cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Caribbean Low-Level Jet and Its Relationship with Precipitation in IPCC AR4 Models

AbstractA census of 19 coupled and 12 uncoupled model runs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) shows that all models have the ability to simulate the location and height of the Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ); however, the observed semiannual cycle of the CLLJ magnitude was a challenge for the models to reproduce. In particular, model means failed to capture the strong July CLLJ peak as a result of the lack of westward and southward expansion of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH) between May and July. The NASH was also found to be too strong, particularly during the first 6 months of the year in the coupled model runs, which led to increased meridional sea level pressure gradients across the southern Caribbean and, hence, an overly strong CLLJ. The ability of the models to simulate the correlation between the CLLJ and regional precipitation varied based on season and region. During summer months, the negative correlation between the CLLJ and Cari...
Use of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory with a college population.

Abstract Use of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI), a new instrument for assessing the presence of chemical dependency, was tested on a college population. In tests with 376 subjects, the SASSI showed significant promise in discriminating between nonabusers, moderate abusers, and severe abusers. Further, results of the SASSI obvious attributes scale were correlated in the expected directions with indicators of level of chemical use. The particular need for an alcohol and drug abuse assessment instrument that is relatively impervious to social desirability effects is discussed in light of the history of assessment problems in this area.
Should the results of TROPHY affect the JNC 7 definition of prehypertension

In the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY), volunteers with “high normal blood pressure” were randomized to 4 years of placebo (n = 381) or 2 years of 16 mg/d of candesartan (n = 391) followed by 2 years of placebo. At 2 years, there was a 26.8% absolute and a 66.3% relative risk reduction (P < 0.0001) of hypertension in the candesartan group. At study end, the former candesartan group had a 9.8% absolute and a 15.6% relative risk reduction (P < 0.007) of hypertension. The treatment was well tolerated. The Seventh Joint National Committee (JNC 7) changed the nomenclature from “high normal blood pressure” to “prehypertension” and widened the range to 120 to 139 and/or 80 to 89 mm Hg. Our results support the term “prehypertension” only for the 130 to 139 and/or 85 to 89 mm Hg group; in 4 years two thirds of the placebo group developed hypertension. We suggest stratifying the JNC classification into “prehypertension” (130–139 and/or 85–89 mm Hg) and “high normal blood pressure” (120–129 and/or 80–84 mm Hg). By the present JNC definition, only one quarter of adult men have normal blood pressure. Removing the disease label from another 28% would appropriately focus attention on high-risk prehypertension.
Temporal convergence criteria for time-accurate viscous simulations of separated flows

Abstract Airfoils and wings undergoing static and dynamic stall still elude accurate simulation by computational methods. While significant emphasis has been placed on the quantification of grid dependence, as well as influence of the turbulence method, many elements defining temporal convergence remain ad hoc. To address this, convergence and accuracy for two different turbulence methods were examined for both static and dynamic stall. New approaches to define numerical convergence that include an assessment of the physical accuracy have been developed and evaluated via a blind analysis at other stall conditions. A key finding is the need to ensure that the combination of time step and subiterations achieves a true second order accurate solution. It was also observed that accurate prediction of separation was controlled primarily by the turbulent transport terms, while the mean flow equations influenced reattachment. Temporal convergence of dynamic stall can be quantitatively assessed by an approach developed in this effort.
Platform wide innovations to overcome thermal challenges

As the trend towards higher performance with increased integration continues, the emerging platform technology challenges require innovation across multiple disciplines at low cost to deliver compelling products. Customers demand increased performance to enable new usage models across all market segments in ever-constrained form factors. To complement voltage scaling and leakage issues associated with silicon, it is necessary to advance the thermal management and acoustics technologies at the system level. On the other hand, architectural tradeoffs are required to extract maximum performance for a given energy budget. In this paper, we outline the challenges and present a few ideas to expand the performance envelope of future platforms. These challenges should also function as a motivation to the research community at large to develop breakthrough innovations.
Three decades of spectroscopic studies of radiation produced intermediates

Abstract The adventures of the author in over 3 decades of spectroscopic studies of radiation produced intermediates at the Radiation Laboratories of Carnegie-Mellon University and the University of Notre Dame are briefly described and summarized.
Morphology and Stratal Geometry of the Antarctic Continental Shelf: Insights from Models

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geology and Seismic Stratigraphy of the Antarctic Margin, edited by Peter F. Barker and Alan K. Cooper, :1-24. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1995. ISBN: 0875908845. doi:10.1029/AR068p0001
Symptom status and health-related quality of life: clinical relevance.

