cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENTS OF SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY.

15 observed that the wave lengths of the dark Fraunhol'er absorption lines in the solar spectrum coincided with the wave lengths of elemental lines in various emission spectrums. Based upon the assumption that atoms absorb light at the same wave lengths as they emit light, Kirchoff and Bunsen 15 deduced the presence of several elements in the solar at­ mosphere. In 1955, Walsh 24 showed that the phe­ nomenon of atomic absorption could serve as a spectrochemical basis for the quantitative determination of metals. He demonstrated that measurements of metals by atomic ab­ sorption spectrometry are more sensitive than measurements by flame emission spec­ trometry, and less subject to interference from other elements. 24
Reciprocal Alterations in Regulator of G Protein Signaling 4 and microRNA16 in Schizophrenia

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia. NMDAR activity is negatively regulated by some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through these GPCRs is reduced by Regulator of G protein Signaling 4 (RGS4). Thus, lower levels of RGS4 would enhance GPCR-mediated reductions in NMDAR activity and could contribute to NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we quantified RGS4 mRNA and protein levels at several levels of resolution in the DLPFC from subjects with schizophrenia and matched healthy comparison subjects. To investigate molecular mechanisms that could contribute to altered RGS4 levels, we quantified levels of small noncoding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRs), which regulate RGS4 mRNA integrity after transcription. RGS4 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in schizophrenia subjects and were positively correlated across all subjects. The RGS4 mRNA deficit was present in pyramidal neurons of DLPFC layers 3 and 5 of the schizophrenia subjects. In contrast, levels of miR16 were significantly higher in the DLPFC of schizophrenia subjects, and higher miR16 levels predicted lower RGS4 mRNA levels. These findings provide convergent evidence of lower RGS4 mRNA and protein levels in schizophrenia that may result from increased expression of miR16. Given the role of RGS4 in regulating GPCRs, and consequently the strength of NMDAR signaling, these findings could contribute to the molecular substrate for NMDAR hypofunction in DLPFC pyramidal cells in schizophrenia.
An analysis of the clinical effect of target controlled infusion of propofol combined with Reminfentanil Applied in laryngeal mask airway anesthesia

Objective To explore the clinical effect of target controlled infusion of propofol combined with reminfentanil applied in laryngeal mask airway anesthesia for patients receiving operation. Methods 88 patients who were admitted to our hospital and received operation were randomly allocated to a control group and an observation group,and received a target controlled infusion of propofol and a target controlled infusion of propofol combined with reminfentanil for the laryngeal mask airway anesthesia respectively. Results The anesthetic effect in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group. Conclusion The target controlled infusion of propofol combined with reminfentanil applied in laryngeal mask airway anesthesia for patients receiving operation has a significant clinical effect.
Familial patterns of prostate cancer: a case-control analysis.

AbstractEpidemiological data have not yet enabled physicians to look beyond age and race to identify men at increased risk for prostate cancer. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of familial patterns of prostate cancer with self-reported data from a risk-factor questionnaire. There were 385 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and 385 race and age-matched (± 5 years) controls with other cancers. Family history, available for 378 patients and 383 controls, was positive for prostate cancer in 13.0% versus 5.7%, respectively. The difference was significant at p = 0.01. The over-all age-adjusted risk estimate for men with a first-degree relative with prostate cancer was significantly elevated (odds ratio of 2.41), as were the individual risk estimates for having a father or brother with prostate cancer (odds ratio of 2.24 and 2.66). Having a second-degree relative (grandfather or uncle) with prostate cancer also conferred elevated but not statistically significant risk. These ...
Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 2016 Revision

Abstract The 1288-km2 Great Smoky Mountains National Park (the Park) is one of the largest protected temperate forest ecosystems east of the Rocky Mountains. Because of its global ecological importance, the Park was designated an International Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and a World Heritage Site in 1983. The Park's rich biodiversity is the result of a deeply dissected landscape ranging in elevation from 259 m (850 ft) to 2026 m (6643 ft), high primary productivity, and diverse plant communities. These conditions, and the occurrence of several species at or near their southern range limit, favor high mammal diversity in the Park. Herein, I present the first comprehensive update on the Park's mammals in over 20 years. Since that 1995 publication, several new species have been recorded, additional distribution and other ecological data collected, 3 reintroductions (2 successful, 1 unsuccessful) transpired, and numerous taxonomic revisions have occurred. To the extent that data is available, the distribution, ...
Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style

