cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip-line modeling of machining with a rounded-edge tool—Part II: analysis of the size effect and the shear strain-rate

Abstract Part II of the present study quantitatively analyzes orthogonal metal cutting processes based on the new slip-line model proposed in Part I. The applicable range of the model is illustrated, followed by an explanation of the non-unique nature of the model. It is suggested that the tool edge roundness be comprehensively defined by four variables. Namely: tool edge radius, position of the stagnation point on the tool edge, tool–chip frictional shear stress above the stagnation point on the tool edge, and tool–chip frictional shear stress below the stagnation point on the tool edge. The effects of these four variables on eight groups of machining parameters are investigated. These include (1) cutting force, thrust force, resultant force, and the ratio of cutting force to thrust force; (2) ploughing force; (3) chip up-curl radius; (4) chip thickness; (5) tool–chip contact length; (6) thickness of the primary shear zone; (7) average shear strain in the primary shear zone; and (8) average shear strain-rate in the primary shear zone. The importance of tool edge roundness is further reinforced by a series of new research findings made in this paper. It is revealed that the size effect highly depends on the material constitutive behavior in machining. The dependence of the thickness of the primary shear zone and the dependence of the magnitude of shear strain-rate in the primary shear zone on the tool edge radius are well demonstrated. A surprisingly good agreement between theory and experiments is reached.
Variability and Determinism in Motor Behavior

Abstract In investigations into perception-action systems, variability of observable behavior may be considered to (a) interfere with inquiry, (b) be neither detrimental nor particularly useful to inquiry, or (c) play a crucial role in inquiry. The authors underscore recent suggestions that alternative (c) is a preferred strategy for the study of many motor behaviors. In tutorial fashion, the authors review the concepts of variability and determinism with respect to postural and rhythmic movements. Study of the variability of those behaviors has revealed crucial features suggestive of underlying mechanisms and control, such as particular blends of noise and determinism (piecewise determinism). It has also revealed general lessons (for example, more variable does not mean more random and more controllable does not mean more deterministic) that may extend to other classes of perceptual-motor behavior.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) for side‐stream treatment of anaerobic digester filtrate process performance and microbiology

A laboratory scale semi-batch fed anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was operated in the lab under two different feeding operations. In the first scenario, termed as phase I, the reactor was seeded and operated with NO(2) -N added externally with the filtrate to the reactor in the ratio needed for the successful ANAMMOX. A second reactor was also initiated shortly after the start-up of the ANAMMOX to accomplish partial nitrification (nitritation reactor) to generate NO(2) -N. In phase II, the operation of the ANAMMOX reactor was switched to the mode in which case the partially nitrified effluent from the nitritation reactor was fed to the ANAMMOX reactor. In both phases, real filtrate from a local wastewater treatment plant was used as the feed. The ANAMMOX reactor sustained a loading rate (average 0.33 ± 0.03 with a max of 0.4 g N (L day)(-1) ) which is comparable with many other fed-batch reactors in the literature. Consistent total N removal (average of 82 ± 4%) could be sustained in the ANAMMOX reactor during both phases. The nitritation reactor also consistently enabled a NO(2) -N to NH(3) -N ratio of 1.2:1 which was needed for the successful operation of the ANAMMOX reactor in phase II. Sequence analysis and FISH showed that Kuenenia stuttgartiensis dominated the enriched ANAMMOX community along with several unidentified, but seemingly enriched, potential ANAMMOX strains. Microbial ecology analysis for nitritation reactor showed the dominance of Nitrosomonas europaea. In summary, this manuscript provides important information on the start-up and operation of anammox reactor with detailed investigation on microbial ecology in this reactor.
Coarseness of Photographic Grain

It is proposed that the coarseness of any given sample of photographic grain be specified by stating that it is equivalent to checkerboard grain made up of cells of a given size. The two samples being compared must have the same average transmittance.Attention has been given to the following ways of determining the level of coarseness of checkerboard grain which is equivalent to that of a given sample of photographic grain: (1) Scanning methods. (2) Methods based on grain size and spacing. (3) Estimation based on the blending distance. (4) Autocorrelation. The proposed method of specifying coarseness is related in a simple way to Selwyn’s measure of granularity. The relation of perceived graininess to coarseness and density is also discussed.
Composition of the milk from Zalophus californianus the California sea lion.

