cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Electrodes XI . Behavior of n‐ and p‐Type Single Crystal Semconductors Covered with Thin Films

Single crystal semiconductors (n-Si, p-Si, n-GaAs, p-GaAs, n-GaP, n-In.P, and n-CdS) were coated with n-type TiO~ by a chemical vapor deposition technique, and the electron and hole transfer properties across the heterojunction so produced were investigated. The quality of the deposited TiO~ film depended upon several factors including temperature and substrate material. When high quality crack-free TiO2 coats were obtained on n-type substrates, the substrate was stabilized with no dissolution during the photo-oxidation of water. However, the oxidation was due o~y to the photoexcitation of the TiO~, and any holes produced in the substrate were not transferred through the TiO~ to the solution. The use of p-type substrates coated with TiO2 as photocathodes was limited by band-bending requirements at the p-n heterojunction and the TiO~-solution interface.
Silicon carrier for computer systems

System-on-package (SOP) based on silicon carriers has the potential to provide modular design flexibility and high-performance integration of heterogeneous chip technologies for a wide range of two- and three-dimensional product applications. Key technology enablers include silicon through-vias, high-density wiring, high-I/O chip interconnection, and supporting test and assembly technologies. This paper describes the electrical characterization of key technical elements of the silicon carrier and discusses the significance of those elements in enhancing the overall system performance. The paper also discusses some methodologies that may allow silicon carrier technical elements to be easily integrated within existing EDA tools.
From Colonialism to Developing Countries: Surveys and Educational Reform in British Tropical Africa, 1910-1990.

During the first years of the twentieth century, Christian missionaries tried to improve their efforts to bring the message of the Gospel to areas such as British Tropical Africa. The process stemmed from the World Missionary Conference in 1910 in Edinburgh, Scotland, where conference organisers used the then popular method of social surveys to determine the content of the conference. They continued to use surveys to determine the best ways to decide what the missionaries should do to improve their efforts in colonial areas. After the First World War, they applied for financial support to conduct surveys to determine how best to shape education in British colonial Africa. They thought their intentions were praiseworthy. The period of conquest had ended, and the British government and the missionaries expressed the desire to improve the lives of the indigenous peoples. This paper will explore three important questions. First, what benefits did they expect to receive from the surveys and how did the mission...
Capability of 2 Gait Measures for Detecting Response to Gait Training in Stroke Survivors: Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool and The Tinetti Gait Scale

Abstract Zimbelman J, Daly JJ, Roenigk KL, Butler K, Burdsall R, Holcomb JP. Capability of 2 gait measures for detecting response to gait training in stroke survivors: Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool and the Tinetti Gait Scale. Objective To characterize the performance of 2 observational gait measures, the Tinetti Gait Scale (TGS) and the Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (G.A.I.T.), in identifying improvement in gait in response to gait training. Design In secondary analysis from a larger study of multimodal gait training for stroke survivors, we measured gait at pre-, mid-, and posttreatment according to G.A.I.T. and TGS, assessing their capability to capture recovery of coordinated gait components. Setting Large medical center. Participants Cohort of stroke survivors (N=44) greater than 6 months after stroke. Interventions All subjects received 48 sessions of a multimodal gait-training protocol. Treatment consisted of 1.5 hours per session, 4 sessions per week for 12 weeks, receiving these 3 treatment aspects: (1) coordination exercise, (2) body weight–supported treadmill training, and (3) overground gait training, with 46% of subjects receiving functional electrical stimulation. Main Outcome Measures All subjects were evaluated with the G.A.I.T. and TGS before and after completing the 48-session intervention. An additional evaluation was performed at midtreatment (after session 24). Results For the total subject sample, there were significant pre-/post-, pre-/mid-, and mid-/posttreatment gains for both the G.A.I.T. and the TGS. According to the G.A.I.T., 40 subjects (91%) showed improved scores, 2 (4%) no change, and 2 (4%) a worsening score. According to the TGS, only 26 subjects (59%) showed improved scores, 16 (36%) no change, and 1 (2%) a worsening score. For 1 treatment group of chronic stroke survivors, the TGS failed to identify a significant treatment response to gait training, whereas the G.A.I.T. measure was successful. Conclusions The G.A.I.T. is more sensitive than the TGS for individual patients and group treatment response in identifying recovery of volitional control of gait components in response to gait training.
A micromechanical ultrasonic distance sensor with >1 meter range

Ultrasonic distance sensors based on piezoceramic transducers have >1m range and millimeter accuracy but require the use of bulky transducers. Existing micromachined sensors deliver inferior performance, with maximum range in the tens of centimeters. We present theory, design equations, and measured results for a micromechanical ultrasonic distance sensor which approaches the performance of piezoceramic-based solutions. The sensor has a maximum range >1300mm and random errors (3σ) of &#60;1.7mm at 1.3m.
Mast cells and basophils in acquired immunity.

