cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bicarbonate measurements in rat liver, brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

Abstract A method is described for measuring total CO2 and HCO3− in tissues rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The method is a modification of the procedure of D. D. Van Slyke and J. M. Neill (1924, J. Biol. Chem.61, 523–573) for use with freeze-clamped tissue where anoxic changes have not occurred. The HCO3− content exclusive of tissue CO2 in fed rats was found to be: liver, 19.4 ± 1.0; brain, 20.2 ± 0.9; thigh, 16.2 ± 0.8; and heart, 15.4 ± 1.4 μmol/g.
Role of Parathyroid Hormone in the Decreased Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity of Chronic Renal Failure

Certain data support the notion that chronic exposure to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with decreased motor nerve conduction velocity, while other studies failed to confirm such an effect. Also, chronic renal failure of 4 months duration in dogs did not elicit changes in MNCV or calcium content of nerve. These discrepancies may be due to differences in other metabolic parameters, such as degree of uremia, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium, and acid-base param- eters, or in duration of chronic renal failure. To examine the effect of PTH on peripheral nerve function in renal failure in a more defined biochemical setting, we studied the changes in MNCV and nerve calcium content in dogs with and without excess PTH and with prolonged and similar duration of chronic renal failure (57 f 1.7 weeks) and comparable biochemical parameters. Dogs with chronic renal failure displayed a signif- icant (P c 0.01) decrease in MNCV (before renal failure, 65 f 1.5 m/sec; after renal failure, 49 f 3.5 m/sec) and marked elevation in calcium content of peripheral nerve (444 f 45 mg/kg dry wt). These derangements were not observed in parathyroidectom- ized chronic renal failure animals; MNCV before renal failure was 66 f 1.5 m/sec and after renal failure was 65 f 1.5 m/sec, and nerve calcium content after renal failure was 229 f 3 mg/kg dry wt. Also, parathyroidectomy of three dogs with preexisting chronic renal failure of 52 weeks was associated with reversal of the abnormalities in MNCV and calcium content of nerve despite an additional period of renal failure of 52 weeks in two of the dogs and 40 weeks in the third. Our data are consistent with the proposition that excess PTH plays a major role in the genesis of peripheral nerve dysfunction in chronic renal failure. This adverse effect of the hormone is most likely mediated by the PTH-induced accumulation of calcium in peripheral nerve. (P.S.E.B.M. 1990, VoI 1951
Party Politics and Family Policy The Case of the Family and Medical Leave Act

The Family and Medical Leave Act offers an excellent case study of a family policy that became embroiled in partisan conflict. The Democratic authors of the bill proposed an extensive leave period available to most workers. Arguing that the policy would pose hardships for businesses, Republicans severely diluted the original legislation, reducing the leave period and eliminating many workers from coverage. The resulting bill offered less support to working parents than leave policies in most other countries. The article opens with a description of problematic features of the bill that derive from partisan politics and then places the drafting of the bill in historical context. The story of the bill's passage is then discussed, highlighting the role of parties and interest groups, especially business organizations. The article concludes by providing a larger analysis of the leave debate.
On approximations of functions by depth-two neural networks

The simple Pythagorean notion of orthogonal projections is used to show that depth-two sigmoidal neural networks can approximate any square-integrable function with compact support in R/sup n/ with arbitrarily small integrated squared-error. >
Gait analysis for recognition and classification

We describe a representation of gait appearance for the purpose of person identification and classification. This gait representation is based on simple features such as moments extracted from orthogonal view video silhouettes of human walking motion. Despite its simplicity, the resulting feature vector contains enough information to perform well on human identification and gender classification tasks. We explore the recognition behaviors of two different methods to aggregate features over time under different recognition tasks. We demonstrate the accuracy of recognition using gait video sequences collected over different days and times and under varying lighting environments. In addition, we show results for gender classification based our gait appearance features using a support-vector machine.
Dioxin Exposure Disrupts the Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes

Experimental exposure of fish, birds, and rodents to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) causes multiple Ah receptor–mediated developmental abnormalities, an observation consistent with compelling evidence in human populations that TCDD exposure is responsible for a significant incidence of birth defects. To characterize molecular mechanisms that might explain the developmental effects of dioxin, we have studied the consequences of TCDD exposure on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture and on the expression of genes, including those coding for homeodomain containing transcription factors, with a role in progression of tissue differentiation and embryonic identity during development. We find that TCDD treatment causes expression changes in a number of homeobox genes concomitant with Ah receptor recruitment to the promoters of many of these genes, whether under naive or dioxin-activated conditions. TCDD exposure also derails temporal expression trajectories of developmentally regulated genes in a wide diversity of differentiation pathways, including genes with functions in neural and cardiovascular development, self-renewal, hematopoiesis and mesenchymal lineage specification, and Notch and Wnt pathways. Among these, we find that TCDD represses the expression of the cardiac development–specific Nkx2.5 homeobox transcription factor, of cardiac troponin-T and of α- and β-myosin heavy chains, inhibiting the formation of beating cardiomyocytes, a characteristic phenotype of differentiating mouse ES cells in culture. These data identify potential pathways for dioxin to act as a developmental teratogen, possibly critical to cardiovascular development and disease, and provide molecular targets that may help us understand the molecular basis of Ah receptor–mediated developmental toxicity.
Legal and Ethical Considerations for the Use of Timeout in Special Education Settings

Timeout from positive reinforcement has become one of the most frequently used strategies by teachers for suppressing disruptive behavior. Accompanying this increase in popularity has been increased public scrutiny and concern for the uses and abuses of timeout interventions. This article examines the parameters of timeout which need to be considered by teachers before implementing such procedures in the classroom. Also included is a review of recent court decisions addressed to timeout interventions. Specific recommendations, based on this legal and research literature, are presented.
Toward scalable keyword search over relational data

Keyword search (KWS) over relational databases has recently received significant attention. Many solutions and many prototypes have been developed. This task requires addressing many issues, including robustness, accuracy, reliability, and privacy. An emerging issue, however, appears to be performance related: current KWS systems have unpredictable running times. In particular, for certain queries it takes too long to produce answers, and for others the system may even fail to return (e.g., after exhausting memory). In this paper we argue that as today's users have been "spoiled" by the performance of Internet search engines, KWS systems should return whatever answers they can produce quickly and then provide users with options for exploring any portion of the answer space not covered by these answers. Our basic idea is to produce answers that can be generated quickly as in today's KWS systems, then to show users query forms that characterize the unexplored portion of the answer space. Combining KWS systems with forms allows us to bypass the performance problems inherent to KWS without compromising query coverage. We provide a proof of concept for this proposed approach, and discuss the challenges encountered in building this hybrid system. Finally, we present experiments over real-world datasets to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Prediction of elastic properties for polymer–particle nanocomposites exhibiting an interphase

Particle-polymer nanocomposites often exhibit mechanical properties described poorly by micromechanical models that include only the particle and matrix phases. Existence of an interfacial region between the particle and matrix, or interphase, has been posited and indirectly demonstrated to account for this effect. Here, we present a straightforward analytical approach to estimate effective elastic properties of composites comprising particles encapsulated by an interphase of finite thickness and distinct elastic properties. This explicit solution can treat nanocomposites that comprise either physically isolated nanoparticles or agglomerates of such nanoparticles; the same framework can also treat physically isolated nanoparticle aggregates or agglomerates of such aggregates. We find that the predicted elastic moduli agree with experiments for three types of particle-polymer nanocomposites, and that the predicted interphase thickness and stiffness of carbon black-rubber nanocomposites are consistent with measured values. Finally, we discuss the relative influence of the particle-polymer interphase thickness and stiffness to identify maximum possible changes in the macroscale elastic properties of such materials.
SOME NONLINEAR AND NONLOCAL STURM-LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS MOTIVATED BY THE PROBLEM OF FLUTTER

We study three internally connected Sturm-Liouville problems for nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are motivated by the problem of aeroelastic instability. Solutions are analyzed and asymptotic results are presented. A numerical study using a development of simple shooting reveals the spectrum and corresponding eigenfunctions.
Tight coupling of GPS, laser scanner, and inertial measurements for navigation in urban environments

