cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miniaturized dual-band substrate integrated waveguide filters using complementary split-ring resonators

A novel design concept for compact dual-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters using the complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) is presented. By loading two different types of CSRRs on the waveguide surface, two passbands propagating below the waveguide cutoff frequency are generated separately. The proposed structure allows relatively independent control over the center frequencies and the coupling coefficients. The working principle is illustrated and the filter design methodology is examined. Two two-pole filters with dual-band operation are demonstrated, showing advantages in terms of the compact size, good selectivity and stopband rejection, easy fabrication and integration with other circuits.
A novel epitope of the LFA-1 antigen which can distinguish killer effector and suppressor cells in human CD8 cells

The CD4 subset of cells displays helper/inducer activity and recognizes class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), while the CD8 subset recognizes class I MHC antigens and exhibits cytotoxic or suppressor function. Considerable functional as well as corresponding phenotypic heterogeneity exists within the two major T cell subsets. Although the CD8+ population contains pre-cytotoxic, cytotoxic, pre-suppressor and suppressor effector T cells, these distinctions still rest largely on the use of functional assays. Attempts have been made to define the CD8+ precursor of the killer cell with new monoclonal antibodies. But more precise phenotypic distinctions between the functional subpopulations within CD8+ cells will be needed. We have now developed a monoclonal antibody, anti-S6F1 which can distinguish killer effector and suppressor effector cells in CD8 lymphocyte populations. The cell-surface structure defined by this antibody comprises two glycoproteins with relative molecular mass (Mr) 180K and 95K respectively. Also sequential immunoprecipitation studies and two dimensional gel electrophoresis indicate that anti-S6F1 recognizes a novel epitope on the LFA-1 antigen.
The alterability and measurement of learning rates

There have been few concepts as widely investigated in the fields of psychology and education as that of "learning rates." The idea that individuals will vary in the amount of time necessary to reach achievement forms the basis for much of what takes place in schools today. Indeed, we might expect some students to learn more solely because they are "faster learners." As so often happens, however, what initially appears as a well defined process is perhaps one of the more elusive operationally defined concepts in the study of learning.
Evidence of a threshold level of fine sediment accumulation for altering benthic macroinvertebrate communities

When land use practices alter natural hydrologic and sediment delivery regimes, the effects usually are negative to macroinvertebrates. We hypothesized a threshold level of fine sediment accumulation in the substrate may exist where benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity will be significantly reduced. We surveyed seven Appalachian streams with different levels of substrate fine sediment twice yearly from fall 1998 to spring 2000. Three riffles (with 2 replicates each) were sampled with a 0.25 mm Surber sampler in each season and stream. Simple linear regression was used to test relationships between substrate size classes and metrics, and nested ANOVA was used to test macroinvertebrate differences among streams. Consistent negative relationships with the finest substrate particles (<0.25 mm) were observed with EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) taxa richness. In seasons of normal hydrology, EPT taxa richness significantly decreased (p<0.05) in streams where fine substrate particles (<0.25 mm) exceeded 0.8–0.9% of riffle substrate composition. In drought seasons, fine sediment (<0.25 mm) exceeded 0.8–0.9% in most surveyed streams, lowering macroinvertebrate diversity in all streams. In these streams, a threshold for EPT diversity appears to be in excess of 0.8–0.9% fine sediment (<0.25 mm) substrate accumulation. We suggest similar threshold levels exist in other streams where macroinvertebrate taxa are altered with potential effects on trophic webs and nutrient processing.
Ecological Modernization Theory:What About Consumption?

This article takes a critical look at ecological modernization, particularly in regard to its strong “productivist” orientation. The empirical and conceptual focus of ecological modernization is the problematization of production—namely, how things are produced. The question then becomes: Is the problematization of production, in itself, sufficient to render the question of (over)consumption irrelevant? I argue that it is not; a resolution to our global ecological problems can only be found in the problematization of both production and consumption. In presenting this argument, I focus extensively on two salient claims espoused by ecological modernization: (1) the achievement of super- (eco) efficiencies through a program of more production, and (2) its “dematerialization thesis.” This call for equal conceptual emphasis on both consumption and production presents ecological modernization with significant challenges: challenges that, if adequately addressed, will only further strengthen its prominence in t...
Mechanism of crosslinking of papers with polyfunctional carboxylic acids

