cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of thermally evaporated high resistive B-doped amorphous selenium alloy films and metal contact studies

Amorphous selenium (a-Se) alloy materials with arsenic, chlorine, boron, and lithium doping were synthesized for room temperature nuclear radiation detector applications using an optimized alloy composition for enhanced charge transport properties. A multi-step synthetic process has been implemented to first synthesize Se-As and Se-Cl master alloys from zone-refined Se (~ 7N), and then synthesized the final alloys for thermally evaporated large-area thin-film deposition on oxidized aluminum (Al/Al 2 O 3 ) and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Material purity, morphology, and compositional characteristics of the alloy materials and films were examined using glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive analysis by x-rays (EDAX). Current-Voltage (I-V) measurements were carried out to confirm very high resistivity of the alloy thin-films. We have further investigated the junction properties of the alloy films with a wide variety of metals with different work functions (Au, Ni, W, Pd, Cu, Mo, In, and Sn). The aim was to investigate whether the choice of metal can improve the performance of fabricated detectors by minimizing the dark leakage current. For various metal contacts, we have found significant dependencies of metal work functions on current transients by applying voltages from -800 V to +1000 V.
Four-extremity deep venous thrombosis on a brain injury rehabilitation unit: case report

Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LE DVT) is a fairly common condition among brain injury rehabilitation patients, occurring in up to 20% of all admissions. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UE DVT) is less common. However, its incidence is expected to increase due to the increasing usage of central venous catheterization (CVC). This paper reviews the course of treatment of a patient with recurrent malignant meningioma who was found to have fourextremity deep venous thrombosis on a baseline screening duplex Doppler ultrasonography at admission to an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit. The need for tumor embolization followed by surgical resection was felt to preclude chemical prophylaxis for DVT despite the significant risk factors of; age > 60, immobility, quadriplegia, surgery with anesthesia > 30 minutes, and diagnosis of cancer. Aggressive anticoagulation with close clinical monitoring allowed for successful participation in a full rehabilitation with only a brief delay. The appropriate treatment of this patient is discussed in light of the latest research findings. Recommendations for future treatment protocols and research are made.
A Novel Respiration-deficient Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae I. PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOTYPE AND MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE

Abstract A novel class of respiration-deficient (RD) yeast mutants has been isolated by a procedure designed to enrich for mitochondrial mutations. Four such independently isolated mutants exhibit a phenotype that differs from the classical petite mutant and does not show complementation with a DNA-less (p0) member of the latter class. One of these mutants, strain 73/1 was subjected to further analysis and found to exhibit mitochondrial inheritance on the basis of: (a) lack of this complementation; (b) non-Mendelian segregation of the RD trait after meiosis of diploids formed by mating with standard auxotrophic testers; (c) segregation on mitosis of these diploids, with the RD trait exhibiting vegetative dominance; (d) elimination of the trait and of c upon conversion to a p0 mutant by prolonged growth in the presence of ethidium bromide. Examination of the phenotype disclosed the absence in cells and mitochondria of cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome aa3, and of NADH- and succinate-cytochrome c reductases, and the presence of significant amounts of cytochromes b and c1. These two cytochromes appear reducible by succinate to a small and by NADH to a considerable extent. The mitochondrial ATPase in the mutant is sensitive to the specific inhibitor Dio-9 but resistant to oligomycin at concentrations that inhibit the wild type enzyme ≥50%. Unlike cytoplasmic petites, mitochondria of mutant 73/1 contain a functional protein-synthesizing system. Its cells appear capable not only of mitochondrial polypeptide chain initiation as measured by the formation of formylmethionyl puromycin, but also of incorporating labeled amino acids into mitochondrial proteins in the presence of cycloheximide, a process inhibited by chloramphenicol and acriflavin. The presence of a functional mitochondrial system of protein synthesis is confirmed by the elimination of the cytochrome b peak at 560 nm upon prolonged growth (six generations) in the presence of chloramphenicol. This conversion to a petite phenocopy is reversed completely upon removal of the inhibitor.
A new analysis of duration of pregnancy data

Abstract The duration of pregnancy problem, though more ancient than Hippocrates and still the constant source of a voluminous literature, has not as yet been studied by means of modern statistical methods. This is not surprising in view of the fact that the recent revolutionary discoveries in mathematical statistics relevant to the problem are still less generally understood than the theory of relativity, being almost entirely unknown outside of England and Russia, whereas research on duration of pregnancy in the last few years has principally centered in Germany. The present study was undertaken in order to reanalyze by new methods the results of the older writers, and by gathering a new body of data for comparison, to contribute, if possible, some new light on this age-old subject. ∗ ∗Acknowledgement is gratefully made by the authors to Drs. C. F. Fluhmann, R. V. A. Lee, A. W. Meyer, and A. B. Spalding of the Stanford Medical Faculty, and to Miss Louise Ophtils and the staff of Lane Medical Library for their generous suggestions and encouragement in the pursuit of this study.
Reflections of Reflections Without End

Indra's Pearls The Vision of Felix Klein. David Mumford, Caroline Series, and David Wright. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. 416 pp. $50, £27.95. ISBN 0-521-35253-3. Chaos, fractals, and hyperbolic geometry are among the topics taken up through the authors' computer-aided explorations of the ways in which a pair of Mobius maps can interact.
Renin and angiotensinogen gene expression in maturing rat kidney.

