cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Gravimetry mass measurement performance for small body flyby missions

Abstract It is challenging or infeasible to precisely measure the mass of small asteroids using the state-of-the-art without a dedicated spacecraft rendezvous mission, which are typically limited to one or a few asteroid targets. Alternatively, spacecraft flyby missions offer the possibility of visiting multiple asteroids but typically lack the sensitivity to measure mass for all but the largest asteroids. In these encounters, Earth-based two-way Doppler is used to measure a change in the spacecraft's velocity imparted by the asteroid. The technique known as Optical Gravimetry (OpGrav) seeks to increase this sensitivity of mass measurements from flyby encounters using optical measurements from the spacecraft to one or more test-masses. In this technique, the spacecraft deploys the test-masses prior to an asteroid flyby and then tracks them before and after the encounter using an on-board telescope. The test-masses can pass much closer to the asteroid than a spacecraft would typically choose such that their trajectories are measurably deflected. This paper provides a quantitative sensitivity analysis of the design parameters most relevant to OpGrav, including asteroid mass, flyby velocity, number of test-masses, test-mass target altitude, test-mass deployment time, and the cadence of optical measurements. Additionally, this paper investigates the effect of practical test-mass deployment errors on the expected mass measurement. Broadly speaking, this analysis shows that OpGrav provides comparable sensitivity to the existing technique at asteroids that are five to ten times smaller in diameter, depending on whether one or three test-masses are deployed. We demonstrate that under realistic mission assumptions, the use of OpGrav would have allowed all previous flyby visits of asteroids, most of which were not able to obtain mass estimates, to achieve better than 25% 1σ accuracy in mass measurements, representing a significant improvement on the state of the art.
Vacuum Dynamics as an Alternative Method for Detection of Bimodal Milk Ejection in Dairy Cows

The primary objective of our study was to assess the ability of a vacuum recorder to detect the presence of bimodal milk flow curves in dairy cows compared with a portable milk flow meter. In a cross-sectional study, 241 individual cow milking observations were analyzed. We simultaneously collected (1) individual cow vacuum events during milking using portable vacuum recorders, and (2) individual cow milk flow curves by attaching a portable milk flow meter to the same milking unit. Presence of bimodality was assessed with the vacuum recorder visually (BIMVA) and with the gold standard method of a milk flow meter through automatic detection (BIMLA). Kappa statistics revealed moderate agreement between BIMVA and BIMLA [κ, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.46–0.71)]. Diagnostic test statistics for BIMVA for detection of bimodality indicated moderate performance for sensitivity [0.65 (0.52–0.76)] and positive predictive value [0.71 (0.58–0.82)] and high values for specificity [0.92 (0.87–0.95)] and negative predictive value [0.93 (0.84–0.93)]. We conclude that milking vacuum dynamics are a suitable measure to assess bimodal milk flow curves in dairy cows.
Relationship Between State-Level Developmental Screening and IDEA Part C Early Intervention Rates

The purpose of this study was to explore whether a relationship exists between the rates of state-level developmental screening by a health care provider and state-level provision of Individuals wi...
Circulating Smallness on Weibo: The Dialectics of Microfiction

The focus of this essay is microfiction (wei xiaoshuo), a form of Weibo-based fiction writing. From the perspective of its most prominent feature—microness—the authors investigate the dialectical relationship between microness and largeness embodied in its form, the context of its emergence, the conditions of its existence, as well as the issues reflected in its content. Studying three disparate cases of microfiction writing, namely microfiction selected from contests hosted by Sina, Chen Peng’s personal Weibo posts, and Wen Huanjian’s Weibo novel, Love in the Age of Microblogging (Weibo shiqi de aiqing), we explore the cultural status of microfiction as a reflection of the combination of literary writing and online activities; and its aesthetic, literary, and cultural characteristics. Reading microfiction in both a literary and a sociocultural text, we argue that the smallness is an intrusion upon the largeness and hegemony of grand narratives on the one hand, and a reflection of a boradly changing reality on the other.
Ciliary Body Neurilemoma: Unusual Clinical Findings Intimating the Diagnosis

