cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Phosphate Containing Solutions with Incident Hypophosphatemia in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

BACKGROUND Hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients is a common electrolyte disturbance associated with a myriad of adverse effects. Critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are at high risk of hypophosphatemia and often require phosphate supplementation during therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of phosphate versus non-phosphate containing CRRT solutions with incident hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients requiring CRRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a single-center, retrospective, cohort study at a tertiary academic medical center of 1,396 adult patients requiring CRRT during their intensive care unit stay comprising 7,529 (phosphate containing) and 4,821 (non-phosphate containing) cumulative days of CRRT. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the primary outcome of hypophosphatemia during CRRT according to exposure to phosphate versus non-phosphate containing CRRT solutions. RESULTS Incident hypophosphatemia during CRRT, serum phosphate <2.5 mg/dL or 0.81 mmol/L, was significantly higher in the non-phosphate versus phosphate containing solution group: 304/489 (62%) versus 175/853 (21%) (p < 0.001). Cumulative phosphate supplementation was also significantly higher in the non-phosphate versus phosphate containing solution group: 79 (IQR: 0-320) versus 0 (0-16) mmol (p < 0.001). Non-phosphate solutions were associated with an 8-fold increase in the incidence of hypophosphatemia (adjusted OR 8.05; 95% CI 5.77, 11.26; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The use of phosphate containing CRRT solutions was independently associated with reduced risk of incident hypophosphatemia and decreased phosphate supplementation during CRRT. Interventional studies to confirm these findings are needed.
An in vivo reporter for tracking lipid droplet dynamics in transparent zebrafish

Organisms need fat molecules as a source of energy and as building blocks, but these ‘lipids’ can also damage cells if they are present in large amounts. Cells guard against such toxicity by safely sequestering lipids in specialized droplets that participate in a range of biological processes. For instance, these structures can quickly change size to store or release lipids depending on the energy demands of a cell. It is possible to image lipid droplets – using, for example, dyes that preferentially stain fat – but often these methods can only yield a snapshot: tracking lipid droplet dynamics over time remains difficult. Lumaquin, Johns et al. therefore set out to develop a new method that could label lipid droplets and monitor their behaviour ‘live’ in the cells of small, transparent zebrafish larvae. First, the fish were genetically manipulated so that a key protein found in lipid droplets would carry a fluorescent tag: this made the structures strongly fluorescent and easy to track over time. And indeed, Lumaquin, Johns et al. could monitor changes in the droplets depending on the fish diet, with the structures getting bigger when the animal received rich food, and shrinking when resources were scarce. Finally, experiments were conducted to screen for compounds that could lead to lipids being released in fat cells. The new imaging technique was then used to confirm the effect of these molecules in live cells, revealing an unexpected role for a signalling molecule known as nitric oxide, which also turned out to be regulating lipid droplets in cancerous cells. Further work then showed that drugs affecting nitric oxide could modulate lipid droplet size in both normal and tumor cells. This work has validated a new method to study the real-time behavior of lipid droplets and their responses to different stimuli in living cells. In the future, Lumaquin, Johns et al. hope that the technique will help to shed new light on how lipids are involved in both healthy and abnormal biological processes.
Dancing with and within the Digital Domain

Digital cameras and motion capture technologies that document and share creative practices have transformed the way we think about dance as an embodied knowledge as well as the way we experience it...
Value-Based Design

Economics is one of the central disciplines that have paved the way to decision-making in general and rational decision-making in specific. In turn, decision-making is the skill of choosing between alternatives. The decision maker is the agent that ultimately makes the choice. Alternatives are the options that are available to the decision maker. When an entity, an individual or institution, decides to invest in a product there is an expectation that there will be economic gain. The same logic applies to building investments. In this chapter, we introduce foundational concepts in value-based design decision-making such as return on investment, net present value, design feature, cash flow, cost benefit analysis, and risk.
S. M. Stern’s contribution to the study of the literary career of Judah al-Ḥarizi

Alongside his career as a scholar of Arabic and Islam, S.M. Stern contributed many important studies to the Hebrew literature of the medieval Arabic realm, most of them grounded in manuscript resea...
The Talkbank Project

Recent years have seen a phenomenal growth in computer power and connectivity. The computer on the desktop of the average academic researcher now has the power of room-size supercomputers of the 1980s. Using the internet, we can connect in seconds to the other side of the world and transfer huge amounts of text, programs, audio and video. Our computers are equipped with programs that allow us to view, link and modify this material without even having to think about programming. Nearly all of the major journals are now available in electronic form and the very nature of journals and publication is undergoing radical change.
Origins of specificity and cross-talk in metal ion sensing by Bacillus subtilis Fur.

