cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic transgastric endolumenal cystogastrostomy and pancreatic debridement.

Cystogastrostomy is commonly performed for internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (PP) and concomitant debridement of walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). While an open approach to cystogastrostomy is well established, an optimal minimally invasive technique continues to evolve. This laparoscopic transgastric endolumenal cystogastrostomy presented here allows for a large cystogastrostomy with complete debridement of necrosis and internal drainage through a minimally invasive approach. We performed a retrospective review of 22 patients with symptomatic PP/WOPN treated with attempted laparoscopic transgastric endolumenal cystogastrostomy (Lap-TEC) and pancreatic debridement. Short- and long-term outcomes were assessed. From November 2006 to March 2013, a total of 22 Lap-TEC/pancreatic debridement procedures were attempted; 15 were completed laparoscopically. The median age of the cohort was 49.5 ± 12 years (range = 18–71), average body mass index = 29.1 kg/m2, 77 % had an ASA score ≥3, and 10 were female. Gallstones were the most common etiology (50 %), and median time between initial presentation and surgery was 86 days (range = 0–360). Median operative time and estimated blood loss were 213 min and 100 cc, respectively. Forty-one percent of the patients were admitted to the ICU postoperatively and the average length of stay was 14 days (range = 4–50). Median follow-up was 2 months (range = 0–62.5), with one patient having a procedure-related complication. No other reoperations, late complications, or mortalities occurred. All patients had resolution of their symptoms and fluid collections. This technique of internal drainage via Lap-TEC and pancreatic debridement has been successful in achieving primary drainage and relieving symptoms of PP/WOPN with no mortality and minimal morbidity.
Transient Resistance of Conductors

Practical calculations of transient resistance effects in conductors are reported. Included are the current density distributions in cylindrical and semi-infinite solid conductors for an applied surface step electric field E, and the density in a flat wide conductor. Two analogies are used to yield useful results: thermal diffusion in a cylinder and voltage transients on a semi-infinite transmission line. Results are applied to the calculation of time constants of a transmission line and force build-up in a solenoid.
Estimating the Spatial Variation of Anaerobic Digester Heating Potential

A method for quantifying the effect of heating on anaerobic reactor size was developed. Reactor size reduction can be used to show the impact of heating a reactor over an area without calculating the cost for the entire area. It was used to map the spatial variation of reactor heating impact. The impact of heating was found to vary significantly even in a small tropical area. The quantitative estimate of reactor size reduction due to heating provides a quick approximation of the heating impact as well as the heating investment ceiling. An example showing how the heating benefit was approximated based on reactor size reduction estimate was included.
Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: The Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire.

Experiential avoidance (EA) has been conceptualized as the tendency to avoid negative internal experiences and is an important concept in numerous conceptualizations of psychopathology as well as theories of psychotherapy. Existing measures of EA have either been narrowly defined or demonstrated unsatisfactory internal consistency and/or evidence of poor discriminant validity vis-a`-vis neuroticism. To help address these problems, we developed a reliable self-report questionnaire assessing a broad range of EA content that was distinguishable from higher order personality traits. An initial pool of 170 items was administered to a sample of undergraduates (N 312) to help evaluate individual items and establish a structure via exploratory factor analyses. A revised set of items was then administered to another sample of undergraduates (N 314) and a sample of psychiatric outpatients (N 201). A 2nd round of item evaluation was performed, resulting in a final 62-item measure consisting of 6 subscales. Cross-validation data were gathered in 3 new, independent samples (students, N 363; patients, N 265; community adults, N 215). The resulting measure (the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, or MEAQ) exhibited good internal consistency, was substantially associated with other measures of avoidance, and demonstrated greater discrimination vis-a`-vis neuroticism relative to preexisting measures of EA. Furthermore, the MEAQ was broadly associated with psychopathology and quality of life, even after controlling for the effects of neuroticism.
Sigmatropic rearrangements in the allyl substituted oxazolinone system

Abstract Thermolysis and photolysis of several allyl substituted oxazolin-5-ones results in a sigmatropic rearrangement in accord with orbital symmetry predictions.
Validating LES for Jet Aeroacoustics

Engineers charged with making jet aircraft quieter have long dreamed of being able to see exactly how turbulent eddies produce sound and this dream is now coming true with the advent of large eddy simulation (LES). Two obvious challenges remain: validating the LES codes at the resolution required to see the fluid-acoustic coupling, and the interpretation of the massive datasets that result in having dreams come true. This paper primarily addresses the former, the use of advanced experimental techniques such as particle image velocimetry (PIV) and Raman and Rayleigh scattering, to validate the computer codes and procedures used to create LES solutions. It also addresses the latter problem in discussing what are relevant measures critical for aeroacoustics that should be used in validating LES codes. These new diagnostic techniques deliver measurements and flow statistics of increasing sophistication and capability, but what of their accuracy? And what are the measures to be used in validation? This paper argues that the issue of accuracy be addressed by cross-facility and cross-disciplinary examination of modern datasets along with increased reporting of internal quality checks in PIV analysis. Further, it is argued that the appropriate validation metrics for aeroacoustic applications are increasingly complicated statistics that have been shown in aeroacoustic theory to be critical to flow-generated sound.
A serum-free primary culture system for studying cell-substrate interactions during newt epidermal cell migration.