Background: Neurilemomas (schwannomas) rarely occur intraocularly. When present, they pose a diagnostic dilemma for the physician and often are mistaken as a malignant lesion, resulting in enucleation. Methods: The authors report the clinical findings of a 46-year-old man with a slowly progressive growing mass of the anterior chamber, associated with glaucoma and the development of cataract. To further delineate the tumor's features, ancillary techniques, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, were conducted. A definitive anterior chamber biopsy of the tumor was performed with histoogc examination and electron microscopy. Results: Ultrasonography, high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a well-delineated mass of the inferior ciliary body involving nearly 5 clock hours of the angle. Two clinical features that suggested a longstanding tumor were brilliant transillumination of the mass (leading to the impression of a "cystic mass," not corroborated by ultrasonography) and retrodisplacement of the involved iris root. The histology, and particularly the electron microscopic features, confirmed the diagnosis of a neurilemoma, a benign tumor of the anterior segment. Conclusion: Intraocular neurilemomas are extremely rare tumors. Few are well documented with modern ancillary techniques. Clinical findings in conjunction with radiographic and ultrasonic features may support the diagnosis of a benign tumor. For this patient, confirmation via biopsy permitted combined cataract and glaucoma surgery to rehabilitate the eye, which retains 20/20 visual acuity 3 years after the procedure.
Perspective imaging under structured light

Traditionally, "Structured Light" has been used to recover surface topology and estimate depth maps. A more recent development is the use of "Structured Light" in surpassing the fundamental limit on spatial resolution imposed by diffraction. But, its use in surpassing the diffraction limit remains confined to microscopy, due to issues that arise in macroscopic1 imaging: perspective foreshortening, aliasing and need for calibration. Also, no formal attempt has been made to unify the above embodiments, despite their common reliance on "Structured Light". An original contribution of this work is the use of "Structured Light" in surpassing the diffraction limit of macroscopic imaging systems. Other contributions include • unifying the "Structured Light" embodiments in a single framework • realizing OSR and depth-estimation in a single un-calibrated setup when the image planes of the imaging & illumination system are parallel. Potential applications include bar code scanning and surveillance.
Courage and Respect in New Media Science Communication

This article will articulate what it means to be morally courageous in online discussions of science by distinguishing between different fields of action appropriate to “technical deliberation” and “public deliberation,” while placing respect as a vital constituent of courageous action. These distinctions and focus help reveal the cowardice in superficially courageous action (e.g., “turning off the comments” to cut naysayers out of the discussion) as well as the hidden courage in actions that might seem cursorily to be rash (e.g., “turning on the comments” to allow nonexperts to chime in on science).
Pitfalls In Evaluation

Dangers in evaluation are of two types: failures of perception and failures in timing. Avoidance of failures of perception requires care on design of the evaluative experiment to assure internal validity of inference without loss of generalizability. It also requires careful definition of objectives of the innovation and expression of objectives in a comprehensive set of measures of effectiveness and cost, plus an awareness of and accounting for human factors involved. Avoidance of failures in timing require the integration of evaluation into the stages of research, development and diffusion.
All-Trans Retinoic Acid–Triggered Antimicrobial Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Dependent on NPC2

A role for vitamin A in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been suggested through epidemiological and in vitro studies; however, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that vitamin A-triggered antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis requires expression of NPC2. Comparison of monocytes stimulated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), the biologically active forms of vitamin A and vitamin D, respectively, indicates that ATRA and 1,25D3 induce mechanistically distinct antimicrobial activities. Stimulation of primary human monocytes with ATRA did not result in expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, which is required for 1,25D3 antimicrobial activity. In contrast, ATRA triggered a reduction in the total cellular cholesterol concentration, whereas 1,25D3 did not. Blocking ATRA-induced cellular cholesterol reduction inhibits antimicrobial activity as well. Bioinformatic analysis of ATRA- and 1,25D3-induced gene profiles suggests that NPC2 is a key gene in ATRA-induced cholesterol regulation. Knockdown experiments demonstrate that ATRA-mediated decrease in total cellular cholesterol content and increase in lysosomal acidification are both dependent upon expression of NPC2. Expression of NPC2 was lower in caseous tuberculosis granulomas and M. tuberculosis-infected monocytes compared with normal lung and uninfected cells, respectively. Loss of NPC2 expression ablated ATRA-induced antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the vitamin A-mediated antimicrobial mechanism against M. tuberculosis requires NPC2-dependent expression and function, indicating a key role for cellular cholesterol regulation in the innate immune response.
TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP BY OSTEOTOMY

Conclusions based on forty-six osteotomies show this to be a sound pain-relieving operation for osteoarthritis of the hip. The field of operation has been widened and some of the disadvantages have been avoided by nail and plate fixation. Early results from this method are similar to those from osteotomy and immobilisation in plaster, and it seems likely that the relief of pain will be just as enduring.
Interleukin‐6 genotype and risk for cerebral palsy in term and near‐term infants

