cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – Stochastic Simulations of Cellular Processes: From Single Cells to Colonies

All chemical reactions are inherently random discrete events; while large numbers of reacting species in well-stirred vessels my appear to be governed by deterministic expressions, the biochemistry at the heart of the living cell—which may involve only a single copy of a gene or only a handfull of proteins—can exhibit significant fluctuations from mean behavior. Here we describe the Lattice Microbes software for the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks within realistic models of cells, and explore its application to two model systems. The first is the lac genetic switch, which illustrates how stochastic gene expression can drive identical cells in macroscopically identical environments toward very different cell fates, and the second is the MinDE system, whose oscillatory behavior along the length of the E. coli cell illustrates the necessity of detailed spatial resolution in accurately modeling cellular biochemistry. We conclude by describing the use of a hybrid methodology that couples the Lattice Microbes’ reaction-diffusion modeling capability with a genome-scale flux-balance model of metabolism in order to describe the collective metabolism of a dense colony of cells.
Learning from the Herstory of Preaching in the Global South: Reflections on the Preaching Lives of Rebecca Protten and Dora Yu

The existing literature on the history of Christian preaching has mostly been written as the history of Western male Christian preaching.1 This reflects the Western church’s general fixation on the...
Faith-Based Law Schools and an Apprenticeship in Professional Identity

In its groundbreaking 2007 comprehensive assessment of legal education, Educating Lawyers, the Carnegie Foundation urged law schools to provide an apprenticeship in professional identity. Rather than focusing on legal knowledge or skills, this apprenticeship is meant to focus on what Carnegie called “the wider matters of morality and character.” This article addresses: 1) Carnegie’s diagnosis of law schools’ failure to effectively train students in professional identity and why that failure matters; 2) How faith-based law schools are uniquely poised to provide a professional identity apprenticeship.
Molecular magnetism in nanodomains of isoreticular MIL-88(Fe)-MOFs.

Molecular magnetism in nanodomains of three isoreticular MIL-88(Fe) analogues is studied and reported. Microstructures of isoreticular extended frameworks of MIL-88B, MIL-88C, and the interpenetrated analogue of MIL-88D, i.e., MIL-126, with the trigonal prismatic 6-c acs net are synthesized by linking Fe3O inorganic cluster units with organic carboxylate linkers – benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (BDC), 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDC), and biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC), using a controlled solvent driven self-assembly process followed by a solvothermal method. The powder XRD traces are matched with the simulated diffraction patterns generated from their corresponding crystal structures, revealing the hexagonal symmetry for MIL-88B and MIL-88C, and the tetragonal symmetry for MIL-126. The elemental composition analysis confirms the empirical formula to be Fe3O(L)3 where L is the organic linker, supporting the formation of isoreticular MIL-88(Fe)-MOFs with MIL-88 topology. The morphologies of microstructures analyzed by SEM and TEM exhibit long spindle shaped rods with a core and a shell-like architecture for MIL-88B and MIL-88 C whereas MIL-126 shows cubic-shaped microstructures. The M–T plots confirm their blocking temperatures, TB, to be 60 K, 50 K, and 40 K for MIL-88B, MIL-88C, and MIL-126, respectively. The M–H plots reveal their magnetic response to be ferromagnetic at 10 K with the coercivities, HC, ranging from 250 G to 180 G. The gradual decrease in the TB and HC correlates with the nanocrystals’ domain size, which decreases from MIL-88B to MIL-88C to MIL-126. Their phase transition from the ferromagnetic state to the short range ordering of the superparamagnetic state is observed in the temperature range of 100 K to 300 K. At T > TB, nanocrystals of all three MIL-88 microstructures act as a single-magnetic domain, owing to their shape anisotropy and finite-dimensionality. The electron density distribution and the spin density state modeled for each MIL-88 analogue exhibit localized electron density and spin density on Fe3O clusters, indicating the short range magnetic moment ordering in triangular metal oxide nodes with no extended magnetic cooperativity from their organic linkers. The short-range ordering of superparamagnetism in MIL-88(Fe)-MOFs suggests their further study as porous molecular-based magnets.
USDA and Agriculture Data: Improving Productivity while Protecting Data

In this paper, Laurie Ristino and Todd Janzen explain why government needs to harness the power of "big data" in agriculture in order to secure a food secure future and how this can be done in a way that protects privacy, a recurrent issue in farm policy.
Acetylation in the Control of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Integrity

Acetylation, as a post-translational modification is increasingly recognized as a nutrient-level dependent modulatory event in the control of cellular function. Non-enzymatic and enzymatic mechanisms appear to function in facilitating this modification of protein lysine residues. The functional role of protein acetylation was originally linked to lifespan regulation in simple organisms under the control of sirtuin deacetylase enzymes. In higher organisms this regulatory system is evolved to modulate in diverse cellular functions and is operational in multiple subcellular compartments. In this chapter the role of acetylation and its regulatory control is explored in the context of the control of mitochondrial integrity and metabolic functioning. Moreover, the concept that protein acetylation may function as a nutrient sensor to ‘fine-tune’ mitochondrial function as an underpinning of cardiac pathology will be explored.
Mechanical Stress in Microelectronic Interconnects

