cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy to the current management strategy of heart failure.

Background Doxorubicin (D) (Adriamycin) is a potent and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of various forms of cancer, but its use has been limited by the development of cardiac toxicity. Historically, D-induced cardiomyopathy (CMP) has been refractory to therapy. We report our experience with this form of CMP at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Methods Twenty-five patients (20 women, 5 men) with a clinical diagnosis of D-CMP were referred to our program from 1990 to 2003. Patient data were extracted from office charts. Results Patients were followed-up for 71 ± 58 months. On presentation, the average left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 26 ± 9.2%, and 88% of patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV. Patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi; n = 23) or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB; n = 2), and 15 were treated with a combination of ACEi and beta-blockers (BB). With medical therapy, LVEF improved significantly (26 ± 9.2% vs 35 ± 16.5%, p = 0.022), as did the NYHA class ( p n = 19) were NYHA Class I or II with medical therapy, with 10 (53%) being Class I. In the group of patients treated with ACEi + BB, there was a statistically significant improvement in LVEF (26 ± 10.0% vs 37 ± 17.6%, p = 0.028), which not seen in the ACEi group, with a strong trend toward normalization of LV function (47% vs 10%, p = 0.054). Conclusions In the current era of management of heart failure, D-CMP carries a better prognosis than previously described. Early addition of BB may further improve LVEF.
Risk factors for wound healing complications in sirolimus-treated renal transplant recipients.

Abstract Impaired surgical site healing occurs in 20% to 50% of sirolimus (SRL)-treated renal transplant (RT) recipients, with most patients having received concomitant corticosteroids. We determined the incidence of surgical site complications among RT recipients receiving SRL with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), with most patients on a steroid-avoidance protocol. SRL/MMF patients with complications within 3 months of transplantation were compared with 1) SRL/MMF patients without them and 2) matched RT recipients receiving tacrolimus (FK)/MMF. Between January 2002 and March 2005, 44 of 300 (15%) RT recipients received SRL within 6 weeks of transplantation. Fourteen (31.8%) developed lymphocele, bladder leak, wound dehiscence, cellulitis, or an abscess. Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ) was significantly associated with problems: the mean BMI of SRL cases with complications was 29.9 kg/m 2 vs 25.4 kg/m 2 for SRL patients without them ( P = .047). Seventy-one percent of obese SRL patients experienced complications compared with 24.3% ( P = .025) of non-obese SRL patients. Surgical treatment was required in 29% of patients. Rates of maintenance steroid use were similar in SRL complicated cases compared with SRL patients without them. The FK control group showed a lower rate of complications (14.3%; P = .163) despite similar BMI, rejection rates, and chronic steroid use as the SRL group. Obesity and graft rejection were independent predictors of complications. Thus, among a group of predominantly steroid-free recipients on SRL, the rates of wound complications were similar to those seen previously, but the highest risk for them was observed in obese recipients and in those with acute rejection episodes. Wound complications were associated with significant morbidity.
Cholesterol esterification by ACAT2 is essential for efficient intestinal cholesterol absorption: evidence from thoracic lymph duct cannulation.

The hypothesis tested in this study was that cholesterol esterification by ACAT2 would increase cholesterol absorption efficiency by providing cholesteryl ester (CE) for incorporation into chylomicrons. The assumption was that absorption would be proportional to Acat2 gene dosage. Male ACAT2+/+, ACAT2+/−, and ACAT2−/− mice were fed a diet containing 20% of energy as palm oil with 0.2% (w/w) cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was measured by fecal dual-isotope and thoracic lymph duct cannulation (TLDC) methods using [3H]sitosterol and [14C]cholesterol tracers. Excellent agreement among individual mice was found for cholesterol absorption measured by both techniques. Cholesterol absorption efficiency in ACAT2−/− mice was 16% compared with 46–47% in ACAT2+/+ and ACAT2+/− mice. Chylomicrons from ACAT2+/+ and ACAT2+/− mice carried ∼80% of total sterol mass as CE, whereas ACAT2−/− chylomicrons carried >90% of sterol mass in the unesterified form. The total percentage of chylomicron mass as CE was reduced from 12% in the presence of ACAT2 to ∼1% in ACAT2−/− mice. Altogether, the data demonstrate that ACAT2 increases cholesterol absorption efficiency by providing CE for chylomicron transport, but one copy of the Acat2 gene, providing ∼50% of ACAT2 mRNA and enzyme activity, was as effective as two copies in promoting cholesterol absorption.
Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths

Super-Earths are the smallest class of discovered extra-solar planets. Owing to their relatively small mass, some might resemble Earth and perhaps be habitable. Because of the connection to habitability through thermal evolution, we investigate the tectonic regime of massive terrestrial planets. Two independent studies [O'Neill, C., Lenardic, A., Oct 2007. Geological consequences of super-sized earths. GRL 34, L19204, Valencia, D., O'Connell, R.J., Sasselov, D. D., Nov 2007a. Inevitability of plate tectonics on super-earths. ApJL 670, L45–L48.] have reached opposing conclusions about the likelihood of plate tectonics. Here, we offer possible reasons for the discordant findings and address three key aspects of sustaining plate tectonics: deformation on faults, negative buoyancy and energy dissipation during subduction. We show that in general, the ratio of driving force to plate resistance increases with planetary mass. This is a consequence of increasing convective stresses, thinning plates and similar plate structure. We conclude that even though the strength of dry and wet of faults increases for massive terrestrial planets, the convective stress increases even more allowing deformation to take place. Also, despite shorter timescales for plate cooling, rocky super-Earths achieve negative buoyancy at subduction zones. Finally, by investigating the effects of energy dissipation during subduction we find that massive terrestrial planets dissipate less energy during subduction and hence provide a positive feedback to sustain active-lid tectonics. In conclusion, rocky super-Earths have more favorable conditions than Earth for the subduction of plates, and hence, for sustaining plate tectonics.
Plasmapheresis Maintained Renal Function in an Allograft with Recurrent Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type I

Six months posttransplant, a 38-year-old woman developed acute renal failure due to recurrent idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I. MPGN was associated with an elevated rheumatoid factor and IgM deposition in the mesangium. Plasmapheresis with albumin replacement improved and maintained renal function for over a year while cytotoxic agents were administered in an attempt to control the glomerulonephritis. The patient currently has a functional renal allograft 2 years posttransplant.
The relationship of sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual adult female STD patients

Some effects of sexual abuse, for example, heightened sexual activity, are also risk factors for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Moreover, Social Cognitive theory suggests that the reduced self-esteem and increased sexual arousal that can result from abuse might alter self-efficacy for performing a behavior and expected outcomes of the behavior, making adoption of preventive behavior more difficult. Studies in the general population, adolescents, and male clients of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, have found associations between childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors. This study was designed to measure: (a) whatever the association persists among female STD clinic clients; and (b) whether sexual abuse is associated with self-efficacy for condom use or condom use outcome expectations. Among the 83 female STD clinic clients studied, those sexually abused before age 18 had more sexual partners (p < .05), more positive hedonic outcome expectations for condom use (p < .01), and fewer positive partner-related outcome expectations for condom use (p < .05) than those never forced to have sex against their will. In summary, HIV risk behavior among female STD clients varies with childhood sexual abuse and Social Cognitive Theory suggests future directions for prevention.
Night shift work

The deleterious effects of night shift work are discussed in relation to emergency physicians. Much of the early research is drawn from heavy industry sources and must be extrapolated to medical work. Disruption of circadian rhythms and Zeitgebers, caused by adherence to contemporary social schedules, causes recurrent difficulty for physicians who constantly change schedules. Adjustments in both physical surroundings and social structure that can make the effects of traumatic schedule change more tolerable are discussed.
THE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF TELEVISION CHARACTERS: A REPLICATION

This study was an attempt to replicate and extend the findings of previous research which explored the cognitive dimensions used by children to differentiate television characters. Results indicate that humor remains the primary attribute that children use to differentiate television characters, although this characteristic does not seem to be important in children's modeling decisions. Attractiveness and activity remain secondary attributes but also discriminate between male and female children in predicting identification with the characters. These findings are similar to those of the original study. Sex represents an additional important attribute for both sexes in differentiating the characters but is important only for female decisions about which characters are appropriate role models.
Stress tensor and elastic properties for hard and soft spheres

Properties determined from the microscopic stress tensor are discussed for the related systems of a steeply repulsive pair potential and hard spheres. The microscopic stress tensors determined from the local conservation law for momentum are different in these two cases. Consequences are discussed for both fluid and solid phases.
Ecosystem modeling of a multi-species integrated aquaculture pond in South China

Abstract A model of an integrated aquaculture pond in Suzhou, China, was developed with phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, detritus, sediment, and six species of fish: black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), Wuchang fish ( Megalobrama amblycephala ), silver carp ( Hypophthalmichtys molitrix ), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) and bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis ). All biological state variables were treated as concentration with energy units (kJ m −2 ). The model replicated observed changes in primary productivity, dissolved oxygen, and fish production using energy flow data collected from a black carp-common carp pond in China. Simulation results and sensitivity analysis suggested that through multiple feedback mechanisms, the pond ecosystem stabilizes itself. Removing any one species has significant effects on system behavior; simulated removal of fish species led to decreased overall fish production. The model identified future research needs in such areas as phosphorus release mechanisms, phytoplankton species composition, and toxic substances.
Time course and temporal order of changes in movement kinematics during motor learning: effect of joint and instruction

