cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pixel-by-Pixel Spatiotemporal Progression of Focal Ischemia Derived Using Quantitative Perfusion and Diffusion Imaging

Pixel-by-pixel spatiotemporal progression of focal ischemia (permanent occlusion) in rats was investigated using quantitative perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging every 30 minutes for 3 hours. The normal left-hemisphere apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was 0.76 +/- 0.03 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s and CBF was 0.7 +/- 0.3 mL x g(-1) x min(-1) (mean +/- SD, n=5). The ADC and CBF viability thresholds yielding the lesion volumes (LV) at 3 hours that best approximated the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) infarct volumes (200 +/- 30 mm(3)) at 24 hours were 0.53 +/- 0.02 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (30% +/- 2% reduction) and 0.30 +/- 0.09 mL x g(-1) x min(-1) (57% +/- 11% reduction), respectively. Temporal evolution of the ADC- and CBF-defined LV showed a significant "perfusion-diffusion mismatch" up to 2 hours (P < 0.05, n = 11), a potential therapeutic window. Based on the viability thresholds, three pixel clusters were identified on the CBF-ADC scatterplots: (1) a "normal" cluster with normal CBF and ADC, (2) an "ischemic core" cluster with markedly reduced CBF and ADC, and (3) a "mismatch" cluster with reduced CBF but slightly reduced ADC. These clusters were color-coded and mapped onto the image and CBF-ADC spaces. Lesions grew peripheral and medial to the initial ADC abnormality. In contrast to the CBF distribution, the ADC distribution in the ischemic hemisphere was bimodal; the relatively time-invariant bimodal-ADC minima were 0.57 +/- 0.02 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (corresponding CBF 0.35 +/- 0.04 mL x g(-1) x min(-1)), surprisingly similar to the TTC-derived thresholds. Together, these results illustrate an analysis approach to systemically track the pixel-by-pixel spatiotemporal progression of acute ischemic brain injury.
Emotion’s Response Patterns: The Brain and the Autonomic Nervous System

The article considers patterns of reactivity in organ systems mediated by the autonomic nervous system as they relate to central neural circuits activated by affectively arousing cues. The relationship of these data to the concept of discrete emotion and their relevance for the autonomic feedback hypothesis are discussed. Research both with animal and human participants is considered and implications drawn for new directions in emotion science. It is suggested that the proposed brain-based view has a greater potential for scientific advance than the traditional model that emphasizes specific states of mind as mediators or reflectors of visceral action.
Sexual Timetables for Oral-Genital, Vaginal, and Anal Intercourse: Sociodemographic Comparisons in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents

Objectives. We documented the prevalence and relative timing of oral-genital, vaginal, and anal intercourse during adolescence and examined whether these timetables varied by sociodemographic factors.Methods. We used data from almost 14 000 Wave IV respondents to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to generate prevalence estimates for adolescents who reached age 18 years by 2001 and logistic and ordinary least squares regression to examine sociodemographic correlates of sexual patterns.Results. One in 5 adolescents did not engage in any of these sexual behaviors by age 18 years. More than two thirds reported vaginal or oral-genital sexual activity, but only about half experienced both. One in 10 reported anal intercourse experience. A third initiated 2 or more behaviors within a 1-year period. In longer timetables, vaginal intercourse was more often initiated first. Most sociodemographic characteristics examined were uniquely associated with prevalence and sexual timing.Conclusions. Diver...
Influence of Rainfall on Temperature and Salinity of the Ocean Surface

Abstract Falling rain changes sea surface conditions, because of its different salinity, different temperature, and its momentum. Experimental evidence of the action of these three factors has been gathered using artificial and natural rain falling on a salt water tank. Big drops cause substantital mixing; smaller ones create a very stable surface layer.
Interstitial cell tumor of testis in adult.

Abstract A case of interstitial cell tumor of the testis which clinically simulated an epididymal mass is presented, with a review of the literature. The electronmicrographic studies did not contribute to the histologic diagnosis.
Effects of Vitamin A and Carotene Intake on Depletion Time of Young Dairy Calves

