cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitional justice and education: learning peace, edited by Clara Ramírez-Barat and Roger Duthie

Transitional Justice and Education: Learning Peace is the latest volume in the well-respected Advancing Transitional Justice Series, developed in cooperation with the International Center for Trans...
A Generous Judicial Parabolist: Curtis D. Wilbur

We – we lawyers, at least – should know Curtis Dwight Wilbur (1867-1954) better than many of us do. He was an able, upstanding, and innovative lawyer and public servant. (He was also an imperfect human being in an imperfect world, and so he had warts. For now, though, we’re going to accentuate the positive.) He enjoyed an enviable legal career that included long service as a practitioner, a prosecutor, a state-court judge, a federal-court judge, a Cabinet secretary, and a storytelling philanthropist. This little essay touches on all of those pursuits, but it focuses on the last.
La remédiation des faibles compétences de raisonnement clinique

Problematique : Le debat se poursuit quant a savoir si le raisonnement clinique peut etre enseigne et appris ou si le raisonnement clinique est une competence ou un trait constitutionnel. Un programme de remediation du raisonnement clinique a permis d'observer qu'un tiers de tous les stagiaires etudiants et residents referes pour un enseignement de remediation avaient de faibles capacites de raisonnement clinique, bien qu'ils possedaient des connaissances suffisantes pour reussir les cours et les examens de licence. Les etudiants peu performants font preuve de plusieurs faiblesses generales, liees notamment a des apprentissages purement opportunistes ou a l'absence de cadre adequat permettent de structurer et d'organiser leurs connaissances ; ils eprouvent aussi des difficultes a apprendre dans le cadre du curriculum cache ou a identifier les commentaires non explicites. Exegese : Dans cet article, nous decrivons un processus etape par etape pour identifier, diagnostiquer et corriger des faiblesses en termes de capacite de raisonnement clinique. Bien que l'utilisation de cette methode de remediation specifique ait montre sa capacite a ameliorer les aptitudes des etudiants en difficulte, des developpements ulterieurs seront necessaire pour verifier si elle est en mesure de conduire ces etudiants a un niveau d'excellence en matiere de raisonnement clinique.
Supporting Bilingual Teachers To Be Leaders for Social Change: “I must create advocates for biliteracy.”

ABSTRACTTeacher leadership has been variously defined but generally understood as expanding teachers’ visions beyond their own classrooms. Bilingual education teachers, working with emergent biling...
Percutaneous Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to discuss the use, comparative efficacy, and general technical considerations of percutaneous ablation, alone or in combination with other therapies, for ...
Bedside Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Tip Confirmation: A Direct Savings Analysis

Abstract Peripherally inserted central catheter use has increased dramatically over the past decade, parallel to health care costs. Traditional bedside peripherally inserted central catheter placement requires anthropometric measurements of estimated catheter length and confirmation of appropriate tip positioning via chest radiograph. Newer bedside technology, using magnet and electrocardiogram capabilities, seeks to replace the traditional method with equal efficacy but less overall cost. The need for follow-up chest radiograph can been removed, a significant cost savings in direct patient care. In this retrospective case control study, we examine costs related to these 2 tip confirmation methods while assessing overall cost savings to the health care industry.
Let’s Get Physical: Computer Science Meets Systems

In cyber-physical systems (CPS) computing, networking and control (typically regarded as the “cyber” part of the system) are tightly intertwined with mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical or biological processes (the “physical” part). The increasing sophistication and heterogeneity of these systems requires radical changes in the way sense-and-control platforms are designed to regulate them. In this paper, we highlight some of the design challenges due to the complexity and heterogeneity of CPS. We argue that such challenges can be addressed by leveraging concepts that have been instrumental in fostering electronic design automation while dealing with complexity in VLSI system design. Based on these concepts, we introduce a design methodology whereby platform-based design is combined with assume-guarantee contracts to formalize the design process and enable realization of CPS architectures and control software in a hierarchical and compositional manner. We demonstrate our approach on a prototype design of an aircraft electric power system.
Consequences of a Finite Brain

Do the ultimate limits on what it is possible to compute have a role to play in explaining our world? Can the ultimate limits on computers tell us anything about ourselves? Can recursion theory, the most theoretical discipline of computer science, be applied to the brain? One major point of this chapter is to suggest that the answers are “Yes”: Studying the limits of computation can give one a handle on principles governing any sufficiently intelligent agent, whether the agent is meaty or metal. If you are a finite machine, as we are, then there are certain necessary consequences. Any brain will have certain similarities. The similarity that I concentrate on is the phenomenon called vagueness, and I show why any finite-brained agent will have to deal with vagueness.
Flexibility of single-subject experimental designs. Part I: Review of the basics of single-subject designs

