cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification of link-level protocols

Stein Krogdahl [1] has given an interesting demonstration of the partial correctness of a “protocol skeleton”, by which the validity of the essential aspects of a large variety of data transmission schemes can be demonstrated. The purpose of this note is to present a simpler way to obtain the same results, by first establishing the validity of a less efficient skeleton and then “optimizing” the algorithms. The present approach, which was introduced for a particular protocol by N. V. Stenning [2], also solves a wider class of problems that do not require first-in-first-out transmissions.
Postprandial walking exercise in pregnant insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic women: Reduction of plasma lipid levels but absence of a significant effect on glycemic control

In this study 42 pregnant women with type I diabetes and 28 nondiabetic controls were recruited to participate in a postprandial walking exercise program. Exercise patients were instructed to walk 20 minutes (1 mile) after each meal and were divided into two groups: group 1 were normal nondiabetic controls and group 2 were women with type I diabetes. There were two nonexercise comparison groups: group 3, nondiabetic controls, and group 4, women with type I diabetes. Diabetic women were followed weekly in an intensive perinatal program. Glycemic control, was assessed by serial hemoglobin A, concentration measurements, home blood glucose monitoring, 24-hour glucose profiles, and 24-hour quantitative urinary glucose loss. Glycemic control was modestly but not significantly superior in the diabetic exercise group 2 compared with the diabetic nonexercise group 4. Exercise was associated with lower fasting cholesterol and triglyceride values in both controls and diabetic women, with significantly lower fasting plasma triglyceride levels in the diabetic exercise group (p
The crystal structure of Mn(NO)3P(C6H5)3: The first x-ray analysis of a mononuclear metal trinitrosyl complex

Abstract The structure of Mn(NO)3PPh3 has been analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It shows a tetrahedral geometry with essentially linear nitrosyl groups, and an eclipsed configuration around the MnP bond. Average distances and angles are: MnN 1.686(7) A, MnP 2.315(2) A, NO 1.165(10) A, PC 1.815(4) A, MnNO 177.2(7)°, PMnN 103.6(2)°, NMnN 114.7(4)°. Final R factor 7.3% for 2064 non-zero reflections. The structure of the five-coordinate nitrito complex Mn(NO)2(ONO)(PEt3)2 is also mentioned briefly.
Interactive reconstruction in single-photon tomography.

A new method is described to allow interactive selection of the reconstruction filter at the time of interpretation of images from single-photon tomography. In the filtered back projection algorithm, the only part of the reconstruction process requiring user interaction is the selection of the window function. Since the ramp and window filters have different purposes, they can be separated, placing the window at the end of the reconstruction process as a three-dimensional filter. All stages of reconstruction except the window filtering are performed before the physician begins to interpret the study. The three-dimensional filtering is performed very rapidly with use of the Chebyshev convolution algorithm. A 64×64×64 pixel cube of data is filtered in 13–33 s using filters of 3–11 lengths. Smaller volumes of image data can be filtered in less than 1 s; thus, the user can interactively choose any desired filter for a given tomographic study at the time of interpretation of the images.
Viral evasion of autophagy.

Restriction of both bacterial and viral pathogen growth by autophagy has been documented in vitro. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Orvedahl et al. demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of autophagy by a viral gene product is essential for neurovirulence of herpesviruses.
Simple and efficient software-based stabilized holographic recording system

A simple, inexpensive, and efficient stabilized holographic recording setup is described which precludes the destructive fringe movement encountered in long-lasting holographic exposures. Utilizing a straightforward methodology, stability greater than λ/25 (recording wavelength λ=532 nm) for holographic recording sessions longer than 6 h can be achieved. Due to the software basis of this design, in the LabVIEW platform, the functionality of expensive hardware components is provided in software. Moreover, this setup is modularly designed and can be easily replicated for multiple labs, with the need only of the following hardware components: a piezo-shifting mirror, a computer, a data-acquisition card, and a photodetector.
Precooked chicken: Effect of cooking methods and batter formula on yields and of storage conditions on 2‐thio‐barbituric acid values

Synopsis An experiment was conducted to provide information on the development of rancidity in precooked frozen chicken pieces. Emphasis was placed on measuring the effects of storage time, batter formula, cooking of different pieces, 2‐thio‐barbituric acid (TBA) number, yield, moisture and fat content of the frozen product. Steam cooking of chicken pieces reduced the yield when compared to microwave cooking. This method of precooking decreased the yield of the thigh more than that of the other parts cooked. The breast retained a higher percentage of batter than did either the thigh or drum. This higher yield for the breast continued after final cooking. By correcting for moisture content, no differences in development of rancidity was observed between the two cooking methods. The thigh‐drum combination was more rancid than the breast. No difference was noted in the development of rancidity for the precooked chicken stored for 6, 8 or 10 months. Breast meat contained less extractable fat, when based on dr...
Effect of Drag-Reducing Additives on Boundary-Layer Turbulence

