cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 19 Models of auctions and competitive bidding

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the models of auctions and competitive bidding. As opposed to common transfer methods such as negotiations and posted prices, auctions and competitive bidding are particular formalized forms of economic competition. The formal nature of auctions and bidding is of special interest to analysts including operations researchers. The chapter surveys a wide variety of mathematical models of auction phenomena. The chapter discusses the design of competitive systems, the objectives involved in such a design process, how process design decisions relate to other decisions, the various methodologies that can contribute to the design process, and a number of different application areas and some of the issues that arise in them. Some of the better known and documented areas where formal analysis has been applied to the design of auctions are also discussed.
Critical Impurity Concentrations for Power Multiplication in Beam-Heated Toroidal Fusion Reactors

Using the most recent evaluations of power loss by impurity radiation, we have calculated the maximum permitted impurity concentration for various species as a function of Q, the ratio of deuterium...
Privacy-Aware Message Exchanges for Geographically Routed Human Movement Networks

This paper introduces a privacy-aware geographic routing protocol for Human Movement Networks (HumaNets). HumaNets are fully decentralized opportunistic and delay-tolerate networks composed of smartphone devices. Such networks allow participants to exchange messages phone-to-phone and have applications where traditional infrastructure is unavailable (e.g., during a disaster) and in totalitarian states where cellular network monitoring and censorship are employed. Our protocol leverages self-determined location profiles of smartphone operators’ movements as a predictor of future locations, enabling efficient geographic routing over metropolitan-wide areas. Since these profiles contain sensitive information about participants’ prior movements, our routing protocol is designed to minimize the exposure of sensitive information during a message exchange. We demonstrate via simulation over both synthetic and real-world trace data that our protocol is highly scalable, leaks little information, and balances privacy and efficiency: messages are 30% more likely to be delivered than similar random walk protocols, and the median latency is only 23-28% greater than epidemic protocols while requiring an order of magnitude fewer messages.
Let's get ready for a unit in Alice 2.2: pre-conference workshop

Carnegie Mellon's Alice is a teaching tool that uses 3D graphics to create a fun and engaging first programming experience. Incorporating a unit using Alice in an applications, graphical art, or web design course will introduce students to fundamental programming concepts and hopefully interest a diverse group of students in taking additional coursework in computing. Participants in this hands-on workshop who have no Alice experience will learn the Alice 2.2 environment, and all participants will leave with materials for a 2-week instructional unit in Alice 2.2. As participants work through the unit materials, pedagogical considerations will be presented and discussed.
Models for convergence, subduction and back-arc development: Plate motions, boundary forces, and horizontal temperature gradients: Implications for the driving mechanism

Abstract Largely because of the wide variety of observational constraints which must be satisfied, the search for a viable driving mechanism is perhaps the most perplexing problem related to plate tectonics. The mechanism must be compatible with the rigid behavior of lithospheric plates, and with a wide range of plate sizes, shapes and motions. It must be consistent with complex configurations of plate boundaries and equally complex boundary interactions, such as the destruction of ridges at subduction zones. The mechanism must produce steady-state relative and absolute plate motions which persist for tens of millions of years, but must also account for sudden dramatic changes. Finally, the plate driving mechanism must be consistent with the non-Newtonian properties of olivine and with the fabrics of upper mantle peridotites. Mounting evidence suggests that plate motions result from forces associated with plate boundaries and that the principal resisting force is drag at the base of the lithosphere, particularly beneath continents Several investigators have suggested that gravitational forces acting on thermally-induced, lateral density variations in the upper mantle are the principal driving forces for plate tectonics. If so, plate motions are ultimately controlled by the temperature distribution in the upper mantle, and plate tectonics represents a state of dynamic equilibrium in which plate motions are both the cause and the consequence of temperature and density variations in the mantle. This concept requires that average absolute plate velocities be predictable from the characteristics of individual plates, and that plates tend to move down horizontal temperature gradients. A simple linear relation which includes contributions from ridge push (RP) , slab pull (SP) , trench suction (TS) and continental drag ( CD ): ( cm / y ) = (2.6 ± 0.4) + (4.8 ± 1.8) RP + (14.3 ± 1.7) SP +(3.5 ± 2.5) TS −(5.1 ±0.7) CD predicts plate velocities with an rms error of 0.44 cm/y, and a correlation coefficient of 0.98. That plate velocities can be accurately predicted from their own boundary configurations and proportions of continental lithosphere is strong evidence that plate motions result from negative buoyancy forces associated with plate boundaries.
Computations of the oblique impingement of round jets upon a plane wall

