cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framing adaptation: screen stardom and aesthetics in Tragedy of W (1984)

Tragedy of W (1984) is a film adaptation of a mystery novel by the author Natsuki Shizuko. However, rather than producing a straightforward, ‘page to screen’ style adaptation, the filmmakers opted ...
Management of fetal ductus arteriosus constriction with Digoxin and oxygen therapy

Constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus is rare and usually attributed to medications or CHD. We describe a 24-year-old multigravida at 33 weeks 5 days gestation with echocardiographic findings of severe ductal constriction, a dilated, hypertrophied and hypocontractile right ventricle, and severe tricuspid regurgitation following BC powder® use. Treatment with Digoxin and oxygen resulted in a progressive 71% reduction in peak systolic ductal gradient, improved right ventricular function, and decreased tricuspid regurgitation.
The Dawn of Desmatophocidae: A New Species of Basal Desmatophocid Seal (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Miocene of Oregon, U.S.A.

Desmatophocidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) represents the first of the four major pinniped clades to appear in the fossil record. However, the majority of its known diversity consists of derived species...
Improved sampling technique to collect natural gas from hydrate-bearing pressure cores

Abstract High quality gas compositional data are an important factor in interpreting the genetic source of natural gas hosted in hydrate-bearing sediments and other subsurface systems. In order to accurately characterize the composition of gas samples degassed from hydrate-bearing pressure cores, one must use a reproducible sampling technique that minimizes artifacts of the sampling process. Herein, we review sediment core degassing techniques and compare data obtained from a commonly used degassing approach, which we term the standard quantitative degassing (SQD) technique, to our newly developed modified quantitative degassing (MQD) method designed to minimize atmospheric contamination and gas-water interactions. The SQD method allows sample gas to interact with water in a bubbling chamber, which we hypothesize could alter the gas composition following mixing with water or dissolved gases in the bubbling chamber. Whereas, the MQD method allows for the collection of sample gas prior to the bubbling chamber. To compare the SQD and MQD methods, we performed a side-by-side comparison of noble (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe), major (H2, N2, O2, and CO2), and hydrocarbon (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, C4H10, i-C5H12, C5H12) gas concentrations and select isotopic compositions obtained using both sample collection techniques. Gas samples were collected from hydrate-bearing pressure cores recovered and maintained under hydrate stable conditions from the northern Gulf of Mexico during the UT-GOM2-1 Expedition. The MQD method displayed significantly lower concentrations of atmospheric gases, higher proportions of hydrocarbon gases, lower ratios of C1/C2+, and heavier stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of methane than the SQD method. These results demonstrate that the MQD method reduced air contamination and minimized alteration of the hydrocarbon gases. Therefore, we conclude this method may be important for future work that seeks to determine the composition of natural gas from pressure cores using quantitative degassing experiments, especially those seeking to measure major (e.g., N2) and noble gases.
An integrative review of adolescent trust in the healthcare provider relationship.

Aim To conduct an integrative review of empirical studies examining factors affecting trust in the healthcare provider (HCP) relationship among adolescents. Design An integrative review was conducted. Data sources The keywords adolescent, trust, healthcare provider and related words were searched in multiple online research databases. The results were limited to research published between 2004 and 2019. Seventeen primary sources were identified and synthesized in the final review. Review method Guided by the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review method, a data-based convergent synthesis design was used to explore the key research question in both qualitative and quantitative research. Results This integrative review found that health care provider behaviours, such as confidentiality, honesty, respect, and empathy, promote adolescent's trust of the HCP. Notable gaps in the literature were also identified, including a lack of diversity among adolescent samples and HCP types and underdeveloped measures of adolescent trust of HCP. Conclusion This integrative review informed the development of a new conceptual definition of adolescent trust of HCP, which embodies the key findings of the importance of HCP confidentiality, honesty, respect, and empathy. This definition can be used to develop instruments, interventions and policies that promote HCP trust among adolescents. Future research is needed to develop instruments to measure adolescents' trust of HCPs, evaluate trust of HCPs among diverse samples of adolescents and evaluate adolescent trust of HCPs with a variety of HCP types. Impact The new conceptual definition of adolescent trust of HCP can be used to enhance nursing practice and design behavioural interventions to improve trust of HCP. To foster adolescent trust of HCP, policies should be enacted in healthcare institutions to explain confidentiality, provide notification of reporting mandates and formalize consent, assent and dissent for adolescents seeking health care.
The Right to Counsel in Criminal Cases, A National Crisis

Poor people account for more than 80% of individuals prosecuted. These criminal defendants plead guilty approximately 90% of the time. In those cases, many lawyers entered pleas for their clients without spending any significant time on the cases, without interviewing witnesses or filing motions, and with hardly a word to their clients. But the first rule of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct indicates that “competent representation” requires “the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.” This article chronicles the Supreme Court’s doctrine regarding the constitutional right to counsel of indigent defendants. The article also describes recent research conducted by the National Committee on the Right to Counsel, which reveals common problems facing state and local governments in meeting their constitutional obligations. Finally, this article offers recommendations that governments should implement to protect the right to counsel and suggests ways in which groups or individuals may generate these reforms.
Using process data to understand problem-solving strategies and processes for drag-and-drop items in a large-scale mathematics assessment

