cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and behavioral correlates of depression in clinical and nonclinical populations

The relationships among depression, depressogenic cognitions, and mood-related activities were examined in clinic and nonclinic populations. Fifty-seven participants in a treatment program for depression and 143 undergraduate subjects were administered a questionnaire battery that included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), and the mood-related items of both the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) and Unpleasant Events Schedule (UES). Depressogenic cognitions and mood-related activities were correlated with one another and with depression in both populations: As depression increased, depressogenic cognitions and unpleasant activities increased while pleasant activities decreased. In addition, partial correlational analyses demonstrated that both depressogenic cognitions and mood-related activities, independent of one another, were correlated significantly with depression. This demonstrates that cognitive and behavioral variables, while related to one another, contribute independent information concerning depression.
Analysis of parallel Schottky contacts by differential internal photoemission spectroscopy

A differential analysis of internal photoemission spectroscopy has been developed for the study of nonuniformity in a Schottky contact. The analysis is capable of revealing the presence of a high‐low parallel contact in a spectroscopic manner. It has been applied to a discrete parallel contact consisting of Pd2Si and NiSi as well as a nonuniform contact of Pd on Si in the as‐deposited state. The nonuniformity in the latter case is due to the existence of high barrier regions (0.86 eV) in parallel to those of Pd2Si (0.74 eV) and it disappears after a subsequent annealing at 250 or 450 °C.
Notes to Accompany Whitman's Letter of July 28, 1891

Presents and contextualizes a previously unpublished letter of Whitman to his sister, Hannah Heyde.
Synthesis of a 10,000-Membered Library of Molecules Resembling Carpanone and Discovery of Vesicular Traffic Inhibitors

Split-and-pool synthesis of a 10,000-membered library of molecules resembling the natural product carpanone has been achieved. The synthesis features development of solid-phase multicomponent reactions between nitrogen nucleophiles, enones, and hydroxylamines, and a solid-phase application of the Huisgen cycloaddition affording substituted triazoles. The synthesis was performed in high-capacity (500 μm) polystyrene beads using a one bead−one stock solution strategy that enabled phenotypic screens of the resulting library. Using whole-cell fluorescence imaging, we discovered a series of molecules from the carpanone-based library that inhibit exocytosis from the Golgi apparatus. The most potent member of this series has an IC50 of 14 μM. We also report structure−activity relationships for the molecules exhibiting this interesting phenotype. These inhibitors of exocytosis may be useful reagents for the study of vesicular traffic.
Neonatal effects and serum cortisol levels after multiple courses of maternal corticosteroids.

Objective To determine the effects of multiple courses of maternal betamethasone for fetal lung maturation on neonatal serum Cortisol levels and clinical Cushing syndrome. Methods Seventy-nine mother-infant pairs delivered between 24 and 36 weeks' gestation were enrolled in the study. They were grouped according to the number of courses of betamethasone received between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation for fetal lung maturation: those receiving no courses, one course, and two or more courses. Physical examinations were performed and serum glucose, electrolyte, and cortisol levels were measured on days 1 and 3 of life. Results For those receiving multiple courses of betamethasone (n = 43), the mean (± standard error of the mean [SEM]) number of courses was 5.3 ± 0.4, with a mean (±SEM) total dose of 125.0 ± 10.7 mg. No neonates had findings suggestive of Cushing syndrome. Day 1 cortisol levels (pooled mean ± SEM) were 12.6 ± 2.4, 5.3 ± 3.2, and 4.4 ± 1.8 μg/dL in those receiving no courses, one course, and two or more courses, respectively (P = .03; no courses versus two or more courses, P = .03), but the differences were not significant when corrected for multiple variables. Differences among day 3 cortisol levels (pooled mean ± SEM) were not significant: 8.3 ± 1.6, 5.8 ± 1.4, and 5.8 ± 0.9 μg/dL in those receiving no courses, one course, and two or more courses, respectively. None of the neonates in the group receiving no courses of betamethasone had day 1 cortisol levels lower than normal, whereas 22% and 11% of the neonates receiving one and two or more courses, respectively, had day 1 levels lower than normal. On day 3, 15% of those receiving one course and 10% of those receiving two or more courses had serum cortisol levels lower than normal, whereas none of those who received no courses had a low cortisol level. Multivariate regression analysis could show no association between the number of courses or total dose of betamethasone and the day 1 or day 3 cortisol values. The day 1 cortisol level (log10) was most associated with the severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and day 3 cortisol level (log10) with race and severity of RDS. Only in neonates with absent or mild RDS did number of courses correlate with day 3 cortisol levels (log10), but this was a positive correlation. Conclusion Serum cortisol levels either were independent of the number of courses or total dose of corticosteroids given or, in a subpopulation, were associated with increasing levels with increasing doses, suggesting that there is no suppressive effect with repeated dosing.
A heuristic approach to incremental and reactive scheduling

