cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economy and Development in Modern Cities

This chapter focuses on the roles of energy and strategies for capital accumulation as the primary determinants of urban development. The essay begins with a brief survey of the city in history: ranging from the mercantile trading city, characterized by craft production, to the rise of the industrial city with its large-scale industrial production, to the corporate city based on the service sector, paying special attention to the role of energy surpluses in transforming work processes and expanding economic surpluses. The chapter ends with a discussion of Third World cities, especially megacities, and their role origins in the globalization process, as well as a reflection on the possibility of sustainable cities in the future.
A Qualitative Study of Child Nutrition and Oral Health in El Salvador

The nutrition transition from traditional diets to processed snacks and sugary beverages has contributed to a higher burden of child malnutrition, obesity, and tooth decay. While child health interventions typically promote nutritious eating, they rarely promote oral health. Mothers’ motivations for child nutrition and oral health practices need to be better understood. A convenience sample of 102 mothers in eight rural Salvadoran communities participated in focus groups addressing child nutrition and oral health. Focus groups were transcribed and coded using qualitative content analysis. Primary themes included generational changes in health environments; health knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and access and barriers to health services. Mothers noted general improvements in awareness of oral hygiene but poorer child oral health, which they attributed to widespread sales of unhealthy snacks and beverages near schools. Distance and cost limited families’ access to dental services. Knowledge gaps included the belief that oral iron supplements cause tooth decay, uncertainty regarding when to start tooth brushing, and until when parents should help children brush. Maternal-child health programs should emphasize the adverse health consequences of feeding young children processed snacks and sugary drinks, and promote dental care access and regulations to ensure health-promoting environments surrounding schools.
Min-Delay Margin/Error Detection and Correction for Flip-Flops and Pulsed Latches in 10-nm CMOS

Min-delay (MID) error rates increase dramatically under aggressive voltage and technology scaling, limiting $V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ . Pulsed latches offer significant clocking power savings over flip-flops but further aggravate MID failures. This letter proposes MID margin/error detection and correction (M2/EDAC) for flip-flops and pulsed latches to reduce $V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ guard bands for voltage noise, temperature variation, and aging, and to detect and correct rare MID failures. Statistical data collection from a prototype in 10-nm tri-gate CMOS shows up to 122-mV $V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ reduction. Reliable pulsed latches enabled by M2/EDAC offer 12%–18% total dynamic power savings for logic blocks in 10-nm CMOS.
Teenage Agency and Popular Music Reception in World War II-Era Frank Sinatra Fan Clubs

During World War II, American media consistently portrayed the typical young female Frank Sinatra fan as a disinterested citizen who failed to devote adequate attention to the war effort and harbored an inappropriate obsession with the pop idol. What contemporaneous critics and current scholars have generally not acknowledged, however, was how Sinatra fandom allowed thousands of American teenage girls to navigate their stressful, confusing, and often contradictory wartime realities with purpose and enthusiasm. This article examines wartime Frank Sinatra fan clubs through the lens of fan club newsletters and correspondences, which were authored, printed, and distributed entirely by the primarily teenage female members of these clubs. In contrast to professionally published press coverage and criticism, these fan-made texts provide unprecedented insight into how this specific fan community used their adoration of Sinatra as a base to explore international relationships, develop professional skills, and engage in personal expression amidst heightened feelings of nationalism and conflicting expectations regarding American gender roles.
Current indications for abdominal-based flaps in hand and forearm reconstruction.

Abstract Extensive soft tissue loss or injury of the hand and upper extremity is a challenging reconstructive problem traditionally treated with abdominal-based pedicled flaps. Options for coverage included the groin flap based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery, the Scarpa's fascia flap based on the superficial inferior epigastric artery, and the paraumbilical perforator flap from the deep inferior epigastric artery perforators. Despite the ability to provide consistent and pliable soft tissue coverage with ease of elevation, these flaps have several disadvantages including restriction of mobility, requirement for multiple procedures, bulkiness and patient discomfort. With the advent of microsurgery, pedicled regional flaps, and off-the-shelf skin substitutes, the applications for these flaps have narrowed. However several indications still remain. These include: patient and facility factors which deter microsurgery, the absence of recipient vessels after injury, prior surgical use of recipient vessels, the need to preserve major vessels for future reconstruction, and large multi-surface wounds requiring coverage. In this review we detail these indications and provide case examples for each.
Asymmetric cerebral edema presenting with severe neurologic impairment and seizures after cardiac and thoracic interventions

