cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High dispersion spectroscopic studies of Mars. V - A search for oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars.

In order to set a new upper limit on the amount of diatomic oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars, we have reduced a number of high-dispersion spectra of the 7620 A band of oxygen obtained during the 1969 apparition of Mars. Our new upper limit is 15 atm cm(stp) for the Martian abundance in a single vertical path. This result confirms and lowers the 1963 upper limit of 70 cm atm(stp) by Kaplan, Muench, and Spinrad (1964). The features reported by Hunten and Belton (1966) do not appear on our spectra. Further, we have measured the pressure shift of the A band in the laboratory, and found that the shift required by their tentative identification of diatomic oxygen in the Martian atmosphere does not exist. We conclude that their tentative identification was spurious, and their upper limit dubious.
Patient empowerment: myths and misconceptions.

Objective The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of empowerment and to correct common misconceptions about its use in diabetes care and education.
Race, school choice and transfers to opportunity: implications for educational stratification in South Africa

This study investigates the links between race, school choice and educational stratification in South Africa. It focuses on racial differences in families’ efforts to take advantage of choice by transferring to opportunity (i.e., transferring to a school perceived to offer students better access to educational opportunity than their current school) and explores the implications of those transfers for emerging patterns of racial stratification in access to high quality schools. Findings reveal significant racial variation in transfers to opportunity and suggest a complex link between race and the ways in which historically disadvantaged groups have engaged with the post-apartheid educational opportunity structure.
A sulfur and strontium isotopic investigation of Lower Permian anhydrite, Palo Duro Basin, Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Lower Permian Wolfcamp and Wichita carbonates and anhydrites, Palo Duro Basin, Texas Panhandle, record a change from a normal marine to marine evaporite depositional environment. Isotopic compositions of S and Sr in anhydrite were determined to investigate the age of Wolfcamp and Wichita strata and the paragenesis of eight anhydrite forms. Bedded nodular mosaic (Wichita) and replacive nodular (Wolfcamp) anhydrites have S and Sr isotopic compositions that record precipitation from Early Permian (Wolfcampian) to Leonardian) seawater. Silicified nodular, coarsely crystalline nodular, fossil- filling, and vein-filling anhydrites have enriched S isotopic compositions relative to Permian seawater, whereas euhedral and anhedral replacive anhydrites have depleted S. The Sr isotopic composition of most anhydrite forms indicates an Early Permian marine origin, however, Sr in anhydrite veins is slightly radiogenic compared to Permian seawater. The Sr isotopic compoition of bedded nodular mosaic anhydrite indicates as Leonardian seawater source of material. The γ 34 S values are slightly enriched. relative to values predicted from the S age curve, suggesting an excursion of the S isotopic evolution trend of Early Permian seawater. Replacive nodular anhydrite 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are slightly higher than those of bedded nodular mosaic anhydrite reflecting incorporation of Sr from older marine pore waters or replaced sediments or from dissolution of detrital siliciclastic minerals. Anhydrite paragenesis is interpreted from stratigraphic, mineralogic, petrographic, and isotopic data. Bedded nodular mosaic and replacive nodular anhydrite precipitated as marine evaporite strata prograded across underlying normal marine carbonate sediments. Siliified and coarsely crystalline nodules and anhydrite fossil-filling precipitated at essentially the same time as bedded and replacive nodular anhydrite but in environments where sulfate reduction was more extensive. Euhedral anhedral replacive anhydrite formed in shallower environments where S redox cycling occurred prior to CaSO 4 precipitation. Anhydrite vein-fills formed last and incorporated radiogenic Sr released during alteration of detrital siliciclastic grains.
Large-frequency global regularity for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation

We obtain global existence and regularity of strong solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for a variety of boundary conditions in such a way that the initial and forcing data can be large in the high-frequency eigenspaces of the Stokes operator. We do not require that the domain be thin as in previous analyses. But in the case of thin domains (and zero Dirichlet boundary conditions) our results represent a further improvement and refinement of previous results obtained.
Proton spectroscopy of human stroke: assessment of transverse relaxation times and partial volume effects in single volume steam MRS.

Abstract Proton T 2 relaxation times were measured in 13 stroke patients and 13 aged-matched normal subjects at 2.1 T. Spectra were acquired from an 8-cc volume using the STEAM sequence with echo times (TE) of 30.4 ms and 270.0 ms and repetition time of 2.8 s. Transverse relaxation times were estimated using two-point calculations. Percentage volume of infarct in the STEAM voxel was measured on spin-echo MRI encompassing the infarct and correlated with the peak amplitude of N -acetylated compounds (NA). T 2 values of NA, creatine, and choline resonances showed no significant difference between patients and controls. T 2 for lactate in patients was 780 ± 257 ms, respectively (mean ± SE, n = 7). In stroke patients, high inverse correlation was found between the absolute NA signal and partial volume of normal brain contributing to each spectrum ( p r = 0.97). Together with unchanged T 2 , this suggests that NAA largely disappears from infarcted tissue within 24 hr postinfarct.
The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Children: An Historical Overview.

