cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal Bases of Varying Tendencies to Learn Delinquent and Criminal Behavior

The value of applied behavior conditioning procedures for the day-to-day management of troublesome behavior by delinquents and criminals in institutional settings (e.g., training schools), in semiinstitutional settings (e.g., group homes), and even in individual family settings has been well established (see Braukmann & Fixsen, 1975; Wood & Flynn, 1978). Nevertheless, nearly all of the most rigorously designed follow-up studies of these programs have concluded that they do not reduce recidivism, at least beyond the first few months following program completion/release (for reviews see Blakely Davidson, 1984; Davidson & Seidman, 1974; Redner, Snellman, & Davidson, 1983).
Usability and clinical efficacy of diabetes mobile applications for adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.

Abstract Objectives To assess the usability and clinical effectiveness of diabetes mobile applications (diabetes apps) developed for adults with type 2 diabetes. Method A systematic review of the usability and effectiveness of diabetes apps was conducted. Searches were performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, COMPENDEX, and IEEE XPLORE for articles published from January 1, 2011, to January 17, 2017. Search terms included: diabetes, mobile apps, and mobile health (mHealth). Results The search yielded 723 abstracts of which seven usability studies and ten clinical effectiveness studies met the inclusion criteria from 20 publications. Usability, as measured by satisfaction ratings from experts and patients, ranged from 38% to 80%. Usability problem ratings ranged from moderate to catastrophic. Top usability problems are multi-steps task, limited functionality and interaction, and difficult system navigation. Clinical effectiveness, measured by reductions in HbA1c, ranged from 0.15% to 1.9%. Conclusion Despite meager satisfaction ratings and major usability problems, there is some limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of diabetes apps to improve glycemic control for adults with type 2 diabetes. Findings strongly suggest that efforts to improve user satisfaction, incorporate established principles of health behavior change, and match apps to user characteristics will increase the therapeutic impact of diabetes apps.
High Conversion-Gain Pinned-Photodiode Pump-Gate Pixels in 180-nm CMOS Process

This paper presents the design and characterization of high conversion-gain pixels in a 180-nm CMOS image sensor process. By reducing overlapping capacitance between a floating diffusion and transfer gate, output-referred pixel conversion gain as high as 118uV/e- and read noise as low as 1.8e- rms are experimentally achieved without significant lag. A dark current of 38 pA/cm2 is measured at 60 °C. Comparison between the proposed devices and a baseline pixel regarding device structure and characterization results is also presented.
Genetic approaches to elucidate the regulatory role of phospholamban in the heart

In end-stage heart failure, several molecular, biochemical and functional alterations have been described to occur at the cellular level [11, 32]. Evidence indicates that disturbed excitation-contraction coupling processes may underlie disturbed myocardial function in various animal models and human conditions [3, 34]. Specifically, Ca2+ uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) have been shown to be altered, and the ratio of phospholamban/SR Ca2+ ATPase has been suggested to play a key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure [10]. Thus, it becomes important to dissect the molecular mechanisms governing the highly regulated excitation-contraction coupling process and their alterations in heart failure in order to develop new therapeutic approaches for this disease.
A Comparative Study of Increasing Automation in the Integration of Multilingual Social Media Information

Multilingual support in global applications that integrate and filter social media data is a significant challenge due to the cost of manually developing such social media filters for each language. Using LITMUS landslide information system as an experimental platform, we compared six design alternatives with varied combinations of manually developed filters and automatically translated filters for integrating and filtering social media data. Our experiments on Japanese tweets show that automatically translated filtering produces comparable or better results than manually created filters, achieving similar result quality: in false positives, false negatives, and F-1 scores. Compared to manual development, our results suggest automated translation may be a faster and cheaper approach to the integration of non-English languages, without sacrificing data quality. These results are encouraging for reducing the development cost of localized applications that integrate social media, by using automated translation tools.
True Grit? Making a Scientific Object and Pedagogical Tool:

The educability of personal qualities has garnered attention for its potential to raise student achievement. This investigation asks how one such quality—grit—has become a commonsensical way to thi...
Proceedings of the 21st International Stroke Genetics Consortium Workshop

The 21st workshop and 10th anniversary of the International Stroke Genetics Consortium (ISGC) was held on June 1–2, 2017 in Houston, TX, hosted by Myriam Fornage and Ynte Ruigrok. The ISGC is an international collaboration of physicians and scientists who have agreed to pool resources and expertise in an effort to unravel the genetic basis of stroke and its comorbidities ([http://www.strokegenetics.org][1]). It was formed in 2007 by a small group of scientists and has since grown to over 200 members representing over 50 countries in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and Africa. ISGC workshops are held semi-annually and provide a forum for ISGC scientists and researchers to report on progress of ongoing scientific projects and discuss new ideas that help advance the ISGC's research mission. The ISGC nurtures its junior members offering up to 2 travel awards to young investigators. Many abstracts in these Proceedings reflect the contributions of active junior investigators. Herein, we present the Proceedings and official published abstracts of the 21st ISGC workshop. [1]: https://www.strokegenetics.org
Lo imposible como práctica de clase: Darío-Martí