The discussion in this article is directed at a brief review of the basic components of single-subject experimental designs. It sets out to present some of the technical and practical advantages in developing single-subject designs to evaluate potential treatment variables and treatments. The point is made that the designs are specifically structured for applied, intervention research. In addition to explaining how the basic AB components function to allow for a controlled evaluation, a short review is included of other factors important to the scientific method such as operational definitions, reliability, repeated measures, and internal and external validity. The article serves as a foundation for the following two articles that are directed at demonstrating the flexibility of single-subject experimental studies.
Irradiation-Dependent Helium Gas Bubble Superlattice in Tungsten

The implantation of noble gas atoms into metals at high gas concentrations can lead to the self-organization of nanobubbles into superlattices with symmetry similar to the metal host matrix. Here, we examine the influence of implantation parameters on the formation and structure of helium gas bubble superlattices within a tungsten host matrix to uncover mechanistic insight into the formation process. The determination of the size and symmetry of the gas bubbles was performed using a combination of small angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The former was demonstrated to be particularly useful in determining size and structure of the gas bubble superlattice as a function of irradiation conditions. Prior to the formation of a superlattice, we observe a persistent substructure characterized by inter-bubble spacings similar to those observable when the gas bubble superlattice has formed with very large ordering parameters. As the implantation fluence increases, the inter-bubble ordering parameter decreases, indicating improved ordering, until a superlattice is formed. Multiple implantation-specific differences were observed, including a temperature-dependent superlattice parameter that increases with increasing temperature and a flux-dependent superlattice parameter that decreases with increasing flux. The trends quantified here are in excellent agreement with our recent theoretical predictions for gas bubble superlattice formation and highlight that superlattice formation is strongly dependent on the diffusion of vacancy and implanted He atoms.
The Economic Impact of Road Accidents: The Case of Sri Lanka:

The purpose of this study is to disclose accident-related indices and investigate the extent to which the road accidents impact on the economic performance of Sri Lanka during the period from 1977 ...
Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Rates of CO2 and N2 in 13X Zeolite from Volumetric Frequency Response

The mass transfer mechanisms and rates of CO2 and N2 in 13X zeolite beads were determined using volumetric frequency response (VFR) methods. The VFR experiments were conducted with each gas over a wide range of frequencies from 7 × 10–5 to 9.5 Hz at 100, 200, and 750 Torr at 25 °C for CO2 and at 200, 400, and 750 Torr at 25 °C and at 40 and 55 °C at 400 Torr for N2. The resulting experimental intensity response curves were fitted to four different non-isothermal mass transfer models, including micropore diffusion, macropore gas diffusion, macropore viscous (Poiseuille) flow, and macropore surface diffusion. The resulting experimental phase lag response curves were predicted from the resulting model parameters. The macropore gas diffusion model fitted and predicted the experimental response curves the best for both gases, confirming the mass transport of both CO2 and N2 in 13X zeolite beads is macropore gas diffusion controlled. The corresponding diffusional time constant Dp/Rp2 values were 3.32 s–1 for CO...
A pressure- or velocity-dependent acceleration rate law for the shock-to-detonation transition process in PBX 9502 high explosive

Abstract Shock-to-detonation transition profiles of PBX 9502 explosive are analyzed to develop a rate law for shock acceleration. The shock motion profiles are seen to follow a common trend in the shock acceleration–velocity frame, aside from an early time transient that is dependent on the initiating shock strength. The duration of the early time transient is seen to correlate with the initial shock strength. The common shock acceleration profile is seen to be Arrhenius-like with respect to the local particle velocity or pressure. A dual-rate pressure-dependent Arrhenius-type rate law is developed with the duration of the early rate set by the initial shock strength. The rate law is able to predict the shock motion for all tests well in both particle velocity and pressure space. In addition to directly measuring commonalities in the acceleration profiles of the experimental shock motion, this work provides insight into the functional form of the reaction rate laws for this TATB-based high explosive. The rate law also supports the concept that shock-driven reaction in heterogenous high explosives is driven by localized ignition and growth of hotspots.
Atypical hypoadrenocorticism in a dog with chronically elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity

A 10-year-old male, castrated, Beagle dog was presented for subclinical, chronic elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity on serial serum biochemistry profiles. Additionally, mild hypocholesterolaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyperammonaemia were identified. Microhepatica was noted on abdominal ultrasound and cytologic examination of a liver aspirate indicated hepatocellular atypia. A laparoscopic liver biopsy was performed and the patient was discharged the same day. The following day, the patient presented to the emergency service for an acute onset of severe vomiting. The patient was treated symptomatically and an adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation test and aldosterone assay were diagnostic for atypical hypoadrenocorticism. Although hypoadrenocorticism is known for its vague clinical signs, it is an uncommon disease. This case was further complicated by an unusual signalment.
Neuroergonomics Behind the Wheel: Neural Correlates of Driving

