cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Presentation for Algebras over Wiring Diagrams

In this chapter we provide finite presentations for algebras over the operads of wiring diagrams, of normal wiring diagrams, and of strict wiring diagrams. As examples, we apply the finite presentations to the propagator algebra, the algebra of discrete systems, and the algebra of open dynamical systems.
Optimizing Acute Headache Treatment in the Setting of Chronic Migraine

Chronic migraine (CM) is a prevalent neurologic disorder which accounts for a disproportionate share of the direct and indirect costs associated with migraine generally. Successful suppression of CM typically requires an integrated management plan whose various components include the aggressive treatment of acute headache episodes while avoiding overuse of symptomatic medication. Patients with CM frequently will need multiple self-administered therapies to treat the various stages of their acute “breakthrough” headaches, and when self-administered therapy fails, rapid access to enlightened provider-administered treatment should be available. Left unchecked, status migrainosus will reinforce CM, with prolonged attacks of severe migrainous head pain provoking biologic sensitization of the pathways that subserve head pain conduction and undermining prophylactic therapies intended to desensitize those pathways. In this chapter we discuss pharmacologic strategies intended to terminate acute migrainous headache successfully.
The Use of Augmented Information for Reducing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk During Jump Landings: A Systematic Review.

Context: A comprehensive systematic review of the literature on the use of augmented information in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-prevention programs to improve jump-landing technique was conducted. The use of motor-learning concepts could provide more robust means of preventing ACL injuries. Objective: To systematically summarize the effectiveness of augmented information in improving the biomechanical factors associated with an increased risk for ACL injury. Data Sources: Articles were retrieved using the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar and 3 lines of truncated search words: (a) lower extremity, knee, ACL, and anterior cruciate ligament; (b) prevention, injury prevention, and prehab; and (c) augmented information, augmented feedback, feedback, cue, and instruction. We also performed a hand search of the reference lists of the screened articles. Data Extraction: We independently assessed the methodologic quality using the Cochrane Group on Screening and D...
Development of Novel Free Radical Initiated Peptide Sequencing Reagent: Application to Identification and Characterization of Peptides by Mass Spectrometry

By incorporating a high proton affinity moiety to the charge localized free radical-initiated peptide sequencing (CL-FRIPS) reagent, FRIPS-MS technique has extended the applicability to hydrophobic peptides and peptides without basic amino acid residues (lysine, arginine, and histidine). Herein, the CL-FRIPS reagent has three moieties: (1) pyridine acting as the basic site to locate the proton, (2) 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, a stable free radical) acting as the free radical precursor to generate the nascent free radical in the gas phase, and (3) N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated carboxylic acid acting as the coupling site to derivatize the N-terminus of peptides. The CL-FRIPS reagent allows for the characterization of peptides by generating sequencing ions, enzymatic cleavage-like radical-induced side chain losses, and the loss of TEMPO simultaneously via one-step collisional activation. Further collisional activation of enzymatic cleavage-like radical-induced side chain loss ions provides more information for the structure determination of peptides. The application of CL-FRIPS reagent to characterize peptides is proved by employing bovine insulin as the model peptide. Both scaffold structure of bovine insulin and sequencing information of each chain are achieved. Graphical Abstract.
Evaluation of the Potential of 2-Amino-3-(1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaboranyl-1-thio)propanoic Acid as a Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Agent

A novel boron-rich α-amino acid (3) that serves as a boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been designed and synthesized by substituting the side chain of cysteine with ...
Flexibly and/or inflexibly embracing life: Identifying fundamental approaches to life with latent profile analyses on the dimensions of the Hexaflex model

Abstract Dimensions of psychological flexibility (PF) have been linked to healthy functioning suggesting that the various dimensions within the Hexaflex model represent critical factors that shape the course of individuals’ lives. The current study built on this work by introducing a person-centered approach that identified fundamental types of individuals across the dimensions of PF and psychological inflexibility (PI) within the Hexaflex framework. A sample of 2668 online respondents completed the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) with a subset of 970 completing a 4-month follow-up. Latent profile analyses on the 12 dimensions of flexibility and inflexibility assessed by the MPFI uncovered a set of 6 fundamental classes of PF. Four of the classes represented gradations of high to low PF with inverse levels of PI. A fifth group had fairly high levels of both PF and PI, and a sixth group had a more complex pattern of engaging in various forms of PF and PI. The six flexibility groups demonstrated differences in background traits and indices of current individual functioning and even demonstrated distinct shifts in individual functioning across time. Although groups with higher flexibility demonstrated clear links to general well-being (e.g., greater vitality, autonomy, competency, & relatedness), the presence of inflexibility within groups was strongly linked to lower individual functioning (e.g., greater psychological distress, rumination, impulse control difficulties, & physical health problems), even in groups that also contained higher levels of flexibility. A majority of respondents (53%) struggled with inflexibility and its negative consequences, and three fundamental classes of therapy clients emerged. Implications are discussed.
Cardiovascular System Damaging Events

