cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of an Adsorbed Atom with a Laser

Abstract : The irradiation by infrared laser light of an atom adsorbed on the surface of a harmonic crystal is considered. The dynamic coupling between the atom (its motion) and the substrate degrees of freedom (phonon field) in the presence of a confining potential well (van der Waals bond between atom and crystal) gives rise to thermal relaxation of this adbond configuration. Both the atom and the substrate are assumed to be transparent, but the bond is allowed to have non-vanishing dipole-moment matrix elements, which couple the external field to the adsorbate. The equation of motion for the reduced adbond density operator is obtained with reservoir theory, and the relaxation constants are expressed in properties of the crystal. With a similar method, the spectral profile for absorption of weak radiation is derived. Subsequently, the illumination by a strong finite-linewidth laser field which is in close resonance with a single transition of the adbond is examined. The optical Bloch equations in operator form are derived and applied to study the process of laser heating of the crystal. It is pointed out how this mechanism can be understood as resulting from (multi)photon-phonon conversion reactions which are mediated by the adbond. Keywords: Kinetic Phonon Coupling; Thermal Relaxation; Line Shape; Dressed States; Laser Heating; Photon Phonon Conversion.
Creation of graphene allotropes using patterned defects

Abstract Monolithic structures can be built into graphene by the addition and subsequent re-arrangement of carbon atoms. To this end, ad-dimers of carbon are a particularly attractive building block because a number of emerging technologies offer the promise of precisely placing them on carbon surfaces. In concert with the more common Stone–Thrower–Wales defect, repeating patterns can be introduced to create as yet unrealized materials. The idea of building such allotropes out of defects is new, and we demonstrate the technique by constructing two-dimensional carbon allotropes known as haeckelite. We then extend the idea to create a new class of membranic carbon allotropes that we call dimerite, composed exclusively of ad-dimer defects.
Medication Adherence Among Adolescents With HIV: A Case Study of Social Work Interventions

The number of adolescents living with HIV is increasing globally. Within the United States, there are over 40,000 youth, 13–24 years old, living with HIV infection. Adherence to antiretroviral medication among this population is critical to promote health and decrease the risk of secondary HIV transmission. However, only approximately one-third of adolescents adhere to their HIV medications. Social workers are in a unique position to help support adolescents and their families with medication adherence. The authors describe a case study of the introduction of social work services to a cohort of high-risk youth who previously did not have access to a pediatric social worker. Three case examples are included to illustrate the wide array of family needs and strengths as well as social work interventions used to promote medication adherence as measured by immune functioning and viral load. Significant improvements in CD4 counts and viral loads were found following the implementation of social work services. F...
Electromagnetic field scattering by an inhomogeneous composite circular cylinder

The scattering of electromagnetic field by an inhomogeneous composite cylinder is presented. The inhomogeneous composite circular cylinder is illuminated by a line source or plane wave in free space. The analysis of the problem involves applying the field equivalence principle to derive for each excitation (TE or TM) a system of coupled integral equations for the equivalent magnetic currents on the dielectric interfaces. The integral equations are solved by Galerkin's method. The far-scattered field and the radar cross section for both polarization are obtained in terms of the equivalent magnetic currents on the dielectric interfaces. The analysis is specialized to the problem of a conducting strip loaded by an inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder, as well as to the case of plane wave excitation. It is also shown that the radar cross section is reduced by increasing the dielectric constant of the dielectric portions of the composite circular cylinder. >
Parental disorders, childhood abuse, and binge eating in a large community sample† ‡

OBJECTIVE: Genetic and nonshared environmental factors are implicated in the etiology of binge eating behaviors (BEB), with genetic risk expressed as parental psychopathology. Traumatic experiences including child abuse predict onset of BEB. It is not clear if each separately contribute to BEB, or whether parental pathology leads to abuse which in turn influences BEB. METHOD: Data were obtained from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (N = 2960). Through structural equation modeling, we estimated unique and combined effects of mother's and father's internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) disorders, and child abuse on BEB. RESULTS: Parental INT and EXT psychopathology contributed to child abuse and BEB. Abuse predicted BEB and partially mediated associations between parental psychopathology and BEB. DISCUSSION: Results emphasize the value of models that incorporate nature and nurture to understand risk for psychopathology in offspring, with childhood abuse being one mediator of how parental psychopathology may reflect genetic risk and influence environmental risk. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011;). Language: en
The Sorcerer's Apprentice: The Discourse of Training in Family Therapy