The history of research on childhood socialization in the context of th e family is traced through the present century. The 2 major early theories—behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory—are described. These theories declined in mid-century, under the impact of failures to find empirical support. Simple reinforcement theory was seriously weakened by work on developmental psycholinguistics, attachment, modeling, and altruism. The field turne d to more domain-specific minitheories. The advent of microanalytic analyses of parent-child interaction focused attention on bidirectional processes. Views about the nature of identificatio n and its role in socialization underwent profound change. The role of "parent as teacher" was reconceptualized (with strong influence from Vygotskian thinking). There has been increasing emphasis on the role of emotion s and mutual cognitions in establishing the meaning of parent-child exchanges. The enormous asymmetry in power and competence between adults and children implies that the parent-child relationship must have a unique role in childhood socialization. The American Psychological Association's centennial is a propitious occasion for taking stock of psychology' s progress in the study of human development and to consider where developmental psychology has been, where it stands, and where it is going. Attempting to understand the socialization process has been a long-standing enterprise in both social and developmental psychology. When broadly conceived, the outcomes of interest have not changed greatly over time. That is, students of socialization continue to be concerned with the cluster of processes that lead to adults being able to function adequatel y within the requirements of the social group or groups among whom they live. Therefore the target or outcome behaviors of interest have continued to be some aspect of adequate func
Stable isotopic fingerprint of a hyporheic–hypolentic boundary in a reservoir

Stable isotopes of H2O are used to define the hyporheic–hypolentic boundary in Ledbetter Creek as it discharges to Kentucky Lake, a constructed reservoir in western Kentucky, USA. High-resolution (centimeter-scale) sample collection and analysis were utilized to determine one-dimensional variations in δ2H and δ18O of H2O and chloride (Cl−) across the boundary. During reservoir low stand in winter, the hyporheic–hypolentic zone contains water from Ledbetter Creek and groundwater separated by an interface at ~10 cm below the channel bottom. Following reservoir-stage increase in spring and summer, water from Kentucky Lake infiltrates into the hyporheic–hypolentic zone to a depth of at least 18 cm below the channel bottom. Reservoir-stage decline in autumn causes source-water mixing, largely obscuring the hyporheic–hypolentic boundary. Stable isotopes provide an effective complement to conventional tracers for delineation of water masses within the hyporheic–hypolentic zone.
Parallel I/O for distributed systems: issues and implementation

Parallel and distributed computing have matured sufficiently for their adoption in production environments, consequently necessitating effective, robust, and efficient frameworks for input and output. A number of concurrent I/O initiatives have evolved in response to these needs, some system specific, others proposing an abstract framework and portable interface. These parallel and distributed I/O efforts focus either on characterizing file-access patterns, language extensions, runtime libraries, or low level primitives. Important systems issues in each approach, technical details of various strategies, and their effect on performance are analyzed. The PIOUS system, a transport independent, scalable I/O framework for parallel and distributed systems is presented, and experiences with its use are reported.
Estimation and deconvolution when the transfer function has zeros

The problem of estimation of the transfer function and deconvolution of a linear process is considered. This paper specifically deals with the case when the transfer function has zeros on the unit circle or equivalently the spectral density function has zeros. It is shown that if the zeros are finitely many and are of finite order then we can still consistently estimate the transfer function without the minimum phase assumption when the process is non-Gaussian. Statistical properties of the estimate are given. Convergence of the deconvolution is also given. It is shown that if the transfer function vanishes on an interval, then, essentially, we cannot identify the transfer function. Two simple simulated examples are given to illustrate the procedures.
Intestinal pH and Absorption and Deposition of Ca47 in the Rachitic Chick

The effect of pH of the dosing solution on the relative tibia deposition of Ca47 absorbed from the duodenum of rachitic and vit. D-treated chicks was examined. Vit. D had its usual enhancing effect on Ca47 absorption; however, it was observed that the percent absorbed Ca47 deposited in tibia varied with intraduodenal pH and vit. D-status of the chick. At low pH values (1.9, 2.0), there were no differences in the percent of duodenally absorbed Ca47 accumulated by tibia in rachitic or vit. D-treated chicks whereas, at high pH values, proportionally less of the absorbed Ca47 was deposited in rachitic tibia; pH was without effect on uptake of Ca47 by tibia in the vit. D-treated birds.
Hypsarrhythmia and infantile autism: A clinical report

