cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quenched and Partitioned Microstructures Produced via Gleeble Simulations of Hot-Strip Mill Cooling Practices

Previous researchers reported on quenched and partitioned (Q&P) microstructures produced via carbon partitioning from martensite into austenite during isothermal annealing after quenching to develop a partially martensitic initial structure. However, the thermal profile used in previous studies is not well suited to creating Q&P microstructures directly from a hot-strip mill. In this work, the commonly employed Q&P thermal profile (i.e., having an isothermal partitioning step) was modified to evaluate nonisothermal partitioning that might instead occur during cooling of a wound coil. Thus, it was possible to assess the potential for creating Q&P microstructures and properties directly off of the hot mill. Gleeble thermal simulations representative of a hot-strip mill cooling practice were used to create dual-phase, Q&P, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), and conventional microstructures by varying the quench/coiling temperatures (CTs) using a 0.19C-1.59Mn-1.63Si (wt pct) steel. Microstructural and mechanical property data indicate that hot rolling might be a viable processing route for high-strength Q&P steels.
Associer les démarches de chemin clinique et d’éducation thérapeutique

The integration of the therapeutic education of the patient into a clinical pathway approach helps to optimise nursing practice. Despite some limits, this method allows the position of the caregiver to evolve, going beyond the required methodological framework. It results in the emergence of several new educational facets which are essential for the patient and enable them to become a player in their own care.
Mining Tasks from the Web Anchor Text Graph: MSR Notebook Paper for the TREC 2015 Tasks Track

Abstract : Users may have a variety of tasks that give rise to issuing a particular query. The goal of the Tasks Track at TREC2015 was to identify all aspects or subtasks of a users task as well as the documents relevant to the entire task. This was broken into two parts: (1) Task Understanding which judged relevance of key phrases or queries to the original query (relative to a likely task that would have given rise to both); (2) Task Completion which performed document retrieval and measured usefulness to any task a user with the query might be peforming through either a completion measure that uses both relevance and usefulness criteria or more simply through an ad hoc retrieval measure of relevance alone. We submitted a run in the Task Understanding track. In particular, since the anchor text graph has proven useful in the general realm of query reformulation [2], we sought to quantify the value of extracting key phrases from anchor text in the broader setting of the task understanding track.
Multisensory Integration in Short-term Memory: Musicians do Rock.

Abstract Demonstrated interactions between seeing and hearing led us to assess the link between music training and short-term memory for auditory, visual and audiovisual sequences of rapidly presented, quasi-random components. Visual sequences’ components varied in luminance; auditory sequences’ components varied in frequency. Concurrent components in audiovisual sequences were either congruent (the frequency of an auditory item increased monotonically with the luminance of the visual item it accompanied), or incongruent (an item’s frequency was uncorrelated with luminance of the item it accompanied). Subjects judged whether the last four items in a sequence replicated its first four items. With audiovisual sequences, subjects were instructed to ignore the sequence’s auditory components, basing their judgments solely on the visual input. Subjects with prior instrumental training significantly outperformed their untrained counterparts, with both auditory and visual sequences, and with sequences of correlated auditory and visual items. Reverse correlation showed that the presence of a correlated, concurrent auditory stream altered subjects’ reliance on particular visual items in a sequence. Moreover, congruence between auditory and visual items produced performance above what would be predicted from simple summation of information from the two modalities, a result that might reflect a contribution from special-purpose, multimodal neural mechanisms.
A quotient gradient method to train artificial neural networks

In this study we introduce a new approach to train a fully recurrent artificial neural network by solving a constraint satisfaction problem using the quotient gradient method. The quotient gradient method is a trajectory based methodology for global optimization that does not suffer from the problem of local minima encountered in Newton based methods. Simulation results show that the network trained with the quotient gradient method perform better than traditional error backpropagation. The method is also easier to implement in comparison to other global optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms.
Is There an Opportunity for Current Chemotherapeutics to Up-regulate MIC-A/B Ligands?

Natural killer (NK) cells are critical effectors of the immune system. NK cells recognize unhealthy cells by specific ligands [e.g. MHC- class I chain related protein A or B (MIC-A/B)] for further elimination by cytotoxicity. Paradoxically, cancer cells down-regulate MIC-A/B and evade NK cell’s anticancer activity. Recent data indicate that cellular-stress induces MIC-A/B, leading to enhanced sensitivity of cancer cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this context, it is plausible that current chemotherapeutics at sub-lethal, non-toxic doses could promote cellular-stress which in turn might up-regulate the expression of MIC-A/B ligands to augment cancer’s sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Preliminary data from two human breast cancer cells lines, MDA-MB-231 and T47D using clinically relevant therapeutics such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel and methotrexate support the hypothesis. The goal of this Perspective is to underscore the prospects of current chemotherapeutics in NK cell immunotherapy, and discuss potential challenges and opportunities to improve cancer therapy.
Computational model for behavior shaping as an adaptive health intervention strategy

