency. A systematic review was conducted of peer-reviewed articles to provide a concise understanding of the relationship between victimization and crime and delinquency. Particular attention was given to definitions and operationalization of victimization, as well as whether the studies used longitudinal or cross-sectional samples. Findings suggest a discernible correlation between physical victimization measures and engagement in substance use, bullying behaviors, and general delinquency. However, these findings may be conditioned by the exact operationalization of victimization and outcome measures utilized. More nuanced discussions of the findings, as well as theoretical and empirical implications, are included.
Correction: Abrogation of store-operated Ca2+ entry protects against crystal-induced ER stress in human proximal tubular cells

Calcium crystal internalization into proximal tubular (PT) cells results in acute kidney injury, nephrocalcinosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and kidney-stone formation. Ca2+ supersaturation in PT luminal fluid induces calcium crystal formation, leading to aberrant crystal internalization into PT cells. While such crystal internalization produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell membrane damage, and apoptosis; the upstream signaling events involving dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and ER stress, remain largely unknown. We have recently described a transepithelial Ca2+ transport pathway regulated by receptor-operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE) in PT cells. Therefore, we examined the pathophysiological consequence of internalization of stone-forming calcium crystals such as calcium phosphate (CaP), calcium oxalate (CaOx), and CaP + CaOx (mixed) crystals on the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling by measuring dynamic changes in Ca2+ transients in HK2, human PT cells, using pharmacological and siRNA inhibitors. The subsequent effect on ER stress was measured by changes in ER morphology, ER stress-related gene expression, endogenous ROS production, apoptosis, and necrosis. Interestingly, our data show that crystal internalization induced G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated sustained rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) via store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE); suggesting that the mode of Ca2+ entry switches from ROCE to SOCE following crystal internalization. We found that SOCE components—stromal interacting molecules 1 and 2 (STIM1, STIM2) and ORAI3 (SOCE) channel were upregulated in these crystal-internalized cells, which induced ER stress, ROS production, and cell death. Finally, silencing those SOCE genes protected crystal-internalized cells from prolonged [Ca2+]i rise and ER stress. Our data provide insight into the molecular mechanism of crystal-induced Ca2+ dysregulation, ER stress, and PT cell death and thus could have a translational role in treating crystal nephropathies including kidney stones. Taken together, modulation of Ca2+ signaling can be used as a tool to reverse the pathological consequence of crystal-induced conditions including cardiovascular calcification.
Bacterial Cellulose Yarns: Standard Versus Cost Efficient Media

Cellulose is present in many fibers used to produce textiles. Growing and processing the material into useable textiles requires resources such as land, water, pesticides and chemicals. In contrast, bacterial cellulose (BC) requires little land, no pesticides and less water to produce. BC is limited for use in apparel due to the nonwoven construction of its growth. The current research investigates the properties of BC twisted and flat yarns grown from Molasses Mannitol media in comparison to the more expensive laboratory standard Hestrin Schramm media. After processing, half of the samples had twist adding manually and half were dried flat. Molasses mannitol performed more poorly in most conditions in terms of strength and tenacity but had comparable or better performance in extension.
Telemedicine for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of the retinal vasculature that remains a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide despite improvements in the systemic care of prema...
Can a contractarian be a paternalist? The logic of James M. Buchanan’s system

At various points in his work, James Buchanan mentions favorably the idea of private constitutional choice, that is, it can be rational for a present-biased individual to constrain her future behavior by self-imposed rules of personal conduct. Given that in a classical liberal world such self-constitutions would face no political or legal obstacle, we ask whether reasonable people would call on the state to assist them in the enforcement of their personal constitutions. In this paper, we provide several arguments for the incompatibility of Buchanan’s contractarianism with various forms of state paternalism.
Abstract #2038: F-box protein 10: a novel anti-apoptotic protein regulates TRAIL-induced apoptosis

