cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature-based design and finite element mesh generation for functional surfaces

This paper describes an approach to feature-based design and feature-based mesh generation for multi-featured functional surfaces. Unlike standard free-form parametric surface representation where the parametric surface patch plays the key role in both surface design and finite element mesh generation, we propose an approach to these two tasks which proceeds from the level of a complete feature (for example, a pocket or channel). The result is a more direct method for modeling functional surface characteristics and a more efficient feature-based implementation of Delaunay surface triangulation.
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins

Plants possess a large number of microtubule-based kinesin motor proteins. While the kinesin-2, 3, 9, and 11 families are absent from land plants, the kinesin-7 and 14 families are greatly expanded. In addition, some kinesins are specifically present only in land plants. The distinctive inventory of plant kinesins suggests that kinesins have evolved to perform specialized functions in plants. Plants assemble unique microtubule arrays during their cell cycle, including the interphase cortical microtubule array, preprophase band, anastral spindle and phragmoplast. In this review, we explore the functions of plant kinesins from a microtubule array viewpoint, focusing mainly on Arabidopsis kinesins. We emphasize the conserved and novel functions of plant kinesins in the organization and function of the different microtubule arrays.
CT Imaging of Blunt Traumatic Bowel and Mesenteric Injuries

Delayed diagnosis of a bowel or mesenteric injury resulting in hollow viscus perforation leads to significant morbidity and mortality from hemorrhage, peritonitis, or abdominal sepsis. The timely diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring operative repair depends almost exclusively on their early detection by the radiologist on computed tomography examination, because the clinical signs and symptoms of these injuries are not specific and usually develop late. Therefore, the radiologist must be familiar with the often-subtle imaging findings of bowel and mesenteric injury that will allow for appropriate triage of a patient who has sustained blunt trauma to the abdomen or pelvis.
New developments in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were a poorly defined and understood entity. The application of better study designs and new research methodologies has shed considerable light on the pathogenesis of this common clinical syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammation is an important component of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and exacerbations probably represent acute increases in airway inflammation brought about by one or more etiological agents. Environmental particulate and gaseous pollutants have been linked in epidemiological studies with increased respiratory symptoms and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bacterial, viral and atypical pathogens, either alone or in concert, induce the majority of acute exacerbations. SUMMARY A bacterial cause of a substantial proportion of exacerbations is now firmly established by the results of bronchoscopy, molecular epidemiology, immunology and airway inflammation studies. Future research should focus on pathogenic mechanisms and host defence against the microbial pathogens associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in order to develop better treatment and prevention strategies.
Retroconversion of docosahexaenoic acid in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. Uniformly 14 C-labeled 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid was fed to normal rats and to rats at two stages of essential fatty acid deficiency. All groups incorporated about 17% of 14 C fed into liver lipids. Normal rats retroconverted the hexaenoic acid to 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. These three acids were in phospholipids and, to about 20%, in triglycerides. The deficient rats retroconverted the hexaenoic acid to a much lesser extent and radioactivity in their triglycerides was much lower. 2. 2. The radioactivity in the carboxyl groups of 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids corresponded closely to an even distribution of 4 C in the chain. However, radioactivity in the carboxyl group of 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid was much lower than calculated for even distribution. At least 75% of this acid must have been reconstituted from a C 20 chain.
Weak solution of (r, (x, u(x)) u′(x))′ = (Fu)′(x) with r(0, u(0))u′(0) = ku(0), r(L, u(L))u′ (L) = hu(L) and k, h are suitable elements of [0, ∞]

Abstract We consider weak solutions to the nonlinear boundary value problem ( r , ( x , u ( x )) u ′( x ))′ = ( Fu )′( x ) with r (0, u (0)) u ′(0) = ku (0), r ( L , u ( L )) u ′( L ) = hu ( L ) and k , h are suitable elements of [0, ∞]. In addition to studying some new boundary conditions, we also relax the constraints on r ( x , u ) and ( Fu )( x ). r ( x , u ) > 0 may have a countable set of jump discontinuities in u and r ( x , u ) −1 ϵ L q ((0, L ) × (0, p )). F is an operator from a suitable set of functions to a subset of L p (0, L ) which have nonnegative values. F includes, among others, examples of the form ( Fu )( x ) = (1 − H ( x − x 0 )) u ( x 0 ), ( Fu )( x ) = ∫ x L f ( y , u ( y )) dy where f ( y , u ) may have a countable set of jump discontinuities in u or F may be chosen so that ( Fu )′( x ) = − g ( x , u ( x )) u ′( x ) − q ( x ) u ( x ) − f ( x , u ( x )) where q is a distributional derivative of an L 2 (0, L ) function.
Clinical Features of Immune Myopathies with Perimysial Pathology (IMPP) (PD6.009)

