cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternatives for the Recycling of Laying Hens 1

Summary An alternative for the recycling of laying hens to improve egg production and quality is now available as a replacement for the starvation method that has been practiced for many years. Hens fed diets low in sodium (0.02 to 0.08%) for 6 weeks with or without a change in daily photoperiod are rejuvenated to the same extent as hens undergoing the starvation method. Data from the available investigations show that hens fed low-sodium diets will reduce their feed intakes to about one-half of normal, lose 20% of their body weight, drop almost completely out of egg production and will undergo a molt. Compared to unrecycled control hens, those hens recycled by the low-sodium diet method will lay 18 to 24% more eggs, will lay eggs of approximately the same weight or size, will improve egg albumen thickness as measured by Haugh units by 6%, and will improve egg specific gravity as a measure of egg shell thickness by 0.005. These results are entirely comparable to those obtained by the starvation method of recycling and probably are more acceptable to those concerned with animal welfare. Administration of the low-sodium diet method is simple and considerably less complex than that of the starvation method. To be successful the low-sodium diet method requires careful monitoring of the sodium content of water and feed ingredients used in the flock.
Single Nanoparticle Plasmonic Spectroscopy for Study of Charge-Dependent Efflux Function of Multidrug ABC Transporters of Single Live Bacillus subtilis Cells.

Multidrug membrane transporters can selectively extrude a wide variety of structurally and functionally unrelated substrates, and they are responsible for ineffective treatment of a wide range of diseases (e.g., infection and cancer). Their underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we functionalized Ag NPs (11 nm in diameter) with two biocompatible peptides (CALNNK, CALNNE) to prepare positively and negatively charged Ag-peptide NPs (Ag-CALNNK NPs+ζ, Ag-CALNNE NPs–4ζ), respectively. We used them as photostable plasmonic imaging probes to study charge-dependent efflux kinetics of BmrA (ABC) membrane transporter of single live Bacillus (B.) subtilis cells. Two strains of the cells, normal expression of BmrA (WT) or devoid of BmrA (ΔBmrA), were used to study the charge-dependent efflux kinetics of single NPs upon the expression of BmrA. The NPs (1.4 nM) were stable (non-aggregation) in a PBS buffer and biocompatible to the cells. We found the high-dependent accumulation of the intracellu...
Results of the surgical therapy of scoliosis

In the years 1981 to 1985 84 patients with scoliosis were mainly treated by the proceeding of Harrington respectively Harrington-Luque. By using the combination Harrington-Luque-wires its getting an evident better result in correction (63%) as by only using the Harrington-instruments (55%).
Epigenetic and Cancer: An Evaluation of the Impact of Dietary Components

Epigenetics is an area of research that has recently gained much attention from scientists. Epigenetic processes can induce changes within an organism without altering its genetic makeup. More interestingly, epigenetic mechanisms have the strong ability to modulate gene expression without directly altering the sequences of DNA bases. Dietary compounds consist of several bioactive constituents, which actively regulate different molecular targets involved in tumorigenesis. Keeping these facts in view, we provide evidence that these dietary components (e.g. resveratrol (RES), curcumin, genistein, polyphenols and sulforaphane) might interact with various epigenetic targets in cancer therapeutics. These bioactive compounds can modulate normal DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns, which are essential for the activation of cancer fighting genes. Compounds, such as the ones listed above, induce epigenetic changes associated with the expression of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, and inhibition of tumor promoting genes such as telomerase reverse transcriptase during tumor progression. Therefore, in this chapter, we present considerable evidence that bioactive compounds and their epigenetic targets are linked with cancer therapeutics, which may open the door to novel drug discovery and development. Remarkable improvements in our understanding of basic epigenetic mechanisms coupled with the rapid progress in the development of powerful new technologies hold great promise for the advancement of cancer treatment.
The theological uses of sociology

This article examines the way in which theological concept has been both utilized and criticized within the discipline of theology. It considers recent attempts to “end the dialogue between theology and social theory” and the flaws of that approach, while arguing that sociology can make a significant contribution to the ongoing work of theological analysis. It ends by asking whether this is a one-way relationship, or whether there is a way that theological concepts can be useful in the ongoing constructive work of sociology.
High-Dose Methotrexate, Ifosfamide, Etoposide and Dexamethasone (MIED) Is an Active Salvage Regimen for Children with Recurrent or Refractory Malignant Lymphoma.

