cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditional Root Uniqueness Points: Psychological Validity and Perceptual Consequences

Wurm (1997) introduced a construct called the Conditional Root Uniqueness Point (CRUP), which was defined as the uniqueness point of the free root of a prefixed word, given the prefix in question. Prefixed words with free roots can be divided into two mutually exclusive categories: those with the CRUP at the same phoneme as the full-form uniqueness point (UP), and those where the CRUP precedes the full-form UP by one or more phonemes. Results of two reaction-time experiments indicate a substantial processing advantage for the latter group of words. Regression analyses revealed effects of the number of auditory competitors a target word had, semantic transparency and prefix likelihood. Finally, semantic transparency, root frequency, and number of competitors had different effects, depending upon whether the CRUP of a word coincided with or preceded the full-form UP. Existing models of word recognition need to be modified to accommodate the current results.
Quantification of the frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approach using a three-dimensional visualization and modeling application.

OBJECTIVE We sought to simulate the frontotemporal orbitozygomatic (FTOZ) craniotomy in a three-dimensional virtual environment on patient-specific data and to quantify the exposure afforded by the FTOZ while simulating controlled amounts of brain retraction. METHODS Four computed tomographic angiograms were reconstructed with commercially available software (Amira 4.1.1; Mercury Computer Systems, Inc., Chelmsford, MA), and virtual FTOZ craniotomies were performed bilaterally (n = 8). Brain retraction was simulated at 1 and 2 cm. Surgical freedom and projection angle were measured and compared at each stage of the FTOZ. RESULTS At 1 cm of retraction, surgical freedom increased by 27 +/- 14% for the removal of the orbital rim and by 31 +/- 18% for FTOZ (P < 0.01) when compared with frontotemporal (FT) craniotomy. At 2 cm of retraction, surgical freedom increased by 15 +/- 5% and 26 +/- 8% for the removal of the orbital rim and FTOZ, respectively (P < 0.01). With increased retraction, surgical freedom increased by 100 +/- 26%, 81 +/- 15%, and 82 +/- 27% for the FT, removal of the orbital rim, and FTOZ craniotomies, respectively (P < 0.001). Projection angle increased by 24.2% when orbital rim removal was added to the FT craniotomy (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Surgical freedom increases significantly at every step of the FTOZ craniotomy. This effect is less robust when brain retraction is increased. Brain retraction alone has a greater impact on surgical freedom than bone removal alone. Projection angle is significantly increased when orbital rim removal is added to the FT craniotomy. This model overcomes two major limitations of cadaver-based models: quantification of brain retraction and incorporation of patient-specific anatomy.
Tracking giving across generations

The Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) reports on the giving and volunteering of more than seventy-four hundred households in 2001 and 2003 and the households' composition, income, and wealth over the previous thirty years. These data will help researchers and fundraisers understand many aspects of philanthropy not previously understood.
Canola meal replacing distillers grains with solubles for lactating dairy cows

A study was conducted to determine the response to feeding diets containing canola meal (CM) as a protein supplement in place of all or portions of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Twelve lactating Holstein cows (4 primiparous and 8 multiparous) were fed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design over 4-wk periods. Data were collected wk 3 and 4 of each period. Diets were formulated in which CM was 100, 66, 33, and 0% of the supplemental protein replacing the protein from DDGS. All diets (averaged 15.1% crude protein and 4.5% ether extract) contained 55% forage and 45% concentrate, with the forage being 50% corn silage and 50% alfalfa hay. Dry matter intake (25.4 kg/d) was similar for all diets. Milk production (35.2, 35.8, 34.5, and 34.3 kg/d, respectively, for 100, 66, 33, and 0% CM) was similar for all diets, but tended to be greater with higher proportions of CM. Milk protein concentration (3.04%), fat concentration (3.92%), and fat yield (1.37 kg/d) were similar for all diets, whereas protein yield (1.08, 1.10, 1.05, and 1.03 kg/d, respectively, for 100, 66, 33, and 0% CM) tended to be greater with increasing amounts of CM in the diet. Feed efficiency (1.46 kg of energy-corrected milk/kg of dry matter intake) was similar for all diets. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid for milk protein synthesis when CM or DDGS were fed, whereas methionine was first limiting when the combination diets were fed. Concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in ruminal contents were similar for all diets. Canola meal is a suitable replacement for DDGS in dairy cow diets.
Production pressures in anesthesia: Better, faster, cheaper