Objective: To characterize clinical and laboratory features of immune myopathies with perimysial pathology (IMPP). Background Perimysial pathology is a common feature of immune myopathies with Jo-1 antibodies. Myopathies with selectively high aldolase frequently have perimysial myopathology. We studied clinical and laboratory features of acquired syndromes with associated perimysial myopathology. Design/Methods: Retrospective review of records from 50 IMPP patients evaluated and treated at Washington University in St Louis between 1991 and 2011. Results: Epidemiologic: Median onset age was 44 years; Females were 66%; Caucasian 90%. Common clinical features included myalgias, rash, weakness, arthralgias, dysphagia and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Weakness was always proximal more than distal; In 75% both proximal and distal muscles were affected. No patient had only distal weakness. Patients carried clinical diagnoses of dermatomyositis or polymyositis. Median creatine kinase and aldolase values (IU/L) were 170 and 13.1. The most common myositis-specific antibody was Jo-1. All patients improved after immunomodulatory therapy, although medications in addition to corticosteroids were used in a majority due to incomplete response or side effects. Median post-treatment creatine kinase and aldolase levels were 47 and 5.2. Conclusions: IMPP are acquired, probably immune, multisystem syndromes that involve muscle, especially connective tissue, skin, gastrointestinal systems, lungs and joints. Aldolase is often selectively elevated with normal CK. IMPP syndromes can present clinically as either dermatomyositis or polymyositis. Over time, ILD may cause considerable morbidity. ILD should be monitored for in patients with IMPP myopathology. Myopathology may distinguish IMPP syndromes from other forms of dermatomyositis, such as those with vascular pathology, that are not commonly associated with ILD. IMPP syndromes commonly improve with immunomodulatory therapy, including corticosteroids and other drugs. Pathologic involvement of connective tissue in IMPP syndromes may explain their multisystem nature. Disclosure: Dr. Bucelli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pestronk has received personal compensation or activities with Athena Diagnostics.Dr. Pestronk has received (royalty or license fee or contractual rights) payments from Athena Diagnostics.Dr. Pestronk holds stock and/or stock options in Johnson & Johnson.Dr. Pestronk has received research support from Knopp, ISIS, Sanofi-Aventis, and Prosensa.
Filling-in at the natural blind spot contributes to binocular rivalry

The human natural blind spot is usually filled in based on the contextual information. When two sufficiently different images are presented to the two eyes, observers typically perceive an alternation between the two images (binocular rivalry). Both the filling-in process and binocular rivalry have been the subject of considerable research. This study investigates whether filled information in one eye's natural blind spot can contribute to binocular rivalry. A radial grating (D=12 degrees ) was presented to one eye, centered on the natural blind spot. Observers perceived a complete figure in monocular view; the blind spot area was filled-in based on the surrounding information. Simultaneously, a circular grating smaller than the blind spot (D=4 degrees ), was presented to the fellow eye in the region corresponding to the other eye's blind spot. The amount of rivalry as indexed by how often the smaller circular grating remained visible was measured. The results suggest that the filled information in the area of the blind spot does contribute to the rivalry process.
Cluster-induced reactions at a metal-semiconductor interface: Ce on Si(111)

Synchrotron-radiation photoemission, angle-resolved Auger, and LEED studies show Ce cluster formation on Si(111). These nonmetallic clusters grow for coverages of 0.1 to 0.6 monolayer, interact weakly with the substrate, and induce 200-meV band-bending changes. At \ensuremath{\sim} 0.6 monolayer, they stimulate surface disruption, producing a metallic interfacial silicide. The association of $d$- or $f$-band metal clusters with surface reaction substantially extends the cluster-induced-reaction model proposed for Al-GaAs.
Generating seamless surfaces for transport and dispersion modeling in GIS

A standard use of triangulation in GIS is to model terrain surface using TIN. In many simulation models of physical phenomena, triangulation is often used to depict the entire spatial domain, which may include buildings, landmarks and other surface objects in addition to the terrain surface. Creating a seamless surface of complex building structures together with the terrain is challenging and existing approaches are laborious, time-consuming and error-prone. We propose an efficient and robust procedure using computational geometry techniques to derive triangulated building surfaces from 2D polygon data with a height attribute. We also propose a new method to merge the resultant building surfaces with the triangulated terrain surface to produce a seamless surface for the entire study area. Using Oklahoma City data, we demonstrate the proposed method. The resultant surface is used as the input data for a simulated transport and dispersion event in Oklahoma City. The proposed method can produce the seamless surface data to be used for various types of physical models in a fraction of the time required by previous methods.
Elimination of Spurious Loss in Euler Equation Computations

The accuracy of a standard implicit conservative Euler equation solver is greatly improved by incorporation of an entropy-conservation equation, used in lieu of the streamwise momentum equation in all regions of the e ow except at shock waves. A slight modie cation is also required at stagnation points to maintain a well-posed nature. The overall method eliminates spurious entropy errors and, thus, reduces the grid density required to achieve any particular level of accuracy. Results arepresented for subsonic and transonicairfoil e ows. Although thederivation and resultsareforsteady,two-dimensionalEulerequations, theapproach hasno inherent limitationsthatpreclude extension to unsteady, three-dimensional, or viscous e ows. A brief discussion of these extensions is presented. Nomenclature c = speed of sound D/Dt = substantial derivative (@/ @t + q¢ r ) E = total energy f = momentum-conservation trigger g = stagnation trigger H = total enthalpy h = static enthalpy ` = cell size M = Mach number p = pressure Q = enthalpy e ux q = speed,j qj q = velocity vector R = residual S = entropy t = time u, v = velocity components a = angle of attack c = specie c-heat ratio ±( ) = upwinding change e = viscous dissipation k = characteristic speed q = mass density s¯ = shear stress tensor
Rogue War Hero to Naval Role Model: Robert Southey's Life Of Nelson (1813)

