cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social polarization, fiscal instability and growth

Abstract We present a dynamic model of fiscal policy in a simple growth framework where social polarization (of preferences) plays a central role in the evolution of fiscal instability and growth collapse. In a highly polarized society, a deficit occurs endogenously, fiscal spending path becomes more volatile, output collapses, and economic growth rate is reduced along the transition path to a new lower level of output. One novel feature is that the size of fiscal deficit, the magnitude of fiscal volatility, and the size of reduction in output and growth rate are explicitly shown to be increasing functions of the degree of social polarization. This is because of the positive relationship between the polarization of preferences and the incentive for policymakers (or socio-economic groups) to overexploit the government resources in a common pool setting (polarization effect). Thereby, we offer a fiscal instability channel that negatively links social polarization and growth, which is an alternative yet distinct explanation for the empirical finding that social polarization is harmful to growth. Moreover, we fully distinguish the incentive to engage in such short-term policies under political uncertainty from that under polarization. Polarization and political uncertainty are shown to be distinct yet critical to the dynamic coordination failure in the common pool setting.
Gynecologic Examination of the Prepubertal Girl

1. Amanda M. Jacobs, MD* 2. Elizabeth M. Alderman, MD* 1. *Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. * Abbreviations: AAP: : American Academy of Pediatrics HPV: : human papillomavirus NAAT: : nucleic acid amplification test The prepubertal genitalia in girls varies in appearance and function compared with the pubertal genitalia of adolescent girls and as such is subject to a unique spectrum of disorders that require appropriate screening, identification skills, and management. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe techniques necessary for examining the external genitalia of prepubertal girls. 2. Identify the normal variations and natural history of the female prepubertal external genitalia. 3. Identify, evaluate, and manage common vulvar symptoms in prepubertal girls: labial adhesions, vaginal irritation, bleeding, itching, discharge, and ulcers. Genital examination should be a routine part of a comprehensive physical examination for any girl at any age. The vulva of a prepubertal girl has a unique appearance compared with that of a postmenarchal girl. It is important to become familiar with the normal variations of the genital anatomy of a prepubertal girl, including the vulva’s features and characteristics, so that abnormalities are recognized (Fig 1). Abnormalities, such as the imperforate hymen, signs of sexual abuse, or rare malignant tumors, require prompt evaluation and treatment. Labial adhesions are frequently noted; vulvar symptoms, such as irritation and erythema, are common, and most causes are benign. Causes of vaginal discharge in prepubertal girls vary from those of pubertal females. Figure 1. Anatomical terms for structures of the prepubertal female introitus. Reprinted from Figure 1 in Fortin K, Jenny C. Sexual abuse. Pediatr Rev . 2012;33(1):19-32. The performance of a thorough genital examination can be challenging and anxiety provoking for young patients, their caregivers, and health care clinicians. Patients may be apprehensive about the examination because many children have been counseled not to allow that area …
A Text Analysis Approach to Motivate Knowledge Sharing via Microsoft SharePoint

Creating incentives for knowledge workers to share their knowledge within an organization continues to be a challenging task. Strong, innate behaviors of the knowledge worker, such as self-preservation and self-advancement, are difficult to overcome, regardless of the level of knowledge. Many incentive policies simply focus on providing external pressure to promote knowledge sharing. This work describes a technical approach to motivate sharing. Utilizing text analysis and machine learning techniques to create an enhanced knowledge sharing experience, a prototype system was developed and tested at Oak Ridge National Laboratory that reduces the overhead cost of sharing while providing a quick, positive payoff for the knowledge worker. This work describes the implementation and experiences of using the prototype in a corporate production environment.
Behavioural signs of postoperative pain in cats following onychectomy or tenectomy surgery

Abstract We hypothesised that the relative degree of acute pain in cats undergoing onychectomy (declaw), digital flexor tenectomy, or a sham procedure could be detected using behavioural indicators. We predicted that onychectomy would produce more behavioural signs of post-surgical pain than tenectomy. Cats presented at the hospital for onychectomy were recruited to the study. Six cats were randomly assigned to each of three groups: Control (sham surgery), Tenectomy, and Onychectomy. All surgeries were performed under anesthesia by the same surgeon. The forepaws of all cats were then bandaged. Analgesic was administered to all cats pre-operatively and to any cat subjectively assessed to be experiencing pain post-operatively. Starting one hour prior to surgery, and at 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, 7.5, 11.5, 23.5 and 35.5 h after surgery, we made a 30-min videotape of each cat. The 1–0 frequencies per minute of the following behaviours were assessed from the videotapes: groom body, groom with forepaw, groom bandages, shake forepaw, wipe forepaw, stand/sit, lie on sternum, lie on side, manipulate toy with forepaw, hide under blanket, and drink. All behavioural observations were made by the same trained observer who was blind to the treatments. Cats from all treatments showed higher levels of forepaw wiping, forepaw shaking and lying on their side after, than before, surgery (mixed-model ANOVA, P P P P
Application of 2-dimensional solutions of the Shockley-Poisson equation to inversion-layer m.o.s.t. devices

