cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral bias to the leading limb in an olfactory social signal by male ring-tailed lemurs.

Because ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) show handedness during feeding, I investigated whether they also show lateral preference in the limbs used by males during scent marking. During a bout of marking, a male alternates a variable number of shoulder rubs and arm marks. It is a complex social signal that has both olfactory and visual components and is frequently part of intrasexual agonistic interactions. I used all-occurrences behavior sampling, manually recorded all totally visible bouts, and required a minimum of 50 bouts per animal. The subjects included six wild and four group-living captive male lemurs. I considered limb usage to be lateralized for each individual lemur if the frequency of use of one side was significantly above chance as determined by binomial z-scores at P<.05. I measured consistency of lateral preference by calculating handedness index (HI) scores for each individual. Overall, I recorded 1,583 bouts of scent marking, and 66% of the bouts began with shoulder rubbing. Eight of the 10 males showed a significant, moderately strong lateral preference for the lead limb in the first shoulder rub performed in a bout, and for six of these eight the preferred lead limb for shoulder rubbing was the left one. Six of the 10 males showed a significant but weak lateral preference in the first arm mark, and five of these preferred the opposite limb to that used for the first shoulder rub. Although the preferences were not at the population level, eight of the 10 lemurs showed a lateral bias in the lead limb used for a component of this complex social signal. Am. J. Primatol. 69:635–640, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The impact of pooling and shared inputs on correlations in neuronal networks.

lead to significant correlations between the two pooled signals [4]. This phenomenon has been observed in the context of correlations between two VSD [5] and MUA [6] signals. We focus primarily on the effect pooling in input populations has on the covariation of the membrane potentials of two downstream cells. We use simple probabilistic formulae to provide an intuitive explanation for this phenomenon, and show that the contribution of overlap in input populations to the development of correlations is minor relative to the contribution of pooling. In addition, we apply our results to provide insight on development of correlations and synchrony in feed-forward networks. We show that pooling, and not overlap in input populations, contributes most to the development of very high correlations observed in feed-forward networks. We exhibit via simulations that not only cor
Modeled Seasonal Variations of Firn Density Induced by Steady State Surface Air Temperature Cycle

Seasonal variations of firn density in ice-sheet firn layers have been attributed to variations in deposition processes or other processes within the upper firn. A recent high-resolution (mm scale) density profile, measured along a 181 m core from Antarctica, showed small-scale density variations with a clear seasonal cycle that apparently was not-related to seasonal variations in deposition or known near-surface processes (Gerland and others 1999). A recent model of surface elevation changes (Zwally and Li, submitted) produced a seasonal variation in firn densification, and explained the seasonal surface elevation changes observed by satellite radar altimeters. In this study, we apply our 1-D time-dependent numerical model of firn densification that includes a temperature-dependent formulation of firn densification based on laboratory measurements of grain growth. The model is driven by a steady-state seasonal surface temperature and a constant accumulation rate appropriate for the measured Antarctic ice core. The modeled seasonal variations in firn density show that the layers of snow deposited during spring to mid-summer with the highest temperature history compress to the highest density, and the layers deposited during later summer to autumn with the lowest temperature history compress to the lowest density. The initial amplitude of the seasonal difference of about 0.13 reduces to about 0.09 in five years and asymptotically to 0.92 at depth, which is consistent with the core measurements.
A 2H solid-state NMR study of lipid clustering by cationic antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides in model bacterial membranes.

Domain formation in bacteria-mimetic membranes due to cationic peptide binding was recently proposed based on calorimetric data. We now use 2H solid-state NMR to critically examine the presence and absence of domains in bacterial membranes containing zwitterionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) lipids. Chain-perdeuterated POPE and POPG are used in single-component membranes, binary POPE/POPG (3:1) membranes, and membranes containing one of four cationic peptides: two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the β-hairpin family of protegrin-1 (PG-1), and two cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), HIV TAT and penetratin. 2H quadrupolar couplings were measured to determine the motional amplitudes of POPE and POPG acyl chains as a function of temperature. Homogeneously mixed POPE/POPG membranes should give the same quadrupolar couplings for the two lipids, whereas the presence of membrane domains enriched in one of the two lipids should cause distinct 2H quadrupolar couplings that reflect different chain disorder. At physiological temperature (308 K), we observed no or only small coupling differences between POPE and POPG in the presence of any of the cationic peptides. However, around ambient temperature (293 K), at which gel- and liquid-crystalline phases coexist in the peptide-free POPE/POPG membrane, the peptides caused distinct quadrupolar couplings for the two lipids, indicating domain formation. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide PG-1 ordered ∼40% of the POPE lipids while disordering POPG. The Gram-negative selective PG-1 mutant, IB549, caused even larger differences in the POPE and POPG disorder: ∼80% of POPE partitioned into the ordered phase, whereas all of the POPG remained in the disordered phase. In comparison, TAT rigidified POPE and POPG similarly in the binary membrane at ambient temperature, indicating that TAT does not cause dynamic heterogeneity but interacts with the membrane with a different mechanism. Penetratin maintained the POPE order but disordered POPG, suggesting moderate domain separation. These results provide insight into the extent of domain formation in bacterial membranes and the possible peptide structural requirements for this phenomenon.
Impact of channel estimation error on decentralized detection in bandwidth constrained wireless sensor networks