Shah Jahan's third surviving son and successor, Aurangzeb, is generally considered the last effective Mughal ruler. Under his successors the Mughal domain diminished. Even in Aurangzeb's reign, persistent warfare in the Deccan and increased factionalism among the nobility had an impact on the empire's stability. Most believe that a lack of vitality in artistic production paralleled this military and political instability. As a result, the architecture of Aurangzeb and the later Mughals has largely been ignored. It should not be. All the same, under Aurangzeb and his successors the framework of earlier architectural patronage was changed. That is, under the earlier Mughals the emperor was the model patron. The nobility generally regarded the type of structures he built and the styles he favored as the ideal to emulate. Under Aurangzeb, and especially under his successors, that changed. There was no dynamic imperial patron, so the nobility and other classes built independently of strong central direction, often employing styles and motifs that still echoed those established in Shah Jahan's reign. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING AURANGZEB'S REIGN When Shah Jahan became ill in 1657, most believed that he would not survive. This sparked a war of succession among the imperial princes with Aurangzeb emerging as victor. He first celebrated his coronation in Delhi's Shalimar garden in 1658 and again the same year in the palace of Shahjahanabad, then adding to his name the title c Alamgir (World Seizer). Although Shah Jahan recovered and lived until 1666, he remained a prisoner in the Agra fort for the rest of his life.
Association Between the Built Environment in School Neighborhoods With Physical Activity Among New York City Children, 2012.

Introduction The benefits of physical activity for health and well-being are well established, yet built environment characteristics in the school neighborhood may constrain students' ability to engage in physical activity and contribute to the considerable variation in physical activity among students at different schools. Methods Baseline data from the Food, Health and Choices obesity prevention trial were used to create multilevel linear models of the relationship between fifth-grade students' (n = 952) physical activity and related psychosocial factors and characteristics of the built environment of the school's neighborhood (park access, public transportation density, total crime, and walkability), controlling for age and body mass index z scores. Results Total crime was inversely associated with boys' light physical activity duration (β = -0.189; P = .02) and behavioral intention for physical activity (β = -0.178; P = .03). Boys' habit strength for physical activity was positively associated with public transportation density (β = 0.375; P = .02) and negatively associated with total crime (β = -0.216; P = .01), explaining 67% of between-school variation. Girls' frequency of light physical activity was positively associated with park access (β = 0.188; P = .04). Built environment characteristics explained 97% of the between-school variation in girls' self-efficacy in walking for exercise. Conclusions Characteristics of the built environment surrounding schools were associated with and explain between-school variation in students' physical activity and several theory-based psychosocial factors. Partnerships between public health practitioners, policy makers, and school administrators may be warranted to shape the school neighborhood, specifically to decrease crime rates and increase park access, to encourage physical activity in youth.
Single-shot network analyzer for extremely fast measurements.

A new instrument for fast measurement of frequency response of high-bandwidth optical and electronic devices is reported. Single-shot frequency spectrum measurements are enabled by time-stretch technology. An extremely fast measurement time of 27 ns is reported for the instrument. The reported instrument enables single-shot impulse response measurements with a 40 GHz bandwidth, which could be extended to beyond 100 GHz by using a faster electro-optic modulator. An ultra-low jitter of 20.5 fs is reported for the proposed instrument. The impulse responses measured using this technique are shown to correspond consistently with the manufacturer’s specifications for the device under test. The reported instrument makes possible high-speed network parameter measurements, thereby enabling high-speed production-level testing of high-bandwidth opto-electronic devices/circuits/subsystems/systems and complex permittivity measurement of dielectric materials at a much reduced test time, lowering the test costs in a production environment.
Climate-vegetation interaction and amplification of Australian dust variability

Observations show that Australian dust activity varies by a factor of four on decadal timescales. GCMs, however, typically fail to simulate this variability. Here, we introduce a new dust parameterization into the NOAA/GFDL climate model CM3 that represents land surface processes controlling dust sources including soil water and ice, snow cover, vegetation characteristics, and land type. In an additional novel step, we couple this new dust parameterization to the dynamic vegetation model LM3. In Australia, the new parameterization amplifies the magnitude and timescale of dust variability and better simulates the ENSO-dust relationship by more than doubling its strength. We attribute these improvements primarily to the slow response time of vegetation to precipitation anomalies, and show that vegetation changes account for approximately 50% of enhanced dust emission during El Nino events. The amplified dust leads to radiative forcing over Australia greater than -1 and -20 W/m2 at TOA and surface respectively.
Theory of Optical Processes in Liquid Helium

