cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECONSTITUTED HUMAN NORMAL BREAST IN NUDE MICE USING COLLAGEN GEL OR MATRIGEL

Human breast epithelial cells dissociated from reduction mammoplasty specimens were embedded in two commonly used extracellular matrices, type I collagen gel or Matrigel, and subsequently transplanted subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. Histological sections from both types of recovered gels showed epithelial structures arranged as short tubules with some branching as well as preservation of epithelial cell polarity. Proliferation was studied in vivo by 5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine labeling followed by immunostaining of sections from recovered gels. Human breast epithelia embedded in collagen gel or Matrigel had similar proliferative activity. Cholera toxin, 17β-estradiol, and epidermal growth factor, when tested singly, were growth promoting, and in combination 17,β-estradiol and cholera toxin had an additive effect but 17,β-estradiol and epidermal growth factor were not additive. Our model system provides a means to study the endocrine control of normal human breast development.
Studies of the presence of membrane receptors for complement, IgG and the sheep erythrocyte rosetting capacity on the same human lymphocytes

Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were tested by a mixed rosette method, employing different sized erythrocytes as indicators to identify lymphocytes simultaneously possessing membrane markers found commonly on B and T cells. Only small populations of these lymphocytes were detected regulary in normal lymphocyte preparations. One type of lymphocyte (ranged from 0.5%-8%) was shown to possess the following markers: receptors for human and rabbit IgG, receptors for the third complement component C3b and C3b inactivator-cleaved C3b (C3d), and the capacity to rosette spontaneously with uncoated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Another lymphocyte cell type was shown to possess both SRBC and IgG receptors but lack membrane immunoglobulins and complement receptors. This population was detected in lymphocyte preparations depleted of complement receptor cells, and an increased number of these cells was found in rosette preparations incubated with human serum. The possible presence of some lymphocytes possessing both complement and SRBC receptors and lacking other markers was considered. The possibility that these small populations of human lymphocytes are sub-populations of T cells with certain cytotoxic function is postulated.
ONR supported research efforts at Drexel's Center for electric power engineering

This paper describes the four different ONR supported research efforts: (1) power system monitoring and control for autonomous naval shipboard electric power distribution systems; (2) application of the interconnected power system laboratory towards the definition of a simulation-stimulation interface; (3) multi-frequency analysis of large-scale systems; and (4) non-linear observability analysis for shipboards systems. In addition, the researchers present different funding mechanisms and programs at ONR.
Highly efficient ex vivo gene transfer to the transplanted heart by means of hypothermic perfusion with a low dose of adenoviral vector

Abstract Background: Hypothermic conditions required for donor heart preservation may reduce gene-transfer efficiency. Experiments were designed to determine whether a perfusion technique could improve the efficiency of gene transfer to donor hearts. Methods: An adenoviral vector encoding β-galactosidase (3.5 × 10 8 plaque-forming units) was infused into explanted rat hearts under 4 conditions (each n=6): (1) the virus was diluted in 350 μL of University of Wisconsin solution and infused as a high-pressure bolus into the coronary arteries of donor hearts through the aortic root; (2) the virus was diluted in 5 mL of University of Wisconsin solution and circulated by means of a peristaltic pump (flow, 0.75 mL/min) through the vasculature of the donor heart for 30 minutes; (3) 5 mL of viral solution was circulated as for group 2 for 15 minutes; and (4) 5 mL of viral solution was circulated for 5 minutes at a flow rate of 2.4 mL/min. Transduced hearts were transplanted into the abdomen of syngeneic rats, and transgene expression was assessed by means of immunoassay 4 days later. Results: The median β-galactosidase content was (1) 45.0 ng/mg protein (25th-75th percentile, 33-73 ng/mg), (2) 640 ng/mg protein (25th-75th percentile, 614-878 ng/mg), (3) 493.8 ng/mg protein (25th-75th percentile, 456-527 ng/mg), and (4) 503.3 ng/mg protein (25th-75th percentile, 475-562 ng/mg; P P Conclusion: Hypothermic perfusion of the donor heart with an adenoviral vector resulted in efficient transgene expression compared with that induced by a single bolus injection. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:493-500)
Drawn Out of the Gutters: Nina Bunjevac's Fatherland, a Collaborative Memory

In her graphic novel Fatherland: A Family History (2014), artist Nina Bunjevac juxtaposes the archived official reports of her father's life and death and the recent history of the Balkans with her...
An Intelligent Nonlinear System Identification Method With Robust State Estimation

An approach is presented for nonlinear system identification by combining a proven state estimation technique, Minimum Model Error (MME) estimation, with a feed-forward neural network. The MME/NN hybrid algorithm first determines from measurement data a smooth state estimate of the system as well as identifying a correction to the assumed system model. Next, the state estimates are then used as training data for the neural network’s representation of the unmodeled system dynamics. The performance is then shown to be an improvement over a stand alone black-box neural network.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Magnesium and zinc status during the menstrual cycle