Each year around the world, approximately 1.25 million lives are lost in fatal vehicle crashes. This statistic equates to 3,434 deaths per day. In addition, another 20–50 million people are injured or disabled in crashes (Association for Safe International Road Travel 2002). This chapter provides a review of studies that utilized neurocognitive methods to study how a driver’s brain functions to support various tasks while driving. These changes in brain activity can show how secondary tasks, distractions, and substances degrade driver performance and increase crash risks. The neural techniques analyzed in this chapter include electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Most participants for these studies were in their mid-20s, except for a few in which the study’s purpose was to analyze driving performance between age groups. Given the difficulty in collecting neural activity data while a driver is on the road, most studies utilized driving simulation as opposed to on-road driving. Current findings suggest a critical role of frontal regions of the brain in driving. In addition, this chapter analyzes the effects that independent variables added to the driving task have on the organizational planning levels—strategical, tactical, and operational planning along with the brain activity that accompanies this planning. Lastly, the chapter provides a discussion of limitations of this literature and future directions.
99 Suicide mortality and firearm involvement among persons released from North Carolina prisons, 2000–2015

Statement of Purpose Suicide mortality has been increasing across the United States over the last several years. Formerly incarcerated persons (FIPs) often have high prevalence of mental health disorders and are especially vulnerable to self-harm. We estimated the burden of suicide mortality among persons released from North Carolina (NC) state prisons, as compared to the NC general population, and examined key characteristics of these fatal injuries. Methods/Approach We conducted a retrospective cohort study of persons released from NC prisons during 2000–2015. Incarceration records were matched to death records from 2000–2016. Suicide deaths were categorized as firearm-involved or non-firearm-involved. We used indirect standardized mortality ratios (SMR) adjusted for year, gender, race, and age to compare suicide mortality among FIPs with the general NC population. Results There were 228,556 individuals in NC who were released from incarceration 386,895 times during 2000–2015 and contributed 2,050,745 years of post-release person-time and 636 post-release suicide deaths (387 non-firearm-involved, 249 firearm-involved). Over the complete follow-up period, the suicide mortality rate among FIPs was 2.0 (95% CI=1.8, 2.1) times as high as the general NC population. When compared to the general population, the SMRs for non-firearm-involved and firearm-involved suicides among FIPs were 2.9 (95% CI=2.6, 3.0) and 1.3 (95% CI=1.1, 1.5), respectively. Conclusions Formerly incarcerated persons have an increased rate of suicide death compared to the general population in NC, potentially attributable to high prevalence of mental health disorders among FIPs. While NC laws restrict persons with certain criminal histories from owning or purchasing firearms, firearm-involved suicide rates were higher among FIPs than the general NC population. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science We highlight the need for suicide prevention efforts among this high-risk population. Prevention programs during incarceration and post-release, including lethal means restriction, should be explored.
Selective Laser Melting of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy: Processability, Microstructure, and Superelasticity

Nowadays, thanks to the growing interest regarding the manufacturing of 3D complex parts with integrated functionalities, the additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloy is a challenging technological issue. Particularly, 3D printing of NiTi components requires a strong interaction between technological and metallurgical approaches, due to the significant correlation among the process conditions, the microstructure, and the functional performances. The goals of the present work are to define the processability of NiTi powder for realizing fully dense samples using Selective Laser Melting process and the correlation between the microstructure and the superelastic response of specimens processed in different process conditions. It was found that highest relative density values can be obtained for a laser fluence in the range 63–160 J/mm3. The resulting microstructures exhibit variable degrees of orientations, according to the different cooling rates and melt pool size, specific for each condition. Finally, mechanical testing in compression indicated that the as-built alloy exhibits a limited superelastic behavior. A typical flag-like behavior, characterized by 6% of complete recoverable strain, was obtained through heat treatment at 500 °C. This suggests that the microstructure of as-built samples is highly efficient to promote superelasticity after annealing.
A case study: Comparing testers for means and variances in a balanced incomplete block design

In this article, we present a gauge R & R study that is different from the standard setup in several ways. A balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) was used to collect the data because the measure...
A review of strategies for development of tissue engineered meniscal implants

Abstract The meniscus is a key stabilizing tissue of the knee that facilitates proper tracking and movement of the knee joint and absorbs stresses related to physical activity. This review article describes the biology, structure, and functions of the human knee meniscus, common tears and repair approaches, and current research and development approaches using modern methods to fabricate a scaffold or tissue engineered meniscal replacement. Meniscal tears are quite common, often resulting from sports or physical training, though injury can result without specific contact during normal physical activity such as bending or squatting. Meniscal injuries often require surgical intervention to repair, restore basic functionality and relieve pain, and severe damage may warrant reconstruction using allograft transplants or commercial implant devices. Ongoing research is attempting to develop alternative scaffold and tissue engineered devices using modern fabrication techniques including three-dimensional (3D) printing which can fabricate a patient-specific meniscus replacement. An ideal meniscal substitute should have mechanical properties that are close to that of natural human meniscus, and also be easily adapted for surgical procedures and fixation. A better understanding of the organization and structure of the meniscus as well as its potential points of failure will lead to improved design approaches to generate a suitable and functional replacement.
Myocardial contraction fraction by echocardiography and mortality in cardiac intensive care unit patients.