In several many-particle systems, Raman scattering has been a useful tool for studying elementary excitations, complementing inelastic neutron scattering. In liquid helium, Brillouin scattering [1] has permitted the study of sound waves. It is of interest to ask if the rest (roton part) of the vibrational excitation spectrum observed by neutrons could also be observed in light scattering experiments. To investigate this possibility, we formulate a model for the study of optical processes in liquid helium and use it to study the two roton Raman scattering cross-section. The reasons for studying two roton scattering are first that one can produce excitations with larger wave vectors than in first order scattering and second that the matrix elements for scattering will be wave-vector dependent and will be larger for large wave-vector, so that one may hope to observe the two excitation scattering.
DNA-Assembled Core-Satellite Upconverting-Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle Superstructures for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy

DNA-mediated assembly of core-satellite structures composed of Zr(IV)-based porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) and NaYF4 ,Yb,Er upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is reported. MOF NPs generate singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) upon photoirradiation with visible light without the need for additional small molecule, diffusional photosensitizers such as porphyrins. Using DNA as a templating agent, well-defined MOF-UCNP clusters are produced where UCNPs are spatially organized around a centrally located MOF NP. Under NIR irradiation, visible light emitted from the UCNPs is absorbed by the core MOF NP to produce 1 O2 at significantly greater amounts than what can be produced from simply mixing UCNPs and MOF NPs. The MOF-UCNP core-satellite superstructures also induce strong cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells, which are further enhanced by attaching epidermal growth factor receptor targeting affibodies to the PDT clusters, highlighting their promise as theranostic photodynamic agents.
Verbal working memory and early literacy acquisition: do ELLs allocate resources similar to their typical monolingual peers or monolingual children with SLI?

The role of verbal working memory (VWM) in early language and literacy development among typical and atypical monolingual children exposed to different orthographies is well established. Less is kn...
Measured fetal and neonatal exposure to Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor during pregnancy and while breastfeeding

Abstract With the growing class of CFTR modulator therapy available to more patients and with increasing pregnancies in individuals with CF, there is a growing need to understand the effects of these agents during pregnancy. There are few reports of their continued use in the literature, although it is likely that this is not an uncommon occurrence. We report the uncomplicated and successful pregnancy of a woman treated with lumacaftor/ivacaftor, as well as the clinical course of the infant during the first 9 months of life. We also report drug levels in plasma from the mother, cord blood, breast milk, and infant to estimate fetal and infant drug exposure.
FDA’s Policy on Food Biotechnology

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) provides the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with broad authority to regulate the safety and wholesomeness of food. Developers of new foods have a responsibility to ensure that the foods they offer to consumers are safe and in compliance with all requirements of the FFDCA. FDA stated its policy on foods derived from new plant varieties, including bioengineered plants, in the Federal Register (FR) in 1992 (57 FR 22984, May 29, 1992). FDA recognized in its policy statement that it is prudent practice for developers of new plant varieties to engage in premarket consultations with the agency on safety and regulatory questions, especially with regard to food products developed through new technology. In 1996 (revised October 1997), FDA published guidance on consultation procedures for foods derived from new plant varieties, including bioengineered plants. FDA has completed premarket consultations on over forty bioengineered plants. In 1999, FDA held three public meetings to share its current approach and experience regarding bioengineered foods and to solicit views on whether FDA’s policies or procedures should be modified. In 2001, FDA published in the FR (66 FR 4706, January 18, 2001) a proposed rule that would require the submission to the agency of data and information regarding plant-derived bioengineered foods that would be consumed by humans or animals. FDA proposed that this submission be made at least 120 days prior to the commercial distribution of such foods. This proposed action, if finalized, would enhance the Agency’s ability to assess whether plant-derived bioengineered foods comply with the safety standards of the FFDCA on an ongoing basis.
Noninvasive Imaging of Myocardial Blood Flow Recovery in Response to Stem Cell Intervention

The recovery of myocardial blood flow is a major indicator of the effectiveness of cell-based therapies for ischemic heart diseases including myocardial infarction. Blood flow (also called perfusion) of the heart muscle can be noninvasively measured via imaging methods such as ultrasound, positron emission tomography (PET), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we describe an MRI technique, namely, spin labeling, to measure the volumetric blood flow (mL/min/g) in the heart. Specifically, we demonstrate how impaired blood flow in the infarcted region of the heart was recovered transiently (� 2 weeks) after the injection of endothelial progenitor cells.
Novel embryonic regulation of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel expression in Drosophila.

