cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy using local anesthesia with intravenous sedation and targeted approaches

Objectives Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) is generally performed under general anesthesia. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of MIP performed under intravenous sedation with local anesthesia. Study Design Historical cohort study. Subjects One hundred eighty-six consecutive patients undergoing MIP using sedation with local anesthesia. Methods Two different targeted approaches were used to achieve good exposure with minimal retraction, which allows the procedure to be performed with little discomfort. In all patients, an adenoma was localized preoperatively and its depth mapped by sestamibi scan with single-photon emission computed tomography and/or ultrasound. A midline anterior approach was used for inferior glands that were superficially located. A lateral approach was used for glands that were located posteriorly or superiorly. Results MIP was successfully completed under local/sedation in 177 patients; 167 were discharged the same day. Complications include two pneumothorax, one small hematoma, and one transient vocal cord paralysis. Conclusions By using a targeted approach, MIP can be safely performed under local anesthesia in appropriately selected patients.
Innovation in Chinese Medicine

Introduction Elisabeth Hsu Part I. Mai and Qi in the Western Han: 1. The influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Acumoxa therapy Vivienne Low 2. Pulse diagnostics in the western Han: how mai and qi determine bing Elisabeth Hsu Part II. Correlative Cosmologies: 3. Iatromancy, diagnosis, and prognosis in early Chinese medicine Donald Harper 4. The system of the five circulatory phases and the six seasonal influences, a source of innovation in medicine under the Song (960-1279) Catherine Despeux Part III. Dietetics and Pharmacotherapy: 5. Dietetics in Tang China: beginnings of a specialised materia dietetica Ute Engelhardt 6. A Song innovation in pharmacotherapy: some remarks on 'white arsenic' and 'flowers of arsenic' Frederic Obringer 7. The Bencao gangmu (classified materia medica) of Li Shizhen - an innovation for natural history? Georges Metailie and Elisabeth Hsu 8. Robust northerners and delicate southerners: the nineteenth-century invention of a southern medical tradition Marta Hanson Part V. Rise of the Genre of Medical Case Statements: 9. Yi'an (case statements) - the origins of a genre of Chinese medical literature Christopher Cullen 10. From case-records to case-histories: the modernisation of a Chinese medical genre, 1912-49 Bridie J. Andrews Part VI. Medical Rationale in the People's Republic: 11 A new, scientific and unified medicine: civil war in China and the new Acumoxa, 1945-9 Kim Taylor 12. Shaping Chinese medicine: two case studies from contemporary China Volker Scheid.
Speed of intracranial clot lysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy: sonographic classification and short-term improvement

Background—Arterial recanalization precedes clinical improvement or may lead to hemorrhage or reperfusion injury. Speed of clot lysis was not previously measured in human stroke. Methods and Results—Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were used to monitor consecutive patients receiving intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), before tPA bolus and at 24 hours. Patients with complete or partial recanalization of the middle cerebral or basilar artery on TCD were studied. Recanalization was classified a priori as sudden (abrupt appearance of a normal or stenotic low-resistance signal), stepwise (flow improvement over 1 to 29 minutes), or slow (≥30 minutes). Recanalization was documented in 43 tPA-treated patients (age 68±17 years; NIHSS score 16.8±6, median 15 points). tPA bolus was given at a mean of 135±61 minutes after symptom onset. Recanalization began at a median of 17 minutes and was completed at 35 minutes after tPA bolus, with mean duration of ...
A Comment on Farber's Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration

In a recent article in this journal, Henry Farber (1980) provided an interesting analysis of final-offer compulsory arbitration, showing how bargainers' attitudes toward risk interact with arbitral uncertainty to determine their equilibrium final offers and the size of the contract zone. The purpose of this note is to supplement Farber's analysis by correcting an error in the interpretation of the Rothschild-Stiglitz definition of increasing risk he uses. The correction renders formally ambiguous two comparative statistics results previously thought definite. The error arises in Farber's (1980: 694) argument that an increase in arbitral risk in the Rothschild-Stiglitz (sequence of mean-preserving spreads) sense always makes bargainers' Nash equilibrium final offers diverge. (Readers who desire an introduction to the use of this concept of increasing risk are referred to Diamond and Stiglitz, 1974.) Farber's conclusion rests on the assertion that a Rothschild-Stiglitz meanpreserving spread must lower the density of the random variable in question at the mean (or median). While the heuristic "moving probability mass from the center to the tails" interpretation makes this superficially plausible, experimenting with diagrams like those in Diamond and Stiglitz (1974), or inspecting the definition, reveals that it is not an implication of the definition. One is most easily alerted to the problem by considering a spread that takes place entirely out in the tails of the distribution, and therefore does
Structure and mechanism of the prefrontal squall line.

