cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of adrenal catecholamine release by divalent mercury

The decline of mercury-induced catecholamine release from isolated perfused bovine adrenals is biphasic when mercury concentrations of 9 × 10−5 m or above are used. After initiation of catecholamine release by 3 × 10−5 m mercury, the response declines in a monophasic manner which corresponds to the first phase of decline seen after exposure of adrenals to higher mercury concentrations. Neither phase is altered by 5 × 10−3 m magnesium, but the second phase is eliminated when calcium is omitted from the medium. 45Ca washout from labeled adrenals is decreased by 2 × 10−4 m Hg2+ but is not affected by 3 × 10−5 m Hg2+. Acetylcholine and mercury interact approximately in an additive manner in releasing adrenal catecholamines. The initial phase of mercury-induced adrenal catecholamine release may be due to amine displacement by the mercury ion. The secondary phase of adrenal catecholamine release probably involves alteration of membrane structures by mercury.
Synthesis and structural investigation of a novel mixed cationic/anionic hexacyanometallate tetradecahydrate

Abstract [(1:2)ZnII/MnII]3[(1:2)IrIII/CoIII(CN)6]2·14H2O (I) has been synthesized and structurally analyzed using single-crystal diffractometry. Full-matrix least-squares refinement yielded final reliability factors of R=0.033 and Rw=0.023 with a `goodness-of-fit' (GOF, Σ2) of 1.13 based on 118 unique reflections. The complex crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm 3 m (No. 225) with a=10.408(1) A. For Z=1 1/3, the calculated density is 1.827 Mg m−3 [exp., 1.81(2) Mg m−3]. A thermal gravimetric analysis revealed 14 water molecules per formula unit. All metal atoms are six-coordinated octahedrally and linkages between the mixed divalent cationic and mixed anionic metal atoms are accomplished by cyanide bridging. A hydrogen-bonding network is set up within cavities of the crystal lattice created by molecular disorder. Conoscopic, IR, and digital SEM/EDS elemental results are presented as well as important bond and contact distances.
Mouse hepatitis virus orf 2a is expressed in the cytosol of infected mouse fibroblasts

Abstract A 266-bp fragment of cDNA from within gene B, ORF 2a, of MHV-A59 was used to construct a vector encoding a bacterial/viral fusion protein. Antiserum raised against this fusion protein specifically immunoprecipitates a 30K protein from infected 17CI-1 mouse fibroblasts. The protein is localized primarily in the cytosol and not in the membranes. This is consistent with its predicted sequence and potential role as an RNA binding protein.
G380(P) The Role of Etanercept in Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDMS) in Children

Introduction Juvenile dermatomyositis is a rare autoimmune disease characterised by profound muscle weakness in addition to skin lesions, calcinosis, and underlying vasculopathy. Current treatment plans, including methotrexate and corticosteroids, are ineffective in some patients and may be associated with significant adverse events. The benefits and risks of etanercept in JDMS are not well studied. The aim of this study is to review the benefit and safety of etanercept in JDMS patients. Methods We performed a single centre retrospective analysis of all consecutive JDMS patients treated with etanercept in a tertiary paediatric referral centre. Data collected included clinical and laboratory data, disease duration, the initial dose of etanercept, and other medication details. The outcome was measured by the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) scored before commencing Etanercept and at 12 months follow-up. Results Seven JDMS patients (5 female) were treated with etanercept. Median age at diagnosis was 64 months (36–103 months). The most frequent symptoms at diagnosis included proximal muscle weakness in all patients, constitutional features in 6, muscle pain in 5, typical skin features in 4, and arthralgia in 3 patients. Disease duration until etanercept was 35 months (10–60 months). All children were treated with prednisolone and methotrexate prior to commencing etanercept and continued prednisolone (in reducing doses) and methotrexate concurrently. Median duration on etanercept was 20 months (range 6–85 months). Five children ceased etanercept; three due to a flare of disease activity, one child due to transfer of care, and one child due to disease remission. Two patients still receive etanercept at time of analysis. Two children who ceased etanercept commenced monthly infliximab therapy with marked disease improvement. The median CMAS score before etanercept was 44 (range 41–47), and at 12 months after commencing etanercept the median CMAS was 46 (range 41–53). Conclusions Etanercept did not demonstrate an appreciable or reliable improvement in the disease control of JDMS. Whilst beneficial for some patients, caution should be taken when initiating etanercept for JDMS. Further multicenter studies are necessary to confirm our findings.
Enhancing the validity and utility of randomized clinical trials in addictions treatment research: I. Treatment implementation and research design

