cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IQ is Not Strongly Related to Response to Reading Instruction: A Meta-Analytic Interpretation

A meta-analysis of 22 studies evaluating the relation of different assessments of IQ and intervention response did not support the hypothesis that IQ is an important predictor of response to instruction. We found an R2 of .03 in models with IQ and the autoregressor as predictors and a unique lower estimated R2 of .006 and a higher estimated R2 of .013 in models with IQ, the autoregressor, and additional covariates as predictors. There was no evidence that these aggregated effect sizes were moderated by variables such as the type of IQ measure, outcome, age, or intervention. In simulations of the capacity of variables with effect sizes of .03 and .001 for predicting response to intervention, we found little evidence of practical significance.
Individual investors' attention to accounting information : message board discussions

Accounting standard setters and financial information providers are interested in individual investors’ use of accounting information, but find it difficult to assess with conventional data sources. Financial message boards provide a unique medium to analyze individuals’ attention to accounting information on a large scale and in great detail. I examine accounting-related content in 1.94 million messages for 1,852 firms and find that individual investors pay considerable attention to accounting information. In accordance with the expectation that investors react to relevant information events, I find that accounting-related discussion is significantly elevated around earnings releases, 8-K reports, quarterly reports, and annual reports of the smallest firms. I also examine whether investors expand their accounting information acquisition and processing efforts in poor information climates. I show that accounting-related discussion increases in an environment of greater uncertainty, measured by information availability (lower analyst coverage), information precision (higher analyst forecast dispersion), and information ambiguity (higher trading volume). Lastly, I propose that greater attention to accounting information may be associated with evidence of a better-informed investor. I find that higher accounting discussion around earnings announcements is associated with an increase in the Earnings Response Coefficient and a small reduction in information asymmetry around the earnings announcement.
Aliphatic esters of 6,6-difluoro-17β-hydroxy-17-ethynyl-4-estren-3-one (6,6-difluoronorethindrone) and (±)-6,6-difluoro-13β-ethyl-17β-hydroxy-17-ethynyl-4-gonen-3-one ((±)-6,6-difluoronorgestrel)

Two simple synthetic procedures are described for the preparation of the c5-c10 aliphatic esters of 6,6-difluoro-17β-hydroxy-17-ethynyl-4-estren-3-one (6,6-difluoronorethin-drone) (1) and 6,6-difluoro-13β-ethyl-17β-hydroxy-17-ethynyl-4-gonen-3-one ((±)-6,6-difluoronorgestrel) (2). The products (3-6) are repository injectable progestational agents having from one to three times the potency of the standard substance, norethindrone enanthate, in a single dose ten-day Clauberg-McPhail assay.
The Jewish Community's Reactions to the John Demjanjuk Trials

In September 1993, accused Nazi war criminal John Demjanjuk stepped off the small private plane at the tiny Medina, Ohio, airport, about 20 miles from Akron. Demjanjuk's most recent journey had taken him from Israel back to the United States, eventually home to Seven Hills, Ohio, a suburb just south of Cleveland. Formerly an obscure Ukrainian who was brought to the world's attention through his imprisonment and subsequent trials in both the United States and Israel from 1975 to 1998, Demjanjuk became a martyr to some and a monster to others during his two-decade-long legal ordeal. This paper will examine the various reactions to the Demjanjuk case, concentrating particularly on America's Jewish community. In using this case as a focal point I hope to illuminate certain issues regarding national and religious identity and discuss the question of the pursuit of war criminals in the name of justice.1 The Demjanjuk case proved to be a forum for longstanding conflicts between Ukrainians and Jews, as both sides pushed for an acknowledgment of atrocities committed against their respective communities.
Effect of Preharvest Calcium Treatments on Sweet Cherry Fruit Quality

In this study, the effects of different foliar calcium compounds on fruit cracking and quality of sweet cherry variety â€˜0900 Ziraatâ€™ were investigated. Calcium caseinate, calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide and calcium nitrate were used as foliar sprays. Calcium applications reduced the cracking index 38% to 66% compared to cherries that did not receive foliar treatment. The most efficient applications for decreasing cracking were calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride. Calcium chloride and calcium hydroxide were determined to be the most effective compounds, reducing cracking by 62% and 66%, respectively. Calcium caseinate also decreased fruit cracking, by nearly 50% compared to the control. However, the leaves and fruit were covered with white film. This white film can be easily removed, as postharvest processing of cherries uses water, and normally no residue remains. Preharvest foliar calcium treatments significantly decreased fruit cracking, but cracking may not be completely eliminated. None of the calcium compounds affected removal force, average fruit weight, total soluble solids, or titratable acidy. Another potentially important finding was that foliar treatment with calcium chloride significantly increased firmness of sweet cherry fruit. Calcium chloride application increased the firmness of cherries by an average of 12% compared to other compounds.
Structural requirements for binding to the δ opioid receptor: Alkyl replacements at the third residue of deltorphin I

