cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum Cost Topology Construction for Survivable Wireless Mesh Networks in Rural Area

Rural areas often lack terrestrial telecommunication network. The reasons are high infrastructure costs, low density of population and lack of resources. The dominating factor for construction of wireless network in rural area is the topology cost. The use of IEEE 801.11 radio components to build wireless networks in rural areas ensures a low cost. The cost of constructing such a mesh network is dominated by the height of the antenna towers on each node. The cost of tower is governed by its height which is dependent on its length of links. The task is further complicated because of the presence of natural obstructions on the site like trees and poles. In this paper we established a visual line of sight (LoS) to overcome these hurdles and compute the minimum height of towers to minimize the overall deployment cost. Accordingly, we propose a minimum cost wireless mesh network topology using a minimum spanning tree algorithm. We also propose the 2-vertex connectivity where in every node is connected to at least two other nodes in the network so that it can provide the survivability in the wireless mesh network.
Top illuminated organic photodetectors with dielectric/metal/dielectric transparent anode

Abstract The top illuminated organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) transparent anode are fabricated. The transparent electrode is composed of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)/silver (Ag)/MoO3 layers and zinc oxide (ZnO)/aluminum (Al) is used for bottom cathode. The optimized DMD electrode has an optical transmittance of 85.7% at the wavelength of 546 nm and sheet resistance of ∼6 Ω/sq. The fabricated OPDs exhibit a high detectivity and wide range linearity.
Application of Evidence-Based Medical Therapy Is Associated With Improved Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Is a Valid Quality Indicator

Objectives We sought to determine whether the prescription of evidence-based medications at discharge after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can predict long-term clinical outcome. Background The association of standard-of-care drug utilization and long-term mortality and morbidity after PCI is not well studied. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of successful PCI procedures performed on 7,745 patients between March 1, 1998, and December 31, 2004. Discharge medications were analyzed, and a medication score (MEDS) was developed. A MEDS of 1 was assigned for each of the following medication classes: 1) antiplatelet, 2) lipid-lowering, 3) beta-blocker, and 4) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The outcomes measured were long-term death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Results Patients with MEDS of 3 to 4 had higher-risk profiles based upon standard clinical and angiographic criteria. Despite this, at a median follow-up of 36 months, patients with a MEDS of 3 or 4 were at lower risk of death than those with a MEDS of 0 or 1 (8.9%, 7.5%, and 13% for MEDS of 4, 3, and 0 to 1, respectively; p = 0.014). After adjustment for covariates, a MEDS of 3 to 4 was associated with significantly lower mortality or myocardial infarction in follow-up than a MEDS of 0 to 1 (hazard ratios of 0.72 and 0.67 for MEDS of 3 and 4, respectively; p Conclusions After successful PCI, the use of multiple evidence-based classes of cardiovascular medications—antiplatelet, lipid-lowering, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors—is associated with improved outcome free of death or MI.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: What Social Workers Need to Know

Antipsychotic drugs are considered a critical component in the treatment of schizophrenia, one of the most debilitating mental illnesses. Social workers need sophisticated, up-to-date knowl edge about these medications to more fully embrace their roles as collaborators and consultants with clients, families, physicians, and other providers in the clinical arena. This article provides an overview of the efficacy of antipsychotic medications and a brief review of their common side effects and then details the current research and treatment practices with the so-called conven tional and atypical antipsychotics on the market or in development, as well as commonly used adjunctive and side-effect medications. The article concludes by discussing trends in psycho pharmacological research in schizophrenia of special relevance to social work
Phenomenology of Minimal Lepton Flavor Violation

We extend the effective theory of Minimal Lepton Flavor Violation (MLFV) by including four-lepton operators. We compute the rates for � → 3e and τ → 3l decays and point out several new ways to test the hypothesis of MLFV. We also investigate to what extent it will be possible from (future) experimental information to pin down the contributions of different effective operators. In particular we look for experimental handles on quark-lepton operators of the type ¯ li lj ×¯ q by working out their contribution to hadronic processes such as τ → �π 0 , π 0 → � ¯, � → τ¯ � , as well as to purely leptonic decays such as � → 3e through loop effects.
New writing assessments: The challenge of changing teachers' beliefs about students as writers

(1997). New writing assessments: The challenge of changing teachers' beliefs about students as writers. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 36, New Directions in Student Assessment, pp. 220-230.
Ureteral stent for nonrefluxing, continent urinary diversions. Reduces complications and hospitalization for patients.

