cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of mechanical strain on thermal conductivity of nanoscale aluminum films

Abstract Thin film components of conventional and flexible solid-state devices experience mechanical strain during fabrication and operation. At the bulk scale, small values of strain do not affect thermal conductivity, but this may not true for grain sizes comparable with the electron and phonon mean free paths and for higher volume fraction of grain boundaries. To investigate this hypothesis, thermal and electrical conductivity of nominally 125-nm-thick aluminum films (average grain size 50 nm) were measured as functions of tensile thermo-mechanical strain, using a modified version of the 3-ω technique. Experimental results show pronounced strain–thermal conductivity coupling, with ∼50% reduction in thermal conductivity at ∼0.25% strain. The analysis shows that mechanical strain decreases the mean free path of the thermal conduction electrons, primarily through enhanced scattering at the moving grain boundaries. This conclusion is supported by similar effects of mechanical loading observed on the electrical conduction in the nanoscale aluminum specimens.
Data Flow Languages

The author states that in a data flow language, locality of effect is easily achieved. But obtaining freedom from side effects requires a fundamental alteration in the execution model of the language. 34 references.
Affective and associative qualities in the learning styles of Chicanos and Anglos

The role of affective and associative meaningfulness in the learning styles of Chicanos and Anglos was examined in the present study. Sixty-four Chicano and Anglo undergraduates were compared on their learning of affectively and associatively assessed consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams. Chicanos did not differ from Anglos in their reliance on the affective relative to the associative dimension of meaningfulness in their learning style. However, Chicanos differed significantly from Anglos in affective learning style, manifesting a greater propensity to learn their liked materials more readily than their disliked materials. It was further found that while the performance of the two ethnic groups was comparable in the disliked condition, the Chicano subjects performed significantly better than the Anglo subjects in the liked condition. It is suggested that the intensified Chicano sensitivity to affective meaningfulness is consistent with their cultural concerns.
Toward the Development of a Structurally Novel Class of Chiral Auxiliaries. Conformational Properties of the Aldol Adducts of Oxadiazinones: Observation of Unusual Shielding Effects†

Asymmetric aldol reactions were conducted with the titanium enolate of N3-hydrocinnamoyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one to afford aldol adducts 5a−j. The dominant product of the asymmetric aldol reaction was the non-Evans syn adduct as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. When evaluating the 1H NMR spectra of adducts 5a−j, a highly shielded signal with an average chemical shift of 0.05 ppm was observed. This signal was readily determined to be the C5-methyl group of the oxadiazinone. It is presumed that the overall conformation adopted by the aldol adducts in solution places an aromatic ring of the N3-substituent in close proximity to the C5-methyl group. An investigation of this conformational preference is conducted employing 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and computational methods.
A backward Monte Carlo study of the multiple scattering of a polarized laser beam

Abstract A backward Monte Carlo estimator is developed to describe the multiple scattering of a polarized, narrow light beam by a plane-parallel medium. The case of a right circularly polarized beam is analyzed in this paper. Results indicate that the diffuse light field is partially polarized even at significant optical radii from the incident light beam. The degree of polarization of the diffuse light field is dependent on the optical thickness of the medium and the size parameter of the scatterers.
The fate of cells of the immune system during blood storage and after transfusion

Abstract Little is known concerning the biochemical and physiological changes that take place in lymphocytes and monocytes in various blood components stored under blood bank conditions. Several studies have suggested that these cells become nonviable after some days of storage, and that surface markers for various lymphocyte subsets may vary over time and with different conditions of storage. The best documented consequences of transfusion of such cells is graft versus host disease in the immunologically immature or dysfunctional recipient, and prolonged survival of renal allografts in previously transfused recipients. Recipient immunomodulation in other settings may be mediated by these cells, or their remnants, which are almost invariably transfused along with red blood cells, platelets or plasma factors. Some proposed consequences of homologous blood transfusions which may be related to transfusion of cells of the immune system include decreased host resistance to solid tumor recurrence, bacterial infection and HIV-1 infection.
Is sentinel lymph node biopsy necessary for all clinically node negative breast cancer patients