To study the interaction of migrating newt epidermal cells with purified extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules we have developed an in vitro migration assay using pieces of newt skin explanted onto culture dishes coated with various ECM molecules and cultured for 18 h in defined serum-free medium. Newt epidermal cells migrate out from explants placed on dishes coated with either collagen, vitronectin, fibronectin, or fibrinogen but not on albumin-coated or uncoated dishes. Explant outgrowth on collagen was best in CEM 2000 medium diluted to 60% of mammalian osmolarity. Other media such as RPMI 1640 or Ex-Cell 300, diluted similarly, may also be used although in our hands CEM 2000 always allowed more migration. We found no migration on collagen when skin explants were incubated in Holtfreter's solution (an amphibian saline solution that we have previously shown allows reepithelialization on amputated newt limbs). Supplementation of Holtfreter's solution with glucose did not improve its ability to support migration. By testing various supplement combinations in conjunction with CEM 2000 and RPMI 1640 we found that neither serum, insulin, selenium, transferrin, norl-glutamine is required for explant outgrowth. Of the additives tested, outgrowth was stimulated only by insulin. Epidermal cell outgrowth on collagen was inhibited by both puromycin and cycloheximide, indicating the necessity for protein synthesis in this system. Whether the effects of these protein synthesis inhibitors are specifically on migration-related events or on general metabolic requirements is not clear. Inasmuch as there was no correlation (r=−0.227) between DNA synthesis (measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine) and the amount of outgrowth, we believe that our assay is a measure of cell migration alone rather than a combination of mitosis and migration. This explant outgrowth system represents a new and relatively simple assay that can be used in the study of cell-substrate interactions during newt epidermal cell migration over extracellular matrix molecules in a defined serum-free environment.
Continuities and discontinuities in affective and cognitive-motivational development

This paper reviews research on the issue of continuities and discontinuities in development, focusing on affective and cognitive-motivational aspects. The theoretical view of Rene Spitz and supporting research is reviewed related to transformations in affective development. Methods of assessment of cognitive-motivational development ("mastery motivation") are described as utilized in a number of studies. These studies illustrate developmental transformations at approximately 10 and 18 months of age in normal infants. In addition, findings comparing abused/neglected and perinatal risk infant populations with normal infants illustrate differences in both affective and cognitive-motivational development.
Asymmetrical blastomere origin and spatial domains of dopamine and neuropeptide Y amacrine subtypes in Xenopus tadpole retina.

Amacrine cells are located almost exclusively in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina, but they express a variety of neurotransmitters. To begin to elucidate the relative roles of the local environment and cell lineage in determining the different neurotransmitter subtypes of amacrine cells, we combined lineage tracing and immunocytochemical techniques to map the spatial distribution and clonal origin of dopamine (DA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) amacrine cells in Xenopus tadpole retina. At the earliest period of neurotransmitter expression, both DA and NPY amacrine cells were distributed preferentially in center and intermediate annular regions, and in anterior and dorsal quadrants. Most of the DA and NPY cells first emerged as scattered cells and later as clusters (of 2 or more cells) that increased in number and size up to premetamorphic stages. These results suggest that DA and NPY amacrine subtypes may be influenced by environmental cues localized to specific regions of the retina. Lineage analysis showed that the percentage of DA or NPY amacrine cells produced by most blastomere progenitors is significantly different from that predicted by the number of cells in the retina produced by those blastomeres. Only two blastomeres produced over 90% of the DA amacrine cells and only four produced 97% of the NPY amacrine cells. Some retinal progenitors did not contribute at all to these two amacrine subtypes. There also is a marked asymmetry in the blastomere origin of DA and NPY amacrine cells. Two retinal progenitors produced significant numbers of NPY but very few DA amacrine cells. This analysis provides evidence that blastomere origin restricts the developmental choices of retinal progenitors. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partitioning of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants into Nonaqueous-Phase Organic Liquids: Influence on Solubilization Behavior

