cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enumeration of Bacteriophages and Host Bacteria in Sewage and the Activated-Sludge Treatment Process

Bacteriophage populations in an activated-sludge sewage treatment plant were enumerated. A newly developed assay for quantitation of total phages, employing direct electron microscopic counts, was used in conjunction with the plaque assay. The total concentration of phages was significantly higher in reactor mixed liquor and effluent than in influent sewage, indicating a net production of phages within the reactor. Maximum total phage concentrations in the fluid phase of sewage, activated-sludge mixed liquor, and reactor effluent were 2.2 × 107, 9.5 × 107, and 8.4 × 107/ml, respectively. Conditions were optimized for isolation of predominant heterotrophic aerobic bacteria from sewage and mixed liquor. Blending at ice water temperatures was superior to ultrasound or enzyme treatments for maximum release of viable bacteria from microbial floc. A solidified extract of mixed liquor was superior to standard media for cultivating maximum numbers of heterotrophic bacteria. The highest culture counts for sewage and mixed liquor were 1.4 × 107 and 1.3 × 109/ml, respectively, which represented only 3 and 6.8% of the total microscopic cell counts. Only 3 out of 48 dominant bacterial isolates from either mixed liquor or sewage were hosts for phages present in the system. The sum of phage populations infecting these three hosts accounted for, at best, 3.8% (sewage) and 0.2% (mixed liquor) of the total number of phages present. Generally, specific phage titers were lower in mixed liquor than in sewage, indicating that these hosts were not responsible for the net production of phages in the reactor. This study emphasizes the limitations of the plaque assay for ecological studies of phages, and it suggests that bacteria responsible for phage production in activated-sludge mixed liquor are either minor components of the heterotrophic population, floc-producing strains, or members of other physiological groups.
Aspen structure and variability in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA

Elk, fire and climate have influenced aspen populations in the Rocky Mountains, but mostly subjective studies have characterized these factors. A broad-scale perspective may shed new light on the status of aspen in the region. We collected field measurements of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) patches encountered within 36 randomly located belt transects in 340 km2 of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, to quantify the aspen population. Aspen covered 5.6% of the area in the transects, much more than expected based on previously collected remotely sensed data. The distribution and structure of aspen patches were highly heterogeneous throughout the study area. Of the 123 aspen patches encountered in the 238 ha surveyed, all but one showed signs of elk browsing or had conifer species mixed with the aspen stems. No significant difference occurred in aspen basal area, density, regeneration, browsing of regeneration and patch size, between areas of concentrated elk use (elk winter range) and areas of dispersed elk use (elk summer range). Two-thirds of the aspen patches were mixed with conifer species. We concluded that the population of aspen in our study area is highly variable in structure and that, at a landscape-scale, evidence of elk browsing is widespread but evidence of aspen decline is not.
A pulse coded winner-take-all circuit

This paper presents a pulse-coded winner-take-all (PWTA) network which employs a unique combination of presynaptic and lateral inhibition that can be efficiently implemented in VLSI. The manner in which the network not only selects the winner but also indicates the weight of the decision made is unique among established winner-take-all networks. A combination of all-or-nothing and graded responses is encoded as a variable rate pulse train appearing only at the output of the winning unit. The mechanism used is closely related to the presynaptic inhibition approach introduced [Yuille 1988] with the exception that it is self-resetting and has properties which make it well suited for electronic realizations using asynchronous pulse-coded circuitry. >
Prediction and verification of NF-kappab targets in the porcine MHC through the use of sequence similarity and pathway inhibition

With the advent of high throughput technologies for both the sequencing of genomic DNA and the measure of the expression of RNA a tremendous amount of information has been generated and deposited into public databases. This large amount of data has led to the better understanding of how a genome is organized, the number of regions encoding information for transcripts, as well as how the amount of these transcripts change due to various perturbations a cell or organism encounters, whether it be an outside stimuli, such as bacteria or viruses, or internal, such as a mutation within the genome. Some species, such as the human and mouse, have had a significant amount of sequencing completed, leading to excellent reference genome sequences, as well as these sequences being well understood at the function and structure level, termed gene annotation. However, for most vertebrate species, their genomes are in various states of completion; from being nearly completed with partial annotation, like the pig, to having only portions of their genomes completed, such as Alatina moseri, a species of Hawaiian jellyfish. For these species the amount of direct annotation is greatly lacking compared to that of other species, such as human and mouse. When annotation is lacking for one species, it is possible to leverage the information already obtained for closely related but better-studied species by comparing sequences across species and identifying similar regions between them, allowing the annotations of these regions to be inferred across species. Once a species has sufficient sequence annotation, high throughput expression data, such as that from microarrays, can be better understood. One area of research that is under development, which can utilize high throughput expression measures, is understanding how a set of transcripts changing together in response to perturbations in the environment is
General motors/OPEL Fuel cell activities — driving towards a successful future