Objective Chorioamnionitis is associated with increased risk for cerebral palsy (CP) in term infants. A functional polymorphism in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene has been implicated in newborn brain injury. We studied whether the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism confers increased risk for CP in term infants. Methods This population-based case–control study included 334,333 live-born infants born at ≥36 weeks gestation within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program from 1991 to 2002. Case patients (n = 250) were identified from electronic records and confirmed by chart review, and comprised all infants with spastic or dyskinetic CP not caused by developmental abnormalities who had a neonatal blood specimen available for study. Control patients (n = 305) were randomly selected from the study population. Results Compared with genotype GG, the less common CC genotype was associated with increased risk for overall CP (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–4.6), quadriparetic CP (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.8–9.3), and hemiparetic CP (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.7), after controlling for race. The C allele conferred increased risk for CP in both recessive and additive genetic models. In multivariate analysis controlling for race, independent risk factors for CP included CC genotype compared with GG (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.4), clinical chorioamnionitis (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.1–10.4), maternal age ≥ 35 (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6–4.1), and male sex (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.4). Interpretation Our data suggest that a functional polymorphism in the IL-6 gene is a risk factor for CP among term and near-term infants. Ann Neurol 2009;66:663–670
Exercise in a cold environment after sleep deprivation

Seven subjects exercised to thermal comfort in a cold environment (0‡ C, 2.5 m·s−1) after normal sleep (control) and following a 50-h period of sleep deprivation. Resting core temperature (rectal) taken before the subject entered the cold environment was significantly lower (−0.5‡ C,P<0.05) following the 50-h period of wakefulness. However, rectal temperature was not different after 15 min of exercise during the two exposures, suggesting that the subjects stored heat more rapidly during the first 15 min of exercise after sleep deprivation. No significant differences in self-chosen exercise intensity, heart rate, metabolic rate, or exercise time were evident between the control and sleep deprived exposures. Fifty hours of sleep deprivation failed to alter the core temperature response during exercise in severe cold stress, and subjects chose identical work rates to minimize fatigue and cold sensation. The results suggest that the 50-h sleep deprivation period was not a true physiological stress during exercise in a cold environment. (Supported by Contract # DAMD 17-81-C1023.)
Comparison of physical and chemical properties of maceral groups separated by density dradient centrifugation

Abstract Eight coals have been selected for study of the physical and chemical properties of the maceral group . The density-gradient centrifugation technique was employed to affect maceral group separation. The maximum reflectance method of Ting and Lo was used for estimating the reflectance of very small coal particles. The reflectograms were used to characterize the separated maceral fractions. The density, elemental composition, reflectance, NMR parameters of aromaticity, protonated aromatic carbon content and ƒstuggeredastuggeredH of the maceral groups were compared. Variations in the aromatic structure of the maceral groups are discussed as well as the observation that ƒstuggereda and ƒstuggeredastuggeredH change with particle density.
The diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd-Y-H ternary solid solutions

Abstract The diffusivity of hydrogen in a series of palladium-yttrium solid solutions has been measured by an electro-chemical technique in the temperature range 285–322 K and the composition range 0–10 at.% Y. The H-concentration was of the order of 10−4at.%. In all cases the diffusivities for a given Y-concentration obeyed the Arrhenius relationship and, at all temperatures in the measurement range, the presence of Y-atoms effected a decrease in H-mobility in comparison with the Pd-H binary system. The results have been evaluated in terms of a simple statistical model in which it is assumed that both H and Y atoms occupy the octahedral interstitial sites in the f.c.c. lattice.
Selenium Speciation, Solubility, and Mobility in Land-Disposed Dredged Sediments

Pilot-scale tests for the land disposal of Se-enriched sediments from the San Luis Drain were performed in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Three test plots were instrumented and monitored on a dirt-road embankment near the sediment source area, providing an opportunity to measure Se oxidation and solubilization rates over a period of 2-3 yr. Soil, soil water, and groundwater data indicated that the amendment did not cause movement of dissolved Se below a depth of 15 cm. The low permeability of underlying sediments and the overall low Se solubility limit Se movement toward the groundwater table. Selenium remained in reduced forms and largely immobile at this site, although in-situ Se oxidation was measurable. Soluble Se concentrations increased from less than 0.5% to approximately 2.5% in the first 207 d following sediment application. Minor Se solubilization occurred after 439 and 704 d. Changes in Se fractionation measured using sequential extractions and Se speciation based on X-ray spectroscopy (XANES) results were in qualitative agreement. XANES results indicated initially rapid oxidation of organo-Se and/or elemental Se to selenite during the first 207 d, followed by minor oxidation after 439 d. Further solubilization of the Se inventory is anticipated, but at a low rate of 1-2% per year, comparable to rates measured in other studies.
Evidence for two functional X chromosomes in human oocytes.

