cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of short-wavelength near-infrared spectral imaging for grain color classification

Color class of wheat is an important attribute for the identification of cultivars and the marketing of wheat, but is not always easy to measure in the visible spectral range because of variation in vitreosity and surface structure of the kernels. This work examines whether short-wavelength near IR imaging in the range 632-1098 nm can be used to distinguish different cultivars. The spectral characteristics of six hard white winter and hard red spring wheats were first studied by bulk-sample SW-NIR reflectance spectroscopy using regression analysis to select appropriate wavelengths and sets of wavelengths. Prediction of percent red wheat was better if C-H or O-H vibrational overtones were included in the models in addition to the tail from the visible chromophore absorbance, apparently because the vibrational bands make it possible to normalize the color measurement to the dry matter content of the samples. Next, a reflectance spectral image of 640 X 480 spatial pixels and 11 wavelengths was acquired for a mixture of the two contrasting wheat samples using a CCD camera and a liquid crystal tunable filter. The cultivars were distinguished in the image of principal component (PC) score number two that was calculated from the spectral image. The discrimination is due to the tail from the absorbance band that peaks in the visible. PC images 3 and 6 seem to arise mainly from O-H and C-H bands, respectively, and it is speculated that these spectral features will be important for generating multivariate models to predict the color class of grain. It is shown that the contrast between the red-wheat, white- wheat and background can be increased by applying histogram equalization and segmentation of the kernels in the images.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primary intracranial Burkitt's lymphoma in an infant

A case of intracranial Burkitt's lymphoma is reported in a child whose symptoms began at 3 months of age with a definite histologic diagnosis established at 18 months. Serologic studies demonstrated high antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the patient and in four out of five members of the immediate family. The patient also demonstrated immunity to antigens derived from African Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. The autopsy findings strongly support the case for the primary intracranial origin of the neoplasm and a perinatal infection with EBV is probable in this case.
Detection and tracking of gas plumes in LWIR hyperspectral video sequence data

Automated detection of chemical plumes presents a segmentation challenge. The segmentation problem for gas plumes is difficult due to the diffusive nature of the cloud. The advantage of considering hyperspectral images in the gas plume detection problem over the conventional RGB imagery is the presence of non-visual data, allowing for a richer representation of information. In this paper we present an effective method of visualizing hyperspectral video sequences containing chemical plumes and investigate the effectiveness of segmentation techniques on these post-processed videos. Our approach uses a combination of dimension reduction and histogram equalization to prepare the hyperspectral videos for segmentation. First, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension of the entire video sequence. This is done by projecting each pixel onto the first few Principal Components resulting in a type of spectral filter. Next, a Midway method for histogram equalization is used. These methods redistribute the intensity values in order to reduce icker between frames. This properly prepares these high-dimensional video sequences for more traditional segmentation techniques. We compare the ability of various clustering techniques to properly segment the chemical plume. These include K-means, spectral clustering, and the Ginzburg-Landau functional.
The role of fibrin monomer and an in vivo thrombin-induced-anticoagulant in experimental venous thrombosis.

The functional role of soluble fibrin monomer (FM) complexes in vivo is not known and the clinical significance of its laboratory measurement unclear. The effect of FM on the development of experimental venous thrombosis was evaluated. Laboratory determination of FM by ethanol gelation and protamine sulfate paracoagulation in the presence of serum-induced thrombosis was performed. FM in vivo was formed by the administration of thrombin and by the infusion of soluble fibrin. FM was found not to significantly potentiate thrombus formation in this experimental model. Furthermore, extensive thrombosis occurred without demonstrable circulating FM. The results suggest that the presence of FM in the blood is not a reliable measure of incipient venous thrombosis. The laboratory demonstration of FM in association with deep vein thrombosis probably reflects the result and not the cause of the thrombus. During this study, a potent anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity induced by thrombin in vivo was demonstrated. Some of the experimental results were related to this activity. Preliminary studies of this activity are presented and its pathophysiologic significance considered.
Aerodynamic design via control theory

The purpose of the last three sections is to demonstrate by representative examples that control theory can be used to formulate computationally feasible procedures for aerodynamic design. The cost of each iteration is of the same order as two flow solutions, since the adjoint equation is of comparable complexity to the flow equation, and the remaining auxiliary equations could be solved quite inexpensively. Provided, therefore, that one can afford the cost of a moderate number of flow solutions, procedures of this type can be used to derive improved designs. The approach is quite general, not limited to particular choices of the coordinate transformation or cost function, which might in fact contain measures of other criteria of performance such as lift and drag. For the sake of simplicity certain complicating factors, such as the need to include a special term in the mapping function to generate a corner at the trailing edge, have been suppressed from the present analysis. Also it remains to explore the numerical implementation of the design procedures proposed in this paper.
In vivo antimutagenic activity of beta-carotene in rat spleen lymphocytes.

