cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Analyst Earnings Forecasts and Management Earnings Forecasts

We examine interactions between analyst earnings forecasts and management earnings forecasts by investigating: (1) managers’ comparative efficiency relative to analysts at incorporating past earnings changes, accruals, stock returns and analyst-based earnings surprises into their earnings forecasts; (2) extent to which analyst inefficiencies in incorporating these four pieces of publicly available information into their earnings forecasts prompt managers to issue earnings forecasts; and (3) role of these four pieces of information at improving analyst forecasts after they have observed management forecasts. We show that: (1) unlike analysts, managers do efficiently incorporate information from past returns into their earnings forecasts; (2) analysts’ failure to incorporate past returns information into earnings forecasts is the primary trigger for managers to issue their own earnings forecasts; and (3) after management forecasts, analyst forecasts improve most significantly with respect to incorporating past returns information.
Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy

The U.S. national military hires private security companies (PSCs) to operate in zones of conflict. This article introduces the concept of a legitimacy transfer mechanism to answer the question of how nonnational providers of military support can be considered legitimate actors in areas of conflict. PSCs borrow legitimacy from the state that contracts the firm. Private firms do not operate alone; they are hired and, at least marginally, directed by a state. By using the established legitimacy of industrialized states these firms are able to find legitimacy in Western security culture. To maintain future business, private security is forced to obey the security culture of the hiring state. More so, the firm will mimic the goals and policy of the hiring state in an attempt to build its own, independent, sense of legitimacy.
Acquired tufted angioma: a unique vascular lesion not previously reported in the oral mucosa

We describe two patients with acquired tufted angioma, a unique vascular lesion not previously reported in the oral mucosa. In one patient, the lesion manifested as a purple-red papule and, in the other, as a blue submucosal swelling. Both lesions were non-painful and neither was associated with a history of trauma. The histopathological features consisted of scattered, irregularly shaped tufts, primarily composed of poorly formed capillary spaces and slit-like vascular channels. Capillary spaces were often closely packed, producing solid areas which stained for smooth muscle actin. Staining for factor VIII-related antigen was positive only within endothelial cells lining well-formed vascular channels. Both lesions were treated by excision; short-term follow-up of one patient revealed no evidence of recurrence. Similarities between this and other vascular processes may have resulted in misdiagnosis of this lesion in the past. The clinical significance of acquired tufted angioma in the oral mucosa is not known.
Inventarios de algunos archivos locales de Colombia en los departamentos de Santander, Norte de Santander, Antioquia y Cundinamarca

En los archivos locales de Colombia reposa una riqueza de documentos para el historiador. Ofrecen amplia documentacion para estudios regionales, sociales e institucionales de tipo que no se encuentra en el Archivo Nacional de Colombia en Bogota ni en el Archivo General de Indias en Sevilla, Espana. Aunque muchos de estos archivos estan muy descuidados, uno se sorprende del numero de archivos que estan en buena condicion. Los de los centros eclesiasticos especialmente estan muy bien cuidados y estan esperando el investigador serio.
The effect of estrogens on carbohydrate metabolism: glucose, insulin, and growth hormone studies on one hundred and seventy-one women ingesting Premarin, mestranol, and ethinyl estradiol for six months.

Abstract One hundred and seventy-one women were tested with a three-hour, 100 Gm. oral glucose tolerance test and then treated for 6 months with either Premarin, 1.25 mg., mestranol, 0.08 mg., or ethinyl estradiol, 0.05 or 0.5 mg. A second identical test was then done, and comparisons were made of the blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma growth hormone levels. The results were analyzed on the basis of the menstrual status, the pretreatment glucose status, and the type and dose of estrogen taken. There was a significant weight gain by the women in all groups. There were few significant changes found in either the group glucose values, the individual glucose tolerance curves, or the group plasma insulin levels. The tolerance curves improved slightly in the premenopausal women and deteriorated slightly in the postmenopausal women being treated. There was a significant fasting glucose rise for the Premarin group and a significant 2 hour insulin decrease for the mestranol group. The mean fasting ambulatory growth hormone levels were unchanged with Premarin therapy but increased with the mestranol and ethinyl estradiol treatment, although only the changes with mestranol were significant. In general, the type and dose of estrogen used made little difference in the glucose and insulin results. The significance of these findings with respect to the carbohydrate metabolic alterations reported in oral contraceptive users is noted.
Reactions of ethyl 3,5,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-S-ethyl-1,2-dithio-α-D-mannofuranoside with halogens