Brief thermal curing of papers treated with an aqueous solution of polyfunctional carboxylic acids and NaH2PO4 imparts substantial wet strength to the papers. The effectiveness of such carboxylic acids increases with their functionality in the order 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) > tricarballylic acid (TCA) ≫ succinic acid. The two main stages of the curing reaction of papers, i.e., pendant attachment of the polyfunctional carboxylic acids via esterification with cellulosic hydroxyl groups, and its further reaction with another cellulose hydroxyl group producing crosslinks of the cellulose fibers were analyzed separately using a combination of acid-base and conductometric titrations. The extent of reaction of the polyfunctional carboxylic acids with paper was followed by pH titration, which shows the total decrease in acid functions as the curing progresses and is directly related to the total consumption of carboxylic acids groups by ester attachment and ester crosslinking steps. The conductometric titration, on the other hand, measures the increase in carboxylic acids bound to cellulose units of the paper as a direct result of previous esterification steps. Our studies reveal that the reaction of BTCA with papers is essentially quantitative after 15 min of curing. The amount of once-reacted BTCA increases in the initial phases of the curing reaction and then decreases as more and more carboxylic acid units are converted into crosslinking sites, while the amount of crosslinked BTCA increases throughout the curing reaction. The reaction profile of papers with TCA differs from that of BTCA in that the curing reaction is initially dominated by the formation of ester appendages; crosslinking becomes the main reaction only after extended curing times. We attribute this difference to the ability of BTCA to form an highly reactive difunctional crosslinking reagent at the outset of the curing reaction, while TCA is initially monofunctional in its reaction with cellulosic hydroxyl groups (formation of a monoanhydride). The relationship between the wet tensile strength of the treated papers and their degree of crosslinking is also discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of positioning strategies on service firm performance

Abstract This research examines the application of positioning strategies of retail service firms in Texas. Four in-depth qualitative case studies and covert observation methods provide candid subterranean insight into retail positioning in a dynamic marketplace. “Branding”, “service”, “value for money” and, to a lesser extent, “reliability” and “attractiveness” positioning strategies emerge as the most dominant positioning strategies, although emphasis placed on each varies from firm to firm. Furthermore, all of the firms achieve acceptable sales and favorable consumer perceptions when employing these positioning strategies. Desired profits, return on investment (ROI), and market share are associated with these positioning strategies although not as “sales” and favorable “consumers' perceptions”. The results further show that the pursuit of multiple positioning strategies relates to multiple performance indicators. The paper concludes by providing normative suggestions and discussing theoretical and managerial implications.
Reactions of methyl iridium complexes with H2, CO or O2 in H2O and DMSO

Abstract New water soluble alkyl iridium(I) complexes were synthesized and their reaction with small molecules (H 2 , CO and O 2 ) in DMSO or H 2 O examined. Hydrogenation of trans -Ir(CH 3 ( CO )( TPPMSK ) 2 [TPPMSK = (P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ( m -C 6 H 4 SO 3 K)) 2 ] in DMSO produced CH 4 and Ir(CO)(H)(TPPMSK) 3 as major products. Carbonylation of trans -IrCH 3 )(CH)L 2 (L = TPPMSK or TPPMS [TPPMS = P (C 6 H 5 ) 2 ( m -C 6 H 4 SO 3 Na)], in DMSO, produced Ir(C(O)CH 3 )(CO) 2 L 2 . Reactions in water were complicated by rapid hydrolysis of the IrCH 3 bond forming CH 4 and trans -Ir(CO)(OH)L 2 . The hydrolysis was inhibited by excess L allowing the reactions to be studied in water.
An Analysis of Child Behavior Problems in Adoptions in Difficulty

ABSTRACT This study examines the behavior problems of children receiving services through an adoption preservation program for legally adopted children at risk of placement or dissolution. Two measures of behavior problems are used: a behavior problem rating scale, available on 368 children, and the Child Behavior Checklist, available on 201 children. Variables associated with severity of behavior problems include attachment problems, age at placement, experiencing multiple types of abuse and neglect, a history of sexual abuse, and experiencing a recent loss in the family. Children's scores on the CBC reflect the severity of behavioral and emotional problems among these children who have lived in their adoptive home for a mean of 8.9 years. Ninety-one percent score in the clinical range on at least one of the three summary scores of the CBC. These findings support the need for services for children and families beyond the ilnalization of adoption.
Investigation of the specific role of chemical structure on the material and permeation properties of ultrathin aromatic polyamides

Introduction of crosslinking into a polyamide structure results in significant improvement in the permeation performance of the corresponding thin film composite (TFC) membranes. In order to identify the source of this improvement, a series of measurements were conducted to ascertain the mechanical, structural, and chemical properties of two polyamides — polymetaphenylene trimesamide (a network polyamide), and polymetaphenylene isophthalamide (a linear polyamide). Permeation measurements revealed that the network polyamide evidences higher water flux as well as salt rejection compared to the linear polyamide. The higher water flux was attributed mainly to the higher hydrophilicity (arising from the hydrolysis of unreacted carboxylic acid groups in the structure) of the network polyamide. Hydrophilicity was found to overwhelm other factors such as the film thickness and chain mobility. On the other hand, the high rejection was found to be due to a combination of high hydrophilicity, greater negative charge, and greater rupture strength of the network polyamide.
Optimal deployment of public charging stations for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

