cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The convergence of Kuhn and cognitive psychology

Although psychology has been criticized for adhering to outmoded conceptions of knowledge (e.g. logical positivism), the as'sertion is made that at least one branch of psychology, namely cognitive psychology, is in the position to corroborate and extend contemporary philosophy of science. Kuhn's "learned perception of similarity" and the related notion of exemplar, which serve to exemplify more adequate conceptions of knowledge within the philosophy of science, are shown to converge with cognitive psychology's schema theory. In this way, the schema theory's empirical offspring provide a validation mechanism for Kuhn's notions and thus provide a richer understanding of the scientiftc enterprise. This convergence is seen as instantiating an epistemological trend towards understanding the limitations and validity of scientific evidence through an understanding of the limitations and validity of the scientist. The methodological and philosophical autonomy of psychology has been in question since its claim to independence. This conformity to exogenous principles grows largely out of psychology's early dependency on the more established natural sciences (e.g. physics) and philosophy of science (e.g. logical positivism) for its sense of direction. However, Koch (1964) notes that within the past two decades these very same disciplines on which psychology modeled itself appear to be "working toward, or inviting into existence, a redefinition of knowledge based on an empirical analysis of inquiry of a sort which must largely depend on psychological modes of analysis" (p. 5). In this way, psychology stands in the paradoxical position of simultaneously adhering to outmoded conceptions of knowledge while being looked upon, by the rest of the scholarly community, as providing an instrument for a more adequate conception. But while mainstream psychology has remained anchored to its antiquated past, other disciplines, such as the philosophy of science, have stepped into the forefront of this new era by characterizing science more descriptively (i.e. how science is practiced) rather than normatively (i.e. how science ought to be practiced). This is to say philosophers of science, in describing their enterprise, have come to acknowledge the psycho-social components of those who practice it, thus leading to a more adequate conception of the field. The arrival of Thomas S. Kuhn's essay, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, as well as his subsequent works (197Oa, 1970b, 1977), exemplify, via a psycho-social analysis of the scientific community, this shift away from a normative analysis of science toward a descriptive one. Hence, it would appear that psychology, by clinging to its primordial past, is destined once again to fall behind in the active pursuit of an adequate
Solid-phase synthesis development of a thymidinyl and 2′-deoxyuridinyl Ugi library for anti-bacterial agent screening

Abstract A solid-phase synthesis has been developed to make a thymidinyl and 2′-deoxyuridinyl Ugi library starting from 5′-azidonucleosides loaded onto polystyrene butyl diethylsilane (PS-DES) resin. Library synthesis development including: Ugi reaction optimization; selection of building blocks and optimization to 96-well filter plate synthesis are reported. A 1344 member library was synthesized for anti-bacterial screening.
Root Cause Mechanism for Delamination/Cracking in Stacked Die Chip Scale Packages

A key challenge in the development of ultra-thin stacked die chip scale packages is to meet package performance requirements without delamination. Interfacial delamination and cohesive failure are particular concerns. The root cause of this type of failure is difficult to discern, even with extensive root cause analysis and focused DOEs. Through comprehensive simulation and material characterization, three key parameters were identified which affected the package performance, i.e., substrate thickness, reflow time and substrate diffusivity. The root cause model established the relationship between moisture uptake, material properties such as diffusivity and porosity, and vapor pressure buildup. Two scenarios with regard to package behavior during soldering reflow are predicted.
Parametric study of ReaxFF simulation parameters for molecular dynamics modeling of reactive carbon gases

The development of innovative carbon-based materials can be greatly facilitated by molecular modeling techniques. Although the Reax Force Field (ReaxFF) can be used to simulate the chemical behavior of carbon-based systems, the simulation settings required for accurate predictions have not been fully explored. Using the ReaxFF, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to simulate the chemical behavior of pure carbon and hydrocarbon reactive gases that are involved in the formation of carbon structures such as graphite, buckyballs, amorphous carbon, and carbon nanotubes. It is determined that the maximum simulation time step that can be used in MD simulations with the ReaxFF is dependent on the simulated temperature and selected parameter set, as are the predicted reaction rates. It is also determined that different carbon-based reactive gases react at different rates, and that the predicted equilibrium structures are generally the same for the different ReaxFF parameter sets, except in the case of the...
Organobismuth polymers as X-ray contrast materials : synthesis, characterization and properties

Abstract Organobismuth monomers containing the Ph3Bi moiety were synthesized and polymerized to obtain homogeneous X-ray constrast polymers. Styryldiphenylbismuth (I), α-methylstyryldiphenylbismuth (II), tris(α-methylstyryl) bismuth (III) and (p-diphenylbismuthphenyl)vinyldimethylsilane (IV) were prepared via a Grignard reaction with BiPh2Cl. Monomers I and II are contaminated with significant amounts of Ph3Bi and divinyl compounds. Monomer I can be homo- and copolymerized radically and anionically, II can only be copolymerized, while IV did not polymerize at all. In anionic polymerization the carbanion also attacks the PhBi bond of I and II. Glass transition temperatures were determined as a function of bismuth comonomer content for styrene and acrylate copolymers, and the thermal decomposition was also studied. Radiopacities in millimetres of aluminium per millimetre of polymer were found to be proportional to the molar bismuth content of the transparent copolymer specimens.
Generation of Fractal Silicas by Negative Pressure Rupturing of SiO2 Glass