The perioperative period is one in which the opportunity exists to provide significant treatment or even a cure for many of the problems encountered during a person’s life that cannot be adequately treated or managed by administration of pharmacologic agents alone. While the opportunity for correction of anatomic abnormalities is present, risks are also inherently present in this process. While the administration of anesthesia generally provides the patient a usually blissful unawareness of the surgical process, the medications used in anesthesia have varying degrees of actions on all body systems. The central nervous, peripheral nervous, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems are especially impacted by anesthesia administration. With that impact of anesthesia administration upon those body systems that generally maintain normal homeostasis, the risk of occurrence of catastrophic events increases. This chapter deals with those risks, reduction of those risks when possible, and their management.
Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Perirenal Fluid Collections Following Renal Transplantation

Renal allografts are ideal organs for study by ultrasonic means because of their superficial position. It is well known that ultrasound can differentiate solid structures from fluid collections, a property which is very useful in the detection of perirenal fluid collection in patients with renal transplants. Examples of lymphoceles, urinomas, hematomas and abscesses are presented and a systematic approach for their differential diagnosis and treatment is discussed.
Patient Selection and Toxicities of PRRT for Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Research Opportunities

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogenous group of neoplasms characterized by varied biological hallmarks and behavior, ranging from indolent to aggressive. For many decades, somatostatin analogues and few targeted therapies were available for NETs and these therapies had minimal response rates. However, there have been a number of recent treatment advances. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a novel approach to treatment of NETs and has changed the landscape of treatment for NETs. It is a form of targeted therapy in which a radiolabeled somatostatin analogue delivers radiation specifically to tumor cells expressing the somatostatin receptor.
Abstract 102: Racial, Gender, and Socioeconomic Differences in Sacubitril-valsartan and Ivabradine Utilization for the Management of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in The United States

Background: Current guidelines for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) recommend transition to an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) from an angiotensin-converting en...
A tentative emission line at z=5.8 from a 3mm-selected galaxy

I report a tentative ($\sim4\sigma$) emission line at $\nu=100.84\,$GHz from "COS-3mm-1'", a 3mm-selected galaxy reported by Williams et al. 2019 that is undetected at optical and near infrared wavelengths. The line was found in the ALMA Science Archive after re-processing ALMA band 3 observations targeting a different source. Assuming the line corresponds to the $\rm CO(6\to5)$ transition, this tentative detection implies a spectroscopic redshift of $z=5.857$, in agreement with the galaxy's redshift constraints from multi-wavelength photometry. This would make this object the highest redshift 3mm-selected galaxy and one of the highest redshift dusty star-forming galaxies known to-date. Here, I report the characteristics of this tentative detection and the physical properties that can be inferred assuming the line is real. Finally, I advocate for follow-up observations to corroborate this identification and to confirm the high-redshift nature of this optically-dark dusty star-forming galaxy.
Structure of Diisobutylene Maleic Acid Copolymer (DIBMA) and Its Lipid Particle as a “Stealth” Membrane-Mimetic for Membrane Protein Research

The study of membrane proteins remains challenging, especially in a native membrane environment. Recently, major progress has been made using maleic acid copolymers, such as styrene maleic acid, to...
Comparison of unique effects of two contrasting types of cellulose nanomaterials on setting time, rheology, and compressive strength of cement paste

Abstract Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) by different production methods have been studied in cementitious systems, but the effects of contrasting types of CNMs on cement properties have not been delineated. This study is a side-by-side comparison of rheology, setting times, and compressive strength of cement paste incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from acid hydrolysis vs. mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). This study demonstrates that CNF gels increase the viscosity of cement paste (control) due to the entangled nanofiber network. In contrast, the shorter and more mobile CNCs reduce the viscosity and provide longer slump retention than a polycarboxylate superplasticizer. CNCs work as a set retarder, but CNFs show about half the deferring effect on setting times. Both CNMs delivered a similar increase in compressive strength (17–18%), but their optimum amount differed in conjunction with their respective morphology and percolation limits. This study underscores the distinct effects of CNCs vs. CNFs and shows, indeed, these different nanomaterials have contrasting effects on various properties of the cement paste and should be appropriately specified for concrete applications.
Evolution is the Source, and the Undoing, of Natural Law

