cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-cell interaction by mouse limb cells during in vitro chondrogenesis: analysis of the brachypod mutation.

Abstract This paper contains observations and experiments which collectively demonstrate a requirement for cell-cell interactions among limb bud mesenchyme cells during chondrogenic differentiation. Limb bud cells isolated from brachypodism H ( bp H ) and wild-type mouse embyros between Thieler stage 16–17 and midstage 21 were compared with respect to their abilities to undergo chondrogenic differentiation in high-density micromass cultures. Nodules formed by dissociated Day 12 (stage 20) bp H limb bud cells have been reported previously to be abnormally reduced in size and number, and delayed in formation. We corroborate these results, but find that bp H cultures prepared from earlier-stage limb buds (between stages 16–17 and early stage 21) are progressively more like wild-type cultures. Stage 16–17 bp H cultures at 72 hr actually contain normal numbers of and size nodules, while stage 18 bp H cultures are intermediate between stages 16–17 and stage 21 in nodule formation. On the other hand, we also find that the initial rate of aggregate formation is normal even in bp H cultures prepared from stage 20 cultures in which nodule formation is not normal. Preparation of cultures composed primarily of early stage 21 bp H limb bud cells mixed with small quantities (e.g., 5%) of stage 16–17 wild-type limb bud cells showed significant increases in cartilage nodule formation over control cultures composed only of early stage 21 bp H cells. Greater proportions of wild-type cells obtained from embryos older than stages 16–17 were required for the same degree of normalization, supporting the hypothesis that a specific cell type, whose proportion decreases normally in the limb bud over time, is required to increase in vitro chondrogenesis by bp H cells. Additionally, cultures containing stage 23 chick limb cells and early stage 21 bp H cells at a ratio of 1:20 contained wild-type levels of nodules per square millimeter of culture. Thus, bp H cells appear to respond to chondrogenic inductive signals from normal limb mesenchyme cells. In order to test for the ability of bp H limb bud mesenchyme to induce chondrogenesis, stage 16–17 bp H and wild-type limb bud cells, which form identical numbers of aggregates and nodules in culture, were each mixed with early stage 21 bp H cells at ratios of 1:20, 1:10, and 1:3. Although low proportions of wild-type stage 17 cells significantly increased the number of aggregates and nodules in these mixed cultures, low proportions of bp H stage 16–17 cells did not. It is, therefore, concluded that the primary defect of the bp H mutation is likely to reside in the reduced ability of a specific mesenchyme cell subpopulation to provide an inductive stimulus for chondrogenesis.
Reduction of Elemental Selenium to Selenide: Experiments with Anoxic Sediments and Bacteria that Respire Se-Oxyanions

A selenite-respiring bacterium, Bacillus selenitireducens, produced significant levels of Se(-II) (as aqueous HSe−) when supplied with Se(0). B. selenitireducens was also able to reduce selenite [Se(IV)] through Se(0) to Se(-II). Reduction of Se(0) by B. selenitireducens was more rapid in cells grown on colloidal sulfur [S(0)] or Se(IV) as their electron acceptor than for cell lines grown on fumarate. In contrast, three cultures of selenate-respiring bacteria, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, B. arsenicoselenatis, and Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii either were unable to reduce Se(0) to Se(-II) or had only a very limited capacity to achieve this reduction. Biological reduction of Se(0) to Se(-II) was observed during incubation of estuarine sediment slurries, while no such activity was noted in formalin-killed controls. The majority of the Se(-II) produced was found in the sediments as a solid precipitate of FeSe, rather than in solution as HSe−. These results demonstrate that certain anaerobic bacteria have the ...
Effect of ambient temperature on the thermoregulatory and locomotor stimulant effects of 4-methylmethcathinone in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats.

The drug 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC; aka, mephedrone, MMCAT, “plant food”, “bath salts”) is a recent addition to the list of popular recreational psychomotor-stimulant compounds. Relatively little information about this drug is available in the scientific literature, but popular media reports have driven recent drug control actions in the UK and several US States. Online user reports of subjective similarity to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) prompted the current investigation of the thermoregulatory and locomotor effects of 4-MMC. Male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored after subcutaneous administration of 4-MMC (1–10 mg/kg ) using an implantable radiotelemetry system under conditions of low (23°C) and high (27°C) ambient temperature. A reliable reduction of body temperature was produced by 4-MMC in Wistar rats at 23°C or 27°C with only minimal effect in Sprague-Dawley rats. Increased locomotor activity was observed after 4-MMC administration in both strains with significantly more activity produced in the Sprague-Dawley strain. The 10 mg/kg s.c. dose evoked greater increase in extracellular serotonin, compared with dopamine, in the nucleus accumbens. Follow-up studies confirmed that the degree of locomotor stimulation produced by 10 mg/kg 4-MMC was nearly identical to that produced by 1 mg/kg d-methamphetamine in each strain. Furthermore, hypothermia produced by the serotonin 1A/7 receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) was similar in each strain. These results show that the cathinone analog 4-MMC exhibits thermoregulatory and locomotor properties that are distinct from those established for methamphetamine or MDMA in prior work, despite recent evidence of neuropharmacological similarity with MDMA.
Survival of surface-inoculated Listeria monocytogenes on commercially available frankfurters following gamma irradiation

