cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haptic Dominance in Form Perception with Blurred Vision

Three experiments are reported in which subjects were exposed to discrepant visual and haptic form information. Stained glass was used to blur vision and lower its accuracy close to the level of touch. Haptic dominance occurred with the large intersensory conflicts under study. It is proposed that touch may be dominant in form perception when vision is peripheral and blurry.
Effect of intrauterine positions on fetal brain development in the rat.

Abstract The effect of the position on the horn on fetal brain development was studied in 2276 rats (248 litters), by assessing the intrauterine location of those fetuses which had the highest values (‘maximal fetuses’) of the following parameters: body weight, brain weight, brain DNA (cell number), brain protein and the ratios brain weight/body weight and brain protein/brain DNA. The fetuses were at term (21 days) or at 16–18 days postcoitum. The total numbers of animals in the right and in the left uterine horn were essentially the same: 4.64 and 4.54, respectively. For each parameter, the locations of maximal fetuses were, on the average, symmetrical with respect to the center of each horn. The distributions of maximal fetuses along each horn followed specific patterns, which were different for each horn but showed similar locations of peaks and depressions for various parameters. However, the differences between the peaks and depressions were not statistically significant. It is concluded that (1) both horns are equipotent, and (2) all the positions on the horn are also essentially equipotent for production of animals maximal with respect to parameters studied. This also suggests that occasional cases of outstanding high fetal brain development occur from causes other than a favorable position on the uterine horn.
Mechanisms of Pain and Itch Caused by Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Abstract Study of humans with shingles or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is providing insights into pain mechanisms. Shingles pain is a combination of normal and neuropathic pain that reflects acute tissue and neural injury. PHN pain, which lasts after tissues have healed, is caused by persistent neural injuries. Spontaneous C-nociceptor activity has been documented in painful polyneuropathies and probably occurs in shingles as well, although there are no microneurographic studies of either shingles or PHN. It is uncertain if this persists in PHN since pathological examination of PHN-affected nerves and ganglia show chronic neuronal loss and quiescent scarring without inflammation. Skin-biopsy study has correlated the presence of PHN with the severity of persistent distal nociceptive axon loss, and autopsy has correlated pain persistence with segmental atrophy of the spinal cord dorsal horn, highlighting the importance of central responses to nerve injury. Pathological studies of tissues from patients with trigeminal neuralgia suggest that brief lancinating pains reflect ephaptic neurotransmission between adjacent denuded axons. The mechanisms of chronic spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia remain uncertain despite considerable indirect evidence from animal models. Postherpetic itch is presumably caused by unprovoked firing of the peripheral and/or central neurons that mediate itch. If it occurs in neurons innervating skin left severely deafferented from shingles ("numb"), patients can give themselves painless injuries from scratching. Further human study, by electrophysiological recording, by structural and functional imaging, and by autopsy, should continue to provide much-needed insights. Perspective Many patients continue to have chronic pain and/or itch after shingles that is unrelieved by current treatments. Many will gladly volunteer for clinical studies, including autopsy, to try and improve understanding of these common and disabling conditions. Their prevalence makes highly powered studies feasible. Funding and organization are the current bottlenecks.
Effect of amino acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength and physical function in elderly.

Summary Background & aims With advancing age there is a gradual decline in muscle mass, strength and function. The aim of this study was to determine if regular intake of a nutritional supplement containing essential amino acids (EAA) + arginine could reverse these responses in elderly subjects. Methods Twelve glucose intolerant subjects (67.0 ± 5.6 (SD) years, 7 females, 5 males) ingested 11 g of EAA + arginine two times a day, between meals for 16 weeks. Diet and activity were not otherwise modified. Lean body mass (DEXA) was measured every fourth week. Maximal leg strength was tested and functional tests were performed at week 0, 8, 12, and 16. Results Lean body mass (LBM) increased during the study (p = 0.038). At week 12, the average increase in LBM was 1.14 ± 0.36 (SE) kg (p Conclusion Supplementation of the diet with EAA + arginine improves lean body mass, strength and physical function compared to baseline values in glucose intolerant elderly individuals.
Of great art and untalented artists: Effort information and the flexible construction of judgmental heuristics

Past research (Kruger, Wirtz, Van Boven, & Altermatt, 2004) proposed that people use the effort of the producer as a heuristic for the quality of the product. In contrast, two experiments show that consumers' inferences from effort information are highly malleable. Participants were either explicitly exposed to one of two applicable naive theories (“good-art-takes-effort” vs. “good-art-takes-talent”) or the order of judgment was reversed (quality judgment first vs. talent judgment first) to activate different naive theories more subtly. In both cases, participants only inferred high quality from high effort when an “effort” theory was rendered accessible, but not when a “talent” theory was rendered accessible. We conclude that judgment tasks prime naive theories that can serve as inference rules, illustrating that heuristics can be constructed on the spot.
Evaluation of an emergency medical services-based social services referral program for elderly patients.