The effect of menstrual cycle phases on the indexes of magnesium and zinc status was assessed in five normally menstruating women. Plasma concentrations of magnesium and zinc and the magnesium and zinc content of red blood cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured for 3 or 5 days per week during three menstrual cycles. The cycles were divided into four phases: menses, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. Plasma magnesium concentrations were highest during menses and then gradually declined, reaching the lowest point during the ovulatory phase. This was followed by a rise during the luteal phase. Plasma zinc concentrations were higher during menses and the follicular phase and then dropped during the ovulatory and luteal phases. Both the magnesium and zinc content of red blood cells and mononuclear cells remained constant over the course of the study and did not change significantly as a function of cycle phase. This study provides evidence that plasma magnesium and zinc concentrations fluctuate during the menstrual cycle in a phase-related fashion in normally menstruating women. Whether these changes are hormonally mediated or reflect metabolic changes will require further study.
A common angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism and preoperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition modify risk of tachyarrhythmias after congenital heart surgery.

Background The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism is described in association with numerous phenotypes, including arrhythmias, and may provide predictive value among pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the role of a common polymorphism on postoperative tachyarrhythmias in a large cohort of pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Subjects undergoing congenital heart surgery with CPB at our institution were consecutively enrolled from September 2007 to December 2012. In addition to DNA, perioperative clinical data were obtained from subjects. Results Postoperative tachyarrhythmias were documented in 45% of 886 enrollees and were associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation ( P P P = .02). Preoperative ACE inhibitor administration was independently associated with a 47% reduction in odds of postoperative tachyarrhythmia in the entire cohort (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.88, P = .01), driven by a 5-fold reduction in tachyarrhythmias among I/I genotype patients (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.88, P = .02). Conclusion The risk of tachyarrhythmias after congenital heart surgery is independently affected by the ACE I/D polymorphism. Preoperative ACE inhibition is associated with a lower risk of postoperative tachyarrhythmias, an antiarrhythmic effect that appears genotype dependent. An understanding of genotype variation may play an important role in the perioperative management of congenital heart surgery.
Using state dominance for path planning in dynamic environments with moving obstacles

Path planning in dynamic environments with moving obstacles is computationally complex since it requires modeling time as an additional dimension. While in other domains there are state dominance relationships that can significantly reduce the complexity of the search, in dynamic environments such relationships do not exist. This paper presents a novel state dominance relationship tailored specifically for dynamic environments, and presents a planner that uses that property to plan paths over ten times faster than without using state dominance.
Investigation of proteins in petals of potted chrysanthemum as a potential indicator of longevity

Abstract The SDS-PAGE protein profiles of four potted chrysanthemum cultivars (Dendrantrema grandiflora Tzvelev.) with flower longevities of 17–25 days were determined from flowering to senescence. The chrysanthemum flower is non-climacteric and therefore ethylene does not appear to play a role in flower senescence, during which only minor changes in both the protein content and the proportion of the major polypeptides were observed. This apparent stability of the proteins may contribute to the long post-harvest life of chrysanthemum flowers. Of the major polypeptides only a few increased in proportion from flowering to senescence. A 40 kDa polypeptide increased from flowering to senescence in two short-lived cultivars ‘Yellow Tara’ and ‘Orinda’ and in the long-lived cultivar ‘Dana’. Polypeptides at 45 and 65 kDa increased in two long-lived cultivars ‘Eureka’ and ‘Dana’, and the 65 kDa polypeptide also increased in the short-lived ‘Orinda’ cultivar. The increase in these polypeptides during flower senescence is of particular interest because they may be linked to flower longevity.
Electron Capture and Loss Cross Sections of Fast Bromine Ions in Gases

Br ions with energies of 13.9 and 25 MeV from the Oak Ridge tandem accelerator have been used to measure ionic charge-state distributions in dilute gas targets of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, He, and Ar. A least-squares technique has been developed to obtain complete sets of electron charge-exchange cross sections from any number and range of measured nonequilibrium charge distributions. Characteristic irregularities, which originate in the atomic shell structure of the Br ions, have been found in the cross sections for capture of a single electron. Multiple electron capture and loss, as well as equilibrium charge distributions, are discussed.
Water limitation in the C-H-O system over iron

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen will react over iron at 800° to 1 000°K and 1 bar pressure yielding water, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon. In addition, iron oxides and carbides form during reaction. Phase diagrams are used to analyze this complex reaction system. Data are presented which suggest that the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) or wustite (FexO) inhibits carbon formation. The water yield thus observed is limited by the time dependent iron-iron oxide-gas equilibrium. Preliminary data also suggest that the formation of carbides has little effect on water yield.
Digit repetition in brain‐damaged adults: Clinical and theoretical implications

