cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Second Look: Is There a Latina/o Gender Gap?

SUMMARY This research builds upon and updates Montoya's 1996 study of the Latina/o gender gap through the use of the 1999 Harvard Kennedy School/Kaiser Family Foundation/Washington Post Latino Survey. Not only do we find a gender gap across six questions related to the use of force, social compassion, and women's social roles, we also find that the size and significance of the gap varies across Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin respondents. Our findings challenge past research that found limited evidence of a gender gap in public opinion among Latinos and Latinas nationally, and suggest that more research is needed in order to understand how gendered experiences help to frame public opinion within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
Agency: Social Construction and Relational Action

Fisher's reading of social constructionist and relational theory is unfortunate. In the first instance, he fails to see that constructionism makes no attempt to establish a foundational ontology in...
Calcium dependence and contraction in somite formation

Abstract The existence of a calcium-dependent contractile process in the formation of somites from segmental plate mesoderm was investigated using a Ca2+ agonist and Ca2+ and calmodulin antagonists. The contributions of cell movement and apical constriction in the segmentation process were assessed using SEM of normal and drug-treated somite and segmental plate tissue. Explants that contained segmental plates of stage 14–15 chick embryos were cultured on vitelline membranes in calcium and magnesium-free (CMF) Hanks' solution, liquid culture medium, and medium containing drugs. Ca2+ ionophore A23187 promoted the rapid completion of one new somite pair. CMF halted segmentation. The Ca2+ antagonists verapamil and papaverine reversibly inhibited segmentation. Theophylline did not inhibit segmentation, suggesting that the effects of the Ca2+ antagonists are not due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. These results suggest that somitogenesis is Ca2+-dependent. Two drugs that inhibit the binding of calmodulin, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine (TFP), halted segmentation. The inhibitory effect of TFP was reversible. The effects of TFP on somites were compared with those of cytochalasin D. The contribution of microtubules to cell shape and movement in somitogenesis was examined by incubation with nocodazole, a reversible inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Cell elongation and somitogenesis were inhibited.
Application of the sea urchin sperm bioassay to sewage treatment efficiency and toxicity in marine waters

Abstract A newly standardized 60-minute sea urchin (and sand dollar) sperm bioassay was used to measure the toxicity of sewage at each stage in the treatment process. The sensitivity of the sperm bioassay was compared to the results of 48- to 96-hour bioassays with sea urchin and oyster embryos and crab zoeae in side-by-side tests of each sewage type. These data were then used to estimate the dilutions necessary to protect sensitive life stages of marine animals around a proposed sewage outfall in Puget Sound and to select the best bioassay procedure for a post-discharge program for monitoring water column toxicity. Results showed that very little acute toxicity was removed by the primary treatment process but that toxicity was greatly reduced by secondary treatment. A high degree of toxicity was reintroduced by chlorination but this source of toxicity was essentially eliminated by dechlorination. The simple and rapid sperm assay proved more sensitive to all stages of sewage than did the longer embryo and larval assays. Based on the results of the comparative testing and the ease, rapidity and year-round availability of the sea urchin sperm assay (sea urchins in winter, sand dollars in summer), this test was recommended for post-discharge monitoring of sewage effluent-related toxicity in the receiving waters.
Large-time behavior of solutions of initial and initial-boundary value problems of a general system of hyperbolic conservation laws

We study the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the initial and initial-boundary value problem of hyperbolic conservation laws when the initial and boundary data have bounded total variation. It is shown that the solution converges to the linear superposition of traveling waves, shock waves and rarefaction waves. The strength and speed of these waves depend only on the values of the data at infinity.
Recurrence of varicose veins after endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein in randomized trials.

Background Recurrence of varicose veins after surgery (REVAS) for saphenous incompetence has been well described after ligation and stripping (LS 40 of 125 limbs), followed by the development of anterior accessory saphenous vein incompetence (19%; 23 of 125 limbs). In contrast to other reports, incompetent calf perforating veins were an infrequent cause of REVAS (7%; eight of 125). Conclusions There is no difference in the incidence of REVAS for EVA vs L&S, but the causes of REVAS are different with L&S, which has important implications for treatment.
Molecular Control of Electron Transfer Events Within and Between Biomolecules

We are engaged in theoretical studies of electron transfer reactions in proteins, protein- protein complexes, and DNA. This paper summarizes our recent advances in exploring the relationships between structure and function in these systems.
Who Holds Physicians Accountable