Background. Nursing continues to struggle to identify outcomes that measure quality of care. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been identified as an outcome indicator that is sensitive to health-care interventions. However, clinicians remain skeptical about its relevance. Aim. This article discusses the conceptual issues surrounding HRQOL research and provides an example that demonstrates how symptom status can serve as a clinically relevant and measurable dimension of HRQOL. Methods. The study sample (n = 99) were patients presenting to the emergency department of an academic medical centre in the United States of America (USA) between July 1997 and March 1999 with the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. The mean age was 57·86 (17·52) years and 62·6% of the sample was male. The Short Form-12 (SF-12) (measurement used for HRQOL) and a 15-item symptom checklist were administered within the first 24 hours following the emergency department visit and by phone 1 month after discharge. Results. Regression analysis controlling for age, gender, haematocrit and comorbidities was used to examine the relationships between symptom status and HRQOL. The analysis suggests that symptom status is a key predictor of HRQOL. Study limitations. The sample was a relatively small convenience sample from one emergency department in the USA. Conclusions. Nurses are concerned with improving patients' HRQOL. Certainly, symptoms are amenable to nursing interventions. We provide one example that demonstrates the relationship between symptom status and HRQOL. By tracking and studying trends in the number of symptoms over time we can begin to track HRQOL as an outcome of care. Thus, we conclude that by helping patients manage their symptoms their overall HRQOL would improve.
Optimal Imputation of Erroneous Data: Categorical Data, General Edits

Responses to surveys often contain large amounts of incorrect information. One option for dealing with the problem is to revise those erroneous responses that can be detected. Fellegi and Holt developed a model in which a response is modified to pass a set of edits with as little change as possible. The model is called Minimum Weighted Fields to Impute MWFI and is NP-hard for categorical data and general edits. We develop two algorithms for MWFI, based on set covering, and present computational experience.
Serum lipoproteins attenuate macrophage activation and Toll-Like Receptor stimulation by bacterial lipoproteins

Background Chlamydia trachomatis was previously shown to express a lipoprotein, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip), exposed at the bacterial surface, and able to stimulate human primary monocytes/macrophages through Toll Like Receptor (TLR)2/TLR1/TLR6, and CD14. In PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells the proinflammatory activity of Mip was significantly higher in the absence than in the presence of serum. The present study aims to investigate the ability of different serum factors to attenuate Mip proinflammatory activity in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells and in primary human differentiated macrophages. The study was also extend to another lipoprotein, the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein (Osp)A. The proinflammatory activity was studied through Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin (IL)-8 release. Finally, TLR1/2 human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) transfected cells were used to test the ability of the serum factors to inhibit Mip and OspA proinflammatory activity.
Unique aspects of fiber degradation by the ruminal ethanologen Ruminococcus albus 7 revealed by physiological and transcriptomic analysis

Bacteria in the genus Ruminococcus are ubiquitous members of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. In particular, they are important in ruminants where they digest a wide range of plant cell wall polysaccharides. For example, Ruminococcus albus 7 is a primary cellulose degrader that produces acetate usable by its bovine host. Moreover, it is one of the few organisms that ferments cellulose to form ethanol at mesophilic temperatures in vitro. The mechanism of cellulose degradation by R. albus 7 is not well-defined and is thought to involve pilin-like proteins, unique carbohydrate-binding domains, a glycocalyx, and cellulosomes. Here, we used a combination of comparative genomics, fermentation analyses, and transcriptomics to further clarify the cellulolytic and fermentative potential of R. albus 7. A comparison of the R. albus 7 genome sequence against the genome sequences of related bacteria that either encode or do not encode cellulosomes revealed that R. albus 7 does not encode for most canonical cellulosomal components. Fermentation analysis of R. albus 7 revealed the ability to produce ethanol and acetate on a wide range of fibrous substrates in vitro. Global transcriptomic analysis of R. albus 7 grown at identical dilution rates on cellulose and cellobiose in a chemostat showed that this bacterium, when growing on cellulose, utilizes a carbohydrate-degrading strategy that involves increased transcription of the rare carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) family 37 domain and the tryptophan biosynthetic operon. Our data suggest that R. albus 7 does not use canonical cellulosomal components to degrade cellulose, but rather up-regulates the expression of CBM37-containing enzymes and tryptophan biosynthesis. This study contributes to a revised model of carbohydrate degradation by this key member of the rumen ecosystem.
Man's impact on a newly formed reservoir

A newly formed reservoir in the southwestern part of the United States was analyzed for man's impact on the eutrophication of the impoundment. The analysis of the 14C net productivity (mg 12C/m2 per day) indicated that the area studied was naturally eutrophic. Significant differences in net production were observed among the sites, as the area where man's recreational activities are highly concentrated had a significantly higher production rate than the other sites investigated.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von Pentafluorophosphaten, YPF5− (Y = OR, NHAr), und PF5 · Amin-Addukten, PF5 · HNR2