An heuristic approach to incremental and reactive scheduling is described. Incremental scheduling is the process of modifying an existing schedule if the initial schedule does not meet its stated initial goals. Reactive scheduling occurs in near real-time in response to changes in available resources or the occurrence of targets of opportunity. Only minor changes are made during both incremental and reactive scheduling because a goal of re-scheduling procedures is to minimally impact the schedule. The described heuristic search techniques, which are employed by the Request Oriented Scheduling Engine (ROSE), a prototype generic scheduler, efficiently approximate the cost of reaching a goal from a given state and effective mechanisms for controlling search.
Enhancing training & documentation by eliminating artificial boundaries

Academic support organizations now find that the boundaries between training and documentation as well as technological and pedagogical support are ever-expanding, overlapping, and often artificial. Join us as representative members of Indiana University's open-source training initiatives team discuss the challenges and rewards of integrating the training and support content we develop. A question and answer period will allow you to share your experiences as well.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES BETWEEN BLOOD AND SKELETAL MUSCLE IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION

THE EFFECT OF AN ABNORMAL RENAL CIRCULATION AND A RESULTING HYPERTENSION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OF DOGS WAS AS FOLLOWS: (1) By analysis of the muscle the total content of sodium and chloride was found increased and the total potassium content decreased. (2) A redistribution of water occurred in the muscle involving a shift of water from the muscle cells to the extracellular phase. The calculated mean values per kilo of muscle were, extracellular phase (F) = 254, +/- 54 gm.; intracellular water (H(2)O)(C) = 532, +/- 47 gm., and total solids (S) = 214, +/- 8 gm. This extracellular phase volume of 254 gm. represents an increase of 65 per cent over that found in normal dog muscle. After subjecting the hypertensive dogs to large increases in total body water produced by the intravenous injection of normal isotonic salt solution, the total bulk of 1 kilo of muscle increased a mean average of 103 gm. of which one half was attributed to the extracellular phase and the other half to the swelling of the muscle cells. Whether the changes found in this study are the result of the functional disturbances caused by the experimental renal abnormalities, or the hypertension, or a combination of both is uncertain at this time. The significance of the results is that there is quantitative evidence that a redistribution of water has occurred in skeletal muscle so that a real extracellular edema exists.
The mechanical strength of heterogeneous catalyst: I. The tensile strength of pelletized alumina catalysts

Abstract Various alumina powders, prepared by the dehydration of alumina hydrate having a boehmite gel structure or bayerite structure were pelletized under different conditions. The mechanical strength, surface area, pore size distribution, and catalytic activity of the alumina pellets were measured. The strength of the pellets was affected by the water content in the powder and also by the heating temperature of the alumina powder, however it was not affected by the compacting pressure or time. Neither the surface area nor the catalytic activity of the aluminas is changed by pelletizing under the experimental conditions but the distribution of macropore volume does show some change. Assuming that the Rumpf's relation can be used to explain the binding force in the agglomerates of the particles, the measured values of the tensile strength of the pellets correspond to the binding force exerted by the van der Waals' interaction between the adsorbed layers on the alumina particles.
Intersections of primary powers of a group

if (3 Gv""= t , (I) p the intersection being formed over all primes p: such properties will be referred to as J-properties. Of course, J( i) is interesting only if i has infinite support: for if i has finite support, a group G has J( i ) if and only if it is a direct product of p-groups of exponent dividing p~(V~, one for each prime p. At this point let us recall some known results. K G is a finitely generated torsion-free nitpotent group, then G is residuaI b" a finite p-group for e'~ry prime p (Gruen~erg [5], Theorem 2.t), and G has the property J ( i ) where i(p) = t for aI1 p: the last result simply says that
Some experimental testing of the Cournot-Nash hypothesis in small group rivalry situations

Abstract This study parallels a previous study by Friedman and Hoggatt (1980) but uses ‘more realistic’ information conditions. In addition to confirming the central tendency results of Friedman and Hoggatt, we find that in the three to six corporation range the number of corporations in the experiment seems to have no effect on the tendency to grope towards the Cournot-Nash solution. On the other hand, it seems clear that convergence to Cournot-Nash is more likely if the subjects are experienced and less likely the higher the Cournot-Nash markup over unit cost. Overall there is a strong tendency to converge to Cournot-Nash.
Relationship Influences on Exploration in Adulthood: The Characteristics and Function of a Secure Base

