cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of short-range order and Zener relaxation in substitutional solid solutions

Abstract A theoretical model of the relaxation time for changes in short-range order and for Zener relaxation in substitutional solid solutions has been developed using a kinetic approach. The resulting expressions are developed in a form which permits examination of the differences between activation energies for relaxation times and those for diffusion of the alloy components. These differences arise from two sources: correlation effects, and the differences in weight assigned in each of the processes to atom-vacancy exchanges in various environments. Experimental data for diffusion and for Zener relaxation in silver-gold and silver-zinc alloys are discussed within the framework of the present interpretation and contrasted with previous interpretations of Zener relaxation times.
Dynamic Analysis of Single-Anchor Inflatable Dams

Abstract Inflatable dams are flexible, cylindrical structures anchored to a foundation. The three-dimensional vibrational behaviour of single-anchor inflatable dams with fins is analyzed, both in the absence of water and in the presence of stationary or parallel flowing water. The dam is modelled as an elastic shell inflated with air and resting on a rigid foundation. The internal pressure is increased slowly until it reaches the desired value. Then the external water is applied and the equilibrium configuration is obtained. Small vibrations about this configuration are considered. The external water is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and potential theory is used. The infinite-frequency limit is assumed on the free surface. A boundary element technique is utilized to determine the behavior of the water, and the finite element method is applied to model the structure. Vibration frequencies and mode shapes are computed. The effects of the internal pressure, external water head, and parallel flow velocity on the vibrations of the dam are investigated, and the results are compared to those for the dam in the absence of external water.
Stress and immune function in diabetes mellitus

Type I diabetic men were found to have a greater number of stresses, more perceived stress per episode, greater anxiety, poorer immune function, and less metabolic control than Type II diabetic men. Degree of family support and compliance with the medical regimen did not differ. Correlation of perceived stress with immune function and metabolic control showed that Type I had more correlates than Type II, with more perceived stress associated with more depressed immune responses.
Black‐white hemoglobin differences during pregnancy

As shown in 309 pregnant participants in the Ten‐State Nutrition Survey and in 24,514 pregnant participants in the National Collaborative Study of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, hemoglobin levels in pregnant black women tend to be systematically lower than in their white counterparts by 0.64–0.74 g/100ml and by a percent closely comparable to that in non‐pregnant black and white women of comparable age.
The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S.

Although highly charged polyanions, such as inositol hexaphosphate, have been clearly shown to decrease the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S, the effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), the endogenous allosteric effector within the red cell, has been more controversial. In this work we have compared the effect of DPG on the solubility of native deoxyhemoglobin S and a derivative in which the DPG binding site is blocked by cross-linking the two beta 82 lysine residues. At pH 6.6 and 30 degrees C the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be decreased by 15% (i.e., from 18.8 to 16.0 g/dl) in the presence of saturating concentrations of DPG. Under the same conditions DPG had no effect on the solubility of the cross-linked derivative. This result establishes unequivocally that the binding of DPG within the beta cleft directly facilitates the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S. Under physiological conditions, the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be decreased by 6% in the presence of an equimolar concentration of DPG. A solubility decrease of this magnitude is sufficient to enhance the tendency of SS cells to sickle and may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Experimental and Numerical Evidence for Riddled Basins in Coupled Chaotic Systems.

We present direct experimental and numerical evidence for riddled basins of attraction for the synchronous chaotic state in a system of coupled chaotic oscillator circuits. Both experiment and computation show scaling typical of basin riddling.
An experiment in scheduling and planning of non-structured jobs: Lessons learned from artificial intelligence and operational research toolbox

Most scheduling problems traditionally address well defined and structured environments. Some examples include manufacturing (job shop, flow shop, etc.) and project scheduling respectively. Another type of scheduling problem that has received little or no attention is defined here as a non-structured scheduling problem (NSSP). A typical NSSP addressed here involves scheduling aircraft turnaround functions. The scheduling method consists of artificial intelligence (AI) and operational research (OR) techniques. The results obtained from the hybrid model indicate that flexibility and knowledge replication can be achieved at various levels of abstraction by converting non-structured problems to their structured equivalents. The model is implemented with TOP (a Task Oriented Planner), a decision support system for multiagent task scheduling and planning.
Structure-Activity Relationships of 33 Carboxamides as Toxicants Against Female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti L. is the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, and use of aerosolized insecticides is one of the primary ways to control this medically important mosquito. However, few new insecticides have been developed for mosquito control in recent years. As a part of our effort to search for new insecticides to control mosquitoes, toxicities of 33 carboxamides were evaluated against female A. aegypti by topical application. This group included nine different categories of compounds, namely benzamides, phenyl-propenamides, propanamides, butanamides, butenamides, pentanamides, pentenamides, hexanamides, and hexenamides, that exhibited varying levels of toxicity against this mosquito species. The most toxic compound tested was hexahydro-1-(1-oxohexyl)-1H-azepine, with a 24-h LD50 value of 0.4 µg per mosquito, whereas the most toxic compound at the LD95 level was N-ethyl-2-methyl-N-phenyl-benzamide (1.82 µg per mosquito). The least toxic compound was N,N-bis (2-methylpropyl)-3-phenyl...
STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY AND REGROWTH FOLIAGE OF RED OAK (QUERCUS RUBRA L.) AND RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM L.)

