cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probit model for multivariate random length ordinal data

Multivariate random length ordinal data are data such that the ordinal response variable is observed a random number of times for each experimen¬tal unit. For example, depression may occur a random number of times and the severity of each depression episode is measured by an ordinal scale (e.g., l=mildly depressed, 2=moderately depressed, 3=very depressed). There is a need to evaluate how treatment or disease status impacts both the sever¬ity of the ordinal responses and the number of occurrences. In this paper, we propose a probit model which can realistically describe the relationships between the number of events and the ordinal responses of these events. This model also takes into account the correlation among multiple ordinal measurements. We describe estimation issues and the asymptotic efficiency of the maximum likelihood estimators. A simulation study is performed to examine the asymptotic behavior of the maximum likelihood estimators. An example using data from a pediatric longitudinal study is p...
Comparative neurovirulence and tissue tropism of wild-type and attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus administered by aerosol in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice

To assess the potential for aerosol administration of vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), we compared the neurovirulence and tissue tropism of the wild-type Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain to those of the attenuated TC83 and V3526 strains of VEE in mice. Six to 8-week-old female C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were aerosol exposed to one of the three VEE strains. Three mice of each strain were euthanatized at different times and their tissues were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. All three viral strains infected the brains of mice and induced encephalitis. TrD spread caudally from the olfactory bulbs to all regions of the brain, caused widespread necrotizing panencephalitis by day 5, and resulted in 100% mortality (geometric mean = 7 days) in both mouse strains. By comparison, TC83 relatively spared the caudal regions of the brain but still caused 100% mortality in the C3H/HeN mice (geometric mean = 12 days), yet it did not kill any BALB/c mice. V3526 infectivity of the brain was the most limited, mainly affecting the neocortex and diencephalon. This virus was not lethal in either mouse strain. The TrD strain also infected the olfactory neuroepithelium, local lymphoid tissues, teeth, and vomeronasal organs, whereas the affinity of TC83 and V3526 outside the brain was essentially limited to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Attenuated VEE strains administered to mice by aerosol have restricted tissue tropism as compared with wild-type virus; however, even attenuated strains can infect the brain and induce encephalitis.
Full rate space-time turbo codes

This paper proposes a class of full space diversity full rate space-time turbo codes. Both parallel concatenated and serially concatenated codes are designed. A rank theory proposed by the authors earlier is employed to check the full space diversity of the codes. The simulations show that the space-time turbo codes can take full advantage of space diversity and time diversity if they are available in the channels. We also study the robustness of performance of both turbo codes and trellis codes in space-time correlated fading channels.
Dimethylamidotitanium compounds as polymerization initiators for vinyl monomers

Amide derivatives of titanium initiate the polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile in a variety of solvents over the temperature range of −76° to 60°C. The polymerization mechanism with the same catalyst can be either free radical or anionic. Anionic polymerization is favored by low temperatures, solvents of high dielectric constant, and monomers containing electron-withdrawing groups. The strength and type of catalysis changes regularly in any given series of titanium derivatives, (e.g. Ti(NMe2)xCl4-x as X goes from 4 to 1). Amidverbindungen des Titans verursachen in verschiedenen Losungsmitteln im Temperaturbereich von −76 bis 60°C die Polymerisation von Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und Acrylnitril. Die Polymerisation kann mit derselben Titanverbindung entweder radikalisch oder anionisch verlaufen. Die anionische Polymerisation ist durch niedrige Temperaturen, Losungsmittel mit hoher Dielektrizitatskonstante und durch Monomere, die Elektronen anziehende Gruppen enthalten, begunstigt. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und der Mechanismus der Katalyse andern sich regelmasig in jeder Reihe von Titanverbindungen (z. B. Ti(NMe2)xCl4-x mit x = 4, 3, 2 und 1).
“A Broke-Up Mirror”: Representing Bajan in Print

Arawak Hill, Barbados, April 13, 1994. It is about ten at night. Mrs. Farley is dozing off on the couch. Mr. Niles (a retired plantation worker and preacher) and I are silently poring over today's issue of the Advocate. Suddenly, Mr. Niles exclaims and pounds the table. I look up, startled. Mr. Niles pushes his portion of the paper in my direction and, pointing at a court report, says, "How do you like that?" I quickly scan the text. It is about a robbery in Bridgetown. But Mr. Niles is not interested in the story. He impatiently taps his finger at the excerpt quoting the defendant and says, "They shouldn't be doing this; it be shaming the person, how he kyaan [cannot] speak proper English. And they give he name, too! Anyways, there is nobody that says * wunna' these days." He turns to Mrs. Farley, his neighbor, and asks, "What you think, Mrs. Farley?" She replies, "Well, Mr. Niles, maybe is just for to show how he uneducated and thing, you know." '
COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT PRACTICES: A SURVEY OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS

The present article describes an exploratory study regarding the preferred cognitive assessment practices of current school psychologists. Three hundred and twenty-three school psychologists participated in the survey. The results suggest that the majority of school psychologists endorsed that they base their assessment practices on an underlying theoretical framework, specifically Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. Despite this finding, the majority of those sampled continue to engage in traditional assessment practices that are not consistent with CHC theory. Furthermore, the majority of those sampled reported that they assess culturally and linguistically diverse students and modify their practices when doing so. Unfortunately, the modifications endorsed by those surveyed might be discriminatory. The implications of these findings are discussed herein.
Comments on “A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research”

Cold fusion researchers have accumulated a large body of anomalous results over the last 20 years that they claim proves a new, mysterious nuclear reaction is active in systems they study. Krivit and Marwan (J. Environ. Monit., 2009, 11, 1731) give a brief and wholly positive view of this body of research. Unfortunately, cold fusion researchers routinely ignore conventional explanations of their observations, and claim much greater than the real accuracy and precision for their techniques. This paper attempts to equally briefly address those aspects of the field with the intent of providing a balanced view of the field, and to establish some criteria for subsequent publications in this arena.
An adaptive neural spike detector with threshold-lock loop

We present the design of an adaptive neural spike detector that dynamically adjusts the spike detection threshold based on the signal to noise ratio of the neural data sets. We propose a self-learning architecture, with a threshold-lock loop that feeds back a spike sorting performance index to the FSM inside the adaptive spike detector. The FSM references this performance index and dynamically determines an optimum threshold level for the incoming neural data sets. The architecture enables an autonomous operation without any manual adjustment from users. The simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive spike detector successfully locks to a threshold level, which is optimum from a spike-sorting standpoint.
Immunology and immunotherapy of the infections caused by Pythium insidiosum

Although infections caused by the straminipilan pathogen Pythium insidiosum were described in 19th century, it has been only recently that its epidemiology, immunology, treatment and other important traits were extensively studied. These studies were of paramount importance to theorize about the ecological niche for this pathogen, its host-parasite relationships, the antigens used for diagnosis, and the management of the infection using immunotherapy. P. insidiosum triggers in the infected host a T helper 2 [Th2] subset with an inflammatory reaction composed mainly of eosinophils and mast cells. These cells degranulate around the hyphal elements of P. insidiosum where a Splendore-Hoeppli-like reaction develops. In horses this reaction is so intensive that firm concretions called 'kunkers' develop. These data indicated that this pathogen might have developed an evolutionary strategy to conceal important antigens from the host immune system. Immunotherapy, a treatment approach that relies on the injection of antigens of P. insidiosum from in vitro cultures, has been successfully used in humans and horses to manage this disease. A switch from a Th2 to Th1 response is postulated as the most likely explanation of the curative properties of this approach. This review provides details on the serological, immunological, and immunotherapeutic methodologies used to diagnose and treat the infections caused by this pathogen.
Making law, making place: lawyers and the production of space:

In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework for theorizing the role of lawyers in legal geography research to foster better understandings of the processes and the people co-constituting space and law. We argue that the practice of law is missing from existing legal geography scholarship. Adding insights from legal studies and geography, we propose an agenda for research that places lawyers at the center of analyses of legal (and political) claims-making, particularly place-claims in land-use disputes. We illustrate our call with an example from a study of conflict over a manufactured housing park in Georgia.
High-current injector for heavy-ion fusion

A 2 MV, 800 mA, K+ injector for heavy-ion fusion studies is under construction. This new injector is a one-beam version of the proposed 4-beam ILSE injector. A new 36-module MARX is being built to achieve a 5 μs flat top. The high-voltage generator is stiff (<5 kω) to minimize effects of beam-induced transients. A large (≈7" diameters) curved hot alumino-silicate source emits a 1 μs long beam pulse through a gridless extraction electrode, and the ions are accelerated to 1 MV in a diode configuration. Acceleration to 2 MV takes place in a set of electrostatic quadrupole (ESQ) units, arranged to simultaneously focus and accelerate the ion beam. Heavy shields and other protection devices have been built in to minimize risks of high-voltage breakdown. Beam aberration effects through the ESQ have been studied extensively with theory, simulations, and scaled experiments. The design, simulations, experiments, and engineering of the ESQ injector will be presented.
A design of experiments approach to validation sampling for logistic regression modeling with error-prone medical records

