cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Conditioning Mechanisms Mediating Conditioning Effects on Pain

Classical conditioning can profoundly modify subsequent pain responses, but the mechanisms that drive this effect are unresolved. In pain-conditioning studies, cues are typically conditioned to primary aversive reinforcers; hence, subsequent pain modulation could reflect learned precognitive associations (i.e., those involving neural plasticity independent of expectations and other forms of conceptual thought) or conceptual expectancies. We isolated conceptual contributions using a thermal pain-conditioning procedure in which different conditioned stimulus (CS) cues were repeatedly paired with symbolic representations of high and low noxious heat. In a subsequent test phase, identical noxious stimuli evoked larger skin conductance responses (SCRs) and pain ratings when preceded by CS cues associated with high temperature than by those associated with low temperature. These effects were mediated by participants' self-reported expectancies. CS cues associated with high temperature also evoked larger anticipatory SCRs than did CS cues associated with low temperature, but larger anticipatory SCRs predicted smaller subsequent heat-evoked SCRs. These results provide novel evidence that conditioned modulation of pain physiology can be acquired through purely conceptual processes, and that self-reported expectancies and physiological threat responses have opposing effects on pain.
OSTEITIS FIBROSA CYSTICA AT AN UNUSUAL AGE

1. A case of osteitis fibrosa cystica in an infant, aged twenty months, is reported; reports of only two younger cases have been found in the literature. 2. Radiation therapy might prove of value in this condition, due to the close relationship of osteitis fibrosa cystica and giant-cell tumor.
Evolution and ecological correlates of uniparental and biparental reproduction in freshwater snails

We review the spatial and temporal correlates of uniparental and biparental reproduction in three species of freshwater snails as they pertain to the ecological hypotheses for the maintenance of biparental sex. The biogeographic evidence from two species (Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Bulinus truncatus) presently supports the Red Queen hypothesis that biparental reproduction is selected as a way to reduce the risk to progeny of parasite attack. Uniparental reproduction in these species is associated with low levels of infection by parasites (castrating digenetic trematodes), suggesting that parthenogenesis or self-fertilization can replace cross-fertilization when the risk of infection is low. In addition, in B. truncatus, the timing of cross-fertilization coincides with the season in which parasite attack is highest. In a third species (Campeloma decisum), parthenogenetic reproduction is correlated with latitude and the presence of a non-castrating trematode that may prevent cross-fertilization; these patterns suggest that parthenogenesis has been selected as a mechanism to assure reproduction. We also discuss the taxonomic distribution of parthenogenesis in aquatic invertebrates, and suggest that brooding may be an exaptation for the evolution of parthenogenetic reproduction in these animals.
The Importance of Hydrologic Factors on the Relative Eutrophic Impacts of Point and Non-Point Pollution in a Reservoir

The Occoquan Reservoir, located downstream of a rapidly urbanizing Northern Virginia (USA) area, is a highly eutrophic water supply, which exhibits all the symptoms of excessive enrichment. Data collected during an intensive monitoring program since 1972 have vividly demonstrated the relative impacts of stormwater runoff and point-source sewage dis-charges on water quality.
Purification of the MM Poliomyelitis Virus.

ConclusionsA simple method requiring standard laboratory equipment only is described which by means of freezing and thawing, alcohol precipitation and dialysis accomplishes a marked purification of the MM poliomyelitis virus.
An Analysis on Death Causes from Digestive System Diseases in Guiyang City,during 2002-2004

Objective: To analyze the death cause distribution from digestive system diseases,explore the regular patterns of death caused by digestive system diseases in Guiyang city from 2002 to 2004 and thus provide with evidences for disease prevention and control.Methods: Basic level office of government(BOG),county,and town were sampling units in this survey.Equal appearing interval and whole population random method was adopted.One 10th of the city population was investigated retrospectively on death causes during 2002 to 2004.Results: During the 3 years,totally 5 489 death cases were reported in Guiyang city.Among them,385(7.01%) died of digestive system diseases and ranked the fifth place of all death causes.The top three causes of death were hepatitis and cirrhosis,duodenal and gastric ulcer,and gastroenteritis,accounting for 73.51% of whole causes of digestive system disease.Conclusions: In Guiyang city,the PYLL of digestive system diseases is higher than those in developed cities of the country,which reflects the "early death" rate of residents and economic loss are more than those in developed cities.So,prevention and control of digestive system diseases especially hepatitis and cirrhosis need to be strengthened.
Results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallstone pancreatitis.