Introduction and Objective: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces selective apoptoticdeath of human cancer cells while sparing normal human cells. Although TRAIL holds great promise as a potentialchemotherapeutic agent, multiple tumor types are resistant to this agent. F-box protein 10 (FBXL10), the largest member of the human family of F-box proteins, is a substrate-recognition component of SCF ubiquitin-ligase complexes and transcriptional repressor of AP-1 family member proteins. However, the role of FBXL10 in apoptosis is poorly understood. Previously, we have demonstrated that the AP-1 protein, c-Fos, represses the anti-apoptotic molecule, c-FLIP(L), in order to prime cancer cells for TRAL-induced apoptosis. Here, we report a novel anti-apoptotic function of FBXL10 and show that downregulation of FBXL10 is essential to sensitize cancer cell to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through upregulation of c-Fos transcriptional activity in vitro and in vivo. Results: In TRAIL sensitive cancer cells, FBXL10 RNA and protein levels significantly decreased after treatment with TRAIL in a dose and time-dependent manner whereas c-Fos was upregulated in an inverse relationship. However, in TRAIL resistant cancer cells, FBXL10 and c-Fos levels were not affected. Expression level of FBXL11, a FBXL10 homologous protein, was not affected by TRAIL treatment. Silencing of FBXL10 by RNAi in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells induced upregulation of c-Fos and primed the cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Moreover, co-transfection of FBXL10 and human c-Fos promoter repressed c-Fos promoter activity. However, FBXL10 did not repress c-Fos promoter activity when AP-1 binding sites on the c-Fos promoter were mutated. Furthermore, using the ChIP assay, we observed that FBXL10 protein directly binds the c-Fos promoter in the TRAIL sensitive cells, and after treatment with TRAIL the interaction between FBXL10 and c-Fos promoter is significantly reduced. Finally, in the orthotopic in vivo prostate cancer xenografts treated by a TRAIL receptor 2 agonist antibody, (Lexatumumab), significant downregulation of FBXL10 immunofluorescence was observed in the TRAIL sensitive xenografts, but not in the TRAIL resistant xenografts, further establishing the role of FBXL10 in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the FBXL10 protein has a novel anti-apoptotic function in regulating TRAIL induced apoptosis. c-Fos, which is necessary for priming prostate cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, is repressed by FBXL10 in TRAIL resistant prostate cancer cells. Differentiating molecular mechanisms between TRAIL sensitive and TRAIL resistant cancer cells will improve the efficacy of apoptotic therapies for prostate cancer patients. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2038.
Client, Therapist, and Treatment Characteristics in Evidence-Based Therapies for Children and Adolescents

In this chapter, the authors review client, therapist, and treatment variables to try to answer questions and potentially raise new ones about the variability in outcomes of evidence-based treatments for youth and their families. They note the progress made in understanding the interaction of client and therapist characteristics and how these may lead to youth treatment processes. These include client characteristics of developmental characteristics, case difficulty, and family characteristics. Therapist characteristics are outlined along with characteristics of treatment that may affect treatment applications and outcomes. The authors emphasize that more research work is needed to elucidate these important variables affecting therapeutic outcomes. They conclude with a summary of what is known and a discussion of possible future research.
Predictors of diagnostic delay: Assessment of psychiatric disorders in the clinic

Background Diagnostic delay contributes to morbidity in psychiatric disorders. Methods Patients in an ambulatory psychiatry clinic were given patient-reported outcome measures at an initial visit, and a subset (N = 493) were given a structured interview (MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI), in addition to the clinical encounter (CLIN). Diagnostic agreement between MINI and CLIN was assessed at an initial and follow-up visit. Diagnostic delay was identified if diagnostic disagreement between MINI and CLIN occurred at the initial visit and changed to an agreement at a follow-up visit. Registry data was compiled by an honest broker. Results Significant agreement occurred between MINI and CLIN diagnoses for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Diagnostic agreement for MDD occurred at initial visit for 63% of patients, and at follow-up for 87% of those with initial diagnostic disagreement; for BD, 75% at initial visit and 28% at follow-up. No demographic, socioeconomic, symptom severity or functioning measures predicted diagnostic agreement for the MDD group at the first visit, however initial psychopathological symptom complexity predicted diagnostic agreement in the diagnostic delay group. Initial diagnostic agreement for BD was predicted by lower symptom burden and better social, physical, and occupational functioning. No factors predicted additional diagnostic agreement at the second visit in the diagnostic delay group. Conclusion Initial assessment by a structured interview aided physicians in identifying MDD by the second visit in patients with complex psychopathology. Patients with high complexity/severity of symptoms and more difficulty with functioning were less commonly identified with BD even with the assistance of a structured interview. Use of structured assessment tools may improve the detection of psychiatric illness by clinicians at the first visit.
Increasing inclusion through audio described exhibits: A case study

Adding audio and/or touch components to library exhibits has been reported to improve accessibility. Audio description replaces important visual content with equivalent spoken information. While in...
Procedural Competency Among Hospitalists: A Literature Review and Future Considerations.

