cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the After: Anthropological Reflections on Postwar El Salvador

Resumen Este articulo se basa en la investigacion etnografica longitudinal realizada en Chalatenango, El Salvador y en los Estados Unidos. Ofrece una reflexion antropologica sobre el significado de la posguerra veinte anos despues de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz que pusieron fin a la guerra civil salvadorena. Intenta generar un debate academico sobre la posguerra en El Salvador en relacion a la teorizacion contemporanea sobre el humanitarismo. En particular, baso mi argumento en el trabajo de Didier Fassin (2012). Demuestro que, en el caso salvadoreno, existen proyectos humanitarios enredados con los legados de la revolucion. Desarrollo este argumento mediante la exploracion de una conferencia en El Salvador, como un momento etnografico que, en mi opinion, requiere reconsiderar la narrativa sobre la militancia. Tambien ofrezco vinetas etnograficas de Chalatenango de 1993–2012. Mi objetivo es complejizar nuestra comprension de la temporalidad de las secuelas de la guerra y poner los procesos cotidianos que se van formando en zonas exconflictivas en El Salvador en un nuevo parametro de discusion.
Merit, need, and student self selection: is there discretion in the packaging of aid at a large public university?

Abstract Prior studies find that the overall level of financial aid depends on need and merit. This study extends prior work by empirically modeling and testing the role of merit and need in the offer, level, and packaging of non-need-based, subsidized, and unsubsidized aid. Aid packaging is modeled as a sequential process whereby the offer and level of aid proceeds from its most-to-least subsidized form, and where students self-select into the aid pool. The empirical model yields a recursive system of three tobit equations that control for need, merit, and the predetermined aid level(s) from a prior stage. Empirical estimates using unique data for applicants to a large public university show that the provision of each aid type depends on need, merit, and the discretion of the financial aid office that adjusts the aid package to account for the observed self-selection of students who apply for aid.
Scattering Resonances of Microstructures and Homogenization Theory

Scattering resonances are the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenmodeswhich solve the Schrodinger equation $H\psi=E\psi$ for a Hamiltonian, H, subject to the condition of outgoing radiation at infinity. We consider the scattering resonance problem for potentials which are rapidly varying in space and are not necessarily small in a pointwise sense. Such potentials are of interest in many applications in quantum, electromagnetic, and acoustic scattering, where the environment consists of microstructure, e.g., rapidly varying material properties. Of particular interest in applications are high contrast microstructures, e.g., large pointwise variations of material properties.We develop a perturbation theory for the scattering resonances and eigenvalues of such high contrast and oscillatory potentials. The expansion is proved to be convergent in a norm which encodes the degree of oscillation in the microstructure. Next, we consider the concrete example of two-dimensional microstructure potentials. These corres...
SAO During the Whipple Years

In 1955, the moribund Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution closed its doors on the south lawn of the Smithsonian Castle. Vestiges of its 60-year old legacy of monitoring solar radiation were transferred to Cambridge under a new name, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and became housed within the Harvard College Observatory complex under the direction of Fred Whipple. Whipple, restarting the SAO almost from scratch, worked within the Smithsonian’s ancient tradition of maintaining a world-wide network of solar observation stations by morphing it into a similar network of satellite tracking facilities for the IGY, quickly and quietly phasing out the solar work. Under the SAO name, however, Whipple did much more, vastly expanding his interests in meteor research and hyperballistic studies, deftly orchestrated to parallel his tracking facility empire which in time included aeroballistic studies, atomic time standards, and other associated technological and scientific campaigns. He also made sure SAO played a prominent role in NASA’s emerging ‘observatory class’ series of scientific satellites and used it to create a theoretical astrophysics unit. It is this last activity that we will introduce here, showing how Project Celescope fitted into Whipple’s plan for SAO, and how it contributed to make the combined Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics the largest astronomical organization on the planet by the 1970s.
Frequency noise of a microchip Raman laser

We report measurement of the fundamental component of frequency noise in a micro-Raman laser fabricated on a silicon chip. A frequency noise spectral component that is equivalent to a Schawlow-Townes linewidth of 3-Hz is measured.
Ants vs. faults: A swarm intelligence approach for diagnosing distributed computing networks

Although much is known about the nature of testing structures for t-diagnosable systems, the problem of efficiently identifying the set of faulty units of a system in which the fault situation is known to be diagnosable remains an outstanding research issue. In this paper, we propose and evaluate an approach, based on swarm intelligence, to identify the set of faulty units in diagnosable systems. We consider t-diagnosable systems under the PMC model, where each node is capable of testing a particular subset of the other nodes in the system. We show that the ant-colony- based fault diagnosis algorithm is efficient, in that, it is able to diagnose a faulty situation in very short periods of time even if the number of faults is around the bound t, and with very few number of ants. The simulation results show that the new adaptive fault identification approach constitutes an addition to existing diagnosis algorithms.
Self-Assembly and Self-Tuning Behavior of Self-Propelled Particles