AbstractObjective. To describe the preliminary experience of an emergency medical services (EMS)-based follow-up program providing elderly patients access to community-based social services. Methods: This was a retrospective, case series report. Inclusion criteria were adults aged 60 years and older requesting EMS for fall or lift assist; against medical advice (AMA) refusal of transport for a medical complaint; any social service or home care needs; request for nonmedical transportation; multiple prior EMS visits; or cases of elder abuse or neglect. Patients were identified either by paramedics at the time of the call or an EMS physician during routine chart review of “no-transport” calls. Patients were then contacted and offered referral follow-up with a social services worker. Data were collected for age, gender, presence of established social services, referral strategy, complaint type, referral acceptance rate, and follow-up plan. Results: Seventy patients were referred over eight months. Paramedics ...
Water quality implications of dairy slurry applied to cut pastures in the northeast USA.

Nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching from animal production systems in the northeast USA is a major non-point source of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. We conducted a study to measure NO 3 -N leaching from dairy slurry applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using large drainage lysimeters to measure the direct impact of four rates of slurry (urine and faeces) N application (0, 168, 336, 672 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) on NO 3 -N leaching on three soil types. We then used experimentally-based relationships developed earlier between stocking density and NO 3 -N leaching loss and leachate NO 3 -N concentration to estimate the added impact of animal grazing. Nitrate N leaching losses from only dairy slurry applied at the 0, 158, 336, and 672 kg N ha -1 yr -1 rates were 5.85, 8.26, 8.83, and 12.1 kg N ha -1 yr -1 , respectively with corresponding NO 3 -N concentrations of 1.60, 2.30, 2.46, and 3.48 mg l -1 . These NO 3 -N concentrations met the 10 mg l -1 US EPA drinking water standard. However, when a scenario was constructed to include the effect of NO 3 -N leaching caused by animal grazing, the NO 3 -N drinking water standard was calculated to be exceeded.
Crafting an environment to foster integration in new product teams

Abstract The integration of functionally diverse members in new product teams is a long-standing managerial challenge. This study addresses two questions to help meet this challenge: 1) how can the environment around teams be crafted to foster integration, and 2) does integration help teams to create superior or more advantageous new products? Based on a survey of 206 cross-functional new product teams, we learned that certain environmental factors (market-oriented reward system, planning process formalization, managerial encouragement to take risks, and managerial involvement in new product projects) facilitate integration in teams, which, in turn, leads to the creation of superior or more advantageous new products.
Review of Parton Recombination Models

Parton recombination models have been very successful in explaining data taken at RHIC on hadron spectra and emission patterns in Au+Au collisions at transverse momenta above 2 GeV/c, which have exhibited features which could not be understood in the framework of basic perturbative QCD. In this article I will review the current status on recombination models and outline which future challenges need to be addressed by this class of models.
The influence of early postwearing ethanol exposure on oral self-administration behavior in the rat

The effects of three early ethanol home cage consumption procedures on the maintenance of operant lever responding reinforced by ethanol presentation were examined in the rat. Two groups of rats, 25 and 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% (v/v) ethanol as the only fluid in the home cage for 3 or 10 days. A third group, 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% ethanol or tap water for 24 h, with the fluid alternating daily for 18 days. All animals were subsequently trained to lever press using 10% ethanol reinforcement under a decreasing water restriction schedule. All three groups were found to have substantial ethanol consumption levels during the initial exposure in the home cage, ranging from 11.2 to 11.9 g/kg/day. The animals were all successfully trained to lever press in the operant chamber with ethanol as the reinforcer when limited to 15 ml/day of water in the home cage. The average number of reinforcements per day ranged from 29 to 43.5, yielding ethanol intakes from 1.06 to 1.97 g/kg in the 30-minute operant session. However, when 50 ml/day of water was available in the home cage, ethanol reinforcements were substantially reduced, with intakes which ranged from 0.14 to 0.18 g/kg/day. The data suggest that early exposure does not enhance ethanol's reinforcing properties later in the animal's life. These results were discussed in terms the effect of early ethanol exposure on later ethanol consumption and the role of ethanol initiation procedures in oral self-administration.
“Dative Sickness” in germanic

