cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The corrosion and oxidation resistance of iron- and aluminium-based powder metallurgical alloys

Abstract The corrosion performance of both iron- and aluminium-based powder metals is reviewed and compared, where possible, to similar conventional alloys. Iron-based alloys produced from consolidated powder or compacted amorphous chips have generally been found to have improved corrosion resistance compared to their wrought counterparts, whereas sintered iron-based alloys generally exhibit poorer corrosion resistance. The corrosion performance of aluminium-based alloys produced from consolidated powder is frequently better than that of their conventional counterparts. Aluminium alloys are considered in four groups: AlZnMgCu, AlMg, AlLi and AlCu alloys. The current understanding of the corrosion behaviour of powder metals is assessed and suggestions are made for future investigations.
Analyzing the volume and nature of emergency medical calls during severe weather events using regression methodologies

Abstract An effective emergency medical service (EMS) response to emergency medical calls during extreme weather events is a critical public service. Nearly all models for allocating EMS resources focus on normal operating conditions. However, public health risks become even more critical during extreme weather events, and hence, EMS systems must consider additional needs that arise during weather events to effectively respond to and treat patients. This paper seeks to characterize how the volume and nature of EMS calls are affected during extreme weather events with a particular focus on emergency preparedness. In contrast to other studies on disaster relief, where the focus is on delivery of temporary commodities, we focus on the delivery of routine emergency services during blizzards and hurricane evacuations. The dependence of emergency service quality on weather conditions is explored through a case study using real-world data from Hanover County, Virginia. The results suggest that whether it is snowing is significant in nearly all of the regression models. Variables associated with increased highway congestion, which become important during hurricane evacuations, are positively correlated with an increased call volume and the likelihood of high-risk calls. The analysis can aid public safety leaders in preparing for extreme weather events.
Training the fuzzy integral

Abstract The value of the fuzzy integral in a decision making environment where uncertainty is present has been well established. The fusion of multiple information sources is very valuable in overcoming the inherent ambiguities present in single information sources and in resolving conflicting information from separate decisions. However, using the fuzzy integral to overcome such uncertainties introduces an uncertainty of its won, specifically that of generating the importance of each subset of the information sources in determining an unambiguous solution. In this paper, a neuron model for using the fuzzy integral in a multiclass decision making environment us presented. A method of training the fuzzy density values from labeled data is developed. This training algorithm uses a reward and punishment scheme in order to increase the reliability of the decision making process. The result of this training is a set of fuzzy density values which represents the importance of each source with respect to the decision. One important feature of this method is that the fuzzy density values for all classes are considered at each iteration, resulting in more comparable values for the fuzzy integrals, a troublesome problem with many independent training algorithms. The training algorithm is demonstrated with synthetic data and in an automatic target recognition application.
Diagnostic imaging of the urinary system following blunt trauma

Injury to the urinary system is a common sequela of major blunt trauma and blunt trauma accounts for 80% of all urinary tract injuries (1). In a civilian population, as seen in our trauma center, 86% of renal injuries are due to blunt impact, with the remainder resulting from penetrating wounds (D. Gens, M.D., personal communication). Bladder injury occurs in 10 to 15% of all patients with major pelvic fractures (2). The appropriate role and sequence of diagnostic imaging studies to evaluate suspected injury to the urinary system after major blunt trauma is controversial (3, 4). This review considers the application of diagnostic imaging methods for suspected urinary system injury and the spectrum and classification of renal, ureteral, and bladder injuries demonstrated.
Disaggregating Data on Asian American and Pacific Islander Women to Provide New Insights on Potential Exposures to Hazardous Air Pollutants in California

Background: The Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) population is heterogeneous and rapidly growing in the United States, with a high proportion concentrated in California. Although traditionally assumed to have lower rates of breast cancer than non-Hispanic white women, recent studies have suggested considerable variation in incidence by AAPI ethnic group, with rates in some exceeding those in non-Hispanic whites. The potential role of environmental toxicants has not been well explored and may provide insights into these patterns. Methods: We created an exposure potential index (EPI) score for 24 hazardous air pollutants modeled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment considered to be mammary gland carcinogens, and compared values at the census tract level for “geographically concentrated” AAPI groups throughout the State. “Geographically concentrated” populations were defined as census tracts with at least 100 individuals from a specified racial/ethnic population as enumerated by the 2000 Census. Results: Although EPI scores differed little between census tracts with aggregated AAPI (mean EPI = 0.53) and non-Hispanic white women (mean EPI = 0.63), there was substantial variation between tracts for disaggregated AAPI groups, with notably higher EPI scores for tracts enumerated for Korean or Japanese women (mean EPI of 0.78 and 0.77, respectively) compared with other AAPI groups. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of disaggregating data for the heterogeneous AAPI population to identify differences in potential environmental exposures across groups. Impact: Future cancer etiology studies should examine environmental exposure differences within and across groups for the diverse AAPI population. See all the articles in this [ CEBP Focus ][1] section, “Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Populations.” Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2218–28. ©2014 AACR . [1]: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/23/11.toc#CEBPFocus
The stress-optical coefficient and amorphous order

