cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing qualitative data with computer software.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To provide health services researchers with an overview of the qualitative data analysis process and the role of software within it; to provide a principled approach to choosing among software packages to support qualitative data analysis; to alert researchers to the potential benefits and limitations of such software; and to provide an overview of the developments to be expected in the field in the near future. DATA SOURCES, STUDY DESIGN, METHODS: This article does not include reports of empirical research. CONCLUSIONS: Software for qualitative data analysis can benefit the researcher in terms of speed, consistency, rigor, and access to analytic methods not available by hand. Software, however, is not a replacement for methodological training.
TU-F-CAMPUS-J-04: Setup Uncertainties in the Mediastinum Area for IMRT Treatment of Lymphoma Patients.

Purpose: Despite daily image guidance setup uncertainties can be high when treating large areas of the body. The aim of this study was to measure local uncertainties inside the PTV for patients receiving IMRT to the mediastinum region. Methods: Eleven lymphoma patients that received radiotherapy (breath-hold) to the mediastinum were included in this study. The treated region could range all the way from the neck to the diaphragm. Each patient had a CT scan with a CT-on-rails system prior to every treatment. The entire PTV region was matched to the planning CT using automatic rigid registration. The PTV was then split into 5 regions: neck, supraclavicular, superior mediastinum, upper heart, lower heart. Additional auto-registrations for each of the 5 local PTV regions were performed. The residual local setup errors were calculated as the difference between the final global PTV position and the individual final local PTV positions for the AP, SI and RL directions. For each patient 4 CT scans were analyzed (1 per week of treatment). Results: The residual mean group error (M) and standard deviation of the inter-patient (or systematic) error (Σ) were lowest in the RL direction of the superior mediastinum (0.0mm and 0.5mm) and highest in the RL direction of the lower heart (3.5mm and 2.9mm). The standard deviation of the inter-fraction (or random) error (σ) was lowest in the RL direction of the superior mediastinum (0.5mm) and highest in the SI direction of the lower heart (3.9mm) The directionality of local uncertainties is important; a superior residual error in the lower heart for example keeps it in the global PTV. Conclusion: There is a complex relationship between breath-holding and positioning uncertainties that needs further investigation. Residual setup uncertainties can be significant even under daily CT image guidance when treating large regions of the body.
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy for the treatment of fixed sagittal imbalance. Surgical technique.

BACKGROUND Fixed sagittal imbalance (a syndrome in which the patient is only able to stand with the weight-bearing line in front of the sacrum) has many etiologies. The most commonly reported technique for correction is the Smith-Petersen osteotomy. Few reports on pedicle subtraction procedures (resection of the posterior elements, pedicles, and vertebral body through a posterior approach) are available in the peer-reviewed literature. We are aware of no report involving a substantial number of patients with coexistent scoliosis who underwent pedicle/vertebral body subtraction for the treatment of fixed sagittal imbalance. METHODS Twenty-seven consecutive patients in whom sagittal imbalance was treated with lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy at one institution were analyzed. Radiographic analysis included assessment of thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, lordosis through the pedicle subtraction osteotomy site, and the C7 sagittal plumb line. Outcomes analysis was performed with use of a before-and-after pain scale, items from the Oswestry questionnaire, and the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) questionnaire after a minimum duration of follow-up of two years. Complications and radiographic findings were also analyzed for the entire group. RESULTS Overall, the average increase in lordosis was 34.1 degrees and the average improvement in the sagittal plumb line was 13.5 cm. One patient had development of a lumbar pseudarthrosis through the area of pedicle subtraction osteotomy, and six patients had development of a thoracic pseudarthrosis. Two patients had development of increased kyphosis at L5/S1, caudad to the fusion, resulting in some loss of sagittal correction. There were significant improvements in the overall Oswestry score (p < 0.0001) and the pain-scale score (p = 0.0002). Most patients reported improvement in terms of pain and self-image as well as overall satisfaction with the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Pedicle subtraction osteotomy is a useful procedure for patients with fixed sagittal imbalance. A worse clinical result is associated with increasing patient comorbidities, pseudarthrosis in the thoracic spine, and subsequent breakdown caudad to the fusion.
The cytoskeleton, apoptosis, and gene expression in T lymphocytes and other mammalian cells exposed to altered gravity.

