cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and ventilatory responses to steady state exercise relative to lactate thresholds

The metabolic and ventilatory responses to steady state submaximal exercise on the cycle ergometer were compared at four intensities in 8 healthy subjects. The trials were performed so that, after a 10 min adaptation period, power output was adjusted to maintain steady state VO2 for 30 min at values equivalent to: (1) the aerobic threshold (AeT); (2) between the aerobic and the anaerobic threshold (AeTAnT); (3) the anaerobic threshold (AnT); and (4) between the anaerobic threshold and VO2max (AnTmax). Blood lactate concentration and ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2 demonstrated steady state values during the last 20 min of exercise at the AeT, AeAnT and AnT intensities, but increased progressively until fatigue in the AnTmax trial (mean time = 16 min). Serum glycerol levels were significantly higher at 40 min of exercise on the AeAnT and the AnT when compared to AeT, while the respiratory exchange ratios were not significantly different from each other. Thus, metabolic and ventilatory steady state can be maintained during prolonged exercise at intensities up to and including the AnT, and fat continues to be a major fuel source when exercise intensities are increased from the AeT to the AnT in steady state conditions. The blood lactate response to exercise suggests that, for the organism as a whole, anaerobic glycolysis plays a minor role in the energy release system at exercise intensities upt to and including the AnT during steady state conditions.
Education and the Ultimate Machine

The computer, still less than 40 years old, is shaping radical changes in the manner in which we work and play, think and feel, plan and manage. As the ultimate machine (much as the brain is the ultimate, irreplaceable organ) it is laden with emotional implications. And reasonably so, for our success in attempting to integrate it humanely into society will determine the future course of human conflict and development. There is no turning back. And upon the shoulders of educators will fall a major share of the responsibility for directing this inevitable computer-induced change.
A SIMPLER APPROACH TO THE GEOMETRICAL EFFICIENCY OF A PARALLEL-DISK SOURCE AND DETECTOR SYSTEM

Abstract A little-known integral formulation, of considerable simplicity, has been used to compute representative values of the average solid angle subtended at a disk source by a coaxial parallel-disk detector. The advantage of the integral formulation is compared with a Monte Carlo calculation of the solid angle. It si concluded that the Monte Carlo calculation is of lesser advantage, but is more easily adaptable to complex geometries.
Everyday stressors in the lives of Anglo and Hispanic learning handicapped adolescent

The sociocultural context of the lives of 10 learning handicapped adolescents was closely monitored over an entire school year using participant observation techniques. Everyday stressors and coping strategies of 5 Hispanic and 5 Anglo adolescents matched on age, sex, SES, class placement, and family intactness, were documented in lengthy field notes. Data revealed that in addition to concerns typical of all adolescents (i.e., family, work, recreation, appearance), cross pressure from cultural conflicts and the learning handicapped status were major sources of stress for these adolescent subgroups. It was concluded that we need to understand stressful events as a function of the context in which lives are situated in order to develop intervention programs designed to teach stress management and strategies for coping with relevant real-life problems.
Latrophilin-2 is a novel component of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition within the atrioventricular canal of the embryonic chicken heart.

Endothelial cells in the atrioventricular canal of the heart undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form heart valves. We surveyed an on-line database (http://www.geisha.arizona.edu/) for clones expressed during gastrulation to identify novel EMT components. One gene, latrophilin-2, was identified as expressed in the heart and appeared to be functional in EMT. This molecule was chosen for further examination. In situ localization showed it to be expressed in both the myocardium and endothelium. Several antisense DNA probes and an siRNA for latrophilin-2 produced a loss of EMT in collagen gel cultures. Latrophilin-2 is a putative G-protein-coupled receptor and we previously identified a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein signal transduction pathway. Microarray experiments were performed to examine whether these molecules were related. After treatment with antisense DNA against latrophilin-2, expression of 1,385 genes and ESTs was altered. This represented approximately 12.5% of the microarray elements. In contrast, pertussis toxin altered only 103 (0.9%) elements of the array. There appears to be little overlap between the two signal transduction pathways. Latrophilin-2 is thus a novel component of EMT and provides a new avenue for investigation of this cellular process. Developmental Dynamics 235:3213–3221, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metabolic studies in patients with nadolol: oral and intravenous administration.

