cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The respiratory gaseous exchange after a short burst of exercise.

Summary. Spirometric investigations of the respiratory gaseous exchange during resting, not basal, conditions and the recovery after a 70 yard sprint are reported. It is shown that around 10 minutes after connection with the spirometer fairly constant values for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were obtained. These resting values were regained shortly after the exercise. The time used for elimination of excess carbon dioxide was longer and more constant, and showed greater interindividual differences than the time required for covering the oxygen debt. Well trained subjects with good results in track competitions showed the shortest recovery times. Trained subjects with fair to poor results had recovery times overlapping the recovery times of untrained subjects in good physical condition.
Terrestrial vegetation and aquatic chemistry influence larval mosquito abundance in catch basins, Chicago, USA

Background: An important determinant of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission is the spatial distribution of vectors. The primary vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) in Illinois are Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex restuans Theobald. In urban environments, these mosquitoes commonly oviposit in roadside storm water catch basins. However, use of this habitat is inconsistent, with abundance of larvae varying significantly across catch basins at a fine spatial scale. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that attributes of the biotic and abiotic environment contribute to spatial and temporal variation in production of mosquito vectors, characterizing the relationship between terrestrial vegetation and aquatic chemistry and Culex abundance in Chicago, Illinois. Larvae were sampled from 60 catch basins from June 14 to October 3, 2009. Density of shrubs and 14 tree genera surrounding the basins were quantified, as well as aquatic chemistry content of each basin. Results: We demonstrate that the spatial pattern of Culex abundance in catch basins is strongly influenced by environmental characteristics, resulting in significant variation across the urban landscape. Using regression and machine learning techniques, we described landscape features and microhabitat characteristics of four Chicago neighborhoods and examined the implications of these measures for larval abundance in adjacent catch basins. The important positive predictors of high larval abundance were aquatic ammonia, nitrates, and area of shrubs of height <1 m surrounding the catch basins, whereas pH and area of flowering shrub were negatively correlated with larval abundance. Tree density, particularly of arborvitae, maple, and pear, also positively influenced the distribution of Culex during the fruit-bearing periods and early senescent periods in August and September. Conclusions: This study identifies environmental predictors of mosquito production in urban environments. Because an abundance of adult Culex is integral to efficient WNV transmission and mosquitoes are found in especially high densities near larval habitats, identifying aquatic sites for Culex and landscape features that promote larval production are important in predicting the spatial pattern of cases of human and veterinary illness. Thus, these data enable accurate assessment of regions at risk for exposure to WNV and aid in the prevention of vector-borne disease transmission.
OpSeq: Android Malware Fingerprinting

Android malware are often created by injecting malicious payloads into benign applications. They employ code and string obfuscation techniques to hide their presence from antivirus scanners. Recent studies have shown that common antivirus software and static analysis tools are not resilient to such obfuscation techniques. To address this problem, we develop a robust fingerprinting approach that can deal with complex obfuscation with a high degree of accuracy.Our approach, called OpSeq, scores similarity as a function of normalized opcode sequences found in sensitive functional modules as well as app permission requests. This combination of structural and behavioral features results in a distinctive fingerprint for a malware sample, thereby improving our model's overall recall rate. We tested our prototype on 1,192 known malware samples belonging to 25 different families, 359 benign apps, and 207 new obfuscated malware variants. The empirical results show that OpSeq can correctly detect known malware with an F-Score of 98%.
A Critique of Utility Value

For something over two centuries in the West, most of those engaged in formal inquiry into the economic process, have sought to demonstrate, in one fashion or another, that utility is the meaning of value in all manner of economic decision making and that price is its measure, its theory of valuation. Utility continues to be presented in neoclassicism, directly or by implication, as the inclusive and applicable criterion of judgment in the making of decisions concerning all aspects of the production and distribution of real income. Utility, in this context, is the ability of goods and services to generate satisfaction for participants in the creation and exchange of goods. Market participation, then, is thought to be driven by the quest to maximize utility and to minimize disutility. So much is, in general, familiar, but it has become a “familiarity that breeds contempt.” It continues to corrupt and/or preclude genuine problem solving in the economic process.
Oral contraceptive study omitted several confounders

An important methodological problem may affect the findings of this otherwise well conducted case-control study.1 Although the authors included polycystic ovarian syndrome as a confounder, they did not include acne or hirsutism in the …
The Logic of the Argument in Behalf of Legalizing Blackmail