El paso del siglo XIX al XX sorprende a Centroamerica en una encrucijada que, como parte consubstancial de ese transito, habria de marcar el desarrollo de su peculiar modernidad.
Dopaminergic Stimulation of Estrogen Receptor Binding in Vivo: A Reexamination

Publisher Summary Drugs that reduce endogenous levels of norepinephrine or that block the action of norepinephrine, that is, α-adrenergic antagonists, reduce the levels of hypothalamic estrogen receptors (ERs) and also inhibit the ability of estradiol (E2) to induce progesterone receptors (PRs)—an effect that can be reversed by α-agonists. In the first study presented in this chapter, the effects of apomorphine and bromocryptine on total, specific, and nonspecific [3H]E2 binding in nuclear, supernatant, and P2 fractions of six discrete brain areas and anterior pituitary were compared. One hour after [3H]E2 injection, both drugs markedly increased specific nuclear binding in the pituitary, anterior, and basal hypothalamus. Only the cortex failed to show an increase in specific nuclear binding after either drug. Apomorphine and bromocryptine also increased specific binding in S2 and P2 fractions of all tissues except cortex. Plasma levels of radioactivity were not affected by the treatment.
Wall Shear Stress Directional Abnormalities in BAV Aortas: Toward a New Hemodynamic Predictor of Aortopathy?

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) generates wall shear stress (WSS) abnormalities in the ascending aorta (AA) that may be responsible for the high prevalence of aortopathy in BAV patients. While previous studies have analyzed the magnitude and oscillatory characteristics of the total or streamwise WSS in BAV AAs, the assessment of the circumferential component is lacking despite its expected significance in this highly helical flow environment. This gap may have hampered the identification of a robust hemodynamic predictor of BAV aortopathy. The objective of this study was to perform a global and component-specific assessment of WSS magnitude, oscillatory and directional characteristics in BAV AAs. The WSS environments were computed in the proximal and middle convexity of tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) and BAV AAs using our previous valve-aorta fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models. Component-specific WSS characteristics were investigated in terms of temporal shear magnitude (TSM) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). WSS directionality was quantified in terms of mean WSS vector magnitude and angle, and angular dispersion index (Dα). Local WSS magnitude and multidirectionality were captured in a new shear magnitude and directionality index (SMDI) calculated as the product of the mean WSS magnitude and Dα. BAVs subjected the AA to circumferential TSM overloads (2.4-fold increase vs. TAV). TAV and BAV AAs exhibited a unidirectional circumferential WSS (OSI 0.21) and middle (OSI < 0.07) sections. BAVs generated mean WSS vectors skewed toward the anterior wall and WSS angular distributions exhibiting decreased uniformity in the proximal AA (0.27-point increase in Dα vs. TAV). SMDI was elevated in all BAV AAs but peaked in the proximal LR-BAV AA (3.6-fold increase vs. TAV) and in the middle RN-BAV AA (1.6-fold increase vs. TAV). This analysis demonstrates the significance of the circumferential WSS component and the existence of substantial WSS directional abnormalities in BAV AAs. SMDI abnormality distributions in BAV AAs follow the morphotype-dependent occurrence of dilation in BAV AAs, suggesting the predictive potential of this metric for BAV aortopathy.
Application of thermal spray coatings for 304 SS SCC mitigation in high temperature water

The thermal spray coating technique was applied to produce the catalytic or insulated protective coatings on 304 stainless steel (SS) surface. The electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) response of such coatings in high temperature water under various water chemistry conditions were evaluated. The ECP results clearly demonstrated that the catalytic coatings (CC) produced with various alloy powders containing small amounts of Pd responded fully catalytically in the presence of the stoichiometric excess hydrogen, showing a ECP value well below the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) protection potential ({minus}230 mV{sub she}). Furthermore, the insulated protective coating (IPC) layer created with a powder of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) restricted the oxidant transport rate to the metal surface, and the ECP remained at <{minus}300 mV{sub she} in 288 C water containing to 200--300 ppb oxygen (O{sub 2}) and no hydrogen (H{sub 2}).
The effects of antibiotic type and extender storage method on sperm quality and antibacterial effectiveness in fresh and cooled-stored stallion semen.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of antibiotic-containing extender of on sperm quality and control of bacterial growth. In Experiment 1, ejaculates were diluted in extender containing no antibiotics, potassium penicillin G-amikacin disulfate (PEN-AMIK), ticarcillin disodium-potassium clavulanate (TICAR-CLAV), piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium (PIP-TAZ), or meropenem (MERO). In freshly extended semen, only slight differences were detected among some antibiotic treatments for total sperm motility, curvilinear velocity, and viable acrosome-intact sperm (P
Recurrent acoustic patterns produced by a singing humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) often sing continuously for multiple hours. Little is known about how individual singers vary the acoustic features of their songs within such prolonged song sessions. Here, a case study analysis of a seven-hour singing bout was performed to clarify the consistency with which global acoustic features can be produced by an individual singer. Analyses of 44 consecutive songs within a multi-hour sample revealed that: (1) songs of similar duration may be repeated for at least an hour; (2) frequency content and sequencing can be produced stably for several hours; and (3) multiple, narrow-band tonal streams, possibly song-generated, may co-occur within a song session. These analyses of intra-individual variations in acoustic features within a song session revealed the precision with which a singer can control acoustic fields, raising new questions about the predictability of acoustic variations in songs across different contexts and environmental conditions. The finding of spectral stability over hour-long periods further supports a potentially important functional role for song-generated reverberation and provides a baseline for future quantitative comparisons of song acoustics within and across individual singers.
G Proteins in Heart Disease