The anticarcinogenic effects of beta-carotene (BC) have been extensively investigated, but only in vitro assays have examined the ability of BC to modulate gene mutation. In view of the current interest in the provitamin as a cancer chemopreventive agent, and the association between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, we have dosed Fischer 344 rats with the model carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and investigated the relationships among BC intake, its tissue accumulation, and antimutagen activity. Animals received drinking water supplemented with BC at doses of 0-0.25% ad libitum, using three dosing schedules. In one group BC dosing commenced before, and continued for three alternating weeks after i.p. injection of 100 mg ENU/kg; another group was given BC only after mutagen treatment. Animals from the first two groups were sacrificed 5 weeks post-mutagen treatment, and cells were isolated from the spleen to determine the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TG r ) T-lymphocytes. The presence of BC caused a reduction in the frequency of 6-TG r T-cells produced by ENU, but the inhibition was non-linear within the range of BC doses used. BC intake only after mutagen treatment was more effective than the combination of pre- and post-mutagen intake. In the third group, rats were treated with 100 mg ENU/kg, and BC administration was continued at a fixed dose of 0.15% in the drinking water for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. Measurement of the frequency of 6-TG r T-cells at the end of the specified times showed >50% reduction in ENU-mediated mutagenicity throughout the experiment. Analysis of BC levels in the liver and in the spleen following BC intake before and during mutagen exposure revealed higher levels than when BC was given only after mutagen treatment. Continuous intake of BC also showed increased tissue levels. There were some correlations observed between BC tissue levels and the antimutagenic effects for the first two groups, but these correlations were not statistically significant, possibly due to the small numbers of animals used. Taken together, the results demonstrate that intact BC is absorbed, stored, and exerted antimutagenic effects against a chemical carcinogen in rats without first being transformed to retinol in the gastrointestinal tract.
Destabilization of the MutSα’s protein-protein interface due to binding to the DNA adduct induced by anticancer agent carboplatin via molecular dynamics simulations

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins maintain genetic integrity in all organisms by recognizing and repairing DNA errors. Such alteration of hereditary information can lead to various diseases, including cancer. Besides their role in DNA repair, MMR proteins detect and initiate cellular responses to certain type of DNA damage. Its response to the damaged DNA has made the human MMR pathway a useful target for anticancer agents such as carboplatin. This study indicates that strong, specific interactions at the interface of MutSα in response to the mismatched DNA recognition are replaced by weak, non-specific interactions in response to the damaged DNA recognition. Data suggest a severe impairment of the dimerization of MutSα in response to the damaged DNA recognition. While the core of MutSα is preserved in response to the damaged DNA recognition, the loss of contact surface and the rearrangement of contacts at the protein interface suggest a different packing in response to the damaged DNA recognition. Coupled in response to the mismatched DNA recognition, interaction energies, hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and solvent accessible surface areas at the interface of MutSα and within the subunits are uncoupled or asynchronously coupled in response to the damaged DNA recognition. These pieces of evidence suggest that the loss of a synchronous mode of response in the MutSα’s surveillance for DNA errors would possibly be one of the mechanism(s) of signaling the MMR-dependent programed cell death much wanted in anticancer therapies. The analysis was drawn from dynamics simulations.
Perforation of the infarcted interventricular septum

Abstract 1. 1. Three personally observed cases of perforation of the interventricular septum following myocardial infarction were presented. One of these patients has lived six years and six months after her infarction and perforation. We believe this to be longer than any previously reported survival with this disorder. 2. 2. Criteria for the diagnosis of perforation of the infarcted interventricular septum are: (a) presence of recent myocardial infarction, (b) sudden appearance soon after infarction of a harsh systolic murmur and thrill at the lower left sternal border, and (c) the rapid worsening of the condition of the patient at the time the murmur appears. 3. 3. The differential between this condition and rupture of the infarcted papillary muscle was discussed. This is the only condition which might easily be confused with perforation of the septum. 4. 4. Factors thought to be contributory to myocardial rupture were presented.
International Counseling Trainees’ Experiences and Perceptions of Their Multicultural Counseling Training in the United States: A Mixed Method Inquiry

This study examined international counseling students’ (ICTs) experiences and perceptions of their multicultural counseling training (MCT) in the United States. The focus was on (a) relevance of the training, (b) effectiveness of the training methods, and (c) development of cross-cultural competence as trainees. Major findings indicated that ICTs found their MCT to be more useful in the areas of knowledge and awareness rather than in skill development. Dissatisfaction was expressed with training received; limited applicability to country of origin was noted. MCT in the US appears to reflect primarily a Westernized approach to teaching and learning related competencies. Implications and recommendations for counselors and educators are discussed.
Measuring depression and stigma towards depression and mental health treatment among adolescents in an Arab-American community