Herein is described a ureteral stent designed specifically for nonrefluxing, continent urinary diversions which resolves many potential pitfalls of these procedures
Statistical inference based upon non-linear science

Abstract This paper discusses testing for the presence of deterministic chaos and presents probems surrounding such research. Statistical inference methods arising from the study of non-linear dynamics are presented, along with research utilizing these methods. The general goal of these inference methods is to test for evidence of hidden structures in economic time series data which may lead to a greater understanding of how the economy functions. While evidence of significant non-linear structure has been demonstrated in many economic and financial time series, precisely how important these structures are to economic science is a relevant issue.
The role of blood cultures in the acute evaluation of postoperative fever in arthroplasty patients.

The use of blood cultures to work up fever in postarthroplasty patients was studied retrospectively. Four hundred fifty-three patients done consecutively with a diagnosis-related group 209 discharge diagnosis were studied. One hundred patients (22%) had blood cultures drawn for fever greater than 101°F. Specifically, there were 240 total knee arthroplasty patients with 40 blood cultures drawn. There were 124 total hip arthroplasty patients with 31 blood cultures drawn. One patient with a total knee arthroplasty had positive cultures as did one patient with a total hip arthroplasty. Both were thought to be contaminants, and neither had any sequelae. Blood cultures are expensive and do not add relevant information in the care of postarthroplasty patients.
Morphological response of extending spinal neuritic growth cones to peripheral target tissue.

Nerve fibers extend from spinal cord explants of larval frog in an enhanced and directed manner when cocultured with limb mesenchyme target tissue. In order to gain a better understanding of the events involved in target directed neurite extension, a detailed examination of the nerve growth cone was undertaken. The growth cones of spinal neurites that had elongated in the presence or absence of target tissue were examined by light and electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that growth cones of cord + limb cultures were elaborate in form with numerous and long filopodia, while those cultured in the absence of the target tissue appeared relatively simple with few, short filopodia. A morphological parallel existed between those growth cones that were cultured without the target and those in cord + limb cultures but which grew from the side of the cord explant away from the mesenchyme tissue. When examined with the transmission electron microscope, growth cones under target influence were organelle-rich in contrast to target-deprived growth cones, which lacked the extensive array of vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and filaments. When the attachment substratum of polylysine was substituted by collagen, the dramatic differences in growth cones were not realized, although enhanced, oriented growth still occurred in the presence of limb target tissue. It appears that growth cone morphology is a dynamic reflection of the growth effects elicited by a target tissue factor that in turn may be mediated by the nature of the extracellular environment. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Large-rim-tethered permethyl-substituted β-cyclodextrin polysiloxanes for use as chiral stationary phases in open tubular column chromatography

Abstract 3-O-(p-Allyloxybenzoyl)heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, which was used for preparation of permethylated 3-O-(p-allyloxybenzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin (4), was produced in a 15% yield by a monoesterification of heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin. Heptakis[6-O-(tert.-butyl)dimethylsilyl]-β-cyclodextrin was regioselectively monoesterified with p-allyloxybenzoyl chloride or p-(tert.-butyl)benzoyl chloride to yield 2-O-(p-allyloxybenzoyl)heptakis[6-O-(tert.-butyl)dimethylsilyl]-β-cyclodextrin (6) or 2-O-[p-(tert.-butyl)benzoyl]heptakis [6-O-(tert.-butyl)dimethylsilyl]-β-cyclodextrin (7). Compound 6 was acylated to give tridecaacetate 8, which was deprotected and methylated, to give 2A-O-(p-allyloxybenzoyl)heptakis(3-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl)- 2B,2C,2D,2E,2F,2G-hexa-O-acetyl-β-cyclodextrin (10). Both 6 and 7 were methylated, following by deprotection and methylation (on the 6-position), to give permethylated 2A-O-(p-allyloxybenzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin (15) and permethylated 2A-O-[p-(tert.-butyl)benzoyl]-β-cyclodextrin (16), respectively. Then, 16 was treated with lithium aluminum hydride to form monoalcohol, which was transformed into permethylated 2A-O-(p-allyloxybenzyl)-β-cyclodextrin (18) by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Four new permethyl- or per(methyl/acetyl)-substituted β-cyclodextrin-bound methylpolysiloxanes were prepared by a hydrosilylation reaction of the monoalkenyl-substituted β-cyclodextrin derivatives 4, 10, 15 and 18 with a specially prepared hydromethylpolysiloxane. The polymeric phases provide excellent enantiomeric separations of a variety of chiral solutes in open tubular column supercritical fluid chromatography and gas chromatography.
Determination of the temperature of a disassembling nucleus from fragment yields

We derive a relation between the temperature $T$ of the disassembling excited nucleus and the double ratio $R$ of fragment yields within the macrocanonical description by adopting Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and the Wigner-Seitz approximation for the Coulomb interaction between fragments and imposing only the condition of thermal equilibrium. Under the same assumptions, this relation between $T$ and $R$, which differs from that of Albergo et al. by a Coulomb term, is also derived within the canonical description by considering realistic values for the multiplicities of fragments.
Alpha decay properties of some terbium and dysprosium isotopes near the 82-neutron closed shell

