cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Values of Democratic Proceduralism

A standard justification of democratic voting is that it is a fair procedure, providing for the equal treatment of voters. Democratic theorist David Estlund challenges the adequacy of that justification: flipping a coin between alternatives is also a fair procedure, but no one would propose substituting random draw for voting. Estlund provides several arguments that fair proceduralism is an untenable view, and this article counters those arguments. He concludes that what distinguishes democratic voting from random choice is its better epistemic value in approximating a standard of justice independent of the procedure. The author replies that a less controversial distinction between voting and coin flip is that voting tends to select what is thought best by the most people.
Finding Deterministic Solution From Underdetermined Equation: Large-Scale Performance Variability Modeling of Analog/RF Circuits

The aggressive scaling of integrated circuit technology results in high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear performance variability that cannot be efficiently captured by traditional modeling techniques. In this paper, we adapt a novel L0-norm regularization method to address this modeling challenge. Our goal is to solve a large number of (e.g., 104-106) model coefficients from a small set of (e.g., 102-103) sampling points without over-fitting. This is facilitated by exploiting the underlying sparsity of model coefficients. Namely, although numerous basis functions are needed to span the high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear variation space, only a few of them play an important role for a given performance of interest. An efficient orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is applied to automatically select these important basis functions based on a limited number of simulation samples. Several circuit examples designed in a commercial 65 nm process demonstrate that OMP achieves up to 25× speedup compared to the traditional least-squares fitting method.
Effects of dietary protein concentration and coconut oil supplementation on nitrogen utilization and production in dairy cows.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of metabolizable protein (MP) deficiency and coconut oil supplementation on N utilization and production in lactating dairy cows. The hypothesis of the study was that a decrease in ruminal protozoal counts with coconut oil would increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, thus compensating for potential MP deficiency. The experiment was conducted for 10 wk with 36 cows (13 primiparous and 23 multiparous), including 6 ruminally cannulated cows. The experimental period, 6 wk, was preceded by 2-wk adaptation and 2-wk covariate periods. Cows were blocked by parity, days in milk, milk yield, and rumen cannulation and randomly assigned to one of the following diets: a diet with a positive MP balance (+44g/d) and 16.7% dietary crude protein (CP) concentration (AMP); a diet deficient in MP (−156g/d) and 14.8% CP concentration (DMP); or DMP supplemented with approximately 500g of coconut oil/head per day (DMPCO). Ruminal ammonia tended to be greater and plasma urea N (20.1, 12.8, and 13.1mg/dL, for AMP, DMP, and DMPCO diets, respectively) and milk urea N (12.5, 8.3, and 9.5mg/dL, respectively) were greater for AMP compared with DMP and DMPCO. The DMPCO diet decreased total protozoa counts (by 60%) compared with DMP, but had no effect on the methanogens profile in the rumen. Total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and CP was decreased by DMP compared with AMP. Fiber digestibility was lower for both DMP and DMPCO compared with AMP. Urinary N excretion was decreased (by 37%) by both DMP and DMPCO compared with AMP. The DMP and DMPCO diets resulted in greater milk N efficiency compared with AMP (32.0 and 35.1 vs. 27.6%, respectively). Milk yield was decreased by both DMP and DMPCO compared with AMP (36.2, 34.4, and 39.3kg/d, respectively) and coconut oil supplementation suppressed feed intake and caused milk fat depression. Coconut oil supplementation decreased short-chain fatty acid (C4:0, C6:0, and C8:0) concentration and increased medium-chain (C12:0 and C14:0) and total trans fatty acids in milk. Overall, the MP-deficient diets decreased N losses, but could not sustain milk production in this study. Coconut oil decreased feed intake and similar to DMP, suppressed fiber digestibility. Despite decreased protozoal counts, coconut oil had no effect on the methanogen population in the rumen.
Decentralized ad-hoc groupware API and framework for mobile collaboration

We describe a mobile collaborative system designed for wireless, ad-hoc collaboration. In recent years, mobile computing has emerged as a new discipline in the field of computer science. Due to advances in technology, portable computing devices have become more pervasive. From smart phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) running embedded operating systems, to portable computers running conventional desktop operating systems, these devices have increasingly provided communication capabilities that utilize wireless connections. With those communication capabilities firmly established, the next logical step is in the direction of greater interactions between mobile users equipped with such devices. However, conventional collaborative tools are ill suited for the demands of portable computers and mobile networks, especially in situations in which no fixed-network infrastructure is present. With these considerations in mind, we designed and implemented a collaborative environment and a framework API suited towards ad-hoc networks of small mobile devices. By creating such a framework, developers can easily take advantage of a decentralized and fault-tolerant collaborative environment, and rapidly develop custom collaboration spaces suited towards their specific need.
Class document frequency as a learned feature for text categorization