Abstract Ethyl 3,5,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-S-ethyl-1,2-dithio-α- D -mannofuranoside (5) reacted with bromine to give the very unstable glycosyl bromide 4, which with water gave a mixture of the 1-hydroxyl analogue (8) and the nonreducing α- D -(1→1)-linked disaccharide derivative 9. When the bromide 4 was treated with mercuric acetate or potassium acetate, 1,3,5,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-S-ethyl-2-thio-α- D -mannofuranose (7) was obtained, but silver acetate in carbon tetrachloride gave 7 in admixture with its β-anomer (10). Methanol reacted with 4 to give an anomeric mixture of the glycofuranosides (11 and 12). An excess of chlorine converted the dithio derivative 5 into a 3,5,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-S-ethyl-2-thio- D -manno(or gluco)furanosyl chloride (13), whereas a lower proportion of chlorine appeared to give the 1-chloro analogue of 4. Treatment of the dichloro derivative 13 with methanol led to a mixture of three methyl glycosides, one (14) retaining the chlorine atom at C-2, and the other two (15 and 16) resulting from exchange of both chlorine atoms by methoxyl groups.
Fast-Food Marketing and Children's Fast-Food Consumption: Exploring Parents' Influences in an Ethnically Diverse Sample

Abstract Fast-food marketing to children is considered a contributor to childhood obesity. Effects of marketing on parents may also contribute to childhood obesity. The authors explore relevant hypotheses with data from caregivers of 2- to 12-year-old children in medically underserved communities. The results have implications for obesity-related public policies and social marketing strategies.
Temporal pattern of innervation in the developing mouse inner ear: an immunocytochemical study of a 66-kD subunit of mammalian neurofilaments.

We have examined the expression of a 66-kD neurofilament protein (NF-66) in the developing inner ear. Mouse embryos, fetuses, and neonates were fixed in Methacarn, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. A polyclonal antiserum raised specifically to NF-66 and unreactive to NF-L, -M, -H, and peripherin was used for immunocytochemical staining. NF-66 immunostaining was first detectable in the rhombencephalon at embryonic day (E) 9.5. Immunoreactivity was first detected in the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) early on E10.5. By late E10.5, the first SAG axons were detectable within the intraepithelial spaces of the otocyst. At E12, NF-66 positivity was detectable in neurites that projected into areas of presumptive vestibular sensory epithelium. Neurites projecting into the presumptive acoustic sensory epithelium were negative. However, at E13, the projections from both the vestibular and the acoustic ganglion (i.e, cochlear duct) were both NF-66 positive. In the cell bodies, NF-66 expression appeared earlier in the vestibular than in the auditory neurons. By E16, neuronal somas in both ganglia were NF-66 positive.
Shell crosslinked nanoparticles carrying silver antimicrobials as therapeutics

Amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles loaded with silver cations or/and N-heterocyclic carbene–silver complexes were assessed as antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Parallel integer sorting using small operations

We consider the problem of sortingn integers in the range [0,n c -1], wherec is a constant. It has been shown by Rajasekaran and Sen [14] that this problem can be solved “optimally” inO(logn) steps on an EREW PRAM withO(n) n ∈-bit operations, for any constant ∈>O. Though the number of operations is optimal, each operation is very large. In this paper, we show thatn integers in the range [0,n c -1] can be sorted inO(logn) time withO(nlogn)O(1)-bit operations andO(n) O(logn)-bit operations. The model used is a non-standard variant of an EREW PRAMtthat permits processors to have word-sizes ofO(1)-bits and Θ(logn)-bits. Clearly, the speed of the proposed algorithm is optimal. Considering that the input to the problem consists ofO (n logn) bits, the proposed algorithm performs an optimal amount of work, measured at the bit level.
Addition of Alkynes to High Nuclearity Platinum-Ruthenium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes*

The reactions of the mixed metal cluster complexes PtRu5(CO)16(μ6-C)[Pt(PBu \(^{{\rm t}}_3\))], 5 and PtRu5(CO)16(μ6-C)[Pt(PBu \(^{\rm t}_{3})\)]2, 6 with selected alkynes have been investigated. Compound 5 adds one and two equivalents of PhC2H to yield the new compounds PtRu5(CO)15(μ6-C)(μ3-PhC2H)[Pt(PBu \(^{{\rm t}}_3\))], 8 and PtRu5(CO) \(_{13}(\mu_6\)-C)( \(\mu_3\)-PhC2H)2[Pt(PBu \(^{{\rm t}}_3\))], 9 at 40 and 68°C, respectively. Compound 6 was found to react with PhC2H at 40°C to yield the new compound PtRu5(CO) \(_{16}(\mu_{6}\)-C)( \(\mu_3\)-PhC2H)[Pt(PBu \(^{{\rm t}}_3\))]2, 10. The reaction of 6 with PhC2Ph at 97°C yielded the new compound PtRu5(CO) \(_{12}(\mu_{6}\)-C)( \(\mu_3\)-PhC2Ph)2[Pt(PBu \(^{{\rm t}}_{3}\))]2, 11. All products were characterized crystallographically by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structure of 8 consists of a pseudo-octahedral PtRu5 cluster with a second platinum atom bridging a basal edge of the Ru5 square pyramid. A triply bridging PhC2H ligand is bonded to the two platinum atoms and one of the ruthenium atoms. The structure of 9 consists of a nido-dodecahedral Pt2Ru5 cluster with a carbido ligand in the interior that is not bonded to all seven of the metal atoms. It also contains two triply bridging PhC2H ligands. The structure of 10 consists of a central octahedral cluster of five ruthenium atoms and one platinum atom. Two additional platinum atoms are bonded to the platinum atom in this cluster but these atoms are not bonded to any other metal atoms of the PtRu5 cluster. A triply bridging PhC2H ligand is coordinated to the group of three platinum atoms. The structure of 11 consists of an octahedral PtRu5 cluster with two additional platinum atoms capping two PtRu2 triangular faces. There are two PhC2Ph ligands bridging two Ru3 triangular faces of the central octahedron.
Aerosol deposition velocities on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans calculated from7Be measurements

