cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IC design challenges and opportunities for advanced process technology

Moore's Law has entered a new frontier as the incessant progress of device scaling continues to excel in 10nm and beyond. As the physical dimension of devices and interconnect are being shrunk, the design rules and the design flow, for both ASIC and custom designs, face unprecedented complexity. Hence, common IC design practice can no longer separate the design and the process fabrication indifferently. Conventional design optimization techniques also need to take the novel process technologies, such as multi-gate devices (e.g., FinFET), spacer technology, and self-aligned multiple patterning lithography, into account in order to achieve the best possible performance, power, and area for a design. In this talk, the challenges and implication of these new process technologies to IC designers will be touched upon from the foundry's perspective to show how and what to innovate in EDA tools for bridging the gap between physical design and foundry fabrication, and then finally improve the overall design quality and productivity.
Resisting the Racial Binary? Puerto Ricans' Encounter with Race in Depression-Era New York City

Resumen en: This article examines the power of a binary racial discourse in the United States to distort the histories of people who would resist ascription to the "...
Social seed networks: Identifying central farmers for equitable seed access

Abstract Community-based agrobiodiversity management projects have been at the forefront of integrating informal seed systems into food security initiatives. These projects co-create open-pollinated crops and reintroduce lost varieties. A prevailing critique regarding these projects regards unequal distribution of seed to communities — quality seed, when introduced, does not reach target populations. The purpose of this study is to identify key farmers who can distribute open-pollinated seed through their existing, diverse social channels and evaluate if this method enables vulnerable populations to access improved varieties. Data was collected and combined from two subsistence-based communities in Northern Ghana. This study combines social seed network analysis and regression to determine centrally connected farmers over their project areas. To understand which types of farmers have the most equitable and efficient seed distribution networks, this study uses harmonic closeness centrality as a dependent variable in a set of ordinary least squares regressions. Results suggest that harmonic closeness centrality can best be estimated per study community, but results were not constant after combining communities. Two warnings emerge from this analysis: i) central farmers can leverage their control on resources to maintain their network position, which may promote unequal seed dissemination, and ii) seemingly analogous networks may be difficult to compare when combined due to a scale mismatch between analysis and intended analysis utility (i.e. seed dissemination). These findings validate the utility of social network analysis in unfolding the socioecological complexity of informal seed systems; yet offer warning on using network parameters for equitable (re)introduction of open-pollinated varieties.
Characterization of Glioblastomas in Young Adults

Most adult glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) present in patients 45-70 years old; tumors occurring at the extremes of the adult age spectrum are uncommon, and seldom studied. We hypothesized that young-adult GBMs would differ from elderly-adult and from pediatric GBMs. Cases were identified from years 1997 to 2005. Demographic and histological features, MIB-1 and TP53 immunohistochemical findings and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification status by fluorescence in situ hybridization were compiled and correlated with survival. Twenty-eight (74%) of our 38 young-adult GBM patients had primary de novo tumors, two of which occurred in patients with cancer syndromes. Two additional GBMs were radiation-induced and eight (21%) were secondary GBMs. Seven patients were identified as long-term (>3 years) survivors. Six of 38 cases manifested unusual morphological features, including three epithelioid GBMs, one rhabdoid GBM, one gliosarcoma and one small cell GBM containing abundant, refractile, eosinophilic inclusions. MIB-1 index emerged as the most important prognosticator of survival (P < 0.005). Although there was a trend between extent of necrosis, TP53 immunohistochemical expression, and EGFR amplification status and survival, none reached statistical significance. GBMs in young adults are a more inhomogeneous tumor group than GBMs occurring in older adult patients and show features that overlap with both pediatric and adult GBMs.
SmartCell: an energy efficient coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture for stream-based applications

This paper presents SmartCell, a novel coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture, which tiles a large number of processor elements with reconfigurable interconnection fabrics on a single chip. SmartCell is able to provide high performance and energy efficient processing for stream-based applications. It can be configured to operate in various modes, such as SIMD, MIMD, and systolic array. This paper describes the SmartCell architecture design, including processing element, reconfigurable interconnection fabrics, instruction and control process, and configuration scheme. The SmartCell prototype with 64 PEs is implemented using 0.13 µm CMOS standard cell technology. The core area is about 8.5mm2, and the power consumption is about 1.6mW/MHz. The performance is evaluated through a set of benchmark applications, and then compared with FPGA, ASIC, and two well-known reconfigurable architectures including RaPiD and Montium. The results show that the SmartCell can bridge the performance and flexibility gap between ASIC and FPGA. It is also about 8% and 69% more energy efficient than Montium and RaPiD systems for evaluated benchmarks. Meanwhile, SmartCell can achieve 4 and 2 times more throughput gains when comparing with Montium and RaPiD, respectively. It is concluded that SmartCell system is a promising reconfigurable and energy efficient architecture for stream processing.
Uptake and UV-photooxidation of gas-phase polyaromatic hydrocarbons on the surface of atmospheric water films. 2. Effects of dissolved surfactants on naphthalene photooxidation.

