cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meeting state mandates for gifted and talented: Iowa teacher preparation programs

The literature indicates that there is a marked difference in the way in which teachers, prepared or not prepared in education of the gifted and talented, relate to these students within the classroom. This researcher developed a survey of Iowa colleges and universities to determine what method, if any, is used to train undergraduates on giftedness within the teacher preparation programs. The findings indicate that colleges are meeting the state standard minimally by including content within professional education and content methods courses. Graduates from responding schools typically have received one to three hours of instruction about gifted and talented students.
Using a Driving Simulator to Train Teens Swerving Strategies to Reduce Vehicle Collisions

Traditionally, teens are taught procedures to use during hazardous situations (e.g., when encountering an obstacle and needing to swerve around it). In most driver education programs these procedur...
Acromioclavicular joint instability—reconstruction indications and techniques

Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint are common and may lead to instability or degenerative changes requiring surgical intervention. The spectrum of injury ranges from sprain to disruption of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments, which provide horizontal and vertical stability to the distal clavicle. Most injuries are the result of direct trauma to the acromioclavicular joint. The majority of injuries can be nonoperatively managed. However, with significant disruption to the surrounding supportive structures, painful instability may result. Multiple stabilization procedures for the acromioclavicular joint have been described. Many of these techniques have fallen out of favor due to high complication rates. Common reconstruction techniques include either coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction with or without clavicle resection (ie, modified Weaver-Dunn) or coracoclavicular stabilization (ie, with Bosworth screw) with repair or reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic anatomy, biomechanics, and treatment of acromioclavicular joint instability.
From urban terrain models to visible cities

We face the possibility and, in some cases, the results of acquiring accurate digital representations of our cities. The first challenge is to take data from multiple sources, which are often accurate but incomplete, and weave them together into comprehensive models. Because of the size and extent of the data that we can now obtain, this modeling task is daunting and must be accomplished in a semiautomated manner. Once we have comprehensive models, and especially if we can build them rapidly and extend them at will, the next question is what to do with them. Thus, the second challenge is making the models visible. In particular, they must be made interactively visible so users can explore, inspect, and analyze them. We discuss the nature of the acquired data and how we're beginning to meet these challenges and produce visually navigable models. We've developed 3D City, a semiautomated system that supports human intervention at key points to meet the challenge of constructing complete and extended urban models from several data sources. We've already built virtual environments (VEs) for urban planning and emergency response using 3D City.
Growth and selenium uptake of range plants propagated in uranium mine soils

Abstract High soil selenium (Se) levels have been found in association with uranium deposits in Texas. A concern that high Se concentrations may be found in forages grown on reclaimed mine lands prompted this investigation. A native soil sampled near the mining area, and overburden materials sampled from two Se enriched uranium mine spoil sites were compared in a plant growth study in the greenhouse. Shoot yields and shoot Se concentration in each of ten grasses common to the region were determined from plants harvested three weeks after germination and from shoot regrowth harvested four weeks after the first harvest. Shoot weights were reduced for 5 of the 10 species growing in soils with medium and high Se status. Total shoot weights of Cynodon dactylon and Panicum coloratum from two harvests were consistently highest in all soil materials and are highly recommended for use as a stabilizing cover crop for lands disturbed from uranium mining. Generally, no correlation was observed between shoot weight an...
Theory of Pure Rotational Transitions in the Vibronic Ground State of Methane

It is shown that vibration-rotation interaction terms in the Hamiltonian of tetrahedral molecules like ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ permit transitions, in the ground vibrational and electronic states, in which only the rotational quantum numbers change. Selection rules, spectral line positions, and absolute intensities are calculated. Effects of tetrahedral fine-structure splittings and nuclear-spin statistical weights are considered. Possible competing transitions are discussed.
Transgenerational influences on the development of early prodigious behavior: a case study approach.

In seeking early influences on the development of competence, researchers have typically been limited to one or two generations. Based on evidence from a case study of early prodigious achievement, it appears that „transgenerational” influences over several generations may also be at work. Such influences are not genetic and may be conscious or unconscious.
Self-assembly, structural, and retrostructural analysis of dendritic dipeptide pores undergoing reversible circular to elliptical shape change.