Bei der Umsetzung von PCl5 mit Alkylammoniumfluoriden in Acetonitril werden in Gegenwart sec. Amine anstelle von Hexafluorophosphaten, PF6−, PF5-Amin-Addukte, PF5 · HNR2, und bei zusatzlicher Anwesenheit von Alkoholen bzw. Phenol, Alkoxy- bzw. Aroxypentafluorophosphate, ROPF5−, erhalten. Die PF5-Amin-Addukte setzen sich mit Alkoholen oder Arylaminen zu ROPF5− bzw. Arylimidopentafluorophosphaten, ArNHPF5−, um. Synthesis and Properties of Pentafluorophosphates, YPF5− (Y = OR, NHAr), and PF5-Amine Adducts, PF5 · NHR2 In the presence of secondary amines instead of hexafluorophosphates, PF6−, PF5-amine adducts, PF5 · NHR2, are obtained by the reaction of PCl5 with alkylammonium fluorides in acetonitrile. The additional presence of alcohols or phenol leads to the formation of alkoxy- or aroxypentafluorophosphates, ROPF5−. The PF5-amine adducts can be converted into ROPF5− or arylimidopentafluorophosphates, ArNHPF5−, resp., by treating with alcohols or aryl amines, resp.
Identifying and Nurturing Potential Academic Leaders.

Selecting and nurturing academic leaders requires identifying effective leadership characteristics and providing experiences for potential candidates that both test and develop them.
The retrieval problem in photography (1932). Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)

A new approach to mechanized document retrieval is demonstrated using optical and photoelectric methods to retrieve indexed documents stored on microfilm. Microfilm can be used to store images of documents compactly with suitable index codes recorded on the film adjacent to the image of the document. The film can be passed through a «statistical machine» [microfilm selector] in which a combination of light source, search template, and photoeletric cell is used to scan the moving film, identify the desired index code, project or copy the associated document. The machine demonstrated can search to up to 35,000 documents per hour, which could be increased to 100,000 per hour. [Translation of «Das Registrierproblem in der Photographie», a paper presented at the VIIIth International Congress of Photography, Dresden, 1931, and published in the proceedings in 1932.]
Running on four legs as though they were one

Simple locomotion algorithms provide balance for machines that run on one leg. The generalization of these one-leg algorithms for control of machines with several legs is explored. The generalization is quite simple when muitilegged systems run with gaits that use the support legs one at a time. For these gaits the one-leg algorithms can be used to control multilegged running. The concept of a virtual leg is introduced to further extend the approach to gaits that use the legs in pairs, such as the trot, the pace, and the bound. These quadruped running gaits map into gaits that use one virtual leg for support at a time, for which the one-leg algorithms can provide control. This approach was used in laboratory experiments to control a quadruped machine that runs with a trotting gait.
France invests in the development of New Caledonia

This manuscript is a revised and updated version of an article that appeared in a publication with a limited circulation [Burt, 1984]. Because of the present high level of interest in what is now happening in New Caledonia, it was felt to be worthwhile to bring the article up to date and present it to a wider audience.
Mechatronics/microcontroller education for mechanical engineering students at the University of South Carolina

Abstract A project to enhance the mechatronics/microcontroller education of mechanical engineering students at the University of South Carolina is presented. First, the state of the art in Mechatronics education is presented and discussed. Then, focus is shifted to the Mechatronics education in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of South Carolina. Subsequently, the paper examines the hardware and software used for mechatronics/microcontroller education. Examples are given of the MC68HC11 microcontroller and the different evaluation boards used for (a) code development; (b) embedded applications. Then, attention is given to the software used in the mechatronics/microcontroller education. The THRSim11 comprehensive simulation and interfacing software is described. Finally, the paper discusses the interfacing between the microcontroller and the various electro-mechanical sensing and actuation components used in a mechatronics project. The use of functional modules for teaching interfacing skills to mechanical engineering students is described. The paper finishes with conclusions and further work.
Enantioretentive alkylation of oxazolidinone aluminum enolates with epoxides: Preparation of uncoded homoserine analogs

Abstract The alkylation of Karady/Seebach oxazolidinone enolates with epoxides, promoted by 2.1 equivalents of diethylaluminum chloride, furnishes ring-opened adducts in moderate-to-good yields with high diastereoselectivity. The method provides an effective approach to uncoded homoserine analogs and expands the utility of readily available oxazolidinones in asymmetric synthesis.
High accuracy optical character recognition using neural networks with centroid dithering

Optical character recognition (OCR) refers to a process whereby printed documents are transformed into ASCII files for the purpose of compact storage, editing, fast retrieval, and other file manipulations through the use of a computer. The recognition stage of an OCR process is made difficult by added noise, image distortion, and the various character typefaces, sizes, and fonts that a document may have. In this study a neural network approach is introduced to perform high accuracy recognition on multi-size and multi-font characters; a novel centroid-dithering training process with a low noise-sensitivity normalization procedure is used to achieve high accuracy results. The study consists of two parts. The first part focuses on single size and single font characters, and a two-layered neural network is trained to recognize the full set of 94 ASCII character images in 12-pt Courier font. The second part trades accuracy for additional font and size capability, and a larger two-layered neural network is trained to recognize the full set of 94 ASCII character images for all point sizes from 8 to 32 and for 12 commonly used fonts. The performance of these two networks is evaluated based on a database of more than one million character images from the testing data set. >
Treatment Responses in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive Premenopausal and Postmenopausal HIV-1-Infected Women: An Analysis from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Studies

