cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of mild cold stress on the survival of seawater-adapted Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) maintained on food contaminated with petroleum

Abstract (1) Seawater-adapted Mallard ducks maintained in the laboratory will freely consume food that has been contaminated with either any one of a variety of crude oils or a petroleum derivative such as No. 2 fuel oil. (2) During a 100-day experimental period total masses of petroleum equivalent to 50% of the mean body weight were consumed by some birds and many showed no apparent symptoms of distress. (3) The consumption of petroleum-contaminated food was frequently accompanied by a persistent hyperphagia but no clear patterns of change in body weight were associated with this condition. (4) Among those birds that survived the 100-day experimental period only small changes in mean body weight were observed between successive weighings and in most instances these represented less than 10% of the previously recorded weight. (5) In all groups, including those maintained on uncontaminated food, most of the mortality occurred following exposure to continuous mild cold stress. The total number of deaths in the groups given petroleum-contaminated food, however, was always higher than that among birds given uncontaminated food. (6) The spate of mortality that occurred in groups given petroleum-contaminated food usually occurred earlier, lasted longer, and involved more birds than it did among groups fed uncontaminated food. (7) The pattern of each episode of mortality was sometimes quantitatively related to the concentration of petroleum in the food and a striking range of relative toxicities were observed among the crude oils from different geographic regions. (8) Throughout the experiment, the mean body weight of the birds that died was always significantly less than that of the survivors in the same group; in all instances most of the loss in weight occurred during the 2 weeks preceding death. (9) Autopsy revealed that adrenal hypertrophy and lymphoepithelial involution were characteristic in all of the birds that died, suggesting that a high level of adrenocortical stimulation preceded death. Such high levels of adrenocortical stimulation, therefore, probably occurred sooner in birds consuming petroleum-contaminated food than in birds given uncontaminated food. (10) The consumption of petroleum-contaminated food seemed to constitute a nonspecific stressor and among birds already exposed to stresses, such as hyperosmotic drinking water (seawater) and persistent cold, the ingestion of petroleum seemed to render them more vulnerable to adrenocortical exhaustion, and death frequently ensued.
Catabolite Repression in Inhibition of β-Galactosidase Synthesis by Escherichia coli in the Presence of Agents Producing Translation Errors

Abstract Studies were made of the synthesis of β-galactosidase by Escherichia coli in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, streptomycin, and subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. The preferential inhibition of β-galactosidase synthesis observed in the presence of the above drugs was found to be caused by catabolite repression.
Tandem Wittig rearrangement/aldol reactions for the synthesis of glycolate aldols.

A new tandem Wittig Rearrangement/aldol reaction of O-benzyl or O-allyl glycolate esters is described. This reaction generates two carbon−carbon bonds and two contiguous stereocenters in a single step from simple starting materials. The [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement proceeds under very mild reaction conditions that do not require the use of a strong base, and the 1,2-diol products are obtained in good yield with excellent diastereoselectivity (>20:1).
Incorporation of Troponin C with Modified Ca2+Binding into the Heart through the use of Adeno-Associated Virus Leads to Altered Heart Function

Alteration of the Ca2+ binding properties of the thin filament has been implicated as the initiating factor for numerous cardiomyopathies. To directly test if changes in the Ca2+ sensitivity of TnC can lead to altered heart function and a diseased phenotype we utilized specifically engineered cardiac TnCs with modified Ca sensitivities. The specifically designed TnCs allowed us to test whether a direct increase (L48Q TnC) or decrease (D73N TnC) in Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilament would lead to a hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. We used adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV-9) containing either Control TnC, D73N TnC, or L48Q TnC to target the heart. AAV-9 containing GFP or mCherry was used to verify that the AAV-9 was able to infect the heart. The Ca2+ desensitized D73N TnC recapitulated a dilated cardiomyopathy. The hearts presented with dilated ventricles and had enlarged isolated cardiomyocytes that displayed decreased contractility. In addition, nearly half of the D73N mice died suddenly by 8 weeks of age and demonstrated altered electrical properties via ECG - a common feature of human dilated cardiomyopathies. On the other hand, AAV-9 containing the Ca2+ sensitized L48Q TnC did not recapitulate the restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes commonly associated with increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. However, consistent with the enhanced Ca2+ binding abilities of the L48Q TnC, the isolated L48Q TnC cardiomyocytes showed increased contractility, which was recapitulated in vivo via pressure-volume analysis. In summary, the results showed that an alteration in the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilament can, but does not always, lead to a diseased heart. In fact these engineered TnCs may be used as a treatment strategy against various cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction.
The obstruction factor γ in gas chromatography

