cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simplified model to predict resistivity profiles in continuous-feeding Cz-silicon crystals

Abstract The Continuous-feeding Czochralski (CCz) method and an apparatus comprising multiple quartz crucibles have recently been used to manufacture commercial silicon single-crystals for microelectronics. This paper describes a practical method for calculating and predicting the resistivity in the CCz-silicon crystal as a function of the initial dopant concentration in the silicon melt, the pull rate, the crystal mass and the amount of dopant regularly added to the melt during the growth process. This simplified model considers and includes the silicon mass transport from the outer crucible to the inner crucibles, the concentration of the dopant species added to the melt, the evaporation of the dopant (for volatile species), the impurity segregation to the crystal. Data collected from real crystals grown with the CCz method by using three separated melt zones are also reported here for a comparison with the model.
An Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Medical Student Radiology Clerkships: Reproducibility Study.

Background: Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are a useful method to evaluate medical students’ performance in the clerkship years. OSCEs are designed to assess skills and knowledge in a standardized clinical setting and through use of a preset standard grading sheet, so that clinical knowledge can be evaluated at a high level and in a reproducible way. Objective: This study aimed to present our OSCE assessment tool designed specifically for radiology clerkship medical students, which we called the objective structured radiology examination (OSRE), with the intent to advance the assessment of clerkship medical students by providing an objective, structured, reproducible, and low-cost method to evaluate medical students’ radiology knowledge and the reproducibility of this assessment tool. Methods: We designed 9 different OSRE cases for radiology clerkship classes with participating third- and fourth-year medical students. Each examination comprises 1 to 3 images, a clinical scenario, and structured questions, along with a standardized scoring sheet that allows for an objective and low-cost assessment. Each medical student completed 3 of 9 random examination cases during their rotation. To evaluate for reproducibility of our scoring sheet assessment tool, we used 5 examiners to grade the same students. Reproducibility for each case and consistency for each grader were assessed with a two-way mixed effects intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). An ICC below 0.4 was deemed poor to fair, an ICC of 0.41 to 0.60 was moderate, an ICC of 0.6 to 0.8 was substantial, and an ICC greater than 0.8 was almost perfect. We also assessed the correlation of scores and the students’ clinical experience with a linear regression model and compared mean grades between third- and fourth-year students. Results: A total of 181 students (156 third- and 25 fourth-year students) were included in the study for a full academic year. Moreover, 6 of 9 cases demonstrated average ICCs more than 0.6 (substantial correlation), and the average ICCs ranged from 0.36 to 0.80 (P<.001 for all the cases). The average ICC for each grader was more than 0.60 (substantial correlation). The average grade among the third-year students was 11.9 (SD 4.9), compared with 12.8 (SD 5) among the fourth-year students (P=.005). There was no correlation between clinical experience and OSRE grade (−0.02; P=.48), adjusting for the medical school year. Conclusions: Our OSRE is a reproducible assessment tool with most of our OSRE cases showing substantial correlation, except for 3 cases. No expertise in radiology is needed to grade these examinations using our scoring sheet. There was no correlation between scores and the clinical experience of the medical students tested.
Power Distribution Attacks in Multitenant FPGAs

The increased use of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in the cloud and embedded computing environments has led to a number of potential security risks. The sizable amount of logic resources in these devices makes them amenable to sharing across multiple untrusted tenants. However, the co-location of multiple independent circuits presents the possibility of malicious fault injection into an unsuspecting circuit. In this article, the ability of one tenant’s FPGA circuit to inject delay faults into another tenant’s application located at points across the FPGA die via deliberate supply voltage modulation is investigated. To illustrate the risks involved, a Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) encryption key extraction attack is performed by introducing delay faults in hardware via voltage manipulations. This attack does not require modification to the encryption core nor require attack activation synchronized with specific encryption operations. Our work characterizes the magnitude of on-chip voltage changes and fault injections over time in relation to the on-chip location of the malicious circuit once an attack is initiated. Strategies to identify power manipulation using low-cost monitoring circuits that can locate the source of an attack are highlighted.
Inferring the Type of Phase Transitions Undergone in Epileptic Seizures Using Random Graph Hidden Markov Models for Percolation in Noisy Dynamic Networks