Digit repetition was investigated in samples of unilaterally (N = 87) and bilaterally (N = 75) brain-damaged adults. The study was designed to investigate the hemispheric and neuropsychological factors that underlie performance on these two dissimilar tasks. Digit repetition was disproportionately depressed in such patients, especially those with left hemisphere lesions. The incidence of individually impaired digit repetition performance, especially of digits backward, was significantly higher than in normals, again particularly within the left hemisphere sample. However, impaired digit repetition was not invariably associated with brain dysfunction. The data suggest, but do not confirm, a differential function hypothesis, as well as a unilateral hemispheric hypothesis that underlies the ability to repeat forward and backward digits; this finding is consistent with some previous literature. Group performance showed considerable overlap, which limited the possibility of demonstrating a double dissociation between digits forward and verbal measures, and digits backward and nonverbal factors. Digit repetition in brain-damaged patients appears to have some theoretical value, but limited clinical utility.
Leptin and obesity in humans.

It now appears that leptin is the peripheral signal, hypothesized in the lipostasis theory, that informs the central nervous system how much adipose tissue there is in the body. The ability of the leptin signal to regulate body composition and the amount of body fat has been demonstrated in animals. Furthermore, defects in the ob gene and the leptin receptor lead to the development of obesity in rodents. No such defects have been found in humans although it appears that obese humans are resistant to the action of their endoge nous leptin. Further characterization of the hormone and ultimately, the administration o leptin to humans, will be necessary to determine the role of the leptin signal system in the development of obesity in humans.
The subgeneric nomenclature for the herbaceous-stemmed Smilax species (Smilacaceae) of North America

Abstract The subgeneric nomenclature for the herbaceous-stemmed Smilax species (Smilacaceae) of North America. Brittonia 56: 166–168. 2004.—The several names and ranks given to the North American group of Smilax with biovulate locules together with both herbaceous and non-prickly stems are listed chronologically and discussed nomenclaturally. It is concluded that this group of approximately nine species should be known at the generic rank as Nemexia Raf. or at the rank of subgenus as Smilax subgenus Luiste Raf. or at section rank as Smilax section Nemexia (Raf.) A. DC.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Empyema in a Patient with Esophago-Pleural Fistula Complicating Variceal Sclerotherapy

This case illustrates the need for careful monitoring of patients noted to have pleural effusion after variceal sclerotherapy.
Bahamian Family Life as Depicted by Wives Tales and Other Old Sayings

Proverbs, stories, and wives' tales have been used to teach, entertain and impart important cultural information for generations. For this paper, two colleagues and the author conducted ethnographic interviews with native Bahamians, primarily those residing on the family islands of Eleuthera and Harbour Island. They asked 56 informants, teenagers to octogenarians, to recall old sayings or tales which have been passed on to them over the years. Several hundred such sayings were recorded verbatim on tapes and in fieldnotes. Transcripts were analyzed to learn how Bahamian family life is depicted in wives' tales, proverbs, and other old sayings
The flame photometric determination of calcium in phosphate, carbonate, and silicate rocks

Abstract A flame photometric method of determining calcium in phosphate, carbonate, and silicate locks has been developed Aluminum and phosphate interference was overcome by the addition of a large excess of magnesium. The method is rapid and suitable for routine analysis Results obtained are within ± 2% of the calcium oxide content.
Norepinephrine suppresses l-arginine uptake in rat glial cells

Abstract Incubation of rat astrocytes or C6 glioma cells with norepinephrine (NE) suppresses bacterial endotoxin and cytokine-dependent induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase [Feinstein et al., J. Neurochem., 60 (1993) 1945–1948]. We examined if NE also modified l -arginine uptake. Overnight incubation in 10 μ M NE reduced the V max for uptake by 30–40%, but did not decrease the apparent K m for arginine. Short incubation times (up to 90 min) with NE were without effect. The β -adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol was as effective as NE in reducing uptake, while the α -adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine produced a slight, but significant decrease. Arginine uptake was similarly decreased by incubating cells with the cyclic AMP (cAMP) analog dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). Both NE and dbcAMP potently blocked glial cell proliferation, however the anti-mitogenic agent cytosine arabinoside had no effect on arginine uptake. These results support the concept that glial cell arginine metabolism is regulated by endogenous neurotransmitters such as NE.
The metastatic lymph node ratio predicts survival in colon cancer

