cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of hydrated triply charged metal ions from aqueous solutions using nanodrop mass spectrometry.

Forming hydrated clusters containing triply charged metal ions is challenging due to the competing process of dissociation by forming the metal hydroxide with one less net charge and a protonated water molecule. It is demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to form such clusters using a method we call “nanodrop mass spectrometry”. Clusters of the form [M(H2O)n]3+, where M = Ce, Eu, and La, are generated using electrospray ionization and are mass analyzed in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with an ion cell cooled to −140 °C. Clusters containing trivalent La with n ranging from 16 to over 160 can be readily produced. These clusters are stable at this temperature for many seconds, enabling all standard methods to probe structure and reactivity of these unusual species. Photodissociation experiments on extensively hydrated clusters of trivalent lanthanum using resonant infrared radiation indicate that a minimum of 17 water molecules is necessary to stabilize these trivalent clusters under the low-energy ion excitation conditions and long time frame of these experiments. These results indicate that a minimum droplet size of approximately a nanometer is necessary for these trivalent species to survive intact. This suggests that elemental speciation of trivalent metal ions from aqueous solutions should be possible using nanodrop mass spectrometry.
Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human preimplantation embryos.

Abstract Objective To examine human embryos at various stages of preimplantation development for simultaneous expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Design mRNAs of specific MMPs and TIMPs were examined in single human embryos, at different stages of preimplantation development, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Single embryo immunohistochemistry was applied to examine the protein expression. Setting University-affiliated IVF-ET program. Patient(s) Couples, attending the university-affiliated IVF-ET program, electing to donate poor prognosis embryos with anomalous morphology. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) The expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 in preimplantation embryos. Result(s) The MMP-2 mRNA was expressed consistently during development from one-cell to blastocyst stage. The TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNAs were detected in embryos at all stages; however, in the later preimplantation developmental stages, an increasing proportion of embryos expressing TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA were noted. The MMP-1, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 mRNAs were detected in only a minority of human embryos studied. Immunohistochemistry showed MMP-1 and TIMP-1 protein expression in preimplantation embryos. Conclusion(s) The existence of MMP and TIMP mRNA expression in human preimplantation embryos argues for a role for these metalloproteinases and their inhibitors during the process of implantation in humans.
An Integrated Micron-Resolution Particle Image Velocimeter/Optical Tweezers (μPIVOT) for Microenvironment Investigations

A novel instrument has been developed (μPIVOT) to manipulate and characterize the mechanical environment in and around microscale objects by integrating two laser-based techniques: micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (μPIV) and optical tweezers (OT). While the μPIVOT enables a new realm of microscale studies, it still maintains the individual capabilities of each optical technique. Ongoing investigations will provide a unique perspective towards understanding microscale phenomena including cell biomechanics, non-Newtonian fluid flow, and single particle or particle-particle hydrodynamics.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Effects of Digitalis Glycosides on the Ventricular Fibrillation Threshold in Innervated and Denervated Canine Hearts

Digitalis glycosides have been implicated in increased vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in man. In order to investigate the genesis and occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in the presence of digitalis, the effects of both acetylstrophanthidin and ouabain on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were studied in the open-chest anesthetized dog. The current required to induce ventricular fibrillation was determined by passing a train of 12 constant current pulses through epicardial electrodes during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. It was found that an intravenous bolus infusion of acetylstrophanthidin (0.050-0.097 mg/kg) or ouabain (0.035-0.075 mg/kg) in intact innervated dog hearts raised the VFT from 40% to 260% above control values. Continuous infusions of acetylstrophanthidin to toxic levels also resulted in an elevated VFT. Vagotomy alone did not qualitatively change the effects of acetylstrophanthidin on VFT. However, following vagotomy and stellate sympathectomy, infusio...
Knowing, understanding and exploring the content and formation of curriculum materials: a Chinese approach to empower prospective elementary school teachers pedagogically

Abstract This study examined mathematical methods courses as part of pedagogical training provided to prospective Chinese elementary school teachers in their teacher education programs. The results show that knowing, understanding and exploring the content and design of mathematics textbooks used in elementary classrooms were greatly emphasized in the methodology courses. The emphasis was shown not only from the content being covered in the textbooks but also in the practices of exploring and organizing prospective teachers’ own curriculum. Integrating mathematics content, students’ learning, and pedagogical considerations in the form of curriculum was a special feature of the Chinese approach to empower prospective elementary school teachers pedagogically.
Validation of Goddard Earth Observing System-version 5 MERRA planetary boundary layer heights using CALIPSO