The milk of Zalophus californianus is similar to that of other marine mammals. The chief protein of the milk is casein, which has a lower phosphorus content than bovine casein. There appears to be a complete absence of lactose, and it is believed that this is the first unequivocal demonstration of the absence of lactose from the milk of any mammal.
Magnitude and precision of punitive power in bargaining strategy

Abstract 100 Subjects were given the power to threaten and fine a programmed bargaining opponent a maximum of 20, 50, 90, or 140 points per bid exchange in their efforts to reach agreement for division of cash-value points. Half the subjects within each power-magnitude condition could threaten and fine only the maximum available to them (imprecise power), while the other half could, in addition, make threats and fines below their maximum (precise power). As predicted, frequency of threats and fines increased with magnitude of power only where power was precise, while power magnitude had little effect under imprecise power. However, resistance to compromise on demands increased with power magnitude regardless of precision. It is concluded that precision comes to influence behavior only when there is active contemplation of power use, which occurs after commitment to a strategy of demands based on power magnitude alone.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Traditional and Web-Assisted Instruction in an Undergraduate Social Work Practice Class

SUMMARY This article addresses the dearth of research utilizing a quasi-experimental design and student performance measures in assessing web-assisted instruction in social work undergraduate practice courses. Social work students were randomly placed into two sections of a practice course. The experimental section (n = 18) students received 50% of course lectures with web-assisted instruction while the comparison class (n = 18) received identical lectures delivered in traditional face-to-face format. There were no statistically significant differences on assignments, the midterm exam and a final videotaped exam project between the two sections. These results suggest students in an undergraduate social work practice course learn similarly regardless of course format.
Findings follow framings: navigating the empirical turn

In this paper, I outline several methodological questions that we need to confront. The chief question is how can we identify the nature of technological change and its varied cultural consequences—including social, political, institutional, and economic dimensions—when our different research methods, using distinct ‘levels’ or ‘scales’ of analysis, yield contradictory results. What can we say, in other words, when our findings about technology follow from the framings of our inquiries? In slightly different terms, can we combine insights from the fine-grained “social shaping of technology” as well as from complementary approaches accenting the “technological shaping of society?” As a way forward, I will suggest conducting multi-scale inquiries into the processes of technological and cultural change. This will involve recognizing and conceptualizing the analytical scales or levels on which we conduct inquiry (very roughly, micro, meso, macro) as well as outlining strategies for moving within and between these scales or levels. Of course we want and need diverse methodologies for analyzing technology and culture. I find myself in sympathy with geographer Brenner (New state spaces: urban governance and the rescaling of statehood, 2004, p. 7), who aspires to a “theoretically precise yet also historically specific conceptualization of [technological change] as a key dimension of social, political and economic life.”
Measurement Properties of the Communities That Care® Youth Survey Across Demographic Groups

Prevention science has produced information about risk and protective factors that predict adolescent drug use and related problem behaviors. This paper investigates the Communities That Care Youth Survey that measures multiple risk and protective factors. Using a sample of 172,628 students who participated in surveys administered in seven states in 1998, analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of these risk and protective factors and to test the equivalence of the factor models across five racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans), four grade levels (6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th) and both gender groups. Results support the construct validity of the survey’s risk and protective factor scales and indicate that the measures are equally reliable across males and females and five racial/ethnic groups. Implications of these findings for science-based prevention planning are discussed.
Localization of arm representation in the cerebral peduncle of the non-human primate.

Motor deficit severity and the potential for recovery in patients with brain injury depend on the integrity of descending corticofugal projections. Clinical assessment of these conditions following subtotal brain trauma requires a comprehensive understanding of the anatomical structures involved in the lesion as well as those structures that are spared. To assist in this endeavor, we investigated motor fiber organization in the crus cerebri of the cerebral peduncle (ccCP) in the rhesus monkey. Fibers originating from the arm representations of the primary (M1), supplementary (M2), rostral cingulate (M3), caudal cingulate (M4), dorsolateral pre- (LPMCd) and ventrolateral pre- (LPMCv) motor cortices were studied. The projections from the frontal and cingulate motor cortices formed descending longitudinal bundles that occupied the medial three-fifths of the ccCP at superior and middle levels. Although considerable overlap characterized these corticofugal projections, a general topography was discernable. Fibers from M1 and M4 occupied the central subsector of the ccCP, and fibers from M3 resided medially. The main distribution of LPMCd, LPMCv, and M2 fibers occupied the centromedial region and overlapped extensively. Progressing inferiorly, all fiber bundles in the central and centromedial sectors gradually extended medially, and overlap increased. A common location of fiber passage occurred at the midbrain-pontine isthmus where all of the fiber bundles overlapped. Our findings indicate that the widespread distribution of corticofugal motor projections may account for the favorable levels of motor recovery that accompany subtotal midbrain injury. At superior and mid-levels of the ccCP anteromedial lesions may disrupt projections from M3, whereas anterolateral lesions may disrupt projections from M1 and M4. Fibers from M2, LPMCv, and LPMCd may be compromised to some degree in both situations. The compact and commixed nature of motor fiber organization at inferior levels and the midbrain-pontine isthmus suggests a vulnerable region of passage for comprehensive disruption of frontal and cingulate corticofugal projection fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:149–167, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Practical Approach to Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Abstract Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is an infrequent but dread complication, occurring in 1 to 2% of patients both early (less than 60 days) and late postoperatively. Diagnosis is always (99%) possible by two sets of blood cultures, but occasional exogenous causes of bacteremia may cloud the diagnosis, as will culture-negative cases of PVE and skin contaminants. With obvious exogenous sources of bacteremia, achieving sterile blood cultures after eradication of the noncardiac source permits discontinuation of antibiotics after two weeks. When skin contaminants are suspected, withholding antibiotics and obtaining two sets of blood cultures is recommended, because the bacteremia with PVE is continuous. Preventive measures, including perioperative antibiotics, are warranted but will probably not significantly reduce the low incidence of infection already achieved. The major cause of improved survival in recent years is earlier operation (valve rereplacement). This has been demonstrated in the last ten years and is absolutely indicated for major heart failure, ongoing sepsis, fungous etiology, valve obstruction, new-onset heart block, and unstable prosthesis by fluoroscopy.
Crosslinking of cotton in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol). Analysis and composition of products