Menopause may affect antiretroviral treatment (ART) response. Immunologic and virologic responses to ART were compared in 220 premenopausal and 47 postmenopausal women enrolled in 2 studies involving ART-naive persons. Changes in CD4 counts or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels were similar at 24, 48, and 96 weeks after treatment initiation. ART-naive women should respond to ART regardless of menopausal status.
Indexing Endangered Species Risk in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico Using AVHRR NDVI Time Series Data

The Colorado River Delta in Mexico has several U.S. listed Endangered Species. Methods that estimate the risks of hydrologic disruption would help protect the habitat of these animals, especially in remote areas like the Delta, where ecosystem and water availability monitoring does not occur. A Delta Response Index (DRI) was developed using NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data. AVHRR NDVI data from a flood-fed wetland (Rio Hardy) and an agricultural run-off fed wetland (Cienega de Santa Clara) in Colorado River Delta in Mexico were used to develop the DRI. Analysis of the DRI in the Colorado River Delta since 1989 demonstrates the impact of floodwaters on the habitat of Delta endangered species, such as the Yuma clapper rail (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) and desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius). This finding may have significant environmental policy implications by removing Mexico as a potential intervening party between US fresh water releases and delivery to the Delta, and is relevant to current legal actions over Endangered Species Act (ESA) enforcement in Mexico.
Usefulness of lipid apheresis in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Lipid apheresis is used to treat patients with severe hyperlipidemia by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This study examines the effect of apheresis on the lipid panel and cardiac event rates before and after apheresis. An electronic health record screen of ambulatory patients identified 11 active patients undergoing lipid apheresis with 10/11 carrying a diagnosis of FH. Baseline demographics, pre- and postapheresis lipid levels, highest recorded LDL-C, cardiac events, current medications, and first apheresis treatment were recorded. Patients completed a questionnaire and self-reported risk factors and interest in alternative treatment. There were significant reductions in mean total cholesterol (−58.4%), LDL-C (−71.9%), triglycerides (−51%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (−9.3%), and non-HDL (−68.2%) values. Thirty-four cardiac events were documented in 8 patients before apheresis, compared with 9 events in 5 patients after apheresis. Our survey showed a high prevalence of statin intolerance (64%), with the majority (90%) of participants indicating an interest in alternative treatment options. Our results have shown that lipid apheresis primary effect is a marked reduction in LDL-C cholesterol levels and may reduce the recurrence of cardiac events. Apheresis should be compared to the newer alternative treatment modalities in a randomized fashion due to patient interest in alternative options.
Physico-chemical characterization of a cellulosic fraction from sugar beet pulp

The residue of sugar beet pulp from which pectin and alkaline soluble polysaccharides have been removed by microwave assisted extraction or conventional heat was treated with sodium monochloroacetate under alkaline pH to convert the residual cellulose present to carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). Weight average molar masses ranged from about 96 to 220 × 103 Daltons, weight average intrinsic viscosity from 1.9 to 4.1 dL/g and degree of substitution from 1.38 to 0.59. HPSEC with online molar mass detectors and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed that CMC was comprised of aggregated linear moieties in contact with spherical bodies. The linear portion was a mixture of rods and segmented rods. Some of the rods had long branches.
Health status after open elbow contracture release.

Background: Operative contracture release may improve motion of a posttraumatic stiff elbow. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that improvement in ulnohumeral motion after elbow contracture release leads to improvement in general health status and decreases upper-extremity-specific disability. Methods: Twenty-three patients with posttraumatic loss of ≥30° of elbow flexion or extension who elected to have an open elbow capsulectomy completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) preoperatively and at least one year postoperatively. Pain was measured with use of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Elbow Evaluation instrument. Four patients underwent additional, subsequent procedures to address residual elbow stiffness. Results: One patient who needed several additional procedures, including a total elbow arthroplasty, was considered to have had a failure of the operative contracture release and was excluded from the analysis; this left twenty-two patients in the study. On the average, the arc of flexion and extension improved from 51° preoperatively to 106° postoperatively; the DASH score, from 38 points to 18 points; the SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) score, from 39 points to 49 points (all p < 0.05); and the SF-36 Mental Component Summary (MCS) score, from 49 points to 54 points (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the improvement in the arc of flexion and extension and the improvement in the DASH (p = 0.53), PCS (p = 0.73), or MCS (p = 0.41) score. There also was no correlation between the final arc of flexion and extension and the final DASH score (p = 0.39 for the total score, p = 0.52 for the PCS score, and p = 0.42 for the MCS score). Conclusions: Health status and disability scores improve after open elbow contracture release, but the improvements do not correlate with the improvement in elbow motion. Among multiple objective and subjective factors, pain was a strong predictor of the final general health status and arm-specific disability. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Introduction to Faculty Learning Communities.