Abstract Oocytes from individuals heterozygous for the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic variants, types A and B, were examined for their G6PD pattern. Three bands were observed, A, B, and AB; the presence of the AB (hybrid) band demonstrates that both X-linked G6PD alleles are functional in the maturing human oocyte.
Buoyancy Effects in a Stratified Ekman Layer

Abstract The K-profile parameterization scheme is used to investigate the stratified Ekman layer in a “fair weather” regime of weak mean surface heating, persistently stable density stratification, diurnal solar cycle, and broadband fluctuations in the surface stress and buoyancy flux. In the case of steady forcing, the boundary layer depth typically scales as h ∼ u*/Nf, where u* is the friction velocity, f is the Coriolis frequency, and N is the interior buoyancy frequency that confirms empirical fits. The diurnal cycle of solar forcing acts to deepen the boundary layer because of net interior absorption and compensating surface cooling. Parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale eddy-induced restratification flux compresses the boundary layer. With transient forcing, the mean boundary layer profiles are altered; that is, rectification occurs with a variety of causes and manifestations, including changes in h and in the Ekman profile u(z). Overall, stress fluctuations tend to deepen the mean boundary layer...
The Spectrographic Analysis of Sound Signals of the Domestic Fowl

A spectrographic analysis was made of the following sound signals of the domestic fowl: (a) sounds made by chicks, including distress calls, pleasure notes and fear trills; (b) sounds made by broody hens that serve to attract chicks, including clucking, food calls, and the roosting call; and, (c) warning signals, including the alarm call for aerial predators, the alarm call for ground predators, the alerting call of a broody hen, fear squawks of a hen held in the hand, threat sounds of cocks, and crowing of a rooster. Distress notes of chicks are composed of descending frequencies only, whereas ascending frequencies are the prominent component of pleasure notes. The spectrographic analysis revealed the following common elements in sounds that attract chicks: (i) repetitiveness or segmentation, (2) brief duration of the component notes, and (3) the presence of relatively low frequencies. Warning signals as a group have in common features that are the opposite: (1) relatively long duration. (2) relatively little segmentation or repetitiveness, and (3) absence of very low frequencies. Experimental tests with artificial sounds confirmed these conclusions.
Simple spline-function equations for fracture mechanics calculations

The paper presents simple spline-function equations for fracture mechanics calculations. A spline function is a sequence of piecewise polynomials of degree n greater than 1 whose coefficients are such that the function and its first n-1 derivatives are continuous. Second-degree spline equations are presented for the compact, three point bend, and crack-line wedge-loaded specimens. Some expressions can be used directly, so that for a cyclic crack propagation test using a compact specimen, the equation given allows the cracklength to be calculated from the slope of the load-displacement curve. For an R-curve test, equations allow the crack length and stress intensity factor to be calculated from the displacement and the displacement ratio.
Visitors' Motivation for Attending the South Beach Wine and Food Festival, Miami Beach, Florida

The objective of this study was to identify the major factors that motivated visitors to attend the South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami Beach, Florida, and determine whether these factors varied among the visitors from the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, and Asia. A survey of 475 visitors to South Florida was conducted in February 2006. Forty‐four motivational items were factor analyzed. The seven factors that motivated first‐time visitors to the festival were the desire to taste new wine and food, enjoy the event, enhance social status, escape from routine life, meet new people, spend time with family, and get to know the celebrity chefs and wine experts. A significant difference in motivation among the five national groups of visitors was found in the area of family influence. Implications of the study results are discussed.
Surface analysis of fouling‐resistant marine coatings

Generally applicable techniques for surface analysis are described for prepared coating surfaces, with the recommendation that they be utilized prior to any fouling‐release field trials. The effectiveness of these techniques to predict nontoxic fouling‐release is supported by citation of results from the performance of commercial coatings in both seawater and freshwater environments, and comparison with standard reference materials. It is no longer necessary to rely on assumptions about the types of surfaces that will most easily allow physical release of accumulated biofouling, since the field results now show why analysing the surfaces in advance of their aqueous exposure gives important clues about their likely fouling performance. Written test protocols that do not include this level of surface inspection limit understanding and do not aid it, since ambiguities in fouling results are not otherwise traceable to characterized initial coating qualities.
Independent human MAP kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms

Mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases include extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 subgroups. These MAP kinase isoforms are activated by dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. Two human MAP kinase kinases (MKK3 and MKK4) were cloned that phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinase. These MKK isoforms did not activate the ERK subgroup of MAP kinases, but MKK4 did activate JNK. These data demonstrate that the activators of p38 (MKK3 and MKK4), JNK (MKK4), and ERK (MEK1 and MEK2) define independent MAP kinase signal transduction pathways.
INVESTIGATION OF MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF PRODUCTS OF OZONATION REACTIONS IN WATER

