cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A real options approach to production and injection timing under uncertainty for CO2 sequestration in depleted shale gas reservoirs

Abstract Depleted shale gas reservoirs may be candidates for conversion to injection wells for the long-term geologic storage of CO2, but the decision to transition from production to injection depends on economic and policy factors that may be uncertain. This paper aims to comprehend the uncertainty inherent to the underlying assumptions of CO2 sequestration and their impact on the injection decision. We view and analyze the production to injection transition decision as a kind of options problem, where the owner of a producing well can choose to exercise the option to stop producing natural gas and start injecting CO2. Our approach integrates a detailed reservoir model for shale-gas production and CO2 injection in the Marcellus shale formation with a multi-period decision problem under uncertainty in future prices for CO2 and produced natural gas. With no uncertainty, the modeling framework is able to identify the optimal timing of the transition to CO2 injection as a function of natural gas prices and a hypothetical CO2 price. We find that a CO2 price of approximately $15 per tonne to be needed in order to incentivize a producer to transition to CO2 injection earlier. If these prices are uncertain, we find that the option to delay CO2 injection has value even when CO2 prices are relatively high and natural gas prices are low, although the option value is highly sensitive to the choice of discount rate and the option value to delay injection is generally very low when CO2 prices are $20/tonne or higher. Our modeling suggests that commitment in carbon pricing regimes is of equal importance to the choice of the price level.
IDx-DR for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening.

IDx-DR is a reliable screening tool used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy in the primary care office and may reduce barriers to screening and improve gaps in eye care for those with diabetes.
Radiation-induced meningiomas.

Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIMs) became more common as the use of ionizing radiation was adopted in the treatment of medical conditions, both benign and malignant. Currently, RIMs represent the most common radiation-induced tumors. They are heterogeneous in terms of patient characteristics, radiographic appearance, genetics, pathology, symptoms, and management strategies. They tend to occur in a younger population and are generally more aggressive in nature than their spontaneous counterparts. Their characteristics also vary based on the dose of radiation received, which is most commonly separated into low dose ( 10Gy). The importance of the dosing classification is that it can provide insight into the nature and biologic behavior of the tumor. Given their heterogeneity, RIMs pose significant challenges in management. While surgical resection remains the preferred treatment when feasible, recent data supports stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as a comparable alternative. Although there is more knowledge about the molecular pathways leading to RIMs, targeted drug therapy is still limited and is the focus of current research.
Toxicity of two Engelmann spruce (Pinaceae) monoterpene chemotypes from the southern Rocky Mountains to North American spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Pinaceae), in the southern Rocky Mountains is composed of two distinct phloem monoterpene chemotypes that differ in relative abundances of multiple monoterpenes, particularly α-pinene and Δ3-carene (hereafter, the “α-pinene chemotype” and the “Δ3-carene chemotype”). Here, relative toxicity of these chemotypes is tested on spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), a phloeophagous herbivore that colonises trees of both types. Synthetic monoterpene blends representing each chemotype were tested across a range of concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/L) in the lab, and probability of survival of adult beetles exposed to each blend was modelled using a logit function. Logit curves were solved to determine LC25, LC50, and LC75 of each monoterpene blend. On average, probability of beetle survival was lower when exposed to the Δ3-carene chemotype than when exposed to the α-pinene chemotype. However, both chemotypes were completely lethal to beetles at concentrations exceeding 100 µg/L. Adult body mass did not affect survival probability. It is concluded that spruce phloem chemotypes may differ in their toxicity to spruce beetles, with potential consequences for patterns of host-tree colonisation by spruce beetle.
Intensity modulated proton therapy

Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) implies the electromagnetic spatial control of well-circumscribed "pencil beams" of protons of variable energy and intensity. Proton pencil beams take advantage of the charged-particle Bragg peak-the characteristic peak of dose at the end of range-combined with the modulation of pencil beam variables to create target-local modulations in dose that achieves the dose objectives. IMPT improves on X-ray intensity modulated beams (intensity modulated radiotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy) with dose modulation along the beam axis as well as lateral, in-field, dose modulation. The clinical practice of IMPT further improves the healthy tissue vs target dose differential in comparison with X-rays and thus allows increased target dose with dose reduction elsewhere. In addition, heavy-charged-particle beams allow for the modulation of biological effects, which is of active interest in combination with dose "painting" within a target. The clinical utilization of IMPT is actively pursued but technical, physical and clinical questions remain. Technical questions pertain to control processes for manipulating pencil beams from the creation of the proton beam to delivery within the patient within the accuracy requirement. Physical questions pertain to the interplay between the proton penetration and variations between planned and actual patient anatomical representation and the intrinsic uncertainty in tissue stopping powers (the measure of energy loss per unit distance). Clinical questions remain concerning the impact and management of the technical and physical questions within the context of the daily treatment delivery, the clinical benefit of IMPT and the biological response differential compared with X-rays against which clinical benefit will be judged. It is expected that IMPT will replace other modes of proton field delivery. Proton radiotherapy, since its first practice 50 years ago, always required the highest level of accuracy and pioneered volumetric treatment planning and imaging at a level of quality now standard in X-ray therapy. IMPT requires not only the highest precision tools but also the highest level of system integration of the services required to deliver high-precision radiotherapy.
Differentiating Chuño blanco and Chuño negro in archaeological samples based on starch metrics and morphological attributes