Abstract Stimulated by the finding that SiO2 aggregates (e.g. SiO2 “smokes” or “snow”) assembled under highly non-equilibrium conditions have fractal geometries and dynamics—and retain them under annealing densification almost until the density of silica glass is reached –we have examined the consequences of an inverse procedure. Using the power of molecular dynamics to perform otherwise difficult experiments we have subjected normal density vitreous SiO2 at 300 K to isotropic expansions (which generate negative pressures) to and well beyond the tensile limit at –70 kbar. As the tensile limit is exceeded, void-containing structures are produced which indeed prove to be fractal in character, and the pressure trends towards zero. The fractal dimension is determined concordantly from two different density correlation relationships and is found to change smoothly with density from 3.0 at the tensile limit down to 1.7 at the limiting density of 0.1 g/cm3 set by our system size. Our study suggests that the path...
Complete SINR analysis of concatenated OVSF and truncated PN code in downlink multirate W-CDMA systems

This paper gives the complete analysis of SINR when using OVSF/truncated PN codes in downlink channel for multi-rate W-CDMA systems in a multi-user and multi-path fading environment when RAKE receiver is used at the mobile end. We point out those terms ingored under the situation that the autocorrelation property of PN sequence holds in previous work. Then we give simulations to show the reasons why these terms can not be omitted, and give appropriate mathematical representation to model these terms. At last, we give the comparison of the analytical result of SINR formula and numerical result in different cases. The simulations have shown that by taking these terms into consideration, we can have better fit to the numerical result.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electronic structure of single- and multiple-shell carbon fullerenes

We study the electronic states of giant single-shell and the recently discovered nested multiple-shell carbon fullerenes within the tight-binding approximation. We use two different approaches, one based on iterations and the other on symmetry, to obtain the \ensuremath{\pi}-state energy spectra of large fullerene cages: ${\mathrm{C}}_{240}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{540}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{960}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{1500}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2160}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2940}$. Our iteration technique reduces the size of the problem by more than one order of magnitude (factors of \ensuremath{\sim}12 and 20), while the symmetry-based approach reduces it by a factor of 10. We also find formulas for the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60\mathit{n}}^{2}$ fullerenes as a function of n, demonstrating a tendency towards a metallic regime for increasing n. For multiple-shell fullerenes, we analytically obtain the eigenvalues of the intershell interaction.
Query privacy in wireless sensor networks

Existing mechanisms for querying wireless sensor networks leak client interests to the servers performing the queries. The leaks are not only in terms of specific regions but also of client access patterns. In this paper we introduce the problem of preserving the privacy of clients querying a wireless sensor network owned by untrusted organizations. We investigate two architectures and their corresponding trust models. For the first model, consisting of multiple, mutually distrusting servers governing the network, we devise an efficient protocol, SPYC, and show that it provides full query privacy. For the second model, where all queries are performed through a single server, we introduce two metrics for quantifying the privacy achieved by a client's query sequence. We propose a suite of practical algorithms, then analyze the privacy and efficiency levels they provide. Our TOSSIM simulations show that the proposed query mechanisms are communication efficient while significantly improving client query privacy levels.
Conductance peaks produced by kondo scattering from O2 in M-I-M tunnel junctions

Abstract Peaks centered about zero-bias in the dynamic conductance of Al-I-Au tunnel junctions condensed onto liquid-helium-cooled substrates are shown to be due to Kondo scattering from paramagnetic molecular oxygen trapped at the metal-insulator interface by studying the concentration dependence of the peaks in junctions intentionally doped with O2.
SEXUAL SATISFACTION AS MORE THAN A GENDERED CONCEPT: THE ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION

This study examined whether sexual satisfaction was constructed differently for gay men and lesbian women (n = 596) by exploring the contributions of a number of background variables, as well as psychological well-being and internalized homonegativity to sexual satisfaction. Ordinary least squares regression analyses was used (1) to determine whether background variables or psychological well-being account for a greater proportion of the overall variance in sexual satisfaction, and (2) to identify unique contributors to sexual satisfaction for men and women within this sample. This data was collected as part of an internet-based study conducted on sexual orientation and spirituality. Results indicated that living with a partner had a substantial positive impact on sexual satisfaction for both lesbians and gay men; however different variables emerged as important for gay men (e.g., relationships with others) in comparison to lesbian women (e.g., environmental mastery). Implications for the study are offere...
Mouse models for the study of Crohn's disease

Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract and can cause significant morbidity. A variety of animal models of both acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been developed to investigate disease pathogenesis and novel treatment modalities. These include chemically induced, genetically manipulated and immune-mediated models of gut inflammation, each of which possesses similarities to human IBD and offers unique advantages for studying specific aspects of disease pathogenesis. However, the majority of these models are characterized by colitis and, unlike human CD, do not involve the small intestine. More recently, murine models of chronic ileal inflammation have been characterized that spontaneously develop and closely resemble human CD with regard to disease location, histologic features and clinical response to therapy. Two mouse models of experimental ileitis will be discussed in this review: the TNF DeltaARE and SAMP1/YitFc strains. Studies using these new models might provide important insight into the pathogenesis of human CD and test the efficacy of potential therapies to treat this devastating disease.
FSH bioactivity is strongly enhanced by kinetic incubation of pre-antral hamster follicles

Abstract Isolation of meiotic arrested oocytes from mammalian ovaries involves a resumption of the meiosis. Studying the effect of FSH on this process it was found that doses up to of 0.1 IU/ml did not maintain the meiotic arrest in hamster oocytes in pre-antral follicles during static incubation conditions. However, when the FSH medium was replaced at 120, 60 and 30 min the resumption of the meiosis gradually decreased. Using a replacement frequency of 30 min a complete log dose-curve was constructed (ED50: 0.5 mU/ml; minimum effective dose: 0.1 mU/ml). The lack of a FSH response during static incubation was not caused by exhaustion of its bioactivity: mixing of the FSH containing medium, obtained from a 4 hours' static incubation, resulted in an inhibition similar to the inhibition that occurred during the replacement procedure. In conclusion: FSH is able to maintain the meiotic arrest in pre-antral follicle enclosed oocytes at low doses only when the medium is in circulation.
Acoustic Analogy Formulations Accelerated by Fast Multipole Method for Two-Dimensional Aeroacoustic Problems

The calculation of acoustic field solutions due to aeroacoustic sources is performed for a large number of observer locations. Sound generation by vortex shedding is computed by a hybrid method and an accurate two-dimensional direct calculation, and the results are compared. The hybrid approach uses direct calculation for near-field source computations and the Ffowcs-Williams―Hawkings equation as the acoustic analogy formulation. The integrations of surface dipole and volume quadrupole source terms appearing in the Ffowcs-Williams―Hawkings formulation are accelerated by a wideband multilevel adaptive fast multipole method. The wideband multilevel adaptive fast multipole method presented here applies a plane-wave expansion formulation for calculations in the high-frequency regime and a partial-wave expansion formulation in the low-frequency regime. The method is described in detail for the solution of a two-dimensional Green's function that incorporates convective effects. The method presented in this work is applied to two-dimensional calculations. However, it can be easily extended to three-dimensional calculations of surface monopole and dipole source terms and volume quadrupole source terms. Results for acoustic field solutions obtained by the accelerated Ffowcs-Williams―Hawkings formulation are 2 orders of magnitude faster when compared with the direct computation of the Ffowcs-Williams―Hawkings equation.
Modification of benthic insect communities in polluted streams: combined effects of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment

Responses of the benthic insect community of a southern Appalachian trout stream to inorganic sedimentation and nutrient enrichment were monitored over a period of eight months. Entry of pollutants from point sources established differentially polluted zones, allowing an assessment of impacts due to sedimentation alone and in association with elevated nutrient levels. Input of sediment resulted in a significant increase in bed load and decrease of pH at the substrate-water interface (P < 0.05). The zone receiving nutrient runoff from livestock pasture exhibited elevated levels of nitrate and phosphate, but available data indicated such concentrations to be quite low. Species richness, diversity, and total biomass of filter feeding Trichoptera and Diptera, predaceous Plecoptera, and certain Ephemeroptera were significantly reduced in the polluted zones. Inorganic sedimentation, operating indirectly through disruption of feeding and filling of interstitial spaces, was considered to be the primary factor affecting filter feeding taxa. Decomposition of compounds associated with materials in the bed load may depress pH and eliminate acid sensitive species of Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera. Such processes of acidification may be particularly important to Appalachian streams since the pH of regional surface waters is characteristically acidic prior to sedimentation. Accumulation of particles on body surfaces and respiratory structures, perhaps as a function of wax and mucous secretion or surface electrical properties, appears to be the major direct effect of inorganic sedimentation on stream insects. Growths of the filamentous bacterium Sphaerotilus natans were also frequently associated with silted individuals in the zone receiving nutrient addition. Distribution of the bacterium suggested that silted substrates, perhaps as related to the presence of iron compounds, are required for colonization in dilute nutrient solutions. The primary effect of Sphaerotilus colonies appears to be augmentation of particle accumulation through net formation by bacterial filaments. Data indicate that inorganic sedimentation and nutrient addition operate synergistically, eliminating a significantly greater number of taxa than exposure to one pollutant alone.
Soil moisture detection using RADASAT corner-reflector-enhanced satellite imagery in a semi-arid watershed with complex terrain