Abstract The calculated stress-optical coefficients obtained using the rotational isomer model and the principle of additivity of bond polarizability tensors give values of the segment polarizability anisotropy, Δ TSin reasonable agreement with experimental values for swollen rubber networks. Furthermore, these values agree well with those obtained from streaming birefringence studies. Estimates of the effect of ordering in the amorphous state upon Δ TS lead to values appreciably in excess of those found experimentally. The effect of swelling solvent on Δ TS can be interpreted in terms of its role in separating chains from each other and in itself being oriented by the polymer chain. This model accounts for the observation that Δ TS increases with increasing anisotropy of the swelling solvent. The value of Δ TS found for networks swollen with an isotropic solvent is approximately, but not exactly, equal to the intrinsic anisotropy of the segment, Δ TS found for undiluted networks arises in part from mutua...
Polyphosphazenes Bearing Branched and Linear Oligoethyleneoxy Side Groups as Solid Solvents for Ionic Conduction

A new series of solid polymer electrolyte materials based on the poly(organophosphazene) system has been designed and synthesized. The new polymers contain linear or branched oligoethyleneoxy side chains. The polymers were characterized by 31P, 13C, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. The ambient temperature (25 °C) ionic conductivities of the polymers complexed with lithium triflate were measured by complex impedance analysis. The polymers that bear linear oligoethyleneoxy side chains [NP{O(CH2CH2O)nCH3}2], have low glass transition temperatures that range from −84 to −75 °C. These polymers have properties that are similar to those of the classical counterpart poly[bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene. They have low dimensional stabilities and undergo viscous flow even at room temperature. The polymers with branched oligoethyleneoxy side chains (podands) have similar glass transition temperatures, in the range of −82 to −...
Photorefractive conjugated polymer-liquid crystal composites

A new mechanism for space-charge field formation in photorefractive liquid crystal composites containing poly(2,5-bis(2{prime}-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (BEH-PPV) and the electron acceptor N,N{prime}-dioctyl-1,4:5,8-naphthalenediimide, NI, is observed. Using asymmetric energy transfer (beam coupling) measurements that are diagnostic for the photorefractive effect, the direction of beam coupling as a function of grating fringe spacing inverts at a spacing of 5.5 {micro}m. The authors show that the inversion is due to a change in the dominant mechanism for space-charge field formation. At small fringe spacings, the space-charge field is formed by ion diffusion in which the photogenerated anion is the more mobile species. At larger fringe spacings, the polarity of the space charge field inverts due to dominance of a charge transport mechanism in which photogenerated holes are the most mobile species due to hole migration along the BEH-PEV chains coupled with interchain hole hopping. Control experiments are presented, which use composites that can access only one of the two charge transport mechanisms. The results show that charge migration over long distances leading to enhanced photorefractive effects can be obtained using conjugated polymers dissolved in liquid crystals.
Simple theory concerning the emission efficiency and energy deposition of electrons produced in a slab exposed to 1.25 MeV gamma rays

Abstract A simple theory concerning the photon induced electron emission and absorption is derived, based on the diffusion model proposed by Bethe, Rose and Smith. Analytical expressions are presented for emission efficiency and energy deposition of electrons produced in a slab exposed to 1.25 MeV gamma rays and compared to experimental measurements and Monte Carlo calculations. Although the agreement between them is generally good, in view of the simplified model, a considerable difference is shown for the forward emission efficiency in the case of a very thick slab compared to the electron range and for the backward emission efficiency in the case of a relatively thin slab or of very low atomic number material.
The nuclear power industry in the Asia-Pacific region

Abstract The development of the nuclear reactor industry in the Pacific Basin began in the United States and Canada and spread to Japan and, more recently, to South Korea and Taiwan. The American and Canadian industries face serious economic and political difficulties; indeed, their current plight is so severe that their survival no longer seems assured. Because of the key regional role played up to now by the North American industries, and by the U.S. industry in particular, the realization of this scenario would have important repercussions for nuclear trade and investment throughout the region. In the longer run, some basic structural changes would seem likely, with the focal point of industrial strength and technological leadership in the region shifting to Northeast Asia, and to Japan in particular. Already there is evidence of this shift. But the prospect of a smooth, gradual transition toward a new regional industrial structure centered on Japan may be misleading. What is missing from this picture is a full measure of the extent to which nuclear industrial development elsewhere in the region is positively correlated with the trend in the United States.
Planning the replacement of the Beards Creek bridge