Research grounded in evolutionary theory holds the promise of explaining our moral intuitions in terms of the fitness benefits they conferred on our ancestors over time. This research suggests a view of morality as a set of reliably developing psychological instincts that are often universal, but not objective in the metaphysical sense. In this paper, I argue that this research may shed new light on the centuries-old debate surrounding natural law. By providing a scientifically plausible explanation for the moral intuitions at the heart of natural law theory, this research both (1) accounts for the emergence and persistence of the belief that a natural law exists, and (2) undermines one of the core tenants of natural law theory: that laws must necessarily give structure to our sense of morality.
Role of Cardiothoracic Surgery Societies in Global Health Disparities

Background: Cardiothoracic surgeons have been at the forefront of the long lists of surgical and medical advances addressing cardiac health over the last half century. Unfortunately, these advances have not yet found their way to most parts of the world, especially developing countries. Most affected by these disparities are patients in low- and middle-income countries which may lack resources and infrastructure. There are numerous humanitarian Non-governmental Organizations that provide cardiac surgical care, however, there is no standardized comprehensive quality control measures currently in place. The lack of oversight and research in this aspect is a missed opportunity within our specialty. Conclusion: There is dire need for comprehensive quality control, oversight, and organization. With membership spanning the globe, the large cardiothoracic surgical societies are in a good position to centralize, coordinate, oversee, and streamline humanitarian global cardiac health. The infrastructure is there and the blueprints for success have already been created. By putting these together, we can ensure that as developed countries continue to advance that developing countries are not left far behind.
Hormonal Regulation and Systemic Signals of Skin Aging

Tissues throughout the body share a common systemic environment comprising the multitude of circulating factors transported within the vasculature. These circulating factors, including hormones and nutrients, represent many key determinants of cell growth and function. As animals age, the balance of factors in the systemic circulation shifts and thus alters the cellular environment. The age-dependent changes in the systemic circulation exposes tissues, including skin, to a distinct combination of factors that is reflected by alterations in cell and tissue phenotypes with age. This chapter discusses our current understanding of the changes to the systemic milieu that occur as mammals grow old, the influence of these changes on skin health and disease in aged individuals, and the efforts to therapeutically modulate circulating factors to prevent or reverse aging phenotypes.
P300 and reaction time in schizophrenics and controls.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses P300 and reaction time in schizophrenics and controls. P300 amplitude differences in average evoked potentials can be because of latency variability in the trials that make up the average. Since under some circumstances P300 latency covaries with RT, the greater RT variability of schizophrenics could indicate greater P300 latency variability in their single trials. Response-synchronized averaging, however, did not eliminate P300 amplitude differences between groups. It is still possible that P300 latency is more variable in schizophrenic single trials, but did not covary with RT. However, the adaptive filter, which works independently of RT, also failed to eliminate P300 amplitude differences between groups. Hence, latency variability is unlikely to account for these amplitude differences. Smaller P300 amplitudes for schizophrenics are present in fast response trials in spite of almost identical RT means and S.D.s for the two groups. These RT data would seem to imply that for these trials both groups are equal in expecting the stimuli, paying attention to them and considering them task relevant.
The Politics of the Particular: Tocqueville's Critique of Rationalism

Since the publication of Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville’s readers have debated the nature of his political allegiances, with critics on both the right and left attempting to claim him as a partisan. In this paper, I reassess an aspect of Tocqueville’s work frequently cited as evidence of his conservative sympathies: his criticism of a “philosophic method” he thought peculiar to democracies, one grounded on the belief that “everything in the world can be explained and that nothing passes beyond the limits of intelligence.”I refer to this as Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism. My driving concern is not that conservative interpretations of Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism are misleading — though I believe that, generally, they are — but that they have tended to short-circuit a potentially fruitful discussion about Tocqueville’s insights into the uses and abuses of different modes of political thinking. This paper lays the groundwork for such a discussion by offering an alternative to conservative readings of Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism. My argument proceeds as follows. I begin the paper by offering a basic sketch of Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism, attempting to draw together its various aspects while avoiding the more controversial interpretative claims that I deal with later in the paper. I then go on to examine some of the ways in which Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism has been taken to support more or less conservative readings of his work, drawing out common themes in these accounts. Specifically, I argue, Tocqueville’s conservative readers tend to assume that he opposes rationalism because it fosters a pernicious sort of free thinking that undermines the stabilizing force of established opinions and existing institutions. Next, I challenge these readings by showing that Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism is compatible (and intentionally so) with far-reaching social criticism and political reform. I argue that we should read Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism as part of a larger effort to defend a mode of critical political thought that aims to enliven and preserve independent judgment rather than limit it. I then raise another problem for conservative readings of Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism by showing that this critique is not intended to be categorical. Otherwise put, I argue that Tocqueville does not mean to reject rationalism completely but merely to indicate its proper role as one particular mode of political thinking. I conclude that once we recast Tocqueville’s critique of rationalism in the terms I propose, we can better see both how it informs his reflections on institutional design and how it can inform our own thinking in this area.
TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA WITHOUT ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA—CONGENITAL AND RECURRENT

