cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Impulsively Excited Vibration Energy Harvesters: Design and Viability Assessment

In energy harvesting technologies, the circuitry used to extract power can be viewed as imposing a feedback law on the harvester’s dynamics. Each circuit topology affords some degree of controllability, and consequently, a feasibility domain over which its feedback law can be optimized to maximize the harvested energy. The parasitic losses associated with a given circuit can be large enough that they are comparable to or exceed the available resource, thus precluding its viability. This article examines these issues for single-degree-of-freedom vibration energy harvesters subjected to a single-impulsive inertial loading. We introduce two different quadratic overbound techniques for parasitic loss modeling: one based on physical circuit parameters and the other based on a static efficiency model. We consider the choice between an active rectifier and active drive circuit to condition the power, and also the choice of whether to include power-factor correction circuitry. The four resultant design combinations represent different tradeoffs between the control functionality and the parasitic loss. For all cases, we illustrate a technique for determining the maximum energy that can be harvested from the impulse using the optimal control theory. We then use this analysis to determine, for each case, whether the parasitic power it must sustain to operate is justified by the performance it achieves. We also determine the critical threshold of parasitic loss, below which a given case is not a viable technology. Finally, we show that the relative favorability of each circuit depends strongly on the characteristics of the harvesting device, as well as the disturbance intensity.
Insights into controls on hexavalent chromium in groundwater provided by environmental tracers, Sacramento Valley, California, USA

Abstract Environmental tracers are useful for determining groundwater age and recharge source, yet their application in studies of geogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater has been limited. Environmental tracer data from 166 wells located in the Sacramento Valley, northern California, were interpreted and compared to Cr concentrations to determine the origin and age of groundwater with elevated Cr(VI), and better understand where Cr(VI) becomes mobilized and how it evolves along flowpaths. In addition to major ion and trace element concentrations, the dataset includes δ 18 O, δ 2 H, 3 H concentration, 14 C activity (of dissolved inorganic C), δ 13 C, 3 He/ 4 He ratio, and noble gas concentrations (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe). Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) were computed, and age-related tracers were interpreted in combination to constrain the age distribution in samples and sort them into six different age categories spanning from 10,000 yr old. Nearly all measured Cr is in the form of Cr(IV). Concentrations range from −1 , with 10% exceeding the state of California’s Cr(VI) maximum contaminant level of 10 μg L −1 . Two groups with elevated Cr(VI) (⩾5 μg L −1 ) were identified. Group 1 samples are from the southern part of the valley and contain modern ( 3 − concentrations (>3 mg L −1 ), and commonly have δ 18 O values enriched relative to local precipitation. These samples likely contain irrigation water and are elevated due to accelerated mobilization of Cr(VI) in the unsaturated zone (UZ) in irrigated areas. Group 2 samples are from throughout the valley and typically contain water 1000–10,000 yr old, have δ 18 O values consistent with local precipitation, and have unexpectedly warm NGTs. Chromium(VI) concentrations in Group 2 samples may be elevated for multiple reasons, but the hypothesis most consistent with all available data (notably, the warm NGTs) is a relatively long UZ residence time due to recharge through a deep UZ near the margin of the basin. A possible explanation for why Cr(VI) may be primarily mobilized in the UZ rather than farther along flowpaths in the oxic portion of the saturated zone is more dynamic cycling of Mn in the UZ due to transient moisture and redox conditions.
Lack of Telemedicine Training in Academic Medicine: Are We Preparing the Next Generation?

Background: Telemedicine focuses on providing medical care to patients in remote locations using telecommunication technologies. It has been shown to be cost-effective, improve health outcomes, and...
The Depths of Malice

The Model Penal Code (“MPC”) revision of the traditional mens rea provisions has been almost uniformly recognized as an immense success. The MPC framework has been extremely influential: it has been adopted explicitly in more than a half of American jurisdictions, and it often guides judicial interpretation of mens rea in the remaining jurisdictions as well. However, the MPC may have lost some important insights in departing from the traditional mens rea criteria. In this paper, I suggest that, in its strive for simplification, rationality, and utility, the MPC has sacrificed some of the moral complexity of the traditional, common-law mens rea categories. Specifically, I argue that the common-law category of malice is doctrinally important and its abandonment affects the fairness and coherence of the entire body of criminal law.
Rapid orthogonal screening of forensic drugs using a compact UHPLC-PDA/SQD; a complement to GC-MS