The ability of surfactants to enhance the apparent aqueous solubilities of nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants has increased interest in surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) applications. This study examines the effect of surfactant partitioning on surfactant solubilization efficiency by analyzing the solubilization of several chlorinated NAPLs by a homologous series of linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants. In general, it is found that the partitioning of surfactants can, especially in the cases of polar NAPLs, lead to substantial losses of surfactant, leaving little surfactant remaining in aqueous solution for solubilization. More importantly, it is found that neglecting surfactant partitioning can produce artifacts in the measured solubilization capacities of surfactants for NAPLs. For example, when surfactant partitioning is neglected, measurements of the solubilization capacity for homologous series of surfactants are often observed to produce a maximum solubilization capacity as a function of the surfactant hydrophile--lipophile balance number (HLB). The work described here demonstrates that the observed maximum solubilization capacity can result from neglecting partitioning of the surfactant into the NAPL. When solubilization capacity is calculated based on the amount of aqueous surfactant present after partitioning losses, no maximum is observed. The implications of this work for aquifer remediation are discussed.
Tests of cosmic censorship in the Ernst spacetime

The Ernst spacetime is a solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations describing two charged black holes accelerating apart in a uniform electric (or magnetic) field. As the field approaches a critical value, the black hole horizon appears to touch the acceleration horizon. We show that weak cosmic censorship cannot be violated by increasing the field past this critical value: The event horizon remains intact. On the other hand, strong cosmic censorship does appear to be violated in this spacetime: For a certain range of parameters, we find evidence that the inner horizon is classically stable.
Inhibition of Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellum. II. Evidence for GABA as the inhibitory transmitter.

Abstract Microiontophoresis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from multi-barreled micropipettes mimics the effects of stellate cell inhibition in frog cerebellar Purkinje (P) cells, producing cessation of P cell discharge accompanied by hyperpolarization and decreased membrane resistance. Microiontophoresis of picrotoxin or bicuculline, but not strychnine, antagonized P cell responses to GABA, and reproducibly blocked the inhibitory effects of local (LOC) stimulation on P cell spontaneous discharge. These experiments suggest that LOC-induced inhibition does exist in frog cerebellum, and that GABA may be the inhibitory neurotransmitter released by stellate cells.
Mid-Trimester Maternal Serum Alpha2-Macroglobulin and Pregnancy Outcome in a Non-Indigent Population

Alpha2-macroglobulin is a 725,000 d glycoprotein involved in proteolytic enzyme inhibition and immunoregulation. Previously, we demonstrated an association between increased maternal serum alpha2-macroglobulin and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in two distinct population samples. In this study, we sought to determine whether elevated maternal levels of alpha2-macroglobulin were associated with IUGR, preterm delivery (PTD), or low birth weight (LBW) in a non-indigent population. We measured alpha2-macroglobulin concentrations in serum obtained at the time of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein testing in a sample of 549 patients enriched for IUGR (14%), PTD (24%), and cigarette smoking (16%). Subjects were selected from local private care settings. Mean serum alpha2-macroglobulin concentration (± standard deviation) was 3.16 (± 0.85) g/L. Similar to our previous studies, in the upper quartile of alpha2-macroglobulin, 20.4% of subjects delivered a growth retarded infant vs. 12.4% in the lower three qua...
Electroanalytical evidence for the formation of carbinolamines in the reactions of terephthalaldehyde with hydrazine

Electroanalytical techniques enable the detection and following of time changes of three intermediates (two carbinolamines and one monohydrazone) in the reaction of terephthalaldehyde with hydrazine at pH 7.3.
Activity Monitoring and Energy Expenditure in COPD Patients: A Validation Study

There is increasing interest in the objective measurement of physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients due to the close relationship between physical activity level, health, disability and mortality. We aimed to (a) determine the validity and reproducibility of an activity monitor that integrates accelerometry with multiple physiologic sensors in the determination of energy expenditure in COPD subjects and (b) to document the independent contribution of the additional physiologic sensors to accelerometry measures in improving true energy expenditure determination. Eight subjects (4 male, FEV(1) 56.4 +/- 14.1%, RV 145.0 +/- 75.7%) performed 2 separate 6-minute walk and 2 incremental shuttle walk exercise tests. Energy expenditure was calculated during each exercise test using the physiologic activity monitor and compared to a validated exhaled breath metabolic system. Test-retest reproducibility of physiologic activity monitor during the walking tests was comparable to an exhaled breath metabolic system. Physiologic sensor data significantly improved the explained variance in energy expenditure determination (r(2)=0.88) compared to accelerometry data alone (r(2)=0.68). This physiologic activity monitor provides a valid and reproducible estimate of energy expenditure during slow to moderate paced walking in a laboratory setting and represents an objective method to assess activity in COPD subjects.
The effect of ring annelation to benzene on cation-π interactions: DFT study

