cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robustness Analysis of Dynamic Observers

Abstract It is shown that the open loop observers proposed in the literature are nonrobust devices since they cannot tolerate the slightest variation in parameter. If parameter variations are to be permissible, it is shown that the observer must be constructed as a closed loop (i.e., driven by error signals) device, which, however, is required to contain explicitly an exact, perturbation-free replica of the system being observed. One serious consequence of these results is that they emphasize the stringent accuracy requirements on both models and hardware that must be met before an observer can be considered for use in a control system.
New Interpretations of the Phyletic Position of Oligocene Hominoids

In attempts to trace the ancestry of living hominoids, the Miocene apes from Europe, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa have long played a central role. First described over 125 years ago, the genera Dryopithecus and Pliopithecus were recognized from their initial descriptions as an ancestral pongid and hylobatid, respectively, a situation which Darwin (1871) acknowledged and which, until most recently, was universally accepted.
Roles of the genomic sequence surrounding the stem-loop structure in the junction region including the 3′ terminus of open reading frame 1 in hepatitis E virus replication.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a member of the family Hepeviridae, causes both acute and chronic viral hepatitis. We have previously demonstrated that the stem-loop structure in the junction region (JR) of HEV genome plays a critical role in HEV replication. However, the function of the sequence bordering the JR, including the 3' terminus of open reading frame (ORF1), in HEV replication is unknown. In this study, a panel of HEV Renilla luciferase (Rluc) replicons containing various deletions at 5' or 3' termini of the JR was constructed to determine the effect of the deletions on HEV replication in Huh7 human liver cells. We showed that even a single nucleotide deletion at the 5' terminus of the JR abolished HEV replication, whereas deletions at the 3' terminus of the JR also decreased virus replication efficiency. Furthermore, we also constructed firefly luciferase and Rluc dual-reporter HEV replicons containing the 3' terminal ORF1 of various lengths and the JR inserted upstream of the Rluc reporter. A higher level of HEV replication was observed in cells transfected with replicons containing the 3' terminal ORF1 than that of the JR only replicon. We also showed that the ORF3 noncoding sequence along with the JR promoted a higher level of translation activity than that promoted by JR and the ORF2 noncoding sequence.
Where Do Theories Come From and What Use Are They? An In-Class Activity

(2002). Where Do Theories Come From and What Use Are They? An In-Class Activity. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 177-179.
Peak Ventilation Reference Standards from Exercise Testing: From the FRIEND Registry.

PURPOSE Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) provides valuable clinical information, including peak ventilation (V˙Epeak), which has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with underlying pulmonary disease. This report provides reference standards for V˙Epeak derived from CPX on treadmills in apparently healthy individuals. METHODS Nine laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database from 2014 to 2017. Data from 5232 maximal exercise tests from men and women without cardiovascular or pulmonary disease were used to create percentiles of V˙Epeak for both men and women by decade between 20 and 79 yr. Additionally, prediction equations were developed for V˙Epeak using descriptive information. RESULTS V˙Epeak was found to be significantly different between men and women and across age groups (P < 0.05). The rate of decline in V˙Epeak was 8.0% per decade for both men and women. A stepwise regression model of 70% of the sample revealed that sex, age, and height were significant predictors of V˙Epeak. The equation was cross-validated with data from the remaining 30% of the sample with a final equation developed from the full sample (r = 0.73). Additionally, a linear regression model revealed forced expiratory volume in 1 s significantly predicted V˙Epeak (r = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS Reference standards were developed for V˙Epeak for the United States population. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing laboratories will be able to provide interpretation of V˙Epeak from these age and sex-specific percentile reference values or alternatively can use these nonexercise prediction equations incorporating sex, age, and height or with a single predictor of forced expiratory volume in 1 s.
Attitudes Toward Work

Through the framework of individual and collective memory, ‘Attitudes Toward Work’ analyzes the portrayal of the female worker in the press and how this collective ideal has influenced women’s individual self-perceptions of themselves as workers. By exploring the interviewees’ identities, attitudes, feelings, and values associated with work, Jeronimo Kersh identifies three main reasons for why women continued to work despite the devaluation of the state wage: financial independence, socialization, and the sense of worth they derived from their work. This chapter also explores generational attitudes toward work; highlighting how although younger women were choosing work out of financial considerations, they still very much subscribed to the same revolutionary values that had been passed down from generation to generation.
Clinical analysis of emergency exploratory laparotomy in patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage.

ObjectiveThis study was performed to explore the causes and clinical characteristics of emergency exploratory laparotomy in patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage.MethodsThis retrospective...
Amorphous solid dispersion formation via solvent granulation - A case study with ritonavir and lopinavir.