Abstract Using upper-air soundings taken by the Thunderstorm Project and surface and serological data available through teletype distribution, a detailed three-dimensional analysis of a prefrontal squall line is presented and certain new observational features of squall-line structure are shown. It is shown that squall-line thunderstorms appear in some cases to form first over the cold-front surface and subsequently move into the warm sector. Serial ascents taken in such a case show that there is a distinct cold front at the forward edge of the thunderstorm area, which coincides with the squall line observed at the ground. It is suggested that the squall-line activity can be accounted for partly as a result of this front, and partly by the continuous generation of new thunderstorms as a result of convergence-divergence patterns produced by the vertical transfer of horizontal momentum in pre-existent thunderstorms. This is augmented by solenoidal circulations due to unbalance between the “thermal wind” and...
DELAYED ELASTICITY RESULTING FROM PERIODIC STRESS-INDUCED ATOMIC DIFFUSION.

Abstract The internal friction resulting from bulk redistribution of atoms in a periodic stress gradient is derived. The calculated internal friction peak agrees well with data on hydrogen in vanadium and niobium and deuterium in vanadium. The resulting diffusion parameters are different from these calculated previously with the assumption of a single relaxation time.
Virus-Specific Immune Memory at Peripheral Sites of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Infection in Guinea Pigs

Despite its importance in modulating HSV-2 pathogenesis, the nature of tissue-resident immune memory to HSV-2 is not completely understood. We used genital HSV-2 infection of guinea pigs to assess the type and location of HSV-specific memory cells at peripheral sites of HSV-2 infection. HSV-specific antibody-secreting cells were readily detected in the spleen, bone marrow, vagina/cervix, lumbosacral sensory ganglia, and spinal cord of previously-infected animals. Memory B cells were detected primarily in the spleen and to a lesser extent in bone marrow but not in the genital tract or neural tissues suggesting that the HSV-specific antibody-secreting cells present at peripheral sites of HSV-2 infection represented persisting populations of plasma cells. The antibody produced by these cells isolated from neural tissues of infected animals was functionally relevant and included antibodies specific for HSV-2 glycoproteins and HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A vigorous IFN-γ-secreting T cell response developed in the spleen as well as the sites of HSV-2 infection in the genital tract, lumbosacral ganglia and spinal cord following acute HSV-2 infection. Additionally, populations of HSV-specific tissue-resident memory T cells were maintained at these sites and were readily detected up to 150 days post HSV-2 infection. Unlike the persisting plasma cells, HSV-specific memory T cells were also detected in uterine tissue and cervicothoracic region of the spinal cord and at low levels in the cervicothoracic ganglia. Both HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ resident memory cell subsets were maintained long-term in the genital tract and sensory ganglia/spinal cord following HSV-2 infection. Together these data demonstrate the long-term maintenance of both humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune response at the sites of HSV-2 latency and virus shedding and highlight the utility of the guinea pig infection model to investigate tissue-resident memory in the setting of HSV-2 latency and spontaneous reactivation.
Virulence profile: Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis.

Figure 1. Using different tools in experimental mycology: The role of flies as surrogate mini-hosts.
Mass Rearing of Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for Biological Control of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

A method was developed for mass rearing the parasite Diglyphus begini Ashmead, using chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev, as the host plant and Liriamyza trifolii (Burgess) as the host. Four commercially rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were planted in 12.7-cm-diameter pots and held on greenhouse benches for about 30 d. Leaf area per pot after 30 d was 867.3 ± 35.3 cm2 (xˉ ± SEM; n = 27). Pots were exposed to adult leaf miners in colony cages for oviposition, which produced 357.4 ± 25.1 (xˉ ± SEM) larvae per pot. Plants containing late second to early third instars were exposed to adult D. begini in parasite colony cages for 24 h. The number of adult parasites emerging per pot was 99.7 ± 9.7 (xˉ ± SEM); 47% of these were females. The daily cost of parasite production (recurring costs only) was $19.40 per 1,000. With this technique, 140,000 parasites were field-released over a 3-mo period in 1986.
The Higher Structure of Chromatin in the LCR of the β-Globin Locus Changes during Development

The β-globin locus control region (LCR) is able to enhance the expression of all globin genes throughout the course of development. However, the chromatin structure of the LCR at the different developmental stages is not well defined. We report DNase I and micrococcal nuclease hypersensitivity, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses for histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and 3C (chromatin conformation capture) assays of the normal and mutant β-globin loci, which demonstrate that nucleosomes at the DNase I hypersensitive sites of the LCR could be either depleted or retained depending on the stages of development. Furthermore, MNase sensitivity and 3C assays suggest that the LCR chromatin is more open in embryonic erythroblasts than in definitive erythroblasts at the primary- and secondary-structure levels; however, the LCR chromatin is packaged more tightly in embryonic erythroblasts than in definitive erythroblasts at the tertiary chromatin level. Our study provides the first evidence that the occupancy of nucleosomes at a DNase I hypersensitive site is a developmental stage-related event and that embryonic and adult cells possess distinct chromatin structures of the LCR.
Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindaban

This book offers a close-up view of the religious world of one of the most influential families in Vrinbadan, India's premier place of pilgrimage for worshipers of Krishna. This priestly family has arguably been the most creative force in this important town. Their influence also radiates well beyond India's borders both because of their tireless work in fostering scholarship and performance about Krishna and because the scion of the family, Shrivatsa Goswami, has become an international spokesman for Hindu ways and concerns. Case, who has been an occasional resident in the family ashram, gives the reader a real sense of the atmosphere of daily life there, and the complete devotion of the residents to the service and worship of Krishna.
Detecting molecular-level chemical structure and group orientation of amphiphilic PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers at solution/air and solid/solution interfaces by SFG vibrational spectroscopy

The molecular chemical structure and group orientation of a series of pluronic copolymers at both solution/air and solid/solution interfaces have been investigated using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Both solution/air and solid/solution interfaces are dominated by hydrophobic PPO blocks. The methyl groups on PPO blocks orient at the interface differently, depending on the solution concentration or the solid contacting media. For the saturated solution/air interface, the methyl groups on PPO blocks tend to orient preferentially along the interface normal and show a relatively ordered structure. However, at very low concentrations, pronounced changes in methyl group orientation have been observed, which explains the low-concentration break on the surface tension data vs log concentration curve. The solid/solution interface is also dominated by PPO blocks, and the orientation of the methyl groups on PPO blocks varies with different solid contacting media. Different conformations of...
Group-like structures and the whitehead product in pro-homotopy and shape

Abstract The notion of ‘ H -space’ is of considerable importance in the homotopy theory of CW-complexes. This paper studies a similar notion in the framework of pro-homotopy and shape theories. This is achieved by following the general plan set forth by Eckmann and Hilton. Examples of shape H -space are also given; it is observed that every compact connected topological monoid is a shape H -space. The Whitehead product is defined and studied in the pro-homotopy and shape categories; and, it is shown that this Whitehead product vanishes on an H -object in pro-homotopy. These results are the natural extension of some well-known classical results in the homotopy theory of CW-complexes.
Conjugal transfer of genetic material by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 11007

Conjugal transfer of genetic material by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 11007 was examined. A plasmid of 88 MDa (pJS88) was identified in addition to the previously reported conjugally transferred plasmids of 32 (pKB32) and 4.8 MDa. Proteinase activity, reduced bacteriophage sensitivity, bacteriocin resistance, and conjugal transfer ability were encoded by pJS88. The ability to metabolize lactose (Lac+) was encoded by pKB32, and the 4.8-MDa plasmid was cryptic. When a strain containing both pKB32 and pJS88 was mated with a recipient deficient in host-mediated homologous recombination (Rec-), a plasmid of 40 MDa (pJS40) was observed in approximately 50% of the Lac+ transconjugants. DNA-DNA hybridization results indicated that pJS40 contained homology with both pKB32 and pJS88. These results indicated that pKB32 was conjugally transferred via conduction and suggested that pJS40 is a deletion derivative of a pKB32::pJS88 cointegrate. A Rec- strain containing pKB32 and pJS88 mediated Lac+ conjugal transfer, suggesting that the pKB32::pJS88 cointegrate could form via a rec-independent event. Resolution of the pKB32::pJS88 cointegrate was observed in both Rec- and Rec+ hosts. Cointegrate formation and resolution via rec-independent mechanisms suggest the involvement of a transposable element in the Tn3 family.
Cautions in the Interpretation of the Partial Correlation Coefficient

The partial correlation coefficient is derived analytically under exemplary factor patterns. In these patterns, variables are described as an additive composition of a set of orthogonal factors, including general, common, and specific factors. Viewed in this framework, it is evident that the partial correlation may yield spurious results. Partialling out an infallible variable or a variable with no unique component does not necessarily yield an interpretable coefficient. Examples from the literature are given where an understanding of the underlying factor pattern facilitates interpretation of the computed partial correlation coefficient.
Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 (FHF2): gene structure, expression and mapping to the Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome region in Xq26 delineated by a duplication breakpoint in a BFLS-like patient

Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS) is a syndromal X-linked mental retardation, which maps by linkage to the q26 region of the human X chromosome. We have identified a male patient with BFLS-like features and a duplication, 46,Y,dup(X)(q26q28), inherited from his phenotypically normal mother. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation using yeast artificial chromosome clones from Xq26 localised the duplication breakpoint to an ∼400-kb interval in the Xq26.3 region between DXS155 and DXS294/DXS730. Database searches and analysis of available genomic DNA sequence from the region revealed the presence of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor gene, FHF2, within the duplication breakpoint interval. The gene structure of FHF2 was determined and two new exons were identified, including a new 5′ end exon, 1B. FHF2 is a large gene extending over ∼200 kb in Xq26.3 and is composed of at least seven exons. It shows tissue-specific alternative splicing and alternative transcription starts. Northern blot hybridisation showed highest expression in brain and skeletal muscle. The FHF2 gene localisation and tissue-specific expression pattern suggest it to be a candidate gene for familial cases of the BFLS syndrome and other syndromal and non-specific forms of X-linked mental retardation mapping to the region.
Preparation, radiolabeling and biodistribution of a new class of bisaminothiol (BAT) ligands as possible imaging agents