This paper approaches Case Theory through the problem of case alternations and case change. Two such alternations, Dative Sickness (or Substitution) and Nominative Substitution, are compared in Icelandic, German and Old English. The paper proposes a unification-based theory of case, which consists of three main constraints on the relation of NP properties and morphosyntactic realization: the Applicability Constraint, the Restrictiveness Constraint and the Linking Dissimilation Constraint. Given only the necessary device of optionality, exactly the desired alternations and their systematic limitations follow from general principles. The theory leads to a diachronic account of the changes as instances of analogy.
Nature and observation of high-level turbulence especially in clear air

Abstract : This is a ''state-of-the-art'' report on clear air turbulence (CAT) research. Knowledge of micro-structural details of flow patterns in the free atmosphere is of importance to aircraft and missile designers. It also is of interest in considering passenger comfort. There may be at least three different causes for bumpiness experienced by an aircraft flying horizontally: convective currents, gravity waves on interfaces, and temperature discontinuities intercepted by a supersonic aircraft. For vertical take-off vehicles excessive shears of alternating sign in the vertical wind or momentum profiles should be considered as possible sources of vibration. So far, observations of high-level turbulence have been made by aircraft and by balloon-borne gust sondes. Especially aircraft measurements present a problem inasmuch as the response characteristics of the vehicle usually make it difficult to evaluate the actual atmospheric gust input. With our present theoretical modelling capabilities we may be able to study wave perturbations in the free atmosphere from detailed measurements of wind and temperature profiles. Such measurements will have to be orders of magnitude more accurate however, than the ones provided by the synoptic rawinsonde and radiosonde network.
Cutaneous verruciform xanthoma: a report of five cases investigating the etiology and nature of xanthomatous cells.

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare clinicopathologic entity of uncertain etiology that occurs primarily in the oral mucosa. Aggregates of foam cells in the submucosal stroma or papillary dermis in association with verrucous epithelial hyperplasia are the hallmark of this lesion. Extraoral (cutaneous)
HIV/AIDS in the Americas

The Americas have accounted for the highest number of reported cases of AIDS of any region in the world since the beginning of the epidemic, primarly due to the high number of cases reported in the United States and Brazil. The characteristics of the epidemic vary by country, some countries having a pattern similar to the United States (HIV infection primarily among men who sex with men and intravenous drugs users) and others having patterns similar to Africa (HIV infection primarily through heterosexual transmission). The magnitude of the epidemic is difficult to determine in many of the countries of the region because of the low proportion of AIDS cases that are reported and because surveillance for HIV infected individuals among risk groups is conducted in very few of the countries. Although knowledge of HIV/AIDS is reasonably high in the region, knowledge alone has been demonstrated to be insufficient to alter behavior, especially among economically deprived groups. Nonetheless, in the absence of an effective vaccine and affordable treatment, health education and behavioral intervention remain the key weapons in the fight against the epidemic in the majority of the countries of the region.J Epidemiol, 1996 ; 6 : S117-S119.
A remark on the projection‐3 method

We show that the continuous (in time) form of the projection-3 scheme proposed in (2) is not a proper approximation of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equa- tions. Hence the projection-3 scheme and its variants are not appropriate for the numerical computation of the Navier-Stokes equations. The projection-3 scheme in (2) was proposed as a possible improvement over the projection-1 and projection-2 schemes in (2). To better understand the nature of these projection schemes, we will flrst exploit an intrinsic relation between the three schemes in (2), (3). The classical projection method for solving the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations
Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selected Findings from the First Decade of a Prospective, Longitudinal Study

The authors review findings related to mechanisms of resilience in an ongoing longitudinal study of a cohort of 558 focal youth and their families. The ongoing study began when the cohort of adolescents was in 7th grade. Findings demonstrate that resilience to economic adversity for the parents of the focal adolescents was promoted by marital support, effective problem solving skills, and a sense of mastery. For the cohort of youth, resilience to economic hardship was promoted by support from parents, siblings, and adults outside the family. Resilience to the difficult transitions from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to early adulthood was especially fostered by nurturant-involved parenting and by less angry or hostile parenting.
Recognition, treatment, and prevention of anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is an acute and potentially lethal multisystem allergic reaction that occurs in a variety of clinical scenarios and is almost unavoidable. Immunologic reactions to medications, foods, and insect stings cause most episodes, but virtually any substance capable of inducing systemic degranulation of mast cells and basophils can produce anaphylaxis. All health care professionals must be able to recognize anaphylaxis promptly, be prepared to treat it appropriately, and be able to provide preventive recommendations. Similarly, at-risk individuals must be prepared to self-treat anaphylaxis promptly if prevention fails.
The reduction of Schiff bases with lithium aluminum hydride.