Herein, we evaluate the potential of using a simple solvent granulation process to prepare a binary drug amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) containing two anti-HIV drugs, ritonavir and lopinavir. The drugs were granulated onto a mixture of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose, followed by drying to remove the solvent. The resultant granules were characterized and each drug was found to be X-ray amorphous. No crystallization was observed following storage for 1 month under accelerated stability conditions (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). The dissolution behavior of the compacted granules was compared with the marketed formulation. The dissolution rate of ritonavir was found to be significantly retarded relative to the commercial product when the two drugs were co-granulated. However, comparable release could be achieved when each drug was individually granulated, followed by combination and compaction. The solvent granulation approach may be a viable method to make ASDs of low dose drugs with low crystallization tendencies.
Combination of Erlotinib and Naproxen Employing Pulsatile or Intermittent Dosing Profoundly Inhibits Urinary Bladder Cancers.

Daily dosing of either NSAIDs or EGFR inhibitors has been shown to prevent bladder cancer development in a N-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced rat model. However, these inhibitors cause gastrointestinal ulceration and acneiform rash, respectively, limiting their continuous use in a clinical prevention setting. We studied chemopreventive efficacy of pulsatile dosing of EGFR inhibitor erlotinib (42 mg/kg BW, once/week) combined with intermittent or continuous low doses of the NSAID naproxen (30 mg/kg BW/day, 3 weeks on/off or 128 ppm daily in diet) in the OH-BBN induced rat bladder cancer model. The interventions were started either at 1 or 4 weeks (early intervention) or 3 months (delayed intervention) after the last OH-BBN treatment, by which time the rats had developed microscopic bladder lesions. All combination regimens tested as early versus late intervention led to the reduction of the average bladder tumor weights (54%-82%; P 200 mg; 83%-90%; P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001). Levels of signal transduction markers, Ki-67, cyclin D1, IL1β, pSTAT3, and pERK, were significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) reduced in the treated tumors, demonstrating their potential utility as predictive markers for efficacy. These findings demonstrate that significant chemopreventive efficacy could be achieved with alternative intervention regimens designed to reduce the toxicity of agents, and that starting erlotinib and/or naproxen treatments at the time microscopic tumors were present still conferred the efficacy.
Groin Pain Syndrome Known as Sports Hernia: A Review.

Importance Groin pain in active individuals and athletes without clinical evidence of hernia or hip pathologic findings is challenging for health care clinicians and aggravating for those experiencing pain. Frequently calledsports herniaorathletic pubalgia, many surgeons continue to refute the diagnosis because there is a lack of consensus and clear comprehension of the basic pathophysiologic features of this groin pain syndrome. Observations Understanding the anatomic and pathophysiologic findings of groin pain syndrome is necessary to appropriately treat this problem. In general, the level of evidence of the literature is of relatively low quality. Exercise-based therapy can be an effective first-line therapy in individuals who develop groin pain syndrome. Surgical therapies are typically reserved for those who experience nonoperative management failure. The common features of the varied surgical procedures include the resultant changes in the vectors of pull on the pubic bone or joint, the defects in the inguinal canal, and the inguinal sensory nerve compression or bowstringing. Conclusions and Relevance The diagnosis of nonhip, nonhernia, chronic groin pain is common. Understanding the diagnosis and treatment options may facilitate recovery and allow return to an active lifestyle and sport.
The Legal Challenges of Religious Polygamy

This brief article shows the limits of arguments against religious polygamy that are based on the Bible, tradition, public health, child welfare, or public policy. It instead argues that polygamy is a malum in se offense, something that is inherently wrong or too often the cause, consequence, or corollary of wrongdoing. Polygamy cannot be countenanced in a modern democracy, even if it is pressed on religious freedom grounds. The author has developed these themes at length in his new title: The Western Case for Monogamy over Polygamy (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Research on temperature field of large capacity bridge arm reactor's busbar based on circuit-magnetic-thermal field coupling calculation

The large capacity dry-type air-core bridge arm reactor in service should bear the composite current with AC and DC at the same time. The aluminum busbar of bridge arm reactor with unreasonable structure design is prone to local overheating, so it is necessary to carry out the temperature field calculation and research of the busbar. In this paper, based on the circuit-magnetic-thermal field coupling principle, the design scheme of busbar is proposed. The loss distribution of the busbar can be obtained through the magnetic field simulation. The magnetic field simulation results are imported into the temperature field calculation software to carry out the temperature field simulation calculation of the busbar. The relationship between the loss and the temperature results of the busbar is calculated by considering the factor such as heat dissipation area of the busbar. According to the actual size of the busbar structure, the simulation calculation of temperature field under different convective heat transfer coefficient of the busbar is carried out, which get the range of convective heat transfer coefficient meeting the engineering requirements. The results of research on this paper will provide a powerful technical means and effective reference for the analysis and solution of the overheating problem about the bridge arm reactor's busbar.
Soil organic matter is principally root derived in an Ultisol under oak forest