Abstract Introduction A syndrome of focal neurologic deficits with characteristic imaging features, acute encephalopathy, and seizures after cardiac and thoracic interventions has been previously briefly reported in the literature. In a retrospective observational study, we aim to identify the prevalence and characteristics of this syndrome, in addition to discussing the possible underlying pathophysiology. Methods In a retrospective study, we reviewed records of consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) who underwent cardiac and thoracic procedures at a single institution between September 2014 to September 2019 and found to have evidence of focal cerebral edema following their procedure. We included and reported clinical course of patients who developed post-operative neurologic dysfunction and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing (1) asymmetric cerebral edema with (2) cortical diffusion restriction and (3) T2 cortical or subcortical hyperintensity and (4) no proximal vascular occlusion. Results Three out of 107 patients (2.8%) met our inclusion criteria. These represented one male and two females with age at presentation of 63, 81 and 69, respectively. All patients developed severe neurologic impairment on the same day following their procedure (sternotomy with valve or bypass surgery in 2 patients; esophageal dilatation procedure in 1 patient). All patients underwent MRI of the brain and vessel imaging qualifying our inclusion criteria. Two patients improved neurologically prior to discharge, and one patient expired after family elected to withdraw care. Conclusion We present a series of cases with a rare syndrome after cardiac and thoracic interventions. Although the exact mechanism of this syndrome remains unclear, we believe it to be related to relative cerebral hyperperfusion and cerebral dysautoregulation following anesthesia and thoracic manipulation. Future studies should focus on understanding the true prevalence and pathophysiology of this syndrome.
Incorporating environmental factors to describe wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) seedling emergence and plant phenology

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a weed found globally in agricultural systems. The facultative winter annual nature of this plant and high genetic variability makes modeling its growth and phenology difficult. In the present study, R. raphanistrum natural seedbanks exhibited a biphasic pattern of emergence, with emergence peaks occurring in both fall and spring. Traditional sigmoidal models were inadequate to fit this pattern, regardless of the predictive environmental variable, and a corresponding biphasic model (sigmoidal + Weibull) was used to describe emergence based on the best parameters. Each best-fit chronological, thermal, and hydrothermal model accounted for at least 85% of the variation of the validation data. Observations on phenology progression from four cohorts were used to create a common model that described all cohorts adequately. Different phenological stages were described using chronological, thermal, hydrothermal, daylength-dependent thermal time, and daylength-dependent hydrothermal time. Integrating daylength and temperature into the models was important for predicting reproductive stages of R. raphanistrum.
Universal method for fabricating PDMS microfluidic device using SU8, 3D printing and soft lithography

Microfluidic devices are constructed from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) due to their biocompatibility, fabrication ease, well-established protocols, and simplicity. PDMS-based microfluidic devices ar...
The XM561 Cargo Truck — A Breakthrough in Mobility

Abstract : A new concept in wheeled vehicle mobility is presented which verifies the advantage of an articulated system over the rigid wheeled vehicle. This paper traces the history of the development of the XM561 cargo truck, and presents the design configuration, articulation system, and mobility evaluation as compared with other military vehicles.
178 Dual allosteric inhibitors jointly modulate structure and dynamics in the Hepatitis C Virus polymerase

The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) affects close to 200 million people globally. This growing epidemic urgently requires the development of more effective therapies. The HCV polymerase (gene product NS5B)...
Tipping Points in the Tundra

Environmental changes in the Arctic may be an early warning system for global climate change, and recent reports from the region are alarming. Several studies have indicated substantial declines in sea ice cover and earlier ice melting, which have led to the lowest level of sea ice in more than a century. And now there is evidence that the warming on the nearby continents may also be accelerating. In his Perspective, [Foley][1] discusses results reported in the same issue by [ Chapin et al. ][2] that suggest that reductions in highly reflective snow cover and expanding shrub and tree cover, both caused by recent warming in the Arctic, are amplifying the temperature changes in the region. Reduced snow cover and expanded shrubs and tress both act to absorb additional solar radiation (compared to highly reflective snow fields), warming the surface and the atmosphere above. Chapin et al. provide the best empirical evidence for this climate feedback mechanism to date; these results need to be more fully incorporated into models of future climate change. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5748/627 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/310/5748/657
Experimental realization of quantum oblivious transfer

We present an experimental demonstration of an unconditionally secure, cheat-sensitive oblivious transfer protocol relying on entanglement-free quantum communication. Our experiment is based on a down-conversion-based heralded photon source, commercial fiber components, and silicon single-photon detectors.
Secure communication in broadcast channels: the answer to Franklin and Wright's question

Problems of secure communication and computation have been studied extensively in network models. Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Linial, Franklin and Yung, and Franklin and Wright have initiated the study of secure communication and secure computation in multirecipient (broadcast) models. A "broadcast channel" (such as ethernet) enables one processor to send the same message--simultaneously and privately-- to a fixed subset of processors. In their Eurocrypt '98 paper, Franklin and Wright have shown that if there are n broadcast lines between a sender and a receiver and there are at most t malicious (Byzantine style) processors, then the condition n > t is necessary and sufficient for achieving efficient probabilisticly reliable and probabilisticly private communication. They also showed that if n > ⌈3t/2⌉ then there is an efficient protocol to achieve probabilisticly reliable and perfectly private communication. And they left open the question whether there exists an efficient protocol to achieve probabilisticly reliable and perfectly private communication when ⌈3t/2⌉ ≥ n > t. In this paper, by using a different authentication scheme, we will answer this question affirmatively and study related problems.
The JCR test.