Extortion is the demand for money or other valuable consideration, coupled with the threat to do something which both is and should be illegal. For example, Give me $X of your money or I will kidnap your children, or Go to bed with me or I will bum down your house. In very sharp contrast, blackmail is the demand for money or other valuable consideration, coupled with the threat to do something which both is and should be legal. For example, Give me $X of your money or will tell everyone that you take a bath with a rubber duckie or Go to bed with me or I will gossip about your hidden adultery. I will argue that blackmail should be legalized.
Fusion implementation

If a fusion DEMO reactor can be brought into operation during the first half of this century, fusion power production can have a significant impact on carbon dioxide production during the latter half of the century. An assessment of fusion implementation scenarios shows that the resource demands and waste production associated with these scenarios are manageable factors. If fusion is implemented during the latter half of this century it will be one element of a portfolio of (hopefully) carbon dioxide limiting sources of electrical power. It is time to assess the regional implications of fusion power implementation. An important attribute of fusion power is the wide range of possible regions of the country, or countries in the world, where power plants can be located. Unlike most renewable energy options, fusion energy will function within a local distribution system and not require costly, and difficult, long distance transmission systems. For example, the East Coast of the United States is a prime candidate for fusion power deployment by virtue of its distance from renewable energy sources. As fossil fuels become less and less available as an energy option, the transmission of energy across bodies of water will become very expensive. On a global scale, fusion power will be particularly attractive for regions separated from sources of renewable energy by oceans.
Adhesion and Young’s Modulus of CVD Diamond Thin Films Grown Over Various Substrates

Diamond films were deposited by microwave plasma CVD using H2 and CH4 gas mixture over various substrate materials such as Si, Pd, Be, Cu, Mo, AIN, SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, Sapphire, Quartz, Ni-base alloys, single crystal Ni, boron nitride, and Ti. We have used a Z-axis pull stud test to determine adhesion strength of diamond film to some of the substrates. Our observations on the adhesion of diamond films to the above substrates are reported. A method will be described to evaluate Young’s modulus of CVD diamond films using fabricated diamond cantilever beams.
Supersonic Corner Flow Predictions Using the Quadratic Constitutive Relation

A series of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations is performed for a supersonic wall-bounded turbulent corner flow. These simulations are compared to a high-order implicit large-eddy simulation for the same geometry and flow conditions. Inclusion of the quadratic constitutive relation in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation results in significant improvement in qualitative agreement with the large-eddy simulation: specifically, the presence of secondary flow (a counter-rotating vortex pair). The range of valid values for the constant in the quadratic constitutive relation formulation is explored. Additionally, the effects on this range from different turbulence models and momentum thickness Reynolds numbers for the corner are also examined. These effects of the quadratic constitutive relation are explored using both the finite difference fluid solver OVERFLOW and the finite volume fluid solver US3D. The results indicate that the quadratic constitutive relation term directly affects the str...
Based on the effective accumulated temperature of luntai little white apricot fruit quality dynamic effect of correlation analysis

An experiment was designed to study the accumulated temperature of orchard and fruit quality changes of ‘luntai' white apricot. The dynamic effect of the effective accumulated temperature on the fruit quality changes was evaluated by measuring peel color and soluble solids content and total acid and sugar acid ratio in the fruit. Results show that: besides the peel color of L value and B value, the other has high correlation with the effective accumulated temperature; The partial correlation analysis between A value and the correlation between the total acid not only has A significant and positive correlation with the L value and B value has been achieved significant,positive correlation with soluble solids and sugar acid ratio reached A significant level,By controlling the effective accumulated temperature effect on fruit quality characteristics of the little white apricot; According to stepwise regressive method established the optimal regression equation: y=266.621+13.519x1+13.519x2-4.851x3(y is the effective accumulated temperature, x1, x 2, x3 are soluble solids,total acid and A value,respectively).
A Common Monetary Standard or a Common Currency for Europe? The Fiscal Constraints

How extensive should be the domain of a common currency compared to a common monetary standard?
Sleep and Memory Consolidation

A wealth of behavioral evidence suggests that performance improves more following intervals containing wake compared to intervals containing sleep. This sleep benefit reflects the consolidation of memories that takes place over sleep. Just as memory encoding is associated with distinct neural representations, as laid out in this review, the physiology of sleep associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation also varies with the type of memory. As revealed by recent neuroimaging studies, behavioral changes over sleep are also associated with reorganization of the neural representation of the memory at a systems level and with changes in plasticity at a cellular and molecular level as revealed by studies in animal models. While the reviewed work provides a clear picture of the function of sleep on memory consolidation, we present critical questions that will be essential to address regarding the extent of and limitations on sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Understanding the role of sleep on memory and cognition represents an important step to understanding sleep function more broadly.
Experimental Study of Condensation in Expanding Metal Vapors and Implications for ICF Target Chambers