Adaptive behavioral interventions that automatically adjust in real-time to participants' changing behavior, environmental contexts, and individual history are becoming more feasible as the use of real-time sensing technology expands. This development is expected to improve shortcomings associated with traditional behavioral interventions, such as the reliance on imprecise intervention procedures and limited/short-lived effects. JITAI adaptation strategies often lack a theoretical foundation. Increasing the theoretical fidelity of a trial has been shown to increase effectiveness. This research explores the use of shaping, a well-known process from behavioral theory for engendering or maintaining a target behavior, as a JITAI adaptation strategy. A computational model of behavior dynamics and operant conditioning was modified to incorporate the construct of behavior shaping by adding the ability to vary, over time, the range of behaviors that were reinforced when emitted. Digital experiments were performed with this updated model for a range of parameters in order to identify the behavior shaping features that optimally generated target behavior. Narrowing the range of reinforced behaviors continuously in time led to better outcomes compared with a discrete narrowing of the reinforcement window. Rapid narrowing followed by more moderate decreases in window size was more effective in generating target behavior than the inverse scenario. The computational shaping model represents an effective tool for investigating JITAI adaptation strategies. Model parameters must now be translated from the digital domain to real-world experiments so that model findings can be validated.
The Second Amendment and Firearms Regulation: A Venerable Tradition Regulating Liberty While Securing Public Safety.

An editorial is presented which addresses the U.S. Constitution's Second Amendment, firearms regulation in America, and a firearms violence epidemic in the country as of 2018, and it mentions other articles which appear in the same issue of the journal and deal with topics such as gun violence prevention. The history of U.S. gun laws is examined, along with debates about liberty, gun rights, and gun control.
The Role of Thoracic Imaging in the Diagnosis of BOS and Related Disorders

Imaging plays a critical role in evaluating patients before and after lung transplantation. Chest radiography is usually the initial imaging test performed to evaluate transplant recipients with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection or acute graft dysfunction. However, the utility of chest radiography in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is very limited. Computerized tomography (CT) is more sensitive than radiography for lung abnormalities and may show findings of air trapping, consistent with the presence of constrictive bronchiolitis. This chapter reviews the current state of imaging of patients with documented or suspected BOS and illustrates the radiographic and CT findings.
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists in Tic Disorders

Alpha-2 agonists, originally developed to treat hypertension, have been used in the treatment of children with tic disorders since the late 1970s. Available evidence suggests that clonidine and guanfacine have modest effects on tics. There is stronger empirical support for their effectiveness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Common adverse effects include sedation, irritability and sleep disturbance.
The human Kell blood group gene maps to chromosome 7q33 and its expression is restricted to erythroid cells

The Kell blood group is one of the major antigenic systems in human red blood cells. To determine the location of the Kell gene on human chromosomes, panels containing genomic DNA of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids were hybridized with radiolabeled cDNA probe specific for the Kell locus. Only the samples containing DNA from chromosome 7 gave positive hybridization signals. In situ hybridization analysis, using genomic clones isolated with the cDNA, localized the KEL gene to 7q33. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from human brain, kidney, lung, fetal and adult liver, and bone marrow showed that Kell transcripts were only present in fetal liver and bone marrow. This indicates that the Kell protein, which carries the Kell antigens, may only be expressed in erythroid tissues.
Physical Disability and Body Image in Children

Body image for children with physical impairments is multifaceted, shaped by interpersonal experiences and actions in socioculturally infused contexts. This article provides a broad lens for understanding body image including developmental processes, narrative approaches to disability experiences, understandings of the body in clinical and therapeutic environments, and the influence of media and technology. A phenomenological approach to the experience and images of bodies is presented with the caveat that the voices of children with physical disabilities currently have limited exposure in the empirical and theoretical literature.
Metal doping in cerium metal-organic frameworks for visible-response water splitting photocatalysts

Cerium metal-organic frameworks (Ce-MOFs) show great promise for photocatalytic water splitting as they have low-lying unoccupied 4f orbitals with energies lower than the unoccupied linker orbitals to drive the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) of the photo-generated electron at the linker to separate the photo-excited charges. Nevertheless, the large and negative LMCT energies of Ce-MOFs are often accompanied by high photon-absorption energies, which then limit the application of Ce-MOFs as visible-light-driven water splitting photocatalysts. In this work, we propose that metal (Zr or Ti) doping can raise the very negative LMCT energies of Ce-MOFs, consequently leading to the decrease of the absorption energy and promoting the response of Ce-MOFs to visible light. By functionalizing the linker of the mixed-metal MOFs, we found two possible visible-response photocatalysts for water splitting using a single photocatalyst.
A Response: Promoting Social Change Through Audio Repetition: Black Musicians as Creators and Revivalists 1953-1978 by B. Lee Cooper

