cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological evidence for GABAergic regulation of specific behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster.

We have identified several GABAergic-modulated behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster by employing a pharmacological approach to disrupt GABA transporter function in vivo. Systemic treatment of adult female flies with the GABA transport inhibitors DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) or R,S-nipecotic acid (NipA), resulted in diminished locomotor activity, deficits in geotaxis, and the induction of convulsive behaviors with a secondary loss of the righting reflex. Pharmacological evidence suggested that the observed behavioral phenotypes were specific to disruption of GABA transporter function and GABAergic activity. The effects of GABA reuptake inhibitors on locomotor activity were dose dependent, pharmacologically distinct, and paralleled their known effects in mammalian systems. Recovery of normal locomotor activity and the righting reflex in DABA- and NipA-treated flies was achieved by coadministration of bicuculline (BIC), a GABA receptor antagonist that supresses GABAergic activity in mammals. Recovery of these behaviors was also achieved by coadministration of gabapentin, an anticonvulsant agent that interacts with mammalian GABAergic systems. Finally, behavioral effects were selective because other specific behaviors such as feeding activity and female sexual receptivity were not affected. Related pharmacological analyses performed in vitro on isolated Drosophila synaptic plasma membrane vesicles demonstrated high affinity, saturable uptake mechanisms for [3H]-GABA; further competitive inhibition studies with DABA and NipA demonstrated their ability to inhibit [3H]-GABA transport. The existence of experimentally accessible GABA transporters in Drosophila that share conserved pharmacological properties with their mammalian counterparts has resulted in the identification of specific behaviors that are modulated by GABA.
Thermoelastic load transfer between twisted cord and matrix in composites

This paper investigates the influence of the axial polarity of twisted cord construction on the performance of cord-reinforced composites. Special emphasis is given to determine the effects of cord unipolarty, that is, axial force-torque coupling, on the lengthwise transfer of thermomechanically induced force-moment fields between the cord and the surrounding matrix. The generality of the work is such that any level of cord polarity can be induced.
Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 increases extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine in rat hypothalamus: Comparison with plasma corticosterone

Abstract Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and also activates norepinephrine (NE) metabolism in the hypothalamus. Because there is evidence that hypothalamic NE can activate CRF secretion, it has been proposed that changes in hypothalamic noradrenergic activity are instrumental in the IL-1-induced activation of the HPA axis. We have examined this hypothesis by assessing the release of hypothalamic NE using in vivo microdialysis following intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of human IL-1β and comparing the responses with those in plasma corticosterone. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of NE in the hypothalamus increased following IV and IP administration of IL-1β. The elevation was more rapid following IV IL-1β, and reached a peak at 1 h, whereas the slower and smaller increase following IP IL-1β did not reach a peak until 2 h. The results were similar in both anesthetized and unanesthetized rats. In unanesthetized rats, plasma corticosterone increased shortly following IV or IP IL-1β administration, but the peak concentration following IV IL-1β was significantly earlier (around 1 h) than that following IP IL-1β (around 2 h). The hypothalamic noradrenergic responses followed a pattern similar to that of plasma corticosterone with either route of IL-1β administration, but they were not identical. The results are consistent with the possibility that a central noradrenergic mechanisms mediates the activation of the HPA axis by peripherally administered IL-1β. However, appreciable differences in the time courses of the responses may indicate the involvement of other factors.
Supermicros—objectives and approaches

Abstract Using a layered model of architectures, the objectives and approaches of the new families of supermicroprocessors are presented. The paper deals with the main architectural attributes for supporting the instruction set level, operating system level, programming level, system level, microprogramming level and digital logic level architectures. As a reference for defining the main issues of each level, the features of the architecture of a mega-microcomputer (VAX-11 family) are used.
Cross-linked polystyrene-dithiocarbamate polymers: use in heavy metal removal

Cross-linked polystyrene polymers were converted to dithiocarbamate polymers. These polymers were used to remove heavy metal cations from water. Dithiocarbamate polymers can be understood to be inherently more stable toward hydrolysis than xanthate polymers.
Bandwidth enhancement in an injection-locked quantum dot laser operating at 1.31-μm

