cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of sample pooling methods for determining AUC, AUMC and mean residence times in pharmacokinetic studies.

For high-throughput screening in drug development, methods that can reduce analytical work are desirable. Pooling of plasma samples from an individual subject in the time domain to yield a single sample for analysis has been used to estimate the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC). We describe a pooling procedure for the estimation of the area under the first moment curve (AUMC). The mean residence time (MRT), and where intravenous dosing has been used, the steady-state volume of distribution can then be determined. Plasma samples from pharmacokinetic studies in dogs and humans analyzed in our laboratory were used to validate the pooling approach. Each plasma sample containing a prokinetic macrolide and three of its metabolites was first analyzed separately, and AUCs and AUMCs were calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. The procedures for the estimation of AUC by sample pooling have been reported by Riad et al. [Pharm. Res. (1991) vol. 8, pp. 541–543]. For the estimation of AUMC, the volume taken from each of n samples to form a pooled sample is proportional to tn(tn+1 − tn−1), except at t0 where the aliquot volume is 0 and at tlast where the aliquot volume is proportional to tlast(tlast − tlast−1). AUMC to tlast is equal to Cpooled × T2/2, where T is the overall experimental time (tlast − t0). The ratio between AUMC and AUC yields the mean residence time (MRT). Bivariate (orthogonal) regression analysis was used to assess agreement between the pooling method and the linear trapezoidal rule. Bias and root mean square error were used to validate the pooling method. Orthogonal regression analysis of the AUMC values determined by pooling (y-axis) and those estimated by the linear trapezoidal rule (x-axis) yielded a slope of 1.08 and r2 of 0.994 for the dog samples; slope values ranged from 0.862 to 0.928 and r2 values from 0.838 to 0.988 for the human samples. Bias, expressed as percentage, ranged from −25.1% to 14.8% with an overall average of 1.40%. The results support the use of a pooled-sample technique in quantitating the average plasma concentration to estimate areas under the curve and areas under the first moment curve over the sampling time period. Mean residence times can then be calculated.
Interaction between thymopoietin and facteur thymique serique in the rosette inhibition assay

Abstract In the rosette inhibition assay, thymopoietin was active and its activity was enhanced in the presence of high concentrations of ubiquitin. Facteur thymique serique (FTS) was active in the same assay, but its activity was completely inhibited by high concentrations of ubiquitin. Mixtures of thymopoietin and FTS showed activity both in the presence or absence of ubiquitin depending on the concentration of thymopoietin or FTS in the mixtures. There seemed to be an important biologic interaction of thymopoietin and FTS when presented as a mixture, suggesting that thymopoietin and FTS might interact in vitro and possibly in vivo .
Resonantly enhanced nonlinear optical switching in rare-earth-doped fibers

We report low loss, low pump power, optical-optical switches in rare-earth-doped fibers based on the third-order optical nonlinearity resonantly enhanced by the dopant. In a 0.95-m Er- doped two-mode fiber switch pumped with a 1.48-micrometers diode laser, the absorbed pump power required for switching a 906-nm signal was 8 mW, for a signal loss of only 0.25 dB. This is an enhancement by a factor of 6200 in power-length product over undoped silica. The phase shift was found to be due in part to a non-resonant contribution, thought to arise from a strong UV-VUV transition, and in part to a resonant term from the 980-nm transition. In a 0.98-m Nd-doped, elliptical-core, two-mode fiber switch, switching of a 632.8-nm signal was achieved with only 6.6 mW of absorbed power at 900 nm. The dynamic response of the switch was found to have two components, a slow component equal to the metastable level lifetime (approximately equals 380 microsecond(s) ) and a fast component (approximately equals 2 microsecond(s) ). The latter is believed to arise from rapid cross-relaxation between paired ions, a mechanism which shows promises for low- power, microsecond switching in fibers.
The existence of aggregate capital when returns to scale are non-constant

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of aggregate capital as a function of the gross fixed investments of different vintages are derived for the non-constant returns-to-scale case. It is shown that each vintage normalized restricted profit function must be representable as the product of a function of the normalized price of labor which is identical for all vintages and a vintage-specific function of the quantity of fixed investment of that vintage. An aggregate capital may be defined as the sum of the vintage-specific functions of vintage fixed investment.
Measurement of accessible reactive surface area in a sandstone, with application to CO2 mineralization

Measurement of accessible reactive surface area in a sandstone, with application to CO 2 mineralization Gautier Landrot* 1 , Jonathan B. Ajo-Franklin, Li Yang, Stefano Cabrini, and Carl I. Steefel glandrot@gmail.com, jbajo-franklin@lbl.gov, lyang@lbl.gov, scabrini@lbl.gov, CISteefel@lbl.gov Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720-8099, USA * Corresponding author: glandrot@gmail.com, tel: +66 90 79 77 922; fax: +66 29 42 81 06 1- Present address: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kasetsart University, 10 th floor, Building 14, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
Genetically engineered foods: implications for food allergy