Background and Objective Electronic medical record (EMR) databases offer significant potential for developing clinical hypotheses and identifying disease risk associations by fitting statistical models that capture the relationship between a binary response variable and a set of predictor variables that represent clinical, phenotypical, and demographic data for the patient. However, EMR response data may be error prone for a variety of reasons. Performing a manual chart review to validate data accuracy is time consuming, which limits the number of chart reviews in a large database. The authors’ objective is to develop a new design-of-experiments–based systematic chart validation and review (DSCVR) approach that is more powerful than the random validation sampling used in existing approaches. Methods The DSCVR approach judiciously and efficiently selects the cases to validate (i.e., validate whether the response values are correct for those cases) for maximum information content, based only on their predictor variable values. The final predictive model will be fit using only the validation sample, ignoring the remainder of the unvalidated and unreliable error-prone data. A Fisher information based D-optimality criterion is used, and an algorithm for optimizing it is developed. Results The authors’ method is tested in a simulation comparison that is based on a sudden cardiac arrest case study with 23 041 patients’ records. This DSCVR approach, using the Fisher information based D-optimality criterion, results in a fitted model with much better predictive performance, as measured by the receiver operating characteristic curve and the accuracy in predicting whether a patient will experience the event, than a model fitted using a random validation sample. Conclusions The simulation comparisons demonstrate that this DSCVR approach can produce predictive models that are significantly better than those produced from random validation sampling, especially when the event rate is low.
Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol: effect of training dose on the substitution of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists.

The ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists that act at the NMDA recognition site [(D)-4-(3-phosphonoprop-2-enyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (CPPene) and cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid] or within the NMDA associated cation channel [phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine] were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate ethanol or PCP from vehicle in a two-lever discrimination procedure. Three groups of rats were trained to discriminate 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg of ethanol from water and one group was trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg of PCP from saline. In the ethanol-trained groups, both PCP (1.0-5.6 mg/kg; i.p.) and dizocilpine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg; i.p.) completely substituted for ethanol in every rat tested, although the dizocilpine resulted in only partial substitution in rats trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg of ethanol. As the training dose of ethanol increased, the potency of PCP and dizocilpine to substitute for ethanol increased. In contrast, CPPene (1-17 mg/kg; i.p.) and cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid (5.6-17 mg/kg; i.p.) resulted in partial substitution for ethanol, with lower amounts of ethanol-appropriate responding as the training dose of ethanol increased. These data indicate that uncompetitive antagonism of NMDA neurotransmission at sites within the cation channel produce discriminative stimulus effects that are similar to those of ethanol, particularly to higher ethanol doses. Neither ethanol (0.5-1.5 g/kg; i.p.) nor CPPene (5.6 and 10 mg/kg) completely substituted for the discriminative effects of PCP. The asymmetrical generalizations between ethanol and PCP are discussed in terms of the mixed discriminative effects of ethanol.
Using shadow pointers to trace C pointer values in FPGA circuits

Shadow pointers are proposed as a method for tracing pointer-values during in-system test of circuits generated using High Level Synthesis (HLS). Insertion of a shadow pointer data path is automated through the use of a source-to-source compiler and the transformations are described. Experimental data show that for an average cost of a 4% increase in area shadow pointers can be added to all pointers within the subset of the CHStone benchmarks synthesizable by Vivado HLS. Further experimentation on the blowfish benchmark shows an 11% decrease in area overhead indicating the potential for further optimization in the worst-performing benchmarks.
The Making of a Myth: The National Labor Alliance, Russian Émigrés, and Cold War Intelligence Activities

This article examines the role of the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right organization of Russian exiles, in U.S. intelligence operations during the early Cold War. Drawing on declassified archival documents and emigre sources, the article discusses how the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used the NTS in covert operations to undermine Communism in Europe. Early operations to penetrate Soviet borders failed, as NTS members who were sent into the USSR were quickly rounded up amid suspicions of internal betrayal. Following Soviet attempts to kidnap and assassinate NTS leaders in Germany in 1954, the CIA adopted a new approach, using the emigre organization as a tool of political and psychological warfare. Borrowing political strategies used by the exiles themselves, the CIA promoted a false image of the NTS as a powerful underground organization in order to provoke the Soviet state into costly and destabilizing countermeasures against it. As a result, the NTS became a mythical organization, and...
AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS AFTER CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY

Classic constrictive pericarditis is characterized by impaired cardiac filling secondary to a calcified pericardium from chronic inflammation. Constrictive physiology may also occur without chronic pericardial calcification and display an atypical presentation. We describe an unusual case of
Light and Rate Management in Nanowires

We analyze optoelectronic properties of core-shell nanowires explaining how both light management and transition rate management need to be included in order to explain their extraordinary absorption and emission properties.
Long-term patient and retransplantation-free survival by selected recipient and donor characteristics: an update from the Pitt-UNOS Liver Transplant Registry.