Measuring soil moisture turns out to be crucial in watershed management. This study presents soil moisture prediction using RADRASAT-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite imagery collected in the Choke Canyon Reservoir Watershed (CCRW) in April 2004. Essential radiometric and geometric calibrations to correct the SAR imagery were performed with the aid of Corner Reflectors (CRs). The sensor data obtained after the installation of the corner reflectors in April 2004 showed better spatial accuracy, and consequently improves the correlation between the radar backscatter signals, s0, and the Volumetric Moisture Content (VMC) of the soil in CCRW. Three prediction models were developed for soil moisture projection, which include simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, and genetic programming models. It found that the genetic programming model exhibits overall advantage of soil moisture estimation.
Digital Darkfield Analysis of Nanoparticle Defects

Microscopists have done combined space and frequency decompositions optically since long before coining of the word “wavelet” [1], under the name “darkfield imaging” [2]. Now integrative views of lattice information in digital images yield new challenges for mathematical harmonic analysis [3]. Such challenges are illustrated by a series of notes [4-7] on the uses and shortcomings of “weakly convergent” Fourier transform window techniques. Here, we show how robust (if pedestrian) digital darkfield techniques help to characterize: (i) an Antimony-doped Tin Oxide nanoparticle screw dislocation, and (ii) twinning and strain in a gold decahedral twin.
Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, and Community Health Centers under the Affordable Care Act

Critical medical anthropology has extensively critiqued biomedicine's hegemonic structure that places doctors in control of knowledge and power and casts patients as depersonalized recipients of treatment (not care). Yet in the United States, an increase in collaborative models of health care impacts not only the types of providers patients see for care but also how that care is delivered. Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), community health centers (CHCs) are at the center of the expansion of accessible and high-value primary health care. It is estimated that CHCs will add 15,000 new providers to their staffs by 2015, and most will be non-physician providers, such as physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs). In this paper, I seek to understand the role of PAs and NPs in delivering health care to medically underserved populations. In doing so, I explore beyond the provider-patient relationship to include the relationships within collaborative care teams and relation...
MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF CERAMICS

Abstract Microwave processing of ceramics is fast emerging as a new field of ceramic processing and material synthesis. The past year has witnessed significant progress in the aspect of commercialization and application of the technology to new areas. The most significant developments have been the use of microwaves in the sintering of non-oxides, such as tungsten carbide-based components and powdered metals, fabrication of transparent ceramics, and the design of continuous microwave systems.
Low-Frequency requirements for recording ischemic st-segment abnormalities in coronary artery disease

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine whether extended low-frequency response is required to record ischemic ST-segment abnormalities in humans. Bipolar electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 5 men with coronary artery disease using a high-fidelity instrumentation amplifier and FM tape recorder before, during and after erect bicycle exercise. In all patients, ischemic ST-segment abnormalities developed during exercise; 3 patients had angina and 2 remained asymptomatic throughout the test. Using a fast-Fourier transform (FFT) and a variable digitizing rate into a 1,024-point input array, FFT spectra were computed with low-frequency content extending to either 0.20, 0.98 or 1.95 Hz for both a rest and exercise ECG. From these spectra, ECGs were resynthesized using the inverse FFT and compared with the original records. Visual inspection of the original and resynthesized ECGs revealed no obvious differences when lowfrequency content extended to 0.20, 0.98 or 1.95 Hz. Numerical comparisons were made by calculating the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between the original and resynthesized ECGs. The R 2 (mean ± standard deviation) for these comparisons was 0.998 ± 0.001. It is concluded that the amplituderesponse characteristics of electrocardiographic recording equipment do not require extended low-frequency range (such as that found in FM systems) to accurately reproduce ischemic ST-segment abnormalities in humans.
Differential actions of RO 15-1788 and diazepam on poikilothermia, motor impairment and sleep produced by ethanol.