A model for inversion-layer m.o.s.t.s is outlined which avoids the usual gradual-channel approximation by the use of 2-dimensional solutions to the Shockley-Poisson and Laplace equations governing the field distribution. Computed I/V and C/V characteristics and potential-distribution; diagrams are shown for a particular device geometry.
A functional-phylogenetic system for the classification of transport proteins.

Twenty completely sequenced genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have been surveyed for the presence of genes encoding homologues of known solute transport proteins. These analyses and others have demonstrated the presence of nearly 250 families of sequence-related transporters. All such proteins have been classified according to the system we call the transporter classification system of the transport commission (TC). This short summary article describes the main features of this system; the families are presented in tabular form. Detailed information concerning these families and their constituent transporters is available on our web sites. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:84-94, 1999.
Effect of Failed Initial Closure on Bladder Growth in Children With Bladder Exstrophy

Purpose: Failed initial bladder exstrophy closure may hinder the natural course of bladder growth compared to successful primary reconstruction. By measuring successive bladder capacities within the first 5 years of life, we compared the rate of bladder growth in children with failed vs successful initial closure.Materials and Methods: We used an approved bladder exstrophy database to identify and review retrospectively patients with classic bladder exstrophy who underwent repeat cystograms between ages 1 and 6 years. Two groups of patients were identified—those with successful neonatal closure (group 1) and those with successful reclosure after an initial failed procedure (group 2). A generalized linear mixed model was fit to evaluate the impact of treatment group and age on bladder growth.Results: We identified 48 patients in group 1 (75% male) and 62 in group 2 (71% male). Initial pelvic osteotomy was done in 60% of group 1 and 34% of group 2. Patients in group 1 had significantly larger cystographic c...
THE USE OF SPECULATION AND ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORRELATIONS

Abstract Speculative analysis is shown to be effective Tor the development of asymptotes which are in turn useful for the development of correlating equations. Speculation is here defined as the selective elimination of variables among a complete set, or of terms in a model. The results of such speculation must be evaluated by comparison with experimental data and theoretical solutions. This procedure is illustrated for several processes of fluid flow and heat transfer. Guidelines are developed for its efficient application. Imprecision of the available data and their failure to extend to asymptotically large and small values is found to be a limiting factor in evaluating speculations and discriminating between competitive ones.
Planarian Hh signaling regulates regeneration polarity and links Hh pathway evolution to cilia

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays multiple essential roles during metazoan development, homeostasis, and disease. Although core protein components are highly conserved, the variations in Hh signal transduction mechanisms exhibited by existing model systems (Drosophila, fish, and mammals) are difficult to understand. We characterized the Hh pathway in planarians. Hh signaling is essential for establishing the anterior/posterior axis during regeneration by modulating wnt expression. Moreover, RNA interference methods to reduce signal transduction proteins Cos2/Kif27/Kif7, Fused, or Iguana do not result in detectable Hh signaling defects; however, these proteins are essential for planarian ciliogenesis. Our study expands the understanding of Hh signaling in the animal kingdom and suggests an ancestral mechanistic link between Hh signaling and the function of cilia.
Qualitative Behavioral Analyzer for Fault Detection and Cyber Security of Control Networks

Cybersecurity for networked industrial control systems presents challenges not faced in information technology systems. The use of heritage protocols, such as Modbus, on unrouted serial buses makes it difficult to authenticate actuator commands and sensor data. Furthermore, rigid master/slave architectures such as Modbus are especially vulnerable to compromise of the master unit. We describe a logic program called the Qualitative Behavioral Analyzer (QBA) for monitoring a controlled physical process on an unrouted Modbus network. The proposed approach uses knowledge of process physics to identify a possible component fault or cyberattack. To avoid relying on the integrity of the master unit, the QBA directly analyzes Modbus network traffic. The first stage of the QBA is called the Network Analyzer, which evaluates each Modbus packet and extract qualitative information. The second stage is called the Physics Analyzer, which evaluates a qualitative physics model based on qualitative information from Network Analyzer. The QBA is demonstrated on simulations of a water treatment process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Impairment of the Reticuloendothelial System of Chickens During Aflatoxicosis

