cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maleation of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) using supercritical carbon dioxide

The heterogeneous free-radical grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) onto poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) was studied using supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent/swellant. The anhydride content in the product can be controlled by using variations in time and temperature to achieve maleations as high as 7 mol % at 125 degreesC after a 5 h reaction period. A comparison between benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) initiators indicates that DCP is the more effective initiator. The effect of reactant concentrations on the degree of grafting is also examined, yielding an optimum MAH:DCP molar ratio of 3:2. Competitive cross-linking of the substrate is the major drawback to this means of polymer modification.
Adaptive management of natural systems using fuzzy logic

Hypotheses about how management practices influence ecosystem services can be tested using a crisp, probability-based, or fuzzy decision rule. The correct decision rule depends on whether: (1) the observed state of an ecosystem service (x) is non-stochastic or stochastic; (2) the true state of the ecosystem service (y) is non-stochastic or stochastic; and (3) the relationship between x and y is deterministic, stochastic, or uncertain. Crisp and probability-based decision rules are not appropriate when the relationship between y and x is uncertain in the sense that the decision maker is unable or unwilling to specify conditional probabilities of y given x. Under these conditions, a fuzzy decision rule is appropriate. A hypothetical case study is used to illustrate how a fuzzy decision rule is used to test hypotheses about whether selective cutting of timber provides greater or less forest biodiversity than clearcutting of timber. The case study describes how to incorporate the decision rule in an active adaptive management framework to sequentially test the extent to which changes over time in other factors influencing ecosystem services, such as greater spread of invasive species due to global warming, alter the efficacy of timber management practices. The fuzzy adaptive management decision rule can be generalized to account for the effects of management practices on multiple ecosystem services.
The hydration of borosilicate waste glass in liquid water and steam at 200 °C☆

Abstract Simulated borosilicate waste glass was hydrated in steam at 200 °C for times up to 40 days to assess the effect of a very high glass surface area/leachant volume (SA/V) ratio on the reaction. The reactions in steam attained an SA/V in excess of 4000 m−1 due to the limited amount of water that was available to condense on the glass surface. Experiments in liquid water were performed at an SA/V of 40 m−1 for comparison. A solid reaction layer formed on the glass surface in both environments, and the thickness of this layer was used as a measure of the reaction progress. Other secondary phases formed on top of (and within) the layer on the steam-reacted samples after a few days of reaction but not on samples reacted in liquid water. The rate (layer thickness/time) measured in experiments with liquid water slows with time while the reaction in steam is very slow initially but then proceeds at a high rate after secondary phases form. The secondary phases are believed to increase the reaction rate by lowering the solution concentrations of glass species (probably most importantly silicon) which control the reaction affinity. The glass reaction is accelerated in a steam environment relative to liquid environment because, in steam, the small solution volume becomes saturated and precipitates are formed after much less glass has reacted. The experimental technique described allows secondary phases to be generated within short time periods at elevated temperatures in a steam environment. Knowledge of the phases formed is necessary to predict the long-term reaction rate. Precipitates formed on the steam-reacted samples were identified using SEM/EDS analysis and XRD. The EQ3/6 computer code was used to predict secondary phases formed at 200 °C for comparison to the observed phases. Differences in the assemblage predicted by the computer simulation and that produced in the experiments are attributed to the limited data base use by the simulation.
Physical Chemistry Online: Maximizing Your Potential

The Physical Chemistry On-Line (PCOL) consortium has developed and conducted a series of short-term projects for use in the physical chemistry curriculum. The projects involve faculty and students from geographically dispersed institutions, are short in duration (~4–6 weeks), and use email and the World Wide Web for communication and information distribution. They are designed to enhance physical chemistry at colleges and universities that may have limited resources available for physical chemistry by offering an alternate pedagogical approach. This paper will highlight the motivations of the participants, outline the specific projects used to date, and provide some evaluation of the pedagogical effectiveness of the approach.
Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. IV. Isolation of a mutant which accumulates adenylosuccinic acid and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide

The production, isolation, and characterization of a new complementation group (Ade−I)of adenine-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant accumulates two intermediates of purine biosynthesis, both of which contain an aspartate moiety. One of these is shown to be adenylosuccinic acid (AMPS) by Chromatographic analysis, while evidence is presented that strongly suggests the other intermediate is succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR). Thus, Ade−Iis most likely lacking the activity of the enzyme adenylosuccinase (EC 4.3.2.2). The use of this and similar mutants for the analysis of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.
Cell-graph modeling of salivary gland morphology

Branching morphogenesis is a developmental process shared by many organs, including the submandibular salivary gland. During morphogenesis, cells within the gland undergo re-arrangements to cause changes in the overall tissue morphology. This work presents a methodology based on cell-graphs to quantify these changes in cellular arrangements.
Lead concentrations in liver and kidneys of snow geese during an avian cholera epizootic in California.