The high-speed modulation characteristics of an injection-locked quantum dot Fabry-Perot (FP) semiconductor laser operating at 1310-nm under strong injection are investigated experimentally with a focus on the enhancement of the modulation bandwidth. The coupled system consists of a directly-modulated Quantum Dot (QD) slave injected-locked by a distributed feedback (DFB) laser as the master. At particular injection strengths and zero detuning cases, a unique modulation response is observed that differs from the typical modulation response observed in injection-locked systems. This unique response is characterized by a rapid low-frequency rise along with a slow high-frequency roll-off that enhances the 3-dB bandwidth of the injection-locked system at the expense of losing modulation efficiency of about 20 dB at frequencies below 1 GHz. Such behavior has been previously observed both experimentally and theoretically in the high-frequency response characteristic of an injection-locked system using an externally-modulated master; however, the results shown here differ in that the slave laser is directly-modulated. The benefit of the observed response is that it takes advantage of the enhancement of the resonance frequency achieved through injection-locking without experiencing the low frequency dip that significantly limits the useful bandwidth in the conventional injection-locked response. The second benefit of this unique response is the improvement in the high frequency roll-off that extends the bandwidth. Finally a 3-dB bandwidth improvement of greater than 8 times compared to the free-running slave laser has been achieved.
Valuing the adult learner in e‐learning: part two – insights from four companies

Purpose – To investigate how the adult learner is valued in e‐learning corporate settings.Design/methodology/approach – Case study methodology was used for this research. Four Fortune 500 companies that had active e‐learning initiatives for a minimum of four years were selected. Data for the development of the four cases were collected via semi‐structured telephone interviews. The questions that guided data collection and case development are: what is the e‐learning context in your organization?; How is the adult learner valued in the e‐learning environment?; What considerations must be addressed when valuing the adult learner in e‐learning environments within corporate settings?Findings – Four case studies emerged from data collection and revealed that adult learners are being valued and supported in corporate e‐learning settings. A comparative analysis of the case studies with the Waight and Stewart conceptual model showed that the e‐learning teams are complying with all factors for the exception of tra...
Depolymerization of water soluble coal polymer from subbituminous coal and lignite by lignin peroxidase

Coal polymers, water soluble at pH 3.5, were prepared from North Dakota lignite and German subbituminous coal in 35–61% yield. Gel permeation chromatography showed a major component of relatively narrow molecular weight range >75,000. The material did not dialyze through a 12,000-14,000 MW cutoff membrane under several conditions. Minor amounts of smaller fragments were present, but monomeric components were not detected. Incubation of soluble polymer with lignin peroxidase ofPhanerochaete chrysosporium caused substantial disappearance of the high molecular weight polymer and formation of smaller amounts of both higher and lower molecular weight components, but not of monomeric compounds. Addition of veratryl alcohol enhanced depolymerization. Coal polymer competitively inhibited veratryl alcohol oxidation by lignin peroxidase.
The measurement of racial and ethnic identity

Abstract In this paper we examine some conceptual and methodological problems associated with the measurement of racial and ethnic identity. We discuss the initial use of racial terms, examine early racial classification systems and the bases for these systems. We then consider the characteristics of racial and ethnic identity and address common problems of ethnic classification today. We argue for a classification system based on self identification, and we review some current self-identity measures.
Photoionization mass spectrometry with a vacuum ultraviolet hydrogen laser source

Abstract Results are presented which characterize the vacuum ultraviolet H2 laser as a selective ion source for analytical mass spectrometry of easily ionized compounds. The types of compounds ionized below the photon energy of 7.8 eV include many pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, heroin, phencyclidine, methamphetamine, and LSD. Hydrogen laser photoionization has produced parent ions only, for all compounds studied thus far. The selectivity of the threshold photoionization process is very high, as compounds within as little as 0.2 eV above the threshold are completely rejected. Photoactive species can be injected as solutions in appropriate organic solvents, without interference from the solvent. At low levels, ion signals are observed, which are due to acceleration of stray electrons in the ion source. The electrons result from interaction of scattered laser radiation with metal surfaces.
Turbulence Characteristics in Gradual Channel Transition

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of a channel transition on turbulence characteristics. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) flow measurements were collected at a cross section that is located downstream of a gradual channel expansion. These measurements were obtained via an acoustic doppler velocimeter and include the 3D velocity field, the mean local velocities, the turbulent intensities, the frictional characteristics of the flow, the secondary velocity along the transverse plane, and the instantaneous shear stress components in the streamwise and transverse directions. Analysis of the 3D flow data indicates that the turbulent flow on the outer bank of the channel is anisotropic. Such anisotropy of turbulence, which is attributed to the gradual expansion in the channel and bed roughness, yields the development of a secondary flow of Prandtl’s second kind as reported in 1952. In particular, it was found that turbulent intensities in the vertical and transverse directions on the outer bank...
Development of a spectral break in the nonthermal emission of AO 0235+164