Document classification uses different types of word weightings as features for representation of documents. In our findings we find the class document frequency, dfc, of a word is the most important feature in document classification. Machine learning algorithms trained with dfc of words show similar performance in terms of correct classification of test documents when compared to more complicated features. The importance of dfc is further verified when simple algorithms developed solely on the basis of df c shows performance that compares closely with that of more complex machine learning algorithms. We also found improved performance when the dfc of links of documents in a class is used along with the dfc of the words of the document. We compared the algorithms for showing the importance of dfc on the Reuters-21578 text categorization test classification and the Cora data set.
Effect of Rising and Falling K Profiles on SCC Growth Rates in High-Temperature Water

Effects of rising and falling stress intensity factor (K) profiles on the SCC growth rates of stainless steel and nickel alloys has been studied in high temperature water. Sophisticated test control software was used that changes loading (P) based on crack length (a) to achieve a specific K trajectory by controlling dK/da, not simply dP/dt. The majority of SCC problems develop adjacent to welds, which have a complex residual stress profile vs. wall thickness. This, coupled with the dependence of K on crack length, causes K to change as the crack grows, not per se with time (t). The effect of “K-dot” on crack tip strain rate and the associated crack growth rate is discussed, along with the repercussions to understanding and dispositioning SCC response.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Understanding scenes on many levels

This paper presents a framework for image parsing with multiple label sets. For example, we may want to simultaneously label every image region according to its basic-level object category (car, building, road, tree, etc.), superordinate category (animal, vehicle, manmade object, natural object, etc.), geometric orientation (horizontal, vertical, etc.), and material (metal, glass, wood, etc.). Some object regions may also be given part names (a car can have wheels, doors, windshield, etc.). We compute co-occurrence statistics between different label types of the same region to capture relationships such as “roads are horizontal,” “cars are made of metal,” “cars have wheels” but “horses have legs,” and so on. By incorporating these constraints into a Markov Random Field inference framework and jointly solving for all the label sets, we are able to improve the classification accuracy for all the label sets at once, achieving a richer form of image understanding.
Feature matching and deformation for texture synthesis

One significant problem in patch-based texture synthesis is the presence of broken features at the boundary of adjacent patches. The reason is that optimization schemes for patch merging may fail when neighborhood search cannot find satisfactory candidates in the sample texture because of an inaccurate similarity measure. In this paper, we consider both curvilinear features and their deformation. We develop a novel algorithm to perform feature matching and alignment by measuring structural similarity. Our technique extracts a feature map from the sample texture, and produces both a new feature map and texture map. Texture synthesis guided by feature maps can significantly reduce the number of feature discontinuities and related artifacts, and gives rise to satisfactory results.
Q-Band GaN MMIC LNA Using a 0.15μm T-Gate Process

We report a robust Q-band GaN MMIC LNA operating in the 42-47GHz frequency range using a 0.15 mum T-gate process. The measured noise figure of the MMIC is less than 3.1 dB over the band of interest and the NF has a minimum of 2.9 dB at a frequency of 45.5 GHz. The MMIC gain is between 19 and 20 dB across the band and the input return loss of the MMIC is less than -10 dB. The measured OIP3 of the MMIC is 28 dBm at 45 GHz. The 3 stage MMIC is 2.5times1.3 mm2 and consumes less than 400 mW. To the authors knowledge this is the best combination of RF GaN performance at Q-band and the first reported GaN MMIC LNA in this frequency band.
Effect of surface roughening on liquid-solid interface velocity

The difference in density between liquid and solid is shown to be altered at the interface of a rough surface. Since it has been argued previously by author that density difference plays a major role in interface velocity, I conclude that the rough (100) surface of silicon can have both a larger slope and less asymmetry in the freezing-melting velocity versus temperature relation than does the smooth (111) surface. This may provide partial explanation for some recent experimental results and apparent controversy.
Trade Cost: Handicapping on PAR

We analyze the prevailing approach to estimating implicit trade costs and suggest improvements that create greater precision. Our model studies buy-side parent orders to prove that Size/ADV is a sublinear factor, which means that doubling an order does not double the trade cost. The same precision cannot be achieved from the child order data available to the sell side. After improving on existing methods, we cast doubt on whether it is realistic to delineate permanent and temporary costs when numerous market participants influence prices simultaneously. As a result, we introduce a new highly accurate pre-trade cost model with predictive power (R2) of up to 26%.
Reduction in Stent and Vascular Graft Thrombosis and Enhancement of Thrombolysis by Recombinant Lys-Plasminogen in Nonhuman Primates

