cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Effect of Degree of Water Stress on Growth and Fecundity of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Using Soil Moisture Sensors

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) is the most problematic weed in agronomic crop production fields in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of degree of water stress on the growth and fecundity of A. palmeri using soil moisture sensors under greenhouse conditions. Two A. palmeri biotypes collected from Nebraska were grown in loam soil maintained at 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% soil field capacity (FC) corresponding to no, light, moderate, high, and severe water stress levels, respectively. Water was regularly added to pots based on soil moisture levels detected by Watermark or Decagon 5TM sensors to maintain the desired water stress level. Amaranthus palmeri plants maintained at ≤25% FC did not survive more than 35 d after transplanting. Amaranthus palmeri at 100%, 75%, and 50% FC produced similar numbers of leaves (588 to 670 plant− 1) based on model estimates; however, plants at 100% FC achieved a maximum height of 178 cm compared with 124 and 88 cm at 75% and 50% FC, respectively. The growth index (1.1 × 105 to 1.4 × 105 cm3 plant − 1) and total leaf area (571 to 693 cm2 plant − 1) were also similar at 100%, 75%, and 50% FC. Amaranthus palmeri produced similar root biomass (2.3 to 3 g plant − 1) at 100%, 75%, and 50% FC compared with 0.6 to 0.7 g plant − 1 at 25% and 12.5% FC, respectively. Seed production was greatest (42,000 seeds plant − 1) at 100% FC compared with 75% and 50% FC (14,000 to 19,000 seeds plant − 1); however, the cumulative seed germination was similar (38% to 46%) when mother plants were exposed to ≥50% FC. The results of this study show that A. palmeri can survive ≥50% FC continuous water stress conditions and can produce a significant number of seeds with no effect of on seed germination.
High Power Medium Voltage 10 kV SiC MOSFET Based Bidirectional Isolated Modular DC–DC Converter

Recent advancement in the packaging technology for the SiC MOSFETs with blocking voltage of 10 kV or higher have opened up opportunities to consider these devices for medium voltage and high power applications. This paper focuses on the design of a modular medium voltage, high power DC– DC converter enabled by 10 kV SiC MOSFETs which aims at increasing the efficiency, power density and inter-operability. The proposed DC–DC converter is suitable for applications like DC distribution for the data centres, sub-sea power transmission, offshore wind farms and photovolatic energy transmission -distribution - coordination, electric ship DC power transmission and distribution solid state transformer.
Changes in Pool Sizes of Photosynthetic Electron Transport Components and Rubisco with Growth Irradiance - Evidence for the Limiting Step in Light Saturated Photosynthesis

Light saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) is related to the number of the photosynthetic units and their minimal turnover time (t ) (1,2). in intact cells t is the minimal time required for an electron to be transferred from water to carbon dioxide (3). in cyanobacteria and eucaryotic algae t often varies with growth irradiance (1,3,4). in the marine chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta, grown at various photon flux densities, photosynthetic capacities of each cell are virtually identical; however, because of changes in pigmentation the photosynthetic capacity normalized to chlorophyll varies markedly (3). These relationships reflect reciprocal changes in the cellular concentration and turnover time of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Synthesis of high molar activity 33 P-labeled phosphorous acid

Studies of phosphorus cycling in the ocean have been greatly facilitated by the use of high molar activity 32P- and 33P-labeled phosphate (phosphoric acid) in biological incubation assays. Recently, phosphite (phosphorous acid) has been shown to play an important role in the ocean. Here I report the microscale (100 μmol) synthesis of high molar activity 33P-labeled phosphorous acid. The scheme incorporates a new combination of known synthetic routes, which requires 20 times less radioactivity than existing methods. The economical production of 33P-phosphorous acid with molar activity > 37 GBq mol−1 for use in assays is readily achievable with this scheme.
Stereotypic morality: The influence of group membership on moral foundations:

Today’s modern world affords many benefits, one of which is the ability to have near-instantaneous interactions with groups and cultures other than our own. Though advantageous in many situations, ...
An All-Digital Fused PLL-Buck Architecture for 82% Average V dd -Margin Reduction in a 0.6-to-1.0-V Cortex-M0 Processor