In 2017, the mathematics assessments that are part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) program underwent a transformation shifting the administration from paper-and-pencil formats to digitally-based assessments (DBA). This shift introduced new interactive item types that bring rich process data and tremendous opportunities to study the cognitive and behavioral processes that underlie test-takers’ performances in ways that are not otherwise possible with the response data alone. In this exploratory study, we investigated the problem-solving processes and strategies applied by the nation’s fourth and eighth graders by analyzing the process data collected during their interactions with two technology-enhanced drag-and-drop items (one item for each grade) included in the first digital operational administration of the NAEP’s mathematics assessments. Results from this research revealed how test-takers who achieved different levels of accuracy on the items engaged in various cognitive and metacognitive processes (e.g., in terms of their time allocation, answer change behaviors, and problem-solving strategies), providing insights into the common mathematical misconceptions that fourth- and eighth-grade students held and the steps where they may have struggled during their solution process. Implications of the findings for educational assessment design and limitations of this research are also discussed.
Mining for Favors: The Impact of Political Influence on Regulatory Enforcement

Regulatory capture can generate significant social and economic costs, particularly in dangerous occupations. In this article I evaluate whether political influence has allowed firms to systematically evade safety and health regulations using data from one of the country’s most dangerous occupations—mining. Using an instrument to capture exogenous variation in political influence decisions, I show that when mining firms use influence, they reduce their expected non-compliance costs by 30 percent, but report a 40 percent increase in death rates. Importantly, the largest benefit comes during the adjudicative stage meant to be isolated from political influence.
Local News Online and COVID in the U.S.: Relationships among Coverage, Cases, Deaths, and Audience.

We present analyses from a real-time information monitoring system of online local news in the U.S. We study relationships among online local news coverage of COVID, cases and deaths in an area, and properties of local news outlets and their audiences. Our analysis relies on a unique dataset of the online content of over 300 local news outlets, encompassing over 750,000 articles over a period of 10 months spanning April 2020 to February 2021. We find that the rate of COVID coverage over time by local news outlets was primarily associated with death rates at the national level, but that this effect dissipated over the course of the pandemic as news about COVID was steadily displaced by sociopolitical events, like the 2020 U.S. elections. We also find that both the volume and content of COVID coverage differed depending on local politics, and outlet audience size, as well as evidence that more vulnerable populations received less pandemic-related news.
Size Matters: The Influence of Patient Size on Antibiotics Exposure Profiles in Critically Ill Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

(1) Purpose of this study: To determine whether patient weight influences the probability of target attainment (PTA) over 72 h of initial therapy with beta-lactam (cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam) and carbapenem (imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem) antibiotics in the critical care setting. This is the first paper to address the question of whether patient size affects antibiotic PTA in the ICU. (2) Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis of Monte Carlo simulations conducted in virtual critically ill patients receiving antibiotics and continuous renal replacement therapy. The PTA was calculated for each antibiotic on the following pharmacodynamic (PD) targets: (a) were above the target organism’s minimum inhibitory concentration (≥%fT≥1×MIC), (b) were above four times the MIC (≥%fT≥4×MIC), and (c) were always above the MIC (≥100%fT≥MIC) for the first 72 h of antibiotic therapy. The PTA was analyzed in patient weight quartiles [Q1 (lightest)-Q4 (heaviest)]. Optimal doses were defined as the lowest dose achieving ≥90% PTA. (3) Results: The PTA for fT≥1×MIC led to similarly high rates regardless of weight quartiles. Yet, patient weight influenced the PTA for higher PD targets (100%fT≥MIC and fT≥4×MIC) with commonly used beta-lactams and carbapenems. Reaching the optimal PTA was more difficult with a PD target of 100%fT≥MIC compared to fT≥4×MIC. (4) Conclusions: The Monte Carlo simulations showed patients in lower weight quartiles tended to achieve higher antibiotic pharmacodynamic target attainment compared to heavier patients.
Beneficial Effects of Androgen-primed Chemotherapy in the Dunning R3327 G Model of Prostatic Cancer