Abstract To a large degree, the sources and stability of soil organic carbon remain poorly constrained. A clear understanding of links among the components of the soil C cycle is hampered by the complexity of the system as well as challenges associated with partitioning bulk soil C into meaningful fractions. A large accidental 14CO2 release at the Oak Ridge Reservation in Tennessee, USA provided a strong label pulse into adjacent, well-studied oak forests, resulting in highly elevated Δ14C values in leaf litter (~1000‰) and roots (~260–450‰). A four-year manipulative study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of litter versus roots to the bulk mineral soil C pool, as well as to free light, occluded light and heavy fractions. The heavy fraction was further split into fractions with densities of 1.7–2.4 g cm−3 and >2.4 g cm−3 to test the homogeneity of the mineral-associated fraction of C. Substantial concentrations of label were detected in all soil fractions within a year of the 14CO2 release, indicating rapid incorporation of newly fixed photosynthates in all fractions of soil organic C, regardless of differences in stability inferred by previous work. This rapid incorporation of label occurred only in treatments where roots were labeled, indicating that roots are the major source of inputs to mineral soil C stocks at these sites. Separation of the heavy fraction into subfractions of intermediate (1.7–2.4 g cm−3) and high (>2.4 g cm−3) density indicated that both subfractions incorporated label at similar rates, despite significant differences in degree of microbial processing. In general, the rate of label incorporation suggested a much faster turnover for all fractions than indicated by natural radiocarbon abundance values. This suggests that within each soil fraction there are portions of slow-cycling and fast-cycling materials, and the determination of an average turnover time or mean age is dependent on experimental approach. The rapid incorporation of label into all fractions within a year regardless of inferred stability implies a high degree of heterogeneity in all fractions regardless of how finely the soils are partitioned. Further refinement of the nature and drivers of this heterogeneity could yield important insights into the soil C cycle.
Algebraically Closed Groups: Embeddings and Centralizers

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several results on the algebraic structure of algebraically closed (a.c.) groups. It discusses that no a.c. group can be embedded into a finitely generated subgroup of itself.
Impact of Chlorine and Heat on the Survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and Subsequent Growth of Legionella pneumophila.

Hartmannella vermiformis, a common amoebal inhabitant of potable-water systems, supports intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila and is probably important in the transportation and amplification of legionellae within these systems. To provide a practical guide for decontamination of potable-water systems, we assessed the chlorine and heat resistance of H. vermiformis. H. vermiformis cysts and trophozoites were treated independently with chlorine at concentrations of 2.0 to 10.0 ppm for 30 min and then cocultured with L. pneumophila. Both cysts and trophozoites were sensitive to concentrations between 2.0 and 4.0 ppm and above (trophozoites somewhat more so than cysts), and 10.0 ppm was lethal to both forms. Hartmannellae treated with chlorine up to a concentration of 4.0 ppm supported the growth of legionellae. To determine whether heat would be an effective addendum to chlorine treatment of amoebae, hartmannellae were subjected to temperatures of 55 and 60°C for 30 min and alternatively to 50°C followed by treatment with chlorine at a concentration of 2 ppm. Fewer than 0.05% of the amoebae survived treatment at 55°C, and there were no survivors at 60°C. Pretreatment at 50°C appeared to make hartmannella cysts more susceptible to chlorine but did not further reduce the concentration of trophozoites.
Molecular diagnosis of egg allergy: an update

Hen's egg allergy affects up to 2.5% of young children and is potentially life-threatening. Several phenotypes of egg allergy have been identified, including those who tolerate extensively heated egg in bakery products. Diagnosis and monitoring for resolution often requires oral food challenges, which can result in anaphylaxis. Newer approaches, such as component-resolved diagnostics, microarray analysis and epitope mapping, are being evaluated to determine if these strategies can replace or reduce the need for oral food challenges. Studies suggest that elevated levels of ovomucoid IgE indicate an inability to tolerate extensively heated forms of egg. Egg protein-specific IgE/IgG4 ratios may be helpful in predicting tolerance. Additionally, patients with conformational epitopes to hen's egg are more likely to resolve their allergy compared with those with IgE binding to sequential epitopes. The pairing of microarray technology to epitope mapping is a potential tool to improve diagnosis. This review examines the current body of literature on these tools.
Cognitive Learning and Personal Development: A False Dichotomy.

If cognitive learning and personal development are indeed intertwined as experts suggest, then why does higher education persist in keeping them separate? Here are some ideas on how to bring them together.
Solid breeder/structure mechanical interaction and thermal stability

Solid breeder/structure mechanical interaction (BSMI) during fusion reactor blanket operation is a potential failure mode which could limit the lifetime of the blanket. The severity of BSMI will generally depend on the materials, specific blanket designs, and blanket operating conditions. Thermomechanical analyses performed for a helium-cooled blanket employing Li/sub 2/O/HT-9 plates indicate that BSMI could be a serious concern for this blanket.
The use of hormones for the prevention of breast engorgement and lactation.