SUMMARY From foliar emergence until senescence, the abaxial diffusive resistance of primary foliage, and of regrowth foliage produced after defoliation, was measured at several irradiances with a ventilated diffusion porometer. Concurrent measurements were made of stomatal dimensions and frequency, including scanning electron-microscopy, and of leaf area. The diffusive resistance of newly emerged primary leaves was about 15 s cm−1 in maple and 20 s cm−1 in oak at all irradiances. The stomata became sensitive to light within 2 weeks of emergence, oak being slightly earlier than maple. Thereafter, the resistance at an irradiance of 0.5 cal cm−2 min−1 fell to a seasonal minimum of 3 s cm−1 in oak and 5–7 s cm−1 somewhat later in maple. With the onset of senescence, and earlier in maple than in oak, the resistance of primary leaves in bright light increased and the stomata became less sensitive to light. As leaf colour changed from green to red or brown, the resistance increased to about 60 to 80 s cm−1 in both oak and maple. The resistance of regrowth foliage that emerged in July was about 5–7 s cm−1 in maple and 12–15 s cm−1 in oak, thus lower than that in newly emerged primary foliage. Within a week of emergence, 3 weeks sooner than with primary foliage, the resistance at 0.5 cal cm−2 min−1 fell to about 3 s cm−1 in both species. During July and August, the resistance of regrowth foliage of maple was about one-third that of the primary foliage, but about the same in both regrowth and primary foliage of oak. At the time of regrowth leaf emergence (July), the mean temperature was 10° C higher than that at primary leaf emergence (May), but in both species the initial rates of leaf expansion were similar. Although the areas of individual primary leaves were about twice those of regrowth leaves, the stomatal frequencies and dimensions were similar. Maximum stomatal length was achieved before the leaves were fully expanded and before the stomata became responsive to light. The development of light sensitivity was apparently independent of leaf expansion and the attainment of final stomatal size, but strongly dependent on environmental regulation of stomatal metabolism.
Paths to development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China and Indonesia, by Tuong Vu

Paths to Development stands out for its attention to history and belief in its importance; for incorporating socialist states into the concept of developmental states, a valuable move; and for its ...
Raman spectral evolution in individual metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes upon covalent sidewall functionalization

Changes in the Raman spectra of individual metallic single-walled carbon nantoubes (SWNTs) upon sidewall covalent bond formation have been studied. In light of the Fermi level shift dependent G-band line shape and D-band intensity in metallic tubes, the validity of commonly used D to G intensity ratio as an assessment tool for covalent bond formation is first examined. The evolution of G-band and disorder Raman spectral features upon covalent reaction with 4-bromobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate is then presented. The initial degree of disorder has a strong influence on the covalent sidewall functionalization. Implications on developing electronically selective covalent chemistries and assessing their selectivity in separating metallic and semiconducting SWNTs are discussed.
Latino Students' Journeys Toward College

Abstract This multisited ethnography followed nine successful Latino high-school students enrolled in a college-preparation program to examine their development of college aspirations and identify factors that contributed to their successful preparation for a 4-year university. It also explored these students' “multiple worlds” of home, school, community, and a university-sponsored college-preparation program. Major findings include the development of three typologies to explain how Latino immigrant families employ different strategies to motivate and support their children's progress and rely on various resource networks across their multiple worlds to meet students' academic, economic, sociocultural, and psychological needs. Results suggest that Latino immigrant students can successfully prepare for college when their needs are met through a network of resources in the home, school, and community. Implications are offered for how families, communities, schools, and programs can create a holistic approac...
Lysozyme action in the cockroach—Blood changes

Abstract Injection of egg-white lysozyme into adult male cockroaches induces significant changes in the protein and non-protein nitrogen of the blood, but not in uric acid. Analysis of sixteen amino acids showed that twelve increased 50 to 300 per cent, and one decreased 50 per cent. The inorganic ion content increased and the Na + K + ratio was appreciably higher in the lysozyme-treated insects. Injection of NaCl solution is better tolerated by larvae than adults. Larvae have a higher blood protein and uric acid content than adults.
Intersensory concepts in children

