cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the Black Guys Got to Kill All the White Guys and Still Be Good: An Essay on the Changing Dynamics of Race in American Action Cinema

There was a time, not so long ago, when a black man - a good black man - killing a white man in an action movie was tentatively accomplished. Not the killing itself, which was as bold and as marked by "righteousness" as the killing of bad whites by good whites. The tentativeness was, rather, both formal and narrative meaning that it was most evident in the careful unfolding of story and character within the limited universe of the film itself. Whites were changed a little, at first, becoming evil, faceless, and generic in new ways and blacks, the good blacks charged with dispatching these new bad white were, at least in the beginning, always flanked by more heroic heroes - white men - wilder men willing to kill and killing more effectively than their darker skinned counterparts. But that was only the beginning. What began as tentative within the narrative structure and characterization of action films has since exploded into a new pattern of race relations evident in, if not governing, a good many of the action films of the new millennium. Black men now are not only buddies paying second fiddle to the rampages of their white counterparts (Pfeil 1995); they are not only expendable characters sent off by whites, like a canary in a cage, to test the efficacy of unseen adversaries, nor are they merely scenery, filling up streets or starships - a silent fluid and chromatic backdrop against which the action takes place (Wallace 1995). Black men now are also, and often, heroes in their own right. They are cast as vengeful and lively characters, both likable and utterly fantastic, and they kill, as all action heroes must, with indiscretion. Who they kill is the topic of this essay, and not only who they kill, but how that killing has come to form the very ground - the necessary premise - of both their heroism and their goodness. Or to put it another way, we know them to be heroes not despite the fact that they kill white characters but because of it.
Effects of leucine, isoleucine, or threonine infusion on leucine metabolism in humans.

Leucine and/or its alpha-keto acid, alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC), have been reported to spare protein in humans. To determine whether specific amino acid infusions affect whole-body protein metaboli...
Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Trial

Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Trial. Gregory Matoesian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ix. 267pp., notes, references, index.
The role of manufacturing defects in munition component failures

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate performs numerous failure analysis investigations on munition-related components. Many of the failures are attributable to defects that can be traced back to the manufacturing process. Typical manufacturing defects encountered include those associated with the material, forging, casting, welding, and heat treatment processes. Dimensional anomalies have also been noted. Munition component failures are very costly and may seriously affect the safety and readiness of the armed forces. Additionally, repeated failure may lead to the grounding (removal from service) of a system, depending on the severity of the problem. Specific examples of component defects/failures discussed in this report include bomb fin retaining bands, general purpose bomb suspension lugs, missile launcher attachment bolts, cluster bomb tailcones, general purpose bomb fins, and Gatling gun breech bolt assemblies. This paper focuses on the importance of proper manufacturing techniques to the munitions industry and, by inference, to numerous other industries.
The Sixty-Sixth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

The results of the Sixty-Sixth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, held December 3, 2005, follow. They have been determined in accordance with the regulations governing the Competition. The contest is supported by the William Lowell Putnam Prize Fund for the Promotion of Scholarship, an endowment established by Mrs. Putnam in memory of her husband. The annual Competition is held under the auspices of the Mathematical Association of America. The first prize, $25,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University. The members of the winning team were Tiankai Liu, Alison B. Miller, and Tong Zhang; each was awarded a prize of $1,000. The second prize, $20,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Princeton University. The members of the winning team were Ana Caraiani, Andrei Negut, and Aaron C. Pixton; each was awarded a prize of $800. The third prize, $15,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Duke University. The members of the winning team were Nikifor C. Bliznashki, Jason Fer guson, and Lingren Zhang; each was awarded a prize of $600. The fourth prize, $10,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The members of the winning team were Tim othy G. Abbott, Vladimir Barzov, and Daniel M. Kane; each was awarded a prize of $400. The fifth prize, $5,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the Uni versity of Waterloo. The members of the winning team were Olena Bormashenko, Ralph Furmaniak, and Xiannan Li; each was awarded a prize of $200. The six highest ranking individual contestants, the Putnam Fellows, in alphabetical order, were Oleg I. Golberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Mathew M. Ince, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Daniel M. Kane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ricky I. Liu, Harvard University; Tiankai Liu, Harvard University; and Aaron C. Pixton, Princeton University. Each receives an award of $2,500. The next ten highest ranking contestants, in alphabetical order, were: Robert M. Barrington Leigh, University of Toronto; Thomas D. Belulovich, Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology; Richard V. Biggs, Carnegie Mellon University; Steven J. Byrnes, Harvard University; Alexander R. Fink, University of Calgary; Po-Ru Loh, California Institute of Technology; Alison B. Miller, Harvard University; Thanasin Nampaisarn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Eric C. Price, Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology; and Kuat T Yessenov, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each receives an award of $1,000. The next eight highest ranking contestants, in alphabetical order, were: Ralph Fur maniak, University of Waterloo; Hyun Soo Kim, Massachusetts Institute of Technol ogy; Zhiwei Calvin Lin, University of Chicago; Roger Mong, University of Toronto; Andrei Negut, Princeton University; Dimiter V. Ostrev, Yale University; Steven W. Sivek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Lingren Zhang, Duke University. Each receives an award of $250.
Justices Denied: A County-Level Analysis of the 2010 Iowa Supreme Court Retention Election

