cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Dreaming Between Worlds

We present this final chapter in two acts, reflecting (at least) two significant occurrences at the time of this writing: COVID-19 and uprisings against police brutality. Some have called these twin pandemics, reflecting and reinforcing each other, police and policy violence. The structures that put us where we find ourselves have long been in place, yet reveal the deepest needs, fissures and solidarities that are present –and possible. How can we write about liberatory practices for learning in 2020 without considering this moment in history? We split this piece into two acts: one focusing on the realities of the now, the second on the worlds of possibility and otherwise.
Student and faculty interaction in motivated learning for face-to-face and online marketing classes

Researchers in the scholarship of teaching and learning are converging on the need to examine deeper motivational processes. This research addresses the conceptual and methodological issues identif...
Polydnavirus Innexins Disrupt Host Cellular Encapsulation and Larval Maturation

Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses associated with endoparasitoid wasps. Delivery of the virus during parasitization of a caterpillar and subsequent virus gene expression is required for production of an amenable environment for parasitoid offspring development. Consequently, understanding of Polydnavirus gene function provides insight into mechanisms of host susceptibility and parasitoid wasp host range. Polydnavirus genes predominantly are arranged in multimember gene families, one of which is the vinnexins, which are virus homologues of insect gap junction genes, the innexins. Previous studies of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vinnexins using various heterologous systems have suggested the four encoded members may provide different functionality in the infected caterpillar host. Here, we expressed two of the members, vnxG and vnxQ2, using recombinant baculoviruses in susceptible host, the caterpillar Heliothis virescens. Following intrahemocoelic injections, we observed that >90% of hemocytes (blood cells) were infected, producing recombinant protein. Larvae infected with a vinnexin-recombinant baculovirus exhibited significantly reduced molting rates relative to larvae infected with a control recombinant baculovirus and mock-infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with vinnexin-recombinant baculoviruses were less likely to survive relative to controls and showed reduced ability to encapsulate chromatography beads in an immune assay. In most assays, the VnxG protein was associated with more severe pathology than VnxQ2. Our findings support a role for Vinnexins in CsIV and more broadly Ichnovirus pathology in infected lepidopteran hosts, particularly in disrupting multicellular developmental and immune physiology.
Modulation of locomotion by a nerve graft across a spinal transection in rat

Adult rats received a complete mid-lower thoracic spinal cord transection and a peripheral nerve autograft was inserted across the transection site. Testing 3-4 months later showed that, after decerebration, stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) induced forelimb but not hindlimb locomotion. However, in 5/7 animals, tail pinch interrupted MLR stimulation-induced forelimb stepping, while pinna pinch induced hindlimb muscle twitch. These effects were not present following complete section of the nerve graft or in 6 control animals which did not receive a graft. Exposure of the cut mid-portion of the grafts to DiI revealed the presence of labeled axons entering the spinal cord through both ends of the graft in those animals which showed the above effects. There was no transport in the 2 cases in which tail pinch interruption of MLR-induced stepping or pinna pinch-induced hindlimb muscle twitch did not occur. We conclude that non-specific information which can modulate locomotion may be flowing through the graft.
The Ideology of Judging and the First Amendment in Judicial Election Campaigns

This article makes two observations about the current scheme of regulation of speech in judicial election campaigns. First, many of the restrictions that courts routinely enforce are constitutionally indefensible. Second, the difference between the regulation of judicial campaign speech and the speech of candidates for other electoral offices reveals a deep unease among judges with the concept of an elected judiciary. Regarding the first point, the law governing judicial elections is so markedly out of step with the First Amendment that it is a wonder that so many judges uphold restrictions on speech that they would never countenance in other contexts. The second observation challenges the image of judging and the conception of the rule of law that is pervasive among many judges and observers of the judicial system. The ideology of judging, as I call it, is that there is a fundamental distinction between "legal" and "political" decision making and that judges may engage in only the former. If that is true, however, then having judicial elections makes no sense. The obvious fact that we do have judicial elections suggests that the ideology of judging is not universally accepted, or at least that the picture is more complicated than the slogans suggest. The claim that courts often get the law wrong is not, by itself, terribly interesting. The question worth asking is why the ideology of judging has been so persistent in the face of so much First Amendment jurisprudence pointing in the other direction. My claim is that the revulsion courts feel toward open, unfettered campaign speech can be traced to their deeply rooted fear that there may be no way to define objectivity in judicial decision making. Judges suppress speech that seems too "political" because they are worried about becoming political actors themselves. Courts also appear frightened of judges with strong interests and attachments, who pose starkly the threat of deciding cases according to their commitments and beliefs, instead of following the law, because they worry that in the absence of clear standards of correctness in judicial decision making it will be impossible to identify the "bad" judges after the fact. This article is part of a symposium on the ethics of judicial selection.
MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION FROM THE FLOW FIELDS OF BODIES FLYING AT SPEEDS UP TO 13.4 KILOMETERS PER SECOND