Learning takes place within communities of discourse whose memberseven in dissent-are guided and constrained by notions of right, proper, and appropriate ways of saying, doing, and thinking. These normative notions constitute the commonsense basis of communication within the community, for they establish how and why what is taught by whom to whom when and where (cf. Stock 1983). Whether oral or written, discourse is both the means and the object. It implicates and constructs a rational store of relevant information that is both the background and framework of teaching and the justification of its principles and methods. Oral and literate discourse do not differ in their moral and ethical
Durkheim and Quinney on the inevitability of crime: A comparative theoretical analysis

This paper compares sociological theories of crime in an effort to expose the function of conceptualization in the process of doing science. In the famous chapter from The Rules of Sociological Method (1964) on “The Normal and the Pathological,” Durkheim suggests that the condition that generates crime is inevitable ("normal") and desirable. Quinney, in his Critique of Legal Order (1973), calls on us to imagine a society free of crime. The aim of the paper is to understand these conclusions concerning the inevitability of crime by reference to the distinctive features of the conceptual schemes that were employed in their derivation. Major aspects of the schemes considered are the positions taken concerning the nature of law, the conditions under which law emerges, and the position of the criminal vis‐a‐vis the group whose sentiments are offended. These aspects are examined in an attempt to present the logical coherence of the two theories as well as the central points of divergence between them.
Volatile Esters of Bartlett Pear. IV. Esters of Trans:2‐cis:4‐decadienoic Acida

SUMMARY Ethyl trans:2-cis:4-decadienoate was identified as a flavor component of Bartlett pear. The acid moiety was synthesized and found to be identical with that isolated from Bartlett pear. Quantities of this acid sufficient for sensory evaluations have been isolated from the seed oil of Sapium sebiferum. This latter source has been used to synthesize a series of esters whose odors are remarkably pear-like.
Binaural advantages in users of bimodal and bilateral cochlear implant devices

This paper investigates to what extent users of bilateral and bimodal fittings should expect to benefit from all three different binaural advantages found to be present in normal-hearing listeners. Head-shadow and binaural squelch are advantages occurring under spatially separated speech and noise, while summation emerges when speech and noise coincide in space. For 14 bilateral or bimodal listeners, speech reception thresholds in the presence of four-talker babble were measured in sound-field under various speech and noise configurations. Statistical analysis revealed significant advantages of head-shadow and summation for both bilateral and bimodal listeners. Squelch was significant only for bimodal listeners.
The size and structure of the thyroid gland of the cat after the administration of irradiated ergosterol.

Seasonal changes in the structure of the thyroid gland, a hyperplasia occurring during the winter months, have been described by Seidell and Fenger (1912) and by Herzfeld and Klinger (1922). These changes were believed to result from seasonal differences in temperature (Cramer, 1916; Mills, 1918). That differences in sunlight might be equally important seems not to have been considered. Bergfeld (1930) found a definite relationship between the function of the thyroid of the rat and light, darkness interfering with proper functioning. Rosenkranz (1931) found that rabbits kept in a dark room or oxen confined to stalls show considerable increase in the parenchyma, with a decrease in the number of follicles and colloid content. Animals kept on the same diet and exposed to sunlight did not show these changes. Similar hyperplasias have been observed in rickets by Murray (1923), Sorour (1923) and Stoltenberg (1929). Since the thyroid gland is found in the colloid or “resting” state during the summer months, mont...
Mycophenolic acid dose reductions result in poor long-term renal allograft survival: comparison between mycophenolate sodium and mycophenolate mofetil.

Mycophenolate acid (MPA) therapy is associated with a decrease in acute rejection rates and excellent renal allograft survival. Unfortunately, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is associated with significant adverse effects (AE), which, in many cases, preclude full-dose therapy. Previously, lower MMF drug exposure was significantly associated with a greater risk of rejection. Patients who had a ≥50% dose reduction of MMF experienced a lower graft survival compared to those who tolerated full-dose MMF. Mycophenolate sodium (MPS) was designed to lessen MPA-associated AE. In this retrospective study, we studied the tolerability and long-term outcomes in renal transplant recipients (RTR) treated with MPS versus MMF. Four hundred forty-nine RTRs who received MPS or MMF for more than 3 months were classified into three groups: group 1: MMF-treated; group 2: MPS-treated; and group 3; patients who converted from MMF to MPS due to AE. Donor and recipient demographics as well as induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapies were similar in all groups. Patient survival was not different in all groups. However, long-term graft survival was lower in patients whose dose of either MPS or MMF was reduced by ≥50%. Moreover, a ≥50% MPA dose reduction was associated with a higher rate of rejection compared to full dose (38% vs 21%, respectively, P < .01). Compared to patients treated initially with MMF, fewer MPS-treated recipients required dose reductions (65% vs 42%, respectively, P < .001). Furthermore, 38% of patients in group 3 tolerated full-dose MPS despite previous intolerance to MMF. Finally, the long-term graft survival was best in MPS-treated RTR and worst in those who converted from MMF to MPS due to AE. We conclude that MPS is better tolerated than MMF, which may explain the superior graft outcome in RTR who were treated with MPS from the onset.
Expression of IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor and TGF-β following balloon angioplasty in atherosclerotic and normal rabbit iliac arteries: An immunocytochemical study