Publisher Summary Lymphocytes exposed to spaceflight or altered gravity exhibit significant growth attenuation and changes in metabolism, cytoskeletal structure, and gene expression. A significant body of evidence is accumulating to implicate the cytoskeleton in the atypical response of lymphocytes in microgravity. This chapter reviews the effects of spaceflight and altered gravity on cytoskeletal morphology and expression of cytoskeletal genes in T lymphocytes and established T-cell lines. Other mammalian cell types are included for comparison. The effects of simulated shuttle launch vibration are discussed based on research showing that vibration during launch may disrupt the cytoskeleton and alter gene expression. Ground-based vibration studies provide baseline information for distinguishing effects of vibration from effects of the microgravity environment per se. As cytoskeletal disruption is one of several factors known to exacerbate apoptosis, and because of the apparent increase in programmed cell death in space-flown cells, apoptosis is also discussed in the chapter.
The Discovery of Positronium

These are my personal recollections of a sequence of events which might prove nostalgic for the old or inspiring for the young. In parts my tale may even be cautionary. I do not guarantee rigorous precision of historical detail but a reasonable effort has been made at verification from contemporary records. Nor will I expand on the impact of the ideas and results which grew from the events in my story during the intervening forty years. For those who would like to learn the physics involved, I recommend the collection of contributions in “Adventures in Experimental Physics” vol. 4, Bogdan Maglich, Ed. For more recent reviews of positronium see, e.g. Berko (1980) and Rich (1981).
a Very Low Frequency Array for the Lunar Far-Side

Our preliminary design of a lunar far-side correlation array is based on a two-dimensional nonuniformly spaced array of elemental dipoles extending to a maximum diameter of 1000 km. Phase 1 consists of deploying antennas over a 17 km diameter in the crater Tsiolkovsky on the lunar far-side while the outer antennas are deployed in the second phase. Array operation is over at least four bands from 1 to 30 MHz with variable bandwidths up to 5 MHz and resolutions varying from one degree at 1 MHz to one arcsecond at 30 MHz.
Energy ratings for metal oxide varistors under repetitively pulsed operation

Experimental tests done to determine appropriate energy ratings for ZnO metal oxide varistors (MOVs) for pulsed conditions from 10-to-20 ms long are described. Tests were performed first on single MOV units which were forced to failure in a small number of shots. Several sets of matched pairs were then operated under identical conditions to investigate current sharing and the failure statistics. Test results show that the standard rating method used by manufacturers (relating peak current, pulse length, and expected lifetime) are adequate but somewhat conservative. The manufacturers' energy ratings hold the promise for a very economical nonlinear transfer resistor. >
Augustus (Imperator Caesar Augustus)

Augustus (63 bce–14 ce) was Rome's first emperor. He was the key figure in bringing permanent monarchy to Rome, and also an unprecedented peace across the Mediterranean, named after him “Augustan Peace.” Centuries after his death, he was gratefully remembered, though his bloody and duplicitous rise to power was not forgotten either. Keywords: political history; Roman history
High-Speed Tunnel Injection InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Lasers

The design, growth, and steady-state and small-signal modulation characteristics of high-speed tunnel injection In 0.4 Ga 0.6 As/GaAs quantum dot lasers are described and discussed. The measured small-signal modulation bandwidth for I/I th ~ 3.2 is f -3dB = 22GHz and the gain compression factor for this frequency response is e = 7.2s10 -16 cm 3 . The differential gain obtained from the modulation data is dg/dn ≈ 8.85x10 -14 cm 2 at room temperature. The value of the K-factor is 0.171ns and the maximum intrinsic modulation bandwidth is 55GHz. The measured high speed data are comparable to, or better than, equivalent quantum well lasers for the first time.
Controlling the Chiral Inversion Reaction of the Metallopeptide Ni-Asparagine-Cysteine-Cysteine with Dioxygen

Synthetically generated metallopeptides have the potential to serve a variety of roles in biotechnology applications, but the use of such systems is often hampered by the inability to control secondary reactions. We have previously reported that the NiII complex of the tripeptide lll-asparagine-cysteine-cysteine, lll-NiII-NCC, undergoes metal-facilitated chiral inversion to dld-NiII-NCC, which increases the observed superoxide scavenging activity. However, the mechanism for this process remained unexplored. Electronic absorption and circular dichroism studies of the chiral inversion reaction of NiII-NCC reveal a unique dependence on dioxygen. Specifically, in the absence of dioxygen, the chiral inversion is not observed, even at elevated pH, whereas the addition of O2 initiates this reactivity and concomitantly generates superoxide. Scavenging experiments using acetaldehyde are indicative of the formation of carbanion intermediates, demonstrating that inversion takes place by deprotonation of the alpha ca...
Cluster Decomposition and the Spin-Statistics Theorem in S-Matrix Theory

This paper establishes within $S$-matrix theory the connection between spin and statistics; namely, that the multiparticle-state vectors are symmetric or antisymmetric for permutation of identical particles according as the particle concerned has integral or half-integral spin. The proof given, which is simpler than previous $S$-matrix proofs, depends on the cluster-decomposition property, crossing symmetry, and Hermitian analyticity. A considerable part of the paper is concerned with establishing a suitable framework to formulate the first of these properties, cluster decomposition. To this end we develop from first principles the idea of the tensor product $f\ensuremath{\bigotimes}g$ which, for any two state vectors $f$ and $g$, represents the composite state ($f$ and $g$).
DietCam: Multi-view regular shape food recognition with a camera phone