[1] This study compares the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height produced by the Goddard Earth Observing System-version 5 (GEOS-5) model with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Part of GEOS-5 is an Atmosphere Global Circulation Model (GCM) used by National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Model developers are uncertain of the precision of model PBL height predictions since verification by direct observations of the PBL height is sparse. Validation of the PBL height serves as a diagnostic on whether the physics and dynamics packages are correct in the model. In this work, we report the global daytime PBL heights derived from dissertation work by Jordan (2009). We believe that this is the first large-scale observational study of PBL heights using CALIPSO. In this paper, we compare CALIPSO PBL heights to matched PBL heights from the GEOS-5 Modern Era Reanalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) model. Extensive comparisons between the model output and satellite observations in the Western Hemisphere and over Africa gave model-measurement correlation coefficients (R) of 0.47–0.73. Comparisons have been performed for regions over land and water using clouds, aerosols, and mixed cloud-aerosol features to detect the PBL. The present study provides insight of regional PBL height variances in the GEOS-5 model. For much of the study region GEOS-5 predicts PBL heights within 25% of CALIPSO observations. A case over the Equatorial Pacific indicates that the GEOS-5/CALIPSO PBL height ratios exceed 1.25. PBL height biases in the Equatorial Pacific may be related to the GCM coupling scheme implemented in GEOS-5. Also, in some regions, the CALIPSO PBL heights are generally higher than the GEOS-5 model.
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance-based morphometrics and ventricular dysmorphology in schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Recent methodological refinements in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have led to brain averaging and morphometric approaches that are sensitive to subtle anatomical distinctions in schizophrenia. Methods: Using a novel morphometric technique for surface analysis, 48 selected landmarks of the rendered ventricular system were extracted and compared between the ventricles of 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 normal subjects. Results: There was no significant difference in ventricular shape between groups, but significant ( p = .015) and highly localized shape deformity was detected at the foramen of Monro and at the proximal temporal horn of the lateral ventricle of male (but not female) patients relative to controls. Conclusions: Three-dimensional MR-based morphometrics complements established volumetric approaches and can detect minute shape deformities that may be associated with schizophrenia.
Inner ear pathology in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita.

This temporal bone report describes the inner ear deformities which were found in addition to the bony pathology in a case of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita. The labyrinthine pathology includes anomalously positioned and enlarged vestibular spaces, the existence of a scala communis (on one side) and the existence of hematoxylin dark-stained material in the basal zone of the stria vascularis.The appearance of temporal bone reports of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is sporadic. Friedmann (1974)described changes in the bony capsule in one case of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita Zajtchul and Lindsay(1975)reported three cases of the congenital form of osteogenesis imperfecta with their temporal bone findings. Within recent years, Altmann reported three cases in 1962, Bretlau and Jorgensen reported one case in 1969, Bergstrom and others reported one case in 1972, and Bergstrom described the temporal bone findings in four infants in 1977. The pathologic description of the temporal bone in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita has been focused more or less on the structures of the bony labyrinth and the middle ear ossicles, with a brief description of the inner ear. In this report, we describe anomalous inner ear structures in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita.
Calcite and quartz microstructural geothermometry of low-grade metasedimentary rocks, Northern Range, Trinidad

Abstract The Northern Range of Trinidad is a mountainous exposure of deformed metasedimentary rocks with Mesozoic depositional ages and Tertiary metamorphic ages located in the Caribbean–South American plate boundary zone. These rocks lack precise mineralogical indicators of metamorphic grade. Using temperature-sensitive quartz and calcite microstructures, and fission track data, we identify, describe, quantify, and map a nearly continuous spectrum of relatively low (>l50°C) to relatively high (250–400°C) deformation temperatures from east to west across the range. Average estimated rock exhumation rates also increase systematically along this trend. The analysis illuminates a sharp, east–west-trending, major thermal discontinuity (i.e. a fault) along the southern boundary of the range. Kinematic analysis of faults and shear bands adjacent to this boundary and modeling indicate that the fault probably dips southward at 80–85° and accommodated normal dip-slip at rates that decreased from west to east. Earlier experimental studies at high strain rates illustrated a strong strain rate dependency for quartz microstructural transitions. Our work indicates a possible strong temperature control for quartz microstructural transitions at natural strain rates.
Clarification of the conceptualization and measurement of denial in psychosocial oncology research