During an avian cholera epornitic, between December 1982 and January 1983, 58 dead, 23 sick, and 106 hunter-killed lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) were collected at Delevan National Wildlife Refuge, Colusa County, California, USA. Fifty-one of the dead and sick geese were infected with Pasteurella multocida. Lead concentrations in the livers ranged from 30 ppm lead, considered diagnostic of acute lead poisoning, had significantly (P < 0.05) lower heart weights and a smaller band of heart fat, compared to geese with tissue lead concentrations of <30 ppm. Tissue lead concentrations in geese dying from avian cholera generally were lower than concentrations in hunter-killed geese, but the differences were not significant for either kidney (P = 0.08) or liver (P = 0.30) tissue.
Immigrant integration models in “illegal” communities: Postville Iowa's shadow context

Immigrant integration models in rural communities are limited because they do not acknowledge the context of illegality that exists within communities that have a high concentration of unauthorised immigrants. In this in-depth case study of Postville, Iowa (the site of an infamous US immigration raid), I examine current rural immigrant community integration strategies under a shadow context of illegality and unauthorised immigrant labour. I find that underground and informal relationships within the towns' employers, immigrants, civic leaders, and native townspeople sustain a shadow context of exploitation and community instability. My research demonstrates that communities with large unauthorised immigrant populations rely on both formal and informal immigrant integration strategies to create “welcoming” immigrant communities. The formal strategies are multicultural approaches that rely on “diversity champions” to instil a climate of inclusion but do not tackle structural issues that place unauthorised c...
Discrimination learning and reversal in frontal rats as a function of cue

Abstract Spatial discrimination learning and reversal was studied in sham-operated rats and in rats with frontal ablations. The effect of a light which could function as a cue and/or as a reward in the testing situation was examined. In the sham-operated rats it was found that the rewarding property of the light determined its effect on the spatial discrimination. In the frontal rats it was found that both the rewarding and cue properties of the light determined its effect on spatial discrimination. Although frontal rats learned slower and reversed slower than sham rats under conditions in which no light was present or in which light could neither act as a reward nor as a cue, frontal rats were found to reverse faster than sham rats under conditions in which light could act as a cue. It is concluded that an increased sensitivity to visual stimuli in frontal rats can account for conflicting results of previous studies.
Complete intersections in tensor algebras II

In this paper we continue the study of’ the vanishing of the lower relative Poochschild cohomology groups. This paper is ;a continuation of [3]. Recall that if A is a k-algebra, where k is a commutative ring, a two-sided ideal I in A is a camplete intersection in ~4 if H*((@‘)//I,~ = 0 for all two-sided A-modules M. The use of the terminology “complete intersection” comes from the analogy between these relative cohomology groups and the cohomology groups studied in commutative deformation theory [see 2,3] . Suppose that k is a field, R and R 03+ R”P are semi-simple k-algebras and X is a two-sided R-module. Let T be the tensor k-algebra R + X + (6b~ X) + (6~ x) + l . In [3] 9 a homological criterion was found for an ideal I in T to be a complete intersection; namely, I/I* must be a left projective (T/f) Ok (T/Z)‘P-module. Section 1 of this paper gives a homological criterion for an ideal in a factor ring of T to be a complete intersection. For the rest of the paper we restrict our attention further, to special Artin tensor k-algebras, defined in section 2, and their factor rings. After defining an appropriate concept of “minimal generating set” of an ideal, we study the question of when an ideal with one generator, in a factor ring of a special tensor k-a!gebra, is a complete intersection. Section 3 deals with the question of when a subideal of a complete intersection in a special tensor k-algebra is again a complete intersection. We show that if I is a complete intersection in T and if I has generators (more precisely, J-generators, see section 2) x1, . . . . x, then, after reordering the xi in a natural way, the ideals generated by x1, . . . . xi are also complete intersections in T, for i = 1, . . . . rn. Once this is shown, we show that the generators of complete intersections have properties similar to those of R-sequences, where R is a commutative ring (see Theorem 4.1). Unfortunately, this analogy does not go too far, as shown by example in section 4.
Nature of cation mixing and ordering in Na-Ca silicate glasses and melts

