cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rewiring of human lung cell lineage and mitotic networks in lung adenocarcinomas

Analysis of gene expression patterns in normal tissues and their perturbations in tumours can help to identify the functional roles of oncogenes or tumour suppressors and identify potential new therapeutic targets. Here, gene expression correlation networks were derived from 92 normal human lung samples and patient-matched adenocarcinomas. The networks from normal lung show that NKX2-1 is linked to the alveolar type 2 lineage, and identify PEBP4 as a novel marker expressed in alveolar type 2 cells. Differential correlation analysis shows that the NKX2-1 network in tumours includes pathways associated with glutamate metabolism, and identifies Vaccinia-related kinase (VRK1) as a potential drug target in a tumour-specific mitotic network. We show that VRK1 inhibition cooperates with inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase signalling to inhibit growth of lung tumour cells. Targeting of genes that are recruited into tumour mitotic networks may provide a wider therapeutic window than that seen by inhibition of known mitotic genes.
Overview of high performance fibre-optic sensing

An overview of fibre-optic interferometry based sensing is given, particularly as it applies to high-performance sensing applications. The operation of a fibre-optic interferometer as a sensor is reviewed. The sensitivity limitations of a fibre-optic sensor are derived, and the system impact of multiplexing many sensors together is explored. A review of the development of the fibre-optic acoustic transducer is presented, as well as system applications and future trends in fibre-optic interferometric sensing.
On the Markov property for nonlinear discrete-time systems with Markovian inputs

The behavior of a general hybrid system in discrete-time can be represented by a nonlinear difference equation x(k + 1) = F/sub k/(x(k),/spl theta/(k)), where /spl theta/(k) is assumed to be a finite-state Markov chain. An important step in the stability analysis of these systems is to establish the Markov property of (x(k),/spl theta/(k)). There are, however, no complete proofs of this property which are simple to understand. This paper aims to correct this problem by presenting a complete and explicit proof, which uses only fundamental measure-theoretical concepts.
Evaluation of a spiritually based child maltreatment prevention training program

The authors empirically evaluated a spiritually based 1-day child maltreatment training program. Pretest, posttest, and follow-up results indicated that participants' recognition of hypothetical maltreatment did not increase after training. Furthermore, although participants decreased their use of items known to dissuade decisions to report, they were less likely to report maltreatment posttraining and 1 month later. Focus group data revealed that participants felt more knowledgeable but insufficiently prepared to respond to maltreatment and that they needed opportunities to practice what they had learned. Suggestions for clergy, pastoral counselors, and mental health professionals working within spiritual communities are provided to inform curriculum advancements. Language: en
Mechanism of Auxin-Regulated Gene Expression in Plants

Plant hormones control most aspects of the plant life cycle by regulating genome expression. Expression of auxin-responsive genes involves interactions among auxin-responsive DNA sequence elements, transcription factors and trans-acting transcriptional repressors. Transcriptional output from these auxin signaling complexes is regulated by proteasome-mediated degradation that is triggered by interaction with auxin receptor-E3 ubiquitin ligases such SCF TIR1 . Auxin signaling components are conserved throughout land plant evolution and have proliferated and specialized to control specific developmental processes.
Primary Socialization Theory. Developmental Stages, Spirituality, Government Institutions, Sensation Seeking, and Theoretical Implications. V

This fifth and final paper in the series on primary socialization theory includes discussion of issues raised by participants in a forum on the theory. The theory states that drug use and deviant behaviors occur as an outcome of bonding with primary socialization sources and the transmission of norms through those sources. Personal traits and secondary socialization sources influence drug use and deviance indirectly and through their effects on the primary socialization process. Developmentally, the only primary socialization source for the preschool child is the family. In early grade school years, the primary socialization sources are the family and school. Peer clusters emerge as a primary socialization source later, with their greatest effect occurring during adolescence. Adults have varied primary socialization patterns. Levels of ego development among adults may alter the primary socialization process. Spirituality is defined, and its influence on drug use is discussed. Government institutions, such as the criminal justice system, welfare, and child protective services, are now included among secondary socialization sources. The fact that the general theory of primary socialization is not ethnocentric or temporocentric is discussed. Implications of the theory for understanding existing or potential risk and protective factors for deviance, and for improving the effectiveness of prevention and treatment are discussed. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Structure and timing of transpressional deformation in the Shackleton Glacier area, Ross orogen, Antarctica