The case histories of five children, four boys and one girl (1 to 9 years of age), who developed autistic behavior after the onset of infantile spasms, are presented in detail. The patients' initial EEGs disclosed hypsarrhythmia. First onsets of seizures occurred during the second 6 months of life in four and on the third day of life in the youngest whose diagnosis of autism was tentative. Seizures disappeared in one case, persisted in two despite Rx, and subsided in two receiving Dilantin. The possibility of an association between the two disorders is discussed in light of their unknown etiology.
Particle-mediated membrane uptake of chemical carcinogens studied by fluorescence spectroscopy

The fluorescence emissions of chrysene, N-ethylcarbazole, and 1,6-diphenylhexatriene undergo large spectral shifts or changes in quantum yield, or both, upon their uptake from particulates by phospholipid vesicles. This membrane uptake of carcinogen and carcinogen-like molecules by model membranes does not result in any disruption of the lipid bilayers. The fluorescence emission of chrysene, when bound to silica, was found to be sensitive to the surface density of chrysene on the silica. These observations demonstrate the feasibility of using fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the rates of exchange of carcinogens from particulate matter to cell membranes and to characterize the surface distribution of chemical carcinogens on particulate matter. Comparison of the uptake rate of chrysene from the unperturbed crystal state, sonicated crystals, and the silica-adsorbed state demonstrated that the last condition results in the most rapid transport of chrysene into model membranes. This information should prove valuable in understanding the cocarcinogenic effects of particulates and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Voltage tuning of concentric planar Gunn diodes

Voltage tuning of Gunn oscillations in the frequency range 1.5–8.5 GHz has been achieved by using planar Gunn diodes with concentric contacts. Frequency against voltage curves are presented for three diodes with somewhat different contact geometries, each of them having a tuning range of more than one octave. This simple method of tuning over large frequency ranges is of great potential interest. The production process using evaporation and etching is described.
A barrier to diffusion in pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Several enzymatic activities have been reported to be preferentially localized in the anterior portions of pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum. Since anterior cells are responsible for formation of the stalk during fruiting body construction, it has been suggested that accumulation of these enzymes may direct the cells toward stalk differentiation. However, the evidence for enzyme localization has come only from histochemical studies. We have assayed for succinoxidase and several dehydrogenase activities in cell free extracts of isolated anterior and posterior fragment and found no significant differences in specific activities, although by histochemical techniques each is apparently localized in the anterior cells. The preferential staining appears to be a consequence of a barrier to diffusion that is more effective at the back than at the front in limiting entry of the histochemical chromogen into pseudoplasmodia. The barrier appears to be the glycoprotein surface sheath that surrounds the pseudoplasmodium. The consequences of a barrier to diffusion of compounds into and out of pseudoplasmodia are discussed in relation to a mechanism that could give cells information concerning their position in this organism.
Recent advances in the spherical harmonics method

Abstract In his classic work on radiative transfer, Chandrasekhar introduced the discrete ordinates method for solving the integro-differential equation of radiative transfer; the spherical harmonics method is a spectral analog of this method. Not surprisingly, there is a close connection between the spherical harmonics and discrete ordinates methods. The spherical harmonics method raises some interesting questions. How are the boundary conditions defined? How can we evaluate the amount of radiation moving in specific directions if all we know are the moments? What solution method is best? How can the method be applied to more complex models and in more complex geometries? This paper reviews new work on the spherical harmonics method since around 1980 as it applies to these questions.
Governance's role in local health departments' information system and technology usage.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between local health departments' (LHDs') governance structures and their use of information systems (IS) and information technologies (IT). As the US health system moves toward more integrated models of delivering care, LHDs have been identified as key nexus for information exchange. Therefore, understanding how LHDs' governance facilitates or inhibits the adoption and use of such IS and IT tools is critical. Design: The 2008 survey of the National Association of County and City Health Officials' members included a set of questions dedicated to the use of IS/IT and its relationship to governance structures. Ordinal logistic and Poisson regressions are used to identify significant relationships among the variables. The survey sample's results (n = 473) are extended to the national sample (N = 2794) using the variable weightings included in the study design. Main Outcome Measures: The 2 dependent variables examined are IS and IT use. The IS variable captures the software and analytic tools used in LHDs. The IT measure primarily captures hardware and infrastructure capabilities. Results: Overall, the use of IS/IT by LHDs is low. Generally, LHDs that have shared governance structures with other state and community bodies tended to have greater IS/IT use. Similarly, larger LHDs with leaders that have higher educational levels used IS/IT in greater amounts. Conclusions: With their current IS/IT capability levels, LHDs will struggle to play a meaningful role in the integration and exchange of health information. Given that LHD also serve at-risk populations in disproportionate numbers, this digital divide may become a real divide in the access to high quality care for some communities.
Throughput Maximization in Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Access Networks