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that androgen administration prior to chemotherapy (androgen priming) may potentiate tumor cytotoxicity in hormone-responsive prostate cancer. Accordingly, six groups of Copenhagen rats bearing small ( i.e. , 40-mm3 median volume) Dunning R3327 G tumors were left untreated or received castration, chemotherapy, or a combination of the two, with or without androgen priming. Groups without priming included: intact untreated, castrate alone, intact plus chemotherapy, and castrate plus chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 30 mg/kg/day, for 2 days, with repeat cycle in 24 days) (Cx). To specifically evaluate the effect of androgen priming on Cx cytotoxicity, two additional castrate groups were studied. One received testosterone propionate (4 mg/kg/day) for 2 days prior to Cx and the other after Cx. Treatment effect was evaluated by quantitating tumor volume as well as animal survival to an ethically allowable, maximal tumor burden. As expected, castration and Cx produced a retardation of tumor growth and prolongation of survival when compared to untreated animals. The addition of androgen priming prior to but not after Cx enhanced the degree of tumor suppression. Specifically, 26 days after the second Cx cycle, all androgen-primed tumors had regressed; 70% of tumors had disappeared and those remaining were barely palpable. At this same time point, tumors in all the other groups were actively growing and had volumes greater than initial values ( P < 0.01). Although tumor regrowth occurred, median survival for the androgen-primed group was significantly prolonged, to 186 days versus 39 days ( P < 0.01) for untreated animals and 153 days for the non-primed castrate plus Cx animals ( P < 0.01). These data suggested that androgen priming potentiates the effects of Cx in castrate animals bearing R3327 G tumors.
Evaluating the Effects of Introduced Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) on Native Stream Insects on Kauai Island, Hawaii; Contribution No. 2001-012 to the Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonids have been widely stocked into upland streams throughout the world to provide a basis for sport fisheries, but the effects of such introductions on indigenous and endemic aquatic insect assemblages are poorly documented. In this study, we examine the impact of rainbow trout on the indigenous and endemic entomofauna of upland streams in Kokee State Park, Kauai, Hawaii, with particular emphasis on the potential threat trout pose to populations of endemic damselflies in the genus Megalagrion. Rainbow trout were introduced into the upland streams of Kauai beginning in the 1920s, with over 60 years of subsequent restocking. This study indicates, however, that streams in this area still maintain diverse populations of Megalagrion damselflies and other indigenous and endemic aquatic insects, both in catchments containing naturally reproducing trout populations and in catchments lacking rainbow trout. Our results indicate that the indigenous and endemic aquatic insect communities in the streams under study compare favorably in terms of density and taxonomic richness with other isolated and unimpacted streams elsewhere in Hawaii, and retain high densities and relative percentages of indigenous and endemic aquatic insect taxa. Our results demonstrate that the threats posed by conspicuous introduced species such as trout should not simply be assumed a priori on the basis of postulated negative interactions, because this may divert limited resources from programs aimed at control of other, potentially more destructive introduced taxa such as inconspicuous poeciliid fishes.
New mode for measuring axial length with an optical low-coherence reflectometer in eyes with dense cataract.

Purpose To evaluate a new algorithm for measuring eyes with dense cataract using a biometer based on optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR). Setting Shammas Eye Medical Center, Lynwood, California, USA, and Augenarztpraxis EYEC, Bern, Switzerland. Design Cross-sectional retrospective study. Methods Data were collected from 2 sites where the new Dense Cataract Measurement mode for the OLCR optical biometer (Lenstar LS 900) had been implemented. Related ultrasound (US) data for patients whose eyes could not be measured with optical biometry were also collected where available. The percentage of eyes that were measurable in the new mode that were not measurable in the standard mode was calculated. The quality of the measurements by the new mode was evaluated using postoperative axial length measurements and/or concurrent US measurements, where available. Results Data for 4791 eyes were available for analysis. Axial length measurement was possible using the standard algorithm in 94.4% of cases. The use of the new mode allowed for measurement of an additional 4.0% of cases, a statistically significant increase ( P Conclusions The new measurement mode of the OLCR system provided a significant increase in the number of eyes that could be measured with optical biometry. Axial length measurements using the new mode appeared as reliable as those made using the standard measurement mode. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Reactions of ReH3(CO)(PMe2Ph)3 with Metallic Lewis Acids. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Hydrido-Bridged Heterometallic Rhenium-Gold, Rhenium-Silver, and Rhenium-Copper Complexes

This contribution presents a study of the reactions of ReH3(CO)(PMe2Ph)3 (1) with a variety of metallic Lewis acids of the coinage metals to form hydrido-bridged heterometallic rhenium-gold, rhenium-silver, and rhenium-copper complexes. The reaction of 1 with AuCl(PPh3) proceeds with elimination of hydrogen to give the hydrido-bridged heterobinuclear rhenium-gold complex (PMe2Ph)3(CO)ClRe(μ-H)Au(PPh3) (2). In contrast, the reactions of 1 with AgPF6, [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 or CuCl proceed without elimination of hydrogen to give the hydrido-bridged heterotrinuclear rhenium-silver and rhenium-copper complexes [(PMe2Ph)3(CO)HRe(μ-H)2M(μ-H)2ReH(CO)(PMe2Ph)3]PF6 (M=Ag (3), Cu (4)) and the hydrido-bridged heterotetranuclear rhenium-copper complex (PMe2Ph)3(CO)HRe(μ-H)2Cu(μ-Cl)2Cu(μ-H)2ReH(CO)(PMe2Ph)3 (5), respectively. The molecular structures of compounds 2 and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Crystallographic data for 2: monoclinic, space group P212121, a=12.804(2) A, b=13.512(2) A, c=24.312(3) A, V=4206(1) A3, Z=4, and R=0.042. Crystallographic data for 3: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a=24.212(6) A, b=13.098(3) A, c=20.177(5) A, b=116.40(2)°, V=5732(2) A3, Z=4, and R=0.044. The X-ray crystal structure of 2 exhibits a short contact (2.798(12) A) between the gold atom and the CO ligand that is primarily bound to the adjacent rhenium atom, suggesting an incipient semibridging relationship.
Laser ablation synthesis of oxide nanowires and their properties