In 2010 the Iowa electorate denied retention to all three Supreme Court justices on the ballot. We hypothesize that when retention elections feature vigorous campaigns, they can be explained by many of the same factors that affect outcomes in partisan and nonpartisan elections. In particular, we expect partisanship, the amount of campaigning (advertising), and political context (same-sex marriage) to explain the results in Iowa. We examine county-level election results, finding that the partisanship and concentration of evangelicals within a county, as well as the amount of advertising against the justices, explain the justices' vote share. We also find evidence that ballot roll-off decreased most in counties with high concentrations of evangelical adherents and where advertising was present.
Forte, James, A. (2006). Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Models, Metaphors, and Maps for Applying Theoretical Perspectives to Practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole (634 pp., $80.95, pb, ISBN 0-495-00659-9)

As a social work student in the 1980s, I was introduced to Francis Turner's Social Work Treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches. Turner emphasized that practitioners needed to have a plurali...
In-flight mass separation of 205Rn, 206Rn and 207Rn fusion recoils from the 197Au(14N, xn) reaction using an energy-mass spectrograph☆

Abstract A recently constructed energy-mass spectrograph has been used to study the in-flight fusion products from the reaction 197Au(14N, xn)211−xnRn. Direct mass separation of the evaporation residues 205Rn, 206Rn, 207Rn have been achieved. They are detected by alpha-disintegration tracks on nuclear emulsions located at the spectrograph's focal plane. The velocity spectrum and angular distribution of the recoils is determined directly and compared to predictions of multiple scattering and neutron evaporation predictions. The test of the spectrograph in this study determines practical limits on cross sections and degree of multiple scattering for which in-flight detection of fusion recoils is feasible.
A LINE-1 component to human aging: Do LINE elements exact a longevity cost for evolutionary advantage?

Advancing age remains the largest risk factor for devastating diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The mechanisms by which advancing age predisposes to disease are now beginning to unfold, due in part, to genetic and environmental manipulations of longevity in lower organisms. Converging lines of evidence suggest that DNA damage may be a final common pathway linking several proposed mechanisms of aging. The present review forwards a theory for an additional aging pathway that involves modes of inherent genetic instability. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are endogenous non-LTR retrotransposons that compose about 20% of the human genome. The LINE-1 (L1) gene products, ORF1p and ORF2p, possess mRNA binding, endonuclease, and reverse transcriptase activity that enable retrotransposition. While principally active only during embryogenesis, L1 transcripts are detected in adult somatic cells under certain conditions. The present hypothesis proposes that L1s act as an 'endogenous clock', slowly eroding genomic integrity by competing with the organism's double-strand break repair mechanism. Thus, while L1s are an accepted mechanism of genetic variation fueling evolution, it is proposed that longevity is negatively impacted by somatic L1 activity. The theory predicts testable hypotheses about the relationship between L1 activity, DNA repair, healthy aging, and longevity.
An enduring schema: the image of the Chinese in American prime time television dramas

This study implements an in-depth investigation about the image of the Chinese presented in American prime time television dramas. Content analysis was utilized to record the portrayal of the Chine...
Microstructural mechanism for the anomalous tensile behavior of aluminum-killed steel prestrained in plane strain tension

Abstract Aluminum-killed steel subjected to a tensile deformation following a prestrain in plane strain tension exhibits increases in yield strength, an earlier onset of strain localization and less work hardening than it would exhibit had it been subjected to an equivalent uniaxial prestrain. The effects are generally larger if the tensile axis is orthogonal to the prestrain axis. To understand the substructural origin of such anomalous behavior, transmission electron microscopy of the steel was performed after each step of processing. It has been found that, when the tensile axis is orthogonal to the prestrain axis, the dislocation cell structure of the prestrain becomes unstable and “dissolves”, whereas it is stable and reinforced if the tensile axis is parallel to the prestrain axis. These differences in substructure and the concepts of cell wall “polarization” and “memory” have been used to account for the anomalous tensile behavior of the prestrained material.
Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.
THE ELUCIDATION OF THE KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF THE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF DIMETHYL ETHER IN OXYGEN BY TRANSIENT PHENOMENA