Condensation within rapidly expanding metal vapors has been experimentally investigated by exploding wires in a test chamber filled with helium or argon at various pressures (10 millitorr to 760 to...
Hormonal Influences on Retinal Photodamage

Photic stimuli influence the function and behavior of animals in a number of ways. As analyzed by Wurtman (1), photic information serves at least three functions in mammals: 1) it acts as a stimulus for the complex phenomenon of vision, 2) it regulates optic autonomic reflexes, and 3) it controls certain “neurovegetative functions”, such as gonadal maturation and some endocrine rhythms. Environmental photoperiodicity participates in the regulation of sexual development of the rat (2). Diurnal and seasonal photic changes can synchronize, or even generate, rhythms in endocrine function, such as reproductive hormone cycles. The origin and continuation of the rhythms are dependent in many instances on feedback mechanisms involving gonadal hormones and hypothalamic and pituitary vascular connections. Whether pituitary glands and gonadal hormones have feedback functions directly with the photoreceptor organ, the eye, is unknown at this time.
Assessment of achieved systolic blood pressure in newly treated hypertensive patients aged 60-79 years before and after Eighth Joint National Committee recommendations.

Objective:To determine whether patients who were newly prescribed antihypertensive therapy after the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) update were treated to a relaxed systolic blood pressure...
Association of genomic alterations with cisplatin resistance (cisR) in advanced germ cell tumors (aGCT)

4510 Background: 20% of patients (pts) with aGCT progress after initial chemotherapy (chemo), displaying at least partial cisR. We sought to characterize the genetic alterations in aGCT and identif...
Walter J. Freeman: A Tribute

In the early 1960s, few neuroscientists attempted to model brain function using mathematics. Computers were slow and expensive, so numerical approximations of complex phenomena were out of reach in most cases, and scientists resorted primarily to analytical representations of simpler processes. The study of circuits was not new to Walter J. Freeman. He had started his education studying engineering at MIT (transferring later to the University of Chicago to study English) and was a radio operator in WWII.
Energy-driven surface evolution in beta-MnO2 structures

Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled synthesis of MnO2 is facing serious challenges due to the lack of an in-depth understanding of their surface evolution mechanisms. Here, combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution TEM, we revealed a mutual energy-driven mechanism between beta-MnO2 nanowires and microstructures that dominated the evolution of the lateral facets in both structures. The evolution of the lateral surfaces followed the elimination of the {100} facets and increased the occupancy of {110} facets with the increase in hydrothermal retention time. Both self-growth and oriented attachment along their {100} facets were observed as two different ways to reduce the surface energies of the beta-MnO2 structures. High-density screw dislocations with the 1/2 Burgers vector were generated consequently. The observed surface evolution phenomenon offers guidance for the facet-controlled growth of beta-MnO2 materials with high performances for its application in metal-air batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, etc.
Leakage risks of geologic CO2 storage and the impacts on the global energy system and climate change mitigation

This study investigated how subsurface and atmospheric leakage from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs could impact the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in the global energy system. The Leakage Risk Monetization Model was used to estimate the costs of leakage for representative CO2 injection scenarios, and these costs were incorporated into the Global Change Assessment Model. Worst-case scenarios of CO2 leakage risk, which assume that all leakage pathway permeabilities are extremely high, were simulated. Even with this extreme assumption, the associated costs of monitoring, treatment, containment, and remediation resulted in minor shifts in the global energy system. For example, the reduction in CCS deployment in the electricity sector was 3% for the “high” leakage scenario, with replacement coming from fossil fuel and biomass without CCS, nuclear power, and renewable energy. In other words, the impact on CCS deployment under a realistic leakage scenario is likely to be negligible. We also quantified how the resulting shifts will impact atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Under a carbon tax that achieves an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 480 ppm in 2100, technology shifts due to leakage costs would increase this concentration by less than 5 ppm. It is important to emphasize that this increase does not result from leaked CO2 that reaches the land surface, which is minimal due to secondary trapping in geologic strata above the storage reservoir. The overall conclusion is that leakage risks and associated costs will likely not interfere with the effectiveness of policies for climate change mitigation.
Case 19: Breast Cancer Metastatic to the Pancreas

35-year-old woman with history of invasive ductal carcinoma was status post left radical mastectomy 2 years ago. She presented with acute abdominal pain and a serum lipase of 279 U/L (normal, 16–63 U/L).
Type II-C CRISPR-Cas9 Biology, Mechanism, and Application