Frankfurter is a generic term for a cured and cooked sausage, which may consist of almost any meat type and include a wide variety of nonmeat fillers and additives. When several “brands” or types of commercially available frankfurters were surface-inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and vacuum-packed, gamma radiation D-values ranged from 0.49 kGy to 0.71 kGy, with an average D-value of 0.61 kGy. Differences in gamma radiation D-value were observed for nine of twenty one pair-wise comparisons (α= 0.01) as determined by analysis of covariance. Therefore, frankfurter formulation may affect radiation D-values for surface inoculated L. monocytogenes. If low dose gamma irradiation, cold pasteurization, were to be used for control of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters, gamma radiation dosage should be based on individual product formulation.
Variation in larval black fly populations at three sites in a stream system over five years (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Five years of monthly samples taken from three sites in the Broad Cove River, two at lake outlets and one a kilometer downstream from an outlet were analyzed. Considerable variations in the population of each species between sites and years were observed. Fluctuations in the populations were not always consistent from site to site or between species at the same site from one year to the next. As all sites were on the same stream and within 3 km of each other with only slight altitude differences climatic factors were not a major factor producing variations observed between sites. Also the previous years population level did not appear to be directly related to the following seasons population level. Apparently localized conditions at a site were exerting a marked influence on the larval simuliid population at each site.
Cold Exposure Improves the Anti-diabetic Effect of T0901317 in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) can improve glucose tolerance in insulin-independent diabetes, however, whether similar effects can be achieved in insulin-dependent diabetes remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the anti-diabetic activity of T0901317, a potent agonist of LXRs, in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin, and our data demonstrate that T0901317 is most effective when combined with cold treatment of animals. Treatment with T0901317 improved glucose tolerance of diabetic mice, which was associated with repressed expression of key genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis such as Pepck and G6p. Combined treatment by T0901317 and cold exposure reduced transcription of gluconeogenic genes to similar levels. Intriguingly, combined treatment greatly increased expression of Ucp1, Cidea, Dio2, and Elvol3 predominantly in the inguinal white adipose tissue, consequently leading to browning of this fat pad, and resulting in further improvement of glucose tolerance which was associated with increased protein levels of UCP1 and GLUT4. Collectively, these results suggest that browning of white adipose tissue via cold exposure in combination with activation of liver X receptors is an alternative and effective strategy to manage insulin-dependent diabetes.
Two-dimensional Darboux transformations for non-separable angular equations and solvable non-central potentials

We construct a two-dimensional Darboux transformation for the angular equation that arises from variable separation of a Schrodinger equation in spherical coordinates. Since we do not assume the angular equation to be further separable, our Darboux transformation allows for the systematic generation of solvable non-central potentials that are not accessible through the usual separation of variables.
Assessing Incidence of Bulimia Nervosa in a Noncldshcal Dieting Population.

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify at-risk behaviors for bulimia nervosa in a dieting population Intentional weight loss often triggers the development of an eating disorder. The objectives were to assess the incidence of bulimia nervosa and identify techniques and behaviors used when attempting weight loss. Women attending 7 community and hospital-based weight loss dimes completed the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) (r=.95), a questionnaire (possible score=135), designed to assess whether subjects fulfill the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual third edition revised (DSM-IH-R), criteria for bulimia nervosa. A demographic form with questions about weight, dieting history, and techniques for weight loss was administered. Of the 134 women (mean age=44; range 18-73 years) surveyed, 91% were high school graduates and of those 24% had advanced degrees. Percentage meeting criteria for bulimia nervosa was 5.2%, with a score of 104-135. An additional 3% scored between 99-103, placing them in an at-risk category- Continually dieting for a two year period was reported by 53%; 22% reported binge eating. Ignoring signs of hunger, fad dieting, and fasting were identified by 12%, 4%, and 3%, respectively. Of the 46% who associated a specific event with weight problems, over half were related to a physical event (puberty or childbirth); 29% were related to a psychological event (loneliness or stress); 12% were related to a lifestyle factor (work); and 6% were food-related (love of food). A relatively high percent of women attending weight loss clinics had bulimia nervosa as assessed by the BULIT-R and chronic dieting was common. Being alert to characteristics of disordered eating may help professionals to more effectively work with people attempting weight loss.
An experimental determination of chlorine isotope fractionation in acid systems and applications to volcanic fumaroles

