cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Big Tent: The Traveling Circus in Georgia, 1820-1930

This book offers an interdisciplinary look at the spectacle and significance of the circus across a century of change in a southern state.For many people, the circus, with its clowns, exotic beasts, and other colorful iconography, is lighthearted entertainment. Yet for Greg Renoff and other scholars, the circus and its social context also provide a richly suggestive repository of changing attitudes about race, class, religion, and consumerism. In the South during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, traveling circuses fostered social spaces where people of all classes and colors could grapple with the region's upheavals."The Big Tent" relates the circus experience from the perspectives of its diverse audiences, telling what locals might have seen and done while the show was in town. Renoff digs deeper, too. He points out, for instance, that the performances of these itinerant outfits in Jim Crow - era Georgia allowed boisterous, unrestrained interaction between blacks and whites on show lots and on city streets on Circus Day. Renoff also looks at encounters between southerners and the largely northern population of circus owners, promoters, and performers, who were frequently accused of inciting public disorder and purveying lowbrow prurience, in part due to residual anger over the Civil War. By recasting itself as a showcase of athleticism, equestrian skill, and God's wondrous animal creations, the circus appeased community leaders, many of whose businesses prospered during circus visits.Ranging across a changing social, cultural, and economic landscape, "The Big Tent" tells a new history of what happened when the circus came to town, from the time it traveled by wagon and river barge through its heyday during the railroad era and into its initial decline in the age of the automobile and mass consumerism.
A flow model for the kinetics of dissolution of nuclear waste glasses

Abstract A model has been developed to give reliable long-term predictions for the rate of material loss from radioactive waste solids and glasses exposed to aqueous environments. The model takes into full account the effects of the interaction of the glass with the medium over the entire range of flow/dilution conditions expected in geological repositories. These effects include an increase in leach rate with decreasing rate of flow at the moderate flow region due to a pH excursion, and a subsequent decrease in leach rate at the low flow rate region due to growing saturation with respect to SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 , etc. The surface-to-volume ratio can be treated as a scaling factor. The model makes possible a direct calculation of the fractional annual loss which the waste form undergoes over the entire range of possible respository conditions. The necessary data-base is obtained from the steady-state leachate concentrations measured in short-term flow tests carried out at several easily attainable combinations of experimental S/ V ratios and flow rates.
An Experimental Study in the Amount of Agreement among Judges in Evaluating Oral Interpretation

It is impossible to separate oral interpretation from the difficulties in volved in the evaluation of any object with aesthetic appeal. Those difficul ties stem primarily from the fact that an evaluation of an object with aesthetic appeal may be either subjective or objective, that is, the individual may attempt to answer, with the use of suitable criteria either one of two questions: (1) Do I like the performance; (2) Is the performance one that other people will like? In response to the first question there may be as many different evaluations as there are judges. So long as he is honest in his report, it cannot be denied that the evaluation of any one judge is as accurate as the evaluation of any other judge. The answer to the latter ques tion would seem to rest upon some sort of sample technique. In practice it would appear that a grade recorded by the teacher of oral interpretation is more than not a report of the teacher's standards of appreciation, both of the reader and the literature, and not a report of the quality of the performance. Logically one might assume that given two groups of judges evaluating the same performance, the group with closest agreement would contain the better judges, and if these judges were all teachers, that these would be the better teachers. Such an inference, however, does not take into consideration the possibility that the best judge may deviate the greatest from the rest of the group of judges, since his standards for aesthetic appeal are higher and more inclusive than those of the ordinary judge. Training, whether in pre senting an artistic oral interpretation, or in criticizing one, or in a briefing a s to the terminology used in evaluating a performance, may all result in a deviation from the judgments rendered by the lay judge. The study herein reported was conducted to find out how much agree ment there is among individuals and groups of individuals in their responses to an oral interpretation of literature, each response being considered the judge's own judgment of the effectiveness of the oral interpretation. Four experiments were conducted, and the data treated to answTer nine questions, enumerated below.
High-performance affinity chromatography. pore-size effects

Abstract The efficiencies and capacities of diol-bonded silica packings of pore size 60–4000 A were examined. Glucosamine was bonded to the diol phase and affinity chromatographic separations of concanavalin A and bovine serum albumin were performed. Plate heights were smallest when silica of very small pore size (such that proteins were totally excluded) or very large pore size was used. Separations of the two proteins could be achieved in 1 min or less. Two factors were responsible for the poorer efficiency at intermediate pore sizes. Restricted diffusion in the pores caused a large increase in the plate height when the pore diameter was similar to the protein molecular diameter, in agreement with theory. Slow adsorption-desorption kinetics contributed to band broadening when the eluent was not strong enough to reduce k′ to zero. Protein adsorption capacities were strongly affected by pore size since surface areas of silica are inversely related to the diameter of the pores.
The bond energy of Co+2