A preliminary investigation has been made concerning the effects of polyethylene oxide on the spectral density of turbulent fluctuations in a boundary layer. The Polyox solution was injected into a two-dimensional boundary layer along a flat plate which was towed at 9.5 fps in the Naval Academy's 85-ft tow tank. Measurements of the mean and fluctuating components of the velocity near the wall were made with conical hot film sensors. Polymer injection resulted in an increase in rms level of the fluctuations and in an increase in spectral density below 200 Hz. Above this frequency, the spectral density decreased, the effect being more pronounced at higher frequencies and at higher polymer concentrations. Measurements of the mean and fluctuating components of the wall shear stress were made with flush-mounted hotfilm sensors submerged in the viscous sublayer. Polymer injection resulted in a decrease in mean shear, in rms level, and in spectral density of the fluctuating wall shear stress. The latter effect increased with increasing frequency and all effects increased with higher molecular weight of the additives. All results suggest the polymer shifts the scale of turbulence away from the energy-dissipating small eddies.
LINPACK performance on a geographically distributed Linux cluster

Summary form only given. As the first geographically distributed supercomputer on the top 500 list, the AVIDD facility of Indiana University ranked 50/sup th/ in June of 2003. It achieved 1.169 tera-flops running the LINPACK benchmark. Here, our work of improving LINPACK performance is reported, and the impact of math kernel, LINPACK problem size and network tuning is analyzed based on the performance model of LINPACK.
Computer-Assisted Career Guidance for Adults.

The computer is a viable tool for the delivery of career information and services to adult learners.
Immunomodulatory effects of sensory nerves during respiratory syncytial virus infection in rats

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with exaggerated neurogenic inflammation in the airways. This study sought to determine whether irritation of the mucosal sensory fibers af...
Effects on Gene Expression in Rat Liver after Administration of RXR Agonists: UAB30, 4-Methyl-UAB30, and Targretin (Bexarotene)

Examination of three retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists [Targretin (TRG), UAB30, and 4-methyl-UAB30 (4-Me-UAB30)] showed that all inhibited mammary cancer in rodents and two (TRG and 4-Me-UAB30) strikingly increased serum triglyceride levels. Agents were administered in diets to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Liver RNA was isolated and microarrayed on the Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Exon 1.0 ST array. Statistical tests identified genes that exhibited differential expression and fell into groups, or modules, with differential expression among agonists. Genes in specific modules were changed by one, two, or all three agonists. An interactome analysis assessed the effects on genes that heterodimerize with known nuclear receptors. For proliferator-activated receptor α/RXR-activated genes, the strongest response was TRG > 4-Me-UAB30 > UAB30. Many liver X receptor/RXR-related genes (e.g., Scd-1 and Srebf1, which are associated with increased triglycerides) were highly expressed in TRG and 4-Me-UAB30- but not UAB30-treated livers. Minimal expression changes were associated with retinoic acid receptor or vitamin D receptor heterodimers by any of the agonists. UAB30 unexpectedly and uniquely activated genes associated with the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) receptor (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, and Nqo1). Based on the Ah receptor activation, UAB30 was tested for its ability to prevent dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancers, presumably by inhibiting DMBA activation, and was highly effective. Gene expression changes were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in rat livers treated with Targretin for 2.3, 7, and 21 days. These showed similar gene expression changes at all three time points, arguing some steady-state effect. Different patterns of gene expression among the agonists provided insight into molecular differences and allowed one to predict certain physiologic consequences of agonist treatment.
Mild ethanol intoxication may enhance pavlovian conditioning

Evidence is reviewed showing that low doses of ethanol (∼200–400 mg/kg), administered prior to training, can facilitate aversive Pavlovian conditioning and delay subsequent extinction of Pavlovian conditioned responses in both rabbits and rats. The effect of ethanol during Pavlovian training occurs during later testing in both intoxicated and sober animals and is stronger for Pavlovian than for comparable instrumental conditioned responses. New data are reported showing that the facilitatory effect of ethanol on Pavlovian conditioned suppression in rats interacts with both the extent of Pavlovian training and the reinforcement schedule used to maintain the operant baseline but also resembles the effect of more extended Pavlovian training in saline-treated animals. Together, these findings suggest that facilitation of Pavlovian conditioning may be a general effect of mild ethanol intoxication. Possible behavioral mechanisms of this effect are discussed.
Isomeric colloidal clusters with shape-dependent mobility

