cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Component Performance for the Ocean Radiometer for Carbon Assessment (ORCA)

The Ocean Radiometer for Carbon Assessment (ORCA) is a new design for the next generation remote sensing of ocean biology and biogeochemistry. ORCA is configured to meet all the measurement requirements of the Decadal Survey Aerosol, Cloud, and Ecology (ACE), the Ocean Ecosystem (OES) radiometer and the Pro-ACE climate data continuity mission (PACE). Under the auspices of a 2007 grant from NASA Research Opportunity in Space and Earth Science (ROSES) and the Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), a team at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has been working on a functional prototype with flight-like fore and aft optics and scan mechanisms. As part of the development efforts to bring ORCA closer to a flight configuration and in order to reduce cost, we have conducted component-level optical testing using standard spectrophotometers and system-level characterizations using non-flight commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) focal plane array detectors. Although these arrays would not be able to handle flight data rates, they are adequate for optical alignment and performance testing. The purpose of this presentation is to describe the results of this testing performed at GSFC and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) at the component and system level. Specifically, we show results for ORCA's spectral calibration ranging from the near UV, visible, and near-infrared spectral region.
Linkage mapping of 40 randomly isolated liver cDNA clones in the mouse

Abstract We report the chromosomal mapping of 43 loci for 40 randomly isolated mouse liver cDNA clones by linkage analysis in an interspecific backcross of ((C57BL/6J × Mus spretus) × C57BL/6J). The clones were sequenced from both sides and a subset was examined for expression in various mouse tissues. Fifteen of the 40 mapped cDNA clones are either identical or strongly related to known sequences in GenBank, while 25 represent new genes. Additional loci mapped in this cross include 53 simple sequence repeat polymorphisms and 40 restriction fragment length variants from previously characterized cDNA markers. Nine homologous human genes were identified for 7 mouse liver cDNA clones. One clone that maps to mouse chromosome 3 (D3Ucla1) identified a novel homologous segment (synteny) on human chromosome 18q23 (D18S372E). These studies provide linkage mapping and initial characterization of random cDNA clones that may provide a resource for the positional candidate cloning of disease genes.
Human serial polygyny: Demographic, reproductive, marital, and divorce data

Abstract Over 4,000 dyadic groupings in two large shopping malls were classified by age and sex of individual members as they passed along a well-defined exit path. The observations were carried out at times and places when a demographic cross-section of the city was likely to be seen, and where there were no rigid constraints on the group composition that appeared. The data were subjected to computer analysis, and observed frequencies of specified age-sex dyads were compared by chi-square statistics to expected frequencies based on a binomial distribution. A female mating strategy at ages 21–32 years and two different male strategies at ages 24–32 and 39–50 years were revealed. The observed strategies correlate with the reproductive, marital, and divorce statistics of the locale. The results are discussed in terms of inclusive fitness maximized by a preference for monogamy in females and the practice of serial polygyny by some males.
Heat transfer in pulse-stabilized fluidization – Part 1: overall cylinder and average local analyses

Abstract The present study examines the effect of an opposing oscillatory flow on heat transfer from an immersed horizontal cylinder in a bubbling gas-fluidized bed. This opposing oscillatory flow creates a state of fluidization termed pulse-stabilized fluidization. Heat transfer rates were measured for a monodisperse distribution of particles for fluidization ratios ranging from 1.1 to 2.7. Overall heat transfer measurements from a submerged horizontal cylinder show that the heat transfer characteristics are significantly altered by an opposing oscillatory flow. A modified form of the Strouhal number effectively characterizes the particle Nusselt number. Time-averaged local heat flux measurements showed that the local heat transfer distribution was altered by the hydrodynamics induced by the opposing oscillatory flow.
Polypeptide components of the (Na+K)-ATPase of garfish olfactory nerve axon plasma membrane

Abstract A partially purified (Na+K)-ATPase preparation was obtained from garfish olfactory nerve axon plasma membrane. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the enzyme preparation showed the presence of two major polypeptides. One of the major polypeptides was identified by phosphorylation with γ [ 32 P]-ATP as the large catalytic subunit of (Na+K)-ATPase. This polypeptide had a molecular weight of about 110, 000 and was separable from the catalytic subunit of rabbit kidney (Na+K)-ATPase when coelectrophoresed. The other major polypeptide had a molecular weight of about 42,000 and was not positive to either PAS or concanavalin A-peroxidase stain indicating that the small subunit of garfish enzyme had a significantly less carbohydrate content, if present at all, than that for other small subunits analysed.
Peripherally evoked single unit responses in ventroposterolateral nucleus in the absence of the dorsal column nuclei in rat