(1947). The JCR Test. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 12-29.
Should end-users participate as much as they want in the development of collaborative applications?

User participation seems especially important in the development of collaborative work systems where the technology is used by a work group to coordinate their joint activities. Using a sample of 163 collaborative and 239 noncollaborative applications, this research focuses on (1) Is user participation more effective in collaborative applications? (2) What specific decision issues enhance user satisfaction and productivity? and (3) Can permitting end-users to participate as much as they want an some issues be ineffective or even dysfunctional. The results indicate that user participation is more effective in collaborative applications. Of the four decision issues tested, only participation in information needs analysis predicts end-user satisfaction and task productivity. Encouraging end-users to participate as much as they want on a broad range of systems analysis issues such as project initiation, information flow analysis, and format design appears to be, at best, a waste of time and perhaps, even harmful. These findings should help managers and analysts make better decisions about how to focus participatory efforts and whether end-users should participate as much as they want in the design of collaborative systems.
Pleth Variability Index and Fluid Responsiveness of Hemodynamically Stable Patients After Cardiothoracic Surgery

BACKGROUND Fluid responsiveness is a measure of preload dependence and is defined as an increase in cardiac output due to volume expansion. Recent publications have suggested that variation in amplitude of the pulse oximetry waveform may be predictive of fluid responsiveness. The pleth variability index (PVI) was developed as a noninvasive bedside measurement of this variation in the pulse oximetry waveform. OBJECTIVES To measure the discriminatory value of PVI for predicting fluid responsiveness as measured by pulmonary artery catheter thermodilution in patients after cardiothoracic surgery. METHODS A prospective observational study of hemodynamically stable postoperative cardiac surgery patients with pulmonary artery catheters. A fingertip sensor was used to measure PVI. Vital signs, PVI, and cardiac index were measured before, during, and after passive leg raise. Fluid responsiveness was defined by increase in cardiac index of greater than 15% during passive leg raise. The discriminatory value of PVI was assessed by using the Wilcoxon method to measure the area under the receiver operating curve. RESULTS In 13 months, 47 patients (24 receiving mechanical ventilation, 23 spontaneously breathing) were enrolled. Fluid responsiveness was noted in 42% of intubated patients and 48% of spontaneously breathing patients. PVI was not adequate to discriminate fluid responsiveness in intubated patients (area under curve, 0.63; P = .16) or spontaneously breathing patients (area under curve, 0.41; P = .75). CONCLUSIONS Among postoperative cardiac surgery patients, PVI is not reliable for predicting fluid responsiveness as measured by pulmonary artery catheter thermodilution, regardless of ventilatory status.
Astronomical Applications Of Charge Injection Devices

During the past year several types of silicon self-scanning arrays have become available. The Charge Injection Device (CID) which is processed in a 100 x 100 format has been examined in detail and is presently being used on a regular basis at Kitt Peak National Observatory for a special class of astronomical problems. The random address and non destructive readout features make the CID a unique member in the family of array devices. Linearity, MTF, and Quantum Efficiency have been measured and detailed results are given.
Potential pitfalls on the road to an effective HIV vaccine

Experimental vaccines for AIDS prophylaxis are being tested in larger and higher-risk populations. Here, David Schwartz, an advocate of HIV-vaccine research and development, highlights some of the concerns that have been voiced about this strategy and presents a simple mathematical model that considers the drawbacks to vaccine-induced expansion of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells.
Using a new GUI tool to leverage LiDAR data to aid in hyperspectral image material detection in the radiance domain on RIT SHARE LiDAR/HSI data

This paper looks at a data set, called the SHARE 2010 collect, that has been designed to analyze the various impacts of illumination change on materials. Similar fabric materials were placed on different backgrounds where spectral signatures were analyzed to determined impacts of background adjacency. Hyperspectral, multispectral, and LiDAR modalities were used to image the panels in the above mentioned scenarios. Applications such as material detection with results are used to assess difficulties with finding such panels. The incorporation of point LiDAR data sets and physical models will aid in approximating the correct per-pixel signature to be used in the above mentioned detection scheme. This technique can help mitigate issues related to varying illumination across a scene. All of the processing (i.e., LiDAR, MODTRAN, HSI and detection) is performed in a new GUI tool which runs in the ENVI software.
Leucosporidium gen. n., the heterobasidiomycetous stage of several yeasts of the genus Candida.

