cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of gaas by far infrared reflectivity

Abstract We have measured the room temperature reflectivity of five samples of n -type GaAs with carrier concentrations between 5 × 10 15 and 4 × 10 15 cm −3 in the far infrared range 12–235 cm −1 . The low-frequency plasmon-phonon reflectivity minimum was observed and was used to calculate values of carrier concentration and mobility which agree reasonably well with the values obtained by electrical measurements. We show a plot which may be used for rapid evaluation of the carrier concentration and mobility from the measured position and value of the minimum.
Mixed culture of a methane-utilizing bacterium and a hydrogen-utilizing bacterium in a closed system.

Mixed culture of Methylomonas flagellata, a methane-utilizing bacterium, and Alcaligenes eutrophus, a hydrogen-utilizing bacterium, was attempted in order to use the carbon dioxide produced from methane by the former bacterium as the carbon source for the autotrophic growth of the latter. In mixed culture with methane and hydrogen as the carbon and energy sources, carbon dioxide produced by M. flagellata was utilized almost completely by A. eutrophus, and recycling of gaseous substrates was possible in a closed cultivation system. However, growth of the mixed culture was poor compared to growth of M. flagellata and A. eutrophus in pure culture. During growth of the mixed culture, a predominance of A. eutrophus and decay of M. flagellata were observed. A. eutrophus seemed to inhibit the growth of M. flagellata by its preferential uptake of carbon dioxide and by production of a growth inhibitor.
Periodontal Surveillance - Implications in the Promotion of Public Health.

T his month, the Journal of Periodontology is very pleased to provide our readers a special supplement on periodontal disease surveillance. Disease surveillance has been crucial in the identification and tracking of susceptible patient populations to infectious agents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works to protect public health and the safety of people, by providing information to enhance health decisions, and promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. Thus, the CDC has benefitted the periodontal community through a special supplement borne out of the recent CDC and American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP) Workshop on Periodontal Surveillance. In this main issue of the Journal, you will find an editorial and commentary that highlight the relevance of this topic to public health and the advancement of periodontal case definitions in the clinical and field trial settings. First, an editorial by Drs. William Maas and Robert Genco titled ‘‘CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project Could Help States Plug Data Gaps’’1 is presented. In this editorial, the authors underscore the importance of self-report measures for populationbased surveillance programs in the United States. The partnership with the CDC served as an important collaborative effort with other clinical researchers in the development of the guidelines found in the corresponding supplement. A commentary by Dr. Jasim Albandar discusses the advantages and limitations that public health clinical researchers face in the case definitions for periodontal disease risk assessment.2 The editors of the Journal along with the Guest Editor for this supplement, Dr. Paul Eke, trust that you will find that research in this area will greatly promote the advancement of periodontal disease surveillance.3 It is this work that can aid periodontists in the better understanding of periodontitis disease patterns in broad patient populations beyond our clinics and schools for the ultimate promotion of enhanced public health.
Self-Efficacy and Achievement Behaviors

In this article self-efficacy research is reviewed in domains relevant to education. Research addressing cognitive skills, social skills, motor skills, and career choices has shown that self-efficacy is an important construct that helps to explain students' learning and performance of achievement-related behaviors. Research also has identified variables that are associated with educational contexts and that signal to students how well they are achieving or making progress in learning. These task-engagement variables include models/social comparative information, goal setting, attributional and performance feedback, strategy instruction, cognitive processing, and reward contingencies. A suggested future self-efficacy research agenda might include maintenance and generalization of changes in self-efficacy, the identification of additional task-engagement variables, instrument development and validation, integration of efficacy information from diverse sources, developmental influences on self-efficacy, and teachers' sense of efficacy.
Is it rational to carry out strategic intentions

Evaluation de la rationnalite de la these de la coherence selon laquelle les intentions produisent des effets autonomes, c'est-a-dire des effets independants qui entrent en contradiction avec les effets de l'action. Examinant l'exemple du probleme de la toxine, le paradoxe de la dissuasion nucleaire et la maximisation contrainte de Gauthier, l'A. propose plusieurs solutions consequentialistes et decisionnelles aux situations strategiques de cooperation qui interviennent dans le contexte du paradoxe du prisonnier
Distortion analysis of thio sugars

Abstract The 1 H and 13 C spectra have been analyzed fully for 5-thio-α- d -xylopyranose and in part for the β anomer. Comparison with our analyses for both anomers of 5-thio- d -glucopyranose and 6-thio- d -fructopyranose and with analyses of the analogous oxygen sugars for all three systems provides a general perspective for the characterization of ring distortions brought about by the presence of the sulfur atom within the ring. Puckering of the thio sugar ring is demonstrated in the α anomers of both the xylose and the fructopyranose by a decrease in axial-equatorial couplings and an increase in equatorial—equatorial couplings. The β anomers of 5-thioglucose and 5-thioxylose appear to be more resistant to puckering, possibly because of the buttressing effects of numerous adjacent equatorial groups. These conformational factors may be responsible in part for the decreased stability of the β thio sugar, relative to the α anomer, in comparison with the oxygen analogues.
Desipramine and imipramine overdose in a psychotic adolescent