Abstract Significant advances have been made in the treatment of malignant lymphomas in children; however, approximately 20–30% will have refractory or recurrent disease. These patients are felt to have a relatively poor prognosis primarily because of the comprehensive and intensive nature of their frontline therapies; therefore, they are generally considered for a novel or more aggressive salvage regimen. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity and toxicity profile of the MIED regimen (high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, etoposide and dexamethasone) in children with refractory or recurrent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). From 1991 to 2006, 62 children with refractory/recurrent NHL (n=24) and HL (n=38) were treated with 1 to 6 sequential cycles of MIED (methotrexate, 8 grams/m2 on day 1; ifosfamide, 2 grams/m2 on days 2–4; etoposide, 200 mg/m2 on days 2–4; and dexamethasone, 40 mg/m2 on days 1–4). Children with NHL also received intrathecal MHA (methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and cytarabine at age adjusted dosages) on day 1. Response evaluation was performed after 1 – 2 cycles of MIED. Children with either a PR or CR were considered for an intensification phase with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); patients with HL also received involved-field irradiation. Forty-six (75%) of the 61 evaluable children with refractory or recurrent lymphoma responded to MIED (CR, 23; PR, 23). Among the 24 children with NHL (large cell, 18 [anaplastic large cell, 8; diffuse large B-cell, 3; T-cell large cell, 2; large cell not otherwise specified, 5]; Burkitt, 3; lymphoblastic, 2; other, 1), responses included: CR (n=10), and PR (n=5) for a combined CR+PR rate of 63%. Among the 37 children with HL (nodular sclerosis, n = 29; mixed cellularity, n =4; lymphocyte predominant, n =1; and HL not otherwise specified, n=3) responses included: CR (n=13), and PR (n=18) for a combined CR+PR rate of 84% among 37 evaluable patients. MIED was generally well tolerated (associated with grade IV hematologic toxicity in most cases and frequently associated with mucositis and/or fever with neutropenia). Nineteen of 24 children with NHL and 31 of 37 children with HL received an intensification phase with HSCT support (autologous, 46; allogeneic, 4) at some point following MIED therapy. Nine of 24 children (38%) with NHL are alive and disease-free. Twenty-eight of 37 children (76%) with HL are currently alive (24 disease-free post HSCT). MIED is an active and generally well tolerated regimen for children with refractory or recurrent malignant lymphoma.
BK Channels: Sensors that Switch Membranes between Day and Night States in the Circadian Clock

BK Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ channels (KCa1.1) are multi-modal sensors of cellular state, dynamically regulating excitability in a variety of cell types. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's intrinsic ‘clock’, is a unique context where periodic changes in cellular state are ‘hard-wired’. SCN neurons undergo daily oscillations in action potential firing, driven by day versus night variation in ion channel activity, such as BK. The detailed components that translate the molecular clock mechanism into specific firing patterns during distinct time windows is just beginning to emerge. Our studies probe the circadian regulation of BK channel activity and its link to clock-controlled intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in SCN neurons. The circadian difference in BK current magnitude is generated by daily changeovers in BK's Ca2+ source, alternative splicing of the α subunit, and N-type inactivation mediated by the β2 subunit. These mechanisms work in concert to establish BK channel gating as a biophysical switch, toggling membranes between day and night states, to contribute to the daily variation in SCN excitability that underlies circadian rhythm.
The Impact of Mindfulness Meditation and Self-Compassion on Criminal Impulsivity in a Prisoner Sample

Previous studies indicate a link between mindfulness practice and improvements in self-compassion Neff (Self and identity 2(2):85–101, 2003b), self-regulation Baer (Clinical psychology: Science and practice 10(2):125–143, 2003), and a reduction in criminality Rainforth (Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 36(1–4):181–203, 2003). Similarly, self-compassion has been linked to greater self-control among criminals Morley (Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 1–15, 2016). The focus of this study was to investigate the impact of mindfulness meditation and self-compassion on criminal impulsivity. To accomplish this investigation, a survey was conducted examining self-compassion as a mediator for the practice of mindfulness-based meditation and criminal impulsivity among jail inmates interested in meditation. The analysis showed that self-compassion, criminal impulsivity, and length of practicing mindfulness meditation were correlated. The results also showed that the relationship between practicing mindfulness meditation and self-reported criminal impulsivity was mediated by self-compassion. The results and limitations of this study were discussed.
A technological advance for 21st century obstetricians: the electronically-controlled vacuum extractor.