The synthesis of dendritic dipeptides (4-3,4-3,5-4)12G2-CH2-Boc-l-Tyr-l-Ala-OMe and (4-3, 4-3,5-4)12G2-CH2-Boc-d-Tyr-d-Ala-OMe is described. These dendritic dipeptides self-assemble into porous elliptical and circular columns that in turn self-organize into centered rectangular columnar and hexagonal columnar periodic arrays. The transition from porous elliptical to porous circular columns is mediated in a reversible or irreversible way by the thermal history of the sample. A method to determine the dimensions of hollow elliptical and circular columns by the reconstruction of the small-angle powder X-ray diffractograms of the centered rectangular or hexagonal columnar lattices was elaborated. This technique together with wide-angle X-ray experiments performed on aligned fibers provided access to the structural and retrostructural analysis of elliptical supramolecular pores. This procedure is general and can be adapted for the determination of the dimensions of pores of any columnar shape.
The timing of regional development

Abstract Consider a country composed of regions of different qualities, or endowments of amenities and natural resources for production and consumption. Initially only the highest quality regions are occupied. As national population grows, successively lower quality regions are occupied. The equilibrium timing of occupation of uninhabited regions differs from the optimal timing, typically being too late. Policies which would result in better timing are analyzed.
Decline of minorities in stubborn societies

Opinion compromise models can give insight into how groups of individuals may either come to form consensus or clusters of opinion groups, corresponding to parties. We consider models where randomly selected individuals interact pairwise. If the opinions of the interacting agents are not within a certain confidence threshold, the agents retain their own point of view. Otherwise, they constructively dialogue and smooth their opinions. Persuasible agents are inclined to compromise with interacting individuals. Stubborn individuals slightly modify their opinion during the interaction. Collective states for persuasible societies include extremist minorities, which instead decline in stubborn societies. We derive a mean field approximation for the compromise model in stubborn populations. Bifurcation and clustering analysis of this model compares favorably with Monte Carlo analysis found in the literature.
Coefficients of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed Suitable for Solar Regeneration of Aqueous Lithium Chloride Solutions

Reconcentration of a lithium chloride solution in an open-cycle absorption chiller can be accomplished by passing solar heated air through a packed column to which the dilute solution is supplied. Following a theoretical study of heat transfer and water vapor transfer rates in the column, experimental measurement of those rates was made. Heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients are correlated with rates of air and liquid flow, and with temperatures of air and liquid supply. Performance data are presented and commercial design and operating requirements are suggested.
Plume dynamics of excimer-laser-vaporized YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-delta material

Pulsed laser deposition of thin films is a technology that has been explored in some detail. Because of the difficulty of monitoring in real time either the ablation process itself, or thin film growth, many studies have relied on diagnostics of either the ablated plume (emission, absorption, fluorescence) or the resulting films (Tc, Jc, X-ray, RBS) to infer information about the overall process. This indirect approach has provided some vital information for improving the production of high-temperature superconductors. In this study the plume dynamics during the in-situ pulsed laser deposition of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta ) thin films are investigated. The 248 and 308 nm lines of an excimer laser were used to generate a plume from a bulk YBa2Cu3O7-(delta ) target. Variations in the plume distribution as a function of processing gas, pressure, fluence, energy, and spot size were monitored by resulting film distribution and composition and time resolved emission imaging. Results indicate that the plume distribution can be controlled to some extent by the incident laser beam size; in addition, broadening increases with increasing oxygen pressure.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular evidence for a novel Coxiella from Argas monolakensis (Acari: Argasidae) from Mono Lake, California, USA

Argasid ticks are vectors of viral and bacterial agents of humans and animals. Recent reports indicate that some ornithophilic argasids harbored rickettsial agents. A Nearctic tick, Argasmonolakensis Schwan, Corwin, Brown is ornithophilic and has not previously been examined for rickettsial agents. Thirty adult A.monolakensis were tested by PCR for DNA from Rickettsia or Coxiella. Amplicons from a Coxiella sp. that were divergent from Coxiella burnetii were detected in 16/30 A.monolakensis. These molecular isolates were similar but not identical to C. burnetii, the Coxiella spp. of other ticks, and “Coxiella cheraxi” a pathogen of crayfish.
White–black differences in g and non-g effects for the SAT and ACT

Abstract This research examined g and non-g effects for the SAT and ACT for whites and blacks. SAT scores, ACT scores, and college GPAs were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. g was estimated using the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Results indicated that (a) the g loadings of SAT and ACT composite scores were lower for whites than blacks, (b) group differences in the g loadings were related to the math subtests of the SAT and ACT, and (c) non-g variance accounted for surprisingly large percentages of SAT–GPA and ACT–GPA relations (range = 37–67%). The findings are discussed in terms of Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns.
Electrochemical oxidation of 2-pyrimidinethiols and theoretical study of their dimers, disulfides, sulfenyl radicals, and tautomers.

