cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the performance of a diode laser-based (DLB) micro-pulse differential absorption lidar (MPD) for temperature profiling in the lower troposphere.

Ground-based, network-deployable remote sensing instruments for thermodynamic profiling in the lower troposphere are needed by the atmospheric science research community. The recent development of a low-cost diode-laser-based (DLB) micro-pulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has begun to address the need for ground-based remote sensing instruments for water vapor profiling in the lower troposphere. Now, taking advantage of the broad spectral coverage of the DLB architecture, an enhancement to the water vapor micro-pulse DIAL (MPD) instrument is proposed to enable atmospheric temperature profiling. The new instrument is based on measuring a temperature-dependent oxygen (O2) absorption coefficient and using this to retrieve the range-resolved temperature profile. In this paper, a retrieval method is proposed based on the recently developed perturbative solution to the DIAL equation that takes into account the Doppler broadening of the molecularly backscattered signal. This perturbative solution relies on an ancillary high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) measurement of the backscatter ratio. Data from an operational water vapor MPD combined with a DLB-HSRL were used to create an atmosphere model, from which return signals for the O2-MPD were generated. The perturbative retrieval was then applied to these data and a comparison of the retrieved temperature and the model temperature profile allowed the efficacy of retrieval to be evaluated. The results indicate that the temperature profile may be retrieved from a theoretical O2-MPD instrument with a ±1 K accuracy up to 2.5 km and ±3 K accuracy up to 4.5 km with a 150 m range resolution and 30-minute averaging time. Using data from a recently developed O2-MPD in combination with a WV-MPD, and a DLB-HSRL, an initial temperature retrieval is demonstrated. The results of this initial demonstration are consistent with the performance modeling.
Novel MRI-based score for assessment of bone density in operative spine patients.

Abstract Background Good bone quality is key in avoiding a multitude of afflictions, including osteoporotic fragility fractures and poor outcomes after spine surgery. In patients undergoing instrumented spine fusion, bone quality often dictates screw pullout strength, insertional torque, and vertebral body loading properties. While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) screening is the current method of assessing bone mineral density, the majority of patients do not have DEXA measurements available before undergoing surgical instrumentation. Purpose To create a simple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based score to evaluate bone quality and evaluate the degree to which it correlates with conventional DEXA scores. Study Design/Setting Retrospective cohort. Patient Sample Patients ≥18 years of age undergoing spine surgery for degenerative conditions between 2013 and 2018. Outcome Measures Correlation of the vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score with DEXA T-scores, and association between VBQ score and presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis. Methods Using noncontrast T1-weighted MRIs of the lumbar spine, the novel VBQ score was calculated for each patient. DEXA T-scores of the femoral neck and total hip were obtained and were compared with patient VBQ scores using linear regression and Pearson's correlation. Results Among 68 patients included in this study, 37 were found to have osteopenia/osteoporosis (T-score Conclusions This is the first study to correlate the novel VBQ score obtained from MRIs with DEXA T-score. We found this score to be a significant predictor of healthy versus osteopenic/osteoporotic bone with an accuracy of 81%, and found that VBQ score was moderately correlated with femoral neck and overall lowest T-score.
Phasecoding for Mitigating Second-Trip Echoes in D3R Weather Radar

The NASA dual-frequency dual-polarization Doppler radar (D3R) serves as the ground validation tool for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. It is important to maintain the quality of the data from the radar. The D3R which operates at high frequency bands, has an unambiguous range of approximately 40 km. This unambiguous range of the radar is more prone to encounter second trip echoes in the received signal. In this work the method to detect and estimate the second trip signal parameters using the random phase codes is described. The D3R’s Ku band data is considered here to show the performance of the random phase codes to detect and estimate the second trip echoes in the received signal.
Evaluation of an emergency medicine–focused clinical pathology training course for non‐clinical pathology house officers