The throughput maximization problem of wireless mesh access networks is addressed. For the case of cooperative access points, we present a negotiation-based throughput maximization algorithm which adjusts the operating frequency and power level among access points autonomously, from a game-theoretical perspective. We show that this algorithm converges to the optimal frequency and power assignment which yields the maximum overall throughput with arbitrarily high probability. Moreover, we analyze the scenario where access points belong to different regulation entities and hence non-cooperative. The long-term behavior and corresponding performance are investigated and the analytical results are verified by simulations.
An evaluation of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater

The internal consistency of five sets of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater obtained by Buch (1951), Lyman (1956), Edmond and Gieskes (1970), Hansson (1973) and Mehrbach et al. (1973) have been tested using the GEOSECS Atlantic data for the total alkalinity, the total CO2 concentration and the partial pressure of CO2. As a measure of the consistency for each of the five sets of the dissociation constants with the data, the 77 measured values of the partial pressure of CO2 have been compared with those calculated from the alkalinity and total CO2 values determined for these samples. It has been found that: (1) the apparent dissociation constants of Lyman (1956), Hansson (1973) and Mehrbach et al. (1973) appear to be internally consistent with the data, whereas those of Buch (1951) and of Edmond and Gieskes (1970) appear to be markedly inconsistent with the GEOSECS data; and (2) on the basis of a statistical analysis of the data grouped in three temperature ranges, the dissociation constants of Lyman (1956) and of Mehrbach et al. (1973) appear to be most satisfactory.
Small cell carcinoma of the kidney: A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases

Small cell carcinoma of the kidney is distinctively rare. We searched pathology files in 2 institutions and found 14 cases of renal small cell carcinoma. The patients' mean age at diagnosis was 59 years (range, 22-75 years); 8 were women, and 6 were men. Patients usually presented with hematuria (n = 6) and abdominal pain (n = 5). The mean tumor size was 7.1 cm (range, 3.5-14.0 cm). The small cell carcinoma was pure in 9 cases and mixed with high-grade urothelial carcinoma in 5 cases. None was associated with any type of renal cell carcinoma. Tumor necrosis was present in all cases, and lymphovascular invasion was identified in 6 cases. The tumor invaded the perinephric adipose tissue in 13 cases and was confined to the kidney in only 1 case. Lymph node metastases were identified in all patients who underwent lymph node dissection (5/5). On immunostains, the small cell carcinoma cells were positive for pancytokeratin (11/12), chromogranin (6/9), and synaptophysin (8/9). Follow-up data were available for 13 patients, and 11 died of small cell carcinoma at a mean of 15 months (range, 4-31 months) after diagnosis. Of the 2 surviving patients, 1 was alive at 5 months after diagnosis, and the other, whose disease was confined to the kidney, was alive with no evidence of disease at 137 months. In summary, renal small cell carcinoma is a highly aggressive disease that often presents at an advanced stage with widespread metastases. Patients usually have a poor clinical outcome despite multimodal therapy. The frequent coexistence of small cell carcinoma with urothelial carcinoma suggests that renal small cell carcinomas may evolve from a preexisting urothelial carcinoma.
Estimates of vertical crystal strain rates along the western margins of the Colorado Plateau

Dating of basalts of late Cenozoic age that have been displaced by recurrent movement along fault systems of the western Colorado Plateau indicates that perennial streams downcut quickly after uplifts. The rate of downcutting of the offset basalts upstream from a fault is largely a function of the amount of uplift. Minimum uplift rates can be estimated by comparing present stream profiles to the profiles that existed before extrusion of the lava flows. A preliminary study of the valleys of the Virgin River and adjacent drainage systems indicates that the eastern margin of the Basin and Range province has been rising in relative altitude at roughly 25 m/m.y. in the Grand Wash area, at least 90 m/m.y. in the block between the Grand Wash and Hurricane faults, and 390 m/m.y. in the block east of the Hurricane fault.
Photoinduced cleavage by a rhodium complex at G.U mismatches and exposed guanines in large and small RNAs.

Photoinduced cleavage reactions by the rhodium complex tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III) [Rh(DIP)(3)(3+)] with three RNA hairpins, r(GGGGU UCGCUC CACCA) (16 nucleotide, tetraloop(Ala2)), r(GGGGCUAUAGCUCUAGCUC CACCA) (24 nucleotide, microhelix(Ala)), and r(GGCGGUUAGAUAUCGCC) (17 nucleotide, 790 loop), and full-length (1542 nucleotide) 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli were investigated. The cleavage reactions were monitored by gel electrophoresis and the sites of cleavage by Rh(DIP)(3)(3+) were determined by comparisons with chemical or enzymatic sequencing reactions. In general, RNA backbone scission by the metal complex was induced at G.U mismatches and at exposed G residues. The cleavage activity was observed on the three small RNA hairpins as well as on the isolated 1542-nucleotide ribosomal RNA.
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamic simulation of rapid melting and solidification