This article examines the origin and nature of mechanical stress and possible failure of interconnects in microelectronics, involving both the global interconnect and the intermetal dielectric.
Natural language interface to mobile devices

Natural language interface (NLI) facilitates the human use of computers. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art NLI application. Based on the extant literature, we design process flow of an NLI system enabling easy information access via mobile devices.
"Compartmentalization" of Escherichia coli ribosomes and ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Escherichia coli spheroplasts lysed by Brij 58 and deoxycholate were separated into supernatant (S) and membrane fractions by low-speed centrifugation. The membrane fraction was further divided into that which was releasable by deoxyribonuclease (fraction D) and that which was not (M). In the presence of 10−2m Mg2+, the S, D, and M fractions contained, respectively, 60, 20, and 20% of the total cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA). Ribosomal and transfer RNA (rRNA, tRNA) were found in each fraction. The M + D fraction RNA was labeled more by a pulse label. Incorporation of uracil into the D fraction continued only as long as the uptake of exogenous uracil, suggesting that this was a major primary site of RNA synthesis. From pulse-labeled cells, each fraction contained precursor rRNA, and there was a 10S RNA in the M fraction. Ninety per cent of the ribosomal subunits and the ribosomal precursor particles, 26 and 43S, were in the S fraction. Precursor RNA (17S) was found in the 26S precursor particles. The D fraction contained 38% of the polysomes (this does not consider polysomes, if any, of the M fraction) which were labeled four times as much as the supernatant polysomes by a 1-min pulse of uracil. These results are interpreted to mean that new RNA is associated with a cytoplasmic membrane-RNA polymerase-DNA complex.
Provider Perspectives on the Influence of Family on Nursing Home Resident Transfers to the Emergency Department: Crises at the End of Life

Background. Nursing home (NH) residents often experience burdensome and unnecessary care transitions, especially towards the end of life. This paper explores provider perspectives on the role that families play in the decision to transfer NH residents to the emergency department (ED). Methods. Multiple stakeholder focus groups (n = 35 participants) were conducted with NH nurses, NH physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, NH administrators, ED nurses, ED physicians, and a hospitalist. Stakeholders described experiences and challenges with NH resident transfers to the ED. Focus group interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts and field notes were analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. Findings. Providers perceive that families often play a significant role in ED transfer decisions as they frequently react to a resident change of condition as a crisis. This sense of crisis is driven by 4 main influences: insecurities with NH care; families being unprepared for end of life; absent/inadequate advance care planning; and lack of communication and agreement within families regarding goals of care. Conclusions. Suboptimal communication and lack of access to appropriate and timely palliative care support and expertise in the NH setting may contribute to frequent ED transfers.
Delay performance of intermittently connected wireless sensor networks with cooperative relays

We consider wireless sensor networks (WSN) powered by energy harvested from the environment, which is assumed to be sporadic and random in nature. Wireless nodes in such networks experience random active and sleep periods depending on their energy availability, leading to intermittent connectivity in the network. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing the multi-hop transmission delay in such networks by applying cooperative relaying. We develop a theoretical model to analyze the transmission delay over such intermittently connected links with selective cooperative relaying. A novel two-hop cooperative relaying scheme is proposed that balances the trade-off between the benefit from cooperative relaying and the additional energy consumption caused by it. Performance of the proposed two-hop cooperative relay scheme is presented using simulations.
Rapid loss of renal function due to obstruction: minimal residual activity

A man with metastatic carcinoma of the colon had a bone scan which revealed urinary retention in the left kidney. Ten months later, a Tc-99m-DTPA renai glomerular study showed the left kidney to have only 8% of total renal function. Fifteen months after that, (he same kidney demonstrated 9% of total function, while the right kidney had evolving obstruction due to his neoplasm. The case shows that loss of a significant amount of renal activity can occur over relatively short intervals, but that a small degree of functional activity can persist.
Chronic Heart Failure

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in the Medicare age group. The prognosis for established heart failure in persons over age 65 is poor, with 5-year survival rates of less than 50% in both men and women. The pharmacotherapy of systolic heart failure is well established, with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers having the most proven benefit. Treatment of diastolic heart failure is an area of active research, but no therapies have been definitively shown to reduce mortality. Unintentional weight loss in heart failure is likely due to both increased energy utilization and decreased availability of fat, protein (amino acids), and carbohydrates despite “normal” caloric intake. Moderate dietary sodium restriction, such as a 2-g sodium diet, is appropriate for most patients with heart failure, and excess fluid intake should be avoided. Some patients will require supplementation with potassium, calcium, and/or magnesium if adequate amounts cannot be obtained from the diet. However, the importance of most vitamins and other micronutrients in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic heart failure has not been well characterized.
Quantitative compositional analysis of sedimentary materials using thermal emission spectroscopy: 2. Application to compacted fine-grained mineral mixtures and assessment of applicability of partial least squares methods