General Motors (GM) is the world's largest automobile maker. Over the years, GM has supported fuel cell activities as an alternative propulsion system to the internal combustion engine. In 1966, GM demonstrated the first driveable fuel cell vehicle. Since then, with continuous research and development and system optimization, various successful fuel cell systems have been demonstrated. GM has progressively made improvements with increases in power densities in both their fuel cell stacks and fuel cell processors, as well as a focus in understanding and developing systems. To aggressively drive fuel cell applications to commercialization, GM has partnered with a conglomerate of companies, each bringing its unique contribution to the commercialization plan. Maintaining several options and understanding both the near-term and long-term needs of the market, GM is pursuing hydrogen-fueled and gasoline-reformate-fueled fuel cell systems in both the automotive and nonautomotive application markets. Keywords: automotive; applications; proton exchange membrane fuel cell
Pulmonary Interstitial Spaces and Lymphatics

The sections in this article are: 1 Structure and Composition of Pulmonary Interstitium 1.1 Pulmonary Interstitial Connective Tissues 1.2 Physicochemical Properties of Interstitial Matrix 1.3 Vascular and Extravascular Fluid Compartments in the Lung 1.4 Effect of Increased Hydration on Tissue Fluid Compartments 2 Starling Forces and Lymph Flow 2.1 Theoretical Considerations 2.2 Endothelial Pathways 2.3 Filtration Coefficient 2.4 Capillary Pressure 2.5 Tissue Fluid Pressure 2.6 Estimation of Intra-Alveolar Fluid Pressure by Analysis of Structure 2.7 Interstitial Compliance 2.8 Interstitial Fluid Pressure Gradients 2.9 Colloid Osmotic Pressure Gradient 2.10 Lymph Flow 2.11 Analyses of Force Changes During Formation of Alveolar Edema: Edema Safety Factor 3 Abnormal Capillary Permeability to Plasma Proteins (Leaky Lung Syndromes) 3.1 α-Naphthylthiourea 3.2 Hydrochloric Acid Aspiration 3.3 Hemorrhagic Shock 3.4 Septic Shock 3.5 Histamine 3.6 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema 3.7 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema 3.8 Microemboli Vascular Damage 3.9 Oxygen Toxicity 3.10 Other Compounds 3.11 Possible Mechanisms: Superoxide System 4 Sequence and Pathways for Pulmonary Edema Formation 5 Conclusions
Lessons from Erikson

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine issues related to autonomy across the life span and to draw comparisons between a young child's search for autonomy and an older adult's efforts to maintain autonomy. The paper includes an introduction of the challenges for young children and older adults as related to autonomy. A definition of autonomy and an explanation of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are included. Each of Erikson's stages is reviewed with consideration given to traits, characteristics, and needs of the young child and older adult. Similarities and differences between young children and older adults in their search for autonomy are examined. The paper concludes with implications for caregivers regarding their practices with young children and older adults.
Colorectal polyp segmentation based on geodesic active contours with a shape-prior model

Automated polyp segmentation is important both in measuring polyp size and in improving polyp detection performance in CTC. We present a polyp segmentation method that is based on the combination of geodesic active contours and a shape-prior model of polyps. To train the shape model, polyps identified by radiologists are grouped by morphologic characteristics. Each group of polyps is used for building a shape-prior model. Then the geodesic active contours method is employed to segment polyps constrained by this shape-prior model. This method can reliably segment polyp boundaries even where the image contrast is not sufficient to define a boundary between a polyp and its surrounding colon tissue. As a pilot study, we developed one polyp shape-prior model for sessile polyps that are located on a relatively flat colon wall. We use the model to segment similar polyps, and the results are evaluated visually.
A statistical machine learning approach for ticket mining in IT service delivery

Ticketing is a fundamental management process of IT service delivery. Customers typically express their requests in the form of tickets related to problems or configuration changes of existing systems. Tickets contain a wealth of information which, when connected with other sources of information such as asset and configuration information, monitoring information, can yield new insights that would otherwise be impossible to gain from one isolated source. Linking these various sources of information requires a common key shared by these data sources. The key is the server names. Unfortunately, due to historical as well as practical reasons, the server names are not always present in the tickets as a standalone field. Rather, they are embedded in unstructured text fields such as abstract and descriptions. Thus, automatically identifying server names in tickets is a crucial step in linking various information sources. In this paper, we present a statistical machine learning method called Conditional Random Field (CRF) that can automatically identify server names in tickets with high accuracy and robustness. We then illustrate how such linkages can be leveraged to create new business insights.
New Commutative Semifields and Their Nuclei

Commutative semifields in odd characteristic can be equivalently described by planar functions (also known as PN functions). We describe a method to construct a semifield which is canonically associated to a planar function and use it to derive information on the nuclei directly from the planar function. This is used to determine the nuclei of families of new commutative semifields of dimensions 9 and 12 in arbitrary odd characteristic.
Novel smart antennas for applying SDMA to cellular mobile communication systems