Centers Between 1988 and 1996, the total number of liver transplantations performed in the United States more than doubled, and the number of centers performing liver transplantations increased from 58 to 106. The yearly net gain in number of centers has slowed substantially in recent years, and the reduced differences in volume per center reported previously has continued through 1996. Survival among pediatric recipients The estimated cumulative probability of a pediatric recipient surviving for 9 years following transplantation was .71, and surviving for 9 years without retransplantation was .58. In general, few deaths or retransplantations were observed more than 5 years following the initial transplantation. Factors independently associated with patient and retransplantation-free survival among children were year of transplantation, recipient age, location awaiting transplantation, primary liver disease, pre-LT serum creatinine, pre-LT bilirubin, and donor age. Recipient race and multiorgan transplantation were significantly associated with patient survival. Interestingly, of the 23 multi-organ recipients who survived at least 3 years, none died or required retransplantation. Survival among adult recipients The estimated cumulative probability of an adult recipient surviving for 9 years following transplantation was .55, and surviving for 9 years without retransplantation was .48. Though the one-year survival rate among adults was slightly better than among children, long-term survival was substantially worse. Factors independently associated with patient and retransplantation-free survival among adults were year of transplantation, recipient age, race, location awaiting transplantation, primary liver disease, pre-LT creatinine, pre-LT albumin, recipient HBsAg status, donor age, donor anti-CMV status, ABO match, and sex match. Pre-LT bilirubin was significantly associated with patient survival, and pre-LT prothrombin time was associated with retransplantation-free survival.
Absorption from the Urinary Tract1

University of Minnesota Masters thesis. March 1922. Major: Surgery. 1 computer file (PDF); 29 pages.
[Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]NPY

[Leu31, Pro34] PYY was initially characterized as a ligand at Y1 NPY receptors with improved selectivity over [Leu31, Pro34]NPY, particularly in lacking activity at Y3 receptors. Other than this, its pharmacological profile is generally the same as [Leu31, Pro34]NPY and it also has activity at Y4 and Y5 receptors. It is generally used to assess Y1 receptor binding and to investigate actions of neuropeptide Y at Y1 receptors, although it has not been as widely employed as [Leu31, Pro34]NPY.
Genotyping by Sequencing in Autotetraploid Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) without a Reference Genome

Quantitative trait locus mapping is often useful for understanding the number and the direction of effects for traits in germplasm of interest. New genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) methods are available for genetic mapping, but their application toward autopolyploid plants is limited. In this paper we discuss adapting semi-conductor sequencing to GBS of autotetraploid cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). Based on empirical results from a previous study, we selected 48 samples to pool on an Ion Torrent P1 sequencing chip. Whereas the Illumina-based SNP detection pipeline was designed to identify SNP markers in 64 bp sequence reads, the longer length of semi-conductor sequences was mined for additional SNPs. Using a small subset of plants from an F1 cocksfoot mapping population, a genetic linkage map was constructed with GBS-derived markers and previously mapped SSR markers, and between 25 and 29 homologous linkage groups were detected with high LOD probability. These data provide evidence of successful implementation of existing GBS pipelines when using semi-conductor sequencing on complex autotetraploid plants.
(Ba,Sr)TiO3 tunable capacitors with RF commutation quality factors exceeding 6000

The fabrication, measurement, and modeling of radio-frequency (RF), tunable interdigital capacitors (IDCs) are described. High quality factors of 200 in the S/L-bands combined with a 47% tunability are achieved by utilizing epitaxial (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy on LaAlO3 substrates. The fabricated devices consisted of one-port and two-port IDCs embedded in ground-signal-ground, coplanar waveguide transmission lines to enable RF probing. Wideband RF scattering parameters under bias were measured from 100 MHz to 40 GHz. A commutation quality factor averaging 6000 across the L band is achieved. These are the highest reported values in this band.
Gender Difference in American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force: Evidence from Before and after the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, 1980-2013

Recent scholarship indicates that gender is a strong correlate of Americans' attitudes toward the use of military force. However, most of the existing evidence is based on a limited number of military actions. The purpose of this paper is to address these gaps by analyzing 965 individual survey questions that query support for using US military force in twenty four historical episodes, beginning in 1982 with military aid to El Salvador and continuing through the recent wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. I conclude that gender difference is generalized over a large number of historical episodes and types of military action. Nonetheless, gender difference does vary substantially, and in many cases a substantial percentage of women supports the use of force. The difference between men and women varies most with the salience and level of violence, and women are more sensitive to humanitarian concerns. Women are more sensitive to casualties in many historical cases, but during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the casualty sensitivity of men gradually increased and the gender difference decreased. I argue that scholars should turn their attention to studying individual-level differences among men and women in support for using military force.
Mechanism and timing of Mcm2-7 ring closure during DNA replication origin licensing