This paper develops an equilibrium modeling framework that captures the interactions among availability of public charging opportunities, prices of electricity, and destination and route choices of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) at regional transportation and power transmission networks coupled by PHEVs. The modeling framework is then applied to determine an optimal allocation of a given number of public charging stations among metropolitan areas in the region to maximize social welfare associated with the coupled networks. The allocation model is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints, and is solved by an active-set algorithm. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the models and offer insights on the equilibrium of the coupled transportation and power networks, and optimally allocating resource for public charging infrastructure.
The energy dependence of photoelectron peak intensities, Part I: Experimental methods

Abstract With the increasing popularity of synchrotron radiation as a tunable photon source for photoemission spectroscopy, the significance of photoelectron peak variation with photon energy is becoming apparent. This variation is due to a number of intrinsic factors (excitation cross section, photon and electron reflection and refraction, inelastic processes, etc.) as well as instrumental factors (monochromator transmission and spectral purity, electron analyzer transmission and resolution, etc.). In this paper we develop methods for factoring out these contributions with the goal of determining the excitation cross section from a peak area measurement. Parts II and III will deal with a range of cross section measurements, and the use of relative peak area information to determine stoichiometry vs. probe depth.
Highly parallel time integration of viscoelastic flows

Abstract A highly parallel time integration method is presented for calculating viscoelastic flows with the DEVSS-G/DG finite element discretization. The method is a synthesis of an operator splitting time integration method that decouples the calculation of the polymeric stress by solution of a hyperbolic constitutive equation from the evolution of the velocity and pressure fields by solution of a generalized Stokes problem. Both steps are performed in parallel. The discontinuous finite element discretization of the hyperbolic constitutive equation leads to highly-parallel element-by-element calculation of the stress at each time step. The Stokes-like problem is solved by using the BiCGStab Krylov iterative method implemented with the block complement and additive levels method (BCALM) preconditioner. The solution method is demonstrated for the calculation of two-dimensional (2D) flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid around an isolated cylinder confined between two parallel plates. These calculations use extremely fine finite elements and expose new features of the solution structure.
Some remarks on the symmetric rank-one update

We consider the symmetric rank-one, quasi-Newton formula. The hereditary properties of this formula do not require quasi-Newton directions of search. Therefore, this formula is easy to use in constrained optimization algorithms; no explicit projections of either the Hessian approximations or the parameter changes are required. Moreover, the entire Hessian approximation is available at each iteration for determining the direction of search, which need not be a quasi-Newton direction. Theoretical difficulties, however, exist. Even for a positive-definite, quadratic function with no constraints, it is possible that the symmetric rank-one update may not be defined at some iteration. In this paper, we first demonstrate that such failures of definition correspond to either losses of independence in the directions of search being generated or to near-singularity of the Hessian approximation being generated. We then describe a procedure that guarantees that these updates are well-defined for any nonsingular quadratic function. This procedure has been incorporated into an algorithm for minimizing a function subject to box constraints. Box constraints arise naturally in the minimization of a function with many minima or a function that is defined only in some subregion of the space.
Three-dimensional finite element modeling of residual thermal stresses in graphite/aluminum composites

Abstract Residual thermal stresses in graphite/aluminum fiber-reinforced metal—matrix composites is studied using three-dimensional finite element modeling and assuming the anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient of graphite fiber. The finite element results are compared with the two-cylinder model results of Vedula et al. and the experimental results of Tsai et al . During cooling from the processing temperature, the anisotropy of the graphite fiber results in the increase of the temperature range over which the elastic deformation of the matrix occurs. The effect of fiber volume fraction on the distribution of hoop and radial stresses at the fiber—matrix interface is also investigated. In the square and hexagonal array arrangements of fibers, the possible sites for the crack initiation are the points where the fiber—matrix interface intersects the lines joining the fiber center to its first nearest neighbors.
Oligonucleotide Adsorption to Gold Nanoparticles: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Intrinsically Bent DNA

