cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The constraints on maximal activity in spiders

1. Concentration changes of phosphagen (arginine phosphate) and adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) and Pi, some glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates,d-lactate, and carbohydrate substrates were measured in the prosomas and legs of two species of spider,Filistata hibernalis andLycosa lenta at rest and during two min of forced activity. 2. During the first 10 to 15 s of activity, nearly all phosphagen is depleted and adenylate energy charge drops from ca. 0.9 to a value of 0.6 to 0.7. For the remainder of the two min of activity, a steady state with respect to phosphagen and adenine nucleotides is maintained (Figs. 4–7). 3. Rates ofd-lactate accumulation appear to be constant or to increase after the first 10 s of activity (Fig. 3). In these spiders, the highest rates of lactate accumulation are not associated with the fastest running speeds. 4. The rapid decrease in movement that occurs over the first 10 to 20 s of activity in these and many other species of spiders may be largely related to the depletion of high-energy phosphate (∼ P): maximum rates of anaerobic and aerobic synthesis of ∼ P are several times lower than are the rates at which ∼ P is used from stores (Table 3). The large amounts of Pi released by depleting these stores would represent a potent buffer for H+ produced during lactate synthesis (Figs. 6 and 3). 5. Carbohydrate stores do not change significantly and do not appear to be the limiting factor for short (<2 min), maximum bursts of activity. 6. Spiders that lack extensive tracheal systems resemble other lunged animals physiologically and biochemically more than they resemble insects.
Laser Heating of Stationary Fused Silica Rods and Fibers: Effects of Heat Source and Radiation Modeling

This paper investigates the effects of surface and volumetric absorption of laser energy on the temperature prediction of CO2 laser heating of silica rods and fibers. Radiative transfer within the fused silica is modeled using the diffusion approximation and the zonal method. Around 25 K in temperature difference is observed when the diffusion approximation is used in place of the zonal method to model radiative transfer in fused silica. The spectral dependence of the fused silica absorption coefficient in semitransparent wavelengths is approximated by a two-band model. The Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gas (WSGG) method is used to calculate the radiative source term for the zonal method. The importance of using the zonal method for radiative heat transfer in fused silica is also discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pastoral Social Ministry in the Ecosystem of the Poor: Breaking through the Illusions

Identifies a variety of new ways of viewing pastoral care and counseling when a truly systemic approach is employed by pastoral caregivers working with the poor. Provides a conceptual framework for...
Analysis of Passive Low Voltage Ride Through Testing Scheme

As gold sun projects across the country are launching one after another,it is clearly that low voltage ride through(LVRT) of photovoltaic inverter is becoming more and more important.Photovoltaic inverter paralleling in the grid is a research focus in solar power generation.Because of the differences between distributed generation and traditional power generation technologies,the distributed generation equipments need to keep on connecting to the grid which in order to ensure the stability of the power grid when the power system fault happens.This paper expounds basic principles of LVRT and design parameters of passive testing platform.At last,a 250 kW photovoltaic inverter testing result is given to verify the analysis above,and passive testing scheme can satisfy the requirements of LVRT well.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cardiac remodeling

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),a kind of potential nuclear factor in cytoplasm, is involved in myocardial protection and hypertrophy,and impacts on the vasculature and the extracellular matrix (ECM)via paracrine pathways.By collecting numerous data from experimental and clinical studies,we provide an overview on STAT3 signaling and summarize the current understanding of the role of STAT3 in cardiac remodeling in this review.
Revascularizing the Myocardium: The Saphenous Vein Bypass

A case is presented in which this most recent approach to the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease was successfully utilized. The authors discuss the procedure in the context of its advantages and of the limitations of previous techniques. The criteria they employ in the selection of appropriate patients from among the vast reservoir of patients with crippling disease are described.
Very large component tolerance in a self-routed wavelength-addressable network (SWANET)

All-optical networks (AONs)1-3 are promising for ultrahigh-bandwidth communications, An essential characteristic for an AON is the capability to switch optically to avoid the optical-to-electrical conversion. Recently, we proposed a novel self-routed wavelength-addressable network (SWANET) based on a new address coding scheme4 that uses a serial combination of wavelengths as the address tag [Fig. 1(a)], Self-routing is exercised by sensing the wavelength of the appropriate pulse in the address tag at each switching stage of a multistage switching network. The switching node then latches on to direct the entire packet to the corresponding output, until it reaches the final destination. The key advantage is that an extremely large number of addresses can be accommodated. With M pulses in the header, each being one of K wavelengths, MK addresses can be attained. Since only the address header is detected, the switching network is transparent to the data wavelength, speed, and format. Low-speed and low-power components can be used for the address tag, thus yielding a highly cost-effective system. In this paper, we calculate the tolerance of components for a minimum misrouting probability.
Targeted Systemic Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA

RNA interference is a promising therapeutic modality to treat various cancers by specifically silencing the expression of cancer-related genes. Effective gene silencing requires specific delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target tissue and cytosolic release in target cells. As a genetic disease, cancer is well suited as a candidate for siRNA-mediated gene therapy. To overcome challenges faced by siRNA formulations for systemic application in vivo as they travel from the bloodstream to the cytoplasm of the target cells, various delivery vehicles have been designed and investigated. Ranging from direct chemical modifications to lipid-like and synthetic polymer nanoparticles to the combination of imaging and delivery modalities into theranostic platforms, there is a significant advance to translate safe and effective delivery technologies from the lab to the hospital. Although initial clinical trials involving targeted siRNA delivery systems provided encouraging results, further research is required to harness the full potential of siRNA as a cancer therapeutic.
Simultaneous optical sensing of multiple fluids via spatially multiplexed surface-multiplasmonic-resonance imaging

Multiple surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves are guided by the interface of a metal and a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) at a single wavelength. Spatially multiplexed 4-quadrant chips comprising a lanthanum-fluoride chiral STF embedded with a silver-nanoparticle layer were deposited atop an aluminum-coated glass substrate, each quadrant functioning as an autonomous sensor. The void regions of the chiral STF in each quadrant were in filtrated with sucrose solutions of increasing molarity and deployed in a prism-coupled surface-multi-plasmonics-resonance- imaging (SMPRI) machine. The angular locations of the SPP-wave modes shift as the molarity of the fluid increases, thus demonstrating simultaneous sensing of fluids via SMPRI.
Effect of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Overweight and Obese Mothers on Infant Weight-for-Length Percentile at 1 Year

Abstract Background: Breastfeeding is associated with decreased risk of childhood obesity. However, there is a strong correlation between maternal weight status and childhood obesity, and it is unclear whether or not breastfeeding among overweight mothers could mitigate this risk. Our goal was to examine whether or not exclusive breastfeeding (compared to formula feeding) among overweight and obese mothers is associated with lower weight-for-length (W/L) percentile at 1 year. Materials and Methods: Data from the Infant Feeding Practices II study were used. Infants who were preterm or underweight at 1 year, and mothers who were underweight before pregnancy, were excluded from analysis. There was a significant interaction between exclusive breastfeeding for 4 months and maternal prepregnancy weight status (normal weight, overweight, obese) on infant W/L percentile at 1 year. Stratified linear mixed-effects growth modeling controlling for covariates was created to test the relationship between exclusive brea...
Short-Acting Opioids

Opioids are used for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain with analgesia primarily obtained through \( \mu \)-receptor activation. Morphine is the prototypical opioid in clinical use.
Effects of prolonged media usage and long-term planning on archival systems

In archival systems, storage media are often replaced much earlier than their expected service life in exchange for other benefits of new media, such as higher capacity, bandwidth, and I/O operations per second, or lower costs. In an era of decreasing media density growth rates, retiring media early by considering only short-term benefits while discarding potential long-term cost benefits could have a negative long-term impact on an archival system's economics. To extend an archival system's life, at low cost, while limiting performance degradation, we suggest extending media lifetime past manufacturer recommendations as well as increasing the horizon for planning and provisioning future media purchases. We present a cost-benefit analysis of the impact of prolonged media usage and long-term planning. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we simulate the behavior of an archival system using tapes, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state devices (SSDs), and Blu-ray discs. We show that leaving older media in the archival system makes economic sense for SSDs without significantly affecting reliability; we show cost improvements of approximately 10% for SSDs for a low annual media density growth rate, such as 5%, which would have been a loss of 35%, for a high annual media density rate, such as 20%. We show that, for SSDs and hard disks, the optimal planning time of an archival system is at least as long as the media service life. Combining prolonged media usage with an extended planning horizon reduced costs by 15% for a system using SSDs.
Stochastic post-disaster functionality recovery of community building portfolios II: Application

Abstract Part I of this two-part paper introduced a building portfolio recovery model (BPRM) to forecast the stochastic recovery process of building portfolios within a community following an extreme hazard event. The BPRM models restoration of individual building-level functionalities as a discrete state, continuous time Markov Chain, while it models portfolio-level recovery by aggregating the building-level restoration processes in both temporal and spatial dimensions. In this paper, we illustrate the implementation of the BPRM to project the building portfolio recovery of a mid-size community following a predefined scenario earthquake. The recovery analysis integrates the engineering process of building reconstructions with available community resources and social-economic characteristics of different population groups. The spatial variations in recovery speed in different residential zones within the community reflect the disparities in resourcefulness and recoverability of homeowners with different social and economic status. In addition, sensitivity studies are performed to investigate the capability of the BPRM to quantify the impact of candidate pre-disaster mitigation strategies on the building portfolio recovery time and trajectory, illustrating the potential use of the BPRM in supporting risk-informed community resilience planning.
Demo: Live Video Stream Triggers