T he stresses placed on the anesthesiologist in today s fast-paced, cost-conscious operating room (OR) environment can have considerable consequences. ORs function at all times of the day. Patients are older and sicker. Practitioners are expected to work better, faster, cheaper and longer, performing anesthesia for more complicated cases in various venues. These pressures impact anesthesiologists, their families, co-workers, and patients in the OR milieu. The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) has recently devoted an entire issue of their newsletter to the concept of production pressures in anesthesia, and has also published opinions regarding the erosion of patient safety during the last decade. This wasn't the first time the APSF had focused attention on this subject. An editorial in 1992, by its title, warned: "Practice Pressure a Constant Threat to Patient Safety." Hopefully, our specialty, which has made such great gains in safety, has not forsaken this progress to meet the demands of production pressure. Alternatively, one may ask whether anesthesia has become so safe that we can work faster and cheaper and not compromise safety at all. Can we work faster and cheaper, and be better? Or is adequate enough? Is working faster always going to be cheaper? These are some of the quandaries anesthesiologists must face. This article intends to explore the concepts, the data, and the effects of production pressure on the practice of anesthesia today.
Effect of robotic surgery on hysterectomy trends: implications for resident education.

Abstract Study Objective To compare the surgical approach used for hysterectomy at 2 teaching hospitals before and after introduction of the robotic surgical system. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting Two gynecologic training sites at the University of Hawaii. Patients Women who underwent hysterectomy between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. Measurements and Main Results ICD-9 procedural codes were used to identify hysterectomies performed between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. Hysterectomies were categorized according to surgical approach: abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal/total laparoscopic, and robotic. Each hysterectomy was also categorized according to primary preoperative diagnosis as general gynecology, gynecologic oncology, and urogynecology. The rates and numbers of hysterectomies performed during 2005–2006 (2 years before acquisition of the robot), 2007–2008 (first 2 years with the robot), and 2009–2011 (3–5 years after acquiring the robot) were compared using χ 2 tests and analysis of variance. The numbers of hysterectomies reported in resident case logs were also collected and compared. A total of 5894 hysterectomies were performed between 2005 and 2011. The total number of hysterectomies performed at Hospital A, which acquired the robotic surgical system, increased over time (p = .04) but remained stable at Hospital B, which did not acquire the robotic surgical system. At Hospital A, the number of robotic hysterectomies increased as the number of abdominal hysterectomies decreased (p Conclusion Introduction of the robotic surgical system was associated with significant changes in the numbers and types of hysterectomies performed in both general and subspecialty gynecology. Although abdominal hysterectomies decreased as robotic hysterectomies increased, other hysterectomies did not. These trends mirror reported resident surgical experience and have implications for resident education.
A model for the hot or warm forming of metals with special use of deformation mechanism maps

Abstract A finite element model is described for analyzing metal flow and heating during large deformation processes such as hot rolling. Particle thermomechanical histories are evaluated relative to the spatial coordinates of the computational domain. The stress and temperature histories are compared to deformation mechanism maps to determine the consistency of constitutive equation assumptions.
Effect of beef spleen extract on the respiration of normal mouse tissues during storage.

SummaryBy means of Warburg respirometers the oxygen consumption of brain, connective tissue, heart, kidney, liver and lung from normal dba mice was measured at 48-hour intervals during a period of 18 days of storage at 4°C, in Tyrode's solution and in beef spleen extract. The respiration of all six of the normal tissues, whether stored in Tyrode's solution or in beef spleen extract, decreased during the initial 8- to 10-day period, while the same tissues, with the exception of liver, were characterized by a progressive increase in respiration during the 12- to 18-day period of storage. This increase could not be correlated with bacterial contamination or with tissue autolysis as revealed by histologic observation and amino nitrogen determination. The immediate effect of the extract was to decrease the oxygen consumption of brain, lung and heart, and, to a lower degree, of liver and connective tissue, while that of kidney was increased. The effect of beef spleen extract on dbrB adenocarcinoma in dba mice f...
Calculation of the product phase grain boundary area during solid state transformations

A general formal expression is derived for the calculation of product phase grain boundary area per unit volumeA v at any time during solid state transformations occurring by nucleation and growth process. It is assumed that the spatial distribution of the product phase particles is random and dis-crete product phase particles have a spherical shape. The analysis is applicable to any arbitrary nu-cleation and growth kinetics. For the sizeindependent growth rate,A v is given by: $$A_V = \frac{2}{3}\int_0^{V_{V_{ex} } } {S_{V_{ex} } } \cdot exp( - V_{V_{ex} } ) \cdot dV_{V_{ex} } $$ whereV V ex is the extended volume fraction of the product phase, andS V ex is the total extended product phase-matrix interfacial area per unit volume. If the growth rate depends onparticle size or particle size and time, then, $$A_V = \frac{3}{5}\int_0^{V_{V_{ex} } } {S_{V_{ex} } } \cdot exp( - V_{V_{ex} } ) \cdot dV_{V_{ex} } $$ The results are applicable to any arbitrary functional form of nucleation rate. The result for size de-pendent growth rate is approximate; however, the error involved in this approximation is less than ±10 pct. The analysis demonstrates thatA v , and also the grain size of transformed structure, are basically determined by thepath of microstructural evolution described by the variation of product phase-matrix interfacial area per unit volume with the product phase volume fraction, and do not explicitly depend on any other variables. The analysis is also applicable to nonisothermal and con-tinuous cooling transformations.
Cancer: Escape from inhibition.

