cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric relaxation of collagen and gelatin

Dielectric dispersions of reconstituted collagens and gelatin were measured from 0.1 to 10 kHz and −160 to +160°C. At 0.1 kHz there is a γ transition at −80°C which is attributed to the H2O-coupled local modes. The process has an activation energy of 7.5 kcal. A devitrification process is observed at 10–20°C. Both of these processes have their counterparts in the dynamic mechanical measurements. The tan δ values are up to 3 times as great for the dynamic mechanical dispersions. There is an additional hightemperature dielectric loss transition which does not correspond to any seen with the mechanical experiments. A probable mechanism for this absorption is the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect.
Cell and Droplet Sorting with Surface Acoustic Waves in Microfluidics

We describe a novel microfluidic cell sorter which operates in continuous flow at high sorting rates.The device is based on a surface acoustic wave cell-sorting scheme and combines many advantages of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and droplet sorting in microfluidic channels (FADS).It is fully integrated on a PDMS device, and allows fast electronic control of cell diversion.We direct cells by acoustic streaming excited by a surface acoustic wave which deflects the fluid independently of the contrast in material properties of deflected objects and the continuous phase; thus the device underlying principle works without additional enhancement of the sorting by prior labelling of the cells with responsive markers such as magnetic or polarizable beads. Single cells are sorted directly from bulk media at rates as fast as several kHz without prior encapsulation into liquid droplet compartments as in traditional FACS. We have successfully directed HaCaT cells (human keratinocytes), fibroplasts from mice and MV3 melanoma cells. The low shear forces of this sorting method ensures that cells survive after sorting.
Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor Behaves Like a Noninhibitory Serpin: NEUROTROPHIC ACTIVITY DOES NOT REQUIRE THE SERPIN REACTIVE LOOP

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a neurite-promoting factor, has an amino acid primary structure that is related to members of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. Controlled proteolysis of native PEDF (50 kDa) with either trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, or subtilisin yields in each case one major limited product of 46 kDa as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-terminal sequence analysis of the isolated 46-kDa products indicates a favored cleavage region located toward the C-terminal end of PEDF. A proteolyzed PEDF protein reaction mixture reveals two overlapping sequences: that of the N terminus of intact PEDF and that of an internal region, consistent with cleavage of PEDF about position 382. These data indicate that PEDF protein has a globular conformation with one protease-sensitive exposed loop that contains the homologous serpin-reactive site. Cleavage within the reactive-site loop of PEDF does not cause a conformational change in the molecules (the stressed (S) → relaxed (R) transition) and results in heat denaturation identical to its native counterpart. This lack of conformational change is also seen upon cleavage within the reactive-site loop of the noninhibitory serpin ovalbumin. Furthermore, the PEDF neurite-promoting function is not lost with cleavage of the exposed loop. Recombinant PEDF polypeptide fragments with larger truncations from the C-terminal end show neurotrophic activity. Our results clearly indicate that integrity of the PEDF homologous serpin reactive center is dispensable for neurotrophic activity. Thus, the PEDF induction of neurites must be mediated by a mechanism other than serine protease inhibition. Altogether our data indicate that PEDF belongs to the subgroup of noninhibitory serpins and that its N-terminal region confers a neurite-promoting activity to the protein. The neurotrophic active site of PEDF is separated from the serpin reactive-site loop, not only in the primary structure, but also in the folded protein structure.
The identification and characterization of zebrafish hematopoietic stem cells

HSCs are defined by their ability to self-renew and maintain hematopoiesis throughout the lifespan of an organism. The optical clarity of their embryos and the ease of genetic manipulation make the zebrafish (Danio rerio) an excellent model for studying hematopoiesis. Using flow cytometry, we identified 2 populations of CD41-GFP+ cells (GFPhi and GFPlo) in the whole kidney marrow of Tg(CD41:GFP) zebrafish. Past studies in humans and mice have shown that CD41 is transiently expressed in the earliest hematopoietic progenitors and is then silenced, reappearing in the platelet/thrombocyte lineage. We have transplanted flow-sorted GFPhi and GFPlo cells into irradiated adult zebrafish and assessed long-term hematopoietic engraftment. Transplantation of GFPhi cells did not reconstitute hematopoiesis. In contrast, we observed multilineage hematopoiesis up to 68 weeks after primary and secondary transplantation of GFPlo cells. We detected the CD41-GFP transgene in all major hematopoietic lineages and CD41-GFP+ cells in histologic sections of kidneys from transplant recipients. These studies show that CD41-GFPlo cells fulfill generally accepted criteria for HSCs. The identification of fluorescent zebrafish HSCs, coupled with our ability to transplant them into irradiated adult recipients, provide a valuable new tool to track HSC homing, proliferation, and differentiation into hematopoietic cells.
Polewards Chromosome Movement Driven by Microtubule Depolymerization in Vitro

We constructed complexes between isolated chromosomes and microtubules made from purified tubulin to study the movement of chromosomes towards the 'minus' end of microtubules in vitro, a process analogous to the movement of chromosomes towards the pole of the spindle at anaphase of mitosis. Our results show that the energy for this movement is derived solely from microtubule depolymerization, and indicate that anaphase movement of chromosomes is both powered and regulated by microtubule depolymerization at the kinetochore.
A neutron diffraction study of structural changes in one-dimensional K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3 · 3H2O from 77–323°K

Abstract Single crystal neutron diffraction measurements of K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3 · 3H2O (KCP) above room temperature, to the point of irreversible crystal breakdown (318–323°K), and at liquid nitrogen temperature (77°K), give no indication of a crystallographic phase change. Full three-dimensional data collected at 77°K ( a = 9.848(5) A , c = 5.714(3) A , and space group P4mm ) indicate that the structure is essentially unchanged from that at room temperature except for increased hydrogen bonding association between H2O(2) and Br(1). The possible relationship between the hydrogen bonding changes and Br(1) site ordering is discussed.
A Quantitative Assessment of the Total Inward Leakage of NaCl Aerosol Representing Submicron-Size Bioaerosol Through N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators and Surgical Masks

Respiratory protection provided by a particulate respirator is a function of particle penetration through filter media and through faceseal leakage. Faceseal leakage largely contributes to the penetration of particles through a respirator and compromises protection. When faceseal leaks arise, filter penetration is assumed to be negligible. The contribution of filter penetration and faceseal leakage to total inward leakage (TIL) of submicron-size bioaerosols is not well studied. To address this issue, TIL values for two N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) models and two surgical mask (SM) models sealed to a manikin were measured at 8 L and 40 L breathing minute volumes with different artificial leak sizes. TIL values for different size (20–800 nm, electrical mobility diameter) NaCl particles representing submicron-size bioaerosols were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Efficiency of filtering devices was assessed by measuring the penetration against NaCl aerosol similar to the method ...
The old versus the new institutionalism

(1990). The old versus the new institutionalism. Review of Political Economy: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 83-86.
Toxin-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that appears essentially as a sporadic condition. It results mainly from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PD etiology remains mysterious, whereas its pathogenesis begins to be understood as a multifactorial cascade of deleterious factors. Most insights into PD pathogenesis come from investigations performed in experimental models of PD, especially those produced by neurotoxins. Although a host of natural and synthetic molecules do exert deleterious effects on dopaminergic neurons, only a handful are used in living laboratory animals to recapitulate some of the hallmarks of PD. In this review, we discuss what we believe are the four most popular parkinsonian neurotoxins, namely 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, and paraquat. The main goal is to provide an updated summary of the main characteristics of each of these four neurotoxins. However, we also try to provide the reader with an idea about the various strengths and the weaknesses of these neurotoxic models.
Special issue containing papers presented at the 12th International Workshop on H-mode Physics and Transport Barriers

The 12th International Workshop on H-mode Physics and Transport Barriers was held at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA between September 30 and October 2, 2009. This meeting was the continuation of a series of previous meetings which was initiated in 1987 and has been held bi-annually since then. Following the recent tradition at the last few meetings, the program was sub- divided into six sessions. At each session, an overview talk was presented, followed by two or three shorter oral presentations which supplemented the coverage of important issues. These talks were followed by discussion periods and poster sessions of contributed papers. The sessions were: Physics of Transition to/from Enhanced Confinement Regimes, Pedestal and Edge Localized Mode Dynamics, Plasma Rotation and Momentum Transport, Role of 3D Physics in Transport Barriers, Transport Barriers: Theory and Simulations and High Priority ITER Issues on Transport Barriers. The diversity of the 90 registered participants was remarkable, with 22 different nationalities. US participants were in the majority (36), followed by Japan (14), South Korea (7), and China (6). This special issue of Nuclear Fusion consists of a cluster of 18 accepted papers from submitted manuscripts based on overview talks and poster presentations. The paper selection procedure followed the guidelines of Nuclear Fusion which are essentially the same as for regular articles with an additional requirement on timeliness of submission, review and revision. One overview paper and five contributed papers report on the H-mode pedestal related results which reflect the importance of this issue concerning the successful operation of ITER. Four papers address the rotation and momentum transport which play a crucial role in transport barrier physics. The transport barrier transition condition is the main focus of other four papers. Finally, four additional papers are devoted to the behaviour and control of Edge Localized Modes. The selection of topics and overview speakers and the scientific programme were carried out by the International Advisory Committee, consisting of: R. Groebner (GA, USA), T.S. Hahm (PPPL, USA--Chair), A. Hubbard (MIT, USA), K. Ida (NIFS, Japan), S. Lebedev (Ioffe Institute, Russia), N. Oyama (JAEA, Japan), G. Saibene (F4E, EU) and W. Suttrop (IPP, Germany). Their work, advice, and participation contributed to the success of the meeting. Finally, I would like to express deep gratitude to J. Jones and B. Sarfaty who took care of numerous issues relating to the organization of the meeting, and to J.K. Park and several graduate students of the Princeton University Plasma Physics Program for helping with the transportation of participants.
Exploring the performance and corrosivity of chloride deicer solutions: Laboratory investigation and quantitative modeling

Abstract Maintenance agencies are continually challenged to provide a high level of service and improve safety and mobility of winter roads in a cost-effective manner while minimizing corrosion and other adverse effects to the environment. This study investigated the baseline performance data of typical chloride deicers used on highways, by conducting the Modified SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program) Ice Melting Test of select solid chemicals and liquid deicers at − 1 °C (30 °F), − 9 °C (15 °F), and − 18 °C (0 °F), respectively. The thermal properties and ice melting performance of solid chemicals and liquid deicers were also tested in the laboratory, and the effect of blending two chloride deicer solutions with or without an agro-based product was explored. Furthermore, this work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using an electrochemical corrosion test as a supplement to the gravimetric corrosion test. It also aims to shed light on the correlations between the composition and the corrosivity and performance of deicers respectively. To this end, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to establish predictive models and to quantify such cause-and-effect relationships. One ANN model was established to correlate the electrochemical corrosion data (along with solution conductivity) with those from the gravimetric test method. Two additional ANN models were established to achieve better understanding of the correlation between the deicer composition (type, chloride and inhibitor concentrations, pH, and electrical conductivity) and their corrosivity and performance respectively. According to the modeling, there are strong correlations inherent in the deicer samples, whereas the trends differ as a function of the deicer type and the solution conductivity. The established ANN models were then used for numerical investigations on the parameters affecting the deicer properties and for quality assurance of deicers or enhancing deicer design.
Lifestyle behaviours and weight among hospital‐based nurses

Aims The purpose of this study was to (i) describe the weight, weight-related perceptions and lifestyle behaviours of hospital-based nurses, and (ii) explore the relationship of demographic, health, weight and job characteristics with lifestyle behaviours.
STATISTICAL MANIPULATION IN THE STUDY OF ISSUE CONSISTENCY: The Gamma Coefficient

Issue consistency involves predicting a person's position on one issue from his or her position on another. Goodman and Kruskal's (1954) coefficient gamma measures the preponderance of concordant pairs among ordered pairs of cases. Its widespread use in the research literature to measure issue consistency is of doubtful value, due to conceptual, descriptive, and inferential properties of gamma. Conceptual problems include that gamma (1) predicts for pairs of persons, not from one attitude to another for the same person; (2) it predicts for a single ordering of variables, even if this is not appropriate; (3) it can be low when issue differences are small; and (4) it underestimates consistency for consensual items. Statistical problems include descriptive and inferential concerns. Gamma is hard to interpret or compare because (1) it underpredicts bidirectional association; (2) it becomes unrepresentative and volatile as ties increase, and (3) it can reach unity in various ways. Relating gamma to a sampling distribution might permit comparison of probability levels for statistical inference. The research literature has not done this. Instead, it has computed “mean gammas” of doubtful descriptive and inferential value.
Structural Control Research And Experiments At NASA/LaRC

Research progress in the area of structural dynamics and control using the flexible beam facility at the NASA Langley Research Center is reviewed. Particular attention is placed on the progress in adaptive control and reliability improvements using advanced control concepts. Both theoretical and experimental results are given to indicate the nature of the work being undertaken. In the adaptive control area, emphasis is placed on parameter and system identification and in comparison of competing on-line algorithms. Also, results are presented for on-line modal control laws that are interfaced to a parameter identification scheme. This provides an on-line distributed adaptive control system. In the reliability area, a design process is outlined that incorporates reliability over the design mission life.
Increasing positive self-referent statements to improve self-esteem in low-income elementary school children☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to increase verbalization of positive self-referent statements in an effort to increase corresponding self-esteem scores. A total of 30 children from 10 elementary school classes were divided into an experimental group, a control group, and an inventory group. All children received pre- and post-experiment administration of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. The experimental group received teacher praise contingent upon verbalizing positive self-referent statements. Control group students from these same classes received no praise for their statements. Inventory group students were from different classrooms and only took the Coopersmith Inventory. Results showed that experimental group students made significantly more positive self-referent statements than control students. Self-esteem scores for experimental group students were significantly higher than scores for control and inventory students.
Use of high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ceramide-1-phosphate levels

Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid with roles in several biological processes. Currently, high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC ESI-MS/MS) offers the most efficient method of quantifying C1P. However, the published protocols have several drawbacks causing overestimations and carryovers. Here, the reported overestimation of C1P was shown to be due to incomplete neutralization of base hydrolyzed lipid extracts leading to the hydrolysis of SM to C1P. Actual quantity of C1P in cells (6 pmols/106 cells) was much lower than previously reported. Also, the major species of C1P produced by ceramide kinase (CERK) was found to be d18:1/16:0 with a minority of d18:1/24:1 and d18:1/24:0. The artifactual production of C1P from SM was used for generating C1Ps as retention time markers. Elimination of carryovers between samples and a 2-fold enhancement in the signal strength was achieved by heating the chromatographic column to 60°C. The role of ceramide transport protein (CERT) in supplying substrate to CERK was also revalidated using this new assay. Finally, our results demonstrate the presence of additional pathway(s) for generation of the C1P subspecies, d18:1/18:0 C1P, as well as a significant portion of d18:1/16:0, d18:1/24:1, and d18:1/24:0. In conclusion, this study introduces a much improved and validated method for detection of C1P by mass spectrometry and demonstrates specific changes in the C1P subspecies profiles upon downregulation of CERK and CERT.
Relief of preintegration inhibition and characterization of additional blocks for HIV replication in primary mouse T cells.

Development of a small animal model to study HIV replication and pathogenesis has been hampered by the failure of the virus to replicate in non-primate cells. Most studies aimed at achieving replication in murine cells have been limited to fibroblast cell lines, but generating an appropriate model requires overcoming blocks to viral replication in primary T cells. We have studied HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells from human CD4/ CCR5/Cyclin T1 transgenic mice. Expression of hCD4 and hCCR5 in mouse CD4+ T cells enabled efficient entry of R5 strain HIV-1. In mouse T cells, HIV-1 underwent reverse transcription and nuclear import as efficiently as in human T cells. In contrast, chromosomal integration of HIV-1 proviral DNA was inefficient in activated mouse T cells. This process was greatly enhanced by providing a secondary T cell receptor (TCR) signal after HIV-1 infection, especially between 12 to 24 h post infection. This effect was specific for primary mouse T cells. The pathways involved in HIV replication appear to be PKCθ−, CARMA1-, and WASp-independent. Treatment with Cyclosporin A (CsA) further relieved the pre-integration block. However, transcription of HIV-1 RNA was still reduced in mouse CD4+ T cells despite expression of the hCyclin T1 transgene. Additional post-transcriptional defects were observed at the levels of Gag expression, Gag processing, Gag release and virus infectivity. Together, these post-integration defects resulted in a dramatically reduced yield of infectious virus (300–500 fold) after a single cycle of HIV-1 replication. This study implies the existence of host factors, in addition to those already identified, that are critical for HIV-1 replication in mouse cells. This study also highlights the differences between primary T cells and cell lines regarding pre-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle.
The Standardization Hypothesis and Ceramic Mass Production: Technological, Compositional, and Metric Indexes of Craft Specialization at Tell Leilan, Syria

Archaeologists often use measurements of standardization in ceramics as evidence for specialized craft production. Analysis of fine-ware bowl kiln wasters from the urban center of Leilan, Syria (ca. 2300 B.C.) provides a rare opportunity to test the standardization hypothesis against the archaeological record of a single production event. Scanning-electron microscopy, xeroradiography, neutron activation, and metric analyses of the wasters show extreme uniformity in manufacturing technology, chemical composition, and vessel dimensions. However, when contrasted with sherds of the same bowl type from other contexts at Leilan, a higher degree of compositional and metric variability is observed. This "cumulative blurring" effect stems from the use of long-lived types from multiple workshops. Although "cumulative blurring" increases sample variability, it does not obscure the overall homogeneity of these ceramics. Our results suggest that standardization can be a reliable index of craft specialization only under conditions of close spatial and chronological control over the archaeological record.
Magnetic properties in transition-metal-doped gold clusters: M@Au6 (M = Ti, V, Cr).

The electronic structure and magnetic properties in a series of transition-metal-dopedAu clusters, $M\mathrm{Au}_{6}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ($M=\mathrm{Ti},\mathrm{V},\mathrm{Cr}$), are investigated experimentally using photoelectronspectroscopy (PES) and density functional calculations. PES features due tothe impurity atoms and the ${\mathrm{Au}}_{6}$ host are clearly observed. It is found that allthe $M\mathrm{Au}_{6}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $M{\mathrm{Au}}_{6}$ clusters possess a planar structure,in which the transition metal atom is located in the center of an ${\mathrm{Au}}_{6}$ ring and carries large magnetic moments (2, 3,and $4\text{ }\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ for $M{\mathrm{Au}}_{6}$, $M=\mathrm{Ti}$, V, and Cr, respectively).
MICROMECHANICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL STUDY OF A REFRACTORY FIBER/MATRIX/COATING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Thermomechanical analysis of a refractory single-fiber system made of fiber/matrix/coating was conducted at the microlevel with progressive intralayer sliding failure in the matrix material. The effect of the matrix failure on reduction of coating thermal stress was studied using finite element analysis. The analysis included both transient thermal analysis and steady-state stress analysis in a staggered manner. To incorporate the effect of progressive matrix failure, introduction of an interface element and the matrix condensation technique were utilized. The interface element could effectively represent both reduction in stiffness and increase in thermal resistance for heat conduction as failure occurred in the material. The numerical example showed the effect of matrix failure as well as a series of parametric studies of the material properties on the change of thermal stress in the coating. Furthermore, the effective thermomechanical properties of the refractory fiber system were computed usi...
A comparison of apical transportation and length control between EndoSequence and Guidance rotary instruments

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate apical transportation and working length changes after instrumentation using EndoSequence (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA) and Guidance V-taper (Guidance Endo, Albuquerque, NM) rotary files. Methods Forty-four mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals of extracted mandibular first and second molars were instrumented by using EndoSequence or Guidance NiTi rotary files. Group 1 ( n = 22) was instrumented with EndoSequence #30/.06, #25/.06, and #20/.06 files in a crown-down technique until apical enlargement with #25/.06 was achieved at the working length. Group 2 ( n = 22) was instrumented with Guidance #30/.10, #25/.08, and #20/.06 files in a crown-down method until apical enlargement with #25/.08 was reached. A double digital radiographic technique was used to measure the loss of working length and canal transportation at 0, 1, and 3 mm from the working length. Measurements were analyzed by using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results The average amount of transportation at 0, 1, and 3 mm was 0.077 mm, 0.039 mm, and 0.040 mm for the EndoSequence group and 0.066 mm, 0.046 mm, and 0.05 mm for the Guidance group, respectively. The loss of working length was 0.001 mm for the EndoSequence group and −0.002 mm for the Guidance group. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in the loss of working length or transportation at the measured level between EndoSequence and Guidance rotary files.
Discrete-relaxation-based heuristic techniques for video algorithm/architecture matching and system level transformations

System level design and computational transformations have been rapidly establishing themselves as important high impact design steps which often have the most influential impact on the most important final performance parameter, throughput, of a design. In this paper, we introduce an iterative heuristic approach for throughput optimization when algorithm-architecture matching, and any of three behavioral transformations, retiming, rephasing, and pipelining, are considered simultaneously. The effectiveness of the approach and optimization algorithms is demonstrated on several video and image processing examples.
A locally optimal handoff algorithm for cellular communications

The design of handoff algorithms for cellular communication systems based on mobile signal strength measurements is considered. The design problem is posed as an optimization to obtain the best tradeoff between the expected number of service failures and expected number of handoffs, where a service failure is defined to be the event that the signal strength falls below a level required for satisfactory service to the subscriber. Based on dynamic programming arguments, an optimal solution is obtained, which, though impractical, can be used as a benchmark in the comparison of suboptimal schemes. A simple locally optimal handoff algorithm is derived from the optimal solution. Like the standard hysteresis algorithm, the locally optimal algorithm is characterized by a single threshold. A systematic method for the comparison of various handoff algorithms that are akin to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of radar detection is presented. Simulation results show that the locally optimal algorithm outperforms the hysteresis algorithm, especially in situations where accurate prediction of signal strength is possible. A straightforward technique for adapting the locally optimal algorithm to changing environments is suggested. That natural adaptability is the algorithm's principle advantage over current approaches.
Using Capabilities to Drive Military Transformation: An Alternative Framework

Former cold war nations are grappling with how to transform their militaries in light of new strategic challenges. The implementation of these initiatives often requires a great deal of civil—military interaction. In developing transformational concepts, many of these countries rely on a functional view of capabilities. This article proposes an alternative capabilities model based on the interaction of effects, time, and space and asserts that this model has certain advantages vis-a-vis military transformation. To make its case, this article examines the effectiveness of both capability models in developing transformational concepts. It then uses the case study method to demonstrate the alternative model’s practical utility. The results of this analysis indicate that the alternative capabilities model has certain advantages in developing transformational initiatives, integrating these initiatives with defense processes, and communicating these proposals to civilian leaders. The new model is not meant to r...
Shoulder Functional Performance Status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Swimmers Baseline Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Scores

Background:Shoulder trouble, described in the literature as “swimmer’s shoulder,” has been associated with competitive swimmers. The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic (KJOC) Shoulder and Elbow Score is a validated survey used to define functional and performance measures of the upper extremity in overhead athletes. To date, no study has investigated the baseline functional scores for swimmers actively competing in the sport.Purpose:To establish a baseline score for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) swimmers actively competing in the sport.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:After institutional review board approval, the KJOC Shoulder and Elbow Score was administered to 5 NCAA swim teams (N = 99 participants; 46 men, 53 women). The results on 10 specific individual questions and on the total score were calculated according to the survey’s original description. The mean scores were calculated for all participants. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differenc...
Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression Programs of Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Knowledge of both the global chromatin structure and the gene expression programs of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) should provide a robust means to assess whether the genomes of these cells have similar pluripotent states. Recent studies have suggested that ESCs and iPSCs represent different pluripotent states with substantially different gene expression profiles. We describe here a comparison of global chromatin structure and gene expression data for a panel of human ESCs and iPSCs. Genome-wide maps of nucleosomes with histone H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications indicate that there is little difference between ESCs and iPSCs with respect to these marks. Gene expression profiles confirm that the transcriptional programs of ESCs and iPSCs show very few consistent differences. Although some variation in chromatin structure and gene expression was observed in these cell lines, these variations did not serve to distinguish ESCs from iPSCs.
Effects of inorganic nitrogen on taxa-specific cyanobacterial growth and nifH expression in a subtropical estuary

The potentially toxic, diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii has recently become a common component in the summer phytoplankton in the St. Johns River (SJR) estuary, Florida, where Anabaena spp. historically dominated. Using a microcosm nutrient enrichment experiment, we investigated the ability of C. raciborskii and Anabaena spp. to compete under a range of available NO { and NH z concentrations, to test the hypothesis that C. raciborskii benefits from increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) availability. TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) probes were designed, tested, and applied to target the nifH gene in one C. raciborskii and two Anabaena spp. strains from the SJR. N limitation prevailed, as shown by increased N2-fixation rates if no N was added, increased chlorophyll a concentrations when DIN was added, and depletion of added DIN. Anabaena spp. and C. raciborskii showed rapid growth with no DIN additions and were the main taxa responsible for N2 fixation. Abundances of C. raciborskii increased if NH z was added, but nifH was expressed at low levels, suggesting growth was relying on NH z . Anabaena spp. and C. raciborskii expressed nifH genes when NO { or NH z were present, but expression was higher with NO { . The narB gene sequence was amplified from Anabaena spp. and C. raciborskii from the SJR, suggesting these taxa are capable of assimilating NO { . However, even small NO { additions blocked the growth of Anabaena spp. in the mixed phytoplankton community but not that of C. raciborskii. The results suggest that C. raciborskii in the SJR is a stronger competitor than Anabaena spp. when DIN is present.
Apiary: easy-to-use desktop application fault containment on commodity operating systems

Desktop computers are often compromised by the interaction of untrusted data and buggy software. To address this problem, we present Apiary, a system that transparently contains application faults while retaining the usage metaphors of a traditional desktop environment. Apiary accomplishes this with three key mechanisms. It isolates applications in containers that integrate in a controlled manner at the display and file system. It introduces ephemeral containers that are quickly instantiated for single application execution, to prevent any exploit that occurs from persisting and to protect user privacy. It introduces the Virtual Layered File System to make instantiating containers fast and space efficient, and to make managing many containers no more complex than a single traditional desktop. We have implemented Apiary on Linux without any application or operating system kernel changes. Our results with real applications, known exploits, and a 24-person user study show that Apiary has modest performance overhead, is effective in limiting the damage from real vulnerabilities, and is as easy for users to use as a traditional desktop.
Meteorology in the 1941 Yearbook of Agriculture

Back, in 1935, Henry A. Wallace, the corn breeder and editor who became Secretary of Agriculture, decided to devote one whole Yearbook or Agriculture to plant and animal genetics. The Yearbook evolved into a series on all the major sciences that are inseparably tied in with modern farming in the United States. The next volume was “soils and men.” Next came the big Yearbook on nutrition called “Food and life.” Then we did the current Yearbook, on social and economic problems in agriculture, called “Farmers in a changing world.” So we come to the Yearbook on weather and climate in relation to agriculture, which will be called “Climate and man” and will be out sometime in the summer of 1941.
Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History

Beginning in the 1940s, mass production of antibiotics involved the industrialscale growth of microorganisms to harvest their metabolic products. Unfortunately, the use of antibiotics selects for resistance at answering scale. The turn to the study of antibiotic resistance in microbiology and medicine is examined, focusing on the realization that individual therapies targeted at single pathogens in individual bodies are environmental events affecting bacterial evolution far beyond bodies. In turning to biological manifestations of antibiotic use, sciences fathom material outcomes of their own previous concepts. Archival work with stored soil and clinical samples produces a record described here as ‘the biology of history’: the physical registration of human history in bacterial life. This account thus foregrounds the importance of understanding both the materiality of history and the historicity of matter in theories and concepts of life today.
Incidence of New Coronary Events in Older Persons With Prior Myocardial Infarction and Systemic Hypertension Treated With Beta Blockers, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Diuretics, Calcium Antagonists, and Alpha Blockers

Beta blockers and ACE inhibitors were the most effective antihypertensive drugs in reducing the incidence of new coronary events in older patients with prior myocardial infarction and systemic hypertension.
Nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation from partially HLA-mismatched related donors using posttransplantation cyclophosphamide

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is a potent immunosuppressive agent that is selectively toxic to lymphocytes proliferating in response to recent antigen stimulation. In animal models, both graft rejection and GVHD after histoincompatible BMT can be inhibited by the posttransplantation administration of high-dose Cy. Therefore, a phase I clinical trial was undertaken to determine the minimal conditioning, including posttransplantation Cy, that permits the stable engraftment of partially HLA-mismatched marrow (up to 3 HLA antigens) from first-degree relatives. Thirteen patients (median age, 53 years) with high-risk hematologic malignancies received conditioning with fludarabine, 30 mg/m2 per day from days -6 to -2, and TBI, 2 Gy on day -1. All patients received Cy, 50 mg/kg on day 3, mycophenolate mofetil from day 4 to day 35, and tacrolimus from day 4 to day > or=50. Three patients in cohort 1 received no additional conditioning, and 2 experienced graft rejection. Ten patients in cohort 2 received identical conditioning with the addition of Cy 14.5 mg/kg on days -6 and -5. Sustained donor cell engraftment occurred in 8 of these patients, with a median time to absolute neutrophil count > 500/microL of 15 days (range, 13-16 days) and to unsupported platelet count > 20,000/microL of 14 days (range, 0-26 days). All patients with engraftment achieved > or=95% donor chimerism within 60 days of transplantation. Two patients with myelodysplastic syndrome rejected their grafts but experienced autologous neutrophil recovery at 24 and 44 days. Histologic acute GVHD developed in 6 patients (grade II in 3 patients, grade III in 3 patients) at a median of 99 days (range, 38-143 days) after transplantation and was fatal in 1 patient. At a median follow-up of 191 days (range, 124-423 days), 6 of 10 patients in cohort 2 were alive, and 5 were in complete remission of their disease, including both patients with graft rejection. These data demonstrate that partially HLA-mismatched bone marrow can engraft rapidly and stably after nonmyeloablative conditioning that includes posttransplantation Cy. Clinically significant antitumor responses occur, even among patients who reject their donor grafts. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(7):377-86.
Effect of light quality and larval diet on morph induction in the polymorphic caterpillar Nemoria arizonaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

The emerald mothNemoria arizonaria(Geometridae) is bivoltine, with distinct broods of caterpillars hatching in the spring and summer. Caterpillars of the spring brood develop into mimics of oak catkins, while caterpillars of the summer brood develop into mimics of oak twigs. Previous rearing experiments showed that all caterpillars reared on oak catkins developed into catkin morphs, while all caterpillars reared on oak leaves developed into twig morphs, regardless of temperature or photoperiod. However, those previous rearing experiments did not control the colour of light perceived by the caterpillars independently of their diet. Since wavelengths of light perceived by some species of polymorphic caterpillars can influence their colour, it is possible that morph induction inNemoria arizonariais due to the characteristics of light reflected from yellow catkins or green leaves, rather than larval diet itself. The experiments reported here independently varied larval diet and light characteristics to determine if light quality is involved in morph induction. Only larval diet influenced morph induction, since all caterpillars reared on catkins developed into the catkin morph, and all caterpillars reared on oak leaves developed into the twig morph, regardless of whether they perceived yellow light, green light, or were raised in the dark.
Drum and Whistle “Languages”: An Analysis of Speech Surrogates

THE conversion of human speech into equivalent sounds for transmission in signalling systems has been the subject of research for well over half a century. The wide variety of techniques by which the signals are produced include whistling, syllabic substitution, and a wealth of instrumental replication as the most common. Detailed studies for a number of cultures, chiefly African, trace the relationship between linguistic structure and signal system. My direct interest in the subject stems from a brief encounter with a whistle"language" and a slit-gong xylophone of special repertoire among the Northern Chins of Burma. It leads here to the reassessment of earlier data, with a view to establishing common principles shared by such communication systems. Discussion takes the following order: A general classification is proposed, which serves to relate the principal entity of this paper, "abridgment," to other parameters of the speech-signal equation; discourse then turns to the "natural history" of abridging systems, their form and distribution; to the linguistic principles underlying abridgment; and lastly to the modifications introduced by style.1
AN EXTENDED -10 PROMOTER ALONE DIRECTS TRANSCRIPTION OF THE DPNII OPERON OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

dpnM and dpnA, and the endonuclease gene dpnB; the smaller, mRNA2, covered only the dpnA and dpnB genes. Transcription of mRNA1 was shown to begin at the translation start site for dpnM, thereby producing an mRNA without any apparent ribosome-binding site for translation of the DpnM methylase. The promoter for mRNA1 was shown by base substitution and deletion analysis to consist of an extended -10 site, TaTGgTATAAT, with no required -35 site. A possible promoter further upstream with close matches to a -35 site and a nonextended -10 site was not used. A survey of 36 proven and putative promoters used by S. pneumoniae revealed that 61% of them contained the full -10 extension, although, other than the dpnM promoter, they matched at a -35 site, as well. It appears that, unlike those found in Escherichia coli, S. pneumoniae promoters frequently require an extended -10 site, and such a site can function naturally without a -35 site.
On Evolving Multi-Pheromone Ant Paintings

The use of swarm simulations and ant colony optimization methods for making abstract art has a brief but interesting history. We introduce some new techniques for evolving ant paintings using a non-interactive genetic algorithm. Key features of our virtual ant simulation model include: (1) the use of multiple pheromones, (2) the reliance on stigmergy to determine when an ant painting is finished, (3) ant interaction and exploration dynamics that lead to the formation of a background image and an overpainting, and (4) the design of a fitness function to guide the evolution of ant paintings subject to certain aesthetic goals. We show examples of our evolved ant paintings.
Increase in surface hydrophobicity of the cataract-associated P23T mutant of human gammaD-crystallin is responsible for its dramatically lower, retrograde solubility.

The cataract-associated Pro23 to Thr (P23T) mutation in human γD-crystallin (HGD) has a variety of phenotypes and is geographically widespread. Therefore there is considerable interest in understanding the molecular basis of cataract formation due to this mutation. We showed earlier [Pande, et al. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 2491-2500] that the probable basis of opacity in this case is the severely compromised, retrograde solubility and aggregation of P23T relative to HGD. The dramatic solubility change occurs even as the structure of the mutant protein remains essentially unchanged in vitro. We proposed that the retrograde solubility and aggregation of P23T were mediated by net hydrophobic, protein-protein interactions. Based on these initial findings for P23T and related mutants, and the subsequent finding that they show atypical phase behavior, we concluded that the protein clusters formed in solutions of the mutant proteins were held together by net hydrophobic, anisotropic interactions. Here we show, using chemical probes, that the surface hydrophobicities of these mutants are inversely related to their solubility. Furthermore, by probing the isolated N-terminal domains of HGD and P23T directly, we find that the increase in surface hydrophobicity of P23T is localized in the N-terminal domain. Modeling studies suggest the presence of sticky patches on the surface of the N-terminal domain that could be engaged in forming protein clusters via hydrophobic protein-protein interactions. This work thus provides direct evidence for the dominant role played by net hydrophobic and anisotropic protein-protein interactions in the aggregation of P23T.
Can a Knowledge Sanctuary also be an Economic Engine? The Marketization of Higher Education as Institutional Boundary Work

Universities, particularly research-intensive ones, have responded to a variety of external and internal influences by retooling their missions, culture, and organizational structures to generate revenue from market opportunities. This has resulted in the marketization of higher education: organizational practices that blur the boundary between knowledge-driven and profit-driven institutions. This blurring has spurred debates and uncertainties over the scope and boundaries of the 21st century university. We argue that these debates spring from institutional boundary work at the intersection of the three main missions of the contemporary academy: knowledge production, student learning, and satisfying the social charter. These missions can sometimes create areas of synergy, but also tensions that are particularly acute where market logics and business-oriented practices contradict academic values. Within knowledge production, a key dilemma is the extent to which knowledge advancement should aim for transcendence versus revenue generation. Within student learning, the dilemma involves incommensurability between the ideals of democratic citizenship and demonstrable return on investment. Within the social charter mission, the dilemma is over whether the university can serve the public welfare while also facilitating the growth of local and national economies.
Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism

Recognizing that the empirical literature of the past several years has produced an inconclusive picture, this study revisits the relationship between poverty and terrorism and suggests a new factor to explain patterns of domestic terrorism: minority economic discrimination. Central to this study is the argument that because terrorism is not a mass phenomenon but rather is undertaken by politically marginal actors with often narrow constituencies, the economic status of subnational groups is a crucial potential predictor of attacks. Using data from the Minorities at Risk project, I determine that countries featuring minority group economic discrimination are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks, whereas countries lacking minority groups or whose minorities do not face discrimination are significantly less likely to experience terrorism. I also find minority economic discrimination to be a strong and substantive predictor of domestic terrorism vis-a-vis the general level of ec...
The generation and maintenance of MHC class II gene polymorphism in rodents.

Etude de la diversification du gene Aβ du site de fixation de l'antigene dans la molecule de classe II du systeme d'histocompatibilite majeur des rongeurs