Colloidal clusters were assembled into discrete isomeric shapes and their translational and rotational mobility were measured by single-particle tracking as the shape deviated from linear to the most compact.
Potentiation of HIV-1 Expression in Microglial Cells by Nicotine: Involvement of Transforming Growth Factor-β1

HIV-1 infection and nicotine addiction are global public health crises. In the central nervous system, HIV-1 causes a devastating neurodegenerative disease. It is well recognized that microglial cells play a pivotal role in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and that drugs of abuse not only contribute to the spread of this agent but may facilitate viral expression in these brain macrophages. Nicotine has been shown to stimulate the production of HIV-1 by in vitro-infected alveolar macrophages, and the HIV-1 protein gp120 binds to nicotinic receptors. In this study, we demonstrated the constitutive expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in primary human microglial cells and showed that the pretreatment of microglia with nicotine increased HIV-1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, as measured by p24 antigen levels in culture supernatants. We also found that nicotine robustly altered the gene expression profile of HIV-1-infected microglia and that the transforming growth factor-β1 is involved in the enhanced expression of HIV-1 by nicotine.
Energy-efficient link adaptation in frequency-selective channels

Energy efficiency is becoming increasingly important for small form factor mobile devices, as battery technology has not kept up with the growing requirements stemming from ubiquitous multimedia applications. This paper addresses link adaptive transmission for maximizing energy efficiency, as measured by the "throughput per Joule" metric. In contrast to the existing water-filling power allocation schemes that maximize throughput subject to a fixed overall transmit power constraint, our scheme maximizes energy efficiency by adapting both overall transmit power and its allocation, according to the channel states and the circuit power consumed. We demonstrate the existence of a unique globally optimal link adaptation solution and develop iterative algorithms to obtain it. We further consider the special case of flat-fading channels to develop an upper bound on energy efficiency and to characterize its variation with bandwidth, channel gain and circuit power. Our results for OFDM systems demonstrate improved energy savings with energy optimal link adaptation as well as illustrate the fundamental tradeoff between energy-efficient and spectrum-efficient transmission.
THE SHAPE OF LOCKEAN RIGHTS: FAIRNESS, PARETO, MODERATION, AND CONSENT

In chapter four of Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Robert Nozick raised interesting questions about whether or not it is ever morally acceptable to act against what are agreed to be an individual's natural moral rights. The pursuit of these questions opens up issues concerning the specific content of these individual rights. This essay explores Nozick's questions by posing examples and using our considered responses to them to specify the shape of individual rights. The exploration provisionally concludes that a conception of individual moral rights quite different from Nozick's looks attractive and merits further development.
A heterogeneous distributed information system

In this paper, we propose a multidatabase system, named Heterogeneous Information System (HIS), which facilitates the sharing of data without any impact on the autonomous database systems. We show how individual database systems will retain their autonomy in spite of mutual information sharing. Dynamic handling of user requests on multiple database systems with high security and the utilities for the user to handle the global data are the key features of the proposed system. We discuss some special functional components and language constructs which can be easily incorporated in the existing systems to achieve these goats. >
Circulating microRNAs in breast cancer and healthy subjects.

Background: It has been demonstrated that extracellular mRNA can be detected in the circulation. Our hypothesis was that circulating miRNAs are also present and differentially expressed in the serum of breast cancer patients compared to controls. Findings: We measured miRNA in the serum of samples with and without the addition of miRNA prior to analysis. To test our RNA extraction efficiency, we spiked-in serial dilutions of singlestrand C elegens miR-39 (cel-miR-39) and human miR-145 (has-miR-145) into goat serum and a 10 year old human serum specimen. We next analyzed miR-16, -145, and -155 in archived serum specimens from 21 participants, 13 of whom did and 8 of whom did not have breast cancer. We were able to detect the miRNAs from all the serum samples to which the miRNAs had been added. We were also able to detect endogenous miR-16, -145, and -155 in all serum samples. While the expression of all three miRNAs was similar in samples from healthy women compared to those with breast cancer, women with progesterone receptor (PR, p = 0.016) positive tumors had higher miR-155 expression than tumors that were negative for these receptors. Conclusion: 1) RNA species can be detected in archived serum; 2) miR-155 may be differentially expressed in the serum of women with hormone sensitive compared to women with hormone insensitive breast cancer. Screening serum for miRNAs that predict the presence of breast cancer is feasible, and may be useful for breast cancer detection.
Nanoimprint lithography 20 years on

