cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ER stress upregulates the fatty acid synthesis pathway: implications for anti-tumor therapy

4484 Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) is the terminal enzyme responsible for fatty acid synthesis and is upregulated in tumors of various origins to facilitate growth and progression. The strong link between FAS activity and tumor cell survival establishes FAS as an important target for anti-tumor therapy. We have recently demonstrated that FAS inhibitors interfere with ER homeostasis thereby activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Because of this and a body of literature linking phospholipid and sterol levels to the UPR, we wanted to further investigate the link between ER stress and the fatty acid synthesis pathway. ER stress has a significant impact on fatty acid synthesis. Interesting, treatment of prostate cancer cells with Velcade (bortezimib, PS-341), the FDA approved proteasome inhibitor that has been shown to activate the UPR, leads to upregulation of fatty acid synthesis in a dose dependent manner. We hypothesize that this upregulation of fatty acid synthesis may be induced as a protective measure, consequently sensitizing tumor cells to FAS inhibition. Therefore, we asked whether the combination of Velcade and either C75 or orlistat would result in a synergistic cell death in prostate tumor cells. Indeed, low doses of Velcade combine with low doses of either orlistat or C75 to reduce clonogenic survival beyond that with either agent alone. This decrease in clonogenic survival is consistent with an increase in caspase 3 and PARP cleavage and coincides with a decrease in eIF2α phosphorylation that indicates proteotoxicity. Velcade may induce GADD34-mediated feedback that drives tumor cells past their ability to adapt when further stressed by inhibiting FAS. Collectively, these data support our novel observation regarding the link between ER homeostasis and FAS, as well as provide critical understanding towards how the UPR may be exploited for anti-tumor therapy and towards developing FAS inhibitors for clinical use.
Whither Industrial Relations: Does It Have a Future in Post‐Industrial Society?

This article addresses the difficulties that industrial relations is experiencing both as a set of practices and as an intellectual tradition. It traces those difficulties to the changes in the basic structures of industrial society that have undermined the framework which the field grew up around and presumed. But it also relates them to the salience of Keynesian and Marxian thought, which defined the intellectual context in which industrial relations as a field was embedded and the way in which the decline of these traditions has undermined industrial relations as well.
Functional analysis of cell adhesion: Quantitation of cell-matrix attachment

Publisher Summary There is a wide array of quantitative and semiquantitative assays for the interaction of cells with extracellular matrix proteins. This chapter describes assays for cell attachment, cell spreading, direct binding, and cell migration. Quantitative cell adhesion and migration assays require the preparation of an adhesive substratum, consisting of an extracellular matrix molecule immobilized onto a solid support. The most commonly used assays for quantitating cell adhesion fall into two categories: cell attachment assays and cell spreading assays. Cell attachment assays quantitate the fraction of cells that attach to matrix-coated surfaces and are resistant to gentle washing. Attached cells can be quantitated by directly counting the attached and unattached cells, by labeling cells with radioactivity, by staining attached cells, by using metabolic assays, or by prelabeling cells with fluroescent dyes. Quantitative analyses of cell-matrix interactions have been used to obtain critical mechanistic information such as the characterization of the biological functions of matrix proteins, to identify novel cell adhesive sites on matrix proteins and novel cell adhesion receptors, to develop an understanding of the role of adhesion receptors as signaling proteins, and to identify and characterize inhibitors and activators of cell adhesion.
Does superdirectivity increase the degrees of freedom in wireless channels

Superdirectivity has been a controversial idea to increase the resolving power of an antenna aperture and hence increase the number of spatial degrees of freedom. In this paper, we take into account both radiated power and reactive power, and show that superdirectivity does not have a drastic impact on the total number of spatial-temporal degrees of freedom in wireless channels.
Discontinuity: The Hallmark of Developmental Science.

Developmental science aims to understand relations between the past, present, and future. Prior emphases on deterministic predictions based on continuities in biological or psychological traits have given way to multivariate and multilevel probabilistic estimates based on environmental transactions at every level. Continuity is now seen as an epiphenomenon of stable organism-environment relations. The study of discontinuities between levels over time provides the foundation for designing interventions to improve life trajectories by changing organism-environment relations.
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell trafficking and mobilization by the endocannabinoid system.