Purpose To assess the efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute gallstone pancreatitis. Methods The charts of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between July 1990 and March 1993 were reviewed. Data gleaned included age, duration of symptoms, physical exam, laboratory analysis, imaging studies, and postoperative course. Results The diagnosis of gallstone pancreatitis was present in 29 of 510 patients (5.7%). The 20 females and nine males ranged in age from 13 to 81 years with an average of 47 years. Twenty-six patients exhibited three or fewer of Ranson's criteria, and three had four criteria. All 29 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy without complications. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC) was done before operation in four patients, all normal studies. Laparoscopic cholangiography was successful in 18 of the 22 patients in whom it was attempted. Common bile duct (CBD) stones were identified in three patients. Two had all stones cleared via the transcystic approach. The other had several stones removed from the CBD, but some stones were left in the hepatic duct. Postoperative ERC removed the remaining stones. Twenty-two of the 29 (76%) patients were discharged within 2 days of the operation, six were home by Day 6, and the last patient was discharged on Day 16. Twenty-six patients were well in follow-up. Two patients returned 1 month after operation with an elevated serum amylase and lipase that promptly resolved. One patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusions Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is effective for patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis and can be accomplished safely. Laparoscopic cholangiography can be performed, can visualize the anatomy, and can address common bile duct stones. In most cases these patients can be successfully managed without ERC.
Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia: observations from human and animal model studies

Clozapine has long been considered a useful treatment in patients who have schizophrenia with the neuroleptic-induced delayed-onset side effect tardive dyskinesia. We present data in support of the clinical impression using both an animal model of the disorder and dyskinetic patients themselves. Clozapine produces a lower rate of oral dyskinesia in laboratory rats after 6 months of chronic treatment than does haloperidol (8.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.4 vacuous chewing movements every 5 minutes, respectively), suggesting a lower propensity to cause tardive dyskinesia. In the human, when clozapine was compared with haloperidol in the treatment of patients with tardive dyskinesia, clozapine produced significantly greater benefit for motor symptoms after 12 months of treatment than did haloperidol (p < .001). Moreover, the dyskinesia rebound, which occurred equally in both drug groups at the beginning of the study, was sustained in the haloperidol group but lost in the clozapine-treated patients. These data suggest that dyskinetic patients lose their symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, along with dopaminergic hypersensitivity, with long-term clozapine treatment.
Mathematical model of the velocity field external to a tank-treading red cell

The velocity field external to a stationary ellipsoidal particle with continuously rotating surface motion driven by a surrounding shear flow is calculated. The configuration is intended to model the so-called "tank-treading" behavior of mammalian erythrocytes (red cells) when suspended in shear flow. The boundary-value problem posed is based on the model developed by Keller & Skalak (7) and is solved by adapting Jeffrey's general solution (9) for the Stokes flow about a rigid, freely rotating ellipsoid immersed in an unbounded viscous flow. Streamlines and velocity profiles in the plane of symmetry are obtained by numerical computations. The flow pattern reveals two free stagnation points near the ends of the particle and the streamlines branching from these points delineate a region of closed streamlines surrounding the particle and two recirculating wakes extending to infinity both upstream and downstream of the particle. The presence of the wakes suggests a mechanism for enhanced diffusion of smaller solute particles in the surrounding fluid.
Personal Perceptual Factors in Organizational Buyer Behavior

Industrial buyer behavior literature emphasized the importance of personal perceptual factors. In this paper, the degree of congruence among product, self and company concepts were investigated. Differences in conceptual congruence based on size of the business firms were also identified. Implications of the research findings were discussed.
The NCCK and the Struggle against “Ethnic Clashes” in Kenya

Recent violence in Kenya left over a thousand dead from police bullets, fires, and machetes. Around 500,000–600,000 people were displaced and thrown into poverty.1 Such “ethnic clashes,” as this politics of violent displacement is sometimes called, are not new; in fact they follow patterns of police brutality and forced displacements that reach back into the colonial period. However, Kenya’s ethnic clashes emerged within the revival of multiparty elections at the end of 1991, peaking around elections in 1992, 1997, and to a much lesser degree, 2002. Such violence generated over 400,000 displaced people, even prior to the latest displacements from 29 December 2007 to February 2008.2 These ethnic clashes threaten civil society, democracy, moral life, and possibly the very idea of Kenya itself.
White Supremacy and Gender

Gender and race are intertwined systems of inequality which shape the lives of everyone, including people who benefit from them. Over the past 25 years, research on whiteness and white supremacy that focuses on gender has grown, as has research on gender which takes into consideration whiteness. This work has developed in three strands of scholarship and critique: intersectional feminist theory; privilege studies; and whiteness studies. In addition, research on the white supremacist movement now focuses on the centrality of gender to the movement's race-based practices and goals. Keywords: Critical Race Theory; intersectionality; race & racism; whiteness; women's/feminist organizations
Tunneling nanotubes and intercellular communication: Differences between platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer.

