cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling combustion recession after end of injection in diesel sprays

Abstract While soot and NOx emissions tend to be lower for partially-premixed compression ignition (PPCI) strategies compared to more conventional conditions, a common theme amongst PPCI strategies are the excessive unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) that originate from overly lean mixtures near the nozzle due to end-of-injection entrainment. The focus of this work is on combustion recession, which governs the outcome of near-nozzle UHC and has been identified as a process that is strongly influenced by end-of-injection transients in addition to in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions and injection parameters. Combustion recession is the process whereby the initially lifted reaction zone retreats back towards the nozzle following end-of-injection thus consuming UHC that would otherwise remain near the nozzle and persist into the expansion stroke. In an effort to link end-of-injection combustion transients to ambient thermodynamic conditions and injector parameters, a scaling methodology to predict the likelihood of combustion recession in diesel sprays was developed. This methodology relates ignition timescales during steady injection to mixing timescales after end-of-injection. Reasonable agreement between the predicted scaling and measured combustion recession data is shown over a very wide range of ambient conditions, injector parameters, and end-of-injection transients. The success of this scaling suggests that combustion recession is autoignition dominated, heavily influenced by injector design, and that the mixing-limited vaporization assumption can be extended to the study of end-of-injection phenomena. This work also suggests that combustion recession is a more robust parameter for correlation to UHC than ignition dwell.
The Rise of Regulatory Affairs in Innovative Startups

What explains the growing number of collisions and collaborations between law and entrepreneurs? How is the startup community responding? What are the implications for regulatory governance of innovative technology? This chapter explores these questions, demonstrating the growing importance of regulatory affairs and political activity for many startup companies, how politically savvy experts have become a part of the startup ecosystem, and the impact these developments may have on law and entrepreneurship. Beginning with recent history and startup culture, the chapter identifies four developments contributing to the rise of regulatory affairs in innovative startups. First, with mature technology and widespread Internet connectivity, recent startups have focused on innovations in the physical world, disrupting industries that are situated in webs of regulations. Second, a generation of engineers has grown up in a culture of “hacking” problems and pursuing “permissionless innovation,” which has fostered a willingness to create technology that challenges existing legal frameworks. Third, leaders in the technology industry have demonstrated increasing political engagement, normalizing such activity in an industry that had not previously been known for it. Fourth, changing market trends and regulations have helped startups raise millions, even billions, of dollars that can be used to fund efforts to change laws, engage experts, and battle incumbents and regulators who stand in their way. Further, the chapter examines how the startup community has responded to these developments by bringing in and creating new opportunities for individuals with government and policy expertise and connections. Finally, the chapter takes up one of the fascinating implications of startups colliding with regulations and having the expertise to navigate politics and policy — that the story of legal change is not as simple as sometimes portrayed, with the law always lagging behind technology. This chapter contends the “lagging law” story is worth reexamining in light of private and public collaboration in the governance of innovative technology.
Entropy Associated With Kappa Distributions

Abstract The kappa distribution is the outcome of the maximization of entropy under the constraints of canonical ensemble. However, there is no systematic analysis focusing on the respective entropy itself. Indeed, while the kappa distributions are exclusively used to describe space plasma populations, when it comes to their entropy, the Boltzmann Gibbs entropic formulation is employed. This chapter presents the theory, formulations, and properties of the entropy of kappa distributions. These developments will allow the researcher to calculate, formulate, and study the entropy, processes, and transitions, and improve the understanding of thermodynamics, in general, of the particle populations in space, geophysical, laboratory, or other plasmas, which are described by kappa distributions or combinations thereof.
Stiffness of Soil-Geosynthetic Composite under Small Displacements. II: Experimental Evaluation

AbstractWhile most soil–geosynthetic interaction models have focused on the characterization of failure conditions, little emphasis has been placed on models and parameters suitable for characteriz...
Hospital nursing leadership-led interventions increased genomic awareness and educational intent in Magnet settings.