The adsorption and photochemical transformations of gas-phase naphthalene were studied in a flow-tube reactor with a view to understanding the photochemical reactions occurring in thin water films such as those of aerosols and fogs. Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) was chosen as a surrogate for the surface active humic-like substances present in atmospheric water films. Experiments were performed on both 450 and 22 μm water films over a wide concentration range of SRFA (0−1000 mg·L-1). The effect of singlet oxygen on the reaction rate in the presence and absence of SRFA was ascertained. Naphthalene molecules can be bound to SRFA through hydrophobic interactions and be distributed in both the water and the SRFA regions. The rate constants for the photochemical reactions of naphthalene were fitted to a model that described the effect of SRFA in these two regions. The kinetic study on the 22 μm film revealed a greater surface reaction enhancement than for the 450 μm film at low SRFA concentrations. However,...
Detection of the sickle gene in the human fetus. Potential for intrauterine diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia.

Abstract A method for detection of the types of globin chains synthesized by first-trimester fetuses has been established with umbilical-cord blood derived from fetuses removed at hysterotomy. The ...
Degradation of Thifensulfuron Methyl in Soil: Role of Microbial Carboxyesterase Activity

Thifensulfuron methyl [methyl 3-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylate] degrades rapidly in diverse nonsterile agricultural soils. The initial degradation product of thifensulfuron methyl in nonsterile soils is its deesterified derivative, thifensulfuron acid, which is herbicidally inactive. Rapid deesterification of thifensulfuron methyl is eliminated by heat sterilization of soil but only moderately reduced by sterilization with ethylene oxide. Deesterification is inhibited in both nonsterile and ethylene oxide-sterilized soils by iodoacetamide and specific organophosphorus insecticides. Several actinomycetes and bacteria were isolated from soils which could readily deesterify thifensulfuron methyl in pure culture. Cell-free (sterile) culture filtrates of two actinomycetes also catalyzed the deesterification of this herbicide. We conclude that the rapid deesterification of thifensulfuron methyl results, at least in part, from the activity of micr...
An aphid-resistance locus is tightly linked to the nematode-resistance gene, Mi, in tomato.

Abstract Tomato lines from diverse breeding programs were evaluated in the field for resistance to a natural infestation of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in Davis, CA. It was noted that all lines that carried the nematode-resistance gene, Mi, displayed aphid resistance. A greenhouse assay for aphid resistance was developed to investigate this relationship. Association of nematode and aphid resistances in near-isogenic lines suggested that these traits are tightly linked. Analysis of an F2 population segregating for nematode resistance indicated that aphid resistance segregated as a single major locus genetically linked to Mi. The name Meu1 is proposed for this locus. It is likely that Meu1 was introduced into tomato along with Mi from the wild species Lycopersicon peruvianum. The presence of aphid resistance in the line Motelle, which contains a very small region of introgressed DNA, and the lack of recombinants suggest that Meu1 is tightly linked to Mi or possibly is the same gene. The map-based strategy currently being used to clone Mi should be applicable to cloning Meu1.
Efficient Lightweight Compression Alongside Fast Scans

The increasing main-memory capacity has allowed query execution to occur primarily in main memory. Database systems employ compression, not only to fit the data in main memory, but also to address the memory bandwidth bottleneck. Lightweight compression schemes focus on efficiency over compression rate and allow query operators to process the data in compressed form. For instance, dictionary compression keeps the distinct column values in a sorted dictionary and stores the values as index codes with the minimum number of bits. Packing the bits of each code contiguously, namely horizontal bit packing, has been optimized by using SIMD instructions for unpacking and by evaluating predicates in parallel per processor word for selection scans. Interleaving the bits of codes, namely vertical bit packing, provides faster scans, but incurs prohibitive costs for packing and unpacking. Here, we improve packing and unpacking for vertical bit packing using SIMD instructions, achieving more than an order of magnitude speedup. Also, we optimize horizontal bit packing on the latest CPUs and compare all approaches. While no single variant is better in all cases, vertical bit packing offers a good trade-off by combining the fastest scans with comparably fast packing and unpacking.
Classroom Methods Mirroring Workplace Values: Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Feminist Pedagogy and Writing Across the Curriculum:

This article argues that Paulo Freire's pedagogy of the oppressed, feminist pedagogy and the methods of writing across the curriculum programs can be used in the classroom to broaden students' understanding of the possibilities of the workplace. Each of these approaches to teaching mirrors values which differ from those within capitalist relations of production and gives students practice in using them.
Fine-tuning robot-assisted radical prostatectomy planning with MRI.