Abstract The bond dissociation energy of Co + 2 has been measured by the onset of predissociation in a dense electronic spectrum by the detection of the fragment Co + ion. The value obtained, D 0 0 (Co + 2 ) = 2.765±0.001 eV, compares well to the previously accepted value of 2.75±0.10 eV, obtained using collision-induced dissociation (CID) methods. This represents the first accurate determination of the bond strength of a transition metal cluster cation by photodissociation. The agreement between the photodissociation and CID measurements suggests that predissociation of open d-subshell transition metal clusters with a sufficient density of electronic states sets in quite abruptly at the thermodynamic threshold. Criteria for the validity of the assignment of a predissociation threshold as the thermochemical bond strength are discussed, using Co + 2 and other molecules as examples.
UH-ToSS: A Sensor Networking Testbed with IEEE1451 Compatibility for Space Exploration

Smaller, faster, and cheaper sensors resulted from continuing advances in sensor, semiconductor, and communication systems technology makes it possible to have real sensor intensive networks of fixed and mobile devices for use in many in-door and out-door applications. Several sensor network testbeds have been developed, but none of them consider how to incorporate smart sensor capability in the system. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a testbed, ToSS (Testbed of Smart Sensors), developed in collaboration with NASA Stennis Space Center for testing and verifying IEEE 1451-compatible sensor systems with network performance monitoring capability for space shuttles and other space exploration relevant tasks.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSEUDORABIES : I. MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE IN SWINE AND THEIR POSSIBLE RÔLE IN ITS SPREAD TO CATTLE

Pseudorabies is a very fatal but non-contagious disease in cattle and the common laboratory animals. It is a relatively mild yet highly contagious disease in swine. It has been shown that in swine the nose serves both for the entrance and the exit of the virus. Furthermore, it has been observed that fatal pseudorabies infections in rabbits can be induced merely by bringing their abraded skin into contact with the noses of infected swine. The blood sera of swine on two farms where pseudorabies had occurred among the cattle were found to be capable of neutralizing pseudorabies virus. It is believed that in these instances the swine had a mild and unrecognized pseudorabies infection and transmitted their disease to the cattle with which they were associated, by transfer of the virus on their noses to the abraded skin of the cattle.
A flip-chip-packaged 1.8V 28dBm class-AB power amplifier with shielded concentric transformers in 32nm SoC CMOS

As CMOS technology continues to scale for SoC applications, significant challenges to implement a monolithic linear high-power amplifier have emerged. This results from the low breakdown voltage of transistors, high on-chip passive loss on a conductive substrate, stringent bump-pattern constraints and thermal dissipation requirements of flip-chip packages. Most fully-integrated linear CMOS PAs reported to date were either fabricated on a relatively mature process (65nm or above) in a wire-bonded die with relatively high supply voltage (3.3V) [1–3], or exhibited low power efficiency when backed-off. In many cases, digital pre-distortion was implemented to improve linearity and efficiency [2,3]. We present a 1.8V single-chip CMOS PA with 21dBm average output power and 16% PAE while meeting −25dB EVM for 64-QAM OFDM signal without digital pre-distortion linearization in 32nm SoC CMOS on a flip-chip package. This performance is enabled by: 1) On-chip shielded concentric transformers with power-splitting/combining structures to fit the design within the bump pattern constraint and thermal dissipation requirement of an SoC flip-chip package and to enhance power handling capability; 2) Minimum phase distortion by optimized inter-stage power matching allowed by the high f max of the minimum-channel-length device.
ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MARINE NEMATODES FROM A SMALL SALT MARSH NEAR WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS1

Some physiological experiments have been performed on some marine nematodes from a soft-bottom community where they are numerically the most abundant group of the meiofauna. They appear to account for a quarter to a third of the biological activity in such a bottom. Different types of the same size show a three times variation in rate of O2 uptake. A correlation seems to exist between respiration rate and feeding type.
Noma: a forgotten disease.

According to recent reports from the World Health Organization (WHO), noma (or cancrum oris), a hideous, ancient disease primarily affecting children living in poverty in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, is increasing. Noma often starts as an ulcer on the oral mucosa or as acute necrotizing gingivitis and commonly starts after a bout of measles or other disease. It quickly develops into a massive necrosis, moving from the inside outward, often involving major portions of the face. Early treatment with antibiotics, rehydration, correction of electrolytic imbalances, and administering nutritional supplements will halt the disease. The high mortality rate, however, indicates that many children are not given care or brought for care in time. Surviving victims often display severe facial deformities that demand extensive reconstructive surgery. Current research has elucidated parts of the pathogenesis of noma. The WHO started the International Action Network Against Noma in 1992, with its official launch on the World Health Day in 1994; a five-point action plan was presented and current work follows that plan.
Universality in a 2-component fermi system at finite temperature.