An inviscid, rotational flow model for incompressible jet impingement is formulated in terms of vector and scalar potentials and the vector vorticity. The set of four elliptic partial-differential equations governing the kinematics of the flow and three coupled hyperbolic equations for the vorticity are solved numerically for the impingement of fully developed round jets upon a plane wall at incidence angles of 90 (normal), 75, and 60 deg. The finite-difference computations are consistent with both existing rotational stagnation point analysis and reported data on stagnation point location, wall pressure, and, to a lesser extent, azimuthal distribution of momentum efflux.
Risk Assessment of Genotoxic Impurities in Marketed Compounds Administered over a Short-Term Duration: Applications to Oncology Products and Implications for Impurity Control Limits

Controlling impurities during drug development improves product quality and minimizes safety risks to the patient. Recent regulatory guidance on genotoxic impurities (GTIs) state that identified GTIs are unusually toxic and require lower reporting, identification, and qualification limits than outlined in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline “Impurities in New Drug Substances Q3A(R2).” [ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline: Impurities in New Drug Substances (Q3A), (R2); International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), 2006.] Patient safety is always the underlying focus, but the overall impurity control strategy is also driven by appropriate “as low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP)(2) procedures that include assessment of process capability and associated analytical techniques. In combination with ALARP, safe and appropriate GTI levels are currently identified using chronic toxicology-based limits calcula...
Food avoidance in rats: the differential effects of shock, illness and repellents.

Rats were exposed to a variety of noxious stimuli that may be used in wildlife management, i.e., repellents, conditioned repellents and poison. Changes in the latency to food approach and the amount of food consumed were consistent with previous research which suggests that important differences exist between toxin-induced illness and aversive stimulation of skin, nose or mouth.
Age differences in effects of hypothermic ischemia on endothelial and ventricular function.

Background Prior studies indicate that immature myocardium has a greater tolerance to ischemia. Prior studies from our laboratory have shown that impaired postischemic endothelial function was correlated with reduced ventricular contractility, and that coronary endothelium has an important role in ischemia and reperfusion injury in neonatal hearts. Methods We examined the differences of endothelial function as well as ventricular function between immature and mature hearts in isolated blood-perfused lamb and sheep hearts after 2 hours of 15 °C cardioplegic ischemia. Three groups were defined according to age: neonatal ( Results At 30 minutes of reperfusion, the neonatal and infant hearts achieved significantly improved recovery of left ventricular systolic (maximum developed pressure and positive first time derivative of pressure, and volume normalized developed pressure and first time derivative of pressure) and diastolic (negative maximum first time derivative of pressure) functions and coronary blood flow. The postischemic endothelial function determined by the coronary vasodilator response to acetytlcholine was better in the neonatal and infant hearts compared with the adult hearts ( p Conclusions These results show that the immature hearts had better recovery of endothelial function and coronary blood flow as well as ventricular function compared with adult hearts after hypothermic ischemia and reperfusion. These results combined with previous studies add further support to the concept that events in the coronary vascular bed play an important role in reperfusion injury in both immature and mature hearts.
Immunological properties of myosin light-chain kinases.

Abstract We have studied the immunological and structural properties of myosin light-chain kinases. Immunological studies were performed with affinity-purified antibodies to turkey gizzard smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that avian smooth muscles contain a myosin light-chain kinase of Mr 130 000, whereas the enzyme immunoprecipitated from canine smooth muscles tested has an Mr of 150 000. These antibodies do not react with cardiac- or skeletal-muscle myosin light-chain kinases. Experiments performed with myosin light-chain kinases purified from turkey gizzards (Mr 130 000), bovine tracheal smooth muscle (Mr160 000) and human platelets (Mr 100 000) demonstrated the following: (a) the primary structures of the turkey gizzard and bovine tracheal enzymes appear to be quite different, based on one-dimensional peptide maps; (b) only one-third as many antibodies bind to the bovine tracheal enzyme as compared to the turkey gizzard enzyme; (c) the antibody:myosin light-chain kinase ratios for half-maximal inhibition of all three enzymes are similar. Based on these data, we conclude that myosin light-chain kinases constitute an immunologically and structurally heterogeneous group of enzymes that have certain catalytic and regulatory properties in common.
Near 1-designs

A n × m (0, 1)-matrix with row and column sums at least two and column inner products one has m ⩾ n. The case m = n is settled by a theorem of de Bruijn and Erdos [4]. This paper settles the case m = n − 1. It is found that such a matrix is a partial projective plane with one exception occurring for n = 6.
The effects of D/Q and D/VA inequalities on pulmonary oxygen diffusing capacity estimates.