In this paper we consider the problem of fusing decisions in a distributed detection system when the local binary decisions made at the sensors are transmitted over wireless links subject to fading and noise. We consider a training based channel estimator with which the fusion center (FC) estimates the complex channels between the sensors and the FC. We derive the likelihood-ratio-test (LRT) fusion rules that incorporate the complex channel estimates for the cases where the sensors employ BPSK, OOK, binary FSK, and binary PPM signaling to modulate their binary local decisions. We study the effect of channel estimation error on the system performance. As a benchmark we compare it with a fusion rule that assumes perfect channel state information (CSI). Performance evaluation shows that as SNR increases the channel estimation error decreases and the system performance approaches to the clairvoyant scenario where perfect CSI is assumed at the FC.
Behavioral automata composition for automatic topology independent verification of parameterized systems

Verifying correctness properties of parameterized systems is a long-standing problem. The challenge lies in the lack of guarantee that the property is satisfied for all instances of the parameterized system. Existing work on addressing this challenge aims to reduce this problem to checking the properties on smaller systems with a bound on the parameter referred to as the cut-off. A property satisfied on the system with the cut-off ensures that it is satisfied for systems with any larger parameter. The major problem with these techniques is that they only work for certain classes of systems with specific communication topology such as ring topology, thus leaving other interesting classes of systems unverified. We contribute an automated technique for finding the cut-off of the parameterized system that works for systems defined with any topology. Given the specification and the topology of the system, our technique is able to automatically generate the cut-off specific to this system. We prove the soundness of our technique and demonstrate its effectiveness and practicality by applying it to several canonical examples where in some cases, our technique obtains smaller cut-off values than those presented in the existing literature.
Comparison of high performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic analysis of soluble carbohydrates in loblolly pine

Abstract Foliar tissue was collected from a field study designed to test impacts of atmospheric pollutants on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Standard enzymatic (ENZ) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to analyze the tissue for soluble sugars. A comparison of the methods revealed no significant differences in accuracy or in detection of treatment differences, but did find the HPLC results had a greater within‐method variability, thus lowering method precision. This variability may be reduced by consistent maintenance and monitoring of sugar detection. If both methods are • performed with equal care, soluble sugar values will be comparable.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Interactions upon the Left Ventricle of the Dog

In canine, isovolumetric, left ventricle preparations, stimulation of the cardiac end of a cut cervical vagus nerve evokes a biphasic change of left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP). Characteristically, there is a definite reduction of LVSP during the stimulus, followed by a slight increase of LVSP after cessation of stimulation. The magnitude of the reduction of LVSP during vagal stimulation is considerably augmented when sympathetic activity is increased either directly (by electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion) or reflexly (by lowering carotid sinus pressure). These results indicate that the effect of vagal stimulation is mediated, at least in part, by antagonizing the positive inotropic influence of the prevailing sympathetic nervous activity. The mechanism of the poststimulation rebound is unknown. It may be due to cardiac sympathetic fibers in the canine vagosympathetic nerve trunks and to the release of catecholamine-like substances in the myocardium.
Gilded Ages and Gilded Archaeologies of American Exceptionalism

Archaeology’s ties to an interest in America’s natural and cultural resources, enshrined in the Antiquities Act of 1906, can be tied to the development of the presumed entitlements associated with gilded age-era conceptions of America’s cultural and racial exceptionalism. Archaeology, historic preservation, and related interests in the materiality of America’s past were in fact among the mechanisms used to legitimize America’s global emergence in the modern era. Considering elite ideas about race and a fear of “race suicide” as well as the rise of the environmental conservation and the historic house movement, this paper argues that archaeology and related pursuits of historic materiality have been regularly deployed to enforce Anglo-Saxon racial values. Explicitly formed in the historical context of mass-immigration, this dynamic is explored in a discussion of two archaeological sites in Jamaica, Queens connected to gilded-age discourse on Americanization.
Finite-difference methods for computational electromagnetics (CEM)

