cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive treatment approach for bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption and anterior open bite with customized lingual braces and total joint prostheses

This case report describes the successful treatment of a 14-year-old girl with severe bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption and resultant mandibular retrusion, increased overjet, and anterior open bite. The nonextraction treatment plan included (1) aligning and leveling the teeth in both arches, (2) performing Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy, bilateral condylectomy, and mandibular joint replacement, and (3) postsurgical correction of the malocclusion. The orthodontic treatment was initiated with the use of custom lingual appliances followed by orthognathic surgery planned with virtual surgical planning. Patient-fitted and customized temporomandibular joint implants were designed and manufactured based on the patient's stereolithic bone anatomic model. Treatment was concluded with detailed orthodontic finishing. Optimum esthetic and functional results were achieved with the cooperation of 2 specialties and the use of state-of-the-art technology.
Experimental Intra-Abdominal Sepsis

Intra-abdominal sepsis usually involves multiple different bacterial species derived from the normal colonic flora. In most instances both aerobes and anaerobes are present, and the problem is to determine which of the several constituents represent true pathogens. Are these to be considered aerobic or anaerobic infections? Alternatively, there may be bacterial synergy in which both microbial types are contributing to the pathologic events. These distinctions have important implications in the area of chemotherapeutics. For practical clinical purposes, a key question concerns the necessity to treat all microbial components at the infected site. If selective antimicrobial therapy is possible, which microorganisms should receive the thrust of the attack?
Normal Bone Anatomy

Normal bone consists of a dense outer cortex and a central cancellous or trabecular medullary cavity. A long bone consists of a shaft comprised of the central diaphysis and outer metaphyses, as well as the epiphyseal ends. The metaphysis contains the physeal plate, separating the metaphyseal shaft from the epiphyses. The physeal plate adds length to the bone during pediatric development by ossification. The diaphysis forms from a primary center of ossification, while the epiphyses form from secondary centers of ossification.
Network Conceptualization of Team Conflict

Conflict is inevitable in team-based organizations. The extant literature has treated team conflict as a holistic aggregated property of teams, assuming that there is an agreed upon level of confli...
Chapter 37 – Tumor Immunology

At least three times during the history of immunology, investigators proposed that a function of the immune response is to eliminate nascent tumors. Paul Ehrlich initially hypothesized that tumors arise spontaneously in the body and that the immune response protected the individual against the majority of these malignancies. Little experimental data existed to support this hypothesis and were forgotten by most scientists working in this area. In the 1950s Lewis Thomas and F. Macfarlane Burnet individually postulated that lymphocytes recognize and respond to potential tumors; they termed this idea immunosurveillance. With the demonstration of separate populations of T and B lymphocytes, immunosurveillance was thought to be the responsibility of T lymphocytes. However, discrepancies in tumor incidence in T lymphocyte-deficient mice and humans compared to immunologically intact individuals cast doubt on this theory. The discovery of other mechanisms for the elimination of foreign pathogens, including natural killer lymphocytes, cytokine networks, and inflammation, stimulated a resurgence of interest in the concept that the immune system protects against tumor growth. This contemporary understanding of the immune system focused efforts to devise new strategies of immunotherapy for tumors.
Interview with Dr. Janet Zadina: Applying educational neuroscience research to instruction and elearning

In this interview Dr. Janet Zadina discusses her work as an educational neuroscientist bridging brain research and pedagogy. She provides insights and advice on how instructors can design more learner-centered course experiences and use online technologies more effectively through a better understanding of neuroscience research related to learning. This interview spans a range of topics including contributions of brain research to learning science, common neuromyths, emotions and learning and how the digital information environment is impacting our brains and learning.
Inorganic carbon formation in rotating thin liquid films to support algal growth

Abstract This paper presents the results of testing a novel gas-to-liquid mass transfer unit for enhancing the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) into liquid media by reducing the mass transfer resistance through the formation of a thin liquid film on a rotating membrane. The initial (maximum) mass transfer rate of inorganic carbon into liquid was quantified when operating the mass transfer unit under three different CO2 concentrations in air (1%, 2%, and 10%), two membrane rotational speeds (70 rpm and 90 rpm), and two liquid media (deionized (DI) water and BG-11 algal growth media.) Results indicated that increasing CO2 concentration in the gas increased the inorganic carbon transfer rate into the liquid film as expected, but not linearly. Increasing the membrane's rotational speed resulted in increasing the inorganic carbon mass transfer rate as well. The use of BG-11 algal media as a liquid film instead of DI water increased the inorganic carbon mass transfer rate. CO2 volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) were calculated and compared with conventional CO2 supply systems. Results indicated that the mass transfer unit can be used to supply inorganic carbon to the microalgal cultures with relatively high transfer rates.
How Emotional Shifts Effect Youth Perceptions of Opioid Risk and Efficacy: Testing a Know the Truth Campaign Narrative.

