cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Methodology for Defining Level of Service at Toll Plazas

Numerous measures of effectiveness are available to evaluate a toll facility for its level of service including density, volume-to-capacity ratio, and delay. Based on field research and data analyses, delay is recommended to be the most credible measure of effectiveness for evaluating the level of service at a toll plaza. More specifically, the 85th percentile of the cumulative individual vehicular delays was found to capture the delay with better precision. An extensive database of traffic analyses for two mainline toll plazas in Orlando, Florida, representing different plaza configurations and various levels of electronic toll collection usage, was used to validate the methodology. There were 37,175 individual vehicle records used from actual field data and simulation runs from the Toll Plaza Simulation Model TPSIM. Service time was examined to determine the level a driver begins to feel discomfort and inconvenience at a toll plaza. A level of service hierarchy was established based on the conclusions of this analysis, feedback from professionals, and reference to the U.S. Highway Capacity Manual.
Maximum-likelihood estimation for the mixed analysis of variance model

SUMMARY A procedure is developed for the maximum-likelihood estimation of the unknown constants and variances included in the general mixed analysis of variance model, involving fixed and random factors and interactions. The method applies to all cases where the design matrices satisfy certain conditions. The consistency and asymptotic efficiency of the estimates are discussed. Tests of hypotheses and confidence regions are derived. In this paper we develop a procedure for maximum-likelihood estimation for the general mixed analysis of variance model, defined in (1) below, involving any number of fixed and random factors and possibly interactions of any order. We do not specify 'equal numbers' or indeed any other experimental balance for our procedure, but we do require that our design matrices satisfy certain conditions of estimability for the parameters. In the case of balanced designs the estimation problem for the constants and variances involved in the linear model has been extensively treated: confining ourselves to just one reference on variance estimation, optimality properties of the classical analysis of variance procedures have already been demonstrated for various balanced designs (e.g. Graybill, 1961). However, results for unbalanced factorial and nested data are much more restricted: Henderson (1953) has suggested a method of unbiased estimation of variance components for the unbalanced two-way classification but his method is computationally cumbersome for a mixed model and when the number of classes is large. Searle & Henderson (1961) have suggested a simpler method also for the unbalanced two-way classification with one fixed factor containing a moderate number of levels and a random factor permitted to have quite a large number of levels. Bush & Anderson (1963) have investigated for the two-way classification random model the relative efficiency of Henderson's (1953) method and two other methods, A and B, based on the respective methods of fitting constants and weighted squares of means described by Yates (1934) for experiments based on a fixed effects model which also provide unbiased estimates of variance components. Possibilities of generalizations are indicated. In all the above methods the estimates of any constants in the model are computed from the 'Aitken Type' weighted least squares estimators based on the exact variance-covariance matrix of the experimental responses which involves the unknown variance ratios. The estimation of the latter is then based on various unbiased procedures so that little is known about any optimality properties of any of the resulting estimators. However, all these methods reduce to the well-known procedures based on minimal sufficient statistics in the special cases of balanced designs. The method of maximum-likelihood estimation here developed differs from the above in that maximum-likelihood equations are used and solved for both the estimates of constants
Trends in diagnosed drug problems among newborns: United States, 1979-1987.

Abstract Between 1979 and 1987, there was an estimated 361% increase in the number of drug-affected newborns discharged from the 6000 non-federal, short-stay hospitals in the United States. Per 10 000 newborns, the rate increased 339%, mostly occurring after 1983. The estimated number of drug affected newborns in 1987 was about 13 000 (95% confidence interval: 10 000–15 000). Recognizing that underreporting could have occurred, multiplicative correction factors derived from the literature were employed to produce ‘adjusted’ estimates. While somewhat arbitrary, the number of drug-affected newborns, adjusted for underreporting, was about 38 000 (95% confidence interval: 30 000–45 000). Both adjusted and unadjusted estimates of the numbers of newborns identified as drug-affected by the present study is much smaller than most of the estimates reported in the literature. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
A comparison of laboratory measurements and numerical simulations of baroclinic wave flows in a rotating cylindrical annulus

