cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizas and competition interact to influence seed production and germination success in Achillea millefolium

Summary 1. Environmental variables that positively affect one aspect of plant fitness, may have no effect, or even negatively affect some other component of fitness. 2. Using individuals of Achillea millefolium grown under field conditions in Michigan, USA, the hypothesis was tested that seed number was determined largely by plant biomass, while seed germination success depends on tissue nutrient concentrations. The impact was assessed of four biotic and abiotic factors on seed number and germination success: root competition, shoot competition, fertilizer, and removal of fungi by fungicide application. 3. Using a path analysis, it was found that total plant biomass positively affected both seed number and germination success, while inclusion of other variables did not greatly affect the amount of variation the model was able to explain. Fertilizer and fungicide increased, while root and shoot competition decreased both seed number and germination. 4. Fungicide applied to the maternal plant increased biomass but decreased tissue phosphorus concentrations. In species where germination responds to nutrient concentrations, the potential exists for opposing impacts of environmental treatments on different components of fitness. 5. This study suggests that environmental impacts on seed number will outweigh impacts on germination success under field conditions, and that biomass is an adequate surrogate for fitness in herbaceous plants.
Discrimination and neighborhood effects: understanding racial differentials in US housing prices

Abstract Because race and neighborhood characteristics are strongly correlated, studies of racial housing price differentials have yielded results that vary widely depending on the types of neighborhood controls used. This paper shows that even with relatively thorough neighborhood controls, there is still evidence that correlation between the error term and regressors is a source of bias. While recent studies have tended to find evidence of a negative premium for blacks, fixed effects estimates in this paper indicate that black owners pay premiums of around 10 percent for housing. Moreover, house values decline in neighborhoods as the percentage of blacks increases, suggesting prejudicial attitudes.
Infected-Host-Cell Repertoire and Cellular Response in the Lung following Inhalation of Francisella tularensis Schu S4, LVS, or U112

Francisella tularensis causes systemic disease in humans and other mammals, with high morbidity and mortality associated with inhalation-acquired infection. F. tularensis is a facultative intracellular pathogen, but the scope and significance of cell types infected during disease is unknown. Using flow cytometry, we identified and quantified infected-cell types and assessed the impact of infection on cell populations following inhalation of F. tularensis strains U112, LVS, and Schu S4. Initially, alveolar macrophages comprised over 70% of Schu S4- and LVS-infected cells, whereas approximately 51% and 27% of U112-infected cells were alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, respectively. After 3 days, roughly half of Schu S4- and LVS- and nearly 80% of U112-infected cells were neutrophils. All strains infected CD11bhigh macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and alveolar type II cells throughout infection. Macrophage, monocyte, and dendritic-cell populations were reduced during U112 infection but not Schu S4 or LVS infection. These results demonstrate directly that F. tularensis is a promiscuous intracellular pathogen in the lung that invades and replicates within cell types ranging from migratory immune cells to structural tissue cells. However, the proportions of cell types infected and the cellular immune response evoked by the human pathogenic strain Schu S4 differ from those of the human avirulent U112.
Non-invasive measurements of deep tissue hemodynamics in human skeletal muscle

Two near-infrared diffuse spectroscopies were used to simultaneously measure the blood flow and oxygenation in human skeletal muscles. The hemodynamics of nine healthy-volunteers and one PVD-patient during arterial cuff-occlusion and plantar-flexion exercise were characterized.
Collective excitations, optical properties and the stopping power of materials

Abstract We compare energy loss by ions and photons via electronic excitations in metals, insulators and semiconductors using optical data from synchrotron light-source measurements. The spectra of photon-induced transverse excitations differ markedly from those of longitudinal excitations by ions: photons give up all their energy to a single electronic excitation; charged particles produce a broad spectrum of excitations shifted toward higher energies by collective effects. The widths of these collective-mode resonances in insulators and semiconductors are significantly greater than those in metals reflecting shorter collective-mode lifetimes.
Behavioral Thermoregulation by Fishes: A New Experimental Approach

Electronic equipment allows fishes, by their spatial movements, to regulate the temperature in experimental tanks. Swimming into warmer water causes the temperature of the entire tank to increase; conversely, swimming into cooler water causes the temperature to decrease. The technique may be adapted for studying simultaneous behavioral regulation of temperature and nonthermal factors.
The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law

The book navigates international aviation law's complex terrain for new and veteran observers alike by combining classical doctrinal analysis with insights from newer disciplines such as international relations and economics. An introduction to and demystification of the private and public dimensions of international aviation law are provided. The book describes how the air transport industry is not governed by a discrete area of the law but rather by a series of disparate transnational regulatory instruments, unlike other global sectors. Everything from the routes that an international air carrier can serve to the acquisition of its fleet and its liability to passengers and shippers for incidents arising from its operations can be the object of bilateral and multilateral treaties that represent diverse and often contradictory interests. Beneath this multilayered treaty infrastructure are hundreds of domestic regulatory regimes that apply national and international rules in disparate ways. The result is an agglomeration of legal cultures that can leave even experienced lawyers and academics perplexed.
Teaching medication administration through innovative simulation