To determine whether angiotensinogen (Ao) and renin are synthesized by the immature kidney and to assess the changes in intrarenal renin distribution that occur with maturation, the kidneys from 24...
A Review of “Nondigestible Carbohydrates and Digestive Health”

We have all heard in recent years about the need for increased fiber intake to improve digestion and colon health. However, when the discussion turns to soluble versus insoluble fiber, probiotics v...
An empirical evaluation of weak mutation

Mutation testing is a fault-based technique for unit-level software testing. Weak mutation was proposed as a way to reduce the expense of mutation testing. Unfortunately, weak mutation is also expected to provide a weaker test of the software than mutation testing does. This paper presents results from an implementation of weak mutation, which we used to evaluate the effectiveness versus the efficiency of weak mutation. Additionally, we examined several options in an attempt to find the most appropriate way to implement weak mutation. Our results indicate that weak mutation can be applied in a manner that is almost as effective as mutation testing, and with significant computational savings. >
INDUCTION OF RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-β IN THE MUCOSA OF RAT ILEUM AFTER THERMAL INJURY. † 761

INDUCTION OF RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-β IN THE MUCOSA OF RAT ILEUM AFTER THERMAL INJURY. † 761
Potential Effects of Recent Road Transportation Accidents on Radioactive Material Shipments

In 2007, two severe transportation accidents, involving primarily long-haul tractor trailers, occurred in the State of California. In the first, which occurred in Oakland in the “MacArthur Maze” section of Interstate 580, a tractor trailer carrying gasoline impacted an overpass support column and burst into flames. The subsequent fire, which burned for over 2 hours, led to the collapse of the overpass onto the remains of the tractor trailer, due to the loss of strength in the steel exposed to the fire. The second incident was a chain-reaction accident involving several tractor trailers in the I-5 “Newhall Pass” truck bypass tunnel in Santa Clarita. This accident also involved an intense fire that damaged the tunnel and required the closing of the tunnel for repairs to the concrete walls. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission is studying both these accidents to examine any potential regulatory implications related to the safe transport of radioactive materials and spent nuclear fuel in the United States. This paper will provide a summary of that effort.Copyright © 2008 by ASME and U.S. Government
First-passage times for nonlinear evolution in the presence of dichotomous noise.

The time evolution of a particle that switches randomly between two deterministic states, one stationary and the other one mobile, is studied. The methods of J. C. Giddings and H. Eyring (J. Phys. Chem. 59, 416 (1955); J. C. Giddings, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 169 (1957)) and that of G. H. Weiss, J. Masoliver, K. Lindenberg, and B. J. West (Phys. Rev. A 36, 1435 (1987)) are extended to treat arbitrary evolution laws in the mobile phase and shown to lead to identical results. Several applications of interest are presented.
Peer to peer video streaming in Bluetooth overlays

As Bluetooth is available in most personal and portable terminals (eg, cellular phone, PDA, videocamera, laptop, etc) Peer-to-peer video streaming through Bluetooth networks is now a reality. Camera equipped Bluetooth phones capture video and broadcast it to other Bluetooth devices and to the infrastructure. Tra ditionally, large scale Bluetooth networks were designed using scatternet concepts. However, many Bluetooth devices do not support Scatternet connections and, even if they support it, they provide only very limited features suitable mostly for static environments. In high mobility situations, a traditional Scatternet design is not useful because of frequent disconnections and reconnections. To overcome these problems, we propose overlaid Bluetooth Piconets (OBP) and simplified overlaid Bluetooth Piconets (SOBP) that interconnect Piconets forming virtual Scatternets. In OBP, every Piconet dynamically reconfigures to collect metadata from neighboring Piconets. If metadata shows the existence of useful data to transfer, an inter-Piconet connection is made to carry out the transfer. SOBP can be used instead of OBP once neighbor Piconets have already discovered each other. In this paper, we compare via analysis and simulation the throughput and efficiency of OBP, SOBP and Scatternet for video applications. We demonstrate the feasibility of video over OBP and SOBP for a representative application.
"One-and-a-half" syndrome after a resection of a midline cerebellar astrocytoma: case report and discussion of the literature