Abstract Graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μg./g.) were tested for their effect on the function of the reticuloendothelial system in clearing colloidal carbon from circulation. The rate of clearance was decreased significantly (P
What Happens During the Private Period?: Evidence from Public‐to‐Private Reverse LBOs

This study provides new evidence on the restructuring activities undertaken by public-to-private reverse leveraged buyouts (RLBOs) while owned by private equity firms. The authors' comprehensive sample of public-to-private LBOs that return to public ownership through IPOs enables them to observe changes in profitability, valuation, financial structure, operating structure, and cost structure from the time the firms go private through (and after) their emergence through (re-) IPOs. With their exclusive focus on reverse LBOs involving public-to-private deals, the authors reach findings that contradict previous conclusions about RLBOs. At the time of the LBO, the target firms in reverse LBOs are more levered than their peers, pay higher dividends, and are more profitable than their peers. At the same time, however, they appear to have lower market valuations before the buyouts. During the private period, the target firms of reverse LBOs achieve significant increases in employee productivity, asset restructuring, and improved gross margins, while operating with substantially higher levels of debt financing, lower levels of cash and working capital, and greater concentration of equity ownership. After the companies return to public ownership through IPOs, such companies continue to operate with higher leverage and ownership concentration than their publicly traded peers while producing further increases in profitability, resulting in substantial increases in both enterprise and equity valuation. The authors' analysis also shows that higher debt levels from the buyout play an important role in increased enterprise values. The evidence suggests that possible undervaluation as well as expected efficiency gains from restructuring actions are the primary motives for such reverse LBOs.
Complete biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) response to sipuleucel-T with enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A case report with implications for future research

Objective To describe the case of a patient with castration-resistant, metastatic prostate cancer who achieved a complete and durable biochemical response after treatment with sipuleucel-T while continuing with enzalutamide and to explore the immunologic basis for such a response. Materials and Methods We obtained serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements and bone scans to assess the patient's response to enzalutamide followed by the addition of sipuleucel-T. Using preclinical and clinical data, we describe his response through known immunobiologic mechanisms. Results This patient's PSA level became undetectable during treatment with enzalutamide and began to increase again after 14 months. He opted for treatment with sipuleucel-T, while continuing with the enzalutamide. This resulted in another complete PSA response 6 months after exposure to sipuleucel-T. Conclusion Sipuleucel-T typically does not produce significant PSA reductions, and, to the best of our knowledge, only 1 previous report of a durable complete PSA response in a patient with metastatic disease has been published. The timing of this response supports an immune mechanism. The biologic rationale for the combination, coupled with the clinical result observed in our patient, provides a basis for studies of the combination of sipuleucel-T and enzalutamide.
Cellular changes with graded limb ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract Following distal arterial and venous cannulations in both hind limbs of 10 dogs, left leg arterial pressure was reduced to less than 50 torr (group I) and 50 to 75 torr (group II). Muscle membrane potential difference (PD) measurements, muscle biopsies, and arterial and venous blood samples were taken at baseline, after 3 hours of ischemia, and following 3 hours of reperfusion. Blood gas tensions and blood and muscle metabolites were measured. Muscle creatine phosphate levels fell during the ischemic period, but the adenosine triphosphate concentration remained normal. The PD fell in both groups during ischemia and declined further after reperfusion (p > 0.01). The deterioration in cell membrane function occurred in spite of intracellular energy repletion and persisted after reperfusion. The PD appears to be a more sensitive indicator of ischemia-induced cell dysfunction than levels of blood or intracellular metabolites. The cause of the progressive fall in the membrane potential is uncertain, but it may be due to cytotoxicity produced by oxygen free radicals. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:536-40.)
Models of Educational Computing @ Home: New Frontiers for Research on Technology in Learning.

To date, the major emphasis of educational technology research-ers has been the development and use of educational technologieswithin school settings. Noticeably absent has been research andconsiderations that focus on the home as a computer-basedlearning environment and potential connections between schooland home learning. Given the increasing presence of computersin homes, the authors argue for an explicit research focus on thevarious ways that computers in homes can be used to create richlearning environments or extend school-based learning environ-ments. To that end, this article discusses various models ofeducational computing in the home that are linked to learning inschool, along with critical issues for consideration by researcherswho choose to venture into this emerging area.
An audiovisual document for software maintenance

Three criteria are used to determine the form and content of a proposed audiovisual document containing videotaped walkthroughs: (1) walkthroughs should be structural behavioral; (2) the maintenance programmer should be able to relate new knowledge to existing knowledge; and (3) the walkthroughs should allow the maintenance programmer to learn by example. The audiovisual document is developed by choosing sample tasks from the problem domain and verbally presenting, for each task, three interrelated walks through the program, chosen so that the maintenance programmer is systematically guided into the internals of the program. The form and content of an audiovisual document is demonstrated using an example. >
Oats and Soy in Lipid-Lowering Diets for Women with Hypercholesterolemia: Is There Synergy?