The cannabinoid receptors CB(1) and CB(2) are seven-transmembrane Gαi protein-coupled receptors and are expressed in certain mature hematopoietic cells. We recently showed that these receptors are expressed in murine and human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and that CB(2) agonists induced chemotaxis, enhanced colony formation of marrow cells, as well as caused in vivo mobilization of murine HSCs with short- and long-term repopulating abilities. Based on these observations, we have further explored the role of CB(2) and its agonist AM1241 on hematopoietic recovery following sublethal irradiation in mice. Cannabinoid receptor 2 knockout mice (Cnr2(-/-) deficient mice) exhibited impaired recovery following sublethal irradiation as compared with irradiated wild-type (WT) mice, as determined by low colony-forming units and low peripheral blood counts. WT mice treated with CB(2) agonist AM1241 following sublethal irradiation demonstrated accelerated marrow recovery and increased total marrow cells (approximately twofold) and total lineage- c-kit(+) cells (approximately sevenfold) as well as enhanced HSC survival as compared with vehicle control-treated mice. When the CB(2) agonist AM1241 was administered to WT mice 12 days before their sublethal irradiation, analysis of hematopoiesis in these mice showed decreased apoptosis of HSCs, enhanced survival of HSCs, as well as increase in total marrow cells and c-kit+ cells in the marrow. Thus, CB(2) agonist AM1241 promoted recovery after sublethal irradiation by inhibiting apoptosis of HSCs and promoting survival, as well as enhancing the number of HSCs entering the cell cycle.
THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AS A TOOL FOR ANALYSIS AND POLICY: IN VIEW OF HISTORY, ECONOMIC THEORY AND DATA COMPILATION ISSUES

Without national accounts statistics, citizens, politicians, entrepreneurs and economists would be blind for the size, composition and development of national economies. This book provides a unique overview of the merits and limitations of the national accounts. Attention is paid to the three centuries old history of the national accounts and the links with economic theory, practical data compilations issues and the many uses and applications.
Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in a Caribbean sample.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder that disproportionately affects blacks. While clinical and epidemiologic data indicate intraethnic differences in several medical diseases, little is known about whether OSA symptoms differ within the black ethnic group. We estimated the rate of OSA symptoms in a community-based sample of Caribbean-born black men and women. We also ascertained which sociodemographic and/or medical factors were associated with OSA risk. A total of 554 patients (mean age = 48.17 ± 16.75 years) participated in the study; 55% were women. Data were collected in four primary-care clinics in Brooklyn, NY. A health educator explained the purpose of the study to interested patients and assisted consenting participants in completing questionnaires, which required 15 min to complete. Participants reporting habitual snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep fragmentation were considered at high OSA risk. The rate of OSA symptoms was: snoring (45%), excessive daytime sleepiness (33%), and difficulty maintaining sleep (34%). Many reported falling asleep while watching television (47%) or while driving (14%). Based on logistic regression analysis, a history of heart disease was the most important predictor of the likelihood of expressing OSA symptoms, with a corresponding multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 11 (95% confidence interval = 3.03–40.63). Findings suggest the need to investigate whether Caribbean-born blacks are at greater risk for developing OSA than African Americans and whites. Caribbean-born blacks with a history of heart disease should be a prime target for interventions that promote adequate screening and timely OSA diagnosis.
The use of stable isotopes to identify reactive metabolites and target macromolecules associated with toxicities of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds

1. Halogenated compounds, such as the inhalation anaesthetics, halothane and enflurane, and the chemicals chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and bromotrichloromethane can cause hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and inactivation of cytochromes P-450. Each of these toxicities is mediated by reactive metabolites.2. Stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, chlorine and oxygen have been used in conjunction with mass spectrometry and n.m.r. spectrometry to identify the structures of these metabolites, to elucidate the mechanisms of their formation, and to characterize the structures of their macromolecular adducts.3. In a number of cases, oxidative pathways of metabolism to toxic metabolites have been defined by kinetic deuterium isotope effects.4. Recently, we have found that the trichloromethyl radical metabolite of bromotrichloromethane can activate myoglobin by causing the covalent cross-linking of haem to protein. The structure of a haem—myoglobin adduct has been defined by the use of stable isotope studies.
Adapting control charts to meet practical needs: a chemical processing application

(1987). Adapting control charts to meet practical needs: a chemical processing application. Journal of Applied Statistics: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 35-52.
Optical Tomography Using US Localization to Assess Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

In this report, we demonstrate that optical tomography guided by ultrasound (Optical Tomography/US) can be used during neoadjuvant chemotherapy to repeatedly monitor tumor vascular changes. Optical tomography/US may also assess early pathological response during treatment.
Tissue integrity and RNA quality of laser microdissected phloem of potato

The phloem is an important conduit for the transport of signaling molecules including RNA. Phloem sap has served as a source of RNA to profile uncontaminated phloem transcriptomes but its collection is difficult in many species. Laser capture microdissection techniques offer a valuable alternative for isolating RNA from specific vascular cells. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), there are seven BEL1-like transcription factors expressed throughout the plant with diverse functions. The RNA of one of these, StBEL5, moves through the phloem from the leaf to stolon tips to regulate tuber formation. In this study, the presence of several BEL RNAs and one Knotted1-like RNA was determined in phloem cells collected by laser microdissection coupled to laser pressure catapulting (LMPC). Three fixatives were compared for their effect on cell morphology and RNA quality in transverse sections of stems of potato. For optimum tissue integrity and quality of RNA from potato stem sections, the best results were achieved using ethanol acetate as the fixative. In addition, the RT-PCR results demonstrated the presence of six out of seven of the StBEL RNAs and a potato Knox RNA in phloem cells.
Environmental ascription in Worcester County, MA: toxic pollution and education outcomes