Abstract In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats kept at an ambient temperature of 23–25°C, ethanol was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 4.0 g/kg to produce a clear-cut impairment of autonomic and motorial functions. Following the injection of ethanol, motor coordination, measured on a rotorod, behavioral sleep, righting reflex and colonic temperature were monitored at predetermined intervals for 5.0–7.0 hr. In the first experiment, either 1.0 mg/kg RO 15-1788 (flumazenil), a benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist, or 1.0–5.0 mg/kg diazepam, a classical benzodiazepine receptor agonist, were injected intraperitoneally either alone or concurrently with ethanol's administration. In the second study, either RO 15-1788 (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) or diazepam (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) was injected at the nadir of the fall of body temperature induced by ethanol. Although RO 15-1788 alone failed to affect the rats' temperature, it did not prevent the characteristic ethanol-induced hypothermia but rather potentiated it in a dose-dependent manner. Further, this BZ receptor antagonist exacerbated motor incoordination and other behavioral effects when given either simultaneously with ethanol or at the nadir in the animals' core temperature. Although diazepam evoked a dose-dependant hypothermia, it did not enhance ethanol-induced hypothermia when both drugs were administered simultaneously. However, diazepam augmented motor incoordination and other effects and served to delay their recovery. When given to the rats at the nadir of ethanol hypothermia, diazepam did not potentiate ethanol's thermolysis but retarded the recovery from hypothermia; it caused also a dose-dependent delay in the recovery of motor coordination and other responses. These results show that diazepam and RO 15-1788 in this dose range do not act in an opposite manner as receptor agonist and antagonist, respectively, in terms of their actions on ethanol induced autonomic and motor impairment. Nevertheless, since the BZ agonist and antagonist exhibit differential functional effects, it thus is envisaged that diazepam and ethanol could share a similar substrate and site of action in the brain to produce hypothermia. On the other hand, RO 15-1788 could act at the level of signal transduction in brainstem neurons to potentiate the effects of ethanol. However, since both drugs augment incoordination, a common central mechanism of action is implied for motor incoordination which is distinguishable from the autonomic incapacitation induced by ethanol.
Low vitamin C and increased oxidative stress and cell death in mice that lack the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter SVCT2

The sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) is responsible for the transport of vitamin C into cells in multiple organs, from either the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. Mice null for SVCT2 (SVCT2(-/-)) do not survive past birth but the cause of death has not yet been ascertained. After mating of SVCT2(+/-) males and SVCT2(+/-) females, fewer SVCT2(-/-) and SVCT2(+/-) progeny were observed than would be expected according to Mendelian ratios. Vitamin C levels in SVCT2(-/-), SVCT2(+/-), and SVCT2(+/+) were genotype-dependent. SVCT2(-/-) fetuses had significantly lower vitamin C levels than littermates in placenta, cortex, and lung, but not in liver (the site of vitamin C synthesis). Low vitamin C levels in placenta and cortex were associated with elevations in several markers of oxidative stress: malondialdehyde, isoketals, F(2)-isoprostanes, and F(4)-neuroprostanes. Oxidative stress was not elevated in fetal SVCT2(-/-) lung tissue despite low vitamin C levels. In addition to the expected severe hemorrhage in cortex, we also found hemorrhage in the brain stem, which was accompanied by cell loss. We found evidence of increased apoptosis in SVCT2(-/-) mice and disruption of the basement membrane in fetal brain. Together these data show that SVCT2 is critical for maintaining vitamin C levels in fetal and placental tissues and that the lack of SVCT2, and the resulting low vitamin C levels, results in fetal death and, in SVCT2(-/-) mice that survive the gestation period, in oxidative stress and cell death.
A simple method for obtaining approximate solutions for a class of diffusion-kinetics enzyme problems: I. General class and illustrative examples

Abstract The equations governing kinetic and diffusion controlled uptake in organisms are always nonlinear and exact analytical solutions are invariably impossible to find for any practical situation. Further, in any given situation there is no guarantee that the suggested equations are those governing the phenomena because of the complexity of the physical situations. It would clearly be of considerable help in determining appropriate equations if there were a means of finding the solutions to the class of equations that can arise in general. This article (along with part II) represents an attempt to provide useful information on such solutions. In the situations where the diffusion coefficient is small, or the number of bacteria (or whatever) is large, or both (and in certain other situations) the equations in nondimensional form are of singular perturbation type: that is, a small parameter e multiplies the highest derivative. Here singular perturbation methods are applied to several types of equations that arise or might arise in physical situations. In part I the class of equations is discussed and the method demonstrated by applying it to two simple situations with a Michaelis-Menten reaction term. Its application to more general equations is then discussed. The approximate solutions found are compared in the two simple cases with the exact numerical solutions. Over the domain of interest very good quantitative agreement is found as long as the parameter e is indeed small. The method provides a means of obtaining information of an analytical nature in situations for which numerical solutions are very difficult to find.
The Relationship of Print Reading in Tier I Instruction and Reading Achievement for Kindergarten Students at Risk of Reading Difficulties

For many students at risk for reading difficulties, effective, early reading instruction can improve reading outcomes and set them on a positive reading trajectory. Thus, response-to-intervention models include a focus on a student's Tier I reading instruction as one element for preventing reading difficulties and identifying students with a learning disability. The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of time kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties actively engaged in reading print during Tier I reading instruction, and the extent to which time in reading print was related to end-of-year reading achievement. Findings revealed the amount of time students were engaged in reading print predicted end-of-year reading achievement, although time engaged in reading print during Tier I was limited overall. Student and teacher level factors and their relationship to the amount of time students engage in reading print is also examined.
BOLD and blood volume-weighted fMRI of rat lumbar spinal cord during non-noxious and noxious electrical hindpaw stimulation