In clinical neuroscience, epileptic seizures have been associated with the sudden emergence of coupled activity across the brain. The resulting functional networks - in which edges indicate strong enough coupling between brain regions - are consistent with the notion of percolation, which is a phenomenon in complex networks corresponding to the sudden emergence of a giant connected component. Traditionally, work has concentrated on noise-free percolation with a monotonic process of network growth, but real-world networks are more complex. We develop a class of random graph hidden Markov models (RG-HMMs) for characterizing percolation regimes in noisy, dynamically evolving networks in the presence of edge birth and edge death, as well as noise. This class is used to understand the type of phase transitions undergone in a seizure, and in particular, distinguishing between different percolation regimes in epileptic seizures. We develop a hypothesis testing framework for inferring putative percolation mechanisms. As a necessary precursor, we present an EM algorithm for estimating parameters from a sequence of noisy networks only observed at a longitudinal subsampling of time points. Our results suggest that different types of percolation can occur in human seizures. The type inferred may suggest tailored treatment strategies and provide new insights into the fundamental science of epilepsy.
China’s Evidentiary and Procedural Reforms, the Federal Rules of Evidence, and the Harmonization of Civil and Common Law

China’s People’s Supreme Court has stated its commitment to reform its judicial system, and the linchpin of the reform effort is the Uniform Provisions of Evidence, which are in the process of becoming China’s first procedural and evidentiary code. Incongruously, China, a civil law country, has modeled the Uniform Provisions upon the United States’ Federal Rules of Evidence and incorporated into the Uniform Provisions principles of United States’ criminal and civil procedure. The parallels between the Uniform Provisions and the Federal Rules of Evidence are striking and the adoption of F.R.E. language extraordinary. After setting out the traits that distinguish civil law countries, including China, from common law countries, I discuss how the adoption of a common law code, although incongruous, serves China’s reform effort and may ameliorate many of the problems with China’s judicial system. I also discuss how the Uniform Provisions, while maintaining Federal Rules of Evidence language, will be read differently in the new institutional setting. In making this argument, I discuss the civilian “free evaluation” principle, the Chinese concept of “objective justice,” and the influences of Confucianism and the harmonious society on the application of the Uniform Provisions. The article also describes in detail the Uniform Provisions and compares them with their antecedents in the Federal Rules of Evidence. While China’s previous reform efforts have been disappointing, the article ends with the expectation that the seriousness of this reform effort combined with China’s re-emergence as a global power will create a much improved judicial system.
Calculating temperature lag for the correction of D values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract A heat flux differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was involved in a new method of determining thermal inactivation kinetic parameters (D- and z-values) for a bacterial suspension in skim milk. Validating the method against an established method led to the realization that the required sample size caused the sample temperature to appreciably lag that of the DSC cell, leading to consistent but inaccurate D-values. However, only the temperatures of the sample sensor and the DSC cell were available once this was realized. In this report, an analysis is introduced to determine the lag by using only the sensor temperature beneath the sample pan. It relies on equations based on Newton's law of cooling employed elsewhere in the DSC literature. They are used to analyze the sample sensor temperatures at the start of the scan, before a linear temperature rise in the sample is established, along with the constant temperature difference between the DSC cell and that of the sample sensor after the linear temperature rise is established. The analysis was applied to correct the temperatures leading to the D-value, which aligned it with the established value.
Late Enteral Feedings Are Associated with Intestinal Inflammation and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes.

Background Morbidities of impaired immunity and dysregulated inflammation are common in preterm infants. Postnatal Intestinal development plays a critical role in the maturation of the immune system and is, in part, driven by exposure to an enteral diet. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the timing of the first enteral feeding on intestinal inflammation and risk of disease. Methods 130 infants <33 weeks’ gestation were studied. Maternal and infant data were abstracted from the medical record. Single and multiplex ELISA assays quantified cytokines from fecal and serum samples at two weeks postnatal age. Results A delay in enteral feedings after the third postnatal day is associated with a 4.5 (95% CI 1.8-11.5, p=0.002) fold increase in chronic lung disease, 2.9 (1.1-7.8, p=0.03) fold increase in retinopathy of prematurity, and 3.4 (1.2-9.8, p=0.02) fold increase in multiple comorbidities compared to infants fed on or before the third day. Additionally, a delay in the initiation of feedings is associated with increased fecal IL-8 levels and a decreased IL-10:IL-8 ratio. Conclusions A delay in enteral feeding is associated with intestinal inflammation and increased risks of morbidities. To improve neonatal outcomes, early nutritional practices need to be reevaluated.
Optimizing meridional advection of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamics for Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor

The most widely used community weather forecast and research model in the world is the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Two distinct varieties of WRF exist. The one we are interested is the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) is an experimental, advanced research version featuring very high resolution. The WRF Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) has been designed for forecasting operations. WRF consists of dynamics code and several physics modules. The WRF-ARW core is based on an Eulerian solver for the fully compressible nonhydrostatic equations. In the paper, we optimize a meridional (north-south direction) advection subroutine for Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor. Advection is of the most time consuming routines in the ARW dynamics core. It advances the explicit perturbation horizontal momentum equations by adding in the large-timestep tendency along with the small timestep pressure gradient tendency. We will describe the challenges we met during the development of a high-speed dynamics code subroutine for MIC architecture. Furthermore, lessons learned from the code optimization process will be discussed. The results show that the optimizations improved performance of the original code on Xeon Phi 7120P by a factor of 1.2x.
Supreme Court Section 1983 Developments: October 1998 Term (Excerpt from Section 1983 Civil Rights Litigation Symposium)