Investigation of yeasts from Antarctic regions revealed that certain species ofCandida have heterobasidiomycetous life cycles. Two distinct but overlapping groups of species were found: heterothallic and self-sporulating species.Candida scottii is a heterothallic species with the following life cycle: opposite mating types will conjugate and develop a dikaryotic mycelium with clamp connections. Karyogamy occurs in the teliospore which germinates and produces a promycelium. Meiosis takes place in the promycelium, followed by development of haploid sporidia to complete the life cycle. In addition,C. scottii has a self-sporulating phase. From a single cell, in the apparent absence of mating, a uninucleate mycelium is produced that lacks clamp connections. Teliospores, promycelia and sporidia develop that appear similar to those produced from dikaryotic mycelium. The self-sporulating species have life histories similar to the self-sporulating phase ofC. scottii; except that heterothallism has not been observed. Based on these life histories the new genusLeucosporidium is proposed with two heterothallic species (Leu. scottii andLeu. capsuligenum) and five self-sporulating species (Leu. antarcticum, Leu. frigidum, Leu. gelidum, Leu. nivalis andLeu. stokesii. Leu. antarcticum) andLeu. stokesii have not been described under the genusCandida.
I/sub DDT/ testing of embedded CMOS SRAMs

This paper presents an i/sub DDT/ test method for embedded CMOS SRAMs. A total of 192 faults were inserted and simulated using parameters from a 0.35 um process. The SRAM model includes realistic effects such as wire bonding inductance and resistance parameters as well as bypass capacitance. A sensor is introduced and incorporated into the SRAM cell array to detect abnormal i/sub DDT/ switching.
Effects of Sulfonamides on Chick Brain Tissue Cultivated In vitro

ConclusionsBrain of 8-day-old chick embryos cultivated in vitro in plasma to which sulfonamides in various concentrations were added, responded differently in accordance with the sulfonamide tested. Cultures containing sulfadiazine and succinyl sulfathiazole grew better than the controls in all concentrations tested. The growths in sulfapyrazine and sulfapyridinie equalled those of the controls. The other sulfonamides showed varying degrees of toxicity. Preliminary experiments suggested strongly that the toxicity is to be ascribed to inherent properties of the drugs, not their pH.
A Web-accessible tutorial for PsyScope based on classic experiments in human cognition

PsyScope is a graphically oriented, script-based program for the control of experiments on Macintosh computers that has been made freely available to the psychology community by its developers (Cohen, MacWhinney, Flatt, & Provost, 1993) at Carnegie Mellon Univeristy. We describe a graduated tutorial that was written for new users of PsyScope (instructors or students); the text and scripts can be retrieved from a website at Hamilton College (http://cogito.hamilton.edu/tutorial/). The tutorial examples may be used as classroom demonstrations or as pedagogical aids in teaching students how to use PsyScope in their own research projects. The four examples include a Stroop test, simple and choice reaction time, and a sentence-verification task.
Phosphorus Pools, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, and Phosphorus Limitation in Hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake

ABSTRACT We examined seasonality in the phosphorus (P) physiology of the phytoplankton assemblage of culturally hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake, an urban system located in metropolitan Syracuse, NY. Four years of monitoring data for ambient dissolved and cellular phosphorus pools and phytoplankton biomass and one year of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) assays supported the assessment. Kinetic approaches utilizing ambient dissolved and stored nutrient pools were evaluated for their utility in tracking nutrient limitation and gave evidence for luxury uptake of soluble reactive P (SRP) and utilization of the dissolved organic P (DOP) pool by the lake's phytoplankton. The high concentrations of phytoplankton biomass maintained annually from mid-to late summer were sustained in part by the DOP pool. Concentrations of SRP appear to be an inadequate representation of nutrient limitation in the lake. The cellular concentration of P, represented by the cell quota (Q, μg particulate P /μg chlorophyll), was general...
Echocardiography 2020: opportunities and challenges

