cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Choice in Theory and Practice: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead.

School choice has recieved increasing attention from scholars and policy-makers. We review the rationales for government financing and provision of education and the arguments made for using market mechanisms in education provision. We then take stock of school choice in practise, focussing on development in the US. In so doing, we discuss how school-choice initiatives can be evaluated, and suggest direction for future research.
Next-generation x-ray observatory

We are studying a Next Generation X-ray Observatory, NGXO, that will provide a high resolution spectral capability with large collecting area, at a relatively low cost. The mission consists of two co-aligned telescope systems that provide coverage from 0.3 - 60 keV. One is optimized to cover the 0.3 - 12 keV band with 2 eV spectral resolution using an array of quantum calorimeters with a peak effective area of 2,000 cm2. The spectral resolution will be five times better than the calorimeter planned for Astro-E, with more than a ten-fold increase in effective area over previous high resolution x-ray spectroscopy missions. The second telescope will be the first focusing optics to operate in the 10 - 60 keV energy range, and will have arc minute angular resolution with 500 cm2 collecting area at 30 keV. The sensitivities of the two telescopes are matched to make possible many thousands of high quality x-ray spectral observations, from an available population of more than one million galactic and extragalactic x-ray sources. The NGXO mission is capable of addressing new astrophysical problems which include: determining the mass of a black hole, neutron star, or white dwarf in binary systems from x-ray line radial velocity measurements; determining the 0.3 - 60 keV x-ray spectrum from AGN and determining their contribution to the x-ray background in this energy band; measuring Compton reflection spectra from cold material in accretion driven systems; determining the Hubble constant using resonant line absorption of QSO spectra by rich clusters; searching for a hot 10 million degree intergalactic medium; mapping the dynamics of the intracluster medium; mapping the ionization state, abundance and emission from supernova remnants on a 15 arc second angular scale; and measuring mass motion in stellar flares and the dynamics of accretion flows.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pattern of CO-2 fixation during vegetative development and gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The rate of C14O2 incorporation into amino acids and organic acids in C. reinhardtii is a function of particular stages of development in the life cycle of the alga. Gametic differentiation in nitrogen free medium is accompanied by a reduced rate of amino acid synthesis and a higher synthesis of organic acids than that found for the cells undergoing vegetative development. The addition of ammonium to differentiating gametes results in an increased synthesis of amino acids, particularly the basic ones, and a concomitant reduction in organic acid synthesis.
A Simple Signal Processor for a Respiratory Rate Monitor

Although respiratory rate is a desirable patient parameter to monitor, signals from a spontaneously breathing patient are so irregular that reliable counts have been difficult. This short communication describes a circuit that processes the signal produced by a respiratory transducer (in our case an impedance pneumograph), and provides a countable output to a digital rate monitor. It is relatively simple, but embodies complex decision criteria in identifying respiratory activity.
CORRECTION OF THE STEREOCHEMICAL ASSIGNMENT OF THE BENZILIC ACID CENTER IN(R)-(-)-3-QUINUCLIDINYL (S)-(+)-4-IODOBENZILATE (R,S)-4-IQNB

Radioiodinated (R)-quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate (4IQNB) is a high affinity muscarinic antagonist which has been utilized for in vitro and in vivo assays, and for SPECT imaging in humans. 4IQNB exists in four different diastereomeric forms, since there are two asymmetric centers at the quinuclidinyl and benzilic acid centers. Based upon our in vivo studies, we have determined that the absolute stereochemistry previously assigned to the benzilic center was incorrect for the diastereomer that had been previously referred to as ‘(R)-quinuclidinyl-(R)-4-iodobenzilate’ [(R,R)-4IQNB]. The correct designation for this diastereomer is ‘(R)-quinuclidinyl-(S)-4-iodobenzilate’ [(R,S)-4IQNB].
Shutting down Alzheimer's.

The article discusses scientific research concerning Alzheimer's disease, a neurological disorder that is characterized by memory loss. Research suggests that the disease can be treated by drugs that inhibit the activity of the cell-destroying solutions that directly cause the disease. Other approaches involve immunization that will begin early in life.
Characterization of the special discrete distributions through infinite, noninfinite and finite divisibility

Abstract The negative binomial and the geometric are characterized in terms of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the infinite and finite divisibility of discrete distributions. The Poisson is characterized in terms of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the finite divisibility of discrete distributions. Finally, the binomial, Bernoulli and uniform distributions are characterized in terms of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the noninfinite divisibility of discrete distributions. The significance of these characterizations is briefly discussed.
Ultrasound guided seminal vesicle biopsies in men with suspected prostate cancer