Abstract Nurse educators are constantly seeking innovative ways to better prepare nursing students for clinical practice in the health care environment. One approach implemented by an associate degree program of nursing in southern Ohio is an automated medication dispensing system in the skills laboratory setting to evaluate first-year students' competency in administering medications. This self-report convenience survey evaluated the perceptions of 51 first semester nursing students following the implementation of a medication dispensing system in the skills laboratory prior to competency evaluation for medication administration. The authors' findings supported the use of the Demo Dose medDISPENSE automated medication dispensing system as a valuable teaching strategy because it reinforces the students' knowledge base of the six rights of medication administration and their confidence level. In addition, the potential for preventing medication errors by nursing students was discovered.
Spin-dependent studies of the dynamics of He(23S) atom deexcitation at surfaces

Abstract Electron spin labelling techniques provide a powerful technique with which to probe the dynamics of He(2 3 S) atom deexcitation at surfaces. Studies with a clean Cu(100) surface reveal that deexcitation occurs exclusively through resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization and that the electrons involved in Auger neutralization are correlated in spin. Model calculations suggest that this can be explained by considering the local perturbation in the surface electronic structure induced by the presence of the (polarized) He + ion. The calculated induced densities of states are spin dependent and exhibit sharp Kondo-like resonances near the Fermi level. Measurements at an adsorbed Xe film are also described and suggest that electron ejection results both from direct Auger deexcitation (surface Penning ionization) and from resonance ionization of incident atoms, the resulting ions being neutralized through an interaction that involves neighboring Xe atoms in the film. The Xe film data provide an unusual example of a surface at which resonance ionization and Auger deexcitation occur in parallel with comparable rates.
Can a reaction time paradigm simultaneously index arm position effects, spatial compatibility effects, and neural pathway effects? Comments on Bradshaw, Nettleton and Spehr.

Abstract Bradshaw , Nettleton and Spher ( Neuropsychologia 20 , 605–609, 1982) recently claimed to have disconfirmed earlier conclusions that left-handers who use the inverted handwriting posture have an anomalous visuomotor organization. However, their reaction time paradigm generated massive spatial compatibility effects, and their inferences regarding neural pathway effects have neither empirical nor theoretical support and are predicted on an unverified and unlikely assumption.
ATP13A2/PARK9 Regulates Secretion of Exosomes and α-Synuclein

Kufor–Rakeb syndrome (KRS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9) and characterized by juvenile-onset parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, and cognitive decline. Previous studies suggested that PARK9 deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, whereas PARK9 overexpression suppresses toxicity of α-syn. However, the precise mechanism of PARK9 effect on lysosomes and α-syn has been unknown. Here, we found that overexpressed PARK9 localized to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the human H4 cell line. The results from patient fibroblasts showed that loss of PARK9 function leads to decreased number of the intraluminal vesicles in MVBs and diminished release of exosomes into culture media. By contrast, overexpression of PARK9 results in increased release of exosomes in H4 cells and mouse primary cortical neurons. Moreover, loss of PARK9 function resulted in decreased secretion of α-syn into extracellular space, whereas overexpressed PARK9 promotes secretion of α-syn, at least in part via exosomes. Finally, we found that PARK9 regulates exosome biogenesis through functional interaction with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery. Together, these data suggest the involvement of PARK9 in the biogenesis of exosomes and α-syn secretion and raise a possibility that disruption of these pathways in patients with KRS contributes to the disease pathogenesis.
Steady-State and Transient Relations: A Reply on Reswitching

Nature of a pitfall, 41.—Substantive vindication— 43.—Deeper issue of nonsteady-state analysis, 45.
Assay dependence of Brucella antibody prevalence in a declining Alaskan harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) population

Background Brucella is a group of bacteria that causes brucellosis, which can affect population health and reproductive success in many marine mammals. We investigated the serological prevalence of antibodies against Brucella bacteria in a declining harbor seal population in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska.
Multi-Modality Imaging, Expert, And Biomechanical Systems Used In Cranial Facial Pain

This is a pilot demonstration to evaluate the overall biological system related to the jaws, mouth, and face (i.e., stomatonagthatic system). These elements will be evaluated as to their biomechanical function, imaging of their anatomical parts, and examining the biological reactivity of the system. This will be presented in a display of multi-modalities and accessed by an expert system shell.
Temperature effects on the growth and dry matter budgets of Malacosoma americanum