Fine-grained sedimentary deposits on planetary surfaces require quantitative assessment of mineral abundances in order to better understand the environments in which they formed. One way that planetary surface mineralogy is commonly assessed is through thermal emission (~6-50 µm) spectroscopy. To that end, we characterized the TIR spectral properties of compacted, very fine-grained mineral mixtures of oligoclase, augite, calcite, montmorillonite and gypsum. Non-negative linear least squares minimization (NNLS) is used to assess the linearity of spectral combination. A partial least squares (PLS) method is also applied to emission spectra of fine-grained synthetic mixtures and natural mudstones to assess its applicability to fine-grained rocks. The NNLS modeled abundances for all five minerals investigated are within ±10% of the known abundances for 39% of the mixtures, showing the relationships between known and modeled abundance follow non-linear curves. The poor performance of NNLS is due to photon transmission through small grains over portions of the wavelength range and multiple reflections in the volume. The PLS method was able to accurately recover the known abundances (to within +/-10%) for 78-90% of synthetic mixtures and for 85% of the mudstone samples chosen for this study. The excellent agreement between known and modeled abundances is likely due to high absorption coefficients over portions of the thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range, and thus combinations are linear over portions of the range. PLS can be used to recover abundances from very fine-grained rocks from TIR measurements, and could potentially be applied to landed or orbital TIR observations.
Bifocal Demand Pacing

Transient pervenous bifocal (sequential atrioventricular) demand pacing was performed in ten patients. Six had chronic conducting system disease and four acute myocardial infarction. The control electrocardiograms showed different degrees of coexisting, alternating or intermittent sinoatrial slowing and AV block. This modality of electrical stimulation was achieved by the combination of QRS-inhibited ventricular demand pacing with QRS-inhibited atrial demand stimulation. In the presence of atrial bradycardia and normal AV conduction only the atria were stimulated. When sinus slowing was associated with AV block, both atria and ventricles were paced. A double electrode system was required for the restoration of AV synchronization. Consistent atrial capture was achieved by means of a J-shaped endocardial bipolar electrode. Permanent bifocal demand pacing has also been used in three patients with satisfactory results. Although both the concept and applicability of bifocal demand pacing were proved, further studies are required to assess the optimal AV sequential interval as well as the long-term electrical reliability and hemodynamics benefits.
Transient effects in the solute quenching of tryptophan residues in proteins

Fluorescence quenching reactions, using such quenchers as oxygen and acrylamide, have been used to obtain information about the kinetic exposure of tryptophan residues in proteins. Often, both dynamic and static quenching components can be observed. The transient term of the Smoluchowski equation has been shown by Lakowicz et al (J. Biol. Chem. 10907-10910 (1987)) to be needed to fit acrylamide and oxygen quenching lifetime data with proteins. Here we show that this transient term can also explain the apparent static quenching that can be observed in some cases. By numerical integration of an impulse-response function, which includes a transient solute quenching term, we have simultaneously fitted intensity and phase lifetime Stern-Volmer plots for the oxygen and acrylamide quenching of selected single tryptophan proteins. These fits require a single fitting parameter, the diffusion of the quencher. Using this fitting procedure we have reinvestigated the effect of bulk viscosity on the acrylamide quenching of the fluorescence of the buried tryptophan in ribonuclease T1. We show that for this protein the intensity and lifetime data sets can be better fitted by a two-step diffusion model.
Jumonji/ARID1 B (JARID1B) protein promotes breast tumor cell cycle progression through epigenetic repression of microRNA let-7e.

MicroRNAs (miRs) function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in multiple tumor types. Although miR expression is tightly regulated, the molecular basis of miR regulation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the influence of the histone demethylase Jumonji/ARID1 B (JARID1B) on miR regulation in breast tumor cells. In MCF-7 cells with stable RNAi-mediated suppression of JARID1B expression we identified altered regulation of multiple miRs including let-7e, a member of the let-7 family of tumor suppressor miRs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated JARID1B binding to the let-7e promoter region as well as removal of the of H3K4me3 histone mark associated with active gene expression. These results suggest that JARID1B epigenetically represses let-7e expression. JARID1B stimulates tumor cell proliferation by promoting the G1 to S transition. As predicted, suppression of JARID1B resulted in an accumulation of MCF-7 cells in G1. We confirmed that cyclin D1, which also promotes G1 progression, is a direct target of let-7e, and we show that cyclin D1 expression is suppressed in JARID1B knockdown cells. Cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle progression were restored following inhibition of let-7e, suggesting that JARID1B repression of let-7e contributes to cyclin D1 expression and JARID1B-mediated cell cycle progression. Our results indicate that the JARID1B demethylase contributes to tumor cell proliferation through the epigenetic repression of a tumor suppressor miR.
Optimal intensity allocation of single-server queueing networks