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of nanoimprint lithography (NIL) we present a perspective of how the technique and its prospects have evolved over the past two decades. We describe how it overcame certain fabrication challenges at the time it was first reported and look at some of the obstacles that hindered uptake in industry initially, as well as likely sectors for future successful commercial deployment. Developments in the technique since that are making NIL increasingly attractive such as 'moving roll to roll' for higher throughput, are also described.
The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol increases β-amyloid and oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) share several pathological features including β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation, oxidative damage, and cell death. The causes of AD and AMD are not known but several studies suggest disturbances in cholesterol metabolism as a culprit of these diseases. We have recently shown that the cholesterol oxidation metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) causes AD-like pathology in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in organotypic hippocampal slices. However, the extent to which and the mechanisms by which 27-OHC may also cause pathological hallmarks related to AMD are ill-defined. In this study, the effects of 27-OHC on AMD-related pathology were determined in ARPE-19 cells. These cells have structural and functional properties relevant to retinal pigmented epithelial cells, a target in the course of AMD.
Effect of Improved Pellet Quality from Using a Calcium Lignosulfonate Binder on Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers Reared Under Different Marketing Schemes

Abstract Experimentation was conducted to evaluate the effect of improved pellet quality from using a calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) binder on broilers reared sexes-separate and combined. Three thousand day-old chicks of two commercial strain crosses were housed in 60 floor pens (five replicate pens per treatment) and reared under summer conditions. The CaLS (12.5 kg/tonne) was added to a corn, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal diet and fed from 3 wk to marketing. Use of the binder led to a 56% improvement (P .05). Feed consumption and feed:gain ratio of the birds were increased (P .05) even though final body weight (P
Combating the Resource Curse: An Alternative Solution to Managing Mineral Wealth

Countless studies document the correlation between abundant mineral resources and a series of negative economic and political outcomes, including poor economic performance, unbalanced growth, weakly institutionalized states, and authoritarian regimes across the developing world. The disappointing experience of mineral-rich countries has generated a large body of scholarship aimed at explaining this empirical correlation and a list of prescriptions for combating the resource curse. The most popular solutions emphasize macroeconomic policies, economic diversification, natural resource funds, transparency and accountability, and direct distribution to the general population. The success of these solutions has been limited because they either presuppose strong state institutions, which are widely absent in the developing world, or assume state ownership over mineral wealth and thus the need for external actors to constrain the state. At the same time, domestic private ownership is rarely proposed and often maligned. Yet, in some countries, it would serve as a more viable way to avoid the resource curse by fostering institutions that more effectively constrain state leaders, encouraging them to invest in institution building, and enabling them to respond more successfully to commodity booms and busts. he race to find new sources of petroleum has been ongoing since commercially viable oil was discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859. Almost a century and a half later, the discovery of new oil wealth in several parts of the world, including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, East Timor, Chad, and Sudan has muffled increasingly popular cries that world oil production would
Tackling measurement problems with Item Response Theory: Principles, characteristics, and assessment, with an illustrative example

Abstract Interest in measurement issues remains unabated, as evidenced by published research in the area of reliability, validity, and, in particular, scale development. At the same time, psychometricians have continued to generate alternative measurement approaches and models at an explosive pace. Surprisingly, these alternative measurement approaches have been slow to diffuse into the marketing literature despite marketers' inherent interest in measurement issues. This paper discusses one such measurement approach, item response theory (IRT), which can potentially address critical measurement concerns. My focus is on identifying basic principles and key characteristics and on providing an assessment for applied researchers. Toward this end, an empirical example of role conflict (RC) and role ambiguity (RA) concepts is included to illustrate IRT principles and amplify the theory's relevance to resolving measurement dilemmas. In addition, I provide a comparison with the current paradigm of measurement—classical test theory (CTT)—to afford a balanced appreciation of the payoffs of adopting the IRT approach.
A method to estimate the percent loss of cytosine methyl groups at defined CpG sites in liver DNA from methyl-deficient rats

Abstract Dietary methyl deficiency provides an ideal in vivo model system in which to study progressive alterations in DNA methylation patterns as they occur during multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling male F344 rats were given a semipurified diet deficient in the methyl-donors choline, methionine, and folic acid for a 36-week period with sampling intervals at 3, 9, 24, and 36 weeks. Using a genomic sequencing procedure based on the PCR amplification of bisulfite-modified DNA, the methylation status of individual CpG sites within exons 6 and 7 of the p53 gene in liver samples from control and deficient rats was assessed. Treatment of denatured nuclear DNA with sodium bisulfite converts unmethylated cytosine residues to uracil, which are then amplified as thymine in the PCR reaction. In contrast, methylated cytosines are resistant to bisulfite deamination under these reaction conditions and are amplified as cytosine. In this report, we describe a novel application of automated sequencing technology to estimate the proportion of methylated cytosines present at defined CpG sites within the total population of DNA molecules extracted. Using the bisulfite conversion-PCR genomic sequencing method, we demonstrate the validity of peak height analysis of co-eluting peaks in the autosequencer electrophoregram to estimate the percent methylation at a defined CpG site. The sensitivity of this method is demonstrated by the progressive loss of methyl groups at a defined CpG site in the methyl-deficient rats after 9, 24, and 36 weeks. The application of this sequence-specific technology will allow site-specific definition of the methylation status of each CpG site within a coding sequence or promoter region and should provide new insights into mechanisms and consequences of methylation dysregulation as a result of dietary deprivation of methyl donors.
Analytical estimation of signal transition activity from word-level statistics