The naturally occurring heptapeptide deltorphin I (Tyr-d-Ala-Phe-Asp-Val-Val-Gly-NH2) exhibits extremely high affinity and selectivity for the δ opioid receptor. In an ongoing investigation of the features of this compound that confer these properties, seven new analogs of the peptide, in which phenylalanine at position three was replaced with amino acids containing alkyl side chains, were synthesized and tested for binding to μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. These substitutions, including tert-leucine, tert-butylalanine, α-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, β-cyclopentylalanine and octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid, assessed the importance of aromaticity and lipophilicity/steric distribution of the side chain at this position in the binding interaction. Findings indicated that: (i) aromaticity at position three is not required for binding, and (ii) hydrophobic character, size, steric distribution and conformational flexibility influence affinity at the δ receptor. The data suggest that substitutions at the β-carbon of this residue disrupt the binding conformation of the peptide and possibly provide adverse steric effects.
Kinetics of synthesis of polymeric dAT on oligomeric templates

A model is developed to explain the following experimental observations: oligomers of the alternating DNA copolymer dAT serve as templates for the enzymatic synthesis of macromolecular dAT; the rate of polymer synthesis with a template oligomer of given length increases to a maximum and then decreases as the temperature increases; the temperature for the maximum rate of synthesis increases with the length of the template. These observations were interpreted in terms of the repeated “slipping” of the oligomer along the product strand to expose template sites. This communication extends this idea. We suppose that the rate-limiting step in the polymerization is either the attachment of the substrate to the exposed template site or the synthesis of the phosphodiester bond. Then the rate of synthesis is proportional to the equilibrium concentration either of exposed template sites or of template sites occupied by substrate molecules. These concentrations are evaluated in terms of a simple theory of the helix–coil transition. The model qualitatively reproduces the dependence of the rate of synthesis on template length and temperature and predicts rates of synthesis in approximate agreement with experiment.
Decolorization of mono-azo dyes in wastewater by advanced oxidation process : a case study of acid red 1 and acid yellow 23

Abstract Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been used as emerging wastewater treatment technologies which can effectively handle various hazardous organics in wastewater and groundwater. The photooxidation of two non-biodegradable azo dyes, acid red 1 and acid yellow 23, were studied in an UV/hydrogen peroxide photochemical reactor with a 5 kW low pressure mercury lamp. It was observed that the decomposition of both azo dyes were pseudo-first order reactions with respect to the azo dye concentrations. Simultaneously, the effects of hydrogen peroxide dosage, pH, initial concentration of the azo dyes and intensity of UV light were also studied. Moreover, the time required for the 50% removal of azo dyes and observed pseudo-first order rate constants were used as parameters to show the efficiency of azo dye treatment.
Ureteroscopy for proximal ureteral calculi: prevention of stone migration.

Background: The cephalad migration of proximal ureteral calculi accounts for a high percentage of ureteroscopic failures. Patients and Methods: A balloon on a wire is a single-channel 0.038-inch hollow guidewire with a low-profile balloon, which is inflatable to 12F. Forty-two consecutive patients with proximal ureteral calculi underwent ureteroscopy with the aid of this device. Results: Twenty-nine patients had successful placement of the balloon on a wire above the stone. Of those 29 patients, 26 became stone free with a single procedure. Conclusion: The balloon on a wire is a useful tool to aid in the prevention of proximal ureteral stone migration during ureteroscopy and to minimize the number of secondary procedures. In addition, it appears to be cost-effective.
Prediction and Modification of Broadband Interior Noise in Enclosures Using Energy-Intensity BEM and Absorption Scaling

Enclosures with diffuse reflection boundaries are modeled with an energy-intensity boundary element method using uncorrelated broadband directional sources. Input power is assumed to enter the enclosure through the walls, which are also absorptive. An absorption-based perturbation analysis is used to analyze the spatial variation of the acoustic field, which is shown to obey certain scaling laws. A series expansion in terms of spatial-average absorption gives separate boundary integral problems at each order. For the primary spatial variation, the effects of the relative distributions of absorption and input power are linear and uncoupled. These distributions can be expressed in terms of constituent spatial modes corresponding to the ways absorption and input power can be distributed. These amplitudes can be adjusted to tailor the spatial variation subject to system constraints. Examples include how to distribute absorption to minimize sound levels in one location, or how to achieve a uniform interior field.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Changes in the intracellular levels of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate affect the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by glucocorticoids

