cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The USDA Future Scientists Urban Agriculture Program

The decisions that are made today about the future of agriculture are critical. Over the next 50 years there will need to be produced as much food as has previously been produced in recorded history. This will only happen if students enter science, technology, engineering, agriculture and mathematics (STEAM) fields. Only about 1/32 of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming. Water resources are being used at unsustainable rates. The students of today are going to have to solve and ameliorate these problems and many more as adults. However, the majority of these students live in urban environments with little to no idea of the source of their food. Students need to understand the complexity of the living world and to study the functions and processes of organisms and how they interact in and with the environment. The USDA Future Scientists Urban Agriculture Program, established in 2009, is a way to make that connection by having them study and research in a USDA People’s Garden and then to develop their own garden at their school and, perhaps, at their homes. It is helping many of them to expand their sense of future science career options and to see Agricultural Science as moving beyond manual labor and the harvesting of crops from the field and into advanced research.
Compound flooding from lake seiche and river flow in a freshwater coastal river

Abstract Compound impacts on water level caused by seiche and high flow in freshwater coastal rivers can result in extreme flood risks. A seiche is an oscillation in the lake caused by strong wind or rapid change of atmospheric pressure. Seiching and high flow can be statistically dependent, therefore a copula-based joint distribution is used to investigate their compound effects on flooding in a freshwater coastal river. A hydrodynamic model is used to predict inundation areas for developing flood probability maps. This two-fold approach allows the development of a joint probability-based flood map resulting from seiche and high flow. The methodology is applied to the Buffalo River (Buffalo, New York), draining into Lake Erie, which is subject to significant seiching. Results show that seiches can have an impact on flooding and the compounding effects of seiche and high flow can increase the inundation area. The study also shows that the present Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year flood scenario for the study site is equivalent to compound 100-year high flow and 10-year seiche, and the 100-year high flow and corresponding most probable water level (slightly larger than the long-term average lake level) is approximately 7 times more likely to occur than the FEMA scenario. The analysis framework can provide insight into the compounding effects of seiche and high flow on inundation, and on the probability of occurrence of such events for overall flood engineering in a freshwater coastal river.
Faculty Development: Reaching Every College Student with Universal Design for Learning

Community colleges, with their open-enrollment policies, often serve as a gateway to postsecondary education for a diverse population of students, including first-generation college students, students of color, academically underprepared students, and students with disabilities. Faculty in postsecondary institutions are expected to be content experts rather than trained educators. They may not have experience addressing the varied needs and preferences of the students in their classrooms. Universal design for learning (UDL) provides a framework for designing courses that consider student diversity at the outset, potentially increasing retention, degree progression, and graduation rates. A three-session faculty development program was designed to increase awareness of diverse learning needs, promote the use of UDL principles across campus, introduce the core principles of UDL in a manner that could be readily integrated into existing courses, and develop a foundation for future faculty development focused on improving pedagogy. The program was piloted over 7 weeks in the Fall semester with faculty from each of the four schools on campus. Data were collected pre, post, and at a 6-week follow-up. The results of the program suggest that the faculty who attended (n = 13) gained awareness of barriers to learning and in willingness to implement UDL principles. Faculty development programs that provide training in UDL offer postsecondary education faculty members valuable tools for supporting success among the diverse students they encounter on their campuses.
If a Machian Relationship Between Gravitons and Gravitinos Exist, What Does Such a Relationship Imply as to Scale Factor, and Quinessence Evolution? Tie in with DM Production and DE

The Machs principle as unveiled in this paper is really a statement as to information conservation, with Gravitons and Gravitinos being information carriers. What we wish to know is are there measurable consequences as far as scale factor evolution, spatial distance expansion and cosmological density proportional to a quinessent variant of the cosmological ‘constant’ parameter ? We furthermore postulate a connection between the quinessent variant, and DM and its relationship to DE using Sundrum’s model of DE as an example.
Dendritic Cells: Tools and Targets for Transplant Tolerance

Our knowledge of the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the generation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance has expanded rapidly and is now a key area of research in basic and applied DC biology. This minireview highlights recent developments in the field that are leading to new avenues for exploiting DC in the promotion of transplant tolerance.
Basic Representation Theory

If V is a finite-dimensional real or complex vector space, let GL(V ) denote the group of invertible linear transformations of V. If we choose a basis for V, we can identify GL(V ) with \(\mathsf{GL}(n; \mathbb{R})\) or \(\mathsf{GL}(n; \mathbb{C})\). Any such identification gives rise to a topology on GL(V ), which is easily seen to be independent of the choice of basis. With this discussion in mind, we think of GL(V ) as a matrix Lie group. Similarly, we let gl(V ) = End(V ) denote the space of all linear operators from V to itself, which forms a Lie algebra under the bracket \([X,Y ] = \mathit{XY } -\mathit{YX}\).
Unsteady Base Pressure Measurements in the Near Wake of a Cylinder With Imposed Three-Dimensional Disturbances