In developing new ligands as potential brain and heart perfusion imaging agents two ligands based upon N2S2 donor atoms with the biphenyl backbone were synthesized. Biphenyl-2,2'-bis(N-1-amino-2-methyl-propane-2-thiol) (BP-BAT-TM) and biphenyl-2,2'-bis(N-1-amino-2-ethyl-butane-2-thiol) (BP-BAT-TE) form stable, neutral and lipid soluble complexes with [99mTc]pertechnetate in the presence of tin(II) tartarate as a reducing agent. The [99mTc]BP-BAT-TM complex penetrates the blood-brain barrier following i.v. injection into rats. Washout from the brain is fast, indicating no retention. The biodistribution of [99mTc]BP-BAT-TE in rats showed an initial heart uptake (0.8%/organ, at 2 min) and a slow washout (0.74% at 15 min). No brain uptake was found (0.05%). Significant uptake and retention in liver was observed. An imaging study of [99mTc]BP-BAT-TE in a monkey showed no brain uptake and a clear indication of liver uptake and gall bladder clearance. These results indicate that this ligand system may be suitable as the basic core structure for the development of new imaging agents. Further studies with structural variations in the biphenyl backbone are warranted to develop new 99mTc imaging agents for clinical applications.
P2-induced P/As exchange on GaAs during gas-source molecular beam epitaxy growth interruptions

P/As exchange behavior on GaAs under a P 2 flux in a gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) system has been studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), high-resolution double-crystal X-ray rocking curves (DCXRC) and cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We found that the exposure of GaAs to a P 2 flux results in severe substitution of As atoms by P atoms at the normal temperature for growing GaAs (T s = 570°C). When T s < 500°C, a streaky RHEED pattern can be maintained even during P 2 flux exposure of over 10 min. DCXRC of a 25-period P 2 -exposed GaAs structure grown at 550°C show a set of satellite peaks, indicating formation of a periodic structure. Approximately an average of 0.45 monolayer of phosphorus is incorporated at each interface via As/P exchange. High-resolution cross-sectional STM images reveal non-uniform (both laterally and vertically) interfacial layers of width as large as 10 monolayers. For the sample grown at 450°C, no clear satellite peaks are present. STM images of the sample exhibit much thinner interlayers, consistent with a lower level of phosphorus substitution.
Access options for withdrawn motility-modifying agents

Physicians caring for patients with motility or functional digestive diorders often decry the unhappy state of prokinetic therapy. There appears to be a paucity of agents brought to market and several of the agents felt to be truly efficacious have been withdrawn. While treatment options remain limited, the scenario may not be as bleak as initially thought. Treatment options are available particularly if practitioners are willing to pursue alternative prescribing approaches. This article describes mechanisms by which physicians may safely obtain prokinetic agents commonly regarded as inaccessible.
Effects of the antifouling compound, Irgarol 1051, on a simulated estuarine salt marsh ecosystem.

Toxicity effects of the antifouling compound, Irgarol 1051, were examined using a simulated estuarine salt marsh ecosystem. The 35 day mesocosm exposure incorporated tidal flux and contained seawater, sediments, marsh grass, and estuarine biota. Irgarol (10.0 μg/l) caused a significant reduction in phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity. HPLC pigment analysis indicated significant effects of irgarol on both phytoplankton and periphyton community composition, with decreased concentrations of pigments representative of diatom species. There was also a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in the 10.0 μg/l irgarol treatment. Growth of the hard shell clam was significantly reduced in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/l irgarol treatments. The effects observed occurred at irgarol concentrations greater than those typically measured in the environment. Prolonged exposure, the accumulation of irgarol in sediments, plant, or animal tissues, and the interaction of irgarol with other chemicals in the environment; however, could increase risk.
Trees of life: models of children's creative processes

Children possess vivid imaginations and freely, almost impulsively, share new knowledge with peers. At times, they also create art spontaneously or in response to powerful experiences. How can we best design interfaces to virtual and augmented reality technologies to support children in their independent quests for knowledge and acts of creation? In this paper I introduce a prototype of a virtual environment that is intended to support scientific inquiry and artistic creativity for young children.
Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area

Recent investigations with the manned submersible Alvin and the Angus deep-towed camera sled greatly extended the known range of variations in the style of seafloor spreading along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Five transects of the spreading centre at intervals of10–20 km south of the Kane Fracture Zone at 24° N latitude demonstrate dramatic changes in the style and magnitude of tectonic extension, development of the neovolcanic zone, expression of hydrothermal venting, types oflithologic exposures and morphology of the median valley.
Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins in Podocyte Health and Disease