We report an efficient and reliable laser-ablation approach for large-scale synthesis of SnO/sub 2/ and ZnO nanowires. The nanowire growth followed the vapor-liquid-solid model. Precise control over the nanowire diameters has been achieved by using monodispersed gold clusters as the catalyst. Detailed material analysis such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm the crystal structure of the nanowires. In addition, field effect transistors have been constructed based on individual SnO/sub 2/ nanowires, and excellent n-type transistor characteristics were observed. These nanowire transistors were further demonstrated to work as sensitive UV detectors.
Development of a process for continuous creation of lean value in product development organizations

Ideas and methodologies of lean product development were developed into tools and processes that help product development organizations improve their performances. The definition of waste in product development processes was re-examined and developed into a frugal set to cover all types of waste in product development processes through preliminary case studies. Value stream mapping (VSM) was optimized for measuring the waste indicators in product development processes. Typical causes for low product development project performances were organized into a root-cause analysis diagram. Three case studies in product development companies were performed. The tools were tested and improved through intensive interviews with both project managers and engineers. VSM was effective for identifying and measuring waste indicators. The root-cause analysis diagram was effective for quickly identifying root causes for low product development project performances. Synchronized uses of these tools made it possible to measure each root cause’s impact on project performances. The result of measurements revealed both problems shared by all the projects and the ones specific to the projects, indicating that the tools and processes developed in this research can provide suggestions for continuous improvement of product development processes. Some waste indicators were more prevalent than the others, implying that the number of waste indicators to be considered can be reduced. Inventory of information was prevalent in all the projects, and the analyses of it implied that Today’s product development processes are as premature as those of manufacturing several decades ago. Wastefulness of information inventory was proved quantitatively. Time spent on one occurrence of rework was proved to take longer near the end of a project than at the beginning of it. Thesis Supervisor: Warren Seering Title: Weber-Shaughness Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Systems
Who Is Responsible, the Incumbent or the Former President? Motivated Reasoning in Responsibility Attributions

This article establishes that transitions of power from one presidential administration to the next can act as a source of uncertainty regarding whom citizens view as responsible for national conditions. I argue that citizens confront this ambiguity in a partisan manner when making responsibility attributions of credit and blame. Using the economy and the Iraq War as examples, ordinary partisans frequently ascribe responsibility using motivated reasoning by crediting the president of their own political party for perceived successes and blaming the president of the opposite party for perceived failures.
Sucrose concentration gradients along the post-phloem transport pathway in the maternal tissues of developing wheat grains

Sucrose concentrations were measured in serial frozen sections of the post-phloem transport pathway in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. In normally importing grains, there was an approximately linear concentration gradient along the pathway, with a difference between the ends of the pathway of about 180 mM. This indicates an unusually low resistance for cell-to-cell transport, due perhaps to the large size-exclusion limit for the pathway. However, the existence of concentration gradients raises presently unresolvable questions about the relative contributions of diffusion versus bulk flow to transport within the symplast. The concentration gradient disappeared when sucrose movement ceased (i.e. in excised grains or when endosperm cavities of attached grains were perfused with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate [PCMBS] or with 1660 mOsm sorbitol). PCMBS appeared to block solute release into the endosperm cavity, whereas the sorbitol treatment, previously shown to cause localized plasmolysis in the chalaza, appeared to block movement across the chalaza. Sieve element/companion cell unloading appears to be an important control point for assimilate import. The sucrose concentration gradient and, probably, turgor and osmotic gradients are extremely steep there. PCMBS blocked import without affecting the sucrose concentration in the vascular parenchyma around the phloem. Thus, blockage of unloading was more complex than a simple "backing up" of solutes in the vascular parenchyma.
Robot Handling Strategies For Small Parts

Special attention must be given to the planning of robotic assembly. The objective is to assemble the product correctly the first time. A look-ahead procedure is therefore required. This paper describes a computer aided system for planning robotic grasping strategies for small rotational parts.
Precise characterization of the conformation fluctuations of freely diffusing DNA: beyond Rouse and Zimm.