Integrating the extended parallel process model (EPPM) and the emotional flow hypothesis, we tested the persuasive effect of emotional shifts during exposure to a Know the Truth anti-opioid campaig...
Regulation of multi-joint arm posture and movement

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control strategies adopted by the central nervous system (CNS) to execute movements and maintain posture. It is necessary to look first at the mechanical properties of the musculo-skeletal apparatus. Such an approach is based on the assumption that the functional properties of the motor system have been developed by the need not only to control, but also to take advantage of the mechanical properties of the musculo-skeletal apparatus. If muscles have spring-like properties, then a limb's posture is maintained when the forces exerted by the agonist and antagonist muscle groups are equal and opposite. This implies that when a force is applied, the limb is displaced by an amount proportional to both the external force, and the stiffness of the muscles. When the external force is removed, the limb should return to the original position. This prediction is nothing else than a restatement of Hooke's Law, but in a biological context. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting the idea that muscles in vivo indeed have spring-like properties, and discusses the implication of these findings for trajectory control.
Determination of the depth resolved Stokes parameters of light backscattered from turbid media using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography

Summary form only given. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images generally display the depth resolved magnitude of backscattered light. Here we present a new technique to determine the depth resolved Stokes parameters of light backscattered from turbid media using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Our instrument combines the principles of interferometric ellipsometry and OCT. Previous work on PS-OCT used incoherent detection techniques and were limited to measurement of two of the four Stokes parameters. In our instrumentation, coherent detection of the interference fringes in two orthogonal polarization states allows determination of the four Stokes parameters. A potentially useful biomedical application is burn depth determination. PS-OCT was used to measure the decrease of collagen birefringence in rodent skin due to thermal denaturation.
Progress in treatment of tuberculosis. Results of antimicrobial therapy in a group of 420 children with tuberculosis.

The results of specific therapy in 420 children with tuberculosis have been reported in terms of immediate survival, and after periods of follow-up observation ranging from 3 to 15 years. While the over-all result of specific therapy is excellent in contrast to the results obtained before the era of antimicrobial therapy, much remains to be accomplished. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis must be stressed, still better methods of treatment of some forms of tuberculosis must be evolved, and the search for antimicrobial agents which may truly eradicate the disease must be pursued. Finally, in order to evaluate properly the results of specific therapy for tuberculosis, patients must be kept under observation for many years.
A measure of striatal function predicts motor stereotypy

To identify basal ganglia circuit dysfunctions that might produce repetitive behaviors known as motor stereotypies, we applied psychomotor stimulants and a direct dopamine receptor agonist to induce different levels of stereotypy in rats. We then used a gene induction assay to measure the functional activation of neurons in the neurochemically distinct compartments of the striatum, the striosomes and the extrastriosomal matrix. The amount by which activation in the striosomes exceeded activation in the matrix predicted the degree of motor stereotypy induced by the drug treatments. These results suggest that imbalance between compartmentally organized basal ganglia circuits may represent a neural correlate of motor stereotypy.
Two‐Photon Spectroscopy of Perturbed Benzenes

Revue des travaux faits sur les spectres a deux photons de composes benzeniques et comparaison aux spectres a un photon
Absolute Determination of Stress in Textured Materials

The continuum theory of elastic wave propagation in deformed, anisotropic solids is reviewed with emphasis on those features which might be used to distinguish between stress induced changes in ultrasonic velocity and changes due to material anisotropy, such as would be produced by preferred grain orientation in a polycrystalline metal As noted by previous authors, one such feature is the difference in velocity of two shear waves, whose directions of propagation and polarization have been interchanged. In particular, when these directions fall along the symmetry axes of a rolled plate (assuming orthorhombic symmetry) and these are also the directions of principal stress, then the theory predicts that ρ(V 12 2 −V 21 2 ) = T1−T2 where ρ is the density, Vij is the velocity of a shear wave propagating along the i-axis and polarized along the j-axis, and Ti is a principal stress component. In addition to being independent of the degree of texture, this relationship has the advantage that no microstructurally dependent acoustoelastic coefficient is involved. The applicability of this prediction of continuum theory to heterogeneous engineering materials such as metal polycrystals is discussed using previously reported stress dependencies of ultrasonic velocities, and new experiments to answer some remaining questions are described. A possible configuration for using the effect to measure the value of a uniform stress in a plate of unknown texture is proposed.
AN ALTERNATIVE ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION OF THE Ct PARAMETER