Faculty learning communities create connections for isolated teachers, establish networks for those pursuing pedagogical issues, meet early-career faculty expectations for community, foster multidisciplinary curricula, and begin to bring community to higher education.
Superconducting frequency tunable SAW filter and dispersion line

It is shown that the superconducting transition of a thin film with a high sheet resistivity can change the attenuation of surface acoustic waves (SAW) by as much as 30 dB/cm at 700 MHz. Preliminary experimental results are presented for an NbN superconducting film. It is suggested that the observed effect could be used to produce variable-bandwidth SAW filters, reflective array compressor dispersion lines, and switches in SAW delay lines. >
Drivers With Dementia and Outcomes of Becoming Lost While Driving

Researchers of driving and dementia have reported that drivers with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) may continue to drive for extended periods of time, as long as their driving is evaluated or monitored. The earliest symptoms of AD are known to include loss of recent memory and the inability to recognize familiar environments. In an exploratory study, we examined 207 reports of lost drivers with dementia over 10 yr reported by newspapers and media. Seventy AD drivers were not found, 32 drivers were found dead, and 116 drivers were found alive, although of those found alive, 35 people were found injured. Miles driven and days missing were also reported in some cases, in addition to cause of death (such as drowning or exposure to weather). Becoming lost may have serious consequences. Additional research is needed in this area to more clearly understand the consequences of becoming lost while driving.
THE EVOLUTION OF WING COLOR: MALE MATE CHOICE OPPOSES ADAPTIVE WING COLOR DIVERGENCE IN COLIAS BUTTERFLIES

Correlated evolution of mate signals and mate preference may be constrained if selection pressures acting on mate preference differ from those acting on mate signals. In particular, opposing selection pressures may act on mate preference and signals when traits have sexual as well as nonsexual functions. In the butterfly Colias philodice eriphyle, divergent selection on wing color across an elevational gradient in response to the thermal environment has led to increasing wing melanization at higher elevations. Wing color is also a long-range signal used by males in mate searching. We conducted experiments to test whether sexual selection on wing melanization via male mate choice acts in the same direction as natural selection on mate signals due to the thermal environment. We performed controlled mate choice experiments in the field over an elevational range of 1500 meters using decoy butterflies with different melanization levels. Also, we obtained a more direct estimate of the relation between wing color and sexual selection by measuring mating success in wild-caught females. Both our experiments showed that wing melanization is an important determinant of female mating success in C. p. eriphyle. However, a lack of elevational variation in male mate preference prevents coevolution of mate signals and mate preference, as males at all elevations prefer less-melanized females. We suggest that this apparently maladaptive mate choice may be maintained by differences in detectability between the morphs or by preservation of species recognition.
Transmural difference in coronary arteriolar dilation to adenosine: effect of luminal pressure and KATP channels

Coronary blood flow in the subendocardium is preferentially increased by adenosine but is redistributed to the subepicardium during ischemia in association with coronary pressure reduction. The mec...
Human Cells as Therapeutic Agents

Cell culture in the modem sense is about fifty years old and has been indispensable for the development of modern biology. In addition, cultured cells have been used for the production of some of the proteins encoded by recombinant DNA and in this way have acted as synthetic machinery for the manufacture of therapeutic proteins. Of more recent history is the use of cultured cells themselves as therapeutic agents. There is a wide gulf in thinking and in practice between these applications. Examples will be described of the cultivation and grafting or implantation of cells to treat disease.
Low temperature normal-state electrical resistivity anomalies in some disordered d-band superconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the unusual temperature dependence of the normal-state electrical resistivity of A15 compound superconductors. It also explains the normal-state resistive anomalies in disordered d-band alloy superconductors. The magnitude of the deduced fluctuation superconductivity appears to be in reasonable agreement with the theory presented in the chapter. The non-Kohler-rule temperature dependence of the shapes of the positive magnetoresistance curves suggests that H-quenching of remnant superconductivity remains above the bulk of Tc, rather than ordinary positive magnetoresistance because of Lorentz-force bending of electron orbits. This chapter discusses the temperature dependence of the high electrical resistivity. It presents the normalized change in the electrical resistivity versus temperature at a constant applied magnetic field. Multiple scattering, scattering from atomic or structural tunneling sites, and modified Ziman liquid metal theory are advanced to account for negative αT in highly disordered alloys, but it is not obvious whether such approaches can yield a negative a αH.
Climate change as catastrophe or opportunity? Climate change framing and implications for water and climate governance in a drought-prone region