Soda-lime silicate glass is the fundamental base glass for many technologically important oxide glasses, and it has been used as window glass since the Roman Empire. Mixed-cation silicates also are useful models of the structure and dynamics of basaltic magmas and mantle melts. The diffusivity of Na+ in silicate melts and its variation with composition play key roles in melting behavior. This property also depends strongly on the composition and framework structures of glasses and melts and on the presence of other types of nearby cations that often impede Na motion; this is known as a mixed cation effect. Structure-dependent silica activity also controls the composition of melts in equilibrium with mantle peridotite. Despite its importance, little is known about the detailed atomic structure and the degree of cation mixing in Ca-Na silicate glasses and melts with varying composition. Most modeling efforts assume a random distribution of these cations. Here, we use 17O magic angle spinning (MAS) and tripl...
Comparison of asymptotic and transfer matrix approaches for evaluating intensity-dependent dispersion in nonlinear photonic and phononic crystals

Abstract This paper analyzes intensity dependent dispersion of acoustic and electromagnetic waves in nonlinear one-dimensional (1D) periodic media. Media considered include layered 1D crystals characterized by constitutive laws with cubic strain nonlinearities (phononic), and by cubic time-dependent Kerr nonlinearities (photonic). A recently presented perturbation approach is generalized such that it can be successfully applied to the analysis of wave propagation in weakly nonlinear elastic and electromagnetic systems. In both, the analysis predicts amplitude-dependent dispersion leading to tunable bandgaps. These predictions are compared with those obtained from a simplified analysis conducted by linearizing the governing equations about an assigned field intensity followed by application of the transfer matrix method, as is commonly done in nonlinear photonic crystal studies. Comparison of the two methods generally shows good dispersion agreement; however, in phononic systems the transfer matrix analysis does not accurately capture high-strain behavior that occurs for some configurations, such as those with thin nonlinear layers, and may even predict erroneous bandgaps. Numerical predictions resulting from a finite-element analysis of the nonlinear media confirm the improved accuracy of the perturbation approach, suggesting its continued use for predicting intensity-dependent dispersion in 2D and 3D nonlinear phononic and photonic crystals.
Application of microgels for optical tagging

In this paper we present results from our research into the use of microgel-based photonic crystals in an optical tagging application. The basis for this research is the phenomena of self-assembly of hydrogel nano- and microparticles (i.e., microgels) into colloidal crystal Bragg reflectors. Previous research has demonstrated the assembly of Bragg structures that are sensitive in the visible spectral region. This current research focuses on the extension of this process into the infrared regime and the use of these infrared-sensitive structures in the creation of an optical tag. In particular, the research effort emphasizes two primary areas: the development of nanoparticles that are infrared-sensitive and the casting of thin films comprised of these particles. We will also present theoretical data on the optical and physical characteristics of thin films comprised of these particles. This paper will present an overview of the program, outline the processes and issues addressed during our initial efforts in creating these infrared sensitive structures and present a summary of the computational results based on the theoretical analyses.
The Distribution of Linear Combinations of the Sample Occupancy Numbers.

Assume that a random sample of n observations has been taken from the multinomial distribution with N equiprobable cells. Let si, i = 0, 1, 2, …, n, be the number of cells occurring i times in the sample. Let W=∑i=0nwisi be a linear combination of the si's. In this paper we obtain a sufficient condition under which the asymptotic distribution of W is normal as n and N tend to infinity such that n/N → α>0.
The educational pyramid: A model for community intervention

Abstract Urban adolescents represent a group who are at special risk for a variety of psychological and behavioral problems. A life skills program was implemented with middle and high school students, using an educational pyramid approach to maximize the ecological appropriateness of the intervention and to increase the likelihood that the program will be continued with progressively lessened university facilitation. Additionally, the educational pyramid offers the opportunity for all participants—university faculty, graduate students, collaborating professionals in the community, and high school leaders—to be both teachers and learners.
Trials of Navajo Youth: Identity, Healing, and the Struggle for Maturity

In this article, we examine the experiences of Navajo youth living on the contemporary Navajo reservation with the aim of conceptualizing how they position themselves between overarching discursive tensions of what it means to be Navajo and the everyday constraints of existence on the Navajo reservation. We take up three topics in particular: the categorical problems and processes of Navajo youth specifically in terms of their use of such organizing terms as tradition, the multifaceted reservation and off-reservation worlds that Navajo youth move through, and the mediating role of Navajo ritual healing in cultivating a sense of connectedness for adolescents, which in turn feeds into the broader task of negotiating a uniquely Navajo identity. This article is based on interviews with 11 adolescents and postadolescents who took part in the larger Navajo Healing Project
Modulation of paired-pulse activation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by cholecystokinin, baclofen and bicuculline