Learning a motor task is associated with specific changes in movement kinematics. Recently, it has been shown that changes in different kinematic parameters occurred with different time courses for subjects who practiced simple, single-joint elbow movements. For example, movement time was seen to decrease and level off in a shorter time than peak velocity, which increased and plateaued later. What is not known, however, is whether the time course and temporal order of these learning-related changes seen at the elbow are similar for movements learned at other joints and with different instructions. In this study, neurologically normal subjects practiced 50°-flexion movements made at the wrist, with the instruction to be both "fast and accurate" (same instruction used in the earlier elbow study). A different group of subjects practiced wrist movements of the same amplitude, but with instructions to make movements that were "always accurate;" only as movement skill developed could subjects increase their speed (but without ever sacrificing accuracy). We measured time-related parameters (duration of acceleration, duration of deceleration, and total movement duration) and magnitude-related parameters (peak velocity, peak acceleration, and peak deceleration). We found that the time course of changes in kinematic parameters for subjects instructed to be "fast and accurate" was similar to that reported at the elbow. When the instruction was changed to be "always accurate," the time for changes in kinematic parameters to level off was found to be longer. However, regardless of instruction, time-related parameters plateaued before magnitude-related parameters. Thus, our results indicate that motor learning mechanisms may operate in a similar way at different joints.
Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of establishing stratigraphic correlations between these two wells. Elemental analyses indicate that the basalts consist of three principal chemical types. Two of these types are each represented by a single basalt flow in each well. The third chemical type is represented by many basalt flows and includes a broad range of chemical compositions that is distinguished from the other two types. Basalt flows within the third type were identified by hierarchical K-cluster analysis of 14 representative elements: Fe, Ca, K, Na, Sc, Co, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Hf, Ta, and Th. Cluster analyses indicate correlations of basalt flows between wells 121 and 123 at depths of approximately 38–40 m, 125–128 m, 131–137 m, 149–158 m, and 183–198 m. Probable correlations also are indicated for at least seven other depth intervals. Basalt flows in several depth intervals do not correlate on the basis of chemical compositions, thus reflecting possible flow margins in the sequence between the wells. Multi-element chemical data provide a useful method for determining stratigraphic correlations of basalt in the upper 1–2 km of the eastern Snake River Plain.
Cytochrome P-450 from mitochondria of bovine adrenal cortex Comparison of cholesterol side-chain cleavage P-450 with steroid 11β-hydroxylation P-450 and immunochemical cross-reactivity between adrenal mitochondrial and liver microsomal cytochromes P-450

Abstract Adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochrome P−450 specific to the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (desmolase) reaction differs from that for the 11β-hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone. The former cytochrome appears to be more loosely bound to the inner membrane than the latter. Upon ageing at 0°C or by aerobic treatment with ferrous ions, the desmolase P-450 was more stable than the 11β-hydroxylase P-450. By utilizing artificial hydroxylating agents such as cumene hydroperoxide, H2O2, and sodium periodate, the hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone in the absence of NADPH was observed to a comparable extent with the reaction in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin and NADPH. However, the hydroxylation reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone was not supported by these artificial agents. Immunochemical cross-reactivity of bovine adrenal desmolase P-450 with rabbit liver microsomal P-450LM4 was also investigated. We found a weak but significant cross-reactivity between the adrenal mitochondrial P-450 and liver microsomal P-450LM4, indicating to some extent a homology between adrenal and liver cytochromes P-450.
Long-term follow-up of Acucise incision of ureteropelvic junction obstruction and ureteral strictures.

Abstract Objectives There are few data on the long-term effectiveness of various endoureterotomy procedures. One such technique for the treatment of ureteral strictures and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction utilizes a recently developed ureteral cutting balloon catheter, Acucise. This device may be used under fluoroscopic guidance alone, which significantly reduces operating time. The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term efficacy of the Acucise balloon in treatment of ureteral strictures and UPJ obstruction. Methods Fifteen patients have been treated with the Acucise balloon, with an average follow-up of 21.6 months. Five of the patients have been followed for more than 2 years, and 11 of the patients had greater than 1 year follow-up. Results The overall success rate, defined as resolution of obstruction radiographically or disappearance of symptoms, or both, was 73%, with only 4 overt failures. All but one of the procedures were completed in 45 minutes or less, and 13 of the 15 patients were treated as outpatients. There were two significant complications. Seventy-five percent (3 of 4) of the treatment failures occurred within the first 4 months following the original procedure. Of the 4 total failures, 2 patients had ureteral strictures greater than 2 cm in length, which were likely ischemic in nature secondary to previous surgeries. One patient, with a primary UPJ obstruction, was found to have a crossing vessel at subsequent open pyeloplasty. Conclusions The Acucise cutting balloon offers the urologist a rapid and effective alternative for the management of ureteral strictures and UPJ obstruction. In our experience, early results (3 to 4 months) are usually indicative of long-term success. Proper patient selection may further improve long-term results of this simple, innovative technique.
Perception of Heat in Cheese Sauces as Affected by Capsaicin Concentration, Fat Level, Fat Mimetic and Time