Abstract The δ37Cl values of volcanic fumarole gases and bubbling springs were measured from the Central American and the Kurile arcs. Low temperature gas samples from the Central American arc have δ37Cl values generally between −2 and 2‰, whereas high-temperature fumaroles (>100 °C) range from 4 to 12‰, with several outliers. This is in contrast to the high-temperature fumaroles from the Kurile island Kudryavy which have slightly positive δ37Cl values, averaging 0.8‰ (±0.6, 1σ), and from our previous work on Izu and Mariana arc samples in which the δ37Cl values of fumarole and ash samples are similar to each other and negative. Assuming that the source for the high-T Central American fumaroles has typical subduction δ37Cl values (−2.5 to 1‰), then there must be a large Cl isotope fractionation in the near-surface fumarolic system. The most likely fractionation mechanism for the high δ37Cl values is between Cl−aq − HCl(g), but published theoretical fractionation for this pair is only ∼1.5‰, insufficient to explain the large range of values observed in the fumaroles. Three experiments were undertaken in order to identify a process that could cause the wide range of δ37Cl values observed in the high-temperature fumaroles. Results are the following: (1) A sub-boiling equilibration experiment between aqueous chloride and HCl gas had 1000 ln α HCl ( g ) - Cl - = 1.4 to 1.8 ‰ , in agreement with the theoretical calculations. (2) Evaporation of HCl(g) from hydrochloric acid at room temperature had fractionation in the opposite sense, with a 1000 ln α HCl ( g ) - Cl - = - 3.92 ‰ . (3) A ‘synthetic fumarole’ gave large positive fractionations up to 9‰, with 37Cl strongly partitioned into the vapor phase. The ‘fumarole’ experiments were made by bubbling dry air through boiling hydrochloric acid in an Erlenmeyer flask, and collecting the evolved HCl(g) in a second ‘downstream’ flask filled with distilled water. This extreme enrichment is likely due to a distillation process in which 37Cl-enriched HCl(g) is stripped from the hydrochloric acid followed by a significant fraction of the light HCl(g) redissolving into the constantly condensing water vapor on the walls of the first flask. This distillation experiment creates a Cl isotope fractionation that is the same order of magnitude as observed in the high-temperature fumaroles in Central America. These results suggest that there must be a H2O liquid–vapor region in the sub-surface fumarole conduit where light Cl is stripped from the HCl gas as it passes through the fumarole. Similar 37Cl enrichments are expected in fossil epithermal boiling systems.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND ETHICAL PRACTICES FOR THE SCHOOL PRINCIPAL

What is the school principal's role in ensuring ethical technology use while promoting the use of wireless and advanced technologies in instruction? The rapid advances in technology in only the past 5 years, including the increase in laptops and smart phones, have transformed both educational practices and the role of the school principal as technology leader. In this research analysis, social, legal, and moral issues have emerged as three major concerns. Principals must advocate for equity and access to new technologies in their schools, with an awareness of student diversity in race, language, special needs, and gender. By closing the “digital divide” gap, promoting safe internet use policies, adhering to copyright laws, and ensuring environmentally sound procedures, the educational leader can meet the challenges of emerging technology use.
An observation oi CH+ following a high altitude release of trimethylaluminium

Abstract An unexpected feature in the spectrum of a twilight release of trimethylalumiun at 160 km altitude is identified as being due to CH + formed following the release. All other spectroscopic possibilities are eliminated. Its formation at the rate observed can not be explained by any known sequence of exothermic reactions. It also disappears in several seconds but this can be accounted for by dissociative recombination or by reactions with ambient atomic oxygen. The maximum yield of ions is estimated to be about 4% of the AlO yield.
Comparative, genome-scale transcriptional analysis of CHRF-288-11 and primary human megakaryocytic cell cultures provides novel insights into lineage-specific differentiation

Objectives Little is known about the transcriptional events underlying megakaryocytic (Mk) differentiation. We sought to identify genes and pathways previously unassociated with megakaryopoiesis and to evaluate the CHRF-288-11 (CHRF) megakaryoblastic cell line as a model system for investigating megakaryopoiesis. Methods Using DNA microarrays, Q-RT-PCR, and protein-level assays, we compared the dynamic gene expression pattern of phorbol ester–induced differentiation of CHRF cells to cytokine-induced Mk differentiation of human mobilized peripheral blood CD34 + cells. Results Transcriptional patterns of well-known Mk genes were similar between the two systems. CHRF cells constitutively express some early Mk genes including GATA-1. Expression patterns of apoptosis-related genes suggested that increased p53 activity is involved in Mk apoptosis, and this was confirmed by p53-DNA-binding activity data and flow-cytometric analysis of the p53 target gene BBC3. Certain Rho and G-protein-coupled-receptor signaling pathway components were upregulated, including genes not previously associated with Mk cells. Ontological analysis revealed upregulation of defense-response genes, including both known and candidate platelet-derived contributors to inflammation. Upregulation of interferon-responsive genes occurred in the cell line, but not in the primary cells, likely due to a known genetic mutation in the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Conclusions This analysis of megakaryopoiesis, which integrates dynamic gene expression data with protein abundance and activity assays, has identified a number of genes and pathways that may help govern megakaryopoiesis. Furthermore, the transcriptional data support the hypothesis that CHRF cells resemble an early Mk phenotype and, with certain limitations, exhibit genuine transcriptional features of Mk differentiation upon treatment with phorbol esters.
Safety Profile of the Fluoroquinolones Focus on Levofloxacin

The fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents are among the most frequently prescribed drugs, with utility in a broad range of bacterial infections. Although very useful agents, the fluoroquinolones as a class are associated with a number of adverse events, some with considerable clinical significance. In the past 15–20 years, tolerability concerns have led to restrictions on the use of the fluoroquinolones and, in some instances, the withdrawal of agents from the market. This review focuses on the safety and tolerability of levofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone, relative to other fluoroquinolones. A literature search was performed of the MEDLINE database encompassing the dates 1980–2009, using as keywords the drug names levofloxacin and concurrently marketed fluoroquinolones combined with the words ‘safety’, ‘adverse effect’ or ‘adverse drug reaction’, or the name of the specific adverse effect. Adverse events commonly associated with the fluoroquinolones include gastrointestinal and CNS toxicity (most frequently headache and dizziness), as well as other adverse events including ECG abnormalities (for example QT interval prolongation), disrupted glucose metabolism, phototoxicity, tendon and joint disorders, hypersensitivity and skin disorders, and hepatic toxicity. Package inserts for the fluoroquinolones in Europe and the US contain warnings regarding these risks. US package inserts also carry ‘black-box’ warnings regarding the risk of tendon rupture and joint disorders with these agents; however, there is a substantial body of evidence to indicate that there are marked differences in the tolerability profiles of the individual agents within the fluoroquinolone class. These differences may be explained, at least in part, by structural differences: all fluoroquinolones share a basic quinolone core, with differences in specific side chains underlying the adverse event relationships. Furthermore, many of the fluoroquinolone-associated adverse effects and toxicities occur more frequently in patients with pre-existing risk factors, or in certain subpopulations. Notably, package inserts for the fluoroquinolones carry warnings regarding use in the elderly, paediatric patients and patients with preexisting, or factors predisposing to, seizure disorders. Because of this, many adverse reactions with these agents could be prevented by improving patient screening and education. The recent withdrawal of gatifloxacin due to dysglycaemia makes it timely to review the safety and tolerability of the individual agents in this class. Overall, it appears that levofloxacin is relatively well tolerated, with low rates of clinically important adverse events such as CNS toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity and dysglycaemia.
Slice thickness reduction by partial overlapping presaturation.

We present a new approach to slice thickness reduction that does not require strengthening the selection gradient or increasing the RF pulse duration. The basis of the approach is to employ a thick slice and suppress a portion of its width, thereby forming a thin slice. Two distinct implementations of the technique are introduced and demonstrated by imaging slice profiles in a phantom and generating images of a volunteer's knee. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Temporally and Spatially Restricted Gene Expression Profiling

Identifying gene function in specific cells is critical for understanding the processes that make cells unique. Several different methods are available to isolate actively transcribed RNA or actively translated RNA in specific cells at a chosen time point. Cell-specific mRNA isolation can be accomplished by the expression of transgenes in cells of interest, either directly from a specific promoter or using a modular system such as Gal4/UAS or Cre/lox. All of the methods described in this review, namely thiol-labeling of RNA (TU-tagging or RABT), TRAP (translating ribosome affinity purification) and INTACT (isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell types), allow next generation sequencing, permitting the identification of enriched gene transcripts within the specific cell-type. We describe here the general concept of each method, include examples, evaluate possible problems related to each technique, and suggest the types of questions for which each method is best suited.
Disparities in patterns of alcohol use among reservation-based and geographically dispersed American Indian populations.

Background: High rates of alcohol use and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among American Indians (AI) are major public health concerns. The purpose of this paper is to describe patterns of alcohol consumption among three distinct samples of American Indians (AIs) compared to a U.S reference population. Methods: Data were drawn from two epidemiologic studies: 1) a study of 2,927 AIs living on or near reservations from two culturally distinct tribes in the Southwest (SW-AI) and Northern Plains (NP-AI); and 2) the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study (NLAES), which included data from a geographically dispersed sample of AIs (n = 780) as well as the US reference population (all-race excluding AIs, n = 30,063). Multivariate analyses were used to assess drinking patterns. Results: After controlling for demographic characteristics, the prevalence of drinking during the past year was similar among males in the NP-AI, NLAES-AI, and the US populations. SW-AI males and females were significantly less likely to drink during the past year (Odds Ratios of 0.74 and 0.41, respectively), while the odds of NP-AI females being current drinkers were twice that of US females. Among those who drank during the past year, the AIs consumed a larger quantity of alcohol per drinking day than the US reference population. However, the reservation-based AIs consumed alcohol less frequently (Odds Ratios between 0.18-0.40, p < 0.01) than the NLAES-AI and US populations. Conclusions: Patterns of alcohol consumption varied substantially between the two reservation-based AI populations, the geographically dispersed sample of AIs, and the US reference population. Careful consideration of these variations may improve the effectiveness of alcohol prevention and treatment programs as they may reflect important underlying differences in the cultures of alcohol consumption across these populations.
High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. The most likely precursor of prostate cancer