As a replication and extension of two previous studies [Pastor, M. Jr., Sadd, J., and Morello-Frosch, R., 2004. Reading, writing and toxics: children's health, academic performance, and environmental justice in Los Angeles. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 22 (2), 271–290, Lucier, C., et al., 2011. Toxic pollution and school performance scores: environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Organization & Environment, 24 (4), 421–441], the current study seeks to expand on the growing literature linking environmental inequality and disparities in educational outcomes among vulnerable populations by identifying the environmental determinants of variation in school performance in Worcester County, Massachusetts. Our findings show that schools rating lower in school performance were more likely to be located in more polluted areas, and that these schools had higher percentages of low-income and minority students. Our newly introduced, more targeted measure of toxicity is sig...
The effect of pressure on transition metals in seawater

Abstract The effect of pressure ( P ) on the activity coefficients ( γ i P / γ i 0 ) of ions ( i ) in seawater can be estimated from the partial molal volumes and compressibilities of the ions in water ( V ¯ 0 and κ ¯ 0 ) and seawater ( V ¯ ⁎ and κ ¯ ⁎ ) ln ( γ P / γ 0 ) = ( V ¯ ⁎ − V ¯ 0 ) P / R T − 0. 5 ( κ ¯ ⁎ − κ ¯ 0 ) P 2 / R T where R and T have their normal meaning. One can also use the partial molal volumes and compressibilities of ions to estimate the effect of pressure ( K P / K 0 ) on ionic equilibria constants M 2 + + X 2 − = MX , K = [ MX ] / [ M 2 + ] [ X 2 − ] from the changes in the volume for the chemical reaction in seawater Δ V ⁎ = V ¯ ⁎ ( MX ) − V ¯ ⁎ ( M 2 + ) − V ¯ ⁎ ( X 2 − ) , Δ κ ⁎ = κ ¯ ⁎ ( MX ) − κ ¯ ⁎ ( M 2 + ) − κ ¯ ⁎ ( X 2 − ) using ln ( K ⁎ P / K ⁎ 0 ) = ( Δ V ⁎ / R T ) P − 0. 5 ( Δ κ ⁎ / R T ) P 2 The densities and sound speeds of a number of transition metal chlorides have been determined in 0.725 m NaCl solutions (the ionic strength of average seawater, S ∼35) at 25 °C. These results have been used to determine the partial molal volumes and compressibilities of transition metal ions (Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ ). These results and our earlier measurements (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ ) were used to develop correlations between the values in water and NaCl. These correlations were used to predict the values of other divalent ions in water and NaCl (Be 2+ , Pb 2+ , Hg 2+ and Fe 2+ ) that were difficult to directly measure. These studies allow one to make estimates of the effect of pressure on the activity coefficients of these ions in seawater and ionic equilibria in the deep oceans. The lower stability constants will result in increased concentrations of free transition metals in the deep ocean.
Morphological cellular logic image processor architectures

Mathematical Morphology is an algebraic language of image processing based on set-theoretic constructs. The operations of mathematical morphology are easily implemented in cellular logic image processors like the CLIP or Cytocomputeet Drawbacks of arrays and pipelines serve as impetus for the design of several other cellular logic image processor architectures.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Local Structure and Properties of Oxide Surfaces: Scanning Probe Analyses of Ceramics

Scanning probe microscopies, especially scanning tunneling microscopy, were first directed to metal and semiconductor surfaces. Early challenges associated with the low conductivity and ionicity of oxides slowed application to even semiconducting ceramics. Recently, some of these obstacles have been overcome, and probe microscopies have been used to determine the atomic structures, as well as local properties, of many oxide surfaces and interfaces. Approaches to quantifying both tunneling spectroscopy and tunneling images of oxides are presented. Oxide surfaces accommodate nonstoichiometry via reconstruction or surface stabilization of substoichiometric phases. Effects of self-segregation and of impurity segregation on local properties of surfaces are observed directly. Three examples of local properties at interfaces are presented: contact potential at nanoscale metal cluster-oxide interfaces, local electrostatic fields at grain boundaries, and current flow in complex superconducting microstructures.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Heterocyclic Catechol Mimics as Inhibitors of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinones and 5-hydroxy-4-pyrimidinones were identified as inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in a high-throughput screen. These heterocyclic catechol mimics exhibit potent inhibition of the enzyme and an improved toxicity profile versus the marketed nitrocatechol inhibitors tolcapone and entacapone. Optimization of the series was aided by X-ray cocrystal structures of the novel inhibitors in complex with COMT and cofactors SAM and Mg2+. The crystal structures suggest a mechanism of inhibition for these heterocyclic inhibitors distinct from previously disclosed COMT inhibitors.
Apparent binary microscopic response to relativistic ions of a large class of track-etch detectors