Abstract Spinal cord fMRI is a useful tool for studying spinal mechanisms of pain, hence for analgesic drug development. Its technical feasibility in both humans and rats has been demonstrated. This study investigates the reproducibility, robustness, and spatial accuracy of fMRI of lumbar spinal cord activation due to transcutaneous noxious and non-noxious electrical stimulation of the hindpaw in α-chloralose-anesthetized rats. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and blood volume-weighted fMRI data were acquired without and with intravenous injection of ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO), respectively, using a gradient echo (GE) echo planar imaging (EPI) technique at 4.7 T. Neuronal activation in the spinal cord induced by noxious stimulation to the hindpaw (2 ms wide, 5 mA amplitude, known to activate C-fibers) can be robustly detected by both fMRI techniques with excellent reproducibility and peaked at the stimulus frequency of 40 Hz. However, both fMRI techniques were not sensitive to neuronal activation in spinal cord induced by non-noxious stimulation (0.3 ms, 1.5 mA, known only to activate A-fibers). Spatially, the fMRI signal extended ∼ 5 mm in the longitudinal direction, covering L3–L5 segments. In the cross-sectional direction, the highest signal change of blood volume-weighted fMRI was in the middle of the ipsilateral dorsal horn, which roughly corresponds to laminae V and VI, while the highest signal change of BOLD fMRI was in the ipsilateral dorsal surface. This study demonstrates that spinal cord fMRI can be performed in anesthetized rats reliably and reproducibly offering it as a potential tool for analgesic drug discovery.
U-U and T-T cyclobutane dimers have different mutational properties

We have examined the mutagenic properties in E. coli of single stranded vectors containing a uniquely placed cis-syn or trans-syn uracil-uracil cyclobutane dimer in the sequence 5' GCAAGUUGGAG 3', and compared these with the properties of the corresponding T-T dimers in the same sequence context. The frequencies with which U-U and T-T photoproducts were bypassed were similar in SOS induced cells, and each induced similar frequencies of mutations. However, although both U-U and T-T cis-syn dimers showed a preference for misincorporation in about 5-7% of the replication products, with T or G being incorporated in place of A, the ratios of these events differed, being > 4:1 for T-T cis-syn, but only 2:1 for U-U cis-syn. A shift towards G insertion opposite dimerized uracil was also found with the trans-syn dimers, but the difference was greater; T and G were misincorporated opposite the U-U trans-syn dimer in a ratio of 1:2, compared with 4:1 for its T-T counterpart. In addition, the U-U dimer induced only nucleotide substitutions, unlike the T-T photoproduct which induced single nucleotide deletions as well as substitutions. We conclude that even relatively minor differences in photoproduct structure, such as the presence of a methyl group at C-5, can alter mutational properties, and that such properties cannot depend only on the attributes of the DNA polymerase. Neither the efficiency of bypass, the error frequency nor the mutation spectrum of either U-U isomer is influenced by DNA uracil glycosylase. In vitro, the U-U cis-syn dimer is a substrate for DNA photolyase, but not for the glycosylase.
Agricultural Development and Land Tenancy in a Peasant Economy: Comment

In a recent contribution to this Journal, Bardhan (1979) has constructed an interesting two-season model of a peasant economy to study the determinants of land tenancy. He derived a number of hypotheses and provided supporting evidence from interstate cross-section data from India in the early 1950s. The results of Bardhan's theoretical and empirical analyses have already been cited by other scholars, e.g., Hayami and Kikuchi and Quibria and Taslim, as providing evidence for the relevant propositions. Given the dearth of theoretically derived and empirically supported propositions in this important area of applied economics, Bardhan's work is sure to gain increasing recognition over time and to stimulate further research. The purpose of this note is to assist future researchers by pointing out several shortcomings of both his theoretical and empirical analyses and hence to urge caution with respect to the validity of some of his conclusions.
Potential Hydrocarbon Traps Along Growth Faults of Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Major tectonic boundaries along the Rio Grande rift are mostly listric normal faults that controlled late Cenozoic sedimentation in the rift. Potential hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks occur in Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Pennsylvanian units beneath presumably barren upper Cenozoic continental sediments. Largest of the grabens and half-grabens comprising the rift is the Albuquerque basin, which was explored during the last decade with several deep tests. Upper Cenozoic strata generally dip gently toward the basin center except near bounding faults where "reverse drag" has beds on the downthrown block dipping toward the growth faults marking the basin margins. Most bounding faults are covered with surficial sediments, but at a few localities with good, deep exposures, End_Page 317------------------------------ stratigraphically deeper beds have undergone more "reverse drag" than higher strata. Thus, these reversals of dip adjacent to bounding faults may provide structural traps along the margins of the Albuquerque basin. Recent deep wells were drilled in the central part of the Albuquerque basin on structural highs, probably intragraben horsts. Most of these recent tests were tight holes, but encouraging hydrocarbon shows were encountered. The margins of the Albuquerque basin have not been tested yet, but there may be numerous traps where "reverse drag" is present. These structures could have trapped hydrocarbons where potential reservoir rocks (mainly sandstones) and source beds (mainly organic-rich marine shales of the Cretaceous and Pennsylvanian, and organic-rich laminated limestone of the Jurassic Todilto Formation) occur. End_of_Article - Last_Page 318------------
Molecular simulation of the surface tension of simple aqueous electrolytes and the Gibbs adsorption equation