Abstract Background Lymph node metastases are the most important predictor of survival in non–stage IV colon cancer. Recent studies of gastric cancer have shown a prognostic significance of a lymph node ratio (number of positive nodes divided by total number harvested). Our goal was to determine whether a lymph node ratio (LNR) would predict disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in a tertiary care Veterans Affairs medical center. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of colon cancer patients was performed to determine the effect of LNR on DFS and OS. A cohort of 232 patients with non–stage IV colon cancer was eligible for analysis. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results For all patients, a LNR of .08 was identified as a breakpoint for predicting OS and DFS. Specific analysis of stage III patients revealed that a LNR of .18 was predictive of DFS. Conclusions This study showed the prognostic significance of ratio-based staging for colon cancer and may aid in future staging systems.
Production, transportation and milling costs of sweet sorghum as a feedstock for centralized bioethanol production in the upper Midwest

Sweet sorghum has been identified as a possible ethanol feedstock because of its biomass yield and high concentration of readily fermentable sugars. It has found limited use, however, because of poor post-harvest storage characteristics and short harvest window in cooler climates. Previous research (Bennett, A.S., Anex, R.P., 2008. Farm-gate production costs of sweet sorghum as a bioethanol feedstock. Transactions of the ASABE 51(2), 603-613) indicates that fermentable carbohydrates (FC) can be produced at less expense from sweet sorghum than from corn grain. Previous research, however, did not include costs associated with off-farm transportation, storage, or capital costs associated with milling and energy recovery equipment that are required to provide FC suitable for biological conversion. This study includes these additional costs and reevaluates sweet sorghum as a biocommodity feedstock. A total of eight harvest-transport-processing options are modeled, including 4-row self-propelled and 2-row tractor-pulled forage harvesters, two different modes of in-field transport, fresh processing, on-farm ensilage and at-plant ensilage. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis are used to account for system variability and compare scenarios. Transportation costs are found to be significant ranging from $33 to $71 Mg (-1) FC, with highest costs associated with at-plant ensilage scenarios. Economies of scale benefit larger milling equipment and boiler systems reducing FC costs by more than 50% when increasing annual plant capacity from 37.9 to 379 million liters. Ensiled storage of high moisture sweet sorghum in bunkers can lead to significant losses of FC (>20%) and result in systems with net FC costs well above those of corn-derived FC. Despite relatively high transport costs, seasonal, fresh processed sweet sorghum is found to produce FC at costs competitive with corn grain derived FC.
Risk Factor Analysis for Bridge to Transplantation With the CardioWest Total Artificial Heart

Background. Safety and efficacy studies of various mechanical circulatory support devices are important, but may not be strictly comparable. Lacking prospective randomized studies for different devices, we believe that comparison of risk factor analyses may give the surgeon a tool more powerful than current studies for matching a patient with an appropriate device. In this paper, we report risk factor profiles for bridge to transplantation with the CardioWest total artificial heart and summarize reports for other devices. Methods. A multiinstitutional risk factor analysis of the CardioWest total artificial heart, as a bridge to transplantation in 81 patients, was conducted. Univariate analyses were performed on 43 preimplantation prognostic factors. From this group, eight factors were chosen for multivariate analysis. Our results were compared with all recent risk factor analyses for other devices. Results. Independent predictors for death at three intervals by multivariate analysis were as follows: “implant to transplant”: history of smoking (odds ratio, 34); “implant to 30 days after transplant”: history of smoking (odds ratio, 10.00), prothrombin time greater than 16 seconds (odds ratio, 4.76); and “implant to 1 year after transplant”: prothrombin time greater than 16 seconds (odds ratio, 3.85). The major difference between this experience and multiple reported experiences with left ventricular assist devices is that for left ventricular assist devices, but not for the temporary CardioWest total artificial heart, right heart failure, high central venous pressure, and being on a ventilator (with or without sepsis) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions. Risk factors for bridge to transplantation with the CardioWest total artificial heart are different from those reported for left ventricular assist devices. Recognition of these risk factor differences may facilitate appropriate device selection. (Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:1639 ‐ 45) © 2008 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Acid hydrolase activity of granulomatous tissue in the lathyritic rat.

SummaryThe activities of the acid hydrolases, cathepsin, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase have been shown to increase significantly in granulomatous tissue of lathyritic rats. These enzymes are of the type normally found in lysosomal particles. An apparent correlation between the increase in acid hydrolase activity and the increase in soluble forms of collagen was demonstrated.
Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities by Heywood T. Sander

Heywood Sanders’ academic work examining convention center development goes back to at least 1991. This work includes dozens of papers and reports on the subject including a widely cited Brookings ...
Ethnic identities in the future: the possible effects of mass immigration and genetic testing

Two important trends may influence the identities of the later-generation descendants of European immigrants in the USA: high levels of ongoing immigration to the USA from all over the world, and the growth of genetic testing for ancestry and ethnic origins. I suggest that these trends may modify Gans's predictions of what will happen to later-generation ethnicity. Both trends might lead to the maintenance of some type of identity, even if it is very thin, or even unrelated to the European immigrants who originally came to the USA.
Numerical modelling of the seismic attenuation due to wave induced flow in heterogeneous materials