Abstract The concentrations of 7 Be have been measured in Pacific and Atlantic ocean water for the past several years to determine the deposition velocity of aerosol particles on the ocean surface. 7 Be is produced at a relatively constant rate in the atmosphere by spallation reactions of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Immediately after its formation 7 Be becomes attached to aerosol particles, and therefore can serve as tracers of the subsequent behavior of these particles. Isopleths of 7 Be surface water concentrations, 7 Be inventory in the ocean, and deposition velocity have been prepared for the Pacific Ocean from 30°S to 60°N and for the Atlantic Ocean from 10°N to 55°N. The concentrations, inventories and deposition velocities tended to be higher in regions where precipitation was high, and generally increased with latitude. The average flux of 7 Be across the ocean surface was calculated to be 0.027 atoms cm −2 s −1 which is probably not significantly greater than the worldwide average 7 Be flux across land and ocean surfaces of 0.022 atoms cm −2 s −1 calculated by Lal and Peters. The average deposition velocity was calculated to be 0.80 cm s −1 . This value may be 10–50% too low, since it was calculated using atmospheric 7 Be concentrations which were measured at continental stations. Measurements of atmospheric 7 Be concentrations at ocean stations suggest that the concentrations at the continental stations averaged 10–50% higher than the concentrations over the ocean.
Characterization of Primary Breast Carcinomas Grown in Three-Dimensional Cultures

Background. The process of progression and spread of cancer is not easily replicated in animal models and is difficult to examine in vitro. This is particularly true for human primary breast carcinoma cells, whose in vitro growth is shown to be limited to one or two passages in monolayer culture. Three-dimensional (3D) growth of breast cancer cells suggests that cell aggregates grown in this manner have many similarities to in vivo behavior. Materials and methods. Primary tumors obtained from five breast cancer patients were grown in 3D cultures using the rotating-wall vessel bioreactor. Tumor aggregates were assessed for DNA ploidy, cell cycle kinetics, and expression of tumor markers and cytokines. Comparisons between fresh tumor cells and 3D aggregates were performed. Results. All five breast cancers were found to be aneuploid after 3D culture, with elevated S-phase fractions. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed mRNA expression of HER2/ neu, H-ras, K-ras, p53, transforming growth factor-, transforming growth factor-, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 in 3D-grown tumor cells; in most cases, expression appeared increased when compared with mRNA obtained from freshly isolated primary tumor cells. Conclusions. After prolonged 3D growth in the rotating wall bioreactor, complex tissue-like constructs of primary breast tumor cells exhibited significantly increased proliferative activity in conjunction with oncogene activation and developed into aggressive aneuploid populations. © 2007
Social Foraging Theory for Robust Multiagent System Design

An analogy between an agent (e.g., an autonomous vehicle) and a biological forager is extended to a social environment by viewing a communication network as implementing interagent sociality. We first describe engineering design within an evolutionary game-theoretic framework. We then explain why sociality may emerge in some environments and for some agent objectives. Next, we derive the evolutionarily stable design strategy for an agent manufacturer: 1) choosing whether the agent it produces should cooperate with other agents in a search problem and 2) choosing the group size of a multiagent system tasked with a cooperative search problem. We show the impact of "agent relatedness," a measure of common descent between two agents based on their underlying manufacturers, on the choices in scenarios 1) and 2). Our predictions are evaluated in an autonomous vehicle simulation testbed. The results illustrate a new methodology for manufacturers to make robust, optimal choices for multiagent system design for a given set of objectives and domain of operation. Note to Practitioners-The design of autonomous multirobot systems with various applications, such as in parts production or search and destroy operations in a military environment, is of growing importance. Here, we integrate economic and technical issues into an unified engineering design framework for the manufacturers of robots. Our approach leads to manufacturer design decisions that are robust relative to the market for a manufacturer's products. Robot component aspects, such as sensors and communications as well as mission performance aspects, can be captured and coupled into the design process. We use the design of intervehicle cooperation and robot group size to illustrate this approach. The practical significance lies in the fact that we take a broad perspective on engineering design, one closer to the real world, due to the considerations of marketplace economics. Moreover, the approach provides a framework to study design choices that escape systematic analysis in other frameworks (e.g., group size)
Psychosocial and cultural issues in HIV infection