Thermal desorption experiments with different heating schemes were used to study the kinetics and mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) on supported Pt catalysts. The experimental apparatuses were fully automated by using a microcomputer control system. This made possible direct evaluations of several key kinetic parameters as well as long-term evaluations of the catalysts. The oxidation of DME catalyzed by Pt/SiO2-Al2O3, catalyst has been shown to involve the chemisorption of DME on the support and the chemisorption of oxygen on Pt metal sites. The surface reaction between chemisorbed DME and oxygen was found to be the rate-determining step under the experimental conditions investigated. The proposed reaction mechanism using the kinetic parameters estimated from the thermal desorption experiments predicts the experimental results very well. Acetylene was found to have a promotional effect for the reaction. It is believed that carbon from acetylene plays a key role in this reaction...
The nature of friction: A critical assessment

Friction is an essential part of human experience. We need traction to walk, stand, work, and drive. At the same time, we need energy to overcome the resistance to motion, hence, too much friction costs excess energy to perform work, introducing inefficiencies. In the 21st century, we are facing the dual challenges of energy shortage and global warming from burning fossil fuels. Therefore, the ability to control friction has become a top priority in our world today. Yet our understanding of the fundamental nature of friction is still lacking.
Distal lenticulostriate artery aneurysm rupture presenting as intraparenchymal hemorrhage: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Aneurysms involving the distal lenticulostriate artery branches are a rare cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. We report a case of ruptured lenticulostriate aneurysm in an otherwise healthy patient and review the literature on this topic. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Computed tomography showed a right basal ganglia hemorrhage in a 44-year-old Native American woman with acute left hemiparesis. Cerebral angiography showed a 2-mm aneurysm in a distal lenticulostriate artery branch. TECHNIQUE A pterional craniotomy was performed on a delayed basis using computed tomographic angiography and frameless stereotactic guidance. The basal ganglia hematoma was evacuated, and the aneurysm was identified and clipped using microsurgical technique. Because the base of the aneurysm involved a portion of the parent vessel wall, it was wrapped with cotton and reinforced with cyanoacrylate glue. The patient did well after surgery and was discharged to home with outpatient rehabilitation on the third postoperative day. CONCLUSION Although intraparenchymal hemorrhages are fairly common, the underlying vascular abnormality is rarely identified. Most are related to hypertensive vascular degeneration, rupture of a Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm, or both. When intracerebral hemorrhage occurs in young patients, however, aggressive investigation is warranted to rule out a structural vascular abnormality.
Quantifying ice sheet flow characteristics

Advances have been made in describing ice sheet motion, but in situ rheology (characteristics that affect the flow) of the ice has been hard to measure in the field.Gillet-Chaulet et al. show that they can measure ice rheology and strain rates in situ using a phase-sensitive radar. They used the technique on the Greenland ice sheet to quantify the rheology there. The researchers were able to achieve sufficient resolution to measure a flow phenomenon known as the Raymond effect, in which the ice sheet shows horizontal variations of the vertical strain rate pattern, sometimes creating anticlines in radar-detected stratigraphic layers that are known as Raymond arches. This effect is due to a highly viscous plug of nearly stagnant ice under an ice ridge. The study is, the researchers believe, the first direct confirmation of the Raymond effect. Their results suggest that laboratory ice studies do not capture the full range of ice flow that exists in nature, so additional field studies are needed. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL049843, 2011)
Patient Education and Informed Consent for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Health Literacy for Genetics and Assisted Reproductive Technology

Purpose: Innovative applications of genetic testing have emerged within the field of assisted reproductive technology through preimplantation genetic diagnosis. As in all forms of genetic testing, adequate genetic counseling and informed consent are critical. Despite the growing recognition of the role of informed consent in genetic testing, there is little data available about how this process occurs in the setting of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study of in vitro fertilization clinics offering preimplantation genetic diagnosis in the United States was conducted to assess patient education and informed consent practices. Descriptive data were collected with a self-administered survey instrument. Results: More than half of the clinics offering preimplantation genetic diagnosis required genetic counseling before preimplantation genetic diagnosis (56%). Genetic counseling was typically performed by certified genetic counselors (84%). Less than half (37%) of the clinics required a separate informed consent process for genetic testing of embryonic cells. At a majority of those clinics requiring a separate informed consent for genetic testing (54%), informed consent for preimplantation genetic diagnosis and genetic testing took place as a single event before beginning in vitro fertilization procedures. Conclusions: The results suggest that patient education and informed consent practices for preimplantation genetic diagnosis have yet to be standardized. These findings warrant the establishment of professional guidelines for patient education and informed consent specific to embryonic genetic testing.
Laparoscopic control of bleeding liver laceration