This report describes a rare complication after the resection of a tumor of the posterior fossa, the "one-and-a-half" syndrome. The one-and-a-half syndrome is a disturbance of horizontal eye movements in which patients have lateral gaze palsy in one direction and internuclear ophthalmoplegia in the other direction. The patient was a 54-year-old woman who developed headaches, diplopia, and blurred vision over 6 months. Computed tomographic scans and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an enhancing, mixed density, midline mass of the cerebellum. After a resection of the mass, an anaplastic astrocytoma, the patient complained of more severe diplopia and facial weakness. An examination disclosed a left one-and-a-half syndrome, left peripheral facial paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, mild left hemiparesis, dysmetria of the left upper limb, and truncal ataxia. The brain stem showed no abnormalities on postoperative computed tomographic scans. After 4 months of follow-up, the one-and-a-half syndrome had not improved, even though other signs had improved or resolved. This syndrome is caused by damage to structures within the pontine tegmentum: the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the ipsilateral paramedian pontine reticular formation, or the ipsilateral abducens nucleus. Multiple sclerosis and brain stem infarction are the most common causes of the one-and-a-half syndrome. Less frequently, it is caused by primary and metastatic tumors of the brain stem and cerebellum. Rarely, the one-and-a-half syndrome can develop postoperatively after the removal of tumors of the posterior fossa. The mechanism of pontine tegmental injury remains unknown.
Automated segmentation of digitized mammograms

Rationale and Objectives. Fast and reliable segmentation of digital mammograms into breast and nonbreast regions is an important prerequisite for further image analysis. We are developing a segmentation algorithm that is fully automated and can operate independent of type of digitizing system, image orientation, and image projection. Methods. The algorithm identifies unexposed and direct-exposure image regions and generates a border surrounding the valid breast region, which can then be used as input for further image analysis. The program was tested on 740 digitized mammograms; the segmentation results were evaluated by two expert mammographers and two medical physicists. Results. In 97% of the mammograms, the segmentation results were rated as acceptable for use in computer-aided diagnostic schemes. Segmentation problems encountered in the remaining 22 images (2.9%) were most often caused by digitization artifacts or poor mammographic technique. Conclusion. The developed algorithm can serve as a component of an “intelligent” workstation for computer-aided diagnosis in mammography.
Understanding the process of faulting: selected challenges and opportunities at the edge of the 21st century

Abstract Displacement distributions along fault surfaces are a record of the processes of fault nucleation, slip, linkage, and propagation. Because several disparate processes can collectively influence the fault displacements, the relative contributions of these processes can be challenging, but are therefore necessary, to decipher. Continued advances in the mechanics of discontinuous slip surfaces in rock masses, when combined with appropriate field studies, should determine the roles of cohesive end zones, fault interaction, and propagation direction in shaping the displacement distributions. Studies of faults on other planetary surfaces provide a window into the role of a broad range of environmental conditions that can influence the faulting process. More inroads need to be made into traditional strain-based classes in structural geology so that mechanically sound concepts of fault analysis can become better utilized in the curriculum and by the non-specialist geological community.
Metabolic Gradients: A New System for Old Questions

Metabolic gradients are likely to be crucial to normal and abnormal development of cells and tissues. As shown by a new study, a Xenopus egg model system has great promise to illuminate quantitative measures of metabolic gradients in living cytoplasm.
Efficiency estimation using rotating panel data models

Abstract This paper considers specification and estimation of technical efficiency using the stochastic production frontier technique in a rotating panel data environment. The maximum likelihood method is developed to estimate both the parameters of a translog production function and technical efficiency for each production unit over time. The efficiency measures derived in this paper are free from time-invariant individual-specific effects.
Hematocrit values of capillary blood in the newborn infant

Summary Hematocrit levels of the capillary blood of 629 healthy newborn infants were measured. The mean hematocrit level of the first day of life was 62.9 per cent (S.D.=3.2) and decreased gradually to 53.7 per cent (S.D.=2.5) by the tenth day of life. A comparison of hematocrit measurements on venous and capillary blood samples from 75 newborn infants supports the data of earlier studies which showed that capillary blood is more concentrated that venous blood during the first week of life.
Intuition and Philosophical Methodology

Intuition serves a variety of roles in contemporary philosophy. This paper provides a historical discussion of the revival of intuition in the 1970s, untangling some of the ways that intuition has been used and offering some suggestions concerning its proper place in philosophical investigation. Contrary to some interpretations of the results of experimental philosophy, it is argued that generalized skepticism with respect to intuition is unwarranted. Intuition can continue to play an important role as part of a methodologically conservative stance towards philosophical investigation. I argue that methodological conservatism should be sharply distinguished from the process of evaluating individual propositions. Nevertheless, intuition is not always a reliable guide to truth and experimental philosophy can serve a vital ameliorative role in determining the scope and limits of our intuitive competence with respect to various areas of inquiry.
The Sublime Dance of Mende Politics: An African Aesthetic of Charismatic Power