Measurements of radiation from the flow fields of bodies flying at speeds up to 13.4 km per second
The Deep Lexical Semantics of Event Words

We have selected a basic core of about 5,000 synsets in WordNet that are the most frequently used, and we categorized these into 16 broad categories, including, for example, time, space, scalar notions, composite entities, and event structure. We sketched out the structure of some of the underlying abstract core theories of commonsense knowledge, including those for the mentioned areas. These theories explicate the basic predicates in terms of which the most common word senses need to be defined or characterized. We are encoding axioms that link the word senses to the core theories. This may be thought of as a kind of “advanced lexical decomposition”, where the “primitives” into which words are “decomposed” are elements in coherently worked-out theories. In this paper we focus on our work on the 450 of these synsets that are concerned with events and their structure.
Chemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. IX. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on TMV-RNA and other polynucleotides.

Abstract The amount of uridine hydrate and pyrimidine dimers formed upon UV irradiation of polynucleotides was compared with the absorbancy decrease observed upon irradiation. In the case of TMV-RNA, irradiation was performed in the hyperchromed and hypochromed state, i.e., in water and 10 −3 M Mg 2+ , and the analytical and absorbancy data were compared with the losses of infectivity. From these data it was concluded that the loss of absorbancy of TMV-RNA in water, as well as that of poly U, corresponded to the amount of UV products formed. When the reaction with TMV-RNA was performed in presence of Mg 2+ , the reaction was slower and the number of modified bases greater than calculated from the absorbancy loss. One inactivating event occurred when 3–10 photochemical events had taken place. The effect of the reaction became proportionately less lethal as the reaction proceeded. The finding that the proportion of dimers to hydrates did not affect the lethality suggests that either type of photoproduct may represent an inactivating event.
Advances in Heterogeneous Network Computing

Frameworks that facilitate network computing have proven viable for high performance applications as well as for traditional distributed computing. Performance and functionality that such methodologies can provide, as well as their limitations and potential, have become reasonably well understood. In this paper, we discuss some selected aspects of heterogeneous computing in the context of the PVM system, and describe evolutionary enhancements to the system. Our experiences with PVM and experiments with optimization, light-weight processes, and client-server computing, have suggested useful directions that the next generation of heterogeneous systems might follow. A prototype design of such a next-generation heterogeneous computing framework is presented in the second half of this paper.
Preparation of aldehyde oxidase in its native and deflavo forms. Comparison of spectroscopic and catalytic properties.

Abstract Aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) has been purified by a modification of a previously reported procedure and the FAD prosthetic group has been removed by treatment with calcium chloride and calcium acetate. The deflavo enzyme so obtained is devoid of N1-methylnicotinamide oxygen reductase activity but can be reconstituted by a short incubation with FAD. The different activities of native and deflavo enzymes using oxygen, cytochrome c, potassium ferricyanide, nitro blue tetrazolium, dichlorophenolindophenol, and FAD as electron acceptors and N1-methylnicotinamide as substrate are compared.
Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch

We found a class of lamina I spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons selectively excited by iontophoretic histamine. The responses of this class of neurons parallel the pure itching sensation this stimulus elicits in humans, and match the responses of peripheral C-fibers that have similar selectivity. These neurons have distinct central conduction velocities and thalamic projections, indicating that they constitute a unique subset of STT neurons. These findings can explain why a lesion of the lateral STT disrupts itch along with pain and temperature sensations. Our findings provide strong evidence that itch is subserved by specific neural elements both peripherally and centrally.
Profiling the silent generation: preferences for travel.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to profile the travel preferences of the “Silent Generation” and to analyze whether this cohort could be segmented into specific types of travelers based on these preferences. This particular age cohort was born between 1925 and 1943 and is presently between 58 and 76 years of age. The results indicated five distinct clusters: “Active Travelers,” “Urban Mobile Travelers,” “Mobile Budget Travelers,” “Educational Cultural Travelers” and “Uninvolved Travelers.” Each segment sought unique preferences for pleasure travel. With respect to demographic differences between the five clusters of the Silent Generation, only gender and education significantly differed between the groups. Tourism suppliers and marketers must acknowledge that there are differences within cohorts as well as between cohorts and develop products and services that meet their needs.
Histopathology of streptococcus mitis/oralis endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection with bevacizumab: a report of 7 patients.