This investigation advances theory and research regarding relationship influences on exploration in adulthood. This is accomplished by (a) identifying important characteristics of a secure base, (b) examining the influence of the presence or absence of these characteristics on exploration behavior in adulthood, and (c) identifying individual-difference factors that are predictive of the provision and receipt of secure base support. In 2 sessions, married couples (N = 167) provided reports of relationship dynamics involving exploration, and they participated in an exploration activity that was videotaped and coded by independent observers. Results indicated that the 3 identified characteristics of a secure base (availability, noninterference, and encouragement) are strongly predictive of exploration behavior, and that the provision and receipt of these behaviors can be predicted by individual differences in attachment. Implications of results and contributions to existing literature are discussed.
Semibrittle and cataclastic deformation of hornblende-quartz rocks in a ductile shear zone

Abstract Hornblende-quartz rock of the Coniston Shear Zone I (CSZ I) at the Grenville front, Canada, was deformed dominantly by semibrittle flow of hornblende-quartz aggregate and locally by cataclastic flow of hornblende aggregates. Fracturing and slip along fractures produced mesoscopic domino-style deformation. Void formation associated with domino-style deformation was prevented by leveling the corners of the slid segments of individual mesodominoes, producing narrow shear zones. The shear zones eventually coalesced to form the dominant mylonitic C-foliation. On the microscopic scale, semibrittle flow was achieved by dynamic recrystallization of quartz concomitant with microcracking and microfaulting of hornblende into microdominoes, and rotation, shear and separation of the microdominoes. Plastic deformation of quartz accommodated the rotation and shear of the microdominoes, thereby obviating the space problem. Local cataclastic flow occurred in the hornblende domains and produced R1 Riedel shear surfaces. The observed processes are consistent with greenschist-grade retrograde metamorphism accompanying post-orogenic uplift along this zone.
Heterogeneous Packing and Quartz Cementation of the Eureka Quartzarenite (Middle Ordovician), Utah and Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract The Eureka Sandstone is a quartzarenite 200 m thick that was deposited on the eastern shelf of the Cordilleran foreland basin from Canada to California. It has many characteristics of other lower Paleozoic quartzarenites in terms of its sheet-like geometry, mineralogical and textural maturity (99.5% detrital quartz, almost free of detrital clay), shallow-marine environment of deposition, and abundance of quartz cement (10–26%). However, it displays wide variations in compaction as measured by intergranular volume (IGV range of 16%) that are not all related to differences in burial depth plus IGV values as low as 10%. Sutured grain contacts and fractured grains cannot account for such abnormally low IGV values, which suggests that dissolution of the edges of grains where they overlapped their neighbors (the Fuchtbauer effect), leaving minimal evidence, was a major process of compaction. The normal evolution of microquartz overgrowths ( 10 mm) with time was retarded; consequently microquartz and mesoquartz cement (80%) dominate over macroquartz (20%) and are the only cements in the poorest-cemented beds and laminations. Illite co-precipitated with micro- and mesoquartz and impeded quartz cementation by coating quartz crystal faces. Typical macrocrystalline quartz was the final cement only in illite-poor samples. Heterogeneous illite distribution may reflect heterogeneous abundance of K-feldspar or detrital illite that possibly served as seed crystals for authigenic illite. In spite of reaching temperatures > 135° C for ~ 100 My, many Eureka sandstones, especially in Utah, remain incompletely and unevenly cemented. Consequently, beds range from weakly friable to pervasively quartz-cemented “quartzite” in the same outcrop. Porosity was generally reduced to less than 2% except in rare laminations where it reaches 22%. Grain size had some influence on the amount of quartz cement locally, but the chief cause of cement heterogeneity appears to have been illite abundance. The most likely major source of silica for quartz cement was quartz grain dissolution at shale beds and clay drapes, although documentation is absent. Intergranular grain dissolution was a minor source of silica; overlap quartz averages less than 4%. Oxygen isotopic data are compatible with the precipitation of quartz either from diagenetically evolved meteoric water that invaded the sandstones from tectonic highlands to the west or evaporative brines.
An O(mn2) algorithm for the Maximin problem in E2

An O(mn^2) algorithm is developed in this paper for the Euclidean weighted Maximin problem using the weighted Voronoi diagram in the plane.
FRAGMENTA MYCOLOGICA. VI. HAS KERATINOMYCES AJELLOI VANBREUSEGHEM, 1952 MICROCONIDIUMS?

It is demonstrated and the primary observation ofVanbreuseghem is again confirmed thatKeratinomyces ajelloi does not produce microconidiums.
Specific-primer-directed DNA sequencing

Abstract A simple and rapid strategy for DNA sequence analysis based on the Sanger chain-termination method is described. This procedure utilizes full-sized inserts of 1 to 4 kb of DNA cloned into M13 bacteriophage vectors. After the sequence of the first 600–650 bp of the insert DNA has been determined with the commercially available universal vector primer, a specific oligonucleotide is synthesized utilizing the sequence data obtained from the 3′ end of the sequence and used as a primer to extend the sequence analysis for another 600–650 nucleotides. Additional primers are synthesized in a similar manner until the nucleotide sequence of the entire insert DNA has been determined. General guidelines for the selection of oligonucleotide length and composition and the use of unpurified primers are discussed. The use of the specific-primer-directed approach to dideoxynucleotide sequence analysis, in association with highly purified single-stranded template DNA, reduces considerably the time required for the analysis of large segments of DNA.
Efficacy of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Agent:

Numerous studies have demonstrated sleep-promoting effects of melatonin treatment in humans, as evidenced by subjects' self-reports, polysomnographic recordings, and continuous actigraphic registration of motor activity. The sleep-promoting effects of either physiological or pharmacological doses of melatonin typically are observed within 1 h following treatment regardless of the time of melatonin administration. This fact indicates the acute nature of this effect of melatonin on sleep, independent of any effect of the melatonin treatment on circadian organization. This article considers a dose dependency of melatonin effects on sleep, interindividual variability, and age-related differences in circulating melatonin levels produced in response to a given dose of the hormone. Possible side effects of melatonin treatment, and the use of an animal model to serve as a guide in the development of therapeutic applications, also are considered.
Identifying the local structures formed during lithiation of the conversion material, iron fluoride, in a Li ion battery: a solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, and pair distribution function analysis study.

The structural transformations that occur when FeF3 is cycled at room temperature in a Li cell were investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, and magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy. Two regions are seen on discharge. The first occurs between Li = 0 and 1.0 and involves an insertion reaction. This first region actually comprises two steps: First, a two-phase reaction between Li = 0 and 0.5 occurs, and the Li0.5FeF3 phase that is formed gives rise to a Li NMR resonance due to Li+ ions near both Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions. On the basis of the PDF data, the local structure of this phase is closer to the rutile structure than the original ReO3 structure. Second, a single-phase intercalation reaction occurs between Li = 0.5 and 1.0, for which the Li NMR data indicate a progressive increase in the concentration of Fe2+ ions. In the second region, the conversion reaction, superparamagnetic, nanosized (∼3 nm) Fe metal is formed, as indicated by the XRD and N...
Time frequency distributions of TMJ sounds

summary For analysis of time-varying signals such as the TMJ sounds, it is often desirable to know how the frequency components change with time, using methods of timefrequency analysis. The aim of this study was to compare two of the most familiar methods for energy density representation with a newly developed technique. The sounds were recorded with a microphone fastened to the subject’s forehead, transformed to the time-frequency domain and displayed as 3D- and contour plots using spectrogram, Wigner distribution (WD), and the reduced interference distribution (RID) to display their time-frequency energy distributions. The spectrogram resolved only the lowfrequency components. The WD provided higher resolution but also exhibited strong interference between components. The RID gave a detailed representation of the TMJ signals’ relative energy distribution in the time and frequency domains, with a great reduction in the interference or cross terms. The RID therefore appears to be most useful in the application of time-frequency distributions in classification of TMJ sounds.
Consciousness and Science: A Non-Dual Perspective on the Theology-Science Dialogue

In modern science, the synthesis of “nature/mind” in observation, experiment, and explanation, especially in physics and biology increasingly reveal a non-linear totality in which subject, object, and situation have become inseparable. This raises the interesting ontological question of the true nature of reality? Western science as seen in its evolution from Socratic Greece has tried to understand the world by objectifying it, resulting in dualistic dilemmas. Indian science, as seen in its evolution from the Vedic times (1500–500 bc) has tried to understand the world by subjectifying our consciousness of reality. Within the Hindu tradition, the Advaita-Vedanta school of philosophy offers possibilities for resolving not only the Cartesian dilemma but also a solution to the nature of difference in a non-dualistic totality. We also present the Advaita-Vedanta principle of superimposition as a useful approach to modern physical and social science, which have been increasingly forced to reject the absolute reductionism and dualism of classical differences between subject and object.
Carrier dynamics in solid C60

The time dependence of the carrier relaxation in undoped solid C60 thin films has been studied by monitoring changes in the optical transmission upon photoexcitation at the HOMO- LUMO band edge. The relaxation closely follows a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts decay with an exponent of (beta) equals 0.4. This functional form is typical of carrier relaxation associated with states of localized rather than extended character. Observation of this decay is highly dependent on film purity, which in turn is highly dependent on the methods used in the fullerene purification and separation processes. The effects of fullerene processing procedures on the observed carrier dynamics in solid C60 is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Daily variations in pigeon cropsac responses to prolactin.