Denial represents an important area of study in individuals with cancer. It may be related to recognizing symptoms, seeking medical help, psychological adjustment to diagnosis and illness, and perhaps progression of the disease. However, denial has been defined theoretically and measured in a variety of ways. These differences are due to a lack of consensus as to whether denial is unconscious versus conscious, a trait versus a state, an indication of psychological disturbance versus a normal response to a life-threatening disease, or a broad versus a narrow concept. In addition, there is a lack of congruence between theoretical definitions and the operational definitions used in empirical studies investigating denial in the context of cancer. This inconsistency may be responsible for the mixed findings concerning the importance and function of denial in individuals with cancer. In this article, the ways in which denial has been conceptualized and operationalized are examined, and an overview of the research examining denial in cancer patients is provided. We recommend that future studies provide explicit definitions of denial, use multiple measures assessing different modalities and outcomes, measure denial at several times over the course of illness, and take into account aspects of the individual’s situation to ensure that denial is not identified erroneously.
Acute effects of prostaglandin F2α on systemic oxytocin and progesterone concentrations during the mid- or late-luteal phase in mares

The acute effects of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF) on circulating oxytocin and progesterone concentrations were characterized in mares during the mid- or late-luteal phase. Pony mares were randomly assigned to the following experimental groups based on treatment with PGF (2.5mg) or saline on Day 8 or Day 13 (Day 0=ovulation): PGF-8, PGF-13, saline-8, or saline-13 (n=7/group). Mares were fitted with indwelling, jugular vein catheters and two blood samples (-5 and 0 min) were collected prior to treatment. Treatments were administered into the jugular vein (0 min) and blood collection continued thereafter at 1 min intervals until 5 min and then at 5 min intervals until 60 min. Based on the combined data of -5 and 0 min samples, mares on Day 8 had greater (P<0.05) oxytocin concentrations than mares on Day 13. On Day 8, PGF treatment resulted in a biphasic pattern of oxytocin release. Oxytocin concentrations increased (P<0.05) 1 min after PGF treatment, decreased (P<0.05) from 1 to 10 min, and increased (P<0.05) from 10 to 30 min. Oxytocin concentrations were greater (P<0.05) from 1 to 3 min in PGF-treated than saline-treated mares and at most sample times from 15 to 60 min. On Day 13, oxytocin concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in PGF-treated than in saline-treated mares for most sample times. Mares treated with PGF on Day 8 had greater (P<0.05) oxytocin concentrations at 25, 30, and 40 min than mares on Day 13. Progesterone concentrations on Day 8 also increased by 1 min after PGF, decreased toward basal concentrations by 2-3 min, and then increased to a maximum 10 min after treatment. Subsequently, circulating progesterone decreased (P<0.05) below pretreatment concentrations by 40-50 min after PGF. In conclusion, treatment with PGF resulted in an immediate and biphasic increase in progesterone concentrations prior to the expected decrease. Treatment of mares with PGF on Day 8 resulted in an overall greater increase in systemic oxytocin concentrations compared to treatment on Day 13, and the increase on Day 8 was biphasic.
Synergism and catalysis in flame retardancy of polymers

Synergististic and catalytic effects in flame retardancy technology are reviewed. An attempt is reported to define and determine the synergistic effectivity (SE) and the catalytic effectivity (CAT-EFF) of a number of systems operating according to the accepted mechanism. Synergistic effects in the halogen based gas phase systems involving Br/Sb2O3, Cl/Sb2O3, Br/NH3, Br/Cl, Br/P, and of the condensed phase based intumescent systems— ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/N derivatives are discussed and compared. Recently discovered catalysis of intumescent systems by divalent and transition metal compounds involving a maximum effect catalyst concentration is discussed in the light of thermoanalytical data. Recent work on catalysis of endothermic flame retardancy systems based on aluminum trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide are also reviewed. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A MODERATE SAMPLE SIZE, MULTIELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M12 (NGC 6218)

We present chemical abundances of several proton-capture, α-, Fe-peak, and neutron-capture elements and radial velocities for 21 red giant branch (RGB) and asymptotic giant branch members of the Galactic globular cluster M12. Abundances are based on equivalent width measurements and synthetic spectral analyses of moderate-resolution spectra (R ~ 15,000) obtained with the 3.5 m WIYN telescope and Hydra multifiber spectrograph. The stars observed range from the RGB tip (M = -2.47) down to about 0.50 mag above the level of the horizontal branch (M = +0.11). Our spectroscopic analysis suggests that M12 is a moderately metal-poor cluster with [Fe/H] = -1.54 (σ = 0.09). While the Na abundances exhibit a range of 0.90 dex, Mg and Al abundances are enhanced by 0.37 and 0.54 dex and are nearly constant at all RGB luminosities, in contrast to the blue horizontal-branch cluster M13. The α- and Fe-peak elements indicate that M12 has undergone a similar chemical enrichment history to that of globular clusters and field stars of comparable metallicity, with [α/Fe] = +0.33 (σ = 0.11). M12 also appears to be slightly r-process-rich, with [Eu/Ba,La] = +0.22 (σ = 0.18).
Improving predictions of developmental stages in winter wheat: a modified Wang and Engel model ☆