Abstract 1.Calves that received varying quantities of vitamin A for the first 90 days of age then were given a vitamin A-deficient ration to determine the time required to deplete their stores. The stores were considered depleted when the blood plasma vitamin A values reached 4.0 γ per 100ml. 2.Two calves that were permitted to run with their dams on pasture required 4 months on the ration deficient in vitamin A to deplete their stores. 3.Calves reared according to present methods of limited whole-milk feeding with hay of above average quality required a depletion time of 2 to 4 weeks. 4.The feeding of hay of exceptionally good quality (high in carotene content) increased the depletion time up to 6 to 8 weeks. 5.Fifty thousand I.U. of vitamin A for 50 or more days, in addition to the vitamin A received in the feed, was necessary in order to maintain stores and blood levels equal to those of calves reared with the dams on pasture. The depletion time of these calves was from 3.5 to 4 months. Feeding 25,000 or 50,000 I.U. of vitamin A under similar conditions for periods of 30 to 45 days reduced the depletion time to intervals ranging from 30 to 98 days. 6.The groups that received supplemental vitamin A showed somewhat better gains, fewer cases of scours, and less mortality than the non-supplemented groups. 7.The technic of determining the number of days after 90 days of age that were required for the blood plasma values to decrease to 4.0 γ per 100ml. appears to give a good estimation of the vitamin A stores.
Structure Elucidation Via Stereoselective Synthesis of the Acetate Center of 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-Hydroxy- alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate (IQNP). A High Affinity Muscarinic Imaging Agent for SPECT.

A facile stereoselective synthesis of {alpha}-hydroxy-{alpha}-phenyl-{alpha}-(1-propyn-3-yl)acetic acid in high enantiomeric excess has been developed and allows determination of the (R/S) conformation at this center. In addition, comparison of the specific rotation, HPLC, and NMR data of (E)-(R,R)-and (E)-(R,S)-IQNP to those prepared by a classical resolution of the acetate moiety allows the assignment of (E)-(R,R)-IQNP as the isomer demonstrating binding to the M{sub 1} mAChR subtype and (Z)-(R,R)-IQNP as the isomer binding to both the M{sub 1} and M{sub 2} mAChR subtypes.
Age-dependent differential responses of monoaminergic systems to high doses of methamphetamine.

Abuse of methamphetamine (METH) by adolescents is a major public health issue in the U.S.A. Because of the neurotoxic potential of METH, we examined the response of CNS monoaminergic systems in young (adolescent) animals [postnatal day (PND) 40] to high-dose treatments (10 mg/kg, four injections, 2-h intervals) of this drug and contrasted these effects to those seen in older (young adult) rats (PND 90). Consistent with previous reports, we observed that PND 40 animals did not manifest the long-term (7-day) deficits in extrapyramidal dopamine (DA) parameters observed in PND 90 rats. In contrast, METH-induced rapid (1-h) reduction in the activity of striatal DA transporters occurred in both age groups. In addition, both persistent (7-day) and rapid (1-h) deficits in serotonergic systems (measured as reductions in tryptophan hydroxylase activity) were observed in PND 40 and 90 rats. Age-related differences in METH-induced hyperthermia did not appear to be a principal cause for our observations; however, age-dependent pharmacokinetics of this drug might have contributed to the differential METH monoaminergic responses by PND 40 and 90 animals.
Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours

This article reexamines the text and interpretation of three crucial passages in Avitus of Vienne’s Ep. 46, the only contemporary document attesting the baptism of Clovis, and one passage in Gregory of Tours’Decem Libri Historiarum. The following conclusions relative to the date and circumstances of the baptism can be drawn. A. Avitus addresses Clovis not as if he was a pagan convert, but as if he was a recent Arian sympathiser, possibly even a catechumen. 2. There is no allusion to Clovis's honorary consulship in Ep. 46, hence no terminus post quem of 508. 3. The populus adhue nuper captivus cannot be the Alamans or the newly-converted Franks. Clovis's letter to the Bishops of Aquitaine and Avitus's known involvement in the ransoming of prisoners-of-war are adduced to suggest that the populus may most plausibly be identified with Catholic Gallo-Roman captives taken in the Franco-Visigothic war of 507. If this is right, it provides a terminus post quem, of 507 and suggests a baptism in Christmas 508. 4. Gregory of Tours’ account of the Alamannic war is reexamined, and the following conclusions reached: the account fuses a “Clotilde-spool” and a “Constantinian-spool;” the battle against the Alamanni must date to late 506 (evidence from Cassiodorus and Ennodius); but Gregory himself did not know when it took place in absolute terms, and his relative chronology may well be unreliable. Thus the date of the battle and the date of conversion can be uncoupled. The most probable terminus post quem remains the freeing of the populus captivus, probably after the war of 507. The article ends by reexamining the implications of Clovis's and Avitus's relationship and correspondence.
Computational modeling of f.c.c. deformation textures over Rodrigues' space

Abstract The application of novel tools for texture analysis to a systematic examination of f.c.c. deformation textures over Rodrigues' space is reported. Texture is described using an orientation distribution function (ODF), describing the distribution of crystal orientations over a three-dimensional orientation space. In contrast to existing ODF schemes based on series representations of the ODF, the tools proposed are based on a piecewise polynomial finite element representation, permitting the application of existing finite element technology to quantitative texture analysis. Advantages of such an approach are evident in the following, where a finite element scheme for deformation driven ODF evolution, together with the regularity of Rodrigues' space, lead to substantially simplified characterizations of widely examined f.c.c. textures. As a result, interpretation is straightforward, allowing insight into the structures of and relationships between the range of ideal texture components and orientation fibers encountered.
Cowpea rhizobia: comparison of plant infection and plate counts.