Es wird festgestellt, dass die Ansprechbarkeit des Taubenkropfsackes auf Prolactin in Abhangigkeit vom hormonalen Zustand des Versuchstieres von Tag zu Tag verschieden ist.
RNA Interference in Biology and Medicine

First discovered in plants the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that bind to and induce the degradation of specific endogenous mRNAs is now recognized as a mechanism that is widely employed by eukaryotic cells to inhibit protein production at a post-transcriptional level. The endogenous siRNAs are typically 19- to 23-base double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, produced from much larger RNAs that upon binding to target mRNAs recruit RNases to a protein complex that degrades the targeted mRNA. Methods for expressing siRNAs in cells in culture and in vivo using viral vectors, and for transfecting cells with synthetic siRNAs, have been developed and are being used to establish the functions of specific proteins in various cell types and organisms. RNA interference methods provide several major advantages over prior methods (antisense DNA or antibody-based techniques) for suppressing gene expression. Recent preclinical studies suggest that RNA interference technology holds promise for the treatment of various diseases. Pharmacologists have long dreamed of the ability to selectively antagonize or eliminate the function of individual proteins--RNAi technology may eventually make that dream a reality.
A second look at managing import risk from invasive species

Abstract This paper investigates optimal trade-related policies for managing import risk arising from invasive species. We find analytical evidence that when a cleaning technology is available for foreign exporters and the optimal level of import inspections is strictly positive, a penalty imposed on contaminated imports is likely to be superior to a simple tariff policy designed to reduce the overall volume of trade, for low levels of the inspection cost. The first-best policy involves a two-part tariff composed of a penalty levied on contaminated units to internalize the invasive species externality, plus a fee collected on all imported units to cover inspection costs.
Incorporating Quality of Evidence into Decision Analytic Modeling

Our objective was to illustrate the effects of using stricter standards for the quality of evidence used in decision analytic modeling. We created a simple 10-parameter probabilistic Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of directly observed therapy (DOT) for individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection. We evaluated quality of evidence on the basis of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force methods, which specified 3 separate domains: study design, internal validity, and external validity. We varied the evidence criteria for each of these domains individually and collectively. We used published research as a source of data only if the quality of the research met specified criteria; otherwise, we specified the parameter by randomly choosing a number from a range within which every number has the same probability of being selected (a uniform distribution). When we did not eliminate poor-quality evidence, DOT improved health 99% of the time and cost less than $100 000 per additional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) 85% of the time. The confidence ellipse was extremely narrow, suggesting high precision. When we used the most rigorous standards of evidence, we could use fewer than one fifth of the data sources, and DOT improved health only 49% of the time and cost less than $100 000 per additional QALY only 4% of the time. The confidence ellipse became much larger, showing that the results were less precise. We conclude that the results of decision modeling may vary dramatically depending on the stringency of the criteria for selecting evidence to use in the model.
Parameterized programming and software architecture

The paper discusses an approach to software architecture based on concepts from parameterized programming, particularly its language of "module expressions". A module expression describes the architecture of a system as an interconnection of component modules, and executing the expression actually builds the system. Language features include: modules parameterized by theories, which declare interfaces; a number of module composition operations; views for binding modules to interfaces; and both vertical and horizontal composition. Modules may involve information hiding, theories may declare semantic restrictions with axioms, and views assert behavioral satisfaction of axioms by a module. Some "laws of software composition" are given, showing how various module composition operations are related. We also show how a variety of architectural styles can be supported, and how this approach can be extended to support evolution and traceability. All this is intended to ease the development of large systems, and in particular, to make reuse more effective in practice.
Mobility of Synaptic Vesicles in Nerve Endings Monitored by Recovery from Photobleaching of Synaptic Vesicle-Associated Fluorescence

In nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles form large clusters anchored to the presynaptic plasmalemma. Recently, FM1-43 photobleaching experiments carried out at frog motor endplates demonstrated lack of lateral intermixing of synaptic vesicles within clusters, even during sustained nerve terminal stimulation (Henkel and Betz, 1995; Henkel et al., 1996b). We now have investigated the mobility of synaptic vesicle membranes during the endocytic limb of their exo-endocytic cycle. To this aim, we have carried out photobleaching experiments on nerve terminals of hippocampal neurons prelabeled with CY3-conjugated antibodies directed against lumenal epitopes of synaptotagmin I. This conjugate is taken up specifically by synaptic vesicle membranes during endocytosis and then is recovered in newly formed synaptic vesicles. Using this method, we show that synaptic vesicle membranes intermix after endocytosis. Staurosporine, which at hippocampal synapses partially inhibits unloading of FM1-43, but does not block uptake of antibody probes, prevents this intermixing. Our results indicate that synaptic vesicle docking and/or fusion with the plasmalemma correlate with the release of their membranes from a restraining matrix that hinders their lateral mobility. They suggest that membrane intermediates involved in synaptic vesicle reformation interact with a distinct, highly dynamic cytoskeleton and that newly formed synaptic vesicles are recaptured at random within vesicle clusters. Staurosporine, by inhibiting mobility within the terminal, may favor recapture of new vesicles near sites of endocytosis.
High-resolution DOA estimation from synthetic aperture beamforming

We have introduced a new direction of arrival algorithm that synthetically extends the spatial aperture (synthetic aperture conventional beamformer, SA-CBF) that couples the resolution capability of the MUSIC algorithm and the robustness of the conventional Bartlett beamformer. The synthetic aperture is created bv using a 2D data extrapolation technique from 2D linear prediction algorithm whose number of parameters were selected by a 2D AIC or 2D MDL. Simulation shows comparable resolution to that of the MUSIC algorithm with lower sidelobes.
Cultures of Charity: Women, Politics, and the Reform of Poor Relief in Renaissance Italy. By Nicholas Terpstra. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. xi, 379. $49.95.)