This experiment was designed to determine whether intersensory transfer can be demonstrated using form (stars, squares, circles, and parallelograms) concepts as mediators. It was hypothesized that the association of certain sounds with visually presented forms would significantly influence the association of these sounds with the same or different forms when tactually presented. Three groups of subjects were used. During training trials, both experimental groups learned the same sound/form associations (with the forms being visually presented). During test trials, both experimental groups were presented the forms tactually, with Experimental Group 1 being tested with the same sound/form pairings given during training trials and Experimental Group 2 being tested with different sound/form pairings. The control group was exposed to a completely different set of stimuli (four new sounds and four line drawings) during training trials and exactly the same conditions as Experimental Group 1 during the test trials. The results indicated that form concept mediation across modalities can result in considerable transfer.
Rural reversal? Rural-urban disparities in late-stage cancer risk in Illinois.

Cancer stage at the time of diagnosis is critically important in affecting the long-term health and well-being of cancer patients. Detection at an early stage increases the likelihood that cancers can be successfully treated, reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality and enhancing long-term prognosis. In the United States, there are wide disparities in late-stage cancer risk among population groups and among geographic regions. Low income, vulnerable populations are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a distant or `late' stage. Late-stage risk also varies geographically. Some studies identify a greater risk of late-stage diagnosis among rural residents who face long distances in accessing cancer screening services. However, research on rural-urban disparities has produced mixed and conflicting findings that question whether rural residents are disadvantaged in late-stage risk. This research investigates the rural-urban gradient in late-stage cancer risk in Illinois for 1998–2002. Using data from the Illinois State Cancer Registry, we examine fine-grained patterns of rural-urban variation for four major types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung and prostate. The objectives are to determine the extent and direction of rural-urban gradient in late-stage risk for each type of cancer and to analyze the roles of individual demographic characteristics, and ZIP code level contextual variables in accounting for rural-urban variations.
ON THE MECHANISM OF LANGMUIR CIRCULATIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN EPILIMNION MIXING1

Six mechanisms have so far been proposed to explain Langmuir circulations and their associated wind streaks. One mechanism involving shearing instability and two requiring the action of a surface film are supported by the greatest amount of evidence. Studies at Lake George, New York, suggest that more than one mechanism may operate at one location. A particular mechanism may operate at a specific site because of typical conditions at that site, but a different mechanism may be more important at another site. Plots of thermal structure in the near-surface layer of Lake George and measurements of vertical current velocities suggest that Langmuir circulations are the most important mixing process in the epilimnia of lakes.
Segmentation of sentences into phonological phrases as a function of constituent length

Evidence is reported which supports the frequent claims that the segmentation of sentences into phonological phrases is partially a function of length of utterance and the position of syntactic boundaries. It is shown that segmentation is more likely to occur at constituent boundaries rather than between them. There is a greater tendency to place segment boundaries before or after long phrases than to place them before or after short phrases. There is a tendency to minimize the number of segments.
Lysis of intrauterine adhesions using gynecoradiologic techniques

Abstract Objective : To present further experience with in-office lysis of intrauterine adhesions under fluoroscopic control using a specially designed catheter. Design : Prospective study. Setting : Medical school-affiliated infertility center. Patient(s) : Seventeen infertile patients undergoing routine gynecoradiologic investigation as part of an initial infertility workup. Intervention(s) : The initial hysterosalpingography was performed with a commercially available uterine catheter that seals off the uterine cavity before injection of contrast. If intrauterine adhesions were diagnosed, an immediate attempt at lysis was made using the catheter's balloon tip or hysteroscopic scissors, which were inserted through the main port of the catheter. The procedures were carried out using a paracervical block or IV analgesia. Main Outcome Measure(s) : Normal uterine cavity after lysis of intrauterine adhesions. Result(s) : Seventeen patients underwent lysis of intrauterine adhesions. In 13 patients (9 mild, 3 moderate, and I severe), the adhesions were lysed successfully (81.2%). Among those, nine procedures were performed with the balloon and four with scissors. In 4 cases (2 moderate and 2 severe), lysis of adhesions was only partially successful. These procedures had to be abandoned prematurely because of patient discomfort before attempting the use of scissors ( n = 1), extravasation of dye into the myometrium making visualization difficult ( n = 1), and thick, fibrotic adhesions that were resistant to scissors ( n = 2). Conclusion(s) : In-office lysis of intrauterine adhesions under gynecoradiologic control can be carried out safely in the majority of patients, using minimally invasive techniques. The potential cost savings in comparison with endoscopic procedures, which require utilization of expensive operating room time, are especially relevant in today's cost-conscious managed care environment. Only failures of in-office procedures would reach the operating room under the algorithm proposed here.
Adolescent siblings in stepfamilies : family functioning and adolescent adjustment