At the time this Article was written, the big issue in the United States Supreme Court was Federalism. Section 1983 raises, if not always on the surface, certainly below the surface, federalism issues. Section 1983 is a federal congressional remedy authorizing claims for relief against state and local government. In a very high percentage of the cases, the Section 1983 battle takes place in the federal courts. Section 1983 cases have also raised a very wide range of potential issues. Putting aside federalism concerns; questions of federal statutory interpretation, the meaning of Section 1983, constitutional interpretation, and sometimes the interplay between federal law and state law are all issues that arise in Section 1983 cases. If you put that whole picture together, there is certainly a lot that can go on in a Section 1983 action. In the October 1998 Term, the Supreme Court rendered a number of important decisions involving Section 1983 litigation. In terms of the major Section 1983 cases, the author analyzes these cases within the context of four different topics: the constitutional rights enforceable under Section 1983; state action; the right to trial by jury; and qualified immunity.
The upper bounds of reduced axial and shear moduli in cross-ply laminates with matrix cracks

The present study proposes a mathematical model utilizing the internal state variable concept for predicting the upper bounds of the reduced axial and shear stiffnesses in cross-ply laminates with matrix cracks. The displacement components at the matrix crack surfaces are explicitly expressed in terms of the observable axial and shear strains and the undamaged material properties. The reduced axial and shear stiffnesses are predicted for glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy laminates. Comparison of the model with other theoretical and experimental studies is also presented to confirm direct applicability of the model to angle-ply laminates with matrix cracks subjected to general in-plane loading.
Early Events in the Infection of Permissive Cells with Simian Virus 40: Adsorption, Penetration, and Uncoating

Abstract The early events in the interaction of simian virus 40 (SV40) with permissive cells were investigated. Evidence is presented that 30 min after infection intact virions penetrate the nuclei of infected cells. The uncoating of the virus is carried out in the nuclei with a complete dissociation of the viral genome from the protein coat. Opening of the circular parental deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), i.e., conversion of component I to component II of SV40 DNA, takes place after uncoating, followed by the appearance of a new component sedimenting faster than component I at alkaline pH.
Proceedings of the 13th international World Wide Web conference on Alternate track papers & posters

We welcome you to New York and WWW2004, the thirteenth conference in the series organized by the International World Wide Web Conference Committee. This should be both an exciting conference and a very enjoyable experience. New York is a center of communications, media, education, finance, and international relations - all areas that are increasingly Web-dependent and Web-intensive. Attendees and special seminars will reflect those interests.The Program Co-Chairs, Marc Najork and Craig Wills, and the superb international Program Committee, have rigorously selected the Refereed Track and Alternate Track papers as well as the Posters. They have been very selective, and as usual, the quality of papers is very high. You can find information on all of these contributions on the CD and in the conference series archive. The technical focus of the world of the Web continues to shift, and this is reflected in the content of this conference.
Ethanol as a prodrug: brain metabolism of ethanol mediates its reinforcing effects--a commentary.

Background: This commentary discusses a study by Karahanian and colleagues (2011) on the role of central nervous system acetaldehyde in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. The goal is to emphasize the importance of the study and to discuss future directions. Results: This important paper solidifies the idea that the levels of acetaldehyde in the central nervous system have profound effects in mediating the reinforcing actions of ethanol. This is accomplished by manipulating the brain levels of acetaldehyde produced from ethanol by the injection of lentivirus containing either an anti-catalase shRNA construct or a rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase into the central nervous system and observing the effects on alcohol preference by high ethanol-consuming rats. A factor not directly considered is that acetaldehyde is further metabolized to acetate, which also has some behavioral actions. Conclusions: The efficacy of lentivirus injections of enzyme inhibitors or enzymes themselves to alter a behavioral response to ethanol is clearly demonstrated here. The many other actions of ethanol that are postulated to be a result of the production of acetaldehyde in the brain remain to be investigated by similar techniques. Possible “therapeutic avenues to reduce chronic alcohol use” are envisioned.
Encouraging online contributions in underrepresented populations