In this ethnography of politics, the theory of the sublime is used to clarify the aesthetics of power among the Mende of Sierra Leone. A key formal dimension of this aesthetics is the dialectic of extraordinary visible effects caused by powerful hidden means, which is analyzed through the cultural analogy of dance and politics. This dialectic is also shown to link the aesthetics of the sublime with the politics of charisma as expressing similar logics of expressive power. Aesthetics is treated as an ethnographic heuristic for understanding political power and agency. The Mende political sublime raises broader questions for social theory about the relationship between aesthetics and agency as modeled by the opposition in aesthetic theory between beauty and the sublime. It also addresses the implications of this aesthetic opposition for the typology of agency found in the period ization of premodern, modern, and postmodern social conditions, [the sublime versus beauty, aesthetics of power, charisma, West African political culture, premodern versus postmodern agency]
A generalized database access path model

Access paths are essential for the operation of database access methods, and their structures can greatly influence the search efficiency and storage requirements. In this paper we develop a general access path model that is shown to characterize a wide class of file organizations. An integrated file organization, which includes all the basic file organizations as special cases, is subsequently derived. If used as the underlying structure for a database, this integrated file organization can be subjected to optimization techniques to yield an optimal database performance.
Use of Ejection Fraction Tests and Coronary Angiography in Patients With Heart Failure

OBJECTIVE To examine the use of tests that measure ejection fraction (EF) and the use of coronary angiography among patients with an initial diagnosis of heart failure (HF). PATIENTS AND METHODS All potential cases of incident HF in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1979 and 1999 were identified. In a random sample of cases validated with the Framingham criteria, we examined the frequency of tests that measure EF (echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, and left ventricular angiography) and coronary angiography within 90 days after diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 655 patients with incident HF were included in the analysis. The use of tests that measure EF and coronary angiography increased early in the study period but stabilized thereafter. In the most recent years (1995-1999), EF was measured in 65% of the patients and coronary angiography performed in 12%. After adjustment for year of diagnosis, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, comorbidity, prior myocardial infarction, and prior angina, men were more likely than women to have EF measured (odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.16) and coronary angiography (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.43-4.76). Increasing age was associated with less use of tests (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.91; for EF measurement; OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.63-0.82; for coronary angiography for every 5-year increase in age). CONCLUSION Among patients with HF, tests that measure EF are used substantially less than recommended, and coronary angiograms are used infrequently. Use was particularly low in women and elderly patients. Given the potential benefits of such tests, including more appropriate therapy and more objective monitoring of ventricular function, outcomes in persons with HF may be improved with more consistent use.
COMMERCIAL ACCELERATED PORK PROCESSING: YIELDS OF FRESH CARCASS CUTS

Accelerated pork processing, the processing of the pork carcass immediately following slaughter into primal and processed cuts, was studied under commercial packinghouse conditions using 225 market hog carcasses. The carcasses were selected at random from the slaughter operation and one side assigned to accelerated and the other side to conventional processing. Conventional sides were chilled and processed 24 hr after slaughter while accelerated sides were processed within 1 hr of slaughter. Weights were obtained on all primal cuts and trimmings removed from the carcass during fabrication. Accelerated cuts were chilled in an experimental chill chamber until mass average temperature reached 4.4°C. Following chilling, all cuts were reweighed and retained in a holding cooler (1.7°C). After chilling and tempering, no differences were found in cut yields between the two processing methods. Minor variation in cutting techniques was observed between the accelerated and conventional processing methods; experience and redirected quality control standards could reduce this variation. There were no differences after chilling and tempering.
Amphibian decline and extinction: what we know and what we need to learn?

For over 350 million yr, thousands of amphibian species have lived on Earth. Since the 1980s, amphibians have been disappearing at an alarming rate, in many cases quite suddenly. What is causing these declines and extinctions? In the modern era (post 1500) there are 6 leading causes of biodiversity loss in general, and all of these acting alone or together are responsible for modern amphibian declines: commercial use; introduced/exotic species that compete with, prey on, and parasitize native frogs and salamanders; land use change; contaminants; climate change; and infectious disease. The first 3 causes are historical in the sense that they have been operating for hundreds of years, although the rate of change due to each accelerated greatly after about the mid-20th century. Contaminants, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases are modern causes suspected of being responsible for the so-called 'enigmatic decline' of amphibians in protected areas. Introduced/exotic pathogens, land use change, and infectious disease are the 3 causes with a clear role in amphibian decline as well as extinction; thus far, the other 3 causes are only implicated in decline and not extinction. The present work is a review of the 6 causes with a focus on pathogens and suggested areas where new research is needed. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a chytrid fungus that is an emerging infectious disease causing amphibian population decline and species extinction. Historically, pathogens have not been seen as a major cause of extinction, but Bd is an exception, which is why it is such an interesting, important pathogen to understand. The late 20th and early 21st century global biodiversity loss is characterized as a sixth extinction event. Amphibians are a striking example of these losses as they disappear at a rate that greatly exceeds historical levels. Consequently, modern amphibian decline and extinction is a lens through which we can view the larger story of biodiversity loss and its consequences.
Cyanobacteria as Cell Factories to Produce Plant Secondary Metabolites