In this review we describe the basic biology of mast cells and basophils and discuss their proposed effector and immunoregulatory roles in acquired immunity, particularly the IgE-associated immune responses. While mast cells and basophils share a number of similarities, they also differ in many aspects of natural history and function. Both mast cells and basophils express the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FCERI) on their surface and can be activated to secrete diverse preformed, lipid and cytokine mediators after crosslinking of FceRI-bound IgE with bi- or multivalent antigen. Thus, both cell types can represent important effector cells, as well as potential immunoregulatory cells, in IgE-mediated acquired immunity. However, mature mast cells are long-term residents of vascularized tissues, whereas basophils are granulocytic leukocytes that circulate in mature form and must be recruited into tissues that are sites of inflammatory or immune responses. The similarities and differences in the natural history, mediator content and other features of mast cells and basophils not only strongly indicate that these cells represent distinct hematopoietic lineages that can express complementary or overlapping functions, but also offer insights into the specific roles of these cells in acute, late phase' and chronic aspects of adaptive or pathological IgE-associated acquired immune responses.
A phone-assistive device based on Bluetooth technology for cochlear implant users

Hearing-impaired people, and particularly hearing-aid and cochlear-implant users, often have difficulty communicating over the telephone. The intelligibility of telephone speech is considerably lower than the intelligibility of face-to-face speech. This is partly because of lack of visual cues, limited telephone bandwidth, and background noise. In addition, cellphones may cause interference with the hearing aid or cochlear implant. To address these problems that hearing-impaired people experience with telephones, this paper proposes a wireless phone adapter that can be used to route the audio signal directly to the hearing aid or cochlear implant processor. This adapter is based on Bluetooth technology. The favorable features of this new wireless technology make the adapter superior to traditional assistive listening devices. A hardware prototype was built and software programs were written to implement the headset profile in the Bluetooth specification. Three cochlear implant users were tested with the proposed phone-adapter and reported good speech quality.
Past, Present, and Future of Predoctoral Dental Education in Orofacial Pain and TMDs: A Call for Interprofessional Education

Over the past several decades, there has been an explosion of knowledge in the fields of science and technology as they relate to the profession of dentistry. Due to these advances, dental curricula have had to incorporate many changes as they prepare students as well as faculty members for the twenty-first century. Dental educators have been encouraged to alter their paradigms to these new realities. One of the areas in which change has been profound is the field of orofacial pain (OFP) and, more specifically, temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). OFP/TMDs, once subject matters surrounded by ambiguity and controversy, are now being better understood due to advances in basic and clinical science research. In order to appreciate the impact that evidence-based science has had on the education of predoctoral students during past decades, it would be beneficial for dental educators to be cognizant of the history and current status regarding these topics. To promote the educational process of OFP/TMDs, a future directions approach is presented encompassing the concepts of interprofessional education so that innovation may be considered within our academic dental institutions.
Teacher Behavior and Student Outcomes

This article summarizes findings from research on relationships between classroom processes (especially teacher–student interaction) and student outcomes (especially achievement gains). Earlier work on process–outcome relationships established the importance of active teaching, in which teachers accept responsibility for making sure that their students achieve learning goals and help them to do so by maximizing their opportunity to learn, interpreting and elaborating content beyond what is in the textbooks, and leading the class through recitations, discussions and other forms of content-based discourse. More recent work on teaching for understanding has emphasized the value of teaching networks of connected content structured around key ideas that are developed in depth, primarily through thoughtful discourse and authentic activities. The teacher assumes most of the responsibility for structuring and scaffolding student learning when new content domains are being introduced, but as students develop expertise, they assume increasing responsibility for regulating their own learning.
Theoretical study of the stability and electronic structure of Al(BH4)n=1→4 and Al(BF4)n=1→4 and their hyperhalogen behavior.

Using density functional theory (DFT), we have systematically calculated the equilibrium geometries, electronic structure, and electron detachment energies of Al(BH4)n=1→4 and Al(BF4)n=1→4 at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory. The electron affinities of Al(BH4)n not only exhibit odd–even alternation, just as seen in (BH4)n, but also, for n = 3 and 4, show a remarkable behavior: whereas the electron affinities of BH3 and BH4 are, respectively, 0.06 and 3.17 eV, those of Al(BH4)3 and Al(BH4)4 are 0.71 and 5.56 eV. Results where H is replaced by F are also very different. The electron affinities of BF3 and BF4 are, respectively, −0.44 and +6.86 eV, and those of Al(BF4)3 and Al(BF4)4 are 1.82 and 8.86 eV. The results demonstrate not only marked difference when H is replaced by F but also substantially enhanced electron affinities by almost 2 eV when BH4 and BF4 units are allowed decorate a metal atom, confirming the recently observed hyperhalogen behavior of superhalogen building blocks.
Preparation and NO_2 sensing of sputtered WO_3 thin films