Research has revealed how actively contributing to online communities can advance technical skills, knowledge, and confidence, and ideas for sustaining and evolving participation. However, recent studies have also shown that contributors of online content are a small subset of the population using technical systems, and that this subset is not representative of the larger population. This trend is concerning both in terms of who takes advantage of opportunities to develop technological competencies necessary for participation in the 21st century, and in terms of who is authoring content that informs public opinion and knowledge. In this paper, we consider how Latino youth interact around online digital artifacts and how we can design features to better support their contributions of communication and critique. This work specifically attends to documented trends in formal learning environments in Latino communities, including emphasis on good behavior and respect for adult authority and less emphasis on individual autonomy. We focus on a collaboration with a seventh grade teacher using an online platform in a predominantly Latino middle school. We first describe student online communication and contribution, using qualitative ethnographic case studies and quantitative log data. We then share the collaborative design of reactions, a feature encouraging student contributions in the form of communication and critique. Findings suggest important cultural and pedagogical design considerations for online social learning network interfaces aiming to build learning community and engage diverse youth populations to contribute.
Anti-smoking parenting practices: recall by and effect on children’s risk of smoking after 3 years

Objectives Parent engagement in anti-smoking parenting practices was examined as a predictor of children’s recalled exposure to these practices, the presence of pro-smoking risk factors in children’s social environments, and children’s odds of initiating smoking.
Requirements of the users of ware potatoes

The requirements of the users of ware potatoes vary between different communities and between different types of user in the same community. This affects the headings under which the requirements can best be considered. In this paper the following subdivision of the subject will be adopted: Requirements of the consumer and housewife Nutritional Economic: price and freedom from wastage of the raw tubers Aesthetic: appearance and presentation of the raw tubers ; colour, texture and flavour of the cooked tubers Safety: freedom from undesirable quantities of natural or added substances which represent an actual or potential hazard to the consumer. It is also convenient to consider, under this heading, substances which may give rise to taints Requh'ements of the large-scale caterer Additional requirements of the pre-packer Potatoes sold washed or brushed Potatoes peeled before sale Additional requh'ements of the processor Potatoes for canning Potatoes for the manufacture of 'c r isps ' or 'chips' Potatoes for the production of partly cooked frozen material Potatoes for dehydration
Synthesis and characterization of selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonists

A series of indole compounds have been prepared and evaluated for affinity at D2-like dopamine receptors using stably transfected HEK cells expressing human D2, D3, or D4 dopamine receptors. These compounds share structural elements with the classical D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists, haloperidol, N-methylspiperone, and benperidol. The compounds that share structural elements with N-methylspiperone and benperidol bind non-selectively to the D2 and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes. However, several of the compounds structurally similar to haloperidol were found to (a) bind to the human D2 receptor subtype with nanomolar affinity, (b) be 10- to 100-fold selective for the human D2 receptor compared to the human D3 receptor, and (c) bind with low affinity to the human D4 dopamine receptor subtype. Binding at sigma (sigma) receptor subtypes, sigma1 and sigma2, were also examined and it was found that the position of the methoxy group on the indole was pivotal in both (a) D2 versus D3 receptor selectivity and (b) affinity at sigma1 receptors. Adenylyl cyclase studies indicate that our indole compounds with the greatest D2 receptor selectivity are neutral antagonists at human D2 dopamine receptor subtypes. With stably transfected HEK cells expressing human D2 (hD2-HEK), these compounds (a) have no intrinsic activity and (b) attenuated quinpirole inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. The D2 receptor selective compounds that have been identified represent unique pharmacological tools that have potential for use in studies on the relative contribution of the D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in physiological and behavioral situations where D2-like dopaminergic receptor involvement is indicated.
Structural characterization of an anhydrous polymorph of paclitaxel by solid-state NMR

The three-dimensional structure of a unique polymorph of the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol®) is established using solid state NMR (SSNMR) tensor (13C & 15N) and heteronuclear correlation (1H–13C) data. The polymorph has two molecules per asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2) and is thus the first conformational characterization with Z′ > 1 established solely by SSNMR. Experimental data are correlated with structure through a series of computational models that extensively sample all conformations. For each computational model, corresponding tensor values are computed to supply comparisons with experimental information which, in turn, establishes paclitaxel’s structure. Heteronuclear correlation data at thirteen key positions provide shift assignments to the asymmetric unit for each comparison. The two distinct molecules of the asymmetric unit possess nearly identical baccatin III moieties with matching conformations of the C10 acetyl moiety and, specifically, the torsion angle formed by C30–O–C10–C9. Additionally, both are found to exhibit an extended conformation of the phenylisoserine sidechain at C13 with notable differences in the dihedral angles centered around the rotation axes of O–C13, C2′–C1′ and C3′–C2′.
Effective risk response needs a prepared mindset

Leaders and risk strategists must collaborate effectively on decisions of global importance, says Erwann Michel-Kerjan.
Uncovering Multi-mediated Associations in Socio-technical Networks