This longitudinal study examines family relationships and the adjustment of two adolescent siblings, varying in the degree of biological relatedness, in non-stepfamiles and in stabilized simple and complex stepfamilies. Family relationships and children's adjustment were assessed using interview and questionnaire measures obtained from mothers, fathers/stepfathers, and the two siblings and from observational measures of family interactions in the home. Family type and gender differences in marital relationships, parent-child relationships, and sibling relationships as well as adolescent adjustment were examined. The findings suggest that, even in long established stepfamilies, some differences in family relationships and in adolescent adjustments were found. Few differences, however, between non-stepfamilies and simple stepfamilies were found.
APPLICATION OF ANTHOCYANINS AS COLORANTS FOR MARASCHINO‐TYPE CHERRIES

Anthocyanins (ACYs) were extracted from dark, tart cherries and used as colorants in the manufacture of maraschino-type cherries. Studies were initiated to determine the effect of the addition of SnCl2, a K2CO3 dip as a surface wax treatment, and varying storage temperatures on the stability of ACY colored, maraschino-type cherries. The addition of SnCl2 appeared to have no effect on the rate of degradation of pigment. The K2CO3 dip caused a lighter shade of red due possibly to an intracellular pH alteration although the ACY concentration remained equal to that of the other treatments. The storage phase of this study shows the color to be relatively stable for an estimated period of 6-9 months, depending on variations from ambient temperature. These studies indicated that maraschino fruit can be produced using ACYs as the colorant although their color is somewhat different from that obtained using organic dyes.
Activated AMPK and prostaglandins are involved in the response to conjugated linoleic acid and are sufficient to cause lipid reductions in adipocytes

trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12 CLA) reduces triglyceride levels in adipocytes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inflammation were recently demonstrated to be involved in the emerging pathways regulating this response. This study further investigated the role of AMPK and inflammation by testing the following hypotheses: (1) a moderate activation of AMPK and an inflammatory response are sufficient to reduce triglycerides, and (2) strong activation of AMPK is also sufficient. Experiments were performed by adding compounds that affect these pathways and by measuring their effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A comparison of four AMPK activators (metformin, phenformin, TNF-α and t10c12 CLA) found a correlation between AMPK activity and triglyceride reduction. This correlation appeared to be modulated by the level of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA produced. Inhibitors of the prostaglandin (PG) biosynthetic pathway interfered with t10c12 CLA's ability to reduce triglycerides. A combination of metformin and PGH2, or phenformin alone, efficiently reduced triglyceride levels in adipocytes. Microarray analysis indicated that the transcriptional responses to phenformin or t10c12 CLA were very similar, suggesting similar pathways were activated. 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were found to weakly induce the integrated stress response (ISR) in response to phenformin or t10c12 CLA and to respond robustly as they differentiated into adipocytes. This indicated that both chemicals required adipocytes at the same stage of differentiation to be competent for this response. These results support the above hypotheses and suggest compounds that moderately activate AMPK and increase PG levels or robustly activate AMPK in adipocytes may be beneficial for reducing adiposity.
Nonlinearly viscoelastic analysis of asphalt mixes subjected to shear loading

This study presents the characterization of the nonlinearly viscoelastic behavior of hot mix asphalt (HMA) at different temperatures and strain levels using Schapery’s model. A recursive-iterative numerical algorithm is generated for the nonlinearly viscoelastic response and implemented in a displacement-based finite element (FE) code. Then, this model is employed to describe experimental frequency sweep measurements of two asphalt mixes with fine and coarse gradations under several combined temperatures and shear strain levels. The frequency sweep measurements are converted to creep responses in the time domain using a phenomenological model (Prony series). The master curve is created for each strain level using the time temperature superposition principle (TTSP) with a reference temperature of 40°C. The linear time-dependent parameters of the Prony series are first determined by fitting a master curve created at the lowest strain level, which in this case is 0.01%. The measurements at strain levels higher than 0.01% are analyzed and used to determine the nonlinear parameters. These parameters are shown to increase with increasing strain levels, while the time–temperature shift function is found to be independent of strain levels. The FE model with the calibrated time-dependent and nonlinear material parameters is used to simulate the creep experimental tests, and reasonable predictions are shown.
Treatment Options for Osteoporosis