(2011). Rogue War Hero to Naval Role Model: Robert Southey's Life Of Nelson (1813) a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 180-198.
Early Child Development: A Framework for Collaboration

The convergence of knowledge from neuroscience, social science and economics on the importance of early life or experiences on brain development has tremendous implication on the future of societies. Regardless of their level of development or income, countries must provide ECD programs for all the children and involve parents and caregivers in these efforts. Each country along the continuum of development has a responsibility to (i) identify factors within its society and culture that inhibit healthy child development and (ii) create building blocks for a national ECD system. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the new knowledge has implications for all sectors, including tertiary education.
Effects of a symptom-free waiting period on clinical outcome and risk of reinjury after sport-related concussion.

OBJECTIVE: This study is the first to investigate the influence of a symptom-free waiting period (SFWP) on clinical outcome and risk of repeat injury after sport-related concussion. METHODS: This was a prospective, nonrandomized study of 16 624 player seasons from 1999 to 2004, including a cohort of 635 concussed high school and college athletes grouped on the basis of an SFWP or no SFWP observed after their concussion. Clinical outcome in symptoms, cognitive functioning, and postural stability 45 and 90 days postinjury was compared with preinjury baseline. Data on SFWP and same-season repeat concussion were recorded. RESULTS: An SFWP was observed in 60.3% of cases. There were no significant differences between the SFWP and no SFWP groups in acute injury characteristics or clinical outcome with respect to symptom recovery or postinjury performance on formal neuropsychological and balance testing. Most repeat concussions (79.2%) occurred within 10 days of the initial injury. The rate of repeat concussion was actually higher in the SFWP group (6.49%) than the no SFWP group (0.90%) (P < 0.005), but the repeat concussion subgroup's SFWP was 2.82 days shorter (95% confidence interval, 0.61―5.03; P < 0.01) and these athletes resumed participation 3.55 days sooner (95% confidence interval, 0.06―7.04; P < 0.05) than those in the SFWP group in which there was no repeat concussion. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that an SFWP did not intrinsically influence clinical recovery or reduce risk of a repeat concussion. The overall risk of same-season repeat concussion seems to be relatively low, but there may be a period of vulnerability that increases risk of repeat concussion during the first 7 to 10 days postinjury. Further study is required to investigate this preliminary finding and help determine whether this risk can be reduced further with specific injury-management strategies.
Comparison of adaptive array-processing schemes for land mine detection using hyperspectral imagery

Adaptive techniques for detecting small or difficult targets in the midst of high noise and/or clutter have a rich history in the radar array processing community. However, the utility of these schemes is only beginning to be realized for multichannel electro-optical techniques, specifically hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The data products generated by hyperspectral sensors differ greatly from those of radar and sonar arrays, yet recent studies using HSI data have offered promising results for modified versions of common adaptive detectors. In this paper, we compare a series popular adaptive detection schemes applied to HSI data for the task of land mine detection. Experiments using real hyperspectral image cubes, not simulations, are performed with data from both the visible-SWIR and LWIR regions. Results are presented for different mine types in a variety of scenes.
Effect of Water Vapor on the Combination and Disproportionation of Ethyl Radicals in the Gas Phase

The role of H2O vapor on the disproportionation/combination ratio (kd/kc) of C2H5 radical reactions in the gas phase has been investigated experimentally and compared to that observed previously in aqueous solution. At added water pressures of 20 kPa (15 Torr), the kd/kc ratio remains unchanged from that observed in its absence. The relationship of the invariant ratio to bonding and solvation phenomena are discussed.
Black Freedmen and the Cherokee Nation

Blacks were a significant minority of the Cherokee Nation throughout the nineteenth century, first as slaves and later as freedmen. An 1830s census shows that the Cherokee Nation at that time consisted of: 13,536 Indians; 147 intermarried white males; 73 intermarried white females; and 1,277 slaves. In 1860 there were approximately 23,000 Cherokees and 2,500 blacks in the Cherokee Territory. And according to the United States Census of 1890 the total population of the Cherokee Nation was 56,309, including 5,127 persons of Negro descent.
DNA sequencing using four-color capillary array electrophoresis and energy-transfer primers