Objective. While sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now widely accepted as the standard for staging clinically node-negative breast cancer patients, the majority who undergo this procedure will be found to be free of lymph node metastases. The purpose of our study was to determine if a lymph node staging procedure could be omitted altogether for some breast cancer patients based upon a combined analysis of biologic markers, tumor features, and demographic parameters. Methods. We prospectively studied 200 breast cancer patients undergoing SLNB. In addition to complete histologic review of the primary breast tumors, we examined tumor-associated biologic markers and demographic parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using an SAS statistical software package. Results. Tumors ranged from 0.1 to 9.0 cm (median, 1.5 cm). Overall, 34% of the patients had lymph node metastases. While patients with lymph node metastases had larger tumors than those without (mean tumor size, 2.28 ± 0.15 versus 1.44 ± 0.1 cm, P < 0.001), 18% of patients with T1a and T1b tumors and 32% of patients with T1c tumors had lymph node metastases. Lymph node metastases were seen in 72% of patients whose tumors exhibited angio or lymphatic invasion versus 18% of those whose tumors did not (P < 0.0001). Nodal metastases were present in 72% of patients with an elevated preoperative serum CA 27.29 and mean levels were higher among node positive patients (26 ± 1.6 versus 19 ± 1.1, P = 0.0007). There was no significant association between any of the demographic, histologic, or molecular features of the breast cancers that we investigated and lymph node metastases, including mitotic rate, tumor grade, ER/PR status, S-phase fraction, ploidy, Ki-67 expression, p53 expression, HER-2/neu expression, and serum CEA levels. Conclusions. We did not identify histologic, demographic, or molecular tumor features that can reliably include or exclude associated lymphatic metastases. Therefore, we recommend that SLNB be performed in breast cancer patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. Additionally, due to the small, but potentially clinically important, false-negative rate for SLNB, consideration should be given to routine completion axillary lymph node dissection for patients with elevated CA 27.29 and for those whose tumors exhibit angio or lymphatic invasion.
Photometry of six radar target asteroids

Photoelectric photometry of six earth-approaching asteroids is presented. The selection criterion was that they were close enough in 1986 to be observed by radar. Rotation periods were obtained for 1986 DA, 3199, 3103, and 1983 RD. 1986 JK and 1986 RA showed no detectable brightness variations during the monitoring time on several nights each, and therefore were either seen pole-on or have long rotation periods. Asteroids 1986 JK and 1986 RA are of taxonomic class C, 1986 DA and 3103 of class X, 1983 RD of class Q, and only 3199 of the class S that was previously believed to be predominant among earth-approaching asteroids.
Antimicrobial therapy of gram-negative bacteremia at two university-affiliated medical centers.

Abstract Purpose To describe antimicrobial prescribing practices and patient outcomes associated with the treatment of aerobic gram-negative rod bacteremia at two university-affiliated medical centers. Subjects and methods All adult patients with gram-negative bacteremia (N = 326) who were at Stanford and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Hospitals from September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997 were evaluated via retrospective review of medical records. Results Most patient characteristics were similar between institutions; however, patients at Stanford were more likely to have had a diagnosis of bone marrow transplantation, liver failure, or poor nutritional status, while more patients at UCSF had solid organ transplant, diabetes, pulmonary disease, or hypotension. The bacteriology was similar at both sites, with Escherichia coli the predominant pathogen (139 [43%] of 326). The majority of episodes were community acquired (67% [218/326]). Patients at Stanford were more likely to have been treated empirically with aminoglycosides (28% vs. 7%, P P P P = 0.02). These patterns continued for definitive therapy. Overall mortality was 60 (19%) of 326. Several risk factors were associated with 14-day mortality, including severity of illness, neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, use of vasopressors, and empiric use of a noncephalosporin β-lactam. Conclusion Prescribing practices for the treatment of gram-negative bacteremia differed significantly in the two institutions despite similar patients and pathogens.
Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin ornithine decarboxylase and protein kinase C by polyphenolics from grapes.

Ornithine decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, which are believed to play an essential role in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation. We have previously reported [J. Bomser, K. Singletary, M. Wallig, M. Smith, Inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion in CD-1 mouse epidermis by a polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds, Cancer Letters 135 (1999) 151-157] that pre-application of a grape polyphenolic fraction (GPF) to mouse skin epidermis inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated, TPA-promoted mouse skin tumorigenesis. The present studies were designed to further characterize the effect of time and dose of application of GPF on TPA-induced ODC activity and protein expression, and on protein kinase C activity in mouse skin epidermis. In addition, the effect of GPF on ODC kinetics in vitro was examined. Application of 5, 10, and 20 mg of GPF 20 min prior to treatment with TPA resulted in a significant decrease in epidermal ODC activity of 54, 53, 90%, respectively, compared with controls. Yet, ODC protein levels (Western blot) in the 10 and 20 mg GPF groups were significantly increased by 1.8 and 1.9-fold, respectively, compared with controls. A similar response was observed with the ODC inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which served as a positive control. Application of grape polyphenolics (20 mg) at 60 and 30 min prior to treatment with TPA inhibited ODC activity by 62 and 68%, respectively, compared with controls (P<0.05). In contrast, application of grape polyphenolics (20 mg) at 60, 120 and 240 min after treatment with TPA resulted in no significant changes in ODC activity. A similar increase in epidermal ODC protein was observed in these GPF-treated animals, similar to that observed when GPF application preceded TPA. When applied to mouse skin prior to TPA, GPF was associated with a decrease in subsequent PKC activity compared with controls at 10 and 30 min following TPA treatment. The GPF-associated decrease in PKC activity preceded the decrease in ODC activity. In a separate in vitro study, kinetic analyses indicated that GPF is a competitive inhibitor of ODC activity. Collectively these data suggest that the grape polyphenolic fraction is effective as an inhibitor of ODC activity when applied before TPA, and that the magnitude of inhibition is independent of epidermal ODC protein content. In addition, GPF is a competitive inhibitor of ODC activity in vitro. The decrease in TPA-induced ODC activity due to GPF treatment is preceded by an inhibition of TPA-induced PKC activity. Thus, the polyphenolic fraction from grapes warrants further examination as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent that interferes with cellular events associated with TPA promotion.
Has Gender Equity Improved?: An Examination of the Challenges Faced by Professional Women in Law and Healthcare