Abstract Objectives To study possible synergistic effects of oats and soy on reducing total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in human beings and the efficacy and feasibility of including these adjustments to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Subject/setting One hundred twenty-seven postmenopausal women with moderate hypercholesterolemia were recruited from a large Midwestern workforce and senior centers in the surrounding community. Intervention and clinical visits were conducted in these same facilities. Design After a 3-week lead-in period on the Step I diet, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for an additional 6 weeks: an oats/milk group, a wheat/soy group, an oats/soy group, and a wheat/milk group. Clinical measurements included blood draws, body weight and height, blood pressure, and medical history data. Three-day food records were collected at baseline and Weeks 3 and 9 of the intervention. Randomization was stratified based on the status of hormone replacement therapy and was blocked with sizes 4 or 8 for group assignment. Results After 3 weeks on the Step I diet, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels; total fat and saturated fat intake, dietary cholesterol intake, Keys score, and body mass index were all reduced. Following an additional 6 weeks on the Step I diet plus intervention, total cholesterol and LDL-C were further reduced for both the oats/soy group and oats/milk group. There were no significant further changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the wheat/soy and wheat/milk groups. Body mass index remained stable in all groups from Week 3 to Week 9. Applications Nonpharmacologic dietary interventions like the Step I diet are feasible in a community setting and can produce rapid and significant lipid-lowering benefits. Daily consumption of 2 servings of oats can contribute to further lipid alterations in this population although soy intake at this dose may not. Palatability and convenience are important considerations in achieving dietary adherence. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:1319-1325.
Effects of Delayed Examination on the Results of Certain Hepatic Tests

Decreased thymol and zinc sulfate turbidity values often were observed after separated serum was refrigerated overnight. In some instances the changes were sufficient to affect appreciably the significance of the results. Phenol turbidity tended to increase considerably after refrigeration. Changes in thymol, zinc, and phenol turbidities were largely prevented by allowing serum to remain in contact with the clot during storage. The use of anaerobic technic in the collection and storage of serum also prevented changes in the thymol turbidity measurements and, to a lesser extent, in the zinc turbidity. However, a large change in phenol turbidity persisted under these conditions. The changes in zinc turbidity were related to the CO2 content of the sera being tested. Serum bilirubin concentration tended to decrease slightly during storage.
The Particularly Dubious Case of Hans v. Louisiana: An Essay on Law, Race, History, and ‘Federal Courts’

In a number of striking decisions the Rehnquist Court has limited the powers of Congress and substantially insulated the states from federal authority. In doing so it has repeatedly and explicitly based its jurisprudence on Hans v. Louisiana, an 1890 decision in which the Court held that the Eleventh Amendment barred citizens from suing their own states in the federal courts for money due on the state’s bonds. Hans asserted that the Eleventh Amendment, despite its narrow language, was intended to recognize a broad principle of state sovereign immunity which prohibited all suits against states absent their consent. While the policy behind the Rehnquist Court’s decisions may be wise or desirable in the early twenty-first century, its reliance on Hans is not. Although Hans invoked the history of the Eleventh Amendment’s drafting and ratification, its reasoning and conclusion did not reflect the intent of the amendment’s framers but the purposes of the post-Reconstruction settlement. That informal but well understood agreement among white Americans, driven in large part by racism, allowed the South a special and limited independence in imposing white rule and repudiating its state debts in exchange for national reconciliation and unity. Thus, as a matter of history, Hans gave voice not to the intent of the 1790s but to the compromise of the 1890s. Considered in the light of its own history, then, Hans properly merits no authority as a constitutional precedent for three interrelated reasons. First, it was a decision of expedience, not of principle. An examination of the Court’s jurisdictional decisions in the late nineteenth century shows that Hans was typical of the pervasive jurisdictional instrumentalism that marked the Court’s work across the board as well as in cases construing the Eleventh Amendment itself. Second, as an instrument of the post-Reconstruction settlement and an integral part of the Court’s general abandonment of southern blacks, Hans was both the product and tool of a pervasive racism among white Americans, north as well as south. Third, and legally pivotal, Hans was premised on early nineteenth-century procedural assumptions that the Court had already rejected and, decisively, on antebellum jurisdictional and constitutional assumptions that the Fourteenth Amendment had repudiated. Thus, Hans was a decision of mere temporary expedience, an instrument of racism and betrayal, and the product of an outmoded and rejected constitutional jurisprudence. As such, it has no claim to enduring authority as a constitutional precedent.Four of the justices on the Rehnquist Court who have repeatedly relied on Hans to expand the Eleventh Amendment should agree that those grounds are sufficient to require its repudiation. Only three years ago, in a case involving the Establishment Clause, they maintained that a constitutional doctrine “born of bigotry” should “be buried.” So, now, should Hans be buried.
Factors in Supply and Use of Cooling Water