Many applications can be envisioned for accurate, robust, and reliable navigation solution in challenging urban environments. Examples of existing and prospective applications include, but are not limited to, navigation, guidance, and control of autonomous vehicles (including both ground and aerial vehicles) for urban surveillance and reconnaissance; collection of geographical information system (GIS) data in cities; monitoring of urban infrastructure for situational awareness; and, precise automotive applications such as automated lane keeping. If used by themselves, none of the existing navigation technologies have the potential to fully satisfy the requirements for reliable and accurate navigation in urban environments. Hence, this paper develops a multi-sensor integrated solution that combines the complementary features of the Global Positioning System (GPS), laser scanner feature-based navigation, and inertial navigation for urban scenarios. GPS and laser scanner-based navigation ideally complement each other for urban navigation. The laser scanner-based navigation relies on the availability of structures (lines and surfaces) within the scan range (80 m, typically). Features (such as lines) are first extracted from laser scan images and then used for position and attitude determination. In urban areas, if there exists a building wall that blocks GPS signals, this wall creates a feature in the laser scan image. On the other hand, for open streets with limited features, the GPS signal is generally unobstructed. Thus, GPS and laser data can be combined into integrated solution architecture. The system architecture developed also exploits INS navigation states for improved solution robustness: e.g., for robust feature association between scan images and for coasting through instances where sufficient number of combined GPS/laser measurements is unavailable. A tightly coupled GPS/laser scanner/INS mechanization is developed and applied for centimeter- accurate trajectory reconstruction. The paper uses live urban data to demonstrate that combined GPS and laser scanner data generally support the observability of navigation states at any part of the urban trajectory; and, for those limited cases where insufficient GPS/laser measurements are available, the INS coasting option can be efficiently utilized. Test results presented also show that the developed tightly coupled GPS/laser scanner/INS solution provides accurate trajectory reconstruction capabilities (one sigma error residuals are at a cm-level) in challenging urban environments.
A Sum-and-Difference Interferometer System for HF Radio Direction Finding

Radio interferometers have been used for highaccuracy, high-precision source location of radio stars and radio satellites. These systems are generally optimized for a fixed frequency and have efficient means for resolving any and all ambiguities which are inherent in the particular interferometer system. Application of the radio-interferometer principle to wide-band, high-frequency radio direction finding practice by its very nature poses a severe problem of ambiguity resolution, i.e., unique determination of the bearing and elevation angles of arrival of an incident ray having any frequency within the band. A wide-band, high-frequency radio direction finder incorporating sum-and-difference interferometer techniques is described. A salient and novel feature is an analog computer-type calibrator which permits unique determination of the bearing and elevation angles of arrival from data supplied by three two-element interferometers and a central crossed Adcock array. A theoretical analysis is given along with supporting experimental data.
Biological control and agricultural modernization: Towards resolution of some contradictions

An emergent contradiction in the contemporary development of biological control is that of the prevalence of the substitution of periodic releases of natural enemies for chemical insecticides and the dominance of biotechnologically developed transgenic crops. Input substitution leaves in place the monoculture nature of agroecosystems, which in itself is a key factor in encouraging pest problems. Biotechnology, now under corporate control, creates more dependency and can potentially lead to Bt resistance, thus excluding from the market a key biopesticide. Approaches for putting back biological control into the hands of farmers (from artesanal biotechnology for grassroots biopesticide production Cuban style to farmer-to-farmer IPM networks, etc.) have been developed as a way to create a farmer centered approach to biological control
Lack of Confidence in the Federal Government and the Ownership of Firearms

Objective. Scholars have debated the importance of declining confidence in social institutions to the American political system. The objective of this research was to offer and test the hypothesis that individuals with little faith in the three branches of the federal government will be more likely to own firearms than individuals with higher levels of confidence. Methods. The data were drawn from the General Social Survey for the years 1982-1996 and analyzed with a multivariate logistic regression equation that controlled for many of the variables known to be associated with gun ownership. Results. The regression showed that even in the presence of many control measures, respondents who lacked confidence in the federal government were more likely to own firearms than their counterparts who had greater faith in the federal government. Conclusion. Although the hypothesis relating confidence in government to gun ownership was supported and has important policy implications, the data did not permit us to disentangle possible causal relationships. For that, further research will be necessary.
Synthesis of neplanocin F analogues as potential antiviral agents.

Abstract Neplanocin F is a natural carbocyclic nucleoside. Herein, we describe the synthesis and antiviral activity of (±)-5′-deoxy-neplanocin F analogues. The key intermediate 4, synthesized from the commercially available (±)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-en-3-one (ABH), was utilized to prepare the target nucleosides. Among the target compounds, 5′-deoxyneplanocin F adenine exhibited moderate anti-HIV activity in human lymphocytes without any marked cytotoxicity.
Mobile robot localization by remote viewing of a colored cylinder