Abstract We find that a large class of glass track-etch detectors seems to behave in an extraordinarily simple way on microscopic scales in response to relativistic ions. The behavior of these detectors is consistent with binary, on-off behavior in response to restricted energy loss on microscopic scales, with the shape of the response curve as a function of Z β on macroscopic scales determined solely by statistical fluctuations in energy loss. This model naturally reproduces the shapes of the response curves for a variety of detectors and etchants; it also correctly predicts the charge resolution of BP-1 glass and, with an additional hypothesis, the sign and magnitude of the registration temperature effect of BP-1. Several other materials, including at least two plastics, seem to exhibit binary or nearly binary behavior.
Assessing streamflow sensitivity to variations in glacier mass balance

We examine long-term streamflow and mass balance data from two Alaskan glaciers located in climatically distinct basins: Gulkana Glacier, a continental glacier located in the Alaska Range, and Wolverine Glacier, a maritime glacier located in the Kenai Mountains. Over the 1966–2011 study interval, both glaciers lost mass, primarily as a result of summer warming, and streamflow increased in both basins. We estimate total glacier runoff via summer mass balance and quantify the fraction of runoff related to annual mass imbalances. In both climates, annual (net) mass balance contributes, on average, less than 20 % of total streamflow, substantially less than the fraction related to summer mass loss (>50 %), which occurs even in years of glacier growth. The streamflow fraction related to changes in annual balance increased significantly only in the continental environment. In the maritime climate, where deep winter snowpacks and frequent rain events drive consistently high runoff, the magnitude of this streamflow fraction was small and highly variable, precluding detection of any existing trend. Furthermore, our findings suggest that glacier mass change is likely to impact total basin water yield, timing of runoff and water quality in the continental environment. However, the impacts of maritime glacier change appear more likely to be limited to water quality and runoff timing.
Removal of selenium from river water by a microbial community enhanced with Enterobacter taylorae in organic carbon coated sand columns

Discovering an effective means to remove selenium (Se) from Se-contaminated water is fundamental in minimizing environmental contamination and ensuring wildlife protection. In this study, Enterobacter taylorae attached to tryptic soy agar (TSA) coatings was used in sand columns to remove Se from a natural river water. During 80 days of the experiment, E. taylorae and indigenous Se(VI) reducers in the water used organic carbon coatings to effectively reduce Se(VI) to Se(0). About 95% and 70% of the influent Se (469 microg/L) was reduced to Se(0), respectively, in the columns with and without E. taylorae and 94--98% of the newly formed Se(0) was trapped in the columns. Analysis of Se species in effluent at the end of the experiment revealed that organic Se from the columns with E. taylorae was similar to that in influent (0.567 microg/L). This study indicates that using organic coatings attached with Se(VI) reducers in a biotreatment system may be a potentially feasible method to remove Se from Se-contaminated water in field.
Joint trajectories for social and physical aggression as predictors of adolescent maladjustment: Internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features

This investigation examined the relation between developmental trajectories jointly estimated for social and physical aggression and adjustment problems at age 14. Teachers provided ratings of children's social and physical aggression in Grades 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for a sample of 255 children (131 girls, 21% African American, 52% European American, 21% Mexican American). Participants, parents, and teachers completed measures of the adolescent's adjustment to assess internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. Results showed that membership in a high and rising trajectory group predicted rule-breaking behaviors and borderline personality features. Membership in a high desister group predicted internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. The findings suggest that although low levels of social and physical aggression may not bode poorly for adjustment, individuals engaging in high levels of social and physical aggression in middle childhood may be at greatest risk for adolescent psychopathology, whether they increase or desist in their aggression through early adolescence.
Achievable Rates of Two-Hop Interference Networks with Conferencing Relays

In this paper, we consider a two-hop interference network, which consists of two source-destination pairs and two relay nodes connected with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limited out-of-band conferencing links. Assuming that the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme is adopted, this network is shown to be equivalent to a two-user interference channel (IC). By deploying two IC decoding schemes, i.e., single-user decoding and joint decoding, respectively, we characterize the achievable rate regions with a two-stage iterative optimization method. The associated convergence issue is also studied. Furthermore, we compare the rates in the high SNR regime. Finally, simulation results show that relay conferencing can significantly improve the system performance under certain channel conditions.
Introduction to this Issue: Violent and Antisocial Behavior in Women