The opening and closing of two ring-shaped Mcm2-7 DNA helicases is necessary to license eukaryotic origins of replication, although the mechanisms controlling these events are unclear. The origin-recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6 and Cdt1 facilitate this process by establishing a topological link between each Mcm2-7 hexamer and origin DNA. Using colocalization single-molecule spectroscopy and single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we monitored ring opening and closing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mcm2-7 during origin licensing. The two Mcm2-7 rings were open during initial DNA association and closed sequentially, concomitant with the release of their associated Cdt1. We observed that ATP hydrolysis by Mcm2-7 was coupled to ring closure and Cdt1 release, and failure to load the first Mcm2-7 prevented recruitment of the second Mcm2-7. Our findings identify key mechanisms controlling the Mcm2-7 DNA-entry gate during origin licensing, and reveal that the two Mcm2-7 complexes are loaded via a coordinated series of events with implications for bidirectional replication initiation and quality control.
TXNIP regulates mitophagy in retinal Müller cells under high-glucose conditions: implications for diabetic retinopathy.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy. However, the role of TXNIP in the removal of damaged mitochondria (MT) via mitophagy, a process of macroautophagy, remains unexplored. Here we investigate the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy in retinal cells under diabetic conditions. For this, we maintained a rat Muller cell line (rMC1) under high-glucose (25 mM, HG) or low-glucose (5.5 mM, LG) condition for 5 days. Our data reveal that HG upregulates TXNIP in the cytosol as well as in the MT. Moreover, mitochondrial oxidative stress and membrane depolarization occur under prolonged hyperglycemia leading to fragmentation. These damaged MT are targeted to lysosome for mitophagic degradation, as is evident by co-localization of mitochondrial protein COXIV, a subunit of cytochrome c oxidase, with autophagosome marker LC3BII and the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2A. In addition, under HG conditions, there is an accumulation of dynamin-related fission protein Drp1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin in damaged MT, suggesting their roles in mitochondrial fragmentation and ubiquitination, respectively, which is absent in LG conditions. Subsequently, ubiquitin receptors, optineurin and p62/sequestrome 1, bind to the damaged MT and target them to LC3BII autophagosomes. Conversely, TXNIP knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 and TXNIP gRNA prevents the HG-induced mitochondrial damage and mitophagy in rMC1. Last, TXNIP level is also significantly upregulated in the diabetic rat retina in vivo and induces radial glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, a marker for Muller glia activation, and the formation of LC3BII puncta, which are prevented by intravitreal injection of TXNIP siRNA. Therefore, TXNIP represents a potential target for preventing ocular complications of diabetes.
Tricriticality in crossed Ising chains.

We explore the phase diagram of Ising spins on one-dimensional chains that criss-cross in two perpendicular directions and that are connected by interchain couplings. This system is of interest as a simpler, classical analog of a quantum Hamiltonian that has been proposed as a model of magnetic behavior in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{29}$ and also, conceptually, as a geometry that is intermediate between one and two dimensions. Using mean-field theory as well as Metropolis Monte Carlo and Wang-Landau simulations, we locate quantitatively the boundaries of four ordered phases. Each becomes an effective Ising model with unique effective couplings at large interchain coupling. Away from this limit, we demonstrate nontrivial critical behavior, including tricritical points that separate first- and second-order phase transitions. Finally, we present evidence that this model belongs to the two-dimensional Ising universality class.
The Intersectional Origins of Women’s “Substance Abuse” Treatment: Learning From Detroit’s WOMAN Center, 1970–1985

The WOMAN Center was a women’s drug treatment program focused on heroin that existed in Detroit’s Cass Corridor neighborhood between 1971 and 1985. During this period, successful advocacy by the Mo...
Switching from a semi-computerized to an online employment application system: A case study

ABSTRACTThis case explores the switch from semi-computerized to an online employment application system. This case documents the struggles experienced with user expectations related to requirements...
Estimates for the acoustical stimulation and heating of multiphase biotissue