The clinical problems presented by 10 infants with congenital and recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistulas are discussed. A roentgenographic technique of identification of tracheo-esophageal fistulas, using the aqueous solution Dionosil®, is described. The intermittent patency of the fistula is stressed. Recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula may be a complication in infants operated upon for esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula. The results in this series demonstrate the urgency of early recognition and prompt therapy.
Body Weight as a Predisposing Factor for Humeral Condylar Fractures, Cranial Cruciate Rupture and Intervertebral Disc Disease in Cocker Spaniels

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not body weight is a risk factor for humeral condylar fractures (HCF), cranial cruciate rupture (CCR) or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in the American Cocker Spaniel dog. Body weight, age, sex and recorded diagnoses of 854 Cocker Spaniels admitted to the teaching hospital, over a four-year period, were recorded from medical records. Dogs with a diagnosis of HCF (n = 21) weighed significantly more than the general population of Cocker Spaniels seen at the hospital over the same time period. Dogs with CCR (n = 20) were likely to weigh more than the general population. Whereas, dogs with IVDD (n = 47) weighed less than the general population of Cocker Spaniels. From these results, we concluded that body weight is a predisposing factor for HCF in Cocker Spaniels; that there is a tendency for Cocker Spaniels with CCR to be heavier than the general population and that being overweight does not predispose them to IVDD. Body weight, age, sex, and diagnoses of 854 Cocker Spaniels admitted over four years were recorded. Dogs with humeral condylar fractures weighed significantly more than the general population of Cocker Spaniels admitted over the same time period. Dogs with cruciate rupture weighed more, on average, than the general population of Cocker Spaniels, but surprisingly, dogs with intervertebral disc disease weighed less.
Non-Physician Insertion of IUDs: Clinical Outcomes Among TCu380A Insertions in Three Developing-Country Clinics

Insertion of IUDs by trained non-physicians is increasing. This secondary analysis of TCu380A IUD acceptors collected at clinics in Nigeria, Turkey and Mexico involved 367 women; 193 insertions were performed by physicians and 174 by non-physicians. Women having their IUD inserted by a non-physician were more likely to experience a pain-free insertion, but also likelier to have the IUD removed for bleeding and pain or to experience an expulsion than women who had their IUD inserted by a physician. Early discontinuation rates were similar between the two groups. Overall continuation rates were statistically higher for IUDs inserted by physicians only at the Mexico site. Trained non-physicians can probably safely insert the TCu380A IUD. Appropriate competency-based training is required to limit the number of expulsions and removals for bleeding and pain by non-physicians.
If the Shoe Fits They Might Acquit: The Value of Forensic Science Testimony

The probative value of forensic science evidence (such as a shoeprint) varies widely depending on how the evidence and hypothesis of interest is characterized. This article uses a likelihood ratio (LR) approach to identify the probative value of forensic science evidence. It argues that the “evidence” component should be characterized as a “reported match,” and that the hypothesis component should be characterized as “the matching person or object is the source of the crime scene sample.” This characterization of the LR forces examiners to incorporate risks from sample mixups and examiner error into their match statistics. But will legal decisionmakers be sensitive to the extent to which examiners' statistical testimony accounts for various potential sources of risk and error? A controlled experiment with 315 jury-eligible jurors who received a shoeprint match statistic in a hypothetical burglary case finds that, contrary to normative theory, people are more persuaded by statistical testimony that ignores various error risks than by testimony that is objectively stronger by virtue of taking those risks into account. The experiment also finds that jurors are relatively unresponsive to exposure of those risks by a defense attorney on cross-examination. These results support and extend previous research that finds many people are confused about how to evaluate the risk of error associated with expert forensic testimony.
Magnetic properties of Mn-doped GaN and p-i-n junctions

We report on the growth and magnetic properties of GaMnN films and p-i-n junctions grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The magnetic properties of MOCVD grown GaMnN were found to depend upon the type and concentration of the co-dopant. Si or Mg co-doping of GaMnN films led to either ferromagnetic or paramagnetic behavior depending on the concentration. The magnetic properties within the GaMnN material system appear to correlate with the position of the Fermi level. Ferromagnetism was observed only when the Fermi energy level was within or very close to the Mn energy band. The presence of the Fermi energy level within the Mn energy band allows the presence of carriers that mediate ferromagnetism. These results further confirm that the ferromagnetic properties result from a solid solution of Mn in the GaN. Mn-doped GaN p-i-n junctions which were grown to study the effect of the magnetic properties on the I/V characteristics. These devices consist of GaN:Si/GaMnN/GaN:Mg layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The carrier concentrations for the n and p-type layers are ∼5 × 1018/cm3 and 1 × 1018/cm3 respectively, where the GaMnN i layer is approximately 0.2–0.45 µm thick with up to 0.5% Mn. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Late sequelae of superficial irradiation