Abstract In the present study a cell culture system was used to correlate the intracellular levels of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate with the induction of the hepatic enzyme, tyrosine aminotransferase, by glucocorticoids. Increased intracellular levels of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate produced antiglucocorticoid effects whereas a reduction in pyridoxal 5′-phosphate content increased the sensitivity of cells to glucocorticoids. The data strongly implicate pyridoxal 5′-phosphate as an in vivo modulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. The mechanism by which pyridoxal 5′-phosphate modulates the receptor is presumably through its binding to the DNA-binding site of the “activated” form of the receptor complex.
Molecular modulation of estrogen-induced apoptosis by synthetic progestins in hormone replacement therapy: An insight into the Women's Health Initiative study

These findings provide a molecular explanation for the increase in breast cancer risk observed in postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and suggest a change in prescribing HRT.
Development of Probabilistic Lifing System for Advanced Turbine Rotor Alloys

Application of advanced Nickel based alloys in gas turbine rotors has risen significantly in the last two decades. It was shown by other authors that the deterministic lifing approach may be inadequate for a range of advanced turbine alloys under certain service conditions, and that a probabilistic approach results in a more relevant physics-based predictive model for such cases. Additionally, recent changes in the engine certification and design guidelines published by the FAA, Air Force, Army and other agencies call for increased application of probabilistic analysis. Thus, probabilistic lifing models become one of the key enablers for successful design and application of advanced turbine engine materials. This paper will discuss the main elements of probabilistic lifing system development for a new alloy, including material characterization requirements, selection of appropriate modeling techniques and validation plans.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Social smoking among US college students.

Objective. Young smokers commonly identify themselves as “social smokers,” a pattern of smoking behavior that is poorly understood. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of social smoking among US college students. Methods. Cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 10 904 students enrolled at 119 nationally representative US colleges in 2001. Results. A total of 51% of 2401 current (past 30-day) smokers were social smokers. (To assess social smoking, students were asked, “In the past 30 days, do you smoke mainly when you are with people, mainly when you are alone, or do you smoke as often by yourself as with others?” Students who stated that they smoked mainly with others rather than alone or equally by themselves and others were defined as social smokers for this analysis.) Social smoking was independently associated with a lower frequency and intensity of tobacco use, less nicotine dependence, less intention to quit, and fewer recent quit attempts. Conclusions. Social smoking is a distinct pattern of tobacco use that is common among college students and may represent a stage in the uptake of smoking.
Simulating the mass balances of a lactulose pilot plant reactor system

Abstract A model was developed for the reaction kinetics for converting lactose to lactulose using a sodium hydroxide catalyst and a boric acid/lactulose complexation reagent. Using the model, a reactor system was developed which consisted of two continuous stirred tank reactors followed by a tubular reactor. We simulated the reactor system using the ERRC Food Process Simulator by replacing one of the subroutines in the prototype program with a model specific for the reaction kinetics. The simulation accurately calculated the mass balances for the various streams associated with the three reactors.
Essential role of vaccines in brucellosis control and eradication programs for livestock

Brucellosis, in particular infections with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis or Brucella suis, remains a significant human health threat in many areas of the world. The persistence of pathogenic Brucella spp. in domestic livestock or free-ranging wildlife remains unresolved, despite decades of regulatory efforts worldwide. Although vaccination is probably the most economic control measure, administration of currently available vaccines alone is not sufficient for elimination of brucellosis in any host species. Complacency in brucellosis control programs usually results in failure, or at best, limited reductions in disease prevalence or incidence of human infections. New brucellosis vaccines with high efficacy and safety are needed that address the diversity in host species and can be more widely applied under field conditions. Development of safer and more efficacious vaccines alone, or combined with enhancements or increased emphasis on other regulatory program components, could have tremendous impac...
A Principled Design Framework For College Admissions Tests: An Affirming Research Agenda

The debate over affirmative action policies in higher education has called into question the role of standardized tests in the admissions process. These developments suggest to some that future generations of college admissions tests ought to capitalize on advances in psychological theory to broaden and deepen what it is that admissions tests presumably measure. The author argues that to remain relevant in the educational environment(s) of the future, succeeding generations of college admissions tests must capture the promise of advances in psychology, measurement science, and technology so as to foster access and equity and further ensure the role of cognitive ability testing in the college admissions process. The author outlines a generative research agenda designed to advance a more principled test design framework in the future.
Numerical Results for Axial Flow Compressor Instability

Using Cornell’s supercomputing facilities, we have carried out an extensive study of the Moore–Greitzer model, which gives accurate and reliable information about compressor instability. The bifurcation analysis in the companion paper shows the dependence of the mode of compressor response on the shape of the rotating stall characteristic. The numerical results verify and extend this with a more accurate representation of the characteristic. The effect of the parameters on the shape of the rotating stall characteristic is investigated, and it is found that the parameters with the strongest effects are the inlet length, and the shape of the compressor pressure rise versus mass flow diagram (i.e., tall diagrams versus shallow diagrams). We also discuss the effects of inlet guide vane loss on the characteristic. An evaluation is made of the h ′ = −g approximation, and a spectral analysis of the rotating stall cell given by the full model suggests why this breaks down.
A note on the effect of fault gouge thickness on fault stability

