cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance to alien rule in Taiwan and Korea

The use of force alone is but temporary. It may subdue for a moment; but it does not remove the necessity of subduing again; and a nation is not governed, which is perpetually to be conquered. – Edmund Burke The problematic American-led occupation of Iraq reinforces the scholarly consensus that the effects of alien rule on native populations are usually damaging. These days the idea of alien rule is a dead letter. But is this really the case? After all, as Chapter 2 argues, some modern instances of alien rule have met with notable success. Further, self-determination evidently has not worked its wonders in many parts of the world. The list of egregious native rulers in the contemporary world is depressingly long. Some writers have advocated the imposition of alien rule, in the form of neo-trusteeship, as a solution to the growing problem of failed states and the threat they pose to international order (Fearon and Laitin 2004). Others have claimed that by offering access to modern institutions and technology, colonialism often provided the colonies with net benefits (Ferguson and Schularick 2006; Lal 2004; Mitchener and Weidenmier 2005). These considerations suggest that any blanket condemnation of alien rule is likely to mislead. This chapter analyzes; the conditions responsible for resistance to alien rule by comparing the reactions to Japanese rule in Taiwan and Korea from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. This comparison is instructive because these countries have many common features and were colonized by the same power in the same historical era, but experienced markedly different levels of nationalist resistance.
Elastic Properties of Short-fiber Polymer Composites, Derivation and Demonstration of Analytical Forms for Expectation and Variance from Orientation Tensors

Existing methods for predicting elastic properties of short-fiber polymer composites from fiber orientation tensors are based on the orientation average of a transversely isotropic stiffness tensor. These evaluations focus solely on average properties and have yet to include a quantitative measure of property variation. Recognizing the statistical nature of fiber orientations within the composite commonly defined through the fiber orientation distribution function, analytical expressions are developed here to predict both expectation and variance of the material stiffness tensor from a fiber orientation distribution function. The fiber orientation distribution function is expanded through the Laplace series of complex spherical harmonics and results demonstrate that material stiffness tensor expectation is a function of orientation tensors up through fourth-order and the corresponding variance requires orientation tensors up through eighth-order. Numerical simulations obtained with the method of Monte-Car...
Surface adatom-adatom coordination and orientation determined by low energy Auger electron and photoelectron diffraction due to adatom emission

Abstract The Auger electron and photoelectron diffraction patterns due to surface adatom emission at low kinetic energies may be used to distinguish isolated adatoms, neighboring surface site occupation, the formation of adatom chains or clusters and their orientation relative to the substrate. The evolution of the diffraction pattern with neighboring site occupancy is discussed for Cu and Fe adatoms on Cu(001) within the context of the single scattering cluster approximation. The ability to detect short-range adatom coordination in the absence of long range order has direct applications for studies of surface diffusion, surface ordering and thin film growth.
Potential terrain controls on soil color, texture contrast and grain-size deposition for the original catena landscape in Uganda

Abstract Inspired by the catena concept, we returned to the landscape of origin for this idea in central Uganda and applied quantitative soil–landscape-modeling techniques to the study of soil formation. In particular, we employed Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression to identify potential terrain (and other) controls on surface texture with the goal of explaining texture contrast formation for well-drained red soils, and fluvial deposition for yellow–gray lowland soils. Well-drained red soils and poorly drained yellow–gray soils were identified using a high-resolution spectroradiometer and soil redness was highly correlated with a measure of elevation above the valley floor. For the yellow–gray soils, sand content and sand grain size increased with greater slope gradient and in converging areas—evidence supporting fluvial control of surface soil composition. For red soils, texture contrast increased on lower backslopes, decreased over ferricrete-rich parent material, and had no significant association with either infiltration- or runoff-influenced locations. Surprisingly, texture contrast was also reduced or even inverted on fine scale convexities (
CFTR gene transduction in neonatal rabbits using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector

Patients with cystic fibrosis develop lung disease after CFTR mRNA was detected by Northern analysis at up to birth, therefore CFTR gene replacement therapy should be 2 weeks after vector inoculation, and by a reverse tranmost efficacious in the neonatal period prior to the onset scriptase PCR assay at up to 3 weeks after infection. Epiof pulmonary damage. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) thelial expression of the human CFTR fusion protein was vector, SA306 (Flotte TR et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA detected using antisera to both the human CFTR R domain 1993; 90: 10613‐10617), which contains the AAV inverted and the amino-terminal epitope at up to 6 weeks after vecterminal repeats flanking the human CFTR cDNA linked to tor inoculation. Vector DNA, mRNA, or human CFTR an amino-terminal epitope tag, was used to transduce a immunoreactivity were not observed at the 6 month timehuman CFTR fusion protein into neonatal New Zealand point. Rabbits infected with SA306 were clinically indiswhite rabbits. Vector inocula of 1 × 10 5 to 5 × 10 10 particles tinguishable from their uninfected litter mates. These data were given by intratracheal instillation on day 3 of life and indicate that CFTR gene transduction using an AAV vector the rabbit lungs were studied at 3 or 4 days, 2‐6 weeks, is feasible in the neonatal rabbit, and that expression of or 6 months after infection; the 2‐6 week time-point corre- vector-derived CFTR persists throughout the alveolar sponds to the completion of the alveolar phase of lago- phase of lung development. The apparent lack of vector morph lung development. Vector DNA was detected by an persistence after the alveolar phase may reflect dilution of in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using vector- transduced cells by further lung growth or a lack of transspecific primers at up to 6 weeks after inoculation. Human duction of pulmonary epithelial stem cells.
Transference focused psychotherapy: Development of a psychodynamic treatment for severe personality disorders

Abstract The Borderline Psychotherapy Research Project at New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, headed by Drs Otto Kernberg and John Clarkin has developed and tested a treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder called Transference Focused Psychotherapy. The theory, development and empirical research for the treatment are discussed. A pre-post study and a comparison to treatment as usual both showed promising results. The structure of the randomized controlled trial that is currently underway is also discussed.
Structure of seasonal migrations of the littoral hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc)

Abstract A seasonal migration in the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) is described and its structure examined for size-related or sexual differences that might lead to differential mortalities. The largest crabs, which were nearly all males, began to leave the shore in early summer, but the smaller females stayed until late autumn. The smaller crabs also returned to the shore at least one month in advance of the large crabs in the spring. No size-related or sexual differences were found in the abilities of the crabs to regulate their volumes when moved from 34.5%. to 10.5%. salinity which is the observed salinity range in their usual habitat.
Influence of an elongational flow field on random coil and rod-like polymers in solution

Abstract The conformational response and spatial arrangement of random coil and rod-like macromolecules in solution was investigated utilizing an opposing jet device. This device is capable of generating a well-defined elongational flow field, which is quite useful for probing intra- and intermolecular interactions of sulphonated polystyrene (random coil) and xanthan (rod-like chain). With regard to the random coil in an aqueous environment, it was determined that its behaviour below the critical overlap concentration ( C∗ ) follows the anticipated trends as predicted by theory. Above C∗ , the elongational behaviour is determined by the intermolecular entanglement structure. However, changes in the ionic strength in these latter solutions reverts behaviour to that observed below C∗ . One implication of this finding is briefly discussed. Interestingly, intermolecular interactions dominate the behaviour of rod-like polymers, such as xanthan, below and above C∗ . Superimposed on these interactions is the subtle influence of the flow field both outside and along the axis connecting the centre of the jets. These results confirm that the xanthan macromolecule behaves as a liquid crystal at all concentrations investigated, even with relatively large changes in ionic strength.
Phytochrome controlled phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Hordeum vulgare plastids

Abstract Chloroplasts isolated from 5-day-old barley shoots by differential centrifugation have l -phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Based on chlorophyll/PAL ratios, the chloroplasts have about 29% of the PAL of the whole shoot. When plastid preparations are fractionated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, highest PAL activity is found at the interface containing predominantly intact plastids. Continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation shows a correlation between chlorophyll content and PAL levels. PAL activity in 5-day-old etioplasts is increased ca 40% by giving the plants 4 min of red light 5 hr before harvest. Far-red light reverses the red light effect and demonstrates phytochrome control of barley plastid PAL.
Applications of multivariate visualization to behavioral sciences

The complexity of psychological science often requires the collection and analysis of multidimensional data. Such data bring about a corresponding cognitive load that has led scientists to develop techniques of scientific visualization to ease the burden. This paper provides an introduction to scientific visualization techniques, a framework for understanding those techniques, and an assessment of the suitability of this approach for psychology. The framework employed builds on the notion of balancingnoise andsmooth in statistical analysis.
Information quality model and optimization for 802.15.4-based wireless sensor networks