e22007 Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that cell-to-cell communication may be responsible for the development of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. We propose tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) – long, thin actin-based cell extensions – as novel candidates to explain direct communication between treatment-refractory malignant ovarian cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate TnT formation between ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Methods: Using platinum-sensitive (A2780) and resistant (C200 and SKOV3, as well as ES2) ovarian cancer cell lines, we tested various conditions to assess factors affecting TnT formation. Scratch assays were utilized as a 2-dimensional simulation of ovarian cancer invasion. To assess TnTs as a conduit for transmission of therapeutic drugs between connected cells, we used doxorubicin, which auto-fluoresces in cell culture. Results: We determined that a hyperglycemic, low-serum, acidic medium stimulated TnT formation between all ovarian cancer cells studied, and mo...
Louisiana Death Sentenced Cases and Race-of-Victim Data Table

The 241 Louisiana death sentences (through 2015) are given a line item each in this spreadsheet view that includes demographics on defendants and victims, as well as dates and outcomes pertaining to the cases.The articles this data table underlies can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2706787 and http://ssrn.com/abstract=2706787.
Teaching automated strategic reasoning using capstone tournaments

Courses in artificial intelligence and related topics often cover methods for reasoning under uncertainty, decision theory, and game theory. However, these methods can seem very abstract when students first encounter them, and they are often taught using simple toy problems. Our goal is to help students to operationalize this knowledge by designing sophisticated autonomous agents that must make complex decisions in games that capture their interest. We describe a tournament-based pedagogy that we have used in two different courses with two different games based on current research topics in artificial intelligence to engage students in designing agents that use strategic reasoning. Many students find this structure very engaging, and we find that students develop a deeper understanding of the abstract strategic reasoning concepts introduced in the courses.
Effects of Nursery Container Type on Root Growth and Landscape Establishment of Acer rubrum L.

Abstract Trees of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were planted into seven container types evaluated for their ability to reduce number of roots deflected by the container wall. Seedlings were grown 70 weeks (production phase) in seven container types to a mean trunk diameter of 3.9 cm (1.5 in) and were transplanted into a sandy soil and grown with frequent or periodic irrigation for 24 weeks (landscape phase). There was no effect of container type on total root mass, trunk diameter or height during the production phase. Total deflected root length was less in low-profile plastic containers, chemical root pruning containers, air root pruning containers (ARPC), and wood boxes than in standard black plastic containers (SBPC). Trees produced in the SBPC had the most horizontally-oriented deflected root length while the ARPC and SBPC had the most vertically-oriented deflected root length. Trees grown in the ARPC had less roots on the inside of the root ball than all other container types. Container type did not inf...
Impact of futures trading on spot prices of mustard in the state of Rajasthan.

In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the impact of futures trading on spot prices of mustard seed in the state of Rajasthan. For this purpose secondary data on futures prices collected from the annual reports of the commodity exchange for the financial years 2003 to 2008 and on spot prices collected from Krishi Upaj Mandi, Bikaner for the financial years 2000 to 2008 were used. The period prior to futures trading was designated as pre futures period (PI) and that of futures trading as futures period (PII). Growth in monthly prices was estimated with the help of exponential function and trend by fitting of quadratic function. Impact of futures trading on spot prices was captured by employing dummy variable technique. Integration among futures and spot markets was studied by computing simple correlation between prices. All the prices – futures, spot market and mandi spot prices for mustard seed recorded significant growth of the order of 0.57 per cent, 0.42 per cent and 0.43 per cent, respectively, during the study period. The trend in all these prices of mustard seed was noted to be curvi linear in shape during the study period, i.e., concave downwards. The significantly high value of ‘F’ statistic for mustard seed suggested that T and T2 jointly had significant effect on prices (P). The study also revealed that the futures trading affected the slope of spot prices of mustard seed, i.e., rate of change in the spot prices, without affecting the mean price level. This meant that the regressions were concurrent in nature. Thus it may be inferred that futures prices of mustard reduced the rate of change in the spot prices of the crop in the futures period. The futures market and the spot market were noted to be highly integrated (0.9140) in respect of the mustard seed.
Does Student Loan Affect Borrowing by Young Households

This study takes on the issue of young adults’ retreat from the housing and auto markets from a different perspective. Instead of trying to establish a correlation and causality between homeownership and student loan debt of young households, which has been the common approach in the literature, this study will attempt to reveal the connection between student loan debt and young households’ access to credit markets. Two important questions will be investigated in this research. The first question is: “Are young households with existing student loan debt more likely to be turned down in credit applications than similar households with no student loan debt?” The second question is: “Are young households with existing student loan debt more likely to be discouraged to apply for credit than households with no student loan debt?” Answers to these two questions will shed light on the possible reasons why young households with student loan debt might be retreating from auto and housing markets. Student loan debt doesn’t seem to have any discouraging effect on young households without a college degree, neither does it seem to increase their probability to be turned down in a loan application. In fact, student loan debt reduces the probability to be turned down for households with no college degree. On the other hand, households with college degree are negatively affected by their student loan debt, although it is not an economically significant effect.
Long-Term Outcome Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Glomus Jugulare Tumors: A Single Institution Experience of 20 Years