The issue of who holds physicians accountable to a high standard of practice throughout their careers is one which has long troubled licensing authorities, various organizations related to the medical profession, hospital and clinic directors, as well as third-party payers (1). This concern is, in part, occasioned by the fact that the process by which an initial license to practice Medicine and Surgery is granted is so heavily focused on what has been, until recently, an exclusively multiple choice examination (2). Significantly more concerning than the reservations related to the initial licensure process is the absence of any rigorous formal and transparent system to assess the continuing competence of physicians as they practice medicine for decades following initial licensure. “Re-licensure” (the process by which physicians renew their license to practice) in most states and jurisdictions consists primarily of a low stakes process by which an individual physician reports his or her activities regarding so-called “continuing medical education” and maintains a record free of violations of various legislative and professional statutes and guidelines (3). The issuance of a new license in a new state or other licensing jurisdiction occasioned by the geographical move of a physician is hardly more rigorous. Usually, credentials from the previous licensing process along with documentation of the same continuing medical education activities and a background check are sufficient. In rare instances, a high stakes examination is administered, but this is the exception rather than the rule and is required when initial licensure occurred more than 10 years in the past or the individual has been out of practice for an extended period of time (3). Hence, one could argue that the common perception that physician competence is reassessed periodically or upon relocation is misleading. That physicians do not undergo a meaningful relicensing process becomes obvious when compared to the standards applied to another group of professionals whose activities also involve significant responsibility for the well being of those who depend upon their skills—commercial airline pilots. In contrast to physicians, commercial airline pilots undergo rigorous, continuing, high stakes assessments and examinations supported by mandatory training and retraining. This paper will examine and compare the differences between licensing and continuing assessment of these two groups. We will also review the roles of state and federal authorities to ensure safe interaction with the public. (With regard to physicians, this discussion will focus on allopathic physicians but a parallel pathway exists for graduates of osteopathic schools.)
A pilot intervention to reduce eating disorder risk in Latina women.

Objective The current study tested the effects of an eating disorder risk reduction programme (Food, Mood and Attitude (FMA)) with Latina women. Method Fifty-two female Latina college students were screened. Of these, 28 eligible women were administered a questionnaire packet prior to and approximately 2 months and again 1 year after completing a 2-hour computer-based risk reduction programme called FMA and participating in two 2-hour discussion groups about risk factors for eating disorders. Results Paired sample t-tests indicated significant changes from pre- to post-assessment on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ)-shape concerns subscale (p = .002), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2)-body dissatisfaction (BD) subscale (p < .001) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ; p = .006). Significant changes in binge frequency also occurred (p = .006). Changes on three of these measures were maintained at the 1-year follow-up assessment. Conclusions This small-scale study suggests that FMA may reduce some risk factors for eating disorders in Latina college women. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Expression of Anti-MHC Idiotypes in Immune Responses

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are the targets of immune attack recognized during graft rejection and graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions. Therefore, a knowledge of the nature of anti-MHC receptors may allow specific intervention to alter the course of these clinically important reactions. The MHC antigens also function as stimulators and targets of allogeneic reactions such as mixed lymphocyte reactions and cell-mediated lympholysis, and as restriction elements for immune responses to foreign antigens. Thus, the generation and regulation of a wide variety of immune responses is governed by the recognition of this set of antigens. Both of these considerations have given impetus to the study of lymphocyte receptors for histocompatibility antigens.
A piece of the pie chart: feminist robotics

This paper analyzes the robotic gallery installation A Piece of the Pie Chart. The project addresses gender inequity in the tech world. It consists of a computer workstation and a food robot. The food robot puts pie charts onto edible, pre-baked pies. They depict the gender gap in technical environments. Visitors use the robot to create pies. Pictures of the pies are disseminated via Twitter, and the physical pies are mailed to the places where the data originated. In the following text, the author disassembles the machine in the context of feminist theory, feminist technology research, visualization, and political robotics.
Dorothy and the Boyz: Race and the Education of the American Movie Ticket Buyer

The Wizard of Oz and Boyz N the `Hood are the same story. The protagonists, Dorothy and Tre, are the same character. A critical examination of the literary and cultural similarities between The Wizard of Oz and Boyz N the `Hood will prove their mirror reflections. Yet, racial bias clouds this reflection and influences what moviegoers pay to see, how they perceive what they see, and what they choose as their favorite films. The theories and writings of three of the foremost authorities on the screenplay and the art of dramatic writing, Lajos Egri, Syd Field, and Robert McKee, demonstrate the connections between The Wizard of Oz and Boyz N the ` Hood. Respectively, the young protagonists, Dorothy and Tre, are both facing death while trying to survive and escape their dangerous environments. Absent of racism, an audience should be able to see similarity in character and accept any good story, well told.
Observations of disconnection of open magnetic structures