The C t parameter has proven very useful in correlations of creep crack growth behaviour under both transient and steady state creep conditions. In this paper, we investigate the implications of adopting a different definition of the creep zone based on an absolute measure of creep strain rather than a measure that is relative to the elastic strain. The analytical equations for small-scale creep and transition times from small-scale creep to extensive creep conditions are derived for the C t parameter using this alternative definition, considering both primary and secondary creep strain. It is shown that this alternative definition gives a reasonable starting point for the theory, approximately in accordance with the transient evolution of the C t parameter based on the more conventional definition of the creep zone, and removes the somewhat artificial limit of applicability imparted by the classical creep zone definition used in creep fracture mechanics. Accordingly, diffusional creep processes with a power law exponent n ≤ 3 are admitted in the C t description.
Insulin Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism

The overarching concern in the hormonal control of ketone body metabolism is the insulin level. In circumstances where insulin levels are relatively high, such as the fed state, both substrate (free fatty acid, [FFA]) availability and FFA oxidation are suppressed, directing FFA to storage and employing glucose to meet the energy needs of the body. In situations of relative insulin deficiency, such as starvation or type I diabetes, FFA oxidation is increased, driving the production of alternative energy-producing substrates, ketone bodies, for use by the brain, as well as peripheral tissues. Insulin influences the activity of three key processes: FFA availability (lipolysis), ketone body production (ketogenesis), and disposal in peripheral tissues. All of these processes can be altered in pathophysiologic conditions such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, obesity, starvation, and hyperthyroidism. The key control point is carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), which mediates the passage of long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (FA-CoA) esters across the outer mitochondrial membrane, prior to oxidation or ketogenesis. Insulin regulates CPT-I both at the level of gene transcription and by influencing the affinity for allosteric modulators. Regulation of hepatic CPT-I expression or activity holds potential significance as an approach for controlling hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Keywords: free fatty acids; ketone bodies; ketogenesis; glucose metabolism; fatty acid oxidation; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; starvation; insulin; glucagon; lipolysis; carnitine palmitoyltransferase; HMG-CoA synthase; mitochondria
A behavioral experiment on inventory management with supply chain disruption

Abstract Various operational strategies for mitigating supply chain disruption have been studied theoretically, but few studies have investigated behavioral decision-making in multi-echelon supply chains experiencing disruptions. We explore the effects of communicating disruption information in real-time to supply chain members using the beer distribution game in a controlled laboratory setting. Both upstream (manufacturer) and downstream (retailer) disruptions are independently considered, and in each of these scenarios, the difference between sharing and not sharing the disruption information is investigated. We find that supply chain disruptions may cause higher order variability when compared to the base case (no disruption). For a disruption at an upstream echelon, sharing the disruption information is found beneficial in reducing order variability and supply chain cost—upstream echelons experience more benefits from information sharing than downstream echelons. Therefore, we advocate that manufacturers share supply disruption information in real-time in order to benefit from a reduced bullwhip effect and its associated costs. For a disruption at a downstream echelon, sharing disruption information does not appear to have a significant benefit. Past studies have shown the importance of sharing downstream inventory information with upstream supply chain members. In the event of disruptions, our results demonstrate that sharing upstream disruption information with downstream members is beneficial.
A Numerical Study of the Solar Cycle

Models relevant to numerical studies of the solar cycle are reviewed briefly with discussions of pertinent physical mechanisms. It is suggested that the observed surface activities are secondary in nature and an example of possible non-axisymmetric steady state solutions is given, together with the results of preliminary numerical computations.
Effects of omeprazole and ritonavir on absorption and elimination of the hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor GSK2336805 in healthy adults

This Phase I, randomized, open-label study evaluated the gastric pH-altering effects of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, and the CYP3A enzyme/P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-inhibitory effects of ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and safety of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor GSK2336805 in healthy male and female subjects. Co-administration of GSK2336805 60 mg with omeprazole decreased GSK2336805 plasma AUC(0-∞) by 10% and Cmax by 18%; no marked effect was observed on t½ . Co-administration of GSK2336805 30 mg with ritonavir increased GSK2336805 plasma AUC(0-∞) by 52%, Cmax by 43%, and t½ by 40%; CL/F was decreased by 34%. All adverse events were minor in intensity. The gastric acid-suppressive effect of omeprazole had minimal impact on the extent and rate of GSK2336805 absorption in vivo; therefore, GSK2336805 may be co-administered with omeprazole without concern about lower GSK2336805 exposures and compromised antiviral efficacy. The modest increases in AUC and Cmax following co-administration of GSK2336805 plus ritonavir suggest that GSK2336805 when given concomitantly with a single CYP3A/Pgp inhibiting drug will not likely require dose adjustment. Final dose recommendation will be based on GSK2336805 efficacy and safety profiles from Phase III trials in HCV-infected patients.
Hierarchical optimal force–position–contour control of machining processes