Low-intensity, unfocused, ultrasound-induced diathermy can produce undesired temperature increases at the interface of adjacent tissues within the body; particularly, at the interface of soft tissue and bone. This study provides a computational framework for predicting an upper bound on the temperature profile within a multiphase system composed of gel pad (water), tissue and bone from an input of acoustic energy, at frequencies and power levels consistent with applications of therapeutic hyperthermia. The model consists of solving a (one-dimensional) spatially discretized bioheat transfer equation via finite-difference method and updating the solution in time with a forward-Euler scheme. Simulations are then compared to experimental data to determine the energy-to-heat conversion factors within each constituent material using thermocouple-embedded, tissue-mimicking phantom material, with and without bone. Viscous heating artifacts from the presence of the thermocouples in the experimental phantom tissue are accounted for via additional experimental methods similar to those described by Morris et al. (Phys Med Biol 53:4759, 2008). Finally, an example application of the model is presented via prediction of the maximum temperature at the tissue–bone interface, as well as the peak temperatures in the composite structure at the end of a prescribed 2-min sonication, of blood-perfused, human soft-tissue at 1, 2 and 3 MHz frequencies and a spatial peak temporally averaged intensity of $$1.0 \ W/cm^{2}$$ . The results of this simulation are then related to comparable experimental studies in the literature.
Nondestructive detection of zebra chip disease in potatoes using near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (900–2600 nm) was evaluated as a rapid, non-destructive method for detection of zebra chip disease (ZC) in potatoes. Two models were tested; one that directly correlated spectra with ZC and one that measured sugar concentrations which in turn are known to be correlated with ZC. Applying stepwise regression in conjunction with canonical discriminant analysis to raw spectra, total classification accuracy of 98.35% was achieved in discriminating infected potatoes from control, with 2% false negative and 1% false positive error rates. The same analysis applied to 2nd derivative spectra yielded 97.25% accuracy with equal false negative and false positive error rates. Canonical discriminant analysis applied to sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations previously determined by high-performance liquid chromatography yielded 96.7% classification accuracy, with 4.3% false positive and 2.3% false negative rates. Accuracy did not significantly differ when fructose was excluded from the model. Partial least squares regression models built to predict sugar concentrations from the 2nd derivative NIR spectra resulted in R2 for actual vs. predicted concentrations of 0.7 and 0.72 respectively for sucrose and glucose, 0.63 for fructose, and 0.81 for total sugars. Given the relatively low R2 values in measuring sugar concentrations directly from the spectra it was concluded that classification accuracy is highest for models that directly correlate spectral features to ZC without considering sugar concentrations. Furthermore, this indicates that although NIR can detect infection, it may not be effective for evaluating severity of ZC in fresh potatoes.
Prison Health Care Governance: Guaranteeing Clinical Independence

Clinical independence is an essential component of good health care and health care professionalism, particularly in correctional settings (jails, prisons, and other places of detention), where the relationship between patients and caregivers is not based on free choice and where the punitive correctional setting can challenge optimal medical care. Independence for the delivery of health care services is defined by international standards as a critical element for quality health care in correctional settings, yet many correctional facilities do not meet these standards because of a lack of awareness, persisting legal regulations, contradictory terms of employment for health professionals, or current health care governance structures. We present recommendations for the implementation of independent health care in correctional settings.
Subacute encephalitis with recovery in IgLON5 autoimmunity

Several studies have reported common presentations accompanying immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies targeting the neuronal cell adhesion protein IgLON5.1–3 Complex sleep and movement disorders, gait imbalance, and bulbar symptoms are prominent features. Here, we report an unusual manifestation of subacute onset encephalitis with spontaneous recovery accompanying IgLON5 autoimmunity. The authors thank the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, for funding and for administrative and technical support.
A Random Access Scheme for Large Scale 5G/IoT Applications

The integration of slotted Aloha with power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), dubbed slotted Aloha- NOMA (SAN) can emerge as an appealing MAC protocol to be used for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications over 5G networks. In this paper, SAN is discussed, and its performance is evaluated in detail. The simulation results demonstrate that the maximum normalized throughput can be increased from 0:37, which is the case for slotted Aloha, to 1 by means of SAN. Specifically, this full throughput efficiency can be obtained at all low, medium and high network traffics. Besides that, the average delay can be significantly reduced compared to the slotted Aloha.
Examining the Sexual Enigma of the Immigrant Paradox with International Students

The metamorphosis of core sexual practices and sexual orientation norms resulting from the acculturation of U.S. native and non-native residents remains an enigma. A convenience sample from a metropolitan community college was drawn to describe the consequences of acculturation on U.S. international students’ core sexual practices and sexual orientation. Findings include: (1) observed differences in male international student sexual practices to that of the native male population were attributed to social opportunity and not the immigrant paradox, and (2) female international students’ core sexual practices and sexual orientation shifted over time to the higher risk sexual practices of the native female population. The U.S. needs to commit resources including qualified health educators, to support state mandated public school and undergraduate sex education for U.S. juveniles and young adults.
Diabetes and Obesity

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are two interrelated disorders that share etiological factors, including heredity, maladaptive behaviors, and distress. The prevalence of both disorders has increased over the past decade, particularly in ethnic minority groups. Understanding the role of choice-driven behaviors in the course of diabetes forms the basis for the Pathways interventions described in this chapter. The case narrative introduced here exemplifies the effects of stress and negative mood states on weight and glycemic stability and the reinstitution of positive mood and improved physiological control after intervention.
Cost of Readmissions Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Insights from the Nationwide Readmissions Database.