Abstract We present molecular dynamics simulations of the surface tension of aqueous NaCl and NaBr electrolyte solutions as a function of concentration at 300 K. With explicit water and Lennard–Jones/Coulomb ions of fixed charge, we find a positive Gibbs adsorption of both salts at higher concentrations of several molar. Although the calculated surface tensions are larger than that of pure water, positive salt adsorption is in agreement with the classic Gibbs adsorption equation because our simulations reveal a local maximum in the surface-tension isotherm. Experimental surface tensions for NaCl and NaBr, however, demonstrate a linear increase with increasing electrolyte concentration, calling into question the accuracy of the intermolecular-potential parameters chosen to represent the sodium halide salts.
Stochastic Finite Automata for the translation of DNA to protein

The use of Statistical Finite Automata (SFA) has been explored in the field of understanding the DNA sequences; many focus o n local patterns, namely partial representations of DNA sequences. In this paper, we focus on global and complete representations to understand the patterns in whole DNA sequences. Obviously, DNA sequences are not random. Based on Kolmogorov complexity theory, there should be some simple Turing machines that write out such sequences; here simple means the complexity of the Turing machine is simpler than the data. The primary goal of this paper is to approximate such simple Turing machines by SFA. We use SFA, via ALERGIA algorithm (in the light granular computing), to capture and analyze the translation process (DNA to protein) based on amino acids' chemical property viz., polarity. This, in turn, enables the understanding of interspecies DNA comparisons and the creation of phylogeny — the ‘tree of life’.
Heat transfer enhancement by air injection in upward heated mixed-convection flow of water

Abstract The present paper reports on the possibility of enhancing the heat transfer rate in diabatic pipe water upflow using injection of air at the inlet of the heated channel. In turbulent upward mixed convection, the laminarization effect in the near-wall region is the main responsible of heat transfer reduction. Under these conditions, air injection was proved to enhance the heat transfer coefficient up to a factor of 10 in mixed-convection flow, simply as a consequence of turbulence increase and related suppression of the laminarization effect by air bubbles injected in the water flow. A specific series of experiments has been carried out with the aim of determining the flow pattern in the pipe using a Plexiglas tube. High speed movies of the flow allowed to evaluate the slip ratio, and then the void fraction, together with the identification of the flow pattern, which was mostly slug flow. The observed flow pattern showed how, in all cases, the gas phase caused a disturbance in the velocity profile in the near-wall region. The turbulence increase locally produced by air bubbles suppresses the laminarization effect, thus greatly enhancing the heat transfer coefficient.
Relative antigenic specificities of two PVX strains and their D-protein oligomers.

Abstract The native and denatured proteins of two potato virus X (PVX) strains were compared serologically. Native protein in the form of assembled virus of the B strain of PVX (PVX B ) was serologically distinct from comparable protein of a common mottle strain based on cross-absorption studies. Denatured protein structure units from the two strains were also serologically distinct. Antiserum elicited against degraded viral protein (D-protein) of either strain could be used to differentiate the two isolates in impure preparations or in crude plant extracts to which had been added an appropriate degrading agent. Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion experiments with denatured monomeric or dimeric structure units consistently resulted in the formation of homologous spurs over the protein of the heterologous strain.
Conservation of Lepidoptera in the United States

Abstract The need to conserve United States populations of Lepidoptera has been recognised for a century, but intensive programmes to do so have only recently come into being. The evolution of the butterfly and moth conservation movement in the United States is followed from the earliest instances to the present state of progress. The origin and growth of the Xerces Society as the chief body for terrestrial arthropod conservation in America are described. Currently, ecological research and political action aimed at specific lepidopteran protection issues are under way. Several of these are examined and the most acute needs for further study and action indicated. Habitat alteration emerges dramatically as the chief problem in the decline of butterfly and moth populations. The relative importance of pesticides and overcollecting is discussed and reinforces the conclusion that the habitat is paramount. Introductions of organisms for purposes of conservation likewise receive consideration, showing this strategy to be problematical and subject to careful review prior to its use. The various levels of government as well as private bodies and individuals have distinct roles in insect conservation. Greater public awareness of beneficial insects must precede optimal effectiveness of conservation schemes. The appointment of an official federal insect conservator is announced along with his initial proposal for endangered species listings for certain North American butterflies. The prognosis for a national programme is suggested. Lepidoptera conservation in the United States has become a fully fledged movement with numerous successes and with many difficult problems to face. The situation is viewed with immediate alarm but cautious long-term optimism as well.
Transients in gas-condensate natural gas pipelines