Abstract Toxic desipramine ingestion is reviewed in light of the growing use of desipramine in children and adolescents. A 14-year-old boy who took an overdose of desipramine and imipramine in an attempt to kill himself is presented. The case is discussed in the context of adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system effects and deficiencies in the provision of care that increase the risk of self-endangering behavior.
Vibrations of Symmetrical Tetratomic Molecules

The general method for obtaining the vibration frequencies of any symmetrical molecule is outlined, and the results of its application to the tetratomic case are given. The frequencies are derived for the most general force field consistent with geometrical symmetry and also for a more specific case based on a simplified model. It is shown that the assumption of the rigidity of the bonds requires two different forces perpendicular to the lines of bond. The coplanar tetratomic and the collinear triatomic molecules are found to be the only ones of a number of molecules investigated so far, where an unambiguous determination of the physical force constants is possible. In the general case, no very definite meaning can, apparently, be attached to terms like "magnitude of bond constant."
THE COMPOSITE ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS AND IRON METEORITES

Abstract A model based on three nucleosynthesizing events preceding the formation of the solar system accounts for the origin of the r -process nuclides. The first such production occured 13.4 × 10 9 years ago. It may represent an average of more than one such nuclear synthesizing event (but probably not many such events). The second event occurred 7.5 × 10 9 years ago, and the third occurred at the beginning of the solar system. The last two events contributed only 6 and 7%, respectively, of the r -process elements to the meteorites and planets. (These values do not necessarily include those elements, such as lead and bismuth, which are quite volatile and easily fractionated by physical and chemical means.) The range in the lead-lead ages of the stone meteorites seems to be about 0.3 × 10 9 years. This interval essentially coincides with that of 0.25 × 10 9 years between the last nucleosynthesis and the time at which the chondrite Richardton began to retain rare gases such as xenon. According to the abundance of Xe 136 in the atmosphere, the earth may have formed as recently as 4.2 × 10 9 years ago. The three-nucleosynthesizing-event model was suggested by the presence of two kinds of lead which must have been incorporated into iron meteorites at or before the beginning of the solar system. Three iron meteorites (Toluca, Bishtyube, and Henbury) contain both types, a fact which implies that there were at least two stages in the formation of these meteorites. First, iron must have been segregated from two sources which differed at least in the isotopic composition of their leads; then these masses of iron must have combined, with more or less complete sintering.
Antarctic ice streams and outflow channels on Mars

New sonar images of the Antarctic sea floor reveal mega-scale glacial lineations that are strikingly similar to longitudinal flutes in martian outflow channels. The analogs suggest that ice moved through the martian channels in places and carved the flutes. The ice in martian channels may have moved like Antarctic ice streams on deformable debris saturated with water under high pore pressure. On Mars, water at the base of ice-filled channels may have come from residual water or melt water liberated during past warmer climates or higher heat flows.
Dimerization of the melanocortin 4 receptor: A study using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer

The melanocortin 4 receptor is important in the regulation of satiety. In this study we have investigated the propensity of the MC4 receptor to homodimerize. MC4 receptors with either a modified green fluorescent protein (GFP(2)) or Renilla luciferase (RLuc) at their C-terminus were constructed. These receptors showed equivalent binding and functional properties to the wild-type MC4 receptor. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer readings indicated that the MC4 receptor exists as a constitutive homodimer, which was not regulated by peptide interaction. The efficiency of MC4 receptor to form homodimers was greatly enhanced compared to its ability to heterodimerize with the kappa opioid receptor.
Measurement of the Solar Gravitational Deflection of Radio Waves using Geodetic Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Data, 1979-1999

We used very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) to measure the deflection by the Sun of radio waves emanating from distant compact radio sources. This bending is characterized in the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism by gamma, which is unity in general relativity. Using a large geodetic VLBI data set, we obtained gamma=0.9998(3)+/-0.0004(5) (estimated standard error). We found no systematic biases from our analysis of subgroups of data.
Textuality and Agency in Interaction Analysis

This article examines the role of textuality and agency in organizational interaction analysis. Six genres of interaction analysis research are reviewed, some of which address the question of how organizations are discursively constituted. Although interaction analysts agree on the role of discourse/text in the constitution of organizations, no such agreement exists on the role of meaning and agency. After addressing several criticisms of interaction analysis research, this article focuses on the contributions made by the study of temporal form through interaction analysis. This article concludes by revisiting the question of how organizations are constituted vis-a-vis the role of discourse and agency from an interaction analysis perspective.
Generalized symplectic geometry as a covering theory for the Hamiltonian theories of classical particles and fields