The relative energies and structures of 2-pyrimidinethiol (1), 4-methyl-2-pyrimidinethiol (3), 5-methyl-2-pyrimidinethiol (5), and 4,6-dimethylpyrimidinethiol (7), and their dimers, disulfides, sulfenyl radicals, and tautomers have been studied using restricted and unrestricted ab initio theory, density functional theory, complete basis set methods, coupled cluster theory, and quadratic configuration interaction calculations. The electrochemical oxidation of 2-pyrimidinethiol (1), 4-methyl-2-pyrimidinethiol (3), and 4,6-dimethylpyrimidinethiol (7) in ethanenitrile affords the respective disulfides in excellent yields. The less polar 2-pyrimidinethiol tautomers are predicted to be the dominant species in the gas phase. CBS-QB3, CBS-Q, CCD, CCSD(T), QCISD(T), and MP2 predict the energy difference (Erel) between (1) and its tautomer (2-pyrimidinethione, 2) to be in the narrow range from 7.23 to 7.87 kcal/mol. Similar trends are observed in the Erel values for the respective tautomers of 2-pyrimidinethiols (3...
Metallation/reduction as a new approach to tritium labeling. The synthesis of [3H]ibogaine

A new method is presented for the tritiation of aryl compounds with tritium gas which is conducted on the underivatized substrate. Combined directed ortho metallation and facile reduction of the carbonpotassium bond affords incorporation of tritium at high specific activity under mild conditions. The metallation/reduction method is demonstrated for the preparation of [3H]ibogaine.
PMH29: COST ANALYSIS OF OLANZAPINE VERSUS RISPERIDONE IN THE TREATMENT OF UNCONTROLLED SCHIZOPHRENIA

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the one-year direct schizophrenia-related treatment costs, mental health care costs and total health care costs of uncontrolled schizophrenia patients initiated on olanzapine versus risperidone. METHODS: The integrated medical and pharmacy claims of a large, geographically diverse, commercially insured population were used to conduct this analysis. Patients who initiated treatment with either olanzapine or risperidone and had one inpatient or two outpatient services for schizophrenia within 30 days prior to initiation of drug of interest were included in this analysis. Treatment course and associated schizophrenia-related, mental health care and total health care costs during the subsequent 12-month period were examined using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-one (431) patients initiated on risperidone and 142 initiated on olanzapine met inclusion criteria. The mean dose was 4.34 and 11 for risperidone and olanzapine patients, respectively. During the one-year period after initiation of drug of interest, olanzapine patients (compared with risperidone patients) were less likely to be hospitalized and had shorter mean length of hospital stays for schizophrenia-related causes, mental health care causes and all causes. Although pharmaceutical costs were significantly higher, medical costs were significantly lower for patients on olanzapine compared to those on risperidone. Univariate and multivariate analyses (controlling for potential confounding factors such as patient demographics, disease severity and comorbidities) consistently demonstrated that olanzapine patients had significantly lower schizophrenia-related costs ($2,839 less, p < 0.05), lower mental health care costs ($3,744 less, p < 0.005) and lower total health care costs ($4,674 less, p < 0.001) than those patients initiated on risperidone. CONCLUSIONS: The findings revealed significant differences between olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of uncontrolled schizophrenics in clinical practice. Olanzapine patients incurred lower costs (lower schizophrenia-related, mental health care and total health care costs). The lower costs were inpatient driven by fewer hospitalizations and shorter length of hospital stays in the olanzapine treatment group.
Response of hybrid muskmelons to polyethylene row covers and black polyethylene mulch

Abstract Four commercial and two experimental muskmelon hybrids were grown with four different treatments: (1) bare soil, (2) black polyethylene mulch, (3) clear polyethylene row cover, and (4) a combination of row cover and mulch. The row cover alone afforded slightly better frost protection than the row cover—polyethylene mulch treatment. Daytime temperatures under the row covers averaged 4–5° C above outside air temperatures. Soil temperatures were considerably higher under the row cover—polyethylene mulch treatment than the other treatments. All hybrids commenced pistillate flowering earlier with the row cover treatments than with bare soil or black polyethylene mulch, and the experimental hybrids flowered comparatively much earlier than the commercial hybrids with the row cover—polyethylene mulch treatment. Fruit maturity was 3–9 days earlier for the commercial hybrids and 12–13 days earlier for the experimental hybrids with the row cover—polyethylene mulch treatment than with black polyethylene mulch. The results suggest considerable potential for increasing earliness in muskmelons in northern regions through the use of polyethylene mulches in combination with row covers, and by breeding cultivars more adapted to these cultural methods.
An autocompensating fiber-optic quantum cryptography system based on polarization splitting of light

We have developed a system for quantum key distribution (QKD), based on standard telecommunication lasers, detectors, and optical fiber, that passively compensates for time-dependent variations of the fiber-optic path due to stress, temperature changes, or birefringence. This approach allows information encoded in phase shifts imposed on single-photon-level pulses to be accurately read out after transmission over many kilometers of uncontrolled fiber. Cooled InGaAs avalanche photodiodes, pulse-biased using a special noise canceling circuit, are used to detect single 1.31-/spl mu/m infrared photons with a high efficiency, low dark-count rate, and subnanosecond time resolution. A single optical fiber carries both the quantum information and precise 1.55 /spl mu/m timing pulses between the two end stations. Overall synchronization of end-station activities, public discussion of basis choices, error correction, and privacy amplification have all been implemented over a local area network (LAN). The system at present generates raw, error-corrected, and privacy-amplified key data at rates of /spl sim/1000, 600, and 200 bits/s, respectively, over a 10-km single-mode fiber link.
Urbanization within the Indonesian economy: a policy dilemma