Superficial irradiation results in well recognized late sequelae including not only sclerosis and atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also the development of benign and malignant tumors of skin and adjacent structures. The long latency between irradiation and its late effects allowed the early uncontrolled use of radiation treatment for benign conditions. The subsequent recognition of the causal relationship between tumors and previous irradiation has restricted its use to more appropriate purposes, although it is possible that it is still overused in some areas of dermatologic practice. Clinicians need to be aware of the time interval between irradiation and the development of its late sequelae, and the incidence of these sequelae. Appropriate irradiation exposure history should be a part of the evaluation of every patient.
Gibbs ringing artifact, spatial correlation, and spatial resolution in MRI

Gibbs ringing is an inevitable artifact in MR Fourier Transform (FT) imaging caused by truncating k-space data via a rectangular window. A common practice is to multiply k-space data with a filter function prior to FT reconstruction for softening the amount of ringing and accepting the concomitant blur. Although by properly choosing the filter functions, the apodization approach is effective in removing the overshoot and ringing, it is at the price of both spatial correlation and spatial resolution of pixel intensities in the reconstructed image. Our study reported in this paper shows that the truncation and apodization introduce/change the spatial correlation and the spatial resolution of pixel intensities in FT imaging. We develop a 4-step procedure progressively prove the spatially asymptotic independence of pixel intensities and introduce a delta-train method to derive the spatial resolution in the image, for both the basic and the filtered FT imaging. The methods are intuitive without any assumption and approximation. Different filter functions have been investigated. We also discuss the relationship between the spatial resolution and pixel size and correct some misconceptions on these issues.
Single Enantiomer Epoxides by Bromomandelation of Prochiral Alkenes

A combination of mandelic acid and N-bromosuccinimide efficiently converts prochiral alkenes into a readily separable 1:1 mixture of the bromomandelates. The diastereomerically pure bromomandelates are then converted into a variety of enantiomerically pure products. Terminal alkenes are converted into enantiomerically pure epoxides. Cyclohexene is converted into enantiomerically pure cis-2-azidocyclohexanol and cis-2-phenylthiocyclohexanol.
A modified pulse sequence for in vivo diffusion imaging with reduced motion artifacts

A modified spin-echo diffusion imaging pulse sequence incorporating bipolar gradients that is less sensitive to macroscopic motion-induced artifacts is presented. Expressions for apparent diffusion coefficient in the presence of microcirculation and macroscopic motions and contrast-to-noise ratio in the diffusion map are derived. Diffusion coefficients of liquid phantoms have been measured using a 1.5-T GE Signa system. Experiments performed to demonstrate the immunity to motion-induced errors are reported. Brain images from human volunteer have also been included to show the potential clinical application of the proposed pulse sequence. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Hypospadiac or intact foreskin graft for syndactyly repair

Abstract Background/Purpose: Syndactyly is one of the most common malformations of the hands and feet. Repair may necessitate the use of a full-thickness skin graft. The prepuce is an excellent choice for grafting because of its lack of hair, elasticity, and degree of thickness. The authors report 4 cases of syndactyly repair using foreskin for grafting. Methods: The authors reviewed 4 cases of syndactyly repaired at Children's Hospital, where foreskin was used for grafting. There was one congenital band syndrome and 3 cases of simple syndactyly. Three patients had a normal prepuce and underwent simultaneous circumcision. One patient presented with coronal hypospadias and underwent simultaneous meatal advancement and glanuloplasty. Results: All patients experienced a satisfactory outcome with no graft loss and no complications. No grafts showed hair, and 3 grafts showed slight relative hyperpigmentation. Excess foreskin was available in all cases of simple syndactyly. Concominant hypospadias repair did not increase the morbidity of the surgery. Conclusion: The intact or hypospadiac foreskin is an excellent choice for a free graft in syndactyly repair when available.
Imaging and sampling beneath free-drifting icebergs with a remotely operated vehicle