Psychopathy in women, long a neglected topic, has gained some measure of attention in recent years. In 2005 and 2006, Nicholls and Petrila co-edited two companion issues of Behavioral Sciences and the Law on gender and psychopathy. Although commenting that authors are increasingly recognizing the relevance of psychopathy in women, Nicholls and Petrila (2005) noted the lack of research in that area. Also noting that until recently psychopathy in women had been overlooked by researchers, Verona and Vitale (2006) found in the literature both similarities and remarkable differences in psychopathy in women in comparison with male psychopathy. In a further review of the literature on the topic Nicholls, Odgers, and Cooke (2007) observed that while there is good reason to apply the construct to women, the manifestation and prevalence rates of psychopathy are markedly different in women and girls. They concluded with the recognized need for more research on female psychopathy while cautioning against uncritical application of the construct of psychopathy to women. Most efforts to understand violent and antisocial behavior have tended to focus on males, since men show greater involvement in these behaviors. Yet it is equally, if not more, important to understand female involvement in these behaviors. For example, learning why women commit fewer crimes and show less violence than men could help to illuminate the underlying causes of these problem behaviors and how they might better be controlled. While gender is the single best predictor of violent and antisocial behavior (men committing more and women committing less), this distinction appears to be changing. Presently women comprise a small segment of all the people serving prison terms in the U.S., but their number is rising at a far faster rate than that of men. In correctional populations generally, Lewis (2010) observed differences in the likelihood and patterns of criminal offending among women. For example, female offenders tend to show higher co-morbidities and more complicated psychopathology. Because the vast majority of prisoners are men, correctional services, including mental health services, have been developed primarily for male offenders (Lewis, 2010); sometimes, it should be added, with resultant discrepancies in the mental health care services afforded to female offenders, discrepancies that can be exacerbated by a comparative dearth of informing research. This special issue consists of a selection of original research reports representing investigations into diverse aspects of violent and aggressive behavior in women. We believe these studies advance the knowledge of abnormal aggression in women in 10 critical areas. We hope the readers of Behavioral Sciences and the Law concur.
Optimal Transpiration Boundary Control for Aeroacoustics

We consider the optimal boundary control of aeroacoustic noise, governed by the two-dimensional unsteady compressible Euler equations. The control is the time- and space-varying wall normal velocity on a subset of an otherwise solid wall. The objective functional to be minimized is a measure of acoustic amplitude. Optimal transpiration boundary control of aeroacoustic noise introduces challenges beyond those encountered in direct aeroacoustic simulations or in many other optimization problems governed by compressible Euler equations. One nontrivial issue that arises in the optimal control problem is the formulation and implementation of transpiration boundary conditions. Because suction and blowing on the boundary are allowed, portions of the boundary may change from inflow to outflow, or vice versa, and different numbers of boundary conditions must be imposed at inflow vs outflow boundaries. Another important issue is the derivation of adjoint equations, which are required to compute the gradient of the objective function with respect to the control. Among other things, this is influenced by the choice of boundary conditions for the compressible Euler equations. The approaches to meet these challenges are described and results presented for three model problems. These problems are designed to validate the transpiration boundary conditions and their implementation, study the accuracy of gradient computations, and assess the performance of the computed controls.
Lymphatic Vessel Activation in Cancer

Most cancerous lesions metastasize through the lymphatic system and the status of regional lymph nodes is the most important indicator of a patient's prognosis. The extent of lymph node involvement with cancer is also an important parameter used for determining treatment options. Although the importance of the lymphatic system for metastasis has been well recognized, traditionally, the lymphatic vessels have not been considered actively involved in the metastatic process. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the activation of the lymphatic system is an important factor in tumor progression to metastasis. Tumor lymphangiogenesis has been associated with increased propensity for metastasis, and lymphatic vessel density has emerged as another promising prognostic indicator. More recently, lymphangiogenesis in the sentinel lymph nodes has been shown to contribute to malignant progression. In addition to its role as a transport system for tumor cells, the lymphatic system may also be more actively involved in metastases by directly facilitating tumor cell recruitment into the lymphatic vessels. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic vessels participate in metastasis.
The Moho of North America: A brief review focused on recent studies