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations reveal that the binding affinity of alkali metal cations (Li + , Na + and K + ) with benzene is enhanced by sequential ring annelation of six-membered aromatic ring or highly strained bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene moieties. The bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene annelation to benzene exhibits larger influence on cation-π interactions than six-membered ring annelation. The harmonic vibrational frequencies indicate that all complexes are minima on their respective potential energy surfaces. The extent of charge transfer values from π-systems to cations have been calculated and analyzed.
Can Small Firms Find and Defend Strategic Niches? A Test of the Porter Hypothesis

A number of studies have found a positive relation between market share and profitability. Michael Porter argues that this need not hold when small firms find strategic niches protected by mobility barriers. This paper examines that hypothesis by comparing the profitability of large and small lines of business when the activities of the two groups (proxied by the allocation of sales across submarkets) differ on average. The authors find that, in heterogeneous product mix industries, profits of large lines of business are no longer significantly greater than profits of smaller rivals, except that market leaders maintain their advantage regardless of product mix. Copyright 1989 by MIT Press.
Patterns of Symmetry Breaking in the Exceptional Groups

Abstract The symmetry breaking patterns for scalar fields in the low-lying representations of the exceptional groups are discussed. For scalar fields in the adjoint representation the theory possesses pseudo-Goldstone bosons in each case and the unbroken subgroup is uniquely determined by quantum corrections to the effective potential. The breaking of E6 down to SO(10) × U(1) may be of interest for grand unified theories.
Blood Clearance of Escherichia coli and Evaluation of Mononuclear-Phagocytic System as Influenced by Supplemental Dietary Zinc Methionine in Young Turkeys

The influence of diets containing Zn-Met on in vitro and in vivo uptake of Escherichia coli by the mononuclear-phagocytic system was evaluated. Female Nicholas turkeys reared in battery brooders were supplemented with 40 micrograms Zn/g as Zn-Met in a corn soybean meal diet from 1 to 3 wk of age. Chemical analysis of the basal diets indicated that the basal diets contained 130 micrograms Zn/g and the Zn-Met diets contained 165 micrograms Zn/g. Each diet was fed to three replicate pens of 8 birds in Experiment 1 and three pens of 16 birds in Experiment 2. Body weight gain, feed conversion (FC), and clearance of injected E. coli from blood were determined in Experiments 1 and 2. Abdominal exudate cells (AEC) were recruited by intra-abdominal Sephadex injection. Substrate adherence potential and incidence of macrophages in AEC, phagocytosis of E. coli in vitro in terms of percentage phagocytic macrophages, and number of internalized E. coli per phagocytic macrophage, were quantified in Experiment 1. Plasma Zn concentrations and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (ALKP) were determined in Experiment 2. Supplemental Zn-Met improved 3-wk BW gain (P < or = .003) only in Experiment 2. Dietary Zn-Met increased mean adherence of cells by 69% (P < or = .001). The number of phagocytized E. coli per macrophage did not differ significantly between treatments; however, E. coli clearance from blood was significantly improved in poults receiving Zn-Met in Experiment 2. Plasma Zn was higher in poults supplemented with Zn-Met prior to and after E. coli administration (P < or = .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exacerbation of Lung Radiation Injury by Viral Infection: The Role of Clara Cells and Clara Cell Secretory Protein

Viral infections have been associated with exacerbation of disease in human cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Since pulmonary fibrosis is a common outcome after irradiation to the lung, we hypothesized that viral infection after radiation exposure would exacerbate radiation-induced lung injury. Epithelial injury, a frequent outcome after infection, has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells participate in epithelial repair. Therefore, it was further hypothesized that altered responses after irradiation involve the bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells. C57BL/6J or CCSP–/– mice were irradiated with 0 (sham), 5, 10 or 15 Gy to the whole thorax. At ten weeks post-irradiation, animals were mock infected or infected with influenza A virus and body weight and survival were monitored. Pulmonary function was assessed by whole-body plethysmography. The Clara cell markers, CCSP and Cyp2f2, were measured in the lung by qRT-PCR, and protein ...
Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Functional Gait Assessment in Older Adults

Background The Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) is commonly used to measure walking balance. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has yet to be determined for the FGA. Objective The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) the MCID in the FGA for older community-dwelling adults relative to patients' and physical therapists' estimates of change and (2) the extent of agreement between patients' and physical therapists' estimates of change. Design This study was a prospective case series. Methods Patients and physical therapists rated the amount of change in balance while walking after an episode of physical therapy for balance retraining on a 15-point global rating of change (GROC) scale. Weighted kappa statistics were calculated to express agreement between patients' and physical therapists' GROC ratings. Functional Gait Assessment change scores were plotted on receiver operating characteristic curves. A cutoff of +3 on the GROC was the criterion used for important change. The optimal FGA change cutoff score for MCID was determined, and sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated. Results One hundred thirty-five community-dwelling older adults (average age=78.8 years) and 14 physical therapists participated. There was poor agreement between the patients' and therapists' ratings of change (weighted kappa=.163). The estimated MCID value for the FGA using physical therapists' ratings of change as an anchor was 4 points (SN=0.66, SP=0.84, LR+=4.07, LR−=0.40). No accurate value for the FGA MCID could be determined based on the patients' ratings of change. Limitations The small sample size was a limitation. Conclusion Poor agreement between therapists' and patients' ratings indicate the need for further communication relative to patient goals. The 4-point MCID value for the FGA can be used for goal setting, tracking patient progress, and program evaluation.
Diet-induced obesity severely impairs myelinated aortic baroreceptor reflex responses