To visually determine the position and orientation of a mobile robot from a fixed location in its vicinity, the authors have employed a cylindrical target which has different colors in each of its four quadrants. By judicious selection of the colors, segmentation of imagery from the fixed location can determine the size and centroid of the cylinder, as well as the visible color quadrants. Both the cylinder size in monocular images, and the centroid disparity in stereo pairs, are shown to provide a measure of distance. The angle of the cylinder is determined by analyzing which color quadrants are visible and to what degree. Implementation and experimental testing of this technique shows that it provides accurate localization data to within one or two pixels of error.
Vasomotor properties of porcine endocardial and epicardial microvessels

We sought to compare the sensitivity of endocardial and epicardial microvessels to several important neurohumoral substances. Porcine endocardial microvessels (86-200 microns diam) from the anterior papillary muscle and epicardial microvessels of similar size from the left anterior descending distribution were studied in a pressurized state using an in vitro microvessel-imaging apparatus. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin, ADP, A23187, and to the endothelium-independent vasodilator nitroprusside were identical between endocardial and epicardial microvessels. In contrast, the sensitivity of endocardial microvessels to adenosine was substantially greater than that of epicardial microvessels (ED50s of -6.59 +/- 0.05 vs. -5.66 +/- 0.11, P less than 0.001, endocardial vs. epicardial, respectively), although adenosine caused 100% relaxation of both groups of vessels at the highest concentrations. Adenosine vasorelaxation was not affected by inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin (1 microM) or depletion of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate by LY 83583 (1 microM). Forskolin dilated both endocardial and epicardial vessels completely but was more potent in endocardial vessels. These data show that endocardial and epicardial microvessels exhibit similar sensitivity to most vasodilator agents. Endocardial microvessels, however, are more sensitive to both adenosine and forskolin. The enhanced responsiveness to adenosine may be related to adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-mediated mechanisms and may have important implications regarding regulation of myocardial perfusion in deeper subendocardial layers.
Conjunctival Sensation in Scleritis.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate conjunctival sensation in patients with scleritis.Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with scleritis. Conjunctival sensation was tested by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in four quadrants of the bulbar conjunctiva plus the area(s) of active or previously active inflammation; sensation was compared with the contralateral eye.Results: Of 28 patients with scleritis, nine had active scleritis and 19 had inactive scleritis. Eleven patients had a systemic autoimmune condition and five had infectious scleritis. The mean conjunctival sensation score of areas of inactive scleritis was significantly less than that of corresponding normal areas in the contralateral eye (p<0.001). Among patients with presumed herpetic scleritis, conjunctival sensation was significantly lower in the affected eye than in the unaffected eye (p<0.001).Conclusions: Conjunctival sensation is decreased in areas of previously active inflammation from scleritis. Eyes with herpetic scleritis h...
Privatization and Natural Monopoly: The Case of Waterworks

In Britain, one of the largest single privatization efforts in history is now underway. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government intends to privatize the nation's waterworks, selling off the ten government-owned firms (each of which holds a monopoly in its region) serving England and Wales. The receipts from a public offering of the waterworks might exceed the $9 billion generated by the December, 1986 sale of British Gas, the country's natural gas utility. This would make the waterworks privatization the world's largest-ever stock offering.
A Novel Simulation Technician Laboratory Design: Results of a Survey-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to elicit feedback from simulation technicians prior to developing the first simulation technician-specific simulation laboratory in Akron, OH.Simulation technicians serve a vital role in simulation centers within hospitals/health centers around the world. The first simulation technician degree program in the US has been approved in Akron, OH. To satisfy the requirements of this program and to meet the needs of this special audience of learners, a customized simulation lab is essential.A web-based survey was circulated to simulation technicians prior to completion of the lab for the new program. The survey consisted of questions aimed at identifying structural and functional design elements of a novel simulation center for the training of simulation technicians. Quantitative methods were utilized to analyze data.Over 90% of technicians (n=65) think that a lab designed explicitly for the training of technicians is novel and beneficial. Approximately 75% of respondents think that the space provided appropriate audiovisual (AV) infrastructure and space to evaluate the ability of technicians to be independent. The respondents think that the lab needed more storage space, visualization space for a large number of students, and more space in the technical/repair area. CONCLUSIONS : A space designed for the training of simulation technicians was considered to be beneficial. This laboratory requires distinct space for technical repair, adequate bench space for the maintenance and repair of simulators, an appropriate AV infrastructure, and space to evaluate the ability of technicians to be independent.
Hydrazine-deproteinated bone mineral. Physical and chemical properties.

A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
Isoproterenol-induced gastric mucosal protection from bile acid. Role of endogenous prostaglandins.