Abstract Lactation was inhibited completely by employing an estrogen-androgen combination, Estan, for 5 days orally, 1 and 2 tablets three times a day, or testosterone propionate alone parenterally, 50 mg. daily for 3 days, beginning the medication during the first 24 hours post partum. Engorgement and pain were prevented in 81.6 per cent of the patients with the use of Estan in the third group as compared with 55 per cent in the second group of individuals. With the use of testosterone in group one, these symptoms were always present. No undesirable side effects were present as a result of the Estan therapy. Supportive measures other than codeine and aspirin for afterpains were not employed. The patients were not limited as to the type and amount of fluid intake. The conclusion is that a combination of estrogen and androgen (Estan) is of value in the prevention of lactation and engorgement of the breast in the puerperium. The higher dosage, namely, 2 tablets of Estan, three times a day for 5 days, should be the one employed. While the results in our small study in general are good, it should be borne in mind that there are a certain number of patients who will not receive any benefit whatsoever, no matter what type of medication is employed.
Organometalloidal derivatives of the transition metals : VII. The thermal and photochemical properties of trialkyllead derivatives of Cr, Mo and W

Abstract Trimethyl- and tri ethyllead derivatives (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) 3 PbR 3 (M  Cr, Mo, and W) have been synthesized. The trimethyllead derivatives are photochemically, and to a lesser extent, thermally unstable with respect to methyl transfer reactions that yield the corresponding (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) 3 CH 3 complex. The related triethyllead complexes behave in a distinctly different fashion exhibiting rearrangements to [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) 3 ] 3 PbEt 2 (M  W, Mo). The reactions of the Cr, Mo, and W complexes with SO 2 yielded the corresponding alkyl sulphinato complexes as did the reaction of the related Fe complex [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 PbEt 3 ].
Design of an electronically tunable microwave impedance transformer

A new technique is introduced for designing continuously variable electronically tunable microwave impedance transformers that can be implemented using MIC or MMIC technology. An S-band tunable transformer has been built and measurements demonstrate a circuit which can transform impedances from 50 /spl Omega/ to a range of 4-392 /spl Omega/. A typical transformation from 50 /spl Omega/ to 162 /spl Omega/ yields a measured 0.5 dB instantaneous bandwidth of 14-16%, tunable bandwidth of 18%, and insertion loss of 0.6-0.9 dB. Applications for this novel technique include the design of electronically tunable wireless components, solid state power amplifiers, microstrip antennas, and microwave modulated laser transmit/receive systems.
The twitcher mouse: positive immunohistochemical staining of globoid cells with monoclonal antibody against Mac-1 antigen.

Abstract The expression of Mac-1 antigen (macrophage surface antigen) was studied by the immunoperoxidase method in the nervous system of the twitcher mouse (an authentic murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy) from day 10 to day 39, to elucidate the origin of the globoid cells. Mac-1 positive cells were seen in peripheral nervous system (PNS) at all ages examined. The positive cells in central nerouvs system (CNS) showed staining characteristics similar to those in PNS, but in the CNS positive cells they appeared first at day 15 and increased significantly in older mice. These cells were always predominant in the white matter. There were few positive cells in the neural parenchyma of control mice before day 10 but none thereafter. The occurrence and the preferential distribution indicate that it is quite likely that Mac-1 positive cells in the twitcher mouse reprsent globoid cells. Twitcher mice which were previously given colloidal carbon intravenously, had some Mac-1 positive cells which contained carbon particles both in the CNS and PNS. These facts indicate that globoid cells are the cells of monocytic lineage and at least some of them are derived from blood monocytes.
Research directions for user interface software tools

Apres un etat des lieux des outils informatiques existant a l'interface avec l'utilisateur, l'auteur expose quel devrait etre l'environnement de cet utilisateur, technologique et logistique. Les instruments de recherche doivent etre fiables, faciles a utiliser, malleables et exhaustifs
Observation of High-Momentum Protons from Limiting Target Fragmentation

Measurements of the inclusive distributions of protons produced at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the momentum range $0.3l~pl~1.0$ GeV/c are reported. Proton, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle, carbon, and argon beams in the range of kinetic energies $0.4l~Tl~2.1$ GeV/nucleon (4.89 GeV for protons) were incident on C, Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb targets. The dependences of the cross sections on the projectile and target mass and on the incident energy are presented. Limiting behavior is found at energies above 1-2 GeV/nucleon. Features suggestive of nuclear correlations are discussed.
Variability in spent fuel inventory data