Abstract Most Third World countries have serio problems relating to rapid urban growth but attempts to solve urban problems have generally failed. This paper looks at the urban Issues of one country, Indonesia, and the attempts by the Indonesian government to control rural to urban migration. Contradictions between macroeconomic and urban policies, however, have undermined government programmes.
A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional Design

This is the second of a two-part article that discusses the history of the field of instructional design and technology in the United States. The first part, which focused on the history of instructional media, appeared in the previous issue of this journal (volume 49, number 1). This part of the article focuses on the history of instructional design. Starting with a description of the efforts to develop training programs during World War II, and continuing on through the publication of some of the first instructional design models in the 1960s and 1970s, major events in the development of the instructional design process are described. Factors that have affected the field of instructional design over the last two decades, including increasing interest in cognitive psychology, microcomputers, performance technology, and constructivism, are also described.
On rank correlation and the distance between rankings

Rank correlation statistics are useful for determining whether a there is a correspondence between two measurements, particularly when the measures themselves are of less interest than their relative ordering. Kendall's - in particular has found use in Information Retrieval as a "meta-evaluation" measure: it has been used to compare evaluation measures, evaluate system rankings, and evaluate predicted performance. In the meta-evaluation domain, however, correlations between systems confound relationships between measurements, practically guaranteeing a positive and significant estimate of - regardless of any actual correlation between the measurements. We introduce an alternative measure of distance between rankings that corrects this by explicitly accounting for correlations between systems over a sample of topics, and moreover has a probabilistic interpretation for use in a test of statistical significance. We validate our measure with theory, simulated data, and experiment.
Clinical Study of A New Type of Estrogenic Preparation for Oral Use

THE CLINICAL effectiveness of natural estrogens when they are administered orally for the treatment of women, particularly in the menopause, has for many years been a controversial subject. Although subjective improvement has been frequently reported it has been difficult to demonstrate objective indications of the value of most of them. For a time it was felt that diethylstilbestrol might solve some of the problems of oral estrogenic therapy. There is no doubt that it will produce tissue changes. In fact, from a laboratory point of view, one can do with it anything that can be expected of natural estrogens. However, clinical experience reveals that there are a considerable number of women who do not tolerate diethylstilbestrol well and who do not seem to obtain from it the feeling of well-being that is often observed with the administration of natural estrogenic substances. In addition, there are many workers who are not satisfied that it will be as safe to use over extended periods of time as are natura...
The ubiquitin 26S proteasome proteolytic pathway

Much of plant physiology, growth, and development is controlled by the selective removal of short-lived regulatory proteins. One important proteolytic pathway involves the small protein ubiquitin (Ub) and the 26S proteasome, a 2-MDa protease complex. In this pathway, Ub is attached to proteins destined for degradation; the resulting Ub-protein conjugates are then recognized and catabolized by the 26S proteasome. This review describes our current understanding of the pathway in plants at the biochemical, genomic, and genetic levels, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the model. Collectively, these analyses show that the Ub/26S proteasome pathway is one of the most elaborate regulatory mechanisms in plants. The genome of Arabidopsis encodes more than 1400 (or >5% of the proteome) pathway components that can be connected to almost all aspects of its biology. Most pathway components participate in the Ub-ligation reactions that choose with exquisite specificity which proteins should be ubiquitinated. What remains to be determined is the identity of the targets, which may number in the thousands in plants.
Gossypol, a phytochemical with BH3-mimetic property, sensitizes cultured thoracic cancer cells to Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.