Abstract Background The myocardial contraction fraction (MCF) is proposed as an improved measure of left ventricular (LV) systolic function that overcomes important limitations of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We sought to determine whether a low MCF was associated with higher mortality in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed unique Mayo Clinic CICU patients from 2007 to 2018 with MCF calculated as the ratio of the stroke volume to the left ventricular myocardial volume from a transthoracic echocardiogram within 1 day of CICU admission. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the association between MCF and hospital mortality, after adjustment for LVEF and clinical variables. Results We included 4794 patients with a mean age of 68.0 ± 14.8 years (37.1% females). The mean MCF was 0.41 ± 0.16, and was lower in the 6.6% of patients who died in the hospital (0.32 ± 0.14 versus 0.42 ± 0.16, p Conclusions MCF demonstrated a strong, inverse relationship with hospital mortality in CICU patients, even after adjusting for LVEF and clinical variables. MCF can be used to identify prognostically-relevant myocardial dysfunction at the bedside, even among patients with preserved LVEF.
A Potpourri of FORTRAN Statements

Those portions of FORTRAN which we have already considered enable us to meet most of the programming requirements of calculus. In the present section we discuss briefly some additional FORTRAN capabilities which round out an introduction to FORTRAN. The various statements which follow are discussed independently wherever possible. The order of presentation does not imply a hierarchy of importance among the statements.
Recognition in a Distributed System

A general design for a distributed system is presented which characterizes system recognition of external events as a sheaf in a Grothendieck topos on a category of diagrams. The information that the system may derive from this sheaf involves transitions through a state space constructed from a collection of topoi interconnected by geometric morphisms. Similarities of this design with natural neural systems leads to the premise that cognitive processes involve the construction and manipulation of sheaf-like structures.
Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: from molecular portraits to personalized medicine

Technological advances made over the past decade and the completion of the human genome sequence have revolutionized molecular biology, and a similar revolution is expected in clinical medicine. Study of individual genes has turned into study of the “omes”. In particular, the analysis of cancer transcriptomes has received wide spread attention and several important observations have been made. The molecular heterogeneity of breast carcinomas has been dissected leading to the recognition that breast cancer is not a single disease. The hope is that molecular classification of breast and other carcinomas will lead to a better understanding of the underlying tumorigenic processes and improved clinical management of patients. The speed at which data is collected has increased exponentially. However, the in depth analyses, comprehension, and translation into clinical practice are still lagging behind. Despite all these challenges, targeted drug design and individualized medical treatment are likely to become a reality in the near future in breast cancer as well as in other tumors and disease types.
Corneal electroretinographic function rescued by normal retinal pigment epithelial grafts in retinal degenerative Royal College of Surgeons Rats

PURPOSE This study was designed to examine whether retinal function can be rescued by allogeneic normal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) grafts in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) with retinal degeneration and, if so, whether this rescued function can be measured and followed by recording the corneal electroretinogram (ERG). METHODS RPE donors were RCS-Long Evans crossbred F1 rats with phenotypically normal retinas. Half an RPE sheet was implanted in the subretinal space of RCS rats at postnatal day 20. The fundi of the recipients' eyes were examined, and the corneal ERGs were recorded. The eyes were also examined histologically. RESULTS The RPE grafts were identified by fundus examination in all 21 recipients. No clinical or histologic evidence of inflammation was detected in the media or the retina of the host eye. Eighteen of 21 (86%) recipients showed rescued corneal ERG function. In nine recipients, the PIII response in the grafted eye was significantly greater than in the nongrafted eye. In the other nine recipients, the ERG in the grafted eye showed a b-wave and an a-wave, whereas no b-wave was detected in the nongrafted eye. Recipients of the sham operation (n = 13) revealed no ERG function rescue. To determine long-term corneal ERG function in RPE recipients, 8 of 18 animals in which ERG function was rescued were randomly selected for continued observation. These recipients sustained rescued ERG function for 16 to 17 weeks, at which time the experiment ended. CONCLUSION Results indicate that retinal function of degenerative RCS rats, as measured by corneal ERG, can be rescued by implantation of allogeneic normal RPE into the subretinal space of the eye. Furthermore, this rescued function can be followed up over a relatively long period of time, thus providing a useful model for studying the functional changes of RPE allografts resulting from either immunologic or neurobiologic influences.
[3] Construction and isolation of recombinant adenoviruses with gene replacements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the construction and isolation of recombinant adenoviruses with gene replacements. Human adenovirus has become a vector of choice not only for introducing foreign genes into cell culture or animals for transient expression studies but also for the rapidly developing field of human gene therapy. The advantages of the system is that the virus is easy to manipulate and store, grows to high titers, has a broad host range, and is capable of mediating high levels of expression of the transduced gene. For gene therapy applications, additional advantages include its apparent safety and the low probability of stable integration. The most common vectors are derived from adenovirus type 5, the preferred strain for genetic analysis and manipulation. Two regions have been targeted for foreign gene replacement. The E3 region is nonessential for growth of the virus in cell culture. Therefore, E3 may be deleted and replaced with a foreign gene without compromising the infectivity of the virus, at least in vitro . Region E1 (including E1a and E1b ) is essential for virus replication. There are two standard strategies for producing adenoviruses with E1 gene replacements. In one strategy, both DNA molecules are propagated as Escherichia coli plasmids. The second strategy uses one DNA molecule that is plasmid derived and one that is derived from a viral genome. The chapter discusses the elements in a linear order for the standard arrangement for a plasmid-derived substrate for recombinant adenovirus isolation. The most important variable in recombinant virus isolation is the condition of the 293 cells, which are used to propagate adenoviruses that lack E1a and E1b genes.
Ovarian tumor prophylaxis by left oophorectomy.