Abstract US Route 20A crosses Beards Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, in the hamlet of Cuylerville near the Town of Geneseo in western New York. In early March 1994 fresh water (>20 mgd) began entering the Retsof Salt Mine ca 1100 feet beneath the bridge. Despite efforts to stop the inflow, it continued until early 1996 when the mine became completely inundated. Since March 1994, the bridge crossing the creek has settled 15 ft and moved ca 5 ft upstream toward the smaller of two large-diameter sinkholes centered on the creek which had developed ca 400 and 1300 ft upstream of the bridge. Both prior to and during the inundation of the mine, the owner of the mine and several public agencies conducted an extensive array of surface measurements, hydraulic surveys, subsurface investigations and predictive impact studies. Upon development of the sinkholes and the initial settlements, the bridge was declared unsafe and taken out of service. Public need and potential archeological resources in the immediate environs of the bridge require that the bridge be replaced, at its present location, with little or no taking of additional right-of-way. The authors' firms have been engaged in designing the replacement bridge and the restoration of the approach roadways. Their work has included the review and interpretation of the data and findings of the numerous studies conducted at and near the bridge site. They have used these reviews and interpretations as a basis for the hydraulic and foundation design for the bridge replacement and roadway restoration. This paper presents a summary of their design approach and rationale.
Neuropsychiatric disorders: Does semiology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures matter?

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) resemble epileptic seizures, but are the result of underlying psychological processes. In a recent study characterizing seizure presentations in childhood PNES, a modified semiological categorization of the disorder was proposed. Does seizure semiology matter when determining the underlying psychological factors of PNES or predicting patient outcome?
Preparing Teachers to Make the Formative Assessment Process Integral to Science Teaching and Learning

Formative assessment provides a means to successfully scaffold learning. Unfortunately, few teachers understand the pedagogical implications of such scaffolding or their role in utilizing formative assessments. The purpose of our study was to develop an understanding of the experience of being a teacher that is seeking to improve learning through formative assessment and using that understanding to improve our practices in teacher education. Three categories emerged from the data analysis: (1) questioning the validity of tacit pedagogical understandings, (2) understanding the experiences of the students, and (3) exploring the need to develop a more reflexive classroom. The findings from this study are useful for persons seeking to prepare teachers to guide science learning.
Ion drive technology readiness for the 1985 Halley Comet rendezvous mission

This paper summarizes the results of an assessment performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in FY 77 of the technology readiness of ion propulsion technology to support a 1985 Halley Comet Rendezvous (HCR) mission. The assessment identifies the status of ion propulsion technology and risk of its utilization to perform the HCR mission as of July 1977 and provides projections of status and risk at the required date for an HCR project start, October 1978. These projections are based on the assumed completion of the development activities ongoing at the time of this assessment and the recommended new activities identified in this paper. The conclusions of the study indicate that a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) commitment to the performance-demanding HCR mission would involve significant risk, greater than that experienced in any post-1964 planetary mission, despite years of supporting research and advanced development funding for ion propulsion and even assuming the success of an ambitious, aggressive FY 78 pre-project advanced systems technology (AST) program proposed by JPL. Contributing principally to the identified risk are a marginal mass margin of 6.7%, driven by uncertainties in ion drive vehicle masses and an unconfirmed solar array power degradation model of 12%, and technology currently undemonstrated to meet HCR mission requirements in two of the six subsystems of the ion propulsion module: the thrust and solar array subsystems.
Polyoxometalate clusters as building blocks for oxide materials: Synthesis and structure of a three-dimensional copper-pyrazinetetrazolate/Keggin assembly

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of pyrazinetetrazole, copper(II) acetate monohydrate, molybdenum(VI) oxide and 1,2-ethylenediphosphonic acid yields the bimetallic oxide [{Cu4(pyztet)4(Hpyztet)(H2O)2}{Mo12O36(PO4)}]·2H2O (1·2H2O). The framework structure is constructed from {Mo12O36(PO4)}3 − clusters sandwiched between and linking {Cu4(pyztet)5(Hpyztet)(H2O)2}n3n + networks. The Cu(II)-pyrazinetetrazolate substructure contains both ‘4 + 2’ axially distorted and square planar Cu(II) sites. The six-coordinate sites are of two types: the first exhibits {CuN6} coordination to four tetrazolate and two pyrazine nitrogen donors, while the second enjoys {CuN4O2} coordination defined by three tetrazolates and one pyrazine nitrogen donor, an aqua ligand and an oxo-group bridging to the Keggin cluster.
A Quasistatic Contact Problem in Thermoelasticity with a Radiation Condition for the Temperature