Abstract Identification of diagnostic signatures of food processing practices in the starch grain record has recently revolutionized our ability to understand foodways, particularly in the Old World. In this paper, we build upon extant starch grain research on chuno, a freeze-dried potato product produced in the Andean highlands, to develop criteria for the identification of chuno types in the archaeological record. We analyzed two hundred modern starches from four chuno blanco and chuno negro sources in Peru and Bolivia. Our results reveal differences in morphology and statistically significant (p
Clinical Features, Treatment Strategies, and Outcomes in Hospitalized Children With Immune-Mediated Encephalopathies.

Abstract Background Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are immune-mediated brain conditions that can cause substantial neurological sequalae. Data describing the clinical characteristics, treatments, and neurological outcomes for these conditions are needed. Methods This is a single-center retrospective review of children diagnosed with AE or ADEM over a nine-year period with discharge outcomes measured by the Modified Rankin Score. Results Seventy-five patients (23 with ADEM and 52 with AE) were identified. Patients with ADEM had a higher percentage of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings (100% vs 60.8%; P Conclusions Although patients with ADEM and AE may have similar presenting symptoms, we found significant differences in the frequency of imaging findings, symptom duration, and laboratory and cerebrospinal fluid profiles, which can assist in distinguishing between the diagnoses. Patients in both groups were treated with a combination of immunomodulating therapies, and neurological disability was common at hospital discharge.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROPPING PATTERN & POSSIBILITY OF ENHANCE IT

all agricultural policies in Egypt are concerned with increasing the production of food crops, especially with cereals, broad beans and sugar crops. This research tries to show how better allocation of resources will help to increase production of these crops in case of climate change in old land in Egypt. The research used the linear programming technique to determining the optimal cropping pattern to test the efficiency of agricultural resources in the production of crops in Egypt governorates. The results show that the use of agricultural resources has deviated from the optimum utilization of resources in south and north Egypt, which maintains the economic efficiency after land effective by impacts of climate change. Increasing yield per fed considered an important means because the area under cultivation is limited, to meet the increasing demand. The results show that for the entire Egypt governorates yield per fed of main crops decreased after affected. Now it is obviously the impacts of climate change on production crops in Egypt governorates. Using thefor determining the optimal cropping pattern, represents the net profit per cropping pattern at farm gate prices increased by LE 149715.491 million or 106.397%. Water using decreased by 8306.168 million cubic meters or 18.675 %. CO2 emission decreased by 2965.619 million kilogram or 19.555 %. Energy consumption decreased by 21147.970 million liter or 10.450 %. The research recommends expanding export field crops such as cotton, potatoes, onion and garlic in addition to wheat, sesame and sugar beet at the same time decreasing the area of clover (berseem) and rice. linear programming technique to treat impacts of climate change in Egypt
Effects of diet, BMP-2 treatment, and femoral skeletal injury on endothelial cells derived from the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results in physiological and structural changes in bone, contributing to poor fracture healing. T2D compromises microvascular performance, which can negatively impact bone regeneration as angiogenesis is required for new bone formation. We examined the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) administered locally at the time of femoral segmental bone defect (SBD) surgery, and its angiogenic impacts on endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from the ipsilateral or contralateral tibia in T2D mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) starting at 8 weeks. After 12 weeks, the T2D phenotype in HFD mice was confirmed via glucose and insulin tolerance testing and echoMRI, and all mice underwent SBD surgery. Mice were treated with BMP-2 (5 µg) or saline at the time of surgery. Three weeks postsurgery, bone marrow ECs were isolated from ipsilateral and contralateral tibias, and proliferation, angiogenic potential, and gene expression of the cells was analyzed. BMP-2 treatment increased EC proliferation by two fold compared with saline in LFD contralateral tibia ECs, but no changes were seen in surgical tibia EC proliferation. BMP-2 treatment enhanced vessel-like structure formation in HFD mice whereas, the opposite was observed in LFD mice. Still, in BMP-2 treated LFD mice, ipsilateral tibia ECs increased expression of CD31, FLT-1, ANGPT1, and ANGPT2. These data suggest that the modulating effects of T2D and BMP-2 on the microenvironment of bone marrow ECs may differentially influence angiogenic properties at the fractured limb versus the contralateral limb.
High-throughput search for magnetic topological materials using spin-orbit spillage, machine learning, and experiments