Purpose To report the histopathologic findings of a series of patients from an outbreak of Streptococcal endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab prepared by a single compounding pharmacy. Design Case series. Participants Seven surgical specimens (5 enucleated globes and 2 evisceration specimens) from 7 patients with endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Methods Retrospective case series, including clinical data and histopathologic specimens examined by light microscopy. Main Outcome Measures Review of clinical data included baseline visual acuity, clinical intervention, and time elapsed from injection to loss of globe. Histopathologic specimens were reviewed for pathologic changes at all tissue levels. Results Seven of 12 total patients (4 women, 3 men; mean age, 77.7 years) from an outbreak of Streptococcus mitis/oralis endophthalmitis after bevacizumab injection ultimately sustained loss of the affected globe, with an average of 139.1 days elapsed between injection and globe loss. Mean time from injection to presentation was 2.86 days (range, 1–6), and all patients were initially treated with vitreous tap and injection. Although histologic review of surgical specimens disclosed a wide range of pathologic tissue changes, recurring patterns of tissue damage were evident. All 5 enucleated globes displayed retinal detachment, fibrous proliferation with cyclitic membrane formation, rubeosis iridis, and secondary angle closure. All 7 specimens displayed persistent choroidal inflammation, in 1 case 208 days after injection. Six of 7 specimens had foci of retinal necrosis. Although vitreous cultures were positive in all cases, no organisms were identified by light microscopy in any of the 7 specimens. Conclusions S. mitis/oralis endophthalmitis is a devastating complication of intravitreal injection with bevacizumab with a high rate of globe loss (7 of 12 patients, 58.3%) and a wide variety of severe pathologic tissue changes. Although no organisms were identified in the examined tissues, persistent inflammation was present in all cases, and fibrous proliferation resulted in cyclitic membrane formation and retinal detachment in all enucleated globes. These findings suggest that potential globe-salvaging interventions must address a pattern of changes involving persistent, chronic inflammation and fibrovascular proliferation as key components.
Photofrin® photodynamic therapy: 2.0 mg/kg or not 2.0 mg/kg that is the question

Summary Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative minimally invasive therapy that has great potential for both tumor ablation and normal tissue preservation. However, while in recent years the standards of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy have dramatically improved in terms of outcomes and morbidity, the same cannot be said of PDT in general and Photofrin ® -based PDT in particular. As currently practiced PDT dosimetry has not really improved tumor ablation and diminished side effects over reports from two decades ago. We critically examine the clinical variables available for PDT dosimetry and conclude that the simple maneuver of diminishing drug dose, with an appropriate increase in light dose, can enhance disease control with a significantly lower risk of morbidity. This conclusion should also be applicable to most systemically introduced photosensitizer.
Exploring the Coordinated Management of Meaning of Sex: The Social Construction of Male College Student Logical Forces

This exploratory qualitative research study examined male college students’ narratives describing memorable sexual experiences, and how those encounters inform current sexual practices. Drawing from a larger collaborative research project, this study explores the narratives of 130 men who were attending college at one of three diverse US campuses in 2012. Utilizing a coordinated management of meaning theoretical frame we examine how sexual experiences are informed by logical forces of looped narratives that exhibit both charmed and strange loops. Findings demonstrate how men’s management of meaning regarding their sexual experiences is informed by larger expectations steeped in rigid masculine values, a major force in socially constructing sexuality.
Functional electrical stimulation and rehabilitation--an hypothesis.

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), used to mimic a weak or paralysed movement, sometimes is followed by a specific recovery of voluntary power in that movement. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, and the presumption has often been that FES may somehow promote adaptive changes in cortical connectivity. However, the unique feature of electrical stimulation is that it activates nerve fibres both orthodromically and antidromically. The antidromic impulse in motor nerve fibres will reach the anterior horn cell, but it can go no further up the neuraxis. If the corticospinal-anterior horn cell synapse is a Hebb-type modifiable synapse (i.e. one that is strengthened by the coincidence of presynaptic and postsynaptic activity), then FES, combined with coincident voluntary effort through a damaged pyramidal motor system, could help to promote restorative synaptic modifications at anterior horn cell level, by this unique adaptive mechanism.
Enhancement of nitrogen fixation inAnabaena flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) via low-dose ultrasonic treatment

Low-dose (50 W), short-duration (5 min) ultrasonic treatments were delivered to log phase batch cultures of the cyanobacteriumAnabaena flos-aquae grown in nitrogen-free medium. Near the mid-point of nine-day experimental periods, ultrasonically-treated cultures exhibited higher growth rates, enhanced chlorophylla content, and greater acetylene reduction capacity when compared to cultures grown with reciprocal shaking alone. Heterocyst frequency was markedly higher in ultrasonically-treated cultures over the duration of five-day experimental periods.
Numerical simulation of in situ bioremediation

Models that couple subsurface flow and transport with microbial processes are an important tool for assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation in field applications. A numerical algorithm is described that differs from previous in situ bioremediation models in that it includes: both vadose and groundwater zones, unsteady air and water flow, limited nutrients and airborne nutrients, toxicity, cometabolic kinetics, kinetic sorption, subgridscale averaging, pore clogging and protozoan grazing.
A live attenuated recombinant chimeric parainfluenza virus (PIV) candidate vaccine containing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins of PIV1 and the remaining proteins from PIV3 induces resistance to PIV1 even in animals immune to PIV3.