The reduction of Schiff bases with lithium aluminum hydride has been studied. Two compounds were reduced which contained an ester functional group in addition to the azomethine linkage. These were reduced smoothly to the benzylaminobenzyl alcohols.
Vascular endothelial cells in cell-mediated immunity: adoptive transfer with in vitro conditioned cells is genetically restricted at the endothelial cell barrier

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a cell-mediated immune response that can be adoptively transferred in rats when greater than 2 X 10(8) cells from peritoneal exudate, lymph nodes, or spleen are used. We have shown that by using an in vitro conditioning step with antigen, transfer can be subsequently carried out with as few as 2 X 10(7) spleen cells. The magnitude of DTH was reflected in ear swelling after intradermal injection of antigen (tuberculin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)) and confirmed histologically. The transfer was antigen specific, requiring the sensitizing antigen in both the in vitro conditioning step and in the ear test challenge. Adoptive transfer with conditioned cells was genetically restricted by alleles of the RT-1 region (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat). Brown Norway strain (n haplotype) immune cells would not transfer DTH to Lewis (1 haplotype), ACI (a haplotype), or Buffalo (b haplotype) rats, whereas each strain would transfer DTH to syngeneic recipients. Moreover, this pattern of restriction held for all strains when tested in reciprocal fashion. In additional experiments, F1 to parental bone marrow chimeras were constructed so that bone-marrow-derived cells and non-bone-marrow-derived cells were of different RT-1 haplotypes. When these chimeras were used asmore » recipients, transfer of DTH was only observed when immune donor cells and recipient non-bone-marrow-derived cells were syngeneic. These results point to the critical role of non-bone-marrow-derived cells (endothelial cells) in the DTH reaction.« less
FROM ELECTRIC MOTORS TO FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING: CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DRIVES INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Abstract Industrial Automation has evolved from stand-alone, hard-wired relay panels to a contemporary, networked system that supports flexible manufacturing and enterprise integration. From precision control of machines and robots on the factory floor to flexible coordination of multiple cells of automation, advancements in control technologies have driven the evolution of industrial automation. The confluence of five technologies, control, computing, communications, software, and materials, is shaping the future direction of industrial automation systems. This paper summarizes the major technical trends, and highlights the continuing opportunities and challenges for the application of control technologies in industrial automation.
Special Tax Measures to Restrain Investment

ALTHOUGH THERE HAS BEEN a remarkable revival of monetary policy in recent years, some countries still hesitate to take vigorous monetary actions and others are handicapped in doing so by the character of their financial institutions. Pursuit of an active monetary policy may be inhibited by the existence of a large unfunded government debt and the reluctance of the authorities to burden the budget by increasing interest rates to the extent that might be required to check an investment boom. The authorities may also be disinclined to push up interest rates because they do not like to cause sharp fluctuations in the market value of publicly held long-term securities and because they are uncertain whether interest rates can be brought down again quickly, if desired. Even when increases in central bank discount rates are made, there is often delay in transmitting these changes to the lending rates of commercial banks and to mortgage rates and bond yields. In the large part of of the world in which highly developed financial institutions do not exist, some of the ordinary measures for influencing interest rates either cannot be applied at all or have only a limited effectiveness. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly evident that a flexible means of controlling the volume of investment can play an important part in maintaining internal stability and equilibrium in the balance of international payments. Resort has been had to various direct controls on credit and investment, but these measures lack many of the advantages associated with impersonal and indirect controls, such as variations in interest rates.
OH Radical Yields from the Ozone Reaction with Cycloalkenes

OH radical formation yields from the reaction of ozone with several cycloalkenes were measured using small amounts of fast-reacting aromatics and aliphatic ethers to trace OH formation. Measured OH yields are much higher than for acyclic analogues. The yields are 0.62 ± 0.15, 0.54 ± 0.13, 0.36 ± 0.08, and 0.91 ± 0.20 for cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, and 1-methylcyclohexene, respectively. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level are presented to aid in understanding the trends observed. Theory indicates that the OH production from cycloalkenes is largely controlled by the transition states for the cycloreversion of the primary ozonide.
A comparison of morphological stages and sulfated glycosaminoglycan production during otic capsule formation: in vivo and in vitro.