There has been a tremendous amount of research in machine tool servomechanism control, contour control, and machining force control; however, to date these technologies have not been tightly integrated. This paper develops a hierarchical optimal control methodology for the simultaneous regulation of servomechanism positions, contour error, and machining forces. The contour error and machining force process reside in the top level of the hierarchy where the goals are to (1) drive the contour error to zero to maximize quality and (2) maintain a constant cutting force to maximize productivity. These goals are systematically propagated to the bottom level, via aggregation relationships between the top and bottom-level states, and combined with the bottom-level goals of tracking reference servomechanism positions. A single controller is designed at the bottom level, where the physical control signals reside, that simultaneously meets both the top and bottom-level goals. The hierarchical optimal control methodology is extended to account for variations in force process model parameters and process parameters. Simulations are conducted for four machining operations that validate the developed methodology. The results illustrate the controller can simultaneously achieve both the top and bottom-level goals.
Redundancy and Coordination of Multiple Robots

The robots in automation may be used to serve their surrounding equipment such as transporting, loading, and unloading simple objects. For some tasks, two or more robots working together may be required to achieve the assigned goals. In this situation, coordination of the robots for a concerted action becomes a necessity. In addition, the joint torque distribution among the robots is desirable to avoid overloading.
RTD in twin-screw food extrusion

Abstract The geometric mean residence time (GMRT) and the RTD were measured on a twin-screw extruder using a KCl tracer and electrical conductivity measurements at the die. Extruder screw speeds (150–350 rpm) and feed rate (98.55–20.0 kg/h) were varied in a 3×3 factorial experiment with the matrix diagonal having a constant specific feeding load (SFL) of 0.057 kg/(h rpm). Feed rate had a greater effect on the mean residence time than the screw speed, with a 41% reduction in GMRT (108–64.0 s) with a 2.33-fold increase in feed rate, while screw speed had a greater influence on the normalized spreads of the RTD (mixing),with an increase in normalized spread of 21% (from 0.67 to 0.81) as screw speed increased 2.33 fold. Increasing feed rate yielded no change in normalized spread. Increasing screw speed and feed rate proportionally (constant SFL) from the minimum conditions to the maximums (a 2.33-fold increase for both) decreased the GMRT more than 50% from 123 to 56.2 s, increased the normalized spread from 0.70 to 0.82, and increased the barrel fill from 55.0% to 59.5%. Increasing feed rate increased barrel fill, die pressure, motor torque and product temperature while at the same time decreased residence time. Increasing screw speed decreased barrel fill, die pressure, motor torque and the GMRT while increasing the product temperature. Increasing feed rate and screw speed proportionally (constant SFL) yielded a slightly increasing trend for barrel fill.
Adsorption of Single-Ring Organic Compounds to Wood Charcoals Prepared under Different Thermochemical Conditions

Environmental black carbon (BC) is believed to be an important adsorbent of organic pollutants. In this study, we examined the effects of changes in surface properties and adsorbate structure. A series of apolar compounds (cyclohexane, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-xylene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,3,5-triethylbenzene) and a series of polar compounds (o-cresol, 4-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were sorbed from aqueous solution to maple wood char prepared under five thermochemical conditions. Two chars were prepared in air at 340 degrees C (C340) and 400 degrees C (C400). A subsample of C400 was treated with H2 in the presence of a supported Pt catalyst at 500 degrees C (C400-H) to remove surface O. Another was treated under N2 at 500 degrees C (C400-N) to serve as a control for C400-H. The reduced C400-H was further oxidized in air at 340 degrees C to reintroduce O (C400-H-A). The five chars vary in O content (26.1, 22.3, 4.2, 20.8, and 18.6 wt %, respectively) but show only minor differences in surface area and pore size distribution on the basis of N2 and CO2 adsorption analysis. These chars provide a basis for rationalizing sorption intensity as a function of sorbate molecular structure and surface chemistry. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) Polar interactions with surface O functional groups are not a significant driving force for adsorption. (2) When isotherms are adjusted for solute hydrophobicity (n-hexdecane-water partition coefficient), sorption intensity of the polar compounds is greater than that of the apolar compounds, possibly because of pi-pi EDA interactions of the polar compounds with the basal plane of the graphene sheets. (3) The largest test compounds show steric exclusion from a portion of the adsorption space available to the other compounds. (4) Removal of O functionality by hydrogenation enhances sorption intensity of polar and apolar compounds, alike by reducing competitive adsorption by water molecules.
Spin-orbit splitting in semiconductors and insulators from the ab initio pseudopotential.