The popularization of mobile communication has necessitated efficient use of the radio spectrum. Space-division-multiple-access (SDMA), which enables several users to use the same communication channel simultaneously by forming individual radiation patterns for the users, is an attractive candidate to reuse the frequency spectrum efficiently. However, there still remain problems for applying SDMA to actual cellular systems. These problems are summarized. Then, as solutions to overcome the problems, a new smart antenna configuration comprising sub-arrays and utilizing a space time coding (STC) technique, and a new smart antenna system utilizing space and polarization control are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed antennas is presented.
Learning probabilities for noisy first-order rules

First-order logic is the traditional basis for knowledge representation languages. However, its applicability to many real-world tasks is limited by its inability to represent uncertainty. Bayesian belief networks, on the other hand, are inadequate for complex KR tasks due to the limited expressivity of the underlying (prepositional) language. The need to incorporate uncertainty into an expressive language has led to a resurgence of work on first-order probabilistic Logic. This paper addresses one of the main objections to the incorporation of probabilities into the language: "Where do the numbers come from?" We present an approach that takes a knowledge base in an expressive rule-based first-order language, and leams the probabilistic parameters associated with those rules from data cases. Our approach, which is based on algorithms for learning in traditional Bayesian networks, can handle data cases where many of the relevant aspects of the situation are unobserved. It is also capable of utilizing a rich variety of data cases, including instances with varying causal structure, and even involving a varying number of individuals. These features allow the approach to be used for a wide range of tasks, such as learning genetic propagation models or learning first-order STRIPS planning operators with uncertain effects.
Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees

Over the last two decades institutional critics have increasingly charged that moneyed interests dominate the legislative process in Congress. Systematic research on campaign contributions and members' floor voting, however, provides little supporting evidence. We develop a view of the member-donor relationship that questions the theoretical underpinnings of the vote-buying hypothesis itself and suggests two alternative claims: (1) the effects of group expenditures are more likely to appear in committee than on the floor; and (2) the behavior most likely to be affected is members' legislative involvement, not their votes. In order to test this account, we specify a model of committee participation and estimate it using data from three House committees. In contrast to the substantial literature on contributions and roll calls, our analysis provides solid support for the importance of moneyed interests in the legislative process. We also find evidence that members are more responsive to organized business interests within their districts than to unorganized voters even when voters have strong preferences and the issue at stake is salient. Such findings suggest several important implications for our understanding of political money, interest groups, and the representativeness of legislative deliberations.
Noninvasive assessment of cardiomyopathy in normotensive diabetic patients between 20 and 50 years old.

Purpose To further the understanding of diabetic heart disease, we tested the hypothesis that an asymptomatic group of normotensive diabetic patients between 20 and 50 years old had a restrictive cardiomyopathy independent of clinically significant coronary artery disease. Patients and Methods Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography and stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy were performed to detect and characterize the cardiac abnormalities in this study group comprising 88 patients with rigorously classified diabetes and 65 volunteer control subjects. Results Diabetic patients were shown to have a mildly reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume index: 50.1 ± 8.2 and 52.1 ± 14.7 mL/m 2 for patients with type I and type II diabetes, respectively, versus 58.9 ± 11.7 mL/m 2 for control subjects. The left ventricular diastolic filling was also impaired in diabetic patients as reflected by a lower atrial emptying index: 0.73 ± 0.24 and 0.76 ± 0.3 for type I and type II diabetics, respectively, compared with 1.14 ± 0.24 for control subjects. Exercise tolerance was normal in subjects with type I diabetes and slightly reduced in subjects with type II diabetes. Only one patient developed regional ischemia on thallium exercise testing. Conclusions Using a comprehensive, noninvasive approach, we have shown that asymptomatic normotensive patients with type I or type II diabetes who were between 20 and 50 years old had a restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by mildly reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume and altered left ventricular compliance independent of critical coronary artery disease.
Regulating and negotiating linguistic diversity: top-down and bottom-up language planning in the Moroccan city

This study examines language planning as displayed in street names, advertising posters, billboards, and supermarket product displays in three Moroccan cities: Casablanca, Fes, and Rabat. The study reveals somewhat confusing language planning stemming from on-going political, economic, and social transformation in Morocco. More than 50 years after the end of colonization (1912–1956), street names inherited from the French colonial past are still being replaced with those intended to honor Moroccans and their culture. Other visual displays, such as billboards and supermarket product packaging, reflect a less formal language-planning approach due to Morocco's complex sociolinguistic and colonial past. The country struggles to balance the strong position of French – the language of the colonizer – against an arabization policy that aimed to restore prestige to Arabic at the end of the French occupation, and with the 2011 language policy that promoted Berber to the status of second official language, after Ar...
Nucleus accumbens lesions reduce amphetamine hyperthermia but not hyperactivity

Electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens were found to produce an increase in spontaneous locomotion; additionally, these lesions attenuated the hyperthermic, but not the hyperkinetic, actions of d-amphetamine. These results suggest that while dopamine release from the mesolimbic system may underlie amphetamine-induced hyperthermia, other structures must also be involved in amphetamine-induced hypermotility.
Octreoscan Versus FDG-PET for Neuroendocrine Tumor Staging: A Biological Approach

Clinicians may order Octreoscan or positron emission tomography (PET) scan for staging patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). 111In-Octreoscan (Octreoscan) identifies tumors by radiolabeled targeting of somatostatin receptors, while 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) measures differential tissue glucose transport. We assessed the sensitivity of both nuclear imaging modalities with pathologic correlation to define the best initial choice for NET staging after standard cross-sectional imaging. We identified all patients diagnosed with NETs of gastrointestinal or pancreatic origin who underwent nuclear imaging staging by Octreoscan and/or PET from 2000 to 2013. Imaging results were correlated with tumor differentiation and grade of pathology specimens. Imaging and pathology results were identified for 153 patients. Of these, 131 underwent Octreoscan, 43 underwent PET, and 21 patients had both performed. Overall sensitivity of Octreoscan and PET for NET detection was similar (77 vs. 72 %; p = not significant). For well-differentiated NETs, Octreoscan (n = 124) demonstrated sensitivity of 80 vs. 60 % (p = 0.28) for PET (n = 30). For poorly-differentiated NETs, Octreoscan (n = 7) proved significantly less sensitive than PET (n = 13) (57 vs. 100 %; p = 0.02). The sensitivity of Octreoscan versus PET varied similarly when analyzed by WHO tumor grade: Grade 1 (79 vs. 52 %; p = 0.16), Grade 2 (85 vs. 86 %; p = not significant), and Grade 3 (57 vs. 100 %; p = 0.02). Tumor differentiation can be used to guide selection of nuclear imaging modalities for staging gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs. Octreoscan appears more sensitive than 18FDG-PET for well-differentiated NETs, whereas 18FDG-PET demonstrates superior sensitivity for poorly-differentiated NETs.
Calorimetric Method for Determining Efficiencies of Electric machines

AMONG the methods available for determining losses and efficiencies of electric machines, many have been developed to their utmost capabilities. Some measure individual losses separately and with good accuracy,1–10 but many have inherent drawbacks. There still remains the desirability of a satisfactory over-all test which will rate the performance of all sizes of machinery under actual conditions of loading and yet yield highly accurate results. This aim is largely met by the calorimetric method and is justified by its basic character. A simplification of the classical testing technique can be introduced in which the important measurements are all electrical. By this means, accurate measurements of heat values are obviated, and the calorimeter becomes in reality only a comparator for a substitution process. Test results of calorimetric measurements on small induction and d-c motors show excellent agreement with other tests on the same machines. Analysis of the method indicates that it is equally applicable to all classes of machines of any size and that it can be used more generally for over-all loss and efficiency measurements under loaded conditions.
Bilateral traumatic chylothorax

We report the case of a 27-year-old man with bilateral chylothorax. The patient presented with shortness of breath and bilateral pleural effusions three days after a motor vehicle accident. The diagnosis was established when tube thoracostomy revealed chylous drainage. During hospitalization approximately 8 L of chyle were removed. Bilateral chylothorax secondary to blunt trauma has rarely been reported. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and recommended therapy are reviewed.
Foreign bank activity in the United States: An analysis by country of origin

Abstract The presence of foreign banks in the United States has grown dramatically in recent years. In particular, Japanese bank activity has grown rapidly and has raised concern from domestic bankers who have felt competitive pressure. This paper assesses the extent of the foreign bank presence in the United States and indicates its distribution by country of origin. The paper develops a formal model of determinants of the value of foreign bank assets and the number of foreign bank offices in the United States based on the country of origin of the investing banks and tests the model using recently available data from the Federal Reserve System. The empirical results indicate that foreign investment in the U.S., foreign trade with the U.S., and the size of the banking sector in the foreign country are positively correlated with that country's bank presence in the U.S. Less stable countries have greater foreign bank penetration, and geographic distance is somewhat positively correlated with bank presence.
Time course of hormonal independence for developmental events in neurons and other cell types during insect metamorphosis.