Background To enhance thrombolytic responses without increasing hemorrhagic risks, the antithrombotic effects of recombinant Lys-plasminogen (r-LysPgn), a prothrombolytic plasminogen intermediate, were examined in baboon models of thrombus formation and dissolution. Methods and Results The dose-response effects of r-LysPgn, alone or in combination with subthreshold dosing of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), were measured with respect to the accumulation of 111In-labeled platelets and 125I-fibrin in thrombus forming on endovascular metallic stents or thrombogenic segments of vascular graft interposed in exteriorized long-term arteriovenous (AV) femoral shunts. Thrombolytic losses have also been determined for preformed, stable, 111In-platelet– and 125I-fibrin–labeled graft thrombus and corresponding propagated thrombotic tails, together with changes in blood tests of thrombosis, thrombolysis, and hemostasis. Bolus intravenous r-LysPgn in escalating doses (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) increased circulating plasmino...
Linear Program Approximations for Factored Continuous-State Markov Decision Processes

Approximate linear programming (ALP) has emerged recently as one of the most promising methods for solving complex factored MDPs with finite state spaces. In this work we show that ALP solutions are not limited only to MDPs with finite state spaces, but that they can also be applied successfully to factored continuous-state MDPs (CMDPs). We show how one can build an ALP-based approximation for such a model and contrast it to existing solution methods. We argue that this approach offers a robust alternative for solving high dimensional continuous-state space problems. The point is supported by experiments on three CMDP problems with 24-25 continuous state factors.
On the relative and multiplicative model reductions

A new relative error model reduction method is proposed using frequency weighted balanced realization and inner-outer factorizations. Explicit L/sub /spl infin// norm error bounds are also derived for the relative error and multiplicative error. A computer example is also given in the paper showing that the improved error bounds by Wang and Safonov (1990, 1992) are in fact wrong. We consider the problem of reducing the order of a linear multivariable dynamical system. >
Factors Associated with Health Information Exchange System Usage in a Safety-Net Ambulatory Care Clinic Setting

The Meaningful Use criteria promises to make health information exchange (HIE) much more widespread. However, the usage of the information systems made available by existing HIE efforts tends to be very low. This study sought to examine the factors associated with usage of an operational HIE system during ambulatory care visits to safety-net clinics. Overall the HIE system was accessed for 21% of encounters. However, system access took on two distinct forms. In general, usage was more likely for patients with recent emergency department visits and chronic conditions. This study indicates the organizational commitment to engage in HIE does not necessarily mean that the information systems will be always used. In addition, system usage will take on various forms for different reasons. These results reveal considerations for the development, operation and evaluation of HIE efforts.
Evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics: a decade of experience.

Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is predominantly sexually transmitted, serologic surveys for HIV infection in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics provide sentinel observations regarding HIV epidemiology. Over the past decade, 17,207 systematically collected sera from patients attending Baltimore STD clinics were analyzed. From 1979 through 1989, HIV seroprevalence rose from 0.23% to 5.35%, increasing significantly in both men and women (P less than .001). Due to a marked increase in HIV infection among women during the mid-1980s, the male-to-female ratio of HIV infection declined from 16:1 in 1979-1982 to 1.0 in 1988-1989. HIV seroprevalence increased significantly (P less than .001) in all age groups, with the greatest increase among teenagers, rising from 0.18% in 1979-1983 to 2.1% in 1987-1989 (P less than .001). Although HIV seroprevalence was higher among whites than blacks during the early 1980s, it increased in blacks subsequently (P less than .001), eventually resulting in a greater rate among black than white clinic patients (P less than .01). These data reflect the evolution of the HIV epidemic in US inner cities. HIV prevalence has increased greater than 20-fold, with recent increases being most marked among women, teenagers, and blacks. Additional resources will undoubtedly be required to support further intensive behavioral and educational programs targeted at adolescents and inner-city minorities.
Designing clinical trials for NOTES

This article breaks down the elements of designing clinical trials, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials, as applied to advancing natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery research. It discusses research ethics, feasibility, design elements (such as randomization, blinding, and choosing a primary outcome), and issues regarding presentation of results. The pros and cons of subjective quality of life outcomes are debated, and the role of the patient/consumer in driving the direction and interpretation of clinical trials is discussed.
From Inflammation to Fibrosis: A Stiff Stretch of Highway