The number of women affected by postmenopausal osteoporosis is likely to continue to increase substantially as the population ages. Furthermore, the therapeutic options for such patients are likely to increase. In this brief review, we outline the use of the currently available medications for the management of osteoporosis—namely, estrogen, calcitonin, calcium, and vitamin D. In addition, we discuss the next generation of drugs that are likely to become available in the future—the bisphosphonates and estrogen analogues. As these options become available, the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis will become similar to the management of other common disorders such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia, in which the most appropriate medication may differ for individual patients. Thus, the treatment of osteoporosis is likely to evolve from a decision of whether to initiate estrogen replacement therapy to a more complex decision of the best agent to use for an individual patient.
Does strong selection promote host specialisation and ecological speciation in insect herbivores? Evidence from Neochlamisus leaf beetles

1. Outstanding issues in evolutionary ecology include: (1) the prevalence of host-associated ecological specialisation among herbivorous insects, and (2) the speciation processes contributing to the tremendous species-level diversity of herbivores. 2. Neochlamisus leaf beetle species are generally monophagous, but cumulatively employ a disparate array of host plants. These patterns occur in microcosm within the putatively oligophagous Neochlamisus bebbianae, which uses specific host species within each of six plant genera representing five families. I refer to all beetle populations associated with any one of these hosts as a particular ‘host form’. 3. This paper describes aspects of Neochlamisus biology and some experimental findings relevant to both host-use evolution and host specialisation in Neochlamisus, and to ecological divergence, reproductive isolation, and genetic differentiation among N. bebbianae host forms. It thereby reviews a research programme focused on ecological speciation. 4. With respect to these host forms, our findings include: (1) ubiquitous host specialisation, (2) constraints on ‘multitasking’ that select for host specialisation, (3) ubiquitous ecological divergence, (4) pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers, (5) genetic and environmental contributions to ecological divergence and reproductive isolation, (6) positive statistical associations between ecological divergence and reproductive isolation, (7) strongly differentiated loci despite gene flow, reflecting divergent host-related selection, and (8) possible host race formation. We additionally describe a unique example of intimate host adaptation in another species, Neochlamisus platani. 5. The intimate and discrete nature of herbivore–host associations may generate unusually strong (host-related) selection that could simultaneous explain pronounced rates of herbivore specialisation and speciation.
An Engineering-Economic Approach to Transmission Planning Under Market and Regulatory Uncertainties: WECC Case Study

We propose a stochastic programming-based tool to support adaptive transmission planning under market and regulatory uncertainties. We model investments in two stages, differentiating between commitments that must be made now and corrective actions that can be undertaken as new information becomes available. The objective is to minimize expected transmission and generation costs over the time horizon. Nonlinear constraints resulting from Kirchhoff's voltage law are included. We apply the tool to a 240-bus representation of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council and model uncertainty using three scenarios with distinct renewable electricity mandates, emissions policies, and fossil fuel prices. We conclude that the cost of ignoring uncertainty (the cost of using naive deterministic planning methods relative to explicitly modeling uncertainty) is of the same order of magnitude as the cost of first-stage transmission investments. Furthermore, we conclude that heuristic rules for constructing transmission plans based on scenario planning can be as suboptimal as deterministic plans.
Reagent based DOS: A “Click, Click, Cyclize” strategy to probe chemical space

The synthesis of small organic molecules as probes for discovering new therapeutic agents has been an important aspect of chemical-biology. Herein we report a reagent-based, diversity-oriented synthetic (DOS) strategy to probe chemical and biological space via a “Click, Click, Cyclize” protocol. In this DOS approach, three sulfonamide linchpins underwent cyclization protocols with a variety of reagents to yield a collection of structurally diverse S-heterocycles. In silico analysis is utilized to evaluate the diversity of the compound collection against chemical space (PC analysis), shape space (PMI) and polar surface area (PSA) calculations.
Collisional redistribution of circularly polarized light in barium perturbed by argon

We have measured the orientation of the Ba 6p ${\mathrm{}}^{1}$P level produced by collision-induced excitation from the ground state by circularly polarized light. The detuning dependence of the far-wing excited-state orientation can be interpreted in terms of reorientation of molecular orbitals which occur during the collision. Effects due to rotational coupling are seen to occur at large blue-wing detunings. We have also determined the collisional rate for destruction of orientation by measuring the pressure dependence of the excited-state orientation.
Antioxidant and anticataractogenic effects of topical captopril in diquat-induced cataract in rabbits.