Basement of the Transantarctic Mountains comprises the Ross orogenic belt, a Neoproterozoic to Ordovician mobile belt located along the palaeo-Pacific margin of Gondwana. Our structural analysis of deformation in the Liv Group, a sequence of Cambrian volcanic, volcaniclastic, clastic and carbonate rocks, and nearby plutonic rocks indicates that the Shackleton Glacier area has a polyphase deformation history that includes development of both contractional and strike-slip structures. We describe evidence for synchronous contraction and strike-slip movement, and suggest that the structural suite in this area developed, at least in part, within a sinistral transpressive kinematic regime. Deformation in the Shackleton Glacier area is inferred to be at least in part younger than 505 Ma, based on the deformation of the well-dated Taylor Formation. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages from metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks range from c. 500 to 470 Ma and are interpreted to date orogenic cooling. Based on our structural results, and on consideration of the tectonic environment represented by the Liv Group, we propose that shortening across a subduction-related volcanic arc system caused deformation of the Liv Group and associated plutonic rocks. Oblique convergence and thus, transpression, may have ultimately been related to left-oblique plate subduction.
Microscale wear behavior and crosslinking of PEG-like coatings for total hip replacements

The predominant cause of late-state failure of total hip replacements is wear-mediated osteolysis caused by wear particles that originate from the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup surface. One strategy for reducing wear particle formation from UHMWPE is to modify the surface with a hydrophilic coating to increase lubrication from synovial fluid. This study focuses on the wear behavior of hydrophilic coatings similar to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The coatings were produced by plasma-polymerizing tetraglyme on UHMWPE in a chamber heated to 40°C or 50°C. Both temperatures yielded coatings with PEG-like chemistry and increased hydrophilicity relative to uncoated UHMWPE; however, the 40°C coatings were significantly more resistant to damage induced by atomic force microscopy nanoscratching. The 40°C coatings exhibited only one damage mode (delamination) and often showed no signs of damage after repeated scratching. In contrast, the 50°C coatings exhibited three damage modes (roughening, thinning, and delamination), and always showed visible signs of damage after no more than two scratches. The greater wear resistance of the 40°C coatings could not be explained by coating chemistry or hydrophilicity, but it corresponded to an approximately 26–32% greater degree of crosslinking relative to the 50°C surfaces, suggesting that crosslinking should be a significant design consideration for hydrophilic coatings used for total hip replacements and other wear-dependent applications.
Evaluation of Travel Time Variability in New Jersey Turnpike - A Case Study

This paper deals with a case study where the objective is to identify the optimal subset of routes for real-time traveler information in a highway network. It is assumed that the benefit from providing this information is directly related to the uncertainty of route travel times. The variance of travel times within a time period over consecutive days is employed as the indicator of this uncertainty. New Jersey turnpike is used as the study network due to the availability of vehicle-by-vehicle network specific data. The data set covers travel times between ~630 origin-destination (OD) pairs during 2004. The problem of identifying the optimal number of subset of routes is modeled as a nonlinear integer-programming problem. The proposed model is then solved using NEOS server, a common optimization solver available over the Internet. A simple heuristic for the proposed model is also presented
Understanding Bayesian Rooms Using Composite 3D Object Models

We develop a comprehensive Bayesian generative model for understanding indoor scenes. While it is common in this domain to approximate objects with 3D bounding boxes, we propose using strong representations with finer granularity. For example, we model a chair as a set of four legs, a seat and a backrest. We find that modeling detailed geometry improves recognition and reconstruction, and enables more refined use of appearance for scene understanding. We demonstrate this with a new likelihood function that rewards 3D object hypotheses whose 2D projection is more uniform in color distribution. Such a measure would be confused by background pixels if we used a bounding box to represent a concave object like a chair. Complex objects are modeled using a set or re-usable 3D parts, and we show that this representation captures much of the variation among object instances with relatively few parameters. We also designed specific data-driven inference mechanisms for each part that are shared by all objects containing that part, which helps make inference transparent to the modeler. Further, we show how to exploit contextual relationships to detect more objects, by, for example, proposing chairs around and underneath tables. We present results showing the benefits of each of these innovations. The performance of our approach often exceeds that of state-of-the-art methods on the two tasks of room layout estimation and object recognition, as evaluated on two bench mark data sets used in this domain.
Reference model for data interchange standards

The World Wide Web (WWW) is based on the simple assumption that all documents are represented in a standard format using copymarks that denote structure as defined by HyperText Markup Language. They use a standard document identification scheme, a URL (uniform resource locator) and a standard retrieval form, HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol). The HTML, URL, and HTTP standards are simplifications of the more comprehensive standards on which they are based. Even with this simplicity, WWW document interchange standards have dramatically improved the exchange of electronic information. These developments are encouraging, but they indicate that we must pay even more attention to data interchange standards in general and to document interchange standards specifically. The author discusses the need for more formal data interchange standardization.
Survey of trauma surgeon practice of emergency department thoracotomy.