The products of agricultural biotechnology, including such common foods as corn and soybeans, are already reaching the consumer marketplace. Consumer exposure to such foods is already fairly significant, particularly in the USA. Thus far, no reports exist regarding allergic reactions to the crops that have been approved for introduction into the food supply. These crops have been modified to only a minor extent by comparison with their traditional counterparts, and the level of expression of new and novel proteins is quite low. Thus, consumer exposure to these novel proteins is very low and unlikely to result in allergic sensitization. Nevertheless, foods produced through agricultural biotechnology must be assessed for safety, including their potential allergenicity, before they may be approved by worldwide regulatory agencies for entry into the food supply. However, the adequacy of the current approach to the assessment of the potential allergenicity of foods produced through agricultural biotechnology has been the subject of considerable scientific and regulatory debate.
Biomedical Testing on Nonhuman Animals: An Attempt at a Rapprochement Between Utilitarianism and Theories of Inherent Value

L'A. defend la these de la compatibilite entre l'approche utilitariste de la recherche biomedicale et les theories de la valeur intrinseque des animaux non-humains. Soulignant la primaute de la valeur intrinseque sur l'utilite, l'A. admet une limitation des objectifs scientifiques qui definit le domaine non raisonnable de la connaissance interdite
Prophylactic and therapeutic suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor

Abstract The objective was to optimize and evaluate the in vivo activities of our novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI), which alters immune response in autoimmune diseases by modulating the immunological synapse formation. Previously, we have designed PLP-BPI and GAD-BPI by conjugating myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139–151 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 208–217 , respectively, with CD11a 237–246 via a spacer peptide. PLP-BPI and GAD-BPI suppressed the disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in type-1 diabetes, respectively. In this study, various PLP-BPI derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in the EAE model. Intravenous injections of PLP-BPI derivatives prevented the disease progression more efficiently than did unmodified PLP-BPI. Production of IL-17, a potent proinflammatory cytokine found commonly among MS patients, was significantly low in Ac-PLP-BPI-NH 2 -2-treated mice. Treatment given after the disease onset could dramatically ameliorate the disease. BPI induced anaphylactic responses at a lower incidence than PLP 139–151 . In conclusion, PLP-BPI derivatives can effectively suppress the disease severity and morbidity of EAE by post-onset therapeutic treatment as well as prophylactic use.
AMPK and p53 help cells through lean times

Cells that encounter low nutrient conditions often respond by arresting cell division or becoming apoptotic. Recent work by Jones and colleagues (Jones et al., 2005) reveals how the AMP-activated kinase mediates this process by phosphorylating and activating the tumor suppressor p53.
Treatment of Dystonia

Selecting the appropriate treatment for dystonia begins with proper classification of disease based on age, distribution, and underlying etiology. The therapies available for dystonia include oral medications, botulinum toxin, and surgical procedures. Oral medications are generally reserved for generalized and segmental dystonia. Botulinum toxin revolutionized the treatment of focal dystonia when it was introduced for therapeutic purposes in the 1980s. Surgical procedures are available for medication-refractory dystonia, markedly affecting an individual’s quality of life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0231-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
A trial of antilymphocyte globulin in the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis

Abstract Twenty-three patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), resistant to steroid therapy, were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and prednisone (30 mg by mouth daily). Twelve patients completed a full course of therapy (2 ml ALG i.m. daily for 2 weeks and 2 ml i.m. on alternate days for 2 weeks) and 6 others completed at least 2 weeks of daily injections. Six patients experienced an overall improvement of at least 15%, using a comprehensive neurological scoring system. Three other patients had limited, but functionally useful improvement in specific neurologic functions. Six months after the completion of therapy, no patient had deteriorated to a level of function below that noted prior to treatment. Adverse reactions, which often necessitated stopping treatment, included fever, local inflammatory reactions, local rash, general malaise, mild anaphylactoid reactions, and enlargement and tenderness of regional lymph nodes. Because of the short duration of immunosuppression and the toxic side effects of ALG, we do not feel that ALG treatment yet deserves to be introduced as a standard treatment in clinical practice. However, the improvement or arrest of progression seen in these patients who were deteriorating progressively despite steroid therapy would seem to justify a continued search for a safer method of suppressing immunity in MS patients.
Shaping avoidance behavior in restrained monkeys.

Abstract Lever-pulling avoidance behavior of 24 monkeys was actively shaped with a manual shock-control box and a closed-circuit TV system. A negative reinforcement procedure was used wherein a periodically occurring body shock was postponed each time the subject moved toward the lever. All subjects were trainable with this method, two-thirds of them in fewer than five, 1- to 2-hr sessions. Negative reinforcement was more effective than a punishment procedure.
The in vivo wear resistance of 12 composite resins.