Abstract The half-lives and alpha particle energies of Tb149m, Tb151, Dy150, Dy151, Dy152 and Dy153 have been measured with greater precision than previously reported. Alpha branching ratios for these nucleides were also obtained using direct counting techniques.
Agent Abilities in a Landmark-based Mapping Model

We present a landmark-based model for agents to uniquely learn a partial map of an unknown environment. Our definition of landmark recognition and agent abilities allow different agents to construct different maps. We define land-marks in terms of feature sets that tie the various agent abilities into the landmark recognition process. The ultimate goal of having agents learn partial and unique maps is to promote different behavioral outcomes from higher level planning. Our implementation focuses on providing unexpected and believable Non-Player Characters (NPC) in modern games.
Capacity and Cutoff Rate of Noncoherent FSK with Nonselective Rician Fading

The capacity and cutoff rate of frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and noncoherent reception when the signal is subject to Rician fading are calculated. Both hard and soft decisions with maximum likelihood combining are considered, as well as soft decisions with square-law combining. Optimal code rates are found that minimize the required signal-to-noise ratio for reliable communication.
Sensitivity analysis of large linear networks using symbolic programs

Partial derivatives of a network function H(x) with respect to the parameters x=(x/sub 1/, x/sub 2/,,,,x/sub n/) are useful in the design of linear networks by optimization and in tolerance analysis. Existing methods for calculating these derivatives include the sensitivity network method, the adjoint network method, and the symbolic network function method. In recent years, several new methods have been developed for symbolic analysis of large linear networks. The new methods express the symbolic answer in the form of a sequence of expressions. The author investigates the calculation of the derivatives based on the sequence of expressions. Two methods are presented. The first method derives another sequence of expressions for each sensitivity function. The second method utilizes a 3-point formula to determine the coefficients in the bilinear function from which the sensitivity function is calculated. >
Feminism and Geographic Information Systems: From a Missing Object to a Mapping Subject

Although feminism and the field of geographic information systems and science (GIS) have only recently begun speaking to each other, the feminist mapping subject is emerging across a variety of sites ‐ academic, professional, and lay. However, it is most articulated in the work of critical GIS scholars. Both male and female, they are committed to nonpositivist practices of knowledge production and are sensitive to gender and other power hierarchies that produce social, economic, and cultural difference. These scholars have been creating ‘feminist cartographies’, practicing ‘feminist visualization’, and developing new mapping alternatives to mainstream cartographic and GIS representations. We begin by briefly re-reading the history of women in cartography and GIS as a first step toward reclaiming mapping as a critical practice. We then review feminist theorizations of visual representation and geography that move beyond critique and posit a feminist deployment of such technologies. Finally, we reflect on explicitly feminist engagements with cartography and GIS and their implication for the discipline of geography and contemporary mapping practices in general. Throughout, we trace the evolution of a feminist mapping subject and her or his potential to disrupt the traditions of mapping and reclaim the power of maps and GIS-based spatial analysis for critical intervention.
Sinomenine, a natural dextrorotatory morphinan analog, is anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective through inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase

The mechanisms involved in the induction and regulation of inflammation resulting in dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and incompletely understood. Microglia-mediated inflammation has recently been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for progressive neurodegeneration. Mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures and reconstituted cultures were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of sinomenine (SN)-mediated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in both the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-mediated models of PD. SN showed equivalent efficacy in protecting against DA neuron death in rat midbrain neuron-glial cultures at both micro- and sub-picomolar concentrations, but no protection was seen at nanomolar concentrations. The neuroprotective effect of SN was attributed to inhibition of microglial activation, since SN significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by microglia. In addition, from the therapeutic point of view, we focused on sub-picomolar concentration of SN for further mechanistic studies. We found that 10-14 M of SN failed to protect DA neurons against MPP+-induced toxicity in the absence of microglia. More importantly, SN failed to show a protective effect in neuron-glia cultures from mice lacking functional NADPH oxidase (PHOX), a key enzyme for extracellular superoxide production in immune cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SN reduced LPS-induced extracellular ROS production through the inhibition of the PHOX cytosolic subunit p47 phox translocation to the cell membrane. Our findings strongly suggest that the protective effects of SN are most likely mediated through the inhibition of microglial PHOX activity. These findings suggest a novel therapy to treat inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
Heating characteristics of thin helical antennas

An analytical model was developed to predict the specific absorption rate (SAR) pattern of helical antennas in a general medium. Experimental measurements verified the accuracy of the model and revealed the complicated nature of the heating pattern. The calculated and measured results show a distinct standing wave pattern along the length of the antenna, whose wave number depends strongly on the helical pitch angle. Also, as the conductivity of the external medium increases, the heating pattern shifts towards the antenna's tip. The immediate motivation of the present study is to design catheters incorporating microwave antennas that can be inserted into the body and used to ablate (destroy by heating) selected tissues. >
Selenium and the immune response: 2. Enhancement of murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in vivo