HIV infection is distributed so that stigmatized groups (gay and bisexual men, IVDU, blacks, and Hispanics) form the majority of cases. Consequences of AIDS-related stigma have resulted in unnecessary discrimination: loss of job, loss of home, denial of insurance, and estrangement from family and friends. Because AIDS is an infectious disease with a high mortality rate, HIV-infected individuals live with the threat of impending death. An awareness of the cultural values, life-styles, and psychosocial problems of these patients will promote effective nursing care.
Green's function method for antiferromagnetism

The statistical mechanics of simple antiferromagnets is studied over the entire temperature range by methods similar to those of Callen and Liu for ferromagnets. It is shown that the energy spectrum and the sublattice magnetization as functions of temperature are the solutions of a set of coupled equations. The equations are solved numerically for $S=\frac{1}{2}$, and the results compare very well with existing theories in both high- and low-temperature limits. The N\'eel temperature is also calculated for general spin value. Compared with other theoretical estimates, the N\'eel temperature obtained this way is appreciably higher for $S=\frac{1}{2}$ but approaches agreement in the large-spin limit. The transverse correlation functions of two spins and the correlation length for short-range order above the transition temperature are also calculated. The longitudinal correlation functions of two spins are calculated by extending Liu's method for ferromagnetism to antiferromagnetism. A calculation is carried out for $S=\frac{1}{2}$ using the Callen decoupling scheme for three-spin Green's functions. It is shown that the longitudinal correlation functions are related to the first-order response of the system to a space- and time-varying field. Thus, to calculate the longitudinal correlation functions, a perturbation calculation to first order is necessary and Callen's original decoupling scheme for the three-spin Green's functions has to be extended for Green's functions with perturbation. A satisfactory extension of the Callen decoupling scheme to the first-order equation of motion for Green's functions is found. The extended decoupling scheme leads to a number of desirable results: Rotational invariance of the correlation functions and susceptibilities at and above the N\'eel temperature and the validity of the sum rule for spin operators over the same temperature range. The parallel susceptibility is also calculated, as well as the internal energy and the specific heat above the N\'eel temperature. The groundstate energy turns out to be slightly lower than the values predicted by other theories. Numerical calculations of parallel and perpendicular susceptibilities for $S=\frac{1}{2}$ are carried out and the results are presented.
An interacting multipattern joint probabilistic data association (IMP-JPDA) algorithm for multitarget tracking

Abstract This paper presents a newly developed algorithm for multitarget tracking using multipattern data association. Multipattern data association is based on a novel approach for tracking multiple targets using multiple patterns extracted from measurement sequences. A Markov chain controls the switching behavior of multipatterns, which allows an interacting operation of multipatterns. The introduction of patterns leads to a new paradigm of developing high-performance algorithms. A powerful tracking algorithm – interacting multipattern joint probabilistic data association (IMP-JPDA) is developed. The IMP-JPDA algorithm can be considered as a generalized joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm; when only one scan of measurements is used, IMP-JPDA reduces to JPDA.
Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1

The trafficking of circulating stem and progenitor cells to areas of tissue damage is poorly understood. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) mediates homing of stem cells to bone marrow by binding to CXCR4 on circulating cells. SDF-1 and CXCR4 are expressed in complementary patterns during embryonic organogenesis and guide primordial stem cells to sites of rapid vascular expansion. However, the regulation of SDF-1 and its physiological role in peripheral tissue repair remain incompletely understood. Here we show that SDF-1 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in endothelial cells, resulting in selective in vivo expression of SDF-1 in ischemic tissue in direct proportion to reduced oxygen tension. HIF-1-induced SDF-1 expression increases the adhesion, migration and homing of circulating CXCR4-positive progenitor cells to ischemic tissue. Blockade of SDF-1 in ischemic tissue or CXCR4 on circulating cells prevents progenitor cell recruitment to sites of injury. Discrete regions of hypoxia in the bone marrow compartment also show increased SDF-1 expression and progenitor cell tropism. These data show that the recruitment of CXCR4-positive progenitor cells to regenerating tissues is mediated by hypoxic gradients via HIF-1-induced expression of SDF-1.
Summary of AAPS Italian University Network Student Chapter scientific program on pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery

The American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) Italian University Network Student Chapter (AItUN), the first student chapter based in Europe, was founded May 2006 at the University of Perugia. AItUN, whose members hail from 13 Italian Universities, held its first annual meeting, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology & Drug Delivery at the University of Ferrara on March 9, 2007. The event was generously supported by AAPS and the Consortium TEFARCO Innova. Other supporting organizations included the “Associazione Docenti e Ricercatori Italiani di Tecnologie e Legislazione Farmaceutiche” (ADRITELF), the consortium ASTER, and the Universities of Ferrara and Salerno. The program commenced with a welcome by Pharmacy Dean, Professor Rosario Rizzuto, followed by remarks from the AItUNChair, Gaia Colombo, PhD. Professor Robin Bogner, PhD, University of Connecticut, a member of the AAPS Student/Postdoc Outreach and Development (SPOD) Committee, represented AAPS at the meeting.
Engineered Complementation in Escherichia coli Aspartate Transcarbamoylase HETEROTROPIC REGULATION BY QUATERNARY STRUCTURE STABILIZATION

Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase regulates pyrimidine biosynthesis by altering its activity homotropically in response to one of its substrates and heterotropically in response to nucleotide effectors. The mechanism of this regulation involves two structurally and functionally different forms of the enzyme, one with low activity and low affinity for substrates (T state) and the other with high activity and high affinity for substrates (R state). Heterotropic regulation may be due to the direct transmission of a regulatory "signal" between the regulatory site and the active site some 60 A away and/or may involve altering the relative stability of the two forms of the enzyme. By combining a T state-stabilized mutant version of the enzyme, previously thought to have a defect in a heterotropic transmission pathway, with a known R state-stabilized mutant enzyme, we were able to restore some properties of the wild-type enzyme. These data imply that the relative stabilization of the T and R states of the enzyme is in part responsible for the homotropic and heterotropic properties of aspartate transcarbamoylase and that direct pathways for transmission of the heterotropic signals are unlikely.
An Interview Method for Teaching Adolescent Psychology

This article describes an interview method for teaching adolescent psychology. Each student interviews an adolescent on the topic to be covered the following week and writes a report of that interview. The interviews are then used as the basis of classroom discussion. This technique is useful in encouraging students to consider the topic before class and in highlighting the relevance of psychological research for understanding the adolescent.
Designing breathalyser technology for the developing world: how a single breath can fight the double disease burden.

AbstractThe meteoric rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, alongside already high rates of infectious diseases, is exacerbating the ‘double disease burden’ in the developing world. There is a desperate need for affordable, accessible and ruggedized diagnostic tools that detect diseases early and direct patients to the correct channels. Breath analysis, the science of utilizing biomarkers in the breath for diagnostic measures, is growing rapidly, especially for use in clinical diagnostic settings. Breathalyser technologies are improving scientifically, but are not yet ready for productization and dissemination to address healthcare challenges. How does one ensure that these new biomedical devices will be suitable for use in developing communities? This article presents a comprehensive review of breath analysis technologies followed by a discussion on how such devices can be designed to conform with WHO’s ASSURED criteria so as to reach and sustain in developing countries where they are neede...
The topography and gravity of Mare Serenitatis: implications for subsidence of the mare surface

Abstract The long wavelength topography of Mare Serenitatis was analyzed using topographic data obtained by the Clementine laser ranging instrument (LIDAR). The topography shows that the lowest elevations in the mare surface occur near the margins of the basin. The present mare surface reflects a long period of volcanism, subsidence, and deformation. Subsidence is generally attributed to a Gaussian-shaped, superisostatic load from the mare basalts that results in flexure of the lunar lithosphere. Gravity data from Lunar Prospector suggest that the basalt sequence in the interior of Serenitatis is generally uniform in thickness and thins rapidly at the margins. This suggests that the topographic lows in the basin do not coincide with areas where the mare basalts are thick but rather occur where the basalts thin. The topographic lows also do not appear to coincide with accumulations of the youngest mare basalt units. The long wavelength topography of Mare Serenitatis may reflect subsidence influenced by pre-mare basalt basin topography and preexisting zones of lithospheric weakness.
The safety of transesophageal echocardiography in the elderly.

Abstract The safety of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in elderly patients (aged ≥70 years) and young patients (aged ≤50 years) was compared in a retrospective study of 283 examinations in each group. A greater percentage of studies was performed in an intensive care unit in the elderly group (22%) as compared with the younger group (13%, p 24 61 ) of patients in the elderly group and 45% ( 17 38 ) in the young group were on ventilators. Transient systemic hypotension complicating TEE was 3.5 times more frequent in the elderly (5%) as compared with the young group (1.4%, p
Lymphoma classification and the tools of our trade: an introduction to the 2012 USCAP Long Course

The 2012 USCAP Long Course ‘Malignant Lymphomas—Building on the Past, Moving to the Future’ began with an introduction to lymphoma classification over the last half century and a discussion of our current diagnostic armamentarium, together with a look toward the future. The Rappaport classification, originally published in 1956, was a morphologic classification with few categories. The early 1970s saw a great and tumultuous revolution in the field with the publication of two functional lymphoma classifications that related the malignant lymphomas to the cells of the normal immune system—the Lukes/Collins classification from the United States and the Kiel classification from Professor Lennert and the European Lymphoma Club. With discord abounding, the NCI working formulation, published in 1982, satisfied some but was a step back to a morphologic-based classification. In 1994, the International Lymphoma Study Group published the REAL classification, which reflected state-of-the-art practice for that time, and was shortly followed by preparations for the modern World Health Organization (WHO) classification published in 2001 and revised in 2008. The WHO classification, created by hematopathologists working with the advice and consent of clinical hematologist/oncologists, recognizes numerous distinct entities, defined based on their histopathological, immunophenotypical, molecular/cytogenetic and clinical features. The classification requires use of a multiparameter approach to lymphoma diagnosis although we still rely heavily on histopathology. Immunophenotypical studies, whether using paraffin section immunohistochemistry and/or flow cytometry, are also critical in almost all circumstances. Molecular/cytogenetic techniques that are constantly changing have an increasingly important role, even if not always required. The full impact of next-generation sequencing is yet to be felt but we are beginning to catch a glimpse of what is in our future. Finally, one must not forget the great importance of clinical data in arriving at a diagnosis that best serves the patient, our ultimate goal.
Different Levels of 5α-Reductase Type I and II, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor in Hair Follicles of Women and Men with Androgenetic Alopecia