Abstract At low confining pressure, sliding on saw cuts in granite is stable but at high pressure it is unstable. The pressure at which the transition takes place increases if the thickness of the crushed material between the sliding surfaces is increased. This experimental result suggests that on natural faults the stability of sliding may be affected by the width of the fault zone.
Metabolism of Acetate and Hydrogen by a Mixed Population of Anaerobes Capable of Converting Cellulose to Methane

A methanogenic system found in cellulose-enriched cultures produced CH4 from CO2-reduction at 19-24 mmol/l/d, and converted acetate to CH4 at 9-11 mmol/l/d. Acetate to CH4 conversion occurred on approximately mol/mol basis and was not affected by the presence of H2. Methane formation, from probable intermediates of cellulose degradation, decreased in the order, H2-CO2 >, acetate > ethanol > pyruvate > lactate > propanol > propionate > butanol > acetaldehyde > isobutanol > formate > methanol. Conversion of acetate to CH4 appears to be brought about by the long filamentous bacteria which are also present in acetate-enriched cultures.
Chaperones and slow death: a recipe for tumor immunotherapy

In an exciting recent paper Richard Vile and coworkers describe a novel approach to tumor immunotherapy based on the killing of a population of normal cells within an inflammatory environment. This approach builds on recent studies showing that the molecular chaperone Hsp70 can act at multiple stages during tumor antigen presentation to enhance the generation of CD8 + T lymphocyte-mediated immunity and lead to regression of primary and metastatic tumors.
Minimally Effective Interpolated Stimuli in Weight Discrimination

The question of minimally effective weights was investigated by using an interpolated anchor paradigm. The weight series of 100 to 300 g,at 50-g-step intervals, was shown to be significantly affected by an interpolated anchor of 0.5 g, thus demonstrating a reduction in the region of ineffectiveness. The results were discussed in terms of procedural artifacts in the weight-judging methods reported in previous literature.
Spatial relationship of chromosomes 9 and 22 at metaphase in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

One hundred patients with Ph1-chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with t(9;22) are included in the present investigation. The position of the Ph1 chromosome in relation to the normal as well as the abnormal chromosomes 9 was localized at metaphase in 1,000 bone-marrow cells. Our study suggests that the rearranged chromosomes, i.e., Ph1 and t(9;22), are closer together than their normal homologues. This impression is based on extensive statistical analysis. The intimate relationship may be due to the fact that they carry reciprocal genetic material responsible for a power of attraction between them. Alternatively, it is tempting to hypothesize that there may be a DNA sequence homology in the bands of chromosomes 9q and 22q involved in the reciprocal translocation perpetuating this relationship in subsequently generating cells during mitotic cell divisions. Furthermore, c-abl and bcr genes might play some role in maintaining the spatial relationship.
T-cell antigen receptor Vβ subsets are not preferentially deleted in Aids

OBJECTIVE Evidence for an HIV-1-associated superantigen (SAg) has been presented. Here we test whether targeted T cells are preferentially depleted in AIDS. DESIGN The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) V beta repertoire was compared in 44 HIV+ hemophiliac patients and in 27 controls. METHODS Eleven TCR V gene-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb), representing approximately one-third of the V beta repertoire were used to measure T-cell numbers expressing V beta and V alpha genes in both the CD4 and the CD8 subsets by two-color immunofluorescence. RESULTS The percentage of T cells expressing these V genes could be accurately quantitated in both the CD4 and the CD8 T-cell populations and at various clinical stages of disease progression. No preferential deletion of any particular V gene subsets was detected. CONCLUSION CD4 T-cell depletion in AIDS is not V beta-selective.
Psychopaths are Not Necessarily Impulsive, etc. A Reply to Feelgood and Rantzen

While Feelgood and Rantzen claim that impulsivity is central to psychopathy, they fail to observe the crucial distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy. Contrary to their recommendations, omission of moral considerations renders the construct impossible unless its definition is made completely circular and therefore scientifically useless. Their objections to successful and institutionalized psychopathy are based on an inappropriately narrow definition of psychopathy. Finally, their strict causalism represents a bankrupt positivism which is counterproductive for psychology.
Constitutive Fas Ligand Gene Transcription in Sertoli Cells Is Regulated By Sp1