Abstract This paper presents an automatic multi-view food classification of a food intake assessment system on a smart phone. Food intake assessment plays important roles in obesity management, which has shown significant impacts on public healthcare. Conventional dietary record-based food intake assessment methods are not popularly applied due to their inconvenience and high reliance on human interactions. This paper presents a smart phone application, named DietCam, to recognize food intakes automatically. The major difficulties in food recognition from images come from uncertainties of food appearances and deformable nature of food especially when they are on a complex background environment. The proposed DietCam system utilizes a multi-view recognition method that separates every food by estimating the best perspective and recognizing them using a probabilistic method. The implemented DietCam system on an iPhone 4 platform showed improved performance compared with baseline methods for food recognition, with an average accuracy of 84% for the selective regular shape foods.
Illustration of failure of continuum models of diffuse reflectance

Continuous models are widely used to model diffuse reflection from particulate samples. They are embodied in various theories, including diffusion theory, the equation of radiation transfer, and Kubelka-Munk. Using a simple system, it is shown that such models do not simultaneously predict the fractions of incident light that are transmitted directly and diffusely. Discontinuous models do have the capability to do so, but have a variety of limitations as well.
Antiangiogenic effects of dexamethasone in 9L gliosarcoma assessed by MRI cerebral blood volume maps

Depending on dose, dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit or stimulate growth of rat 9L gliosarcoma and decrease the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an important mediator of tumor-associated angiogenesis. We demonstrate, by constructing relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps with MRI, that dexamethasone also decreases total blood volume while increasing microvascular blood volume in Fischer rats bearing intracranial 9L gliosarcoma. Animals were inoculated with 1 x 10(5) 9L gliosarcoma tumor cells. On days 10-14 after tumor cell inoculation, animals were intra-peritoneally injected with dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) over 5 days. MRI-derived gradient echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) rCBV maps were created to demonstrate total vasculature (GE) and microvasculature (SE). After MRI studies were performed, the rat's vasculature was perfused with a latex compound. Total vessel volume and diameters were assessed by microscopy. Dexamethasone decreased the tumor-enhancing area of postcontrast T1-weighted images (P < 0.0001) and total tumor volume(P = 0.0085). In addition, there was a greater than 50% decrease in GE rCBV (total vasculature) (P = 0.007) as well as a significant decrease in total fractional blood volume, as validated by histology (P = 0.0007). Conversely, there was an increase in SE rCBV signal (microvasculature) in animals treated with dexamethasone (P = 0.05), which was consistent with microscopy (P < 0.0001). These data demonstrate that (1) dexamethasone selectively treats tumor vasculature, suggesting a vessel-size selective effect and (2) MRI-derived rCBV is a noninvasive technique that can be used to evaluate changes in blood volume and vascular morphology.
Analyses of the gaseous species in halide-activated cementation coating packs

The partial pressures of equilibrium gaseous species in pack-cementation diffusion processes using pure condensed Al(l), Cr(s), and Si(s) metals activated by various halide salts under Ar or reducing environments which contain different amounts of hydrogen have been calculated. The analyses indicate that the presence of hydrogen gas in the system does not significantly alter the equilibrium partial pressures of gaseous species for a pack containing Al at unit activity. In general, the partial pressures of CrCl2 and SiCl2 are higher in a chloride-activated pack than in a fluoride-activated pack. Therefore, the codeposition of Cr or Si with Al is possible when a chloride salt is used as the activator with a masteralloy of composition dilute in Al. The addition of hydrogen to the gas phase decreases the partial pressure of Cl2 and thereby the partial pressures of CrCl2 and SiCl2. However, the presence of hydrogen and the formation of hydrogen halides and metal hydrides could increase the kinetics of the transporting processes, particularly for the coatings of Cr and Si. The study also indicates that the vapor pressures for the volatile chlorides of Fe are significantly higher than those for Ni or Co, so that displacement reactions leading to the loss of Fe from the substrate are expected for coating processes involving high halide activities.
Factors affecting the response of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix to cisplatin

From June 1977 to June 1987 74 patients were treated with cisplatin for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix as the primary chemotherapeutic agent. Sixty-eight patients were evaluable for response or survival. Patients with disease confined to the chest had a 53% complete response rate with an overall response rate of 73%. Patients with localized pelvic recurrences or persistence demonstrated no complete responses and a 21% overall response rate. Isolated chest metastases are more likely to respond to cisplatin than pelvic recurrences (P = 0.0007); however, location of recurrence did not significantly alter survival (mean 22.7 months versus 14.1 months; P = 0.24.). Concomitant disease in other locations reduced the likelihood of response in the chest (P less than 0.05) by virtue of lack of response in those other sites. Lesion size, clinical stage, patient age, and duration from primary treatment to recurrence were not of significance with regard to response or survival. When evaluating response to chemotherapy in recurrent cervical cancer, location of metastasis and effect on survival must be considered.
World Trade Center disaster exposure-related probable posttraumatic stress disorder among responders and civilians: a meta-analysis.