Topical isoproterenol is a potent protective agent against bile acid-induced gastric mucosal injury in hypotensive and normotensive rats. This study was undertaken to ascertain what role endogenous prostaglandins and gastric mucosal blood flow play in isoproterenol-induced protection. Accordingly, anesthetized, fasted rats were given the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (5 mg/kg subcutaneously), 30 min prior to topical pretreatment with 3 ml of intragastric saline, isoproterenol (3 μM), or 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (3 μM) for 15 min. Gastric injury was induced with topical 5 mM acidified taurocholate and damage assessed by measuring net transmucosal ion fluxes, the appearance of DNA into the gastric lumen, and histology of the gastric epithelium. In a separate set of experiments, the effects of topical isoproterenol on gastric mucosal blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry) and luminal PGE2 concentrations (125I radioimmunoassay) were examined. Pretreatment with topical isoproterenol or 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 significantly decreased bile acid-induced net luminal ion fluxes and DNA accumulation, suggesting mucosal protection. The protective effect of isoproterenol, but not 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, was negated by indomethacin (corroborated by histology). Further, isoproterenol did not significantly alter gastric mucosal blood flow, but did augment luminal PGE2 concentrations, an effect also abolished by indomethacin. Thus, isoproterenol appears to protect the gastric mucosa from the damaging effects of bile acid through a mechanism that requires the synthesis and release of cytoprotective endogenous prostaglandins.
Relationship between Low-Income Patient Census and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs' Availability of Tobacco Cessation Services.

Low income adults with substance use disorders (SUDs) have a high prevalence of tobacco use and often limited access to tobacco cessation treatment. This study examines the relationship between low-income SUD patient census (i.e., percentage of patients whose treatment costs are covered by Medicaid and Federal block grants) and SUD programs’ availability of three evidence-based tobacco cessation services: behavioral treatments, system-level support, and pharmacotherapy. Data were collected from a random sample of 1,006 program administrators in 2010. Mixed-effects models results show that the percentage of low-income patients is significantly positively associated with the availability of behavioral treatments and system-level support but not pharmacotherapy. Thus, low-income patients may have similar access to tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy but greater access to behavioral treatments and system-level support. However, the availability of tobacco cessation services is not widespread overall, which may hamper access to extensive services to address low-income SUD patients’ high smoking rates.
Clitocybe Species From the Western United States

(1962). Clitocybe Species From the Western United States. Mycologia: Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 498-515.
Miracle arguments and the demise of strong predictivism

INTRODUCTION Once again, let us begin with the fantasy of you suddenly becoming rich, and seeking financial advice. You choose an advisor with a long string of successful predictions about which investments will be successful over another who can merely accommodate the data with his theory. The successful predictions testify to the greater credibility of the predictor, you say. But how confident should you be that the predictor's theory is actually true? Could the predictor, say, have a false account of the causes of market fluctuations which for some reason happens to systematically generate true predictions? In this chapter we consider the role of predictive success in arguing for the truth of theory. Thus far we have approached this problem in two ways: in Chapter 2 I developed a general case for the prevalence of pluralism in scientific theory assessment and argued that pluralism provides a straightforward rationale for predictivism. In Chapter 3 I proposed a taxonomy of predictivisms explicated partly in a Bayesian framework. But predictivism is a sufficiently complex topic that it can be and has been approached from still other perspectives in philosophical literature. Another of these perspectives is supplied by the longstanding realist/anti-realist debate. As is well known, there is a long tradition stretching back to William Whewell of defending realism by appealing to the epistemic significance of novelty (cf. 1.4.1), a tradition that remains very much alive today.
The Painting as Physical Object in a Verbal Portrait: Pater’s ‘A Prince of Court Painters’ and Wilde’s ‘The Portrait of Mr W. H.’

After the mid-nineteenth century a new name frequently displaces an established one and continues to do so until well into the twentieth: the new name is ‘portrait’, and it is used to name texts, usually but not always fictive, that were earlier known as ‘The Life of’, ‘Memoirs of’, or ‘The Adventures of’. (Henry James’s Partial Portraits (1888) is an instance of brief biographies with the new name and G. M. Young’s 1936 Victorian England: Portrait of an Age exemplifies the title in a history.) Sainte-Beuve’s Portraits litteraires and Portraits contemporains, published between 1862 and 1871, are also key documents in this change that began in the mid-nineteenth century. Although they were intended as historical portraits, the freedom with which Sainte- Beuve expresses his approval and disapproval of the actions he narrates, and the embellishing editorializing he provides, border on the fictive. Sainte- Beuve was a helping hand in the rise of ‘portrait’ in the titles of works of fiction and poetry, and Pater’s Imaginary Portraits, the first series published in 1887 — and, it might be added, Henry James’s The Portrait of a Lady of the same year — owe something to Sainte-Beuve (as does James’s collected short sketches, noted above).1
Identification and Regulation of β-Adrenergic Receptors