Live streaming is an increasingly popular way to broadcast videos ranging from formal news channels to kitten cams to home security camera feeds. Live streaming marries the rich detail of video with the timeliness of live transmission and the ease of use of consumer cameras, thus promising to vastly increase the amount of detailed, up-to-the minute information available about the real world. The volume of potentially interesting footage brings up the question of how end-users can avoid being glued to one (or worse, many) streams of videos waiting for events of interest. In this demo, we present Lookout, a system that allows users to register standing queries, called triggers over live video streams. Lookout then notifies the user when events of interest to them occur in their streams of interest. For example, a user could point to a cat cam and write a trigger that sends a notification when the cat wakes up and starts moving. Users can also write triggers to look for certain news being covered in a live new channel, a gamer moving to a certain level in a Twitch stream, a stranger showing up in a outdoor surveillance camera, etc.
What ethical guidance is there for dismissing a patient from a practice

QI recently took a risk management class in which one of the topics discussed was how to dismiss a patient from your practice. It was enlightening, but I was wondering if our code of ethics, had any further guidance on this issue.
Variation in type II endometrial cancer risk by Hispanic subpopulation: An exploratory analysis.

Abstract Background Minorities have demonstrated an increased risk for type II endometrial cancers, but no data exists about risk among minority subpopulations. Our objective was to evaluate heterogeneity in risk of type II endometrial cancer (EC) histologies across race and Hispanic sub-groups using data from Florida's statewide cancer registry (FCDS). Methods FCDS contains data on N=26,416 women diagnosed with EC from 2004 to 2013. Our analysis included women ≥18years of age who were classified as non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) or belonged to one of five Hispanic sub-groups, and had a histology code consistent with type I or type II EC. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to model risk of type II versus type I ECs across racial and ethnic groups relative to NHW. Results Relative to NHW, overall odds of being diagnosed with a type II EC were significantly higher in NHB (OR=2.64, 95%CI: 2.38–2.92), Cubans (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.08–1.68) and South and Central Americans (SCA) (OR=1.84, 95%CI: 1.40–2.43). Compared to NHW, odds of serous EC were significantly higher in Cubans (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.51–3.05) and NHB (OR=2.51, 95% CI: 2.11–2.97); odds of carcinosarcoma (CS) were significantly higher in NHB (OR=2.97, 95% CI: 2.47–3.57) and Puerto Ricans (OR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.32–4.17); and odds of grade III adenocarcinoma (AG3) were significantly higher in NHB (OR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.42–1.81) and SCA (OR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.29–2.40). Conclusion Risk of type II EC varies considerably across Hispanic sub-groups, with Cubans, Puerto Ricans and SCA characterized by elevated odds for specific type II histologies.
Optimization problem and efficient partitioning algorithm for transitions to finer-scale models in adaptive resolution simulation of articulated biopolymers

Adaptive coarse graining of highly complex biomolecular systems is conducted by either imposing constraints on the system model to generate a coarser model, or releasing certain constraints from it to create a higher fidelity one. This paper addresses some of the challenges of transitions to finer-scale models. It is shown that the kinetic energy associated with ignored modes of motion during the coarse graining process must be estimated and put back into the simulation. As such, unlike real mechanical systems, transitioning back to a finer biomolecular model may result in an infinite number of solutions. Herein, an optimization-based approach subject to the satisfaction of impulse–momentum balance and desired kinetic energy is presented to arrive at a physically meaningful state of the system immediately after the transition. In order to reduce the cost of formulating and solving this optimization problem, generalized velocities of the system are partitioned into two categories: independent joint velocities associated with the released joints, and dependent joint velocities associated with the rest of the joints. This paper further develops a divide-and-conquer algorithm to efficiently perform this partitioning process and express dependent velocities in terms of independent ones. The presented method is highly parallelizable and avoids the construction of the mass and Jacobian matrices of the entire system, resulting in a significant improvement in computational efficiency.
Educators’ perceptions of environmental education and professional development in teacher preparation programs

The Kentucky University Partnership for Environmental Education collaborative assessed the need for environmental education (EE) in Kentucky. The research team conducted an initial survey a...
Online fault detection of stator winding faults in IM driven by DTC using the off-diagonal term of the symmetrical component impedance matrix