Using a reverse genetics system for PIV3, we previously recovered recombinant chimeric PIV3-PIV1 virus bearing the major protective antigens of PIV1, the hemaglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion proteins, on a background of PIV3 genes bearing temperature sensitive (ts) and attenuating mutations in the L gene. Immunization of hamsters with this virus, designated rPIV3-1.cp45L, induced a high level of resistance to replication of wild type (wt) PIV1 and, surprisingly, also induced a moderate amount of restriction of the replication of PIV3 challenge virus. This suggested that some immunity is conferred by the internal PIV3 proteins shared by the two viruses. In the present study, we found that the immunity to PIV3 conferred by infection with rPIV3-1.cp45L is short-lived and completely disappeared four months after immunization, whereas resistance to replication of PIV3 induced by prior infection with PIV3 remains high even after an interval of four months. Since a live attenuated PIV1 vaccine such as the chimeric rPIV3-1.cp45L virus will likely be given to infants after a live attenuated PIV3 vaccine in a sequential immunization schedule, we examined the immunogenicity and efficacy of rPIV3-1.cp45L against PIV1 challenge in animals with and without prior immunity to PIV3. rPIV3-1.cp45L efficiently infected hamsters previously infected with wt or attenuated PIV3, but there was approximately a five-fold reduction in replication of rPIV3-1. cp45L virus in the PIV3-immune animals. This reduction in replication of rPIV3-1.cp45L in PIV3-immune animals was accompanied by a significant decrease in efficacy against PIV1 challenge. However, rPIV3-1.cp45L immunization of PIV3-immune animals induced a vigorous serum antibody response to PIV1 and reduced replication of PIV1 challenge virus 1000-fold in the lower respiratory tract and 25 to 200-fold in the upper respiratory tract. This study demonstrated that the recombinant chimeric rPIV3-1.cp45L candidate vaccine can induce immunity to PIV1 even in animals immune to PIV3. This establishes the feasibility of employing a sequential immunization schedule in which a recombinant chimeric rPIV3-1.cp45L vaccine is given following a live attenuated PIV3 vaccine.
The inhibitory effects of nicotinic antagonists on currents elicited by GABA in rat hippocampal neurons

Abstract The nicotinic antagonists d-tubocurarine and trimethaphan camsylate competitively inhibit GABA-induced currents. Hexamethonium, mecamylamine and dihydro-β-erythroidine, other nicotinic antagonists, do not affect GABA-elicited currents. The trimethaphan effect is completely reversed by a putative convulsant receptor antagonist, α-isopropyl-α-methylγ-butyrolactone, which implies that the trimethaphan binding site may be closely associated with the convulsant site. However, nicotine was ineffective in competing for either the d-tubocurarine or trimethaphan effect at the GABA A receptor. From these observations, we proposed that the nicotinic and GABA A receptor ionophore complexes share similar configurational patterns that accomodate some of the same molecules. Possible mechanisms for the trimethaphan and d-tubocurarine blockades are discussed.
Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Combined with Real-time Interactive Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Transperineal Radioactive Seed Implantation of the Prostate

AbstractLaparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection with real-time interactive transrectal ultrasound guided transperineal radioactive seed implantation is a new method of treatment for localized carcinoma of the prostate. A total of 58 patients with clinically confined prostate cancer and negative seminal vesicle biopsies underwent staging laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection immediately followed by prostate implantation: 50 had125 iodine and 8 had103 palladium implants. Mean operating time was 226 minutes (range 120 to 475), mean blood loss was 57 cc (range 5 to 400) and average hospital stay was 2.2 days (range 0.5 to 8). At a mean followup of 12 months (range 6 to 24), complications included proctitis in 1.7 percent of the cases, dysuria in 24 percent, nocturia in 21 percent and outlet obstruction in 17 percent. Erectile function remained unchanged.Prostate volume decreased to 58.9 percent of the pretreatment value by 12 months and to 44.3 percent by 24 months. Mean prostate specific antigen level ...
An evaluation of emergency physician selection of observation unit patients