Abstract A commercially available, small (less than 100-kg), remotely operated vehicle (ROV) was modified to image and sample the marine ecosystem surrounding free-drifting icebergs east of the Antarctic Peninsula during three field expeditions in 2005, 2008 and 2009. Modifications included fitting the vehicle with an accessory tool sled, additional thrusters, flotation and significant changes to internal wiring to support a wide array of sensors and samplers. The ROV was re-configured aboard the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer to perform either general exploration and biological sampling (Bio dives) or water sampling (Chemistry dives). In-situ sensors and a suction sampler were used for Bio dives while a suction pump and hose were fastened along the full length of the ROV tether to enable continuous water sampling adjacent to each iceberg during Chemistry-dives. Details of the ROV system are presented along with a discussion of the 18 dives that explored the sides and bottoms of six different icebergs during the 2009 field expedition.
Second Generation Hybrid Image-Coding Techniques

Recently, ways to obtain a new generation of image-coding techniques have been proposed. The incorpordtion of the human visual system (IIVS) models and tools of the image analysis, such as segmentation, are two defining features of these techniques. In this paper, an application of the new approach to the classical linear predictive coding (LPC) of images and an HVS based segmentation technique for the second genera-tion coders will be discussed. In the case of LPC, the error image is encoded using an image decomposition approach and binary image coding. This improves the compression ratio keeping the quality nearly the same. The new segmentation technique can be used in single frame image coding applications to obtain acceptable images at extremely high compression rates.
Proper orthogonal decomposition of roof pressure

Abstract This paper illustrates application of the proper orthogonal decomposition in an investigation of the aerodynamic loading on a roof of a low-rise building. Pneumatically averaged pressure in a corner region of the roof, measured for concerning wind, was used in the analysis. The pressure space covariance was employed to establish the principal modes and coordinates of the roof aerodynamic loading. These quantities were employed next to perform the modal reconstruction of the roof pressure. The convergence of the roof pressure reconstruction suggests that only a few of the principal modes and coordinates are required to represent the area-averaged roof aerodynamic loading.
Self-efficacy as a relevant construct in understanding sexual response and dysfunction

While self-efficacy has been widely used to explain and treat various biobehavioral responses, few investigations have examined this concept in the context of sexual response and dysfunction. In this study, the authors constructed a measure of sexual self-efficacy, investigated whether it differentiated men with and without sexual dysfunction, and determined the utility of this construct by exploring its relation to other variables known to be related to erectile dysfunction in a sample of 60 men with erectile dysfunction and 14 functional men visiting a urology clinic. The sexual self-efficacy index differentiated men with and without erectile dysfunction, and general linear modeling showed that the index did indeed relate to other variables known to affect sexual and emotional response during a partnered sexual experience. These findings suggest that, as a unifying construct that predicts cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral responses, sexual self-efficacy has the potential to play an important role in the assessment of effective treatments for sexual problems.
Minimally invasive versus open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: effect on immune effector cells.

Abstract Background Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has several potential benefits compared with the open approach, including potentially less perioperative immunosuppression. Data characterizing the differential stress responses have been limited to serum cytokine analyses and animal studies. We hypothesized that the open approach to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has a more deleterious, negative, quantifiable effect on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells than does the MIS approach. Methods Patients undergoing open and MIS RYGB for morbid obesity had blood samples collected preoperatively and postoperatively on days 1 and 2 and at the first follow-up visit. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed for phenotype using flow cytometry, natural killer cell cytotoxicity using 51-chromium release assay, and gene expression using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. Results Patient age and body mass index were similar between the 2 groups. Postoperatively, differences within the open group were seen for CD3+/CD16− (T lymphocytes), CD3−/CD16+ (natural killer cells), CD3+/CD4+ (T-helper lymphocytes), and CD4/CD8 subsets ( P P P P P Conclusion Open RYGB surgery causes greater inhibition of innate immunity than does MIS. This inhibition was not accounted for by phenotypic changes. Gene expression changes from surgical stress might represent the molecular basis of this differential immune response.
Paired comparison and contingent valuation approaches to morbidity risk valuation

Abstract This research uses an experimental approach for eliciting consumer valuations of morbidity risk reductions associated with safter chemical products and introduces the paired comparison questions approach to non-market valuation. In four applications, the paired comparisons approach yields higher morbidity valuations than the more familiar contingent valuation approach. However, both methodologies produce large values of morbidity reduction benefits in comparison to estimates derived from wage hedonic studies. Explanations for the difference in the estimates and their magnitudes are suggested along with the public policy implications.
Attentuating the Depressive Effect of Acidosis with Mutations in Troponin and with 2-Deoxy-Atp