This paper looks at contemporary developments and some of the social and political phenomena that have affected the status of the gap in compensation between women and men generally, and in the fields of law and healthcare specifically. It examines not only progress to date, but also how this progress has been obtained and, based on both domestic and international experiences, provides recommendations for the future.
Acute alcohol intoxication-induced microvascular leakage.

Background Alcohol intoxication can increase inflammation and worsen injury, yet the mechanisms involved are not clear. We investigated whether acute alcohol intoxication elevates microvascular permeability, and investigated potential signaling mechanisms in endothelial cells that may be involved.
'Getting up from here': frail older women's experiences after falling.

Few researchers have explored older persons' experiences of falling. As part of a descriptive phenomenological study of older widows' experience of home care, 25 interviews were conducted with nine frail women who had fallen at least once at home. Some women were able to get up on their own or tried to do so. For them, the phenomenon of "getting up from here" and its component phenomena, such as "finding something solid [on which to pull up]," were primarily focused on maximizing the opportunities afforded by the home's environmental features. When the women needed help to get up, the phenomenon of "getting up from here" was understood as an exemplar of the home care experience; the women's intentions were focused on contacting or interacting with people who were already assisting them as they lived alone at home. Understanding the variability in the experience of falling is an essential basis both for sensitive interaction with elders who have fallen and for appropriate assessment of frail elders who are at risk of falling in their homes.
Chaotic dynamics and hysteresis in thermal convection

AbstractThe weak turbulence regime associated with non-steady and non-periodic free convection, in models allowing temporal irregular (i.e. chaotic) solutions is reviewed, and the conditions for its validity are specified. The rich dynamics linked to the transition from steady convection to chaos is demonstrated and explained analytically as well as computationally.
Pegylation: a method for assessing topological accessibilities in Kv1.3.

Each subunit of a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) contains six putative transmembrane segments, S1−S6, and a cytosolic N-terminal recognition domain, T1. Although it is well-established that Kv channels are tetrameric structures, the protein−protein, protein−lipid, and protein−aqueous interfaces are not precisely mapped. The topological accessibility of specific amino acids may help to identify these border residues. Toward this end, a variant of the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method that relies on mass-labeling of accessible SH groups with a large SH reagent, methoxy-polyethylene glycol maleimide, and gel shift assay has been used. Pegylation of full-length Kv1.3, as well as Kv1.3 fragments, integrated into microsomal membranes, allows topological characterization of the 12 native cysteines (C1−C12), as well as cysteines engineered into a T1−T1 interface. Cysteines engineered into the T1−T1 interface had lower rates of pegylation than cytosolic-facing cysteines, namely, C5 in the T1 domain a...
CMS's Consumer Information Efforts

In this issue of the Health Care Financing Review, we focus on consumer information for the Medicare population. Over the last several years the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has increased its efforts to provide clear and useful information to Medicare beneficia­ ries to help them make more informed health care decisions. The emphasis on consumer information increased dramati­ cally in fall 1998 with the implementation of the National Medicare Education Program (NMEP) called Medicare & You. The goals of the NMEP are to educate Medicare ben­ eficiaries to help them make more informed decisions about Medicare program benefits; health plan choices; supplemental health insurance; beneficiary rights, responsibilities, and protections; and health behaviors. CMS phased-in the initial implementation of the NMEP in five States—Arizona, Florida, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington State—in order to obtain feedback from beneficiaries and make improvements prior to the national imple­ mentation. As part of CMS’s ongoing education effort, social marketing techniques have
Molecular Testing in the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped virus with a small (3.2-kb) partially double-stranded DNA genome that causes acute and chronic infections. The impact of these infections on public health worldwide is enormous, with an estimated prevalence of 2 billion acute infections and 360 million chronic infections globally. This review focuses on chronic hepatitis B and the molecular assays used in its diagnosis and management. Background information, including that about features of the hepatitis B virion, viral replication, and epidemiology of infection, that is important for understanding chronic hepatitis B and molecular diagnostic tests for HBV is provided. To facilitate an understanding of the utility of molecular testing for chronic hepatitis B, the four stages of chronic hepatitis B infection that are currently recognized, as well as an additional entity, occult hepatitis B, that can be diagnosed only by sensitive nucleic acid amplification methods, are reviewed in detail, including available therapeutic agents. The molecular diagnostic content focuses on tests for HBV DNA quantification, genotyping, and mutation detection (including precore/core promoter and antiviral resistance mutations). The discussion of these tests encompasses their current utility and performance characteristics, drawing from current clinical guidelines and other studies from the literature. In recognition of the continual evolution of this field, the final section describes emerging molecular markers with future diagnostic potential.
Geographers And Drugs: A Survey Of The Literature