People interact in a variety of ways, and often choose what media to use based on the relationships they have with their interlocutors. Similarly, there are different ways through which people are associated in socio-technical networks or "online communities." This paper reports a study that characterizes how the associations between members of a socio-technical network--the Tapped In network of educational professionals--are distributed across various asynchronous media, and what clusters of associations suggest about community structure within this network. The paper also illustrates an application of an analytic framework we are developing for extracting and analyzing interaction and affiliation data from log files. Affiliation networks of actors and media artifacts were constructed in which directed arcs relate actors to the artifacts they read, write or edit. Visualization of these graphs and associated sociometrics demonstrate how affiliations between participants are distributed differently across media types, reflecting the different roles these media play, and revealing community clusters within the network.
Fitting perception in and to cognition

Perceptual modules adapt at evolutionary, lifelong, and moment-to-moment temporal scales to better serve the informational needs of cognizers. Perceptual learning is a powerful way for an individual to become tuned to frequently recurring patterns in its specific local environment that are pertinent to its goals without requiring costly executive control resources to be deployed. Mechanisms like predictive coding, categorical perception, and action-informed vision allow our perceptual systems to interface well with cognition by generating perceptual outputs that are systematically guided by how they will be used. In classic conceptions of perceptual modules, people have access to the modules’ outputs but no ability to adjust their internal workings. However, humans routinely and strategically alter their perceptual systems via training regimes that have predictable and specific outcomes. In fact, employing a combination of strategic and automatic devices for adapting perception is one of the most promising approaches to improving cognition.
Rare-earth-enabled universal solders for microelectromechanical systems and optical packaging

In packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), optical, and electronic devices, there is a need to directly bond a wide variety of inorganic materials, such as oxides, nitrides, and semiconductors. Such applications involve hermetic-sealing components, three-dimensional MEMS assembly components as well as active semiconductor or optical components, dielectric layers, diffusion barriers, waveguides, and heat sinks. These materials are known to be very difficult to wet and bond with low melting-point solders. New Sn-Ag- or Au-Sn-based universal solders doped with a small amount of rare-earth (RE) elements have been developed, which now allow direct and powerful bonding onto the surfaces of various MEMS, optical, or electronic device materials. The microstructure, interface properties, and mechanical behavior of the bonds as well as the potential packaging applications of these new solder materials for MEMS and optical fiber devices are described. Various packaging-related structural, thermal, or electrical issues in MEMS are also discussed.
Hypotensive effects of hydroxylamine in intact anesthetized dogs and cats.

When given IV in bolus doses to intact anesthetized dogs or cats, hydroxylamine hydrochloride produced transient but precipitous falls in the mean arterial blood pressure in a dose-related manner, as well as a significant methemoglobinemia. The half-time for recovery of the mean arterial pressure was also dose-related. These effects were very similar to those elicited by comparable doses of sodium nitrite, except that the half-recovery time for return to normal blood pressure was somewhat longer with the nitrite. Although hydroxylamine has long been known to relax vascular smooth muscle in vitro, we are not aware of previous demonstrations of hypotensive effects in vivo. Acute poisoning by either nitrite or hydroxylamine is apt to result in both an anemic hypoxia due to methemoglobinemia and a stagnat (hypokinetic) hypoxia due to direct vasodilation. Hydroxylamine, but not nitrite, also appeared to stimulate respiration possibly through an effect on the chemoreceptors of the carotid body.
Using multiple focal planes to enhance depth of focus

The technique of exposing chips several times, changing the focal plane of the stepper between exposures, has been proposed by others as a way of improving the depth of focus when printing contact holes. We have investigated this technique with aerial image simulation, using criteria based on exposure and defocus latitudes. In addition, we have performed experiments using an i-line stepper to establish the correlation between simulation and what is achievable when printing images in resist. In this paper we investigate the following questions: (i) what is the optimum number of focal planes; (ii) what is the best separation of these planes; (iii) what is the effect on exposure dose; and (iv) what is the net process improvement?
Mutation and Selection of Prions

The author has declared that no competing interests exist. This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (1RO1NSO59543, 1R01NSO67214) and the Alafi Family Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
A tool for systematically comparing the power of tests for normality

In this article, we describe a new approach to compare the power of different tests for normality. This approach provides the researcher with a practical tool for evaluating which test at their disposal is the most appropriate for their sampling problem. Using the Johnson systems of distribution, we estimate the power of a test for normality for any mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. Using this characterization and an innovative graphical representation, we validate our method by comparing three well-known tests for normality: the Pearson χ2 test, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and the D'Agostino–Pearson K 2 test. We obtain such comparison for a broad range of skewness, kurtosis, and sample sizes. We demonstrate that the D'Agostino–Pearson test gives greater power than the others against most of the alternative distributions and at most sample sizes. We also find that the Pearson χ2 test gives greater power than Kolmogorov–Smirnov against most of the alternative distributions for sample sizes between 1...
Three-dimensional etching profiles and surface speciations (via attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) of silicon nanowires in NH4F-buffered HF solutions: a double passivation model.