Consider an optimal intensity allocation problem of a non-markovian queueing network with a single server. Both the arrival and service processes are modelled by point processes with stochastic intensities. All the stations share a single service facility. After finishing service at one station, a customer switches to another station or leaves the system according to specific probabilities. A linear holding cost is incurred at each station. The objective is to control the arrival intensity at each station and schedule the service intensity at all stations so that the expected discounted cost over an infinite horizon is minimized. The main result is that in the class of non-idling control policies, the optimal intensity is of a bang-bang type and the optimal scheduling rule turns out to be the Klimov's rule; whereas in the larger class of control policies that permits enforced idling, the optimal control rule is a modified static policy. The approach combines a point process calculus with dynamic programming
Swelling of tritiated lithium hydride powder

Abstract The bulk and gas displacement swelling of 10 to 30% tritiated Li(D,T) powder stored at 243 to 673 K has been measured. These increase in the same way as the corresponding values of the compacts previously reported. The powder swelling also shows the same temperature dependence as that of the compacts. The expected increase in grain size with time is not seen. Instead, a study of the sieve cuts shows that the grain sizes do not generally change over 1000 days.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia: Which patients have long term benefit?

Purpose Biliary dyskinesia (BD) is described as biliary colic in the absence of gallstones. The diagnosis relies on imaging studies and decreased excretion of bile in response to cholecystokinin during quantitative cholescintigraphy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for relieving symptoms in patients diagnosed with BD and correlate gallbladder ejection fraction (EF) with symptom relief. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a single institution of all patients who underwent LC for BD from January 2005 through January 2012. The diagnosis of BD was determined by a normal gallbladder as viewed with ultrasonography and cholescintigraphy with a gallbladder EF less than or equal to 45%. Data collection included demographics, results of imaging studies, pathologic diagnosis, and early postoperative pain relief. Patients were contacted by phone after being discharged from the surgeon's care for evaluation of symptom relief. Data were analyzed with nonparametric statistical methods, including Mann–Whitney U test, receiver operator characteristic, Fisher exact test, and χ2 test. All data are expressed as median and 25th and 75th percentile range. Results There were 126 patients who had a LC for BD during the study period. The median biliary EF was 20% (10−29%). The most common pathologic finding was chronic cholecystitis (n = 95; 75%). Median length of follow-up in the perioperative period was 11 days (8−17), during which time 98 patients (78%) had relief of symptoms. Phone interviews (n = 53; 42%) confirmed 66% (n = 35) of patients remained free of pain. There was no difference in the mean EF among those with resolution of pain 20% (10−29%) compared with patients with persistent pain 23% (11−29%), P = .62. Obese patients were more likely to have persistent symptoms in the perioperative period with a shift to lower body mass index at the time of the phone survey. Receiver operator characteristic characteristic for the association between scintigraphic EF and resolution of postoperative pain demonstrated no association, with the area under the curve equal to 0.47. Conclusion The majority of patients in this series with BD had resolution of symptoms with LC. However, cholescintigraphy EF did not correlate with outcome. Further studies are needed to better identify patients diagnosed with BD who will benefit from LC.
Using bounds on the data in linear programming: the tolerance approach to sensitivity analysis

In contrast to traditional sensitivity analysis in linear programming, the tolerance approach considers simultaneous and independent variations in a number of parameters. A primary focus of this approach is to determine a maximum tolerance percentage for selected right-hand-side terms in which the same basis is optimal as long as each term is accurate to within that percentage of its estimated value. Similarly, the approach yields a maximum tolerance percentage for selected objective function coefficients. This paper shows how the tolerance approach can exploit information on the range of possible values over which terms and coefficients can vary to yield larger maximum tolerance percentages.
Allocating a ‘Scarce’ Resource, Water in the West: More Market‐like Incentives Can Extend Supply, But Constraints Demand Equitable Policies

. The issue of water marketing in the western United States has generated much discussion in recent years. This is due, in part, to the commonly accepted notion that western water has become “dangerously” scarce. The nature and extent of this scarcity are examined in detail. While water may not be scarce in the West, cheap water certainly is. The optimality of water marketing is also dependent upon various ceteris paribus assumptions. These assumptions are questioned due to certain bydrologic uncertainties and external costs associated with the use and development of western water. Considerable benefit, particularly in expanding residential supply, can be achieved from more market-like incentives to conserve in use. But the resource's social value about rights argues for policies based on equitable sharing.
How similar are correlates of different subclinical eating problems and bulimia nervosa