1-[(2s)-3-Mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-L-proline (captopril), an antihypertensive and free radical scavenger, protected the rabbit lens from peroxidative and oxidative damage induced by 1 mM diquat in vitro. To evaluate the anticataract efficacy of captopril, an experimental group of five rabbits was treated with topical captopril (1% in 0.15 M NaCl, w/v), and 50 microliters was instilled onto both eyes four times a day for a total of 8 weeks. Following the same procedure, the eyes of five rabbits were treated with topical 0.15 M NaCl as a control for captopril treatment. At the end of the first week of treatment, a single intravitreal dose of 120 nmole diquat in 30 microliters of 0.15 M NaCl was injected into the right eye of each rabbit of both the groups. As a control for intravitreal diquat injection, the left eye of all the rabbits were injected with the diluent, 30 microliters per eye. The intravitreal diquat or its diluent injection was only for one time. From slit-lamp biomicroscopic observation of the diquat-injected right eyes, the anticataract effect of captopril in the treatment group was indicated by the finding that in four of five rabbits the cataract did not advance; whereas in four of five rabbits treated with the diluent the cataract progressed to grade 3. The lenses in the diluent-injected control left eyes of the rabbits treated with the captopril or diluent were normal. However, since the number of animals used for the in vivo studies was few, further confirmation of the anticataract effect of captopril is necessary. In diquat-injected right eyes of animals treated with captopril, the integrated rate of O2- production was about 50% less (p less than .001) in the aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and lens, compared with O2-, 33.49 +/- 2.26 microM (mean +/- SEM) in the aqueous humor, 17.12 +/- 0.75 microM in the vitreous humor, and 31.44 +/- 1.29 nmole/g wet weight in the lens of the diquat-injected right eyes treated with the diluent. Similar significant (p less than .01) differences in the production of .OH and H2O2 in eye tissues were also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Recoil measurement of the /sup 12/C(. pi. (,. pi. N)/sup 11/C reaction between 90 and 350 MeV

The effective forward, perpendicular, and backward ranges of $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ produced in the interaction of 90-350 MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ with carbon have been measured using conventional thick-target thick-catcher activation techniques. With increasing pion energy, the forward ranges decrease, the backward ranges increase, and the perpendicular ranges remain essentially unchanged. However, these trends are much more pronounced for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ than for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$. The results have been compared with an intranuclear cascade code. The ratios of calculated effective ranges for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ bombardment show the same energy dependence as observed experimentally.
Expectancies and Ownership of Long-Term Care Insurance Policies Among Older Married Couples

The study was concerned with perceived risk of need for long-term care (LTC) as a factor in decisions among older married couples to purchase or retain LTC insurance policies. The study examined the relationship between expectancies of moving to a nursing home and ownership of private LTC insurance policies among married couples in which both partners were at least aged 65. Data from the 2002 and 2004 Health and Retirement Study were analyzed. Higher subjective probabilities of moving to a nursing home within the next 5 years among both primary respondents and spouses were positively associated with the primary respondent’s possession of private LTC insurance. The findings add to evidence that among married older people decisions to purchase and retain LTC insurance policies are made jointly. For public education efforts to encourage planning to address LTC financing, the results underscore the importance of attention to the joint concerns of married couples.
A Natural Fit: The Academic Librarian Advising in the First Year Experience

At the University of St. Thomas, academic librarians actively participate in the First Year Experience program and serve as FYE advisors. Having an academic librarian as a freshman advisor is an advantage to the librarian, to the Academic Advising Center, to the FYE program, and to the university as a whole. It enables students to understand that librarians are members of the faculty and are excellent resources for them. As a hybrid of staff and faculty, the advisor/ librarian is able to develop more expertise much faster than the typical faculty member whose knowledge is often focused on departmental needs and expectations. Librarians understand that all campus departments—academic and support services—work in tandem for the academic success of the student.
Six‐axis force sensor evaluation and a new type of optimal frame truss design for robotic applications

The different means currently available for six-axis wrist force sensor evaluation are discussed, and a unified criteria is proposed that is based on the condition number, the overall static and dynamic stiffness of the sensor, and the strain gauge sensitivity. In this light a new frame/truss type of sensor body design is introduced. The uniqueness of the design lies in the elastic members that exhibit truss (axial deformation), as opposed to the commonly used beam (bending) behavior. Several improvements over previous designs result, including: increased force sensitivity with a consistently low condition number, increased rigidity, and improved design flexibility. In addition, a design methodology is presented that uses optimization theory in combination with finite element analysis, to yield the best possible frame/truss force sensor design for a given set of specified principal forces.
SAGE III temperature and pressure retrievals: initial results

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III is the fourth generation of solar occultation satellite instruments designed by NASA to measure vertical profiles of aerosol extinction and the molecular densities of gaseous species in the atmosphere. With an expanded spectral range compared with its predecessors, SAGE III has the capability to retrieve profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure utilizing multi-spectral measurements of the oxygen A-band absorption feature near 762 nm. As part of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Earth Observing System, the first of two SAGE III instruments was successfully launched onboard the Meteor-3M satellite in December 2001. Given the inherent insensitivity of solar occultation experiments to long-term instrument degradation and the expected lifetime of the instruments (6+ years), the SAGE III instruments should provide a long-term record of self-calibrated, high vertical resolution temperature and pressure measurements. These measurements will be valuable for monitoring temperature trends in the stratosphere and mesosphere and for comparison studies with other temperature data sets.
Selective reduction of Von Economo neuron number in agenesis of the corpus callosum