We studied the dynamics of single freely diffusing fluorescence-labeled double-stranded λ-phage DNA molecules using dual-color 3-dimensional feedback tracking microscopy and intramolecular fluoresc...
Disruption of male reproductive tract development by administration of the xenoestrogen, nonylphenol, to male newborn rats

Nonylphenol (NP) treatment of neonatal male rat pups decreased the size of their testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate, and increased the frequency of cryptorchidism (60.7%, n = 56 vs 0% in vehicle-treated control, n = 58) when examined at 31 d of age. NP effects are dose-dependent. These effects were only seen when NP was given at > or =20.8 mg/kg daily for 15 d. There is a critical period of vulnerability to NP during male reproductive development in the neonatal stage. Changes were found when NPs were given to male pups before 13 d of age, but not when given at > or =13 d of age. NP acts on the male reproductive tissues through the estrogen receptor (ER), since concomitant treatment with ICI 182,780, a specific ER antagonist, blocked NP's effects on the testis and male accessory organs. NP-treated males in the neonatal period had greatly reduced their subsequent capacity to impregnate young fertile females. Our results suggest that exposure of neonatal male rats to NP is potentially deleterious to their reproductive development and affects their reproductive performance.
Role of nonhistone proteins in metaphase chromosome structure

Abstract In this paper, we show that HeLa metaphase chromosomes still possess a highly organized structure retaining the familiar metaphase morphology following removal of virtually all the histones and most of the nonhistone proteins. The structure is stabilized by a relatively small number of nonhistones, which we call scaffolding proteins. These results are based on a method which allows the removal of the histones, and most of the nonhistone proteins, by competition with polyanions such as dextran sulfate and heparin. The histone-depleted chromosomes sediment in sucrose gradients as a broad peak between 4000 to 7000S. These structures are dissociated by mild trypsin or chymotrypsin treatment, or by 4 M urea, but are stable in 2 M NaCl and insensitive to treatment with RNAase A. The histone-depleted chromosomes have a DNA to protein ratio of about 6:1; gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of about 30 nonhistone proteins and the virtual absence of histones. These experiments suggest that nonhistone proteins exist in metaphase chromosomes which maintain the DNA chain in a highly folded conformation. Structural studies support this conclusion. Analysis by fluorescence microscopy of histone-depleted chromosomes stained with ethidium bromide shows that each chromatid is still paired with its sister chromatid, and consists of a central structure surrounded by a halo of DNA. The length of the central structure in each chromatid is about 2–3 times longer than the chromatid length in the original chromosome.
Depositional Environments of Muddy Reservoir Sandstones (Lower Cretaceous) in Powder River Basin, Montana and Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Lower Cretaceous Muddy Sandstone forms stratigraphic traps in the northeast Powder River basin. The most productive reservoirs are local concentrations of clean, quartzose sandstones deposited in linear bodies as marine bars. Sediment supply to the bars was accomplished by transverse sedimentation from associated fluviodeltaic environments. Two distinct marine bar types may be recognized: (1) regressive, interdeltaic barrier bars, and (2) transgressive, delta-destructional bars. In regressive bars, grain size increases upward, and subenvironments which may be recognized include, in ascending order, lower shoreface, middle shoreface, upper shoreface-beach, and eolian. In transgressive bars, the vertical sequence of grain size and subenvironments is reversed with grain size decreasing upward, and subenvironments generally commencing with middle shoreface and succeeded upward by lower shoreface. Both bar varieties have prominent lagoonal or tidal-flat deposits as lateral equivalents. These fine-grained, back-bar sediments act as effective barriers to updip petroleum migration. Transgressive bars are associated closely with typical fluviodeltaic deposits which they may succeed, laterally or vertically, in close succession. Therefore, they are interpreted as delta-destructional bars. Regressive bars, however, are laterally and vertically removed from the main sites of delta construction, and are interpreted to be typical coastal, interdeltaic deposits. Although fluviodeltaic sandstones are local sources for bar sands, they are mineralogically quite distinct. Significant quantities of rock fragments and clay-rich matrix reduce the relative quartz content. Therefore, porosity and permeability values are low and, despite the fact that the fluviodeltaic sandstones are locally thick, they form less productive reservoirs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 835------------
Parsing radiographs by integrating landmark set detection and multi-object active appearance models

This work addresses the challenging problem of parsing 2D radiographs into salient anatomical regions such as the left and right lungs and the heart. We propose the integration of an automatic detection of a constellation of landmarks via rejection cascade classifiers and a learned geometric constellation subset detector model with a multi-object active appearance model (MO-AAM) initialized by the detected landmark constellation subset. Our main contribution is twofold. First, we propose a recovery method for false positive and negative landmarks which allows to handle extreme ranges of anatomical and pathological variability. Specifically we (1) recover false negative (missing) landmarks through the consensus of inferences from subsets of the detected landmarks, and (2) choose one from multiple false positives for the same landmark by learning Gaussian distributions for the relative location of each landmark. Second, we train a MO-AAM using the true landmarks for the detectors and during test, initialize the model using the detected landmarks. Our model fitting allows simultaneous localization of multiple regions by encoding the shape and appearance information of multiple objects in a single model. The integration of landmark detection method and MO-AAM reduces mean distance error of the detected landmarks from 20.0mm to 12.6mm. We assess our method using a database of scout CT scans from 80 subjects with widely varying pathology.
Flaw tolerance promoted by dissipative deformation mechanisms between material building blocks