Of the 28 compounds that were ozonated in the study and screened by the in vitro microbiologic mutagenic procedures, only seven indicated some level of activity. Ethanol was active in Saccharomyces after prolonged ozonation; metabolic activation resulted in significantly reduced activity. Benzidine was mutagenic in Salmonella before and after ozonation, but conflicting results were obtained in several repeat experiments in Saccharomyces after ozonation. Phenol, hydroquinone, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and nitrilotriacetic acid gave anomalous results in Saccharomyces after ozonation; although elevated activity was indicated in some of the experiments, it was not dose related. After ozonation, 1,1-diphenylhydrazine indicated weakly positive activity in one test in Salmonella, but no activity was found in a repeat sample. In the yeast, generally elevated activity after ozonation was not dose related. Thus, in general, ozonation under the conditions of this study did not induce substantial mutagenic activity in the compounds studied in the Saccharomyces and Salmonella microbial systems. Where activity was indicated, it usually resulted after prolonged exposure to ozone, was not dose related, and was not repeatable in some cases. Generally, nitrogenous compounds seemed to have a greater propensity to produce activity after ozonation than did compounds without nitrogen. It is possible that more activity would more » have been detected in some examples had higher compound dosages been employed where water solubility was a limiting factor. Continuation studies are expected to provide additional information by utilizing cosolvents to increase water solubility of such compounds as benzo(a)pyrene and by pursuing the identification of more of the ozonation products. Chlorine dioxide will also be investigated in similar experiments, and additional representative compounds will be considered. « less
Triple Discrete Fungus Balls of the Paranasal Sinuses

Paranasal sinus fungus balls occur usually in single sinus, most frequently the maxillary sinus.1 Multisinus localization was found only 6% in the largest review of this disease entity.2 Even multiple sinuses involved, these sinuses were mostly contiguous. Bilateral involvement was rare in the literature.2–4 Nevertheless, there has never been a report of three discrete sinus fungus balls in the same patient. This report represents the first case of the paranasal sinus fungus balls presenting in triple discrete sinuses at once.
Analysis of partially composite foam insulated concrete sandwich structures

Abstract This paper presents the theoretical development that defines the small displacement behavior of foam insulated concrete sandwich panels. Composite theories presented by other researchers are first thoroughly reviewed and scrutinized in the context of their use for precast concrete beams. A more rigorous Discrete Model that incorporates the complex shear deformation behaviors and independent flexural resistance of the concrete wythes is then derived. Experimental data from full-scale precast sandwich panel tests are used to validate the developed methodology. Finally, it is demonstrated that this study provides a rigorous analysis methodology for foam insulated concrete sandwich structures.
Theory of tunneling without transfer Hamiltonian: Relation between continuum and discrete formalisms, and equivalence with elementary theory for noninteracting systems

The relation of the tunneling theory developed by Feuchtwang to the similar theory due to Caroli et al. is explained. Some previous assertions, concerning their discrete formulation of tunneling, reaffirmed in the companion comment, by Caroli et al. are disproved. A general proof for the equivalence of the elementary kinetic theory of tunneling and of the many-body formulation for a noninteracting system is given. The role of boundary conditions imposed at interfaces in junctions is discussed, and some of the results of an earlier analysis by Feuchtwang are shown to have a more general validity than suggested in the original work.
A clustering-based method to detect functional connectivity differences

Recently, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating functional brain organization changes in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the current techniques may need further development to better define the reference brain networks for quantifying the functional connectivity differences between normal and diseased subject groups. In this study, we introduced a new clustering-based method that can clearly define the reference clusters. By employing group difference information to guide the clustering, the voxels within the reference clusters will have homogeneous functional connectivity changes above predefined levels. This method identified functional clusters that were significantly different between the amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) and age-matched cognitively normal (CN) subjects. The results indicated that the distribution of the clusters and their functionally disconnected regions resembled the altered memory network regions previously identified in task fMRI studies. In conclusion, the new clustering method provides an advanced approach for studying functional brain organization changes associated with brain diseases.
Monotone approximation in several variables

Abstract Let Ω denote the unit n -cube, [0, 1] n , and let M be the set of all real valued functions on Ω which are nondecreasing in each variable. If f is a bounded Lebesgue measurable function on Ω and 1 p ƒ p denote the best L p -approximation to ƒ by elements of M . It is shown that ƒ p converges almost everywhere as p decreases to one to a best L 1 -approximation to f by elements of M . If ƒ is continuous, then ƒ p is continuous and converges uniformly as p ↓ 1 to a best L 1 -approximation to ƒ by elements of M and ƒ p converges uniformly as p → ∞ to a best L ∞ -approximation to ƒ by elements of M .
Periphyton responses to experimental phosphorus enrichment in a subtropical wetland