Fibroblast fibrous tissue formation follows an inflammatory cell response that appears at sites of cardiomyocyte necrosis, a “dirty” form of cell death. In replacing these lost cells, such fibrosis preserves the structural integrity of the myocardium. This replacement fibrosis, or scarring, is distinct from a reactive fibrosis that surrounds intramyocardial coronary arteries and which, over time, may extend into the contiguous interstitial space. Absent an inflammatory cell response, such as occurs with cardiomyocyte apoptosis (a “sterile” form of cell death), fibrous tissue does not appear. An abnormal accumulation of type I fibrillar collagen, a stiff structural protein, reduces myocardial distensibility while a pharmacology-based regression of cardiac fibrosis is accompanied by an improvement in diastolic stiffness (reviewed in References 1, 2). It is not the quantity but rather the quality of myocardium that determines its stiffness. What accounts for reactive fibrous tissue formation involving the vasculature? To address this question the relative importance of hemodynamic factors versus circulating hormones that accompany any experimental model need to be considered. For example, in placing an occlusive band around the abdominal aorta, either above or between the renal arteries or around a single renal artery, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated as a result of renal ischemia. The accompanying elevation in arterial pressure is created by the band and RAAS effector hormones. An infusion of either angiotensin (Ang) II or aldosterone (ALDO) is accompanied by arterial hypertension due to multiple mechanisms, which are beyond the scope of this brief commentary. Circulating Ang II and ALDO are each increased in a hypertensive, double transgenic rat harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. The anatomical arrangement of the right and left heart and their common coronary circulation are useful in addressing these issues. Iterations in aorta and pulmonary artery structure are likewise insightful. Over the short term, …
Comparison of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi S. L. isolated from the tick Ixodes scapularis in southeastern and northeastern United States.

Abstract Thirty-five strains of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s. l.) were isolated from the blacklegged tick vector Ixodes scapularis in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Rhode Island. They were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer amplicons. PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that the strains represented at least 3 genospecies (including a possible novel genospecies) and 4 different restriction patterns. Thirty strains belonged to the genospecies B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (B. burgdorferi s. s.), 4 southern strains were identified as B. bissettii, and strain SCCH-5 from South Carolina exhibited MseI and DraI restriction patterns different from those of previously reported genospecies. Complete sequences of rrf-rrl intergenic spacers from 14 southeastern and northeastern strains were determined and the phylogenetic relationships of these strains were compared. The 14 strains cluste...
The Bromodomain: A New Target in Emerging Epigenetic Medicine

The bromodomain (BrD) is a conserved protein modular domain found in many chromatin- and transcription-associated proteins that has the ability to recognize acetylated lysine residues. This activity allows bromodomains to play a vital role in many acetylation-mediated protein–protein interactions in the cell, ranging from substrate recruitment for histone acetyltransferases (HATs) to aiding in multiple-protein complex assembly for gene transcriptional activation or suppression in chromatin. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to develop chemical inhibitors of these bromodomains in an effort to probe their cellular functions. Potent and selective inhibitors have been extensively developed for one group of the bromodomain family termed BET proteins that consist of tandem bromodomains followed by an extra terminal domain. Drug developers are actively designing inhibitors of other bromodomains and working to move the most successful inhibitors into the clinic.
The geographic distribution of cardiovascular health in the stroke prevention in healthcare delivery environments (SPHERE) study

Display Omitted Community-level data are siloed and challenging to integrate with patient care.Vast potential exists to tailor community-level and geographic data for patients.We propose an automated technique to present these data at the point-of-care. BackgroundCommunity-level factors have been clearly linked to health outcomes, but are challenging to incorporate into medical practice. Increasing use of electronic health records (EHRs) makes patient-level data available for researchers in a systematic and accessible way, but these data remain siloed from community-level data relevant to health. PurposeThis study sought to link community and EHR data from an older female patient cohort participating in an ongoing intervention at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center to associate community-level data with patient-level cardiovascular health (CVH) as well as to assess the utility of this EHR integration methodology. Materials and methodsCVH was characterized among patients using available EHR data collected May through July of 2013. EHR data for 153 patients were linked to United States census-tract level data to explore feasibility and insights gained from combining these disparate data sources. Analyses were conducted in 2014. ResultsUsing the linked data, weekly per capita expenditure on fruits and vegetables was found to be significantly associated with CVH at the p<0.05 level and three other community-level attributes (median income, average household size, and unemployment rate) were associated with CVH at the p<0.10 level. ConclusionsThis work paves the way for future integration of community and EHR-based data into patient care as a novel methodology to gain insight into multi-level factors that affect CVH and other health outcomes. Further, our findings demonstrate the specific architectural and functional challenges associated with integrating decision support technologies and geographic information to support tailored and patient-centered decision making therein.
Theory and Practice of Representing Nonhuman Animals