Background: This study examined the physical, parental, and psychological correlates of subtypes of high EAT-26 scores and bulimia nervosa (BN) in 155 girls/young women seen at two times over a 6-year period (ages 16 and 22). Participants were from white, upper-middle-class families. Methods: In young adulthood, participants were interviewed for lifetime history for an eating disorder; participants completed questions assessing subclinical problems and correlates at both times of assessment. Based on their EAT-26 scores and diagnostic status for BN at each time, girls were classified into the following groups: True Positive (BN and high EAT-26 scores), False Positive (high EAT-26 scores and no BN), and True Negative (low EAT-26 scores and no BN). Results: In adolescence, 4% of girls were classified as True Positives BN and 23% were classified as False Positives. Similar distributions were found at young adulthood (i.e., 5% True Positives BN and 21% False Positives). By using cluster analysis, two types of subclinical problems (False Positives) were identified at each time with some girls having only high Eating symptoms and others also having high psychopathology. The ‘high Eating symptoms only’ cluster was more similar to the True Negative group than was the ‘high Psychopathology’ cluster at each time. Conclusions: Individuals in the latter group experienced co-occurrence with depression, resulting in pervasive impairments in psychosocial functioning during both adolescence and young adulthood.
INFLUENCE OF PHYSOSTIGMINE AND NEOSTIGMINE ON THE RESPONSES OF GOLDFISH INTESTINE TO ACETYLCHOLINE

The use of a microbath and electronic amplification of the contractions of goldfish intestine makes it possible to estimate acetylcholine in concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 × 10 −9 Gm. Addition of esterase inhibitors increases the sensitivity of the preparation, but it is not so sensitive as the leech muscle. Physostigmine and neostigmine also cause contractions of the goldfish intestine.
Vasodilatory response of fetoplacental vasculature to adrenomedullin after constriction with the thromboxane sympathomimetic U46619.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine whether adrenomedullin, a hypotensive peptide, decreases vasomotor tone in fetoplacental vasculature that has been constricted with the thromboxane sympathomimetic U46619. Study Design: The fetoplacental vascular beds of 20 perfused human placental cotyledons were vasoconstricted with a continuous infusion of U46619 (10 –8 mol/L). The vasculature was then sequentially injected with deionized water, 30 ng adrenomedullin, 300 ng adrenomedullin, and 3000 ng adrenomedullin. Any change in perfusion pressure was noted after each dose. In a separate experiment the fetoplacental vasculature in 2 perfused cotyledons from each of 10 placentas was vasoconstricted with U46619 (10 –8 mol/L). Adrenomedullin was infused continuously at either 200 ng/min (n = 5) or 2000 ng/min (n = 5) for 40 minutes. A corresponding control cotyledon from each placenta had isotonic sodium chloride solution added to its perfusion. Perfusion pressures were recorded every minute during the infusion and for 40 minutes afterward. Analysis of variance was used to compare pressure changes in the cotyledons that received bolus doses of adrenomedullin. Paired t tests of mean percentage pressure changes were used to compare the study and control groups that received the continuous infusions. Results: In the cotyledons that received bolus doses of adrenomedullin, the mean (±SEM) percentage perfusion pressure changes from the baseline were –6.7 ± 0.5 for 30 ng adrenomedullin ( P =.0039), –8.5± 0.7 for 300 ng adrenomedullin ( P P P Conclusion: Adrenomedullin caused vasodilatation of fetoplacental vasculature previously constricted with the thromboxane sympathomimetic U46619 in the isolated perfused placental cotyledon. This vasodilatation occurred in a dose-dependent manner. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1573-8.)
Methamphetamine hydrochloride and reactions to aversive shock and reward decrements.

Summary.-A total of 136 rats were employed in three experiments which assessed the effect of mechamphetarnine hydrochloride on passive avoidance behavior, on the energizing properties of non-reward in the double runway, and on the decrement in runway performance, which follows a drop in reward value. The drug increased passive avoidance behavior, did not alter the effects of nonreward in the double runway, and reduced the performance decline occasioned by the reward decrement. These results do not support the hypothesis that amphetamines increase emotional reactions; increased passive avoidance behavior resulted because the drug decreased consummatory behavior. The reduction in the performance disruption following the reward shift is consistent with the position that the drug decreases freezing behavior.
Constructions of death among those high in intrinsic religious motivation: A factor-analytic study

Abstract A subsample of 145 people high in intrinsic religious motivation was extracted from a larger group (N = 346) that had completed a death anxiety (DA) scale and Hoge's Scale of Intrinsic Religious Motivation (IRM). Those people high in IRM scored significantly lower in DA, and their DA and IRM means displayed a significant negative correlation. Factor analysis and item analysis of their DA data indicate that people high in IRM have, with the exception of afterlife belief, constructions of death and dying that are similar to samples from the adult population in general.
Keeping your eyes on the prize: Maintaining priorities in periods of transition and reduction

Florida's story offers insights on how a transitioning higher education system tackles its mission with a wealth of data.
Pre-transitional behavior in cubic potassium niobate