Abstract Recent national programs in Canada (Lithoprobe) and the U.S. (EarthScope) are providing vast quantities of data and many new scientific insights concerning crustal and lithospheric mantle structure and evolution. More modest but significant results are also being produced in and about Mexico. This paper primarily focuses on results published since 2005 and presents an updated Moho map of North America. This overview of crustal structure does reveal a number of interesting observations. For example, two buried distinct crustal blocks have been discovered in the past 20 years. One was caught in a Precambrian suture zone in Canada, and the other is buried under the Gulf Coast region and is still of unknown origin. The Precambrian assembly of the continent has been documented by the mapping of numerous suture zones, and shallow portions of subducted slabs have been preserved in several cases. Not surprisingly, the internal structure of these suture zones is complex and highly variable. Isostatic adjustment has been shown to be a complex process involving the lithospheric mantle not just crustal structure variations. Specifically, the correlation of crustal thickness with elevation is only approximate at best. Several crustal blocks that have been stable over very long periods of time possess unusually thick crust whose lower portion is usually fast (Vp > 7.0 km/s). Rifting has been shown to affect the crust in a variety of ways ranging from the massive magmatic modification that produced the Mid-continent rift system to the broad region of extension in the Basin and Range province. Crustal structure along the active modern western margin of North America is highly complex as would be expected as a result of transitions between subduction and transform faulting and variations in volcanism and intraplate magmatism. We clearly still have a lot to learn about the structure and evolution of this continent.
Diagnosis of Community Atmospheric Model 2 (CAM2) in numerical weather forecast configuration at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement sites

[1] The Community Atmospheric Model 2 (CAM2) is run as a short-term (1–5 days) forecast model initialized with reanalysis data. The intent is to reveal model deficiencies before complex interactions obscure the root error sources. Integrations are carried out for three Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program intensive operational periods (IOPs): June/July 1997, April 1997, and March 2000. The ARM data are used to validate the model in detail for the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site for all the periods and in the tropical west Pacific for the March 2000 period. The model errors establish themselves quickly, and within 3 days the model has evolved into a state distinctly different from the ARM observations. The summer forecasts evince a systematic error in convective rainfall. This error manifests itself in the temperature and moisture profiles after a single diurnal cycle. The same error characteristics are seen in the March 2000 tropical west Pacific forecasts. The model performs well in the spring cases at the SGP. Most of the error is manifested during rainy periods. The ARM cloud radar comparison to the model reveals cloud errors which are consistent with the relative humidity profile errors. The cloud errors are similar to those seen in climatological integrations, but the state variable errors are different. Thus there is the possibility that the some basic parameterization errors are obscured in the climatological integrations. The approach described here will facilitate parameterization experimentation, diagnoses, and validation. One way of reducing cloud feedback uncertainty is to make the physical processes behave in the most realistic manner possible. Paradoxically, perhaps the best way to reduce uncertainty in cloud feedback mechanisms is to evaluate the model processes with realistic forcing before such feedbacks have any significant affect.
Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 1900-1945

Robert Kohler shows exactly how entrepreneurial academic scientists became intimate "partners in science" with the officers of the large foundations created by John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, and in so doing tells a fascinating story of how the modern system of grant-getting and grant-giving evolved, and how this funding process has changed the way laboratory scientists make their careers and do their work. "This book is a rich historical tapestry of people, institutions and scientific ideas. It will stand for a long time as a source of precise and detailed information about an important aspect of the scientific enterprise...It also contains many valuable lessons for the coming years."--John Ziman, Times Higher Education Supplement
Dry Etch Characteristics of Silylated Deep UV Resists in Novel Plasma Configurations

Surface-imaged resist (SIR) technology is a potentially attractive scheme for deep submicron lithography to overcome depth of focus (DOF) limitations in high NA steppers and increased resist absorption at lower wavelengths. However, the degree of process complexity is greater than with conventional resist processes. Specifically, understanding the resist interaction with silylation and plasma etch processes is of critical importance for deriving the full benefits of this technology. This requires optimizing both the resist chemistry for high silylation contrast, and the etch process to minimize mask erosion and "grass" formation. The present study investigates the silylation characteristics of commercially available resist materials and the pattern transfer fidelity using two novel etchers-magnetically confined reactor (MCR) in a triode configuration and electron cyclotron resonance etcher (ECR). Key plasma parameters which have a major effect on the pattern transfer in each type of etcher have been identified. Feasibility of sub-0.5 micron resolution with minimal residue formation have been successfully demonstrated in both etchers.
Heterogeneity of Rabbit Serum Interferons

THERE is evidence that, in the rabbit, virus-induced interferon (VII) is induced differently from endotoxin-induced interferon (EII). The induction of VII is inhibited by actinomycin D (ref. 1) and by puromycin2, while the induction of EII is not. Furthermore, Hallum et al.3 demonstrated that, in the mouse, the molecular weight of EII is greater than that of VII. In view of these differences between EII and VII, we decided to study the molecular sizes of rabbit serum interferons induced by virus and by endotoxin.
A Pulsed Source for Kr(5s[3/2]1) Resonance State Atoms Using Two-Photon-Driven Amplified Spontaneous Emission: Measurement of Quenching Rate Constants