Mutations in the Abl protein cause some leukaemias. The determination of its structure and the identification of Abl variants resistant to an anti-leukaemia drug reveal regions of the protein needed for its regulation.
Beam line instrumentation proposed by an ORAU/ORNL consortium for the VUV ring at NSLS☆

Abstract The beam line configuration and monochromators proposed jointly by a consortium of universities organized through Oak Ridge Associated Universities and by workers at Oak Ridge National Labs for installation at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven are described. The proposed system is an adaptation of designs developed at Brookhaven for the VUV storage ring of NSLS.
Chemical and Potential-Assisted Assembly of Thiolacetyl-Terminated Oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s on Gold Surfaces

Reliable and reproducible methods have been developed for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolacetyl-terminated oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s on a Au surface. The thiolacetyl g...
Possible but never finished

During the spring in 2005, I worked at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, where I was completing a book called Ethics During and After the Holocaust. One of its chapters drew upon an idea from Emmanuel Levinas’s Totality and Infinity, namely, that it is important to know whether, in Levinas’s words, we are ‘‘duped by morality.’’ On the particular day I am recalling, my reading took me to the Introduction of the English translation of Totality and Infinity that I was using. As I read those pages, the rhythm and cadence of the prose, as well as the content, were strangely familiar. Before long, I remembered that John Wild, my teacher, was the author of those introductory words. Reading them in 2005, I was reminded that Wild studied Levinas decades before it became fashionable to do so in the United States. It was characteristic of Wild not only to be on the cutting edge but also to be part of that edge. For him, doing justice to the history of philosophy meant that philosophy had to be fresh and contemporary, too. At the time of this writing in 2007, I can scarcely believe that I am older than John Wild was when I knew him during my twenties in the mid-1960s at Yale University, not many years before his untimely death in 1972. His influence on me
A simulation study of antenna selection for compact MIMO arrays

We consider a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system where antenna elements are placed linearly and side by side in a limited size array. Inevitably, both mutual coupling and spatial correlation effects have a strong presence in such system. We then investigate the performance of both hard and soft antenna selection in such conditions using Monte Carlo simulations. Our results indicate that soft selection could always achieve superior performance as compared to the hard selection even given the presence of mutual coupling. Our results will further conclude on the applicability range of antenna selection schemes.
Effects of Various Imidazole Ligands on Heme Conformation in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

We have evaluated the influence of a series of substituted imidazoles on the heme structure of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Optical, MCD, and EPR spectra reveal widely differing effects on heme spin state and geometry. 1-Substituted imidazoles always yield low-spin heme complexes, but the size of the 2- and 4-substituent influences their structural effects on the heme. Methyl substituents lead to low-spin complexes while the bulky phenyl group yields high-spin complexes. The only exception to this behavior is provided by 2-aminoimidazole. Although this compound has three functional groups which can serve as an axial ligand to the heme, its binding to eNOS leads to a pure high-spin complex. This result can only be interpreted as due to a direct binding of 2-aminoimidazole to the guanidine binding subdomain of l-arginine. MCD spectra also imply that an O-ligand is present in the low-spin resting eNOS, while EPR data reveal the presence of two low-spin heme complexes in resting eNOS and its imid...
Prophets and profits: Gendered and generational visions of wealth and value in Senegalese Murid households

This paper analyzes the disjuncture between the projected prosperity of male migrant traders of the Murid Sufi order and the actual ability of these traders to maintain the social relations that engender wealth. I focus on an exchange of bridewealth that ultimately resulted in a collapsed marriage to show how households are made and unmade across time and space by diasporic practices. I aim to show how two decades of neoliberal reform in Senegal have had unintended consequences for the prospects of social production. The movement of male traders into transnational trade networks to shore up a stagnant local economy and to reproduce the social and moral order has unanticipated consequences for women's authority. Women claim male earnings not only to run the household, but also to finance the family ceremonies-baptisms, marriages and funerals-and the social payments that accompany these occasions. Women also seek commodities obtained through male trade to exchange in life-cycle rituals. For women, foreign commodities, rather than undermining the production of blood ties, are the very means of making those ties a social fact. In Murid families, the rejuvenation of domestic rituals through access to male earnings abroad sets in motion the production of women-headed households and ultimately of lineages.
Electrodermal responses to implied versus actual violence on television