Abstract Background The Precision Medicine Initiative will accelerate genomic discoveries that improve health care, necessitating a genomic competent workforce. Purpose This study assessed leadership team (administrator/educator) year-long interventions to improve registered nurses' (RNs) capacity to integrate genomics into practice. Methods We examined genomic competency outcomes in 8,150 RNs. Findings Awareness and intention to learn more increased compared with controls. Findings suggest achieving genomic competency requires a longer intervention and support strategies such as infrastructure and policies. Leadership played a role in mobilizing staff, resources, and supporting infrastructure to sustain a large-scale competency effort on an institutional basis. Discussion Results demonstrate genomic workforce competency can be attained with leadership support and sufficient time. Our study provides evidence of the critical role health-care leaders play in facilitating genomic integration into health care to improve patient outcomes. Genomics' impact on quality, safety, and cost indicate a leader-initiated national competency effort is achievable and warranted.
Investigating environmental migration and other rural drought adaptation strategies in Baja California Sur, Mexico

This paper explores the relationship between specific household traits (region of residence, head of household occupation, financial diversity, female level of education, land and animal ownership, social capital, and climate perception) and choice of specific adaptation strategies used by households in two sites in Baja California Sur, Mexico, during a severe drought from 2006 to 2012 using survey data and key informant interviews. We analyzed the co-occurrence of household traits adopting different drought adaptation strategies, then applied Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to examine the relationship between traits and strategies and integrated interview data to understand how rancheros perceive associations. We found evidence of diversity among households within the larger cultural group, both in the types of resources they have available and in the adaptation strategies they select. However, the most robust finding across the analyses appeared to be urban access; that is, the more a household was able to access urban services including piped water, the less likely they were to have used one of the drought adaptation strategies under study. These findings suggest that social structure and public investments are stronger predictors of smallholder adaptation rather than individual household traits. We also found that rancheros seem to rely less on traditional environmental migration to adapt to drought and rather settle in key watershed zones. We call for targeted policies to address inequities to access fresh water, including urban water, during drought times for the benefit of overall watershed health and the sustainability of rural ranchero livelihoods as they evolve to respond to climatological and economic change.
The Perceived Invalidation of Emotion Scale (PIES): Development and Psychometric Properties of a Novel Measure of Current Emotion Invalidation

Emotion invalidation is theoretically and empirically associated with mental and physical health problems. However, existing measures of invalidation focus on past (e.g., childhood) invalidation and/or do not specifically emphasize invalidation of emotion. In this article, the authors articulate a clarified operational definition of emotion invalidation and use that definition as the foundation for development of a new measure of current perceived emotion invalidation across a series of five studies. Study 1 was a qualitative investigation of people's experiences with emotional invalidation from which we generated items. An initial item pool was vetted by expert reviewers in Study 2 and examined via exploratory factor analysis in Study 3 within both college student and online samples. The scale was reduced to 10 items via confirmatory factor analysis in Study 4, resulting in a brief but psychometrically promising measure, the Perceived Invalidation of Emotion Scale (PIES). A short-term longitudinal investigation (Study 5) revealed that PIES scores had strong test-retest reliability, and that greater perceived emotion invalidation was associated with greater emotion dysregulation, borderline features and symptoms of emotional distress. In addition, the PIES predicted changes in relational health and psychological health over a 1-month period. The current set of studies thus presents a psychometrically promising and practical measure of perceived emotion invalidation that can provide a foundation for future research in this burgeoning area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Web User Research

Relating to the anatomy of sustainable Web ecosystem design there are different types of research that are worthwhile to discuss and this list is not in any way exhaustive. Some of these types of research are more traditional, and some are not. To be a Web designer, and most certainly a Web developer, one must be doing research as part of the daily practice. This is the case even though we may not look at it as work being done in a traditional research role. Rarely to design-developers or user interface engineers do the same things repeatedly day in and day out. Certainly there are recurring tasks, but the exploratory element to designing and developing new digital media and Web products is one based in research, and, of course, development. Design-developers need to be constantly aware of standards, protocols, syntax, and other best practices. Troubleshooting, code debugging, and other maintenance are all a big part of the design-developer’s professional life. Often times documentation repositories and other discussion forums are used to create communities around, for example, open source software to share ideas, solutions, and to move the product and the community forward. This is a type of research.
Parallel Search Algorithms

A graph is a mathematical object naturally formulated in terms of objects and connections between them. Graphs are important because they can be used to represent any relationship. Graph theory provides a language for talking about the properties of graphs, and several problems have simple descriptions and solutions in terms of graph properties. A graph can be used to represent the optimization problems, a class of computationally expensive problems with significant theoretical and practical interest.
Phonon Anomalies in Transition Metals, Alloys and Compounds

The anomalous features observed in the dispersion curves of several d-band superconducting materials are reviewed and comparisons are made with related non-superconducting materials. The results are briefly discussed in terms of some theoretical models. New neutron scattering data are presented for Nb with oxygen impurities, the Mo-Re bcc alloy system, and the hcp metals Tc and Ru.
The Power Deep in Org Chart: Leading From the Middle

This "New and Noteworthy" review column focuses on recent publications involving the recognition and development of leadership skills at all levels of the library organization, not only those positions at the top of the organizational chart.
Cocreating IT value: new capabilities and metrics for multifirm environments