Quantitative and qualitative comparisons are made between laboratory measurements of rotating annulus flows and corresponding numerical model simulations. Two laboratory annuli, of similar dimensions but differing in instrumentation, are used. One contains a thermocouple array for temperature measurement: the other contains no sensor array but the working fluid is seeded with minute neutrally buoyant beads (600 mm diameter) which enable the horizontal velocity field to be measured. Each annulus has a rigid insulating lid in contact with the working fluid. the numerical model is a finite difference formulation based on the Navier-Stokes equations for baroclinic flow of a Boussinesq liquid. Although the atmosphere and the laboratory annulus are both rotating baroclinic fluid systems, the forcing processes acting in the annulus are much simpler than those acting in the atmosphere, and may be accurately represented by established formulae: under a wide range of conditions no parametrizations of subgrid-scale dynamical and diabatic processes are required. Comparison of numerical model results with laboratory measurements therefore enables the explicit dynamical formulation of numerical models of rotating, baroclinic flow to be verified to an extent which would be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve using atmospheric data. Detailed quantitative comparisons for a steady wave flow reveal good agreement for major features of the temperature and horizontal flow fields, although a significant discrepancy in total heat flux is found. Qualitative comparisons are made by investigating the ability of the numerical model to reproduce the main flow types and phenomena of the laboratory system. Numerical simulations of intransitivity, hysteresis, wavenumber transitions, amplitude vacillation and a weak structural vacillation are described. Several suggestions for further comparative studies are made in conclusion.
The ionization structure of the circumstellar envelope of Alpha Orionis

The physical processes which affect the ionization of the outer circumstellar envelope of Alpha Ori are analyzed and evaluated. The ultraviolet radiation fields of the chromosphere and the interstellar medium dominate the envelope, and the most common forms of all species are neutral atoms and first ions. Hydrogen recombines just outside the chromosphere, where atoms with smaller ionization potential are essentially fully ionized. The heavier ions gradually recombine with increasing distance from the star, until the interstellar radiation field reverses this trend. The electron fraction in the outer envelope is approximately equal to the abundance of all such heavy atoms, i.e., of the order of 0.0001. The analysis is applied to the case of neutral K, whose density in the envelope has been determined by scattering experiments. The theory predicts that the slope of the K I density distribution should decrease from -1.5 to -3.5 in the outer envelope. The mass loss rate of Alpha Ori implied by the K I scattering experiments is 4 x 10 to the -6th solar mass/yr.
SU-FF-T-197: Effect of the Added Buildup On P-Type Silicon Diodes' Response in Daily in Vivo Dosimetry Measurements

The siliconsemiconductor diodes used for routine in vivodosimetry in radiation therapy are commonly constructed with added buildup to place the effective point of measurement (location of the silicon chip) at the depth of maximum dose (dmax) or beyond and to shield against low energy scatteredphotons. This added buildup, commonly made of high‐density metals, could however introduce increased uncertainty to the accuracy of diode measurements. Previous work in this area has shown that buildup diodes show certain imperfections when applied in small photon fields.1 We have studied the effect of this buildup on in vivodosimetry measurements, especially for small‐field dosimetry associated with IMRT treatments. We compared the response of the buildup diodes to that of no‐buildup ones, commonly referred to as skindiodes. We have used identical commercially available p‐type diodes, with and without the additional buildup, to measure the dose delivered by small static fields. The measurements with the no‐buildup diode were performed by placing tissue‐equivalent bolus on top of the diode to bring the diode measurement point to the depth of Dmax. In addition, we measured the dose to sample IMRT phantom plans as well as patient IMRT plans delivered to phantom, using both types of diodes. Our results indicate that the buildup diodes, in general, produce higher readings than no‐buildup ones for small field dose deliveries, adding to the uncertainty of diode measurements. We have also observed that using the skin (no‐buildup) diodes with added tissue‐equivalent buildup decreases the measured‐to‐expected percentage differences by about 2%.
Reference Service: A Thing of the Past?.

The philosophy of reference librarian-patron public service can be traced back to the ideas of Samuel Green, a reference librarian from the nineteenth century. With the advent of information technology and the dramatic changes in the economic, political, and social fabric of the United States, this public service philosophy seems to have lost relevance and become a thing of the past. The purpose of this article is to argue that the traditional philosophy of public service has remained vital to overall reference service despite the information technology and other societal changes.
Nehari and Nevanlinna-Pick Problems and Holomorphic Extensions in the Polydisk in Terms of Restricted BMO

Abstract A new class BMOr is introduced, motivated by the following extension of the Nehari theorem to d ≥ 1: The norm of a bounded (big) Hankel form B in the d -dimensional torus satisfies || φ || ≤ || B || ≤ √ d || φ || where the norm of φ , the antianalytic symbol of B , is taken in BMOr. This extension in turn provides solutions to Nevanlinna-Pick type interpolation problems in the polydisk, with control of the BMOr norm. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of H 2 ∩ BMOr extensions of analytic functions defined on a zero variety V are given, with control of the norm, under general conditions on V .
Differential acquisition of food-reinforced disk pressing by CD-1, BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice.