Abstract A new methodology has been developed to assess how representative a collection of nuclide mass estimates is of real-world spent fuel. The analysis is approached as an “applicability range” evaluation, which quantifies the fraction of the historical population that is represented by one mass estimate. The new methodology is applied to a database containing spent fuel inventory estimates for operating U.S. reactors and uses historical assembly designs as a reference. The evaluation consists of two major steps: the implementation of a sampling and randomization scheme and the calculation of the applicability range scores. The mass estimates are assigned scores for each of the assembly designs they should represent, and the scores are averaged together to find overall applicability range scores for the database estimates. The results showed that the estimates for newer, PWR assembly classes had much higher scores than estimates for older or BWR assembly classes. The applicability range methodology can be extended beyond the database analyzed in the present work to any study that needs to use one value to represent a population with broad variations and limited knowledge of the underlying distributions.
Comparison of the mutagenicities of fossil fuels.

Abstract Chemical fractions from 4 shale oils including one produced in an above-ground retort (Paraho), 2 produced below ground by in situ methods (Occidental and Geokinetics), and 1 produced by a simulated modified in situ process (Livermore), were tested for mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the Ames assay system. Their mutagenic activities were compared with 2 other complex materials: a high-boiling coal distillate (the Solvent Refined Coal Process II (SRC II) heavy distillate), and a crude petroleum (Prudhoe Bay). Each material was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20 partition chromatography and by acid-base solvent extraction to provide chemical fractions for bioassay. Mutagenic activity was detected in the coal liquid (and its fractions) and all 4 of the shale oils (and their fractions), but not in the natural crude oil nor in any of its fractions. The basic and tar fractions derived by solvent extraction, and the LH-20 methanol fractions contained most of the mutagenic activity recovered from the unfractionated material. The heavy distillate was approx. 10 times more active in the Ames assay than the most mutagenically active shale oil. The most mutagenically active of the shale oils was about 10 times more active than the least active shale oil.
A photoreversible conformational change in 124 kDa Avena phytochrome

Tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence quenching of phytochrome has been studied using anionic, cationic and neutral quenchers, I−, Cs+ and acrylamide, respectively, in an effort to understand the molecular differences between the Pr and Pfr forms. The data have been analyzed using both Stern-Volmer and modified Stern-Volmer kinetic treatments. The anionic quencher, I−, was proven to be an ineffective quencher with Stern-Volmer constants, Ksv, of 0.60 and 0.63 M−1, respectively, for the Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome. The cationic quencher, Cs+, showed about a 2-fold difference in the Ksv of Pr and Pfr, indicating a significant change in the fluorescent Trp environments during the Pr to Pfr phototransformation. However, only 25–37% of the fluorescent Trp residues were accessible to the cationic quencher. Most of the fluorescent Trp residues were accessible to acrylamide, but the quenching by acrylamide was indistinguishable for the Pr and Pfr forms. An additional quenching by acrylamide after a saturated quenching with Cs+ showed more than 40% increase in the Ksv of Pfr over Pr. These observations, along with the finding of two distinct components in the Trp fluorescence lifetime, indicate the existence of Trp residues in at least two different sets of environments in the phytochrome protein. The two components of the fluorescence had lifetimes of 1.1 ns (major) and 4.7 ns (minor) for Pr and 0.9 ns (major) and 4.6 ns (minor) for Pfr. Fluorescence quenching was found to be both static and dynamic as the Stern-Volmer constants for the steady-state fluorescence quenching were higher than for the dynamic fluorescence quenching. Based on the quenching results, in combination with the location of Trp residues in the primary structure, we conclude that the Pr to Pfr phototransformation involves a significant conformation change in the phytochrome molecule, preferentially in the 74 kDa chromophore-bearing domain.
Isotropic viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO). The influence of the direction of the dynamic recovery term in the growth law of the equilibrium stress

Abstract Two versions of the isotropic, small strain theory of viscoplasticity based on overstress (VBO) are given. They differ only in the dynamic recovery term of the growth law for the equilibrium stress. In the Yao formulation, this term is in the direction of the differences between the equilibrium and the kinematic stress deviators, two state variables of the theory. The inelastic strain rate determines the direction of this term in the Lee formulation. The predictions of the two formulations are compared in numerical experiments simulating proportional and nonproportional cyclic and monotonic loading. The two versions have the same material constants. They give identical results in uniaxial and proportional monotonic and cyclic loadings for a 6061 T6 aluminum alloy. They differ considerably when nonproportional loading is involved. In a strain controlled corner path the strees component corresponding to the strain that is held constant almost reaches zero at large strains in the Yao formulation. In the Lee formulation the stress is very different from zero. Also, the effective stress-strain diagram for the rectangular path ultimately joins the stress-strain diagram obtained in monotonic loading for the Yao model. A permanent difference remains for the Lee formulation. In cyclic 90° out-of-phase loading the hysteresis loops generated by the Lee model are much narrower than the ones predicted by the Yao version. The predictions of the Yao formulation are in good agreement with the results of biaxial experiments on the aluminum alloy. An analysis of the equations shows that differences between the predictions of the two formulations must be expected whenever unloadings are involved. The agreement in cyclic proportional loadings for the aluminum alloy is apparently due to the special material properties of this alloy. When material properties close to that of stainless steel are used a transient difference between the two formulations is found in cyclic proportional loadings. This experience suggests that models that predict the same behavior in monotonic loading may have vastly different responses in other loadings. Biaxial, nonproportional experiments and their numerical simulations are needed for the development of a reliable constitutive equation.
Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Pelleted and Baled Coastal Bermudagrass and Alfalfa Hay