Summary Fur (ferric uptake regulator) is the master regulator of iron homeostasis in many bacteria, but how it responds specifically to Fe(II) in vivo is not clear. Biochemical analyses of Bacillus subtilis Fur (BsFur) reveal that in addition to Fe(II), both Zn(II) and Mn(II) allosterically activate BsFur–DNA binding. Dimeric BsFur co-purifies with site 1 structural Zn(II) (Fur2Zn2) and can bind four additional Zn(II) or Mn(II) ions per dimer. Metal ion binding at previously described site 3 occurs with highest affinity, but the Fur2Zn2:Me2 form has only a modest increase in DNA binding affinity (approximately sevenfold). Metallation of site 2 (Fur2Zn2:Me4) leads to a ∼ 150-fold further enhancement in DNA binding affinity. Fe(II) binding studies indicate that BsFur buffers the intracellular Fe(II) concentration at ∼ 1 μM. Both Mn(II) and Zn(II) are normally buffered at levels insufficient for metallation of BsFur site 2, thereby accounting for the lack of cross-talk observed in vivo. However, in a perR mutant, where the BsFur concentration is elevated, BsFur may now use Mn(II) as a co-repressor and inappropriately repress iron uptake. Since PerR repression of fur is enhanced by Mn(II), and antagonized by Fe(II), PerR may co-regulate Fe(II) homeostasis by modulating BsFur levels in response to the Mn(II)/Fe(II) ratio.
American Legal Realism and practical guidance

H.L.A. Hart’s well-known rejection of American Legal Realism turned in part on the idea that Realism lacked the resources to provide the sort of guidance that we might reasonably seek from a theory of law. Although Hart's criticisms were widely regarded as devastating, in recent years American Legal Realism has undergone something of a renaissance. The principal architect of that renaissance is Brian Leiter, who has re-established Realism as an important and even indispensable approach to jurisprudence.In this chapter, our aim is to show how, despite its considerable attractions, Leiter’s brand of Legal Realism appears to be in much the same boat as its predecessors. That is, it cannot fulfill an important practical task for which we reasonably seek to develop a theory of law: providing an account of law as a potential source of guidance.Central to our discussion is the idea that there are diverse interests we might have in a theory of law. For example, one reason to develop an account of law is roughly descriptive. That is, we might seek to explain the nature of legal practices as such from an outsider's perspective and to illuminate how and why law functions as it does. We might even hope that such an account could enable us to predict judgments about cases. A different reason for developing a theory of law might be characterized as prescriptive. Among prescriptive approaches, one view of the function of legal theorizing is to offer guidance to those concerned to adhere to the law. A prescriptive account of that sort would, for example, help a judge decide what ruling the law requires in a given case.While Legal Realism may adequately serve our descriptive interests, it is far less clear that it adequately addresses a reasonable practical interest we can have for a theory of law, i.e., providing guidance for those interested in adhering to the law. We then consider whether this shortcoming is best understood as a serious internal flaw to Legal Realism or whether instead it shows something more general about the limitations of any unified approach to jurisprudence. We suggest the latter.
Mobile Electronic Commerce: What Is It? Who Uses It? And Why Use It?

When individuals and businesses conduct transactions electronically over a network using mobile devices, they have participated in mobile e-commerce. The advantages and disadvantages of mobile e-commerce are presented in this paper. This is followed by a discussion of who is using mobile e-commerce and why they are using it. Information is also presented on how to be successful with mobile e-commerce.
Unobservable Risk Preferences and Value of Information in Financial Markets with Adverse Selection

We demonstrate the existence of a partially separating equilibrium based on the level of equity retention when a project of unknown value is taken public by an entrepreneur whose risk preferences are unobservable. We show that any such equilibrium results in some (endogenous) strictly positive level of equity retention. The value of a second public signal corresponding to audited reports required under the 1933 Securities Act is also analyzed. We show that this second signal derives informational value from the presence of unobservable risk preferences even though it only concerns cash flows and is completely independent of risk characteristics. The paper concludes with some empirical implications.
A Taxonomy of Principles Used in Judo Throwing Techniques

This paper presents a conceptual framework for examining principles of judo throwing techniques ( nage-waza ). The principles formulated in this study are classified as primarily structural, operational, or contextual in nature. Such an organization of properties allows a clearer examination of the operation of throwing techniques for the purpose of identification, teaching, and innovation. This framework was developed from the author’s personal observations and understanding of throwing principles. This way of thinking about throwing principles may be useful for examining techniques in other martial arts as well.
Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-induced activation of extracellular-regulated kinase involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and reactive oxygen species in human monocytes.