Abstract Bohr-integrated estimates of steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen (D l O 2 ) were calculated using lung compartments with different V a /Q rations. Compartmental diffusing capacity was distributed in proportion to either ventilation or blood flow. This method was applied to 115 gas exchange data sets previously collected from healthy human subjects during normoxic ( P i O 2 = 148 Torr ) or acute hypoxic ( P i O 2 = 80 Torr ) exercise. Ventilation-weighted estimates of oxygen diffusing capacity exceeded blood flow-weighted estimates by 10 and 78% during hypoxia and normoxia, respectively. While blood flow-weighted D l O 2 estimates during heavy exercise were greater in hypoxia than in normoxia (mean ± SEM of 87.1 ± 4.4 vs 53.0 ± 3.1 ml·min −1 ·Torr −1 ), ventilation-weighted estimates were not significantly different (93.2 ± 5.5 vs 96.3 ± 9.4 ml·min −1 ·Torr −1 ). These results show that the effect of D/Q inequality on D l O 2 estimates is greater at higher levels of inspired oxygen. Furthermore, a D/Q mismatch of similar magnitude as the V a /Q mismatch that is observed during heavy exercise can account for a previously observed discrepancy between normoxic and hypoxic oxygen diffusing capacity estimates.
Prenatal cocaine and cell development in rat brain regions: effects on ornithine decarboxylase and macromolecules.

Abstract Prenatal cocaine exposure has been shown to cause neurobehavioral abnormalities. To determine whether effects on basic patterns of cell development underlie these functional deficits, we examined the aftermath of acute and chronic cocaine exposure on ontogenetic patterns of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key regulator of cell replication/differentiation, DNA synthesis as monitored by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, and markers of cell number (DNA content) and cell size (protein/DNA ratio). Administration of 30 mg/kg SC of cocaine to pregnant rats on gestational day 20 resulted in acute increases of ODC throughout the brain. When the same dose of cocaine was given daily from gestational days 8 through 20, ODC elevations persisted into the neonatal period but disappeared by the middle of the first postnatal week. Although this treatment regimen retarded maternal weight gain, there was little or no effect on pup body or brain region weights. Similarly, minor changes in DNA synthesis were seen in two brain regions (forebrain, cerebellum), but DNA content was largely unaffected. Postnatal cell growth was significantly reduced in the forebrain, as evidenced by deficits in protein/DNA but, again, the magnitude of effect was quite small. Raising the daily dose of cocaine to 100 mg/kg resulted in significant maternal mortality and fetal resorptions in surviving dams. Shortening the treatment regimen to a 3-day period (gestational days 18 through 20) eliminated the effects on maternal weight gain and on postnatal pup brain region ODC. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to cocaine does have adverse effects on biomarkers of cell development in fetal and neonatal brain, but that the outcomes are relatively minor when compared to those of other drugs, such as nicotine, that share some of the pharmacological features of cocaine, especially fetal hypoxia/ischemia. The functional deficits attributable to fetal cocaine exposure thus probably reflect actions directed toward specific cell or synaptic populations, as opposed to global effects on cell development.
The Impact of Accommodation on Retinal Image Quality During Human Infancy

Abnormal retinal image quality is associated with abnormal development of both visual cortex and refractive error. This talk will cover the role of accommodation in visual system development during infancy and early childhood.
On the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry in semiconductor device materials and process development

Abstract This paper describes how secondary ion mass spectrometry can be used effectively in semiconductor device materials and process development. A short overview of the experimental technique is given followed by applications in the following areas: (1) basic research; (2) new process development; (3) trouble-shooting current processing; (4) analysis of competitors' devices.
Implementing the community health worker model within diabetes management: challenges and lessons learned from programs across the United States.

Purpose The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine methods of implementation of the community health worker (CHW) model within diabetes programs, as well as related challenges and lessons learned. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with program managers. Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycInfo), the CDC's 1998 directory of CHW programs, and Google Search Engine were used to identify CHW programs. Criteria for inclusion were: DM program; used CHW strategy; occurred in United States. Two independent reviewers performed content analyses to identify major themes and findings. Sixteen programs were assessed, all but 3 focused on minority populations. Most CHWs were recruited informally; 6 programs required CHWs to have diabetes. Results CHW roles and responsibilities varied across programs; educator was the most commonly identified role. Training also varied in terms of both content and intensity. All programs gave CHWs remuneration for their work. Common challenges included difficulties with CHW retention, intervention fidelity and issues related to sustainability. Cultural and gender issues also emerged. Examples of lessons learned included the need for community buy-in and the need to anticipate nondiabetes related issues. Conclusions Lessons learned from these programs may be useful to others as they apply the CHW model to diabetes management within their own communities. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific features of this model necessary to positively impact health outcomes.
Current and Future Trends in Human Resources Analytics Adoption