Most research on IT value has been from the vantage point of a single firm. Multifirm studies have largely been dyadic and emphasize transaction costs over cocreation of value. Contemporary environments involve IT investments being made by multiple companies in cooperative, platform-based, and relational arrangements where the objective is to cocreate value. If IT serves as a tool, an output, or is instrumental in generating this cocreated value, then it falls within the cocreation domain of this special issue. In this introductory article, we frame the discussion of cocreating IT value through four layers of relational arrangement between firms, describe the papers in the special issue with respect to this framework, and briefly describe an agenda for research in this important area.
The evolution of the narrative metaphor when chemical dependency is the dominant plot

59 NARRATIVE METAPHOR 61 DISEASE MODEL 63 Comparison with the Narrative Metaphor 64 SYSTEMS THEORY 73 Comparison with the Narrative Metaphor 74 DISEASE MODEL AND SYSTEMS THEORY INTEGRATED 81
Using bisimulations for optimality problems in model refinement

A known generic strategy for handling large transition systems is the combined use of bisimulations and refinement. The idea is to reduce a large system by means of a bisimulation quotient into a smaller one, then to refine the smaller one in such way that it fulfils a desired property, and then to expand this refined system back into a submodel of the original one. This generic algorithm is not guaranteed to work correctly for every desired property; here we show its correctness for a class of optimality problems which can be described in the framework of dioids.
How Disclosing a Prior Cyberattack Influences the Efficacy of Cybersecurity Risk Management Reporting and Independent Assurance

ABSTRACT This paper provides evidence that the efficacy of voluntary cybersecurity risk management reporting and independent assurance, in terms of enhancing investment attractiveness, depends on w...
Indirect Diffused Light Free-Space Optical Communications for Vehicular Networks

In this letter, we propose a novel indirect diffused light free-space optical communications (ID-FSOC) system based on laser light. This ID-FSOC system aims to provide high-speed (i.e., $\geq 1$ Gbps) Internet access to vehicles. This approach extends the FSOC reach to locations that are out of sight from the transmitter. The proposed communications system employs diffuse reflectors (DRs) to uniformly emit diffused incident laser light in all directions, except toward the DR, which enables the receivers to receive the diffused light despite having no direct line-of-sight (LOS) to the transmitter but only to the DR. In our approach, LOS is required between the transmitter and the DR and between the receiver and the DR. We model the received power of the diffused light and estimate the power and bit error rate as perceived by a moving vehicle. Furthermore, we introduce possible operation modes to realize full duplex communications with ID-FSOC. Our results show the relationship between the transmission power and the DR-receiver distance and show that high data rates are achievable on practical DR-receiver distances.
Head of the pancreas mass that turned out to be not a pancreatic cancer

A 58-year-old woman with nail–patella syndrome, iron deficiency anaemia and haematuria, with no prior history of gastrointestinal disorders was found to have an incidental 3.9 cm × 3.2 cm × 3.0 cm pancreatic head/duodenal mass on a CT scan ([figures 1 and 2A][1]), which was done as a part
Exotics and PWA for piN scattering

Our talk is intended for the session in memory of Mitya Diakonov. The problem is considered of existence of flavor multiplets consisting of multi-quark baryons. We have argued that the Smatrix should have poles, at least Regge ones, with any quantum numbers, including exotic. This is a novel argument for possible reality of hadrons with arbitrary exotic structure. Though it does not provide a proof, yet there are no theoretical arguments to forbid exotics. Then we apply the partial-wave analysis (PWA) with addressing mainly to the non-strange exotic members of the anti-decuplet or even of higher multiplets. It suggested new N(1680) as a possible partner of Θ + . Later independent measurements of several collaborations seem to support our finding for N(1680), though its quantum numbers still wait for investigation. Similar approach to π + -proton scattering, in combination with K + -proton scattering, suggests a number of candidates for 27-plets. Their interesting feature is possible existence of both very wide and very narrow baryon states. This phenomenon may be analogous to recent Weinberg’s suggestion for tetra-quark mesons. The situation is worth of further theoretical and experimental studies.
Introduction: The Present Status of Xenotransplantation Research