Repeated, intense contractile activity compromises the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force and velocity, which defines fatigue. The decrease in velocity is thought to be due, in part, to the intracellular build-up of acidosis inhibiting the function of the contractile proteins myosin and troponin; however, the underlying molecular basis of this process remains unclear. We sought to gain novel insight into the decrease in velocity by determining if the depressive effect of acidosis could be altered by 1) introducing Ca++-sensitizing mutations into troponin (Tn) or 2) by agents that directly affect myosin function, including inorganic phosphate (Pi) and 2-deoxy-ATP (dATP) in an in vitro motility assay. Acidosis reduced regulated thin filament velocity (VRTF) at both maximal and sub-maximal Ca++ levels in a pH-dependent manner. A truncated construct of the inhibitory subunit of Tn, R156, and a Ca++-sensitizing mutation in the Ca++-binding subunit of Tn, V43Q, increased VRTF at sub-maximal Ca++ under acidic conditions, but had no effect on VRTF at maximal Ca++ levels. In contrast, both 15mM Pi and replacement of ATP with dATP reversed much of the acidosis-induced depression of VRTF at saturating Ca++ (0.7±0.1 control, 2.0±0.3 with Pi, 1.8±0.3 with dATP, 3.8±0.1 with both Pi and dATP), with the combined effect fully restoring the VRTF to the value under control conditions. Interestingly, despite producing similar magnitude increases in VRTF, the combined effects of Pi and dATP were additive, suggesting different underlying mechanisms of action. These results suggest that the major mechanism by which acidosis slows VRTF is through directly slowing myosin's rate of detachment from actin.
Remembering Gary D. Hodgen, Ph.D.: 1943–2005

Professor Gary Hodgen advanced our understanding of folliculogenesis, contraception, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and assisted reproductive technology while mentoring a generation of clinical and basic investigators.
Link of the unique oncogenic properties of adenovirus type 9 E4‐ORF1 to a select interaction with the candidate tumor suppressor protein ZO‐2

Adenovirus type 9 (Ad9) is distinct among human adenoviruses because it elicits solely mammary tumors in animals and its primary oncogenic determinant is the E4 region-encoded ORF1 (E4-ORF1) protein. We report here that the PDZ domain-containing protein ZO-2, which is a candidate tumor suppressor protein, is a cellular target for tumorigenic Ad9 E4-ORF1 but not for non-tumorigenic wild-type E4-ORF1 proteins encoded by adenovirus types 5 and 12. Complex formation was mediated by the C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif of Ad9 E4- ORF1 and the first PDZ domain of ZO-2, and in cells this interaction resulted in aberrant sequestration of ZO-2 within the cytoplasm. Furthermore, transformation-defective Ad9 E4-ORF1 mutants exhibited impaired binding to and sequestration of ZO-2 in cells, and overexpression of wild-type ZO-2, but not mutant ZO-2 lacking the second and third PDZ domains, interfered with Ad9 E4-ORF1-induced focus formation. Our results suggest that the select capacity to complex with the candidate tumor suppressor protein ZO-2 is key to defining the unique transforming and tumorigenic properties of the Ad9 E4-ORF1 oncoprotein.
Culture as Afterthought: US Planning and Non-planning in the Invasion of Iraq

AbstractThe devastation of cultural heritage in the 2003 war, epitomised by the looting of the Iraq National Museum, was almost universal. Institutes of art, music, dance, theatre, folklore, crafts, etc., were looted as thoroughly as the museums in Baghdad, Mosul and Babylon. The minor effort at planning for heritage protection, carried out as part of the Future of Iraq Project in the US State Department, had little or no effect since all the efforts of the Project were ignored by the Pentagon. It is gradually being recognised that there was almost no planning of any kind beyond the invasion itself. One approach to the Pentagon resulted in the adding of thousands of archaeological sites and museums to the no-strike list, on which were already numerous mosques and standing monuments in cities, but the emphasis on protecting these places from indigenous looters was not part of the plans. Inadequate force levels dictated priorities for securing certain installations, such as oil-related industry, but even ba...
Evaluation of MODIS ocean colour products at a northeast United States coast site near the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) marine and atmospheric products were evaluated using match-ups of MODIS and in situ measurements collected by an above-water radiometric system, the SeaWiFS Photometer Revision for Incident Surface Measurements (SeaPRISM), deployed near the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory from 2004 to 2005. The products evaluated include the normalized water-leaving radiance L wn in the visible and near-infrared bands, and the aerosol optical thickness at 870 nm τa(870), and the Angstrom exponent α(531). With a restricted match-up criterion, the result shows that the MODIS-retrieved L wn at 488, 531 and 551 nm agree very well with SeaPRISM measurements, giving mean per cent differences δ(%) of 3-7%, absolute mean per cent differences |δ|(%) of ∼16%, and coefficient of determination R 2 of 0.84-0.88. However, the MODIS-retrieved L wn at 412 nm are underestimated significantly with δ(%), |δ|(%) and R 2 of -35%, 57% and 0.32, respectively, corresponding to a consistent overestimation and underestimation for the MODIS-retrieved τa(870) and α(531), respectively. Temporal patterns of match-ups revealing two distinct cases of the discrepancy of MODIS retrievals from in situ SeaPRISM measurements are discussed.
Computer-aided surgery using 3D rendering of maxillofacial pathology and trauma