The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on September 11, 2001 was an unprecedented traumatic event with long-lasting health consequences among the affected populations in the New York metropolitan area. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the risk of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with specific types of WTC exposures. Meta-analytical findings from 10 studies of 3,271 to 20,294 participants yielded 37 relevant associations. The pooled summary odds ratio (OR) was 2.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.82, 2.32), with substantial heterogeneity linked to exposure classification, cohort type, data source, PTSD assessment instrument/criteria, and lapse time since 9/11. In general, responders (e.g. police, firefighters, rescue/recovery workers and volunteers) had a lower probable PTSD risk (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.39, 1.87) compared to civilians (e.g. residents, office workers, and passersby; OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 2.35, 3.12). The differences in ORs between responders and civilians were larger for physical compared to psychosocial exposure types. We also found that injury, lost someone, and witnessed horror were the three (out of six) most pernicious exposures. These findings suggest that these three exposures should be a particular focus in psychological evaluation and treatment programs in WTC intervention and future emergency preparedness efforts.
Online regularized discriminant analysis

Learning the signal statistics and calibration are essential procedures for supervised machine learning algorithms. For some applications, e.g ERP based brain computer interfaces, it might be important to reduce the duration of the calibration, especially for the ones requiring frequent training of the classifiers. However simply decreasing the number of calibration samples would decrease the performance of the algorithm if the algorithm suffers from curse of dimensionality or low signal to noise ratio. As a remedy, we propose estimating the performance of the algorithm during the calibration in an online manner, which would allow us to terminate the calibration session if required. Consequently, early termination means a reduction in time spent. In this paper, we present an updating algorithm for regularized discriminant analysis (RDA) to modify the classifier using the new supervised data collected. The proposed procedure considerably reduces the time required for updating the RDA classifiers compared to recalibrating them, that would make the performance estimation applicable in real time.
Central integration of mechanisms in exercise hyperpnea

Many hypotheses have been advanced to explain the hyperpnea of exercise and its close relations to the level of metabolic work, expressed as oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). Evidence is presented that a neural central command mechanism from the hypothalamus is important in the driving of both respiration and circulatory adjustments during locomotion or exercise, and that short-term potentiation of neurons in the medulla makes an important contribution. Both are probably augmented by receptors in working muscle and by the effects of increased [K+] acting on the carotid bodies. Feedback from "respiratory" mechanisms, including CO2 and O2 mediated mechanisms and inputs from the lungs, are important in stabilizing ventilation at the level primarily dictated by the major neural mechanisms.
Pose determination using point features

Consideration is given to the vision subsystem of an Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) that was placed onto its base at Goddard Space Flight Center by a PUMA 762 robot equipped with a wrist-mounted CCD camera and a wrist-mounted force sensor. It is found that a simple adaptive thresholding method works quite well for images taken under various lighting conditions. The pose computed using the quadrangle method is reasonable for real images. In the presence of image feature noise the accuracy of the computed pose can be considerably reduced. This problem can be solved by using a 3D marker and an alternative pose computation algorithm.
Vibrational spectra in the CH stretching region and the structure of the polymethylene chain

Abstract The CH stretching regions of both the Raman and i.r. spectra of the extended polymethylene chain have broad secondary maxima. In the case of the Raman spectrum, line shapes are dependent on the environment of the chain, a fact which has been previously exploited in the study of biosystems. We have explained this phenomenon in terms of Fermi resonance interaction between the methylene symmetric CH stretching mode and appropriate binary combinations involving the methylene bending mode. It is emphasized that appropriate binary states are to be found throughout the Brillouin zone and not just at its center. It is the resulting continuum of binary states which leads to broad secondary bands. The shapes of these bands depend on the dispersion of the bending mode fundamental. For the isolated chain only parallel dispersion is involved, but in the case of the crystal perpendicular dispersion is equally important and leads to the observed dependence on crystal structure. All secondary bands have been accounted for in these terms. The ratio of the Raman intensities of the symmetric CH stretching fundamentals to the antisymmetric is found to be about 5 and is independent of environment. The relevance of these results to studies on biosystems is briefly discussed.
Genetic rescue of lethal genotypes in the mouse.