Abstract WE OF the rubber industry are naturally interested in water mainly as a cooling agent. We are concerned with its source, the quantities regularly available and the temperature at which it is supplied. A reference to the requirements of the Goodyear factories in Akron indicates how important a factor it is. The two plants must be supplied with over 20,000,000 gallons of water per day exclusive of the amount taken from the city mains for special purposes. Approximately 13,250,000 gallons of this volume are used for cooling mills, internal mixers, calendars and tubing machines. The greater proportion of this is recovered and with the addition of fresh water is employed for cooling heaters, in the reclaiming plant and for various services throughout the factories. When the day's cycle has been completed, more than 13,000,000 gallons of warm water are returned to their principal source, the Little Cuyahoga River. In the cooler seasons all of the 13,250,000 gallons of cooling water come from the impoun...
Automated Quadrature-free Discontinuous Galerkin Method with a Tailored Recovery Formulation

The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulation has received much attention in recent years as a promising higher order method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations. However, it suffers from high operation count and storage requirements. To alleviate these drawbacks, the authors employ quadrature-free integration which is implemented through C++ template metaprogramming techniques. Template metaprogramming allows for the integrals associated with the weak formulation used in the DG method to be evaluated analytically by the compiler at compile time. The integrand is then expressed as a matrix operator. While the treatment of diffusive viscous terms is still a subject of research, the recently developed Recovery method of van Leer is explored by the authors. In addition, the Recovery method is reformulated to suit the quadrature-free implementation. The quadrature-free method is applied to linear and non-linear one-dimensional viscous Burgers equations.
Indoor Residence Times of Semivolatile Organic Compounds: Model Estimation and Field Evaluation

Indoor residence times of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are a major and mostly unavailable input for residential exposure assessment. We calculated residence times for a suite of SVOCs using a fugacity model applied to residential environments. Residence times depend on both the mass distribution of the compound between the "mobile phase" (air and dust particles settled on the carpet) and the "non-mobile phase" (carpet fibers and pad) and the removal rates resulting from air exchange and cleaning. We estimated dust removal rates from cleaning processes using an indoor-particle mass-balance model. Chemical properties determine both the mass distribution and relative importance of the two removal pathways, resulting in different residence times among compounds. We conducted a field study after chlorpyrifos was phased out for indoor use in the United States in 2001 to determine the decreases in chlorpyrifos air concentrations over a one-year period. A measured average decrease of 18% in chlorpyrifos air concentrations indicates the residence time of chlorpyrifos is expected to be 6.9 years and compares well with model predictions. The estimates from this study provide the opportunity to make more reliable estimates of SVOCs exposure in the indoor residential environment.
Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Services in Freestanding US Children's Hospitals

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among US children in 2012 was 11.6%, and studies show CAM use as high as 76% in certain pediatric populations. Children's hospitals offer varied CAM services. This survey aimed to identify CAM services offered, the structure of CAM departments, and supplement use policies in freestanding US children's hospitals. In our survey, 92% of responding children's hospitals offered CAM services, and 38% had hospital-based CAM centers; 60% of responders had policies for supplement use during hospitalization, whereas only 40% had policies for supplement use surrounding surgery. CAM services are widely offered in freestanding US children's hospitals, but most do not have CAM departments. Many hospitals do not have written policies about supplement use. A better understanding of CAM services, programs, and supplement use policies are needed to bring more coordinated services and safer policies to children's hospitals.
INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS

Publisher Summary Resistors and capacitors are two-terminal (two electrical connections) elements that have great practical use in electronic circuits. A resistor converts electric energy to thermal energy, whereas a capacitor stores and releases electric energy. The concepts of resistance and capacitance help to evaluate energy storage and energy conversion in electrical circuits. This chapter presents another two-terminal circuit element, the inductor. An inductor can store magnetic energy. A solenoid is a typical inductor. The concept of inductance helps to evaluate the amount of magnetic energy stored by a solenoid and to understand how a solenoid responds to a changing current in an electrical circuit. In the chapter, Faraday's law of induction is used to show that the induced emf in a loop of a conductor is proportional to the time rate of change of current. The behavior of inductors in circuits involves resistors and capacitors. In a circuit containing an inductor and a capacitor, magnetic energy and electric energy are transferred back and forth between the two elements in a manner reminiscent of the interchange of kinetic energy and potential energy in a harmonic oscillator.
5.28 – Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury

Altered sensations, including pain, are well-documented consequences associated with spinal cord injury. Although loss of sensory and motor function at and below the level of injury are commonly thought to have the most significant impact on individuals with spinal injury, secondary consequences including spasticity, bladder and bowel dysfunction, infertility, and pain rank among the most difficult consequences to deal with following injury. Understanding the mechanism(s) responsible for the condition of pain requires an appreciation for the pathological, physiological, neurochemical, and molecular events associated with injury of the cord parenchyma. The development of injury models to study these events in combination with clinical studies have provided insights into the spinal and supraspinal changes that contribute to the development and maintenance of at- and below-level pain. At the site of injury excitotoxic and inflammatory cascades impact the survivability and functional state of spinal neurons. Changes in the excitability of sensory neurons together with a decrease in local and descending inhibitory influences are thought to lead to the development of a pain-generating mechanism in the cord. Not to be ignored are the anatomical and functional changes occurring at supraspinal sites that are also likely contributors to the mechanism of injury-induced pain.
Introduction: Keynes, the General Theory and the Labor Market

Mass and lingering unemployment — “the intractable million,” to use Pigou’s (1947, p. 43)1 apt term — was clearly the overriding social concern behind Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. 2 It is a peculiarity of that book, though, that much less of its space is given over to an analysis of the labor market than to almost any other aspect of Keynes’s argument. The essence of explicit treatment comes in the form of the critique of the “classical postulates” in Chapter 2 of the book, in the justly infamous definitions of involuntary unemployment in both Chapters 2 and 3, and in the more interesting (and unfortunately less read) discussion of “changes in money wages” in Chapter 19 and its appendix (on Pigou’s theory of unemployment). At a stretch, we might add to this list Chapter 20, “The Employment Function,” but in reality it is nothing but an attempt at a formal summation of his theory, which had been much better summarized in words in Chapter 18, “The General Theory Re-Stated.”
Low literacy and medication safety: Spreading the word

Patient education decreases the incidence of medication errors. However, the barrier to education is the level of comprehension of the patient. Studies show that even those with a college degree function at an eighth grade reading level when provided with medical educational materials. This level almost becomes nonexistent if the patient is considered low literate or a first time reader. This functional illiteracy has been reported to lead to approximately $73 billion in additional health care expenditures annually. 1 Methods: The Ohio Patient Safety Institute (OPSI), Project: LEARN of Summit County, and the Ohio Society of Health-System Pharmacists (OSHP) collaborated to create and implement a medication safety brochure that could be used by patients at varying reading levels. The partners in this project initiated the development of the brochure after an extensive search for standardized graphics used to relate medical answers to common questions yielded no results. Development of pictures and graphics that were considered universal were keys to the success of the project. The design of the brochure encompassed major problems encountered with medications. Implementation took several routes that led to distribution throughout the state. Results: At this point more than 65,000 brochures have been circulated throughout Ohio, as well as mailed to interested parties outside the state. Conclusions: By implementing this type of brochure, we are one step closer to ensuring the education of the entire community regarding medications and their dangers, as well as building relationships that maintain the trust in the medical community.
Stitch overlap via coloring technique enables maskless via

Lithographic patterning limits can be a cost-barrier that delays advancement to new nodes. This paper introduces a cost-saving design method that enables a maskless via. Multi-patterning or coloring of a design is a technique that is used at advanced nodes to aid in patterning. Coloring allows designers to designate different patterns on one level to be printed with different masks. Stitch overlap via (SOV) is a coloring technique introduced herein. SOV utilizes via-aware coloring and a unique process flow to print a maskless via. Identification of qualifying design structures is achieved through a custom program. The program inputs the design level of the multipatterned layer and the via levels above and below to determine the coloring decomposition. Vias are a particularly challenging layer to print due to the dimensions required for these pillars. SOV is a methodology for identifying qualifying multi-patterned layouts and replacing them with a new design that enables a maskless via layer.
Individual Differences in Adolescents' Emotional Reactivity across Relationship Contexts.