A new nonequilibrium molecular dynamics computer simulation method has been developed for the study of rapid interface kinetics. In this method a strong heat gradient is set up to simulate the action of a laser in a (100) f.c.c. crystalline substrate composed of Lennard-Jones atoms. The substrate is shown to melt partially and then to regrow epitaxially as a crystalline solid. The characteristics of properties such as the melt depth as a function of time, together with the interface temperature and interface velocity as a function of time, are shown to display all the qualitative features of experimental studies of the laser annealing of silicon. The construction of the interface response function (interface velocity versus temperature) is also shown.
Response to Sexton: Inhibiting the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System in Patients With Heart Failure and Renal Dysfunction Common Sense or Nonsense?

> Common sense is genius dressed in its working clothes. Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist (1803–1882) Modulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has revolutionized the management of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (Figure).1 Before clinical trials with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, there were no therapies proven to improve survival in patients with HFrEF, barring cardiac transplantation in a small, select group of patients with advanced HF. Subsequent studies with both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), as well as β-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), have shown significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in patients with HFrEF across the spectrum of pathogenesis (ischemic and nonischemic) and functional class. Figure. Pathophysiology of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and therapeutic targets in heart failure. Modified from Ref. 1. AT1 indicates angiotensin type 1; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; EDHF, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; and SNS, sympathetic nervous system. Asterisk indicates investigational. Despite impressive benefits across multiple trials, the use of RAAS antagonists in clinical practice poses multiple challenges, as eloquently stated in this issue’s Challenges for the Basis of Practice by Sexton.2 In particular, most pivotal studies did not include patients with moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD), who now may comprise ≤50% of patients with ambulatory HF and two thirds of patients hospitalized with acute HF. Similarly, although evidence supports the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs to slow progression of renal dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD, these studies excluded patients with HF in general. The interactive effect of RAAS antagonists on populations of patients with HF and CKD may be elucidated, in part, from post hoc analyses of pivotal studies (Table3–9), but ultimately individual patient decisions must be made by clinicians. Furthermore, these decisions are often made against a demographic …
NBTI tolerant microarchitecture design in the presence of process variation

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), which reduces the lifetime of PMOS transistors, is becoming a growing reliability concern for sub-micrometer CMOS technologies. Parametric variation introduced by nano-scale device fabrication inaccuracy can exacerbate the PMOS transistor wear-out problem and further reduce the reliable lifetime of microprocessors. In this work, we propose microarchitecture design techniques to combat the combined effect of NBTI and process variation (PV) on the reliability of high-performance microprocessors. Experimental evaluation shows our proposed process variation aware (PV-aware) NBTI tolerant microarchitecture design techniques can considerably improve the lifetime of reliability operation while achieving an attractive trade-off with performance and power.
Insulin signaling during perinatal liver development in the rat

Insulin has long been assigned a key role in the regulation of growth and metabolism during fetal life. Our prior observations indicated that hepatic insulin signaling is attenuated in the late-gestation fetal rat. Therefore, we studied the perinatal ontogeny of hepatic insulin signaling extending from phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to the ribosome. Initial studies demonstrated markedly decreased insulin-mediated activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in the fetus. We found a similar pattern in the regulation of Akt, a kinase upstream from S6K1. Insulin produced minimal activation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-associated PI3K activity in fetal liver. A modest IRS-2-associated response was seen in the fetus. However, levels of both IRS-1 and IRS-2 were very low in fetal liver relative to adult liver. IRS-1 content and insulin responsiveness of PI3K, Akt, and S6K1 showed a transition to the adult phenotype during the first several postnatal weeks. Examination of downstream insulin signaling to the translational apparatus showed marked attenuation, relative to the adult, of fetal hepatic insulin-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, the regulatory protein for the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E, and ribosomal protein S6. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key integrator of nutritional and metabolic regulation of translation, was present in low amounts, was hypophosphorylated, and was not insulin sensitive in the fetus. Our results indicate that protein synthesis during late-gestation liver development may be mTOR and insulin independent. Reexamination of the role of insulin in fetal liver physiology may be warranted.
Population Genomics Reveals Seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) of the Western Mid-Atlantic Coast to Be Residents Rather than Vagrants