The United Nations estimates that the illegal drug trade accounts for 1.5 percent of all money transiting through the global financial system (UNODC 2011). A quick perusal of a list of major drug‐p...
A log independent distributed database damage assessment model

In a distributed database system, damage assessment after an information attack is a complicated task due to intricate transaction relationships among distributed sites. In these systems, when any sub-transaction reads a damaged data at any site the entire transaction of which the sub-transaction is a part is considered affected by the damage. Hence, the data items updated by that transaction irrespective of sites are also considered damaged. To control spread of damage, accurate damage assessment and appropriate recovery procedures must be performed as soon as an attack is detected. This research focuses on damage assessment procedures for distributed database systems and uses pre-developed data structures for fast and accurate result. The method presented in this paper quickly identifies all affected transactions and all damaged data items without any log access.
Response to Use of Protoporphyrins to Evaluate Heme Oxygenase Problematical

We would like to thank Dr. Danziger1 for his interest in our work and his thoughtful commentary about the role of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in mediating the antihypertensive actions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction in the kidney. In our studies, we used CO(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride obtained from Frontier …
Unilateral robotic hybrid mini‐maze: a novel experimental approach

Background A complete Cox maze IV procedure is difficult to accomplish using current endoscopic and minimally invasive techniques. These techniques are hampered by inability to adequately dissect the posterior structures of the heart and place all necessary lesions. We present a novel approach, using robotic technology, that achieves placement of all the lesions of the complete maze procedure. Methods In three cadaveric human models, the technical feasibility of using robotic instruments through the right chest to dissect the posterior structures of the heart and place all Cox maze lesions was performed. Results The entire posterior aspect of the heart was dissected in the cadaveric model facilitating successful placement of all Cox maze IV lesions with robotic assistance through minimally invasive incisions. Conclusion The robotic Cox maze IV procedure through the novel right thoracic approach is feasible. This obviates the need for sternotomy and avoids the associated morbidity of the conventional Cox-maze procedure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of performance and propagation characteristics of wire and planar structures around human body

Continued miniaturization of electronic devices and technological advancements in wireless communications has made wearable body-centric telemedicine systems viable. Antennas play a crucial role in characterizing the efficiency and reliability of these systems. The performance characteristics such as the radiation pattern, gain, efficiency of the antennas get adversely affected due to the presence of lossy human body tissues. In this paper we investigate the above mentioned performance parameters and radio frequency transmission properties of wire and planar structures operating at ISM frequency band of 2.40–2.50 GHz in the proximity of human body.
Tailoring Polymer Surfaces for Controlled Cell Behavior

An ideal surface for many biomaterials applications would resist nonspecific protein adsorption while at the same time providing a means for specifically signaling cells to guide survival, growth, migration, and differentiation. This work was directed towards the investigation of model systems and clinically-applicable materials which provide both of these surface requirements. Model systems were prepared by chemically grafting end-functionalized star poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to surfaces. The end-grafted polymers provide a means for cell-signaling through coupling of peptides to the free chain ends. Protein adsorption on star vs. linear grafted layers was compared. To further understand these results, neutron reflectivity studies were carried out in situ for solvated PEO surfaces to determine the concentration profiles of the swollen grafted layers. Surprisingly, grafted PEO layers which resist protein adsorption have low concentrations of polymer segments throughout the swollen layer. We find that dense star architectures which might be expected to impart improved protein resistance in fact allow small proteins to adsorb. For clinical materials, a novel approach to the surface modification of poly(lactide) (PLA) has been taken by surface segregating a comb copolymer containing a PLA backbone and poly(ethylene glycol) teeth. The ends of the teeth provide sites for surface tethering of peptide ligands. Comb surfaces without tethered ligands are cell adhesion resistant, indicating strong protein adsorption resistance. By then incorporating an adhesion ligand, modulation of cell morphology on comb surfaces has been demonstrated. Finally, the surface segregation of the comb to the surface of PLA was shown via cell attachment assays and XPS measurements.
Sailing Downwind: Aerodynamic Performance of the Velella Sail

