cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Opiates on High-Affinity Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase in Brain Membrane Subfractions

The effect of a single administration of morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg, s.c. or 30 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min) on Ca2+-stimulated Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity was investigated in synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) prepared from rat cortex. Morphine produced a significant decrease in Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity in synaptosomal fractions (SPM 1 + 2) known to contain a high density of opiate receptors and calmodulin-dependent Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase. However, in another subpopulation (SPM 3) that contains fewer opiate receptors and less enzyme activity, no such decrease in the enzyme activity was observed after the opiate administration. The decrease in Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity seen in SPM 1 + 2 was specifically antagonized by the opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride (2 mg/kg, s.c.) when given 15 min before morphine administration. Mg2+-ATPase was not altered either by morphine or by a naloxone-morphine combination. These findings give further evidence for the role of intracellular Ca2+ in mediating many of the acute effects of opiates.
Hand-assisted laparoscopy for large renal specimens: a multi-institutional study.

Abstract Objectives To present our experience with hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL) for larger renal specimens. One of the theoretical benefits of HAL is the ability to manage large renal specimens, which we defined as tumors greater than 7 cm, and tumors in obese patients. Methods Between March 1998 and October 2000, 106 HAL radical nephrectomies were performed for enhancing renal masses, for which 95 patients had complete preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data. Of the 95 patients, 32 underwent HAL for large tumors (7 cm or greater) and 41 had a body mass index of 31 or greater. The demographic and outcome data of these two groups were compared with 63 patients who underwent HAL for tumors less than 7 cm and 54 patients with a body mass index of less than 31. Results When comparing cohorts by tumor size, the only statistically significant differences were in convalescence and specimen weight. Patients with lesions 7 cm or greater required 21 days to recover compared with 18 days for patients with lesions less than 7 cm. Obese patients had statistically significantly higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classifications, longer operative times (214 versus 176 minutes), and longer convalescences (21 versus 17.5 days) compared with nonobese patients. The estimated blood loss and conversion rate was not different between the groups. Furthermore, no difference was noted between the groups in the incidence of positive margins, local recurrence, or metastatic recurrence at a mean follow-up of 12.2 months. Conclusions HAL provides a safe, reproducible, and minimally invasive technique to remove large renal tumors and renal tumors in the obese.
An alternative approach to maxillofacial arteriovenous malformations with transosseous direct puncture embolization

The management of arteriovenous (AVM) malformations of the jaws is complex and requires an integrated team approach. Subspecialists, such as maxillofacial surgeons, interventional radiologists, and critical care intensivists, are commonly involved in the management of these patients. The current treatment options for maxillofacial AVMs are surgical resection combined with endovascular embolization. Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to potential for massive blood loss. In the pediatric population extensive resection of the craniofacial skeleton may be associated with growth disturbance, functional compromise, and cosmetic deformity. We report a novel technique using endovascular embolization via direct transosseous puncture for a high-flow vascular malformation, obviating the need for extensive surgical resection, and review the important clinical aspects of these life-threatening lesions.
An Optical Model to Describe Image Contrast with Bifocal Intraocular Lenses

We attempted to quantify the decrease in contrast associated with the concentric-style bifocal intraocular lens by using a model eye and bifocal intraocular lens, with a model unifocal intraocular lens as a control. When imaging near objects, pupils smaller than 2.5 mm produced image contrast of 100% of the control; larger pupils degraded contrast to 25% for a 6-mm pupil. For distant objects, pupils smaller than 2.5 mm produced image contrast of 70% to 95% because of the pinhole effect; larger pupils engaged the distance portion of the intraocular lens and maintain 80% contrast on average. Thus, the bifocal intraocular lens produced image contrast greater than 70% in all situations tested, except when imaging near objects with a pupil larger than 3.5 mm. The data suggest that image contrast is highly dependent on pupil size and object distance
Aspirin prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs

When prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are fed a diet containing cholesterol, a marked increase in gallbladder mucin secretion parallels the evolution of cholesterol supersaturated bile. Gelation of mucin precedes the precipitation of cholesterol liquid and solid crystals and the development of gallstones. Aspirin given to prairie dogs inhibited mucin hypersecretion and gel accumulation and prevented gallstone formation without influencing the cholesterol content of supersaturated bile. This suggests that gallbladder mucin is a nucleation matrix for cholesterol gallstones.
Question Wording and Response Bias: Students' Perceptions of Ethical Issues in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry

(1997). Question Wording and Response Bias: Students' Perceptions of Ethical Issues in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 21-26.
The dependence of the fracture toughness of 4340 steel on an external chlorine gas environment