An inverse correlation between cancer incidence and dietary intake of the trace mineral element selenium has been well established in epidemiological and experimental studIes. The mechanisms for this chemoprotective effect are unresolved. Much attention has been focused on the antiprollferative effects of selenium on various normal and neoplastlc cell types. However, dietary selenium supplementation can also enhance the expression of various humoral and cellular immune responses. In examining the effects of dietary selenium on cell-mediated immunity in mice, we observed that selenium supplementation caused the enhanced expression of spontaneous natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity in spleen cells and of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) cytotoxicity In peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). NK activity of spleen-cell suspensIons from seleniumsupplemented mice increased an average of 70% over that of the control group (basal diet). Cytotoxic activity of PEC from mice injected with tumors Intraperitoneally peaked earlier In selenium-supplemented animals, and the appearance of cells staining positively for Thy I .2 surface antigen in selenium-supplemented animals also preceded the values observed in control animals. We propose here that enhancement of in vivo cytotoxic mechanisms, is likely to act synergistically with tumor growth inhibition In the reduction of tumor Incidence associated with selenium Intake.
Multidisciplinary Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer.

▪ Abstract: The treatment of locally advanced breast cancer is aimed at achieving long-term local control with local surgery and/or radiation therapy and at improving disease-free and overall survival through the application of systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Studies of local therapy alone with surgery or radiotherapy have demonstrated high rates of local recurrence and low rates of long-term survival. The application of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in rates of response ranging from 72% to 97%, clinical complete responses of 12–52%, and pathologic complete responses of 4–33%. Multidisciplinary treatment with neoadjuvant therapy, followed by local surgery and/or radiation therapy, followed by additional chemotherapy, has resulted in rates of local control that exceed 80%, and 5-year survival rates exceeding 50% are not unusual. The use of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer is thus now firmly established. Research in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer is needed to further define the optimal method of local therapy and the role of new agents such as the taxanes. ▪
Four kinetically distinct depolarization-activated K+ currents in adult mouse ventricular myocytes.

In the experiments here, the time- and voltage-dependent properties of the Ca2+-independent, depolarization-activated K+ currents in adult mouse ventricular myocytes were characterized in detail. In the majority (65 of 72, approximately 90%) of cells dispersed from the ventricles, analysis of the decay phases of the outward currents revealed three distinct K+ current components: a rapidly inactivating, transient outward K+ current, Ito,f (mean +/- SEM taudecay = 85 +/- 2 ms); a slowly (mean +/- SEM taudecay = 1,162 +/- 29 ms) inactivating K+ current, IK,slow; and a non inactivating, steady state current, Iss. In a small subset (7 of 72, approximately 10%) of cells, Ito,f was absent and a slowly inactivating (mean +/- SEM taudecay = 196 +/- 7 ms) transient outward current, referred to as Ito,s, was identified; the densities and properties of IK,slow and Iss in Ito,s-expressing cells are indistinguishable from the corresponding currents in cells with Ito,f. Microdissection techniques were used to remove tissue pieces from the left ventricular apex and from the ventricular septum to allow the hypothesis that there are regional differences in Ito,f and Ito,s expression to be tested directly. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that all cells isolated from the apex express Ito,f (n = 35); Ito,s is not detected in these cells (n = 35). In the septum, by contrast, all of the cells express Ito,s (n = 28) and in the majority (22 of 28, 80%) of cells, Ito,f is also present. The density of Ito,f (mean +/- SEM at +40 mV = 6.8 +/- 0.5 pA/pF, n = 22) in septum cells, however, is significantly (P /=25 mM) TEA. Although both Ito,f and Ito,s are blocked by high (>100 microM) 4-AP concentrations and are relatively insensitive to TEA, Ito,f is selectively blocked by nanomolar concentrations of Heteropoda toxin-3, and Ito,s (as well as IK,slow and Iss) is unaffected. Iss is partially blocked by high concentrations of 4-AP or TEA. The functional implications of the distinct properties and expression patterns of Ito,f and Ito,s, as well as the likely molecular correlates of these (and the IK,slow and Iss) currents, are discussed.
Circumnutations: from Darwin to space flights.