AbstractPurpose: The histology of ultrasound guided seminal vesicle biopsies is assessed and the results are correlated with clinical or pathological stage of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 517 consecutive men underwent bilateral (515) or unilateral (2) seminal vesicle biopsy during sextant biopsy of the prostate.Results: Seminal vesicle epithelium and muscularis were identified in 490 or 1,032 biopsy specimens (47 percent) and smooth muscle consistent with seminal vesicle muscularis was identified in 393 (38 percent). The seminal vesicle biopsy was positive for cancer in 7 of 123 patients (6 percent) with clinical stages T1c and T2 tumors, 27 of 60 (45 percent) with stages T3 to 4 disease and 9 of 13 (69 percent) with metastatic cancer. Of 39 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy 1 of 36 (3 percent) without and 0 of 3 (0 percent) with seminal vesicle invasion had a positive seminal vesicle biopsy.Conclusions: Seminal vesicle epithelium and muscularis or smooth muscle consistent ...
Metacognition, cultural psychological capital and motivational cultural intelligence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of cultural psychological capital, its impact on motivational cultural intelligence (CQ), the influence of motivational cultural intelligence on metacognitive awareness, and the moderating role of perspective taking on the relationship between motivational cultural intelligence and metacognition. Design/methodology/approach – Collected data from international management program alumni to test the hypotheses. Findings – The results show that cultural psychological capital has a positive relationship with motivational cultural intelligence, which in turn relates to metacognitive awareness, and perspective taking does not moderate the relationship between motivational cultural intelligence and metacognition. Research limitations/implications – The data were collected from a single source. The study supports broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001) by demonstrating that cultural psychological capital has an important association with motivation...
Pricing of Risky Initial Audit Engagements

SUMMARY: We reexamine the association between audit fees and risky initial engagements by developing an ex ante client-risk metric that is based on auditor change 8-K filings. We concentrate on auditor-client disagreements and other reportable events (restatement, management integrity, scope limitations, illegal acts, reaudits) disclosed in the 8-K auditor change filings. We find that audit fees are significantly higher for clients reporting disagreements and other reportable events in their 8-K auditor change filings for the initial year of engagement. However, the fee premium is only attributable to Big 4 auditors. While the Big 4 charge 45 percent higher fees when clients have disagreements or other reportable events, there is no such fee premium associated with non-Big 4 clients. More importantly, Big 4 predecessor auditors increase fees prior to the auditor switch as clients develop problems. Big 4 successor auditors continue to charge significantly higher fees for at least three years following adve...
An alternative 3D NMR technique for correlating backbone 15N with side chain Hβ resonances in larger proteins

Values of ’ 5N‘H spin-spin coupling constants can be measured in a quantitative manner by recording ‘H‘H TOCSY /HOHAHA or NOESY spectra of a 15N-enriched protein in the absence of 15N decoupling (I ). Although this technique is elegant and potentially very powerful, the absence of “N decoupling halves the signal-to-noise ratio and may make the small displacements of broad resonances which contain the long-range JNH information difficult to measure. Moreover, for larger proteins the TOCSY / HOHAHA cross peaks frequently are too weak to be detected at all. As recently shown by Chary et al. (2), measurement of cross-peak intensity in a 3D spectrum that correlates amide proton and “N chemical shifts with those of the intraresidue HP resonances provides qualitative information on the size of the threebond 15N-HP J coupling. This yields information about the side-chain torsion angle x1 and aids with the stereospecific assignment of nonequivalent methylene protons. In their experiment, net magnetization is transferred from the amide proton via its “N to the side-chain HP protons, which are detected during the acquisition period, t3, of the 3D experiment. At the beginning of t3, there is no net magnetization and only after rephasing with respect to the “N nucleus takes place can the magnetization be detected. In larger proteins, the line widths of HP methylene protons are among the largest in the protein because of their strong geminal dipolar interactions, which are superimposed on large and often unresolvable geminal and vicinal ‘H‘H J couplings. Here we propose a simple modification of this experiment that removes this dependence on the HP linewidth and which therefore can be applied to proteins of a substantially larger size. Instead of using net magnetization transfer, the new technique relies on the “out-and-back” magnetization-transfer approach previously used in a series of other 3D triple-resonance techniques (3-6). The pulse scheme for the new experiment is sketched in Fig. 1A. Because the main use of this experiment is to correlate amide proton (HN) and nitrogen resonances with side-chain HP proton signals, we name the experiment HNHB. Briefly, the magnetization transfer goes as follows: Magnetization is transferred from the amide proton to the amide nitrogen using an INEPT transfer. During the subsequent evolution period, t,, the antiphase magnetization evolves with the chemical shift of the 15N
Transient isotopic labeling studies using 12CH4//13CH4 over alkali-promoted molybdate catalysts in the oxidative coupling of methane