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) attenuates the arterial cardiac baroreceptor reflex, but the mechanisms and sites of action are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that DIO impairs central aortic baroreceptor pathways. Normal chow control (CON) and high-fat-chow obesity-resistant (OR) and obesity-prone (OP) rats were anesthetized (inactin, 120 mg/kg) and underwent sinoaortic denervation. The central end of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) was electrically stimulated to generate frequency-dependent baroreflex curves (5-100 Hz) during selective activation of myelinated (A-fiber) or combined (A- and C-fiber) ADN baroreceptors. A mild stimulus (1 V) that activates only A-fiber ADN baroreceptors induced robust, frequency-dependent depressor and bradycardic responses in CON and OR rats, but these responses were completely abolished in OP rats. Maximal activation of A fibers (3 V) elicited frequency-dependent reflexes in all groups, but a dramatic deficit was still present in OP rats. Activation of all ADN baroreceptors (20 V) evoked even larger reflex responses. Depressor responses were nearly identical among groups, but OP rats still exhibited attenuated bradycardia. In separate groups of rats, the reduced heart rate (HR) response to maximal activation of ADN A fibers (3 V) persisted in OP rats following pharmacological blockade of β(1)-adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, suggesting deficits in both parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reflex pathways. However, the bradycardic responses to direct efferent vagal stimulation were similar among groups. Taken together, our data suggest that DIO severely impairs the central processing of myelinated aortic baroreceptor control of HR, including both PNS and SNS components.
The treatment of fractures of the patella

Abstract Simple fractures of the patella without separation of the fragments are treated by immobilization in a plaster of Paris cast. If the fragments are separated they are reduced by open operation and tied together. A loop of stainless steel wire is preferred to any other type of suture. The tear in the lateral aponeurosis is sutured with d silk. Avulsions of the quadriceps tendon or of the patellar ligament are repaired by heavy silk which is passed through two drill holes in the patella and tied at the opposite pole of the bone. The management of compound fractures, of infected fractures and of old fractures of the patella is described.
Radiographic assessment of resectability of locoregional disease in children with high-risk neuroblastoma during neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Background The optimal timing for attempting removal of the primary tumor and regional disease in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate resectability of the primary tumor and regional disease, as determined radiographically, in children with high-risk neuroblastoma during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Procedure Patients enrolled in our institutional high-risk neuroblastoma protocol were evaluated prospectively by CT scan and/or MRI to determine the resectability of their primary tumor and regional disease at diagnosis, after two cycles of experimental therapy and after standard induction therapy. Tumors were considered to be unresectable if there was significant involvement with major vascular structures or contiguous organs, or would likely require nephrectomy to remove the entire tumor. Results Twenty-four patients were referred prior to surgery for treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. Seven of 24 (29%) patients were felt to be resectable at diagnosis, with an additional 9 patients becoming resectable after the initial experimental therapy. Thus, overall, 16 of 24 (67%) patients were felt to be resectable by the completion of the initial therapy. Only four additional patients of the remaining eight were considered resectable after the completion of standard induction therapy. Conclusions Based on these data, we conclude that complete resection of the primary tumor and regional disease in children with high-risk neuroblastoma can be performed after an initial phase therapy in the majority of patients. Since earlier tumor removal may decrease the chance for the subsequent development of chemotherapy-resistant disease, we are recommending surgical resection as soon as the locoregional disease appears to be resectable. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The impact of multiple dimensions of ethnic identity on discrimination and adolescents' self-esteem.

The rejection-identification model is investigated with multiple dimensions of ethnic identity in a sample of Mexican American youth. It is hypothesized that more perceived discrimination will be associated with higher ethnic identity in general, but that the multiple dimensions of ethnic identity will be associated differentially with discrimination. Higher perceived discrimination will be associated with more ethnic exploration and less ethnic affirmation. Self-report questionnaires were completed by middle school students of Mexican descent (N= 881). Based on structural equation modeling, the data were found to fit the rejection-identification model (p < .05). Higher discrimination was associated with lower ethnic affirmation (p < .05) and lower ethnic exploration (p < .05). Post hoc analyses indicated a significant interaction between discrimination and ethnic affirmation (p < .01) such that youth with high ethnic affirmation who experienced high discrimination still reported high self-esteem. The findings are discussed in the context of understanding methods of coping with prejudice and discrimination that will enhance the mental well-being of minority youth.
High-Throughput Microsatellite Marker Development for the Distylous Herb Primula mistassinica (Primulaceae)