A practical capillary array electrophoresis sequencer has been constructed and tested for large scale DNA sequencing. This system employs a scanning confocal optical system to detect DNA fragments electrophoresed on a capillary array. By using the recently developed energy transfer fluorescent primers, sensitive four-color detection is facilitated while exciting with just a single laser wavelength (488 nm) from an argon ion laser. Software for facile reduction of the images to four-color trace files and for automated base-calling have also been developed. This system can detect up to 25 capillaries at a time and has a raw sequencing rate of approximately 6 kilobases/hour. Applications to mitochondrial D-loop DNA sequencing are presented as a demonstration.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase expression: Transcriptional regulation of the type I and type II genes

Abstract Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an essential ratelimiting enzyme in the de novo guanine nucleotide synthetic pathway that catalyzes the conversion of IMP to XMP. Enzyme activity is accounted for by the expression of two distinct but closely related genes termed IMPDH I and II. Increased IMPDH activity has been linked to both cellular proliferation and neoplastic transformation and generally ascribed to an increase in the expression of the type II gene. We have characterized the type I and type II genes and identified elements important in the transcriptional regulation of both genes. The type II IMPDH gene contains a 466 bp 5′ flanking region spanning the translation start site that contains several transcription factor binding sites and mediates increased transcription of a CAT reporter gene in peripheral blood T lymphocytes when these cells are induced to proliferate. The single functional IMPDH type I gene contains exon-intron boundaries and exon structures that are nearly identical to those in the type II gene. In contrast to the type II gene, however, it contains two putative promoter sites, each with the potential for transcriptional regulation. We conclude that these two genes most probably arose from an early gene duplication event and that their highly conserved structures and differential regulation at the transcriptional level argue strongly for a significant role for each gene in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation.
Determination of cholesterol with a microporous membrane chemiluminescence cell with cholesterol oxidase in solution

Abstract A reagent solution, containing cholesterol oxidase buffered at pH 7, is contained in a pressurized reservoir and forced through a microporous membrane at 2–5 μl min −1 into a stream flowing at 2–10 ml min −1 which contains injected slugs of cholesterol as the analyte. The hydrogen peroxide produced then reacts with luminol in pH 9.0 Tris buffer, catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase, to produce chemiluminescence, the intensity of which is related to the cholesterol concentration. The working range is 0.4–40 mg dl −1 ; precision is 1–4% over this range. The detection limit is 0.2 mg dl −1 or 5 μM. Sample throughput is 60 h −1 , and only 0.01 unit of enzyme is consumed per sample. Blood serum samples may be analyzed for either free or total cholesterol by using standard addition and pre-treatment with Somogyi reagents for removal of reducing species.
Structural studies of a human hybrid immunoglobulin

The structure of an hypothesized hybrid or “Lepore-type” IgG contained in the serum of donor 2904 was investigated. Previous immunological studies suggested that this serum contained IgG with aγ3-γ1 hybrid heavy chain consisting of aγ3 Fd portion and aγ1 Fc. Structural studies have now shown that the carboxyl terminal end of the 2904 hybrid IgG, including much of the Fc fragment, isγ1 in character. However, the fingerprints of the Fc tryptic peptides at both pH 3.6 and pH 6.4 included a peptide, possibly from the hinge region, in peptide maps of Fc from aγG3 Gm (5) myeloma protein, but absent from maps of Fc peptides fromγG1 proteins. Gel filtration of the CNBr fragments of Fc from 2904 suggested that the hinge region isγ3-like. Papain cleavage experiments indicated an elevated level of resistant IgG, which agrees with immunological findings of an increasedγG2 subclass level. Our data confirm previous reports that theγ chain C-terminal octadecapeptides fromγG3 proteins have a subclass specific residue of arginine and indicate that within this subclass there is an allotypic variation related to the Gm type of the protein.
Genesis of methane activation sites in Mo-exchanged H–ZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract Exchanged (Mo 2 O 7 ) 2− dimers form during treatment in air of MoO 3 /H–ZSM-5 (Si/Al=14.3) physical mixtures at 773–973 K. The amount of water desorbed during exchange and the number of residual protons (measured by D 2 –OH exchange) showed that each Mo 6+ replaces 1.1 (±0.1) protons in H–ZSM-5 (for Mo/Al 27 Al NMR, X-ray absorption, and Raman spectra confirmed the proposed (Mo 2 O 7 ) 2− structure and its location at zeolite exchange sites. When the Mo content exceeds that required to form a MoO x bilayer on the external zeolite surface (Mo/Al≈0.5), MoO x sublimes or forms Al 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 by extracting framework Al; Al 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 domains reduce slowly and lead to low CH 4 reaction rates. The rate of hydrocarbon synthesis from CH 4 at 930–973 K increased as exchanged MoO x dimers reduce and carburize during CH 4 reactions. About 2.5 O atoms per Mo (±0.1) are removed as CO, CO 2 , and H 2 O during activation, suggesting that all but the zeolite framework oxygen atoms are removed during activation. Reduction and carburization rates depend on Mo content and on the rate of removal of CO, CO 2 , and H 2 O, which inhibit reduction/carburization steps. Hydrocarbons were not detected during the initial removal of about one O per Mo, but ethylene, benzene, naphthalene, and H 2 formation rates increased as larger amounts of O were removed during CH 4 reactions. CH 4 reactions require initial activation of CH 4 on MoO x , but with the retention of C-atoms to form MoC x . These MoC x then activate CH bonds and desorb the hydrocarbons formed, which then oligomerize and cyclize via rapid bifunctional pathways on H + and MoC x sites within constrained ZSM-5 channels.
Transforming an arbitrary floorplan into a sliceable one