The effects of geometrically imposed three-dimensional disturbances that were introduced by a spanwise-periodic trailing-edge splitter plate on the instantaneous base pressure of a circular cylinder were investigated. Measurements indicate a direct coupling to the shedding frequency between the stagnation-line and base-pressure signals. A low frequency component in the base pressure power spectra was found and was directly related to the irregular shedding observed in the wake.
A Unifying Scenario on the Origin and Evolution of Cellular and Viral Domains

The cellular theory on the nature of life has been one of the first major advancements in biology. Viruses, however, are the most abundant life forms, and their exclusion from mainstream biology and the Tree of Life (TOL) is a major paradox in biology. This article presents a broad, unifying scenario on the origin and evolution of cellular and viral domains that challenges the conventional views about the history of life and supports a TOL that includes viruses. Co-evolution of viruses and their host cells has led to some of the most remarkable developments and transitions in the evolution of life, including the origin of non-coding DNA as a genomic protective device against viral insertion damage. However, one of the major fundamental evolutionary developments driven by viruses was probably the origin of cellular domains - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya - from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) lineage, by evolving anti-fusion mechanisms. Consistent with a novel fusion/fission model for the population mode of evolution of LUCA, this paper presents a “cell-like world” model for the origin of life. According to this model the evolution of coupled replication, transcription and translation system (RT&T) occurred within non-living cell-like compartments (CCs). In this model, the ancestral ribosome originated as template-based RNA synthesizing machinery. The origin of the cellular genome as a centralized unit for storage and replication of genetic information within the CCs facilitated the evolution of the ancestral ribosome into a powerful translation machinery - the modern ribosome. After several hundred millions of years of providing an enclosed environment and fusion/fission based exchanges necessary for the population mode of evolution of the basic metabolism and the RT&T, the CCs evolved into the first living entities on earth - the LUCA lineage. The paper concludes with a proposal for a TOL that integrates the coevolution of cellular and viral domains. This is one of a series of three articles that present a unifying scenario on the origin and evolution of viral and cellular domains, including the origin of life, which has significant t bio-medical implications and could lead to a significant paradigm shift in biology.
HIV programs for sex workers : lessons and challenges for developing and delivering programs

There is evidence that HIV prevention programs for sex workers, especially female sex workers, are cost-effective in several contexts, including many western countries, Thailand, India, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. The evidence that sex worker HIV prevention programs work must not inspire complacency but rather a renewed effort to expand, intensify, and maximize their impact. The PLOS Collection “Focus on Delivery and Scale: Achieving HIV Impact with Sex Workers” highlights major challenges to scaling-up sex worker HIV prevention programs, noting the following: sex worker HIV prevention programs are insufficiently guided by understanding of epidemic transmission dynamics, situation analyses, and programmatic mapping; sex worker HIV and sexually transmitted infection services receive limited domestic financing in many countries; many sex worker HIV prevention programs are inadequately codified to ensure consistency and quality; and many sex worker HIV prevention programs have not evolved adequately to address informal sex workers, male and transgender sex workers, and mobile- and internet-based sex workers. Based on the wider collection of papers, this article presents three major clusters of recommendations: (i) HIV programs focused on sex workers should be prioritized, developed, and implemented based on robust evidence; (ii) national political will and increased funding are needed to increase coverage of effective sex worker HIV prevention programs in low and middle income countries; and (iii) comprehensive, integrated, and rapidly evolving HIV programs are needed to ensure equitable access to health services for individuals involved in all forms of sex work.
Dislocation damping in high purity molybdenum

Dislocation interstitial interactions in high purity molybdenum have been investigated by means of internal friction measurements. A Marx piezoelectric composite oscillator with a resonant frequency of 50 kHz was used to measure the log decrement as a function of time, temperature, and strain amplitude. Measurements on slightly cold worked samples show that at temperatures above 100°C the amplitude-independent damping decreases with time. This effect has been explained in terms of the diffusion of interstitial nitrogen to the dislocation lines pinning them and rendering them immobile. An activation energy for the process has been found to be between 1.12 and 1.18 eV which agrees with the diffusional energy of interstitial nitrogen in molybdenum. In the two purer grades of molybdenum, a maximum was observed in the amplitude-dependent damping. The damping maximum was observed after annealed samples were deformed at room temperature. The behavior of the damping maximum has been studied as a function of temperature and various thermomechanical treatments. The damping maximum is attributed to the motion of dislocations produced by deformation, which have a very low concentration of breakable pinning points along the dislocation lines.
Bile Acid Sequestrants and Diabetes: Introduction and Overview to the Supplement