Abstract The eastern tent caterpillar ( Malacosoma americanum Fabricius) overwinters as a second-instar pharate larvae. Because the larvae emerge with bud burst they often encounter cold spring temperatures. We tested the hypothesis that M. americanum larvae are metabolically adapted to compensate for the growth-retarding effects of sub-optimal temperatures by determining the growth rate and dry matter budgets for larvae reared at 17,22 or 27°C. Larvae grew more slowly, attained smaller size, had lower gross growth and assimilation efficiencies at lower rearing temperatures. Based on comparison with the effects of rearing temperature on growth performance of other insects, there is no evidence that M. americanum is metabolically adapted for low temperatures. Conversely, the results are consistent with other evidence that M. americanum larvae are behavioural thermal regulators.
Higher order commutators in the real method of interpolation

We extend the real method communtor theorem of Jawerth, Rochberg and Weiss [15] to higher order commutators, thus providing a counterpart to Rochberg's recent results on higher order commutator theorems for the complex method (cf. [27]).
Introduction to the special issue: Terrorism, disaster, and organizational science

Here, the editor introduces the special issue on organizations' preparation for and response to disaster and terrorism. The topic and meta-constructs within it are defined. The papers included in the special issue are outlined. The methodological and conceptual variety and strengths of the new empirical papers are summarized, as are some major gaps in current knowledge and paradigms that became clear from the full set of submissions to the special issue—those that were rejected, as well as those accepted. Together, the papers in this special issue set the stage for potential important future advances in the science of disaster/terrorism preparation and response by organizations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction among the normal modes of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability☆

Abstract We describe the interaction among the normal modes of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in stratified fluids subjectec to a constant acceleration. We find that all the modes as well as the initial conditions at all the interfaces influence the evolution of perturbations at any one interface.
Eriksonian Lifespan Theory and Life History Theory: An Integration Using the Example of Identity Formation

Furthering the cause of consilience in the social sciences a model is proposed in which Eriksonian life span theory and life history theory are integrated. The model explains individual differences...
Breathing pattern during CO2 inhalation obtained from motion of the chest and abdomen

A method is described for obtaining tidal volume from movements of the chest and abdomen utilizing electromagnetic sensors. Tidal volume obtained from these sensors was linearly related to tidal volume simultaneously obtained with a spirometer within an error of 14 per cent. With this method, the ventilation-tidal volume relationship was studied during CO2 inhalation. This relationship was curvilinear and closely approximated a parabola: Vt = a Ve + b VE2, where Vt = tidal volume and Ve = minute ventilation. The numerical value of b was always negative so that at high ventilations the tidal volume tended to level off and increases in ventilation occurred primarily as a result of increases in frequency. The value of tidal volume and the ratio of tidal volume to vital capacity at which leveling off of the tidal volume occurred was variable among individuals and often differed in the same individual on different occasions. Added resistive and elastic loads altered the Ve — Vt curves in the direction of minimal respiratory force or minimal respiratory work. The use of a mouthpiece, directional valve and noseclip did not alter the Ve — Vt relationship. There was no sex difference in the proportions of the total tidal volume contributed by chest and abdomen motion and these proportions did not change significantly with increasing ventilation in the majority of subjects.
Role of chemotherapy and biomolecular therapy in the treatment of uterine sarcomas

Uterine sarcomas are rare, high-risk malignancies. Expert histologic review is important for accurate diagnosis. For high-grade leiomyosarcomas, the risk of recurrence is high after complete resection of uterus-limited disease; however, no adjuvant therapy has been proven to improve survival. Chemotherapy regimens with efficacy in treating advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma include gemcitabine-docetaxel, doxorubicin and ifosfamide. Uterine carcinosarcomas also carry a high risk of recurrence. Adjuvant chemotherapy is a standard approach for completely resected and metastatic carcinosarcoma. Active agents include carboplatin, cisplatin, ifosfamide and paclitaxel.
A Content Analysis of Qualitative Research in Select ACA Journals (2005–2010)

This content analysis presented an overview of themes of qualitative articles published in counseling journals (i.e., Journal of Counseling & Development, Counselor Education & Supervision, and Professional School Counseling) between 2005 and 2010. This study specifically presented various traditions and strategies for engaging in qualitative data analyses and interpretations in the counseling field. The most frequently employed research traditions were phenomenology and grounded theory. Commonly used strategies to ensure trustworthiness were investor triangulation and/or a peer debriefing process, the use of external auditors, and researcher journals. Regarding the credibility of data, member checking, and audit trail were frequently utilized techniques.
Death Proof: Trauma, Memory, and Black Power–Era Images in Contemporary Visual Culture