Modeling and understanding the seismic attenuation due to wave induced flow is a crucial step for the inversion of the seismic amplitudes in termes of hydro‐physical properties. Previous studies (Pride et al., 2004) have shown that the presence of small heterogeneities at the mesoscopic scale (scales greater than grain sizes but smaller than wavelengths) can account for the measured level of loss within the seismic band of frequencies (say 1 to 104 Hz). Pride et al. (2004) give analytical expressions for the attenuation as a function of frequency in the case of porous inclusions of arbitrary shape (but having a single length scale) embedded within a second porous host material; this is called the “double porosity’ model. Here, we present a quasistatic method that allows the attenuation due to wave‐induced flow to be studied in materials that have a more complex spatial distribution of their physical properties. The method is based on a finite‐difference sheme that solves the Biot set of equation at low frequencies. We first show attenuation curves versus frequency related to normal stress. Two dinstinct cases are presented: (1) materials that have a spatially correlated distribution of their elastic properties; and (2) materials having a fractal geometry. Finally, the problem of the attenuation due to shear stress, for which no rigorous analytical work is currently available, is addressed.
Exposure of concealed right bundle branch block in Wolff-Parkinson-White type B by pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node.

Abstract In two infants with Wolff-Parkinson-White type B, right bundle branch block was concealed during sinus rhythm and pacing from close to the atrial entrance of the right-sided accessory pathway. However, pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node, the A-V node itself, and the His bundle exposed the right bundle branch block by producing exclusive ventricular activation through the normal, A-V nodal His-Purkinje pathway. In addition, pacing from close to the A-V node also resulted in fusion beats characterized by absence of delta waves with (pseudo) normal QRS complexes and short H-V intervals. False patterns of tachycardia-dependent and bradycardia-dependent block in the accessory pathway also occurred. These dynamic phenomena were attributed to the (peri-A-V nodal) pacing-related, relatively early arrival of excitation at the ventricles through the normal pathways coexisting with delayed arrival of excitation via the accessory pathway. The latter in turn was due to the longer intra-atrial conduction time from paced (peri-A-V nodal) site to atrial entrance of the accessory pathway.
Putting in politics: A review of economic models with endogenous determination of policy

The new political economy includes formal models in which the notion of general equilibrium extends to political as well as economic processes. Policies are determined endogenously. This paper first reviews models in which trade taxes and subsidies are tied to the optimal tariff of the median voter, to the interests of industry-specific lobbies and an incumbent politician, or to the attempts of competing parties to maximize the probability of their election. The paper then briefly considers models focusing on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stabilization, and the sequencing of economic reform. At the end of the paper, several critical questions are raised.
Subcortical mechanisms of audiogenic seizures

Abstract Since removal of the cortex does not abolish audiogenic seizures, subcortical structures must play an essential role in the propagation and elaboration of audiogenic seizures. The present experiment investigated alterations in seizure responsiveness in seven different subcortical areas in rats that were susceptible, and rats that were not susceptible to sound-induced seizures. Rats with lesions in the inferior colliculi no longer elaborated audiogenic seizures, whereas subjects with lesions in the midbrain reticular formation were still capable of elaborating running fits, but not tonic-clonic convulsions. Rats with lesions in the caudate nucleus showed a significant increase in the severity and frequency of audiogenic seizures, while rats with lesions in the intralaminar nuclei showed only a slight increase in seizure responsiveness. Lesions in the hippocampus and amygdala resulted in only minor alterations in seizure responsiveness, while lesions in the septal area attenuated the severity and frequency of audiogenic seizures. The findings support the view that the levels of excitability of the midbrain and bulbar reticular formation are essential in the determination of audiogenic seizures.
Appraising Gender Role Portrayals in TV Commercials.

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) was used to appraise the gender role orientations of characters appearing in prime-time television advertisements. Four hundred twenty-six college students (primarily Caucasian) rated major ad characters on the BSRI and provided perceptual judgments about the character and ad presentation. The confirmatory analysis of the psychometric properties of the BSRI indicated the appropriateness of the scale for self- and person-perception ratings. BSRI Femininity and Masculinity subscale scores for the ad characters were analyzed as continuous variables. Counterstereotypic female characters had significantly higher Masculinity scores than stereotypic female characters and counterstereotypic male characters had significantly higher Femininity scores than stereotypic male characters. The BSRI was also a significant predictor of character and ad perceptions. A new direction for gender role research is presented.
Broadening participation in community problem solving: A multidisciplinary model to support collaborative practice and research