Diabetes is a global epidemic. The recommended goals for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and blood pressure are achieved only in a very small minority of patients. In this supplement to Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, we review the data showing that the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam lowers both HbA1c and LDL-C in patients with diabetes. These data make colesevelam an attractive therapy to get more patients to achieve their LDL-C and HbA1c goals.
Instabilities In A Non-linear Model Of A Passive Damper

Abstract During a study of the dynamic characteristics of a wire rope vibration isolation system constructed with helical isolators, an interesting instability was observed. Following an experimental investigation of this system, a semi-empirical model having non-linear stiffness, n th power velocity damping, and variable Coulomb-type friction damping was developed. Results obtained using ACSL compare well with experimental data. The primary emphasis of this paper, however, centers on the instabilities and large-response behavior of this semi-empirical model. Stabilizing effects are discussed.
The Role of Railroads in Multimodal Woody Biomass Transportation in Michigan

Minimizing transportation costs is essential in the forest products industry, as the relatively low value and high weight of the products causes transportation to account for exceptionally high portion of the overall cost. The forest products such as logs, chips, and residues (woody biomass) are one of the major business sources in Michigan especially in Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Currently, truck transportation is used for the great majority of the trips, but it is believed that a more cost-efficient transportation chain might be achieved through use of multimodal approach by trucks and rail and in some cases water transportation.This paper presents the three alternative transportation supply chain models for woody biomass transportation; 1) single mode, 2) multimodal and 3) intermediate storage. The paper uses data from three recent studies to describe the forest products transportation in the upper mid-west, including the typical distances for movements and the breakdown of cost elements for each alternative. It will discuss the potential benefits of increased use of rail as part of the transportation chain and address the perceived drawbacks and challenges caused by the shift. It will also present cost-gradient maps developed to highlight the capability of rail to expand the economical radius for obtaining feedstock and demonstrate how increasing fuel prices change the balance toward multimodal transportation. Finally, the paper will highlight the potential for gained efficiency in log truck operations through increased use of rail.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Reading Skill and the Identification of Words in Discourse Context.

Word identification latencies and word prediction accuracy were compared for groups of skilled and less skilled young readers in three experiments. In each experiment, discourse context reduced identification latencies for less skilled as well as skilled readers. This was true both when context was heard and when it was read. The general relationship between word predictability and latency was the same for skilled readers and for less skilled readers, but only less skilled readers’ identification latencies were affected by word length and word frequency when the word appeared in context. When subjects predicted the word before identifying it, correctly predicted words were identified more quickly than words not predicted correctly, and skilled readers were more accurate in prediction than were less skilled readers. Although reading-related differences in the use of discourse context may characterize other aspects of reading comprehension, the use of context in identifying words is not a major source of reading difficulty.
Aromatic ring cleavage by homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase: role of His200 in the kinetics of interconversion of reaction cycle intermediates.

Homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (WT 2,3-HPCD) isolated from Brevibacterium fuscum utilizes an active site Fe(II) and O2 to catalyze proximal extradiol cleavage of the aromatic ring of the substrate (HPCA). Here, the conserved active site residue His200 is changed to Gln, Glu, Ala, Asn, and Phe, and the reactions of the mutant enzymes are probed using steady-state and transient kinetic techniques. Each mutant catalyzes ring cleavage of HPCA to yield the normal product. H200Q and H200N retain 30−40% of the WT 2,3-HPCD activity at 24 °C, but the other mutants reduce the kcat to less than 9% of normal. The origin of the reduced activity is unlikely to be the substrate binding phase of the catalytic cycle, because the multistep anaerobic binding reaction of the chromophoric substrate 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) is shown to proceed with rate constants similar to those observed for WT 2,3-HPCD. In contrast, the rate constants of several steps in the multistep O2 binding/insertion and product release half of the re...
Thoracic complications in patients undergoing intraperitoneal heated chemotherapy with mitomycin following cytoreductive surgery.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of thoracic reactions in patients undergoing intraperitoneal heated chemotherapy (IPHC). Methods Forty-two patients who had intraperitoneal disseminated malignancies were treated with cytoreductive surgery (CS) and IPHC. The primary malignancies included carcinoma of the colon (n = 17), stomach (n = 6), appendix (n = 6), pseudomyxoma peritonei (n = 3), mesothelium (n = 2), ovaries (n = 2), jejunum (n = 2), gallbladder (n = 1), urachus (n = 1), and peritoneal carcinomatosis (n = 2). After CS, IPHC with mitomycin (MMC) was administered by perfusion at 40.5°C. After IPHC, multiple radiographs of the chest were reviewed in comparison to the control group. Results Thoracic complications occurred in 36 patients (86%), including atelectasis in 32 patients (76%), pleural effusions in 27 (64%), pulmonary edema in 10 (24%), pneumonia in 2 (5%), and pneumothorax in 2 (5%). The incidence of thoracic complications in the IPHC group was significantly higher than that of patients in the control group (P .05). Conclusions Bibasilar atelectasis and pleural effusions are common findings after IPHC with MMC, but most of them do not necessarily warrant intervention. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;66:19–23. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of acclimation temperature on interrenal and carbohydrate stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

In juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), acclimated to 7.5, 12.5 and 21.0°C and subjected to a 30-s handling stress, cortisol elevations were similar in all groups but the return to resting levels was slowest in the fish acclimated to 7.5°C. Glucose increases in response to handling were much greater in the fish acclimated to 21.0°C than in those of the other two groups. Among chinook salmon subjected to continuous confinement, plasma cortisol rose most quickly in fish acclimated to 21.0°C, but peak levels were similar in all three groups. For plasma glucose, both resting levels and elevations induced by confinement stress were highest in fish acclimated to the high temperature. Confinement-induced mortality was also highest in fish acclimated and confined at 21.0°C; mortality was low in fish held at 12.5°C and nil in those held at 7.5°C. Liver glycogen declined in all confined fish, but this decline was smallest in those acclimated to the low temperature.
First known EL5 chondrite - Evidence for dual genetic sequence for enstatite chondrites

The compositionally distinct EH and EL groups together with four (3-6) petrologic types which constitute the enstatite chondrites represent increasing degrees of metamorphic alteration. Although bulk composition variations preclude a simple conversion of EH4 into EL6 material, complex models which involve simultaneous bulk composition and petrologic type variations may be implied by other classification schemes in common use. Attention is presently given to the discovery of the first EL5 chondrite, which breaks the EH3,4-EH5-EL6 sequence and indicates that the enstatite chondrites constitute the two discrete, isochemical metamorphic sequences EH3-5 and EL5-6.
Some experimental observations of liquid matrix effects in organic sims

Abstract At incident current densities on the order of 10−5A/cm2, a period of ∼1–30 s has been observed for nearly constant secondary ion emission to be established from glycerol sample matrices following the onset of sample irradiation with low energy (∼5–7 keV) metal ions. It is further observed that after prolonged irradiation the intensities of the molecular ions of certain compounds increase significantly shortly before the glycerol is depleted. Further study of these effects may assist in elucidating certain aspects of the matrix's role in the process of particle induced secondary ion emission from liquid samples.
The effects of source cues on online news perception

Among various interface cues, expertise, identity, and bandwagon cues have been consistently found to have significant effects on media users' perceptions of online news content. To examine the effects of these three types of heuristic cues in the context of online news consumption, the current study involved a 2 (expertise cue: low vs. high)x2 (identity cue: in-group vs. out-group)x2 (bandwagon cue: low vs. high) online experiment. A total of 121 undergraduate students participated in the study. Significant two-way interaction effects between the expertise and bandwagon cues on perceived credibility suggested the positive combined effect of these two cues. Moreover, significant three-way interaction effects among expertise, identity and bandwagon cues indicated that the interaction effects between expertise and bandwagon cues tend to work as a function of the identity cue. While confirming the importance of the identity cue in users' perceptions of online news, three-way interaction effects confirmed the co-occurrence of heuristic and systematic processing. The interaction effects also suggested that people process news systematically when the recommenders are out-group members, whereas they process news heuristically when the recommenders are in-group members. Theoretical as well as practical implications have also been discussed in this article.
A Case Study Approach to Analyzing the Relationship Between Children and Services in a System of Care

Evaluations of mental health system-of-care programs need to include quantitative and qualitative data. To date, most of these evaluations have collected primarily quantitative data. A single case study approach that uses case records and interviews of children, parents, and professional staff can provide informative qualitative data. In this article, the relationship between a child and family and a system of care is examined through a single case analysis. The methodology to collect the case record and interview data, and to analyze and graphically illustrate the data, are presented.
Reflections on Dangerous Fieldwork.