Summary Using a wind tunnel built over a shallow pool and methods devised for measuring the performance of yacht sails, I describe aerodynamic performance in situ for the sailor-by-the-wind, Velella velella. By contrast with designers of the modern yacht mainsail, natural selection has apparently favored stability and seaworthiness over performance to windward. The Velella sail is a low aspect ratio airfoil with an unusually flat polar plot. Primarily a drag-based locomotory structure, this thin, leaf-like sail generates maximum force when oriented at attack angles between 50° and 90°. In the wind tunnel, free-sailing animals spontaneously assumed stable orientations at attack angles ranging from 28° to 87° and sailed with their hulls approximately broadside to the apparent flow of oncoming water. At these angles, aerodynamic force on the sail is asymmetrical, with the center of pressure upwind of the sail midline. Since aerodynamic force on the sail is balanced at equilibrium by hydrodynamic force on the hull, this orientation must be caused by asymmetrical forces acting on surface and underwater parts as the wind drags the animal along the surface of the water.
Exploiting adversary's risk profiles in imperfect information security games

At present much of the research which proposes to provide solutions to Imperfect Information Non-Cooperative games provides superficial analysis which then requires a priori knowledge of the game to be played. We propose that High Card, a simple Multiplayer Imperfect Information Adversarial game, provides a more robust model for such games, and further, that these games may model situations of real world security and international interest. We have formulated two such real world models, and have created a modeling bot, which when facing adversaries with equal or better performing risk profiles, achieves a 7-fold increase in win performance.
Research components of the Brown Kenya Program: a personal and professional perspective.

It generates and addresses hypotheses, informs programs and provides data that can be translated to care. Research is not trivial or easy. It is time consuming, requires much planning, mandates a detail-oriented approach, involves availability of, or time and capability to create infrastructure, includes access to relevant resources and facilities and mandates complete and full dedication of experienced and motivated personnel. The Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) in western Kenya leads with care. It has provided clinical services to >130,000 of the country’s 1.6 million HIV-infected people, reducing morbidity, mortality and the very high burden of this pandemic on the country (http:// www.unaids.org). The Brown Kenya Program also leads with care. The medical exchange program of students, residents, post-doctoral fellows and faculty is the mainstay of the program. Both programs are intertwined with research. In this paper I discuss the conduction of research in the Brown program with the support of the AMPATH infrastructure, from a programmatic as well as from a personal perspective.
Characterization of a Candida albicans -specific DNA fragment

Investigative efforts toward understanding the basic biology of Candida species, primarily Candida albicans, have increased in recent years. Not only do significant clinical questions exist concerning colonization versus infection of mucosal surfaces, pathogenesis, virulence characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of deep-seated disease, and epidemiology, but also, developmental components and control of C. albicans morphogenesis remain undefined (Odds, 1988; Graybill, 1990).
CMCC Data Grid Infrastructure

Climate Change research is even more becoming a data intensive and oriented scientific activity. Petabytes of climate data, big collections of datasets are continuously produced, delivered, accessed, processed by scientists and researchers at multiple sites at an international level. This report presents the CMCC Data Grid discussing data and metadata issues and dealing with infrastructural aspects concerning the adopted grid enabled solution. A complete overview of the grid services deployed at the Centre is presented as well as the client side support (CMCC data portal).
Field-Dependence, Neuroticism, and Extraversion:

A multiple regression analysis was used to predict Maudsley Personality Inventory extraversion scores from the rod-and-frame test, embedded-figures test, and Maudsley neuroticism scores of 66 under...
Cultural Variation in Triadic Infant-Caregiver Object Exploration.

Two studies examined the extent to which the type of triadic interaction pervasive in Western populations (i.e., shared visual attention and ostensive pedagogical cues) was representative of infant-caregiver object exploration in a non-Western indigenous community. Caregivers in the United States and Vanuatu interacted with infants and a novel object for 3 min. In Study 1 (N = 116, Mage = 29.05), Ni-Van caregivers used more physical triadic engagement and U.S. caregivers used more visual triadic engagement. In Study 2 (N = 80, Mage = 29.91), U.S. caregivers were more likely than Ni-Van caregivers to transmit an action and to use visual cues while interacting with their child. These studies demonstrate that the Western model of early social learning is not universal.
Use of Pulse Oximetry in the Delivery Room