Over the last 40 years, thousands of communities—in the United States and internationally—have been working to broaden the involvement of people and organizations in addressing community-level problems related to health and other areas. Yet, in spite of, this experience, many communities are having substantial difficulty achieving their collaborative objective, and many funders of community partnerships and participation initiatives are looking for ways to get more out of their investment. One of the reasons we are in this predicament is that the practitioners and researchers who are interested in community collaboration come from a variety of contexts, initiatives, and academic disciplines, and few of them have integrated their work with experiences or literatures beyond their own domain. In this article, we seek to overcome some of this fragmentation of effort by presenting a multidisciplinary model that lays out the pathways by which broadly participatory processes lead to more effective community problem solving and to improvements in community health. The model, which builds on a broad array of practical experience as well as conceptual and empirical work in multiple fields, is an outgrowth of a joint-learning work group that was organized to support nine communities in the Turning Point initiative. Following a detailed explication of the model, the article focuses on the implications of the model for research, practice, and policy. It describes how the model can help researchers answer the fundamental effectiveness and “how-to” questions related to community collaboration. In addition, the article explores differences between the model and current practice, suggesting strategies that can help the participants in, and funders of, community collaborations strengthen their efforts.
Resonance Raman studies of RbTCNQ and KTCNQ

Abstract Raman spectra at room temperature and 77 K are reported for samples of RbTCNQ, RbTCNQ- d 4 , KTCNQ and KTCNQ- d 4 . Five different laser lines are used for excitation and the observed resonant Raman scattering is discussed in terms of simple models involving both adiabatic and non-adiabatic approximations for the resonant states. Factor group splittings are observed and significant frequency differences between TCNQ and TCNQ − noted, chiefly in vibrational modes involving the stretching of CC and CC bonds.
New technology for electrical metering monitoring and control instrumentation

Abstract Presently, individual instruments are available at reasonable costs for metering, monitoring and controlling the use of electrical energy. Many of these instruments have been developed in the last few years and make varying degrees of use of sophisticated electronic components and microprocessor chips. Performance data collected on the use of these instruments have shown that there are substantial energy and cost savings possible from widespread application of these devices. The purpose of this paper is to enumerate briefly some data on the costs and benefits of instruments which allow time of day and demand metering, monitoring of energy use and cost, direct load control and indirect load control. Finally, an integrated instrument is proposed which combines these varied functions into one low cost device to provides cost effective electrical energy conservation.
P3C-6 Role of Ultrasonic Velocity Estimation Errors in Assessing Inflammatory Response and Vascular Risk

Ultrasound has great potential for accurate estimation of velocity gradients near blood vessel walls for measuring wall shear stress (WSS) at high spatial resolution. Arterial sites of low and oscillating WSS promote inflammatory responses that increase the risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques. We implemented broadband coded excitation techniques on a commercial scanner to estimate WSS with high spatial and temporal resolution. Ultrasonic measurement errors were quantified over the shear range of 0.3-1.5 Pa, where errors slowly increase with WSS. Expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) associated with atherosclerosis development was also investigated over a similar range of shear stress (0-1.6 Pa) to study the impact of registering shear-mediated CAM expression to incorrect WSS estimates. Ultrasonic measurement errors generated the largest uncertainties in assessing endothelial cell function in the shear range where the sensitivity of CAM expression was high. For VCAM-1, errors near WSS = 0.4 Pa were most important, while for E-selectin errors near WSS = 0.8 Pa were greatest. These data help to guide the design of new ultrasonic techniques for monitoring vascular shear stress in patients particularly at the potential sites of early atherogenesis
The catastrophic day identification problem in distribution reliability, and the robust estimation approach

The Major Event Day identification process used in distribution reliability calculation described in IEEE Standard P1366 is based on computing a threshold from five years of data. Massive, infrequent reliability events, such as a one in one hundred year ice storm, dubbed Catastrophic Days, can skew the threshold computation and thus affect the identification of Major Event Days and the calculation of normal reliability levels until the Catastrophic Day rolls out of the five year window. The Catastrophic Day Task Force of the Distribution Reliability Working Group has explored methods to identify Catastrophic Days and exclude them from the Major Event Day computations. One such method, Robust Estimation, is described in this work. While theoretically valid, Robust Estimation has not worked well in practice.
CYP2D6 Polymorphisms and Tamoxifen Metabolism: Clinical Relevance