With the recent development of hand-held and miniature mass spectrometers, low cost and compact mass detectors have become more available and accessible for on-site and routine laboratory use. Here we present a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA/MS) method for the routine screening of a wide variety of illicit drugs using a small and cost effective single quadrupole MS (SQD) with electron spray ionization (ESI). Two libraries for common drugs of forensic interest, a PDA library including retention time (RT) and PDA spectra and a MS library including RT and [M+H]+/[M-H]-, were developed. Using a BEH phenyl column and gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, drugs of forensic interest were detected within 8.5min and identified based on their RT/RRT to an internal standard (Codeine-d6), UV spectrum, and/or MS spectrum/(de)protonated molecular mass. The method proved to be efficient, reproducible, and sensitive with a limit of detection (LOD) ≤0.5μg/mL for untargeted screening using PDA and MS in full scan mode and ≤0.1μg/mL for targeted screening by MS in select ion recording (SIR) mode. Improved isomer discrimination was achieved, when a second injection and separation by a charged column (CSH C18) was incorporated into the same acquisition sequence. The method was applied to 20 seized drugs with similar detection limits and identifications by GC-MS. Using an orthogonal separation technique and dual detection systems, the UHPLC-PDA/SQD method serves as an attractive technique for a direct and fast screening of illicit drugs with excellent discrimination power and detection capacity. The developed method can be an alternative screening method to GC-FID and complementary technique to GC-MS for routine forensic drug screening.
Application of Integrated Multiple Criteria Data Envelopment Analysis to Humanitarian Logistics Network Design

This paper considers a humanitarian logistics network (HTLN) design problem, including the emergency relief facilities (ERFs) location-allocation decision for the efficient distribution of emergency supplies from the ERFs to the affected areas. A goal programming (GP) approach is applied to consider the multiple objectives simultaneously. Solving the GP model with a given weight assigned to each goal yields a single HTLN scheme, so there will be various schemes available by solving the GP with multiple values of the weights. For evaluating these schemes and identifying the most efficient one, we apply the data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods considering each scheme as a decision-making unit (DMU). Since the classical DEA (C-DEA) intrinsically aims to identify efficient DMUs and the efficient frontier, the use of C-DEA may not lead to a full ranking in many situations. There are several independent evaluation approaches to increasing discriminating power. Among them, this study integrates the multiple criteria DEA (MC-DEA) with the following three DEA methods, (i) stratification DEA (S-DEA), (ii) cross-efficiency DEA (CE-DEA), and (iii) super-efficiency DEA (SE-DEA), to make the most use of each method’s strengths. Through a case study of designing the HTLN system for South Carolina, the procedure of implementing the integrated multiple criteria DEA (IMC-DEA) method is demonstrated. It is observed that the IMC-DEA method performs well in terms of designing the HTLN system and would help the decision-makers consider more efficient options and make a final decision.
Economic assessments of the burden of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies

Abstract Objective: This is a critical review of published economic analyses on congenital cytomegalovirus infection and strategies for its detection and prevention. Findings: The review identified four cost-of-illness studies and nine cost-effectiveness analyses: three of vaccination of young women, two of prenatal screening, and four of newborn screening. All reported either large economic costs or favorable cost-effectiveness of interventions. However, sensitivity analyses did not address some of the most critical assumptions. Conclusions: Reviewed economic analyses overattributed certain adverse long-term outcomes to congenital cytomegalovirus infection, while other long-term costs were not included. Overall, limited conceptual frameworks, unrepresentative data sources, and unsupported or inadequately documented assumptions regarding outcomes and costs hinder the ability of policymakers to draw conclusions. A major challenge is the limited information on long-term outcomes and costs for representative cohorts of individuals with congenital cytomegalovirus, which further research could helpfully address.
Compensation Committees and CEO Compensation Incentives in U.S. Entrepreneurial Firms

This study uses a sample of IPO firms to investigate the relation between the compensation committee, CEO compensation, and CEO incentives. We investigate two theoretical models: the three‐tier optimal contracting model and the managerial power model. We find support for the three‐tier agency model. The presence of significant shareholders on the compensation committee (i.e., those with share stakes in excess of 5 percent) is associated with lower CEO pay and higher CEO equity incentives. Firms with higher paid compensation committee members are associated with greater CEO compensation and lower incentives. The managerial power model receives little support. We find no evidence that insiders or CEOs of other firms serving on the compensation committee raise the level of CEO pay or lower CEO incentives.
“I Didn't Really Have a Choice”: Qualitative Analysis of Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Technology Use Among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Racial-ethnic disparities in diabetes technology use are well documented in young adults (YA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but modifiable targets for intervention still need to be identi...
Catastrophic Encyclopedism: War and Cataclysm in Jean-Yves Jouannais

Jean-Yves Jouannais examines the history of war in L’Encyclopedie des guerres, a performance piece at the Centre Pompidou, which is ongoing since 2008. Compiling citations on the theme of war while...
AND does not mean OR: Using Formal Languages to Study Language Models’ Representations

A current open question in natural language processing is to what extent language models, which are trained with access only to the form of language, are able to capture the meaning of language. This question is challenging to answer in general, as there is no clear line between meaning and form, but rather meaning constrains form in consistent ways. The goal of this study is to offer insights into a narrower but critical subquestion: Under what conditions should we expect that meaning and form covary sufficiently, such that a language model with access only to form might nonetheless succeed in emulating meaning? Focusing on several formal languages (propositional logic and a set of programming languages), we generate training corpora using a variety of motivated constraints, and measure a distributional language model’s ability to differentiate logical symbols (AND, OR, and NOT). Our findings are largely negative: none of our simulated training corpora result in models which definitively differentiate meaningfully different symbols (e.g., AND vs. OR), suggesting a limitation to the types of semantic signals that current models are able to exploit.
Inhibition of mitochondrial and Paracoccus denitrificans NADH-ubiquinone reductase by oxacarbocyanine dyes: A structure-activity study

