cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting, growth management and public policy decision making

This paper's objective is to describe the interplay between forecasting and decision making. It shows how a forecast helped shape public policy and, in turn, how public policy influenced a forecast, within the context of the growth management effort underway in the San Diego region. The forecast identified economic challenges and land use issues facing the region and public policy actions were developed to address them. Normative forecasting best describes the relationship between the forecast and these public policy decisions. This ‘active’ approach to forecasting involves first deciding what future outcome is desirable and, then, designing policies and actions to achieve these outcomes.
MR and diffusion tensor imaging of isolated tentorial hypoplasia.

We report 3 patients (2 adults and 1 child) with isolated tentorial hypoplasia (ITH) from December 2015 to April 2016. Two patients did not have a visual field defect and ITH was an incidental finding on MRI. One patient was a 5-year-old boy with optic atrophy, who was referred by his ophthalmologist for brain MRI to rule out optic pathway mass. A focal defect in the right tentorium with herniation of the right temporal gyrus was found (figure 1, A and B). The second patient was a 43-year-old woman who was imaged for essential tremor. A focal right tentorial defect with herniation of the right cuneus was identified (figure 1C). In both patients, ITH was an incidental finding. The third patient was a 42-year-old woman who presented with blurry vision and found to have left-sided homonymous hemianopia on formal visual field testing (figure 2), with more prominent left homonymous inferior quadrantanopia (figure 3). The optic disc and central vision were normal. Direct ophthalmoscopy did not detect optic nerve hemihypoplasia. Brain MRI demonstrated a moderate-sized defect in the right tentorium and associated herniation of the medial right occipital gyri (figure 1D). Magnetic resonance DTI/tractography, an extension of diffusion-weighted imaging based on the measurement of Brownian motion of water molecules, demonstrated that at least a portion of the white matter extending into the herniated occipital lobe represents some of the visual pathway tracts (figures 1, E and F). The herniated and displaced white matter tracts correspond to the patient's symptomatology based on visual field testing.
Bacterial Production of Gellan Gum as a Do-It-Yourself Alternative to Agar.

Cost can be a steep barrier to participation in science. As a result, most research takes place in universities, government, and industry. Recently, a do-it-yourself (DIY) biology community has emerged outside of this system (1). DIY scientists often conduct their experiments in non-traditional settings (e.g., kitchens, garages, maker spaces) and fund their own work. To make microbiology more affordable in this and other educational environments, we became interested in a DIY replacement for agar. Agar is one of the most expensive and routinely utilized reagents in microbiology labs. It is used as a gelling agent in solid media for growing colonies. Agar is a mixture of polysaccharides that is processed from the cell walls of seaweed (red algae). These algae are currently harvested from the wild, which has contributed to fluctuations and shortages in the agar supply, most recently in 2015 (2). Microbes are already the source of many nutrients (e.g., yeast extract) and supplements (e.g., amino acids and antibiotics) used in common culture media. What if microbes could also cheaply produce a gelling agent? They can! Gellan gum is a capsular exopolysaccharide (EPS) that is naturally synthesized by the bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 (3, 4). Gellan gum is widely used as a solidifying agent in the food industry, and it is sold as a chemically purified product (e.g., GELRITE) for use in microbial growth media (3). Purification of gellan gum normally involves cultivating S. paucimobilis, several precipitation steps to separate the polysaccharide from cells, and a final drying phase (5). Here, we present a streamlined procedure for affordably producing gellan gum plates that requires only DIY equipment and ingredients.
The Case for Divine Timelessness

God, proclaims the prophet Isaiah, is “the high and lofty One who inhabits eternity” (Is. 57.15). In contrast to the pagan deities of Israel’s neighbors, Yahweh never came into existence nor will He ever cease to exist. As the Creator of the universe, He was there in the beginning, and He will be there at the end. “I the Lord, the first, and the last; I am He” (Is. 41.4). The New Testament writer to the Hebrews magnificently summarized the Old Testament teaching on God’s eternity: Thou, Lord, didst found the earth in the beginning, and the heavens are the work of thy hands; they will perish, but thou remainest; they will all grow old like a garment, like a mantle thou wilt roll them up, and they will be changed. But thou art the same, and thy years will never end (Heb. 1.10–12).
Is Spatial Context Privileged in the Neural Representation of Events

Spatial context has been central to theories of memory formation for decades, and it has been more recently suggested that an individual's spatial environment provides a base on which other components of a memory are built ([Robin et al., 2016][1]). Perhaps one reason for the initial focus on space
In the shadow of the double: Psychiatry and spiritism in Cuba.