Cyanobacteria represent a promising platform for the production of plant secondary metabolites. Their capacity to express plant P450 proteins, which have essential functions in the biosynthesis of many plant secondary metabolites, make cyanobacteria ideal for this purpose, and their photosynthetic capability makes it possible to eliminate expensive carbohydrate feedstocks from the culture medium. This review summarizes the advantages of using cyanobacteria to transgenically produce plant secondary metabolites. Some techniques to improve heterologous gene expression in cyanobacteria are discussed.
Scatterometry or Imaging Overlay a Comparative Study

Most fabrication facilities today use imaging overlay measurement methods, as it has been the industry’s reliable workhorse for decades. In the last few years, third-generation Scatterometry Overlay (SCOL™) or Diffraction Based Overlay (DBO-1) technology was developed, along another DBO technology (DBO-2). This development led to the question of where the DBO technology should be implemented for overlay measurements. Scatterometry has been adopted for high volume production in only few cases, always with imaging as a backup, but scatterometry overlay is considered by many as the technology of the future. In this paper we compare imaging overlay and DBO technologies by means of measurements and simulations. We outline issues and sensitivities for both technologies, providing guidelines for the best implementation of each. For several of the presented cases, data from two different DBO technologies are compared as well, the first with Pupil data access (DBO-1) and the other without pupil data access (DBO-2). Key indicators of overlay measurement quality include: layer coverage, accuracy, TMU, process robustness and robustness to process changes. Measurement data from real cases across the industry are compared and the conclusions are also backed by simulations. Accuracy is benchmarked with reference OVL, and self-consistency, showing good results for Imaging and DBO-1 technology. Process sensitivity and metrology robustness are mostly simulated with MTD (Metrology Target Designer) comparing the same process variations for both technologies. The experimental data presented in this study was done on ten advanced node layers and three production node layers, for all phases of the IC fabrication process (FEOL, MEOL and BEOL). The metrology tool used for most of the study is KLA-Tencor’s Archer 500LCM system (scatterometry-based and imaging-based measurement technologies on the same tool) another type of tool is used for DBO-2 measurements. Finally, we conclude that both imaging overlay technology and DBO-1 technology are fully successful and have a valid roadmap for the next few design nodes, with some use cases better suited for one or the other measurement technologies. Having both imaging and DBO technology options available in parallel, allows Overlay Engineers a mix and match overlay measurement strategy, providing back up when encountering difficulties with one of the technologies and benefiting from the best of both technologies for every use case.
Atrial vulnerability in the immature canine heart

The induction of repetitive atrial responses during atrial extrastimulation (atrial vulnerability) was studied in 3 groups of dogs. Group I consisted of 19 neonatal puppies (age 3 to 15 days), group II of 10 older puppies (age 5 to 11 weeks) and group III of 10 adult dogs. In all dogs, atrial extrastimulation was performed coupled to a constant paced rhythm that was 85 +/- 7% of the sinus cycle length at rest in group I, 86 +/- 6% in group II and 83 +/- 10% in group III. In all groups, atrial repetitive responses were observed as the atrial functional refractory periods were approached during extrastimulation; however, the number of repetitive atrial responses was greater and the duration of repetitive firing longer in the neonates. In the neonatal group as many as 28 repetitive atrial responses were induced (9.4 +/- 8.2 beats) and the duration of repetitive atrial firing averaged 838 ms (range 120 to 2,425). In contrast, in only 1 of 20 older puppies and adult dogs were more than 2 repetitive atrial beats observed (number of repetitive atrial beats in group II, 1.7 +/- 1; in group III, 1.2 +/- 0.5). Thus, the normal neonatal atrium is more susceptible to intraatrial reentry in response to premature extrastimulation than the more mature canine atrium. This enhanced atrial vulnerability may be related to the shorter atrial refractory periods of the neonate and may be of importance in understanding the genesis of certain dysrhythmias in the human neonate.
Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults

T. vaginalis infection (trichomoniasis) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the U.S. It is associated with increased HIV risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Trichomoniasis surveillance data do not exist for either national or local populations. The Monitoring STIs Survey Program (MSSP) collected survey data and specimens which were tested using nucleic acid amplification tests to monitor trichomoniasis and other STIs in 2006–09 among a probability sample of young adults (N = 2,936) in Baltimore, Maryland — an urban area with high rates of reported STIs. The estimated prevalence of trichomoniasis was 7.5% (95% CI 6.3, 9.1) in the overall population and 16.1% (95% CI 13.0, 19.8) among Black women. The overwhelming majority of infected men (98.5%) and women (73.3%) were asymptomatic. Infections were more common in both women (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.6, 8.2) and men (OR = 9.0, 95% CI 1.8, 44.3) with concurrent chlamydial infection. Trichomoniasis did not vary significantly by age for either men or women. Women with two or more partners in the past year and women with a history of personal or partner incarceration were more likely to have an infection. Overall, these results suggest that routine T vaginalis screening in populations at elevated risk of infection should be considered.
Electron transport in avalanching GaAs diodes