Abstract Enumeration of Rhizobium in soil is usually accomplished by the most probable number (MPN) plant infection method. The accuracy of MPN counts as compared to plate counts was determined for five strains of cowpea rhizobia. Host plants included cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Plastic growth pouches were used primarily for cowpea and siratro while plastic cups containing vermiculite were used for peanut. The number of rhizobia determined by the MPN method using cowpea, siratro and peanut underestimated the population from 10- to 100-fold. A control experiment using soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) indicated that the MPN method was accurate for R. japonicum . Experimentors using the MPN method should be aware of its accuracy for particular Rhizobiutn-legume combinations.
Response of salt marsh bivalves to enrichment with metal-containing sewage sludge and retention of lead, zinc and cadmium by marsh sediments

Abstract Growth in Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica , bivalves found in tidal creeks in salt marshes on the coast of the NW Atlantic, was not affected by experimental additions of metal-containing sewage sludge and urea fertilisers to salt marsh plots. Modiolus demissus , a mussel inhabiting the marsh surface itself, did grow better under the same fertiliser treatments. All three species of shellfish showed no increases in lead or zinc contents, but all showed increased cadmium contents related to the sludge fertiliser treatments. Increases in zinc, and particularly in cadmium, but not lead, were detected in the creek bottom detritus downstream from the plots. The surface sediment of the marsh plots shows significant accumulations of all three metals. The calculation of input-output budgets shows that lead was trapped in the sediments with virtually no losses to deeper waters. Zinc and cadmium also accumulated in the sediments but there is some transport away from the salt marsh surface, especially in the case of cadmium.
Film, Ethnography, and the Senses: The Corporeal Image

Film, Ethnography, and the Senses: The Corporeal Image. David MacDougall. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 274 pp.
Emergence of tri-phasic muscle activation from the nonlinear interactions of central and spinal neural network circuits

Abstract The origin of the tri-phasic burst pattern, observed in the EMGs of opponent muscles during rapid self-terminated movements, has been controversial. Here we show by computer simulation that the pattern emerges from interactions between a central neural trajectory controller (VITE circuit) and a peripheral neuromuscular force controller (FLETE circuit). Both neural models have been derived from simple functional constraints that have led to principled explanations of a wide variety of behavioral and neurobiological data, including, as shown here, the generation of tri-phasic bursts.
Approximate solutions for the cutting stock ‘portfolio’ problem

Abstract This study deals with the development of general engineering guidelines for the portfolio problem. The portfolio problem consists of determining the best combination of sheet or ‘bin’ sizes to keep in inventory in order to minimize material wastage. At the expense of large amounts of computer time, numerical representations of response surfaces are made and used as atool in developing some general engineering guidelines for the proper portfolio selection.
Enhancement of the sensitivity of an open micro-cavity based optoacoustic sensor

We present a new method for sensitive ultrasound detection using an open-cavity optoacoustic sensor. Our results have demonstrated significant enhancement of detection sensitivity when the open-cavity sensor is used in media with large isothermal compressibility.
Antiangiogenic therapy and tumor progression

Angiogenesis is necessary for tumor growth (a rationale for antiangiogenic therapy), but hypoxia caused by such a therapy will, in theory, drive tumor progression and metastasis. To reconcile conflicting notions, we discuss that, first, although a shift from normoxia (21% O2) to hypoxia indeed activates cancer cells for aggressive behavior, this may not occur during therapy, because most cancers are not normoxic to start with. Second, only successful antiangiogenic therapy, which is capable of controlling cancer, will select for resistance and progression. After all, in order to occur, therapy-induced tumor progression must be preceded by tumor regression.
Genetic influences in childhood obesity: recent progress and recommendations for experimental designs

The increasing prevalence of pediatric obesity around the world has become an area of scientific interest because of public health concern. Although since early stages of the lifespan body weight might be heavily influenced by an individual's behavior, epidemiological research highlights the involvement of genetic influences contributing to variation in fat accumulation and thus body composition. Results from genome-wide association studies and candidate gene approaches have identified specific regions across the human genome influencing obesity-related phenotypes. Reviewing the scientific literature provides support to the belief that at the conceptual level scientists understand that genes and environments do not act independently, but rather synergistically, and that such interaction might be the responsible factor for differences within and among populations. However, there is still limited understanding of genetic and environmental factors influencing fat accumulation and deposition among different populations, which highlights the need for innovative experimental designs, improved body composition measures and appropriate statistical methodology.
Mothers and Daughters in Fifteenth-century Spanish Sentimental Romances: Implications for Celestina