This article traces the history of Cuba's first and only Spiritist mental clinic, founded in the 1940s in the central province of Camaguey and shut down by the revolutionary government in the 1960s. It analyzes the history of the clinic with respect to the virtual absence of institutional psychiatric care outside of Havana in these decades, but also in the context of a more enduring problematic: the persistent preference shown by Cubans for religiously grounded forms of mental healing. Namely, "In the Shadow of the Double" explores the broader geography of mental care within which Spiritists defined the uniqueness of their healing practice, vis-a-vis both institutional psychiatry, to which they theorized a relationship of strategic complementarity, and other forms of religiously grounded healing, which they disparaged as "backwards" and even dangerous. It is precisely this liminal status within the psychotherapeutic marketplace, I argue, that made their healing practice uniquely appealing to some, but also vulnerable to revolutionary atheism and public health extension after 1959. (PsycINFO Database Record
CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing to Disable the Latent HIV-1 Provirus

HIV-1 infection can be successfully controlled with anti-retroviral therapy (ART), but is not cured. A reservoir of cells harboring transcriptionally silent integrated provirus is able to reestablish replicating infection if ART is stopped. Latently HIV-1 infected cells are rare, but may persist for decades. Several novel strategies have been proposed to reduce the latent reservoir, including DNA sequence targeted CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of the HIV-1 provirus. A significant challenge to genome editing is the sequence diversity of HIV-1 quasispecies present in patients. The high level of quasispecies diversity will require targeting of multiple sites in the viral genome and personalized engineering of a CRISPR/Cas9 regimen. The challenges of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to the rare latently infected cells and quasispecies sequence diversity suggest that effective genome editing of every provirus is unlikely. However, recent evidence from post-treatment controllers, patients with controlled HIV-1 viral burden following interruption of ART, suggests a correlation between a reduced number of intact proviral sequences and control of the virus. The possibility of reducing the intact proviral sequences in patients by a genome editing technology remains intriguing, but requires significant advances in delivery to infected cells and identification of effective target sites.
Effective Appellate Advocacy: Tips from the Teams

Professor Rychlak gives tips, wisdom, and advice about appellate arguments that he has learned during many years of coaching law school moot court teams. Some of the advice comes from judges and attorneys, and all of the information can help attorneys prepare better briefs and oral arguments for their clients.
A Tale of Two Ambitions: Caregiving and Career Ambitions among Men and Women

Caregiving ambition, which is defined in terms of the ambition to care for others both directly (the provider dimension) and indirectly (the provision dimension) above and beyond obligation, has im...
Dinuclear Metal‐ProPhenol Catalysts: Development and Synthetic Applications

The ProPhenol ligand is a member of the chiral aza-crown family that spontaneously forms a bimetallic complex upon treatment with alkyl metal reagents, such as Et2 Zn and Bu2 Mg. The resulting complex features Lewis acidic and Bronsted basic sites, enabling simultaneous activation of both nucleophile and electrophile in the same chiral environment. Since the initial report in 2000, metal-ProPhenol catalysts have been used to facilitate a broad range of asymmetric transformations, including aldol, Mannich, and Henry reactions, as well as alkynylations and conjugation additions. By promoting such a diverse array of reactions, these complexes provide rapid and atom-economical access to valuable complex building blocks. In this Review, we describe in detail the development and synthetic applications of these versatile catalysts with a special focus on recent efforts to improve reactivity and selectivity through ligand design and structural modification.
Abstract 095: Mutation in the Furin Cleavage Site of the Prorenin Receptor Attenuates Angiotensin-II Induced Hypertension and Albuminuria

Cleavage of the extra-cellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) yields a soluble fragment (sPRR) which can promote angiotensin-II (Ang-II) formation. Although alterations in plasma sPRR leve...
Methods for Enhancing Causal Inference in Observational Studies

When making health care decisions, patients, their providers, and health care policymakers need evidence on the benefits and harms of different treatment options. Many questions in medicine are not amenable to randomized controlled trials (RCT). The use of observational data, such as insurance claims data, tumor registry data, quality collaborative databases, and clinical registries, to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of various treatment strategies is an attractive alternative. However, causal inference is more difficult in observational studies than in RCTs because patients are not randomly assigned to treatment groups. The objectives of this chapter are to discuss the challenges with using observational data to assess treatment effectiveness and to review methods for enhancing causal inference. Investigators need to identify potential threats to the validity of their results including selection bias, confounding, and measurement bias. Studies that do not account for such threats to validity can produce biased effect estimates that contribute to inappropriate treatment and policy decisions. In this chapter, we focus on careful study design and encourage intimate knowledge of the observational dataset, especially when using administrative data. Finally, we review statistical methods including multivariate analysis, propensity score analysis, and instrumental variable analysis that may be used to adjust for bias and strengthen causal inference. Several clinical examples are provided throughout to demonstrate threats to validity and the statistical methods used to address them.
Use of an abdominal reapproximation anchor system in the closure of large, open myelomeningoceles