The transcriptional regulation of the Fas ligand (FasL) gene in Sertoli cells was investigated, as these cells are known to have constitutive expression of FasL and hence maintain an "immune privileged" environment within the testicle. Using the Sertoli cell line TM4, it was demonstrated that a gene segment of the 5'-untranslated region located between -318 and -237 relative to the translation start site is required for constitutive FasL transcription. Deletion and mutation analysis demonstrate that an Sp1 rather than an NFAT or NFKB-like DNA binding motif present within this region is necessary and sufficient for constitutive FasL gene transcription. Nuclear extracts of Sertoli cells contain Sp1 and Sp3 that specifically binds to the Sp1 motif present in the FasL gene, and overexpression of Sp1 but not Sp3 leads to a further increase of transcription from the FasL promoter-enhancer region. The data presented demonstrates that constitutive FasL gene transcription in Sertoli cells is regulated by Sp1. In addition, it is shown that basal FasL expression in Jurkat T cells is also controlled by Sp1 and this is in contrast to induced FasL expression, which is NFAT-dependent.
Do attitudes of families concerned influence features of children who claim to remember previous lives

Background: Reported cases of nearly 2600 children (subjects) who claim to remember previous lives have been investigated in cultures with and without belief in reincarnation. The authenticity in most cases has been established. Aims: To study the influence of attitudes of parents of the subjects, families of the deceased person with whom they are identified and attention paid by others on the features of the cases. Settings and Design: The study is based on field investigations. Materials and Methods: Data is derived from analysis of a larger series of an ongoing project. Information on initial and subsequent attitudes of subjects' mothers was available for 292 and 136 cases, respectively; attitudes of 227 families of deceased person (previous personality) with whom he is identified, and the extent of attention received from outsiders for 252 cases. Observations and interviews with multiple firsthand informants on both sides of the case as well as some neutral informants supplemented by examination of objective data were the chief methods of investigation. Results: The initial attitude of mothers varied from encouragement (21%) to neutral or tolerance (51%) to discouragement (28%). However, it changed significantly from neutrality to taking measures to induce amnesia in their children for previous life memories due to various psychosocial pressures and prevalent beliefs. Families of the previous personalities, once convinced, showed complete acceptance in a majority of cases. Outside attention was received in 58% cases. Conclusions: The positive attitude of parents might facilitate expression of memories but subsequently attitudes of persons concerned do not seem to alter features of the cases.
On the centralizer of the centralizer of a matrix

Abstract Let M n ( F ) be the algebra of all n × n matrices over an arbitrary field F , and for S , T ⊂ M n ( F ), let C T ( S ) = B ∈ T : AB = BA for all A ∈ S . For each A ∈ M n ( F ), it is well known that C M n ( F ) ( A )) = F [ A ], the algebra of polynomials in A over F . We determine C M n ( F ) ( C GL( n , F ) ( A )). It turns out that C M n ( F ) ( C GL( n , F ) ( A )) = F [ A ] when | F | > 2. When vbF vb = 2, C M n ( F ) ( C GL( n , F ) ( A )) = F [ A ] unless A has both 0 and 1 as eigenvalues and the elementary divisors of greatest degree corresponding to 0 and 1 are not repeated in the list of elementary divisors. In this exceptional case, C M n ( F ) ( C GL( n , F ) ( A )) = F [ A ] ⊕ R , where R is an explicitly described two dimensional subspace of M n ( F ). We also determine C GL( n , F ) ( C GL( n , F ) ( A )).
Role of nitric oxide in post-ischemic cerebral hyperemia in anesthetized rats

This study was undertaken to determine the extent to which nitric oxide (NO) mechanisms are involved in cerebral hyperemia following global brain ischemia. The vertebral arteries were cauterized through the first alar foramina in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats and followed by 20-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Blood flow from the parietal cerebral cortex was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. In saline-treated animals, carotid occlusion reduced cerebral blood flow by approximately 95% with a maximal hyperemia of about 400% observed after 15 min of reperfusion. Pre-treatment with the nonspecific NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 2, 10 and 50 mg kg(-1)), produced dose-related depression of post-ischemic hyperemia, whereas D-NAME (10 mg kg(-1)) was inactive. Pre-treatment with L-arginine (300 mg kg(-1), i.v.) prevented L-NAME attenuation of cerebral hyperemia. The selective neuronal NO synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (30 mg kg(-1)), was without significant depressant effect. These results suggest that NO (largely from vascular endothelium) is instrumental in development of post-ischemic cerebral hyperemia.
Tensile deformation behavior of a nickel based superalloy at different temperatures