Abstract Accurate simulations of plant development is an important component in crop simulation models and for use in managerial decisions, such as fertilizer applications or pest control. The three major environmental factors that control development in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are temperature, photoperiod, and vernalization. Results from a previous study showed that the prediction of several developmental stages from booting to physiological maturity were better with the Wang and Engel (WE) model compared to CERES-Wheat, but not for the prediction of terminal spikelet initiation (TS). In the WE model, the vernalization function [f(V)] is a three-stage linear function and the life cycle of the wheat crop is divided into two phases, vegetative (emergence–anthesis) and reproductive (anthesis–physiological maturity). The objective of this study was to modify the WE model by introducing a nonlinear f(V), and dividing the vegetative phase into two sub-phases (emergence–terminal spikelet initiation and terminal spikelet initiation-anthesis). A series of field experiments were carried out at Lincoln, NE, USA, to provide independent data on the date of developmental stages of two winter wheat cultivars (Arapahoe and Karl 92) for evaluating the original and the modified WE model. The root mean square error (RMSE) with the modified WE model was 5 days for Arapahoe and 6 days for Karl 92 for all developmental stages, which corresponds to a 45% decrease in the RMSE compared with the original WE model.
Bordering Humanism: Life and Death on the Margins of Europe

This article addresses the increasing militarisation of the Italian borders and the establishment of detention centres reminiscent of concentration camps as a state response to potential immigrants, asylum seekers and others. We suggest that this militarisation should be understood as part of the remaking of the Italian state in relation to recent Italian political and economic history and the current hegemonic social and political ethos in Europe more generally. Since early 1990s, European, and specifically Italian ideology has embraced a neoliberal ethos of individualism and cultural particularity that encourages the politicisation of exclusionary regional and national geographies and the intensified policing of the borders. In the current political and economic context, non-Europeans from poor countries seeking entry into Italy are categorised as outsiders and therefore non-human. The ethos made popular by Italian political parties since the l990s degrades moral claims, extracts citizens from their emb...
Wax ester formation catalysed by isoenzymes of lipolytic acyl hydrolase

Abstract Wax ester formation by esterification of a long chain fatty acid (palmitic acid) with a long chain fatty alcohol (octadecanol) was enzymically catalysed by acetone dried powder preparations of potato tubers. The enzyme responsible for wax ester formation had multiple isoenzymic forms and was identical with lipolytic acyl hydrolase, a lipid deacylating enzyme. Tubers from different varietiees of potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) demonstrated markedly different levels of activity and electrophoretic patterns for both wax ester formation and lipid deacylation.
Narrow-Sense Heritability of Selected Sensory Descriptors in Virginia-Type Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract The sweet, bitter and roasted peanut attributes of roasted peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) flavor have been shown to be heritable traits. Previous research has estimated broad-sense heritability (H) and breeding values of numerous peanut cultivars and breeding lines for these attributes, but no study has estimated narrow-sense heritability (h2) in a specific population derived through hybridization and inbreeding. A population of 120 F3-derived families was developed without selection from the cross of NC 7/NC Ac 18431, a virginia-type line identified in 1990 as having a good flavor profile. The parents and F3:5 families were grown at two locations in North Carolina in 1995. SMK samples from each plot were roasted, ground to paste, tasted by a sensory panel, and scored for roasted peanut, sweet, bitter and astringent attributes. Additive and nonadditive genetic variances were estimated by equating variances among F2-derived families and among F3-derived families within F2-derived families to genetic...
Paradoxes in the diffusion of a rapidly advancing technology: The case of solar photovoltaics

Abstract The economic approach to technological diffusion identifies several paradoxes that may hinder innovation. The anticipation of rapid technical improvement may be a self-defeating prophecy, as potential innovators wait. The propositions are exemplified by residential solar photovoltaic systems. While systems appear profitable in two sites in the mid-1980s, the optimal delay in adoption may be as long as ten years. A policy for accelerating diffusion is suggested.
Intertroop variation in the frequencies of ABO alleles in a population of olive baboons

Blood and saliva were obtained from 183 olive baboons captured on the Kekopey Ranch in the Central Rift Valley of Kenya. Samples were returned to the Laboratory of Biological Anthropology and tested for ABO antigens. A uniquely high frequency of the amorph is reported. Intertroop variation at this locus appears to be very high, although within the ranges reported by some previous investigators.
Soft Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication With Roughness

A soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication model for a conformal one-dimensional sliding contact is presented. We describe surface-surface and fluid-surface interactions in conditions where asperities are in direct contact (mixed lubrication), and the effective film thickness is comparable in size to the roughness of the bounding surfaces. In the conditions considered, surfaces have a low elastic modulus, and fluid pressures have a low magnitude, relative to those found in most tribology applications. An interesting coupling is exhibited between the surface roughness, the global elasticity, and the fluid pressure. As opposed to typical tribological applications in conformal mixed lubrication contact, fluid pressure is strong enough to cause significant elastic displacement of the mean boundary surfaces. The deformation is taken into account in an iterative process to compute the resulting spatially dependent stresses, deformations and fluid pressures.
Secondary radix recodings for higher radix multipliers

For progressively higher radices, the reduction in partial products obtained by the well-known modified Booth multiplier recoding is offset by the need to precompute a rapidly increasing store of odd multiples of the multiplicand as inputs to each partial product generator (PPG). We propose secondary radix multiplier recoding schemes reducing the number of odd multiples required in the store for very high radix recodings (e.g., radix 2/sup r/ for 5 /spl les/ r /spl les/ 16). The proposed recoding schemes allow reduction of the number of partial products in the implementation by factors between and beyond the reduction factors of 2, 3, and 4 that can be achieved by traditional Booth recodings to radices 4, 8, and 16, respectively. We develop the theory of these recodings and provide methodology for secondary radix selection. Finally, we summarize latency and cost evaluations of selected implementations indicating potential cost and performance/cost advantages for practical operand sizes.
Coupling between two ferromagnetic layers separated by an antiferromagnetic layer

We have investigated the interlayer exchange coupling between two ferromagnetic (FM) layers mediated by an antiferromagnetic (AF) layer. We have extended Slonczewski's ``proximity magnetism'' idea in the trilayers by including an AF magnetocrystalline anisotropy and considering interfacial exchange coupling that is influenced by the interface roughness. Using a continuum model we obtain the rotation behavior of the AF moments during FM magnetization reversal. The results are discussed within the context of the ``proximity magnetism'' model. The FM magnetization behavior and the interlayer coupling are strongly dependent on the interfacial exchange coupling and the AF thickness, compared with the AF domain wall energy ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{W}$ and the wall length ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{W},$ respectively. A study of the exchange anisotropy in FM/AF bilayers is also presented.
The lightness of existence and the origami of “French” anthropology: Latour, Descola, Viveiros de Castro, Meillassoux, and their so-called ontological turn

Latour turns to Wittgensteinian or Lyotardian language games, and Silversteinian deixis and metapragmatics, as formal means of distinquishing modern European discursive categories and institutions, each defined by three criteria: the right pre-position, discontinuity from other language games, and felicity conditions. Double-click and the snake of knowledge are metaphorical reminders to not efface the labor of invention and maintenance. In lectures on Gaia, Latour turns toward a Durkheimian politics of the Anthropocene. Descola charts Siberian and North American groups on a north–south historical gradient from animism to analogism, and Amazonian cultural groups as animist transformational sets, reviving a human geography tradition, connecting to Latour’s project through wide-mesh networking of human–nonhuman cosmo-logical modes and relations, and contesting Viveiros de Castro’s uniform Amazonian predation cosmology and multinaturalism–uniculturalism, supporting the earlier work on contrastive Amazonian linguistics. We need not celebrate “humanity as technological detour,” but focus on the “peopling of technologies.”
Predictive medicine. VI. Physiologic versus normal values.

A technique is outlined for the establishment of physiologic ranges of blood glucose and serum cholesterol. Standards for health should be based upon observations in subjects who are relatively free of signs and symptoms. The results may call for reappraisal of some accepted physiologic values.
Identification of nucleation loci in emulsion polymerization processes. I. New information from spectroscopy studies

Particle nucleation is the forcing function in emulsion polymerization reactions and as such it plays a significant role in the development of most of the properties of the final latex. The locus of nucleation in emulsion polymerization remains a contentious issue. Recent developments in the spectroscopy of emulsions strongly suggest that the locus of particle nucleation is a population of small nano-droplets of size range between 30–100 nanometers in diameter. These nano-droplets are generated independently of the rate of initiator decomposition and appear to be functions only of the emulsification conditions. In this paper the simulation studies leading to the identification of the nano-droplet population are described. The theoretical evidence suggesting that the nano-droplets are the main loci of particle nucleation is presented and along with the recommendations for the experimental work. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2847–2857, 2006
Fast magnetic reconnection processes

It is found through theory and magnetohydrodynamic particle simulation that fast magnetic-field-line reconnection may consist of more than one stage. After the Sweet-Parker phase is established for an Alv\'en time, a faster "second phase" of reconnection takes over if the plasma is compressible: The reconnected flux varies as $\ensuremath{\psi}={\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}{t}^{\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{i}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{e}}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{e}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{i}$ refer to the plasma densities outside and inside of the current channel.
Micromagnetism in heavy-fermion compounds