The search for the precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma has focused in recent years on the spectrum of histopathologic changes referred to as high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). This review describes the diagnostic criteria and clinical significance of PIN. PIN coexists with cancer in more than 85% of cases, but retains an intact or fragmented basal cell layer, unlike cancer, which lacks a basal cell layer. High grade PIN in biopsies predicts the presence of cancer in subsequent biopsies, and PIN provides the highest risk ratio of all known predictive factors (14.93). The continuum that culminates in high grade PIN and early invasive cancer is characterized by progressive basal cell layer disruption, loss of markers of secretory differentiation, nuclear and nucleolar abnormalities, increasing proliferative potential, variation in DNA content, and allelic loss. Clinical studies suggest that PIN predates carcinoma by 10 years or more, with low grade PIN first appearing in men in their thirties. The significance of recognizing PIN is based on its strong association with prostatic carcinoma. This finding indicates the need for repeat biopsy and follow-up when PIN is identified on biopsy, especially in patients with elevated serum prostate specific antigen concentration. PIN also offers promise as an intermediate end point in studies of chemoprevention of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1823-36.
Confusion at the Tower.

This study will explore the omission of the Tower of Babel narrative from middle and secondary school world history, world studies, and world geography textbooks and will consider what might be learned from inclusion of the story in the curriculum. A total of 17 textbooks are analyzed. The Tower of Babel narrative is examined within the context of the Book of Genesis, and The Epic of Gilgamesh.
Relationship of objective score, perceptual trace, and practice method in learning to balance

The relationship of the perceptual trace to the objective score (raw score) under three practice conditions was the main concern of this study. Three groups of 14 Ss performed 35 trials on a stabilometer balancing task. Ss were asked to estimate how well they did after each trial. The difference between S's actual score and his guess was used as a measure of the perceptual trace. While performance and time estimations improved with practice, they correlated very low. The results were discussed in the context of Adams' closed-loop theory and gave mixed support for the theory.
Reservoir systems in Maine

The numerous lakes and ponds that are found in almost every portion of the State of Maine are important resources of the state. There are 2222 bodies of fresh water that are classed as great ponds, that is, ponds whose areas are ten acres or more, and the total area of these lakes aid ponds is about 1500 sq mi. These are a result of glaciation of the region. Some of these ponds are very deep; depths of 100 ft have been found in many lakes. In Moosehead Lake there are places where the water is 250 ft deep and in Sebago Lake as much as 315 ft. The deepest part of Sebago is 45 ft below mean sea level.
Determining nodes for partly dissipative reaction diffusion systems

Abstract In this paper, we study the long-time dynamical properties of the solutions of partly dissipative reaction diffusion systems of the form u t −d Δ u+f(x,u)+g(x,v)=0, x∈Ω⊂ R n , t>0, v t +σv+h(x,u)=0. The main result is that, under appropriate assumptions, the large time behavior of a solution is completely determined in certain sense if the large time behavior of the solution is known on a densely chosen yet finite set of points which are called determining nodes, a concept initially introduced by Foias and Temam for the Navier–Stokes equations (Math. Comput. 43 (1984) 117).
String Theory Beyond the Planck Scale

Abstract The high-energy behavior of string scattering amplitudes is studied to all orders in perturbation theory, with the aim of exploring the short-distance structure of string theory. It is shown that the sum over all Riemann surfaces is dominated by a saddle point. Consequently, the high-energy limit is universal and simple to calculate. In this limit, furthermore, the amplitudes fall off in a stringy way - much faster than that allowed by field theory. The dominant saddle points are identified as coming from world sheets which are ZG+1 symmetric algebraic curves, and their contribution to the scattering amplitude is evaluated. An interesting spacetime picture of the high-energy limit emerges. The issue of summing the perturbation expansion is addressed.
Plato's feminine: Appropriation, impersonation, and metaphorical polemic

(1992). Plato's feminine: Appropriation, impersonation, and metaphorical polemic. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 22, Feminist Rereadings in the History of Rhetoric, pp. 109-123.
Finite-temperature real-energy-axis solutions of the isotropic Eliashberg integral equations