In Death 24x a Second Laura Mulvey argues that cinematic images belie the deathlike qualities of still photography because of their ability to invoke the appearance of life through motion. This essay examines film and video projects that use found footage and still images from the Black Power era by redeploying them in experimental film and digital formats. Often highly didactic and formulaic in their original form, the Black Panther Party’s imagery of guns, fists, and men in militarized formations contested prevailing notions of race, power, and masculinity. Similarly, groups like the Symbionese Liberation Army are most often remembered through their spectacular representation in visual media culture rather than through their political actions or agendas. Video and film projects such as Raymond Pettibon and David Markey’s Citizen Tania (1989), Isaac Julien’s Baltimore (2003), Sharon Hayes’s Symbionese Liberation Army, Screed #16, Patricia Hearst’s Second Tape (2003), and Coco Fusco’s a/k/a Mrs. George Gilbert (2004) mobilize Black Power–era images in a formal as well as narrative challenge to conventions around race, gender, and sexuality. They also question the notion that the historical past is effectively “dead” because of its seemingly fixed status as a static object in structures of nostalgia and memory. Film, video, and installation work by Fusco, Julien, Pettibon, Bill Jones, Lyle Ashton Harris, and Carrie Mae Weems position still photography and graphic images in ways that challenge the boundaries of new media and the prevalent notion that the radical ideologies of the Black Power era represents necessarily “dead” ideologies.
Association of industry funding with the outcome and quality of randomized controlled trials of drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis

A dramatic increase in pharmaceutical industry funding and support of biomedical research has occurred in the past few decades (1, 2). This has led to strong concerns regarding inappropriate influence of industry funding on the biomedical research (3). Preponderance of evidence shows that industry funded research is associated with increased likelihood of pro-industry results and conclusions (4–11). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the “gold standard” means to assess healthcare interventions. They are designed to eliminate bias by randomly distributing known and unknown confounding factors. RCTs need to be methodological sound to eliminate sources of bias that may appear at various stages. Bias make the results differ systematically from the truth through the combination of various study design, data analysis, and presentation factors (12). Substantial evidence shows that methodological quality of RCTs affects estimates of intervention efficacy (13–15). Limited data on the association of industry funding with RCT methodological quality shows conflicting results with some studies showing no difference (5, 16), while others showing either a trend towards higher quality (17, 18) or significantly higher quality compared to non-industry funded RCTs (8, 19–21). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that chiefly manifests as inflammatory destructive arthritis, and affects 0.5–1% of the adults (22). Drug therapy options for RA treatment have remarkably improved over the past fifteen years. In particular, the discovery and availability of biologics as therapeutic agents for RA treatment was facilitated by the funding of clinical trials from pharmaceutical companies. A study to assess secular changes in the methodological quality of published RCTs in rheumatology found no differences between industry and non-profit funded RCTs (23). However, this study included both drug and non-pharmaceutical therapy RCTs, and only 102 (42.5%) of the 240 study RCTs were for RA treatment. There are no data on the influence of industry funding on outcome of RA drug therapy RCTs. The objective of this study was to determine the association of industry funding with the characteristics, outcome and the reported methodological quality of drug therapy RCTs for RA.
The design of atomic frequency standards and their performance in specific applications

Abstract The reduction of timing errors in atomic clocks is shown to be important for secure communications and navigation. An approach based upon control of all systematic frequency shifts and a reduction in both the first order Doppler shift and confinement effects is recommended. Ion storage is a promising technique because of its ability to achieve extremely long observation times, negligible confinement perturbations, and laser cooling. The applicability of atom cooling should be evaluated.
Uncertainty in predictions of fallout radionuclides in foods and of subsequent ingestion.

Uncertainty in predictions from the PATHWAY food-chain model was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. Uncertainty estimates, measured by the geometric standard deviation (GSD), were obtained for median values of time-integrated concentrations of {sup 131}I, {sup 136}Cs, and {sup 137}Cs in foods and for the corresponding time-integrated intakes resulting from ingestion of all foods. The GSDs associated with a given food for the two short-lived radionuclides, {sup 131}I and {sup 136}Cs, were not significantly different, but they differed from the GSDs for the longer-lived radionuclide. The GSDs for integrated concentrations of radionuclides in milk varied with the time of year fallout was deposited, but uncertainty for nondairy products was relatively independent of the date of fallout deposition. The estimated GSDs were applied to other radionuclides of interest based on physical half-life and ranged from 1.7 to 2.7 for time-integrated intake across all foods for radionuclides with physical half-lives less than 30 d, from 1.8 to 2.3 for half-lives ranging from 30 to 500 d, and from 1.9 to 2.1 when half-lives were greater than 500 d.
Paley-Wiener theorem for singular support of K-finite distributions on symmetric spaces

We study Fourier transforms of distributions on a symmetric space X. Eguchi et al. [1] characterized the image of E′(X)-distributions of compact support under the Fourier transform. We give a simpler proof of Eguchi's result and characterize the size of the singular support for the K-finite members of E′(X). We apply this Paley-Wiener type theorem to invariant differential equations on X.
Quality control for comparison microtasks