Developments in the genetic manipulation of mice have intensified interest in the relation between genes, environment and learned behavior, which in turn has led to exploration of experimental procedures for assessing genetic influences on learning using methods such as response acquisition. The requirement for multiple experimental control groups in such genetic comparisons studies amplifies the need for reliable, instrument-directed, learning assessment paradigms. The purpose of the present experiment was to implement such a procedure in several successive phases, including pre-food basal rates of interaction with sensors in a chamber, food-hopper training, and a simple disk-baiting procedure that produced differentially food-reinforced disk pressing (FR1) and provided quantitative measures of learning in outbred (CD-1) and inbred (C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ) mice. Response acquisition performances were measured in terms of the number of correct food-producing responses (disk press to hopper entry in less than 5 s). The three mouse types showed differences in several performance measures prior to response acquisition training. Pre-food basal performances did not predict subsequent rate of acquisition of the target response. On average, CD-1 mice met a criterion of 50 food-producing responses slightly, but not significantly, faster than BALB/cJ mice. The C57BL/6J mice took significantly longer to meet the learning criterion and had slower response rates, due to longer after-reinforcement pausing. Procedural differences (massed versus partial/distributed training) and reinforcement parameters (duration of access) may differentially affect different mouse types independently of genetic differences in response acquisition.
Inflation and deflation of deeply buried salt stocks during lateral shortening

We used scaled physical models to investigate how buried, dormant diapirs are rejuvenated by lateral squeezing. In Stage 1, regional shortening increased the pressure of the source layer, causing an inward plume of source-layer salt to intrude the dilating diapir and arch its roof. In Stage 2, the thrust front jumped forward to the salt stock, forming a major salient toward the foreland, and the stock roof was arched. Salt inflation still dominated, but a small outward plume of diapiric salt began to intrude the source layer on the foreland side of the diapir. With continued shortening in Stage 3, the converging diapir walls deflated the diapir, while a major overthrust prevented surface extrusion. Compressional uplift of the overburden created space for downward intrusion of diapiric salt into the source layer and diapiric pedestal. The models document a newly recognized type of active diapir that inflates under compression. The models also show how a salt diapir can weld shut where surface extrusion of salt is inhibited.
Aging and Forearm Postjunctional α-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Healthy Men

Background— Muscle sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity increases with age in healthy humans but does not result in an augmented forearm vasoconstrictor tone. We tested the hypothesis that this is due to a reduction in postjunctional α-adrenergic responsiveness to endogenous norepinephrine (NE) release and determined whether this was specific to α1- or α2-adrenergic receptors. Methods and Results— Forearm blood flow (FBF, by strain-gauge plethysmography) responses to local intra-arterial infusions of tyramine (which evokes endogenous NE release), phenylephrine (selective α1-agonist), and clonidine (α2-agonist) were determined in 10 young (aged 26±1 [mean±SEM] years) and 10 older (aged 65±1 years) healthy normotensive men after local β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Basal forearm vascular tone was not different in young men and older men. The percentage reduction in FBF in response to the highest dose of tyramine was blunted in older men compared with young men (−37±3% versus −49±3%, respectiv...
Relevance of nearness or proximity of lines in the perception of objects

A study by Egon Brunswik and Joe Kamiya was partially replicated to test if “nearness” of parallel lines for mechanical units is closer than for open passages. In contrast to Brunswik and Kamiya’s study, a representative sample of actual life situations was taken and the distances between parallel lines on five enlarged photographs were measured. It was found that the mean distance of parallel lines for mechanical units was smaller than the mean distance of parallel lines for passages. Brunswik and Kamiya’s original hypothesis was supported: The organism might learn to discriminate between objects and open spaces because the mean distances between boundaries of objects are smaller than those of open spaces.
The influence of the menstruum on the effectiveness of vitamin D obtained from the livers of the percomorphi order of fish

Summary This investigation was carried out to determine whether the antirachitic effectiveness of a fish liver oil preparation, such as percomorph liver oil, is increased by dispersion in the daily ration of milk. Throughout the winter months 340 infants, 90 per cent of whom were negroes, were given comparable amounts of percomorph liver oil either in the form of an emulsion which was dispersed in milk, or in the form of an oily solution which was administered in a half teaspoonful of orange juice. Curative tests were also carried out on twenty-one rachitic infants all of whom were negroes. The daily dosage of the various preparations ranged from 90 to 200 units. The results of the prophylactic study revealed that while both the emulsion and oil were effective antirachitic agents, the incidence of rickets was less in the groups of infants receiving the emulsion in milk. In the curative test similar results were obtained, as the healing response was greater in those infants receiving the preparation in milk when compared with those receiving the oily solution. Analysis of the data reveals that the emulsion in milk was approximately twice as effective as the oily preparation at the dosage levels employed in this investigation.
Synthesis of Imidazole Based p38 MAP (Mitogen-Activated Protein) Kinase Inhibitors under Buffered Conditions