Abstract Objectives Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has now become the most common surgical treatment option for prostate cancer (CaP). Clinicopathologic data (i.e., biopsy, digital rectal exam, prostate specific antigen level) and patient-specific factors (e.g., age, erectile function, co-morbidities) are the primary sources of information that urologists use for counseling and treatment decision making. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved along a similar temporal arc to RARP, with increased utilization and precision over the past decade. MRI prior to RARP provides multifaceted adjunctive information, including enhancement of locoregional staging, delineation of spatial anatomic information, and identification of aberrant anatomy, all of which aid in patient treatment counseling and operative planning. This article is designed for urologic surgeons who perform RARP, with the aim of providing a review of prostate MRI imaging and highlighting findings which may specifically alter the operation. Methods and materials A review of the literature was performed, focusing on the most recent publications. Results MRI imaging of the prostate has become increasing accurate for the identification, localization, and characterization of CaP lesions. In addition to tumor-specific information, a number of intra- and extra-prostatic findings are consistently identified on MRI which may impact RARP. Conclusions MRI provides important information which may alter RARP.
Prevalence of sleep problems in individuals with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundSleep disturbance in multiple sclerosis has received little research attention despite the potential influence it may have on disease impact.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of sleep disorders in a large community sample of individuals with multiple sclerosis.MethodsA cross-sectional self-report survey of 1063 persons with multiple sclerosis. Sleep was assessed using the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale and Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure.ResultsThe prevalence of sleep problems in multiple sclerosis is significantly higher than in the general population or other chronic diseases and may affect women with multiple sclerosis more than men.ConclusionSleep disturbance should routinely be evaluated in patients with multiple sclerosis and new interventions developed.
Vibrational spectra of water chemisorbed on platinum (111)

High resolution electron energy loss spectra have been measured for water condensed on platinum (111) at 100 K. Water is molecularly adsorbed at all coverages and forms ice overlayers with exposures in excess of 1.5 L. Vibrational assignments of all the bands are made with reference to the spectra of adsorbed D2O. Excellent agreement is found between the surface vibrational frequencies of adsorbed water, and infrared and raman frequencies of solid ice. The data indicates that hydrogen bonding and clustering occurs in the submonolayer region, and that complete isotopic exchange of hydrogen occurs at 100 K. The transition between the first and second monolayers of water (>1.5 L exposure) produces a new translational frequency near 250 cm−1. This band appears simultaneously with the “ice” peak in the thermal desorption spectrum. No evidence is found for significant water dissociation on the clean surface, up to the desorption temperature (160 K).
Katrina and Power in America

The Katrina disaster exposed the major fault lines of American society and politics: class and race. It offers lessons for urban scholars and practitioners. Katrina was a human-made disaster more than a natural disaster. The conditions that led to the disaster, and the response by government officials, were the result of policy choices. Government incompetence was an outgrowth of a more serious indifference to the plight of cities and the poor. As a result, the opportunity to reconstruct New Orleans as part of a bold regional renewal plan was lost. Whatever positive things happen in Katrina’s aftermath will be due, in large measure, to the long-term work of grassroots community and union-organizing groups who mobilized quickly to provide a voice for the have-nots and who found allies among professionals to help formulate alternative plans to those developed by business and political elites.
Thal fundoplication for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease.

ALTHOUGH some gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is normal and some patients tolerate even large amounts of GER without any complications, a subset of patients have the complications of GER that result in a disease state known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, (GERD) which is a consideration for medical or surgical intervention. Medical treatment that alters esophageal motility, promotes gastric emptying, and reduces gastric acid production may ameliorate the symptoms of reflux. Many patients respond poorly to medical therapy or find the medications intolerable. Many are just not compliant. For GER complications such as recurrent pneumonitis, acute life-threatening events (ALTE), unremitting vomiting, and failure to thrive, surgical treatment offers a lasting cure (95+%). The partial anterior fundoplication as described by ThaI is our operation of choice. We believe it is as effective as a complete wrap in eliminating reflux and that it has fewer complications such as "gas bloat" and adhesive intestinal obstruction. Surgical treatment of GERD is perhaps more effective in children than in adults, and therefore surgery is used more often for pediatric patients with significant GER. All surgical fundoplication procedures are based on the principle of establishment of an intraabdominal portion of the esophagus coupled with plication of the stomach to the lower esophagus to establish an angle of His, thus creating an antireflux mechanism. The most commonly performed surgical procedure is the 360-degree wrap described by Nissen. l We prefer the 180-degree wrap described by ThaF (Table 1).
MANDIBULAR CORPUS STRAIN IN PRIMATES : FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A FUNCTIONAL LINK BETWEEN SYMPHYSEAL FUSION AND JAW-ADDUCTOR MUSCLE FORCE