Objectives Chemotherapeutic agents sensitize cancer cells to Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) via recruitment of the mitochondria-dependent activation of caspase and induction of apoptosis. This study was designed to evaluate whether gossypol, a phytochemical compound with BH3-mimetic property that functions as an inhibitor of Bcl2/BclXL, would sensitize cultured thoracic cancer cells to this death-inducing ligand. Methods Cancer cell lines from the lung (H460, H322), the esophagus (TE2, TE12), and the pleura (H290, H211) or primary normal cells were treated with gossypol+Apo2L/TRAIL combinations. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by (4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively. Caspase 9 and 3 specific proteolytic activity in combination-treated cells was determined by fluorometric enzymatic assay. Results Gossypol, selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells and not primary normal cells, significantly sensitized thoracic cancer cells to Apo2L/TRAIL as indicated by 1.5- to more than 10-fold reduction of Apo2L/TRAIL 50% inhibitory concentration values in cells treated with gossypol+Apo2L/TRAIL combinations. Whereas less than 20% of cancer cells exposed to either gossypol (5 μmol/L) or Apo2L/TRAIL (20 ng/mL) were dead, more than 90% of cells treated with the drug combinations were apoptotic. Combination-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis was completely abrogated either by overexpression of Bcl2 or by the selective caspase 9 inhibitor. This combination was not toxic to normal cells. Conclusion Gossypol profoundly sensitizes thoracic cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of Apo2L/TRAIL via activation of the mitochondria-dependent death signaling pathway. This study provides evidence for the profound anticancer activity of this drug combination and should be further evaluated as a novel targeted molecular therapeutic for thoracic cancers.
Cyberspace, globalization and empire

The article proposes that the framework of media imperialism is appropriate for the study of US dominance of information and communication technology (ICT) industries in the period 1975‐2000. Early media imperialism theories focused on US television exports at a time when such exports were set to decline in many local markets. Covert influences such as ownership, business models, professional values, content formatting, audience preferences, cultural hybrids and technologies, were insufficiently considered. In particular, the earlier focus on television and content may have distracted attention from the emergence of microprocessor-based computer networking technologies, their significance for the development of ICT industries, and the profound influence these have exerted on US economic and foreign policies. This article documents the continuing dominance of US corporate power, of US-based transnational corporations (TNCs) and, among them, of ICT industries, within the global economy. It charts US dominance of most spheres of computing and telecommunications at the turn of the 21st century. With specific reference to intelligence estimates of future global trends it assesses the significance of the ‘Asian challenge’, specifically the challenge of Asian ICT activity to the prospects of a continuation of US hegemony.
Prognostic Importance of Serial Evaluation of Blood Urea Nitrogen in Ambulatory Patients with Chronic Systolic Heart Failure and Preserved Renal Function

Prognostic Importance of Serial Evaluation of Blood Urea Nitrogen in Ambulatory Patients with Chronic Systolic Heart Failure and Preserved Renal Function Clay A. Cauthen, Matthew Tong, Yuping Wu, Anil Jain, W.H. Wilson Tang; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Kettering Medical Center, Kettering, OH; Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Information Technology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
Optimization Tradecraft: Hard-Won Insights from Real-World Decision Support

Practitioners of optimization-based decision support advise commerce and government on how to coordinate the activities of millions of people who employ assets worth trillions of dollars. The contributions of these practitioners substantially improve planning methods that benefit our security and welfare. The success of real-world optimization applications depends on a few trade secrets that are essential, but that rarely, if at all, appear in textbooks. This paper summarizes a set of these secrets and uses examples to discuss each. “Thou shalt never get such a secret from me but by a parable.” Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona
An ab initio study of CuCO

Modified coupled‐pair functional (MCPF) calculations and coupled cluster singles and doubles calculations, which include a perturbational estimate of the connected triples [CCSD(T)], yield a bent structure for CuCO, thus, supporting the prediction of a nonlinear structure based on density functional (DF) calculations. Our best estimate for the binding energy is 4.9±1.4 kcal/mol; this is in better agreement with experiment (6.0±1.2 kcal/mol) than the DF approach which yields a value (19.6 kcal/mol) significantly larger than experiment.
A synthesis of software science measures and the cyclomatic number

A solution is obtained to the problem of defining a software measure or a family of measures which simultaneously detect those aspects of software complexity that are detected by the software science measures and the cyclomatic number. The authors present a family of measures, called weighted measures that is built on the software science measures by adding weights to certain operators and operands; the size of the weights is determined by a theorem which relates nesting levels and the cyclomatic number. Thus, by construction the weighted measures synthesize the software science measures and the cyclomatic number. Further, by applying the weighted measures, the software science measures, and the cyclomatic number to sample programs, it is shown that the weighted measures also synthesize in practice the software science measures and the cyclomatic number. >
Serological and Parasitological Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Birds From Colorado

Abstract Ground-feeding birds are considered important in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii because they serve as indicators of soil contamination by oocysts, and birds of prey are indicators of T. gondii prevalence in rodents and other small mammals. Cats excrete environmentally resistant oocysts after consuming tissues of T. gondii–infected birds. In the present study, sera and tissues from 382 wild birds from Colorado were tested for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 38 birds with the use of the modified agglutination test (MAT, 1∶25 titer). Tissues (brains, hearts) of 84 birds were bioassayed in mice. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 1 of 1 barn owl (Tyto alba), 1 of 5 American kestrels (Falco sparverius), 1 of 7 ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), 1 of 4 rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus), 2 of 13 Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni), and 1 of 25 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). This is the first time T. gondii has been isolated from the barn owl, ferruginous hawk, ro...
Benchmarking Engineering Workstations