Nadolol-14C, 2,3-cis-5-(3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-naphthalenediol, a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was administered orally and intravenously at 2-mg doses to patients with mild cases of essential hypertension. Terminal plasma half-times after oral and intravenous doses were an average of 12.2 and 9.8 hours, respectively. After oral doses, an average of 24.6 and 76.9 per cent of the dose was excreted in urine and feces, respectively, whereas, after intravenous doses, an average of 72.9 and 23.3 per cent of the dose was excreted by the same routes. Calculations of absorption, based on urinary excretion and on areas under the plasma concentration-versus-time curves, indicated that oral doses of nadolol-14C were absorbed to the extent of 33.6+/-2.4 per cent (+/- S.E.). The average overall volume of distribution after intravenous administration was 2.09+/-0.51 1./kg (+/- S.E.), and the average volume of the central compartment was 0.30+/-0.04 1./kg. Only unchanged nadolol-14C was excreted in the urine and feces of patients after either oral or intravenous administration of the drug.
Scholarly Transgressions: (Re)writing the History of World Christianity:

The history of world Christianity has typically relied on certain binary categories such as Western/non-Western, missionary/native, modern/traditional, and liberal/conservative. Our globalizing context, in which well-established political and ideological borders are constantly being crossed, raises questions about the adequacy of such binaries. Using Christianity in North India as a case study, this article explores the limits of these inherited frameworks for the study of world Christianity.
Fundamental differences in the equilibrium considerations for siRNA and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide design

Both siRNA and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) inhibit the expression of a complementary gene. In this study, fundamental differences in the considerations for RNA interference and antisense ODNs are reported. In siRNA and antisense ODN databases, positive correlations are observed between the cost to open the mRNA target self-structure and the stability of the duplex to be formed, meaning the sites along the mRNA target with highest potential to form strong duplexes with antisense strands also have the greatest tendency to be involved in pre-existing structure. Efficient siRNA have less stable siRNA–target duplex stability than inefficient siRNA, but the opposite is true for antisense ODNs. It is, therefore, more difficult to avoid target self-structure in antisense ODN design. Self-structure stabilities of oligonucleotide and target correlate to the silencing efficacy of siRNA. Oligonucleotide self-structure correlations to efficacy of antisense ODNs, conversely, are insignificant. Furthermore, self-structure in the target appears to correlate with antisense ODN efficacy, but such that more effective antisense ODNs appear to target mRNA regions with greater self-structure. Therefore, different criteria are suggested for the design of efficient siRNA and antisense ODNs and the design of antisense ODNs is more challenging.
Lower Temperature Electrolytic Reduction of CO2 to O2 and CO with High-Conductivity Solid Oxide Bilayer Electrolytes

Ceramic oxygen generators (COGs) with a bilayer-electrolyte (erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide/samaria-doped ceria) architecture were developed to produce pure oxygen from CO 2 at lower temperature (below 700°C) for potential use in NASA's Mars exploration mission. Major factors that influence oxygen generation include the oxygen-ion conductivity of the solid-oxide electrolyte, applied current, operating temperature, and fuel utilization (CO/CO 2 ratio). The COG voltage power losses were due to internal resistance and electrode polarization. Higher temperatures resulted in higher oxygen generation rates due to reduced cell resistance. However, lowering the COG operating temperature is very important and the bilayer COGs showed promise for operation below 700°C, thus reducing the required power consumption, expanding ancillary material selection, decreasing fabrication cost, and potentially extending mission time.
Transfer of habituation using spreading depression

Rats exposed to a novel T-maze during unilateral spreading depression showed complete transfer of habituation when tested subsequently with depression of the opposite hemisphere.
Impact of Fuselage Incidence on the Supersonic Aerodynamics of Two Fighter Configurations

The results of experimental and theoretical investigations into the effect of fuselage upwash on fighter aircraft wing performance are reported. Wind tunnel trials were performed on 4 percent scale models of two supersonic fighters. The trials were run at Mach 1.6-2.0, an Re of 2,000,000 and at angles of attack (AOA) of -4 to 20 deg. Measurements were made of lift, drag and pitching moments. Two linearized theory supersonic aerodynamic prediction codes, PAN AIR and the SDAS lift analysis, were used to predict the same aerodynamic coefficients. The fuselage AOA augmented the lift and pitching moment at 0, 2 and 5 deg. The contribution mainly arose from the fuselage-induced upwash. The PAN AIR code gave superior data for the fuselage aerodynamics and effects, although both codes accurately predicted the overall lift and moment increments due to the fuselage AOA.
Coadsorption of water and lithium on the Ru(001) surface

Abstract The interactions between water and lithium have been studied on the surface of a Ru(001) crystal using thermal desorption spectroscopy, electron stimulated desorption ion angular distributions (ESDIAD), Auger spectroscopy and LEED. The presence of Li was found to influence strongly the H + ESD yield and the ESDIAD patterns from adsorbed water even at Li coverages of 0.02 monolayer; changes in the thermal desorption states for water were also observed at low Li coverages. For coadsorbed Li coverages above 0.05, ESDIAD measurements provided clear evidence of water decomposition, even at surface temperatures near 80 K; evidence for dissociation was also obtained from thermal desorption and Auger measurements. The present results are compared and contrasted to those reported previously for the H 2 O/Na/Ru(001) system.
Ethics and marketing on this internet: Practitioners' perceptions of societal, industry and company concerns