Abstract The available evidence indicates that at the time of operation resulting in loss of reproductive ability, the removal of one ovary in women too young for complete castration has definite prophylactic value in avoiding future ovarian neoplasms. Objections to this procedure are few and appear to be a small risk compared to the protection gained. In our material the most common, important neoplasms were found more often on the left side. Consequently, there seems to be more prophylactic advantage in removing the left ovary. Our investigation has offered no good reason why the left ovary should be more often involved than the right.
The hormones responsible for lactogenesis in BALB/cCrgl mice.

Abstract In an attempt to determine the endocrine factors responsible for lactogenesis, various combinations of hormones were administered to female BALB cCrgl mice whose mammay glands had been stimulated to lobulo-alveolar development by exogenous hormones. This stimulation was accomplished by treatment with estrogen and progesterone for 15 days before hypophysectomy-ovariectomy (doubly operated) or hypophysectomy-ovariectomy-adrenalectomy (triply operated) followed by a postoperative treatment with a mammogenic combination for 5 days. Various possible lactogenic combinations were then administered for a final 5-day period. Final treatment with either cortisol (125 μg) + mammotropin or cortisol (125 μg) + somatotropin resulted in lactogenesis in triply operated mice. However, the same amount of mammotropin or somatotropin given with much higher daily doses of corticosterone (1 mg) was ineffective. In doubly operated mice, milk secretion followed the administration of corticotropin + mammotropin, but not of corticotropin + somatotropin. Full lactogenesis occurred in triply operated mice following final treatment with either corticosterone + mammotropin + somatotropin or cortisol + mammotropin + somatotropin, but the amount of corticosterone required was 8 times that of cortisol. In doubly operated mice, a combination of corticotropin + mammotropin + somatotropin was also capable of inducing full secretion. Although daily administration of corticosterone (1 mg) + mammotropin (1 mg) + somatotropin (0.1 mg) was highly effective in inducing secretion, reversal of the ratio of mammotropin to somatotropin resulted in poor lactogenesis. Provided that the daily dose of corticosterone was maintained at 1 mg, some secretion occurred in all mice with the administration of as little as 0.55 mg mammotropin + 0.1 mg somatotropin. However, if the corticosterone dose was reduced to 250–500 μg/day, little or no lactogenesis occurred even when the quantity of protein hormone was increased. The addition of other hormones (aldosterone, dehydro-corticosterone, thyroxine, insulin) had little or no influence on the lactogenic potency of corticosterone + mammotropin + somatotropin. In view of these findings and of the inability of mammotropin to induce premature secretion in pregnant mice when corticoids are effective in so doing, it is suggested that the corticotropin-glucocorticoid axis may be of fundamental importance in triggering lactation in mice.
Reduction mammoplasty is beneficial in women with and without history of breast cancer.

Hypertrophy of breast (macromastia and gigantomastia) is defined as an increase in the weight of the breast which exceeds the physiologic limit. No consensus definition on how excess is excess to qualify for macromastia. However, 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) may be considered as a cutoff between physiologic and morbidly enlarged breast [1]. Surgical intervention by reduction mammoplasty is usually the treatment of choice especially in the western countries. In addition to the cosmetic effect, breast reduction is frequently performed as a risk reducing procedure in patients with a personal or family history of breast cancer [2,3].
Tri-gate InGaAs-OI junctionless FETs with PE-ALD Al2O3 gate dielectric and H2/Ar anneal