High information quality is a paramount requirement for wireless sensor network (WSN) monitoring applications. However, it is challenging to achieve a cost effective information quality solution due to unpredictable environment noise and events, unreliable wireless channel and network bandwidth, and sensor resource and energy constraints. Specifically, the dynamic and unreliable nature of WSNs make it difficult to pre-determine optimum sensor rates and predict packet loss. To address this problem, we present an information quality metric which characterizes information quality based on the sampling frequency of sensor nodes and the packet loss rate during network transmission. Our fundamental quality metric is based on signal-to-noise ratio and is therefore application independent. Based on our metric, a quality-aware scheduling system (QSS) is developed, which exploits cross-layer control of sensor nodes to effectively schedule data sensing and forwarding. Particularly, we develop and evaluate several QSS scheduling mechanisms: passive, reactive and perceptive. These mechanisms can adapt to environment noise, bandwidth variation and wireless channel collisions by dynamically controlling sensor rates and phase. Our experimental results indicate that our QSS is a novel and effective approach to improve information quality for WSNs.
First Reported Case of Isolated Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder in a Male

Introduction. Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a newly recognized disorder in women. It is described as unwanted, persistent feelings of genital arousal unrelated to sexual desire and not relieved by orgasm. Its prevalence is estimated to approach 1% of young women. Until now, this has not been described in men. Aim. Here we present a case of a 27-year-old male with symptoms consistent with PGAD and describe successful treatment. Methods. A 27-year-old male presented to urology clinic with the chief complain of persistent feelings of impending orgasm. He reported a sensation similar, but not identical, to sexual arousal that did not occur in the setting of sexual thoughts or desire. Orgasm alleviated the arousal for only a short time after which the symptoms would return. This had become quite bothersome to him. Results. After assessing for a neurological cause and finding none, the patient was started on paroxetine daily with complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusions. PGAD is a disorder previously described only in females. Although symptoms of PGAD have been described in a male as part of another disorder complex, this report describes the first reported isolated case in a male and the successful treatment.
Tax Me If You Can: Ethnic Geography, Democracy, and the Taxation of Agriculture in Africa

It is typically assumed that African leaders enact policies that benefit their ethnoregional group using all types of patronage. Crop production and political power are geographically concentrated in many African countries, and this paper exploits this overlap to cast doubt on this conventional wisdom. It shows, using data on 50 country-crop combinations, that cash crop farmers who are ethnically identified with the head of state face higher taxes. Furthermore, democratic regimes impose lower taxes. This paper shows that farmers who have few alternatives face higher taxes. African leaders have used local intermediaries to exert control over the countryside and to ensure that farmers do not support alternative candidates. It suggests that as leaders are better at selecting and monitoring these intermediaries in their home areas, they can extract more from the majority at home than abroad using taxes on cash crops, which are regionally but not individually targetable.
Animal Activism and the Ethics of Terrorism

Terrorism is a subject deeply connected to the issue of animal welfare. This has not always been the case. Whereas it is definitely true that some criminal activity has been justified in the name of animal welfare, misdemeanors and even felonies are of a very different order than terrorism. The charge of terrorism can strip a person off their most fundamental rights, even without trial. Animal terrorism has not witnessed quite such a situation, although a number of animal activists who have committed direct action have been convicted for a range of crimes, and some have had the terrorism enhancement applied to them. For these activists, this has resulted in a terrorist listing and the possibility of serving (part of) their sentence in a special prison called a Communication Management Unit. The extreme reality of the situation raises a lot of questions about what exactly terrorism entails, why this type of activity is labeled terrorism, and if the pursuit of animal activists as terrorist is morally justified. It also pushes us to ask whether, in light of the extreme suffering endured by animals for the sake of profit, there are forms of terrorism that are ethically permissible. This paper, first, looks at the meaning of particular types of action and their role in animal activism. These include direct action, civil disobedience, and violence. Secondly, it offers a discussion of terrorism by looking at its most recent iterations as well as an alternative definition. Thirdly, it reviews past and current legislation pertaining to animal activism and terrorism, including the Animal Enterprise Protection Act. This section will also take note of a number of prosecutions of animal activists under these laws, including the SHAC7 case. Finally, it offers a discussion of the ethics of animal terrorism, in which I argue for the ethical permissibility of animal terrorism, and the necessary conditions that need to obtain in order for this to hold.
Euler Number Based Orifice Discharge Coefficient Relationship

A new relationship for orifice flow meter discharge coefficients has been developed which replaces the Reynolds number dependence with the Euler number. Both relationships have the same accuracy for the calculation of the discharge coefficient but the new relationship eliminates the need to know fluid viscosity
Biodegradable hydrogels composed of oxime crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol), hyaluronic acid and collagen: a tunable platform for soft tissue engineering

In situ crosslinking hydrogels are attractive for application as injectable hydrogel-based tissue scaffolds that adapt to fill patient-specific cavities. Oxime click chemistry was used to crosslink hydrogels that were biodegradable, soft and supportive of cell adhesion. Linear poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs, Mn 2 or 4 kDa) terminated at both ends with aminooxy moieties and hyaluronic acid (HA, Mn 2 MDa) derivatives displaying aldehydes were non-toxic towards primary Schwann cells. The PEG and HA derivatives form oxime crosslinked hydrogels with mechanical and swelling properties that were tunable based on the composition of the hydrogels to values analogous to soft tissues such as those found in the central or peripheral nervous system. Gels incorporating collagen-1 supported the adhesion of human mesenchymal stem cells. Such chemistry has the potential to generate clinically relevant injectable hydrogels for minimally invasive personalized medical procedures in the central or peripheral nervous systems.
Testing the inverse-square law of gravity in boreholes at the Nevada Test Site.