Abstract Paired-pulse stimulation was used to evaluate the effects of the sulfated octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK8-S), the γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABA B ) agonist (−) baclofen, and the GABA A antagonist (−) bicuculline on hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell excitability. Evoked action potentials (EAPs) and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded in response to orthodromic stimulation of the medial (MPP) or lateral (LPP) perforant pathway. Paired-pulse indices were determined using interpulse intervals (IPIs) across the range of 5–1000 ms. As reported by others, three phases of paired-pulse effects were revealed under control (drug-free ACSF) conditions: early paired-pulse inhibition (PPI), intermediate paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and late PPI. With EAPs, CCK8-S enhanced only the intermediate PPF on both pathways, with no effect on the early or late PPIs. The effects of (−) baclofen were similar to CCK8-S. (−) Bicuculline attenuated the early and late PPI as well as the PPF. No differences were measured on the MPP- or LPP-evoked EPSPs in any of the drug conditions. These results indicate a similarity of CCK8-S- with GABA B -mediated modulation on neuronal activation in the DG. CCK8-S disinhibition of DG granule cells may play a role in the induction of long-lasting synaptic modifications.
Enzymatic hydrolysis and recrystallization behavior of initially amorphous cellulose.

Cellulose samples from cotton and wood pulps with varying low degrees of crystallinity (mechanically decrystallized) were studied. The influence of initial cellulose crystallinity on sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis was determined by two different methods. As expected, samples with low crystallinity were much more accessible to enzymatic attack and glucose yields were higher than were samples of high initial crystallinity. Hydrolysis of cellulose seems more dependent on cellulose crystallinity than on the source of cellulose. It is known that decrystallized or amorphous cellulose can recrystallize under proper conditions, e.g., during acid hydrolysis. The data reported here also reveal some recrystallization during enzymatic hydrolysis which probably occurs simulataneously with a selective enzymatic attack on the amorphous regions of cellulose. In all cases, the amorphous celluloses recrystallized in the original lattice form, that of native cellulose.
A Season-Long Investigation of Competitive Cognition in Collegiate Wrestlers

Abstract Recently, Gould, Eklund, and Jackson (1992b) reported the results of an extensive investigation with 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Examination of retrospective data revealed clear differences in the organization and content of thought during all-time best and Olympic worst performances. However, Gould and associates (1992b) advised caution in the interpretation of their findings because of the investigation's episodic nature and stressed the need for further in-depth exploration. The present investigation addressed this need by collecting qualitative data from six NCAA Division I wrestlers via in-depth retrospective interviews regarding 38 season matches in addition to data regarding all-time best and worst performances. Examination of performance data revealed high, moderate, and low performance quality levels. Observable patterns in the organization and content of competitive thought were identified across these performance levels. These patterns are reminiscent of the findings of Gould et al. (...
Free Vibrations of a Series of Beams Connected by Viscoelastic Layers

An exact solution for free vibrations of a series of uniform Euler-Bernoulli beams connected by Kelvin-Voigt is developed. The beams have the same length and end conditions but can have different material or geometric properties. An example of five concentric beams connected by viscoelastic layers is considered.
CD34 positivity in fibrosarcomas which arise in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

Objective ― On rare occasion, fibrosarcomatous change may arise in a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), and this alteration is of prognostic significance. Histologically, this change may be subtle and difficult to recognize. The goal of this study was to evaluate the pattern of CD34 immunoreactivity in DFSP with fibrosarcomatous areas (DFSP-FS). Design ― Of 100 cases of DFSP identified at a large metropolitan hospital, 7 were found to have fibrosarcomatous change. Thirty cases of typical DFSP and seven cases of DFSP-FS were stained with an antibody for CD34. Results ― All 30 cases of typical DFSP stained intensely for CD34. In the seven cases of DFSP-FS, all cases showed a similar staining pattern in the DFSP portion. However, focal CD34 immunoreactivity was noted in only one (14%) of seven cases in the fibrosarcomatous portion of these tumors. Conclusions ― CD34 immunoreactivity is rare in the fibrosarcomatous portions of DFSP-FS, and this immunophenotype may be diagnostically useful in those cases in which it is difficult to recognize this change histologically.
The cold war and Soviet military strategy

(1997). The cold war and Soviet military strategy. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 25-55.
Molecular dynamics simulations of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in aqueous solution: Influence of the water potential

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), an oligomer of poly(ethylene oxide), employing several potentials for water. Specifically, we investigated the structural, conformational, and dynamic properties of DME/water solutions as a function of composition using the TIP4P, MCY, SPC, and SPC/E potentials for water. DME/DME interactions were described using our previously derived quantum-chemistry-based potential, while the DME/water potential was parametrized for each water model to best represent the energy of a DME/water complex as determined from high-level quantum chemistry calculations. For dilute (water-rich) solutions, static and dynamic properties were found to depend only weakly on the water model employed. For more concentrated solutions, important differences between the models were observed, particularly in the structure of the solutions (e.g., the size of water clusters) and the self-diffusion coefficient of water.
HEPATIC MESENCHYMAL CELL REACTION IN LIVER DISEASE.