Abstract We present a tri-gate In0.53Ga0.47As-on-insulator (InGaAs-OI) junctionless field-effect transistor (JLFET) architecture. The fabricated devices feature a 20-nm-thick n-In0.53Ga0.47As channel doped to 1018/cm3 obtained by metal organic chemical vapor phase deposition and direct wafer bonding along with a 3.5-nm-thick Al2O3 gate dielectric deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD). The PE-ALD Al2O3 presents a bandgap of 7.0 eV, a k-value of 8.1 and a breakdown field of 8–10.5 MV/cm. A post-fabrication H2/Ar anneal applied to the PE-ALD Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As-OI gate stack yielded a low density of interface traps (Dit) of 7 × 1011/cm2 eV at Ec − E = −0.1 eV along with lower border trap density values than recently reported PE-ALD bi-layer Al2O3/HfO2 and thermal ALD HfO2 gate stacks deposited on In0.53Ga0.47As. The H2/Ar anneal also improved the subthreshold performance of the tri-gate InGaAs-OI JLFETs. After H2/Ar anneal, the long-channel (10 μm) device featured a threshold voltage (VT) of 0.25 V, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 88 mV/dec and a drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 65 mV/V, while the short-channel (160 nm) device exhibited a VT of 0.1 V, a SS of 127 mV/dec and a DIBL of 218 mV/V. Overall, the tri-gate InGaAs-OI JLFETs showed the best compromise in terms of VT, SS and DIBL compared to the other III–V JLFET architectures reported to date. However, a 15× increase in access resistance was observed after H2/Ar anneal, significantly degrading the maximum drain current of the tri-gate InGaAs-OI JLFETs.
Impression Management and Reputation Defense in 19th Century Credit Rating: Dissertation Executive Summary

In this dissertation executive summary, I focus empirically on credit rating decisions by local offices within a prominent 19th Century credit rating agency, as the organization, as a whole, responded to external threats. Findings from this study show that the heightened accountability of reported performance feedback is an important factor shaping the nature of lower-level organizational response to evident failures in decision-making processes. Public failure, which engenders threat to the organization, heightens the need to justify decision-making processes at the local level. Though, these legitimacy-driven responses led to poorer quality decisions and less functional information.
Cutaneous Metastasis in a Patient with Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is known to metastasize rapidly. Liver and peritoneum are the most common sites of metastases in pancreatic cancer, followed by lungs, bones and brain. Less common sites of metastases such as muscle, skin, heart, pleura, stomach, umbilicus, kidney, appendix, spermatic cord and prostate have also been reported in pancreatic cancer. Cutaneous metastasis mostly occurs around umbilicus. A site other than umbilicus is rarely reported. The authors report a case of multiple skin metastases in a patient with primary pancreatic cancer and review the literature. Image: Right supraclavicular area.
Role of Krüppel-like factor 5 in the maintenance of the stem cell niche in the intestinal crypt

The intestinal epithelium is a tissue that undergoes continuous self-renewal initiated at the bottom of the crypts, which harbor the intestinal stem cell (ISC) pool. The ISC pool is sub-divided into crypt base columnar (CBC) cells at the crypt bottom and label retention cells (LRC) at position +4 from the crypt bottom. CBC cells are marked by Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (Lgr5) while LRC cells are identified by several markers including Bmi1, mTert, Hopx, Lrig1, and Sox9. Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) belong to a family of transcription factors that exert important physiological function in various tissues. In the intestine, KLF4 is predominantly expressed in the terminally differentiated, non-proliferating cells lining the villus. Its deletion in the adult mouse intestine results in perturbed homeostasis. In contrast, KLF5 is expressed in actively proliferating cells of the intestinal crypt, including CBC cells and transit amplifying (TA) cells. We recently investigated the effect of Klf5 deletion specifically from the Lgr5-expressing CBC cells in adult mouse intestine using an inducible Cre recombinase system. Shortly (3-5 days) after Cre induction, proliferation of both CBC and TA cells ceased, which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis in the crypt. Beginning at two weeks following Cre induction, both Klf5 expression and proliferation re-appeared but without the re-emergence of Lgr5-positive CBC cells, which were eventually depleted by four months following induction. These findings indicate that KLF5 plays an important role in regulating proliferation and survival of CBC stem cells in the intestine.
Postheparin lipolytic activity and plasma lipoprotein response to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia

The hypotriglyceridemic action of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is attributed primarily to reduction in hepatic triglyceride synthesis and reduced secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). However, increased catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was reported and could be due to increased availability of peripheral lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or hepatic lipase (HL). In this study plasma lipoproteins and postheparin activities of LPL and HL were determined in 12 patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia before and during isocaloric substitution of omega-3 fatty acids (10 g/d) for 4 wk. Omega-3 polyunsaturates resulted in 53% and 61% reductions in plasma triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations, respectively (P less than 0.0001). However, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations increased by 26% (P less than 0.001). Activities of postheparin LPL and HL essentially remained the same. Thus, in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia, reduction in plasma triglyceride concentrations and increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations mediated by omega-3 polyunsaturates seem to occur without an increase in LPL or HL activities.
The Effect of Digoxin on Contractility and Fatigue of Isolated Guinea Pig and Rat Hemidiaphragms