While many organizations use business intelligence and analytics in business functions including Supply Chain, Finance, Accounting and Marketing, they have taken little advantage of this in the Human Resources HR management area. Seeing tremendous opportunities in the use of analytics, businesses are taking big measures, such as creating a culture of making critical decisions validated by data driven approaches and hiring analytics professionals in areas that promises high rates of return. Experts continue to emphasize the importance of analytics for HR to transform itself into a more effective resource for the organization. In this paper the authors study the current and the near future states of analytics in Human Resources area. With information collected from leading job search engines, SimplyHired.com and Indeed.com, the authors have modeled trends in hiring analytics professionals in different functional areas of business. The authors compared the HR analytics trend with trends in hiring analytics professionals in Supply Chain, Finance, Accounting and Marketing functions. The extent to which companies are hiring analytics professionals now should be a good indication of analytics adoptions in the future.
Hepatitis G virus infection before and after liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation Database

The hepatitis G virus is a newly discovered flavivirus that has been linked to acute and chronic hepatitis of unknown cause. We determined the prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection in 179 selected patients undergoing liver transplantation at three centers participating in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Liver Transplantation Database. Pretransplantation and posttransplantation specimens were tested for hepatitis G virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Before transplantation, 9 of 38 (24%) patients with fulminant hepatic failure, 9 of 62 (15%) with cryptogenic cirrhosis, 3 of 35 (9%) with cholestatic liver disease, and 5 of 44 (11%) with chronic hepatitis C were positive for hepatitis G virus RNA (P = .27). Patients with and without viral RNA were similar in clinical features, liver test abnormalities, and survival after transplantation. Posttransplantation serum specimens were tested from 73 patients; 9 of 11 (82%) who were positive for viral RNA before transplantation remained positive, but 35 of 62 (56%) patients who were initially negative became positive after transplantation, a rate consistent with that predicted from the number of blood products administered. Only 5% of de novo HGV infections could be attributed to preexisting hepatitis G virus RNA in the donor. Comparison of patients with and without hepatitis G virus infection showed no difference in incidence of hepatitis after transplantation. Thus, hepatitis G virus infection was present in 15% of patients before and appeared de novo in half of patients after liver transplantation. Although hepatitis G virus infection was not associated with poor outcome, the frequency of this infection after transplantation calls for further long-term evaluation.
Transplantation of en bloc kidneys from very small pediatric donors.

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Pelletier and colleagues entitled ‘Recovery and utilization of deceased donor kid-neys from small pediatric donors’ (1). The authors docu-mented that in the United States, between 1993 and 2002, recovery ...
Cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm shift for prostate cancer treatment

Prostate cancer remains a significant health problem for men in the Western world. Although treatment modalities are available, these do not confer long-term benefit and are accompanied by deleterious side effects. Immunotherapy represents a valuable alternative to conventional treatments by inducing tumour-specific immune responses that control the growth of cancer cells. Sipuleucel-T is approved by the FDA as an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although this approval has raised cost-versus-benefit issues, it has provided proof of concept for the therapeutic potential of active immunotherapy approaches for metastatic CRPC. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated clinical benefit using immunotherapy compared to traditional chemotherapy and several active immunotherapy approaches (at various developmental stages)have demonstrated the potential to change the face of prostate cancer treatment.
Synthesis of Mono-B-alkylcyclotriborazanes. Structural Characterization of 2-(PhC2H4)B3N3H11

The new mono-B-alkylcyclotriborazanes 2-(PhC2H4)B3N3H11 and 2-(C2H5)B3N3H11 have been synthesized by reaction of the mono-B-alkylborazines 2-(PhC2H4)B3N3H5 and 2-(C2H5)B3N3H5 with HCl, followed by reduction of the 2-RB3N3H5·3HCl intermediates with NaBH4. A structural determination of 2-(PhC2H4)B3N3H11 confirmed that the B3N3 ring adopts a chair conformation with the alkyl group attached to B2 in an equatorial position.
The first macrocyclic “layer-to-layer” type tetranuclear copper(II) complex: structure, stability and unprecedented catalase-like activity

Abstract The macrocyclic tetranuclear copper(II) complex [L2Cu4(μ-CO3)2](ClO4)4·4H2O is synthesized by [2 + 2] condensation of the organic ligand L and a rational [2 + 2] assembly of the polynuclear complex; the structure, stability and catalase-like activity are investigated.
Increasing the bandwidth of crowdsourced visual question answering to better support blind users

Many of the visual questions that blind people ask cannot be easily answered with a single image or a short response, especially when questions are of an exploratory nature, e.g. what is in this area, or what tools are available on this work bench? We introduce RegionSpeak to allow blind users to capture large areas of visual information, identify all of the objects within them, and explore their spatial layout with fewer interactions. RegionSpeak helps blind users capture all of the relevant visual information using an interface designed to support stitching multiple images together. We use a parallel crowdsourcing workflow that asks workers to define and describe regions of interest, allowing even complex images to be described quickly. The regions and descriptions are displayed on an auditory touchscreen interface, allowing users to know what is in a scene and how it is laid out.
Nature of the smectic-A - smectic-C phase transition in liquid crystals