Abstract Conventional light microscopic observation of the mesenchymal cells and of the sinusoidal wall in various types of human liver injury were supplemented by histochemical, electron microscopic, and immunocytochemical investigations. The cells were subdivided into endothelial, phagocytic, protein-forming, fibroblastic, and hematic cells on the basis of structural characteristics. Although transitions between endothelial and phagocytic cells, as well as between protein-forming and phagocytic cells, are suggested, the division presented does not necessarily imply postembryonal derivation from a single precursor reticulum cell but could also be explained by different cell lines proliferating as a result of stimulation. The same types of cells are found in the parenchyma around hepatic necrosis and granulomas as well as in portal tracts and in septa of cirrhosis. The criteria used for phagocytosis were lipofuscin pigment, PAS reaction, acid phosphatase reaction, and phagosomes. For protein formation the criteria were gamma globulin localization and abundant endoplasmic reticulum. For fibroplasia they were electron microscopically characteristic filaments becoming fibers extracellularly. Acute liver cell injury is characterized by proliferation of endothelial and phagocytic cells to which are added protein-forming and fibroblastic cells in chronic injury. Hypergammaglobulinemia and erratic immunologic reactions in cirrhosis were related to activation of the hepatic mesenchyma in chronic liver cell injury. In liver cell injury the tissue space is widened and exhibits accentuated PAS, ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase reaction. Formation of excess fibers in cirrhosis and peripheral “piecemeal” necrosis is eventually followed by formation of a basement membrane in the hepatic sinusoids closing the previously open circulation. The reduced permeability of the sinusoidal wall resulting from an increase in cells and a fibrous barrier with a basement membrane, together with alterations of the hepatocellular microvilli, increases hepatic insufficiency.
Cleavage of arginyl bonds of human prothrombin during activation by intrinsic prothrombin activator

Abstract As determined by carboxypeptidase digestion, complete activation of human prothrombin by intrinsic prothrombin activator exposed only C-terminal arginine, amounting to 2.9 moles per mole of prothrombin and indicating cleavage of three arginyl bonds during activation.
The morphogenetic movements at the lower surface of the blastodisc in salmonid embryos

Patterns of hitherto undescribed morphogenetic movements have been found in Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis by removing samples of blastodiscs from their yolk spheres at intervals of several hours and inspecting their lower surfaces. Before onset of epiboly, the former species usually produces no pregastrular subgerminal cavity, but the latter usually produces one or several, with wide variation. In both species the inner blastomeres consolidate from an earlier dispersed and migratory condition, forming a coherent flattened sheet 6 to 10 cells thick before active epiboly begins. As the first evidence of polarity in the salmomd embryo, one sector of the blastodisc becomes condensed and slightly thickened. Then a broad central area of the disc rapidly thins out as a result of two types of movement: (1) large numbers of cells disengage from the under surface of the condensed blastodisc, and they migrate away from the center as individuals and small groups; (2) the rest of the internal cells engage in a similar centrifugal movement toward the germ ring and the embryonic shield, but as a coherent sheet, sliding just within the cellular envelope. Some, perhaps all, of the disengaged cells of the first group are slowly gathered into the endoderm sheet. The coherent cells of the second group accumulate in germ ring and embryonic shield, where they become split temporarily into upper and lower sheets, the former adhering to the external layer, the cellular envelope, with which it forms the epiblast, and the latter associating with the disengaged cells as the hypoblast. The first internal sign of axis formation is a hitherto undescribed nubbin of cells attaching to the yolk syncytium at one sector on the inside of the blastodisc rim. The nubbin cells take no further part in the epibolic spread of the disc. It is suggested that they from an anchor for the later convergence movements from right and left, and that the whole pattern of movements from then on may be controlled by a gradient of increasing cell adhesiveness that spreads from them as a center. These nubbin cells have never been at the surface of the blastodisc. They neither invaginate nor migrate forward. They may represent the prechordal plate.
Hierarchical relational binding in the medial temporal lobe: the strong get stronger.

Controversy exists over the functional role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in episodic memory. Some have suggested that the hippocampus plays a unique and qualitatively different role than other MTL regions, whereas others suggest that the entire MTL has one func- tional role, which is to support the consolidation of declarative memo- ries. Hierarchical relational binding theory (hRBT) purports that the functional role of the entire MTL is the binding of features associated with an episodic experience. As the hippocampus sits at the top of this hierarchy, binding at this level is particularly efficient in reinstating event features at the time of retrieval. Thus, this theory offers a unified account of MTL that yields outcomes similar to theories that suggest a special role of the hippocampus. In this way, hRBT captures features of both single- and dual-process models of MTL and reconciles controver- sies about the nature of episodic recollection. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiphoton imaging can be used for microscopic examination of intact human gastrointestinal mucosa ex vivo.