Premise of the study: Twelve microsatellite markers were developed for Primula mistassinica, a distylous, diploid arctic-alpine plant. The markers will be used to investigate the landscape genetics of a disjunct population on Isle Royale, Michigan, and the phylogeographic patterns of the species. Methods and Results: We used Roche/454 high-throughput technology to sequence microsatellite-enriched regions in the P. mistassinica genome. We developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite primer sets. These loci contained di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats with two to nine alleles per locus when assessed in 23 individuals. Conclusions: Understanding the historical movements of P. mistassinica will provide insight to the survival prospects of current Arctic plant populations, which face the pressures of global, anthropogenic climate change.
A new model to determine dynamic surface tension and elongational viscosity using oscillating jet measurements

We present an integro-differential equation model which, combined with experimental measurements of an oscillating free surface jet, calculates dynamic surface tension and elongational viscosity of a fluid. Our model builds upon previous models due to Rayleigh and Bohr in that it self-consistently incorporates the effects of viscosity and gravity. Further, surface tension and viscosity are allowed to be non-constant. The principal result of this paper is a technique for the measurement of surface tension of newly forming surfaces on the millisecond timescale relevant for agricultural spray mixtures. Coincidentally, our model independently yields the elongational viscosity of the fluid, although our present experimental apparatus limits the accuracy of measurement of this material property.In this paper we take measurements from physical jet experiments and implement our inverse model to deduce these material properties. The model is first benchmarked against standard techniques on a well-characterized fluid with constant surface tension and Newtonian viscosity. We then apply our method to an agricultural spray mixture, with non-constant surface tension and non-Newtonian rheology. We measure (i) the rapid decay of surface tension from the newly formed surface (aged less than a millisecond) to the much lower equilibrium value, and (ii) the rate dependence of elongational viscosity.
Generalization of Cayley–Hamilton Theorem for Multivariate Rational Matrices

The two equivalent generalizations of the famous Cayley-Hamilton theorem for multivariate rational matrices over any number field are proposed, which are also generalizations of the nine known generalized Cayley-Hamilton theorems. Restricting our results to a smaller range leads to the two equivalent generalized Cayley-Hamilton theorems for multivariate polynomial matrices over any number field, one of which is more efficient in some cases than a known result.
THE “LADIES OF THE CLUB” AND CAROLINE BARTLETT CRANE Affiliation and Alienation in Progressive Social Reform

This article focuses on social reformer Caroline Bartlett Crane (1858-1935) and her association with club women for municipal reform during the Progressive Era. Using archival material, the author examines the actual process of Progressive social reform in which Crane used social networks, sociology, and Social Gospel ideals to achieve positive social change. The author also addresses recent critiques of Progressive women reformers regarding their motivations, accomplishments, and their ultimate legacy in Progressive Era social change.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and energy efficiency in weight loss diets

Carbohydrate restriction as a strategy for control of obesity is based on two effects: a behavioral effect, spontaneous reduction in caloric intake and a metabolic effect, an apparent reduction in energy efficiency, greater weight loss per calorie consumed. Variable energy efficiency is established in many contexts (hormonal imbalance, weight regain and knock-out experiments in animal models), but in the area of the effect of macronutrient composition on weight loss, controversy remains. Resistance to the idea comes from a perception that variable weight loss on isocaloric diets would somehow violate the laws of thermodynamics, that is, only caloric intake is important ("a calorie is a calorie"). Previous explanations of how the phenomenon occurs, based on equilibrium thermodynamics, emphasized the inefficiencies introduced by substrate cycling and requirements for increased gluconeogenesis. Living systems, however, are maintained far from equilibrium, and metabolism is controlled by the regulation of the rates of enzymatic reactions. The principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics which emphasize kinetic fluxes as well as thermodynamic forces should therefore also be considered. Here we review the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and provide an approach to the problem of maintenance and change in body mass by recasting the problem of TAG accumulation and breakdown in the adipocyte in the language of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. We describe adipocyte physiology in terms of cycling between an efficient storage mode and a dissipative mode. Experimentally, this is measured in the rate of fatty acid flux and fatty acid oxidation. Hormonal levels controlled by changes in dietary carbohydrate regulate the relative contributions of the efficient and dissipative parts of the cycle. While no experiment exists that measures all relevant variables, the model is supported by evidence in the literature that 1) dietary carbohydrate, via its effect on hormone levels controls fatty acid flux and oxidation, 2) the rate of lipolysis is a primary target of insulin, postprandial, and 3) chronic carbohydrate-restricted diets reduce the levels of plasma TAG in response to a single meal. In summary, we propose that, in isocaloric diets of different macronutrient composition, there is variable flux of stored TAG controlled by the kinetic effects of insulin and other hormones. Because the fatty acid-TAG cycle never comes to equilibrium, net gain or loss is possible. The greater weight loss on carbohydrate restricted diets, popularly referred to as metabolic advantage can thus be understood in terms of the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and is a consequence of the dynamic nature of bioenergetics where it is important to consider kinetic as well as thermodynamic variables.
Myocardial contusion and rib fracture repair in an adult horse.