We study quality control mechanisms for a crowdsourcing system where workers perform object comparison tasks. We study error masking techniques (e.g., voting) and detection of bad workers. For the latter, we consider using gold-standard questions, as well as disagreement with the plurality answer. We perform experiments on Mechanical Turk that yield insights as to the role of task difficulty in quality control, and the effectiveness of the schemes.
Using nullors to analyse linear networks

Analysis of linear networks using nullors is considered. A simplified procedure is presented for doing nodal analysis of RLC nullor networks by computer. It is shown that using nullors to analyse linear networks is equivalent to doing modified nodal analysis.
Digital controller design for time-delayed Bouc-Wen hysteretic systems

Bouc-Wen model is a popular analytical form to describe hysteretic system while the non-smooth absolute-value function terms in the model bring about challenges in control system design. Different from traditional piecewise approach, this paper presents a digital control design methodology based on a revised model with a universal smooth representation. In the proposed method, approximated scalar sign function in a smooth rational form is utilized to replace the non-smooth absolute-value function terms, resulting in an approximate description of Bouc-Wen model with adjustable accuracy and universal smoothness which facilitates the following linearization. Then the optimal linearization technique is adopted to obtain an accurate local linear model at any operating point. Next, an analog controller is developed based on the local linear model to attain the required control performance. Then through digital redesign, the analog controller is converted to the digital counterpart which is further capable of compensating time delays arising from controller computation, A/D and D/A conversion etc. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method have been verified through simulations with two illustrative examples.
The IMF and the Ruble Area, 1991–93

This paper summarizes the IMF advice on the ruble area as it was presented to the national authorities in Russia, the Baltic countries, and other states of the former Soviet Union in 1991-93. In the course of doing so, the paper corrects some misperceptions that have arisen about the IMF's role. The evidence presented in the paper suggests that (i) the balance of arguments on the ruble area (and national currencies) changed over time, and hence so did the IMF's advice, and (ii) from the beginning, the IMF staff concentrated on pointing out the pros and cons of alternative monetary arrangements, without strongly advocating a particular one, emphasizing that it was the authorities' decision to stay in or leave the ruble area. Fund advice on how to introduce national currencies was made readily available to the various national authorities as early as January 1992.
Favorably skewed X-inactivation accounts for neurological sparing in female carriers of Menkes disease

Classical Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in ATP7A, which is located at Xq13.1-q21. ATP7A encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase and plays a critical role in development of the central nervous system. With rare exceptions involving sex chromosome aneuploidy or X-autosome translocations, female carriers of ATP7A mutations are asymptomatic except for subtle hair and skin abnormalities, although the mechanism for this neurological sparing has not been reported. We studied a three-generation family in which a severe ATP7A mutation, a 5.5-kb genomic deletion spanning exons 13 and 14, segregated. The deletion junction fragment was amplified from the proband by long-range polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to characterize the breakpoints. We screened at-risk females in the family for this junction fragment and analyzed their X-inactivation patterns using the human androgen-receptor (HUMARA) gene methylation assay. We detected the junction fragment in the proband, two obligate heterozygotes, and four of six at-risk females. Skewed inactivation of the X chromosome harboring the deletion was noted in all female carriers of the deletion (n = 6), whereas random X-inactivation was observed in all non-carriers (n = 2). Our results formally document one mechanism for neurological sparing in female carriers of ATP7A mutations. Based on review of X-inactivation patterns in female carriers of other X-linked recessive diseases, our findings imply that substantial expression of a mutant ATP7A at the expense of the normal allele could be associated with neurologic symptoms in female carriers of Menkes disease and its allelic variants, occipital horn syndrome, and ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
Aliphatic wax alcohols and other lipids in atheromata and arterial tissues of cetaceans

Abstract 1. 1. Detailed lipid analyses were carried out on normal and atheromatous aterial tissue from a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ), a pilot whale ( Globicephalus malaena ) and a killer whale ( Orcinus orca ). 2. 2. Fatty acids from plasma and arterial tissues contained little linoleic acid ( 3. 3. Wax alcohols were present as esters and free alcohols in normal and atheromatous tissues. Wax alcohols having chain lenghts of sixteen and eighteen carbons predominated. Relative abundance of dominant esterified and free wax alcohols from the same tissue were similar to each other. 4. 4. Concentrations of cholesterol and total lipid in plasma of the killer whale were 160 and 619 mg per cent respectively. Ratio of hig-density lipoprotein (> 1·063) to low-density lipoprotein ( 5. 5. In the aortic lesions from the sperm whale and pilot whale, lipid pattern and fatty-acid composition of lipid components were virtually identical with those of their underlying and surrounding tissues. 6. 6. In the killer whale a fibrous aortic plaque contained a higher concentration of wax + sterol ester than normal aortic tissue. A much larger difference in the concentration of total lipid and of wax + sterol ester was seen in a fatty coronary atheroma of the killer whale as opposed to normal coronary tissue. 7. 7. Plasma from this killer whale was similar to fibrous aortic plaque, normal aortic tissue and fatty coronary atheroma in the relative abundances of most of the fatty acids of wax + sterol ester. This result suggested plasma as a principal source of these arterial tissue wax + sterol esters.
An experimental investigation of the fracture characteristics of trip alloys