A number of environmental political theorists have called for representation of animals, ecosystem or the earth in general in policy making. But political representation of nonhumans raises some difficulties for liberal political theory. No less an authority than Hannah Pitkin gives us reason to think nonhumans cannot be given political representation. Pitkin insists that political representation cannot take place unless the represented "can" be (conceived as) capable of independent action and judgment, not merely being taken care of. I argue that this objection is overstated. Drawing on the work of Andrew Rehfeld, Michael Saward and Jennifer Rubenstein, I argue that representation is best conceived as a way to create political agency for nonhumans. I explore how nonhuman animals are in fact represented in American politics, how their representatives are authorized and held accountable, and how we evaluate their representative claims. I conclude, however, that there are limits to the representation of nonhuman interests, and some of Whiteside's concerns about relying on the representation model are valid.
A Case for Interoperable IoT Sensor Data and Meta-data Formats: The Internet of Things (Ubiquity symposium)

While much attention has been focused on building sensing systems and backing cloud infrastructure in the Internet of things/Web of things (IoT/WoT) community, enabling third-party applications and services that can operate across domains and across devices has not been given much consideration. The challenge for the community is to devise standards and practices that enable integration of data from sensors across devices, users, and domains to enable new types of applications and services that facilitate much more comprehensive understanding and quantitative insights into the world around us.
Cross-Examining Scripture: Testimonial Strategies in Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason

This essay explores how rules for handling testimonial evidence were developed in the contexts of the British jurisprudence, epistemology and theological debate over the course of the eighteenth century, and shows how Thomas Paine appropriated these rules in The Age of Reason , his deistic manifesto.
Abstract 1737: Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase regulates BH3-only proteins and sensitizes breast cancer cells to a small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce apoptosis.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the key enzyme in de novo lipogenesis, is significantly upregulated and activated in many carcinomas, including breast cancer. Pharmacological inhibition of FASN induces apoptosis of FASN expressing cancer cells. However, the mechanism is still unclear. Inhibition of FASN in breast cancer cells induces a dose dependent increase in apoptotic cell death with a concomitant upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins Noxa, Bim and Puma (mRNA and protein). Blockage of the BH3-only protein expression using specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), significantly diminishes the apoptotic effect induced by the inhibition of FASN. Moreover, addition of palmitate, the end product of FASN, protects the cells from the proapoptotic effects of FASN inhibition by suppressing expression of Noxa, Bim and Puma. These data indicate that Noxa, Bim and Puma are essential for the apoptotic effect induced by the inhibition of FASN. Combination therapeutic regimens have received growing attention for the possibility of higher efficacy with reduced toxicity. Thus, we investigated the combinatorial effect of pharmacological inhibition of FASN and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. While a small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor alone did not induce apoptosis, co-treatment of the small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor with a synthetic FASN inhibitor significantly surpassed the apoptotic effect of the synthetic FASN inhibitor alone. Accordingly, combined treatment of a FASN inhibitors and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonists represents a new rational combination that merits further consideration in FASN overexpressing tumors. Citation Format: Chandra Mohan Kurapaty Venkatapoorna, Ingrid Espinoza, Scott H Kaufmann, Ruth Lupu. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase regulates BH3-only proteins and sensitizes breast cancer cells to a small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1737. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1737 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Further Studies on the Internal Anatomy of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). I. The Digestive and Reproductive Systems of Rusadiria, Oenas, Lagorina, Sitaris, and Zonitis

The digestive and reproductive systems of 5 North African species, representing 5 genera, are described and discussed. Sitaris has only 4 malpighian tubules instead of the 6 found in other blister beetles. Rusadiria ( Coryna auct.) shows a branched third pair of male accessory glands. The genera Rusadiria, Lagorina , and Sitaris are assigned to the tribes Mylabrini, Lyttini, and Nemognathini, respectively, on the basis of their internal anatomical features; the relationships of Oenas and Zonitis were discussed by the author in an earlier paper.
Correctness authentication of preference top-k query in cloud computing

The problem of correctness of authenticating results of preference top-k query in cloud computing is investigated.On the basis of existing dominant graph,Authenticated Dominant Graph with Hash(ADG-H)and Authenticated Dominant Graph with Signature(ADG-S)are proposed.ADG-H can be used to authenticate the result correctness of snapshot query effectively.For continuous monitor,an adoptation of ADG-H can incur prohibitive network overhead,so ADG-S was proposed,by which necessary network transmission can be conducted only when the query results or verification objects are affected by data update.Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ADG-H and ADG-S.
Knowledge and discrimination regarding HIV /AIDS among low-grade college students in Nanchang