Abstract Growth factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of restenosis (myointimal hyperplasia after coronary interventions). In this study, we examined the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in atherosclerotic and normal rabbit iliac arteries following overstretch balloon angioplasty of the iliac arteries to create a vascular lesion. Animals were sacrificed at 0, 3, 7, 15 and 42 days post angioplasty. The iliac arteries were processed for immunocytochemical localization of IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor and TGF-β using colloidal gold and the data were quantitatively analyzed. IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor and TGF-β immunoreactivity were all significantly increased in atherosclerotic arteries compared to control at all of the time points examined. Following balloon angioplasty, the levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor increased significantly in both control and even further in hypercholesterolemic vessels. In control vessels, the IGF-1 levels returned to preintervention levels, while in atherosclerotic vessels, the levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor remained elevated. In addition, TGF-β levels in control vessels showed an initial rise in the first week following injury but then returned to baseline levels. In contrast, atherosclerotic vessels demonstrated a sustained expression of TGF-β. Thus, IGF-1 and TGF-β expression is different in normal vs. atherosclerotic vessels following vascular injury. The intensity of expression of IGF-1 and its receptor, which is not reduced at 42 days compared to 15 days following injury, support a role for IGF-1 in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. The sustained increase in TGF-β could facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Local vascular therapy that is directed towards modulating the effects of IGF-1 and TGF-β could reduce restenosis.
Using Pamphlets to Teach Biochemistry: A Service-Learning Project.

A service-learning project appropriate for a biochemistry or advanced biochemistry course was designed and implemented. The project involved students partnering with a homeless shelter to design informational pamphlets to be displayed at the shelter for the clients’ use. The pamphlet topics were based on diseases studied within the course. Students were required to present a rough draft of their project to the class for comments and revisions and give a brief presentation. The assignment allowed students to use their knowledge and expertise learned within the course and to apply their education by creatively designing a public-service pamphlet. Integrating service learning into an upper-level biochemistry course improved student communication, writing, and critical-thinking skills. Students reported that the service-learning component of the course increased motivation to learn course content.
Not another magic bullet

Medical breakthroughs are rare, but the new breast cancer drug trastuzumab (Herceptin) was launched yesterday with all the buzz words we associate with a genuine breakthrough: “magic bullet,” “Holy Grail of cancer treatment,” “fast-tracked by US licensing authorities,” and, best of all, “free of side effects.” Even the cancer it treats has a high media profile. When a public relations company asked me to a press briefing in Milan to hear about this new drug, I hesitated. As a journalist, it is my job to search out news, and the launch of any drug that targets tumour cells while leaving healthy cells unscathed must surely be important. I also know how hungry patients are for any good news at all; as a former cancer patient I am anxious not to build up false hopes, but nor do I wish to withhold valuable information. The real question is, should you tell people about a drug that they probably can't have? Public relations companies provide vast amounts of information about new drugs, but they don't tell you the cost unless you make a point of asking. A 34 week course of trastuzumab costs £12 000, but this is just the starting price. Most of the evidence for its effectiveness comes from trials that combine it with other high cost drugs, such as the …
Freeze-etching and Biochemical Analysis of Human Fetal Erythrocyte Membranes

Summary: In order to test the hypothesis that there are ultrastructural and supramolecular differences between fetal and adult erythrocyte membranes that are manifested in their functional characteristics, the cells were studied by freeze-etching and transmission microscopy and biochemical methods. Freeze-etching and transmission electron microscopy of fetal erythrocyte membranes showed that the protoplasmic and exoplasmic fracture faces have 24% and 45% greater intramembrane particles respectively compared to adult cells (p < 0.01). The apparent diameters of the intramembrane particles estimated on the exoplasmic fracture face averaged as follows: 4.84, 7.74, 11.42, and 15.64 nm, which are similar to estimates in adult cell membranes, suggesting similar dimensions for the presumptive glycoprotein structures in the fluid mosaic complex of the cell membranes. The average total cholesterol, phospholipid, and protein content per fetal erythrocyte ghost as well as ratios of protein/lipid, protein/cholesterol, and protein/phospholipids were all significantly greater than in the adult ghost (p < 0.01). Analysis of fetal and adult ghost proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed similar qualitative and quantitative polypeptide and glycopeptide bands except for the intense appearance of bands 4.5 and 8 in the fetal samples. Polypeptide chains per ghost membrane were significantly greater in fetal ghosts than in adult ghosts. However, the molar ratios of the major polypeptides relative to band 3, the predominant protein in the ghost membrane, are comparable for the two cell types except for bands 4.5 and 8. These findings suggest that the molecular characteristics of the erythroid plasma membrane vary with the developmental age.
The Social Gospel and the Trust-Busters