Deletions of gene sequences in chromosome 7 of the mouse are known to interfere with biochemical and cellular development differentiation with lethal effects in homozygotes. The presence of the corresponding wild-type alleles in Cattanach's translocation (chromosomes 7 to X) is able to “rescue” potentially lethal females if they are made heterozygous for the translocation-carrying X chromosome. This holds true for those chromosome 7 deletions with perinatally lethal effects, whereas “rescue” is not readily accomplished with the deletions that cause early embryonic lethality. Females homozygous for the relevant deletion sequences and heterozygous for the translocation-carrying X chromosome are mosaics of two cell types: those in which the wild-type alleles included in the translocated piece complement the depleted sequences, resulting in a normal cellular phenotype, and those with the ordinary X chromosome expressing the lethal phenotype. The developmental interactions between the two cell types and their role in the mechanisms responsible for survival of females homozygous for lethal deletions are discussed. The failure of “rescue” of embryonic lethals reflects as yet unknown temporal and functional aspects of X-inactivation early embryogenesis.
Generation of dynorphin knockout mice

Abstract The opioid system has important roles in controlling pain, reward and addiction, and is implicated in numerous other processes within and outside the nervous system, such as mood states, immune responses, and prenatal developmental processes. The effects of the opioid system are mediated by at least three ligands, enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin, which act through the opioid receptors μ, δ, and κ. In order to dissect the roles of individual components of the opioid system, mutant mice lacking single ligands or receptors are instrumental. We report here on the generation and initial characterization of a mutant mouse strain lacking pre-prodynorphin. Dynorphin ‘knockout’ mice are viable, healthy, and fertile and show no overt behavioral differences to wildtype littermates. Dynorphin knockout mice constitute a valuable tool for many research areas, among them research into pain, substance abuse, and epilepsy.
Learning from the past: Reflections on the role of history in the philosophy of science

In recent years philosophers of science have turned away from positivist programs for explicating scientific rationality through detailed accounts of scientific procedure and turned toward large-scale accounts of scientific change. One important motivation for this was better fit with the history of science. Paying particular attention to the large-scale theories of Lakatos and Laudan I argue that the history of science is no better accommodated by the new large-scale theories than it was by the earlier positivist philosophies of science; both are, in their different ways, parochial to our conception of rationality. I further argue that the goal of scientific methodology is not explaining the past but promoting good scientific practice, and on this the large-scale methodologies have no obvious a priori advantages over the positivist methodologies they have tried to replace.
Application of artificial neural networks to the measurement of ultrashort laser pulses

Frequency-resolved optical grating (FROG) is a technique for measuring the intensity and phase of ultrashort laser pulses. In FROG, a spectrogram of the pulse is produced from which the intensity and phase of the pulse's electric field is then retrieved using an iterative algorithm. This iterative algorithm performs well for all types of pulses, but it sometimes requires more than a minute to converge, and faster retrieval is desired for many applications. As a faster alternative, we therefore employed a neural network to invert the function that relates the pulse intensity and phase to its FROG trace. In previous work, we showed that a neural network can retrieve simple pulses, described by four or six parameters, rapidly and directly. In this contribution, we discuss our latest attempts to train an artificial neural network for more complex pulse shapes.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Disaster behavioral health: legal and ethical considerations in a rapidly changing field

Disaster behavioral health is increasingly regarded as a central part of disaster preparedness, response and recovery. Legal and ethical issues have received relatively little attention and have sparked divergent opinions. Optimally, understanding and applying legal and ethical considerations requires an understanding of the evolution of the disaster behavioral health field and the context of disaster response and recovery. In addition, there are many legal and ethical questions identified for consideration, and many ways to approach reaching understanding and consensus. Traditionally, discussions of disaster behavioral health, including legal and ethical issues, have not included understanding decision making processes that occur in extreme circumstances. Models which interpret disaster response operations as complex adaptive systems are presented for consideration as useful tools for preparing mental health workers for effectively delivering services in acute disaster response environments.
A reduction method for variational inequalities

This paper explains a method by which the number of variables in a variational inequality having a certain form can be substantially reduced by changing the set over which the variational inequality is posed. The method applies in particular to certain economic equilibrium problems occurring in applications. We explain and justify the method, and give examples of its application, including a numerical example in which the solution time for the reduced problem was approximately 2% of that for the problem in its original form. © 1998 The Mathematical Programming Society, Inc. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Integrated long-range UAV/UGV collaborative target tracking

ABSTRACT Coordinated operations between unmanned air a nd ground assets allow leveraging of multi-domain sensing and increase opportunities for improving line of sight communications. While numerous military missions would benefit from coordina ted UAV-UGV operations, foundational capabilities that integrate stove-piped tactical systems and sh are available sensor data are required and not yet available. iRobot, AeroVironment, and Carnegie Mellon University are working together, partially SBIR-funded through ARDEC's small unit network lethality initiativ e, to develop collaborative capabilities for surveillance, targeting, and improved communicat ions based on PackBot UGV and Raven UAV platforms. We integrate newly availa ble technologies into co mputational, vision, and communications payloads and develop sensing algor ithms to support vision-based target tracking. We first simulated and then applie d onto real tactical pl atforms an implementation of Decentralized Data Fusion, a novel technique for fusing track es timates from PackBot and Raven platforms for a moving target in an open environment. In additi on, system integration with AeroVironment's Digital Data Link onto both air and ground platforms has extended our capabili ties in communications range to operate the PackBot as well as in increased video and data throughput. The system is brought together through a unified Operator Control Unit (OCU) for the PackBot a nd Raven that provides simultaneous waypoint navigation and traditional te leoperation. We also present several recent capability accomplishments toward PackBot-Rave n coordinated operations, including single OCU display design and operation, early ta rget track results, and Digital Da ta Link integration efforts, as well as our near-term capability goals.
The effect of elevated metabolism on rate of intestinal contractions