In this Brief Report, we give the expressions required for using the vector (spin-orbit) part of the ab initio pseudopotential in a crystalline calculation. Inclusion of the spin-orbit interaction using the vector part of the pseudopotential in first order reproduces the measured spin-orbit splittings in Ge as well as the rare-gas solids and agrees with all-electron calculations.
Reduced-Basis Approximation and A Posteriori Error Estimation for Many-Parameter Heat Conduction Problems

Reduced-basis (RB) methods enable repeated and rapid evaluation of parametrized partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained input–output relationships required in the context of parameter estimation, design, optimization, and control. These methods have been successfully applied to problems with few parameters [O(3)]. Here we introduce efficient sampling algorithms that enable the efficient exploration of many parameters. We apply the RB methods to an illustrative heat conduction problem with P = 25 parameters, obtaining accurate and certified results in real time with significant computational savings relative to standard finite-element techniques.
Three new dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms on human chromosome 9: D9S970, D9S971, and D9S972

Three human chromosome 9-specific cosmid recombinants containing (CA)n microsatellites are described. Threse microsatellite loci, D9S970, D9S971, and D9S972, were observed to have heterozygosities of 0.78, 0.84, and 0.82, respectively. Subchromosomal localizations were determined by R-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Mechanism of cytoskeletal regulation (I): functional differences correlate with antigenic dissimilarity in human brain and erythrocyte spectrin.

Abstract Human erythrocyte and brain spectrin (fodrin, calspectin) have been compared quantitatively with respect to the extent and sites of antigenic and functional similarity. Brain spectrin cross-reacts strongly with approx. 1% of the epitopes in erythrocyte spectrin, but weakly with at least 50%. The distribution of shared determinants is not uniform. Brain spectrin is most deficient in epitopes characteristic of the 80 kDa and 52 kDa domains of the α-subunit (α-I and α-III) and of terminal portions of the 28 kDa and 74 kDa domains of the β-subunit (β-I and β-IV). The functions associated with these domains also differ between the two proteins. Brain spectrin does not undergo extensive polymerization and binds calmodulin at a different site. The unique ability of erythrocyte spectrin to oligomerize beyond the tetramer reflects its role in the membrane skeleton. Non-erythroid spectrins probably function as specific linkers between membrane receptors and the filamentous cytoskeleton. In this sense, they may act as regulated transducers of information flow between the membrane and the cytoplasmic matrix.
Family Values, Social Capital and Contradictions of American Modernity:

Contemporary American social and political discourses have integrated concerns about family values into the realm of debates about the associational life of social capital. In these discussions, theoretical and historical confusions about the relations between family and civil society run rampant. In this article, I first bring theoretical clarity to these social structures and the type of relations upon which they are predicated and, second, briefly historicize the relationships between an American idea of family and civil society. By tracing changes in popular understandings of family and civil society, I demonstrate that the modern family values movement spurns its Victorian roots by maintaining the nostalgic language for a life and family of old built around a Christian home, while embracing means and institutions, and even more importantly, a form of family, which belies the nostalgia. The family has now become an institution or association which can be sustained through instrumental interventions; i...
Becoming a Student: Identity Work and Academic Literacies in Early Schooling.

In this article I argue that both sociocultural theories and those that address academic literacies must be invoked to adequately understand language and literacy development in schools. Through exploring the histories, school lives, and viewpoints of two kindergarten students, I show how identity work negotiated in classroom interactions can afford or deny access to the language and practices of school. My argument views language and literacy development as a socialization process and classrooms as complex ecological systems-spaces where multiple discourses and languages come into contact, interacting in complex ways. For children to acquire school-affiliated identities, they must acquire the language as well as the behaviors, attitudes, resources, and ways of engaging needed to recognizably display the identity of a successful student. The findings show that for these children, the ability to engage successfully with academic literacies was distinct from their ability to engage successfully in social interactions. Their language and literacy development was not necessarily determined by economic and cultural capital nor by their social status within the classroom. The study challenges researchers and teachers to re-envision viable classroom ecologies that provide access to school languages and literacies.
Outbreaks of influenza in long-term care facilities in New York City (NYC), 2001-2004