Stacey et al. have reported evidence for a breakdown of Newton’s law based on measurements in a deep mine. We have tested the reproducibility of this result by analyzing gravity data from boreholes in Nevada. One interpretation of our resuls suggests a breakdown of the Newtonian theory which is much larger than the effect previously reported. But the lack of consistency between the results suggests that it is not fundamental physics that has failed, but rather the experiments are subject to large systematic uncertainties which are caused by mass anomalies at intermediate distances from the holes.
Crop Productivity and Photoassimilate Partitioning

The photosynthetic basis for increasing the yield of major field crops is examined in terms of improving the interception of seasonal solar radiation by crop foliage, the efficiency of conversion of intercepted light to photosynthetic assimilates, and the partitioning of photoassimilates to organs of economic interest. It is concluded that, in practice, genetic and chemical manipulation of light interception over the season and of partitioning offer the most potential for achieving further increases in yield. During the history of improvement of genetic yield potential of crops, increase in the partitioning of photoassimilates to harvested organs has been of primary importance.
A trial of imipramine (Tofranil) in depressed patients with chronic physical disease.

Abstract Thirty-one patients with medical disease who had high scores on the ‘Depression’ scale of the MMPI were randomized and treated with either imipramine or a lactose placebo in a ‘double blind’ study. The MMPI was readministered at the end of treatment. to measure change. In 14 patients the alternative drug was administered subsequently so that each of these patients also acted as his own control. No significant change in the ‘Depression’ score resulted from the use of imipramine, as compared with placebo. Such changes as occurred in this scale appeared to be an effect of lapse of time or anticipation of discharge, rather than of pharmacological potency. A slight reduction in the ‘Hypochondriasis’ scale was observed in subjects treated with the drug when compared with their controls.
Improving a multistage/multiprocessor flow-shop problem of numerous technological constraints through scheduling

The manufacturing of industrial rubber compounds is a three-stage process on a Banbury production system. At each stage the rubber is mixed (in a Banbury mixer) and transferred to next-stage storage. Depending on requirements, the first two stages may be repeated up to three times. Finally, rubber is mixed on the third stage and then milled to obtain a slab form of the new compound rubber.The objective is to derive a “good” heuristic scheduling algorithm that uses a series of sorts, searches, and simulations in order to sequence and route jobs through production stages. Evaluation criteria are based on the increase in equipment utilization and on satisfying quality and operating restrictions. Schedule feasibility will be tested by a GPSS simulation model of the production system.
PYCNOGENOL chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation.

Summary Pycnogenol® is an antioxidant phytochemical shown to have antiinflammatory activity in both the in vitroand in vivomodels. This study compared the effects of chewing gums with and without Pycnogenol® on gingival bleeding and plaque formation in 40 human subjects. In this double-blind study, subjects were assigned randomly to receive either control gums without Pycnogenol or experimental gums containng 5 mg Pycnogenol®. Subjects used chewing gums for 14 days. Gingival bleeding and plaque scores were taken before and after the experiment. Pycnogenol® chewing gums significantly reduced gingival bleeding, while no changes were noted in bleeding indexes in control subjects who used regular chewing gums. Subjects using regular control gums had significant increases of dental plaque accumulation during the two-week period. No increases in plaque accumulation were noted in subjects using Pycnogenol® chewing gums. The data of this study suggest that the use of Pycnogenol® chewing gums can minimize gingival bleeding and plaque accumulation.
Cultured Epithelial Autografts in the Treatment of Extensive Recalcitrant Keloids