Abstract We examine the development of magnetism in a Kondo lattice within a mixed fermion-bose representation of the spins. It is suggested that the tiny ordered moments in heavy-fermion superconductors form a critically screened local moment magnet, where the size of the moment is set by the critical spin for a Heisenberg magnet S c in a three-dimensional lattice.
Effects of reproductive resource supplementation on space-use patterns in Dendrobates pumilio

I increased the availability of tadpole-rearing sites (bromeliads) and oviposition sites (leaf litter) and examined the effects on space-use patterns in adult Dendrobates pumilio at the La Selva Biological Reserve in northeastern Costa Rica. I made 4158 observations of 986 marked adults during the seven-month study period. The addition of leaf litter did not result in increased density, but the addition of bromeliads did. The addition of leaf litter resulted in increased home-range size, but the effect depended on bromelial addition and sex. Home-range size was greater for females than males, and may be related to parental care and/or mate selection. Home-range size was not correlated with density. Spatio-temporal overlap was not affected by resource supplementation but the proportion of females captured in sites shared with males varied temporally. Dispersion was no affected by bromeliad supplementation but males on litter-addition plots were less clumped than males on other plots. These results indicate that the density increase observed on bromeliad-addition plots was accommodated by frogs utilizing previously unoccupied space. Frogs were captured more frequently at bromeliads on bromeliad-supplemented plots than on litter-addition and control plots. The size of the area defended by territorial males is smaller than home-range size indicating the absence of home-range defense.
Social Esteem and Participation in Contentious Politics: A Field Experiment at an LGBT Pride Rally

What motivates individuals to participate in contentious, political forms of collective action? In this article, I consider the possibility that the promise of social esteem from an ingroup can act as a powerful selective incentive for individuals to participate in contentious politics. I conducted a field experiment—the first to my knowledge to take place in the context of a political march, rally, or social-identity event—to isolate this esteem mechanism from others. Using measures of intent to attend, actual attendance, and reported attendance at a gay and lesbian pride event in New Jersey, I find evidence that the promise of social esteem boosts all three measures of participation. The article offers new theoretical and practical implications for the study of participation in nonvoting forms of collective action.
Cation dyshomeostasis and cardiomyocyte necrosis: the Fleckenstein hypothesis revisited

An ongoing loss of cardiomyocytes to apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways contributes to the progressive nature of heart failure. The pathophysiological origins of necrotic cell loss relate to the neurohormonal activation that accompanies acute and chronic stressor states and which includes effector hormones of the adrenergic nervous system. Fifty years ago, Albrecht Fleckenstein and coworkers hypothesized the hyperadrenergic state, which accompanies such stressors, causes cardiomyocyte necrosis based on catecholamine-initiated excessive intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation (EICA), and mitochondrial Ca(2+) overloading in particular, in which the ensuing dysfunction and structural degeneration of these organelles leads to necrosis. In recent years, two downstream factors have been identified which, together with EICA, constitute a signal-transducer-effector pathway: (i) mitochondria-based induction of oxidative stress, in which the rate of reactive oxygen metabolite generation exceeds their rate of detoxification by endogenous antioxidant defences; and (ii) the opening of the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability transition pore (mPTP) followed by organellar swelling and degeneration. The pathogenesis of stress-related cardiomyopathy syndromes is likely related to this pathway. Other factors which can account for cytotoxicity in stressor states include: hypokalaemia; ionized hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia with resultant elevations in parathyroid hormone serving as a potent mediator of EICA; and hypozincaemia with hyposelenaemia, which compromise antioxidant defences. Herein, we revisit the Fleckenstein hypothesis of EICA in leading to cardiomyocyte necrosis and the central role played by mitochondria.
Infrared Spectrum of Acetylene

The infrared absorption spectrum of C2H2 has been studied in the region from 2500 to 4150 cm−1. Nineteen bands were observed, of which 11 were sufficiently intense and well resolved to permit rotational analysis. Five bands involving the ground vibrational state were analyzed giving the rotational constants B0=1.17654±0.00004 and D0=1.51±0.03×10−6 cm−1. The l-doubling constants for the degenerate modes were determined to be q4=5.27, q5=4.63×10−3 cm−1. The rotational constants determined for the various observed states clearly show that additional data will be needed and due account taken of resonances to obtain a satisfactory set of rotational constants. The use of difference bands involving the v4=1-level permits the determination of the vibrational frequency of that level to be 612.88 cm−1.
Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot

Human speech and bird vocalization are complex communicative behaviors with notable similarities in development and underlying mechanisms. However, there is an important difference between humans and birds in the way vocal complexity is generally produced. Human speech originates from independent modulatory actions of a sound source, e.g., the vibrating vocal folds, and an acoustic filter, formed by the resonances of the vocal tract (formants). Modulation in bird vocalization, in contrast, is thought to originate predominantly from the sound source, whereas the role of the resonance filter is only subsidiary in emphasizing the complex time-frequency patterns of the source (e.g., but see ). However, it has been suggested that, analogous to human speech production, tongue movements observed in parrot vocalizations modulate formant characteristics independently from the vocal source. As yet, direct evidence of such a causal relationship is lacking. In five Monk parakeets, Myiopsitta monachus, we replaced the vocal source, the syrinx, with a small speaker that generated a broad-band sound, and we measured the effects of tongue placement on the sound emitted from the beak. The results show that tongue movements cause significant frequency changes in two formants and cause amplitude changes in all four formants present between 0.5 and 10 kHz. We suggest that lingual articulation may thus in part explain the well-known ability of parrots to mimic human speech, and, even more intriguingly, may also underlie a speech-like formant system in natural parrot vocalizations.
Cost-optimal multicast trees for multi-source data flows in multimedia distribution

From a graph-theoretical perspective, the problem of constructing multicast distribution paths, modeled as 'Steiner trees', is NP-complete. So, many heuristics-based algorithms are available to generate near-optimal trees. Typically, an algorithm first assigns the edge costs for all links, and then examines various candidate paths for interconnecting a given set of nodes. This strategy does not work well for the evolving multimedia application configurations (such as audio-video and image distributions) where it is often necessary to construct multiple distribution paths, viz., one per media data stream. This is because the overlapping of multiple tree segments over a common link forces the link cost to change, based on the delay and bandwidth characteristics of data streams flowing over these segments. Accordingly, algorithms that hitherto have assumed non-varying link costs during various phases of a run now need to take into account the variability of link costs as candidate trees with different levels of path overlapping are examined in a given run. In other words, as an algorithm runs by examining various paths, the link costs change. The paper embarks on a study of heuristics-based algorithms to tackle this 'modified Steiner tree' problem. The algorithms allow more cost-efficient routing of data than feasible otherwise with a classical treatment of the 'Steiner tree' problem.
Salvage Therapy in Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a commonly cured malignancy. Unfortunately, patients who are refractory to or relapse after first-line treatment pose a significant therapeutic challenge. There is evidence that these patients are best treated with an approach involving salvage chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDCT/ASCT). This approach may result in cure, with better results in patients with low-risk relapse. In patients with high-risk relapse and refractory disease, HDCT/ASCT is rarely curative. More aggressive transplant approaches have shown promising results in this group and are currently under active investigation. For those relapsing after HDCT/ASCT, there exists a range of therapeutic options, including further salvage chemotherapy, reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation, monoclonal antibody therapy, and novel agents. All patients in this category should be considered for enrollment in clinical trials. This review discusses the evidence behind the current practice in patients with relapsed or refractory HL. Specifically, the efficacy of various salvage chemotherapy regimens, the risk factors influencing outcome with HDCT/ASCT, and the results with alternative transplant approaches, monoclonal antibody therapies, and novel agents are addressed. We conclude by providing our approach to these patients, with the hope that this will serve as a framework for the practicing oncologist.
McMansions: The Extent and Regulation of Super-sized Houses

In response to the increase in oversized houses and plats, this paper reports the results of a survey of 103 US cities about the presence and extent of McMansion houses (infill and greenfield plats) and on their approaches to regulation. With a response rate of 57%, the results revealed that many cities have McMansions and some have adopted regulations (such as limiting building height, design review, and limiting floor area ratio) to control their development. As McMansions continue to spread, communities may need to consider more effective mechanisms to control for undesirable impacts—for infills on neighbours, and for greenfield plats on sprawl. On … a small road … four major construction projects are under way on individual lots. In each case, the existing, one-story home was sold and pulled down. A builder is now constructing a massive mansion some ten times larger than the pre-existing building on each lot … These large land-use changes in such a small area have significant effects on the town as a ...
Multiple Testing Procedures: the multtest Package and Applications to Genomics

The Bioconductor R package multtest implements widely applicable resampling-based single-step and stepwise multiple testing procedures (MTP) for controlling a broad class of Type I error rates. The current version of multtest provides MTPs for tests concerning means, differences in means, and regression parameters in linear and Cox proportional hazards models. Typical testing scenarios are illustrated by applying various MTPs implemented in multtest to the Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) data set of Chiaretti et al. (2004), with the aim of identifying genes whose expression measures are associated with (possibly censored) biological and clinical outcomes.
Identification and regulation of high light‐induced genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