Abstract Steels in which a phase transformation from austenite to martensite takes place on straining have previously been developed. These so-called TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels show high strength (300 ksi) and good elongation (10–15 per cent). This favorable combination of properties is due to the transformation. Their fracture toughness was investigated in terms of composition, austenitizing temperature, degree of warm working at 460°C and test temperature. The room temperature fracture toughness at an ultimate tensile strength of 300 ksi was as high as 130 ksi √in. when tested in 1 2 in. sections. The fracture toughness in liquid nitrogen was about 40–80 ksi √in. A distinction is drawn between stress-induced and strain-induced martensite, the latter being the preferred mode to improve fracture toughness. It is shown that the formation of martensite was stress induced when tests were carried out in liquid nitrogen. first identified by Irwin, in disagreement with previous results on TRIP steels. The morphology of martensite around the crack tip is explained in terms of the 460°C pressing operation and not, as has been previously indicated, uniquely in terms of the state-of-stress. Fractography was used to investigate the micro-mechanisms of crack propagation. Suggestions are made for further studies to improve utilization of the TRIP reaction.
Cloning and DNA sequence of the Mycobacterium fortuitum var fortuitum plasmid pAL5000.

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of the Mycobacterium fortuitum var fortuitum plasmid pAL5000 has been determined. Computer analysis of this 4821-bp plasmid for protein coding regions, based on mycobacterial codon usage preferences, reveals the presence of two putative protein coding regions immediately downstream from typical mycobacterial promoter and ribosome binding sites. Both open reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2, produced proteins with the predicted respective sizes previously shown in minicell expression experiments [A. Labidi et al. (1985) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 30 , 221–225]. ORF1 encodes a putative 20-kDa basic protein with characteristics of a DNA binding protein involved in plasmid DNA replication. ORF2 encodes a 67-kDa protein with an amino-terminal sequence suggestive of a transported protein and a possible transmembrane anchor near its carboxyl-terminal. The current sequence and its analysis are more consistent with the minicell expression experiments than the previously published sequence of the pAL5000 plasmid [J. Rauzier et al. (1988) Gene 71 , 315–321].
The bricycle: a bicycle in zero gravity can be balanced or steered but not both

A bicycle or inverted pendulum can be balanced, that is kept nearly upright, by accelerating the base. This balance is achieved by steering on a bicycle. Simultaneously one can also control the lateral position of the base: changing of the track line of a bike or the position of hand under a balanced stick. We show here with theory and experiment that if the balance problem is removed, by making the system neutrally stable for balance, one cannot simultaneously maintain balance and control the position of the base. We made a bricycle, essentially a bicycle with springy training wheels. The stiffness of the training wheel suspension can be varied from near infinite, making the bricycle into a tricycle, to zero, making it effectively a bicycle. The springy training wheels effectively reduce or even negate gravity, at least for balance purposes. One might expect a smooth transition from tricycle to bicycle as the stiffness is varied, in terms of handling, balance and feel. Not so. At an intermediate stiffnes...
Insight into the two-source structure of the jet noise spectrum using a generalized shell model of turbulence

Abstract There is a large body of experimental evidence which shows that the jet noise spectrum is composed of two sources. Our aim here is to prove, mathematically, that the two-source paradigm can be derived using a minimum number of self-consistent approximations based on our current knowledge of jet turbulence in cold flows. The starting point of the paper is Goldstein’s (2003) [20] exact re-arrangement of the Navier–Stokes equations, which shows that turbulence enters the acoustic spectrum formula through the Reynolds stress auto-covariance tensor. We extend the shell model of turbulence using a more general symmetry approximation that amounts to assuming that the Reynolds stress auto-covariance is, firstly, axi-symmetric, and secondly is equivalent to the same tensor only after it has been averaged (point-wise) over the azimuthal separation. As a consequence of these two assumptions, the space–time Fourier transform of the Reynolds stress auto-covariance (which we refer to as the spectral tensor) depends on the transverse wave vector only through the square of its magnitude and, moreover, is also an axi-symmetric tensor. This defines the generalized shell model (or GSM) and we apply it to the jet noise problem. The final result shows that the acoustic spectrum can be written as the sum of two groups of terms, one of which corresponds to the peak jet noise in the weakly non-parallel flow limit.
Evidence for non-binding of α-bungarotoxin in asynchronous fibrillar flight muscle