Background Glomus jugulare tumors (GJTs) are rare benign tumors, which pose significant treatment challenges due to proximity to critical structures. Objective To evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological outcome in patients undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for GJTs through retrospective study. Methods Forty-two patients with 43 GJTs were treated using Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) at our institute from 1997 to 2016. Clinical, imaging, and radiosurgery data were collected from an institutional review board approved database. Results Most patients were females (n = 35, 83.3%) and median age was 61 yr (range 23-88 yr). Median tumor volume and diameter were 5 cc and 3 cm, respectively, with a median follow-up of 62.3 mo (3.4-218.6 mo). Overall, 20 patients (47.6%) improved clinically and 14 (33.3%) remained unchanged at last follow-up. New onset or worsening of hearing loss was noted in 6 patients (17.2%) after SRS. The median prescription dose to the tumor margin was 15 Gy (12-18 Gy). Median reduction in tumor volume and maximum tumor diameter at last follow-up was 33.3% and 11.54%, respectively. The 5-yr and 10-yr tumor control rates were 87% ± 6% and 69% ± 13%, respectively. There was no correlation between maximum or mean dose to the internal acoustic canal and post-GK hearing loss (P > .05). Conclusion SRS is safe and effective in patients with GJTs and results in durable, long-term control. SRS has lower morbidity than that associated with surgical resection, particularly lower cranial nerve dysfunction, and can be a first-line management option in these patients.
Predicting success after artificial urinary sphincter: which preoperative factors drive patient satisfaction postoperatively?

Background: To determine which preoperative factors drive patient-reported quality of life (QoL) after artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation. Methods: Men receiving AUS after prostate cancer treatment were identified from a prospectively collected dataset. Preoperative factors were recorded during the initial incontinence consultation. Patients underwent urodynamic testing (UDS) preoperatively at surgeon discretion. Patients were surveyed by telephone postoperatively and given the EPIC Urinary Domain (EPIC-UD) and Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6) questionnaires. Differences in postoperative maximum pads per day (MxPPD) and questionnaire scores were compared across preoperative factors, with P≤0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results: Telephone survey was completed by 101 of 238 patients (42%). Median age was 69 [63–75] years, BMI was 29 [26–32] kg/m 2 . MxPPD was 5 [3–9] preoperatively and 2 [1–3] postoperatively (r=0.255, P=0.011). Postoperative median EPIC-UD was 82 [67–89] and UDI-6 was 22 [11–36]. Postoperative MxPPD was lower in patients who reported being able to store urine before AUS {2 [1–2] vs . 2 [1–4], P=0.046}, and lower with urodynamically-proven detrusor overactivity (DO) {1.5 [1–2] with vs . 2 [1–4] without, P=0.050}. Detrusor pressure at maximum flow was negatively associated with QoL as measured by EPIC-UD score (r=−0.346, P=0.013) and UDI-6 score (r=0.413, P=0.003). Although 41 (41%) patients had a history of radiation, postoperative outcomes did not significantly differ with or without a history of radiation. Conclusions: Few preoperative factors predict QoL after AUS insertion.
Multidimensional equilibria and their stability in copolymer-solvent mixtures

Abstract This paper discusses localized equilibria which arise in copolymer–solvent mixtures. A free boundary problem associated with the sharp-interface limit of a density functional model is used to identify both lamellar and concentric domain patterns composed of a finite number of layers. Stability of these morphologies is studied through explicit linearization of the free boundary evolution. For the multilayered lamellar configuration, transverse instability is observed for sufficiently small dimensionless interfacial energies. Additionally, a crossover between small and large wavelength instabilities is observed depending on whether solvent–polymer or monomer–monomer interfacial energy is dominant. Concentric domain patterns resembling multilayered micelles and vesicles exhibit bifurcations wherein they only exist for sufficiently small dimensionless interfacial energies. The bifurcation of large radii vesicle solutions is studied analytically, and a crossover from a supercritical case with only one solution branch to a subcritical case with two is observed. Linearized stability of these configurations shows that azimuthal perturbation may lead to instabilities as interfacial energy is decreased.
Elastic Equilibrium of an Anisotropic Homogeneous Body Bounded Internally by an Isotropic Hollow Inclusion of Circular Cross Section