The authors examine the characteristics of the Lax-Wendroff and Crank-Nicolson schemes as applied to the time-domain Maxwell's equations. The numerical results, in terms of the surface current and radar cross section (RCS), are compared for two-dimensional scattering problems. The Lax-Wendroff and Crank-Nicolson schemes were applied to the first- and second-order Maxwell's equations, respectively. The explicit Lax-Wendroff scheme eliminates the need for staggered meshes associated with the popular Yee (1966) algorithm while the implicit Crank-Nicolson scheme eliminates both the need for staggered meshes and the time-step restriction of the explicit schemes. The accuracy of the results obtained for the two-dimensional test problem is very encouraging, indicating that both schemes are good candidates for solving electromagnetic scattering problems in the time domain. >
Fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic management

The purpose of this paper is to address a central question in fiscal federalism - whether or not fiscal decentralization implies serious risks for fiscal discipline and macroeconomic management for the nation as a whole. This paper addresses this important issue by drawing upon the existing evidence regarding macro management and fiscal institutions in federal and unitary countries. This is supplemented by cross country regression analysis plus the analysis of two case studies: the Brazilian federation and the unitary regime in China. The main conclusion of the paper is that decentralized fiscal systems offer a greater potential for improved macroeconomic governance than centralized fiscal regimes. This is because the challenges posed by fiscal decentralization are recognized and they shape the design of countervailing institutions in federal countries to overcome adverse incentives associated with incomplete contracts or the “common property” resource management problems or with rent seeking behaviors.
Thiol/ene photocurable polymers

The photosensitized crosslinking of polyenes with polythiols has been demonstrated to be a free-radical chain reaction whose apparent quantum yield is in the range of 2 × 102–4 × 102 mole/einstein. Initiation occurs by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the thiol group by the excited n,π* triplet of the ketonic photosensitizer. Kinetic studies of model systems have shown that electron-donating substituents attached or close to the double bond accelerate the thiol addition while electron-withdrawing groups decrease the rate. With a given olefin, slight differences in reaction rates are observed depending on the structure of the thiol. Mercaptopropionate esters are more reactive than mercaptoacetates which, in turn, are more reactive than alkane thiols. Cure rates for polyene–polythiol systems are in accord with results found for the model systems. Aromatic carbonyl compounds are the most effective sensitizers for this reaction. To a first approximation, the effectiveness of the sensitizer depends only upon the absorbance. No correlation was found between photoactivity and the triplet energies or lifetimes of the sensitizers.
Entropy and the Stability of Classical Solutions

It is a tenet of continuum physics that the Second Law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of stability. In the examples discussed in the previous chapters, the Second Law manifests itself in the presence of companion balance laws, to be satisfied identically, as equalities, by classical solutions, and to be imposed as thermodynamic admissibility inequality constraints on weak solutions of the systems of balance laws. A recurring theme in the exposition of the theory of hyperbolic systems of balance laws in this book will be that companion balance laws induce stability under various guises. Here the reader will get a glimpse of the implications of entropy inequalities on the stability of classical solutions. It will be shown that when the system of balance laws is endowed with a companion balance law induced by a convex entropy, the initial value problem is locally well-posed in the context of classical solutions: Sufficiently smooth initial data generate a classical solution defined on a maximal time interval, typically of finite duration. However, in the presence of damping induced by relaxation mechanisms, and when the initial data are sufficiently small, the classical solution exists globally in time. Classical solutions are unique and depend continuously on their initial values, not only within the class of classical solutions but even within the broader class of weak solutions that satisfy the companion balance law as an inequality admissibility constraint. Similar existence and stability results will be established, even when the entropy fails to be convex, in the following two situations: (a) the entropy is convex only in the direction of a certain cone in state space but the system is equipped with special companion balance laws, called involutions, whose presence compensates for the lack of convexity in complementary directions; or (b) the system is endowed with complementary entropies and the principal entropy is polyconvex. This structure arises in elastodynamics and electromagnetism.
Rights and responsibilities of users of electronic health records

Over the last 10 years the governments of Australia,[1][1] Belgium,[2][2] Canada,[3][3] Denmark,[4][4] the United Kingdom[5][5] and most recently the United States,[6][6] have all made long-term, multibillion dollar investments in health information technologies, including electronic health records
Effects of Topical Glaucoma Drugs on Fistuliezed Rabbit Conjunctiva

Abstract Conjunctival fibroblastic proliferation with contracting scar formation has been implicated as a possible cause of glaucoma filtering surgery failure. The effects of glaucoma medications on bulbar conjunctiva were evaluated in both eyes of 20 pigmented rabbits, with 5 rabbits per group each receiving singular topically applied daily doses of either 0.5% timolol, 1% epinephrine, 4% pilocarpine, or artificial tears in a masked fashion for 4 months. Posterior lip sclerectomies were performed in 16 rabbits-4 from each treatment group. The remaining four rabbits served as nonsurgical controls. Four additional rabbits, which had not received eye drops, were included as a nonmedicated control group, with one rabbit serving as a nonsurgical control. Immunostaining was performed to identify the presence of myofibroblasts in fistulized conjunctiva. Treated surgical eyes, regardless of medication, had higher myofibroblastic cell proliferation than treated nonsurgical eyes. Among fistulized eyes, all medications increased cell proliferation, with pilocarpine eliciting the most dramatic increase compared with all other groups.
Beliefs about the Disconfirmability of Stereotypes: The Stereotype Disconfirmability Effect