Open neural tube defects are complex congenital abnormalities of the nervous system in which nervous tissue is exposed on the patient's back at the time of delivery. These malformations require surgical correction, and although replacement of the neural placode internally is fairly standard, providing skin closure can be very challenging especially in large defects. An abdominal reapproximation anchor (ABRA) device may be of value in attaining skin closure in these large, open myelomeningocele defects in which primary closure cannot be accomplished surgically. In a study period during which 65 patients underwent surgical closure of open myelomeningocele defects, 5 of them underwent ABRA-assisted closure.The average surgical intervention for myelomeningocele repair occurred on day 2.2 of life (range 2-3 days). The average defect size was 37 cm2 (range 16-56 cm2), and the average time to formal closure was 30.8 days (range 8-63 days). One of the patients had natural closure with just ABRA approximation. The remaining 4 patients underwent formal delayed primary closure when the skin edges became approximated. Use of the ABRA system in the closure of a large, open myelomeningocele may be valuable in select patients but requires further follow-up and comparison to identify truly significant differences with traditional techniques.
ThinVR: Heterogeneous microlens arrays for compact, 180 degree FOV VR near-eye displays

Today's Virtual Reality (VR) displays are dramatically better than the head-worn displays offered 30 years ago, but today's displays remain nearly as bulky as their predecessors in the 1980's. Also, almost all consumer VR displays today provide 90–110 degrees field of view (FOV), which is much smaller than the human visual system's FOV which extends beyond 180 degrees horizontally. In this paper, we propose ThinVR as a new approach to simultaneously address the bulk and limited FOV of head-worn VR displays. ThinVR enables a head-worn VR display to provide 180 degrees horizontal FOV in a thin, compact form factor. Our approach is to replace traditional large optics with a curved microlens array of custom-designed heterogeneous lenslets and place these in front of a curved display. We found that heterogeneous optics were crucial to make this approach work, since over a wide FOV, many lenslets are viewed off the central axis. We developed a custom optimizer for designing custom heterogeneous lenslets to ensure a sufficient eyebox while reducing distortions. The contribution includes an analysis of the design space for curved microlens arrays, implementation of physical prototypes, and an assessment of the image quality, eyebox, FOV, reduction in volume and pupil swim distortion. To our knowledge, this is the first work to demonstrate and analyze the potential for curved, heterogeneous microlens arrays to enable compact, wide FOV head-worn VR displays.
The role of atrial natriuretic peptide and endothelin 1 on congenital heart failure of newborns

Objective To investigate the role of atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) of newborns with congenital heart failure and its clinical significance.Methods One hundred newborns with congenital heart disease were selected as our subjects.They were divided into 3 groups according to cardiac function grading criteria and that were grade Ⅰ group(30 cases),grade Ⅱ group(40 cases) and grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ group(30 cases).Another 30 normal newborns were served as control group matched with age,gender.ET-1,ANP were detected.Results The levels of ET-1 and ANP in newborns of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ were (132.35 ±5.26) ng/L and (9.25 ± 2.37) pmol/L,significant higher than that in control group((53.62 ± 3.81) ng/L and (1.15 ±0.09) pmol/L;P ＜0.01).As the severity of the disease in newborns with congenital heart failure,the level of ET-1,ANP were activated more.There was a positive correlation between ET-1 and grade of cardiac function (r =0.35,P ＜ 0.01).Meanwhile,it also showed a positive correlation between ANP and cardiac function (r =0.72,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion ET-1,ANP in newborns with congenital heart disease are activated with characterized of chronic heart failure,and related to severity of the disease. Key words: Newborns congenital heart disease; Heart failure; Heart defects; Endothelin 1 ; Atrial natriuretic peptide
Clinical considerations in the psychological evaluation of gestational surrogates: uses of narrative assessment.

Potential risks and ethical considerations inherent in surrogacy arrangements place tremendous responsibility on mental health professionals performing the necessary assessments, yet there is littl...
Analysis of Safety Policy Making: Implications for School Psychologists

Despite data indicating that schools are safe, and safer today than they were 20 years ago, it is not uncommon for both the general public and school policymakers to exaggerate safety threats following high-fatality school shootings such as the attack on Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. Often this leads to reactionary policies not supported by science. This paper reviews current school safety policy making efforts, with special attention directed to a policy analysis conducted by the Education Commission of the States, reviews the literature surrounding school safety approaches, and draws contrasts between the two. Implications for school psychology practice and for school safety advocacy are discussed.
Implementation of perinatal collaborative care: a health services approach to perinatal depression care.