There has been limited research that has examined the prevalence of depression and attitudes towards depression and mental health treatment in Arab-American adolescents; we sought to assess these in a predominantly Arab-American community in metro Detroit. A health survey of adolescents aged 12-17 years was conducted (n=98). Participants were recruited from two local community organizations in Dearborn, MI. Depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Depression Scale, and attitude towards depression and willingness to seek help for mental health conditions were assessed by the Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS). To assess whether attitudes might be affected by information about mental health treatment, adolescents were randomized to view either an educational video about mental health, or a control video before responding to questions about their willingness to seek help for mental health conditions. Overall, 14% of Arab-American adolescents in this study endorsed moderate or moderately severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 11), suggesting a need to increase awareness of and access to mental health services and screening for Arab-American youth.
Correlates of success on customer-initiated R&D projects

Thirty-nine customer-initiated R&D projects were studied from the standpoint of those involved-salesmen, product engineers, R&D management, and R&D technical personnel. The technical and time success of the projects were correlated with six project dimensions as perceived by the R&D person working on the project, with participation and knowledge of product variables derived from management theory and with different communication patterns under differing conditions of project complexity. The results showed R&D perceptions of project priority and urgency to be correlated with time success and R&D perceptions of potential profitability to be correlated with technical success. The participation and knowledge of product variables showed no relation to project success.
Alkaline oxidation of americium; preparation and reactions of Am(IV) hydroxide☆

A pink slurry of Am(OH)3 is converted quantitatively into the black hydroxide (or hydrous oxide) of tetravalent americium by hypochlorite oxidation in dilute base. Preparation of tetravalent americium from aqueous solution has not been previously reported. This material dissolves in nitric or perchloric acid and disproportionates according to the equation: 2Am(IV) = Am(V) + Am(III). It dissolves in sulphuric acid giving Am(VI) and Am(III), with a minimum of half of the Am(V) produced from the simple disproportionation of Am(IV) being consumed by a consecutive reaction: Am(IV) + Am(V) + Am(VI) + Am(III). Revision from + 0·4 to at least −0·5 V is suggested for the value of the standard potential of the Am(OH)3, Am(OH)4 couple. Oxidation of Am(OH)3 past Am(OH)4 is observed with both ozone and peroxydisulphate. Details are given for a new and convenient method for producing AmO22 in dilute acid solution based on the ozone oxidation of Am(OH)3. Ozone oxidizes Am(OH)3 in 0·1 M NaOH to a soluble yellow complex of Am(VI).
Enhanced Affinity Bifunctional Bisphosphonates for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents to Bone

Skeletal diseases have a major impact on the worldwide population and economy. Although several therapeutic agents and treatments are available for addressing bone diseases, they are not being fully utilized because of their uptake in nontargeted sites and related side effects. Active targeting with controlled delivery is an ideal approach for treatment of such diseases. Because bisphosphonates are known to have high affinity to bone and are being widely used in treatment of osteoporosis, they are well-suited for drug targeting to bone. In this study, a targeted delivery of therapeutic agent to resorption sites and wound healing sites of bone was explored. Toward this goal, bifunctional hydrazine-bisphosphonates (HBPs), with spacers of various lengths, were synthesized and studied for their enhanced affinity to bone. Crystal growth inhibition studies showed that these HBPs have high affinity to hydroxyapatite, and HBPs with shorter spacers bind more strongly than alendronate to hydroxyapatite. The HBPs did not affect proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts, did not induce apoptosis, and were not cytotoxic at the concentration range tested (10(-6)-10(-4) M). Furthermore, drugs can be linked to the HBPs through a hydrazone linkage that is cleavable at the low pH of bone resorption and wound healing sites, leading to release of the drug. This was demonstrated using hydroxyapatite as a model material of bone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde as a model drug. This study suggests that these HBPs could be used for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to bone.
The economics of Treasury securities markets

The market for Treasury securities attracted considerable attention recently, after alleged infringements by Salomon Brothers. Several questions have been raised about the best way of selling U.S. government debt. One issue is whether altering the auction format would yield greater revenues for the Treasury. Another related question is how susceptible the existing mechanism for selling Treasury securities is to manipulation by buyers. In this paper, we describe what economists' analyses of auctions imply about the market for Treasury securities.
A conceptual framework for tactually guided exploration and shape perception