Thermodynamic properties of a Fermi system close to the unitarity limit, where the 2-body scattering length a approaches {+-}{infinity}, are studied in the high temperature Boltzmann regime. For dilute systems the virial expansion coefficients in the Boltzmann regime are expected, from general arguments, to be universal. A model independent finite temperature T calculation of the third virial coefficient b{sub 3}(T) is presented. At the unitarity limit, b{sub 3}{sup {infinity}}{approx_equal}1.11 is a universal number. The energy density up to the third virial expansion is derived. These calculations are of interest in dilute neutron matter and could be tested in current atomic experiments on dilute Fermi gases near the Feshbach resonance.
Differential changes in functional disability and pain intensity over the course of psychological treatment for children with chronic pain.

Patients presenting for treatment of chronic pain often believe that pain reduction must be achieved before returning to normal functioning. However, treatment programs for chronic pain typically take a rehabilitative approach, emphasizing decreasing pain-related disability first with the expectation that pain reduction will follow. This information is routinely provided to patients, yet no studies have systematically examined the actual trajectories of pain and disability in a clinical care setting. In this study of youth with chronic pain (N = 94, 8 to 18 years), it was hypothesized that 1) functional disability and pain would decrease over the course of psychological treatment for chronic pain and 2) functional disability would decrease more quickly than pain intensity. Participants received cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain management (M = 5.6 sessions) plus standard medical care. The Functional Disability Inventory and a Numeric Rating Scale of average pain intensity were completed by the child at every CBT session. Hierarchical linear modeling was conducted to examine the longitudinal trajectories of disability and pain. Standardized estimates of the slopes of change were obtained to test differences in rates of change between pain and disability. Results showed an overall significant decline in functional disability over time. Although pain scores reduced slightly from pretreatment to posttreatment, the longitudinal decline over treatment was not statistically significant. As expected, the rate of change of disability was significantly more rapid than pain. Evidence for variability in treatment response was noted, suggesting the need for additional research into individual trajectories of change in pediatric pain treatment.
The expression pattern of the chicken homeobox-containing gene GHox-7 in developing polydactylous limb buds suggests its involvement in apical ectodermal ridge-directed outgrowth of limb mesoderm and in programmed cell death

The limb buds of the polydactylous mutant embryos, talpid2 and diplopodia-5, possess expanded distal apexes surmounted by prolongated thickened apical ectodermal ridges that promote the outgrowth and formation of digits from both the anterior and posterior mesoderm of the mutant limb buds. The chicken homeobox-containing gene GHox-7 exhibits an expanded domain of expression throughout the expanded subridge mesoderm of the mutant limb buds, providing support for the hypothesis that GHox-7 expression by subridge mesenchymal cells is involved in the outgrowth-promoting effect of the apical ectodermal ridge. During normal limb development GHox-7 is also expressed by the mesoderm in the proximal anterior nonchondrogenic periphery of the limb bud, which includes, but is not limited to the anterior necrotic zone. GHox-7 is also expressed in the posterior necrotic zone at the mid-proximal posterior edge of the limb bud. In contrast, GHox-7 is not expressed in either the proximal anterior or posterior peripheral mesoderm of talpid2 and diplopodia-5 limb buds which lack proximal anterior and posterior necrotic zones. Furthermore, retinoic acid-coated bead implants, which diminish cell death in the anterior necrotic zone, elicit a local inhibition of GHox-7 expression in the proximal anterior peripheral mesoderm. These results support the suggestion that GHox-7 may be involved in defining regions of programmed cell death during limb development. Furthermore, these studies indicate that the distal subridge and proximal anterior nonchondrogenic mesodermal domains of GHox-7 expression are independently regulated.
Anti-CD20 Antibody Therapy and Susceptibility to Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Anti-CD20 antibody therapy has been a useful medication for managing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as autoimmune diseases characterized by autoantibody generation. CD20 is expressed during most developmental stages of B lymphocytes; thus, CD20 depletion leads to B-lymphocyte deficiency. As the drug has become more widely used, there has been an increase in the number of case reports of patients developing Pneumocystis pneumonia. The role of anti-CD20 in Pneumocystis jirovecii infection is under debate due to the fact that most patients receiving it are on a regimen of multiple immunosuppressive medications. To address the specific role of CD20 depletion in host immunity against Pneumocystis, we examined a murine anti-CD20 depleting antibody. We demonstrated that anti-CD20 alone is permissive for Pneumocystis infection and that anti-CD20 impairs components of type II immunity, such as production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 by whole-lung cells, in response to Pneumocystis murina. We also demonstrated that CD4(+) T cells from mice treated with anti-CD20 during Pneumocystis infection are incapable of mounting a protective immune response when transferred into Rag1(-/-) mice. Thus, CD20(+) cells are critical for generating protective CD4(+) T-cell immune responses against this organism.
Evolutionary adaptations for the temporal processing of natural sounds by the anuran peripheral auditory system