The glomerular visceral epithelial cell, or podocyte, is a highly specialized and terminally differentiated cell that is fundamental to the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and functions to prevent urinary protein leakage and to oppose intracapillary hydrostatic pressure. Common to many human kidney diseases and experimental animal models is a strong association between podocyte injury and the development of progressive kidney disease. Studies have shown that a decline in podocyte number strongly correlates with, and likely underlies, proteinuria and the progression to glomerulosclerosis. Maintenance of podocyte differentiation, essential to its normal structure and function, is challenged in the setting of glomerular injury, with very divergent outcomes dependent upon the inciting injury. In response to injury, podocytes may undergo several cell fates, including proliferation, de-differentiation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, or necrosis. Common to these potential outcomes of renal injury is their ultimate regulation at the level of the cell cycle. Positive regulators (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases) and negative regulators (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) coordinate the cell cycle. There is now a large body of literature confirming the importance of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the cellular response to injury. Emerging lessons from mouse knockout experiments highlight that the cell cycle machinery operates differently in distinct cell types. Recent studies focusing on the roles of cell cycle regulatory proteins specifically in podocytes have provided important clues on how these proteins operate to constrain cell proliferation and preserve differentiation in health, and how they modulate the dysregulated phenotype in diseased states. In disease, both a failure to regenerate lost podocytes and an inappropriate proliferative response can have profound consequences for glomerular structure and function. Here, we will review the latest advances in understanding the roles of cell cycle regulatory proteins in diseases of the podocyte.
Analysis on the junctions of domain walls

In this paper, we study the local structure and the smoothness of singularities of free boundaries in an optimal partition problem for the Dirichlet eigenvalues. We prove that there is a unique homogeneous blow up(tangent map) at each singular point in the interior of the free boundary. As a consequence we obtain the rectifiability as well as local structures of singularities.
Prospective phase II trial of total androgen deprivation to maximum response followed by conformal EBRT with continued TAD for nine months: preliminary results and effects of testosterone recovery

Materials and Methods: Eligiblity criteria: Negative CT scan/bone scan. If PSA 50, negative pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pathologic review by a uropathologist. Minimum requirements PSA 4 ng/ml or Gleason sum 8. Gleason sum 7 rarely enrolled without stage T2c or PSA 10 ng/ml. Treatment plan: Treatment began with AD (luprolide acetate and flutamide). Response monitored monthly by DRE/PSA. Radiation begun after maximum AD response i.e. complete response on DRE/undetectable PSA or a plateau of DRE/PSA. Local or PSA progression or no maximum response by 6 months were begun at that time. AD given for total of 9 mos. EBRT: CT-based conformal techniques to 70.2 Gy. Patient characteristics: T1-T2b 37; T2c-T4 24; Gleason 2-6, 13; Gleason 7, 25; Gleason 8-10, 23. PSA 10 18; 1020 18; 20 25. D’Amico classification: Low risk 1; intermediate risk 11; high risk 49. 56 patients received 9 /-1 mo. AD, 3 refused further AD after 3 months, and 3 received 11-12 months. 3 patients were ineligible to receive flutamide due to baseline metabolic abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with log rank statistic. Multivariate: Cox regression. Median f/u is 18.4 mo. (max. 42). Biochemical relapse (BDFS) was defined according to ASTRO. Clinical relapse: distant metastases, local progression on DRE, positive biopsy or starting salvage AD.
Comparative analysis of invasive cervical cancer incidence rates in three Appalachian states.

Abstract Background. Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) rates remain elevated in the Appalachian region of the United States. We investigated patterns of invasive cervical cancer incidence rates in three Appalachian states (Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania) to uncover specific high-risk subgroups within this large and heterogeneous region. Methods. The analysis was conducted for the three states combined and individually. Invasive cervical cancer rates were characterized by individual and county-level sociodemographic variables, including age, race, poverty, education, Appalachian status, and rural/urban status. Bivariate analyses and multivariable Poisson regression models were conducted to address the relative contributions of each variable to the risk of invasive cervical cancer. Results. The three states differed in the contribution of each factor to the risk of invasive cervical cancer. The overall invasive cervical cancer incidence rates for Kentucky, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania were 13.4, 13.9, and 10.2 per 100,000/yr, respectively. After controlling for other demographic variables, the effect of Appalachian status on invasive cervical cancer was weaker, while rural status, education, and race were stronger, significant predictors. Conclusions. This study illustrates the heterogeneity of population demographics and invasive cervical cancer risk, and the need to identify subregions and subgroups within Appalachia at highest risk for this disease.
Histopathologic grading of nodular sclerosis hodgkin's disease: Lack of prognostic significance in 254 surgically staged patients