Two studies examined people's beliefs about the relative disconfirmability of out-group and in-group stereotypes. In Study 1 (n= 56), Hispanics and White non-Hispanics judged the in-group and out-group stereotypes in terms of the ease with which they could be dis-confirmed. The results indicated that strongly, ethnically identified participants believed the out-group stereotype to be more difficult to disconfirm than the in-group stereotype. The second study with 73 White participants examined their beliefs about the disconfirmability of the White and African American stereotypes. The results indicated that participants higher in prejudice believed the African American stereotype is more difficult to disconfirm than the White stereotype to a greater degree than participants lower in prejudice. The results suggest that disconfirmability beliefs comprise a distinct construct thai may contribute to the difficulty of changing out-group stereotypes.
Isocaloric glutamine-free diet and the morphology and function of rat small intestine

Background: The importance of L-glutamine as metabolic fuel for enterocytes and its role in prevention of mucosal atrophy during total parenteral nutrition is well documented. No data are available to date that document whether a glutamine-free complete enteral diet, requiring full energy expenditure for hydrolysis and absorption, is associated with changes in the morphology and function of the small intestine. Our aim was to examine the effect of such a diet during a 4-week period on the morphology and function of the small intestine of rats. Methods: Three isocaloric solid rat food, containing 0%, 4%, and 8% of glutamate, respectively, were fed to three groups of rats. On the 7th and 28th days the morphology of the jejunum, the subcellular structure of enterocytes on transmission electron microscopy, enzyme activities, blood, and muscle glutamine were examined and compared in the three groups. Results: The rats on the glutamine-free diet had significantly lower mucosal wet weight, protein and DNA conten...
The role of IMP dehydrogenase 2 in Inauhzin-induced ribosomal stress

The 'ribosomal stress (RS)-p53 pathway' is triggered by any stressor or genetic alteration that disrupts ribosomal biogenesis, and mediated by several ribosomal proteins (RPs), such as RPL11 and RPL5, which inhibit MDM2 and activate p53. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis and crucial for maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. It is highly expressed in many malignancies. We previously showed that inhibition of IMPDH2 leads to p53 activation by causing RS. Surprisingly, our current study reveals that Inauzhin (INZ), a novel non-genotoxic p53 activator by inhibiting SIRT1, can also inhibit cellular IMPDH2 activity, and reduce the levels of cellular GTP and GTP-binding nucleostemin that is essential for rRNA processing. Consequently, INZ induces RS and the RPL11/RPL5-MDM2 interaction, activating p53. These results support the new notion that INZ suppresses cancer cell growth by dually targeting SIRT1 and IMPDH2.
Carotid artery and jugular vein tracking and differentiation using spatiotemporal analysis

We have derived and evaluated parameters from ultrasound images of the neck to permit a computer to automatically characterize and differentiate between the carotid artery and jugular vein at image acquisition time during vascular interventions, given manually placed seed points. Our goal is to prevent inadvertent damage to the carotid artery when targeting the jugular vein for catheterization. We used a portable 10 MHz ultrasound system to acquire cross sectional B-mode ultrasound images of these great vessels at 10 fps. An expert user identified the vessels in the first frame by touching the vessels on the screen with his fingertip, and the computer automatically tracked the vessels and calculated a best-fit ellipse for each vessel in each subsequent frame. Vessel location and radii were further analyzed to produce parameters that proved useful for differentiating between the carotid artery and jugular vein. These parameters include relative location of the vessels, distension of the vessel walls, and consistent phase difference between the arterial and venous pulsations as determined by temporal Fourier analysis.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules in differentiating rat skeletal muscle.