Abstract Ni-based alloy Haynes 230 is of interest for high temperature applications (e.g. Intermediate Heat eXchanger (IHX)) because of its high temperature strength and oxidation resistance. In this work, the temperature dependence of the tensile behavior of the alloy and the strain rate effect was studied by tensile tests in the temperature range of 25–950 °C, at strain rates of 10 −3 s −1 , 10 −4 s −1 , and 10 −5 s −1 . The tensile strength decreased with increasing temperature regardless of the strain rate. The total elongation at rupture fluctuated more with temperature. The alloy showed an abnormal variation of the yield stress with increasing temperature i.e. the yield strength decreased slightly with temperature up to about 600 °C and then increased between 600 and 850 °C followed by a rapid decrease. This Yield Stress Anomaly (YSA) was however absent at the slowest strain rate of 10 −5 s −1 . SEM and TEM characterization was performed on fractured specimens to determine the predominant deformation mechanisms accounting for the observed Yield Stress Anomaly. Also, serrations were observed in the stress–strain curves at temperatures above 300 °C, the shape and amplitude of which depended on temperature and strain rate. The analysis of the stress–strain curves coupled with the microstructure investigation of the fractured samples showed that two different deformation mechanisms occur depending on the temperature and strain rate. The saw-tooth type serrations at intermediate temperatures and higher strain rates were associated with dynamic strain aging whereas the oscillations with a sinusoidal shape were associated with dynamic recrystallization at temperatures higher than 800 °C and slower strain rates.
Management of adult blunt splenic injuries: comparison between level I and level II trauma centers.

Abstract Background The factors important in determining outcome when managing adult blunt splenic injuries continue to be debated. Whether trauma center level designation (Level I versus Level II) affects patient management has not been evaluated. Study design We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data from the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database that collected information from 27 statewide trauma centers (Level I [15], Level II [17]). Adult patients (ages ≥ 16 years) with blunt splenic injuries (ICD-9-CM 865) were evaluated. Demographic data, injury data, and trauma center level designation were collected, and patient management, length of stay, and mortality were analyzed. Results There were 2,138 adult patients who suffered blunt splenic injuries during the study period (1998–2000). Patients treated at Level II trauma centers (n = 772) had a higher rate of operative treatment (38.2% versus 30.7%) (p Conclusions Management differences exist in the treatment of adult blunt splenic injuries between institutions of different trauma center level designation. Multicenter studies should account for this finding in design and implementation.
Computational analysis of constraints on noncoding regions, coding regions and gene expression in relation to Plasmodium phenotypic diversity.

Background Malaria-causing Plasmodium species exhibit marked differences including host choice and preference for invading particular cell types. The genetic bases of phenotypic differences between parasites can be understood, in part, by investigating constraints on gene expression and genic sequences, both coding and regulatory. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the evolutionary constraints on sequence and expression of parasitic genes by applying comparative genomics approaches to 6 Plasmodium genomes and 2 genome-wide expression studies. We found that the coding regions of Plasmodium transcription factor and sexual development genes are relatively less constrained, as are those of genes encoding CCCH zinc fingers and invasion proteins, which all play important roles in these parasites. Transcription factors and genes with stage-restricted expression have conserved upstream regions and so do several gene classes critical to the parasite's lifestyle, namely, ion transport, invasion, chromatin assembly and CCCH zinc fingers. Additionally, a cross-species comparison of expression patterns revealed that Plasmodium-specific genes exhibit significant expression divergence. Conclusions/Significance Overall, constraints on Plasmodium's protein coding regions confirm observations from other eukaryotes in that transcription factors are under relatively lower constraint. Proteins relevant to the parasite's unique lifestyle also have lower constraint on their coding regions. Greater conservation between Plasmodium species in terms of promoter motifs suggests tight regulatory control of lifestyle genes. However, an interspecies divergence in expression patterns of these genes suggests that either expression is controlled via genomic or epigenomic features not encoded in the proximal promoter sequence, or alternatively, the combinatorial interactions between motifs confer species-specific expression patterns.
Replications, Significance Tests and Confidence in Findings in Survey Research

It is now common for survey researchers to use comparable data from two or more surveys in studies which have no temporal dimension. However, they rarely do independent replications with the data from the different samples, in spite of the greater confidence in findings that testing the significance of statistics from a series of replications affords. A simple method of combining probabilities from two or more replications is described and illustrated, and a table of critical values to facilitate its use is provided. Norval D. Glenn is Professor of Sociology, University of Texas, Austin. The data reported in this paper are from the 1972-1980 General Social Surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (James A. Davis, principal investigator) with funds from the National Science Foundation. The author is solely responsible for the tabulations, analyses, and interpretations reported here. The paper was written while the author was Mitchell Distinguished Visiting Professor at Trinity University and is an incidental product of a research project funded by the W. T. Grant Foundation. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 47:261-269 ? 1983 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/83/0047-261/$2.50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 04:33:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Transformation of human cells by a polyomavirus containing complementing JCV and RFV genomes