The relationship between the obstructive factor γ and velocity was restudied. The dependence of the obstructive factor on velocity was verified. The effects of diffusion coefficient and particle-to-column diameter ratio on the obstructive factor-velocity relationship were investigated. The results are consistent with Hawkes' hypothesis that values of γ at low velocities are averages over tightly packed and loosely packed domains while at high velocities they are weighted in favour of the loosely packed domains where there is more flow.
Strengthening of cement foams

Lightweight cellular concretes are attractive building materials for a number of reasons: they offer a unique combination of moderate thermal insulation and stiffness, low cost and incombustibility. They have relatively low strength, however, and are brittle. In this paper we describe the behaviour of composite cement/polystyrene foams with improved strength and ductility.
Impact of Poverty, Homelessness, and Drugs on Hispanic Women at Risk for HIV Infection:

The incidence of AIDS among Hispanic women has been increasing more rapidly than among non-Hispanic women. Yet little is known about the crisesHispanic women at risk may experience and the ways they deal with their most immediate concerns. The purpose of this study was to assess the concerns and stresses experienced by Hispanic women, the coping responses commonly used, perceivedfeelings of self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional distress experienced, Focus group interviews were conducted by Hispanic and black nurses with 43 Hispanic women who were homeless, intravenous drug users (JYDUs), sexual partners of IVDUs, women diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases, or prostitutes. Content analysis revealed that the overwhelmingfocus that directed the lives of the women was overcoming threats to the provider role. The predominant situationalfactors werefound to bepotential loss of health, drug addiction, lack of social support, lack of information about the potential threat of AIDS, and a life of pov...
A3-4: Implementing a Pragmatic Clinical Trial: Lessons Learned about Embedded Research

Background/Aims Pragmatic trials are fostering a paradigm shift to increasingly embed research into healthcare settings. Pragmatic trials test interventions in real world settings representative of those targeted for dissemination to promote robust, sustainable changes within the health care system. Kaiser Permanente’s Center for Health Research, is conducting a pragmatic trial to test the effectiveness of teaching pain self-management skills using interdisciplinary teams within primary care in three Kaiser regions. Implementation requires a pragmatic approach to create a working relationship between health system leaders and the research team. We present lessons learned during our preparatory year in which we partnered with health systems to build an embedded research infrastructure for the study.
Administrative and civil liability for damage caused by the impact on the environment

This article is aimed at showing, through the analysis of specific elements of legal liability, which type of liability dominates in regulations referred to preventing and repairing damage in the environment: Directive 2004/35/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on liability for environment in relation to preventing and remedying damage caused in the natural environment, the Act on Preventing Damages in the Environment and their Repair of 13 April 2007 and the Environmental Protection Act of 27 April 2001. This article shows that indicated acts include both elements of civil liability and administrative liability and it specifies place and role in the law of the civil and administrative liability for damage caused to the environment, and also compares these legal institutions in the context of environmental protection. The authors of the article begin the analysis of topic by defining the term ‘damages’ in the civil law, and in the Act on Damages, then they refer to the definition of ‘environmental damage’ and finally compare the meaning of these two definitions. Through the analysis of these terms they try to answer the question, what is the legal character of damages in the environmental law, and if damages should have administrative meaning because of public character of the interest protected by the investigation of damage compensation. Moreover, the authors try to define the term ‘legal liability’ and they consider which type of legal liability is the liability for environmental damages, and which opinion dominates in the doctrine. Besides, the article focuses on the issue that the rule of guilt should give way to forms of liability based on objective criteria and comparing this with the predominant in the classical structure meaning of the damage in civil understanding the rule of the wrongful actions. The article presents the functions of legal liability in environmental protection and indicates which function dominates in specific type of legal liability refers to liability for environmental damages, at the same time, conditioning, as it were, the character of this liability. Subsequently, the authors make an analysis of procedure for pursing claims in matters relating to liability for environmental damage, e.g. which authorities are competent to make decisions and in what mode they take action. Authors also specify damage compensation measures that entitle to certain parties and make a conclusion if these measures have civil or administrative character. Refers to that, they describe the legal institution called ‘ecological compensation’. To sum up, the article focuses on specifying term limits for administrative and civil liability in legal regulations concerning protection of the environment and shows what led to the legislation that created existing regulations which cause plenty of dilemmas and controversies and have a complicated legal construction.
Implications of the EKH electrodynamic lagrangian

Abstract The effects of the quantum-electrodynamic vacuum on the propagation of light rays are represented classically by the EKH lagrangian. We show non-perturbatively that the associated characteristic surfaces are spacelike and suggest possible astrophysical applications.
Presbyacusis and the auditory brainstem response.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL or presbyacusis) is an increasingly common form of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) as a result of changing demographics, and the auditory brainstem response (ABR) i...
A New Monolithic Chroma Processor