This article describes chemistry that was developed to give access to multigram quantities of imidazole 479754 and several related analogues for Eli Lilly's p38 MAPK program targeting therapies to address inflammation. The molecules of interest have an isopropyl sulfonyl group present on the 2-aminobenzimidazole heterocycyle that was found to be labile when heated in polar solvents and/or exposed to high or low pH. Due to this instability issue, the syntheses of the target molecules required optimizing Sonogashira reaction conditions, employing a buffered oxidative method to produce α-diones, developing buffered reaction conditions to generate imidazoles, and developing final recrystallization conditions.
Roux-en-Y Reconstruction for Failed Fundoplication

Redo fundoplication has acceptable outcomes in patients with failed previous fundoplications. However, a subset of patients require Roux-en-Y (RNY) reconstruction for symptom relief. The aim of this study was to demonstrate safety and efficacy of RNY reconstruction for failed fundoplications. Retrospective review of data on patients who underwent short-limb RNY gastrojejunostomy (GJ) or esophagojejunostomy (EJ) between the years 2005 and 2007 was performed. Twenty-two patients underwent RNY reconstructions. Fourteen (64%) patients had one, six (27%) patients had two, and 2 (9%) patients had three previous anti-reflux procedures. RNY GJ was performed in 18 patients and EJ in four patients. Gastrectomy was performed in 13 of these patients. Seven patients (32%) had ten major or minor complications within the 30-day postoperative period, without any mortality observed. At a mean follow-up of 23 months, completed in 21 of these patients (95%), the average heartburn score was 0.38 (range, 0–2). The average regurgitation score was 0.23 (range, 0 to2) and the average dysphagia score was 0.7 (range, 0–2). The mean postoperative BMI was 25.4 compared to a preoperative BMI of 31. RNY reconstruction with GJ or EJ for failed anti-reflux procedures is a safe, valid surgical option in difficult situations, where a redo fundoplication is either non-feasible or expected to fail. However, it is associated with higher morbidity.
An Analysis of Exposition and Discovery Modes of Problem Solving Instruction

IN RECENT YEARS, discovery methods of in struction have gained increasingly widespread sup port (2, 11). As justification, it is pointed out that direct verbal presentation frequently leads to a sort of verbal glibness by the learner without true under standing. Many good teachers, nonetheless, still use some form of exposition. By drawing the at tention of the student to basic principles, they feel that the educational process is made more efficient. Gagne (7: 50) supports this point of view when he asks, "Is it [verbalization] bad for problem solv ing because it is expressed in words, or is it bad because it does not have enough words?" The literature contains studies which appear to support each of these views. Haselrud and Meyers (9) and Hendrix (10) have found that individually de rived (i. e. discovered) principles were better re tained and led to more transfer than was the case when the Ss were told the principles directly?, The findings of Craig (5), Kittle (13), and Sassenrath (14), on the other hand, indicate that superior learning results when information is given directly. Such apparently contradictory findings can be ex plained, at least partially, in terms of the incon sistent use of the terms direct and indirect (12). Variables other than "directness" also may be in volved. The results of a study by Corman (4), for example, indicate that kind of information and abil ity both interact with directness. The situation in the classroom is still more com plex. As is becoming increasingly evident to edu cators (11, 1), exposition (E) and discovery (D) re fer to classes of methodology not uniquely de fined methods. In addition, psychologists (8, 2,17) recognize that known learning principles, by them selves, are inadequate to explain many educational situations. Nonetheless, failure to identify many of the basic variables and interrelationships oper ating in the classroom has made it difficult, if not impossible, to study the te aching-learning process in a systematic fashion. Furthermore, any such relationships can be of only passing interest to the teacher unless the variables involved are largely under his control. At the current stage of develop ment, it would seem that more educational research should be exploratory in nature. Too much preci sion, too soon, is at best unrealistic and at worst misleading. The dual purpose of this research was to help determine some variables and interrelationships which complicate experimental comparisons of ex position and discovery modes of instruction and to provide a framework for future more precise ex perimentation. The teaching and learning of prob lem solving in the classroom was of particular con cern.
Use of the ganciclovir implant for treating cytomegalovirus retinitis secondary to immunosuppression after bone marrow transplantation.

Purpose To report a case in which we treated cytomegalovirus retinitis using an intravitreal ganciclovir sustained-release device in a patient negative for the human immunodeficiency virus, with a history of myeloproliferative syndrome with myelofibrosis and profound immunosuppression after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Methods Case report. Review of medical records and fundus photographs. Results After the ganciclovir device was implanted, the cytomegalovirus retinitis did not progress, and visual acuity improved. We removed the device 9 months after implantation. Conclusions The ganciclovir sustained-release device may be useful for treating cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are profoundly immunosuppressed and fail conventional intravenous therapy. If immune suppression is of limited duration, the device can be removed.
The miscibility gap between FeS and Fe1−xS

