cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions by thin-layer voltammetry: III. Electroreduction of the chloride complexes of platinum(II) and (IV)

Summary The kinetics and stoichiometry of the electroreduction of PtCl62− and PtCl42− at platinum electrodes are consistent with a negtive shift in the potential ϵ2 of the outer Helmholtz plane of PtCl62− ions brought about by the adsorption of chloride ions, and with competition between chloride and PtCl42− for adsorption sites in formation of an adsorbed Pt(II) intermediate species. The present data pertaining to Pt(IV) compounds are suggestive of ligand-bridged charge transfer, whereas reduction of PtCl42− appears to require short-range interaction between the electrode and the entire reactant complex.
Proteins secreted by clonal cell lines. Changes in metabolism with culture growth.

Abstract Clonal cell lines release glycoproteins into their culture medium, some of which appear to be derived from the outer cell surface. These proteins do not originate from lysed cells, nor do they comigrate on SDS acrylamide gels with the proteins of substrate attached material. When the proteins released from exponentially dividing cells are compared with those from stationary phase cells, marked differences are found. In addition, the proteins released from normal stationary cells differ from those precociously growth arrested with db-cAMP or by serum deprivation. The spectrum of proteins released by the serum-deprived cells is more like that of normal stationary phase cells than db-cAMP-inhibited cells.
On the enhanced ADRC design with a low observer bandwidth

In this paper, the extended state observer (ESO) is brought into the frequency domain to show to what degree it forces the plant to behave like cascaded integrators and what can be done to improve the performance when the ESO is bandwidth limited. In particular, a root locus technique is used to show how the poles of the modified plant change as the ESO bandwidth increases. Based on the insight obtained, three correction techniques are explored to improve the system performance for those applications with a low ESO bandwidth. With these proposed techniques, the closed-loop system bandwidth is no longer as severely constrained by the ESO bandwidth as in the original ADRC.
Complete nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequence of a mammalian myosin heavy chain gene. Evidence against intron-dependent evolution of the rod.

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence and exon/intron structure of the rat embryonic skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene has been determined. This gene comprises 24 × 103 bases of DNA and is split into 41 exons. The exons encode a 6035 nucleotide (nt) long mRNA consisting of 90 nt of 5′ untranslated, 5820 nt of protein coding and 125 nt of 3′ untranslated sequence. The rat embryonic MHC polypeptide is encoded by exons 3 to 41 and contains 1939 amino acid residues with a calculated Mr of 223,900. Its amino acid sequence displays the structural features typical for all sarcomeric MHCs, i.e. an amino-terminal “globular” head region and a carboxy-terminal alpha-helical rod portion that shows the characteristics of a coiled coil with a superimposed 28-residue repeat pattern interrupted at only four positions by “skip” residues. The complex structure of the rat embryonic MHC gene and the conservation of intron locations in this and other MHC genes are indicative of a highly split ancestral sarcomeric MHC gene. Introns in the rat embryonic gene interrupt the coding sequence at the boundaries separating the proteolytic subfragments of the head, but not at the head/rod junction or between the 28-residue repeats present within the rod. Therefore, there is little evidence for exon shuffling and intron-dependent evolution by gene duplication as a mechanism for the generation of the ancestral MHC gene. Rather, intron insertion into a previously non-split ancestral MHC rod gene consisting of multiple tandemly arranged 28-residue-encoding repeats, or convergent evolution of an originally non-repetitive ancestral MHC rod gene must account for the observed structure of the rod-encoding portion of present-day MHC genes.
Managed care and the US health care system a social exchange perspective