In this paper an in-service non-intrusive stator winding inter-turn fault detector (FD) for an inverter-fed induction machine (IM) is proposed. The FD is based on the computation of the off-diagonal term of the sequence components (SCs) impedance matrix. This technique was proven efficaciously for direct on-line (DOL) IM, as it deciphers its abnormal impedance behavior with neither additional hardware nor IM parameter's knowledge. Additionally, the FD technique is immune to sensor errors. The hypothesis of this article is that the offdiagonal sequence impedance is not affected by the Direct Torque Control (DTC) and therefore, the contribution of this article is the adaptation of the FD to an inverter-fed IM under DTC. Simulation reinforced by experimental results demonstrated the correctness of the hypothesis, as well as the robustness of the FD method for closed-loop controlled IM, against other detectors used in DOL IM, where their signatures are hidden by the controller.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL: A STUDY USING THE OCAI INSTRUMENT

Organizational culture is a primary component of functional decision making in universities. In order for administrators, faculty, and staff to effectively coordinate an efficient academic environment for health education, continuing cultural assessment and change are necessary. The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of culture at the university level. Specifically, 50 students from two health education courses at Rowan University were studied with regard to three main levels of culture with respect to the Health and Exercise Science Department: Artifacts, Espoused Values, and Basic Underlying Assumptions. The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) was utilized to determine how departmental culture affects the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of students. In this paper, results of the OCAI were examined in terms of how students rated the current departmental culture, and what they would prefer it to be in five years. It was hypothesized that student perceptions of departmental culture would positively coincide with the overall mission, goals, and objectives of the department and university.
Mechanisms and the clinical relevance of complex drug-drug interactions.

As a result of an increasing aging population, the number of individuals taking multiple medications simultaneously has grown considerably. For these individuals, taking multiple medications has increased the risk of undesirable drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can cause serious and debilitating adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A comprehensive understanding of DDIs is needed to combat these deleterious outcomes. This review provides a synopsis of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) mechanisms that underlie DDIs. PK-mediated DDIs affect all aspects of drug disposition: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). In this review, the cells that play a major role in ADME and have been investigated for DDIs are discussed. Key examples of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters that are involved in DDIs and found in these cells are described. The effect of inhibiting or inducing these proteins through DDIs on the PK parameters is also reviewed. Despite most DDI studies being focused on the PK effects, DDIs through PD can also lead to significant and harmful effects. Therefore, this review outlines specific examples and describes the additive, synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms of PD-mediated DDIs. The effects DDIs on the maximum PD response (Emax) and the drug dose or concentration (EDEC50) that lead to 50% of Emax are also examined. Significant gaps in our understanding of DDIs remain, so innovative and emerging approaches are critical for overcoming them.
Shortage of Commercial Vehicle Parking and Truck-Related Interstate Ramp Crashes in Tennessee:

Interstate ramps are the location of more crashes per mile than any other segment of interstate, yet commercial vehicle (CMV) drivers are often left with the last option of parking along these segm...
Benefits and Challenges

Residents of senior cohousing communities readily speak of the benefits they’ve experienced while living in a SCC. However, they also openly acknowledge the challenges that they and their particular communities have confronted. When asked in what ways, if any, they have grown as a result of living in senior cohousing, the residents’ responses reflect their experiences of embracing both the advantages and the struggles that are inherent in this particular type of housing venture.
E-066 Onyx embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas and its impact on intraocular pressure and recurrence

Introduction Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) are pathologic arteriovenous shunts into the cavernous sinus (CS) leading to venous congestion. The arterial supply arises from the internal carotid (ICA, type A), meningeal ICA branches (type B), meningeal external carotid branches (type C), or internal and external carotid meningeal branches (type D). Patients usually present with chemosis, proptosis, diplopia, or vision loss. Ophthalmologic examination often reveals an intra-ocular pressure (IOP), greater than 20 mmHg. Methods A prospectively maintained database of all CCF patients with IOP data was reviewed and 48 cases were identified from 2009–2018 and included in the analysis. Patients were followed for an average of 13.2 months. Results Most type A fistulas were treated with transarterial embolization (93%), balloon-assistance was used in 66% of those cases. Most type B-D fistulas were embolized transvenously (69%) via the inferior petrosal sinus, facial vein, or superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). In cases with difficult venous catheterization, an SOV cutdown was performed. Mean preoperative IOP was 23.6±9.1 mmHg, with highest IOPs noted in type B fistulas (32.2±11.2 mmHg). In all subtypes, complete occlusion achieved immediate IOP normalization (=20 mmHg) in 79.5% vs. 57.1% with partial occlusion. In type A, complete occlusion achieved IOP normalization in 100% of the cases, but only in 75% of types B-D fistulas. Postoperative increase in IOPs was only noted in type B-D (15.4%). All of these had been completely occluded. Recurrence was noted in 11.3% of all patients, specifically in 7.1% of type A and 12.5% of types B-D. In partially occluded fistulas, recurrence occurred in 33.3% in type A and 9.5% in types B-D. A post-operative increase in IOP was associated with recurrence in only 16.7% of patients. In multivariate analysis, complete occlusion of types B-D CCF was associated with lower odds of recurrence (OR 0.09). Conclusions Most patients with CCF have elevated IOPs and complete embolization a higher rate of IOP normalization in our series. Recurrence of the fistula was only seen in a small proportion of patients and was lower in type A fistulas after complete occlusion. Disclosures F. Al Saiegh: None. N. Mouchtouris: None. K. Hafazalla: None. N. Chalouhi: None. S. Tjoumakaris: None. R. Gooch: None. A. Stefanelli: None. R. Rosenwasser: None. P. Jabbour: None.
Disorder-to-Order Transition Mediated by Size Refocusing: A Route Toward Monodisperse Intermetallic Nanoparticles