Liquid condensation in natural gas transmission pipelines commonly occurs due to the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic imperatives. Condensation subjects the gas pipeline to two-phase transport. Neither the point along the pipeline at which the condensate is formed nor the quantity formed is known a priori. Hence, compositional multiphase hydrodynamic modeling, which couples the multiphase hydrodynamic model with the natural gas phase behavior model, is necessary to predict fluid dynamic behavior in gas/condensate pipelines. A transient compositional multiphase hydrodynamic model for transient gas-condensate two-phase flow in pipelines is presented. This model consists of our newly developed well-posed modified Soo's partial pressure model in conservative form which serves as the transient multiphase hydrodynamic model, and the phase behavior model for natural gas mixtures.
Problematics of the Canonization in Literary History from the Middle Ages to the Present. The Case of Erasmus Widmann as an Example – The Victimization of a Poet Oddly Situated between Epochs, Cultures, and Religions

The question of what constitutes the literary canon continues to vex us. This article highlights some representative cases from the Middle Ages, the Baroque, the age of the Enlightenment, and the twentieth century. The focus rests on the recently rediscovered seventeenth-century poet and composer Erasmus Widmann, whose works deserve to be included in the canon, or at least into our literary history, if that does not represent the canon already. As this article indicates, the quest for what makes up really “good” or important literature continues.
Copolymerization and Terpolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides Using a Soluble Zinc Crotonate Catalyst Precursor

A soluble catalyst precursor derived from the reaction of zinc bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2, and crotonic acid has been found to be extremely active toward the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide with turnover frequencies approaching 35 g/g of Zn/h at 80 °C. This catalyst precursor was also demonstrated to be an efficient terpolymerization catalyst when propylene oxide or styrene oxide was added to the cyclohexene oxide/CO2 feed. Extensive characterization of the metal complex proved difficult, but 31P NMR studies have shown that only 10% of the anticipated epoxide binding sites were available for catalysis. This suggests that the complex has several structures at its disposal, only one of which is conducive to copolymerization.
A technique for central venous pressure measurement in normal horses.

Objective – To investigate a technique of central venous pressure (CVP) measurement using a newly developed catheter in healthy adult horses. Design – Prospective experimental study. Setting – University research facility. Animals – Twenty healthy adult horses. Interventions – An equine central venous catheter was inserted into the jugular vein to a length of approximately 80 cm from the mid-cervical region in an attempt to catheterize the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary arterial catheterization was confirmed by echocardiography. Insertion distance and pressure were measured at this location with a disposable manometer. The catheter was then withdrawn until presence in the right atrium was confirmed by echocardiography. Insertion distance and pressure were also measured at this location. The catheter was then withdrawn in 5 cm increments until exiting the jugular insertion site with pressure measured at each location. All pressure measurements were taken with the manometer zero position at the point of the shoulder. Measurements and Main Results – Pulmonary artery catheterization was successful in 16 of 20 horses. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 23.8 cm H2O (17.5 mm Hg) (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.9–26.7 cm H2O [15.4–19.6 mm Hg]). Mean right atrial pressure was 8.3 cm H2O (6.1 mm Hg) (95% CI 7.1–9.4 cm H2O [5.2–6.9 mm Hg]). Right atrial pressure was compared with pressures recorded at sequential insertion distances and resulted in a recommendation for catheter insertion of at least 40 cm for CVP measurement in adult horses. Jugular venous pressure measurement was statistically different from CVP measurement. Conclusions – This catheter measurement technique is well tolerated in normal horses. Routine clinical use of this equine central venous catheter may improve our ability to monitor patients and improve patient care and outcomes of ill horses in hospital.
The Effects of Microcurrents on Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of microcurrents on inflammatory reactions induced by ultraviolet irradiation. [Subjects and Methods] We recruited 22 subjects and two inflammatory reaction regions were induced on the lumbar region of each subject with ultraviolet irradiation. Microcurrents were applied to one region at a frequency of 5 pps, an intensity of 50 μA, and alternation of no microcurrents were applied to the other region polarity. The irradiated regions were analyzed by at 1 sec intervals; the digital image analysis and the quantitative sensory test. [Results] Changes in chromatic red and luminance there were statistically significant showed over time and between regions. The comparison of wound contraction in the two regions there was a statistically significant difference. Analysis of changes in pain threshold showed no statistically significant difference. [Conclusion] This study found that microcurrents increased wound contraction and reduced the inflammatory reaction activities such as erythema and pigmentation. Thus, we consider that microcurrents help to accelerate the inflammatory reaction induced by ultraviolet irradiation, enhance recovery and foster an anti-inflammatory reaction.