An electron microscope study has been made of the distribution of membrane couplings between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and either the plasmalemma or the T tubules in fetal and neonatal rat intercostal muscle. Within primitive muscle cells at 12 days of gestation, the SR forms both simple and specialized membrane junctions with the plasmalemma; caveolae are very few, and T tubules are not detected. Undifferentiated cells neighbor muscle cells. Occasionally these cells contain subsurface couplings between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasmalemmae. Possible relationships between these couplings and the peripheral couplings of muscle cells are discussed. By 15–18 days of gestation, caveolae and beaded T tubules, comparable to those of cultured muscle, develop; T tubules lie along-side myofibrils and are rarely transverse. SR couples both to T tubules and to plasmalemmae during this period. T tubules with lineal profiles appear after further development and their orientation transverse to A–I junctions becomes increasingly evident. Membrane couplings between SR and T tubules also increase in number, whereas the incidence of peripheral coupling declines rapidly Evidence suggests that peripheral couplings are swept into myotubes as caveolae proliferate and T tubules form. SR thus appears to initially couple with the plasmalemma and then to await T tubular growth. This contrasts with the developmental pattern described in cultured chick muscle in which peripheral couplings are not reported and T tubules with diads and triads occur at very primitive stages of muscle differentiation.
Cloning of pectate lyase gene pel from Pseudomonas fluorescens and detection of sequences homologous to pel in Pseudomonas viridiflava and Pseudomonas putida.

Abstract Pectate lyase (PL) depolymerizes pectin and other polygalacturonates (PGAs) and is thought to play a role in bacterial invasion of plants. Production of PL by the soft-rotting pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens CY091 is regulated by Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+, this bacterium constitutively synthesizes PL in media containing glucose, glycerol, or PGA and excretes over 87% of total PL into culture fluids. In the absence of Ca2+, the organism fails to use PGA as a carbon source and produces very low levels of PL in media containing glucose or glycerol. Of the small amount of PL produced by the bacterium in Ca(2+)-deficient media, over 78% was detected within the cells, indicating that Ca2+ is critical not only for the production but also for the secretion of PL. The pel gene, encoding an alkaline PL (pI 10.0, Mr 41,000) was cloned and located on the overlapping region of a 4.3-kb SalI and a 7.1-kb EcoRI fragment. The 7.1-kb EcoRI fragment appears to contain a promoter for pel gene expression. A 1.7-kb SalI-XhoI subfragment of the 4.3-kb SalI fragment was cloned into pUC18 to give pROTM2. Escherichia coli cells carrying pROTM2 produce 50 to 100 times more PL than do cells carrying other pectolytic constructs. Production of PL by E. coli (pROTM2) was not affected by carbon sources or by Ca2+. The pI and Mr of PL from E. coli corresponded to values for its counterpart from P. fluorescens. A 0.7-kb BglII-ClaI fragment encoding the pel structural sequence was used to detect pel homologs in various species of fluorescent pseudomonads. Homologous sequences were observed in 10 of 11 strains of P. fluorescens, P. viridiflava, and P. putida. The pel gene in fluorescent pseudomonads is well conserved and may exist and remain repressed in certain strains or species which exhibit nonpectolytic phenotypes under laboratory conditions.
Location of stents in the left anterior descending coronary artery using three dimensionally acquired, two dimensionally displayed transthoracic echocardiography

The location of left anterior descending arterial stents was documented in 10 of 13 patients using 3-dimensionally acquired, 2-dimensionally displayed transthoracic echocardiography. The echocardiographic appearance of stents was characterized, and the location of the proximal and mid-left anterior descending artery was objectively documented.
Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse

Although research demonstrates that child-focused sexual abuse prevention programmes can teach children personal safety knowledge and skills, childhood sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programmes that involve parents have a number of distinct advantages. The more knowledge parents have about CSA, the greater likelihood they can create safer environments for their children and thus prevent the occurrence of sexual exploitation. Research has demonstrated that parents lack crucial information about CSA and can benefit from even brief educational efforts. This paper will identify potential barriers to participation and offer practical suggestions for enhancing both recruitment and retention rates. Recommendations for parent education programmes are offered, including improving parents' confidence and skills in educating their children about CSA, providing them with parent-friendly materials to use and developing Internet applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of beetles (Coleoptera) at three heights to the experimental removal of an invasive shrub, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), from floodplain forests

Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense Lour.), an invasive shrub from Asia, is well established in the southeastern United States where it dominates many floodplain forests. We used flight intercept traps to sample beetles at three heights (0.5, 5 and 15 m) in ~2 ha plots in which L. sinense had (by chainsaws or mulching machine) or had not been removed from forests in northeastern Georgia. Removing L. sinense, particularly by machine, increased the richness and diversity of beetles and affected composition near the ground (0.5 m) but not in the forest canopy (15 m). There were no differences among treatments above the L. sinense canopy (5 m) aside from Xylosandrus crassiusculus, an exotic ambrosia beetle from Asia, dominating the beetle community at that height in control plots. Removing the L. sinense layer greatly increased beetle richness near the ground, resulting in vertical distribution patterns more similar to those observed in areas of forest devoid of L. sinense. We suspect that even organisms in the canopy will benefit from privet removal in the long term given that tree regeneration is nearly impossible in forests in which L. sinense has become well established.
Structural insight into the substrate specificity of DNA Polymerase |[mu]|