Experimentally we present high-resolution ac calorimetry measurements on a liquid-crystal compound exhibiting a smectic-$A$---smectic-$C$ ($\mathrm{Sm}A\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sm}C$) phase transition which is shown to be mean-field-like. In the light of this experimental result, a simple and convincing argument, based on the mean-field theory, is given to explain why non-mean-field critical exponents were obtained in many of the studies on the $\mathrm{Sm}A\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sm}C$ transition. The theory not only gives an excellent fit to our data for temperatures below the transition temperature but also provides a qualitative prediction on the size of the deviation from the linear relationship between (${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T$) and the square of the order parameter. The predicted deviation is consistent with x-ray measurements on the order parameter of another liquid-crystal compound.
The stem-II acid deposition and photochemical oxidant model—II. A diagnostic analysis of mesoscale acid deposition

Abstract The MesoSTEM model is used to analyse data obtained during the Mesoscale Acid Deposition Study. The Mesoscale Acid Deposition Study was designed to investigate acid deposition on the urban-suburban scale by sampling well defined frontal storms around the city of Philadelphia using a surface based network. The MesoSTEM model was developed to provide diagnostic analysis of these data. The mesoSTEM model is a combination of the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS) predictive mesoscale dynamic meteorological model and the STEM-II model, a three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model. The MesoSTEM model is described in this paper and applied to the analysis of the 2 May 1985 storm. Elevated sulfate and nitrate deposition is predicted downwind of the major source areas and nitrate deposition exceeds that for sulfate. However, much of the NOx and SOx emitted on the mesoscale escapes the storm and becomes available for long-range transport and subsequent deposition.
Effect of barbiturates on the calcium-induced loss of respiratory control in beef heart mitochondria.

Abstract The addition of barbiturates (pentobarbital, Amytal, thiopental or thiamylal) to beef heart mitochondria that accumulated Ca2+ resulted in the loss of respiratory control. The effect of barbiturates was dependent on Ca2+ uptake, as the respiratory control was not lost when barbiturates were added after Sr2+ uptake. Barbiturates potentiated the calcium-induced configurational change of mitochondria (aggregated to orthodox) as determined by light-scattering measurements. These results indicate that barbiturates potentiate the calcium-induced membrane transition, which involves a calcium specific induction of non-specific permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to small molecules and ions [D. R. Hunter, R. A. Haworth and J. H. Southard, J. biol. Chem.251, 5069 (1976)].
Neuregulin-1 overexpression and Trp53 haploinsufficiency cooperatively promote de novo malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor pathogenesis

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are Schwann cell-derived malignancies that arise from plexiform neurofibromas in patients with mutation of the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene. We have shown that the growth factor neuregulin-1 (NRG1) also contributes to human neurofibroma and MPNST pathogenesis and that outbred C57BL/6J × SJL/J transgenic mice overexpressing NRG1 in Schwann cells (P0-GGFβ3 mice) recapitulate the process of neurofibroma-MPNST progression. However, it is unclear whether NRG1 acts predominantly within NF1-regulated signaling cascades or instead activates other essential cascades that cooperate with NF1 loss to promote tumorigenesis. We now report that tumorigenesis is suppressed in inbred P0-GGFβ3 mice on a C57BL/6J background. To determine whether NRG1 overexpression interacts with reduced Nf1 or Trp53 gene dosage to “unmask” tumorigenesis in these animals, we followed cohorts of inbred P0-GGFβ3;Nf1 +/−, P0-GGFβ3;Trp53 +/− and control (P0-GGFβ3, Nf1 +/− and Trp53 +/−) mice for 1 year. We found no reduction in survival or tumors in control and P0-GGFβ3;Nf1 +/− mice. In contrast, P0-GGFβ3;Trp53 +/− mice died on average at 226 days, with MPNSTs present in 95 % of these mice. MPNSTs in inbred P0-GGFβ3;Trp53 +/− mice arose de novo from micro-MPNSTs that uniformly develop intraganglionically. These micro-MPNSTs are of lower grade (WHO grade II–III) than the major MPNSTs (WHO grade III–IV); array comparative genomic hybridization showed that lower grade MPNSTs also had fewer genomic abnormalities. Thus, P0-GGFβ3;Trp53 +/− mice represent a novel model of low- to high-grade MPNST progression. We further conclude that NRG1 promotes peripheral nervous system neoplasia predominantly via its effects on the signaling cascades affected by Nf1 loss.
Relation of inflammation to peripheral arterial disease in the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2002.