Background. The cellular composition of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (NS-HD) varies greatly from patient to patient. It is unclear whether subclassifying NS-HD based on cellular composition has prognostic value, because reported studies examining this issue have shown conflicting results. Methods. The initial pathology slides of 254 surgically staged patients with NS-HD treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy were reviewed and subclassified according to British National Lymphoma Investigation criteria. The median follow-up time was 123 months. Results. A total of 211 patients were classified NS I histology (83%), and 43 patients were classified NS II (17%). There were no differences in the distribution of NS I/NS II patients by age, number of sites of disease, B symptoms, or extent of mediastinal disease. Patients with NS II disease were more likely to be male (P = 0.001), and to have pathologic Stage I-II disease (P = 0.07). The 15-year actuarial rates of disease-free survival were 77 and 80% for NS I and NS II patients, respectively (P = not significant). The 15-year overall survival rates were 87 and 93% for NS I and NS II, respectively (P = not significant). No differences were seen between NS I and NS II patients for overall or disease free survival when analyzed separately by pathologic stage or by initial treatment. Similarly, no differences between NS I and NS II patients were seen in the large subgroup of 155 pathologic stage IA-IIA patients treated with radiation therapy alone. When other histologic parameters were analyzed separately, no differences were seen in the frequency of relapse between the groups based on extent of necrosis, atypia, fibrosis, variant atypia, variant syncytia, eosinophilia, or number of mitoses. Conclusions. The histologic subclassification of Hodgkin's disease had no prognostic significance in this group of surgically staged, uniformly treated patients. Cancer 1994; 74: 708-14.
MARKET INDUCED AND GOVERNMENT MANDATED ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE HOUSING MARKET: Econometric Evidence from the U.S.

This paper integrates and compares me results of two large-scale econometric analyses of the effects of residential energy prices upon the U.S. housing market. A simple model of energy consumption in the housing market is developed, and the results of these studies are compared with the common model. The two studies, using very different bodies of data and very different econometric techniques, yield very similar implications in terms of household expenditures and patterns of consumption. In particular, both studies confirm the importance of “natural conservation” in the housing market. Higher energy prices lead to substantially lower consumption of residential energy, even in the absence of regulation. In particular, it is estimated that a doubling of energy prices leads to a reduction of residential energy consumption of about twenty-five percent.
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR MAJORITY-CARRIER LOCATIONS IN THE BRILLOUIN ZONE OF GRAPHITE.

Abstract Thermoelectric power and Hall effect quantum resonances in graphite are used to locate the majority carrier electron and hole Fermi surfaces. The electron surfaces are found in the center of the Brillouin zone edge.
Scientist and practitioner role preferences: The undergraduate dilemma

Abstract Research on preference for the scientist and practitioner roles in psychology has focused mainly on professionals and graduate students. The current study focused on undergraduates in a formative stage of career development to determine whether scientist and practitioner preferences could be indentified using instrumentation such as the Scientist-Practitioner Inventory (Leong & Zachar, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 331- 341, 1991). The results indicated that comprehension of terminology within the field may affect students' indication of preference and that the divergence of preference seen in studies using professionals and graduate students does nto exist among undergraduate students. These finding could be due to a lacak of comprehension of terminology used to determine preferences. The need for an instrument that accurately measures undergraduate preferences for scientist and practitioner activities is clearly indicated to determine scientist or practitioner role preferences.
Pauli blocking and Fermi motion effects in ion-ion collisions

Abstract A geometrical model for Pauli blocking and Fermi motion effects in ion-ion collisions is presented. The results, given as effective nucleon-nucleon total cross sections, incicate that the Pauli blocking reduces the nucleon-nucleon cross section in the ion-ion environment by a larger amount than previously estimated.
The Synthesis of Some Effective Antioxidants

A description is given of the synthesis of three tetrahydroxy biphenyls: 2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydroxy biphenyl, 2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydroxy-5,5′-diethyl biphenyl, and 2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy biphenyl. These three compounds were synthesized from two dehydroguaiacol derivatives, which in turn were obtained from oxidative coupling of the corresponding guaiacols. The antioxidant properties of the tetrahydroxy biphenyls are compared with NDGA and with 2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydroxy-5,5′-dimethyl biphenyl.
Triplet Energy and Lifetime of 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-ene

The triplet lifetime of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-ene has been measured, and the triplet energy estimated, by photoacoustic calorimetry. These direct measurements are compared to previous estima...
The LOCKSS peer-to-peer digital preservation system

The LOCKSS project has developed and deployed in a world-wide test a peer-to-peer system for preserving access to journals and other archival information published on the Web. It consists of a large number of independent, low-cost, persistent Web caches that cooperate to detect and repair damage to their content by voting in “opinion polls.” Based on this experience, we present a design for and simulations of a novel protocol for voting in systems of this kind. It incorporates rate limitation and intrusion detection to ensure that even some very powerful adversaries attacking over many years have only a small probability of causing irrecoverable damage before being detected.
On-line algorithms for division and multiplication