Sliceable floorplans attain nice properties. In particular, a number of NP-hard problems can be solved efficiently on sliceable floorplans. Most floorplanning algorithms/packages do not produce sliceable floorplans; besides, there are adjacency requirements that are inherently non-sliceable. Motivated by that, we propose a polynomial-time algorithm for transforming an arbitrary floorplan into a sliceable one. We operate on a given sized floorplan to transform it into a sliceable one. Experimental results show that on industrial benchmarks the area increase, enforcing sliceability, is 6% on the average. The percentage of changes in the input adjacency graph (i.e., number of edge detention-addition divided by the total number of edges) is 7% on the average. The proposed algorithm can serve as a post-processor for other floor-planning algorithms. The proposed technique also provides new insights into the class of sliceable floorplans.
Modeling the brain-pituitary-gonad axis in salmon.

Abstract To better understand the complexity of the brain–pituitary–gonad axis (BPG) in fish, we developed a biologically based pharmacodynamic model capable of accurately predicting the normal functioning of the BPG axis in salmon. This first-generation model consisted of a set of 13 equations whose formulation was guided by published values for plasma concentrations of pituitary- (FSH, LH) and ovary- (estradiol, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one) derived hormones measured in Coho salmon over an annual spawning period. In addition, the model incorporated pertinent features of previously published mammalian models and indirect response pharmacodynamic models. Model-based equations include a description of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis and release from the hypothalamus, which is controlled by environmental variables such as photoperiod and water temperature. GnRH stimulated the biosynthesis of mRNA for FSH and LH, which were also influenced by estradiol concentration in plasma. The level of estradiol in the plasma was regulated by the oocytes, which moved along a maturation progression. Estradiol was synthesized at a basal rate and as oocytes matured, stimulation of its biosynthesis occurred. The BPG model can be integrated with toxico-genomic, -proteomic data, allowing linkage between molecular based biomarkers and reproduction in fish.
Lower extremity arteriography with use of iodinated contrast material or gadodiamide to supplement CO2 angiography in patients with renal insufficiency.

PURPOSE To determine if the use of nonionic contrast material, as compared to the use of gadodiamide to supplement carbon dioxide angiography in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), results in significant worsening of renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lower extremity angiographic procedures (diagnostic and diagnostic/intervention) were performed in 40 patients with CRI (baseline serum creatinine [Cr] > 1.5 mg/dL) using CO 2 alone or CO 2 supplemented with the use of either nonionic contrast material or gadodiamide (up to 0.4 mmol/kg). Serum creatinine levels were obtained before the procedure and at 48 hours after the procedure. The peak Cr level was also determined for patients with a significant (> 0.5 mg/dL) Cr elevation. RESULTS Forty-two lower extremity angiographic procedures (19 diagnostic and 23 diagnostic/interventions) were performed in 40 consecutive patients from August 1997 to October 1998, with a mean preprocedure Cr of 2.2 mg/dL and a mean postprocedure Cr of 2.4 mg/dL. Twenty-five of the 40 patients (63%) had diabetes mellitus. Fifteen procedures, including six interventions, were performed utilizing CO 2 and nonionic contrast material in 15 patients. Six of these 15 patients (40%) demonstrated a Cr increase > 0.5 mg/dL at 48 hours. Seven procedures, including two interventions, were performed with CO 2 alone in seven patients. No patients in this group demonstrated an increase in serum creatinine of greater than 0.5 mg/dL at 48 hours. Twenty procedures, including 15 interventions, were performed with CO 2 and gadodiamide in 18 patients. In one of these 20 procedures (5%) there was an increase in Cr > 0.5 mg/dL at 48 hours. The difference in worsening renal function for the nonionic contrast group (six of 15) compared with the CO 2 /gadodiamide group (one of 20) was statistically significant ( P = .03). When comparing the use of CO 2 and nonionic contrast material versus CO 2 alone and with gadodiamide (six of 15 versus one of 27) the difference is also statistically significant ( P CONCLUSION The use of small volumes of nonionic contrast material to supplement CO 2 angiography in patients with PVD and CRI can be associated with a significant increased risk of worsening renal function when compared to angiography performed with CO 2 alone or CO 2 and gadodiamide.
Racializing educational change: Melting pot and mosaic influences on educational policy and practice