We have used restriction fragment differential display for isolating genes of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that exhibit elevated expression on exposure of cells to high light. Some of the high light-activated genes were also controlled by CO 2 concentration. Genes requiring both elevated light and low CO 2 levels for activation encoded both novel polypeptides and those that function in concentrating inorganic carbon (extracellular carbonic anhydrase, low CO 2 -induced protein, ABC transporter of the MRP subfamily). All the genes in this category were shown to be under the control of Cia5, a protein that regulates the responses of C. reinhardtii to low-CO 2 conditions. Genes specifically activated by high light, even under high-CO 2 conditions, encoded a 30 kDa chloroplast membrane protein, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, a nuclease, and two proteins of unknown function. Experiments using DCMU, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, and mutants devoid of either photosystem I or photosystem II activity, showed aberrant expression of all the genes regulated by both CO 2 and high light, suggesting that redox plays a role in controlling their expression. In contrast, there was little effect of DCMU or lesions that block photosynthetic electron transport on the activity of genes that were specifically controlled by high light.
Computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography surveillance after combined modality treatment of supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin lymphoma: a clinical and economic perspective.

AbstractWe studied the clinical benefits of radiological imaging, in the follow-up of patients after combined modality treatment for stage I/II classical supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Imaging data were collected for 78 adults treated during 1996–2008. Median follow-up was 4.6 years. Six of the nine relapses were detected clinically. On average, 31 imaging studies/patient were performed, with an estimated cost of $12 608/patient. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans accounted for 25%, abdominopelvic CT scans 41% and positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT scans 22% of this expense. Only one patient recurred infradiaphragmatically. The estimated radiation dose from imaging was 399 mSv and 229 mSv per patient, in relapse and non-relapse groups, respectively. CT scans contributed over 80% of the imaging radiation exposure. The routine use of CT scans in the surveillance of patients with HL after curative treatment adds to healthcare costs and total body radiation exposure with a low yield. Hi...
Manipulating Shad to Enhance Sport Fisheries in North America: An Assessment

Abstract Manipulating forage fish populations to enhance sport fisheries is a common management practice. Here we review the literature dealing with manipulations of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and threadfin shad D. petenense to assess whether or not this practice has been successful. Shad introduction has tended to enhance predators, such as white crappie Pomoxis annularis, black crappie P. nigromaculatus, and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and negatively affect presumed competitors, such as bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. However, responses have not been consistent within a species: some studies document negative responses of predators or positive responses of competitors to shad introduction. Depending on the study, target species have experienced negative, neutral, and positive effects due to shad removal, making generalizations impossible. Inadequate statistical analyses coupled with problems with study design further complicated interpretation of these studies. In addition, because reside...
Evolving perspectives of 4th generation mobile communication systems

The last decade of the 20/sup th/ century has been witness to remarkable technological developments in the area of wireless communication technologies. Following the commercial deployment-and subsequent worldwide success-of 2/sup nd/ generation mobile telecommunication systems, such as GSM, standardization bodies, industry partners and regulatory fora from around the globe joined forces in producing the standards for 3/sup rd/ generation mobile telecommunication systems. In parallel, the academic research community has been gradually shifting its focus in defining the scope of 4/sup th/ generation systems. The present paper highlights fundamental concepts and presents key market developments in 4/sup th/ generation mobile communication environments. It outlines their major high level requirements and identifies the fundamental building blocks of 4/sup th/ generation system architectures in terms of technological solution sets. Finally, it proposes a set of priorities for the 4/sup th/ generation research agenda.
Linear Time Invariant Formulation of the Gyroscopic Problems using Quaternion Mathematics

Currently, many six degree of freedom (6-DOF) trajectory simulations and simulations of gyroscopic motion use quaternions to define a vehicle’s orientation. Of those that do, however, none take full advantage of the properties of quaternion mathematics. Quaternions are also known as hypercomplex numbers. They can be treated as individual quantities for which all the standard algebraic operations are defined. Consequently, they have advantages that Euler angles and transformation matrices do not. This paper will define a linear time invariant set of equations to formulate a representation of the rigid body problem. This results from the non-commutativity of quaternion multiplication, i.e., a b b a υ ζ υ . This representation will be compared with a non-linear representation and a linear time varying representation. Numerical results comparing the methods will also be presented.
Is There a Mexican View of Death

Reviewing social science literature over the past half century, this article identifies a widely held image of what we might call the morbid Mexican. In contrast to people from other cultural traditions, Mexicans are said to scorn and laugh at death and to be comfortable in the presence of death. They are also portrayed as relatively impervious to the emotional impact of death. Through a systematic survey of ethnographic data, particularly concerning funerals and mortuary ritual, the article challenges this portrayal of Mexican national character. It traces the origin and perpetuation of the stereotypical Mexican attitude toward death to the broad dissemination of popular images derived from the Day of the Dead.