Background & Aims: The ability to observe cellular and subcellular detail during routine endoscopy is a major goal in the development of new endoscopic imaging techniques. Multiphoton microscopy, which relies on nonlinear infrared optical processes, has the potential to identify cellular details by excitation of endogenous fluorescent molecules. We examined the feasibility of using multiphoton microscopy to characterize mucosal histology in the human gastrointestinal tract. Methods: A multiphoton microscope was used to determine the optimal excitation wavelength for examination of gastrointestinal mucosa. Fresh, unfixed, and unstained biopsy specimens obtained during routine endoscopy in human subjects then were examined by confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton images also were compared with standard H&E images obtained from paired biopsy specimens. A prototype miniaturized multiphoton probe was used to examine intact rat colon. Results: Peak multiphoton autofluorescence intensity was detected in mucosa excited at 735 nm. Multiphoton microscopic examination of unstained biopsy specimens revealed improved cellular detail relative to either unstained or stained specimens examined by confocal imaging. Resolution of structures such as epithelial nuclei, goblet cells, and interstitial fibers and cells was comparable with what was obtained using standard H&E histology. Similar findings were observed when using a prototype miniaturized multiphoton probe. Conclusions: Multiphoton microscopy can be used to examine gastrointestinal mucosa at the cellular level, without the need for fluorescent dyes. The construction of a multiphoton endomicroscope therefore could provide a practical means of performing virtual biopsies during the course of routine endoscopy, with advantages over currently available endomicroscopy technologies.
International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs

Why do sovereign governments make international legal commitments, and what effect does international law have on state behavior? Very little empirical research tries to answer these questions in a systematic way. This article examines patterns of commitment to and compliance with international monetary law. I consider the signal governments try to send by committing themselves through international legal commitments, and I argue that reputational concerns explain patterns of compliance. One of the most important findings is that governments commit to and comply with legal obligations if other countries in their region do so. Competitive market forces, rather than overt policy pressure from the International Monetary Fund, are the most likely “enforcement” mechanism. Legal commitment has an extremely positive effect on governments that have recently removed restrictive policies, which indicates a desire to reestablish a reputation for compliance.
Flexible register management for sequential programs

Most current architectures have registers organized in one of two ways: single register sets; or register stacks, implemented as either overlapping register windows or register-caches, Each has particular strengths and weaknesses. For example, a single register set excels over a stack if a program requires frequent access to globals. ~ However, a register stack performs better if deep^ recursive chains~exist. One drawback of all current systems is that the hardware limits the manner in which the software can use registers. In this paper, a register hardware organization called fhreoded windows or f-windows, which is being developed by the authors to enhance the performance of concurrent systems, is evaluated for sequential programs. The organization allows the registers to be dynamically restructured in any of the above forms, and any combination of the above forms. This permits the compiler, or the programmer, to capitalize upon each register organization’s strong points and avoid their disadvantages.
Hemopexin decreases hemin accumulation and catabolism by neural cells.

Abstract Hemopexin is a serum, CSF, and neuronal protein that is protective after experimental stroke. Its efficacy in the latter has been linked to increased expression and activity of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, suggesting that it facilitates heme degradation and subsequent release of cytoprotective biliverdin and carbon monoxide. In this study, the effect of hemopexin on the rate of hemin breakdown by CNS cells was investigated in established in vitro models. Equimolar hemopexin decreased hemin breakdown, as assessed by gas chromatography, by 60–75% in primary cultures of murine neurons and glia. Extracellular hemopexin reduced cell accumulation of 55 Fe-hemin by over 90%, while increasing hemin export or extraction from membranes by fourfold. This was associated with significant reduction in HO-1 expression and neuroprotection. In a cell-free system, hemin breakdown by recombinant HO-1 was reduced over 80% by hemopexin; in contrast, albumin and two other heme-binding proteins had no effect. Although hemopexin was detected on immunoblots of cortical lysates from adult mice, hemopexin knockout per se did not alter HO activity in cortical cells treated with hemin. These results demonstrate that hemopexin decreases the accumulation and catabolism of exogenous hemin by neural cells. Its beneficial effect in stroke models is unlikely to be mediated by increased production of cytoprotective heme breakdown products.
Using passive cavities for bunch shortening in CESR