Abstract The miscibility gap between FeS (troilite) and Fe1−xS (pyrrhotite) below 140°C has been confirmed. Troilite is restricted to essentially stoichiometric FeS, and the composition of pyrrhotite in equilibrium with troilite can be expressed by the relation ln ( C − 48.00) = 9.4±0.4 −(3.6±0.2 × 10 3 ) T , where C is the composition of pyrrhotite in atomic percent iron and T is ok.
CapNet: A Real-Time Wireless Management Network for Data Center Power Capping

Data center management (DCM) is increasingly becoming a significant challenge for enterprises hosting large scale online and cloud services. Machines need to be monitored, and the scale of operations mandates an automated management with high reliability and real-time performance. Existing wired networking solutions for DCM come with high cost. In this paper, we propose a wireless sensor network as a cost-effective networking solution for DCM while satisfying the reliability and latency performance requirements of DCM. We have developed Cap Net, a real-time wireless sensor network for power capping, a time-critical DCM function for power management in a cluster of servers. Cap Net employs an efficient event-driven protocol that triggers data collection only upon the detection of a potential power capping event. We deploy and evaluate Cap Net in a data center. Using server power traces, our experimental results on a cluster of 480 servers inside the data center show that Cap Net can meet the real-time requirements of power capping. Cap Net demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of wireless sensor networks for time-critical DCM applications.
Noise transmission through stiffened panels

An analytical study is presented to predict low frequency noise transmission through finite stiffened panels into rectangular enclosures. Noise transmission is determined by solving the acoustic wave equation for the interior noise field and stiffened panel equations for vibrations of panels and stringers. The solution to this system of equations is obtained by a Galerkin-like procedure where the modes and frequencies for stiffened panels are determined by the transfer matrix method. Results include a comparison between theory and experiment and noise transmission through the sidewall of an aircraft.
A chemical biology approach to interrogate quorum-sensing regulated behaviors at the molecular and cellular level.

Small molecule probes have been used extensively to explore biologic systems and elucidate cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we use an inhibitor of bacterial communication to monitor changes in the proteome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with the aim of discovering unrecognized processes regulated by AI-2-based quorum-sensing (QS), a mechanism of bacterial intercellular communication that allows for the coordination of gene expression in a cell density-dependent manner. In S. typhimurium, this system regulates the uptake and catabolism of intercellular signals and has been implicated in pathogenesis, including the invasion of host epithelial cells. We demonstrate that our QS antagonist is capable of selectively inhibiting the expression of known QS-regulated proteins in S. typhimurium, thus attesting that QS inhibitors may be used to confirm proposed and elucidate previously unidentified QS pathways without relying on genetic manipulation.
Ethnic differences in regional bone density, hip axis length, and lifestyle variables among healthy black and white men

There are few published data on bone mass, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in healthy white or black men. Similarly, a recently described predictor of hip fracture among white women, hip axis length (HAL), has not been studied in men. We recruited 160 white and 34 black men, aged 23-80 years, and screened for diseases and drug exposures that adversely affect skeletal health. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and radial shaft by DXA; height and weight; skin color by reflectometry; and hip axis length both directly from DXA output and using automated software in a subsample. We also obtained historical data on education, smoking, exercise, and fractures. There were no significant black/white differences in mean weight, height, body mass index (BMI), or HAL. The black men had higher BMDs than did the white men at every site (5% for the radius, 10% for the lumbar spine, and 20% for the femoral neck). Skin pigmentation and BMD were not significantly correlated in either group (p > 0.38). Among the white men, smoking was associated with lower lumbar BMD, but there was no significant relationship between BMD and exercise frequency in either group. There was no significant ethnic difference in fracture experience. We conclude that: (1) the higher BMD in black men than in white men is not due to greater body size, (2) the lower hip fracture risk reported for black men than for white men is not due to a difference in hip axis length; (3) skin color is not related to BMD in either sex.
Management of Elderly Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but in recent years the incidence in the immunocompetent population has been increasing. Elderly patients, or those over the age of 60 years, represent an important subgroup and account for over half of PCNSL patients. Treatment of older patients poses a number of challenges, and the optimum approach is yet to be defined. Chemotherapy, particularly with high-dose methotrexate as a single agent or in combination, is the mainstay of treatment of PCNSL. However, chemotherapy is associated with systemic toxicities, such as myelosuppression, to which the older patient is more vulnerable. Radiotherapy is also effective but is limited by significant delayed neurotoxicity, especially in older patients. Most studies support the use of chemotherapy-only treatments for elderly patients given the high risks of neurotoxicity associated with radiotherapy. Nevertheless, the prognosis remains poor regardless of the chemotherapy chosen. This article reviews the principles guiding the treatment of PCNSL in the elderly, identifies the limitations of current studies, and critically reports on the available literature.
Chronic Oral Toxicity of Aerated Silica Gel

