cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics, CSR, and Sustainability Education in the Financial Times Top 50 Global Business Schools: Baseline Data and Future Research Directions

This paper investigates how deans and directors at the top 50 global MBA programs (as rated by the Financial Times in their 2006 Global MBA rankings) respond to questions about the inclusion and coverage of the topics of ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability at their respective institutions. This work purposely investigates each of the three topics separately. Our findings reveal that: (1) a majority of the schools require that one or more of these topics be covered in their MBA curriculum and one-third of the schools require coverage of all three topics as part of the MBA curriculum, (2) there is a trend toward the inclusion of sustainability-related courses, (3) there is a higher percentage of student interest in these topics (as measured by the presence of a Net Impact club) in the top 10 schools, and (4) several schools are teaching these topics using experiential learning and immersion techniques. We note a fivefold increase in the number of stand-alone ethics courses since a 1988 investigation on ethics, and we include other findings about institutional support of centers or special programs; as well as a discussion of integration, teaching techniques, and notable practices in relation to all three topics.
Antiviral resistance and hepatitis B therapy

The management of chronic hepatitis B currently rests with long-term therapy using oral nucleoside analogs. The major limitation of long-term therapy is antiviral resistance. Antiviral resistance is due to the high rate of mutations that can occur during hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and the selection of these mutants due to a replication advantage in the presence of the antiviral agent. Indeed, high rates of antiviral resistance have been found with long-term use of lamivudine, in up to 76% of patients treated for 5 years or more. Rates of antiviral resistance are lower with adefovir therapy, approximately 30% at 5 years. Newer more potent nucleoside analogs (tenofovir and entecavir) have proven to have much lower rates of antiviral resistance (<1% after 2 years in treatment-naive subjects), but the long-term rates of resistance have yet to be fully defined. The appearance of these viral mutations (genotypic resistance) is usually followed by rises in HBV DNA levels (virological breakthrough) and then by rises in serum aminotransferase levels (biochemical breakthrough). The appearance of antiviral resistance can be accompanied by a transient but occasionally severe exacerbation of the underlying liver disease which in some instances has led to acute liver failure. Combinations of nucleoside analogs may offer an approach to preventing antiviral resistance, but the efficacy and safety of this approach have yet to be shown. A future research priority is to identify new agents active against HBV that target different steps in the viral life-cycle and might provide effective means to circumvent the antiviral resistance of nucleoside analogs.
Current concepts of amniotic fluid dynamics

Amniotic fluid at term in the human is the product of numerous exchanges with the fetal and indirectly, the maternal compartments. Our current information on the formation, circulation, and removal of this fluid is limited but provides an interesting concept of the steady-state regulation of this space. Further confirmation of this model comes from data describing drug exchange between mother, fetus, and amniotic fluid.
Regions, Megaregions, and Sustainability

Wheeler S. Regions, megaregions, and sustainability, Regional Studies. The rapid expansion of urbanized regions is problematic for sustainable development. Urbanization at large scales has inherent sustainability problems, and planning institutions and governance mechanisms have had limited success at the metropolitan scale, let alone at a megaregional one. A vision of more sustainable regional development includes an emphasis on balanced local communities to reduce regional mobility demands; the management of land, resources, and population to live within regional limits; efforts to improve equity and build social capital; and on economic development that strengthens the quality of the region's social and ecological systems rather than the quantity of production and consumption. Wheeler S. Regions, megaregions et durabilite, Regional Studies. L'expansion rapide des regions urbanisees est un probleme pour le developpement durable. L'urbanisation a grande echelle induit des problemes inherents de durabilit...
Energy production through the treatment of wastes by micro‐organisms

Cet article de synthese traite de la production de combustibles (ethanol, hydrogene, methane) par fermentation ou digestion anaerobie des dechets
Time synchronized near-field and far-field for EMI source identification

The evaluation of a product in terms of radiated emissions involves identifying the noise sources. Spectrum analyzer (SA) measurements alone are unable to identify noise sources when multiple sources are responsible for emissions at a particular frequency. In this paper, an approach using combined near-field and far-field measurements is proposed. This method consists of recording signals from a near field probe and from an antenna in the far-field using a high speed oscilloscope and analyzing the relationship between them via different post processing methods. The noise source can be identified by varying the location of near-field probe and searching for the probe signal that best correlates to the far field signal. A variety of post processing methods have been employed in this work. The short term fast Fourier transform (STFFT) is used to visualize the time dependence of the frequency content. Envelope correlation, coherence factor, and cross-correlation methods are further explained and tested for their ability to identify possible sources of emission problems.
Cardinals' Patronage and the Era of Tridentine Reforms: Giulio Feltro della Rovere as Protector of Sacred Music