By 1878 the United States stood on the verge of a period of immense consolidation and concentration of business wealth. Already the process was underway by means of pools and marketing agreements, and the powerful "trusts" were in the immediate future.' By the turn of the century the characteristic feature of American business was the giant corporation, built on holding companies and interlocking directorates. The existence of such great wealth and power in the hands of a relatively few men posed a question for the interpreters of Christian ethics, and the answers ranged all the way from an idealistic communism to the benefits of stewardship.
Intelligence and Dissimulation on the Personal Orientation Inventory.

Designed a research project to test the hypothesis that high IQ Ss could successfully fake good scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), whereas low IQ Ss could not. From a pool of 113 college undergraduates, Ss who scored ± 1 SD from the mean on a group IQ test were chosen as the high and low IQ groups. Prior to administration of the POI, Ss in both groups were assigned either to a standard administration group or a “fake good” group. Results failed to support the hypothesis. Both high and low IQ Ss who were instructed to fake a good score actually scored lower on the average than did their counterparts in the standard administration. These results support the general claim that the POI is highly resistant to faking.
Neurohumoral mechanisms associated with orthostasis: reaffirmation of the significant contribution of the heart rate response

The inability to compensate for acute central hypovolemia underlies the clinical development of orthostatic hypotension and instability (e.g., syncope). Although neuro-humoral control of both cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance contributes to hemodynamic stability during orthostasis, a notion has been proposed that the failure of adequate peripheral vascular constriction rather than cardiac responses represents the primary mechanism the development of orthostatic intolerance. This review article provides an opportunity to present compelling evidence captured over the past 30 years in our laboratory to support the concept that neural-mediated tachycardia during orthostasis in healthy individuals represents a critical response to tolerating acute reduction in central blood volume in addition to, and independent of, peripheral vascular constriction. In this review paper, data are presented from experiments using graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a method to induce orthostatic intolerance in two experimental human models: 1) comparison of heart rate and autonomic responses in individuals with relatively high and low tolerance to LBNP; and 2) vagal and sympathetic blockade of cardiac neural control. These experiments revealed that: 1) greater elevations in heart rate are associated with higher orthostatic (LBNP) tolerance; 2) higher orthostatic heart rate is associated with greater sympathetic nerve activity and withdrawal of vagally-mediated cardiac baroreflex response; and 3) nonspecific sympathetic blockade causes a pronounced reduction in heart rate and LBNP tolerance. Cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal contributes to protection against development of hypotension during the initial seconds of transition to an orthostatic challenge, while the primary mechanism by which tachycardia defends orthostatic stability in healthy subjects for extended durations is mediated predominantly through sympathetic adrenergic control.
In vivo confocal microscopy of polymorphic amyloid degeneration and posterior crocodile shagreen.

Purpose To report the in vivo confocal microscopic findings of combined polymorphic amyloid degeneration and posterior crocodile shagreen and correlate these findings with clinical presentations and previous histopathologic analysis. Methods Case reports with confocal microscopic analysis and literature review. Results Three patients with bilateral corneal opacities presented to the Emory Eye Center Cornea Clinic for evaluation. The first patient, a 65-year-old woman, was noted to have bilateral, discrete, punctate, and filamentous refractile stromal opacifications that appeared to be concentrated in the deep stroma. The second patient, a 50-year-old man, had bilateral deep central stromal haze in a mosaic pattern with intervening cracklike clear zones. The third patient, an 80-year-old woman, had bilateral deep stromal deposits similar to patient 1 in addition to bilateral deep central stromal haze in a mosaic pattern with intervening cracklike clear zones similar to patient 2. Confocal microscopy showed bright, enhancing punctate lesions in the deep stroma and anterior stroma, with unaffected areas between these regions in patients 1 and 3, and central acellular opacification of irregular intensity with intermittent linear clear zones within the normal posterior stromal bed in cases 2 and 3. The first patient was diagnosed with isolated polymorphic amyloid degeneration, the second patient was diagnosed with isolated posterior crocodile shagreen, and the third patient was diagnosed with combined polymorphic amyloid degeneration and posterior crocodile shagreen. Conclusion These cases are, to our knowledge, the first to report confocal microscopic findings in isolated polymorphic amyloid degeneration and combined polymorphic amyloid degeneration with posterior crocodile shagreen.
Robust transmission over wiretap channels with secret keys