The receptor concept has been used for some time to explain the striking specificity of hormone and drug effects on tissues. However, it is only within the past few years that a direct experimental approach to the study of these cellular structures has become possible. Since about 1970 radioactively-labeled hormones and drugs have been used with increasing frequency for the purpose of direct identification of a wide variety of receptors for polypeptide hormones and neurotransmitters. By contrast, a variety of technical problems have hindered such direct identification of the membrane-bound adrenergic receptors for catecholamines. Quite recently, these technical problems have been overcome (Lefkowitz, 1975).
Impact of Hurricane Sandy on salt marshes of New jersey

Abstract Hurricane Sandy, one of the largest Atlantic hurricanes on record, made landfall as an extratropical cyclone on the coast of New Jersey (29 October 2012) along a track almost perpendicular to the coast. Ten days later a northeaster caused heavy precipitation and elevated water levels along the coast. Two years of pre-storm monitoring and research in marshes of Barnegat Bay and the Delaware Estuary provided an opportunity to evaluate the impacts of Hurricane Sandy and the succeeding northeaster across the region. Peak water levels during Sandy ranged from 111 to 184 cm above the marsh surface in Barnegat Bay and 75–135 cm above the marsh surface in the Delaware Estuary. Despite widespread flooding and damage to coastal communities, the storm had modest and localized impacts on coastal marshes of New Jersey. Measurements made on the marsh platform illustrated localized responses to the storms including standing biomass removal, and changes in peak biomass the following summer. Marsh surface and elevation changes were variable within marshes and across the region. Localized elevation changes over the storm period were temporary and associated with subsurface processes. Over the long-term, there was no apparent impact of the 2012 storms, as elevations and regression slopes pre- and several months post-storm were not significant. Vegetation changes in the summer following the fall 2012 storms were also variable and localized within and among marshes. These results suggest that Hurricane Sandy and the succeeding northeaster did not have a widespread long-term impact on saline marshes in this region. Possible explanations are the dissipation of surge and wave energy from the barrier island in Barnegat Bay and the extreme water levels buffering the low-lying marsh surface from waves, winds, and currents, and carrying suspended loads past the short-statured marsh grasses to areas of taller vegetation and/or structure. These findings demonstrate that major storms that have substantial impacts on infrastructure and communities can have short-term localized effects on coastal marshes in the vicinity of the storm track.
Introduction: A Brief History of f Element Separations

In 1787, C. A. Arrhenius found a black mineral near Ytterby, north of Stockholm. He named it yttria. Subsequent studies of yttria led to the isolation and identification of yttrium (1794). By 1907 all the lanthanides except element 61 had been discovered. The final lanthanide was produced in nuclear fission and identified in 1947. A major problem over the intervening 160 years was the extreme difficulty of separating these elements of almost identical chemical properties. However, the development of separation procedures based on cation exchange resins using aminopolycarboxylate eluent solutions resulted in isolation of macro quantities of high purity lanthanides. The subsequent development of separation methods of the 4f elements has continued to be an exciting and successful area of separation science since the 1950’s.
Shared Risk Factors for Constipation, Fecal Incontinence, and Combined Symptoms in Older U.S. Adults.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of constipation, fecal incontinence (FI), and combined symptoms and to identify shared factors associated with bowel symptoms in older U.S. men and women Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2010). Participants Women and men aged 50 and older. Measurements Constipation was defined as hard stool consistency on the validated Bristol Stool Form Scale or stool frequency of fewer than three bowel movements per week. FI was defined as at least monthly loss of solid, liquid, or mucus stool. Combined symptoms was defined as constipation and FI. Multinomial multivarible models adjusted for age, race, socioeconomic status, education, self-rated health, depression, impairments in activities of daily living, and number of comorbidities. Results Women (n = 3,078) reported higher prevalence of bowel symptoms than men (constipation 11.8% vs 4.7%%, FI 11.2% vs 8.6%, combined symptoms 1.4% vs 0.4%). In adjusted models, women had greater odds of having constipation (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3–3.8), FI (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8), and combined symptoms (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.0–10.2) than men. Shared risk factors included poor self-rated health and depression symptoms (constipation: OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4–2.4 and OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.2; FI: OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.2 and OR = 2.3 95% CI = 1.4–3.6; combined symptoms: OR = 2.6 95% CI = 1.5–4.8 and OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.3–16.4). Conclusion When defining constipation and FI using validated instruments, women had a much higher prevalence of constipation than men, whereas men had a higher prevalence of FI than constipation. Shared risk factors reflect the negative effect that bowel symptoms have on quality of life.
An analysis of the loss of acroporid corals at Looe Key, Florida, USA: 1983–2000