DNA polymerase μ (Pol μ) is a family X enzyme with unique substrate specificity that contributes to its specialized role in nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ). To investigate Pol μ's unusual substrate specificity, we describe the 2.4 A crystal structure of the polymerase domain of murine Pol μ bound to gapped DNA with a correct dNTP at the active site. This structure reveals substrate interactions with side chains in Pol μ that differ from other family X members. For example, a single amino acid substitution, H329A, has little effect on template-dependent synthesis by Pol μ from a paired primer terminus, but it reduces both template-independent and template-dependent synthesis during NHEJ of intermediates whose 3′ ends lack complementary template strand nucleotides. These results provide insight into the substrate specificity and differing functions of four closely related mammalian family X DNA polymerases.
Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission

Clinical trials of microbicides as a means of preventing the transmission of HIV-1 to women have proved disappointing. Now a study in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–rhesus macaque vaginal transmission model for HIV infection suggests that a prophylactic approach might yet be worth pursuing. The commonly used antimicrobial compound glycerol monolaurate (GML) was found to suppress SIV infection even after repeated virus exposure. But its mechanism of action was surprising. The host's inflammatory response to the virus, rather than helping, was shown to fuel the infection by recruiting the very CD4+ T cells that the virus targets. GML's prophylactic action appeared to result from its ability to block this host response, rather than from a direct effect on the virus. This points to cell signalling and innate host responses in the mucosal cells as potential targets for drugs and vaccines aimed at preventing infection by HIV — and by other pathogens too if they use similar infection strategies. Glycerol monolaurate in a microbicide is shown to protect monkeys from infection after intra-vaginal exposure to high doses of SIV. The suppressive activity may be due to the inhibition of target cell recruitment due to glycerol-monolaurate-mediated inhibition of epithelial cell signalling and inflammatory cytokine expression. Although there has been great progress in treating human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection1, preventing transmission has thus far proven an elusive goal. Indeed, recent trials of a candidate vaccine and microbicide have been disappointing, both for want of efficacy and concerns about increased rates of transmission2,3,4. Nonetheless, studies of vaginal transmission in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model point to opportunities at the earliest stages of infection in which a vaccine or microbicide might be protective, by limiting the expansion of infected founder populations at the portal of entry5,6. Here we show in this SIV–macaque model, that an outside-in endocervical mucosal signalling system, involving MIP-3α (also known as CCL20), plasmacytoid dendritic cells and CCR5+cell-attracting chemokines produced by these cells, in combination with the innate immune and inflammatory responses to infection in both cervix and vagina, recruits CD4+ T cells to fuel this obligate expansion. We then show that glycerol monolaurate—a widely used antimicrobial compound7 with inhibitory activity against the production of MIP-3α and other proinflammatory cytokines8—can inhibit mucosal signalling and the innate and inflammatory response to HIV-1 and SIV in vitro, and in vivo it can protect rhesus macaques from acute infection despite repeated intra-vaginal exposure to high doses of SIV. This new approach, plausibly linked to interfering with innate host responses that recruit the target cells necessary to establish systemic infection, opens a promising new avenue for the development of effective interventions to block HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
Field and laboratory measurements of bivalve filtration of natural marine bacterioplankton1

Ahstruct Clearance of natural bacterioplankton and phytoplankton by Mytihs edulis, Geukensia demissa, and Myu arenuriu was measured in the laboratory. Of the three, only Geukensia proved capable of efficient clearance of bacteria. Field measurements of clearance across a 46-m-wide Myths bed showed substantial removal of phytoplankton but no effect on bncterial concentrations. Measurements of the living gill tissue of the two mussel species revealed closer spacing and more lateral overlapping of filtering cilia in G. demissu. The ability of Geukensia to filter bacteria appears to be a key adaptation to a food resource deriving largely from salt marsh primary l&iduction.
RED IMPORTED FIRE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) INCREASE THE ABUNDANCE OF APHIDS IN TOMATO

Abstract Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), are abundant in many agroecosystems in the southern United States and can affect the abundance of arthropods in these systems. We determined the effects of red imported fire ants on the abundance of aphids, other herbivorous insects, and beneficial arthropods in Alabama tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by manipulating the density of red imported fire ants in plots of tomato plants and by sampling fresh market tomato farms for two years (2003 and 2004). In both years of our study, aphid abundance was significantly greater in tomato plots with high densities of fire ants than in plots where fire ant densities were suppressed. Further, the abundance of fire ants was positively correlated with the abundance of aphids on intensely managed tomato farms in both years. These aphids included many species that are the primary vectors of economically-important plant viruses of tomato and other vegetable crops. The positive effect ...
High-spin [Fe(TTP)(THF)(2)].