Genome editing technologies have been revolutionized by the discovery of prokaryotic RNA-guided defense system called CRISPR-Cas. Cas9, a single effector protein found in type II CRISPR systems, has been at the heart of this genome editing revolution. Nearly half of the Cas9s discovered so far belong to the type II-C subtype but have not been explored extensively. Type II-C CRISPR-Cas systems are the simplest of the type II systems, employing only three Cas proteins. Cas9s are central players in type II-C systems since they function in multiple steps of the CRISPR pathway, including adaptation and interference. Type II-C CRISPR systems are found in bacteria and archaea from very diverse environments, resulting in Cas9s with unique and potentially useful properties. Certain type II-C Cas9s possess unusually long PAMs, function in unique conditions (e.g., elevated temperature), and tend to be smaller in size. Here, we review the biology, mechanism, and applications of the type II-C CRISPR systems with parti...
Substance use in youth adopted from foster care: Developmental mechanisms of risk

Abstract Children who enter foster care are at unique risk for developing substance abuse due to experiencing early life stressors. A large body of research has revealed robust effects of various stressors on later substance use, implicating the role of early neurobiological changes that create chronic internalizing problems. However, less literature has investigated externalizing behavior as a mechanism underlying this relationship. Moreover, few studies have examined these mechanisms through a model of cumulative risk. The present study examined whether the prospective association between cumulative pre-adoptive risk (e.g., maltreatment, age at placement, foster placement instability, ever having lived with birth parent) and adolescent/young-adult substance use was mediated by childhood internalizing and externalizing problems in youth adopted from foster care. Participants included 82 adoptees, most with histories of prenatal substance exposure (72%). We tested parent-rated internalizing and externalizing problems across 5 years in childhood as simultaneous mediators of cumulative risk and level of substance use 11–15 years later. Bootstrapping mediation procedures, controlling for age, prenatal substance exposure, adolescent/young adult mental health symptomatology, and youth participation in follow-up, revealed a significant indirect effect of cumulative risk on substance use through childhood internalizing problems, but not externalizing problems. These results underline the importance of mitigating early risk for children in the child welfare system and call for targeting childhood emotion dysregulation to reduce likelihood of substance abuse among previously high-risk adoptees. Nevertheless, low rates of substance use overall in the present sample underscore the positive impact of adoptive placement on mitigating risk for substance abuse among foster youth.
The lattice of envy-free matchings

Abstract In a many-to-one matching model, we show that the set of envy-free matchings is a lattice. A Tarski operator on this lattice, which can be interpreted as modeling vacancy chains, has the set of stable matchings as its fixed points.
Behavioral evidence suggestive of frontal lobe pathology in the amnesic H.M.

Abstract From the earliest published reports, Henry Gustav Molaison—who until his death in 2008 was known simply by his initials H.M.—was characterized as having a profound anterograde amnesia subsequent to mid temporal lobe resection, and that this amnestic condition was uncomplicated by other cognitive or behavioral impairments. Post-mortem neuropathological examination has detected—in addition to the expected temporal lobe lesions—previously unreported frontal lobe and white matter pathology, inviting questions concerning the behavioral and cognitive consequences that might result from such lesions. The purpose of this article is to recount published descriptions of a range of anomalous behaviors by H.M. that can not be explained by the memory impairments typically associated with anterograde amnesia, to counter previous claims that these behaviors are attributable to amygdalar damage, and to advance the interpretation that these behaviors are instead consistent with well-documented effects of frontal lobe pathology. Transcripts of interviews with H.M. which feature disjointed, often contradictory, and arguably confabulatory responses are presented in support of this argument.
Fear of crime in an oil boomtown in Western North Dakota

There is limited published research that centers on the fear of crime in communities that have experienced rapid population growth because of increased energy production or an ‘energy boom’. This s...
Personalized technology-enhanced training for people with cognitive impairment

Today, ICT technology offers mobile, customized user-friendly environments to support learning and stimulate an individual’s potential. However, technology-enhanced learning tools are usually designed without accessibility in mind, undermining the inclusion of people with special needs. To reduce this gap, we have created a Web platform for delivering accessible games to individuals who may benefit from cognitive training, such as people with down syndrome (DS). The platform offers a personalized environment for learning and training that applies the principles of behavioral analysis. We used participatory design, involving special-needs teachers and psychologists in both design and development phases, to better understand user requirements and create attractive and effective games. A group of 11 children and young adolescents with DS were recruited from ONLUS AIPD (Italian Association of People with Down Syndrome) to test the platform’s usability, observe participants’ responses, and evaluate the limits and strong points of this educational approach. The findings of this study highlight the importance of motivation and flexibility in personalizing content, difficulty levels, and pace for people with DS. Based on this experience, a few basic guidelines have been proposed to refine protocols for accessibility tests with people with DS to maximize engagement, increase usability and collect more feedback to help researchers in designing usable tools/games. Crucial aspects of computerized cognitive training are personalization, system adaptability and monitoring. Strengthening these features could improve user motivation, ensuring continuity of the intervention, making tele-rehabilitation tools usable and beneficial not only for people with DS but also for a broader audience.
Positive Radiation Resists