Previous work indicates that compared to adult thick-tailed galagos, adult long-tailed macaques have much more bone strain on the balancing-side mandibular corpus during unilateral isometric molar biting (Hylander [1979a] J. Morphol. 159:253-296). Recently we have confirmed in these same two species the presence of similar differences in bone-strain patterns during forceful mastication. Moreover, we have also recorded mandibular bone strain patterns in adult owl monkeys, which are slightly smaller than the galago subjects. The owl monkey data indicate the presence of a strain pattern very similar to that recorded for macaques, and quite unlike that recorded for galagos. We interpret these bone-strain pattern differences to be importantly related to differences in balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force recruitment patterns. That is, compared to galagos, macaques and owl monkeys recruit relatively more balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force during forceful mastication. Unlike an earlier study (Hylander [1979b] J. Morphol. 160:223-240), we are unable to estimate the actual amount of working-side muscle force relative to balancing-side muscle force (i.e., the W/B muscle force ratio) in these species because we have no reliable estimate of magnitude, direction, and precise location of the bite force during mastication. A comparison of the mastication data with the earlier data recorded during isometric molar biting, however, supports the hypothesis that the two anthropoids have a small W/B jaw-adductor muscle force ratio in comparison to thick-tailed galagos. These data also support the hypothesis that increased recruitment of balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force in anthropoids is functionally linked to the evolution of symphyseal fusion or strengthening. Moreover, these data refute the hypothesis that the recruitment pattern differences between macaques and thick-tailed galagos are due to allometric factors. Finally, although the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates may be linked to increased stress associated with increased balancing-side muscle force, it is currently unclear as to whether the increased force is predominately vertically directed, transversely directed, or is a near equal combination of these two force components (cf. Ravosa and Hylander [1994] In Fleagle and Kay [eds.]: Anthropoid Origins. New York: Plenum, pp. 447-468).
Induction of arthritis by purified cell-derived chemotactic factor: role of chemotaxis and vascular permeability.

Abstract The injection of monosidium urate-induced chemotactic factor into the joint cavities of rabbits induces an acute inflammatory response that resembles the one produced by monosodium urate crystals. The leukocyte accumulation induced by the factor was not accompanied by a measurable increase in vascular permeability as measured by appearance of 125I-albumin in the joint cavity. When histamine was injected into the joints, a marked increase in vascular permeability but no leukocytosis above control levels was observed. The above results suggest that the cell-derived factor is primarily responsible for the accumulation of cells seen in the acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals.
Inclusion Complexes of Chain Molecules with Cycloamyloses. 2. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polyrotaxanes Formed by Poly(ethylene glycol) and α-Cyclodextrins

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for channel type polyrotaxanes with α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs) threaded onto monodisperse chains of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The polymer captures as much α-CD as its length permits, forming a close-packed structure from the one end to the other. The van der Waals interactions are the main source of the stabilization of these polyrotaxanes. Hydrogen bonds between successive α-CDs slightly favor head-to-head, tail-to-tail sequences over head-to-tail sequences. The α-CDs in polyrotaxanes are more symmetric and less distorted than the isolated α-CDs. The PEG in the polyrotaxane is more extended than an unperturbed chain, because it has a larger population of trans states at internal bonds.
Modeling uncertainty in greenhouse gas emissions of biomass feedstocks

IN the near future, the energy sector may have to use alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biomass-derived energy is one potential pathway to achieving this objective. However, the GHG-intensity of biomass-based energy is highly dependent on how the biomass is produced, transported, processed, and converted into liquid fuels or electricity. Thus, uncertainty in the actual upstream GHG emissions associated with a biomass feedstock or process could lead to the adoption of government policies and industrial practices that increase expenditures but yield only marginal GHG emissions reductions, if any. To understand the implications of biomass use on the GHG-intensity of the energy system, it is important to assess these uncertainties and to incorporate them into estimates of GHG emissions [1].
Development and assessment of a novel real-time PCR assay for quantitation of hepatitis D virus RNA to study viral kinetics in chronic hepatitis D.

Summary Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is a usually severe type of viral hepatitis associated with increased mortality and rapid evolution to cirrhosis. Currently, treatment is limited to extended interferon administration and measurement of HDV RNA blood levels is essential to judge the response. The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and reproducible real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) for the quantitation of circulating HDV RNA of all clades (1–8), and assess its usefulness in the follow-up of patients. The amplification was combined with molecular beacon technology using the LightCycler 2.0 system. The assay was specific and showed linearity over a wide range from 13 to 13 × 1010 copies/mL. The 95% detection limit was 43.2 copies/mL. Intra-assay reproducibility, as expressed by the coefficient of variation, ranged from 1.84 to 18.61%, whereas the corresponding estimates for the inter-assay variability ranged from 0.57 to 10.18%. Finally, the dynamic profiles of six patients regarding virological (HDV RNA, HBV DNA), biochemical and serological data were constructed. We were able to observe that most patients who were treated with an interferon-based regime showed a significant reduction in delta viremia. In conclusion, our real-time RT-PCR for HDV RNA quantification combines high sensitivity and reproducibility in a high dynamic range, can provide important information for patient management and can be a useful tool for monitoring the response to antiviral therapies.
Microstructural paths of shape-preserved nucleation and growth transformations