The astonishing growth of the Internet coupled with its unique capabilities has captured the attention of the marketing community. Although many businesses are acknowledging the importance of a Web site, to date, little attention has been given to the business community'sperceptions of the ethicality of this new medium. A national sample of marketing executives was surveyed regarding their perceptions of: (1) regulation of the Internet, (2) the potential ethical issues via Internet marketing facing their industry, and (3) the role of ethics and Internet marketing in their organization. Results and recommendations for incorporating Internet ethical guidelines into organizations are discussed.
The integration of lexical, syntactic, and discourse features in bilingual adolescents' writing: an exploratory approach

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the bilingual writing of adolescent English language learners (ELLs) using quantitative tools. Linguistic measures were applied to the participants' ...
pH and cation-responsive supramolecular gels formed by cyclodextrin amines in DMSO

Amine-modified cyclodextrins are capable of forming pH and cation-responsive organogels in DMSO at low molar fractions.
Fatigue crack investigation for the Arkansas River Bridge in Hutchinson, Kansas

Abstract Fatigue cracks were identified in the Arkansas River Bridge at: (1) stringer to floor-beam connections; (2) expansion joints; and (3) floor-beam to exterior girder connections. Cracks at floor-beam to exterior girder connections are caused by out-of-plane distortion, and are the major focus of this investigation. A review of the crack phenomena identified in the bridge, evaluation of fatigue stresses at the crack details under traffic, analyses for two possible repair approaches to prevent further crack propagation, and recommended retrofit methods to extend the bridge life are presented. Both the observed crack features and the proposed repair methods are evaluated by a finite element analysis. The maximum stress range after the repairs decreases by 50% to a level where cracks would not be expected to reinitiate.
High temperature (900 – 1300°C) mechanical behaviour of dendritic web grown silicon ribbons: - strain rate and temperature dependence of the yield stress

The mechanical behavior of dendritic web Si ribbons close the melting point was studied experimentally. The goal of the study was to generate data for modeling the generation of stresses and dislocation structures during growth of dendritic web Si ribbons, thereby permitting modifications to the production process, i.e., the temperature profile, to lower production costs for the photovoltaic ribbons. A laser was used to cut specimens in the direction of growth of sample ribbons, which were then subjected to tensile tests at temperatures up to 1300 C in an Ar atmosphere. The tensile strengths of the samples increased when the temperature rose above 1200 C, a phenomena which was attributed to the diffusion of oxygen atoms to the quasi-dislocation sites. The migration to the potential dislocations sites effectively locked the dislocations.
Density Functional Study of H-induced Defects as Nucleation Sites in Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterials

Recently we have reported on the growth of an exciting new class of hybrid nanostructured carbon materials, coupling nanosized diamond with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The inner structures were shown to be single-walled C nanotubes or bundles of single-walled nanotubes up to 15 {micro}m long, and the outer deposit consisted of faceted diamond crystallites with diameters in the range of 20-100 nm. To aid in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the formation of such materials, the present study uses density functional theory to examine the role of atomic hydrogen in creating localized sp{sup 3} hybridized defects on the outer wall of carbon nanotubes. The results illustrate that certain absorption configurations may produce defects containing dangling carbon bonds, and thus promote the formation of suitable sites for nanodiamond nucleation.
Two novel missense mutations associated with hemophilia A in a family of Boxers, and a German Shepherd dog

Background Hemophilia A is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII. Over 2300 unique mutations in the gene-encoding factor VIII have been documented in people, but limited information is known in dogs. An 11-week-old male Boxer and a 5-year-old male German Shepherd were diagnosed with hemophilia A based on diminished factor VIII activity. Objective The purpose of the study was to identify genetic mutations associated with hemophilia A in both dogs. Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from EDTA blood samples from the affected German Shepherd and Boxer, the Boxer's dam, 3 female siblings, and one asymptomatic male sibling. Primers were designed in noncoding regions to amplify the 26 exons of the factor VIII gene via PCR. Results The affected Boxer sequence revealed a single nucleotide change, cytosine to guanine, at nucleotide position 1412 (1412C>G) in exon 10. The change is predicted to result in the substitution of arginine for proline at amino acid 471 (P471R) in the A2 domain of factor VIII. The dam and female siblings were carriers, the male sibling did not have the mutation. The German Shepherd dog had a single nucleotide change of a guanine to adenine at position 1643 (1643G>A) in exon 11, predicting the substitution of tyrosine for cysteine at amino acid 548 (C548Y) in the A2 domain. Conclusions Here we document 2 mutations associated with canine hemophilia A associated with < 1% factor VIII activity, similar to that in people. Another related Boxer with the P471R mutation was later identified.
Noise in SiGe HBTs: opportunities and challenges (Keynote Address)