In the history of the Catholic Church, cardinals have exercised a degree of influence almost as vital as that of the pope himself. Standing at the summit of the pontifical administrative system, they typically held a dual role as papal and courtly sovereigns and also served as the pope9s electors and main counselors. To date, however, their substantive role in the patronage of sacred music in sixteenth-century Italy has attracted comparatively little musicological attention, largely because the familial archives of cardinals are more difficult to locate and less likely to be catalogued than those of kings, dukes, and popes. Newly discovered correspondence and musical sources serve to establish the significance of Cardinal Giulio Feltro della Rovere as a patron of sacred music. The letters addressed to Giulio Feltro provide new information on the musical careers of Costanzo Porta and other composers working under the cardinal9s ecclesiastical sway. These letters also contribute to our understanding of mid-sixteenth-century printing practices and provide concrete evidence of the influence of the Council of Trent on sacred music.
Dissection of the Hb(64-76) determinant reveals that the T cell receptor may have the capacity to differentially signal.

The T cell inducing determinant Hb(64-76) was initially identified in studies examining the processing and presentation of the self antigen hemoglobin1. Murine hemoglobin exists in two allelic forms, Hbbs and Hbbd. Immunization of H-2k mice expressing the Hbbs allele, e.g. CE/J, with purified hemoglobin from Hbbd mice, e.g. CBA/J, resulted in a strong T cell response. This allelic response is entirely directed against a single determinant composed of residues 64-76 of the Hbbdminor chain. Three of the 13 amino acid differences between the s and d allelic forms of hemoglobin are found in this region.
Endocarditis beyond the annulus: eat your heart out.

Endocarditis is on the rise. Between 15,000 to 20,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, exposing patients to a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of endocarditis also seem to be moving targets, as new options for imaging and treatment come into clinical
Relationship of ultrasound speckle to marbling score in cattle.

A subjective, but repeatable, scoring system was devised to quantitate ultrasound speckle in tomograms of the longissimus muscle over the 12th rib. Speckle scores in 11 of 14 groups of cattle (n = 619) were highly correlated (P less than .001) with carcass marbling score. Live animal speckle scores classified carcasses as Select or Choice with 77% accuracy. Similar accuracy was achieved as much as 148 d before slaughter by adjusting for the regression of speckle scores with days on feed. Marbling scores were not distributed normally with both positive skewness and kurtosis (P less than .001). The procedure exploited an unmodified low-cost ultrasound system; scores were estimated instantly from the monitor image. This ability to predict carcass grade at distant dates might be incorporated into a strategy to cluster feedlot cattle into outcome groups for more effective marketing. The results suggest that mathematical analysis of the ultrasound radio frequency signal or pixel map statistics might reveal parameters that could improve accuracy and precision of the method and, conceivably, could predict specific attributes of beef palatability.
Declining Organizational Size and Increasing Unemployment Rates: Predicting Employee Absenteeism from Within- And Between-Plant Perspectives

The impact of increasing unemployment rates and decreasing organizational size on absenteeism was assessed for pooled monthly data from 17 plants over a five-year period. As the organizations becam...
Time domain waveform inversion—A frequency domain view: How well we need to match waveforms?

Waveform modeling in the time domain matches the various frequency components of seismic signals unevenly; the agreement is better at low frequencies and becomes progressively worse towards higher frequencies. The net effect of this kind of time-domain modeling is that the resolution in the spatial details of the source is less than optimal since the high-frequency components of the signal with their short wavelengths to resolve finer details do not fit the data. These problems are demonstrated by numerical simulations and by the reanalysis of some aspects of the El Golfo earthquake in using a new seismic imaging technique based on a generalization of an f-k algorithm. This procedure computes a statistic that can be used to derive confidence limits of the parameters sought in the inversion, thus providing a quantitative measure of the uncertainties in the results.
Field-Ion Microscopy of Whiskers and thin Films and Applications (Real and Imagined) to Mass Spectrometry and Biological Molecule Imaging

A wide variety of solids is known to grow under various special conditions in the form of filamentary structures. These structures are called whiskers, although the use of the term generally implies that the structure additionally is, or is thought to be, a single crystal with a high degree of perfection. The history of whiskers goes back in time to at least the sixteenth century and includes elemental, alloy, molecular, and polymeric substances. Only in recent years, however, has substantial research interest been aroused. Whiskers may conveniently be classified according to their mode of growth as proper, vapor-grown, chemical-decomposition, melt-grown, solution-grown, mechanical, electrolytically grown, and others. Field-ion microscope investigations have thus far only dealt with chemical-decomposition whiskers and vapor-grown whiskers, and therefore only these will be discussed further at this time. A review of the entire subject has been given by Nabarro and Jackson.1
Accuracy of sizers for aortic valve prostheses.