Understanding population structure and areas of demographic persistence and transients is critical for effective species management. However, direct observational evidence to address the geographic scale and delineation of ephemeral or persistent populations for many marine fishes is limited. The Lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) can be commonly found in three western Atlantic zoogeographic provinces, though inhabitants of the temperate northern Virginia Province are often considered tropical vagrants that only arrive during warm seasons from the southern provinces and perish as temperatures decline. Although genetics can locate regions of historical population persistence and isolation, previous evidence of Virginia Province persistence is only provisional due to limited genetic sampling (i.e., mitochondrial DNA and five nuclear loci). To test alternative hypotheses of historical persistence versus the ephemerality of a northern Virginia Province population we used a RADseq generated dataset consisting of 11,708 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) sampled from individuals collected from the eastern Gulf of Mexico to Long Island, NY. Concordant results from genomic analyses all infer three genetically divergent subpopulations, and strongly support Virginia Province inhabitants as a genetically diverged and a historically persistent ancestral gene pool. These results suggest that individuals that emerge in coastal areas during the warm season can be considered “local” and supports offshore migration during the colder months. This research demonstrates how a large number of genes sampled across a geographical range can capture the diversity of coalescent histories (across loci) while inferring population history. Moreover, these results clearly demonstrate the utility of population genomic data to infer peripheral subpopulation persistence in difficult-to-observe species.
Optimized Molecular Beam Epitaxy Structures for GaAs on Silicon Photodetectors

Two dimensional growth of GaAs on silicon has been achieved by modulation molecular beam epitaxy (where the arsenic beam is pulsed) with laser assistance at 308 nm (LAMBE). Photoconductive, low doping concentration layers were utilized for metal-semiconductormetal photodetectors which were evaluated at 840 nm.
The effects of in ovo administration of testosterone or an antiandrogen on growth of chick embryos and embryonic muscle characteristics

Abstract Based on earlier studies from our laboratory, we hypothesized that higher levels of plasma androgens in male embryos stimulate greater muscle development and are responsible for the greater muscle mass of male chickens after hatching. The results of these studies show that androgen supplementation by in ovo injection of testosterone prior to incubation had no effect on weight of 12-, 16-, or 20-d-old male chicken embryos or on characteristics of their Pectoralis superficialis muscle. In contrast, weight of 12 d-old female embryos was depressed and the protein concentration and protein content of the P. superficialis was reduced in 16-d-old female embryos. Interference with the actions of endogenous androgens by preincubation in ovo injection of Flutamide, an antiandrogen, resulted in significant linear and quadratic relationships between the dose of Flutamide injected and the weight, protein content, and DNA content of the P. superficialis of 16-d-old female embryos. Increases over the lower part of the dose range (0 to 1.74 micromol per egg) were followed by a decrease at the highest dose (2.9 micromol per egg). The DNA content of the P. superficialis of 16-d-old female embryos was similarly affected when Flutamide was injected on Day 8 of incubation, whereas the protein content and protein concentration of the muscle was increased in 20-d-old female embryos. There were no significant changes in the weight, protein content, or DNA content of the P. superficialis of male embryos when Flutamide was injected before or on Day 8 of incubation.
Hepatic Disease and Drug Pharmacokinetics

Recent clinical investigations and reports of theoretical models have provided considerable insight into mechanisms of hepatic drug elimination and into derangements that may occur in drug absorption and disposition in patients with hepatic disease. Carefully conducted and well controlled clinical studies have demonstrated that hepatic disease may alter substantially one or more pharmacokinetic parameters of drug absorption and disposition. Phvsiological models of hepatic drug elimination have emphasised the importance of physiological variables such as hepatic blood flow, protein binding and intrinsic clearance of the liver on hepatic drug elimination. Both clinical investigations and theoretical considerations have indicated that the influence of hepatic disease on the pharmacokinetics of a drug may be complex and may result in either unchanged, retarded or even accelerated drug elimination. Changes in response to drugs in patients with hepatic impairment add to this complexity. Although general guidelines may be formulated now to assist clinicians in constructing dosage regimens of several important drug classes (notably the benzodiazepines and burbiturates) in hepatic disease. it is not now possible to predict in an individual the influence of a specific hepatic disease on the disposition of a drug, with the exception that the oral availability of drugs with high hepatic extraction ratios is increased in patients with cirrhosis and portacaval shunting of blood. Attempts to correlate concentrations of endogenous substances (such as bilirubin). or the pharmacokinetics of model drugs (such as antipyrine), with the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are useful in patients with hepatic impairment have not resulted in clinically useful tests of hepatic drug elimination. Following the administration of a drug to a patient with hepatic impairment, careful monitoring of the patient and also monitoring of plasma or blood drug concentrations remain important considerations.
Invited) Properties of Oxide Heterostructures

We present theoretical and experimental studies of three oxide heterostructures: LaAlO3/EuO heterojunction, Fe/BaTiO3/Pt superlattice and epitaxial LaCoO3 on (100)-oriented silicon. We use density functional theory (DFT) to predict the physical properties of the heterostucture and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to realize it in practice. We predict spin polarized two dimensional electron gas at the LaAlO3/EuO interface, linear magnetoelectric effect in a Fe/BaTiO3/Pt superlattice, and predict and demonstrate experimentally strain stabilized ferromagnetism in LaCoO3 on silicon.
Robust Optimization of Biological Protocols.