OBJECTIVE: Determine whether an emergency medicine–focused clinical pathology training course improved the proficiency of house officers. DESIGN: Prospective blinded study. SETTING: Veterinary academic center. STUDY SUBJECT: House officers enrolled in programs other than clinical pathology. INTERVENTIONS: A 4‐hour curriculum was provided by a board‐certified specialist in veterinary clinical pathology. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A focused clinical pathology lecture course derived from historical teaching materials was delivered. A pre‐ and post‐course multiple choice question examination was taken by the enrolled house officers, as well as a survey regarding their confidence level pre‐ and post‐course utilizing a novel 5‐point scoring system, ranging from 1 (very low confidence) to 5 (very high). A total of 21 house officers completed the study, 5 of which attended didactic lectures, 13 utilized an online learning platform, and 3 used a combination of both. There was a significant improvement in all house officers’ post‐training course examination results compared to pre‐course results (pre‐course examination score: mean 49% ±12; post‐course examination score: mean 72.5% ± 15.7; P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference in pre‐ and post‐course examination scores for each of the 3 topic areas: hematology (pre‐course: mean 47% ±16; post‐course: mean 71% ± 15.8; P ≤ 0.0001); urinalysis (pre‐course: mean 65.7% ± 12.5; post‐course: mean 87.6% ± 22.1; P = 0.0004); and fluid analysis (pre‐course: mean 37.1% ± 14.1; post‐course: mean 60.5% ± 15; P ≤ 0.0001). There was also a significant increase in the house officers’ confidence score in overall clinical pathology skills (pre‐course: mean 2.2 ± 1.5; post‐course: 3.6±1.4; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: This study identified that a 4‐hour clinical pathology training course relevant to small animal emergency medicine improved the knowledge and confidence of nonclinical pathology house officers. A similar training course may prove helpful in the future to improve the proficiency of emergency veterinarians.
Rapid Detection of Histophilus somni by a Nanomaterial Optical Fiber Biosensor Assay

We demonstrate a method for rapid (<1 hour) identification of as few as 100 cells of bacteria such as H. somni using a long-period grating with a surface layer of ionic self-assembled multilayers and DNA probe.
Autism on Campus: : Supporting Students on the Spectrum

With a significant increase in the number of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there is a need for higher education professionals on campuses to better understand the challenges facing this population. This article presents literature on the topic of college students with ASD that will better equip those working with students on campus. Challenges faced by those transitioning to college with ASD and implications for those working in orientation, transition, and other support areas within institutions of higher education are discussed. Suggestions for improving success, retention and thriving for this population are presented.
Urban food sovereignty: urgent need for agroecology and systems thinking in a post-COVID-19 future

The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to challenges associated with our dominant industrial food system in the U.S. The general public now has more appreciation for farm workers and m...
Examining Family Firm Succession from a Cultural Perspective: A Literature Review

A source of heterogeneity in the family firm is the cultural environment in which the business was founded and operates. Because significant differences exist between cultures, research findings ca...
A Note on the Historiography of Sanskrit Linguistics

This note was inspired by the appearance recently (1972) of A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians, edited by J.F. Staal. A few observations are made on the 17th, 18th and 19th century European scholarship on Sanskrit, in particular on works written in Latin and Italian.
Influences of Ice Crystal Number Concentrations and Habits on Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud Dynamics

Mixed-phase clouds are frequently present in the Arctic atmosphere, and strongly affect the surface energy budget. In this study, the influences of ice crystal number concentrations and crystal growth habits on the Arctic mixed-phase cloud microphysics and dynamics are investigated for internally and externally driven cloud systems using an eddy-resolving model. Separate simulations are performed with increasing ice concentrations and different ice crystal habits. It is found that the habit influence on cloud microphysics and dynamics is as pronounced as increasing the ice crystal concentrations for internally driven clouds and more dominant for externally driven clouds. Habit influence can lead to a 10 % reduction in surface incident longwave radiation flux. Sensitivity tests are performed to identify the interactions between processes affecting cloud dynamics that allow for persistent clouds (i.e., the radiative cooling at cloud top, ice precipitation stabilization at cloud-base). When cloud-base stabilization influences of ice precipitation are weak, cloud dynamics is more sensitive to radiative cooling. Additional sensitivity simulations are done with increasing surface latent and sensible heat fluxes to identify the influences of external forcing on cloud dynamics. It is found that the magnitude of cloud circulations for an externally driven cloud system with strong precipitation and weak surface fluxes is similar to a weakly precipitating, optically thick, internally driven cloud. For cloud systems with intense ice precipitation obtained through either increasing ice crystal concentrations or assuming ice crystal shapes that grow rapidly and fall fast, the cloud layer may collapse despite the moistening effect of surface fluxes.
Abstract 15634: Epigenetic Modifiers Reduce Inflammation and Modulate Macrophage Phenotype to Attenuate Endotoxemia-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) during sepsis is characterized by bilateral alveolar infiltrates, lung edema, and respiratory failure. Although chemical epigenetic modifiers can potentially limit lung inflammation, to date no study has examined the efficacy of DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitor Aza (5-Aza 2-deoxycytidine) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor TSA (Trichostatin A) combination therapy (Aza+TSA) on inflammation, apoptosis and survival in sepsis. Hypothesis: Therapy with Aza+TSA will modulate cytokines and macrophages to quench inflammation in ALI. Methods and Results: In an LPS-induced ALI mouse model, a single dose of Aza+TSA prevented lung inflammation and injury with significant reduction in mortality as compared with mice treated with either Aza or TSA alone. A significant attenuation of adverse lung histopathological changes, and inflammation was noted. RT-PCR array data showed that LPS-induced primary macrophages expressed mRNA transcripts of pro-inflammatory chemokines (...
Coherent addition of holographic gratings for pulse compression within petawatt laser systems