The solar maximum mission coronagraph/polarimeter observations are surveyed for evidence of magnetic disconnection of previously open magnetic structures and several sequences of images consistent with this interpretation are identified. Such disconnection occurs when open field lines above helmet streamers reconnect, in contrast to previously suggested disconnections of CMEs into closed plasmoids. In this paper a clear example of open field disconnection is shown in detail. The event, on June 27, 1988, is preceded by compression of a preexisting helmet streamer and the open coronal field around it. The compressed helmet streamer and surrounding open field region detach in a large U-shaped structure which subsequently accelerates outward from the sun. The observed sequence of events is consistent with reconnection across the heliospheric current sheet and the creation of a detached U-shaped magnetic structure. Unlike CMEs, which may open new magnetic flux into interplanetary space, this process could serve to close off previously open flux, perhaps helping to maintain the roughly constant amount of open magnetic flux observed in interplanetary space.
Green Infrastructure and Public Health in the Florida Communities Trust Public Land Acquisition Program

Abstract The Florida Communities Trust (FCT) program provides grants to local governments to preserve open space. In doing so, this program plays an important role in supporting public health. A total of 617 FCT applications submitted between 2001 and 2006 were examined to determine in what ways the FCT is supporting public health. Results revealed that the FCT is supporting health most notably through the provision of park and greenway settings for physical activity and the protection of water quality. These findings are important because they reveal that programs such as the FCT have a latent ability to support public health. Making the important social benefit of public health more explicit can provide further justification for public land acquisition.
The Evolution of Color Polymorphism: Crypticity, Searching Images, and Apostatic Selection

The development and maintenance of color polymorphism in cryptic prey species is a source of enduring fascination, in part because it appears to result from selective processes operating across multiple levels of analysis, ranging from cognitive psychology to population ecology. Since the 1960s, prey species with diverse phenotypes have been viewed as the evolved reflection of the perceptual and cognitive characteristics of their predators. Because it is harder to search simultaneously for two or more cryptic prey types than to search for only one, visual predators should tend to focus on the most abundant forms and effectively overlook the others. The result should be frequency-dependent, apostatic selection, which will tend to stabilize the prey polymorphism. Validating this elegant hypothesis has been difficult, and many details have been established only relatively recently. This review clarifies the argument for a perceptual selective mechanism and examines the relevant experimental evidence.
Approximate matching of XML document with regular hedge grammar

A regular hedge grammar is a formal method to specify XML schema. An XML document can be viewed as an ordered labeled tree. Given an XML schema, finding the sequence of changes with minimum cost is not just of theoretical interest. This problem can be modeled, as given, as an ordered labeled tree (forest) F and as a regular hedge grammar P. We consider the minimum edit distance required to transform the forest F into F′ so that F′ is exactly matched by P. By introducing a leaf forest, we design an algorithm for solving this problem in time O(F 2 P(F + log P)), where F is the size of the forest and P is the size of the grammar. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm to transform an XML document (ordered labeled tree) to conform to the schema (tree grammar).
The Delta Experience … “Does It Fly”?

Cuff tear arthropathy remains a challenging clinical problem, quite debilitating for the patient and a significant management challenge for the shoulder surgeon. Recent reports have suggested early success in using a reverse shoulder prosthesis to provide longitudinal stability while utilizing the power of an intact deltoid muscle to restore motion and function and alleviate pain in shoulders with cuff tear arthropathy. Concerns remain however regarding the longevity of these prostheses, given the disappointing history of previous attempts at constrained or semiconstrained devices and the biomechanical forces generated through the glenoid neck by the prosthetic design. Experience in 12 cases using the reverse "Delta" prosthesis for failed primary surgery in cuff tear arthropathy is reported. Short-term results in 12 patients have demonstrated satisfactory outcomes as a salvage procedure with improved function and a substantial decrease in the level of pain. One revision for dislocation in the 12 cases was performed and in that case significant erosion of the polyethylene cup was noted. The reverse prosthesis shows promise as a salvage procedure when more standard and conservative techniques of treating cuff tear arthropathy have failed, but long term follow-up is needed to evaluate outcomes and develop strategies for design improvement.
G Proteins in Signal Transduction

The last five years have seen major advances in our understanding of the central and generalized role of G-proteins as transducers of receptor signals into effector responses as outlined in Scheme 1. Signal-transducing G pro­ teins, in contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, are heterotrimers formed of one GTP-binding (and hydrolyzing) a subunit, one {3 subunit, and one 'Y subunit. I This increase in knowledge is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that
Hip-preserving surgery: Understanding complex pathomorphology