In 1978, an 18-year-old musician was about to sign his first record contract with Warner Brother Records when, according to then Warner Brothers Vice President Larry Waronker, the musician turned to Waronker and said, “Don’t make me black.” The young musician was Prince, a rare talent who
Return to intended oncologic treatment after surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Abstract Objective Trimodality therapy may prolong survival for patients with resectable malignant pleural mesothelioma. However, many patients are unable to complete therapy. We sought to identify risk factors for failing to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy after cytoreduction for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Methods We performed a single-institution review of those who received an extrapleural pneumonectomy or pleurectomy/decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma from 2004 to 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess preoperative or intraoperative risk factors associated with failing to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Results A total of 160 patients were identified, among whom 94 (59%) received an extrapleural pneumonectomy and 66 (41%) received a pleurectomy/decortication. Adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy was completed among 105 patients (66%). Reasons for failing to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy included mortality (19), dose constraints (21), postoperative morbidity or delayed recovery (11), and refused or unknown status (4). On multivariable analysis, American Society of Anesthesiologists 3+ classification (P = .002) and smoking history (P = .022) were associated with failure to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy, whereas forced expiratory volume in 1 second 70% or less of predicted and pStage 4 (T4) were significant on univariable analysis only. Other factors, including extrapleural pneumonectomy or pleurectomy/decortication, margin status, age, and histology, were not associated with receiving adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Conclusions Many patients are unable to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy after cytoreduction. Failure to complete adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy was associated with worse preoperative comorbidity, but not the type of surgery or margin status.
PAVEMENT MARKING REFLECTIVITY EVALUATION THROUGH RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE LEICA P40 TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER

Abstract. Pavement markings serve as important traffic control devices, delineating traffic lanes and conveying regulations, guidance or warnings to roadway users. To ensure that pavement markings are clearly visible, especially at night, transportation agencies periodically assess the retroreflectivity of various categories of markings through manual approaches at discrete location. Because the radiometric information such as intensity in the lidar data cannot inherently be considered as a retroreflectivity measurement without additional processing, this study rigorously assesses the ability to determine pavement marking retroreflectivity from the Leica ScanStation P40 through radiometric calibration. For the evaluation, data were collected at a study site in Philomath, Oregon using the Leica P40, Leica Pegasus: Two mobile lidar system, and a handheld retroreflectometer as a reference. The results show that, with appropriate calibration, the lidar data can adequately assess the retroreflectivity of pavement markings. Additionally, while corrections have been proposed for range and angle of incidence, these corrections are not straightforward to apply for retroreflective materials, as will be discussed herein. While mobile lidar technology is ideal for a system-wide asset management framework, terrestrial laser scanning can be utilized for detailed investigations at sites such as intersections with highly variable wear where both can enable significant cost savings and applied for a variety of purposes simultaneously including asset management and project development.
Kidney transplantation across minor ABO incompatibility: the use of A2 to B transplants.

Purpose of review On 4 December 2014, the new kidney allocation system (KAS) went into effect. As part of this system, UNOS approved for the first time a national system with a specific mechanism affording priority to allocate kidneys across so-called 'minor ABO incompatibility' from blood group A2 donors into blood group B recipients. This significantly increased the number of such transplants done and the opportunities to learn about the specifics of such transplants. Recent findings A2 to B transplants have been demonstrated to be well tolerated, effective, and cost-effective ways of addressing disparities in the allocation system. Further data about the use of anti-A titers and the limits to successful transplant have better defined the bounds of who can benefit from such transplants. Summary The success thus far with A2 to B transplants should increase comfort and acceptance of the allocation policy changes and we should see further increases in centers willing to use such transplants to better address inequalities in the system.
Electron-induced proton transfer (EIPT) in 2-hydroxypyridine/2-pyridone tautomeric dimer anions: A photoelectron spectroscopic and density functional theory study

Abstract Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory computations were conducted on the 2-hydroxypyridine/2-pyridone tautomeric dimer anion system. Their experimentally-measured, composite vertical detachment energy (VDE) of 1.21 ± 0.05 eV compares well with their theoretically-determined VDE values of 1.15 eV and 1.20 eV, supporting our conclusion that intermolecular electron-induced proton transfer (EIPT) has taken place in these dimer anions.
Imaging the effect of doxorubicin on GFP-expressing hair-follicle-associated blood vessels