Abstract It is shown that the symplectic potentials which underlie the symplectic geometry of classical particles and the multisymplectic geometry of classical fields are obtained as projections of a generalized symplectic potential defined on appropriate bundles of frames on a certain manifold. In this sense generalized symplectic geometry is a covering theory for Hamiltonian theories of both particles and fields.
Diabetic Foot Infections: The Role of Microbiology and Antibiotic Treatment

Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of foot infections. Among the risk factors that contribute to the development of diabetic foot infections are local neuropathy, vascular changes and depressed local host defenses. The microbiology of these infections is often complex and can be polymicrobial. Treatment of these infections depends on the severity and extent of infection. Treatment should involve a multi-disciplinary team approach involving surgeons and infectious disease specialists. The current recommendations for treatment are primarily based on expert opinion and consensus rather than clinical trials. No single agent or combination of agents has been shown to be superior to others. The aim of this review is to provide valid options of therapy, especially with regard to newer agents that are currently available for treatment of both soft tissue infections and osteomyelitis.
Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer

Treatment of lung cancer remains frustrating. Most patients with lung cancer are not candidates for curative therapy, and new therapies have not made a substantial impact on survival. Consequently, some clinical investigators have focused their efforts on developing prevention strategies. Chemoprevention, the administration of agents to block or reverse carcinogenesis, is being investigated in ongoing trials. Studies of chemoprevention in lung cancer have included trials to reverse premalignant lesions such as sputum atypia or squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. Clinical trials of lung cancer prevention have often studied groups of participants with tobacco or asbestos exposure. Other clinical trials are being conducted among patients who have been treated for an early-stage lung cancer. As the result of diffuse epithelial injury, these patients are at very high risk for developing second primary tumors, predominantly in the lungs and upper aerodigestive tract. It is our hope that these studies may establish a new strategy for preventing lung cancer.
Magnetic resonance imaging-measured bone marrow adipose tissue area is inversely related to cortical bone area in children and adolescents aged 5-18 years.

Abstract Previous studies have shown an inverse correlation between bone marrow adipose tissue and bone mineral density in cancellous bone; however, such relationships in cortical bone are less studied, especially in children. A total of 185 healthy children and adolescents (76 females and 109 males, aged 5–18 years) were included in this study. Right femoral bone marrow adipose tissue area (BMA), right femoral cortical bone area (CBA), subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle were accessed by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. In regression analysis with CBA as the dependent variable and BMA as the independent variable, BMA negatively contributed to CBA after adjusting for weight and total body fat or subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle ( β = −0.201 to −0.272, p
More of a Bridge than a Gap : Gender Differences in Arab-American Political Engagement

Author(s): Read, Jennan G | Abstract: Objective. Research on immigrant women’s economic and cultural adaptation has increasingly come to the fore of immigration research, yet relatively little remains known about their engagement in the political arena. This study examines this question among Arab Muslims, a group who has been at the center of much public debate but little scholarly discourse. Methods. Using nationally representative data on Arab Muslims, this study examines gender differences in political consciousness and activity and assesses the degree to which different dimensions of religious identity contribute to differences in men’s and women’s attitudes and behaviors. Results. Both women and men have high levels of political engagement, in part reflecting their relatively affluent socioeconomic positions. Men are slightly more involved than women, and this is explained by their greater participation in religious activities and higher levels of political religiosity. In contrast, subjective dimensions of religiosity—or being a devout Muslim—have no effect on political engagement. Conclusions. Overall, there are few gender differences in Arab Muslim political engagement, suggesting that collective identity based on ethnicity and religion is more salient for the political mobilization of this group. Further, religion is not uniformly associated with political activity, varying by gender and the dimension of religious identity in question, suggesting that future research needs to focus on how different facets of religion influence U.S. political involvement.
Coupled-cluster methods with perturbative inclusion of explicitly correlated terms: a preliminary investigation