In this work we investigate the self-organizing behavior of self-propelled, interacting particles. Using GPU-optimized molecular dynamics simulation we find steady state structures stabilized far-from-equilibrium. We show how these structures depend upon interaction parameters, thermodynamic parameters, and initial conditions.
FACTORS MODIFYING HOST RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION : III. EFFECT OF WHOLE BODY X-IRRADIATION ON EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE

The resistance of mice to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was markedly decreased by prior exposure to whole body X-irradiation. In contrast to non-irradiated controls, the course of EMC virus infection in X-irradiated animals was characterized by (a) an enhanced mortality, (b) shortening of the incubation period, (c) higher levels of virus in the blood during the viremic phase and persistence of the viremia until death, (d) failure to develop detectable serum levels of neutralizing antibody, and (e) the earlier appearance and higher levels of virus in brain and heart tissue. The level of interferon in the serum during the course of infection was similar in both groups. The administration of relatively small quantities of anti-EMC virus neutralizing antibody to X-irradiated mice during the early phases of the infection with EMC virus restored their resistance to levels comparable to nonirradiated animals. An alteration of local organ defense mechanisms in the central nervous system could not be demonstrated. It is proposed that (a) the inability of the X-irradiated animal to elaborate specific neutralizing antibody was a critical determinant in their failure to clear the viremia, (b) this increase in the level and duration of the viremic phase resulted in the exposure of target organs to a greater inoculum of virus, and (c) the enhanced mortality observed in irradiated mice reflected this greater target organ involvement. The experimental model presented, therefore, suggests that the immunologic response is a critical determinant of host resistance during this primary systemic virus infection.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pelosinus fermentans JBW45, Isolated during In Situ Stimulation for Cr(VI) Reduction

Pelosinus fermentans JBW45 is an anaerobic, lactate-fermenting bacterium isolated from Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation 100-H site (Washington) that was collected after stimulation with a polylactate compound. The genome sequence of this organism will provide insight into the metabolic potential of a predominant population during stimulation for metal-reducing conditions.
Finanzwirtschaftliche ex-ante Bewertung intangibler Benefits von IT-Projekten

Eine vollumfangliche und okonomisch fundierte ex-ante Bewertung von IT-Projekten ist im heutigen kompetitiven Umfeld fur Unternehmen aller Branchen essentiell, um eine zielgerichtete Allokation der zur Verfugung stehenden Ressourcen und eine wertorientierte Steuerung des IT-Portfolios zu gewahrleisten. Aufgrund der hohen Komplexitat moderner IT-Systeme sind die Implikationen von IT-Projekten meist vielfaltig und weitreichend und umfassen insbesondere auch eine Vielzahl sogenannter intangibler Benefits, welche schwer quantifizierbar sind, wie z. B. eine verbesserte Informationsgrundlage oder eine verbesserte Servicequalitat. In diesem Zusammenhang fokussiert der Beitrag auf die Moglichkeiten, intangible Benefits mittels finanzwirtschaftlicher Methoden zu bewerten und zeigt auf, wie durch eine detaillierte Analyse der zugrundeliegenden Wirkungszusammenhange die finanzwirtschaftlichen Implikationen intangibler Benefits quantifiziert werden konnen. Hierzu wird ein strukturierter Bewertungsprozess vorgestellt und Kernherausforderungen, praxisorientierte methodische Ansatzpunkte und zentrale Erfolgsfaktoren werden diskutiert. Anschliesend werden anhand konkreter IT-Projekte eines globalen Technologiekonzerns Erfahrungen aus der Praxis aufgezeigt und die Vorgehensweisen bei der finanzwirtschaftlichen Bewertung verschiedener intangibler Benefits erlautert.
Fabrication and Operation of Paper-Based Analytical Devices

This review focuses on the fabrication techniques and operational components of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Being low-cost, user-friendly, fast, and simple, μPADs have seen explosive growth in the literature in the last decade. Many different materials and technologies have been employed to fabricate μPADs for various applications, including those that employ patterning, the creation of physical boundaries, and three-dimensional structures. In addition to fabrication techniques, flow control and other operational components in μPADs are of great interest. These components enable μPADs to control flow rates, direct flow paths via valves, sequentially deliver reagents automatically, and display test results, all of which will make μPADs more suitable for point-of-care applications.
Cognition: Learning and Memory: Pavlovian

This overview of Pavlovian (classical) conditioning describes how a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) can come to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., salivation). Basic terms are defined and the basic Pavlovian conditioning procedure is introduced and contrasted with operant conditioning. Major contemporary methods for studying Pavlovian learning, including eyeblink conditioning, fear conditioning, and autoshaping/sign-tracking, are summarized. The article also discusses extinction and related phenomena (e.g., spontaneous recovery and reinstatement), conditioned inhibition, and Pavlovian control procedures. A brief introduction to potential mechanisms underlying Pavlovian learning concludes the article.
Price Competition on a Buyer-Seller Network