We have examined the adsorption of short 16 base pair DNA to 14 nm protein-sized gold particles using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. In the presence of KCl, we find greater Raman enhancement of adenine and guanine ring breathing vibrations (per adenine and guanine present in each sequence) for crystallographically “kinked” oligonucleotide than for the DNA−particle interactions for “bent” A-tract and “straight” oligonucleotides. The calculated binding constants are within the range of nonspecific protein−DNA interactions and are nearly the same for each sequence. The difference in the surface plasmon frequency of the gold particles in the presence of either straight, bent, or kinked DNA is attributed to differences in the DNA-mediated aggregation of the nanoparticles. Specifically, the displacement of the gold's stabilizing citrate ions seems to vary with DNA sequence, and this controls the residual interparticle electrostatic interaction and average interpartic...
APCP: Adaptive Path Control Protocol for Efficient Branch-Based Multicast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Multicast routing is essential for various one-to-many Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. While many existing multicast protocols in WSNs suffer from the overhead of the intermediate nodes' states, packet header size, computation time, and energy consumption, branch-based multicast protocol achieves an optimal trade off among problems by maintaining the membership information only on the branch nodes that are created by a bottom-up membership join from the member nodes to a source node. However, the multicast path discovered by the simple bottom-up join may incur an inefficient multicast path, and the inefficiency becomes worse as nodes further join the WSNs. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Path Control Protocol (APCP) for efficient branch-based multicast routing in a WSN. We leverage a source initiated efficient path control approach (top-down) for building an initial branch-based multicast path. However, to overcome the expensive maintenance cost of the top-down approach, the APCP adaptively runs the top-down and bottom-up join schemes using a formula to measure the multicast path quality and overhead, named the Branch Quality Factor (BQF). Our evaluation results show that the proposed APCP reduces a multicast path length by 20% less than the existing bottom-up join schemes with 10 times lower overhead than using only top-down join that builds up the most efficient multicast path.
ERK phosphorylation is required for retention of trace fear memory

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been previously associated with long-term memory formation. Earlier studies have demonstrated a role for phospho-ERK in delay fear conditioning and it has been shown to disrupt trace fear memory when inhibited after training. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a key transcription factor that has been implicated in long-term memory formation across different species. It has also been shown to be modulated by ERK. In our study, we used the drug SL327 to prevent ERK phosphorylation. Two groups of Fischer 344 male rats (2-4 months) were injected intraperitoneally with 100% DMSO (2 ml/kg) or SL327 (100 mg/kg/2 ml dissolved in DMSO) 45 min before 10 trials of trace fear conditioning. Each trial consisted of a tone paired with a footshock with a 30-s interval separating the stimuli. Twenty-four hours later, rats were tested for fear to the tone. Our results showed that SL327-treated rats displayed memory deficits 24 h after training. Western blot analyses of total hippocampal protein revealed a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK immediately after training. There were also decreases in phosphorylated ERK at 45 and 90 min post-injection of SL327-treated rats as compared to DMSO-treated rats, but levels of phosphorylated CREB remained the same. These findings indicate that ERK phosphorylation is increased immediately after trace fear conditioning and inhibiting this increase is correlated with memory deficits in trace fear conditioning 24 h later. These findings support a role for ERK phosphorylation in the formation of trace fear memories.
Clinical translational challenges in nanomedicine

After a decade of active research, pressure is mounting for clinical translation of nanomedicines. However, to enable success in the clinic, it is important to understand the factors that can pose challenges. For example, reduction in adverse effects alone might not be enough of a driver today for clinical translation. The benchmark for clinical translation will be increased efficacy, a significant challenge to overcome if nanomedicines are developed only from a drug delivery perspective. Success in clinics will therefore require a re-examination of the design of nanomedicines, including challenging current dogmas. What can we learn from translational experience with recently approved antibody-drug conjugates, which like nanomedicines is another approach to deliver chemotherapy agents selectively to the tumors? Nanomedicines can address some of the emerging challenges in cancer chemotherapy, including heterogeneity and adaptive resistance, which can offer unique translational opportunities. This article addresses some of these themes and strategies that can facilitate translation of nanomedicines to the clinic.
Variation in the Boldness of Courting Sand Fiddler Crabs (Uca pugilator)

Individuals can express boldness in their readiness to resume courtship signaling following a perceived threat. The degree of boldness that is selectively favored depends on the magnitude of costs and benefits that may vary across time and space. We examined within- and between-individual variation in the boldness of courting male sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, across an entire breeding season at a South Carolina (USA) salt marsh where courtship is restricted to supratidal embankments. Boldness was assessed by the time to re-emergence and the number of re-emergences of males who were purposely startled into their breeding burrows once every 3 min for a total of five times. The two measures of boldness were significantly positively correlated. Courting males are on average bolder when their density is high and when tidal conditions correspond to peaks in the number of females moving over the embankment surface. Time to re-emergence increases with successive startles although some males consistently re-emerge faster than others. Large males are not bolder than small males. When male density is high, nearest neighbors frequently re-emerge at the same time, suggesting that males cue on the responses of other nearby males, perhaps by assessing substrate vibration. This may reduce the chance of losing a potential mate to a local competitor.
Effects of Opportunities for Word Retrieval During Second Language Vocabulary Learning