Consider an infinite, anisotropic, homogeneous and continuous medium bounded internally by a cylindrical surface of circular cross section. The hole contains a hollow inclusion assumed to be linear elastic, isotropic, continuous, homogeneous and perfectly bonded to the anisotropic body. Theoretically, both the hole and the inclusion are assumed to be infinitely long. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (i) to obtain relations between the components of a 3D stress field applied at infinity and the stress, strain and displacement components at each point of any cross section of the inclusion located far enough from its ends, (ii) to study how far within the anisotropic body the stress field is disturbed by the presence of the hollow inclusion.
Some Structural Features of Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers from Experiments

A variety of experiments have revealed some generalizations about the behavior of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. These include the anisotropic nature of the eddy viscosity and the lags between the mean flow gradients and the turbulence. The v rms normal-to-wall velocity fluctuation appears to be an important velocity scale. The parameters \(S = \upsilon '^2 /|\tau /\rho |,\,B_2 = \overline {\upsilon ^3 } /\left[ {\left( {\overline {u\upsilon ^2 } } \right)^2 + \left( {\overline {\upsilon ^2 \omega } } \right)^2 } \right]^{1/2} \) and \(\overline {\upsilon ^3 } /\left( {\overline {u^2 \upsilon } + \overline {\upsilon ^3 } + \overline {w^2 \upsilon } } \right)\) are independent of rotation about the normal to wall axis and have nearly universal relationships in the outer region of many non-equilibrium 3D boundary layers. Comparisons of some second-order turbulence models with results deduced from detailed measurements indicate that better modeling of pressure and turbulence diffusion and pressure/rate-of-strain terms is needed, especially near the wall. Some work underway is providing v spatial correlation data that is needed for estimating the pressure fluctuation related terms.
A technique for managing the lexicon in a natural language interface to a changing data base

A difficulty in designing a Natural Language (NL) interface to a Data Base (DB) management system is insuring that DB updates do not obsolete the NL components. Of particular concern is the lexicon (the list of words that the system can process), mainly because NL queries can contain terms that appear as values in the DB, and hence are subject to change as the contents of the DB changes. For example, to process the question "Does John Jones still work for the company?", it is necessary to identify the string "John Jones" as a (potental) value in the "EMPLOYEE-NAME" field (assuming a suitable DB). If such names must appear in the lexicon for the system to process the query, then the lexicon will go out of date as the company's personnel shifts. Using the DB itself as an extension of the lexicon is equally problematic: the system will be unable to parse and provide a negative answer to such a question if the name does not appear at all in the DB. The approach suggested here is to infer a plausible field from the context of the query and semantic information about the domain that is implicitly encoded in the structure of the DB. This technique has been implemented in CO-OP, a NL DB query system that provides cooperative responses and operates with a typical CODASYL DB system. CO-OP treats the problem of selecting a plausible field as a special case of resolving semantic ambiguities. Examples drawn from the implementation are presented.
Discovering Truth and the Rule of Proportionality

English Abstract: The American legal system of procedural justice is characterized by a unique set of attributes commentators have labeled “American exceptionalism.” Characteristics of American procedural exceptionalism include the notice system of pleading, fact discovery, litigation financing and attorney fees, entrepreneurial lawyering, class action litigation, the judge’s role, punitive damages, evidentiary standards, allocation of burdens of proof, res judicata, and the right to trial by jury. The adversary principle is a foundational premise of the American civil justice system, which posits that the truth will emerge when adversaries rigorously represent the interests of their clients. The central procedural mechanism for implementing this adversary principle is the American system of discovery, largely unknown and repudiated by most civil law systems. This article discusses the fundamental American principle that, through the adversarial pursuit of discovery, the truth of a litigated matter will emerge and triumph. Against this proposition, the article analyzes the competing rule of “proportionality” which imposes limits on unfettered discovery. The article posits the question whether, in a system constrained by a rule of proportionality, the truth can emerge as a consequence of litigant discovery. Spanish Abstract: El derecho procesal en el sistema legal de los Estados Unidos se caracteriza por un conjunto unico de atributos que los comentaristas han llamado "el excepcionalismo americano". Las caracteristicas del excepcionalismo procesal estadounidense incluyen el sistema de notificacion de las peticiones, el descubrimiento de los hechos, la financiacion de los litigios y los honorarios de abogados, la abogacia empresarial, los litigios de acciones colectivas, el papel del juez, los danos punitivos, las normas sobre la prueba, la asignacion de cargas probatorias, la cosa juzgada y el derecho a un juicio por jurado. El principio adversarial es una premisa fundamental del sistema de justicia civil estadounidense, que postula que la verdad emergera cuando los adversarios representan rigurosamente los intereses de sus clientes. El mecanismo central del procedimiento para la aplicacion de este principio adversarial es el sistema americano de descubrimiento, en gran parte desconocido y repudiado por la mayoria de los sistemas de derecho civil. Este articulo aborda el principio americano fundamental que, a traves de la persecucion del descubrimiento por parte de los adversarios, la verdad de un asunto litigado emergera y triunfara. Contra esta propuesta, el articulo analiza la regla opuesta de la “proporcionalidad", que impone limites a los descubrimientos sin restricciones. El articulo plantea la cuestion de si, en un sistema limitado por la regla de la proporcionalidad, la verdad puede surgir como consecuencia del descubrimiento en el litigio.
Clinical Experience with Hand Transplantation