Results are reported for braod-band photometry of the BL Lac object AO 0235+164 carried out over the spectral range from 0.36 to 3.5 microns in December 1975 and in October and November 1976. It is found that the continuum of this object steepened at visible wavelengths between December 1975 and October 1976, but maintained a relatively constant slope in the near-IR despite a factor-of-ten decrease in flux from the maximum level. Visible-wavelength data are cited which appear to suggest that the steepening of the visible spectrum occurred in less than 300 days, while the near-IR level may have been nearly constant. It is shown that the observed change in the spectral shape of the visible-wavelength continuum cannot be explained in terms of a 'composite' model consisting of an unchanging galaxy and a varying nonthermal source with constant spectral index. Two other general classes of models are considered: intrinsic variability and extrinsic modulation.
Combination Therapies to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction

In an ongoing effort to improve upon reperfusion therapy in the acute myocardial infarction (MI) patient, the use of combinations of different treatment modalities has seized the interest and enthusiasm of investigators and clinicians. Such combinations include the simultaneous use of multiple pharmacological therapies, the use of multiple devices in the performance of primary percutaneous intervention (PCI), and hybrid approaches employing both reperfusion drugs and devices. Although currently much in vogue, combinations of treatments are by no means a new concept for this indication (MI). Since the ISIS-2 trial [1], the addition of an antithrombotic drug (initially aspirin) to a plasminogen activator was appreciated to be superior to strict ‘‘monotherapy,’’ as it substantially augmented the mortality advantage of treated infarct patients compared with controls [1]. Subsequently, the incorporation of antithrombin agents was shown to enhance the initial success rate of recanalizing the infarctrelated artery (IRA), particularly when employed in conjunction with second-generation (fibrin selective) fibrinolytics [2,3]. Basic and clinical studies provided a framework for understanding the role of antithrombotics in reperfusion therapy as they identified the fact that ongoing new fibrin and platelet thrombus formation occurs even as the MI initiating original clot undergoes lysis. Paradoxically, the plasminogen activators themselves proved to be thrombogenic and clot lysis itself releases a large pool of trapped thrombin, also stimulating new clot formation. These phenomena, plus the increasing awareness of injurious downstream emboli, have increased interest in defining the most effective antiplatelet and antithrombin strategies to be used with thrombolytic therapy. Similarly, antithrombotic drugs were recognized to be important adjuncts when PCI was selected as the reperfusion modality, since infarct artery dilatation induces further tissue injury, a third stimulus for new thrombosis, and is associated with embolization of atherosclerotic debris as well as thrombus. What has made these combinations so currently topical is the emergence of new classes of antithrombotic drugs, novel new strategies for their employment, and a family of new interventional devices.
Total variance, an estimator of long-term frequency stability [standards]

Total variance is a statistical tool developed for improved estimates of frequency stability at averaging times up to one-half the test duration. As a descriptive statistic, total variance performs an exact decomposition of the sample variance of the frequency residuals into components associated with increasing averaging times. As an estimator of Allan variance, total variance has greater equivalent degrees of freedom and lesser mean square error than the standard unbiased estimator has.
A panel data quantile regression analysis of the immigrant earnings distribution in the United Kingdom and United States

This paper uses longitudinal data from the PSID and the BHPS to examine native-immigrant earnings differentials throughout the conditional wage distribution, while controlling for individual heterogeneity. We employ quantile regression techniques to estimate conditional quantile functions for longitudinal data. We show that country of origin, country of residence, and gender are all important determinants of earnings differentials. A large wage penalty occurs in the USA among female immigrants from non-English speaking countries, and the penalty is most negative among the lowest (conditional) wages. On the other hand, women in Britain experience hardly any immigrant-native wage differential. We find evidence suggesting that immigrant men in the USA earn lower wages, while British workers emigrating from English-speaking countries earn higher wages. The various differentials we report in this paper reveal the value of employing panel data quantile regression in estimating and better understanding immigrant wage effects.
Early Pathologic Features of Hereditary Nephritis: A Clinicopathologic Correlation

The histologic, immunofluoresence and electron microscopic features of renal biopsies from twelve patients having hereditary nephritis were examined and correlated with the clinical data. In ten patients with normal renal function, light microscopy showed similar but nonspecific glomerular abnormalities consisting of mild focal and segmental hypercellularity and thickening of capillary walls. Biopsies from two patients with azotemia had diffuse lesions of the glomeruli and associated interstitial fibrosis. There were no characteristic findings on immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed alterations in thickness and density of the glomerular capillary basal lamina in all patients. However, lamellation of the basement membrane and the presence of electron dense granules were present only in the two patients with renal functional impairment. These findings support the view that hereditary nephritis is a form of glomerular disease in which ultrastructural changes in the basal lamina of glomerula capillaries are the earliest and most consistent lesions. However, the morphologic spectrum of these ultrastructural abnormalities is broader than previously recognized.
Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders

Cigarette smoking rates in the American population are approximately 23%, whereas rates of smoking in clinical and population studies of individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders are typically two- to four-fold higher. Studies conducted in a variety of neuropsychiatric populations [e.g. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia] have collectively suggested that nicotine may be efficacious in remediating selected cognitive deficits associated with these disorders, thus providing a framework for understanding the specific vulnerability of these patients to smoking initiation and maintenance. However, the specific gain in cognitive performance produced by nicotine administration in healthy subjects with normal cognitive function is less clear. This article reviews our current understanding of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) systems in normal and neuropsychiatric disease states and, specifically, their role with respect to cognitive dysfunction and clinical symptoms in several specific neuropsychiatric populations, including ADHD, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's Disorder, schizophrenia and affective disorders. The potential benefits of nicotinic agents for therapeutic use in neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed, as well as directions for further research in this area.
Haloperidol Impairs Learning and Error-related Negativity in Humans

Humans are able to monitor their actions for behavioral conflicts and performance errors. Growing evidence suggests that the error-related negativity (ERN) of the event-related cortical brain potential (ERP) may index the functioning of this response monitoring system and that the ERN may depend on dopaminergic mechanisms. We examined the role of dopamine in ERN and behavioral indices of learning by administering either 3 mg of the dopamine antagonist (DA) haloperidol (n = 17); 25 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 16), which has a similar CNS profile but without DA properties; or placebo (n = 18) in a randomized, double-blind manner to healthy volunteers. Three hours after drug administration, participants performed a go/no-go Continuous Performance Task, the Eriksen Flanker Task, and a learning-dependent Time Estimation Task. Haloperidol significantly attenuated ERN amplitudes recorded during the flanker task, impaired learning of time intervals, and tended to cause more errors of commission, compared to placebo, which did not significantly differ from diphenhydramine. Drugs had no significant effects on the stimulus-locked P1 and N2 ERPs or on behavioral response latencies, but tended to affect post-error reaction time (RT) latencies in opposite ways (haloperidol decreased and diphenhydramine increased RTs). These findings support the hypothesis that the DA system is involved in learning and the generation of the ERN.
Proposed habitats of early tetrapods: gills, kidneys, and the water–land transition

Abstract Recent finds of early tetrapods have established that the most primitive form, Acanthostega , retained internal gills and other fish-like features; this has led to the conclusion that it was a primarily aquatic animal. Other Late Devonian tetrapods, such as Ichthyostega and Tulerpeton , provide no evidence of internal gills, but have also been interpreted as inhabiting an aquatic environment. The probable aquatic habits of a diversity of Devonian tetrapods has led to the suggestion that the entire early tetrapod radiation may have been an aquatic one, with terrestriality having evolved in later forms. However, consideration of the physiology of living amphibious vertebrates suggests that this scenario is unlikely. The use of the gills for the excretion of carbon dioxide and ammonia appears to be a fundamental feature of all primarily aquatic vertebrates. No living fish loses its internal gills, even if it excretes a significant portion of its nitrogenous waste as urea via the kidney in the water. Gills are simply too valuable to be lost by an aquatic animal, even in those air-breathing fishes that no longer use the gills for oxygen uptake. We suggest that the apparent loss of the gills in tetrapods more derived than Acanthostega signals their descent from a more terrestrial phase in tetrapod evolution, following the primary assumption by the kidney of the excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Without this new role of the kidney, loss of the gills would have been impossible. With this new kidney role, loss of the gills may have been advantageous in reducing desiccation on land.
Examining the Effects of Gifted Programming in Mathematics and Reading Using the ECLS-K

This study examined the average effects of schools’ third through fifth grade gifted programming policy in mathematics and reading on overall school achievement, on gifted students’ achievement and...
Amazon, eBooks, and Teaching Texts: Getting to the "Knowing How" of Reading Literature