Abstract An abstract existence theorem is proved for variational inequalities of monotone operators with a nonlinear perturbation. It is used to prove the existence of a strong solution to the problem of quasistatic, one dimensional contact in linearized thermoelasticity. The problem, after reformulation, consists of the heat equation with a nonlocal and nonlinear term. The uniqueness and stability of the solution are also established.
Modeling interfacial conditions in nominally flat contacts for application to fretting fatigue of turbine engine components

Abstract The area of contact between the blade root and disk in high-performance turbomachinery has been identified as a critical area for the nucleation of fatigue damage leading to premature and often catastrophic component failures. The interaction of small-scale relative displacements or microslip at the contact surfaces and sharp gradients in the near-surface contact stress field drives a damage process known as fretting. This paper presents and compares two computational approaches — one relying on a quasi-analytical formulation and another employing the finite element method — for characterizing the interfacial conditions arising in experimental set-ups used to simulate conditions of fretting in blade/disk contacts. The quasi-analytical formulation provides a computationally efficient approach for analyzing arbitrary contacting profiles. It is also shown that predictions from the analyses compare favorably with interfacial damage observed in an on-going series of fretting fatigue tests of a titanium alloy used commonly in turbomachinery components, Ti–6Al–4V.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Amniotic Fluid from Normal Pregnancy*

ABSTRACT A competitive protein binding assaywas used for the determination of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in human amniotic fluid. A cyclic AMP specific binding protein prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle was utilized and the method was applicable for accurate measurements of this nucleotide in the 0.1–1.0 pmole range. The levels of cyclic AMP in amniotic fluid samples from various stages of normal pregnancies were measured and the values ranged from 2.6 pmoles per ml in the fluid at 4 weeks gestation to an average of 19.2 pmoles per ml in the 40th week of pregnancy. The lowest cyclic AMP levels were found in amniotic fluids in the 4–14 weeks gestational period (2.8 ± 0.6 (mean ± sd) pmoles per ml). Thereafter, the fluid cyclic AMP concentration showed a steady increase with the advance of pregnancy, reaching a peak value in the fluids at term. The mean level during the 16–24 weeks gestation period was 4.9 ± 0.8 (mean ± sd) pmoles per ml and a maximum level of 17.6 ± 3.6 (mean ± sd) was fo...
A hybrid method for the solution of linear Boltzmann equation

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach devised to solve the transport of neutral particles in scattering and absorbing media. The solution to the linear Boltzmann equation is sought starting from a multi-collision approach of the integro-differential equation which is combined with an approximate model for the description of the residue after truncation of the Neumann series. In the paper, the theoretical basis of such hybrid method is discussed together with the physical intuition at the basis of the methodology. Results for both steady-state and transient problems are presented and an extension to general multi-dimensional, anisotropic problem is reported.
Low levels of photoreactivating enzyme in xeroderma pigmentosum variants.

XERODERMA pigmentosum (XP) is a recessive, hereditary disease in which patients develop malignancies on areas of skin exposed to sunlight1. Although fibroblasts from most XP individuals are deficient in excision repair of damage to DNA (classical XP), those from a few individuals (XP variants) having the usual clinical signs of XP seem to have normal excision capacity2. Photoreactivation is a DNA repair process in which the photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) monomerises pyrimidine dimers induced by ultraviolet light3. As PRE is present in normal human cells4, but only at reduced levels in classical XP cells5, we thought that the XP variants may also be defective in PRE activity. We therefore measured this activity in fibroblasts from four XP variants (Table 1) and found that Variants XP30RO, XP4BE, XP13BE, and XP7TA have 56, 11, 9, and 4% of the normal level of PRE activity, respectively.
Mutation Rate of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5B in Patients Undergoing Treatment With Ribavirin Monotherapy

Background & Aims: Error catastrophe from an increase in mutation rate may be a possible mechanism of action of ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We sought to evaluate the mutagenic potential of ribavirin in vivo and to determine if conserved regions of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B are mutated during ribavirin therapy. Methods: Thirty-one patients with CHC genotype 1 who participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ribavirin for 48 weeks were studied. After 48 weeks, patients on placebo were crossed-over to open-label ribavirin for 48 weeks. Viral RNA was extracted from paired, stored sera at day 0 and week 24 during the randomized phase and weeks 48, 52, and 72 during the cross-over phase. The entire NS5B region was sequenced and the mutation rates were calculated. Results: An increase in mutation rate was observed after 4 weeks (4.4 × 10−2 vs 2.1 × 10−3 per site/y, P = .02) but not after 24 weeks (4.0 × 10−3 vs. 5.5 × 10−3 per site/y, P = .1) in patients who crossed over to ribavirin. Similarly, during the randomized phase no increase in the number of mutations or the mutation rate was observed at week 24 between the ribavirin- and placebo-treated patients 6.6 vs 4.3 × 10−3 per site/y, respectively (P = .4). No mutations were observed in conserved regions of NS5B. Conclusions: Ribavirin therapy is associated with an early, transient increase in the mutation rate of HCV. Lethal mutagenesis and error catastrophe is unlikely to be the sole mechanism of action of ribavirin during therapy for CHC.
Recursive Decomposition of Progress Graphs