BACKGROUND As general internists practicing in the inpatient setting, hospitalists at many institutions are expected to perform invasive bedside procedures, as defined by professional standards. In reality, hospitalists are doing fewer procedures and increasingly are referring to specialists, which threatens their ability to maintain procedural skills. The discrepancy between expectations and reality, especially when hospitalists may be fully credentialed to perform procedures, poses significant risks to patients because of morbidity and mortality associated with complications, some of which derive from practitioner inexperience. METHODS We performed a structured search of the peer-reviewed literature to identify articles focused on hospitalists performing procedures. RESULTS Our synthesis of the literature characterizes contributors to hospitalists' procedural competency and discusses: (1) temporal trends for procedures performed by hospitalists and their associated referral patterns, (2) data comparing use and clinical outcomes of procedures performed by hospitalists compared with specialists, (3) the lack of nationwide standardization of hospitalist procedural training and credentialing, and (4) the role of medical procedure services, although limited in supportive evidence, in concentrating procedural skill and mitigating risk in the hands of a few well-trained hospitalists. CONCLUSION We conclude with recommendations for hospital medicine groups to ensure the safety of hospitalized patients undergoing bedside procedures.
Accounting Academics Perceptions of 12 Research Journals

This paper reports perceptions of over 1,000 accounting faculty regarding 12 accounting journals (including the traditional Top 3/6), specifically in: (1) how open they are to diverse topic areas, (2) how open they are to diverse research methodologies, (3) how effectively they produce new and useful knowledge for academics, and (4) how effectively they produce new and useful knowledge for non-academic stakeholders. We find that the traditional Top 3/6 journals do not lead the academy along these four dimensions; in fact, some are viewed as the worst performers in these areas. We also report perceptions of how each journal is currently valued and how each journal should be valued when evaluating faculty on research productivity. We find that the traditional Top 6 journals are and should be weighted as elite journals, but the other six journals should receive greater weighting.
Makerspaces for rethinking teaching and learning in K–12 education: Introduction to research on makerspaces in K–12 education special issue

In this special issue of The Journal of Educational Research, the focus is on makerspaces in K–12 education research—in particular, research on how student engagement in the spaces influences their...
Heterogeneity in design and analysis of ICU delirium randomized trials: a systematic review.

There is a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions to prevent or treat delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU). Efforts to improve the conduct of delirium RCTs are underway, but none address issues related to statistical analysis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate heterogeneity in the design and analysis of delirium outcomes and advance methodological recommendations for delirium RCTs in the ICU. Relevant databases, including PubMed and Embase, were searched with no restrictions on language or publication date; the search was conducted on July 8, 2019. RCTs conducted on adult ICU patients with delirium as the primary outcome were included where trial results were available. Data on frequency and duration of delirium assessments, delirium outcome definitions, and statistical methods were independently extracted in duplicate. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020141204). Among 65 eligible RCTs, 44 (68%) targeted the prevention of delirium. The duration of follow-up varied, with 31 (48%) RCTs having ≤7 days of follow-up, and only 24 (37%) conducting delirium assessments after ICU discharge. The incidence of delirium was the most common outcome (50 RCTs, 77%) for which 8 unique statistical methods were applied. The most common method, applied to 51 of 56 (91%) delirium incidence outcomes, was the two-sample test comparing the proportion of patients who ever experienced delirium. In the presence of censoring of patients at ICU discharge or death, this test may be misleading. The impact of censoring was also not considered in most analyses of the duration of delirium, as evaluated in 24 RCTs, with 21 (88%) delirium duration outcomes analyzed using a non-parametric test or two-sample t test. Composite outcomes (e.g., rank-based delirium- and coma-free days), used in 11 (17%) RCTs, seldom explicitly defined how ICU discharge, and death were incorporated into the definition and were analyzed using non-parametric tests (11 of 13 (85%) composite outcomes). To improve delirium RCTs, outcomes should be explicitly defined. To account for censoring due to ICU discharge or death, survival analysis methods should be considered for delirium incidence and duration outcomes; non-parametric tests are recommended for rank-based delirium composite outcomes. PROSPERO CRD42020141204 . Registration date: 7/3/2019.
Nicotine-free vapor inhalation produces behavioral disruptions and anxiety-like behaviors in mice: Effects of puff duration, session length, sex, and flavor.