The relation between inflammation and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is not well characterized. This study examined this relation and its consistency across important subgroups in a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the adult United States population. C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, leukocyte count, and PAD were assessed in a sample of 4,787 participants aged ≥40 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial blood pressure index
From Concept to Culture: The WWAMI Program at the University of Washington School of Medicine

ABSTRACTShortages of primary care physicians have historically affected rural areas more severely than urban and suburban areas. In 1970, the University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSOM) administrators and faculty initiated a four-state, community-based program to increase the number of gener
Chondromyxofibroma ossificans of the ethmoidal labyrinth in a child.

Abstract A case of Chondromyxofibroma ossificans located in the ethmoidal labyrinth of an 8-year-old girl is described. The tumor was removed radically.
Effects of icing on the aerodynamic performance of high lift airfoils

A 2D compressible Navier-Stokes solver capable of analyzing multi-element airfoils is described. The flow field is divided into multiple zones. In each zone, the governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. The flow solver is validated through a study of the aerodynamic characteristics of a GA(W)-1 configuration, for which good quality measured surface pressure data and load data are available. The solver is next applied to a study of the effects of icing on an iced 5-element airfoil configuration, experimentally studied at NASA Lewis Research Center. It is demonstrated that the formation of ice over the leading edge slat and the main airfoil can lead to significant flow separation, and a significant loss in lift, compared to clean configurations.
N-Butyrate incubation of immature chicken erythrocytes preferentially enhances the solubility of β^ chromatin

Abstract The solubility of adult beta-globin chromatin (beta A chromatin) from immature chicken red blood cells can be controlled by the presence or absence of n-butyrate in a cell incubation medium. In the absence of n-butyrate, only a small percentage (approximately 4%) of the total beta A chromatin is in a soluble chromatin fraction following micrococcal nuclease digestion and centrifugation. This percentage increases to approximately 40-45% of the beta A chromatin if cells are incubated 1 hour in the presence of 10 mM sodium n-butyrate. The highest yield and enrichment of solubilized beta A chromatin is attained when 1-4% of the DNA is rendered acid soluble, and in buffers containing 1.5 - 5 mM MgCl2. The soluble beta A nucleohistone is nucleosome oligomer size (contains DNA 250-600 bases in length) and can be separated from soluble, transcriptionally inert mononucleosomes by agarose A-5m exclusion chromatography. The enhanced solubility appears to be specific for transcriptionally active chromatin. Whereas 40-45% of the beta A chromatin is recovered in the supernatant fraction from n-butyrate incubated immature erythrocytes, nucleohistone containing ovalbumin DNA sequences remains insoluble.
Thai and American doctors on medical ethics: religion, regulation, and moral reasoning across borders.

Abstract Recent scholarship argues that successful international medical collaboration depends crucially on improving cross-cultural understanding. To this end, this study analyzes recent writings on medical ethics by physicians in two countries actively participating in global medicine, Thailand and the United States. Articles (133; published 2004–2008) from JAMA, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand are analyzed to inductively build a portrait of two discursive ethical cultures. Frameworks of moral reasoning are identified across and within the two groups, with a focus on what authority (religion, law, etc.) is invoked to define and evaluate ethical problems. How might similarities and differences in ethical paradigms reflect the countries' historical “semicolonial” relationship, shed light on debates about Eastern vs. Western bioethics, and facilitate or hinder contemporary cross-national communication? Findings demonstrate substantial overlap in Thai and American doctors' vocabulary, points of reference, and topics covered, though only Thai doctors emphasize national interests and identity. American authors display a striking homogeneity in styles of moral reasoning, embracing a secular, legalistic, deontological ethics that generally eschews discussion of religion, personal character, or national culture. Among Thai authors, there is a schism in ethical styles: while some hew closely to the secular, deontological model, others embrace a virtue ethics that liberally cites Buddhist principles and emphasizes the role of doctors' good character. These two approaches may represent opposing reactions—assimilation and resistance, respectively—to Western influence. The current findings undermine the stereotype of Western individualism versus Eastern collectivism. Implications for cross-national dialog are discussed.
Considerations for measurement of individual nanoparticles or microparticles by ICP-MS: determination of the number of particles and the analyte mass in each particle

The unique considerations to determine the number of particles per liter and analyte mass (particle size) distributions from single particle ICP-MS measurements with quadrupole or sequential sector field mass spectrometers are discussed. The short, transient nature of signals from single particles affects the optimum selection of dwell times and pulse counting versus analog detection. The signal peak width due to a cloud of ions produced from a single particle also limits the maximum number of single particles that can be accurately measured in a given total measurement time and the dynamic range of the particle number concentration. The range of analyte mass (particle size) measurements is limited by the rates of vaporization and diffusion. Approaches to calibrate the number of particles detected as a function of the number of particles per mL and to calibrate the signal from a single particle as a function of analyte mass are discussed. Measurement of particle diameter distributions for spherical, solid particles are assessed.
Squeezing through pores: how microorganisms get into and out of the nucleus.