WO3thin films with different film densities were deposited under various discharge gas pressures at room temperature using dc reactive magnetron sputtering.Structural characterization shows that the films with a layered structure are composed of monoclinic WO3 nanograins.The film density was decreased with increasing discharge gas pressure.Gas sensors based on WO3 thin films obtain the highest response at 200℃and show reversible response to NO2 gas at the operating temperature of 50-300 ℃.The response was increased with decreasing film density under the same conditions.
Surveillance of Antibody Levels of Pertussis, Diphtheria and Tetanus in Healthy Population in Shanshui District

Objective This study was intended to understand the status of immunization against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus in healthy population and provide a timely scientific basis for immunization strategy.Methods A randomized serum sampling was carried out in four groups of healthy persons of age 2～4, 6～8, 13～15 and 25～39 years old. Results The antibody protective rates of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus were 90.58%, 76.97% and 84.82%, respectively. There was significant difference in the geometric mean titer (GMRT) between four age groups(?字2=14.9,P0.01). The 6～8 age group had the highest antibody level, while the 25～39 age group had the lowest. Also, there was significant difference in antitoxin of diphtheria and tetanus between all age groups (P0.01). The antitoxin antibody level was the highest in 2～15 age group, and the lowest in 25～39 age group. The mean antitoxin antibody level in women of child-bearing age over 25 years old was 0.0082 IU/ml,which was under 50% of the protective level. Conclusion Protective levels of antibody of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus in healthy population in shanshui district were over 75%,especially the in the population under 15 years old was between 82% and 100%, established a good immunological barrier against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus in such population. It indicates that immune effect of DPT vaccine was efficacious, and quality of the immunization programme in Shanshui district was high, which was the reason that there was not a case of pertussis or diphtheria in the past 13 years in Shanshui district. On the other hand, the antibody level of tetanus among women of child-beating age was only under 50%. It suggests that DPT immunization and surveillance in women of child-bearing age must therefore be strengthened, and effective immunization programme must be made in the future to consolidate the immunization rate and immunization quality in children.
Application power profiling on IBM Blue Gene/Q

We describe our power profiling library called MonEQ, built on the IBM provided API.We integrate MonEQ into several benchmarks to show the data it produces.Applications have different power profiles based on usage of domains in node.There is no difference in power consumption in network for a given network topology.Scale can reduce power consumption but is far less important than execution time. The power consumption of state of the art supercomputers, because of their complexity and unpredictable workloads, is extremely difficult to estimate. Accurate and precise results, as are now possible with the latest generation of IBM Blue Gene/Q, are therefore a welcome addition to the landscape. Only recently have end users been afforded the ability to access the power consumption of their applications. However, just because it's possible for end users to obtain this data does not mean it's a trivial task. This emergence of new data is therefore not only understudied, but also not fully understood.In this paper, we describe our open source power profiling library called MonEQ, built on the IBM provided Environmental Monitoring (EMON) API. We show that it's lightweight, has extremely low overhead, is incredibly flexible, and has advanced features which end users can take advantage. We then integrate MonEQ into several benchmarks and show the data it produces and what analysis of this data can teach us. Going one step further we also describe how seemingly simple changes in scale or network topology can have dramatic effects on power consumption. To this end, previously well understood applications will now have new facets of potential analysis.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Washington State: Estimated Coverage and Missed Opportunities, 2006-2013.

Objective.Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost all cervical cancer in women and contributes to vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancer morbidity and mortality. Although vaccines effective in preventing up to nine types of HPV are available, vaccination rates are low nationally. We assessed HPV vaccination coverage by age, sex, and county using Washington State Immunization Information System data.Methods.We calculated on-time dose coverage by county and statewide among adolescents aged 11–12 years and assessed coverage by age 18 years. We calculated missed opportunities as the number of visits at which doses of other adolescent vaccines were administered without administration of the first dose of HPV vaccine (HPV1).Results.In 2013, HPV vaccination coverage estimates with one, two, and three doses (HPV1-3) for adolescents aged 11–12 years were 48.5%, 32.4%, and 18.3% among girls and 31.2%, 17.1%, and 8.1% among boys. The three-dose HPV vaccine coverage estimate increased to 40.1% among girls b...
The Argument from Suffering II

Most theists hold that God is the ground of morality, in the sense that God’s pro and con attitudes are constitutive of moral goodness and moral reprehensibility. So the theist holds that if God does not exist, then no one is morally reprehensible, no matter what he does. But the atheistic argument from the suffering of the innocent requires that it be the case that when human beings fail to prevent innocent suffering which they can easily prevent, then they are morally reprehensible. And, since the argument’s conclusion is that God does not exist, that conclusion is at odds with the envisaged premise; and so it may appear that the argument from suffering is self-undermining.
Short Selling Stabilizes the Market Evidence from China