Presented in this paper is a novel methodology to determine the average number of transitions in a signal from its word-level statistical description. The proposed methodology employs: (1) high-level signal statistics, (2) a statistical signal generation model, and (3) the signal encoding (or number representation) to estimate the transition activity for that signal. In particular, the signal statistics employed are mean (/spl mu/), variance (/spl sigma//sup 2/), and autocorrelation (/spl rho/). The signal generation models considered are autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models. The signal encoding includes unsigned, one's complement, two's complement, and sign-magnitude representations. First, the foilowing exact relation between the transition activity (t/sub i/), bit-level probability (p/sub i/), and the bit-level autocorrelation (/spl rho//sub i/) for a single bit signal b/sub i/ is derived: t/sub i/=2p/sub i/(1-p/sub i/)(1-/spl rho//sub i/) (1). Next, two techniques are presented which employ the word-level signal statistics, the signal generation model, and the signal encoding to determine /spl rho//sub i/ (i=0, /spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, B-1) in (1) for a B-bit signal. The word-level transition activity T is obtained as a summation over t/sub i/ (i=0,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, B-1); where t/sub i/ is obtained from (1). Simulation results for 16-bit signals generated via ARMA models indicate that an error in T of less than 2% can be achieved. Employing AR(1) and MA(10) models for audio and video signals, the proposed method results in errors of less than 10%. Both analysis and simulations indicate the sign-magnitude representation to have lower transition activity than unsigned, ones' complement, or two's complement. Finally, the proposed method is employed in estimation of transition activity in digital signal processing (DSP) hardware. Signal statistics are propagated through various DSP operators such as adders, multipliers, multiplexers, and delays, and then the transition activity T is calculated. Simulation results with ARMA inputs show that errors less than 4% are achievable in the estimation of the total transition activity in the filters. Furthermore, the transpose form structure is shown to have fewer signal transitions as compared to the direct form structure for the same input.
Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a soil fungus that causes life-threatening meningitis in immunocompromised patients and is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of replication inside macrophages. The mechanism by which environmental fungi acquire and maintain virulence for mammalian hosts is unknown. We hypothesized that the survival strategies for Cn after ingestion by macrophages and amoebae were similar. Microscopy, fungal and amoebae killing assays, and phagocytosis assays revealed that Cn is phagocytosed by and replicates in Acanthamoeba castellanii, which leads to death of amoebae. An acapsular strain of Cn did not survive when incubated with amoebae, but melanization protected these cells against killing by amoebae. A phospholipase mutant had a decreased replication rate in amoebae compared with isogenic strains. These observations suggest that cryptococcal characteristics that contribute to mammalian virulence also promote fungal survival in amoebae. Intracellular replication was accompanied by the accumulation of polysaccharide containing vesicles similar to those described in Cn-infected macrophages. The results suggest that the virulence of Cn for mammalian cells is a consequence of adaptations that have evolved for protection against environmental predators such as amoebae and provide an explanation for the broad host range of this pathogenic fungus.
Cumulative Voting Comes to the Amarillo Independent School District: A Research Note

This paper examines the use of cumulative voting in the 2000 Amarillo Independent School District Board of Trustees election. As in many jurisdictions, cumulative voting was adopted to settle a lawsuit brought by minority residents of Amarillo and two minority membership organizations. Using data collected from the ballots cast, this paper illustrates the use of cumulative voting by Amarillo voters and identifies which candidates benefited from the new election system. The paper also adds to our limited knowledge of the dynamics of campaigns for local school boards.
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AS PREDICTORS OF EXPATRIATE'S DESIRE TO TERMINATE THE ASSIGNMENT AND SUPERVISOR‐RATED PERFORMANCE