The ecdysteroid dependence of developmental events during the larval-pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, was studied using the technique of abdomen ligation to eliminate the ecdysteroid-secreting prothoracic glands (PTG) in the thorax. The time at which a particular developmental event no longer required the presence of the PTG for its successful completion, i.e., when the event became ecdysteroid independent, was determined for the dendritic regression and death of proleg motor neuron PPR, the degeneration of its target muscle PPRM, and the secretion of pupal cuticle by the abdominal epidermis. Groups of abdomens were ligated from synchronously developing larvae at 12-hr intervals over the 4-day period preceding entry into the pupal stage. PPR's dendritic regression became ecdysteroid independent over the first 24 hr of this period. When abdomens were ligated midway through this period PPR became arrested in a partially regressed state. Twelve hours after PPR's regression became independent, the degeneration of PPRM and the secretion of pupal cuticle by the epidermis acquired independence. Another 12 hr elapsed before PPR's programmed death became independent. Thus, different developmental events acquired ecdysteroid independence in a stereotyped temporal sequence, and even different events within a single cell, i.e., PPR's regression and death, became independent at different times.
Working Environments of Hospital Librarians Supportive of Evidence-Based Health Care

ABSTRACT Hospital librarians report that they are supporting evidence-based healthcare in their hospitals and contributions of medical librarians to the EBHC process are recognized in the literature. This article describes the work environment of hospital librarians who participated in a survey on hospital librarians promotion, understanding, and exposure to EBHC.
Theophylline toxicity after the use of aminophylline in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.

We are reporting a case of theophylline toxicity after the initiation of i.v. aminophylline and isoproterenol in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. The dose of aminophylline (125 mg/hour) previously recommended results in a toxic serum theophylline concentration in a majority of patients if the infusion is continued for more than 24 to 48 hours. The rapid achievement of an optimal serum level is obtained with a standard loading dose of 8.0 mg/kg. The initial infusion rate should be based on calculated pharmacokinetic data. Maintenance dosing adjustments are then based on serum determinations and the presence of toxic effects.
Painful lesions in a pancytopenic patient.

Ms. P is a 46year-old female who visited a walk-in clinic with a two-tothree week history of flu-like symptoms that included a fever higher than 38.5 C (102 F), chills, and night sweats. She also was experiencing anorexia and fatigue and reported a 15-pound weight loss. She added that her children had been sick with the flu during this time. She was placed on a seven-day course of antibiotics and told to return to the clinic after completion of the antibiotics. One week later, the symptoms persisted and she developed shortness of breath and increasing fatigue. At the clinic, a chest x-ray and complete blood count were performed. An elevated white blood count (109,000/mm) prompted the physician to immediately refer her to an oncologist in the area. She then was transferred to the medical center with a tentative diagnosis of acute leukemia. During the hospital admission interview, Ms. P denied any significant past medical history other than knee surgery 10 years prior and scarlet fever as a child. Her mother died of lung cancer at age 67, and her father had died of a cerebral vascular accident at age 72. She had no known allergies and was only taking ibuprofen as needed. Noted on physical examination were small erythematous papular lesions on both cheeks, which Ms. P noticed as a “rash” several days earlier. Her tongue was coated with a white film with a blister on its tip, and her gums were swollen (gingival hypertrophy). No other oral or cutaneous lesions were noted. Her admitting laboratory work revealed the folCarol White, RN, MSN, AOCN ®, is an advanced practice nurse in hematology/oncology at Loyola University Medical Center, Foster McGaw Hospital, in Maywood, IL. This article was written in memory of Ms. P, who graciously allowed the publication of these pictures to further educate oncology nurses.
Maturation of thylakoid lumen proteins proceeds post-translationally through an intermediate in vivo.

Abstract Many thylakoid lumen proteins are synthesized outside the chloroplast as larger molecular weight precursors and then processed to their mature size during transport to the lumenal space. We have examined the post-translational processing of thylakoid lumen proteins in vivo by pulse-radiolabeling experiments with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Antibodies against the lumenal protein cytochrome c6 specifically immunoprecipitated three polypeptides from extracts of briefly pulse-radiolabeled cells. The molecular weights and kinetics of synthesis and turnover indicate that these three polypeptides are (i) the full-length cytochrome c6 precursor, (ii) a partially processed precursor (intermediate), and (iii) the completely processed mature protein. Identification of analogous forms of two other lumenal proteins, plastocyanin and the oxygen evolving enhancer 1 protein, indicates that the maturation of thylakoid lumen proteins occurs post-translationally in vivo and that the partially processed intermediate is a general feature of the pathway. The intermediate form of cytochrome c6 accumulated to a greater extent in cells incubated at 10 degrees C, relative to cells incubated at 22 degrees C, concomitantly with a decrease in the accumulation of the mature protein. The intermediate accumulating at 10 degrees C is quantitatively converted to the mature protein upon incubation at higher temperature, thus demonstrating a precursor-product relationship between the intermediate and mature forms of cytochrome c6. Our results prove the model [Smeekens, S., Bauerle, C., Hageman, J., Keegstra, K. & Weisbeek, P. (1986) Cell 46, 365-375] that precursors of lumenal proteins are post-translationally converted to their mature forms in two steps through a distinct intermediate.
Testable embedded system firmware development: the out-in methodology