Latin American fieldwork may involve danger for researcher and subject alike. The researcher must work to minimize his or her own or others’ exposure to violence. Unobtrusive methods such as Q-Methodology, participant observation, and quiet interviewing are recommended so that the researcher can build a sustaining and protecting network of contacts. This article discusses the interpersonal relations, problems of security, and field entry techniques involved in sensitive research situations.
RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Resale price maintenance has been used as a management strategy for a long time. Even in the face of unfavorable court decisions, the concept, like a Phoenix, continues to rise from its ashes. Much evidence indicates a strong desire by some manufacturers to control their product's prices throughout a distribution channel. However, businesses must be careful not to overstep legal bounds in the implementation of an aggressive price policy. This article looks at resale price maintenance as a management technique and offers guidelines for the prospective marketer.
Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual-motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer.

Abstract Deficits in motor control are often reported in children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Less is known about the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) on motor coordination, and previous studies have not considered whether PTE, PAE, and PME interact to affect motor control. This study investigated the effects of PTE, PAE, and PME as well as current drug use on speed of processing, visual–motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer in 16-year-old adolescents. Data were collected as part of the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project. Adolescents (age 16, n = 320) participating in a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal substance exposure on developmental outcomes were evaluated in this study. The computerized Bimanual Coordination Test (BCT) was used to assess each domain of function. Other important variables, such as demographics, home environment, and psychological characteristics of the mother and adolescent were also considered in the analyses. There were significant and independent effects of PTE, PAE, and PME on processing speed and interhemispheric transfer of information. PTE and PME were associated with deficits in visual–motor coordination. There were no interactions between PAE, PTE, and PME. Current tobacco use predicted deficits in speed of processing. Current alcohol and marijuana use by the offspring were not associated with any measures of performance on the BCT.
Dissecting the Senescence-like Program in Tumor Cells Activated by Ras Signaling

Activated Ras signaling can induce a permanent growth arrest in osteosarcoma cells. Here, we report that a senescence-like growth inhibition is also achieved in human carcinoma cells upon the transduction of H-Ras(V12). Ras-induced tumor senescence can be recapitulated by the transduction of activated, but not wild-type, MEK. The ability for H-Ras(V12) to suppress tumor cell growth is drastically compromised in cells that harbor endogenous activating ras mutations. Notably, growth inhibition of tumor cells containing ras mutations can be achieved through the introduction of activated MEK. Tumor senescence induced by Ras signaling can occur in the absence of p16 or Rb and is not interrupted by the inactivation of Rb, p107, or p130 via short hairpin RNA or the transduction with HPV16 E7. In contrast, inactivation of p21 via short hairpin RNA disrupts Ras-induced tumor senescence. In summary, this study uncovers a senescence-like program activated by Ras signaling to inhibit cancer cell growth. This program appears to be intact in cancer cells that do not harbor ras mutations. Moreover, cancer cells that carry ras mutations remain susceptible to tumor senescence induced by activated MEK. These novel findings can potentially lead to the development of innovative cancer intervention.
Regulatory changes in glucocorticoid receptors in the skeletal muscle of immature and mature male rats

Abstract Specific binding of [ 3 H] dexamethasone to cytosol and translocation of bound receptor complexes to purified nuclei were studied in the skeletal muscle of immature (3-week) and mature (26-week) Long-Evans male rats. A marked decrease (57%) in the specific binding sites with no apparent change in dissociation constant ( K d ) was observed in the skeletal muscle of mature rats compared to immature. Heat activation (25°C for 45 min) significantly enhances the nuclear binding of steroid-receptor complexes in the skeletal muscle of rats of both the ages at almost similar level. Cross-mixing experiments (i.e. binding of activated cytosol from mature rats to nuclei of immature and vice-versa ) gave similar values. Interestingly, Ca 2+ -activated (0°C for 45 min with 20 mM Ca 2+ ) nuclear translocation was significantly higher (27%) in the skeletal muscle of immature rats compared to mature. Our results indicate that glucocorticoid receptor level and some physicochemical properties change with age in the skeletal muscle of rats.
The "practical mathematics" of recording three-dimensional eye position using scleral coils.

The "gold standard" for recording the three-dimensional rotation of the eye involves placing two coils of wire, embedded in a soft plastic ring, on the sclera of the eye, then placing the subject inside a set of orthogonal oscillating magnetic fields, and using the currents induced in the eye coils to deduce the position of the coil, and hence of the eye, in space. Eye movements are actually eye rotations, which can be described mathematically by a special class of matrices, rotation matrices, or, alternatively, by a rotation vector related to the axis of the rotation. This article deals with the mathematical tools needed to implement the signal processing from such a multifield, dual-coil system and compute the precise rotational movement of the eye. One reason for making such careful measurements is to study an interesting constraint on eye movements, called Listing's law, which expresses ocular torsion, or rotation of the eye about its line of sight, in terms of the direction of gaze. Techniques for experimentally quantitating these constraints are also presented. Following a treatment of the "ideal" case, with coils and eye in perfect alignment, the additional techniques for dealing with various departures from ideality that are almost always encountered experimentally are examined. A final section deals with developing a validation protocol for eye movement analysis techniques using mechanical and computer simulations of eye movements.
Distinctive fluorescence of quinacrine-labelled human G group chromosomes.