In this Editors’ Page, I would like to share several experiences that I had quite recently, during the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) Annual Scientific Sessions (held earlier this year in San Diego). These re-emphasized to me that in 2010, the field of echocardiography has perhaps never had more exciting opportunities, and more threatening challenges, than it does today. One of the highlights of each year’s ASE Annual Scientific Sessions is the Edler Lecture. Named for Inge Edler, MD, who first used cardiovascular ultrasound as a clinical tool, the ASE Edler Lecture is customarily given by an ASE Past-President. The 2010 Edler Lecture was delivered skillfully by my good friend William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE, who served ably as ASE President from June 2008– June 2009. Dr. Zoghbi presented a very thoughtful and forward-looking talk entitled ‘‘Echocardiography: A 2020 Vision’’. He began by emphasizing that the history of echocardiography has been a success story of ‘‘sustained innovation’’, and then reviewed the evolution of echocardiographic techniques over the past 60 years, starting with A-mode and later M-mode echocardiography and progressing to encompass an array of related modalities including two-dimensional (2D), spectral and color Doppler, transesophageal, contrast, tissue Doppler, real-time three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic and transesophageal, speckle tracking, and handheld echocardiography. Dr. Zoghbi kindly gave me permission to include in this column one of his slides (Figure 1), which illustrates the remarkable history of innovation in echocardiography. This family of related techniques provides a powerful, painless means to diagnose, document the severity of, and evaluate the response to treatment of virtually every cardiovascular disease. Moreover, unlike many competing diagnostic imaging modalities, echocardiography can be performed at the point of patient care, whether in the echocardiography laboratory, the office or outpatient clinic, the intensive care unit or operating room or emergency room. Other diagnostic techniques may be very important in patients with known or suspected heart disease, but in my opinion none is as versatile and as widely applicable in 2010 as the family of techniques that falls under the echocardiography ‘‘umbrella’’. In his lecture, Dr. Zoghbi went on to discuss his vision of how echocardiography might be practiced in the year 2020. He showed an example of a handheld ‘‘omniscope’’ (about the size of a modern smartphone) that would be used at the bedside or in the clinic, during the patient encounter, as part of the cardiovascular examination. Using a wireless imaging transducer, the examiner would use this device to perform, view, and store a set of ultrasound images, making diagnosis and triage rapid and efficient. As a wireless device, the omniscope could provide the examiner not only with the means to ex-
Experimental observation of trickling filter hydraulics

Abstract An open-face, plastic-sheet reactor design was tested to determine wastewater flow characteristics in cross-flow plastic media trickling filters. Flow characteristics were evaluated by routine visual inspection of the open-face reactor during its 40-day operating period and by 35-mm time lapse photography and video tape recording of impulse tracer dye applications. The experimental observations showed that the bulk of the trickling filter flow can be characterized as a vertical laminar liquid film flow over a majority of the biofilm surface that is interrupted at regular intervals by falling liquid drops, originating from irregularities or protrusions in the biofilm surface. A small portion of flow occurs by falling droplets and flow in 50–100-mm length, dispersed shallow channels. The liquid film appears to be mixed at the falling droplet impact location. The distance between these mixing locations, referred to as an uninterrupted flow path length, is determined by the location of biofilm surface protrusions. Although many biofilm surface protrusions are located near the nodes or crossing points of adjacent sheets of the media's surface, they are also found at other locations. Thus, it is not possible to specify the uninterrupted flow path distance from media geometry features alone. In addition, observed flow irregularities resulted in intermittent wetting of some biofilm surfaces with intermittent exposure directly to the reactor gas phase. This condition may have a significant effect on oxygen mass transfer rates to the biofilm.
Study of Inclusive Vector-Meson Production in π - p Interactions at 15 GeV/c

We examine the polarization properties exhibited by ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ in the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}+{X}^{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}+\mathrm{charged}\mathrm{particles}$ at 15 GeV/c. ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ production is analyzed in the framework of the triple Regge model. The trajectory coupled to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ is $\ensuremath{\alpha}(t)=(\ensuremath{-}0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)+(0.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21)t$ in good agreement with the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ trajectory. The properties of the system recoiling against the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ (off-shell $``{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}''p$ reaction) are very similar to those of the final states of on-shell ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ reactions at the same center-of-mass energy.
Liquid metal condensation in the cavity of the HIBALL heavy ion fusion reactor

Abstract In the HIBALL heavy ion beam fusion reactor design, the INPORT concept is used to protect the first surface of the reactor from damage by the high energy X-rays, ion debris and fast neutrons from the exploding target. Liquid Li 17 Pb 83 flows through porous SiC tubes and wets outside of the tubes with a layer of Li 17 Pb 83 . This Li 17 Pb 83 film is evaporated on each shot by the target X-rays and ion debris. The mechanisms that control the vapor pressure of the chamber are: gas radiation, Li 17 Pb 83 evaporation from the INPORT tubes, and gas condensation back onto the INPORT tubes. From the beam stripping cross section for Bi 2+ ions on Pb the gas pressure (evaluated at 0°C) inside the chamber must be at or below 10 −4 torr in order for the ion beam to reach the target and ignite it. The repetition rate is therefore determined by the time required to reestablish this pressure after a shot. Calculations are presented that indicate that this time is short enough to allow a 5 Hz repetition rate for a wide range of parameters.
Maintaining Case‐Based Reasoners: Dimensions and Directions