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increased phosphorus (P) loading on periphyton abundance, productivity, and taxonomic composition in an oligotrophic Everglades slough characterized by abundant metaphyton and epiphyton. Mesocosm enclosures were dosed weekly with different orthophosphate loads (0–12.8 g P m−2 per year) for 5 months during the summer wet season (late June–November 1995). Added P was accumulated rapidly by the periphyton at a rate proportional to the load. Phosphorus accumulation caused the loss of the extensive mats of cyanobacteria and diatoms that were abundant in the surrounding slough. This oligotrophic assemblage was replaced by floating mats of eutrophic cyanobacteria and diatoms at the highest loading rates (6.4–12.8 g P m−2 per year), and by diffuse masses of filamentous chlorophytes at intermediate loads (1.6–3.2 g P m−2 per year). Metaphyton and epiphyton biomass-specific productivity increased in proportion to the loading rate and remained elevated at higher loads until the end of the wet season. Respiration rates also tended to increase with P load but were never significantly higher than in unenriched mesocosms. Despite higher productivity rates, both epiphyton biomass and floating mat coverage declined at higher loads compared to controls. Periphyton changes induced by P enrichment may affect wetland function by reducing (1) periphyton dominance, (2) the food quality of the periphyton for herbivores, and (3) the nutrient storage capacity of the wetland. Many of these changes also have been documented in other wetlands, thereby implicating P as a principal factor affecting wetland periphyton structure and function.
The effect of hand position and pattern motion on temporal order judgments.

Subjects made temporal order judgments (TOJs) of tactile stimuli presented to the fingerpads. The subjects judged which one of two locations had been stimulated first. The tactile stimuli were patterns that simulated movement across the fingerpads. Although irrelevant to the task, the direction of movement of the patterns biased the TOJs. If the pattern at one location moved in the direction of the second location, the subjects tended to judge the first location as leading the second location. If the pattern moved in the opposite direction, that location was judged as trailing. In a series of experiments, the effect of the spatial position of the hands and fingers on TOJs and the perception of the direction of pattern movement were examined. Changing the position of the hands so that the patterns no longer moved directly toward each other reduced or eliminated the effect of motion on TOJs. In a variation of Aristotle’s illusion, the moving patterns were presented to crossed and uncrossed fingers. The results indicated that, contrary to Aristotle’s illusion, the subjects processed the moving patterns relative to an environmental framework, rather than to the local direction of motion on the fingerpads. Presenting the patterns to crossed hands produced results similar to those obtained with crossed fingers: The subjects processed the patterns according to an environmental framework.
Alloxazines and isoalloxazines. Mass spectrometric analysis of riboflavin and related compounds

The positive ion electron-impact mass spectra of a series of alloxazines, iso-alloxazines and some derivatives have been examined. The compounds employed were lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine), 1,3-dimethyllumichrome, lumiflavin (7,8,10-trimethyl-iso-alloxazine), 3-methyllumiflavin, riboflavin [7,8-dimethyl-10-(D-1′-ribityl)-iso-alloxazine], riboflavin tetraacetate, 3-methylriboflavin tetraacetate and riboflavin tetrapropionate. By using exact mass measurements, metastable ion defocusing and the mass/composition shifts occurring with derivatives, it has been possible to arrive at detailed interpretations of the mass spectra of all compounds. With lumichrome and lumiflavin, fragmentation commences by elimination of HNCO from the pyrimidine ring. With riboflavin and its derivatives the ribityl chain cleaves off first, followed by decomposition of the iso-alloxazine ring. Application of these methods and findings to the structural analysis of chemically interesting modified flavins is predicted to be rewarding.
Efficient use of a digital oscilloscope-computer combination in the physiology laboratory.

Abstract This communication outlines a system that has been implemented to interface a digital oscilloscope with a general purpose digital computer. The computer chosen was the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11 34 , the oscilloscope chosen was the Nicolet Explorer III. To illustrate the capabilities of this combination, two examples of data analysis from our cardiovascular research laboratory were included. The combination of the two devices yields a more powerful research tool, which allows data manipulation beyond the capabilities of the oscilloscope.
On quantum transport theory

Abstract A method for obtaining the transport coefficients is developed which is shown to be identical to the approximate Kubo formula obtained by Fujita and Abe yet much easier to handle in specific calculations. As an example we show that the results obtained by this method are identical to those recently obtained by Cunningham and Gruber, who use the Kubo formula as a starting point.
Boundary waves along an impedance plane with a linearly varying impedance

A formal and asymptotic solution has been obtained for boundary waves which are supported by an infinite plane impedance boundary with a linearly varying impedance. The asymptotic solution (with respect to large distance from the origin) has three terms which are recognized as an incident, a reflected boundary wave, and a radiated wave. It is found that an increasing rate of change of the boundary impedance corresponds to more tightly bound boundary waves, to a power reflection coefficient approaching unity, and to a radiation efficiency approaching zero.
Economic development and the development of economics: Some observations from the left