This article racializes educational change by examining literature on the history of educational approaches to diversity in the United States and Ontario, Canada to demonstrate how their respective national myths for engaging with diversity—the melting pot and mosaic—have impacted their educational policies and practices over three definable eras of educational change. The educational policies and practices of the two countries are evaluated in relation to four significant and—within the existing literature—widely used political and educational strategies for responding to racial and ethnocultural diversity in schools. The paper cautions that the current era of curriculum standardization and high stakes assessments that reflects a melting pot approach to education reinstitutes and reinforces an inequitable vertical mosaic structure of schooling experiences and outcomes for diverse student populations. It urges policy makers to consider how the current movement toward post-standardization, which reflects a mosaic approach, is presently influencing educational policy and practice in international contexts and achieving more just and effective learning outcomes for diverse student groups.
Another Goode Method: How to Use Quantitative Content Analysis to Study Variation in Thematic Map Design

Many methods have been embraced to analyze maps and compare them with oneanother. One method that has not been regularly used to study thematic mapsis quantitative content analysis (QCA). QCA is an established scientific methodthat is exceptional for longitudinal and large sample studies of media images.Using a sample of thematic maps from Goode’s World Atlas as an example study,this article does two things. First, it demonstrates the benefits and drawbacksof using quantitative content analysis to study the evolution of thematic mapdesign. Thematic maps were selected from the past 80 years of Goode’s WorldAtlas and analyzed using QCA to see if and how their thematic and cartographicrepresentations have evolved over time. Second, this article walks the readerthrough the process of setting up and using QCA to count, measure, and comparecartographic differences and changes in a map sample. Each step of the QCAprocess is explained, to help readers embrace the method in their own map research.Best practice advice is described throughout the case study. The article concludeswith a synopsis of the benefits and pitfalls of using this method.
Phase-Difference Variations in 9,350-Megacycle Radio Signals Arriving at Spaced Antennas

The phase difference between 9,350 megacycle-per-second radio signals received from a common transmitter at two horizontally spaced antennas was measured by the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory of the University of Texas during March, 1955. The transmitter was located on Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado and the site of the receiver was at Fort Carson, 3.5 miles distant. The elevation angle of the transmitter as seen from the receivers was 9 degrees. This paper presents and discusses the results of these measurements.
Well response tests: II. The numerical solution

For pt.I see ibid., vol.2, p.83-94 (1986). A numerical treatment of the response of a well-aquifer system to slug testing is given. The method is based on a Green function approach to solving the coupled water level and diffusion equations governing the behaviour of the system. A brief summary of this model is given and a description of the numerical procedures is presented. Examples of overdamped, underdamped and critically damped well responses, which take into account the inertial and friction effects, are shown. These results are compared with field data.
JOB SEARCH, SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND LOCAL LABOR-MARKET DYNAMICS: THE CASE OF PAID HOUSEHOLD WORK IN SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

Drawing on original interview and survey data, this paper examines the local labor-market dynamics for immigrant Mexicana household workers in San Diego, California. The study focuses on paid domestic “job workers” who clean the homes of several different employers each week and who are generally paid “under the table.” This paper addresses two questions: (1) What is the social and geographical organization of the local labor market for paid household workers in San Diego? and (2) What are the implications of the local labor-market dynamics for the social relations of domestic workers and the space of the city? The analysis particularly emphasizes the role of job search in defining the terms of employment in paid household work. Because one of the most important ways of finding house-cleaning jobs is through personal referrals, the social networks of workers are also explored. The paper argues that the labor-market dynamics for paid household work contribute to the residential clustering of immigrants, an...
Persistence of hepatitis C virus during and after otherwise clinically successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with standard pegylated interferon α-2b and ribavirin therapy.

Resolution of chronic hepatitis C is considered when serum HCV RNA becomes repeatedly undetectable and liver enzymes normalize. However, long-term persistence of HCV following therapy with pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin (PegIFN/R) was reported when more sensitive assays and testing of serial plasma, lymphoid cells (PBMC) and/or liver biopsies was applied. Our aim was to reassess plasma and PBMCs collected during and after standard PegIFN/R therapy from individuals who became HCV RNA nonreactive by clinical testing. Of particular interest was to determine if HCV genome and its replication remain detectable during ongoing treatment with PegIFN/R when evaluated by more sensitive detection approaches. Plasma acquired before (n = 11), during (n = 25) and up to 12–88 weeks post-treatment (n = 20) from 9 patients and PBMC (n = 23) from 3 of them were reanalyzed for HCV RNA with sensitivity <2 IU/mL. Clone sequencing of the HCV 5′-untranslated region from plasma and PBMCs was done in 2 patients. HCV RNA was detected in 17/25 (68%) plasma and 8/10 (80%) PBMC samples collected from 8 of 9 patients during therapy, although only 5.4% plasma samples were positive by clinical assays. Among post-treatment HCV RNA-negative plasma samples, 9 of 20 (45.3%) were HCV reactive for up to 59 weeks post-treatment. Molecularly evident replication was found in 6/12 (50%) among PBMC reactive for virus RNA positive strand collected during or after treatment. Pre-treatment point mutations persisted in plasma and/or PBMC throughout therapy and follow-up. Therefore, HCV is not completely cleared during ongoing administration of PegIFN/R otherwise capable of ceasing progression of CHC and virus commonly persists at levels not detectable by the current clinical testing. The findings suggest the need for continued evaluation even after patients achieve undetectable HCV RNA post-treatment.
The directors' role in planning: What information do they need?