Many countries are importing managed care and price competition from the US to improve the performance of their health care systems. However, relatively little is known about how power is organized and exercised in the US health care system to control costs, improve quality and achieve other objectives. To close this knowledge gap, we applied social exchange theory to examine the power relations between purchasers, managed care organizations, providers and patients in the US health care system at three interrelated levels: (1) exchanges between purchasers and managed care organizations (MCOs); (2) exchanges between MCOs and physicians; and (3) exchanges between physicians and patients. The theory and evidence indicated that imbalanced exchange, or dependence, at all levels prompts behavior to move the exchange toward power balance. Collective action is a common strategy at all levels for reducing dependence and therefore, increasing power in exchange relations. The theoretical and research implications of exchange theory for the comparative study of health care systems are discussed.
Patient Perception and Satisfaction with Implant Therapy in a Predoctoral Implant Education Program: A Preliminary Study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the level of satisfaction and quality of life for patients receiving mandibular implant-supported overdenture (IOD) or single-tooth implant (STI) therapy in a predoctoral dental implant program. Materials and Methods Patients who received IOD and STI therapy and presented for recall visits at University of Illinois-Chicago College of Dentistry Predoctoral Implant Program were recruited. IOD treatment included placement of two endosseous implants in the mandibular canine region, followed by two abutments for resilient attachments. STI treatment included placement of endosseous implants, abutments, and cement-retained crowns. A modified Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire was given at least 6 months following insertion of implant-supported prostheses for both groups. Patient age, gender, distribution of STI, and OHIP-14 data were gathered and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to assess post-treatment data; Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences between groups older and younger than mean age and gender among the IOD and STI groups. Results Fifty-one consecutive patients in the IOD (60.7% male, 39.2% female, mean age 63.7) and 50 consecutive patients in the STI group (58.0% female, 42.0% male, mean age 50.8) were included in this recall study. In the STI group, 69 implants were placed for 50 patients; the most common region was the maxillary posterior quadrant (49.3%). Scores from modified OHIP-14 ranged from 0.14 to 0.78 for the IOD group and 0.02 to 0.18 for the STI group. Both IOD and STI data showed satisfaction with the treatment outcome. There was a significant difference found between men and women among the IOD group pertaining to questions regarding pronouncing words, sense of taste, meal interruption, and feeling embarrassed from OHIP-14, but not between the age groups. Also, no significant differences were noted for gender or age group within the STI patients and OHIP-14 scores. Conclusion Dental implant therapy provided in a predoctoral setting had a significant impact on the quality of life and a high level of satisfaction for patients seeking implant treatment.
The World Between Crust and Core

In many areas of science the "big" questions remain unanswered even though we have much knowledge and a plethora of models. The study of the mantle, which constitutes 70% of Earth's mass, is a good example. Here the important remaining questions include: What is the mantle made of? Where did the material come from as Earth formed? How was it altered during and after delivery? Is the mantle well stirred? How do mantle convection and its surface manifestation, plate tectonics, really work? How have these processes, and the mantle's composition and structure, varied through geologic time? Such questions were the central concerns of Ted Ringwood, a giant among earth scientists to whose memory The Earth's Mantle is dedicated. The book, written largely by his Canberra colleagues at the Australian National University's Research School of Earth Sciences, admirably conveys our current understanding of these questions, the range of possible answers, and the methods by which they are addressed.
A methodology for statistically downscaling seasonal snow cover characteristics over the Northeastern United States

Snow cover amount and duration have a large role in both the natural and anthropogenic systems of the Northeast United States. Any changes in the climatology of the amount, duration, and timing of the snowpack may have long-lasting environmental and economic consequences. At present, the principal tools used to examine future climatic changes are general circulation models; however, they do not provide information at the scales required for investigating many of the impacts in which snow plays a major role. In order to address this gap, a statistical downscaling methodology for simulating climatological snow cover parameters was developed. The methodology utilizes the Statistical DownScaling Model to construct climate change scenarios at daily time scales that are subsequently evaluated based on their ability to reproduce seasonal snow cover statistics. Two different observational datasets (station and gridded) were used as predictands and empirical relationships were created between the predictands and regional scale predictors. The methodology was tested at 20 locations across the Northeast and was then applied to output from HadCM3 under the A2 and B2 emissions scenarios. The methodology performed well at capturing key properties of station-based snow cover over a range of climates and was found to perform better than the technique used in previous work in the Northeast. By the end of the century, the projections revealed characteristics that are consistent with declining snow cover, yet there are likely to be regional variations in the next several decades, especially when elevation is considered.
Computing network-based features from physiological time series: Application to sepsis detection

Sepsis is a systemic deleterious host response to infection. It is a major healthcare problem that affects millions of patients every year in the intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. Despite the fact that ICU patients are heavily instrumented with physiological sensors, early sepsis detection remains challenging, perhaps because clinicians identify sepsis by using static scores derived from bed-side measurements individually, i.e., without systematically accounting for potential interactions between these signals and their dynamics. In this study, we apply network-based data analysis to take into account interactions between bed-side physiological time series (PTS) data collected in ICU patients, and we investigate features to distinguish between sepsis and non-sepsis conditions. We treated each PTS source as a node on a graph and we retrieved the graph connectivity matrix over time by tracking the correlation between each pair of sources' signals over consecutive time windows. Then, for each connectivity matrix, we computed the eigenvalue decomposition. We found that, even though raw PTS measurements may have indistinguishable distributions in non-sepsis and early sepsis states, the median /I of the eigenvalues computed from the same data is statistically different (p <; 0.001) in the two states and the evolution of /I may reflect the disease progression. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that network-based features computed from continuous PTS data may be useful for early sepsis detection.
Large optical photon sieve

A photon sieve with 10(7) holes has been constructed for operation at optical wavelengths. Details of the design, fabrication, and performance of this device are presented. The 1 m focal-length, 0.1 m diameter element is diffraction limited over a significant bandwidth and has a moderate field of view.
From sets to functions: Three elementary examples