In this paper we are considering problems of division and multiplication in a computational environment in which all basic arithmetic algorithms satisfy "on-line" property: to generate jth digit of the result it is necessary and sufficient to have argument(s) available up to the (j+δ)th digit, where the index difference 6 is a small positive constant. Such an environment, due to its potential to perform a sequence of operations in an overlapped fashion, could conveniently speed up an arithmetic multiprocessor structure or it could be useful in certain real-time applications, with inherent on-line properties. The on-line property implies a left-to-right digit-by-digit type of algorithm and consequently, a redundant representation, at least, of the results. For addition and subtraction such algorithms, satisfying on-line property, can be easily specified. Multiplication requires a somewhat more elaborate approach and there are several possible ways of defining an on-line algorithm. However, the existence of an on-line division algorithm is not obvious and its analysis appears interesting.
Dissolution and Reaction studies of Cszr2(PO4)3 and Zr Phosphates in Aqueous Media

Cs dissolution kinetics for Cszr2(PO4)3 in a variety of aqueous media at 70°C approximately obeyed a first-order law. However in 0.1 M NaHCO3,at1/2 law was appropriate. The Cs extraction was a minimum under neutral conditions. In the pH range of 1–4, the Cs extraction varied approximately as [H+]0.3 and was a stronger function of pH in alkaline media. The survival of α-Zr phosphate gel in water at 300°C was essentially confirmed. ZrP2O7, reacted sluggishly with water at 200–300°C to produce an apparently fully-protonated analogue of NaZr2(PO4)3
BDNF transgene improves ataxic and motor behaviors in stargazer mice

The stargazer (stg) mouse exhibits severe cerebellar ataxia, abnormal motor behavior, and absence epilepsy. Selective failure of cerebellar brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression is one of the molecular defects in stg mutant. To determine the in vivo effect of BDNF replacement on cerebellar function, we generated a double mutant line of stg-BDNF mice by crossbreeding BDNF-overexpressing transgenics with stg mutants. Significant upregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein levels was confirmed in the double mutant cerebellum. Gross examination showed less severe ataxia with normal cerebellar cytoarchitecture in stg-BDNF mice than the original stg mice. Behavioral characterization of stg-BDNF mice revealed significantly improved performance in swimming test and footprint analysis compared to stg mice. These results provide in vivo evidence for the correlation of the cerebellar BDNF levels to the ataxia and motor behaviors of stg mice.
Does studying for an objective structured clinical examination make a difference

Purpose This study examines the extent to which second-year medical students studied for an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), how they studied, and the impact of self-reported studying on OSCE performance. Method One class of 113 medical students completed an end-of-second-year OSCE, held on two consecutive evenings. The OSCE was comprised of eight stations, each of which was of 20 minutes’ duration. The OSCE was formative: students received performance feedback but were not graded. Prior to the OSCE, students completed a brief survey regarding their preparation for the OSCE and their perceptions of confidence, anxiety and preparedness. Only 78 students returned surveys with names, comprising the data for these analyses. Results Mean studying time was 3·3 h, ranging from 0 to 19 h. Studying time was positively associated with age and negatively associated with basic science examination scores. The most study time was dedicated to reviewing the physical examination textbook, class notes and supplemental course readings. The breadth of study strategies increased as more time was spent in OSCE preparation. OSCE performance was related to study time and to achievement on pre-clinical basic science examinations. Discussion The students whose performance was above average seemed to be the talented students whose records indicated a history of academic success. The amount of time they reported for OSCE preparation was comparable to that reported by students with below average performance. It appears that prior academic performance rather than preparatory studying time is a better predictor of OSCE outcomes.
A monolithic step-down SC power converter with frequency-programmable subthreshold z-domain DPWM control for ultra-low power microsystems

This paper presents a fully integrated switched-capacitor (SC) power converter for ultra-low power microsystems. The design features an efficient step-down charge pump and a frequency-programmable digital feedback controller. The controller is designed in the subthreshold region to reduce power dissipation significantly. It employs a programmable switching frequency digital pulse-width modulation (DPWM) to maintain high efficiency under various loading scenarios, without causing random noise spectrum as in pulse-frequency modulation (PFM). The monolithic implementation effectively suppresses switching noises and glitches introduced by parasitic components from traditional bonding, packaging and PCB wiring. The test prototype was designed and fabricated with a 0.35-mum digital CMOS N-well process. It supplies a variable power output from 0.8 to 1.5 V and from 400 muW to 7.5 mW precisely, with a variable switching frequency ranging from 200 KHz to 1 MHz. The converter achieves 66.7% efficiency with a controller power of only 147.5 muW.
The discovery of REM sleep.