Objective: Appropriate patient selection is critical for maximal observation unit (OU) effectiveness. We hypothesized emergency physicians underuse the OU for admitted patients and overuse the OU for patients who would otherwise be discharged. Methods: Treating emergency physicians were asked about patient suitability for admission to an OU at a busy, urban, academic emergency department (ED) as part of a prospective cohort study of ED patients who were admitted or had an ED length of stay exceeding 4 hours. The OU was closed for renovation during the 2-month study, so physician opinion could be compared with patient course in the absence of observation services. Two blinded emergency physicians reviewed charts using structured forms and explicit definitions to determine actual patient course. Hospitalized patients were considered potential OU candidates according to a priori criteria: (1) hospital length of stay less than 48 hours, (2) no procedure or diagnosis requiring hospitalization, and (3) no death. Results: Of 1747 enrolled patients, 131 were excluded with incomplete data. Median age was 45 years. Patients were 40% white and 48% men. Emergency physicians identified 363 (23%) patients as observation candidates. Of these, 182 (50%) were actually discharged directly. The remaining 181 (50%) were hospitalized; 101 (56%) were observation candidates based on chart review. Of 799 admitted patients not selected for observation, 232 (29%) were suitable for observation by chart review. Conclusions: Selection of patients for observation was suboptimal; emergency physicians routinely identified patients as OU candidates who were not ultimately admitted, and they missed many admitted patients who might have been appropriate OU candidates. Both over- and underuse should be addressed to maximize the effectiveness of OUs.
Characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in endotoxemic rat cardiac myocytes in vivo and following cytokine exposure in vitro.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment results in widespread expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). Although there is evidence for the expression of iNOS in heart tissue, regulation of myocardial iNOS expression is not known. To determine the time course and degree of iNOS induction in the adult heart, we examined iNOS mRNA expression and enzyme activity in (1) rat left ventricular tissue after LPS treatment in vivo, and (2) cultured, long-term rat cardiac myocytes maintained in serum and exposed to interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and/or LPS. iNOS mRNA was detected by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. iNOS enzyme activity was measured in extracts of whole heart, and nitrate and nitrite (the stable end-products of NO) accumulation was quantified in cardiomyocyte culture media. iNOS mRNA was not detected in untreated hearts or cultured myocytes but was apparent within 3 h in both hearts obtained from LPS-treated animals and in cytokine-treated myocytes. In whole heart. iNOS mRNA expression peaked by 6 h after LPS and declined by 12 and 24 h. In situ hybridization demonstrated perinuclear localization of iNOS mRNA in both cardiac vascular smooth muscle and myocytes with maximal expression at 6 h after LPS injection. In cardiac myocytes, iNOS expression was maximal at 12 to 24 h, persisted through 48 h, and was partially inhibited by dexamethasone. Interferon-γ was the most potent single cytokine with regards to myocyte iNOS induction. Nitric oxide release in cytokine-stimulated cardiac myocytes was largely in the form of nitrate and was associated with increased glucose uptake and lactate release: the former finding indicates that NO interacts with myocardial heme proteins and/ or or radicals, while the latter suggests inhibition of oxidative metabolism. Although non-myocardial cells may significantly contribute to iNOS expression in whole heart tissue, significant iNOS expression and NO production also take place within the myocyte. Induced NO production may regulate myocardial perfusion and impair myocardial function and metabolism.
Business School Curricular Responses to the Emergence of Electronic Commerce

Abstract The latest innovation to draw the attention of business schools and their stakeholders is electronic commerce (e-commerce). The purpose of this paper is to examine how business schools are responding to the curriculum challenge of e-commerce. The results indicate that business schools are initiating three types of responses: The first concerns programmatic changes. The second concerns changes in the disciplines of management information systems, marketing, operations management, and accounting. The third response is the establishment of centers/institutes of e-commerce. Before we report on these responses, we present an overview of e-commerce. After our responses, we present a summary of our results and predict future trends.
Why Children Help: A Review.

This article reviews current hypotheses and investigations concerning helping behavior. Two areas of helping behavior are focussed upon: donation and rescue responses. Studies concerning the impact of the social responsibility norm, experimenter demand characteristics, and proprieties are reviewed. Additionally, studies concerned with the subject variables associated with aiding activity are discussed.
The detection of two serologically distinct HLA-A28 specificities1

We describe a serum, 9045, that detects a subset of A28 bearing cells in a mixed population of American blacks, Caucasians of Jewish ancestry and non-Jewish Caucasians. The serum reacts preferentially with A28 positive cells from American Blacks and Jewish Caucasians and does not react with non-Jewish Caucasians. This new specificity, referred to as A28.2, is strongly associated with HLA-B14. In contrast, A28 positive but 9045 negative cells (referred to as A28.1) do not show this association. The A28.2 determinants appears to be antigenically similar to the A28.1 determinant, but distinct from the public antigenic determinants shared by A28, A2, A9 and by A28, Aw33, Aw34 and A26. Based upon this analysis, we conclude that HLA—A28, as defined by most A28 antisera, comprises at least two populations of molecules. The A28.2 form may have arisen in the Mediterranean basin region, whereas the A28.1 form seems to be more prevalent in non-Jewish Caucasians of Northern European ancestry.
The Role of Whole Abdominal Irradiation in Advanced-Stage Colon Cancer.