A conceptual framework for tactually guided exploration and shape perception using a robotic medium is provided. The conceptual framework identifies the needed sensory information, the spatial and temporal transformations of this information, the control mechanism, both feedforward and feedback, for performing the missions and the perception machinery. These attributes, in turn, sharpen the focus on the major building blocks needed in design of artificial skins, tactile sensing, and processing systems of the future. These building blocks are identification of central nervous system (CNS) machinery in living systems that perform the required computations, mappings, processors for extraction of the needed manipulation and recognition parameters, processing of outputs of populations of natural tactile sensors, and finally, understanding the dynamics of sensor-imbedded skin and artificial skin in fixed, gliding, and rolling contact with known and unknown objects and surfaces. >
LaNi 5-x Al x is a versatile alloy system for metal hydride applications

METAL alloys which reversibly absorb and desorb hydrogen are being used or considered for a variety of energy applications1,2. Alloys of general composition AB5 are prime candidates because of their good hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics and large hydrogen storage capacity. The LaNi5–H2 system, in particular, has been extensively investigated. In many applications, however, materials are required whose plateau pressures are different from those of LaNi5H6,7. The desorption pressure of LaNi5H6,7 may be modified by substitutions either of La or Ni with other elements. Previous work3 has shown that 20% substitutions of Ni by a variety of transition metals can lower plateau pressures by a factor of ∼4. We report here that Al can substitute for Ni in LaNi5 with dramatic results in lowering decomposition pressures without impairing the kinetics or the hydrogen carrying capacities. The important new result is that Al substitutions allow a wide range of decomposition pressure to be spanned in continuous fashion. In the range 0–20% Al, the plateau pressures of the LaNi5–LaNi4 Al hydride system are reduced by a factor of ∼ 300.
Sparse matrices in matlab: design and implementation

The matrix computation language and environment MATLAB is extended to include sparse matrix storage and operations. The only change to the outward appearance of the MATLAB language is a pair of commands to create full or sparse matrices. Nearly all the operations of MATLAB now apply equally to full or sparse matrices, without any explicit action by the user. The sparse data structure represents a matrix in space proportional to the number of nonzero entries, and most of the operations compute sparse results in time proportional to the number of arithmetic operations on nonzeros.
The conformational stability of a non-covalent dimer of a platelet-derived growth factor-B mutant lacking the two cysteines involved in interchain disulfide bonds.

Native platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) forms a covalent dimer through interchain disulfide bonds. In a previous study, an analog of PDGF-B was produced by replacing cysteine 43 and 52, which are involved in the interchain disulfide bonds, with serine. It was revealed that this analog protein has the dimeric molecular weight at pH 4 to 7, forming a non-covalent dimer in solution, and its mitogenic activity is similar to the native covalent dimer. However, the analog protein was more labile to pepsin digestion and low pH treatment, indicating that the interchain disulfides contribute to the stability of the protein. It is interesting to see if the conformation of the protein is affected by elimination of the interchain disulfide bonds, and if the interchain disulfides play any role in the stability of the protein. Circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses of the analog showed that it has a conformation similar to the wild type at pH 7.5, but is unfolded at pH 2.5, while the native PDGF-B disulfide-linked dimer shows an apparently unaltered conformation at pH 2.5. The analog is also less stable to sodium dodecylsulfate and guanidine HC1-induced denaturation at neutral pH. These results indicate that the non-covalent interactions are sufficient for proper folding and dimer formation at neutral pH, but that the interchain disulfide bonds greatly stabilize the native conformation of PDGF-B. © Munksgaard 1994.
An Alternate Paradigm for the Examination of Semantic Cues in Advertisements

Abstract Recent research on how consumers use prices in their evaluation of advertised prices have used differing theoretical bases that have not found strong empirical support. Also, research examining the effects of semantic cues in ads have used correspondent inference theory, which is not broad enough to explain the effectiveness of the huge variety of semantic cues that can influence consumer value perceptions. This manuscript introduces researchers to compliance theory as an alternate paradigm within which to examine the effects of price based ad evaluations. Implications of the framework for academic researchers and practitioners are presented.
Fluid-to-particle Heat Transfer Coefficients for Continuous Flow of Suspensions in Coiled Tube and Straight Tube with Bends

Abstract Fluid-to-particle heat transfer coefficient (h fp ) for spherical particles in continuously flowing food suspensions (0–30% v/v green peas in 1.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution) in the holding section of an aseptic processing system was determined. The effects of hold tube geometry, temperature, flow rate, and particle concentration were investigated. The h fp values ranged from 538 to 1450 W/m 2 ·°C in the coiled tube and from 204 to 1220 W/m 2 ·°C in the straight tube. Significantly, higher h fp value was observed for particles in the coiled tube as compared to that in the straight tube. The h fp value increased with temperature, flow rate, and particle concentration. Dimensionless correlations relating the Nusselt number to Reynolds and Prandtl numbers were developed. Estimation of h fp values based on the particle resistance temperature device (RTD) data and dimensionless correlations indicated a reduction in the degree of overprocessing of average particles when a coiled tube was used instead of a straight tube for the holding section.
Perfective aspect and “Contained Perfectivity”