Traditional digital systems employ independent loops to control supply voltage ( ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ ) and clock frequency ( $f_{\text {clk}}$ ). A clock regulation loop, for instance, a phase-locked loop (PLL), locks the system clock to a reference clock (REFCLK). Concurrently, a voltage regulation loop sets ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ to a target value under rapidly varying load current or line-side disturbances. Limitations in voltage regulator loop bandwidth result in significant ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ fluctuation, leading to timing slack degradation in digital voltage domains. Maintaining timing slack in the presence of supply noise or temperature (T) variation incurs energy-wasteful ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ guardbands. In this article, we present a unified clock and power (UniCaP) architecture that instantaneously adapts $f_{\text {clk}}$ to ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ and $T$ variations, requiring minimal guardbands. UniCaP absorbs ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ control into the clock regulation loop, using it to adjust $f_{\text {clk}}$ and lock system clock to REFCLK. UniCaP enables all-digital construction with aggressive ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ guardband reduction and the capability for on-the-fly dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) events. We deployed the UniCaP architecture on a 65-nm buck converter test chip powering a 0.6–1.0-V Cortex-M0 microprocessor with autonomous transition between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes (CCM/DCM) in order to support a wide load current range. The UniCaP test chip demonstrates 82% average ${\mathit {V}}_{\text {dd}}$ guardband reduction, without any performance loss from adaptive clocking, and temperature margin reductions of 40–55 mV.
Introductions/Orientations: Queer Pedagogies, Social Foundations, and Praxis

This chapter focuses on the lack of exposure in preservice teacher preparation courses to critical dialogues particularly around queer theories and education. There’s a need to deepen awareness and sharpen public responsibility in curriculum design and teaching, specifically through queer theories and pedagogy and focusing on queering identity and knowledge, regarding race/ethnicity, gender, class/culture, sexuality, exceptionalities, epistemology, and teaching/teacher-prep/schooling. Teacher preparation in general functions to produce and preserve heteronormative structures. In discussing how queer theories might reframe courses, topics, and projects, new possibilities arise for interrogating and deconstructing normative structures and curricula. The hope is to help prospective teachers question the perseverance of defining “good” teaching only through mastery of best practices in skills/methods, content, and classroom management. Often these skill sets dehumanize the prospective teacher and student, leaving them deskilled and ill-equipped to deal with sociocultural political issues in the classroom and ways to prepare students for active citizenry. Students should have ample space to develop a critical consciousness and activist disposition as they prepare to be educators. Students can discover a wealth of pedagogical tools within queer pedagogies and theories to produce a deeper sense of respect and acceptance for all levels and degrees of difference in their classrooms.
Synthesis and structure of Sr14Zn1+As11 and Eu14Zn1+As11 (x ≤ 0.5). New members of the family of pnictides isotypic with Ca14AlSb11, exhibiting a new type of structural disorder

Abstract Systematic investigation of the ternary systems A–Zn–As (A = Sr, Eu) led to the discovery of two new ternary phases, Sr14Zn1+xAs11 and Eu14Zn1+xAs11 (x ≤ 0.5). Both title compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The basic structure of these new arsenides is akin to that of the numerous other pnictides adopting the tetragonal Ca14AlSb11 structure type (space group I41/acd (No. 142); Z = 8). The main difference is the presence of an interstitial Zn atom, located in a nearly trigonal-planar coordination environment of three As atoms. Four such fragments share common edges with the regular ZnAs4 tetrahedron, to form an unusual new structural unit with the formula [Zn1+xSb8]. The small uptake of additional zinc is needed to augment the overall valence electron count, thereby driving the system to an electronically charge-balanced state. Upon partial substitution of the nominally divalent Sr with a trivalent La, the equivalent of electron doping, the structure rids itself of the interstitial zinc, as demonstrated on the example of Sr13.30(2)La0.70ZnAs11, which was also structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as part of this study. Electronic structure calculations for the idealized composition Sr14ZnAs11 confirm the speculated electron-deficient assignment, and suggest intrinsic semiconducting behavior for the one-electron richer Sr14Zn1+xAs11 (x = 0.5) and Sr13LaZnAs11, respectively.
Situated Learning, the Secondary-Education Preservice/In-service Teacher, and the Taming of the Literacy Education Shrew

Nine preservice and in-service teacher participants from four different content areas experienced shifts in their personal perspectives regarding integration of literacy in their subject-area instr...
What Does an Executive Stock Sale Tell the Market? Evidence From Sale Transactions Following Stock Option Exercises:

We examine the impact of liquidity and diversification, taxes, and loss aversion on the informativeness of insider sales following stock option exercise. We do not find evidence of liquidity and di...
Calculation of the energy and the momentum coefficients based on measurements in Greek rivers

In river flow, two coefficients can be used to minimize the error in hydraulic calculations introduced by the use of mean velocity, the energy coefficient (α) and the momentum coefficient (β). Both coefficients vary in a range close to and above one; however, it is usually considered to be constant and equal to unit. In this paper, we estimate the two coefficients in three rivers at Northern Greece based on measurements of the water depth, the wetted area and the velocity flow. These measurements were taken for a period of about 2 years, and the results show that the two coefficients are always above unit and vary in time. Also, the coefficients are affected by the existence of the submerged vegetation and by the existence of subsections. The variation of coefficients could be an important parameter in a river flow simulation where the flow conditions differ from the uniform flow.
Cognitive Barriers to Reducing Income Inequality