Molecularly cloned viral DNA from late RFV (L-RFV) and early JCV (E-JCV) were transfected into human fetal brain (HFB) cells and complementation was demonstrated. A new infectious virus (E-JCV/L-RFV) was produced. Infection resulted in partial transformation of HFB and human embryonic kidney cells. No transformation was observed with EL-JCV or wtJCV. The transformants contained T-antigen and had a lifespan similar to SV40-transformed human cells but failed to express some phenotypes of transformation. All transformants contained E-JCV viral DNA, usually both integrated and episomal. Although no L-RFV DNA was present in the transformants, L-RFV appears to play a role in the initiation of transformation.
A Scheduling Problem

This note treats the optimization problem of minimizing the completion time of jobs in a job-shop with no wait in process. Techniques are presented for restricted cases of the problem.
Optimal conditions for titration of SV40 by the plaque assay method

Abstract The parameters of the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) plaque assay on African green monkey kidney cells were optimized for reproducibility and maximum plaquing efficiency. Plaques were visible as early as 8 days postinfection; maximum titers were obtained with a 10-to 11-day incubation period. Titers read 12–16 days postinfection were not significantly higher than those observed after 10–11 days. Adsorption volumes > 0.1 ml/60 mm Petri dish decreased plaque forming units (PFUs) detected. Times > 60 min for adsorption of virus to the cell monolayer did not significantly increase the titer; adsorption times
DOCUMENTATION NOTE: ASSIGNING DATES TO ARTICLES FROM DATELESS JOURNALS

Many bibliometric investigations study changes in different variables as a function of time, where the unit of time is the year of publication.
Some Immunological Relationships of α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin in Milks of Various Species

Summary Separate rabbit antisera prepared against cow α-lactalbumin and β -lactoglobulin were found in Oudin diffusion tests and on Ouchterlony plates to react with the milk of some, but not all, of a variety of species. A high degree of cross reaction was found with the milks of other ruminants (goat, sheep, and water buffalo), but not with the milks of the nonruminants tested (camel, horse, rat, mouse, guinea pig, pig, dog, and rabbit). The antiserum to cow β -lactoglobulin reacted with sheep milk about three times as strongly as with cow, goat, and buffalo milk, and the antiserum to cow α-lactalbumin reacted about twice as strongly with the goat and buffalo milk as with cow or sheep milk. Comparative analyses using crystalline β -lactoglobulins isolated from cow, sheep, and goat milks indicated that the antiserum to cow β -lactoglobulin reacted more strongly with sheep and goat β -lactoglobulin than with cow β -lactoglobulin itself. When the analyses are corrected on this basis, it is possible to analyze sheep and goat (and probably buffalo) milk for their β -lactoglobulin contents by using the antiserum to cow β -lactoglobulin. These results appear to agree with the contents of β -lactoglobulin indicated in these milks by other procedures.
The Effects of Thin Compressive Films on Indentation Fracture Toughness Measurements

Thin compressive films have been shown to decrease the lengths of radial cracks produced by a Vickers indentation in a variety of non-metallic materials. The intrinsic stress of submicrometre thick films deposited by reactive ion beam sputtering was measured by a cantilever technique. The change in the apparent indentation fracture toughness of the coated material was correlated with film thickness and stress, indentation load, and the nature of the substrate.
How complete are Cretaceous /Tertiary boundary sections? A chronostratigraphic estimate based on graphic correlation

Cogent interpretations of data bearing on the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) extinction controversy depend on the existence of accurate chronostratigraphic models for the various K/T boundary sections. We have employed the graphic correlation technique to summarize biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data from 15 intensively sampled K/T boundary sections within a common chronostratigraphic model. Our results indicate that almost all of these sections, along with 13 additional boundary sections not used to construct the model, contain prolonged and in many cases multiple hiatuses. Of these 28 boundary sections, only six were found to contain a continuous record of sediment accumulation across the K/T boundary itself. These six K/T-complete sections are El Kef (Tunisia), Agost (Spain), Caravaca (Spain), and three sections along the Brazos River (Texas). A comparative analysis of hiatus distributions among these 28 K/T boundary sections also reveals the presence of systematic differences between continental-shelf and deep-sea depositional environments. The lower Danian interval immediately following the K/T boundary, and extending into biochronozones P0 and P1a, is typically missing from the deep sea, whereas boundary sections deposited in shallower middle-neritic to upper-slope environments are in most cases complete across the K/T boundary. These shallow, neritic boundary sections, however, are in many instances disrupted by hiatuses at the P0/P1a boundary and again in the upper part of Zone P1a. These differential patterns of hiatus distribution between deep-sea and continental-shelf depositional settings appear to be linked to sea-level fluctuations. Our data suggest that the apparently sudden mass extinction of planktonic Foraminifera and anomalies in the occurrence of geochemical tracers that are characteristic of the K/T boundary in deep-sea sections may be artifacts of a temporally incomplete deep-sea stratigraphic record.
Light Activated Shape Memory Polymers: Some Inhomogeneous Deformation Examples