Given recent events in US climate policy, such as the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, understanding local (e.g., city and state) efforts to address climate change is increasingly imperative. Climate change–framing research has shown that people are motivated or deterred by different framing of issues in policy documents and other discourse. Considering this, there is a dearth of understanding of framing decisions in climate change–related policy documents that often inform how different levels of government communicate about and act to address climate change. We contribute a content analysis of framing in climate change–related policy documents tied to three western US cities/states (Phoenix, AZ; Denver, CO; Las Vegas, NV) that are particularly vulnerable to climate change. We discover that climate change is most frequently framed in terms of negatives/losses, both in water-related and climate change documents. Other common frames differed between the water-related and climate change–specific documents. The practical implications of climate change framing decisions are discussed in the context of recent political events in the United States. We emphasize the significance of understanding how local level actors frame climate change, as researchers and government officials have acknowledged the burden of responding to climate change progressively falls to local actors. We call for increased research on framing decisions and their connections to the perceived solution space, or suite of possible actions, to strengthen efforts by local actors to contribute to addressing climate change generally and to sustainably govern water resources specifically.
Zebrafish lacking functional DNA polymerase gamma survive to juvenile stage, despite rapid and sustained mitochondrial DNA depletion, altered energetics and growth

DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) is essential for replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations in POLG cause mtDNA instability and a diverse range of poorly understood human diseases. Here, we created a unique Polg animal model, by modifying polg within the critical and highly conserved polymerase domain in zebrafish. polg(+/-) offspring were indistinguishable from WT siblings in multiple phenotypic and biochemical measures. However, polg(-/-) mutants developed severe mtDNA depletion by one week post-fertilization (wpf), developed slowly and had regenerative defects, yet surprisingly survived up to 4 wpf. An in vivo mtDNA polymerase activity assay utilizing ethidium bromide (EtBr) to deplete mtDNA, showed that polg(+/-) and WT zebrafish fully recover mtDNA content two weeks post-EtBr removal. EtBr further reduced already low levels of mtDNA in polg(-/-) animals, but mtDNA content did not recover following release from EtBr. Despite significantly decreased respiration that corresponded with tissue-specific levels of mtDNA, polg(-/-) animals had WT levels of ATP and no increase in lactate. This zebrafish model of mitochondrial disease now provides unique opportunities for studying mtDNA instability from multiple angles, as polg(-/-) mutants can survive to juvenile stage, rather than lose viability in embryogenesis as seen in Polg mutant mice.
Low Vision and Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation

Low vision is any type of visual impairment that affects activities of daily living. In the context of low vision, we define plasticity as changes in brain or perceptual behavior that follow the onset of visual impairment and that are not directly due to the underlying pathology. An important goal of low-vision research is to determine how plasticity affects visual performance of everyday activities. In this review, we consider the levels of the visual system at which plasticity occurs, the impact of age and visual experience on plasticity, and whether plastic changes are spontaneous or require explicit training. We also discuss how plasticity may affect low-vision rehabilitation. Developments in retinal imaging, noninvasive brain imaging, and eye tracking have supplemented traditional clinical and psychophysical methods for assessing how the visual system adapts to visual impairment. Findings from contemporary research are providing tools to guide people with low vision in adopting appropriate rehabilitation strategies.
Texture and Resistivity of Cu and Dilute Cu Alloy Films

Annealing of dilute binary Cu(Ti), Cu(In), Cu(Al), Cu(Sn), Cu(Mg), Cu(Nb), Cu(B), Cu(Co) and Cu(Ag) alloy films resulted in the strongest fiber texture for Cu(Ti) and the lowest resistivity for Cu(Ag). The behavior of the alloy films was compared and contrasted with that for a pure evaporated Cu film. Electron beam evaporated films with compositions in the range of 2.0-4.2 at% and thicknesses in the range of 420-560 nm were annealed at 400°C for 5 hours. Two different approaches were used to derive volume fractions of texture components, namely fiber plots and orientation distributions. It is argued that for polytextured films such as the copper alloys studied here, orientation distributions derived from pole figures provide the most reliable basis for quantitative characterization.
Abstract 172: Impact of Pharmacological Inhibition of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Experimental stroke in animals with deletions of endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase have observed greater infarct injury whereas pharmacological inhibition of NOS reported varying impact. nNOS has been identified recently in endothelial cells, however, the functional role of nNOS in brain microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) has never been examined. Our objective was to identify the nNOS in MECs and study its role in the regulation of mitochondrial function and response to anoxic injury. Methods and Results: Primary brain MECs from humans and rats were used in the studies. Immunohistochemistry identified von Willebrand factor, eNOS, and nNOS in MECs. The nNOS immunoreactivity to three antibodies raised against different sequences of nNOS was observed in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus when cells were permeabilized. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements were made from hMECs treated with selective inhibitors of nNOS (N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine; NPA or 7-nitroindazole) and eNOS (L-N 5 -(1-Iminoethyl)ornithine; NIO) or non-specific inhibitor (N G -Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; L-NAME) revealed that mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity was enhanced by nNOS inhibition but diminished by eNOS inhibition or L-NAME (100 mol/L). Drug treatment of hMECs for 3 h followed 24 h later by cell viability measurements showed that nNOS inhibition increased cell proliferation whereas eNOS inhibition diminished cell viability. Exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation in the presence of nNOS inhibition increased cell viability. Conclusions: We identified immunoreactive nNOS in brain MECs for the first time. Pharmacological inhibition of nNOS in MECs enhanced mitochondrial capacity, promoted cell proliferation, and afforded protection against anoxic injury. Thus, in MECs, nNOS appears to function distinct from eNOS and may even counteract eNOS actions.
Use of a Highly Concentrated Intranasal Spray Formulation of Desmopressin in Persons with Congenital Bleeding Disorders