Purpose The in vivo wear resistance of 12 composite resins were compared with an amalgam control using the Latin Square experimental design. Sixteen edentulous patients wearing specially designed complete dentures formed the experimental population. Materials and Methods The Michigan Computer Graphics Measurement System was used to digitize the surface of the control and composite resin samples before and after 3-month test periods to obtain wear data. The 12 composite resins selected for this investigation based on their published composite classification types were seven fine particle composites, three blends, and two microfilled composite resins. The Latin Square experimental design was found to be valid with the factor of material being statistically different at the 5% level of significance. Wear was computed as volume loss (mm3/mm2), and all of the composites studied had more wear than the amalgam control (P= .001). Results After 3 months, the mean (error) of wear of the amalgam was 0.028 (0.006). Means (error) of wear for the 12 composites were ranked from most to least wear by mean wear volume loss. Conclusions The absence of any relationship between mean wear volume loss and the volume percentage filler was confirmed by the correlation coefficient r= -0.158.
Initial psychosocial impact of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on the pediatric client and family.

The initial psychosocial impact of the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is evidenced by grief responses and crisis reactions. An overview of classic theories on grief and crisis intervention, as well as literature specific to diabetes, provides a basis for the development of appropriate nursing interventions for the pediatric diabetic client and family. The nurse, as a part of the health care team, can assess the psychosocial impact of the disease, and assist the family in the ongoing adaptation to life with diabetes. Emotional support, assistance with coping strategies and resources, patient education, tailoring of the treatment regimen, maintenance of hope, and close follow-up are essential nursing actions.
Inverse approach to quantify multi-physicochemical properties of porous electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Porous electrodes are critical components of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The quantification of electrode properties is very significant for high fidelity modeling and underlying mechanism studies. In this research, an inverse approach is presented to determine multi-physicochemical properties of electrodes using cell polarization performance measurements and repulsive particle swarm optimization technique, without resorting to porous microstructure features, e.g., porosity, tortuosity, pore size. The mathematical model is developed using a proton conducting button cell test stand as the physical base and employed for inverse analysis. The approach is demonstrated using both simulated results and practical measurements. This research provides a new approach for practical SOFC analysis.
Transtracheal Aspiration in the Severely Ill Elderly Patient with Bacterial Pneumonia

: Transtracheal aspiration was performed in 32 elderly hypoxic patients with bacterial pneumonia. No morbidity or mortality was associated with the procedure. Gram stains of the transtracheal aspirate provided rapid, accurate delineation of the etiologic pneumonic agent, and were particularly valuable in indicating mixed bacterial infections. These included 5 cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae plus Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia. The safety and value of transtracheal aspiration in the severely ill elderly patient are discussed.
Evaluating employee integrity: Moral and methodological problems

This paper reviews the research on proprietary paper and pencial tests of integrity or honesty, which have effectively supplanted polygraph examinations in evaluating the moral attributes of employees and applicants. Moral integrity is a complex issue that encompasses more than conventional notions of honesty and is difficult to operationalize as a psychological trait or construct. Integrity test questions are largely derived from polygraph interrogations and the tests validated through polygraph results. The field studies reviewed and an exploratory test cast doubt on the ability of these paper and pencil instruments to meet standards of construct validity. Other studies show promise of predictive validity in some situations. Unfortunately, the research designs used to substantiate the predictive powers of integrity tests failed to hold other workplace influences constant. In light of these findings, employers are urged to exercise caution in the use of these tests until further independent research is reported because of potential infringements on privacy and equal opportunity.
Modulated polarimeter operators in the presence of stochastic signals

ABSTRACT Modulated imaging Stokes polarimeters require processing of acquired data to produce an estimate of the Stokesparameters from the scene. The total polarimeter operator describes the estimation of the Stokes parameters fromthe incident elds from the scene through reconstruction. In this discussion will shall consider the polarimeterbeing applied to an application where the spectral density matrix of the scene Stokes parameters and detectornoise are known. The spectral density matrix of the estimated Stokes parameters is found using the knownspectral density matrix of the scene to nd the response of the operator to signal uctuations. This analysisgrants the ability to optimize the operator for a given application. We demonstrate an optimization of systemprocessing algorithm that takes inspiration from the classical Wiener lter.Keywords: Polarimetry, Modulated Polarimetry, Microgrid 1. INTRODUCTION Directly measuring the polarization of light is not possible, so a series of dierent measurements are madeand combined algorithmically to generate an estimate of the underlying polarization properties for a scene.Many types of polarimeter con gurations are possible, and one class is called modulated polarimeters. Thismanuscript will consider modulated imaging polarimeters where the polarimeter is comprised of periodicallyvarying polarization components and a sequence of ux measurements are acquired. An example of a modulatedpolarimeter is the sequential in time con guration, where the analyzer vector varies as a function of time andcombines ux measurements acquired at dierent times to estimate the Stokes parameters.
Emerging subspecialties in neurology: Pain medicine