A new integrated circuit is described which includes all the chroma functions prior to chroma demodulation, and which offers substantial advantages in performance and flexibility. Contained in the 16 pin device are the subcarrier regenerator, automatic chroma control (ACC), dc tint and color level controls, color killer and burst gating. The subcarrier regenerator is a phase-locked loop which provides good noise performance and accurate phase control. The dc controls have well defined characteristics. External adjustment of the color killer is provided for. Interaction between the oscillator and chroma channels can have serious consequences, and has been eliminated by careful circuit design.
Sources of residual frequency modulation in X-band two-cavity klystron oscillators

The sources of FM noise modulation in two-cavity klystron oscillators have been studied in detail. The theoretical effects upon FM of RF beam current noise and the bunching parameter are shown to be in agreement with experimental observations. The importance of other FM noise sources is discussed.
SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF PAIRED IONS

The self-diffusion coefficients of the cation and anion of tetrabutylammonium tetrahydridoborate, (C4H9)4N+BH4-, were measured simultaneously at several concentrations in CDCl3 solution using an NM...
Forced optimal covariance adaptive learning: modified CMA-ES for efficient hessian determination

Although the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is commonly believed to evolve a covariance matrix reflective of the underlying search landscape, its deployment on high-dimensional (n>30) landscapes fails to discover a matrix associated with the well-defined Hessian at the global optimum. After illustrating and explaining this deportment, we introduce a novel technique, entitled Forced Optimal Covariance Adaptive Learning (FOCAL), with the explicit goal of Hessian determination at the global basin of attraction. FOCAL is demonstrated to retrieve the Hessian matrix with high fidelity on both model landscapes and experimental Quantum Control systems, which are observed to possess a non-separable, non-quadratic search landscape. The recovered Hessian forms are corroborated by physical knowledge of the systems and are indeed shown to be local.
Optimization of a valine:isoleucine methyl ester pheromone blend and comparison of Robbins and Trécé traps for capture of Phyllophaga anxia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Rhode Island.

Abstract Eight ratios of l-valine:l-isoleucine methyl esters were tested in Robbins traps for capture of Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) adult males. The 90:10, 80:20, and 60:40 ratios of valine:isoleucine were the most effective blends for capture of beetles in Rhode Island. Females were captured in small numbers in some traps but not consistently to any particular blend. Other male Phyllophaga species captured included Phyllophaga fusca (Frolich), Phyllophaga forsteri (Burmeister), P. hirsuta (Knoch), and P. marginalis (LeConte). The number of these species collected was low, and it was not possible to determine whether they were attracted to any particular pheromone blend. Peak captures of P. anxia males occurred 31 May in 1999 and 2002 in Kingston, RI. The standard Japanese beetle trap manufactured by Trece (Adair, OK) captured significantly more beetles than the Robbins trap. Because the Trece trap is already marketed for Japanese beetles, a lure and trapping system can be adopted for P. anxia.
A Stochastic Mechano-Chemical Model for Cooperative Motor Protein Dynamics

The Peskin-Oster model for single molecule experiments on kinesin is extended to analyze the motion of two motors cooperatively pulling a bead in a kinesin motility assay. The various assumptions inherent in the model are tested for the case of two motors, and justified rigorously. We formulate a Markov process similar to the single motor case, and simulate the master equations on a restricted set { − N, ···, N} for each motor. The model is simulated for different initial configurations, and motors with identical parameters are found to synchronize in expectation, both spatially and in phase. It is found that synchronization is faster at higher loads and for higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations. From a physical perspective, it is shown that the motors move to a configuration where the load is shared equally between them.© 2008 ASME
Abstract A67: Canonical WNT/β;-catenin pathway activation suppresses embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma growth and self-renewal

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a common pediatric malignancy of muscle with relapse being the major clinical challenge. Self-renewing tumor-propagating cells (TPCs) drive cancer relapse and are confined to a molecularly definable subset of ERMS cells. To identify drugs that suppress TPC function, a large-scale chemical screen comprising of ∼40,000 compounds including 47% FDA-approved drugs was completed, identifying GSK3-inhibitors as potent suppressors of ERMS growth through inducing terminal differentiation of TPCs into myosin-expressing cells. In support of GSK3 inhibitors functioning through activation of the canonical WNT pathway, recombinant WNT3A and a stabilized β-catenin enhanced differentiation and reduced self-renewal in human ERMS cell lines. Moreover, treatment of tumor-bearing zebrafish with a GSK3 inhibitor activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway, resulting in suppressed ERMS growth, depleted TPCs, and diminished self-renewal capacity in vivo. As canonical WNT signaling is essential for transition from muscle stem cell proliferation to myogenic differentiation during regeneration, our findings suggest that the same developmental pathways that regulate muscle stem cell self-renewal also contribute to tumorigenesis in ERMS. GSK3 inhibitors are being assessed for their efficacy in inhibiting growth as well as inducing differentiation of human ERMS in xenograft mouse models. Our work has identified the vital role of canonical WNT pathway in regulating differentiation and self-renewal of ERMS and demonstrated the effective application of small molecule inhibitors to target differentiation of TPCs in ERMS. Citation Format: Eleanor Chen, Michael DeRan, Katherine Brooke Grandinetti, Myron Ignatius, Ryan Clagg, Karin McCarthy, Riadh Lobbardi, Xu Wu, David Langenau. Canonical WNT/β;-catenin pathway activation suppresses embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma growth and self-renewal. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A67.
Long-term results of combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer

Published local control and survival rates strongly suggest the superiority of concurrent chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) over RT alone in the management of esophageal cancer, at least in the first 2–3 years after treatment. It is not yet known, however, if these promising early results will be sustained at 5 years and beyond. The present report updates a series that includes 103 patients with clinical stages I—III esophageal cancer treated with combined RT (44–64 Gy) and CT (5-fluorouracil or etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin) either as definite therapy (n = 45) or as pre-esophagectomy treatment (n = 58). Five year actuarial local control was 53% in the surgery group and 39% in the group without surgery (P < 0.01). Overall survival of both groups was 14% at 5 years. Late local failures and deaths beyond 3 years occurred in both groups. These results, combined with the few other series documenting 5 year outcomes, are not substantially different from 5 year results reported after RT alone. We conclude that extended follow-up of 5 years or more is necessary before any combined modality regimen can be considered to be superior to single modality therapy for esophageal cancer. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Child temperament does not predict adolescent body composition in girls.

Our previous cross-sectional analysis of MIT Growth and Development (MIT) Study girls showed that activity temperament, as assessed by a nine-item temperament questionnaire, was related to body composition and nonresting energy expenditure (NREE). In girls with lower levels of physical activity, having a high activity temperament was associated with a higher NREE. Percentage body fat was lower in girls with high vs low activity temperament. Based on these results, we hypothesized that, especially in girls with declining levels of physical activity over adolescence, high activity temperament in childhood would be protective against increased adiposity during adolescence. We tested this hypothesis with longitudinal data from the MIT study. A total of 196 nonobese premenarcheal girls 8–12 y old were enrolled between 1990 and 1993. Girls were followed until 4 y postmenarche; average duration of follow-up was 7 y. Activity temperament was assessed at baseline by the girls' mothers with questions modified from those developed by Thomas and Chess that tapped predilection for movement. Temperament, the stylistic component of behavior, is considered relatively stable within an individual. Body composition was assessed by total body water at baseline and study completion (4 y postmenarche), and by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) annually. Physical activity was assessed annually by questionnaire, and by activity diary at baseline only. Child activity temperament was not associated with percentage body fat at 4 y postmenarche in multivariate regression models controlling for baseline percentage body fat, physical activity, parental obesity status, age at menarche, age at baseline, and race-ethnicity. Body composition of girls with low and high activity temperaments who reported declining levels of physical activity over adolescence was not statistically significantly different at study completion. In longitudinal models of percentage body fat by BIA, high activity temperament was not associated with lower adiposity. Although high activity temperament was associated cross-sectionally with lower percentage body fat and higher NREE, we did not find evidence to support our hypothesis that high child activity temperament would be protective for increased adiposity prospectively in our cohort of girls followed over the adolescent period.
Charge-coupled device camera system for remotely measuring the dynamics of ocean waves.

A camera system has been developed and employed for measuring the dynamics of ocean waves by recording image sequences of reflected sky light. Based on a modified commercially available CCD television camera, tests show that the system is completely free of frame-to-frame smearing and possesses adequate dynamic range for the intended use. A synchronous rotating shutter was also developed which prevents large optical overloads, such as might occur when sun glitter is inadvertently imaged, from causing vertical streaks in the image. The CCD array was found to have significant response nonuniformity. This nonuniformity proved to be less severe than that imposed by nature as a result of the reflection process. A scheme was devised to adequately correct for both using digital techniques. The resolution of the CCD array proved adequate for the oceanographic measurements performed thus far. The power law falloff of the observed radiance fluctuations with (ocean) wave number caused the actual resolution limit of the system to be set by recording system noise rather than CCD array architecture. A three-dimensional wavenumber-frequency spectrum was computed from a sequence of 256 images. The trend in this spectrum agrees with linear gravity wave dispersion to within 10%.
Device comparison of champion nanocrystal-ink based CZTSSe and CIGSSe solar cells: Capacitance spectroscopy