It would appear that aerated silica gel of the type used is not entirely inert in rats since there appears to be a significant change in the body associated with its continued administration. A comprehensive investigation of chronic oral toxicity of aerated silica gel seems necessary before its oral use can be approved.
Effects of Dietary Fat upon Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Blood in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Summary1. Effects of diet providing adequate protein and vitamin intake and enriched with PUFA were studied in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis and compared with those in control patients. 2. A decline of cholesterol/lipid and of tetraene/PUFA, and an increase of PUFA/lipid as well as diene/PUFA ratios were observed in both groups. 3. Differences between the 2 groups are represented by significant decline of triene/PUFA ratio in controls and, conversely, by a rise of triene/tetraene ratio in the MS group.
SPATIAL MISMATCH AND RACE DIFFERENTIALS IN MALE JOBLESSNESS: Cleveland and Milwaukee, 1990

We evaluate the relationship between job proximity and male joblessness at the neighborhood level in Cleveland and Milwaukee. Using two tract-level measures of proximity to employment (i.e., physical distance and commute time), we find mixed evidence for the spatial mismatch hypothesis. As expected, we find that predominantly black neighborhoods in both cities have higher rates of male joblessness. However, contrary to the spatial mismatch hypothesis, we find that these neighborhoods are also physically closer to low-skill jobs than are predominantly white neighborhoods. In addition, predominantly black neighborhoods have higher average commute times, suggesting that spatial isolation from employment may be better characterized along a temporal rather than a physical dimension.
Body Image and Health: Eating Disorders and Obesity

Eating behavior in adolescents can be as high risk as other behaviors that arise during this period and can have serious health consequences. This article presents a framework for screening and treatment of abnormal adolescent eating behavior by the primary care provider. A review of the types of disordered eating is presented along with suggested ways to screen. Indications for subspecialty eating disorder referrals and key aspects of screening and intervention in adolescent obesity and eating disorders are also reviewed. Specific attention is paid to the aspects of care that can be provided in primary care and multidisciplinary care.
Lack of genic similarity between two sibling species of drosophila as revealed by varied techniques.

Acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase in sixty isochromosomal lines of Drosophila persimilis from three geographic populations. Sequential electrophoretic analysis using varied gel concentrations and buffers revealed twenty-three alleles in this species where only five had been described previously. These new electrophoretic techniques also detected a profound increase in divergence of gene frequencies at this locus between D. persimilis and its sibling species D. pseudoobscura . The implications of these results for questions of speciation and the maintenance of genetic variability are discussed.
A coupled sensor-spectrophotometric device for continuous measurement of formaldehyde in indoor environments

A coupled sensor-spectrophotometric device for continuous measurement of formaldehyde in indoor environments
Cold rolling of a laminated composite sheet—A numerical solution

The problem of cold rolling of a composite sheet which consists of alternate layers of viscoelastic and elastic materials is studied by the finite element method. Results computed and presented graphically include the pressure distribution at the contact surface, the normal stress distribution at the middle surface and the asymmetric deformation of the surface of the sheet in contact with the roller.
Gonadotrophic Potency of Avian Blood Serum

Abstract MANY reports have been published concerning the gonad stimulating hormones of the pituitary gland. Considerable attention has been given, also, to the gonadotrophic hormones of extrapituitary origin. Fluhman (1932) reported that an increase in ovarian weight resulted when immature rats were injected with an extract prepared from the blood of pregnant women. Pencharz, Cole and Goss (1940) observed similar results when using an extract of serum obtained from pregnant mares. Leathern and Morrell (1938, 1939) induced estrus in the dog by treating them with extracts obtained from menopausal urine, pregnancy urine, and the urine of normal men. The blood of normal humans contains gonad stimulating substances according to the report of Freed (1935). This study was undertaken to determine the gonadotrophic potency of blood serum obtained from chickens at different ages. Since gonad stimulating substances of extra-pituitary origin have been obtained from other animals it was thought that chicken blood . . .
Water maze experience and prenatal choline supplementation differentially promote long‐term hippocampal recovery from seizures in adulthood