Heterotrimeric G proteins are the signal transducers for seven transmembrane spanning receptors, enabling receptor activation of individual downstream signaling pathways. Modified expression or activity of G proteins and their downstream effectors is postulated to play a role in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. This paper reviews the evidence for and against a pathologic role for G proteins in cardiac disease.
A Comparative Study of the Delta-Corrected Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

The delta-corrected Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has been shown to be uniformly more powerful than the classical Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The power of the delta-corrected Kolmogorov-Smimov test is compared to six other goodness of fit tests based on the empirical distribution function using 10 000 Monte Carlo samples. Also, how the delta-corrected Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is conducted is illustrated.
Evaluation of a D-Dimer Protocol for Detection of Venous Thromboembolism.

Background The use of venous duplex ultrasonography (VDU) for confirmation of deep venous thrombosis in neurosurgical patients is costly and requires experienced personnel. We evaluated a protocol using D-dimer levels to screen for venous thromboembolism (VTE), defined as deep venous thrombosis and asymptomatic pulmonary embolism. Methods We used a retrospective bioinformatics analysis to identify neurosurgical inpatients who had undergone a protocol assessing the serum D-dimer levels and had undergone a VDU study to evaluate for the presence of VTE from March 2008 through July 2017. The clinical risk factors and D-dimer levels were evaluated for the prediction of VTE. Results In the 1918 patient encounters identified, the overall VTE detection rate was 28.7%. Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, an area under the curve of 0.58 was identified for all D-dimer values (P = 0.0001). A D-dimer level of ≥2.5 μg/mL on admission conferred a 30% greater relative risk of VTE (sensitivity, 0.43; specificity, 0.67; positive predictive value, 0.27; negative predictive value, 0.8). A D-dimer value of ≥3.5 μg/mL during hospitalization yielded a 28% greater relative risk of VTE (sensitivity, 0.73; specificity, 0.32; positive predictive value, 0.24; negative predictive value, 0.81). Multivariable logistic regression showed that age, male sex, length of stay, tumor or other neurological disease diagnosis, and D-dimer level ≥3.5 μg/mL during hospitalization were independent predictors of VTE. Conclusions The D-dimer protocol was beneficial in identifying VTE in a heterogeneous group of neurosurgical patients by prompting VDU evaluation for patients with a D-dimer values of ≥3.5 μg/mL during hospitalization. Refinement of this screening model is necessary to improve the identification of VTE in a practical and cost-effective manner.
The Serpent Column and the talismanic ecologies of Byzantine Constantinople

This study examines how the Serpent Column in Constantinople came to be recognized as a talisman against snakes and snakebites in the 1390s. It first gives a working definition of what a talisman was in Byzantium. It shows that, despite the co-existence of different ideas of what talismans were, they share the basic principle that the talisman acts within a broader network of non-human forces and entities. Second, it shows how contemporaries used this understanding of talismans when they began to recognize the Serpent Column as a talisman.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of fukutin deficient mice is resistant to exercise- and AICAR-induced rescue

Disruptions in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) are clearly the primary basis underlying various forms of muscular dystrophies and dystroglycanopathies, but the cellular consequences of DGC disruption are still being investigated. Mitochondrial abnormalities are becoming an apparent consequence and contributor to dystrophy disease pathology. Herein, we demonstrate that muscle-specific deletion of the fukutin gene [Myf5/fktn-KO mice (KO)], a model of secondary dystroglycanopathy, results in ~30% lower muscle strength (P<0.001) and 16% lower mitochondrial function (P=0.002) compared to healthy littermate controls (LM). We also observed ~80% lower PGC-1 signaling (P=0.004), a primary transcription factor for mitochondrial biogenesis, in KO mice that likely contributes to the mitochondrial defects. PGC-1 is post-translationally regulated via phosphorylation by AMPK. Treatment with the AMPK agonist AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) failed to rescue mitochondrial deficits in KO mice (P=0.458) but did have beneficial (~30% greater) effects on recovery of muscle contractility following injury in both LM and KO mice compared to saline treatment (P=0.006). The beneficial effects of AMPK stimulation via AICAR on muscle function may be partially explained by AMPKs other role of regulating skeletal muscle autophagy, a cellular process critical for clearance of damaged and/or dysfunctional organelles. Two primary conclusions can be drawn from this data, 1) fukutin deletion produces intrinsic muscular metabolic defects that likely contribute to dystroglycanopathy disease pathology, and 2) AICAR treatment accelerates recovery of muscle function following injury suggesting AMPK signaling as a possible target for therapeutic strategies.
Utilizing a novel unified healthcare model to compare practice patterns between telemedicine and in-person visits:

ObjectiveTelemedicine practice has been shown to vary from clinical guidelines. Variations in practice patterns may be caused by disruptions in the continuity of care between traditional and teleme...
The Ethics of Violence: Necessity, Excess & Opposition

In this Essay, I renew my reading of Cover's writings under the guidance of Austin Sarat and Thomas Kearns's recent collection of essays entitled Law's Violence. The essays expand the foundation for an alternative vocabulary describing, explaining, and justifying law's violence. Even as it expands, however, the foundation stands lacking. Nowhere in the growing vocabulary of violence is there reference to lawyers as jurispathic agents or to lawyers' interpretive practices as discrete forms of normative violence. Without an account of lawyers as agents of interpretive violence, we overlook the normative, rather than the physical or psychological, pain experienced by the objects of law: plaintiffs, defendants, victims – in short, clients. It is plain error to overlook the pain experienced by clients when we – as lawyers – act to erase their identities, to silence their narratives, and to suppress their histories during advocacy. The purpose of this Essay is to cure that error. The Essay is divided into four parts. Part I examines the jurisprudence of violence conceived by Cover and extended by Sarat and Kearns. Employing Wanda Field's hearing as a case study, I enlarge that jurisprudence to address lawyers' interpretive violence and clients' normative pain. Part II assesses the argument from necessity offered to explain and to justify lawyers' acts of interpretive violence. Citing Field's case, I note the forces of law and institutional logic that urge this necessitarian defense. Part III analyzes the limits of the necessitarian justification for lawyers' violence. Calling again on Field's case, I distinguish between descriptive and performative speech acts in legal advocacy in order to establish a boundary line of excess violence. Part IV considers an alternative strategy of opposing and thereby curbing lawyers' necessitarian justification. Pointing to the intersection of normative and narrative violence in Field's case, I propose reopening lawyers' meaning-making practices of reading and speaking to test the limits of the speakable in advocacy. The strategy of reopening, testing, and mapping the limits of the speakable allows client identity, narrative, and history to emerge in the lawyering process.
The Effect of Perioperative Blood Transfusion on Long-Term Survival Outcomes After Surgery for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review.

Objective To evaluate survival outcomes associated with perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing surgery. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science Core Collection were queried for English-language articles until May 28, 2020. Studies evaluating long-term outcomes of RBCT compared with no transfusion in adults with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing pancreatectomy were included. E-value sensitivity analysis assessed the potential for unmeasured confounders to overcome these findings. Results Of 4379 citations, 5 retrospective cohort studies were included. Three studies reported shorter recurrence-free survival by 1 to 5 months with RBCT. Two studies found shorter disease-specific survival by 5 to 13 months with RBCT. Overall survival was reduced by 5 to 7 months with RBCT in 3 studies. All multivariable findings associated with RBCT could be readily overcome unmeasured confounding on sensitivity analysis. Confounding in baseline characteristics resulted in high risk of bias. Conclusions Imprecision, unmeasured confounding, small effect sizes, and overall low quality of the available literature result in uncertainty regarding the effect of transfusion on recurrence-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival in patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer. Randomized trials are needed to determine if there is a causal relationship between transfusion and survival after pancreatic resection.
Pollinator effectiveness is affected by intraindividual behavioral variation

Variation in pollinator quality is fundamental to the evolution of plant-pollinator mutualisms and such variation frequently results from differences in foraging behavior. Surprisingly, despite substantial intraindividual variation in pollinator foraging behavior, the consequences for pollen removal and deposition on flowers are largely unknown. We asked how two pollen foraging behaviors of a generalist pollinator (Bombus impatiens) affect removal and deposition of heterospecific and conspecific pollen, key aspects of pollinator quality, for multiple plant species. In addition, we examined how bee body size and pollen placement among body parts shaped pollen movement. We manipulated foraging behavior types using artificial flowers, which donated pollen that captive bees then deposited on three recipient plant species. While body size primarily affected donor pollen removal, foraging behavior primarily affected donor pollen deposition. How behavior affected donor pollen deposition depended on the plant species and the quantity of donor pollen on the bee's abdomen. Plant species with smaller stigmas received significantly less pollen and fewer bees successfully transferred pollen to them. For a single plant species, heterospecific pollen interfered with conspecific pollen deposition, such that more heterospecific pollen on the bee's abdomen resulted in less conspecific pollen deposition on the flower. Thus, intraindividual variation in foraging behavior and its interaction with the amount and placement of acquired pollen and with floral morphology can affect pollinator quality and may shape plant fitness via both conspecific and heterospecific pollen transfer.
Design of a digital controller for spinning flexible spacecraft.