Research suggests that memory for an item improves when one is allowed to retrieve the item (Slamecka & Graf, 1978). This study explored benefits of providing opportunities for target-word retrieval during second language vocabulary learning. English speakers studied new Spanish words while viewing 24 word-picture pairs. They first viewed all 24 pairs. They then viewed 12 pairs with a 6-s lag between each picture and its word so that they could attempt to retrieve the word in their mind. The other 12 pairs were presented without the lag. Posttests were administered immediately, 2 days later, and 1 week later. Results indicated higher scores in the retrieval-oriented condition. This positive effect was maintained across significant decreases in scores over time.
Combining spectral and spatial information to map canopy damage from selective logging and forest fires

We propose a new spectral index, the Normalized Difference Fraction Index (NDFI), for enhanced detection of forest canopy damage caused by selective logging activities and associated forest fires. The NDFI synthesizes information from several component fraction images derived from spectral mixture models. Interpretation of the NDFI data is facilitated by a contextual classification algorithm (CCA) that enables accurate mapping of logging and fire-derived canopy damages. The CCA utilizes detected log landings, which are the spatial signature of selective logging, as starting locations for searching the NDFI image for canopy damage. This process separates canopy changes due to logging and associated forest fires from those caused by other natural disturbances. These methods were tested in the Sinop region, in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. Forest transect inventories, conducted along a gradient of degraded forests, were used to evaluated the performance of the NDFI. The NDFI was more sensitive to canopy damage than any individual fraction and is shown to have the potential for further sub-classification of degradation levels in forest environments. Map accuracy of forest canopy damage using the CCA classifier, assessed with aerial videography images, was 94%. The proposed NDFI-CCA classifier approach can be fully automated and, therefore, holds great promise as a forest monitoring tool in tropical forests.
Utility of Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Versus Other Lipoprotein Measures in Detecting Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study)

Direct comparative data on the utility of non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo A-I, ratio to total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, and ratio of apo B to apo A-I in detecting increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a validated measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis, in asymptomatic younger adults are scant. This aspect was examined in 1,203 black and white subjects (71% white, 43% men) 24 to 43 years of age. In multivariate logistic regression analysis of each lipoprotein measurement (top quartile vs lower 3 quartiles specific for age, race, and gender) for detecting increased carotid IMT (top decile vs lower 9 deciles specific for age, race, and gender), only non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, and apo B emerged as significant correlates with respective odds ratios of 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 to 2.78), 2.02 (95% CI 1.27 to 3.19), and 2.13 (95% CI 1.38 3.29), after adjusting for body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and other lipoprotein measurements. Regarding discriminating values of different lipoprotein measurements in detecting increased carotid IMT, area (c-value) under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for each lipoprotein measurement adjusted for age, race, gender, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure indicated that the c-value for non-HDL cholesterol (0.73) was similar to those for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.76), total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (0.72), apo B/apo A-I (0.71), and HDL cholesterol (0.70), but significantly (p <0.001) higher than that for apo A-I (0.69), triglycerides (0.64), and apo B (0.64). In conclusion, non-HDL cholesterol is as good as or better than other widely recommended lipoprotein measurements in the identification of subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults.
Selective encryption of video transmissions over multi-hop wireless networks

From a user perspective both security and power consumption during video transmissions are critical. On the one hand, assuming an eavesdropper on the wireless link, the transmitted video should be encrypted so that the unauthorized user is not able to reconstruct it. On the other hand, depending on the strength and the type of cryptographic method used during information exchange, there is a corresponding power consumption overhead. Since encryption protocols are oblivious to the wireless channel conditions, all packets are encrypted regardless of the probability of them getting lost. However, if the application layer protocol received feedback from the link layer on the channel losses, the protocol could decide how much encryption effort is actually needed so that the eavesdropper cannot reconstruct the video clip successfully. To an eavesdropper packets lost due to interference or encrypted packets do not make any difference; both are invisible to the passive attacker. In this paper, we map the percentage of lost/encrypted packets to an objective video quality metric (PSNR). We also create a look-up table through experiments on real multi-hop video transmission traffic, which allows the application layer to adjust the amount of encryption performed.
Detection of Other Microbial Species by Salmonella: Expression of the SdiA Regulon