As economic inequality grows, more people stand to benefit from wealth redistribution. Yet in many countries, increasing inequality has not produced growing support for redistribution, and people o...
Intrinsic electronic spectra of cryogenically prepared protoporphyrin IX ions in vacuo – deprotonation-induced Stark shifts

We present electronic spectra containing the Qx and Qy absorption bands of singly and doubly deprotonated protoporphyrin IX, prepared as mass selected ions in vacuo at cryogenic temperatures, revealing vibronic structure in both bands. We assign the vibronic progression of the Qx band using a Frank-Condon-Herzberg-Teller simulation based on time-dependent density functional theory, comparing the observed bands with those calculated for porphine. A comparison of the electronic spectra of the two charge states allows investigation of the electronic Stark effect with an electric field strength beyond the capabilities of typical laboratory setups. We analyze the differences in the electronic spectra of the two charge states using n-electron valence perturbation theory (NEVPT2) and simulated charge distributions.
Preparation of S-2-halophenyl-2,1-benzothiazines

ABSTRACT Derivatives of 2,1-benzothiazines are useful synthetic intermediates for a variety of applications. We became interested in developing a one-pot procedure to S-2-halophenyl-2,1-benzothiazines as potential precursors to P,N type ligands for metals. Accordingly, we reacted S-2-halophenyl-S-methylsulfoximines with 2-bromobenzaldehydes using the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction under conditions previously developed in our laboratory. We found that 2-halophenylmethyl sulfoximines show lower reactivity in process than methylphenyl sulfoximine. Among the 2-(S)-2-halophenyl-(S)-methylsulfoximines tested, S-2-fluorophenyl-S-methyl sulfoximine was found to afford higher yields of benzothiazines than the bromine- or chlorine-substituted congeners. In the coupling of S-2-halophenyl-S-methylsulfoximines to 2-bromobenzaldehyde, using Ruphos as a ligand gave the best yields.
Design Study of an Ultrahigh Resolution Brain SPECT System Using a Synthetic Compound-Eye Camera Design With Micro-Slit and Micro-Ring Apertures.

In this paper, we discuss the design study for a brain SPECT imaging system, referred to as the HelmetSPECT system, based on a spherical synthetic compound-eye (SCE) gamma camera design. The design utilizes a large number ( ∼ 500 ) of semiconductor detector modules, each coupled to an aperture with a very narrow opening for high-resolution SPECT imaging applications. In this study, we demonstrate that this novel system design could provide an excellent spatial resolution, a very high sensitivity, and a rich angular sampling without scanning motion over a clinically relevant field-of-view (FOV). These properties make the proposed HelmetSPECT system attractive for dynamic imaging of epileptic patients during seizures. In ictal SPECT, there is typically no prior information on where the seizures would happen, and both the imaging resolution and quantitative accuracy of the dynamic SPECT images would provide critical information for staging the seizures outbreak and refining the plans for subsequent surgical intervention.We report the performance evaluation and comparison among similar system geometries using non-conventional apertures, such as micro-ring and micro-slit, and traditional lofthole apertures. We demonstrate that the combination of ultrahigh-resolution imaging detectors, the SCE gamma camera design, and the micro-ring and micro-slit apertures would offer an interesting approach for the future ultrahigh-resolution clinical SPECT imaging systems without sacrificing system sensitivity and FOV.
Mesocolic Resection in Colon Cancer

This chapter describes mesocolon excision in colon cancer surgery and the anatomical principles underlying this approach.
CAA in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

The development of mouse lines with high level expression of mutant β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) trangenes has afforded researchers convenient animal models with CNS β-amyloidosis. Two well-characterized lines bearing neuronally expressed human APP with “Swedish” double mutations with dramatically increased production of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42, develop significant neuritic plaque and vascular amyloidosis. Other transgenics with the “ London” APP mutant transgene, which results in an increased percentage of APP processed to Aβ1–42 but not Aβ1–40, show very high levels of primarily plaque amyloid suggesting that the site of deposition depends on the relative levels of the different Aβ species. The roles of transforming growth factor β1 and apolipoprotein E in both CAA and plaque amyloid deposition are also being addressed in transgenic mouse models. From a review of the literature on amyloidosis in transgenic mice, we develop several hypotheses about how Aβ accumulates in CAA and discuss possible applications of APP transgenics to research on the prevention and treatment of CAA.
A Graphics Interface to REDUCE

Graphical representation of symbolic equations is important for visualization, presentation, and education. This paper describes the design of a portable graphics subsystem for REDUCE that supports a wide range of graphics output devices and standards. Its sufficiency is demonstrated by a number of graphics display formats and demonstration programs. These include: two dimensional graphs, contour plots, wire frame images, and three dimensional solids with hidden surfaces removed. The graphics package supports simultaneous output to devices ranging from laser printers to high performance surface rendering color displays.
2 – Flow of fluids in piping systems