BACKGROUND Postoperative readmissions are a significant driver of variation in bundled care costs associated with cervical spine surgery. OBJECTIVE To determine the factors predicting the cost of readmission episodes following elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Readmissions Database for patients undergoing elective ACDF during 2012 to 2015. Multivariable linear regression was performed to establish the factors associated with the cost of each 30-/90-d readmission episode. RESULTS A total of 139 877 and 113 418 patients met inclusion criteria for the evaluation of 30- and 90-d readmissions, respectively. Among these, the national rates of 30- and 90-d readmission after an elective ACDF were 3% and 6%, respectively. The median cost of a 30- and 90-d readmission episode was $6727 (IQR: $3844-$13 529) and $8507 (IQR: $4567-$17 460), respectively. Relative predictor importance analysis revealed that the number of procedures at index admission (IA), length of stay at IA, and time elapsed between index surgical admission and readmission were the top predictors of both 30- and 90-d readmission costs (all P < .001). Although cervical myelopathy accounted for only 3.6% of all 30-d readmissions, it accounted for the largest share (8%) of 30-d readmission costs. CONCLUSION In this analysis from a national all-payer database, we determined the factors associated with the cost of readmissions following elective ACDF. These results are important in assisting policymakers and payers with a better risk adjustment in bundled care payment systems and for surgeons in implementing readmission cost-reduction efforts.
Design and development of a high-precision automatic safety valve testing system:

Safety valves are widely used as the safety device in pressure systems, such as boilers and pressure pipes, to ensure the safe operation of pressure systems. At present, the inspection of safety va...
Sampling Series, Refinable Sampling Kernels, and Frequency Band Limited Functions

We study sampling series and their relationship to frequency band limited functions. Motivated by the theories of multiresolution analyses and subdivision, particular attention is paid to sampling series whose kernels are refinable.
Framing the pandemic within global citizenship education

The coronavirus pandemic has presented an opportunity to rethink how social studies education is framed. Using global citizenship education to teach about the pandemic properly places global health within the purview of all people and builds an onramp for teachers and students to make this kind of theoretical framing a mainstream part of social studies instruction. Drawing on the practice of one experienced secondary social studies teacher, this paper discusses the potential of issues-centered dialogue about the pandemic to narrow the gap between what people know about global health issues and what they do about them.
Sensations of history: Animation and new media art: JAMES J. HODGE, 2019 Minneapolis, University of Minnesota press pp. 220, bibliography, index, $27.00 (paper)

James Hodge’s Sensations of History: Animation and New Media Art is a theoretically intense reading of contemporary scholarship on digital media, animation, inscription, and the meanings of histori...
The Interplay of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Addressing Health Inequities.

Purpose The terms diversity, equity, and inclusion have become part of a national conversation as we come to grips with longstanding societal negligence. But what do these terms mean with respect to health care, and are we manifesting them in our medical practices? Methods Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index and Google, we mapped the locations of physical therapy and primary care clinics within the 4 most diverse Wisconsin counties-Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, and Dane-which also had high Social Vulnerability Indexes, to assess health equity in these communities. Results Most physical therapy practices are located outside of vulnerable communities. While primary care is much more proficient at having a presence in these neighborhoods, there are still absences in some areas. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that physical therapy services in Wisconsin are often inaccessible to members of vulnerable communities: a matter of equity. Efforts to improve equity via patient access must entail interventions that address the other components of diversity, equity, and inclusion. We recommend that other health care professionals conduct similar analyses in order to determine whether we, as a health care community, are positioning ourselves to best service our patients.
A Survey of Interdisciplinary Geography Study Abroad Opportunities

For decades, internationalization of the curriculum has been championed to prepare students for success in a globalized world (Harari 1981; Leask 2015; Mestenhauser and Ellingboe 1998). Internation...
A theoretical exploration: Zone of Proximal Development as an ethical zone for teaching mathematics

For decades, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) has been utilized as an important theoretical framework for exploring and analysing the concept of learning, but its implications for teachers remain much less explored. In this article, I conceptualise some of the roots of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of learning and, on this basis, I explore the ZPD as an ethical and powerful zone for teaching. Together with providing a thorough description of some key aspects of Vygotsky’s theoretical concepts, the major question stated, What are the ethical responsibilities of teachers to guide students do mathematics that is beyond their independent ability? intends to open up an original line of inquiry. I first give an overview of this learning theory, as it stemmed from Marxism, my means of supporting examples from mathematics education research literature. It follows a discussion on the issue of ethics and responsibility to more explicitly highlight the ethical responsibilities and power of teachers that are implicit in the concept of ZPD.
Excessive mitophagy for anxiety

In this issue of Neuron, Duan et al. (2021) identified excessive mitophagy in BLA neurons synapsing onto adBNST neurons as a mechanism for reduced neurotransmission and social defeat-induced anxiety-like behaviors.
Nutritional content of fresh and canned peaches