WHAT ARE CIRCUMNUTATIONS? More than a century ago, plant physiologists were aware that plant organs-roots, hypocotyls, shoots, branches, flower stalks-rarely grow in just one direction. The mean growth direction may be maintained for long intervals, but the organ's instantaneous growth direction usually oscillates slowly about that mean. The plant organ tip, as seen from a dista1 viewpoint, describes an ellipse. The axes of the ellipse can vary; at one extreme the ellipse approximates a line and at the other a circle. As the organ grows, its tip advances and (in three dimensions) traces a somewhat irregular helix. That oscillating growth pattern was well known to nineteenth century plant scientists as "revolving nutation" until Darwin (Darwin and Darwin, 1880) introduced the terms "circumnutate" and "circumnutation," which are used today. Thus, circumnutational oscillations are manifestations of the radially asymmetric growth rate typical of elongating plant organs.
Spectral Cues Explain Illusory Elevation Effects With Stereo Sounds in Cats

Mammals localize sound sources in azimuth based on two binaural cues, interaural differences in the time of arrival and level of the sounds at the ears. In contrast, the cue for elevation is based on patterns of the broadband power spectra at each ear that result from the direction-dependent acoustic filtering properties of the head and pinnae. Although the exact form of this "spectral shape" cue is unknown, most attention has been directed toward a prominent direction-dependent energy minimum, or "notch," because its location in frequency, for both humans and cats, moves predictably from low to high as a source is moved from low to high elevations. However, there is little direct evidence that these spectral notches are important elevational cues in animals other than humans. Here we demonstrate a striking illusion in the localization of sounds in elevation by cats using stimulus configurations that elicit summing localization and the precedence effect that can be explained by spectral shape cues.
WINNING OF MISSOURI DIASPORE, BURLEY, AND FLINT CLAYS1

The process of mining Missouri diaspore, burley, and flint clays is described in careful detail.
Actual 10‐year survival following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Objectives This study was conducted to compare 10-year survivors with patients who survived <10 years in a large Western series of patients submitted to hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Composition, quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone volatiles from individual Heliothis zea females

Abstract The airborne volatiles emitted from individual female Heliothis zea (Boddie) pheromone glands were collected by adsorption onto glass wool, analyzed, and quantified on an SP-2330 capillary GLC column. All of the compounds previously reported from gland washes, 16:Ald, Z7-16:Ald, Z9-16:Ald and Z11-16:Ald, were found in the volatile emissions. The forcibly extruded female H. zea pheromone glands exhibited a periodicity of pheromone release: maximal pheromone emission occurred between 1 and 2 h and the minimal pheromone emission between 5 and 21 h after the onset of scotophase.
Active control of lateral balance in human walking

We measured variability of foot placement during gait to test whether lateral balance must be actively controlled against dynamic instability. The hypothesis was developed using a simple dynamical model that can walk down a slight incline with a periodic gait resembling that of humans. This gait is entirely passive except that it requires active control for a single unstable mode, con"ned mainly to lateral motion. An especially e$cient means of controlling this instability is to adjust lateral foot placement. We hypothesized that similar active feedback control is performed by humans, with fore-aft dynamics stabilized either passively or by very low-level control. The model predicts that uncertainty within the active feedback loop should result in variability in foot placement that is larger laterally than fore-aft. In addition, loss of sensory information such as by closing the eyes should result in larger increases in lateral variability. The control model also predicts a slight coupling between step width and length. We tested 15 young normal human subjects and found that lateral variability was 79% larger than fore-aft variability with eyes open, and a larger increase in lateral variability (53% vs. 21%) with eyes closed, consistent with the model’s predictions. We also found that the coupling between lateral and fore-aft foot placements was consistent with a value of 0.13 predicted by the control model. Our results imply that humans may harness passive dynamic properties of the limbs in the sagittal plane, but must provide signi"cant active control in order to stabilize lateral motion. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Praise and Corrective Feedback in the Remediation of Incorrect Left-Hand Positions of Elementary String Players:

Subjects of the study were five elementary string class students who performed consistently with incorrect left-hand positions. Three teaching procedures were used in an attempt to modify the incorrect hand positions: corrective (negative) verbal feedback and physical prompts in a schedule of twice per minute for two minute training sessions, positive feedback on the same schedule, and increasing the training session from two to ten minutes and the praise schedule from two to four times per minute. Data were collected for two minutes during each training session in all conditions and, to assess generalization effects, during a later period of class each day when the left-hand position was not taught. Results indicated improvement for some subjects during the first and second interventions, although the improvements were not substantial nor enduring. The third intervention resulted in greater response improvement for all subjects and more generalization. Although students varied in response to different te...
A system exhibiting toroidal order