This paper discusses the concept of microstructural path developed for a wide range of solid state nucleation and growth transformations including recrystallization. A new analytical expression relating the stereological properties, s{sub v} and X{sub v}, is derived for the microstructural path function for randomly-nucleated, shape-preserved nucleation and growth transformations. Experiments based on computer simulations of the geometric aspects of these transformations have confirmed the validity of the theoretical development. When microstructural data from a study of recrystallization of cold-worked iron are examined in the light of the newly derived path function, excellent agreement is achieved.
Allosteric effects of nucleotide cofactors on Escherichia coli Rep helicase-DNA binding.

The Escherichia coli Rep helicase unwinds duplex DNA during replication. The functional helicase appears to be a dimer that forms only on binding DNA. Both protomers of the dimer can bind either single-stranded or duplex DNA. Because binding and hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are essential for helicase function, the energetics of DNA binding and DNA-induced Rep dimerization were studied quantitatively in the presence of the nucleotide cofactors adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog AMPP(NH) P. Large allosteric effects of nucleotide cofactors on DNA binding to Rep were observed. Binding of ADP favored Rep dimers in which both protomers bound singlestranded DNA, whereas binding of AMPP(NH)P favored simultaneous binding of both single-stranded and duplex DNA to the Rep dimer. A rolling model for the active unwinding of duplex DNA by the dimeric Rep helicase is proposed that explains vectorial unwinding and predicts that helicase translocation along DNA is coupled to ATP binding, whereas ATP hydrolysis drives unwinding of multiple DNA base pairs for each catalytic event.
Bayesian system for probabilistic river stage forecasting

The purpose of this analytic-numerical Bayesian forecasting system (BFS) is to produce a short-term probabilistic river stage forecast based on a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast as an input and a deterministic hydrologic model (of any complexity) as a means of simulating the response of a headwater basin to precipitation. The BFS has three structural components: the precipitation uncertainty processor, the hydrologic uncertainty processor, and the integrator. A series of articles described the Bayesian forecasting theory and detailed each component of this particular BFS. This article presents a synthesis: the total system, operational expressions, estimation procedures, numerical algorithms, a complete example, and all design requirements, modeling assumptions, and operational attributes.
Bladder endometriosis: pertinent clinical images.

A 22-year-old woman presented with a recent history of urgency, frequency, and rightsided flank pain. An intravenous urogram obtained at an outside hospital demonstrated a normal-appearing right nephrogram with prompt uptake and excretion and moderate left hydroureteronephrosis with no obvious filling defects or stones (Fig. 1). Abdominal computed tomography performed at our institution demonstrated left hydroureteronephrosis with no identifiable cause. A technetium-99 Mertiatide (MAG-3) diuretic renal scan demonstrated a normal right kidney and moderately impaired perfusion and function with mild hydronephrosis and drainage impairment in the left kidney. The initial urine culture grew more than 100,000 Escherichia coli and, given her right flank discomfort (pain opposite the side of hydronephrosis) and symptoms of cystitis, she was treated with intravenous antimicrobial agents for presumed right pyelonephritis. A voiding cystourethrogram demonstrated no reflux or bladder filling defects. Because of her complex presentation, the patient underwent cystoscopy, which revealed a 3 to 4-cm, edematous, bluish, submucosal tumor in the trigone that obscured both the right and left ureteral orifices (Fig. 2). The mass obscuring the left ureteral orifice was resected, and a left retrograde nephrostogram revealed no intraluminal filling defects. Histologic review of the resected bladder mass was diagnostic for endometriosis with stromal overgrowth (Fig. 3). Bladder endometriosis occurs in approximately 1% of women with endometriosis. Although cyclical gross hematuria is pathognomonic for vesical endometriosis, it is only present in 20% of patients. These images remind us that bladder endometriosis may masquerade as pyelonephritis, renal obstruction, or interstitial cystitis and must not be forgotten in the differential diagnosis.1
Laser depth profiling studies of helium diffusion in Durango fluorapatite