Passive (beam-driven) superconducting cavities can be used in storage rings for bunch shortening when necessary high RF voltage can be achieved only by using multiple cavities, but the beam power consumption does not justify using all of them in the active mode, powered by klystrons. An example is the e/sup +/e/sup -/ collider CESR running with a beam energy below 2.5 GeV as a charm-tau factory (CESR-c). A short bunch length of about 10 mm is required for obtaining higher luminosity, while maximum beam power is only 160 kW. Theoretical and experimental studies are in progress at CESR to investigate the collider performance at low energy in preparation for its conversion to CESR-c. In the course of these studies we looked at possible impacts of using passive cavities on the accelerator performance. The results are presented.
Federal intervention in the management of groundwater resources: Past efforts and future prospects

The role of the federal government in groundwater regulation is likely to increase over the next few decades. A combination of events-including recent federal court decisions, past federal intervention in state groundwater utilization, the public pronouncements by a variety of federal actors, and increasing concern over the inability of states to control overdrafting-all suggest that the federal role in groundwater management may be increasing. These events are examined here, and it is argued that, without change in state groundwater management practices to mitigate the negative effects of state competition for groundwater, federal intervention in groundwater management seems likely.
S-Nitrosoglutathione reduces inflammation and protects brain against focal cerebral ischemia in a rat model of experimental stroke

Preservation of endothelial functions with low-dose nitric oxide (NO) and inhibition of excessive production of NO from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is a potential therapeutic approach for acute stroke. Based on this hypothesis, an NO modulator, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was used, which provided neuroprotection in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Administration of GSNO after the onset of ischemia reduced infarction and improved cerebral blood flow. To understand the mechanism of protection, the involvement of inflammation in ischemic brain injury was examined. Treatment with GSNO reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1b, and iNOS; inhibited the activation of microglia/macrophage (ED1, CD11-b); and downregulated the expression of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the ischemic brain. The number of apoptotic cells (including neurons) and the activity of caspase-3 were also decreased after GSNO treatment. Further, the antiinflammatory effect of GSNO on expression of iNOS and activation of NF-jB machinery in rat primary astrocytes and in the murine microglial cell line BV2 was tested. Cytokine-mediated expression of iNOS and activation of NF-jB were inhibited by GSNO treatment. That GSNO protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating NO systems, resulting in a reduction in inflammation and neuronal cell death was documented by the results.
An iron curtain in the Atlantic Ocean forms a biogeochemical divide

The concept of biogeochemical provinces in the ocean was implicit in Longhurst’s (1) classic monograph, Ecological Geography of the Sea. Longhurst identified distinct oceanic zones based on the relationships of oceanic biology (using chlorophyll, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, and primary production) to physical forcing (e.g., surface currents, mixing depth, and upwelling). As we have advanced over the last several decades in our understanding of the nutrient biogeochemistry of the seas, it has become evident that there are also distinct provinces with respect to nutrient dynamics. Many of these zones map directly on Longhurst’s eco-geography. For example, Sohm et al. (2) recently proposed regions of the sea with characteristic populations of nitrogen fixers and distinct controls on these populations. In PNAS, Schlosser et al. (3) now provide compelling field evidence of two distinct biogeochemical provinces of the tropical Atlantic Ocean with respect to the distribution of nitrogen fixation. These provinces are primarily defined by another physical phenomenon, the Atlantic InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In tandem, Schlosser et al. (3) also firmly establish the importance of iron as a major control on nitrogen fixation in these two ocean basins.
I see we still like C

The latest rankings of computer language popularity once again list C as the most popular programming language [1]. As a computer scientist that has written a lot of C code over the years, I must admit that makes me smile. While I don't write code much anymore, I like writing code, and I like writing it in C. Apparently so do a lot of other people. However, C was also the most popular programming language 25 years ago which is one indication that, in the field of software development, not much has changed. Are software developers unwilling to accept new paradigms or are the new paradigms proposed to-date simply unacceptable? This talk discusses what has and hasn't changed in the area of software development, how change (or the lack of it) relates to application security, and concludes with some thoughts on possible directions for the future.
A Deeper Look at Poverty: Challenges for Evangelical Development Workers

In order to be effective, Christian development practitioners need to have a comprehensive understanding of poverty informed by the concepts and definitions used by the poor themselves. Far too often, this is not the case. Research shows that community level understandings of poverty encompass a gamut of relational, material, cultural, psychological, and spiritual variables that are often overlooked, and that need to be taken into account for more effective holistic, transformational development to take place.
Insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C (IGF-I/Sm C): comparison of natural, solid phase synthetic and recombinant DNA analog peptides in two radioligand assays.

Investigation of the biologic activity of Insulin-like Growth Factor I/Somatomedin C (IGF-I/Sm C) has been hampered by the scarcity of purified material. The synthesis of this molecule by the solid phase procedure and an analog of IGF-I/Sm C by recombinant DNA technology offers promise that studies of the biologic a c t i v i t y of IGF-I/Sm C will soon be possible. We have found that natural IGF-I/Sm C and the two synthetic peptides behave similarly in two radioligand systems, providing evidence that these molecules possess the requisite structural integrity for use in such biological studies.
Intrinsic noise equivalent-circuit parameters for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Intrinsic noise sources and their correlation in gallium-nitride high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are extracted and studied. Microwave noise measurements have been performed over the frequency range of 0.8-5.8 GHz. Using measured noise and scattering parameter data, the gate and drain noise sources and their correlation are determined using an equivalent-circuit representation. This model correctly predicts the frequency-dependent noise for two devices having different gate length. Three noise mechanisms are identified in these devices, namely, those due to velocity fluctuation, gate leakage, and traps.
New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea

We describe, from the Muller Range of New Guinea, three new species of microhylid frogs, one each in the genera Albericus, Cophixalus, and Oreophryne. Th e new Albericus is unique in its combination of having an infrequent peeping call, oblique lores, wide snout and fi nger discs, and distinct tympanum. Th e new Cophixalus is distinguished by its combination of fi nger discs larger than toe discs, third toe longer than fi fth, distinct tympanum, curved scapular ridges, dark postocular stripe, dark W-shaped mark above the shoulders, and having a call consisting of a rapid series of 6–9 musical peeps. Th e Oreophryne is unique in its combination of having a cartilaginous connection of the procoracoid to the scapula, no webbing between the toes, fi fth toe longer than third, short snout, dark face, and call consisting of an extended multi-note chuckle or cackle. Each species was either common or abundant. Th e new Cophixalus shows a predilection for caves, although it is not restricted to them. Many frogs occurring in the central highlands of New Guinea are wide-ranging across much of this high-elevational region, but others are of restricted distribution. Th e species described herein are likely members of the latter group, although it remains to be determined whether each will prove endemic to the Muller Range.
A Pollen Protein, NaPCCP, That Binds Pistil Arabinogalactan Proteins Also Binds Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate and Associates with the Pollen Tube Endomembrane System

As pollen tubes grow toward the ovary, they are in constant contact with the pistil extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM components are taken up during growth, and some pistil molecules exert their effect inside the pollen tube. For instance, the Nicotiana alata 120-kD glycoprotein (120K) is an abundant arabinogalactan protein that is taken up from the ECM; it has been detected in association with pollen tube vacuoles, but the transport pathway between these compartments is unknown. We recently identified a pollen C2 domain-containing protein (NaPCCP) that binds to the carboxyl-terminal domain of 120K. As C2 domain proteins mediate protein-lipid interactions, NaPCCP could function in intracellular transport of 120K in pollen tubes. Here, we describe binding studies showing that the NaPCCP C2 domain is functional and that binding is specific for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Subcellular fractionation, immunolocalization, and live imaging results show that NaPCCP is associated with the plasma membrane and internal pollen tube vesicles. Colocalization between an NaPCCP::green fluorescent protein fusion and internalized FM4-64 suggest an association with the endosomal system. NaPCCP localization is altered in pollen tubes rejected by the self-incompatibility mechanism, but our hypothesis is that it has a general function in the transport of endocytic cargo rather than a specific function in self-incompatibility. NaPCCP represents a bifunctional protein with both phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate- and arabinogalactan protein-binding domains. Therefore, it could function in the transport of pistil ECM proteins in the pollen tube endomembrane system.
Weak Signal: Evidence of IFRS and U.S. GAAP Convergence from Nokia's 20‐F Reconciliations

This case examines convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S. GAAP from the perspective of a single company over a 13year period. Nokia, whose American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) have been traded on the NYSE since 1994, offers you an opportunity to examine the accounting differences under the two sets of accounting standards and their convergence over time.
Crystal Structure of the Dachshund Homology Domain of Human SKI

Abstract The nuclear protooncoprotein SKI negatively regulates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in cell growth and differentiation. It directly interacts with the Smads and, by various mechanisms, represses the transcription of TGF-β-responsive genes. SKI is a multidomain protein that includes a domain bearing high sequence similarity with the retinal determination protein Dachshund (the Dachshund homology domain, DHD). The SKI-DHD has been implicated in SMAD-2/3, N-CoR, SKIP, and PML-RARalpha binding. The 1.65 A crystal structure of the Dachshund homology domain of human SKI is reported here. The SKI-DHD adopts a mixed α/β structure which includes features found in the forkhead/winged-helix family of DNA binding proteins, although SKI-DHD is not a DNA binding domain. Residues that form a contiguous surface patch on SKI-DHD are conserved within the Ski/Sno family and with Dachshund, suggesting that this domain may mediate intermolecular interactions common to these proteins.