Abstract Background There continues to be significant debate in the trauma community regarding the indications for emergency department thoracotomy (EDT). Numerous studies have focused on the duration of arrest in EDT, whereas few have examined other factors that influence surgeon decision-making. We hypothesize that there is continued variability among surgeons in the use of EDT. Methods A 13-question web-based survey was distributed to the membership of a large, national trauma association, examining demographics, trauma fellowship completion, trauma center designation, professional organization membership, and annual EDTs performed. Consideration of patient's age, comorbidities, total injury burden, and the use of technological adjuncts—such as ultrasound—was assessed. Respondents were asked when they would perform the procedure after loss of vital signs for blunt and penetrating trauma. Logistic regression determined factors influencing consideration of EDT. Results Overall 540 of 1,485 surveys were completed (36.4%). Patient age, total injury burden, and comorbidities are considered by 38.5%, 29.1%, and 55.7% of respondents, respectively. Technological adjuncts are used always or most of the time by 64% of respondents. A majority of respondents (51.9%) would perform an EDT for penetrating trauma with loss of vital signs 5 to 10 minutes before arrival. For blunt trauma, the largest group of respondents (47.0%) would perform an EDT only when loss of vital signs occurred in the ED. In addition, 20.6% would never perform EDT for blunt traumatic arrest. Conclusions EDT decision-making is more nuanced than previously described. Variation continues in the use of thoracotomy after loss of vital signs, in both blunt and penetrating trauma. For both mechanisms, there remains little consensus on the appropriate duration of arrest before performing EDT after arrest despite published guidelines. A large proportion of surgeons consider other factors such as patient age, total injury burden, and comorbidities in addition to vital signs when deciding to perform an EDT. Technological adjuncts are frequently used by surgeons to determine the need for EDT.
Aiming to Become an Effective International Player: The European Union's Fragile External Policy Towards China

The EU looks to become an effective international player by articulating a common vision of its role in international politics and to design a common strategy for the big areas of international relations. China is becoming a dynamo of a reconfiguration of the regional and global balances of power using its strong power and projecting its influence and aura. The EU has a long historical relation with China, namely under the EMU constitutional framework but is experiencing difficulties for institutional, legal and political reasons. This paper looks at status of EU-China relationship applying the constructivist paradigm and trying to disclose the problems of conciliatory identities and agendas involved in this relationship.
Search for the collective M1 resonance in /sup 208/Pb. [Photoneutron polarizations]

The photoneutron polarization from resonances near the threshold region was observed for the /sup 208/Pb(..gamma..,n/sub 0/)/sup 207/Pb reaction. Resonances located at photoneutron energies of 180 and 315 keV, previously believed to be a large part of the giant M1 resonance, are shown to be E1 excitations.
Consumers’ Value, Environmental Consciousness, and Willingness to Pay more toward Green-Apparel Products

Abstract Consumer awareness of and concerns for the environment have increased significantly and environmental concerns now represent one of the major factors in consumer decision making. While there have been many studies regarding green marketing, limited research has been conducted concerning the consumers’ view on ethical issues in the fashion industry and its influence on their purchase behavior (Laroche, et al., 2001; Dickson, 2000; Butler & Francis, 1997). This study looks at the relationships among environmental consciousness, willingness to pay more toward environmentally friendly apparel products and buying behavior among college students. It also examines the effects of fashion involvement, which is considered one of the important values in apparel purchasing behavior. Laroch, et al.’s (2001) conceptual framework serves as a basis for the present research. In this framework, they consider factors that may influence consumers’ willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products using f...
199 A Hybrid Genome-Kinome High-Throughput Screen Reveals Novel Mitotic Tumor Suppressor Signaling Axis

Faithful cell division maintains genomic stability and prevents cancer. Our cells employ well-orchestrated signaling cascades to ensure meticulous segregation of the genome during mitosis. Failure of these checkpoint mechanisms jeopardizes genome integrity and promotes evolution of cancer cells. Here, we took a systems biology approach to characterize phosphatases regulating mitosis. We performed a genome-wide RNAi screen targeting all human phosphatases. We discovered several novel mitotic phosphatases, including CDKN3, and we have shown that CDKN3 inactivates cyclin-dependent kinases at the exit from mitosis by dephosphorylating Thr-161 of CDC2. We demonstrated that CDKN3 and CDC2 co-localize on centrosomes during mitosis and that loss of CDKN3 disrupts centrosome maintenance. We analyzed a phosphoproteome landscape of CDKN3-deficient cells to reveal that CDKN3 knockdown leads to abnormal phosphorylation of multiple downstream cell cycle proteins, including CKβ. We have shown that CKβ phosphorylated at Ser-209 regulates the spindle checkpoint and localizes to centrosomes during mitosis. We confirmed that CDKN3 is required for mitosis in primary human brain stem cells, and we found that CDKN3 is lost in the glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors. In summary, we have discovered a novel CDKN3/CDC2/CKβ tumor suppressor signaling axis. Our findings have diagnostic and therapeutic importance in cancer. Our discoveries enhance our comprehension of the cross-talk between mitotic phosphorylation cascades that maintain genomic stability. This signaling axis is a viable anti-cancer target in glioblastoma multiforme and other malignancies. Pre-clinical and clinical trials of small molecules targeting this signaling axis may lead to discoveries of novel anti-cancer chemotherapy strategies.
Parotid and whole saliva in the prediction of serum total and free phenytoin concentrations.