Pre-transitional behavior prior to the onset of the cubic-to-tetragonal phase transformation in KnbO 3 has been studied with synchrotron x-ray scattering at NSLS, Brookhaven National Lab. Measurements of the Thermal Diffuse Scattering (TDS), Grazing Incidence X-ray Scattering (GIXS), and precursor Bragg scattering have been performed at a series of temperatures on a single crystal sample in the cubic phase (T c = 405 °C). The TDS was measured in the (001), (011) and (111) cubic planes. The GIXS was measured above, at and below the critical scattering angle of the sample. Based on localized soft mode theory, dynamic tetragonal fluctuations may be expected prior to the onset of the phase transition initiated by defects or surfaces. The GIXS data indicate that the tetragonal phase is apparent prior to the phase transition of the bulk - - consistent with the notion that nucleation originates from potent defect sites during a martensitic-like displacive transformation. The TDS intensity distribution is disk-shaped; arising from a localized, low energy transverse optic mode in the [100] directions extending out to the Brillouin zone boundary (reduced wave vector, q =0.5). Scans made in the (011) planes show TDS intensity extending out to a reduced wave vector of q ˜ 0.2. Preliminary analysis indicates that a low energy transverse optic mode extends in the [011] direction as well. The TDS intensity decreases as the transition temperature is approached from above. Comparison of the TDS results with inelastic neutron scattering data will be made.
A 79 amino acid oncogene is responsible for human cytomegalovirus mtrII induced malignant transformation

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) morphological transforming region (mtr)II is the only HCMV mtr that was retained and expressed in transformed mouse or rat cells. The minimal transforming region has previously been shown to be within a 980-bpBanII/XhoI subfragment which encodes three open reading frames (ORF) of 34, 79, and 83 amino acids. This report provides definitive evidence that the 79-aa ORF is responsible for mtrII mediated tumorigenic transformation. The 79-aa ORF, subcloned into a mammalian expression vector, pCHC79orf, induced morphologic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. These transformed cells expressed 79-aa ORF specific transcripts and were tumorigenic when injected into nude mice. A construct containing a triple termination linker inserted after codon 24 failed to transform NIH 3T3 cells to tumorigenicity even though 79-aa ORF specific transcripts were expressed. Furthermore, when the triple termination linker was inserted after codon 49, tumorigenic transformation still occurred. These results demonstrate that the 79-aa ORF is the oncogene within HCMV mtrII and that the first 49-aa are sufficient.
Is the Internet Changing Social Life? It Seems the More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same

Although there has been a tremendous amount of discussion in the popular press about how the Internet is changing all facets of social life, research on the impact of the Internet is only beginning to emerge. A review of the studies reported in this issue suggests that the Internet may have had less impact on many aspects of social life than is frequently supposed. In many cases, the Internet seems to have created a new way of doing old things, rather than being a technology that changes the manner in which people live their lives. As a consequence, the policy implications of increasing Internet use may be less than is often believed.
Experimental quantum chemistry at ultrahigh magnetic fields: Some opportunities

We discuss the opportunities for experiments in quantum chemistry and molecular physics at magnetic fields in excess of 100 Tesla. In a multinational collaboration, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory have led a campaign of experiments using explosively driven generators with peak fields between 130 and 1000 Tesla. Most of these experiments explored quantum-limit phenomena. We expect to conduct a similar campaign in the spring of 1997. We are also planning experiments with several reusable laboratory facilities: (1) the Pegasus high-energy-density facility, an operating 4 MJ fast capacitor bank system, which should be capable of reaching fields of 600 Tesla in practical experimental volumes; (2) the 100 Tesla nondestructive magnet, which is expected to be in operation by 1998; and (3) the Atlas facility, 38 MJ fast capacitor bank system, which should be capable of reaching fields of 1800 Tesla in practical experimental volumes. Atlas should be in operation by 1999. We also discuss some of the experimental techniques developed for both physics and chemistry experiments at high magnetic fields. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 64: 619–628, 1997
Increasing Evidence-Based Workplace Health Promotion Best Practices in Small and Low-Wage Companies, Mason County, Washington, 2009

Introduction Modifiable health risk behaviors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and tobacco use are linked to the most common chronic diseases, and chronic diseases contribute to 70% of deaths in the United States. Health risk behaviors can be reduced by helping small workplaces implement evidence-based workplace health promotion programs. The American Cancer Society's HealthLinks is a workplace health promotion program that targets 3 modifiable health risk behaviors: physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and tobacco use. We evaluated employers' implementation of HealthLinks in small workplaces.
Investigation of the thermodynamic behavior of the system, acetone‐carbontetrachloride, by the equilibrium sedimentation technique

The equilibrium sedimentation technique for the direct determination of the chemical potential composition derivatives of a liquid mixture is applied to the binary system acetone-carbontetrachloride. Equilibrium concentration profiles obtained in an ultracentrifuge are used with the Wilson equation to quantitatively determine the composition variation of the activity coefficients over the entire range of composition. Results agree well with previous data and indicate the technique to be accurate and reliable.
Time behavior of the coagulation rate in a highly dispersed aerosol with unequal species temperatures