1063 Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation group E gene product, damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), is a subunit of DDB heterodimeric protein complex with high specificity for binding to a variety of DNA lesions. DDB is believed to play a role in the initial step of damage recognition in mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER) of ultraviolet light (UV)-induced photolesions. It has been shown that DDB2 is rapidly degraded after cellular UV irradiation. However, the relevance of DDB2 degradation to its functionality in NER is still unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Cullin 4A (CUL-4A), a key component of CUL-4A-based ubiquitin ligase, mediates DDB2 degradation at the damage sites and regulates the recruitment of XPC and the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). We show that CUL-4A can be identified in an UV-responsive protein complex containing both DDB subunits. CUL-4A was visualized in localized UV-irradiated sites together with DDB2 and XPC. Degradation of DDB2 could be blocked by silencing CUL-4A using siRNA or by treating cells with proteasome inhibitor MG132. This blockage resulted in prolonged retention of DDB2 at the subnuclear DNA damage foci within micropore irradiated cells. Knockdown of CUL-4A also decreased recruitment of the damage recognition factor, XPC, to the damaged foci and concomitantly reduced the removal of CPD from the entire genome. These results suggest that CUL-4A mediates the proteolytic degradation of DDB2 and that this degradation event, initiated at the lesion sites, regulates damage recognition by XPC during the early steps of NER. (Supported by NIH grants, ES2388, ES12991 and CA93413)
Choosing Familiar Targets: The Devils You Wish You Did Not Know

Most individuals are likely to protect themselves from the sudden advances of strangers. However, they may be unprepared and unsure how to respond to aggressive encounters by intimates, family members, acquaintances, coworkers, or classmates. Intimates and family members are often able to disguise their aggressiveness by comingling it with gestures of affection, devotion, and obligation. Dangerous acquaintances, coworkers, and classmates exploit their access and knowledge of their targets to observe, assess, and make contact without drawing suspicion. These individuals often pose greater threats than strangers. They do not have to wait in the shadows or interview their targets while they plan the best time and place to initiate the attack. The FBI homicide reports over a period of fifteen years demonstrate that between seventy-three percent and seventy-nine percent of offenders were known to the victims (Harrell, 2012). NCVS data have consistently shown that strangers commit less than one quarter of all sexual assaults (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016). NCVS reports spanning seventeen years reveal that acquaintances, friends, or intimate partners committed nearly seventy percent of stalking and harassment offenses (Catalano, 2015).
Additive manufacturing of platinum group element (PGE) reference materials with a silica matrix.

RATIONALE The microanalytical community has an outstanding need for platinum group element (PGE) reference materials, particularly for trace element analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) glasses contain Rh, Pd, and Pt, but lack Ru, Os, and Ir. Synthesis of silicate PGE standards has proven difficult due the tendency of PGEs to form metallic nuggets. METHODS Additive manufacturing methods were used to produce PGE standards with a silica matrix. Monodispersed submicron PGE-doped Stober particles were used as feedstock materials for electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Two-cm-sized samples produced by EPD were subsequently densified by thermal processing. The homogeneity of PGEs was tested using LA-ICPMS and concentrations were measured by laser ablation and solution ICPMS. RESULTS The PGE concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 3 μg/g. The inhomogeneity was at the 3% RSD level for Ru, Rh, Ir, and Os throughout and 5% for Pt and Pd in the interior of the samples. Based on LA-ICPMS analyses, the interiors of the two samples have near identical concentrations in PGEs. CONCLUSIONS The samples fabricated in this study represent the most complete and homogeneous PGE standards produced with a silicate matrix. The ability to produce multiple samples with the same composition provides opportunities for validating methods, monitoring long-term reproducibility, and facilitating interlaboratory comparisons.
Accuracy and precision of near-field high-energy diffraction microscopy forward-model-based microstructure reconstructions

The accuracy of the near-field high-energy diffraction microscopy (nf-HEDM) technique is evaluated by directly comparing an nf-HEDM reconstructed microstructure with an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization of the same microstructure. A high-purity gold oligocrystal was chosen for characterization in order to facilitate direct one-to-one comparison between the reconstructions given by each technique. By using the comparatively high spatial resolution of the EBSD reconstruction as the ground truth for the grain-boundary network's morphology, it is determined that nf-HEDM locates internal grain boundaries with an accuracy on average better than the resolution of the imaging detector used or within the reconstruction voxel size, whichever is larger. By taking the intragranular misorientation in well ordered grains as a proxy for orientation resolution, it is determined that standard data collection procedures determine crystallographic orientations to better than 0.1°. The effects of various modified data collection procedures are also examined.
Prospective cohort study of daily alcoholic beverage intake as a potential trigger of headaches among adults with episodic migraine.