Mothers and daughters appear in folklore and the traditional love lyric in Spain—the cantigas de amigo and kharjas—but they lack the sustained dialogue and interaction that mark their presence in the sentimental romance.1 The appearance in these fifteenth-century romances of mothers and daughters in general, and mothers in particular, did not lead to a prominent role in Golden-Age literature, but the tradition of mothers and daughters continues in a few of the sixteenth-century sentimental romances.2 Ruth El Saffar, in a recent book, says of Persiles y Sigismunda: ‘The journey on which the hero and heroine embark … is one instigated not by the traditional source of authority, the male ruler (for he is off to war), but by the figure most severely neglected in Golden-Age letters, the mother.’3
Comparing usual quantity/frequency and graduated frequency scales to assess yearly alcohol consumption: results from the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey.

Data were used from the 1990 US national alcohol survey to compare two volume measures of alcohol consumption: usual quantity/frequency (QF) and graduated frequency (GF). The QF measure obtained global estimates of average alcohol intake per day; the GF measure is a series of questions on the frequency of consuming specific numbers of drinks which ranges from the most ever consumed in the last year to 1–2 drinks per occasion. The GF measure provided higher estimates of alcohol use. Respondents whose reports were inconsistent between the measures were more likely to be male, never married, and report getting drunk at least monthly and drinking five or more drinks on one occasion at least monthly during the last year.
Intestinal transplantation: an update.

Purpose of review As outcomes with intestinal transplantation continue to improve, its role in the management of intestinal failure patients becomes clearer. Some intestinal failure patients do well with long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), while others develop life-threatening complications and need to be evaluated for intestinal transplants (ITs). The purpose of this review is to update the current status of intestinal transplantation and its role in the management of intestinal failure patients. Recent findings Current outcomes indicate that intestinal transplants should be considered earlier in intestinal failure patients that develop liver injury, to prevent irreversible liver disease that would mandate a simultaneous liver transplant. Due to the small bowel (SB) graft's unique immunobiologic features, it is especially challenging to transplant successfully. Although new immunosuppressive strategies have been developed that appear to improve short-term results, their impact on long-term outcomes has yet to be shown. A better understanding of the interactions that occur between the SB's inherent immune system and its luminal flora may be required to devise strategies that will significantly curtail the SB graft's immunogenicity. Summary Intestinal transplantation remains a significant challenge. Ongoing efforts to better define the parameters that best predict total parenteral nutrition failure and the unique mechanisms that influence small bowel allograft outcomes are necessary before a broader application of small bowel transplantation can be indicated.
Solder Joint Reliability Improvement Using the Cold Ball Pull Metrology

The various methods for improvement of package solder joint reliability (SJR) have centered on the broad categories of (i) reductions in the thermomechanical and mechanical stresses and strains applied to the joints, and (ii) strengthening of the solder interconnect interfaces and materials themselves. In practice, the success of the former depends first and foremost on the latter — an adequate and consistent interconnect ‘strength’ during the package development and production cycles. With the advancement of various pad-plating technologies (most notably ENIG – Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), sphere chemistries, fluxes and processing conditions, each with their own stability issues, the interconnect strengths can easily undergo seemingly random drifts over time. The Dage™ Cold Ball Pull (CBP) technique, however, has emerged as an attractive alternative to the traditional ball-shear metrology as an interconnect strength monitor. The open issues preventing its adoption are related to identifying the best test conditions (e.g. aging time, pull speed, jaw pressure, etc...), all of which are addressed here. After identifying the best test conditions, we present a number of experimental results that highlight the powerful capability of this tool for optimizing and monitoring solder-joint strength. A full metrology characterization to demonstrate accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility has been performed. Moreover, interesting results have been obtained with respect to solder-aging, multiple-reflow, and time-above-liquidus effects on interconnect strength. Examples of direct correlation between CBP measurements and solder-joint shock performance are demonstrated. CBP is also shown to correlate well to other strength metrologies, such as three-point bend. Finally, CBP is used here to show how to strengthen interconnects by the proper selection of pad plating chemistries, sphere compositions, fluxes, reflow conditions, etc[[ellipsis]] Maintaining those strengths through development and production can be handled effectively using CBP as a monitor. Looking forward, CBP data presented here shows that certain material and processing choices can maximize lead-free solder interconnect strength and lead-free solder joint reliability.© 2005 ASME
Ontogenetic and anatomic variation in mineralization of the wing skeleton of the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis

We examined patterns of variation in the mineral content of the wing skeleton of the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis. We ashed humeri, radii, metacarpals II-V, and phalanges of digit III, and quantified mineralization differences among elements at specific ages, and ontogenetically for each element. The most mineralized elements are the humerus and the radius, followed by the metacarpals, of which the third and fifth are the most mineralized. The proximal and middle phalanges of the third digit exhibit the lowest mineral content, and the distal phalanges have no mineral content according to our ashing protocol. Histological examination shows a thin (< 10 μm) shell of unmineralized osteoid surrounding a cartilaginous core in distal phalanges. Mineral content of each bone increases linearly with age during post-natal development, but there are differences in the rate and extent of this increase among the different elements. The mineralizaton differences we observed parallel substantially different bone loading patterns found in different parts of the wing in other studies. The humerus and radius are subjected to large torsional loads during flight, while the metacarpals and phalanges experience dorsoventral bending. The high mineral content of the humerus and radius and the low mineral content of the metacarpals and phalanges may resist torsion proximally and promote bending distally. Furthermore, the decrease in mineral content along the wing's proximodistal axis decreases bone mass disproportionately at the wing tips, where the energetic cost of accelerating and decelerating limb mass is greatest.
The resonance of captivity: Aliens and conquest

The trope of containment forms a persistent undercurrent in dominant discourses of American freedom. This article describes and performs this trope through the intertextual poetics of stories about captivity, focusing on what the author here calls “resonance,” especially between historical American Indian captivity narratives and UFO abduction accounts. Throughout this article, the idea of the uncanny is used as a way to think through various ethnographic and mediated examples of American ambivalence about the legacy of empire and colonization. The author argues that a vernacular theory of power emerges in people’s sense of ongoing parallels between various narratives of containment in America. The writing mimetically performs, as well as interprets, this narrative resonance.
Lead and behavioral development: Parental compensation for behaviorally impaired chicks

Lead is ubiquitous in nature, and can affect behavioral, physiological, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. We used lead-induced behavioral deficits to examine the behavior of parents and young herring gulls in the Captree, NY, gull colony. Our objectives were to determine: a) If there were differences in the behavior, weight, and survival of chicks as a function of treatment; b) if parental behavior varied as a function of treatment; and 3) if there were differences in sibling competition and parent-young conflict between experimental nests (with lead-impaired chicks and control chicks) and control nests. We injected one chick in each of 22 nests (1-2 days of age) with lead acetate (100 mg/kg in sterile water) and injected its sibling with sterile saline, and compared behavior of parents and young (from 1-21 days postinjection). We also observed behavior of parents and chicks in 12 control nests in which chicks were handled similarly but were not injected. There were significant lead-induced differences in righting response, locomotion, thermoregulation, begging, and feeding behavior in the chicks; corroborating observations from the laboratory. Lead-injected chicks were less able to compete for food with their siblings, with a resultant significant difference by weight at 16 days of age. For experimental nests in which the weight difference was great, parents engaged in divided feeding of the brood. After one parent initiated feeding, the other parent walked a short distance away and began to call to and then feed the second, smaller chick. The extra parental care resulted in increased survival for the lead-injected chicks, and in their catching up to their siblings in weight by fledging. The results of this experiment indicate that lead induces behavioral deficits and growth retardation in gulls in nature, decreases survival at young ages, and that parents compensate for these behavioral and growth deficits by brood division for feeding chicks such that by fledging the chicks are no longer at a weight and size disadvantage. Parents are, thus, able to perceive a difference in body size and/or vigor of their offspring, and to behaviorally compensate partially for the lead-induced deficits.
Evaluation of histological grade and histologically tumour‐free margins as predictors of local recurrence in completely excised canine mast cell tumours

Completeness of mast cell tumour (MCT) excision is determined by assessment of histologically tumour-free margins (HTFM). The HTFM width necessary to prevent local recurrence (LR), recognized as histologic safety margin (HSM) in human oncology, has not been defined. We hypothesized that HTFM width would correlate with risk for LR and high-grade tumours would require wider HTFM than low-grade tumours. Records of dogs with completely excised MCTs were included. Signalment, two-tier tumour grade, tumour size, HTFM width, recurrence and therapy data was collected. High-grade (n = 39) tumours were more likely to recur than low-grade (n = 51) tumours (35.9% versus 3.9%), P < 0.0001, with no association between HTFM width and LR. Twenty-nine percent of low-grade tumours had HTFM less than 3 mm; none recurred. Narrow (≤3 mm) histologic margins are likely adequate to prevent LR of low-grade tumours. High-grade tumours have significant risk of LR regardless of HTFM width.
Design and implementation of an e-Transcript system using Web services