Abstract Kinetic theory is used to determine the time behavior of the coagulation rate (i.e., the collision rate density) in a highly dispersed aerocolloidal system containing two distinct monodisperse particle species with initially unequal species temperatures. The gas-particle interactions are characterized by a Maxwell molecule force law and the particle-particle interactions by hard sphere collisions. The coagulation rate is shown to behave exponentially with time and has an initial value which reduces to known forms in special cases. The time constant for the coagulation rate is proportional to the gas number density divided by the aerosol particle mass and to the square root of the product of the Maxwell force constant and the molecular mass of the gas.
Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon

In 2000 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory initiated a two-year study to investigate the metabolic rate and swimming performance and to estimate the total energy used (i.e., aerobic and anaerobic) by adult spring Chinook salmon migrating upstream through a large hydropower dam on the Columbia River. The investigation involved one year of laboratory study and one year of field study at Bonneville Dam. The objectives of the laboratory study, reported here, were to (1) measure active rates of oxygen consumption of adult spring chinook salmon at three water temperatures over a range of swimming speeds; (2) estimate the Ucrit of adult spring chinook salmon; and (3) monitor EMGs of red and white muscle in the salmon over a range of swimming speeds. Future papers will report on the results of the field study. Our results indicated that the rate of oxygen consumption and red and white muscle activity in adult spring chinook salmon were strongly correlated with swimming speed over a range of fish sizes and at three different temperatures. Active oxygen consumption increased linearly with swim speed before leveling off at speeds at or above Ucrit. This pattern was similar at each water temperature and indicated that fish were approachingmore » their maximal aerobic oxygen consumption at higher swim speeds. Modeling showed that temperature, but not size or sex, influenced the relation between V02 and swim speed, thus a V02-swim speed model based on temperature (but independent of sex and size) should be a biologically relevant way of estimating the energy use of fish in the wild.« less
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS): update

Purpose of reviewTo review recent developments related to the proposed entity Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococci (so-called ‘PANDAS’).Recent findingsThe relationship between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) or tics/Tourette's syndrome in childhood to ante
Changing Perspective: How Learning About Racism Influences Student Awareness and Emotion

As students participate in diversity courses in greater numbers, it is important to understand the effects of these courses. Although other researchers have examined this topic, particularly with respect to stereotype reduction and racial attitudes, we were interested in how a diversity course might also affect students' awareness of racism and White privilege. With both quantitative and qualitative measures, our results showed increases in awareness and in feelings of racial guilt and responsibility. These findings expand the existing literature and highlight important questions for future research.
Pterins of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

The cyanobacterium Alphanizomenon flos-aquae contains various glycosides of a pterin that had previously been tentatively identified as 6-(threo-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pterin. The pterin is now identified as 6-(l-threo-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)pterin(6-l-threo-biopterin) by NMR and mass spectrometry, thinchromatographic comparisons with authentic samples and by optical rotation. The 6-l-threo-biopterin glycoside-1 from toxic strain NH-1 gave rise to xylose and glucose on hydrolysis, whereas its glycoside-2 from Cambridge Collection and nontoxic NH-1 strains gave mannose and glucose. This pterin may be a useful marker for certain species of cyanobacteria.
Employee justice perceptions and coworker relationships

Purpose – The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether perceptions of organizational justice are related to coworker trust and morale. As jobs have become more broadly defined and collaboration with colleagues has become increasingly important for accomplishing work, coworker relationships are especially critical to manage effectively.Design/methodology/approach – Survey packets were distributed to 364 non‐supervisory employees at six small companies in a large Midwestern city in the USA. Useable surveys were returned from 264 respondents for a response rate of 72 percent.Findings – The results showed that distributive, procedural, and interactional justice perceptions are related to perceptions of coworkers. The distribution of rewards, organizational policies and procedures, and interpersonal treatment by supervisors are related to coworker trust and morale.Research limitations/implications – This study was a cross‐sectional field study with the data collected at one point in time, precluding...
Natural variations in hepatic and kidney arginase activities in Minnesota anuran amphibians.

Abstract 1. 1. Natural variations in the activities of kidney and liver arginase in seven species of anurans ( Rana septentrionalis, R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, R. pipiens, Hyla versicolor, H. chrysoscelis and Bufo anericanus ) from Minnesota were studied. 2. 2. It was found that aquatic species had significantly higher natural activities of kidney arginase than terrestrial species. 3. 3. There appeared to be no correlation between natural activities of liver arginase and habitat preference in these species. 4. 4. High natural levels of kidney arginase may be adaptively valuable for aquatic species which are exposed to the problem of hydration stress.
Response to alemtuzumab in FIP1L1/PDGFRA-negative hypereosinophilic myocarditis on serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