Summary Twenty-one cows were fed: (a) baled Coastal bermudagrass, (b) ground and pelleted Coastal bermudagrass plus 2.0lb of baled Coastal hay per day, and (c) baled alfalfa hay. Following a standardization period, in which both concentrates and baled Coastal hay were fed ad libitum, the treatment rations were fed continuously for the 8th-37th wk of the lactation in one replicate, and the 8th-27th wk in a second replicate. Initially, concentrates were fed with the treatment forages at the rate of 1 to 5lb of FCM, with the amount reduced 6% each 4 wk. Cows fed the pelleted Coastal produced more milk and FCM, ate more forage, gained more weight, and produced milk higher in milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein than those fed the baled Coastal. They also produced milk higher in solids-not-fat than those fed alfalfa hay. Consumption of alfalfa hay was higher than that of baled Coastal but lower than that of pelleted Coastal. Cows receiving alfalfa hay produced more FCM than those fed baled Coastal. All of these differences were significant statistically.
Fluids in the universe: adaptive mesh refinement in cosmology

Using galactic clusters, galactic formation, and the first stars as examples, the author demonstrates how adaptive mesh refinement techniques can be successfully applied to cosmological research. The method combines adaptive refinement of interesting regions with modern grid-based methods for solving hydrodynamic equations.
The effect of scaling and connection on the sustainability of a socio-economic resource system

Abstract Policy makers dealing with complex systems oftentimes rely on “linear thinking.” This is understandable due to the ease and convenience offered by the simplicity of such conceptualization. Although this line of thinking may help facilitate decision making processes, it is only as defensible as the degree at which the system under consideration behaves linearly. Recent work shows that diverse properties of cities exhibit power-law relationships with population size. Such relationships may invalidate the reliance on linear thinking. Furthermore, in the era of globalization, resources and people move virtually freely through bounds of any confines used to define a system. We incorporate into a simple resource-population model the power-law scaling behavior and the influence of import and immigration, and investigate their effects on sustainable growth of communities. We explore through bifurcation analysis the different scenarios of how an unsustainable system could be sustained. Import can be effective if: the import exceeds a critical level and a critical mass of people populates the system. In contrast, increasing immigration alone can rescue the intrinsically unsustainable system, both directly through people entering the system and indirectly by increasing its harvesting ability, although critical values exist that cause the population to sharply rise or shrink.
Organic Matter and Water Stability of Field Aggregates Affected by Tillage in South Dakota

Tillage has been associated with soil organic matter (SOM) decline. A case study of two adjacent farms was conducted in eastern South Dakota. One farm used no-till (NT) and the other used chisel tillage (CT). We hypothesized that soil under NT, compared with tillage, would have both greater quantity and greater quality of SOM and that this improved SOM condition would result in increased water stable aggregation (WSA). A rotary sieve was used to sort dry field aggregates into six size groups: 19 mm. Water stable aggregation, soil organic C (SOC), N, glomalin, and basidiomycete fungi were measured. Fine particulate soil organic matter (fPOM, 0.5-0.053 mm) and coarse particulate organic matter (2.0-0.5 mm) were isolated by sieving. Quantitative solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance was used to determine C type in humic acid, humin, and whole soil. The fPOM/SOM ratio was greatest in <0.4-mm aggregates and 24% greater in NT than CT. Soil organic C was greatest in 0.8- to 2.0-mm aggregates and 11% greater in NT than CT. Average WSA was 63% greater under NT than under CT. Aggregate wettability was less under NT than CT. Slower water uptake under NT might be attributed to a greater abundance of wax-type C under NT than under CT. We conclude that NT, compared with CT, resulted in better SOM quality during the course of 10 yr. Improved SOM quality was related to improved WSA.
Tungsten abundances in meteoritic and terrestrial materials