The Caribbean reef-building corals Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis have undergone widespread declines in the past two decades, leading to their designation as candidates for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. Whole-reef censuses in 1983 and 2000 at Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary in the Florida Keys provide estimates of areal loss of live Acropora spp. cover. Area (square meters) of live coral cover was quantified from depiction on scaled base maps of extent of coral cover observed by a snorkeler on each reef spur at each census. Certain thickets appear to have been persistent (though none expanded), but the total area of live A. palmata at Looe Key is estimated to have declined by 93% and A. cervicornis by 98% during this 17-year interval. It is likely that acroporid populations may have already undergone substantial decline prior to our initial census in 1983.
Rose hip as an underutilized functional food: Evidence-based review

Abstract The search for nutrient-dense food source is a top-priority in today's food-challenged world of multi-billion population. Food insecurity has become especially critical in developing countries, though potential sources of functional foods are being wasted right before our eyes. Rose hips, the fruits of rose plants ( Rosa sp.) have been discovered to be rich in polyphenols (triterpene acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, catechin), essential fatty acids, galactolipid, folate, vitamin A, C and E, minerals (Ca, Mg, K, S, Si, Se, Mn and Fe), among other bioactive components. The extracts have been proven to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, anticancer, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties. The extracts have been validated beneficial against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, cancer, kidney stone, depression, dermal issues, among other pathologies. The mechanisms of therapeutic actions involve intervention in COX-2, iNOS, NF-kappaB, PPAR-γ, p38 MAPK, Bak, Caspase-3, Ca ++ channel blockade pathways. Barring the Rosaceae family-characteristic allergenicity due to LTPs, the rose hips are free of other side effects. This holistic review, based on recent findings is excited to report rose hips as an emerging ‘functional food’ that deserves to be integrated to food platter without delay.
Sulfur Hexafluoride: A Novel Fixed Point for Contact Thermometry

In this paper, we report on the development at NRC of a sulfur hexafluoride ( $$\text {SF}_6$$ ) fixed-point cell for calibrating long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers. Discussed in detail are the unique challenges of constructing the high-pressure fixed-point cell and realizing the triple point of $$\text {SF}_6$$ in a commercial stirred liquid bath.
Cognitive Psychology of Memory: Introduction and Overview

This chapter provides an overview of the contents of the cognitive volume. A key message from each chapter is briefly explained, and the way in which each chapter fits with other chapters in the volume is also considered.
Initiation of extended release naltrexone (XR-NTX) for opioid use disorder prior to release from prison.

Background Opioid use disorder is common in prison populations, and prison release is a high-risk time for relapse and overdose. Initiation of extended release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX)) prior to prison release might decrease relapse among opioid-dependent persons.
Info-topia: Postcolonial cyberspace and artificial intelligence in TRON: Legacy and Nalo Hopkinson’s Midnight Robber

Mainstream science fiction such as Disney’s TRON: Legacy (2010) lauds the utopian potential of the Internet/cyberspace and artificial intelligence (AI). This is sometimes tempered with concerns tha...
2001, 50 years later

Fifty years after its appearance, 2001: A Space Odyssey remains a film that commands attention. Michael Benson9s Space Odyssey , an epic-like account of the film9s planning, making, and reception, will hardly answer all of the questions that haunt it, but his thoroughly researched, multivoiced narrative should become essential reading for anyone wanting to penetrate the mysteries that continue to swirl around this work and its creator.
SecureCMerge: Secure PDF Merging over Untrusted Servers

Merging two or more PDF files is an operation that is commonly performed by users, most often using freely available online tools, such as pdfmerge, or cloud-based services, such as cloudconvert. These free online servers cannot always be trusted and can often pose great risk to the confidentiality of the PDF files. In this paper, we present a method, called SecureCMerge, to merge the PDF files using free online merge sites in a secure way. Our core idea is to encrypt the content (text and image blocks) in the PDF files using Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS) scheme before uploading it to a PDF merge server. We also show that the SSS scheme is merge homomorphic and the proposed method, by virtue of using the SSS scheme, provides information theoretic security. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method accomplishes secure PDF merging at an acceptable overhead in computation time and size.
Laws of Large Numbers for Observations that Change with Time