Epileptic outpatients (22 male and 12 female) participated in this study. All were taking phenytoin and 20 were taking one or more additional antiepileptic drugs. The mean percent free phenytoin in serum was 11.0% whether the patient was taking phenytoin alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. There was a strong linear relationship between the serum total and ultrafiltrate phenytoin concentrations, the slope of the regression line being 0.109. There was also a strong relationship between the phenytoin concentrations in serum ultra filtrate and each of four salivary fractions, but each salivary fraction significantly underestimated the mean serum ultrafiltrate phenytoin concentration. It should be noted, however, that in this study the saliva fractions collected were relatively large (7 ml), and it is possible that collection conditions such as these may influence the salivary phenytoin concentration. The supernatant of whole saliva had a significantly lower concentration of phenytoin than whole saliva itself (due to binding of the drug to the mucoid sediment). Parotid saliva appears to be the best predictor of serum ultrafiltrate phenytoin concentrations. Contrary to expectation, gingivitis, at least as defined here, appeared to have no effect on the predictability of serum ultrafiltrate phenytoin concentrations by the salivary fractions, but this conclusion is a qualified one.
Effects of IRE1 pathway on Nthy-ori 3-1 cell apoptosis induced by excessive iodine exposure

Objective To observe the effects of IRE1 pathway on Nthy-ori 3-1 cell apoptosis induced by excessive iodine,and analyze the mechanism of excessive iodine-induced apoptosis.Methods Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were exposed to 0,1,10 and 50 mmol/L of potassium iodide(KI) respectively in vitro.After 24 h of incubation,apoptosis rates were measured by flow cytometry.Total RNA and protein were extracted;RT-PCR and Western blot were used for GRP78,IRE1 and CHOP detection.Results After treatment for 24 h,compared with control group,1 and 10 mmol/L KI-treated groups,the percentage of apoptosis cells of the 50 mmol/L KI-treated group were significantly increased(P 0.05).No significant differences were observed in the expression of GRP78,IRE1 mRNA,but the expression of CHOP mRNA increased compared with the control group(P0.05).The expressions of GRP78,IRE1 and CHOP protein of the different KI-treated groups had no significant change(P0.05).Conclusion In the present study,no evidence was found to support that IRE1 pathway may be involved in excessive iodine exposure-induced Nthy-ori 3-1 cells apoptosis.
Study of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A,C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α in acute coronary syndromes

Objective:To study the changes of serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A(PAPP-A)and expression of PAPP-A on peripherial blood monocytes in patients with acute coronary syndromes(ACS)and its correlation with C-reactive protein(CRP)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α).Method:There were eighteen patients with unstable angina(UAP),thirty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI),fifteen patients with stable angaina(SAP)and fifteen healthy subjects in the study.Levels of serum PAPP-A,hsCRP and TNF-α were measured.Peripherial blood monocytes were isolated by Ficoll.Expressions of PAPP-A and TNF-α on peripherial blood monocytes were analyzed by RT-PCR.Result:Serum hsCRP and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in UAP patients or AMI patients than in SAP patients and controls.Serum level and mRNA expression of PAPP-A were significantly higher in UAP patients or AMI patients than in SAP patients and controls(P0.01).The level of serum PAPP-A in ACS patients was positively correlated with serum hsCRP and TNF-α levels(r=0.616,0.712,P0.01),and mRNA expression of PAPP-A in peripherial blood monolytes was also positively correlated with serum hsCRP level and mRNA expression of TNF-α(r=0.706,0.733,P0.01).Conclusion:PAPP-A which is produced and secreted by active monocytes is associated with inflammation to plaque and circulation,by actived monocytes.
Environmental resistance of a Ti 2 AlC-type MAX phase in a high pressure burner rig

Abstract Alumina-forming commercial Ti2AlC (MAXthal 211)™ phase samples were exposed in a jet-fueled, high pressure burner rig (HPBR) at 1100°, 1200°, and 1300 °C, operating at 6 atm (bar) and 25 m/s, in ∼10% water vapor. Weight change exhibited a rapid initial uptake associated with a TiO2 transient phase followed by cubic kinetics of a slow-growing α-Al2O3 underlayer. The cubic rate constants, kc, were approximately 20% of those measured in static thermo-balance furnace tests. A small recession rate of −0.012 mg/cm2/h was measured at 1300 °C for a pre-oxidized sample. The loss rate was ∼15% that observed for SiO2 scales subject to volatile Si(OH)4 formation for SiC tested under similar conditions. These kinetic features were fitted in a modified cubic-linear law. From thermodynamic, XRD, and SEM analyses, it is proposed that volatile TiO(OH)2 was formed by the reaction of water vapor with TiO2 and TiAl2O5 outer layers.
Abstract 2673: Distinguishing Epicardial Fat From Scar: Analysis of Electrograms Using High Density Electroanatomic Mapping in a Novel Porcine Infarct Model