BACKGROUND: Long-term care facilities (LTCF) are vulnerable to influenza outbreaks (OB), but limited primary data exist on the experiences of LTCFs during influenza OBs and the use and impact of antiviral chemoprophylaxis. METHODS: OBs of influenza-like illness (ILI) occurring from October 2001 through May 2004 in LTCFs in NYC were identified through required standardized reports from LTCFs and surveillance of laboratory reports positive for influenza. An OB was defined using NY State's standard definition: 1 laboratory-confirmed case of influenza or a cluster of >2 cases of ILI on a LTCF unit. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the effect of prophylaxis timing on mean duration of OBs, proportion of ill residents, and proportion of case deaths during influenza A OBs, adjusting for influenza season and facility size. RESULTS: There were 89 reported OBs of respiratory illness in 59 of 180 LTCFs; 21 reported multiple OBs. The causative agent was identified in 78 OBs: influenza A, 69; influenza B, 6; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 2; human metapneumovirus, 1; unknown, 9. Of 73 influenza OBs in which rapid antigen testing was used, 13 (18%) were identified only by viral culture. The impact of outbreaks is presented in the table below. Impact of Respiratory Infection OBs All OBs Influenza A OBs N=89 N=69 Total Median (Range) Total Median (Range) Number Residents 30,965 270 (60, 1926) 24,182 270 (60, 1926) Number III Residents 1917 17 (1, 96) 1485 17 (1, 96) Incidence Proportion (per 100 residents) – 6.0 (0.4, 32.5) – 6.0 (0.4, 27.5) Number Hospitalizations 174 1.0 (0, 38) 141 1.0 (0, 38) Number Deaths 42 ∗ 0.0 (0, 6) 34 † 0.0 (0, 6) Number III Staff 328 ‡ 1.0 (0, 49) 277 § 1.0 (0, 49) Duration of OB (days) – 9.0 (0, 75) ¶ – 8.5 (0, 44) # ∗ N=88 † N=68 ‡ N=87 § N=67 ¶ N=82 # N=64 Amantadine prophylaxis was initiated in 88% (61/69) of influenza A OBs and was administered facility-wide in 75% (46/61). The median time between onset of first case of illness and initiation of prophylaxis was 5 days and the median duration of OB after initiation of prophylaxis was 4 days. Initiation of prophylaxis within 5 days of OB onset was associated with a shorter mean duration of outbreak, lower mean proportion of ill residents, and lower mean proportion of case deaths (p CONCLUSIONS: Influenza A caused the vast majority of OB of respiratory illness in LTCF in NYC. Prompt initiation of amantadine prophylaxis may shorten the duration and morbidity of OB. Using rapid tests alone may miss approximately 1/5 of influenza OBs in LTCFs.
Alternative systems of health care provision

Health care Timothy Besley and Miguel Gouveia Rising costs of health care provision throughout the world have provoked a vigorous debate about the design of health care systems and the role of government in health care. In countries that have predominantly social provision, there are moves towards privatization and direct attempts to regulate prices. In more market-oriented systems, rising costs seem to be resulting in a greater uninsured problem and this too is provoking demands for reform. Technological change will put constant pressure on health care systems (public or private), generating serious social choice problems. However, this must be seen in the context of a traditional commitment to providing a non-trivial minimum level of health care to all members of society. We discuss evidence from OECD countries from 1960 to 1990, then focus on more recent changes. The central problems of market-oriented systems are cost containment and the fact that significant segments of the population go uninsured. Most OECD countries have therefore chosen solutions where health care financing is socialized. We present a simple political economy model to describe the conditions under which this will arise. The hallmark of public provision is relative uniformity in access to health care. This creates incentives for individuals to opt out of the public sector and to supplement what they can obtain through the state. In addition, it creates a significant commitment to redistribution through public provision. Rising costs strain the generosity of taxpayers. We expect to see increased reliance on market solutions and moves towards multi-tiered health systems that differentiate health care provisions made for different groups in society.
Nanocomposite Membranes for CO2 Separations: Silica/Brominated Poly(phenylene oxide)

Silica-impregnated, brominated PPO [poly(phenylene oxide)] (BPPO) membranes exhibit enhanced CO2 permeability relative to pure BPPO membranes due to higher gas solubility and especially higher gas diffusivity. Among the three silica sizes (2, 10, and 30 nm) characterized in this work, the 10 nm silica is found to result in the highest gas permeability, about 5 times higher than that of the pure BPPO membranes. These permeability enhancements do not cause an appreciable loss of selectivity, which remains essentially unchanged, for example, about 21 for the CO2/N2 separation and about 15 for the CO2/CH4 separation. The permeability increases with increasing silica content, which, however, cannot exceed about 0.35 silica/BPPO weight ratio due to a substantial increase in brittleness.
Effects of Ce-based additions during texturing of YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract The effects of CeO 2 and BaCeO 3 additions on the microstructure of melt textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ and the extent of interactions between Ce-based additions and the peritectic melt have been investigated. Both types of additions are effective in reducing the coarsening of Y 2 BaCuO 5 particles in the melt during texturing. This appears to be due, in part, to some Ce solubility in the melt which is thought to modify the 211/liquid phase interfacial energy.
Numerical modeling of sooting tendencies in a laminar co-flow diffusion flame