SiGe technology represents a remarkable success story for the microelectronics industry, and possesses the capability to fundamentally reshape the way broadband communications systems are conceived and built in the 21st century. From the first demonstration of a functional SiGe HBT in 1987, until the achievement of the present performance record of 375 GHz peak cutoff frequency, a mere 18 years has elapsed! The SiGe HBT is the first practical bandgap-engineered Si device, and has evolved from simple transistor and circuit demonstrations in a select few research laboratories to robust production in upwards of two-dozen manufacturing facilities around the world in 2005, and commercial products abound across a wide spectrum of commercial applications. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in SiGe technology, discusses the design and operational principles of SiGe HBTs, and then focuses on the broadband and low-frequency noise characteristics of SiGe HBTs, emphasizing both the opportunities and the challenges which will necessarily be faced with continued device scaling.
Lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and neutrophil migration in canine lung allografts

Background. Depletion of neutrophils (PMNs) and inhibition of PMN endothelial adhesion ameliorate post-ischemic lung reperfusion injury. Lidocaine reduces PMN adhesion to endothelial surfaces in vivo, and inhibits upregulation of PMN-CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) in vitro. We evaluated the effect of lidocaine on reperfusion injury, PMN adhesion, and PMN migration in preserved lung allografts. Methods. Donor lungs were flushed with modified Euro-Collins solution (4°C) after prostaglandin E 1 administration (250 μg), inflated with 550 mL (inspired oxygen fraction=1.0), and stored for 24 hours at 1°C. Left lung allotransplantation was performed in 13 mongrel dogs. Immediately after reperfusion the recipient right pulmonary artery and bronchus were ligated to permit assessment of allograft function during a 6-hour postreperfusion period. Allograft gas exchange (every 15 minutes) and hemodynamics (every 60 minutes) were assessed. Peripheral blood PMN CD11b expression was determined by flow cytometry. After sacrifice allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN count and allograft tissue myeloperoxidase activity were measured. Two groups were studied: In group I (n = 8) lidocaine hydrochloride was added to the donor flush (20 mg/L) solution. In addition lidocaine was given to the recipient at the time of thoracotomy (intravenous bolus of 4 mg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion of 4 mg · kg −1 · h −1 during implantation and the assessment period. Three dogs that did not reach effective lidocaine blood levels at the time of reperfusion (3 to 4 μg/mL) were excluded from analysis. Group II animals (n = 5) received no lidocaine. Results. Gas exchange in group I was superior throughout the assessment period ( p 6 PMN/mL versus 6.2 × 10 6 PMN/mL; p −1 · min −1 compared with 0.28 U · mg −1 · min −1 in group II ( p Conclusions. Our observations indicate that lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and inhibits PMN adhesion and subsequent migration to the lung allograft.
Ectomycorrhizal Colonization, Biomass, and Production in a Regenerating Scrub Oak Forest in Response to Elevated CO2

The effects of CO2 elevation on the dynamics of fine root (FR) mass and ectomycorrhizal (EM) mass and colonization were studied in situ in a Florida scrub oak system over four years of postfire regeneration. Soil cores were taken at five dates and sorted to assess the standing crop of ectomycorrhizal and fine roots. We used ingrowth bags to estimate the effects of elevated CO2 on production of EM roots and fine roots. Elevated CO2 tended to increase EM colonization frequency but did not affect EM mass nor FR mass in soil cores (standing mass). However, elevated CO2 strongly increased EM mass and FR mass in ingrowth bags (production), but it did not affect the EM colonization frequency therein. An increase in belowground production with unchanged biomass indicates that elevated CO2 may stimulate root turnover. The CO2-stimulated increase of belowground production was initially larger than that of aboveground production. The oaks may allocate a larger portion of resources to root/mycorrhizal production in this system in elevated rather than ambient CO2.
Elastic materials with coincident principal stress and strain axes

In this note, a representation is derived for a Cauchy stress response function that is necessary and sufficient in order that a simple material without memory be such that the principal axes of strain and stress always coincide. It is found that the material need not be isotropic. However, if the material is in addition hyperelastic, so that the work done in any cyclic motion is zero, it is shown that the material is necessarily isotropic.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Current State of the Art Cost Versus Benefit