This chapter focuses on the flow of fluids in piping systems. When a fluid flows through a pipe, the pipe wall experiences a force in the direction in which the fluid is moving. This force is best thought of as a frictional drag on the inside of the pipe wall. The frictional drag acts along the inner surface of the pipe wall and appears as a shearing stress. The fluid against the inner pipe surface experiences the shearing stress that resists the motion of the fluid. The friction factor is a function of the properties of the fluid but its value depends mostly on the state of turbulence in the liquid. It should be clear that the correlations for the friction factor f given in the friction-factor chart make it possible to calculate the pressure gradient in a pipe whenever the flow rate and the pipe diameter are known. When a fluid moves through any constrained space, it will transfer some of its momentum to the solid boundaries, and in doing so, will dissipate energy. The transfer of momentum will manifest itself by noting that an energy source is required to keep the fluid moving.
Further observations on the hepatic lesion in eclampsia

Abstract Although the lesion which has been produced in this series is not typically that of eclampsia, we feel that it is due to the coagulation of red blood cells in the portal vessels of the midzonal area with hemorrhage beginning at this point and a necrosis resulting in the involved tissue. In other words, the same mechanism produces this lesion which is apparently at work in the production of the lesion of eclampsia in the human. As a result of marked hemorrhage and necrosis as well as portal thrombosis produced in some of these cases, we think that substances which were absorbed from the intestinal tract and concentrated in the portal system overloaded this system under the conditions of the general circulatory injection of tissue fibrinogen and was an added factor in bringing about coagulation in the portal system within the liver. We feel that the idea of Mills that a marked shortening of coagulation time after the ingestion of a meal rich in meat protein is substantiated by these experiments. One of the striking features of lesions in this series was the rapidity with which extensive damage occurred in some of the cases. This is particularly well shown in Case 67, which is illustrated (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). This dog received 1 c.c. of lung extract one hour after a full meal and died three hours later and was autopsied at once. We feel that this might be evidence of the fact that when an extensive lesion occurs in human eclampsia it may occur rather abruptly and not over a period of a long time such as is characteristic of socalled preeclampsia. The period of so-called preeclampsia may be regarded as a precursor in most cases and a sudden production of a marked liver lesion might precipitate the attack of eclampsia. In concluding, although the lesions produced in this series are not entirely typical of hepatic lesions in eclampsia, we feel the mechanism of their production is similar to the lesion which occurs in the liver in human eclampsia and, therefore, we feel as we have stated in our first papers that we have further evidence that a hepatic lesion in eclampsia may result from a greater concentration of substances in the portal vein which can bring about thrombosis and which obviously must have their origin in great part from the intestinal tract. We also think this work further emphasizes the value of limiting the meat protein intake and the insistence on good intestinal hygiene in the patients in the last months of pregnancy, thereby averting at least the fulminating types of eclampsia.
Flow‐Duration Curves

The flow-duration curve is a cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that specified stream's discharges were equaled or exceeded during a period of record. It combines in one curve all of the flow characteristics of a stream, ranging from flood flows to drought situations. In sharp contrast to a hydrograph where time is on the x axis, chronology is not shown in flow-duration curves. If the period of record on which the curve is based is sufficiently long, it may be considered a probability curve and therefore, is used to estimate the percentage of time that a specified stream's discharge will be equaled or exceeded in the future. Keywords: surface water hydrology; frequency curves; hydrologic analysis; drainage basin characteristics; geohydrology
Analysis of plant root electropotentials

Abstract A model is proposed for the analysis of steady-state electropotentials in plant roots. The radial element of this model is discussed in terms of two parallel pathways, i.e. the symplasm and the extracellular space. The symplasm pathway is treated as a system of three compartments in series. The electrical potential difference across this pathway and its resistance are computed as a function of ion concentrations in the different compartments and the membrane properties. Similarly the extracellular pathway is analyzed as an ion-exchange membrane. Integration of both pathways into a parallel array analog and comparison with experimental data show that the widely used treatment of the root system as a single passive membrane is inadequate. It is also concluded that the occurrence of electrogenic pumps cannot be ascertained by straightforward inhibitor studies. However, the model proved to be insensitive to relatively wide variations in some of the parameters involved in the determination of its behavior. Analysis of the longitudinal axis of the root system predicts electrical potential difference (p.d.) along the root even in the absence of living cells or permselective cross walls. Conditions can be set where the longitudinal p.d. will not affect the overall root p.d. It is suggested that the p.d. measured between the bathing medium and the exudate of an excised root reflects only the properties of the uppermost segment of this system. The implications of the model to measurements of ion and water transport across the root are discussed.
Photochemically induced insertion of acetylenes into μ-dithiobis(tricarbonyliron)