Background Epicardial fat can confound the quantification of scar during electroanatomic mapping. The electrogram characteristics of epicardial fat have not been compared to infarction utilizing histopathologic confirmation. Methods: Infarction was created in pigs by occlusion of a circumflex obtuse marginal branch for 150 minutes using an angioplasty balloon. After 4–10 weeks, combined endocardial and epicardial mapping was performed using CARTO mapping system. Mapping points were acquired until the entire ventricle was sampled (fill threshold Results: Three hearts were analyzed after high density mapping (328 points, mean) in the epicardium was performed. The mean bipolar electrogram amplitude was similar in fat and scar (0.74±0.35 vs 0.78±0.35mV; P=NS). The mean electrogram duration (61.68±17.0ms vs. 50.14±13.18; P Conclusion: Epicardial fat and scar are both represented by areas of low voltage by electroanatomic mapping. Scar from infarction exhibits more fractionation and longer electrogram duration when compared to fat.
A thermally-aware energy minimization methodology for global interconnects

As a result of the Temperature Effect Inversion (TEI) in FinFET-based designs, gate delays decrease with the increase of temperature. In contrast, the resistive characteristic and hence delay of global interconnects increase with the temperature. However, as shown in this paper, if buffers are judiciously inserted in global interconnects, the buffer delay decrease is more pronounced than the interconnect delay increase, resulting in an overall performance improvement at higher temperatures. More specifically, this work models the delay of buffer-inserted global interconnects vs. temperature in order to derive the optimal number and size of buffers for a given interconnect length and temperature. Furthermore, the paper addresses the problem of minimizing the buffered interconnect energy consumption by changing the supply voltage level or FinFET threshold voltage, and also presents a temperature-aware optimization policy for solving this problem. Simulation results show average interconnect energy savings of 16% with no performance penalty for five different benchmarks implemented on a 14nm FinFET technology.
Personality, Social Identity, and Individual Differences in Multinational Decision-Making:

Contemporary military operations require the US to partner with coalition nations, so that commanders must make effective decisions for multinational teams. The effectiveness of decision-making may depend on various factors. General decision-making competence and personality traits that promote interpersonal functioning may be advantageous in the team context. Sociocultural factors such as a strong nationalistic social identity may be harmful to decision-making in multinational teams. The current study (N=696) examined correlates of a Situation Judgment Test (SJT) for multicultural decision-making ability in multiple samples. Predictors of better SJT performance included general decision-making ability, low nationalism, and various personality traits. Multivariate analyses discriminated multiple, independent predictors. Findings suggest assessment of the various strengths and weaknesses that shape the individual’s decision-making may inform training for multicultural competence.
The Response of an Idealized Atmosphere to Localized Tropical Heating: Superrotation and the Breakdown of Linear Theory

AbstractAn equatorial heat source mimicking the strong diabatic heating above the west Pacific is added to an idealized, dry general circulation model. For small (<0.5 K day−1) heating rates the responses closely match the expectations from linear Matsuno–Gill theory, though the amplitudes of the responses increase sublinearly. This “linear” regime breaks down for larger heating rates and it is found that this is because the stability of the tropical atmosphere increases. At the same time, the equatorial winds increasingly superrotate. This superrotation is driven by stationary eddy momentum fluxes by the waves excited by the heating and is damped by the vertical advection of low-momentum air by the mean flow and, at large heating rates, by the divergence of momentum by transient eddies.These dynamics are explored in additional experiments in which the equator-to-pole temperature gradient is varied. Very strong superrotation is produced when a large heating rate is applied to a setup with a relatively wea...
Laser angioplasty: 1988

While laser angioplasty has the potential to serve as an adjunct to alternative conventional angioplasty by recanalizing chronic total occlusions (1) and reducing restenosis (2, 3), a great deal of work is still required to solve the two main problems with the cardiovascular use of laser, namely, vessel perforation and small recanalized channels which have poor long-term patency.
Increased Adiposity and Endometrial Cancer Risk

Among all cancers, increasing body mass index is most strongly associated with endometrial cancer incidence and mortality. The molecular mechanisms underlying the role of obesity, and in particular the role of visceral fat, to the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer are becoming better understood. The current body of knowledge suggests several rational strategies, including behavioral, pharmaceutical, and surgical interventions, can be used to circumvent or derail the aberrant signaling pathways and hormonal abnormalities associated with obesity. Given the growing worldwide obesity epidemic, the development and availability of therapeutics, which can reduce the impact of obesity on endometrial cancer risk is imperative.
Counterion Complexation. Ion Specificity in the Diffuse Double Layer of Surfactant and Classical Colloids