Salmonella, Escherichia, and Klebsiella do not encode any recognized type of N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) synthase, and consistent with this, they do not synthesize AHLs under any conditions tested. However, they do encode an AHL receptor of the LuxR family, named SdiA. MudJ fusions in four loci are known to respond to plasmid-encoded sdiA in Salmonella, but only the rck locus has been described. Here we report the location and sequence analysis of the remaining three loci. The srg-6::MudJ is within gtgA of the gifsy-2 prophage, and the srg-7::MudJ is within PSLT61 of the virulence plasmid. Both fusions are in the antisense orientation. The third fusion, srgE5::MudJ, is within a horizontally acquired gene of unknown function at 33.6 centisomes that we have named srgE. Previously, sdiA expressed from its natural position in the chromosome was demonstrated to activate a plasmid-based transcriptional fusion to the rck promoter in response to AHL production by other bacterial species. However, the MudJ fusions did not respond to chromosomal sdiA. Here we report that MudJ fusions to three of the four loci (not srg-6) are activated by AHL in an sdiA-dependent manner during growth in motility agar (0.25% agar) but not during growth in top agar (0.7% agar) or on agar plates (1.2% agar). In motility agar, the srgE promoter responds to sdiA at 30°C and higher while the rck and srg-7 promoters respond only at 37 or 42°C. Substantial AHL-independent SdiA activity was observed at 30°C but not at 37°C.
A generalization of the Oberwolfach problem

Let n > 1 be an integer and let a2,a3,…,an be nonnegative integers such that $\sum_{i=2}^{n} a_i=2^{n-1} - 1$. Then $K_{2^n}$ can be factored into $a_2 C_{2^2}$-factors, $a_3 C_{2^3}$-factors,…,$a_n C_{2^n}$-factors, plus a 1-factor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 151–161, 2002 Research supported by the Illinois State University Research Office.
Neglected aspects and truncated appraisals in vocational counseling: Interpreting the interest-efficacy association from a broader perspective: Comment on Armstrong and Vogel (2009).

Invited commentary on Armstrong and Vogel’s (2009) article on interpreting the interest–efficacy association stimulated an appraisal from a broader perspective. Like empirical research, scale development, and theorizing emanating from social cognitive career theory (SCCT), their conclusion about the importance of assessing both interests and self-efficacy in applied settings and speculations about the developmental sequencing of these attributes need to be evaluated in the context of what decades of longitudinal research reveal are critical determinants of educational and vocational choice, performance after choice, and persistence. For our interventions to be effective and our theory development to be meaningful, we must ensure that innovative measures possess incremental validity relative to cognitive abilities and educational–vocational interests, which are already well established as salient predictors of long-term educational–vocational outcomes. Broader historical, philosophical, and scientific perspectives are provided to enhance practice, research, and theory development. These broader perspectives reveal how well-positioned vocational counseling is for further advances if it builds on (rather than neglects) its longstanding tradition of developing a cumulative psychological science.
Applying IEEE Storage System Management Standards at the National Storage Laboratory

An early, practical application of IEEE storage-system-management work is being pursued at the National Storage Laboratory (NSL). Work has initiated to define basic management requirements and develop generalized graphical-user-interface tools using remote-procedure-call mechanisms to implement the NSL's conceptual management framework. Several constraints were imposed on the development of early versions of this work to maintain compatibility with the NSL's underlying UniTree-based software architecture and to provide timely prototypes and proof of concept. The project leverages the on-going standards work of the IEEE Storage System Standards Working Group and utilizes the ideas of previous, related efforts, including existing ISO (International Organization for standardization) management standards. It also explores some of the relationships and interactions between IEEE storage-system management and better-known management methods for distributed systems and networks. >
Brief Substance Abuse Treatment with Urban Adolescents: A Translational Research Study

The purpose of this translational research study was to test a brief, manualized adolescent substance abuse treatment protocol's effects in an urban community setting compared to a sample in an experimental study from which the treatment was first employed. One hundred two adolescents who were treated with a manualized protocol of five sessions of Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MET/CBT-5) were followed for six months and outcomes were analyzed against a comparison sample (n = 102). Both groups were treated with (MET/CBT-5). The community setting group showed reduced alcohol use relative to the comparison group at six months using unadjusted measures and at three and six months using propensity score analyses to adjust for the differences in baseline characteristics of the two groups. These findings support using brief, manualized treatments for diverse, urban adolescents in outpatient community settings.
Model investigation of the changes in mechanical properties of a blood vessel with a blood flow obstruction

We have made latex tube models of blood vessels, either with or without simulated atherosclerotic disease, in order to study changes in their mechanical properties. We have measured volume and pressure for the models of normal and obstructed vessels, then plotted and compared their compliance curves. We found that the compliance of the model of a diseased vessel did differ from that of the model of a normal vessel. The maximum compliance of the modeled diseased vessel shifted to a lower pressure relative to that of the modeled clear vessel. This finding implies that detection of compliance differences might be used as a method to diagnose atherosclerotic disease noninvasively.
Somatostatin and Its Analogs in the Short Bowel Syndrome