The present experiments were designed to determine the effects of removing the dorsal column nuclei on the evoked responses of the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) neurons in the rat. Previously, we have observed inhibitory interactions between forelimb and hindlimb inputs to VPL (Roberts and Wells 1990), and have also observed a synaptic recovery process within VPL following dorsal column nuclei (DCN) lesions (Wells and Tripp 1987). In an attempt to describe any changes in VPL responses that correlate with the synaptic recovery in VPL following lesions to the DCN, we have studied the incidence of the inhibition process in VPL, the latency of activation of single unit VPL responses to peripheral nerve stimulation, the number of evoked unit responses observed per track studied and the somatotopy of responses in VPL. Dorsal column nuclei lesions did not alter the incidence or duration of the inhibitory interaction between forelimb and hindlimb inputs to VPL. Following DCN lesions, there was a significant increase in the latency to activation of VPL neurons by both forelimb and hindlimb inputs. This increase in latency returned to a non-significant difference from control over the same interval of time that is required for the structural recovery in VPL. There was a significant reduction in the number of evoked unit responses observed per track studied in the deafferented group at the twenty day post-lesion time course. This difference was no longer statistically significant in the sixty-four day post-lesion group. Finally, we have observed little change in the overall anatomic distribution of responses to forelimb or hindlimb stimulation in VPL following DCN lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of adjunctive mitomycin C in secondary glaucoma triple procedure as compared to primary glaucoma triple procedure

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate whether previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a risk factor for filtration failure of subsequent trabeculectomy combined with cataract surgery and to determine the role of adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) in the secondary glaucoma triple procedure (SGTP) as compared to primary glaucoma triple procedure (PGTP). Design A prospective, controlled study that was randomized with respect to assignment to adjunctive MMC and a case-control design with respect to comparisons between SGTP and PGTP was studied. Participants The SGTP group consisted of 49 eyes of 49 consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with a history of glaucoma filtration surgery requiring glaucoma medical therapy and in need of cataract surgery, randomized to adjunctive MMC (SGTP MMC subgroup of 21 eyes) and no adjunctive MMC (SGTP control subgroup of 28 eyes). The PGTP group consisted of 49 PGTP cases closely matched to the SGTP cases with respect to age, race, gender, MMC use, C:D ratio, and systemic diseases. Intervention Trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and a small incision (5 × 6 mm), all polymethylmethacrylate posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with or without adjunctive MMC (0.5 mg/ml for 1 minute), was performed. Main outcome measures Surgery failure was defined as the need of an additional intraocular procedure or the need of more than one medication to achieve intraocular pressure control to the target level. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were made with respect to filtration outcome among the SGTP and PGTP patients. Results Without adjunctive MMC, filtration success was significantly less in SGTP than in PGTP ( P = 0.03). Adjunctive MMC significantly increased the success rate of SGTP ( P = 0.02) but not that of PGTP ( P = 0.89) over the average follow-up period of 2 years. Conclusions Previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a significant risk factor for the filtration failure of combined surgery. Intraoperative use of adjunctive MMC significantly improves the filtration success rate of SGTP.
Malignant mesothelioma induced by asbestos and zeolite in the mouse peritoneal cavity

Abstract The carcinogenicity of asbestos (amosite and chrysotile) and zeolite (fibrous erionite, mordenite, and synthetic zeolite 4A) were studied in the peritoneum of 586 BALB C male mice after a single intraperitoneal or intraabdominal wall injection. As controls, 182 mice treated with and without saline solution were used. Both asbestos types and fibrous erionite frequently produced malignant peritoneal tumors after long latency; tumors developed in 93 of 394 animals (23.6%) treated with asbestos or fibrous erionite 7 months or more after administration. All of the induced peritoneal tumors were intimately associated with marked peritoneal fibrosis, in which asbestos or erionite fibers were regularly detected. Histopathologically, 83 (73 fibrous, 9 biphasic, and 1 epithelial) of 93 were consistent with malignant mesotheliomas. Other tumors consisted of 6 plasmacytomas, 1 histiocytoma, 1 liposarcoma, 1 osteosarcoma, and 1 adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Two of the cases of mesotheliomas were associated with plasmacytoma. In many instances, the primary site of the mesotheliomas seemed to be multiple, the favorite sites being the omentum, mesentery, serosae of the gastrointestinal and genital organs, the diaphragm, the capsule of the liver and spleen, and the abdominal wall peritoneum. In these cases, asbestos or erionite-tissue burden followed by fibrosis was frequently observed. In addition to the 93 peritoneal tumors, 3 extraperitoneal tumors (1 fibrosarcoma and 2 rhabdomyosarcomas) were induced by amosite which was probably accidentally injected into the extraperitoneal connective issue and the striated muscle tissue of the abdominal wall, respectively. These three tumors were also intimately associated with focal fibrosis in which amosite fibers were detected. Among the three different types of zeolite, only fibrous erionite showed striking carcinogenicity and marked fibrogenicity. The erionite-induced mesotheliomas were similar to those induced by asbestos in exhibiting long latency, in gross appearance, in histology, and in close association with fibrosis. Long-term persistence of asbestos or fibrous erionite around progenitor cells of the induced tumors and the consequent fibrosis seemed to be an important precondition of the malignant transformation of the progenitor cells.
Protein painting reveals solvent-excluded drug targets hidden within native protein–protein interfaces