Aim Our objective was to integrate lessons learned from perinatal collaborative care programs across the United States, recognizing the diversity of practice settings and patient populations, to provide guidance on successful implementation. Background Collaborative care is a health services delivery system that integrates behavioral health care into primary care. While efficacious, effectiveness requires rigorous attention to implementation to ensure adherence to the core evidence base. Methods Implementation strategies are divided into three pragmatic stages: preparation, program launch, and program growth and sustainment; however, these steps are non-linear and dynamic. Findings The discussion that follows is not meant to be prescriptive; rather, all implementation tasks should be thoughtfully tailored to the unique needs and setting of the obstetric community and patient population. In particular, we are aware that implementation on the level described here assumes commitment of both effort and money on the part of clinicians, administrators, and the health system, and that such financial resources are not always available. We conclude with synthesis of a survey of existing collaborative care programs to identify implementation practices of existing programs.
Exploration of thermal counterflow in He II using particle tracking velocimetry

Particle tracking velocimetry is applied to thermal counterflow in superfluid helium (He II), and the first method for separately analyzing the normal fluid and quantized vortex tangle velocities is presented, opening the door to new quantitative measurements of quantum turbulence.
Alimentos Ciencia e Ingeniería 18-1

Investigar es atreverse a descubrir, es intentar recrear una realidad determinada utilizando la rigurosidad del metodo cientifico, es resignificar los hechos naturales y sociales desde una nueva dimension, la de la busqueda permanente y sistematica de la esencia de las cosas y la comprension de las mismas, orientada por objetivos claramente definidos Pero, la busqueda creativa implica en primer lugar romper los viejos moldes de observacion que dan por verdadero aquello que siempre se creyo que era asi a fuerza de mirarlo. Requiere nuevas formas de leer la realidad, desde una perspectiva de totalidad, pensamiento sistemico y complejo. Exige problematizar esa realidad utilizando el pensamiento lateral en perspectiva de encontrar nuevas relaciones que nos permitan interpretarla y comprenderla a la luz de la teoria cientifica disponible, y de esta manera acercarnos a la esencia de la misma. Es necesario precisar inclusive que mas alla de las consideraciones metodologicas estan las preguntas clave como: ?Ciencia para que? ?Ciencia para quien?, que nos obligan a entender que lo de fondo, lo realmente importante es mejorar las condiciones y calidad de vida de los seres humanos y entender que la ciencia y tecnologia se constituyen en herramientas poderosas para lograrlo en la medida que esten atravesadas por una bioetica social. La Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenieria de Alimentos convirtio a la investigacion en eje vertebrador de la formacion de sus estudiantes a lo largo de su historia y varios de sus lideres y lideresas impulsaron el que se asumiera, valga la analogia, como un componente “genetico" que guiara de manera natural a la busqueda incansable de la verdad. La investigacion que no se socializa, sin embargo no transforma nada, en el mejor de los casos es adorno provisional de estanterias, o altar superfluo de egolatrias momentaneas, sin significacion alguna para la vida de las personas, porque el verdadero conocimiento, el que llega a los otros, porque se comunica: enriquece, se usa, genera aprendizajes, se aplica, modifica vidas. La revista cientifica de la Facultad de Ciencia e ingenieria de Alimentos es un aporte fundamental para el Pais y la conviccion y responsabilidad que motivan a sus autoridades, especialmente la senora Subdecana Ingeniera Gladys Navas es encomiable. Estamos seguros que se alcanzara el proposito fundamental de la revista :evidenciar la produccion de conocimientos de los actores sociales de esa unidad academica, transformar realidades y demostrar que el compromiso con la formacion de seres humanos y con la Ciencia es ante todo una postura etica.
Image- vs. histogram-based considerations in semantic segmentation of pulmonary hyperpolarized gas images

Magnetic resonance imaging using hyperpolarized gases has made possible the novel visualization of airspaces, such as the human lung, which has advanced research into the growth, development, and pathologies of the pulmonary system. In conjunction with the innovations associated with image acquisition, multiple image analysis strategies have been proposed and refined for the quantification of such lung imaging with much research effort devoted to semantic segmentation, or voxelwise classification, into clinically-oriented categories based on ventilation levels. Given the functional nature of these images and the consequent sophistication of the segmentation task, many of these algorithmic approaches reduce the complex spatial image information to intensity-only considerations, which can be contextualized in terms of the intensity histogram. Although facilitating computational processing, this simplifying transformation results in the loss of important spatial cues for identifying salient image features, such as ventilation defects (a well-studied correlate of lung pathophysiology), as spatial objects. In this work, we discuss the interrelatedness of the most common approaches for histogram-based optimization of hyperpolarized gas lung imaging segmentation and demonstrate how certain assumptions lead to suboptimal performance, particularly in terms of measurement precision. In contrast, we illustrate how a convolutional neural network is optimized (i.e., trained) directly within the image domain to leverage spatial information. This image-based optimization mitigates the problematic issues associated with histogram-based approaches and suggests a preferred future research direction. Importantly, we provide the entire processing and evaluation framework, including the newly reported deep learning functionality, as open-source through the well-known Advanced Normalization Tools ecosystem (ANTsX).
From Binary Model Systems to the Human Microbiome: Factors That Drive Strain Specificity in Host-Symbiont Associations