Rather than comment in great detail on the specific content of the papers included in this symposium I propose to make some observations on issues of a more general nature arising from the subject matter of the symposium. I will begin by suggesting an explanation for the apparent decline of development economics since its heyday in the 1960s. I will then consider the impact of development economics on the general body of the discipline of economics. Finally, I will illustrate some of my points with specific reference to the empirical work discussed in Hollis Chenery’s contribution.’ My perspective is that of a radical political economist, whose interest in Third World development was first stimulated in the early 1960s by a year spent in India, and whose conversion to a radical outlook was consolidated both by the experience of working on economic planning problems in India and by the political and intellectual camaraderie of colleagues in the Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE) in the United States in the late 1960s.
Causal coherence in the oral narratives of Spanish-speaking children.

Forty-six Spanish-speaking children distributed among three age groups (4:0–4:11, 6:0–6:11, and 8:0–8:11 years) were shown a short silent film and asked to tell the investigator what happened in th...
Application for the Drosophila ventral nerve cord standard in neuronal circuit reconstruction and in-depth analysis of mutant morphology

The Drosophila standard brain has been a useful tool that provides information about position and size of different brain structures within a wild-type brain and allows the comparison of imaging data that were collected from individual preparations. Therefore the standard can be used to reveal and visualize differences of brain regions between wild-type and mutant brains and can provide spatial description of single neurons within the nervous system. Recently the standard brain was complemented by the generation of a ventral nerve cord (VNC) standard. Here the authors have registered the major components of a simple neuronal circuit, the Giant Fiber System (GFS), into this standard. The authors show that they can also virtually reconstruct the well-characterized synaptic contact of the Giant Fiber with its motorneuronal target when they register the individual neurons from different preparations into the VNC standard. In addition to the potential application for the standard thorax in neuronal circuit reconstruction, the authors show that it is a useful tool for in-depth analysis of mutant morphology of single neurons. The authors find quantitative and qualitative differences when they compared the Giant Fibers of two different neuroglian alleles, nrg(849) and nrg(G00305), using the averaged wild-type GFS in the standard VNC as a reference.
A reassessment of demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo

The author presents revised demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo New Mexico using modern methods to reanalyze a skeletal sample of 120 adults. New estimates concerning sex ratio and life expectancy of this prehistoric population are presented (ANNOTATION)
Digoxin therapy and the risk of primary cardiac arrest in patients with congestive heart failure: effect of mild-moderate renal impairment.

Background and Objective: The cardiac safety of digoxin therapy for congestive heart failure (CHF) is a source of concern, especially among those with renal impairment. Methods: Using a case–control design, we examined the risk of primary cardiac arrest (PCA) associated with digoxin therapy within three levels of renal function. Results: After adjustment for other clinical characteristics, digoxin therapy for CHF was not associated with an increased risk of PCA [odds ratio (OR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–1.62] among patients with normal renal function (serum creatinine 1.1 mg/ dL). In contrast, digoxin therapy was associated with a modest increase in risk (OR 1.58, CI 0.89–2.80) among patients with mild renal impairment (serum creatinine 1.2–1.4 mg/dL); and a twofold increase in risk (OR 2.39, CI 1.37–4.18) among patients with moderate renal impairment (serum creatinine 1.5–3.5 mg/dL). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the risks of digoxin may offset the benefits among patients with moderately impaired renal function, but not among patients with normal renal function. 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Model uncertainty and Bayesian updating in reliability-based inspection

In this paper, a Bayesian procedure is proposed to quantify the modeling uncertainty, including the uncertainty in mechanical and statistical model selection and the uncertainty in distribution parameters. The procedure is developed first using a simple example and then is applied to a fatigue reliability problem, with the combination of two competing crack growth models and considering the uncertainty in the statistical distribution parameters for each model. This Bayesian failure probability analysis can be incorporated with information from nondestructive inspections performed on the structure to derive more realistic reliability estimates. The procedure for updating the mechanical model, probabilistic model, distribution parameter statistics and reliability is illustrated for the fatigue reliability problem.
The Puf3 protein is a transcript‐specific regulator of mRNA degradation in yeast