There is a well-known worldwide shortage of deceased human donor organs for clinical transplantation. The transplantation of organs from genetically engineered pigs may prove an alternative solution. In the past 5 years, there have been sequential advances that have significantly increased pig graft survival in nonhuman primates. This progress has been associated with (1) the availability of increasingly sophisticated genetically engineered pigs; (2) the introduction of novel immunosuppressive agents, particularly those that block the second T-cell signal (costimulation blockade); (3) a better understanding of the inflammatory response to pig xenografts; and (4) increasing experience in the management of nonhuman primates with pig organ or cell grafts. The range of investigations required in experimental studies has increased. The standard immunologic assays are still carried out, but increasingly investigations aimed toward other pathobiologic barriers (e.g., coagulation dysregulation and inflammation) have become more important in determining injury to the graft.Now that prolonged graft survival, extending to months or even years, is increasingly being obtained, the function of the grafts can be more reliably assessed. If the source pigs are bred and housed under biosecure isolation conditions, and weaned early from the sow, most microorganisms can be eradicated from the herd. The potential risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection remains unknown, but is probably small. Attention is being directed toward the selection of patients for the first clinical trials of xenotransplantation.
Ethics education: the impact of ethics training engagement on unethical decision-making in the workplace

This study examined the impact of ethics training engagement (i.e., active learning vs. passive learning) on unethical decision-making in the workplace. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Next, a baseline measurement of ethical ideology was collected using the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) and participants then engaged in ethics training based on the condition to which they were randomly assigned. They then had the option to read along or listen to a hypothetical scenario about an employee faced with the opportunity to make an unethical decision, and completed the Unethical Decision Questionnaire (UDQ). Results showed that participants in the passive learning condition were significantly more likely to perceive an unethical situation as ethical compared to participants in the active learning ethics training condition. Additionally, participants in the passive learning condition were significantly more likely to engage in unethical decision-making than participants in the active learning condition. The current findings contribute to the existing literature by providing evidence that active learning in ethics training programs could reduce unethical decision-making within the workplace.
Surmounting the engineering challenges of Everglades restoration

The South Florida Water Management District, in partnership with other agencies and stakeholders, is undertaking one of the world's largest ecosystem restoration programs. The foundation of the nutrient control program for the Everglades is a set of six large constructed wetlands, referred to as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs). The initial treatment goal is to reduce phosphorus entering the Everglades to 50 parts per billion. The STAs comprise almost 17,000 hectares, with a capital cost of approximately $700 million. Approximately 4,720 hectares are currently operational, another 2,600 hectares are in the start-up phase, and construction is just getting under way on the remaining areas. Throughout the design process, engineers and scientists collaborated to capture the best available information on wetland treatment systems, and to develop the most appropriate design criteria. Some of the more challenging issues included characterizing stormwater inflows and phosphorus loads, determining appropriate nutrient removal performance characteristics, and estimating hydraulic design parameters relating to densely vegetated systems. The design process combined in-house staff with engineering consultants, construction contractors, external review groups and independent peer-review. This paper summarizes major design aspects and key assumptions, and sets the stage for addressing future challenges associated with achieving long-term water quality goals of Everglades restoration.
ON THE DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES

The theory of the dynamics of star clusters (cf. Spitzer 19 75 for a review) is by now so well developed that we have, or think we have, a moderately accurate picture of the physical processes acting in and the overall evolution of spherical systems. In contrast, flattened and/or rotating systems are apparently subject to a variety of ill-understood instabilities which ultimately are a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics; at given total energy, a system will tend to increase the fraction of its kinetic energy in disordered rather than ordered form. But spherical systems (globular clusters, elliptical galaxies, Morgan cD clusters of galaxies) are relatively smooth and featureless; they show little substructure indicating, presumably, that they are quite stable to perturbations of their fundamental normal modes, and they are normally modeled as rather “hot”, pressure supported systems.
DETECTION OF VEHICLE VELOCITY CHANGES DURING EXPRESSWAY DRIVING.

The time required by an observer in a moving vehicle to detect controlled accelerations and decelerations by the vehicle ahead was measured for automobiles travelling on a four-lane, divided, limited-access highway. Two levels of rate of velocity change and two initial intervehicle separations were studied. Detection time increased with intervehicle separation and decreased with increasing rate of change.
Persister Heterogeneity Arising from a Single Metabolic Stress.

Summary Persisters are phenotypic variants present within isogenic bacterial populations that exhibit extreme tolerance toward antibiotic stress. We previously elucidated a mechanistic pathway by which Escherichia coli persisters to ofloxacin form in response to a carbon source transition. Here, we examine how persisters to ampicillin form from the same metabolic stress and identify the shared and unique elements of the persister formation pathways. We discovered that diauxie-dependent formation of ampicillin persisters required RelA and that loss of clpA , ssrA , or smpB eliminated persister formation through relaxation of the stringent response. Further, we found that tolerance to ampicillin was achieved through broad inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, as evidenced by the formation of persisters to antibiotics that target enzymes in different areas of that biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, ppGpp was required for formation of both ampicillin and ofloxacin persisters, and we demonstrated that higher synthesis of the alarmone was needed to increase persisters to ampicillin compared to ofloxacin. Further, we found trans-translation and DksA to be common mediators of both pathways, whereas ClpA was unique for ampicillin persisters and nucleoid-associated proteins were unique for ofloxacin persisters. These results highlight the need to consider an antibiotic's mode of action when analyzing persister formation, demonstrate that individual stresses can produce persister heterogeneity, and emphasize the importance of identifying each respective pathway to identify common mediators that possess the most therapeutic potential to combat persisters.
Design and modeling of embedded 13.56 MHz RFID antennas