The title compound, bis(tetrahydrofuran)(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato) iron(II), [Fe(C48H36N4)(C4H8O)2] or [Fe(TTP)(THF)2] (TTP = dianion of meso-tetratolylporphyrin), is a six-coordinate high-spin iron(II) tetratolylporphyrin with two tetrahydrofuran molecules as axial ligands. The FeII atom is at an inversion center. The average Fe—N distance is 2.067 (7) A and the Fe—O distance is 2.3208 (8) A.
A Comparison of Cocaine and Diethylpropion under Two Different Schedules of Drug Presentation

Research over the last decade has demonstrated that animals repeat those responses that are followed by intravenous injections of psychomotor stimulant drugs (Schuster and Johanson, 1974). This reinforcing property is shared by a number of drugs of that class, including cocaine, the amphetamines, methylphenidate, phenmetrazine and pipradrol — to mention a few (see Schuster and Johanson, 1974, for references). With few exceptions, every stimulant tested with infrahuman animals has been shown to maintain responding under a wide variety of environmental circumstances. In addition, this phenomenon has been demonstrated in several species, including rats (Pickens and Thompson, 1968), squirrel monkeys (Goldberg, 1973; Stretch, Gerber, and Woods, 1971), rhesus monkeys (Deneau, Yanagita, and Seevers, 1969), and baboons (Findley, Robinson, and Peregrino, 1972). Although the majority of studies has utilized fixed-ratio schedules (every nth response followed by an injection) of presentation (Wilson, Hitomi, and Schuster, 1971; Balster and Schuster, 1973a), many experiments have utilized additional schedules. These include interval schedules (Balster and Schuster, 1973b; Dougherty and Pickens, 1973), concurrent schedules (Iglauer and Woods, 1974; Iglauer, Llewellyn, and Woods, 1975), multi-operant schedules (Johanson and Schuster, 1975; Johanson, 1975) and second-order schedules (Goldberg, 1973). The results from all these studies show that psychomotor stimulant drugs maintain responding regardless of the species of the experimental animal and regardless of the schedule of presentation. Therefore, it appears that one of the pharmacological properties shared by all psychomotor stimulant drugs is the ability to act as a positive reinforcer: each will initiate and maintain an increased frequency of the behavior it follows (Skinner, 1938).
Dynamic Inverse Resilient Control of a Damaged Asymmetric General Aviation Aircraft

This paper presents the development and simulation of a dynamic inverse resilient control (DIRC), or model reference adaptive control (MRAC) system with adaptation that can recover a general aviation aircraft that has sustained damage to a lifting surface in ight, and is now asymmetrical. A new set of dierential equations of motion for the aircraft are derived that account for the asymmetries of the aircraft and for the dynamic eects of the shift in the center of gravity away from the original body centered axis. The typical symmetric force and moment coecient buildup is altered to include the inuences of asymmetric lift, drag, and control deection. For the simulation, a Raytheon Bonanaza F-33C y-by-wire testbed is selected since it has been used in both ight and simulation testing for prior Wichita State University research. Geometric, mass, and aerodynamic properties for the damaged aircraft are determined with conceptual design techniques, such as USAF Datcom methods. The DIRC consists of a dynamic inverse MRAC with decoupled ight controls. Modeling errors between the inverse control and the actual aircraft are large following the asymmetric damage. Adaptive Bias Correctors, a simplied neural network, are applied to adapt the controller to the modeling errors between the undamaged symmetric based inverse controller and damaged asymmetric aircraft. Simulations are performed with a MATLAB/Simulink R full 6DOF model of the aircraft. Tests show that for losses to the left wing, the DIRC can recover the aircraft with increasing damage up to the point where adequate control power no longer exists to trim the aircraft.
The Constitution and International Human Rights

A decade ago Professor Henkin remarked that “there has been almost no examination at all of the relation between international human rights and the American Constitutional version of human rights.” Since then he has done much to fill this gap in the literature, as has, more recently, a distinguished barrister/scholar from Great Britain. Nevertheless, it may be useful, in this symposium celebrating the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, to survey both the contribution it has made to the development of international human rights law and the extent to which the latter has influenced the evolution of U.S. constitutional law.
A Study of Drug Safety Monitoring Awareness Assessment Index System for Drug-producing Enterprises Staff Based on Delphi Method

Objective To establish an unified,standardized,and feasible drug safety monitoring awareness assessment index system for drug-producing enterprises staff.Methods On the basis of literature search,government documents review and expert interviews,we constructed the framework of drug safety monitoring awareness assessment for drug-producing enterprises.Then,a modified Delphi method was used to analyze,screen and determine indicators in the framework.Results ①The authoritative coefficient,determination coefficient and familiarity coefficient was 0.81,0.75 and 0.86,respectively.②The indicator system consisted of 5 first-dimensions,18 second-dimensions and 19 third-dimensions.③The Kendall coordination coefficients of experts for two times consulting were 0.383 and 0.467,respectively,which had statisticcal significance.Conclusion The drug safety monitoring awareness assessment index system for drug-producing enterprises has higher scientificity and reliability,which can provide the scientific evidences for an assessment of the situation about drug safety monitoring among drug-producing enterprises.
Quicker method for assessing influences on teaching assistant buy-in and practices in reformed courses