Magnetic topological insulators and semimetals have a variety of properties that make them attractive for applications, including spintronics and quantum computation, but very few high-quality candidate materials are known. In this paper, we use systematic high-throughput density functional theory calculations to identify magnetic topological materials from the \ensuremath{\approx}40 000 three-dimensional materials in the JARVIS-DFT database. First, we screen materials with net magnetic moment $g0.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{B}$ and spin-orbit spillage (SOS) $g0.25$, resulting in 25 insulating and 564 metallic candidates. The SOS acts as a signature of spin-orbit-induced band-inversion. Then we carry out calculations of Wannier charge centers, Chern numbers, anomalous Hall conductivities, surface band structures, and Fermi surfaces to determine interesting topological characteristics of the screened compounds. We also train machine learning models for predicting the spillages, band gaps, and magnetic moments of new compounds, to further accelerate the screening process. We experimentally synthesize and characterize a few candidate materials to support our theoretical predictions.
Forecasts in Times of Crises

Financial crises pose unique challenges for forecast accuracy. Using the IMF's Monitoring of Fund Arrangement (MONA) database, we conduct the most comprehensive evaluation of IMF forecasts to date for countries in times of crises. We examine 29 macroeconomic variables in terms of bias, efficiency, and information content to find that IMF forecasts add substantial informational value as they consistently outperform naive forecast approaches. However, we also document that there is room for improvement: two thirds of the key macroeconomic variables that we examine are forecast inefficiently and 6 variables (growth of nominal GDP, public investment, private investment, the current account, net transfers, and government expenditures) exhibit significant forecast bias. Forecasts for low-income countries are the main drivers of forecast bias and inefficiency, reflecting perhaps larger shocks and lower data quality. When we decompose the forecast errors into their sources, we find that forecast errors for private consumption growth are the key contributor to GDP growth forecast errors. Similarly, forecast errors for non-interest expenditure growth and tax revenue growth are crucial determinants of the forecast errors in the growth of fiscal budgets. Forecast errors for balance of payments growth are significantly influenced by forecast errors in goods import growth. The results highlight which macroeconomic aggregates require further attention in future forecast models for countries in crises.
Price Transparency and Compliance With Federal Regulation for Pediatric Tonsillectomy.

ObjectiveTo improve hospital price transparency, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) requires, as of January 2021, that all hospitals reveal charges for specific items and services. ...
Alliance Formation in Civil Wars

Part I. Context and Theory: 1. Literature and research design 2. A theory of warring group alliances and fractionalization in multi-party civil wars Part II. Afghanistan: 3. The Afghan Intra-Mujahedin War, 1992-8 4. The Afghan Communist-Mujahedin War, 1978-89 5. The theory at the commander level in Afghanistan, 1978-98 Part III. Bosnia and Herzegovina: 6. The Bosnian Civil War, 1992-5 7. The Bosnian Civil War, 1941-5 Part IV. Further Extensions: 8. Quantitative testing on the universe of cases of multi-party civil wars.
P and M Pathway Specialization in the Macaque

The anatomical connections and physiological properties of the several parallel visual pathways in the Macaque offer tantalizing hints of their functional organization. One pathway is more robust than others, indicating dense sampling of the visual image. One has many neurons with color-opponent physiological responses, suggesting an important role in color vision. Some pathways provide the major inputs to cortical regions thought to be important for motion analysis, or the processing of visual shape.
Chapter 10 Membrane contactors

Publisher Summary Membrane contactors are a new way to accomplish separation processes like gas absorption and liquid-liquid extraction. They promise dramatically improved performance over conventional dispersed-phase contactors. They typically reduce the volume of equipment required for gas absorption by more than twenty times, and the volume of equipment for liquid extraction by more than five hundred times. This chapter describes what these contactors are and how they work. The practical issues to be considered in contactor design, and the advantages and disadvantages of membrane contactors are discussed. The easiest way to understand membrane contactors is by means of the specific example of antibiotic extraction. Conventionally, antibiotics are produced by fermentation. The fermentation beer, which is the feed, originally contains the antibiotic and the microorganisms. The beer is filtered to remove the microorganisms; the filtrate is then extracted with an organic solvent, frequently a higher alcohol, and an alkyl acetate or methylene chloride. The organic extract contains more concentrated antibiotic. This valuable solute is often further purified by additional extraction, by adsorption and by crystallization. The extractions can often be the most expensive step in this chain.
Chapter 6 – A Retrospective View of Arakawa's Ideas on Cumulus Parameterization