Von Economo neurons (VENs) are large spindle-shaped neurons localized to anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and fronto-insular cortex (FI). VENs appear late in development in humans, are a recent phylogenetic specialization, and are selectively destroyed in frontotemporal dementia, a disease which profoundly disrupts social functioning and self-awareness. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital disorder that can have significant effects on social and emotional behaviors, including alexithymia, difficulty intuiting the emotional states of others, and deficits in self- and social-awareness that can impair humor, comprehension of non-literal or affective language, and social judgment. To test the hypothesis that VEN number is selectively reduced in AgCC, we used stereology to obtain unbiased estimates of total neuron number and VEN number in postmortem brain specimens of four normal adult controls, two adults with isolated callosal dysgenesis, and one adult whose corpus callosum and ACC were severely atrophied due to a non-fatal cerebral arterial infarction. The partial agenesis case had approximately half as many VENs as did the four normal controls, both in ACC and FI. In the complete agenesis case the VENs were almost entirely absent. The percentage of neurons in FI that are VENs was reduced in callosal agenesis, but was actually slightly above normal in the stroke patient. These results indicate that the VEN population is selectively reduced in AgCC, but that the VENs do not depend on having an intact corpus callosum. We conclude that in agenesis of the corpus callosum the reduction in the number of VENs is not the direct result of the failure of this structure to develop, but may instead be another consequence of the genetic disruption that caused the agenesis. The reduction of the VEN population could help to explain some of the social and emotional deficits that are seen in this disorder.
ITER physics design guidelines, at high aspect ratio

The physics requirements for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) design are formulated in a set of physics design guidelines. These guidelines were based on credible extrapolations of the tokamak physics database as assessed during the conceptual design activity (CDA) and defined a class of tokamak designs (with plasma current I approximately 20 MA and aspect ratio A approximately 2.5-3.5) that meet the ITER objectives. Recent studies have indicated that there may be significant benefits in moving the ITER-CDA design point from the low-aspect-ratio, high-current baseline to a high-aspect-ratio machine, especially in terms of steady-state, technology-testing performance. To adequately assess the physics and technology testing capability of higher-aspect-ratio design options, several changes are proposed to the original ITER guidelines to reflect the latest (although limited) developments in physics understanding at higher aspect ratios. The critical issues for higher-aspect-ratio design options are listed and discussed. >
A TREE SQUIRREL (RODENTIA, SCIURIDAE, SCIURINI) FROM THE LATE MIOCENE (CLARENDONIAN) OF NEVADA

ABSTRACT A new species of squirrel, Sciurus olsoni, from the late Miocene (Clarendonian) of Nevada, is distinguished from other species of Sciurus by its smaller size and minor differences in the cheek teeth. It is the first Miocene record of the extant genus Sciurus, and the first record of a tree squirrel (tribe Sciurini) in North America between the early Miocene (Arikareean) and the Pleistocene. This late Miocene occurrence in North America suggests that the history of tree squirrels in North America was probably continuous through the Neogene, and the intermittent fossil record is due both to preservation bias and to their never having been abundant as living elements of fossil faunas; they are rare even where they do occur in deposits that are otherwise very richly fossiliferous. The later Tertiary and Pleistocene radiation of tree squirrels may have originated in North America.
Historical Perspectives on Heterostyly

Heterostyly was recognized as a morphological feature of certain groups of flowering plants as early as the 16th century, when it was reputedly noted in Primula by Clusius (van Dijk 1943). Few, if any, attempts were made to interpret the adaptive significance of this floral heteromorphism until Charles Darwin and Friedrich Hildebrand studied the phenomenon just after the middle of the 19th century. In 1862 Darwin published his first paper on dimorphic primulas and their “remarkable sexual relations”, and in 1863 Hildebrand published his initial observations on Primula sinensis. In his 1862 paper, Darwin introduced, but then abandoned, the horticultural terms “pin-eyed” and “thrum-eyed” (erroneously as “thumb-eyed”) to refer to the long- and short-styled floral morphs of Primulas. Many subsequent authors, for the sake of brevity, have adopted the terms pin and thrum, although these are applicable only to the flowers of dimorphic species and not of trimorphic ones. Thus, if both distylous and tristylous species are under discussion, referring to the morphs as long-, mid-, and short-styled or Longs, Mids, and Shorts is the most economical terminology.
The sodium channel complex at the intercalated disc: Outside the domains of SAP97?