This paper treats the dipolar interactions of a two-dimensional system of discs upon which a triangle of spins is mounted. We obtain the leading term of the multipole expansion of the interaction energy of discs on which is mounted a regular $n$-gon of spins. A definition of the toroidal magnetic moment ${T}_{i}$ of the $i\text{th}$ plaquette is proposed such that the magnetostatic interaction between plaquettes $i$ and $j$ is proportional to ${T}_{i}{T}_{j}$. The system for $n=3$ is shown to undergo a sequence of interesting phase transitions as the temperature is lowered. We are mainly concerned with the ``solid'' phase in which bond-orientational order but not positional order is long ranged. As the temperature is lowered in the solid phase, the first phase transition involving the orientation or toroidal magnetism of the discs is into a ``gauge toroid'' phase in which the product of a magnetic toroidal parameter and an orientation variable (for the discs) orders but due to a local gauge symmetry these variables themselves do not individually order. Finally, in the lowest temperature phase the gauge symmetry is broken and toroidal order and orientational order both develop. In the ``gauge toroidal'' phase time-reversal invariance is broken and in the lowest temperature phase inversion symmetry is also broken. In none of these phases is there long-range order in any Fourier component of the average spin. Symmetry considerations are used to construct the magnetoelectric free energy and thereby to deduce which coefficients of the linear magnetoelectric tensor are allowed to be nonzero. In none of the phases does symmetry permit a spontaneous polarization.
Calorie restriction increases the ratio of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic to regulatory subunits in rat skeletal muscle

Calorie restriction [CR; 60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport, concomitant with enhanced phosphorylation of Akt. The mechanism(s) for the CR-induced increase...
Signal Amplification by 1/f Noise in Silicon-Based Nanomechanical Resonators

We report signal amplification by 1/fα noise with stochastic resonance in a nonlinear nanomechanical resonator. The addition of 1/fα noise to a subthreshold modulation signal enhances the probability of an electrostatically driven resonator switching between its two vibrational states in the hysteretic region. Considering the prevalence of 1/f noise in the materials in integrated circuits, signal enhancement demonstrated here, using a fully on-chip electronic actuation/detection scheme, suggests beneficial use of the otherwise detrimental noise.
From gallium to thallium: Group 13 one-dimensional polymers

Abstract The reactions of EX3 (E = Ga, In, Tl, X = Br or Cl) with pyrazine and pyrazine, 2-carboxylic acid (pyzca-H) affords a series of one-dimensional ladder polymers, [EX3(pyz)]∞ (E = Ga, In, Tl, X = Cl, Br) and the zigzag polymer [InBr2(OH2)2(pyzca)]∞. These polymers are prepared in high yield through a facile synthesis. The structures of each were characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy and where possible NMR. Experimental results reveal how stability of the one-dimensional polymer increases from gallium to thallium, from the air-sensitive gallium polymer to the aqueous preparation and air-stable products of indium and thallium.
Embedded Software Validation: Applying Formal Techniques for Coverage and Test Generation

the validation of embedded software in VLSI designs is becoming increasingly important with their growing prevalence and complexity. In this paper we present a new, hybrid, automated, validation methodology combining formal techniques and simulation. We introduce compositional approach to generate a formal model of the design, and show how the list of its feasible paths can be extracted. This list is then used for coverage metrics, and for test generation. This method has been successfully applied to complex microcode of a state-of-the-art microprocessor, and it is applicable to other classes of embedded software. Its effectiveness and scalability was demonstrated on a set of complex IA32 instructions, where unknown bugs have been detected and validation convergence time was reduced from weeks in a previous project to a matter of days.
Long-Term Rupture Strength of Alloys and Plastics From Tensile Strength at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract : The report covers an investigation to determine if the long-term tensile stress-rupture strength of alloys could be calculated from the results of static tensile strength tests at elevated temperatures. Twenty-one alloys were investigated. A second-order form of a mechanical-chemical equation of state was used to draw master rupture curves from both long-term rupture and tensile strength data. It was concluded that the long-term strength of an alloy could be computed from a knowledge of its tensile strength at elevated temperatures, chemical composition, and mode of failure. (Author)
Generic Placement of the Former Condaliopsis (Rhamnaceae) species

Condaliopsis is a genus of eight thorny shrub species. Previous morphological research shed doubt on the validity of Condaliopsis as a distinct genus in Rhamnaceae. Condaliopsis species were transferred to one of two genera, Ziziphus or Condalia, but some authors continue to recognize Condaliopsis . A recent phylogenetic study did not support Condaliopsis as monophyletic and placement of Condaliopsis species in either Ziziphus or Condalia was not straightforward. To clarify the generic placement of these eight species, we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on two nuclear loci (nrITS and 26S), two chloroplast loci ( trnL-F and trnQ-rps16 ) and morphological characters. We present evidence that five of the Condaliopsis species should remain in Ziziphus , one should remain in Condalia , and two should be transferred from Ziziphus to Condalia . One of these species had an existing binomial within Condalia, Condalia parryi, and one required a new combination, Condalia celata . Condalia celata is a federally listed endangered species with a limited range in Florida.
Reexamining the risks of drinking-water nitrates on public health.