Status epilepticus (SE) in adulthood dramatically alters the hippocampus and produces spatial learning and memory deficits. Some factors, like environmental enrichment and exercise, may promote functional recovery from SE. Prenatal choline supplementation (SUP) also protects against spatial memory deficits observed shortly after SE in adulthood, and we have previously reported that SUP attenuates the neuropathological response to SE in the adult hippocampus just 16 days after SE. It is unknown whether SUP can ameliorate longer-term cogni- tive and neuropathological consequences of SE, whether repeatedly engaging the injured hippocampus in a cognitive task might facilitate re- covery from SE, and whether our prophylactic prenatal dietary treat- ment would enable the injured hippocampus to more effectively benefit from cognitive rehabilitation. To address these issues, adult offspring from rat dams that received either a control (CON) or SUP diet on em- bryonic days 12-17 first received training on a place learning water maze task (WM) and were then administered saline or kainic acid (KA) to induce SE. Rats then either remained in their home cage, or received three additional WM sessions at 3, 6.5, and 10 weeks after SE to test spatial learning and memory retention. Eleven weeks after SE, the brains were analyzed for several hippocampal markers known to be altered by SE. SUP attenuated SE-induced spatial learning deficits and completely rescued spatial memory retention by 10 weeks post-SE. Repeated WM experience prevented SE-induced declines in glutamic acid decarboxyl- ase (GAD) and dentate gyrus neurogenesis, and attenuated increased glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. Remarkably, SUP alone was similarly protective to an even greater extent, and SUP rats that were water maze trained after SE showed reduced hilar migration of newborn neurons. These findings suggest that prophylactic SUP is protective against the long-term cognitive and neuropathological effects of KA- induced SE, and that rehabilitative cognitive enrichment may be par- tially beneficial. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring Specific Interests in Biological, Physical and Earth Sciences in Intermediate Grade Levels.

The Science Activities Checklist which was revised from the Reed activities checklist shows promise of providing science teachers with an instrument to measure interest in biological, earth, and physical science. If teachers are sincere in their efforts to foster interest in their specific science field, this instrument, or the revision the writers are currently committed to, should help them measure behavioral objectives involving science interests.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities Found in Vernal Pools

In this study, we examined the effects of physicochemical variability on the microbial communities of vernal pools. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed temporal changes to be more pronounced than spatial changes in eukaryotic and bacterial communities. Sequencing revealed high degrees of richness in decomposers, which supports the notion that vernal pools are heterotrophic habitats.
An efficient algorithm for L 1 -norm principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) (also called Karhunen - Loeve transform) has been widely used for dimensionality reduction, denoising, feature selection, subspace detection and other purposes. However, traditional PCA minimizes the sum of squared errors and suffers from both outliers and large feature noises. The L 1 -norm based PCA (more precisely L 1,1 norm) is more robust. Yet, the optimization on L 1 -PCA is much harder than standard PCA. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient algorithm to solve the L 1 -PCA problem. We carry out extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed algorithm, and verify the robustness against image occlusions. Both numerical and visual results show that L 1 -PCA is consistently better than standard PCA.
Inelastic resonance scattering, tunneling, and desorption

Excitation of a localized oscillator or phonon due to transient charge transfer into and out of electronic states linearly coupled to the oscillator is considered within several different contexts. Specifically, the basic physical content of the mechanisms responsible for phonon broadening in core-level spectroscopy, intramolecular vibrational excitation in resonant electron scattering, phonon excitation in resonant electron tunneling through quantum-well heterostructures, and hot-electron-induced resonant desorption is shown to be similar. Existing exact solutions to the scattering and tunneling problems are here adapted to resonant desorption and numerical consequences--such as excitation and desorption probabilities and translational energy distributions--are obtained. These results and insights are considered in the light of a semiclassical wave-packet-dynamics model, which previously had been developed to account for observed nonthermal, laser-induced desorption in the system NO/Pt(111).
P-162: Application of Mixed Host and Hole-Blocking for High-Efficiency White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

This paper was to develop charge-confining phosphorescent white organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on mixed host (TCTA and CzSi) and hole-blocking (TPBi and BPhen) layers. The blue phosphorescent sensitizer was Bis(3,5- difluoro- 2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl) iridium (Firpic), and the orange phosphorescent sensitizer was the thieno-pyridine framework organo-iridium complexes (PO-01). The sandwiched structures of the blue/orange/blue with different TPBi dopant ratio in BPhen were compared. The WOLEDs of the EL-I series were all mixed-host for emitting layer, but the emitting layer of the EL-II series were without mixed-host at the second blue one. The efficiency of WOLEDs of the EL-I device at 4.3% TPBi dopant ratio in the BPhen was 34.1lm/W at 1000 cd/m2. However, the efficiency of WOLEDs of the EL-II series did't raise the device's characteristics when the TPBi is doped in BPhen, and WOLEDs of the EL-II series responded insensitively to drive current. They were good suitability to use in OLED lighting.
Dexamethasone Controlled Release on TGF-β1 Treated Vocal Fold Fibroblasts

Objective Corticosteroids may be beneficial in treating vocal fold scarring. Current drug delivery methods do not permit controlled corticosteroid release. Here we investigate the effects of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles loaded with the corticosteroid dexamethasone in reducing collagen synthesis and inflammation in vocal fold fibroblasts treated with and without TGF-β1.
Administrative History of the United States Development and State of the Art