Abstract This paper proposes an account of the syntactic basis for determining the relationship between event structure and ‘time-structure’ in simple tenses. In general, event telicity corresponds to temporal boundedness. But there are cases of mismatch, as in (1) and (2): (1) John broke glasses (for an hour); (2) They gave up for a while. It is argued that such cases arise vP-externally in (Viewpoint) Aspect, and concern the mapping from Event-time to Reference-time. The present paper proposes an account of the syntactic relations that underlie the temporal relationship between Reference Time and Event Time, with the goal of explaining (a) the basis for event/ET homomorphism, (b) the typical cases of ET/RT temporal homomorphism, and (c) the circumstances that allow non-homomorphism. Temporal relations are constructed derivationally, starting with event structure. Event structure itself is defined in lexico-syntactic structure, and is not altered in derivations. It is homomorphic with Event-time. Event-time can appear to be altered via partitive antecedence relations with RT.
A Backup Plan for Self‐Protection: S‐Methylation of Holomycin Biosynthetic Intermediates in Streptomyces clavuligerus

Biosynthesis of the dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic holomycin in Streptomyces clavuligerus involves the closure of a pair of enethiols to a cyclic disulfide. We have shown that the dithiol oxidase HlmI is responsible for the disulfide formation and this enzyme also plays a role in self-protection. In the present study, we examine how S. clavuligerus deals with the proposed toxic dithiol intermediates when hlmI is deleted. We used differential NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to profile the metabolomes of hlmI deletion mutants along with the wild-type strain and a holomycin-overproducing strain. A number of metabolites unique to ΔhlmI strains were identified. In these metabolites the enethiols have been incapacitated by a combination of mono- and di-S-methylation. We also observed an intriguing dimeric thioether adduct in low quantities in the wild-type strain and at much higher levels in the ΔhlmI strains. The structures of these novel metabolites highlight the reactivity of the dihydrodithiolopyrrolone scaffold. Furthermore, bioassays suggest that modification of the enethiol warhead by S-alkylation provides a host strategy for detoxification, one that is shared amongst multiple species producing such bioactive disulfide natural products.
Endoscopic suturing for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical outcome with the Bard EndoCinch.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic illness that affects over seven percent of individuals on a daily basis in the United States and accounts for the highest burden of gastrointestinal disease expenditure in direct and indirect annual costs ($10 billion) [1]. The primary objective of anti-reflux therapy is relief of symptoms, with secondary goals to heal esophagitis, prevent reflux-related complications, and maintain remission. Treatment options have traditionally included long-term use of acid suppressing medications or surgical intervention with fundoplication, and both are successful in meeting these goals [2–4]. New innovative endoscopic therapies for GERD have provided an alternative to medical or surgical treatments. These interventions may be considered a ‘‘bridge’’ therapy because patients who undergo the endoscopic treatments can still elect to be treated with chronic medications or fundoplication if the endoscopic therapy does not provide symptom relief or if symptoms later recur. These treatments do not interfere with subsequent surgical intervention if undertaken. These endoscopic or endoscopy-assisted treatments include sewing/plication techniques, radiofrequency thermal therapies, and injection/implantable biopolymer therapies. These alternative therapies are undergoing rapid development, and most initial reports address symptom relief in short-term follow-up studies of mild GERD patients. Their usefulness as successful GERD treatments will be determined from long-term follow-up, sham-controlled studies, and from the careful scientific study of the effect of the endoscopic treatments on GERD pathophysiologic parameters. Cost-effective analyses and post-marketing docu
Compact 512 x 512 grayscale optical correlator

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed, for the first time, a matchbox-size 512 X 512 grayscale optical correlator (GOC) with the volume of 2 inch X 2 inch X 1 inch. This compact 512 X 512 GOC consists of a pair of newly developed ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (FLC SLM) with a 7-micrometers pixel pitch, the smallest feature size developed to date. New system architecture has been designed that has greatly simplified the system alignment and relaxed the tolerance of the Fourier transform lenses. An experimental result of automatic target recognition (ATR) applications using this GOC has been accomplished. The high-quality correlation output has validated the superior quality of the FLC SLM and new GOC architecture.
Date Rape Among Adolescents and Young Adults