The electrodermal response (EDR) of children watching a violent show was measured. Particular attention was paid to the type of violence (actual or implied) that prompted an EDR. In addition, the impact of the auditory component (sounds associated with violence) of the show was evaluated. Implied violent stimuli, such as the villain's face, elicited the strongest EDR. The elements that elicited the weakest responses were the actual violent stimuli, such as stabbing. The background noise and voices of the sound track enhanced the total number of EDRs. The results suggest that implied violence may elicit more fear (as measured by EDRs) than actual violence does and that sounds alone contribute significantly to the emotional response to television violence. One should not, therefore, categorically assume that a show with mostly actual violence evokes less fear than one with mostly implied violence.
Consideration of connective tissue dysfunction in the fragile X syndrome

Eleven cytogenetically documented patients with the fragile X syndrome were evaluated for hyperextensibility of the finger joints and the presence of other manifestations of connective tissue dysfunction. All of the patients had hyperextensibility of several finger joints and many had features such as flat feet, highly arched palate and the ability to voluntarily dislocate finger joints. These traits, particularly hyperextensibility of the joints, are a useful aid in the clinical diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome.
Complete system for characterization of spectrally selective fiber optic devices

We present an optical setup for complete characterization of fiber Bragg gratings and wavelength selective fiber-optic devices. We measure the spectral response of these devices either in transmission or in reflection geometry, and the wavelength dependency of the group delays due to chromatic and polarization mode dispersion, as well as the wavelength dependency of the polarization dependent loss.
Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Conducting Diblock Copolymers

Novel amphiphilic block copolymers have been synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), where one block is a precursor to a water-soluble polymer and the other block is a precursor to polyacetylene. The water-soluble block is made from a silyl ester protected carboxylic acid functionalized polymer. The silyl ester groups are used to protect the ROMP initiator from the carboxylic acid groups during polymerization and are easily deprotected afterward. The polyacetylene precursor block is made via ROMP using an approach known as the “Durham” route to polyacetylene. These amphiphilic block copolymers are surface active and quite amenable to the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) technique, whereby films of these materials were fabricated and converted to polyacetylene-containing films by heating. UV−visible spectroscopy showed that the polyacetylene chains are oriented mostly in the plane of the LB film and in the dipping direction of the substrate. Upon doping with iodine, these films were shown to h...
Circulatory retention of urinary factors as a stimulus to renal growth.

Circulatory retention of urinary factors as a stimulus to renal growth. Both unilateral nephrectomy and unilateral ureteral obstruction are followed by growth of the contralateral kidney. The mechanisms that initiate this compensatory renal hypertrophy, however, have not been established. The present study examined the possible role of reduced excretory function, or circulatory retention of urinary products, as a stimulus to renal growth. For this purpose, eight rats (½UR) were subjected to continual i.v. reinfusion of half their urine output for one week, a procedure that left the mass, and presumably the nonexcretory functions, of the kidneys intact. These rats were compared with eight rats with unilateral nephrectomy (Uni-Nx) and eight sham-manipulated control rats (SHAM). On the seventh day of the study, kidney weights, both wet and after drying at 100°C for 24 hr, were compared among the three groups. Mean individual kidney weights of the ½UR rats were increased in comparison with those of either SHAM rats (wet weight, 30% greater; dry weight, 25% greater; P Presence dans la circulation de facteurs urinaires agissant comme stimulus de la croissance du rein. La nephrectomie unilaterale et l'obstruction ureterale sont toutes deux suivies d'une augmentation de la taille du rein contralateral. Cependant, les mecanismes qui declenchent cette hypertrophie compensatrice n'ont pas ete etablis. Ce travail envisage le role possible d'une diminution de la fonction excretrice ou de la retention, dans la circulation, de facteurs urinaires comme stimulus de l'hypertrophie renale. Pour cela huit rats (½UR) ont ete soumis a la reinjection continue, pendant une semaine, de la moitie de leur debit urinaire, procede qui laisse intacte la masse de tissu renal et probablement aussi les fonctions non excretoires des reins. Ces rats ont ete compares a huit rats ayant subi une nephrectomie unilaterale (Uni-Nx) et huit rats ayant subi un simulacre d'intervention (SHAM). Au septieme jour de l'etude les poids des reins, humides et apres dessication a 100°C pendant 24 hr, ont ete compares dans les trois groupes. Les poids moyens des reins des rats ½UR sont superieurs a ceux des SHAM (poids humide, superieur de 30%; poids sec, superieur de 25%; P
Superfluid inhomogeneity and microwave absorption in a model for thin high-Tc superconducting films

We investigate the microwave absorption arising from inhomogeneity in the superfluid density of thin high-Tc superconducting films. Such inhomogeneities may arise from a wide variety of sources, including quenched random disorder and static charge density waves such as stripes. We show that both mechanisms will inevitably produce additional absorption at finite frequencies. We present simple model calculations for this extra absorption, and discuss applications to other transport properties in high-Tc materials. Finally, we discuss the connection of these predictions to recent measurements by Corson et al. (Nature (London) 398 (1999) 221) of absorption by the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8þd in the THz frequency regime.
Biosynthesis reaction mechanism and kinetics of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, dATP and dGTP.