The effect of complexation of alkali metal ions by macrocyclic ligands in dispersions of anionic surfactants and clay colloids has been studied as a route to understanding counterion specific effects in these classes of colloidal dispersions. The rigidity of the lattice of charge in the solid leads to vastly different results than are observed in micellar solutions, where the aggregates rearrange to minimise their free energy.
Fundamental Issues in Evaluating the Impact of Interventions: Sources and Control of Bias

The ability to draw valid inferences from data is the cornerstone of research and provides the basis for understanding the new knowledge that research results represent.
Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology of Sleep/Wake Regulations

In this article, current understandings of neurotransmitters and neuropharmacology of sleep/wake regulations are discussed. Sleep/wake is a complex physiology regulated by brain activities in multiple brain sites, and multiple neurotransmitter systems such as monoamines, acetylcholine, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, peptides, purines, and neuronal and nonneuronal humoral modulators are likely to be involved. With recent advances in neuroscience research, neurobiology of wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep pathways have been refined from the classical models of sleep/wake pathways. Sleep disturbances can be induced intrinsically and extrinsically, and the functional disturbance of these neurotransmitter systems are likely to cause sleep disturbances. Some of these neurotransmitters have been recognized as target molecules for the treatment of common sleep disorders, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers as hypnotics and presynaptic dopamine enhancers as wake-promoting compounds. Gaining the knowledge of neurobiology of sleep/wake is essential for developments of better pharmacological treatments for sleep disorders.
Prostate Brachytherapy: Clinical Efficacy and Future Trends

Low-dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is a highly efficacious and cost-effective treatment with a very favorable side effect profile and has a role in the treatment paradigm of low-, intermediate-, and high-risk prostate cancers. Brachytherapy is typically an outpatient procedure where tiny radioactive “seeds” are implanted in the prostate to eradicate the cancer right where it has grown. Brachytherapy has a long and proven track record with data demonstrating it to be extremely effective when used alone in low and favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Brachytherapy also shows significantly higher rates of cancer control and tumor eradication in the higher-risk setting when used in combination with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as compared to surgery or EBRT alone.
Genome-Wide Association Study Links Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sprouty 2 to Thrombocytopenia after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Introduction Thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery independently predicts stroke, acute kidney injury and death. To understand the underlying risks and mechanisms, we analysed genetic variations associated with thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Materials and Methods Study subjects underwent isolated on-pump CABG surgery at Duke University Medical Center. Post-operative thrombocytopenia was defined as platelet count Results A total of 63 single-nucleotide polymorphisms met a priori discovery thresholds for replication, but only 1 (rs9574547) in the intergenic region upstream of sprouty 2 (SPRY2) met nominal significance in the replication cohort. The minor allele of rs9574547 was associated with a lower risk for thrombocytopenia (discovery cohort, odds ratio, 0.45, 95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.67, p = 9.76 × 10−5) with the overall association confirmed by meta-analysis (meta-p = 7.88 × 10−6). Immunoblotting demonstrated expression of SPRY2 and its dynamic regulation during platelet activation. Treatment with a functional SPRY2 peptide blunted platelet extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation after agonist stimulation. Conclusion We identified the association of a genetic polymorphism in the intergenic region of SPRY2 with a decreased incidence of thrombocytopenia after CABG surgery. Because SPRY2—an endogenous receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor—is present in platelets and modulates essential signalling pathways, these findings support a role for SPRY2 as a novel modulator of platelet responses after cardiac surgery.
Service needs and health outcomes among caregivers of service members and veterans following TBI.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the (a) prevalence of unmet caregiver needs across eight health care and social service needs and the (b) impact of unmet needs on caregiver health and appraisal outcomes. Research Method/Design: Participants were 264 caregivers (95.8% female; 85.2% spouse/partner) providing help to service members and veterans who sustained a mild to severe or penetrating traumatic brain injury. Caregivers were recruited from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (Maryland) and via community outreach to participate in the congressionally mandated 15-year Longitudinal Traumatic Brain Injury Study (Sec721 NDAA FY2007) supported by the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Caregivers completed the Caregiver Appraisal Scale, SF-36v2 Health Survey, and caregiver questionnaire. Participants were divided into 3 health care and social service needs groups: no unmet needs, 1-3 unmet needs, and 4-8 unmet needs. RESULTS Six of the 8 needs were each endorsed by a majority of caregivers (59.1%-70.1%). Each need was reported as unmet by 29.5% to 52.7% of caregivers. A significant linear relation was found between number of needs and poorer outcomes (i.e., 4-8 needs < 1-3 needs < 0 needs). The cumulative number of unmet needs was significantly related to worse outcomes in most areas, while most individual needs were not significantly related to outcomes. One exception was the caregiver's unmet need for medical health, which was significantly related to increased bodily pain. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Continued support from programs and expansion in the breadth and scope of health care and social services for caregivers is required, including identifying the issues that hinder caregivers accessing the services they need. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Virtual Reality Performance Platform for Learning about Dementia