Theslowpoke gene ofDrosophila melanogaster encodes a Ca2+-activated K+ channel that is expressed in neurons, muscles, tracheal cells and the middle midgut. The entire transcriptional control region ofslowpoke is contained in 11 kb of genomic DNA. Previous work has identified four different tissue-specific promoters (Promoters C1, C1b, C1c and C2) and sequences that regulate their activity. Here we describe and contrast the regulation of neuronal and muscle expression during embryogenesis with its regulation during larval and adult stages. Embryonic regulation is fundamentally different. The embryo uses Promoter C1 and a previously undescribed promoter, called Promoter Ce, to drive neuronal expression. The expression patterns of these promoters are distinct. Muscle expression arises from Promoter C2 as in other developmental stages. A downstream intronic region has been shown to contain control elements that modulate promoter activity differently in embryos, larvae and adults. Embryonic CNS expression is not dependent on the intron, however; its deletion has substantial effects on neuronal expression in larvae and adults. In embryonic muscle, removal of the intron eliminates muscle expression even though this deletion does not reduce larval muscle expression.
The clinical characteristic of V600R-mutant melanoma: A single institution experience.

e21581Background: Currently several different targeted therapy regimens are approved as first-line treatment in V600E/K-mutant advanced and metastatic melanoma. Third most common BRAF mutation, c.1...
Encephalitozoon: Tissue Culture, Cryopreservation, and Murine Infection

Microsporidia are eukaryotic unicellular parasites that have been studied for more than 150 years. They are found throughout the world and are capable of infecting various invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. They can cause disease in both immune-compromised and immune-competent humans. In immune-compromised individuals, infections can be severe and often fatal. Microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialized invasion mechanism that involves a structure known as the polar tube as well as the spore wall. During spore germination, the polar tube rapidly discharges from the spore and deliver the sporoplasm into the host cell. Spores are the only stage of microsporidia that can survive outside of host cells. Since the first attempt to culture microsporidia in vitro in 1930s, their cultivation has served a critical role in the study and diagnosis of these parasites. In this chapter, we include methods on the cultivation, isolation, and cryopreservation of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, which can infect humans and provides a useful model for other microsporidia. These methods can also be utilized for the culture of Encephalitozoon hellem or Encephalitozoon intestinalis. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real-Time Estimates of Escherichia coli Concentrations Using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometers

Substantial effort has been invested in the development and testing of methods to rapidly measure the concentration of indicator bacteria in recreational waters. These efforts are driven by the need to quickly determine whether waters are contaminated and may pose excessive public health risks. In situ ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrometers have been used to monitor levels of multiple contaminants in surface waters by relating the absorption spectra to the measured concentrations using regression models. In this study, three different regression models were tested to see if spectroscopy could be used to rapidly predict Escherichia coli concentrations in a freshwater stream. The regression models did not produce acceptable results when tested for all of the samples collected during an 11-mo period (R² < 0.2). When divided into multiple subsets based on temperature, concentration, or rainfall, models produced adequate results for subsets of samples collected in the cooler months (R² = 0.72) or on days when rainfall occurred (R² = 0.58). Pairing a UV-vis spectrometer with regression models did not result in a model that could be used to estimate E. coli levels throughout the year, but the results promote further testing of this method when flow data is available in freshwaters, on beaches where rainfall causes elevated bacteria levels, and in shellfish growing waters.
Selecting Patients with Small Renal Masses for Active Surveillance: A Domain Based Score from a Prospective Cohort Study.

Purpose:We sought to identify predictors of active surveillance in a prospective cohort study of patients with a small renal mass demonstrating favorable outcomes. We generated a summary score to d...
Key technologies for ultra-low emissions from coal-fired power plants

Abstract Coal remains an abundant energy source in the world. Worldwide coal consumption will remain approximately the same over the next 20 years (2020–2040), with decreasing consumption in China and the U.S. offsetting increases in India. Raw coal contains elements such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and other elements. Due to the coal combustion process, coal-fired power plants are one of the main sources of sulfur dioxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and dust (also known as particulate matter, PM) emissions, which have serious impacts on the environment and human health. In order to limit the emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM, emission control technologies have been developed and deployed in the coal-fired power generation industry. A typical coal-fired power plant with conventional emissions control technologies is illustrated in Fig. 3.1. These techniques include low-NOx burners (LNBs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx control, electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or fabric filter (FF) for PM control, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 control.
Categorizing global MPAs: A cluster analysis approach