Objective To determine the extent of knowledge and discrimination of HIV/AIDS among low-grade college students.Methods Using stratified cluster sampling method,a total of 1 079 students from 4 different types of colleges and universities participated in the anonymous self-report questionnaire survey,which included general information,AIDS related knowledge,attitude toward HIV infectors or AIDS patients and education demand.Results Among 918 valid questionnaires,61.7% had proper knowledge regarding HIV / AIDS,73.86% reported awareness of the three transmission routes.However,the awareness of non-transmission routes and prevention strategy was quite low(40.31% and 35.51%,respectively).Gender difference was found in the knowledge of HIV / AIDS.Discrimination to people living with HIV / AIDS was common,and there were no significant differences in gender and majoring.About 65.5% of the students reported insufficient HIV / AIDS education and 73.5% of the respondents were willing to accept the education from people living with HIV / AIDS.Conclusion The awareness level of HIV / AIDS among low-grade university students needs to be improved,and discrimination regarding HIV / AIDS patients still exists.
Tritiated water exchange in the human uterine cavity

Measurements with the use of tritiated water ( 3 H 2 O) in human volunteers indicate that the mean tritiated water half life (t½ 3 H 2 O) in the uterine cavity is 1.3 minutes. This figure is very close to that previously measured in subhuman primates. 1 By extrapolation from various prior studies, the volume of the human uterine cavity (aV c ) may be assumed to approximate 0.4 to 0.6ml. According to the formula a V c 2 × 1 , 440 1 ½ 3 H 2 O water turnover in the human endometrial canal is calculated to range from 222 to 332 ml/24 hours.
Smoking cessation: treatment options and the pharmacist's role.

Abstract The pharmacist can play a critical role in counseling patients on how to quit smoking, and providing support as well as information on smoking cessation products.
The Curious Case of the Deaf and Contested Landscapes of Bilingual Education.

ABSTRACTIn this article, the authors examine deaf education as a “curious case” to prompt thinking about issues of language inequities. The authors argue that tying the fortunes of deaf students to those of other language minority students provides opportunities for new insights into policies and practices of deaf education as well the education of other language minorities in American schools. The authors provide a case example of successful deaf bilingual education that challenges the equation of deaf communicative difference with academic failure. They conclude with a discussion of American bilingual education history and how a consideration of the “curious case” of deaf education opens up possibilities for expanding understandings of more general issues of language difference in education.
Aristotle, Objectivity, and the Unmoved Mover

In the fragments cited above, we sense the philosophical situation in the cosmopolitan center that was Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, where ideas from the entire Mediterranean encountered one another, leaving some philosophers skeptical and others committed to clarifying how one might know with certainty. Is human intellect the measure of all things? Is knowledge only a combination of opinion and persuasion?
Alloantisera and Monoclonal Antibodies Which Appear to Define the Same Ia Allospecificity in Population Studies Do Not Detect the Same Ia Molecules in Biochemical Studies

Some anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies (mabs) define specificities similar to Ia allospecificities based on their reactions in population studies. Two anti-Ia mabs, Genox 3.53 [1] and BT3.4 [2], bind to DR1, 2, and w6 cells, and therefore define specificities (referred to as DQw1-like) similar to the DQwl allospecificity. In addition, the anti-Ia mab IVD12 [3] binds to DR4 and DR5 cells, and therefore defines a specificity (DQw3-like) similar to the DQw3 allospecificity. The human Ia alloantigens, which were defined and categorized based on serologic testing with alloantibodies, are now being redefined in immunochemical studies with mabs. However, the possibility exists that anti-Ia allosera and mabs which have similar reactivity patterns in population studies may not recognize the same Ia molecules.
Thermal dark matter via the flavon portal

Dark matter (DM) is added to the Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism, and conditions for its successful freeze-out identified. Requesting the FN scale ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{\mathrm{FN}}$ to be the cutoff of the theory renders freeze-out scenarios surprisingly few. Fermionic DM is typically charged under $U(1{)}_{\mathrm{FN}}$, with the dominant annihilation channel a $CP$-even flavon $+$ $CP$-odd flavon. A minimal case is when the DM-flavon coupling strength is $\mathcal{O}(1)$, with several implications: (1) the DM mass is $\mathcal{O}(100\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}--1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV})$, thanks to the WIMP coincidence, (2) requiring perturbativity of couplings puts a lower and upper limit on the flavor scale, $2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{\mathrm{FN}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}14\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, on account of its relation to DM mass and couplings, (3) DM is a ``secluded WIMP'' effectively hidden from collider and direct detection searches. Limits on the masses of dark matter and mediators from kaon mixing measurements constitute the best constraints, surpassing Xenon1T, Fermi-LAT, and the LHC. Future direct detection searches, and collider searches for missing energy plus a single jet/bottom/top, are promising avenues for discovery.
The Role of Hypotension in Secondary Brain Injury after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