To determine whether alcohol intake is associated with occurrence of headaches on the following day.In this prospective cohort study, adults with episodic migraine completed electronic diaries ever...
Special Education in My Life

The following article traces the author's professional and intellectual development in both regular and special education, highlighting his personal and educational experiences at The University of...
Artificial Phototropism and Phototaxis: Photo-responsive Materials for Light Tracking and Soft Robotics

Photo-responsive polymers capable of volume change in responsive to light, have attracted broad interests in non-conventional optical systems. This talk will present recent progress on photo-responsive polymer-enabled light harvesting systems, untethered robot, and adaptive optics.
Micropetrographic characterization of a siliciclastic-rich chalk; Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk Group along the onshore northern Gulf of Mexico, USA

Abstract The Austin Chalk Group is a very fine grained carbonate mudrock composed predominantly of microorganisms. To geologically characterize such a unit, the components and depositional and diagenetic features must be examined at the nano- to microscale, using micropetrography. Analytical methods include scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thin-section analysis. Through micropetrographic analysis, we determined Austin Chalk composition to be mainly a matrix of coccoliths and coccolith elements in 20- to 30-micron peloids (probably marine snow). The most common larger components are planktic foraminifers and bottom-dwelling inoceramids. Austin Chalk mineralogy is predominantly calcite and siliciclastic components that are mainly clay minerals, quartz, and albite. Grain sizes of Austin Chalk components are generally in the clay- to medium-silt range. Four basic lithofacies define the Austin Chalk: (1) lithofacies 1: highly bioturbated, organic-matter-poor marly chalk, (2) lithofacies 2: highly bioturbated, moderately organic-matter-rich, marly chalk to chalky marl, (3) lithofacies 3: sparsely burrowed, poorly to moderately laminated, organic-matter-rich marly chalk, and (4) lithofacies 4: well-laminated, organic-matter-rich marly chalk to calcareous siliciclastic mudstone. These four lithofacies are distinguishable by their different fabrics, as well as by ranges in mineral composition and TOC content. Mean of organic-matter content ranges from 0.32 to 2.56 wt%, and the kerogen is generally Type I and Type II, except in lithofacies 1, in which Type III is more common. The abundance and type of organic matter suggest that the Austin Chalk can be self-sourcing. This investigation provides the basic nano- to micro-observations that will aid in other studies of the Austin Chalk Group and geologically similar formations relative to rock-strength/brittleness, source-rock potential, and reservoir quality.
The Role of Gender Diversity in Corporate Governance

A number of studies show that companies with more women involved in leadership positions tend to outperform their sector in terms of return on equity, operating result, and stock price growth. A diverse board may signal independence, creative thought, opportunities for breakout strategies and an open-mindedness on the part of the company -- traits that are increasingly important as external factors such as globalization and heightened competitiveness impact the marketplace. Having women in key positions may add value through women’s distinctive set of skills, and creating cultures of inclusion through a diverse workforce. This paper begins with a review of studies analyzing gender diversity and firm performance, followed with an analysis of role incongruity and gender inequality in the workplace. The paper continues with examination of the multitude of revelations concerning egregious incidents of sexual harassment, which may go a long way toward explaining the apparent barriers present for women pursuing pathways to positions of organizational leadership. We then offer our proposals for potential solutions involving changing company norms.
Shave biopsy of pediatric melanocytic tumors compromises staging and therapy planning.

e21576Background: Melanoma is the dominant skin cancer of pediatric patients, and accounts for 1-3% of pediatric malignancies. The prognosis for both adults and children with melanoma correlates wi...
Financial Regulation, Corporate Governance, and the Hidden Costs of Clearinghouses