We present a model where firms engage in imperfect price competition, firms cannot sell to all consumers. A bipartite network structure models the local interaction of firms and consumers. We solve for the unique equilibrium of duopolistic price competition and study the implications of network structure on pricing behavior and welfare. Aggregate surplus is maximized with a fully connected network, which corresponds to perfect competition, and decreases monotonically as the network becomes less connected until firms become local monopolists. We then explore which networks are likely to form. Stable networks are between the network with perfect competition and networks with local monopolists. Finally, we extend our results to more then two firms in the case where some consumers can buy from a single firm and some consumers can buy from all firms.
Experimental Validation of the Role of Trifluoroethanol as a Nanocrowder

Trifluoroethanol (TFE) is commonly used to induce protein secondary structure, especially α-helix formation. Due to its amphiphilic nature, however, TFE can also self-associate to form micellelike, nanometer-sized clusters. Herein, we hypothesize that such clusters can act as nanocrowders to increase protein folding rates via the excluded volume effect. To test this hypothesis, we measure the conformational relaxation kinetics of an intrinsically disordered protein, the phosphorylated kinase inducible domain (pKID), which forms a helix–turn–helix in TFE solutions. We find that the conformational relaxation rate of pKID displays a rather complex dependence on TFE percentage (v/v): while it first decreases between 0 and 5%, between 5 and 15% the rate increases and then remains relatively unchanged between 15 and 30% and finally decreases again at higher percentages (i.e., 50%). This trend coincides with the fact that TFE clustering is maximized in the range of 15–30%, thus providing validation of our hypoth...
Volume/Surface Area Ratios for Globes, with Applications

SummaryWe introduce families of solids called globes, having an invariant ratio of volume to surface area. An application determines the lateral surface area of an elliptical wedge in terms of its volume. We also relate surface areas and volumes of corresponding zonal slices of a spheroid and sinoid via the eccentricity of an ellipse.
Balancing structural distortions via competing 4f and itinerant interactions: a case of polymorphism in magnetocaloric HoCo2

The nature of multiple magnetostructural transformations in HoCo2 has been studied by employing magnetic and specific heat measurements, temperature and magnetic field dependent X-ray powder diffraction, and first-principles calculations. Unexpected increase of magnetization observed below the spin-reorientation temperature (TSR) suggests that the low-temperature transition involves a reduction of Co moment. First principles calculations confirm that the paramagnetic cubic to ferrimagnetic tetragonal transformation at TC is assisted by itinerant electron metamagnetism, and that the reduction of Co moment in HoCo2 occurs in parallel with the ferrimagnetic tetragonal to the nearly ferromagnetic orthorhombic transformation at TSRvia the rearrangement of both 3d states of Co and 5d states of Ho. The ac magnetic susceptibility measurements show significant magnetic frustration below TC. In contrast to earlier reports neither ac nor dc magnetic susceptibilities show anomalies in the paramagnetic region obeying the Curie–Weiss law.
Determination of benzalkonium chloride in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the determination of benzalkonium chloride in cosmetics.Chromatography separation was carried out on a Agilent Zorbax CN column(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm),using acetonitrile with 0.1 mol·L-1 ammonium acetate(70∶ 30 volume ratio and pH adjusted to 5.0 by glacial acetic acid) as mobile phase.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 and the column temperature was 25 ℃.Detection was carried out at 260 nm.The limit of detection is 130 μg·g-1.Linear plot ranges between 5~100 mg·L-1.Average recoveries are 92.0%~110.6% with relative standard deviations of 0.32%~2.10%.
Prevalence rate of nosocomial infection in children′s hospital:investigation and analysis

OBJECTIVE To estimate the current situation of the nosocomial infection and existing problems of infection management,to provide scientific data for NI management.METHODS A point-prevalence survey of NI in all inpatients was made on Sep 4,2009.RESULTS The 626 patients were investigated in hospital,from which 41 cases with hospital infections were found(the incidence rate of NI was 6.55%).Respiratory infection was the most common,The usage rate of antibiotics was 75.24%,The single usage rate of antibiotics was 72.19%,double antibiotics usage 25.90% and triple antibiotics usage 1.91%,delivered rate of etiologic specimens was 50.25%.CONCLUSION The departments of hematology and ICU are with high NI rate.Strengthening the management of ICU and hematology and the reasonable usage of antibiotics can help to reduce the prevalence rate of NI.
Re-Evaluating the Geological Evidence for Late Holocene Marine Incursion Events along the Guerrero Seismic Gap on the Pacific Coast of Mexico.