Positive radiation resists are required for submicrometer lithography using high-energy (10–200 keV) X-ray, ion, and electron beams. Since the resolution of an exposure process is limited by the wavelength of forward and, moreover, backscat-tered radiation, high-energy rays of atom-size wavelengths are capable of resolution to 50 A (Fig. 3-1-1). However, the practical resolution limit is about 500 A. If the backscatter is reduced or eliminated using silicon membranes instead of thick wafers, nanometer-size devices can be fabricated.
Time dependence of some parameters of a. c. discharges

The time dependence of the various discharge parameters in a hot-cathode a. c. low pressure mercury vapour argon discharge was investigated. The authors appliedFajt andKoncz’s a. c. probe measurement method based on theLangmuir probe theorem. They describe the time dependence of the field strength, electron temperature, electron concentration, recombination velocity, cathode- and anode-fall. In the experiments the cathode was not heated by any external source.
Massively scalable genetic analysis of antibody repertoires

With technical breakthroughs in the throughput and read-length of next-generation sequencing platforms, antibody repertoire sequencing is becoming an increasingly important tool for detailed characterization of the immune response. There is a need for open, scalable software for the genetic analysis of repertoire-scale antibody sequence data. To address this gap, we have developed the ab[x] package of software tools. There are three core components of the ab[x] toolkit, all of which are freely available: abcloud (github.com/briney/abcloud) for deployment and management of cloud computational resources; abstar (github.com/briney/abstar) for pre-processing, germline gene assignment and primary annotation of antibody sequence data; and abutils (github.com/briney/abutils) which provides utilities for interactive downstream analysis of antibody repertoire data.
Specialty-specific reduction in opioid prescribing after common pediatric surgical operations.

Abstract Background Opioid misuse has reached epidemic proportions, and postoperative opioids have been linked to overdose, diversion, and dependency. We recently found our opioid prescribing practices following common pediatric operations to be inconsistent and excessive. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of an educational intervention on opioid prescriptions following tonsillectomy and hernia repair. Methods Retrospective chart review of prescriptions following outpatient tonsillectomies and hernia repairs at a single institution before and after an educational intervention was performed. The intervention consisted of a single campus-wide grand rounds presentation detailing the surgeon's role in the opioid epidemic. Results Postoperative opioid prescriptions were significantly reduced for hernia repair following the educational intervention: 4.2 ± 2.9 vs 2.7 ± 2.6 days' supply (p = 0.004). Such a reduction was not observed for post-tonsillectomy opioid prescriptions: 6.3 ± 4.4 vs 5.4 ± 3.0 days' supply (p = 0.226). A greater decrease in interprovider variation was observed for hernia providers after the educational intervention than for tonsillectomy providers, though significant variation continued to be present for both procedures after the intervention. Conclusions The efficacy of an educational intervention at reducing postoperative pediatric opioid prescribing may be tied to the specialty-specific role model relationship of the educator to the prescriber. Type of study: retrospective comparative chart review. Level of evidence: IV.
Sickle cell disease up-regulates vasopressin, aquaporin 2, urea transporter A1, Na-K-Cl cotransporter 2, and epithelial Na channels in the mouse kidney medulla despite compromising urinary concentration ability.

Sickle cell disease (SCD)-induced urinary concentration defect has been proposed as caused by impaired ability of the occluded vasa recta due to red blood cell sickling to serve as countercurrent exchangers and renal tubules to absorb water and solutes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine the effects of SCD on vasopressin, aquaporin2 (AQP2), urea transporter A1 (UTA1), Na-K-Cl co-transporter 2 (NKCC2), epithelial Na channels (ENaC), aquaporin1 (AQP1), nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and Src homology region-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), an important regulator of NFAT5, in the Berkeley SCD mouse kidney medulla. Under water repletion, SCD only induced a minor urinary concentration defect associated with increased urinary vasopressin level alone with the well-known effects of vasopressin: protein abundance of AQP2, UTA1 and ENaC-β and apical targeting of AQP2 as compared with non-SCD. SCD did not significantly affect AQP1 protein level. Water restriction had no further significant effect on SCD urinary vasopressin. NFAT5 is also critical to urinary concentration. Instead, water restriction-activated NFAT5 associated with inhibition of SHP-1 in the SCD mice. Yet, water restriction only elevated urinary osmolality by 28% in these mice as opposed to 104% in non-SCD mice despite similar degree increases of protein abundance of AQP2, NKCC2 and AQP2-S256-P. Water-restriction had no significant effect on protein abundance of ENaC or AQP1 in either strain. In conclusion, under water repletion SCD, only induces a minor defect in urinary concentration because of compensation from the up-regulated vasopressin system. However, under water restriction, SCD mice struggle to concentrate urine despite activating NFAT5. SCD-induced urinary concentration defect appears to be resulted from the poor blood flow in vasa recta rather than the renal tubules' ability to absorb water and solutes.
Which Comes First? Dao 道 or De 德: Evidence from the Guodian Manuscripts