Offering a history of class development, social engineering, religious reform, and public‐private partnership, this book is far more than a history of charity. Gender, religion, charity, and politi...
LabVIEW usage as part of the biomedical engineering senior design experience

Almost all biomedical engineering senior design projects involve the use of LabVIEW. Most of the time it is used in conjunction with analog and digital data processing. It is used for data collection, signal processing, and display. Recent projects have involved measurement and display of EMG, balistocardiogram, ECG, blood pressure, gait, goniometric wrist measurements.
The inner quaternary ammonium ion receptor in potassium channels of the node of Ranvier.

Quaternary ammonium ions were applied to the inside of single myelinated nerve fibers by diffusion from a cut end. The resulting block of potassium channels in the node of Ranvier was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. The results agree in almost all respects with similar studies by Armstrong of squid giant axons. With tetraethylammonium ion (TEA), pentyltriethylammonium ion (C5), or nonyltriethylammonium ion (C9) inside the node, potassium current during a depolarization begins to rise at the normal rate, reaches a peak, and then falls again. This unusual inactivation is more complete with C9 than with TEA. Larger depolarizations give more block. Thus the block of potassium channels grows with time and voltage during a depolarization. The block reverses with repolarization, but for C9 full reversal takes seconds at -75 mv. The reversal is faster in 120 mM KCl Ringer's and slower during a hyperpolarization to -125 mv. All of these effects contrast with the time and voltage-independent block of potassium, channels seen with external quaternary ammonium ions on the node of Ranvier. External TEA, C5, and C9 block without inactivation. The external quaternary ammonium ion receptor appears to be distinct from the inner one. Apparently the inner quaternary ammonium ion receptor can be reached only when the activation gate for potassium channels is open. We suggest that the inner receptor lies within the channel and that the channel is a pore with its activation gate near the axoplasmic end.
Defects reduction at BEOL interconnect within 300mm manufacturing environment

Process yield is a critical factor for a success of 300mm manufacturing. Typically, higher yield corresponds to lower defect counts within the respective processing steps (lithography, etch, plating, and CMP). Within BEOL lithographic processes, there are issues of defects within same lithographic technology and there are concerns of defects between the generation of lithographic technologies, for example, immersion, 193nm "dry", and DUV (248nm). In order to have an effective defect reduction strategy, defects have to be monitored, identified, and analyzed for points of origins. In this paper, we explore three areas of interests in the BEOL: 1) defects occur between different processing steps, specifically, after Immersion Lithography, after Reactive Ion Etch (RIE), and after Chemical Mechanical Polish (CMP), 2) defects after CMP between lithographic technologies (Immersion, Dry, and DUV), and finally 3) defects between different devices. We were able to find evidence of transferable processing defects.
Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial aspects of Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is the complex phenotype of human females with complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome, or monosomy X. A characteristic neurocognitive and psychosocial profile has also been described in TS females. Typically, specific deficits in visual-spatial/perceptual abilities, nonverbal memory function, motor function, executive function, and attentional abilities occur in TS children and adults of varying races and socioeconomic status. TS-associated psychosocial difficulties occur in the areas of maturity and social skills. We hypothesize that a subset of the neurocognitive deficits (visual-spatial/perceptual abilities) are genetically determined and result from abnormal expression of one or more X chromosome genes. In addition, a different subset of these neurocognitive deficits (memory, reaction time, and speeded motor function) result from estrogen deficiency and are at least somewhat reversible with estrogen treatment. The TS-associated psychosocial problems are most likely linked to these core neurocognitive deficits and do not reflect a separate and independent component of the syndrome. Turner syndrome research has progressed significantly over the last decade. The field has moved from descriptive reports based on single individuals or small clinical samples to the use of experimental designs with larger, more diverse and representative samples. This degree of variability among individuals with Turner syndrome in all domains (karyotype or genetic constitution, physical attributes, neurocognitive and social functioning) suggests the need to identify risk and protective factors contributing to the heterogeneity in the phenotype. Active education about TS and participation in patient advocacy groups such as the Turner Syndrome Society of the United States (http://www. turner-syndrome-us.org/) has provided new information for TS adults and families as well as a supportive peer group. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:135-141.
Tennahedrite Thermochemistry and Metal Zoning