A sequence of binomial type is a basis for R[x] satisfying a binomial-like identity, e.g. powers, rising and falling factorials. Given two sequences of binomial type, the authors describe a totally combinatorial way of finding the change of basis matrix: to each pair of sequences is associated a poset whose Whitney numbers of the 1st and 2nd kind give the entries of the matrix and its inverse.
The Nutrition Elite: Do Only the Highest Levels of Caloric Knowledge, Obesity Knowledge, and Motivation Matter in Processing Nutrition Ad Claims and Disclosures?:

Abstract This study examines the role of the highest levels of caloric knowledge, obesity consequences knowledge, and motivation to search for nutrition information in the processing of relative nutrient content claims in advertisements, such as “half the calories” or “half the fat,” for products relatively high in total calorie levels. After controlling for the impact of demographics, dietary habits, body mass index, relative ad claims and disclosures, perceived weight gain risk, and other variables, the authors find curvilinear (quadratic) effects for caloric knowledge, obesity consequences knowledge, and motivation to search for nutrition information on intent to buy an advertised, high-calorie snack bar. This suggests a strengthening of the negative relationship for intent for consumers at the highest levels of caloric knowledge, obesity consequences knowledge, and motivation (i.e., the “nutrition elite”). The authors offer public policy implications, including whether achieving such exceedingly high ...
Long-term effectiveness of surgical treatment of ectopic atrial tachycardia

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term clinical outcome of patients with ectopic atrial tachycardias treated surgically. Background. Ectopic atriai tachycardia is an uncommon arrhythmia that can be symptomatic and is associated with the development of a cardiomyopathy. Management strategies are not well defined because of the paucity of data on the long-term effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies. Methods. The long-term clinical impact of medical and surgical therapy was determined in 15 consecutive patients with ectopic atrial tachycardia. All 15 patients were initially treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (mean 5.7 ± 2.2 drugs/patient). An effective drug regimen was identified in only 5 (33%) of the 15 patients; the remaining 10 patients were treated surgically. In each, individualized surgical procedures were guided by computer-assisted intraoperative mapping, with atrial plaques comprising up to 156 electrodes. Focal ablation was performed in four patients and artial isolation procedures in six. Results. The 10 patients treated surgically were followed up a mean of 4 ± 3.2 years. Ectopic atrial tachycardia recurred in one patients, A permanent pacemaker was implanted in two patients, one of whom also required reoperation for constrictive pericarditis. There were no operative deatlis. Ectopic atrial tachycardia recurred in three (60%) of the five patients discharged on antiarrhythmic drug therapy during a mean follow-up interval of 6.4 ± 4.3 years. There was one nonarrhythmic death. Conclusions. Map-guided surgery demonstrated long-term efficacy in abolishing symptoms in 9 of the 10 patients with ectopic atrial tachycardia. Results demonstrate surgery is effective for patients with ectopic atrial tachycardias who are not easily treated with antiarrhythmic drugs.
Land for peace: Israel's choice

(1995). Land for peace: Israel's choice. Israel Affairs: Vol. 2, Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security, pp. 59-72.
Design and testing of pilot-scale Cu and mixed-vapor Ga-In evaporation sources

There are a number of requirements in the design of evaporation sources for the inline deposition of Cu(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers. These include evaporation rates ≫10g/hr without anomalous behavior such as spitting, spatial composition uniformity across the area of thousands or tens of thousands of consecutive substrates, and low capital and maintenance costs. To meet these requirements, both quantitative and qualitative design considerations must be made, including thermal and flow modeling, fabrication methods, and material properties such as thermal and chemical compatibilities.
Material characteristics and chemical–mechanical polishing of aluminum alloy thin films

Abstract In the Damascene process, the need for separating plug and interconnect process steps is completely eliminated. This patterning scheme offers tremendous advantages, it will begin to emerge in the deep sub-micron generation and utilizes Al CMP as a critical part of the Al Damascene process. During Al CMP, the Al film surface reacts with slurry chemicals, resulting in passivation or dissolution reactions. Thus surface microstructure of Al films and slurry chemistry will determine the performance of metal CMP. Material characteristics of Al films have a great impact on its CMP behavior. Addition of Cu to Al generally increases the susceptibility to corrosion, thus leading to an increase in CMP removal rate. The grain size of Al film also affects its CMP performance. Films sputter-deposited at lower substrate temperature obtain higher removal rate due to increased grain boundary area and thus higher propensity to corrosion. In this study, Al-CMP characteristics are evaluated on Al alloy thin films of different compositions including: pure Al, Al–1.0% Si–0.5% Cu, Al–1% Cu, Al–0.5% Cu and Al–1% Si. Characteristics of the films such as alloy contents and grain size, and their effects on the CMP removal rates are investigated. The mechanism of Al CMP can be explained by the continuous formation and removal of a passivating layer formed on the Al surface during CMP. In this experiment, an Al 2 O 3 -based slurry is formulated with hydrogen peroxide added as the main oxidizer. CMP removal rates of various Al thin films with alterations in slurry pH and oxidizer concentrations were monitored to assess the role of chemical erosion and mechanical abrasion.
Spatial homogeneity and task-synchrony of the trial-related hemodynamic signal