Background Nitrates in drinking water are generally considered the sole source of nitrite poisoning with methemoglobinemia in infantile methomoglobinemia (IM). However, IM, which occurs during the first 4 months of life, is actually a constellation of cyanosis and hypoxia associated with methemoglobinemia that can result from several other causes. Methods This review reexamines the role of nitrate levels in drinking water as a cause of IM and identifies other sources of nitrates that can affect public health and cause chronic diseases. Results Causes of IM include nitrites in foods, environmental chemical exposures, commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals, and the endogenous generation of oxides of nitrogen. Infants with congenital enzyme deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and methemoglobin reductase are at greater risk of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia from nitrates in water and food and from exposures to hemoglobin oxidizers. Conclusion Early epidemiological studies demonstrated significant associations between high groundwater nitrate levels and elevated methemoglobin levels in infants fed drinking water–diluted formulas. However, more recent epidemiological investigations suggest other sources of nitrogenous substance exposures in infants, including protein-based formulas and foods and the production of nitrate precursors (nitric acid) by bacterial action in the infant gut in response to inflammation and infection.
A chemical proteomic atlas of brain serine hydrolases identifies cell type-specific pathways regulating neuroinflammation

Metabolic specialization among major brain cell types is central to nervous system function and determined in large part by the cellular distribution of enzymes. Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class that plays fundamental roles in CNS metabolism and signaling. Here, we perform an activity-based proteomic analysis of primary mouse neurons, astrocytes, and microglia to furnish a global portrait of the cellular anatomy of serine hydrolases in the brain. We uncover compelling evidence for the cellular compartmentalization of key chemical transmission pathways, including the functional segregation of endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthetic enzymes diacylglycerol lipase-alpha (DAGLα) and –beta (DAGLβ) to neurons and microglia, respectively. Disruption of DAGLβ perturbed eCB-eicosanoid crosstalk specifically in microglia and suppressed neuroinflammatory events in vivo independently of broader effects on eCB content. Mapping the cellular distribution of metabolic enzymes thus identifies pathways for regulating specialized inflammatory responses in the brain while avoiding global alterations in CNS function. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12345.001
Understanding the Contemporary Rise of Constitutional Dictatorship: A Schmittian Perspective

In 2007, state of emergency declarations were invoked in countries as varied as Pakistan, Georgia, Bangladesh and Ecuador. Increasingly, governments are invoking emergency powers to confront perceived threats to the constitutional order by marginalized groups within the state. For many scholars, the establishment of martial law is in clear opposition to the consolidation of liberal democracy. Yet, the governments declaring martial law often justify their actions by highlighting the rise of exceptional circumstances in which democracy itself needs to be protected from societal actors that threaten the state. Such a claim is often interpreted as paradoxical or false. However, in this paper we argue that in some of these examples of emergency rule a 'constitutional dictatorship' is actually being employed rather than a complete negation of constitutional rule. Drawing from the work of political theorist Carl Schmitt, we comparatively examine contemporary cases (Georgia, Pakistan, and the deviant case of Venezuela) of martial law employing the Schmittian concepts of 'the notion of emergency' and 'the president as the ultimate defender of the constitution.' Analyzing the rise of constitutional dictatorship enables us to better evaluate the legitimacy -- or illegitimacy -- of invoking emergency rule in the twenty-first century and its broader implications for democratic consolidation.
Tools of single party hegemony in Tanzania: evidence from surveys and survey experiments

ABSTRACTPolitical systems dominated by a single party are common in the developing world, including in countries that hold regular elections. Yet we lack knowledge about the strategies by which these regimes maintain political dominance. This article presents evidence from Tanzania, a paradigmatic dominant party regime, to demonstrate how party institutions are used instrumentally to ensure the regime's sustained control. First, I show that the ruling party maintains a large infrastructure of neighbourhood representatives, and that in the presence of these agents, citizens self-censor about their political views. Second, I provide estimates of the frequency with which politicians give goods to voters around elections, demonstrating that such gifts are more common in Tanzania than previous surveys suggest. Third, I use a survey experiment to test respondents’ reaction to information about corruption. Few voters change their preferences upon receipt of this information. Taken together, this article provides...
Distributed Strain and Temperature Discrimination in Unaltered Polarization Maintaining Fiber

A Rayleigh scatter-based distributed measurement technique is presented in which strain and temperature discrimination is achieved using standard polarization maintaining fiber as the sensor. High-sensitivity Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry is used to measure the scatter.
Arthroscopy of the Ankle: Technique and Normal Anatomy*:

The authors present a modified technique of ankle arthroscopy and describe the intra-articular anatomy of the ankle joint as it relates to the establishment of arthroscopic portals. Cadaveric dissection was used to demonstrate the relationship of the tendons and neurovascular structures to the placement of the arthroscope. Diagnostic arthroscopy of the ankle can be systematic and reproducible when the surgeon is knowledgeable of the intra-articular and extra-articular anatomy of the ankle and when attention is given to accurate placement of the arthroscopic portals and to consistent surgical technique.
Novel Ceramic Additives for Screen-Printable Silicon Solar Cell Metallization