Applying the evolutionary theory of personality, this study proposed and tested the hypotheses that each of the Big Five personality characteristics (Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness or Intellect) predict two criteria of expatriate success: (a) desire to prematurely terminate the expatriate assignment, and (b) supervisor-rated performance on the expatriate assignment. The participants were 143 expatriate employees (and 94 supervisors) from a U.S.-based information technology company. Results from correlation and regression analyses suggest that Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability are negatively related to whether expatriates desire to terminate their assignment. Conscientiousness is positively related to the supervisor-rated performance on the expatriate assignment. Practical implications for expatriate management (e.g., self-selection) are given.
Summation of certain series using the Shannon sampling theorem

In communication theory texts, it is usually observed that if the sampling theorem is uncritically applied to a pure sinusoidal signal sin 2 pi Wt using the Nyquist sampling rate of 2W samples/s, then all the samples taken at the points (k/2W) are zero and a reconstruction of the sinusoid from its sample values is clearly impossible. The author shows that the suggested expedient of using a slightly higher sampling rate does not suffice to give a convergent sampling expansion for the sinusoid and that the equations used to establish this result give rise to a number of classical series summations usually evaluated by means of contour integration. The Shannon sampling theorem itself can be employed to yield interesting closed-form summations. Some series involving the zeroth-order Bessel function are given as examples of the method. >
Correlations between the Structure and Dielectric Properties of Pb(Sc2/3 Pb(Ti/Zr)O3 Relaxors

The effects of Ti and Zr on the structure and ordering in the (1 — jc)Pb(Sc2/3W1/3)O3 - (jc)PbTiO3 (PSW-PT) and (1 - jc)Pb(Sc2/3W1/3)O3 - (jc)PbZrO3 (PSW-PZ) systems were studied using synchrotron x-ray and neutron diffraction. Rietveld refinement was carried out to determine the average long-range crystallographic structure and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to probe the local displacements of the atoms. For x 4.25 A) suggesting the real cation displacements are more complicated. Distortions of the local structure in the PSW-PT system were modeled also by density functional theory calculations. The obtained magnitudes of local Pb displacements coincide with the temperature of paraelectric transition Te,max . The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the lead based PbBOs perovskites show great variance with the composition and structural order of the B-site cations. Although the B-site chemistry is critical for the overall dielectric response of these systems, signifi cant contributions come from the shifts of the A-site Pb cations. The magnitude and direction of these displacements is determined by the Pb environment, in particular by the oxygen neighbors. The Pb-O bonds are influenced by bonding of oxygen to its nearest B-site neighbors, and as a result oxygens mediate the interaction between Pb displacements and B-site chemistry. The exact relationship between structure and dielectric response is complicated and driven by many coupled interactions. We have attempted to investigate these relations in the two solid solutions of Pb(Sc2/3W1/3)O3- PbTiO3 (PSW-PT) andPb(Sc2/3W1/3)O3-PbZrO3 (PSW-PZ). These systems appeared to be convenient for such study, because in spite of similar chemistries they show a completely different response to the B-site substitution.
Signalling, Insider Trading, And Post-Offering Performance: The Case Of Initial Public Offerings

Previous IPO studies have concluded that, on average, (1) the shares of firms going public are underpriced at the time of the offering, (2) prices adjust rapidly in the aftermarket, and (3) IPOs are generally poor performers over the longer-term. This study reevaluates the IPO pricing phenomenon utilizing more recent data and empirically tests the signaling models of Leland and Pyle (1977) and Gale and Stiglitz (1989), which imply that both first-day and aftermarket returns may be related to insiders transactions. Our results suggest that initial returns are inversely related to the proportion of the offering representing insiders share and that corporate insiders are, on average, net sellers in the year subsequent to the initial public offering. We also find that the greatest volume of post-offering insider sales occurs in those firms in which insiders are sold shares at the offering.
Interactions Between a Native Silkmoth Hemileuca sp. and an Invasive Wetland Plant, Lythrum salicaria

Invasive plants are generally thought to have negative impacts on native communities. Rarely, however, are the impacts of invasive plants on native insects examined, limiting our understanding of the broader effects of invasive plants on native habitats. In this study, I document the use of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), an aggressive wetland invasive, by Hemileuca sp. (Saturniidae), a native silkmoth. This buckmoth is a unique ecological variant of the more widespread buck moth, Hemileuca maia (Drury), and is of conservation concern in some areas. Hemileuca sp. was regularly observed feeding on L. salicaria in 2003 and 2004 at two sites in southern Wisconsin. Densities of late instars were as high as 12 individuals/m2 and caused significant defoliation of L. salicaria with an average 34% loss of foliage relative to undamaged plants. Experimental manipulations of Hemileuca sp. caterpillars showed that herbivory could decrease seed production as much as 66%. In a laboratory assay, Hemileuca sp. feeding on L. salicaria had significantly lower pupal mass and lower survivorship to pupation (24%) relative to larvae feeding on Salix foliage (90%). Moreover, in two-choice preference assays, larvae preferred Salix over Lythrum foliage. Populations of Hemileuca sp. were subject to intense parasitism (up to 93%) by a tachinid parasitoid, Leschenaultia flavipes (Bigot). This combination of factors suggests there may be significant negative selection on Hemileuca sp. feeding on L. salicaria and that invaded habitats may be ecological sinks for the native herbivores.
Testosterone and Reconciliation Among Women: After-Competition Testosterone Predicts Prosocial Attitudes Towards Opponents