The effect of an external chlorine gas environment on the fracture toughness of a HSLA steel was investigated. Cracking occurred via a fast fracture. Premature fracture resulted from an adsorption induced process occurring on the surface. (FS)
Template-Free Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks

A template-free synthesis of a hierarchical microporous–mesoporous metal–organic framework (MOF) of zinc(II) 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (Zn-MOF-74) is reported. The surface morphology and porosity of the bimodal materials can be modified by etching the pore walls with various synthesis solvents for different reaction times. This template-free strategy enables the preparation of stable frameworks with mesopores exceeding 15 nm, which was previously unattained in the synthesis of MOFs by the ligand-extension method.
Effects of oxidant air pollutants on western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) populations in southern California

The attack rates, brood survival, and emergence rates of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and incidence of entomophagus associates, were compared between photochemical oxidant damaged, and apparently healthy, ponderosa pine trees, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws in the San Bernardino Forest in Southern California. The results from this study suggest that oxidant-damaged trees attacked by western pine beetle produced about the same total brood with lower initial attacks when compared with healthier trees, whereas the numbers of predators and parasitoids were higher in the healthier trees. This higher productivity trend for western pine beetle is most evident in trees attacked by the first beetle generation. Trees attacked by the second generation, both damaged and healthy, produced much less western pine beetle brood than generation 1 attacked trees, regardless of oxidant damage. The implication of these results is that, in stands with a higher proportion of oxidant damaged trees, a given population of western pine beetle could kill more trees, and increase at a greater rate, than in a stand with a lower proportion of damaged trees.
Sediment rejection by reef corals: The roles of behavior and morphology in Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus)

Abstract The sediment rejection abilities of colonies of Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus) were monitored in a series of field and laboratory experiments. Under conditions of natural sediment deposition, colonies were capable of removing virtually all sediment from their surfaces. Equivalent sections of dead coral skeleton accumulated as much as 345 mg sediment · 25 cm−2 · day−1. Laboratory experiments show the sediment rejection process to consist of passive and active phases. Passive movement of sediment off colonies occurs at the time of initial sediment impact. Fine grain size, tall polyps, and convex colonies all enhance passive removal. Active removal involves the behavioral responses of the colony and is independent of sediment type or colony morphology. The presence of appropriate morphologies can increase the proportion of sediment passively removed and reduce the amount of work a colony must perform to keep its surface clear of sediment.
Activity-dependent neuron-glial signaling by ATP and leukemia-inhibitory factor promotes hippocampal glial cell development.

Activity-dependent signaling between neurons and astrocytes contributes to experience-dependent plasticity and development of the nervous system. However, mechanisms responsible for neuron–glial interactions and the releasable factors that underlie these processes are not well understood. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF), is transiently expressed postnatally by glial cells in the hippocampus and rapidly up-regulated by enhanced neural activity following seizures. To test the hypothesis that spontaneous neural activity regulates glial development in hippocampus via LIF signaling, we blocked spontaneous activity with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) in mixed hippocampal cell cultures in combination with blockers of LIF and purinergic signaling. TTX decreased the number of GFAP-expressing astrocytes in hippocampal cell culture. Furthermore, blocking purinergic signaling by P2Y receptors contributed to reduced numbers of astrocytes. Blocking activity or purinergic signaling in the presence of function-blocking antibodies to LIF did not further decrease the number of astrocytes. Moreover, hippocampal cell cultures prepared from LIF −/− mice had reduced numbers of astrocytes and activity-dependent neuron–glial signaling promoting differentiation of astrocytes was absent. The results show that endogenous LIF is required for normal development of hippocampal astrocytes, and this process is regulated by spontaneous neural impulse activity through the release of ATP.
Comparative chromatography of the chloroplast pigments

Methods for isolation of low concentration pigments of the cocklebur species are described. The methods entail two step chromatography so that the different sorption properties of the various pigments in varying column parameters can be utilized. Columnar and thin layer methods are compared. Many conditions influence separability of the chloroplasts.
Mixing Levels of Analysis in Organizational Research

This paper presents an analytical and philosophical exposition of the arguments for consistency in level of analysis in organizational research. The role of fundamental epistemological and ontological positions in the formulation of Level of Analysis problems is examined. Some misapplications of the Level of Analysis argument are indicated and it is suggested that an undue concern with this issue could stifle creativity and inhibit theoretical development of the discipline. Resume Ce texte discute du souci de constance dans le choix du niveau d'analyse dans les etudes organisationnelles. On y examine l'influence de certaines perspectives epistemologiques et ontologiques sur le choix du niveau d'etude d'un phenomene. Quelques problemes resultant du recours abusif a l'argument de la constance sont exposes. En brimant la creativite du chercheur, l'exageration en ce sens risque de nuire a l'evolution theorique du domaine des sciences de la gestion.
Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine selectively modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced Kupffer cell activation.

Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), a mixture of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines extracted from soybeans, protects against alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver injury. Because Kupffer cells mediate liver injury, we hypothesized that PPC may modulate their activation. The activation of Kupffer cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to an enhanced production of cytokines. Among these, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) exerts mainly a hepatotoxic effect, whereas interleukin-1β (IL-1β) appears to be hepatoprotective. The present study evaluated whether dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), the main component of PPC (40% to 52%), affects LPS-induced Kupffer cell activation in vitro. For comparison, palmitoyl-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine (PLPC), the other major component of PPC (23% to 24%), and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), the saturated counterpart of DLPC, were also tested. Rat Kupffer cells were cultured in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium containing 10 μmol/L of either DLPC, PLPC, or DSPC in the presence or absence of LPS (1 μg/mL). After 20 hours in culture, the media were collected for cytokine measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. LPS significantly stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β production by 62% and 328%, respectively. Treatment of Kupffer cells with LPS plus DLPC decreased the production of TNF-α by 23% (12.17 ± 1.83 pg/ng DNA vs 15.72 ± 2.74 pg/ng DNA, P <.05, n = 6) and increased that of IL-1β by 17% (1.80 ± 0.16 pg/ng DNA vs 1.54 ± 0.08 pg/ng DNA, P <.05, n = 6). No effect of PLPC or DSPC on LPS-induced TNF-α or IL-1β generation was observed, thereby illustrating the selective effect of DLPC in this process. Thus DLPC selectively modulates the LPS-induced activation of Kupffer cells by decreasing the production of the cytotoxic TNF-α while increasing that of the protective IL-1β. This dual action of DLPC on cytokines may provide a mechanism for the protective effect against liver injury, but its significance still needs to be determined by in vivo studies. (J Lab Clin Med 1999;134:466-70)
Adsorption and Conformation of a Cationic Surfactant on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Influence on Naphthalene Sorption

Surfactants are used in synthesis and dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and can thus be released into the environment with CNTs. In this study, it was observed that the coupled release of surfactants and CNTs altered the sorption of organic contaminants on the CNTs. The cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), decreased naphthalene sorption on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). In the most dramatic example, the adsorption capacity of naphthalene on SWCNT was reduced from 240 to 61.1 mg/g. The decrease of naphthalene sorption could be largely attributed to the competition of adsorbed CPC cations (i.e., C21H38N+) with naphthalene by occupying the SWCNT surface as surfaces decreased from 737 to 88.9 m2/g after the coating of CPC. However, the adsorbed CPC may form hemimicelles and result in a favorable media for naphthalene partition to counteract the decrease in naphthalene sorption. Configuration changes of adsorbed CPC hemimicelles might occur because the naphthalene partition into th...
Step section histology of proximal colon polyps that appear hyperplastic by endoscopy.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have identified a group of polyps, usually located in the proximal colon, with distinct endoscopic features that predict hyperplastic histology. These polyps may occasionally have foci of dysplastic (adenomatous) tissue. We aimed to define the prevalence of adenomatous foci in these polyps. METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive hyperplastic-appearing proximal colon polyps were sectioned at 1-mm intervals for histological analysis. RESULTS: All 51 polyps were hyperplastic, but two (4%) had foci of adenomatous tissue. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of adenomatous foci in proximal colon polyps with endoscopic features of hyperplastic polyps is low. Whether endoscopic resection of polyps with these features is warranted remains uncertain.
A molecular MRI probe to detect treatment of cardiac apoptosis in vivo.

Cell death by apoptosis is critical in myocardial diseases, and non-invasive detection of early, reversible apoptosis might be useful clinically. Exogenous Annexin-V (ANX) protein binds membrane phosphatidylserine, which is externalized in early apoptosis. A molecular MRI probe was constructed with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) conjugated to recombinant human ANX (ANX-SPIO). Apoptosis was induced with doxorubicin, a cardiotoxic cancer drug, in culture in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, and in vivo in the mouse heart. ANX-SPIO was validated using T2*-weighted 3T MRI. ANX-SPIO produced T2* signal loss, reflecting iron content, that correlated highly with independent apoptosis markers; bound with high affinity to apoptotic myocytes by competition assay (Ki 69nM); detected apoptosis in culture much earlier than did TUNEL stain; and revealed fibroblast resistance to apoptosis. With apoptosis in vivo, ANX-SPIO produced diffuse myocardial T2* signal loss that correlated with increased iron stain and caspase activity. Treatment with an alpha-1-adrenergic agonist in vivo reversed apoptosis and eliminated the ANX-SPIO MRI signal. It is concluded that cardiac MRI of ANX-SPIO detects early, non-ischemic cardiac apoptosis in culture and in vivo, and can identify reversibly injured cardiac cells in diseased hearts, when treatment is still possible.
Death following bilateral complete Achilles tendon rupture in a patient on fluoroquinolone therapy: a case report