The role of laparoscopy in the management of solid-organ intraabdominal injuries has still not been fully elucidated. The following is a case report of successful laparoscopic control of a bleeding liver laceration, grade III (following CT-guided liver biopsy), after unsuccessful attempts at angiographic embolization.
Titanium-dioxide nanotube p-n homojunction diode

Application of semiconductors in functional optoelectronic devices requires precise control over their doping and formation of junction between p- and n-doped semiconductors. While doped thin films have led to several semiconductor devices, need for high-surface area nanostructured devices for photovoltaic, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications has been hindered by lack of desired doping in nanostructures. Here, we show titanium-dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes doped with nitrogen (N) and niobium (Nb) as acceptors and donors, respectively, and formation of TiO2 nanotubes p-n homojunction. This TiO2:N/TiO2:Nb homojunction showed distinct diode-like behaviour with rectification ratio of 1115 at ±5 V and exhibited good photoresponse for ultraviolet light (λ = 365 nm) with sensitivity of 0.19 A/W at reverse bias of −5 V. These results can have important implications for development of nanostructured metal-oxide solar-cells, photodiodes, LED's, photocatalysts, and photoelectrochemical devices.
Estimating lung mechanics of dogs with unilateral lung injury

Extended least-squares algorithms using transpulmonary pressure and airways flow data from ventilatory waveforms were studied for their ability to track parameters of one- and two-compartment models of lung mechanics. A recursive extended least-squares algorithm with discounted measures estimated parameters of discrete-time models during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. In tests on seven dogs developing oleic acid-induced unilateral hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, the one-compartment estimator responded rapidly and appropriately to changes in mechanics. One-compartment parameter estimates revealed a difference between the airway resistance of inspiration and expiration. Two-compartment estimates were seldom physiologically plausible. The difference between inspiratory and expiratory resistance may have caused the two-compartment estimator to fail when applied to data from the entire respiratory cycle; when only expiratory data were used for estimation, the two-compartment estimates were meaningful. These estimates demonstrated increasing lung inhomogeneity after oleic acid was injected. It is concluded that the one- and two-compartment estimates can be combined to provide a meaningful assessment of lung mechanics. >
Inverted fluvial features in the Aeolis-Zephyria Plana, western Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars: Evidence for post-formation modification

[1] The Aeolis and Zephyria Plana contain the western-most portion of the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), an enigmatic and extensive light-toned deposit located in the Martian equatorial region and dated from the Hesperian to Amazonian epochs. This area hosts a large population of sinuous ridges (SRs), interpreted as inverted fluvial features, formed by precipitation, indurated by chemical cementation, buried by subsequent deposition, and finally exhumed. This interpretation of SRs as uniformly fluvial represents a modification to an earlier hypothesis for one particular SR of possible glaciofluvial (i.e. esker) formation. These SRs provide a tool to investigate the degree and character of post-fluvial modification processes in this region. We combined digital terrain models made from Context Camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) stereo image pairs with individual data points from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) to estimate relief, cross-sectional profiles, longitudinal profiles and slope directions of selected SRs. Longitudinal profiles of several SRs display undulations with amplitudes of up to order 100 m. While some of the lower amplitude undulations may be due to differential erosion, undulations having amplitudes in excess of SR relief require alternative explanations. Our combined morphologic and topographic analysis suggests that multiple post-flow processes, including compaction of the deposits and tectonic displacements, have modified the original SR profiles. Specification of the type(s) and magnitudes of these modification processes will contribute to understanding both the potential of post-flow modification of fluvial profiles elsewhere on Mars as well as the nature and properties of the MFF.
The defensive secretion of the opisthobranch mollusc Onchidella binneyi

Abstract Opisthobranch molluscs of the family Onchidiacea have been reported to employ a chemical deterrent as a protection against predators. A single lipid-soluble compound, onchidal, has been isolated from the defensive secretion of Onchidella binneyi. The structure of onchidal was determined from spectral data and from chemical degradation studies.
Hops— Their botany, history, production and utilization