Abstract 1. Protein extracts of dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscle and heads of the fly S. bullata (Parker) were incubated with α-bungarotoxin to test for the presence of nicotonic receptor activity. 2. Pronounced toxin-binding activity was readily demonstrated in control extracts prepared from cell lines of smooth muscle origin and in extracts of fly brain but none could be detected in the flight muscle extract. 3. It is confirmed that nicotinic receptors are present in CNS tissue and it is concluded that such receptors are not detectable in flight muscle.
Performance of the Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming product under hydraulically unsaturated conditions

Abstract Several candidates for supplemental low-activity waste (LAW) immobilization at the Hanford site in Washington State, USA are being considered. One waste sequestering technology considered is Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR). The granular product resulting from the FBSR process is composed primarily of an insoluble sodium aluminosilicate matrix with the dominant phases being feldspathoid minerals with a 1:1:1 molar ratio of Na, Al and Si. To demonstrate the durability of the product, which can be disposed of at the unsaturated Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) at Hanford, a series of tests has been performed using the Pressurized Unsaturated Flow (PUF) system, which allows for the accelerated weathering of the solid materials. The system maintains hydraulically unsaturated conditions, thus mimicking the open-flow and transport properties that will be present at the IDF. Two materials were tested using the system: 1) the FBSR granular product and 2) the FBSR granular product encapsulated in a geopolymer to form a monolith. Results of the experiments show a trend of relatively constant effluent concentration of Na, Si, Al, and Cs as a function of time from both materials. The elements I and Re show a steady release throughout the yearlong test from the granular material but their concentrations seem to be increasing at one year from the monolith material. This result suggests that these two elements may be present in the sodalite cage structure rather than in the predominant nepheline phase because their release occurs at a different rate compared to nepheline phase. Also, these elements to not seem to reprecipitate when released from the starting material. Calculated one-year release rates for Si are on the order of 10−6 g/(m2 d) for the granular material and 10−5 g/(m2 d) for the monolith material while Re release is seen to be two orders of magnitude higher than Si release rates. SEM imaging and XRD analysis show how the alteration of the two materials is dependent on their depth in the column. This phenomenom is a result of depth-dependent solution concentrations giving rise chemical environments that may be supersaturated with respect to a number of mineral phases.
Transfer of color matching in pigeons

Two pigeons were tested for transfer of matching to novel colors after a three-phase training procedure: First, the birds were trained to match colors; second, they were trained to choose odd colors; and third, they were retrained to match colors. The third phase included additional trials in which pecking at novel colors was reinforced. A subsequent transfer test showed that performance on trials with novel colors was slightly above chance but below levels observed on trials with only familiar colors. In addition, there was no difference between performance on trials in which both the sample and correct comparisons were novel and trials in which only the incorrect comparison was novel. These results provide some evidence for the acquisition of a general matching strategy, but they suggest that when pigeons are presented novel stimuli in a test for transfer of matching, their behavior displays biases that can lead to misinterpretations of what is learned in matching tasks.
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome A radiation responsive syndrome

The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by retro-orbital pain and variable involvement of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth cranial nerves related to inflammation in the cavern...
Presented at the 1995 Microcirculatory Society Meeting

Objective: The under-agarose migration assay developed for use with endothelial cells provides a measurement of the intrinsic migratory behavior of a cell population. However, the assay is labor intensive and lacks experimental flexibility. This migration assay has been refined and tested on human microvessel endothelial cells in the presence of a migration stimulus or on differing matrix-coated substrates.Methods: The improved assay retains the linear geometry and mathematical basis of the under-agarose assay. Cells migrating from a cell reservoir formed with a Delrin® insert are counted using an automated image-analysis system utilizing a high-contrast, fluorescent nuclear stain. From the cell counts, a stochastic measure of random migration is calculated.Results: Values for random migration between the improved migration assay and the traditional under-agarose assay were very similar. Furthermore, a stochastic measure of endothelial cell migration on fibronectin was determined.Conclusions: This improve...
Markov chains in network intrusion detection

Connectivity of computers around the world has escalated the importance of computer security. Intrusion detection adds another dimension to computer security. When prevention methods fail, intrusion detection systems recognize attacks as they occur. This research concentrates on network packets and examines the data in the TCP and IP headers. Markov chains are used to describe the normal transitions that occur for different TCP and IP header values. They have previously been used in intrusion detection, mostly for host-based detection. Another work introduced the concept of Markov chains in network-based detection. The purpose of this research is to show that TCP/IP header fields can be used to flag packets that do not occur as often in training data and that those packets may potentially be attack packets.
Avoiding “Pseudo-Reversibility” of CT-CBV Infarct Core Lesions in Acute Stroke Patients After Thrombolytic Therapy: The Need for Algorithmically “Delay-Corrected” CT Perfusion Map Postprocessing Software