A systematic study of the etching behavior, in terms of three-dimensional profiles, of one-dimensional (1-D) silicon nanowires (SiNWs) in NH(4)F-buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) solutions of varying concentrations and pH values and the surface speciations of the resulting etched SiNW surfaces, as characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, is reported. It was found that SiNWs are stable only in relatively narrow pH ranges of the BHF solutions. The results are rationalized in terms of a "double passivation" model. When SiNWs are etched in BHF solutions with pH values of 1-3, the surfaces are passivated with hydrogen (inner layer) giving rise to surface moieties such as Si-H(x) species (x = 1-3); at high HF concentrations, the H-terminated Si surfaces are covered with a hydrogen bonding network of HF and related molecules (oligomers, etc.), providing an outer-layer passivation. When SiNWs are etched in BHF solutions with pH values of 11-14 (by adding a strong base such as NaOH), the surfaces are oxygen-terminated with surface moieties such as Si-(O(-))(x)() species (x = 1-3); at high NH(4)F concentrations, the negatively charged Si surfaces are stabilized by NH(4)(+) ions via ionic bonding, again providing outer-layer passivation. In BHF solutions with pH values of 3-11, the surface speciation, consisting of Si-(OH)(x)(O(-))(y) (x + y = 1-3) species, is unstable and etched away rapidly. The surface speciations of SiNWs etched in various BHF solutions were explored via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that, while etching SiNWs with HF-rich BHF solutions with pH /= 4 (HF/NH(4)F /= 4 on the other. These two factors, among others, contribute to the rapid hydrolysis of the surface Si-H(x)() species (and the etching of the SiNWs), particularly in BHF solutions with low HF/NH(4)F ratios and high pH values (pH >/= 4).
ESR study of some copper(II) coordination compounds with substituted biguanidines—I

Abstract Copper(II) complexes of substituted biguanides have been studied by ESR spectroscopy in water, in their polycrystalline form and in the corresponding nickel(II) complex matrix. In aqueous solution, nine nitrogen superfine lines on the higher field 3/2 a3 3/2 copper hyperfine splitting component is indicative of four equivalent or nearly equivalent nitrogen atoms surrounding the copper(II) ion. α′ 2 values indicate that like biguanide, 1-amidino-O-alkylureas, β-phthalocyanine and tetraphenylporphine, substituted biguanides and their protonated forms are equally strong-field ligands. The evaluation of the covalency parameters indicate that the unpaired electron of copper(II) spends about 36% of its time in the nitrogen donor sites of the ligands.
Lowering the crystallization temperature of thin-film shape memory effect TiNi by cold-working for smart materials fabrication

Cold-working has been demonstrated to lower the crystallization temperature for amorphous, free-standing TiNi by approximately 100 C, making it potentially integratable with certain polymeric materials. If cold-working initiates lower temperature nucleation by increasing lattice defects, then lower annealing temperatures may be successful in producing thin-film TiNi on reactive low-temperature substrates.
13C-ETHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF JUPITER AND SATURN

High-resolution12C- and13C-ethane spectra of Jupiter and Saturn were acquired with the McMath-Pierce 60 inch (1.5 m) Telescope and Celeste, Goddard Space Flight Center's cryogenic grating spectrometer, in 1995 November and December. A relative abundance ratio12C/13C of 91 +26–13 for Jupiter and 99+43-23 for Saturn was derived from the measurements. These nearly terrestrial values suggest little or no fractionation of carbon isotopes in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. A weighted average of the available12C/13C ratios for the outer planets yields 88 ± 7, thus presenting no evidence for change in the carbon isotopic ratio between the presolar nebula and the present atmospheres of the outer planets.
Mobile intervention design in diabetes: review and recommendations.

Mobile technology enhances the potential to assess, prompt, educate, and engage individuals with diabetes. The near-ubiquitous presence of mobile phones allows real-time contextually relevant support for diabetes self-care. We review the design of mobile interventions included in a recent meta-analysis. Although mobile programs can lead to improvements in glycemic control, many aspects, such as the role of the diabetes clinician, real-time features, and patient engagement have not been documented. Studies with the greatest impact on hemoglobin A1c integrated patient feedback and a role for clinicians. Research is needed regarding feasible and efficacious roles for clinical support in mobile interventions. Recommendations for design and research include the following: consideration of patient and clinician burden; identification of patterns and metrics for patient treatment adherence and engagement; integration of goal setting and problem solving; enhancing patient education; a greater focus on patient-centered motivational strategies; and utilization of study designs that relate intervention design elements to outcomes.
21: Phototherapy and serum LH levels in newborns