Shape memory polymers (SMP’s) belong to a large family of shape memory materials, which are defined by their capacity to store a deformed (temporary) shape and recover an original (parent) shape. SMP’s have the ability to change size and shape when activated through a suitable trigger. This trigger, which can be heating the polymer or exposing it to light of a specific frequency, is responsible for the new temporary shape. Return to the original shape can be achieved by a suitable reverse trigger. Light Activated Shape Memory Polymers (LASMP) are recently developed smart materials which are synthesized with special photosensitive molecules. These molecules when exposed to Ultraviolet (UV) light at specific wavelengths, form covalent crosslinks that are responsible for providing LASMP with their temporary shape. Light activation removes temperature constraints faced by thermoresponsive SMP for medical applications and also brings the added advantage of remote activation. Thus LASMP find use in a variety of applications ranging from MEMS devices to widespread usage for biomedical devices such as intravenous needles and stents. Furthermore, the aerospace industry has found use for these materials for applications ranging from easily deployable space structures to morphing wing aircraft. The authors have introduced a constitutive model to model the mechanics of these LASMP [1]. The modeling is done using a framework based on the theory of multiple natural configurations. A few homogenous and inhomogeneous examples were solved in [1], but with tacit understanding that the intensity of light and hence the extent of reaction is homogenous throughout the polymer sample. In this paper we use the developed model to solve the cases of inhomogeneous deformation with inhomogeneous exposure to light.© 2011 ASME
Intuitionism as a (failed) Kuhnian revolution in mathematics

Abstract In this paper it is argued, firstly, that Kuhnian revolutions in mathematics are logically possible, in the sense of not being inconsistent with the nature of mathematics; and, secondly, that Kuhnian revolutions are actually possible, in the sense that a Kuhnian paradigm for mathematics can be exhibited which would, if accepted by the mathematical community, produce a full Kuhnian revolution. These two arguments depend on first proving that a shift from a classical conception of mathematics to an intuitionist conception would be incommensurable, that is, that some classical statements, possessing meanings which cannot be preserved in the intuitionist language, would become unintelligible. The vague but intriguing thesis is then tentatively advanced that Kuhnian revolutions are even historically possible, in the sense that only what we might call ‘accidental’ historical factors may have prevented mathematics from undergoing just such a Kuhnian revolution in the early years of the twentieth century.
Darwin's last word: How words changed cognition

Although Penn et al. make a good case for the existence of deep cognitive discontinuity between humans and animals, they fail to explain how such a discontinuity could have evolved. It is proposed that until the advent of words, no species had mental representations over which higher-order relations could be computed.
Aerosols of anisotropic metallic microparticles as artificial Kerr media

The use of aerosols of anisotropic metallic microparticles as composite artificial Kerr media for degenerate four wave mixing is investigated. Because of the elongated shapes and the large and negative value of the dielectric function of metal particles, nonlinear coefficients are much larger than those for insulating particles. Estimates are given of grating resolution, formation and decay times, and the attenuation of radiation owing to scattering and absorption as well as of limitations imposed by particle sedimentation.
NMDA-receptor modulation of lateral inhibition and c-fos expression in olfactory bulb.

Abstract Olfactory bulb primary output neurons, mitral/tufted cells, are glutamatergic and excite inhibitory interneurons, granule cells, by activation of both a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-ioxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. The data presented here demonstrate that the NMDA antagonists MK-801 and CGP39551, but not ketamine, significantly enhanced expression of c- fos mRNA by mitral cells as measured by in situ hybridization. All three antagonists significantly reduced mitral/tufted cell excitation of granule cells as measured with extracellular field potentials following antidromic stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). In turn, the NMDA antagonists significantly reduced granule cell mediated feedback inhibition of mitral/tufted cells, as measured with field potential recordings of paired-pulse LOT stimulation, suppression of mitral/tufted cell single-unit spontaneous activity following LOT stimulation, and intracellularly recorded IPSP amplitude in mitral/tufted cells following LOT stimulation. While there was not a perfect correlation between the effects of the NMDA antagonists on c- fos mRNA expression and on inhibition, the results suggest that disinhibition of mitral/tufted cells accounts for the observed enhancement in c- fos mRNA expression induced by NMDA receptor antagonists.
LINEAR/NONLINEAR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

The stress response of an electrorheological (ER) material is modified by the application of an electric field. Various studies have shown that the ER material can behave as a linear viscous, linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic, plastic, or viscoelastic-plastic body. Furthermore, several different experimental techniques are conducted to observe the ER material's behavior as a function of strain, strain frequency, field strength, and ER material concentration. Small amplitude dynamic studies are used to observe the ER material's linear viscoelastic properties, while moderate and large amplitude studies are used to observe the material's fundamental nonlinear dynamic properties. Finally, constant shear rate experiments are performed to observe the apparent viscosity of the ER material during flow conditions.