Objective To describe an innovative electronically-controlled vacuum extractor (VE) in detail and to illustrate its performance characteristics, as observed in a laboratory study. Design Thirty simulated, vacuum-assisted deliveries. Main outcome measure(s) (1) The ability to measure in real-time of the pull applied and to sound an alert, when the traction approaches the negative pressure under the cup, to prevent its detachment. (2) The recording and printing of a graphic representation of the pull applied (vacuum delivery graph). (3) The emission of a warning signal when the 15-min time limit of continuous cup application on the fetal scalp, is reached. Results No cup detachment occurred in any of the 15 vacuum-assisted deliveries, in which traction was kept below the adhesive force of the cup [44 lb (20 kg)], except in three cases, due to loss of negative pressure. In the remaining 15 tests, in which traction was greater than the adhesive force of the cup, "pull-offs" inevitably occurred. Furthermore, upon reaching the 15-min time limit of continuous cup application on the fetal cephalic model, a warning signal was emitted, as programmed. Conclusions We demonstrated that the electronically-controlled VE, with its distinctive pull-sensing handle, performs suitably for its intended purposes. The ability of the modernized device to decrease the incidence of cup detachment, secondary to the inadvertent application of excessive traction, may result in considerable safety, medico-legal and didactic advantages.
Ovule Culture to Study Reproductive Development at the Cellular Level in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Loblolly pine is an important commercial timber and pulpwood tree of the Southeastern United States (Guiness, 1982). Recently, inadequate regeneration of this pine was identified as a problem causing reduction in the volume of softwood in the Southeast. To supply adequate seedlings for regeneration, nurseries (Davey, 1982) and clonal seed orchards (Zobel et al., 1958) have been established. Successful plantations of loblolly pine can be established from nursery-grown seedlings of improved genetic strains (Dierauf, 1982). To fully understand seed development in loblolly pine (Figure 1), the culture of excised ovules could be used to study in vitro fertilization. If excised loblolly pine ovules can be maintained in culture, the production of plantlets could perhaps be enhanced by methods similar to existing procedures (Mott and Anderson, 1981).
The Persistent Reduction in Poverty from Filing a Tax Return

Low-income households not required to file often fail to receive benefits provided through the tax code. In 2008, the US government made people with at least $3,000 in earnings eligible for a stimulus payment if they filed a tax return. Using eligibility for this credit as an instrument for filing, we find with administrative data that filing reduces the probability of living in poverty in future years, which is a result of increases in EITC claiming, workforce attachment, and earnings. These results demonstrate that temporary incentives to participate in the tax system have persistent real effects on economic activity and poverty.
Long-range hypoxia signaling in NAFLD.

A recent study describes a role for hypoxic signaling in the small intestine in the etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and suggests that HIF-2α inhibitors may be an effective option for the treatment of this disease.
Ducted wind turbine optimization and sensitivity to rotor position

Abstract. The design of a ducted wind turbine modeled using an actuator disc was studied using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The design variables included the rotor thrust coefficient, the angle of attack of the duct cross section, the radial gap between the rotor and the duct, and the axial location of the rotor in the duct. Two different power coefficients, the rotor power coefficient (based on the rotor swept area) and the total power coefficient (based on the exit area of the duct), were used as optimization objectives. The optimal value of thrust coefficients for all designs was nearly constant, having a value between 0.9 and 1. The rotor power coefficient was sensitive to rotor gap but was insensitive to the rotor's axial location for positions ranging from upstream of the throat to nearly half the distance down the duct. Compared to the design that maximized rotor power coefficient, the design for maximal total power coefficient was characterized by a smaller angle of attack, a smaller rotor gap, and a downstream placement of the rotor. The insensitivity of power output to the rotor position implies that a rotor placed further downstream in the duct could produce the same power with a considerably smaller duct exit area and thus a greater total power coefficient. The design for that maximized total power coefficient exceeded Betz's limit with a total power coefficient of 0.67.
Mechanism of Adrenergic Treatment of Glaucoma

The pressure-lowering effects of adrenergic drugs applied topically to the human eye are complex and varied, but at least three phases have been described: l) an early decrease in pressure that appears to be related both to a decrease in aqueous inflow and an increased outflow; 2) a second phase of increased outflow lasting several hours; 3) a late, progressive increase in outflow even days, weeks, and months after therapy.
REGULATORY ACTIVITY EXERTED BY THE SAUR-AC1 PROMOTER REGION IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS

SAUR-AC1 is a small-auxin-up-RNA (SAUR) gene of Arabidopsis. Here we demonstrate that the SAUR-AC1 promoter region induces accumulation of a reporter transcript upon treatment with auxin and is preferentially active in elongating hypocotyls and certain other organs and tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. This study extends the utility of the SAUR-AC1 gene by providing a foundation for comparative analyses of SAUR promoter activity in auxin-responsive mutants of Arabidopsis.
Jugular Bulb Catheterization in Children

The use of jugular bulb catheterization (JBC) in neurologically injured patients to monitor adequacy of cerebral blood flow and metabolism is increasing. However little is written about the technique, success rate and complications. We describe our method and the results of JBC in 60 consecutive children.
The Intellectual-Insight Problem: Implications for Assessment and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

The present manuscript examines the conceptual, assessment and practice issues related to the intellectual-insight problem. Biased information processing strategies regarding the development and preservation of self-theories are argued to pose significant challenges for REBT therapists attempting to assist clients in the transition from intellectual- to emotional-insight. It is also suggested that the attitude change and persuasion literature may offer helpful suggestions regarding effective and ineffective intervention strategies. Implications of the intellectual-insight problem for assessment are also discussed.
Type VIII Slap Repair: Patient-Reported Outcomes Of 34 Patients With Minimum 4-year Follow-up:

Objectives:Type VIII superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) tears - described as SLAP II injuries with posterior extension of the labral tear to the 6 o’clock aspect of the glenoid - have been s...
UNIT A5.1 Multiple Sclerosis

Although a routine brain MR exam would suffice in many applications, specific protocols for multiple sclerosis have been developed to maximize its contribution. This unit presents one such protocol while recognizing the wide opportunity for variation depending on local clinical demand and personal preference.
Color Control Functions for Multiprimary Displays—I: Robustness Analysis and Optimization Formulations

Color management for a multiprimary display requires, as a fundamental step, the determination of a color control function (CCF) that specifies control values for reproducing each color in the display’s gamut. Multiprimary displays offer alternative choices of control values for reproducing a color in the interior of the gamut and accordingly alternative choices of CCFs. Under ideal conditions, alternative CCFs render colors identically. However, deviations in the spectral distributions of the primaries and the diversity of cone sensitivities among observers impact alternative CCFs differently, and, in particular, make some CCFs prone to artifacts in rendered images. We develop a framework for analyzing robustness of CCFs for multiprimary displays against primary and observer variations, incorporating a common model of human color perception. Using the framework, we propose analytical and numerical approaches for determining robust CCFs. First, via analytical development, we: (a) demonstrate that linearity of the CCF in tristimulus space endows it with resilience to variations, particularly, linearity can ensure invariance of the gray axis, (b) construct an axially linear CCF that is defined by the property of linearity over constant chromaticity loci, and (c) obtain an analytical form for the axially linear CCF that demonstrates it is continuous but suffers from the limitation that it does not have continuous derivatives. Second, to overcome the limitation of the axially linear CCF, we motivate and develop two variational objective functions for optimization of multiprimary CCFs, the first aims to preserve color transitions in the presence of primary/observer variations and the second combines this objective with desirable invariance along the gray axis, by incorporating the axially linear CCF. A companion Part II paper, presents an algorithmic approach for numerically computing optimal CCFs for the two alternative variational objective functions proposed here and presents results comparing alternative CCFs for several different 4, 5, and 6 primary designs.
HAWKEYE: Adversarial Example Detector for Deep Neural Networks

Adversarial examples (AEs) are images that can mislead deep neural network (DNN) classifiers via introducing slight perturbations into original images. Recent work has shown that detecting AEs can be more effective against AEs than preventing them from being generated. However, the state-of-the-art AE detection still shows a high false positive rate, thereby rejecting a considerable amount of normal images. To address this issue, we propose HAWKEYE, which is a separate neural network that analyzes the output layer of the DNN, and detects AEs. HAWKEYE's AE detector utilizes a quantized version of an input image as a reference, and is trained to distinguish the variation characteristics of the DNN output on an input image from the DNN output on its reference image. We also show that cascading our AE detectors that are trained for different quantization step sizes can drastically reduce a false positive rate, while keeping a detection rate high.
Development of a Converter Based Microgrid Test Platform

To overcome the limitations of digital simulation (numerical oscillation, limited computing capability of processors, etc.), a converter-based hardware test-bed was developed at CURENT for real-time power grid emulation. However, distribution systems especially microgrids cannot be emulated and tested on the existing hardware test-bed. This paper develops a microgrid test-bed based on the existing hardware test-bed to enable controller testing for microgrids with dynamic boundary. The design and realization of the microgrid hardware test-bed are introduced. The experimental results of the microgrid controller tests are also provided.
Doubts about Density: COVID-19 across Cities and Towns

It has been more than 100 days since the first case of COVID-19 was detected in the US. Until most recently information on the spread of the disease was not available by geographic areas smaller than counties. In an earlier piece we found a significant positive impact of county density on the daily progress of the disease in a dynamic model. Since then, sporadic data on disease incidence at the municipal level has become available in a few states. We use Massachusetts data released on 4/15/20 and then again on 5/6/20 since it is a fully incorporated state. We find that municipalities with greater density and with a greater share of land use in commercial-industrial categories have a significantly higher percapita incidence of the disease. The quantitative impact of these two “urban” variables is particularly large.
Factors Influencing the Corrosion Behavior of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-4V for Biomedical Applications

In this study, the effects of microstructure, surface roughness, and surface porosity on the corrosion behavior of direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) Ti-6Al-4V were experimentally investigated. The electrochemical measurements were conducted using a three-electrode setup setting, with the specimens in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C. The acicular microstructure in the DMLS Ti-6Al-4V samples resulted in greater corrosion resistance than that of the Grade 5 alloy with an equiaxed microstructure. Electrochemical study results indicated that microstructure and surface roughness had a significant influence on the corrosion behavior of the samples. Pits and cracks were observed near the edges of the original surface pores in the as-printed samples after a 1-month immersion in simulated body fluid. The results showed that the acicular microstructure with a small number of surface pores and a smooth surface led to more desirable corrosion resistance.
The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are three sets of lectins that bind cellulose and chitin and localize to distinct structures in cyst walls