Abstract Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a widely used and flexible policy tool to help preserve marine biodiversity. They range in size and governance complexity from small communally managed MPAs, to massive MPAs on the High Seas managed by multinational organizations. As of August 2018, the Atlas of Marine Protection ( MPAtlas.org ) had catalogued information on over 12,000 Marine Protected Areas. We analyzed this global database to determine groups of MPAs whose characteristics best distinguished the diversity of MPA attributes globally, based upon our comprehensive sample. Groups were identified by pairing a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with a k-means cluster analysis using five variables; age of MPA, area of MPA, no-take area within MPA, latitude of the MPA's center, and Human Development Index (HDI) of the host country. Seven statistically distinct groups of MPAs emerged from this analysis and we describe and discuss the potential implications of their respective characteristics for MPA management. The analysis yields important insights into patterns and characteristics of MPAs around the world, including clusters of especially old MPAs (greater than 25 and 66 years of age), clusters distributed across nations with higher (HDI ≥ 0.827) or lower (HDI ≤ 0.827) levels of development, and majority no-take MPAs. Our findings also include statistical verification of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs, approximately >180,000km2) and a sub-class of LSMPA's we call “Giant MPAs” (GMPAs, approximately >1,000,000km2). As a secondary outcome, future research may use the clusters identified in this paper to track variability in MPA performance indicators across clusters (e.g., biodiversity preservation/restoration, fish biomass) and thereby identify relationships between cluster and performance outcomes. MPA management can also be improved by creating communication networks that connect similarly clustered MPAs for sharing common challenges and best practices.
Quinoline-annulated porphyrin platinum complexes as NIR emitters

The platinum(II) complexes of known quinoline-annulated porphyrins were prepared and spectroscopically characterized. Their optical properties (UV-vis absorption and phosphorescence spectra and pho...
Simulation and Experimental Results of Interdigital Capacitor (IDC) Sensors to Monitor Insulation Degradation of Cables

The efficacy of using interdigital capacitor (IDC) sensors to monitor cable insulation aging was studied through electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements. Simulation results on both planar and conformal dielectric materials indicated that IDCs on thin substrates and with conducting backplanes provide superior performance in terms of higher capacitance. An airgap study showed that even a very small airgap between the sensor and the cable’s insulation results in significant reduction in capacitance; therefore, airgaps should be minimized. Finally, cables that underwent accelerated aging exposure in an oven were tested using fabricated IDC sensors. Measurement results showed a 12.5% increase in capacitance when the IDC was pressed against the insulation versus a 91.3% increase in capacitance when the IDC was pressed against the jackets of the cables for cable specimens ranging from unaged to aged 35 days.
Cybersecurity in the AWS Cloud.

This paper re-examines the content of a standard advanced course in Cybersecurity from the perspective of Cloud Computing. More precisely, we review the core concepts of Cybersecurity, as presented in a senior undergraduate or graduate class, in light of the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud.
Learning Furniture Compatibility with Graph Neural Networks

We propose a graph neural network (GNN) approach to the problem of predicting the stylistic compatibility of a set of furniture items from images. While most existing results are based on siamese networks which evaluate pairwise compatibility between items, the proposed GNN architecture exploits relational information among groups of items. We present two GNN models, both of which comprise a deep CNN that extracts a feature representation for each image, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) network that models interactions between the furniture items in a set, and an aggregation function that calculates the compatibility score. In the first model, a generalized contrastive loss function that promotes the generation of clustered embeddings for items belonging to the same furniture set is introduced. Also, in the first model, the edge function between nodes in the GRU and the aggregation function are fixed in order to limit model complexity and allow training on smaller datasets; in the second model, the edge function and aggregation function are learned directly from the data. We demonstrate state-of-the art accuracy for compatibility prediction and "fill in the blank" tasks on the Bonn and Singapore furniture datasets. We further introduce a new dataset, called the Target Furniture Collections dataset, which contains over 6000 furniture items that have been hand-curated by stylists to make up 1632 compatible sets. We also demonstrate superior prediction accuracy on this dataset.
Early Intervention Protocols: Proposing a Default Bimodal Bilingual Approach for Deaf Children.

Despite advances in hearing technology, a growing body of research, as well as early intervention protocols, deaf children largely fail to meet age-based language milestones. This gap in language acquisition points to the inconsistencies that exist between research and practice. Current research suggests that bimodal bilingual early interventions at deaf identification provide children language foundations that can lead to more effective outcomes. Recommendations that support implementing bimodal bilingualism at deaf identification include early intervention protocols, language foundations, and the development of appropriate bimodal bilingual environments. All recommendations serve as multifaceted tools in a deaf child’s repertoire as language and modality preferences develop and solidify. This versatile approach allows for children to determine their own language and communication preferences.
HMGB1 increases radiosensitivity by interacting with HDAC1

3114 HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1 is an important nuclear protein responding to the body’s inflammatory, ischemia and injury. In this study, we found that increased expression of HMGB1 enhances susceptibility of breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation, while decreased expression reduced the sensitivity. We also demonstrated that HMGB1 associated with the histone deacetylase HDAC1, an important mediator in DNA damage repair pathway. A LXCXE motif of HMGB1 was required for HDAC1 binding, HMGB1 with mutant LXCXE motif failed to interact with HDAC1. Furthermore, the HMGB1 binding to HDAC1 was significantly increased by ionizing radiation. HDAC1 inhibitors significantly increased HMGB1 radiosensitization. These results suggest an important mechanism contributing to HMGB1 radiosensitivity by interacting with HDAC1.
Controlling magnetic properties of 3D-printed magnetic elastomer structures via fused deposition modeling