Eukaryotic post-transcriptional regulation is often specified by control elements within mRNA 3′- untranslated regions (3′-UTRs). In order to identify proteins that regulate specific mRNA decay rates in Saccharomyces cerevisae, we analyzed the role of five members of the Puf family present in the yeast genome (referred to as JSN1/PUF1, PUF2, PUF3, PUF4 and MPT5/PUF5). Yeast strains lacking all five Puf proteins showed differential expression of numerous yeast mRNAs. Examination of COX17 mRNA indicates that Puf3p specifically promotes decay of this mRNA by enhancing the rate of deadenylation and subsequent turnover. Puf3p also binds to the COX17 mRNA 3′-UTR in vitro. This indicates that the function of Puf proteins as specific regulators of mRNA deadenylation has been conserved throughout eukaryotes. In contrast to the case in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, yeast Puf3p does not affect translation of COX17 mRNA. These observations indicate that Puf proteins are likely to play a role in the control of transcript-specific rates of degradation in yeast by interacting directly with the mRNA turnover machinery.
PACAP receptor gene polymorphism impacts fear responses in the amygdala and hippocampus

We have recently found higher circulating levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a highly traumatized cohort of women but not men. Furthermore, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the PACAP receptor gene ADCYAP1R1, adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 receptor type 1, was associated with individual differences in PTSD symptoms and psychophysiological markers of fear and anxiety. The current study outlines an investigation of individual differences in brain function associated with ADCYAP1R1 genotype. Forty-nine women who had experienced moderate to high levels of lifetime trauma participated in a functional MRI task involving passive viewing of threatening and neutral face stimuli. Analyses focused on the amygdala and hippocampus, regions that play central roles in the pathophysiology of PTSD and are known to have high densities of PACAP receptors. The risk genotype was associated with increased reactivity of the amygdala and hippocampus to threat stimuli and decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus. The findings indicate that the PACAP system modulates medial temporal lobe function in humans. Individual differences in ADCYAP1R1 genotype may contribute to dysregulated fear circuitry known to play a central role in PTSD and other anxiety disorders.
Mixed finite element methods and higher order temporal approximations for variably saturated groundwater flow

Abstract Richards’ equation (RE) is commonly used to model flow in variably saturated porous media. However, its solution continues to be difficult for many conditions of practical interest. Among the various time discretizations applied to RE, the method of lines (MOL) has been used successfully to introduce robust, accurate, and efficient temporal approximations. At the same time, a mixed-hybrid finite element method combined with an adaptive, higher order time discretization has shown benefits over traditional, lower order temporal approximations for modeling single-phase groundwater flow in heterogeneous porous media. Here, we extend earlier work for single-phase flow and consider two mixed finite element methods that have been used previously to solve RE using lower order time discretizations with either fixed time steps or empirically based adaption. We formulate the two spatial discretizations within a MOL context for the pressure head form of RE as well as a fully mass-conservative version. We conduct several numerical experiments for both spatial discretizations with each formulation, and we compare the higher order, adaptive time discretization to a first-order approximation with formal error control and adaptive time step selection. Based on the numerical results, we evaluate the performance of the methods for robustness and efficiency.
Motion of trapped electrons in gyro-resonant electromagnetic field

Abstract It is shown that the phase space of magnetically trapped electrons in plasmas interacting with gyro-resonant electromagnetic waves is divided into two parts. In one, as a particle gains energy its turning point moves towards the region of weaker magnetic field; in the other, energy gain results in the turning point moving towards the region of stronger magnetic field, with possible detrapping.
A hierarchical spatial framework for forest landscape planning

A hierarchical spatial framework for large-scale, long-term forest landscape planning is presented along with example policy analyses for a 560,000 ha area of the Oregon Coast Range. The modeling framework suggests utilizing the detail provided by satellite imagery to track forest vegetation condition and for representation of fine-scale features, such as riparian areas. Spatial data are then aggregated up to management units, where forest management decisions are simulated. Management units may also be aggregated into harvest blocks to closer emulate management behavior. Land allocations, subdivisions of landowner groups, can be used to represent different levels of management. A management unit may contain multiple land allocations, such as riparian management emphases that vary based on distance from the stream system. The management emphasis required by each land allocation is retained in the simulation of policies. When applied within a large-scale forest landscape planning context, the implications of policies that suggest clearcut size restrictions, minimum harvest ages, or the development of interior habitat areas can be assessed. Simulations indicated that the minimum harvest age constraint has a stronger influence on even-flow harvest levels than do maximum clearcut size or interior habitat area constraints. Even-flow timber harvest level objectives, however, also have an effect on the results: time periods beyond the constraining time period show a build-up of timber inventory, which suggests a possible relaxation or modification of the objective in order to achieve average harvest ages that are closer to the minimum harvest age.
Machine controls for analysis of variance

A major problem in using the analysis of variance, as the number of factors increases, is the exponential rise in the number of interactions. Even though the experimenter may not be interested in these interactions it is impossible to ignore them in most experimental designs because of the problem of getting error terms.It is natural therefore to look to the computer to handle the bulk of work involved in computing the interactions. A program device to get the computer to do this is described.