P108 Objective: Hypotension is known to exacerbate secondary brain injury and worsen outcome after head trauma and ischemic stroke. Optimal blood pressure management after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a point of debate. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and impact on outcome of hypotension early after ICH. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all 89 patients admitted with acute non-traumatic ICH to the University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital during 1997. Complete information was available in 75 patients, who formed the cohort for analysis. Occurrences of hypotension (defined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) Results: Overall 30-day mortality was 49% (37 of 75). 30-day mortality was 57% for patients with at least one episode of hypotension during the first 3 days (n=47) compared with 36% of patients with no hypotensive episodes (n=28). Patients with a total duration of hypotension > 60 minutes during the first 3 days had a 30-day mortality rate of 61% (n=38) compared with a 30-day mortality rate of 38% in those with P P P =0.05,) and IVH ( P =0.04), but not occurrence or duration of hypotension, were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Conclusions: Hypotension is common within the first several days after acute ICH and is associated with worsened 30-day mortality, especially when present for a total duration > 60 minutes. While blood pressure management after ICH is largely focused on management of hypertension, this suggests that low blood pressure negatively impacts on outcome. Whether hypotension after ICH creates secondary ischemic brain injury or is merely a secondary occurrence in severely affected patients remains to be clarified.
Applying punctuated equilibrium theory to municipal and county operating and capital budgets

Although punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) is widely hailed as the dominant theory regarding public policy and budgets, little research has extended PET to the local government arena or to capital expenditures. This article utilizes a panel dataset of public expenditures from Wisconsin counties, cities, villages, and towns from 1990-2009 to show that local operating and capital budgets fit the contemporary PET framework. However, the article also offers some discussion about methodological problems in assessing PET for local governments, and highlights the importance of differentiating between expenditure types (e.g. capital versus operating spending) as well as institutional differences between counties, cities, villages, and towns.
An Exploration of the Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain in African American Women: Genetic Factors and Energy Expenditure.

Background:Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) has a long-term impact on women’s body weight and contributes to the development of obesity in the mother and her child. Many risk factors for GWG...
‘Gaps’ in targeted ischaemic injury therapies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a medical emergency, resulting from blockade of one or several conduit arteries supplying the myocardium. Early and rapid intervention limits ischaemic time, tissue damage and infarct size and is a major determinant of patient prognosis. In principle, restoration of oxygenated blood flow via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and stent placement should limit the damage to the affected myocardium. However, ischaemia-reperfusion injury after restoration of flow can account for 50% of infarct size. Multiple factors reportedly affect the extent of injury including types of occlusion, failed reperfusion of tissues resulting from haemorrhage, thrombosis, microvascular obstruction (MVO) and cellular generation of free radicals. Recently, a number of proposed therapeutic modalities have been the subject of clinical trials. These include ischaemic preconditioning/postconditioning therapies, cooling strategies and pharmacological interventions. While some studies have reported patient benefits and improved outcomes, these are controversial, with larger studies generally reflecting no overall patient benefit.1 Thus, at present, there are currently no clinically available tools that are specifically indicated to reduce ischaemic-reperfusion injury in patients. In their recent phase 2 clinical trial, Engstrom et al report on the outcomes of the trial of a novel peptide therapeutic, danegaptide, aimed at limiting ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with STEMI.2 Danegaptide (ZP1609) is an analogue of rotigaptide (ZP123), Gap-134 and of the antiarrhythmic peptide (AAP10) first identified as a naturally occurring peptide in bovine serum.3 The various iterations of this peptide (AAP10→rotagaptide→danegaptide) have increased in vivo peptide stability and efficacy. Both AAP10 and rotigaptide have been demonstrated in multiple preclinical studies to limit ischaemia-induced cardiac damage and arrhythmias. Similar studies have demonstrated effects for danegaptide in reducing ischaemia-induced infarct size in canine and porcine models.4 5 Patients with clinical …
Ethics and Policy Issues for Internet Advertising: Targeting Multicultural Consumers in the Digital Marketing Era

Given the technology use among ethnic populations, advertisers are allocating greater percentages of their multicultural advertising budgets towards the internet. The association between an organization’s multicultural and internet advertising is explained through the size of its total advertising expenditures. African Americans and Hispanics can be seen as vulnerable consumers in the context of food & beverage and restaurant industries; given their pre-disposition to diet-related health maladies. Food & beverage marketers spending more on multicultural advertising, expend more on internet advertising. As an organization has societal moral obligations that increase with its size, public policy and managerial implications is discussed.
Note on Idea Diffusion Models with Cohort Structures

In this note I propose two alternative frameworks to study idea diffusion models with cohort structures. Both frameworks fix the Lucas (2009) aggregation mistake while keeping the analytical tractability of the model and its insights. The frameworks differ in their assumptions on the meeting process. I study first a continuous arrival process where agents meet at each point in time, and then a more commonly used Poisson process where meeting opportunities arrive stochastically at some given Poisson rate. I generalize the growth formula in Lucas (2009) and show that both models yield the same growth rate on a balanced growth path. Moreover, I show that the continuous arrival process can be viewed as the limit of Poisson processes where the meeting rate increases but the quality of meetings decreases.
The Ramanujan Journal: Its Conception, Need and Place