The wiretap channel with secret keys models the problem of secure communication in the presence of a non-legitimate eavesdropper, where the transmitter and legitimate receiver share a secret key of finite rate. This communication scenario is studied for compound channels. An achievable strong secrecy rate is presented and a multi-letter upper bound is derived. For degraded compound wiretap channels with secret keys the strong secrecy capacity is established. Finally, the case of channel state information at the transmitter is discussed and the secrecy capacity is established for this case as well.
Affect on Neonatal Thyroid Function of Povidone-Iodine Used on Mothers during Perinatal Period

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the affect on the neonatal thyroid function of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) used on mothers during the perinatal period. Methods: Eighty consecutive-term pregnant women were randomly separated into 4 groups. Either PVP-I or benzethonium chloride (BC) was used to disinfect both maternal skin during labor and vaginal lacerations after delivery in Group I and IV; and PVP-I or BC was supplied to either skin or lacerations in Groups II and III. On day 5, we measured the iodide concentrations in breast milk and random urine of neonates, and the levels of neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine. Results: The TSH levels in Group I and the breast-milk iodide concentrations in Groups I and II were significantly higher than those in Group IV (p < 0.05). Dietary iodide intake from breast milk correlated significantly with urinary iodide concentrations (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). In our clinic, the recall rate at the time of screening for congenital hypothyroidism was significantly decreased by discontinuing the use of PVP-I (4.47% vs 0.74%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the use of PVP-I on mothers is associated with transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia, in which breast milk might play an important role. Therefore, we recommend that the use of PVP-I be avoided during labor.
Large asymptomatic hydropneumothorax after thoracentesis.

The interventional radiology Case Corner Series is a new feature that will be presented quarterly in JVIR . The format is uniquely designed for the busy interventional radiology practitioner. Case presentations are short and to the point. Discussions are succinct and pertinent to current practice. Each quarter, a difficult or problem case is presented and the reader is challenged with questions relevant to the case. Short answers are then provided based on referenced sources from the current literature. Cases are drawn from the interventional radiology experience at the University of California San Francisco and are edited by Jeanne M. LaBerge, MD, and Robert K. Kerlan, Jr, MD.
Cross-border capacity building: Selected examples of Portland State University's involvement in tertiary level educational reform in Vietnam

This paper presents an initial case study assessment of cross-border capacity building approaches to educational reform in Vietnam. Three educational projects will be profiled, each linking Portland State University to the tertiary educational system in Vietnam. Two case studies center on the Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, and address the challenges of urban environmental education and computer science curriculum reform; the third is an effort led by Intel Corporation that links tertiary education in Vietnam to workforce development. As part of its review of the history and current status of each project, the paper assesses the challenges and opportunities inherent to each. Market forces related to globalization, industrialization and urbanization are clearly at work in each cross-border capacity building effort to reform higher education in Vietnam. Yet, the diffusion process under review represents initiatives with different definitions of educational reform, accountability standards, and measures of success.
Kinetic analysis of adsorption processes

We derive the explicit solution to a kinetic model proposed by J. Gani (Math. Biosci., 1 (1967), pp. 545–554) for the reversible attachment of antibodies to viruses. This model generally applies to the reversible adsorption of monovalent particles to binding sites on cell surfaces. Assuming that all binding sites are equivalent, that adsorbed particles do not interact, and that initially no particles are bound, we derive an explicit expression for the number of cells with i bound particles as a function of time. Two special cases are considered in detail; (i) irreversible adsorption, and (ii) adsorption when the number of particles greatly exceeds the number of binding sites. Applications to problems arising in somatic gene therapy and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are discussed.
Modeling of aerodynamic forces in the Laplace domain with minimum number of augmented states for the design of active flutter suppression systems

A method is proposed by which an aeroservoelastic problem is brought to a state-space form with a minimum number of augmented aerodynamic terms. The examples treated in this work relate to NASA's Drone for Aerodynamic and Structural Testing-Aerodynamic Research Wing 1 (DAST-ARW1) and to the YF-17 fighter model. It is shown that in all cases considered, the method yields a very good accuracy regarding the flutter parameters and the dynamic behavior of the systems, using only two augmented aerodynamic states. The method should prove useful in the design of lower order control laws based on optimal control theory.
An Equilibrium and Calorimetric Study of Some Transamination Reactions