Capacitance spectroscopy has been used to compare charge carrier and defect properties of champion nanocrystal-ink based CZTSSe and CIGSSe solar cells, with efficiencies reported here at 9.2% and 14.2%, respectively. Differences in energy level, frequency/temperature response, and contributions to bulk conductivity have been identified for the different materials. Due to these differences, contributions to the free carrier density have been associated with a single defect for CIGSSe, while associated with two defects in CZTSSe. Additionally, carrier freeze-out out at low temperatures has been identified for both devices, contributing to increasing series resistance at low temperatures as determined from the bulk conductivity. In addition to differences in defect formation, CZTSSe has been characterized with a reduced Vbi when compared to CIGSSe.
In situ XAS investigation of the oxidation state and local structure of vanadium in discharged and charged V2O5 aerogel cathodes

We have examined the evolution of the oxidation state and atomic structure of vanadium(V) in discharged and charged nanophase vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) aerogel cathodes under in situ conditions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We show that the oxidation state of V in V2O5 aerogel cathode heated under vacuum (100 mTorr) at 220 8C for 20.5 h is similar to that of V in a commercially obtained sample of orthorhombic V2O5. In addition, lithium (Li) insertion during the first cycle of discharging leads to the reduction of V(V) to V(IV) and V(IV) to V(III) in a manner consistent with the stoichiometry of the sample (i.e. Lix V2O5). Li extraction during charging leads to oxidation of V(III) to V(IV) and then V(IV) to V(V). Furthermore, the oxidation state of V in fully charged cathodes remains unchanged with cycling (upto at least the 16th cycle) from that of V in the control V2O5 aerogel cathode. However, the average oxidation state of V in discharged V2O5 cathodes increased with cycling. Moreover, the local structure of V in the discharged state has a higher degree of symmetry than that of the fully charged state. A significant change in the structure of the V/V correlation of discharged cathodes is observed with cycling indicating the formation of electrochemically irreversible phases. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Genetic Connectivity among Populations of the Threatened Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) and the Need for a Regional Approach to Turtle Conservation

The threatened Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) is considered among the most sedentary of turtles, yet with population sizes generally below 50 individuals, gene flow among populations is clearly necessary to maintain healthy levels of genetic diversity. Therefore, designing effective reserve networks for this species will require clarification of the rates of among-population gene flow over several spatial scales. We obtained genetic samples from a complex of 11 Bog Turtle populations within the Berkshire-Taconic region of Massachusetts and New York, and all individuals (n = 234) were genotyped across 15 microsatellite loci. Average multi-generation dispersal rates were inferred from population-level differences in allele frequencies using an approximate-likelihood approach, and recent dispersal rates were inferred using genetic assignment algorithms. Over small geographic distances (average inter-fen distance of ca. 1 km), among-population dispersal rates historically averaged between 0.25 and 0.5 ...
The effects of rent asymmetries in posted offer markets

Abstract We report the results of six posted-offer market experiments designed to analyze the effects of asymmetric supply and demand configurations on the price convergence path to competitive equilibrium. The posted-offer experiments are compared with twelve double-auction experiments reported by Smith and Williams (1982). Results differ markedly across trading institutions. Unlike trading under double-auction rules, we cannot reject the proposition that contract price convergence paths are unaffected by the distribution of consumer and producer surplus. Posted-offer contract prices tend to converge to the competitive equilibrium from above regardless of the distribution of the exchange surplus.
The uptake and distribution of radiolabelled thyroxine by isolated cardiac myocytes.

Abstract The uptake and distribution of 14 C and 125 I-labelled thyroxine was studied in ventricular myocytes, isolated from the hearts of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Equilibrium was established between the radioactivity of the incubation medium and the cells within 15 minutes. At equilibrium the concentration of 14 C-thyroxine in the cells was approximately 50 times the concentration in the incubation medium. Fractionation of the cells revealed that the equilibrium had been attained for all fractions except the nuclear. The radioactivity of the nuclear fraction showed an increase for at least 60 minutes of incubation. At equilibrium the distribution of radioactivity was: Soluble fraction 51.3%, Mitochondria 33.6%, Microsomal 7.0% and Nuclear 7.0%. When the values for these fractions were corrected for mitochondrial contamination the specific activity (CPM/MG protein) of the mitochondrial fraction was by far the highest, exceeding the next highest fraction (the supernatant) by an order of magnitude. The presence of equimolar amounts of triiodothyronine produced little change in the pattern of uptake of the label by any of the cell fractions. The uptake of labelled thyroxine was profoundly affected by the presence of calcium in the media. The uptake of 14 C-thyroxine by cells incubated in media containing 1.25mM calcium was less after 60 minutes than in cells incubated in calcium free buffer. Fractionation of the cells revealed that the amount of label bound to the mitochondria of cells in calcium containing medium was significantly increased while the radioactivity bound to the other cellular fractions was decreased. The data indicate that the cell fraction with the highest specific activity was the mitochondria. The relation of these findings to some of the current theories of thyroid hormone action is discussed.
Metadata Correction: Smartphone Ownership and Interest in Mobile Applications to Monitor Symptoms of Mental Health Conditions