The methane coupling reaction was investigated over MnMoO4 and alkali (Li, Na, K)-promoted MnMoO4 at 700°C using12CH4/13CH4 transient isotopic labeling experiments under steady-state reaction conditions. The variations observed in the surface residence times of CH4, CO, and CO2, ethane and ethylene were used to help explain selectivity differences previously reported in the oxidative coupling of methane over alkali-promoted molybdate catalysts.
The minimum drag profile in laminar flow : a numerical way

It would be of interest to engineers and scientists to know the shape of the body of a given volume that will have minimum drag when moving through a viscous fluid at constant speed. It would be extremely useful if one could devise an evolution procedure that can evolve the minimum drag body in a logical and an orderly manner. Such a procedure was suggested by Pironneau for laminar flow wherein optimality conditions derived using optimal control theory were used in a non-linear gradient algorithm. The literature cites an attempt of the procedure at high Reynolds number where for each iteration in the evolution process, the flow field required an outer and an inner solution and the calculation of the gradient optimality condition required the solution of the co-state equation, a type of boundary layer equation
The Thermoelectric Performance of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(4-styrenesulfonate) Thin Films

The thermoelectric performance of synthetic conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), is explored. The effects of the dielectric solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and of the ratio of PEDOT to PSS in the polymeric PEDOT/PSS thin films were studied systematically. Within the parameter range studied in this work, the variation of electrical conductivity overwhelmed the variation of the Seebeck coefficient, and the optimal power factor is basically determined by the highest electrical conductivity, because the Seebeck coefficient remains small over a wide range of DMSO concentrations and PEDOT:PSS ratios.
Fatigue crack propagation in 7050-T7451 plate alloy

Abstract A study has been accomplished to characterize the fatigue crack growth rates and mechanisms in thin and thick plate commercial 7050-T7451 aluminum plate in the L–S orientation. Crack growth and crack shielding with branching behavior of long, through thickness cracks is examined and compared to L–T and T–L oriented growth data. Compact tension specimens and the compliance method were used to determine crack growth rates. Constant ΔK data showed significant retardation of growth rate curves for the L–S orientation in the range of 10–13 MPa√m where branching and splitting parallel to the load axis are dominant growth mechanisms.
Truth and the Unprovability of Consistency

It might be thought that we could argue for the consistency of a mathematical theory T within T, by giving an inductive argument that all theorems of T are true and inferring consistency. By Godel's second incompleteness theorem any such argument must break down, but just how it breaks down depends on the kind of theory of truth that is built into T. The paper surveys the possibilities, and suggests that some theories of truth give far more intuitive diagnoses of the breakdown than do others. The paper concludes with some morals about the nature of validity and about a possible alternative to the idea that mathematical theories are indefinitely extensible.
Updating Our Approach to Parent Training. I: The Case Against Targeting Noncompliance

Parent management training (PMT) is an intervention designed to counter parents' tendency to discipline children in ways that are permissive and overly harsh. A common recommendation in PMT is that parents discipline children for acts of noncompliant behavior. I review this recommendation in light of recent research and question its utility, particularly for families with older, more aggressive children. I recommend instead a strategy in which parents target acts of physical aggression and verbal coercion. This alternative strategy enables parents to balance appropriately the level of positive emotional exchanges with the use of strict behavioral limits. I also present guidelines for helping parents identify the class of target behaviors most suitable for them, their children, and the context for child-rearing.
Potentiation of a polyadenylylation site by a downstream protein-DNA interaction.

Abstract The gypsy retroposon of Drosophila melanogaster contains a sequence that potentiates upstream polyadenylylation sites. In contrast to other sequences that influence poly(A) site use, it appears to operate at the level of the DNA template. Nuclear extracts contained protein that bound to a repeated motif in the DNA. Flies with mutations that reduced transcripts polyadenylylated in the 5' long terminal repeat of gypsy contained less DNA-binding activity than wild type. A change in the repeat motif reduced both protein binding and poly(A) site potentiation. These findings provide evidence that DNA-binding proteins can regulate polyadenylylation sites.
Taming the complexity of coordinated place and route

IC performance, power dissipation, size, and signal integrity are now dominated by interconnects. However, with ever-shrinking standard cells, blind minimization of interconnect during placement causes routing failures. Hence, we develop Coordinated Place-and-Route (CoPR) with (i) a Lightweight Incremental Routing Estimation (LIRE) frequently invoked during placement, (ii) placement techniques that address three types of routing congestion, and (iii) an interface to congestion estimation that supports new types of incrementality. LIRE comprehends routing obstacles and non-uniform routing capacities, and relies on a cache-friendly, fully-incremental routing algorithm. Our implementation extends and improves our winning entry at the ICCAD 2012 Contest.
Sensory regulation of food intake

Abstract Some observations suggest the existence of projections from the receptors of the oral cavity and the stomach to the brain areas known to be related to feeding. Sensations produced by eating food may originate in these structures. A suggestion is made that the shortterm regulation of food intake is directed by oro-gastric sensations which may vary depending on the conditions of the internal environment.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF DIRECTED GRAPHS WITH APPLICATIONS: A Rapprochement with Systems Theory Part II