The spectrophotometric method developed by Finley for the determination of poly(vinyl alcohol) in paper coatings has been adapted for analysis of cotton fabrics crosslinked with finishes containing a poly(vinyl alcohol) additive. The effect of time and pH of hydrolysis on the analysis, and the dependency of the durability of the poly(vinyl alcohol) on the crosslinking agent are established. Evidence of chemical attachment to the cellulose of the cotton fiber through the crosslinking agent is offered.
The 15-meter New Technology Telescope site evaluation program.

This paper describes the Site Evaluatibn program currently in progress for the 15-Meter National New Technology Telescope. The data obtained in this program will supersede or augment earlier tests in the critical areas of sub-arcsecond seeing evaluation and suitability for infrared astronomy. Synoptic comparisons will include sites representative of two, possibly three, distinct high altitude environments: 1) Mauna Kea in Hawaii, surrounded by a large body of water, 2) the Pinaleno Mountains in Arizona, surrounded by a low-level southwestern desert, and 3) possibly a site in the coastal region of Chile. Concurrent observations with identical equipment are planned over a two year interval.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Granular Fe metal films

Abstract Granular Fe metal films consisting of ultrafine Fe granules imbedded in a SiO 2 matrix have been fabricated. The granular microstructure has been revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron diffraction indicates that the Fe granules are bcc α-Fe and the SiO 2 matrix is amorphous. 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy indicates that there are no measurable traces of Fe oxides. The magnetic properties of the granular Fe films deviate from those of bulk Fe due to single domain effects.
Utilization of sweet sorghum fiber to reinforce fly ash-based geopolymer

Geopolymer has been of great research interest as a material for sustainable development. As ordinary Portland cement, however, geopolymer exhibits brittle behavior with low tensile strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. This paper investigates the reinforcement of fly ash-based geopolymer with alkali-pretreated sweet sorghum fiber. The sweet sorghum fiber comes from the bagasse (residue), a waste after the juice is extracted from sweet sorghum stalks for ethanol production. Specifically, the unit weight of fly ash-based geopolymer specimens containing different contents of sweet sorghum fibers was measured. Unconfined compression, splitting tensile, and flexural tests were conducted to investigate the effect of incorporated sweet sorghum fiber on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer. Scanning electron microscopy imaging was also performed to study the microstructure of the sweet sorghum fiber–geopolymer composite. The results indicate that the unit weight of the sweet sorghum fiber–geopolymer composite decreases with higher fiber content. Although the inclusion of sweet sorghum fiber slightly decreases the unconfined compressive strength, the splitting tensile, and flexural strengths as well as the post-peak toughness increase with the fiber content up to 2 % and then start to decrease. The splitting tensile tests also clearly show the transition from the brittle failure of the plain geopolymer specimen to the “ductile” failure of the geopolymer specimen containing sweet sorghum fiber.
Effect of partial coherence on phase conjugation

We investigate the effect of partial temporal coherence of the incidence wave on optical phase conjugation based on 2k grating. In many photorefractive phase conjugators, 2k gratings are generated by the incident beam and the phase conjugate beam. The phase conjugate beam will be amplified by the incident beam via contradirectional beam coupling between these two beams through the 2k gratings. The strength of the 2k grating and therefore the phase conjugation reflectivity will be affected by the partial coherence between the incident wave and the phase conjugate wave. This effect is studied both theoretically and experimentally.
Cross-cultural Differences in Compensation Level and Inequality across Occupations: A Set-theoretic Analysis:

Compensation level and compensation inequality, as central aspects of modern organizations, are vital for organization studies. Previous research has investigated various aspects of compensation systems, but few studies have taken a cross-cultural perspective. I address this need for cross-cultural research by studying compensation and culture utilizing a configurational approach, investigating combinations of cultural and macro-environmental attributes associated with differences in compensation level and compensation inequality. I apply fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze country-level data encompassing four occupational groups (cleaners, secretaries, mid-level managers, and senior managers) from 44 countries. Findings show configurations of cultural dimensions, development, and welfare state that are sufficient for high compensation level and compensation inequality among these four occupations. Implications for future cross-cultural research on compensation are discussed.
Matrix cracking in transverse layers of cross-ply beams subjected to bending and its effect on vibration frequencies

Abstract The solution for the matrix crack distribution in transverse layers of a cross-ply beam subjected to bending is developed based on the model of Han and Hahn (Compos Sci Technol 35 (1989) 377). This solution accounts for a bimodulus-type of the material response. As a result, it is possible to predict the extent and distribution of matrix cracks as well as the stiffness distribution in the beam subjected to bending, accounting for residual thermal stresses. The results of the solution of the bending problem are employed in the analysis of free and forced vibrations of a cross-ply beam with matrix cracks in transverse layers. The solution differs from the case of vibrations of an intact beam due to a difference in response of damaged layers under tension and compression. The results are shown for the natural frequency of a representative ceramic matrix composite (CMC) beam.
FlowFP: A Bioconductor Package for Fingerprinting Flow Cytometric Data

A new software package called flowFP for the analysis of flow cytometry data is introduced. The package, which is tightly integrated with other Bioconductor software for analysis of flow cytometry, provides tools to transform raw flow cytometry data into a form suitable for direct input into conventional statistical analysis and empirical modeling software tools. The approach of flowFP is to generate a description of the multivariate probability distribution function of flow cytometry data in the form of a “fingerprint.” As such, it is independent of a presumptive functional form for the distribution, in contrast with model-based methods such as Gaussian Mixture Modeling. FlowFP is computationally efficient and able to handle extremely large flow cytometry data sets of arbitrary dimensionality. Algorithms and software implementation of the package are described. Use of the software is exemplified with applications to data quality control and to the automated classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Increased solubility of quartz in water due to complexing by organic compounds

Quartz is the most stable natural solid phase of silica. It weathers extremely slowly at the Earth's surface1, and often resists weathering even after all other silicate minerals have been degraded. However, there is ample evidence from both ancient and modern environments indicating enhanced dissolution and mobility of silica under conditions that cannot easily be explained by the inorganic controls of quartz solubility2. Increased solubility of quartz has been observed particularly in soils rich in organic material; however, no direct link between dissolved organic carbon and dissolved silica has been identified3. Here we present evidence for an increase in the solubility of quartz in a natural water brought about by dissolved organic compounds. These compounds were produced by the biodegradation of petroleum, and consist largely of a complex mixture of organic acids. We propose that silica is being complexed and mobilized by these organic acids in waters having close to neutral pH.
Interaction of H2S with zinc titanate in the presence of H2 and CO

Abstract The interactions of H2S and mixtures of H2S/H2 and H2S/CO with zinc titanate at temperatures of 943, 993, and 1073 K were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The initial sulfur products formed on the surface were sulfide and sulfate. Sulfate formation was due to the oxygen released from the sample in the presence of H2S, H2, and CO. The release of oxygen was faster in the presence of reducing gases H2 and CO than in pure H2S, although at higher exposures to H2 and CO, sulfate decomposed and was removed from the surface. Sulfide formation was not temperature dependent in the temperature range 943 to 1073 K, while sulfate formation was highly temperature dependent, with the maximum being at 993 K. The sulfide formation kinetics and the saturation coverage of sulfide on ZnO were similar to those of zinc titanate at 993 K but the saturation coverage of sulfide on TiO2 was considerably lower than that of zinc titanate. The saturation coverage of sulfide in the presence of CO on both zinc oxide at 993 K and zinc titanate at 1073 K was significantly higher as compared to that in the absence of CO. This was attributed to the formation of metallic zinc and subsequent reaction with H2S in the presence of CO. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism for the reaction of H2S with zinc titanate was proposed.
Nonlinear sonic boom analysis including the asymmetric effects

A numerical program is developed which takes into account the nonlinear effects of high Mach number, the entropy change across the shock, the entropy and enthalpy variations in the atmospheric layer and the gravitational effect. The program differs from the existing ones by accounting for non-axisymmetric terms. The asymmetry can be caused by the geometry of the body, the lift and also the fact that the variations in the atmospheric layer are two-dimensional. Numerical results demonstrate that the influence of these asymmetric effects tends to lower the pressure signature.
REELS and RHEED characterizations of electron resonance channeling in crystal surfaces