A fast, efficient algorithm has been developed for calculating the finite-temperature real-energy-axis solutions of the Eliashberg integral equations for an arbitrary form of the electron-boson coupling function and Coulomb repulsion. Using this algorithm, the complex superconducting gap function {Delta}({omega},{ital T}), and the complex renormalization function {ital Z}({omega},{ital T}), have been obtained for a variety of forms of the electron-boson coupling spectrum. In addition, by calculating {Delta}({omega},{ital T}) at finite temperatures, the superconducting critical temperature {ital T}{sub {ital c}} has been obtained for a variety of model systems. These results compare well with the approximate analytic expression derived by Allen and Dynes for values of {lambda} less than 0.75. The solution of the Eliashberg equations has also been obtained for a model in which there are two well separated peaks in the electron-phonon coupling spectrum. This form of coupling spectrum is found to be particularly effective in raising the {ital T}{sub {ital c}} of the model system. Further, this model has been extended and the solution of the Eliashberg equations has been obtained with an electron-boson coupling spectrum consisting of both an electron-phonon component and a high-energy electronic electron-boson component. This form of the electron-boson coupling function may have special significancemore » in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Cumulative impacts of Section 404 Clean Water Act permitting on the riparian habitat of the Santa Margarita, California Watershed

The Santa Margarita River is one of the few remaining free-flowing river systems on the Southern California coastal plain, and it provides one of the most expansive, unspoiled riparian habitats in Southern California. There is concern among resource managers that the cumulative impacts associated with rapid development of the upper watershed will degrade the ecological integrity of the entire watershed. In response to this concern, we assessed the impacts of development projects in this watershed, which were subject to regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Cumulative impacts were assessed by comparing the conditions present at each project site prior to issuance of the Section 404 permit to conditions present after issuance of the permit. Changes between pre- and post-project site conditions were evaluated using a semantic categorization for the following six criteria: endangered species habitat, structural diversity, spatial diversity, undeveloped open space, linear contiguity, and adjacent habitat. The impact assessment showed that although the Section 404 permit program has attenuated project impacts, it has failed at minimizing cumulative impacts. Projects permitted under Section 404 contributed to the disruption of movement corridors linking the habitats of the upper and lower watershed and resulted in extensive floodplain encroachment, which may have hydrologic as well as ecological implications. More importantly, this assessment identified the types of activities and habitat functions that should be addressed during revisions in permitting procedures and should be emphasized in the watershed planning process. These conclusions will be incorporated into an ongoing Advanced Identification study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop a management plan for the Santa Margarita Watershed.
Enhancements of the Han—Powell method for successive quadratic programming

Abstract We present in this paper several enhancements to the Han-Powell method for solving constrained optimization problems by succesive quadratic programming. The enhancements are intended to make the method more efficient and reliable, and are implemented in a new optimization code SQPHP. The performance of the enhancements is demonstrated on a set of several standard test problems.
Mechanisms of Airway Protection During Chin-Down Swallowing

Purpose This study examined the effects of chin-down swallowing on laryngeal vestibule closure. It also investigated the technique's rehabilitative impact, by assessing the stability of effects acr...
National ideology, public policy, and the business environment: A contingency approach to economic reform in Hungary, Poland and Eastern Europe

Abstract This paper proposes a contingency approach to economic reform in former Eastern bloc countries. In contrast to the standard view suggesting that market economies are the only viable alternative to command economies, this paper presents three alternative models of capitalism and offers a contingency approach to economic reform. The contingency view suggests that Eastern European countries should adopt the capitalist economy type that (1) best matches their capital and labor market structures; (2) is most consistent with their national history; and (3) best matches their economic development goals. Hungary and Poland are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed contingency framework.
The university’s role in preparing teachers for urban schools

Many teacher education programs in the United States (US) face increasing demands to better prepare teachers for entry into and retention in urban schools. Through a US Department of Education grant, a university–school partnership was formed to develop a community‐based model of teacher preparation that placed pre‐service teachers in urban schools for a full year. Based on questionnaires and interviews with university teacher education faculty, and both pre‐service and novice classroom teachers who took their first jobs in urban schools, this research considers the common concerns and disparate roles that the three groups considered paramount in preparing new teachers for urban schools.
Photonic crystal heterogeneously bonded membrane emitters

InGaAsP membranes are bonded to carrier substrates using Au/Au and Van der Waals and bonding. Photonic crystal defect cavities within membranes bonded onto semiconductor and sapphire substrates are found to lase continuous wave under optical excitation.
New method of treatment of immune infertility

Abstract A history is presented of a couple suffering from long-standing infertility, which on laboratory investigation was found to be immunologic infertility, as expressed in the male partner. This case of male infertility was diagnosed by findings of sperm antibody in both the serum and the seminal plasma of the man using both the Kibrick and the F-D sperm agglutination test methods. A new effort at treatment, by means of attempted immunosuppression was proposed and applied, using corticosteroid medication. The special feature of this treatment involved a high dosage (96 mg. per day of methylprednisoleone) for a short period (seven days). Laboratory studies revealed that the antibody levels, in both his serum and seminal plasma, did fall considerably. The wife became pregnant in the subsequent cycle. It is proposed that such diagnostic and treatment efforts be tried in other cases of male immunologic infertility.
Achalasia and Other Esophageal Motility Disorders

Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and the hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter are considered primary esophageal motility disorder. These disorders are characterized by esophageal dysmotility that is responsible for the symptoms. While there is today a reasonable consensus about the pathophysiology, the diagnosis, and the treatment of achalasia, this has not occurred for the other disorders. A careful evaluation is therefore necessary before an operation is considered.
Measuring TE 1 mode Losses in Terahertz Parallel-Plate Waveguides

The parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) has drawn considerable research interest [1–12], since it was first reported to support the undistorted propagation of broadband terahertz (THz) pulses. From that time, the transverse-electromagnetic (TEM) mode of the PPWG has been the popular choice for measurements due to its low loss, ease of quasi-optic coupling, and negligible dispersion as a result of the lack of a cutoff. Unlike the TEM mode, the lowest order transverse-electric (TE1) mode has a cutoff frequency, and thus this mode was largely unexplored in the THz regime until recently [13, 14]. This recent work showed that the cutoff frequency could be moved to lower frequencies to reduce the dispersion by increasing the plate separation, while matching the input beam size to the plate separation to realize dominantly single-mode propagation. This same work predicted the possibility of realizing ultra-low ohmic losses in the dB/km range by again utilizing the TE1 mode of this waveguide. These low ohmic losses could permit long-distance transport of THz radiation. However, with such long propagation distances a new concern arises: energy leakage out of the unconfined sides of the PPWG due to diffraction. In fact, this would be the dominant loss mechanism in the case under consideration, where the ohmic losses are virtually negligible. We addressed this diffraction problem in a recent article [15], where we showed that it is possible to inhibit diffraction losses for the TE1 mode by using a waveguide with slightly concave plates. Via a simple “bouncing plane wave” analysis, we demonstrated how to determine an ideal radius of curvature for the inner surfaces, for a waveguide operating at a given THz frequency. This is governed by a confocal condition, R 1⁄4 2bv .
Characterization of neuronal zebra finch GABAA receptors: steroid effects

Songbirds are widely studied to investigate the hormonal control of behavior. However, little is known about the effects of steroids on neurotransmission in these birds. We used electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques to characterize γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors (GABAA) of primary cultured telencephalic and hippocampal neurons from developing zebra finches. Additionally, their modulation by 17β-estradiol(E2), 5α- and 5β-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5α- and 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one, and corticosterone was examined. Whole-cell GABA-evoked currents were inhibited by picrotoxin (10 μmol l−1) and bicuculline methiodide (10 μmol l−1) and potentiated by pentobarbital (100 μmol l−1) and propofol (3 μmol l−1). Loreclezole (10 μmol l−1) potentiated GABA-evoked currents, suggesting the presence of β2, β3 and/or β4 subunits. Diazepam (1 μmol l−1) potentiated currents, while Zn2+ (1 μmol l−1) caused no inhibition, indicating the presence of γ subunits. 5α- and 5β-Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (100 nmol l−1) potentiated currents, whereas E2 (1 μmol l−1), 5α- and 5β-DHT (1 μmol l−1), and corticosterone (10 μmol l−1) had no detectable effect. We conclude that zebra finch telencephalic and hippocampal GABAA receptors include α, β, and γ subunits and are similar to their mammalian counterparts in both their biophysical and pharmacological properties. Additionally, GABA-evoked currents are greatly potentiated by 5α- and 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one but show little or no acute modulation by sex steroids or corticosterone.
A new method for thresholding and gradient optimization at different tissue interfaces using class uncertainty

The knowledge of thresholding and gradient at different tissue interfaces is of paramount interest in image segmentation and other imaging methods and applications. Most thresholding and gradient selection methods primarily focus on image histograms and therefore, fail to harness the information generated by intensity patterns in an image. We present a new thresholding and gradient optimization method which accounts for spatial arrangement of intensities forming different objects in an image. Specifically, we recognize object class uncertainty, a histogram-based feature, and formulate an energy function based on its correlation with image gradients that characterizes the objects and shapes in a given image. Finally, this energy function is used to determine optimum thresholds and gradients for various tissue interfaces. The underlying theory behind the method is that objects manifest themselves with fuzzy boundaries in an acquired image and that, in a probabilistic sense; intensities with high class uncertainty are associated with high image gradients generally indicating object/tissue interfaces. The new method simultaneously determines optimum values for both thresholds and gradient parameters at different object/tissue interfaces. The method has been applied on several 2D and 3D medical image data sets and it has successfully determined both thresholds and gradients for different tissue interfaces even when some of the thresholds are almost impossible to locate in their histograms. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method has been examined using 3D multi-row detector computed tomography images of two cadaveric ankles each scanned thrice with repositioning the specimen between two scans.
Development of a Classroom Authority Observation Rubric