Abstract Electronic-cigarette's (ECIGs) popularity has grown over the last decade and changed the way individuals administer nicotine. Preclinical research is imperative for understanding the addictive properties and health-risks associated with ECIG use; however, there is not a standard dosing regimen used across research laboratories. The main objective was to determine how vapor puff durations, administration session length, and flavored e-liquid alter general and mood-disorder related behaviors while providing a foundation of vapor administration parameters. Adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to several nicotine-free unflavored vapor puff durations (1, 3, 6, or 10 s) and vapor administration session lengths (10 and 30 min) then measured on the following assays: locomotor activity (LMA), tail suspension test (TST), and light-dark test. The effects of mecamylamine and the time-course of vapor-induced depression of LMA also were assessed. Additionally, mice were exposed to flavored (strawberry and adventurers tobacco blend) vapor inhalation and measured on locomotor activity, tail suspension test, and light-dark test. Following both 10 and 30 min vapor administration session, there was a puff duration-dependent decrease in distance traveled, time in center, and rearing. The vapor-induced depression of LMA was not mediated by nicotine or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activation and lasted 60–90 min. The 10 s puff duration produced an anxiogenic-like effect in the light-dark test by decreasing the time spent in the light side. Vapor inhalation did not significantly alter TST behavior. No significant effects of sex or flavor were found. The anxiogenic-like effects of nicotine-free vapor inhalation are concerning as many adolescents vape nicotine-free flavored e-liquid, and there is an association between ECIGs and mood disorders. Additionally, these studies demonstrate that vapor puff duration, but not vapor administration session length, is an important variable to consider during research design as it can become a confounding variable and alter baseline behaviors.
Bridging Science and Language Development Through Interdisciplinary and Interorganizational Collaboration: What Does It Take?

This study explores the processes and products of an interorganizational and interdisciplinary collaboration that was established to support the science learning of multilingual youth. The findings showcase what it takes to integrate equity, science, and language development considerations in resources designed to inform content-area instruction for multilingual learners. The research uses a case study approach to investigate the organizational, program, and interpersonal factors that shaped and helped sustain the collaboration. The analysis contributes to the knowledge base of what makes interdisciplinary collaboration effective. The paper adds to the nascent literature on the role of interdisciplinary collaboration in supporting the science education of multilingual students and is unique in its exploration of both the process and the product of this collaboration.
Transdermal delivery of bioactive peptides: the effect of n-decylmethyl sulfoxide, pH, and inhibitors on enkephalin metabolism and transport.

We investigated the effects of the nonionic surfactant, n-decylmethyl sulfoxide (NDMS), pH, and inhibitors on the metabolism and the permeation of amino acids, dipeptides, and the pentapeptide enkephalin, through hairless mouse skin. An HPLC gradient method was developed to identify the possible peptide and amino acid metabolites of leucine-enkephalin. NDMS increased the permeability of all amino acids and peptides tested. At neural pH, the enzyme activity within the skin was such that no flux of leucine-enkephalin (YGGFL) was observed and the donor cell concentration of YGGFL decreased rapidly. The major cleavage occurred at the Tyr-Gly bond. At pH 5.0 the metabolic activity was reduced significantly and a substantial flux of YGGFL was observed. Enzymatically stable YGGFL analogues, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu (YDAGFL) and its amide, exhibited significant fluxes even at neutral pH in the presence of NDMS, but with substantial metabolism. YDAGFL amide was more stable to metabolism than YDAGFL. The rates of metabolism of the peptides in the skin homogenates were in the order: FL.>>YGGFL > GFL > GGFL >> YG, YGG >> YDAGFL amide. In the skin homogenates puromycin and amastatin showed the highest inhibitory effects, while FL and GFL were only slightly active. However, in the skin diffusion experiments, FL allowed the highest amount of intact parent compound to permeate, making it the most potent inhibitor. These results show that the complex proteolytic enzyme activities occurring during skin permeation are different from those in skin homogenates and that a combination of enhancer, pH adjustment, and inhibitors can increase the transdermal delivery of peptides.
Reagent Preparation: Theoretical and Practical Discussions

One of the most important requirements for the successful completion of any biochemical protocol is to prepare reagents accurately. This unit describes general guidelines for the preparation of reagents, use of clean glass- and plasticware, use of high-purity reagents, safe handling of chemicals and biochemicals, use of high-purity distilled or deionized water, accurate weighing, pipetting, and pH measurement, and avoidance of chemical or microbial contamination of reagents and use of sterile reagents. Different units of concentration used for preparation of reagents or buffer solutions are described. This unit also includes a section for the preparation of buffer solutions with a practical example. Keywords: biochemicals; buffer; chemicals; deionized water; distilled water; glassware; pH; plastic ware; reagents; units of concentration
The advantages of explicitly representing problem spaces