Several methods have been used to optimize performance of magnetic elastomers by controlling the microstructure, such as magnetic annealing. Another way to introduce anisotropy is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), which has been shown to manipulate the magnetic anisotropy of rigid printed parts. However, the use of flexible composite materials has not yet been explored due to additional processing challenges. The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate tunable anisotropy of these materials via 3D printed structures without post-processing as a viable means to tune the performance of magnetic elastomer materials. Here, FDM structures were printed with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer and either iron, carbonyl iron, or magnetite particulate. In order to determine the relative effect of different parameters on the magnetic properties, a series of samples were printed combining each material type with different aspect ratios, infill percentages, and infill orientations. A Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) was used to obtain magnetic hysteresis loops in order to compare the magnetic susceptibility between samples. Results demonstrated that FDM provides a method of achieving the directional signature of magnetic annealing without requiring any post-processing; instead, this manifests through the anisotropy of the part’s internal structure. As such, this concept is referred to as infill magnetic annealing (IMA). These variables were found to form a continuum of tunable magnetic responses. Additionally, the chosen particulate transfers its magnetic signature to the composite material. Overall, the highly customizable and nuanced characteristics of 3D-printed magnetic elastomer structures will allow for its application in a broad range of emerging magneto-mechanical applications such as magnetic actuation and soft robotics.
Factors contributing to racial differences in gait mechanics differ by sex.

Abstract Background Racial differences in gait mechanics have been recently reported, but we don’t know what factors may drive differences in gait and whether these factors are innate or modifiable. The answers to those questions will inform both basic research and clinical interventions and outcomes. Research question Do anthropometric, strength, and health status measures explain racial differences in gait between African Americans (AA) and white Americans (WA)? Methods Venous blood samples, anthropometric measures, lower extremity strength, and an assessment of health status were collected from 92 participants (18–30 years old) as part of an Institutional Review Board-approved study. 3D motion capture and force plate data were recorded during 7 walking trials at set regular (1.35 m/s) and fast (1.6 m/s) speeds. Racial differences in gait were identified at both speeds. Correlations between anthropometric, strength, and health status independent variables and outcome measures were computed after stratifying data by sex. Stepwise linear regression models evaluated whether the inclusion of anthropometric, strength, and health status independent variables explained racial effects. Results In males, no racial differences in gait were explained by independent variables. Q-angle and ankle dorsiflexion strength accounted for racial differences in self-selected walking speed in females. Racial differences in ankle plantarflexion angle were explained by ankle plantarflexion strength differences. Significance Factors that explain racial differences in gait in females were both innate and modifiable. These data make clear that it is important to include racially diverse normative gait databases in research studies. These results also identify potential intervention targets aimed at reducing racial health disparities.
Contralateral Suppression Index Does Not Predict Clinical Cure in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Primary Aldosteronism

Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is recommended before adrenalectomy for patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) over 35 years old. The literature examining contralateral suppression (CoS) on AVS in predicting surgical outcomes is conflicting. We examined the presence of CoS in patients who underwent adrenalectomy while adjusting for clinical and biochemical factors associated with a clinical cure of hypertension (ccHTN). We performed a retrospective review of patients with successful AVS who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for PA at a quaternary referral center. Patients were excluded if they had overt cortisol co-secretion, or inadequate follow-up. We first evaluated the aldosterone resolution score (ARS) in predicting ccHTN in our cohort. Next, the receiver-operator characteristic analysis (ROC) was used to determine the optimal contralateral suppression index (CSI) cutoff to define CoS. We performed univariable and multivariable analyses of factors associated with ccHTN. The primary outcome was ccHTN defined as blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg, and off blood pressure medications. Of the 102 patients on bivariable analysis, age, sex, duration of HTN, number of medications, preoperative systolic blood pressure, and creatinine level were associated with ccHTN. ROC analysis of ARS had an AUC of 0.850 (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, only ARS remained associated with ccHTN (OR 3.40, 95% CI 1.20–9.61, p = 0.021). CSI was not significantly associated with ccHTN on ROC, bivariable, or multivariable analyses. The presence of CoS was not useful in predicting ccHTN following unilateral adrenalectomy for PA in our cohort. After adjusting for clinical and biochemical factors, ARS remains a useful predictor for ccHTN.
The CS1 Reviewer App: Choose Your Own Adventure or Choose for Me!