Purpose This paper is the first in a series that examines methods for improving the validity and utility of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in addictions treatment research. The specific foci of this article are treatment implementation and research design. Scope We begin by considering the conditions under which the RCT provides an appropriate design choice. Sections that follow discuss methodological issues with respect to RCT structure and collaborative arrangements; treatment specification, delivery and cost; experimental design; and randomization/blinding procedures. We emphasize the importance of advance planning; treatment integrity and discriminability; treatment standardization; staff training and supervision; client compliance; maintenance of between-group equivalence across study conditions; and inclusion of appropriate comparison groups in study designs. Conclusions Investigators are encouraged to maximize the internal validity of RCTs, but also to consider methods for enhancing external validity. The utility of addictions RCTs for advancing theory and improving clinical practice can be enhanced by investigating underlying mechanisms of action.
Olmesartan medoxomil, amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide triple combination for hypertension

Hypertension is an increasingly prevalent cardiovascular risk factor associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Lowering blood pressure (BP) to recommended levels reduces the risk of hypertension-associated cardiovascular events. Despite current treatment options and recommendations, the BP of many patients remains suboptimally controlled. There is a need for more effective management in patients not achieving BP goals on current monotherapy or combination therapy. Regimens combining three or more antihypertensive agents have been shown to increase the proportion of patients achieving BP goals. Recent data suggest that the combination of olmesartan medoxomil, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide is a rational treatment option offering safe and effective BP reductions and goal attainment in a greater proportion of patients compared with dual-combination regimens. As the understanding of the importance of BP control grows, treatment options that enable patients to achieve BP goals quickly and safely will become increasingly important in hypertension management.
Proximal row carpectomy for posttraumatic disorders of the carpus

Twenty-four patients (23 men and one woman) from 19 to 64 years old underwent proximal row carpectomy following carpal injuries. The injuries were 10 transscaphoid perilunate dislocations with late subluxation and arthritis, 10 ununited scaphoid fractures with arthritis, three scapholunate dissociations with arthritis, and one acute carpal dislocation. All were followed for from 3 to 10 years. Although the result depended on the original injury, wrist extension was 65% to 70% of normal, flexion was 48% to 65%, ulnar deviation 851/2, and radial deviation 17%. Grip strength was equal to that in the opposite hand. There was one failure that was converted to a successful fusion.
Negro use of television and newspapers for political information, 1952–1964

An almost unheralded, but very important, communications phenomenon of the past couple of decades is the massive shift of Negroes from a “low media use”; pattern to a “high television use”; pattern...
The relation of sleep complaints to respiratory symptoms in a general population.

Based on data obtained from the Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Chronic Lung Disease that included body weight, questionnaire responses, and spirometry, we found that among subjects with no respiratory symptoms, 28.0 percent reported insomnia (difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep) and 9.4 percent reported daytime sleepiness. Among subjects with respiratory symptoms, cough and/or wheeze, the rates of sleep complaints increased. With one symptom, 39.1 percent reported insomnia and 12.4 percent reported daytime sleepiness. With both symptoms, the rates were 52.8 percent and 22.8 percent, respectively. Overall, we found significant relationships between rates of respiratory symptoms and sleep complaints (trend χ 2 = 73.9, p 2 = 37.9, p
Early mathematical experiences: Observing young Black and White children’s everyday activities

Children’s early mathematical experiences play an enormous role in the development of their understanding of mathematics, and serve as a foundation for their cognitive development. In this descriptive study, we observed the naturally occurring mathematical activities engaged in by thirty-nine 3-year-olds, equally divided by race/ethnicity and social class. We observed each child for 18 hours over the course of a single week, in such a way as to cover the equivalent of a complete day in its life. The children varied a good deal in the extent to which they were observed engaging in mathematical activities, but the variation was not explicable by race/ethnicity or class. For comparative purposes, we also report on the literacy-related activities in which the children were engaged.
Using Lessons from Cellular and Molecular Structures for Future Materials

Cells and molecules exhibit robust and efficient characteristics that occur as a result of highly organized and hierarchical structures within these small scale living systems. These structures have the ability to adapt themselves to a wide variety of stimuli, including mechanical and chemical environmental changes, which ultimately affect behavior including cell life and death. The characteristics of these structures can be utilized as they provide unique advantages for building a future generation of material science technologies. In this article, we provide an overview of the similarities between materials and living cells, and discuss specific types of biological materials including cytoskeletal elements, DNA, and molecular motors that have already been leveraged to build unique functional materials. The future challenge will be to continue to use the scientific discoveries of today with upcoming discoveries in cellular and molecular science, and apply these principles to develop as yet unknown technologies and materials.
A fast algorithm for finding dominators in a flowgraph

A fast algorithm for finding dominators in a flowgraph is presented. The algorithm uses depth-first search and an efficient method of computing functions defined on paths in trees. A simple implementation of the algorithm runs in O(m log n) time, where m is the number of edges and n is the number of vertices in the problem graph. A more sophisticated implementation runs in O(ma(m, n)) time, where a(m, n) is a functional inverse of Ackermann's function.Both versions of the algorithm were implemented in Algol W, a Stanford University version of Algol, and tested on an IBM 370/168. The programs were compared with an implementation by Purdom and Moore of a straightforward O(mn)-time algorithm, and with a bit vector algorithm described by Aho and Ullman. The fast algorithm beat the straightforward algorithm and the bit vector algorithm on all but the smallest graphs tested.
Atlas-assisted tomography: registration of a deformable atlas to compensate for limited-angle cone-beam trajectory