Provisional activity-composition relations are developed for tennahedrites approximating the chemical formula (Ag,Cu)10(Fe,Zn)2−(Sb,As)4S13. These relations are based on a “Temkin” type model for the configurational entropy combined with an expression for the vibrational Gibbs energy based on a second-degree Taylor series expansion in terms of the composition variables X2≡Zn/(Zn+Fe), X3≡As/(As+Sb), and X4≡Ag/(Ag+Cu) and an ordering variable s≡\( {\rm{(X}}_{{\rm{Ag}}}^{{\rm{TRG}}}\,{\rm{ - }}\,{\rm{3/2}}\,\,{\rm{X}}_{{\rm{Ag}}}^{{\rm{TET}}}{\rm{)}} \) which describes the distribution of Ag and Cu between trigonal-planar and tetrahedral metal sites. Calibration of the parameters in the resulting expression for the Gibbs energy is based on considerations of the Ag-Cu and Fe-Zn exchange reactions between tennahedrites and other crystalline phases. This calibration gives an expression for the distribution of Ag and Cu between trigonal-planar and tetrahedral metal sites that predicts changes from trigonal-planar to tetrahedral site preference for Ag with increasing Ag/(Ag+Cu) in accord with the local maxima in cell edge observed in natural (Ag,Cu)10(Fe,Zn)2Sb4S13 tennahedrites. The resulting activity-composition relations predict extensive miscibility gaps for (Ag,Cu)10Fe2(Sb,As)4S13 and (Ag,Cu)10Zn2(Sb,As)4S13 tennahedrites consistent with the chemical variations observed in nature. They support the hypothesis that crystal energetics and As-Sb fractionation between tennahedrite and hydrothermal fluids determine the distribution of silver in many zoned Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag sulfide ore deposits.
Polymers derived from fluoroketones. I. Preparation of fluoroalkyl acrylates and methacrylates

The preparation and physical properties of some perhaloalkyl acrylate and methacrylate esters are discussed. In the synthetic route to the perhaloalkyl esters, acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride is made to react with a metal fluoride—perhaloketone adduct. A side reaction which accompanies esterification is the formation of acryloyl or methacryloyl fluoride. Possible mechanisms for the formation of acyl fluoride and ester are considered. Evidence is presented which suggests that acyl fluoride formation may occur by a breakdown of the fluoroalkyl esters through an intramolecular fluorine shift.
The 2010 LabROSA Chord Recognition System

For the MIREX 2010 Audio Chord Extraction task, we submitted a total of four systems. Our base system is a trainable chord recognizer based on two-band chroma representations and using a Structured SVM classifier to replace the more familiar hidden Markov model. We submit two versions of this system, one which transposes all training data through all 12 possible chords to maximize the training data available for each chord (and hence improve generalization to rarely-seen chords and keys), and one which simply trains on the chords in their original transposition, leading to a smaller model and possible learning of key-specific features. We also submit two pre-trained models, based on these two frameworks, trained in-house on the 180 Beatles and 20 Queen tracks for which groundtruth chord labels have been made available.
Classical, phenomenological analysis of the kinetics of reactions at the gas-exposed surface of mixed ionic electronic conductors

The kinetics of reactions occurring at the gas-exposed surfaces of charged mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs) are examined from theoretical first principles. Analysis based on the classical electrochemical potential-transition state theory model reveals that the nature of the reactions is electrochemical in general. However, the influence of the surface potential on the reaction rate is opposite for adsorption and incorporation reactions. Two-dimensional finite volume models of an MIEC as working electrode in a half-cell configuration are presented. The results for a simple, two-step reduction process show that the effect of the surface potential on the rate of reactions is minimal for incorporation-limited reactions but more influential for adsorption-limited reactions.
8D-THERMO CAM: combination of geometry with physiological information for face recognition

Biometrics-based technologies in the area of identity management are gaining increasing importance, as a means of establishing non-falsifiable credentials for end users. However, in the three-way tug-of-war between convenient, unobtrusive data collection (required for user acceptance), accuracy in results (required for justifying deployment), and speed (required for widespread use in practice), no single biometric to date has managed to hold the middle ground that would allow for its ready adoption. The overall goal of our project is to develop the theoretical framework and computational tools that will lead to the development of a practical, unobtrusive, and accurate face recognition system for convenient and effective access control. This framework encompasses 8D characteristics of the face (3D geometry+2D visible texture+2D infrared texture, over time). In this paper, we present a novel multi-modal facial recognition approach that employs data from both visible spectrum and thermal infrared sensors. From the fitted parametric model we extract two images corresponding to the subject's face and process these images to extract biometric signatures. Specifically, the deformation image is compressed using a wavelet transform and the vasculature graph is extracted from the parametric thermal image.
Multiple Trojan horse systems and covert channel analysis