Background and Purpose—Rarely, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients have pretreatment CT-CBV abnormalities larger than final infarct volumes. We sought to determine: (1) the prevalence of CT-CBV “reversibility” in AIS patients treated with thrombolytic therapy, and (2) whether the presumed tissue salvage of these CT-CBV lesions depends on the CTP software. Methods—We reviewed the admission CT-CBV maps (calculated with an algorithm sensitive to tracer arrival time) and follow-up images of 148 AIS patients who received thrombolytic therapy. When the follow-up infarct appeared smaller than the admission CT-CBV lesion, the CTP source images were reprocessed using “delay-correction” software (GE, CTP 4). Original and “delay-corrected” CT-CBV ischemic lesion volumes were compared to each other and follow-up infarct volumes using the Student t test. Results—11/148 (7.4%) patients had admission CT-CBV larger than follow-up lesions (mean difference −69.5 cc, range −146.0 to −14.0 cc; P<0.05). For all patients, the...
Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration of Ascites

Background & Aims: The aim of this study is to report a large single-center experience with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of ascites. Methods: Consecutive patients at our institution in whom EUS-guided paracentesis was performed between January 1997 and July 2005 were identified retrospectively. All procedures were performed by or under the supervision of 1 of 5 experienced endosonographers with available on-site cytopathology. Results: Sixty consecutive patients (33 men; mean age, 67 y) were identified. Previously attempted percutaneous paracentesis was unsuccessful in 3 of 6 patients. Ascites confirmed by EUS FNA was visible in 28 of 54 (52%) computerized tomography, 3 of 11 (27%) transabdominal ultrasound, and 4 of 8 (50%) magnetic resonance imaging examinations before EUS. Transgastric (n = 55) or transduodenal (n = 5) EUS-guided paracentesis (mean, 8.9; range, 1–40 mL) revealed malignancy in 16 (27%) from primary pancreatic (n = 9), gastric (n = 2), urothelial (n = 1), esophageal (n = 1), gallbladder (n = 1), bile duct (n = 1) cancer, and lymphoma (n = 1). The cytology from 2 patients was atypical (1 suspicious for malignancy and 1 considered reactive) and the remaining 42 were benign. Potential complications occurred in 2 of 60 (3%) patients with self-limited fever. Of the 8 of 60 (13%) patients who underwent subsequent surgery, 3 had metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 2) and metastatic small intestinal carcinoid (n = 1) to the peritoneum after negative EUS-FNA cytology. Conclusions: EUS frequently identifies ascites missed by other imaging studies. EUS-guided paracentesis may identify malignancy in a subset of patients. Negative ascitic fluid cytology from EUS FNA does not exclude possible peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Commerce and Cooperation: Litigation and Settlement of Civil Disputes on the Australian Frontier, 1860–1990

I examine the evolution of conflict and cooperation during economic growth by analyzing civil disputes in New South Wales between 1860 and 1900. Disputes per capita fell over time and the proportion of cases settled before trial increased, but patterns varied across locations and types of disputes. Economic conflicts were likelier to be settled than personal disputes, and the fraction of cases settled was significantly lower in frontier areas and in districts without access to transportation. The results suggest that increased market exchange facilitates the development of informal rules and encourages transactors to find cooperative solutions through private bargaining.
Decomposition of Energy Consumption in IEEE 802.11

We derive formulas for the energy J(n) that a station's radio consumes when it transmits 1 MB of data in an IEEE 802.11 network with n stations. Calculations show that J(ra) grows approximately linearly with n, for n ges 4. The useful energy consumed in successful transmission and reception of data is constant; the remaining energy is wasted. When n = 15, the waste amounts to 80 percent of total energy, and this proportion grows with n. More than 60 percent of the waste is due to overhearing - reception of packets intended for another station. Overhearing can be eliminated by using information in RTS/CTS packets.
The Status of Health Assessment 1994

General health status and a broader concept of quality of life are discussed and methods of widely used surveys are reviewed. A consensus regarding the inclusion of measures of physical, mental, social, and role functioning and general health perceptions is noted for comprehensive assessments of health. A schematic of relationships among condition-specific and generic measures is presented along with results expected for objective and subjective measures of physical and mental dimensions of health. Suggestions are offered for the labeling of disease-specific and generic measures and ways to avoid confounding of content. Applications of health surveys in general population monitoring, health policy evaluation, clinical trials of alternative treatments, monitoring and improving of health care outcomes, and in everyday clinical practice are exemplified and discussed. A unified measurement strategy is proposed and arguments in favor of standardizing the content of health surveys across applications are offered.