We present a method to improve the quality of cone-beam tomographic images computed from an intra-operative C-arm scan by adding information from an anatomical atlas. Limited range of C-arm view angles leads to reconstruction artifacts and poor anatomical detail. We propose to complete the missing views with simulated projections of a statistical anatomical model, which is deformably registered to match the data in the C-arm images. This paper presents the methods used to create the atlas and to register it with X-ray images. We compare the results of seven leave-one-out simulated hybrid reconstruction tests on a population of 13 subjects, with "ground-truth" CT, a classical short-scan, and a partial-scan reconstruction.
Homology Modeling of Proteins Using Multiple Models and Consensus Sequence Alignment

Homology modeling predicts the three-dimensional structure of a protein (target), given its sequence, on the basis of sequence similarity to a protein of known structure (template). The main factor determining the accuracy of the model is the alignment of template and target sequences. Two methods are described to improve the reliability of this step. First, multiple alignment are produced, converted into models, and then the structure with the lowest free energy is chosen. The method performs remarkably well for targets for which a good template is available. In the second approach, the alignment is based on the consensus of five popular methods. It provides reliable prediction of the structurally conserved framework region, but the alignment length is reduced. A homology modeling tool combining the two methods is in preparation.
Worst-case and average H 2 performance analysis against real constant parametric uncertainty

Abstract In this paper we present methods for calculating both the average and worst-case quadratic performances for a family of linear time-invariant systems with real constant parametric uncertainty. The linear systems are described by state-space models with affine linear dependence on the uncertain parameters. A closed-form expression for the average performance is given, and it is shown that the worst-case calculation is similar to that of the H ∞ norm of a certain augmented system. Both continuous-time and discrete-time cases are considered.
In vitro cytotoxicity of solid epoxy-based dental resins and their components.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a spiroorthocarbonate (SOC) or a polyol on the cytotoxicity of epoxy-based dental resins. Methods: Resins contained one of the epoxies: diglycidyl ether Bisphenol A (GY-6004); 3,4-epoxycyclohexanemethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (UVR-6105); vinyl cyclohexane dioxide (ERL-4206) or the three-epoxy mixture (Epoxy-M). The SOC was t/t-2,3,8,9-di(tetramethylene)-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (SOC). The polyols were polytetrahydrofuran (p-THF-250) and polycaprolactone triol (TONE-301). The photoinitiator (4-octylphenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate and camphorquinone were used for light curing the resins. Four types of resins (epoxy, SOC/epoxy, polyol/epoxy and SOC/polyol/epoxy) were evaluated for cytotoxicity as solids in the agar diffusion assay and as aqueous extracts in the MTT assay using L929 cells. Results: In agar diffusion analysis, ERL-4206 and UVR-6105 resins were severely cytotoxic (+++), but the addition of SOC changed them to non-cytotoxic (−). Addition of 1–3% SOC changed Epoxy-M from mild (+) to non-cytotoxic. Adding SOC changed GY-6004 from moderate (++) to mild (−) cytotoxicity. Generally, addition of SOC did not change cytotoxicity when added to polyol/epoxy combinations. Either polyol produced resins with reduced cytotoxicity when added to UVR-6105, but the opposite occurred when added to Epoxy-M resins. In MTT analysis, percent cell survival from 100 μl resin extracts were statistically compared (ANOVA, p Epoxy-M and GY-6004 resin extracts were significantly less cytotoxic than UVR-6105 and ERL-4206 resin extracts were. Overall, the SOC component reduced the cytotoxicity of all SOC/epoxy combinations, except SOC/ERL-4206, which was significantly more cytotoxic than ERL-4206 resin extract. This may be the result of cell fixative effects observed for SOC/ERL-4206 in agar diffusion analysis. Addition of SOC produced significantly less cytotoxic SOC/polyol/Epoxy-M resins when compared to its non-SOC counterpart. The contrary result was obtained with SOC/polyol/UVR-6105 resin combinations. Consistent with agar diffusion results, adding polyol significantly decreased cytotoxicity of UVR-6105 resins. The cytotoxicity of these resins may be related to the 50% cytotoxicity (TC50) of their components as leachates. The TC50 values of the individual components were compared to BISGMA. Polyols, epoxy monomers, SOC monomer and camphorquinone were significantly (p less cytotoxic than BISGMA. Significance: Addition of SOCs and polyols in the formulation of epoxy-based resins may contribute to development of biocompatible dental composites.
Apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus due to prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest: comparison of cyclosporine A and cycloheximide on neuron survival