We propose to account for the large basis-set error of a conventional coupled-cluster energy and wave function by a simple perturbative correction. The perturbation expansion is constructed by Lowdin partitioning of the similarity-transformed Hamiltonian in a space that includes explicitly correlated basis functions. To test this idea, we investigate the second-order explicitly correlated correction to the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) energy, denoted here as the CCSD(2)R12 method. The proposed perturbation expansion presents a systematic and easy-to-interpret picture of the “interference” between the basis-set and correlation hierarchies in the many-body electronic-structure theory. The leading-order term in the energy correction is the amplitude-independent R12 correction from the standard second-order Moller–Plesset R12 method. The cluster amplitudes appear in the higher-order terms and their effect is to decrease the basis-set correction, in accordance with the usual experience. In addition to the use of the standard R12 technology which simplifies all matrix elements to at most two-electron integrals, we propose several optional approximations to select only the most important terms in the energy correction. For a limited test set, the valence CCSD energies computed with the approximate method, termed , are on average precise to (1.9, 1.4, 0.5 and 0.1%) when computed with Dunning’s aug-cc-pVXZ basis sets [X = (D, T, Q, 5)] accompanied by a single Slater-type correlation factor. This precision is a roughly an order of magnitude improvement over the standard CCSD method, whose respective average basis-set errors are (28.2, 10.6, 4.4 and 2.1%). Performance of the method is almost identical to that of the more complex iterative counterpart, CCSD(R12). The proposed approach to explicitly correlated coupled-cluster methods is technically appealing since no modification of the coupled-cluster equations is necessary and the standard Moller–Plesset R12 machinery can be reused.
Truncated Bcl-2, a potential pre-metastatic marker in prostate cancer.

A novel truncated form of Bcl-2, termed Bcl-2ψ, was discovered in invasive prostate cancer cells, using laser capture microdissection, RNA-polymerase cycling reaction, and microarray analysis. The expression of Bcl-2ψ increased prior to metastasis in higher-grade prostate cancer. The immunoreactive Bcl-2ψ was specifically identified in higher-grade prostate cancer cells. These findings suggest that Bcl-2ψ may be a potential pre-metastatic marker for detection, diagnosis, and therapy during the initiation of metastasis in prostate cancer.
Abstract 2388: Dendrimer-mediated multivalent binding strongly captures tumor cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Multivalent interactions, simultaneous binding of multiple ligands toward their multiple receptors, commonly occur in physiological and pathological events, which have been utilized to enhance targeting efficacy. The multivalent binding can be leveraged to develop an extremely sensitive device for detection of rare cells such as circulating tumor cell (CTC). Accurate enumeration of CTCs is of clinical importance in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer metastasis; however the rareness of CTCs, comprising as few as one tumor cell in the background of one million-one billion of normal blood cells, has made the effective detection of the cells extremely difficult. Here we report a novel surface chemistry that utilizes the multivalent effect for a highly stable cancer cell capture. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been reported as an excellent multivalent binding mediator due to their deformability and multiple functional groups. PAMAM dendrimers were conjugated with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecules (aEpCAM), a commonly used antibody for CTC detection. A direct, quantitative analysis using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that the aEpCAM-dendrimer conjugates exhibited a dramatically enhanced binding avidity by a million-fold, compared to free aEpCAM. Dendrimers and aEpCAM were successfully immobilized on the surfaces, as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The surfaces were tested using in vitro cell lines (MDA-MB-361, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cells as a CTC model). Surface immobilization of the dendrimer-aEpCAM conjugates resulted in a significantly enhanced tumor cell detection than the surfaces with the linear PEG-aEpCAM conjugates by ∼1.9 fold with higher binding stability over agitation (up to 69.1-fold). The enhancement through dendrimer-mediated multivalent binding effect was further increased up to 7-fold with addition of E-selectin that recruits the cancer cells onto the surface and induces their rolling under flow. This study demonstrates a novel surface engineering approach to exploiting the strong multivalent binding for sensitive detection of tumor cells, which has great potential for clinically significant detection of CTCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2388. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2388
Pigment Dichotomy and DNA-RNA Hybridization Data for Centrospermous Families'

The structural types, biogenesis and distribution of betalains and anthocyanins in centrospermous families are reviewed. The implications of the pigment and DNA-RNA hybridization data, along with other evidence, are discussed with respect to the view that the evolutionary line of centrospermous families contains eleven basic or core families of which nine produce betalains and two, theCaryophyllaceae andMolluginaceae, produce anthocyanins; it is suggested that the betalain and anthocyanin families developed from a common ancestor at a time prior to the widespread occurrence of floral pigments in angiosperms.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN OUTCOMES OF CIRRHOSIS DUE TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AND HEPATITIS C

The objective of this study was to prospectively define outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and compare them with those associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared 152 patients with cirrhosis due to NASH with 150 matched patients with cirrhosis due to HCV. Over 10 years, 29/152 patients with cirrhosis due to NASH died compared with 44/150 patients with HCV (P < .04). This was mainly due to the lower mortality rate in patients with Child class A cirrhosis due to NASH versus HCV (3/74 vs. 15/75; P < .004). There were no significant across-group differences in mortality in patients with Child class B or C cirrhosis. Sepsis was the most common cause of death in both groups; patients with NASH had a higher cardiac mortality (8/152 vs. 1/150; P < .03). Patients with Child class A cirrhosis due to NASH also had a significantly lower risk of decompensation, defined by a 2-point increase in Child-Turcotte-Pugh score (P < .007). Cirrhosis due to NASH was associated with a lower rate of development of ascites (14/101 vs. 40/97 patients at risk; P < .006). NASH also had a significantly lower risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (10/149 vs. 25/147 patients at risk; P < .01). In conclusion, compensated cirrhosis due to NASH is associated with a lower mortality rate compared with that due to HCV. It is also associated with a lower rate of development of ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, cardiovascular mortality is greater in patients with NASH.
REDUCTION IN PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN CARPAL TUNNEL DECOMPRESSION