The sequence of events leading to otic capsule formation in the normal mouse embryo is described for both in vivo and in vitro development. Specimens were taken from embryos at 9-16 days of gestation. The in vivo results permitted the categorization of the developmental events of capsule formation into five distinct stages: prechondrogenic, aggregation, metachromatic, early chondrogenesis, and late chondrogenesis. Synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) by early otic tissue complexes in vivo showed a sharp increase in the rate of S-GAG production at 14.5 days of gestation (late chondrogenesis stage). The synthesis of S-GAG in explants excised from embryos 12 days old (metachromatic stage) or older followed this same pattern of a sudden increase in S-GAG synthesis at the in vitro equivalent of 14.5 days of gestation. These otic explants underwent all five stages of capsule formation up to the morphological equivalent of 16 days gestation. Therefore, otic explants can serve as a valid model in the study of those factors (i.e., tissue interactions and extracellular matrix) which influence and direct otic capsule formation.
Bringing security into traditional computer science courses: challenges and support (abstract only)

In today's world, it is critical that our students get exposure to security education as part of their Computer Science (CS) curriculum. The lack of security consciousness in digital workforce is costing businesses, government, and citizens severely every year. A significant reason behind this problem stems from the fact that the majority of higher education institutions do not have adequate resources to educate CS students in information assurance (IA) and security. While security is not required in the current CS curriculum, IA has been designated as a knowledge area in the proposed ACM/IEEE-CS CS Curricula 2013. Also, the absence of security topics in core CS subject matters not only leaves students security oblivious, but also prevents higher education institutions from applying for National Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education Programs (CAE/IAE) accreditation, which provides access to government scholarships and grants. In this session, we will discuss challenges CS faculty face in integrating security topics in traditional CS courses and call attention to existing government funded supports that faculty can leverage in doing so. To share ideas and resources, we hope to bring together security educators who are active in this field with a community of CS educators who may not have any background in teaching security but recognize the need for it and are interested in teaching security topics as part of their regular course curriculum.
Modal characterization of equipment-continuous structure systems

Abstract Dynamic properties of a combined linear system composed of a single-degree-of-freedom equipment item attached to a continuous system is obtained by using the appropriate Rayleigh quotient functional. For light equipment, closed from expressions are derived for the appropriate natural frequencies, modal functions, and modal dampings of the combined system in terms of the dynamic properties of the continuous system alone and the equipment alone. These properties can be used in conjunction with any suitable dynamic analysis procedure based on the mode-superposition method. For an example structure, computed natural frequencies and modal functions based on the proposed method are in close agreement with exact results.
CHILDREN'S CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN FIGURE

Is there evidence for “syncretism” or “juxtaposition of parts” in the development of children's ability to represent the human image graphically? Syncretism refers to an inability to organize the p...
Transient conductive and radiative transfer in a planar layer with Arrhenius heat generation

Abstract Transient conductive and radiative energy transfer in a gray absorbing-emitting planar medium bounded by black walls is studied. The temperature distribution is uniform when the medium starts releasing energy according to the Arrhenius equation. The Crank-Nicolson method is used in the radiative-dominant case with good accuracy. Time-dependent temperature and heat flux distributions are calculated until steady-state is reached. Confirmation of the solution technique is made by comparison with previous investigations. The dimensionless activation energy required for ignition varies from 4.1 for pure conduction to 7.5 for pure radiation.
Tax structure and growth in a model with human capital

Abstract The effect of the tax structure on the long-run growth rate of income and consumption is analyzed, where tax structure refers to the mix of taxes on physical and human capital which satisfy an exogenously given government budget constraint. The factor used intensively in the consumption good sector, relative to the capital goods sector as a whole, is taxed more highly in a growth-maximizing tax structure. An endogenous labor supply, the tax treatment of depreciation and the effect of replacing the income tax with a consumption tax are all considered.
A Micro-Beam X-Ray Scattering Beamline Dedicated to Life Science Research at NSLS-II

We report the progress in the development of the High Brightness X-ray Scattering for Life Sciences (LiX) beamline at NSLS-II, a new synchrotron source that is currently under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The LiX beamline is part of the Advanced Beamlines for Biological Investigations using X-rays (ABBIX) project funded by National Institute of Health. It will provide state-of-art capabilities in 3 scientific areas: time-resolved biomolecular solution scattering based on microfluidic flow cells, diffraction from single- and multi-layered lipid membranes, and scattering-based scanning probe imaging and tomography of biological tissues. The final design of the LiX beamline is currently underway, with the start of operations scheduled in 2015.
Ego-identity and the processing of self-relevant information

Ego-identity has been defined as a theory of self (e.g., Moshman, 1999) in which identity exploration is the instrument used for the construction of the theory (Grotevant, 1987). It is thought that those who are engaged in identity exploration actively seek out information and test hypotheses about their theory of self and that they process information, especially information related to the self, differently from those who are not exploring (Berzonsky, 1989). The current study was an attempt to examine this proposition by exploring the relationship between ego-identity and the processing of information related to the self. The results suggest that identity exploration does play a significant role in the processing of self-referential information.
Studies on Arthropod Cuticle IV. An Electron Microscope Survey of the Intima of Arthropod Tracheae