Abstract Reliability is of paramount importance to just about any embedded system firmware. This paper presents the out–in methodology (OIM), a new reliability-driven approach to developing such a system, which is intended to detect static and, more importantly, dynamic errors much faster than the usual firmware development methods. In this approach, the core functionality is developed together with an interface software that is used specifically for testing the core functionality. This paper describes the use of this approach in a real life situation and discusses the benefits, potential pitfalls, and other possible application areas.
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Aqueous Solutions of an Anionic Surfactant

Saturated nucleate pool boiling of aqueous surfactant solutions on a horizontal cylindrical heater has been experimentally investigated. Sodium dodecyl or lauryl sulfate (SDS or SLS), an anionic surfactant, is employed. Boiling performance, relative to that for pure water, is found to be enhanced significantly by the presence of SDS, with an early onset of nucleate boiling. An optimum level of enhancement is observed in solutions at or near critical micelle concentration of the surfactant; the enhancement, however, decreases considerably in higher concentration solutions. The dynamic surface tension measurements indicate a substantial influence of temperature on the overall adsorption isotherm. The diffusion kinetics of surfactant molecules and micelles is, therefore, expected to be quite different at boiling temperature than at room temperature. This greatly modifies the boiling mechanism that is generally characterized by the formation of smaller-size bubbles with increased departure frequencies, and a decreased tendency to coalesce which causes considerable foaming.
X-inner automorphisms of enveloping rings

Abstract In this paper, we determine the X-inner automorphisms of the smash product R # U(L) of a prime ring R by the universal enveloping algebra U(L) of a characteristic 0 Lie algebra L. Specifically, we show that any such automorphism σ stabilizing R can be written as a product σ = σ1σ2, where σ1 is induced by conjugation by a unit of Q3(R), the symmetric Martindale ring of quotients of R, and σ2 is induced by conjugation by a unit of Q3(T). Here S = Ql(R) is the left Martindale ring of quotients of R and T is the centralizer of S in S # U(L) ⊃- R # U(L). One of the subtleties of the proof is that we must work in several unrelated overrings of R # U(L).
Membrane tectonics and the East African Rift

Abstract It is proposed that the East African Rift System is a propagating fracture system caused by membrane stresses in the lithosphere. The membrane stresses are due to the northward movement of the African plate on a non-spherical earth. The theory predicts that the interior of the African plate should be in tension and that the membrane stresses within it should be sufficient to fracture the lithosphere. The location of the rift system within the plate and the magnitude of the crustal extension observed along the rift are both consistent with such a hypothesis. The southward migration of the onset of rift volcanism with time is expected as the continent continues to change latitude and the tension fracture propagates southward. Once initiated volcanism along such fracture continues as long as the lithosphere stays in tension.
Behavior of Tension Splices for Reinforcing Bars Embedded in High-Strength Concrete:

Safety concerns and a lack of test data on bond capacity of deformed reinforcing bars embedded in high-strength concrete (HSC) have been reasons that the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 building code has imposed an arbitrary limitation of 69 MPa (10,000 psi) in the calculation of tension development and splice lengths. This limitation was first introduced in the 1989 revision of the ACI 318 building code. In an attempt to evaluate the impact of this limitation and develop provisions for its removal, a two-phase investigation was carried out at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. During both phases of the investigation, 70 beam splices were tested. The parameters studied included diameter, length, and deformation type of the reinforcing bars; amount of transverse reinforcement over the splice length; casting position; and concrete compressive strength. Results of the investigation are used to discuss the differences that exist between normal concrete and HSC, develop hypotheses to explain these obser...
Surface analysis and depth profile composition of bacterial cells by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and oxygen plasma etching

Summary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the outermost (2–5 nm) surface of bacterial cells. Elemental analysis of the cell surfaces in Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus megaterium KM gave a strong P signal attributed to teichoic acids. Teichoic acid-less Microccus lysodeikticus ha a very weak P signal. Oxygen plasma etching (OPE) combined with XPS and electron microscopy was used to obtain depth profiles of the cell surfaces. Distribution of P (teichoic acid) throughout the cell wall of the two Bacillus species was demonstrated. Separated of the two membranes in Escherichia coli B by their P signal was however not achieved. Na, the common surface cation, was replaced by K upon surface etching. Atomic ratios (C:O:N) of the surface biopolymers essentially agreed with known surface composition.
Determination of the effect of moisture on gliadin glass transition using mechanical spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry

Gliadin showed a glass to rubber transition typical of an amorphous polymer. Mechanical spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the moisture range of 6.2–27.2% (wet basis, wb) and bone dry to 16.6% (wb), respectively. The Tg obtained with both of these techniques could be superimposed. The Tg could be successfully predicted using the Gordon-Taylor equation.
Clinical Reasoning of a Novice versus an Experienced Occupational Therapist: A Qualitative Study