Digoxin could improve diaphragm contractility and fatigability if inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enhances calcium influx from extracellular sources, or it could impair contractility and worsen fatigue if it impairs maintenance of the membrane potential. We studied the effects of digoxin on isometric force production, fatigue, and recovery in isolated, directly stimulated, guinea pig and rat diaphragms. Digoxin had no effect on maximal twitch or tetanic tensions compared with control diaphragms in either rat (2 ng/ml to 20 µg/ml) or guinea pig (2 ng/ml to 2 µg/ml) hemidiaphragms. Digoxin worsened high frequency fatigue and impaired recovery from fatigue in guinea pigs (200 ng/ml to 2 µg/ml) but not in rat (2 µg/ml) hemidiaphragms. We conclude that digoxin has no effect on diaphragm contractility. Hypopolarization of the membrane potential is the likely cause for the increased fatigability. The difference in responsiveness between species is likely due to insensitivity of rat sodium...
Discrimination Comes in Many Forms Individual, Institutional, and Structural

Three different types of discrimination are defined and analyzed. Individual and institutional discrimination refer to actions and/or policies that are intended to have a differential impact on minorities and women. Structural discrimination, on the other hand, refers to policies that are race or gender neutral in intent but that have negative effects on women, minorities, or both. Concrete examples of each type of discrimination are presented and pedagogical techniques for using these concepts are provided.
Low‐temperature polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether

Isobutyl vinyl ether has been polymerized under conditions well known to yield isotactic polymer, viz., with boron trifluoride etherate at 78°C. in a nonpolar hydrocarbon diluent. A particular mixed solvent ratio and previous dissolution of catalyst enabled the polymerization to proceed homogeneously at the beginning. By following the temperature rise in an initially thermostatted system, we showed that the progress of the reaction eventually proceeded via a homogeneous phase to a gellike phase. Isotactic polymer is shown to be produced in both steps by a mechanism of slow chain propagation.
Patient-Centered Research: Are Current Recommendations for Antiviral Therapy of Herpes Zoster Cost-Effective?

>PURPOSE Antiviral treatment of herpes zoster is controversial due to uncertain benefits and relatively high costs. We reviewed the literature on the costs and benefits of antiviral therapy and used that data to test its cost-effectiveness.
Production and characterization of high titer antibodies to galactocerebroside

High titer antibodies primarily of the IgG class were produced against galactocerebroside (GalC) by including keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and supplemental M. tuberculosis in the adjuvant mixture used for immunization of rabbits. Antibody titers were determined by an ELISA in which microtiter wells were coated with liposomes containing lecithin, cholesterol and GalC. The antibodies showed reactivity with GalC and psychosine, but not glucocerebroside, sulfatide, mixed gangliosides or asialo GM1. Specificity was further demonstrated by absorption of antibodies with GalC. Binding was inhibited by galactose, but only at high concentrations. Further, the antibodies did not bind to any brain proteins on immunoblots, indicating lack of reactivity with glycoproteins which might contain a terminal galactose. Antibodies to GalC are directed against different determinants than those reacting with peanut agglutinin since the lectin will not react with GalC, and the antibodies will not react with asialo GM1. The antibodies raised to GalC by this method show specific staining for oligodendroglia in culture. Peanut agglutinin binds intensely to process-bearing GalC+ oligodendroglia, but very poorly to the membrane sheets elaborated by oligodendroglia after longer times in culture. Other process-bearing GalC-, GFAP- cells were also stained with peanut agglutinin; these cells may represent glial precursors.
Mapping electrostatic potentials from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere

Techniques for mapping observed ionospheric-potential distributions into the magnetosphere are discussed and illustrated using published Millstone Hill and Chatanika incoherent-scatter-radar data. It is shown that the mapping of a given field line to the equator is subject to strong diurnal and seasonal variations (attributed to the combination of internal and tail-current magnetic-field sources at auroral latitudes and the diurnal variation of solar declination in dipole coordinates) and longitude-dependent differences in ionospheric geometry. A mapping based on the tilt-dependent model of Olson and Pfitzer (1977) and using an empirical ionospheric-potential distribution derived from Chatanika plasma-drift measurements produces a relativity uniform magnetospheric electric field in the tail region. The field at 12 earth radii (Re) is found to be between 1 and 2 kV/Re; at the dawn-dusk meridian beyond the plasmasphere it is as high as 5 kV/Re. The plasmasphere is shown to have a dusk bulge in its equipotential structure and to be almost symmetric about the dawn-dusk meridian.
Human antibody immunosorption of hepatitis B surface antigen from blood and plasma