Traditionally neurologists have been considered masterful diagnosticians. Fellow physicians often rely on neurologists to sort out complex historical and examination data in order to arrive at a diagnosis and plan of action. Our specialty is also known for its expertise in the continuing longitudinal care of patients with serious illnesses that impact social and occupational function. Several neurologic diseases result in chronic pain, e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, and radiculopathy. For these reasons, neurologists are well suited to the practice of pain medicine. One of the first US neurologists to contribute to pain medicine was Silas Weir Mitchell. In Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences, he gave detailed case descriptions of causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome) and phantom limb pain. Subsequently, the concept of multidisciplinary pain management was pioneered by John Bonica, who founded the first interdisciplinary pain clinic in 1947 at Tacoma General Hospital. Currently, the practice of pain medicine involves physicians from multiple specialties including physiatry, psychiatry, anesthesiology, neurosurgery, and neurology. In a survey of practicing US neurologists, 77.4% of respondents reported that they manage patients with chronic headache, whereas 47.6% cared for patients with chronic spine and limb …
Speaker independence in automated lip-sync for audio-video communication

By analyzing the absolute value of the Fourier transform of a speaker's voice signal we can predict the position of the mouth for English vowel sounds. This is without the use of text, speech recognition or mechanical or other sensing devices attached to the speaker's mouth. This capability can reduce the time required for mouth animation considerably. We expect it to be competitive eventually with the speech/text driven solutions which are becoming popular. Our technique would require much less interaction from the user and no knowledge of phonetic spelling. We discuss the problems of producing an algorithm that is speaker independent. The goal is to avoid having to measure mouth movements off video for each speaker's training sounds. We have discovered that eliminating variation due to pitch yields moments which are mouth shape dependent but not speaker dependent. This implies that careful construction of predictor surfaces can produce speaker independent prediction of mouth motion for English vowels.
An Analysis of Mixed Lubrication in Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Pressure and shear flow factors (Patir and Cheng, 1978) were used to take into account the roughness of the pad surface in the modeling of the interfacial fluid pressure during chemical mechanical polishing. An attempt was made to explain the physical meaning of the flow factors in this particular application. Additionally, a parametric study was carried out to see the effect on the model after the incorporation of the flow factors. The pressure and shear flow factors were found to have a competing effect on the magnitude of the sub-ambient fluid pressure.
Outcomes of Open and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: A Meta-Analysis

Background Currently, there are two genres of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, open versus endoscopic. The goal of our study is to analyze published data by comparing outcomes of surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome and determine if one approach is superior to the other (open versus endoscopic).
Demographic Research on Gentrlfication and Displacement

Generally, empirical studies of gentrification have concurred on the socioeconomic and racial characteristics of gentrifier households. There is less research and therefore, less uniformity, in findings about the characteristics of displaced households. Empirical research leans strongly on the conclusion that by national and regional norms, displacement is a relatively infrequent occurrence; there is more agreement that its incidence is higher in a few central cities. Studies of the net effects of gentrification on central cities during the late 1960s and early 1970s suggest that there was relatively little impact on population, income and racial, and socioeconomic succession patterns. The existing state of knowledge about gentrification and displacement begs further research on the mobility patterns of migrants both to and from gentrifying neighborhoods. It also implies that the central housing policy issue is not the amount or effects of gentrification-induced reinvestment but rather, the impact of all forms of disinvestment and reinvestment on the total supply of low and moderate-income housing in metropolitan areas and central cities.
DOSE-DEPENDENT EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON CHOLINESTERASES AND SUXAMETHONIUM METABOLISM

In obstetric patients undergoing postpartum tubal ligation, we found that metoclopramide produced dose-dependent prolongation of suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular block. Mean block times after suxamethonium 1 mg kg −1 were 8.0 min, 9.83 min and 12.45 min for control and metoclopramide 10 mg and metoclopramide 20 mg groups, respectively. A laboratory study was therefore conducted on the inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase (PCHE) and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity by varying concentrations of metoclopramide using acetylthiocholine as substrate. PCHE showed a greater sensitivity to inhibition by metoclopramide; the concentration of metoclopramide producing 50% inhibition of activity (I 50 ) was 3.16×10 −7 mol litre −1 , which is within the therapeutic range. ACHE was less sensitive to inhibition by metoclopramide (I 50 2.24×10 −5 mol litre −1 ). Analysis of enzyme kinetics at varying substrate concentrations revealed that metoclopramide produced a potent non-competitive, dose-dependent inhibition of both ACHE and PCHE. The inhibition constant, ki, was 1.88×10 −7 mol litre −1 for PCHE and 9.5×10 −8 mol litre −1 for ACHE. As metoclopramide is a potent inhibitor of PCHE, interactions might be expected to occur between metoclopramide and drugs that require PCHE for biotransformation, such as suxamethonium and ester local anaesthetics.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004