Recent evidence suggests that abnormal hip morphology may be the primary cause of osteoarthritis of the hip in young adults1-5. Hip pathomorphology is manifested as acetabular deficiency or malorientation, or as femoral deformity or malorientation, and most commonly as a combination of these problems6,7. Contemporary surgical intervention for hip preservation has been directed toward correction of these malformations and associated chondrolabral injuries and has shown promise as a way of alleviating hip pain and possibly retarding the progression of osteoarthritis8,9. With the increasing number of available surgical methodologies (e.g., surgical dislocation, osteochondroplasty, hip arthroscopy, and redirectional acetabular osteotomy) that are directed at hip preservation, the importance of understanding the pathologic process that results in a painful hip has become paramount. In an effort to augment the basic information obtained from clinical examination, two-dimensional plain radiography, and magnetic resonance arthrography, we have utilized a validated three-dimensional modeling protocol to serve as a diagnostic and surgical planning tool for hip-preservation surgery. Three-dimensional modeling has helped to emphasize the complex pathomorphology that is evident in patients with hip dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement and may have a future role in the classification and treatment of hip maladies in young adults. The goals of this study were to describe the typical presentation of the young adult with a painful hip and to offer corresponding case examples of the common morphologic abnormalities of the femur and acetabulum. The case examples illustrate the value of a comprehensive imaging protocol to facilitate diagnosis and management of patients who have complex femoroacetabular impingement and dysplasia. In addition, we describe our experience with three-dimensional computational model development as a function of a subset of work focused on the biomechanics of the dysplastic hip, and we outline future streams …
Arm Dynamics Simulation

The ability to mathematically model the movement of a robot manipulator is a prerequisite to the understanding of the key factors that influence a manipulator's performance. This paper presents a manipulator model which has been used to simulate and control a real robot arm. A method of describing the arm by its rotational characteristics. a set of equations called the “Inverse Arm” and an algorithm called the “Forward Arm” are presented. The Forward Arm simulates the movement of an arm and the Inverse Arm provides a means of computing the correct voltages to apply to an arm to achieve a desired movement.
Influence of patient position on withdrawal forces during removal of lumbar extradural catheters.

We have investigated the force required to remove lumbar extradural catheters from 88 parturients to determine the effects of patient positioning at removal, relative to the position at insertion. Parturients were allocated randomly to one of four groups: LS (lateral insertion, sitting withdrawal), LL (lateral insertion, flexed lateral withdrawal), SL (sitting insertion, lateral withdrawal) or SS (sitting insertion, sitting withdrawal). In both positions, the lumbar spine was kept maximally flexed. The force required to remove the catheter was measured at withdrawal. We found that the withdrawal force was influenced by the relationship between the position at removal and that at insertion, and we recommend that for ease of removal, patients should be placed in the same position as they were at the time of insertion. Compared with all other groups, the withdrawal force in patients in group LS was significantly greater (P
High total dose tolerance of prototype silicon nanocrystal non-volatile memory cells

We report the first results pertinent to the high total dose tolerance of Si nanocrystal nonvolatile memory cells. The studied prototype nc-Si field effect transistors made by ion implantation retained virtually unchanged write/erase characteristics, typical for the two-state devices, to cumulative doses exceeding 15Mrad(Si).
The Efficiency of Some Nonparametric Competitors of the t-Test

Consider samples from continuous distributions F(x) and F(x — θ). We may test the hypothesis θ = 0 by using the two-sample Wilcoxon test. We show in Section 1 that its asymptotic Pitman efficiency, relative to the f-test, never falls below 0.864. This result also holds for the Kruskal-Wallis test compared with the jF-test, and for testing the location parameter of a single symmetric distribution.
HAA: Hardware-Accelerated Authentication for internet of things in mission critical vehicular networks

Modern vehicles are being equipped with advanced sensing and communication technologies, which enable them to connect to surrounding entities. In military vehicular networks, it is vital to prevent adversaries from manipulating critical messages via cryptographic protection (e.g., digital signatures) and at the same time to minimize the impact introduced by crypto operations (e.g., delay). Hence, their communication must be delay-aware, scalable and secure. In this paper, we developed Hardware-Accelerated Authentication (HAA) that enables practical realization of delay-aware signatures for vehicular networks. Specifically, we developed a cryptographic hardware-acceleration framework for Rapid Authentication (RA) [1], which is a delay-aware offline-online signature scheme for command and control systems. We showed that HAA can significantly improve the performance of offline-online constructions under high message throughput, which is an important property for vehicular networks. HAA-2048 (GPU) is ×18, ×6, and ×3 times faster than the current CPU implementation of RSA, ECDSA and RA, respectively, for the same level of security.
Causes and Consequences of Cancer-Associated Thrombocytosis