The female cone-like inflorescences oi this vine are composed of scales covered with glandular hairs which produce, among other compounds, the bitter principle which has long been an indispensable ingredient in the brewing of beer. These largescale catkins have been used also in medicine because of their sedative and soporific properties, and as a tonic.
Comments on: Stability in linear optimization and related topics. A personal tour

This paper gives an impressive survey of recent studies of stability properties of linear/convex infinitely constrained problems. The author of this article is a leading expert in that area of research and was an active contributor to many of these studies. For the chosen topics of this survey, the presentation is so thorough that it is difficult to add or suggest any changes. Rather in this discussion we will try to give a somewhat different perspective on the topic of stability of optimization problems. Of course in doing so our choice of discussed topics is subjective and could be considered as a complement to the results surveyed in the above paper.
Current management of extracranial carotid occlusive disease.

A T A A w a l u troke continues to be a major public health concern, with ore than 750,000 strokes occurring per year in the nited States, making it the third most common cause of eath and the leading neurologic cause of longterm disabilty. The majority of strokes are ischemic in nature, and up o 20% of ischemic strokes are a result of carotid artery therosclerotic disease. Treatment of carotid artery stenosis s aimed at preventing ischemic events caused by emboliation of components of the atherosclerotic plaque, and ess commonly, by hemodynamic compromise secondary o progression to occlusion of a previously narrowed but atent internal carotid artery. Management of carotid occlusive disease continues to volve today. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), first introuced in the 1950s, was established as the gold standard for reatment of carotid stenosis by several landmark trials in he 1990s. More recently, carotid angioplasty and stentng (CAS) emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, and everal trials ensued to determine its safety and efficacy, and he indications for its use. Although CAS has proved feasile and relatively safe, the appropriate clinical setting for its referential use over CEA remains unclear and continues to e the subject of many ongoing clinical trials. The purpose f this article is to review the literature on treatment of arotid occlusive disease, and to attempt to elucidate the urrent status of CAS and its proper place and indication in he therapeutic management of stroke associated with caotid artery stenosis.
Identification of Mismatch Repair Protein Complexes in HeLa Nuclear Extracts and Their Interaction with Heteroduplex DNA

Deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) have been found in hereditary colon cancers (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, HNPCC) as well as in sporadic cancers, illustrating the importance of MMR in maintaining genomic integrity. We have examined the interactions of specific mismatch repair proteins in human nuclear extracts. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate two complexes as follows: one consisting of hMSH2, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS2 and the other consisting of hMSH2, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS1. These interactions occur without the addition of ATP. Furthermore, the protein complexes specifically bind to mismatched DNA and not to a similar homoduplex oligonucleotide. The protein complex-DNA interactions occur primarily through hMSH6, although hMSH2 can also become cross-linked to the mismatched substrate when not participating in the MMR protein complex. In the presence of ATP the binding of hMSH6 to mismatched DNA is decreased. In addition, hMLH1, hPMS2, and hPMS1 no longer interact with each other or with the hMutSalpha complex (hMSH2 and hMSH6). However, the ability of hMLH1 to co-immunoprecipitate mismatched DNA increases in the presence of ATP. This interaction is dependent on the presence of the mismatch and does not appear to involve a direct binding of hMLH1 to the DNA.
Interaction of progressing waves for semilinear wave equations. II

On etudie la propagation de la regularite conormale pour les solutions d'equations d'onde semi-lineaires
Is percutaneous coronary angioplasty less expensive than bypass surgery

Abstract Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is widely considered to be an acceptable and less expensive alternative to bypass surgery in carefully selected patients. We compared expendi...
Nonlinear dynamics and thermodynamics of azobenzene polymer networks

The nonlinear photomechanics and thermodynamics of azobenzene liquid crystal polymer networks is studied to quantify interactions between wavelength dependent molecular conformation changes that occur within a polymer network. The transfer of energy from light to liquid crystals to a polymer network strongly depends on the wavelength and polarization of light where trans or rod shaped azobenzene chromophores convert to a cis or kinked conformation and simultaneously may relax back to the trans state but in a different orientation. This behavior requires an understanding of the dynamic interactions between light and azobenzene molecules and thermodynamics of light-matter interactions. We investigate this behavior by quantifying transmission and absorption of electro-magnetic energy with stored energy within the solid material. This is conducted by introducing a set of optical order parameters coupled to photochemistry that evolve as a function of electro-magnetic radiation.
Domestic Violence by Extended Family Members in India Interplay of Gender and Generation