Since 1998, 40 hand transplants (HTs) in 29 patients have been performed in countries such as France, United States (US), China, Austria, Malaysia, Italy, Belgium, Poland, and Spain. Now, with recent improvements in immunosuppression, the clinical applicability may expand, and the ethical obstacles may soon be overcome, allowing multiple US institutions to perform hand allotransplantation. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of hand transplantation and to assist multidisci-plinary teams in creating an Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol for their hospital. Using a variety a published reports, a comprehensive literature review of hand transplantation was performed in May 2008. Due to its inherent complexity, hand transplantation should be attempted only at institutions capable of orchestrating a specialized multidisciplinary team, and the IRB protocol used should be extremely detailed and individualized. Without question, further research is warranted, and surgeons and scientists alike have yet to identify the clinical role of hand transplantation.
How polyomavirus crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to gain entry into the cytosol

Polyomavirus (Py) is a non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus that causes a myriad of devastating human diseases for immunocompromised individuals. To cause infection, Py binds to its receptors on the plasma membrane, is endocytosed, and sorts to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From here, Py penetrates the ER membrane to reach the cytosol. Ensuing nuclear entry enables the virus to cause infection. How Py penetrates the ER membrane to access the cytosol is a decisive infection step that is enigmatic. In this review, I highlight the mechanisms by which host cell functions facilitate Py translocation across the ER membrane into the cytosol.
Developing Robot-Based Cognitive and Motor Tasks for People Living with Both HIV and Stroke* This work was made possible through core services and support from the University of of Pennsylvania's Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), an NIH-funded program (P30 AI 045008), the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, and the Departments of Bioengineering and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

There are currently no effective tools to assess the range of physical, cognitive, and social issues seen in the emerging HIV-stroke population. In turn, this poses a barrier to developing effective neurorehabilitation strategies to deal with the unique challenges of living with both HIV and stroke. Rehabilitation robotics provide a potential approach to address this problem. In this study, we develop a cognitive-motor task on the Haptic Theradrive, a single degree-of-freedom robot designed for upper limb rehabilitation. We collect preliminary data on healthy and HIV-stroke subjects from both upper limbs. We identify metrics that could potentially be useful in assessing motor and cognitive impairment across the HIV-stroke disability spectrum.
Modelling and Programming of Digital Video: A Source for the Integration of Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology

Whilst Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) interdisciplinary teaching and learning in the USA K-12 education still needs greater promotion, middle school students demonstrated that they can, using low-cost, single board computers that promote the teaching of computer science (in this case Raspberry Pis), successfully engage with computer programming of digital images and videos. The context for these students’ engagement was the Advancing Out-of-School Learning in Mathematics and Engineering (AOLME) Project. This chapter describes how the processes of design, model, and implement, supported 40 Latinx middle school students’ development of computational thinking in an out-of-school setting, and how these processes promoted the genuine integrated practice and learning of technology, engineering, and mathematical concepts.
Towards a quantitative model of understanding the dynamics of collaboration in collaborative writing

Abstract Understanding the nature of collaboration is critical in collaborative writing (CW), as it impacts the amount of scaffolding that occurs and the amount of linguistic knowledge that can be retained (Storch, 2013). The most prevalent model to examine peer collaboration in CW is based on a global qualitative analysis of learners’ involvement in and control over a writing task (Storch, 2001a). However, this model does not account for the fluctuating nature of peer collaboration in CW. This paper aims to add to Storch’s model by proposing a model of dyadic interaction that considers learners’ contribution to different aspects of CW and identifies collaboration types in a bottom-up fashion. Drawing upon a quantitative analysis of learners’ comparative involvement in major aspects of a CW task, a cluster analysis was performed to allow different collaboration types to emerge from a dataset of 35 pair talks. As a result, five collaboration types were detected, including organization noncollaborative type, language use noncollaborative type, task management noncollaborative type, content noncollaborative type, and collaborative type. Each collaboration type represents a distinct interactional pattern in relation to pair members’ engagement in crucial aspects of CW. Additionally, the paper examines the link between the nature of collaboration and learners’ co-constructed texts in CW. The results indicate that collaboration type does not influence text quality and linguistic accuracy of learners’ collaborative texts. Methodological and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Analytic computation of the secular effects of encounters on a binary: features arising from second-order perturbation theory

