cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Liberal Hour: Electoral Pressures and Transfer Payment Voting in the United States Congress

The desire for reelection is commonly believed to pressure public officials to distribute additional benefits to potential voters. In this study, using congressional roll call data on votes for various types of transfer payment legislation during the 1970s, I present some specific evidence on the degree to which the decisions of U.S. representatives and senators are affected by election worries. Variation in the level of electoral pressure felt by members of Congress is achieved by noting the level of competition in their districts, the proximity of the next election, and the ambition for office held by the incumbent. The results indicate that while electoral pressures unmistakably cause some alteration in transfer payment voting behavior, it is easy to overestimate the importance of the desire for reelection.
Mo5Si3 single crystals: Physical properties and mechanical behavior

Abstract The materials processing, physical properties and mechanical behavior of an ultrahigh temperature structural silicide, Mo5Si3, have been studied. High purity single crystals of Mo5Si3 have been synthesized by both optical floating zone and Czochralski methods. The thermal and elastic properties of the Mo5Si3 single crystals were experimentally measured. Results show that Mo5Si3 has significant thermal expansion anisotropy along the a and c directions with αc/αa=2.2. The single crystal elastic moduli of Mo5Si3 indicate that it has less elastic anisotropy and lower shear moduli than transition metal disilicides. Tensile stresses of up to 1.8 GPa can develop at grain boundaries after cooling from the melting point due to the thermal expansion mismatch in Mo5Si3, causing grain boundary cracking during processing of polycrystals. Room temperature Vickers indentation tests on (100) and (001) planes have been performed with different indenter diagonal orientations and the orientation dependence of hardness and fracture toughness of Mo5Si3 single crystals have been obtained. The corresponding deformation and fracture modes have been revealed by microscopy studies. Finally, a comparison of Mo5Si3 with other high temperature structural silicides is discussed.
Founders versus Descendants: The Profitability, Efficiency, Growth Characteristics and Financing in Large, Public, Founding-Family-Controlled Firms:

This study examines the differences between founder-controlled firms and firms controlled by descendants or relatives of the founder. In general, we observe that founder-controlled firms grow faster and invest more in capital assets and research and development. However, descendant-controlled firms are more profitable. The results are consistent with a life-cycle view of the family firm in which the early years are characterized by rapid growth. The experience of the early years provides a basis for later, when the firm is more professionally run and can exploit its established position in the market.
The Roof is on Fire: Doing Historical Archeology on 19Th-Century Education in a City in Turmoil

The city of Cincinnati has been the location of much racial unrest that has recently garnered U.S. national attention. Rated as one of Ohio’s most livable cities, “The Queen City” of Ohio erupted in racial protest and anger following the killing of unarmed Timothy Thomas, an African American man, by a European American city police officer. This police killing represented the 15th reported death of African American men by Cincinnati’s police officers in the past 5 years. Bearing in mind the contemporary racial situation of Cincinnati, Ohio, this article uses a conceptual/theoretical construct of historical archeology to focus on the political and power-laden historically situated aspects of the city’s race relations, particularly in the field of education.
Optimal management when unsuspected N2 nodal disease is identified during thoracotomy for lung cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis.

Abstract Objectives Whether to proceed with lung resection when N2 nodal disease is identified at the time of thoracotomy for lung cancer is controversial. A decision analysis model was developed to address this question. Methods A meta-analysis was performed on data from reports published between 1990 and 2002 evaluating survival for (1) patients who were treated by initial resection for clinically unsuspected N2 nodal disease (initial resection) and (2) survival for patients undergoing resection after neoadjuvant therapy for N2 nodal disease (no initial resection). Hospital cost data for surgery were derived from our institution, and cost data for chemotherapy and radiation therapy were obtained from current literature. A decision model was developed to compare initial resection to no initial resection from the perspective of the medical center using survival, quality-adjusted life years survival, and cost-effectiveness as outcomes. Results The no initial resection option provided better median survival (2.1 versus 1.7 years), quality-adjusted life years (1.8 versus 1.3), and cost-effectiveness, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $17,119/quality-adjusted life year. Outcomes were influenced by survival estimates for each treatment option. Conclusions When N2 nodal disease is discovered during thoracotomy, the approach of delaying resection until after neoadjuvant therapy provides the best survival and is more cost-effective. This is likely due to the beneficial effects of neoadjuvant therapy and the exclusion of patients with more aggressive disease from the surgical candidate pool.
Gravity Waves and Linear Inflation from Axion Monodromy

Wrapped branes in string compactifications introduce a monodromy that extends the field range of individual closed-string axions to beyond the Planck scale. Furthermore, approximate shift symmetries of the system naturally control corrections to the axion potential. This suggests a general mechanism for chaotic inflation driven by monodromy-extended closed-string axions. We systematically analyze this possibility and show that the mechanism is compatible with moduli stabilization and can be realized in many types of compactifications, including warped Calabi-Yau manifolds and more general Ricci-curved spaces. In this broad class of models, the potential is linear in the canonical inflaton field, predicting a tensor to scalar ratio $r\ensuremath{\approx}0.07$ accessible to upcoming cosmic microwave background observations.
WINTER HABITAT SELECTION PATTERNS OF MERRIAM'S TURKEYS IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA

In northern areas of their expanded range, information on Merriam's turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo mer- riami) is lacking, specifically pertaining to wintering behavior and factors associated with winter habitat selection. Forest managers need detailed quantification of the effects of logging and other management practices on wintering habitats needed by Wild Turkeys and other wildlife. Therefore, we examined winter habitat selection patterns within ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests and determined factors associated with use of farmsteads by Merriam's turkeys in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota. We radio-marked 86 female Merriam's turkeys (70 adults and 16 yearlings) and monitored them during winter (1 December-31 March), 2001-2004. Female Wild Turkeys used recently burned pine forest less than expected but selected farmsteads and stands of mature ponderosa pine ( 22.9 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) trees) for foraging sites. Within forests, female Wild Turkeys selected forag- ing sites with less understory vegetation and visual obstruction, and larger-diameter ponderosa pine. Ponderosa pine seed abundance varied among years, and pine seeds were most abundant in stands of 30-35 cm DBH with basal area of 22-28 m2 ⋅ ha-1. Abundance of pine seeds may have influenced use of farmsteads by Wild Turkeys, more so than ambi- ent temperatures or snow depth. In the southern Black Hills, management should emphasize open- to mid-canopy and mature-structural-stage pine stands, where seed production was greatest. During winters when mast from pine is unavailable, farmsteads likely provide nutritional supplementation and may be important for maintaining Merriam's turkey populations.
Matched spectral filter based on reflection holograms for analyte identification

A matched spectral filter set that provides automatic preliminary analyte identification is proposed and analyzed. Each matched spectral filter in the set containing the multiple spectral peaks corresponding to the Raman spectrum of a substance is capable of collecting the specified spectrum into the detector simultaneously. The filter set is implemented by multiplexed volume holographic reflection gratings. The fabrication of a matched spectral filter in an Fe:LiNbO(3) crystal is demonstrated to match the Raman spectrum of the sample Rhodamine 6G (R6G). An interference alignment method is proposed and used in the fabrication to ensure that the multiplexed gratings are in the same direction at a high angular accuracy of 0.0025 degrees . Diffused recording beams are used to control the bandwidth of the spectral peaks. The reflection spectrum of the filter is characterized using a modified Raman spectrometer. The result of the filter's reflection spectrum matches that of the sample R6G. A library of such matched spectral filters will facilitate a fast detection with a higher sensitivity and provide a capability for preliminary molecule identification.
Speechfind for CDP: Advances in spoken document retrieval for the U. S. collaborative digitization program

This paper presents our recent advances for SpeechFind, a CRSS-UTD designed spoken document retrieval system for the U.S. based Collaborative Digitization Program (CDP). A proto-type of SpeechFind for the CDP is currently serving as the search engine for 1,300 hours of CDP audio content which contain a wide range of acoustic conditions, vocabulary and period selection, and topics. In an effort to determine the amount of user corrected transcripts needed to impact automatic speech recognition (ASR) and audio search, a web-based online interface for verification of ASR-generated transcripts was developed. The procedure for enhancing the transcription performance for SpeechFind is also presented. A selection of adaptation methods for language and acoustic models are employed depending on the acoustics of the corpora under test. Experimental results on the CDP corpus demonstrate that the employed model adaptation scheme using the verified transcripts is effective in improving recognition accuracy. Through a combination of feature/acoustic model enhancement and language model selection, up to 24.8% relative improvement in ASR was obtained. The SpeechFind system, employing automatic transcript generation, online CDP transcript correction, and our transcript reliability estimator, demonstrates a comprehensive support mechanism to ensure reliable transcription and search for U.S. libraries with limited speech technology experience.
Direct Imaging of Human SWI/SNF-Remodeled Mono- and Polynucleosomes by Atomic Force Microscopy Employing Carbon Nanotube Tips

Chromatin-remodeling complexes alter chromatin structure to facilitate, or in some cases repress, gene expression. Recent studies have suggested two potential pathways by which such regulation might occur. In the first, the remodeling complex repositions nucleosomes along DNA to open or occlude regulatory sites. In the second, the remodeling complex creates an altered dimeric form of the nucleosome that has altered accessibility to transcription factors. The extent of translational repositioning, the structure of the remodeled dimer, and the presence of dimers on remodeled polynucleosomes have been difficult to gauge by biochemical assays. To address these questions, ultrahigh-resolution carbon nanotube tip atomic force microscopy was used to examine the products of remodeling reactions carried out by the human SWI/SNF (hSWI/SNF) complex. We found that mononucleosome remodeling by hSWI/SNF resulted in a dimer of mononucleosomes in which 60 bp of DNA is more weakly bound than in control nucleosomes. Arrays of evenly spaced nucleosomes that were positioned by 5S rRNA gene sequences were disorganized by hSWI/SNF, and this resulted in long stretches of bare DNA, as well as clusters of nucleosomes. The formation of structurally altered nucleosomes on the array is suggested by a significant increase in the fraction of closely abutting nucleosome pairs and by a general destabilization of nucleosomes on the array. These results suggest that both the repositioning and structural alteration of nucleosomes are important aspects of hSWI/SNF action on polynucleosomes.
PROBLEMS WITH THE CULTURE OF TOPMINNOWS (FAMILY POECILIIDAE) AND THEIR USE AS LIVE BAITFISHES1

The intensive culture and live bait potential of a topminnow (Poecilia vittata) and shortfin molly (P. mexicana) was investigated in Hawaii, American Samoa, and Palau. Although these baitfishes are unusually hardy, problems were encountered during their culture, handling, shipboard confinement, and use as live bait for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Principal problems included predation, fouling and nuisance organisms, disease and parasites, cannibalism, slow growth rates, poor water quality, and difficulties during handling and transportation.
Transgenic Overexpression of Hexokinase II in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Increase Glucose Disposal in Wild-type or Glut1-overexpressing Mice

Glut1 transgenic mice were bred with transgenic mice that overexpress hexokinase II in skeletal muscle in order to determine whether whole-body glucose disposal could be further augmented in mice overexpressing glucose transporters. Overexpression of hexokinase alone in skeletal muscle had no effect on glucose transport or metabolism in isolated muscles, nor did it alter blood glucose levels or the rate of whole-body glucose disposal. Expression of the hexokinase transgene in the context of the Glut1 transgenic background did not alter glucose transport in isolated muscles but did cause additional increases in steady-state glucose 6-phosphate (3.2-fold) and glycogen (7.5-fold) levels compared with muscles that overexpress the Glut1 transporter alone. Surprisingly, however, these increases were not accompanied by a change in basal or insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal in the doubly transgenic mice compared with Glut1 transgenic mice, probably due to an inhibition of de novo glycogen synthesis as a result of the high levels of steady-state glycogen in the muscles of doubly transgenic mice (430 micromol/g versus 10 micromol/g in wild-type mice). We conclude that the hexokinase gene may not be a good target for therapies designed to counteract insulin resistance or hyperglycemia.
Blowing from a porous cone with an embedded shock wave

Abstract : Massive blowing from a porous cone in a supersonic flow is considered under the assumptions of inviscid, conical flow. The injection is assumed to be uniform, normal, and supersonic. This last assumption requires a straight shock wave in the injected-flow field. The numerically obtained solutions have two noteworthy features. First, the contact surface angle relative to the cone's axis decreases sharply when the embedded shock wave moves off the body. Second, it is possible to have a completely supersonic flow from the outer shock wave to the body, so that any upstream effect due to the presence of the cone's base is eliminated. Detailed solutions are presented and a model for the porous wall is used to relate the position of the embedded shock wave to freestream and plenum conditions. (Author)
Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs

Wu, Zhong-Xin, Robert F. Morton, and Lu-Yuan Lee. Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 958–965, 1997.—Acute ex...
Patient Copayments, Provider Incentives and Income Effects: Theory and Evidence from China’s Essential Medications List Policy

How do demand- and supply-side incentives interact, when there are potentially large provider income effects? We develop a simple model and empirically test it with data from China’s Essential Medications List (EML) policy, which reduced patient copayments and changed provider incentives by removing a large source of revenue from primary care providers: drug dispensing revenues. Using a panel of patient-level spending and clinical data for Chinese patients with diabetes or hypertension over two and a half years, we find evidence of strategic provider response that dampened the impact of patient copayment reductions. Resource use and patient out-of-pocket spending did not change, when taking account of patient utilization outside primary care.
International Legal Developments in Review: 2003 (Introduction)

In this Article, Professor Alford, who served at the time as the general editor of International Lawyer, discusses international law developments that took place during 2003, including the war in Iraq, the International Trade Committee's report on setbacks to the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas, sustainable development and the environment, international dispute resolution, and the establishment of African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Statistical Analysis of Assemblies Having Dependent Fitting Conditions

Analysis of the propagation of geometric variability through assemblies is used to estimate the probability that randomly selected components will, in fact, assemble. This process is known as Statistical Tolerance Analysis. One-dimensional analyses utilize a direct root-sum-square composition of the contributing part dimensions (the dimension stack) to estimate the probability that appropriate clearances will be maintained in the assembled configuration. Higher dimensional analyses frequently use the sensitivities of the clearances to dimensional changes based on the kinematics of the assembly. However, commercial tolerance analysis software does not support the analysis of assemblies where more than one dependent variable (a clearance) appears in each dimension stack. This paper describes the extension of a novel modeling method to accommodate statistical variability in assemblies. Assemblies are modeled in terms of their clearance conditions between mating surfaces, and parts are allowed to “float” with respect to one another, rather than being required to have all degrees of freedom removed in the final assembly. Variability in part dimensions is transformed to variation in the clearances, allowing inter-dependent dimension stacks sharing multiple, dependent clearances. The differences in predicted yield — will the parts fit together as designed? — for assemblies whose components can float with respect to one another is compared to similar assemblies where relative motion is fixed by a specified condition of contact or alignment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Multi-step prediction of rolling time series based on particle filter optimization

For complex application environments,it is difficult to get accurate time series modeling and multi-step prediction results.Multi-step prediction of rolling time series based on the particle filter optimization(PF_RTS) is proposed to solve the problem.According to the modeling thoughts of Box-Jenkins,the time series is adaptively modeled.And the model is regarded as the particles' state transition equation.By using a particle filtering algorithm,the optimal state is estimated and the predicted data are real-time corrected.With self-learning ability,this algorithm is suitable for real-time applications.The simulation results show that this method needs less prior knowledge and has a better predictive accuracy.
ECC-ASPIRIN: An ECC-assisted post-package repair scheme for aging errors in DRAMs

Because of continuous scaling down to small dimensions, DRAM has become a main memory with high capacity and density. Because denser memories are likely to contain more errors, DRAM employs repair schemes that replace errors with good cells for yield enhancement of a memory. The conventional repair scheme covers only manufacturing-level errors. As DRAM wears out while operating in the field, to enhance the lifetime of a memory, we need to incorporate a postpackage repair scheme into a memory system for repairing aging errors. In this paper, we propose a methodology that repairs aging errors in a memory during field operations. Using the memory yield and lifetime simulator, we evaluate the proposed repair method. Employing a 2GB DDR3 ECC-DIMM as a case study, we demonstrate that our post-package repair scheme improves the yield and the lifetime of a memory.
Ultrasound induced improvement in OCT resolution

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapidly emerging technology for high-resolution biomedical imaging. With commercially available diode sources, axial resolutions for OCT are generally in the range of 10-20 pm. Investigators have used solid state lasers to increase the resolution to less than 10 pm, such as the Kerr lens, mode locked, chromium Forsterite laser. However, these lasers require considerable expertise to use and generally costs are over $100,000. Since increasing resolution results in improved imaging, which is particularly important in areas such as early cancer detection where the analysis of nuclei would be useful, other methods for improving resolution should be pursued. In this study, OCT will be combined with ultrasound in an attempt to increase resolution. The theory is that, by using an ultrasound beam in parallel with the OCT beam, multiple scattering will be reduced because the light is Doppler shifted outside the bandpass filter of the OCT system. A 7.5 Hz ultrasound transducer was used approximately 10 degrees off axis of the OCT system. A reflecting metal plate was placed with fresh fish and the point spread function (PSF) was assessed off the reflector. The PSF was determined in the presence of no ultrasound, pulsed ultrasound, and CW ultrasound. CW ultrasound resulted in a 13% improvement (p<0.001) in resolution while the effect of pulsed ultrasound was 9% (p <0.01). Combining OCT with a parallel ultrasound beam results in an improvement in resolution. The proposed mechanism is a reduction in multiple scattering. Future studies will examine different the effect of different ultrasound parameters and bandpass filters in an attempt to increase these effects.
Indomethacin for Prevention of IV Hemorrhage

Results of a multicenter randomized trial of low-dose indomethacin (0.1 mg/kg IV) in prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants are reported from Yale New Haven Hospital, CT; Brown University, Providence, RI; and Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME.
Charge transfer in crystalline germanium/monolayer MoS2 heterostructures prepared by chemical vapor deposition

Heterostructuring provides novel opportunities for exploring emergent phenomena and applications by developing designed properties beyond those of homogeneous materials. Advances in nanoscience enable the preparation of heterostructures formed incommensurate materials. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, are of particular interest due to their distinct physical characteristics. Recently, 2D/2D heterostructures have opened up new research areas. However, other heterostructures such as 2D/three-dimensional (3D) materials have not been thoroughly studied yet although the growth of 3D materials on 2D materials creating 2D/3D heterostructures with exceptional carrier transport properties has been reported. Here we report a novel heterostructure composed of Ge and monolayer MoS2, prepared by chemical vapor deposition. A single crystalline Ge (110) thin film was grown on monolayer MoS2. The electrical characteristics of Ge and MoS2 in the Ge/MoS2 heterostructure were remarkably different from those of isolated Ge and MoS2. The field-effect conductivity type of the monolayer MoS2 is converted from n-type to p-type by growth of the Ge thin film on top of it. Undoped Ge on MoS2 is highly conducting. The observations can be explained by charge transfer in the heterostructure as opposed to chemical doping via the incorporation of impurities, based on our first-principles calculations.
Mechanical characterization of commercial biodegradable plastic films

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable plastic that is relatively new compared to other plastics in use throughout industry. The material is produced by the polymerization of lactic acid which is produced by the fermentation of starches derived from renewable feedstocks such as corn. Polylactic acid can be manufactured to fit a wide variety of applications. This study details the mechanical and morphological properties of selected commercially available PLA film products. Testing was conducted at Iowa State University and in conjunction with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) BioPreferred Program®. Results acquired by Iowa State were compared to a similar study performed by the Cortec Corporation in 2006. The PLA films tested at Iowa State were acquired in 2009 and 2010. In addition to these two studies at ISU, the films that were acquired in 2009 were aged for a year in a controlled environment and then re-tested to determine effects of time (ageing) on the mechanical properties. All films displayed anisotropic properties which were confirmed by inspection of the films with polarized light. The mechanical testing of the films followed American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Mechanical characteristics included: tensile strength (ASTM D882), elongation of material at failure (ASTM D882), impact resistance (ASTM D1922), and tear resistance (ASTM D4272). The observed values amongst all the films ranged as followed: tensile strength 33.65 – 8.54 MPa; elongation at failure 1,665.1% – 47.2%; tear resistance 3.61 – 0.46 N; and puncture resistance 2.22 – 0.28 J. There were significant
Seeing and Sampling the Surface of the Atherosclerotic Plaque: Red or White Can Make Blue.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying acute coronary syndromes (ACS) depended for decades on autopsy studies. The limitations of postmortem studies include death as an inclusion criterion, biasing the studies toward events with fatal outcomes. The more numerous nonmortal events comprise a sizable but heretofore largely hidden denominator of uncertain magnitude. To gain insight into the underlying pathophysiologic basis of the ACS, laboratory researchers have conducted innumerable animal studies on atherosclerosis. Advanced genetic manipulations have led to increasingly refined approaches to probe the aspects of experimental atherosclerosis, particularly in mice. Despite their indisputable value for isolating mechanisms, the interpretation and extrapolation of the results of many such mouse studies blithely ignore the yawning gap between the disease in laboratory animals and human patients with atherosclerosis.1,2 Only under extreme circumstances do mouse or rabbit atheromata actually ever cause thrombosis. Experiments in small animals almost never focus on the coronary arteries, structures that differ strikingly in ontogeny from the human aorta or carotid arteries. Experimental studies routinely refer to plaque vulnerability or stable or unstable plaque phenotype without actually assessing stability, instability, or vulnerability. This leap of faith, albeit routinely accepted, represents a striking suspension of intellectual and scientific rigor to which many turn a blind eye. See accompanying article on page 2460 Fortunately, we now possess tools of increasing utility and validation for probing the structure of atherosclerotic plaques in living humans. Traditional contrast arteriography provided silhouettes of the lumen but revealed little of the artery wall or the character of atherosclerotic plaques themselves. Intravascular ultrasound provides an outstanding modality for measuring the volume of atherosclerotic plaques. Use of the radiofrequency backscatter from intravascular ultrasound can furnish some …
Electronic reserves: copyright and permissions

Electronic reserves present a new service option for libraries to provide needed materials during hours that the library is not open and to user groups located some distance from library collections. Possible changes to current copyright law and publishers permissions policies have delayed the development of electronic reserves in many libraries. This paper reviews the current state of electronic reserves materials in the publishing and library communities and presents the results of a survey of publishers to determine permissions policies for electronic materials. Issues of concern to both libraries and publishers are discussed.
Peripheral chemosensitivity is not blunted during 2 h of thermoneutral head out water immersion in healthy men and women.

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) retention occurs during water immersion, but it is not known if peripheral chemosensitivity is altered during water immersion, which could contribute to CO 2 retention. We tested the hypothesis that peripheral chemosensitivity to hypercapnia and hypoxia is blunted during 2 h of thermoneutral head out water immersion (HOWI) in healthy young adults. Peripheral chemosensitivity was assessed by the ventilatory, heart rate, and blood pressure responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia at baseline, 10, 60, 120 min, and post HOWI and a time‐control visit (control). Subjects inhaled 1 breath of 13% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , and 66% N 2 to test peripheral chemosensitivity to hypercapnia and 2–6 breaths of 100% N 2 to test peripheral chemosensitivity to hypoxia. Each gas was administered four separate times at each time point. Partial pressure of end‐tidal CO 2 (PETCO 2 ), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded continuously. Ventilation was higher during HOWI versus control at post ( P = 0.037). PETCO 2 was higher during HOWI versus control at 10 min (46 ± 2 vs. 44 ± 2 mmHg), 60 min (46 ± 2 vs. 44 ± 2 mmHg), and 120 min (46 ± 3 vs. 43 ± 3 mmHg) (all P P = 0.898), heart rate ( P = 0.760), and blood pressure ( P = 0.092) responses to hypercapnia were not different during HOWI versus control at any time point. Ventilatory ( P = 0.714), heart rate ( P = 0.258), and blood pressure ( P = 0.051) responses to hypoxia were not different during HOWI versus control at any time point. These data indicate that CO 2 retention occurs during thermoneutral HOWI despite no changes in peripheral chemosensitivity.
Real-Time Prediction of Taxi Demand Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Predicting taxi demand throughout a city can help to organize the taxi fleet and minimize the wait-time for passengers and drivers. In this paper, we propose a sequence learning model that can predict future taxi requests in each area of a city based on the recent demand and other relevant information. Remembering information from the past is critical here, since taxi requests in the future are correlated with information about actions that happened in the past. For example, someone who requests a taxi to a shopping center, may also request a taxi to return home after few hours. We use one of the best sequence learning methods, long short term memory that has a gating mechanism to store the relevant information for future use. We evaluate our method on a data set of taxi requests in New York City by dividing the city into small areas and predicting the demand in each area. We show that this approach outperforms other prediction methods, such as feed-forward neural networks. In addition, we show how adding other relevant information, such as weather, time, and drop-offs affects the results.
The Medial Prefrontal Cortex Shapes Dopamine Reward Prediction Errors under State Uncertainty.

Summary Animals make predictions based on currently available information. In natural settings, sensory cues may not reveal complete information, requiring the animal to infer the "hidden state" of the environment. The brain structures important in hidden state inference remain unknown. A previous study showed that midbrain dopamine neurons exhibit distinct response patterns depending on whether reward is delivered in 100% (task 1) or 90% of trials (task 2) in a classical conditioning task. Here we found that inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) affected dopaminergic signaling in task 2, in which the hidden state must be inferred ("will reward come or not?"), but not in task 1, where the state was known with certainty. Computational modeling suggests that the effects of inactivation are best explained by a circuit in which the mPFC conveys inference over hidden states to the dopamine system. Video Abstract
Metropolitan Living: The Los Angeles Parklabrea Apartments:

Reflecting a commitment to public service and an interest in abiding investments, life insurance companies after the Second World War were responsible for the construction of an unprecedented numbe...
Assumptions: Where Are We?

Every early childhood and elementary educator operates in life from a set of assumptions. This chapter offers ways for readers to consider the unrecognized and unexamined aspects of these assumptions. Certain forms of knowledge are valued more than others in schools. For example, presently science and math are more valued than music and the arts. Also, school knowledge belongs to a particular group of people. Children and families who do not have school knowledge are at a disadvantage. Finally, people in power exercise their position to maintain dominance to keep those places in society. Early childhood and elementary educators are encouraged to deconstruct long-held assumptions. What can educators do to make a difference in their classrooms and communities when these three assumptions of critical pedagogy are pervasive in the school systems in which they teach?
Using Lomb-Scargle Analysis to Derive Empirical Orthogonal Functions from Gappy Meteorological Data

AbstractThe Lomb–Scargle discrete Fourier transform (LSDFT) is a well-known technique for analyzing time series. In this study, a solution for empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) based on irregul...
USING AN EYE TRACKER AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR CONCUSSION DIAGNOSIS (P6.321)

Objective: The goal of the current research study is to determine whether eye tracking measures can be utilized to reliably track concussion symptoms in concussed sports athletes. Background: There are many challenges that must be overcome with regards to the diagnosis and treatment of concussions. First, the lack of a repeatable and reliable diagnostic test can result in patients who have received concussions not being diagnosed as such. There are other patients who try to deliberately lie about or concealing their symptoms because they don’t want to be engaged in a treatment procedure that might prevent them from engaging in daily activities such as driving or participating in sports. Lack of baseline assessment for concussions test makes it difficult for medical doctors to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Design/Methods: Six ocular tests using an eye tracker was developed for athletes with concussion symptoms. Participants wear a mobile, head-mounted eye tracker and are administered visual assessment tasks which are presented on a monitor in front of him/her. The tests include stimuli which examine ocular motor capabilities, cognitive tunneling, visual search and scanning ability. The experimental design also includes administering the same assessments on an aged-matched, non-concussed control group. Significant differences between concussed and non-concussed patients in focusing, tracing and tracking moving objects are anticipated. Results: The concussed patients showed difficulties in acquiring and following (pursuit scanning) objects as well as with tracing the outlines of objects with their eyes. Conclusions: Concussed patients will demonstrate more longitudinal deviations. Eye tracking is a useful tool to measure the severity of eye movement impairment with eye tracker and to help neurologists assess the healing trend with executing follow-up tests. Disclosure: Dr. Katrahmani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katrahmani has nothing to disclose.
Exploring how patients understand and assess their diabetes control.

Poor understanding of diabetes management targets is associated with worse disease outcomes. Patients may use different information than providers to assess their diabetes control. In this study, we identify the information patients use to gauge their current level of diabetes control and explore patient-perceived barriers to understanding the hemoglobin A1c value (HbA1c). Adults who self-reported a diagnosis of diabetes were recruited from outpatient, academically-affiliated, Internal Medicine clinics. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants and collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The mean age of the 25 participants was 56.8 years. HbA1c was one of several types of information participants used to assess diabetes control. Other information included perceived self-efficacy and adherence to self-care, the type and amount of medications taken, the presence or absence of symptoms attributed to diabetes, and feedback from self-monitoring of blood glucose. Most participants reported familiarity with the HbA1c (22 of 25), though understanding of the value’s meaning varied significantly. Inadequate diabetes education and challenges with patient-provider communication were cited as common barriers to understanding the HbA1c. In addition to the HbA1c, several categories of information influenced participants’ assessments of their diabetes control. Increased provider awareness of the factors that influence patients’ perceptions of diabetes control can inform effective, patient-centered approaches for communicating vital diabetes-related information, facilitating behavior change towards improved patient outcomes.
Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers.

Background T-zone lymphoma (TZL), an indolent disease in older dogs, comprises approximately 12% of lymphomas in dogs. TZL cells exhibit an activated phenotype, indicating the disease may be antigen-driven. Prior research found that asymptomatic aged Golden Retrievers (GLDRs) commonly have populations of T-zone-like cells (phenotypically identical to TZL) of undetermined significance (TZUS). Objective To evaluate associations of inflammatory conditions, TZL and TZUS, using a case-control study of GLDRs. Animals TZL cases (n = 140), flow cytometrically diagnosed, were identified through Colorado State University's Clinical Immunology Laboratory. Non-TZL dogs, recruited through either a database of owners interested in research participation or the submitting clinics of TZL cases, were subsequently flow cytometrically classified as TZUS (n = 221) or control (n = 147). Methods Health history, signalment, environmental, and lifestyle factors were obtained from owner-completed questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, obtaining separate estimates for TZL and TZUS (versus controls). Results Hypothyroidism (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7), omega-3 supplementation (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), and mange (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21.1) were significantly associated with TZL. Gastrointestinal disease (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.98-5.8) had nonsignificantly increased TZL odds. Two shared associations for TZL and TZUS were identified: bladder infection or calculi (TZL OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 0.96-12.7; TZUS OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.9-13.7) and eye disease (TZL OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.97-5.2; TZUS OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.99-3.8). Conclusions and clinical importance These findings may elucidate pathways involved in TZUS risk and progression from TZUS to TZL. Further investigation into the protective association of omega-3 supplements is warranted.
The ‘known unknowns’ of invasive species impact measurement

There are thousands of case studies documenting invasive species’ impacts and these have led to the development of over 30 hypotheses that describe how invasions occur and their impacts manifest. The proliferation of invasion hypotheses over the decades has spurred several efforts to identify conceptual overlap and increase clarity of impact mechanism in the field. What is still lacking, however, is a comprehensive accounting of the evidence base on invasive species impacts, especially in regard to the biological scales, temporal scales, and taxonomic groups that receive research. Identifying the ‘known unknowns’ of empirical invasion impact research serves a critical function in the effort to evaluate support for existing hypotheses and generate novel hypotheses. We built a taxonomically and geographically comprehensive database of over 1500 research articles that report measures of invasive species’ ecological impacts published over the past 18 years (1999–2016). We found that, field-wide, published measures of invasive species’ impacts are highly skewed toward those measured at the population or community-level with scarce information on impacts at other biological scales (e.g., physiology, behavior). We also show that existing impact evidence stems most often from one-off studies of single invasive species. Yet, even for species that receive consistent attention, impacts have rarely been documented across more than one biological scale, beyond very short time periods, or in several ecosystems. In order to predict and anticipate how impacts manifest in a variety of temporal and biological contexts, the evidence base informing existing invasion hypotheses must become more integrative both within and across publications.
Stochastic collision electrochemistry of single silver nanoparticles

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of single colloidal Ag nanoparticles (NPs) at an electrode surface has previously been studied as an in situ particle-sizing methodology. However, the discovery of multipeak amperometric behavior in 2017 sparked new interest toward understanding the precise physical mechanism of the manner in which a freely diffusing Ag NP interacts with the electrode surface. Random walk simulations, unique electrochemical experiments, and correlated optical/spectroscopic techniques have revealed exciting new results regarding the physical and chemical processes occurring on single NP collision.
Treatment of ADHD in Individuals With and Without Intellectual Disabilities

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) than in the general population. This comorbidity complicates the assessment process and the course of treatment. Nevertheless, dual diagnosis of ADHD and ID is important, as individuals with comorbid ADHD and ID have worse outcome trajectories than those with ID alone. Therefore, effective treatment of ADHD in individuals with ID is critical. Common treatment methods of comorbid ADHD and ID are reviewed in this chapter.
The Social Terrain of Rebel Held Territory

The extent of local order varies widely in rebel held areas, from total chaos to well-run governing institutions. When these institutions exist, why do some include civilian input in local affairs,...
Adapting Personal Therapies Using a Mobile Application for Tinnitus Rehabilitation: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives:To develop a smartphone application providing sound therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating tinnitus and performing a proof-of-concept pilot study evaluating its pote...
A nonlinear Lazarev–Lieb theorem: L2-orthogonality via motion planning

Lazarev and Lieb showed that finitely many integrable functions from the unit interval to ℂ can be simultaneously annihilated in the L2 inner product by a smooth function to the unit circle. Here, ...
Three-Form Split Questionnaire Design for Panel Surveys

Longitudinal or panel surveys are effective tools for measuring individual level changes in the outcome variables and their correlates. One drawback of these studies is dropout or nonresponse, potentially leading to biased results. One of the main reasons for dropout is the burden of repeatedly responding to long questionnaires. Advancements in survey administration methodology and multiple imputation software now make it possible for planned missing data designs to be implemented for improving the data quality through a reduction in survey length. Many papers have discussed implementing a planned missing data study using a split questionnaire design in the cross-sectional setting, but development of these designs in a longitudinal study has been limited. Using simulations and data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we compare the performance of several methods for administering a split questionnaire design in the longitudinal setting. The results suggest that the optimal design depends on the data structure and estimand of interest. These factors must be taken into account when designing a longitudinal study with planned missing data.
Stabilization and solidification of brine water containing selenium, chromium, copper, and mercury utilizing a microwave enabled sol–gel process

To comply with the new regulations on coal-fired power plants, many treatment scenarios are inclining towards zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) technologies. Therefore, there has been a dramatic shift in the treatment approaches for managing effluents at coal-fired plants within the past decade. Traditionally, stabilization/solidification (S/S) ZLD technologies fall into two categories: cementitious and vitrification. However, neither approach offers the ideal solution for coal-fired power plants needing ZLD by S/S methods. Here, we report a novel proof-of-concept of a sol–gel encapsulation – chemical and physical – method using only one chemical: tetramethyl orthosilicate and the resulting materials are evaluated as an alternative S/S effluent treatment. We demonstrate that the concept of sol–gel encapsulation is an efficient method to solidify and chemically stabilize various brine waters and wastewater effluents from a midwestern coal-fired power plant that burns both bituminous and sub-bituminous coals. The encapsulated solids successfully retained positively charged contaminants during leaching analyses, while struggling to retain negatively charged contaminants. Based on the results shown, it is proposed that the negatively charged silicon dioxide network chemically fixates positively charged contaminants, leading to the retention of those contaminants. These results demonstrate that sol–gel encapsulation has the potential to be developed as an alternative S/S technique to meet the challenges of ZLD technologies. It is anticipated that the work presented will be a starting point for further development of S/S treatment with sol–gels derived from fly ash.
‘Bad Jobs’ Recovery? European Job Quality Index 2005-2015

This new Working Paper offers a detailed look at the quality of jobs held by European workers, and shows what aspects of work improved or deteriorated over the last decade. It updates the European Job Quality Index (JQI) – a measure that encompasses a broad range of work and employment characteristics, including wages, non-wage aspects of employment and work organisation, and collective interest representation. The results indicate a decline in non-wage job quality over the past decade and sluggish real wage growth in the years following the crisis. There is great variation across EU member states, with an indication of deepening polarisation on some dimensions of job quality. Moreover, the paper points to a strong positive relationship between job quality and job quantity in the EU.