Objective: To determine whether cyclosporine A (CsA) or cycloheximide (CHX) can reduce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus in a chronic animal model of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Methods: Twenty-eight pigs (28‐33 kg) underwent 90 min of HCA at 208C. In a blinded study, animals were randomized to placebo (na 12), 5 mg/kg CsA (na 8), or 1 mg/kg CHX (na 8). After elective sacrifice 7 days postoperatively, brains were perfusion-fixed and the left hippocampus was examined for evidence of neuronal cell death. An in situ double-labeling method was used on cryosections to unequivocally identify apoptotic nuclei by the simultaneous visualization of DNA fragmentation and apoptotic chromatin condensation. Sections were also examined by immunocytochemistry for upregulation of the proapoptotic proteins Bax, activated caspase 3, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Results: Apoptotic nuclear degradation was clearly present in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus after HCA. However, there was also morphological evidence for an accompanying necrotic-like cell death. There was no significant difference between the number of apoptotic nuclei observed in CSA-treated animals, mean value 4.4 ^ 1.63 SEM or CHX-treated animals, mean value 4.0 ^ 1.92 SEM, and age-matched control HCA pigs, mean value 4.85 ^ 1.69 SEM, (P . 0:10).Conclusions: The data clearly demonstrate apoptotic cell death in pigs after HCA by simultaneously demonstrating in situ end labeling (TUNEL reaction) and apoptotic chromatin condensation using a nucleic acid-binding dye. Since CsA shows promising neuroprotective effects in behavioral studies, and since the peak of HCA-induced apoptosis occurs earlier than 7 days, further studies will be required to determine whether CsA can improve neuronal survival in the first few days after HCA. CHX was not effective in reducing apoptosis in this model. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Spatial interaction with haptic holograms

We present a comprehensive report of our work in the design and implementation of systems that combine holography with haptic feedback. Two separate holo-haptic systems are described. First, we describe a static system wherein a user can see a free-standing static holographic image and inspect its shape using a force-feedback stylus. In the second system, visual display is provided by a dynamic holographic video system, and the user can modify the geometry of the image in near real time. We also suggest a preliminary set of guidelines for presenting physically believable multimodal simulations in coincident visual-haptic workspaces.
Current Care of Hepatitis C-Positive Patients by Primary Care Physicians in an Integrated Delivery System

Background: Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an emerging health problem in the United States. Management of this condition in asymptomatic patients remains controversial. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed in November 1997 to all primary care physicians caring for adults (internists and family physicians) in an integrated health delivery system regarding the current approach to screening, diagnosis, and management of HCV infection. Charts of patients whose tests were positive for HCV were audited in selected practice sites to document care received by those patients. Results: Most physicians (70%) reported ordering alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements to screen for HCV infection as part of a complete checkup. Each physician diagnosed an average of 3.1 new cases of HCV infection per year. Patients received widely divergent advice regarding prognosis, precautions to prevent transmission, and treatment. More than one half of the physicians advised their patients that the condition was serious (68%) and to abstain from alcohol (56%) and use condoms in monogamous relationships (62%). In caring for HCV-positive patients, more than three quarters of physicians reported recommending a liver biopsy to patients who had elevated ALT levels, and observing clinically, without liver biopsy, those patients who had normal ALT levels. A chart audit, however, showed less-aggressive intervention. Approximately one third of HCV-positive patients with elevated ALT levels had been seen by a gastroenterologist and had had a liver biopsy. Physicians in practice longer were less likely to recommend treatment with interferon-α. Of those patients whose physicians reported they would recommend biopsy and treatment with interferon-α, only 36% had a documented liver biopsy in their charts, and 29% had documented interferon-α treatment. Only 1.6% and 3.0% of patients, respectively, had received the recommended hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. Conclusions: Approaches to screening, diagnosis, and management of HCV infection by primary care physicians vary gready. There appears to be a considerable population of patients in primary care settings who continue to receive conservative management of asymptomatic HCV infection.
Loss-of-Function Analysis of EphA Receptors in Retinotectal Mapping

EphA tyrosine kinases are thought to act as topographically specific receptors in the well-characterized projection map from the retina to the tectum. Here, we describe a loss-of-function analysis of EphA receptors in retinotectal mapping. Expressing patches of a cytoplasmically truncated EphA3 receptor in chick retina caused temporal axons to have reduced responsiveness to posterior tectal repellent activity in vitro and to shift more posteriorly within the map in vivo . A gene disruption of mouse EphA5, replacing the intracellular domain with β-galactosidase, reduced in vitro responsiveness of temporal axons to posterior target membranes. It also caused map abnormalities in vivo , with temporal axons shifted posteriorly and nasal axons anteriorly, but with the entire target still filled by retinal axons. The anterior shift of nasal axons was not accompanied by increased responsiveness to tectal repellent activity, in contrast to the comparable anterior shift in ephrin-A knock-outs, helping to resolve a previous ambiguity in interpreting the ephrin gene knock-outs. The results show the functional requirement for endogenous EphA receptors in retinotectal mapping, show that the receptor intracellular domain is required for a forward signaling response to topographic cues, and provide new evidence for a role of axon competition in topographic mapping.
Child Neurology: A case of PMM2-CDG (CDG 1a) presenting with unusual eye movements