Binary-single interactions play a crucial role in the evolution of dense stellar systems such as globular clusters. In addition, they are believed to drive black hole (BH) binary mergers in these systems. A subset of binary-single interactions are secular encounters, for which the third body approaches the binary on a relatively wide orbit, and such that it is justified to average the equations of motion over the binary's orbital phase. Previous works used first-order perturbation theory to compute the effects of such secular encounters on the binary. However, this approach can break down for highly eccentric binaries, which are important for BH binary mergers and gravitational wave sources. Here, we present an analytic computation using second-order perturbation techniques, valid to the quadrupole-order approximation. In our calculation, we take into account the instantaneous back-reaction of the binary to the third body, and compute corrections to previous first-order results. Using singly-averaged and direct 3-body integrations, we demonstrate the validity of our expressions. In particular, we show that the eccentricity change for highly eccentric binaries can reach a plateau, associated with a large inclination change, and can even reverse sign. These effects are not captured by previous first-order results. We provide a simple script to conveniently evaluate our analytic expressions, including routines for numerical integration and verification.
Physiological, morphological, and environmental variation among geographically isolated cottonwood (Populus deltoides) populations in New Mexico

The ability of a plant population to respond and eventually adapt to environmental stress ultimately determines that population s survival. This becomes especially significant in environments where important plant resource levels have radically decreased. Southwestern riparian areas have numerous plant species that are experienc- ing radical changes in water availability due to construction of dams, and thus their ability to respond to such changes is critical. One such species likely to be greatly affected by these hydrological changes is Populus deltoides var. wislizenii (cottonwood) because it relies heavily on both groundwater and river surface volume as primary water sources. Both water sources have been extremely impacted by impoundments along southwestern rivers. To understand how New Mexico populations of cottonwood may respond to environmental changes, we quantified environmental differences and characterized physiological and morphological variation among 4 cottonwood populations. Significant differences among study sites in water availability were indicated by both soil and groundwater salinity. The northernmost site, at Abiquiu, had the highest salinity levels in both soil and groundwater, followed by Bernardo, while San Antonio and Corrales sites had the lowest soil salinity. As expected, variation in physiological and leaf morphological characters existed among and within the tree populations, most likely in response to environmental factors. Midday xylem pressure potentials indi- cated that Abiquiu individuals suffered the greatest water stress and they also had the highest transpiration levels. Because of high specific leaf weights and high photosynthetic levels, cottonwoods at Corrales may better mitigate lower water availability. Such physiological and morphological trait variability among populations is ecologically important and may be of use in present reclamation and conservation efforts in these areas.
Renal Thermal Ablation Trends of American Urologists.

Objective: To define current trends in the utilization of renal thermal ablation by urologists in the United States. Material and Methods: A six-month case log data for renal procedures submitted by certifying and recertifying American urologists from 2003 to 2018 were obtained from the American Board of Urology and stratified by current procedural terminology code. The utilization of thermal ablative techniques was examined with respect to overall trends, surgeon, and practice characteristics associated with its use. Results: Six thousand two hundred eleven unique urologists performed 54,075 renal procedures, including 1916 (3.5%) thermal ablations, 630 (1.2%) renal biopsies, 17,361 (32.1%) partial nephrectomies, 20,403 (37.8%) radical nephrectomies, and 7957 (14.7%) nephroureterectomies. Eight hundred twenty-five (13.3%) unique urologists performed renal ablations, including 1344 (70.2%), 418 (21.8%), and 154 (8.0%) laparoscopic, percutaneous, and open ablation procedures, respectively. The annual volume of ablation was highest in 2008, followed by 2010 and 2009. On multivariate modeling of those performing renal interventions, the first decade of practice, self-declared endourologist, urologist who completed an endourology fellowship, urologist who practices in the Mid Atlantic, North Central, South Central, and South Eastern United States (compared with New England) were more likely to perform thermal ablation for renal masses. Urologists who perform renal biopsies and partial nephrectomies are also more likely to perform ablation of renal masses. Conclusions: Thermal ablation accounted for a small percentage of renal interventions performed by urologists in the last 1.5 decades with definable associations to practice characteristics. Renal ablation was most commonly performed laparoscopically, with declining use in recent years.
Organizational context and budget orientations: a computational text analysis

Local governments operate in contexts that significantly vary in their complexity, turbulence, and munificence. Such variations in context have important implications for organizational outcomes an...
Luxembourg tax agreements: did the companies involved in tax agreements with the Luxembourg government do any better than others?