Krypton resonance state atoms, Kr(5s[3/2]1), were generated in a static cell by two-photon laser excitation of the Kr(5p[5/2]2) state with amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at 877.7 and 810.4 nm...
Calcineurin and its regulator, RCAN1, confer time-of-day changes in susceptibility of the heart to ischemia/reperfusion

Many important components of the cardiovascular system display circadian rhythmicity. In both humans and mice, cardiac damage from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is greatest at the transition from sleep to activity. The causes of this window of susceptibility are not fully understood. In the murine heart we have reported high amplitude circadian oscillations in the expression of the cardioprotective protein regulator of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1). This study was designed to test whether Rcan1 contributes to the circadian rhythm in cardiac protection from I/R damage. Wild type (WT), Rcan1 KO, and Rcan1-Tg mice, with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Rcan1, were subjected to 45min of myocardial ischemia followed by 24h of reperfusion. Surgeries were performed either during the first 2h (AM) or during the last 2h (PM) of the animal's light phase. The area at risk was the same for all genotypes at either time point; however, in WT mice, PM-generated infarcts were 78% larger than AM-generated infarcts. Plasma cardiac troponin I levels were likewise greater in PM-operated animals. In Rcan1 KO mice there was no significant difference between the AM- and PM-operated hearts, which displayed greater indices of damage similar to that of PM-operated WT animals. Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of human RCAN1, likewise, showed no time-of-day difference, but had smaller infarcts comparable to those of AM-operated WT mice. In vitro, cardiomyocytes depleted of RCAN1 were more sensitive to simulated I/R and the calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, restored protection. FK506 also conferred protection to PM-infarcted WT animals. Importantly, transcription of core circadian clock genes was not altered in Rcan1 KO hearts. These studies identify the calcineurin/Rcan1-signaling cascade as a potential therapeutic target through which to benefit from innate circadian changes in cardiac protection without disrupting core circadian oscillations that are essential to cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health.
Succumbing to bottom-up biases on task choice predicts increased switch costs in the voluntary task switching paradigm

Bottom-up biases are widely thought to influence task choice in the voluntary task switching paradigm. Definitive support for this hypothesis is lacking, however, because task choice and task performance are usually confounded. We therefore revisited this hypothesis using a paradigm in which task choice and task performance are temporally separated. As predicted, participants tended to choose the task that was primed by bottom-up biases. Moreover, such choices were linked to increased switch costs during subsequent task performance. These findings provide compelling evidence that bottom-up biases influence voluntary task choice. They also suggest that succumbing to such biases reflects a reduction of top-down control that persists to influence upcoming task performance.
Electroanalytical study of the cobalt(II) pyridine—cobalt amalgam system, with application to stripping analysis

The electroreduction of cobalt (II) from solutions containing pyridine was investigated with stationary electrode polarography at a hanging mercury drop electrode using both single-scan and cyclic experiments. Scan rates ranged from 50 mVsec to 110 Vsec, and from the variation of the peak potential and the peak current function, ip/Vv, (where ip is the peak current, and v the rate of voltage scan) with scan rate, the reduction appeared to involve a reversible charge transfer followed by an extremely rapid chemical reaction in the amalgam to form a species not electroactive in the same potential range. This product appears to be a dimer or higher cobalt aggregate dissolved in the mercury. It is reoxidized at a potential about 1 V anodic of the reduction wave. This irreversible anodic wave was made the basis of a stripping analysis procedure for the determination of trace quantities of cobalt.
AN ASSOCIATIVE DATA PARALLEL COMPILATION MODEL FOR TIGHT INTEGRATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE RETRIEVAL AND COMPUTING

Associative Computation is characterized by intertwining of search by content and data parallel computation. An algebra for associative computation is described. A compilation based model and a novel abstract machine for associative logic programming are presented. The model uses loose coupling of left hand side of the program, treated as data, and right hand side of the program, treated as low level code. This representation achieves efficiency by associative computation and data alignment during goal reduction and during execution of low level abstract instructions. Data alignment reduces the overhead of data movement. Novel schemes for associative manipulation of aliased uninstantiated variables, data parallel goal reduction in the presence multiple occurrences of the same variables in a goal. The architecture, behavior, and performance evaluation of the model are presented.
Comparing Three Measures of Psychological Aggression: Psychometric Properties and Differentiation from Negative Communication

The authors evaluated the psychometric properties of three measures of psychological aggression: The Conflict Tactics Scales-2nd Version: Psychological Aggression Scale (CTS2-PS), The Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (MMEA), and The Test of Negative Social Exchange (TENSE). One hundred newlywed couples completed these measures as well as measures of communication, marital satisfaction, physical aggression, and depressive symptoms. Couples also participated in two problem-solving discussions that were later coded for positive and negative affect. Psychological aggression measures were internally consistent at the overall scale level (Cronbach’s αs >0.77), with the exception of the CTS2-PS. The internal consistency coefficients of the MMEA and TENSE subscales were variable. Finally, convergent validity correlations were moderate and divergent validity analyses revealed that the three measures correlated moderately with negative communication pattern measures. Implications for enhancing conceptual models and intervention efforts are discussed.
Improved Survival Associated With Postoperative Wound Infection in Dogs Treated With Limb-Salvage Surgery for Osteosarcoma