A poster on my office wall shows a child holding a flashlight under the covers as he reads in bed. Many literacy education students respond to the poster by claiming, 'I used to do that.' Their confession is not surprising, for most who decide to teach English or language arts do love literature. Usually they have been avid readers who have had no difficulty becoming immersed in plots, fascinated by characters, or drawn into the deeper issues of literary study. Usually their passion for language and literature serves their students well. However, in some cases, the passion and ease with which literacy education students approach texts prevents them from reflecting on how they interact with texts and from making their personal strategies available to students. Thus, the sophisticated literacy skills of practicing (Zancanella, 1991) and prospective English language arts teachers can create a bind in literacy teacher education. In a case-study examination of the subject-matter expertise of an English teacher, Holt-Reynolds (1999) demonstrated that the teacher's failure to understand that she had been taught the processes of reading literature resulted in her inability to identify those processes or to see that they were teachable. Because the processes were invisible to her, they were 'unavailable' to her students. In discussing this case, Holt-Reynolds recalled Berliner's distinction between 'knowing that' and 'knowing how.' She explained that 'knowing that' is 'represented by an ability to perform a skill or demonstrate comprehension of the discipline's facts, principles, or theories.' Many prospective literacy teachers have no problem with the 'knowing that' aspect of teaching literature. They know famous authors, common themes, and the famous speeches of heroes and heroines. However, the second kind of knowledge, 'knowing how' is more difficult to come by. This sort of knowledge 'includes an ability to articulate the personal strategies' one uses to understand or respond to the facts, principles, or theories of the discipline (1999, p. 31). For literacy education faculty, the challenge embedded in these different ways of knowing about English or language arts is in finding a way to help prospective teachers arrive at knowing how, at a recognition of the processes that are embedded in literacy studies. In this article I describe how technology may be used in an intermediate reading methods class to help prospective English language arts teachers develop a deeper sense of knowing how.
Depleted lithosphere, cold, trapped asthenosphere, and frozen melt puddles above the flat slab in central Chile and Argentina

Recent studies of the upper mantle above the flat slab in central Chile and Argentina indicate the seismic velocity structures in this area are very different from those found in subduction zones with “normal,” steeper slab geometries. The mantle above the horizontal section of the flat slab is characterized by low P-wave velocities, high S-wave velocities, and low Vp/Vs ratios. As the slab begins to transition to a more normal dip to the south, the mantle above it changes as well. Above this “transition zone”, the mantle is characterizedbyhighP-wavevelocities,highS-wavevelocities,andgenerallyhighVp/Vsratios.Abovethishighvelocityanomaly,in the corner between the south-dipping slab of the transition zone and the east-dipping slab of the normal subduction zone, lies a small shallow anomaly distinguished by its very low P- and S-wave velocities and its moderately high Vp/Vs ratio. We interpret these anomalies to represent very depleted cold lithosphere, cooled trapped asthenosphere, and frozen pooled melt, respectively. Recent research looking at the elastic properties of cratonic xenoliths indicate that a low Vp, high Vs, and low Vp/Vs signature is indicative of cratonic lithosphere. This suggests that the material above the flat slab may be ancient Laurentian lithosphere, or other melt-depleted, dry lithospheric material. The presence of frozen asthenosphere to the south of the flat slab may indicate that large volumes of asthenosphere were displaced in advance of the eastward progression of the flattening slab between 10 and 2Ma, forcing a change in flow patterns from trench normal to SSW around the south eastern corner of the flattening slab. As flattening progressed this asthenosphere became trapped above the transition zone. Eventually, temperatures dropped sufficiently to freeze the last remaining pocket of extracted melt which had collected in the corner of the descending slab.
Inhibition of Superoxide Generation and Associated Nitrosative Damage Is Involved in Metallothionein Prevention of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

The mechanisms of metallothionein prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy are largely unknown. The present study was performed to test whether inhibition of nitrosative damage is involved in metallothionein prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac-specific metallothionein-overexpressing transgenic (MT-TG) mice and wild-type littermate controls were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) by a single intraperitoneal injection, and both developed diabetes. However, the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, revealed by histopathological and ultrastructural examination, serum creatine phosphokinase, and cardiac hemodynamic analysis, was significantly observed only in the wild-type, but not in MT-TG, diabetic mice 2 weeks and 6 months after STZ treatment. Formations of superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), a marker for peroxynitrite-induced protein damage, were detected only in the heart of wild-type diabetic mice. Furthermore, primary cultures of cardiomyocytes from wild-type and MT-TG mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide/tumor necrosis factor-α for generating intracellular peroxynitrite. Increases in 3-NT formation and cytotoxicity were observed in wild-type, but not in MT-TG, cardiomyocytes. Either urate, a peroxynitrite-specific scavenger, or Mn(111) tetrakis 1-methyl 4-pyridyl porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP), a superoxide dismutase mimic, significantly inhibited the formation of 3-NT along with a significant prevention of cytotoxicity. These results thus suggest that metallothionein prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy is mediated, at least in part, by suppression of superoxide generation and associated nitrosative damage.
Serotonin, presynaptic 5-HT3 receptors and synaptic plasticity in the developing cerebellum

The cerebellum was initially viewed as having a primary role in motor programming, largely in feedback and feedforward control evident in decerebrate animals walking on a treadmill and the clinical condition of spinocerebellar ataxia. Comparative input from the disynaptic parallel fibre pathway and the climbing fibre pathway on Purkinje cells (PCs) was postulated to serve as an ‘error-correction’ circuit (Fig. 1). From elegant lesion studies, it became clear early on that the cerebellum was also involved in motor learning using, for example, the associative eyelid conditioning task (McCormick et al. 1985). Hebbian modulation resulting from the parallel fibre and climbing fibre inputs onto the Purkinje cells had been postulated on the basis of their apparent anatomical interaction, and correspondingly, both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) were later demonstrated to occur along these input pathways. This synaptic plasticity provides substrates for motor learning.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease in an Adult With Recurrent Abscesses

• Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), produced by an inherited defect in the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, is associated with recurrent abscess formation in regional lymph nodes, pulmonary parenchyma, and liver requiring surgical drainage. It is now becoming increasingly recognized that this is not a uniformly fatal disease of childhood. Instead, patients with milder forms of the disease are being detected during adulthood. General surgeons should be aware of the possibility of this diagnosis in a patient with recurrent pyogenic abscesses requiring drainage. Making the diagnosis of CGD is important because with chronic prophylactic antibiotic therapy and early aggressive treatment of recognized infections, the morbidity and mortality of patients can be favorably influenced. We describe a 27-year-old man with recurrent liver abscesses who was subsequently found to have CGD. (Arch Surg115:200-202, 1980)
Resveratrol, sirtuins, and the promise of a DR mimetic

Dietary restriction (DR) delays or prevents age-related diseases and extends lifespan in species ranging from yeast to primates. Although the applicability of this regimen to humans remains uncertain, a proportional response would add more healthy years to the average life than even a cure for cancer or heart disease. Because it is unlikely that many would be willing or able to maintain a DR lifestyle, there has been intense interest in mimicking its beneficial effects on health, and potentially longevity, with drugs. To date, such efforts have been hindered primarily by our lack of mechanistic understanding of how DR works. Sirtuins, NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases that influence lifespan in lower organisms, have been proposed to be key mediators of DR, and based on this model, the sirtuin activator resveratrol has been proposed as a candidate DR mimetic. Indeed, resveratrol extends lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, and a short-lived species of fish. In rodents, resveratrol improves health, and prevents the early mortality associated with obesity, but its precise mechanism of action remains a subject of debate, and extension of normal lifespan has not been observed. This review summarizes recent work on resveratrol, sirtuins, and their potential to mimic beneficial effects of DR.
On the Structure of Convective Elements in the Air Near the Surface

A review is given of the observational characteristics of convective plumes in the atmospheric surface layer. It is shown that any attempt to model these plumes must include the pressure distribution.
Molecular cloning of a 47 kDa tissue-specific and differentiation- dependent urothelial cell surface glycoprotein

Despite the fact that bladder epithelium has many interesting biological features and is a frequent site of carcinoma formation, relatively little is known about its biochemical differentiation. We have shown recently that a 47 kDa glycoprotein, uroplakin III (UPIII), in conjunction with uroplakins I (27 kDa) and II (15 kDa), forms the asymmetric unit membrane (AUM)--a highly specialized biomembrane characteristic of the apical surface of bladder epithelium. Deglycosylation and cDNA sequencing revealed that UPIII contains up to 20 kDa of N-linked sugars attached to a core protein of 28.9 kDa. The presence of an N-terminal signal peptide sequence and a single transmembrane domain located near the C terminus, plus the N-terminal location of all the potential N-glycosylation sites, points to a type I (N-exo/C-cyto) configuration. Thus the mass of the extracellular domain (20 kDa plus up to 20 kDa of sugar) of UPIII greatly exceeds that of its intracellular domain (5 kDa). Such an asymmetrical mass distribution, a feature shared by the other two major uroplakins, provides a molecular explanation as to why the luminal leaflet of AUM is almost twice as thick as the cytoplasmic one. The fact that of the three major proteins of AUM only UPIII has a significant cytoplasmic domain suggests that this molecule may play an important role in AUM-cytoskeleton interaction in terminally differentiated urothelial cells.
United States v. Lyons: toward a new conception of legal insanity.

In United States v. Lyons (1984), the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court altered its definition of legal insanity to conform with recent recommendations of the American Bar Association and the American Psychiatric Association. This paper briefly reviews the social and legal context of the Court’s ruling. The author then discusses the insanity defense’s rationale and suggests an interpretation of the Court’s new definition that should guide psychiatric testimony.
Finite Element Simulation of Kinematic Surface Runoff

A deterministic model to simulate stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces is presented. The surface runoff model is based on a one dimensional, variable width, kinetmatic wave approximation. Resistance to flow is described with the Manning equation for turbulent flow.
Promoting healthful family meals to prevent obesity: HOME Plus, a randomized controlled trial