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have become quite widespread in many services. In these applications, data are transferred, contact-free, to a local querying system (reader or interrogator) from a remote transponder (tag) which includes an antenna and a microchip transmitter. A suitable antenna for these tags must have low cost, low profile and, especially, small size, whereas the bandwidth requirement (few kilohertz) is less critical. There has been much interest in the 13.56 MHz frequency in the last decade, more than in the VLF, LF and UHF bands. The use of the 13.56 MHz frequency has proven to be advantageous over these other bands. With the aid of IE3D software, which is based on the method of moments (MoM), a single-layer 13.56 MHz RFID tag has been designed and modeled, and a double-layer design has been developed to reduce size. The antenna challenges, which include port matching, efficiency, and size at 13.56 MHz, and the performance advantages over the UHF band are addressed.
An efficient modeling and synthesis procedure of asynchronous sequential logic circuits

A model and procedure are developed for synthesizing asynchronous sequential logic circuits (ASLCs). This model represents the functional behavior with a more compact form and the procedure can synthesize them more efficiently than the traditional one. With the identification of edge inputs from the design specification, a set of equations can be generated which describes the functional behavior of the logic module. The calculated states from these equations can easily be mapped onto an n-cube to obtain a race-free assignment. Further delineation of mode inputs and level inputs from data inputs facilitates the process of decomposing complex logic functions into smaller ones which can be more easily synthesized. >
Finite-difference time-domain analysis of microwave circuit devices on high performance vector/parallel computers

In this paper, an efficient finite-difference time-domain algorithm for high performance distributed memory vector/parallel computers is presented. The algorithm is developed in a manner which requires only one interprocessor communication per time step. Illustrated examples based on the analysis of microwave circuit devices are presented demonstrating the efficiency and scalability of the finite-difference time-domain algorithm. >
Input Shaping Using Finite Impulse Response Filters

The use of input shapers in control system design helps to decrease the overshoot and the settling time of underdamped dynamic systems. This paper discusses the use of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters as input shapers for under-damped systems. Three specific FIR filters were studied. These include: the boxcar, the triangle, and the half sinusoid. The three filter responses were compared to a normal step response, as well as a step response with a low-pass filter as a pre-filter. The comparisons were performed on a 2nd order system simulated in Matlab/Simulink simulation software package as well as on a piezo-actuated fast responding stage. The data shows that the FIR filter can significantly improve the response of the system both in simulation and experimentally. The triangular FIR filter was particularly effective in the actual hardware implementation.
Quasiclassical trajectory study of H2/LiF(001) corrugated surface scattering: Comparison with other theoretical results

Abstract The quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method has been applied to treat the scattering of hydrogen from a LiF(001) surface in the energy range 0.5–0.9 eV. The influence of surface corrugation and collision energy on the main features of inelastic and elastic scattering are investigated. The results are compared with recent matrix-diagonalization sudden (MDS) calculations by Gerber et al. We also provide a test of the analytically-derived properties of the S -matrix found by Gerber et al. using the coordinate-representation sudden (CRS) method. The MDS and CRS results are broadly supported; however, a significant difference arises with respect to the importance of inelastic collisions as a function of energy. We have also compared the rotationally inelastic transition probabilities summed over all diffractive channels (QCT method) with the ones calculated using semiclassical perturbation (SCP) theory by Hubbard and Miller. Again, the major differences involve the energy dependence of the inelasticity. The energy dependence of the inelasticity found using the QCT method bears resemblance to the results of Adams, who treated the diatom-surface problem using the impulse-collision approximation (ICA).
Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs

Objective—To determine the effect of 2 doses of metoclopramide on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs. Animals—52 healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Procedure—In this prospective clinical study, dogs were evaluated before and during orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine, morphine, thiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly selected to receive an infusion of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, a low dose of metoclopramide, or a high dose of metoclopramide before and during anesthesia. Treatment groups were similar with respect to age, body weight, duration of food withholding before surgery, duration of surgery, and dose of thiopental administered. Dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency during surgery. A sensor-tipped catheter was inserted to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. We defined GER as a decrease in esophageal pH to 7.5 that lasted more than 30 secon...
Ultraviolet-induced reactivation, amplification, and hypomethylation of a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene.