In Part I, certain fundamental structural properties of directed graphs (digraphs) are explored using a unified systemtheoretic approach. In the spirit of general systems theory, a digraph is modelled as a dynamic system with multiple inputs and outputs. The concept of controllability, observability, and the elegant theory of minimal realization, duality, and Kalman's decomposition in linear systems have all found their positions in digraphs. New computation algorithms are derived. In Part II (Vol, 8, No. 4 of this journal) of this paper, the structure of composite digraphs, and subgraph interaction/decomposition are studied. Applications to computer systems, Markov chains, and to dynamic systems and control are presented.
Recoverable gas from hydrate-bearing sediments: Pore network model simulation and macroscale analyses

[1] The volume of hydrate expands into a significantly larger volume of water and gas upon dissociation. Gas recovery and capillary-trapped residual gas saturation are investigated by simulating hydrate dissociation within pore networks. A fluid pressure-controlled boundary condition is used to determine the amount of recovered gas as a function of volume expansion; in this form, results are applicable to gas production by either thermal stimulation or depressurization when production rates prevent secondary hydrate or ice formation. Simulation results show that gas recovery is proportional to gas expansion, initial hydrate saturation, and the sediment pore size distribution (i.e., capillary pressure). Gas recovery is not affected by pore size in coarse-grained sediments with pores larger than 1 μm. Hydrate-bearing sediments with low hydrate saturation yield low gas recovery. Macroscale close form solutions, validated using the numerical results, provide estimates for recoverable gas as a function of the initial hydrate saturation and the fluid expansion factor.
A kinetic study of the chemistry of the SO2 (3B1) reactions with cis- and trans-2-butene

The chemical reactions of SO2(3B1) molecules with cis- and trans-2-butene have been studied in gaseous mixtures at 25°C by excitation of SO2 within the SO2(3B1) SO2(+, 1A1) ‘forbidden’ band using 3500–4100-A light. The initial quatum yields of olefin isomerization were determined as a function of the [SO2]/[2-butene] ratio and added gases, He and O2. The kinetic treatment of these data suggests that there is formed in the SO2(3B1) quenching step with either cis- or trans-2-butene, some common intermediate, probably a triplet addition complex between SO- and olefin. It decomposes very rapidly to form the 2-butene isomers in the ratio [trans-2-butene]/[cis-2-butene] = 1.8. In another series of experiments SO2 was excited using a 3630 ± 1-A laser pulse of short duration, and the SO2(3B1) quenching rate constants with the 2-butenes were determined from the SO2(3B1) lifetime measurements. The rate constants at 21°C are (1.29 ± 0.18) × 1011 and (1.22 ± 0.15) × 1011 l/mole·sec with cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, respectively, as the quencher molecule. Within the experimental error these quenching constants equal those derived from the quantum yield data. Thus the rate-determining step in the isomerization reaction is suggested to be the quenching reaction, presumably the formation of the triplet SO2-2-butene addition complex. In a third series of experiments using light scattering measurements, it was found that the aerosol formation probably originates largely from SO3 and H2SO4 mist formed following the reaction SO2(3B1) + SO2 SO3 + SO(3Σ−). Aerosol formation from photochemically excited SO2-olefin interaction is probably unimportant in these systems and must be unimportant in the atmosphere.
The assay of the bromelains using Nα-CBZ-l-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester and N-CBZ-glycine p-nitrophenyl ester as substrates

Abstract Two new esterolytic assays of the pineapple stem bromelains are described. They use as substrates the p -nitrophenyl esters of N α -CBZ- l -lysine (CLN) and N -CBZ-glycine (CGN). The activity is monitored by the direct spectrophotometric measurement of the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of these esters at 340 nm. The bromelains are rapidly activated with 1 m m l -cysteine at pH 4.6 for the CLN assay and pH 6.1 for the CGN assay. EDTA has no measurable effect. The sensitivities of the assays approach 10 μg/ml in a reaction time of 3 min.
Intercolony variation in growth of black brant goslings on the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

ABSTRACT Recent declines in black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) are likely the result of low recruitment. In geese, recruitment is strongly affected by habitat conditions experienced by broods because gosling growth rates are indicative of forage conditions during brood rearing and strongly influence future survival and productivity. In 2006–2008, we studied gosling growth at 3 of the 4 major colonies on the YukonKuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Estimates of age-adjusted gosling mass at the 2 southern colonies (approx. 30% of the world population of breeding black brack) was low (gosling mass at 30.5 days ranged 346.7 ± 42.5 g to 627.1 ± 15.9 g) in comparison to a third colony (gosling mass at 30.5 days ranged 640.0 ± 8.3 g to 821.6 ± 13.6 g) and to most previous estimates of age-adjusted mass of brant goslings. Thus, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that poor gosling growth is negatively influencing the brant population. There are 2 non-mutually exclusive explanations for the apparent growth ra...
A Competition in Praise: An Allusion to Simon. fr. 11 W2 in Theoc. Id. 22.214-23