HUMAN chromosomes can be identified by their distinctive quinacrine fluorescence pattern1. We have used this technique to study abnormalities in the G group. Since this report was first submitted, two other reports on the fluorescence of G group chromosomes have been published2,3.
The development and testing of the PATCOA to assess pain in confused older adults.

The purposes of this study were to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument with nonverbal cues to assess pain in confused older adults, and to describe the differences among selected demographic variables and scores on the pain and confusion measures. The Pain Assessment Tool in Confused Older Adults (PATCOA) was evaluated with 116 cognitively intact older adults undergoing orthopedic surgery. The interrater reliability for each nonverbal cue ranged from 56.5% to 100%, and the Spearman correlations were .16 to 1.00. Nine nonverbal pain cues were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. Four components explained 69.83% variance. Older adults reported significantly higher levels of pain on the visual analog scale, yet age was not related to the nonverbal pain cues. Women reported significantly more pain than did men. No significant gender differences were found regarding the display of nonverbal pain cues and the level of acute confusion, or with race and self-report of pain, display of nonverbal pain cues, or level of confusion. The development and testing of the PATCOA are initial steps that contribute to our knowledge about acute pain assessment in confused older adults.
Natural organobromine in terrestrial ecosystems

Abstract Recent studies have shown that bromine undergoes biogeochemical cycling involving natural formation and degradation of organobromine compounds in marine systems. In the terrestrial environment, where background bromine levels tend to be low, the biogeochemistry of this element remains largely unexamined. We traced the path of bromine through plant growth, senescence, and decay of leaf litter on the forest floor. Using sensitive X-ray spectroscopic techniques, we show that all bromine in humified plant material, organic-rich surface soils, and isolated humic substances is bonded to carbon. Analysis of bromide-enriched plants suggests that bromide absorbed by the growing plants ultimately converts to organobromine when the plant litter decays. Application of isolated chloroperoxidase, a halogenating enzyme, to healthy plant material results in extensive bromination, with organobromine formed preferentially over organochlorine. The relative ease of bromide oxidation appears to promote biogeochemical transformations of Br from inorganic to organic forms, leading to its incorporation into soil organic matter through enzymatic processes related to plant litter decomposition. In combination with low concentration and susceptibility to leaching and plant uptake, natural bromination processes lead to the exhaustion of inorganic bromide in surface soils, making organic matter a reservoir of bromine in the terrestrial environment. This study provides the first detailed look into the terrestrial bromine cycle and lays the foundation for future studies of natural organobromine degradation, which may shed light on the fate of anthropogenic organobromine pollutants in the soil environment.
Seeking Civilian Control: Rule of Law, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Zimbabwe

Rule of law and democratic reform projects often concern lofty questions of constitutional law. But in many countries desperate for reform, deeply entrenched social and political problems present preconditions to any discussion of constitutional reforms aimed at democracy and the rule of law. Zimbabwe is one such nation, which like many others faces the problem of military intervention into domestic politics. This Note examines structural and historical aspects of Zimbabwe’s military problem and utilizes the theory of objective civilian control to demonstrate the plausibility of meaningful reforms. In so doing, this Note provides a demonstrative model for reforming civil-military relations in rule of law and democratic reform projects the world over.
Stochastic Optimization of Sensor Placement for Diver Detection

A comprehensive framework for diver detection by a hydrophone network in an urban harbor is presented. It includes a signal processing algorithm and a diver detection test and formulates optimal hydrophone placement as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem with respect to different scenarios of underwater noise. The signal processing algorithm identifies sound intensity peaks associated with diver breathing and outputs a diver number measuring the likelihood of diver presence, whereas the diver detection test aggregates the diver numbers obtained from the hydrophones in a linear statistic and optimizes the statistic's coefficients and a detection threshold for each noise scenario. The serial dependence of the diver numbers on a short time scale (several detection periods) is modeled by a hidden Markov chain, and finding the worst-case diver's trajectory for each hydrophone placement and noise scenario is reduced to a linear programming problem. The framework is tested in numerical experiments with real-life data for circular and elliptic hydrophone placements and is shown to be superior to a deterministic energy-based approach.
13C CP/MAS NMR study of a wood/phenol–formaldehyde resin bondline