Petawatt solid-state lasers require meter-sized gratings to limit fluences. Smaller, coherently added gratings may be used alternatively. Alignment tolerances and experimental data are presented for two gratings using monochromatic light. Designs for broadband pulse compressions are discussed.
Antieigenvalues and Antieigenvectors

In this entry, the concepts of antieigenvalues and antieigenvectors are first introduced. Then, various statistical situations wherein these entities arise naturally are explained. Keywords: canonical correlations; correlation; inefficiency of least squares; kantorovich inequality; multicollinearity; tests for sphericity
Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk persons with negative fecal occult blood tests.

Abstract Colonoscopy was performed on 210 asymptomatic average-risk persons, aged 50–75 years, who had negative fecal occult blood test results. Colonoscopy was complete to the cecum in 209 subjects. Fifty-three subjects (25%) had adenomas and two had cancer. All of the adenomas ≥1 cm in size and both cancers occurred in subjects aged ≥60 years. Fifty-one percent of subjects with adenomas and one with cancer had no neoplasms distal to the sigmoid-descending colon junction. One subject had a major postpolypectomy hemorrhage that stopped spontaneously. Screening colonoscopy, therefore, has a high yield for detection of neoplasms in asymptomatic average-risk persons aged ≥60 years with negative fecal occult blood test results. The yield is low in persons aged 50–54 years and intermediate in persons aged 55–59 years.
Linking adult learner satisfaction with retention: The role of background characteristics, academic characteristics, and satisfaction upon retention

Adult students are an important and viable clientele for colleges and universities today. They provide additional tuition revenue, bring the richness and variety of their knowledge and life experience to the classroom, and present additional challenges and opportunities for institutions that choose to serve this group. Adult learners have different characteristics than traditional students, which result in different enrollment patterns. Adult learner retention is often influenced by factors outside the institution, such as family and work commitments as well as financial considerations. Adult learners view education as a product to be consumed, and their satisfaction with the product influences their retention. In this study, the researcher identified factors that influence adult learner retention, examined the relationship between adult learner satisfaction and retention, and developed a model that describes the relationships between the various factors, satisfaction, and retention. The study was conducted at a small, private, Midwestern, liberal arts baccalaureate institution. An adult learner satisfaction and retention model was proposed using the conceptual model of Schertzer and Schertzer (2004) as the framework for the research design. Student satisfaction information was obtained from the Noel-Levitz Adult Satisfaction Priorities Survey TM (ASPS), which had been previously administered at the college. Enrollment data for the semester following ASPS participation were used to determine retention. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the study participants with the adult learner population at the college. They were also used to compare participants who were retained with those who did not retain. Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the 50
PFP: a scalable parallel programming model

The Parallel Fortran Preprocessor (PFP) is a programming model for multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) parallel computers. It provides a simple paradigm consisting of data storage modifiers and parallel execution control statements. The model is lightweight and scalable in nature. The control constructs impose no implicit synchronizations, nor do they require off-processor memory references. The model is portable. It is implemented as a source-to-source translator which requires very little support from the back-end compiler. The implementation has an option to option to produce serial code which can then be compiled for serial execution. >
Critical Tax Theory: The Marriage Bonus/Penalty in Black and White

A marriage penalty occurs whenever a couple pays higher federal income taxes as a result of their marriage than they would pay if they remained single and filed individual returns. A marriage bonus occurs whenever a couple pays lower federal income taxes as a result of marriage than they would pay if they remained single and filed individual returns. Marriage penalties are the greatest where there are two wage earners; marriage bonuses are the greatest where there is only one wage earner. Although numerous articles have been written about the marriage penalty, this essay provides a different perspective. THE TAX IMPLICATIONS OF THE MARRIAGE DECISION This section considers the effects of the marriage decision by examining the differences between white and black households. The evidence suggests that there is a difference in the impact of both the marriage bonus and the marriage penalty based upon race. Black families are more likely to pay a marriage penalty; white families are more likely to receive a marriage bonus. My analysis is limited to an investigation of the differences between black and white households. Without question, a richer, more complete examination ultimately must include Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and other racial or ethnic groups. In that regard, this essay is intended only as a first step in considering the racial and gender implications of the rate structure. This essay also makes the simplifying assumption that there are no racially mixed households. That assumption does not distort the picture much, given that in 1985, 98.9% of black married women and 96.6% of black married men had a black spouse.
Behavioral Analysis of Law