Despite the large number of tsunamis that impact Mexico’s Pacific coast, stratigraphic studies focusing on geological impacts are scanty, making it difficult to assess the long-term risks for this vulnerable region. Surface samples and six cores were taken from Laguna Mitla near Acapulco to examine sedimentological and geochemical evidence for marine incursion events. Sediment cores collected from behind the beach barrier are dominated by intercalated layers of peat and inorganic sediments, mostly silt and clay, with little or no sand. Sand- and shell-rich clastic layers with high levels of sulfur, calcium, and strontium only occur adjacent to the relict beach ridge remnants near the center of the lagoon. With the exception of one thin fine sand layer, the absence of sand in the near-shore cores and the predominance of the terrigenous element titanium in the inorganic layers, evidently eroded from the surrounding hillslopes, suggests that these large-grained intervals do not represent episodic marine incursions, but rather were likely formed by the erosion and redeposition of older marine deposits derived from the beach ridge remnants when water levels were high. These results do not support the occurrence of a large tsunami event at Laguna Mitla during the Late Holocene.
Parasitic Capacitance Effect on Dynamic Performance of Aerosol-Jet-Printed Sub 2 V Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Electrolyte-Gated Transistors

Printed, low-voltage poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have favorable quasi-static characteristics, including sub 2 V operation, carrier mobility (μ) of 1 cm2/(V s), ON/OFF current ratio of 106, and static leakage current density of 10–6 A/cm2. Here we study the dynamic performance of P3HT EGTs in which the semiconductor, dielectric, and gate electrode were deposited using aerosol-jet printing; the source and drain electrodes were patterned by conventional microlithography. With a source-to-drain separation of 2.5 μm, the highest theoretical achievable switching frequency is ∼10 MHz, assuming the movement of charge through the semiconductor is the limiting step. However, the measured maximum switching frequency of P3HT EGTs to date is ∼1 kHz, implying that another process is slowing the response. By systematically varying the device geometry, we show that the frequency is limited by the capacitance between the gate and drain (i.e., parasitic capacitance). The traditional s...
Priority L2 cache design for time predictability

L2 caches are usually unified, and the possible interferences between instructions and data make it very hard, if not impossible, to perform timing analysis for unified L2 caches. This paper proposes a priority L2 cache to achieve both time predictability and high performance for real-time systems. The priority cache allows both the instruction and data streams to share the aggregate L2 cache space while preventing them from mutually replacing each other at runtime. While separate L2 caches can also achieve time predictability, our performance evaluation shows that the instruction priority cache (i.e., giving instructions priority over data) outperforms separate L2 caches. Compared to a unified L2 cache, the instruction priority cache degrades performance by only 1.1% on average. Moreover, we implement a prototype of the priority L2 cache on Virtex-6 FPGA and find hardware overhead of the priority L2 cache is very small.
Uranium delivery and uptake in a montane wetland, north-central Colorado, USA.

Abstract Comprehensive sampling of peat, underlying lakebed sediments, and coexisting waters of a naturally uraniferous montane wetland are combined with hydrologic measurements to define the important controls on uranium (U) supply and uptake. The major source of U to the wetland is groundwater flowing through locally fractured and faulted granite gneiss of Proterozoic age. Dissolved U concentrations in four springs and one seep ranged from 20 to 83 ppb (μg/l). Maximum U concentrations are ∼300 ppm (mg/kg) in lakebed sediments and >3000 ppm in peat. Uranium in lakebed sediments is primarily stratabound in the more organic-rich layers, but samples of similar organic content display variable U concentrations. Post-depositional modifications include variable additions of U delivered by groundwater. Uranium distribution in peat is heterogeneous and primarily controlled by proximity to groundwater-fed springs and seeps that act as local point sources of U, and by proximity to groundwater directed along the peat/lakebeds contact. Uranium is initially sorbed on various organic components of peat as oxidized U(VI) present in groundwater. Selective extractions indicate that the majority of sorbed U remains as the oxidized species despite reducing conditions that should favor formation of U(IV). Possible explanations are kinetic hindrances related to strong complex formation between uranyl and humic substances, inhibition of anaerobic bacterial activity by low supply of dissolved iron and sulfate, and by cold temperatures.
A Fast Method to Optimize Efficiency and Stray Magnetic Field for Inductive-Power-Transfer Coils Using Lumped-Loops Model

Both the efficiency and stray magnetic field in inductive power transfer are influenced by the design of transmitter and receiver coils. Their synergetic optimization is realized with Pareto front. The conventional method to derive the front requires thousands of finite-element simulations to sweep the physical parameters of the coils, which is time consuming especially for three-dimensional simulations. This paper demonstrates a fast method to optimize the efficiency and stray magnetic field. The windings are replaced by several lumped loops. As long as the number of turns for each loop is known, the efficiency and magnetic field are calculated using permeance matrices and current-to-field matrices. Therefore, sweeping physical parameters in simulation is replaced by sweeping turns numbers of the lumped loops in calculation. Only tens of simulations are required during the entire procedure, which are used to derive the matrices. The Pareto fronts calculated using the lumped-loops model match well with those derived from simulation using parametric sweep. An optimal design selected along the Pareto front was fabricated and measured to verify the calculation accuracy. The verification shows the same efficiency and less than 12.5% difference of the stray magnetic field, for the results from calculation, simulation, and measurement.
Interprofessional Peer-Assisted Learning as a Model of Instruction in Doctor of Audiology Programs