An approach to digital control system design is applied to the analysis and design of a practical onboard digital attitude control system for a class of spinning vehicles characterized by a rigid body and two connected flexible appendages. The approach used is to design a continuous-data control system that will provide a satisfactory system response. Then, using the digital redesign method, a digital controller with onboard digital computer is designed to provide a digital control system whose states are similar to those of the continuous system at sampling instants. The simplicity of application of this approach is indicated by example. The example, using spinning Skylab parameters, is used to substantiate the conclusions.
Influence of drought on growing season carbon and water cycling with changing land cover

Abstract Grasslands around the world are experiencing increased woody encroachment while drought frequency and severity is expected to increase with climate change. These processes will result in changes in the local carbon, water, and energy balances. Two closely located eddy covariance towers on native prairie sites in Kansas with differing burn regimes provided a unique opportunity to investigate those changes with minimal confounding climate factors. Daytime turbulent fluxes were analyzed throughout the growing season during two wet years (2008, 2009) and one drought year (2011). The site experiencing more woody encroachment (K4B) was a greater carbon sink every year, especially in 2011, when the annually burned site (KON) became a negligible sink and potential source of carbon. K4B also had greater seasonal water use efficiency (WUE) at all times except during drought and when burned. Evidence of water loss from deeper, stored sources was shown at K4B through cumulative evaporative loss that exceeded precipitation during drought conditions. Changes in the nature of the turbulent fluxes were also investigated through deviations from similarity theory, quadrant analysis, and wavelet decomposition. Wavelet analysis determined the size of eddies primarily involved in net exchange, showing differences between sites across small to medium scales (average diameter of 4.0–108 m). Increased surface heterogeneity and roughness with woody encroachment was seen through smaller eddy size of maximum transport and slightly weakened applicability of similarity theory at K4B. Eddy size decreased over the course of the growing season, in a strikingly inverse relation to grass leaf area index, likely corresponding to greater canopy height and roughness. Variance of the correlation between carbon and water, indicative of more variable plant productivity, is much greater across all scales in 2011 at KON only. Overall, results indicate woody encroachment increases resilience to drought. Though carbon sequestration remains stronger at the woody encroachment site, it comes at the cost of far increased water loss, including from deeper groundwater resources, which could prove detrimental in combination with predicted climate change.
How Do Cooks Actually Cook Vegetables? A Field Experiment With Low-Income Households

Vegetables in the diet contribute to disease prevention. However, low-income households underconsume fresh vegetables, perhaps because of cost and of unavailability at nearby stores. A third reason may lurk behind those barriers: cooks' unfamiliarity with various and appealing ways to prepare vegetables. To illuminate that possibility and to suggest interventions that could be designed more effectively to boost vegetable consumption, this study took the novel step of providing ample, if temporary, supplies of a fresh vegetable to random sets of clients of food pantries. A week later, telephone interviews obtained details about preparations of meals and snacks that household cooks had made with their unexpected bounty. Among the experiment's 10 vegetables, some were used twice as often as others. Even more striking, cooks practiced a narrow repertoire of preparation methods, dominated by boiling and steaming, across most of the vegetables. Fats and salt were often added to boiled and steamed preparations. Implications are drawn to suggest kinds of recipes-pairings of vegetables and of vegetables with underused means of preparation-that could expand cooks' repertoires and add variety in flavors, appearances of dishes, meal textures, and aromas.
Unique Pituitary Peptides with Behavioral-affecting Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the unique pituitary peptides with behavioral-affecting activity. Initial screening studies for behavioral-affecting activity were performed on hypophysectomized rats. Four unique porcine pituitary peptides are isolated and partially characterized, which upon subcutaneous administration potently facilitate acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses in hypophysectomized rats and inhibit extinction of avoidance responses in intact rats. The profound deficit in acquisition and retention of conditioned avoidance responses (CARS) imposed on rats by hypophysectomy can be substantially reversed by subcutaneous administration of corticotrophin (ACTH) and certain subunits thereof, as well as by the melanotrophins and pitressin. The potent behavioral effects of synthetic corticotrophin subunits in conjunction with an apparent lack of peripheral action suggested the possible existence of naturally occurring pituitary peptides with similar biological activity. The availability of a porcine pituitary extract in a large quantity afforded the opportunity to undertake a search for such compounds.
Chapter 3: Reciprocal Altruism, Norms, and Evolutionary Game Theory