The dynamics and interactions of a wood powder/phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin composite are evaluated by solid-state 13C NMR. A 13C labeled and perdeuterated PF resin, with low molecular weight distribution, is synthesized and cured in the neat state and also in combination with yellow-poplar wood powder. The 13C NMR spectral features and cross-polarization dynamics of the PF hydroxymethyl and methylene nuclei are compared in the neat resin and in the wood powder composite. In the composite, a downfield shift of the PF hydroxyl bearing carbons suggests secondary interactions between the PF resin and wood. In addition, the PF resin methylene and hydroxymethyl carbons exhibit slower CP dynamics compared to the neat resin. Lower resin CP rates in the composite indicate lower molecular rigidity of the resin in presence of wood compared to the neat cured PF resin.
Facial emotion recognition with expression energy

Facial emotion recognition, the inference of an emotion from apparent facial expressions, in unconstrained settings is a typical case where algorithms perform poorly. A property of the AVEC2012 data set is that individuals in testing data are not encountered in training data. In these situations, conventional approaches suffer because models developed from training data cannot properly discriminate unforeseen testing samples. Additional information beyond the feature vectors is required for successful detection of emotions. We propose two similarity metrics that address the problems of a conventional approach: neutral similarity, measuring the intensity of an expression; and temporal similarity, measuring changes in an expression over time. These similarities are taken to be the energy of facial expressions, measured with a SIFT-based warping process. Our method improves correlation by 35.5% over the baseline approach on the frame-level sub-challenge.
One-Parent Children's Identification with Television Characters and Parents

Because of the nature of their situation, children from single‐parent families may be particularly susceptible to television's impact. This study examines these children's reported identification with television characters, peers, and parents. Children with a parent of the opposite sex were more likely to identify with television characters. The presence of a commenting parent in the viewing situation seemed to “soften” television's effect.
Causes for separation in UV adhesive bonded optical assemblies

This paper describes a systematic problem solving approach used to determine causes for separation that may occur in bonded optical assemblies when using an ultraviolet curing optical adhesive. Many interrelated factors in the bonding process can influence the integrity of the bond. By characterizing and diagramming these factors, separation causes can be identified and eliminated thus reducing problem solving time. The U.V. adhesive bonding process characterization can also be used as a guide for process analysis and optimization.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Myocardial infarction in a 14-year-old boy with normal coronary arteriograms. Studies of blood oxygen release rates.

A 14-year-old boy sustained a transmural myocardial infarction, with subsequent angina. Coronary angiograms were considered normal, and no risk factors were apparent. Studies immediately after an episode of angina revealed markedly slowed blood oxvgen release rates as determined by measuring oxygen dissociation rate constants with a stopped-flow apparatus. These results were significantly different from those found on two separate occasions when the patient was asymptomatic, and from a group of apparently healthy control individuals.
Measurement of Charged-Hadron Multiplicities in Deep Inelastic Electron-Neutron Scattering

We report measurements of the charged-hadron multiplicity for electrons scattered by neutrons at momentum transfers up to ${Q}^{2}=6$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, and for s up to 14 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. The average multiplicity shows little or no ${Q}^{2}$ dependence at fixed $s$, and except at low $s$ it is consistent with being the same as the multiplicity in electron-proton scattering.
Age-of-acquisition, imagery, familiarity and meaningfulness norms for 543 words

The age at which words are first learned appears to be more influential in determining the ease of retrieving words from semantic memory than objective frequency, familiarity, imagery, and meaningfulness. To facilitate research on a wider variety of tasks, we present norms for 543 words for age-of-acquisition, imagery, familiarity, and meaningfulness. Most of the words form single-solution anagrams. There are 471 six-letter nouns and 72 five-letter words. Also reported are the means, SDs, and ranges for each dimension and the intercorrelations between dimensions. Intergroup reliabilities ranged from .847 to .982.
Signature Pedagogy: A Literature Review of Social Studies and Technology Research

A literature review of 121 peer-reviewed articles, books, and conference proceedings was conducted to determine the signature pedagogies of social studies education and technology integration. The authors found that the signature social studies pedagogy is based on two primary instructional models: direct-instruction and inquiry-based, student-centered learning. Technology can be used to support both models, although its potential lies more in enabling inquiry-based, student-centered learning. Future trends and study ideas are offered in helping practitioners and researchers to advance technology integration into the signature social studies pedagogy.
Dale's hypothesis revisited: different neuropeptides derived from a common prohormone are targeted to different processes