Congenital disorders of glycosylation encompass a group of diseases resulting from abnormal protein glycosylation. This group includes more than 20 described diseases.1 PMM2-CDG, previously referred to as congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a (CDG 1a), is the most common of the congenital disorders of glycosylation. PMM2-CDG is associated with autosomal recessive inheritance of a mutation in the PMM2 gene. This mutation causes a deficiency of phosphomannomutase, an enzyme coded by PMM2 , and results in decreased GDP-mannose production, abnormal glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides, and clinical manifestations. Classically, PMM2-CDG presents in infancy with hypotonia, abnormal fat distribution (accumulation in the buttocks and suprapubic areas), inverted nipples, developmental delay, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, and esotropia. Infants with PMM2-CDG may have severe multisystemic involvement with up to a 20% mortality rate, but a nonfatal neurologic form has also been observed.2 Currently, more than 100 different mutations in PMM2 have been described and may impact the clinical phenotype.3 We present a patient diagnosed with PMM2-CDG just prior to 4 years of life with primarily neurologic symptoms. Our patient was born at 37 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no reported complications. Mother reported normal fetal movement. Birthweight was 4,300 g (97th percentile), length was 48 cm (50th percentile), and head circumference was 34.5 cm (50th percentile). During the newborn period, our patient had a short period of feeding difficulty involving gagging and spitting up which seemed to improve after changing formulas. Within the first 2 weeks of life, she was observed to have daily episodes consisting of conjugate …
Extending ELLPACK to Nonstandard Problems

ELLPACK can be used to solve or study problems where its “automatic” problem solving capabilities do not apply. To use ELLPACK in this way requires that one have an understanding of both the ELLPACK system and the numerical methods involved. Even more complicated applications depend on knowing some of the details of the implementations in the ELLPACK modules. We illustrate this use of ELLPACK with five examples.
Improving Productivity in Hot Weather at Remote Areas

On remote sites with hot weather climate prevailing, productivity has been typically less than in more temperate zones. This is attributed to a variety of reasons not the least of which is management. In hot weather we must, if not eliminate the conditions that deter productivity, at least improve upon them. Working comfort and mental comfort, together with good supervision, is recommended as the solution. Developing and improving methods, techniques, and job conditions are influential on better productivity. Incorporation of good management, trained or experienced workers, and timely delivery of all elements to complete the project will produce good productivity.
Literature Review: Methods in Investigating the Role of Mental Illness in Cognition

More than 17 million people nationwide and 121 million people across the world suffer from depression (Depression Facts; WHO). 58.5 million people suffer from mental illness nationwide and roughly 450 million people across the world suffer from some form of mental illness (CDC; BBC). It seems as if there is little in the way of allowing us insight into the inner workings of the mind of those living with a mental illness. Even though we have covered substantial ground in treating some of these illnesses we still have much to learn. Some of these areas of research that are looking into the far reaches of mental illness are that of cognitive science and linguistics. Hoping to bridge the divide between thought and reality, form and function, research has shown us just how revealing what we talk about and how we talk about it can be towards or inner cognitive processes. This paper aims to further bridge that divide through a small literature review on possible methods to investigate the role of mental illness in cognition.
The role of ecological wisdom in managing for sustainable interdependent urban and natural ecosystems

Abstract This conceptual paper has two goals. First it reviews aspects of sustainability and resilience and their relationship to management of coupled, interdependent urban and natural ecosystems where the natural ecosystem supplies goods and services to help maintain urban sustainability. Second, it explores whether urban ecosystems and natural ecosystems that help sustain the urban ecosystem can both be sustainable, and whether ecological wisdom could be an overarching tool guiding how these two systems are managed to maintain sustainability of both. In doing this, the concept of ecological wisdom is expanded from a philosophical context to a practical context applicable to 21st century ecosystem management. Using several cases of interrelationships between urban and natural ecosystems, ecological wisdom is conceptually shown to be a preferred management process. The cases also demonstrate that, regardless of management approaches to create sustainable functioning riverine ecosystems modified to supply clean water as goods and services to urban areas for urban sustainability; it is unlikely that these riverine ecosystems will ever be fully functional. As a comprehensive management approach, ecological wisdom conceptually may come closest to creating both sustainable urban ecosystems and sustainable functional riverine ecosystems.
Non-Conjugated Flexible Linkers in Semiconducting Polymers: A Pathway to Improved Processability without Compromising Device Performance