This chapter examines some of Arakawa's early ideas on cumulus parameterization, starting with those developed in 1968 for application in the three-level version of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) general circulation models (GCM). To obtain a good simulation of the climate, a GCM must include an accurate treatment of the hydrological cycle, which includes cumulus convection. One of the most difficult concepts in cumulus parameterization theory is the assumption involving quasi-equilibrium of the cloud work function. Because the quasi-equilibrium assumption leads to a diagnostic equation for the cloud base mass flux, it can be interpreted as a filtering approximation. This allows one to draw an analogy with quasi-geostrophic theory, which is a filtering approximation that leads to a diagnostic equation for the divergent part of the flow. It filters the transient adjustment of a cloud ensemble in the same way the quasi-geostrophic theory filters transient inertiagravity waves. The quasi-geostrophic models were used for both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and general circulation modeling in the 1950s. Nowadays, NWP centers and GCM groups use global models based on the quasi-static primitive equations with the traditional approximation.
Bladder cancer incidence and mortality in patients treated with radiation for uterine cancer.

Objective To estimate the effect of radiation therapy (RT) administered for uterine cancer (UtC) on bladder cancer (BC) incidence, tumour characteristics at presentation, and mortality. Patients and Methods In this retrospective cohort study, records of 56 681 patients diagnosed with UtC as their first primary malignancy during 1980–2005 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database. Follow-up for incident BC ended on 31 December 2008. Occurrences of BC diagnoses and BC deaths in patients with UtC managed with or without RT were summarised with counts and person-time incidence rates (counts divided by person-years of observation). Age adjustment of rates was performed by direct standardisation. Incident BC cases were described in terms of histological types, grades and stages. Results With a mean follow-up of 15 years, BC was diagnosed in 146 (0.93%) of 15 726 patients with UtC managed with RT, and in 197 (0.48%) of 40 955 patients with UtC managed without RT, with an age-adjusted rate ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–2.5). Fatal BC occurred in 39 (0.25%) and 36 (0.09%) of patients with UtC managed with vs without RT, respectively, with an age-adjusted rate ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.8–4.6). Incident BC cases diagnosed in patients with UtC managed with vs without RT had similar distributions of histological types, grades, and stages. Conclusions Use of RT for UtC is associated with increased BC incidence and mortality later in life. Heightened awareness should help identify women with new voiding symptoms or haematuria, all of which should be fully evaluated.
Jump landing strategies in male and female college athletes and the implications of such strategies for anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Background: Female athletes are more likely than male athletes to injure the anterior cruciate ligament. Causes of this increased injury incidence in female athletes remain unclear, despite numerous investigations.Hypothesis: Female athletes will exhibit lower hamstring muscle activation and smaller knee flexion angles than male athletes during jump landings, especially when the knee muscles are fatigued.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Eight female and six male varsity college basketball athletes with no history of knee ligament injury performed jump landings on the dominant leg from a maximum height jump and from 25.4 cm and 50.8 cm high platforms under nonfatigued and fatigued conditions. Knee joint angle and surface electromyographic signals from the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles were recorded.Results: Women landed with greater knee flexion angles and greater knee flexion accelerations than men. Knee muscle activation patterns were generally similar in men and wome...
Differential effects of catecholamines on in vitro growth of pathogenic bacteria

Supplementation of minimal medium inoculated with bacterial cultures with norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, or isoproterenol resulted in marked increases in growth compared to controls. Norepinephrine and dopamine had the greatest enhancing effects on growth of cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while epinephrine and isoproterenol also enhanced growth to a lesser extent. The growth of Escherichia coli in the presence of norepinephrine was greater than growth in the presence of the three other neurochemicals used in the study. Growth of Staphylococcus aureus was also enhanced in the presence of norepinephrine, but not to the same degree as was the growth of gram negative bacteria. Addition of culture supernatants from E. coli cultures that had been grown in the presence of norepinephrine was able to enhance the growth of K. pneumoniae. Addition of the culture supernatant fluid culture from E. coli cultures that had been grown in the presence of norepinephrine did not enhance growth of P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. Culture supernatant fluids from bacteria other than E. coli grown in the presence of norepinephrine were not able to enhance the growth of any bacteria tested. The results suggest that catecholamines can enhance growth of pathogenic bacteria, which may contribute to development of pathogenesis; however, there is no uniform effect of catecholamines on bacterial growth.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry of chlorinated pesticides

Abstract The utility of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrometry for trace determination of various chlorinated pesticides including chlordan, carbophenothion, bromophos, methyl chloropyrifos, dichloran, linuron, and 1-hydroxychlordene is described. Silver-coated substrates consisting of submicron spheres on solid surfaces were used as SERS-active media. The detection limits for these pesticides are at nanogram levels. The sensitivity and spectral selectivity of this technique for toxic chemical agents are discussed. The results indicate that SERS shows promise for the determination of an important class of chlorinated pesticides.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Grp78 Promoter by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ROLE OF TFII-I AND ITS TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION

TFII-I is a signal-induced multi-functional transcription factor that has recently been implicated as a regulatory component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. TFII-I acts through ER stress-induced binding to the ER stress element, which is highly conserved in promoters of ER stress-inducible genes such as Grp78/BiP. Interestingly, its tyrosine phosphorylation sites are required for its activation of the Grp78 promoter. Toward understanding the link between TFII-I, the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, and Grp78 activation, we discovered that Tg stress induces a dramatic increase of TFII-I phosphorylation at Tyr248 and localization of this form of TFII-I to the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis further reveals enhanced TFII-I binding to the Grp78 promoter in vivo upon ER stress. Previously, we reported that genistein, a general inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, could suppress ER stress induction of Grp78 by inhibiting complex formation on the ER stress element; however, the mechanism is not known. Consistent with TFII-I being a target of genistein suppression, we observed that genistein could suppress Tg stress-induced phosphorylation of TFII-I. We further demonstrate that c-Src, which is one of kinases identified to mediate phosphorylation of TFII-I at Tyr248, is activated by Tg stress and is able to stimulate the Grp78 promoter activity. Lastly, using stable cell lines with suppressed TFII-I levels, we show that TFII-I is required for optimal induction of Grp78 by ER stress. Our studies provide a molecular link that connects the c-Src tyrosine kinase transduction pathway to ER stress-induced transcriptional activation of Grp78 mediated by TFII-I.
Novel alternative splicing of mRNAs encoding poly(A) polymerases in Arabidopsis

Abstract The Arabidopsis thaliana genome possesses four genes whose predicted products are similar to eukaryotic poly(A) polymerases from yeasts and animals. These genes are all expressed, as indicated by RT/PCR and Northern blot analysis. The four Arabidopsis PAPs share a conserved N-terminal catalytic core with other eukaryotic enzymes, but differ substantially in their C-termini. Moreover, one of the four Arabidopsis enzymes is significantly shorter than the other three, and is more divergent even within the conserved core of the protein. Nonetheless, the protein encoded by this gene, when produced in and purified from E. coli , possesses nonspecific poly(A) polymerase activity. Genes encoding these Arabidopsis PAPs give rise to a number of alternatively spliced mRNAs. While the specific nature of the alternative splicing varied amongst these three genes, mRNAs from the three “larger” genes could be alternatively spliced in the vicinity of the 5th and 6th introns of each gene. Interestingly, the patterns of alternative splicing vary in different tissues. The ubiquity of alternative splicing in this gene family, as well as the differences in specific mechanisms of alternative processing in the different genes, suggests an important function for alternatively spliced PAP mRNAs in Arabidopsis .
Women's health in urban Mali: Social Predictors and Health Itineraries

Abstract Social and marital factors may influence women's health outcomes. This is of particular relevance in sub-Saharan Africa, where women's health indicators lag behind the rest of the world. Our study examines the impact of social mediators of women's health during key events (pregnancy and illness) in urban Mali. In this cross-sectional study, we interviewed 324 women aged 15–80, living in Bamako, the capital city, in 1999. We used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to obtain detailed histories of pregnancy and illness during specific time periods preceding the survey. We examined the role of marital factors (polygyny, widowhood), social factors (sources of support and scales derived for social network and social power), and household wealth on women's therapeutic itineraries. We compared the sociodemographic characteristics of our sample with those of the 2001 Mali Demographic and Health Survey and used their data on contraception to enrich analyses. We found that most pregnant women delivered in a health center and most women sought medical care during an illness event. Household wealth influenced illness reporting, and financial concerns were obstacles to medical care. Polygyny was associated with lower prevalence of contraceptive use, lower social power, as well as with less support received during pregnancy from women's husbands and in-laws. Widowhood appeared to increase susceptibility to illness, while decreasing resort to biomedical care. Our social composite scores highlighted differences in healthcare utilization in an urban setting with near-uniform access to biomedical care. We validate the utility of locally-derived composite scores, which may provide a deeper understanding into the social mediation of health outcomes for women.
The validity of proxy‐based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses

Objective: To investigate the validity of best-estimate methodology for making psychiatric diagnoses among individuals who attempted suicide. Method: Subjects were 80 patients admitted for treatment following a suicide attempt. Psychiatric diagnoses based on structured interviews with subjects were compared with diagnoses made based on interviews with proxy respondents. In both cases, interview information was supplemented with pre-admission psychiatric and medical records to inform diagnoses. Results: Diagnostic agreement, based on kappa coefficients, was substantial for major depression and bipolar disorders, and moderate for non-affective psychoses, organic mood and anxiety disorders. Agreement was substantial for substance dependence but poor for substance abuse disorders. Conclusion: Results support best-estimate methodology for making mood and substance dependence diagnoses in research of suicidal behavior in this age group, with potential implications for interpreting postmortem research of completed suicide.
Superior vena cava syndrome during chemotherapy for stage 3c fallopian tube adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background . Superior vena cava syndrome is most often encountered in patients with malignancies. The diagnosis constitutes an oncologic emergency with prompt treatment indicated to manage the acute symptoms. There are few reports describing the syndrome in patients with gynecologic malignancies and central venous catheters. Management has included treatment of the metastatic disease and anticoagulation/thrombolysis with catheter removal early in therapy. Case report . The case described is the first report of a patient with fallopian tube carcinoma complicated by SVC syndrome. The complication was attributed to an implanted venous access port being utilized to give adjuvant combination chemotherapy. Conclusion . Superior vena cava syndrome is rarely encountered in gynecologic oncology patients and constitutes a medical emergency. When encountered in the setting of an implanted catheter, thrombolysis and anticoagulation is an alternative to catheter removal in selected patients.
A case-based reasoning approach toward developing a belief about the cost of concept

It is generally acknowledged that product development involves a sequence of decision making under uncertainty, including setting target requirements for a new product, selecting product concept, and developing conceptual and detailed design of a chosen concept. To select a product concept, engineers need to assess the uncertainty of a future market share, market size, and a cost of concept (cost of the final product developed from a concept). This paper proposes a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach to model beliefs about the uncertainty of a cost of concept. The proposed CBR approach consists of storing information about various products in a knowledge-base, defining a new product concept, retrieving a cluster of products in the knowledge-base that are highly similar to the concept, and adapting the cost of the retrieved product to construct a distribution of the cost of concept. This paper illustrates the proposed approach using printers as an example.
Applying VLSI EDA to energy distribution system design

Energy distribution networks refer to that part of the electricity network that delivers power to homes and business. It is reported that significant amounts of energy are being wasted simply due to inefficiencies in this network. Further, this domain is rapidly changing with new types of loads such as electric vehicles or the spread of new types of energy sources such as photo-voltaic and wind. In this paper, we demonstrate a comprehensive design automation capability for energy distribution networks leading to much more flexible yet effective system. The new system's capabilities include power load distribution and transfers, equipment upgrading, geospatial-aware network optimization, outage identification, contingency planning and loss analysis/reduction. These features are enabled by advanced simulation, analysis and optimization engines that are adapted from those available in the traditional VLSI design automation area. The paper will conclude with potential future research directions that require further innovations in energy distribution networks.
The organization of chemically-identified neural systems in monkey prefrontal cortex: afferent systems.

Abstract 1. Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic and serotonergic axons in cynomolgus monkey prefrontal cortex. 2. The densities of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems varied in a similar fashion across prefrontal cortical regions, whereas the densities of cholinergic and serotonergic axons were regionally homogeneous. 3. In contrast, the laminar distributions of labeled axons were very different among these four systems. 4. The different patterns of organization of axons arising from these four afferent systems indicate that they may differ substantially in their regulation of prefrontal cortical function.
Interrogation of surfaces for the quantification of adsorbed species on electrodes: Oxygen on gold and platinum in neutral media

We introduce a new in situ electrochemical technique based on the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) operating in a transient feedback mode for the detection and direct quantification of adsorbed species on the surface of electrodes. A SECM tip generates a titrant from a reversible redox mediator that reacts chemically with an electrogenerated or chemically adsorbed species at a substrate of about the same size as the tip, which is positioned at a short distance from it (ca.1 microm). The reaction between the titrant and the adsorbate provides a transient positive feedback loop until the adsorbate is consumed completely. The sensing mechanism is provided by the contrast between positive and negative feedback, which allows a direct quantification of the charge neutralized at the substrate. The proposed technique allows quantification of the adsorbed species generated at the substrate at a given potential under open circuit conditions, a feature not attainable with conventional electrochemical methods. Moreover, the feedback mode allows the tip to be both the titrant generator and detector, simplifying notably the experimental setup. The surface interrogation technique we introduce was tested for the quantification of electrogenerated oxides (adsorbed oxygen species) on gold and platinum electrodes at neutral pH in phosphate and TRIS buffers and with two different mediator systems. Good agreement is found with cyclic voltammetry at the substrate and with previous results in the literature, but we also find evidence for the formation of "incipient oxides" which are not revealed by conventional voltammetry. The mode of operation of the technique is supported by digital simulations, which show good agreement with the experimental results.
Glutamatergic and cholinergic projections to the pontine inhibitory area identified with horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that microinjection of acetylcholine and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate agonists into the pontine inhibitory area (PIA) induce muscle atonia. The present experiment was designed to identify the PIA afferents that could be responsible for these effects, by use of retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), glutamate immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase staining techniques. Experiments were performed in both decerebrate and intact cats. Dense retrograde WGA-HRP labelling was found in neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) at the red nucleus (RN) level, ventral portion of paralemniscal tegmental field (vFTP), retrorubral nucleus (RRN), contralateral side of PIA (cPIA), pontis reticularis centralis caudalis (PoC), and most rostral portion of the nucleus parvicellularis (NPV) and nucleus praepositus hypoglossi (PH) at the level of the pontomedullary junction; moderate labelling was seen in pedunculopontine nucleus, pars compacta (PPNc), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), superior colliculus (SC), MRF and PAG at the level caudal to RN, medial and superior vestibular nuclei, and principle sensory trigeminal nucleus (5P); and light labelling was seen in dorsal raphe (DR) and locus coeruleus complex (LCC). The projection neurons were predominantly ipsilateral to the injection site, except for both vFTP and RRN, which had more projection cells on the contralateral side. Double labelled WGA-HRP/NADPH-d neurons could be found in PPNc and LDT. Double labelled WGA-HRP/glutamatergic neurons could be seen at high densities in MRF, RRN, vFTP, and cPIA, moderate densities in SC, LDT, PPNc, PoC, and NPV, and low densities in PH, 5P, DR, LCC, and PAG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermal population of nuclear excited states