Higher levels of testosterone (T) are thought to promote aggressive and/or antisocial behavior as a means of achieving or maintaining social status. However, recent research has begun to explore the association between T and more prosocial behaviors relevant to social status. Reconciliation after conflict is a prosocial behavior that has become ritualized in sporting contexts. T and cortisol (C) increase in association with athletic competition, but the relationship between these hormones and the willingness to reconcile with one’s opponent after athletic competition has never been tested. Members of a women’s soccer team gave saliva samples associated with two intercollegiate competitions, one victory and one defeat. Samples were subsequently assayed for T and C. Before giving the final saliva sample after each match, participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure willingness to reconcile with a recent opponent – the Attitudes Towards Opponents (ATO) questionnaire. T and C levels increased during competition, but decreased in the 30-min period after the end of play. ATO scores were higher, on average, after the win compared to the loss. ATO scores showed a strong positive correlation with after-game changes in T level in both matches. Win or lose, women whose T remained relatively high after the end of the match were more willing to reconcile with their opponent than women whose T levels declined more precipitously. There were no relationships between C and ATO scores. At least in women, T may motivate after-competition behaviors that promote status through social cohesion rather than overt aggression or dominance.
Studies on Tribolium Confusum Duval Iii. Abnormalities Produced in Tribolium Confusum Duval by Exposure to Acetic and Hydrochloric Acids

Roth and Howland (1941) found that various abnormalities could be produced in Tribolium confusum by subjecting different developmental stages of this beetle to both the vapors and crystals of the odoriferous substance given off by the adults. The most interesting deformities were obtained by direct application of the crystals to the leg region of last instar larvae. Affected larvae gave rise to adults which possessed abnormal legs. These varied from mere undifferentiated outgrowths to complete duplications and triplications of various parts. It was suggested at that time that these abnormalities may have resulted from a regeneration of the imaginal discs which were injured by the odoriferous substance: Duplications and triplications are supposedly not uncommon abnormalities resulting from regeneration. If these deformities are cases of regeneration due to injury, then it should be possible to injure the discs with other chemicals and so obtain similar monstrosities.
Wideband random phased arrays: theory and design

Wideband antennas may be used to decrease the number of antennas needed on platforms that require operation over a large instantaneous frequency band. Some typical examples of wideband antennas include TEM horns and Vivaldi tapered slot antennas. Although these antennas offer wideband operation, they are often not suitable for certain applications due to large thickness, weight, and complicated feed networks. On the other hand, typical planar phased arrays have limited frequency bandwidth and scan angles. There is a need to mitigate this issue by using a smaller random array as a subarray, resulting in a hybrid array whose pattern has some of the characteristics of both periodic and aperiodic arrays. One possible alternative to these kinds of antennas is the wideband random phased array. In addition to the design of the array topology, another challenge is to develop a low profile, electrically large element that maintains a broadside radiation pattern over the operating band. In this paper, the authors developed a wideband element design of a canted, tapered sector antenna that delivers consistent broadside performance over a 2.8:1 frequency band. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of future work in this area.
Throwing injuries of the elbow in athletes.

SUMMARY The mechanisms, clinical features, preventive measures, and treatment of injuries to the elbow sustained by throwing athletes have been presented. Once these conditions become chronic and well advanced, significant disability develops and the results of treatment are disappointing. In every instance, prevention or prompt recognition and treatment of early symptoms are the keys to successful management.
User experience design and experimental evaluation of extensible and dynamic viewers for data structures