Purpose This study reports on interprofessional peer-assisted learning (PAL) as a model of instruction in the preparation of doctoral audiology students. Method Ten Doctor of Audiology (AuD) students provided training in audiologic screening for 53 graduate speech-language pathology students in 9 individual PAL sessions. Pre- and post-surveys assessed the peer teaching experience for AuD students in 5 areas of their confidence in audiologic screening: knowledge, skill, making a referral based on outcomes, teaching, and supervising. Pre- and post-learning outcomes in audiologic screening for the speech-language pathology student trainees determined the effectiveness of training by their AuD student peers. Results Survey outcomes revealed significant (p < .001) improvement in the overall confidence of AuD student peer instructors. Speech-language pathology students trained by their AuD peers exhibited significant (p = .003) improvements in their knowledge and skill and making outcome-based referrals in audi...
On Mitigation of Active Eavesdropping Attack by Spoofing Relay

We consider detection of spoofing relay attack in time-division duplex (TDD) multiple antenna systems where an adversary operating in a full-duplex mode, amplifies and forwards the training signal of the legitimate receiver. In TDD systems, the channel state information (CSI) can be acquired using reverse training. The spoofing relay attack contaminates the channel estimation phase. Consequently the beamformer designed using the contaminated channel estimate can lead to a significant information leakage to the attacking adversary. A recent approach proposed using the minimum description length (MDL) criterion to detect spoofing relay attack. In this paper we augment this approach with joint channel estimation and secure beamforming to mitigate the effects of pilot contamination by spoofing relay. The proposed mitigation approach is illustrated via simulations.
Razor-Thin Discs

This chapter focuses on the dynamics of razor-thin stellar discs, and emphasises how their secular dynamics may be significantly simplified by relying on a tailored WKB approximation.
Cataract Patients: Pre-Operative Assessment for Fusion Potential

Because of the recent emergence of cases of intractable diplopia following cataract surgery with I.O.L., there appears to be a need for a pre-operative test to assess patients for fusion potential....
Graphene synthesized as by-product of gas purification in long-term space missions and its lithium-ion battery application

Abstract To support long-term missions in space, it is important to recycle valuable consumables, such as oxygen (O2) and water. In a Sabatier reactor, hydrogen is employed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane (CH4) and O2, then an integrated system is designed to recycle hydrogen from CH4, which includes a methane purification assembly (MePA), a plasma pyrolysis assembly (PPA), an acetylene separation assembly (ASepA). In the PPA reactor, carbon particulates were observed to form as a by-product. In this study, this carbon material was characterized and a significant fraction is graphene with a low oxygen content. HRTEM images clearly showed a partially crystalline hexagonal structure, which is a characteristic graphene signature. The specific surface area of the graphene was measured to be 258.5 m2/g, one tenth of the theoretical value of single layer graphene, which can be attributed to stacking of the few layers and partial crumpling of this material. To explore potential uses of this material, the crumpled graphene was used to synthesize anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which were then tested for their electrochemical performance. In long-term cycle tests, LIBs made with crumpled graphene demonstrated a high retention rate after the first cycle, indicating very little additional degradation of the electrode. The high stability of the cells can be attributed to the greater variety and higher number of lithium ion storage sites in the crumpled graphene, compared with bulk graphite. Considering the crumpled graphene as a by-product and the high electrochemical performance of the crumpled graphene LIBs, crumpled graphene synthesized in the NASA plasma reactor has great promise in better supporting the long-duration space missions.
Research: A Sound Investment in Effective Health Care

A virtual revolution has occurred in the practice of medicine over the past 50 years, but in the very recent past, we have seen the development of powerful new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Among the most spectacular advances are those accociated with imaging techniques made possible by the almost incredible leaps of understanding that have taken place in electronics, computer science, physics, molecular biology and physiology. Within the biomedical scientific enterprise itself during recent years there has been a convergence having profound implications. Nobel laureate Arthur Kornberg recently called attention to the ‘confluence of many discrete and previously unrelated medical subjects into a single unified discipline’. He observed that ‘anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology and genetics have now been merged and are expressed in a common language of chemistry’.
Construction of Protein Databases for Comparison of Normal and Transformed Cells

Transformation of cultured cell lines and primary cells can be achieved by defined agents including cloned viral genes and activated cellular oncogenes. The transformed cell is recognized by its altered morphology and relaxed growth regulation in culture, and not necessarily by its tumorigenicity. Relationships between some of the oncogene products and biochemical pathways of growth regulation are just beginning to emerge.
Use of Diuretics for the Treatment of Heart Failure