A study of the usages of the terms Dao 道 and De 德 in the Guodian manuscripts reveals a dichotomy of emphasis on either the Way of Heaven (Tian Dao) or the Way of Man (Ren Dao). The two concepts are often treated as aspects of a single spectrum. The concept of De as an inner force derived from Heaven and key to self-cultivation can be traced back to Western Zhou practices. The idea of Dao as either a cosmic entity or a prescribed methodology of behaviour is more recent and probably a product of the Warring States era. De as a philosophical term predated the use of Dao, but by the Han period we see a reversal; De becomes a piece of a larger Dao. Individual Guodian texts reflect the old and new in a variety of interconnected ways.
Gradient Boosted Decision Trees for Lithology Classification

Abstract The classification of underground formation lithology is crucial for petroleum exploration and engineering as it is the basis of geological research studies and reservoir parameter calculations. Hence, there have recently been increased efforts to automate lithology classification. This is due to the rising prowess of cheap computational devices and availability of open source machine learning software libraries. This has opened avenues for the efficient analysis of large volumes of well log data with much higher accuracy. In this regard, efforts were made recently to evaluate machine learning methods to classify formation lithology by using data from Daniudui gas field (DGF) and Hanginqi gas field (HGF). Although the machine learning algorithms utilized in the studies performed well, there is still scope for improvement in the predictive ability and scalability. The results obtained from the boosted decision tree learners, in these studies, were encouraging. Hence, we tapped into the state of the art of the boosting approach to machine learning and implemented algorithms that are scalable to large datasets. Specifically, we applied, XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost, which belong to the family of gradient boosted decision trees (GBDTs). We compared their performance, after combining well log data obtained from DGF and HGF, with other tree-based machine algorithms, namely, decision trees (DTs), random forests (RFs), extremely randomized trees (ERTs), AdaBoost and gradient boosting machines (GBMs). We tuned the hyperparameters and then evaluated the generated models using metrics such as the micro average, macro average and weighted average of precision (Pr), recall (Re) and F1-score (F1) on the test set. In our analysis, amongst the applied algorithms, we found that LightGBM possessed the highest metrics. Our work identifies LightGBM and CatBoost as good first-choice algorithms for the supervised classification of lithology when utilizing well log data.
The Relations between Exchange Rates and Stock Indexes for Brazil

This research investigates the dynamic relations between exchange rates and stock indexes for Brazil by adopting the Granger causality test and the quantile regression model. The causality test results show that changes in stock indexes cause changes in exchange rates in the full sample period and all five subperiods. The results of different quantile regressions reveal an inverse U-shape pattern of the negative coefficients, which indicates that the negative correlation between changes in exchange rates and changes in stock indexes is even clearer when exchange rates become extremely low or high. The empirical results are consistent with the portfolio approach, which suggests that changes in stock indexes result in changes in exchange rates (the stock market leads the foreign exchange market) with the negative sign of correlation.
Identification of Radiolytically-Active Thermal Transition Phases in Boehmite

Abstract The stability of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH, boehmite) to radiolysis and dehydration to alumina (γ-Al2O3) under vacuum was investigated using TGA followed by detailed, structural analysis with Raman, powder X-Ray Diffraction (pXRD), high energy X-Ray Diffraction (heXRD), 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (27Al MAS NMR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption. Slight structural deviations from annealing temperatures prior to phase transformation are evident using these techniques. Radiolytic characterizations by room temperature Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy showed that while boehmite preheated to 300 °C under vacuum remained crystalline boehmite as determined by bulk structural characterizations, this phase produced the largest amount of EPR-detectable defects. A more dramatic mass loss of 16% was achieved by preheating boehmite to 400 °C under vacuum that resulted in a phase similar to γ-Al2O3, but enriched with residual OH groups. Complete dehydration to γ-Al2O3 was accomplished by preheating to 550 °C, which showed no indication of residual OH groups. These results demonstrate that the residual OH groups contribute to the hydrogen gas evolved in the radiolysis of boehmite.
Nonepileptic Electroencephalographic Correlates of Episodic Increases in Intracranial Pressure.