Abstract The technique of reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) has been applied to the electrons channeled along crystal surfaces of GaAs under the surface resonance conditions of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) when the crystal is terminated so that some transmitted electrons are observed. Observations of REELS spectra and the splitting of Kikuchi lines are consistent with the results of the dynamical diffraction calculations of the electron wavefields in the crystal.
Preventing Vascular Effects on Brain Injury and Cognition Late in Life: Knowns and Unknowns

For some researchers, the relationship between prevalent cardiovascular risk factors and late-life cognitive decline is not worthy of further study. It is already known that effective treatment of vascular risk factors lowers risk of such major outcomes as stroke and heart attack, the argument goes; thus, any new information about the relationship between vascular risk factors and another major outcome - late-life cognitive decline-- is unlikely to have an impact on clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to probe the logic of this argument by focusing on what is known, and what is not known, about the relationship between vascular risk factors and late-life cognitive decline. The unknowns are substantial: in particular, there is relatively little evidence that current vascular risk factor treatment protocols are adequate to prevent late-life cognitive decline or the clinically silent brain injury that precedes it. In addition, there is relatively little understanding of which factors lead to differential vulnerability or resilience to the effects of vascular risk factors on silent brain injury. Differential effects of different classes of treatments are similarly unclear. Finally, there is limited understanding of the impact of clinically-silent neurodegenerative disease processes on cerebrovascular processes. Further study of the relationships among vascular risk factors, brain injury, and late-life cognitive decline could have a major impact on development of new vascular therapies and on clinical management of vascular risk factors, and there are promising avenues for future research in this direction.
Penicillin: Reversible Inhibition of Forespore Septum Development in Bacillus megaterium Cells

Benzylpenicillin inhibits the development of the forespore septum in sporulating Bacillus megaterium cells. The inhibitory effect is a function of the duration of exposure to the antibiotic and is completely reversible by penicillinase. Under the incubation conditions employed, less than 20% of the covalently bound antibiotic is released from the cells. The penicillin which remains bound to the cells after treatment with penicillinase may be necessary but is not sufficient for the effect; unbound antibiotic in the sporulation medium is also required.
Improving the Course and Outcome of Twin Pregnancies with Nutrition Interventions

Abstract The course and outcome of twin pregnancies was evaluated prospectively in 73 women who participated in our program (program participants, PP) and 225 women who did not participate (non-program participants, NPP) . The nutrition program included a regular schedule of visits with a registered dietitian, patient education, dietary prescription of 3,500 calories/day, with an emphasis on heme iron and animal proteins, and daily mineral supplementation with 3g of calcium carbonate, 1.2g magnesium oxide, and 45mg zinc oxide. PP and NPP did not differ in sociodemographic characteristics, except that PP tended to be slightly older (32.4 ± 4.8 years vs 30.1 ± 5.3 years, p th %ile (AOR, 2.39, 95% CI, 1.32-4.43). These findings indicate that prenatal nutrition interventions can have a positive effect on the course and outcome of twin pregnancies.
Cancer hospitalizations in rural-urban areas in relation to carcinogenic discharges from Toxics Release Inventory facilities.

This paper examines whether carcinogenic pollutants discharged from US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities are related to cancer hospitalization rates among the general population in rural and urban areas. We analyzed cancer hospitalizations (N = 440,061) across 20 states to find age- and sex-adjusted population cancer hospitalization rates. Multiple regression models were used to determine whether cancer hospitalization rates at the county level (N = 1102 counties) were associated with higher levels of carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities, controlling for other risks. Significantly higher hospitalization rates were found in relation to higher TRI discharges for several cancer types that varied from urban to rural setting. Carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities were associated with excess inpatient cancer treatment costs of $902.8 million in 2009. Future research may strive to move beyond ecological designs to examine cancer risks from TRI releases to better our understanding of cancer e...
Cyclization of a cellular dipentaenone by Streptomyces coelicolor cytochrome P450 154A1 without oxidation/reduction.

We report a comprehensive genetic, metabolomic, and biochemical study on the catalytic properties of Streptomyces coelicolor cytochrome P450 (P450) 154A1, known to have a unique heme orientation in its crystal structure. Deletion of the P450 154A1 gene compromised the long-term stability of the bacterial spores. A novel dipentaenone (1) with a high degree of conjugation was identified as an endogenous substrate of P450 154A1 using a metabolomics approach. The biotransformation of 1 by P450 154A1 was shown to be an unexpected intramolecular cyclization to a Paterno-Buchi-like product, without oxidation/reduction.
Mycoplasma-lymphocyte interactions and their possible role in immunopathologic manifestations of mycoplasmal disease.

