cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Humanities GIS: The City As a Literary, Historical, and Cultural STEAM Lifeworld Laboratory

Cities envisioned through the phenomenological lenses of literature and history cannot necessarily be parsed by algorithms, sensors and Smart City techno-rhetoric, but may suggest STEAM framed avenues of engagement between literary, historical and cultural scholars and computer scientists and urban engineers. As a STEAM cognate discipline, the Spatial Humanities is a new interdisciplinary field which finds scholars in literature, history, philosophy, linguistics, film, culture and media studies engaged with colleagues from scientific and quantitatively-oriented disciplines to explore questions on geographical and conceptual space. The field exploits various geospatial and digital data technologies, guided in their use by the history and philosophy of spatial thought, literary criticism, linguistics, digital media and geographic information science (GIS). By focusing questions concerning place and space through the lens of the humanities, the field has been exploring methodologies in geo-data mining, the geo-semantic Web, and the visualization, analysis and spatial applications of cultural and historical data, among other topics. The agenda of the Spatial Humanities includes the pursuit of theory, methods, case studies, experiments, applied technology, broad narratives, and more persuasive strategies. Its aims are commensurate with STEAM initiatives in its goal to bridge research fields in arts, humanities and (natural, life and social) sciences.
Electrochemical separation study of LaF3 in molten FLiNaK salt

Abstract Electrochemical studies of LaF3 in molten FLiNaK salt were performed on inert working electrodes. An additional reduction reaction prior to the decomposition of FLiNaK melt was observed when LaF3 was dissolved in and the reduction product was later recognized as lanthanum metal by SEM analysis. This phenomenon is very surprising and interesting considering the standard reduction potential of La (III) is more cathodic than that of K (I) and Na (I). The present study corrected the previous study [ 1 ] and will provide a new insight on the electrochemical and thermodynamic investigation of other lanthanides in molten FLiNaK salt.
Assessment of racial and ethnic bias in autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates from a US surveillance system

This study assessed potential under-ascertainment of autism spectrum disorder due to missing administrative information for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children within the Autism and Developmen...
Roles of CpcF and CpcG1 in Peroxiredoxin-Mediated Oxidative Stress Responses and Cellular Fitness in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

As a component of the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria, the phycobilisome (PBS) plays an important role in harvesting and transferring light energy to the core photosynthetic reaction centers. The size, composition (phycobiliprotein and chromophore), and assembly of PBSs can be dynamic to cope with tuning photosynthesis and associated cellular fitness in variable light environments. Here, we explore the role of PBS-related stress responses by analyzing deletion mutants of cpcF or cpcG1 genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The cpcF gene encodes a lyase that links the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore to the alpha subunit of phycocyanin (PC), a central phycobiliprotein (PBP) in PBSs. Deletion of cpcF (i.e., ΔcpcF strain) resulted in slow growth, reduced greening, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, together with an elevated accumulation of a stress-related Peroxiredoxin protein (Sll1621). Additionally, ΔcpcF exhibited reduced sensitivity to a photosynthesis-related stress inducer, methyl viologen (MV), which disrupts electron transfer. The cpcG1 gene encodes a linker protein that serves to connect PC to the core PBP allophycocyanin. A deletion mutant of cpcG1 (i.e.,ΔcpcG1) exhibited delayed growth, a defect in pigmentation, reduced accumulation of ROS, and insensitivity to MV treatment. By comparison, ΔcpcF and ΔcpcG1 exhibited similarity in growth, pigmentation, and stress responses; yet, these strains showed distinct phenotypes for ROS accumulation, sensitivity to MV and Sll1621 accumulation. Our data emphasize an importance of the regulation of PBS structure in ROS-mediated stress responses that impact successful growth and development in cyanobacteria.
Decomposition of an Arbitrary Function into Plane Waves

In what follows the letters x, y, z, X, Y, Z, ξ, η, ζ will always stand for the vectors (x 1, ..., x n ), (y 1, ..., y n ), ..., (ζ1, ..., ζ n ) in n-dimensional space where n ≧ 2. All other letters will stand for scalar variables. The scalar product \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{X_i}} {Y_i}\) of the vectors x and y will be denoted by x · y, the length (x · x)1/2 of the vector x by | x |. The volume element dx 1, ..., dx n will be abbreviated to dx, while dS x will denote the surface element of a hyper-surface in n-dimensional space. The spherical surface of radius 1 about the origin in x-space will be denoted by Ω ∞, its surface element by dω x , its total surface measure by ω n . The volume of the unit-sphere in n-space is then (1/n)ω n . Integrations are carried out over the whole range of a variable, unless other limits are indicated.
Shining a LIGHT to Wellbeing