The future of economic analysis of law lies in new and better understandings of decision and choice.' In the last two decades, social scientists have learned a great deal about how people actually make decisions.2 Much of this work calls for qualifications of rational choice models.3 Those models are often wrong in the simple sense that they yield inaccurate predictions. Cognitive errors and motivational distortions may press behavior far from the anticipated directions; normative accounts of rational choice should not be confused with descriptive accounts.4 But it does not follow that people's behavior is unpredictable, systematically irrational, random, rule-free, or elusive to social scientists. On the contrary, the qualifications can be described, used, and sometimes even modeled. Those qualifications, and the resulting understandings of decision and choice,5
Duplicated Proteasome Subunit Genes in Drosophila Melanogaster Encoding Testes-Specific Isoforms

Using the previously cloned proteasome alpha-type subunit gene Pros28.1, we screened a Drosophila melanogaster genomic library using reduced stringency conditions to identify closely related genes. Two new genes, Pros28.1A (map position 92F) and Pros28.1B (map position 60D7), showing high sequence similarity to Pros28.1, were identified and characterized. Pros28.1A encodes a protein with 74% amino acid identity to PROS28.1, while the Pros28.1B gene product is 58% identical. The Pros28.1B gene has two introns, located in exactly analogous positions as the two introns in Pros28.1, while the Pros28.1A gene lacks introns. Northern blot analysis reveals that the two new genes are expressed only in males, during the pupal and adult stages. Tissue-specific patterns of expression were examined using transgenic flies carrying lacz-fusion reporter genes. This analysis revealed that both genes are expressed in germline cells during spermatogenesis, although their expression patterns differed. Pros28.1A expression is first detected at the primary spermatocyte stage and persists into the spermatid elongation phase of spermiogenesis, while Pros28.1B expression is prominent only during spermatid elongation. These genes represent the most striking example of cell-type-specific proteasome gene expression reported to date in any system and support the notion that there is structural and functional heterogeneity among proteasomes in metazoans.
Colonic Complications After Renal Transplantation

Three of 112 patients who underwent renal transplantation during a 6-year period, developed abdominal pain, fever, and bloody diarrhea during the immediate postoperative period. Radiological, pathological, and endoscopic appearance was compatible with ischemic disease of the colon. The survival of these 3 patients was thought to be due to the early recognition of the colonic complications, with prompt treatment by colonic resection in 1 patient and vigorous supportive measures in 2 cases.
Climate models produce skillful predictions of Indian summer monsoon rainfall

[1] After more than one hundred years of statistical forecasting and fifty years of climate model development, this paper shows that the skill of predicting Indian monsoon rainfall with coupled atmosphere-ocean models initialized in May is statistically significant, and much higher than can be predicted empirically from May sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The superior skill of dynamical models is attributed to the fact that slowly evolving sea surface temperatures are the primary source of predictability, and to the fact that climate models produce more skillful predictions of June-September sea surface temperatures. The recent apparent breakdown in SST-monsoon relation can be simulated in coupled models, even though the relation is significant and relatively constant on an ensemble mean basis, suggesting that the observed breakdown could be due, in large part, to sampling variability. Despite the observed breakdown, skillful predictions of monsoon rainfall can be constructed using sea surface temperaturespredictedby dynamical models. This fact opens the possibility of using readily available seasonal predictions of sea surface temperatures to make real-time skillful predictions of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. In addition, predictors based on tendency of SST during spring information show skill during both the recent and historical periods and hence may provide more skillful predictions of monsoon rainfall than predictors based on a single month.
Normally solvable operator equations in a Banach space

On the basis of generalization of the well-known Schmidt lemma to the case of linear bounded normally solvable operators in Banach spaces, we propose a procedure for the construction of a generalized inverse operator of a linear bounded normally solvable operator whose kernel and image can be complemented in the indicated spaces. The proposed construction enables one to obtain a solvability criterion for linear normally solvable operator equations and a formula for finding their general solutions.
Determination of trace levels of iron and cobalt in zirconium fluoride using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

In this paper we describe the analysis of high solid content solutions of zirconium fluoride for low ng/g concentrations of transition elements (Fe and Co) using Zeeman corrected GFAAS and the matrix modifiers, palladium nitrate and nitric acid
Becoming Close: Intimate Relations Among College Students

Abstract Creating intimate relationships is an emotional necessity and a significant developmental task for late adolescents. Acknowledging these needs and acquiring those skills is uniquely risky and stressful for students who often are trying to achieve greater independence, particularly with their parents, while simultaneously wanting intimacy and its concomitant dependency and vulnerability. Identified is the intimacy stress associated with various stages of college relationship: A) becoming interested, b) ending the hometown relationship, c) staying free, d) being sexual, and e) breaking up. Counseling strategies are suggested for counselors who, however skilled at working with the communication, sexual, and identity problems of relationships, may need to comprehend the developmental context in which intimacy is framed for students.
Enforcement costs and regulatory reform: The agency and firm response