Sensory systems function most efficiently when processing natural stimuli, such as vocalizations, and it is thought that this reflects evolutionary adaptation. Among the best-described examples of evolutionary adaptation in the auditory system are the frequent matches between spectral tuning in both the peripheral and central auditory systems of anurans (frogs and toads) and the frequency spectra of conspecific calls. Tuning to the temporal properties of conspecific calls is less well established, and in anurans has so far been documented only in the central auditory system. Using auditory-evoked potentials, we asked whether there are species-specific or sex-specific adaptations of the auditory systems of gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis) and green treefrogs (H. cinerea) to the temporal modulations present in conspecific calls. Modulation rate transfer functions (MRTFs) constructed from auditory steady-state responses revealed that each species was more sensitive than the other to the modulation rates typical of conspecific advertisement calls. In addition, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to paired clicks indicated relatively better temporal resolution in green treefrogs, which could represent an adaptation to the faster modulation rates present in the calls of this species. MRTFs and recovery of ABRs to paired clicks were generally similar between the sexes, and we found no evidence that males were more sensitive than females to the temporal modulation patterns characteristic of the aggressive calls used in male-male competition. Together, our results suggest that efficient processing of the temporal properties of behaviorally relevant sounds begins at potentially very early stages of the anuran auditory system that include the periphery.
An α-crystallin protein cognate in germ cells of the moth, Plodia interpunctella

Previously we had reported the production of an antiserum to an antigen found primarily in germ cells of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctelh (Zimowska et al., 1991). The antigen, molecular weight 25 000 kDa, and a related protein, molecular weight 21000 kDa, co-purified with the follicular epithelium yolk protein. Antisera to the two proteins were raised, and they both reacted with the same four small polypeptides, which had molecular weights of 20 000, 21000, 25 000 and 28 000 kDa, that were present in the eggs throughout embryogenesis. A 30 amino acid sequence of an internal fragment of the 25 000 kDa molecular weight polypeptide showed sequence similarity with the a-crystallin A chain polypeptides from the lenses of vertebrate eyes and, to a lesser extent, with small heat shock proteins. Based on the sequence similarity with the a-crystallins, we suggest that this family of polypeptides from the germ cells of this moth be considered as cognates of the cu-crystallins, and the 25 000 molecular weight polypeptide described here be given the designation ac25. Using immuno-gold labeling with antiserum to ac25, the a-crystallins were shown to be distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the oocyte and nurse cells, but not present within yolk spheres or other organelles of the oocyte or nurse cells. Immunofluorescent staining of males showed antigenic material in the sperm bundles within the testes. Oenocytes of the pupal and adult stages also contained cross-reactive material. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Calcineurin-Binding Protein Cbp1 Directs the Specificity of Calcineurin-Dependent Hyphal Elongation during Mating in Cryptococcus neoformans

Mating and virulence of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans are controlled by calcineurin, a serine-threonine-specific calcium-activated phosphatase that is the target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine A and FK506. In previous studies, a calcineurin binding protein (Cbp1, Rcn1, Dscr1/Csp1-3/MCIP1-3) that is conserved from yeasts to humans has been identified, but whether this protein functions to regulate calcineurin activity or facilitate calcineurin function as a signaling effector has been unclear. Here we show that, like calcineurin, Cbp1 is required for mating in C. neoformans. By contrast, Cbp1 plays no role in promoting calcineurin-dependent growth at 37 degrees C and is not essential for haploid fruiting. Site-directed mutagenesis studies provide evidence that tandem phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of two serine residues in the conserved SP repeat motif are critical for Cbp1 function. Epistasis analysis supports models in which Cbp1 functions coordinately with calcineurin to direct hyphal elongation during mating. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the roles of Cbp1 as an accessory subunit or effector of calcineurin-specific signaling pathways, which may be features conserved among the calcipressins to govern calcineurin signaling in immune cells, cardiomyocytes, and neurons of multicellular eukaryotes.
Suicide and Sexual Orientation: A Critical Summary of Recent Research and Directions for Future Research

Research on the hypothesized relationship between sexual orientation and suicide is limited both in quantity and quality. National or statewide data on the frequency and causes of completed suicide in gay and lesbian people in the general population, including youth, do not exist. Similarly, national or statewide data on the frequency of suicide attempts among the general population or among gay and lesbian people, including youth, do not exist. Methodological limitations in the small research literature include a lack of consensus on definitions for key terms such as suicide attempt and sexual orientation, uncertain reliability and validity of measures for these terms, nonrepresentative samples, and a lack of appropriate nongay and/or nonclinical control groups for making accurate comparisons. These numerous methodological limitations prevent accurate conclusions about the role sexual orientation might play in suicidal behavior; the limitations also suggest opportunities for future research. Furthermore, recent evaluations of some school suicide-awareness programs suggest that these programs are ineffective and may actually have unintended negative effects. The premature dissemination of unproven programs is unwarranted.
Chaos, patterns, coherent structures, and turbulence: Reflections on nonlinear science