Identifying the contact regions between a protein and its binding partners is essential for creating therapies that block the interaction. Unfortunately, such contact regions are extremely difficult to characterize because they are hidden inside the binding interface. Here we introduce protein painting as a new tool that employs small molecules as molecular paints to tightly coat the surface of protein-protein complexes. The molecular paints, which block trypsin cleavage sites, are excluded from the binding interface. Following mass spectrometry, only peptides hidden in the interface emerge as positive hits, revealing the functional contact regions that are drug targets. We use protein painting to discover contact regions between the three-way interaction of IL1β ligand, the receptor IL1RI and the accessory protein IL1RAcP. We then use this information to create peptides and monoclonal antibodies that block the interaction and abolish IL1β cell signalling. The technology is broadly applicable to discover protein interaction drug targets.
A low-voltage 1Mb FeRAM in 0.13μm CMOS featuring time-to-digital sensing for expanded operating margin in scaled CMOS

Low-power portable electronics such as implantable medical devices require low-access-energy non-volatile memory to deliver longer battery lifetime and richer functionality. Ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) technology is a good candidate for both storage [1] and non-volatile RAM [2]. The power and supply voltage of FeRAM need further reduction, and this work presents a solution in anticipation of FeRAM scaling to advanced technology nodes for which the bitcell charge reduces and transistors operate at 1V and below. Specifically, a time-to-digital converter (TDC) sensing scheme is developed to capture the diminishing charge signal from the memory element at low supply voltage.
Does Locomotor Ability Influence Flight Initiation Distance in Yellow‐Bellied Marmots?

Flight initiation distance (FID) is the distance between a potential threat and the point at which a potential prey flees. Animals may modify their FID to compensate for increased risk generated by external/extrinsic factors such as habitat type, visibility, group size, time of year, predator-approach velocity, and distance to burrow, as well as internal/intrinsic factors such as physical condition, body temperature, crypsis, and morphological antipredator defenses. The intrinsic speed at which an animal can escape a predator is a factor that should influence FID. We studied the relationship between an individual's intrinsic escape speed and FID in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to determine whether marmots compensated for slower escape speeds by fleeing at greater distances. We found no evidence of risk compensation. Rather, we found that slower marmots tolerated closer approaches. This behavioral syndrome may be explained by a coevolution of FID and escape speed in determining an individual's antipredator behavior, an idea upon which we expand.
Anion modulation of calcium current voltage dependence and amplitude in salamander rods

Abstract Hofmeister anions were used to investigate the ability of Cl− replacement to produce inhibition and a hyperpolarizing activation shift in L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa) of rod photoreceptors. Inhibition of ICa largely followed the Hofmeister sequence: Cl−=Br−
Implications of north pacific plate tectonics in central Alaska: Focal mechanisms of earthquakes

Abstract The focal mechanisms for 86 selected earthquakes ( 3.0⩽ m b ⩽ 5.5 ) located in central Alaska have been investigated from P-wave first motions; the data were gathered by local seismic networks. The results show a depth-dependent characteristic to the fault-plane solutions. For earthquakes having focal depths shallower than 60–70 km, the focal mechanisms indicate either strike-slip or normal faults, while for earthquakes with foci at intermediate depths the focal mechanisms correspond to thrust faults. The nature of the seismicity indicates the hinge line of the Pacific lithospheric plate under the study area to be striking N17°E from Cook Inlet towards interior Alaska. The comparison of the focal mechanisms with the seismicity shows that the strike-slip and normal faults are the predominant processes of stress release along the shallow section of the plate. The earthquakes with intermediate foci systematically occur along the inclined section of the plate. If the gently dipping nodal planes for these earthquakes are chosen as the fault planes, the focal mechanisms correspond to underthrust motions at the foci. In these, the slip vectors are oriented either to the west or north with the resultant being in the N30°W direction. The tension axes for the underthrust solutions are also found to be parallel to the local dip of the plate, indicating that the subducted plate in interior Alaska is undergoing gravitational sinking.
Imparting biomimetic ion-gating recognition properties to electrodes with a hydrogen-bonding structured core - Shell nanoparticle network