Newell and Simon (1972) coined the term “problem space” for a virtual structure: all possible lines of reasoning that can be employed by an agent to solve a problem. For certain toy problems (e.g., Tower of Hanoi), the problem space can be represented explicitly as labeled, directed graph. For non-toy problems, cognitive scientists have sometimes employed the concept of a problem space to analyze tasks, but seem to feel that explicit representation of the whole problem space for a problem is probably not worthwhile, and perhaps not even feasible. I will present techniques developed over a decade of research that make explicit representation of large problem spaces feasible. I will demonstrate how explicit representations of problem spaces have been used in systems that do non-trivial user modeling, task analysis, intelligent tutoring, and natural language dialogues
How often is a permutation an n'th power?

We give a short argument that for any fixed n, the probability that a permutation on m letters is an n'th power is asymptotically C m^{phi(n)/n - 1}.
Do glia drive synaptic and cognitive impairment in disease

Synaptic dysfunction is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative and psychiatric brain disorders, yet we know little about the mechanisms that underlie synaptic vulnerability. Although neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis are prominent in virtually every CNS disease, glia are largely viewed as passive responders to neuronal damage rather than drivers of synaptic dysfunction. This perspective is changing with the growing realization that glia actively signal with neurons and influence synaptic development, transmission and plasticity through an array of secreted and contact-dependent signals. We propose that disruptions in neuron-glia signaling contribute to synaptic and cognitive impairment in disease. Illuminating the mechanisms by which glia influence synapse function may lead to the development of new therapies and biomarkers for synaptic dysfunction.
What Is the Reading Component Skill Profile of Adolescent Struggling Readers in Urban Schools

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the component reading skills of adolescent struggling readers attending urban high schools. Specifically, 11 measures of reading skills were adm...
“MUCOCYTES” IN THE BRAIN OF A LLAMA: A CASE REPORT

“Mucocytes” were found in the white tracts of the brain of a llama (Lama glama) which had clinical signs of central nervous derangement. A morphologic and histochemical comparison with other cerebral organic and inorganic deposits is given.
Sexual discourses and strategies among minority ethnic youth in the Netherlands

This study explores the way minority ethnic youth in the Netherlands evaluate their sexual experiences, how they frame these experiences in different sexual discourses and how they deal with conflicts between different sexual discourses, both at home and in Dutch society. During 46 narrative interviews, Dutch young people (aged 12–22 years) from different minority ethnic communities shared their sexual histories and their dreams for the future relating to love and sexuality. Different sexual discourses can be identified in the language they used to describe their ideas and their experiences. Young people grow up with a variety of discourses but actively re-shape them according to circumstances and need. In many cases, young people experience a conflict between the discourses of the home and those that are prevalent more generally in Dutch society. Young people's ways of negotiating these contradictory discourses comprise four main strategies: (1) conforming to parents' values, (2) breaking up with parents...
Sequence-dependent elongation dynamics on macrolide-bound ribosomes.

The traditional view of macrolide antibiotics as plugs inside the ribosomal nascent peptide exit tunnel (NPET) has lately been challenged in favor of a more complex, heterogeneous mechanism, where drug-peptide interactions determine the fate of a translating ribosome. To investigate these highly dynamic processes, we applied single-molecule tracking of elongating ribosomes during inhibition of elongation by erythromycin of several nascent chains, including ErmCL and H-NS, which were shown to be, respectively, sensitive and resistant to erythromycin. Peptide sequence-specific changes were observed in translation elongation dynamics in the presence of a macrolide-obstructed NPET. Elongation rates were not severely inhibited in general by the presence of the drug; instead, stalls or pauses were observed as abrupt events. The dynamic pathways of nascent-chain-dependent elongation pausing in the presence of macrolides determine the fate of the translating ribosome stalling or readthrough.
Ultrastructural localization of Coxsackie B4 virus in mouse myocardium.

COXSACKIE viral infections are known to cause myocardial lesions in various animal species1. The identification and localization of the Coxsackie viral particles in the heart have not been adequately demonstrated because of the absence of morphological criteria which will differentiate virus particles from glycogen granules and ribosomes. This communication describes the ultrastructural localization of Coxsackie B4 virus particles in the mouse heart by a ferritin antibody technique.