We previously reported that activation of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway was important in M-CSF-induced monocyte survival. Because M-CSF also induces activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk), we focused on dissecting the mechanism used by M-CSF to induce Erk activation in human monocytes. We found that, in addition to the MAP/Erk kinase inhibitor PD098059, the PI 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin both suppressed Erk activation in M-CSF-treated monocytes, suggesting that 3-phosphorylated products of PI 3-kinase played a role in Erk activation. Investigating the biochemical pathways regulated by PI 3-kinase to activate Erk, we found that, in response to M-CSF, normal human monocytes induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were suppressed by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin but not by the solvent control DMSO or the MAP/Erk kinase inhibitor PD098059. We next found that, in the absence of M-CSF, ROS could induce Erk activation in human monocytes. Exogenous H2O2 induced Erk activation in human monocytes, which was suppressed by exogenous catalase. To determine whether ROS induced by M-CSF played a role in Erk activation, we found that N-acetylcysteine and diphenyleneiodonium both suppressed Erk activation in M-CSF-treated monocytes. Erk activation by M-CSF also seemed to play a role in cellular survival in monocytes. These data suggest that, in M-CSF-stimulated human monocytes, PI 3-kinase products and ROS production play a role in Erk activation and monocyte survival.
Sense of community in the urban environment: A catalyst for participation and community development

Social programs need to identify catalysts for action which can be targeted in order to effectively and efficiently meet their goals. A model illustrates how a sense of community can have a catalytic effect on local action (i.e., participation in a block association) by affecting the perception of the environment, social relations, and one’s perceived control and empowerment The model is tested and confirmed through path-analytic and longitudinal techniques.
6.2.2 “Shoot the Modelers & Begin Design”; Focusing Analysis on Design Using a System Model

One of the principal pitfalls of model driven system development is the establishment and enforcement of appropriate stopping criteria. Without it, good system modelers will continue to add unnecessary detail, and bad system modelers will gloss over important issues. Establishing the boundaries of system analysis activities has frequently been ad-hoc, or vaguely documented in planning documents. Model driven system design promotes the use of a system model, instead of paper specifications, to describe system static and dynamic relationships. This paper explores the use of this system model approach as a framework for specifying and aggregating analysis activities, and as a mechanism for assessing completeness and consistency of the resulting system concept over time.
Biochemical properties of a novel rabbit thymocyte specific class I-like antigen.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody 5E2 identifies a new rabbit thymocyte specific cell surface molecule designated R-Ta. SDS-PAGE of molecules immunoprecipitated by 5E2 shows that R-Ta exists as a non-covalently associated hetero-dimer consisting of a light polypeptide chain (mol. wt approximately 12,000) and a bi-molecular species of a heavy chain (mol. wts of 45,000 and 40,000). The difference between the two forms of heavy chain can be attributed to different degrees of glycosylation. Each form of the R-Ta heavy chain has a polypeptide mol. wt of 34,000. At least three N -linked oligosaccharides and no significant O -linked sugars were found associated with R-Ta. Two dimensional electrophoresis of V8 protease peptide maps also indicate that the two forms of the heavy chains are similar, if not identical, in polypeptide primary structure. The light polypeptide was found to be serologically and structurally identical to beta-2-microglobulin. This was demonstrated in a previous study by reaction with goat anti-beta-2-microglobulin antisera. In this investigation the structural identity with beta-2-microglobulin was demonstrated by partial amino terminal sequence analysis. The partial amino acid sequence for 18 steps of the R-Ta heavy chain was also determined. A comparison of the amino acid sequence with other known sequences for the conventional Class I molecules of man, mouse and rabbit did not reveal any homology. Thus R-Ta is a new T-cell surface protein, and like human CD1, carries the unique distinction of thymocyte specificity, is beta-2-microglobulin associated, but is not Class I related.
MicroRNA and mRNA cargo of extracellular vesicles from porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are clinically useful for cell-based therapy, but concerns regarding their ability to replicate limit their human application. MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate at least in part the paracrine effects of the parental cells. To understand the molecular basis of their biological properties, we characterized the RNA cargo of EVs from porcine adipose-tissue derived MSCs. Comprehensive characterization of mRNA and miRNA gene expression using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that EVs are selectively enriched for distinct classes of RNAs. For example, EVs preferentially express mRNA for transcription factors (e.g. MDFIC, POU3F1, NRIP1) and genes involved in angiogenesis (e.g. HGF, HES1, TCF4) and adipogenesis (e.g. CEBPA, KLF7). EVs also express Golgi apparatus genes (ARRB1, GOLGA4) and genes involved in TGF-β signaling. In contrast, mitochondrial, calcium signaling, and cytoskeleton genes are selectively excluded from EVs, possibly because these genes remain sequestered in organelles or intracellular compartments. RNA-seq generated reads for at least 386 annotated miRNAs, but only miR148a, miR532-5p, miR378, and let-7f were enriched in EVs compared to MSCs. Gene ontology analysis indicates that these miRNAs target transcription factors and genes that participate in several cellular pathways, including angiogenesis, cellular transport, apoptosis, and proteolysis. Our data suggest that EVs transport gene regulatory information to modulate angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and other cell pathways in recipient cells. These observations may contribute to development of regenerative strategies using EVs to overcome potential complications of cell-based therapy.
Theories of Technological Change: Parameters and Purposes:

Theories about anything are notoriously difficult to grasp. The difficulties multiply when the subject is technology-ubiquitous enough in our modem world, yet not well understood. Difficulties mount even higher when the goal is a theory about change in something that is not well understood even at rest. Theories of technological change then are cursed thrice from their inception. Can they be redeemed? This essay aims to survey the parameters of technology and to suggest the purposes to which theories about technological change may be put. The questions are, What are we talking about? And who should care?
Correlating multiple spatially-resolved techniques (LBIC/Raman/PL/Reflectance/SEM/AFM) in the study of microscopic inhomogeneity of thin-film solar cells: Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 as an example

An array of correlated spatially-resolved techniques, including μ-LBIC/Raman/PL/Reflectance in conjunction with SEM and AFM were applied to study the spatial inhomogeneity in the optical and electrical properties of a CZTSe thin film solar cell. Together these tools allow us to identify the origin of the imperfections and their impacts on device performance. We find that in μ-LBIC mapping the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and its variation with illumination density depend sensitively on the CdS thickness. The thicker CdS region is found to exhibit much less EQE reduction or droop at high illumination level, indicating that the CZTSe/CdS interfacial property is sensitive to the CdS layer thickness.
Cell-mediated immunity in the dog in relation to disease: a review.

Abstract Canine cell-mediated immunity and its in vitro testing is reviewed. Lymphocyte stimulation tests and the leukocyte migration inhibition test are discussed as corollaries of in vivo cell-mediated immunity. Cloning of progenitor populations, characterization of cell surface markers and DL-A typing for studies of canine immunity are also reviewed.
RPD3 (REC3) mutations affect mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Prior research identified the recessive rec3-1ts mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which, in homozygous diploid cells, confers a conditional phenotype resulting in reduced levels of spontaneous mitotic recombination and loss of sporulation at the restrictive temperature of 36 °C. We found that a 3.4-kb genomic fragment that complements the rec3-1ts/rec3-1ts mutation and which maps to chromosome XIV, is identical to RPD3, a gene encoding a histone de-acetylase. Sporulation is reduced in homozygous diploid strains containing the rec3-1ts allele at 24 °C, suggesting that this allele of RPD3 encodes a gene product with a reduced function. Sporulation is abolished in diploid strains homozygous for the rpd3Δ or rec3-1ts alleles, as well as in rpd3Δ/rec3-1ts heteroallelic diploids, at the non-permissive temperature. Acid-phosphatase expression has been shown to be RPD3 dependent. We found that acid-phosphatase activity is greater in diploid strains homozygous for the temperature-sensitive rec3-1ts allele than in RPD3/RPD3 strains and increased further when mutant strains are grown at 36 °C. We also tested the rpd3Δ/rpd3Δ strains for their effects on spontaneous mitotic recombination. By assaying a variety of intra- and inter-genic recombination events distributed over three chromosomes, we found that in the majority of cases spontaneous mitotic recombination was reduced in diploid rpd3Δ/rpd3Δ cells (relative to a RPD3/RPD3 control). Finally, although 90% of mitotic recombinant events are initiated in the G1 phase of the growth cycle (i.e., before DNA synthesis) we show that RPD3 is not regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. These data suggest that mitotic recombination, in addition to gene expression, is affected by changes in chromatin architecture mediated by RPD3.
Application of optical scatterometry to microelectronics and flat panel display processing

Scatterometry, the analysis of light diffraction from periodic structures, is shown to be a versatile metrology technique applicable to a number of processes involved in the production of microelectronic devices, flat panel displays, and other technologies which involve precise dimensional control of micron and sub-micron features. This paper reviews metrology issues and requirements of these technologies and gives details on one application of scatterometry for illustration. Scatterometer results are compared to measurements of the same samples using other metrology techniques, including cross- section SEM, top-down SEM, AFM, and ellipsometry.
Quantification of corrosion mechanisms under immersion and salt-spray environments on an extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract The corrosion mechanisms of pitting, intergranular, and general corrosion were examined on an extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy subjected to immersion and salt-spray environments. The three mechanisms were quantified using optical microscopy and laser profilometry for over 60 h of testing. Although both environments showed similar trends, the immersion environment was more deleterious with respect to intergranular and general corrosion. On the other hand, the salt-spray environment did allow deeper pits to form throughout the entirety of the experiments, which then led to a substantial thickness drop (general corrosion) compared with the immersion environment.
PS1-11: A Comparison of Electronic Medical Records vs. Claims Data for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in a Large Healthcare System: An Exploratory Analysis

Background/Aims Electronic medical records (EMR) and claims data offer two potential data sources for researchers to examine healthcare utilization patterns and cost of care. In particular, combining the clinical and epidemiological variables typically available in EMR with cost information available in the claims data is not only intuitively sensible but also increasingly more feasible with growing standardization of EMR across healthcare delivery systems.
A Physical Model of Warped Galaxy Disks