The challenges facing clinicians in practice today are unprecedented. Government regulation, electronic medical records, rapidly advancing medical trends, employer expectations, and the age of consumerism are just a few realities that form a backdrop to burnout. Avera Health, based in Sioux Falls, S.D., created its LIGHT (Learn, Innovate, Grow, Heal, Thrive) program, built upon a vision of a continuum of wellbeing with five driving strategies. LIGHT programs focus on the entire provider journey – from residency to retirement. Key tactics include retreats, social events, onboarding sessions, workshops, online resources, and executive and peer coaching. LIGHT has allowed Avera to shift our culture, making it more acceptable to ask for help. We are building a culture that cares for its patients while taking great care of our colleagues. Through this shift, we are redefining quality not only in our patient satisfaction, but also in our physician and provider satisfaction.
Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Before widespread fire exclusion policies, American Indians used broadcast understory fires or cultural burns to enhance resources integral for their livelihood and cultural practices. To restore ecocultural resources depleted from decades of fire exclusion and to reduce wildfire risks, the Karuk and the Yurok Tribes of Northwest California are leading regional collaborative efforts to expand broadcast fires and fuel reduction treatments on public, private, and Tribal lands in their ancestral territories. Through collaboration with Karuk and Yurok Tribal members and basketweavers, we evaluated the effects of broadcast fires and three fire proxy treatments on California hazelnut shrubs (Corylus cornuta var. californica) that produce highly valued ecocultural resources for basketry materials. Across a 10 ha Douglas-fir and mixed hardwood forest (500 m a.s.l.) in the Klamath mountains, we established 27 stratified blocks (16 m2) and within each block applied three fire proxy treatments designed and used by Tribal members with an untreated control. These treatments involved manual hazelnut stem cutting, directly blistering hazelnut stems via propane torch, and igniting surface fuels piled within hazelnut shrubs to top-kill stems. Broadcast fire was applied to 12 separate blocks. After a full growing season (12–18 months post-treatment/burn), shrubs were re-measured. We then harvested these stems (n = 604; 50 shrubs) across treatments and compared results with stems gathered independently by two experienced Karuk/Yurok basketweavers (n = 396 and n = 73) from an adjacent broadcast burned site. Compared to the untreated shrubs, pile burning, propane torching, and broadcast burning increased basketry stem production by 7–10 fold (p 0.05). Our results demonstrate that these fire-proxy methods are an effective means to increase the production and quality of basketry materials. Expanding the area and frequency of targeted understory fire-based forest treatments on private, public and Tribal lands in California and the Pacific Northwest would substantially increase the availability of these fire-enhanced ecocultural resources that are currently limited in supply and in high demand.
Predictors of referral to the North Carolina Infant‐Toddler Program among infants with birth defects and infants born extremely preterm or low birthweight

BACKGROUND North Carolina's Infant-Toddler Program (NC ITP) provides Early Intervention (EI) services from birth to age three for children at risk for developmental delays. This study examined referral patterns by clinical and sociodemographic characteristics among infants with birth defects and infants born extremely preterm (gestational age < 27 weeks) or extremely low birthweight (<1,000 g). METHODS A retrospective cohort of North Carolina resident births from 2012 to 2014 was matched to data from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program and NC ITP records. A total of 2,463 infants with eligible birth defects and 2,118 extremely preterm or low birthweight infants were identified. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze differences in referral by sociodemographic and clinical factors. Referrals resulting in enrollment were also examined. RESULTS About 70% of infants with eligible birth defects and 85% of extremely premature infants were referred to the NC ITP. Geographic region, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal and infant enrollment in Medicaid, and hospital level of care at delivery were associated with referral among both at-risk groups. Among infants with birth defects, maternal age, education, and marital status were also associated with referral, as well as gestational age, birthweight, and the presence of multiple anomalies. Of the infants with referrals, over 80% in each group were subsequently enrolled. CONCLUSIONS Many of the sociodemographic and clinical factors examined were associated with EI referral. These findings can be used to address coverage gaps and improve referral and enrollment rates for at-risk infants.
Therapeutic Window of Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor in Patients With Critical Limb-Threatening Ischemia:

Background:Critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with an increased risk of major adverse limb events and mortality. High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) is associated with ...
Cyber Situation Awareness through Instance-Based Learning: Modeling the Security Analyst in a Cyber-Attack Scenario

Abstract : In a corporate network, the situation awareness (SA) of a security analyst is of particular interest. The current work describes a cognitive Instance-Based Learning (IBL) model of an analyst's recognition and comprehension processes in a cyber-attack scenario. The IBL model first recognizes network events based upon events' situation attributes and their similarity to past experiences (instances) stored in the model's memory. Then, the model comprehends a sequence of observed events as being a cyber-attack or not, based upon instances retrieved from its memory, similarity mechanism used, and the model's risk-tolerance. The execution of the model generates predictions about the recognition and comprehension processes of an analyst in a cyber-attack. A security analyst's decisions in the model are evaluated based upon two cyber-SA metrics of accuracy and timeliness. The chapter highlights the potential of this research for design of training and decision support tools for security analysts.
Ill Fates and Heroic Feats: A Thematic Analysis of Elite Athleticism and Chronic Illness.