We present the CS1 Reviewer App - an online tool for an introductory Python course that allows students to solve customized problem sets on many concepts in the course. Currently, the app's questions focus on code tracing by presenting a block of Python code and asking students to predict the output of the code. The tool tracks a student's response history to maintain a "mastery level" that represents a student's knowledge of a concept. We also provide an option of answering auto-generated quizzes based on the student's mastery across concepts. As a result, the tool provides students a choice between creating their own learning experience or leveraging our question selection algorithm. The app is supported on traditional webpages and mobile devices, providing a convenient way for students to study a variety of concepts. Students in the CS1 course at Duke University used this tool during the Spring and Fall 2020 semesters. In this paper, we explore trends in usage, feedback and suggestions from students, and avenues of future work based on student experiences.
A Photonic Neural Network Using < 1 Photon per Scalar Multiplication

New Frontiers in Optical Technology The proliferation of optical sensors and user interfaces offers opportunities for deeper integration of sensing, processing, and data transmission.
The Single First Order Equation

A partial differential equation (henceforth abbreviated as P.D.E.) for a function u(x,y,...) is a relation of the form $$ F\left( {x,y, \ldots ,u,{u_x},{u_y}, \ldots ,{u_{xx}},{u_{xy}}, \ldots } \right) = 0, $$ (1.1) where F is a given function of the independent variables x,y,..., and of the “unknown” function u and of a finite number of its partial derivatives. We call u a solution of (1.1) if after substitution of u(x,y,...) and its partial derivatives (1.1) is satisfied identically in x,y,... in some region Ω in the space of these independent variables. Unless the contrary is stated we require that x,y,... are real and that u and the derivatives of u occurring in (1.1) are continuous functions of x,y,... in the real domain Ω† Several P.D.E.s involving one or more unknown functions and their derivatives constitute a system.
Trimming and Winsorization

Distributions with very long tails or isolated outlying values can disturb the effectiveness of methods based on the normal distribution. Trimming involves the discarding of a proportion of sample observations at the two extremes before calculation of a mean. Winsorization involves the replacement of the discarded values by the most extreme retained values. Keywords: robustness; order statistics; simulation; mean
Theoretical expectations for high mass photon pairs in l + l − γγ events at CERN LEP and SLC

Recently, the L3 Collaboration has reported the observation of four events in the reactions ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ll\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}, l=e,\ensuremath{\mu},\ensuremath{\tau}, with the invariant photon pair mass near 60 GeV in a data sample collected in the L3 detector corresponding to 950 000 produced ${\mathit{Z}}^{0}$'s. More recently, more data from the other LEP Collaborations have become available. In this paper we use the Monte Carlo generator yfs3 and our recent exact results on ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ll\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} to assess the QED expectations for such L3-type high mass photon pair events in ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ll\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}+n(\ensuremath{\gamma}) near the ${\mathit{Z}}^{0}$ resonance.
Vitamin D3 Treatment Protects Motor Neuron Cells from Oxidative Stress and ALS-Related SOD1 Mutation (P2.062)

OBJECTIVE: Study effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on NSC34 cells expressing either wild-type SOD1 or mutated SOD1 associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to investigate dose-dependent effects of vitamin D3 treatment, towards establishing dosing in humans. BACKGROUND: Vitamin D3 influences distinct pathways that are potentially important in ALS physiopathology. The most studied mechanism is the up-regulation of calcium binding proteins in motor neurons, which increases calcium buffering capacity, and confers resistance to cytotoxicity in cell culture and mouse models of ALS. DESIGN/METHODS:Effects of vitamin D3 were assessed in differentiated neuroblastoma-spinal cord NSC34 cells. Familial ALS pathology was modeled in NSC34 cells transfected with mutant SOD1. Sporadic ALS etiology was represented in wild-type SOD1 transfected cells under acute oxidative stress(100 μM H2O2) with an approximate density of 1.0 x 105 cells/cm2. Dose-dependence of vitamin D3 was observed in transformed NSC34 cells with treatments of 0, 0.1, 10, and 100 nM, after six-hour exposure. Viability was assessed through increased fluorescence from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase leaked from non-viable cells reacting with resazurin. Intracellular calcium levels were observed with ratiometric indicator dye fura 2-AM. RESULTS: Vitamin D3 (100 nM) rescued 30[percnt] of cells transfected with wild-type SOD1 and challenged with 100 μM H2O2 for 400 minutes (p < 0.001) and 40[percnt] of cells over-expressing toxic SOD1A4V and challenged with 100 μM H2O2 for 400 minutes (p < 0.0.001). Vitamin D3 dosing rescued viability in a dose-dependent manner. Calcium fluctuations were less dramatic in vitamin D3-treated cells, with a 37[percnt] decrease in peak measurement 400 minutes after acute H2O2 dosing (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D3 reduced the amplitude of calcium fluctuations and delayed cell death in cells over-expressing either SOD1wt or SOD1A4V mutant, with dose-dependency. Further analysis regarding the potency of vitamin D analogues and target serum vitamin D3 levels in humans will follow. Disclosure: Dr. Soroka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Karam has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for WriteClick Neurology. Dr. Dokholyan has nothing to disclose.
Internet health search: When process complements goals