Abstract There is growing evidence that functional brain images in alert task-engaged subjects contain task-related but stimulus-independent signals in addition to stimulus-evoked responses. It is important to separate these different components when analyzing the neuroimaging signal. Using intrinsic-signal optical imaging combined with electrophysiology we had earlier reported a particular ‘trial-related signal’ in the primary visual cortex (V1) of alert monkeys performing periodic fixation tasks. This signal periodically modulated V1 tissue blood volume, in time with anticipated trial onsets. Unlike visually evoked blood volume changes, however, this signal was present even in total darkness. Further, it could not be predicted by concurrently recorded spiking or local field potentials. Here we use our earlier recording techniques to analyze the spatial distribution of this trial-related signal over our imaged area (10 mm square, subdivided into a 16 × 16 grid, i.e. at 625 μm resolution). We show that the signal is spatially coherent and essentially homogeneous over the imaged region and fails to be predicted by concurrent electrode recordings even at the resolution of a single grid square at the electrode tip. As a corollary we show that the signal is critically linked to the animals' engagement in a task. Not only does the trial-related signal entrain accurately and precisely to any task timing at which the animal was willing to perform; the signal also loses the entrained trial-locked pattern dramatically, within a single trial, when the animal stops performing correctly. Thus the signal is very unlikely to be an ongoing task-independent vascular oscillation. These findings will help categorize the likely distinct varieties of non-stimulus-related signals evoked during behavioral tasks, and lead to a further understanding of the elements comprising the net neuroimaging response.
Vaginal prolapse recurrence after uterosacral ligament suspension in normal-weight compared with overweight and obese women

OBJECTIVE:To compare recurrent prolapse after vaginal uterosacral ligament suspension in normal-weight compared with overweight or obese women.METHODS:We performed a retrospective cohort study of the risk of recurrent prolapse after uterosacral ligament suspension in normal-weight compared with over
Testing relativity with orbiting clocks

Abstract We describe the background and status of a superconducting microwave clock suitable for relativity experiments in earth orbit. The project has the capability of performing improved tests of Lorentz invariance via a Michelson–Morley type experiment, and setting new limits on nine parameters in the Standard Model Extension. If flown with a high stability atomic clock, a Kennedy–Thorndike experiment along with additional tests in general relativity could be performed. In orbit, unwanted cavity frequency variations are expected to be caused mainly by acceleration effects due to residual drag and vibration, temperature variations, and fluctuations in the energy stored in the cavity. A cavity support system has been designed to reduce acceleration effects and a high resolution thermometer has been implemented to improve temperature control.
Changes in cerebroside synthetic activities of the brain with development of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta)

Abstract Cerebroside synthetic activities vary according to age in homogenates of the pons and cortical gray matter from brains of rhesus monkeys. The rate of utilization of uridine diphosphate (UDP) galactose and hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) ceramide for cerebroside synthesis by the pons was very low until 100 days after conception and reached a maximum at about 150 days (15 days before birth). This activity was very low in gray matter. There were marked effects of the type of ceramide and UDP sugar added, as well as of the origin of the brain homogenates from gray matter or pons on the quantity and type of cerebroside synthetized.
RNA-targeted therapeutics: prospects and promise

Structured regions of viral, bacterial and human RNA are attractive targets for drug discovery. Interest is fuelled by the revelation, from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography, that RNA has a structural complexity similar to proteins, and also by recent development of novel RNA-focused screening methods. However, few examples of RNA-targeted ligands have been reported to date. Analysis of these compounds, and their target specificity, suggests that considerable promise exists for the future development of new classes of therapeutic agents.
Complete-arch maxillary rehabilitation using a custom-designed and manufactured titanium framework: A clinical report

Fabrication of a passive framework when restoring multiple implants in an edentulous maxilla may be an important requisite for long-term implant survival. The development of computer-aided design and manufacturing techniques for fabricating custom 1-piece titanium frameworks can simplify that challenge. This article reports on a treatment in which a custom-milled titanium complete-arch maxillary framework was used to restore a compromised maxillary arch. A 4-year follow-up demonstrated a steady state of bone and no prosthodontic complications. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:8-13)
Peierls Proof of Spontaneous Magnetization in a Two-Dimensional Ising Ferromagnet

A few minor modifications are made in the Peierls argument that a two-dimensional Ising ferromagnet possesses a spontaneous moment at sufficiently low temperatures, in order to make the proof quite rigorous.
Solution growth of Indium-Doped silicon