ContextThe prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults in the United States has increased over several decades.ObjectiveTo provide current estimates of the prevalence and trends of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAnalysis of height and weight measurements from 3958 children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years and 4431 adults aged 20 years or older obtained in 2003-2004 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the US population. Data from the NHANES obtained in 1999-2000 and in 2001-2002 were compared with data from 2003-2004.Main Outcome MeasuresEstimates of the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults. Overweight among children and adolescents was defined as at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific body mass index (BMI) for age growth charts. Obesity among adults was defined as a BMI of 30 or higher; extreme obesity was defined as a BMI of 40 or higher.ResultsIn 2003-2004, 17.1% of US children and adolescents were overweight and 32.2% of adults were obese. Tests for trend were significant for male and female children and adolescents, indicating an increase in the prevalence of overweight in female children and adolescents from 13.8% in 1999-2000 to 16.0% in 2003-2004 and an increase in the prevalence of overweight in male children and adolescents from 14.0% to 18.2%. Among men, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly between 1999-2000 (27.5%) and 2003-2004 (31.1%). Among women, no significant increase in obesity was observed between 1999-2000 (33.4%) and 2003-2004 (33.2%). The prevalence of extreme obesity (body mass index ≥40) in 2003-2004 was 2.8% in men and 6.9% in women. In 2003-2004, significant differences in obesity prevalence remained by race/ethnicity and by age. Approximately 30% of non-Hispanic white adults were obese as were 45.0% of non-Hispanic black adults and 36.8% of Mexican Americans. Among adults aged 20 to 39 years, 28.5% were obese while 36.8% of adults aged 40 to 59 years and 31.0% of those aged 60 years or older were obese in 2003-2004.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents and obesity among men increased significantly during the 6-year period from 1999 to 2004; among women, no overall increases in the prevalence of obesity were observed. These estimates were based on a 6-year period and suggest that the increases in body weight are continuing in men and in children and adolescents while they may be leveling off in women.
Configuration of piperitone from oil of Mentha piperita

Abstract Piperitone was isolated from a sample of commercial oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita) using gentle procedures to avoid racemization. Comparison of its CD spectrum with the spectra of piperitone standards indicates that the isolated peppermint piperitone is 76–85 % the (+)-enantiomer. Piperitone as it occurs in Mentha piperita is thus (+)-4S-piperitone, or a mixture of enantiomers with the (+)-enantiomer predominating.
VALUE OF STOOL CULTURES

An evaluation of stool cultures in a large teaching hospital where this test had been requested for 2468 patients in 1977 showed that only 58 patients (2.4%) had positive stool cultures (Salmonella or Shigella). Likelihood ratios computed from data from the medical records of 54 patients with positive stool cultures and a control group of 189 patients with negative cultures suggested that the best clinical predictor of a positive stool culture was the combination of persistent diarrhoea (duration more than 24 h), fever, and either blood in the stool or abdominal pain with nausea or vomiting. These findings were present in 20 of 52 patients with positive cultures, but in no patients with negative cultures. 53 patients had a positive result on the first culture done; 1 patient required 2 cultures. Microscopic examination for faecal leucocytes was not a useful predictor. In only 10 of 227 patients did culture results (positive or negative) lead to appropriate changes in treatment. The requirement that request forms be signed by a doctor, the limitation to no more than 2 stool cultures per illness, and consideration of the clinical predictors and their likelihood ratios for positive stool cultures would promote a more discerning use of this low-cost but low-yield diagnostic test.
Relationship of Birth Order and the Marketing-Related Variable of Materialism

The relationship between the birth order and materialism scores was investigated using materialism conceptualized as a consumer value. Data were collected from 275 alumni of a major southwestern university. The analysis indicated that firstborns in this sample scored significantly lower on materialism than younger siblings
Segment-based human motion compression

As more and more human motion data are becoming widely used to animate computer graphics figures in many applications, the growing need for compact storage and fast transmission makes it imperative to compress motion data. We propose a data-driven method for efficient compression of human motion sequences by exploiting both spatial and temporal coherences of the data. We first segment a motion sequence into subsequences such that the poses within a subsequence lie near a low dimensional linear space. We then compress each segment using principal component analysis. Our method achieves further compression by storing only the key frames' projections to the principal component space and interpolating the other frames in-between via spline functions. The experimental results show that our method can achieve significant compression rate with low reconstruction errors.
Age and the Better‐Than‐Average Effect