Dementia is one of the most devastating conditions affecting the lives of older populations and their families. Preparing families and potential caregivers for the stressful journey of care demands fostering the understanding and empathy for those living with dementia. Existing simulations of the dementia symptoms focus on analogue simulations of sensory deterioration. Our virtual reality system immerses the participant in a casual interactive semi-scripted scenario with a live inter-actor. Through the changing virtual environment and interactions with their virtual partner, the participant experiences a simulation of the effects of memory loss and time disorientation. Through their unscripted improvised response, they are free to explore different reactions and understand potential emotions that may occur in those living with dementia. The immersed participant and the audience also observe the effect of these changes on participant-caregiver interactions.
Deep-learned placental vessel segmentation for intraoperative video enhancement in fetoscopic surgery.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a potentially lethal condition that affects pregnancies in which twins share a single placenta. The definitive treatment for TTTS is fetoscopic laser photocoagulation, a procedure in which placental blood vessels are selectively cauterized. Challenges in this procedure include difficulty in quickly identifying placental blood vessels due to the many artifacts in the endoscopic video that the surgeon uses for navigation. We propose using deep-learned segmentations of blood vessels to create masks that can be recombined with the original fetoscopic video frame in such a way that the location of placental blood vessels is discernable at a glance. In a process approved by an institutional review board, intraoperative videos were acquired from ten fetoscopic laser photocoagulation surgeries performed at Yale New Haven Hospital. A total of 345 video frames were selected from these videos at regularly spaced time intervals. The video frames were segmented once by an expert human rater (a clinician) and once by a novice, but trained human rater (an undergraduate student). The segmentations were used to train a fully convolutional neural network of 25 layers. The neural network was able to produce segmentations with a high similarity to ground truth segmentations produced by an expert human rater (sensitivity = 92.15% ± 10.69%) and produced segmentations that were significantly more accurate than those produced by a novice human rater (sensitivity = 56.87% ± 21.64%; p < 0.01). A convolutional neural network can be trained to segment placental blood vessels with near-human accuracy and can exceed the accuracy of novice human raters. Recombining these segmentations with the original fetoscopic video frames can produced enhanced frames in which blood vessels are easily detectable. This has significant implications for aiding fetoscopic surgeons—especially trainees who are not yet at an expert level.
Social Marketing: Its Definition and Domain:

The author argues that social marketing has been defined improperly in much of the literature. A revised definition is proposed and the domain of social marketing defined. He concludes with suggest...
Wind Effects on a Tall Building with Square Cross-Section and Mid-Side Base Columns: Database-Assisted Design Approach.

AbstractThis paper illustrates the application of the database-assisted design (DAD) method to the wind design of high-rise buildings. The paper uses publicly available wind tunnel data and DAD pro...
A unique case of cabergoline-induced reversible cerebral vasoconstriction.

Consider RCVS in the differential diagnosis of an acute thunderclap headache on dose escalation of cabergoline as an unrecognized trigger after long-term use.
A Classroom Experiment: The Redistribution of Quiz Scores

Taking the lead from a news story that circulated through the Internet regarding a classroom experiment on socialism, a similar set of experiments were run using quiz scores. In this set of experiments, quiz scores were redistributed in two ways. The first method was to redistribute the scores across the entire classroom. The second method was to redistribute the scores across two different quizzes. Before the experiment, students were asked for their opinion regarding financial redistribution within society in general. After the experiment, students were asked for their opinion regarding grade redistribution within the classroom. The experiments were broadly designed to gauge opinions regarding redistribution and the effect of the saliency of the good on those opinions. With 2 years of data, preliminary results are mixed. The results from the first year of the experiment indicated that students were significantly less willing to redistribute grades than they were financial resources. However, that was not the case for the second year. In fact, for this group of students, they were more willing to redistribute grades than financial resources. This reversal in results has created an opportunity to extend the experiment to additional quizzes through the end of the semester.
Compliance of protocol-driven hepatitis B serological screening in patients receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy.