Metadata Correction: Smartphone Ownership and Interest in Mobile Applications to Monitor Symptoms of Mental Health Conditions
Effect of magnetic fields on the relaxation of the thermoremanent magnetization in spin glasses

Abstract We have measured the magnetic field dependence of the low-field thermoremanent magnetization decays for both long and short waiting times compared with the observation times in a Cu-Mn spin glass. By introducing an energy phase space which is composed of metastable states separated by increasing energy barriers as a function of their Hamming distance, the quenching of the magnetic field corresponds to a Zeeman ‘tilting’ of the phase space towards states with zero magnetization. This qualitative picture is consistent with our experimental observations.
A Human Dissection Training Program at Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest.

As human cadavers are widely used in basic sciences, medical education, and other training and research venues, there is a real need for experts trained in anatomy and dissection. This article describes a program that gives individuals interested in clinical and basic sciences practical experience working with cadavers. Participants are selected through an open application process and attend sessions focused on anatomical terminology, gross anatomy and radiography, and some of the educational applications of human cadavers. Dissection skills are honed during an intensive, two-day cadaver dissection and orthopedic workshop. Participants communicate the knowledge they gain through table-side discussions, reflect upon the experience during a memorial service, and submit written program evaluations. Additionally, the dissection and preparation of cadaveric materials accomplished in this course are used in the medical school gross anatomy course during the next academic year. From 2004 through 2008, the annual number of applicants increased from 40 to 167, and the number of participants increased from 25 to 43 per year. Program participants have represented diverse ethnic, educational, and professional backgrounds. Feedback from participants has been remarkably positive, including comments on the large amount of learning that takes place during the sessions, the positive impact the program has had on career choice, and the desire for program expansion. This program, which could be replicated at other institutions, teaches anatomy, prepares cadaveric prosections for teaching and training others, and encourages participants to pursue careers in anatomical and biomedical sciences. Anat Sci Educ 3: 77–82, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Involvement of the Olfactory Tubercle in Cocaine Reward: Intracranial Self-Administration Studies

Cocaine has multiple actions and multiple sites of action in the brain. Evidence from pharmacological studies indicates that it is the ability of cocaine to block dopamine uptake and elevate extracellular dopamine concentrations, and thus increase dopaminergic receptor activation, that makes cocaine rewarding. Lesion studies have implicated the nucleus accumbens (the dorsal portion of the "ventral striatum") as the probable site of the rewarding action of the drug. However, the drug is only marginally self-administered into this site. We now report that cocaine (60 or 200 mm in 75 nl/infusion) is readily self-administered into the olfactory tubercle, the most ventral portion of the ventral striatum. Cocaine (200 mm) was self-administered marginally into the accumbens shell but not into the core, dorsal striatum, or ventral pallidum. In addition, cocaine injections (200 mm in 300 nl) into the tubercle but not the shell or ventral pallidum induced conditioned place preference. Rewarding effects of cocaine in the tubercle were blocked by coadministration of dopamine D1 or D2 antagonists (1 mm SCH 23390 or 3 mm raclopride) and were not mimicked by injections of the local anesthetic procaine (800 mm). In conclusion, the tubercle plays a critical role in mediating rewarding action of cocaine.
Governing metropolitan green infrastructure in the United States

a b s t r a c t In this paper we explore whether the enhancement of urban ecosystem services through large-scale, metropolitan tree-planting initiatives is being planned and executed as a component of traditional munic- ipal government or represents new, transdisciplinary strategies in environmental governance. Drawing on qualitative interviews with stakeholders in six major cities (n = 58) we further explore institutionali- zation of these initiatives and relationships. While much current discourse posits government cannot "go it alone" in providing preventative, "front-end" solutions to complex environmental problems, we found the public sector dominant in the visioning, planning, and management of these green infrastructure initiatives and the role of the private sector to be minimal. We also found that, despite this dominance, the initiatives had limited success in becoming institutionalized. This dichotomy reflects that while dis- courses labeling the public sector unable to grapple with complex environmental issues and the private sector dominant in environmental governance regimes are premature, institutionalizing the solutions into the machinery of government remains a contested arena.
Juvenile salmonid migratory behavior at the mouth of the Columbia River and within the plume