Patients treated by open carpal tunnel decompression under local anaesthetic experience significant pain with the introduction of local anaesthetic before operation. A prospective double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial was carried out to assess whether this pain could be reduced with the pre-application of a topical lignocaine-prilocaine anaesthetic cream. Nineteen patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral operations were studied. Pain, measured with a visual analogue scale, was significantly reduced on the sides treated with anaesthetic cream. On a four point verbal scale the rating on the placebo side was “moderate” or “severe”, compared to “mild” on the anaesthetic cream side. The reduction in pain was greater in women, possibly due to a relatively thinner dermis. There were no adverse effects.
Institutional Structure and the Logic of Ongoing Collective Action

Work by Axelrod, Hardin, and Taylor indicates that problems of repeated collective action may lessen if people use decentralized strategies of reciprocity to induce mutual cooperation. Hobbes's centralized solution may thus be overrated. We investigate these issues by representing ongoing collective action as an n-person repeated prisoner's dilemma. The results show that decentralized conditional cooperation can ease iterated collective action dilemmas—if all players perfectly monitor the relation between individual choices and group payoffs. Once monitoring uncertainty is introduced, such strategies degrade rapidly in value, and centrally administered selective incentives become relatively more valuable. Most importantly, we build on a suggestion of Herbert Simon by showing that a hierarchical structure, with reciprocity used in subunits and selective incentives centrally administered, combines the advantages of the decentralized and centralized solutions. This hierarchical form is more stable than the decentralized structure and often secures more cooperation than the centralized structure. Generally, the model shows that the logic of repeated decision making has significant implications for the institutional forms of collective action.
The influence of aging and thermomechanical treatments on the fatigue properties of an Al-6.5 at.% Zn alloy☆

Abstract The effects produced by conventional aging and thermomechanical treatments (TMT) on the microstructures, and their influence on the fatigue properties of an Al-6.5 at.% Zn alloy were investigated. To assess the influence of the microstructures on the fatigue properties, all alloys were aged to give the same initial static yield stress. Cycling induced in the conventionally aged alloys an excessive deformation structure at grain boundaries, which was associated with the formation of precipitation-free zones (PFZ's), and an inhomogeneous, transgranular, banded dislocation structure, which resulted from the cutting of G.P. zones by moving dislocations. By contrast, cycling induced in TMT alloys a deformation structure uniformly distributed throughout the grains. These alloys exhibited for high-cycle fatigue a tenfold increase in fatigue lives and a 15% increase of the endurance limit. The improvement of the fatigue properties by TMT was attributed to an effective dispersal of slip, thereby increasing the resistance to crack nucleation. Fatigue-induced boundary migration was found in specimens aged to contain predominantly G.P. zones when subjected to high-cycle fatigue. The driving force was attributed to the strain energy of dislocations, which accumulated excessively in PFZ's adjacent to the grain boundaries.
Cerebral control of the bladder in normal and urge-incontinent women

Abstract Aim: To identify age-related changes in the normal brain/bladder control system, and differences between urge incontinence in younger and older women, as shown by brain responses to bladder filling; and to use age, bladder volume, urge incontinence and detrusor overactivity (DO) as probes to reveal control system function. Functional MRI was used to examine regional brain responses to bladder infusion in 21 females (26–85 years): 11 “cases” with urge incontinence and DO (proven previously) and 10 normal “controls”. Responses and their age dependence were determined at small and large bladder volumes, in whole brain and in regions of interest representing right insula and anterior cingulate (ACG). In “controls”, increasing bladder volume/sensation led to increasing insular responses; with increasing age, insular responses became weaker. In younger “cases”, ACG responded abnormally strongly at large bladder volumes/strong sensation. Elderly “cases” showed strong ACG responses even at small bladder volume but more moderate responses at larger volumes; if DO occurred, pontine micturition center (PMC) activation did not increase. Conclusion: Among normal “controls”, increasing age leads to decreased responses in brain regions involved in bladder control, including right insula, consistent with its role in mapping normal bladder sensations. Strong ACG activation occurs in urge-incontinent “cases” and may be a sign of urgency, indicating recruitment of alternative pathways when loss of bladder control is feared. Easier ACG provocation in older “cases” reflects lack of physiological reserve or different etiology. ACG responses seem associated with PMC inhibition: reduced ACG activity accompanies failure of inhibition (DO).
Visualizing subsurface burrowing by the polychaete Alitta virens with particle image velocimetry