“The general aim of this series of papers is to determine the laws which govern movements of ions during electrical activity.” So states the first of five papers (78 figures in total) in which Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz laid the foundation of modern electrophysiology in 1952. 1 Their work predicted (by sheer deductive power) the existence of transmembrane proteins that form ion-selective and voltage- and timedependent hydrophilic pores. The identity of those proteins was discovered decades later, through a fascinating piece of science history in which physiology guided molecular discovery. The rapid expansion of molecular and biochemical techniques brought about the conclusion that poreforming proteins do not work autonomously, but instead they are one piece in a complex molecular puzzle. As such, through more than 60 years of research, our view of the ionic currents has evolved. First described as electrical events of unknown molecular origin, they are now seen as the output of multiple pieces that work together with outstanding spatiotemporal precision to ensure the safe movement of electrical charge into the cell. The identity of each molecular piece of the puzzle and their exact position in the cellular machinery are fundamental questions that occupy a number of laboratories today.
A family-based, developmental-ecological preventive intervention for high-risk adolescents

Family-based preventive intervention has emerged as a promising modality for preventing antisocial behavior problems in youth. This article introduces an intensive, family-based preventive intervention for high-risk adolescents: Multidimensional Family Prevention. Multidimensional Family Prevention combines the advantages of standard prevention models (curriculum based and protection focused) with those of psychosocial treatment models (assessment based and problem focused). The model's main features are described: theoretical foundations (risk and protection theory, developmental psychopathology, ecological theory), guidelines for constructing a multidomain prevention program (family and peer relationships, school and prosocial activities, drug use and health issues, cultural themes), and strategies for tailoring and implementing five flexible intervention modules (adolescent, parent, interactional, extended family, extrafamilial). Implemented in the family's home, the intervention works to create a resilient family environment that supports the basic adolescent developmental goals of renegotiated attachment bonds within the family and durable connections with prosocial institutions.
Screening, Quantification, and Confirmation of Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone in Equine Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A sensitive liquid chromatographic‐tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for screening, quantification, and confirmation of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine plasma. Analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid‐liquid extraction followed by separation in a reversed-phase column and identification by mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring in negative electrospray ionization mode. Extraction recovery for both analytes was > 80%. Limits of detection, quantification, and confirmation for both analytes were 0.01 µg/mL (S/N ≥ 3), 0.05 µg/mL, and 0.05 µg/mL, respectively. The assay with d 9-labeled phenylbutazone as internal standard (IS) was linear over a range of 0.05‐20 µg/mL (r2 > 0.995). Intra- and interday precision in terms of coefficient of variation was less than 15%. Intra- and interday accuracy (bias%) was within 80‐120%. Hemolysis of red blood cells decreased analyte signal intensity but did not affect quantification results because an isotope-labeled IS was used. Analytes were stable in plasma for 24 h at room temperature, 9 days at 4°C, and 45 days at ‐20°C and ‐70°C. The method was successfully used in screening, quantification, and confirmation of phenylbutazone in post-competition plasma samples obtained from racehorses. The method is simple, rapid, and reliably reproducible.
Pressure-volume relationships in non-rehydrated tissue at various water deficits.

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to examine a technique for estimating the weight at full saturation (Ws) from pressure-volume (P-V) analysis of non-rehydrated plant tissue at various water deficits. Tissue samples are typically rehydrated prior to P-V analysis to determine Ws, necessary to calculate many tissue water parameters. However, several studies have indicated that artificial rehydration may significantly alter P-V relationships, such as the plateau effect, resulting in erroneous measurements of tissue elasticity and osmotic potentials. The results of this study suggest that linear regression of P-V data at and above the turgor loss point may be used to extrapolate Ws from non-rehydrated samples at various moisture deficits, thus eliminating the plateau effect and other potential rehydration problems. Determination coefficients and standard errors of the Y-intercept indicated a strong linear relationship between tissue fresh weight and water potential (Ψ), and a high degree of predictability of Ws in all but one of the species-treatment combinations evaluated in this study, despite predawn Ψ as low as - 1.0 MPa.
A longitudinal study assessing the quality of occupational therapy

A two-part longitudinal study of occupational therapy patients at the University of Illinois was conducted to assess the quality of treatment they received. The first part measures psychosocial objectives and changes on 7 activities of daily living items achieved by 534 patients between admission and discharge. The second part, a follow-up study, measures the same factors between discharge and follow-up on 86 of these patients who met certain criteria. This follow-up study also included measurements of health and life satisfaction. Significant changes were shown toward independence on all activities of daily living items between admission and discharge. Only three items--dressing, toileting, and self-transfer--changed significantly between discharge and follow-up. Measurements of self-perception of health showed a positive relationship to life satisfaction. Implications for occupational therapy stressed that new methods of delivering service be considered.