Abstract Background Adolescents and young adults are four times more likely to be victims of sexual assault than women in all other age groups. In the vast majority of these cases, the perpetrator is an acquaintance of the victim. Date rape is a subset of acquaintance rape where nonconsensual sex occurs between two people who are in a romantic relationship. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE and Current Concepts search for articles relating to date rape and then systematically reviewed all relevant articles. Results Lifetime prevalence of date or acquaintance rape ranges from 13% to 27% among college-age women and 20% to a high of 68% among adolescents. Demographic characteristics that increase vulnerability to date rape include younger age at first date, early sexual activity, earlier age of menarche, a past history of sexual abuse or prior sexual victimization, and being more accepting of rape myths and violence toward women. Other risk factors include date-specific behaviors such as who initiated, who paid expenses, who drove, date location and activity, as well as the use of alcohol or illicit drugs such a flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). Alcohol use that occurs within the context of the date can lead to: the misinterpretation of friendly cues as sexual invitations, diminished coping responses, and the female's inability to ward off a potential attack. Conclusions Longitudinal research designs are needed to further our understanding of sexual violence among adolescents and young adults and the most effective ways to eliminate it. Understanding and comparing research findings would be easier if consensus regarding the definitions of date rape, sexual aggression, and sexual assault was obtained. Finally, primary and secondary date and acquaintance rape prevention programs must be developed and systematically evaluated.
Direct measurement of velocity-changing collision cross sections by laser optical pumping.

We extend the theory of velocity-selective laser optical pumping in atomic vapors, allowing for arbitrarily rapid velocity-changing collisional rates. The results yield a simple relationship between the line-shape areas of narrow spectroscopic features present in optically pumped samples. This relationship gives directly the ground- and excited-state velocity-changing collision rates and cross sections. We use the results to analyze the data from a laser optical-pumping experiment in [sup 6]Li vapor perturbed by Ar buffer gas.
Further symmetries of in-place FFTs

It has long been known that an in-place version of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) exists for real sequences of data. More recently, in-place FFTs have been devised for real sequences with even, odd, or quarter wave symmetries. All of these symmetric FFTs take the input sequence in scrambled (bit-reversed) order and produce the transform sequence in natural order. For many applications, this is the opposite of what is needed, i.e., one would like to provide the input sequence in natural order. In this paper, an in-place version of the FFT is presented which takes a real sequence in natural order and produces the transform in scrambled order. The algorithm requires half of the operations and storage of the complex algorithms. Analogous in-place algorithms are also given for naturally ordered even, odd, quarter wave even and quarter wave odd sequences.
THE ROLE OF PERPENDICULAR RECORDING IN THE FUTURE OF HARD DISK STORAGE

20 years of enthusiastic development have been insufficient to make perpendicular recording successful in the HDD marketplace. An examination is made of the attributes that make it unattractive at current areal densities. Those attributes are reexamined in the light of the coming superparamagnetic limit for storage media. A challenge is issued to the supporters of perpendicular recording, that they perform a technology demonstration under a particular set of rules for success. This is considered essential if perpendicular recording is to be seriously considered as a candidate to replace longitudinal recording within the next ten years.
Privacy and the quantum internet.

The article discusses Internet privacy and the ability for individuals to search the Web without anyone collected personal data. Web searches can reveal personal information about the user despite anonymization. Topics include an in-depth analysis of how a quantum version of the Internet will allow search engines to return answers from user queries without the user's information be saved or copied. Also discussed are the kind of search engine databases required for quantum searches. INSET: Pssst! Keep This to Yourself.
Quantitation and characterization of brain tubulin (colchicine-binding activity) in developing hypothyroid rats.

— The influence of early hypothyroidism on the concentration and biochemical properties of soluble and particulate tubulin from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was investigated during development in the rat. Cellular soluble tubulin concentration (pmol colchicine bound/μg DNA) was approx 16% lower in both brain areas of hypothyroid animals compared to controls at 25 days of age. No effect of thyroid hormone deficiency was observed when tubulin concentration was expressed in terms of tissue protein or weight. The particulate tubulin concentration was approx 20% lower in the cerebral cortex of 25-day-old hypothyroid rats although the distribution of tubulin between soluble and particulate fractions was similar to controls. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into cerebral cortical tubulin in vitro (c.p.m. in tubulin/c.p.m. in total protein) was not significantly altered by the hormonal deficiency. Thus there was no apparent evidence of a selective defect in tubulin synthesis. Tubulin from hypothyroid rats behaved similarly to control samples with respect to the effects of pharmacological agents and temperature, lability of binding, chromatographic profile and electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels.
Estimation of temperature between plates of different footprints by an iterative approach

In an electronic cooling application, it is possible to have solid blocks of different sizes attached together in order to spread heat leaving a die. Also, there are other applications where there is heat transfer between two bodies of different dimensions. Here, we consider a simplified model mainly to study the performance of iterative analytical/numerical solutions to these problems. The analytical procedure leads to an integral equation. Then, the heat flux and temperature at the interface are computed using an iterative technique. To verify the accuracy, selected data are compared with numerically determined values. Although, the presented computational procedure is for a two-dimensional solution, the methodology applies equally to three-dimensional problems.
DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE QUALITY MEASUREMENT FOR FOODSERVICE IN CONTINUING CARE RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES1