Abstract Apparent equilibrium constants and calorimetric enthalpies of reaction have been measured for the following enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions at the temperature 298.15 K: L -alanine(aq)+2-oxoglutarate(aq)=pyruvate(aq)+ L -glutamate(aq); L -tyrosine(aq)+2-oxoglutarate(aq)=4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate(aq)+ L -glutamate(aq); and L -phenylalanine(aq)+2-oxoglutarate(aq)=phenylpyruvate(aq)+ L -glutamate(aq). The results are used to calculate equilibrium constants and standard molar enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy changes for reference reactions involving specific species. Apparent equilibrium constants and standard transformed Gibbs energy changes for these reactions under physiological conditions have also been calculated. The results are discussed in terms of the changes in chemical bonding characteristic of transamination reactions.
Dynamics of the generation of pressure waves by accelerating flames

The theory of initial flame acceleration in an explosive gas contained in a constant cross-section tube, developed previously for a hemispherically shaped flame, has been extended to include flames of spheroidal shapes. An expression for the flame world-line has been developed, which depends only on a single parameter that accounts for the effects of the thermodynamic properties of the mixture and the geometry of the flamefront. Its value is determined graphically on the basis of experimental data. This leads to an unambiguous technique for the evaluation of the relative flame-propagation speed and for the calculation of the pressure wave generated by the flame.
Effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite on torque and fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium instruments.

This study investigated the effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on torque and fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium files. Size 25 .04 ProFile and RaCe files were immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 1 or 2 hours at temperatures of 21°C and 60°C. Torque and angle at failure were measured according to ISO 3630-1. Resistance to cyclic fatigue was determined by counting rotations to breakage in a 90° curve with a 5-mm radius. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance. Torsional resistance of both rotaries was not significantly affected by immersion in NaOCl, except after 2 hours of immersion at 60°C. Resistance to cyclic fatigue decreased significantly for ProFile and RaCe instruments after immersion in NaOCl. Spontaneous fractures occurred in 28 of 160 files during immersion in NaOCl. In conclusion, nickel-titanium rotaries have reduced resistance to cyclic fatigue after contact with heated NaOCl and may then be considered single-use instruments.
The evolution of war

This paper examines the systematic literature on the evolution of war. This literature breaks into the following broad categories: studies of war joining, studies of the summary characteristics of ...
Assessing Preferred Method of Learning for University Students Using a Whole Grains Lesson in the Classroom

Students majoring in hospitality, family consumer science, and dietetics in undergraduate institutions could influence how often whole grains are used by both consumers and individually. Presently, some individuals are unfamiliar with a variety of whole grains and most do not consume the recommended number of servings per day. Students, working in groups, may learn more if allowed to self-direct their learning. The whole grains lesson offered during fall semester 2007 in one section of a university food principles and preparation class featured 10 different whole grains, prepared and rated by 46 students. Students rated some of the unfamiliar whole grains and the self-directed learning style favorably.
Achieving Political Trans-Correctness: Integrating Sensitivity and Authenticity in Diversity Management Education

Due to mounting pressures to avoid offending individuals on the basis of demographic group membership, political correctness has begun to restrict student participation in our diversity courses. This restriction diminishes what can be learned from class dialogue, an important component of diversity instruction. This article offers a model of “political trans-correctness,” integrating discourse constructs of authenticity, sensitivity, and political correctness. When optimally functioning, a learning community will enter a “zone of understanding” where educators and students speak with candor and actively listen. Four key pedagogical tactics for adopting the model in the classroom are provided: building rapport, setting the ground rules, ensuring the right to remain anonymous, and maintaining the proper presence. Implications for operationalizing the model are discussed.
Use of entangled-photon imaging in optical biopsy: a feasibility study

ABSTRACT We examine a novel diagnostic method suitable for optical biopsy, i.e. , the noninvasive in vivo detection of malignant lesionsin human tissue. Entangled-photon imaging is an emerging technology based upon the use of non-classical sources of light such as optical parametric oscillators (OPO). These sources generate above-threshold signal and idler beams that have intensity fluctuations highly correlated in space and time (twin beams)"2. It has been shown that low-intensity OPOs make possible high sensitivity absorption measurements of weak targets, below the shot-noise limit3'4. The direct use of thistechnology for optical biopsy is severely restricted by the large amount of scattering noise associated with light-tissue interaction. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first feasibility study on a differential wavelength, OPO-based setuptargeted for mammography. Constraints related to the entanglement time, OPO selection and background suppression areanalyzed. The paper concludes with a review of future developments and challenges.SUMMARYThe proposed setup has the following configuration (fig.!):a) the primary source unit including:-a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser which generates a cw pump beam centered in the near IR region.-a high-finesse mode-cleaning cavity which supplies 75%
Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease

The interaction of coagulation factors with the perivascular environment affects the development of disease in ways that extend beyond their traditional roles in the acute hemostatic cascade. Key molecular players of the coagulation cascade like tissue factor, thrombin, and fibrinogen are epidemiologically and mechanistically linked with diseases with an inflammatory component. Moreover, the identification of novel molecular mechanisms linking coagulation and inflammation has highlighted factors of the coagulation cascade as new targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of inflammatory human diseases. In particular, a proinflammatory role for fibrinogen has been reported in vascular wall disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, bacterial infection, colitis, lung and kidney fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and several types of cancer. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have unraveled pivotal roles for fibrinogen in determining the extent of local or systemic inflammation. As cellular and molecular mechanisms for fibrinogen functions in tissues are identified, the role of fibrinogen is evolving from a marker of vascular rapture to a multi-faceted signaling molecule with a wide spectrum of functions that can tip the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis, coagulation and fibrosis, protection from infection and extensive inflammation, and eventually life and death. This review will discuss some of the main molecular links between coagulation and inflammation and will focus on the role of fibrinogen in inflammatory disease highlighting its unique structural properties, cellular targets, and signal transduction pathways that make it a potent proinflammatory mediator and a potential therapeutic target.
Gangliosides of human acute leukemia cells.

Abstract We characterized the gangliosides from cells of eight patients with different forms of acute leukemia (four lymphoblastic, four nonlymphoblastic) by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with glycosidase treatment. Our analysis indicated both quantitative and qualitative differences between the gangliosides of acute leukemia and those of normal leukocytes: 1, the absolute amount of ganglioside was decreased in the acute leukemia cells; 2, in general, acute leukemias had a more simplified ganglioside pattern in that they contained a greater proportion of the short-chain ganglioside, II 3 NeuAc-LacCer (GM3); 3, all of the acute leukemia cells contained reduced quantities of the ganglioside N -acetylneuraminosyl-lactotriaosylceramide, a compound previously found only in normal leukocytes; and 4, a disialylated ganglioside, II 3 (NeuAc) 2 -LacCer (GD3), which is not found in normal leukocytes, was isolated from the cells of one patient with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. These findings demonstrate important differences between the gangliosides of acute leukemia cells and normal leukocytes.
Case study: risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity in pediatric patients

The purpose of this case study is to document hepatic adverse effects associated with long-term risperidone use in pediatric populations. Charts of all patients admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) from December 1993 to April 1996 who had been treated with risperidone were screened for hepatotoxicity and weight gain. From the medical records of 13 psychotic children admitted to the NIMH and treated with risperidone, 2 children (both male) who presented with obesity, liver enzyme abnormalities, and confirmatory evidence of fatty liver were identified. In each case liver damage was reversed after discontinuation of risperidone and/or associated weight loss. The observations suggest that long-term risperidone therapy is possibly associated with hepatotoxicity in male pediatric patients. It is recommended that pediatric patients treated with risperidone have baseline liver function tests, careful monitoring of weight, and periodic monitoring of liver function tests during the maintenance phase of therapy.
Modular Permanent Magnet Machine with Fault Tolerant Capability

Modular permanent magnet machines are gaining popularity due to their simple stator construction and machine winding fabrication. In this paper, a multiphase modular permanent magnet machine is proposed to obtain a robust drive system with the feature of fault tolerant capability. By making use of concentric winding on each module, the stator winding structure is simplified with benefit of less end winding loss, which also offers the operation with standard half-bridge control or even independent phase winding control. In this investigation, a modular PM machine with tooth to pole ratio close to unity design based on soft magnetic composites (while not limited to SMC) is discussed and tested. The general purpose sizing equations, with analytical model have been developed for the machine design, as well as the FEM analysis for the verifications. The fault tolerant capability of single and multiple phase winding open and power switch failures are validated by a prototype machine drive system.
Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form

1. Sokratikoi logoi: the literary and intellectual background of Plato's work 2. The interpretation of Plato 3. Socrates 4. Plato as a minor Socratic: Ion and Hippias Minor 5. Gorgias: Plato's manifesto for philosophy 6. The priority of definition: from Laches to Meno 7. Charmides and the search for beneficial knowledge 8. Protagoras: virtue as knowledge 9. The object of love 10. The emergence of dialectic 11. The presentation of the Forms 12. Phaedrus and the limits of writing Appendix Bibliography.
Using N-Grams to understand the nature of summaries

Although single-document summarization is a well-studied task, the nature of multi-document summarization is only beginning to be studied in detail. While close attention has been paid to what technologies are necessary when moving from single to multi-document summarization, the properties of human-written multi-document summaries have not been quantified. In this paper, we empirically characterize human-written summaries provided in a widely used summarization corpus by attempting to answer the questions: Can multi-document summaries that are written by humans be characterized as extractive or generative? Are multi-document summaries less extractive than single-document summaries? Our results suggest that extraction-based techniques which have been successful for single-document summarization may not be sufficient when summarizing multiple documents.
Pain and suffering: what is the unit?