An overwhelming amount of evidence from prospective randomized controlled trials supports the clinical efficacy and safety of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with moderate or severe heart failure and ventricular dyssynchrony.1–6 As noted below, CRT makes heart failure patients feel better, improves cardiac structure and function, and reduces all-cause as well as heart failure morbidity and mortality. Thus, there may be a clinical mandate for use of CRT in many patients with chronic heart failure. This notion raises important questions about the clinical application of this therapy. For example, will the availability of CRT change our current clinical approach to heart failure patients? Will it lead to new research advances? Will CRT patients also require an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) to optimize outcomes? Will the clinical benefits of these therapies justify the costs? Patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and dilation, with or without clinical signs or symptoms of heart failure, frequently have ventricular conduction delays.7 In such patients, this is usually manifested as a left bundle-branch block (LBBB). This type of conduction abnormality is generally associated with delayed depolarization and contraction of the lateral LV free wall (Figure 1), whereas the interventricular septum exhibits a normal (early) contraction resulting in paradoxical septal motion. Figure 1. Ventricular activation sequence in narrow vs prolonged QRS duration failing hearts. A, 3D activation sequence recorded with 3D mapping system (EnSite 3000, Endocardial Solutions) in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and QRS duration of 95 ms. The activation breakthrough point was located in the septal region of the left ventricle. From this site, the activation immediately propagated to the anterior and lateral walls as indicated by the arrow. The basal region of the left ventricle was the last activated. B, In contrast, in a patient with a QRS …
Nutrient enrichment in tropical wetlands: shifts from autotrophic to heterotrophic nitrogen fixation

We used established long-term experimental P-amended plots in freshwater marshes of northern Belize to determine the impact of P input on nitrogen (N) fixation. Marshes with different conductivities and sulfate concentrations were selected to elucidate the effect of salinity and the contribution of sulfur reducing bacteria to the overall N fixation. Rates of N fixation in sediment, roots, and cyanobacterial mats was measured in laboratory incubation experiments (acetylene reduction assay calibrated by 15N2 reduction assay) with and without the addition of sodium molybdate (sulfur reducing bacteria inhibitor). P has increased macrophyte primary production significantly, which led to the rapid elimination of cyanobacterial mats and the elimination of autotrophic N fixation. P addition enhanced heterotrophic N fixation in both the sediments and rhizosphere due primarily to increased C supply to the sediment. When expressed on a dry weight basis, root associated N fixation was higher than sediment N fixation, but the contribution of the root associated fixation to the total N fixation was small when expressed per square meter. Sulfur reducing bacteria were an important component of N fixation, contributing from 20 to 53% to the overall N fixation. A simple N budget was created to determine if N demands are met following P addition. The heterotrophic N fixation substituted in part for autotrophic cyanobacterial N fixation when P limitation was alleviated.
Near-bottom suspended matter concentration on the Continental Shelf during storms: estimates based on in situ observations of light transmission and a particle size dependent transmissometer calibration

A laboratory calibration of Sea Tech and Montedoro-Whitney beam transmissometers shows a linear relation between light attenuation coefficient (cp) and suspended matter concentration (SMC) for natural sediments and for glass beads. However the proportionality constant between cp and SMC depends on the particle diameter and particle type. Thus, to measure SMC, observations of light attenuation must be used with a time-variable calibration when suspended particle characteristics change with time. Because of this variable calibration, time series of light attenuation alone may not directly reflect SMC and must be interpreted with care. The near-bottom concentration of suspended matter during winter storms on the U.S. East Coast Continental Shelf is estimated from light transmission measurements made 2 m above the bottom and from the size distribution of suspended material collected simultaneously in sediment traps 3 m above the bottom. The average concentrations during six storms between December 1979 and February 1980 in the Middle Atlantic Bight ranged from 2 to 4 mg l1 (maximum concentration of 7 mg l1) and 8 to 12 mg l1 (maximum concentration of 22 mg l1) on the south flank of Georges Bank.
Challenges and Strategies for Conducting Survey and Focus Group Research With Culturally Diverse Groups

The professions represented by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association are serving a wide range of populations as diversity in the United States continues to grow rapidly. This article off...
Trampling Disturbance of High-Elevation Vegetation, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, U.S.A

Trampling experiments were conducted in five high-elevation plant communities in the Wind River Mountains. In one experiment (simulating infrequent acute disturbance), plots were trampled once and recovery was followed for 3 yr. In another experiment (simulating chronic disturbance), plots were trampled for three successive years and recovery was followed for one year. Yearly trampling intensities were 0 to 500 passes (up to 800 and 1000 in two communities). Structural responses (reductions in cover and height) were more pronounced than compositional responses. Low levels of trampling caused substantial reductions in cover and height, but rates of change decreased as trampling intensity increased. The ability of different plant communities to tolerate trampling disturbance varied by at least an order of magnitude, suggesting that impacts can be reduced by directing use to more tolerant plant communities. Moreover, tolerance can be gauged on the basis of readily observable plant characteristics. Plant communities with groundcover dominated by chamaephytes (primarily low, woody shrubs) or by erect, caulescent forbs were less resistant than those with groundcovers dominated by turf-forming or caespitose graminoids, or by forbs with matted, caespitose or rosette growth forms. Plant communities with woody, chamaephytic groundcover were less resilient than other plant communities.
Energy productivity: A measure of energy utilisation in agricultural systems☆

Abstract Energy productivity, the quantity of a given agricultural product per unit of energy required for its production, is proposed as a measure of the utilisation of energy in industrialised agricultural systems. It should replace energy ratio, which is shown to be inadequate as such a measure.
Adjuvant Intravesicular Pharmacotherapy for Superficial Bladder Cancer