Abstract Hexafluoro-2-butyne and the dimethyl and diethyl esters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid insert into the sulfursulfur bond of μ-dithiobis(tricarbonyliron) upon UV irradiation to give dithiolene complexes of type IV.
The effects of the intestinal glucosidase inhibitor BAY M 1099 (miglitol) on glycemic status of obese-diabetic rats

Abstract 1. Groups of lean and obese-diabetic (NIDDM) congenic male SHR/Ntul//- cp rats were fed a nutritionally adequate, high carbohydrate diet ad libitum with or without the a -glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (150 mg/kg diet) from 8 until 15 weeks of age, and key glycemic parameters were monitored throughout the study. 2. Miglitol treatment resulted in clinical improvements toward normal in percent glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemic and insulinogenic responses to an oral glucose tolerance, and in liver glucokinase activity, in concert with modest decreases in weight gain in obese rats. 3. These observations are consistent with improved insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues following miglitol treatment, and indicate that this drug may be a useful adjunct to diet in the treatment of obesity, NIDDM, and possibly other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Genotype-phenotype correlations in type 1 Waardenburg syndrome

Type 1 Waardenburg syndrome (WS1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by dystopia canthorum, sensorineural deafness, and pigmentary disturbances. Previous work has linked the disease to PAX3, a transcription factor with two highly conserved DNA binding motifs: a paired box and a homeobox. Several mutations within the paired box of PAX3 have been reported. We have identified the first two mutations within the homeobox in two different families. Herein, we report the phenotypic expression of WS1 in these two families and explore the implications for possible genotype-phenotype correlations. The phenotypic expression was variable within and between the families. Sensorineural hearing loss was present in 71% of affected individuals. Spectrum of hearing loss included unilateral high frequency (>4000 Hz), profound unilateral hearing loss, and bilateral profound hearing loss. The severity of hearing impairment varied significantly within and among families. Phenotypically, these two WS1 families with mutations within the PAX3 homeobox could not be differentiated from those families with paired box mutations. More precise genotype/phenotype correlation may be possible when additional mutations are described throughout the PAX3 gene.
Inheritance of diapause induction and intensity in Papilio zelicaon

Five generations of mass selection reduced “obligate” diapause, critical photo-period, and diapause intensity in a strain of the anise swallowtail, Papilio zelicaon Lucas. Reciprocal crosses made between the selected line and unselected uni-and multivoltine populations produced hybrids with diapause induction and intensity intermediate to parental values. The results suggest polygenic inheritance of induction and intensity. Differences in response between reciprocal hybrids indicate the presence of maternal effects on diapause induction. It is proposed that the genetic variance underlying the diapause trait and the switch to non-native host plants have facilitated the evolution of multivoltinism in P. zelicaon.
Annihilation of a positron in a vacancy in aluminum

Results of an augmented-plane-wave calculation of the positron lifetime and the angular-correlation curves for aluminum, both in the vacancy-free crystal and in the crystal with a vacancy, are presented. The environment of the vacancy was simulated by a face-centered-cubic supercell with a volume 27 times that of the standard primitive unit cell of the A1 lattice. The calculated positron-vacancy binding energy is 3.36 eV at room temperature. The temperature dependences of the trapping potential, the positron-vacancy binding energy, and the positron lifetime both in the Bloch state and in the vacancy-trapped state, associated only with the static thermal expansion of the lattice, have been calculated. It is found that the fractional increase in positron lifetime in the Bloch state is only \ensuremath{\sim}80% of the fractional increase in the volume of the lattice. The lifetime in the vacancy-trapped state is also found to vary with temperature, showing a fractional increase of \ensuremath{\sim}50% of the fractional increase in the volume of the lattice. These results are consistent with the available experimental results. It is further shown that the core contribution to the angular-correlation curve for the vacancy-trapped state of the positron is anisotropic owing to the highly anisotropic nature of the positron wave function inside the atomic muffin-tin spheres surrounding the vacancy. This is in contrast to the Bloch state of the positron for which the positron wave function may be assumed to be isotropic in the region of the core electron-positron overlap. Modified expressions for the spherically averaged core angular-correlation curves are given. The calculated total angular-correlation curves (including valence-electron contribution) in the Bloch and the vacancy-trapped states of the positron are in good agreement with experiment.
Copolymerization with Depropagation. VI. Equilibrium between Copolymer and Monomer

Equations are derived based on the previously developed diad model to describe the composition and sequence distribution in a copolymer formed in an equilibrium state in the presence of the two monomers. Applications of these equations to typical models reveal the analogies between monomer-copolymer equilibria and binary liquid-vapor equilibria.
Note on the growth of bacterial populations