Abstract The primary role of a corporate board of directors is to assist management in increasing the economic value of the firm. Yet, the nature of management practices at the board level and the character of director information often do not permit directors to perform these functions adequately. This paper describes information requirements of boards in the context of how directors intersect with planning and control systems. The discussion summarizes studies of three companies identified as having board-management relationships capable of contributing to the economic value of the firm. General and specific conditions for implementing effective director information systems are discussed, and the importance of the motivations of CEOs and directors in developing value-creating boards is identified.
History of the hypoblast in salmo.

Spots printed on the blastodisc of Salmo gairdneri with Nile blue sulfate prior to and during the formation of the germ ring and embryonic shield show during the morphogenetic movements that not many of the germ ring cells are derived from the center of the blastodisc. Evidence suggests that only a few of the loose round cells of the deep part of the ring and of the axial nubbin are produced by local dropout of cells at the margin of the blastodisc, but that most of them arrive there by outward migration from the outer two-thirds of the disc. The embryonic shield is produced by a convergence of internal cells that starts early in the fifth day at 10° C, augmented by a massive descent of consolidated internal cells from the central one-third of the blastodisc which then form the forebrain and optic vesicles. The cellular envelope is not involved in an invagination, nor does it take part in the general convergence movements. Chalk grains incorporated into the lower surface of the germ ring and the embryonic shield reveal the destination of the cells which carry them along. The hypoblast of the ring continues to converge toward the shield until the closure of the yolk plug on the ninth day. The epiblast of the ring meanwhile forms the cell layers of the yolk sac. Head mesoderm, pharynx endoderm and notochord materials are assembled directly into the embryonic shield while the germ ring is forming. Additional evidence is presented that these parts are not formed by invagination. Materials of the hypoblast originally placed as far as 90° out on the ring from the early shield reach the trunk endoderm, and materials from the hypoblast of the entire ring are passed along toward and into the somite and lateral plate strips. Their oblique paths of migration, combining both epiboly and convergence, are at marked angles to the simple epibolic paths of the epiblast cells, and it is suggested that the split between epiblast and hypoblast in the germ ring is a result of this shearing effect.
Work therapy for psychiatric patients.

Summary A workshop for psychotic patients has been described with a review of the various problems encountered during the first six months of operation.
CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WOUND HEALING IN SELECTED SIPHONOCLADALES (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Wound healing in most of the Siphonocladales investigated differs markedly from healing processes known in other coenocytic green algae. No wound plug is evident during healing in Ernodesmis verticillata (Kutzing) Borgesen, Boergesenia forbesii (Harvey) Feldmann, Cladophoropsis membranacea (C. Agardh) Borgesen, Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Agardh, Struvea elegans Borgesen, Struvea sp. and Valonia spp. The wound response in these genera involves substantial protoplasmic motility which includes retraction of the cell contents from the wound site. The protoplasm then either closes around the central vacuole (e.g. Ernodesmis) or breaks up into numerous spherical protoplasts (e.g. Valonia ventricosa J. Agardh). An intermediate pattern of healing is present in Cladophoropsis where the protoplasm usually separates into a small number of portions that individually heal in a manner similar to Ernodesmis. In all cases, the protoplasts resulting from wounding are viable. Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone, Chamaedoris sp. and Boodlea sp. are unusual in producing a distinct wound plug during healing, thereby resembling the mode of healing reported in various codialean and dasycladalean genera. It is hypothesized, that wound-induced protoplasmic motility in the Siphonocladales involves the same cellular mechanisms that segregate protoplasm during cell, division.
1657 MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) BRAIN IMAGING IN GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS

1657 MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) BRAIN IMAGING IN GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
Action of the antitumor and antispermatogenic agent lonidamine on electron transport in ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria.

Abstract The effect of lonidamine, an antispermatogenic and antitumor drug, on the oxygen consumption, ATPase activity, and redox state of the electron carriers of Ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria has been studied. Lonidamine inhibits ADP- and uncoupler-stimulated respiration on various NAD- and FAD-linked substrates, but does not affect state 4 respiration. Experiments to determine its site of action showed that lonidamine does not significantly inhibit electron flow through cytochrome oxidase. Electron flow through site 2, the ubiquinone-cytochrome b-cytochrome c1 complex, also was unaffected by lonidamine, which failed to inhibit the oxidation of duroquinol. Moreover, inhibition of electron flow through site 2 was also excluded because of the inability of the N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine bypass to relieve the lonidamine inhibition of the oxidation of pyruvate + malate. The F0F1ATPase activity and vectorial H+ ejection are also unaffected by lonidamine. The inhibition of succinate oxidation by lonidamine was found to take place at a point between succinate and iron-sulfur center S3. Spectroscopic experiments demonstrated that lonidamine inhibits the reduction of mitochondrial NAD+ by pyruvate + malate and other NAD-linked substrates in the transition from state 1 to state 4. However, lonidamine does not inhibit reduction of added NAD+ by submitochondrial vesicles or by soluble purified NAD-linked dehydrogenases. These observations, together with other evidence, suggest that electron transport in tumor mitochondria is inhibited by lonidamine at the dehydrogenase-coenzyme level, particularly when the electron carriers are in a relatively oxidized state and/or when the inner membrane-matrix compartment is in the condensed state. The action of lonidamine in several respects resembles the selective inhibition of electron transport in tumor cells produced by cytotoxic macrophages.
Diffusion kinetics within supported liquid-phase catalysts