The multiple Trojan horse system is a finite-state deterministic model with a high-level transmitter Trojan horse process, a low-level receiver Trojan horse process, and m conspiring Trojan horse processes. The conspiring processes attempt to aid the downgrading of data from the transmitter to the receiver. The capacity of a multiple Trojan horse system is a measure of the amount of information the high-level process can disclose to the low-level process. Any controlled signalling system can be viewed as a multiple Trojan horse system. The author gives an optimality equation which gives a way to recursively construct optimal strategies for both the receiver and conspiring processes. Computer algorithms can be constructed to iteratively compute the capacity and optimal strategies. >
A possible ancestor of the living waterbuck and lechwes : Kobus basilcookei sp. nov. (Reduncini, Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from the Early Pliocene of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia : evolution

The new species is a small to medium-sized reduncine antelope from 4.4-Ma-old strata in the Aramis Member (Sagantole Formation, Central Awash Complex). In terms of anatomy and chronology it is a suitable common ancestor of Kobus sp. A from Hadar, Ethiopia, and oricornus from the Turkana Basin, Ethiopia and Kenya. Material from a later assemblage in the Sagantole Formation, 4.2–4.1 Ma old, represents an evolved descendant of K. basilcookei and shows changes in the direction of Kobus sp. A and K. oricornus, suggesting rapid evolution in the 4.4–4.2 Ma interval. I argue that these three species belong in the same subclade of Kobus as the living waterbuck, K. ellipsiprymnus, and the semi-amphibious lechwes, leche and megaceros, and that paedomorphosis (in which the descendant adults resemble ancestral juvenile stages) has played a major part in the evolution of this clade.
Do No Harm: Model Checking eHome Applications

Our group is building eHome applications for the cognitively impaired population. We have chosen to work with an existing framework, OSGi, that allows us to more quickly develop specific applications. We use a combination of traditional testing and formal verification to insure that the OSGi-based applications we build will cause no harm to the cognitively impaired users of our systems. This paper will focus on our results to date of using model checking to verify OSGi applications. In this paper, we describe the construction of a formal model parallel to the OSGi framework, which can be reused for rapid development of formal models for OSGi applications. With this approach, we have found the existence of stale references in several real examples. Stale references are a known concurrency problem in OSGi applications but difficult to get rid of. We argue that domain-specific reuse at the model level is an effective way to bring model checking closer to typical developers and tackle the concurrency errors. We also proposed and verified potential solutions, which can be used as generic paradigms to tackle the stale references problem in OSGi applications.
Multi-Institutional Validation of Fundamental Inanimate Robotic Skills Tasks

Purpose: Our group has previously reported the development and validation of FIRST (Fundamental Inanimate Robotic Skills Tasks), a series of 4 inanimate robotic skills tasks. Expanding on the initial validation, we now report face, content and construct validity of FIRST in a large multi-institutional cohort of experts and trainees.Materials and Methods: A total of 96 residents, fellows and attending surgeons completed the FIRST exercises at participating institutions. Participants were classified based on previous robotic experience and task performance was compared across groups to establish construct validity. Face and content validity was assessed from participant ratings of the tasks on a 5-point Likert scale.Results: A total of 51 novice, 22 intermediate and 23 expert participants with a median previous robotic experience of 0 (range 0 to 3), 10 (range 5 to 30) and 200 cases (range 55 to 2,000), respectively (p <0.001), were assessed across all 4 inanimate robotic skills tasks. Expert and intermedia...
Delayed neutron activation analysis for safeguards

Delayed neutron activation analysis (DNAA) presents a fast, accurate, and reliable method for quantification of fissile material. The method has relatively few sources of error and may be accomplished nondestructively. The need for a fast, accurate screening of materials stems from the necessity to protect cleanroom facilities from widely varying fissile quantities in samples and from desired gains in efficiency of mass spectrometric analysis by assisting in spike level selection and by removing from the sample set those materials that are not of interest. During the last several years, many different materials have been screened or analyzed in support of international safeguards, internal process control for actinide separations, and in uranium contamination assessments. Swipes from a variety of sources have been analyzed, either before or after dissolution, and comparison of the DNAA results to mass spectrometry results is generally favorable. A facility characterization of the High Flux Isotope Reactor was performed using filter paper swipes to demonstrate the utility of the DNAA technique.
The Role of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist in the Adjudicatory Assessment

When courts look to mental health professionals to help inform legal decisions, psychiatrists are key members of the skilled clinicians qualified to respond. Child and adolescent psychiatrists are in a unique position to apply their diagnostic acumen and expertise in psychopharmacology to adjudicatory assessments. Key components of these evaluations include diagnostic assessment, risk assessment, treatment amenability, and specific recommendations for available treatment. This article culls guidelines for adjudicatory assessments from the existing peer-reviewed literature, including the use of structured professional judgment tools, the avoidance of dual agency, and the measured use of juvenile psychopathy assessment tools.