When conducting high-throughput biological experiments, it is often necessary to develop a protocol that is both inexpensive and robust. Standard approaches are either not cost-effective or arrive at an optimized protocol that is sensitive to experimental variations. Here, we describe a novel approach that directly minimizes the cost of the protocol while ensuring the protocol is robust to experimental variation. Our approach uses a risk-averse conditional value-at-risk criterion in a robust parameter design framework. We demonstrate this approach on a polymerase chain reaction protocol and show that our improved protocol is less expensive than the standard protocol and more robust than a protocol optimized without consideration of experimental variation.
Keratoconus Associated with Floppy Eyelld Syndrome

Floppy eyelid syndrome is a recently described entity, which characteristically involves overweight individuals. The characteristic findings are an upper lid that may be readily everted, tarsal laxity, and diffuse papillary conjunctival changes. The cause of floppy eyelid syndrome is believed to be a mechanical disorder due to the eversion of the lids while sleeping. The cause of keratoconus remains uncertain. There are strong proponents to a mechanical etiology for this disease. The authors report five cases of floppy eyelid syndrome with concomitant keratoconus. One patient with bilateral keratoconus had bilateral symmetric floppy eyelid syndrome. The other four patients had asymmetric keratoconus and floppy eyelid syndrome. In all four patients, the keratoconus was significantly worse in the eye with the more severe case of floppy eyelid syndrome. In addition, these four patients all gave a history of sleeping with their head facing predominantly on the side with the floppy eyelid syndrome and keratoconus. Two patients with keratoconus and floppy eyelid syndrome were able to undergo successful contact lens rehabilitation of their keratoconus after treatment of the floppy eyelid syndrome.
Trends in transition from pediatric to adult health care services for young adults with chronic conditions

Abstract Purpose: The rationale underlying this study was the need to move the transition health services model from a theoretical framework to an empirically-based investigation. Thus, it was necessary to identify programs for youth with chronic or disabling conditions that assist in transitioning from child- to adult-focused health services by (a) discrete types, (b) functional categories, and (c) problems and issues faced by these programs. Methods: Nominations for transition health services programs were solicited from 1025 organizational agencies at the local, state, regional, and national levels. Two solicitations yielded 277 nominees. After pilot testing, a survey of 163 forced responses and open-ended questions was mailed to each nominated transition health services program. A total of 122 programs returned completed surveys. Results: Program services were categorized as adolescent-focused (38%), condition-focused (36%), and specialty-specific programs (26%). Few programs were primary care-based. Categories were subsequently collapsed into two types: adolescent-focused and condition-focused. No significant differences were noted between adolescent- and condition-focused programs regarding provision of mental health services, vocational counseling, self-efficacy training, or health education. The primary barriers to transition health services were identified as funding and access to key staff, rather than family and adolescent resistance. Conclusion: In general, self-identified transition health care programs do not achieve the goal of collaborative, coordinated, and integrative services to adolescents with chronic or disabling conditions. Furthermore, the barriers to attaining the goal are the limitations of the health care system itself.
Predicted 3D structure for the human β2 adrenergic receptor and its binding site for agonists and antagonists

We report the 3D structure of human β2 adrenergic receptor (AR) predicted by using the MembStruk first principles method. To validate this structure, we use the HierDock first principles method to predict the ligand-binding sites for epinephrine and norepinephrine and for eight other ligands, including agonists and antagonists to β2 AR and ligands not observed to bind to β2 AR. The binding sites agree well with available mutagenesis data, and the calculated relative binding energies correlate reasonably with measured binding affinities. In addition, we find characteristic differences in the predicted binding sites of known agonists and antagonists that allow us to infer the likely activity of other ligands. The predicted ligand-binding properties validate the methods used to predict the 3D structure and function. This validation is a successful step toward applying these procedures to predict the 3D structures and function of the other eight subtypes of ARs, which should enable the development of subtype-specific antagonists and agonists with reduced side effects.
Auto tracking system for free space optical communications

This paper proposes a transceiver system for automatic tracking and dynamic routing for free space optical (FSO) communication. The proposed transceiver architecture has M transmitters and M receivers in a M × M configuration that can dynamically orient themselves at different angles to establish a link between two transceivers. A request to setup a lightpath is blocked if a free wavelength is not available at a transmitter or a receiver in a node along the route. The number of resources remaining the same, in comparison to a fixed FSO, the methods we propose for routing and recovery that exploit the M × M transceiver architecture achieve reduced blocking probability as well as increased percentage of recovery of affected traffic after a link failure.
Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Previously and Never Depressed Individuals: Baseline Differences and Reactivity to Rumination