In the epilogue to Idyll 22, the hymn to the Dioscuri, Theocritus makes poetic claims concerning the reciprocity between poets and their laudandi. In making these claims, he compares himself with Homer, a comparison which has puzzled readers. This paper suggests that we can understand this comparison by recognizing how this epilogue engages with the elegiac poem by Simonides represented by fr. 11 W2, which belongs to the so-called new Simonides. Alexander Sens (1997) has observed that both passages contain a programmatic comparison with Homer. Pushing this observation, I argue that these parallels constitute an allusion to Simonides' composition which serves two purposes. First, it provides a parallel for Theocritus' comparison with Homer. Second, it introduces the anecdotal tradition concerning Simonides and the Dioscuri at a disastrous banquet in Thessaly, known most fully from Cicero and Quintilian, but also found in the Hellenistic era. By introducing this anecdote, Theocritus shows that his comparison with Homer is part of a literary game concerned with praising the Dioscuri. Through the allusion to Simonides, Theocritus positions himself as the winner in this game by reminding his laudandi that he has praised them better than either Homer or Simonides.
Growth and Properties of Microcrystalline Germanium-Carbide Alloys

We report on the preparation and properties of microcrystalline (Ge,C) alloys grown using a remote, reactive H plasma beam deposition technique. The plasma beam was generated using an ECR reactor. The films were grown at low temperatures (300 - 400°C) on glass, stainless steel and c-Si substrates. The optical properties of the films were measured using spectrophotometer and two-beam photoconductivity techniques. The C content was measured using XPS techniques. We find up to 3% C incorporation in the lattice. The degree of crystallinity determined using Raman spectroscopy was very good. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated grain size in the range of a few tens of nm. The best crystallinity was obtained on conducting substrates, indicating the importance of H ion bombardment in promoting crystallinity. We find that the absorption curves for increasing C content remain similar to the curves for c-Ge, but are shifted to higher energies. Thus, the absorption curve is sharper than for c-Si in the same energy range. The defect densities remain low for the range of C content measured. Because of its sharper absorption curve compared with c-Si, the material may be attractive for photovoltaic energy conversion.
Levels of aggression in a traditional and a pluralistic school

Summary Given that frustration is often an instigation to aggression and that schools are frustrating environments for many students, it was hypothesized that the learning environment in which the student was placed would influence aggression on the playground. It was felt that students would display less aggression on the playground of a pluralistic school, that is a school which offers several distinct learning environments and attempts to place students appropriately, than on the playground of a traditional school. First, second, and third graders were observed using a technique developed by Walters et al. (1957). Results indicated that significantly less physical and verbal aggression occurred on the playground at the pluralistic school. Implications are discussed briefly.
Population-based registries using multidisciplinary reporters: A method for the study of pediatric neurologic disorders

Abstract Few registries are available for evaluating population differences for rare, newly, or ill-defined pediatric neurologic disorders. The purpose of this article is to present standard methodologies for establishing a population-based registry and evaluating the completeness of a registry's case ascertainment. The Texas Rett Syndrome Registry (TRSR) is used as a model. The combination of health care and education resources has identified approx. 89–100% of the Rett syndrome cases in Texas. Cases reported by non-physician sources, although older on average (10.7 vs 7.7 years of age), did not differ by other demographic characteristics from those reported by physicians. Non-physician health and education professionals participated with the TRSR at a significantly higher rate than physicians, 89 and 37% ( p
Fragment Kinetic Energy Release in Heavy-Ion-Induced Fission Reactions

The most probable kinetic-energy release in fission reactions induced by 125-MeV ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ ions and 166-MeV ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ ions has been measured for the target nuclei ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{141}$, ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}$, ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$, ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{169}$, ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$, ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$, and ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$. Silicon diode surface-barrier detectors were used in these measurements, and a ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$ spontaneous-fission source served as the absolute energy standard. A least-squares analysis of our data and those obtained by others gives ${\overline{E}}_{K}(\mathrm{MeV})=0.1065 \frac{{Z}^{2}}{{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}}+20.1$. The dependence of the most probable kinetic energy on the scission shape of the fissioning nucleus has been examined by comparison with recent calculations based on the work of Cohen and Swiatecki. The data are consistent with scission shapes corresponding to spheroids whose shapes minimize the total energy of the system.
COLLEGE STUDENTS' PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS '

95 college students were administered the Facial Expressions subtest of the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy to measure perception of nonverbal cues. Participants also completed the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and responded to a short questionnaire regarding their beliefs about their own ability to perceive nonverbal cues as well as how effective they felt others were in perceiving nonverbal cues. A significant correlation between locus of control and perception of adult facial expressions indicated those students with a more internal locus of control had higher scores on correct perception of adult facial expression. There was no significant correlation between locus of control and facial expressions of children. Sex differences were also found in perception of nonverbal cues. Female students scored higher in correctly perceiving facial expressions than the men. Participants also scored higher in correctly perceiving facial expressions of children than of adults.
Path generation with singularity avoidance for five-bar slider-crank parallel manipulators

Parallel manipulators are usually defined as closed-loop multi-degree of freedom linkages which can provide not only versatility required in many industrial applications, but also high operational speed, high load-bearing and high output precision capabilities. The path generation capability of five-bar slider-crank parallel manipulators is investigated in this paper. Five-bar slider-crank parallel manipulators are classified into two types under the condition that no dead point position exists in the linkages. The workspace of each type of linkage is derived by means of curve-enveloping theory. Singularity characteristics and linkage configurations are presented. Singularity-free path generation capability is analyzed for each type of linkage. Five-bar slider-crank parallel manipulators can be used as effective path generators if properly designed.
Foraging success in junco flocks and the effects of social hierarchy

The relative advantages of flocking for socially dominant and subordinate dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Success in finding seeds hidden in an artificial tree was determined for all individuals hunting alone. When hunting alone, birds who spread their searching more evenly over the habitat had a greater chance of finding the food source. Flocks of four were housed together and subsequently each flock formed a dominance hierarchy social structure. High-ranking individuals obtained more seeds when in flocks than when hunting as isolates. In numbers of seeds obtained, socially low-ranking birds gained no advantage in comparison to their performance as isolates. In our experiment, the primary advantage of flocking for low-ranking individuals was the reduced chance of obtaining no food at all.
Shinto and the Discovery of History of Japan

HE most decisive, far-reaching "moment" in the story of any developed culture is the experience of the discovery of man's existence in historical time. This is the period when it becomes unavoidably apparent, at least to an elite, that the time in which man lives is an irreversible stream, that things have happened which have not happened before, and that the culture can never really go back to the status quo ante. This discovery is generally concomitant with the emergence of centralized government, intercultural contact on a large scale, and above all literacy. Our purpose will be to explore the reflection of this discovery in Japan in three Shinto documents: the Kojiki, the Izumo Fudoki, and the Engi-Shiki. The assumption is that the discovery of history becomes most acute as an experience requiring literary and ritual resolution in Shinto Japan in the late seventh and early eighth centuries, in the reigns of Temmu (672-686) and his widow Jita (686-697), in the production of the Taih6 Code (701), and on through the reign of the Empress Gemmei (707-715). These were times of rapid change. The constitutional Taih6 Code patterned the government on the Chinese bureaucratic model, at least on the surface, and in 710 the first permanent capital was established at Nara. But even as a new order was symbolically solidified by these events, other acts especially in the TemmuGemmei reigns which bracketed the decade of Mommu (697-707) -were gestures in the direction of assuring that the traditional religion would find a place in the new establishment. Through these gestures it was, on the official level, rationalized and implicitly reinterpreted sufficiently to allow Shinto to survive in the new age, and at the same time to make its documents from this era impressive witnesses to the religious meaning of the discovery of historical process. The reinterpretation of Shinto reflected in these documents was intended for conservative reasons: to allow the old, pre-Buddhist and pre-constitutional faith and polity at least symbolic survival and official status as the deepest spiritual
A surgical rat model of human Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Obesity affects 30% of the United States population and its detrimental effects are obesity-related metabolic diseases. For patients refractory to conventional weight loss therapy, gastric bypass surgery is one of the proven methods for inducing a sustained weight loss and reversing the metabolic sequelae of obesity. To understand the mechanisms of weight loss and the amelioration of related metabolic comorbid conditions, a reproducible animal model is needed. We report our developmental experience with rat models of sequential Roux-en-Y gastric bypass after reproducing the diet-induced obesity that characterizes the hallmarks of human obesity. Four experiments were performed to induce weight reduction through successive modifications: In Experiment 1 a 20% stapled gastric pouch with a 16 cm biliary-pancreatic limb and a 10 cm alimentary limb accomplished sufficient weight loss within 10 days to ameliorate metabolic changes associated with obesity, but the occurrence of gastrogastric fistulas prevented sustained weight loss; in Experiment 2 the model was improved by dividing the stomach to avoid gastrogastric fistula, but again sustained weight loss was not achieved; in Experiment 3 the biliary-pancreatic limb was lengthened from 16 to 30 cm, reducing the common channel to approximately 18 cm. Sustained weight loss was achieved for 28 days. In Experiment 4 the model in Experiment 3 was modified by dividing the stomach between two rows of staples. Sustained weight loss was observed for 67 days. We developed a reproducible rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The existence of this model opens a new field of research in which to study the metabolic sequelae of obesity and the mechanisms of weight loss.
SCARECROW Has a SHORT-ROOT-Independent Role in Modulating the Sugar Response1