Perceived heat intensity in cheese sauces with five capsaicin levels, three fat levels and four fat mimetics was studied with time intensity techniques. Heat intensity was not related to fat mimetic. No differences occurred among fat levels at 0.0 and 0.4 ppm capsaicin. At 0.8 ppm capsaicin, maximum and total heat intensities of reduced- and low-fat sauces were equal; both were lower in full-fat sauces (p 0.001). Low-fat sauces exhibited greater maximum heat and total intensity than full-fat at 1.2 ppm capsaicin. At 1.6 ppm capsaicin, lowfat sauces had greater total intensity than either reduced- or full-fat (p 0.05) sauces. At low-fat levels, lower capsaicin concentrations provided heat equal to higher concentrations
The catalyst model of development: Lessons from Bangladesh's success with garment exports

Abstract This paper identifies, on a preliminary basis, the major elements that have contributed to Bangladesh's resounding success with garment exports. The lessons to be learned from Bangladesh's success with garment exports, as they apply to the search for a workable development strategy in low-income developing countries with very unfavorable initial conditions, are profound enough to warrant further in-depth research designed to generalize the preliminary findings. The paper sketches a catalyst model of development based on the experience of Bangladesh's success with garment exports: the model can be considered as a foreword to, as well as a hypothesis for, this future research. First, the catalyst model of development is a model for initiating development in an outward-oriented direction, based on the pioneering efforts of foreign and local catalysts. Second, the catalyst model of development is a model for transmitting throughout the entire economy the development initiated by catalysts. Third, the catalyst model of development is a model for sequencing realistic policy reforms, starting from equal-footing export incentives (i.e., equal footing with foreign competitors), parallel to the increasing industrial competence gained through world market competition initiated and transmitted throughout the economy by the catalysts.
Risky sex and drinking contexts in freshman first offenders

Two hundred and seventy-six sexually active college freshmen were surveyed as part of an adjudication process for having violated university substance abuse guidelines. This study examined the relationship between drinking contexts and risky sex while controlling for problem drinking. Results demonstrated that drinking excessively in intimate situations was significantly associated with greater expectancies of alcohol's sex-enhancing effects and with risky sexual behaviors (RSB). In addition, risky sex expectancies (RSE) and behaviors were higher among males who drank excessively to cope with negative emotions. Implications for early intervention are noted.
Classes of difficult-to-diagnose transition fault clusters

An earlier paper showed that the accuracy of a fault diagnosis procedure based on single faults is reduced when it attempts to diagnose transition faults that are clustered in an area. This is due to the increased possibility that the effects of clustered faults will interact. This paper defines three different types of clusters. In path-based clusters, transition faults are clustered along a subpath. In adjacency-based clusters, transition faults are clustered on adjacent lines. In cone-based clusters, transition faults are clustered in a logic cone. Adjacency-based clusters were considered earlier. This paper shows that cone-based clusters are more difficult to diagnose. They thus provide a more challenging target for diagnosis procedures based on single faults, and they can explain reports of difficult-to-diagnose defects.
Unusual Control Structure for High Reflux Ratio Distillation Columns

Distillation control wisdom suggests that reflux flow rate should be used to control the reflux-drum level when the reflux ratio is large (>3). In the typical case where a single-end temperature control structure is used, reboiler heat input is used to control a tray temperature at an appropriate location in the column. When the reflux ratio is large and reflux is used to control the reflux-drum level, a frequently used scheme controls the reflux ratio by measuring the reflux flow rate and rationing the distillate flow rate to the reflux flow rate. However, in many single-end distillation control structures, the inherent ability to handle feed composition disturbances is better for a fixed reflux-to-feed ratio than for a fixed reflux ratio. Using reflux to control the reflux-drum level precludes the use of this structure. This dilemma can be resolved by using an unusual control structure in which the reflux-drum level is controlled by reboiler heat input and a tray temperature is controlled by manipulatin...
The trac model: A practical map for group process and management