Purpose Continuous EEG can potentially be used as real-time brain telemetry for the early detection of neurologic decline. Scant literature on EEG changes related to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) limits its use in this context. Methods Retrospective, observational case series of patients in whom we noted EEG changes correlating with a clinical concern for elevated ICP, measured or unmeasured. Results We noted EEG changes of varying severity and duration correlating with either measured or unmeasured clinical concern for elevated ICP. In two patients with recurrent transient unresponsiveness (presumed from plateau waves), generalized rhythmic delta activity and attenuation of fast activity occurred 30 minutes before a clinical change. Elevated ICP in two patients, one related to progressive mass effect from infarctions, and the other to dialysis, correlated with generalized slowing and attenuation of fast activity up to 24 hours before clinical deterioration, leading to diffuse suppression. Two patients with intraventricular hemorrhage had cyclic patterns at ∼1 per minute and ∼6 per minute (similar frequency to described frequency of Lundberg B and C waves, respectively). Conclusions Cyclic patterns and varying degrees of slowing and attenuation often preceded clinical deterioration associated with intracranial hypertension. Future systematic studies of EEG changes in this setting will facilitate early and noninvasive detection of elevated ICP.
E-007 Characterization of lipocalin-2 in ischemic stroke by distal and proximal intraluminal sampling from mechanical thrombectomy

Introduction Lipocalin-2(LCN2) is a protein involved in many cellular processes, including the regulation of iron homeostasis, promotion of protective mechanisms in renal ischemia, and astrocyte activation in ischemic stroke. In some ischemic stroke models, LCN2 has been described as a ‘help me’ signal, leading to the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and drive towards cellular phenotypes favorable of recovery. While some models suggest pro-recovery effects of LCN2, other models illustrate LCN2 as having a critical role in neuroinflammation and reperfusion injury. The possibility of disease state-dependent influence of LCN2 activity in ischemic stroke has been recognized, but has yet to be further characterized. Methods Human plasma samples from thrombectomy patients were processed in the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683), and underwent Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) via Olink (Olink Proteomics, Boston, MA). For each protein, intracranial expression distal to the stroke thrombus was compared to the same subject’s systemic arterial blood as an internal control. The percent change of protein expression was calculated as follows: (intracranial distal values- systemic proximal values).Comorbidities and sex difference were analyzed using appropriate one-way comparisons and regression. Results 25 adult patients (>18 yrs) were included in this initial analysis, of which 15 (60%) were female. Median age was 64 (24–91). 16 patients (64%) had hypertension, 15 patients (60%) had BMI >25, 10 patients (40%) had a history of smoking, 6 patients (24%) had previous stroke, 4 patients (16%) had hyperlipidemia, and 1 patient (4%) had previous MI. Mean infarct time was 513 ± 246 minutes and mean infarct volume was 58.17 ± 82.28 cc. Of 184 proteins, only 27 demonstrated an increase percent change between intracranial and systemic blood. LCN2 demonstrated a 14% increase change between intracranial and systemic blood, one of the greatest percent increases among measured proteins. The percent change of LCN2 was significantly increased in those with hypertension (p=0.024) and decreased in those with type-two diabetes (p=0.04). Conclusions Changes of LCN2 intracranially during stroke were most significant in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. For the first time, these data provide insight into the human molecular pathology of stroke regarding this protein and its signaling cascade. Future studies will focus on the role of proteins as they relate to radiographic, functional and other clinical outcomes. Proteomic findings coupled with advanced database analysis will elucidate complex cell signaling and biomolecular interactions that occur in the blood at the site of infarct. Disclosures M. Sands: None. J. Frank: None. B. Maglinger: None. S. Grupke: None. J. Fraser: None. K. Pennypacker: None.
A Data-driven Method for Estimating Parameter Uncertainty in PMU-based Power Plant Model Validation

Event-based, online power plant model validation is an important component in economical maintenance of power grid reliability. It is well-known that any given event will not excite all portions of a power plant model, so those portions cannot be considered validated. This paper introduces a method to provide quantitative information about the uncertainty of model parameters for a given event. This information can be used to identify the portions of a model that should be considered validated and those that will require additional events to validate.
Involuntary Hospitalization During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Civil commitment statutes authorize involuntary psychiatric hospitalization in many countries. However, a pandemic disrupts the balance of ethical principles for involuntary hospitalization. Some p...
Near-Field Sensor Based on SIW Microstrip Cavity Resonator with a Circular Aperture