Ultraviolet lasers coupled with sensitive mass spectrometers provide a useful way to measure laboratory-induced noble gas diffusion profiles in minerals, thus enabling the calculation of diffusion parameters. We illustrate this laser ablation depth profiling (LADP) technique for a previously well-studied mineral-isotopic system: ^4He in Durango fluorapatite. LADP studies were conducted on oriented, polished slabs from a single crystal that were heated under vacuum to a variety of temperatures between 300 and 450°C for variable times. The resolved ^4He profiles exhibited error-function loss as predicted by previous bulk ^4He diffusion studies. All of the slabs, regardless of crystallographic orientation, yielded modeled diffusivities that are statistically co-linear on an Arrhenius diagram, suggesting no diffusional anisotropy of ^4He in this material. The data indicate an activation energy of 142.2 ± 5.0 (2σ) kJ/mol and diffusivity at infinite temperature – reported as ln(D_0) – of −4.71 ± 0.94 (2σ) m^2/s. These values imply a bulk closure temperature for ^4He in Durango fluorapatite of 74°C for a 50 μm radius grain, infinite cylinder geometry, and a cooling rate of 10°C/Myr.
Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases. IV: Intoxication of rats by carbon monoxide in the presence of an irritant

A mathematical model is described for the intoxication of rats by carbon monoxide which is a function of carbon monoxide concentration, time of ex posure and respiratory minute volume, the latter being dependent upon the con centration of an irritant, hydrogen chloride. Predictions of the model, which were verified experimentally, led to the conclusion that the overall effect of the presence of HCI on intoxication of rats by CO is relatively minor and appears to lie in a "window" of about 400 to 1000 ppm HCI and within a range of CO con centrations up to about 4000 ppm. The predominant effect is, therefore, on in capacitating rather than lethal conditions when modest time frames are in volved.
Video conferencing, file storage, and management in multimedia computer systems

Abstract Technological advances in networking and storage are revolutionizing computers so as to support digital multimedia. In this paper, we present a video conferencing system that can form the basis for supporting most video interactions and services in distributed computing systems. We present powerful paradigms for collaboration such as conferences using multiple channels of video and audio, hierarchically and non-hierarchically related conferences, and develop a model and software architecture for supporting these paradigms in multimedia computer systems. We describe a implementation of the architecture based on a general event-driven message exchange mechanism, and investigate the resulting issues of control synchronization among agents. We have developed a video file server that isintegrated with the conferencing architecture to provide storage and retrieval of full-motion video information within conferences. The conferencing and file systems are integrated at the agent-server level (above the operating systems, but below the user interface). The performance of the system, which has been in operation for several months, is highly satisfactory, showing the feasibility of adding a video dimension to high-performance computing.
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HIGH RESOLUTION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE.

Techniques for studying high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been considerably broadened in recent years. The most far reaching development—pulse Fourier transform (FT) methods—is discussed in detail. Applications of FT techniques to measurement of relaxation times and to enhancement of weak signals, especially from natural abundance 13C, are reviewed. Double resonance methods, particularly the nuclear Overhauser effect, and the use of lanthanide shift reagents are also covered in this "mini-review."
The effect of the adsorption of polymeric additives on the wet grinding of minerals 2. Dispersion and fine grinding of concentrated suspensions

Abstract This investigation on influence of three low molecular weight carboxylic polyelectrolytes on the viscosity of hematite, dolomite and quartz suspensions shows the behavior to be system-specific. Only when the concentration of solids in the slurry is high, the pH is correct, and the polymer dosage is beyond a critical level can a polymeric dispersant significantly affect slurry viscosity. The implications of using different polymers as grinding aids in wet ball milling are also discussed.
Topological André¿Quillen Cohomology and E ¿ André¿Quillen Cohomology

Abstract We show that the Andre–Quillen cohomology of an E ∞ simplicial algebra with arbitrary coefficients and the topological Andre–Quillen cohomology of an E ∞ ring spectrum with Eilenberg–Mac Lane coefficients may be calculated as the Andre–Quillen cohomology of an associated E ∞ differential graded algebra.
Effects of ethanol and pantothenic acid on brain acetylcholine synthesis

1. Measurements of brain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis from precursor [14C]-pyruvate, pantothenic acid (PA) concentration in the brain, and blood ethanol (EtOH) concentration were made in rats treated with either ethanol (5-6 g kg-1 body wt daily) alone or ethanol with PA supplementation (100-200 mg kg-1 body wt daily). EtOH with or without PA was administered orally by either Lieber-Decarli liquid diet for 4 weeks and 4 months or by oral intubation for 1 and 4 days. Matched controls were given either ethanol-free liquid diet or saline. 2. ACh synthesis in the brain of rats treated with ethanol alone for 4 months was significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited. PA concentration of the brain was diminished to 7.0% of the control value. 3. PA concentration in the brain of rats treated with ethanol plus PA for 4 months was three times that of rats treated with ethanol alone. ACh synthesis in rats with ethanol and PA supplementation was also significantly (P less than 0.01) higher. 4. There was no difference in blood EtOH concentration between rats treated with ethanol with or without PA supplement. 5. The EtOH effect on ACh synthesis and PA concentration in the brain was observed in the chronic treatments but not in the acute treatments. 6. Data suggest that chronic ethanol exposure may decrease ACh synthesis by depleting PA, a precursor for the synthesis of acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is an essential substrate for ACh synthesis.
Living across Institutions: Exploring Sex-Based Homophily in Occupations and Voluntary Groups:

Occupational sex segregation is well documented. Research on voluntary associations shows that these also are segregated by sex. However, little is known about the connections between these institutions. In this research, we explore the effects of occupational sex composition on the sex composition of respondents' voluntary memberships. We find a positive relationship between the sex composition of men's occupations and the sex composition of their voluntary memberships. This effect is found for women only when full-time homemaking is considered as an occupation. We attribute differences in our findings to the nature of occupational ties in social networks.
Intranigral application of substance P antagonists prevents the haloperidol-induced activation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase.

The effect of intranigral injections of stable substance P analogs with antagonist properties, namely [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P and [D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9]-substance P, on the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway was studied. Dopaminergic neural activity was evaluated by measuring changes in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in response to systemic treatment with haloperidol. When injected into the substantia nigra of normal rats, neither of the two substance P analogs influenced the V max of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase or the affinity of the enzyme for its pteridine cofactor. However, when applied into the substantia nigra 10 min before systemic haloperidol, 20 μg of either substance P analog was able to prevent the haloperidol-induced activation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. The effect was not altered by concurrent microinjection of the GABA-antagonist bicuculline. These results suggests that nigral substance P plays an important role in the activation of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons produced by haloperidol. Thus, both substance P and GABA may reciprocally and independently regulate the activity of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in response to changes in dopamine receptor activity.
Neonatal nucleated red blood cells are a marker for infants at risk for cerebral white matter injury

FOR CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER INJURY ANADIR SILVA, RANDI SMITH, CHRISTOPH LEHMANN, CYNTHIA HOLCROFT, ERNEST GRAHAM, Johns Hopkins University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baltimore, Maryland, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Columbia, Maryland OBJECTIVE: Neonatal nucleated red blood cells (nnRBCs) are a marker of acute and chronic hypoxia, but also increase in inflammation. We sought to determine if nnRBC counts are associated with cerebral white matter (WM) injury in the preterm fetus. STUDY DESIGN: We identified infants with cerebral WM injury born at 23-34 weeks from 11/94-1/04. Each case was matched by gestational age with the next infant without WM injury. We excluded infants with aneuploidy or major anomalies. Data were analyzed by t-test and c, with P ! .05 considered significant. RESULTS: We identified 180 cases. Nnrbc count was done on admission to the NICU for 176/180 (97.8%) controls and 175/180 (97.2%) cases. Nonreassuring fetal heart tracing (36+70, 108+200, P = .001), absent/reversed end diastolic flow (39 + 80, 269 + 289, P= .001), meconium (48+98, 113+278, P = .01), IUGR (33 + 66, 205 + 249, P = .001), and culture + neonatal sepsis (37 + 76, 65 + 139, P = .02) were associated with significant increase in nnRBCs. CONCLUSION: Neonatal cerebral WM injury in the preterm fetus is associated with significant increase in nnRBC counts and culture + neonatal sepsis. Neonatal sepsis also was associated with higher nnRBC counts. While umbilical artery pH !7.0 was associated with increased nnRBC counts, it was not associated with increased WM injury.
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus may be a "two hit" disease: benign external hydrocephalus in infancy followed by deep white matter ischemia in late adulthood.

Purpose To determine if normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) could result from decreased resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by the arachnoidal villi, leading to benign external hydrocephalus [BEH] in infancy, followed by deep white matter ischemia (DWMI) in late adulthood (the more hydrophilic environment increasing resistance to CSF flow through the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain). Materials and Methods CSF outflow via the fourth ventricle and the ECS of the brain was mathematically modeled using a parallel electrical circuit analog. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured as a surrogate of the amount of water in the ECS in normals, patients with symptomatic NPH, and patients with dilated ventricles without symptoms of NPH (“pre-NPH”). Results The electrical circuit model demonstrates increasing ventricular volume with increasing resistance to flow through the ECS of the brain. ADC measurements performed in the centrum semiovale are significantly higher in patients with NPH and “pre-NPH” than in age-matched controls (P < 0.05), controlling for the same degree of DWMI indicating increased fluid in the ECS of the brain. Conclusion The electrical circuit analog and finding of increased periventricular ADC support the theory that NPH is a “two hit” disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Response of woody regeneration to thinning mature upland oak stands in Connecticut, USA