A preliminary description of the appearance of the tracheal intima of a few arthropods was given during exploratory work on the application of electron microscopy to entomological problems (Richards and Anderson, 1942a, b; Anderson and Richards, 1942). The present paper is the result of a survey made to determine the number of tracheal types in arthropods and to locate species which are most favorable for an electron microscope analysis of tracheal wall structure. The data presented herein are given to illustrate the range of variation seen in surface views of the intima of tracheae and tracheoles in a representative series of arthropod species. Some discussion is also given on the nature of the forces that might produce tubes of these diverse types, but the extreme difficulty of obtaining critical data on such minute tubes necessarily makes the discussion largely a speculative rationalization. In a subsequent paper we plan to analyze the cross-sectional composition of the tracheal walls of a few representative species in more detail.
Effects of NAFTA on the tomato market

Abstract Since NAFTA, U.S. tomato imports have increased significantly and most of the imports are from Mexico and Canada. This study considers a four-country (the United States, Mexico, Canada, and ROW) model to analyze the trade creation and trade diversion effects of NAFTA on tomato trade. U.S. demand for tomato has been influenced by income and other demand-driven factors. Even though the demand is higher, the U.S. price has not risen because the increase in imports has offset the increase in demand.
Possibility of Exchange Magnetostriction Yielding Negative Thermal Expansion in Solid He 3

The thermal expansion of solid He3 is considered. It is shown that the existence in He/sup 3/ of high compressibility, antiferromagnetism, and an exchange interaction dependent upon the interatoraic separation may give rise to a negative thermal expansion coefficient at low temperatures. (T.F.H.)
Effect of the accuracy of spatial rainfall information on the modeling of water, sediment, and NO3–N loads at the watershed level

In a given watershed, the accuracy of models in predicting the hydrologic and erosion behavior depends, to a large extent, on the quality of the knowledge in respect of the spatial rainfall. The hydrologic and erosion aspects of rainfall are often discussed without due regard to any resulting improvement in watershed modeling. Thus, there is a real need for streamlining raingauge networks in order to reflect rainfall variability and its effect on the prediction of water, sediment and nutrient fluxes at the watershed scale. In this study, such an impact was analyzed using 9-year data collected at the outlets of two watersheds encompassing a range of climates, surface areas and environmental conditions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied using as input data that collected from 1 to 15 precipitation gauges per watershed. At both sites the highest densities of raingauges were used for SWAT calibration. The differences between the highest gauge concentration and lower concentrations used for the estimation of sediment loads led to the conclusion that a high gauge concentration is necessary. At both watersheds, predictions using rainfall records from the national service stations produced inaccurate estimations. This was probably because the gauge concentration was too sparse. Finally, the general applicability of these results is proposed by displaying the possibilities of extrapolation to other watersheds or models.
Comparison between 1-needle technique versus 2-needle technique for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures.

Context.—Bone marrow examination is essential for diagnosis and staging of hematologic disorders. Traditionally, the bone marrow biopsy and aspirate are obtained with 2 needles at 2 separate sites. This approach is associated with significant discomfort, procedural time, and occasionally, morbidity. Although previous observations had suggested that a single-needle technique at one site is a simpler and less-painful procedure, there had been concern that the 1-needle technique may yield a suboptimal biopsy for diagnosis. Objective.—To conduct a systematic comparison of multiple parameters of bone marrow biopsy specimens obtained by the traditional 2-needle technique versus the 1-needle technique for bone marrow collection. Design.—We retrospectively evaluated 20 biopsy specimens obtained by each of the 2 mentioned techniques by comparing the morphologic quality of the biopsy, biopsy length, and biopsy cellularity. Results.—We found that the 1-needle technique yielded an adequate biopsy for diagnosis. The m...
Medicolegal sidebar: the law and social values: conformity to norms.