Web services technology is a burgeoning technology that has received tremendous amount of attention in the software industry in recent years under the broader umbrella of service-oriented architecture (SOA). It is fast becoming an important emerging technology that utilizes the power of the Web to produce an integrated, interoperable solutions based on standard Web protocols that are easy to consume in a heterogeneous network. The paper showcases various Web service features and how they can be used for a secure online transcript transmission system. It discusses how the latest state-of-the-art technology can be used to solve the antiquated problem of transcript processing faced by many universities and students around the world presently. The experience gained and the possible future enhancements of the work are also described.
A normative sample of temporal and spatial gait parameters in children using the GAITRite electronic walkway.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a normative sample of temporal and spatial gait parameters for children (ages 1–10 years) using the GAITRite ® electronic walkway. Reliability of the GAITRite ® for assessing gait in children is similar to its reliability in adults. Normative temporal and spatial gait parameters have not been published using the GAITRite ® limiting clinicians and researchers ability to compare children to a large normative sample. Methods A total of 438 children (1–10 years) completed two walks of at least three steps each at a self-selected speed. The mean velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, heel to heel base of support, double support, and toe in/out angle for each age group was calculated. Results Mean self selected velocity ranged from 82.05±25.28 to 133.63±15.44cm/s with the largest variability in subjects under 7 years of age. Cadence decreased with increasing age. Step length and stride length increased with age. Heel to heel base of support remained relatively constant between age groups with a mean of 8.77±2.74cm. Toe in/out angle was extremely variable for all age groups. Conclusions Developmental patterns of temporal and spatial gait parameters assessed using the GAITRite ® are similar to those reported in previous studies. However, the mean values for each age group differ slightly from previous gait study results. The normative data presented in this study will be useful to clinicians and researchers using the GAITRite ® electronic walkway to evaluate clinical populations. Data derived from other gait assessment tools and methods may not be a valid comparison to the values calculated using the GAITRite ® .
Casein-Pellet-Solvation and Heat Stability of Individual Cow's Milk

Abstract A linear relationship (r=.89) was found between casein-pellet-solvation and heat stability at 135C for individual cow milks. Casein-pellet-solvation was determined by centrifugation of whole milk at 68,000 g for 35min at 37C.
Multiperiod Hedging using Futures: Mean Reversion and the Optimal Hedging Path

This paper considers the multiperiod hedging decision in a framework of mean-reverting spot prices and unbiased futures markets. The task is to determine the optimal hedging path, i.e., the sequence of positions in futures contracts with the objective of minimizing the variance of an uncertain future cash flow. The model is used to illustrate both hedging using a matchedmaturity futures contract and hedging by rolling over a series of nearby futures contracts. In each case, the paper derives the conditions under which a single period (myopic) strategy would be optimal as opposed to a dynamic multiperiod strategy. The results suggest that greater the market power of the hedging entity, closer the optimal strategy is to a myopic hedge. The paper also highlights the difference in the optimal hedging path when hedging is based on matched-maturity as opposed to nearby contracts.
CHARLES II, EXILE, AND THE PROBLEM OF ALLEGIANCE

Following the execution of his father Charles I in January 1649, the exiled king Charles II pursued various political, military, and diplomatic strategies to recover his kingdoms. Proclaimed king of Ireland and Scotland, Charles II adopted the traditional view of monarch–subject relations and expected the loyalty of his subjects and their devotion to his restoration. The recent experiences of war and regicide, however, had changed the ways in which Irish and Scottish subjects determined the nature and degree of allegiance owed to the king. In Ireland and Scotland, subjects placed their own interests above the royalist cause. Tensions in Ireland among Catholics and between Catholics and Protestants tested the bonds of loyalty to Charles II, and Scottish Covenanters circumscribed the king's authority and imposed strict conditions upon their political and military support. Moreover, Charles II's position of exile exacerbated existing tensions within his kingdoms. While Charles I experienced the withdrawal of his subjects' allegiance and strove to recover that loyalty, as an exiled king Charles II struggled to gain the allegiance of his kingdoms and to secure loyalty in the face of religious tension, geographic distance, failing war efforts, and conflicting interests among his subjects.
The use of dynamic simulation to develop control strategies for emergency situations

Abstract This paper presents the findings from a study in which dynamic simulation was used to solve operational instability and control system interaction during emergency situations in the gas recovery section of a Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Diagnostic Procedures

The hospital records of patients discharged from Presbyterian-University Hospital of Pittsburgh with the diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) were reviewed in order to determine if diagnostic procedures were associated with an unacceptable risk of complications. Fifty-six cases were reviewed. Symptoms had been present for an average of five weeks. Forty-five patients underwent diagnostic tests including sputum cytology, lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy. The diagnostic yield of these procedures ranged from 28% (cytology) to 100% (thoracotomy). Complications occurred only with mediastinoscopy and none of these were fatal or caused long-term morbidity. We conclude that most patients with SVCS (excepting those with neurologic or respiratory compromise) can tolerate a vigorous pursuit of a histologic diagnosis before therapy is instituted.
Professional certification of software engineers: the CSDP program