ABSTRACT Acanthamoeba castellanii, cause of keratitis and blindness, is an emerging pathogen because of its association with contact lens use. The cyst wall contributes to pathogenesis as cysts are resistant to sterilizing reagents in lens solutions and to antibiotics applied to the eye. We used transmission electron microscopy, as well as structured illumination microscopy and probes for cellulose and chitin, to show that purified cyst walls of A. castellanii retain an outer ectocyst layer, an inner endocyst layer, and conical ostioles that connect the layers. Mass spectrometry showed candidate cyst wall proteins are dominated by three families of lectins (named here Luke, Leo, and Jonah), each of which binds to microcrystalline cellulose and to a lesser degree chitin. A Jonah lectin, which has one choice-of-anchor A (CAA) domain, localizes to the ectocyst layer of mature cyst walls. Luke lectins, which have two or three carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM49), localize to the endocyst layer and ostioles. A Leo lectin, which has two domains with eight Cys residues each (8-Cys), also localizes to the endocyst layer and ostioles. In summary, the most abundant A. castellanii cyst wall proteins are three sets of lectins, which have carbohydrate-binding modules that are conserved (CBM49s of Luke), newly characterized (CAA of Jonah), or unique to Acanthamoebae (8-Cys of Leo). Despite their lack of common ancestry, Luke and Leo lectins both localize to the endocyst layer and ostioles, while the Jonah lectin localizes to the ectocyst layer. IMPORTANCE Fifty years ago, investigators identified cellulose in the Acanthamoeba cyst wall, which has an outer ectocyst layer, an inner endocyst layer, and conical ostioles that connect the layers. Here we show cyst walls also contain chitin and three large sets of cellulose- and chitin-binding lectins, which have distinct localizations. The Acanthamoeba cyst wall, therefore, is more complicated than cyst walls of Entamoeba and Giardia (causes of dysentery and diarrhea, respectively), which have a single layer, a single glycopolymer, and small sets of one or two lectins. In contrast, the Acanthamoeba cyst wall is far simpler than the walls of fungi and plants, which have multiple layers, numerous glycopolymers, and hundreds of proteins. In addition to providing a better understanding of the cell biology and biochemistry of the Acanthamoeba cyst wall, these studies may lead to diagnostic antibodies that bind to cyst wall proteins and/or therapeutics that target chitin.
Definition and operationalization of resilience in qualitative health literature: a scoping review

Resilience is a burgeoning focus in health research; yet, researchers have varying conceptual and methodological approaches to understanding resilience across populations. Consequently, there is li...
Good Food, Good Mood: Perspectives on the Relationship Between Nutrition and Mental Health With Division I Collegiate Athletic Programs

Research has shown a strong relationship between nutrition and mental health. Packed schedules and little rest time may make student-athletes more susceptible to mental health issues than the general population, but few athletes are fully aware of the effects that nutrition can have on their mental health. While collegiate athletic programs are beginning to recognize the individual contributions of nutrition and mental health to performance and are hiring sport dietitians and psychologists for their athletes, it is unclear whether these topics are ever discussed within the same context. The goal of this study was to understand the perspectives of different athletic personnel on the relationship between nutrition and mental health. 17 athletic personnel (11 Female, 6 Male) from 6 NCAA Division I universities were recruited for a 30-45-min semi-structured WebEx interview. Participants included athletic trainers, coaches, dietitians, sport psychologists, strength and conditioning coaches, and sports medicine physicians. Participants were asked questions about their educational backgrounds, resources, and perspectives on the integration of nutrition and mental health in their programs. Transcribed responses were sorted into four themes: (1) Resources, (2) Education, (3) Department Integration or Collaboration, and (4) Student and Coach Engagement. All participants reported a need for greater monetary resources and staffing. Around 59% of the participants felt they had little more than general or personal interest-level knowledge on topics pertaining to nutrition or mental health, with the exception of sports dietitians or psychologists. Each school varied in the degree to which their athletic staff regularly communicated about their work and athlete health statuses. Athletes were reportedly more or less likely to utilize the resources provided depending on coach attitudes toward nutrition or mental health. Regardless of size, reputation and annual spending, each university was reported to be in the early stages of integrating nutrition and mental health programs into their existing athletic departments. Implications of this work may be to help schools plan for ways to reallocate funding for nutrition or mental health programming.
Rapid increase in snake dietary diversity and complexity following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