Abstract The authors describe a practical conceptualization of group process and management, titled the TRAC model (tasking, relating, acquiring, contacting), which takes into consideration the changing nature of group life.
Determining the Scatter in Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Based on Variations in Bulk Property Data

A technique to predict the variability of the Paris regime fatigue crack growth rates in ductile materials based on bulk property (yield strength, hardening modulus, and fracture toughness) variation is presented. The prediction, based on the plastic dissipation in the reversed plastic zone ahead of the crack tip, is carried out for Ti-6Al-4V. The empirical distributions of the bulk properties of Ti-6Al-4V are characterized and directly used in the probabilistic assessment of the fatigue crack growth rate. Since computing the plastic dissipation is a computationally intensive procedure, a novel sampling scheme based on confidence interval minimization was used to generate the empirical distribution of fatigue crack growth rate. This technique also predicts correlation between fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness, which may be useful in probabilistic design of turbines.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Cross-National Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Economic Deprivation on Crime

This study develops and tests a model of economic deprivation and crime using data from 52 nations for the years 1995–1999. The model, centering on the role of absolute and relative economic deprivation in mediating crime, predicts that social change causes variation in economic deprivation, which, in turn, leads to variation in crime rates. The results show that the relative deprivation variable, income inequality, mediates a large portion of the effects of two social change variables, population growth and urbanization, on homicide, while one of the absolute deprivation variables, GDP, transmits a great part of the effects of social change variables on theft. Both social change variables were found to have a weak direct connection to homicide and theft rates. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Evaluation of intravenous lidocaine for the termination of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease with or without healed myocardial infarction

Prospective evaluations of intravenous lidocaine as therapy for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the absence of acute myocardial infarction are lacking. Lidocaine has been promulgated as first-line therapy in patients with VT, but studies evaluating its efficacy in the electrophysiology laboratory suggest that it has poor effects in terminating or preventing induction of VT. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of lidocaine in 3 cohorts with induced or spontaneous VT. One hundred twenty-eight patients with stable VT, occurring either spontaneously or induced at the time of electrophysiologic study either in the baseline state or at the time of pharmacologic testing, were evaluated. The response rate to lidocaine therapy as manifested by termination of VT was the primary goal of the study. Of these patients, 10 (8%) had termination of VT after lidocaine therapy. There were no significant differences in age, ejection fraction, VT cycle length, and mean dose of lidocaine between responders and 118 nonresponders. There were no serious side effects or adverse events (death, myocardial infarction, angina, or congestive heart failure). Lidocaine, although safe, is ineffective in terminating stable VT not associated with acute myocardial infarction.
Simultaneous imaging and pH measurement with a single 250-micron-diameter optical fiber

Simultaneous imaging and pH measurements with a single200-micron-diameter optical fiberDavid R. Walt and Karen S. BronkMax Tishler Laboratory for Organic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155ABSTRACTThe distal tip of a 200 .tm imaging fiber comprised of thousands of 2 im fibers is coatedwith a thin layer of pH sensitive material. Polymerization is initiated thermally, and results in auniform coating of p01yHEMA/fluorescein on the order of 10 tm thick. Performance data for thisfiber demonstrates it is capable of simultaneous pH measurements and near field imaging.1. INTRODUCTIONMany applications of near field microscopy utilize fluorescent measurements as a means ofdetermining chemical concentrations. Most of the methods involve staining processes in which ananalyte sensitive dye is added to the specimen. The resulting fluorescence is then viewed. Thedyes used in this approach may be toxic and sometimes irreversibly perturb the specimen. In some
Mindfulness: Seeking a More Perfect Approach to Coping with Life’s Challenges

This is a preliminary investigation of the role mindfulness plays in relation to cognitive coping strategies in healthy and dysfunctional forms of perfectionism. It was our hypothesis that higher levels of positive perfectionism would be associated with increased mindfulness, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. The present study used hierarchical regression and correlational designs with a sample of 232 male and female college students. Results suggest that mindfulness has a significant effect in the prediction of positive and negative perfectionism and life satisfaction. Correlational findings indicate significant positive correlations between high levels of mindfulness, self-esteem, proactive coping, and high satisfaction with life. Furthermore, findings demonstrate a significant correlation between lack of mindfulness, negative perfectionism, depression, and rumination. This study provides a plausible argument for the potential importance and benefits of mindfulness in relation to perfectionism and life satisfaction. Further research should investigate whether mindfulness could be a useful tool for negative perfectionists to utilize as a means of decreasing depression and thus increasing life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Organizing knowledge syntheses: A taxonomy of literature reviews

A taxonomy of literature reviews in education and psychology is presented. The taxonomy categorizes reviews according to: (a) focus; (b) goal; (c) perspective; (d) coverage; (e) organization; and (f) audience. The seven winners of the American Educational Research Association’s Research Review Award are used to illustrate the taxonomy’s categories. Data on the reliability of taxonomy codings when applied by readers is presented. Results of a survey of review authors provides baseline data on how frequently different types of reviews appear in the education and psychology literature. How the taxonomy might help in judging the quality of literature reviews is discussed, along with more general standards for evaluating reviews.
Children, disability, and chronic care.