A 42-year-old black man presented with an extensive keloid on the anterior section of his chest wall. He had acne as a child and developed a number of significant keloids, the most symptomatic being the keloid on his chest wall. This keloid had been treated with excision approximately 10 years previously in another city, followed by placement of a number of mesh split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) obtained from his thighs. According to the patient, the superior edge of the keloid had also been irradiated some time after surgery. The entire keloid located on his chest wall had regrown significantly, causing the patient problems with bending at the waist and with full range of motion in his shoulders. The recurrence had been treated with intralesional corticosteroids and cryotherapy (separately and combined), as well as silicone gel and flurandrenolide (Cordran tape, Lilly, Eli and Co, Indianapolis, Ind) without significant improvement. In addition, a smaller keloid had been excised on his back and the epidermis removed from the keloid and replaced over the wound, with significant regrowth of that keloid as well. On physical examination the patient had an extensive keloid encompassing the surface area extending from the clavicle to the inframammary crease (Figure 1). The inferior portion of the keloid, which was the thickest portion, had curled under itself and had completely encased the patient’s areolae, which were not visible. In addition, the patient had a number of keloids located on his back and upper extremities. He had hypertrophic, but not keloidal, scars on his thighs at the donor sites from his previous STSGs.
Optics in Du Pont

E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Inc., was founded 170 years ago primarily as a manufacturer of gunpowder. The Company has since diversified into numerous technological areas, and its long list of products now includes many having application in the optics field. In this introduction a brief review of past Du Pont optics work is given.
Lagrangian perfect fluids and black hole mechanics

The first law of black hole mechanics (in the form derived by Wald) is expressed in terms of integrals over surfaces, at the horizon and spatial infinity, of a stationary, axisymmetric black hole, in a diffeomorphism-invariant Lagrangian theory of gravity. The original statement of the first law given by Bardeen, Carter, and Hawking for an Einstein-perfect fluid system contained, in addition, volume integrals of the fluid fields, over a spacelike slice stretching between these two surfaces. One would expect that Wald's methods, applied to a Lagrangian Einstein-perfect fluid formulation, would convert these terms to surface integrals. However, because the fields appearing in the Lagrangian of a gravitating perfect fluid are typically nonstationary (even in a stationary black-hole--perfect-fluid spacetime) a direct application of these methods generally yields restricted results. We therefore first approach the problem of incorporating general nonstationary matter fields into Wald's analysis, and derive a first-law-like relation for an arbitrary Lagrangian metric theory of gravity coupled to arbitrary Lagrangian matter fields, requiring only that the metric field be stationary. This relation includes a volume integral of matter fields over a spacelike slice between the black hole horizon and spatial infinity, and reduces to the first law originally derived by Bardeen, Carter, and Hawking when the theory is general relativity coupled to a perfect fluid. We then turn to consider a specific Lagrangian formulation for an isentropic perfect fluid given by Carter, and directly apply Wald's analysis, assuming that both the metric and fluid fields are stationary and axisymmetric in the black hole spacetime. The first law we derive contains only surface integrals at the black hole horizon and spatial infinity, but the assumptions of stationarity and axisymmetry of the fluid fields make this relation much more restrictive in its allowed fluid configurations and perturbations than that given by Bardeen, Carter, and Hawking. In the Appendix, we use the symplectic structure of the Einstein-perfect fluid system to derive a conserved current for perturbations of this system: this current reduces to one derived ab initio for this system by Chandrasekhar and Ferrari.
Geochemistry of inorganic nitrogen in waters released from coal-bed natural gas production wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming.

Water originating from coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) production wells typically contains ammonium and is often disposed via discharge to ephemeral channels. A study conducted in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, documented downstream changes in CBNG water composition, emphasizing nitrogen-cycling processes and the fate of ammonium. Dissolved ammonium concentrations from 19 CBNG discharge points ranged from 95 to 527 μM. Within specific channels, ammonium concentrations decreased with transport distance, with subsequent increases in nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Removal efficiency, or uptake, of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) varied between channel types. DIN uptake was greater in the gentle-sloped, vegetated channel as compared to the incised, steep, and sparsely vegetated channel and was highly correlated with diel patterns of incident light and dissolved oxygen concentration. In a larger main channel with multiple discharge inputs (n = 13), DIN concentrations were >300 μM, with pH > 8.5, af...
The co-morbidity of depression and epilepsy: Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment

Co-morbid depression is common in patients with epilepsy and is often undiagnosed. The manifestation of depression in epilepsy is multifaceted with many interacting neurobiological and psychosocial determinants, including clinical features of epilepsy (seizure frequency, type, foci, or lateralization of foci) and neurochemical or iatrogenic mechanisms. Depression is reported more frequently in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and left-sided foci, although not all studies support this finding. In patients with depression and epilepsy, optimal control of seizures should be attained first and foremost with appropriate anticonvulsant treatments including antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy. Some anticonvulsant treatments (VNS, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and gabapentin) have demonstrated mood improvement in epilepsy patients and may have therapeutic potential for this patient population. When antidepressants are necessary to treat depression in patients with epilepsy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and multireceptor antidepressants are considered first-line treatments. Electroconvulsive therapy is not contraindicated for treatment-resistant or psychotic depression. Depression must be recognized, diagnosed, and adequately treated in patients with epilepsy.
6D Ionization Cooling of Muons and a Muon Collider/Higgs Factory

We describe the progress in the simulation of 6D cooling of μ beams for use in neutrino factories and muon colliders. We concentrate on the final cooling needed to reach the emmittance required for a SUSY Higgs factory using high-pressure gas ring coolers and Li lens ring coolers. Physics arguments are given for the need of such colliders if the A/H bosons are discovered at the LHC.
What do academic libraries tweet about, and what makes a library tweet useful?