In contrast to cognitive theories that emphasize negative self-views in depression, a recent study demonstrated that previously depressed individuals have higher implicit self-esteem (SE) than never depressed controls (Franck et al. in Cogn Emot 22(8):1588–1599, 2008). The present study was designed to extend this past work by measuring both implicit and explicit SE among previously and never depressed individuals and testing whether a rumination manipulation impacts SE more strongly among individuals with past depression. Previously (n = 28) and never depressed (n = 33) participants completed rumination and distraction conditions in sessions separated by 1 week. State explicit SE and implicit SE were measured both pre- and post-manipulation, whereas explicit trait SE was measured once at baseline. Previously depressed individuals had higher implicit SE, but lower explicit trait SE, at baseline compared to never depressed controls. Never depressed individuals experienced decreases in implicit SE following rumination relative to distraction, whereas previously depressed individuals experienced decreases in implicit SE following both rumination and distraction. Our findings demonstrate that previously depressed individuals have high implicit, but low explicit trait SE, compared to never depressed persons, and further suggest that they differ in either their response to repeated administrations of measures of implicit SE or to externally prompted shifts in attentional focus.
The child victim as witness in sexual abuse proceedings.

The psychiatrist working with a child witness in a sexual abuse case is at an intrinsic disadvantage. Most of the activities take place in a legal system where the psychiatrist may feel like a stranger in a strange land. Further, a major area of concern to the courts is cognitive development and memory, which unlike phenomenology, dynamics, and therapeutics, are somewhat remote from the psychiatrist's core expertise. It is not surprising, then, that the stress associated with the role of child advocate or expert witness often produces anxiety for the psychiatrist or may result in a frank avoidance of forensic tasks. This paper is intended to militate against such a reaction by familiarizing the psychiatrist with the salient issues of the sexually abused child as a witness. Language: en
Age at cancer diagnosis, amenability to medical interventions, and racial/ethnic disparities in cancer mortality

Racial disparities in cancer mortality may be greater for cancers that are amenable to available early detection and treatment (amenability level). We investigated whether these patterns vary by age at cancer diagnosis. Using 5-year relative survival rates (5Y-RSR), we classified 51 cancer sites into least amenable, partly amenable, and mostly amenable cancers (<40 %, 40–69 %, ≥70 % 5-YRS, respectively). We examined whether racial disparities in mortality rates (African-Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, whites), as estimated through Cox regression models, were modified by age at diagnosis and amenability level in 516,939 cancer cases diagnosed in 1995–1999. As compared with whites, all racial minority groups experienced higher cancer mortality rates in the youngest age group of 20–34 years. African-Americans and Hispanics diagnosed with partly and mostly amenable cancers had higher mortality rates relative to whites with cancers of the same amenability levels; further, these differences decreased in magnitude or reversed in direction with increasing age. In contrast, the racial differences in mortality were smaller and remained fairly constant across age groups for least amenable cancers. For example, in the youngest (20–34) and oldest (80–99) age groups, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for African-Americans versus whites with least amenable cancers were, respectively, 1.26 (95 % CI 1.02, 1.55) and 0.90 (95 % CI 0.85, 0.96), while the HRs for African-Americans versus whites with mostly amenable cancers were 2.77 (95 % CI 2.38, 3.22) and 1.07 (95 % CI 0.98, 1.17). Cancer survival disadvantage for racial minorities is larger in younger age groups for cancers that are more amenable to medical interventions.
Energy transfer in extended thienylene-phenylene-ethynylene dendrimers.

We present a new family of dendrimers with all-conjugated, thienylene (Th) containing photoactive backbones and branched end-groups. Steady-state spectroscopy demonstrates a donor–acceptor system, while picosecond time-resolved fluorescence characterizes a vectorial energy transfer from phenylene-ethynylene (PE) units at the periphery to thienylene-containing PE units at the core. Energy transfer rates of 1.5 and 3.5 ps are observed for generation 2 and 3 dendrimers, indicative of a weakly coupled donor–acceptor system, with couplings on the order of 40–60 cm–1.
Immunophenotypic Characterization of Acute Leukemia by immunocytology

The potential for specific immunophenotypic characterization of the acute leukemias has been enhanced greatly by the development of monoclonal antibodies. Currently, this immunologic data is obtained most commonly by flow cytometric analysis or cellular cytotoxicity assays. The former is an expensive technic that lacks morphologic evaluation unless cell sorting is performed. The latter precludes morphologic assessment by the nature of the assay. The authors have developed an immunostaining procedure utilizing cytospin preparations and immunoperoxidase methods that are relatively inexpensive and allow simultaneous assessment of the immunologic markers and cellular morphology. Although a comparison of flow cytometry and immunocytology revealed ’quantitative’ differences for individual cell surface markers, the "qualitative" immunologic phenotype of the leukemic population was virtually identical by the two technics.