In this note the explicit solution is given to an equation, suggested by C. N. Hinshelwood (1946), describing the growth of a bacterial population under the assumption that toxic products are a limiting factor. The behavior of the culture as a function of time and the parameters (initial number, rate of growth, and rate of production of toxic substance) is discussed.
Effect of Dietary Nitrate on Thyroid Function

Experimental results indicate that 0.31 and 0.92 percent dietary nitrate, when consumed by rats and sheep respectively, can affect the normal iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland. The dietary level of iodine appears to be highly important when nitrate is present in the diet.
Characterization of interlaminar fracture behaviour of woven fabric reinforced polymeric composites

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to characterize the interlaminar fracture behaviour of 2-D woven fabric reinforced epoxy composites under mode I loading using double cantilever beam tests. A large displacement, small strain non-linear beam model was used to calculate the interlaminar fracture toughness. The fabrics used included fibreglass and Kevlar woven structures with different weave patterns. An attempt was made to enhance the composite interlaminar toughness by adding different types of microfibres into the matrix. Toughening mechanisms of the composites were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the weave patterns of fabrics exhibited a strong influence on the interlaminar fracture behaviour, and that the addition of the microfibres to the epoxy matrix could improve the interlaminar fracture toughness significantly.
X-linked Congenital Stationary Night Blindness: Review and Report of a Family With Hyperopia

• X-linked congenital stationary night blindness is almost always associated with myopia. We have reviewed all previously reported pedigrees and have found only two with patients without myopia. A recently proposed classification of night blindness includes a complete type associated with myopia and an incomplete type in which both hyperopia and myopia were found. Complete and incomplete types did not occur within the same pedigree. We report on a family in which three of the five affected members had hyperopia and could be classified as the incomplete type and in which a fourth member with myopia was more consistent with the complete type. The lack of myopia in three members of our pedigree can be explained by two hypotheses: crossing over of the night blindness and myopic genes on the X-chromosome, or an autosomal dominant hyperopic gene that masks the myopic gene. The data from our family support the first of these two hypotheses.
Parameterization of Depositional Ice Growth

Abstract The physics of ice nucleation as a temperature-dependent process is incorporated into a parameterized equation which simulates the depositional growth of ice at the expense of liquid and vapor phases. The depositional parameterization is examined in the framework of a parcel model and the results compared to a more detailed ice model containing 20 mass categories of ice crystals. Comparisons show that the parametric and detailed models yield nearly identical results. A computational advantage is present with the parameterization because the necessary size distribution information is greatly reduced and the time step is much larger.
Accretionary rims on inclusions in the Allende meteorite

The origin and composition of the rim sequence on the refractory inclusion in the Allende meteorite are studied. The different textures, mineralogy, and mineral-chemistry of the four layers of the rim are described. The layers are composed of: pyroxene, needles, olivine, hedenbergite, and andradite. Tables of the element and chemical compositions of the layers are presented. The data reveals that: (1) the layers are highly porous masses of euhedral crystals with no intergrowth; (2) layers contain highly disequilibrium mineral assemblages; and (3) the thickness of the layers varies with the underlying topography. These results support the theory that rim structures are accretionary aggregates formed from accretion of independently grown particles onto the surface of inclusions. The formation of the grains in the layers and matrix from nebular condensates is studied.
MR imaging contrast enhancement based on intermolecular zero quantum coherences

A new method for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the detection of relatively strong signal from intermolecular zero-quantum coherences (iZQCs) is reported. Such a signal would not be observable in the conventional framework of magnetic resonance; it originates in long-range dipolar couplings (10 micrometers to 1 millimeter) that are traditionally ignored. Unlike conventional MRI, where image contrast is based on variations in spin density and relaxation times (often with injected contrast agents), contrast with iZQC images comes from variations in the susceptibility over a distance dictated by gradient strength. Phantom and in vivo (rat brain) data confirm that iZQC images give contrast enhancement. This contrast might be useful in the detection of small tumors, in that susceptibility correlates with oxygen concentration and in functional MRI.
Purification and characterization of low potential c cytochromes from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans membranes

Abstract Desulfovibrio desulfuricans grown in a lactate-sulfate medium produces, in addition to soluble cytochromes, c-type cytochromes which appear to be integral membrane proteins. Two cytochromes can be separated, an abundant 15 kDa cytochrome and a 22 kDa cytochrome. Both have optical spectra characteristics of c-type cytochromes. The 15 kDa cytochrome shows two n = 1 components in potentiometric redox titrations with midpoint potentials at −130 and −270 mV in the membrane; both were slightly lower in detergent-solubilized preparations. We suggest a designation of cytochrome ccm for this species. Its properties suggest a function as a transmembrane electron carrier between hydrogen and sulfate.
Stability response of flexibly connected cold-formed steel space frames