Intermetallic nanoparticles are remarkable due to their often enhanced catalytic, magnetic, and optical properties, which arise from their ordered crystal structures and high structural stability. Typical syntheses of intermetallic nanoparticles include thermal annealing of the disordered counterpart in atmosphere (or vacuum) or colloidal syntheses, where the phase transformation is achieved in solution. Although both methods can produce intermetallic nanoparticles, there is difficulty in achieving monodisperse nanoparticles, which is critical to exploiting their properties for various applications. Here, we show that overgrowth on random alloy AuCu nanoparticles mediated by size refocusing yields monodisperse intermetallic AuCu nanoparticles. Size refocusing has been used in syntheses of semiconductor and upconverting nanocrystals to achieve monodisperse samples, but now we demonstrate size refocusing as a mechanism to achieve the disorder-to-order phase transformation in multimetallic nanoparticles. The phase transformation was monitored by time evolution experiments, where analysis of reaction aliquots with transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction revealed the generation and dissolution of small nanoparticles coupled with an increase in the average size of the nanoparticles and conversion to the ordered phase. This demonstration advances the understanding of intermetallic nanoparticle formation in colloidal syntheses, which can expedite the development of electrocatalysts and magnetic storage materials.
Oncogenic fusion protein BCR-FGFR1 requires the breakpoint cluster region-mediated oligomerization and chaperonin Hsp90 for activation

Mutation and translocation of fibroblast growth factor receptors often lead to aberrant signaling and cancer. This work focuses on the t(8;22)(p11;q11) chromosomal translocation which creates the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) fibroblast growth factor receptor1 (FGFR1) (BCR-FGFR1) fusion protein. This fusion occurs in stem cell leukemia/lymphoma, which can progress to atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, or B-cell lymphoma. This work focuses on the biochemical characterization of BCR-FGFR1 and identification of novel therapeutic targets. The tyrosine kinase activity of FGFR1 is required for biological activity as shown using transformation assays, interleukin-3 independent cell proliferation, and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses. Furthermore, BCR contributes a coiled-coil oligomerization domain, also essential for oncogenic transformation by BCR-FGFR1. The importance of salt bridge formation within the coiled-coil domain is demonstrated, as disruption of three salt bridges abrogates cellular transforming ability. Lastly, BCR-FGFR1 acts as a client of the chaperonin heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), suggesting that BCR-FGFR1 relies on Hsp90 complex to evade proteasomal degradation. Transformed cells expressing BCR-FGFR1 are sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor Ganetespib, and also respond to combined treatment with Ganetespib plus the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398. Collectively, these data suggest novel therapeutic approaches for future stem cell leukemia/lymphoma treatment: inhibition of BCR oligomerization by disruption of required salt bridges; and inhibition of the chaperonin Hsp90 complex.
Measuring the impact ionization and charge trapping probabilities in SuperCDMS HVeV phonon sensing detectors

A 0.93 g $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}0.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ SuperCDMS silicon HVeV detector operated at 30 mK was illuminated by 1.91 eV photons using a room temperature pulsed laser coupled to the cryostat via fiber optic. The detector's response under a variety of specific operating conditions was used to study the detector leakage current, charge trapping, and impact ionization in the high-purity Si substrate. The measured probabilities for a charge carrier in the detector to undergo charge trapping ($0.713\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.093%$) or cause impact ionization ($1.576\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.110%$) were found to be nearly independent of bias polarity and charge-carrier type (electron or hole) for substrate biases of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}140\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{V}$.
Hepatitis B Birth Dose Effects on Childhood Immunization in the U.S.