In the bag cells of Aplysia californica, the prohormone of egg-laying hormone is processed by means of endoproteolytic cleavage into two sets of peptides. The amino-terminal region of the prohormone gives rise to the bag cell peptides (alpha, beta, and gamma). These serve an autocrine function; they are autoexcitatory on the bag cells and also act locally to alter the firing patterns of neurons in the abdominal ganglion. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the prohormone gives rise to the egg-laying hormone. This peptide acts as a hormone on nearby neurons and by means of the circulation on peripheral tissues to bring about egg-laying. We have previously reported that the first cleavage of the prohormone, which occurs in the trans-Golgi network, results in two intermediates that are sorted into distinct vesicle classes prior to further processing. Here we show that these distinct vesicles are localized to separate processes, thus spatially segregating autocrine and hormonal release sites. The findings of segregation indicate that neurons need not always release the same set of chemical messengers from all of their endings.
External and Domestic Determinants of Education Expansion: How Germany, Japan, and Switzerland Have Varied

How do economically successful countries like Germany, Japan and Switzerland differ in their post-primary education policies? After identifying great variations in the structure and capacity of secondary and higher education sectors, explanations are sought in terms of domestic and inter-national factors. Switzerland and Japan emerge as polar cases in how political variables - such as centralism-federalism, parties and bureaucracies - affected choice of vehicles and extent of educational expansion. Party influence is most clearcut in Germany, but varies by sector. Whereas German and Japanese reform agendas changed in the aftermath of occupation experiences, Switzerland went its own way until prospects for European integration induced greater accommodation to the training and credential practices of its neighbors.
Candidate materials for the sulfur electrode current collector—II. Aluminum and its alloys

Abstract In the continuing search for materials for the positive current collector/container of the high-temperature sodium-sulfur cell, the electrochemical behavior of aluminum alloys in polysulfide/sulfur melts has been examined. Electrochemical evidence coupled with SEM surface examination and chemical analysis of the melt have shown that aluminum materials studied remain passive within the 1.25–4.5 V potential range (Na/Na + reference). The existence of the transpassive region currently reported in the literature has not been confirmed. Interpretation of the nature of the observed residual currents is suggested. The alloys studied can be used as self-healing substrates of conductive coatings or as matrices of composite materials in contact with the polysulfide/sulfur melts.
Shape sensitivity of constructively represented geometric models

Most solid models are archived using boundary representations, but they are created, edited, and optimized using high level constructive methods that rely on parameterized Boolean set operations and feature-based techniques. Downstream applications often require optimization of integral-valued performance measures over such models that include volume, mass, and energy properties, as well as more general distributed fields (stress, temperature, etc.). A key computational utility in all such applications is the computation of the sensitivity of the performance measure with respect to the parameters in the solid's construction history. We show that for a class of performance measures defined as domain integrals, the sensitivity with respect to a parameter requires integration over a subset of the solid's boundaries that is affected by that parameter. In contrast to earlier methods, the proposed approach for computing sensitivities does not require solid's boundary to remain homeomorphic, and may be used with most types of constructive representations, including CSG and feature-based representations, where the defining Boolean expression may not be known. The simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed technique are illustrated on several common shape optimization problems.
Method to derive Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for a nonlinear dynamical system with variable coefficients

Abstract A general method is developed to derive a Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for a nonlinear system with a quadratic first-order time derivative term and coefficients varying in the space coordinates. The method is based on variable transformations that allow removing the quadratic term and writing the equation of motion in standard form. Based on this form, an auxiliary Lagrangian for the transformed variables is derived and used to obtain the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for the original variables. An interesting result is that the obtained Lagrangian and Hamiltonian can be non-local quantities, which do not diverge as the system evolves in time. Applications of the method to several systems with different coefficients shows that the method may become an important tool in studying nonlinear dynamical systems with a quadratic velocity term.
Ordinal embedding of unweighted kNN graphs via synchronization

We consider the problem of embedding unweighted, directed k-nearest neighbor graphs in low-dimensional Euclidean space. The k-nearest neighbors of each vertex provide ordinal information on the distances between points, but not the distances themselves. Relying only on such ordinal information, we recover the coordinates of the points up to arbitrary similarity transformations (rigid transformations and scaling). We make existing approaches scalable by using an instance of a local-to-global algorithm based on group synchronization, recently proposed in the literature in the context of sensor network localization, which we augment with a scale synchronization step. We show our approach compares favorably to the recently proposed Local Ordinal Embedding (LOE) algorithm even in the case of smaller sized problems, and also demonstrate its scalability on large graphs. The above divide-and-conquer paradigm can be of independent interest to the machine learning community when tackling geometric embeddings problems.