Short sellers are frequently held responsible for stimulating a strong bearish trend in the markets and enhancing panic in falling markets. Whereas, financial and economic theories advocate the stance that short sellers play an informational role in the market, make it efficient and correct the over or under reaction of the market. In order to check the volatility or stability caused by short selling, unique case of China's Shanghai Stock Exchange has been examined in this study. China's regulators allowed short selling for the first time in 2010. This historic reform provided us an interesting data set. By using asymmetric TGARCH model on daily return data of Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 index from January 5, 2007 to June 11, 2012, and by taking into account Day-of-the-Week effect, financial crisis, and regional as well as international spillovers, robust evidence in favor of short selling have been found by this study. Short selling reduces the volatility of the market and stabilizes it. Our findings have implications for China's regulators and investors, who can use the result of this study in policy making and portfolio development respectively.
Suppression of NF-κB activity via nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery alters early cartilage responses to injury

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability and morbidity in the aging population. Joint injury leads to cartilage damage, a known determinant for subsequent development of posttraumatic OA, which accounts for 12% of all OA. Understanding the early molecular and cellular responses postinjury may provide targets for therapeutic interventions that limit articular degeneration. Using a murine model of controlled knee joint impact injury that allows the examination of cartilage responses to injury at specific time points, we show that intraarticular delivery of a peptidic nanoparticle complexed to NF-κB siRNA significantly reduces early chondrocyte apoptosis and reactive synovitis. Our data suggest that NF-κB siRNA nanotherapy maintains cartilage homeostasis by enhancing AMPK signaling while suppressing mTORC1 and Wnt/β-catenin activity. These findings delineate an extensive crosstalk between NF-κB and signaling pathways that govern cartilage responses postinjury and suggest that delivery of NF-κB siRNA nanotherapy to attenuate early inflammation may limit the chronic consequences of joint injury. Therapeutic benefits of siRNA nanotherapy may also apply to primary OA in which NF-κB activation mediates chondrocyte catabolic responses. Additionally, a critical barrier to the successful development of OA treatment includes ineffective delivery of therapeutic agents to the resident chondrocytes in the avascular cartilage. Here, we show that the peptide-siRNA nanocomplexes are nonimmunogenic, are freely and deeply penetrant to human OA cartilage, and persist in chondrocyte lacunae for at least 2 wk. The peptide-siRNA platform thus provides a clinically relevant and promising approach to overcoming the obstacles of drug delivery to the highly inaccessible chondrocytes.
Studies of TiO2 Breakdown Under Pulsed Conditions

Model studies of current conduction and breakdown in TiO2 were carried out. Our simulation results indicate that electrical breakdown of TiO2 under multiple pulsed conditions can occur at lower voltages as compared to quasi-DC biasing. This is in agreement with experimental data. The results are indicative of a cumulative effect. We hypothesize that the lower breakdown voltages observed in TiO2 under pulsed conditions, is a direct rise-time effect, coupled with cummulative detrapping.
Radiation Physics Related to Biology

This chapter is intended to provide a bridge between the physics of the particle energy spectra that are calculated within the bodies of space travelers and the chemical and biological effects that may be caused by the radiation deposited as the particles penetrate.
Deletion of the P2X4 receptor is neuroprotective acutely, but induces a depressive phenotype during recovery from ischemic stroke