In this study, we determined that three structurally related oxacarbocyanine dyes, 3,3'-diethyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC2(3)), 3,3'-dipentyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC5(3)), and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC6(3)), and one oxadicarbocyanine, 3,3'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine (DiOC2(4)), inhibit bovine heart mitochondrial NADH oxidase activity and one of them, DiOC6(3), inhibits Paracoccus denitrificans NADH oxidase activity. The mitochondrial I50 values were 9 microM (DiOC2(3)), approximately 1 microM (DiOC5(3)) and DiOC6(3)), and approximately 3 microM (DiOC2(4)), whereas the I50 value for P. denitrificans was approximately 2 microM (DiOC6(3)). Neither succinate nor cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity was inhibited significantly by any of the compounds in either electron transport chain, localizing the inhibitory site of the oxacarbocyanine dyes to the respiratory chain segment between NADH and ubiquinone. With submitochondrial particles (SMP), NADH-dependent reduction of duroquinone and coenzyme Q1 was inhibited markedly by all four compounds with DiOC6(3) being the most potent inhibitor, and the reduction of menadione was inhibited substantially by DiOC6(3). When purified complex I was used, NADH-dependent reduction of ferricyanide was inhibited by DiOC5(3) and coenzyme Q1 reduction was inhibited by all oxacarbocyanines. With P. denitrificans membrane vesicles, DiOC6(3) substantially inhibited NADH-dependent reduction of coenzyme Q1. All the oxacarbocyanines were more effective inhibitors with membrane preparations than with complex I, suggesting that membrane interactions play a role in inhibition. The mechanism of inhibition of the oxacarbocyanines appears to be similar to that of rotenone since (a) essentially only electron acceptors affected by rotenone were affected by the compounds, (b) inhibition of menadione reduction was diminished drastically with rotenone-saturated SMP, and (c) inhibition of coenzyme Q1 was largely eliminated with rotenone-insensitive complex I, and P. denitrificans membrane vesicles.
Quality of information approach to improving source selection in tactical networks

Intelligence operations in highly dynamic and constrained networked environments require a prudent strategies to query information sources. We consider the performance of this process based on metrics relating to quality of information: accuracy, timeliness, completeness and reliability. These metrics are identified in military doctrine as requirements that promote mission success. Further, it is possible to identify specific network metrics that are indicators of that the network is meeting these quality requirements. We study effective data rate, social distance, link integrity and the utility of information as metrics within a multi-genre network to determine the quality of information of its available sources. This paper proposes a formulation of the analytic hierarchy process to score information sources based on these concepts. A modification to this algorithm is also presented which incorporates the dynamics of the measurements. This is a multimodal fusion approach that considers elements from communications, information and social networks to assist a decision maker in the source selection problem. We show how this approach can be used to score information sources for such tasks using results from representative simulations.
THE COSTS AND PITFALLS OF INDIVIDUALIZING DECISIONS AND INCENTIVIZING CONFLICT:A COMMENT ON AFCC'S THINK TANK REPORT ON SHARED PARENTING

The AFCC Think Tank on Research, Policy, Practice, and Shared Parenting is quite groundbreaking, had an all-star cast, and the issues could hardly be more important to our organization. Yet, many will regard the final report from the think tank as disappointing because, simply, it fails to say very much. I argue that the reason is that the think tank gave too little consideration to two interlocking costs to the families. First are the costs associated with individualizing decisions on a case-by-case basis. Much as it may be desirable, we may really not know how to properly individualize, tailor, or custom-fit parenting plans to achieve the best possible outcomes in each case. So, the effort and expense and time and trouble taken in the futile pursuit of case-specific decisions come with little corresponding benefits. Better to have a starting place that covers the majority of cases and families, with, of course, the ability to deviate when the fit is obviously bad.The general public strongly believes that shared parenting is that starting place and that any other position is biased. The second cost is that vagueness and ambivalence will ultimately be iatrogenic for families by leading to greater conflict.Various proposals under consideration differently incentivize parents to engage in that conflict. Presumptions, of any flavor, generally minimize such incentives. A shared parenting presumption would minimize that incentive most of all.
A Simple, Spectral-Change Based, Electrocorticographic Brain–Computer Interface

A brain–computer interface (BCI) requires a strong, reliable signal for effective implementation. A wide range of real-time electrical signals have been used for BCI, ranging from scalp recorded electroencephalography (EEG) (see, for example, [1, 2]) to single neuron recordings (see, for example, [3, 4]. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is an intermediate measure, and refers to the recordings obtained directly from the surface of the brain [5]. Like EEG, ECoG represents a population measure, the electrical potential that results from the sum of the local field potentials resulting from 100,000 s of neurons under a given electrode. However, ECoG is a stronger signal and is not susceptible to the artifacts from skin and muscle activity that can plague EEG recordings. ECoG and EEG also differ in that the phenomena they measure encompass fundamentally different scales. Because ECoG electrodes lie on the cortical surface, and because the dipole fields [7] that produce the cortical potentials fall off rapidly \((V(r)\sim r^{ - 2} )\), the ECoG fundamentally reflects more local processes.
Project ranking using partial ranks