Mycoplasmas infect many cell types in culture by attaching to the plasma membrane and remaining localized extracellularly in close association with the host cell membrane. Mycoplasmas influence cells in many ways, but one of their most striking effects is the stimulation of blast transformation of resting lymphocytes in cell culture. The mycoplasmas are able to activate lymphocytes of different animal species; B and/or T cells may be stimulated. Such polyclonal activation has various possible immunopathologic consequences.
Rheological Consequences of Redox State

Within the upper mantle of Earth, there is a gradient from a relatively more oxidizing near-surface region, with oxygen fugacities near those of the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer (FMQ), to more reducing conditions at depth near the iron-wustite buffer (IW). Oxygen fugacity appears to vary laterally, as well as vertically, by as much as a factor of 10 4 . As flow within the interior of the Earth and other terrestrial planets occurs due to the (mostly) solid-state deformation of rocks, an understanding of the effect of oxygen fugacity on creep is critical in modeling planetary interior dynamical behavior. This is especially important for the asthenosphere, that anomalously weak region in the uppermost mantle that accommodates isostasy and largely decouples mantle convection from plate motions. Experimental studies of the rheological behavior of iron-bearing minerals have demonstrated that oxygen fugacity can play an important role in deformation. We have shown that olivine rich rocks deformed near FMQ deform in the dislocation creep regime about a factor of 6 faster when buffered near FMQ than at IW. Experiments on olivine single crystals and aggregates indicate that this difference in behavior results from an increase in the concentration of silicon vacancies under more oxidizing conditions, as dislocation creep is rate-limited by the climb of dislocations, which is controlled by diffusion of silicon defects. Although fewer data are available for the effects of oxygen fugacity on pyroxene deformation, clinopyroxene appears to be stronger under more oxidizing conditions, while the data on orthopyroxene deformation show no dependence on oxygen fugacity. These results indicate that vertical and lateral variations in oxygen fugacity may result in, at most, an order of magnitude difference in viscosity, while other factors, such as water fugacity and lithology may be more significant.
Synthesis of an Fmoc-threonine bearing core-2 glycan: A building block for PSGL-1 via Fmoc-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis

Selectins (L, E, and P) are vascular endothelial molecules that play an important role in the recruitment of leukocytes to inflamed tissue. In this regard, P-Selectin glycoprotein-1 (PSGL-1) has been identified as a ligand for P-Selectin. PSGL-1 binds to P-Selectin through the interaction of core-2 O-glycan expressing sialyl Lewis(x) oligosaccharide and the three tyrosine sulfate residues. Herein, we report the synthesis of threonine-linked core-2 O-glycan as an amino acid building block for the synthesis of PSGL-1. This building block was further incorporated in the Fmoc-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis to provide a portion of the PSGL-1 glycopeptide.
Neutrophil Killing of Bacteria by Oxygen-Independent Mechanisms: A Historical Summary

The historical development of the concept of neutrophil killing of bacteria by oxygen-independent mechanisms is traced. The role of oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms in relationship to neutrophil management of microbes is critically evaluated. In the ultrastructural sense, oxygen-independent killing of bacteria requires the deposition of a bactericidal component (granule proteins) or the establishment of a hostile, non-physiologic environment in the phagolysosome. Accordingly, this review is concerned with the identification and cellular location of cationic proteins that participate in nonoxidative killing of gram-negative bacteria by human polymorphonucleur neutrophil granulocytes. Studies reviewed support the hypothesis that oxygen-independent mechanisms function in vivo and are important in host defense against infection. The chemistry of antimicrobial proteins, the biologically active site of each protein, and the mechanism by which the proteins trigger bacterial death all need to be determined at the molecular level.
A discrete event XML based system of systems simulation for robust threat detection and integration

In a system of systems (SoS) consisting of heterogeneous independently operable systems, effective communication among the systems is essential. These independent systems need to understand each other through effective communication in or order for them to establish a SoS. Thus, there is a need for a common language which wraps the data that is sent and received from a system within a SoS. This paper presents and extends the application of extensible markup language (XML) to represent data communicated among systems without underlying differences in hardware/software of the individual systems. Moreover, since the operation of each system is asynchronous in nature, the entire SoS can be considered as an event driven system. This paper extends an XML based SoS simulation framework to simulate a robust threat detection and integration problem. The DEVSJAVA software is used as the discrete event simulator. Finally, XML based encapsulation is created in the DEVSJAVA environment to create the common language for the heterogeneous systems in a SoS.
Bourgeois Liberty and the Politics of Fear: From Absolutism to Neo‐Conservatism. By Marc Mulholland. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 400. $65.00.)