Abstract Introduction Acute ischemic injury leads to severe neuronal loss. One of the key mechanisms responsible for this effect is inflammation, which is characterized by the activation of myeloid cells, including resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) present on these immune cells modulate the inflammatory response. For example, excessive release of adenosine triphosphate during acute ischemic stroke triggers stimulation of P2X4Rs, leading to myeloid cell activation and proliferation and further exacerbating post-ischemic inflammation. In contrast, during recovery P2X4Rs activation on microglia leads to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which alleviate depression, maintain synaptic plasticity and hasten post-stroke behavioral recovery. Therefore, we hypothesized that deletion of the P2X4R specifically from myeloid cells would have differential effects on acute versus chronic recovery following stroke. Methods We subjected global or myeloid-specific (MS) P2X4R knock-out (KO) mice and wild-type littermates of both sexes to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (60 min). We performed histological, behavioral (sensorimotor and depressive), and biochemical (quantitative PCR and flow cytometry) analyses to determine the acute (three days after occlusion) and chronic (30 days after occlusion) effects of receptor deletion. Results Global P2X4R deletion led to reduced infarct size in both sexes. In MS P2X4R KO mice, only females showed reduced infarct size, an effect that did not change with ovariectomy. MS P2X4R KO mice of both sexes showed swift recovery from sensorimotor deficits during acute recovery but exhibited a more pronounced post-stroke depressive behavior phenotype that was independent of infarct size. Quantitative PCR analysis of whole cell lysate as well as flow-sorted myeloid cells from the perilesional cortex showed increased cellular interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA levels but reduced plasma levels of these cytokines in MS P2X4R KO mice after stroke. The expression levels of BDNF and other depression-associated genes were reduced in MS P2X4R KO mice after stroke. Conclusions P2X4R deletion protects against stroke acutely but predisposes to depression-like behavior chronically after stroke. Thus, a time-sensitive approach should be considered when targeting P2X4Rs after stroke.
Silicon Micropore-Based Parallel Plate Membrane Oxygenator.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system to temporarily (days to months) support heart or lung function during cardiopulmonary failure until organ recovery or replacement. Currently, the need for high levels of systemic anticoagulation and the risk for bleeding are main drawbacks of ECMO that can be addressed with a redesigned ECMO system. Our lab has developed an approach using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques to create novel gas exchange membranes consisting of a rigid silicon micropore membrane (SμM) support structure bonded to a thin film of gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This study details the fabrication process to create silicon membranes with highly uniform micropores that have a high level of pattern fidelity. The oxygen transport across these membranes was tested in a simple water-based bench-top set-up as well in a porcine in vivo model. It was determined that the mass transfer coefficient for the system using SµM-PDMS membranes was 3.03 ± 0.42 mL O2 min−1 m−2 cm Hg−1 with pure water and 1.71 ± 1.03 mL O2 min−1 m−2 cm Hg−1 with blood. An analytic model to predict gas transport was developed using data from the bench-top experiments and validated with in vivo testing. This was a proof of concept study showing adequate oxygen transport across a parallel plate SµM-PDMS membrane when used as a membrane oxygenator. This work establishes the tools and the equipoise to develop future generations of silicon micropore membrane oxygenators.
Media ecological orientations to philosophy and philosophical problems

ABSTRACTThis introduction to the Media Ecology special issue of the Review of Communication provides a broad overview of the history of media ecology, clarifies its main orientations and key thinkers, and then illustrates how problems and orientations within philosophy are symptoms of various kinds of technological mediation.
An improved way to predict neurologic recovery in acute spinal cord injury

In North America alone, spinal cord injury affects well over 1 million patients, with the average annual incidence expected to rise secondary to an increasing amount of falls in an aging population.1,2 Spinal cord injury (SCI) has detrimental health consequences that can frequently leave the injured patient with a lifetime of medical expenses exceeding $4 million.2 Although the current practice in treating SCI is to elevate a patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 85–90 mm Hg for the first 7 days in an effort to maintain spinal cord perfusion, this treatment strategy has uncertain efficacy, as the actual spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) remains unknown.3 In this issue of Neurology® , Squair et al.4 propose an improved treatment approach using the calculated SCPP that can provide patients with an increased likelihood of having restoration of function after an SCI.
EXPERIMENT OPTIMIZATION TO REDUCE NUCLEAR DATA UNCERTAINTIES IN SUPPORT OF REACTOR DESIGN

The safe and economical design of new, innovative nuclear reactors will require uncertainty reduction in basic nuclear data that are input to simulations used during reactor design. These data uncertainties propagate to uncertainties in design responses, which in turn require the reactor designer to incorporate additional safety margins into the design, often increasing the cost of the reactor. Therefore, basic nuclear data need to be improved, and this is accomplished through experimentation, which is often done using cold critical experiments. Considering the high cost of nuclear experiments, it is desired to have an optimized experiment that will provide the experimental data needed for maximum uncertainty reduction in the design responses. However, the optimization of the experiment is coupled to the reactor design itself because with reduced uncertainty in the design responses the reactor design can be re-optimized. It is thus desired to find the experiment design that gives the most optimized reactor design. Solution of this nested optimization problem is made possible by the use of the simulated annealing algorithm. Cost values for experiment design specifications and reactor design specifications are estimated and used to compute a total savings by comparing the a posteriori reactor cost to the a priori cost accounting for the offsetting cost of the experiment. This was done for the Argonne National Laboratory― developed Advanced Burner Test Reactor design concept employing a modified Zero Power Physics Reactor as the experimental facility.
Superhero Play: What's a Teacher to Do?.