Far more than an individual endeavor, work is a collective enterprise, an ethic, in which individuals participate to fulfill needs of their surrounding social world. Specifically, sport professiona...
Revealing (mis)alignments between household perceptions and engineering assessments of post-disaster housing safety in typhoons

Abstract Building capacity for disaster risk reduction requires integrating local and scientific knowledge. We focus on local and scientific knowledge of the safety of housing in typhoons' wind, focusing on roof and wall systems. To identify alignments and misalignments between household and engineering understanding of safe housing, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 170 households that received new houses from organizations following Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines. We qualitatively coded and analyzed these interviews to identify what housing components households expect to fail first, their preferred failure, and how they plan to modify their house to be safer in typhoons. We compared these responses to three results from engineering assessments: the governing failure mode, the failure mode that best meets safety performance objectives, and the quantified impact of design modifications. Household perceptions and engineering assessments were well-aligned when focusing on the damage expected to a single component and how to improve the performance of a single component. However, perceptions and assessments were misaligned at the housing level as households did not consider how housing components worked together as a system to influence performance. Households often did not recognize that modifying one component, such as the roof, would have an adverse impact on the performance of other components, such as the wall. This study is one of the first to systematically compare perceptions and assessments of housing safety and advances understanding of alignment, or misalignment, of local and scientific knowledge of safe building practices. We recommend that future post-disaster training programs incorporate discussions of a house's load path to focus on how components work together, enabling design and modification decisions that support improved housing performance.
The relationship between E-scooter travels and daily leisure activities in Austin, Texas

Abstract Shared micromobility programs, including dockless electric scooter-share (E-scooter), are popular in many U.S. cities, and with their adoption brings the hope that they may uphold better car-free accessibility. However, few studies provide clear answers to what activities drive its travel demand or whether it could actually generate more visiting activities. To fill this gap, we conducted a spatiotemporal similarity analysis between E-scooter use and visit patterns to leisure facilities. We find that E-scooter use is significantly correlated with daily dining and drinking, shopping, and recreational activities, in that order. Moreover, we find higher scooter-visit correlation clusters in downtown and university campus areas. We then used the Difference-in-Differences approach to examine if E-scooter use can generate more visiting activities. Surprisingly, the results show that E-scooter use is insignificant to the overall visit increase.
Improvement solutions for production and service functions in the innovation system: prioritizing solutions using FMADM approach

The production and service functions in the innovation system emphasize producing new products. As any innovation system’s final output must ultimately produce new products and deliver new services, the considered function is essential in the innovation system. This study seeks to extract the challenges and give solutions to improve the production and deliver services in the innovation system. Producing and delivering services does not occur in a vacuum and should occur in a context called the supply chain (SC). In this paper, qualified experts were interviewed to discover the challenges and solutions to improve production. Fifteen elite researchers in the innovation field then discussed the results in focus sessions and refined practical solutions after an in-depth review of the extracted information. The role of responsible institutions was determined, and the necessary indicators were extracted to evaluate the factors of innovative production after providing the required infrastructure to achieve production promotion. One of the Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) techniques is also used to prioritize the discovered solutions based on the importance of influencing the producing promotion. Finally, a model is presented for improving the production and service functions in the innovation system. The results showed the main solution is to collaborate and create efficient integration at different SC levels.
Utilizing mouse optic nerve crush to examine CNS remyelination

Summary In developing pro-myelination treatment, an important hurdle is the lack of reliable animal models for assessing de novo myelination in disease settings. We recently showed that regenerated axons in injured optic nerves fail to be myelinated, providing an animal model for this purpose. Here, we describe procedures to promote axonal regeneration, administer optic nerve crush, and assess oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation into myelination-competent oligodendrocytes. This protocol allows for testing the efficacy of remyelination treatments in an in vivo central nervous system (CNS). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. (2020) and Bei et al. (2016) .
Characterizing the relationship between lesion-activation distance using fMRI and verbal measures in brain tumor patients

Abstract Functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI) allows for identification of eloquent cortex in pre-treatment planning. Previous studies have shown a correlation among lesion to activation distance (LAD) measures and morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the relationship between LAD, well-established language centers (Wernicke’s and Broca’s), and language performance measures. We included a sample population of brain tumor patients that received language fMRI (verbal fluency and sentence verification) for pre-treatment assessment (n = 51). LAD to the nearest language area was measured and divided into groups ≤ 10 mm and > 10 mm. Verbal fluency scores were compared between these groups. Additionally, patients were divided into similar groups based on LAD to either Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas, and the verbal fluency scores and sentence verification accuracy (n = 29) were subsequently compared between groups. Brain tumor patients with LAD ≤ 10 mm to either language area had significantly lower verbal fluency scores (p = 0.028). The difference in verbal fluency scores between groups with LAD ≤ 10 mm and > 10 mm to Wernicke’s area trends toward significance (p = 0.067). The sentence verification accuracy was significantly lower in patients with LAD ≤ 10 mm to either language area (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that there exists a significant relationship between LAD to language centers and measures; greater language deficits are seen when LAD ≤ 10 mm.
The Heat Evolution of Mortars Incorporation Met kaolin/Rice husk ash/Fly ash