Infauna, animals that live in marine sediments, alter physical, chemical, and biological properties of their habitats through burrowing and other activities. Though important, infaunal behavior is notoriously difficult to study. Sediments are resistant to imaging techniques because they scatter radiation and are dense and opaque, and measurements made across aquarium walls are subject to artifacts. In this study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to indirectly observe the activity of the marine polychaete Alitta virens as it burrowed in sand and to measure its horizontal burrowing speed. The mean burrowing speed of 1.6 mm s-1 for A. virens is the first published measurement of subsurface burrowing speed in sand. The extent of surficial sediment displacement was also measured. This study demonstrates the utility of PIV as a method for observing burrowing behavior and suggests potential applications in laboratory and field studies of burrowing behavior.
Manual therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis: a comprehensive physical therapy approach

A physical therapy approach to lumbar spinal stenosis involves techniques directed at opening up the neurovascular spaces in the lumbar spine to reduce the stenosis. This entails manual therapy techniques for improving intervertebral motion, regaining neural mobility, and restoring muscle function, followed by an active exercise program that often involves flexion exercises. Techniques for unloading the spine and patient education are included in this physical therapy approach. A successful functional outcome requires a comprehensive and individualized approach to the patient with spinal stenosis.
Reactions of potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) with molten sulfur and with potassium tetrasulfide in molten sulfur

Abstract Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) reacts with molten sulfur at 200°C to give, after work-up of the reaction mixture and treatment with tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium hexathiocyanato-N-nickelate(II) as the major product. At 140°C, the nickel(II) cyano complex does not react with molten sulfur but is converted to a paramagnetic, light green, apparently polynuclear material by potassium tetrasulfide in the molten solvent. The green substance has been shown to contain coordinated sulfide and some of the nickel in a higher oxidation state than the common +2. The magnetic susceptibility of the substance is reasonably interpreted in tems of the presence of paramagnetic (tetrahedral) nickel(II) and diamagnetic nickel(IV).
Identifying stochastic basin hopping by partitioning with graph modularity

It has been known that noise in a stochastically perturbed dynamical system can destroy what was the original zero-noise case barriers in the phase space (pseudobarrier). Noise can cause the basin hopping. We use the Frobenius-Perron operator and its finite rank approximation by the Ulam-Galerkin method to study transport mechanism of a noisy map. In order to identify the regions of high transport activity in the phase space and to determine flux across the pseudobarriers, we adapt a new graph theoretical method which was developed to detect active pseudobarriers in the original phase space of the stochastic dynamic. Previous methods to identify basins and basin barriers require a priori knowledge of a mathematical model of the system, and hence cannot be applied to observed time series data of which a mathematical model is not known. Here we describe a novel graph method based on optimization of the modularity measure of a network and introduce its application for determining pseudobarriers in the phase space of a multi-stable system only known through observed data. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermal conductivity and quantum diffusion in solid H2

The thermal conductivity κ of solid H2 and the NMR absorption signal of isolated o-H2 were measured simultaneously along isotherms 0.07<T<1.5 K as a function of time after a rapid cooldown from 2 K. The o-H2 concentration ranged from 3.4% to 0.4%, and the pressure was ∼90 atm. During the measurements, clustering of o-H2 particles occurred as seen from the changes both of the NMR signal amplitude and of κ with time t. The difference Δκ−1=κ−1(∞)−κ−1(0) between the thermal resistivity κ−1(t=0) just after cool down and in equilibrium, κ−1(∞), was found to change sign near 0.23 K, and this result is discussed with respect to previous experiments. The equilibrium resistivity attributed to the o-H2 impurities,\(\kappa _{o - H_2 }^{ - 1} \), is derived and is compared with previous determinations and with predictions. An analysis of the equilibration process for κ−1 and for the NMR signal amplitude is presented. It shows that the characteristic times are of comparable but not equal magnitude. Comparison of the τ derived from NMR data atP=90 and 0 atm favors resonant ortho-para conversion over quantum tunneling as the leading mechanism for quantum diffusion.
Music as a Medium for Cohort Development

This article describes a grounded-theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) qualitative research study on the use of a peer-to-peer music exchange group to explore the process of cohort development among five counselors-in-training. Interview questions focused on personal experiences in choosing the songs and on interpersonal dynamics that participants shared with others. Two rounds of interviews were conducted and coded by the authors. A final focus group was completed to ensure participants concurred with the constructed theory. The primary theme identified within the grounded theory was a connection to self and others. Risk taking, wants, music as a medium, and emotions are subthemes that inform the primary theme. Implications and future research possibilities are presented.
Physicians, social media, and conflict of interest.