Early ocean experience is a critical time period that affects juvenile salmonid survival. Understanding juvenile salmonid behavior in nearshore marine environments and how oceanic conditions (such as dynamic river plume habitats) affect salmonid migration will contribute to salmonid survival studies and conservation and management efforts. Relatively few studies have been conducted on juvenile salmonid behavior as they migrate out the mouth of the Columbia River and some studies suggest that juvenile salmonids typically migrate north immediately upon entry into the ocean from the Columbia River. We present findings from a study that used acoustic telemetry to determine the migratory direction, residence time, and travel rate of juvenile salmonids as they left the Columbia River and entered the marine environment. A total of 8,159 acoustic-tagged salmonid smolts were detected at the mouth of the Columbia River. Of the fish detected at the mouth, an estimated 16% of yearling Chinook salmon, 10% of steelhead, and 26% of subyearling Chinook salmon were detected on a sparse array deployed outside the mouth of the Columbia River in the vicinity of the plume. The travel rate of Chinook salmon smolts decreased as they left the river and entered the marine environment, whereas the travel rate of steelhead increased. Chinook salmon also spent more time in the transitional area between the river mouth and plume compared to steelhead. In early spring, yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead were predominately detected on the plume array towards the edge of the shelf and to the south. Later in the season, yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead smolts were more often detected north of the river mouth. Subyearling Chinook salmon were most often detected on the portion of the plume array to the north of the river mouth. Our study showed that salmonid smolt migration out of the river into the nearshore marine environment appears to vary across species, season, and age class, and may be influenced by local environmental conditions. Direction of movement upon ocean entry cannot be assumed and is likely influenced by oceanic conditions such as wind and currents. We also present, for the first time, the utility of the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) to monitor the behavior of juvenile fish in the marine environment. Our results will help inform future studies using telemetry and hydroacoustics as well as trawl surveys to assess nearshore ocean juvenile salmonid distribution, behavior, and survival.
Photosynthesis and photoprotection in symbiotic corals

In zooxanthellate corals, excess excitation energy can be dissipated as heat (nonphotochemical quenching), thereby providing protection against oxidative damage by supraoptimal light in shallow reefs. To identify and quantify the photoprotective mechanisms, we studied the diel variability of chlorophyll fluorescence yields and photosynthetic parameters in situ in corals, using moored and SCUBA-based fast-repetition-rate fluorometers. The results reveal that nonphotochemical quenching is triggered prior to saturation of photosynthetic electron transport by downregulation of the reaction centers of Photosystem II (PSII). This process dissipates up to 80% of the excitation energy. On a sunny day in shallow waters, the daily integrated flux of photons absorbed, and subsequently dissipated as heat, is ;4 times that used for photosynthesis. Fluorescence quenching is further accompanied by a slight reduction in the functional absorption cross section for PSII that results from thermal dissipation of excitation energy in the light-harvesting antennae. These two processes are highly dynamic and adjust to irradiance changes on timescales consistent with the passage of clouds across the sky. Under supraoptimal irradiance, however, up to 30% of PSII reaction centers become photoinhibited, and these are repaired only after several hours of low irradiance. In shallow corals, between 10% and 20% of the reactions centers are chronically photoinhibited and appear to remain permanently nonfunctional throughout the year. Our results establish, for the first time, the suite of biophysical mechanisms that optimize photosynthesis while simultaneously providing photoprotection in symbiotic corals in situ.
A Neurobiological Perspective on Early Human Deprivation

ABSTRACT—The number of children who are abandoned or orphaned around the world is rapidly increasing owing to war, AIDS, and poverty. Many of these children are placed in institutional settings for lack of individual or societal resources or because of long-standing cultural traditions. It has been known for over half a century that rearing children in institutional care characterized by profound sensory, cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial deprivation can be deleterious to their development. This article examines the neural mechanisms that likely underlie the maldevelopment many institutionalized children experience.
Proteomics in Clinical Trials and Practice Present Uses and Future Promise

The study of clinical proteomics is a promising new field that has the potential to have many applications, including the identification of biomarkers and monitoring of disease, especially in the field of oncology. Expression proteomics evaluates the cellular production of proteins encoded by a particular gene and exploits the differential expression and post-translational modifications of proteins between healthy and diseased states. These biomarkers may be applied towards early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Functional proteomics seeks to decipher protein-protein interactions and biochemical pathways involved in disease biology and targeted by newer molecular therapeutics. Advanced spectrometry technologies and new protein array formats have improved these analyses and are now being applied prospectively in clinical trials. Further advancement of proteomics technology could usher in an era of personalized molecular medicine, where diseases are diagnosed at earlier stages and where therapies are more effective because they are tailored to the protein expression of a patient's malignancy.
Constructing an interdisciplinary flow regime recommendation