Microbial symbionts are ubiquitous and can have significant impact on hosts. These impacts can vary in the sign (positive or negative) and degree depending on the identity of the interacting partners. Studies on host-symbiont associations indicate that subspecies (strain) genetic variation can influence interaction outcomes, making it necessary to go beyond species-level distinction to understand host-symbiont dynamics. In this review, we discuss examples of strain specificity found in host-symbiont associations, from binary model systems to the human microbiome. Although host and bacterial factors identified as mediators for specificity could be distinct at the molecular level, they generally fall into two broad functional categories: 1) those that contribute a required activity in support of the association and 2) those involved in antagonistic interactions with organisms outside of the association. We argue here based on current literature that factors from these two categories can work in concert to drive strain specificity and that this strain specificity must be considered to fully understand the molecular and ecological dynamics of host-symbiont associations, including the human microbiome.
Heart rate: Activity mismatch as a prognostic marker of survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Background: Performance status (PS) is the foundation for clinical trial eligibility criteria and the basis for treatment decisions in the treatment of NSCLC, but it is limited by subjectivity and potential miscommunication between patient, physician, and family. Activity trackers use is widespread and offers the potential to collect a broad range of patient generated data (steps, activity, heart rate, calories, sleep, etc.) to supplement the assessment of PS while minimizing subjectivity. Here we evaluated a clinical observation that elevated heart rate at rest is prognostic of survival. Methods: Patients with metastatic NSCLC were asked to participate in a prospective, observational study of potential prognostic survival factors that included wearing a FitBit tracker with a goal to measure HR-Activity mismatch measured by 2 parameters: 1) Heart Rate-Activity Mismatch (HAM) by percent of time when HR is high and activity is moderate or low over a day;2) inappropriate HR (iHR) is the ratio of time with elevated HR/sedentary minutes average over a week. Correlation and regression analyses were performed for the initial 55 patients enrolled prior to COVID restrictions using data limited to the average of 7 days with wear > 500 minutes closest to date of consent. Results: We enrolled 55 patients with metastatic NSCLC. There were 35 females and 20 males with a median age of 67 years. A majority of patients were never (38%, n = 21) or former smokers (40%, n = 22);adenocarcinoma (83%, n = 83%) was the most common histology. 30% (n = 17) patients were on 2 or greater line of therapy. 52 were included for survival analysis and 21 expired with median survival 226 days (149, NA). As average daily steps increased by 1000, the hazard of death decreased by a factor of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.93, p = 0.018). As daily average distance increased by 1 mile, the hazard of death decreased by 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.91, p = 0.019). For HAM, the risk of death increased by 1.14 (95% CI: 1, 1.13, p = 0.046) for every 10% increase in HAM. For iHR 1. Steps, Distance, HAM and iHR were not statistically different by gender. Conclusions: Tracker-based measures of steps/distance and HR-Activity are prognostic of survival in NSCLC and may be useful to supplement evaluation of PS in clinical trials and practice.
The mechanism of DNA replication termination in vertebrates

Eukaryotic DNA replication terminates when replisomes from adjacent replication origins converge. Termination involves local completion of DNA synthesis, decatenation of daughter molecules and replisome disassembly. Termination has been difficult to study because termination events are generally asynchronous and sequence nonspecific. To overcome these challenges, we paused converging replisomes with a site-specific barrier in Xenopus egg extracts. Upon removal of the barrier, forks underwent synchronous and site-specific termination, allowing mechanistic dissection of this process. We show that DNA synthesis does not slow detectably as forks approach each other, and that leading strands pass each other unhindered before undergoing ligation to downstream lagging strands. Dissociation of the replicative CMG helicase (comprising CDC45, MCM2-7 and GINS) occurs only after the final ligation step, and is not required for completion of DNA synthesis, strongly suggesting that converging CMGs pass one another and dissociate from double-stranded DNA. This termination mechanism allows rapid completion of DNA synthesis while avoiding premature replisome disassembly.
Human endothelial cells in vitro.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the different aspects of human endothelial cells in vitro . Arterial vascular disease accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. In many of these conditions, endothelial injury has been postulated to be an important component. There have been numerous attempts to propagate endothelial cells in vitro to study suspected pathogenic factors in a systematic fashion under conditions where individual variables can be manipulated. The identification of cells in vitro is often difficult, depending on the maintenance of in vivo functional and/or morphological traits. An additional feature characteristic of endothelial cells is the presence of the cell surface enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme. Human endothelial cells, like all mammalian cells, require plasma or serum for continued proliferation. In serum-free media at sparse density, the cells become quiescent and do not proliferate. If endothelial cells produce a mitogen, consideration of the relationships of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vivo becomes considerably more complex.
Application of multiresolution analysis to the modeling of microwave and optical structures