Warped H I gas layers in the outer regions of spiral galaxies usually display a noticeably twisted structure. This structure almost certainly arises primarily as a result of differential precession in the H I disk as it settles toward a preferred orientation in an underlying dark halo potential well that is not spherically symmetric. In an attempt to better understand the structure and evolution of these twisted, warped disk structures, we have adopted the "twist equation" formalism originally developed by Petterson to study accretion onto compact objects. Utilizing more recent treatments of this formalism, we have generalized the twist equation to allow for the treatment of non-Keplerian disks and from it have derived a steady state structure of twisted disks that develops from free precession in a nonspherical, logarithmic halo potential. We have used this steady state solution to produce H I maps of five galaxies (M83, NGC 300, NGC 2841, NGC 5033, NGC 5055), which match the general features of the observed maps of these galaxies quite well. In addition, the model provides an avenue through which the kinematical viscosity of the H I disk and the quadrupole distortion of the dark halo in each galaxy can be quantified. This generalized equation can also be used to examine the time-evolutionary behavior of warped galaxy disks.
A NORMATIVE STUDY OF TAT AMBIGUITY.

Abstract The 31 TAT cards were administered to varying groups of college students and the stories categorized according to the sex of characters, their age, relationship, what is happening, why, and how the story would end. A measure of uncertainty Ĥ was obtained for each variable for each card. It was hypothesized that the more uncertainty existing as to who was in the picture, the less uncertainty there would be in what is going on in the themes. This hypothesis was confirmed. Other analyses indicated that the most productive cards were in order: cards with both males and females depicted, cards with two or more individuals of the same sex, cards with a single person, and cards with no persons.
Identification and immunohistochemical localization of a tryptophan binding protein in nuclear envelopes of rat liver.

Abstract A tryptophan binding protein which was identified by binding studies has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver nuclear envelopes. Two affinity matrices, namely, concanavalin A-agarose and tryptophan-agarose, were utilized for purification of the binding protein. Findings with lectin affinity chromatography suggested that the binding entity was a glycoprotein since it could be eluted off the column with methyl α- d -mannopyranoside (0.2 m ). Eluates from both columns, when electrophoresed separately (under denaturing conditions) on polyacrylamide gels, revealed the presence of a protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 33,000–34,000 which is the same as that observed when covalently bound (i.e., crosslinked) [ 3 H]-tryptophan is analyzed on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions and then autoradiographed. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the binding protein recognized polypeptides with molecular weights of 64,000 and 33,000–34,000 when analyzed by the Western blot technique, suggesting that the protein was probably a dimer. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the antigen is localized in the nuclear membranes, thereby corroborating our biochemical premise that the binding protein was present in the nuclear envelopes.
A versatile method for the preparation of allenic alcohols

Abstract A convenient three step procedure to a variety of allenic alcohols is described, which relies on a highly unusual partitioning between two reaction pathways depending on the mode of addition of a reagent.
Fabrication of three-dimensional near-IR photonic crystals using deep-UV contact photolithography and silicon micromachining

We report our progress on the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals to operate at near-infrared (IR) wavelengths using conventional planar silicon micromachining. The method involves patterning a single layer of planar etch mask and a custom etch process to create a 3D array of spherical voids. The etch mask is patterned in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using conventional deep-UV contact photolithography and then transferred to a silicon dioxide (SiO2) hard mask. The 3D spherical voids are fabricated using a sequence of etching and passivation steps. In the etch step performed in a fluorine-based inductively coupled plasma-etching system, first a layer of spherical voids is created. Then, the spherical voids are passivated by dry silicon oxidation. A subsequent anisotropic removal of oxide at the bottom of the sphere is achieved by high-energy ion bombardment thus enabling the creation of etch mask for the successive layers. Plasma chemistry with high selectivity to oxide is utilized for opening the subsequent layer of spherical voids. By repeating these steps, buried 3D array of spherical voids is obtained. This way, a 3D structure with simple cubic symmetry can be obtained from an etch mask initially patterned with a square lattice of circular holes. Our fabrication method has numerous advantages over alternative approaches as it is based on the well-established CMOS mass fabrication technology, which is compatible with the next generation optoelectronic circuits.
Implantation of a Tissue-engineered Heart Valve from Human Fibroblasts Exhibiting Short Term Function in the Sheep Pulmonary Artery