Srinivasa Ramanujan’s discoveries continue to have a strong influence on various fields within and outside of mathematics. The launching of The Ramanujan Journal in 1997, devoted to all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan, is a major event in the world of Ramanujan. The growth of this journal is a testimony that the mathematical legacy of Ramanujan is thriving. This article describes how this journal was conceived, why it fills a need, and the place it occupies in the world of mathematics.
FUNDAMENTALS OF EXERGY ANALYSIS AND EXERGY-AIDED THERMAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

A close reading of the early literature of the second law of thermodynamics originating from the time of Carnot shows that second law reasoning in today’s engineering sense - -optimal conversion of inputs to end use - - was present from the beginning. Interest in this theme occasionally flickered in the interim, but it was kept alive and now forms the basis for contemporary applications of engineering thermodynamics. The bonds that have been forged in recent years between thermodynamics and economics have made the theme of optimal use more explicit and have allowed second law methods to be even more powerful and effective than ever before for the design and analysis of thermal systems.
The Motion of an Orbiting Vehicle Subjected to Continuous Radial Thrust, Including a Study of Planetary Encounters

The use of continuous radial thrust has been mentioned as a suitable scheme for braking spaceships in planetary encounters since the guidance requirements appear to be simple. The problem of a vehicle approaching a planet is investigated in order to compare different schemes for braking, adjustment of perigee altitude, and assurance of capture. In this regard, continuous radial thrust, retro-rockets, and atmospheric lift and drag are discussed.
MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Research: Progress and Promise

Over the years, remarkable progress has been made in regards to our understanding of breast cancer biology and consequently the development of novel treatments. One idea that has proven to be immensely valuable is the use of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and even for treatment. The miRNAs are short RNA molecules that are able to post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of genes at multiple levels. Past and current research has continued to classify miRNAs as either highly or rarely expressed in cancer cells in relation to their normal non-cancerous counterparts. This classification is also used to organize the various miRNAs as either tumor suppressing or oncogenic. For example, aberrant expression of certain miRNAs is widely accepted to signify different stages of cancer. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the role of miRNAs in cancer, while enlightening the readers with the role of specific miRNAs in breast cancer development and progression, and their exploitation for designing innovative therapeutic strategies.
Wireless standard technology identification via signal temporal characteristics: a comprehensive 802.11b/g/n case study

ISM spectrum is becoming increasingly populated with various wireless technologies. Consequently, wireless coexistence suffers especially when heterogeneous communicating wireless devices are collocated and sharing the same spectrum. Technology awareness of the collocated devices provides a pathway to improving wireless coexistence. This paper presents a novel method for identifying wireless technologies through the use of simple energy detection techniques to measure channel temporal characteristics including activity and idle time probability distributions. Wireless technology identification enables situational awareness to improve coexistence and reduce interference among the devices. An intelligent wireless device is capable of detecting wireless technologies operating in the vicinity. In this work, a wireless technology identification algorithm was assessed experimentally. Temporal traffic pattern for 802.11b/g/n homogeneous and heterogeneous networks were measured and used as algorithm input. Identification accuracies of up to 96.83% and 85.9% were achieved for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks, respectively.
Compositional Verification of Large-Scale Nonlinear Systems via Sums-of-Squares Optimization

We consider the computationally prohibitive problem of stability and invariance verification of large-scale dynamical systems. We exploit the natural interconnected structure often arising from such systems in practice (i.e., they are interconnections of low-dimensional subsystems), and propose a compositional method. We construct independently for each subsystem a Lyapunov-like function, and guarantee that their sum automatically certifies the original high-dimensional system is stable or invariant. For linear time invariant systems, our method produces block-diagonal Lyapunov matrices without structural assumptions commonly found in the literature. For polynomial system tasks, our formulation results in significantly smaller sum-of-squares programs. Demonstrated on numerical and practical examples, our algorithms can handle problems beyond the reach of direct optimizations, and are orders of magnitude faster than existing compositional methods.
Going Downhill? The Industrialisation of Skiing from the 1930s to the 1970s

The chapter traces the transformation of skiing from a leisure activity into a global industry in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Skiing connected various threads of global mass culture in the twentieth century, including sport, leisure, tourism, advertising, the entertainment industry, and the mass media. This unique combination of goods and services allowed a wide range of manufacturers and service providers, both public and private, to serve the needs of skiers, creating an integrated, modern industry. Simultaneously, the complexity and ubiquity of skiing as an industry made it highly malleable to individual tastes and new cultural trends, stimulating steady demand among consumers. This symbiosis of supply and demand drove the industrialisation of skiing.