There are nearly 100,000 new cases of colon cancer diagnosed in the United States each year.I Until recently, the majority of these cases were managed by surgical resection alone. The success rates of treatment with surgery alone range from 15% to 95% depending on the stage of disease. 2-4 The chances of survival of patients with stages A, B1, and favorable stage B2 disease are excellent with surgery alone. On the other hand, patients with stage C disease fare poorly with surge~, alone, with a survival rate of less than 50% at 5 years. 5'6 To improve survival, it is important to evaluate patterns of failure so that adjuvant therapy can be tailored to the areas of failure. Several studies have documented failure patterns after surgical resection. The overwhelming majority of failures appear to be confined to the abdomen. The most common sites include the tumor bed, lymph nodes, peritoneum, and liver. The failure patterns in stage C disease are shown in Table I. Some investigators report a lower local failure rate in the mobile parts of the large bowel (transverse and sigmoid colon) as compared with the immobile parts (ascending and descending colon, and hepatic and splenic flexures), 9,15 The incidence of local failure also varies with the method of evaluation, being lower in clinical series and higher in autopsy series. In the reoperation series reported by Gunderson et al, 9 91 patients with colon cancer underwent a second-look operation after curative surgical resections. Forty-four (48%) of the 91 had locoregional failure. They also documented a 22% incidence of peritoneal seeding. The failure in the tumor bed in a large number of series varies from 22% to 44% (Table 1). Those with tumor extension outside the serosa and with involved lymph nodes
Analysis of multiple prognostic factors in patients with stage IB cervical cancer: age as a major determinant

Abstract To evaluate the prognostic importance of age in patients with Stage III cervical cancer we reviewed the results of 131 patients treated between 1974 and 1985. Patients ranged in age from 25 to 87 (mean 48) and were followed for a median of 65 months. One hundred twenty-five patients had complete follow-up information for survival analysis. Patients were divided into two groups; Group A comprising 43 patients ≤ age 40 and Group B comprising 88 patients > age 40. Both Group A and Group B patients were comparable with respect to all covariables studied. The 5-year actuarial survival for the 125 patients studied was 80%, whereas that for Group A (42 patients) and Group B (83 patients) was 54% and 91%, respectively ( p = .0001). The 5-year survival for 100 surgical patients was 79% and that for Group A (36 patients) and Group B (64 patients) was 53% and 90%, respectively ( p = .0001). The 5-year survival for 25 patients treated with curative RT was 65% and that for Group A (six patients) and Group B (19 patients) was 42% and 90%, respectively ( p = .005). Eighteen patients were treated with adjuvant RT following surgery and their 5-year survival was 69% with three out of nine Group A and nine out of nine Group B patients alive at 65 months ( p = .004). In 18 patients with pelvic nodal involvement, the 5-year survival was 48% compared to 84% in patients with negative. nodes ( p = .007). The difference in survival at 5 years between Group A (nine patients) and Group B (nine patients) with positive nodes was 25% and 75%, respectively. Finally, there was an increase in both local and distant failure in Group A patients. Our data illustrate that age has a profound influence on survival in women with Stage IB cervical cancer independent of potentially confounding variables.
Kinematical equations for bodies whose rotation is described by the Euler-Rodrigues parameter.

Matrix form of kinematical differential equations for rotating bodies described by Euler-Rodrigues parameter, deriving time derivatives
Strain-dependent modulation of phosphate transients in rabbit skeletal muscle fibers