Publisher Summary The congestive states are those disorders that create steady-state expansion of blood and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. They include congestive heart failure due to primary and secondary cardiac disorders of multiple etiologies. Heart failure may be defined as an inability of the heart, at normal filling pressures, to pump the quantity of blood necessary to meet the body's metabolic demands. This definition encompasses various forms of myocardial dysfunction, mechanical abnormalities that restrict the flow of blood into or out of the heart, cardiac arrhythmias, and mechanical or metabolic abnormalities that increase cardiac demands. Congestion and cardiac failure can be due to noncardiac disorders, such as severe anemia, thyrotoxicosis, primary salt overload, and beriberi that expand plasma volume and increase cardiac demands beyond the normal heart's capacity to respond. Salt overload secondary to acute or chronic renal disease can also produce congestion. When left ventricular, cardiac performance deteriorates markedly and a systemic congestive state characterized by peripheral and pulmonary edema often results. This chapter focuses principally on forms of congestive heart failure that result from either primary or secondary left ventricular myocardial dysfunction. However, the concepts and principles also apply to other forms of congestion.
Compound Split Tree for Video Coding

During the exploration of video coding technology for potential next generation standards, the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) has been studying quad-tree plus binary-tree (QTBT) partition structures within its Joint Exploration Model (JEM). This QTBT partition structure provides more flexibility compared with the quad-tree only partition structure in HEVC. Here, we further consider the QTBT structure and extended it to allow quad-tree partitioning to be performed both before and after a binary-tree partition. We refer to this structure as a compound split tree (CST). To show the efficacy of the approach, we implemented the method into JEM7. The method achieved 1.25%, 2.11% and 1.87% BD-bitrate savings for Y, U and V components on average under the random-access configuration, respectively.
Thai Higher Education: Privatization and Massification

Higher education has played a vital role in Thailand’s development, politics, and society. The evolution of Thai higher education reflects the unique qualities of Thai culture while integrating important contributions from the West. From broad issues of enrollment to the specifics of what it is like to attend a Thai university, this chapter provides descriptive and analytical commentary on Thai higher education. It analyzes issues such as the challenges of private universities being treated more like competitors than partners to public higher education, how an increased focus on standardization has led to the homogeneity of higher education institutions, and inequality in Thai society resulting from the higher education system. This chapter describes the evolution of higher education in Thailand with a focus on the major trends of privatization and massification beginning in the late 1960s. It then goes on to describe and analyze a spectrum of issues related to Thai higher education such as policies, funding, quality assurance, and university life. Most importantly, this chapter identifies the key challenges facing higher education in Thailand in the future.
Identification of Bighead Carp and Silver Carp early-life environments and inferring Lock and Dam 19 passage in the Upper Mississippi River: insights from otolith chemistry

Knowledge of environments used during early life history and movement patterns of Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and Silver Carp (H. molitrix), collectively termed bigheaded carps, in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) would be valuable for informing control measures to limit further population expansion and impacts of these species. Lock and Dam 19 (LD19) is a high-head dam on the UMR that delineates downriver areas where bigheaded carps are well established from upriver pools where these species are less abundant and evidence of reproduction and recruitment are limited. Principal natal environments supporting recruitment of emerging bigheaded carp populations in the UMR are unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) infer environments occupied during early-life stages by bigheaded carps collected in UMR Pools 19–21 during 2013–2014 using otolith microchemistry and stable isotope analyses, and (2) use early-life environment assignments and capture location to identify individuals that passed through LD19. Differences in multivariate water chemistry signatures (Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and δ18O) among the UMR, its tributaries, and the Missouri and Middle Mississippi rivers enabled development of a classification model for inferring early-life environment of bigheaded carps. Multiple sources of recruits, including from tributaries, have contributed to upriver expansion of bigheaded carps in the UMR. Sustainable control of bigheaded carps upstream of LD19 will likely require efforts to control local recruitment and immigration from downriver. The frequency of bigheaded carps collected in Pool 19 that were downstream of LD19 during early life suggests that bigheaded carps upstream of LD19 still predominantly consisted of immigrants from downriver during 2013–2014. Otolith chemistry provides an approach for assessing the extent to which changes in abundance of bigheaded carps upstream of LD19 are associated with local recruitment or immigration from downriver.
Momentum exchanges in coupled ocean-wave modeling system

COAMPS© is a fully coupled, data-assimilative, ocean-atmosphere-wave modeling system. The system consists of the meteorological model COAMPS, the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), and two interchangeable wave models SWAN and WAVEWATCH III. Coupling of the models is accomplished via the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) where surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture, sea level pressure, sea surface heights, currents, Stokes drift currents, and wave forces are exchanged across the air-sea-wave interface. Transfer of energy from waves to the ocean currents is accounted for via the radiation stress gradients or through the dissipation source terms of the wave model. In this paper, the coupling methods and the effects of the momentum flux transfer between the wave model and the ocean model in a two-way coupled mode are presented. We focus on the dynamics of the coupled wave-ocean system for the US East Coast. The results show the dissipation method improves the vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, especially near the surface of the ocean.
Experiments on patterns of alluvial cover and bedrock erosion in a meandering channel