Indium-doped silicon has been grown from indium-rich solutions using a gradient-transport solution growth process. The growth temperatures were varied from 950‡ to 1300‡C to determine the solubility limits of indium in silicon. The maximum indium concentration obtained was 1.6×1018/cm3 at a growth temperature of 1300‡ but indications are that the maximum solubility is 2. 5×1018/cm3. The growth process is described by one-dimensional diffusion limited transport and predicts growth rates in excess of lcm/day at 1300‡C. Infrared absorption measurements were used to monitor the indium, oxygen and carbon concentrations, in addition to the shallower .indium: X defect found in the crystals. The solution-grown crystals were found to have a lower concentration of this shallower defect than melt grown crystals of the same indium concentration. The oxygen and carbon concentrations increased with the increased growth temperatures suggesting a solubility limited value. The shallower indium: X defect also increased with growth temperature, but the concentration was significantly lower than typically found in melt-grown crystals. The peak optical cross-section for indium was also determined to be 5.3×10-17cm2 from these measurements.
What China wants: China's climate change priorities in a post-Copenhagen world

China's rapid economic growth has given rise to equally sharp increases in greenhouse gas emissions. China has already ratified the Kyoto Protocol, yet as the world looks beyond Kyoto, China's willingness to agree to a binding carbon emissions treaty remains a critical question for the international community. This article examines historical adjustments to and recent actions on China's climate change policy, as well as its potential future trajectory, to determine the factors that most shape China's ideal post-Kyoto accord. It analyzes different perspectives on China's involvement in the Copenhagen Summit, the rise of BASIC, and UNFCCC meetings in Tianjin. This article concludes that China, while taking actions to combat climate change domestically, retains much of its historic stance on climate change, which precludes agreeing to external oversight and externally binding emissions cuts.
PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR ROBUST BROADBAND MVDR BEAMFORMING

Rapid advancements in adaptive sonar beamforming algorithms have greatly increased the computation and communication demands on beamforming arrays, particularly for applications that require in-array autonomous operation. By coupling each transducer node in a distributed array with a microprocessor, and networking them together, embedded parallel processing for adaptive beamformers can significantly reduce execution time, power consumption and cost, and increase scalability and dependability. In this paper, the basic narrowband Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) beamformer is enhanced by incorporating broadband processing, a technique to enhance the robustness of the algorithm, and speedup of the matrix inversion task using sequential regression. Using this Robust Broadband MVDR (RB-MVDR) algorithm as a sequential baseline, two novel parallel algorithms are developed and analyzed. Performance results are included, among them execution time, scaled speedup, parallel efficiency, result latency and memory utilization. The testbed used is a distributed system comprised of a cluster of personal computers connected by a conventional network.
Characteristics of the Frontier Extended Stay Clinic: a new facility model.

Purpose. In 2004, 5 remote clinics 4 in rural frontier communities in Alaska and 1 in Washington were funded to pilot and examine the effectiveness and appropriateness of a new facility model. Transporting patients from these locations to higher levels of care is not always possible requiring these facilities to expand their scope of services and provide care for extended periods. The Frontier Extended Stay Clinic (FESC) model is staffed and equipped to provide the combined services usually found in the separate settings of an outpatient primary-care clinic, inpatient acute care hospital and emergency room. This is a descriptive study of the characteristics of these pilot facilities and an analysis of patient utilization and outcomes. Methods. The 5 clinics collected outcome data for 2,226 extended-stay encounters of 4 hours or longer from 15 September 2005 to 14 September 2010. Data from these extended-stay encounters were summarized, and descriptive statistics were used to describe: number and duration of encounters, when the encounters started, chief compliant, discharge diagnoses, transfer destination, Medicare and Medicaid eligibility, and type of encounter. Findings. From 2005 to 2010, the mean duration of an extended-stay encounter was 9.1 hours. All of the clinics experienced many extended-stay encounters that were initiated or continued after normal business hours. The 5 most frequent diagnoses at discharge for extended encounters were cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, injury, substance abuse and pneumonia/bronchitis. Almost half, 47.6%, of extended-stay encounters resulted in discharge of the patient without a need for either non-urgent follow-up referral or transport. Extended-stay encounters that ended in a patient being transported to another medical facility were 43.7% of the total. More than a quarter (26.9%) of extended-stay encounters were eligible for Medicare payment. Conclusion. While many of communities can support a facility for primary care, there is an on-going need for facilities in remote frontier areas to also provide emergent and extended-stay care. The FESC can provide access to primary, emergent and extended-stay services in these locations. Keywords: access; emergency care; extended-stay encounter; Frontier Extended Stay Clinic; health services delivery; rural health (Published: 5 August 2013) This paper is part of Supplement 1, 2013, ICCH15 Proceedings . More papers from this Supplement can be found here . Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2013, 72 : 21344 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21344
Detection of hypoventilation by capnography and its association with hypoxia in children undergoing sedation with ketamine.