The Luxembourg tax agreements (LTA, agreements initiated by the Government of Luxembourg to boost investments) area financial scandal leaked for the first time to newspapers in November of 2014 by a group of journalists from the international consortium of investigative journalists. The EU authorities (state aid) have concerns that the companies involved in the LTA were able to reduce their taxes, and that these agreements were signed by multinationals only for tax avoidance purposes thereby avoiding the taxes to be paid in the EU. At the same time, multinationals claim that the LTA were used by them to pursue other management goals, such as expansion of their presence in the EU market and for investment decisions. This paper evaluates whether US multinational companies from the S&P 500, which had been involved in the LTA of 2005–2008, were able to reduce their worldwide tax obligations. By comparing results from various difference-in-difference regressions: traditional, quantile, and semiparametric, I have found that these companies may have saved more on taxes than other US multinationals on the S&P list, which in directly confirms the arguments of EU authorities about the tax aggressiveness of those companies involved in the LTA.
Receipt of Eye Care Services among Medicare Beneficiaries with and without Dementia.

Purpose To examine the relationship between dementia status and receipt of eye care among US Medicare beneficiaries. Design Retrospective, claims-based analysis. Participants A 20% representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries who received care between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2015. Methods Dementia was identified from diagnosis codes documented in a beneficiary’s first 3 years of observed Medicare enrollment. Eye care visits were identified from provider specialty codes on each encounter claim. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models with time-varying covariates to compare the likelihood of receiving eye care between beneficiaries with and without dementia. All models were adjusted for potential confounders, including demographics, urban/rural residence, systemic health (Charlson Index), and ocular comorbidities. Main Outcome Measures Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for (1) being seen by any eye care provider (ophthalmologist or optometrist); (2) being seen by an ophthalmologist specifically; and (3) receiving cataract surgery (among beneficiaries with ophthalmologist encounters). Results A total of 4 451 200 beneficiaries met inclusion criteria; 3 805 718 (85.5%) received eye care during the study period, and 391 556 (8.8%) had diagnosed dementia. Some 73.4% of beneficiaries diagnosed with dementia saw an eye care provider during the study period and 55.4% saw an ophthalmologist versus 86.7% and 74.0% of beneficiaries, respectively, without dementia diagnoses. Compared with those without dementia diagnoses, beneficiaries with diagnosed dementia had lower likelihood of seeing any eye care provider (adjusted HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.69–0.70) and were less likely to see an ophthalmologist (adjusted HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.55–0.55). Among the subset of beneficiaries who did see ophthalmologists, those with diagnosed dementia were also less likely to receive cataract surgery than beneficiaries without diagnosed dementia (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.62–0.63) and less likely to receive a cataract diagnosis (18% vs. 82%). Conclusions US Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with dementia are less likely to receive eye care than those without diagnosed dementia. Depending on visual acuity and functional status, this may have implications for injury prevention, physical and cognitive function, and quality of life. Further work is needed to identify barriers to receiving eye care, determine eye care services and settings that provide greatest value to patients with dementia, and implement measures to improve access to appropriate eye care.
A Complete Guide to Identify and Manage Malnutrition in Hospitalized Patients.

Malnutrition is extremely common in hospitalized patients. It can lead to various complications and increase mortality. However, it remains poorly recognized and many health care systems do not require nutritional assessment during the hospital stay. This most likely due to lack of awareness and inadequate coordination between health care workers. Physicians can utilize many different methods when performing malnutrition screening, and there is also a lack of global clear-cut recommendations on criteria used to diagnose malnutrition. This article aims to increase malnutrition awareness among health care providers, and provide a guide on screening, diagnosis, and management of malnutrition.
Embracing A Growth Mindset: An Experiential Exercise to Explore Beliefs About Learning:

This exercise is designed to introduce business students to the concept of implicit theories, a foundational concept for individuals and organizations interested in developing more effective learne...
Voice in the House of Representatives: Representation as the Re-Presentation of Citizen Virtues and Characteristics

The importance of voice in a representative system cannot be understated; voice through representation is the best way for citizens to have a say and presence in government. The American founders expected that Representatives would give sound to that voice by presenting again the citizen’s characters and virtues along with their wants and fears. This re-presentation thus requires an intricate and intimate knowledge of the citizens so that Representatives can better voice the citizens’ concerns in the House and to the rest of the government. This paper thus argues for the need to recover the republican sense of representation as re-presentation, stressing that it can offer a better foundation from which to investigate the actions of Representatives. Such an approach can enhance the already existing knowledge about the House and can help answer some of the puzzles about Representatives that trouble political science today.