The results of laboratory investigation conducted with hear evolution of blended cement mortars are presented. Heat evolution of mortar was studied by measuring the temperature increase in mortar cube under semi-adiabatic curing condition for curing time of 120 hours. The binders employed were metakaolin-Portland cement (FA-OPC) blends, with OPC replacement dosage of 20% and 40% From the test, it was found that the cement mortar containing fly ash showed the temperature change rate and the peak temperature lowest for the same dosage by weight. The cement mortar containing metakaolin showed the time taken to reach the peak temperature with the greatest delay for the same dosage by weight.
Health Care Utilization After Interdisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment: Part I. Description of Utilization of Costly Health Care Interventions

Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a significant burden for chronic pain sufferers, their medical and allied health treatment providers, and the U.S. medical system. The U.S. military has seen a significant increase in CMP with increased injuries stemming from military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and advances in care for CMP are sorely needed. Poor chronic pain treatment in the military has led to high levels of costly health care utilization with related costs estimated in billions of dollars. The functional occupational restoration treatment (FORT) trial, funded by the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (Department of Defense), was the first formal, randomized trial of a novel interdisciplinary management program for CMP among active duty service members. Excellent clinical outcomes at posttreatment and long-term follow-up have been reported elsewhere. This paper examined patterns of health care utilization among FORT study participants for a period of 1 year before and after the study intervention or yoked, 3-week control period. We examined the military’s Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application, which went online in 2004, to identify costly health visits and procedures consumed by study completers. We then compared utilization rates between those who received the interdisciplinary FORT treatment and those who were randomized to treatment as usual. Our analyses revealed significant between-group differences at posttreatment (controlling for pretreatment intervention use), with FORT participants receiving significantly fewer procedures including emergency department intervention, injections, and radio frequency nerve ablations. This paper precedes a follow-up study of mediating factors for health care utilization after interdisciplinary treatment.
Acetylcholine turnover rates in rat brain regions during cocaine self-administration

The involvement of cholinergic neurons in the brain processes underlying reinforcement has been recently demonstrated. This experiment assessed the potential role of cholinergic neurons in cocaine reinforcement by measuring the turnover rates of acetylcholine in brain regions of rats self-administering cocaine and in yoked cocaine and yoked vehicle-infused controls. The activity of cholinergic innervations of and/or interneurons in the olfactory tubercle, caudate putamen, diagonal band-pre-optic region, ventral pallidum, lateral and medial hypothalamus, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area and visual cortices reflected by the turnover rates of acetylcholine were significantly altered in rats self-administering cocaine compared to yoked cocaine infused controls. These changes implicate the involvement of cholinergic neurons with cell bodies in the diagonal band-pre-optic region, the medial septum and several brainstem nuclei and interneurons in the caudate-putamen and ventral pallidum in the processes underlying cocaine self-administration. The identified cholinergic neuronal systems may have a broader role in the brain processes for natural reinforcers (i.e. food, water, etc.) since drugs of abuse are believed to produce reinforcing effects through these systems.
Methanol synthesis from hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide over a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst: II. Development of a phenomenological rate expression

Abstract New steady-state kinetics data for the synthesis of methanol from H2/CO/CO2 over a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst were correlated on the basis of reported catalytic mechanisms to formulate a rate expression for methanol formation. In developing the mechanistic model, it was assumed that hydrogen adsorption occurs on ZnO in contrast to carbon monoxide adsorption on Cu1+ and carbon dioxide adsorption on Cu0. Also, the concentration of sites containing adsorbed hydrogen was assumed constant during reaction. These assumptions led to the formulation of a rate expression containing the sum of contributions from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide hydrogenation.
Brown Tide Comprehensive Assessment and Management Program

The summer of 1987 marked the third year that marine waters of Suffolk County, New York, were impacted by a massive algal bloom called the “brown tide” caused by the organism identified as Aureococcus anophagefferens (Sieburth et al., 1988). During the previous two summers, the brown tide had occurred in several embayments of eastern Long Island? the Peconic Bays system, Shinnecock Bay, Moriches Bay and Great South Bay (Fig. 1). Brown tide was believed responsible for the decimation of the bay scallops (Argopectin irradians) population in the Peconic Bays system (Bricelj et al., 1987). The collapse of the scallop harvest reduced the annual dockside value of scallops from an early 1980’s peak of almost $2 million to $27,000 in 1986 (NYSDEC, 1986). Monitoring data (SCDHS, 1986) indicate the dense bloom conditions in the Peconic System also had reduced light penetration through the water column. This shading was reported by Dennison (1988) as resulting in the significant loss of potential eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat. Another concern was the possible adverse impact on recreational uses of the affected bays due to the unsightly conditions of the water rendered by the brown tide.
Paternity after unilateral cryptorchidism: a controlled study.