In 1990, bladder cancer, excluding carcinoma in situ, was estimated to contribute 49,000 cases of cancer. In men 75 years old or older, it became the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths. Of patients with bladder cancer, 75%-80% initially present with superficial bladder tumors. Treatment of these tumors has three objectives: 1) to eradicate existing disease, 2) to provide prophylaxis against tumor recurrence, and 3) to avoid deep invasion into the muscle layers of the bladder. Transurethral resection is the primary treatment to eradicate superficial bladder tumors, but 40%-80% of these tumors recur. Because of these high recurrence rates, adjuvant intravesicular pharmacotherapy with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory drugs has gained widespread use. The past two decades of clinical investigations in superficial bladder cancer have provided valuable information on the biology and treatment of the disease. Multivariate analyses have indicated that tumor grade and stage are the most important prognostic variables commonly available to the clinician to identify the patient at greatest risk of developing muscle-invasive or metastatic bladder cancer. These studies have also identified groups at low risk for tumor recurrence and invasive bladder cancer. Randomized trials have shown that recurrence rates are decreased by adjuvant intravesicular pharmacotherapy with a number of drugs: bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG), doxorubicin, ethoglucid (Epodyl), mitomycin-C, teniposide, and thiotepa. However, few studies indicate that adjuvant intravesicular pharmacotherapy can prevent progression to invasive bladder cancer in the high-risk patient with superficial bladder cancer. Additional clinical trials are needed to determine whether such therapy can prevent invasive and metastatic bladder cancer and improve disease-free survival in this group. In addition, the identification of tests (e.g., monoclonal antibody tests, chromosomal analyses, and tumor marker assays) that can help to identify high-risk patients is needed to better develop therapeutic strategies for superficial bladder cancer.
Optimization and improvement

Agents face serious obstacles to making optimal decisions. For instance, their cognitive limits stand in the way. John Pollock’s book, Thinking about Acting, suggests many ways of revising decision principles to accommodate human limits and to direct limited, artificial agents. The book’s main proposal is to replace optimization, or expected-utility maximization, with locally global planning. This essay describes optimization and locally global planning, and then argues that optimization among salient options has the virtues of locally global planning without certain drawbacks. Although it does not endorse locally global planning, it recommends that decision theory incorporate some of the book’s ideas about settling for improvements when optimization among all options is unrealistic.
Characterization of a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody to human anti-factor VIII antibodies.

Approximately 15% of individuals with hemophilia A develop antibodies (inhibitors) to therapeutically infused factor VIII that interfere with F.VIII coagulant activity. By using isoelectric focusing and immunospecific detection of anti-factor VIII antibodies, inhibitor plasma showed varied patterns of reactivity characteristic of a polyclonal response. Inhibitor plasma from patient Bt was observed to have an isolated banding pattern, or spectrotype, at pI 8.4 (SP8.4) distinct from his remaining anti-factor VIII antibodies. SP8.4 antibodies from this patient were partially purified and used to prepare monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies. Monoclonal antibody Mab20-2H was found to detect a spectrotype in isoelectric-focused Bt plasma identical to SP8.4 and to bind anti-factor VIII antibodies. Furthermore, Mab20-2H binding could inhibit the binding of these anti-factor VIII antibodies to antigen, indicating that Mab20-2H recognizes an idiotope associated with antigen binding. Mab20-2H was also found to recognize antibodies from another inhibitor patient. This and other anti-idiotype reagents will be useful for defining genetic factors involved in the human immune response to factor VIII and in designing approaches to prevent or ameliorate this response.
On reentry vehicle tracking in various coordinate systems

Some simulation results are presented to demonstrate difficulties which may arise in choosing initialization procedures and prediction algorithms for reentry vehicle (RV) tracking filters operating in various coordinate systems.
A text mining approach to automated healthcare for the masses

There is a tremendous amount of attention being focused on improving human health these days. The World Health Organization (WHO) statistics show that disease and mortality rate greatly depend on access to proper healthcare, which is not available to a vast majority of the global population. This technical paper presents our vision of automating some of the healthcare functions such as monitoring and diagnosis for mass deployment. We explain our ideas on how machines can help in this essential life supporting activity. Diagnosis part of the problem has been researched for long, so we set out working on this first, while the remaining is still in idea stage. We give insights into our work on automating medical diagnosis using text mining techniques and include some initial results.
Blanketing approximations for solar models

Abstract Numerical experiments lead to a simple procedure for finding fairly realistic temperature distributions for blanketed model atmospheres. The line absorption is simulated by a depth-dependent opacity based on the behavior of “representative lines.” For a solar model, the predicted temperature distribution agrees well with empirically determined temperature distributions, but there remains a discrepancy between the predicted and the observed continuous spectrums.
The Distinction Between Social Distance and Stereotyping