The clinical reasoning process is an important aspect of occupational therapy practice. The purpose of this critical, focused ethnography was to compare the clinical reasoning process of an experienced and novice therapist. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with an experienced and a novice therapist after each had reviewed a sample case study to help elicit the clinical reasoning process. Observations in the clinical setting were conducted. Themes which emerged include definitions of clinical reasoning, sources used when reasoning, factors influencing clinical reasoning, ability to prioritize, patient viewed as an individual, patients' role in treatment, and clinical reasoning as an evolving process. Similarities and differences between the therapists are noted and discussed. Implications for practice, education, and future research are identified.
Dimers that Contain Unbridged W(IV)/W(IV) Double Bonds

Compounds that contain an unbridged WW bond can be prepared through bimolecular decomposition of various imido alkylidene complexes. One type of WW species is [W(NR)(CH2-t-Bu)(OR‘)]2 (R = 2,6-dimethylphenyl (Ar‘) or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Ar); R‘ = pentafluorophenyl or hexafluoroisopropyl), which is found in both heterochiral and homochiral forms. The other type is [W(NR)(OR‘)2]2 (R‘ = trifluoro-tert-butyl or hexafluoro-tert-butyl). All species contain an unbridged W(IV)/W(IV) double bond with a WW bond distance of 2.4−2.5 A, a 90° angle between the imido ligands and the WW bond, and an anti relationship of the imido ligands. There is no indication that WW bonds are broken spontaneously; for example, heterochiral and homochiral [W(NR)(CH2-t-Bu)(OR‘)]2 species do not interconvert.
Worst case propagated uncertainty of multidisciplinary systems in robust design optimization

While simulation based design tools continue to be advanced at unprecedented rates, little attention has been paid to how these tools interact with other advanced design tools and how that interaction influences the multidisciplinary system analysis and design processes. In this research an investigation of how uncertainty propagates through a multidisciplinary system analysis subject to the bias errors associated with the disciplinary design tools and the precision errors in the inputs is undertaken. A rigorous derivation for estimating the worst case propagated uncertainty in multidisciplinary systems is developed and validated using Monte Carlo simulation in application to a small analytic problem and an Autonomous HoverCraft (AHC) problem. The method of worst case estimation of uncertainty is then integrated into a robust optimization framework. In robust optimization, both the objective function and the constraints consist of two parts, the original or conventional functions and an estimate of the variation of the functions. In robust optimization the engineer must trade off an increase in the objective function value for a decrease in variation. The robust optimization approach is tested in application to the AHC problem and the corresponding results are discussed.
Legal pitfalls of downsizing

Abstract This article analyzes 120 federal appellate court opinions filed between 1990 and June 30,1994 in which a plaintiff alleged that age discrimination motivated his or her termination during a reduction in force. Employers prevailed in 63 percent of these cases, either through a pretrial summary judgment award or on the merits. The impact of two recent U.S. Supreme Court opinions on the outcomes of these cases, the plaintiff's limited right to a jury, and the courts' analysis of employers' justifications for terminating plaintiffs are discussed. The article also reviews judicial response to the use of arbitration clauses in employment contracts that preclude litigation of discrimination claims.
Ecological sensitivity of Australian rainforests to selective logging

Horne and Hickey (1991) reported results from Preston and Vanclay (1988) indicating that timber yields decline with repeated harvesting. Whilst these cutting cycle analysis reported smaller yields for the second and third cycles than in the initial cycle, it is important to understand that this "short-cut" method for estimating future harvests offers an biased approximation. Further studies show that sustainable timber harvests from rainforests are possible.
The reaction of epoxides with yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Summary Yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to react irreversibly with several epoxides. The reactivity, relative to model thiols, follows the order: glycidol phosphate > glycidol > propylene oxide. The substituent effect on the C-3 carbon parallels the effect of substituents on the reactivity of aldehyde substrates. Four sulfhydryl residues in the tetramer must be modified by the epoxides to completely inactivate the enzyme. Since glycidol phosphate does not show saturation kinetics most of the binding energy of the phosphate moiety is utilized to induce a conformation change which makes the subunit more reactive toward the epoxide. This conformation change is not transmitted across intersubunit domains.
Effects of Ischemia and Severe Hypoxia on Arachidonic Acid Uptake by Rat Brain Membranes

In the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and CoA for activation of fatty acids to their acyl-CoA, arachidonic acid uptake by phosphatidylinositols of a crude synaptosomal fraction from ischemic and severe hypoxic rat brain was decreased compared to controls. Arachidonic acid uptake by other phospholipids was also decreased in ischemic, but not in hypoxic, synaptosomes. Washing the synaptosomes with bovine serum albumin markedly enhanced arachidonic acid incorporation into phosphatidylinositols, but not into phosphatidylcholine, as previously reported (Strosznajder et al., 1983). However, the BSA‡-washing did not completely restore the acylation activity of the ischemia or hypoxia samples to that of controls. Both conditions are known to elicit a marked rise in the free fatty acid pool in brain. The results suggest that reacylation of fatty acids into brain membrane phospholipids (especially phosphatidylinositol) is hampered during ischemia and hypoxia. Consequently, inhibition of arachidonic acid uptake by membrane phospholipids is at least partially responsible for the accumulation of the free fatty acids in brain caused by the hypoxic and ischemic treatment.
Cumulative illness rating scale.