The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen has been used for more than three decades to treat metastatic and early-stage receptor-positive breast cancer and, more recently, to prevent the disease. Biotransformation of tamoxifen to the potent antiestrogen endoxifen is performed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, in particular the CYP2D6 isoform. Genetic variants in the CYP2D6 gene may result in CYP2D6 enzymes with reduced or null activity. Strong and intermediate inhibitors of CYP2D6, which may be used to treat hot flashes or psychiatric conditions in breast cancer patients, can also negatively impact enzyme function. Prospective data are lacking, but the balance of current evidence strongly suggests that, compared with women with two wild-type alleles, the presence of two null alleles, and possibly one null allele, predicts reduced tamoxifen metabolism and an inferior outcome in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer who receive adjuvant treatment with the drug. Unfortunately, studies to date have been largely retrospective and the interpretation of their results is limited by examination of archival tissue samples and the inclusion of heterogeneous populations. Although we do not currently recommend routine CYP2D6 testing for women who do not have alternative standard therapies, the use of concomitant strong or intermediate inhibitors of CYP2D6 should be avoided if feasible. This review summarizes the literature to date with a focus on clinically relevant recent studies that examined the association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen-associated outcomes.
CONTEXTUALIZING COLLEGE ESL CLASSROOM PRAXIS: A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION

CONTEXTUALIZING COLLEGE ESL CLASSROOM PRAXIS: A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION. Lawrence N. Berlin. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xxiii + 113. $24.50 paper.This brief volume (119 pages of text) was written to provide “a model for engaging effective instruction with the variety of students that you [the reader] will encounter” (p. xv) in college English as a second language (ESL) or foreign language classrooms. The intended audience includes both graduate and undergraduate students as well as preservice and in-service teachers. The author espouses a problem-posing approach to teaching and to writing this volume, in that the reader is involved in a process of “naming issues, reflecting on them and possible solutions and acting upon your [the reader's] ideas” (p. xv).
Statewide Performance Function for Steel Bridge Protection Systems

A performance function is the relationship between the bridge paint condition rating and time. This function reflects the level of service of the bridge paint. The performance functions of steel bridge paint for state structures maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) were developed using both regression analysis and Markov chains. The regression and Markov models were used to predict the condition rating of a bridge’s paint at a given age. The probabilistic model that was developed with Markov chains was used to reflect the stochastic nature of bridge paint conditions. These deterministic and stochastic methods have been applied to the existing and the new bridges’ paint systems in INDOT structures. The existing paint systems are lead-based and zinc-vinyl. On the other hand, the new paint system is three-coat. The results indicate that both models are very efficient in representing the deterioration model for bridge paint systems based on historical data.
Steroid Regulation of Uterine Function in Domestic Animals: An Introduction

Abstract The first two papers in this issue of Biology of Reproduction are minireviews derived from talks delivered at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, July 19–July 22, 2003, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The minisymposium, titled Steroid Regulation of Uterine Function in Domestic Animals, was organized by Dr. Fredrick Stormshak and included presentations by Dr. Thomas E. Spencer, Dr. Alan K. Goff, and Dr. Michael J. Fields. The papers included here were submitted to the Editorial office of Biology of Reproduction and were subjected to the same standards of peer review as all manuscripts published in the journal.
Water budgets of cave crickets, Hadenoecus subterraneus and camel crickets, Ceuthophilus stygius

l. Studies of cave and camel crickets from cave entrances in Mammoth Cave National Park have produced estimates of total water budgets and component contributions to water balance. 2. Weight specific (mg/g crop-free live weight/hr) total water loss (3.200 vs 2.220) and water gained in food (2.393 vs 1.902) are greater in cave than in camel crickets, respectively. 3. Weight specific evaporative water loss in both humid. still air (2.269 vs 1.325) and dry, moving air (15.28 vs 9.85) is greater in cave than in camel crickets,arespectively.
Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish

Davis, M. W. 2007. Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1535-1542.Development of efficient methods to predict discard and escapee mortality in fishing operations is essential to the conservation of sensitive fish stocks. For a few fisheries, mortality data are available from fishing experiments in the field; these require long-term holding or monitoring of fish in tanks, cages, or tag and recapture experiments to detect delayed mortality. A different approach to predicting discard and escapee mortality is to use reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) consisting of relationships between mortality and reflex impairment for species of interest. Fish were towed in a net in the laboratory and then either restrained in foam-lined holders and rapidly tested for reflex impairment five minutes after towing, or held for up to 60 days to determine delayed mortality. Delayed mortality occurred up to 20 days after towing. RAMP was related to mortality with biphasic sigmoid functions. As fishing stressors increased in intensity, the first phase showed an increase in RAMP with no concomitant mortality. In the second phase, RAMP continued to increase, while mortality became apparent and increased. The measurement of RAMP in restrained fish on board fishing vessels during experiments to predict discard mortality and in caged free swimming fish to predict escapee mortality is feasible and advisable.
IMF control of geomagnetic activity

Recent work on the IMF control of geomagnetic activity is reviewed. The goal is to quantitatively express the temporal relation between the solar wind input and the ionospheric output from the magnetospheric system. Linear prediction filtering was used which treats the magnetosphere as a black box characterized by an impulse response. It is shown that an average impulse response can account for only about 40 percent of the variance in the AL index.
Walking Frequency, Cars, Dogs, and the Built Environment