1. Thyroid extract, in doses sufficient to elevate metabolism fifty per cent, does not alter the rate of contraction in exteriorized intestinal loops in dogs (Fig. 1) except in a segment just above the ileocecal valve (Fig. 2). 2. Alpha 1, 2, 4 dinitrophenol, in doses sufficient to elevate metabolism over 200–500% does not increase the rate of contraction (Fig. 3) in exteriorized intestinal loops in dogs. 3. Feeding reactions are poor with both these drugs.
An Introduction to the Finite Element Method Using MATLAB

This paper outlines an efficient approach to introducing the finite element method to undergraduate mechanical engineering students. This approach requires that the students have prior experience with MATLAB and a fundamental understanding of solid mechanics. Only two-dimensional beam element problems are considered, to simplify the development. The approach emphasizes an orderly solution procedure and involves important finite element concepts, such as the stiffness matrix, element and global coordinates, force equilibrium, and constraints. Two important and challenging engineering problems — a statically indeterminate beam structure and a stepped shaft — are analyzed with the systematic solution procedure and a MATLAB program. The ability of MATLAB to manipulate matrices and solve matrix equations makes the computer solution concise and easy to follow. The flexibility associated with the computer implementation allows example problems to be easily modified into design projects.
Variability in the measured response of bone to teriparatide.

Summary Apparent failures of bone mineral density (BMD) response to teriparatide at spine or hip occur even in a high compliance context (15% spine and 55% hip). Apparent non-responders nevertheless show good biomarker response, suggesting that apparent BMD non-response is due to measurement imprecision. Calcium intake may be an important determinant of hip response.
Estimation of the D period from residual division after exposure of exponential phase bacteria to chloramphenicol

Values of the D period, between termination of chromosome replication and cell division, were determined from measurements of residual cell division after exposure of exponential phase cultures of Escherichia coli B/r and K12 and of Salmonella typhimurium to chloramphenicol. The results obtained by this method were compared with earlier results for E. coli B/r obtained from measurements of DNA content per cell and were found to be almost identical. For each, values of the D period were independent of growth rate, and the average value of D=26.1±1.2 min obtained by residual division is in good agreement with the value of 25 min obtained earlier. These results indicate that the method of residual division provides a good measure of the duration of the D period. Values of D were also independent of growth rate for each of the other strains.
Mimics of the Structural Elements of Type III Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharide. Part II: Synthesis of a Carboxylate-Containing Hexasaccharide with a Short Spacer

Abstract 3-Aminopropyl O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-O-{3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O}-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1→3)-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside (18) was synthesized by block condensations from suitably protected acceptors and donors, namely 3-azidopropyl 4-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), phenyl 3-O-benzyl-4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-[(S)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-α-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (11), and 4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-tri-O-acetyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (14). Compound 18 contains structural elements of type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide in which terminal sialic acid is replaced by an (S)-1-carboxyethyl group, and has a short spacer for the conjugation with peptide or protein.
Highly polarized 3 He by spin exchange with potassium

We report on measurements of the polarization for 3 He using optically pumped potassium vapor. We achieve a 3 He polarization greater than 40% in a mid-sized double-chamber glass target cell filled with 3 He gas using a single Ti:sapphire laser. Applied to the production of polarized 3 He as an atomic beam source for colliders, these developments could have significant impact on future studies of neutron spin structure. The results also motivate the development of high power diode lasers tuned to the appropriate potassium wavelengths.
Dielectric properties of cholesteric liquid crystals