At the center of this wide‐ranging and often intelligent book is the history of the relations between “bourgeois liberty” and “proletarian democracy.” The story begins in early modern Europe and co...
A FLEXIBLE AUTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION SCHEME FOR A LEARNER INFORMATION MANAGEMENT WEB SERVICE

As many software systems migrate their component communication to the web service paradigm, security becomes an immediate concern. Many existing solutions cannot handle complex situations involving the user, session, application, and any number of XML inter-related documents. The learner information management web service we develop for an e-learning environment has to control access of inter-related XML documents representing different roles of users in the e-learning environment. In this paper, we present an authentication and authorization model for web services that provides access control of inter-related XML documents. This scheme works especially well when the documents that will be operated on are organized in hierarchical structures, like the collections in a native XML database.
Contraction of vascular smooth muscle in response to plasma. Comparison with response to known vasoactive agents

Addition of plasma to the physiologic salt solution in which helical strips of vascular smooth muscle were suspended caused the muscle to contract. The plasma was obtained from dog arterial blood which, extracorporeally, had been in contact only with siliconized polyethylene in the cold. The strips were from large and small vessels from several sites in rabbit and dog. The contractions were reproducible and dose dependent. Threshold concentrations for contraction ranged from 2% to 30% depending on the source of the smooth muscle. In concentrations too low to produce contraction, plasma potentiated tension developed in response to stimulation by epinephrine, angiotensin, and KC1. The response of the strips to plasma was compared with their response to the several known vasoactive agents of plasma: epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, angiotensin, vasopressin, bradykinin and histamine. Important differences were found. It is possible that in normal plasma there is an as yet undefined vasoactive component...
A qualitative comparative analysis of well-managed school sanitation in Bangladesh

Background: Continued management of sanitation and hygiene services, post-intervention, is a global challenge, particularly in the school-setting. This situation threatens anticipated impacts of school sanitation and hygiene investments. To improve programming and policies, and increase the effectiveness of limited development resources, we seek to understand how and why some schools have well-managed sanitation post-intervention, while others do not. Methods: Based on in-depth qualitative data from 16 case schools in Meherpur, Bangladesh, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions, or combinations of conditions (referred to as pathways), that lead to either well-managed or poorly managed school sanitation. We include posited sustainability determinants from the literature and factors that emerged from the cases themselves in the analysis. Results: We identified three distinct pathways sufficient to support well-managed services, providing multiple options for how well-managed school sanitation could be encouraged. Two of these are applicable to both government and non-government schools: (1) quality construction, financial community support and a champion; and (2) quality construction, financial government support, a maintenance plan and school management committee involvement. On-going financial support for operations and maintenance was identified as a necessary condition for continued service management, which was absent from many schools with poorly managed services. However, financial support was insufficient alone and other conditions are needed in conjunction, including quality construction and incentivizing conditions, such as school management committee involvement in sanitation specifically, a sanitation champion, and/or one teacher clearly responsible for toilet maintenance. Surprisingly, the number of students per toilet (ranging from 18–95 students) and toilet age (ranging from 8–32 months) had no significant effect on sanitation conditions. Conclusions: Findings corroborate those from a similar study in Belize, and comparison suggests the need for financial community support and the possibly tenuous reliance on local champions in the absence of adequate government support for operations and maintenance. Sub-determinants to the necessary conditions are also discussed which have implications for school sanitation in Bangladesh and may have broader relevance for other low-income countries though further research is needed.
Spatio-temporal dynamics and laterality effects of face inversion, feature presence and configuration, and face outline

Although a crucial role of the fusiform gyrus (FG) in face processing has been demonstrated with a variety of methods, converging evidence suggests that face processing involves an interactive and overlapping processing cascade in distributed brain areas. Here we examine the spatio-temporal stages and their functional tuning to face inversion, presence and configuration of inner features, and face contour in healthy subjects during passive viewing. Anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) combines high-density whole-head MEG recordings and distributed source modeling with high-resolution structural MRI. Each person's reconstructed cortical surface served to constrain noise-normalized minimum norm inverse source estimates. The earliest activity was estimated to the occipital cortex at ~100 ms after stimulus onset and was sensitive to an initial coarse level visual analysis. Activity in the right-lateralized ventral temporal area (inclusive of the FG) peaked at ~160 ms and was largest to inverted faces. Images containing facial features in the veridical and rearranged configuration irrespective of the facial outline elicited intermediate level activity. The M160 stage may provide structural representations necessary for downstream distributed areas to process identity and emotional expression. However, inverted faces additionally engaged the left ventral temporal area at ~180 ms and were uniquely subserved by bilateral processing. This observation is consistent with the dual route model and spared processing of inverted faces in prosopagnosia. The subsequent deflection, peaking at ~240 ms in the anterior temporal areas bilaterally, was largest to normal, upright faces. It may reflect initial engagement of the distributed network subserving individuation and familiarity. These results support dynamic models suggesting that processing of unfamiliar faces in the absence of a cognitive task is subserved by a distributed and interactive neural circuit.
Ius Gentium: A Defense of Gentili's Equation of the Law of Nations and the Law of Nature