The purposes of the study were to develop a service quality measurement applicable to foodservice of continuing care retirement communities and to examine the dimensionality of service quality. The instrument developed for this study encompassed both the process and outcome aspects of service quality and reflected older customers' specific needs and the unique dining environments of continuing care retirement communities. A pilot-test at a continuing care retirement community revealed that the instrument had high internal reliability. Residents in the independent-living units of five continuing care retirement communities were surveyed. The usable response rate was 48.8% (N=405). One factor was identified from exploratory factor analysis. Possible explanations of the unidimensionality of service quality are discussed and suggestions for future research provided.
Transfer of electrons across the cytoplasmic membrane by DsbD, a membrane protein involved in thiol–disulphide exchange and protein folding in the bacterial periplasm

Reduction of non-native protein disulphides in the periplasm of Escherichia coli is catalysed by three enzymes, DsbC, DsbG and DsbE, each of which harbours a catalytic Cys–X–X–Cys dithiol motif. This dithiol motif requires continuous reduction for activity. Genetic evidence suggests that the source of periplasmic reducing power resides within the cytoplasm, provided by thioredoxin (trxA) and thioredoxin reductase (trxB). Cytoplasmic electrons donated by thioredoxin are thought to be transferred into the periplasm via the DsbD membrane protein. To understand the molecular nature of electron transfer, we have analysed the membrane topology of DsbD. DsbD is exported by an N-terminal signal peptide. The N- and C-terminal domains are positioned in the periplasmic space, connected by eight transmembrane segments. Electron transfer was shown to require five cysteine sulphydryl of DsbD. Trans complementation of mutant DsbD molecules revealed intermolecular electron transfer. We discuss a model whereby the membrane-embedded disulphides of DsbD accept electrons from cytoplasmic thioredoxin and transfer them to the C-terminal periplasmic dithiol motif of DsbD.
Behavior of sample means and parametric time series estimation

The standard error of the sample mean for autocorrelated data is directly proportional to the value of the spectral density evaluated at zero frequency of the process being sampled. Thus confidence intervals for the true mean using traditional formulas can be greatly in error.This paper describes both parametric and nonparametric methods of spectral density estimation and illustrates numerically the basic results using a personal computer program called TIMESLAB which acts as a laboratory for studying such problems.The results of the paper indicate that in many situations, adjusting for auto-correlation is easily performed.
Split-Thickness Bone Grafts in Complex Craniofacial Reconstructions

We have operated on 20 patients with various forms of complex skull defects due either to trauma, tumor, or craniofacial problems. These cases have required complex reconstruction of defects involving
Biological factors in eating and its disorders

This short review is intended to illustrate some of the approaches that psychobiologists use to analyze processes underlying food intake in animals. The pivotal role that the concept of homeostasis continues to occupy is discussed first. There follows a review of some of the metabolic changes in the hypothalamus as a function of altered nutritional status. It is suggested that these changes can determine feeding in novel circumstances, but that they may have less control over learned feeding responses. The concept of separate appetites for the major macronutrients is evaluated, and the notion is introduced that the two sides of the hypothalamus may be metabolically different. Some of the neurotransmitters that have been implicated in feeding are mentioned, and the way in which such basic information may contribute to the treatment of overeating and obesity is illustrated.
Soft tissue mechanisms of pain in osteoarthritis.

Joint stiffness may be explained by the following: (1) contractures of muscle, joint capsules, and ligaments; (2) capsular distention from effusion or synovitis; (3) intra-articular free bodies from meniscus tears, villonodular synovitis, synovial plica, etc; (4) joint surface incongruity; and (5) pain inhibition. ‘-‘I In OA, contractures and pain are early principal factors, but intraarticular free bodies (torn menisci, joint mice, etc) and surface incongruity are important in more advanced disease. Absence of motion has profound effects on the joint. Studies of joint immobilization have reported cartilage fibrillation, erosion, loss of metachromasia, degeneration, and necrosis of chrondrocytes.12 Immobilization experiments emphasize the need of motion for maintenance of articular cartilage health. How much loss of motion is required to adversely affect articular cartilage, however, remains unknown.
Infrequent p53 mutations in 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene–induced mammary tumors in BALB/c and p53 hemizygous mice