Novel high-performance composite materials often draw inspiration from natural materials such as bone or mollusc shells. A prime feature of such composites is that they are, like their natural counterparts, quasibrittle. They are tolerant to material flaws up to a certain characteristic flaw-tolerant size scale, exhibiting high strength and toughness, but start to behave in a brittle manner when sufficiently large flaws are present. Here, we establish that better flaw tolerance can be achieved by maximizing fracture toughness relative to the maximum elastic energy available in the material, and we demonstrate this concept with simple two-dimensional coarse-grained simulations where the transition from brittle to quasibrittle behaviour is examined.
Injection drug users' practices and attitudes toward intervention and potential for reducing the transmission of HIV.

Miami is one of the major centers of illegal drug activity and has a significant proportion of AIDS cases among injection drug users (IDUs). Since Needle Exchange Programs (NEP) are illegal and therefore do not exist in the state of Florida, other strategies must play a large role in reducing the transmission of HIV among IDUs. In order to effectively communicate with IDUs about needle safety, it is necessary to understand the practices and culture of IDUs, including where and how the needle/syringes are obtained and used. Data from recent studies conducted in Miami and other local sites indicate that IDUs inject frequently, averaging more than 1,000 per year, per person. While the vast majority of IDUs feel it is very important to clean needles and to use a needle only one time, these sentiments are not always practiced. Furthermore, data indicate that the context where shooting takes place must be considered in the planning of HIV risk reduction interventions. These findings suggest the importance of un...
Tobacco ringspot virus codes for the coat protein of its satellite.

Abstract Mixtures of different isolates of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) and satellite (S-TRSV), either homologous or heterologous with respect to their coat proteins, were increased in bean plants. The virions produced, which were 83 to 93% S-TRSV, were serologically homologous with the TRSV portion of the inoculum, irrespective of the S-TRSV isolate present in the same inoculum. We conclude that TRSV codes for the coat protein of its satellite.
Left Ventricular Assist Device in Right Ventricular Failure

Purpose Left ventricular (LV) assist device (AD) placement for end-stage LV failure (F) is contraindicated with co-existing right ventricular (RV) F. We propose a strategic pre-op management (“HF tune up”) prior to LVAD allowing safe LVAD implant despite RVF. Methods and Materials This single center study identified 47 patients (pts) who underwent Heart Mate II implant from 2009 to 2011. Pre-op hemodynamics were analyzed at three time points: presentation (T0), 1 day pre-op (T1) and 3 days post-op (T2). Pre-op RVF was defined visually by 2D-echocardiography &/or by RV Stroke Work Index (RVSWI 14 days &/or RVAD placement. All pts underwent escalating pre-op “HF tune up” (diuresis, vasodilators, inotropes). Results Mean INTERMACS score for all HF pts who underwent HMII LVAD insertion was 1.7 ±0.6. Mean age was 61±16 yrs. 62% (n=29) of pts had preexisting RVF by echocardiography (51% moderate, 11% severe) with markedly elevated CVP at T0 compared to non-RVF. Of those, 24% (n=7) pts had RVF by RVSWI criteria. HF tune up significantly improved CVP and PCWP (T1) without change in RVSWI (T0: 0.6 ±0.5 vs T1: 0.3±0.3; p=ns). Despite marked pre-op RVF, post-op RVF rate were markedly low with 2% (n=1) suggesting that under ideal hemodynamics (Fontan physiology) the LVAD can support both, LV & RV. 1-year morbidity and mortality was excellent and not different between RVF vs non-RVF. Conclusions Effective pre-op HF tune up targeting CVP ≤ 8, PCWP ≤18, and PVR≤1.2 in end-stage HF pts with refractory pre-op RVF can greatly reduce post-op RVF. In this setting, LVAD placement appears to be safe and supports both ventricles via a “Fontan” circuit. LVAD and Hemodynamics at different time points Variables No RVF(n=18) RVF(n=29) CVP (mmHg) T0 13.8 ± 4.5 17.7 ± 4.1 0.004 T1 8.6 ± 3.9 9.1 ± 2.1 NS NS T2 12.4±4.9 11.5±4.2 NS PCWP(mmHg) T0 23.2±4.3 22.9±5.0 NS T1 17.6±5.6 15.43±3.7 NS NS NS T2 19.3±5.6 14±5.6 0.02 PVR (WU) T1 3.1±2.0 2.53±1.7 NS NS T2 1.95±4.2 1.14±1.8 NS
Supersonic airfoil optimization

A procedure for the optimization of supersonic airfoils is presented. A nonlinear, full-potential solver (NCOREL) is coupled with a numerical optimizer (CONMIN). The NCOREL code is a three-dimensional supersonic marching method, however, only two-dimensional (conical) results are used for the airfoil problem. Each airfoil evaluated in the NCOREL aerodynamic code is composed of a linear combination of user-specified basis airfoils. The weighting factors of the basis airfoils plus the angle of attack form the design variable vector. The inviscid drag coefficient is minimized subject to lift and crossflow Mach number gradient constraints. The optimization strategy is found to be extremely important for the efficient determination of an optimum airfoil.
Observed and calculated mesospheric NO, 1992-1997

[1] Mesospheric nitric oxide as observed by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and calculated by the Langley Research Center two-dimensional chemical transport model are compared on a daily and collocated basis for the period 920101 through 971231. Results show excellent agreement when energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the outer trapping region of the magnetosphere is included. A simulation using only an upper boundary condition derived from the HALOE, but not explicitly including EEP, is deficient in NO at altitudes above 60 km. The contribution to the stratosphere of odd nitrogen formed by EEP in the mesosphere is significant and is approximately three times the contribution due to the HALOE upper boundary condition (HUBC) which approximates auroral electron precipitation, and solar EUV and solar X-ray effects on NO formation.
The effect of feed composition on the behavior of chemically selective displacement systems

Abstract In this paper we examine whether adding a more retained protein to the feed will mitigate displacer–protein interactions in the column, thus affecting the displacement modality that occurs (chemically selective vs. traditional displacement chromatography). STD-NMR experiments were carried out to probe displacer–protein interactions for the chemically selective displacer chloroquine diphosphate and the results indicated that this displacer only had measurable interactions with the protein α-chymotrypsinogen A. For a two component feed mixture containing ribonuclease A and α-chymotrypsinogen A, the separation resulted in the displacement of ribonuclease A, with the more hydrophobic α-chymotrypsinogen A remaining on the column. On the other hand, when the experiment was repeated with cytochrome c added to the feed, all three feed proteins were displaced. Column simulations indicated that the combination of sample self-displacement occurring during the introduction of the feed, along with the dynamics of the initial displacement process at the column inlet was responsible for this behavior. These results indicate that for this class of hydrophobic-based selective displacers, in order for the protein to be selectively retained, the protein should be the most strongly retained feed component.
Charm quark suppression and elliptic flow at RHIC

We here give an overview of the main results for heavy quark energy loss in a hot QCD matter. The results are used to compute charm quark suppression and elliptic flow at RHIC. Our numerical estimates predict only small suppression of high p⊥ charm quarks.
Hypouricemia in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Clinical evaluations of hypouricemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have shown that it is a common disorder resulting from defective renal handling of uric acid. We prospectively studied renal urate handling in 23 patients and reviewed the records of 73 consecutive patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC), who were seen in our AIDS clinic between March 1985 and April 1988, to determine the incidence, significance, and, when possible, the cause of hypouricemia. Hypouricemia was defined as serum urate less than or equal to 0.18 mmol/L (3 mg/dL). Renal clearance studies were performed in 23 patients, 10 hypouricemic and 13 nonhypouricemic. Eight patients (six with hypouricemia) underwent central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring, which was performed for clinical signs and symptoms of extracellular volume depletion. Fourteen (eight with hypouricemia) had daily urine urate measured. Hypouricemia was found in 21 (21.9%) of 96 patients. It was more common in females and intravenous (IV) drug abusers, and was associated with more opportunistic illnesses, particularly mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Hypouricemia occurred in three patients with ARC and 18 patients with AIDS and was associated with cerebral atrophy in all 12 hypouricemic and 14 of 28 nonhypouricemic patients who had cranial computed tomography (CT) scans. During a comparable follow-up period, 71.4% of the hypouricemic as compared with 38.7% of nonhypouricemic patients died. Eleven developed hypouricemia as outpatients. Fractional excretion of uric acid (FEua) was elevated in the eight patients with CVP less than 1 cm of water, and in 10 of 10 with and nine of 13 without hypouricemia, despite CVP less than 1 cm water in eight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measuring quality of life: can it help solve the ecological crisis?

This paper summarizes the contribution of recent research on the relationships between economic and non‐economic resources to the clarification of problems concerning the physical and social environments in the context of the quality of life. It then considers some problems which require further work and the impact of this research on the revision of current notions about social and economic matters.
The Evolution of Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery Combined Endoscopic–Laparoscopic Approaches

Patients with benign colon polyps that are not amenable to endoscopic removal traditionally have undergone colon resection. Although endoscopic mucosal and submucosal dissection has been described for these polyps, the technique is not widely available and does not provide a solution for certain polyps. Polyp removal using combined endo–laparoscopic techniques may be an effective alternative in select patients.
Effect of Divalent Cations on the Structure of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylcholine/Phosphatidylglycerol Bilayers: An 2H-NMR Study

The interactions of CaCl2 or MgCl2 with multilamellar phospholipid bilayers were studied by 2H-NMR. Two model membrane systems were used: (1) dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers and (2) bilayers composed of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol at a molar ratio of 5:1. Addition of 0.25 M CaCl2 to DPPC bilayers resulted in significant uniform increase of the order parameters of the lipid side chains; the effect of 0.25 M MgCl2 was insignificant. Both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol components of the mixed bilayers were affected by the presence of 0.25 M CaCl2 and, to a much smaller degree, by MgCl2. The addition of Ca2+ induced significantly larger increase of the order parameters of the phosphatidylcholine component. The results are consistent with the long-range effects of Ca2+ binding on the packing of the lipid membranes.
Transition metal ions in silicate melts. IV. Cobalt in sodium silicate and related glasses

Optical measurements have been made on glasses quenched from a series of sodium silicate melts as well as germanate, borate, and phosphate liquids containing CoO. The spectral data show that Co+2 is the species stabilized in oxide melts heated in air. The observed bands occur at 2700–3850, 5750–7900, and 15 500–18 600 cm-1. The independence of the optical parameters from melt composition and known melt structures, the high relative intensity of the highfrequency band, and the low calculated value of the Racah B parameter relative to the free ion value indicate that Co+2 forms a distinct tetrahedral complex in the quenched melt.
2. Update on primary immunodeficiency diseases

The pace of discovery in primary immunodeficiency continues to accelerate. In particular, lymphocyte defects have been the source of the most impressive expansion in recent years. Novel forms of agammaglobulinemia, class-switch defects, and T-B + severe combined immunodeficiency have been described. Little by little, the genetic heterogeneity of the common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency phenotypes continues to be unraveled as new molecular defects have been reported in these patients as well. The phenotypic spectrum of DiGeorge syndrome has been further developed, along with promising advances in therapy. Defects of nuclear factor κB regulation and Toll-like receptor signaling have been described, along with defects of chemokine receptors and cytoplasmic proteases. Clinically defined immunodeficiencies, such as hyper-IgE syndrome and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia, are also discussed. Finally, significant adverse effects in some patients have tempered initial enthusiasm for gene therapy.
Neural network model using interpattern association.

This paper investigates a neural network model—interpattern association (IPA) model—in which the basic logical operations are used to determine the interpattern association (i.e., association between the reference patterns), and simple logical rules are applied to construct tristate interconnections in the network. Computer simulations for the reconstruction of similar English letters embedded in the random noise by the IPA model have shown improved performance compared with the Hopfield model. A 2-D hybrid optical neural network is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the IPA model. Since there are only three gray levels used in the interconnection weight matrix for the IPA model, the dynamic range imposed on a spatial light modulator is rather relaxed, and the interconnections are much simpler than the Hopfield model.
Resveratrol up-regulates SIRT1 and inhibits cellular oxidative stress in the diabetic milieu: mechanistic insights

Several lines of evidence support a role for oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Diabetic patients have increased O(2)(-) production in monocytes. Loss of SIRT1 activity may be associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Several studies have shown that SIRT1 can regulate mammalian FOXO transcription factors through direct binding and/or deacetylation. However, interactions between SIRT1 and FOXO under diabetic conditions are unclear. The phytochemical resveratrol has recently gained attention for its protection against metabolic disease. Resveratrol has been shown to increase mitochondrial function by activating SIRT1. In this study, we tested the protective effect of resveratrol on cellular oxidative stress through the SIRT1-FOXO pathway under high-glucose conditions. Human monocytic (THP-1) cells were cultured in the presence of mannitol (osmolar control) or normoglycemic (NG, 5.5 mmol/l glucose) or hyperglycemic (HG, 25 mmol/l glucose) conditions in absence or presence of resveratrol (3 and 6 μmol/l) for 48 h. We first examined SIRT1 activity and oxidative stress in monocytes of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients compared with healthy controls. In T1DM patients, monocytic SIRT1 expression was significantly decreased and p47phox expression was increased compared with controls. Under HG in vitro, SIRT1 and FOXO3a were significantly decreased compared with NG, and this was reversed by resveratrol treatment, concomitant with reduction in HG-induced superoxide production and p47phox. Under HG, SIRT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited FOXO3a, and there was no beneficial effect of resveratrol in siRNA-treated HG-induced cells. Thus, resveratrol decreases HG-induced superoxide production via up-regulation of SIRT1, induction of FOXO3a and inhibition of p47phox in monocytes.
A note on industrial adjustment and regional labor markets in Russia

The journal did not include an abstract for this article. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Boundary scattering of phonons in noncrystalline materials

Thermal-conductance measurements on thin Mylar and glass plates indicate that abrasion of the plate surfaces does not suppress specular reflection of phonons, contrary to the behavior in crystalline materials. This reinforces the suggestion that nonspecular reflection at crystal surfaces is caused primarily by lattice defects---defects which are absent in amorphous materials.
Comparison of the Relative Electron-Donating Abilities of Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate and Cyclopentadienyl Ligands: Different Interactions with Different Transition Metals

A comparison of the electron-donating abilities of the hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand and cyclopentadienyl ligand toward transition metals is presented. These data demonstrate that there is no definitive trend in donor ability across the periodic table, and consequently generalizations about the relative donating abilities of the two ligands should be discouraged.