People generally evaluate their own attributes and abilities more favorably than those of an average peer. The current study explored whether age moderates this better-than-average effect. We asked young (n = 87), middle-aged (n = 75), and older adults (n = 77) to evaluate themselves and an average peer on a variety of trait and ability dimensions. On most dimensions, a better-than-average effect was observed for young, middle-aged, and older adults. However, on dimensions for which older individuals have clear deficiencies (i.e., athleticism, physical attractiveness), a betterthan-average effect was observed for young and middle-aged adults, while a worsethan-average effect was observed for older adults. We argue that egocentrism accounts for these age differences in comparative self-evaluations. jasp_752
A filamentous phage display system for N‐linked glycoproteins

We have developed a filamentous phage display system for the detection of asparagine-linked glycoproteins in Escherichia coli that carry a plasmid encoding the protein glycosylation locus (pgl) from Campylobacter jejuni. In our assay, fusion of target glycoproteins to the minor phage coat protein g3p results in the display of glycans on phage. The glyco-epitope displayed on phage is the product of biosynthetic enzymes encoded by the C. jejuni pgl pathway and minimally requires three essential factors: a pathway for oligosaccharide biosynthesis, a functional oligosaccharyltransferase, and an acceptor protein with a D/E-X1-N-X2-S/T motif. Glycosylated phages could be recovered by lectin chromatography with enrichment factors as high as 2 × 105 per round of panning and these enriched phages retained their infectivity after panning. Using this assay, we show that desired glyco-phenotypes can be reliably selected by panning phage-displayed glycoprotein libraries on lectins that are specific for the glycan. For instance, we used our phage selection to identify permissible residues in the −2 position of the bacterial consensus acceptor site sequence. Taken together, our results demonstrate that a genotype–phenotype link can be established between the phage-associated glyco-epitope and the phagemid-encoded genes for any of the three essential components of the glycosylation process. Thus, we anticipate that our phage display system can be used to isolate interesting variants in any step of the glycosylation process, thereby making it an invaluable tool for genetic analysis of protein glycosylation and for glycoengineering in E. coli cells.
Low-Cost Supervision for Multiple-Source Attribute Extraction

Previous studies on extracting class attributes from unstructured text consider either Web documents or query logs as the source of textual data. Web search queries have been shown to yield attributes of higher quality. However, since many relevant attributes found in Web documents occur infrequently in query logs, Web documents remain an important source for extraction. In this paper, we introduce Bootstrapped Web Search (BWS) extraction, the first approach to extracting class attributes simultaneously from both sources. Extraction is guided by a small set of seed attributes and does not rely on further domain-specific knowledge. BWS is shown to improve extraction precision and also to improve attribute relevance across 40 test classes.
Patient perceptions of physician empathy, satisfaction with physician, interpersonal trust, and compliance

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate psycho- metric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Patient Percep- tions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE), and to examine correlations between its scores and measures of overall satisfaction with physicians, personal trust, and indicators of patient compliance. Methods: Research participants included 535 out-patients (between 18-75 years old, 66% female). A survey was mailed to participants which included the JSPPPE (5-item), a scale for measuring overall satisfaction with the primary care physician (10-item), and demographic questions. Patients were also asked about compliance with their physician's recommendation for preventive tests (colonos- copy, mammogram, and PSA for age and gender appropri- ate patients). Results: Factor analysis of the JSPPPE resulted in one prominent component. Corrected item-total score correla- tions ranged from .88 to .94. Correlation between scores of the JSPPPE and scores on the patient satisfaction scale was 0.93. Scores of the JSPPPE were highly correlated with measures of physician-patient trust (r >.73). Higher scores of the JSPPPE were significantly associated with physicians' recommendations for preventive tests (colonoscopy, mammogram, and PSA) and with compliance rates which were > .80). Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the JSPPPE ranged from .97 to .99 for the total sample and for patients in different gender and age groups. Conclusions: Empirical evidence supported the psychomet- rics of the JSPPPE, and confirmed significant links with patients' satisfaction with their physicians, interpersonal trust, and compliance with physicians' recommendations. Availability of this psychometrically sound instrument will facilitate empirical research on empathy in patient care in different countries.
Source and Pathway of the Western Arctic Upper Halocline in a Data-Constrained Coupled Ocean and Sea Ice Model