Objective To determine if paternity is decreased among formerly unilateral cryptorchid men compared with a control group of men. Subjects and methods Formerly unilateral cryptorchid men who had orchiopexy between 1955 and 1971 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and a group of control men have had their medical records reviewed and have been surveyed by questionnaire. Results Among the men who had ever married and had attempted paternity, significantly more of the unilateral cryptorchid men had been unable to father children (10.5%) than among the control group (5.4%). No difference was found when the groups were compared for the duration of regular intercourse without contraception to conception of their first child. There was no relationship between the age of orchiopexy or lifestyle factors and paternity or between the age of orchiopexy and months of regular unprotected intercourse to conception. Paternity among both groups was related to female-related infertility factors and to the presence of varicoceles. Conclusion When compared with a control group, paternity was compromised after unilateral cryptorchidism. Infertility is about twice as frequent among the unilateral group. There was no evidence of subfertility requiring a longer exposure of regular intercourse without contraception among the fertile subgroup. No correlation was found between age of orchiopexy and paternity.
Bilateral Gluteal Dyskinesia: Discussion of a Rare Movement Disorder

Background: Involuntary movements of gluteal muscles have rarely been reported. Case Report: This 46‐year‐old female with pelvic endometriosis developed involuntary rhythmic movements in the left gluteus maximus, which within a year became bilateral. The movements gradually increased in intensity and interfered with ambulation. Electromyography, at rest, demonstrated almost continuous periodic gluteal discharges, with left‐sided discharges seeming to lead to those on the right. OnabotulinumtoxinA injections into the gluteal muscles improved the movements. Discussion: A rare and previously unreported form of gluteal involuntary movements with periodic electromyographic discharges is described. The cause is uncertain. The differential diagnosis of this unusual movement disorder is discussed, with the most likely diagnosis being myoclonus.
Social neuroscience and social genomics: the emergence of multi-level integrative analyses

Social neuroscience emerged more than 20 years ago and has grown into a mature interdisciplinary scientific field. Research now provides compelling evidence that the structure and function of the nervous system are influenced by the social environment. Recent work in social genomics further underscores the importance of the social environment by demonstrating the influence of the social environment on gene expression. The multi-level, interdisciplinary approach and the integration of animal models and human research in social neuroscience have proven synergistic and promise continued advances in the delineation of the social brain across species and generations.
On the Nature of the External Surface of Cultured Human Embryo Fibroblasts:: An Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Analysis Utilising Stain and Lectin Probes

Surfaces of human embryo fibroblasts in vitro were reacted with stain and lectin probes for carbohydrate moeities either after or in the absence of treatment with low concentrations of surface-active enzymes and EDTA. Only testicular hyaluronidase significantly suppressed affinity-binding of all three agents, suggesting that acidic glycosaminoglycans are principle components of the cell's exterior.
Laser all-ceramic crown removal-a laboratory proof-of-principle study-phase 1 material characteristics.

Background and Objectives The removal of all-ceramic crowns is a time consuming and destructive procedure in the dental office. The removal of all-ceramic crowns using Er:YAG lasers has not been previously described in the scientific literature. The objective of this laboratory proof-of-principle study was to evaluate whether with regards to absorption and transmission characteristics of bonding cements and ceramics all-ceramic crowns can be removed from natural teeth using an Erbium laser. Study Design/Materials and Methods The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used on flat ceramic samples (IPS Empress Esthetic (EE), E.max CAD, and E.max ZirCAD) to assess which infrared laser wavelengths transmit through the ceramics. Additionally, FTIR spectra for four bonding cements (Variolink Veneer, Variolink II, Multilink Automix, and SpeedCEM) were obtained. The Er:YAG laser energy transmission (wavelength 2,940 nm, 10 Hz repetition rate, pulse duration 100 µs at 126 mJ/pulse to 300 µs at 508 mJ/pulse) through different ceramic thicknesses was measured. Ablation thresholds for bonding cements were determined. Cement samples were directly irradiated or laser light was transmitted through ceramic samples. Results While the ceramics did not show any characteristic water absorption bands in the FTIR, all bonding cements showed a broad H2O/OH absorption band. Some cements exhibited a distinct absorption peak at the Er:YAG laser emission wavelength. Depending on the ceramic thickness, EE and E.max CAD ceramics transmitted between 21 and 60% of the incident Er:YAG energy, with E.max CAD transmitting more energy than EE at comparable thicknesses. In contrast, E.max ZirCAD transmitted only 5–10% of the incident energy. Initial signs of cement deterioration occurred at 1.3–2.6 J/cm2. Multilink Automix, SpeedCEM, and Variolink II started ablation at 4.4–4.7 J/cm2. Variolink Veneer needed 44% less energy for ablation. Conclusion Er:YAG laser energy can be transmitted through all-ceramic materials and those transmitted energies are sufficient for ablation of bonding cements. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:628–635, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Avoidance of risk as a determinant of cooperation.