The effect of phototherapy on serum LH levels was studied in newborns aged 3-30 days. LH was determined by radioimmunoassay in 11 icteric but otherwise healthy newborns prior to, during, and for several days after phototherapy (Ph). Similar determinations were performed in 15 icteric newborns without phototherapy (C). The results are shown below (mean±1SD): The results show that LH values are suppressed during phototherapy with a rebound increase shortly afterwards. These changes may be related to alterations in melatonin synthesis
Mechanistic implications of methylglyoxal synthase complexed with phosphoglycolohydroxamic acid as observed by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.

Methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) and triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) share neither sequence nor structural similarities, yet the reactions catalyzed by both enzymes are similar, in that both initially convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate to a cis-enediolic intermediate. This enediolic intermediate is formed from the abstraction of the pro-S C3 proton of DHAP by Asp-71 of MGS or the pro-R C3 proton of DHAP by Glu-165 of TIM. MGS then catalyzes the elimination of phosphate from this enediolic intermediate to form the enol of methylglyoxal, while TIM catalyzes proton donation to C2 to form d-glyceraldehyde phosphate. A competitive inhibitor of TIM, phosphoglycolohydroxamic acid (PGH) is found to be a tight binding competitive inhibitor of MGS with a Ki of 39 nM. PGH's high affinity for MGS may be due in part to a short, strong hydrogen bond (SSHB) from the NOH of PGH to the carboxylate of Asp-71. Evidence for this SSHB is found in X-ray, 1H NMR, and fractionation factor data. The X-ray structure of the MGS homohex...
Abstract 1273: Adaptive immunity in a zebrafish model of melanoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The recent success of the anti-CLTA-4 antibody, ipilimumab, for late stage metastatic melanoma, provides proof of principle that stimulating the immune system can have profound effects on patient outcome. However, a detailed understanding of the role of immune-modulating cells within the tumor microenvironment has been confounded by the lack of a suitable model system that would allow for direct visualization of cells within the intact tumor microenvironment. Previous work has demonstrated that the zebrafish, Danio Rerio, can be genetically manipulated to produce melanomas that recapitulate BRAFV600E;P53-/- human tumors. Due to its translucency, ease of genetic manipulation and high fecundity, the zebrafish is an attractive model system that allows for in vivo characterization of cells within intact tissue. Using this model system, we have begun investigating the adaptive immune response to melanoma in zebrafish. We have focused our initial investigations on determining whether transcript expression of key adaptive immune-modulatory proteins are present in the zebrafish and to what extent they are expressed intratumorally . Our studies have found that orthologs of CLTA-4, FOXP3, and CD8 are all expressed in wild-type zebrafish, but not in rag-/- zebrafish. Furthermore, transcript levels of CTLA-4 were greatest in the melanoma tumor relative to other regions of the zebrafish, which is consistent with the constitutive expression of CTLA-4 in human melanomas. Additionally, we have cloned the promoters for zebrafish FOXP3 and CD8 and are developing fluorescent reporter lines that will enable us to visualize and ablate subpopulations of T cells within the tumor. These lines, along with previously described reporter lines for MHC II and lck, will enable us to determine the role of adaptive immune cells during melanoma onset and progression in the zebrafish. Our research supports the notion that there is conservation between the human and zebrafish adaptive immune systems, and that similar immune evasion mechanisms may be contributing to melanoma growth in zebrafish. These data position the zebrafsh as a powerful model system for immunological investigations that focus on the adaptive immune response to melanoma. Citation Format: Corrie A. Painter, Craig Ceol. Adaptive immunity in a zebrafish model of melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1273. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1273
The parallax effect in the evaluation of range of motion in lumbar total disc replacement.