Objectives: Hypopneic hypoventilation, a decrease in tidal volume without a change in respiratory rate, is not easily detected by standard monitoring practices during sedation but can be detected by capnography. Our goal was to determine the frequency of hypopneic hypoventilation and its association with hypoxia in children undergoing sedation with ketamine. Methods: Children who received intravenous ketamine with or without midazolam for sedation in a pediatric emergency department were prospectively enrolled. Heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETco 2 ) levels were recorded every 30 seconds. Results: Fifty-eight subjects were included in this study. Fifty percent of subjects had recorded ETco 2 values less than 30 mm Hg without a rise in respiratory rate. Twenty-eight percent of subjects experienced a decrease in pulse oximetry less than 95%. Patients who experienced a persistent decrease in ETco 2 at least 30 seconds in length were much more likely to have a persistent decrease in pulse oximetry than those with normal or transient decreases in ETco 2 (relative risk, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-30.5). Decreases in ETco 2 occurred on an average of 3.7 minutes before decreases in pulse oximetry. Conclusions: Hypopneic hypoventilation as detected by capnography is common in children undergoing sedation with ketamine with or without midazolam. Hypoxia is frequently preceded by low ETco 2 levels. Further studies are needed to determine if the addition of routine monitoring with capnography can reduce the frequency of hypoxia in children undergoing sedation.
Non-acid reflux: detection by multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH, clinical significance and management.

Non-Acid Reflux: Detection by Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance and pH, Clinical Significance and Management
Vertical distribution of zooplankton in relation to the eastern Pacific oxygen minimum

Abstract Data recently obtained in the southern end of the California Current with the use of a new plankton sampler are used to demonstrate the presence of abundant zooplankton in the oxygen minimum of this area, down to oxygen concentrations of 0·2 ml/l. This zooplankton is dominated by resting copepodites of Calanus helgolandicus which are present as rather dense and depth-restricted layers, principally in the oxygen-deficient water below 150 m: also occurring at such depths are several species which perform nocturnal vertical migrations into the California Current water above the oxygen minimum and thus encompass a daily variation in oxygen tension of 0·2–5·0 ml/l. The epiplankton of the California Current is composed of many more taxa than the fauna of the oxygen-deficient layer, including a spectrum of genera typical of warm surface-water plankton; to this epiplankton at night are added the plankters migrating from below, which appear to aggregate rather deeper in the mixed layer than does the epiplankton. It is considered that the difference between the abundant fauna of the oxygen-deficient layer in this region, compared with sparser faunas in other oxygen minima is due to the effects of the local coastal upwelling followed by rapid diatom blooms along the coast of Baja California.
Structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy

SYNOPSIS. Fine structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis is described in the light of previous light microscopic findings. The relationships among kinetosomes #1-#4 and R are like those previously reported orhomonas gallinae, and the same is true of the rootlet filaments associated with the several kinetosomes. The kinetosome (I) of the independent flagellum is situated just behind the reflection of the sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2 onto the pelta and parallels these filaments for a considerable distance. The peltaraxostylar junction consists of 3 layers: the capitulum of the axostyle (outer, the pelta (intermediate, and the sigmoid rootlets of kineto some #2 (inner). The pelta overlaps the axostylar capitulum to a variable extent. The parabasal body consists of elongate and flattened cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by numerous small vesicles. There are 2 typically cross-striated parabasal filaments, filament 2 probably contributing most, if not all, the material to the slender, periodic organelle that underlies the parabasal body and usually does not extend far beyond the posterior end of the nucleus. The periodic costa is paralleled by paracostal granules, but there are few, if any, paraxostylar granules. The ultrastructure of the costa appears to be a network of flattened hexagons, with a single fibril projecting thru each of the hexagonal areas. The major cross-striations are made up largely of densely-stained filaments which are occasionally cut in cross section. The undulating membrane consists of a cytoplasmic fold extending from the dorsal surface of the organism and of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum, which is closely applied to the fold. The segment of the membrane dorsal to the flagellum, presumably the “accessory filament,” contains the marginal lamella, a membrane folded upon itself and with periodicity virtually indistinguishable from that of the rootlet filament of kinetosome #1.
Development of instrumentation for simultaneous analysis of total non-methane organic carbon and volatile organic compounds in ambient air

Abstract Here we describe the development of a new instrument to measure the total airborne non-methane organic carbon concentration (TNMOC), and the ratio of this value to the sum of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured by standard gas chromatography. The TNMOC and sum of speciated VOC analyses are made simultaneously. Samples are collected in situ, with an inlet designed to minimize contact of samples with surfaces. Whole air samples are cryo-trapped with minimal collection of CO 2 , CO and CH 4 . Organics are desorbed and converted to CO 2 using an oxidation catalyst. The resulting CO 2 is analyzed with a flame ionization detector after reduction to methane. The instrument is tested and found to perform well on gas mixtures, ambient air and on smog chamber samples. The detection limit for the instrument is 35 ppbC, and the accuracy of the ratio of TNMOC to the sum of speciated VOCs is ±0.05 for most samples.
Fluorescent DNA Nanotags Based on a Self-Assembled DNA Tetrahedron