As workstations become more popular, it is increasingly important to be able to measure and compare their relative performance. However, benchmarks are often either too specific to be of general interest or too general to be relevant to a specific application. We have constructed a collection of benchmarks?for a common kind of engineering workstation?that give a good approximation of processor, graphics, file access, and multitasking performance while being small and simple enough to easily transport. We have run the benchmarks on a number of workstations, including Sun-3, Apollo 560, VAXstation-II, and IRIS 2400, with overall results meeting our approximate expectations. Our approach allows us to quickly assess the performance of new workstations.
On Absolute Lambert Sums

Let be a series for which the Abelian generator, converges whenever s > 0. Then the same is true of the Lambertian generator, and vice versa .
Communication issues in parallel computing across ATM networks

To support distributed parallel computing across asynchronous transfer mode networks, the interplay between communications software and the network architecture is critical. In particular, we can improve communication performance significantly by efficiently designing collective communication operations, such as multicast and reduction. >
Beyond a narrow conception of usability testing

The author points out that construed narrowly, 'usability testing of documentation' can be limited to validating the usability of a nearly completed draft. She explores ways that technical communication can take a broader view of usability and then situate new approaches and studies. She argues that this broader interpretation can given technical communicators ways to talk with others interested in usability and can build a platform for an understanding of usability research that looks beyond the testing of drafts for usability to the tough issues driving usability research. >
The reaction of tri-ruthenium clusters with sulfur dioxide

Abstract The reaction of SO 2 with Ru 3 (CO) 12 , [Ru 3 (CO) 11 Cl] − or [Ru 3 (CO) 11 ] 2− produces polymeric materials with the formula [Ru 3 (CO) 3 (SO) 2 ] n .
Formation of arsenite in lead arsenate or calcium arsenate mixtures

Lead and calcium arsenates have been used as insecticides in the past with various adjuvants added to increase their effectiveness. Adverse health effects have been reported in industrial situations where these materials were formulated, and packaged, and occasionally used. Reduction of arsenate has been demonstrated to occur when mixtures of lime, lime sulfur, sulfur, and casein were added to lead or calcium arsenate. The formation of soluble arsenite increased with time after the formulations were dry mixed. Levels of soluble arsenite declined in aqueous suspension after 1 day but increased again after 2 months. Total arsenite varied from 0.6 to 2.4% of the arsenic present 253 days after formulation.
Multiframe structure from motion in perspective

A new approach to multiframe structure from motion for point features is presented. Unlike previous approaches, it gives robust reconstruction in situations commonly encountered in outdoor robot navigation, for general motion and with large perspective effects. Under the appropriate conditions, the algorithm provably gives the correct reconstruction. The typical computation time is seconds. It is argued that the new approach, combined with previous algorithms valid in other domains (e.g., Tomasi's algorithm), gives a general method for structure from motion.
On Random Intersection Graphs: The Subgraph Problem

A new model of random graphs – random intersection graphs – is introduced. In this model, vertices are assigned random subsets of a given set. Two vertices are adjacent provided their assigned sets intersect. We explore the evolution of random intersection graphs by studying thresholds for the appearance and disappearance of small induced subgraphs. An application to gate matrix circuit design is presented.
Planetary cratering 1. The question of multiple impactor populations: Lunar evidence

— This paper addresses several current issues related to use of craters in interpreting planetary surface histories. The primary goal is to test the widely adopted hypothesis of multiple populations of impactors at different times or places in the Solar System. New data presented here revise a “lunar highland” crater diameter distribution that has been widely used as evidence of an early distinct population of impactors. This curve, which has a depression of the size distribution at mid-sizes, does not, in fact, represent the lunar highlands generally. I show that it is associated with regions of intercrater plains. The more extensive the obliteration by intercrater plains, the deeper the depression. Modeling indicates that the depression of the curve is caused by the obliteration process itself. The oldest, most cratered regions of lunar highlands do not show the depression. These findings call into question earlier interpretations of multiple populations of impactors in the Solar System and of a distinctive primordial population. The present work is consistent, instead, with (1) a relatively uniform size distribution of interplanetary impactors, of mixed origins, back to 4 Ga ago and throughout the sampled Solar System; (2) fragmentation as the process that produced that size distribution; (3) saturation equilibrium on the most heavily cratered surfaces; and (4) differences in structure in the size distribution caused not by distinct impactor populations but by episodes of endogenic obliteration. If accepted, these results would modify some studies of solar system evolution, including assertions of two to five distinct populations of impactors, assumptions of lack of saturation equilibrium, and identifications of specific heliocentric or planetocentric sources for impactors within outer planet satellite systems.
Super-Alfvénic supersonic flow over a cone in aligned fields