The Cenozoic marked a period of dramatic ecological opportunity in Earth history due to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs as well as to long-term physiographic changes that created new biogeographic theaters and new habitats. Snakes underwent massive ecological diversification during this period, repeatedly evolving novel dietary adaptations and prey preferences. The evolutionary tempo and mode of these trophic ecological changes remain virtually unknown, especially compared with co-radiating lineages of birds and mammals that are simultaneously predators and prey of snakes. Here, we assemble a dataset on snake diets (34,060 observations on the diets of 882 species) to investigate the history and dynamics of the multidimensional trophic niche during the global radiation of snakes. Our results show that per-lineage dietary niche breadths remained remarkably constant even as snakes diversified to occupy disparate outposts of dietary ecospace. Rapid increases in dietary diversity and complexity occurred in the early Cenozoic, and the overall rate of ecospace expansion has slowed through time, suggesting a potential response to ecological opportunity in the wake of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Explosive bursts of trophic innovation followed colonization of the Nearctic and Neotropical realms by a group of snakes that today comprises a majority of living snake diversity. Our results indicate that repeated transformational shifts in dietary ecology are important drivers of adaptive radiation in snakes and provide a framework for analyzing and visualizing the evolution of complex ecological phenotypes on phylogenetic trees.
A comparative study of physique and performance measures resulting from a short-term physical fitness course.

Abstract Cardiorespiratory and anthropometric assessments were made on 95 randomly selected young college males enrolled in three physical fitness sections and one tennis course, each lasting eight weeks. Laboratory and field measures were utilized to report and evaluate changes in functional fitness and physique variables, including nine selected fat and girth measurements, height and weight, timed vital capacity, Harvard Step Test, grip strength, mile run time, and vertical jump. Analysis of the data yielded the following conclusions: (a) Eight weeks of physical fitness training can produce significant improvements in physique and circulorespiratory characteristics; (b) A skill-oriented tennis class demonstrates no significant physical improvements; (c) Body weight can be increased while body fat is lost; (d) Vital capacity has little value in reflecting levels of physical performance; (e) Specificity of a physical fitness program will influence its outcome.
Sleep disturbances, TBI and PTSD: implications for treatment and recovery

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and sleep problems significantly affect recovery and functional status in military personnel and Veterans returning from combat. Despite recent attention, sleep is understudied in the Veteran population. Few treatments and rehabilitation protocols target sleep, although poor sleep remains at clinical levels and continues to adversely impact functioning even after the resolution of PTSD or mild TBI symptoms. Recent developments in non-pharmacologic sleep treatments have proven efficacious as stand-alone interventions and have potential to improve treatment outcomes by augmenting traditional behavioral and cognitive therapies. This review discusses the extensive scope of work in the area of sleep as it relates to TBI and PTSD, including pathophysiology and neurobiology of sleep; existing and emerging treatment options; as well as methodological issues in sleep measurements for TBI and PTSD. Understanding sleep problems and their role in the development and maintenance of PTSD and TBI symptoms may lead to improvement in overall treatment outcomes while offering a non-stigmatizing entry in mental health services and make current treatments more comprehensive by helping to address a broader spectrum of difficulties.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication in Simian Virus 40-Infected Cells III. Comparison of Simian Virus 40 Lytic Infection in Three Different Monkey Kidney Cell Lines

A comparative study of simian virus 40 (SV40) lytic infection in three different monkey cell lines is described. The results demonstrate that viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and infectious virus production begin some 10 to 20 hr earlier in CV-1 cells and primary African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells than in BSC-1 cells. Induction of cellular DNA synthesis by SV40 was observed in CV-1 and AGMK cells but not with BSC-1 cells. Excision of large molecular weight cellular DNA to smaller fragments was easily detectable late in infection of AGMK cells. Little or no excision was observed at comparable times after infection of CV-1 and BSC-1 cells. The different kinds of responses of these three monkey cell lines during SV40 lytic infection suggest the involvement of cellular functions in the virus-directed induction of cellular DNA synthesis and the excision of this DNA from the genome.
The aluteal cycle: A severe form of the luteal phase defect☆

Abstract Ten patients with the syndrome of regular menstrual cycles and extremely deficient or absent luteal function have been investigated. Fifty-nine of 98 cycles studied showed no evidence of luteal function. The remaining 39 cycles were characterized by severe luteal dysfunction. Occult miscarriages were occasionally documented. Improvement of ovarian steroidogenesis was attempted using exogenous gonadotropins and clomiphene citrate. Substitution for ovarian steroidogenesis was attempted with progesterone, vaginal suppositories, or intramuscular injections. Progesterone proved to be the most successful therapeutic approach, as judged by the induction of successful pregnancy. In view of this fact, the term “aluteal” is suggested instead of “anovulatory” to describe a menstrual cycle of 25 to 30 days in length associated with a monophasic basal body temperature chart and a nonsecretory endometrial pattern on the first day of bleeding. Possible etiologies of this clinical picture are discussed.
From specifications to programs: Induction in the service of synthesis