The last two articles published in the Medicolegal Sidebar addressed the complex interplay between the law and social values [1, 2]. Sometimes, court decisions may appear to be arbitrary and unfair to the medical profession, but a deeper examination of judicial rulings can show the practical tensions that courts sometimes face in adjudicating medical malpractice claims. We previously addressed the development of legal doctrines that are relevant to medical malpractice cases, such as “loss of chance” [1] and “res ipsa loquitor” [2]. In this article, we ask whether physician conformity to established and accepted treatment norms should always insulate the provider against medical malpractice claims. The question is relevant because of the prevailing assumption among physicians that compliance with the medical standard of care requires conformity to treatment norms that their peers would follow in comparable circumstances [14]. Indeed, a general assumption in medical malpractice litigation is that a physician or a surgeon who conforms to the prevailing norms of professional conduct, as described by an expert witness, should not be found liable for medical negligence [11]. However, as this article will illustrate, conformity to a medical norm as a measure of professional performance or medical negligence presents daunting challenges to American jurisprudence.
Stain Removal from a Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomer

In this study, environmental stains were removed from maxillofacial elastomers by solvent extraction. Silastic 44210, an RTV silicone with proven color and physical property stability, was stained with lipstick, disclosing solution, and methylene blue. These stains were then removed by solvent extraction with each of four chemically dissimilar solvents, namely: toluene, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and n-hexane. An additional series of samples was prepared with 11 maxillofacial pigments, not for staining, but for evaluation of pigment stability. Results obtained from spectrophotometric measurements before and after solvent extraction demonstrated the effectiveness of solvent extraction in removing stains, while there was little or no change in the color of the pigments or the base elastomer.
The uses of transference in the treatment of the individual patient in sex therapy.

Abstract In the increasingly common situation in which an individual patient, rather than a couple, is seen in sex therapy, special transference issues arise. The particular ways in which transference may be manifested in this format of sex therapy are discussed and illustrated with clinical examples. It is stressed that transference need not be interpreted to the patient in order to be of use; the therapist's own awareness of the transference can provide insights into the issues underlying a patient's sexual complaint and can help in designing effective treatment strategies.
Improved somatic mutagenesis in zebrafish using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).

Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) made by Context-Dependent Assembly (CoDA) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) provide robust and user-friendly technologies for efficiently inactivating genes in zebrafish. These designer nucleases bind to and cleave DNA at particular target sites, inducing error-prone repair that can result in insertion or deletion mutations. Here, we assess the relative efficiencies of these technologies for inducing somatic DNA mutations in mosaic zebrafish. We find that TALENs exhibited a higher success rate for obtaining active nucleases capable of inducing mutations than compared with CoDA ZFNs. For example, all six TALENs tested induced DNA mutations at genomic target sites while only a subset of CoDA ZFNs exhibited detectable rates of mutagenesis. TALENs also exhibited higher mutation rates than CoDA ZFNs that had not been pre-screened using a bacterial two-hybrid assay, with DNA mutation rates ranging from 20%–76.8% compared to 1.1%–3.3%. Furthermore, the broader targeting range of TALENs enabled us to induce mutations at the methionine translation start site, sequences that were not targetable using the CoDA ZFN platform. TALENs exhibited similar toxicity to CoDA ZFNs, with >50% of injected animals surviving to 3 days of life. Taken together, our results suggest that TALEN technology provides a robust alternative to CoDA ZFNs for inducing targeted gene-inactivation in zebrafish, making it a preferred technology for creating targeted knockout mutants in zebrafish.
Manifold Preserving Hierarchical Topic Models for Quantization and Approximation

We present two complementary topic models to address the analysis of mixture data lying on manifolds. First, we propose a quantization method with an additional midlayer latent variable, which selects only data points that best preserve the manifold structure of the input data. In order to address the case of modeling all the in-between parts of that manifold using this reduced representation of the input, we introduce a new model that provides a manifold-aware interpolation method. We demonstrate the advantages of these models with experiments on the hand-written digit recognition and the speech source separation tasks.
Prestructuring Neural Networks via Extended Dependency Analysis with Application to Pattern Classification

We consider the problem of matching domain-specific statistical structure to neural-network (NN) architecture. In past work we have considered this problem in the function approximation context; here we consider the pattern classification context. General Systems Methodology tools for finding problem-domain structure suffer exponential scaling of computation with respect to the number of variables considered. Therefore we introduce the use of Extended Dependency Analysis (EDA), which scales only polynomially in the number of variables, for the desired analysis. Based on EDA, we demonstrate a number of NN pre-structuring techniques applicable for building neural classifiers. An example is provided in which EDA results in significant dimension reduction of the input space, as well as capability for direct design of an NN classifier.
Design and synthesis of nonpeptide peptidomimetic inhibitors of renin

The desire to replace the amide backbone of renin inhibitors with a new scaffold led us to explore vinylogous amides (enaminones). An initial attempt proved unsuccessful, a result explained after the fact via docking experiments. Based on this lesson, we designed a different vinylogous amide scaffold which incorportated one or more pyrrolinone rings into the backbone. Three of the four compounds gave IC50s in the 0.6 to 18 μM range. These compounds did not inhibit HIV-1 protease. Taken together, the results reported herein provide insights into the role of hydrogen bonding and steric interactions for binding to renin. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
hnRNP C promotes APP translation by competing with FMRP for APP mRNA recruitment to P bodies