The paradigms of nonlinear science were succinctly articulated over 25 years ago as deterministic chaos, pattern formation, coherent structures, and adaptation/evolution/learning. For chaos, the main unifying concept was universal routes to chaos in general nonlinear dynamical systems, built upon a framework of bifurcation theory. Pattern formation focused on spatially extended nonlinear systems, taking advantage of symmetry properties to develop highly quantitative amplitude equations of the Ginzburg-Landau type to describe early nonlinear phenomena in the vicinity of critical points. Solitons, mathematically precise localized nonlinear wave states, were generalized to a larger and less precise class of coherent structures such as, for example, concentrated regions of vorticity from laboratory wake flows to the Jovian Great Red Spot. The combination of these three ideas was hoped to provide the tools and concepts for the understanding and characterization of the strongly nonlinear problem of fluid turbulence. Although this early promise has been largely unfulfilled, steady progress has been made using the approaches of nonlinear science. I provide a series of examples of bifurcations and chaos, of one-dimensional and two-dimensional pattern formation, and of turbulence to illustrate both the progress and limitations of the nonlinear science approach. As experimental and computational methods continue to improve, the promise of nonlinear science to elucidate fluid turbulence continues to advance in a steady manner, indicative of the grand challenge nature of strongly nonlinear multi-scale dynamical systems.
Multimodal approaches to the management of neuropathic pain: the role of topical analgesia.

Because of their localized activity and low systemic absorption, topical analgesics have a favorable safety profile and a low risk for drug-drug interactions. There is a growing body of evidence on the efficacy and safety of these agents in a variety of pain disorders, including the most prevalent neuropathic pain conditions. The molecular basis for the usage of peripheral analgesics in neuropathic pain and the available clinical trial evidence for a wide variety of topical agents are reviewed. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007;33:356e364. 2007 U.S.
Testing the facilitation–competition paradigm under the stress-gradient hypothesis: decoupling multiple stress factors

While the facilitation–competition paradigm under the stress-gradient hypothesis has received recent attention, its rigorous testing is yet to be explored. Most of the studies have considered a switch in the net interactions from competition to facilitation with increasing environmental stress as primary evidence supporting the hypothesis, though few studies examined changes in interaction along a full range of a stress gradient. Here, we have conceptualized possible variations in the patterns of change in interaction strength along such gradient. Based on this, we empirically evaluated the temporal shift in the interaction between two marine sessile animals, goose barnacles ( Capitulum mitella ) and mussels ( Septifer virgatus ), under multiple stress factors. The net effect of goose barnacles on mussel survivorship was positively related to the total stress gradient encompassing two stress factors, physical disturbance and thermal stress, while no negative value occurred even under mild conditions. When the two stress factors were treated separately, however, the net effect demonstrated apparently different patterns: monotonic increase with physical disturbance versus a quasi-asymptotic pattern (no change over a wide range) with thermal stress. These variable situations have not previously been recognized in this discipline, and the present study emphasizes the importance of an integrative and mechanistic approach to testing and deciphering the facilitation–competition paradigm.
Curriculum-related strategies to attract and retain undergraduates in disciplines of interest to the semiconductor industry

This paper focuses on the output of a curriculum-enhancement working group charged with creating a compelling case for semiconductor industry support of recommendations to address issues defined by the working group as being vital in developing the technical talent pool for the 21st century. The working group was created as part of an effort to address a shortage of technical talent early in the next decade as predicted by the engineers/university segment of the human resource needs roadmap prepared for the semiconductor industry by the Semiconductor Research Corporation.
Brecht in Hollywood: Hangmen Also Die and the Anti-Nazi Film

Working as a freelancer, Brecht thought he could work Hollywood so that itwould provide him with both a living and a platform for his ideas. But only oneof his more than screenplays made it into production—the ill-fated collaborationwith Fritz Lang, Hangmen Also Die. Die beste Schule fur Dialektik ist die Emigration. Die schrfsten Dialektiker sind die Flchtlinge. —Bertolt Brecht, Fluchtlingsgesprache (1967, 14:1462)
Delivery of Functionality in Complex Food Systems: Physically Inspired Approaches from Nanoscale to Microscale

The purpose of this Delivery of Functionality in Complex Food Systems symposium was to develop a fundamental understanding of the rational design principles required to create high-quality and healthy foods. The symposium highlighted the need for a multidisciplinary and integrated approach to rational food design, involving physicists, chemists, biologists, food technologists, physiologists, sensory scientists, psychologists, chefs, and social scientists. The conference moved from a consideration of the characteristics and interactions of basic food components to the nanoscopic and microscopic structures created by assembly of these basic components, to the bulk physicochemical and sensory properties of foods, to the interaction of foods with the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and finally, to the scientific basis of fine cuisine (molecular gastronomy).
Adenoviral infection in suckling Arabian foals.