There's a generally accepted maxim in the software industry: a well-managed software organization, staffed by qualified software engineering professionals in a mature software engineering environment, can repeatedly deliver software systems that meet their requirements, on time and within budget. But what does it mean to be professionally qualified? The IEEE Computer Society's Certified Software Development Professional program offers a solid path to certification that helps to establish software engineering professionals' credentials.
Insulin control of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

Abstract Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme involved in cellular homeostasis of cyclic AMP. It exists as multiple isozymes in cells, but only the high affinity, membrane-bound isozyme is sensitive to hormonal modulation. Several isozymes or isoforms of the low Km PDE have been detected. Data suggest that several mechanisms exist for hormonal modulation of PDE. Activity of the low Km PDE species may be modulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, phospholipid substrate concentration, insulin second messenger, cyclic GMP, guanine nucleotide binding proteins, calmodulin, or aggregation/ disaggregation of monomeric forms. Modulation of PDE isoforms by different hormones may be through different regulatory components or mechanisms.
Correlation of subclinical candidal colonization of the dorsal tongue surface with the Walter Reed staging scheme for patients infected with HIV-1

Abstract The correlation between subclinical candidal colonization of the dorsal tongue surface and the Walter Reed staging scheme for patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody is reported. Of 76 cytologic smears of the dorsal tongue surface, 12 (16.2%) demonstrated subclinical colonization. The mean peripheral helper T-lymphocyte count for patients with subclinical colonization was 304 ± 226 cells/mm3 and was not significantly different from seropositive patients without colonization (411 ± 209 cells/mm3). The Walter Reed scheme for assessing progressive immunodysregulation did not significantly correlate with the presence of subclinical colonization. This study suggests a more complex pathogenesis for oral candidiasis in HIV-1-infected patients rather than a direct link to peripheral helper T-lymphocyte depletion below a count of 400 cells/mm3.
Anaplastic myeloma with massive extramedullar involvement: Report of two cases

Two patients developed anaplastic myeloma associated with prominent extramedullary disease one and four years after the initial diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Most tumor cells in the extramedullary sites were primitive-appearing and anaplastic, although plasmacytoid differentiation was evident. One patient had concurrent bone marrow involvement by cytologically similar cells, while the other patient was in bone marrow remission when he developed clinically evident soft tissue infiltration. Immunoperoxidase staining showed similar cytoplasmic immunoglobulin in both the mature-appearing and anaplastic cells in both patients. Electron microscopy in both cases showed a morphologic spectrum between the mature-appearing and anaplastic cells. DNA flow cytometric studies following the onset of extramedullary disease revealed a tumor cell population with a high degree hyperdiploid abnormality and unusually high proliferative activity in both cases, consistent with the morphologic anaplasia. Anaplastic myeloma appears to represent a distinct, aggressive variant of multiple myeloma which may result from a transformation of well differentiated myeloma cells to poorly differentiated immunoblast-like cells.
Time-resolved PCA of ‘droplet impedance’ identifies DNA hybridization at nM concentration

Abstract We have developed a droplet-based non-Faradaic impedance sensing (NFIS) scheme for label-free, selective detection of short strands of DNA molecules suspended in solution. The frequency-resolved impedance of microliter-sized droplets evaporating on the superhydrophobic surface of the biosensor is monitored through several incubation/heating cycles, providing a time-resolved fingerprint of the analyte under consideration. To selectively differentiate target solutions with different levels of base-pair mismatch, the corresponding time-resolved signals are analyzed using a statistical technique called Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The approach allows us to selectively detect hybridization of 22-mer target DNA molecules at concentrations down to ∼2 nM in solution. The changes in the density of ‘trapped’ counterions as a result of hybridization are reflected in the corresponding impedance signals. The impedance readout permits label-free, indicator-less, and parallel detection of small volumes of target oligonucleotides in solution without inquiring any optical/magnetic tagging, reference electrode, analyte amplification, or probe immobilization.
Note on the Cochran Q Test

Abstract Cochran's Q test for differences between related-sample percentages or proportions has generally been incorrectly presented in secondary sources. The most common mistake results from failure to recognize that rows containing only 1's or only 0's, i.e., only successes or only failures, do not affect the value of Q. The F test, however, is affected by such rows. The probabilities from the χ2 and F approximations are compared with the exact probabilities in three sets of data. A rule of thumb, based on extensive study of the distribution of 0 in small samples, is given as an aid in judging when the χ2 approximation is satisfactory for practical purposes.
Biology without borders

Fundamental research must not be hampered by an international agreement on sharing the benefits from national biodiversity, says David Schindel.
Time and neighbor interaction in resonance Raman spectroscopy