Physicians and patients increasingly use social media technologies, such as Facebook, Twitter, and weblogs (blogs), both professionally and personally. Amidst recent reports of physician misbehavior online, as well as concerns about social media’s potential negative effect on trust in the medical profession, several national-level physician organizations have created professional guidelines on social media use by physicians. Missing from these guidelines is adequate attention to conflict of interest. Some guidelines do not explicitly mention conflict of interest; others recommend only disclosure. Recommending disclosure fails to appreciate the unique features of social media that make adequate disclosure difficult to accomplish. Moreover, in emphasizing disclosure alone, current guidelines are inconsistent with medicine’s general trend toward management or elimination, not just disclosure, of potential conflicts. Because social media sites typically rely on physicians’ voluntary compliance with professional norms, physicians necessarily play a major role in shaping these norms’ content and scope. To achieve the benefits of social media and ensure the veracity of social media content while preserving trust in the profession, physicians must reaffirm their commitment to disclose potential conflicts; advocate for better electronic disclosure mechanisms; and develop concrete management strategies—including, where necessary, the elimination of conflicts altogether.
The impact of boundary conditions and mesh size on the accuracy of cancellous bone tissue modulus determination using large-scale finite-element modeling

The apparent properties of cancellous bone are determined by a combination of both hard tissue properties and microstructural organization. A method is desired to extract the underlying hard tissue properties from simple mechanical tests, free from the complications of microstructure. It has been suggested that microCT voxel-based large-scale finite element models could be employed to accomplish this goal (van Rietbergen et al., 1995, Journal of Biomechanics, 28, 69-81). This approach has recently been implemented and it is becoming increasingly popular as finite element models increase in size and sophistication (Fyhrie et al., 1997, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Francisco, CA, p. 815; van Rietbergen et al., 1997, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Francisco, CA, p. 62). However, no direct quantitative measurements of the accuracy of this method applied to porous structures such as cancellous bone have been made. This project demonstrates the feasibility of this approach by quantifying its best-case accuracy in determining the trabecular hard tissue modulus of analogues fabricated of a material with known material properties determined independently by direct testing. In addition we were able to assess the impact of mesh size and boundary conditions on accuracy. We found that the assumption of a frictionless boundary condition in the parallel plate compression loading configuration was a significant source of error that could be overcome with the use of rigid end-caps similar to those used by Keaveny et al. (1997 Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15(1), 101-110). In conclusion, we found that this approach is an effective method for determining the average trabecular hard tissue properties of human cancellous bone with an expected practical accuracy level better than 5%.
Human A β-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein accumulates in rat brain cells after cultured human leptomeningeal fibroblast implants

Abstract Cultured human leptomeningeal fibroblasts grafted into rat frontal cortex were localized to the implant pocket and to adjacent host leptomeninges. Immunohistochemical studies using a panel of human-specific and domain-specific APP antibodies revealed that all grafted cells expressed both APP and A β in situ. Remarkably, these antibodies also labeled rat pial and ependymal cells as well as reactive astrocytes adjacent to vessels. In addition, apical projections and cell bodies of many cortical pyramidal neurons contained human-specific APP immunoreactive material. Groups of subcortical neurons, particularly those of the amygdala, hippocampal formation and suprachiasmatic nuclei, were similarly labeled. The presence of human APP in host brains was confirmed by immunoblotting. Birefringent Congo Red staining was observed in the cortical neuropil and in leptomeningeal vessels. These data indicate that grafted leptomeningeal fibroblasts hyperexpress APP and A β which can diffuse into parenchyma and be taken up by specific rat cells.
A SERVICE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN AREAS

This study applies procedures developed by Nelson for his classic article on "A Service Classification of American Cities" to examine patterns of employment specialization among SMSAs in 1980. Frequency distributions of employment proportions by sector among metropolitan areas and maps of the locations of metropolitan areas specialized in different sectors reveal that many of the patterns previously observed for 1950 continue to be apparent, although there have been some notable changes, For example, service industries replaced manufacturing industries as the leading employment sector in many metropolitan areas between 1950 and 1980. For SMSAs in 1980, analysis of variance tests fail to support the thesis that employment specialization is closely tied to differences in population scale for most major employment sectors.
Do Positive Nutrition Shelf Labels Affect Consumer Behavior? Findings from a Field Experiment with Scanner Data