We conducted experiments to determine if p53 alterations, which are frequent in human breast cancers, were also common in murine mammary tumors. In 13 mammary tumors from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated BALB/c mice were immunohistochemically analyzed for overexpression of p53; p53 protein was not detectable. Three of the tumors were established as cell lines in vitro. p53 protein was rarely detected at passage 4 in these lines but was overexpressed by passage 8 in two of them. The p53 nucleotide sequence was shown to be wild type in one primary mammary tumor and in the two p53-overexpressing cell lines. One cell line that overexpressed p53 in vitro was implanted into BALB/c mice. The resulting tumors retained the wild-type p53 nucleotide sequence but no longer expressed detectable levels of p53 protein, suggesting that the overexpression of wild-type p53 was related to in vitro culture conditions. The effect of DMBA on mammary-tumor development was also tested in mice rendered hemizygous for p53. These mice and wild-type littermate controls had no differences in susceptibility to induction of mammary tumors by oral administration of DMBA. Furthermore, Southern blot hybridizations detected no gross alterations in the wild-type p53 allele in mammary tumors from the p53-deficient mice. Point mutation of the wild-type p53 allele was also infrequent in the DMBA-induced mammary tumors from hemizygous p53 mice; it occured in only one of seven tumors. Thus, the p53 gene is apparently not a primary target for genetic alterations in DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Next, we examined mammary tumors derived from D1 and D2 transplantable hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) outgrowths, which rapidly form tumors containing Ha-ras mutations after DMBA treatment. As ras and p53 mutants can cooperate in transformation, we examined whether D1 and D2 HAN outgrowths have p53 mutations. Unlike in the DMBA-induced primary mammary tumors, nuclear p53 accumulation was observed frequently (10 of 14) in tumors that arose from D1 and D2 HAN outgrowths. Direct sequencing of the entire coding region of the p53 cDNA from six D1 and D2 tumors confirmed that the sequence was wild type. Although wild-type p53 was retained in both DMBA-induced mammary tumors and mammary tumors derived from D1 and D2 preneoplastic outgrowths, wild-type p53 overexpression was detected only in D1 and D2 tumors. Therefore, D1 and D2 tumors appear to arise by a pathway in which p53 expression is altered, whereas DMBA induction affects a different pathway that does not require such alteration. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Maternally Administered Magnesium Sulfate On Superior Mesenteric Artery Blood Flow Velocity (SAM BFV) In The Newaborn Period.† 816

The Effect of Maternally Administered Magnesium Sulfate On Superior Mesenteric Artery Blood Flow Velocity (SAM BFV) In The Newaborn Period.† 816
Spontaneous generation of massive multiplets and central charges in extended supersymmetric theories

Abstract Massless gauge theories invariant under extended supersymmetry algebras with N = 2 or N = 4 spinorial generators have U(2) or SU(4) as the global internal symmetry group. The translation of scalar fields in these theories generate massive, gauge or matter, multiplets of various types. The existence of most of these multiplets requires an (apparent) modification of the structure of the algebra: in the anticommutators of spinorial generators we now find “central charges”, which commute with all symmetries of the theory. Such central charges are not new symmetries, but only some of the (Abelian or non-Abelian) generators of the gauge group, which are preserved by the translation. In the non-Abelian case, the promotion of some of the Yang-Mills generators to the role of central charges implies of course a spontaneous breaking of the Yang-Mills group. In addition the appearance of central charges in the algebra requires a breaking of the global internal symmetry group U(2) or SU(4) to a smaller subgroup. The generation of masses in an originally massless theory results in a massless gauge or matter multiplet containing the following noteworthy fields: the dilaton, one or several Goldstone bosons, and N pseudo-Goldstone spinors, associated with the breaking of dilatation, global internal symmetry and the N extra spinorial generators appearing in the conformal superalgebra (while the N ordinary supersymmetry generators remain conserved). The connection between the dilaton and central charges leads to a relation between the (mass) 2 operator and the sum of the squares of the central charges (and to the possibility of mass quantization). This can be interpreted by comparing the central charges with the translation operators in a two- or six-dimensional compact internal symmetry space.
Analysis of the sequence and embryonic expression of chicken neurofibromin mRNA

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common inherited disorder that primarily affects tissues derived from the neural crest. Recent identification and characterization of the human NF1 gene has revealed that it encodes a protein (now called neurofibromin) that is similar in sequence to theras-GTPase activator protein (orras-GAP), suggesting that neurofibromin may be a component of cellular signal transduction pathways regulating cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. To initiate investigations on the role of the NF1 gene product in embryonic development, we have isolated a partial cDNA for chicken neurofibromin. Sequence analysis reveals that the predicted amino acid sequence is highly conserved between chick and human. The chicken cDNA hybridizes to a 12.5-kb transcript on RNA blots, a mol wt similar to that reported for the human and murine mRNAs. Ribonuclease protection assays indicate that NF1 mRNA is expressed in a variety of tissues in the chick embryo; this is confirmed byin situ hybridization analysis. NF1 mRNA expression is detectable as early as embryonic stage 18 in the neural plate. This pattern of expression may suggest a role for neurofibromin during normal development, including that of the nervous system.