Understanding individual differences in adolescents' ability to regulate emotions within interpersonal relationships is paramount for healthy development. Thus, the effect of individual vulnerabilities (depressive affect, social anxiety, self-blame, and coping efficacy problems) on the transmission of emotional reactivity in response to conflict from family to peers (friends and romantic partners) was prospectively examined across six waves of data in a community-based sample of 416 adolescents (Mage Wave 1 = 11.90, 51% girls). Multiple-group models estimated in structural equation modeling suggested that youth who were higher in social anxiety or coping efficacy problems were more likely to transmit emotional reactivity developed in the family-of-origin to emotional reactivity in response to conflict in close friendships. Additionally, those youth higher in self-blame and depressive affect were more likely to transmit emotional reactivity from friendships to romantic relationships.
Factors Associated with Successful Hispanic Faculty at Higher Education Institutions in South Texas

This article shares the findings of a study dealing with the descriptive profile of Hispanic faculty members in post-secondary education institutions. This information will prove to be helpful in the identification of leadership characteristics that have enabled Hispanics to succeed in non-traditional careers predominantly held by Anglo men. The article will examine the factors associated with successful Hispanic faculty members at higher education institutions in South Texas. Personal, professional, educational background, equity, financial, geographical, and institutional factors associated with successful Hispanic faculty members at higher education institutions in South Texas are the focus of the research.
Frontiers in alley cropping: Transformative solutions for temperate agriculture

Annual row crops dominate agriculture around the world and have considerable negative environmental impacts, including significant greenhouse gas emissions. Transformative land-use solutions are necessary to mitigate climate change and restore critical ecosystem services. Alley cropping (AC)-the integration of trees with crops-is an agroforestry practice that has been studied as a transformative, multifunctional land-use solution. In the temperate zone, AC has strong potential for climate change mitigation through direct emissions reductions and increases in land-use efficiency via overyielding compared to trees and crops grown separately. In addition, AC provides climate change adaptation potential and ecological benefits by buffering alley crops to weather extremes, diversifying income to hedge financial risk, increasing biodiversity, reducing soil erosion, and improving nutrient- and water-use efficiency. The scope of temperate AC research and application has been largely limited to simple systems that combine one timber tree species with an annual grain. We propose two frontiers in temperate AC that expand this scope and could transform its climate-related benefits: (i) diversification via woody polyculture and (ii) expanded use of tree crops for food and fodder. While AC is ready now for implementation on marginal lands, we discuss key considerations that could enhance the scalability of the two proposed frontiers and catalyze widespread adoption.
Nano-microstructural control of phonon engineering for thermoelectric energy harvesting

Manipulating the thermal conductivity of solids is important for practical applications. Due to the fact that phonons in thermoelectric materials have longer mean free paths (MFPs) than electrons, strengthening phonon scattering to reduce lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) becomes the most straightforward and effective approach to enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, which determines the maximum device efficiency. Phonons have a wide range of MFPs in semiconductors, and different dimensions of lattice defects can be targeted to scatter particular phonons with distinct relaxation times. Designing hierarchical nano-microstructures, spanning from point defects to volume defects, would be beneficial to achieve low κlat via a full spectrum of phonon scattering. Herein, we review the formation and underlying mechanisms for lattice defects and highlight the role of all-scale hierarchical nano-microstructure on phonon engineering. Existing challenges in simulations are also discussed.
Teaching Students how to Create Viral Advertising/Marketing: A Case Study:

This paper presents an example of a class project where students are required to use viral advertising/marketing to promote a product for a client. Students were required to first submit a paper on...
Microbiology in Yellowstone National Park.

Yellowstone National Park plays host to numerous microbiological research projects — officially 23, according to the 1996 Investigators' Annual Reports. However, once categories such as aquatic ecology, the study of brucellosis and other wildlife diseases, environmental education, geochemistry and geothermal systems, and vegetation are included, the total came to at least 35 in 1996. Research projects in other scientific disciplines, including geochemistry, geology and environmental monitoring, fire impacts, and even studies of ungulates such as bison and elk, or of other mammals such as bears and wolves, are far fewer in overall numbers.
Using cognitive interviewing to improve questionnaires: An exemplar study focusing on individual and condition-specific factors.

Abstract Questionnaires are a standard component of quantitative research, but seldom do researchers consider the importance of item clarity and participant comprehension. This is particularly true among the often overlooked individual and condition-specific items which characterize the patient and disease process. Cognitive interviewing is one approach to assess item clarity and identify how participants understand and respond to questions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of cognitive interviewing used to identify questions that are unclear or challenging to answer for a unique population, emerging adults (age 18–29) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Through cognitive interviewing four areas were identified as needing improvement among individual and condition-specific items: 1) clarity — describing terms and adding details to item directions; 2) cognitive recall burden — rewording questions to avoid the need for mental math, 3) timeframe — adding phrases like ‘in the past 2 weeks,’ and 4) question relevance — including items on disease remission. Analysis of these four areas may guide other researchers working with IBD patients to obtain high quality data, as well as stimulate questionnaire adaption using cognitive interviewing with other populations. Cognitive interviewing can be useful when drafting a new questionnaire or when adapting an established questionnaire; in either case, it can enhance item clarity and participant comprehension.
June 1971–August 1971