261Background: The US Food and Drug Administration has issued a boxed warning for anti-CD20 monoclonal anti-bodies for the reactivation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The National Comprehens...
The effects of body-worn cameras on police-citizen encounters and police activity: evaluation of a pilot implementation in Philadelphia, PA

Examine changes in officer behavior, when wearing body-worn cameras, as revealed by pedestrian stops, vehicle stops, arrests, use of force, and citizen complaints during a pilot implementation in a racially diverse jurisdiction in the Northeast region of the USA. A quasi-experimental approach was used to examine the initial implementation of body-worn cameras (BWCs) in one district. This provided the opportunity for a natural experiment comparing officers in the district that deployed cameras with officers in three similar districts where no BWCs were deployed. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match BWC officers with non-BWC officers. BWC officers had about 38.3% fewer use of force incidents than non-BWC officers with similar numbers of use of force incidents in the previous year. On average, BWC officers made 46.4% fewer pedestrian stops and 39.2% fewer arrests than non-BWC officers. Vehicle stops and citizen complaints had nonsignificant declines for BWC officers. The reductions in proactive policing by officers are consistent with a deterrence-based view that officers respond to the increased scrutiny by curtailing interactions with citizens, which in turn, limits the potential for conflict and for police supervisors to identify behavior worthy of disciplinary action. The lack of a significant reduction in citizen complaints supports the view that the effect of BWCs on negative officer behavior is contingent upon other factors in the settings in which cameras are deployed. Future research should examine the impacts of cameras on the narrowing of police discretion because of the important implications for police–community relations.
What Drives Diversity in Social Recognition Mechanisms

Recognition allows animals to categorize social partners and differentiate among them in adaptive ways. Recognition systems are a fundamental component of social interactions, and a major goal for behavioral and evolutionary ecology is to understand the factors that influence the diversity of traits involved in social recognition across species and contexts. Here we argue that recognition is best understood as the interaction between a population of diverse senders and receivers with different perspectives and experiences. Receivers vary in the extent to which they agree on the category membership of senders and this variation is a key parameter that may explain the diverse evolutionary pressures shaping recognition systems. High receiver agreement (e.g., sex recognition) should favor uniformity in signals and innate recognition templates in receivers, while low receiver agreement (e.g., neighbor recognition) should tend to favor diversity in signals and flexible learning in receivers. Further, variation in how specifically receivers categorize senders may constrain the evolution of signals that need to function for multiple audiences. It remains an open question how receivers integrate multiple signals of different types of social categories. By framing recognition systems in a population context we hope this perspective will help spur new efforts to model and empirically investigate the mechanisms underlying the diversity of recognition systems across animals.
Testing for a trend with persistent errors

Abstract We develop new tests for the coefficient on a time trend in a regression of a variable on a constant and time trend where there is potentially strong serial correlation. This serial correlation can also include a unit root. We obtain tests under two different assumptions on the initial value for the stochastic component of the variable being examined, either this being zero asymptotically and also allowing the initial condition to be drawn from its unconditional distribution. We find that statistics perform better under the second of these assumptions, which is the more natural assumption to make.
Imaging of Nanoscale Light Confinement in Plasmonic Nanoantennas by Brownian Optical Microscopy.

The strongly enhanced and confined subwavelength optical fields near plasmonic nanoantennas have been extensively studied not only for the fundamental understanding of light-matter interactions at ...
Outpatient Treatment of Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism in the Era of Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Systematic Review.

Background Clinical guidelines have supported outpatient treatment of low-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) since 2014, but adoption of this practice has been slow. Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is now as common as vitamin K antagonist treatment, but data are sparse regarding outcomes for patients with low-risk PE treated with DOACs as outpatients. We conducted a systematic review of literature on outcomes of outpatient management for PE, including comparisons to inpatient treatment and differences by anticoagulant class. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, PubMed, CENTRAL, clinicaltrials.gov, and ICTRN for studies published from January 1980 through February 2019 using a predefined strategy developed with a medical librarian. We included English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective nonrandomized trials (NRTs) of adult patients diagnosed with acute, symptomatic PE, and discharged from the emergency department or within 48 hours. Our primary outcome included four major adverse outcomes (all-cause mortality, PE-related mortality, recurrent VTE, and major bleeding) within 30 and 90 days. A preplanned subanalysis of high-quality studies assessed outcomes associated with different anticoagulation treatment classes. Results Our initial search identified 6,818 records, of which 12 studies (four RCT, eight NRT) with a total of 3,191 patients were included in the review. All RCTs and six NRTs were determined to have low to moderate risk of bias and were classified as high quality. Outpatients in these studies (n = 1,814) had rates of 90-day major adverse outcomes below 1%, including all-cause mortality (0.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4% to 1.2%), PE-related mortality (0.06%, 95% CI = 0.01% to 0.3%), recurrent VTE (0.8%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 1.4%), and major bleeding (0.8%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 1.4%). Exploratory analysis revealed no association between anticoagulant treatment class and rates of major adverse outcomes. Conclusion Among patients with low-risk PE treated as outpatients, few patients experienced major adverse outcomes such as mortality, recurrent VTE, or major bleeding within 90 days.