Risk of tendon rupture, especially of the Achilles tendon, is one of the many potential side-effects of fluoroquinolone therapy. Achilles tendon rupture may be painful, debilitating or, as seen in our patient, devastating. While fluoroquinolone-induced tendon rupture typically accompanies other comorbidities (for example renal impairment) or concurrent steroid therapy, our case represents a medical 'first' in that there were no such comorbidities and no steroid therapy. Furthermore, our case is remarkable in that tendon rupture was bilateral, complete, and resulted in a devastating outcome. A healthy 91-year-old Caucasian man was placed on fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) therapy for a presumed bacterial pneumonitis. Subsequently, he developed bilateral heel pain, edema, and ecchymoses leading to a diagnosis of bilateral complete Achilles tendon rupture. This drug's side-effect was directly responsible for his subsequent physical and psychologic decline and unfortunate death. Fluoroquinolones are a powerful and potent tool in the fight against bacterial infection. As a class, they are employed by primary care physicians as well as by subspecialty physicians in all areas of medical practice. However, as this case illustrates, the use of these drugs is not without risk. Attention must be paid to potential side-effects when prescribing any medication, and close follow-up with patients is a medical necessity to evaluate for these adverse reactions, especially with fluoroquinolones.
A mathematical model of an in vitro human mandible.

Abstract This paper presents details concerning the development, analysis and experimental verification of a three-dimensional, finite-element model of a dried human mandible. Basic features of the model are described and highlighted relative to previous modeling work. Analysis results for single tooth loading conditions are presented and compared with test results as well as predictions using other finite-element modeling techniques. Operational computer experience relative to running time (cost) and solution accuracy is described. It is shown that biomechanical response to tooth loading is highly localized in the region of tooth support, thereby requiring careful mathematical simulation of surrounding tooth anatomical structure.
Devastation of a Large Area by the Differential and the Two-Striped Grasshoppers

During the summer of 1931 grasshoppers (Melanoplus bivittatus and M. differentialis) destroyed 75 per cent of the crops over an area 17,000 square miles in extent and 25 per cent of the crops over an additional 13,000 square miles. Commercially made poisoned bran mash gave good results. Air-planes were used successfully and economically in scattering grasshopper bait in corn fields. Maximum feeding on poisoned bran mash took place most commonly at air temperatures of 75 to 85°.
An interface model for the prediction of Young's modulus of layered silicate‐elastomer nanocomposites

Recent experiments on layered silicate-elastomer nancomposites by Burnside and Giannelis have shown that there is a discrepancy between theoretical modulus predictions and experimental modulus measurements. A theory is proposed to explain this discrepancy. We hypothesize that the discrepancy is due to imperfect bonding between the matrix/inclusion interface which effectively reduces the aspect ratio and the volume fraction of the inclusion. We use a simple interface model to quantify the imperfect interfacial bonding. From this model, we introduce the concept of the effective aspect ratio and effective volume fraction of the inclusions. These effective quantities depends on a single material parameter, namely, the constant interfacial shear stress, τ. The interfacial shear stress for the elastomer-silicate nanocomposites is found by fitting the theory to the experimentally measured modulus of Burnside and Giannelis. The interfacial shear stress is in the range of thousands of Pascals. For the elastomer-silicate nanocomposite systems considered here, the interfacial shear stress can be decomposed into two parts; intrinsic shear stress τ i and frictional shear stress τ f . The intrinsic interfacial shear stress τ i depends only on the volume fraction of inclusions and decreases with increasing volume fraction of inclusions. On the other hand, the frictional shear stress τ f is found to increase linearly with the applied strain. Since the mean stress is also proportional to the applied strain, this gives rise to an effective coefficient of friction, which is found to be 0.0932 for the nanocomposite system considered here.
The Apostolic Fathers' First Thousand Years