Introduction The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends administering the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth, making it the first vaccine that many children receive. However, few studies examine whether children who miss the birth dose are at increased risk of vaccination delay. This study investigates birth dose as a determinant of up-to-date immunization status at age 18 months, considering 7 core childhood vaccine series: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis; polio; measles, mumps, and rubella; Haemophilus influenzae type B; varicella; hepatitis B; and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected in 2017 by National Immunization Survey-Child, a nationally representative survey of children aged 19–35 months living in the U.S., and were analyzed in 2019. The primary outcome was combined 7-vaccine series (4:3:1:3:3:1:4) up-to-date status at 18 months. Doubly robust estimates of association were calculated using survey logistic regression and propensity scores estimated with boosted classification and regression trees. Results Children who received the birth dose had 2.01 (95% CI=1.74, 2.33) times the odds of being up-to-date on the combined 7-vaccine series as children who did not. ORs for all the 7 individual vaccine series were positive, ranging from 1.59 (95% CI=1.28, 1.97) for measles, mumps, and rubella to 4.97 (95% CI=3.97, 6.24) for hepatitis B. Conclusions Receiving the birth dose is positively associated with up-to-date status later in childhood, highlighting the importance of starting vaccination early. The association is insensitive to confounding by factors observed in National Immunization Survey-Child, but investigation of unobserved factors such as vaccine hesitancy could provide critical information to guide intervention strategy.
THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN TIME AND MARKET GOODS: EVIDENCE FROM THE GREAT RECESSION: THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN TIME AND MARKET GOODS

We document a change in household shopping behavior during the Great Recession. Households purchased more on sale, larger sizes and generic products, increased coupon usage, and shopping at discount stores. We estimate that the returns to these shopping activities declined during the recession and therefore this behavior implies a significant decrease in households’ opportunity cost of time. Using the estimated cost of time and time use data, we estimate a high elasticity of substitution between market expenditure and time spent on non-market work. We find that households smooth a sizable fraction of consumption by varying their time allocation during recessions.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
An Annotated Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of the Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans).

Among vertebrates, turtles have many unique characteristics providing biologists with opportunities to study novel evolutionary innovations and processes. We present here a high-quality, partially phased, and chromosome-level Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans, TSE) genome as a reference for future research on turtle and tetrapod evolution. This TSE assembly is 2.269 Gb in length, has one of the highest scaffold N50 and N90 values of any published turtle genome to date (N50 = 129.68 Mb and N90 = 19 Mb), and has a total of 28,415 annotated genes. We introduce synteny analyses using BUSCO single-copy orthologs, which reveal two chromosome fusion events accounting for differences in chromosome counts between emydids and other cryptodire turtles and reveal many fission/fusion events for birds, crocodiles, and snakes relative to TSE. This annotated chromosome-level genome will provide an important reference genome for future studies on turtle, vertebrate, and chromosome evolution.
Muscle Oxygen Demands of the Vastus Lateralis in Back and Front Squats.

In resistance training squats are often used to strengthen the muscles of the lower extremities and core muscles. There are two common forms of squats that use a barbell for loading, the back squat and the front squat. The technique and loading of each squat differ markedly. However, the energetic demands on the muscle between the two forms are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in energy demands between front and back squats by measuring the change in skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) through the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods Eleven resistance trained individuals, (5 female, 6 male) with an average age of 23.7 ± 1.4, completed 3 sets of 15 repetitions at 70% of their 1-RM weight for both back and front squats. Skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was measured using a wireless NIRS device. Results The ΔSmO2 was not significantly different between back and front squats but was different between sets 1-3 (44.76 ± 3.24% vs. 55.19 ± 2.75% vs. 56.30 ± 2.63%), main effect p ≤ 0.0001. The recovery of SmO2 was significantly different between back (42.5 ± 3.4 sec) and front squats (30.9 ± 2.8 sec), main effect p ≤ 0.05. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that the energetic demands placed on the vastus lateralis during both front and back squats are similar with a slower recovery of energetics in the back squat.
Costs to provide a tobacco cessation intervention with parents of pediatric emergency department patients.