Abstract `Import/Export: Viruses and Microbes Meet the Nuclear Pore' was held in Leysin, Switzerland from 26 February to 1 March 1998.
Panoptic total cardiovascular risk prediction using all predictors versus optimized risk assessment using variable subsets

Cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Risk scores can provide clinical risk stratification and many exist for use in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Cardiovascular risk scores predict mortality, coronary heart disease and other vascular disease using risk predictors such as patient age, sex, BMI, smoking history, cholesterol level, blood pressure, glucose level or diabetes diagnosis, family history of cardiovascular disease and creatinine. While the risk scores in existence are excellent for risk stratification, actual use in a clinical environment is lagging behind the rate of new risk score creation. Future research should focus on how to utilize risk scores most effectively and efficiently in clinical practice.
Harvesting Nannochloris oculata by inorganic electrolyte flocculation: effect of initial cell density, ionic strength, coagulant dosage, and media pH.

Abstract Process variables affecting harvesting efficiency of Nannochloris oculata by AlCl3 flocculation such as, cell density, ionic strength, coagulant dosage, media pH, and cell surface charge were investigated. Initial cell density and coagulant dosage had a significant effect on the removal efficiency; however, levels of ionic strength tested were not significant. Best flocculation conditions of investigated variables were: 0.0016 ng of AlCl3/cell, 3.0 × 107 cell/mL, and pH 5.3. Removal efficiency at optimum conditions and salt concentrations of: 0, 15, and 30 g/L NaCl was 96, 98, and 97 %, respectively. Low cell density cultures ∼106 cell/mL, required five times greater AlCl3 dosage to achieve the same removal efficiency. Destabilization of algal cultures using 0.0032 ng of AlCl3/cell was observed by reducing the zeta potential to −22 mV. Acidification with HCl for conducting flocculation at pH 5.3 could be a significant cost burden unless is mitigated by selecting a low-buffering-capacity media.
Building social capital: Examining the impact of Street Soccer USA on its volunteers:

Most studies on the use of sport with marginalized populations have centered upon the impact on participants, with few studies examining the impact of these interventions on other stakeholder group...
De Novo Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of High-Affinity and Selective Non-Peptide Agonists of the δ-Opioid Receptor‖

On the basis of the structure−activity relationships of δ-opioid-selective peptide ligands and on a model of the proposed bioactive conformation for a potent and selective, conformationally constrained δ-opioid peptide ligand [(2S,3R)-TMT1]DPDPE, a series of small organic peptide mimetic compounds targeted for the δ-opioid receptor have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in radiolabeled ligand binding assays and in vitro bioassays. The new non-peptide ligands use piperazine as a template to present the most important pharmacophore groups, including phenol and phenyl groups and a hydrophobic moiety. This hydrophobic group was designed to mimic the hydrophobic character of the d-Pen residues in DPDPE, which has been found to be extremely important for increasing the binding affinity and selectivity of these non-peptide ligands for the δ-opioid receptor over the μ-opioid receptor. Compound 6f (SL-3111) showed 8 nM binding affinity and over 2000-fold selectivity for the δ-opioid receptor over the μ-opi...
174 Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Social Bonding: Implications for Novel Therapies for Autism

The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin play important roles in several aspects of social cognition and behavior in animal models, including social recognition, maternal nurturing and social bonding. Several studies suggest that these neuropeptides increase the saliency of social stimuli, enhancing the neural processing of social cues. A series of studies in voles demonstrate that variation in oxytocin and vasopressin receptor systems contributes to both species differences and individual variation in social behavior. Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor activation in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway plays an important role in social bond formation. We have identified genetic polymorphisms that robustly predict neuropeptide receptor expression in the brain, which in turn predicts social behaviors, including susceptibility to the impact of early social stressors on later life social attachment. There are remarkable parallels between those studies in voles and recent studies in humans which suggest that these mechanisms are highly conserved from rodent to man. In humans, intranasal delivery of oxytocin enhances eye gaze into the eyes of other, the ability to infer the emotions of others from facial cues, empathy, and socially reinforced learning. These observations suggest that the oxytocin system may be a viable target for novel pharmacological strategies for improving social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. Drugs that stimulate endogenous oxytocin release may be useful as an adjunct therapy for behavioral interventions for autism.
Central place foraging theory: When load size affects travel time