The bound state populations of /sup 10/B and /sup 7/Be fragments emitted from /sup 26/Al compound nuclei formed in the reaction of /sup 14/N with /sup 12/C have been measured. At bombarding energies in the range of 87.5--112 MeV, these populations are consistent with emission from the thermally equilibrated compound nucleus when the rotational energy of the compound system is taken into account. The results demonstrate for the first time that nuclear excited state populations reflect the temperature of compound nuclei which reach statistical equilibrium. At higher bombarding energies the population distributions remain constant which signals the onset of non-compound nucleus reactions.
Between Reproduction and Freedom: Morality, Value, and Radical Cultural Change

Abstract Two broad trends mark the emerging anthropology of morality. One, following Durkheim, sees all routine, normative social action as moral. The other, in direct opposition to this, defines an action as moral only when actors understand themselves to perform it on the basis of free choices they have made. I argue that both approaches capture aspects of the social experience of morality. In light of this, a key question becomes how to explain why in any given society some cultural domains are dominated by Durkheimian moralities of reproduction while others encourage people to construe moral action in terms of freedom and choice. I argue that a model of cultures as structured by values can help us explain why cultural domains differ in this way and that the study of situations of radical cultural change reveals this with great clarity, as I show with data from Papua New Guinea.
Vitamin D receptors: not just in the nucleus anymore.

Calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, is a steroid hormone that regulates calcium metabolism and cell differentiation by interacting with its nuclear receptor—the vitamin D receptor (VDR)—and by stimulating gene transcription. During the last decade, calcitriol also has been shown to stimulate rapid signal transduction pathways. This observation supports the hypothesis that a membrane-bound receptor similar to those that mediate peptide hormone biology exists. Recent research provides evidence for such a unique membrane VDR. Future research challenges are to integrate the membrane VDR into existing knowledge of vitamin D biology.
Photoreduction of alkyl viologens by zinc tetraphenylporphyrin in organic solvent-water systems

Abstract Light-induced redox reactions between zinc meso -tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) and alkyl viologens (C n V 2+ ) in organic solvent-surfactant-water solutions have been investigated as functions of (i) organic solvent content of solutions, (ii) surfactant charge, and (iii) alkyl viologen hydrophobicity. The best system appears to be an oil-in-water emulsion containing 5 × 10 −5 M ZnTPP and 10 −3 M C 10 V 2+ stabilized by cationic surfactants (hexadecyltri-methylammonium bromide or chloride) with 6% N , N '-dimethylformamide (DMF), N , N '-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in water.
Variations in annual precipitation and selenium accumulation by Milk‐Vetch

Abstract Four Se accumulators and two non‐accumulator plants were examined for their Se content in wet and dry years. No significant change in Se quantity was noted in the non‐accumulators in relation to variations in annual precipitation. However, the concentration of Se found in accumulator plants is significantly higher in wet years than in dry ones. Furthermore, in wet years there is a higher percentage of water soluble Se in these plants than in dry ones. The soils supporting these plants were also examined for their Se content. In dry years these soils contain more water soluble Se than in wet ones but, in dry years, this form of Se is less available due to the lack of available moisture. High precipitation may tend to reduce absorption of Se by plants by diluting the water soluble Se present in the soil solution, but it is clear that it also promotes absorption of Se by encouraging vigorous growth of these accumulator plants.
Low temperature (≤ 380°C) and high performance Ge CMOS technology with novel source/drain by metal-induced dopants activation and high-k/metal gate stack for monolithic 3D integration