Abstract. In bedrock rivers, erosion by abrasion is driven by sediment particles that strike bare bedrock while traveling downstream with the flow. If the sediment particles settle and form an alluvial cover, this mode of erosion is impeded by the protection offered by the grains themselves. Channel erosion by abrasion is therefore related to the amount and pattern of alluvial cover; these are functions of sediment load and hydraulic conditions, which in turn are functions of channel geometry, slope, and sinuosity. This study presents the results of alluvial cover experiments conducted in a meandering channel flume of high fixed sinuosity. Maps of quasi-instantaneous alluvial cover were generated from time-lapse imaging of flows under a range of below-capacity bedload conditions. These maps were used to infer patterns of particle impact frequency and likely abrasion rates. Results from eight such experiments suggest the following: (i) abrasion through sediment particle impacts is driven by fluctuations in alluvial cover due to the movement of freely migrating bars; (ii) patterns of potential erosion are functions of sediment load and local curvature; (iii) low sediment supply ratios are associated with regions of potential erosion located closer to the inner bank, but this region moves toward the outer bank as sediment supply increases; and (iv) the threads of high erosion rates are located at the toe of the alluvial bars, just where the alluvial cover reaches an optimum for abrasion.
High temperature resonance ultrasound spectroscopy studies of single crystal minerals

Elasticity of mineral phases at temperature and pressure conditions relevant to earth interior is essential for constraining the composition and the dynamics of the deep Earth. To constrain the temperature dependence of elasticity of hydrous minerals relevant to the earth’s subduction zones, we used high temperature Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS). We explored the temperature dependence of the full elastic moduli tensor, speed of sound, attenuation, and anisotropy of naturally occurring single crystal topaz (Al2SiO4F1.42(OH)0.58) [1] with a rectangular parallelepiped geometry. The RUS spectra are influenced by the geometry, density, and the full elastic moduli tensor [2]. We determined the crystal symmetry and crystallographic alignment of the crystals using X-ray diffraction. The geometry and density are well constrained from previous results on thermal expansion. The elasticity results on topaz are in good agreement with previous studies. We combine the high temperature elasticity of natural topaz with the results from the first principles on end member hydrous topaz and shed insight into how pressure temperature and composition, i.e., the fluorine and hydrogen content could influence elasticity of minerals in the Earth’s interior, in particular in subduction zone settings. [Work supported by U.S. NSF Award Nos. EAR-1634422 and EAR-1753125.] References: [1] Tennakoon et al., Sci. Rep., 8, 1372 (2018). [2] A. Migliori and J. D. Maynard, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 121301 (2005).
Targeting differential response using molecular guided biopsies in bone-metastatic prostate cancer.

e16516Background: Methods for molecular image-guided biopsies have been limited to targeting lesions with high radiotracer uptake. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of using molec...
On the decreasing power of kernel and distance based nonparametric hypothesis tests in high dimensions

This paper is about two related decision theoretic problems, nonparametric two-sample testing and independence testing. There is a belief that two recently proposed solutions, based on kernels and distances between pairs of points, behave well in high-dimensional settings. We identify different sources of misconception that give rise to the above belief. Specifically, we differentiate the hardness of estimation of test statistics from the hardness of testing whether these statistics are zero or not, and explicitly discuss a notion of "fair" alternative hypotheses for these problems as dimension increases. We then demonstrate that the power of these tests actually drops polynomially with increasing dimension against fair alternatives. We end with some theoretical insights and shed light on the median heuristic for kernel bandwidth selection. Our work advances the current understanding of the power of modern nonpara-metric hypothesis tests in high dimensions.
Inclusion of Nursing Homes and Long-term Residents in Medicare ACOs

Background Long-term nursing home residents have complex needs that often require services from acute care settings. The accountable care organization (ACO) model provides an opportunity to improve care by creating payment incentives for more coordinated, higher quality care. Objectives To assess the extent of nursing home participation in ACOs, and the characteristics of residents and their nursing homes connected to ACOs. Research design This was a cross-sectional study. Subjects Medicare nursing home residents identified from 2014 Minimum Data Set assessments. Residents were attributed to ACOs based on Medicare methods. Measures Individuals' demographics, clinical characteristics, health care utilization, and nursing home characteristics. Results Among 660,780 nursing home residents, a quarter of them were attributed to ACOs. ACO residents had only small differences from non-ACO residents: age 85 years and older (47.1% vs. 45.3%), % black (10.5% vs. 12.7%), % dual eligible (74.3% vs. 75.8%), and emergency department visits (55.1 vs. 57.3 per 100). Of the 14,868 nursing homes with study residents, few were ACO providers (N=222, 1.6% of total residents) yet many had at least one ACO resident (N=8077, 76.4% of total residents); one-fifth had at least 20 (N=2839, 33.4% of total residents). ACO-provider homes were more likely than other homes to have a 5-star rating, be hospital-based and have Medicare as the primary payer. Conclusions With a quarter of long-term nursing home residents attributed to an ACO, and one-fifth of nursing homes caring for a large number of ACO residents, outcomes and spending in this setting are important for ACOs to consider when designing patient care strategies.
A Monte Carlo Test for Longitudinal Structural Equation Models in Small Samples

Model fit criteria for structural equation models rely on asymptotic behavior. As such, corrections are applied when fitting models to small samples (N ≤ 100). However, these corrections are based ...
Inactivation of the three GGA genes in HeLa cells partially compromises lysosomal enzyme sorting