Background Technological advances in the field of robotics and computer-assisted surgery continue to revolutionize medicine and surgery. The specialty of maxillofacial surgery has benefited from this advancement. One of the areas of the specialty where this advancement has made significant contributions is in the management of complex soft tissue and bony pathological conditions. Equally significant benefits have also been seen in the reconstruction of traumatic facial defects. Methods Reviews of the literature and retrospective cases from the University of Florida College of Medicine at Jacksonville were undertaken. Results An update on the current use of three-dimensional (3D) imaging of maxillofacial pathology and a report of a case example are presented. Conclusion The use of computer-aided rendering of 3D images of the disease process or defects allows for the surgeon to manipulate the information in the preoperative setting to aid in the planning of the surgery. This preoperative planning is, in effect, a simulation of the planned surgery. This paper reviews one of the commonly used methods of integrating computer-aided surgery in the daily practice of maxillofacial surgery. The advantages as well as the drawbacks of this technique are reviewed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the extended one-step schemes for solving stiff systems of ordinary differential equations

Another fourth order extended one-step implicit scheme of solving stiff ordinary differential equations is introduced in this paper, through which, it is shown that such schemes are literally classical implicit Runge-Kutta schemes. Using general theory of Runge-Kutta schemes, stabilities other than A-stability or L-stability are further investigated for the proposed scheme. It is also shown that the parameters involved in such schemes can be better used to reduce the computation cost, making such schemes thus more competitive with traditional ones. Numerical examples are presented showing the competence of such schemes in solving a variety of stiff systems.
Individual Differences in Driver Over-Confidence Implications for Stress, Error and Managing Impairments

This study aimed to extend understanding of individual differences in over-confidence in driver safety. First, we discriminated general driving confidence from confidence in coping with impairments such as fatigue and distraction. Second, we discriminated three aspects of overconfidence specified in terms of a recent Bayesian belief updating model of over-confidence (Moore and Healy, 2008): overestimation, overplacement and overprecision. Calibration tasks were used for this purpose. RESULTS showed that the magnitude of overconfidence differed across the various metrics, and different metrics were only modestly intercorrelated. Confidence in handling impairment appears to be distinct from general confidence. Both forms of confidence were negatively related to dislike of driving but related differently to other aspects of driver behavior and stress. Risk factors related to self-estimation (violations, thrill-seeking) may be distinct from factors related to overplacement (aggression). Discrimination of multiple metrics for driving overconfidence may support better matching of safety interventions to the individual driver. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Synthesis of colorimetric receptors for dicarboxylate anions: a unique color change for malonate

Three new chromogenic receptors (1, 2, and 3) containing p-nitrophenyl or p-nitronaphthyl or methyl groups appended to the thiourea groups were synthesized and characterized. Upon addition of a series of dicarboxylate anions to receptor 1 in DMSO, only the appearance of the solution of receptor 1 with malonate showed a color change from blue to yellow which can be detected by the naked eye at parts per million. With the addition of the series of dicarboxylate anions to receptor 2, the solutions showed an indistinct intense dark-red color. Whereas the addition of the same dicarboxylate anions to receptor 3, the solutions did not induce any color change. Thus, for the unique color change, the receptor 1 can act as an optical chemosensor for the malonate anion even in the presence of other dicarboxylate anions.
The allyl bonded stationary phase. II. Conversions to new phases for gas chromatography

The presence of the double bond on the allyl moiety has been utilized as a site for addition reactions which could produce new stationary phases. Bromination and hydrobromination reactions have been employed to prove the feasibility of making modifications to the allyl bonded phase. Both retention volumes and thermodynamic parameters for the solutes studied change upon conversion to one of the brominated phases. Sample size studies are consistent with a bonded phase adsorption mechanism. FTIR spectra also confirm the modifications which have occurred on the allyl bonded material.
New approaches to the treatment of glomerular diseases

The treatment of primary glomerular diseases has previously focused on relatively toxic immunosuppressive regimens. We are now seeing a paradigm shift from these toxic ‘nonspecific' therapies to selective immunomodulating and immunosuppressive regimens. In this article, the experience with these newer agents including mycophenolate, rituximab, sirolimus, calcineurin inhibitors, and eculizumab are described.
Radically democratic learning in the grounded in-between

The author describes how the political struggles of immigrant domestic workers challenge the destructive logic of a global capitalist patriarchy. It offers a theory of radically democratic learning centered on a collective sense of being-in-relation, and therefore of assuming responsibility for protecting life and its conditions.