Abstract People spend an increasing amount of time using social media systems to network, share information, learn, or engage in leisure activities (e.g., gaming). Libraries too are establishing a social media presence to promote the library and provide services to user populations through the social media systems the users frequent. This study explores Twitter uses by six large academic libraries and factors that make library tweets useful. 752 tweets were analyzed by topic to develop a subject typology of library tweets. In addition, tweets and Twitter user characteristics were analyzed to explore what makes library tweets useful, as measured by the number of retweets and favorites received. Content analysis of the samples of library tweets revealed nine content types, with the event and resource categories being the most frequent. In addition, the analysis showed that tweets related to study support services and building and maintaining connections with the library community were the most frequently retweeted and selected as favorites. The presence of a URL in the tweet was positively associated with the number of retweets, and the number of users followed was positively associated with the number of favorites received. Finally, a negative correlation was found between the account age and number of favorites.
Computer Algebra Systems in Physical Chemistry

It is argued that a computer algebra system should replace the FORTRAN-like languages in the undergraduate and graduate programs in chemistry. To support the argument example applications from physical chemistry are used to display the symbolic, numerical, and graphical capabilities of one such system. The code for the more complex applications is given in an appendix.
Moisture Uptake of Bisbenzocyclobutene (BCB) Films for Electronic Packaging Applications

Electronic packaging has been changing.rapidly to meet the often conflicting demands of higher speed and lower cost. In the multichip module (MCM), an array of semiconductor chips is mounted on a substrate and interconnected via a network of multilevel metal lines with polymer layers used as a dielectric between orthogonal metal signal paths. A potential reliability problem that must be investigated is the absorption of moisture by the dielectric in the MCM package. Moisture absorption may lead to long term problems such as loss of adhesion, corrosion of the metal interconnect and increased insulator conductivity. Bisbenzocyclobutene (BCB) is an insulating polymer that is being used in the MCM package as a dielectric material. In this work, the moisture uptake in BCB is investigated gravimetrically using a Cahn-1000 microbalance with a resolution of I #x03BC;gram. The BCB films are spincoated onto silicon substrates and cured yielding film thickness ranging from 7 to 20μm. The moisture uptake of the BCB film is monitored in situ and non destructively to reveal the performance of the film as used in an integrated circuit environment. The moisture uptake of the films was monitored at different ambient relative humidity (RIH) values between 20% and 80% at 23°C. The transient behavior of the moisture absorption in BCB films has been characterized. Moisture uptake in BCB films increases as the relative humidity is increased, and reaches a maximum of less than 0.2% by weight at 80% RH. By comparison, this moisture uptake is significantly lower than that of fully cured PMDA-ODA polyimide, which is about 2.5% by weight under similar conditions. The transient data show that the equilibration time for a 22.8 μ.m film is approximately 220 seconds, yielding a diffusion coefficient of about 4.5#x03BC;m2/s.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Negative Effects of High Trust and Individual Autonomy in Self-Managing Teams

A high level of trust can make the members of self-managing work teams reluctant to monitor one another. If low monitoring combines with high individual autonomy, team performance can suffer. Data ...
Bird species recognition combining acoustic and sequence modeling

The goal of this work was to explore modeling techniques to improve bird species classification from audio samples. We first developed an unsupervised approach to obtain approximate note models from acoustic features. From these note models we created a bird species recognition system by leveraging a phone n-gram statistical model developed for speaker recognition applications. We found competitive performance from the note n-gram system compared to a Gaussian mixture model baseline using the same acoustic features. We found an important gain by doing score-level combination relative to the best individual system results. We verified that on most of the bird species under study there was a gain from system combination.
Management Briefs: Estimating Tag-Reporting Rates with Postcards as Tag Surrogates

Abstract We estimated angler tag-reporting rates by simulating the psychological environment associated with the decision to return a tag. Survey postcards were designed to serve as surrogate tags and measured the willingness of anglers to cooperate when given a certain level of reward. When no reward was offered, reporting rates in Alabama (37%) and Oklahoma (33%) conformed to nonreward tag-and band-reporting rates in the literature, When rewarded with limited-edition caps, reporting rates improved to 64% in Alabama and 67% in Oklahoma. Using postcards is quick, easy, and inexpensive compared with other techniques for estimating angler compliance but requires additional verification and refinement.
Left atrial enlargement and reduced physical function during aging.