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) regulates neuronal synapse function, and its cleavage product Abeta is linked to Alzheimer's disease. Here, we present evidence that the RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) C and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) associate with the same APP mRNA coding region element, and they influence APP translation competitively and in opposite directions. Silencing hnRNP C increased FMRP binding to APP mRNA and repressed APP translation, whereas silencing FMRP enhanced hnRNP C binding and promoted translation. Repression of APP translation was linked to colocalization of FMRP and tagged APP RNA within processing bodies; this colocalization was abrogated by hnRNP C overexpression or FMRP silencing. Our findings indicate that FMRP represses translation by recruiting APP mRNA to processing bodies, whereas hnRNP C promotes APP translation by displacing FMRP, thereby relieving the translational block.
A brief background on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed

Watershed research is critical for quantifying the unique characteristics of hydrologic processes worldwide and especially in semiarid regions. In 1953, the United States Department of Agriculture established the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) near Tombstone, Arizona, to conduct hydrologic and erosion research. This manuscript (1) provides a historical context summarizing the evolution of the Southwest Watershed Research Center research program, (2) describes significant contributions to instrumentation development and contributions to science, and (3) describes the current WGEW data collection program in the context of contemporary research questions. The development of specialized flumes for streamflow measurement and the establishment of the core monitoring networks are described. WGEW data have been used to quantify semiarid rainfall, runoff, infiltration, and transmission losses; to develop and validate simulation models; and to support broader, regional, basin-scale research. Currently, rainfall, runoff, sediment, meteorology, and flux data collection continue at the WGEW, but the monitoring network has been expanded, and data use has evolved to support several multiple government agencies, universities, and international research programs.
The recycling of apolipoprotein E in macrophages: influence of HDL and apolipoprotein A-I.

The ability of apolipoprotein E (apoE) to be spared degradation in lysosomes and to recycle to the cell surface has been demonstrated by our group and others, but its physiologic relevance is unknown. In this study, we characterized apoE recycling in primary murine macrophages and probed the effects of HDL and apoA-I on this process. In cells pulsed with 125I·apoE bound to VLDL, intact apoE was found in the chase medium for up to 24 h after the pulse. Approximately 27 ± 5% of the apoE internalized during the pulse was recycled after 4 h of chase. Addition of apoA-I and HDL increased apoE recycling to 45 ± 3% and 46 ± 3%, respectively, similar to the amount of apoE recycled after pulsing the cells with 125I·apoE·HDL. In addition, apoA-I-producing macrophages from transgenic mice showed increased apoE recycling at 4 h (38 ± 3%). Increased ABCA1 expression potentiated apoE recycling, suggesting that recycling occurs via ABCA1. Finally, in the presence of apoA-I, recycled apoE exited the cells on HDL-like particles. These results suggest that apoE recycling in macrophages may be part of a larger signaling loop activated by HDL and directed at maximizing cholesterol losses from the cell.
ARRESTS AMONG HOMELESS AND RUNAWAY YOUTHS: THE EFFECTS OF RACE AND GENDER

ABSTRACT This study examined the contributions of race and gender to the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense in a sample of homeless and runaway youths from four Midwestern states. Event history analysis was used to test the hypothesis that race and gender would interact so that the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense would be highest for non-white males and non-white females, respectively. Potentially confounding factors—deviant subsistence strategies, substance use, gang involvement and membership, prior arrests, age, prior physical abuse, age on own, and spending time on the street—were controlled in the analyses. The hypotheses regarding the interaction of race and gender were not supported by the data. Non-whites were more likely than whites, and males were more likely than females, to be arrested for a more serious offense, and white females were more likely than non-white females to be arrested for a less se...
Connectibles: tangible social networks

This paper presents "Connectibles," a prototype instantiation of a tangible social network, a new type of social network application rooted in physical objects and real world social behavior. This research is inspired by theoretical work that suggests that gifts act as physical symbols of social relationships. The Connectibles system leverages gift-giving practices, presenting users with gift objects ("connectibles") that they exchange with one another. These objects automatically form always-on communication channels between givers and receivers. As a user collects more and more of these objects, he or she begins to acquire a dynamic, physical representation of and interface to her social network. The community of users' interactions implicitly represent the structure of the social network; these data can be accessed with a GUI application, allowing users to explore and interact with their social network. This system was implemented and subject to three user studies. The overarching goal of this work is to examine how a set of devices might naturally and harmoniously interface the physical, virtual and social worlds.