The dielectric constant and loss of the three cholesteric liquid crystals, cholesteryl acetate (CA), propionate (SP), and stearate (CS) in the solid, liquid crystal, and isotropic liquid state are presented as a function of temperature and frequency. These data provide evidence for the existence of two different cholesteric liquid crystal states for CA and CS, one on heating and one on cooling. The liquid crystal state on heating behaves dielectrically like a solid and on cooling behaves dielectrically like a liquid. The dielectric constant on cooling is much greater than that on heating. The liquid crystal state of CP on the other hand behaves dielectrically like a liquid on both heating and cooling. The permanent and induced dipole moments and the orientational and instantaneous polarizations are calculated for the three esters. The instantaneous polarizations are strongly dependent on the ester chain length and are of much greater magnitude than the orientational polarizations. Both the permanent dipole and the orientational polarizations are independent of ester chain length. Die Dielektrizitatskonstante und der Verlustwinkel von drei Cholesterin-Flussigkristallen, Cholesteryl-azetat (CA), -propionat (CP) und -stearat (CS), werden im festen Zustand, als Flussigkristall und im isotropen, flussigen Zustand als Funktion der Temperatur und Frequenz dargestellt. Diese Werte ergeben den Beweis fur die Existenz von zwei verschiedenen Cholesterin-Flussigkristallzustanden fur CA und CS, einer nach dem Aufheizen und einer nach dem Abkuhlen. Die Flussigkristalle verhalten sich nach dem Aufheizen dielektrisch wie ein Festkorper und nach dem Abkuhlen wie eine Flussigkeit. Die Dielektrizitatskonstante ist nach dem Abkuhlen viel groser als nach dem Aufheizen. Der Flussigkristallzustand von CP verhalt sich andererseits dielektrisch wie eine Flussigkeit sowohl beim Aufheizen als auch beim Abkuhlen. Die permanenten und induzierten Dipolmomente und die Orientierungs- und Instantanpolarisationen werden fur die drei Ester berechnet. Die instantanen Polarisationen hangen stark von der Kettenlange der Ester ab und sind groser als die der Orientierungspolarisationen. Sowohl die permanenten Dipolmomente als auch die Orientierungspolarisationen sind von der Kettenlange der Ester unabhangig.
Extracting excited mesons from the finite volume

As quark masses come closer to their physical values in lattice simulations, finite volume effects dominate the level spectrum. Methods to extract excited mesons from the finite volume are discussed, like moving frames in the presence of coupled channels. Effective field theory can be used to stabilize the determination of the resonance spectrum.
Exploiting π-shielding interactions: a highly selective chiral auxiliary derived from a biogenic building block

Abstract A chiral auxiliary template, designed on the basis of π-shielding capability has been prepared from readily available L -proline. Cycloaddition to an acrylate derivative gave high endo preference, and diastereoselectivity as high as 99% was attainable. The electronic factors contributing to selectivity were probed, and the technology successfully applied to a polymer supported variant.
Received social support for sexually transmitted disease-related care-seeking among adolescents.

Abstract Objective: To describe the types and sources of social support received by adolescents obtaining care at a large urban sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. Method: A total of 140 females and 82 males (ages 13–20 mean, 17.6 years) indicated whether they had received any of 11 types of social support, and, if so, from whom. Types of support included: companionship to clinic, advice on symptom interpretation, advice to seek clinical care, advice on potential sources of care, help making appointments, prior provision of medications, supportive talking, help talking to sex partner, provision of money, provision of transportation, and help getting STD protection. Results: Eighty percent received at least one type of social support of whom 77% of subjects reported at least two types of support. The most frequently received support was information about symptom interpretation and appropriate clinic use (47% for each); 41% were accompanied to their clinic visit, and 37% received emotional support. A total of 15% of men but only 4% of women (p .05 by Chi-square) received medication (usually antibiotics) but women were more likely to receive financial help (5% vs. 0% for women and men, respectively; p .05). Although women obtained support earlier in the care-seeking process than men, there were no other significant gender differences in types of received support. Friends and sex partners were the most frequently cited sources of companionship and transportation, but parents provided transportation, information, medicine, and money for 15–20% of subjects receiving these types of support. Conclusion: Most adolescents receive a social support as part of seeking care for STD-related problems.
Electrostatic double layers and plasma evacuation in current-driven systems

After examining some of the background work relevant to double layers, the role constant current driven systems might play in the double layer formation is examined from two perspectives. First, a fluids analysis is considered via the method of characteristics. A density perturbation growth is predicted. Two model deficiencies, zero electron mass and lack of particle kinematics, suggest an improvement in the model via the Vlasov equation. This second model using the Vlasov equation still maintains a non-quasineutral posture. In addition to predicting the expected two-stream instability, the model also predicts a double layer-type electric field.
Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is an emerging minimally invasive, nephron sparing approach for renal cell carcinoma. We compared perioperative outcomes after laparoscopic and open nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for patients with a solitary renal tumor of 7 cm or less at a single institution.Materials and Methods: Since September 1999, 100 consecutive patients have undergone laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a sporadic single renal tumor of 7 cm or less at our institution. A contemporary cohort of 100 consecutive patients with similar inclusion criteria have undergone open NSS since April 1998. Since our laparoscopic technique was based on our established open surgical principles, the 2 approaches were similar, including transient renal vascular control, sharp tumor excision in a bloodless field, pelvicaliceal repair when necessary, suture ligation of transected intrarenal blood vessels and suture repair of the renal parenchymal defect over a bolster. Demographic, intraoperative, posto...
Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate the serotonergic stimulation of renin secretion.