For the past three decades, plasma-derived factor VIII concentrates have been the mainstay of treatment for patients with hemophilia A and for those with severe or moderately severe von Willebrand disease (vWD). However, for persons with classic (Type I) vWD or mild and moderate hemophilia A (characterized by FVIII coagulant activity (F VIII: C) levels of 0.06-0.30U/dl and 0.01-0.05U/dl respectively, desmopressin (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin; DDAVP) is considered the treatment of choice. When given intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously, DDAVP effects a short-term rise in all components of the F VIII system as well as in plasminogen activator (PA).1-4 The major advantage of DDAVP is that it is a synthetic agent which makes it possible to avoid the risk of transfusion-transmitted viral diseases such as hepatitis B, C, HIV/AIDS and parvovirus B19.
Lung Transplantation for Cystic Fibrosis: Results, Indications, Complications, and Controversies

Survival in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has improved dramatically over the past 30 to 40 years, with mean survival now approximately 40 years. Nonetheless, progressive respiratory insufficiency remains the major cause of mortality in CF patients, and lung transplantation (LT) is eventually required. Timing of listing for LT is critical, because up to 25 to 41% of CF patients have died while awaiting LT. Globally, approximately 16.4% of lung transplants are performed in adults with CF. Survival rates for LT recipients with CF are superior to other indications, yet LT is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality (∼50% at 5-year survival rates). Myriad complications of LT include allograft failure (acute or chronic), opportunistic infections, and complications of chronic immunosuppressive medications (including malignancy). Determining which patients are candidates for LT is difficult, and survival benefit remains uncertain. In this review, we discuss when LT should be considered, criteria for identifying candidates, contraindications to LT, results post-LT, and specific complications that may be associated with LT. Infectious complications that may complicate CF (particularly Burkholderia cepacia spp., opportunistic fungi, and nontuberculous mycobacteria) are discussed.
Abstract 3717: Randomized phase II trial of cladribine with or without immediate rituximab for newly diagnosed or previously treated hairy cell leukemia to eliminate minimal residual disease: Interim report

Purine analogs including cladribine can induce complete remission (CR) in a high percentage of patients with previously untreated hairy cell leukemia (HCL), but late relapses are common and disease-free survival curves show no convincing evidence of cure. Many patients in CR after cladribine have minimal residual disease (MRD) which strongly expresses CD20, and the anti-CD20 Mab rituximab, particularly with a purine analog, can eliminate MRD to undetectable levels. To determine the potential benefit of adding rituximab to cladribine for initial or 2nd-line treatment of HCL, a randomized trial was begun in 150 HCL patients with 0-1 prior courses of cladribine requiring therapy. Patients receive cladribine 0.15 mg/Kg by 5 daily 2-hr i.v. infusions, and 8 weekly i.v. infusions of rituximab 375 mg/m 2 . Rituximab in half the patients is begun with the 1 st dose of cladribine, and in the other half is delayed at least 6 months when MRD is detectable in blood. Endpoints include determining whether MRD rates are lower at 6 months with immediate rituximab, and whether blood MRD-free survival is longer when rituximab is delayed at least 6 months or begun with cladribine. HCL variant (HCLv) patients, known to respond poorly to initial cladribine alone, are not randomized and receive rituximab with cladribine. Bone marrow and blood are assessed for MRD by immunohistochemistry, PCR and flow cytometry at 1 and 6 months after cladribine. At this time 14 patients are enrolled, including 6 untreated and 8 with 1 prior course of cladribine, the latter group including 1 with HCLv. So far, the overall response rate is 100% with 10 (83%) CRs in 12 evaluable patients at 61-243 (median 202) days of follow-up. By 1 month, 0 of 5 patients after cladribine alone vs 5 (71%) of 7 after cladribine with immediate rituximab were MRD-free (p=0.028), including the patient with HCLv. Neutropenic fever was more frequent in patients receiving immediate rituximab, and was associated with both infusional reactions and reversible infections. We conclude that rituximab with cladribine can result in early clearing of MRD which is frequently present after cladribine alone. Additional accrual and follow-up is needed to determine whether simultaneous cladribine and rituximab can reduce MRD rates at 6 months, whether MRD-free survival might be longer or shorter with delayed rituximab, and whether rituximab added to cladribine for 1 st or 2 nd line treatment of HCL can prevent or delay clinical relapse. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3717.
Can Political Authority be Founded on a Ruse? Derrida and Lefort on Machiavelli’s Use of Political Deception