Clearinghouses are at the heart of the modern financial system, and they are responsible for the handling of trillions of dollars’ worth of financial transactions. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act of 2010, the sweeping financial reform that followed the 2008 financial crisis, embraced them as systemic risk managers for the over-the-counter derivatives markets. While policymakers used clearinghouses to remove some financial risk from the markets, they ended up concentrating it onto them, making them systemically important. Yet, these critical market infrastructures stand on fragile foundations. This Article warns that while clearinghouses might have solved some of the problems of the pre-crisis derivatives markets, they have created new ones. The economic and governance structure set in place by the existing regulatory regime and the private rules adopted by clearinghouses in their self-regulatory capacity have important and as-yet overlooked flaws that undermine clearinghouses’ mission as financial stability bastions and can transform them into systemic risk spreaders. Clearinghouses operate in a framework of misaligned incentives. On one side they face unique agency costs that spill from owners-members divide and the separation of ownership and risk of losses. Because of their economic structure, the ultimate risk of the business is pass-down onto the members (i.e. users) of the clearinghouses, and not borne by their owners, and this creates moral hazard. This dynamic is further exacerbated by the tension between the public policy function bestowed on clearinghouses and the for-profit nature of financial conglomerates they belong. In addition, while clearinghouses were embraced as countercyclical mechanisms to stabilize the markets, the operation of their loss-absorption and mutualization function have procyclical features that put strong pressure on clearing members, while clearinghouses’ owners have limited equity at stake. This Article urges policymakers and the industry to intervene to align the incentives of clearinghouses owners to those of their main stakeholders and to their public policy function. After offering a political economy explanation of the current structure and regime, this Article suggests reforms to mitigate these problems, to enhance clearinghouses’ governance and resilience and to ensure clearinghouses role as private systemic stability infrastructures. Hybrid financial instruments should complement the capital structure of clearinghouses to better align the economic interests of clearinghouses’ stakeholders, a multi-stakeholder board should be established to enhance the accountability of these firm, and a new approach to the resolution of troubled clearinghouse that could result in the remutualization of the firm should be implemented to provide certainty in time of distress.
Standardized incidence ratio of the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in a Midwestern state

MotivationThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a dramatic impact around the world, with some communities facing harsher outcomes than others. We sought to understand how counties in the state of South Dakota (SD) fared compared to expected based on a reference population and what factors contributed to negative outcomes from the pandemic in SD. MethodsThe Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) of all counties, using age-adjusted and crude adjusted hospitalization and death rates were computed using the SD age-adjusted rate as a reference population. In addition, a penalized generalized linear regression model was used to identify factors that are associated with COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates. This model was then used to compute a new SIR after controlling for other socio-demographic and -economic factors. ResultsWe identified counties that had more or less severe outcomes than what would be expected based on the rate of SD after age adjustment. Additionally, race, education, and testing rate were some of the significant factors associated with the outcome. The SIR values after controlling for these additional factors showed change in magnitude from the range of 4 times more severe to 1.5 times more severe out-come than what is expected. Interestingly the lower end of this interval did not have a major change. ConclusionThe age adjusted SIR model used in this study allowed for the identification of counties with more or less severe than what is expected based on the state rate. These counties tended to be those with high nonwhite percentage, which mostly included counties with American Indian reservations. Although several predictors are associated with hospitalization and deaths, the penalized model confirmed what is already reported in literature that race and education level have a very high association with the outcome variables. As can be expected the further adjusted SIR mostly changed in those counties with higher than expected outcomes. We believe that these results may provide useful information to improve the implementation of mitigation strategies to curb the damage of this or future pandemics by providing a way for data-driven resource allocation.
Frictional Response of Ceramics in Scuffing

Scuffing, described as a sudden catastrophic failure of sliding surfaces under severe; contact conditions, is usually indicated by a sudden rise in friction, contact temperature and noise. In metals, scuffing occurs by a severe plastic deformation process. In the present study. we evaluated the occurrence of scuffing in four single-crystal ceramic materials namely, MgO, YAG, sapphire and cubic zirconia. Scuffing tests were conducted with standard block-on-ring test rig and lubricated with basestock Poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) synthetic lubricant. Single-event scuffing analogous to that observed in most metals was observed in MgO and YAG. while the sapphire and cubic zirconia exhibited micro-scuffing prior to scuffing failure. Scuffing in ceramics involves both plasticity and fracture.
Open heart surgery for acquired heart disease in Jehovah's Witnesses. A report of 42 operations.

Abstract Patients belonging to the Jehovah's Witness faith may present a special problem when undergoing open heart surgery since they steadfastly refuse blood transfusion. Using a bloodless prime technique of extracorporeal circulation, we performed during an 8-year period 42 open heart operations for acquired heart disease in a consecutive series of 40 patients who were Jehovah's Witnesses. Three patients (7 percent) died, and only 1 death was caused by anemia. The favorable results we attribute in part to the brief periods of cardiopulmonary bypass used. In more than 70 percent of cases pump time was less than 40 minutes. We believe that our experience demonstrates the feasibility of open heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses and, moreover, indicates that blood transfusion can and should be used sparingly to reduce morbidity and mortality in all patients.
Workshop summary: Compilation of the nod, fix, and nif genes of Rhizobia and information concerning their function

As a means of summarizing the Workshop on the Biochemical Function of the nod, nif, and fix Genes, I have simply listed all of the identified genes below with a few lines describing the information available concerning their function. I apologize to those individuals whose papers I have failed to reference due to a limitation on space.
Clinical and experimental studies of infectious hepatitis.