Abstract The impetus to pursue the study of ocular motility in sleeping adults was derived from a previous study conducted by the author on infants. He noted through visual observation alone that there was an approximate twenty minute interlude of complete ocular quiescence during each hour of sleep. This period of quiescence was termed ‘No Eye Movement Period’ or ‘N.E.M. Period’, and it was the intent of the author to ascertain what effect age would have on the distribution of N.E.M. periods during sleep. In the latter part of 1951, the first continuous all‐night recording of ocular motility in sleep using a combined EEG and EOG technique was conducted on the author's eight year old son. Instead of N.E.M. Periods, what he found were approximately twenty minute periods of vigorous ocular activity including saccadic‐like eye movements. Although he ultimately termed these epochs as ‘REM Periods’, his initial intent was to name them ‘Jerky Eye Movement Periods’ or ‘JEM Periods’. Ironically, some three decade...
Pubertal Timing and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Rural African American Male Youth: Testing a Model Based on Life History Theory

Life History Theory (LHT), a branch of evolutionary biology, describes how organisms maximize their reproductive success in response to environmental conditions. This theory suggests that challenging environmental conditions will lead to early pubertal maturation, which in turn predicts heightened risky sexual behavior. Although largely confirmed among female adolescents, results with male youth are inconsistent. We tested a set of predictions based on LHT with a sample of 375 African American male youth assessed three times from age 11 to age 16. Harsh, unpredictable community environments and harsh, inconsistent, or unregulated parenting at age 11 were hypothesized to predict pubertal maturation at age 13; pubertal maturation was hypothesized to forecast risky sexual behavior, including early onset of intercourse, substance use during sexual activity, and lifetime numbers of sexual partners. Results were consistent with our hypotheses. Among African American male youth, community environments were a modest but significant predictor of pubertal timing. Among those youth with high negative emotionality, both parenting and community factors predicted pubertal timing. Pubertal timing at age 13 forecast risky sexual behavior at age 16. Results of analyses conducted to determine whether environmental effects on sexual risk behavior were mediated by pubertal timing were not significant. This suggests that, although evolutionary mechanisms may affect pubertal development via contextual influences for sensitive youth, the factors that predict sexual risk behavior depend less on pubertal maturation than LHT suggests.
Estimation of Outage Allowances

A methodology is described for estimating the allowances or safety margins which can be applied to estimates of water resources to allow for outages (random or periodic interruptions to supply). The methodology follows recent published UK Government and water-industry guidelines and provides estimates at two levels: on-average estimates, and risk-related estimates. Example applications are described, and advice is given on ways of improving the supply/demand balance. The final choice of any outage allowance to be used should take account of (a) patterns of demand, and (b) the consequences of failure.
Patterns of leisure-time physical activity using multivariate finite mixture modeling and cardiovascular risk factors in the Northern Manhattan Study

Purpose Physical activity is currently commonly summarized by simple composite scores of total activity, such as total metabolic equivalent score (METS), without further information about the many specific aspects of activities. We sought to identify more comprehensive physical activity patterns, and their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Delirium in Palliative Care Patients

SUMMARYDelirium is commonly misunderstood in patients with advanced disease. It can present as a hyperactive, hypoactive or fluctuating disorder. Antineoplastic agents and other drugs may cause delirium as can some drug interactions. Potential causes are described. Evaluation instruments that have been used for this symptom are described. Some open research questions are listed. A management algorithm, evidence tables, and drug therapy tables which include drug costs are presented.
Temperature-dependent scalable large signal CMOS device model developed for millimeter-wave power amplifier design

As the gate length of CMOS processes has become smaller and the device fT has increased, applications such as CMOS power amplifiers in the millimeter-wave region have become feasible and practical. This paper describes the development of an empirical large-signal model for sub-100 nm CMOS transistors and demonstrates its successful use in the design of a 4-stage 60 GHz CMOS power amplifier with measured performance of 20dB gain, +10.3dBm P1dB, 13.5dBm Psat and 13% PAE. A novel drain-source current formulation is used, accurately modeling both strong-inversion and sub- threshold characteristics of short-channel, 90nm CMOS transistors. Further model enhancement is obtained through optimization for millimeter-wave applications using an optimized parasitic extraction process as well as the incorporation of size scalability and temperature dependency, making this modeling approach highly robust.
ATM cell delay and loss for best-effort TCP in the presence of isochronous traffic

The paper reports the findings of a simulation studying the queueing behavior of "best-effort" traffic in the presence of constant-bit-rate (CBR) and variable bit-rate (VBR) isochronous traffic. In the study, best-effort traffic refers to ATM cells that support communication between host end systems executing various applications and exchanging information using TCP/IP. The performance measures considered are TCP cell loss, TCP packet loss, mean cell queueing delay, and mean cell queue length. The simulation results show that, under certain conditions, best-effort TCP traffic may experience as much as 2% cell loss. The results also show that the probability of cell and packet loss decreases logarithmically with increased buffer size. >