Super-Alfvenic supersonic aligned magnetogasdynamic flow over a cone of finite semi-apex angle, with an attached fast shock wave, is solved numerically. We obtain ‘almond curves’ in the plane of magnetic induction vector variation, analogous to Busemann's ‘apple curves’ for supersonic cone flows, to describe the flow field near the cone. Total surface pressure coefficients, current and vorticity distributions are presented. A closed-form solution of the flow is obtained when a switch-on shock occurs.
James Mark Baldwin and contemporary theories of culture and evolution

At the end of the nineteenth century, James Mark Baldwin was amongst America's foremost psychologists and his ideas concerning the interactions between development and evolution were widely discussed. Richards’ [Richards (1987). Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press] eloquent and sympathetic account of Baldwin's career devotes little space to the final period of Baldwin's life—from 1909 until his death in 1934—when professional scandal forced his relocation to Paris. Although Baldwin conducted no further empirical research in this period and his theories began to be displaced by the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance, he continued to discuss the links between ontogenesis and phylogenesis with notable thinkers in the French-speaking world, including Pierre Janet. Piaget, who attended Janet's lectures during his two-year stay in Paris immediately after World War I, was also exposed to Baldwin's ideas. Looking back many years la...
Ficino's Lecture on the Good

Diogenes Laertius has Plato reading the Phaedo and Lysis aloud to his students, but the only true lecture or series of lectures attributed to him by ancient sources was entitled On the Good, Aristotle's disciple the musical theorist Aristoxenus records that Aristotle attended the Lecture or Lectures (I shall henceforth refer to it in the singular); and Simplicius, writing in the sixth century A.D., notes first that the Lecture was also attended by Speusippus, Xenocrates, and others and later that Hestiaios and Heraclides Ponticus were there too. According to both Aristoxenus and Simplicius, Aristotle maintained the Lecture was delivered relatively late in Plato's career.
Postharvest Control of the Small Chestnut Weevil in Inshell Chesnuts

Postharvest treatment of inshell Chinese chestnuts by immersion in 52°C water or 52°C water containing 450 μg/ml of the fungicide DCNA (2, 6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline; Botran®) for 45 min killed all larvae of Curculio sayi (Gyllenhal). These treatments also reduced populations of mycoflora in the kernel and shell by 60% without detriment to nut quality or germination.
Salt Tolerances of Salt Marsh Meadow Voles

Tolerance to salt water of a salt marsh population of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus , was compared with that of an inland population in Connecticut. Tolerances were determined by survival when maintained on water increased in salinity in steps of 0.05 m NaCl at 1-, 5-, and 10-day intervals. One group was also placed directly on 0.35 m NaCl. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their ability to utilize salt water. Neither population could tolerate salinities above 0.30 m, approximately one-half sea water, for even short periods. Observations indicated there would be times when no free fresh water (in the form of dew, rain, or snow) would be available in the marsh. Measurements of water content and salinity of the common marsh plants indicated the voles could obtain usable water from Spartina patens . The other sedge common in the marsh, Spartina alterniflora , had too high a salinity (approximately 0.35 m NaCl) to be utilized.
Reprint of: Stopping contagion with bailouts: Micro-evidence from Pennsylvania bank networks during the panic of 1884

Abstract Using a newly constructed historical dataset on the Pennsylvania state banking system, detailing the amounts of “due-froms” on a debtor bank-by-debtor bank basis, we investigate the effects of the Panic of 1884 and subsequent private sector-orchestrated bailout of systemically important banks (SIBs) on the broader banking sector. We find evidence that Pennsylvania banks with larger direct interbank exposures to New York City changed the composition of their asset holdings, shifting from loans to more liquid assets and reducing their New York City correspondent deposits in the near-term. Over the long-term though, only the lower correspondent deposits effect persisted. Our findings show that the banking turmoil in New York City impacted more exposed interior banks, but that bailouts of SIBs by the New York Clearing House likely short-circuited a full-scale banking panic.
Enhanced multidrug resistance by Twist stable expression in MCF-7 cell line of human breast cancer

Objective To study multidrug resistance(MDR) enhanced by Twist stable expression in MCF-7 cell line of human breast cancer in vitro.Methods Twist gene was introduced into MCF-7 to establish a stable expression of the cell line MCF-7/Twist.The expression of Twist was detected with Western blotting.The cell proliferation and viability were observed under microscope and measured with MTT assay.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to test transcriptional level of genes involved in MDR.The relevant protein expression level of P-gp and breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP) was detected with Western blotting.Results The results showed low sensitivity of MCF-7/Twist to several chemotherapeutic drugs including adrimycin,taxol,vincristine and hydroxycamptothecin.In addition,MCF-7/Twist,the stable expression cell line,was generated through G418 selection,which was endowed with MDR in responsible to the above drugs.Conclusion The expression of Twist enhances MDR,which accords with the level of transcription and expression of P-gp and BCRP.
Endothelial cells protect vascular smooth muscle cells from H2O2 attack.