The enzyme reaction mechanism and kinetics for biosyntheses of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) from the corresponding deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP) and deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP) catalyzed by pyruvate kinase were studied. A kinetic model for this synthetic reaction was developed based on a Bi-Bi random rapid equilibrium mechanism. Kinetic constants involved in this pyruvate kinase catalyzed phosphorylation reactions of deoxynucleoside diphosphates including the maximum reaction velocity, Michaelis-Menten constants, and inhibition constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses were experimentally determined. These kinetic constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses are of the same order of magnitude but significantly different between the two reactions. Kinetic constants involved in ATP and GTP biosyntheses as reported in literature are about one order of magnitude different from those involved in dATP and dGTP biosyntheses. This enzyme reaction requires Mg2+ ion and the optimal Mg2+ concentration was also determined. The experimental results showed a very good agreement with the simulation results obtained from the kinetic model developed. This kinetic model can be applied to the practical application of a pyruvate kinase reaction system for production of dATP and dGTP. There is a significant advantage of using enzymatic biosyntheses of dATP and dGTP as compared to the chemical method that has been in commercial use. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High harmonic generation from multiply ionized argon extending beyond 500 eV

By combining pulse self-compression and high harmonic generation within a single waveguide, we demonstrate harmonic emission from a multiply ionized gas, extending the cutoff photon energy in Ar to ≫ 500 eV.
Configuration Management in Terms of Modules

Modern programming languages support constructs like functions and classes that let programmers decompose source programs into modules. However, existing programming environments do not allow programmers to handle configuration management directly with them. Instead, system building and version control are usually handled with different decomposition structures. The modules used in configuration management do not always match the modules in the source code. This is both inconvenient and error-prone, since there is a gap between handling the source code and managing the configurations.
Forces between membranes approaching contact.

Cell stickiness to surfaces is recognized as an important concern in tests of red cell filterability. Many forces need be considered in order to think about the sources of cell sticking. As cell membranes are brought together they experience successively the domination of several classes of forces van der Waals attraction, electrostatic repulsion, hydration repulsion, and specific charge-charge interactions at contact. The behaviour of each of these forces is described in the context of red cell adhesion.
Receptor mediated subversion of macrophage cytokine production by intracellular pathogens.

Opriately regulated immune responses depend on the controlled production of cytokines from antigen presenting cells. IL-12 synthesis is tightly regulated by several redundant mechanisms. One mechanism of IL-12 regulation involves the cross-linking of surface receptors on macrophages. This pathway may be exploited by intracellular pathogens of macrophages to inhibit IL-12 production and delay or prevent the development of cell mediated immunity.
Locating well-conserved regions within a pairwise alignment

Within a single alignment of two DNA sequences or two protein sequences, some regions may be much better conserved than others. Such strong conservation may reveal a region that possesses an important function. When alignments are so long that it is infeasible, or at least undesirable, to inspect them in complete detail, it is helpful to have an automatic process that computes information about the varying degree of conservation along the alignment and displays the information in a graphical representation that is readily assimilated. This paper presents methods for computing several such 'robustness measures' at each position of a given alignment. These methods are all very space-efficient; they use only space proportional to the sum of the two sequence lengths. To illustrate their effectiveness, one of the methods is used to locate particularly well-conserved regions in the beta-globin gene locus control region and in the 5' flank of the gamma-globin gene.
Mechanical properties of the cuticles of three cockroach species that differ in their wind-evoked escape behavior

The structural and material properties of insect cuticle remain largely unexplored, even though they comprise the majority (approximately 80%) of animals. Insect cuticle serves many functions, including protection against predatory attacks, which is especially beneficial to species failing to employ effective running escape responses. Despite recent advances in our understanding of insect escape behaviors and the biomechanics of insect cuticle, there are limited studies on the protective qualities of cuticle to extreme mechanical stresses and strains imposed by predatory attacks, and how these qualities vary between species employing different escape responses. Blattarians (cockroaches) provide an appropriate model system for such studies. Wind-evoked running escape responses are strong in Periplaneta americana, weak in Blaberus craniifer and absent in Gromphodorhina portentosa, putting the latter two species at greater risk of being struck by a predator. We hypothesized that the exoskeletons in these two larger species could provide more protection from predatory strikes relative to the exoskeleton of P. americana. We quantified the protective qualities of the exoskeletons by measuring the puncture resistance, tensile strength, strain energy storage, and peak strain in fresh samples of thoracic and abdominal cuticles from these three species. We found a continuum in puncture resistance, tensile strength, and strain energy storage between the three species, which were greatest in G. portentosa, moderate in B. craniifer, and smallest in P. americana. Histological measurements of total cuticle thickness followed this same pattern. However, peak strain followed a different trend between species. The comparisons in the material properties drawn between the cuticles of G. portentosa, B. craniifer, and P. americana demonstrate parallels between cuticular biomechanics and predator running escape responses.
Exploring the Social Ledger: Negative Relationships and Negative Asymmetry in Social Networks in Organizations