We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating a fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV) using neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (nhDF), including leaflets with structural and mechanical anisotropy similar to native leaflets. The aim here was to evaluate the performance of this TEHV in a pilot study using the sheep model. Bi-leaflet TEHV were conditioned in a cyclic stretching bioreactor, then implanted within a polymeric sleeve interpositionally into the pulmonary artery of four sheep, with the pulmonary valve either left intact or rendered incompetent. Heparin and immunosuppression were administered for the duration. Echocardiography was performed at implantation and at 4 and 8 weeks. Explants were examined histologically, biochemically, and mechanically. In all sheep, echocardiography at implantation showed coapting leaflets, with minimal valve regurgitation and no turbulence. Orifice area and pressure gradients at systole approached the native pulmonary valve values. Echocardiography at 4 weeks revealed both leaflets functional with moderate regurgitation and turbulence in three sheep; in one sheep, only one leaflet was evident. Explanted leaflets had thickness and tensile properties comparable to the implanted leaflets. There was extensive endothelialization of the root lumenal surface. In the two sheep continued to 8 weeks, only one shortened leaflet remained in both cases. Immunocytochemistry indicated this was due to sustained tissue contraction caused by the nhDF and not by the invading host cells, which included a subpopulation consistent with bone marrow-derived cells. Short-term success was thus achieved in terms of excellent valve function at implantation and some valve function for at least 4 weeks; however, an apparent progressive tissue contraction needs to be resolved for long-term success.
A practical method for power systems transient stability and security analysis

The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of an investigation of transient stability analysis using a combination of step-by-step integration and direct methods. The proposed method is based on extension of equal area criterion to transient stability analysis of multi-machine power systems. The proposed method first calculates the potential and kinetic energies of all machines in a power system before and after occurrence of faults. It then calculates two numbers based on energies of two groups of generators. It finally compares the largest group of kinetic energy to the smallest group of potential energy to determine the system's transient stability. A decision on stability of the system is made when the smallest group of potential energy is larger than the largest group of kinetic energy. The proposed method is used in analysis of the New England IEEE 39-bus system and the accuracy of the result is performed by comparison to the results obtained by pure numerical methods. Determination of stability using the proposed method is conservative and may be appropriate for power system operation as well as planning purposes.
Further comment on the homosexual role: A reply to goode

While Goode's commentary has ably demonstrated the utility of the concept of the homosexual role, it has not come to terms with Whitam's remarks (1977) about the importance of sexual preference. Whitam gave several examples of males who clearly had a preference for sexual relations with other males but who did not have knowledge of or contact with a gay community (1977, pp. 5; 7). I agree with Whitam that such males should be conceptualized as having a "homosexual preference." Although the gay community does not "cause" the sexual preference in the Elrst place for such cases, the social norms distinct to the gay community, including the expectations surrounding the homosexual role, certainly do have effects on the behavior of those who frequent gay places. As mentioned previously (Omark, 1978), Whitam (1977) did not distinguish between sexual object preference and sexual orientation identity. He subsequently asserted (1978, p. 275) that self-identity as a gay male could emerge along with the homosexual preference, without any contact with the gay community. His examples do not show this, and his assertion is absurd. In the role theory perspective, a social identity (such as gay male) is directly connected with the corresponding social role. One may have many identities (e.g., gay male, insurance salesman, golfer, son, etc.), each of which is limited in salience by the frequency of participation in places where the role can appropriately be enacted and where a suitable audience can be found which is willing to respond to the role enactment by conElrming the presented identity (Goffman, 1959; cf. William James, 1890, p. 294). A gay community in a large metropolis which has a territorially delimited neighborhood and many gay social institutions and gay places can more easily encapsulate a gay member's activities and
Interferences in chloride determinations using the specific ion electrode

Abstract The interference of various concentrations of soluble protein and organic acids with chloride (Cl‐) determinations using a specific ion electrode was evaluated. The organic acids, malic and citric, provided 4 to 5 times the Cl‐ interference as did soluble protein at equivalent concentrations. A definite interaction of the two interfering substances existed which also led to erroneous estimations of the actual Cl‐ concentration. A comparison of corn leaves dry ashed in a basic media versus water extracted resulted in 4 to 5 times hi gher Cl‐values in the water extract. The results of this experiment suggest that water extraction of plant tissue for Cl‐ determinations will result in an overestimation of the actual Cl‐value when using the specific ion electrode. Dry ashing the sample in a basic media, then extracting with hot water results in reliable estimates of the Cl‐ concentration.
Transient Viscosity and Molecular Order of a Thermotropic Polyester LCP in Uniaxial Elongational Flow

The transient elongational viscosity and molecular orientation are measured for a TLCP under simple uniaxial elongational flow. Substantial strain hardening is observed for Hencky strains greater than one, with both the molecular order and transient elongational viscosity becoming independent of strain rate. The transient elongational viscosity is observed to follow a master curve in this regime, scaling as strain squared. X-ray scattering measurements of the orientational order parameter show the strong orienting ability of elongational flows. The quantitative results are compared to those of simple shear flow, as well as to molecular theories, showing important deviations from the behavior expected for model, rigid rod nematics.
Cloning and expression analysis of a novel member of the facilitative glucose transporter family, SLC2A9 (GLUT9).

Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of additional members of the mammalian facilitative glucose transporter family. A human cDNA sequence corresponding to a novel member of the glucose transporter family (GLUT1-5) was identified (GLUT9; HGMW-approved symbol SLC2A9), and it encodes a putative transporter of 540 amino acids. The predicted protein has sequence identity of 44 and 38% to Glut5 and Glut1, respectively. Based on hydropathic analysis, the novel transporter's predicted topology consists of 12 transmembrane domains, similar to the other family members. Northern analysis reveals three mRNA species: a major transcript of 1.9 kb and two other transcripts of 3.1 and 5.0 kb, found primarily in kidney and liver, but present at low levels in several other tissues. GLUT9 was localized to chromosome 4 using a monochromosomal human/rodent somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. A portion of the GLUT9 cDNA is represented in a National Center for Biotechnology Information UniGene cluster, which maps to chromosome 4p15.3-p16.
Estimating Directions in Extending Generalized Partially Linear Single-Index Models

This article develops an estimation method for generalized partially linear single-index models that can be extended to multi-index models that deal with two sets of predictors. We provide theoretical justification for the method. Illustrative examples are also presented.
Infrared studies and the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the tautomers of 9-methylguanine isolated in an argon matrix

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 9-methylguanine isolated in an argon matrix at 15 K, and the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on this spectrum, are presented and discussed. These studies prove that the amino-oxo and amino-hydroxy tautomers of 9-methylguanine are present in the matrix and allow the separation of the overlapping spectra of these forms. The concentrations of both tautomers in the matrix are approximately the same while in solutions and in crystal only the amino-oxo form is present. This finding may have important biological implications related to the possible appearance of guanosine-(amino-hydroxy)-thymidine base pairs.
Improving cervical cancer screening rates in an urban HIV clinic

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are at increased risk of invasive cervical cancer; however, screening rates remain low. The objectives of this study were to analyze a quality improvement intervention to increase cervical cancer screening rates in an urban academic HIV clinic and to identify factors associated with inadequate screening. Barriers to screening were identified by a multidisciplinary quality improvement committee at the Washington University Infectious Diseases clinic. Several strategies were developed to address these barriers. The years pre- and post-implementation were analyzed to examine the clinical impact of the intervention. A total of 422 women were seen in both the pre-implementation and post-implementation periods. In the pre-implementation period, 222 women (53%) underwent cervical cancer screening in the form of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing. In the post-implementation period, 318 women (75.3%) underwent cervical cancer screening (p < 0.01). Factors associated with lack of screening included fewer visits attended (pre: 4.2 ± 1.5; post: 3.4 ± 1.4; p < 0.01). A multidisciplinary quality improvement intervention was successful in overcoming barriers and increasing cervical cancer screening rates in an urban academic HIV clinic.
Coherent population transfer via the continuum.

We present a remarkable analytic result which suggests that a continuum can be used as an intermediary for a significant transfer of population from one discrete state to another discrete state in a stimulated Raman transition. The population transfer is accomplished by employing two laser pulses that overlap in time, arranged in the so-called counterintuitive order. That a continuum can be used for population transfer is shown here for the first time. It promises to open up more channels for selective coherent excitation of atoms or molecules.
Character delays in simple X.3 PAD devices

Several options are specified in the X.3 standard for the selection of packet construction time. Some simple queueing theoretic models are constructed to study two of the three alternative criterion, fixed packet size and end of packet character.
Diagnosis disclosure by family caregivers to children who have perinatally acquired HIV disease: when the time comes.

Background Children with perinatally acquired HIV disease (PAHD) can be relatively symptom-free and live to school age and older. These children often confront their caregivers with questions about the illness and complex treatments; however, caregivers may try to avoid disclosing the diagnosis of PAHD to the child. Purpose To generate a substantive theory that describes and explains how family caregivers manage diagnosis disclosure to a child who has PAHD. Method Using grounded theory, a substantive theory was constructed based on the accounts of 18 ethnically diverse families. Eight families had 10 children with PAHD who had been told their diagnosis. Ten families had 10 children with PAHD who had not been told their diagnosis. Results The basic social psychological problem was identified as caregiver readiness to disclose the diagnosis. When the Time Comes was identified as the central phenomenon linked to the problem of caregiver readiness. Causal conditions, intervening conditions, and strategic responses of caregivers and children were discovered and are inextricably linked to the central phenomenon. Conclusions The process by which family caregivers respond to diagnosis disclosure to children with PAHD is based on the perceived self-readiness of the caregiver to disclose the diagnosis and illness-related information to their child.
Gemcitabine, docetaxel, and bevacizumab in relapsed and refractory pediatric sarcomas.