Abstract The homogeneous hydroformylation of propylene by butyl benzyl phthalate solutions of (Ph3P)2Rh(CO)Cl was successfully used as a model reaction system to demonstrate the existence of an optimum liquid loading in supported liquid-phase catalysts (SLPC). The experimental results were consistent with a theoretical treatment of supported liquid-phase catalyst systems.
Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Thin Films as Water Filtration Membranes

Nanoporous membranes containing monodisperse pores of 24 nm diameter are fabricated using poly(styrene-b-lactide) block copolymers to template the pore structure. A 4 mum thin film of the block copolymer is cast onto a microporous membrane that provides mechanical reinforcement; by casting the copolymer film from the appropriate solvents and controlling the solvent evaporation rate, greater than 100 cm(2) of a thin film with polylactide cylinders oriented perpendicular to the thin dimension is produced. Exposing the composite membrane to a dilute aqueous base selectively etches the polylactide block, producing the porous structure. The ability of these pores to reject dissolved poly(ethylene oxide) molecules of varying molecular weight matches existing theories for transport through small pores.
Using the EM-algorithm for survival data with incomplete categorical covariates

Incomplete covariate data is a common occurrence in many studies in which the outcome is survival time. With generalized linear models, when the missing covariates are categorical, a useful technique for obtaining parameter estimates is the EM by the method of weights proposed in Ibrahim (1990). In this article, we extend the EM by the method of weights to survival outcomes whose distributions may not fall in the class of generalized linear models. This method requires the estimation of the parameters of the distribution of the covariates. We present a clinical trials example with five covariates, four of which have some missing values.
Forbidding Complete Hypergraphs as Traces

Let 2 ≤q ≤min{p, t − 1} be fixed and n → ∞. Suppose that $$\mathcal{F}$$ is a p-uniform hypergraph on n vertices that contains no complete q-uniform hypergraph on t vertices as a trace. We determine the asymptotic maximum size of $${\mathcal{F}}$$ in many cases. For example, when q = 2 and p∈{t, t + 1}, the maximum is $$( \frac{n}{t-1})^{t-1} + o(n^{t-1})$$, and when p = t = 3, it is $$\lfloor \frac{(n-1)^2}{4}\rfloor$$ for all n≥ 3. Our proofs use the Kruskal-Katona theorem, an extension of the sunflower lemma due to Furedi, and recent results on hypergraph Turan numbers.
Pediatric supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are a common pediatric elbow injury that are historically associated with morbidity due to malunion, neurovascular complications, and compartment syndrome. True anteroposterior and lateral radiographs are essential not only for an accurate diagnosis, but also for creating a treatment plan for these injuries. A staging system (based on the lateral radiograph) for classifying the severity of the fracture helps guide definitive management. Nondisplaced fractures are treated initially with a posterior splint, followed by a long-arm casting. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is the preferred treatment for displaced or unstable fractures. If there is any question about fracture stability, patients should be seen within 5 days postoperatively for repeat radiographs to ensure that the reduction and pin fixation has been maintained. Understanding the anatomy, radiographic findings, management options, and complications associated with this fracture allow physicians to limit the morbidity associated with this relatively common pediatric injury.
Vibration isolation and damping for long focal length synchrotron radiation instruments

Abstract Vibrations of the optical elements in long focal length, high resolution monochromators and other long focal length optical systems used at synchrotron radiation facilities can lead to serious degradation of the performance of these systems. As higher resolution instruments with state-of-the-art spherical and plane elements come on line, vibration will become an increasingly serious problem. The vibrations excited in beamline elements can be at least as serious as position variations of the synchrotron radiation source. Vibrations of beamline and monochromator components may be driven by acoustic waves, ground motion, scanning system vibrations, or vibrations coupled in from experimental equipment such as pumps, fans, motors, etc. This paper will include a discussion of isolation and damping of vibrations in monochromators and beamlines. Various diagnostic methods are described, and a case study of vibration-caused loss of resolution in a 4 m normal incidence monochromator will be presented.
Rice prolamine protein body biogenesis: a BiP-mediated process

Rice prolamines are sequestered within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen even though they lack a lumenal retention signal. Immunochemical and biochemical data show that BiP, a protein that binds lumenal polypeptides, is localized on the surface of the aggregated prolamine protein bodies (PBs). BiP also forms complexes with nascent chains of prolamines in polyribosomes and with free prolamines with distinct adenosine triphosphate sensitivities. Thus, BiP retains prolamines in the lumen by facilitating their folding and assembly into PBs.