This chapter critically analyses contributions to evolutionary game theory by such writers as Robert Trivers, John Maynard-Smith, and Robert Axelrod. It develops four key arguments. First, that the behavioral propensities that manifest themselves in altruistic behavior are empirically relevant, extend to behavior to non-kin, and should be understood to include the passive altruism reflected in failure to harm. Second, that an evolutionary approach emphasizing group or multilevel selection provides a coherent framework for understanding how such traits might have become established in populations, and that existing “explanations” for such behavior do not. Third, that economic models are not necessarily the same as evolutionary models in their implications. In particular, the justification by appeal to evolutionary theory for the standard economic behavioral assumptions is invalid. Finally, that attempts to account for the origin of altruistic behavioral propensities toward non-kin through evolutionary models restricted to individual level selection or, what turns out to be the equivalent, economic models where agents efficiently pursue their own individual self interest, represent journeys down similar intellectual cul-de-sacs.
Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop

The workshop focused on infrared detector, detector array, and cryogenic electronic technologies relevant to low-background space astronomy. Papers are organized into the following categories: discrete infrared detectors and readout electronics; advanced bolometers; intrinsic integrated infrared arrays; and extrinsic integrated infrared arrays. Status reports on the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) and Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) programs are also included.
The Effect of Hair Loss on Self-Image

(1996). The Effect of Hair Loss on Self-Image. Loss, Grief & Care: Vol. 7, No. 3-4, pp. 57-63.
Newport Bridge Superstructure

The superstructure of the Newport Bridge embodies advanced features relating principally to aerodynamic stability, cables, cable anchorages, and cable wrapping. Wind tunnel tests were conducted on two bridge models, the original design and a design incorporating deck ventilation slots. The modified model showed significantly better aerodynamic stability, and was chosen for the final design. In other tests, this model also demonstrated the beneficial aerodynamic effect of adding a median barrier to the bridge roadway. Four barrier configurations were tested, with the tallest yielding the best results. The cables are wrapped in a unique plastic wrapping rather than being conventionally wire wrapped, while the concrete deck received a new coating that serves simultaneously as a curing compound and a protective covering against de-icing salt corrosion. In addition, the substantially all-welded cruciform towers were designed with esthetic considerations uppermost.
Laser-Doppler measurements of the turbulent mixing of two rectangular water jets impinging on a stationary pool

Abstract Turbulent mixing of parallel jet flows has broad engineering applications. For example, in Gen. IV conceptual nuclear reactors, high-temperature flows mix in the lower plenum before entering the secondary cooling system. The mixing condition needs to be accurately estimated and fully understood. In addition, massive computational works involved in the design process necessitate high-fidelity experimental data sets for benchmarking simulation results. The purpose of this study is to use laser Doppler anemometry, a non-intrusive measuring technique, to evaluate the mixing characteristics of two submerged parallel jets issuing from two rectangular channels. The jets with a small spacing ratio of 3.1 were at room temperature. Flow characteristics including distributions of mean velocities, turbulence intensities, and Reynolds stresses were studied for the cases with equal and non-equal discharge velocities. The merging point (MP) was found to be between y/a = 1.72 and y/a = 3.45. The combining point (CP) was at y/a = 15.52. The Reynolds shear stress, a measure of the intensity of momentum transfer, reached its maximum after the merging point. An uncertainty analysis indicated that the average standard deviations of the streamwise mean velocity U and turbulence intensity Urms at all locations in the five days’ measurements were 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. Spectral analyses including fast Fourier transform, power spectral density estimation and continuous wavelet transform revealed the scale and the evolution in time of varied-size eddies in the mixing region of the flow. Repeating flow structures were observed in different time segments. The experimental data obtained from the LDA measurements of the averaged quantities and transient are not only valid for benchmarking steady-state numerical simulations using turbulence models to solve RANS equations but they also enlarge the database of the experimental data for twin jets.
Extensions of Simple Modules and the Converse of Schur’s Lemma

The converse of Schur’s lemma (or CSL) condition on a module category has been the subject of considerable study in recent years. In this note we extend that work by developing basic properties of module categories in which the CSL condition governs modules of finite length.
Review of High-Temperature Central Receiver Designs for Concentrating Solar Power

Abstract This paper reviews central receiver designs for concentrating solar power applications with high-temperature power cycles. Desired features include low-cost and durable materials that can withstand high concentration ratios (~1000 suns), heat-transfer fluids that can withstand temperatures >650 °C, high solar absorptance, and low radiative and convective heat losses leading to a thermal efficiency >90%. Different receiver designs are categorized and evaluated in this paper: (1) gas receivers, (2) liquid receivers, and (3) solid particle receivers. For each design, the following information is provided: general principle and review of previous modeling and testing activities, expected outlet temperature and thermal efficiency, benefits, perceived challenges, and research needs. Emerging receiver designs that can enable higher thermal-to-electric efficiencies (50% or higher) using advanced power cycles such as supercritical CO 2 closed-loop Brayton cycles include direct heating of CO 2 in tubular receiver designs (external or cavity) that can withstand high internal fluid pressures (~20 MPa) and temperatures (~700 °C). Indirect heating of other fluids and materials that can be stored at high temperatures such as advanced molten salts, liquid metals, or solid particles are also being pursued, but challenges include stability, heat loss, and the need for high-temperature heat exchangers.
Investigation of reactions between vanadium oxide and plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings

The phase evolution occurring during the reaction between corrosive V{sub 2}O{sub 5} (T{sub m} = 690 C) and a plasma-sprayed 7 wt.% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}ZrO{sub 2} (YSZ) coating from 700 to 900 C has been investigated in situ by X-ray diffraction. The temperature and time of interaction between the V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and YSZ coating determines the phases observed. Between 700 and 750 C, reaction products of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} and YVO{sub 4} were observed within minutes of reaching the test temperature. m-ZrO{sub 2} was observed after 220 and 60 min at 700 and 750 C, respectively. The simultaneous formation of both ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} and YVO{sub 4} at the beginning of the reaction along with the delay of the m-ZrO{sub 2} formation suggests similar reactivity between both Zr and Y with V{sub 2}O{sub 5}. The weight percent of the ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} phase began to diminish after 150 and 60 min at 700 and 750 C, respectively. For reaction temperatures of 800 and 900 C, there is a rapid decrease in the amount of t{prime}-ZrO{sub 2} and a rapid increase in the amount of m-ZrO{sub 2} with reaction time. YVO{sub 4} was also observed at these reaction temperatures. SEMmore » and TEM microstructural observations confirmed the phases detected from the in situ XRD experiments. Reactions between YSZ and V{sub 2}O{sub 5} suggest that the formation of a liquid phase due to the high solubility of both zirconia and yttria in vanadia is the dominate mechanism that damages the coating. The thermal conductivity of a plasma-sprayed YSZ coating reacted with up to 1 wt.% V{sub 2}O{sub 5} did not significantly change due to the small volume affected.« less
On the collapse of bacterial endotoxin resistance following hemorrhage.

Unanesthetized immature albino rabbits exposed to 2 hours of severe but reversible hemorrhagic shock induced with aseptic precautions by multiple cardiac bleedings exhibited no increase in susceptibility to single intravenous injections of 200 µg./kg. E. coli endotoxin administered 4 hours post retransfusion, a quantity of endotoxin that was found to be the largest dose uniformly non-lethal to normal rabbits. Paired and randomly selected rabbits treated identically except for the additional procedure of a femoral arterial cutdown and ligation (without aseptic precautions) exhibited increases in susceptibility to the same endotoxin of several hundredfold. This effect could not be attributed to the femoral cutdown and arterial ligation alone since such trauma when coupled with sham cardiac bleedings failed to increase susceptibility to 200 µg./kg. of endotoxin. These data appear valid since sham cardiac bleedings produced no detectable impairment of myocardial contractility, while 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock at 50 mm. Hg with the Lamson reservoir technique caused an increase in endotoxin susceptibility comparable to that seen when cardiac bleedings were combined with a non-sterile femoral arterial cutdown and ligation. The mechanisms increasing the susceptibility to E. coli endotoxin were investigated. It was found that (a) rabbit femoral skeletal muscle is normally contaminated with clostridia, (b) the use of aseptic femoral wounding precautions exerted some suggestive protective influence, (c) the use of aseptic wounding precautions combined with immediate topical sulfanilamide and wound closure exerted a significant protective influence, and (d) prophylactic polyvalent gas gangrene antitoxin protected in a manner not demonstrable when diphtheria antitoxin was employed as a control. These observations suggest that clostridial wound infection is one mechanism whereby a femoral arterial cutdown lowers endotoxin resistance of the rabbit following hemorrhagic shock. It is, however, not the only mechanism since the ligation of a femoral artery during hemorrhagic shock led to edema following retransfusion equivalent to a mean of approximately 30 per cent of the original circulating plasma volume. The intensification of shock caused by this transudation presumably intensified reticulo-endothelial injury, and thus further lowered the resistance of the rabbit to an intravenous injection of endotoxin 4 hours following retransfusion.
Quantitative Evaluation of E1 Endoglucanase Recovery from Tobacco Leaves Using the Vacuum Infiltration-Centrifugation Method

As a production platform for recombinant proteins, plant leaf tissue has many advantages, but commercialization of this technology has been hindered by high recovery and purification costs. Vacuum infiltration-centrifugation (VI-C) is a technique to obtain extracellularly-targeted products from the apoplast wash fluid (AWF). Because of its selective recovery of secreted proteins without homogenizing the whole tissue, VI-C can potentially reduce downstream production costs. Lab scale experiments were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the VI-C method and compared to homogenization techniques in terms of product purity, concentration, and other desirable characteristics. From agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, up to 81% of a truncated version of E1 endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus was recovered with VI-C versus homogenate extraction, and average purity and concentration increases of 4.2-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively, were observed. Formulas were developed to predict recovery yields of secreted protein obtained by performing multiple rounds of VI-C on the same leaf tissue. From this, it was determined that three rounds of VI-C recovered 97% of the total active recombinant protein accessible to the VI-C procedure. The results suggest that AWF recovery is an efficient process that could reduce downstream processing steps and costs for plant-made recombinant proteins.
[60]Fullerene-Stoppered Porphyrinorotaxanes: Pronounced Elongation of Charge-Separated-State Lifetimes