Search of a state transition system is traditionally how deadlock detection for concurrent programs has been accomplished. This paper examines an approach to deadlock detection that uses geometric semantics involving the topological notion of dihomotopy to partition the state-space into components; after that the reduced state-space is exhaustively searched. Prior work partitioned the state-space inductively. In this paper we show that a recursive technique provides greater reduction of the size of the state transition system and therefore more efficient deadlock detection. If the preprocessing can be done efficiently, then for large problems we expect to see more efficient deadlock detection and eventually more efficient verification of some temporal properties.
Onset of reproduction in plants: size-versus age-dependency

Understanding the roles of age and size in the timing of first reproduction or flowering in plants has become a goal for those investigating the evolution of life cycle patterns in general. Here I review the studies that are helping to clarify these roles, and indicate some directions for future research.
A note on a swimming problem

The rate of self-propulsion of a doubly-infinite flexible sheet due to transverse waving oscillations in a viscous fluid is shown to decrease with increasing frequency, at a fixed (small) wave amplitude. This result differs from that of Reynolds (1965) who included local inertia, and thereby predicted that the swimming speed increases above the limiting value given by Taylor (1951) at zero frequency. The error in Reynolds’ work is due to his neglect of the simultaneous effect of convection, which induces a non-uniform mean second-order flow, with direction such as to oppose propulsion. Some other results concerning swimming sheets are presented.
System Stress and the Persistence* of Emergent Organizations

A model facilitating the prediction of organizational persistence or dissolution is presented through a series of propositions. Environmental change, community demands for service, organizational capacity, formalization, and task orientations are identified as important dimensions in determining the probability of organizational emergence, maintenance, or demise. The emergence and development of Neighbors in Need (NIN); a Seattle, Washington based welfare organization, is described to illustrate the viability of the model. NIN's career pattern shows a persistence beyond the period of environmental disruption because of the long-term progressive nature of the system's stress, NIN's formalization, and its task specificity. But a reduction in system stress, the adoption of a more diffuse goal, and the organization's failure to promote interorganizational relations with the local agencies indicates the probable demise of the NIN.
Tranquility and danger in urban and natural settings

Our purpose was to investigate perceived tranquility (theoretically a combination of moderate fascination and aesthetic pleasure) and perceived danger in urban and natural settings. We explored the relationship of these two target variables to each other and to a set of three predictor variables: openness, setting care, and nature (amount of foliage and vegetation). Participants rated each of 48 color slides, evenly divided between urban and field/forest natural settings, for only one of the five variables. Several predictions derived from Attention Restoration Theory for tranquility and from a review of the environmental criminology literature for danger were supported: (1) tranquility was rated higher in natural than in urban settings, and the reverse was true for danger; (2) tranquility and danger were negatively correlated across all settings; (3) the three predictor variables were generally positively related to tranquility and negatively related to danger. Two variations from the general pattern of results emerged in model-testing analyses that controlled for setting category and the presence of other predictors. First, the negative relationship between setting care and perceived danger was stronger for urban than for natural settings, indicating that setting care is more salient for judgments of danger in urban settings. Second, openness was a significant predictor of danger (a negative relationship) but not of tranquility. These variations suggest that tranquility and danger probably should be viewed not as polar opposites but as distinct constructs.
Rapid Extraction of Milk Fat

Abstract A rapid procedure for extraction and purification of fat from 1.0ml milk is described. It involves freeze-drying, extraction with a chloroform-methanol solvent, and eventual microfiltration through a teflon microfilter. Results expressed as grams of fat/100ml milk from 437 samples agreed with milk fat content as measured by the Babcock procedure with an accuracy of 99.0%.
Weather radar ground clutter. Part I: Identification, modeling, and simulation

Real-time ground-clutter identification and subsequent filtering of clutter-contaminated data is addressed in this two-part paper. Part I focuses on the identification, modeling, and simulation of S-band ground-clutter echo. A new clutter identification parameter, clutter phase alignment (CPA), is presented. CPA is a measure primarily of the phase variability of the in-phase and quadrature-phase time series samples for a given radar resolution volume. CPA is also a function of amplitude variability of the time series. It is shown that CPA is an excellent discriminator of ground clutter versus precipitation echoes. A typically used weather model, time series simulatoris shown to inadequately describe experimentally observed CPA. Thus, a new technique for the simulation of ground-clutter echo is developed that better predicts the experimentally observed CPA. Experimental data from the Denver Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) at the Denver, Colorado, Front Range Airport (KFTG), and NCAR’s S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol) are used to illustrate CPA. In Part II, CPA is used in a fuzzy logic algorithm for improved clutter identification.
Thioredoxin reductase as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy

Tumor cell proliferation, de-differentiation, and progression depend on a complex combination of altered cell cycle regulation, excessive growth factor pathway activation, and decreased apoptosis. The understanding of these complex mechanisms should lead to the identification of potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Redox-sensitive signaling factors also regulate multiple cellular processes including proliferation, cell cycle, and pro-survival signaling cascades, suggesting their potential as molecular targets for anticancer agents. These observations suggest that redox-sensitive signaling factors may be potential novel molecular markers. We hypothesized that thioredoxin reductase-1 (TR), a component of several redox-regulated pathways, may represent a potential molecular target candidate in response to agents that induce oxidative stress. There have been numerous biological studies over the last decade investigating the cell biological, biochemical, and genetic properties of TR both in culture and in in vivo models. In addition, using a series of permanent cell lines that express either a wild-type TR or a dominant mutant TR gene or a chemical agent that inhibits TR we demonstrated that TR meets most criteria that would identify a molecular target. Based on these results we believe TR is a potential molecular target and discuss potential clinical possibilities.
Behaviour of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) at the San Diego Wild Animal Park

The designation of the Japanese serow as a ‘natural monument’ in 1934 and as a ‘special natural monument’ in 1955 gave this fascinating species of the subfamily Caprinae complete protection from legal hunting and capture (Akasaka 1974). Because of this protective status, only three facilities outside Japan are fortunate to house selected individuals of this species: the Peking Zoo in China, and the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo in the United States. The Wild Animal Park received a male and a female serow from the Japanese Serow Center, Gozaisho Mountain, Mie Prefecture, Japan. This pair was housed in an open-air mixed-species exhibit. However, due to the larger size of the enclosure and the elusive nature of the animals, very little was known about their behaviour, which created a concern to Park Management for their welfare. Therefore, in 1983, I undertook a project whose purpose was to determine the serows’ individual, interspecific, and intraspecific behaviour and their use of space at the Park.
Retinoic acid inhibits transformation by preventing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent activation of the c- fos promoter

Retinoic acid inhibits transformation of cells by polyoma virus middle T oncoprotein. Inhibition of transformation results from a retinoic acid-dependent failure of cells to fully express the c-fos proto-oncogene. Retinoic acid prevents transactivation of the c-fos promoter by disrupting signaling between tyrosine kinases at the plasma membrane and trans-acting factors at the c-fos promoter. We used complementary genetic, biochemical and molecular approaches to demonstrate that: (1) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling is the principle mechanism of polyoma virus middle T oncoprotein activation of c-fos expression; (2) middle T/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase transactivation of the c-fos promoter and transformation of cells requires activation of both the small GTP-binding protein Rac and Jun N-terminal kinase; (3) retinoic acid inhibits activation of Jun N-terminal kinase, thereby preventing c-fos transactivation and transformation; and (4) middle T activation of c-fos transcription requires both the serum response element and the promoter proximal cyclic AMP response element. These studies identify a novel target through which retinoids prevent oncogenic transformation.
Effect of exchange on M/L electron capture ratios

Theoretical expressions that include the effect of electron exchange are given for $\frac{M}{L}$ electron-capture ratios; the results are presented in a form that makes clear the physical origin of the exchange corrections. Accurate values for $\frac{M}{L}$ ratios both with and without exchange corrections are tabulated for $Z$ between 13 and 37; these numerical results were calculated using the analytic Hartree-Fock wave functions of Watson and Freeman. The exchange correction for $Z$ greater than or equal to 38 has been estimated by a least squares extrapolation of the correction for lower $Z$ values. The effect of electron exchange on electron capture to positron-emission ratios is also discussed. The exchange-corrected theoretical $\frac{M}{L}$ ratio for $_{32}\mathrm{Ge}^{71}$ is 0.173, in disagreement with the recent measurement of Manduchi and Zannoni. It is suggested that some additional precision measurements of $\frac{M}{L}$ ratios be performed in order to clarify this discrepancy between theory and experiment.
Custom IC for Ultra-low Power RF Energy Harvesting

This paper presents a custom IC that provides an efficient interface between an ultra-low power RF rectifying antenna (rectenna) source and a microbattery, with the goal of maximum power harvesting. The energy harvester IC uses current-starved circuitry, a non-overlapping gate-drive, and a sub-threshold current source to achieve a nominal supply current in the 200 nA range for V DD = 2.5 V. Experimental results are given with the IC harvesting energy from a 1.93 GHz patch rectenna to a battery with voltages ranging from 2.5 V to 4.15 V. Overall conversion efficiency including all control losses is demonstrated at over 35 % at an input power of just 1.5 ?W and at over 70 % at input power levels over 30 ?W. The IC is fabricated in a 5 V, 0.35 ?m CMOS process. Although the IC was designed for RF energy harvesting, the low power boost converter can be applied to other power sources such as wind, vibrations, and temperature.
Lot's Wife in the Novels of Mary Anne Sadlier