A line of mouse cells containing a methylated and inactive herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase(TK) gene was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light in an attempt to induce expression of the inactiveTK gene. UV irradiation was shown to be capable of inducing expression of the viralTK gene in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the methylation pattern of the viralTK gene indicated that the activeTK gene in three UV-induced TK+ cell lines was methylated to a lesser extent than was the inactive viralTK gene in the parental cells. Analysis of the copy number of the viralTK gene in parental and UV-induced cell lines also revealed that the viralTK gene was amplified 3- to 20-fold in three of four UV-induced TK+ cell lines tested.
Slag corrosion of silicic tamped masses

The slag erosion of silicic masses in contact with ferrous slags of basicity 3.0, 2.5, and 1.0 has been studied. The wear is determined by the predominant dissolution of the refractory in the slag melt. The phase transformations occurring in the slag-encrusted and slag-free zones of the refractory include the degeneration ofα-quartz into cristobalite.
Dynamics and structure development during high speed melt spinning of nylon 6. I. On-line experimental measurements

On-line experimental measurements of filament diameter, temperature, and birefringence as a function of distance from the spinneret were carried out during melt spinning of two nylon 6 resins of differing molecular weight. Filament tension was also measured. A rapid diameter attenuation or “necking” was observed in the spinline for both resins at take-up velocities above 6000 m/min. Evidence of crystallization in the spinline was also observed at these high spinning speeds. An analytical technique was used to extract apparent elongational viscosity for each resin and heat transfer coefficient for the melt spinning process from the experimental results.
The Design of Implicit Interactions: Making Interactive Systems Less Obnoxious

Introduction Imagine, for a second, a doorman who behaves as automatic doors do. He does not acknowledge you when you approach or pass by. He gives no hint which door can or will open—until you wander within six feet of the door, whereupon he flings the door wide open. If you arrived after hours, you might stand in front of the doors for awhile before you realize that the doors are locked, because the doorman’s blank stare gives no clue. If you met such a doorman, you might suspect psychosis. And yet this behavior is typical of our day-to-day interactions not only with automatic doors, but any number of interactive devices. Our cell phones ring loudly, even though we are clearly in a movie theatre. Our alarm clocks forget to go off if we do not set them to, even if we’ve been getting up at the same time for years. Our computers interrupt presentations to let everyone know that a software update is available. The infiltration of computer technologies into everyday life has brought these interaction crises to a head. As Neil Gershenfeld observes, “There’s a very real sense in which the things around us are infringing a new kind of right that has not needed protection until now. We’re spending more and more time responding to the demands of machines.”1 These problematic interactions are symptoms of our as-yet lack of sophistication in designing interactions that do not constantly demand the input or attention of the user. “Implicit interactions”— those that occur without the explicit behest or awareness of the user—will become increasingly important as human-computer interactions extend beyond the desktop computer into new arenas; arenas such as the automobile, where the driver is physically, socially, or cognitively engaged. Traditional HCI—that involving a commandbased or graphical user interface-based paradigm—has focused on the realm of “explicit interactions,” where the use of computers and interactive products relies on explicit input and output. The values and principles that govern good desktop computing interactions may not apply when we apply computing to the products that populate the rest of our lives. 1 Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 102.
Apparent symmetry breaking and its restoration in path integral variational method

If we use a symmetry broken trial action in path integral variational calculations, we often obtain a set of apparently symmetry broken degenerate solutions. We present a variational method to determine whether the symmetry breaking is apparent or not. In order to elaborate the method we study the ground state energy of deep double well potential in detail.
but the family history was negative

At least eight possible explanations make the diagnosis of a genetically determined disorder compatiblewith a negative family history. In the interests of the patient, the family and a clearer understanding of genetic clinical disorders it behooves all to respect these possiblities.
Gauge theories including the buddha (and such vector mesons with CP = −1)

We construct natural generalizations of the gauge theory of hadrons (and leptons), now to include the B(1235) and possibly other mesons with CP = − 1. We are led to a concept of pseudospin multiplets including ϱ, ϱ′, A1, and B-type particles; this provides then a renormalizable approach to all known particle types with J ⩽ 1. A number of interesting mass relations and intriguing structure is found.
High-efficiency subwavelength diffractive optical element in GaAs for 975 nm