The deductive synthesis of programs from formal specifications can be aided by various forms of induction: Summative, or complete, induction is the deductive technique of reasoning by cases and plays an important role in creating conditionals. Recursive, or mathematical, induction is a deductive technique for reasoning about an infinite number of cases; it is used in the creation of loops, and is often necessary for establishing properties of data types. Eduction, or analogical reasoning, helps reduce the amount of work needed to generate a program, when similar programs already exist. Ampliative, or incomplete, induction is the process by which one generalizes from a finite number of instances; it can help the synthesizer guess what statement is needed and to verify the correctness of suggestions.
Model Selection Testing for Diffusion Processes with Applications to Interest Rate and Exchange Rate Models

A model selection test for non-nested misspecified diffusion models is developed by using a criterion based on the Kullback-Leibler information criterion in a new asymptotic framework that accounts for the relative significance of diffusion functions for high frequency data. The test examines the hypothesis that two competing models are equivalent in the criterion. Our approach differentiates the roles of diffusion and drift functions and shows the equivalence of models must be understood differently depending on the sampling frequencies; it is of primary importance for a model to have a diffusion function close to the true diffusion function for superiority when the sampling frequency is high, and we compare drift functions if the models can not be distinguished by the diffusion functions. As the sampling frequencies become higher, the diffusion functions are more important, and the informative signal for ranking the drift functions is weaker. The drift functions are useful only when we sample data for long enough. Our new asymptotics deals with the different rates of information in the diffusion and drift functions by considering both the sampling interval Δ and the sampling span T, and we show the sampling span must increase at a relative speed faster than Δ⁻² (or Δ²T→∞) to ensure sufficient information to be collected for distinguishing two models by their drift functions. The limiting distribution of the test statistic is normal, and we compare different asymptotic approximations to the sampling distribution of the test statistic using the sub-sampling, and the nonparametric block bootstrap methods, as well as the standard normal approximation for the test statistics standardized by the heteroskedasticity auto-correlation consistent variance estimators. We apply our test to the model selection problems for spot interest rate models and exchange rate models. We find that many popular models are observationally equivalent.
Statistical considerations for some studies of over-the-counter drugs

In this article, the label comprehension and actual use studies that may be required for an over-the-counter new drug regulatory submission are introduced. Design for these studies and statistical issues are described. Because confidence interval is a tool that plays a central role in these studies, information needed and appropriate sample size estimation approaches are discussed. Carefully designed and analyzed studies would enhance their success rate and provide more useful information from the studies.
In vivo imaging of porcine gastric enteric nervous system using confocal laser endomicroscopy &molecular neuronal probe.

Background and aim The gastric enteric nervous system (GENS) is organized into the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus that regulate muscle activity and mucosal functions, respectively. A non-invasive, in vivo visualization of GENS was not possible until recent introduction of needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE). Our aim was to determine the feasibility of in vivo visualization of GENS in the porcine stomach using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided nCLE and local injection of molecular neuronal probe NeuroTrace. Methods In anesthetized pigs during endoscopy, NeuroTrace was injected into the submucosa and muscularis propria of distal, and proximal stomach under EUS guidance and nCLE imaging was performed using the Cellvizio AQ Flex probe. After euthanasia, transmural gastric specimens from the areas of NeuroTrace injection were obtained for histology. We performed quantitative analysis of nCLE images recorded during in vivo studies: histologic evaluation of unstained specimens under fluorescence microscope for NeuroTrace localization. We also performed immunostaining of these specimens for nerve growth factor (NGF). In in vitro studies, we examined the uptake of NeuroTrace by glial cells. Results The nCLE imaging successfully visualized neuronal cells and nerve fibers in distinctive image patterns. Fluorescence microscopy of mucosal sections showed that in vivo-injected NeuroTrace was retained in GENS components. NGF was strongly expressed in neural and glial cells, and the pattern of NGF staining was similar to that of NeuroTrace staining. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that combined use of EUS-guided nCLE and NeuroTrace is capable to visualize GENS.
Homogenous Agendas, Disparate Frames: CNN and CNN International Coverage Online

Although CNN and CNN International represent just a fraction of global news coverage, the networks are widely viewed, crucial agenda-setting agents the world over. This study found that the online versions of these 2 networks were remarkably consistent in telling audiences in America and abroad what to think about. However, American and non-American online audiences received disparate amounts of coverage and were cued how to think about issues in unique ways. These findings and the high level of news homogenization in this content analysis are evidence of the influence that American news values have in global media culture.
The effects of the pineal gland on light-induced retinal photoreceptor damage.