Abstract The abundances of tungsten in 17 chondrites, 6 achondrites, 5 siderites, one sample of meteoritic olivine, one sample of meteoritic troilite, 5 types of tektites, one meteoritic impact glass, 3 obsidians, 4 samples of a deep-sea sediment core, and 2 standard rocks have been determined by means of neutron activation analysis. A cosmic atomic abundance for tungsten of 0.11 ( Si = 10 6 ) has been calculated on the basis of the chondrite analyses. This value is lower than the interpolated value of Suess and Urey (1956) and slightly lower than the calculated value of Clayton and Fowler (1961). It is, however, in good agreement with the calculated value of Cameron (1959) and the recent experimental measurements of Atkins and Smales (1960) on 5 chondrites. Information on the geochemical distribution of tungsten in separated meteoritic phases and certain terrestrial rocks has been obtained. Some implications of the data to theories of nucleosynthesis and meteorite formation are discussed.
Monitoring, diagnosis and safety-related functions for surge protective devices for the use in MCR applications

Surge voltages can cause damage to the electronic equipment of measurement, control and regulation systems (MCR systems). The use of specially designed surge protective devices (SPDs) provides effective protection against this kind of stress and ensures a high operational availability of these systems. The newly developed SPD presented is based on a 2-state protection circuit featuring low impulse-limiting voltage and high surge current handling capability. Moreover, the SPD contains new overload protection functions which ensure - especially in case of use in MCR applications with a high operation voltage level and high short circuit energies - a maximum level of product safety. To permit condition-oriented and predictive maintenance, monitoring and diagnosis functions for the evaluation of the condition of the protective components are developed. The results presented, provide practical information for the design of future-orientated products for the protection of MCR systems.
Playing by the rules: self-interest information influences children's trust and trustworthiness in the absence of feedback.

Abstract This study documented how children’s decisions to trust and help partners in a game depend on the game’s incentives. Adults, 5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds (N = 128) guessed the location of hidden prizes, assisted by a partner who observed the hiding. After each hiding event the partner shared information with participants about the prize’s location. Participants earned prizes every time they guessed correctly. The partner earned prizes either from participants’ correct (cooperation incentive) or incorrect (competition incentive) guesses. Children and adults trusted their partner more often when the game incentivized cooperation versus competition. A complementary pattern was observed when participants assisted their partner find prizes they observed being hidden: Participants strategically shared truthful information more often when the game rewarded cooperation.
Evidence that glucose 6-phosphate is imported as the substrate for starch synthesis by the plastids of developing pea embryos

The aim of this work was to determine in what form carbon destined for starch synthesis crosses the membranes of plastids in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) embryos. Plastids were isolated mechanically and incubated in the presence of ATP with the following 14C-labelled substrates: glucose, fructose, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate was the only substrate that supported physiologically relevant rates of starch synthesis. Incorporation of label from glucose 6-phosphate into starch was dependent upon the integrity of the plastids and the presence of ATP. The rate of incorporation approached saturation at a glucose 6-phosphate concentration of less than 1 mM. It is argued that glucose 6-phosphate is likely to enter the plastid as the source of carbon for starch synthesis in vivo.
Reciprocal associations among self-focused attention, self-acceptance, and empathy: A two-wave panel study

Abstract Reflection and rumination are conceptualized as two distinct forms of self-focused attention that differentially relate to psychological outcomes; however, recent findings indicate that individuals who tend to engage in reflection may be prone to rumination. The purpose of the present study was to extend the existing literature in this area by examining the reciprocal relationships between reflection and rumination. In addition, we examined how these two self-focusing tendencies relate to self-acceptance, and empathy. Using a two-way panel study design, data of this study were collected from 231 college students at two time points. The time interval between the two waves of data collection was approximately six weeks. The results of the structural equation modeling indicated that after controlling for temporal stability and the other variables in the model, the relationship between reflection and self-acceptance was reciprocal and positive. In addition, higher levels of self-acceptance at Time 1 were associated with lower levels of rumination at Time 2, suggesting that individuals with higher levels of self-acceptance are less likely to ruminate on the negative aspects of the self. Results also indicated significant relationships between rumination and empathy; however, contrary to our expectations, the relationships between these constructs were reciprocal and positive.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Optimal Performance of Rotary Dehumidifiers

The design-point dehumidification performance (i.e., at ARI conditions) of a rotary dehumidifier wheel depends on its rotational speed, the sorption properties of the desiccant, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the matrix, and the size of the dehumidifier. However, the real operating conditions of a rotary dehumidifier can vary significantly from the design point, given the large variations in operating conditions (i.e., the outdoor, indoor, and regeneration temperatures and humidities) for various locations during different times of the year. This paper investigates the variability of the dehumidification performance of a rotary dehumidifier and its dependence on operating conditions. Also, the effect of the operating conditions on the optimum rotational speed of a rotary dehumidifier, where the performance of a rotary dehumidifier is optimized, is described.
Risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus to health care workers exposed to HIV-infected patients: a review