Introduction Pediatric emergency department (PED) visits are opportune times in which to provide smoking cessation interventions for parents who smoke. This study reports on the costs of providing parental smokers who bring their children to the emergency setting, with a screening, brief intervention, and assisted referral to treatment (SBIRT) intervention, which includes counseling about tobacco cessation and nicotine replacement therapy. Methods Cost data were collected during a randomized controlled trial with 750 parental smokers whose child was presented to a PED or pediatric Urgent Care unit with a potential tobacco smoke exposure-related illness. Interventionist training, screening, and SBIRT costs are reported from the organizational perspective (i.e. that of the providing hospital). A spreadsheet tool was created to allow for organizations to estimate their own costs based on their settings, for each aspect of the intervention. Results The mean costs per parent included interventionist training, screening and enrollment, SBIRT delivery, distribution of take-home materials and nicotine replacement therapy, booster text messages, and follow-up phone contact. The total cost per parent was approximately $97. Varying the underlying cost assumptions led to total costs ranging from $85 to $124 per treated parent. Conclusions The emergency setting is an important locus of tobacco control that could have a large public health benefit to parents and children. The costs reported in this report and the accompanying spreadsheet tool will permit emergency settings to estimate the costs and assist with planning, staffing and resource allocation necessary to implement an SBIRT smoking cessation intervention in research-based and clinically-based cessation interventions into adult or pediatric emergency visits.
Examining the Relevance of Contextual Gun Ownership on Fatal Police Shootings

Police use of deadly force represents a pressing public policy issue with implications for police-community relationships and equitable access to justice. A growing body of literature considering t...
No difference between lag screw and helical blade for cephalomedullary nail cut-out a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cephalomedullary nail (CMN) cut-out is a severe complication of treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures. This study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors predictive of implant cut-out including: CMN proximal fixation type (lag screw vs. helical blade), tip-apex distance (TAD), reduction quality, nail length, screw location, and surgeon fellowship training. A systematic review of the published literature was conducted on Pubmed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases for English language papers (January 1st, 1985–May 10th, 2020), with 21 studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Studies providing quantitative data comparing factors affecting CMN nail cut-out were included, including fixation type (lag screw vs. helical blade), tip-apex distance (TAD), reduction quality, nail length, and screw location. Twelve studies were included and graded by MINOR and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale to identify potential biases. Meta-analysis and pooled analysis were conducted when possible with forest plots to summarize odds ratios (OR) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). There was no difference in implant cut-out rate between lag screws (n = 745) versus helical blade (n = 371) (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.25–4.23). Pooled data analysis revealed TAD > 25 mm (n = 310) was associated with higher odds of increased cut-out rate relative to TAD 25 mm is a reliable predictor of implant cut-out risk. Suboptimal screw location and poor reduction quality are associated with increased risk of screw cut-out. Level III.
Non-blocking writes to files

Writing data to a page not present in the file-system page cache causes the operating system to synchronously fetch the page into memory first. Synchronous page fetch defines both policy (when) and mechanism (how), and always blocks the writing process. Non-blocking writes eliminate such blocking by buffering the written data elsewhere in memory and unblocking the writing process immediately. Subsequent reads to the updated page locations are also made non-blocking. This new handling of writes to non-cached pages allow processes to overlap more computation with I/O and improves page fetch I/O throughput by increasing fetch parallelism. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates the potential of nonblocking writes in improving the overall performance of systems with no loss of performance when workloads cannot benefit from it. Across the Filebench write workloads, non-blocking writes improve benchmark throughput by 7X on average (up to 45.4X) when using disk drives and by 2.1X on average (up to 4.2X) when using SSDs. For the SPECsfs2008 benchmark, nonblocking writes decrease overall average latency of NFS operations between 3.5% and 70% and average write latency between 65% and 79%. When replaying the MobiBench file system traces, non-blocking writes decrease average operation latency by 20-60%.
National trends in carotid artery revascularization surgery.

Object Several randomized trials have emerged with conflicting data on the overall safety of carotid artery stenting (CAS) in comparison with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The authors hypothesize that changes in national trends correspond to publication of randomized trials, including an increase in utilization of CAS after publication of trials favorable to CAS (for example, Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study [CAVATAS] and Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy [SAPPHIRE]) and decrease in utilization of CAS after publication of trials favorable to CEA (for example, Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis [EVA3-S] and Stent-Supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery versus Endarterectomy [SPACE]). Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was obtained for the years 1998–2008. Individual cases were isolated for principal diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis ...
What is a successful digital library

We synthesize diverse research in the area of digital library (DL) quality models, information systems (IS) success and adoption models, and information-seeking behavior models, to present a more integrated view of the concept of DL success. Such a multi-theoretical perspective, considering user community participation throughout the DL development cycle, supports understanding of the social aspects of DLs and the changing needs of users interacting with DLs. It also helps in determining when and how quality issues can be measured and how potential problems with quality can be prevented.
Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma, Past, Present, and Future: Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, and Cellular Therapies

Multiple myeloma is a disorder of terminally differentiated plasma cells, characterized by immune dysfunction, deregulated signaling within the bone marrow stromal compartment, and a microenvironment that fosters immunosuppression. Immunomodulatory techniques, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), demonstrate long-term disease control via manipulation of the immunologic milieu. However, allo-HCT is associated with numerous toxicities including infectious complications and graft versus host effect and is not suitable for many patients. Novel agents and cellular-based therapies aim to restore the balance of humoral and adaptive immunity without the morbidity of allo-HCT and DLI. In the following review, we will summarize the use of immunomodulatory techniques in multiple myeloma, including monoclonal antibodies, vaccine therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, autologous T cells, and engineered T cells.
Generalizing PIR for practical private retrieval of public data