An analysis of survey data from a large city in the Southwest shows that social distance and stereotyping are distinct components of prejudice in white attitudes toward both blacks and American Indians. Further, whites perceive more social distance between themselves and blacks than between themselves and Indians. There is evidence of a smaller difference in the levels of stereotyping of Indians and blacks by whites.
Toward the Development of Virtual Surgical Tools to Aid Orthopaedic FE Analyses

Computational models of joint anatomy and function provide a means for biomechanists, physicians, and physical therapists to understand the effects of repetitive motion, acute injury, and degenerative diseases. Finite element models, for example, may be used to predict the outcome of a surgical intervention or to improve the design of prosthetic implants. Countless models have been developed over the years to address a myriad of orthopaedic procedures. Unfortunately, few studies have incorporated patient-specific models. Historically, baseline anatomic models have been used due to the demands associated with model development. Moreover, surgical simulations impose additional modeling challenges. Current meshing practices do not readily accommodate the inclusion of implants. Our goal is to develop a suite of tools (virtual instruments and guides) which enable surgical procedures to be readily simulated and to facilitate the development of all-hexahedral finite element mesh definitions.
Analysis of the impact of imatinib mesylate therapy on the prognosis of patients with philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with interferon-α regimens for early chronic phase

BACKGROUND The effect on prognosis of adding imatinib mesylate to the treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has not been explored fully. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the benefit of adding imatinib to the treatment sequence of patients with early chronic phase Ph-positive CML who received interferon α (IFN)-based regimens as frontline therapy. METHODS A total of 201 patients with early chronic phase Ph-positive CML who were treated on our 3 recent frontline IFN–based programs and were impacted early by the availability of sequential therapy with imatinib were analyzed. Their outcome was compared with that of a historical control group of 293 patients treated from 1982 until 1990 who were treated with IFN programs for early chronic phase CML and who did not have the opportunity of early access to imatinib (because it was not available during that period). Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the independent effect of imatinib therapy on survival. RESULTS Of 201 patients who were treated, 159 patients (79%) had their regimen changed sequentially to imatinib after a median duration of 14 months of IFN therapy. Of 139 patients who continued evaluation at our institution, 101 patients (73%; 64% of the total group) achieved a complete cytogenetic response, and 20 of 80 patients analyzed (25%; 10% of the total group) had no disease according to molecular studies (quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies). The estimated 5-year survival rate for the total study group of 201 patients was 86%. Survival of this group was significantly superior to the historic control group of IFN-treated patients who did not have the benefit of imatinib (P = 0.03). The trend also was observed within defined CML risk groups. Imatinib therapy was confirmed as an independent, significant, favorable prognostic factor for survival by multivariate analysis, after accounting for the independent prognostic effect of pretreatment prognostic factors (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The current analysis is the first to indicate the independent, favorable effect of imatinib on the survival of patients with Ph-positive CML. Cancer 2003;98:1430–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11665
Radiative-convective equilibrium models of Jupiter and Saturn

Radiative-convective equilibrium models for Jupiter and Saturn have been produced in a study concentrating on the stratospheric energy balance and the possible role of aerosol heating. These models are compared directly with the thermal structure profiles obtained from Voyager radio occultation measurements. The method is based on a straightforward flux divergence formulation derived from earlier work. The balance between absorbed and emitted energies is computed iteratively at each level in the atmosphere, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium and employing a standard treatment of opacities. Results for Jupiter indicate that a dust-free model furnishes a good mean thermal profile for the stratosphere when compared with the Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements. Observations of the equatorial region exhibit periodic vertical structure. The Saturn models are relatively simple and in good agreement with the Voyager 2 radio occultation temperature profiles at all levels. Aerosol heating played a minor role in Saturn's midlatitude stratospheric energy balance at the time of the Voyager 2 encounter.
The Novel Triad of Dorsal Agenesis of the Pancreas with Concurrent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Nonalcoholic Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Introduction Dorsal agenesis of the pancreas (DAP) is a rare congenital anomaly, with only 44 cases having been reported in the English literature since 1966.
Patient Experience and Attitudes Toward Addressing the Cost of Breast Cancer Care