Sugar is essential for all cellular activities, but at high levels it inhibits growth and development. How plants balance the tradeoffs between the need for sugars and their growth inhibitory effects is poorly understood. SHORT-ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are key regulators of stem cell renewal and radial patterning in the root of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Recently, we identified direct targets of SHR at the genome scale. Intriguingly, among the top-ranked list, we found a number of genes that are involved in stress responses. By chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we showed that SHR and SCR regulate a similar but not identical set of stress response genes. Consistent with this, scr and shr were found to be hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA). We further showed that both mutants were hypersensitive to high levels of glucose (Glc) but responded normally to high salinity and osmoticum. The endogenous levels of sucrose, Glc, and fructose were also elevated in shr and scr. Intriguingly, although shr had sugar content and developmental defects similar to those of scr, it was much less sensitive to Glc. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR and reverse transcription-PCR assays as well as transgenic studies with an ABA-INSENSITIVE2 (ABI4)-β-glucuronidase reporter construct revealed that in root, SCR, but not SHR, repressed ABI4 and ABI5 directly and specifically in the apical meristem. When combined with abi4, scr became much more tolerant of high Glc. Finally, transgenic plants expressing ABI4 under the control of the SCR promoter manifested a short-root phenotype. These results together suggest that SCR has a SHR-independent role in mitigating the sugar response and that this role of SCR is important for root growth.
Within-Person Relationships Among Daily Self-Esteem, Need Satisfaction, and Authenticity

This study examined the within-person relationships among daily self-esteem, felt authenticity (i.e., the operation of one's "true self"), and satisfaction of psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. We also included measures of affect to control for the variance these constructs might share with affect. Over a 2-week period, 116 participants responded daily to measures of these variables. Multilevel random-coefficients modeling revealed that authenticity, autonomy, competence, and relatedness were all positively and significantly related to daily reports of self-esteem, even when we controlled for the contributions of pleasant and unpleasant affect. We discuss the roles of authenticity and psychological needs in daily feelings of self-worth.
Estimating the variance of estimated trends in proportions when there is no unique subject identifier

Summary. Longitudinal population-based surveys are widely used in the health sciences to study patterns of change over time. In many of these data sets unique patient identifiers are not publicly available, making it impossible to link the repeated measures from the same individual directly. This poses a statistical challenge for making inferences about time trends because repeated measures from the same individual are likely to be positively correlated, i.e., although the time trend that is estimated under the naive assumption of independence is unbiased, an unbiased estimate of the variance cannot be obtained without knowledge of the subject identifiers linking repeated measures over time. We propose a simple method for obtaining a conservative estimate of variability for making inferences about trends in proportions over time, ensuring that the type I error is no greater than the specified level. The method proposed is illustrated by using longitudinal data on diabetes hospitalization proportions in South Carolina.
The protein kinase Pelle mediates feedback regulation in the Drosophila Toll signaling pathway.

Dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo is established through a signal transduction cascade triggered in ventral and ventrolateral regions. Activation of a transmembrane receptor, Toll, leads to localized recruitment of the adaptor protein Tube and protein kinase Pelle. Signaling through these components directs degradation of the IκB-like inhibitor Cactus and nuclear translocation of the Rel protein Dorsal. Here we show through confocal immunofluorescence microscopy that Pelle functions to downregulate the signal-dependent relocalization of Tube. Inactivation of the Pelle kinase domain, or elimination of the Tube-Pelle interaction, dramatically increases Tube recruitment to the ventral plasma membrane in regions of active signaling. We also characterize a large collection of pelle alleles, identifying the molecular lesions in these alleles and their effects on Pelle autophosphorylation, Tube phosphorylation and Tube relocalization. Our results point to a mechanism operating to modulate the domain or duration of signaling downstream from Tube and Pelle.
Robust control design via game theoretic methods

The importance of game theoretic formulations in designing robust controllers has resurfaced in conjunction with advances in the H/sup infinity / problem. A survey is presented of several game theoretic results which are closely related and of potential value to robust controlled design. Using a game theoretic framework, the authors propose methods for robust control design in decentralized problems. It is shown that decentralized and certain multiobjective H/sup infinity / control problems can be handled by these methods. >
Lack of Processing of the Expressed ORF1 Gene Product of Hepatitis E Virus