Private retrieval of public data is useful when a client wants to query a public data service without revealing the query to the server. Computational Private Information Retrieval (cPIR) achieves complete privacy for clients, but is deemed impractical since it involves expensive computation on all the data on the server. Besides, it is inflexible if the server wants to charge the client based on the service data that is exposed. k-Anonymity, on the other hand, is flexible and cheap for anonymizing the querying process, but is vulnerable to privacy and security threats. We propose a practical and flexible approach for the private retrieval of public data called Bounding-Box PIR (bbPIR). Using bbPIR, a client specifies both privacy requirements and a service charge budget. The server satisfies the client's requirements, and achieves overall good performance in computation and communication. bbPIR generalizes cPIR and k-Anonymity in that the bounding box can include as much as all the data on the server or as little as just k data items. The efficiency of bbPIR compared to cPIR and the effectiveness of bbPIR compared to k-Anonymity are verified in extensive experimental evaluations.
The Selective Incorporation of 14C-Glycerol into Different Species of Phosphatidic Acid, Phosphatidylethanolamine, and Phosphatidylcholine

Abstract A solubilized preparation from pigeon liver microsomes produced four species of phosphatidate when incubated with a mixture of linoleoyl- and stearoyl-CoA and sn-glycero-3-phosphate. The appearance of distearoyl (15%) and dilinoleoyl (42%) species indicates that either acid may acylate both positions 1 and 2. 1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycero-3-phosphate (21%) was no more abundant than 1-linoleoyl-2-stearoylglycero-3-phosphate (22%), indicating that the cell-free system was not selective in esterifying these two acids. Slices of rat liver provided results in marked contrast to those above in that small amounts (1%) of disaturated phosphatidates were produced, and essentially none (3%) of the acids at position 2 was saturated. The major species produced by the slices were predominantly (75%) monoene and diene types formed by the esterification of oleate and linoleate, respectively, at position 2 with saturated acids at position 1. Choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides also contained disproportionately greater amounts of newly synthesized, radioactive diene species than would be expected from the endogenous abundance of these types. Endogenous species of diacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine include monoene (2%), diene (19%), tetraene (48%), and hexaene (19%), whereas the isotopic content of the newly synthesized species was approximately 14, 28, 19, and 20%, respectively.
Racial Prejudice and Paternalism in Mass Support for Foreign Aid

What motivates mass opinions toward foreign aid in donor country publics? Many advocates of boosting development assistance blame the alleged shortfall in aid on racial resentment among donor publics and, in particular, the purported mass belief that the non-white, foreign recipients of aid are wasteful and underserving of aid. In contrast, aid skeptics claim that overly generous donor commitments are driven by widespread racial paternalism, whereby the poor recipients of aid are seen as unable to develop without the assistance of white, Western providers. These contradictory charges prompt us to investigate numerous aspects of racial prejudice and mass attitudes toward foreign aid that have previously gone unexplored. Most importantly, the idea that racial bias may manifest as paternalism, rather than sheer resentment, has received scant attention among scholars of mass prejudice. Moreover, scholars of foreign aid attitudes have overlooked the potential role of race-of-recipient in shaping mass generosity to the global poor. We use both observational and experimental survey data to show that, while both resentment and paternalistic attitudes do matter, racial paternalism is far more important as a factor in shaping foreign aid attitudes.
Anaemia in kidney disease: harnessing hypoxia responses for therapy

Improved understanding of the oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of anaemia associated with renal failure and has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents for its treatment. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 is a key regulator of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. HIF-2 is activated by hypoxic conditions and controls the production of erythropoietin by renal peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells and hepatocytes. In anaemia associated with renal disease, erythropoiesis is suppressed due to inadequate erythropoietin production in the kidney, inflammation and iron deficiency; however, pharmacologic agents that activate the HIF axis could provide a physiologic approach to the treatment of renal anaemia by mimicking hypoxia responses that coordinate erythropoiesis with iron metabolism. This Review discusses the functional inter-relationships between erythropoietin, iron and inflammatory mediators under physiologic conditions and in relation to the pathogenesis of renal anaemia, as well as recent insights into the molecular and cellular basis of erythropoietin production in the kidney. It furthermore provides a detailed overview of current clinical experience with pharmacologic activators of HIF signalling as a novel comprehensive and physiologic approach to the treatment of anaemia.