The biblical figure of Lot’s wife in the novels of Mary Anne Sadlier functions typologically, assigning the role of Lot’s wife to both men and women. This essay explores how such an interpretative move functioned to reverse the charges leveled against Catholic men by muscular Christianity and Catholic women by the Protestant Cult of True Womanhood. Sadlier’s audience was the burgeoning Irish American immigrant community, but the ethnically porous character of Sadlier’s sources of inspiration for that community might be attested by her family’s Catholic catechetical publishing company’s reprint of Cardinal Wiseman’s Fabiola in the United States a mere two years after its initial publication in Britain and by her numerous translations from the French. The choice of a typological figure with a widely acknowledged perceived historical basis helped Sadlier to navigate between progressive and conservative Catholic biblical interpretation contemporary to her writing. Typology also facilitated Sadlier’s participation in the Catholic polemics against anti-Catholic, nativist literature by assimilating a negative biblical exemplar to biblically devoted Protestants.
Speculations on the Role of Major Transplantation Antigens in Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Intracellular Parasites

In three major fields of immunology—“academic” immunology, immunology of infectious diseases, and transplantation immunology—exciting features in common have been discovered over the past few years. As early as the 1950’s, possible links between the transplantation reaction and cell-mediated immunity to cell-bound antigens or intracellular parasites were postulated. For instance, Mitchison speculated that cellular immune recognition of antigen in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions probably occurred only when the antigen involved (e.g., tuberculin or chemical allergens) were present on the cell-membrane, thus resembling a foreign transplantation antigen (Mitchison, 1954). Lawrence, stimulated by Thomas’ surveillance hypothesis (Thomas, 1959), proposed that immune lymphocytes recognize not only foreign antigens on cell surfaces, since cell-mediated immunity originally evolved against intracellular parasites, but also recognized a self-component (Lawrence, 1959, 1974). This self-plus-X hypothesis was a very lucid speculation that foresaw many of the principles discovered since. All these discoveries now lead to the conclusion that thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) seem to express a double specificity for foreign antigenic determinants and for cell-surface self determinants (For reviews see Paul and Benacerraf, 1977; Munro and Bright, 1976; Doherty et al., 1976; Shearer et al., 1976; Forman, 1976; Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1977a; Koszinowski et al., 1977a; Schrader et al., 1977; Katz, 1977; Langman, 1978).
EFFICACY OF VIRUCIDAL NASAL TISSUES IN INTERRUPTING FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY AGENTS A FIELD TRIAL IN TECUMSEH, MICHIGAN

A randomized field trial was conducted in Tecumseh, Michigan, to test the efficacy of virucidal nasal tissues in interrupting transmission of respiratory agents in the household. In the double-blinded trial, 296 households were stratified by household size and randomly assigned to the group using treated tissues and the group using placebo tissues. Households were recruited in late August to early September 1984, and the tissues were distributed in November 1984. A 10-week influenza A(H3N2) period was identified from January 13 to March 23, 1985, although there was also evidence of rhinovirus circulation during that period. A household-level infection transmission model was used to assess the effectiveness of the virucidal tissue in the household. The model was used to estimate the secondary attack rate for the placebo and treated tissue households during the influenza A(H3N2) period. The efficacy of the treated tissue in interrupting secondary transmission was found to vary from 30.1% to 36.9%, although it could be as high as 39.4% when historical comparisons are used. However, these differences were not statistically significant. In general, the use of virucidal nasal tissue in the household appears to result in the partial interruption of transmission of influenzavirus from an infected household member to another household member during an influenza epidemic.
The Short Horizon Predictive Content of Aggregate Earnings

Evidence documented in Howe, Unlu, and Yan [2009] shows that aggregate analyst recommendations are useful in predicting short horizon (quarter-ahead) aggregate excess market returns. In this paper we find that aggregate earnings measures constructed from underlying announcements are also very useful for predicting short horizon excess market returns, at least in the time period for which aggregate analyst recommendation data are available. An equal-weighted average of aggregate earnings explains around 17% of the variation in quarter ahead excess return. Moreover, dividend yield and aggregate analyst recommendation indices lack significance in models including this equal-weighted index.
A history of The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

Among the highlights of this overview of the A.A.S.T. are summaries of its origins, its scientific programs, and the Journal of Trauma.
Diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the urinary bladder.

The diagnosis of bladder tumor should be made with ease and consistency. Certain tumors are virtually 100 per cent curable, but results of surgical therapy of more advanced neoplasms are disappointing and justify exploration of other therapeutic modalities. Gross hematuria is the first definite sign of tumor in 75 per cent of cases. Either gross or microscopic hematuria demands prompt and thorough investigation during the bleeding episode.
Optimal Price/Advertising Menus for Two-Sided Media Platforms

We develop a model of two-sided media platforms in order to derive optimal pricing strategies. An advertiser values consumer ad exposure on the platform while a consumer values the platform's media content, but dislikes advertising. In such a setting, we show that platforms can achieve optimal profit with subscription based prices. When platforms have incomplete information about consumer advertising preferences, we show the optimal subscription price menu requires altering complete information optimal prices by decreasing advertising quantities for consumers who dislike advertising most, and decreasing price for those who dislike advertising least. Using this result, we characterize when the platform's optimal menu allows the consumer to choose between free use with ads versus a paid subscription for no ads, similar to menus observed for media streaming services on the internet. We further establish that both prices and advertising quantities can rise when moving from monopoly to duopoly if agents multi-home (use both platforms), but consumer welfare still improves because total consumption increases, creating more market surplus. However, if agents single-home (use one platform) in duopoly, Bertrand-like competition decreases consumer prices and drives platform profits to zero, suggesting platforms may prefer multi-homing consumers. Finally, our model predicts unstable prices in two-sided media markets, as platforms tend to have an incentive to change agent behavior through altering prices.
The Irreversible Assembly of Small Symmetric Nanoshells

Highly symmetric nano-shells are found in many biological systems, such as clathrin cages and viral shells. We examine the physical basis for the formation of symmetric shells and using a minimal model demonstrate that these structures can readily grow from the irreversible addition of identical subunits. Our model of nano-shell assembly shows that the spontaneous curvature regulates the size of the shell while the mechanical properties of the subunit determines the symmetry of the assembled structure. Understanding the minimum requirements for the formation of closed nano-shells is a necessary step towards engineering of nano-containers, which will have far reaching impact in both material science and medicine.
The Language of Religion

Coleridge’s deeply personal inquiry into the original character and later state of Christianity is enriched at every turn by his attention to language. Early notes for a ‘Sermon on Faith’ begin, typically, from ‘The scriptural uses of the word—& a promise to shew that however different these meanings appear, yet they do in reality coincide—so far as they are all operations of one faculty.’1 The problem of faith for the rational intelligence is his constant preoccupation. Language appears an irritant to understanding, ’so many scholastic Terms & nice Distinctions ha[ving] been introduced into our Articles & Liturgy.’2 Even the language of Scripture is problematic, as Coleridge’s still earlier Lectures on Revealed Religion notice.3
Inference of reaction rate parameters based on summary statistics from experiments

Abstract We present the results of an application of Bayesian inference and maximum entropy methods for the estimation of the joint probability density for the Arrhenius rate parameters of the rate coefficient of the H2/O2-mechanism chain branching reaction H + O 2 → OH + O . Available published data is summary statistics in terms of nominal values and error bars of the rate coefficient of this reaction at a number of temperature values obtained from shock-tube experiments. Our approach relies on generating data, in this case OH concentration profiles, consistent with the given summary statistics, using Approximate Bayesian Computation methods and a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. The approach permits the forward propagation of parametric uncertainty through the computational model in a manner that is consistent with the published statistics. A consensus joint posterior on the parameters is obtained by pooling the posterior parameter densities given each consistent data set. To expedite this process, we construct efficient surrogates for the OH concentration using a combination of Pade and polynomial approximants. These surrogate models adequately represent forward model observables and their dependence on input parameters and are computationally efficient to allow their use in the Bayesian inference procedure. We also utilize Gauss–Hermite quadrature with Gaussian proposal probability density functions for moment computation resulting in orders of magnitude speedup in data likelihood evaluation. Despite the strong non-linearity in the model, the consistent data sets all result in nearly Gaussian conditional parameter probability density functions. The technique also accounts for nuisance parameters in the form of Arrhenius parameters of other rate coefficients with prescribed uncertainty. The resulting pooled parameter probability density function is propagated through stoichiometric hydrogen–air auto-ignition computations to illustrate the need to account for correlation among the Arrhenius rate parameters of one reaction and across rate parameters of different reactions.
RECRUITING PERSONNEL FOR A DYNAMIC INDUSTRY IN THE SOARING SEVENTIES1

The dairy industry and regulatory agencies are suffering from a severe manpower shortage. Recent surveys show that enrollment in agricultural colleges is up, but that the dairy science and regulatory-oriented curricula are not drawing their share of the new student crop. Suggestions for rectifying these manpower shortages include: changing the image of agriculture in general; involving regulatory and dairy industry people in a one to one career guidance situation with potential recruits; increasing incomes and inducements for dairy- and regulatory-related professions; and establishing innovative training programs and curricula to interest a wider segment of our young people in dairy foods processing and regulatory professions.