We explore the role of negative relationships in the context of social networks in work organizations. Whereas network researchers have emphasized the benefits and opportunities derived from positive interpersonal relationships, we examine the social liabilities that can result from negative relationships in order to flesh out the entire “social ledger.” Deriving our argument from theory and research on negative asymmetry, we propose that these negative relationships may have greater power than positive relationships to explain workplace outcomes
Work Interference with Dinnertime as a Mediator and Moderator Between Work Hours and Work and Family Outcomes

Using a sample of U.S. IBM employees who are parents (N = 1,580), the authors evaluated whether work interference with dinnertime mediates and moderates the relationship between work hours and work, personal, and family outcomes. The negative relationships between work hours and success in personal life, relationships with spouse/partner and children, and the perception of an emotionally healthy workplace were mediated by work interference with dinnertime. The positive relationship between work hours and work—family conflict was partially mediated. Testing for interactions revealed evidence of the moderating effect of dinnertime and gender. These findings provide strong support for the potential role of dinnertime in reducing the negative work, personal, and family outcomes associated with long work hours and conflict in the work—family interface.
An integrated multi-element ultra-thin-film gas analyzer

The authors reports a multi-element gas analyzer realized in silicon as the hybrid of two dual-element detector chips and a control/interface chip. The detectors utilize ultra-thin metal sensing films supported by a selectively micromachined dielectric window. Boron-diffused silicon heaters under the windows permit the window temperature to he varied between ambient and over 1000 degrees C with a heating efficiency in vacuum of 20 degrees C/mW. The detector control chip contains interface circuitry for four such detectors. Window temperature is controlled from ambient to 1200 degrees C with eight-bit accuracy. Film conductivity is similarly measured to eight-bit accuracy for full-scale resistances from 5 ohms to 1.3 Mohms. Film conductivity measurements (magnitude and phase) can be made from DC to 2 MHz using the on-chip circuitry. On the output side, the interface chip utilizes a standard eight-line interface to a VLSI microcontroller, allowing the implementation of the analyzer as a smart peripheral. The detectors are realized using a six-mask process while the control chip is implemented in an eleven-mask 2 mu m CMOS process in a die size of 4.4 mm*6.6 mm. >
Application of the latency insertion method to circuits with blackbox macromodel representation

In this work the latency insertion method (LIM) is applied to the treatment of blackbox networks described by their frequency-domain scattering parameters. The method allows the simulation of passive macromodels in the LIM environment. This generalization allows LIM to simulate subnetworks with frequency-dependent parameters describing phenomena such as skin effect and substrate loss. The derivation of the algorithms is presented as well as simulation results to validate the method.
Quantifying economic and environmental tradeoffs of walnut arthropod pest management.

Many arthropod pesticides used by California walnut growers have been linked to water quality impairment. However lower risk alternatives are often associated with higher costs. The purpose of this paper was to: (1) identify currently practiced pest management strategies with probable high water quality impact, (2) quantify the importance of factors which affect economic tradeoffs associated with reducing water quality impact, and (3) identify pest management strategies that could potentially lower water quality impact with less economic consequence. An integrated analysis using environmental, economic and pesticide use data revealed that 96% of the pest management strategies analyzed were candidates for reducing the impact on water quality. Replacement of current pesticides by alternative pest controls lowered probable impact, but resulted in an economic tradeoff in the form of higher costs for the majority of growers. If biological control could eliminate the need for miticides and aphicides, this tradeoff could be replaced by savings for nearly half of the sample analyzed. This cost savings would most likely be realized by growers who currently have low numbers of pests that are not candidates for biological control, and relatively high use of organophosphates and miticides. The results indicated that if these pest management strategies had been replaced by alternative strategies and biological control, then total organophosphate, pyrethroid, and miticide active ingredient use would have been reduced by an average of 5 kg/hectare per year, while simultaneously lowering the grower’s pest management costs by an average of $128/hectare, thus contributing to both economic and environmental long-run sustainability.
Spontaneous mutations affecting transcriptional regulation by protocatechuate in Acinetobacter.