We have fabricated subwavelength diffractive optical elements with binary phase profiles for operation at 975 nm. The individual surface-relief features of the elements are smaller than the wavelength of light in the material. By modulating the size and spacing of the features we form artificial, gradient, effective index-of refraction surfaces. The blazed transmission gratings were designed with rigorous coupled-wave analysis and fabricated by direct-write electron-beam lithography and reactive ion-beam etching in GaAs. The gratings have minimum features 63 nm wide. Transmission measurements show 85% diffraction efficiency into the first order.
Strategic Instruction in Middle School Social Studies Enhancing Academic and Literacy Outcomes for At-Risk Students

This article describes a cognitive strategy designed to enhance middle school students' comprehension of social studies texts and reports its implementation in social studies classrooms. The PEP road map instructional framework is intended to help social studies teachers scaffold the reading and writing experiences of at-risk students as they interact with social studies textbooks. Implementation by middle school students indicated an academically significant increase in reading comprehension for all students, improved metacognitive ability, attention to information contained in texts, and confidence in ability to grapple with ideas in authentic texts. Students can be taught to activate and refine their reading comprehension skills as they engage in meaningful encounters with conceptual ideas about social studies. Content-area teacher responses to the implementation of the strategy in their classrooms were encouraging.
A ‘new breed’ of principal: Marcus Foster and urban school reform in the United States, 1966–1969

In the 1960s, as part of the black freedom struggle in the United States, African‐American educators increasingly achieved the position of school principal in the nation’s big cities, helping to transform that office into a more dynamic force for school reform. This article presents the accomplishments and the struggles of one such principal, Marcus Foster, of Gratz High School in the northeastern city of Philadelphia. Foster did much to revitalise his troubled school. In particular, as he dedicated himself to raising academic achievement for all students, regardless of racial or social class background, he helped redefine the principal as a more responsive and ‘accountable’ school leader. However, if Foster’s story reveals the increasing significance of the principal in raising achievement among urban students, it also shows how this shift subjected principals even more problematically to forces beyond their control. As Foster himself emphasised, principals cannot transcend, by themselves, a social and e...
Surface tension measurement of aqueous polymer solutions

Abstract The surface tension of aqueous polymer solutions of polyacrylamide (PAM), polyacrylic acid (PAA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was studied over a range of polymer concentrations by using the maximum bubble pressure method at temperatures ranging from 20 to 65°C. The surface tension of water was also measured by the maximum bubble pressure method as well as by the DuNouy ring method over the same temperature range. The experimental water data are in excellent agreement with the well-established tabulated data in the literature. For a fixed concentration, all of the polymer solutions exhibited a decrease in surface tension with increasing temperature level. When compared with water at a fixed temperature level, the PAM and CMC solutions showed slightly higher surface tension values, whereas the PAA solutions yielded values equal to those found for water. In the case of the HEC solutions, the measured surface tensions decreased with concentration at a fixed temperature level and were lower than the values found for water. For a concentration of 2000 wppm the surface tension values for the hydroxyethyl cellulose were of the order of 10% lower than those for water at a fixed temperature level. A comparison of the new measurements with the relatively limited previously published studies showed good agreement.
Transient solar influence on terrestrial temperature fluctuations

We argue that the 11-year periodic solar cycle input assisted by intrinsic climatic noise can produce transient correlations between activity on the Sun and the Earth's temperature. The argument is based on wavelet analysis of simultaneous, 140-year time series of terrestrial global temperature and solar activity. It is supported by a simple model utilizing the concept of “stochastic resonance,” a unique effect of amplification of a weak, periodic signal by a noisy, nonlinear system.
An algorithm for target validation using 3-D scattering features

In this paper we present an algorithm for target validation using 3-D scattering features. Building a high fidelity 3-D CAD model is a key step in the target validation process. 3-D scattering features were introduced previously [1] to capture the spatial and angular scattering properties of a target. The 3-D scattering feature set for a target is obtained by using the 3-D scattering centers predicted from the shooting and bouncing ray technique, and establishing a correspondence between the scattering centers and their associated angular visibility. A 3-D scattering feature can be interpreted to be a matched filter for a target, since the radar data projected onto the feature are matched to the spatial and angular scattering behavior of the target. Furthermore, the 3-D scattering features can be tied back to the target geometries using the trace-back information computed during the extraction process. By projecting the measured radar data onto a set of 3-D scattering features and examining the associated correlations and trace-back information, the quality of the 3-D target CAD model used for synthetic signature modeling can be quantified. The correlation and traceback information can point to regions of a target that differ from the 3-D CAD model. Results for the canonical Slicy target using the algorithm are presented.
CP violation in vector-like theories of weak interaction

Abstract In vector-like theories of weak interaction where CP is broken spontaneously through the vacuum, one can always find a proper CP transformation law for the physical particles that violates CP only in the Higgs sector, but not in the fermion gauge coupling.
Regional Governance in the United States: For Whom?