The writings of the so-called Apostolic Fathers (a term used by the Monophysite Severus of Antioch in the sixth century) present us not only with a fascinating theological literature but also with some difficult problems in regard to its nature. Thomas Elborowe translated Ignatius, Polycarp, and Barnabas and entitled his published work (London, 1668) “a prospect of the primitive Christianity, as it was left by Christ to his apostles, by the apostles to their disciples Saint Polycarp and Holy Ignatius, both contemporaries with and disciples to the Holy Evangelist and Apostle Saint John.” The neatness of this part of the prospect was somewhat marred by the inclusion of Barnabas. “His following epistle indeed,” Elborowe wrote, “may not prove so very acceptable to some, in regard of his strange explications of scripture, which are not after the modern and more refined mode. But it is to be noted that, when he wrote, Christianity was but in the cradle, and scarce advanced into her morning dress.” Nearly three hundred years later Mgr. G. Jouassard, writing in the Melanges de science religieuse (1957), was facing problems not unlike those stated or implied by Elborowe. What is the value of the Apostolic Fathers? What kind of authority do they have? Are they any more valuable than such a document as the Epistle of the Apostles? They are hard to classify as literature and they come from a long period of time. Both “apostolic” and “fathers” are words which ascribe more importance to them than they really deserve.
Losing Consciousness With John T. Warren

In this article, I examine the experience of loss through a phenomenological description of disorientation based in lived experience. Drawing on the insights of queer theory, I explore disorientation as pathway to narrate death and dying in a way that breaks from linear historical frameworks of cultural meaning. Embedded in this conversation is also a call for a method of resuscitating and making visible the fragments of difference lived under erasure. My purpose is to grasp at what it means to mourn loss while embracing the attendant feelings that escape neatly established cultural systems. Thus, I ask how do we think through loss as an experience of disoriented-difference-made-abject?
Functionalized‐Silk‐Based Active Optofluidic Devices

Silk protein from the silkworm Bombyx mori has excellent chemical and mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and optical properties. Additionally, when the protein is purified and reformed into materials, the biochemical functions of dopants entrained in the protein matrix are stabilized and retained. This unique combination of properties make silk a useful multifunctional material platform for the development of sensor devices. An approach to increase the functions of silk-based devices through chemical modifications to demonstrate an active optofluidic device to sense pH is presented. Silk protein is chemically modified with 4-aminobenzoic acid to add spectral-color-responsive pH sensitivity. The functionalized silk is combined with the elastomer poly(dimethyl siloxane) in a single microfluidic device. The microfluidic device allows spatial and temporal control of the delivery of analytic solutions to the system to provide the optical response of the optofluidic device. The modified silk is stable and spectrally responsive over a wide pH range from alkaline to acidic.
The impact of breakfast especially ready-to-eat cereals on nutrient intake and health of children

Abstract Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods including cereals and more prevalent and likely to be consumed today by youth regardless of age. Convenience and companionship have been shown to reduce meal skipping and enhance the consumption of cereal products, which are an economically competitive source of nutrients. Research has shown that age of the child and meal composition determine the amount of daily protein and energy supplied by breakfast. Since the Iowa breakfast studies of the 1960s, researchers have continued to investigate how this meal aids students besides “breaking the fast.” A few well-designed and controlled studies have shown that this complex issue is difficult to discern due to the interactions presented by school breakfast programs and family economics. However, it is clear that children without breakfast must depend on lactate and free fatty acids for energy to a greater extent than those consuming a morning meal. Breakfast skipping has clearly been shown to be a detrimental health practice for all ages of youth resulting in decreased daily intakes of metabolic regulators essential for growth and health. This is particularly true for young low income children who never do “catch up” on their nutrients missed at breakfast as shown by 50% of the 1–3 year old low income children not consuming 70% of the RDA for vitamins A,E,C and iron and zinc. RTE cereals are the best source of daily iron and B vitamins regardless of the family's economic status. Additionally, children consuming a fiber containing RTE cereal have lower plasma cholesterol concentrations than those eating another type of breakfast. The impact of such a consumption pattern on long term health is extremely important as we strive to reduce this measurable health index. Many health professionals have forgotten that schools have the opportunity to provide a majority of a child's meals. Breakfast programs need to be enhanced in many schools so that a RTE cereal, fruit and milk breakfast can aid the child who comes to school without an important tool for academic success, “brain food.”
The accuracy of address coding and the effects of coding errors.

Studies that estimate the influence of characteristics of place on health often use geocoded addresses to identify location of study subjects. This study uses housing built before 1990 selected for the 1995–2001 National Health Interview Survey (N=252,421) to develop a standard against which geocodes obtained from an address-coding program are compared. The results show that geocoding is generally accurate and is more successful in urban areas. Blockgroups with missing codes are more rural and somewhat poorer than blockgroups with correct codes. The effect of incorrect codes on statistical analyses depends on the proportion rural in a study population.
On global type II1 W∗ algebras