Through an analysis of 15 case studies of domestic violence reported from Bombay, India, this article explores ways in which family members, in particular female kin such as mothers-in-law, contribute to the violence perpetrated by husbands against wives. These patterns vary from the typical scenario of the lone man battering the lone woman. Structurally and culturally, older women in Indian families are subject to the authority of men, whereas supervision of younger daughters-in-law is delegated by men to older women. Older women's position as generational superiors can conflict with their loyalties to younger women on the gender hierarchy. These factors, along with the economic dependence of daughters-in-law, set the context in which domestic violence, when it occurs, can include not only the husband and wife but female kin as well. The findings lend support to the feminist perspective on the interplay of multiple social hierarchies—gender and generation in the Indian case.
The psychometric properties of the penile tumescence assessment of child molesters

The presence of sexual arousal to children or a sexual preference for children are commonly hypothesized as being related to child molesting. Sexual arousal and sexual preference do not appear to be accurately assessed by traditional assessment methods such as the clinical interview and traditional personality testing or by projective testing (Earls, 1992). Penile tumescence measurement is an increasingly utilized method for assessing sexual arousal and preference in child molesters. The published literature concerning the psychometric properties of this technology as used with child molesters is critically reviewed. Basic questions concerning the sexual preference hypothesis, the criterion problem, the lack of procedural standardization, the kind of test penile tumescence measures exemplifies, and potentially problematic inferences involved in penile tumescence assessment are examined. There is evidence of test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities for certain penile tumescence measurement procedures. While there are a significant number of studies providing evidence that these techniques can accurately distinguish child abusers from nonoffenders, many are plagued by methodological problems. Suggestions for future research are given.
Deregulation of protein synthesis as a mechanism of neoplastic transformation

Early research on the cell cycle revealed correlations between protein accumulation and cell proliferation. In this review, I describe the data showing that abnormality of cell growth and tumor development are dependent upon oncogene-induced increases in the levels and activity of factors that determine the rate of protein synthesis. It is proposed that the establishment of a vicious circle, namely oncoproteins-->increase in translation-->oncoproteins, is a major biological mechanism that fuels neoplastic growth. The constitutively high rates of protein synthesis and accumulation of proteins, including those necessary for DNA replication and mitosis, would drive cells to excessive proliferation.
The Use and Misuse of Student Evaluations of Teaching.

With the purpose of highlighting the validity and use of student evaluations of teaching (SETs), this article analyzes student grades and student evaluations of teaching performance along with nine other independent variables in the Spanish program of a major university. Data analyzed for this project represents four years of teaching and includes the evaluations and grades of 18,175 students. The most significant findings of the study are the following: There is a moderate correlation between low grades and low evaluations, but no correlation between high grades and high evaluations when all cases are considered together. Analysis and interpretation of the data suggests that SETs should not be used to compare language instructors. In addition, since the relationship between student evaluations and the actual merits of teaching performance has not been clearly identified, numerical values of those evaluations should not be used in critical personnel decisions such as retention, tenure and promotion of fac...
Assessing Ethnicity: Equity for First-Grade Male Students on a Curriculum-Embedded Performance Assessment

The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which indicators on the language and literacy and mathematical thinking domains of a curriculum-embedded performance assessment functioned di...
A population of cells in the human thalamic principal sensory nucleus respond to painful mechanical stimuli

A population of neurons located in the cutaneous core of the principal sensory nucleus of human thalamus (ventralis caudalis, Vc) has been identified that had their maximal response to mechanical stimuli which were perceived as painful by the patients involved. None of these cells responded to painful thermal stimuli. The graded responses of these cells to mechanical stimuli extending into the painful range suggest they both mediate acute pain in response to mechanical stimuli and participate in mechanical hyperalgesia.
Choosing the scale and extent of maps for navigation with mobile computing systems

Unlike most paper maps used for navigation, digital maps when displayed on handheld, personal navigation systems do not show the entire mapped extent in a single view, nor are they limited to a fixed map scale. The mapped extent, or footprint of the earth, that appears in any given view is dictated by scale, and there are as many scales as zoom steps. But what drives the choice of scale? We investigate this question first through an assessment of currently available navigation systems, to analyse the consistency or variation among current practices. The vast range of scales and zoom steps found across six software packages indicates an absence of design guidelines, the consequence of which is that users will have a very different experience, with respect to the map, depending on what program they use. Since map representation has been shown to influence spatial behaviour and decision-making, such differences arising from map scale may lead to unintended consequences for navigation system users. We argue t...
QUADRAT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR THE DETECTION OF SPATIAL OR TEMPORAL CLUSTERING