The Golgi-localized, gamma-ear containing, ADP-ribosylation factor-binding proteins (GGAs 1, 2, and 3) are multidomain proteins that bind mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) at the Golgi and play a role, along with adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1), in the sorting of newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases to the endolysosomal system. However, the relative importance of the two types of coat proteins in this process is still unclear. Here, we report that inactivation of all three GGA genes in HeLa cells decreased the sorting efficiency of cathepsin D from 97% to 73% relative to wild-type, with marked redistribution of the cation-independent MPR from peripheral puncta to the trans-Golgi network. In comparison, GNPTAB-/- HeLa cells with complete inactivation of the mannose 6-phosphate pathway sorted only 20% of the cathepsin D. We conclude that the residual sorting of cathepsin D in the GGA triple knock-out cells is mediated by AP-1.
Hypophosphatasia Misdiagnosed as Osteoporosis in a Young Girl

Introduction: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare inherited disease of mineral metabolism characterized by low activity of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), which causes an inability to liberate inorganic phosphate for hydroxyapatite crystal propagation as well as toxic accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate, pyridoxal-5’-phosphate and urinary phosphoethanolamine. It has a prevalence of 1/100,000 to 1/900,000, although milder forms have an estimated prevalence of 1/6,370. Variable mutations in TNALP cause clinical expressions ranging from a severe perinatal form, which is often fatal after birth from pulmonary complications, to an infantile form, which can cause vitamin B6-responsive seizures, to an asymptomatic adult form. Case: A 27-year-old, ventilator-dependent female with osteoporosis, hypothyroidism, cerebral palsy with previous spinal fusion, seizure disorder and nephrocalcinosis presented with surgical site infection from a right femur ORIF she underwent a month ago. She had a history of microfractures and low-impact fractures of both femurs requiring several surgeries. Osteoporosis was diagnosed at age 5 and she had been on Fosamax ever since. She did not meet any developmental milestones as a baby and never reached menarche. Various diagnoses by multiple specialists did not fully explain her clinical presentation. Her medications included alendronate 5 mg, calcium carbonate 600 mg, ergocalciferol 400 U and levothyroxine 50 mcg. Physical exam showed poor dentition, a misshapen skull and bowed legs with contractures of her extremities. Her labs revealed Ca 9.1 mg/dL (8.4–10.2 mg/dL), albumin 3.2 gm/dL (3.5–5.2 gm/dL), phosphorus 5.1 mg/dL (2.5–4.5 mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase 32 U/L (35–105 U/L), PTH 28 pg/mL (15–65 pg/mL), vitamin D 33.5 ng/mL (30–100 ng/mL), C-telopeptide 509 pg/mL (34–635 pg/mL). A right knee X-Ray reported diffusely gracile and demineralized bones with muscular atrophy. She recently transitioned care from a pediatric endocrinologist to an adult endocrinologist, who tested her positive for heterozygous ALPL pathogenic variant hypophosphatasia and was considering her for asfotase alfa enzyme replacement therapy. Discussion: Our patient had infantile HPP, but due to misdiagnosis as osteoporosis, she was inappropriately treated with a bisphosphate for over 20 years. Treatment of HPP had been supportive until the approval of asfotase alfa (Strensiq) in October 2015. It is a bone-targeted human recombinant enzyme replacement therapy approved for infantile- and juvenile-onset HPP and has been shown to decrease mortality from 73% to 16% at age 5. With improvement in life-sustaining technology, more HPP patients are able to survive into adulthood. Awareness of the complex and polymorphic presentation of HPP by adult endocrinologists is paramount for accurate diagnosis, thus avoiding inappropriate treatments.
Investigate the adverse effects of foliarly applied antimicrobial nanoemulsion (carvacrol) on spinach

Abstract Encapsulated essential oils are being developed as natural antimicrobials and insecticides for use in sustainable agriculture applications. Although these plant-based pesticides are considered to be more environmentally friendly, they can have adverse effects on agricultural crops, thereby reducing yields. Our aim was therefore to establish the potential phytotoxicity of carvacrol nanoemulsions on a commercially important crop (spinach, Spinacia oleracea). Carvacrol oil-in-water nanoemulsions were fabricated by homogenizing 10 wt% oil phase (1:1 carvacrol and medium chain triglycerides) with 90% aqueous phase (1% quillaja saponin in 5 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 3.5). Nanoemulsions were sprayed onto the spinach leaves by foliar exposure for three days and then the health status of the plants was assessed. At relatively low carvacrol concentrations (0.005–0.5%), the plants remained healthy, but at the highest concentration employed (5%) there was a significant reduction in the biomass and chlorophyll content of the spinach, as well as an increase in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde formation. We demonstrated that this strong phytotoxicity was due to the carvacrol oil, rather than due to other constituents in the nanoemulsions. Our results show that there is a critical threshold concentration for use of essential oil nanoemulsions as pesticides on crop plants.