Towards a model of the influences that shape teaching assistants' buy-in and practices in implementing active learning instruction.
Increasing Workplace Inclusion: The Promise of Leader-Member Exchange

ABSTRACTWith increased workforce diversity, human service organizations are recognizing the need to create inclusive workplaces; yet little is known about how leaders can enhance workplace inclusion. We collected data at three time points in 6-month intervals from a public child welfare organization (n = 363). Using latent change score models, we analyzed whether leader-member exchange influenced how inclusion changed over time. Results indicate that favorable perceptions of leader-member exchange are associated with increased feelings of inclusion 6 and 12 months later. Findings highlight the importance of improving leadership interactions with their employees to increase workplace inclusion.
Valuing Reputation in Extralegal Contracting

Contracting outside the formal legal system is commonplace, be it among diamond dealers, whalers, or Maghribi traders. Parties' ex-ante willingness to enter into contracts depends crucially on whether the available extralegal consequences for breach are sufficiently severe. While economic and behavioral theories flag several channels through which compliance is enforced, identifying whether these channels are actually active in facilitating transactions is difficult: The canonical examples of extralegal contracting are among small, well-connected, and homogeneous communities, which complicates the separation of purely economic motives from shared moralistic and social motives. This complication limits the inferences that can be drawn about whether extralegal contracting would work in broader or more heterogeneous communities. Drawing on a unique dataset of anonymous and unsecured online peer-to-peer lending, this paper shows that forward-looking, wealth-maximizing rational economic behavior, as opposed to intrinsic or social pressure alone, is clearly at work in facilitating contracting with no formal enforcement mechanism. The broader implication for extralegal contracting is that a small community with homogeneous moral beliefs or strong social connections is not a precondition for these markets to function. Rather, the key requirement is a reliable information transmission mechanism to document past behavior.
What Are Dual Process Models? Implications for Cultural Analysis in Sociology

In this paper we introduce the idea of the dual process framework (DPF), an interdisciplinary approach to the study of learning, memory, thinking, and action. Departing from the successful reception of Vaisey (2009), we suggest that intradisciplinary debates in sociology regarding the merits of “dual process” formulations can benefit from a better understanding of the theoretical foundations of these models in cognitive and social psychology. We argue that the key is to distinguish the general DPF from more specific applications to particular domains, which we refer to as dual process models (DPMs). We show how different DPMs can be applied to a variety of analytically distinct issues of interest to cultural sociologists beyond specific issues related to morality, such as culture in learning, culture in memory, culture in thinking, and culture in acting processes. We close by outlining the implications of our argument for relevant work in cultural sociology.
Bone marrow stroma protects myeloma cells from cytotoxic damage via induction of the oncoprotein MUC1

Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is a lethal haematological malignancy that arises in the context of a tumour microenvironment that promotes resistance to apoptosis and immune escape. In the present study, we demonstrate that co-culture of MM cells with stromal cells results in increased resistance to cytotoxic and biological agents as manifested by decreased rates of cell death following exposure to alkylating agents and the proteosome inhibitor, bortezomib. To identify the mechanism of increased resistance, we examined the effect of the co-culture of MM cells with stroma cells, on expression of the MUC1 oncogene, known to confer tumour cells with resistance to apoptosis and necrosis. Co-culture of stroma with MM cells resulted in increased MUC1 expression by tumour cells. The effect of stromal cell co-culture on MUC1 expression was not dependent on cell contact and was therefore thought to be due to soluble factors secreted by the stromal cells into the microenvironment. We demonstrated that MUC1 expression was mediated by interleukin-6 and subsequent up-regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Interestingly, the effect of stromal cell co-culture on tumour resistance was partially reversed by silencing of MUC1 in MM cells, consistent with the potential role of MUC1 in mediating resistance to cytotoxic-based therapies.
Predicting crime with routine activity patterns inferred from social media

Prior work in statistical crime prediction has not investigated micro-level movement patterns of individuals in the area of interest. Geotagged social media implicitly describe these patterns for many individuals; however, methods of extracting such patterns and integrating them into a statistical model remain undeveloped. This paper presents methods and experiments that begin to fill this gap. We investigate the use of spatiotemporally tagged Twitter posts for inferring micro-level movement patterns, and we use real crime data to develop and test a model informed by such patterns. Our results indicate improved performance for 15 of the 20 crime types studied, when comparing our model with a baseline that does not use micro-level movement patterns.