AbstractA coupled ocean and sea ice model is used to investigate dense water (DW) formation in the Chukchi and Bering shelves and the pathways by which this water feeds the upper halocline. Two 1992–2008 data-constrained solutions at 9- and 4-km horizontal grid spacing show that 1) winter sea ice growth results in brine rejection and DW formation; 2) the DW flows primarily down Barrow and Central–Herald Canyons in the form of bottom-trapped, intermittent currents to depths of 50–150 m from the late winter to late summer seasons; and 3) eddies with diameters ~ 30 km carry the cold DW from the shelf break into the Canada Basin interior at depths of 50–150 m. The 4-km data-constrained solution does not show eddy transport across the Chukchi Shelf at shallow depths; instead, advection of DW downstream of polynya regions is driven by a strong (~0.1 m s−1) mean current on the Chukchi Shelf. Upper halocline water (UHW) formation rate was obtained from two methods: one is based on satellite data and on a simple p...
Human Resource Management in the Knowledge Economy

The article presents a review of the book “Human Resource Management in the Knowledge Economy: New Challenges, New Roles, New Capabilities,” by Mark L. Lengnick-Hall and Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall.
General behavioral thermal modeling and characterization for multi-core microprocessor design

This paper proposes a new architecture-level thermal modeling method to address the emerging thermal related analysis and optimization problem for high-performance multi-core microprocessor design. The new approach builds the thermal behavioral models from the measured or simulated thermal and power information at the architecture level for multi-core processors. Compared with existing behavioral thermal modeling algorithms, the proposed method can build the behavioral models from given arbitrary transient power and temperature waveforms used as the training data. Such an approach can make the modeling process much easier and less restrictive than before, and more amenable for practical measured data. The new method is based on a subspace identification method to build the thermal models, which first generates a Hankel matrix of Markov parameters, from which state matrices are obtained through minimum square optimization. To overcome the overfitting problems of the subspace method, the new method employs an over-fitting mitigation technique to improve model accuracy and predictive ability. Experimental results on a real quad-core microprocessor show that ThermSID is more accurate than the existing ThermPOF method. Furthermore, the proposed overfitting mitigation technique is shown to significantly improve modeling accuracy and predictability.
Emphasis on Rehabilitation: From Inmates to Employees

There is evidence that over the past few years, there is a paradigm shift occurring regarding correctional rehabilitation. Paradigm shifts represent a shift in the basic assumptions that guide our thoughts and behaviors. Since the end of rehabilitative ide-als in the 1970s, the focus has been to be “tough on crime” by having long-term incar -ceration and very little rehabilitative programming. This era of mass incarceration has not led to the positive outcomes we desire, such as lowered recidivism rates. Thus, there has been a stronger focus on rehabilitation, which differs from focusing solely on punishment in that there is an emphasis on self-improvement and reintegration into the community. Such a dramatic shift in how we think about both justice-involved indi-viduals and the prisons that house them, however, takes time. From my vantage point, though, an improved emphasis on rigorously testing the effectiveness of correctional-based interventions and strategies for increasing motivation, along with buy-in from both inmates and prison staff, underscores this shift.To this end, research suggests that moving away from solely focusing on the pun-ishment model and including an emphasis on rehabilitation decreases criminal activity for those diverted from institutionalization and decreases recidivism rates for those who were incarcerated. Focusing on rehabilitation and reducing recidivism is more than a talking point or philosophical ideal. Important to most, if not all, Departments of Corrections is that preventing people from reoffending has the potential to save mil-lions of dollars.The Risks-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model is emblematic of the shift away from punishment and toward rehabilitation. The RNR model has been shown to reduce recidivism rates by up to 35% (Bonta & Andrews, 2007; Taxman & Thanner, 2006). This model guides offender assessment and treatment by considering the person in their full context, determining criminogenic risks, and intervening accordingly (Andrews & Bonta, 2006; Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990). There are three key principles of the RNR model. Risk: Services should match an offender’s risk of reoffending, with risk determined by factors associated with recidivism. Needs: Treatment should focus on dynamic criminogenic needs such as mental health and
Instrumenting Wildlife Water Developments to Collect Hydrometeorological Data in Remote Western U.S. Catchments

In the arid western United States, wildlife water developments, or ‘‘guzzlers,’’ are important water sources for wildlife, and consist of impermeable roof structures designedto intercept precipitation and small tanks for storing water. Guzzlers are typically installed in remote mid- to high-elevation basins, where precipitation data are often scarce. In this study, small-game guzzlers were examined for feasibility as potential sites for improving estimates of climatic parameters in remote Nevada catchments. Instruments measuring liquid precipitation and water level were installed at two guzzler field sites. Although one field site was vandalized during the study, field results indicated that water levels in the tank measured by Hobo pressure transducers corresponded well with precipitation events measured by the Texas Electronics tipping-bucket rain gauge, and that measured data were similar to Parameter‐Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) estimates. Minimum temperatures from the guzzler sites were similar to PRISM; however, maximum temperatures were a few degrees higher, possibly because temperature sensors were unshielded. With over 1600 guzzlers in Nevada and thousands more throughout the western United States, this study initiates exploration of the feasibility of augmenting individual guzzler sites to enhance climatic monitoring at a relatively low cost to improve the quality and density of climate observations, benefitting hydrologists, climatologists, and wildlife managers.
Cardiovascular and perceptual responses to blood-flow-restricted resistance exercise with differing restrictive cuffs