Please read the following vignette and watch the video clip (Fig 1). Figure 1. A 40–2/7-weeks’ gestation infant is delivered through clear amniotic fluid after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Immediately after birth, the infant is nonvigorous. The infant is warmed, dried, and stimulated, and the airway is opened. At 30 seconds after birth, the infant has no respiratory effort, and the provider begins positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Which of the following are indications for the use of pulse oximetry? 1. Persistent central cyanosis. 2. Persistent central cyanosis. PPV is required for more than a few breaths. 3. Persistent central cyanosis. PPV is required for more than a few breaths. Supplemental oxygen is administered. 4. PPV is required for more than a few breaths. Resuscitation is anticipated. Supplemental oxygen is administered. 5. Persistent central cyanosis. PPV is required for more than a few breaths. Resuscitation is anticipated. Supplemental oxygen is administered. Correct Response E. Persistent central cyanosis. PPV is required for more than a few breaths. Resuscitation is anticipated. Supplemental oxygen is administered. An oximeter should be used to confirm the perception …
Nitrogen Balance and Protein Requirements for Critically Ill Older Patients

Critically ill older patients with sarcopenia experience greater morbidity and mortality than younger patients. It is anticipated that unabated protein catabolism would be detrimental for the critically ill older patient. Healthy older subjects experience a diminished response to protein supplementation when compared to their younger counterparts, but this anabolic resistance can be overcome by increasing protein intake. Preliminary evidence suggests that older patients may respond differently to protein intake than younger patients during critical illness as well. If sufficient protein intake is given, older patients can achieve a similar nitrogen accretion response as younger patients even during critical illness. However, there is concern among some clinicians that increasing protein intake in older patients during critical illness may lead to azotemia due to decreased renal functional reserve which may augment the propensity towards worsened renal function and worsened clinical outcomes. Current evidence regarding protein requirements, nitrogen balance, ureagenesis, and clinical outcomes during nutritional therapy for critically ill older patients is reviewed.
Analysis of psychological factors in patients with uremic encephalopathy

Objective To evaluate psychological factors in the pathogenesis of uremic encephalopathy.Methods We recruited 23 chronic kidney disease patients with uremic encephalopathy (CKD at 5th stage) as theillness group (group A), and 23 CKD patients without uremic encephalopathy as the control group (group B). Theirpsychological problems were evaluated by using the symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90), self-rating depression scale(SDS) and self-rating anxiousness scale (SAS) before the presence of uremic encephalopathy. Results The illnessgroup had significant higher scores of SCL-90 in global indices and every symptom scales, SDS and SAS evaluations(P 0.01 or P 0.05, as compared with those of the control group). Patients in the illness group had higher positiverates in SCL-90 scores of global indices and symptom scales of somatization, obsession, interpersonal sensitivity,depression, anxiety and phobia, as well as higher scores of SDS and SAS (OR 3.56～7.39; P 0.01 or P 0.05, ascompared with those of the control group). Conclusion Negative emotional changes such as depression and anxietymay be the risk factors for the presence of uremic encephalopathy in CKD patients
Making a Difference: Distinguishing Two Primaries From Metastasis in Synchronous Tumors of the Ovary and Uterus

For women with early-stage ovarian or endometrial cancers, prognosis is very good, with overall survival for both sites between 80% and 90%. This stands in stark contrast to metastatic disease (advanced stage), where the overall survival is less than 15%. We have long recognized that subtypes of disease also inform these statistics, with high-grade serous carcinomas conferring a far worse prognosis compared with others, including low-grade serous or endometrioid tumors. Yet even with our present understanding, a not uncommon finding is the diagnosis of women with carcinoma at both the ovary and the uterus (a situation that occurs in up to 10% of patients), raising the question of synchronous primaries or of metastatic disease. The implications of these clinical scenarios are very relevant: If a conclusion of synchronous primaries is made, then prognosis should be excellent and hence no further treatment beyond surgery is required for cure. However, the finding of metastatic disease (from the ovary to the uterus or vice versa) will substantially change the prognostic implications, with these patients having a higher risk of recurrence and death from metastatic disease. In addition, this differential diagnosis can change therapeutic recommendations, with metastatic disease requiring more aggressive adjuvant therapy. Thus, the issue is both a biologic and clinical one.
A soluble adenosine triphosphate-dependent proteolytic system in human peripheral red blood cells.

A soluble adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent proteolytic system has been detected in human peripheral blood erythroid cells. Hemolysates prepared from reticulocyte-rich blood of subjects with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, treated pernicious anemia, and iron deficiency anemia or from pools of red blood cells enriched for reticulocytes by density gradient centrifugation were tested against a radioactive casein standard. Up to 57% of the casein was rendered trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble after incubation with such hemolysates for 60 minutes in the presence of 1.0 mmol/L ATP. In the absence of ATP or in hemolysates prepared from reticulocyte-poor blood as little as 6% to 10% of the casein was hydrolyzed. The proteolytic activity was found in the 100,000-g supernatant of active hemolysates and was blocked by hemin, N- ethylmaleimide, and sodium vanadate and thus resembles a previously described activity in rabbit reticulocytes. In the presence of ATP, similar lysates prepared from rabbit reticulocytes preferentially hydrolyzed the abnormal human hemoglobins Leiden and Gun Hill compared with hemoglobin A. These results suggest that there is an active ATP- dependent proteolytic system in young human erythroid cells that can degrade certain abnormal globin chains; the enzymatic activity is lost in the transition from reticulocyte to erythrocyte.
Words Du Jour: An Analysis of Traditional and Transitional Course Descriptors at Select J-Schools:

Journalism education may be at a tipping point. It is unclear, however, what new form curricula might take. Through an analysis of individual course titles and descriptions that appeared in the 2013-2014 undergraduate catalogs of 68 selected universities, this exploratory study finds that most departments/schools are not offering classes that reflect pedagogical approaches recently promoted in professional literature (e.g., hospital model, entrepreneurship, apprenticeship) nor are they responding to calls for greater integration between the classroom and industry via quasi-professional experiences. Journalism programs are, instead, relying on historically recognized and accepted models—such as practicum and capstone.
Model predictive control for the placement of virtual machines in cloud computing applications

Placement is the process of deploying virtual machines (VMs) over the physical machines (PMs) available in a cloud datacenter. Unfortunately, too many running PMs inflate energy requirements, while too aggressive packings of VMs over the same host degrade performances. Therefore, the paper presents a VM placement method based on model predictive control to reduce the power consumption of cloud datacenters while maintaining Quality of Service requirements. To describe the evolution of the system, a discrete-time dynamic model is introduced with several constraints. Placement strategies are obtained by solving finite-horizon optimal control problems with integer variables at each time step. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated through simulations and compared with two heuristics taken from the literature.
Brief paper: A continuation approach to eigenvalue assignment

This paper describes a continuation approach to eigenvalue assignment. The method is a homotopy technique which embeds the control problem into a parameterized family of control problems. This parameterization describes a continuous deformation of a system with the desired spectrum into the original system. Based on this deformation, a differential equation is constructed whose solution trajectory has an end-point which is a constant output feedback matrix assigning the desired spectrum to the original system. The derivation of this differential equation and conditions which guarantee the existence of a solution are given. Also, two examples of its numerical implementation are detailed.
External Balance of Electrolytes and Acids and Alkali

This chapter will cover discussions on principles of external balance for electrolytes, and for acids and bases. The first section will deal with discussions on principles of electrolyte balance in general, and the second section discusses the acid–base balance.
Materials for Freeform Fabrication of GHz Tunable Dielectric Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals are of interest for GHz transmission applications, including rapid switching, GHz filters, and phased-array technology. 3D fabrication by Robocasting enables moldless printing of high solid loading slurries into structures such as the “woodpile” structures used to fabricate dielectric photonic band gap crystals. In this work, tunable dielectric materials were developed and printed into woodpile structures via solid freefrom fabrication (SFF) toward demonstration of tunable photonic crystals. Barium strontium titanate ceramics possess interesting electrical properties including high permittivity, low loss, and high tunability. This paper discusses the processing route and dielectric characterization of (BaxSr1-XTiO3):MgO ceramic composites, toward fabrication of tunable dielectric photonic band gap crystals.
Trafficking of conventional dendritic cells into the central nervous system in response to SIV and Morphine creating viral reservoir in follicular DC within cervical lymph nodes of rhesus macaques (VIR9P.1146)

Neuroinvasion by HIV leads to neurocognitive diseases and alters the permeability of the BBB. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) infiltrating the CNS can potentially encounter HIV from infected perivascular macrophages lining the BBB. They can thereafter carry HIV to cervical lymph nodes (CxLNs), where HIV particles will be transmitted to CD4 T cells and eventually get trapped in CD35 + follicular DCs (fDCs) to create a viral reservoir within the germinal centers. HIV patients using drugs of abuse such as morphine can further compromise the BBB and enhance infectivity of the CNS. Research demonstrating the presence and role of DCs in the CNS and lymphoid organs during HIV infection has not well established. In this respect, we explored the presence of DCs in the brain parenchyma and CxLNs of rhesus macaques infected with SIV and administered with morphine. Cells positive for cDC markers were consistently found in the brain parenchyma of SIV-infected macaques and enhanced within infected macaques given morphine. Examination of CxLNs in SIV-infected macaques confirmed presence of SIV p27 + cDCs, and CD4 + T-cells entering CD20 + germinal centers further trapping of virus within CD35 + fDCs. Ongoing studies are assessing the effect of SIV chronic infection and Morphine on fDC viral entrapment. These results provide first evidence of DC trafficking and containment of SIV particles within fDCs of cervical lymph nodes in the context of NeuroAIDS vis-a-vis drugs of abuse.
Serious mental illness among young adult women who use drugs in the club scene: co-occurring biopsychosocial factors