The dilemma over whether or not teachers should allow superhero play in their classroom continues. This article examines adults' beliefs about superhero play and suggests some potential benefits of such play. The authors offer examples of ways they have incorporated superhero play in their classroom.
Comparison of tenofovir plasma and tissue exposure using a population pharmacokinetic model and bootstrap: a simulation study from observed data

Sparse tissue sampling with intensive plasma sampling creates a unique data analysis problem in determining drug exposure in clinically relevant tissues. Tissue exposure may govern drug efficacy, as many drugs exert their actions in tissues. We compared tissue area-under-the-curve (AUC) generated from bootstrapped noncompartmental analysis (NCA) methods and compartmental nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) modeling. A model of observed data after single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was used to simulate plasma and tissue concentrations for two destructive tissue sampling schemes. Two groups of 100 data sets with densely-sampled plasma and one tissue sample per individual were created. The bootstrapped NCA (SAS 9.3) used a trapezoidal method to calculate geometric mean tissue AUC per dataset. For NLME, individual post hoc estimates of tissue AUC were determined, and the geometric mean from each dataset calculated. Median normalized prediction error (NPE) and absolute normalized prediction error (ANPE) were calculated for each method from the true values of the modeled concentrations. Both methods produced similar tissue AUC estimates close to true values. Although the NLME-generated AUC estimates had larger NPEs, it had smaller ANPEs. Overall, NLME NPEs showed AUC under-prediction but improved precision and fewer outliers. The bootstrapped NCA method produced more accurate estimates but with some NPEs > 100%. In general, NLME is preferred, as it accommodates less intensive tissue sampling with reasonable results, and provides simulation capabilities for optimizing tissue distribution. However, if the main goal is an accurate AUC for the studied scenario, and relatively intense tissue sampling is feasible, the NCA bootstrap method is a reasonable, and potentially less time-intensive solution.
Are quantifiers intensional operators

In this paper, I ask whether quantifiers are intensional operators, with variable assignments playing the role of indices. Certain formulations of extensional type theory suggest an affirmative ans...
NONLINEAR, NONEQUILIBRIUM ASPECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTIONS AT CELL MEMBRANES

Early concepts of the cell as a unitary biological entity postulated a role for the cell membrane simply as a physical boundary enclosing the intracellular contents. At the turn of the century, awareness of differential concentrations of potassium and sodium ions inside and outside this boundary focused attention on its capacity to sustain these differentials by expenditure of metabolic energy, in accordance with equilibrium considerations. Action potentials in excitable cells meet all criteria for transmembrane currents based on transient collapse and reestablishment of these ionic equilibria. In this model, the lipid bilayer or plasma membrane functions as the essential structural element separating intracellular contents from surrounding fluid.
Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to Sanitizers after Exposure to a Chemical Shock

We tested the hypothesis that exposure of Listeria monocytogenes to sublethal levels of sanitizers (chemical shock) could affect survival to a subsequent exposure to lethal levels and the ability of the cells to attach to stainless steel surfaces. L. monocytogenes was exposed to an acidic anionic sanitizer, a chlorine-based sanitizer, an iodophor, and a quaternary ammonium compound, as well as to citric, lactic, and propionic acids. The cells were exposed to sublethal levels of each sanitizer for up to 60 min (chemical shock), followed by exposure to either the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 48 h, to the lethal level for 48 h, or to the MIC for 40 min followed by the lethal level for 48 h. No significant difference in survival was observed with most of the sanitizers used. However, exposure to a chemical shock with the acid anionic sanitizer for at least 10 min resulted in survival of the cells in the MIC of this sanitizer, as well as in the lethal level, but only when the cells were first exposed to the MIC for 40 min. Deliberate dissociation of citric acid by pH adjustment also resulted in survival of chemically shocked cells to lethal levels of this acid, suggesting that exposure to the dissociated form somehow enabled cells to survive exposure to lethal levels of the acid. Chemical shock did not affect attachment of the cells to stainless-steel chips.
Many-Body and Pseudo Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory within Quantal Density Functional Theory

This chapter is comprised of two perturbation theory schemes in the context of Quantal Density Functional Theory. In the first we develop [1] a many-body perturbation theory within the framework of Q-DFT. In Q-DFT, the contributions of electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb repulsion – the electron-interaction component, and those due to Correlation-Kinetic effects, are separately delineated. As such, a separate many-body perturbation series is developed for each of these two components. At lowest order of this Q-DFT many-body perturbation theory, only electron correlations arising solely from the Pauli principle are accounted for. (Correlation-Kinetic contributions due to the Pauli principle are also absent.) As with standard many-body perturbation theory, at lowest order, the energy thus obtained is a rigorous upper bound. The higher order Coulomb correlation and Correlation-Kinetic contributions can then be systematically and separately determined to any order. It turns out that the Q-DFT perturbation theory limited to lowest order is equivalent to the ad hoc Q-DFT Pauli Approximation (Sect. 6.2.1), thereby providing a formal justification for the latter. Including the perturbation series for Coulomb correlations but neglecting that for the Correlation-Kinetic effects is the Q-DFT perturbation theory counterpart to the ad hoc Q-DFT Pauli–Coulomb Approximation (Sect. 6.3.1). Additionally including the series for the Correlation-Kinetic effects is the corresponding counterpart to the ad hoc Q-DFT Fully Correlated Approximation (Sect. 6.3.2).
Making History in Banda: Reflections on the Construction of Africa’s Past