Platelets represent one of the largest storage pools of angiogenic and oncogenic growth factors in the human body. The observation that thrombocytosis (platelet count >450,000/µL) occurs in patients with solid malignancies was made over 100 years ago. However, mechanisms of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis and the role that platelets play in abetting cancer growth are unclear. We have used clinical data coupled with sophisticated mouse models to identify the mechanisms and biological implications of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. Thrombocytosis was significantly associated with advanced disease and shortened survival. Plasma levels of thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 were significantly elevated in patients who had thrombocytosis as compared with those who did not. In mouse models, increased hepatic thrombopoietin synthesis in response to tumor-derived interleukin-6 was an underlying mechanism of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. Tumor-derived interleukin-6 and hepatic thrombopoietin were also linked to thrombocytosis in patients. Silencing thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 abrogated thrombocytosis in tumor-bearing mice. Anti-interleukin-6 antibody treatment significantly reduced platelet counts in tumor-bearing mice and in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition, neutralizing interleukin-6 significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in mouse models of epithelial ovarian cancer. The use of an anti-platelet antibody to halve platelet counts in tumor-bearing mice significantly reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis. Biologically, platelets were detected within the tumor microenvironment and affected tumor growth and response to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings support the existence of a paracrine circuit wherein increased production of thrombopoietic cytokines in tumor and host tissue leads to paraneoplastic thrombocytosis, which fuels tumor growth. Blocking the stimulatory effects of platelets may have implications for new therapeutic approaches. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Pollen Viability of F1 Hybrids between Watermelon Cultivars and Disease-resistant, Infraspecific Crop Wild Relatives

Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are important sources of variation for domesti- cated crops like watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) where cultivated varieties have a very narrow genetic base. The use of CWRs in plant breeding can be hampered by low fertility, chromosomal rearrangements, marker distortion, and linkage drag in the progeny. Pollen viabilitycanbea quickand easy way to estimate male fertility, whichcan be a cause of marker distortion and an indicator of chromosomal rearrangements. Pollen viability was determined for F1 hybrids between cultivars and resistant citron and egusi types and the data were used to determine whether the parental cultivars/lines used or the directionality of the cross play a role in pollen viability. F1 hybrids between cultivars and the egusi type showed no reduction in pollen viability compared with parental lines, whereas pollen viability of hybrids with citron types varied between 61.8% and 91.7%. Significant main effects were observed for the cultivar and donor lines used, but the directionalityofthecrossdidnotaffectpollenviability.F1hybrids with'CrimsonSweet'as thecultivarparenthadsignificantlyhigherpollenviabilitythanthosewith'SugarBaby'or 'Charleston Gray'. Our results indicate that the directionality of the crosses between watermelon cultivars and infraspecific CWRs does not affect pollen viability but that the specificcultivarsanddonorlinesusedcanhaveasignificanteffect.Thehighpollenviability ofcultivar-egusihybridsissupportedbypreviousgeneticdataandstronglysuggeststhatit should be easier to introgress traits from egusi types than citron types.
Time to Purposefully Plan Ahead: A Call for Quality in Research

Interventional radiology (IR) is a crucible of ideas, invention, and innovation, often born from the on-thespot imagination of an interventional radiologist and then tested in the experience of patients. What usually happens next?—The case report; the series of 10; the validation by others; the large rear-looking series reporting same, variants, or embellishments; cautionary notes of technical advancements; and site reviews of databases to suss out prognostic factors and distinguishing features among patients. This process has worked for years; this has been our standard and our sustenance. What needs to happen more frequently?—Methodical prospective planning and study. We need to take tangible steps to move beyond standard IR research, constituted mostly of retrospective studies of treatments. Yes, we are limited—we do not “own patients”; we participate in narrow aspects of their care. These are shallow surmountable arguments of expediency. Furthermore, they will not build the new, clinical interventional radiologists that we are now graduating. Data quality must advance where possible and be reproducible and abstractable. There are innumerable examples of how prospectively studied therapies reveal worse outcomes than the retrospective reports: (i) The original Dialysis Outcomes and Quality Initiative recommendations for access patency after balloon angioplasty were largely based on expert consensus and retrospective reports. When these recommendations were studied in controlled fashions, clinical patencies of one third to one half were discovered. (ii) The many early articles on transjugular intrahepatic
Teaching HCI Design Principles Using Culturally Current Media

Human-computer interaction (HCI) design principles are often difficult to describe and teach. Not only do many students believe the design of interfaces to be common sense, but they often come from...
Unraveling the Reactions that Unravel Cellulose

For over 90 years, researchers have postulated mechanisms for the cleavage of cellulose’s glycosidic bonds and resulting formation of levoglucosan without reaching consensus. These reactions are ke...
Investigation and characterization of three kinds of Chinese old world monkey TRIMCyp genotype