We demonstrate high performance, 3D IC compatible, Ge n and p-MOSFETs fabricated at very low temperatures, below 380degC. The low temperature gate stack comprises of high-K/metal materials. Very low series resistance (2.23times10-4 Omega-cm at the lowest point of SRP) and shallow (92 nm) source/drain (S/D) junctions with high degree of dopant activation is achieved especially in n-MOSFETs using CMOS process compatible technique - metal (Co) induced dopant activation (Co MIDA) and Ge crystallization. Low S/D resistance in Ge n-MOSFETs has previously been highly challenging. The Ge n-MOSFET, fabricated at 360degC, has an electron mobility comparable to the highest one reported previously, while the Ge p-MOSFET shows a hole mobility higher than the universal Si mobility. The Ge n- and p-MOSFETs provide an excellent Ion/Ioff ratio ( ~1.1times103 for both). In addition to other uses, this low temperature Ge CMOS process serves as a compelling enabler for integrating high performance Ge transistors above metal layers as required by 3D-ICs without exceeding 400degC.
Controlling helicity-correlated beam asymmetries in a polarized electron source

The control of helicity-correlated changes in the electron beam is a critical issue for the next generation of parity-violating electron scattering measurements. The underlying causes and methods for controlling these changes are reviewed with reference to recent operational experience at Jefferson Lab.
Specificity of DNA uptake in genetic transformation of gonococci

Abstract Genetic transformation of gonococci to streptomycin resistance was inhibited by homologous DNA or by DNA from related Neisseriae , but not by high concentrations of heterologous DNAs. Gonococci were capable of adsorbing large quantities (up to about 50 μg per 108 cells) of both homologous and heterologous DNA, which could not be eluted by strong shearing forces. Treatment with externally added DNase removed virtually all the heterologous DNA while a small fraction of the homologous DNA, not influenced by the presence of excess heterologous DNA, remained cell-bound in a form resistant to nuclease treatment. Competing homologous DNA suppressed nuclease-resistant binding. These findings suggest that gonococci have two types of DNA binding components at their surface. Competence of gonococci for genetic transformation undergoes a rapid decay if the cells are incubated with homologous (but not with heterologous) DNA.
The Bible in British Folklore

This article surveys magical and mantic uses of the Bible as attested in British folklore reports, with an eye to developing a model of the Biblicist tradition as that tradition was received by the British laity. The evidence shows that (1) in contrast to the church’s emphasis on the Bible’s meaning, the laity exploited the Bible’s textual and artifactual properties as supernatural means to practical ends; (2) charmers made use of particular biblical (or taken-for-biblical) texts, whereas the Bible generally was used in exorcisms, which seem to have remained the purview of clergy; (3) lay traditions about the Bible seem to have been focused on specific issues, though a general uncertainty about what powers Bibles might have is also indicated.
Scaling of Film Cooling Performance From Ambient to Engine Temperatures

The present study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to explore the complexities of scaling film cooling performance measurements from ambient laboratory conditions to high temperature engine conditions. In this investigation, a single shaped hole is examined computationally at both engine and near ambient temperatures to understand the impact of temperature dependent properties on scaling film cooling performance. By varying select flow and thermal parameters for the low temperature cases and comparing the results to high temperature flow, the parameters which must be matched to scale film cooling performance are determined.The results show that only matching the density and mass flux ratios is insufficient for scaling to high temperatures. In accordance with convective heat transfer fundamentals, freestream and coolant Reynolds numbers and Prandtl numbers must also be matched to obtain scalable results. By virtue of the Prandtl number for air remaining nearly constant with temperature, the Prandtl number at ambient conditions is sufficiently matched to engine temperatures. However, laboratory limitations can prevent matching both the freestream and coolant Reynolds numbers simultaneously.By examining this trade-off, it is determined that matching the coolant Reynolds number produces the best scalability. It is also found that by averaging the adiabatic effectiveness of two experiments in which the freestream and coolant Reynolds number are matched respectively results in significantly better scalability for cases with a separated coolant jet.
Characterization of the dopamine stimulated adenylate cyclase in the pedal ganglia of Mytilus edulis: interactions with etorphine, beta-endorphin, DALA, and methionine enkephalin.

The dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was studied both in vivo and in vitro in the central nervous system of the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis. Dopamine, epinine, and apormorphine stimulated the enzyme system. Fluphenazine, haloperidol, chlorpromaxine, and to a lesser extent BOL inhibited the dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase. Etorphine, β-endorphine, DALA, and methionine enkephalin depressed cyclic AMP levels. This phenomena was naloxone reversible. In addition, the opioids inhibited the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine. This phenomena was also naloxone reversible. The study demonstrates an interaction among dopamine, the opioids, and cyclic AMP.