In response to problems of jurisdictional fragmentation in American metropolitan areas, many efforts at regional governance have been undertaken. Few are successful. In most areas, area-wide problems are dealt with by specialized functional entities. The universal avoidance of regional general-purpose governance is analyzed through consideration of the motivations and attitudes of the actors (businesses, governments, citizens) in particular American cities, including Seattle. It is argued that the strongest force against regionalization is the fear of redistribution of real income.
Degenerate four-wave mixing measurements of methyl radical distributions in hydrocarbon flames: Comparison with model predictions

We report an investigation of the use of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) to measure CH3 radical distributions in premixed hydrocarbon flames. Experimental results are compared with flame model calculations. By exciting the Herzberg β1 band near 217 nm, we monitored DFWM signals from CH3 as a function of height above a laboratory flat-flame burner at atmospheric pressure. Coherent anti-Stokes-Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of N2 was performed to obtain temperature profiles. The dependence of the DFWM signal on temperature was shown theoretically to be reduced by the short predissociative lifetimes of the CH3 upper states. A two-color FWM mixing experiment indicated that DFWM from CH3 in CH4 flames was predominately the result of population gratings. Using population-grating theory, the DFWM signal profile was corrected for varying temperature, beam absorption, and lower-state lifetimes. The results were in reasonable agreement with flame calculations and demoustrate that DFWM can provide useful relative concentration profiles of a polyatomic radical in rich hydrocarbon flames. However, we found that a weak DFWM background signal limited detection sensitivity ≈70 ppm of CH3 in CH4 flames. The background was comparable to the CH3 signal in C3H8 flames, and it obscured the CH3 signal in rich C2H2 and C2H4 flames. Strategies to alleviate the background are discussed.
Coating and Interface Degradation of Coated steel, Part 2: Accelerated Laboratory Tests

Abstract In a previous paper, it was demonstrated that the measurement of cathodic delamination by the Scanning Kelvin Probe can assess the interface stability of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) coated steel after field exposure. This technique was utilized to characterize the degradation of the polymer/metal interface in several outdoor climates. In this paper, the effects of environmental factors on the interface degradation were investigated in the laboratory. The mechanisms measured in the field were reproduced to provide input in the development of an appropriate accelerated test for PVB coated steel. The ASTM B117 and G154 standardized tests were investigated individually and sequentially. The interface stability improved after 24 h of ASTM G154 exposure. After 144 h of exposure to ASTM G154 exposure, polymer oxidation took place simultaneously with interface degradation. The condensation phase of the ASTM G154 test was responsible for the interface improvement while the ultraviolet radiation triggered the interface degradation. Pre-exposure to ASTM G154 delayed wet de-adhesion during ASTM B117 exposure. After wet de-adhesion caused by 6 h of ASTM B117, exposure to ASTM G154 for 24 h increased the interface stability. The effects of ultraviolet radiation, relative humidity, temperature and environment on interface degradation were investigated in a special chamber. Humidity was the primary factor found to influence the interface improvement during G154 exposure. A wet/dry salt fog cycle with irradiation by an ultraviolet or filtered xenon arc lamp around room temperature was suggested to reproduce the competition between the interface improvement and the interface degradation that takes place in the field.
Effect of acid stress on sodium transport by isolated skins and on osmotic permeability of intact frogs.

The experiments reported here were designed to determine the effects of increased external hydrogen ion concentrations on the ion transport capability of isolated frog skins measured as short-circuit current and to determine the nature of the interaction of hydrogen ions to sodium transport. Results from a study of the effects of acid exposure on the osmotic permeability of intact frogs are also reported.
Government retaliation against terrorism: a cross‐national study

Given an increasingly globalized world connected via instant news sources, terrorism has emerged as a transnational concern. To determine the effect of terrorism on support for government retaliation, we randomly assigned 288 Peruvian and 586 US undergraduates to experimentally manipulated newsflashes of terrorist attacks that varied according to target (civilian, commercial, military), impact (high, low) and frequency of attack (first, latest in a series). A significant Target × Impact × Frequency × Gender × Country interaction emerged. Separate analyses by country demonstrated variability in Peruvians' retaliatory preferences and sensitivity to the economic costs of terrorism. Unlike pre‐9/11 studies, US respondents did not appear to base their retaliatory preferences on the temporal dimension of terrorist conflict. We explain our findings in terms of the ecological context of each country and national narratives reflected in the schemas of its citizens, and identify their applied and research implications.