![Figure][1] A 48-year-old Caucasian woman presented with 2 weeks of myalgias, arthralgias, headache, and neck stiffness. Total peripheral leukocyte count was 80.2 × 109/l with 72% eosinophils. A diagnosis of FIP1L1/PDGFRA -negative hypereosinophilic syndrome was made. The 12-lead
Dendrogeomorphically derived slope response to decadal and centennial scale climate variability: Black Mesa, Arizona, USA

Abstract. A major impediment to an understanding of the links between climate and landscape change, has been the relatively coarse resolution of landscape response measures (rates of weathering, sediment production, erosion and transport) relative to the higher resolution of the climatic signal (precipitation and temperature on hourly to annual time scales). A combination of high temporal and spatial resolution dendroclimatic and dendrogeomorphic approaches were used to study relationships between climatic variability and hillslope and valley floor dynamics in a small drainage basin in the Colorado Plateau of northeastern Arizona, USA Dendrogeomorphic and vegetation evidence from slopes and valley bottoms, including root exposure, bending of trunks, change in plant cover and burial and exhumation of valley bottom trees and shrubs, suggest that the currently observed process of root colonization and rapid breakdown of the weakly cemented bedrock by subaerial weathering, related to periodic dry/wet cycle induced changes in vegetation cover, has lead to a discontinuous, climate-controlled production of sediment from these slopes. High-amplitude precipitation shifts over the last 2000-years may exert the largest control on landscape processes and may be as, or more, important than other hypothesized causal mechanisms (e.g. ENSO frequency and intensity, flood frequency) in eroding slopes and producing sediments that ultimately impact higher order drainages in the region. Current vegetation response to a prolonged drought over the past decade suggests that another major transition, incorporating vegetation change, slope erosion, sediment production and subsequent valley floor deposition, may be in its initial phase.
Spatial analysis of forest gaps resulting from bark beetle colonization of red pines experiencing belowground herbivory and infection

Declining red pine, Pinus resinosa (Aitman), plantations throughout the Great Lakes region have been associated with a complex of biotic agents. We conducted a series of measurements in 17 declining and healthy stands in Wisconsin over 3 years to determine whether tree growth and soil factors are associated with tree mortality, and to quantify the probability of tree mortality as a function of proximity to the epicenter of mortality. Plots in declining stands were established both alongside and distant from symptomatic sections. Trees in or near symptomatic regions of declining stands showed lower growth rates than trees in non-declining stands. Trees on the edge of the epicenter of mortality and 3 m into the stand had significantly lower periodic growth ratios than trees located 9 m from the edge of these gaps, or in non-declining stands. The distance from the edge of the mortality epicenter significantly influenced the probability of an asymptomatic tree becoming symptomatic during the course of this study. Soils were generally similar among stand conditions, although total nitrogen was significantly higher in declining than non-declining stands. Additional soil parameters varied with soil depth. Our results support the view that forest declines are due to complex interactions among multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, and exhibit particular spatial and temporal patterns.
Elevated surface temperature depresses survival of banner-tailed kangaroo rats: will climate change cook a desert icon?

Modest increases in global temperature have been implicated in causing population extirpations and range shifts in taxa inhabiting colder environs and in ectotherms whose thermoregulation is more closely tied to environmental conditions. Many arid-adapted endotherms already experience conditions at their physiological limits, so it is conceivable that they could be similarly affected by warming temperatures. We explored how climatic variables might influence the apparent survival of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), a rodent endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert of North America and renowned for its behavioral and physiological adaptations to arid environments. Relative variable weight, strength of variable relationships, and other criteria indicated that summer, diurnal land surface temperature (SD_LST) was the primary environmental driver of apparent survival in these arid-adapted rodents. Higher temperatures had a negative effect on apparent survival, which ranged from 0.15 (SE = 0.04) for subadults to 0.50 (SE = 0.07) for adults. Elevated SD_LST may negatively influence survival through multiple pathways, including increased water loss and energy expenditure that could lead to chronic stress and/or hyperthermia that could cause direct mortality. Land surface temperatures are predicted to increase by as much 6.5°C by 2099, reducing apparent survival of adults to ~0.15 in some regions of the species’ range, possibly causing a shift in their distribution. The relationship between SD_LST and survival suggests a mechanism whereby physiological tolerances are exceeded resulting in a reduction to individual fitness that may ultimately cause a shift in the species’ range over time.
Increase of Plasma Lysozyme Activity following Injections of Typhoid Vaccine.

Summary1. Intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine, purified endotoxin and Newcastle disease virus into rabbits results in elevation of plasma lysozyme concentrations. 2. This elevation of lysozyme activity after injection of typhoid vaccine is not seen in leukopenic rabbits or in rabbits made tolerant to endotoxin. 3. Leukopenia in nontolerant animals injected with endotoxin is prompt and is still present at 4 hours after the injection. In tolerant rabbits the leukopenia is apparent immediately, but by 2 hours after injection the white cell count has returned to normal levels.