Abstract In 1989 all woody regeneration (less than 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) was inventoried on 27 paired plots in thinned and unthinned mature oak stands throughout Connecticut using four 13.5 m 2 circular subplots per plot. Stocking levels were reduced by 32% on thinned plots. Total regeneration density was not increased by thinning. Thinned plots had higher oak regeneration density than unthinned plots (6761 stems ha −1 and 5018 stems ha −1 , respectively). A greater proportion of oak regeneration was taller than 1.5 m on thinned (3.3%) than on unthinned plots (0.3%). Thinning increased the proportion of taller red maple and minor species. Total non-oak regeneration density was not increased by thinning, but thinning increased non-oak sapling density. Reducing subcanopy density by low thinning should be considered as a method of enhancing oak regeneration prior to initiating traditional regeneration cuts such as shelter-woods.
Wind Turbine Gearbox Fault Detection Using Multiple Sensors With Features Level Data Fusion

Fault detection in complex mechanical systems such as wind turbine gearboxes remains challenging, even with the recently significant advancement of sensing and signal processing technologies. For example, the non-stationary nature of the wind load may require the joint time-frequency domain feature extraction methods for the signals collected from the gearbox. In this paper, a harmonic wavelet based method is adopted, and a speed profile masking technique is developed to account for tachometer readings and gear meshing relationship. In such a way, those features with fault-related physical meanings can be highlighted. While multiple sensors yield redundant features, we fuse them through a statistical weighting approach based on principal component analysis. The fused data are fed to a simple decision making algorithm to verify the effectiveness. Using experimental data collected from a gearbox testbed emulating wind turbine operation, we can detect gear faults statistically for a given confidence level.© 2011 ASME
EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION ON THE VESICLE POPULATIONS OF RECEPTOR-BIPOLAR SYNAPSES.

A series of experiments was conducted to study the effects of light and dark adaptation on the vesicle populations of receptor-bipolar synapses. Albino guinea pigs were studied following 5 hours in intense light, as well as after 48 hours, 64 hours, and 9 days in the dark, and under “normal” conditions. In the first part over 1450 vesicles in 14 synapses were measured. The average diameter for each synapse was computed and the average for the state was determined. In the second part 25 vesicles from each of 5 synapses of the α-type were measured for two animals of the light-adapted state and two animals of the 9-day dark-adapted experiments. For comparison 25 vesicles in each of 7 β-type synapses were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out on the α-type synapse measurements. Variation from one animal to another, from one synapse to another, and the spread of vesicle sizes within any synapse were large factors. No effect of adaptation on vesicular diameter could be determined. This was also the intuitive conclusion of the first part.
Arms restraint and regional international law making: The case of the Economic Community of West African States

Former President Alpha Oumar Konare of Mali asked the UN Secretary-General to send a mission to Mali in 1993 to assess the situation caused by the widespread availability of weapons in that country. This historic visit gave rise to a series of national, regional and international efforts to contain arms proliferation.
Foot motions in manual material handling transfer tasks: A taxonomy and data from an automotive assembly plant

Ergonomic job analysis commonly applies static postural and biomechanical analysis tools to particular postures observed during manual material handling (MMH) tasks, usually focusing on the most extreme postures or those involving the highest loads. When these analyses are conducted prospectively using digital human models, accurate prediction of the foot placements is critical to realistic postural analyses. In automotive assembly jobs, workers frequently take several steps between task elements, for example, picking up a part at one location and moving to another location to place it on the vehicle. A detailed understanding of the influence of task type and task sequence on the stepping pattern is necessary to accurately predict the foot placements associated with MMH tasks. The current study examined the patterns of foot motions observed during automotive assembly tasks. Video data for 529 pickup and delivery tasks from 32 automotive assembly jobs were analysed. A minimum of five cycles was analysed for each task. The approach angle, departure angle, hand(s) used, manipulation height and patterns of footsteps were coded from the video. Object mass was identified from the job information sheet provided by the assembly plant. Three independent raters coded each video and demonstrated an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.54 for identification of the configuration of the lower extremities during terminal stance. Based on an analysis of the distribution of stepping behaviours during object transitions (pickups or deliveries), a transition classification system (TRACS) was developed. TRACS uses a compact notation to quantify the sequence of steps associated with a MMH transition. Five TRACS behaviour groups accounted for over 90% of the transition stepping behaviours observed in the assembly plant. Approximately two-thirds (68.4%) of the object transfers observed were performed with only one foot in contact with the ground during the terminal posture. The results from this paper suggest that a predictive model for choosing a transition stepping behaviour, coupled with a model to scale the selected foot behaviours, is needed to facilitate accurate prospective ergonomic analyses. This study proposes a method for categorising the stepping patterns associated with MMH tasks. The influence of task type and task sequence on the stepping patterns observed during several automotive assembly tasks is discussed. For prospective postural analyses conducted using digital human models, accurate prediction of the foot placements is critical to realistic postural analyses.