Influenced by models of optimal law enforcement, several authors have recently revised the work on efficient levels of regulatory control to accommodate the realities of underenforcement and imperfect compliance. However, most of these efforts have centered on either the enforcement agency or the firm and have largely ignored the decentralized nature of the enforcement process. This paper extends these results by modelling both the firm and the local agency and by incorporating detection uncertainty and concealment activity. Each model is then evaluated with respect to the alternative regulatory regimes of direct controls and emission taxes.
Generative fluid profiles for interactive media arts projects

This paper presents a real-time, interactive fluid simulation and vector visualization technique that can be incorporated in media arts projects. These techniques-- referred to collectively as the Fluid Automata system-- have been adapted for various configurations, including mobile applications, interactive 2D and 3D projections, and multi-touch tables, and have been presented in a number of different environments-- both academic and artistic-- including galleries, conferences, and a virtual reality research lab. We describe specific details about the fluid simulation component, which, by changing a small number of parameters, allows users to quickly generate a vast number of "fluid profiles" and thus to explore a wide range of aesthetic possibilities that are easy to incorporate into media arts projects. In particular, we present this fluid simulation (and accompanying visual representation) as an example of how media artists can create novel versions of existing visualization techniques in order to emphasize variability, experimentation, and interactivity.
Nietzsche Was No Darwinian

John Richardson (2002, 2004) argues that Nietzsche’s use of teleological notions, such as the “will to power” and psychological “drives,” can be naturalized within the Darwinian framework of natural selection. Although this ambitious project has merit, the Darwinian framework does not provide the strong teleology necessary to interpret Nietzsche’s explanatory project. Examining the logic of selection, the conceptual limitations on biological functions, and the evidential demands that must be met to deploy evolutionary theory show that Nietzsche’s explanatory project does not cohere with the Darwinian framework. Thus, coherence with currently accepted evolutionary theory should not constrain the philosophical project of interpretation in this case.
Pediatric retropharyngeal lymphadenitis: Differentiation from retropharyngeal abscess and treatment implications

ObjectivesOur objectives were to review the retropharyngeal anatomy, define retropharyngeal adenitis and abscess, and determine if CT may guide the clinician in treatment planning for pediatric retropharyngeal infections.Study Design and SettingA retrospective chart review and CT scan review of 30 children with retropharyngeal infections.ResultsAll patients had retropharyngeal adenitis. Average volume of the low-attenuation focus in the medical treatment group was 1.2 cm3. Average volume in the surgical group was 4 cm3. Surgery patients with no purulent findings were then grouped with the medical treatment group; the average volume of the low-attenuation focus in this group was 2.2 cm3. Average volume in the group in which purulence was identified was 4.4 cm3.ConclusionCT can identify patients with retropharyngeal infections who have a high likelihood of being successfully treated with antibiotics alone.SignificanceCT imaging may assist in avoiding unnecessary surgical exploration.
The alpha 6 beta 4 integrin and epithelial cell migration

Although the involvement of alpha 6 beta 4, an integrin laminin receptor, in hemidesmosome organization has dominated the study of this integrin, recent studies are revealing novel functions for alpha 6 beta 4 in the migration of epithelial and carcinoma cells. The engagement of laminin by alpha 6 beta 4 can stabilize actin-rich protrusions and mediate traction forces necessary for cell movement. This integrin also has a significant impact on signaling molecules that stimulate migration and invasion, especially PI3-K and Rho GTPases. Activation of PI3-K by alpha 6 beta 4 enhances the formation of actin protrusions, and it may stimulate the function of other integrins, such as alpha 3 beta 1, that are also important for epithelial migration. Signaling through alpha 6 beta 4 may not always depend on the adhesive functions of this integrin, a possibility that has profound implications for migration and invasion because it implies that the ability of alpha 6 beta 4 to stimulate these processes is not limited to specific matrix environments.
ESTABLISHING USE OF DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES IN THE SPONTANEOUS SPEECH OF DISADVANTAGED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

From observer records, a count was made for each child, in a group of disadvantaged children in an experimental preschool, of usage and acquisition of descriptive adjectives, with and without noun referents. Procedures were sought which would effectively modify the low rates of adjective-noun combinations in the everyday language of all the children. Time in school, intermittent teacher praise, and social and intellectual stimulation were not effective in changing the low rates of using adjectives of size and shape. Group teaching effectively increased rates of using color- and number-noun combinations in the group-teaching situation, but was ineffective in changing rates of usage in the children's “spontaneous” vocabularies. By operating directly on the children's language in the free-play situation, making access to preschool materials contingent upon use of a color-noun combination, significant increases in such usage were effected in the spontaneous vocabularies of all the children. Preschool materials apparently functioned as powerful reinforcers. Though traditional teaching procedures were effective in generating adjective-noun combinations in that restricted situation, it was only through application of environmental contingencies that color names as descriptive adjectives were effectively and durably established in all the children's spontaneous vocabularies.
An expanded reaction kinetic model of the CuO surface-mediated formation of PCDD/F from pyrolysis of 2-chlorophenol.