Abstract: A Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, designed to meet the need for a brief, comprehensive and reliable instrument for assessing physical impairment, has been developed and tested. The scale format provides for 13 relatively independent areas grouped under body systems. Ratings are made on a 5-point “degree of severity” scale, ranging from “none” to “extremely severe.” Findings, in terms of reliability and validity, reflect statistical significance at the P < .01 level. As a rapid assessment technique which is objective and easily quantified, the scale is well suited to a variety of research uses.
Nonlinear approximation using rapidly increasing functions

Fix a positive integern and σ>0. ForF continuous and positive on [0, ∞), we consider the spaceW(n, σ; F) of functions of the form σF(αjx) Pj(x) where there arem(≤n) terms in the sum; thePj's are polynomials of total degree not exceedingn — m; and 0≤αj≤αj+1-α, j=1, 2,⋯, m-1. Under certain conditions onF (primarily that it increase rapidly enough to ∞ asx goes to ∞),W(n, σ; F) is an existence space forC[0,1].
Feed intake and digestion in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): Consequences for dietary management

Captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) often consume diets high in prey and meat items even though they are omnivorous in the wild. These soft, high protein diets may exacerbate conditions of gingivitis and cystinuria in this species. Feed intakes were monitored in wolves provided with prey and meat-based diets (3 periods) and subsequently with extruded dog chows and small amounts of prey (2 periods). Digestibilities of each type of diet were measured with the indigestible marker chromic oxide. Dry matter intakes were similar between diets (374–584 g · 30 kg−1 · d−1), even though dietary protein content was reduced from 44% to 29% of dry matter. Digestibility of dry matter was unaltered by these dietary changes (77% of high prey diet vs. 73% of chow diet), but fecal consistency changed to softer stools at lower intakes of prey. Estimated metabolizable energy intakes of wolves (501–674 kJ · kg−0.75 · d−1) were similar to the maintenance requirement for domestic dogs (525 kJ · kg−0.75 · d−1), suggesting a similar energy requirement for maintenance of the wolves. The metabolizable energy derived from protein in the high prey diets was 37%, whereas that of the chow diets was only 27%. These levels exceed estimates of protein requirements for maintenance (4.3–21.8%) and growth (11.5–20.3%) in domestic dogs and may thus exceed those of the wolves. Dietary management of maned wolves should minimize excess protein intake by limiting prey consumption and acclimating animals to extruded diets for domestic dogs. Further research is required to formulate diets for long-term management of cystinuria in maned wolves. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Grammar based off line generation of disposable credit card numbers

Context free grammars present the desirable cryptographic property that it is easy to generate and validate strings from a given grammar, however it is hard to identify a grammar given only the strings generated by it. The algorithm used in the authentication protocol proposed in this paper makes use of context free grammars. This authentication protocol is a perfect candidate for the offline generation and validation of a disposable credit card number. The proposed protocol can be used alone and it does not rely on any other cryptographic protocols like SSL for its security. This paper presents and analyses the protocol with respect to its robustness against malicious attacks.
Gender and the emergence of leaders : a meta-analysis

In this article, research is reviewed on the emergence of male and female leaders in initially leaderless groups
The Rationality of Avoiding Choice

Esser makes a useful contribution in extracting from Schutz a model of the rationality of choosing among projects of action, thereby indicating a second order of rationality in choosing whether to calculate or to stick with an accepted routine. This concern for the rational calculability of action was not a major part of Schutz's philosophical interests, and the credit for developing the model should go to Esser. One consequence of this model is that social action should alternate between long periods of accepted routines and sudden changes to another bundle of habits. Esser's suggestion that institutional norms are the basis of routines does not help explain where alternative schemata come from, nor how individuals estimate the subjective probability of finding alternatives. The problems of limited cognition and of incommensurable scales exist at the level of second-order rationality as well. For these reasons, I have argued that the rational pursuit of interests operates via the flow of emotional energy...
Vessel loops made easy

Vessel loops are invaluable in vascular surgery. Unfortunately, they frequently slide toward the ends of the arteriotomy, making precise stitch placement difficult. By bringing the vessel loops out separate stab wounds, we improve visualization at the heel and toe of the anastomosis while preserving arterial elevation and hemostasis.