This preliminary report describes an adenoviral infection recently recognized in Arabian foals. Clinically, the condition is suggestive of pneumonia and is frequently progressive and fatal. This article refers to 10 cases that had similar histories and postmortem lesions. The presence of large amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in respiratory epithelia of all cases suggested a viral etiology and prompted the current investigation.
Computational fluid dynamic simulation of human carotid artery bifurcation based on anatomy and volumetric blood flow rate measured with magnetic resonance imaging

Blood flow patterns and local hemodynamic parameters have been widely associated with the onset and progression of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery. Assessment of these parameters can be performed noninvasively using cine phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, in the last two decades, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in three dimensional models derived from anatomic medical images has been employed to investigate the blood flow in the carotid artery. This study developed a workflow of a subject-specific CFD analysis using MRI to enhance estimating hemodynamics of the carotid artery. Time-of-flight (TOF) MRI scans were used to construct three-dimensional computational models. PC-MRI measurements were utilized to impose the boundary condition at the inlet and a 0-dimensional lumped parameter model was employed for the outflow boundary condition. The choice of different viscosity models of blood flow as a source of uncertainty was studied, by means of the axial velocity, wall shear stress, and oscillatory shear index. The sequence of workflow in CFD analysis was optimized for a healthy subject using PC-MRI. Then, a patient with carotid artery stenosis and its hemodynamic parameters were examined. The simulations indicated that the lumped parameter model used at the outlet gives physiologically reasonable values of hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, the dependence of hemodynamics parameters on the viscosity models was observed to vary for different geometries. Other factors, however, may be required for a more accurate CFD analysis, such as the segmentation and smoothness of the geometrical model, mechanical properties of the artery's wall, and the prescribed velocity profile at the inlet.
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE INHALATION: CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS.

(1965). Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Inhalation. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 161-164.
Analysis of Radiative Recombination and Optical Gain in Gallium Nitride-Based Heterostructures

Threshold current density in GaN-based UV double-heterostructure lasers is predicted in the range of 2–4 kA/cm2 using theoretical calculation of optimized heterostructure for various types of devices. Free-carrier (FC) and Coulomb-enhancement (CE) models are compared. Results are given for different combinations of effective masses. The minimum threshold current is not strongly influenced by the choice of effective masses. The FC model predicts lower than CE threshold in edge-ermtting lasers, whereas the CE model predicts lower than FC threshold in thin VCSEL devices.
Stress Analyses and Structural Modifications of Fabric Composite Seams

An adhesively bonded seam is a common method of joining coated fabrics in the manufacturing of inflatables. In this paper, Nylon and Polyester seams are studied both experimentally and numerically. In the numerical analyses, the seam components are described with layered models containing fabric composite layers. The in-plane and out-of-plane elastic constants of the fabric composite layers are derived using the crimp model and a stacked model respectively. An existing finite element code, ANSYS 5.7 is used to perform two-dimensional stress analyses of the seams under tension. In the analyses, a stress concentration factor is defined to evaluate the strength of the seams in comparison with their base fabric laminates. Numerical data show that Nylon seams are almost as strong as their base laminate but there is strength degradation in Polyester seams, which agrees well with test results. Finally, two structural modifications are proposed to improve the strength of the Polyester seams. The modifications are evaluated by both simulations and tests.© 2002 ASME
Licensure of Laboratory Personnel

Laboratory personnel licensure has been the subject of renewed interest in recent years. Although most states have enacted laws establishing clinical laboratory licensure requirements, many still do not require licensure for the clinical laboratory personnel who staff these laboratories. The status of current state licensure efforts and a discussion of factors affecting lack of success are presented.
Nucleation and Growth Kinetics—Nanoscale Solidification

As discussed in Sect. 2.2, liquids have short-range order, while solids have longrange order. However, liquids and amorphous solids possess a significant array of short- to medium-range order, which originates from chemical bonding and related interactions. Solidification is the result of the formation of stable clusters of longrange order atoms in the liquid (nucleation), followed by their growth. These are phenomena occurring at the atomic scale (nanometer) level. The present understanding of the beginning of formation of solid crystals from their liquid is based on the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation. This theory uses macroscopic concepts and classic thermodynamics to describe the appearance of the first microscopic crystals in the melt.
Coarctation of the aorta

This article discusses the clinical and laboratory findings of isolated coarctation of the aorta, with emphasis on the newer methods of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the long term natural history following surgical repair.
Simultaneous Approximation by Multivariate Complex General Singular Integrals

Here, we present complex multivariate simultaneous approximation for general smooth singular integral operators converging with rates to the unit operator. The associated and presented inequalities are in ⋅ p , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ norm and they involve multivariate related moduli of smoothness. At the end, we list as this theory’s applicators the special cases of multivariate complex Picard, Gauss–Weierstrass, Poisson–Cauchy and Trigonometric singular integral operators. This chapter relies on [2].
Her Mirror, His Sword: Unbinding Binary Gender and Sex Assumptions in Iron Age British Mortuary Traditions

At the site of Hillside Farm, Bryher, on the Isles of Scilly, a materially rich single Iron Age inhumation was discovered containing the unsexable fragmented remains of one adult with a number of high-quality metal grave goods including an iron sword with a bronze scabbard and a bronze mirror. Swords and mirrors have long been considered high-status, oppositionally gendered grave goods that crosscut regional divisions in the pre-Roman British Iron Age (c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 43). Their combined presence within the burial of a single individual represents a touchstone within the ongoing unraveling of a long-held, interconnected set of reified binary sex and gender assumptions that have permeated discussions of British Iron Age mortuary contexts. In better recognizing this web of “binary binds,” we can deconstruct the a priori, exclusionary, interconnected sex and gender assumptions that configure how we investigate the terms of engagement between materials and persons in these burial contexts. Crucial to this analysis is an approach to patterning that (1) does not begin with a search for sex and gender as evidence of male and female dichotomies, (2) sees the potentiality for any component of a mortuary assemblage to have multiple points of significance, and (3) embraces data ambiguity. Developing such critical approaches will ultimately contribute to the deployment of more inclusive forms of analysis that do not reify sex and gender as the primary organizing principles within mortuary contexts, aiding scholars in avoiding assumptions that bind sex and gender analyses into artificially binary paradigms.
Analysis of health care claims during the peri-transfer stage of transition from pediatric to adult care among juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients

To investigate the utilization of health care services before and after transfer from pediatric to adult rheumatology care in clinical practice. Using US commercial claims data from January 2005 through August 2012, we identified individuals with a JIA diagnosis code from a pediatric rheumatologist followed by any diagnosis code from an adult rheumatologist. Individuals had 6 months observable time before the last pediatric visit and 6 months after the first adult visit. Medication, emergency room, physical therapy use, and diagnosis codes were compared between the pediatric and adult interval using McNemar’s test. The proportion of days covered (PDC) of TNFi for the time between last pediatric and first adult visit was calculated. We identified 58 individuals with JIA who transferred from pediatric to adult rheumatology care after the age of 14. The median age at the last pediatric rheumatology visit was 18.1 years old and the median transfer interval was 195 days. 29 % of patients received NSAIDs in the adult interval compared to 43 % in the pediatric interval (p = 0.06). In the pediatric interval, 71 % received a JRA and 0 % received an RA physician diagnosis code compared to 28 and 45 %, respectively, in the adult interval. The median PDC for patients receiving a TNFi was 0.75 during the transfer interval. Individuals with JIA who transferred to adult care were more likely receive a diagnosis of RA instead of JRA and were less likely to receive NSAIDs, but had no significant immediate changes to other medication use.
An RNAi Screen to Identify Protein Phosphatases that Function Within the Drosophila Circadian Clock

Circadian clocks in eukaryotes keep time via cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loops. A well-characterized example of such a transcriptional feedback loop is in Drosophila, where CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) complexes activate transcription of period (per) and timeless (tim) genes, rising levels of PER-TIM complexes feed-back to repress CLK-CYC activity, and degradation of PER and TIM permits the next cycle of CLK-CYC transcription. The timing of CLK-CYC activation and PER-TIM repression is regulated posttranslationally, in part through rhythmic phosphorylation of CLK, PER, and TIM. Previous behavioral screens identified several kinases that control CLK, PER, and TIM levels, subcellular localization, and/or activity, but two phosphatases that function within the clock were identified through the analysis of candidate genes from other pathways or model systems. To identify phosphatases that play a role in the clock, we screened clock cell-specific RNA interference (RNAi) knockdowns of all annotated protein phosphatases and protein phosphatase regulators in Drosophila for altered activity rhythms. This screen identified 19 protein phosphatases that lengthened or shortened the circadian period by ≥1 hr (p ≤ 0.05 compared to controls) or were arrhythmic. Additional RNAi lines, transposon inserts, overexpression, and loss-of-function mutants were tested to independently confirm these RNAi phenotypes. Based on genetic validation and molecular analysis, 15 viable protein phosphatases remain for future studies. These candidates are expected to reveal novel features of the circadian timekeeping mechanism in Drosophila that are likely to be conserved in all animals including humans.
Affective Computing as Complex Systems Science

Abstract Pioneered in the early ‘90s by Rosalind Picard, a professor and IEEE Fellow of the MIT Media Lab, Affective Computing – rooted originally in artificial intelligence – now branches into wearable computing, big data, psychology, neuroscience, and modeling in order to advance the knowledge, understanding, and development of systems for sensing, recognizing, categorizing, and reacting to human emotion. Yet, the challenges of sensing multiple modalities simultaneously, disambiguating complex emotional states non-linearly, and modeling multiple individuals’ emotional states dynamically have continued to ring true, despite dramatic advances in affective computing. This paper seeks to serve two objectives. The first objective is to discuss how these three challenges are related to the three characteristics of complex systems – namely multiple components, non-linearity, and emergent behaviors. The second objective is to identify opportunities from the complex systems domain to address these challenges in novel and comprehensive ways. Recent advances in the utilization of Dynamical Systems Theory (an applied complexity science methodology) have shown that complex human interaction can be rigorously studied and modeled. Coupling the technological advances that cloud-based affective computing have brought with the emerging complex systems science-perspective may well catalyze a new era of human-machine and human-human collaboration.
Cancer information seeking behaviors of older Vietnamese immigrants.

B31 Background The NCI9s Health Information National Trends Survey indicates that the general public receives cancer information from a broad range of sources, including Internet, television, newspapers, books, pamphlets, doctors and other interpersonal contacts. However, this survey had been performed in English and Spanish only. Little is known about the cancer information seeking behaviors of linguistically disadvantaged immigrant Americans. Methods: One-on-one, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Vietnamese in a sample of 20 Vietnamese immigrants age 50-70 years (10 male, 10 female). Questions were designed to encourage discussion of cancer-related information seeking, with a focus on prevention and screening. Translated interviews were coded (using QSR N6 software) by multiple reviewers through an iterative process using a grounded theory approach. Results : Respondents described limited understanding of cancer prevention and screening. They expressed desire to learn more but voiced a lack of knowledge about where to look. Common information sources were interpersonal contacts and ethnic newspapers. Some respondents learned from doctors, but in general they did not ask doctors about cancer, because they themselves did not have cancer and felt such discussions to be unnecessary or burdensome to doctors. Though they generally believed in the value of screening, many also felt that screening should be initiated after minor symptoms appear. While many respondents had limited English proficiency, they often mentioned that they were able to create their own interpretations of English-language cancer messages in their environment. Conclusion: Linguistically disadvantaged older Vietnamese immigrants say that they have limited sources of cancer information, despite an interest in learning more. Further, they have misconceptions about appropriate timing of cancer screening. Findings from this study can be applied to the creation of quantitative measures of information seeking behaviors in this population. This, in turn, can lead to development of new health communication interventions to improve cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of this underserved and frequently isolated population of Americans. Researchers also should examine the ways in which limited English proficient Americans find meaning in the English-language health information they encounter.
Surface-Height Determination of Crevassed Glaciers—Mathematical Principles of an Autoadaptive Density-Dimension Algorithm and Validation Using ICESat-2 Simulator (SIMPL) Data

Glacial acceleration is a main source of uncertainty in sea-level-change assessment. Measurement of ice-surface heights with a spatial and temporal resolution that not only allows elevation-change calculation, but also captures ice-surface morphology and its changes is required to aid in investigations of the geophysical processes associated with glacial acceleration. The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System aboard NASA’s future ICESat-2 Mission (launch 2017) will implement multibeam micropulse photon-counting lidar altimetry aimed at measuring ice-surface heights at 0.7-m along-track spacing. The instrument is designed to resolve spatial and temporal variability of rapidly changing glaciers and ice sheets and the Arctic sea ice. The new technology requires the development of a new mathematical algorithm for the retrieval of height information. We introduce the density-dimension algorithm (DDA) that utilizes the radial basis function to calculate a weighted density as a form of data aggregation in the photon cloud and considers density an additional dimension as an aid in autoadaptive threshold determination. The autoadaptive capability of the algorithm is necessary to separate returns from noise and signal photons under changing environmental conditions. The algorithm is evaluated using data collected with an ICESat-2 simulator instrument, the Slope Imaging Multi-polarization Photon-counting Lidar, over the heavily crevassed Giesecke Braer in Northwestern Greenland in summer 2015. Results demonstrate that ICESat-2 may be expected to provide ice-surface height measurements over crevassed glaciers and other complex ice surfaces. The DDA is generally applicable for the analysis of airborne and spaceborne micropulse photon-counting| lidar data over complex and simple surfaces.