This paper presents findings of the creation of biomimetic ion-gating properties with core−shell nanoparticle network architectures. The architectures were formed by hydrogen-bonding linkages via an exchange−cross-linking−precipitation reaction pathway using gold nanoparticles capped with thiolate shell and alkylthiols terminated with carboxylic groups as model building blocks. Such network assemblies have open frameworks in which void space is in the form of a channel or chamber with the nanometer-sized cores defining its size, the geometric arrangement defining its shape, and the shell structures defining its chemical specificity. The formation of the network linkages via head-to-head hydrogen-bonded carboxylic terminals and the reversible pH-tuned structural properties between neutral and ionic states were characterized using infrared reflectance spectroscopic technique. The biomimetic ion-gating properties were demonstrated by measuring the pH-tuned network “open−close” responses to charged redox prob...
Investigation of fluid flow patterns in a hollow fiber module using magnetic resonance velocity imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to obtain new information about fluid flow patterns in hollow fiber reactors. Significant changes in inlet flow distribution were observed as a function of Reynolds number. Images taken at the tube bundle entrance and exit showed that maldistribution of flow persists throughout the module. Furthermore, the results suggest that individual fibers act in a mixed degree as feeders or collectors depending upon radial position. These effects must be considered when modelling or designing hollow fiber reactors.
Summary of modeling results for distribution efficiency case studies

The EPRI Green Circuits project was a collaborative effort of 22 utilities with the main objective of evaluating ways to improve distribution efficiency. For this evaluation, 66 circuit case studies were used. Each circuit was modeled in detail from the substation to each customer's meter. Nearly all of the circuit models were augmented with historical circuit-measurement data that allowed for hourly-resolution simulation of the operation of the circuit for actual load patterns for each hour in a calendar year (8760 hours). All sources of losses through both daily and seasonal load changes were found with these circuit models. This paper provides a summary of the collective results from 66 circuits modeled.
Palliative hemibody irradiation in hormonally refractory metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Ten patients with hormonally refractory symptomatic metastatic prostate carcinoma underwent palliative hemibody irradiation (HBI). Four of the patients also had had previous irradiation to symptomatic focal sites. Two of the patients underwent upper body HBI with 5 Gy, while 6 patients underwent lower body HBI with 7 Gy. Two patients received sequential lower body HBI followed by upper body HBI. All 10 patients reported subjective pain relief within the immediate forty-eight to ninety-six hours following therapy. The average response lasted four months. Therefore the majority of our patients achieved symptomatic pain relief for the remainder of their lives which averaged five months (range 1.5–12 months). All 10 patients suffered transient but clinically insignificant hematologic toxicity. There was no death or other significant morbidity attributable to the treatment. We conclude that HBI is safe and effective palliation of bone pain in patients who have failed conventional therapy for prostate cancer.
Contamination of Sucrose Solution with Aldicarb Sulfoxide Inhibits Foraging by Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Caged honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) colonies collected sucrose solution and sucrose solution containing various levels of aldicarb sulfoxide. Direct mortality was not observed at 3 parts per million (ppm), the highest dose tested. Consumption of sucrose solution correlated negatively with aldicarb sulfoxide concentrations of 0.001-3 ppm. Three ppm aldicarb sulfoxide significantly reduced consumption of 10-50% sucrose solutions (wt/vol).
Response of spectral vegetation indices to soil moisture in grasslands and shrublands

The relationships between satellite-derived vegetation indices VIs and soil moisture are complicated because of the time lag of the vegetation response to soil moisture. In this study, we used a distributed lag regression model to evaluate the lag responses of VIs to soil moisture for grasslands and shrublands at Soil Climate Analysis Network sites in the central and western United States. We examined the relationships between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS-derived VIs and soil moisture measurements. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI and Normalized Difference Water Index NDWI showed significant lag responses to soil moisture. The lag length varies from 8 to 56 days for NDVI and from 16 to 56 days for NDWI. However, the lag response of NDVI and NDWI to soil moisture varied among the sites. Our study suggests that the lag effect needs to be taken into consideration when the VIs are used to estimate soil moisture.
Synthesizing radar maps of polar regions with a Doppler-only method

A method for producing a radar-reflectivity map of the polar regions of the Moon or a planet from polar orbit with only the frequency shift of the reflected signals is described and simulated. A Radon transform of the reflectivity is obtained during multiple passes over the pole. Inversion of this Radon transform enables a map of radar reflectivity to be synthesized.
Adaptive schemes of implementing the LMMSE multiuser detector for CDMA

In this work, we proof the equivalence between various forms of LMMSE (linear minimum mean square error) estimate-based multiuser detectors for CDMA communications. An adaptive scheme of implementing the LMMSE multiuser detector is proposed. Simulation shows that the proposed detector not only approximates the exact solution with high accuracy and stability but also has the ability of adapting to changing channel parameters. The major advantage of the proposed adaptive scheme is that only the knowledge of the desired user's signature is needed in order to decode the desired user's information bits in the presence of multiple access interference (MAI).
CATEGORY LENGTH AND RETROACTIVE INHIBITION IN CUED RECALL