Abstract We shall introduce a compact group structure into the uncountable family of II 1 factors obtained in Ref. [7]. This topological group structure enables us to integrate this uncountable family at the same time, so that it supplies examples of global type II 1 W ∗ algebras which cannot be written as direct sums of the tensor products of II 1 factors and commutative algebras. This implies that the reduction theory of II 1 algebras is not trivial. This problem was originally posed by Segal.
Life Course Perspectives on the Links Between Poverty and Obesity During the Transition to Young Adulthood

Increasing obesity among Americans is a serious issue in the US, especially in the pediatric and young adult population. We use a longitudinal design to examine the relationship between childhood poverty/welfare receipt and obesity onset and continuity from adolescence into young adulthood using three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We include multiple measures of disadvantage that co-occur with poverty and model potential mediating mechanisms within a life course framework. We find a significant effect of poverty/welfare receipt in childhood on obesity outcomes for females, but not for males. However, other measures of socioeconomic disadvantage such as neighborhood poverty, and low parental education are related to obesity in both males and females. Poverty may impact female obesity through the mediating effects of physical activity, inadequate sleep, skipping breakfast and certain forms of parental monitoring, while race is an important confounder of poverty’s influence. This paper highlights the important influence of poverty and other aspects of social disadvantage on obesity outcomes during this critical transition to adulthood. Implications of this research include physical activity and parenting interventions for low-income youth. In addition, governmental efforts should be made to increase physical activity opportunities in poor neighborhoods.
Culture and corruption in international markets: Implications for policy makers and managers

(2000). Culture and corruption in international markets: Implications for policy makers and managers. Consumption Markets & Culture: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 315-345.
The role of gibberellin in the Control of Pea growth by Temperature

a) Alaska peas were grown in greenhouses maintained at various temperatures, and the effects of periodic treatments with different levels of gibberellic acid on growth and on fresh and dry weight accumulation were measured. Early seedling growth was most rapid at higher temperatures. Gibberellic acid promoted seedling growth at all temperatures. b) Later vegetative growth was most rapid at the lower temperatures. At low temperatures gibberellic acid did not increase the growth rate during this stage, but it did increase growth at high temperatures to a rate approaching that attained at the lower temperatures. c) Gibberellic acid delayed but did not prevent the onset of maturity. d) In complete darkness seedling growth was not influenced by gibberellic acid at any temperature from 10° to 30°. e) Adenine had no significant effect on stem growth or on the onset of maturity at 30° under fluorescent light. f) Gibberellin controls pea seedling growth in response to light but not with respect to temperature. Gibberellin participates in the control of stem growth of older plants, limiting growth in light at high temperatures. It affects but does not control the onset of maturity in these plants.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary vascular sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is complement independent.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injected intravenously produces leukopenia and sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the pulmonary vascular bed. To evaluate the role of complement in this process, we used C5-sufficient (B10.D2/nSn) and C5-deficient (B10.D2/oSn) mice and Sprague-Dawley rats depleted of complement with Naja naja cobra venom factor (CVF). We found a comparable increase in the number of PMN in lung tissue of C5-sufficient and C5-deficient mice given Escherichia coli LPS (0127:B8, 3 mg/kg), revealing that LPS acte independently of C5 and its biologically active fragments. Intravenous injection of LPS (3 mg/kg) into rats caused significant intravascular complement activation as assessed by serum CH50 and resulted in an almost 10-fold increase in numbers of PMN in lung tissue. Pretreatment of rats with CVF (50 U) did not reduce LPS-induced PMN sequestration, suggesting that the process is independent of C3. As reported previously, we found large numbers of PMN in bronchoalveolar lavage...
Transcatheter Diagnosis and Intervention for Iatrogenic Right-to-Left Shunts Decades After Surgical Repair of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Veins and an Atrial Septal Defect

A 57-year-old man presented with symptomatic right-to-left shunts decades after surgical closure of an atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary veins. Two sources of shunting were identified: a baffle leak from the right superior vena cava (RSVC) to the left atrium secondary to complete occlusion of the RSVC-to-right atrium connection and an acquired previously unpublished coronary sinus to the left atrial shunt secondary to inadvertent closure of the coronary sinus. The diagnosis and transcatheter management of these unusual right-to-left shunts are reported.
Cooking a low-salt meal: the ultimate culinary challenge

It is unlike me to turn down an offer, especially one involving the state of a man's kidneys. So when asked recently if I would cook a low-salt meal for my grandfather-in-law, who is living with congestive heart failure, I immediately accepted the invitation. An amateur cook of healthy dishes, I have defied the culinary averages by successfully preparing meat-free, dairy-free, fat-free, gluten-free, sugar-free, eggless, low-carb, and even chocolate-free-chocolate (yes, that's right) recipes over the years. But low-salt? Never. In the face of my new challenge, my achievements in the kitchen did not prepare me in the least for what lay ahead.
A Hubble Space Telescope study of posteclipse brightening and albedo changes on Io