In this study, 12 women and 12 men, ages 18-33 year, with androgenetic alopecia were selected for biopsies from frontal and occipital scalp sites. The androgen receptor, type I and II 5 α -reductase, cytochrome P-450-aromatase enzyme were measured and analyzed in hair follicles from these scalp biopsies. Findings revealed that both women and men have higher levels of receptors and 5 α -reductase type I and II in frontal hair follices than in occipital follicles, whereas higher levels of aromatase were found in their occipital follicles. There are marked quantitative differences in levels of androgen receptors and the three enzymes, which we find to be primarily in the outer root sheath of the hair follicles in the two genders. Androgen receptor content in female frontal hair follicles was approximately 40% lower than in male frontal hair follicle. Cytochrome P-450-aromatase content in women's frontal hair follicles was six times greater than in frontal hair follicles in men. Frontal hair follicles in women had 3 and 3.5 times less 5 α -reductase type I and II, respectively, than frontal hair follicles in men. These differences in levels of androgen receptor and steroid-converting enzymes may account for the different clinical presentations of androgenetic alopecia in women and men.
Rubber dam isolation in a difficult situation

Rubber dam retainers can be modified easily in the dental office to enable the dentist to isolate teeth with difficult restorative problems with the rubber dam. Isolation with the rubber dam enhances visibility and access and gives the dentist the opportunity to render safe, restorative care of high quality to the patient.
The nature of the state and agricultural crisis in post-1975 Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s agriculture is in serious crisis even after the 1975 radical redistribution of land. A large number of internal and external factors which are often intricately interrelated are involved in generating this crisis. This paper contends that many of these factors are closely associated with the nature of the state. In an attempt to establish this association, the paper analyzes the changes both in the nature of the state and in the types of problems the country’s agriculture has encountered since the early 17th century when agricultural stagnation became more apparent. Emphasis is, however, placed on the post 1975 era.
Violentization: A Relatively Singular Theory of Violent Crime

Violentization offers a unique explanation of violent crime for four reasons: (1) the theory explains the formation of violent criminal acts, the development of violent criminals, as well as the transformation and maintenance of the communities in which they evolve and later commit their crimes; (2) the theory identifies the stages through which violent encounters, socialization, and communal organization/disorganization unfold; (3) the theory treats violent criminals as active agents in their violent criminal acts; and (4) it is constructed from an insider’s viewpoint because the researcher has undergone similar experiences as the people whose actions his theory explains.
SU-E-J-254: Utility of Pinnacle Dynamic Planning Module Utilizing Deformable Image Registration in Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose For certain highly conformal treatment techniques, changes in patient anatomy due to weight loss and/or tumor shrinkage can result in significant changes in dose distribution. Recently, the Pinnacle treatment planning system added a Dynamic Planning module utilizing Deformable Image Registration (DIR). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this software in adapting to altered anatomy and adjusting treatment plans to account for it. Methods We simulated significant tumor response by changing patient thickness and altered chin positions using a commercially-available head and neck (H&N) phantom. In addition, we studied 23 CT image sets of fifteen (15) patients with H&N tumors and eight (8) patients with prostate cancer. In each case, we applied deformable image registration through Dynamic Planning module of our Pinnacle Treatment Planning System. The dose distribution of the original CT image set was compared to the newly computed dose without altering any treatment parameter. Result was a dose if we did not adjust the plan to reflect anatomical changes. Results For the H&N phantom, a tumor response of up to 3.5 cm was correctly deformed by the Pinnacle Dynamic module. Recomputed isodose contours on new anatomies were within 1 mm of the expected distribution. The Pinnacle system configuration allowed dose computations resulting from original plans on new anatomies without leaving the planning system. Original and new doses were available side-by-side with both CT image sets. Based on DIR, about 75% of H&N patients (11/15) required a re-plan using new anatomy. Among prostate patients, the DIR predicted near-correct bladder volume in 62% of the patients (5/8). Conclusions The Dynamic Planning module of the Pinnacle system proved to be an accurate and useful tool in our ability to adapt to changes in patient anatomy during a course of radiotherapy.
Timing is Everything: Delayed Intubation is Associated with Increased Mortality in Initially Stable Trauma Patients