Many techniques for the visualization of data structures and algorithms have been proposed and shown to be pedagogically effective. Yet, they are not widely adopted because they lack suitable methods for automatically generating the visualizations, lack integration among visualizations, and lack integration with basic integrated development environment (IDE) support. In this work, additionally it was identified that the lack of adoption was because these tools do not focus on one of the main problems students in an introductory level data structures and algorithms class face; that is, the transition from abstract and static concepts to dynamic implementation. To effectively use visualizations when developing code, it is useful to automatically generate multiple synchronized views without leaving the IDE. The jGRASP IDE has been extended to provide object viewers that automatically generate dynamic, state-based visualizations of data structures in Java. Such seamless integration of a lightweight IDE with a set of pedagogically effective software visualizations is unique and is currently unavailable in any other environment. Formal and repeatable controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of these viewers on the performance of students. These studies indicated a statistically significant improvement over traditional methods of visual debugging that use breakpoints. Six controlled experiments were conducted to test various hypotheses. The goal of Experiments I and III was to determine if students would be able to code more accurately and in less time using the jGRASP data structure viewers for a relatively easy (singly linked list) and a relatively hard (linked binary tree) to understand data structure. The goals of Experiment II and IV was to determine if students would be able to find and correct more logical errors accurately and faster using jGRASP viewers for a relatively easy (singly linked list) and a relatively hard (linked binary tree) to understand data structure. Experiment V was conducted using min-max heap to test if students would be able to transition from concept to implementation faster and more accurately using jGRASP viewers for data structures that are covered only conceptually in lectures. Experiment VI was conducted using linked priority queue to test if students would be able to apply concepts for data structures that were not covered in lectures faster and more accurately using jGRASP viewers. In all six experiments, the group using jGRASP viewers performed significantly better than the other group. Thus, this research has shown that automatic generation of visualizations for data structures tightly integrated within an IDE helps students not only learn concepts but also aids in transitioning from static concept to dynamic implementation for both relatively easy and hard to learn data structures.
Strain Gated Bilayer Molybdenum Disulfide Field Effect Transistor with Edge Contacts.

Silicon nitride stress capping layer is an industry proven technique for increasing electron mobility and drive currents in n-channel silicon MOSFETs. Herein, the strain induced by silicon nitride is firstly characterized through the changes in photoluminescence and Raman spectra of a bare bilayer MoS2 (Molybdenum disulfide). To make an analogy of the strain-gated silicon MOSFET, strain is exerted to a bilayer MoS2 field effect transistor (FET) through deposition of a silicon nitride stress liner that warps both the gate and the source-drain area. Helium plasma etched MoS2 layers for edge contacts. Current on/off ratio and other performance metrics are measured and compared as the FETs evolve from back-gated, to top-gated and finally, to strain-gated configurations. While the indirect band gap of bilayer MoS2 at 0% strain is 1.25 eV, the band gap decreases as the tensile strain increases on an average of ~100 meV per 1% tensile strain, and the decrease in band gap is mainly due to lowering the conduction band at K point. Comparing top- and strain-gated structures, we find a 58% increase in electron mobility and 46% increase in on-current magnitude, signalling a benign effect of tensile strain on the carrier transport properties of MoS2.
The role of Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cell development

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can self renew and differentiate into all cell types of the blood. This is therapeutically important as HSC transplants can provide a curative effect for blood cancers and disorders. The process by which HSCs develop has been the subject of extensive research in a variety of model organisms, however, efforts to produce bona-fide HSC from pluripotent precursors capable of long term multi-lineage reconstitution have fallen short. Studies in zebrafish, chicken and mice have been instrumental in guiding efforts to derive HSCs from human pluripotent stem cells and have identified a complex set of molecular signals and cellular interactions mediated by such developmental regulators as FGF, Notch, TGFβ and Wnt, which collectively promote the stepwise developmental progression towards mature HSCs. Tight temporal and spatial control of these signals is critical to generate the appropriate numbers of HSCs needed for the life of the organism. The role of the Wnt family of signaling proteins in hematopoietic development has been the subject of many studies owing in part to the complex nature of its signaling mechanisms. By integrating cell fate specification with cell polarity establishment, Wnt is uniquely capable of controlling complex biological processes, including at multiple stages of embryonic HSC development, from HSC specification to emergence from the hemogenic epithelium to subsequent expansion. This review highlights key signaling events where specific Wnt signals instruct and guide hematopoietic development in both zebrafish and mice and extends these findings to current efforts of generating HSCs in vitro.
A survey on graphic processing unit computing for large‐scale data mining

General purpose computation using Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) is a well-established research area focusing on high-performance computing solutions for massively parallelizable and time-consuming problems. Classical methodologies in machine learning and data mining cannot handle processing of massive and high-speed volumes of information in the context of the big data era. GPUs have successfully improved the scalability of data mining algorithms to address significantly larger dataset sizes in many application areas. The popularization of distributed computing frameworks for big data mining opens up new opportunities for transformative solutions combining GPUs and distributed frameworks. This survey analyzes current trends in the use of GPU computing for large-scale data mining, discusses GPU architecture advantages for handling volume and velocity of data, identifies limitation factors hampering the scalability of the problems, and discusses open issues and future directions. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.