A competition was recently held for new elder care technologies and a method was needed for selecting an audience favorite project. Since each of the eight projects received a half hour presentation time slot spread out over a full day, attendance varied significantly with morning projects having a much lower attendance. An algorithm was desired that was robust with respect to varying evaluator. A new algorithm for aggregating ranks from a large number of incomplete judgment was developed and applied to the projects to select a winner. This paper presents the new algorithm, tests the new approach against others in the application, and discusses relative tradeoffs.
Excentral cleavage of β-carotene in vivo in a healthy man

Background: Excentral cleavage of -carotene to retinoids and apocarotenoids occurs in vitro and in animal models. Whether it occurs in humans is unclear. Objective: We tested the hypothesis of whether humans can cleave -carotene excentrally. Design: A healthy man was given an oral dose of all-trans [10,10,11,11- 14 C]--carotene (1.01 nmol; 100 nCi). Its fate and that of its metabolites were measured in serial plasma samples. Its fateinfecesandurinewasalsomeasuredovertime.Selectedplasma samples were spiked with reference standards of retinol,-apo-12carotenal, -apo-8-carotenal, 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-transretinoic acid, -carotene-5,6-epoxide, all-trans--carotene, and retinyl palmitate and subjected to reverse-phase HPLC fractionation.Theplasma,plasmafractions,urine,andfecesweremeasured for 14 C with the use of accelerator mass spectrometry. Results: Sixty-five percent of administered 14 C was absorbed, and 15.7% was eliminated in urine during the first 21 d after dosing. 14 C--carotene and 14 C-retinyl palmitate appeared in plasma 0.25 d afterthedose. 14 C--caroteneand 14 C-retinolbothappearedat0.5d only. On day 3 after the dose, 2 large 14 C peaks appeared in plasma: one matched the retention time of -apo-8-carotenal, and the other did not match any of the reference standards used. The delayed appearance of 14 C--apo-8-carotenal in plasma suggests that the excentral cleavage occurred after the 14 C--apo-8-carotene was absorbed into the body. Conclusion: These data suggest that excentral cleavage of ingested -carotene occurs in vivo in humans. Confirmation of that possibility and further study to identify and characterize additional metabolites are needed. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:770–7.
Coats' Disease in a Renal Transplant Recipient

We report the first case, to our knowledge, of Coats' disease, an idiopathic exudative retinopathy, in a renal transplant recipient. Due to certain similarities in clinical presentation and confounding factors present in patients who have received kidney allografts, our patient was originally misdiagnosed as having cytomegalovirus retinitis. We emphasise the significance of this diagnostic distinction and the association of this retinal syndrome with renal disease.
B Decays Involving Light Mesons

Recent BABAR results for decays of B-mesons to combinations of non-charm mesons are presented. This includes B decays to two vector mesons, B → η′(π, K, ρ) modes, and a comprehensive Dalitz Plot analysis of B → KKK decays.
Electron Microscopy Studies of the High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of NiAl

The transient oxidation stage of single crystal (001)NiAl was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, high resolution electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). (001)NiAl was oxidized in air at 950°C in order to produce transient forms of alumina on the surface. After oxidation, an oxide scale with plate-like surface morphology formed. We found that the main transient alumina polymorph is lj-Al2O3. The platelets which formed on the surface of the oxide are most likely lj-A12O3, not θ-Al2O3. Randomly-oriented 6h-Al2O3 grains were observed at the oxide/metal interface. The NiAl/lj-Al2O3 interfaces were examined with EELS. From the changes observed in the electron energy loss spectra, the interfacial terminating plane is determined. Lattice matching arguments are given to explain why these terminating planes are energetically favorable.
Seizure of elastic material sliding through a rigid die

Abstract Mechanisms causing frictional locking due to the interaction between normal load and frictional force are described. The particular type of jamming produced when an elastic material is pushed between fixed rigid plates is discussed in detail. Experiments, using rubber as the elastic material and aluminum for the rigid plates, support a theoretical analysis of this effect.
Inventing that "Old-Timey" Style: Southern Authenticity in O Brother, Where Art Thou?

The author argues that the writers and directors of O Brother, Where Art Thou? address the idea of cultural authenticity in several ways—most notably in their use of diegetic and nondiegetic music—to suggest that the idea of the cultural heritage of "the South" is itself constantly evolving and constantly new. The discussion focuses primarily on the music in the film and the way in which the discourse authenticating this music as "old time" manages to elide the connections between African American and white Southern cultures.
Local a posteriori error estimators for variational inequalities

Local a posteriori error estimators for finite element approximation of variational inequalities are derived. These are shown to provide upper bounds on the discretization error. Numerical examples are given illustrating the theoretical results. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure of chain d of the gigantic hemoglobin of the earthworm.

The extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm has four major O2-binding chains, a, b, c and d, together with additional non-heme structural chains that are required for assembly. Although the abc trimer self-associates extensively at least to (abc)10, addition of chain d results in the formation of a discrete 280 kDa complex corresponding to (abcd)4. Thus a primary function of chain d is to cap the abc association and convert an abc trimer that binds O2 with weak cooperativity to a highly cooperative (abcd)4 complex. Amino-acid sequences of the major globin chains a, b, c have been determined previously by peptide and cDNA analysis. However, the peptide sequence reported for the major chain d (Shishikura, F., Snow, J.W., Gotoh, T., Vinogradov, S.N. and Walz, D.A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem., 262, 3123–3131), has a calculated molecular mass 134–167 Da higher than masses for components of chain d determined by mass spectrometry (Ownby, D.W., Zhu, H., Schneider, K., Beavis, R.C., Chait, B.T. and Riggs, A.F. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13539–13547). Reverse-phase HPLC confirms the presence of two distinct polypeptides, d1 and d2, together with d1′, a variant of d1. cDNA-derived amino-acid sequences have been determined for chains d1′ and d2 by application of the polymerase chain reaction with primers based on the NH2-terminal sequences and oligo-dT. Each of the two cDNA-derived sequences has 140 residues and they differ by 28 substitutions. The data show that the sequence originally reported had been derived from peptides generated from both polypeptides.
Bi1.84Pb0.34Ca2Sr2Cu4Oy superconducting tapes with zero resistance at 100 K prepared by the glass-to-ceramic route

Abstract Bi 1.84 Pb 0.34 Ca 2 Sr 2 Cu 4 O y superconducting tapes with zero resistance at 100 K have been fabricated via the glass-to-ceramic route. After heat treatment at 842°C for > 48 h in an atmosphere of Ar+O 2 ,Bi 1.84 Pb 0.34 Ca 2 Sr 4 Cu 4 O y tapes consist mainly of a phase with a critical temperature of 110 K. The critical current density, J c , is 6 A/cm 2 ay 77 K in zero magnetic field. The possible formation mechanism of the phase with a critical temperature of 110 K from a glass is discussed. The experimental results suggest that liquid phase formation assists the dissolution of the phase with a critical temperature of 75 K phase and the formation of the phase with a critical temperature of 110 K.
Microfabric of altered ash layers, ODP Leg 131, Nankai Trough

Samples of ash layers and associated background sediments from Site 808 of ODP Leg 131 in the Nankai Trough accretionary prism were analyzed for changes in mineralogy, porosity and micro-fabric associated with alteration of volcanic ash. Ash layers range from incipient stages of alteration and dissolution to complete alteration to clay minerals and clinoptilolite. Ash layers contain greater abundances of total clay minerals and lower percentages of quartz than do surrounding background hemipelagic sediments. The clay-sized fraction of ash layers is dominated by pure dioctahedral smectite, whereas the background sediments contain primarily illite and chlorite with minor amounts of smectite. Analysis of microfabric revealed dramatic changes in the distributions and abundances of grains and pores during ash alteration. The relative abundances of large pores, grains, and matrix material were quantified on digital back-scattered electron images (BSEI) of ash layer and background sediment samples. During burial, the abundant glass shards of shallow ash layers are initially altered, presumably to smectite. Subsequent dissolution of the glass leaves open, shard-shaped pores, resulting in increased porosities. With greater burial, these pores are filled with clinoptilolite. Although the presence of ash and its alteration products clearly influences sediment physical properties, there is no apparent correlation of the abundance of ash or its alteration products with the formation of thrust faults or other structures within the Nankai Trough accretionary prism.
Health hazards and heavy construction.

Abstract Investigations of heavy construction projects, underground and on the surface, have revealed that modern mechanization with heavy-duty equipment causes health hazards in tunnel, highway and dam construction operations. Noise levels above 100 decibels are common, and preliminary audiograms indicate some hearing loss in the majority of drillers and heavy equipment operators. Dry drilling operations on highway and dam construction produce excessive exposure to silica dust. Noise and dust control measures applicable to these problems are discussed.
Tourmaline in meta-evaporites and highly magnesian rocks: perspectives from Namibian tourmalinites