Summary The purpose of this study was to determine (i) the cardiovascular responses to acute blood-flow-restricted (BFR) resistance exercise and (ii) the influence of applied BFR cuff type on the cardiovascular and perceptual responses. Methods In a randomized, crossover design, 27 participants wore either a 5·0 cm wide elastic cuff or a 13·5 cm wide non-elastic cuff around the thigh while performing four sets of knee extension exercise using 20% of 1-RM. Brachial and central blood pressure (BP) and aortic augmentation index (AIx) were measured before and after the restrictive cuffs were applied and inflated, after the 2nd and 4th set of resistance exercise, and 5 and 15 min following the 4th set of exercise. Ratings of perceived exertion and pain were obtained before exercise and after the 2nd and 4th set of exercise. Results Both brachial and central BPs increased and AIx decreased during BFR exercise but returned to baseline levels within 15 min following exercise. The wide cuffs caused a greater elevation in heart rate, brachial and central BPs, perceived effort and pain and a greater decrease in AIx during the BFR exercise. Conclusions These findings suggest that low-intensity BFR resistance exercise does not appear to acutely negatively affect the vasculature. Also, cuff type will greatly affect cardiovascular and perceptual responses to BFR resistance exercise and thus is an important consideration in study design.
Glutathione-S-transferase M1 regulation of diesel exhaust particle-induced pro-inflammatory mediator expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells.

Background: Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contribute substantially to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution in urban areas. Inhalation of PM has been associated with increased incidence of lung disease in susceptible populations. We have demonstrated that the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype could aggravate DEP-induced airway inflammation in human subjects. Given the critical role airway epithelial cells play in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation, we established the GSTM1 deficiency condition in primary bronchial epithelial cells from human volunteers with GSTM1 sufficient genotype (GSTM1+) using GSTM1 shRNA to determine whether GSTM1 deficiency could exaggerate DEP-induced expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-1β proteins. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying GSTM1 regulation of DEP-induced IL-8 and IL-1β expression were also investigated. Methods: IL-8 and IL-1β protein levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GSTM1 deficiency in primary human bronchial epithelial cells was achieved using lentiviral GSTM1 shRNA particles and verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated using flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of protein kinases was detected using immunoblotting. Results: Exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (GSTM1+) to 25-100 μg/ml DEP for 24 h significantly increased IL-8 and IL-1β protein expression. Knockdown of GSTM1 in these cells further elevated DEP-induced IL-8 and IL-1β expression, implying that GSTM1 deficiency aggravated DEP-induced pro-inflammatory response. DEP stimulation induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, the downstream kinase of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), in GSTM1+ bronchial epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK kinase and PI3K activity blocked DEP-induced IL-8 and IL-1β expression. DEP-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation could be increased by GSTM1 knockdown. In addition, pretreatment of HBEC with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine significantly inhibited DEP-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation, and subsequent IL-8 and IL-1β expression. Conclusion: GSTM1 regulates DEP-induced IL-8 and IL-1β expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells by modulation of ROS, ERK and Akt signaling.
Virtual Dye Angiography: Flow Visualization for MRI-guided Interventions

In MRI guided cardiovascular interventional procedures it is valuable to be able to visualize blood flow immediately and interactively in selected regions. In particular, it is useful to assess normal or pathological communications between specific heart chambers and vessels. Phase-contrast velocity mapping is not suitable for this purpose as it requires too much data and is not capable of determining directly if blood originating in one location travels to a nearby location. This paper presents a novel flow visualization method called Virtual Dye Angiography that enables visualization of blood flow analogous to selective catheter angiography. The method employs two-dimensional RF pulses to achieve interactive, intermittent, targeted saturation of a localized region of the blood pool. The flow of the saturated spins is observed directly on real-time images or, in an enhanced manner, using ECG synchronized background subtraction. The modular nature of the technique allows for easy and seamless integration into a real-time, interactive imaging system with minimal overhead. We present initial results in animals and in a healthy human volunteer.
A metamodeling approach to pattern-based model refactoring

Design patterns capture development solutions to design problems in forms that make the designs more modular, modifiable, reusable, and understandable. This metamodeling approach to pattern-based refactoring of design models incorporates the precise specification of design patterns and transformation rules.