Images of Io taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Planetary Camera (PC) using filters at 7120 and 3577 A in April and May 1992 shortly after Io emerged from Jupiter's shadow have been analyzed for the effect of posteclipse brightening first report by Binder and Cruikshank (1964). The classic effect displays a 10% increase in brightening lasting for 10 to 15 min. This was not seen in any of the eclipses that were studied. A comparison of the 3577-A images with UV maps produced from images taken with Voyager 1 (McEwen 1988), showed little change in 13 years. The striking, detailed similarity of the two demonstrate that the Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera has the capability to monitor temporal changes on Io's surface.
Ketamine as a Novel Antidepressant: From Synapse to Behavior

Recent reports of a rapid antidepressant effect of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine, even in treatment-resistant populations, have spurred translational therapeutic and neuroscience research aimed at elucidating ketamine's mechanism of action. This article provides a concise overview of research findings that pertain to the effects of low-dose ketamine at the cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels and describes an integrated model of the action of ketamine in the treatment of depression.
Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet

This study describes and analyzes outgroup linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics (‘Mock Ebonics’) that appeared on the Internet in the wake of the December 18, 1996 resolution of the Board of Education of the Oakland (California) Unified School District on improving the English-language skills of African-American students. We examined 23 World Wide Web pages containing 270,188 words, from which we chose nine pages containing 225,726 words for in-depth analysis. Drawing on a characterization of Mock Spanish, our analysis shows that Mock Ebonics is a system of graphemic-phonetic, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic strategies for representing an outgroup's belief in the imperfection and inferiority of Ebonics and its users. We show how producers of Ebonics parody pages employ these strategies, which are common in speech stereotypes, to articulate an anti-Ebonics language ideology and shift the blame for the poor academic performance of African Americans from a racist society to learners and the community from which they come.
Taking ‘NO’ for an answer: Using negative reproductive intentions to study the childless/childfree

In this paper, I argue for an approach to the study of the childless/childfree based on negative reproductive intentions. To forward this argument, I present the theoretical justification for a concept based on taking ‘no’ for an answer, demonstrating that such an approach provides both a valid and reliable measure of intended childlessness. Building on earlier work by researchers of childlessness and reacting to their concerns that most studies have not employed either representative sampling or multivariate methods, I incorporate both in empirical tests of this approach. Using 11 years of the General Social Survey and a Trichotomous Logit Analysis, the resulting model simultaneously assesses the effects of the independent variables on the probabilities that the married women in this sample are childless/childfree. This analysis is generally consistent with hypotheses generated from earlier studies and their findings on the correlates of childlessness, thereby supporting the literature that says the voluntarily childless are a distinct group. In effect, the viability of the concept is substantiated, enabling its use in future research. Because this conceptualization recognizes the dynamics of reproductive intentions, it provides a way to better understand the current social milieu of individuals who say they do not intend to parent.
On $\omega$-Inconsistency and a So-Called Axiom of Infinity

The purpose of the present paper' is to dispel such mystery as may be traceable to use of the ill-chosen term 'co-inconsistency' and to a certain application of the term 'axiom of infinity'. The application of 'axiom of infinity' which I have in mind is made by Rosser in his penetrating studies of the system of my New foundations. Let me begin with a synopsis of that system, which I shall call NF. NF assumes as primitive just the membership connective 'e', the truth functions, and quantification over a single style of variables 'x', 'y', etc. without type distinctions. The axioms, superimposed on standard quantification theory, comprise the axiom of extensionality '(x) (x e y . = . x e z) . y E w .D. z E w' and the axioms of abstraction, these latter being all sentences of the form '(3y) (x) (x E y. = Fx)' in which the sentence supplanting 'Fx' is stratified (i.e., adaptable to type theory by some assignment of types to variables). Identity is defined in NF in a familiar way, and then singular description is defined contextually by essentially Russell's method. Class abstraction, next, is defined by the schema:
Distribution and Chemical Speciation of Metals and Metalloids in Biota Collected from Contaminated Environments by Spatially Resolved XRF, XANES, and EXAFS

Shell fragments from turtles collected in a wetland receiving outfall from coal combustion ash basins were elevated in a number of contaminants, notably Se and As. Micro-XANES analysis of the epithelial layer on the shell and of the bone tissue revealed that the keratin associated Se was present exclusively in seleno-amino acid coordination environments, whereas Se in the bone tissue was a mixture of selenate and proteinaceous Se. Elemental distribution maps of hyperaccumulating plants generated by XRF reveal a heterogeneous distribution of Se and Cr, with Se being concentrated within the nuclei of cells and Cr within discrete aggregates in the cytoplasm. Micro-XANES measurements taken on these same regions demonstrated the total loss of the Cr(VI) diagnostic pre-edge feature, indicating the complete reduction of the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) after uptake by the plants.
The Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility

A description of the structural and instrumentation hardware and the improved experimental capabilities of the 105‐m Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility is described. The structure comprising the Drop Tube Facility is designed to provide a high‐vacuum facility in a vertical orientation. The low‐gravity environment obtained during free‐fall and the containerless materials processing capabilities are discussed. Two furnaces, an electron‐beam and an electromagnetic levitator, are used to melt metallic samples in a process environment ranging from 10−6 Torr to 1 atm. Specifics of the vacuum control and gas delivery systems are provided. The experimental instrumentation and data acquisition systems used to perform predrop and in‐flight measurements of the melting and solidification process are discussed. Typical experimental results are presented as an indicator of the performance of the Drop Tube Facility.
Peasants in reserve: temporary West Indian labor in the U.S. farm labor market.

In the past 10 years the British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program has received widespread judicial and legislative support and criticism. While sugar and apple producers who import West Indians argue that domestic labor is insufficient to harvest their crops labor organizations and their supporters maintain that domestic labor is adequate. The resulting labor disputes focus primarily on the issue of whether or not West Indians are displacing US workers or undermining wage rates and working conditions. This article examines the relationships among legal issues surrounding the program the US farm labor market and the Jamaican peasantry. It argues that continued imports of foreign labor during times of high domestic unemployment as well as the varied factors which underlie the continued willingness and ability of Jamaican peasant households to supply workers to US producers can be most clearly understood from an international and historical perspective rather than focussing on the needs and problems of any 1 nation. (authors)
Substructure in rod photoreceptor membranes

Frog retinae, fixed only in buffered glutaraldehyde, were embedded for sectioning in glutaraldehyde polymerized with urea. In suitably thin sections globular substructures were seen in negative contrast after ionic staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, or after staining with neutralized phosphotungstic acid. Efforts to extract at least some of the lipid from sections before ionic staining enhanced the visualization of the "globules". Exposure to KMnO4 solution, used as an oxidative section stain, also outlined globular substructure in negative contrast, but with the additional feature that positively stained surface "leaflets" associated with the aqueous compartment were well defined. Staining sections with OSO4 vapor resulted in positively stained membranes, but without any evident substructure. However, when sections which previously had been exposed to OSO4 vapor were secondarily stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate, positively stained globular substructures then were revealed. The globular substructures always were centered in the hydrophobic core region of the disc membranes, and symmetrically spanned the full thickness of this layer. The diameter of individual particles approximated 50-55 A. Reasons are presented for the supposition that the evident globules incorporate at least hydrophobic components of rhodopsin molecules. Findings are discussed in relation to various models of disc membrane organization that have been proposed in recent years.
On left and right model categories and left and right Bousfield localizations

We verify the existence of left Bouseld localizations and of enriched left Bouseld localizations, and we prove a collection of useful technical results characterizing certain brations of (enriched) left Bouseld localizations. We also use such Bouseld localizations to construct a number of new model categories, including models for the homotopy limit of right Quillen presheaves, for Postnikov towers in model categories, and for presheaves valued in a symmetric monoidal model category satisfying a homotopy-coherent descent condition. We then verify the existence of right Bouseld localizations of right model categories, and we apply this to construct a model of the homotopy limit of a left Quillen presheaf as a right model category.
Adult Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Prescribing Patterns in the Military Health System from 2007–2011

The Military Health System (MHS), with 9.7 million beneficiaries, represents an enormous pool of potential travelers requiring malaria prevention measures. A systematic search of the MHS electronic pharmacy record was performed for prescriptions of atovaquone-proguanil (AP), chloroquine (CQ), doxycycline (DC), mefloquine (MQ), primaquine (PQ) to adult patients from 2007 through 2011. Over 1,000,000 were identified, including 161,341 primary prophylaxis prescriptions originating from civilian facilities. Military facility prescription volume rose from 50,128 (PQ < 1%, AP 4%, CQ 6%, DC 53%, MQ 36%) in 2007 to 166,649 (PQ < 1%, AP 3%, CQ < 1%, DC 94%, MQ 2%) in 2011. Mefloquine use diminished in all clinics over time. The majority of military facility prescriptions originated from primary care clinics (83%); primary care clinics predominantly and increasingly prescribed DC, whereas specialty travel clinics predominantly and increasingly prescribed AP. Prescribing patterns in the MHS varied by time, practice setting, beneficiary status, and provider specialty. These changes, including among non-active duty military patients, are temporally associated with policy changes intended for the active duty force.