The possibility of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to health care workers with occupational exposure to infected patients has caused concern since the beginning of the AIDS crisis. This report summarizes both national surveillance data for AIDS among health care workers and the results of prospective studies on the risk of HIV transmission in the health care professions. All the available evidence indicates that HIV infection in health care workers in the United States results primarily from exposure outside the health care setting, and is acquired by one of the conventional routes of transmission. A small number of health care workers have been infected with HIV through occupational exposure. Prospective surveillance studies indicate that the risk of seroconversion after needlestick exposure to HIV-infected blood is about 0.5%. The level of risk associated with exposure of mucous membranes or nonintact skin is far less.
The subunit structure of the fructose diphosphate aldolase from spinach leaf

Abstract The subunit structure of spinach leaf fructose diphosphate aldolase has been examined by chemical and physical methods. In confirmation of previous results, the molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 120,000. The molecular weight of subunits obtained by treatment with maleic anhydride was 28,000–30,000, indicating a structure containing four subunits. Tyrosine appeared to be the amino acid in the C-terminal position. However, the quantity of tyrosine released by digestion with carboxypeptidase A varied from preparation to preparation, and was correlated with the specific activity of the preparation. The maximum number of tyrosines released was approximately 3 per mole of enzyme. The results suggest that specific modification or loss of C-terminal tyrosines had occurred during the isolation of the enzyme. Upon treatment with carboxypeptidase, one of the C-terminal tyrosine residues was released rapidly, while the other two were more resistant. Loss of catalytic activity was associated with the release of the sensitive tyrosine residue.
The effect of relatively large doses of sesame oil on oxygen consumption and the antagonistic action of adrenocortical extract.

Although it is generally concluded on the basis of the literature that sesame oil is physiologically inactive as a vehicle for fat soluble substances, there are indications that it is not as physiologically inactive as generally believed. Sesame oil in varying dosages has been reported to cause marked visceral damage in sarcoma bearing rats (Pollia, 1937); to shorten the mean survival time of adrenalectomized rats by 1.6 days as compared with their controls (Spurr and Kochakian, 1939); to produce toxic effects and death in normal rats as quickly as ten days after beginning the injections (Bruce and Tobin, 1940); to induce atrophy of the thymus in male rats (Clausen, 1940); to cause atrophy of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland in young mice (Crafts, 1942); and to stimulate the germinal epithelium of the ovary in young mice (Stein and Allen, 1942). It is the purpose of this investigation to show the effects on oxygen consumption of the whole organism
Social science methods in landscape architecture design

Abstract With the clarification of a human ecological method in planning there has been increased demand for an improved social method applicable to problems of a design scale. The degree of discrimination necessary for design decisions is often not found in the social and environmental data collected through general ethnography and natural-factor maps. In response to this methodological gap, a series of specific methods and techniques has been developed and tested in landscape architecture studios, forming the basis of a social method for design. Such a method allows students and practitioners to elicit information at an appropriate scale and introduces methodological rigor which offers opportunities for socially responsive design.
Glyphs for visualizing uncertainty in environmental vector fields

Environmental data have inherent uncertainty which is often ignored in visualization. For example, meteorological stations measure wind with good accuracy, but winds are often averaged over minutes or hours. As another example, Doppler radars (wind profilers and ocean current radars) take thousands of samples and average the possibly spurious returns. Others, including time series data, have a wealth of uncertainty information that the traditional vector visualization methods such as using wind barbs and arrow glyphs simply ignore. We have developed new vector glyphs to visualize uncertain winds and ocean currents. Our approach is to include uncertainty in direction and magnitude, as well as the mean direction and length, in vector glyph plots. Our glyphs show the variation in uncertainty, and provide fair comparisons of data from instruments, models, and time averages of varying certainty. We use both qualitative and quantitative methods to compare our glyphs to traditional ones. Subjective comparison tests with experts (meteorologists and oceanographers) are provided, as well as objective tests (data ink manximization), where the information density of our new glyphs and traditional glyphs are compared. We have shown that visualizing data together with their uncertainty information enhances the understanding of the continuous range of data quality in environmental vector fields.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calculated phase diagrams for cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions in comparison to experimental results

Flory's lattice theory for rigid rod molecules and Kuhn chains is used to calculate phase diagrams for cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions. Persistence length values measured by light scattering and reported previously are used as rod length values. Variations in the phase diagram based on varying rod length/solvent composition and cellulose molecular weight are explored. Spinodal curves are calculated in a region of the phase diagram predicting phase separation between two anisotropic solutions. Finally, calculated phase diagrams are compared to published data for the system. Discrepancies between theory and data may be accounted for by soft interactions between cellulose molecules and solvent which are not incorporated into the lattice theory.
Bowen, Dufek, and Shelly Receive 2012 James B. Macelwane Medals: Response

Thank you, Jim, and thank you to AGU for this recognition and encouragement. In reality, this award recognizes many who have shared their knowledge, guidance, and example throughout the years.