Positive selection yields Acinetobacter strains with a spontaneous mutation blocking catabolism of protocatechuate. For this study, the growth temperature during selection was lowered to 22°C: growth at 37°C was found to mask the role of the protocatechuate-responsive transcriptional regulator PcaU. The resulting mutants included those with amino acid substitutions useful for understanding PcaU structure and function, a 20-bp deletion whose repeated isolation suggested genetic instability of DNA in the putative PcaU operator, and a large deletion whose phenotype revealed that the supraoperonic cluster of genes for the protocatechuate branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway extends to genes for the utilization of C6–C10 straight-chain dicarboxylic acids including adipate.
Control of fuzzy discrete event systems and its applications to clinical treatment planning

In this paper, we further develop a modeling and control approach to fuzzy discrete event systems that we initially proposed in Lin, F. and H. Ying, (2001), (2002). We first investigate an optimal control problem in fuzzy discrete event systems. The problem is abstracted from real applications in biomedical fields. The control objective is to maximize a treatment effectiveness measure while keeping some cost below a given level. This problem is difficult because both the effectiveness function and the cost function are state dependent and hence are not monotonic. Furthermore, the state space of a fuzzy discrete event system is infinite in general. We develop an online approach that can solve this problem. We then apply this approach to HIV/AIDS treatment planning, because it is one of the most difficult treatments in medicine. We also develop a novel computerized treatment decision-making system based on the optimal control approach. The preliminary statistic evaluation of our system shows a strong agreement between the physicians and our system in terms of which treatment regimens to be used for patients of various conditions.
Optimizing the development of targeted agents in pancreatic cancer: tumor fine-needle aspiration biopsy as a platform for novel prospective ex vivo drug sensitivity assays.

At the present time, the optimal development of molecularly targeted anticancer agents is limited by the lack of clinically applicable tools to predict drug effects. This study aimed to develop methods that might be useful in predicting the efficacy of targeted agents in a novel model system of human pancreatic cancer. A series of xenografts were established in nude mice by implanting human pancreatic cancer tissue surgically resected from cancer patients. Animals were treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor temsirolimus, or vehicle. Tumor cells were sampled by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) before (baseline, day 0) and at the completion of 28 days of treatment. Cells obtained at baseline were exposed to erlotinib or temsirolimus in short-term cell culture conditions ( ex vivo ). Western blot analysis was done to determine the degree of inhibition in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and S6-ribosomal protein (downstream effectors of epidermal growth factor receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin, respectively) ex vivo and in vivo . Five of six xenografted tumors responded to temsirolimus, whereas only one tumor responded to erlotinib. The results of the ex vivo studies correctly predicted the pharmacodynamic effect of the agents in vivo as well as their gross antitumor effects. Finally, we showed the clinical feasibility of this approach, performing ex vivo assessment of drug-target response in FNAB samples from three patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer cells obtained by FNAB, an established minimally invasive diagnostic procedure, can be used to test ex vivo the effects of targeted anticancer agents. These effects correlate with antitumor activity in vivo and may therefore provide an important tool applicable to clinical trials. Ultimately, an approach of this nature may facilitate the further refinement of patient selection in favor of individuals with molecular profiles, predicting a greater likelihood of therapeutic benefit. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(2):515–23]
Frequent and infrequent panic:: A comparison of cognitive and autonomic reactivity

Abstract Ten subjects with Panic Disorder (frequent panic attacks) and ten subjects with infrequent panic attacks were assessed with four two-minute performance tasks: neutral imagery, hospitalization imagery, signal detection, and paced arithmetic. Trapezious EMG, galvanic skin conductance, and heart rate were monitored continuously; following each stimulus, measures of thought-listing and panic symptom distress were taken. Results reveal greater physiological reactivity (EMG and skin conductance) during paced arithmetic in the infrequent panic sample, while the frequent panic sample demonstrated greater reactivity on these measures during neutral and hospitalization imagery. Both groups reported a high frequency of thoughts concerning performance quality, the experimental tasks, and affective states other than anxiety, particularly dysphoria on the thought-listing measure. The infrequent panic sample appeared more aware of panic-related autonomic sensations, relative to the frequent panic sample, as indicated by symptom ratings. Implications for current accounts of cognitive factors in panic are discussed.
Residual stress analysis in thick uranium films

Abstract Residual stress analysis was performed on thick, 1–25 μm, depleted uranium (DU) films deposited on an Al substrate by magnetron sputtering. Two distinct characterization techniques were used to measure substrate curvature before and after deposition. Stress evaluation was performed using the Benabdi/Roche equation, which is based on beam theory of a bi-layer material. The residual stress evolution was studied as a function of coating thickness and applied negative bias voltage (0, −200, −300 V). The stresses developed were always compressive; however, increasing the coating thickness and applying a bias voltage presented a trend towards more tensile stresses and thus an overall reduction of residual stresses.
A novel method to determine the molecular weight of the oligomers of biodegradable polymer