This chapter presents a case history of Genie's condition during June 1971–August 1971. Genie was very little and thin, completely unlike a normal 14-year-old girl. Her hair was mousy and thin; her teeth were jagged, or fanged, and terribly discolored, and yet she was pretty. There was a softness in her expression, a softness in her manner, a softness in the way she looked at everything, and, despite her stiffness and jerkiness, a softness in the way she carried herself and moved. Genie had a habit of walking around during mealtime, stopping at other children's places at the table, and sometimes attempting to take their portions of foods she especially liked. Genie had other personal habits that were not socially acceptable. She blew her nose onto anything or nothing, often making a mess of her clothing. In late June 1971, Genie was exposed to the German measles and had to be isolated from the other children.
Corneal flap complications in refractive surgery: Part 1: development of an experimental animal model.

Abstract Purpose To report the outcome, learning curve, and complication rates of an experimental animal model for corneal flaps in refractive surgery. Setting Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods Corneal flaps with a nasal or a temporal hinge were created in 190 eyes of 95 Dutch Belted rabbits using the Automated Corneal Shaper® microkeratome (Bausch & Lomb Surgical). Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) was induced by inoculating the corneal interfaces with 1 of 7 substances. Postoperatively, the eyes were examined with a slitlamp. Special emphasis was placed on corneal flap complications and the relationship between slipped flaps and hinge position and/or inoculation agent. Results A good corneal flap was achieved in 174 eyes (92%). The eyes with a nasal hinge had a lower incidence of slipped flaps (14%) than eyes with a temporal hinge (37%) (P = .02). Conclusion With the animal model described, corneal flaps were created in a precise and reproducible way in more than 90% of eyes. Nasal hinged flaps showed less postoperative displacements than temporal hinged flaps and are adequate for further study.
Memory for dangers past: threat contexts produce more consistent learning than do non-threatening contexts.

In earlier work we showed that individuals learn the spatial regularities within contexts and use this knowledge to guide detection of threatening targets embedded in these contexts. While it is hi...
Adaptive Subspace Tests for Multichannel Signal Detection in Auto-Regressive Disturbance

This paper deals with the problem of detecting a subspace signal in the presence of spatially and temporally colored disturbance. A new subspace parametric signal model that takes into account a multi-rank subspace structure for the target signal and employs a multi-channel auto-regressive process for the disturbance signal is proposed. Following this model, a new subspace parametric Rao detector (SP-Rao) is developed for training-limited scenarios. Unlike conventional parametric detectors that are designed for only rank-one signal detection, the SP-Rao has a new multi-rank structure with a pairwise successive spatio-temporal whitening and cross-correlation process between the observed signal and each subspace basis vector. Additionally, a non-parametric subspace detector (NSD) is derived based upon a frequency-domain representation of the SP-Rao test statistic. The NSD is distinctively different from conventional subspace detectors, in which the former involves pairwise whitening and cross-correlation between the test signal and each subspace basis vector but the latter employs the whole subspace matrix. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed subspace detectors in comparison with several leading existing methods, especially in the case of limited data.
Temporal Variability of Soil and Vegetation Backscattering Observed in Dense L-Band Time-Series

We study the temporal variability of soil and vegetation backscatter at L-band using a dense airborne time-series. Backscatter is assumed to change over time due to diurnal variations in soil and canopy water content as well as precipitations. A two-layer SAR backscattere model traditionally used for above-ground biomass retrieval is augmented here with the time dimension in order to guide the data analysis. The model is informed by examining a 5-year time-series of 32 L-band polarimetric UAVSAR images acquired over a vegetated area near the Sacramento Delta in California. Our initial results reported in this paper show that the temporal variability of soil and vegetation backscatter in absence of precipitation events fits well a lognormal probability distribution with mean and standard deviation related to each other. Characterizing the diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability of L-band backscatter may be critical for the successful estimation of ecosystem variables from dense time-series to be acquired globally by the NISAR mission.
John Brown to Bob Dole: Movers and Shakers in Kansas History

Review of: "John Brown to Bob Dole: Movers and Shakers in Kansas History," edited by Virgil W. Dean.
Change in preservice teacher beliefs about inclusion, responsibility, and culturally responsive pedagogy for English learners

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effectiveness of a specially designed intervention in changing preservice teacher beliefs about the education of linguistically diverse students. The experiment invo...
Tried and True but Something New: Analyzing the Enzymatic Activity of Catalase.

Enzymatic activity is at the core of biological reactions. Understanding them and the chemical and environmental factors that affect reaction rates is critical for biology students. The laboratory ...