An expanded reaction kinetic model, including 17 surface reactions, is proposed to explain the yields of PCDD/F obtained in an experimental study of the reaction of 2-chlorophenol over a CuO/silica surface. The mechanism is loosely based on the gas-phase mechanism for PCDD/F formation widely discussed in the literature. The principal differences are the impact of chemisorption of 2-chlorophenols to metal oxides on radical formation and the steric hindrance of oxygen-centered radicals on the surface inhibiting radical–radical reaction pathways that lead to formation of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD). Gas-phase molecule–surface-bound adsorbate reactions are the preferred route of DD formation, while radical–radical surface reactions are the main channel for dichloro-dibenzofuran (DCDF) formation. These results suggest that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism, involving radical–radical surface reactions, and the Eley–Rideal mechanism, involving a gas-phase molecule and surface-bound adsorbate, are responsible for PCDF and PCDD formation on surfaces, respectively. The calculated yields of DCDF and DD are in reasonable agreement with experimental results.
On the role of interpretive analogy in learning

Almost all approaches to learning by analogy concentrate on what I will call predictive analogy, namely the process of inferring further similarities between two objects given some existing similarities. While the role of predictive analogy as a general purpose learning heuristic is rather dubious, a point I will make briefly in this paper, there is another mode of analogy—namely the process ofcreating similarities between two objects where none existed before, and which I will refer to as interpretive analogy—that aids learning in much more significant ways. However, the process underlying interpretive analogy has not been properly addressed yet. In this paper I introduce this mode of analogy, discuss its role in learning, and present an algebraic approach to formalizing the underlying process.
Application of Real-Time Reservoir Navigation and High-Definition Electrical Imaging Services for Enhanced Well Placement and Optimal Completion Design

The Denver-Julesburg Basin in northern Colorado is an unconventional hydrocarbon play utilizing horizontal wells to access several targets, known locally as benches, including the Niobrara B-Chalk. The need to navigate and optimally place completion packers in the unconventional play with complex, laminated rock structure and subseismic faulting is important to effectively stimulate reservoir rock for increasing production potential. While bulk gamma is primarily used to correlate the formation, more-advanced real-time logging-while-drilling (LWD) technology is proposed to navigate effectively and maintain the wellbore within the specific target chalk. Highresolution LWD electrical images are also employed to optimize the completion strategy and confirm real-time interpretation. This paper illustrates how real-time LWD information can be used to improve overall production by using this datadriven approach. An azimuthal gamma ray image was used to determine formation bed dip and stratigraphic complexity, along with two different resistivity measurements to correlate position within the reservoir. The data was transmitted in real time to a remote geo-steering center where a reservoir navigation engineer incorporated the data into the geological model and provided the operator with real-time steering recommendations for remaining within the zone of interest. In addition, the data were used to identify faults and interpret the fault-throw direction and distance. The well was drilled with 85% of the lateral section placed in a 10-ft-thick target zone, compared to fewer than 50% in offset wells navigating with gamma only. This was accomplished despite crossing over one sub-seismic fault and relative formation dips that varied from 88 to 92 degrees. The improved net-to-gross was a result of the utilization of azimuthal gamma, multiple propagation resistivity, and the real-time reservoir navigation service (RNS). The increased “in-zone” footage indicated this method provided a significant advantage over gamma-only measurements when navigating such complex and faulted formations. Postwell, the high-resolution LWD electrical image logs were used to confirm the faults and determine packer placement for optimal completion efficiency. This lesson learnt can be applied to most unconventional plays around the world.
Experimental measurement and reassignment of the indium 252.134 nm line with a scanning echelle monochromator

Abstract In a recent publication it was predicted that either or both the In 252.137 nm or Co 252.136 nm transitions were misassigned. An experimental evaluation of these transitions was made with a scanning echelle monochromator system. The In 252.137 nm transition has been reassigned at 252.134 nm and the Co 252.136 nm was verified.
Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Renal Failure

A thorough understanding of the clinical pharmacology of diuretic agents, particularly loop diuretics, is crucial in patients with abnormal (and those with normal) renal function. Renal insufficiency represents a pathophysiological state characterised by diuretic resistance.
Glioblastoma treatment patterns, survival, and healthcare resource use in real-world clinical practice in the USA.

BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) treatment remains challenging because of recurrence and poorly defined treatment options after first-line therapy. To better understand real-world application of treatment paradigms and their impact on outcomes, we describe patterns of treatment, outcomes, and use of cancer-related healthcare resource for glioblastoma in the USA. METHODS A retrospective, online chart-abstraction study was conducted; each participating oncologist contributed ≤5 charts. Patients were ≥18 years with biopsy-confirmed primary or secondary newly diagnosed GB on or after 1 January 2010, had received first- and second-line therapies, and had information collected for ≥3 months after initiation of second-line therapy or until death. Assessments were descriptive and included Kaplan- Meier analyses from initiation to end of second-line therapy, disease progression, or death. RESULTS One hundred sixty physicians contributed information on 503 patient charts. During first-line therapy, patients most commonly underwent temozolomide monotherapy (76.5%). During second-line therapy, patients most commonly underwent bevacizumab monotherapy (58.1%). Median duration of second-line therapy was 130 days; median time to disease progression was 113 days. Median survival was 153 days. Use of supportive care was observed to be numerically higher in first- compared with second-line therapy except for anti-depressants, growth factors, and stimulants. Frequently used resources included corticosteroids (78.8% of patients in first-line and 62.6% in second-line therapies), anti-epileptics (45.8% and 41.5%) and narcotic opioids (45.3% and 41.4%). CONCLUSIONS Most GB patients received temozolomide during first-line therapy and bevacizumab monotherapy or combination therapy during second-line therapy. Use of supportive care appeared to be higher in first- compared with second-line therapy for some agents.
Calibrating Communication Simulator for Connected Vehicle Applications

Research efforts focused on the connected vehicle (CV) technology applications typically assume perfect communications among the vehicles and between the vehicles and the roadside equipment. However, a few studies, including this one, pointed out that the wireless communications experience packet drops, which might lead to a serious downgrade of the safety critical CV applications. Thus, the wireless communication simulators used to emulate the communications performance need to be properly calibrated to replicate the real-world vehicular communication environments. This study calibrated an NCTUns simulator for the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) of CV technology using the DSRC field test data executed on an instrumented intersection at the Turner–Fairbank Highway Research Center. Physical layer parameters (e.g., data rate and transmission power) as well as channel models are calibrated. The calibration applied a Latin hypercube sampling technique to generate multiple combinations of parameter...
Forecasting Spatially Distributed Cotton Evapotranspiration by Assimilating Remotely Sensed and Ground-Based Observations

AbstractEstimation of spatially distributed evapotranspiration (ET) with remote sensing could be especially valuable for developing water management tools in arid lands. For decision support over irrigated crops, these spatial ET estimates also depend on good spatial resolution (<30 m) at timely intervals, which for practical operations means no less frequent than approximately 5 days. For a variety of reasons, current remote sensing platforms usually cannot meet these needs. Commonly, overpass frequencies are no better than 16 days and sometimes are much worse considering cloudy skies. One way to reduce this problem is to develop an ET estimation approach that utilizes both remotely sensed data and ground-based observations. By combining episodic spatially distributed data with temporally continuous point observations, it could be feasible to provide continuous ET estimates that are better than can be achieved with either technique alone. Using data from a remote sensing irrigation scheduling experiment...
A study of Na‐DNA films containing NaCl via scanning electron and tunneling microscopies

Unoriented films of Na-DNA were prepared by dessicating a gel with different amounts of NaCl. For low salt concentrations, the resulting films were smooth and patternless. For high salt concentrations, the resul ting films had visible patterns that were very similar to those recently r eported by Sclavi et al. [(1994) Biopolymers, Vol.34. pp.1105–1113]. Scanning electron and tunneling microscopies and electron dispersive sp e ctroscopy studies were used to study the spatial distribution of NaCl th ro ughout these films. Two main conclusions were reached about the NaCl: (l) some NaCl is distributed throughout every film, and (2) the visib le p atterns observed in films with a large amount of NaCl were caused by the growth of NaCl crystals during the dehydration process. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cellular and humoral aspects of innate immunity in the shark

Survival of many species depends, to a great extent, on their innate immunity. Innate immunity in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), a primitive elasmobranch, has been shown to consist of components, both humoral and cellular, which are in some respects similar to those found in mammals and other vertebrates. Innate immune factors present in the shark include complement (a complex system of serum proteins) and antibacterial proteins and enzymes, such as lysozyme. Shark complement, although opsonic and lytic in nature, differs from classical mammalian complement in the number of functionally distinct components involved in the activation sequence. Functional and structural analogues of several mammalian complement proteins have been isolated from the shark, and activation of shark serum by lipopolysaccharide or zymosan produces anaphylatoxin-like ligand(s) inducing mammalian smooth muscle contraction and chemotaxis of human leucocytes in vitro. Lysozyme activity has been recovered from shark leucocyte lysates, which also contain antibacterial peptides, distinct from lysozyme. The composition and antibacterial activity of shark leucocyte granules, the putative source of the activity, is under investigation. Cellular aspects of the inflammatory response which is an integral component of innate immunity, are leucocyte phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Both processes are functions of two distinct shark cell types, the granulocyte and the monocyte-macrophage. It should be noted that the innate resilience of the nurse shark is also augmented by a large pool of serum natural antibodies, which can account for as much as 45% of the total serum protein.
Preliminary accuracy and interobserver agreement for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy

Background Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a rapidly emerging method for in vivo imaging of the GI tract. Objective To determine the preliminary evaluation accuracy and interobserver agreement of probe-based CLE (pCLE) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). Design Prospective, double-blind review of pCLE images of 40 sites of BE tissue by using matching biopsies as the reference standard. A training set of 20 images with known histology was first reviewed to standardize image interpretation, followed by blinded review of 20 unknown images. Setting Eleven experts in BE imaging from 4 different endoscopy centers from the United States and Europe evaluated the images. Patients This study involved nonconsecutive patients undergoing BE surveillance or evaluation of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or early adenocarcinoma. Intervention Intravenous fluorescein pCLE imaging of each site within the BE segment, followed by matching biopsy. Main Outcome Measurements Sensitivity, specificity, and agreement for the pCLE diagnosis of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma. Results In the validation set (n = 20), 11 cases had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or invasive carcinoma. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of neoplasia for the 11 endoscopists was 88% (range 6 of 11 to 11 of 11), and the specificity was 96% (range 7 of 9 to 9 of 9). There was substantial agreement on the pCLE diagnosis (86%, kappa 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.86). Endomicroscopists with prior pCLE experience had an overall sensitivity of 91% (all 10 of 11), specificity of 100% (all 9 of 9), and almost perfect agreement (92%, kappa 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-1.0). Limitations Small sample size and use of offline video sequences. Conclusion Results suggest that pCLE for the diagnosis of neoplasia in BE has very high accuracy and reliability.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis, the infection caused by the larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium, is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system and the most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. This has primarily been a disease that remains endemic in low-socioeconomic countries, but because of increased migration neurocysticercosis is being diagnosed more frequently in high-income countries. During the past three decades improved diagnostics, imaging, and treatment have led to more accurate diagnosis and improved prognosis for patients. This article reviews the current literature on neurocysticercosis, including newer diagnostics and treatment developments.
Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces anti-HLA alloreactivity and shortens waiting time to cardiac transplantation in highly sensitized left ventricular assist device recipients.

Background—Recipients of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) develop prominent B-cell hyperreactivity. We investigated the influence of anti-HLA antibodies on waiting time to cardiac transplantation in LVAD recipients and compared the effects of 2 immunomodulatory regimens on anti-HLA serum reactivity. Methods and Results—Fifty-five previously nonsensitized LVAD recipients of a TCI device implanted between 1990 and 1996 were studied. Patients with anti-HLA antibodies received monthly courses of either intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or plasmapheresis, in conjunction with cyclophosphamide. The effects of these regimens on anti-HLA alloreactivity and waiting time to transplantation were then determined by Kaplan-Meier log-rank statistics, nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Student’s t test. Prolongation in transplant waiting time was related to serum IgG anti–HLA class I alloreactivity. Infusion of IVIg (2 g/kg) caused a mean reduction of 33% in anti–HLA class I alloreactivity within 1 week. Wa...
Adsorbate sensitivity enhancement in photoemission: CO on Pd

Abstract Photoelectron spectra for CO on a Pd substrate have been measured in the photon energy range 40–180 eV. A dramatic resonance in the intensity ratio of the CO-derived peaks compared to the Pd valence band (VB) was found for photon energies near 130 eV, where the ratio is ca. nine times larger than at hv = 40 eV. This increased spectral sensitivity to the CO molecular orbitals results from a Cooper minimum in the photoemission cross section of the Pd 4d valence level. Because such spectral minima are present in all 4d and 5d VB materials, adsorbate studies on these substrates at photon energies near 130 eV (for which laboratory sources are potentially available) should benefit greatly from the decreased background and the increased surface sensitivity. This point is further illustrated by comparing the present results to previously reported photoemission data from CO on Ni and Pt substrates.
The effect of IR laser radiation on the UO2(NO3)2-tributyl phosphate-nitric acid solvent extraction system

Abstract The equilibrium distribution of UO2(NO3)2 between aqueous HNO3 and an iso-octane solution of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) showed no significant change upon irradiation with an IR laser. Irradiation at 914, 944 and 1040 cm−1 of solutions not in equilibrium produced agitation, leading to changes in the solution concentrations but not in the equilibrium distribution.