Pairs of subjects could either cooperate or respond on a lower paying individual task. Whenever both subjects chose to cooperate, either subject could make a response that took $1.00 of the other's earnings. In Exp. I, a stimulus signalled when a “take” response had been made. Either subject could avoid the loss by switching to the individual task within 5 sec after the stimulus appeared. Rates of cooperation were high when losses could be avoided but decreased again when the avoidance condition was removed. In Exp. II, a response prevented “takes” from occurring for a specified time interval after the response. This procedure also maintained cooperation. When each avoidance response subtracted from earnings, both avoidance responding and cooperation were eliminated.
Crystal structure of a nematode-infecting virus

Orsay, the first virus discovered to naturally infect Caenorhabditis elegans or any nematode, has a bipartite, positive-sense RNA genome. Sequence analyses show that Orsay is related to nodaviruses, but molecular characterizations of Orsay reveal several unique features, such as the expression of a capsid-δ fusion protein and the use of an ATG-independent mechanism for translation initiation. Here we report the crystal structure of an Orsay virus-like particle assembled from recombinant capsid protein (CP). Orsay capsid has a T = 3 icosahedral symmetry with 60 trimeric surface spikes. Each CP can be divided into three regions: an N-terminal arm that forms an extended protein interaction network at the capsid interior, an S domain with a jelly-roll, β-barrel fold forming the continuous capsid, and a P domain that forms surface spike projections. The structure of the Orsay S domain is best aligned to T = 3 plant RNA viruses but exhibits substantial differences compared with the insect-infecting alphanodaviruses, which also lack the P domain in their CPs. The Orsay P domain is remotely related to the P1 domain in calicivirus and hepatitis E virus, suggesting a possible evolutionary relationship. Removing the N-terminal arm produced a slightly expanded capsid with fewer nucleic acids packaged, suggesting that the arm is important for capsid stability and genome packaging. Because C. elegans-Orsay serves as a highly tractable model for studying viral pathogenesis, our results should provide a valuable structural framework for further studies of Orsay replication and infection.
Ethical Mandates for Multicultural Sensitivity for Family Counseling

Due to the changing demographics within the country, family counselors will work with an increasing number of culturally diverse clients. Both the American Counseling Association and the International Association of Couples and Family Counselors have indicated in the code of ethics that counselors must be knowledgeable of culturalfactors. This article outlines ethical mandates for cultural sensitivity, including the importance of a broad definition of culture, knowledge of values and beliefs of diverse clients, awareness of the counselor's cultural identity, and development of culturally appropriate skills.
148 AGE AND SEX AS DETERMINANTS OF THE PULMONARY VASCULAR (PV)RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN RATS

To determine the effect of age and sex on the rise in pulmonary artery(PA)pressure(P)and on morphologic changes in the PV bed in response to chronic hypoxia, 12 Sprague-Dawley infant rats (I-rats)and 11 adult rats(A-rats)were placed in hypobaria(air at 380 mmHg)for 1 month. The I-rats, 8 male(M)and 3 female(F)were 8 days old(mean weight=10 grams); the A-rats, 7M and 4F, 3 months old (mean weight=280 grams). After exposure, indwelling PA and aortic(Ao)catheters were inserted under pentobarbitol anesthesia and the next day unanesthetized pressure measurements were recorded. The rats were sacrificed and their lungs analysed(after injecting the PA tree with barium-gelatin and the parenchyma with formalin)by 3 structural features: 1)extension of muscle into small arteries(EMSA), 2)percentage wall thickness of peripheral arteries(%WT)and 3)alveolar artery ratio(A/A). A rise in mean PAP to 51±5.1(compared with 16.6±1.1 in C-rats)observed in I-rats was similar in AM-rats, but mean PAP in AF-rats was lower(29.6± 2.1, p < 0.03); AoP was unchanged in all. Increased EMSA, %WT and A/A were found in I-rats and A-rats compared with C-rats(p<0.005); however AF-rats compared with AM-rats showed less increase in %WT(p<0.05). Thus, after chronic hypoxic exposure, adult female rats had developed milder PA hypertension associated with less medial hypertrophy.
Synthesis of farnesol isomers via a modified Wittig procedure.