Magnetoresistance measurements on avalanching GaAs diodes lead to an estimate of 1.6 × 10-15sec for the scattering time of avalanching electrons at 300K. This is consistent with the time recently calculated by Monte Carlo techniques. It confirms that impact ionization by electrons in GaAs is initiated by carriers that make several collisions in the process rather than by ballistic carriers which impact ionize without any interaction with phonons.
Eastern Pacific spreading rate fluctuation and its relation to Pacific area volcanic episodes

Rea, D.K. and Scheidegger, K.F., 1979. Eastern Pacific spreading rate fluctuation and its relation to Pacific area volcanic episodes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 5: 135--148. Sea-floor spreading rates from four locations along the Nazca-Pacific plate boundary and one along the Juan de Fuca-Pacific plate boundary show variations over the past 2.4 m.y., with decreasing rates prior to the Jaramillo to Olduvai time interval (0.92--1.73 m.y. ago) and increasing rates since then. Other Pacific area volcanic phenomena in mid-plate and convergent-boundary settings also show minima about 1.3--1.5 m.y. ago and a maximum at present and another maximum about 5 m.y. ago: extrusion rates along the Hawaiian Ridge; volcanic episodes associated with calc-alkalic provinces of western Oregon and Central America; temporal variations in the SiO 2 content of Aleutian ash layers; and the number of deep-sea ash layers. These phenomena may fluctuate in response to changing spreading rates. 'During times of more rapid spreading increased shear and melting along lithospheric boundaries may occasion increased volcanic activity, whereas during times of less rapid spreading volcanic activity may be less intense.
Men’s misperceptions about the acceptability and attractiveness of aggression

Abstract Male norms about aggression may be perpetuated in part by the belief that aggression is more expected or socially desirable than it really is. This paper explores the accuracy of people’s beliefs about the acceptability of aggression by examining men’s perceptions of descriptive (what their peers do) and injunctive norms (what their peers approve of or desire). Study 1 found that men (but not women) overestimated the aggressiveness of their peers. Study 2 demonstrated that men (but not women) overestimated peer approval of aggression and disapproval when an affront was not responded to aggressively. Study 3 found that men overestimate how attractive aggression is to women. Study 4 found that greater perceived discrepancies in aggression between self and peers was related to lower self-esteem, a weaker gender identification, and greater feelings of social marginalization, suggesting that men’s misperceptions about aggression norms have negative consequences for self-perceptions.
143 SERUM IMMUNOREACTIVE ERYTHROPOIETIN (Ep) CORRELATES WITH HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) LEVEL AND RATE OF GROWTH DURING INFANCY

Ep is thought to be the major factor controlling erythropoiesis throughout development. Its production is stimulated by tissue hypoxemia. Because there are no data on the relationship of Ep and Hb in healthy term infants during the period of physiologic anemia, we measured monthly Ep (by RIA) and Hb levels in 25 normal formula-fed infants during months 2-7 of life. In addition, since rate of growth has been correlated with Ep levels in neonatal animals, we examined the relationship of Ep with growth rate. We observed that Ep correlated indirectly with hemoglobin (r = -0.49, p <0.0001, Fig), and directly with rate of growth in weight (r = 0.48. p < 0.0001, Fig) and in length (r = 0.35, p < 0.0001). When Ep was examined as the dependent variable using multiple regression, both Hb and rate of weight gain were significantly associated with Ep (multiple R = 0.55, p <0.0001). Thus in addition to the anticipated negative feedback effect of oxygen delivery on Ep production, we speculate that rapid growth and/or growth factors may also influence serum Ep levels in normal infants during the first months of life.
Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood–brain barriers

One of the major hurdles in developing therapeutic agents is the difficulty in delivering drugs through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers (BBB). The goal here is to describe the general structures of the biological barriers and the strategies to enhance drug delivery across these barriers. Prodrug methods used to improve drug penetration via the transcellular pathway have been successfully developed, and some prodrugs have been used to treat patients. The use of transporters to improve absorption of some drugs (e.g., antiviral agents) has also been successful in treating patients. Other methods, including blocking the efflux pumps to improve transcellular delivery, and modulation of cell-cell adhesion in the intercellular junctions to improve paracellular delivery across biological barriers, are still in the investigational stage.
Incorporation of chromium in vegetation through root uptake and foliar absorption pathways