The intent of this paper is to predict the experimental sooting tendencies [Combust. Flame 148 (2007) 210–222] from a detailed chemical mechanism with relatively low computational cost, using a flamelet-based model. Towards that goal, direct numerical simulations using finite-rate chemistry are conducted on a methane–air confined axisymmetric co-flow diffusion flame to provide reference data. Soot transport model is excluded in these direct simulations for both simplicity and to be unbiased from the choice of soot model used. Sooting tendencies are estimated exclusively from the increment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dimer production rate along the centerline when the flame is doped. Calculations using the conventional steady state diffusion flamelet model are performed and this model is shown to be inadequate in reproducing the correct species profiles on the centerline of the flame, where the sooting tendencies are defined. The main reason for the failure of the conventional flamelet model is due to the neglect of multidimensional convection and diffusion effects. In an effort to overcome these deficiencies, a new numerical framework based on modified flamelet equations is proposed. The flamelet equations are rederived for species mass fractions along the centerline of the co-flow diffusion flame considered. These equations take into account the effects of multidimensional diffusion and convection of species in mixture fraction space due to non-unity Lewis numbers. The modified flamelet equations take as input the temperature, convective velocity, and scalar dissipation rate profiles calculated from the direct simulation of the diffusion flame. The numerical sooting tendencies for both non-aromatic and aromatic test species are then calculated using the PAH dimer production rate generated from the flamelet solutions doped by the test species. These first numerically-computed sooting tendencies are derived from a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism and are in good agreement when compared to experimental values.
Vibrational Optical Activity

Vibrational optical activity (VOA) is no longer a curious novelty in the field of molecular spectroscopy. After recently celebrating twenty years of development since its early years of discovery, VOA has matured to a point where the phenomenon is well understood theoretically, can be measured and calculated routinely, and is being used to uncover exciting new information about the structure of optically active molecules. Beyond this, VOA has been shown to be a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic probe of chiral purity or enantiomefic separation with potential use in the synthesis and manufacture of chiral drugs and pharmaceutical products.
The political economy of gambling regulation

This paper presents an interest group model of gambling regulation and applies it to major changes in the regulation of US gambling markets. Gambling markets are among the most restricted and politicized markets in the American economy, yet economists interested in the economics of regulation have paid them little attention. Applying the economic theory of regulation to gambling markets can lead to greater understanding of current public policy. In addition, this application may shed light on the discipline itself, as to its ability to explain recurrent fluctuations in the extent of regulatory intervention over long periods of time. Broadly speaking, the interest group model is consistent with changes in the extent of regulation, including the recent period of liberalization and consequent growth in gambling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spontaneous change of ferriprotoporphyrin in alkaline solution.

THERE are repeated suggestions in the literature that ferriprotoporphyrin in alkaline solution is unstable. Haurowitz1 observed a decreased diffusion rate with time, and Shack and Clark2 noted changes in the visible spectrum. Both these observations were interpreted as resulting from an increase in particle size. Rosenfeld and Surgenor3 found that ferriprotoporphyrin could be separated from the alkaline conversion product by differences in solubility in the two-phase system, n-butanol and pH 9.6 bicarbonate buffer. In spite of these and other observations, the nature of the reaction remains unknown. In this communication we present spectrophotometric evidence that a chemical change occurs in ferriprotoporphyrin on standing in an aerated alkaline solution, and that the change is probably a modification of the vinyl side-chains.
Ultra-Thin Folded Imager

We present the optical design of a wavefront coded ultra-thin visible-light camera with 35 mm focal length, 0.12 radian field of view, and 0.7 numerical aperture; folded into a 5 mm total physical track.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS CENTROCERAS (CERAMIACEAE, CERAMIALES), INCLUDING TWO NEW SPECIES(1)

Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne is widely reported as being a prime example of a cosmopolitan red algal species. Instead, C. clavulatum is here determined as restricted to northern Chile, Peru, southern California, southern Australia, and New Zealand. Specimens identified using the current species concept for "C. clavulatum" fall into nine morphological groups that correspond to highly supported clades in phylogenetic analyses. Three of these clades correspond to the resurrected species Centroceras gasparrinii (Meneghini) Kutzing, C. hyalacanthum Kutzing, and C. micracanthum Kutzing. Two others are recognized as new species: Centroceras rodmanii sp. nov. from southern Chile, which is characterized by hooked spines arranged in a whorl at the node, a spine or flattened gland cell cut off from the first cortical initials, and a single acropetal cortical cell issued from the second cortical initials; and C. tetrachotomum sp. nov. from South Africa, which has a tetrachotomous branching pattern, straight spines in a whorl, an acropetal cortical cell and a spine or a flattened gland cell cut off from the first cortical initials, and a two-celled acropetal filament cut off from the second cortical initials. Three additional species from South Africa are also recognized as distinct species. All phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL gene, LSU rDNA, and SSU rDNA were consistent with the vegetative and tetrasporangial morphological distinctions, thus supporting the resurrection of three species and the description of two new species.
Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology.