A review of wavelet based techniques for the modeling of electromagnetic and optical structures is provided in this paper. Fundamental theoretical aspects of Multiresolution Analysis are mentioned along with mathematical properties of wavelet bases that lead to the construction of highly efficient numerical schemes and fast algorithms. Applications of such schemes in the field of time and frequency domain analysis of electromagnetic geometries are shown and the recently developed Multiresolution Time Domain technique is extensively presented. The analysis and evaluation of wavelet based techniques indicates their potential to provide fast and accurate solutions, thus broadening the limits of existing electromagnetic solvers.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Galactic and Extragalactic Jets

Jets, or narrow, high-velocity plasma streams, are ubiquitous in the universe. Our own galaxy, just in the region near Earth, contains over a dozen jets which are formed by very young or old stars accreting nearby material. These “galactic jets” typically consist of neutral or ionized atomic material, and are visible due to emission lines of common elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. They extend over distances up to of order 104 AU (1 AU = 1.5 × 1013 cm) before dissipating or being stopped by the tenuous interstellar medium. Beyond the reaches of our own galaxy are numerous “extragalactic jets” which are formed in the centers of distant galaxies. Accretion on to super-massive black holes (mass of order 109 solar masses) are thought to power these jets, though until recently there has been little direct evidence for this. These jets are thought to consist of ionized plasma containing electrons and positive particles (either protons or positrons) in a magnetic field. They shine via synchrotron emission from the most energetic electrons, which have Lorentz factors γ > 103. The extragalactic jets are very energetic, and have flow speeds approaching the velocity of light (c). They may extend over distances exceeding 106 parsecs (1 pc = 3 × 1018 cm) from the host galaxy.
Reconciling Justice and Efficiency: Integrating Environmental Justice into Domestic Cap-and-Trade Programs for Controlling Greenhouse Gases

In the last thirty years, two opposing trends have emerged in environmental policy: environmental justice and market-based mechanisms. They present fundamental tensions. The environmental justice movement’s distributional goals conflict with market programs’ focus on cost-effectively achieving aggregate goals, without regard to distribution. And the environmental justice movement’s participatory goals conflict with market programs’ focus on industry autonomy and privatized decisionmaking. The tension between environmental justice and markets is arising in the context of cap-and-trade programs for greenhouse gases (GHGs). While GHGs do not impose localized harms, GHG trading policies nonetheless raise distributional issues because GHG gas emissions are inevitably accompanied by co-pollutants that do. After exploring the tensions between environmental justice and market goals, this book chapter articulates the importance of designing policies that attempt to achieve both justice and efficiency. Addressing the co-pollutant consequences of GHG trading policies could better serve overall social welfare than a narrow focus on GHG reductions alone. Incorporating arguments first articulated in Environmental Justice and Domestic Climate Change Policy, 38 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER, NEWS & ANALYSIS 10287 (2008), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1077675, the chapter proposes several practical design mechanisms that could incorporate greater equity into cap-and-trade programs. Exploring the tension between equity and efficiency, the article addresses the potential economic and administrative efficiency consequences associated with each mechanism to achieve equity.
The Impact of Lottery Incentives on Student Survey Response Rates

Lottery incentives are widely used by institutional researchers despite a lack of research documenting the effectiveness of postpaid incentives in general and lottery incentives in particular. A controlled experiment tested the effects of lottery incentives using a prospective college applicant Web survey, with e-mails sent to more than 9,000 high school students. The impact of the level of lottery incentive on response rates and response bias is discussed.
The Role of Energy Coupling in the Transport of β-Galactosides by Escherichia coli

Abstract Lactose and o-nitrophenylgalactoside (NPG) were transported against considerable concentration gradients by ML 308-225, a mutant of Escherichia coli which lacks β-galactosidase but possesses a constitutive transport system for β-galactosides. The kinetics of influx of NPG during this accumulation were found to be the same as those found for this galactoside moving down a concentration gradient into ML 308, i.e. transport into the parent cell containing β-galactosidase. When cells of ML 308-225 were exposed to azide, azide plus iodoacetate, or dinitrophenol transport of these galactosides against a concentration gradient was completely abolished. However, the presence of functional membrane carriers in such inhibited cells was indicated by (a) very rapid equilibration of external and internal concentrations of galactoside, (b) inhibition of the rate of this equilibration by chemical analogues, and (c) transientaccumulation of substrate by washed cells preloaded with galactoside. All the evidence was consistent with the hypothesis that the same membrane carriers were involved in active transport by control cells and facilitated diffusion by poisoned cells. The most striking finding was that the addition of metabolic inhibitors reduced the Kt of exit about two orders of magnitude, whereas the Kt of entrance remained constant. It was inferred from these studies that energy coupling reduced the affinity of the carrier for its substrate on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The possible physiological control of energy coupling of transport was discussed in the light of the present observations.
Entering the Global Market Place of the 21st Century: Strategies, Risks, and Modes for International Expansion of Chinese Businesses