Shoppersareexposedtoanever-growingnum-ber of nutrition labels in grocery stores. Manu-facturers display nutrition claims such as “lowfat,”“lowcalorie,”and“zerotransfat”onprod-uct packaging in attempts to draw favorableattention to their products. Certain manufac-turers have even created their own proprietarylabels,suchasPepsi’sSmartChoiceandKraft’sSensible Solution, designed to help shoppersevaluate healthy products within their brands.Health advocacy groups allow the use of theirnamesonproducts,suchastheAmericanHeartAssociation’s Heart-Check label. Some gro-cery store chains offer their own proprietarynutrition labels, which they afﬁx on productsthatmeettheirowndeﬁnitionsofhealthy.Suchnutrition labels are intended to reduce searchcosts for shoppers who want to identify prod-ucts with speciﬁc characteristics. For example,a diabetic shopper may use a label identifying“no sugar added,”while a hypertensive personmay focus on “low sodium” labels. Nutritionlabels may ultimately complement products byhighlighting favorable quality characteristics(Becker and Murphy 1993).While it is reasonable for one to expectthat positive nutrition information will com-plement a product,there may also be instances
Robust hovering control of a PVTOL aircraft

We study robust hovering control of vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft. For hovering control, we can model a V/STOL aircraft as a planar vertical takeoff and landing (PVTOL) aircraft. We use an optimal control approach to design a robust hovering control. The resulting control is a nonlinear state feedback whose robustness is demonstrated by numerical simulations.
Vent hole size analysis for high-frequency systems chassis design

This paper presents the electromagnetic interference shielding impact due to air vent holes on electronic systems chassis. In the study, finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations are used to investigate effects of aperture hole size on shielding performance. A numerical analysis is then proposed which enables mathematical quantification of expected shielding as a function of holes number, size, depth and hole-to-hole separation distance.
Normal Akt/PKB with reduced PI3K activation in insulin-resistant mice

Insulin stimulates muscle and adipose tissue to absorb glucose through a signaling cascade that is incompletely understood. Insulin resistance, the inability of insulin to appropriately stimulate glucose uptake, is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of experimental systems that model human insulin resistance is important in elucidating the defects responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes. When two strains of mice, BTBR and C57BL/6J (B6), are crossed, the resultant male offspring (BtB6) demonstrate insulin resistance in muscle tissue. Here, we report an insulin resistance phenotype in adipose tissue from lean, nondiabetic BtB6 mice similar to that observed in human muscle. Adipocytes isolated from insulin-resistant male mice display 65% less insulin-stimulated glucose uptake compared with insulin-sensitive female mice. Similarly, adipocytes from insulin-resistant mice have diminished insulin-stimulated IRS-1 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. However, normal activation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) by insulin is observed. Thus BtB6 mice demonstrate the dissociation of insulin-stimulated PI3K activity and Akt/PKB activation and represent a useful model to investigate the causes of insulin resistance in humans.
Lithium-B-Iso-2-ethylapopinocampheyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl hydride as an improved reagent for asymmetric reduction of unhindered aliphatic ketones. Further evidence for the improved enantioselectivity in reductions by reagents containing increased steric requirements at the 2-position of the apopinene structure

Abstract Lithium B-iso-2-ethylapopinocampheyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl hydride (Eapine-Hydride), prepared by hydroboration of 2-ethylapopinene with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, followed by treatment with tert-butyllithium, is as effective as NB-Enantride for the chiral reduction of prochiral ketones. For example Eapine-Hydride reduces 2-octanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, and acetylcyclohexane in 77% (75%, 79%), 77%, (68%), and 80% (80%) ee, respectively, at −100°C. (Values in parenthesis are for NB-enantride).
POLYMORPHIC TAXA, MISSING VALUES AND CLADISTIC ANALYSIS

Missing values have been used in cladistic analyses when data are unavailable, inapplicable or sometimes when character states are variable within terminal taxa. The practice of scoring taxa as having “missing values” for polymorphic characters introduces errors into the calculation of cladogram lengths and consistency indices because some character change is hidden within terminals. Because these hidden character steps are not counted, the set of most parsimonious cladograms may differ from those that would be found if polymorphic taxa had been broken into monomorphic subunits. In some cases, the trees found when polymorphisms are scored as missing values may not include any of the most parsimonious trees found when the data are scored properly. Additionally, in some cases, polymorphic taxa may be found to be polyphyletic when broken into monomorphic subunits; this is undetected when polymorphisms are treated as missing. Because of these problems, terminal units in cladistic analysis should be based on unique, fixed combinations of characters. Polymorphic taxa should be subdivided into subunits that are monomorphic for each character used in the analysis. Disregarding errors in topology, the additional hidden steps in a cladogram in which polymorphisms are scored as missing can be calculated by a simple formula, based on the observation that if it is assumed that polymorphic terminals include all combinations of character states, 2p− 1 additional steps are required for each taxon in which p polymorphic binary characters are scored as missing values. Thus, when several polymorphisms are scored as missing in the same taxon, very large errors can be introduced into the calculation of tree length.