cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Throw Away the Key, or the Key Holder? Coercive Contempt for Lost or Forgotten Cryptoasset Private Keys, or Obstinate Holders

Most cryptoassets natively function as bearer instruments. Whoever controls the private keys for a given cryptoasset wallet generally control the assets held by that wallet. In a civil or criminal action or as part of a governmental investigation, parties may be ordered to disclose their private keys or to transfer cryptoassets controlled by those private keys. However, people forget things and lose things, including extremely important things. Parties may lose private keys, rendering their assets unavailable; parties acting in bad faith, or due to ideological motivation, may claim that “lost” or “forgotten” private keys prevent them from complying with disclosure or turnover orders. Determining whether claims of lost or forgotten keys are genuine or are bad faith attempts to protect assets will be a challenge for Courts, which will be forced to confront complex, technology-specific evidence and will be required to determine whether that loss is bona fide or “self-created impossibility.” Courts may likewise find that traditional contempt sanctions are insufficient to compel a motivated contemnor to comply with disclosure or turnover orders. To avoid expensive, time consuming evidentiary hearings on contempt, parties and courts should consider ex ante measures, including standing orders and injunctive relief that would require disclosure of and prevent the loss of private keys once financial condition becomes relevant to any claim or defense in litigation. Legislators could create novel contempt sanctions that leverage the unique features of cryptoassets to lien sufficiently identifiable cryptoassets at issue. New laws could create registries listing identifiable cryptoassets subject to turnover orders, similar to state UCC registries, use the infrastructure and legal obligations imposed upon regulated intermediaries by the Bank Secrecy Act and Office of Foreign Asset Controls, or modifying existing state law writs and simplify service of those writs and require state-regulated intermediaries to seize those assets pending further court order. Although these new sanctions would destroy the fungibility of the cryptoassets at issue and reduce their commercial value, they would also create new, efficient incentives. The lien against identifiable cryptoassets would have no impact on parties who actually lose private keys but would facilitate recovery of crypto assets in the case of a hack or theft. Finally, the threat of a lien that would destroy the value of the implicated cryptoassets would reduce the incentive for a bad faith contemnor to defy a turnover order and instead encourage potential contemnors to comply.
A Numerical Study on Installation Effects and Long-Term Shaft Resistance of Pre-Bored Piles in Cohesive Soils:

Pre-boring is a technique widely used to facilitate large displacement pile driving in hard/dense soils, but usually at the expense of reducing the long-term shaft resistance of the pile. In the US...
Toward Mass Spectrometry Imaging in the Metabolomics Scale: Increasing Metabolic Coverage Through Multiple On-Tissue Chemical Modifications.

Exploring the metabolic differences directly on tissues is essential for the comprehensive understanding of how multicellular organisms function. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an attractive technique towards this goal; however, MSI in metabolomics scale has been hindered by multiple limitations. This is most notable for single cell level high-spatial resolution imaging because of the limited number of molecules in small sampling size and the low ionization yields of many metabolites. Several on-tissue chemical derivatization approaches have been reported to increase MSI signals of targeted compounds, especially in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-MSI. Herein, we adopt a combination of chemical derivatization reactions, to selectively enhance metabolite signals of a specific functional group for each consecutive tissue section. Three well-known on-tissue derivatization methods were used as a proof of concept experiment: coniferyl aldehyde for primary amines, Girard’s reagent T for carbonyl groups, and 2-picolylamine for carboxylic acids. This strategy was applied to the cross-sections of leaves and roots from two different maize genotypes (B73 and Mo17), and enabled the detection of over six hundred new unique metabolite features compared to without modification. Statistical analysis indicated quantitative variation between metabolites in the tissue sections, while MS images revealed differences in localization of these metabolites. Combined, this untargeted approach facilitated the visualization of various classes of compounds, demonstrating the potential for untargeted MSI in the metabolomics scale.
Heavy Tetrel Complexes of Ru Featuring Ru═E(R)X and Ru–E–R (E = Sn, Pb) Linkages

The hydridoruthenate [(solv)Na][Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH2] (1; solv = THF or Et2O) provided access to the Ru metallostannylene Cp*(iPr2MeP)(H)2RuSnDMP (DMP = 2,6-dimesitylphenyl) (2) and metalloplumbylene C...
Jammed hard-sphere hcp crystals permeated with trivacancy tunnels