There has been a revolution in the past 50 years in the United States in the care and education of children born with disabilities. The revolution started with the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, first passed and lightly federally funded in 1975 and now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), reauthorized initially in 2002. These transformations have not been without enormous costs, both human and
Structural Investigations of Platinum(II) Styrene and Styryl Complexes and Mechanistic Study of Vinylic Deprotonation

The X-ray structures of the π-complex [Pt(PNP)(CH2═CHPh)](BF4)2 and the σ-complex [Pt(PNP)((E)-CH═CHPh)]BF4 are reported (PNP = 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine). The styrene complex undergoes vinylic deprotonation by reaction with the weakly basic nucleophiles ROH (R = Me, Et, H), which was monitored by 1H and 31P NMR. The mechanistic pathway includes nucleophilic addition of the oxygen donor nucleophiles to the coordinated styrene. The resulting addition products [Pt(PNP)(CH2CHPhOR)]BF4 transformed to the styryl complex only when protons are present. Similarly, the related 1-vinylnaphthalene complex [Pt(PNP)(CH2═CHC10H7)](BF4)2 undergoes vinylic deprotonation in the presence of methanol, forming the corresponding σ-complex [Pt(PNP)((E)-CH═CHC10H7)]BF4.
Dynamics of Rotor Bearing Systems Supported by Floating Ring Bearings

A general analysis and computational method is presented for calculating the unbalance and self-excited response of high-speed rotor-bearing systems. The analysis is applied to the calculation of the transient response of a rotor supported by two floating ring bearings. Included in the analysis are rotor gyroscopic moments as well as the flexibility of the shaft. Emphasis is placed on determining rotor whirl orbits as influenced by rotor unbalance, the phase angle of the unbalance masses, the clearances of the bearings, the viscosity of the lubricant, and the shock loads that the rotor may be subjected to. It is found that the rotor-bearing system normally operates in an unstable mode in the linear stability sense. However, the nonlinear forces developed by the fluid films of the floating ring bearing will bring the rotor-bearing system to whirl at a limit cycle well within the clearance circles. It is also shown that the rotor assembly will undergo a conical motion when the rotor and wheel configuration is asymmetrical.
Thermometric titration studies of the effect of head group, chain length, solvent, and temperature on the thermodynamics of micelle formation

Abstract The changes in enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity that accompany micelle formation for sodium, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl sulfate, dimethyldecyl and dimethyldodecyl phosphine oxide, sodium dodecoyl sarcosinate, and dodecylpyridinium chloride and bromide were determined by thermometric titrations between 21 and 35° in aqueous solution. The enthalpy and entropy changes exhibited a correlation for a given chain length consistent with a compensation temperature of about 300°. In general, the enthalpy and entropy changes, which appear to be rather complex parameters, did not parallel the heat capacity change. The change in heat capacity for micellization appears mainly to reflect solvent effects. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was also studied in 6 M urea, 10% ethanol, 0.1 M sucrose, 0.1 M NaC1, 0.5 M NaCl, and 0.1 M NaBr. A comparison of enthalpy changes that have been determined by calorimetry and from the temperature dependence of the CMC indicates that the two approaches should not be assumed to yield identical results.
Missionaries and the Development of a Colonial Ideology of Female Education in India

Protestant missionaries in India developed a fully articulated ideology of female education in the 1840s. They employed a separate spheres gender construction in a colonial context, assigning to the female the leading role as the custodian of culture, thus regarding her as the key to successful proselytism and cultural transformation. This ideology was the work of male missionaries before females entered the field in large numbers, and was deeply dependent on prior Indological discourse. The ideology and its emphasis on the formation of character influenced both colonial educators and nationalist writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Level of Self-Actualization among Process and Reactive Schizophrenics, Alcoholics, and Normals: A Construct Validity Study of the Personal Orientation Inventory