Abstract The deposition of chromate transported in cooling tower drift has been identified as a potential environmental problem. Research at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) cooling towers has provided quantitative evidence of the transfer of chromium from drift to vegetation and soil, its short-term effects on the vegetation, and its possible accumulation in the soil. In this paper, the potential for incorporation of chromium in vegetation by root uptake and foliar absorption was studied using water from the chromated recirculating water system of the ORGDP cooling towers. Concentration factors for roots (5.1–14.3) of plants grown in soil treated with chromated recirculating water were two orders of magnitude greater than concentration factors for leaves (0.05–0.20), indicating that the chromium was immobilized at the site applied (roots) and not transported to aboveground parts. Similarly, concentration factors in roots of the plants treated with foliar application of chromated recirculating water ranged from 0.01 to 0.10, indicating that the chromium was not transported basipetally.
The probability distribution of a soil moisture index

Abstract Soil moisture budgets for Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. and for Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada were computed using standard climatological data. A non-dimensional soil moisture index (SMI) is defined and good agreement was found between the index computed from climatological data and the index observed from soil moisture data. The frequency distributions of daily, 10-day mean and 30-day mean values of the SMI for both locations are discussed and compared with the Beta probability distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test indicated that the Beta distribution is a good statistical model for approximating the frequency distribution of the SMI in the interval 0–1. The mixed distribution, a more general model with the Beta probability distribution as a component part, is used in those conditions where the SMI exceeds the unity. This mixed distribution was applied to Columbia data and Swift Current data to determine several probabilities and soil moisture index levels.
Improved difference approximations to the heat equation

A method for obtaining difference equations from differential equations which has previously been applied to ordinary differential equations is here applied to the time-dependent heat conduction equation as a representative example of parabolic partial differential equations. Explicit difference equations are derived which are stable for all values of αΔt/Δ2 and are also accurate. Implicit-algorithms with improved accuracy are also derived. Problems in cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinates are treated.
Dust storms originating in the northern hemisphere during the third mapping year of Mars Global Surveyor

Abstract Data from the third Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mapping year (MY 26, 2003–2005) are used to investigate dust storms originating in the northern hemisphere. Flushing dust storms, which originate as frontal dust storms at the northern polar vortex edge and propagate southward through topographic channels, are observed immediately before and after a quiescent period that occurs around the northern winter solstice ( 240 ° L s 300 ° ). Both the pre- and post-solstice active periods can be further divided into two sub-periods. The most vigorous of these flushing storms occurred during L s 210–220° and L s 310–320°. The lifted dust crossed the equator and accumulated in the southern hemisphere. These major dust storms enhanced the Hadley circulation and suppressed the lower-level baroclinic eddies in the northern mid and high latitudes. The 2–3 sol wave number m = 3 traveling waves show the best correlation with flushing dust storms and can combine with other wave modes to produce storm tracks and fronts within individual sub-periods.
Identification by X-rays of interface compounds on oxide cathodes.

A RECENT paper by Fineman and Eisenstein1 has presented interesting observations concerning the interfacial films formed between coating and metal core material on alkaline earth oxide-coated cathodes. Nickel alloys containing impurity elements such as magnesium, aluminium or silicon (or like elements) are commonly employed for these cathodes, and it has been, accepted for many years that the process of activation is facilitated by the presence of one or other of the above impurities2. Chemical reaction with the alkaline earth oxide at elevated temperatures frees barium ions which are required for the development of the thermionic emission.
Open Space, Residential Property Values, and Spatial Context

We use hedonic analysis of home transaction data from the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area to estimate the effects of proximity to open space on sales price. We allow the effects of proximity to vary with demographic and location-specific characteristics and include fixed effects to control for observed and unobserved neighborhood characteristics. We find that the value of proximity to open space is higher in neighborhoods that are dense, near the central business district, high-income, high-crime, or home to many children. Using the metropolitan area's average value may substantially overestimate or underestimate the value of open space in particular neighborhoods.
Predicting the onset of nucleate boiling in wavy free-falling turbulent liquid films

Abstract Experiments are performed to develop a fundamental understanding of boiling incipience in wavy free-falling turbulent liquid films. Incipience conditions are measured and correlated for water and a fluorocarbon (FC-72) liquid. Incipience in water films is influenced by turbulent eddies and, to a larger extent, by interfacial waves. A new approach to predicting incipience in water and other non-wetting fluids is presented. This approach utilizes physical parameters of commonly accepted incipience models and provides a means of correcting these models for the effects of turbulent eddies and roll waves. This study also demonstrates some unique incipience characteristics of fluorocarbon films. The weak surface tension forces of FC-72 allow droplets and liquid streams to break off the crests of incoming roll waves prior to, and during nucleate boiling. The low contact angle of FC-72 allows the liquid to penetrate deep inside wall cavities. Thus incipience from these flooded cavities requires much higher wall superheat than predicted from incipience models.
Vagal tone monitoring: a potential indicator of anti-cholinesterase exposure in Macaca mulatta.