Accurate sizing of the aortic anulus is a prerequisite of prosthetic valve implantation, because it is usually desirable to insert the largest possible prosthesis. Although it is generally assumed that commercial valve sizers are accurately labeled, our measurements reveal that the sizers for the St. Jude Medical, Bjork-Shiley, and Ionescu-Shiley prostheses are larger than their nominal sizes. These findings are relevant to the selection of prosthetic valves.
Automated Systems in Blood Banking

The extensive record-keeping and inventory control required by law and by medical practice in hospital blood banks have resulted in an increase in automated systems. The functions performed by blood banks are discussed and the impact of automation on these functions is analyzed.
Carcinogenesis bioassays: study duration and biological relevance.

Criticisms of the scientific value of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays have focused on the arguments that the studies are too long and that most organ-specific carcinogenic effects observed in experimental animals have little or no relevance to humans. For example, Davies et al. (Davies, T.S., Lynch, B.S., Monro, A.M., Munro, I.C., Nestmann, E.R., 2000. Rodent carcinogenicity tests need be no longer than 18 months: an analysis based on 210 chemicals in the IARC Monographs. Food and Chemical Toxicology 38, 219-235) concluded that the duration of rodent bioassays should be no more than 18 months, based on their analysis of 210 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rodent carcinogens in which they report that most chemicals showed "tumorigenic effects" at or before 12 months. However, many of these "tumorigenic effects" reflect the occurrence of a single neoplasm, with most tumors occurring much later in the study. Reliance on a single tumor at an early time point as providing definitive evidence of rodent carcinogenicity is a dangerous practice that could produce both false positive and false negative outcomes. An extensive evaluation of the NTP database reveals that many rodent carcinogens produce later-appearing tumors that would not be detected as statistically significant in a 12-18 month study. Such a shortened duration study would be roughly equivalent to evaluating human cancer in subjects 30-50 years of age, which would result in markedly reduced study sensitivity. In fact, many investigators recommend extending the duration of rodent studies to 30 months or to a true lifetime to increase study sensitivity. We also do not agree with the second conclusion of Davies et al. (2000) that the mode of action of rodent carcinogenesis is sufficiently well understood to justify discounting the majority of organ-specific carcinogenic effects found in these studies. The consequences of performing rodent carcinogenicity studies with inadequate sensitivity, and then discounting most of the carcinogenic effects that are observed will be that potential human carcinogens will not be detected, thus forcing near total reliance on human studies for this purpose. This is not prudent public health policy.
Medullary Norepinephrine Projections Release Norepinephrine into the Contralateral Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis.

Central norepinephrine signaling influences a wide range of behavioral and physiological processes, and the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) receives some of the densest norepinephrine innervation in the brain. Previous work describes norepinephrine neurons as projecting primarily unilaterally; however, recent evidence for cross-hemispheric catecholamine signaling challenges this idea. Here, we use fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and retrograde tracing to characterize cross-hemispheric norepinephrine signaling in the vBNST. We delivered stimulations to noradrenergic pathways originating in the A1/A2 and locus coeruleus and found hemispherically equivalent norepinephrine release in the vBNST regardless of stimulated hemisphere. Unilateral retrograde tracing revealed that medullary, but not locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons send cross-hemispheric projections to the vBNST. Further characterization with pharmacological lesions revealed that stimulations of the locus coeruleus and its axon...
Structure and constraint in discrete adaptive networks

Whether arrived at by chance or by design, any network of adaptive logic elements starts with a fixed structure. Attendant with a fixed structure are constraints on performance capabilities. Any task such a network is to learn will be performed in some input environment, and in most practical situations the environment itself will be constrained. These latter constraints imply the existence of certain relationships among the inputs. It is held that for the net to perform any given task well, the structure of the net must be matched to the relationships in the environment which are pertinent to the task. This paper discusses these ideas and presents an approach, which uses the theory of decomposition of switching functions, for matching the structure of a network with the constraints in the environment pertinent to the task.
What’s So Funny ‘Bout, Peace, Love, and Shakespeare?: A Peace Studies Approach to As You Like It