To extend its validity, the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was administered to hospitalized patients including 24 classified as Process Schizophrenics, 24 as Reactive Schizophrenics, 22 as Alcoholics, and 24 as Normals (medical patients). Considerable support was found for the predicted order from most to least self-actualized of Normal, Alcoholic, Reactive Schizophrenic, and Process Schizophrenic. Significantly consistent patterns and frequently significant differences on individual measures were found when Normals and Alcoholics were compared with Process and Reactive Schizophrenics. A significantly consistent pattern of higher scores for Reactives than for Process Schizophrenics was found but only one significant difference in subscales occurred. Smaller differences were found among the Schizophrenics than between them and the nonpsychotic groups. No significant differences were found between the Alcoholic and Normal groups. Findings were interpreted as generally supporting the construct validity...
Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates by age, race/ethnicity, and indices of access to medical care, 1995–2004 (United States).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates in the US decreased rapidly since 1998. This is largely thought to reflect increases in utilization of CRC screening through detection and removal of adenomatous polyps. However, the extent to which the decrease varies by age, race/ethnicity, and differences in access to medical care is largely unknown. Temporal trends in CRC incidence rates were examined from 1995 to 2004 by regression analysis according to age (50–64, ≥65), race/ethnicity (whites, African Americans, and Hispanics), and categories of county-level indicators of access to care (poverty, primary care physician supply [PCP], uninsured rate [age 50–64], and metro/nonmetro) using incidence data from 19 cancer registries, covering about 53% of the US population. Changes in colorectal endoscopic screening and fecal occult blood stool test (FOBT) from 1995–1997 to 2002–2004 for the same set of county-level indicators were also analyzed, using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Among whites, CRC incidence rates decreased significantly from 1998 through 2004 in age ≥65, but not in age 50–64 in counties with high uninsured or poverty rates, fewer PCPs, or in nonmetro areas. Among African Americans or Hispanics, rates did not decrease in age 50–64 in general and age ≥65 in counties with high poverty rates, low PCP supply, and nonmetro counties (African Americans). Colorectal endoscopic screening rates increased significantly among whites in both age groups, but not among Hispanics (aged 50–64 in general and aged ≥65 residing in high poverty counties) or African Americans residing in counties with higher uninsured rates (age 50–64), low PCP supply, high poverty rates, and nonmetro counties (age ≥ 65). FOBT rates remained unchanged during the study time period. Our results suggest that individuals residing in poorer communities with lower access to medical care have not experienced the reduction in CRC incidence rates that have benefited more affluent communities; these disparities may be related to health care access barriers to colorectal endoscopic screening.
Fluvial sedimentary deposits on Mars : Ancient deltas in a crater lake in the Nili Fossae region

[1] New spacecraft observations in the Nili Fossae region of Mars reveal two valley networks (∼80 and ∼200 km long) that each formed distributary fans as they entered an ancient 40-km diameter impact crater. An outlet channel on the eastern crater rim, lying at an elevation above the fans, suggests these fans formed as subaqueous deltas in a crater lake. Water flowing in the valley networks entered the crater and deposited the fans, and ponded to a maximum depth of about 450 m. The lake then overtopped and breached the crater rim, incising it and dropping the lake level by ∼100 m. Geological evidence, combined with the volume of water necessary to fill the crater, suggests the duration of flow through this system was prolonged. The existence of the deposits described here implies that the early Martian environment supported overland flow and ponding of water for an extended period of time.
MSL V&V CEDL Mechanical Systems test program

Mars Science Laboratory is a scientific mission with exploration rover. In order to accomplish this mission, the rover must be transported from Earth to the Martian surface, including Cruise, Entry, Descent, and Landing phases (CEDL). The key challenges for testing CEDL Mechanical System lie in the physical size of the spacecraft and major subassemblies, complex configuration, multiple load cases, numerous separation events, new unique “Sky Crane” landing method, budget and schedule limitations, and difficulties associated with testing in Earth environments1. This paper will describe the Verification and Validation (V&V) CEDL Mechanical Systems Test Program and key challenges of each of subsystem tests”.
Methods of structural optimization

The paper is concerned with methods of optimal structural design. Typical ingredients of structural optimization problems are discussed in Sect. 1. The basic problem is identified as one in mathematical programming, in general nonlinear programming, and the difficulties are indicated that are experienced in the application of standard methods of nonlinear programming. The following three sections deal with optimal plastic design, which is the most developed area of structural optimization because linear programming is applicable to it. Sections 2 and 3 are respectively concerned with the optimal plastic design of a truss of given layout and the determination of the optimal layout of a truss that has to transmit given loads to a given foundation. Optimal plastic design of beams and grillages is discussed in Sect. 4. Section 5 is devoted to optimal design of elastic trusses and beams. Computational aspects of structural optimization are discussed in Sect. 6,and some new ideas are mentioned in Sect. 7.
Music Therapists’ Research Activity and Utilization Barriers: A Survey of the Membership