Abstract Results for the elastic (bifurcation) stability analysis of cubic space frames composed of bisymmetrical cold-formed steel sections are presented. The influences of flexible connections and partial warping rigidity are considered. Calculation of the critical load is based on a finite element eigenvalue algorithm which combines a secant iteration, determinant search routine with a ‘shifted’ inverse iteration strategy. A parametric study on the effect of connection and warping rigidity for the frames subjected to gravity and lateral twist loading is presented. Effects of column orientation and member stiffness on frame stability are discussed.
Wetting of Binary Aluminum Alloys in Contact with Be, B4C, and Graphite

Sessile drop contact angles between liquid aluminum alloys and solid beryllium, boron carbide, and graphite were measured to 840°C under vacuum and in helium. Little wetting occurred between most of the combinations, but at 20% magnesium the contact angle on beryllium decreased to 68°. Low contact angles were noted for the binary aluminum alloys on graphite coated with titanium.
Study of electrode surface dynamics using coherent surface X-ray scattering

Abstract We present a coherent X-ray scattering technique that allows in situ measurements of electrode surface dynamics. This technique can measure the transient dynamics of phase relaxation from one phase to another upon changing electrochemical conditions or temperature. It can also measure the dynamics of microstates even if the electrode is apparently static in macroscopic states. We will discuss the underlying physics of the X-ray speckle correlation spectroscopy and present our recent study of Au (1 0 0) surface in vacuum, water, and electrolytes.
Expression of the rat protamine 2 gene is suppressed at the level of transcription and translation

Abstract We have compared the rat protamine 2 gene sequence (rP2) to that of the mouse protamine 2 (mP2) gene. The sequence encompasses 435 nucleotides of the coding region which includes an intron of 120 nucleotides, 461 nucleotides 5′ to the coding sequence and 181 bases 3′ to it. In the mouse the protamine 2 gene is abundantly transcribed and translated. The mP2 protein is initially synthesized as a precursor and then proteolytically processed to yield the mature protein. In contrast, in the rat, protamine 2 transcripts are present at 2–5% that found in the mouse and the mature protein has never been detected in spermatozoa. Although there is 92% nucleotide similarity between rat and mouse genes and 91% similarity of the predicted amino acid sequences, in vitro runoff transcription assays performed in either rat or mouse testis-derived transcription systems reveal that the rP2 promoter is only 30% as efficient a promoter as the mP2 promoter. Analyses of total sperm basic nuclear proteins extracted from epididymal sperm using a monoclonal antibody specific for protamine 2 suggest that the rat P2 mRNA is translated in vivo but is not properly processed. These results suggest that the lowered transcription rate and altered processing sites of the rat protamine 2 gene are likely to contribute to the lack of protamine 2 in rat spermatozoa.
Type reconstruction with first-class polymorphic values

We present the first type reconstruction system which combines the implicit typing of ML with the full power of the explicitly typed second-order polymorphic lambda calculus. The system will accept ML-style programs, explicitly typed programs, and programs that use explicit types for all first-class polymorphic values. We accomplish this flexibility by providing both generic and explicitly-quantified polymorphic types, as well as operators which convert between these two forms of polymorphism. This type reconstruction system is an integral part of the FX-89 programming language. We present a type reconstruction algorithm for the system. The type reconstruction algorithm is proven sound and complete with respect to the formal typing rules.
Proposal for high-speed and high-fidelity electron-spin initialization in a negatively charged quantum dot coupled to a microcavity in a weak external magnetic field

We describe a proposal for fast electron-spin initialization in a negatively charged quantum dot coupled to a microcavity without the need for a strong magnetic field. We employ two-photon excitation to access trion states that are spin forbidden by one-photon excitation. Our simulation shows a maximum initialization speed of 1.3 GHz and maximum fidelity of 99.7% with realistic system parameters.
Autologous blood injection to model spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space and expandable tubing in the system.
A distributed algorithm for the dead end problem of location based routing in sensor networks

The dead end problem in greedy forwarding is an important issue of location based routing in sensor networks. It occurs when a message falls into a local minimum using greedy forwarding. Current solutions to this problem are insufficient in either eliminating traffic/path memorization or finding satisfactory short paths. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, called partial-partition avoiding geographic routing (PAGER), to solve the problem. The basic idea of PAGER is to divide a sensor network graph into functional subgraphs and provide each sensor node with message forwarding directions based on these subgraphs. PAGER results in loop free short paths without memorization of traffics/paths in sensor nodes. It does not require planarization of the underlying network graph. Further, the mobility adaptability of PAGER makes it suitable for use in mobile sensor networks with frequent topology changes. We implement the PAGER algorithm in two protocols and evaluate them in sensor networks with different parameters. Experimental results show the advantage of PAGER in the context of sensor networks.
Characterization of thromboxane A2 receptor and TRPV1 mRNA expression in cultured sensory neurons

Thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) is an arachidonic acid metabolite that stimulates platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction when released from platelets and other cell types during tissue trauma. More recent research has demonstrated that TxA(2) can also stimulate vagal and spinal sensory nerves. The purpose of this study was twofold. One, we compared the expression of the TxA(2) receptor (TxA2R) in neurons from two sensory ganglia: the nodose ganglion (NG) containing cell bodies of vagal afferent nerves and the thoracic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) containing cell bodies of spinal afferent nerves. Two, we determined if TxA2R co-localizes with mRNA for the nociceptive marker, TRPV1, which is the receptor for the noxious substance capsaicin. We found a greater percentage of neurons in the NG that are positive for TxA2R expression than in the DRG. We also found that there was no correlation of expression of TxA2R with TRPV1. These data suggest that while TxA2R is expressed in both vagal and spinal neurons, TxA(2) may elicit stronger vagal or parasympathetic reflexes in the rabbit when released during tissue trauma depending on the location of release. Our data also indicate that TxA(2) is likely to stimulate both nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons thereby broadening the types of neurons and reflexes that it may excite.
The effects of child maltreatment on security of infant-adult attachment

Thirty-two maltreated (abused and/or neglected) children (M = 18.4 months of age) were observed with their biological or foster mothers in a laboratory procedure designed to allow assessment of the security of infant-adult attachment. They were compared with 32 children and nonmaltreating mothers matched on sex, age, ethnic background, parental occupation, and parental education. Maltreatment by the mothers was associated with a marked increase in the number of insecure, particularly insecure-avoidant relationships, even toward foster mothers, but especially toward the maltreating biological mothers. By contrast, maltreatment by someone other than the mothers appeared not to affect the security of attachment between infants and mother-figures.
A history of transboundary storm water flows: flooding, tunnels, and the spatial incongruity of the U.S.–Mexico border

Abstract The benefits of transnational flows and the concern for national security have framed development in the U.S.–Mexico borderlands since the formative beginnings of both nations. As national discourses, trade and security work against each other in borderland spaces, the former requiring openings in the border, the later seeking to control it. This paper considers the material implications of these discourses on the border landscape with particular attention to historical boundary development, urbanization, and impacts of chronic flooding. It argues that material discursive dynamics not only constitute the contemporary landscape, but create spatial incongruities that influence the impacts of natural processes, such as storm water flow. Using the southern Arizona border as a case study, the paper uses archival research to explore the historical geography of chronic flooding in the twentieth century and the shift in dynamics of flooding due to border boundary build up.
Hyperthyroidism influences the distribution and apolipoprotein A composition of the high density lipoproteins in man.

Hyperthyroidism has a different influence on the major high density lipoprotein (HDL) components cholesterol, apoprotein (apo) A-I, and apo A-II. To characterize in greater detail the alterations induced by hyperthyroidism within the HDL subclasses, we investigated HDL distribution and composition in 11 hyperthyroid women before and during treatment. The plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, phospholipids, apo A-I, and apo B were decreased when the patients were hyperthyroid compared with the values during treatment. Apo A-II and apo C-III levels were only slightly lower in the hyperthyroid state. Triglyceride and apo E concentrations did not change significantly during therapy. Analysis of lipoprotein subclasses separated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation revealed 1) marked decreases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, phospholipids, and apo B; 2) less pronounced reductions in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid and apo B concentrations; and 3) a consistent decre...
Molecular diversity of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in smooth muscle cells☆☆☆★

Abstract Voltage-sensitive calcium channels play an important role in the excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. Several subunits form the oligomeric channel complex and determine its functional properties. Therefore a differential distribution of the various channel subunits and their splice forms could contribute to the functional specialization of smooth muscle cells. To test this hypothesis, specific primers were designed to amplify messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from vascular and gastrointestinal smooth muscle of the rabbit by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The presence of high- and low-threshold voltage-dependent calcium channels was also examined in a smooth muscle-derived cell line (A7R5). Consistent with the physiologic data, smooth muscle contains mRNA for the pore-forming subunits of high- and low-threshold voltage-dependent calcium channels, α-1C and α-1G. Three splice variants of the α-1C-subunit were identified in smooth muscle. These may affect dihydropyridine binding and the interaction between the α-1C and the β-subunit. In addition, three of the four cloned β-subunits (β-1b, β-2, and β-3) could be found in all smooth muscle tissues examined. These data demonstrate that various splice forms of the L-type calcium channel exist in smooth muscle tissue. Moreover, these experiments also show for the first time that smooth muscle cells contain mRNA for low-threshold voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Combinations of the pore-forming subunits with one of the three β-subunits could account for functional differences between smooth muscle cells from distinct regions. A better understanding of the structure and function of these channels may help in our understanding of diseases affecting smooth muscle and help in the development of novel drugs targeting these molecules. (J Lab Clin Med 1999;133:469-77)