This study examines how the goal orientation of individuals, rather than the goals of a search task, influences information search behavior for 2 discrete stages of the Internet search process. In an Internet-based experiment (N = 106) with temporarily activated motivational orientation (promotion vs. prevention) and message goal frames (gain vs. loss) as independent variables, it was demonstrated that participants selected information that was congruent with their motivational orientation although they did not necessarily spend more time attending to their selection. Participants with the promotion orientation exhibited more scanning behavior and viewed more web pages but spent less time on the Internet search. Congruency effects resulted in higher user engagement, which mediated the congruency effects on the perceived message quality of the health content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra- and inter-cultural collaboration in science and engineering

Collaboratories that support science and engineering have become more and more common. Unfortunately, many of them experience serious difficulties. Those that involve inter-cultural collaboration are especially problematic. We have identified more than 200 such projects, and have formulated a series of working hypotheses about what factors are associated with success and failure. In this article we review these factors, focusing in particular on those aspects that arise in inter-cultural collaborations.
Un convite de manga ancha

Baladas & Canciones. Leon de Greiff. Prologo de Otto de Greiff. El Ancora Editores, Bogota, 1991.
Gender and Feminist Studies in Geography

Gender and feminist studies in geography address the material and symbolic lives of women and men as they are shaped by aspects of place and social relations and how considerations of gender are implicated in the creation of space and place. Initially inspired in the 1970s by women's rights movements, geographers questioned the exclusion of women's lives from their disciplines' theories, methods, and practices. Since then feminist geography has introduced new themes by attending not only to binary distinctions of male and female but by addressing the intersections of gender with other sources of social difference such as age, class, race, sexuality, physical ability, and religion at multiple scales from the body to the global. Diverse methodologies are brought to bear as research, teaching, and engagement with community organizations have been influenced.
The Problem of Gene Patents

Genes are scientific discoveries and therefore they fail to meet the condition of alternativeness, which is the fourth substantive condition for patentability. Hence, genes are not patentable subject matter even when they meet the three other conditions. The condition of alternativeness is an essential tool for the patent system to perform its metering function for, in its absence, the patentee’s competitors cannot use existing technology or develop alternatives. Competition with patented technology allows society to accurately meter inventions, and thus efficiently reduce transaction costs. Countries that grant gene patents undermine the patent system in the area of biotechnology; this will lead to serious problems of inefficiency and high transaction costs. This concern is eloquently illustrated by agrarian discontent in the United States in the late nineteenth century, which arose under the pressure of a malfunctioning patent system. * J.D., LL.M, S.J.D., Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; LL.M. (1992), S.J.D. (1993), Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA. The author is Deputy Director and Head of the Industrial Property Law Section, Economic Development (Intellectual Property Law) Department, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva, Switzerland. All views expressed are the author’s and not necessarily those of WIPO or its Member States. 1. The other substantive conditions of patentability that the Supreme Court has identified are novelty, non-obviousness, and utility. LeRoy v. Tatham, 55 U.S. 156 (1852). See discussion infra Part II. 2. See discussion infra Part III. Washington University Open Scholarship p701 Carvalho.doc 7/21/2004 702 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW [VOL. 3:701
Interleukin 1 receptors on rabbit articular chondrocytes: relationship between biological activity and receptor binding kinetics.

This study gives an account of the biologic and kinetic binding properties of interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), and Glu-4 (an NH2-terminal mutant of IL 1 beta) to interleukin 1 (IL 1) receptors in rabbit articular chondrocytes. All three IL 1's demonstrated full agonist properties in their ability to stimulate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. IL 1 alpha was 23-fold more biologically active than IL 1 beta, which was around 110-fold more active than Glu-4 based on the concentration of IL 1 required for half-maximal stimulation of PGE2. The binding of all three ligands was concentration-dependent and saturable at 4 degrees C. Scatchard analysis of receptor binding data showed that the dissociation constant (KD) of IL 1 alpha was 46 +/- 12 pM, and the receptor density was 3120 sites/cell. The association of IL 1 alpha at 4 degrees C did not attain equilibrium until after 10 h at 100 pM of 125I-labeled IL 1 alpha. The dissociation of bound IL 1 alpha was very slow, t1/2 of 21 ...