S~mmary.-Effects of variation in category size upon retroactive inhibition under cued-recall conditions were examined. Category size was a within-subject variable (4, 8, or 16 items/category) in a design involving 72 subjects. For 36 subjects a second list of dissimilar categories was learned. Retroactive inhibition was observed relative to the single-list control, with retroactive inhibition being of greater magnitude for larger categories. The retroactive inhibition resulted from fewer words per category recalled rather than from a decrement in category recall since category recall was uniformly high, i.e., constant, under all conditions. This experiment deals with category size and retroactive inhibition in the cued recall of categorized lists. Category size was varied within List 1. The interpolated list for the interference condition contained dissimilar categories as in the work of Tulving and Psotka (1971). The retroactive inhibition in cued recall for categories of different lengths was assessed relative to a single-list control. Tulving and Psotka (1971) did not find retroactive inhibition in recall of categorized lists using category labels as cues. Tulving and Psotka did observe retroactive inhibition in the absence of cues, this retroactive inhibition being accounted for by subjects failure to recall entire categories rather than by recall of fewer words per category. They concluded that retroactive inhibition for categorized lists involves loss of accessibility to categories with the items within categories being somehow stored together and recalled in "all-or-none" fashion (Tulving & Psotka, 1971 ) . Accordingly, retroactive inhibition if observed should involve loss of entire categories rather than partial recall of items within categories. Strand (1971) also did not find retroactive inhibition in cued-recall following interpolation of dissimilar categorized lists. On the other hand, Sowder (1973) observed retroactive inhibition in cued-recall following interpolation of both dissimilar and similar categorized lists. The difference in results as well as the importance of such findings in the development of interference theory calls for further investigation (Postman & Underwood, 1973, pp. 37-38). Tulving and Psotka (1971 ) and Strand ( 1971) used relatively small categories (4 and G words per category respectively) while those of Sowder ( 1973 ) were relatively large (9 words per category). This difference suggests that an interaction between category size and interference might arise in cued-recall.
Consecutive Positive Feedback Loops Create a Bistable Switch that Controls Preadipocyte-to-Adipocyte Conversion

Adipogenesis, or the conversion of proliferating preadipocytes into nondividing adipocytes, is an important part of the vertebrate weight-maintenance program. It is not yet understood how and when an irreversible transition occurs into a distinct state capable of accumulating lipid. Here, we use single-cell fluorescence imaging to show that an all-or-none switch is induced before lipid accumulation occurs. Conversion begins by glucocorticoid and cAMP signals raising C/EBPβ levels above a critical threshold, triggering three consecutive positive feedback loops: from PPARγ to C/EBPα, then to C/EBPβ, and last to the insulin receptor. Experiments and modeling show that these feedbacks create a robust, irreversible transition to a terminally differentiated state by rejecting short- and low-amplitude stimuli. After the differentiation switch is triggered, insulin controls fat accumulation in a graded fashion. Altogether, our study introduces a regulatory motif that locks cells in a differentiated state by engaging a sequence of positive feedback loops.
Collagen metabolism following corneal laceration in rabbits.

We investigated the synthesis and degradation of collagen In lacerated rabbit corneas. The rate of collagen synthesis was measured by the incorporation and hydroxylation of [14C]proline up to 5 weeks after a penetrating laceration. Our results indicate that protein and collagen synthesis is initially reduced during the 24 h period after laceration and then Increases in two phases. A moderate increase in protein and collagen synthesis occurs up to day 5 after laceration. Synthesis then decreases to a low level through the 10th day after injury. A second wave of increase in protein and collagen synthesis takes place reaching a new peak of approximately twice the activity as found in control corneas after 5 weeks of healing. Afterwards, the rate of protein and collagen synthesis declines and reaches the basal level after 7 weeks of healing. In a separate set of experiments, rabbit corneas were lacerated and allowed to heal for one or three weeks at which point 100 µ;Ci of [14C]proline was injected into each ...
Cultural bias in communication science: challenges of overcoming ethnocentric paradigms in Asia

The Americentric biases evident in communication theories cannot be ignored. Many communication theories are hampered by cultural bias, which can ultimately negate their validity. Those theories are deemed empty theories divorced from social reality in Asia. These problems are now recognized and addressed as central, field-defining problems of communication theory. Adding to communication researchers’ difficulties, however, is that there is a lack of consensus on many issues. In countering Eurocentric thinking, some Asian scholars reject Western knowledge in toto and attempt to construct theories that are exclusively Asian. This position, however, may fall into the same trap of Eurocentrism which it criticizes. Other Asian scholars have argued against the development of Asiacentric communication theories and propose to modify and adapt existing theories to suit the Chinese (or any other) context. However, this position still falls into the working within the paradigm. To escape the conditioning of Western...
STUDIES OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING EFFECTS OF BW 403C65 IN FROG AND CAT MUSCLE