Tourmaline from meta-evaporitic tourmalinites of the Duruchaus Formation of central Namibia reveal a common compositional trend that occurs in tourmaline from other meta-evaporite localities. The meta-evaporitic tourmalines are generally sodic, magnesian, moderately-to-highly depleted in Al, and enriched in Fe 3+ and W O 2− (calculated). They typically follow this trend along a join between “oxy-dravite” [Na(Mg 2 Al)(Al 6 )(Si 6 O 18 )(BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 3 (O)] and povondraite [Na(Fe 3 3+ ) (Fe 4 3+ Mg 2 ) (Si 6 O 18 ) (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 3 (O)]. Similar trends occur in the meta-evaporites at Alto Chapare (Bolivia), Challenger Dome (Gulf of Mexico), and Liaoning (China). This chemical feature is attributed to the influence of oxidizing, highly saline, boron-bearing fluids that are associated with these lithologies. In the Namibian tourmalines there are some deviations from this trend, which are considered to be a consequence of later overprints related to sulfate–silicate interactions and/or influx of reactive fluid. Tourmalines occurring in the highly magnesian high-pressure rocks (whiteschists and pyrope–coesite rocks) are distinctly more magnesian and fall close to the dravite and “oxy-dravite” compositions. These latter tourmaline compositions likely reflect the metasomatic processes that produced these unusual bulk compositions and/or the influx of a reactive fluid that eliminated any earlier chemical signatures of meta-evaporitic fluids or protoliths.
Computer simulations of dense polar fluids: hydrogen chloride

Revue des possibilites de calcul: viscosite, constante dielectrique, coefficient d'autodiffusion
Thermally Induced Bending and Wrinkling in Large Aspect Ratio Sandwich Panels

The paper presents the solution of the problem of bending of a large aspect ratio simply supported sandwich panel with cross-ply facings subject to an elevated temperature or heat flux on one of the surfaces. The geometrically and physically linear problem for the central section is solved exactly in the cases where long edges are either unrestrained against or completely prevented from axial displacements. Wrinkling of the facings is also investigated, accounting for both thermal stresses as well as the effect of temperature on the properties of the facings and core. It is shown that thermally induced wrinkling may become the dominant mode of failure in a panel that does not wrinkle at the room temperature.
Pneumonia and tuberculosis in pregnancy.

Pneumonia complicating pregnancy is a rare but important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. Since the antibiotic era, maternal mortality from this disease has diminished. Likewise, tuberculosis is also an uncommon infection in pregnancy. However, the impact of HIV on the frequency and severity of pneumonia and tuberculosis in pregnancy is an emerging issue. Bacterial and viral pneumonias account for most cases of anteparturn pneumonia. For specific populations of patients (i.e., immunosuppressed, hospitalized, or those with chronic underlying pulmonary diseases), the possibility of fungal or parasitic pneumonias increases. Epidemiologic factors also are important in determining the likelihood of active' tuberculosis in pregnant women with symptoms consistent with pneumonia.
SU-E-T-117: Dose to Organs Outside of CT Scan Range- Monte Carlo and Hybrid Phantom Approach

Purpose: Epidemiological study of second cancer risk for cancer survivors often requires the dose to normal tissues located outside the anatomy covered by radiological imaging, which is usually limited to tumor and organs at risk. We have investigated the feasibility of using whole body computational human phantoms for estimating out-of-field organ doses for patients treated by Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). Methods: Identical 7-field IMRT prostate plans were performed using X-ray Voxel Monte Carlo (XVMC), a radiotherapy-specific Monte Carlo transport code, on the computed tomography (CT) images of the torso of an adult male patient (175 cm height, 66 kg weight) and an adult male hybrid computational phantom with the equivalent body size. Dose to the liver, right lung, and left lung were calculated and compared. Results: Considerable differences are seen between the doses calculated by XVMC for the patient CT and the hybrid phantom. One major contributing factor is the treatment method, deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH), used for this patient. This leads to significant differences in the organ position relative to the treatment isocenter. The transverse distances from the treatment isocenter to the inferior border of the liver, left lung, and right lung are 19.5cm, 29.5cm, and 30.0cm, respectively for the patient CT, compared with 24.3cm, 36.6cm, and 39.1cm, respectively, for the hybrid phantom. When corrected for the distance, the mean doses calculated using the hybrid phantom are within 28% of those calculated using the patient CT. Conclusion: This study showed that mean dose to the organs located in the missing CT coverage can be reconstructed by using whole body computational human phantoms within reasonable dosimetric uncertainty, however appropriate corrections may be necessary if the patient is treated with a technique that will significantly deform the size or location of the organs relative to the hybrid phantom.
Optimization of electric field parameters for the control of bone remodeling: exploitation of an indigenous mechanism for the prevention of osteopenia.

The discovery of piezoelectric potentials in loaded bone was instrumental in developing a plausible mechanism by which functional activity could intrinsically influence the tissue's cellular environment and thus affect skeletal mass and morphology. Using an in vivo model of osteopenia, we have demonstrated that the bone resorption that normally parallels disuse can be prevented or even reversed by the exogenous induction of electric fields. Importantly, the manner of the response (i.e., formation, turnover, resorption) is exceedingly sensitive to subtle changes in electric field parameters. Fields below 10 microV/cm, when induced at frequencies between 50 and 150 Hz for 1 h/day, were sufficient to maintain bone mass even in the absence of function. Reducing the frequency to 15 Hz made the field extremely osteogenic. Indeed, this frequency-specific sinusoidal field initiated more new bone formation than a more complex pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), though inducing only 0.1% of the electrical energy of the PEMF. The frequencies and field intensities most effective in the exogenous stimulation of bone formation are similar to those produced by normal functional activity. This lends strong support to the hypothesis that endogenous electric fields serve as a critical regulatory factor in both bone modeling and remodeling processes. Delineation of the field parameters most effective in retaining or promoting bone mass will accelerate the development of electricity as a unique and site-specific prophylaxis for osteopenia. Because fields of these frequencies and intensities are indigenous to bone tissue, it further suggests that such exogenous treatment can promote bone quantity and quality with minimal risk or consequence.
Temporal Factors in the Formation of Conditioned Eyelid Reactions in Human Subjects