ABSTRACTTaking As You Like It as its central case study, this essay explores how terms and ideas from the emergent field of Peace Studies might open new lines of inquiry into the work of Shakespeare. Previous scholarship on Shakespeare’s attitudes towards war and peace tend to assess his depictions of martial conflict. However, to focus solely on his attitudes toward war is to miss the possibilities he imagines for peace, not only in his time but also in our own. The present essay asks the question, “What happens if we go to Shakespeare for peace, not war?” In doing so, it considers a paradoxical phrase, “peace in action”, which assumes the perspective described by those in Peace Studies as “positive peace”. In order to offer an alternative to previous studies that have largely examined the histories, we examine a romantic comedy with its fair share of time wasting and frustrated plotting. As You Like It, we suggest, makes seemingly arbitrary movements towards peace into comedy and drama by indulging in t...
Deep Learning in Visual Computing and Signal Processing

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning, which aims to learn a hierarchy of features from input data. Nowadays, researchers have intensively investigated deep learning algorithms for solving challenging problems in many areas such as image classification, speech recognition, signal processing, and natural language processing. In this study, we not only review typical deep learning algorithms in computer vision and signal processing but also provide detailed information on how to apply deep learning to specific areas such as road crack detection, fault diagnosis, and human activity detection. Besides, this study also discusses the challenges of designing and training deep neural networks.
The epidemiology of drowning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

According to the World Health Organization, drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths worldwide, accounting for 370,000 annual deaths and 7% of all injury-related deaths. Low- and middle-income countries are the most affected, accounting for 91% of unintentional drowning deaths. The authors performed a systematic review of literature indexed in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Traumatology journals formerly indexed in PubMed in January 2014 and again in September 2016. Abstracts were limited to human studies in English, conducted in low- and middle-income countries, and containing quantitative data on drowning epidemiology. A total of 62 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of articles originate from Asia (56%) and Africa (26%). Risk factors for drowning included young age (<17–20 years old), male gender (75% vs. 25% female), rural environment (84% vs. 16% urban), occurring in the daytime (95% vs. 5% night time), lack of adult supervision (76% vs. 18% supervised), and limited swimming ability (86% vs. 10% with swimming ability). There was almost equal risk of drowning in a small body of water versus a large body of water (42% ponds, ditches, streams, wells; 46% lakes, rivers, sea, ocean). Drowning is a significant cause of injury-related deaths, especially in LMICs. Young males who are unsupervised in rural areas and have limited formal swimming instruction are at greatest risk of drowning in small bodies of water around their homes. Preventative strategies include covering wells and cisterns, fencing off ditches and small ponds, establishing community daycares, providing formal swimming lessons, and increasing awareness of the risks of drowning.
Transcriptional activity of PIF and Pong-like Class II transposable elements in Triticeae.

Transposable elements are major contributors to genome size and variability, accounting for approximately 70–80% of the maize, barley, and wheat genomes. PIF and Pong-like elements belong to two closely-related element families within the PIF/Harbinger superfamily of Class II (DNA) transposons. Both elements contain two open reading frames; one encodes a transposase (ORF2) that catalyzes transposition of the functional elements and their related non-autonomous elements, while the function of the second is still debated. In this work, we surveyed for PIF- and Pong-related transcriptional activity in 13 diploid Triticeae species, all of which have been previously shown to harbor extensive within-genome diversity of both groups of elements. The results revealed that PIF elements have considerable transcriptional activity in Triticeae, suggesting that they can escape the initial levels of plant cell control and are regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Phylogenetic analysis of 156 PIF cDNA transposase fragments along with 240 genomic partial transposase sequences showed that most, if not all, PIF clades are transcriptionally competent, and that multiple transposases coexisting within a single genome have the potential to act simultaneously. In contrast, we did not detect any transcriptional activity of Pong elements in any sample. The lack of Pong element transcription shows that even closely related transposon families can exhibit wide variation in their transposase transcriptional activity within the same genome.
Explicitly Teaching Metacognitive and Self-Regulation Skills in Computing

Current computing education practices do not support the diversity of students who want to learn how to code equally, leaving those who encounter barriers to struggle. For instance, students with underdeveloped metacognitive and self-regulation skills, or whose skills do not easily transfer to programming struggle to develop them on their own. The high attrition rates in CS represent a loss of talent, creativity, and innovation for the discipline which we could capture. If we could support all students equally, we would increase diversity in the field while better meeting the growing need for computer scientists.
Learned lessons from patients who take clozapine: A case study.