Experience with the growing number of large-scale and long-term case-based reasoning (CBR) applications has led to increasing recognition of the importance of maintaining existing CBR systems. Recent research has focused on case-base maintenance (CBM), addressing such issues as maintaining consistency, preserving competence, and controlling case-base growth. A set of dimensions for case-base maintenance, proposed by Leake and Wilson, provides a framework for understanding and expanding CBM research. However, it also has been recognized that other knowledge containers can be equally important maintenance targets. Multiple researchers have addressed pieces of this more general maintenance problem, considering such issues as how to refine similarity criteria and adaptation knowledge. As with case-base maintenance, a framework of dimensions for characterizing more general maintenance activity, within and across knowledge containers, is desirable to unify and understand the state of the art, as well as to suggest new avenues of exploration by identifying points along the dimensions that have not yet been studied. This article presents such a framework by (1) refining and updating the earlier framework of dimensions for case-base maintenance, (2) applying the refined dimensions to the entire range of knowledge containers, and (3) extending the theory to include coordinated cross-container maintenance. The result is a framework for understanding the general problem of case-based reasoner maintenance (CBRM). Taking the new framework as a starting point, the article explores key issues for future CBRM research.
A distributed point polarizable force field for carbon dioxide

A distributed point polarizable model potential for carbon dioxide, with explicit terms for charge penetration and induction, is introduced. This model potential accurately describes the structures and interaction energies of small (CO2) n clusters and also gives the second virial coefficients and radial distribution functions of supercritical CO2 in excellent agreement with experiment.
Enhancing Elementary Students' Motivation to Read and Write: A Classroom Intervention Study

ABSTRACT The authors examined how different reading and language arts assignments influenced 3rd-grade students' motivational goals, strategy use, and achievement affect, that is, anxiety and self-concept. Participants included 8 teachers and 187 students from 1 suburban school. During weekly planning sessions, the teachers modified their reading and language arts assignments to increase the number of opportunities students had (a) to write multiple paragraphs, (b) to collaborate with peers, and (c) to monitor their progress over extended periods of time. The students' motivational patterns varied according to how well the teachers implemented these changes in their assignments. In classrooms where the teachers implemented the desired modifications, the students were less focused on teacher approval or normative standards of evaluation. Contrary to expectations, the intervention did not influence the students' patterns of strategy use or achievement affect. The results highlight ways in which teachers can...
Fluorometric measurement of reduced pyridine nucleotide in cellular and subcellular particles.

Abstract 1. 1. The application of a commercial fluorometer for the measurement of pyridine nucleotide reduction and oxidation of biological particulate preparations, such as mitochondria, yeast, and bacteria, has been described and demonstrated. 2. 2. The changes of concentration of reduced pyridine nucleotide as measured fluorometrically with rat liver mitochondria have been compared to the spectrophotometric measurement of pyridine nucleotide kinetics and to the changes in pyridine nucleotide concentration determined by chemical analyses. 3. 3. These studies show a fluorescence enhancement for reduced pyridine nucleotide of rat liver mitochondria of 4- to 6-fold suggesting the presence of a ternary complexing of pyridine nucleotide in mitochondria. The greatest fluorescence enhancement is observed with the DPNH fraction of mitochondria with increases as high as 8 to 12 obtainable under various metabolic conditions. 4. 4. The extent of fluorescence enhancement observed with mitochondria, bakers' yeast, and E. coli is compared to previous reports on the DPNH complexing with purified enzyme preparations. 5. 5. The influences of mitochondrial concentration and temperature on the measurement of mitochondrial concentration and temperature on the measurement of pyridine nucleotide fluorescence are described.
Multipart monographic series of fiction and the bibliographic record

Multipart monographic series of fiction are defined as fictional novels that share some common link. A review of the literature and on the job observations showed that even when series information appeared on books that information was not always represented in bibliographic records. A study determined the extent of inaccurate series information on bibliographic records. The study found that 54% of the books with multipart monographic series had some type of error. In addition, data on specific types of errors and the existence of series authority records (SARs) were collected. Despite the significant data gathered, the results offer no explanations as to why these series are so often represented inaccurately.
Army ground communication equipment

The requirements for combat communication equipment, some of the problems in its development and production, and the testing and observation of it in actual operation in the field are recounted in this article. Wire, switchboards, radio equipment, types of control, and carrier systems are discussed.
Ferromagnetism at Very High Frequencies. III. Two Mechanisms of Dispersion in a Ferrite

The magnetic spectrum of a ferrite is shown to contain two regions of pronounced dispersion. One occurs at radiofrequencies, resembles a resonance, and is proved to be due to domain wall displacements; the other occurs in the microwave range, exhibits typical resonance characteristics, and is attributed to domain rotations. The identification of the dispersion mechanisms is based primarily on a comparison of the complex permeability of solid samples with that of small particles of the same material. Several manifestations of single-domain behavior are reported, and a study of remanence by high frequency methods is presented. The wall effects are interpreted in terms of the concept of apparent wall inertia and it is shown that microscopic eddy currents cannot cause the damping. The rotational effects are interpreted on the basis of crystalline anisotropy. Previously used methods for identifying dispersion mechanisms are discussed.
Pointer warping in heterogeneous multi-monitor environments