Young women who regularly attend nightclubs are at risk for numerous health and social consequences, including mental distress, sexual and physical victimization and substance dependence. This paper uses a biopsychosocial framework to examine co-occurring mental health problems, victimization, substance dependence, sexual risk and physical pain among a sample of young women who use drugs (N = 222) in Miami's club scene. The majority of women were under 24 years old, Hispanic, and identified as heterosexual. Almost all the women reported past 90-day use of alcohol, ecstasy/MDMA, marijuana, cocaine and prescription opioids and benzodiazepines; 32% of women reported being in a monogamous relationship while 41.9% reported having three or more sexual partners in the past 90 days; 65.3% met DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence; 60.4% met DSM-IV criteria for serious mental illness (SMI) and 59.9% were victimized as minors. Women who had SMI had higher odds of substance dependence, concurrent physical pain, three or more sexual partners in the past 90 days, childhood victimization and severe abuse-related trauma. The high levels of interconnected mental health, victimization, trauma, physical pain, substance dependence and sexual risk factors observed are underreported in the literature, as young women club scene participants appear to be more similar to other marginalized drug-involved populations than previously considered. While further research is needed, it appears these young women are in great need of outreach for primary health, mental health, HIV prevention, increased social support and substance abuse treatment services.
Facilitating the Reproducibility of Scientific Workflows with Execution Environment Specifications

Abstract Scientific workflows are designed to solve complex scientific problems and accelerate scientific progress. Ideally, scientific workflows should improve the reproducibility of scientific applications by making it easier to share and reuse workflows between scientists. However, scientists often find it difficult to reuse others’ workflows, which is known as workflow decay . In this paper, we explore the challenges in reproducing scientific workflows, and propose a framework for facilitating the reproducibility of scientific workflows at the task level by giving scientists complete control over the execution environments of the tasks in their workflows and integrating execution environment specifications into scientific workflow systems. Our framework allows dependencies to be archived in basic units of OS image, software and data instead of gigantic all-in-one images. We implement a prototype of our framework by integrating Umbrella , an execution environment creator, into Makeflow , a scientific workflow system. To evaluate our framework, we use it to run two bioinformatics scientific workflows, BLAST and BWA . The execution environment of the tasks in each workflow is specified as an Umbrella specification file, and sent to execution nodes where Umbrella is used to create the specified environment for running the tasks. For each workflow we evaluate the size of the Umbrella specification file, the time and space overheads of creating execution environments using Umbrella , and the heterogeneity of execution nodes contributing to each workflow. The evaluation results show that our framework improves the utilization of heterogeneous computing resources, and improves the portability and reproducibility of scientific workflows.
Interpretable phonological features for clinical applications

Instrumental analysis of speech sometimes complements subjective evaluations in speech and language therapy; however, apart from elemental speech features such as pitch and formant statistics, higher dimensional spectral features are rarely used in practice because they are clinically uninterpretable. While these features are likely to somehow be related to clinical intervention, this relationship remains to be determined. This paper uses artificial recurrent neural networks to map high-dimensional spectral features into phonological features that are easily interpretable and provide fine-resolution information regarding articulation quality. The evaluation on a dysarthric speech data set shows strong correlation between the phonological feature measures and perceptual ratings. To increase clinical utility, we provide a new way to visualize phonological disturbances that provides clinicians with actionable information about intervention strategies.
Transcriptome-wide comparison of the impact of Atoh1 and miR-183 family on pluripotent stem cells and multipotent otic progenitor cells

Over 5% of the global population suffers from disabling hearing loss caused by multiple factors including aging, noise exposure, genetic predisposition, or use of ototoxic drugs. Sensorineural hearing loss is often caused by the loss of sensory hair cells (HCs) of the inner ear. A barrier to hearing restoration after HC loss is the limited ability of mammalian auditory HCs to spontaneously regenerate. Understanding the molecular mechanisms orchestrating HC development is expected to facilitate cell replacement therapies. Multiple events are known to be essential for proper HC development including the expression of Atoh1 transcription factor and the miR-183 family. We have developed a series of vectors expressing the miR-183 family and/or Atoh1 that was used to transfect two different developmental cell models: pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and immortalized multipotent otic progenitor (iMOP) cells representing an advanced developmental stage. Transcriptome profiling of transfected cells show that the impact of Atoh1 is contextually dependent with more HC-specific effects on iMOP cells. miR-183 family expression in combination with Atoh1 not only appears to fine tune gene expression in favor of HC fate, but is also required for the expression of some HC-specific genes. Overall, the work provides novel insight into the combined role of Atoh1 and the miR-183 family during HC development that may ultimately inform strategies to promote HC regeneration or maintenance.