Consider a system where units having random magnitude enter according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson process, stay for a random period of time, and then depart. While in the system, a unit's magnitude may change with time. Results are obtained for the strong limiting behavior of the distribution of magnitudes among units present in the system.
Ultralimits of Metric Spaces

Let (Xi) be a sequence of metric spaces. One can describe the limiting behavior of the sequence (X i ) by studying limits of sequences of finites subsets Y i ⊂ X i . Ultrafilters are an efficient techn ical device for simultaneously taking limits of all such sequences of subspaces and putting them tgether to form one object, namely, an ultralimit of (X i ) (see [KL95, KL97, KKL98, Dru00] for examples of application of ultralimits to the study of quasiisometries of metric spaces). We discuss the concept of ultralimits folllowing [Gro93] and [KL95].
Human–Machine Synergism in High-Level Cognitive Functioning: The Human Component

Two key issues are presented, from a human perspective, whose consideration would contribute to the creation of human–machine systems that provide synergism in high-level cognitive functioning. The key issues are 1) common meaning making —for high-level cognitive synergism, both human and machine should make the same meaning of common or correlated objects and events; and 2) common expertise development —having both human and machine develop common expertise would be one way to create common or correlated meaning making. Because an understanding of these issues requires knowledge about dual-processing in human cognition, the latter idea is discussed before the key issues are considered. In conclusion, the development of common or correlated meaning making would require both human and machine to learn a very large number of construed, grounded relations among objects and events within the domain of expertise in which they operate. Techniques employed in evolutionary robotics could be used to create common expertise development and therefore common meaning making. In general, meaning making should be a core feature of synergistic interaction between human and machine involving high-level cognition.
Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Methodological Reflections

Since the mid-2000s, scholars have paid considerable attention to the interface between intellectual property and human rights. Today, one can easily find books and law review articles on the subject. Initially, most of these discussions focused on topics such as access to essential medicines, access to knowledge, and the protection of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. In recent years, however, the literature has been expanded to cover new or underexplored areas, such as Internet-related human rights, the right to science and culture, the use of human rights impact assessments in the intellectual property area, the human rights challenges posed by bilateral, regional, and plurilateral trade agreements, and, more recently, human rights issues implicated by artificial intelligence. Although scholarship on intellectual property and human rights has been growing rapidly, commentators rarely articulate the different methods used to conduct research in this area (even though some of the past scholarship has revealed careful and thoughtful methodological choices). It will therefore be beneficial to devote greater attention to methodological rigor, especially with the benefit of the burgeoning literature on human rights research methods and methodology. Greater methodological engagement will also help refine existing human rights approaches to intellectual property while devising new ones to advance the promotion and protection of human rights in the intellectual property area. This chapter reflects on the methodological choices that the author has made in prior works on intellectual property and human rights. Specifically, the chapter explores three methodological choices: (1) the choice between a positivist and philosophical conception of human rights; (2) the choice between historical and evolutive interpretations of human rights instruments; and (3) the choice of developing a layered hierarchical structure to systematically analyze the myriad human rights interests involved and their interplay. Focusing on these choices, this chapter aims to highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodological approach while providing first-hand insights into how researchers select their methods and approaches.
Multifunctional Optical Coatings and Light Management for Photovoltaics

Abstract In this chapter, we present a discussion of three main topics in coatings and light management for PV. First, we will cover the basic principles behind light management and broadly discuss approaches that can be used to mitigate reflective losses. We build further on this topic by exploring the specific antireflection techniques used by PV glass and module manufacturers. Next, we explore antisoiling coatings, a relatively understudied area until recently. We comment on the distinctly different approaches to antisoiling coatings currently being explored by the PV community and the pros and cons of each. In addition, antisoiling coatings can also serve as antireflective coatings, providing a route to multifunctional coatings. We comment briefly on possible rich areas for new research efforts that we believe will provide a meaningful impact on solar module efficiency, reliability, and durability.
Single-shot Compressed Ultrafast Holography

A novel two-dimensional time-resolved ultrafast imaging technique, compressed ultrafast holography, is proposed to reconstruct the optical field of the ultrafast dynamic events with a frequency-modulated phase mask, a streak camera and a single camera snapshot.