Objective To describe the clinical findings and management of myocardial injury secondary to blunt thoracic trauma and rib fracture in an adult horse. Case Summary A 6-year-old Warmblood gelding presented for treatment of blunt thoracic trauma. Sonographic examination of the thorax revealed a complete, mildly comminuted fracture of the left 5th rib with a fragment overlying the left atrium and coronary artery, hemothorax, and subjective left ventricular dyskinesis. Evidence of myocardial injury included atrial fibrillation, ventricular ectopy, and increased plasma cardiac troponin I concentration. The rib fracture was repaired under general anesthesia using a wire and plate technique. The atrial fibrillation converted to normal sinus rhythm coincidentally with intraoperative local infusion of mepivicaine in administration of intercostal perineural analgesia. Continuous, resting, and exercising electrocardiograms, serial cardiac troponin I concentrations and echocardiograms were used to monitor the myocardial injury. The horse was discharged after 5 days of hospitalization. Reexaminations 3 and 15 months after the initial trauma showed healing of the fracture and no evidence of myocardial sequelae. New or Unique Information Provided To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of the diagnosis and monitoring of myocardial injury secondary to blunt thoracic trauma, as well as surgical repair of a rib fracture in an adult horse. Rib fractures and myocardial trauma can be successfully managed in adult horses and myocardial injury should be considered in cases of thoracic trauma.
Nonlinear Approximation Using Gaussian Kernels

Abstract It is well known that nonlinear approximation has an advantage over linear schemes in the sense that it provides comparable approximation rates to those of the linear schemes, but to a larger class of approximands. This was established for spline approximations and for wavelet approximations, and more recently by DeVore and Ron (in press) [2] for homogeneous radial basis function (surface spline) approximations. However, no such results are known for the Gaussian function, the preferred kernel in machine learning and several engineering problems. We introduce and analyze in this paper a new algorithm for approximating functions using translates of Gaussian functions with varying tension parameters. At heart it employs the strategy for nonlinear approximation of DeVore–Ron, but it selects kernels by a method that is not straightforward. The crux of the difficulty lies in the necessity to vary the tension parameter in the Gaussian function spatially according to local information about the approximand: error analysis of Gaussian approximation schemes with varying tension are, by and large, an elusive target for approximators. We show that our algorithm is suitably optimal in the sense that it provides approximation rates similar to other established nonlinear methodologies like spline and wavelet approximations. As expected and desired, the approximation rates can be as high as needed and are essentially saturated only by the smoothness of the approximand.
Class II composites: Part I.

Improvements in adhesive materials and techniques have contributed to the clinical success of posterior composite restorations. However, even with those improvements, the gingival margin of a Class II composite restoration remains a difficult area to seal predictably and therefore represents a potential location for failure. Recent approaches to sealing the cervical margin have involved the use of materials such as resin-modified glass ionomers, compomers, and flowable resins. This “Critical Appraisal” is the second part of a two-part series on this subject.
WORKEM: Representing and Emulating Distributed Scientific Workflow Execution State

Scientific workflows have become an integral part of cyber infrastructure as their computational complexity and data sizes have grown. However, the complexity of the distributed infrastructure makes design of new workflows, determining the right management policies, debugging, testing or reproduction of errors challenging. Today, workflow engines manage the dependencies between tasks of workflows and there are tools available to wrap scientific codes. There is a need for a customizable, isolated and manageable testing container for design, evaluation and deployment of distributed workflows. To build such an environment, we need to be able to model and represent, capture and possibly reuse the execution flows within each task of a workflow that accurately captures the execution behavior. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of WORKEM, an extensible framework that can be used to represent and emulate workflow execution state. We also detail the use of the framework in two specific case studies (a) design and testing of an orchestration system (b) generation of a provenance database. Our evaluation shows that the framework has minimal overheads and can be scaled to run hundreds of workflows in short durations of time and with a high amount of parallelism.
STUDIES ON THE THYMUS OF THE MAMMAL. XIV. HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF EMBRYONIC AND EARLY POSTNATAL THYMUSES OF C57BL-6 AND AKR STRAIN MICE.