The biodegradable polymers used in controlled release applications are primarily insoluble polymers which undergo chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis to form soluble monomeric or oligomeric units. To determine the endurance of the polymer after implantation or injection into the body it is important to determine the rate of elimination of the intermediates formed upon the hydrolysis of the polymer. It is essential to identify these intermediates before its elimination rate can be determined. Identification of these intermediates is a problem because they are difficult to isolate, and are thermally and hydrolytically unstable. A new technique is proposed, taking advantage of the neighboring group effect on the hydrolysis of ionic and non-ionic oligomers, to determine the molecular weight of unknown species that are formed upon hydrolysis of the polymer. The technique involves the determination of the specific acid and base catalytic rate constants. To demonstrate the technique, a time sequence synthesis was carried out to synthesize several oligomers that would be forming upon the hydrolysis of poly(butylene tartrate). Hydrolysis studies were conducted with these oligomers and the samples were analyzed by liquid chromtography. The observed rate constant for the hydrolysis under acidic and alkaline pH medium were calculated from the terminal slopes of the first order plot. The observed rate constants were further utilized to calculate the specific acid and base catalytic rate constants. These specific rate constants, along with the micro-hydrogen and -hydroxyl ion catalytic rate constants, were used to determine the molecular weight of the intermediate species. The molecular weight obtained from the kinetic parameters was in excellent agreement with the results obtained from fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The same type of analysis can be extended to any multifunctional group compound which has repeat units and can undergo a specific reaction which can be accurately measured.
Specialized Neuromuscular Training to Improve Neuromuscular Function and Biomechanics in a Patient With Quiescent Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to describe a novel multidisciplinary approach for evaluating and preparing a patient with quiescent juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) for safe sports participation. Case Description. The patient was a 10-year-old girl with a history of bilateral knee arthritis who desired to participate in soccer and basketball. Range of motion and manual muscle testing of the lower extremity were within normal limits. Neuromuscular testing included kinematic and kinetic testing, isokinetic assessment, and postural stability testing. The patient's gait was near normal; however, she had narrowed step width and increased knee flexion at heel-strike. Landing analysis during a box drop vertical jump task showed increased and imbalanced (right versus left lower extremity) peak impact forces. The testing was followed by specialized neuromuscular training (SNT). Outcomes. Following SNT, heel-strike and step width were within normal limits, peak impact forces on the box drop test decreased by 31%, imbalance decreased by 46%, and vertical jump increased 15%. The isokinetic strength ratio between knee flexors and extensors and the overall balance measures were within normal limits and equal bilaterally. Discussion. Patients with quiescent JRA may have abnormal biomechanics, which could place them at increased risk for injury or future articular cartilage damage. Specialized neuromuscular training may have helped to decrease the patient's risk for future injury or disease progression.
CP violation in B -meson decays

The pattern of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the bottom sector is discussed. We introduce general techniques to expose new $\mathrm{CP}$-violating effects in the cascade decays of $B$ mesons. In the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) model, the $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetries so obtained range from 2-20% for plausible values of the model parameters. This is to be compared with the small effects, of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, previously exhibited within this model. Effects of this size should be observable in upcoming experiments. Our approach stresses the on-shell transitions which make up the cascade decays of heavy mesons to ordinary hadrons, as opposed to the off-shell transitions which occur in the analogs of ${K}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{K}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ mixing. The $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetries generated by our techniques are of order $sin\ensuremath{\delta}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is the KM phase angle, and thus represent the maximum effects obtainable in this model.
FIRST YEAR SEEDLING RESPONSE TO THREE LEVELS OF SILVICULTURAL INPUT ON POST-SMCRA RECLAIMED LANDS 1

Surface mined lands in the Appalachian coal producing region reclaimed after the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) have been found to have dense ground covers, compacted soil materials, and unfavorable soil chemical properties. To address these concerns three study sites, which had been reclaimed post-SMCRA, were located in Lawrence County, Ohio, Nicholas County, West Virginia, and Wise County, Virginia. At each site, three species assemblages were planted across a gradient of three levels of silvicultural intensity intended to alleviate the previously mentioned problems associated with post-SMCRA mined land. Response to treatment was variable by site with the site in Virginia having the best survival and greatest growth of the three sites. Hardwood species survived better at all sites than white pine or hybrid poplar. Hardwood survival across treatments was 80 and 85% for sites in Virginia and West Virginia respectively, while only 50% in Ohio. Hybrid poplar height and diameter growth were superior to other species with the height growth of this species reaching 126.6cm in the most intensive treatment at the site in Virginia. Hybrid poplar biomass increased from 15.7g to 104.5g from the least intensive to the most intensive silvicultural treatment for the site in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Hybrid poplar's excellent response to silvicultural treatment and adequate survival, especially at the site in Virginia, may give this species an advantage over the others tested in this experiment for reverting post-SMCRA reclaimed mined lands supporting grasses back to forests.