Background:The outcome for patients with relapsed and refractory pediatric sarcomas remains dismal. Novel agents are needed to improve overall survival in these patients.Observations:We present 3 patients with relapsed/refractory sarcomas treated with gemcitabine, docetaxel, and bevacizumab in 3-wee
Concentrations of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid from human infants in the perinatal period

To assess maturation of central serotonin and catecholamine pathways at birth, we measured lumbar CSF homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), stable acid metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, using HPLC with electrochemical detection. CSFs from 57 neonates (38 premature and 19 at term) and 13 infants 1-6 months old were studied. HVA levels increased with maturity (p less than 0.05; ANOVA), whereas 5-HIAA levels were similar in all these subjects. HVA/5-HIAA ratios increased markedly from 1 +/- 0.12 in the most premature neonates to 1.98 +/- 0.17 in the older infants (p less than 0.01; t test). There were no sex differences for these values.
Cuticular hydrocarbons of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorox (Diptera: Calliphoridae) : Isolation, identification, and quantification as a function of age, sex, and irradiation.

A novel series of 2,X-dimethylalkanes were isolated and identified. The nonpolar fraction of the surface lipids secreted by the adult (5-day-old) screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax, contains over 130 different hydrocarbons comprising normal alkanes (32% of the total hydrocarbon), branched alkanes (53%), and monoalkenes (11%). Branched alkanes included monomethylalkanes with substitution in all possible positions except for 4-methylalkanes, internally branched dimethylalkanes, and 2,X- and 3,X-dimethylalkanes. At emergence, adults of both sexes of the 009 strain have nearly identical gas Chromatographic profiles, which diverge as the insect ages. Irradiation of pharate pupae does not affect the hydrocarbon produced.
Longitudinal media for 1 Gb/in/sup 2/ areal density

Media with low noise at high transition density that demonstrate satisfactory recording performance at an areal density, of 1 Gb/in/sup 2/ when combined with dual-element (magnetoresistive read/inductive write) heads have been fabricated. A media structure of C/CoPtCr/Cr was utilized over a range of magnetic parameters: coercivity approximately=1600-1800 Oe, remanence-thickness product approximately=0.7*10/sup -3/ emu/cm/sup 2/, and coercive squareness approximately=0.7-0.8. Media noise reduction was accomplished by optimizing the film-growth characteristics to reduce intergranular exchange coupling in the magnetic layer. The low-noise characteristics of the media are manifested in their low transition jitter values, 5 nm for 3- mu m track width, and the absence of supralinear increase in media noise power with linear density up to 3000-3500 fc/mm. The -6-dB rolloff densities are in the range 4000-5000 fc/mm. Overwrite values are typically better than 40 dB. Microstructural analysis indicates that the reduced transition noise of the present media is due to physical separation of the grains in the magnetic films, which reduces the exchange coupling between the magnetic grains. The reduced coercive squareness of the low-noise media degrades the overwrite performance and is also expected to decrease the linear density resolution of the media. >
Liraglutide: Clinical Pharmacology and Considerations for Therapy

Liraglutide is a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog that is 97% homologous to native human GLP-1. The additional 16-carbon fatty acid chain causes noncovalent binding to albumin, which slows absorption from the injection site and protects the molecule from degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, allowing for protraction of action. Albumin binding and an elimination half-life of 13 hours combine to allow for once-daily dosing. Liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg/day given as monotherapy for up to 52 weeks produced mean reductions in hemoglobin A1c (A1C) of 0.6-1.6%; combination therapy of liraglutide with oral antidiabetic agents demonstrated mean A1C reductions up to 1.5%. The satiety effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists and documented weight loss as great as 3.38 kg in clinical trials may make liraglutide ideal for obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Like other incretin-based agents, preliminary studies suggest liraglutide may also increase β-cell mass and function. Hypoglycemia is rare with liraglutide and tends to occur when used in combination with sulfonylureas; liraglutide in combination with insulin is not yet FDA approved. The pharmacokinetic parameters of liraglutide are unaffected by age, sex, race, or ethnicity, and no special recommendations for altered dosing of liraglutide need apply to populations with hepatic or renal impairment. Results from clinical trials have not shown an increased risk of medullary thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, or poor cardiovascular outcomes with liraglutide treatment. Ongoing, long-term monitoring studies continue to evaluate the safety of liraglutide treatment in these outcomes.
Physiology and the BRAIN Initiative.

The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, guided by recommendations from a distinguished working group and the neuroscience community in BRAIN 2025: A Scientific Vision is a big step forward on the path to understanding the human brain, one of the “grand
Observation of T = 0 and T = 1 alpha-particle states in 16O between Ex = 26 and 29 MeV

Abstract A measurement of the 13 C ( 3 He ,αγ 15.1 ) 12 C reaction at bombarding energies below 8.0 MeV indicates three T = 1 states in 16 O between E x = 26 and 29 MeV. These are compared to the T = 0 states in the same region.