Abstract Light-induced retinal photoreceptor degeneration was compared in pinealectomized and sham-pinealectomized rats at 40, 50 and 60 days of age. There was no significant difference in retinal damage between pinealectomized and sham-pinealectomized rats when they were subjected to light treatment at 40 or 50 days. However, 60-day-old pinealectomized rats showed less photoreceptor damage than did 60-day-old intact sham-pinealectomized rats when both groups were exposed to light treatment. The results suggest that the pineal gland plays a role in retinal metabolism. An hypothesis to explain the results is discussed; the effects of the pineal gland on the susceptibility of the retinal to photic damage is speculated to be endocrine in nature.
Finite Dimensional Simple Algebras That Do Not Admit a Lattice Order

Abstract Let F be a subfield of the totally ordered field ℝ of real numbers, and let M n (F) (n ≥ 2) be the n × n matrix algebra over F. We show that if A is a proper F-subalgebra of M n (F) which is irreducible in M n (ℝ), then A cannot be lattice- ordered as a lattice-ordered F-algebra. In particular, the matrix algebras of complex numbers and quaternions over F cannot be lattice-ordered.
Image-based evaluation of the molecular events underlying HC11 mammary epithelial cell differentiation

We have developed an image-based technique for signal pathway analysis, target validation, and compound screening related to mammary epithelial cell differentiation. This technique used the advantages of optical imaging and the HC11-Lux model system. The HC11-Lux cell line is a subclone of HC11 mammary epithelial cells transfected stably with a luciferase construct of the beta-casein gene promoter (p-344/-1betac-Lux). The promoter activity was imaged optically in real time following lactogenic induction. The imaging signal intensity was closely correlated with that measured using a luminometer following protein extraction (R=0.99, P<0.0001) and consistent with the messenger RNA (mRNA) level of the endogenous beta -casein gene. Using this technique, we examined the roles of JAK2/Stat5A, Raf-1/MEK/MAKP, and PI3K/Akt signal pathways with respect to differentiation. The imaging studies showed that treatment of the cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF), AG490 (JAK2-specific inhibitor), and LY294002 (PI3K-specific inhibitor) blocked lactogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. PD98059 (MEK-specific inhibitor) could reverse EGF-mediated differentiation arrest. These results indicate that these pathways are essential in cell differentiation. This simple, sensitive, and reproducible technique permits visualization and real-time evaluation of the molecular events related to milk protein production. It can be adopted for high-throughput screening of small molecules for their effects on mammary epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis.
Blacks as ‘Serviceable Other’

The American experience teaches us that integration is not just mere proximity, but an active process based on joint participation and mutual acceptance. It is only in the creation of a common superordinate structure shared with the majority that minority groups can aspire to be associated with the dominant culture. Ironically, America has become most successful in allowing various immigrant groups to become part of its mainstream by abandoning the idea of blind assimilation. This paper analyzes the integration of voluntary immigrants who, while maintaining their cultural distinctiveness, have come to share the American dream'. It is however in their social representations of Blacks, defined negatively as the other, that they have reduced their social distance to the dominant Anglo-culture and facilitated their inclusion. By reconstructing their own cultural distinctiveness, like other groups, in juxtapositin to America, some Blacks have transformed themselves into African Americans to achieve the same level of integration.
The University of Chicago Measurement in Space of Cosmic Rays at Energies above 0.5 MEV

The three-fold coincidence telescope is a compact, flexible instrument providing cosmic-ray measurements related to the charged-particle flux at a well-defined low-energy cutoff. The output to the space-crafts data-handling system may be in either analog or digital form. The experimental results to date have provided useful information of the space environment at distances from 200 miles to some 22 million miles from Earth.
Kinetics of solute atom drift to dislocation dipoles

Abstract The time dependence of solute drift to an edge dislocation dipole is calculated for a dislocation-solute atom interaction characterized by the first-order size effect. It is found that the rate of solute arrival to dislocations at constant temperature is proportional to the square root of the recovery time, t, in contrast to the t 2 3 behavior characteristic of single straight edge dislocations as sinks. This effect can be a significant influence on solute segregation to extended dislocations, since an extended screw dislocation has a first order size effect interaction with a solute atom which is of the same form as the dipole considered. Thus t 1 2 kinetics are characteristic of solute drift to extended screw dislocations as well.
Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, methyl mercury and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers of fish consumption

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, methyl mercury and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers of fish consumption
Magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium. II - General integrals of the equations with one ignorable coordinate

The steady equations of hydromagnetics for the isentropic or nonisentropic flow of an inviscid magnetofluid of high electrical conductivity, with one ignorable coordinate in a general orthogonal system, are treated. Several integrals of the equations are established thereafter reducing them to a scalar, quasi-linear, second order, partial differential equation for the magnetic potential. Simple solutions of this final equation are presented. The result, together with a similar treatment of helically symmetric hydromagnetic flows presented in a subsequent paper, allows a unified and systematic approach to the solution of problems involving steady hydromagnetic fields with a topological invariance in various curvilinear coordinates.
A New Method of directly measuring the Galactic Magnetic Field

WITH the announcement of the existence of polarization in the Crab Nebula at a wave-length of 21 cm1, a new method of determining the galactic magnetic field becomes available—the measurement of the Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization due to the presence of anomalous dispersion in the neighbourhood of the 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen. This may be calculated as follows: