cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards NMHV amplitudes at strong coupling

Abstract Pentagon Operator Product Expansion provides a non-perturbative framework for analysis of scattering amplitudes in planar maximally supersymmetric gauge theory building up on their duality to null polygonal superWilson loop and integrability. In this paper, we construct a systematic expansion for the main ingredients of the formalism, i.e., pentagons, at large 't Hooft coupling as a power series in its inverse value. The calculations are tested against relations provided by the so-called Descent Equation which mixes transitions at different perturbative orders. We use leading order results to have a first glimpse into the structure of scattering amplitude at NMHV level at strong coupling.
Tear Strength of Stretched Rubber

Abstract Highly stretched rubber sheets can be split apart quite easily, indicating that the originally isotropic material becomes “fibrous” in character—i.e., much weaker for a tear running in the direction of extension than for one running at right angles to it. This anisotropy of strength is shown most clearly by elastomers which crystallize on stretching, for example, natural rubber compounds; it is not so evident in rubber compounds which do not undergo strain-induced crystallization. Also, it is apparently more pronounced for compounds containing reinforcing fillers, notably carbon black, which stiffen and strengthen elastomers. Indeed, carbon-black-filled natural rubber compounds show anisotropy of strength even after the extension is removed. The test sheet then regains its original dimensions more or less completely, but it remains softer for subsequent deformations in the direction of pre-stretching, and weaker for a tear running in this direction. Although unfilled natural rubber compounds and ...
A rotary disc device for applying ultra-low-volume (undiluted) pesticides with ground equipment.

A rotary disc device was developed for ground applications of ultra-low-volume (ULV) undiluted pesticides. The applicator consists of 2 rotating discs powered by a small electric motor and a metering nozzle. One applicator is used on each row. Experimental application of ULV azinphosmethyl (2 lb per gallon), applied to cotton with this device at 0.25 lb per acre gave boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, control equivalent to standard methyl parathion applied as a water-emulsion spray at 0.5 lb per acre. Particle deposition within the plant and across the swath was compared with a mist blower ULV applicator. Both gave equivalent particle deposition within the plant, but the rotary disc device gave more uniform coverage across the swath.
Measuring Sulfur Content and Corrosivity of North American Petroleum with the Advanced Distillation Curve Method

Petroleum is a complex fluid whose sulfur content varies considerably depending on its place of origin. Sour crude petroleum, which contains more than 0.5% sulfur by mass, often requires additional processing due to the potential for corrosion and catalyst poisoning during refining. Estimating or measuring the sulfur content of distillate fractions as a function of boiling temperature is an important step in petroleum refining. The advanced distillation curve (ADC) method was developed to provide a composition-explicit data channel for the measurement of thermophysical and chemical properties of complex fluids. We applied the ADC method to a composite sample of North American petroleum to characterize its boiling temperature, density, and composition as a function of distillate volume fraction. The compositions of light distillate fractions were used to estimate their densities and refractive indices based on critically evaluated thermodynamic data. The estimated densities of the distillate fractions are ...
Necrotizing Clostridial Pneumonia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Clostridial species infecting the pleuropulmonary structures characteristically cause a rapidly progressing cavitary pneumonia. Various risk factors contribute to these infections, and the clinical course can range from a mild to a highly virulent illness, even leading to death. If recognized early, however, the severity of the illness can be curbed with appropriate antibiotic therapy. The case of necrotizing clostridial pneumonia presented here documents remote pulmonary emboli as a newly established risk factor for these infections.
Single stage repair of hypospadias.

To date, more than 300 procedures have been described for repair of hypospadias. The Horton- Devine operation was designed to obtain a successful repair of the urethra to the tip of the glans and an adequate release of the chordee in a single stage procedure. Artificial erection is used during the operation to insure that chordee release is complete. This visual aid has enabled the authors to proceed directly with the construction of the neourethra.
Polarizabilities of π-Conjugated Chains Revisited: Improved Results from Broken-Symmetry Range-Separated DFT and New CCSD(T) Benchmarks.

We present a detailed analysis of nonempirically tuned range-separated functionals, with both short- and long-range exchange, for calculating the static linear polarizability and second hyperpolarizabilities of various polydiacetylene (PDA) and polybutatriene (PBT) oligomers. Contrary to previous work on these systems, we find that the inclusion of some amount of short-range exchange does improve the accuracy of the computed polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities. Most importantly, in contrast to prior studies on these oligomers, we find that the lowest-energy electronic states for PBT are not closed-shell singlets, and enhanced accuracy with range-separated DFT can be obtained by allowing the system to relax to a lower-energy broken-symmetry solution. Both the computed polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities for PBT are significantly improved with these broken-symmetry solutions when compared to previously published and current benchmarks. In addition to these new analyses, we provid...
Assessing the Effects of Drugs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods of assessment of the behavioral effects of drugs. It describes situations where the behavior of the more or less intact individual is the dependent variable. The chapter also discusses the principles of drug specificity, the principle of dose dependency, quantitative dose dependency, qualitative dose dependency, the principle of time dependency, the principle of rate dependency, and the principle of schedule dependency. The selection of which drugs to study is almost inevitably influenced by the classification system of drugs affecting behavior. The traditional system uses categories such as stimulants and depressants and this system is repeatedly reinforced in the psychological literature by adjectival reference to the system: Pentobarbital is repeatedly called the CNS depressant pentobarbital and amphetamine is called the CNS stimulant amphetamine. The chapter also discusses the routes of administration of drugs. Various routes of administration are needle and syringe, intravenous injections, and oral administration. The chapter also discusses drug specificity. Maximum specific behavioral effects are produced by doses well below the lethal dose. Doses higher than that causing the maximum specific effect lead to an increasing proportion of nonspecific to specific effects. Common types of nonspecific effects are (1) quiverings, twitching, and even convulsions as with amphetamines, (2) general anesthesia as with barbiturates, and (3) progressive total immobility as with chlorpromazine. Such effects are nonspecific with respect to behavioral phenomena as each suppresses environmentally related behavior.
Rationality and Intelligence: A Brief Update

The long-term goal of AI is the creation and understanding of intelligence. This requires a notion of intelligence that is precise enough to allow the cumulative development of robust systems and general results. The concept of rational agency has long been considered a leading candidate to fulfill this role. This paper, which updates a much earlier version (Russell, Artif Intell 94:57–77, 1997), reviews the sequence of conceptual shifts leading to a different candidate, bounded optimality, that is closer to our informal conception of intelligence and reduces the gap between theory and practice. Some promising recent developments are also described.
Relationship of divergent ancestral genetic variation on chromosome 6p22 and racial disparities in survival in neuroblastoma.

9516 Background: An increased prevalence of high-risk disease and worse outcome are observed in children with neuroblastoma who self-report as black versus white. We sought to determine whether gen...
The Original Partnership Societies: Evolved Propensities for Equality, Prosociality, and Peace

This article focuses on what nomadic forager research suggests about human nature and examines how this ancestral form of human social organization is fundamentally partnership-oriented. Taking mobile forager social organization into consideration is important to partnership studies because all humanity lived as mobile foragers until very recently. The material considered in this article stems from 1) individual forager ethnographies, 2) qualitative comparative forager studies, and 3) research based on systematically sampled forager traits. The findings show the pervasiveness of egalitarianism (including gender equality), socialization and social control mechanism geared toward promoting prosocial behaviors such as sharing and the caring for others, conflict avoidance and resolution mechanisms, and no inclination toward warfare in values or practice. Such patterns that cut across nomadic forager societies from around the world call into question a familiar narrative about the supposedly self-centered, warlike, and hording nature of humanity. Mobile forager studies support an alternative narrative that challenges assumptions about the ‘'primitive versus civilized,’ normative progress and modernity, and biased projections of innate depravity onto all humanity. The article concludes by proposing that our nomadic forager forbearers solved the challenges of survival over evolutionary time not by making war, developing slavery, or ranking people into domination hierarchies of ‘haves’” and ‘have nots’—social institutions with which we are all too familiar today—but rather, our mobile forager ancestors promoted egalitarianism, cooperation, caring and sharing as they developed ways to resolve disputes with a minimum of bloodshed and sidestepped the development of war.
Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) are being diagnosed with increasing frequency. PCNs have diverse presentations, natural history, and biological behavior. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis of the type of cyst and assessing the potential for malignancy are crucial in determining the appropriate management strategy. Cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at experienced centers, is effective in defining the type of cyst as well as identifying high-risk features. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and cyst fluid analysis can categorize and risk-stratify cysts and is the test of choice in selected patients. However, there is currently no “perfect” test and studies have demonstrated substantial misdiagnosis and over-treatment of benign cysts using standard clinical, imaging, and cyst fluid analyses. Patients with symptomatic cysts or cysts with high-risk features suggestive of malignancy should be considered for surgical resection. Patients with low-risk PCNs can be placed in surveillance protocols with interval imaging. Various gastrointestinal societies have put forth evidence- or consensus-based guidelines that provide a framework for management of PCNs. However, the management can be complex and should ideally be planned in a multidisciplinary fashion by experienced specialists. Recent investigations using molecular markers to risk-stratify cysts offer promise in the future for an effective and accurate management strategy.
Psychosocial Factors and Dietary Practices in Korean Americans

This study was to identify the role of demographics and social support from family and friends in predicting self-efficacy for a healthy diet and healthy dietary practices. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 112 Korean American adults in the southwestern United States. Most were college educated (85.3%), with mean age of 54.0 (± 10.6), and women (66.4%). The findings indicate that gender and education played a moderating role between family support and self-efficacy for a healthy diet, whereas age and education were moderators between support from family and friends and healthy dietary practices. Diet interventions tailored to demographic subgroups may increase self-efficacy, promote healthy dietary practices, and ultimately contribute to a reduction in the rates of critical health conditions and health costs in the community.
Droplet Impinging Behavior on Surfaces with Wettability Contrasts.

Abstract Heterogeneous substrates with moderate and extreme wettability contrasts, which comprise superhydrophobic/hydrophilic and superhydrophobic/extremely hydrophilic surfaces, respectively, were fabricated. The interactions of impinging water droplets with the surfaces of wettability contrasts were investigated experimentally. The impinging droplets that slightly touch the hydrophilic or extremely hydrophilic areas on each substrate exhibit a directional rebounding towards the more wetting surfaces, i.e., hydrophilic or extremely hydrophilic surface. The trajectory and landing distance of the rebounded droplets were tailored by controlling the releasing height of the droplet, wetting contrast across the border, and portion of the droplet touching the more wetting surface of the substrates with wettability contrasts. The landing distance of the droplet increases with the increased releasing height and higher wettability contrast across the border. Increasing the portion of the impinging droplet touching the more wetting surface of the heterogeneous substrates leads to the shorter landing distance of rebounded droplets.
Travelling by microphone—The origami of time- and level-based effects

The introduction of the microphone brought radical transformations to vocal technique—consider the transition from Bel Canto to crooning. This radically changed the relation between the singer and the backing band or orchestra. More importantly, the singer could now appeal intimately to the listener with all the directness and art of a whispering lover, but with the full backing of the band for sympathy, illustration, and reverie. With the introduction of mutitrack recording and sound reinforcement, artists could bring their listeners closer, even behind their eyes, or hold a space for listeners to relate to themselves, by presenting multiple spaces with multiple actors at multiple distances simultaneously. The simple use of microphones, delays, reverbs (modulated and not), compression, and other effects to say what cannot be said with time and space-bound forms where the relations between musicians, singers and listeners are defined and constrained by the single space they share will be considered. The m...
Using Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations to Assess Cognitive Activity in Aggressive and Nonaggressive Adolescents

Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) is a “think aloud” method for examining a person's thought content as it unfolds in the situation. We used the ATSS to investigate the cognitive activity of aggressive and nonaggressive male and female adolescents as they listened to an audiotaped depiction of an ambiguous but provocative interaction with another student. Eighty-one adolescents participated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. The two factors were gender and aggressive vs. nonaggressive background. Students in the aggressive group had a history of aggressive behavior in the past year that was severe enough to warrant their arrest or suspension from school. Students in the nonaggressive group had no such history. As a secondary measure of anger and aggressiveness, we administered the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). As predicted, males, compared to females, expressed more aggressive intent on the ATSS. Likewise, aggressive, compared to nonaggressive, adolescents expressed more anger and aggressive intent on the ATSS, as well as more intense feelings of anger, less control over their anger, and a greater tendency to externalize angry feelings on the STAXI-2. As expected, scores on the ATSS were related to scores on the STAXI-2. We concluded that the ATSS is a useful method for assessing cognitive activity that may mediate aggressive behavior in adolescents.
Pesticide residue analysis by microcoulometric gas chromatography

The principles of gas chromatography, combustion, and coulometry are well recognized and have been used in chemical analysis for several years but the combination of these methods has not been used previously. Coulson et al. (1960) have developed a singularly rapid and sensitive method through instrumentation for the determination of pesticide residues containing halogen or sulfur, making use of these principles. The microcoulometric gas chromatograph1, hereafter referred to as MCGC, was not designed to be an answer to all pesticide residue problems nor to supplant other methods of analysis. It does provide a ready means of analyzing a large number of samples with a minimum of time, manipulation, apparatus, and reagents. A desirable degree of accuracy and sensitivity is obtained with this instrument with little or no cleanup of sample extracts. Residues of 0.05 to 100 p.p.m. are easily found by varying the size of sample but the MCGC is not limited to this range.
Focal Adhesion Kinase in Ovarian Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Platinum and Taxane-Resistant Tumors

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which is an essential player in regulating cell migration, invasion, adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Its overexpression and activation have been identified in sixty-eight percent of epithelial ovarian cancer patients and this is significantly associated with higher tumor stage, metastasis, and shorter overall survival of these patients. Most recently, a new role has emerged for FAK in promoting resistance to taxane and platinum-based therapy in ovarian and other cancers. The development of resistance is a complex network of molecular processes that make the identification of a targetable biomarker in platinum and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer a major challenge. FAK overexpression upregulates ALDH and XIAP activity in platinum-resistant and increases CD44, YB1, and MDR-1 activity in taxaneresistant tumors. FAK is therefore now emerging as a prognostically significant candidate in this regard, with mounting evidence from recent successes in preclinical and clinical trials using small molecule FAK inhibitors. This review will summarize the significance and function of FAK in ovarian cancer, and its emerging role in chemotherapeutic resistance. We will discuss the current status of FAK inhibitors in ovarian cancers, their therapeutic competencies and limitations, and further propose that the combination of FAK inhibitors with platinum and taxane-based therapies could be an efficacious approach in chemotherapeutic resistant disease.
An Experimental Search for Double Beta Decay in 82Se

A time projection chamber with a selenium double beta decay source as the central electrode has yielded a lower limit of 1.0 × 1020 years at the 68% confidence level for the two-neutrino half life of 82Se. For the neutrinoless mode we find a corresponding limit of 1.1 × 1022 years, also at the 68% confidence level.
Strategies for Culture Change

The subtitle of this book, Where Technology and Caring Meet, reflects the next stage of challenges for nursing and other health professions in the midst of a rapidly growing need for health information technology (HIT) innovation and implementation. Significantly different cultural perspectives on the meaning of caring and technology for many health care professionals contribute to challenges related to implementation, acceptance, and meaningful use of technology and informatics in the provision of care to patients and consumers. Why should we have a discussion about culture and cultural change as a major part of this 4th edition? In 2006, a group of nursing leaders organized an invitational meeting of nursing leaders across the profession to create a vision and shape strategies to implement technology and informatics within the nursing profession. This initiative was called Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER). In the preparation for the invitational symposium, TIGER leadership identified seven pillars which would frame the discussion of strategies for change: management and leadership, education, communication and collaboration, informatics design, information technology (IT), policy, and culture. Consensus was reached regarding themes and initial action steps for all the pillars except one, the pillar of Culture. As defined at the TIGER summit, culture is “a respectful open system that leverages technology and informatics across multiple disciplines in an environment where all stakeholders trust each other to work together towards the goal of high quality and safety.”1 The summit recommended the following actions as strategies to impact culture: Institute a national marketing campaign to promote the value of technology in a multidisciplinary way that supports an accepting culture. Include HIT in every strategic plan, mission, and vision statement; use of HIT is embraced by executives, deans, all point-of-care clinicians, and students with goal of high quality care and safety. Establish multidisciplinary teams that embrace a shared vision and operate cohesively to push for broad technology integration within/across entire organizations. Develop mutual respect between/among clinicians who may bring different skills and knowledge, e.g., create/develop process in which experienced nurses can mentor new nurses, and also, the new nurses who are more technologically aware can mentor veteran nurses.
Predicting Information Retrieval Performance

Abstract Information Retrieval performance measures are usually retrospective in nature, representing the effectiveness of an experimental process. However, in the sciences, phenomena may be predic...
Abstract 14736: Association of Periarterial Low-Echoic Appearance with Progression of Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Heart Transplant Patients

Introduction: Pathologic reports have indicated that cell-mediated rejection after heart transplant can affect the cardiac structures beyond the myocardium and coronary arteries. In clinical IVUS examination, a distinctive appearance of periarterial low-echoic area (PLEA) surrounding the coronary artery is observed in a substantial fraction of heart transplant recipients. This study aimed to evaluate the potential impact of this finding on early progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and long-term clinical outcomes. Methods: Serial IVUS was performed in 90 patients at early (1 month) and late (12 months) follow-up after heart transplantation. PLEA was defined as a low-echoic structure in the periarterial tissue with >1 mm in axial length, evaluated in the first 50 mm of the left anterior descending artery. The signal voids due to branches, veins, or myocardial bridging were excluded. The patients were stratified by the presence of acute-PLEA observed at 1 month and late-developed PLEA (late-PLEA) detected at 12 months. Results: Overall, 32% of patients had acute-PLEA, 27% developed late-PLEA, and 6% had both acute- and late-PLEA. Acute-PLEA was related to greater intima at 1 month (p Conclusions: The periarterial low-echoic appearance observed by IVUS, potentially reflecting perivascular edema or inflammation, is related to progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and possibly to adverse events after heart transplantation.
Make no bones about it

It is important to diagnose and treat the female athlete triad to maintain optimal bone health.
Multiplex PCR-Based Neutralization (MPBN) Assay for Titers Determination of the Three Types of Anti-Poliovirus Neutralizing-Antibodies

Determination of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies is an important part of clinical studies of poliovirus vaccines, epidemiological surveillance and seroprevalence studies that are crucial for global polio eradication campaigns. The conventional neutralization test is based on inhibition of cytopathic effect caused by poliovirus by serial dilutions of test serum. It is laborious, time-consuming and not suitable for large scale analysis. To overcome these limitations, a multiplex PCR-based neutralization (MPBN) assay was developed to measure the neutralizing antibody titers of anti-poliovirus sera against three serotypes of the virus in the same reaction and in shorter time. All three anti-poliovirus sera types were analyzed in a single assay. The MPBN assay was reproducible, robust and sensitive. Its lower limits of titration for the three anti-poliovirus sera types were within range of 0.76-1.64 per mL. Different anti-poliovirus sera were tested with conventional and MPBN assays; the results obtained by both methods correlated well and generated similar results. The MPBN is the first neutralization assay that specifically titrates anti-poliovirus antibodies against the three serotypes of the virus in the same reaction; it can be completed in two to three days instead of ten days for the conventional assay and can be automated for high-throughput implementation.
Bright Silicon Nanocrystals from a Liquid Precursor: Quasi-Direct Recombination with High Quantum Yield.

Silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) with bright bandgap photoluminescence (PL) are of current interest for a range of potential applications, from solar windows to biomedical contrast agents. Here, we use...
A technique for the study of (p,n) reactions with unstable isotopes at energies relevant to astrophysics

Abstract We have developed and tested an experimental technique for the measurement of low-energy (p,n) reactions in inverse kinematics relevant to nuclear astrophysics. The proposed setup is located at the ReA3 facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. In the current approach, we operate the beam-transport line in ReA3 as a recoil separator while tagging the outgoing neutrons from the (p,n) reactions with the low-energy neutron detector array (LENDA). The developed technique was verified by using the 40Ar(p,n)40K reaction as a probe. The results of the proof-of-principle experiment with the 40Ar beam show that cross-section measurements within an uncertainty of ∼ 25% are feasible with count rates up to 7 counts/mb/pnA/s. In this article, we give a detailed description of the experimental setup, and present the analysis method and results from the test experiment. Future plans on using the technique in experiments with the separator for capture reactions (SECAR) that is currently being commissioned are also discussed.
Low-Power Discreetly-Wearable Smart ECG Patch with On-Board Analytics

This paper introduces a self-contained wearable Smart ECG Patch (SEP) implemented on a flexible substrate. SEP is capable of acquiring ECG signals from the wearer using gold electrodes on its reverse surface, perform front-end processing using analog circuitry, digitize the signal and perform further processing to remove motion artifacts and noise. SEP also calculates heart rate and heart rate variability and sends these along with the digitized ECG signal to a host device via a secure Bluetooth link for display and further analysis. Further, SEP implements a series of power management techniques that progressively increase its operation time on a single button battery. The functionality and sensitivity of SEP to cardiac changes was verified by testing with archived ECG signals and during use on human subjects under appropriate IRB protocols. The human testing included cycling from rest to mild exercise and return to rest.
Non-isolated 48V-to-1V Heterogeneous Integrated Voltage Converters for High Performance Computing in Data Centers

This paper discusses and compares various topologies of non-isolated 48/1V heterogeneous integrated voltage converters that are potential solutions for future power conversion in data centers. Recent topologies can be divided into three categories: buck and modified buck topologies, switched-capacitor based hybrid topologies, and merged two-stage hybrid topologies. Features, design trade-offs, and outlooks of each topology are discussed.
Correlates of disparities in syringe return ratios: A cross-sectional study of a syringe services program in New York.

Abstract Background Predictors of syringe exchange behavior are critical to informing secondary prevention measures needed to attenuate risk of blood-borne infections among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Methods Participants included PWIDs who attended a syringe services program in New York from 2015 to 2017 (n = 1777). We analyzed the syringe return ratio (receipts/returns) with two distinct but related methodological strategies—threshold logistic regression and quantile regression—to identify correlates of disparities in syringe return ratios. Results The majority of participants were white males negative for HIV (90% white, 63% male, 76% HIV-). Logistic and quantile regression models showed that the correlates of disparate syringe return ratios (i.e., magnitude and directionality of differences) changed across different percentile groups and quantile levels, respectively. At the median threshold, being single, urbanicity, and older age were associated with higher return ratios. Syringe return ratio disparities were more pronounced among subgroups of nontypical PWIDs (with extremely low or high return ratios) especially by urbanicity, race, relationship status, and type of housing. Conclusions Irrespective of urbanicity classification, correlates of syringe return ratios such as older age, Black race, single relationship status, and unstable housing appear to be critical to informing targeted secondary prevention initiatives that promote harm reduction behavior.
Synthesis of chryseno[1,2-b]heteroarenes and phenanthro[1,2-b:8,7-b']diheteroarenes by an SNAr-anionic cyclization cascade reaction strategy

Abstract The synthesis of [5]heterophenacenes bearing one or two indole, furan, or thiophene rings is described using an SNAr-anionic cyclization cascade strategy. The convergent reaction sequences furnish chryseno[1,2-b]heteroarenes and phenanthro[1,2-b:8,7-b']diheteroarenes in only four synthetic steps. The heteroaromatic functionality is selected and installed in the final step of the syntheses from common ortho-fluoro-ethynylarene precursors.
Rural schoolteachers' knowledge about oral health and perceived roles in oral health education

Objectives To explore schoolteachers' knowledge about oral health, their perception of their role as oral health educators, and their preparedness to teach oral health in rural public schools. Methods We conducted a survey of 119 schoolteachers in four public elementary and middle schools in rural Minnesota during spring semester of 2019. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the data. Results Sixty percent of 119 teachers participated. Schoolteachers have knowledge about basic oral health hygiene but have limited awareness about fluoride and periodontal disease. Correct agreements to the fluoride statements ranged from 23 percent to 87 percent and 23 percent to 70 percent agreed correctly to statements about periodontal disease. They prefer passive roles in oral health education. There was a high rate of agreement (51-83 percent) to integrate oral health topics with subjects taught in classrooms. Conclusions Schoolteachers see themselves as integrating oral health topics in the subjects they currently teach but will need further training to augment their limited knowledge of oral health.
Commodity Terms of Trade: A New Database

This paper presents a comprehensive database of country-specific commodity price indices for 182 economies covering the period 1962-2018. For each country, the change in the international price of up to 45 individual commodities is weighted using commodity-level trade data. The database includes a commodity terms-of-trade index-which proxies the windfall gains and losses of income associated with changes in world prices-as well as additional country-specific series, including commodity export and import price indices. We provide indices that are constructed using, alternatively, fixed weights (based on average trade flows over several decades) and time-varying weights (which can account for time variation in the mix of commodities traded and the overall importance of commodities in economic activity). The paper also discusses the dynamics of commodity terms of trade across country groups and their influence on key macroeconomic aggregates.
Immuno PET imaging of CS1/SLAMF7 in multiple myeloma using 89Zr DFO elotuzumab

1068 Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by abnormal plasma cells. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment strategies, MM patients frequently relapse and become refractory due to the genetic instability and heterogeneity of these malignant plasma cells. Molecular imaging of overexpressed proteins in MM cells can significantly impact patient management by improving diagnosis, therapy planning, and evaluation of therapy. CS1 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is selectively overexpressed in MM cells including patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and MM. Elotuzumab is an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody for targeting CS1. Here, we evaluated the potential of 89Zr labeled elotuzumab as a PET imaging agent for MM in pre-clinical MM mouse models. Methods: Elotuzumab was conjugated to DFO-Bz-NCS and radiolabeling of the conjugate was optimized with zirconium-89 (89Zr), a PET radiotracer with a 3.3 d half-life. Human myeloma cell line, MM.1S was modified to express click beetle red luciferase (C) and green fluorescent protein (GFP/G; MM.1S-CG). These modified MM.1S-CG cells were injected in NOD SCID Gamma (NSG) mice via tail vein. The in vitro binding affinity of radiolabeled elotuzumab to CS1 was confirmed by flow cytometry and cellular binding assays. The in vivo CS1 expression was evaluated by small animal 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab/PET imaging and tissue biodistribution studies. Specificity of the radiotracer was evaluated by performing blocking studies and 89Zr-DFO-IgG was also evaluated as a non-specific control. Results: Flow cytometry studies confirmed high expression of CS1 in MM.1S-CG cells. Saturation binding assay with 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab (>99% radiochemical purity) was performed and the dissociation constant (Kd) and receptor density (Bmax) values were 40.4 nmoles and 124 fmoles/mg of protein respectively. 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab PET/CT imaging demonstrated high specificity to detect CS1 expressing myeloma cells in a disseminated MM model as compared to the gold standard 18F-FDG PET/CT. The standard uptake value (SUV) of 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab in spine, pelvis and leg was 5.88, 5.46 and 7.81 as compared to the SUV of 18F-FDG - 1.25, 0.99 and 0.93 respectively. In vivo specificity and binding affinity of 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab to CS1 was confirmed by PET imaging data that showed high tumor uptake of 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab in tumor bearing tissues as compared to the mice injected with 89Zr-DFO-IgG. In vivo blocking was successfully achieved by using 200-fold excess of elotuzumab. Conclusions: The potential utility of 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab/PET was investigated for evaluating the expression of CS1 antigen in MM mouse models. Preclinical and ex vivo data demonstrated high specificity of 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab for MM cells as compared to the standard-of-care, 18F-FDG. In summary, 89Zr-DFO-elotuzumab/PET can potentially be utilized for stratifying patients for CS1 targeted immunotherapies.
Efficient and Precise Representation of Pure Fluid Phase Equilibria with Chebyshev Expansions

In this work, it is shown that Chebyshev expansions can be used to provide a representation of pure fluid phase equilibria models that is approximately 400 times faster to evaluate than the full phase equilibrium calculation with multiparameter equations of state. The use of extended precision for the phase equilibrium calculation allows for the construction of a numerical representation approaching the numerical precision of double-precision arithmetic.
Health Literacy and Success with Glaucoma Drop Administration.

Purpose To assess the relationship between health literacy and successful glaucoma drop administration. Design Substudy of a single-site interventional randomized controlled trial. Participants Veterans receiving care at the Durham Veterans Affairs Eye Clinic who had a diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma were recruited if they endorsed poor drop adherence. Methods Participants underwent a health literacy evaluation using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) as well as a qualitative assessment of eye drop administration technique using 3 different criteria: (1) the drop was instilled in the eye, (2) only 1 drop was dispensed, and (3) the bottle was not potentially contaminated. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the association of REALM score and successful drop administration, adjusting for age, disease severity, and Veterans Administration Care Assessment Needs (CAN) score. Main Outcome Measures Successful drop administration. Results Of the 179 participants with REALM scores and observed drop administration, 78% read at a high school level (HSL) or more and 22% read at less than HSL. Of the 179 participants, 87% (n = 156) successfully instilled the drop into the eye (criterion 1). A greater proportion of participants who read at HSL or more successfully instilled the drop in the eye compared with those reading at less than HSL (90.6% vs. 75.0%; P = 0.02). Rates of success with criterion 1 were similar across different levels of visual field severity. Care Assessment Needs scores were not statistically significant between those who did and those did not have successful overall drop technique. Conclusions Poor health literacy may be associated with decreased successful drop instillation in the eye in patients with glaucoma. Screening for and considering health literacy in developing interventions to improve glaucoma self-management may improve treatment adherence in a vulnerable population.
Brain, behavioral, affective, and sex correlates of recovery from alcohol use disorders.

Background Recovery from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) consists of salutary changes in behavior and affect. While evidence suggests that recovery-related behavioral changes, such as abstinence, emerge in tandem with both neural and affective changes, the precise relationships among these changes are unknown. To understand these relationships, we examined associations between the duration of abstinence (DOA), affective states, and neuroimaging-based structural measures of the brain reward system (BRS) in AUD men (AUDM ) and AUD women (AUDW ). Methods Participants were community respondents from the Boston area comprising right-handed abstinent individuals with AUD (n = 60; 30 men) and controls without AUD (NC; n = 60; 29 men). Multivariate linear regressions compared short-/mid-term abstainers (≤5 years), long-term abstainers (>5 years), and the NC group on measures of BRS volume (3T magnetic resonance imaging scans) and measures of affect (Profile of Mood States [POMS]; Multiple Affect Adjective Check List [MAACL]; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HRSD]). Analyses contrasted sex differences and accounted for age, education, drinking severity, and verbal IQ. Results Compared to the NC group, short-/mid-term abstainers exhibited larger posterior insular volume (total (β = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.034)), higher negative affect (POMS Mood Disturbance (β = 27.8, 95% CI: 11.56, 44.04), and lower positive affect (POMS Vigor (β = -4.89, 95% CI: -9.06, -0.72)). Compared to the NC group, Long-term abstainers exhibited significantly smaller volumes of aggregate anterior cingulate cortex (β = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.113, -0.008) and higher HRSD scores (β = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.14, 2.98). Relative to AUDM , AUDW exhibited significantly larger right anterior insular volumes (β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.06) and significantly greater MAACL Positive Affect scores (β = 7.56, 95% CI: 0.59, 11.55) in association with DOA. Conclusions We found that differences in abstinence from alcohol were correlated with differences in both neural recovery and affective dimensions of recovery from AUDs. The observed sex differences extend evidence of dimorphic effects of AUDs and recovery on brain structure and function. Future longitudinal research will test inferences concerning the directionality of these relationships.
Side-channel Analysis for Hardware Trojan Detection using Machine Learning

The evolving trend of the semiconductor supply chain resulted in a wide array of trust issues for electronic hardware. Among them, malicious alteration of designs in an untrusted design house or foundry, also known as hardware Trojan insertion, has emerged as a serious concern. A popular countermeasure against hardware Trojan attacks relies on identifying a Trojan fingerprint in a side - channel parameter. However, side - channel analysis suffers from (1) the process variations introduced in chips during fabrication and (2) the inability of conventional techniques to detect side - channel signatures of a small Trojan in a large design. In this paper, we propose a machine learning approach to detect malicious Trojan activities in a chip with high sensitivity. We use a custom - designed circuit board and measurements from several Trojan-inserted test chips for validating our proposed technique. We were able to detect Trojans with very high confidence and precision. Our method could detect extremely small Trojans of size as small as four gates with over 80% confidence. For larger Trojans, the prediction confidence is above 99%. We have also devised and implemented a framework for time - efficient automatic testing of a target chip using our method.
Feature-Enhancing Inverse Methods for Limited-View Tomographic Imaging Problems

In this paper we overview current efforts in the development of inverse methods which directly extract target-relevant features from a limited data set. Such tomographic imaging problems arise in a wide range of fields making use of a number of different sensing modalities. Drawing these problem areas together is the similarity in the underlying physics governing the relationship between that which is sought and the data collected by the sensors. After presenting this physical model, we explore its use in two classes of feature-based inverse methods. Microlocal techniques are shown to provide a natural mathematical framework for processing synthetic aperture radar data in a manner that recovers the edges in the resulting image. For problems of diffusive imaging, we describe our recent efforts in parametric, shape-based techniques for directly estimating the geometric structure of an anomalous region located against a perhaps partially-known background.
Maximin robust radar waveform design for detection of weapons

We consider the problem of designing transmit waveforms based on target signature exploitation for detection of weapons under single-antenna monostatic radar operation. The target impulse response changes with the target orientation relative to the radar, which may not always be available or accurately determined in practical situations. We assume that the true target impulse response belongs to some uncertainty class of impulse response functions, which encompasses the impulse responses corresponding to the various target orientations. A transmit waveform-receiver filter combination is then designed to achieve the best lower bound on performance within this class, assessed by signal-to-clutter-and-noise ratio. Supporting design examples using electromagnetic modeled data are provided.
British colonial administration, development of Islam and Islamic education in a non-Muslim society : the Benin division (Nigeria) experience 1897-1960

British policy towards religion in colonial Africa was influenced by its intrinsic value to the maintenance of a very strong administration over the continent and achieving the socio-economic objectives Britain set itself at the beginning of its colonization. The Benin Kingdom had been largely untouched by any world religion before the British conquered the Kingdom in 1897 and this conquest facilitated the penetration of Christianity and Islam therein. The failure of Christian missionaries to provide educational services compelled the government to establish a government school in 1901 for the production of its requisite personnel. The services provided by the Government School and the reliance on indigenous institutions under the indirect rule system of administration made missionaries and their education superfluous to the operation of the colonial government. Nevertheless, both Christians and Muslims introduced their own educational services. Though Islamic education was of less value to the colonial Administration and Muslims were an insignificant minority in Benin society, a policy had to be adopted towards the emergent Muslim population. This paper examines colonial state policy towards Muslims and its impact on Islamic education in the non-Muslim society of Benin. L'administration coloniale britannique. Developpement de l'islam et education islamique dans une societe non-musulmane: l'experience de la division du Benin (Nigeria), 1897-1960 En matiere de religion, la politique britannique dans l'Afrique coloniale fut influencee par sa volonte intrinseque de maintenir une tres forte administration sur le continent et de realiser les objectifs socio-economiques que la Grande-Bretagne s'etait fixes au debut de la colonisation. Le royaume du Benin avait ete en grande partie epargne par l'ensemble des religions avant la conquete des Britanniques en 1897, et cette conquete y a facilite la penetration du christianisme et de l'islam. L'echec des missionnaires chretiens a fournir des services educatifs contraignit le gouvernement a mettre en place une ecole publique en 1901 pour la formation du personnel dont il avait besoin. Les services fournis par l'ecole gouvernementale et le recours a des institutions autochtones dans le cadre du systeme d'administration indirecte rendirent les missionnaires ainsi que leur systeme educatif superflus pour le fonctionnement de l'administration coloniale. Neanmoins, les musulmans et les chretiens introduisirent leurs propres services educatifs. Bien que l'education islamique fut de moindre valeur pour l'administration coloniale et que les musulmans fussent minoritaires dans la societe beninoise, une politique devait etre adoptee a l'egard de la population musulmane emergente. Cet article examine la politique coloniale vis-a-vis des musulmans et son impact sur l'education islamique dans la societe non-musulmane du Benin.
High frequency titrations involving chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: Determination of uranyl ion

Abstract It has been shown that for the pH range of 3.5 to 4.0, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reacts with uranyl ion to form a stable salt. The reacting ratio was found to be 2 : 1 (metal to addendum) which is in contrast to the usual reacting ratio of 1 : 1 obtained with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and other heavy metals. The chelate obtained with uranyl ion is probably a pseudo salt. A high frequency titration employing tri-sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate is suggested for the determination of uranyl ion.