The four olefin stereoisomers of farnesol have been synthesized from readily available nerylacetone or commercial geranylacetone. A new variation on the use of β-oxido ylides favored the (2Z)-stereoisomers, whereas the (2E)-isomers were obtained through a classical Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons condensation with triethyl phosphonoacetate and reduction of the resulting ester.
Promoting use of bicycle helmets among children: a school and community-based effort

Florida has the highest bicycle fatality rate in the country, over two times the national rate. Research shows that most bicycle injuries occur to children under the age of 15. Bicycle helmet use has been shown to reduce the risk of head and brain injuries related to bicycle incidents. In response to this public health problem, a community-wide and preschool bicycle helmet program was developed and implemented in Hillsborough County, Florida. Purposes of this program were to increase awareness about the importance of bicycle helmets for children and to offer children's bicycle helmets at a reduced cost. A local retail toy store provided a $3.00 discount on all bicycle helmets sold from November 1st to December 31st, 1992. In all, nearly 23,000 educational materials were distributed and 244 bicycle helmets were purchased. Recommendations for further program development and research are provided. Language: en
Radio Cherenkov signals from the Moon: Neutrinos and cosmic rays

Abstract Neutrino production of radio Cherenkov signals in the Moon is the object of radio telescope observations. Depending on the energy range and detection parameters, the dominant contribution to the neutrino signal may come from interactions of the neutrino on the Moon facing the telescope, rather than neutrinos that have traversed a portion of the Moon. Using the approximate analytic expression of the effective lunar aperture from a recent paper by Gayley, Mutel and Jaeger, we evaluate the background from cosmic ray interactions in the lunar regolith. We also consider the modifications to the effective lunar aperture from generic non-standard model neutrino interactions. A background to neutrino signals are radio Cherenkov signals from cosmic ray interactions. For cosmogenic neutrino fluxes, neutrino signals will be difficult to observe because of low neutrino flux at the high energy end and large cosmic ray background in the lower energy range considered here. We show that lunar radio detection of neutrino interactions is best suited to constrain or measure neutrinos from astrophysical sources and probe non-standard neutrino–nucleon interactions such as microscopic black hole production.
Density equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point in helium-3

Measurements of the density equilibration in3He after a step change in temperature are reported along the critical isochore as a function of reduced temperature e above and below the critical point Tc, with 10-6<z.sfnc;ez.sfnc;<10-1. The equilibrium process was followed separately in the liquid and the vapor phases below Tc where we observe different equilibration profiles. The relaxation time above Tc is discussed in terms of the thermal diffusivity.
DBA/1 mice exhibit chronic susceptibility to audiogenic seizures followed by sudden death associated with respiratory arrest

One proposed cause of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in patients is generalized convulsive seizures with respiratory malfunction. We evaluated DBA/1 mice as a chronic SUDEP model. In DBA/1 mice, audiogenic seizures induced by acoustic stimulation resulted in generalized convulsive seizures followed by respiratory arrest from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 100. The incidence of respiratory arrest susceptibility increased, reaching approximately 90-100% by three to seven daily seizures when testing began on PND 21-30. Respiratory arrest was reversible with resuscitation in approximately 98% of mice, which allows repeated seizure testing. Electrocardiographic activity in DBA/1 mice was detectable for approximately 4-6 minutes after respiratory arrest, indicating that death is likely due to respiratory cessation, as cardiac changes occur later. These findings suggest that DBA/1 mice are a useful chronic SUDEP model. These mice die suddenly from respiratory arrest after generalized convulsive seizures until reaching PND >or=100, allowing testing of chronic preventive treatments for SUDEP.
Agonist activity at the kinin B1 receptor: structural requirements of the central tetrapeptide.

A series of analogues of desArg9-Lys-bradykinin (BK), Lys-Arg-X-Acnc-X-Ser-Pro-Phe, in which the spacer X-Acnc-X replaces the central tetrapeptide Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe of BK, have been synthesized and f...
Active Sound Transmission Control of an Experimental Double-Panel Partition Using Decoupled Analog Feedback Control

This paper addresses the construction, measurement, and analysis of a double-panel active partition (DPAP) and its accompanying analog feedback controllers. The DPAP was constructed by attaching an aluminum cone loudspeaker at each end of a short segment of a circular duct. Two analog feedback controllers were designed and built using the measured frequency response function of each panel. Two independent (decoupled) feedback controllers were then used to minimize the vibration amplitude of each panel in the presence of an acoustic disturbance. A normal-incidence transmission loss measurement system was used to assess the performance of the DPAP and of a single panel passive partition. Error signal attenuations show that it is both feasible and effective to simultaneously control both panels with decoupled feedback controllers, and that simultaneously controlling both panels of the DPAP has a distinct advantage over controlling a single panel. The reduction in vibration amplitude across the surface of the transmitting panel was confirmed with scanning laser vibrometer measurements. Transmission loss results were obtained for two passive and three active configurations. The average normal incidence transmission loss over the active measurement bandwidth (50–1,000 Hz) for the active double-panel was 60 dB. This is an average of 39 dB more transmission loss than a passive single panel partition.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The in vivo antitumoral effects of lipopolysaccharide against glioblastoma multiforme are mediated in part by Toll-like receptor 4.