Purpose The purpose of this report is to provide clinical strategies to manage patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine. Conclusions Serious side effects and required blood monitoring impede the use of clozapine, despite the benefits of clozapine for managing psychiatric symptoms. Well-managed patients receiving evidence-based interventions exhibit reduced symptoms, improved functioning, and better adherence to treatment. Practice Implications Preexisting medical conditions should be considered before prescribing clozapine. Ongoing education on medication and mental illness for patients and family members is essential to prepare them for adherence to management plans. Healthcare providers are responsible for monitoring the side effects of clozapine.
Instructing and Mentoring Ex-Con University Students in Departments of Criminology and Criminal Justice

ABSTRACTRecognizing the growing presence of university students who are also ex-cons, this article discusses the challenges of working with such individuals and offers practical suggestions for way...
Tonic regulation of middle meningeal artery diameter by ATP-sensitive potassium channels:

Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in arterial smooth muscle (ASM) contributes to vasodilation evoked by a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Although controversial, ...
Endothelial immune activation programmes cell-fate decisions and angiogenesis by inducing angiogenesis regulator DLL4 through TLR4-ERK-FOXC2 signalling.

Key points The mechanisms by which bacteria alter endothelial cell phenotypes and programme inflammatory angiogenesis remain unclear. In lung endothelial cells, we demonstrate that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling induces activation of forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2), a transcriptional factor implicated in lymphangiogenesis and endothelial specification, in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner. TLR4-ERK-FOXC2 signalling regulates expression of the Notch ligand DLL4 and signals inflammatory angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Our work reveals a novel link between endothelial immune signalling (TLR pathway) and a vascular transcription factor, FOXC2, that regulates embryonic vascular development. This mechanism is likely to be relevant to pathological angiogenesis complicating inflammatory diseases in humans. Abstract Endothelial cells (ECs) mediate a specific and robust immune response to bacteria in sepsis through the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. The mechanisms by which bacterial ligands released during sepsis programme EC specification and altered angiogenesis remain unclear. We postulated that the forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) transcriptional factor directs EC cell-fate decisions and angiogenesis during TLR signalling. In human lung ECs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ERK phosphorylation, FOXC2, and delta-like 4 (DLL4, the master regulator of sprouting angiogenesis expression) in a TLR4-dependent manner. LPS-mediated ERK phosphorylation resulted in FOXC2-ERK protein ligation, ERK-dependent FOXC2 serine and threonine phosphorylation, and subsequent activation of DLL4 gene expression. Chemical inhibition of ERK or ERK-2 dominant negative transfection disrupted LPS-mediated FOXC2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of FOXC2. FOXC2-siRNA or ERK-inhibition attenuated LPS-induced DLL4 expression and angiogenic sprouting in vitro. In vivo, intraperitoneal LPS induced ERK and FOXC2 phosphorylation, FOXC2 binding to DLL4 promoter, and FOXC2/DLL4 expression in the lung. ERK-inhibition suppressed LPS-induced FOXC2 phosphorylation, FOXC2-DLL4 promoter binding, and induction of FOXC2 and DLL4 in mouse lung ECs. LPS induced aberrant retinal angiogenesis and DLL4 expression in neonatal mice, which was attenuated with ERK inhibition. FOXC2+/- mice treated with LPS showed a mitigated increase in FOXC2 and DLL4 compared to FOXC2+/+ mice. These data reveal a new mechanism (TLR4-ERK-FOXC2-DLL4) by which sepsis-induced EC TLR signalling programmes EC specification and altered angiogenesis.
The Efficacy of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training for African American Suicide Attempters

This study is a pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) that compares the effectiveness of a Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) group treatment to a support group in reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation and increasing self-compassion and mindfulness in low-income African Americans who had attempted suicide (n = 82). After completing several measures, including the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), Beck Depression Inventory—II (BDI-II), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), participants were assigned randomly to attend either a 6-session CBCT group or a 6-session support group. Although following intervention participants randomized to both groups had comparable reductions in levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation and no significant changes in their levels of mindfulness, improvements in levels of self-compassion were found only for those receiving the CBCT intervention. In addition, for individuals in the CBCT group but not in the support group, the degree of improvement in self-compassion predicted the level of reduction in depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation and the degree of improvement in mindfulness predicted the level of reduction in depressive symptoms. Taken together, the results indicate that CBCT is potentially valuable for this population and its emphasis on self-compassion and mindfulness is associated with improved psychological functioning.
Cycling in Fuzzy Spatial Models

As we discussed in the opening chapter of this volume, cycling is a persistent and troubling problem for formal models in comparative politics. While the problem is not as acute in single-dimensional problems as it is in multi-dimensional models, chapter five demonstrated that a fuzzy set theory approach can reduce the problem substantially in spatial models. In this concluding chapter we give consideration to the degree to which fuzzy spatial models are plagued by cycling. We argue that while the use of fuzzy math reduces the extent of the problem in a number of circumstance, it does not do away entirely with cycling. We conclude by identifying future avenues for research on this important topic.
Sensing stress and responding to stress