Nonspecific low back pain presents several problems to health care providers. Although the number of patients who are registered as disabled due to low back pain has dramatically increased in recent years, its incidence and severity remain fairly constant. The relationship between perceived backache and subsequent disability is not linear, and other factors may influence a patient's decision to seek help. These factors include the patient's psychological and emotional state, especially his or her past experiences, extant mood and anxiety about anticipated consequences. Physicians should not rely on a simple ‘disease model’ when treating low back pain but should try to identify the biopsychosocial factors involved and should understand that pain and suffering are not always synonymous.
Paraneoplastic Retinopathy Associated With Systemic Follicular Cell Lymphoma

The authors describe two rare cases of autoimmune retinopathy associated with follicular cell lymphoma, including a 54-year-old man who experienced nyctalopia for 1 year (patient 1) and a 59-year-old man who had bilateral loss of central vision for 6 months (patient 2). Visual field testing of patient 1 revealed nonspecific defects, and multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) testing showed mildly subnormal amplitudes more pronounced in the left than the right eye. Serologic testing detected antibodies against a 47-kD protein, presumed to be alpha-enolase. Goldmann perimetry of patient 2 showed dense central scotomas, and a full-field ERG revealed reduced amplitudes of bright scotopic responses. Serological testing yielded anti-bipolar cell antibodies. A variable presentation of autoimmune retinopathy can occur in the setting of follicular cell lymphoma. Disparate serum autoantibodies may have mediated the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration in these two patients and could explain the difference in course and severity of retinopathy.
AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE USE OF MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES TO REPRESENT STUDENT GROWTH (LEARNING)

Over the course of instruction, instructors generally collect a great deal of information about each student. Integrating that information intelligently requires models for how a student's proficiency changes over time. Armed with such models, instructors can filter the data—more accurately estimate the student's current proficiency levels—and forecast the student's future proficiency levels. The process of instructional planning can be described as a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP). Recently developed computer algorithms can be used to help instructors create strategies for student achievement and identify at-risk students. Implementing this vision requires models for how instructional actions change student proficiencies. The general action model (also called the bowtie model) separately models the factors contributing to the success or effectiveness of an action, proficiency growth when the action is successful, and proficiency growth when the action is unsuccessful. This class of models requires parameterization, and this paper presents two: a simple linear process model (suitable for continuous proficiencies) and a birth-and-death process model (for proficiency scales expressed as ordered categorical variables). Both models show how to take prerequisites and zones of proximal development into account. The filtering process is illustrated using a simple artificial example.
Some Observations on Transitory Stall in Conical Diffusers

Results from an experimental investigation on the flow through conical diffusers are presented. The mean and fluctuating velocity fields are compared for three diffusers with total diffusion angles of 16, 20 and 24 degrees, in the throat Mach number (M sub t) range of 0.05 to 0.95. Each of the diffusers were 14 cm long and had a 5.08 cm inlet diameter, and the flow exited into the ambient. The boundary layer at the throat was thin with the throat diameter (D sub t) to momentum thickness (O) ratio being as high as 800 at M(sub t) = 0.4. While the 16 deg diffuser flow exited with a top-hat mean velocity profile, increasing losses due to increasing separation resulted in fuller profiles for the 20 and 24 degree cases. A detailed flow field study was conducted for the 16 deg. diffuser. The u'-spectrum, measured at the exit plane, exhibited a peak apparently due to the ensuing jet column instability throughout the M(sub t) range covered. In addition, a much lower frequency spectral peak also occurred in the M(sub t) range of 0.3 to 0.7. Both of the spectral peaks were due to axisymmetric flow fluctuations. A self-sustaining flow oscillation occurred in the M(sub t) range of 0.6 to 0.85, emitting a loud tone, when the jet column instability frequency matched the resonance frequency of the diffuser. Limited data showed that artificial acoustic excitation was effective in reducing the flow fluctuations, with a resultant increase in the pressure recovery, at low M(sub t).
Burke—Schumann Flame with Streamwise and Preferential Diffusion

Abstract The classical diffusion flame model of Burke and Schumann is extended to include the effects of both streamwise and preferential diffusion. The study first identifies a Lewis-number-weighted coupling function as the proper one to usc in formulations involving non-unity Lewis numbers. A perturbation technique is then developed for the realistic situation of ncar-unity Lewis number flows. Results show that, depending on the effective Lewis numbers of fuel and oxidizer, the flame temperature may vary either monotonically or non-monotonically along the flame sheet, and thereby suggesting the possibilities of tip opening, and tip intensification, as well as partial and complete flame blow-off.