Warping the pointer across monitor bezels has previously been demonstrated to be both significantly faster and preferred to the standard mouse behavior when interacting across displays in homogeneous multi-monitor configurations. Complementing this work, we present a user study that compares the performance of four pointer-warping strategies, including a previously untested frame-memory placement strategy, in heterogeneous multi-monitor environments, where displays vary in size, resolution, and orientation. Our results show that a new frame-memory pointer warping strategy significantly improved targeting performance (up to 30% in some cases). In addition, our study showed that, when transitioning across screens, the mismatch between the visual and the device space has a significantly bigger impact on performance than the mismatch in orientation and visual size alone. For mouse operation in a highly heterogeneous multi-monitor environment, all our participants strongly preferred using pointer warping over the regular mouse behavior.
Cloning oncogenic ras-regulated genes by differential display.

The coordinated regulation of gene expression is a key cellular function that specifies cell characteristics as well as controls normal physiological processes of the organism. Deregulation of this gene expression leads to a variety of abnormal conditions such as cancer. Therasoncogene is one of the most frequently found mutations in various types of human cancer. The mutated Ras protein constitutively elicits multiple mitogenic signals to the nucleus to alter gene expression of target genes that are involved in a broad range of normal cellular functions. Thus the identification of these genes may provide an important tool toward the understanding of these pathogenic processes. As a first step to reveal these processes at the molecular level and to dissect the key pathway employed by oncogenic Ras protein, we have looked for its target genes in rodent model cell lines using the differential display method. Our initial screening has isolated a number of genes either up- or downregulated by oncogenicrasactivation. Although the functional analyses of these genes in terms ofras-mediated cell transformation will be the major challenge, differential display has come to be a very efficient tool that helped us move to the next step. In this short report, we focus primarily on the technical aspects of differential display and experimental designs used in this study.
Something for Beer Lovers, Arm-Chair Travelers, and Photo Buffs

In this issue covers a Web site that helps beer lovers find rare, but favorite, brews as well as upcoming beer events. A system that uses photos contributed by tourists from around the world to reconstruct navigable worlds, perhaps for those unfortunate enough to stay home is also examined. Finally, "concept car" intended for use by the blind and a camera that gives you a kite's eye view of the world is presented.
Liquid crystal clad near-infrared metamaterials with tunable negative-zero-positive refractive indices

Near-infrared metamaterials that possess a reconfigurable index of refraction from negative through zero to positive values are presented. Reconfigurability is achieved by cladding thin layers of liquid crystal both as a superstrate and a substrate on an established negative-index metamaterial, and adjusting the permittivity of the liquid crystal. Numerical results show that the index of refraction for the proposed structure can be changed over the range from -1 to +1.8 by tuning the liquid crystal permittivity from 2 to 6 at a wavelength of 1.4 μm.
Depth deconvolution of 57Fe conversion-electron Mössbauer spectra using electrons below 60 eV

Abstract Resonant electrons below 60 eV which are detected during conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) provide surface-specific signals which decrease exponentially with application of metallic overlayers up to 5.0 nm in thickness. Nonresonant electrons below 60 eV, arising from straggling and multiple-scattering events deep within the film, decrease only slightly in intensity with overlayer thickness. Using this noted difference, two different empirical procedures have been developed/adapted to extract the CEMS spectrum of a 0.3 nm oxide surface layer from a bulk iron target. Collection of low-energy electrons offers the advantages of short data acquisition times and increased surface sensitivity compared to established procedures relying on the collection of electrons near 7.3 keV. These techniques should prove useful for studies of surface reactivity, buried interfaces and surface magnetism.
Solar spectral optical properties of pigments—Part II: survey of common colorants

Abstract Various pigments are characterized by determination of parameters S (backscattering) and K (absorption) as functions of wavelength in the solar spectral range of 300–2500 nm. Measured values of S for generic titanium dioxide (rutile) white pigment are in rough agreement with values computed from the Mie theory, supplemented by a simple multiple scattering model. Pigments in widespread use are examined, with particular emphasis on those that may be useful for formulating non-white materials that can reflect the near-infrared (NIR) portion of sunlight, such as the complex inorganic color pigments (mixed metal oxides). These materials remain cooler in sunlight than comparable NIR-absorbing colors. NIR-absorptive pigments are to be avoided. High NIR reflectance can be produced by a reflective metal substrate, an NIR-reflective underlayer, and/or by the use of a pigment that scatters strongly in the NIR.
Regulation of human helper T cell subset differentiation by cytokines