Although certainly not mainstream to the study of public administration, administrative history in the United States has quite a tradition. In this article, the development of the study of the history of American government is traced in five phases and discussed against the background of political and social change in society. The various studies are evaluated in terms of the themes, the nature, and the approach. Combining the “history as history” and the “history as advocacy” approaches would clarify why administrative history ought to be a standard element in our research and teaching.
A Monte Carlo simulation based heuristic procedure for solving dynamic line layout problems for facilities using conventional material handling devices

A simple procedure is proposed to identify line layout solutions when a production facility with work centres of unequal size uses conventional material handling devices and operates under stochastic demand scenarios. The procedure uses Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to empirically search for robust solutions defined as those that simultaneously meet minimum material handling cost performance levels across all demand scenarios. The results reported in this study suggest that ‘robust’ line layout solutions can be identified using a modest volume of random sampling. The procedure and results are demonstrated through a series of sample problems.
Cracking during Pyrolysis of Oxide Thin Films‐Phenomenology, Mechanisms, and Mechanics

Cracking phenomena of oxide (BaTiO{sub 3} and Pb(Zr{sub 1{minus}x}Ti{sub x})O{sub 3}) thin films prepared from metal carboxylate and alkoxide solutions were studied. At a higher heating rate and in a reducing atmosphere, cracks formed with a morphology similar to that seen in dried mud or on cracked glazes. At a lower heating rate and in an O{sub 2} atmosphere, cracks formed apparently from degassing bubbles or small crystallites, with a morphology of starlike, short cracks. The critical conditions for these two cracking modes were associated with two transient stress maxima during pyrolysis: first at an intermediate temperature, when the maximum weight loss rate occurred, then toward completion of pyrolysis, as a nearly ceramic state was approached. A viscous stress analysis and fracture energy considerations were used to rationalize the observed scaling relations between critical crack thickness, crack spacing, and processing parameters.
A Physicochemical Bench-scale Caries Model

A diffusion cell comprising two compartments separated by a commercial membrane of known ion permselectivity was used as an experimental model to study factors which may affect caries formation. One compartment (the "lesion") contained an excess of hydroxyapatite or fluorapatite crystals, and its solution was kept near saturation by stirring. An unsaturated acidic calcium phosphate solution flowed continuously through the other compartment (the "plaque-saliva"), thus providing the driving force for dissolution of the crystals as modified by the permeability of the membrane and/or the presence of fluoride. Calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and chloride concentrations, pH, and membrane potential were measured at steady state.The permselective character of the membrane profoundly affected the solution in the "lesion": The initial Ca/P ratio of 1.6 was shifted, at steady state, to less than 1.1 ("neutral" membrane), to less than 0.48 (cation-permselective membrane), and to 3.3 (anion-permselective membrane). All ...
Welcome to the world of human rights: please make yourself uncomfortable

We draw an ethical analogy between Internet freedom efforts and humanitarian aid work. This parallel motivates a number of ethical questions relating to anonymity and censorship-circumvention research.
A Compact Test Structure for Characterizing Transistor Variability Beyond $3\sigma $

An addressable array test structure is proposed for characterization of transistor variability beyond 3σ away from the mean. The design of the array is based on very compact basic cells which enable a highly efficient layout which has over three times higher normalized device density than similar arrays. Implementations of a 32k array are demonstrated for placement in a standard wafer scribe lane module. Characterization results based on an advanced high-k/metal gate process show that transistor threshold voltages follow a Gaussian distribution at current levels typically used in digital circuits. Analysis of random and systematic components of variability confirms that there are no systematic spatial gradients across the array and that random variations account for 99% of total variability.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NASA AVIATION SAFETY PROGRAM ASSESSMENT PROCESS

The objectives of the NASA Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) are (1) to develop and demonstrate technologies that reduce aircraft accident rate and (2) to develop technologies that reduce aviation injuries and fatalities when accidents do occur. The primary goal of Program Assessment is to examine the set of products in the AvSP portfolio to determine their projected impact on increasing aviation safety. This portfolio analysis is conducted using the following metrics: technical risk, implementation risk, fatal accident rate, safety benefits/cost and projected impact on safety risk. This paper provides an overview of the process that will be used for the final assessment of the NASA Aviation Safety Program.
Auxiliary Systems: With Particular Reference to the Developments Towards System Integration in the British Aircraft Industry

AT the end of the war in 1945, aircraft systems could still be classified as ‘auxiliary’ and ‘ancillary’—those which were essential for flight and those which were installed for reasons of safety, crew or passenger comfort and operational efficiency. Thus auxiliary systems generally included only the fuel system and ignition system, and many aircraft, particularly military, were flown into repair depots with one or more of the ancillary systems inoperative.
Progression of RS-ecometrics

This paper summarized the up to date progress of RS ecometrics recently,and emphatically discussed the application of Digital Photo in ecometrics.Thereinto the measure result of cover degree of canopy and tree height gained the evidently progress.Ulteriorly it discussed the future direction of development.