SUMMARY BW 403C65, an isoquinolinium bisquaternary compound, was investigated for its neuromuscular blocking properties. In vitro in frog preparations, low concentrations induced an increase in miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.) frequency without altering their amplitude. With increasing concentrations m.e.p.p. frequency returned to control value and amplitude started to decrease concomitantly with the decreased sensitivity of the end-plate to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and depression of the twitch tension. Acetylcholine released at the neuromuscular junction was also decreased. In vivo in the cat preparation the intra-arterial injection of low doses of the drug produced an increase in the strength of the muscle twitch, and the development of contracture, as well as the appearance of post-drug repetition at the ventral roots. Greater doses produced a progressive decline in post-tetanic potentiation with prolonged return to control.
Mate choice and mate competition by a tropical hummingbird at a floral resource

The influence of male territorial and foraging behaviours on female choice has received little attention in studies of resource-defence mating systems even though such male behaviours are thought to affect variation in their territory quality and mating success. Here we show that female purple-throated carib hummingbirds Eulampis jugularis preferred to mate with males that had high standing crops of nectar on their flower territories. A male's ability to maintain high nectar standing crops on his territory not only depended on the number of flowers in his territory, but also on his ability to enhance his territory through the prevention of nectar losses to intruders. We observed that males defended nectar supplies that were two to five times greater than their daily energy needs and consistently partitioned their territories in order to provide some resources to attract intruding females as potential mates. Such territorial behaviour resulted in males defending some flowers for their own food and other flowers as food for intruding females. Collectively, our results suggest that variation in mating success among males is driven primarily by variation in territory quality, which ultimately depends on a male's fighting ability and size.
Maximum ingested food size in captive strepsirrhine primates: scaling and the effects of diet.

Little is known about ingested food size (Vb) in primates, even though this variable has potentially important effects on food intake and processing. This study provides the first data on Vb in strepsirrhine primates using a captive sample of 17 species. These data can be used for generating and testing models of feeding energetics. Strepsirrhines are of interest because they are hypometabolic and chewing rate and daily feeding time do not show a significant scaling relationship with body size. Using melon, carrot, and sweet potato we found that maximum Vb scales isometrically with body mass and mandible length. Low dietary quality in larger strepsirrhines might explain why Vb increases with body size at a greater rate than does resting metabolic rate. Relative to body size, Vb is large in frugivores but small in folivores; furthermore scaling slopes are higher in frugivores than in folivores. A gross estimate of dietary quality explains much of the variation in Vb that is not explained by body size. Gape adaptations might favor habitually large bites for frugivores and small ones for folivores. More data are required for several feeding variables and for wild populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:625–635, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elevated CO2 increases sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in lacustrine phytoplankton assemblages

This study tests the effects of elevated CO2 and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on phytoplankton photosynthesis through in situ incubations in Lake Giles, Pennsylvania. In a first experiment, CO2 was supplied from a tank to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations predicted in scenarios of future global change. In a second experiment, elevated CO2 conditions were obtained by the mineralization of added colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of terrestrial origin (400 mmol L21 final concentration). The results demonstrated that for natural assemblages from Lake Giles, atmospheric CO2 concentrations similar to those predicted for the end of the century can increase primary productivity up to 23% in the absence of photoinhibition. However, elevated CO2 concentrations also increased sensitivity of phytoplankton to UVR, making cells more susceptible and increasing photoinhibition. Increased sensitivity was observed in samples incubated with the artificial CO2 supply as well as with the CDOM addition, the latter resulting in CO2 partial pressures close to three times present atmospheric levels. Photosynthetic rate modeled for elevated CO2 and midday solar exposure just below the lake surface was 17% of potential production compared with 21% under usual CO2 levels in the lake, resulting in similar rates between phytoplankton assemblages grown under high and low CO2 levels. Understanding the effect on primary productivity of the interaction between factors that may be affected by global change is essential to predict future changes in ecosystems and climate.
Eugene W. Caldwell Lecture. Clinical efficacy of diagnostic imaging: love it or leave it.

The traditional goal of radiology has been to provide images of the highest technical quality that permit the most accurate diagnoses possible. From a more global perspective, diagnostic radiology is part of a larger system that has as its goal effective and efficient treatment of patients. A six-tiered hierarchical model of efficacy that includes this more global view is presented. This model is intended to improve understanding of the continuum that efficacy is and to conceptually relate efficacy to technology assessment and outcome research. Better understanding of efficacy/technology assessment and outcome research fostered by the model should encourage radiologists to participate actively in federally supported research in these areas. Those radiologists who do so will come to understand better how radiology can help patients and society as a whole. Use of the model's concepts should also aid radiologists in becoming more effective consultants to their clinical colleagues about optimal use of high-te...
Findings from the National Health Interview Survey