BACKGROUND Music therapists have access to a rapidly expanding body of research supporting the use of music-based interventions. What is not known is the extent to which music therapists access these resources and what factors may prevent them from incorporating research findings into clinical work. OBJECTIVE After constructing the Music Therapists' Research Activity and Utilization Barrier (MTRAUB) database, the purposes of this study involved: assessing the extent to which American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) members engage in certain research-related activities; and identifying respondents' perceived barriers to integrating research into clinical practice. METHODS This study employed a quantitative, non-experimental approach using an online survey. Respondents included professional, associate, student/graduate student, retired, inactive, and honorary life members of AMTA. Instrumentation involved a researcher-designed Background Questionnaire as well as the Barriers to Research Utilization Scale (BARRIERS; Funk, Champagne, Wiese, & Tornquist, 1991), a tool designed to assess perceived barriers to incorporating research into practice. RESULTS Of the 3,194 survey invitations distributed, 974 AMTA members replied (a response rate of 30%). Regarding research-related activities, descriptive findings indicate that journal reading is the most frequently reported research-related activity while conducting research is the least frequently reported activity. Results from the BARRIERS Scale indicated that Organizational and Communication factors are perceived as interfering most prominently with the ability to utilize research in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that research-related activity and perceived barriers vary as a function of educational attainment, work setting, and occupational role. The author discusses these differential findings in detail, suggests supportive mechanisms to encourage increased research activity and utilization, and offers recommendations for further analysis of the MTRAUB data.
III–V CMOS: What have we learned from HEMTs?

The ability of Si CMOS to continue to scale down transistor size while delivering enhanced logic performance has recently come into question. An end to Moore's Law threatens to bring to a halt the microelectronics revolution: a historical 50 year run of exponential progress in the power of electronics that has profoundly transformed human society. The outstanding transport properties of certain III–V compound semiconductors make these materials attractive to address this problem. This paper outlines the case for III–V CMOS, harvests lessons from recent research on III–V High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) and summarizes some of the key challenges in front of a future III–V logic technology.
Introduction of programmable gate arrays into an introductory logic design course

This paper describes the staged introduction of design capture tools and field programmable gate array technology into an introductory logic design class required for all electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science majors. This gradual approach used consistently throughout the quarter does not interfere with the continuity of the course and does not require an unreasonable amount of student time to be devoted to learning the design tools. This is attainable when the goal is exposure of the student to the power and limitations of modern design approaches rather than attempting to achieve the level of an expert user.
Photoelectron resonance capture ionization mass spectrometry of fatty acids in olive oil

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) mass spectrometry has been developed for the direct online analysis of organics, including lipids. Analysis is conducted without the need for sample preparation or chemical derivatization such as methylation, foregoing the use of harmful or toxic chemicals. PERCI is currently being adapted towards the analysis of edible oils. Herein, as a proof of principle of the simplicity and potential utility of this method towards the analysis of edible oils, we present the analysis of the prevalent fatty acids (FA) in Tuscan extra-virgin olive oil along with triolein and linolenic acid (LNA) standards. Ionization of olive oil results in little fragmentation of the prevalent FA, which are measured as their molecular ions, [FA-H] - . The relative concentrations of these FA determined by PERCI were in good agreement with established values. Further utility of PERCI was demonstrated by interrogation of ozonized LNA and olive oil, with 13 of the 18 anticipated products of the ozonolysis of LNA measured as their molecular anions, [M-H] - . Similarly, the PERCI mass spectrum of ozonized olive oil showed all the anticipated ions of the predominant FA, oleic acid, as well as many molecular ions arising from less abundant unsaturated FA.
A trough leaky-wave antenna

In this paper, a trough leaky-wave antenna is considered that was inspired by the half-width microstrip leaky-wave. The TLW antenna is naturally suitable for flush-mount installation in a metallic body such as an automobile. The radiation characteristics will be investigated in more detail such as the design of the matching cavities and their effect on the upper half-space radiation pattern as well as the VSWR and main-lobe direction.
Local and global parametric analysis of reacting flows

Abstract This paper presents a selected overview of current techniques available for analyzing parametric behavior of dynamical systems including reactive flows. The paper is based on a series of lectures presented at Cornell University, and the discussion is broadly divided into the realms of local and global techniques. Local procedures are capable of addressing a rich variety of questions associated with the behavior of dynamical systems near a chosen operating point in parameter space. On the other hand, global procedures are specifically designed to map out solution behavior over wide ranges of parameter space for both statistical analysis as well as objective function mapping. Techniques for accomplishing all of these tasks are in various stages of development and comments on current research directions are mentioned when appropriate.