Diastolic dysfunction, often seen with increasing age, is associated with reduced exercise capacity and increased mortality. Mortality rates in older individuals are linked to the development of disability, which may be preceded by functional limitations. The goal of this study was to identify which echocardiographic measures of diastolic function correlate with physical function in older subjects. A total of 36 men and women from the Lou isiana Healthy Aging Study, age 62–101 yr, received a complete echocardiographic exam and performed the 10-item continuous-scale physical-functional performance test (CS-PFP-10). After adjustment for age and gender, left atrial volume index (ρ = –0.59; p = .0005) correlated with the total CS-PFP-10 score. Increased left atrial volume index may be a marker of impaired performance of activities of daily living in older individuals.
Asynchronous recovery protocols for distributed systems

The authors address the problem of error recovery in a system of distributed communication processes. They show that if each process can detect its local computation errors while establishing the recovery points, then the amount of process dependencies can be reduced by exploiting the temporal ordering of message communication among the processes. The proposed approach allows processes to proceed independently during normal computation, and can be further improved to accommodate independent rollback without explicit coordination. The authors also discuss the handling of messages that are originated from, or received by, tasks that later abort. Simulation studies indicate that the approach taken achieves a much higher throughput than the synchronous approach. >
Virtual Synthesis of Electronic Nanomaterials: Fundamentals and Prospects

Increasingly, integrated logic-storage and quantum information-process-ing paradigms are being viewed as dominant approaches to facilitate further advances in electronics, communication, information processing, and storage technologies. Realization of these concepts is based upon understanding the formation of coherent, polarized, and especially entangled (CPE) electron spin states, ability to control their dynamics and their contributions to quantum spin–charge transport properties of small, few-atomic systems at realistic conditions at interfaces and in quantum confinement.
Current practices in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Background There has been recent investigation into the incidence of venous thromboembolism in otolaryngology, but the current utilization of venous thromboembolic (VTE) prophylaxis among practicing otolaryngologists remains largely unknown. Methods A survey of 26 questions was emailed to 4376 otolaryngologists. Results A total of 4376 surveys were sent and 676 were returned for a response rate of 15.4%. Intraoperative prophylaxis was used by 535 respondents (83%), either with intermittent pneumatic compression (91.8%), compression stockings (35.9%), or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; 12.3%). Postoperative prophylaxis was used by 540 respondents (85.4%), either with early ambulation (87.8%), intermittent pneumatic compression (85.4%), compression stockings (43.3%), or LMWH (42.4%). The vast majority (88.3%) stated they would find thromboprophylaxis guidelines released by the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery to be helpful. Conclusion Current practices in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis vary widely among the otolaryngology community. A set of clear specialty-specific guidelines may be helpful. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E341–E345, 2016
Oral disposition index predicts the development of future diabetes above and beyond fasting and 2-h glucose levels: response to Utzschneider et al.

In their recent study, Utzschneider et al. (1) demonstrated that indexes of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity derived from plasma glucose and insulin concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) display an inverse relationship similar to that observed with the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Further, the product of the change in insulin divided by change in glucose (ΔI/ΔG) × insulin sensitivity (the insulin secretion/insulin resistance [IS/IR] index or so-called disposition index), which provides an estimate of β-cell function relative to the prevailing level of insulin resistance, was shown to predict the future risk for type 2 diabetes independent of the glucose tolerance status in Japanese-American individuals. These observations are consistent with previous publications from our lab (2–5) and extend our …
A Religious Organization’s Autonomy in Matters of Self-Governance: Hosanna-Tabor and the First Amendment