Background Family meal frequency has been shown to be strongly associated with better dietary intake; however, associations with weight status have been mixed. Family meals-focused randomized controlled trials with weight outcomes have not been previously conducted. Therefore, this study purpose was to describe weight-related outcomes of the HOME Plus study, the first family meals-focused randomized controlled trial to prevent excess weight gain among youth.
Nongovernmental Organizations and the Forces Against Them: Lessons from the Anti-NGO Movement

This article examines the rise and growth of nongovernmental organizations and the anti-NGO movement that has sprung up to oppose it. In addition to describing the international anti-NGO campaigns, efforts, and critiques, the article also considers the emergent dynamics between large donor organizations and smaller, grant-receiving organizations that may legitimize and exacerbate the NGO criticisms. This consideration of philanthropic donor control, micro-management of charitable projects, and funder accountability highlights important lessons that may be gleaned from a deeper understanding of anti-NGO fears and criticisms. One important insight is that as funders attempt to exert control over grantmaking activities to enhance their own accountability, they may also unwittingly weaken the accountability and legitimacy claims of the NGOs they fund. Moreover, the analysis of this understudied trend in the sector offers strategies for the philanthropic sector to deal with issues of accountability, legitimacy, governance, and donor control in ways that support NGOs without emboldening their critics.
Urban Communication| The Communicative City Redux

The communicative city is a construct that can be used to measure and recognize urban municipalities that provide or facilitate the creation and maintenance of a healthy communicative environment. Utilizing the criteria established through a series of interdisciplinary meetings, the Urban Communication Foundation introduced the Communicative City Award, honoring cities with the vision and skill to enhance communication in the interest of creating a healthy and humane social environment. The aim of this initiative is to advance the goal of underscoring the need for cities to place or foreground communication needs in the public agenda. An international jury composed of communication scholars and design and environment behavior scholars and practitioners evaluate the city’s initiative with regard to criteria of communicative cities. These criteria are clustered into three major areas: places of interaction, infrastructure, and politics/civil society. Disqualifications have been articulated as part of the criteria as well. Ultimately, this initiative seeks to not only recognize and set a communication agenda for cities but directly benefit award-winning cities through communication research–based recommendations that address remaining challenges identified by municipal leaders.
Realistic surface geometry reconstruction using a hand-held RGB-D camera

In this paper, we have proposed a novel approach for the reconstruction of real object/scene with realistic surface geometry using a hand-held, low-cost, RGB-D camera. To achieve accurate reconstruction, the most important issues to consider are the quality of the geometry information provided and the global alignment method between frames. In our approach, new surface geometry refinement is used to recover finer scale surface geometry from depth data by utilizing high-quality RGB images. In addition, a weighted multi-scale iterative closest point method is exploited to align each scan to the global model accurately. We show the effectiveness of the proposed surface geometry refinement method by comparing it with other depth refinement methods. We also show both the qualitative and quantitative results of reconstructed models by comparing it with other reconstruction methods.
Pricing of Options: Introduction and Applications

This technical note introduces students to terminology, essential concepts, and issues involved in practical application of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Concepts include put-call parity, payoff diagrams, the option pricing model, and the similarities between corporate securities and options.
Plasma Biomarkers of Poor Muscle Quality in Older Men and Women from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Aging is characterized by progressive decline in muscle mass, strength, and quality all of which contribute to functional impairment, falls, mobility disability, and frailty. Circulating factors may provide clues on the mechanisms for decline in muscle quality with aging. Characterizing the metabolic profile associated with reduced muscle quality in older persons could have important translational implications for the early identification of subjects at high risk of developing sarcopenia and the identification of targets for new preventive strategies and treatments. In a pilot cross-sectional, case-control study nested in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, we compared circulating metabolites between 79 participants with low muscle quality ratio and 79 controls with high muscle quality, matched by age, sex, and height. The concentrations of 180 metabolites were determined by LC MS/MS, using the Biocrates p180 system, a targeted metabolomics approach. Participants with low muscle quality had significantly higher levels of leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, serotonin, and methionine, while those with high muscle quality had significantly lower levels of putrescine and the selected phophatidylcholine (PCs) and lysoPCs. The results of this study open a new road for future investigations aimed at identifying new metabolic pathways involved in the decline of muscle quality with aging.
An System of Building Species Attributes Based on The XML

Based on the XML,a construction system of species and their attributes is developed in the essay under PowerBuilder9.0.The system can help us to easily construct species attributes,and then it can well translate them.The opulus tomentosa Carr's study under this system in the essay shows us that:the system is easy to operate,flexible to construct the species and their attributes,convenient to read,practical and effective to be used.And it can not only fully describe the species and their attributes but also conveniently manage the attributes.
Induction of Intracisternal Type A Particles by 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in Rat Hepatoma Cells: Brief Communication