To explain walking propensity or frequency, empirical studies have generally used two sets of explanatory variables, namely, socio-demographic variables and built environment variables. They have generally shown that both socio-demographic characteristics and built environment characteristics are associated with walking propensity. We examine the traditional walkability variables that encompass density, mix of uses, and network connectivity in New Jersey, using a statewide sample including an oversample of Jersey City. We estimate a two-stage least squares model using a conditional mixed process that combines an ordered probit model of walking frequency in the second stage based on a truncated regression of car ownership in the first stage. Our results show that built environment variables have some small effects, mainly from better network connectivity associated with increased walking frequency. One of our key findings is that built environment features also work indirectly via how they influence car ownership. In general, we find sufficient evidence that suggests fewer cars are owned in areas with more walkable built environment features. The other key variable that we control for is whether a household owns a dog. This also proved to be strongly associated with walking suggesting that dog ownership is a necessary control variable to understand the frequency of walking.
Teaching Repayment of Parents' Kindness.

This article introduces a Buddhist Sutra about the deep kindness of mothers and ways of repaying mothers' kindness. The Sutra has been used to teach children about mothers' kindness and the obligation to repay to their mothers in their old age. It contains discourses about 10 types of kindness that a mother bestows on her child and how to repay the kindness in her old age. The paper discusses the profound nature of mothers' kindness, the way of repaying the kindness, the reciprocal caring relationship between the mother and the child, the status of mothers in Buddhism, and implications for aging.
Effects of Hearing Preservation on Psychophysical Responses to Cochlear Implant Stimulation

Previous studies have shown that residual acoustic hearing supplements cochlear implant function to improve speech recognition in noise as well as perception of music. The current study had two primary objectives. First, we sought to determine how cochlear implantation and electrical stimulation over a time period of 14 to 21 months influence cochlear structures such as hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Second, we sought to investigate whether the structures that provide acoustic hearing also affect the perception of electrical stimulation. We compared psychophysical responses to cochlear implant stimulation in two groups of adult guinea pigs. Group I (11 animals) received a cochlear implant in a previously untreated ear, while group II (ten animals) received a cochlear implant in an ear that had been previously infused with neomycin to destroy hearing. Psychophysical thresholds were measured in response to pulse-train and sinusoidal stimuli. Histological analysis of all group I animals and a subset of group II animals was performed. Nine of the 11 group I animals showed survival of the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion neurons adjacent to the electrode array. All group I animals showed survival of these elements in regions apical to the electrode array. Group II animals that were examined histologically showed complete loss of the organ of Corti in regions adjacent and apical to the electrode array and severe spiral ganglion neuron loss, consistent with previous reports for neomycin-treated ears. Behaviorally, group II animals had significantly lower thresholds than group I animals in response to 100 Hz sinusoidal stimuli. However, group I animals had significantly lower thresholds than group II animals in response to pulse-train stimuli (0.02 ms/phase; 156 to 5,000 pps). Additionally, the two groups showed distinct threshold versus pulse rate functions. We hypothesize that the differences in detection thresholds between groups are caused by the electrical activation of the hair cells in group I animals and/or differences between groups in the condition of the spiral ganglion neurons.
Effects of Evaluation Information On Decisions

Effects of information on decisions were investigated. Questions addressed were: Does different evaluation information affect decisions? Does familiarity with the object evaluated moderate information effects? Does inputing information prior or subsequent to familiar ization also moderate information effects? An educational film was shown to 204 graduate students who were assigned randomly to no review or positive, negative, neutral, or mixed review conditions. Some were given reviews only, while others were given reviews either prior or subsequent to seeing the film. Information affected ratings and familiarity moderated these affects. Timing alone had no effects.
RaD of Short-Period NBTI and Nb 3 Sn Superconducting Undulators for the APS

Superconducting undulators (SCUs) with a period of 14.5 mm are under development for the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The undulators have been designed to achieve a peak field on the beam axis higher than 0.8 T with an 8 mm pole gap and current densities over 1 kA/mm2in the NbTi and Nb 3 Sn coils. Upper-half NbTi SCUs of short sections have been fabricated and were charged up to near the critical current density of 1.43 kA/mm2to achieve a peak field about 1 T. The stability margin of the SCU was measured by imposing steady-state heat fluxes on the pole/coil face of the SCU in a pool-boiling liquid He (LHe) dewar at 4.2 K. Near the critical current density, where the temperature stability margin is minimal, the heat flux density to quench the SCU was about 1.3 mW/mm2, of which 60% was attributed to LHe at the interface of the SCU and the vacuum chamber. The peak fields of the SCU were mapped along the beam axis using a Hall probe in a vertical dewar. The first test of a Nb 3 Sn short-section SCU was charged to an average current density of 1.45 kA/mm2, slightly higher than the critical current density for the NbTi SCU.