Background.The American Society of Clinical Oncology views patient-physician discussion of costs as a component of highquality care. Few data exist on patients’ views regarding how cost should be addressed in the clinic. Methods.Wedistributedaself-administered,anonymous,paper survey to consecutive patients with breastcancer presenting for a routine visit within 5 years of diagnosis at an academic cancer center. Survey questions addressed experience and preferences concerningdiscussions ofcostand viewsoncostcontrol.Results areprimarilydescriptive,withcomparisonamongparticipantson the basis of disease stage, using chi-square and Fisher’ se xact tests. All pvalues are two-sided. Results.We surveyed 134 participants (response rate 86%). Median age was 61 years, and 28% had stage IV disease. Although 44% of participants reported at least a moderate level of financial distress, only 14% discussed costs with their doctor;94%agreeddoctorsshouldtalktopatientsaboutcosts ofcare.Regardingtheimpactofcostsondecisionmaking,53% feltdoctorsshouldconsiderdirectcoststothepatient,butonly 38% felt doctors should consider costs to society. Moreover, 88% reported concern about costs of care, but there was no consensus on how to control costs. Conclusion. Mostbreastcancer patients wantto discuss costs ofcare, but there is little consensus on the desired content or goalofthesediscussions.Furtherresearchisneededtodefine the role of cost discussions at the bedside and how they will contribute to the goal of high-quality and sustainable cancer care.The Oncologist 2014;19:1–6
Real-Time Data Services for Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) have grand visions with great socio-economic impacts such as blackout-free electricity supply and real-time disaster recovery. A key challenge is providing real-time data services for CPSs. Existing real-time data management techniques and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) fall far short to support timely, secure real-time data services for CPSs. In this paper, we present a novel information-centric approach to supporting these requirements in CPSs. In our approach, network-enabled real-time embedded databases (nRTEDBs) communicate with each other and control and communicate with wireless sensors in a secure, timely manner. Unlike sensor databases such as TinyDB, nRTEDBs collaboratively derive global knowledge of real world phenomena. Based on the collective information, they actively control a WSN to extract important data directly relevant to an event of interest. In this way, nRTEDBs considerably enhance the overall timeliness, security, and efficiency.
Politics, population, and family planning in Guatemala : Ch'orti' Maya experiences

The Guatemalan population has increased from 3 million to over 11 million since 1950. A close look at the Guatemalan population boom, especially among Mayas, reveals several interrelated factors at play, including 1) a lifestyle based on manual labor and cooperation of kin, 2) inadequate indigenous contraceptive techniques, 3) poverty and marginality from public services, 4) ethnic distrust, 5) religion, 6) gender inequality, and, ultimately, 7) inadequate international and state assistance for family planning. Despite the myriad challenges to family planning in Guatemala, the physical and cultural accessibility to contraceptives can be enhanced by a holistic family planning program.
Rough-Wall Boundary Layer Noise

This paper presents a review and discussion on what is known about the fundamental characteristics of noise generated by turbulent flows over rigid rough walls. Not much is understood about the generation mechanism and what studies have been performed suggest two possible scalings. An analytic study of the problem suggests that three source mechanisms could contribute to increased acoustic levels in flow over a rough surface. The first mechanism, which Howe (1984) believed to be the most important, is the incoherent summing of the scattered pressure field from individual roughness elements. Without considering the scaling of the hydrodynamic pressure spectrum, the sound power from this source will increase with the 6th power of the roughness height and is directly proportional to the number of roughness elements per unit area N/S. If the roughness is considered a continuous field, instead of composed of discrete roughness elements, the previous source would under predict the total sound field. This method was introduced by Morse and Ingard (1968) for scattering of acoustic waves and results in an acoustic field which differs from that presented by Howe, in scaling, shape, and frequency peak. The roughness elements beneath the boundary layer may in themselves be a cause of unsteady loading and radiate sound as dipole sources, a potential third acoustic source. This source mechanism would result in the sound level scaling with the fourth power of the roughness height (relative to the level of the hydrodynamic spectrum) and be directly proportional to the roughness density. Details of a new experiment currently being developed to study roughness noise are briefly discussed.
Modeling of the dielectric logging tool at high frequencies: applications and results

The high-frequency dielectric logging tool is useful in electromagnetic well logging, because, by measuring the dielectric constants of rock formations at high frequencies (1 GHz), the water saturation of rocks can be inferred without knowing the water salinity in the rocks. The results of a theoretical model presented in a previous paper by the author are reported (ibid., vol.26, p.382-7, 1988). Use is made of the theoretical model to study the behavior of such a tool across geological sedimentary beds. The effect of using different polarizations on the measurement is considered, along with the standoff and mudcake effects that reflect on the depth of investigation of such a tool. The use of borehole compensation modes in the measurements is also considered. It has been found that the TE polarization is more robust than the TM polarization in terms of mudcake and standoff effects. >
Transfemoral venous access through inferior vena cava filters for interventions requiring large sheaths.

The presence of a filter in the inferior vena cava (IVC) to prevent pulmonary embolism from lower extremity deep vein thrombosis has traditionally been a contraindication for venous catheterization from the femoral vein. Certain interventional procedures require femoral access and occasionally, patients with IVC filters require these procedures. The authors report two such patients, one with a Greenfield filter requiring balloon mitral valvuloplasty and one with a Trapease filter requiring atrial septostomy. These cases demonstrate the technical feasibility of interventions across vena cava filters. Based on this experience and a review of the literature we describe in detail the techniques that allowed the procedures to be performed safely and successfully. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.