When student end-of-course ratings are not commensurate with instructor skill and effort, one possible reason may be that students question the instructor's authority. It is proposed here that such doubts about authority are reinforced by specific instructor behaviors. This pilot study attempts to identify these behaviors in the interest of reducing their occurrence in the classroom. In order to control for identity characteristics (e.g., gender, race, sexual orientation), which can also lead to doubts about authority, this study is limited to white females. Using the constant comparative method, videotapes of four instructors from different disciplines were analyzed. Twenty behaviors were identified and classified into four categories: voice and diction, body language, focus of attention, and classroom management. These were compiled into a rubric—the Authority Observation Rubric—which can be used to identify teacher behaviors that affect classroom authority. This article includes a review of the literat...
More Cheers and Fewer Tears: Examining the Impact of Competitive Engineering on Scoring and Attrition in Youth Flag Football

Competitive engineering (CE) is a structurally-based competitive climate process designed to create more positive youth sport experiences. CE uses four implementation strategies (i.e., modifying sport structure, rules, facilities and equipment) in order to attain four athlete engagement goals (i.e., increase action and scoring, enhance personal involvement, keep scores close and maintain positive social relationships) designed to enhance intrinsic motivation outcomes. This exploratory study provided a preliminary test of CE by developing solutions to an existing attrition problem confronting a flag football league, with the specific purpose being to assess the effectiveness of a delayed-rush rule and a junior football equipment modification on scoring and attrition. Participants were 47 players who competed in a 3rd/4th grade flag football league and completed a short survey following the season. Results revealed scoring increased over 100% and attrition decreased by more than 50% compared to the previous...
The unique patterns of plasma aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone concentrations in the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome.

Deficient 17α-hydroxylation precludes formation of cortisol in the adrenal glands and of sex steroids in the gonads in man, which results in elevated plasma concentrations of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and corticosterone (B), hypertension, hypokalemia, and suppression of renin and aldosterone production. Subnormal aldosterone levels before and after treatment have suggested an additional enzymatic defect in its formation. To examine this possibility, we studied six patients untreated, on glucocorticoid treatment, and off treatment for short periods of time. To determine the zonal origins of the mineralocorticoid hormones, we measured plasma aldosterone, DOC, B, 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB), 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, and cortisol along with renin and potassium concentrations at 0800 h and during posture, angiotensin III, and cosyntropin stimulation; after overnight dexamethasone suppressions; and every 4 h during a 24-h period. Elevated DOC (mean ± SEM, 266.7 ± 63.4 ng/dl), B (12,640 ± 3,610 ng/dl...
Amino acids and insulin are regulators of muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs

The stage of development between birth and weaning in mammals is a period of very rapid growth that is crucial for the long-term well-being of the animal. The rate of protein deposition in neonatal animals is very high because dietary protein is efficiently utilized to increase body protein mass. Our studies in neonatal pigs have shown that this high efficiency of protein deposition is largely due to the marked increase in protein synthesis after feeding, and this response is particularly profound in the skeletal muscle. The enhanced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in neonates after feeding is independently mediated by the rise in insulin and amino acids and this response declines with age. Intracellular signaling components that respond to the postprandial rise in amino acids and insulin have been identified and their activation has been shown to be elevated in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs after a meal and to decrease with development. The enhanced activation of these components in the amino acid and insulin signaling pathways in neonatal muscle contributes to the high rate of muscle protein synthesis and rapid gain in skeletal muscle mass in newborn pigs, which are essential determinants of efficient growth during development.
Free amino acids of Abutilon theophrasti seed

Summary: The free amino acids of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) seed were identified and quantified. The content of several amino acids known to inhibit germination of crop seeds was high. No unusual amino acids or other known toxic amino compounds were detected so it is presumed that the natural amino acids present are responsible for the allelopathic effects. Resume: Les acides amines libres de la semence d'Abutilon theophrasti Les acides amines de la semence dAbutilon theophrasti ont ete identifies et doses. La teneur en acides amines connus pour inhiber la germination des semences de plantes cultivees etait elevee. Il n'a pas ete decele d'acides amines inhabituels ni d'autres acides amines toxiques connus, ce qui conduit a penser que les acides amines presents sont responsables des effets allelopathiques. Zusammenfassung Die Aminosauren von Abutilon theophrasti-Samen Es wurden die freien Aminosauren in Samen von Ahutilon theophrasti (Chinesischer Hanf) identifiziert und ihr Gehalt in den Samen festgestellt. Dabei wurde ein hoher Gehalt an solchen Aminosauren gefunden, von denen bekannt ist, dass sie die Keimung von Kulturpflanzensamen hemmen. Ungewohnliche Aminosauren oder andere toxische Aminoverbindungen wurden nicht nachgewisen, so dass angenommen werden muss, dass die normalerweise vorkommenden Aminosauren die Ursache fur die allelopathische Wirkung sind.