Objective Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr-4) mediates many biological effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which has antitumoral effects on glioblastoma both in vivo and in vitro. However, the precise role of Tlr-4 in these antitumoral effects remains unknown. Methods The role of Tlr-4 in the antitumoral effect of LPS on glioblastomas was assessed in wild-type BALB/c mice and in Tlr-4 knockout (KO) BALB/c mice. Mice were implanted with DBT glioblastoma cells intracranially or subcutaneously, were treated with intratumoral LPS, and were assessed by histopathological examination for degrees of tumor progression and inflammation. Flow cytometry and Western blotting with antibodies to the Tlr-4 receptor and flow cytometry to the related CD14 moiety were performed to quantitate the expression levels of these two receptors by glioblastoma cells. Results For subcutaneous tumors, LPS caused near complete tumor elimination in wild-type mice, but only a 50% reduction in Tlr-4 KO mice. For mice implanted with intracranial glioblastomas, LPS increased survival times modestly in wild-type mice, but showed no benefit in the Tlr-4 KO mice. There were no histological differences among wild-type and Tlr-4 KO mice, except for tumor size. In both models, an early neutrophilic and later macrophage-rich inflammatory infiltrate were seen after LPS administration. Quantitative flow cytometry and Western blotting showed no Tlr-4 receptor or CD14 expression in murine and human glioblastoma cells in vitro, and Western blotting suggested that Tlr-4 effects are mediated by nontumoral elements such as microglia and inflammatory cells. Conclusion LPS-induced antitumoral effects on glioblastoma multiforme are mediated, in part, by the Tlr-4 receptor. Further understanding of this process may lead to novel treatment strategies for this uniformly fatal disease.
Spatial solitons in quasi-phase-matched quadratic media

Recently there has been interest in producing "cubic-like" effects, such as self-focusing, in materials engineered to have a rapidly oscillating quadratic nonlinearity. If the nonlinearity oscillates on a fast enough scale, the governing quadratic equations can be effectively averaged to give cubic equations. We propose a multiple scales approach in which diffraction is neglected at leading order. In doing so, we obtain exact solutions to the leading order. In doing so, we obtain exact solutions to the leading order system and solvability conditions on the slow evolution and transverse spatial dependence which, ensure that the higher order corrections are periodic. Using a variational approach, dynamics and stability of the solutions to the slow evelope equations are described.
Structure of a mouse erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene and mapping of erythroid-specific DNAse I hypersensitive sites

Abstract The enzyme 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) catalyzes the first step in heme biosynthesis. In this study, the mouse erythroid gene has been cloned and analyzed in order to investigate the regulation of ALA-S expression during erythroid differentiation. The gene spans approximately kbp and consists of 11 exons and 10 introns. The first exon is 37 bp, non-coding, and followed by a 6kb intron. The mRNA capsite was mapped by primer extension and defines a promoter that contains no apparent TATA element. S1 nuclease analysis detects the presence at low levels of a 45 bp-deleted form of the ALA-S mRNA created by the use of an alternative splice site at the intron 2/exon 3 junction. Five DNAse I hypersensitive sites were detected in chromatin from uninduced and induced MEL cells. One site is at the promoter; the others are in the body of the gene. No significant differences were observed in the patterns or intensity of the hypersensitive sites in the uninduced and induced MEL cells, however, no sites in ALA-S were observed in NIH 3T3 cells or in deproteinized DNA. Thus, these sites are specific for erythroid chromatin but appear to be established at an earlier stage of differentiation than represented by the uninduced MEL cell.
4. Autoimmunity, vasculitis, and autoantibodies

Autoimmune diseases are distinct clinical syndromes characterized by various alterations in normal immune responsiveness, such that there is a loss of tolerance to particular host constituents. In most cases, despite years of intense investigation, the etiopathogenic antigens initiating these systemic inflammatory conditions remain undefined. However, a great deal has been learned about the changes in components of the immune response relevant to the propagation and sustenance of these often chronic disorders. In addition, various hormonal, environmental, physiologic, and other influences that affect their expression have been identified. The expression and ultimate clinical outcome of autoimmune diseases usually relate to inflammation-related damage to the target organ with subsequent dysfunction. Certain immune conditions, such as autoimmune thyroid disease, largely affect a single organ, whereas others, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, heterogeneously affect sundry organ systems. Autoantibodies directed against normal host antigens are a common feature of many autoimmune diseases. In some cases they are pathogenic, whereas in others they serve as markers for organ involvement or outcomes. Clinical descriptions of autoimmune diseases date back many decades in some cases. Recent efforts at formulating classification criteria have allowed clearer distinctions and more accurate stratification. Greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune conditions has led to the development and introduction into the clinic of novel immunomodulatory therapies and treatment paradigms that have substantially improved the outcomes for patients affected by these serious conditions.