The purpose of this article is to discuss the risks for Chinese companies that are interested in pursuing international business opportunities. Drawing from personal industry experience, experience teaching Chinese entrepreneurs/managers in China, and marketing management class lectures, I discuss some of the issues related to the why and how to go international. In addition, I discuss some of the strategies, the risks, and the modes of entry associated with doing business internationally. Originally, this article was written in English, translated into Mandarin, and published in Mandarin in the China Import/Export Bank trade magazine for Chinese business practitioners and managers.
The Fourth Amendment Goes to War

In October 2001 - not quite six weeks after the 9/11 attacks on the United States - the Office of Legal Counsel in the Justice Department prepared an opinion on the question (among others) of whether the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment would apply to domestic military operations against later such attacks inside the United States. The opinion concluded that it would not. The present writer was one of the co-authors of that opinion. The opinion was released in March 2009 by the new Administration's Justice Department, and was immediately subjected to a barrage of criticism in the media. This article answers those criticisms and defends the opinion's conclusions.
A moonshine module for the Monster

The theory of finite simple groups was for a long time a rather isolated and unusual branch of mathematics. It achieved its goal in 1981 when a proof of the classification theorem was completed. This unique proof, comprising several thousand pages of published articles and preprints, leads to the following list of finite simple groups (see [12] for the details): the groups of Lie type, the alternating groups and the 26 sporadic groups. While each of the first two classes has a uniform description, the groups in the third class still have quite different constructions. The largest sporadic group, called the Monster and denoted F1, was predicted independently by B. Fischer and R. Griess in 1973. It contains 20 or 21 of the sporadic groups and has order >8 – 1053. This group gave rise to many mysteries even before its actual appearance, promising deep connections with different areas of mathematics.
Homeostatic capabilities of the choroid plexus epithelium in Alzheimer's disease

As the secretory source of vitamins, peptides and hormones for neurons, the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium critically provides substances for brain homeostasis. This distributive process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume transmission reaches many cellular targets in the CNS. In ageing and ageing-related dementias, the CP-CSF system is less able to regulate brain interstitial fluid. CP primarily generates CSF bulk flow, and so its malfunctioning exacerbates Alzheimers disease (AD). Considerable attention has been devoted to the blood-brain barrier in AD, but more insight is needed on regulatory systems at the human blood-CSF barrier in order to improve epithelial function in severe disease. Using autopsied CP specimens from AD patients, we immunocytochemically examined expression of heat shock proteins (HSP90 and GRP94), fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFr) and a fluid-regulatory protein (NaK2Cl cotransporter isoform 1 or NKCC1). CP upregulated HSP90, FGFr and NKCC1, even in end-stage AD. These CP adjustments involve growth factors and neuropeptides that help to buffer perturbations in CNS water balance and metabolism. They shed light on CP-CSF system responses to ventriculomegaly and the altered intracranial pressure that occurs in AD and normal pressure hydrocephalus. The ability of injured CP to express key regulatory proteins even at Braak stage V/VI, points to plasticity and function that may be boosted by drug treatment to expedite CSF dynamics. The enhanced expression of human CP 'homeostatic proteins' in AD dementia is discussed in relation to brain deficits and pharmacology.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) is a receptor for streptokinase on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts

Summary Plasminogen (Pg) binds to synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis with a very high affinity and in a dose-dependent manner. The Pg receptor in these cells is composed of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa related protein (αIIbβ3) in association with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). Pg binds via its kringles to the β3 subunit of αIIbβ3, which is in the vicinity of receptor-bound urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Activation of Pg to plasmin (Pm) by uPA induces a conformational change in the molecule, which facilitates the interaction of Pm-carbohydrate chains with DPP IV. This interaction induces a rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration. The streptococcal Pg activator streptokinase (SK) also binds to rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts with high affinity and in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, normal synovial fibroblasts do not bind SK. Cell-bound SK can activate Pg and induces a cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization which differs in nature from the response observed after activation by uPA. SK binding can be inhibited by fibronectin (FN), but not by Pg- or Pm-derived heavy chain. The receptor for SK was purified by affinity chromatography and identified as DPP IV. SK and FN bind to DPP IV via the amino acid sequence LTSRPA, common to both ligands. Our studies suggest that Pg/Pm binding to rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts can be regulated via two distinct types of binding sites on DPP IV. The first site involves direct binding via a lectin-like interaction. The second site functions in association with FN/SK. These findings suggest an important role of DPP IV in the regulation of Pg binding and activation on the surface of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
EARLY PREDICTORS OF SCHOOL ENGAGEMENT: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF PEER RELATIONSHIPS