Since the discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells in the late 1980s, the family of effector CD4(+) helper T (Th) cell subsets has expanded. The differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells is largely determined when they interact with dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid organs, and cytokines play a major role in the regulation of Th differentiation in the early stages. Recent studies show that the developmental mechanism of certain Th subsets is not fully shared between mice and humans. Here we will review recent discoveries on the roles of cytokines in the regulation of Th differentiation in humans, and discuss the differences between mice and humans in the developmental mechanisms of several Th subsets, including Th17 cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. We propose that the differentiation of human Th subsets is largely regulated by the three cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, and TGF-β.
Visual information processing with obsessive-compulsive and hysteric personalities

Abstract Utilizing a visual processing task, the study explored whether or not global information processing was more characteristic of hysteric individuals and more focused, local information processing was characteristic of obsessive-compulsive individuals. Subjects performed speeded classification card sorting tasks on Navon (1977) types figures (large letters whose subcomponents are smaller letters) which are presumed to tap local and global aspects of information processing. Personality factors did not seem to influence local or global precedence. Thus the groups may not vary at early levels of information processing, contrary to some theoretical positions.
On the Ray-Knight Markov property of local times

On montre comment les resultats de Ray et Knight peuvent etre deduits de l'identite de Dynkin (1983)
Enhancing silicon cutting performance by shaping the focused beam

Singulation of devices from processed silicon wafers has historically been accomplished by cutting with mechanical saws. Current trends toward the use of thinner wafers coated with mechanically weak dielectrics reduce the speed and quality of mechanical cutting processes. The speed of laser cutting, which has previously been too low for practical implementation, may be increased significantly by altering the beam characteristics of a frequency-tripled Nd laser to produce an elliptical focused spot. Using a commercially available laser, the cutting speed exceeded that of mechanical cutting. The fracture strength of the edges as measured by bend testing is higher for elliptical beams than for round ones.
Applying the progressive hedging algorithm to stochastic generalized networks

The introduction of uncertainty to mathematical programs greatly increases the size of the resulting optimization problems. Specialized methods that exploit program structures and advances in computer technology promise to overcome the computational complexity of certain classes of stochastic programs. In this paper we examine the progressive hedging algorithm for solving multi-scenario generalized networks. We present computational results demonstrating the effect of various internal tactics on the algorithm's performance. Comparisons with alternative solution methods are provided.
Tablet PC interaction with digital micromirror device (DMD)

Digital light processing (DLP) is an innovative display technology that uses an optical switch array, known as a digital micromirror device (DMD), which allows digital control of light. To date, DMDs have been used primarily as high-speed spatial light modulators for projector applications. A tablet PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile PC. Its touch screen or digitizing tablet technology allows the user to operate the notebook with a stylus or digital pen instead of using a keyboard or mouse. In this paper, we describe an interface solution that translates any sketch on the tablet PC screen to an identical mirror-copy over the cross-section of the DMD micromirrors such that the image of the sketch can be projected onto a special screen. An algorithm has been created to control each single micromirror of the hundreds of thousands of micromirrors that cover the DMD surface. We demonstrate the successful application of a DMD to a high-speed two-dimensional (2D) scanning environment, acquiring the data from the tablet screen and launching its contents to the projection screen; with very high accuracy up to 13.68 mm x 13.68 mm of mirror pitch.
Contribution of cell surface hydrophobicity protein 1 (Csh1p) to virulence of hydrophobic Candida albicans serotype A cells

The CSH1 gene product is the first protein implicated to affect the phenotype of cell surface hydrophobicity in Candida albicans. Ablation of expression of CSH1 resulted in a 75% loss of the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) phenotype. When the C. albicans csh1 knockout derivative was cultured from frozen stocks, it had reacquired CSH levels similar to the parent strain and isogenic reintegrant in the absence of Csh1p re-expression through an unknown mechanism. Prior to reacquisition of CSH, the knockout was less adherent to fibronectin than the parent. Comparison of the csh1 knockout and CSH1 reintegrant in a hematogenous dissemination model allows analysis of Csh1p contribution to virulence using matched strains with similar levels of CSH. No statistical significance between the knockout and reintegrant was found in virulence based on median day of survival, although a reproducible delay in onset of lethal infection for the knockout was observed. A modest difference in mucosal colonization in a vaginal infection model was also observed between the knockout and reintegrant. The present study demonstrates that Csh1p contributes to virulence of C. albicans in mice, but other gene products also contribute to the CSH phenotype and virulence.
Stacked quantum dot transistor and charge-induced confinement enhancement

A new quantum dot transistor that has a polysilicon dot floating gate stacked on top of a silicon quantum dot channel has been fabricated. It is observed that charging of the floating gate not only shifts the threshold voltage of the quantum dot transistor, but also significantly increases the peak-to-valley ratio and peak separation in the conductance oscillations.