Semiconducting polymers, in contrast to inorganic silicon, are solution processable and can potentially be printed cost efficiently on flexible large-area substrates. However to do so it is of paramount importance to formulate the polymeric semiconductors into inks with specific viscosities. Herein, the synthesis of a new highly soluble isoindigo monomer and its incorporation into low bandgap semiconducting polymers is presented. Non-conjugated flexible linkers are introduced into the conjugated backbone in order to modulate the materials processability. The viscoelastic properties of the new polymers are studied in detail by means of rheometry and dynamical mechanical analysis. The solution viscosity is directly proportional to the content of non-conjugated linkers in the polymer backbone. In organic field-effect transistors maximum hole mobilities of 1.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 are achieved with the new polymers. Due to the enhanced solubility all-polymer solar cells are fabricated by solution shearing, reaching power conversion efficiency values of 3.7%.
The Sociology of Academic Careers: Problems and Prospects

This chapter examines major lines of research in the sociology of science that can inform a more encompassing sociology of academic careers. Higher education studies of faculty can mature by using relevant sociological theory and concepts. Sociological studies of careers can develop by making broader use of educational organizations. The chapter identifies the foundations upon which sociological studies of scientific careers were built and from which studies of faculty can extend. This is followed by a review of three substantive areas: (1) stratification and careers (with a focus on cumulative advantage and disadvantage; organizational bases; reputation, visibility, and influence; age and achievement; and mobility); (2) gender, productivity, and careers; and (3) the social control of careers (with a focus on recruitment and socialization; deviance; and the experience of work). The chapter concludes by highlighting five exemplary research problems that a sociology of academic careers can profitably address.
Homeostasis and Time Budgets

Publisher Summary This chapter appreciates how homeostasis describes the behavioral and physiological processes that animals use to maintain appropriate internal and external environments. Homeostasis is an umbrella term for the behavioral and physiological processes that animals use to maintain appropriate internal and external environments. Motivation and drive theory assists to understand homeostatic decisions by animals; although drive theory has been replaced by more sophisticated ways of looking at the physiology behind behavioral decisions, it remains a useful concept, especially in the area of animal welfare. Behavior plays a crucial role in the maintenance of animal homeostasis and homeostatic needs, in turn, often motivate behavioral choice. Displacement behavior and redirected behavior, in the form of self-directed behaviors, are tools from drive theory that provide powerful insights for assessing animal welfare. Time budget analyses allow quantification and interpretation of behavioral decisions that maintain homeostasis. Time budgets are among the simplest, yet most powerful, tools available to biologists studying animal behavior in field settings.
Calcium tungstate: a convenient recoverable catalyst for hydrogen peroxide oxidation

Calcium tungstate was found to be an excellent catalyst for large scale “green” oxidations of organic substrates (amines, alkenes, alcohols, sulfides) with hydrogen peroxide. It displays the unusual dual characteristics of producing a soluble pertungstate species, allowing for homogeneous reaction conditions, but then precipitating, unchanged, at the end of the oxidation. These qualities allow for easy catalyst recovery and minimal waste stream generation for large scale application.
Integrated Consumer Preferences and Price/Demand–Driven Product Design: An Alternative to Stage-Gate Procedures

Abstract Typically, stage-gate procedures define the product first and then, in different stages, determine the commercialization and marketing potentials. We present an alternative to stage-gate procedures for product design, based on the optimization of the whole chain of events simultaneously, from defining the product characteristics, to determining the targeted market and market segment, to defining the price and the production costs. The objective used is net present value of the whole enterprise. In this way, the appropriate product is designed, which is not necessarily the best product form the consumer point of view. We make use of price theory and incorporate concepts such as consumer preference, consumer satisfaction, and consumer awareness to quantify parameters of the pricing model. Finally, we show how one make this optimization in the presence of competition.
A high current enhancement type N-channel InGaAs MOSFET on InP substrate with a maximum drain current of 1.3 A/mm

In this paper, a high performance inversion type enhancement mode N-channel In o.65 Ga o.35 As MOSFET has been presented. A maximum drain current of more than 1.3 A/mm has been achieved with a transconductance of 430 mS/mm. This value of maximum drain current is nearly 25% greater than that previously reported in literature. A gate threshold voltage of 0.8 V has been achieved for a gate length of 0.6 μm, which is sufficiently high to ensure fail safe operation of the device in the integrated circuit environment. Extensive simulations have been performed in order to analyze the effect of varying the gate length on the gate-source threshold voltage. Furthermore, a thorough investigation has been conducted about the variations in maximum drain current under the effect of varying doping concentration of drain and source regions. The maximum value of drain current of 1.3 A/mm has been extrapolated linearly from a 1 micron wide device.
Multimodality treatment of skull base chondrosarcomas: The role of histology specific treatment protocols