When inorganic phosphate (Pi) is photogenerated from caged Pi during isometric contractions of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers, the released Pi binds to cross-bridges and reverses the working stroke of cross-bridges. The consequent force decline, the Pi-transient, is exponential and probes the kinetics of the power-stroke and Pi release. During muscle shortening, the fraction of attached cross-bridges and the average strain on them decreases (Ford, L. E., A.F. Huxley, and R.M. Simmons, 1977. Tension responses to sudden length change in stimulated frog muscle fibers near slack length. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 269:441–515; Ford, L. E., A. F. Huxley, and R.M. Simmons, 1985. Tension transients during steady state shortening of frog muscle fibers. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 361:131–150. To learn to what extent the Pi transient is strain dependent, muscle fibers were activated and shortened or lengthened at a fixed velocity during the photogeneration of Pi. The Pi transients observed during changes in muscle length showed three primary characteristics: 1) during shortening the Pi transient rate, Kpi, increased and its amplitude decreased with shortening velocity; Kpi increased linearly with velocity to > 110 s-1 at 0.3 muscle lengths per second (ML/s). 2) At a specific shortening velocity, increases in [Pi] produce increases in Kpi that are nonlinear with [Pi] and approach an asymptote. 3) During forced lengthening Kpi and the amplitude of the Pi transient are little different from the isometric contractions. These data can be approximated by a strain-dependent three-state cross-bridge model. The results show that the power stroke's rate is strain-dependent, and are consistent with biochemical studies indicating that the rate-limiting step at low strains is a transition from a weakly to a strongly bound cross-bridge state.
A murine monoclonal anti-idiotype to anti-ribosomal P antibodies: production, characterization, and use in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Overt anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) autoantibodies are restricted to a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and are potentially pathogenic. Covert anti-P are detected in all other individuals. An idiotype (Id) network is nonoperational in those with overt anti-P, whereas it is functional in all others. The aim of this study was to produce a murine monoclonal (mAb) anti-Id to characterize the anti-P Id network in SLE. BALB/c mice were immunized with F(ab')(2) fragments of IgG anti-P from a patient with a broadly cross-reactive Id. One mAb was chosen (mAb41) that reacted preferentially to the immunogen. This IgG1 mAb bound comparably in ELISAs to affinity-purified anti-P from 11 SLE patients with overt anti-P. This binding was partially inhibited with ribosomal P antigen. In contrast, it did not bind to affinity-purified control autoantibodies, nor to normal human IgG. mAb41 inhibited anti-P binding to ribosomal P antigen in immunoassays and on Jurkat cells. No change was detected in patients' anti-P antibodies over time when mAb41 was used in Id-specific ELISAs. We conclude that mAb41 is an anti-Id that recognizes a public idiotope within the antigen-combining site of anti-P antibodies. Thus, it is analogous to its human counterparts, and potentially, would modulate the pathogenicity of anti-P autoantibodies in vivo.
Single pulse fabrication of fibre Bragg gratings using a phase-conjugated KrF excimer laser

A phase-conjugate mirror was used in the amplifier section of a KrF excimer laser to fabricate fibre Bragg gratings in singlemode Ge-doped silica core fibres with an uncompensated interferometer. Reflectivities as high as 26% and FWHM linewidths of 5.5 GHz at 0.817 µm were obtained in as-drawn fibre with a single pulse exposure.
The Classification of Smells and the Order of the Senses in Indian Religious Traditions

In the course of producing complex analyses of sensory experience, traditional Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist scholars in South Asia examined the nature of smell. These scholars were most often interested in the fundamental qualities of smells, i.e. how many types of odor there are. Faced with this difficult task, the three sectarian groups initially produced three different accounts, though in later works most scholars adopted very similar classifications of smell. In part, this may be because of the difficulties involved in classifying smells, but the article also suggests that it was mutually beneficial to abandon contentious material in less significant parts of a system in order to focus discussion on more central issues. Amongst all the sense-objects, odors were most consistently defined by terms implying an aesthetic value. The article also examines the place of the sense of smell within the three different orders of the senses that these three schools of thought used. These sense-orders reflect divergent classificatory principles, and the place of smell in relation to the other senses highlights different aspects of the sense of smell. Unlike their stance on the classification of odors, the three schools of thought always maintained distinct orders of the senses, which must have been a regular reminder of difference in philosophical priorities.
Sociobiology and Creationism: Two Ethnosociologies of American Culture

One of the most important motifs in mythology is the animal-human distinction. The relationship between humans and nonhuman animals is also a major concern of both human sociobiology and “scientific” creationism. In this paper, we suggest that sociobiology and creationism function as ethnosociologies of American society and that neither can be completely understood until they are related to each other and to the key symbols of American culture. We argue that sociobiology and creationism are comments on the secular world view of American culture and exist as transformations of one another.
Simulated aircraft load testing and non-destructive evaluation of bituminous pavements

The US Federal Aviation Administration's National Airport Pavement Test Facility was constructed to generate full-scale accelerated pavement test data for the development of advanced airport pavement design criteria. During the first round of traffic testing, a six-wheel (Boeing 777) landing gear and a four-wheel (Boeing 747) landing gear were trafficked on flexible test pavements until they were deemed failed. Non-destructive tests were conducted at different stages of trafficking to monitor the effect of time and traffic on the structural condition of the pavements. Rut depths were measured at periodic intervals throughout the traffic testing. The primary objective of this study is to characterise the variations in pavement surface deflection under repeated aircraft gear loading and compares the results with the pavement rutting performance trends. The results showed that both the six-wheel and four-wheel test gears produce similar surface deflections and rut depths. There seems to be a correlation betw...
Publication outcomes of abstracts presented at an American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals annual scientific meeting.