Endothelial-dependent vascular responses are altered in ischemic acute renal failure. Oxidants formed during reperfusion of ischemic kidneys injure the renal microvasculature and prevent recovery of renal function. To determine whether endothelial cells (EC) modulate oxidant attack on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), rat mesenteric artery VSMC were grown on coverslips and then coincubated with bovine pulmonary artery EC grown in wells. In the absence of EC, H2O2 caused time- and concentration-dependent increases in VSMC injury as indicated by release of [3H]adenine. In contrast, addition of EC reduced H2O2-mediated (5 mM, 1 h) VSMC adenine release from 63.8 +/- 4.5% to 28.6 +/- 2.9% (P < 0.001). The protective effect of EC did not occur when H2O2 was added to the surface of VSMC unopposed to EC and was partially reversed when EC were treated with aminotriazole to inactivate catalase (41.7 +/- 2.7%). To determine whether EC nitric oxide (NO) modified H2O2 attack on VSMC, EC were treated with N omega-ni...
Depression screening using health questionnaires in patients receiving oral isotretinoin for acne vulgaris

Isotretinoin is used to treat severe and recalcitrant acne. Possible side effects include depression, suicide, and suicidal ideation; however, other studies suggest isotretinoin may improve mood and quality of life. Although iPLEDGE consenting warns about the risk of depression and suicidal ideation, there is no recommendation for screening tools. The patient health questionnaire-2 and the patient health questionnaire-9 are validated instruments that enable dermatologists to efficiently screen for depression before and after isotretinoin is initiated.
20 years of hits & misses

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation reviewing past Hot Chips conference topics.
Dietary therapy for irritable bowel syndrome.

High expectations for low FODMAP diets Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the digestive system, affecting about 10% of the global population. The condition has no definitive biomarker or cure, but various drug treatments have been introduced in recent years, including antibiotics (to treat presumed small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) and agents that affect motility through fluid secretion or the enteric nervous system. Despite these advances, perhaps the most popular option among patients in recent years has been a dietary approach, the “low FODMAP diet.” The term FODMAP was first coined by Gibson and Shepherd in 2005, referring to a new dietary class comprising fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. The authors identified a list of foods that are highly fermented but poorly absorbed, leading to the expansion of ileocolonic bacteria. This broad dietary class includes fructose (in fruits and sweeteners), lactose (in dairy products), fructans (wheat based products), galacto-oligosaccharides (legumes), and polyols such as xylitol and mannitol (fruits and artificial sweeteners). The authors first proposed FODMAPs as a potential trigger for inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease …
Product placements in movies and on Broadway

Product placement is increasing in importance as a non-traditional method to reach consumers. A review of previous research on this topic indicates three research gaps: the need for additional ecologically valid field testing, more research using categorycued recall of the brand as the basic measure of product placement effectiveness, and more studies covering entertainment media other than film and TV. To these ends, we conducted two field studies. The first replicates prior laboratory research by assessing brand recall from product placements in four movies, while the second extends previous research by assessing brand recall in a Broadway musical. Both these field studies confirm previous laboratory findings in that those placements that are combined audio-visual, prominently displayed, have actor involvement, and have two or more verbal mentions of the brand significantly increase consumers’ subsequent category-cued recall of the brand name of the product placement.
Cluster analysis: A toolbox for MATLAB.

A broad definition of clustering can be given as the search for homogeneous groupings of objects based on some type of available data. There are two common such tasks now discussed in (almost) all multivariate analysis texts and implemented in the commercially available behavioral and social science statistical software suites: hierarchical clustering and the K-means partitioning of some set of objects. This chapter begins with a brief review of these topics using two illustrative data sets that are carried along throughout this chapter for numerical illustration. Later sections will develop hierarchical clustering through least-squares and the characterizing notion of an ultrametric; K-means partitioning is generalized by rephrasing as an optimization problem of subdividing a given proximity matrix. In all instances, the MATLAB computational environment is relied on to effect our analyses, using the Statistical Toolbox, for example, to carry out the common hierarchical clustering and K-means methods, and our own open-source MATLAB M-files when the extensions go beyond what is currently available commercially (the latter are freely available as a Toolbox from www.cda.psych.uiuc.edu/clusteranalysis_mfiles). Also, to maintain a reasonable printed size for the present handbook contribution, the table of contents, figures, and tables for the full chapter, plus the final section and the header comments for the M-files in Appendix A, are available from www.cda.psych.uiuc.edu/cluster_analysis_parttwo.pdf