A software program is presented which automates the quadrat analysis procedure for detecting spatial or temporal clustering outlined by Boots and Getis. The software essentially compares observed values within areal or temporal sampling units to those values that would have been obtained were the values distributed randomly. A chi-square test of significance is used to assess whether the values are dispersed in a non-random pattern and a t-test is used to assess whether the values are dispersed in a non-regular pattern. The software requires DOS 3.3 or higher and reads dBase-compatible data files.
Interplay Between Cytokine-Induced and Cyclic Equibiaxial Deformation-Induced Nitric Oxide Production and Metalloproteases Expression in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Ventilator-induced lung overdistension has been a growing concern in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. Mechanical ventilation triggers or enhances the net inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities. Although it has been shown that proinflammatory and tissue remodeling factors play important roles during airway remodeling, the interplay between them is not well understood. Thus, our objective was to study and characterize the molecular mechanism of cyclic equibiaxial deformation-induced airway inflammation and remodeling either in the presence or absence of a pre-existing inflammatory condition. This study was done using an in vitro dynamic model, which can simulate different mechanical ventilative conditions. Type II alveolar epithelial cell (A549) monolayers were exposed to the different levels of mechanical ventilative conditions using the Flexcell® Tension Plus™ 4000T system, which generated the different levels of cyclic equibiaxial deformation (5, 10, 15, and 20%) at 0.2 Hz deformation frequency. The production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2)/tissue inhibitor metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2), and the activation of MMP-2 were measured under the different levels of cyclic equibiaxial deformation either in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Our study indicated that cyclic equibiaxial deformation-induced production of NO and MMP-2/TIMP-2. Higher levels of cyclic equibiaxial deformation increased the expression of the active form of MMP-2. In particular, in the presence of TNF-α, the more active form of MMP-2 was detected during both cyclic equibiaxial deformation and remodeling periods.
Cerebellar hemorrhage caused by remote neurological surgery

Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage usually occurs as a complication of hypertension, coagulopathy, or trauma. In rare instances, remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) may complicate supratentorial or spinal surgery.
The effect of hydrogen on the yield and flow stress of an austenitic stainless steel

Tensile tests on 310s stainless steel foils, with and without hydrogen, were conducted at temperatures from 77 to 295 K and strain rates from 10-3 to 10-6/s. Cathodic charging at elevated temperatures and at very low current densities was used to produce homogeneous solid solutions of hydrogen in this material. The yield stress and flow stress were found to increase with hydrogen content. Discontinuous yielding was observed at room temperature for specimens with hydrogen contents greater than 5 at. pct. The ductility, as measured by the strain to failure, was not critically dependent on hydrogen concentration at 77 and 295 K but was reduced at intermediate temperatures. The changes in mechanical behavior are discussed in terms of hydrogen-dislocation interactions.
Prescribing patterns for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder in a specialty clinic.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to describe prescribing practices in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder in a university practice setting. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed on 53 youths diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), criteria with bipolar spectrum disorder under the active care of child psychiatrists practicing in a pediatric psychopharmacology specialty clinic. Current medications, doses, and related adverse events were recorded. Clinicians were asked to provide a target disorder (bipolar mania/mixed state, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], or anxiety) for each medication to the best of their ability. The Clinical Global Impressions–Severity (CGI-S) scale was used to measure severity of each disorder before treatment and the Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement (CGI-I) was used to quantify the magnitude of improvement with treatment. Meaningful improvement of the disorder was...
Chelometric titration of gallium in the presence of indium and other metals by chloride masking

In solutions containing high concentrations of ammonium chloride, indium is masked as the chloro complex and gallium can be titrated in boiling solution with EDTA to a visual end-point using Xylenol Orange as the indicator. Up to a mole ratio In∶Ga of about 300 good results are obtained. The influence of some other metal ions on the titration has been investigated.
A problematic early tetrapod from the Mississippian of Nevada

ABSTRACT We report here the discovery of a new taxon of Paleozoic tetrapod from the Late Mississippian of Nevada (330–340 Ma). It has a unique vertebral column with principal centra having vertical anterior and posterior faces, ventrally incomplete accessory centra located antero-dorsally in each centrum, and enlarged presacral/sacral vertebrae. The head and pectoral girdle were not preserved but the large femur, robust pelvic girdle and enlarged sacral vertebrae possibly indicate a terrestrial mode of life. This new form significantly extends the western geographic range of known Mississippian tetrapods. It presents a mosaic of primitive and derived features, indicating that continued revision of traditional accounts of vertebral homology and the early diversifications of Paleozoic tetrapods will be necessary.
Radiative and nonradiative charge transfer in He++H collisions at low energy.