The institution of Hobbes’ Leviathan is marked by the transformation of cunning, equally shared by all in the state of nature, into a rational, sovereign politics. The question I take up here by way of Machiavelli and two of his contemporary readers, Derrida and Lefort, what if cunning was politicized rather than replaced by sovereign reason? In other words, what if cunning, a complex political deception, was not abandoned or given over to the sovereign? I argue that Lefort’s reading of Machiavelli, embracing as it does the central role of a shared cunning or ruse between the people and the prince, offers valuable resources for thinking the foundation of political authority for a secular democratic politics, while in contrast, Derrida’s critique of Machiavelli’s cunning illuminates why he is not able to escape a sovereign, theological foundation for political authority and the law.
Space Tow Solar Sails — Design Study Exploring Performance and Operational Issues

The reflecting surface of a space tow photon sail consists of s eparate panels integrated as floors in a filament truss column. Light pressure on each panel combines with the rest along the column, contributing to the resultant thrust on the spacecraft at the rear end. By its modularity, small panel sizes, and tensile skeleton, this concept effectively overcomes scalability-rela ted bottlenecks in solar sail engineering, enabling truly incremental and cost- and risk-effective development. The present paper probes the limits of space tow performance and considers engineering and mission challenges by taking a practical look at an example design. Via incisions, the panel film quadrants are streamlined to wo rk according to the structurally optimal striped paradigm. The booms have a novel ”plicate” architecture whereby the sail film itself forms the member walls via local corrugation, with reinforcing fibers nested in the folds. The filament truss has no diagonals — only longerons — because the in-plane panel thrust components, combined, would otherwise de-stabilize attitude. Via these design solutions effective gross surface densiti es for a 10,000 m 2 sail nearly at the material limit of 1.0 g/m 2 (the net areal density of the thinnest, 0.9 micron, Mylar film commercially available) are easily approached. The dominant vibration period is within a couple of hours — high for a “classic” application but low considering the several miles’ length and ethereal nature o f the tow. Also discussed is the mechanics of navigation via spacecraft position control and proposed is for passive spin stabilization a non-planar panel geometry coupled with spacecraft suspension with a four bar linkage geometry. Some practicalities of deployment are also touched upon.
Investigating axial diffusion in cylindrical pores using confocal single-particle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

We explored the feasibility of using confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study small nanoparticle diffusion in hundred-nanometer-sized cylindrical pores. By modeling single particle diffusion in tube-like confined three-dimensional space aligned parallel to the confocal optical axis, we showed that two diffusion dynamics can be observed in both original intensity traces and the autocorrelation functions (ACFs): the confined two-dimensional lateral diffusion and the unconfined one-dimensional (1D) axial diffusion. The separation of the axial and confined lateral diffusion dynamics provides an opportunity to study diffusions in different dimensions separately. We further experimentally studied 45 nm carboxylated polystyrene particles diffusing in 300 nm alumina pores. The experimental data showed consistency with the simulation. To extract the accurate axial diffusion coefficient, we found that a 1D diffusion model with a Lorentzian axial collection profile needs to be used to analyze the experimental ACFs. The diffusion of the 45 nm nanoparticles in polyethyleneglycol-passivated 300 nm pores slowed down by a factor of ∼2, which can be satisfactorily explained by hydrodynamic frictions.
Simultaneous control of safety constraint sets and process economics using economic model predictive control

Maintaining safe operation of chemical processes is of paramount importance in process systems and control engineering, and is ideally achieved while maximizing profit. It has long been argued that process safety is fundamentally a process control problem, yet few research efforts have attempted to integrate process safety and control. Economic model predictive control (EMPC) has attracted significant attention recently due to its ability to optimize process operation from an economic perspective. However, there is very limited work on the problem of integrating safety considerations with EMPC. Motivated by the above considerations, this work presents an EMPC methodology that adjusts in real-time the size of the safety sets in which the process state should reside in order to ensure safe process operation and feedback control of the process state while optimizing economics via time-varying process operation. Recursive feasibility and closed-loop stability are established for a sufficiently small EMPC sampling period. The proposed method is demonstrated with a chemical process example.