This article provides an overview of the National Health Interview Survey, describes the Survey's analytic potential in the area of health promotion and disease prevention, andpresents NHIS findings on trends in smoking, alcohol consumption, and overweight between 1983 and 1985, by sex, age, education, income, race, Hispanic origin, and geographic region. The data suggest that social, cultural, and economic differences exist in both the prevalence of and trends in these three important health behaviors.
Auditors' Duty of Care to Third Parties: A Comment on Judicial Reasoning Underlying US Cases

Abstract Gwilliam (1987) examined UK and Commonwealth legal cases regarding auditors' duty of care to third parties. This article adds an examination of judicial reasoning in precedent-setting US cases deciding duty to third parties. The UK, Commonwealth and US cases indicate that, while pressures to expand duty are not consistent across legal jurisdictions, they do span international jurisdictions and are similarly based on protecting public interests by providing remedy at law rather than protecting the profession's capacity to serve the public.
ROS-Induced Nanotherapeutic Approach for Ovarian Cancer Treatment Based on the Combinatorial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy and DJ-1 Gene Suppression

This study represents a novel approach for intraoperative ovarian cancer treatment based on the combinatorial effect of a targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) associated with suppression of the DJ-1 protein, one of the key players in the ROS defense of cancer cells. To assess the potential of the developed therapy, dendrimer-based nanoplatforms for cancer-targeted delivery of near-infrared photosensitizer, phthalocyanine, and DJ-1 siRNA have been constructed. In vitro studies revealed that therapeutic efficacy of the combinatorial approach was enhanced when compared to PDT alone and this enhancement was more pronounced in ovarian carcinoma cells, which are characterized by higher basal levels of DJ-1 protein. Moreover, the ovarian cancer tumors exposed to a single dose of combinatorial therapy were completely eradicated from the mice and the treated animals showed no evidence of cancer recurrence. Thus, the developed therapeutic approach can be potentially employed intraoperatively to eradicate unresactable cancer cells.
Anamnestic Protective Immunity to Bacillus anthracis Is Antibody Mediated but Independent of Complement and Fc Receptors

The threat of bioterrorist use of Bacillus anthracis has focused urgent attention on the efficacy and mechanisms of protective immunity induced by available vaccines. However, the mechanisms of infection-induced immunity have been less well studied and defined. We used a combination of complement depletion along with immunodeficient mice and adoptive transfer approaches to determine the mechanisms of infection-induced protective immunity to B. anthracis. B- or T-cell-deficient mice lacked the complete anamnestic protection observed in immunocompetent mice. In addition, T-cell-deficient mice generated poor antibody titers but were protected by the adoptive transfer of serum from B. anthracis-challenged mice. Adoptively transferred sera were protective in mice lacking complement, Fc receptors, or both, suggesting that they operate independent of these effectors. Together, these results indicate that antibody-mediated neutralization provides significant protection in B. anthracis infection-induced immunity.
Current Sharing in Digitally Controlled Masterless Multi-phase DC-DC Converters

This paper introduces modular masterless multi-phase architecture based on identical digitally controlled DC-DC converter modules that communicate over a digital bus. Advantages of the masterless architecture include simpler system configuration and development, and scalability to an arbitrary number of phases. Technical challenges are to facilitate proper phasing, control and current sharing functions, while minimizing data throughput requirements for the digital bus. A chain control algorithm is proposed to implement current sharing control in the modular masterless architecture. The algorithm performs a moving window averaging with relatively low storage and communication requirements. Implementations of the chain control in current-mode control systems and voltage-mode control systems are described in this paper. Experimental results are presented for a two-phase 12-V to 1.5-V, 15-A synchronous buck converter with digital voltage-mode control
Wireless implantable EMG sensing microsystem

This paper presents a wireless, subfascially implantable electromyogram (EMG) sensing microsystem design for intelligent myoelectric control of powered prostheses. The implantable system consists of two Pt-Ir epimysial EMG electrodes, a custom-designed ASIC, and an RF telemetry coil and is capable of wirelessly transmitting digitized EMG data to an external telemeter mounted in a prosthetic socket. The prototype microsystem is powered by a near-field inductive link operating at 8 MHz with 10% DC power transfer efficiency. On-chip rectification and regulation produce stable 2 V and 2.7 V supplies with a DC current driving capability up to 100 muA. The EMG electrodes are interfaced with a differential capacitively-coupled amplifier with 38 dB closed-loop gain, 1 kHz bandwidth, and 78 nVradicHz input-referred noise floor. The amplified EMG signal is then digitized on chip using an 11-bit algorithmic ADC. The digital EMG data can be Manchester-coded and transmitted to the external telemeter using phase shift keying (PSK) modulation scheme on the same wireless link as the inductive powering system.
A fast algorithm for the disjunctive decomposition of m-valued functions. I. The decomposition algorithm