Postmodern and post-structural stances have forced recognition of the ways in which the past is created in the present. Yet extreme forms of constructionism divert attention from the problem of how the past created the present and deny the autonomy of sociohistorical process. In this paper, I examine the tensions between what Michel-Rolph Trouillot (1995) terms “historicity 1” (the materiality of sociohistorical process) and “historicity 2” (historical narrative), arguing that it is important for archaeologists to retain a focus on how everyday practices of the past shaped the present. Yet the lived past cannot be considered in isolation from how we construct that past in the present. I examine these issues through a case study of Banda, Ghana, that draws on oral historical, archival, and archaeological sources to understand how daily life was affected by Banda’s changing relationship to global trade and hegemonic polities, at the same time maintaining an eye toward how that past operates today in an area torn by a long-standing chieftaincy dispute (Stahl 2001b). In a concluding section, I reflect on implications for African American archaeology.
Visual Literacy and Cultural Production: Examining Black Masculinity through Participatory Community Engagement

AbstractThis paper highlights the results of a project, in which a group of students, who were enrolled in an African American film criticism course at a large university in Southern California, participated in a community engagement project that incorporated visual and media literacy skills acquired in the classroom setting. The parameters of the project were informed by discourses of media studies and visual literacy, as well as principles of community engagement. The production of a short digital documentary film about Black masculinity, demonstrated that activities utilizing image-making as powerful tools of inquiry, offers a multitude of benefits to college students.
Efficacy of a school-based obesity prevention intervention at reducing added sugar and sodium in children’s school lunches: the LA Health randomized controlled trial

Decreasing selection and consumption of sodium and added sugars in the school cafeteria setting is important to provide optimal nutrition to children. The ofjective of this study is to determine whether Louisiana (LA) Health, a school-based obesity prevention intervention, could successfully reduce children’s selection and consumption of sodium and added sugars during school lunches vs. the control group. Food selection, consumption, and plate waste from student lunches (3 consecutive days) in 33 public schools in rural Louisiana were collected and analyzed using the digital photography of foods method at baseline and after a 28-month obesity prevention intervention (LA Health) beginning in 4th–6th grade (87% of children received free or reduced cost lunch). Selection and consumption of energy, added sugar, and sodium was objectively measured using digital photography of foods. Mixed models, including Race and BMI, were used to determine whether change in selection and consumption differed by group. Sodium decreased for selection (− 233.1 ± 89.4 mg/lunch, p = 0.04) and consumption (− 206.3 ± 65.9, mg/lunch) in the intervention (vs. control) by month 18, and in consumption by month 28 (− 153.5 ± 66.9 mg/lunch, p = 0.03). Change in added sugar consumption decreased in the intervention (vs. control) at month 18 (− 3.7 ± 1.6, p = 0.05) and at month 28 (− 3.5 ± 1.6 tsp/lunch, p = 0.05). LA Health decreased the amount of added sugar and sodium selected and consumed, but not plate waste, by month 28. Results highlight the importance of long-term interventions and policies targeting provision and selection to improve dietary patterns in children, with less focus on plate waste.
A Capacity-based Sensing Matrix Design Method for Block Compressive Imaging Applications

In many compressive imaging applications, it can be difficult to design sensing matrices with suitable reconstruction capabilities. In this paper, we presents a novel method, based upon capacity maximization, for designing sensing matrices with enhanced block-sparse signal reconstruction capabilities. Numerical results, which demonstrate the design method's capabilities in a practical imaging application, are presented.
Maximal Linear Deadlock Avoidance Policies for Complex Resource Allocation Systems

The problem of maximally permissive deadlock avoidance for complex resource allocation systems (RAS) is a well-defined problem in the corresponding controls literature. In some of the prevailing approaches to this problem, the sought supervisor - also known as the maximally permissive deadlock avoidance policy (DAP) - is perceived as a classifier, and its design boils down to the development of an efficient representation of the classification logic that it effects on the underlying RAS states. A popular such representation is the “linear classifier”, where the admissibility of any given RAS state is resolved based on its ability to satisfy a given set of linear inequalities. However, linear classifiers cannot provide effective representation of the maximally permissive DAP for all RAS instantiations. Hence, this paper provides a methodology for synthesizing linear DAPs for any given RAS instance that might not be maximally permissive in the original sense of this term, but observe a more relaxed notion of “maximality”. The presented developments formally define this new DAP class, and provide effective computational algorithms for the synthesis of a maximal linear DAP for any given RAS instance.
Observations on Accelerated Oxidation of a Ferritic Stainless Steel Under Dual Atmosphere Exposure Conditions