Dr. Krugman: Since 1953 approximately 400 cases of infectious hepatitis with jaundice have been observed at the Willowbrook State School on Staten Island. The studies to be described were carried out in collaboration with Dr. Robert Ward and Dr. Joan Giles of our staff, Dr. A. Milton Jacobs of Willowbrook State School and Dr. Oscar Bodansky of Sloan-Kettering Institute. I should like to present a progress report of our investigations which have been concerned with the prevention and natural history of infectious hepatitis at Willowbrook. (A report of these studies has recently appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine (248:407, 1958) to which the reader may refer for further details.) It had been previously reported by Stokes and associates that the administration of gamma-globulin was followed by not only a lower incidence of hepatitis but also a prolongation of the protective effect. Stokes postulated that "passive-active" immunity was responsible for this phenomenon. The epidemic of hepatitis at Willowbrook provided us with an opportunity to test this hypothesis. Effect of Gamma-globulin on the Frequency of Infectious Hepatitis. Figure 1 illustrates the course of the outbreak at Willowbrook beginning in January, 1955. As can be seen, hepatitis continued to occur at a rate of about two to three cases per week. The cases, predominantly in children, occurred in 18 buildings in the institution. In June of 1956 gamma-globulin, 0.01 ml/lb, was administered to approximately a third of the inmates of each building. The control and inoculated groups were comparable as to age and time of admission to Willowbrook.
Characteristics of Coronal Mass Ejections

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are important and beautiful solar phenomena. Their frequency of occurrence, locations, speeds, and sizes are presented, measured over a significant fraction of a solar cycle. As yet, there is no consensus model which adequately explains these measurements, in part because the initiation and evolution of CMEs appear extremely complex and intractable.
Receding Horizon Recursive State Estimation

A discrete time, receding horizon, recursive state estimation scheme based on the batch state estimation least squares formulation is presented. It is shown that this procedure yields the same state estimate as the standard Kalman filter. Nominal stability of a constrained batch state estimation formulation is demonstrated and a constrained, receding horizon, recursive state estimation formulation is presented.
Enhancements to the Rosetta Energy Function Enable Improved Identification of Small Molecules that Inhibit Protein-Protein Interactions.

Protein-protein interactions are among today’s most exciting and promising targets for therapeutic intervention. To date, identifying small-molecules that selectively disrupt these interactions has proven particularly challenging for virtual screening tools, since these have typically been optimized to perform well on more “traditional” drug discovery targets. Here, we test the performance of the Rosetta energy function for identifying compounds that inhibit protein interactions, when these active compounds have been hidden amongst pools of “decoys.” Through this virtual screening benchmark, we gauge the effect of two recent enhancements to the functional form of the Rosetta energy function: the new “Talaris” update and the “pwSHO” solvation model. Finally, we conclude by developing and validating a new weight set that maximizes Rosetta’s ability to pick out the active compounds in this test set. Looking collectively over the course of these enhancements, we find a marked improvement in Rosetta’s ability to identify small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
A Therapeutic Target for Hormone-independent Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancers

The action of the steroid hormone estradiol (E2) is mediated via interaction with a specific receptor (ER) that initiates a series of events downstream, leading to the modulation of hormone-responsive genes and cell proliferation. Antihormones also bind, but do not confer the active configuration to ER, thereby, blocking the transmission of E2-ER-initiated signals for cell proliferation. Although these compounds qualify for successful therapy of ER-positive [ER (+)] breast cancer patients, only a fraction of patients responds to antihormone treatment. In this study, the functional status of ER is determined to identify alternative targets for therapy of antihormone-resistant ER (+) breast cancers. The interaction of ER with a specific DNA sequence, designated as E2 response element (ERE), was targeted to assess the functional state of ER. ER-ERE complex formation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and by a newly developed technique, based on the preferential binding of DNA-protein complex to a nitrocellulose membrane (NMBA) that measures both total and functional fraction of ER. The NMBA assay identified functional variants of ER among ER (+) breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor biopsy specimens. ER of (21PT) cells did not bind E2 and these cells were tamoxifen (TAM) resistant. However 21PT cells were sensitive to a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, W7, that blocked ERE-ER complex formation. ER variants of the 21PT type were detected among breast cancer biopsy specimens, emphasizing the significance of an alternative therapeutic target for TAM-resistant ER (+) human breast cancers with compounds such as W7.
Clustering Days and Hours with Similar Airport Traffic and Weather Conditions

On any given day, constraints in the National Airspace System (for instance, weather) necessitate the implementation of traffic flow management initiatives, such as ground delay programs. The goal ...
Molecular analysis of a t(14;14) translocation in leukemic T-cells of an ataxia telangiectasia patient.