Resume On a fait une etude de la formation des reactions conditionnelles des paupieres chez 101 sujets humains a l'egard de l'influence de certains facteurs de temps sur la quantite et le caractere du conditionnement. Les resultats indiquent que: 1. —quand le stimulus conditionnel (son) precede le stimulus non conditionnel (choc) dans une variation de 0,30 secondes a 1,48 secondes il n'y a aucune variation dans la quantite du conditionnement. Quand le stimulus conditionnel precede le stimulus non conditionnel de moins de 0,30 secondes la quantite du conditionnement devient progressivement plus petite de sorte qu'a l'intervalle de 0,10 d'une seconde il n'y a pratiquement nul conditionnement. 2. —quand le stimulus conditionnel (son) suit le stimulus non conditionnel (choc) il se montre tres peu de conditionnement au son. 3. —quand le stimulus conditionnel (son) suit le stimulus non conditionnel (choc) le conditionnement au choc peut se montrer. La quantite de ce conditionnement avance au choc est plus grand...
Predictive Utility of the Computer-based Music Perception Assessment for Children (CMPAC)

A Computer-based Music Perception Assessment for Children (CMPAC) was designed and administered to 49 children (31 elementary school children; 18 hospitalized children) for the purpose of field testing and standardization. CMPAC is conceptualized as an assessment tool that yields information important to music therapists regarding children's listening and musically-related behavior: These behaviors include information on music choices and the effect of music on behavior (e.g., spontaneous singing or movement). The assessment involves children "clicking on" pictures that represent genres of children's music and listening to brief musical excerpts. Musical genres on CMPAC included songs from Sesame Street, the Animaniacs, Hap Palmer, Barney, and Disney. As part of the assessment, CMPAC generates three types of data about a child's listening behaviors: (a) the frequency with which the child listens to specific songs; (b) the duration of time the child spends listening to music; and (c) the order (or chronology) in which the child listens to specific songs. Additionally, the music therapist administering CMPAC records descriptive observations of the child's listening behavior (e.g., the child sings along to the music, the child moves during music listening, the child appears easily distracted by noises/activities in the hall, the child indiscriminately clicks [or repeatedly clicks] on a picture of music without attending to the music, etc.). Data obtained from field testing and from the clinical dispositions of 10 music therapists examining data output was subjected to statistical analysis in order to determine the predictive utility of CMPAC. Results suggest that CMPAC is a useful and valid assessment for assisting music therapists in making referral decisions for hospitalized children.
Olivine from Reykjanes ridge and Iceland tholeiites, and its significance to the two-mantle source model

Abstract Olivine crystals from Reykjanes Ridge tholeiites are generally homogeneous and represent a distinct suite compared to the strongly zoned olivines in the tholeiites from the median Neovolcanic zone of Iceland which exhibit Mg-rich cores enclosed by more Fe-rich rims or overgrowths. Partitioning of MgO/FeO between olivines and liquid compositions approximated by the aphyric rocks are systematic, and the compositions of olivine are highly dependent upon lava compositions, indicating a close approach to equilibrium crystallization. Whole-rock MgO/FeO ratios, phenocrystic olivine Fo contents, and estimated temperatures of olivine crystallization along the Reykjanes Ridge—median Neovolcanic zone profile show similar V-shaped trends characterized by a minimum located at approximately 63°30′N. These parameters exhibit complete overlap for the two suites of rocks, discounting the possibility that the Icelandic tholeiites simply represent more fractionated rocks than the ridge tholeiites. The major element chemistry of ridge tholeiites can be accounted for by shallow depth extraction of approximately 30% of the assemblage olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. This amount of fractionation cannot explain the high enrichment factors observed for the LIL elements, nor the LIL element ratios as well as the Sr and Pb isotopic ratios, which remain best explained by the two-mantle mixing model.
Dating volcanic ash by thermoluminescence: Test and application

Abstract We have developed a new physical dating method for Late Pleistocene tephrochronometry. Tests of laboratory procedures applied to independently dated samples show that the thermoluminescence (TL), additive-dose dating method can yield accurate ages for both proximal and distal tephra from a few hundred years to at least 400 ka. The technique involves purification of 4–11 μm glass by heavy liquid centrifugation, pre-TL-readout heating at 50–75°C for eight days and careful regression analysis of TL growth curves. Five unknown-age tephra beds from Summer Lake, Oregon, were dated directly by this method for the first time. The TL ages for these tephra are: 67.3 ± 7.5 ka (ash 2), 102 ± 11 ka (ash N), 165 ± 19 ka (ash R), 200 ± 27 ka (ash KK), and 162 ± 35 ka (ash LL). These results indicate a nonuniform sedimentation rate for the enclosing pluvial lake deposits, a sedimentation hiatus in the interval 100–160 ka, and maximum ages roughly half of the previous indirectly inferred ages.
Store-operated calcium entry could prevent continuous spiking of membrane potential to sustain normal intracellular calcium oscillations and normal potential bursting in pancreatic β-cells.