Summary Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by motor and vocal tics. Diagnosis is based solely on clinical criteria. The prevalence of this syndrome is estimated to be between one and ten per 1000 children and adolescents and the outcome is generally favourable; most patients improve by their late teens or early adulthood. Affected individuals are at increased risk of various comorbid neurobehavioural problems, the negative effects of which commonly exceed those of tics. Despite evidence that TS is an inherited disorder, the exact genetic abnormality is unknown. Environmental factors might have an important role in the expression of tics, and a poststreptococcal autoimmune cause has been proposed but is unproven. Brain imaging, neurophysiological, and post-mortem studies support involvement of cortical–striatal–thalamocortical pathways, but the definitive pathophysiological mechanism or neurotransmitter abnormality is unknown. Recent evidence, however, suggests a prefrontal dopaminergic abnormality. Traditional neuroleptics are the standard treatment for TS, but there is increasing interest in non-neuroleptic drugs, behavioural therapies, and surgical approaches.
A standard for assessing the risks of pediatric research: pro and con

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical interventions for children, investigators often must conduct research with children, including research that does not offer them a compensating potential for clinical benefit.1, 2 To evaluate lopinavir/ritonavir in children with HIV, investigators first gave single doses to a few children to determine what dose levels they could tolerate.3 These tests, necessary preludes to future efficacy studies, posed some risks to the participating children, but did not offer them any potential for clinical benefit. ‘Non-beneficial’ pediatric research had been the subject of ethical debate for over 25 years.4, 5, 6, 7 Most notably, McCormick argued that children, if they were capable, would consent to non-beneficial pediatric research when it poses no “discernible risk.”8, 9 Paul Ramsey responded that McCormick’s argument relies on unwarranted assumptions regarding children’s hypothetical choices, ignores the fact that children are neither mature nor autonomous, and disregards adults’ obligations to protect children.10, 11 Although the theoretical debate continues, current guidelines allow children to be enrolled in non-beneficial research when it poses acceptably low risks, and is likely to yield information important for improving children’s health and well-being. Unfortunately, current standards for defining what constitutes an acceptable level of risk suffer serious shortcomings. The present paper evaluates a possible alternative, the ‘charitable participation’ standard, which assesses the risks of pediatric research based on the level of risks to which children may be exposed in appropriate charitable activities.
On-bead combinatorial approach to the design of chiral stationary phases for HPLC.

A library of 36 l-amino acid anilides, which are potential selectors for chiral HPLC, was synthesized in solution and attached to functionalized macroporous polymer beads. The best selector from the library was identified by a deconvolution process using the HPLC separation of several racemic N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid alkylamides as a probe. In each deconvolution step, a series of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) containing a subset of the amino acid anilide selector library was screened for enantioselectivity. After the best CSP was chosen, the library was further deconvoluted until the single best selector was found. The highest selectivity was obtained with a l-proline-1-indananilide that exhibited α values up to 23 under normal-phase HPLC conditions. In addition, six CSPs were prepared using individual selectors from the library, and screening results indicate that the deconvolution process indeed led to the most selective receptor.
The impact of teacher preparation on student achievement in algebra in a “hard-to-staff” urban PreK-12-university partnership

Debate about teacher supply, demand, retention, and attrition has been renewed in recent years by an increased concern about the reduced numbers of prospective teachers entering teacher education programs, the high attrition rate of beginning teachers, and the resulting teacher shortages. U.S. schools are experiencing teacher shortages, especially in low-income urban areas, because of increased school enrollment, teacher retirement, reduction in class size, teacher attrition, and turnover related to low salaries, job dissatisfaction, and lack of administrative support and influence over decision-making. Recently, the increased interest in teacher quality has been the topic of debate for policy-makers, the public, and the educational community. The purpose of this study was to determine if a nontraditional teacher preparation program, the Transition To Teaching program, was a viable way to ease the teacher shortages in a high poverty, urban U.S. school district, and at the same time, to evaluate the impact...
Numerical simulations of the spatial-temporal dynamics and mode-locking in a waveguide array laser cavity

We theoretically demonstrate X-waves as global attractors that enable mode-locking of a laser cavity operating in the normal dispersion regime. This result is based upon a fully comprehensive physical model of the laser cavity, where the nonlinear discrete diffraction dynamics of a waveguide array mediates the spontaneous periodic generation of spatio-temporal X-waves.
Chaotic mixing processes: New problems and computational issues

Abstract As mixing problems evolve beyond purely kinematic concerns, new issues appear. One issue is that analyses must often be based on numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes, or more complex, equations; a second is the ability to deal with complexities involving the coupling of local and global dynamics, as occur, for example, in problems of aggregation and breakup. Both aspects are briefly considered, the bulk of the comments pertaining primarily to intrinsic limits of mixing simulations.