The relation between the law of nature and the law of nations (ius gnetium) remains unclear. This paper examines Gentili's apparent equation of the two, and it considers more generally how abstract natural law reasoning might be improved by the sort of empirical/comparative law reasoning (as we would call it) that thinkers like Gentili, Grotius and others engaged in when they tried to determine what natural law teaches us about the regulation of war.
Cytokines and suppressor macrophages cause tumor‐bearing host CD8+ T cells to suppress recognition of allogeneic and syngeneic MHC class II molecules

Quantitative and qualitative tumor-associated changes in T cell phenotype and function were identified in CD8� T cells. Tumor growth changed splenic CD4�/ CD8� T cell ratios and induced the appearance of more cells with the CD8� phenotype. In comparison to equal concentrations of normal host (NH) counterparts, tumor- bearing host (TBH) CD8� T cells were highly suppressive to allorecognition and autorecognition. Suppression was not due to quantitative reductions in CD4� T cells, although minor qualitative differences were observed. Suppression appeared to be mediated partly by prosta- glandin E2 (PGE2). Interferon-y (IFN-'y) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) contributed to TBH CD8� T cell-mediated sup- pression. Blocking studies using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in conjunction with indomethacin suggested that cytokine networks involving IFN-y, IL-4, and PGE2 were disrupted during tumor growth and promoted TBH CD8� T cell suppression. Alloresponses and autoresponses were significantly suppressed when TBH CD8� T cells medi- ated these reactions simultaneously with TBH 1a macro- phages. Inhibition of PGE2 production was unable to reverse the additive suppression caused by these two cell types. These results collectively suggest that tumor- induced changes in CD8� T cells lead to suppressed allo- recognition and autorecognition through both soluble mediator molecules and cellular interactions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 52: 661-669; 1992.
Fogarty Catheter Extraction of Unusual Urethral Foreign Bodies

AbstractPurpose: The removal of multiple obstructing foreign bodies from the urethra of an acutely ill, elderly man is described.Materials and Methods: A 4F Fogarty catheter under fluoroscopic guidance was used to manipulate, with slow traction, several calcified foreign bodies from the bulbar urethra to the meatus for extraction.Results: The urethra was cleared rapidly, allowing drainage of retained, infected urine via a Foley catheter. Inspection of the objects revealed incrusted, friable masses consistent with nut shells.Conclusions: Some obstructive urethral foreign bodies can be expediently removed in the emergency setting with a fluoroscope and a Fogarty catheter in a well lubricated urethra. Self-insertion of foreign bodies into the urethra usually accompanies a psychiatric co-diagnosis, which should also be evaluated.
Diagnosis of femoral neck fractures in patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Improvement with a standard protocol.

Background: An ipsilateral fracture of the femoral neck is seen in association with 1% to 9% of femoral shaft fractures, and 20% to 50% of these injuries are missed initially. Recognition of an associated femoral neck fracture prior to stabilization of the femoral shaft fracture is imperative to avoid or minimize complications of displacement and osteonecrosis. Methods: A protocol to look for a femoral neck fracture in all patients with a femoral shaft fracture was instituted at a single level-I trauma center. This protocol consisted of a dedicated anteroposterior internal rotation plain radiograph, a fine (2-mm) cut computed tomographic scan through the femoral neck, and an intraoperative fluoroscopic lateral radiograph prior to fixation as well as postoperative anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the hip in the operating room prior to awakening the patient. A chi-square analysis comparing pre-protocol and post-protocol fracture prevalences was used to assess the relative risk of missing an associated femoral neck fracture. Results: Two hundred and sixty-eight consecutive patients with a femoral shaft fracture formed the basis of the study group. Of 254 who were followed for at least two months, sixteen were identified as having an associated ipsilateral femoral neck fracture with use of the protocol. Thirteen associated femoral neck fractures were identified before the patient entered the operating room for definitive fixation, and twelve of them were identified with the fine-cut computed tomographic scan. One fracture was identified intraoperatively. There was one iatrogenic fracture and one delayed diagnosis of a femoral neck fracture. With this protocol, we reduced the delay in diagnosis by 91% as compared with our experience in the year prior to the initiation of the protocol. Conclusions: In the presence of a femoral shaft fracture, evaluation of the femoral neck with fine-cut computed tomography and dedicated internal rotation hip radiographs significantly improves the ability to diagnose an associated femoral neck fracture. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.