A vagal tone monitor (VTM) was used to evaluate cardiac rhythm changes in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) after intramuscular (i.m.) administration of an anti-cholinergic (atropine sulfate), two carbamates (pyridostigmine bromide and physostigmine salicylate), and combinations of pyridostigmine and atropine. Twelve monkeys were studied in 4 experiments using Latin Square blind designs. Experiment I tested the VTM responses to atropine sulfate injections of 0, 14, 44 and 140 micrograms/kg. Experiment II tested the responses to 0, 100, 200 and 400 micrograms/kg pyridostigmine injections. Experiment III tested the responses to physostigmine injections of 0, 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/kg. Experiment IV tested the same atropine sulfate treatments as Experiment I 30 min after a pyridostigmine pretreatment of 200 micrograms/kg. The VTM analysis produced an estimate of vagal tone (V) every 30 s, and V was averaged over 15 min. The results indicated that V responded more to physostigmine and atropine than pyridostigmine. There was also an attenuated response to atropine following pyridostigmine pretreatment. The attenuated response had been demonstrated earlier in organophosphate (OP) treated dogs. The results suggest that V may be used as a non-invasive indicator of cholinergic drug effects.
Spectroscopic investigations of amber

Abstract Amber has engaged the human imagination from the beginning of recorded history and, as the archaeological record shows, for as long as this apparent product of the earth, of mysterious origin and singular properties, has been known to our ancestors.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTICOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Multicommunity development organizations (MDOs) are one strategy implemented by rural communities to promote economic growth. In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of these organizations and the attributes that influence their success in attracting and retaining jobs. Several factors within MDO control were found to influence the ability of such organizations to attract new employment opportunities. Organizations with larger budgets and staff were found to be more effective in job creation. Traditional economic and locational variables, as well as the institutional characteristics of the MDOs, were important when evaluating their success in job retention. Older MDOs with larger budgets in regions with higher levels of manufacturing employment, higher average earnings per job, and lower per-capita income were most successful at retaining existing employment opportunities.
Statistical thermodynamics of block copolymers: Network statistics

Abstract The swelling behavior of a lamellar domain system of an ABA block copolymer is treated, with account taken of the relative population of the B chains as “loops” and “bridges.” The swelling behavior is not a sensitive function of these configurations, since both types in condensed systems are elastically effective, in contrast to the behavior of isolated chains.
Translocated effectors of Yersinia

Currently, all known translocated effectors of Yersinia are delivered into host cells by type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Pathogenic Yersinia maintain the plasmid-encoded Ysc T3SS for the specific delivery of the well-studied Yop effectors. New horizons for effector biology have opened with the discovery of the Ysps of Y. enterocolitica Biovar 1B, which are translocated into host cells by the chromosome-endoded Ysa T3SS. The reported arsenal of effectors is likely to expand since genomic analysis has revealed gene-clusters in some Yersinia that code for other T3SSs. These efforts also revealed possible type VI secretion (T6S) systems, which may indicate that translocation of effectors occurs by multiple mechanisms.
Identification of novel targets of immunosuppressive agents by cDNA-based microarray analysis.

The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) bind to unrelated intracellular immunophilin receptors, cyclophilin (CyP) and FK506-binding protein (FKBP), respectively. The complexes of CsA·CyP and of FK506·FKBP both bind to and inhibit the activity of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. We used cDNA microarray analysis to characterize early human peripheral blood T cell transcriptional responses following antigen receptor stimulation in the absence or presence of CsA or FK506, hoping to identify novel targets dependent upon calcineurin or immunophilins or, perhaps, specific targets of either CyP or FKBP inhibitable by one drug alone. The array data failed to identify genes uniquely sensitive to only one drug, suggesting that transcriptionally regulated, immunophilin-dependent but calcineurin-independent targets fell below the limits of detection in this system. In contrast, transcript profiling identified and mRNA and protein analysis confirmed novel as well as known genes reproducibly induced or inhibited by both immunosuppressive agents. In this context, we show that transcriptional activation of Stat5a and repression of the cytokine interleukin-16 are regulated by T cell receptor engagement and dependent upon drug-immunophilin complexes and, presumably, calcineurin activity.
Bromination of Cyclohexa-1,3-diene and (R,S)-Cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol

The configuration of 1,2,3,4-tetrabromocyclohexane (mp 90 °C), 5a, has been established as 1,2t,3t,4c by an X-ray crystallographic determination. The structures of two of three dibromocyclohexenes ...
Transluminal migration of ingested foreign body without peritonitis

The authors present 2 cases of transluminal migration of an ingested foreign body into the peritoneal cavity without causing peritonitis. Clinical and radiologic features and surgical approach are described, focusing on the absence of an acute abdomen in transluminal migration and the use of laparoscopy in achieving extraction of the foreign object.