Abstract We propose a dynamical store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) model to analyze the complex role of SOCE in modulating calcium oscillations and electrical activity in pancreatic β-cells and provide a new mathematical insight. Using this model, we simulate the SOCE role in a number of cases with different SOCE conductances. When the SOCE conductance is set to 0 or very small (5 pS), our numerical simulation conforms to the experimental observation that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium can sustain normal calcium oscillations and the depletion of ER calcium transforms the normal calcium oscillations into a sustained calcium increase with oscillations of much higher frequency and much smaller amplitude, and transforms the normal membrane potential oscillations to a pattern of continuous spiking. When the SOCE conductance is increased to 20 pS and the ER calcium is depleted, our numerical simulation conforms to the other experimental observation that the normal calcium and potential oscillations are sustained and augmented a little bit. Moreover, the oscillation frequency is increased a very little bit. A further increase of the conductance to 35 pS slows down the oscillation a little bit. This numerical evidence suggests that a sufficiently large SOCE can prevent the continuous spiking of membrane potential to sustain the normal calcium oscillations and the normal membrane potential bursting. A careful examination of our simulated dynamics of the ATP/ADP ratio, the ATP-sensitive outward K+ current, and the voltage-gated inward Ca2+ current reveals that intracellular periodic Ca2+ peaks perhaps resulted from SOCE might play a role in stabilizing the membrane potential at its resting level (avoiding the continuous spiking) for a certain period of time by accelerating ATP consumption, reducing the ratio ATP/ADP, opening the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, and repolarizing the membrane potential.
Fluorescently Labeled Risedronate and Related Analogues: “Magic Linker” Synthesis

We report synthesis of the first fluorescently labeled conjugates of risedronate (1), using an epoxide linker strategy enabling conjugation of 1 via its pyridyl nitrogen with the label (carboxyfluorescein). Unlike prior approaches to create fluorescent bisphosphonate probes, the new linking chemistry did not abolish the ability to inhibit protein prenylation in vitro, while significantly retaining hydroxyapatite affinity. The utility of a fluorescent 1 conjugate in visualizing osteoclast resorption in vitro was demonstrated.
Engineering education: A young engineer's view

The engineering schools do a good job of conveying the analytical and theoretical aspects of engineering. But the education of an engineer involves practical professional on-the-job training which today is left largely to chance. This is due to the absence of a common professional awareness shared by both educators and industrial practitioners. One of the most important tasks of the newly formed American Association of Engineering Societies wili be to create this sense of professional awareness, and if will be left to the Engineers' Council on Professional Development to translate these larger professional aims into educational goals. It is hoped that these educational goals will include the breadth and depth of a five-year basic degree, and emphasize the practical training aspects of engineering education by establishing formal guidelines for such training.
Extended storage of red blood cells under anaerobic conditions.

Background Red blood cells (RBC) are subject to oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species during refrigerated storage. Near-complete removal of oxygen from red cells during storage should eliminate this contributor to the red cell ‘storage lesion’. The in vitro effects of storing red cells under oxygen-depleted conditions for extended periods were investigated, and these were correlated with the observed recoveries after reinfusion. Study Design and Methods Units of red cells, obtained after ‘soft spin’, were placed in a double volume of AS-3 additive solution and subdivided. Oxygen in the test units was depleted by repeated exposure to Ar gas (to O2 saturation < 4%), and units were stored in anaerobic canisters for up to 15 weeks. Samples were taken weekly to monitor adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), cell-free haemoglobin, and vesicle production. In a parallel experiment, six units of red cells was depleted of oxygen in a similar manner, stored for 8, 9 and 10 weeks, and reinfused autologously to determine the 24 h post-transfusion recovery via 51Cr/99mTc radiolabelling. A similar study was also carried out using EAS61 additive solution, which by itself, had shown the ability to support 9-week storage, comparing biochemical profiles and in vivo recovery after aerobic vs. anaerobic storage. Results Oxygen-depleted AS-3 units had significantly elevated ATP levels compared to controls. They also had significantly lower cell free haemoglobin and vesicle production when RBCs were stored for more than 9 weeks. An average of over 75% post-transfusion survival was observed after 9 weeks of anaerobic storage with less than 0·43% haemolysis. However, no further extension of storage was achieved with EAS61 additive. Conclusion Anaerobic conditions permit acceptable 9-week storage of RBCs using double-volume AS-3 additive solution. It did not synergize with the alkaline, 9-week additive, EAS61, to further lengthen the acceptable storage time. These studies indicate that anaerobic storage may allow reduction in the effect of the storage lesion, but suggest that other factors contribute to limitations of RBC storage as well.