In Hosanna-Tabor, a teacher suing her employer, a church-based school, alleged retaliation for having asserted rights under a discrimination statute. The School raised the “ministerial exception,” which prohibits ministers from suing their religious employer. The Court held the exception was constitutionally required. Before giving the facts that convinced it that this teacher was a “minister,” the Court had to distinguish the leading case of Employ. Div. v. Smith. Plaintiffs in Smith held jobs as counselors at a drug rehabilitation center. They were fired for illegal drug use (peyote), and later denied unemployment compensation. The Native American Church ingests peyote during a sacrament. Smith held that the Free Exercise Clause was not implicated when Oregon enacted a neutral law of general applicability that happened to have an impact on a religious practice. The Court admitted that the nondiscrimination law in Hosanna-Tabor was a general law of neutral application that happened to have an impact on the School’s ability to fire a teacher. It distinguished Smith. There is now a class of cases to which Smith does not apply described as “an internal church decision that affects the faith and mission of the church.” The firing of the teacher was “internal,” meaning a decision of church governance. The firing of plaintiffs in Smith was “outward,” meaning that the state’s denial of unemployment did not regulate church governance. Moreover, the ingestion of peyote regulated in Smith was a “physical act,” whereas the firing of the teacher regulated by employment law was a “church decision.” Obviously a sacrament is an important religious practice, and plaintiffs in Smith suffered a burden on religious conscience. But the point of Hosanna-Tabor was not to relieve burdens on conscience. If it were, then Hosanna-Tabor would have overruled Smith. What was remedied in Hosanna-Tabor was not a burden on conscience but interference with religious groups. The question going forward is what types of suits fall into the Hosanna-Tabor category of church governance? Once it is determined that a suit falls within church governance, there is no judicial balancing because there can be no legally sufficient governmental interest to overcome religious autonomy.
In Vivo Estrogenic Activity of Nonylphenol in Rainbow Trout

Estrogenic compounds have been shown to induce specific endocrine system responses in various species. The protein vitellogenin and its corresponding mRNA have been shown to be induced by estrogenic chemicals in aquatic species. In this investigation the estrogenic chemical nonylphenol was studied in rainbow trout for lethality, estrogenicity, and persistence of effects through the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of liver vitellogenin mRNA. These results show that nonylphenol produces estrogenic effects in rainbow trout at concentrations well below the LC50.
Do race, gender, and source of payment impact on anesthetic technique for inguinal hernia repair?

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the potential differences in the type of anesthesia provided to patients of different race, gender, and source of payment undergoing inguinal hernia repair (IHR). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Ambulatory surgical centers/National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery. Patients 5810 patients older than 14 years who underwent IHR in an ambulatory surgical center. Interventions Inguinal hernia repair under different types of anesthesia. Measurements The association of race, gender, and source of payment with different types of anesthesia for IHR as determined by multivariate regression analysis. Results Significant discrepancies in the use of various anesthetics between patients of different race, gender, and source of payment were found. Patients identified as black and those of other minority groups were significantly more likely to receive general anesthesia compared with those identified as white (odds ratio [OR] 2.76, confidence interval [CI] 1.96-3.88 and OR 1.66, CI 1.14-2.42, respectively). Those identified as black were less likely to receive epidural anesthesia compared with their white counterparts (OR 0.36, CI 0.14-0.95). Women were less likely than men to undergo IHR with epidural anesthesia (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.85). Conclusion Significant discrepancies in the use of various anesthetics for IHR between patients of different race, gender, and insurance status were found. Despite limitations inherent to secondary data analysis, the findings raise the possibility that nonmedical factors may influence anesthetic management.
Sequential comparison of low dose rate and hyperfractionated high dose rate endobronchial radiation for malignant airway occlusion.

Abstract A pilot trial (S2) was conducted at the University of Wisconsin to determine the feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity of hyperfractionated high dose rate endobronchial radiation. To avoid multiple bronchoscopies, an optimized hyperfractionated schema was derived from the linear-quadratic model. Utilizing a single bronchoscopy, 31 patients with malignant airway occlusion received 4 Gy × 4 fractions over 2 days at 2 cm from source center using a high dose rate remote afterloader. Response and morbidity were compared to a previous trial (S1) in which 66 patients were treated with conventional low dose rate endobronchial radiation. Response was assessed by change in performance status, symptom resolution, percent of lifetime rendered symptom-free or improved, and radiographic reaeration. These parameters were highly comparable between the two groups. The mean ECOG performance status improved from 2.2 to 1.8 for S1 and 2.1 to 1.6 for S2; symptom improvement or resolution was noted in 78% for S1 and 79% for S2; lifetime rendered symptom-free or improved was 54% for S1 and 57% for S2; and the overall radiographic response rate was 78% for S1 and 85% for S2. The overall incidence of fistulae was 7 101 . We conclude that endobronchial radiation is an effective and safe modality for palliation, and hyperfractionated high dose rate endobronchial radiation achieves responses similar to low dose rate endobronchial radiation with a similar complication rate.
A Practical Cost Model for Selecting Nonwoven Insulation Materials

Elementary heat transfer in the range of density, thickness, and temperature normally used for house insulation, has been described experimentally for nonwoven structures. A model relating cost, density, and thermal efficiency of nonwoven insulating materials has been developed to aid in insulation materials selection and optimization of cost. Intrinsic to this system are material specific thermal conductivity slope coefficients readily derived from thermal conductivity versus specific volume plots.