The use of somatostatin to manage diarrhea associated with the short gut syndrome is impractical because of its need to be given by continuous infusion and a rebound effect on stool output with cessation of therapy. Octreotide has been used more successfully to control stool and electrolyte losses in patients with shortened gastrointestinal tracts. In published series and studies, all subjects appear to decrease stool losses, but clinical benefit for long-term use is not achieved for all patients. In the patients who do respond, the need for parenteral nutrition and intravenous hydration has been decreased or eliminated. The optimal dose is unclear, but many patients respond to 50-micrograms injections twice daily. Several investigations noted no additional beneficial effects with escalating dosages. Adverse effects include impairment of fat absorption, which may offset the therapeutic benefits of octreotide. The patients with the greatest response appear to have the least fat malabsorption. Other adverse effects noted when using octreotide for control of the short gut syndrome include pain associated with subcutaneous injection and abdominal complaints. Other potential concerns include the effect on gallstone formation in this high-risk population and intestinal adaptation.
Magneto-Hydrodynamic waves in incompressible and compressible fluids*

This is the second of two papers dealing with a systematic study of the linearized problems in magneto-hydrodynamics of incompressible and compressible fluids. The first paper (Banos 1955) deals mainly with the general theory of plane homogeneous waves and of time harmonic cylindrical waves propagating in a homogeneous and isotropic conducting fluid of infinite extent embedded in a uniform field of magnetic induction. The medium is assumed to consist of an ideal fluid devoid of viscosity and expansive friction, which is characterized (in rationalized mks units) by the rigorously constant macroscopic parameters $\mu $, $\epsilon $ and $\sigma $, where $\mu \epsilon $ = c$^{-2}$ and $\sigma $ is the (ohmic) conductivity. The present paper deals with the application of the general theory to the determination of the modes of propagation and to the computation of the corresponding propagation constants. It is shown that an incompressible fluid sustains two types of modes: one type devoid of pressure fluctuations (velocity modes), and the other accompanied by pressure oscillations (pressure modes). In the case of cylindrical waves in an incompressible fluid there are two distinct pressure modes, one of which, however, is highly attenuated and therefore of little physical interest. It is found that a compressible fluid also sustains the same class of velocity modes (devoid of pressure fluctuations and hence independent of the velocity of sound in the medium) as an incompressible fluid. In addition, a compressible fluid is shown to propagate two distinct pressure modes which, under appropriate limiting conditions peculiar to each type, behave respectively as a modified sound wave and as a modified magneto-hydrodynamic wave. And, for every mode discussed here, there are presented the limiting forms of the propagation constant in three cases of physical interest: infinite conductivity, slightly attenuated modes, and weak magneto-hydrodynamic coupling which arises when the externally applied field is vanishingly small.
Foundations and Implications of a Proposed Unified Services Theory

Diverse businesses, such as garbage collection, retail banking, and management consulting are often tied together under the heading of “services”, based on little more than a perception that they are intangible and do not manufacture anything. Such definitions inadequately identify managerial and operational implications common among, and unique to, services. We present a “Unified Services Theory” (UST) to clearly delineate service processes from non-service processes and to identify key commonalities across seemingly disparate service businesses. The UST defines a service production process as one that relies on customer inputs; customers act as suppliers for all service processes. Non-services (such as make-to-stock manufacturing) rely on customer selection of outputs, payment for outputs, and occasional feedback, but production is not dependent upon inputs from individual customers. The UST reveals principles that are common to the wide range of services and provides a unifying foundation for various theories and models of service operations, such as the traditional “characteristics of services” and Customer Contact Theory. The UST has significant operational corollaries pertaining to capacity and demand management, service quality, services strategy, and so forth. The UST provides a common reference point to which services management researchers can anchor future theory-building and theory-testing research.
Semi-automated micro assembly for rapid prototyping of a one DOF surgical wrist