Based on recent publications,TRIMCyp,the fusion protein of TRIM5α and CypA,lost its ability to restrict the replication of some retroviruses in the old world monkeys,such as human immunodeficiency virus(HIV-1).However,there are no reports on the distribution of TRIMCyp chimera gene in major old world monkeys,except Pig-tailed Macaque in China.In addition,several published investigations failed to find TRIMCyp gene in Chinese Rhesus Macaque.In this study,the existence of TRIMCyp,the TRIM5 gene with a retrotransposon CypA cDNA,in 3 major Chinese old world monkeys(Rhesus Macaque, Crab-eating Macaque and Thibetana Macaque) was investigated by PCR.For the first time,the TRIMCyp chimera gene was found existing in a small population of Chinese Rhesus Macaque.Further more,a RT-PCR protocol was developed to detect the mRNA of TRIMCyp in Rhesus Macaque and Crab-eating Macaque.Macaque with this chimera gene are considered susceptible to HIV-1 since the TRIMCyp fusion protein does not effectively inhibit the replication of HIV-1.The TRIMCyp/TRIMCyp genotype Macaques have the potential to be developed as novel non-human primate(NHP) animal models for HIV researches.Our results will benefit the studies on cross-species transmission of retroviruses and the development of novel HIV-1-susceptible NHP models.
Casting metals: reactor response.

A commentary on the paper given by Dr. Asgar is presented. Agreement with that paper's contents on the trend toward palladium-based and other lower-cost alloys is rendered. However, with a view toward future competitiveness and quality of prosthetic restorations, this commentary looks for the application of new and emerging technologies. To implement these developments, the National Institute of Dental Research is urged to find avenues to support applications for dentistry in selected instances, despite adverse reviews from an entrenched establishment.
The CMS Sepsis Mandate: Right Disease, Wrong Measure.

In 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services began requiring hospitals to report their adherence to treatment bundles for patients with sepsis. The reporting rules are rigid and onerous an...
Developmental Regulation in Adulthood: Developmental Goals as Organizers of Developmental Regulation

This chapter introduces the concept of developmental goals. Developmental goals are conceptualized as organizers of developmental regulation. An action-theoretical framework based on recent innovations in motivational action theory (H. Heckhausen 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1989; H. Heckhausen & Kuhl 1985) is utilized. Although motivational action theory provides the general theoretical framework for our research, action directed at development constitutes a particular case. Development-related action is embedded in and shaped by its action field, the human life course, which entails particular types of constraints. These biological, sociostructural, and age-normative constraints to life-span development were discussed in Chapter 2. This chapter examines a specific type of age-graded constraint: age-normative deadlines for the attainment of developmental goals. I shall start with a comparison between the concept of “developmental goals” and other related concepts and, subsequently, introduce an action-phase model developed for general motivated behavior. This model will then be extended to include the concept of action deadlines and be applied to behavior directed at developmental goals. Developmental Goals and Related Concepts Although the early phase of revival of the life-span approach was in general characterized by a greater emphasis on explanatory or boundary factors for individual development, there were also early pioneers of the study of life-span changes in individuals' motivation and attempts to take an active part in their developmental course.
Five Powerful Ideas About Technology and Education

I present “five powerful ideas” concerning the very best ways to enhance education via technology. These are “big” ideas that have guided decades of my own work. They have been reinforced and adjusted with experience. However, these ideas are subtle and in some ways cut against the grain of popular trends in thinking about technology and education. Therefore, progress in implementing them will require careful thought and public engagement.
Left hemisphere structural connectivity abnormality in pediatric hydrocephalus patients following surgery