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess whether canned peaches could deliver nutrient levels comparable to fresh peaches. Fresh freestone peaches, fresh cling peaches and canned cling peaches were analyzed for vitamins A, C and E, folate, antioxidants, total phenolics and total carotenoids to assess how these nutrients were affected by the canning process and whether storage further changed these components. RESULTS: The vitamins and phytochemicals measured in this study were found to be present in canned cling peaches versus freshfreestoneatstatisticallysignificantlyhigherlevels(vitaminC,antioxidantsandfolate);higherbutnotstatisticallydifferent levels(vitaminA);orlower,butnotstatisticallydifferentlevels(vitaminE,totalphenolicsandtotalcarotenoids).Therewereno statistically significant changes in nutrient content during storage for 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional content of canned peaches has been shown in this study to be comparable to that of fresh peaches. There were no statistically significant decreases in those nutritional parameters measured in this study between fresh freestone peaches and canned cling peaches. Vitamins A and E along with total carotenoids decrease immediately upon processing, but appear to stabilize after the processing step, showing minimal additional changes upon storage for 3 months. This study shows that canned peaches can provide comparable nutrient levels to the consumer as fresh peaches, meaning that consumers can enjoy peaches year round without worrying about loss of nutrients in their diet. c ! 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Una Crácida nueva para la avifauna colombiana

Pauxi pauxi pauxi (Linnaeus). / Nombres Vernaculos.-- Comunmemte se designa esta cracida con los nombres de "Paujil Copete de Piedra" o "Pajuil de Piedra"; algunas personas dicen Pauji. en lugar de Paujil o Pajuil. Esta ave carece de cresta plumosa sobre la cabeza, pero lleva en la frente una protuberancia osea, desnuda y muy hinchada, en forma de higo. En las selvas del Margua, cerca del lugar en donde este rio toma el nombre de Arauca, existe otra cracida, Crax daubentoni G. R. Gray (*) que carece de copete oseo; la parte superior de la cabeza, en cambio. ostenta una cresta de plumas erectiles y alargadas. cuyas puntas rigidas estan encorvadas hacia delante. Se la distingue del Pajuil de Piedra con los nombres vernaculos de Pajuil de Cresta, Pajuil Turbante, o simplemente Turbante o Pajuil.
Language Competence and Social Behavior of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

This study was designed to explore a model of communicative competence (Abbeduto & Nuccio, 1989) and identify whether its components could (a) predict pragmatic language diffi- culties for children with emotional or behavioral disorders (E/BD) and (b) describe the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic language ability as well as the social skills of these children. The Test of Language Development (Newcomer & Hammill, 1997), the Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliot, 1990), and the Test of Pragmatic Language (Phelps-Terasaki & Phelps-Gunn, 1992) were used to assess 61 students. Results indicated that 93.5% of the students scored between one and two standard deviations below the mean in at least one area. Statistical analysis revealed that semantic language, syntactic language, IQ, and social skills—components of the model of com- municative competence—predicted pragmatic language competence.
Solar Activity and Irradiance Variations

This chapter explores the relation between solar activity and solar irradiance variability and reviews the current state of models of the total and spectral irradiance and variability, including uncertainties in both the theory, assumptions, free parameters, and inputs. Over the past decade, regular measurement programs for parts of the solar reference spectrum have been established and the physical understanding of these measurements is rapidly improving. We discuss all of the present modeling approaches which range from simple time series proxy models for the total solar irradiance to the spectral irradiance which may use a combination of semi-empirical models and empirical image analysis with the theory for line-by-line calculation of emission, absorption, and transfer of radiation in the solar atmosphere. This chapter starts with some definitions and proceeds to a recent history of irradiance models. Next, attention is given to similarities and differences between the models and the common assumptions related to solar activity influences and then the different types of models are presented along with some recent results and their comparison to extant observations. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the current state of models, what the present level of accuracy and precision they can achieve, their uncertainties and what advances are in the near future.
Quantification and bioaccessibility of California pistachio bioactives.

The content of carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenolics, and tocols in pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has not been methodically quantified. The objective of this study was to first optimize extraction protocols for lipophilic nutrients and then quantify the content of two phenolic acids, nine flavonoids, four carotenoids, two chlorophylls, and three tocols in the skin, nutmeat, and whole nut of California pistachios. The dominant bioactives in whole pistachios are lutein [42.35 μg/g fresh weight (FW)], chlorophyll a (142.24 μg/g FW), γ-tocopherol (182.20 μg/g FW), flavan-3-ols (catechins) (199.18 μg/g FW), luteolin (217.89 μg/g FW), myricetin (135.18 μg/g FW), and cyanidin-3-galactose (38.34 μg/g FW) in each nutrient class. Most phenolics are present in the skin, while the lipophilic nutrients are dominantly present in the nutmeat. Digestion with a gastrointestinal mimic showed <10% of most hydrophilic compounds are released from pistachio matrices. In conclusion, 9 lipophilic and 11 hydrophilic bioactives in ...