Supported by simple table-top experiments involving stackings of ball bearings and theoretical analysis, we have discovered crystal packings of identical hard spheres that are permeated by a high concentration of large tunnels and yet are jammed (mechanically stable). We show that starting with a strictly jammed hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal of identical hard spheres, removal of certain subsets of those spheres can produce mechanically stable vacancy arrangements involving compact (equilateral triangle) trivacancies such that they produce linear trivacancy tunnels. These tunnels can extend over the entire macroscopic length of the hcp medium, and their width is sufficient to allow contained “test” hard spheres with diameters less than 5 − 1 = 1.23606 … to migrate over that entire length without contacting the static tunnel-wall spheres. A search for the stable (strictly jammed) periodic framework that hosts the highest density of parallel trivacancy tunnels has identified a structure exhibiting a packing fraction ϕ = π / 32 = 0.55536 …, which is equal to 3/4 of the maximum monovalent sphere packing fraction ϕ max = π / 18 = 0.74048 …. In that periodic arrangement, filling the interior of the contained tunnels with movable unit-diameter spheres may approach the greatest possible “rattler” density within jammed monovalent sphere systems subject to periodic boundary conditions. It will be of interest to study the physical and chemical properties of these anisotropic porous crystal structures. Our findings may have practical implications for engineered separation and catalytic processes.Supported by simple table-top experiments involving stackings of ball bearings and theoretical analysis, we have discovered crystal packings of identical hard spheres that are permeated by a high concentration of large tunnels and yet are jammed (mechanically stable). We show that starting with a strictly jammed hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal of identical hard spheres, removal of certain subsets of those spheres can produce mechanically stable vacancy arrangements involving compact (equilateral triangle) trivacancies such that they produce linear trivacancy tunnels. These tunnels can extend over the entire macroscopic length of the hcp medium, and their width is sufficient to allow contained “test” hard spheres with diameters less than 5 − 1 = 1.23606 … to migrate over that entire length without contacting the static tunnel-wall spheres. A search for the stable (strictly jammed) periodic framework that hosts the highest density of parallel trivacancy tunnels has identified a structure exhibiting ...
Implications of Security Enhancements and Interventions for Core Internet Infrastructure

Security enhancements to the Internet are often implemented as hierarchical and centralizing structures grafted onto what is fundamentally a decentralized design. Hierarchical structures, such as DNSSEC and RPKI, provide a convenient way to enforce consistency and prevent important categories of security violations. They also provide a locus of control for trusted authorities who have access to the higher levels of the hierarchy. These control points can be used to enforce many kinds of policy interventions, including local laws and censorship. This paper considers three security enhancements, DNSSEC, SSL PKI, and RPKI, which provide secure translation infrastructures through a hierarchical authentication system. It reviews the design of each system, describes the security vulnerabilities that they protect against and how attackers have responded, explains how centralized authorities have used them to exercise unilateral control, and discusses the tradeoffs and risks associated with these interventions. The paper then considers the policy implications of these interventions and proposes some guiding principles to mitigate negative consequences.
Prenatal hypoxia increases susceptibility to kidney injury

Prenatal hypoxia is a gestational stressor that can result in developmental abnormalities or physiological reprogramming, and often decreases cellular capacity against secondary stress. When a developing fetus is exposed to hypoxia, blood flow is preferentially redirected to vital organs including the brain and heart over other organs including the kidney. Hypoxia-induced injury can lead to structural malformations in the kidney; however, even in the absence of structural lesions, hypoxia can physiologically reprogram the kidney leading to decreased function or increased susceptibility to injury. Our investigation in mice reveals that while prenatal hypoxia does not affect normal development of the kidneys, it primes the kidneys to have an increased susceptibility to kidney injury later in life. We found that our model does not develop structural abnormalities when prenatally exposed to modest 12% O2 as evident by normal histological characterization and gene expression analysis. Further, adult renal structure and function is comparable to mice exposed to ambient oxygen throughout nephrogenesis. However, after induction of kidney injury with a nephrotoxin (cisplatin), the offspring of mice housed in hypoxia exhibit significantly reduced renal function and proximal tubule damage following injury. We conclude that exposure to prenatal hypoxia in utero physiologically reprograms the kidneys leading to increased susceptibility to injury later in life.
Biothérapies chez le sujet âgé

Resume Le vieillissement de la population oblige les praticiens a se poser la question de la tolerance et de l'efficacite des differentes biotherapies utilisees dans les maladies inflammatoires. De par l'augmentation exponentielle des biotherapies et de leurs indications, des etudes sont realisees pour evaluer leurs retentissements chez les patients âges souffrant de maladies inflammatoires. Toutefois, ces etudes sont encore trop peu nombreuses pour repondre aux differentes particularites des sujets âges et a leurs comorbidites, ainsi les differents prescripteurs gardent une certaine reserve a leurs introductions apres 75 ans voire meme 65 ans. Au-dela de l'âge des patients, il convient surtout d'evaluer leurs comorbidites avant l'introduction des biotherapies. Chaque biotherapie a des indications differentes et des contre-indications differentes qu'il est necessaire de bien maȋtriser pour pouvoir adapter au mieux les traitements aux differents patients. L'objectif de cette mise au point est de revenir sur les adaptations et contre-indications des differentes biotherapies en population geriatrique tout en rassurant quant a leurs utilisations chez les sujets âges, car ces derniers sont parfois sous-traites.
How Does Monomer Structure Affect the Interfacial Dynamics of Supported Ultrathin Polymer Films

We utilize recently introduced chemically specific but coarse-grained models of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to explore the influence of monomer architecture on t...
Acceptability and efficacy of a communication skills training for nursing students: Building empathy and discussing complex situations

Abstract Nurses must demonstrate effective communication across complex interpersonal domains, as emphasized by numerous professional healthcare organizations. However, formal communication skills training has been only modestly integrated into baccalaureate nursing programs, and of those studied systematically, there are notable methodological concerns. The current study focused on application of a well-researched communication program (Comskil) to student nurses completing summer internships at a comprehensive cancer center as part of their clinical education. The Comskil training program for student nurses is an in-person, day-long training that includes three sections: responding empathically to patients; discussing death, dying, and end-of-life goals of care; and responding to challenging family interactions. Student nurse participants provided strongly favorable perceptions of the program, with 90% indicating that they agreed or strongly agreed with all perception items. A significant pre-to post-training improvement in self-reported confidence was observed (p
Sidman or statistics

Murray Sidman's statements regarding variability, experimental control, and generality are interwoven with examples from the literature on conditional discrimination. Sidman's position was that statistical inferences from group studies produce no information about the behavior of individual subjects and that statistical treatment of individual subject data masks variability which may represent conditions that are not controlled. Sidman's work on conditional discrimination provides excellent examples of how complex discriminations should be examined in detail with accuracy levels obtained for each type of discrimination within an experiment. Sidman made important contributions to the foundation of behavior analysis with extensive basic research as well as applications of methods and principles to clinical and educational settings.
Influence of Self-Perceived Vulvar Appearance on Female Sexual Function.

Background Female sexual function is a complex model of biological and nonbiological factors. The impact of self-perceived vulvar appearance on female sexual function is not well understood. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the influence of vulvar appearance on sexual function in adult women. The primary aim was to assess the relation between self-perceived vulvar appearance and sexual function. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of prior genital procedures on vulvar appearance and sexual function. Methods An observational study of adult women was conducted utilizing Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing platform. The survey instrument included demographic information, subjective vulvar appearance measures, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Results Out of 398 respondents, 148 (37.2%) reported concern about their vulvar appearance and 134 (33.7%) reported a history of genital cosmetic procedures. Women who were uncomfortable with their vulvar appearance had lower FSFI scores than those comfortable with their vulvar appearance, 24.6 vs 27.0 (P = 0.01), respectively. Among women uncomfortable with their vulvar appearance, 70.9% of subjects met the criteria for sexual dysfunction. Women who were uncomfortable with their vulvar appearance were significantly more at risk of sexual dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.46-4.10; P < 0.001). Women with a history of cosmetic genital procedures were significantly more at risk of sexual dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.43-4.23). Conclusions Women who are uncomfortable with their vulvar appearance had higher rates of sexual dysfunction. Women seeking cosmetic genital procedures should be screened for sexual dysfunction to facilitate realistic expectations and optimal care.
Midterm outcomes of revision shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background Since the introduction of shoulder arthroplasty, the indications have been expanding. Because of the increasing number of arthroplasty procedures, revision surgeries are also inevitable. The purpose of our study is to delineate a large number of revision shoulder arthroplasty cases treated in different ways, including antibiotic spacer placement (ABX), hemiarthroplasty (HA), anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), and to analyze the relationship between preoperative factors and clinical outcomes. Methods We reviewed our institution's records of revision shoulder arthroplasty between January 1, 2000, and October 1, 2017. Preoperative information included age at the time of surgery, gender, body mass index, and infection status. Pre- and postoperatively, we gathered 6 patient-reported clinical outcomes and 3 range-of-motion parameters (elevation, abduction, and external rotation). Postoperative complications were also assessed. Then, we examined the differences between the pre- and postoperative outcomes. As a secondary analysis, we performed multivariable regression analysis on the same outcomes, accounting for age at the time of surgery, infection status, and previous surgery type. Results Among the 341 revisions performed, 138 cases met inclusion criteria of at least a 2-year follow-up with pre- and postoperative functional outcome scores. The majority of our revision procedures were to a rTSA (92 cases, 67%), followed by aTSA (28 cases, 20%), and ABX/HA (18 cases, 13%). The mean age at the time of our index surgery was 66 years old. In aTSA and rTSA, all the postoperative outcomes (ie, ASES, Constant, UCLA, SST, SPADI, SF-12 scores, and 3 AROMs) were significantly improved beyond the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) except SF-12 scores in aTSA (P = .25) and active external rotation in rTSA (P = .73). None of the ABX/HA's postoperative outcomes achieve significant improvement or MCID. Multivariable regression analysis showed that older age at the time of surgery was significantly associated with better outcomes in 3 of the 6 patient-reported outcomes (ASES, SST, and SPADI; P = .023, .023, and .028, respectively). Conclusion Revision aTSA and rTSA showed statistically and clinically significant improvement postoperatively. ABX and HA did not achieve meaningful postoperative improvement. Overall, patients getting revision shoulder arthroplasty at an older age had better patient-reported outcomes. Level of evidence Level III; Retrospective Cohort Study
Utilizing the simple graph convolutional neural network as a model for simulating influence spread in networks

The ability for people and organizations to connect in the digital age has allowed the growth of networks that cover an increasing proportion of human interactions. The research community investigating networks asks a range of questions such as which participants are most central, and which community label to apply to each member. This paper deals with the question on how to label nodes based on the features (attributes) they contain, and then how to model the changes in the label assignments based on the influence they produce and receive in their networked neighborhood. The methodological approach applies the simple graph convolutional neural network in a novel setting. Primarily that it can be used not only for label classification, but also for modeling the spread of the influence of nodes in the neighborhoods based on the length of the walks considered. This is done by noticing a common feature in the formulations in methods that describe information diffusion which rely upon adjacency matrix powers and that of graph neural networks. Examples are provided to demonstrate the ability for this model to aggregate feature information from nodes based on a parameter regulating the range of node influence which can simulate a process of exchanges in a manner which bypasses computationally intensive stochastic simulations.
Calming the cytokine storm in COVID-19.

Cytokine blockade can improve the survival rate of patients with COVID-19 who are at risk of respiratory failure, but timing and patient selection are key.
Inelastic Composite Materials

Initial applications of elastic–plastic and other inelastic constitutive relations in predicting overall response of heterogeneous materials had focused on polycrystalline metals, modeled as a multiphase system of randomly orientated single crystal grains which were assigned certain yield conditions and slip mechanisms. Early work includes the slip theory of Batdorf and Budiansky (1949), the rigid-plastic single crystal system of Bishop and Hill (1951), the elastic–plastic K.B.W. model of Kroner (1961) and the self-consistent approximation by Hershey (1954) and by Budiansky and Wu (1962). Further developed by Hill (1965c, 1967) and implemented by Hutchinson (1970), the SCM approximation extended the elasticity form of the method to polycrystals and two-phase composites. That and numerous other extensions of elastic micromechanical methods to inelastic systems provide an interface with the latter. However, they often assume uniform elastic and inelastic deformation in each grain, or in the entire matrix of a particulate or fibrous composite, according to a specified constitutive relation. Since local deformation is not uniform, the overall response predicted by such theories is not supported by experiments, as shown in Sect. 12.2.2. Nonuniform local deformation was examined on composite cylinders under axisymmetric and thermal loads, and in shakedown state, by Dvorak and Rao (1976a, b), Tarn, et al. (1975). General loading effects were investigated with models which constrained only longitudinal deformation by elastic fibers (Dvorak and Bahei-El-Din 1979, 1980, 1982). More recent work, supported by numerical methods, has focused on realistic aspects of deformation mechanisms of polycrystals and composites, as reviewed by Dawson, Hutchinson, Torquato and others in a report on research trends in solid mechanics (Dvorak 1999).
An agent framework for processing FIPA-ACL messages based on interaction models

Interaction engineering is a key issue to effectively buildMulti-Agent Systems. It requires software abstractions, components andcontrol structures to manage interactions among agents and to improveinfrastructures at runtime. We propose a framework for automatic processingof interactions generated using FIPA-ACL, a language widelyaccepted for agent platforms. This framework includes three elements:i) an agent interaction architecture to systematize interaction processingtasks, ii) interaction models to build re-usable validated code usedto check different phases of interaction processing associated with messagesemantics, and iii) components and control structures implementinginteraction architecture for a particular agent platform. The paper describesthe implementation details of the proposed approach developedwithin the CAPNET agent platform and illustrates it by example.
Sequence of stress-induced alterations in indices of synaptic and transcriptional activation in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are widely used to mark endocrine hypothalamic neurons that are activated in response to stress, yet their relationship to the transcriptional control of relevant effector molecule expression is unclear. Acute ether stress provokes increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone secretion that peaks at 5 and 30 min, respectively, after the challenge. Using probes complementary to intronic sequences of genes encoding ACTH secretagogues in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, we found these events to be accompanied by rapid and transient increases in corticotropin-releasing factor heteronuclear RNA (CRF hnRNA; peak at 5 min) and by a delayed upregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) hnRNA (120 min). To identify candidate mechanisms regulating peptide expression, we followed the timing of ether effects on representatives of three transcription factor classes: IEGs [c-fos and nerve growth factor I-B (NGFI-B)], a POU-domain factor (Brn-2), and the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), using antisera specific to its transcriptionally active, phosphorylated form (pCREB). After ether exposure, c-fos and NGFI-B mRNA induction were maximal at 30--60 min, whereas Fos protein peaked at 60--120 min. Brn-2 mRNA was expressed constitutively in the PVH and was unresponsive to stress. By contrast, pCREB was induced in parvocellular neurons with a time course parallel to that of CRF hnRNA expression. Stress-induced transcriptional activation of the CRF and AVP genes in hypophysiotropic neurons follows distinct time courses that are compatible with control mechanisms involving phosphorylation events and de novo protein synthesis, respectively.
The adenylate cyclase rebound response to naloxone in the NG108-15 cells. Effects of etorphine and other opiates.

The adenylate cyclase (AC) of the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15), is generally considered to be a model for the study of the biochemical correlates of opiate tolerance and dependence. However, the naloxone-induced rebound response of adenylate cyclase, described in some recent reports, is much smaller than that originally described by Sharma, Klee and Nirenberg (1975). Possible explanations for these discrepancies are: (1) a marked down-regulation of opioid receptors and tolerance produced by the use of delta agonists or (2) the use of etorphine, a relatively hydrophobic drug which has slower dissociation rates than morphine. To test these possibilities, neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells were treated cells with morphine, etorphine, [d-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), [d-Ala2]Leu-enkephalinamide (DALAMID) or vehicle. In addition, some of the cells treated with etorphine were washed with DADLE to replace the etorphine without producing the rebound response of adenylate cyclase prior to the addition of naloxone. The cells treated with morphine, DADLE and DALAMID, and incubated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and naloxone showed a significant rebound of adenylate cyclase when compared with control groups and opiate-treated cells, incubated only with PGE1. In contrast, naloxone did not induce any significant rebound response in cells treated with etorphine unless they were previously washed with DADLE. These results demonstrate that the lack of a rebound response in cells treated with etorphine was due to the slow dissociation rates of the opiate and not to tolerance or to the down-regulation of opioid receptors produced by agonists of high intrinsic activity.
Trends and rates of microevolution in plants.

Evidence for rapid evolutionary change in plants in response to changing environmental conditions is widespread in the literature. However, evolutionary change in plant populations has not been quantified using a rate metric that allows for comparisons between and within studies. One objective of this paper is to estimate rates of evolution using data from previously published studies to begin a foundation for comparison and to examine trends and rates of microevolution in plants. We use data gathered from studies of plant adaptations in response to heavy metals, herbicide, pathogens, changes in pH, global change, and novel environments. Rates of evolution are estimated in the form of two metrics, darwins and haldanes. A second objective is to demonstrate how estimated rates could be used to address specific microevolutionary questions. For example, we examine how evolutionary rate changes with time, life history correlates of evolutionary rates, and whether some types of traits evolve faster than others. We also approach the question of how rates can be used to predict patterns of evolution under novel selection pressures using two contemporary examples: introductions of non-native species to alien environments and global change.
The effect of solidification rate on structure and high-temperature strength of the eutectic NiAl-Cr

The eutectic NiAl-Cr, consisting of chromium rods in a NiAl matrix, was directionally solidified at rates varying from 1/4 to 30 in. per hr. The inter-rod spacing and elevated temperature tensile properties were measured and the structure determined for each solidification rate. The spacing, λ, obeyed the relation λ2V= Constant, whereV is the solidification rate. AtV greater than 1 in. per hr, a cell or colony structure formed and the cell size decreased with increasing solidification rate. At 600°C, the tensile strength increased substantially with decreasing inter-rod spacing, reaching 100,000 psi at the highestV. At 800° and 1000°C, the strength first increased then decreased at the highest solidification rates reaching maximum strengths of 63,000 psi and 47,000 psi, respectively. At 1200°C, the strength decreased slightly with increasing solidification rate. Fracture occurred by shear along grain boundaries and cell walls. The decreased strength at the highest solidification rates may be related to the increased cell boundary area.
Observations of Habitat Use by Polar Bears, Ursus maritimus , in the Alaskan Beaufort, Chukchi, and Northern Bering Seas

A total of 1112 Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) at 482 sightings were recorded during aerial surveys in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and northern Bering Seas conducted primarily during September and October from 1979-1999. Of these bears, 784 were observed offshore at 400 sightings. The surveys were conducted by the Naval Ocean Systems Center and Minerals Management Service; they were designed to monitor the fall Bowhead Whale ( Balaena mysticetus ) migration. Over the 20-year period, 1,096,620 kilometers of surveys were flown. The majority of the offshore Polar Bears, 595 bears at 290 sightings, and most of the kill sites and polar bear tracks were recorded in 80-100% ice cover. The number of bears per kilometer increased substantially in >24% ice cover, with the highest number observed in 80-100% ice cover. This habitat use probably is related to the availability of seals, their primary prey. There were 328 bears (83 sightings) recorded on land, and most of them were associated with whale carcasses and bowhead whale subsistence harvest sites along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast.
An Econometric Model of Network Formation With Degree Heterogeneity

I introduce a model of undirected dyadic link formation which allows for assortative matching on observed agent characteristics (homophily) as well as unrestricted agent‐level heterogeneity in link surplus (degree heterogeneity). Like in fixed effects panel data analyses, the joint distribution of observed and unobserved agent‐level characteristics is left unrestricted. Two estimators for the (common) homophily parameter, β 0 , are developed and their properties studied under an asymptotic sequence involving a single network growing large. The first, tetrad logit (TL), estimator conditions on a sufficient statistic for the degree heterogeneity. The second, joint maximum likelihood (JML), estimator treats the degree heterogeneity {A i0 } i = 1 -super-N as additional (incidental) parameters to be estimated. The TL estimate is consistent under both sparse and dense graph sequences, whereas consistency of the JML estimate is shown only under dense graph sequences.
Information Content of Aerosol Retrievals in the Sunglint Region

We exploit quantitative metrics to investigate the information content in retrievals of atmospheric aerosol parameters (with a focus on single-scattering albedo), contained in multi-angle and multi-spectral measurements with sufficient dynamical range in the sunglint region. The simulations are performed for two classes of maritime aerosols with optical and microphysical properties compiled from measurements of the Aerosol Robotic Network. The information content is assessed using the inverse formalism and is compared to that deriving from observations not affected by sunglint. We find that there indeed is additional information in measurements containing sunglint, not just for single-scattering albedo, but also for aerosol optical thickness and the complex refractive index of the fine aerosol size mode, although the amount of additional information varies with aerosol type.
Sample Size Dependent Species Models

Motivated by the fundamental problem of measuring species diversity, this paper introduces the concept of a cluster structure to define an exchangeable cluster probability function that governs the joint distribution of a random count and its exchangeable random partitions. A cluster structure, naturally arising from a completely random measure mixed Poisson process, allows the probability distribution of the random partitions of a subset of a sample to be dependent on the sample size, a distinct and motivated feature that differs it from a partition structure. A generalized negative binomial process model is proposed to generate a cluster structure, where in the prior the number of clusters is finite and Poisson distributed, and the cluster sizes follow a truncated negative binomial distribution. We construct a nonparametric Bayesian estimator of Simpson's index of diversity under the generalized negative binomial process. We illustrate our results through the analysis of two real sequencing count datasets.
Towards a model of provenance and user views in scientific workflows

Scientific experiments are becoming increasingly large and complex, with a commensurate increase in the amount and complexity of data generated. Data, both intermediate and final results, is derived by chaining and nesting together multiple database searches and analytical tools. In many cases, the means by which the data are produced is not known, making the data difficult to interpret and the experiment impossible to reproduce. Provenance in scientific workflows is thus of paramount importance. In this paper, we provide a formal model of provenance for scientific workflows which is general (i.e. can be used with existing workflow systems, such as Kepler, myGrid and Chimera) and sufficiently expressive to answer the provenance queries we encountered in a number of case studies. Interestingly, our model not only takes into account the chained and nested structure of scientific workflows, but allows asks for provenance at different levels of abstraction (user views).
The Promise of Positive Psychology

Positive Psychology has demonstrated its usefulness in studying and contributing to individual well-being. The next big challenge for this new field is to help improving the social and cultural conditions in which people live. Three specific goals are discussed: A more complete understanding of human nature; forging a more sustainable and more fair social contract; and a rediscovery of the joys of existence. If Positive Psychology will be able to support these goals, it will become an important contributor to the evolution of human consciousness and the evolution of culture.
Ions lost on their first orbit can impact Alfvén eigenmode stability

Some neutral-beam ions are deflected onto loss orbits by Alfven eigenmodes on their first bounce orbit. The resonance condition for these ions differs from the usual resonance condition for a confined fast ion. Estimates indicate that particles on single-pass loss orbits transfer enough energy to the wave to alter mode stability.
Monoclonal IgG affinity and treatment time alters antagonism of (+)-methamphetamine effects in rats

The roles of monoclonal antibody affinity and treatment time of (+)-methamphetamine-induced pharmacological effects in rats were studied using two anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies. These studies tested the preclinical protective effects of monoclonal antibody antagonists in (+)-methamphetamine overdose and pretreatment scenarios. The higher affinity antibody (mAb6H4; KD=11 nM for (+)-methamphetamine) more effectively antagonized (+)-methamphetamine-induced behavioral effects (distance and rearing) than the low affinity antibody (designated mAb6H8; KD=250 nM) and had a longer duration of action. Both antibodies more effectively reduced (+)-methamphetamine effects in the overdose model than in the pretreatment model. (+)-Methamphetamine pharmacokinetic studies showed the mAb6H4 significantly reduced brain concentrations over time in both models. However, while mAb6H4 immediately reduced brain concentrations in the overdose model, it did not prevent the initial distribution of (+)-methamphetamine into the brain in the pretreatment model. Thus, anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody affinity and administration time (relative to (+)-methamphetamine dosing) are critical determinants of therapeutic success.
Splenectomy and surgical cytoreduction for ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of splenectomy, as a surrogate marker for aggressive tumor cytoreduction in ovarian cancer, and its impact on patient morbidity and survival. Methods. A retrospective cohort study of 35 patients who underwent splenectomy for ovarian cancer cytoreduction between August 1986 and May 1998 was performed. Data abstracted from the medical record included patient demographics, preoperative imaging, surgical procedures, tumor distribution, postoperative complications, chemotherapy treatment, and follow-up information. Results. Splenectomy was performed in 13 patients at the time of primary cytoreduction and in 22 patients at the time of secondary cytoreduction. Preoperative diagnosis of splenic involvement was frequently made prior to secondary surgery, 77.3% compared to 15.4% of primary cases. In addition, parenchymal splenic involvement was more commonly observed at recurrence, 59.1% vs 23.1% at initial presentation. Disease distribution in secondary cytoreduction cases tended to be more focal, macronodular, and have no ascites. Cytoreduction to less than 1 cm disease was achieved in 100% of primary patients and 86% of secondary patients. Major morbidity (pneumonia, PE, sepsis, pancreatitis, MI) occurred in 23.1% of primary patients and 28.6% of secondary patients. Combining splenectomy with other cytoreductive procedures may make splenectomy itself seem more morbid. With a 17-month median follow-up, median progression-free interval was 24 months in primary patients and 14 months in secondary patients. Among secondary patients, median survival time after splenectomy and cytoreduction was 41 months. Conclusions. Splenectomy at the time of primary and secondary cytoreduction for ovarian cancer can be performed with acceptable morbidity. Secondary cytoreduction patients may be selected preoperatively by their progression-free interval, prior degree of cytoreduction, and macronodular tumor involvement on imaging studies. Identification of splenic involvement allows for appropriate counseling and preoperative preparation.
A Theory-Based Framework for Assessing Domainl-Specific Problem-Solving Ability

Is problem solving a global construct? What components can be assessed? What multiple assessment strategies can be used?
A class of globally stabilizing controllers for nonlinear systems

Abstract A class of globally stabilizing controllers for nonlinear systems are parametrized as fractional transformations on some input-to-state stable parameters.
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonists Block Fos-Like Protein Expression Induced via Multiple Signaling Pathways in Cultured Cortical Neurons

c-fos mRNA and Fos-like protein(s) (FLP) are induced in cultured cortical neurons by glutamate, high K+, phorbol ester, basic fibroblast growth factor, Zn2+, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Glutamate induction of c-fos mRNA and FLP is blocked by noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, and competitive NMDA antagonists, 4-(3-phosphonopropyl)piperazin-2-carboxylic acid and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate. These antagonists partially block high K(+)-, phorbol ester-, Zn(2+)-, and VIP-induced c-fos mRNA expression, but have no effect on bFGF-induced c-fos mRNA expression. However, both competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists completely block FLP induction by all of these agents without affecting total protein synthesis. Therefore, these NMDA antagonists block FLP translation, without blocking c-fos transcription. It is hypothesized that NMDA receptor activation is required for translation of c-fos mRNA in cortical neurons after stimulation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. It is possible that NMDA antagonists prevent cortical plasticity by blocking induction of the Fos protein that would normally be induced by neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators.
Notes On Male Pleopod Morphology in the Brachyuran Crab Family Panopeidae Ortmann, 1893, Sensu Guinot (1978) (Decapoda)

Clearly, the taxonomic situation within the Xanthidae s.l. is confused and relationships among the presently accepted panopeid genera are complex. If pleopod characters are used to the exclusion of other characters such as carapace morphology, then the panopeid genera are in need of further revision. Specifically, the genus Panopeus could be expanded to include several species currently in other genera or other subfamilies (the Eucratopsinae), while some species placed by Guinot (1978) in the Panopeinae do not seem to warrant a close relationship to Panopeus. We hope that, rather than adding to the existing systematic confusion, our compilation of data will be of some benefit to future systematists attempting to elucidate panopeid phylogeny.
Effect of lesions in the Raphe system on self-stimulation in the rat.

Abstract Lesions in the dorsal and median (central superior) raphe nuclei of the brainstem which reduced the telencephalic concentration of serotonin by 75 per cent failed to affect lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior. On the basis of this and previous work, it was concluded that serotonin has an important function in negative but not positive reinforcement processes.
Material Classification of an Unknown Object Using Turbulence-Degraded Polarimetric Imagery

In this paper, a material-classification technique using polarimetric imagery degraded by atmospheric turbulence is presented. The classification technique described here determines whether an object is composed of dielectric or metallic materials. The technique implements a modified version of the LeMaster and Cain polarimetric maximum-likelihood blind-deconvolution algorithm in order to remove atmospheric distortion and correctly classify the unknown object. The dielectric/metal classification decision is based on degree-of-linear-polarization (DOLP) maximum-likelihood estimates provided by two novel DOLP priors (one being representative of dielectric materials and the other being representative of metallic materials) developed in this paper. The DOLP estimate, which maximizes the log-likelihood function, determines the image pixel's classification. Included in this paper is the review and modification of the LeMaster and Cain deconvolution algorithm. Also provided is the development of the novel DOLP priors, including their mathematical forms and the physical insight underlying their formulation. Lastly, the experimental results of two dielectric and metallic samples are provided to validate the proposed classification technique.
Research Spotlight: The 2010 Russian heat wave was largely predictable

[1] From June to August 2010, a stable high-pressure air mass hung in the sky over western Russia. This episode of “atmospheric blocking” drove up temperatures, causing thousands of deaths and breaking temperature records across the country. Strong heat waves like the one in Russia increase their potential to do damage the longer they persist, putting added stress on populations susceptible to dehydration, reduced air quality, and other heat-related illnesses. Long durations of consistently high temperatures also increase the likelihood of drought-driven crop loss and wildfires, both of which devastated the Russian countryside and economy. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL046557, 2011)
Influence of transient ischemia on lipid-soluble antioxidants, free fatty acids and energy metabolites in rat brain.

Abstract Cerebral ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats by occluding both common carotid arteries; the vertebral arteries had been permanently occluded one day earlier. The levels of lipid-soluble antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, reduced ubiquinones), free fatty acids and energy metabolites were measured in forebrain tissue after 30 min of ischemia, and after 15 min or 30 min of postischemic recirculation. Alpha-tocopherol decreased by 7% at the end of ischemia and decreased further during postischemic recirculation, indicating that free radical reactions were initiated during ischemia. All measured saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated free fatty acids accumulated markedly during ischemia. However, particularly rapid decrements were observed in polyunsaturated free fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) during an initial 15-min period of recirculation, while other free fatty acids gradually returned toward their preischemic levels after 30 min of recirculation. Both reduced and oxidized ubiquinone-9 tended to increase at the end of ischemia. During recirculation, reduced ubiquinone-9 declined below control by 20–24%,accompanied by a rise in the oxidized form. Profiles of free fatty acids and the changes in ubiquinones were compatible with the postischemic occurrence of lipid peroxidation. High energy phosphates were nearly depleted by ischemia, and recovery of adenosine triphosphate was limited to 73% of control after 30 min of recirculation. The results are compatible with the view that free radical reactions are initiated during ischemia, and that overt peroxidative processes become manifest during reflow when cerebral tissue is reoxygenated. Lipid peroxidation by free radical reactions may be a factor restricting postischemic recovery of energy metabolism, and lipid-soluble antioxidants may act to mitigate the extent of eventual brain damage.
Ethnic pride and self-control related to protective and risk factors: test of the theoretical model for the strong African American families program.

Objective. To test a theoretical model of how ethnic pride and self-control are related to risk and protective factors. Design. A community sample of 670 African American youth (mean age = 11.2 years) were interviewed in households. Main Outcome Measures. Measures of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and sexual behavior (lifetime to past month). Results. Structural modeling analyses indicated parenting was related to self-control and self-esteem, and racial socialization was related to ethnic pride. Self-control and self-esteem variables were related to levels of deviance-prone attitudes and to perceptions of engagers in, or abstainers from, substance use and sexual behavior. The proximal factors (behavioral willingness, resistance efficacy, and peer behavior) had substantial relations to the criterion variables. Participant gender and parental education also had several paths in the model. Results were generally similar for the 2 outcome behaviors. Conclusions. In this population, self-esteem and self-control are related to parenting approaches and have pathways to attitudes and social perceptions that are significant factors for predisposing to, or protecting against, early involvement in substance use and sexual behavior.