Thymuses of mice of the C57B1/6 and AKR strains from ten-day-old embryos through one day after birth were studied histologically and histochemically. New evidence is presented of the penetration of the endodermal epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch of ten-day-old embryos by basophilic lymphoblasts. Both alkaline and acid phosphatases showed different distributions in the thymuses of the two strains at 12 and 13 days. By 15 and 16 days, alkaline phosphatase activity in thymuses of the C57B1/6 strain was peripheral; in thymuses of AKR mice, it was present throughout the lobes. In the C57B1/6 lobes, little acid phosphatase activity was observed; however, in the AKR thymuses, activity was strong and was located especially in the cortex. The characteristic patterns of enzymatic activities of the postnatal thymuses were well established at 17–18 days. Prenatally the medullae of the thymuses of both strains contained esterase-rich inclusion cells and epithelial reticular cells which occurred singly or as nests of cells. The inclusion cells also possessed alkaline phosphatase activity. It is suggested that these cells may contain the precursors of the humoral factor(s) of the thymus. The thymuses were also studied after treatment with the periodic acid-Schiff technique for glycogen and the procedure for showing sites of adenosine triphosphatase activity.
Risk, Science and Law in the WTO: The Centrality of Institutional Choice

It is sometimes observed that in our complex, technologically-dynamic world, legal institutions attempt to import science into law and export law’s problems to science. This essay assesses the relation of risk, science and law in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It responds to the question what ought a WTO panel to do in light of the texts of the WTO agreements. Although it focuses on the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, it provides a general framework of analysis. At a first order of analysis, the essay notes how we can view WTO dispute settlement as involving a double delegation of authority to two non-majoritarian institutions for resolving disputes over risk regulation that affects trade: (i) step 1: a quasi-judicial body; (ii) step 2: independent scientific experts who cognitively shape the way the judicial body views the issues. From a second order of analysis, however, WTO panels and the Appellate Body face interpretive choices of how to weigh science and the application of a risk assessment that will have institutional implications. The essay views the interpretive choices as implicating different allocations of institutional authority, which are categorized into five ideal types. The essay contends that the choice of process-based review is typically the best one, since it is one where judicial panels have relative experience and capacity. Yet it also maintains that WTO panels have good reason to maintain the option of engaging in more than purely procedural review, while remaining aware of the limitations of scientific methods. The arguments were presented at the ASIL annual meeting in 2010.
The tumor suppressor von Hippel-Lindau gene product and metastasis: new thoughts on an old molecule.

In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, long-time von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) pioneer William G. Kaelin with Nakamura and colleagues1 demonstrates that cells lacking wild-type VHL are defective in the expression and secretion of the glycoprotein clusterin. This phenomenon was observed in cells capable of ubiquitylating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and possessing Type 2C VHL mutants. The authors also found that pVHL-defective renal carcinoma cells overexpress insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGBP3) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in a HIF-dependent manner. Previous reports have described pVHL modulating other genes in a HIF-independent manner to promote its tumor suppressor function; however, the overexpression of clusterin by pVHL raises several questions and requires further discussion.
Suspension Trade Studies for Hybrid Electric Combat Vehicles

The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) has been developing advanced suspension technology for high-speed off-road applications since 1993. During the course of the program, advanced simulation techniques, verified by hardware demonstrations, were developed and refined. Based on this experience, UT-CEM conducted a detailed simulation-based comparison of passive, semi-active, and full-active suspension systems for an 18,000 kg (20 ton) 8 x 8 vehicle. Performance metrics are proposed to compare crew comfort, crew effectiveness, on-board equipment effectiveness, and power/energy consumption. This paper presents the methodology and rationale for metrics used in the study, simulation results, and data from this trade study. Results indicate significant advantages offered by well-designed active systems compared to both passive and semi-active, in all metrics.
Three Pillars of First Grade Mathematics, and Beyond

An integrated approach to first grade arithmetic is described. It consists of a coordinated development of the three pillars of the title, which are (i) strong conceptual grasp of the operations of addition and subtraction through word problems, (ii) computational skill that embodies place value understanding, and (iii) coordination of counting number with measurement number. The ways in which these three parts interact and reinforce each other is discussed. This approach is highly consistent with CCSSM standards recently released in the United States by the Council of Chief State School Officers.
The Leader/Talent Matrix: An Empirical Perspective on Organizational Culture

The United States military has a peculiar management dilemma: there is a strong consensus about the need â highlighted by numerous recent Secretaries of Defense â to reform personnel policies but uncertainty about how to proceed. In order to make private sector experiences and academic insights more relevant, this study presents a new, forty-element assessment of organizational leadership culture and talent management practices. Results from a survey of more than 566 respondents identify strengths and weaknesses between military and nonmilitary organizations. Although US armed forces are evaluated higher on a few elements of leadership culture, they have deep weaknesses in talent management. Regression analysis reveals which elements are significant factors for organizational performance.