Heat shock protein gene expression is enhanced by proteotoxic stress, i.e., by conditions favoring protein unfolding. This upregulation of heat shock protein genes is mediated by heat shock transcription factor HSF1. A mechanism, the details of which are still elusive, senses adverse conditions and causes HSF1 to oligomerize and to acquire DNA-binding ability. The DNA-binding form of HSF1 then undergoes further conformational changes that render it transcriptionally competent. The current model in which heat shock protein 70 acts both as sensor of stress and as negative regulator of HSF1 oligomerization as well as alternative models involving additional protein factors are discussed.
Effect of molecular variables on crazing and fatigue of polymers

This article is concerned with the influence of several significant molecular variables on deformation modes, such as crazing and shear yielding, and on properties and behavior of glassy polymers subject to monotonic or alternating loading. The principal molecular variables to be considered are molecular weight and the extent of chain entlanglement, intra- and intermolecular interactions arising from the presence of ionic groups, and the extent of crosslinking that may be present. Existing data from the literature that bear on these variables are reviewed and collated and additional data obtained in our laboratory are presented. Primary attention is devoted to the influence of the molecular variables on craze deformation and fatigue performance, but consideration is also given to their effects on shear yielding and on properties and performance under monotonic loading conditions. It is now established that improvements in performance, such as greater resistance to craze breakdown, higher fracture toughness, and enhanced fatigue life can be realized by proper control of these molecular variables. As additional research results become available, and greater knowledge and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in deformation and fracture are developed, significant further improvements in performance are to be anticipated.
Comparison of Quantitative and Immunohistochemistry for Choline Acetyltransferase in the Rat Cochlear Nucleus

Assessment of the role of a putative neurotransmitter in a region of the brain requires a multifaceted approach. The transmitter, as well as enzymes related to its metabolism, should be present in significant amounts in the neurons using it, and it must be released when these neurons are active. Neurons acted upon by the transmitter must have receptors for it. There should be a mechanism for stopping the action of the transmitter, usually involving uptake or enzymatic degradation to remove it from the synaptic cleft. Application of the transmitter to neurons should give the same effects as seen when it is released through physiological Stimulation. Pharmacological agonists and antagonists of the transmitter should affect the postsynaptic neurons in ways predictable from their effects at synapses where the transmitter has become well established (Werman,’ 66).
Teaching movement science with full-body motion capture in an undergraduate liberal arts psychology class

Movement science is a field that is quickly growing in its scope, leaning heavily on psychological expertise for research design with human participants but requiring computational and engineering ability. Undergraduate psychology curricula are in a unique position to train some of its future scholars. This report reviews an attempt to pilot a class on motion capture for undergraduate psychology students. Recent developments in motion-capture technology have opened up the opportunity for giving hands-on experience with high-quality motion capture for students at liberal-arts colleges with leaner research budgets. Post-course responses to the Research on Integrated Science Curriculum (RISC) survey demonstrated that our students made significantly large gains in their ability to organise an empirical approach to study a complex problem with no clear solution, and to collect and analyse data to produce a coherent insight about that problem. Students may benefit from incorporating motion capture into their undergraduate psychology curriculum. Published: 4 October 2018 Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2018, 26 : 2119 - http://dx.doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2119 View Supplementary material
Social Learning: Emotions Aid in Optimizing Goal-Directed Social Behavior

Abstract Value-based decision-making is a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. Extensive research illustrates that both humans and animals are highly adept at learning from reward and punishment contingencies under different conditions to reap adaptive outcomes. The result is a well-characterized cognitive map identifying and classifying the mechanisms underlying goal-directed learning and decision-making. Despite evidence that optimal choices are critically dependent on the actions of others, little is known about how such learning occurs within the social domain. Yet, humans live in large, complex societies that regularly demand engaging with people in interactions that are typically rewarding or punishing. Here, we marry classic theories of goal-oriented behavior within the fields of social psychology and economics (Bandura, Ajzen, etc.), with more recent work in cognitive neuroscience to argue that humans learn social value through domain general learning mechanisms. Much like the findings within nonsocial domain, we argue that social choices are likely shaped by a combination of action outcome and habitual systems. While many social choices clearly require a cognitive flexibility that stems from action–outcome learning systems (for instance, deciding whether to embezzle from your company), some types of social choices may be better characterized as habit-oriented, since they are less sensitive to reward devaluation (for instance, compliance with a specific subset of social norms). Drawing on recent work that has leveraged a cognitive learning framework to explore social decision-making, here we discuss how goal-directed choices likely operate within our social world.
Artificial selection for male winners in the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens correlates with high female aggression