The interfacial structure between front-side silver electrodes and n-type silicon emitters plays a very crucial role for the electrical and mechanical properties of silicon solar cells. Studies show that the residual glass layers at the Ag/Si interfaces will significantly increase the contact resistance, and this subsequently leads to a decrease in the overall efficiency of the silicon solar cells. In this work, silver-coated nano-sized non-glass frits using an electroless plating method were employed to improve the interfacial conductivity. Transfer length method was applied to evaluate the electrical performance of the samples made with different ceramic additives. For samples made with nano-sized silver-coated ceramic additives, the improvement of conductivity was found to be about 22% compared to additives with the same compositions with no surface treatment. The results indicate that the silver layer on the surface of ceramic additives provides a conducting channel within the residual insulating layer and therefore reduces overall electrical resistance.
Differences in postoperative course by preoperative left ventricular volume after closure of ventricular septal defect during early infancy

A total of 38 early infants with ventricular septal defect (VSD) were divided into 2 groups by preoperative LVEDV. The group A (n=14, LVEDV>250% N) showed significantly longer period of intubation, cathecholamine drip, and hospitalization compared with the group B (n=28, LVEDV<250% N). At dischage, both groups showed significant lowered right ventricular (RV) pressure, but LVSF in the group A was significantly lower than that in the group B. The patients with larger left ventricular (LV) volume preoperatively were thought to be potential high-risk groups in cardiac and pulmonary function and their postoperative course was prolonged and recovery of LV function was worse. In such patients, special care is mandatory to do postoperative management and to decide timing of operation.
Functional Constitutive Equations: Mathematical Formalism and Physical Reality

Constitutive equations in which the Cauchy stress is a functional of the history of the deformation gradient tensor are discussed. Restrictions are introduced on the form of the functional dependence resulting from the consideration that the superposition on the assumed deformation of a time-dependent rigid rotation results in the rotation of the stress at time t by the amount of this rotation at time t. The stress at time t depends on the history of the deformation gradient tensor through that of the reduced Cauchy strain. Following Green and Rivlin, this functional is assumed to be continuous in the sense of the supremum norm. It can then be uniformly approximated as the sum of a number of multiple integrals of the reduced Cauchy strain history. It is seen that, for a given non-linear material with memory, it may be anticipated that the multiplicity of the integrals, which are required to obtain a given approximation to the stress, may, in general, be expected to increase as the class of strain histories covered increases, and as the range of times over which these histories extend increases. The modifications in the discussion which must be made if the materials are rate-independent are considered.
Negative Aging Attitudes Predict Greater Reactivity to Daily Stressors in Older Adults

Objectives In order to understand conflicting findings regarding the emotional reactions of older adults to daily stressors, we examined the possibility that negative aging attitudes could function as an important individual differences factor related to stressor reactivity. Method Using a daily dairy design, we examined the aging attitudes of 43 older adults reporting on 380 total days. Participants reported their aging attitudes on Day 1, followed by their stressor exposure and negative affect on Days 2-9. Covariates included age, gender, education, and personality. Results Using multilevel modeling, our results suggest that individuals with more positive aging attitudes report consistent levels of affect across study days regardless of stressors, whereas those with more negative aging attitudes reported increased emotional reactivity to daily stressors. Discussion Positive aging attitudes may serve as a resource that helps buffer reactions to daily stressors.
Projective Algebraic Geometry VII: Divisors

A point ψ in a variety V may be viewed as the smallest proper subvariety of V while an irreducible subvariety W of codimension 1 in V may be viewed as the largest (type of) proper subvariety. We shall call such a W a prime divisor on V if V is normal (i.e., 0 ξ,V integrally closed for all ψ ∈ V). For example, if F ∈ k[Y 0, ⋯, Y N ] is an irreducible form, then W = V(F) is a prime divisor on ℙ N and every prime divisor on ℙ N is of this form.
Understanding the perceived mattering of physical education teachers

ABSTRACTPrevious research related to occupational socialization theory has indicated that, in certain school contexts, physical education (PE) and physical education teachers are socially constructed as being less important than, or marginal to, the primary purpose of schooling. This research highlights the challenges associated with occupying a position of marginality. Another way to look at the social experiences of physical education teachers is to examine the extent to which they feel as if they matter to those around them. Drawing upon qualitative and quantitative data sources, the purpose of this study was to examine physical education teachers’ perceived mattering. A mixed-methods design was employed, and data sources included responses to an online survey (N = 105) and individual telephone interviews (N = 23). Quantitative data were analyzed using 2 × 2 (education × teaching level) Factorial MANOVA; interview data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Quantitative analyse...