Proteolytic processing is a common mechanism among plus strand RNA viruses and the replicases of all plus strand RNA viruses of animals thus far characterized undergo such processing. The replicase proteins of hepatitis E virus (HEV) are encoded by ORF1. A previous report published by our group [1] provided data that processing potentially occurred when ORF1 (Burma strain; genotype 1) was expressed using a vaccinia virus-based expression system. To further test for processing and to rule out artifacts associated with the expression system, ORF1 was re-expressed using a plasmid-based expression vector with the result that the previous processing profile could not be confirmed. When ORF1 from an HEV infectious cDNA clone (US swine strain; genotype 3) was expressed using the plasmid-based system, the only species detected was the 185 kDa precursor of ORF1. A putative papain-like cysteine protease [2] had been predicted within ORF1 using the original HEV genomic sequence. However, analysis of subsequent ORF1 sequences from a large number of HEV isolates reveals that this protease motif is not conserved. The expressed HEV ORF1 gene product does not undergo proteolytic processing, indicating that the replicase precursor of HEV is potentially unique in this regard.
Smoking and pulmonary function in five Solomon Island populations.

The relationship between smoking and lung function was examined in a large sample of healthy Solomon Island Melanesians and Polynesians as part of a multidisciplinary study carried out in 1985 and 1986. Comparisons are made between samples of smokers and non-smokers to determine if smoking is associated with a reduction in pulmonary function among males and females between 25 and 75 years of age. The results of this study indicate that cigarette smoking causes singnificant reductions in the pulmonary function of these populations. In addition, a clear difference in pulmonary function between males and females, as well as a general reduction in female FEV1 values, suggests that cooking smoke inhalation may be operating as a possible risk factor to the pulmonary health of women. Further research is needed to quantify exposure to smoke of both males and females and relate this measure to declines in pulmonary function. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crack-propagation sequence and pore-fluid conditions during fault-bend folding in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, central Pennsylvania

Bedding-parallel (BPV), strike (SV), and cross-fold (CFV) veins represent a sequence of polyphase fracturing during the development of a fault-bend fold in lower Paleozoic carbonate beds in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania. Brecciation and layer-parallel shearing played important roles in the development of the earliest vein set (BPV) which propagated prior to folding. Fluid inclusions in calcite BPV are highly saline brines (23.4 wt% NaCI) trapped at conditions close to lithostatic (P ≤ 180 MPa, T ≤ 267 °C). While passing through the lower kink plane of a fault-bend fold, strike joints propagated in dolomitic beds located on the extensional side of neutral surfaces. Stylolitization of strike joint surfaces accompanied slip of the hanging wall up a ramp. Renewed extension upon passing through a second kink plane led to propagation of antitaxial SV along the stylolitized joints by the crack-seal process. Slightly less saline fluids (22.4 wt% NaCI) were trapped in SV at fluid pressures ≤144 MPa and temperatures ≤217 °C. With the concurrent formation of lateral ramps, the carbonates moved to the upper flat and were subjected to strike parallel extension as manifested by the propagation of antitaxial CFV. Due to further mixing of fresh waters, the salinity of fluids forming CFV decreased (20.5 wt% NaCl) with trapping conditions at P ≤ 116 MPa and T ≤ 179 °C. The fluid evolution path from BPV to CFV through SV shows a modest decrease in salinity with a sharp decrease in possible trapping pressures.
Neutrophil function in dogs with congenital ciliary dyskinesia.

In vitro neutrophil function was assessed in two English Springer Spaniel dogs, two Bichon Frise dogs, and one Chow Chow dog with congenital ciliary dyskinesia; three clinically normal English Springer Spaniel dogs that were presumed heterozygous for congenital ciliary dyskinesia; and five control dogs. Chemotaxis and random migration in affected and heterozygous dogs were found to be comparable to those of control dogs. Increased (P ≤ 0.05) neutrophil adhesion, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, iodination of proteins, and oxygen radical production in neutrophils from a affected dogs were probably the result of chronic bacterial infection in vivo. Bacterial ingestion by neutrophils from the three heterozygous English Springer Spaniel dogs was significantly increased compared to control dogs but was not different from affected English Springer Spaniel dogs, suggesting a breed-related phenomenon. Significant decreases in neutrophil function were not seen in any of the dogs with congenital cilia...
Wavelet-based estimation of a semiparametric generalized linear model of fMRI time-series

Addresses the problem of detecting significant changes in fMRI time series that are correlated to a stimulus time course. This paper provides a new approach to estimate the parameters of a semiparametric generalized linear model of the fMRI time series. The fMRI signal is described as the sum of two effects: a smooth trend and the response to the stimulus. The trend belongs to a subspace spanned by large scale wavelets. The wavelet transform provides an approximation to the Karhunen-Loeve transform for the long memory noise and we have developed a scale space regression that permits one to carry out the regression in the wavelet domain while omitting the scales that are contaminated by the trend. In order to demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state-of-the art detrending technique, we evaluated our method against a smoothing spline approach. Experiments with simulated data and experimental fMRI data, demonstrate that our approach can infer and remove drifts that cannot be adequately represented with splines.