Abstract Background Range of motion (ROM) has been shown to influence clinical outcomes of total disc replacement (TDR). While the parallax effect in image acquisition has been shown in the literature to influence the accuracy of a variety of measurements, this concept has not been investigated in the assessment of ROM analysis following TDR. We performed an evaluation of the influence of radiograph beam angle on “by hand” and on “gold standard” flexion-extension ROM measurements in lumbar total disc replacement. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) the influence of X-ray beam angle on index level angle (ILA) measurements in lumbar TDR using the keel method, and (2) whether the out-of-plane radiographic beam effects cause a difference between true and calculated range of motion. Methods Eight blinded orthopaedic surgeons used the keel method to calculate ROM measurements from radiographs of a flexible Sawbones model (Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc., Vashon, Washington) implanted with a ProDisc-L device (Synthes Spine, West Chester, Pennsylvania). Radiographs were obtained at beam angles of 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15° in the sagittal plane from the device center. Calculations were compared to measurements obtained by a validated digitized software method (Quantitative Motion Analysis, QMA, Medical Metrics, Inc., Houston, Texas). Inter- and intraobserver precision and accuracy were determined. Results Compared with QMA, the radiographic keel method had an average error of 3.7°. No significant effect of variation in beam angle on interobserver precision (N = 16, P = .92) or accuracy (N = 16, P = 0.86) or intraobserver precision (N = 8, P = .09) or accuracy (N = 8, P = 0.07) of ROM measurements was identified. Repeat testing with QMA also revealed no effect of parallax and resulted in nearly identical ROM measurements. Conclusions Accuracy and precision of the keel method to determine ROM from index level angle measurements after TDR was not affected by increases in X-ray beam angles up to 15 from the device center. Clinical Relevance Our study demonstrates that range of motion measurements are not influenced by parallax effect when using the keel method to determine index level angle measurements in lumbar total disc replacement.
Mixing at Cross Junctions in Water Distribution Systems. I: Numerical Study

The present study investigates solute mixing phenomena at various flow rates within a cross junction, which is commonly found in municipal drinking water distribution systems. Simulations using computational fluid dynamics are employed to model the solute concentrations leaving the junction when one inlet is comprised of clean water while the other inlet carries a solute at R>10,000 . For a few exemplary cases, the resulting velocity vectors and contours of dimensionless concentration are presented to explain the detailed mixing mechanisms at the impinging interface. The turbulent Schmidt number ( Sct ) , an important scaling parameter, is also evaluated. Experimental results were used to assess values of Sct for various flow conditions that accurately captured the detailed mixing processes within the junction. The present study clearly indicates that mixing at pipe cross junctions is far from “perfect.” Incomplete mixing results from bifurcating inlet flows that reflect off one another with minimal conta...
Microarchitecture aware gate sizing: A framework for circuit-architecture co-optimization

Modern high performance microprocessors experience substantially lower utilization in many of their structural components. To recover energy efficiency from lower utilization, system architects resort to dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS). In this paper, we demonstrate that dynamic adaptations using DVFS are markedly energy inefficient than techniques that design circuits ground up for lower performance. We propose a novel microarchitecture aware gate sizing and threshold voltage assignment algorithm to mitigate this current limitation. Our technique is the first of its kind that exploits architectural slack in gate sizing, and leverages on-chip redundancy and slack. We evaluate this circuit-architectural co-optimization framework in a superscalar processor by combining standard cell based gate sizing flows with state-of-the-art architectural simulation. Our results show 17–46% improvement in the datapath energy efficiency over traditional circuit designs incorporating DVFS schemes.
Coupling between adsorption and the helix-coil transition

Biological and synthetic polymer molecules exhibit both the diffuse conformational helix-coil transition and adsorption phase transition near surfaces. Using an exactly solvable model, we have studied the coupling between these phenomena. Competition among entropic stabilization of loops, energetic stabilization of helical segments, and preferential adsorption of helices to surfaces results in a previously unknown rich phase diagram. The coupling promotes the helix-coil transition into a critical phenomenon and the adsorption transition becomes first order.
54Mn Absorption and Excretion in Rats Fed Soy Protein and Casein Diets

Rats were fed diets containing either soy protein or casein and different levels of manganese, methionine, phytic acid, or arginine for 7 days and then fed test meals labeled with 2 microCi of 54Mn after an overnight fast. Retention of 54Mn in each rat was measured every other day for 21 days using a whole-body counter. Liver manganese was higher (P less than 0.0001) in soy protein-fed rats (8.8 micrograms/g) than in casein-fed rats (5.2 micrograms/g); manganese superoxide dismutase activity also was higher in soy protein-fed rats than in casein-fed rats (P less than 0.01). There was a significant interaction between manganese and protein which affected manganese absorption and biologic half-life of 54Mn. In a second experiment, rats fed soy protein-test meals retained more 54Mn (P less than 0.001) than casein-fed rats. Liver manganese (8.3 micrograms/g) in the soy protein group was also higher than that (5.7 micrograms/g) in the casein group (P less than 0.0001), but manganese superoxide dismutase activity was unaffected by protein. Supplementation with methionine increased 54Mn retention from both soy and casein diets (P less than 0.06); activity of manganese superoxide dismutase increased (P less than 0.05) but liver manganese did not change. The addition of arginine to casein diets had little effect on manganese bioavailability. Phytic acid affected neither manganese absorption nor biologic half-life in two experiments, but it depressed liver manganese in one experiment. These results suggest that neither arginine nor phytic acid was the component in soy protein which made manganese more available from soy protein diets than casein diets.