Iron-base alloys, conventionally used for the fabrication of cell-to-cell interconnects, undergo localized oxide scale overgrowth when exposed to a bipolar atmospheric condition, in which one side of the metal is exposed to a reducing gas and the opposing side is exposed to an oxidant. The phenomenon, coined “dual atmosphere corrosion”, is prevalent in many electrochemical and thermochemical systems where separation of fuel and oxidant gas streams is required. It is apparent that hydrogen exposure and the existence of a dual atmosphere plays a key role, as metals exposed to single atmospheres of reducing or oxidizing gases do not show the extent of oxide scale overgrowth. The exact role that hydrogen plays in accelerated iron oxide growth on the air-exposed side of metals, however, remains largely unknown. Experimental results from oxidation tests conducted on a select ferritic stainless steel under dual atmosphere exposure conditions are presented. After 50 h in dual atmosphere, the ferritic steel had an extensive iron oxide scale with a particular needle-like growth morphology. In comparison, the same steel in dry air for 50 h only showed uniform scale growth and absence of iron oxide nodules. These results along with thermodynamic driving forces are discussed in regard to metal oxidation and active species involved in oxidation. Current hypotheses regarding the role of hydrogen in dual atmosphere corrosion are also discussed.
Intravitreal enzyme replacement inhibits progression of retinal degeneration in canine CLN2 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

CLN2 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a rare recessive hereditary retinal and neurodegenerative disease resulting from deleterious sequence variants in TPP1 that encodes the soluble lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (TPP1). Children with this disorder develop normally, but starting at 2-4 years of age begin to exhibit neurological signs and visual deficits. Vision loss that progresses to blindness is associated with progressive retinal degeneration and impairment of retinal function. Similar progressive loss of retinal function and retinal degeneration occur in a dog CLN2 disease model with a TPP1 null sequence variant. Studies using the dog model were conducted to determine whether intravitreal injection of recombinant human TPP1 (rhTPP1) administered starting after onset of retinal functional impairment could slow or halt the progression of retinal functional decline and degeneration. TPP1-null dogs received intravitreal injections of rhTPP1 in one eye and vehicle in the other eye beginning at 23.5-25 weeks of age followed by second injections at 34-40 weeks in 3 out of 4 dogs. Ophthalmic exams, in vivo ocular imaging, and electroretinography (ERG) were repeated regularly to monitor retinal structure and function. Retinal histology was evaluated in eyes collected from these dogs when they were euthanized at end-stage neurological disease (40-45 weeks of age). Intravitreal rhTPP1 injections were effective in preserving retinal function (as measured with the electroretinogram) and retinal morphology for as long as 4 months after a single treatment. These findings indicate that intravitreal injection of rhTPP1 administered after partial loss of retinal function is an effective treatment for preserving retinal structure and function in canine CLN2 disease.
Obesity-Activated Lung Stromal Cells Promote Myeloid Lineage Cell Accumulation and Breast Cancer Metastasis.

Obesity is correlated with increased incidence of breast cancer metastasis; however, the mechanisms underlying how obesity promotes metastasis are unclear. In a diet-induced obese mouse model, obesity enhanced lung metastasis in both the presence and absence of primary mammary tumors and increased recruitment of myeloid lineage cells into the lungs. In the absence of tumors, obese mice demonstrated increased numbers of myeloid lineage cells and elevated collagen fibers within the lung stroma, reminiscent of premetastatic niches formed by primary tumors. Lung stromal cells isolated from obese tumor-naive mice showed increased proliferation, contractility, and expression of extracellular matrix, inflammatory markers and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1). Conditioned media from lung stromal cells from obese mice promoted myeloid lineage cell migration in vitro in response to colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) expression and enhanced invasion of tumor cells. Together, these results suggest that prior to tumor formation, obesity alters the lung microenvironment, creating niches conducive to metastatic growth.
A qualitative exploration of school racial diversity, friendship choices, and Black women's identity-based experiences in high school.

Abstract Social integration is a critical component of adolescents' positive school adjustment. Although prior scholars have highlighted how Black women and girls' social identities (e.g., race, gender, social class) influence their academic and social experiences in school, very little work has focused on how school racial diversity shapes Black girls' peer networks throughout K–12 education. To address this gap in the literature, the present qualitative study explored the narratives of 44 Black undergraduate women (Mage = 20 years) who reflected on their friendship choices in high school. We used consensual qualitative research methods to examine how Black women navigated friendships during their time attending predominantly White (less than 20% Black), racially diverse (21%–60% Black), and predominantly Black (61%–100% Black) high schools. Coding analyses revealed five friendship themes: (a) Black female friends, (b) mostly Black friends, (c) mostly interracial friends, (d) mostly White friends, and (e) White friends in academic settings and Black friends in social settings. Our findings highlight how the young women's ongoing negotiation of racialized and gendered school norms influenced their sense of closeness with same-race and interracial peers. Black girls may have challenges with forming lasting and meaningful friendships when they cannot find peers who are affirming and supportive, particularly in predominantly White school contexts. This study underscores the need to look at how racial diversity in the student population offers school psychologists and educators insight into how to better support the social and emotional development of Black girls.