A series of Sauvage-type porphyrinorotaxanes containing [60]fullerene stoppers have been synthesized by a convergent route. Photoinduced energy transfer and electron-transfer reactions in these rotaxanes yield long-distance charge-separated radical-pair states, whose lifetimes in solution at ambient temperatures are as high as 32 μs, depending on the distance between the fullerene and zinc porphyrin chromophores.
Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates surface expression and activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 via mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 is a plasma membrane (PM) protein, which contributes to Na+ absorption in the intestine. Growth factors stimulate NHE3 via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), but mechanism of this process is not clear. To examine the hypothesis that growth factors stimulate NHE3 by modulating NHE3 recycling, and that PI3-K participates in this mechanism, we used PS120 fibroblasts expressing a fusion protein of NHE3 and green fluorescent protein. At steady state, ∼25% of cellular NHE3 content was expressed at PM. Inhibition of PI3-K decreased PM expression of NHE3, which correlated with retention of the exchanger in recycling endosomal compartment. In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increased PM expression of NHE3, which was associated with a 2-fold increase in rate constant for exit of the exchanger from the recycling compartment. Qualitatively similar effects of bFGF were observed in cells pretreated with PI3-K inhibitors, but their magnitude was only ∼50% of that in intact cells. These data suggest that: (i) bFGF stimulates NHE3 by increasing PM expression of the exchanger; (ii) PI3-K mediates PM expression of NHE3 in both basal and bFGF-stimulated conditions, and (iii) not all of the effects of bFGF on NHE3 expression are mediated by PI3-K, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms.
Activity—composition relations of solid solutions and stabilities of Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3 and MgTi2O5 as determined from equilibria in the system MgOCoOTiO2 at 1300°C

Abstract Directions of conjugation lines between pairs of coexisting solid-solution phases in the system MgOCoOTiO2 in contact with metallic Co at 1300°C are used to calculate activity—composition relations in the three solid-solution series Mg2TiO4Co2TiO4, MgTiO3CoTiO3 and MgTi2O5CoTi2O5. Combinations of these data with known free energies of formation of the cobalt titanates Co2TiO4, CoTiO3 and CoTi2O5 permit calculation of the free energies of formation of Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3 and MgTi2O5 from their oxide components at 1300°C. The Mg2TiO4Co2TiO4 solid solution shows a slight positive deviation from ideality, the (Mg,Co)TiO3 solid solution a slight negative deviation from ideality, and the (Mg,Co)Ti2O5 solid solution is practically ideal. The following free energies of formation were determined for the various magnesium titanates from their oxide components at 1300°C:
Working together collaboratively with other professions

Collaboration is not new to nurses in general medical settings, but is less well understood by psychiatric nurses in community mental health centers. This is particularly true where the psychiatric nurse's role is undefined or where she attempts to change her role from a custodial to a therapeutic one. Collaboration is discussed in light of four concepts — professional identity, professional integrity, overlapping of roles, and flexibility — as these affect the nurse and the other mental health disciplines.
Model assessment in the context of policy analysis

Abstract Model assessment grew into an industry with the advent of large, complex energy policy models. This paper places model-based analysis in the context of other forms of policy analysis and relates model assessment to the scientific method. Experiences with energy model assessment are described and recommendations for improving the assessment process are presented.
THE SINGLE-LEG TENSION-LEG PLATFORM: A COST-EFFECTIVE EVOLUTION OF THE TLP CONCEPT

The single leg tension-leg platform (STLP) is a new concept for a compliant, deep water platform. This evolution of the TLP concept utilises a hybrid mooring system with a central tension-leg to restrain heave motions while pitch and roll are limited by proper hydrodynamic design of the hull. Like a conventional TLP, the STLP allows direct surface access to wells. The new concept limits the cost of the vertical tension-leg mooring system by reducing the number of tendons to a minimum. It also greatly reduces foundation costs because of the central tendon location and reduced tendon loads. The hybrid mooring, which uses a permanent spread mooring to supplement the vertical tension-leg mooring, provides station-keeping benefits for operational and extreme conditions. Analytical studies and model tests have demonstrated favourable performance characteristics. The concept is applicable for any water depth and field size that would be appropriate for conventional floaters or TLP's.
The University of North Dakota SCORE Experience

The University of North Dakota (UND) General Surgery Residency Program has actively embraced technology to enhance the surgical education available to its residents. The Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) Web Portal (https:// portal.surgicalcore.org/) has been implemented to facilitate a more organized, higher quality, educational conference within our program and to ensure our residency’s participation in the SCORE Curriculum.