The binary function decomposition algorithm of V. Shen et al. (1971) is generalized to m-valued functions with m>2. The necessary condition for the decomposability for m-valued functions is obtained and used in generating candidate bound sets. A fast method for testing the necessary condition using partial partition tables whereby the decomposability of the function can be determined for a randomly chosen function in (nm)/sup 3/ time is also obtained. >
A layered approach to cognitive radio network security

Cognitive radios have been identified as a solution to the crowded spectrum issue. With the realization of cognitive radio networks came the recognition that both new and old security threats are relevant. The cognitive radio network is still vulnerable to many of the denial of service, wormhole, routing, and jamming attacks that plague other wireless technologies. In addition, the cognitive radio network is vulnerable to new attacks based on cognitive radio innovations, such as spectrum sharing, spectrum sensing, cognitive capability, and radio reconfigurability. The scope of this survey is to present an overview of security threats and challenges to the cognitive radio network, especially focusing on new solutions from 2012 and the first half of 2013. Included are prior mitigation techniques that are adaptive to the new technology, as well as new mitigation techniques specifically targeted at new cognitive radio vulnerabilities. The threats provided are organized according to the protocol layer at which the attack is targeted.
Automatic identification and tracking of retraction fibers in time-lapse microscopy

Digital image processing in the field of time-lapse microscopy and biological research has been an interesting research area to provide statistical data of cellular dynamics to the field of cell biology. Digital image processing enables rapid and consistent quantification of qualitative observations. The image processing model examined here provides a tool for the biologists to identify structures called retraction fibers (RF) that are formed during Epithelial-Mesenchyme Transition (EMT), an important developmental process which also occurs during cancer metastasis. Quantifying RF formation is an important tool for biologists studying cellular regulation of EMT. The dynamic EMT process is captured using time-lapse microscopy. We use computer vision algorithms to detect and track the RF in image sequences of cells undergoing EMT to generate statistical information such as the number of RF formed during a window, lifetime of the RF, and their geometric dimension. This information can in turn be used by the biologist to quantitatively measure the extent of EMT under different test conditions.
On the applicability of the frozen flux approximation in core flow modelling as a function of temporal frequency and spatial degree

SUMMARY The secular variation of the geomagnetic field is due to flow of molten iron in the Earth’s core. One can invert for the flow at the core-surface, assuming that the magnetic field is frozen into the core fluid. The validity of the frozen flux approximation (FFA) depends on the scale length of the magnetic field and the period of core motions. A first-order quantitative assessment can be made by solving the induction equation for a spherical conductor oscillating in an ambient magnetic field. The period, at which the FFA holds, strongly decreases with increasing spherical harmonic degree of the ambient field. For degrees smaller than five, the flux of the ambient magnetic field can be considered as frozen-in for periods of more than a thousand years. For ambient magnetic fields of spherical harmonic degree 10 and higher, the FFA still holds up to periods of about a hundred years. However, the real situation in the core could be more complex if the field cannot be assumed as ambient but is generated by the flow itself.
Examining the Role of Knowledge, Source, Recipient, Relational, and Situational Context on Knowledge Transfer among Face-to-Face ISD Teams

This study examines the factors associated with face-to-face ISD teams and its members who are able to internalize significant knowledge transferred from other team members. Specifically, the study empirically examines the impact of an ISD team members absorptive capacity, motivation, communication among members, group culture, and group cohesion on knowledge transfer. The findings of this study indicate that in face-to-face teams, an individual is able to internalize significant amount of transferred knowledge from his/her team members if he/she is perceived by the source to have a high absorptive capacity, interacts extensively with other team members, and belongs to a collectivist team whose members have a high motivation to transfer knowledge. Interestingly, not only did a recipients motivation to learn not impact knowledge transfer positively, but unexpectedly it influenced knowledge transfer negatively. Groups collectivist culture as posited contributed to KT but group cohesion did not have a significant impact.
Effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on Feeding, Tunneling, and Bait Station Discovery by the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

This study evaluated the effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Bioassays were conducted to determine whether Summon disks affected the aggregation and feeding behavior of termites and to determine whether the presence of Summon disks caused increased recruitment of termites to wood blocks. When termites encountered the disk, they immediately clustered on top of the disk. Termites were observed aggregating on top of the disk throughout the experiment. Consumption of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of cardboard disks in paired choice tests. The presence of a Summon disk on top of a wood block caused a significant increase in consumption of the wood block. Bioassays also were conducted to determine whether water extracts of Summon disks affected termite behavior. Consumption of filter paper disks treated with a water extract of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of control filter paper disks. Termites tunneled through sand treated with a water extract of Summon disks faster than they tunneled through untreated sand. In a field test, the rate of infestation of monitoring stations with a Summon disk was 3 times greater than the rate of infestations of stations without a disk.