Electron microscopic examination of hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells revealed low numbers of intracisternal type A particles (IAP) and type C viruses. Exposure of HTC cells to either 10(-4) or 10(-5) M5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) caused a more than 50-fold increase in the number of IAP observed with the electron microscope. The number of IAP increased after only 2 days of growth in 10(-5) M BUdR, whereas 3 days of growth in 10(-4) m BUdR were necessary to observe an increase. A 2-day pulse of 10(-4) M BUdR was also sufficient to cause the increase in type A particles, provided the cells were continued in culture for another 2 days. Unlike many other cell lines, HTC cells treated with BUdR did not show an increase in type C viruses. This conclusion was based on the observations that BUdR treatment caused no detectable increase in extracellular particulate viral reverse transcriptase or in viral RNA complementary to a DNA probe made to a rat endogenous type C virus (RaLV).
Exchange Rate Regimes and Convergence Criteria for Accession Economies: The Case of Macedonia and Croatia

The paper assesses the nominal convergence of Macedonia and Croatia towards the EU. As the two countries are in a process of European integration, both economies should converge to the EU economy, so that the accession to be smoother. One channel for faster nominal convergence is pegging the national currency to the euro. Macedonia does this for more than a decade (previously to the DM), whereas Croatia maintains managed float. The assessment is focused on the question how different monetary strategies achieve the nominal convergence in terms of the fulfilment of the Maastricht convergence criteria.
SU-F-T-561: Energy Dependence of a Scintillation Detector

Purpose: To investigate the response and dose rate dependence of a scintillation detector over a wide energy range. Methods: The energy dependence of W1 scintillation detector was tested with: 1) 50–225 keV beams generated by an animal irradiator, 2) a Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion Co-60 source, 3) 6MV, 6FFF, 10FFF and 15MV photon beams, and 4) 6–20MeV electron beams from a linac. Calibrated linac beams were used to deliver 100 cGy to the detector at dmax in water under reference conditions. The gamma-knife measurement was performed in solid water (100 cGy with 16mm collimator). The low energy beams were calibrated with an ion chamber in air (TG-61), and the scintillation detector was placed at the same location as the ionization chamber during calibration. For the linac photon and electron beams, dose rate dependence was tested for 100–2400 and 100–800 MU/min. Results: The scintillation detector demonstrated strong energy dependence in the range of 50–225keV. The measured values were lower than the delivered dose and increased as the energy increased. Therapeutic photon beams showed energy independence with variations less than 1%. Therapeutic electron beams displayed the same sensitivity of ∼2–3% at their corresponding dmax depths. The change in dose-rate of photon and electron beams within the therapeutic energy range did not affect detector output (<0.5%). Measurements acquired with the gamma knife showed that the output data agreed with the delivered dose up to 3%. Conclusion: W1 scintillation detector output has a strong energy dependence in the diagnostic and orthovoltage energy range. Therapeutic photon beams exhibited energy independence with no observable dose-rate dependence. This study may aid in the implementation of a scintillation detector in QA programs by providing energy calibration factors.
Neurodegenerative diseases and memory: A treatment approach

Publisher Summary Neuronal dysfunction with aging, particularly regarding the specific neurotransmitter abnormalities, results in the development of cognitive symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This chapter reviews the changes that have been observed in the two most vulnerable neural systems associated with AD, glutamatergic and cholinergic, and presents the approaches that are useful in alleviating the symptoms that result from the underlying pathological processes. Drug therapies meant for memory deficits associated with AD focus on alleviating these impairments in the cholinergic synaptic function. Treatment involves reducing the memory impairments by counteracting cholinergic deficits through inhibition of the catabolic enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The currently available inhibitors of this enzyme, including donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, block the destruction of released acetylcholine and increase the life span of the neurotransmitter molecule in the synaptic cleft. The inflammatory process represents a target for potential disease-modifying drugs that may influence multiple critical steps in the pathogenesis of AD, such as glial activation and production of cytokines and complement proteins. Clinical researches have increased insight into the potential mechanisms of action of multiple nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Epidemiological evidence strongly supports the chronic use of NSAIDs for reducing the risk of AD. Antagonism of the glutamatergic channel function has also become a potential target for novel pharmacotherapies. The chapter also discusses the use of β-amyloid, and Ginkgo biloba in therapies to treat impairments associated with neuro-degenerative diseases.
Crowdsourcing-based business models: : How to create and capture value

Technology has transformed individuals from mere consumers of products to empowered participants in value co-creation. While numerous firms experiment with involving a crowd in value creation, few companies turn crowdsourcing projects into thriving platforms with a powerful business model. To address this challenge, this article analyzes successful platforms to identify patterns of effective crowdsourcing-based business models. The results provide guidance for managers who need to create new (or adapt existing) business models.