Background The indications for immediate intubation in trauma are not controversial, but some patients who initially appear stable later deteriorate and require intubation. We postulated that initially stable, moderately injured trauma patients who experienced delayed intubation have higher mortality than those intubated earlier. Methods Medical records of trauma patients intubated within 3 h of arrival in the emergency department at our university-based trauma center were reviewed. Moderately injured patients were defined as an ISS Results From February 2006 to December 2007, 279 trauma patients were intubated in the emergency department. In moderately injured patients, mortality was higher with delayed intubation than with early intubation, 11.8% versus 1.8% (P = 0.045). Patients with delayed intubations had greater frequency of rib fractures than their early intubation counterparts, 23.5% versus 3.6% (P = 0.004). Patients in the delayed intubation group had lower rates of cervical gunshot wounds than the early intubation group, 0% versus 10.7% (P = 0.048) and a trend toward fewer of skull fractures 2.9% versus 16.1%, (P = 0.054). Conclusions These findings suggest that delayed intubation is associated with increased mortality in moderately injured patients who are initially stable but later require intubation and can be predicted by the presence of rib fractures.
Rapid prototyping polymers for microfluidic devices and high pressure injections

Multiple methods of fabrication exist for microfluidic devices, with different advantages depending on the end goal of industrial mass production or rapid prototyping for the research laboratory. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been the mainstay for rapid prototyping in the academic microfluidics community, because of its low cost, robustness and straightforward fabrication, which are particularly advantageous in the exploratory stages of research. However, despite its many advantages and its broad use in academic laboratories, its low elastic modulus becomes a significant issue for high pressure operation as it leads to a large alteration of channel geometry. Among other consequences, such deformation makes it difficult to accurately predict the flow rates in complex microfluidic networks, change flow speed quickly for applications in stop-flow lithography, or to have predictable inertial focusing positions for cytometry applications where an accurate alignment of the optical system is critical. Recently, other polymers have been identified as complementary to PDMS, with similar fabrication procedures being characteristic of rapid prototyping but with higher rigidity and better resistance to solvents; Thermoset Polyester (TPE), Polyurethane Methacrylate (PUMA) and Norland Adhesive 81 (NOA81). In this review, we assess these different polymer alternatives to PDMS for rapid prototyping, especially in view of high pressure injections with the specific example of inertial flow conditions. These materials are compared to PDMS, for which magnitudes of deformation and dynamic characteristics are also characterized. We provide a complete and systematic analysis of these materials with side-by-side experiments conducted in our lab that also evaluate other properties, such as biocompatibility, solvent compatibility, and ease of fabrication. We emphasize that these polymer alternatives, TPE, PUMA and NOA, have some considerable strengths for rapid prototyping when bond strength, predictable operation at high pressure, or transitioning to commercialization are considered important for the application.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of High-Temperature Unimolecular Dissociation of Gas-Phase RDX and Its Dissociation Products

Unimolecular dynamics of gas-phase hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its dissociation products were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) at the M06-L level. The simulations of RDX at 2000 K showed that dissociation proceeds from multiple conformers, mostly via homolytic fission of an N–N bond with a minor contribution from elimination of HONO, in agreement with previous transition state theory calculations. However, the simulations of the fission and elimination products revealed that secondary N–N fission is facile and, at the simulated temperature of 1750 K, dominant over other mechanisms. The simulations of the resulting intermediates revealed a number of new unimolecular pathways that have not been previously considered. The transition structures and minimal energy paths were calculated for all reactions to confirm these observations. Based on these findings, a revised set of the unimolecular reactions contributing to gas-phase RDX decomposition is proposed.
Simultaneously Targeting Tissue Transglutaminase and Kidney Type Glutaminase Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Acid Toxicity and Offers New Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention

Most cancer cells undergo characteristic metabolic changes that are commonly referred to as the Warburg effect, with one of the hallmarks being a dramatic increase in the rate of lactic acid fermentation. This leads to the production of protons, which in turn acidifies the microenvironment surrounding tumors. Cancer cells have acquired resistance to acid toxicity, allowing them to survive and grow under these detrimental conditions. Kidney type glutaminase (GLS1), which is responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, produces ammonia as part of its catalytic activities and has been shown to modulate cellular acidity. In this study, we show that tissue, or type 2, transglutaminase (TG2), a γ-glutamyl transferase that is highly expressed in metastatic cancers and produces ammonia as a byproduct of its catalytic activity, is up-regulated by decreases in cellular pH and helps protect cells from acid-induced cell death. Since both TG2 and GLS1 can similarly function to protect cancer cells, we then proceeded to demonstrate that treatment of a variety of cancer cell types with inhibitors of each of these proteins results in synthetic lethality. The combination doses of the inhibitors induce cell death, while individual treatment with each compound shows little or no ability to kill cells. These results suggest that combination drug treatments that simultaneously target TG2 and GLS1 might provide an effective strategy for killing cancer cells.
DNA Repair Capacity for Ultraviolet Light-Induced Damage Is Reduced in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma

Sunlight exposure and certain host factors such as red hair and fair skin are established risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancers. Because deficient DNA repair capacity has contributed to the development of skin cancers in a rare genetic disease, xeroderma pigmentosum, we explored this deficiency as an etiologic factor in a recent population study. We used a new DNA repair assay, the host-cell reactivation, in a clinic-based case-control study to test the hypothesis that reduced DNA repair is the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma. The peripheral lymphocytes from 88 patients with primary BCC and 135 cancer- free controls were tested for their capacity to repair ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage in a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. All subjects were between the ages of 20 and 60 years and were frequency matched by age (±5) and sex, Among those who reported frequent sunbathing, poor tanning ability, a history of multiple sunburns, exposure to chemicals, or multiple medical irradiations, the BCC patients had significantly lower DNA repair capacity than controls (p
Chandra Detection of Diffuse Hot Gas in and around the M31 Bulge

We report the detection of diffuse hot gas in M31, using archival Chandra observations that allow us to map out a 30' × 30' field (covering a galactocentric radius up to 4.5 kpc) and to detect sources in the galaxy down to a 0.5-8 keV luminosity limit of ~1035 ergs s-1. We estimate the remaining stellar contribution from fainter X-ray sources (primarily cataclysmic variables and coronally active binaries), assuming that they spatially follow the stellar distribution. Indeed, the near-IR K-band light of the galaxy closely traces the 2-8 keV unresolved X-rays, indicating a collective stellar X-ray emissivity consistent with those determined for the Galactic ridge and M32, whereas the amount of the 0.5-2 keV unresolved emission is significantly greater than the expected stellar contribution, especially within a galactocentric radius of ~2 kpc. Morphologically, this soft X-ray excess appears substantially rounder than the bulge as seen in K band and is elongated approximately along the minor-axis at large radii. The excess thus most likely represents the emission of diffuse hot gas in and around the galactic bulge. Furthermore, the near side of the M31 disk casts an apparent shadow against the soft X-ray excess, indicating that the hot gas extends to at least 2.5 kpc from the galactic plane. We briefly discuss the implications of these results on the energy balance in the M31 bulge and on understanding the large-scale soft X-ray enhancement observed toward the inner region of our own Galaxy.
Phase transformations in a wrought Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure has been studied in a Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy using transmission electron microscopy. Isothermal aging treatments at 750 °C were found to promote a two stage fcc → hcp transformation, coincident with a discontinuous precipitation of M23C6 carbides. The variation in morphology of the carbides associated with the fcc → hcp transition is discussed in terms of the nature of the fcc/hcp interface.
Effect of noradrenaline on the action of nicotine and tyramine on isolated atria

Both nicotine (in the presence of atropine) and tyramine cause a rise in the rate of isolated rabbit atria. When noradrenaline is allowed to act on the atria for 20 to 30 min and then removed from the bath by repeated changes of the bath fluid, the action of nicotine and of tyramine is greatly increased. The first addition of noradrenaline to the bath often has a much smaller effect on the response to nicotine or to tyramine than have later additions. Sometimes the greater effect after the addition of nicotine persists for 2 or 3 hr. When reserpine is added to the bath and left in contact with the atria for 1 to 2 hr, and is then removed from the bath, the effect of noradrenaline on the atrial rate is much reduced in size and duration. Bretylium abolishes the action of nicotine but increases the action of tyramine.
The anteroinferior cerebellar artery embedded in the subarcuate fossa: a rare anomaly and its clinical significance.

Objective The purpose of this study is to call attention to an anomaly in which a segment of the anteroinferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is embedded in the dura or bone surrounding the subarcuate fossa, a small depression in the bone posterior to the internal acoustic meatus (IAM), through which the subarcuate artery enters the bone. This anomaly places the artery at risk in removing the posterior wall of the IAM. Methods An anomalous AICA having a segment that was embedded in the dura covering on the bone surrounding the subarcuate fossa was found during a microsurgical dissection course. The senior author (ALR) has observed this anomaly in four patients during surgery for acoustic neuromas and in three specimens in microsurgery dissection courses. To define the microsurgical anatomy of the anomalous artery further, the latex-injected specimen was dissected in a stepwise manner using x3 to x40 magnification. Results The anomalous AICA described in this report bifurcated into a rostral trunk and a caudal trunk near the facial-vestibulocochlear nerve complex. The caudal trunk formed a sharp lateral loop that was embedded in the dura covering the subarcuate fossa. The involved trunk continued to supply the suboccipital area normally supplied by the posteroinferior cerebellar artery, which was hypoplastic. The dura surrounding the anomalous loop was opened, and the adjacent bone was removed to free the anomalous loop from the subarcuate fossa so that the artery could be displaced medially to remove the posterior wall of the IAM. Although it has been reported that the AICA may occasionally be adherent to the dura over the subarcuate fossa, this study is the first to demonstrate an AICA that is embedded in the dura and bone of the subarcuate fossa. Conclusion Mobilizing the AICA loop that is embedded in the subarcuate fossa posterior to the IAM places the involved AICA at significant risk in exposing the contents of the IAM.