In Southeast Asia, males of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens have been selected across centuries for paired-staged fights. During the selection process, matched for size males fight in a small tank until the contest is resolved. Breeders discard losing batches and reproduce winner batches with the aim of increasing fight performance. We assessed the results of this long-term selection process by comparing under standard laboratory conditions male and female aggressive behaviour of one strain selected for staged fights (“fighters”) and one strain of wild-types. The aggressive response of adult fish was tested against their mirror image or a size-matched conspecific. Fighter males were more aggressive than wild-type males for all measured behaviours. Differences were not only quantitative but the pattern of fight display was also divergent. Fighter males had an overall higher swimming activity, performing frequent fast strikes in the direction of the intruder and displaying from a distance. Wild-type males were less active and exhibited aggressive displays mostly in close proximity to the stimuli. Females of the fighter strain, which are not used for fights, were also more aggressive than wild-type females. Aggressive behaviours were correlated across male and female fighter siblings, suggesting common genetic and physiological mechanisms to male and female aggression in this species. The study further shows that results were largely independent of the stimulus type, with the mirror test inducing similar and less variable responses than the live conspecific presentation. These results suggest that selection for male winners co-selected for high-frequency and metabolic demanding aggressive display in males and also enhanced female aggression, opening a wide range of testable hypothesis about the ultimate and proximate mechanisms of male and female aggression in B. splendens.
Characterization of the coordination network formed on self-assembly of 1,2-bis(3'-pyridyl)ethyne with copper(I) iodide

The self-assembly of 1,2-bis(3′-pyridyl)ethyne with copper(I) iodide is described. The X-ray crystal structure of the resultant pale yellow crystalline solid reveals that the sheets of the two-dimensional coordination network are stacked such that channels are formed. The structure (C12H8Cu2I2N2) is monoclinic with a = 9.285(2) A, b = 4.1502(9) A, c = 22.096(5) A, β = 97.380(11)°, and space group P2 1/c.
Artificial intelligence approaches to improve kidney care.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used to improve diagnosis and prognostication for acute and chronic kidney diseases. Studies with this objective published in 2019 relied on a variety of available data sources, including electronic health records, intraoperative physiological signals, kidney ultrasound imaging, and digitized biopsy specimens.
Abstract 177: A Multimodal Neuroprotection Strategy Using Ketamine, Melatonin, and Limited Initial Reoxygenation Following Cardiac Arrest Does Not Improve MRI Cytotoxic Injury in a Swine Model: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Reperfusion/ischemic brain injury following arrest is a major cause of death/disability among patients surviving to admission. Aside from targeted temperature management, no proven ne...
A brief transdiagnostic pandemic mental health maintenance intervention

The COVID-19 pandemic qualifies as a major national and global disaster. Behavioral health providers are poised to provide psychological crisis interventions to reduce the psychosocial effects. Thi...
Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity

Objective Pathological lying, originally called “pseudologia phantastica,” has an established history within clinical practice and literature, although it has not been recognized as a psychological...
Generalizing thermal resistance and a general thermal engine

This article outlines a generalization of the thermal resistance concept used to model and quantify the rates of spontaneous heat transfer. This leads to the natural corollary that a Carnot cycle possesses zero thermal resistance and provides restatements of the Clausius and Kelvin statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Subsequently, basic aspects of a general thermal engine are modeled by the series combination of two non-zero thermal resistances with a Carnot cycle. With constant thermal resistances, the efficiency at maximum power is found to be in agreement with previous literature also concluding that engine power is zero at the Carnot efficiency. An explicit form limiting maximum power output to system thermal resistance and reservoir temperatures is given. Minimizing the thermal resistance maximizes power output, congruent with maximizing heat flow and entropy production. Implications of this model towards practical power generation are presented.
1D Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin Method

One of the main criticisms of the DG method, compared to the CG method, is that it requires more degrees of freedom to solve a problem for the same number of elements and polynomial degree per element. The total degrees of freedom for the DG method is $$\displaystyle N_p^{DG}=\left [ N_e(N+1) \right ]^d $$ for the local element-wise (LEW) storage scheme described in Chs. 6 and 7, where Ne are the number of elements, N is the polynomial degree within each element, and d is the number of spatial dimensions. In contrast, the total degrees of freedom for the CG method is $$\displaystyle N_p^{CG}=\left ( N_e \cdot N +1\right )^d $$ for the global gridpoint (GGP) storage scheme described in Ch. 7. For simplicity, we assume that the number of points along each spatial dimension is constant and that tensor-product bases are used. The comparison of the number of points between the CG and DG methods is illustrated in Table 21.1 for one, two, and three dimensions. The ratio \(R_{p}^{d}\) gives the ratio between the number of points (Np) between the DG and CG methods for spatial dimension d. The ratio of the degrees of freedom (DOF) between CG and DG is greatest at low order and decreases with increasing N.
Use of a Feedback Survey as a Part of a Wellness Champions Program to Improve Academic Faculty Satisfaction and Burnout: Implications for Burnout in Academic Health Centers:

BackgroundFaculty and trainee well-being at academic medical centers is a nationwide concern. In response, the University of Utah Health created a system-wide provider wellness program that used in...
Flavor and product messaging are the two most important drivers of electronic cigarette selection in a choice-based task

Electronic cigarette use—vaping—is increasingly popular. Various product factors may influence an individual’s choice of e-cigarette. To provide an evidence base for e-cigarette regulation, a better understanding of the role different product attributes play in product preferences is needed. Here, we used conjoint analysis to quantify different factors that influence e-cigarettes choices, including flavors, nicotine level, customizability, or use of e-cigarettes to manage appetite/food craving. Young adults completed a set of choice-based conjoint tasks online. Choice Based Conjoint analysis (CBC) was used to determine utility scores for each attribute. Young adults (n = 587) who vaped at least once per week were included in analyses; gender differences were explored. Flavor was the most important attribute (48.1%), followed by product messaging (21.0%) and nicotine level (15.3%). Within flavor, confectionery and fruit flavors had the highest utility scores, while classic menthol and tobacco flavors had the lowest. Men and women differed in flavors, nicotine levels, and product messaging that appealed most. Among young adults who vape weekly, flavor is the most important factor in e-cigarette preferences. Gender also factors into e-cigarette preferences, especially for preferred nicotine level. Understanding why individuals choose particular e-cigarette products will help inform public health efforts and policy making.
Learning Through Participatory Design: Designing Digital Badges for and with Teens

Children and teens have valuable insights to offer in the design of sociotechnical learning tools and environments. Prior work has identified a range of participatory design (PD) techniques that have been used successfully to engage youth of various ages in the design process. Less understood is how youth experience and learn from their engagement in specific PD techniques. Although recent work has begun to address this understudied area, it has focused primarily on children, not adolescents. In the current study, we document the learning opportunities experienced by a group of high school students who participated in a series of six PD sessions focusing on the design of a digital badge system that recognizes and rewards out-of-school science learning. We discuss how these learning opportunities, actualized through scaffolded reflection, contributed positively to the design of the digital badge system. This work advances knowledge of how and why engaging youth in PD can contribute to effective designs of sociotechnical learning systems.
The Long-Term Effect of Food Insecurity During College on Future Food Insecurity.

Introduction Food insecurity has been associated with adverse health and academic outcomes among college students. However, little is known about the long-term impacts of experiencing food insecurity during college. This study examines the impacts of college food insecurity (measured from 1999 to 2003) on future food insecurity (measured from 2015 to 2017) and whether this association differs by economic independence during college. Methods Data came from 1,508 participants in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the longest-running and nationally representative panel survey. Household food security was assessed using the 18-item U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module during college enrollment in 1999–2003 and again during adulthood in 2015–2017. Generalized linear models were used to examine the impacts of college food insecurity on food insecurity in adulthood, adjusting for individual- and family-level sociodemographic characteristics. Data analysis was conducted in 2020–2021. Results After multivariable adjustment, college food insecurity was associated with an increased prevalence of food insecurity in adulthood (prevalence ratio=1.45, 95% CI=1.16, 1.81). This association was more pronounced among students who were economically independent from their parents during college (prevalence ratio=2.23, 95% CI=1.27, 3.90). Conclusions Food insecurity during college is associated with a higher prevalence of food insecurity in early to middle adulthood, particularly among economically independent students. Given the seemingly cyclical nature of food insecurity over the life course, policies are needed to alleviate food insecurity during the critical college years.
The Popularity of Integration Models, 1980–1985:

Farnsworth's five integration models were used to categorize integration articles published in the Journal of Psychology and Theology between 1980 and 1985. In addition, the graduate education of a...
Development of photonic MPLS router

The amount of data traffic over the Internet has grown remarkably. The photonic multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) router (PR) has been developed to control this burgeoning amount of traffic. It incorporates optical network elements that have a generalized MPLS (GMPLS) signaling capability and an IP forwarding processor. This paper presents issues regarding path control development and describes a successful demonstration of the router capabilities.