We report the calculated cross sections for the removal of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions in collisions with hydrogen atoms for the collision energy range between 0.01 meV and 100 eV. Radiative association is the dominant mechanism at the low-energy extreme and for collision energies above 10 meV radiative charge transfer is dominant. Above 8 eV the radiative processes are negligible, and direct charge transfer is the primary removal mechanism. Using a quantum-mechanical method, we obtain the spectrum of the emitted radiation for the radiative charge transfer process at several collision energies. The emission spectrum has a main peak at wavelengths near 113 nm, which corresponds to the energy difference between the A $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ and ${X}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ states of the molecular ion ${\mathrm{HeH}}^{+}$ at large internuclear distances. At higher collision energies, significant contributions to the emission spectra occur at shorter wavelengths, and distinct peaks appear. We interpret these peaks as a result of orbiting in the outgoing channel.
Increasing specificity in high-throughput yeast two-hybrid experiments

Since its inception, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system has proven to be an efficient system to identify novel protein-protein interactions. However, Y2H screens are sometimes criticized for generating high rates of false-positives. Minimizing false-positive interactions is especially important in proteome wide high-throughput (HT) Y2H. Here, we summarize various approaches that reduce false-positives in HT-Y2H projects. We evaluated the potential of examining putative positives after removing the prey encoding plasmid by negative selection. We found that this method reliably identifies false-positives caused by spontaneous conversion of baits into auto-activators and provides significant time-savings in HT screens. In addition, we present a method to eliminate an important source of false-positives: contaminating prey plasmids. Y2H interactors can be wrongly identified due to the presence of two or more different plasmids in the cells of a single yeast colony. Of these independent plasmids, only one encodes a genuine interactor. Contaminating plasmids are eliminated by extended culture of yeast cells under positive selection for the interaction, allowing the identification of the true interaction partner.
Synthesis, biodistribution and micro-PET imaging of a potential cancer biomarker carbon-11 labeled MMP inhibitor (2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]sulfonylamino]-3-methylbutyric acid [11C]methyl ester.

Abstract (2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]sulfonylamino]-3-methylbutyric acid [ 11 C]methyl ester ([ 11 C]FMAME), a novel carbon-11 labeled matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, has been synthesized for evaluation as new potential positron emission tomography (PET) cancer biomarker. [ 11 C]FMAME was prepared by appropriate precursor (2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]sulfonylamino]-3-methylbutyric acid (FMA), which was synthesized in six steps from (D)-valine in 71% chemical yield. This acid precursor was labeled by [ 11 C]methyl triflate through O-[ 11 C]methylation method under basic conditions and isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification to produce pure target compound in 40-55% radiochemical yield, based on 11 CO 2 , decay corrected to end of bombardment, and 15-20 min synthesis time. The biodistribution of [ 11 C]FMAME was determined at 30 min post IV injection in breast cancer animal models MCF-7 transfected with IL-1α implanted athymic mice and MDA-MB-435 implanted athymic mice. The results showed the uptakes of [ 11 C]FMAME in these tumors were 1.13% dose/g in MCF-7 transfected with IL-1α implanted mice and 1.37% dose/g in MDA-MB-435 implanted mice, respectively; the ratios of tumor/muscle (T/M) and tumor/blood (T/B) were 1.05 ± 0.29 (T/M, MCF-7's), 0.77 ± 0.20 (T/B, MCF-7's) and 0.99 ± 0.35 (T/M, MDA-MB-435), 1.44 ± 0.69 (T/B, MDA-MB-435), respectively. Pretreatment of MCF-7 transfected with IL-1α tumor-bearing mice with MMP inhibitor FMA had no effect on [ 11 C]FMAME biodistribution. Likewise, pretreatment of MDA-MB-435 tumor-bearing mice with FMA also showed no effect on [ 11 C]FMAME biodistribution. The micro-PET images were acquired for 15 min from a MCF-7 transfected with IL-1α tumor-bearing mouse or a MDA-MB-435 tumor-bearing mouse at 30 min post IV injection of 1 mCi of [ 11 C]FMAME using a dedicated high resolution ( 11 C]FMAME in a MCF-7 transfected with IL-1α tumor-bearing mouse during different time periods of 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 min were performed by Indy-PET II. The PET images clearly showed both tumors were visible with [ 11 C]FMAME. These results suggest that the localization of [ 11 C]FMAME in the tumor is mediated by non-specific processes, and the visualization of [ 11 C]FMAME on the tumor using the Indy-PET II scanner is related to non-specific binding.