The aim of the present study was to resolve which hypothalamic nucleus is necessary for the serotonergic control of renin secretion. RU 24969 is considered a serotonin (5-HT1A/5-HT1B) agonist, while p-chloroamphetamine is a 5-HT releaser. Both drugs reliably elevate plasma levels of renin when injected peripherally. Previous studies suggest that serotonergic neurons, projecting to the hypothalamus, mediate the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on renin secretion. Discrete cell-selective lesions were made with ibotenic acid in three hypothalamic sites: the paraventricular, the dorsomedial or the ventromedial nuclei. Two weeks after surgery rats were injected with RU 24969 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or p-chloroamphetamine (8 mg/kg, i.p.). The renin response to both RU 24969 and p-chloroamphetamine was significantly reduced in rats with histologically verified paraventricular lesions compared to vehicle treated controls. In contrast, the renin response to p-chloroamphetamine remained unchanged in rats with either dorsomedial or ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT receptors located on cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus mediate the renin response to a serotonin agonist and releaser. Furthermore, they confirm previous studies that suggest that 5-HT neurons regulate renin secretion through central receptors.
Enhanced intrinsic biomechanical properties of osteoblastic mineralized tissue on roughened titanium surface

The biological mechanisms underlying bone-titanium integration and biomechanical properties of the integrated bone are poorly understood. This study assesses intrinsic biomechanical properties of mineralized tissue cultured on titanium having different surface topographies. The osteoblastic phenotypes associated with mineral deposition and collagen synthesis underlying the biomechanical modulation are also reported. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells were cultured either on the machined titanium disc or acid-etched titanium disc. Nano-indentation study of day 28 culture revealed that the mineralized tissue on the acid-etched surface shows 3-3.5 times greater hardness than that on the machined surface (p < 0.01). Elastic modulus of the mineralized tissue was also 2.5-3 times greater on the acid-etched surface than on the machined surface (p < 0.01). After 28 days of culture, mineralized nodule area was significantly lower on the acid-etched surface than on the machined surface (p = 0.0105), while total calcium deposition did not differ between the two surfaces, indicating denser mineral deposition on the acid-etched surface. Osteopontin and osteocalcin gene expressions assayed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were upregulated in the acid-etched titanium culture. Collagen synthesis measured by Sirius red stain-based colorimetry was 1.5-10 times higher on the acid-etched surface than on the machined surface in the initial culture period of day 1 to day 14 (p < 0.0001). The amount of collagen synthesis corresponded with the enhanced gene expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a key enzyme for post-translational modification of collagen chains. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that tissue cultured on the acid-etched titanium exhibited plate-like, compact surface morphology, while the tissue on the machined titanium appeared porous and was covered by fibrous and punctate structures. We conclude that culturing osteoblasts on rougher titanium surfaces enhances hardness and elastic modulus of the mineralized tissue, associated with condensed mineralization, accelerated collagen synthesis, and upregulated expression of selected bone-related genes.
N-Acetyl aspartate induces nitric oxide to result neurodegeneration in Canavan disease

Abstract Canavan disease is caused by aspartoacylase gene mutations. We propose that the disease occurs because accumulating N -acetyl aspartate induces nitric oxide synthase to result elevated levels of nitric oxide and consequent peroxynitrite to lead mitochondrial damage mediated cell death.
X-ray structures of the Dictyostelium discoideum myosin motor domain with six non-nucleotide analogs.

Abstract The three-dimensional structures of the truncated myosin head from Dictyostelium discoideum myosin II complexed with dinitrophenylaminoethyl-, dinitrophenylaminopropyl-, o-nitrophenylaminoethyl-,m-nitrophenylaminoethyl-,p-nitrophenylaminoethyl-, ando-nitrophenyl-N-methyl-aminoethyl-diphosphate·beryllium fluoride have been determined to better than 2.3-A resolution. The structure of the protein and nucleotide binding pocket in these complexes is very similar to that of S1dC·ADP·BeFx (Fisher, A. J., Smith, C. A., Thoden, J., Smith, R., Sutoh, K., Holden, H. M., and Rayment, I. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 8960–8972). The position of the triphosphate-like moiety is essentially identical in all complexes. Furthermore, the alkyl-amino group plays the same role as the ribose by linking the triphosphate to the adenine binding pocket; however, none of the phenyl groups lie in the same position as adenine in S1dC·MgADP·BeFx, even though several of these nucleotide analogs are functionally equivalent to ATP. Rather the former location of adenine is occupied by water in the nanolog complexes, and the phenyl groups are organized in a manner that attempts to optimize their hydrogen bonding interactions with this constellation of solvent molecules. A comparison of the kinetic and structural properties of the nanologs relative to ATP suggests that the ability of a substrate to sustain tension and to generate movement correlates with a well defined interaction with the active site water structure observed in S1dC·MgADP·BeFx.