Removal of the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from whole blood and blood products, using human antibody (HBAb) immunosorbent, was studied and kinetics of complexing were monitored using radioimmunoassay (RIA). An intermittent complexing process was developed that minimizes damage to the cellular components of blood. HBsAg concentration in blood was reduced 1.5 to 2 logarithmic cycles in 3 hr with this system. Free HBsAg remaining in solution at equilibrium was further reduced by transferring the blood to a vessel containing unused immunosorbent. Through multiple stage treatment of a blood sample, it may be possible to reduce the probability of contamination with HBsAg to below the infectious level. This process may be applied to the selective removal of other proteins from blood and plasma.
High-Resolution 3D MR Microangiography of the Rat Ocular Circulation

High-spatial-resolution MR microangiography of the eye allows visualization of small angiographic details of the ocular circulation and hemodynamic changes in arteries and veins, which may prove useful for investigating microvascular pathologic findings in eye diseases.
Laboratory and analytical methods for explosives residues in soil

Abstract Standard analytical methods have been developed to characterize explosives residues in soil at U.S. Department of Defense installations. The laboratory analysis is conducted using RP-HPLC, and the most commonly found analytes are TNT and RDX. Other analytes commonly detected are the environmental transformation products of TNT including TNB, dinitroaniline, and the isomers of amino-DNT, and the manufacturing by-products DNB and the isomers of amino-DNT. Field methods designed to detect TNT and RDX have enhanced site characterization by providing rapid on-site results for a greater number of samples than would be economically feasible by depending solely on off-site laboratory analyses for all samples. Attempts may be made to use both laboratory and field methods to analyze treatment matrices such as incinerator ash and compost, but further analytical method development is needed to enhance extraction and minimize interferences.
Mice deleted for GPAT3 have reduced GPAT activity in white adipose tissue and altered energy and cholesterol homeostasis in diet-induced obesity

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. Microsomal GPAT, the major GPAT activity, is encoded by at least tw...
π + Photoproduction from Hydrogen at Lab Angles from 34° to 155° and Lab Photon Energies from 500 to 1350 MeV

The differential cross section for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ was measured using the Caltech 1.5-GeV electron synchrotron. The positive pions were detected and momentum analyzed in a multichannel magnetic spectrometer and the data were recorded in the memory of a pulse-height analyzer. The energy resolution was improved over previous experiments and an attempt was made to minimize systematic errors. The data are presented in the form of energy distributions at 12 lab angles from 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 155\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and the range of lab proton energies extended from 500 to 1350 MeV. Data were not taken at all energies for each angle, since the maximum useful momentum of the spectrometer, 600 $\frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{c}$, restricted the maximum energy for lab angles less than or equal to 74\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Mitral stenosis and insufficiency: A complication of healed bacterial endocarditis

Abstract Three cases of mitral stenosis and insufficiency produced by clinically unsuspected healed bacterial endocarditis are described. The vegetations in each case were calcified, devoid of inflammation and microorganisms, and associated with underlying valvular destruction. The uninvolved valve in each heart showed the stigmata of healed rheumatic valvulitis. In light of the widespread use of antibiotics, clinically unsuspected cases of healed bacterial endocarditis and its sequelae may be encountered more frequently.
Degrees-of-freedom and interference tradeoff for a mix-Gaussian cognitive radio channel

We explore the degrees-of-freedom and interference tradeoff for a simple cognitive radio system under an assumption that the secondary-user (SU) receiver operates incoherently with the primary-user (PU) transmitter. This assumption makes our system model practically more rigorous, as compared to the conventional studies where a coherent operation is assumed. Due to the incoherent operation of SU receiver, the resulting interference channel is mixture-Gaussian. Our objective is to find the optimal sensing threshold and sensing time, for the signal detector that is used by the SU, such that the SU performance is maximized while the PU performance degradation, caused by the interference due to SU, remains within a tolerable range. Also, we define the interference regimes for SU performances on the basis of PU transmission power level.
Pharmacological specificity of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats.

While many previous studies have shown that a variety of cannabinoids substitute and cross-substitute for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in drug discrimination procedures, few have systematically examined potential THC-like effects of non-cannabinoid compounds. The purpose of the present study was to delineate further the pharmacological specificity of THC discrimination. Rats were trained to discriminate THC (3.0 mg/kg) from vehicle. Following determination of a dose-effect curve with THC, substitution tests with selected compounds from a variety of pharmacological classes, includingl-phenylisopropyl adenosine, dizocilpine, dextromethorphan, clozapine, buspirone, MDL 72222, muscimol, midazolam and chlordiazepoxide, were performed. Whereas THC produced full dose-dependent substitution, substitution tests with non-cannabinoid drugs resulted in less than chance (50%) levels of responding on the THC-appropriate lever, with the exception of (+)-MDMA (2.5 mg/kg, 50%) and diazepam (3.0 mg/kg, 67%). These results are consistent with those of previous studies and suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of THC exhibit pharmacological specificity.