BACKGROUND Limited data exist to guide the multimodality management of chondrosarcomas (CSAs) arising in the skull base. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of histological subtype/grade on progression-free survival (PFS) and the indications for surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy based on histology. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 37 patients (conventional type: 81%, mesenchymal: 16.2%, dedifferentiated: 2.7%) treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Of the conventional subtype, 23% were grade 1, 63% were grade 2, and 14% were grade 3. In addition to surgery, mesenchymal/dedifferentiated CSAs (18% of the cohort) underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 48.6% of the overall cohort received adjuvant radiotherapy. Histological grade/subtype and treatment factors were assessed for impact on median PFS (primary outcome). RESULTS Conventional subtype vs mesenchymal/dedifferentiated was positively associated with median PFS (166 vs 24 months, P < .05). Increasing conventional grade inversely correlated with median PFS ( P < .05). Gross total resection positively impacted PFS in conventional CSAs (111.8 vs 42.9 months, P = .201) and mesenchymal/dedifferentiated CSAs (58.2 vs 1.0 month, P < .05). Adjuvant radiotherapy significantly impacted PFS in conventional grades 2 and 3 (182 vs 79 months, P < .05) and a positive trend with mesenchymal/dedifferentiated CSAs (43.5 vs 22.0 months). Chemotherapy improved PFS for mesenchymal/dedifferentiated CSAs (50 vs 9 months, P = .089). CONCLUSION There is a potential need for histological subtype/grade specific treatment protocols. For conventional CSAs, surgery alone provides optimal results grade 1 CSAs, while resection with adjuvant radiotherapy yields the best outcome for grade 2 and 3 CSAs. Improvements in PFS seen with neoadjuvant therapy in mesenchymal/dedifferentiated CSAs indicate a potential role for systemic therapies. Larger studies are necessary to confirm the proposed treatment protocols.
Redescription of Tripaphylus musteli (van Beneden, 1851) (Copepoda: Sphyriidae) and the relegation of Paeon Wilson, 1919 to synonymy with Tripaphylus Richiardi in Anonymous, 1878.

Tripaphylus musteli (van Beneden, 1851) (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Sphyriidae) is redescribed from an adult female collected from the branchial chamber of a starry smooth-hound, Mustelus asterias Cloquet (Carcharhiniformes, Triakidae), captured in the English Channel off Portland, UK. The new account of T. musteli is the first based on a complete adult female and highlighted the lack of a robust distinction separating Tripaphylus Richiardi, in Anonymous, 1878 and Paeon Wilson, 1919 prompting us to relegate Paeon to a junior subjective synonym of Tripaphylus. In the light of this synonymy the eight former species of Paeon are transferred to Tripaphylus as follows: T. ferox (Wilson, 1919) new combination, T. elongatus (Wilson, 1932) new combination, T. vassierei (Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes-Ruivo, 1954) new combination, T. lobatus (Kirtisinghe, 1964) new combination, T. asymboli (Turner, Kyne & Bennett, 2003) new combination, T. versicolor (Wilson, 1919) new combination, T. australis (Kabata, 1993) new combination, and T. triakis (Castro Romero, 2001) new combination. Comparisons between terminology used in this report and that in the literature indicate that all transformed adult females of Tripaphylus probably possess a full complement of cephalic appendages and maxillipeds. All limbs, with the exception of the maxillae share a general morphological similarity to the corresponding appendages of conspecific males. The maxilla of the transformed adult female of Tripaphylus is a small digitiform protuberance associated with a swelling in some species.
Nanoparticle-macrophage interactions: A balance between clearance and cell-specific targeting

The surface properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are a major factor that influences how these nanomaterials interact with biological systems. Interactions between NPs and macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) can reduce the efficacy of NP diagnostics and therapeutics. Traditionally, to limit NP clearance by the RES system, the NP surface is neutralized with molecules like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) which are known to resist protein adsorption and RES clearance. Unfortunately, PEG modification is not without drawbacks including difficulties with the synthesis and associations with immune reactions. To overcome some of these obstacles, we neutralized the NP surface by acetylation and compared this modification to PEGylation for RES clearance and tumor-specific targeting. We found that acetylation was comparable to PEGylation in reducing RES clearance. Additionally, we found that dendrimer acetylation did not impact folic acid (FA)-mediated targeting of tumor cells whereas PEG surface modification reduced the targeting ability of the NP. These results clarify the impact of different NP surface modifications on RES clearance and cell-specific targeting and provide insights into the design of more effective NPs.
Antagonistic Serotonergic and Octopaminergic Neural Circuits Mediate Food-Dependent Locomotory Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans

Biogenic amines are conserved signaling molecules that link food cues to behavior and metabolism in a wide variety of organisms. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the biogenic amines serotonin (5-HT) and octopamine regulate a number of food-related behaviors. Using a novel method for long-term quantitative behavioral imaging, we show that 5-HT and octopamine jointly influence locomotor activity and quiescence in feeding and fasting hermaphrodites, and we define the neural circuits through which this modulation occurs. We show that 5-HT produced by the ADF neurons acts via the SER-5 receptor in muscles and neurons to suppress quiescent behavior and promote roaming in fasting worms, whereas 5-HT produced by the NSM neurons acts on the MOD-1 receptor in AIY neurons to promote low-amplitude locomotor behavior characteristic of well fed animals. Octopamine, produced by the RIC neurons, acts via SER-3 and SER-6 receptors in SIA neurons to promote roaming behaviors characteristic of fasting animals. We find that 5-HT signaling is required for animals to assume food-appropriate behavior, whereas octopamine signaling is required for animals to assume fasting-appropriate behavior. The requirement for both neurotransmitters in both the feeding and fasting states enables increased behavioral adaptability. Our results define the molecular and neural pathways through which parallel biogenic amine signaling tunes behavior appropriately to nutrient conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animals adjust behavior in response to environmental changes, such as fluctuations in food abundance, to maximize survival and reproduction. Biogenic amines, such as like serotonin, are conserved neurotransmitters that regulate behavior and metabolism in relation to energy status. Disruptions of biogenic amine signaling contribute to human neurological diseases of mood, appetite, and movement. In this study, we investigated the roles of the biogenic amines serotonin and octopamine in regulating locomotion behaviors associated with feeding and fasting in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans We identified neural circuits through which these signals work to govern behavior. Understanding the molecular pathways through which biogenic amines function in model organisms may improve our understanding of dysfunctions of appetite and behavior found in mammals, including humans.
A phase I study of convection enhanced delivery (CED) of 124I-8H9 radio-labeled monoclonal antibody in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG).

2010Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) represents one of the most deadly central nervous system tumors of childhood with a median survival of less than 12 months. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been recently hypothesized as a means for augmenting distribution of therapeutic agents within the brain stem. We conducted this study to evaluate CED in children with DIPG. Methods: We performed a standard 3+3 phase I, open-label, dose escalation study in patients with non-progressive DIPG 4 to 14 weeks post-completion or radiation therapy. Seven dose levels of a single injection of 124I-8H9 (range 0.25 to 4.0 mCi, 250 to 4000 mcl) were studied. Results: 25 children were treated. The average age at enrollment 8 years old (range 3-17). There was no dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and adverse events were limited to grade 1 or 2 (CTCAE v4.0). Estimations of distribution volumes were dose dependent and ranged from 1.5 to 20.1 cm3. The mean volume of distribution/volume of infusion (Vd/Vi) was 3.4...
Application of Field-Flow Fractionation to Radioactive Waste Disposal

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a versatile analytical separation technique that has proven to be applicable to a wide range of polymers, colloids,and fine particles over the effective molecular ...
Bounded Ultra-elliptic Solutions of the Defocusing Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Abstract An effective integration method is presented for the bounded ultra-elliptic solutions of the defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The two-phase solutions are explicitly parametrized in terms of two physically-meaningful variables: the energy density and the momentum density. Cavitation, viz., a minimum amplitude of zero, occurs if and only if the length of the largest spectral band is less than or equal to the sum of the lengths of the two smaller spectral bands. In the case of strict inequality, there are exactly two cavitation points in each period parallelogram.
Borges contra Borges: más traduções de “O Aleph”

Borges parece haver argumentado que as traducoes sao frequentemente melhores do que os originais, mas ele proprio fez um grande esforco (por exemplo, aprender alemao, em sua juventude, para ler Kafka) para acessar a literatura em suas linguas originais. Em sua maturidade, fez um grande esforco para aprender o idioma nordico das sagas para le-las diretamente. Sua saida foi acatada de maneira literal demais pela critica e, pior, por seus proprios tradutores, que foram descuidados na traducao de seus relatos, mostrando uma liberdade que compromete seus proprios textos. Este ensaio examina tres traducoes de “O Aleph”, ao ingles, frances e italiano, para demonstrar como Borges foi mal traduzido de maneira que afeta a correta leitura de seus textos. As equivocadas traducoes sao de uma palavra-chave para referir-se a um bau que o protagonista encontra em um porao, e que e uma especie de representacao correlativa do Aleph. A partir desses equivocos de traducao, o ensaio propoe uma interpretacao do relato.
The Mathematics Lover’s Companion: Masterpieces for Everyone

Upon looking at the title of this book, Monthly readers may ask, “Haven’t I read this book before or at least one just like it?” Why are there so many general audience books on mathematics anyhow? ...
Clinical Role of Recombinant Factor Vlla in Bleeding Disorders

Recombinant VIIa is approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A and B who have developed inhibitory antibodies to factors VIII and IX, respectively. Factor VIIa is also approved for the treatment of bleeding in patients with acquired hemophilia and factor VII deficiency. In Europe, factor VIIa is also approved for the control of bleeding in patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia. In addition to approved uses, factor VIIa is also used “off-label” to control bleeding in an astonishingly wide variety of acquired hemorrhagic conditions such as bleeding following trauma, intracranial bleeding, bleeding following surgery, pulmonary hemorrhage, and a host of other bleeding conditions that do not respond to the usual hemostatic agents. Although thromboembolic side effects have been reported, they are unusual and usually occur in patients with underlying conditions that predispose them to thrombosis. Thromboembolic side effects seem to be more likely to occur following prolonged use of the drug. All in all, however, factor VIIa is considered both safe and effective but should be reserved for approved uses or for “off-label” uses when conventional therapy fails to control hemorrhage.