Limb-salvage surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy are performed as a treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs. Approximately 50% of dogs that undergo limb-salvage surgery develop postoperative surgical wound infections. Postoperative surgical infections may affect survival in cancer patients. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of surgical wound infection on survival, local recurrence, and metastasis in relation to other prognostic factors for dogs with spontaneous osteosarcoma treated with limb-salvage surgery. Forty-seven client-owned dogs with osteosarcoma of the distal radius were treated with limb-salvage surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy—either carboplatin or carboplatin and doxorubicin. Hazard ratios were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazard model, and survival functions were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit life-table method. Of the 47 dogs in this study, 32 (68%) developed a postoperative wound infection. Infection, dog weight, and extent of the primary tumor (percentage of length) significantly affected survival, and infection and percentage of length significantly affected time to metastasis. None of the variables considered in this study affected local recurrence. Dogs that were diagnosed with an infection were less likely to die (hazard ratio, .446), and dogs with greater body weight and greater percentage length involvement were more likely to die (hazard ratios of 3.37 and 3.66, respectively). In dogs with osteosarcoma treated with limb-salvage surgery, infection has a positive influence on survival, as does a smaller initial length of radius involved and lower body weight.
Persistence and Decontamination of Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii Spores on Corroded Iron in a Model Drinking Water System

Persistence of Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores on corroded iron coupons in drinking water was studied using a biofilm annular reactor. Spores were inoculated at 10(6) CFU/ml in the dechlorinated reactor bulk water. The dechlorination allowed for observation of the effects of hydraulic shear and biofilm sloughing on persistence. Approximately 50% of the spores initially adhered to the corroded iron surface were not detected after 1 month. Addition of a stable 10 mg/liter free chlorine residual after 1 month led to a 2-log(10) reduction of adhered B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii, but levels on the coupons quickly stabilized thereafter. Increasing the free chlorine concentration to 25 or 70 mg/liter had no additional effect on inactivation. B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores injected in the presence of a typical distribution system chlorine residual (approximately 0.75 mg/liter) resulted in a steady reduction of adhered B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii over 1 month, but levels on the coupons eventually stabilized. Adding elevated chlorine levels (10, 25, and 70 mg/liter) after 1 month had no effect on the rate of inactivation. Decontamination with elevated free chlorine levels immediately after spore injection resulted in a 3-log(10) reduction within 2 weeks, but the rate of inactivation leveled off afterward. This indicates that free chlorine did not reach portions of the corroded iron surface where B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores had adhered. B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores are capable of persisting for an extended time in the presence of high levels of free chlorine.
Neoadjuvant androgen suppression with radiation in the management of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate : Experimental and clinical results

Conventional radiotherapy has been a standard treatment for the management of locally advanced T2c-4 prostatic carcinoma for over 2 decades. The routine use of serum PSA in follow-up makes it clear that >80% of these patients will show evidence of failure by 10 years. Rebiopsy of those with a rising PSA shows locally persistent disease in the majority of cases. Increasing the radiation dose applied to the prostate increases local control but at the risk of higher morbidity. Experimental data using the Shionogi tumor mouse model suggest a potential gain from neoadjuvant androgen suppression without any increase in normal tissue morbidity. Two randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant androgen suppression prior to radiation therapy with radiation alone in humans show considerable short-term gains in local control and disease-free survival but mature data are still awaited. It is currently unknown whether the positive interaction between radiation and androgen suppression is synergistic or simply additive.
Intelligence and Reading Ability in Grades 2-12.

It has been hypothesized that the relationship between reading ability and intelligence—as measured by the Raven Progressive Matrices test—is small and insignificant. It has also been hypothesized that this relationship is higher in the upper grades of school as compared to the lower grades. These two hypotheses were investigated by administering the Raven Progressive Matrices test and the National Reading Standards test to 486 students in Grades 2–12 of a small-town, rural school district. The correlations between these two tests for each of Grades 2–12 varied from about .40 to .60 with an average of about .50. There was no trend indicating that the correlation increased with each grade in school. Criteria have been developed for judging the effect size of correlations, and this .50 correlation would be considered as large. These data can be interpreted as indicating that general intelligence, as measured by the Raven test, has a strong and consistent relationship to reading ability.
Two Ways to Believe

This paper will suggest that belief in an age of relativism and postmodernism is mainly of two forms. The expressed purpose of this paper is to explore how relativism and postmodernism have affecte...