We study systems in which the resonance Raman process is fast due to the requirement for phonon involvement in the absorption. The resonance enhancement is found to track the isolated molecule, or vapor phase, absorption since the molecule does not have time to exchange energy with its neighbors. This corroborates with studies of pre-resonance, where Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle enforces a rapid process, but differs from resonance on electronically allowed transitions, where the resonance allows a relatively prolonged interaction. High resolution excitation spectroscopy reveals large gains and narrow features usually associated with the isolated molecule. Vibration energies shift as the resonance is approached and the excited state vibration levels are probed. Several multiplets and overtone modes are enhanced along with the strongly coupled ring-breathing mode in aromatic molecules.
Forearm diaphyseal fractures in the adolescent population: treatment and management

Pediatric both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures are commonly treated in a variety of clinical settings. Most often, closed reduction followed by immobilization leads to satisfactory results. However, in the adolescent population (10–16 years of age), forearm fractures are more challenging due to less remodeling potential. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the anatomy, biomechanics, and treatment options relevant to adolescent patients. A systematic review of peer-reviewed publications and abstracts related to the treatment for pediatric both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures in adolescents was carried out. Forearm fractures in the pediatric population are most common following indirect blows to the forearm. When treating these fractures using closed reduction, it is important to recognize the muscular attachments of the forearm. In roughly 70–90 % of cases, closed reduction leads to adequate alignment. In all cases, return to function is the primary goal; however, exact alignment parameters remain controversial. In the adolescent population, surgical treatment has risen substantially in the last few decades. Intramedullary nailing and open reduction using plate fixation are the two most common operative techniques. Unfortunately, recent results have shown that nonunion, malunion, and overall complication rates are higher in older pediatric patients. Moreover, no consensus exists regarding one technique over another. Both-bone diaphyseal fractures in the adolescent population present unique challenges regarding optimal treatment, especially when considering surgical intervention. Further research is necessary to better understand indications for specific surgical treatment.
Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA

Abstract The Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation, a thin (10 m) fractured dolomite aquifer, lies approximately 450 m above the repository horizon of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Salinities of water in the Culebra range roughly from 10,000 to 200,000 mg/L within the WIPP site. A proposed model for the post-Pleistocene hydrochemical evolution of the Culebra tentatively identifies the major sources and sinks for many of the groundwater solutes. Reaction-path simulations with the PHRQPITZ code suggest that the Culebra dolomite is a partial chemical equilibrium system whose composition is controlled by an irreversible process (dissolution of evaporites) and equilibrium with gypsum and calcite. Net geochemical reactions along postulated modern flow paths, calculated with the NETPATH code, include dissolution of halite, carbonate and evaporite salts, and ion exchange. R-mode principal component analysis revealed correlations among the concentrations of Si, Mg, pH, Li, and B that are consistent with several clay-water reactions. The results of the geochemical calculations and mineralogical data are consistent with the following hydrochemical model: 1. (1) solutes are added to the Culebra by dissolution of evaporite minerals 2. (2) the solubilities of gypsum and calcite increase as the salinity increases; these minerals dissolve as chemical equilibrium is maintained between them and the groundwater 3. (3) equilibrium is not maintained between the waters and dolomite; sufficient Mg is added to the waters by dissolution of accessory carnallite or polyhalite such that the degree of dolomite supersaturation increases with ionic strength 4. (4) clays within the fractures and rock matrix exert some control on the distribution of Li, B, Mg, and Si via sorption, ion exchange, and dissolution.
The Effect of an Expressive Writing Intervention on Pronouns: The Surprising Case of I

Many studies have shown that expressive writing about a traumatic event leads to better outcomes. One explanation is that writing allows participants to successfully process the trauma. Pronoun use may be an important variable: One study demonstrated that pronoun usage in participants' narratives correlated with physical health. Results from the present study indicated that use of the pronoun I was initially related to poor adjustment, but increased use of “I” by the final journal entry was linked to several aspects of better psychological adjustment. “I” may indicate self-focus, which may facilitate efforts at processing traumatic events.
The Organic Anion Transporter (OAT) Family: A Systems Biology Perspective

The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids). Oats are expressed in many tissues, including kidney, liver, choroid plexus, olfactory mucosa, brain, retina, and placenta. Recent metabolomics and microarray data from Oat1 [Slc22a6, originally identified as NKT (novel kidney transporter)] and Oat3 (Slc22a8) knockouts, as well as systems biology studies, indicate that this pathway plays a central role in the metabolism and handling of gut microbiome metabolites as well as putative uremic toxins of kidney disease. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, such as Hnf4α and Hnf1α, appear to regulate the expression of certain Oats in conjunction with phase I and phase II drug metabolizi...