A near-field planar sensor fabricated from an SIW cavity resonator is explored. The sensor consists of a rectangular SIW cavity resonator operating in the TM 21 mode, with a circular aperture on the top plate of the resonator acting as a sensing aperture. The performance of the sensor as a near-field sensing device and as near-field imager are explored.
Datasheet-Driven Compact Model of Silicon Carbide Power MOSFET Including Third-Quadrant Behavior

This article presents a simulation model of silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFET that accurately predicts both the static and dynamic third-quadrant behavior without compromising the first-quadrant's accuracy. Unlike existing models, this model features an asymmetric third-quadrant behavior for MOSFET characteristics necessary for the accurate synchronous rectifier simulations. Moreover, it includes the gate-dependent body diode behavior, essential for the accurate prediction of freewheeling high-side device behavior in half-bridge configurations with significant gate voltage oscillation. The model also includes reverse recovery characteristics for the accurate overshoot and power loss prediction. Despite having these added features, the model demonstrates good convergence and efficiency due to the replacement of conditional piecewise equations with continuous ones consisting of weighted variables. The model's convergence capability and efficiency have been verified by simulating a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. The model's superior efficiency and accuracy have been validated by comparing it with an established SiC power MOSFET model. Also, an easy-to-follow parameter extraction procedure is documented that only requires data commonly available in commercial datasheets for broader utility. Considering accuracy, efficiency, and convenience, the model is useful for all power electronics converter applications.
Coracoid or Clavicle Fractures Associated With Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:Coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction is a commonly performed procedure for high-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations. Although distal clavicle and coracoid process fra...
Making the Last Chance Meaningful: Predecessor Counsel's Ethical Duty to the Capital Defendant

Walter Mickens is dead. He has been dead for a year now. It is hard to say who killed Walter Mickens. Some would say it was the United States Supreme Court. Others might say it was the Commonwealth of Virginia. I say it was in large part due to the ethical dereliction of Bryan Saunders. Mickens was killed for the murder of Timothy Hall. All murders are grisly, this one particularly so. Timothy Hall was found lying face down on a mattress naked from the waist down except for socks underneath an abandoned building in Newport News on March 30, 1992. By Saturday, April 4, Walter Mickens had been picked up by the police, and on the following Monday, Walter Mickens stood before Judge Aundria Foster, accused of capital murder and in need of a lawyer. And a lawyer he got, in the person of Bryan Saunders, appointed by Judge Foster to defend Walter Mickens against these serious charges. Things did not go well from the start. Bryan Saunders did a positively mediocre job defending Walter Mickens. Perhaps that was part of the problem: was Bryan Saunders so convinced Walter Mickens would be acquitted he did not begin to prepare for the mitigation phase
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Hobbes

The political and legal philosophy of Thomas Hobbes is often misunderstood or oversimplified. The two most well-known aspects of his philosophy (the condition of man in the pre-political state of nature and his concept of sovereign power) are not properly connected to show the unity of his thought. However, systematic study shows that Hobbes’s political and legal philosophy has a sophisticated underlying unity and coherence. At the heart of this unity is Hobbes’s utilitarian consequentialist ethic, which remarkably anticipates the major strands of contemporary consequentialism. To explain the unity in Hobbes’s philosophy via his consequentialist thought, the Article deconstructs and reconstructs the principal elements of Hobbes’s concept of sovereign obligation, his deism and theory of the divine covenant, his conceptions of the state of nature, the duties of the sovereign in civil society, and the rights and duties following from subject to sovereign and sovereign to subject.
The Law of Armed Conflict: Two World Wars and Their Law of Armed Conflict Results

Introduction The 1863 Lieber Code and 1907 Hague Regulation IV are the foundations of much of today's law of war. In this chapter we examine the fruit of those initial efforts, the jus in bello , the battlefield law, that is in effect today, along with some of the efforts to give clearer definitions of Lieber and the Hague outcomes. What brought us from the 1863 Lieber Code to the 1949 Geneva Conventions? What are the Geneva Conventions and, in our study of law of armed conflict/international humanitarian law (LOAC/IHL), how should we navigate them? The 1906 Geneva Convention The passage of time brought calls for the revision of the first Geneva Convention for protection of the wounded. In 1868, several Articles were added to the 1864 Convention and, in 1906, thirty-five states, including the United States, met in Geneva, and a revised version of the 1864 Convention, now containing thirty-three Articles, was adopted. The revised Convention, again addressing care of the wounded, added provisions for the transfer of information between the warring states regarding wounded prisoners. These informational provisions evolved into today's Central Prisoners of War Information Agency, and the Central Information Agency for protected persons. First envisioned by Hague Regulation IV, the two agencies collect information on prisoners of war (POWs) and protected persons and transmit it to their states of origin or residence, informing not only the state but the families, of the status and whereabouts of loved ones held by the opposing side.