Neuroimaging research in surgically treated pediatric hydrocephalus patients remains challenging due to the artifact caused by programmable shunt. Our previous study has demonstrated significant alterations in the whole brain white matter structural connectivity based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and graph theoretical analysis in children with hydrocephalus prior to surgery or in surgically treated children without programmable shunts. This study seeks to investigate the impact of brain injury on the topological features in the left hemisphere, contratelateral to the shunt placement, which will avoid the influence of shunt artifacts and makes further group comparisons feasible for children with programmable shunt valves. Three groups of children (34 in the control group, 12 in the 3-month post-surgery group, and 24 in the 12-month post-surgery group, age between 1 and 18 years) were included in the study. The structural connectivity data processing and analysis were performed based on DTI and graph theoretical analysis. Specific procedures were revised to include only left brain imaging data in normalization, parcellation, and fiber counting from DTI tractography. Our results showed that, when compared to controls, children with hydrocephalus in both the 3-month and 12-month post-surgery groups had significantly lower normalized clustering coefficient, lower small-worldness, and higher global efficiency (all p < 0.05, corrected). At a regional level, both patient groups showed significant alteration in one or more regional connectivity measures in a series of brain regions in the left hemisphere (8 and 10 regions in the 3-month post-surgery and the 12-month post-surgery group, respectively, all p < 0.05, corrected). No significant correlation was found between any of the global or regional measures and the contemporaneous neuropsychological outcomes [the General Adaptive Composite (GAC) from the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II)]. However, one global network measure (global efficiency) and two regional network measures in the insula (local efficiency and between centrality) tested at 3-month post-surgery were found to correlate with GAC score tested at 12-month post-surgery with statistical significance (all p < 0.05, corrected). Our data showed that the structural connectivity analysis based on DTI and graph theory was sensitive in detecting both global and regional network abnormality when the analysis was conducted in the left hemisphere only. This approach provides a new avenue enabling the application of advanced neuroimaging analysis methods in quantifying brain damage in children with hydrocephalus surgically treated with programmable shunts.
Is rudeness really that common? An exploratory study of incivility at work

ABSTRACTCurrently, most studies of incivility involve surveys and controlled laboratory experiments that focus on examining the associations between incivility and other variables. This method of investigation is important, but insufficient for developing a comprehensive understanding of such a complex and multifaceted construct. The present study explores employees’ perceptions of rude workplace behavior from the perspective of real employees in managerial roles. It investigates the extent to which incivility is a prevalent issue faced by employees at work, examines the perceived impact of incivility on relational and productivity-related outcomes, and, finally, considers the potential differences between face-to-face rudeness and electronic rudeness. A qualitative interview approach is used to explore and analyze employees’ perceptions and investigate what employees think, feel, and say about their experiences with incivility at work.
T-lymphocyte analysis in the early diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome occurs concomitantly with a number of clinical conditions but has no known cause. At present, there is no generally acceptable method for establishing the early diagnosis. In the course of studying immune aberrations by means of monoclonal antibody staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in injured patients, we noted an apparent specific T-lymphocyte response to this syndrome in one patient. There was an increase in suppressor T-cells and a decrease in helper/suppressor T-lymphocyte ratio (normal = 1.57). When the patient recovered, the helper/suppressor ratio rose to above 3.0. T-lymphocyte analysis offers a promising means of evaluating patients considered highly susceptible to adult respiratory distress syndrome, i.e., victims of massive trauma. Further studies will be required to fully elucidate this possibility.
CSI feedback delay and degrees of freedom gain trade-off for the MISO interference channel

Channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) plays a significant role in managing interference for the multiple-input-single-output (MISO) interference channel. Because of channel state information (CSI) feedback delay and time-variation in the wireless channel, perfect CSIT may be difficult to obtain, which results in the system performance degradation. In this paper, a CSI feedback delay-DoF gain trade-off is characterized for the MISO interference by using space-time interference alignment that exploits current and outdated CSI jointly. From this trade-off characterization, insight is provided the interplay between CSI feedback delay and DoF gain in the MISO interference channel.
Nanoparticle-Enabled Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Dose Control and Tissue Targeting

Transdermal drug delivery systems have been around for decades, and current technologies (e.g., patches, ointments, and creams) enhance the skin permeation of low molecular weight, lipophilic drugs that are efficacious at low doses. The objective of current transdermal drug delivery research is to discover ways to enhance skin penetration of larger, hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules for disease treatment and vaccination. Nanocarriers made of lipids, metals, or polymers have been successfully used to increase penetration of drugs or vaccines, control drug release, and target drugs to specific areas of skin in vivo. While more research is needed to identify the safety of nanocarriers, this technology has the potential to expand the use of transdermal routes of administration to a wide array of therapeutics. Here, we review the current state of nanoparticle skin delivery systems with special emphasis on targeting skin diseases.
Selecting Nearly Optimal Sampling Locations Throughout an Area: Application to Cleanrooms and Federal Standard 209

Various types of environmental assessment are done by taking an array of samples throughout an area. In sampling an area by taking point samples, the choice of sampling locations becomes important. It is assumed here that the task is to take no less than N* samples in a fairly uniform array throughout an area that is a fairly simple shape, such as a rectangle or a combination of a small number of rectangles. Different formulations of the problem are explored. Except in rare instances, a strictly optimum solution would be difficult to compute. "Nearly optimal" solutions to the problem have the minimum or nearly the minimum number of samples required and produce square or nearly square subregions associated with the samples. Approaches for obtaining sampling grids that are nearly optimal are discussed, and one example is presented in detail.
From “Wicked Crisis” to Responsive Witness: Jean-Luc Marion and the American Roman Catholic Sexual-Abuse Scandal