Progress in fluorescence detection and imaging technologies depends on the availability of fluorescent labels with strong light absorption/emission characteristics. We have synthesized intercalator dye arrays on a compact 3-dimensional DNA-tetrahedron nanostructure. The template tolerates the structural distortions introduced by intercalation and allows concentration of multiple fluorophores within a small volume, resulting in brightly fluorescent nanotags with effective extinction coefficients in the order of 10(6) M(-1) cm(-1). Efficient energy transfer from intercalated donor dyes to covalently attached acceptor dyes in the nanotags allows the emission wavelength to be shifted to the red relative to the excitation light, providing wavelength tunability. The compact nature of the supramolecular DNA tetrahedron also provides a protective medium for the fluorophores, leading to improved photostability and enhanced resistance to nuclease digestion, relative to one- or two-dimensional nanotags described previously.
On the parametric excitation of a tensioned bar with initial curvature

Abstract The parametric excitation of a tensioned bar with initial curvature is discussed. A model for the behavior is developed and the nonlinear equations for determining the secondary and principal regions of resonance are derived. Solutions to the equations are obtained and amplitude vs frequency data are presented.
THE OPTIMAL ADMISSION THRESHOLD IN OBSERVABLE QUEUES WITH STATE DEPENDENT PRICING

We consider the social welfare model of Naor [20] and revenue-maximization model of Chen and Frank [7], where a single class of delay-sensitive customers seek service from a server with an observable queue, under state dependent pricing. It is known that in this setting both revenue and social welfare can be maximized by a threshold policy, whereby customers are barred from entry once the queue length reaches a certain threshold. However, no explicit expression for this threshold has been found. This paper presents the first derivation of the optimal threshold in closed form, and a surprisingly simple formula for the (maximum) revenue under this optimal threshold. Utilizing properties of the Lambert W function, we also provide explicit scaling results of the optimal threshold as the customer valuation grows. Finally, we present a generalization of our results, allowing for settings with multiple servers.
Effect of 3,4-diaminopyridine on the survival of mice injected with botulinum neurotoxin type A, B, E, or F☆

To determine the efficacy of 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) as a potential treatment for botulism, its effect on the survival times of mice injected with type A, B, E, or F botulinum toxin (Bo Tx) was examined. Mice were injected ip with 10, 20, or 40 LD50 of Bo Tx. Three hours later, when the mice displayed signs of botulism, half of each group of mice was treated with 3,4-DAP, an agent which increases nerve-evoked transmitter release. At each dose of type A Bo Tx tested, 3,4-DAP definitely prolonged survival. In contrast, treatment with the drug did not significantly increase the survival time of mice injected with type B, E, or F Bo Tx. The differences in efficacy of 3,4-DAP against the four serotypes of Bo Tx together with previously reported variations in specific toxicity and duration of paralysis may reflect differences in the pharmacological activity of these neurotoxins.
A Threonine on the Active Site Loop Controls Transition State Formation in Escherichia coli Respiratory Complex II

In Escherichia coli, the complex II superfamily members succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) participate in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, respectively. Complex II enzymes catalyze succinate and fumarate interconversion at the interface of two domains of the soluble flavoprotein subunit, the FAD binding domain and the capping domain. An 11-amino acid loop in the capping domain (Thr-A234 to Thr-A244 in quinol:fumarate reductase) begins at the interdomain hinge and covers the active site. Amino acids of this loop interact with both the substrate and a proton shuttle, potentially coordinating substrate binding and the proton shuttle protonation state. To assess the loop's role in catalysis, two threonine residues were mutated to alanine: QFR Thr-A244 (act-T; Thr-A254 in SQR), which hydrogen-bonds to the substrate at the active site, and QFR Thr-A234 (hinge-T; Thr-A244 in SQR), which is located at the hinge and hydrogen-bonds the proton shuttle. Both mutations impair catalysis and decrease substrate binding. The crystal structure of the hinge-T mutation reveals a reorientation between the FAD-binding and capping domains that accompanies proton shuttle alteration. Taken together, hydrogen bonding from act-T to substrate may coordinate with interdomain motions to twist the double bond of fumarate and introduce the strain important for attaining the transition state.
The Chisholm identities in dimensional regularization

Abstract We present a generalization of the Chisholm identities in dimensional regularization, which incorporates the 't Hooft-Veltman definition of γ 5 in a natural way. These identities enable the simplification of contracted indices in Dirac matrix products, allowing for great simplification in the calculation of Feynman diagrams.
Specific heat and susceptibility of the Heisenberg chain with finite concentration of impurities