Abstract Orians and Pearson (1979 ) and Schoener (1979 ) presented theoretical models concerning the economics of load-size choice by “central place” foragers. Their models predict that, when load mass has no effect on travel time, “optimal” load mass (the mass that maximizes resource delivery rate to the central place) increases with increasing distance to the foraging site. Some central place foragers, however, often carry loads so large relative to their body masses that increasing load size can significantly increase travel time. To analyze the foraging of such animals, I develop an extension to Orians and Pearson's model that incorporates an effect of load size on travel time, and I explore how including this effect alters the model's predictions. This analysis indicates that, if increasing load size results in increased travel time, then at great distances from the central place optimal load mass should approach M T , the mass that maximizes return per unit travel time, whereas at very short distances the optimal load mass should approach M C , the mass that maximizes return per unit collecting time. Whether optimal load mass increases or decreases with increasing distance therefore depends on which value is larger, M T or M C .
Jahn-Teller spin polarons in perovskite cobaltites

The interplay of the electron transfer integral and lattice elastic energy in ${A}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{A}_{x}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\text{CoO}}_{3}$ is investigated by neutron diffraction and the pair density function analysis. By effectively widening the bandwidth with Ca, Sr, and Ba substitutions at the $A$ site, evidence for the stability of the intermediate-spin (IS) configuration through the formation of static local Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions is provided. When the critical radius exceeds $\ensuremath{\sim}1.22\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$, spin activated JT polarons are formed in the absence of long-range magnetic ordering. JT polarons are prevalent in crystals with Sr and Ba but not in those with Ca. In the metallic and magnetically ordered phase, the static signature of the distortions is absent, suggesting that the IS state may be dynamically shared between ${\text{Co}}^{3+}$ and ${\text{Co}}^{4+}$ ions.
Improving the health of youth through a coordinated school health programme.

In the larger context, schools are society's vehicle for providing young people with the tools for successful adulthood. Perhaps no tool is more essential than good health. 1
Hilbert polynomials for the extension functor

Abstract Let R be a local ring, I ⊆ R an ideal, and M and N finite R-modules. In this paper we provide a number of results concerning the degree of the polynomial giving the lengths of the modules Ext R i ( N / I n N , M ) , when such a polynomial exists. Included among these results are a characterization of when this degree equals the Krull dimension of R, a characterization of when the degree of the polynomial associated to the first non-vanishing Ext under consideration equals the grade of I on M, and calculation of the degree of Hilbert polynomials associated to certain iterated expressions involving the extension functor.
Estimating accuracy for text classification tasks on large unlabeled data

Rule based systems for processing text data encode the knowledge of a human expert into a rule base to take decisions based on interactions of the input data and the rule base. Similarly, supervised learning based systems can learn patterns present in a given dataset to make decisions on similar and other related data. Performances of both these classes of models are largely dependent on the training examples seen by them, based on which the learning was performed. Even though trained models might fit well on training data, the accuracies they yield on a new test data may be considerably different. Computing the accuracy of the learnt models on new unlabeled datasets is a challenging problem requiring costly labeling, and which is still likely to only cover a subset of the new data because of the large sizes of datasets involved. In this paper, we present a method to estimate the accuracy of a given model on a new dataset without manually labeling the data. We verify our method on large datasets for two shallow text processing tasks: document classification and postal address segmentation, and using both supervised machine learning methods and human generated rule based models.
Exploitation of Host Epithelial Signaling Networks by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens.

Although tremendous effort has been put towards identifying the surface molecules of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) for vaccine development over the past decades, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate the intricate host epithelial signaling networks activated by NTHi, an important human pathogen causing respiratory infections. From what has been reported, it is evident that NTHi activates multiple signaling pathways in host epithelial cells that, in turn, inadvertently contribute to the pathogenesis. Among those signaling pathways, activation of NF-kappaB leads to up-regulation of IL-1beta, IL-8 and TNF-alpha, mucin MUC2 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), whereas activation of p38 MAP kinase mediates not only up-regulation of inflammatory mediators and mucin MUC5AC but also down-regulation of TLR2. Interestingly, NTHi-induced activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway, however, leads to inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Moreover, the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway cooperates with NF-kappaB to mediate up-regulation of mucin MUC2. Finally, glucocorticoids synergistically enhance NTHi-induced TLR2 expression via specific up-regulation of the MAP kinase phosphatase-1 that, in turn, leads to inactivation of p38 MAP kinase, the negative regulator for TLR2 expression. These studies may bring new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of NTHi-induced infections and open up novel therapeutic targets for these diseases.
A Framework for Realizing Security on Demand in Cloud Computing

In this paper we present our vision for Security on Demand in cloud computing: a system where cloud providers can offer customized security for customers' code and data throughout the term of contract. Security on demand enables security-focussed competitive service differentiation and pricing, based on a threat model that matches the customer's security requirements for the virtual machine he is leasing. It also enables a cloud provider to bring in new secure servers to the data center, and derive revenue from these servers, while still using existing servers. We show a framework where customers' security requests can be expressed and enforced by leveraging the capabilities of servers with different security architectures.