School engagement is an important theoretical and practical cornerstone to the promotion of school completion. The current study explores the influences of childhood peer relationships in the third grade predicting school engagement at Grade 5. Participants are among the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (Research Triangle Institute, 2002). Given the importance of evaluating school engagement as a complex developmental process, longitudinal and multi-informant data were used to account for various child characteristics as well as relationships with parents that may affect school engagement. Results indicate that peer friendship quality, support from friends, and aggressive behavior toward peers all uniquely relate to school engagement. Implications for intervention are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
a look into the temporary employment industry and its workers

This article offers a brief overview of the contingent worker industry and its employees. In addition to defining temporary worker, the authors describe the importance of the temporary worker industry to the U.S. economy and the forces that have driven this industry's rapid growth. The changing profile of temporary workers, the benefits and drawbacks of temporary work, and ways employment counselors can help clients make the best use of temporary work arrangements are also discussed.
Ventral pallidal injections of a mu antagonist block the development of behavioral sensitization to systemic morphine.

Acute activation of opioid receptors in the ventral pallidum increases motor behaviors in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the possibility that the ventral pallidum influences motor responses induced by chronic opiate treatments and to examine the receptors that may be involved in such an effect. For five consecutive days, ambulations were quantified after rats received once-daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of morphine (10 mg/kg) or saline following bilateral intra-ventral pallidal injections of either saline (0.5 microl/hemisphere), the mu antagonist CTOP (2. 1 microg/0.5microl/hemisphere), or the D1 antagonist SCH23390 (0.25 microg/0.5microl/hemisphere). Behavioral sensitization to an acute morphine challenge (10 mg/kg i.p.) was assessed 72 h after terminating the repeated treatment regimen. Rats who repeatedly received the intra-ventral pallidal saline + i.p. morphine exhibited increases in ambulations during the chronic treatment protocol and this effect was greatly enhanced (i.e., sensitized) following the post withdrawal acute morphine challenge. Rats repeatedly treated with intra-ventral pallidal CTOP + i.p. morphine did not display a motor response either during the chronic treatment regime or to the acute morphine challenge; an effect not seen when CTOP was injected into brain structures located dorsal to the ventral pallidum. The rats repeatedly treated with intra-ventral pallidal injections of SCH23390 + i.p. morphine demonstrated a motor response during the chronic protocol but the magnitude of this response was not significantly enhanced by the acute morphine challenge. These results demonstrate that: 1) mu opioid and D1-like dopamine receptors in the ventral pallidum influence the increase in locomotion that occurs during repeated morphine treatments; and 2) mu opioid (but not D1) receptors in the ventral pallidum are important in the postwithdrawal sensitized response to morphine. Such observations indicate that the ventral pallidum plays a critical role in morphine-induced behavioral sensitization.
Thermal properties of single-crystal La2CuO4- Delta.

We report measurements of the thermal conductivity, Raman spectrum, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat of a single crystal of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ from room temperature down to 10 K. We observe a sharp kink in the heat conductivity near 250 K in the [001] direction and a broader anomaly in the range 130-200 K in the [110] direction. These features have been correlated, in terms of a strongly temperature-dependent phonon-magnon scattering mechanism, with changes in the magnetic structure as identified through susceptibility studies. These results differ substantially from experiments on sintered samples, which show a thermal conductivity more reminiscent of a tunneling system. It is suggested that the amorphouslike behavior of the sintered materials is an artifact of their rather poor crystalline nature, which masks the intrinsic effects associated with the single crystal as reported here.
A metrizamide-impermeable capsid in the DNA packaging pathway of bacteriophage T7.

Capsids from lysates of bacteriophage T7-infected Escherichia coli have been subjected to buoyant density sedimentation in metrizamide density gradients. Some particles of a T7 capsid previously referred to as capsid II ( Serwer, 1976 ) had a density of 1·275 g/cm3 (metrizamide high-density capsid II or MHD capsid II) and others had a density of 1·086 to 1·100 g/cm3 (metrizamide lowdensity capsid II or MLD capsid II). The densities of MHD and MLD capsids II in cesium chloride density gradients indicate that MLD capsid II has a lower density than MHD capsid II in metrizamide gradients because the preferential solvation, Γ′, of MLD capsid II (2·4 to 1·9 g/g) is higher than the Γ′ of MHD capsid II (0·25 g/g). Data are presented indicating that the higher Γ′ of MLD capsid II occurs because the envelope of MLD capsid II is impermeable and the envelope of MHD capsid II is permeable to metrizamide. Electron microscopy revealed that most MLD capsid II particles had an internal, cylindrical core and that most MHD capsid II particles did not. The results of kinetic labeling experiments suggest that MLD and MHD capsids II are either precursors to the capsid of bacteriophage T7 or degradation products of such precursors. MLD capsid II and MHD capsid II have been characterized by electrophoresis in agarose gels using non-denaturing conditions, sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and velocity sedimentation.