It is generally agreed that river rehabilitation most often relies on restoring a more natural flow regime, but credibly defining the desired regime can be problematic. I combined four distinct methods to develop and refine month-by-month and event-based flow recommendations to protect and partially restore the ecological integrity of the Cache la Poudre River through Fort Collins, Colorado. A statistical hydrologic approach was used to summarize the river's natural flow regime and set provisional monthly flow targets at levels that were historically exceeded 75% of the time. These preliminary monthly targets were supplemented using results from three Poudre-specific disciplinary studies. A substrate maintenance flow model was used to better define the high flows needed to flush accumulated sediment from the river's channel and help sustain the riparian zone in this snowmelt-dominated river. A hydraulic ⁄habitat model and a water temperature model were both used to better define the minimum flows necessary to maintain a thriving cool water fishery. The result is a range of recommended monthly flows and daily flow guidance illustrating the advantage of combining a wide range of available disciplinary information, supplemented by judgment based on ecological principles and a general understanding of river ecosystems, in a highly altered, working river. (KEY TERMS: aquatic ecology; fish habitat; river restoration; sediment transport; stream temperature; watershed management.)
A quantum calculus formulation of dynamic programming and ordered derivatives

Much recent research activity has focused on the theory and application of quantum calculus. This branch of mathematics continues to find new and useful applications and there is much promise left for investigation into this field. We present a formulation of dynamic programming grounded in the quantum calculus. Our results include the standard dynamic programming induction algorithm which can be interpreted as the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation in the quantum calculus. Furthermore, we show that approximate dynamic programming in quantum calculus is tenable by laying the groundwork for the backpropagation algorithm common in neural network training. In particular, we prove that the chain rule for ordered derivatives, fundamental to backpropagation, is valid in quantum calculus. In doing this we have connected two major fields of research.
Integration and differentiation in dynamic recurrent networks

Summary form only given, as follows. Dynamic neural networks with recurrent connections were trained by backpropagation to generate the differential or the leaky integral of a nonrepeating frequency-modulated sinusoidal signal. The trained networks performed these operations on arbitrary test inputs. Reducing the network size by deleting and combining hidden units and then retraining produced smaller networks that computed the same function and revealed the underlying computational algorithm. Networks could also be trained to compute simultaneously the differential and integral of the input on two outputs; the operations were performed in distributed overlapping fashion, although the activation of the hidden units resembled the integral. >
Officiating bias: the effect of foul differential on foul calls in NCAA basketball.

Abstract In this study, we examined the pattern of foul calls exhibited during 365 NCAA basketball games during the 2004–2005 season. Results of the analysis indicate that officials are more likely to call fouls on the team with the fewest fouls, making it likely that the number of fouls will tend to even out during the game. This increased probability increases as the foul differential increases. In addition, there is a significant bias towards officials calling more fouls on the visiting team, and a bias towards foul calls on the team that is leading. The result is that the probability of the next foul being called on the visiting team can reach as high as 0.70. Finally, the implications of this officiating bias are explored, including the fact that basketball teams have an incentive to play more aggressively, leading to more physical play over time.
Characterization of the canine urinary proteome.

Background Urine is an attractive biofluid for biomarker discovery as it is easy and minimally invasive to obtain. While numerous studies have focused on the characterization of human urine, much less research has focused on canine urine. Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize the universal canine urinary proteome (both soluble and exosomal), to determine the overlap between the canine proteome and a representative human urinary proteome study, to generate a resource for future canine studies, and to determine the suitability of the dog as a large animal model for human diseases. Methods The soluble and exosomal fractions of normal canine urine were characterized using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Biological Networks Gene Ontology (BiNGO) software was utilized to assign the canine urinary proteome to respective Gene Ontology categories, such as Cellular Component, Molecular Function, and Biological Process. Results Over 500 proteins were confidently identified in normal canine urine. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that exosomal proteins were largely derived from an intracellular location, while soluble proteins included both extracellular and membrane proteins. Exosome proteins were assigned to metabolic processes and localization, while soluble proteins were primarily annotated to specific localization processes. Several proteins identified in normal canine urine have previously been identified in human urine where these proteins are related to various extrarenal and renal diseases. Conclusions The results of this study illustrate the potential of the dog as an animal model for human disease states and provide the framework for future studies of canine renal diseases.
On the Nochka-Chen-Ru-Wong proof of Cartan's conjecture

Abstract In 1982–1983, E. Nochka proved a conjecture of Cartan on defects of holomorphic curves in P n relative to a possibly degenerate set of hyperplanes. This was further explained by W. Chen in his 1987 thesis, and subsequently simplified by M. Ru and P.-M. Wong in 1991. The proof involved assigning weights to the hyperplanes. This paper provides further simplification of the proof of the construction of the weights, by bringing back the use of the convex hull in working with the “Nochka diagram.”