Objective The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ARHP) Annual Scientific Meeting is an important forum for early dissemination of novel ideas. However, unlike published studies in peer-reviewed journals, reviewers select abstracts based solely on a general summary of the research. Analyses of the scientific impact and the publication record of the ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting have not been previously described. This study characterizes publication trends and outcomes associated with abstracts presented at the ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting. Methods We identified all abstracts accepted for oral or poster presentation at the 2006 ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting. Using a defined search algorithm, we conducted a manual PubMed search for each accepted abstract, which was repeated by a custom computerized search, and analyzed the resulting journal title, impact factor, and time to publication. Results A total of 2,149 abstracts were analyzed. The overall publication ratio was 59.1%. The mean ± SD time from abstract presentation to publication was 18.2 ± 15.2 months with a mean ± SD impact factor of 5.61 ± 4.20. Overall, studies presented in oral format were significantly more likely to be published than poster presentations (P < 0.0001). The average time to publication was significantly shorter for basic science studies than clinical research studies (P < 0.0001). The average journal impact factor of published studies presented in oral format was significantly higher than those presented as posters (P < 0.0001). Conclusion These results reflect high research productivity with a publication ratio of approximately 60% for abstracts presented at the 2006 Annual Scientific Meeting.
The slippery path to productivity improvement

Productivity tools simply aren't delivering increased productivity even when a project is managed "by the book". It is demonstrated that there may be more systemic, albeit counterintuitive, causes for the "productivity paradox". Specifically, the productivity potential of software engineering tools may be squandered not because organizations fail to institute the necessary managerial practices but because the software development environment is a complex social system that causes such practices to have unintended consequences. To support this view, the author uses a system dynamics microworld of the software development process to simulate the long term productivity trend in a a hypothetical project environment managed "by-the-book". The microworld lets the project team examine possible causes one by one through controlled experimentation and hence allows them to discern true causal relationships in a failed project. The results indicate productivity erosion was unintentionally accelerated by perfectly "good" planning and control practices.
Curricula Comparison for Classes in Listening

Abstract Listening is a complex process. Teaching listening should reflect that complexity. This study examines areas necessary for a complete listening curriculum. It surveys colleges and universities offering listening courses to discover which areas were included in course curricula. Investigation of syllabi, and in-class exercises, and the results of telephone interviews reveals which areas a sample of course instructors consider to be of high, average and low importance. Results indicate that Relational Listening, Commitment to Listening, Setting a Goal to Listen, Practicing Skills, Comprehensive and Critical Listening, Listening as Part of the Communication Process, Attention to Nonverbal Cues, the Psychological Aspect of Listening, Classroom Listening and Note-Taking were of importance. The physiological process, gender differences, and aesthetic listening generally received the least amount of coverage in the sample studied. This report discusses each area and the survey, draws conclusions, and ma...
Changing patterns of asthma mortality. Identifying target populations at high risk.

Studies have suggested increases in hospitalization for asthma and in asthma mortality during the early 1980s. Using US Vital Records, we examined asthma mortality from 1968 through 1987 to describe the rates of change among children and young adults (aged 5 to 34 years) with time and in small geographic areas. During the 1970s, US asthma mortality declined by 7.8% per annum ( ± 1.0%), declining faster among women and nonwhites. During the 1980s, mortality increased by 6.2% per annum ( ± 1.2%), increasing faster among those aged 5 to 14 years than among those aged 15 to 34 years. Small-area geographic analysis revealed four areas with persistently high asthma mortality. Neither changes inInternational Classificationof Diseases coding nor improved recognition of asthma, as demonstrated by trends in autopsy rates or rates of in-hospital deaths, seems to explain the increasing mortality of the 1980s. (JAMA. 1990;264:1683-1687)
The exponentiated weibull family: some properties and a flood data application

The exponentiated Weibull family, a Weibull extension obtained by adding a second shape parameter, consists of regular distributions with bathtub shaped, unimodal and a broad variety of monotone hazard rates. It can be used for modeling lifetime data from reliability, survival and population studies, various extreme value data, and for constructing isotones of the tests of the composite hypothesis of exponentiality. The structural analysis of the family in this paper includes study of its skewness and kurtosis properties, density shapes and tail character, and the associated extreme value and extreme spacings distributions. Its usefulness in modeling extreme value data is illustrated using the floods of the Floyd River at James, Iowa.
Transforming Organic Agriculture into Industrial Organic Products: Reconsidering National Organic Standards

The 1990 National Organic Food Production Act was enacted to establish the criteria and certification regulations that would give uniformity and credibility to organic processes and products—to define the organic label across the U.S. The promulgation of these standards has been a contentious issue, with purists pitted against pragmatists and attention focused almost exclusively on the development of a materials list for growers and manufacturers. The "organic rule" proposed in December 1997 generated widespread public protest that was also largely materials- and technology-focused. Conspicuously absent from the debate has been a critical concern over the long-term structural impacts of national standards themselves, especially at the regional or local level. This paper questions whether national standards designed to increase national and international commerce and thus "grow the industry" can produce anything other than a slightly "greener" version of the existing industrial agrofood system. Under these...