Abstract We have detected and cloned two rearrangements in the T-cell receptor alpha locus from a clone of somatic cell hybrids carrying a t(14;14)(q11;q32) chromosomal translocation derived from an ataxia telangiectasia patient with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The T-cell clone carrying the t(14;14) chromosomal translocation was known to be present for greater than 10 years before the onset of overt leukemia. One molecular rearrangement of the T-cell receptor alpha locus corresponded to a functional variable-joining region (V-J) joining, whereas the other derived from the breakpoint of the t(14;14)(q11;q32) translocation. Chromosomal in situ hybridization of the probe derived from the t(14;14) breakpoint localized the breakpoint region to 14q32.1, apparently the same region that is involved in another ataxia telangiectasia characteristic chromosome translocation, t(7;14)(q35;q32). The 14q32.1 breakpoint is at least 10,000 kilobase pairs (kbp) centromeric to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Sequence analysis of the breakpoint indicates the involvement of a J alpha sequence during the translocation. Comigration of high-molecular weight DNA fragments involved with t(7;14) and t(14;14) translocations suggests the presence of a cluster of breakpoints in the 14q32.1 region, the site of a putative oncogene, TCL1.
QUANTITATIVE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF URINARY TESTOSTERONE AND EPITESTOSTERONE.

Abstract Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone (androst-4-en-17α-o1-3-one) are quantitatively measured employing gas chromatographic techniques. Purification prior to gas chromatography is relatively simple consisting of thin-layer chromatography of hydrolyzed steroids extracted from urine followed by acetylation and repeat thin-layer chromatography. Δ1-testosterone (androst-1-,4-diene-17s-o1-3-one) is added to urine as internal standard and serves to compensate for all losses beyond the hydrolysis step. Acetates of testosterone, epitestosterone and Δ1-testosterone are completely separated by gas chromatrography using a 12 foot 3% SE-30 column. Urinary excretion values obtained are comparable to those found by others.
Power in stereotypically masculine domains: a Social Influence Strategy X Stereotype Match model.

This work examines the hypothesis that stereotypes of groups to which low-power people belong should influence the perceptions and behavior of powerful people only when those stereotypes are both contextually relevant (e.g., women in masculine domains) and provide information of relevance given powerful people's beliefs about the relation between subordinates and goal attainment. Findings across two studies supported predictions. In a masculine domain, when high-power men were attentive to subordinate weaknesses that may produce thwarts to goal attainment, stereotypes of women defined the contextually relevant shortcomings of women, and stereotype-consistent high-power behaviors ensued. In contrast, when powerful men were attentive to subordinate strengths that may enhance goal strivings, stereotypes of women were uninformative (i.e., did not contain information about relevant strengths); female and male employees were responded to and, in turn, performed and reacted similarly. The implications of these findings for theorizing on the relation between power and stereotyping are discussed.
Regulatory circuits and antibody responses.

Consideration of the interactions among cells and cell products involved in regulating antibody responses leads us to suggest that such interactions are organized into several discrete circular series (circuits) integrated with one another by virtue of shared circuit components. We see these circuits as individually concerned with particular aspects of regulation (carrier-specific, idiotype-specific, etc.), but together constituting an integrated, self-governing system capable of regulating all aspects of antibody production and assuring the ordedy progress of the response (sequential idiotype representation, affinity maturation, isotype representation, overall or selective non- responsiveness, etc.). To illustrate how a circuit-based regulatory system could be constructed and expected to operate, we describe four integrated circuits here: a core regulatory circuit that determines whether a given idiotype will or will not be produced and three auxiliary regulatory circuits that respond to antigen and serum antibody (idiotype) levels by switching the core regulatory circuit into a suppression or “help” mode. These circuits incorporate the idiotype-anti-idiotype recognition system basic to the Jerne network theory but also provide for the operation of other cognitive systems that enable specific interactions between individual circuit elements (B cells, antibody, the various suppressor and helper T cells, macrophages and soluble regulatory products). As an integrated unit, the circuits constitute a detailed “working” model that depends on relatively few assumptions and is consistent with the known interactions between elements and the known properties of responses.
Near-infrared spectral monitoring of Pluto’s ices II: Recent decline of CO and N2 ice absorptions

Abstract IRTF/SpeX observations of Pluto’s near-infrared reflectance spectrum during 2013 show vibrational absorption features of CO and N 2 ices at 1.58 and 2.15 μm, respectively, that are weaker than had been observed during the preceding decade. To reconcile declining volatile ice absorptions with a lack of decline in Pluto’s atmospheric pressure, we suggest these ices could be getting harder to see because of increasing scattering by small CH 4 crystals, rather than because they are disappearing from the observed hemisphere.