Abstract The isotropic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain of spin sol1 2 with a concentration x of impurities of spin S is considered. The Bethe ansatz equations for the ground state define two energy bands, which are analyzed as a function of x and magnetic field. In zero field the ground state is a singlet for finite x, but non-Fermi-liquid-like for x → 0. The van Hove singularities of the empty bands define two critical fields, Hc1(x) and Hc2(x), at which the susceptibility and the specific heat coefficient γ diverge. The non-Fermi-liquid behavior as x → 0 arises from nonanalyticities as Hc2 vanishes.
Frequency stabilization of an erbium-doped fiber laser: a potential wavelength standard for optical communications

Wavelength standards in the 1.5-μm region are important for many of the proposed optical communication schemes involving frequency-division multiplexing and coherent heterodyne detection. Fiber lasers are attractive candidates for use in such wavelength standards because of their potential for narrow-linewidth operation. Previous studies of single-longitudinal-mode Er-doped fiber lasers have reported narrow-linewidth operation (≤8.5 MHz in Ref. 1 and ≤60 kHz in Ref. 2), but a complete analysis of the frequency noise characteristics has not been carried out. The linewidth measured in Ref. 2 represented only the high-frequency (≥10 kHz) components of the laser fluctuations. I have found that fluctuations in fiber laser frequency are small and are dominated by low-frequency (≤600 Hz) components arising from mechanical vibrations, thermal drift, and fluctuations of the pump laser intensity.3 This aspect makes fiber lasers particularly easy to stabilize by using an electronic servomechanism.
Benefits of Hybrid SPECT/CT for 111In-Oxine- and Tc-99m-Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime-Labeled Leukocyte Imaging

Background:This retrospective study assessed the effect of the addition of SPECT/CT imaging on the diagnostic accuracy of labeled leukocyte scintigraphy.Methods:Leukocyte scans of 134 patients performed between December 2005and December 2009 were reviewed. All patients underwent whole-body planar an
Electrospun nanofibers for microfluidic analytical systems

Nanofibers embedded with the functional polymers exhibited a charged surface. These fibers were incorporated into microfluidic channels to provide high surface area and functional surfaces within a microfluidic system. The positively or negatively charged nanofibers were fabricated by blending of hydrophilic PVA with functional polymers with available amine groups or carboxyl groups, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to confirm the presence and location of blend components in the spun fibers. Thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements confirmed that surface-charged nanofibers showed positive or negative currents according to the functional polymers embedded with the PVA polymer. The surface-charged nanofibers were incorporated into microfluidic channels. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend nanofibers formulated to create variations in fiber surface chemistry were electrospun to form patterns around gold microelectrodes on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chip surface. These nanofiber patterns were integrated into polymer-based microfluidic channels to create a functionalized microfluidic system with potential applications in bioanalysis. Spinning conditions and microelectrodes were optimized to enable an alignment of the nanofibers across the microfluidic channel. Importantly, nanofibers within the assembled microfluidic channels were robust and did not break or wash out of the channel under extreme fluid flow conditions at linear velocities up to 13.6 mm/s.
Processing changes in complete dentures: Posterior tooth contacts and pin opening

Abstract Dentures were constructed for 50 patients. The centric relation contacts were marked and photographed before removing the finished trial dentures from the articulator and again on the same articulator and same stone mountings after processing. The amount of incisal pin opening was measured and recorded after processing. An attempt was made to analyze the patterns of centric relation contacts after processing and to determine if there was a correlation of pin opening and tooth contacts. It was found that there was a definite shift of the tooth contacts to the more posterior teeth after processing but that the amount of pin opening did not seem to be related to the number or location of the tooth contacts. The magnitude of pin opening seems to depend upon the amount of shift rather than the direction.
Transport in Mesoscale Cooling Systems

The growing trend towards miniaturization and increasing functionality of microelectronics systems has driven the search for novel microfluidic technologies for cooling, which span a range of length and time scales. Fluid and heat transport associated with single- and two-phase microchannel transport and micropumping, as well as miniature piezoelectric fans for fluidic actuation, is discussed and fundamental issues in understanding these cooling approaches identified.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
How good must models and data be in ecology

Linear programming models of diet selection (LP) have been criticized as being too sensitive to variations in parameter values that have not been or may not be able to be measured with a high degree of precision (small standard error). Therefore, LP's predictions have been questioned, even though the predicted diet choices agree very well with observations in 400 published tests. The philosophical and statistical aspects of this criticism of LP are reviewed in light of the ability to test any nontrivial ecological theory. It is argued that measures of error in field data may not meet simple statistical definitions, and thereby, may make sensitivity analyses that use the error measures overly conservative. Furthermore, the important issue in testing ecological theory may not be the statistical confidence in a single test, but whether or not the theory withstands repeated tests.