We have developed new methods for the automated assembly of prototype structures and we illustrate them with the construction of a simple one DOF 5mm surgical wrist employing polyester flexures instead of revolute joints. The first step in the structural assembly involves the construction of hollow stainless steel triangular beams that are used for the rigid elements of the structure. It includes the development of a folding fixture to bend stainless steel sheets and the determination of a folding angle sequence by static analysis using a compliant mechanism model. The semi-automatic process of using a millirobot (orthotweezers) to manipulate and assemble the beams and attach the flexures is described in detail. The paper ends with a description of the procedure used to design the wrist.
Biogenesis of Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous subcellular organelles found in all eukaryotic cells. This paper summarizes the current status of research in the areas of peroxisomal protein import and biogenesis. Much is known about the peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs) that transport proteins to the peroxisomal matrix and membrane. The use of multiple strategies has led to the isolation and characterization of yeast and mammalian pex mutants deficient in peroxisomal protein import, biogenesis or segregation of the organelle to daughter cells. Biochemical and genetic analyses of wild-type and pex mutant cells has led to the characterization of several PTS receptors, and the peroxisomal docking proteins for these receptors. Details of the translocation of proteins across the peroxisomal membrane remain to be elucidated. An investigation of the early stages of peroxisome biogenesis has revealed some unusual features such as the involvement of vesicles, and perhaps the endoplasmic reticulum, in peroxisome biogenesis. The conservation of many PEX genes between yeasts and mammals is leading to insights about the molecular basis of a number of human peroxisomal disorders.
The effect of previous experience upon operant performance following cerebellar lesions in the rat

Lesions of the fastigial nuclei and cerebellar vermis, but not lesions of the dentate nuclei, were found to produce marked performance deficits on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule of reinforcement. This deficit was characterized by an abnormal number and distribution of responses within the schedule interval. Lesions, however, did not produce a deficit following preoperative training or when subjects were tested on a fixed-interval (FI) schedule. In addition, when DRL and FI performance was contrasted, all subjects were responsive to schedule contingencies. Results suggest that the DRL deficit following cerebellar lesions is due to a tendency to perseverate in response strategies, and is not related to a global disruption of timing or a pervasive inability to suppress responding.
Hematopoietic supportive functions of mouse bone marrow and fetal liver microenvironment: dissection of granulocyte, B-lymphocyte, and hematopoietic progenitor support at the stroma cell clone level

We dissected the functions of the microenvironment of bone marrow (BM) and fetal liver (FL) at the cellular level by cloning individual stromal calls and characterizing their phenotypical and functional features. Stromal cell clones derived from FL are large in size (mean forward light scatter intensity [mFSC] of 450), express the surface antigen Thy-1 but not Sca-1 and 6 out of 6 are able to differentiate into fat accumulating adipocytes. BM derived stromal cell clones are either small (mFSC of 250) or large (mFSC of 450), express Sca-1 but not Thy-1 and only 2 out of 7 differentiate towards adipocytes. Heterogeneity in terms of vascular adhesion molecule-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and heat stable antigen expression was found among the different cell clones. Functional assays using long- and short-term cocultures of stromal and hematopoietic calls revealed: (1) the capacity of 8 out of 12 stromal cell clones to support the expansion of primitive hematopoietic progenitors (colony forming unit spleen day 12) more than 10 weeks. Fat accumulation but not expression of stem cell factor by stromal cells did correlate with this supportive function. (2) Better support of granulocyte maturation and proliferation by BM- compared to FL-derived stromal cell clones. However, stromal cell clones from both organs expressed macrophage-colony stimulating factor. (3) The ability of 4 out of 12 stromal cell clones (derived from both, FL and BM) to support the expansion of Interleukin-7 dependent pre-B cells from the BM. Pre-B cell growth stimulating factor was not restricted to supporters. (4) Mutual exclusiveness of myeloid and lymphoid support in that a given stromal cell clone supported either pre B-cell or granulocyte expansion. Experiments comparing the support of BM- and FL-derived hematopoietic progenitors showed identical responses of late (B220+/c-kit-) but strikingly different responses of early (B220+/c-kit+) pre-B cells, revealing different proliferation requirements for FL- versus BM- derived early pre-B cells in vitro.
Phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection

Plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. In order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. To counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. Many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. Accumulating evidence has shown that pathogens exert extensive effects on plant hormone pathways not only to defeat immunity, but also modify habitat structure, optimize nutrient acquisition, and facilitate pathogen dissemination. In this review, we summarize mechanisms by which a wide array of pathogens gain benefits from manipulating plant hormone pathways.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON TETANUS INTOXICATION IN MICE.

SummaryObservations were made on survival times of mice poisoned with relatively large doses of tetanus toxin and kept at either 5°C, 21°C or 35°C. The results showed that survival times were markedly influenced by the temperature over a wide range of doses. Animals kept at 35°C after poisoning died very much more quickly than those kept at 21°C (the temperature of acclimatization) and in general animals kept at 5°C also showed markedly reduced survival times. When measurements of the body temperatures of mice were made during intoxication it was found that body temperature decreased steadily from an early stage of intoxication. The results are interpreted as showing that tetanus toxin interferes either primarily or secondarily with the processes of heat production and the possibility that the mode of action of tetanus toxin is via a widespread injury at the subcellular level is discussed.