ABSTRACTThis article uses the work of Jean-Luc Marion to explore the Roman Catholic sexual-abuse scandal in the United States, perhaps the most damaging crisis in American religious history. We argue that Marion’s phenomenological philosophy, particularly his notion of responsive witness, extends crisis communication theory by providing resources to help institutions like the Catholic Church facing what we call wicked crisis—events so intractable and threatening that they leave even the best leaders speechless and the most prepared organizations grasping for answers. While nothing can “fix” wicked crisis, responsive witness offers organizations experiencing such situations another possibility: an opportunity to become what they always should have been.
3D transesophageal echocardiography and radiography of mitral valve prostheses and repairs

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of 3D transesophageal echocardiography still images and movies of mechanical mitral valves, mitral bioprostheses, and mitral valve repairs. Alongside these visual descriptions, the historical overview of surgical and percutaneous mitral valve intervention is described with the special emphasis on the incremental value of 3D transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE). For each mitral valve intervention, 2D echocardiography, chest x-ray, and fluoroscopy images corresponding to 3DTEE are given. In addition, key references on echocardiographic imaging of individual valves and procedures are enumerated in accompanying figures and tables.
The relationship between a single-patient-use electrocardiograph cable and lead system and coronary artery bypass graft surgical site infection within a Medicare population.

Surgical site infection incidence following coronary artery bypass graft surgery was observed across 27,296 procedures within a Medicare population. A facility-level case-control claims analysis demonstrated a significant 25% reduction (P = .04) in suspected surgical site infection at 90 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery at facilities utilizing a single-patient-use electrocardiography cable and lead wire system.
Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle: Molecular diffusion and reaction rates

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate and mechanism of reaction. At ocean boundaries chemical fluxes are often determined by the interplay of molecular diffusion and reaction rates. Both of these topics are important to the chemical perspective of oceanography because they provide the necessary mechanistic and mathematical background for the study of chemical fluxes. Labile chemical reactions near chemical equilibrium are a special case of kinetics, in which concentrations do not change with time, because the rates of the reactions producing and destroying a substance are equal. The study of chemical equilibrium is much more advanced than kinetics in its application to marine chemistry, because of the availability of thermodynamic state functions (e.g. free energies) for the calculation of equilibrium constants (Chapter 3). The added degree of complexity in the study of kinetics involves understanding the pathway and rate of approach to equilibrium. For example, it is much simpler to calculate the potential energy change of a boulder that once was part of a mountain peak and is now at rest in a river bed than it is to determine the pathway and speed of its fall. Chemical thermodynamic models and increasingly sophisticated analytical measurements reveal the marine environment as a dynamic system that is rarely truly at equilibrium. Photosynthesis captures the energy from the sun and produces highly reduced organic molecules, forcing the Earth away from the state of equilibrium.
Motors and Generators

This chapter describes the development of motors and generators as PowerMEMS machines. It also discusses aspects of the larger electromechanical energy conversion systems into which they fit. When coupled to microturbomachinery, typical applications of these machines might include motor/compressors, motor/pumps, and turbine/generators, all perhaps part of much larger systems such as a microengine or a microrocket.
Nanonetwork photogrowth expansion: Tailoring nanoparticle networks’ chemical structure and local topology

The manipulation of covalent polymer networks in the bulk or in the nanoscale seeks to broaden material property variations from an existing parent structure with the possibility to make fundamental changes in nanoparticle compositions which is otherwise difficult to accomplish through bottom up approaches. In this contribution, a parent nanoparticle network prepared by an intermolecular chain cross-linking process containing trithiocarbonate photoactive cross-linking groups has been investigated in its ability to form various novel nanonetworks through a photogrowth expansion process using 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as a photoredox catayst under violet light irradiation, incorporating statistical copolymers and block copolymers into the existing nanonetwork. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic homo-and statistical copolymer incorporation leads to custom designed, tailored nanonetworks and stimuli-responsive behavior. For example, particles expanded by incorporation of PNIPAAM collapse after thermoresponsive behavior above 32 °C and shrink to approximately half of their original size. Furthermore, ABA triblocks and ABABA pentablocks of MA, TFEA, NIPAAM and tBA are integrated with a high degree of control into a parent particle. In this work, we have demonstrated the feasibility of parent nanonetwork structures to expand their network architecture reaching up to the microscale range to give soluble soft matter networks, containing controlled compositions of homopolymers, statistical copolymers, or pentablock structures. The taught concept gives opportunities to further design and alter the network topology in confined structures to tailor properties and function.