cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of off‐fault plasticity on fault slip and interaction at the base of the seismogenic zone

Direct observations of faults exhumed from mid-crustal depths indicate that distributed inelastic deformation enhances fault slip and interaction across steps. Constrained by field measurements, finite element models demonstrate that the slip distribution for a fault in a Mises elastoplastic continuum differs significantly from that of a linear elastic model fault. Lobes of plastic shear strain align with fault tips and effectively lengthen the fault, resulting in greater maximum slip and increased slip gradients near fault tips. Additionally, distributed plastic shear strain facilitates slip transfer between echelon fault segments. Fault arrays separated by contractional steps, which are subjected to greater mean normal stress and Mises equivalent stress, produce greater maximum slip than do those separated by extensional steps (with no fractures). These results provide insight into fault behavior at the base of the seismogenic zone, with implications for rupture dynamics of discontinuous faults.
Presurgical axitinib and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients (pts) presenting with lymph node (LN) metastasis.

TPS5109 Background: Strategies that integrate systemic therapy and curative-intent surgery/radiation are being considered for men presenting with PCa with regional spread. In our previous phase II ...
Phase Correction of Single-Look Complex Radar Images for User-Friendly Efficient Interferogram Formation

We present a new interferometric synthetic aperture radar processing approach that removes topography–dependent phase from single-look complex (SLC) radar images, making interferogram formation more efficient. We first adopt motion compensation techniques to resample SLC images with respect to an ideal reference orbit and then separate the residual topographic phase contributions into parts dependent only on individual SLC acquisitions, and generate topography-compensated images directly in latitude–longitude coordinates. Since the number of interferograms is typically much larger than the number of SLC images, our approach greatly reduces needed computational resources. Furthermore, we move the need for precise knowledge of imaging geometry upstream from the end user to the data provider. We demonstrate our approach for both preprocessed SLC images and raw data using COSMO-SkyMed L1A and ALOS L0 products. The performance of our method depends on the quality of the digital elevation model (DEM) used—DEM error affects the correction phase proportionally to the baseline between radar scenes and the reference orbital path. With a 1000-m baseline and a nominal 30° incidence angle, we find that the uncertainty of estimated deformation increases by approximately 1 cm with every 3 m increase in the DEM error.
USA and Indian Federalisms: Similarities and Differences:

Federal systems across the globe are full of contradictions. They are both individually unique and yet respond to similar objectives and expectations in a constantly changing environment. This dyna...
Using Case-Study Based Modules to Promote a Better Understanding of Evolution in an Undergraduate Anatomy and Physiology Course.

ABSTRACTThe impact of evolutionary processes in understanding human health and disease is an important idea for future health professionals to understand. These students, however, typically receive...
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Total Cholesterol Ratio is Associated with Index of Central Obesity in a Young Multi-Ethnic Group Living in South Florida

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol to Total Cholesterol (TC) ratio (HDLC/TC) and index of central obesity [waist-to-hei...
Minimizing resurgence of destructive behavior using behavioral momentum theory

The resurgence of destructive behavior can occur during functional communication training (FCT) if the alternative response contacts a challenge (e.g., extinction). Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) suggests that refinements to FCT could mitigate resurgence of destructive behavior during periods of extinction. Following a functional analysis and treatment with FCT, we combined three refinements to FCT (i.e., the use of a lean schedule of reinforcement for destructive behavior during baseline, a lean schedule for the alternative response during FCT, and an increase in the duration of treatment) and compared the magnitude of resurgence relative to a condition in which FCT was implemented in a traditional manner. Results suggested that the combination of these three refinements to FCT was successful in decreasing the resurgence of destructive behavior during an extinction challenge. We discuss the implications of these findings, as well as areas for future research.
A Linear Extrapolation of Normalized Cohesive Energy (LENCE) for fast and accurate prediction of the asphaltene onset pressure

Abstract Knowledge of the conditions at which asphaltenes precipitate from petroleum fluids is useful in the development of enhanced oil recovery scenarios and field development plans. In this work we present a semi-empirical linear model for approximating onset pressure by means of a Linear Extrapolation of Normalized Cohesive Energy (LENCE). A normalized cohesive energy function is found to correlate linearly with temperature along the asphaltene onset curve for several crude oils from different regions. The linear trend is observed from simulation results using the perturbed-chain version of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory Equation of State (PC-SAFT EoS). LENCE can be used to approximate the asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) for petroleum fluids at different temperatures from knowledge of two experimental onset pressures. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the capability of LENCE to accurately predict asphaltene onset pressure as well as detecting experimental uncertainties in reported measurements from near infrared (NIR) and high pressure microscopy (HPM) experiments. LENCE model can reproduce AOP modeling results from PC-SAFT with an average absolute percent deviation of 2.38%, with 5 times faster computational speed. It is found that PC-SAFT predicts a minimum temperature at which an upper asphaltene onset exists. Below this temperature, asphaltenes are inherently unstable in solution as predicted by PC-SAFT. This behavior seems to be a characteristic of SAFT-based models and is not yet supported by experimental evidence. Compared to PC-SAFT, the LENCE model exhibits improved characteristics for the liquid-liquid phase boundary in the low temperature region.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Background The use of corticosteroids as adjunct treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with potential clinical benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this approach. Methods We constructed a decision-analytic model comparing the use of corticosteroids + antibiotics with that of placebo + antibiotics for the treatment of CAP. Cost-effectiveness was determined by calculating deaths averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Uncertainty was addressed by plotting cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves for various willingness-to-pay thresholds. Results In the base-case analysis, corticosteroids + antibiotics resulted in savings of $142,795 per death averted. In the probabilistic analysis, at a willingness to pay of $50,000, corticosteroids + antibiotics had a 86.4% chance of being cost-effective compared with placebo + antibiotics. In cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, the corticosteroids + antibiotics strategy was cost-effective in 87.6% to 94.3% of simulations compared with the placebo + antibiotics strategy for a willingness to pay ranging from $0 to $50,000. In patients with severe CAP (Pneumonia Severity Index classes IV/V) the corticosteroids + antibiotics strategy resulted in savings of $70,587 and had a 82.6% chance of being cost-effective compared with the placebo + antibiotics strategy. Conclusions The use of corticosteroids + antibiotics is a cost-effective strategy and results in considerable health care cost-savings, especially among patients with severe CAP (Pneumonia Severity Index classes IV/V).
Opposite tropical circulation trends in climate models and in reanalyses

The Hadley circulation has large climate impacts at low latitudes by transferring heat and moisture between the tropics and subtropics. Climate projections show a robust weakening of the Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation by the end of the twenty-first century. Over the past several decades, however, atmospheric reanalyses indicate a strengthening of the Hadley circulation. Here we show that the strengthening of the circulation in the Northern Hemisphere is not seen in climate models; instead, these models simulate a weakening of the circulation in the past 40 years. Using observations and a large ensemble of model simulations we elucidate this discrepancy between climate models and reanalyses, and show that it does not stem from internal climate variability or biases in climate models, but appears related to artefacts in the representation of latent heating in the reanalyses. Our results highlight the role of anthropogenic emissions in the recent slowdown of the atmospheric circulation, which is projected to continue in coming decades, and question the reliability of reanalyses for estimating trends in the Hadley circulation. The Hadley circulation has been weakening over the past 40 years, as simulated by climate models, and not strengthening as found in observation-based reanalyses, suggests an analysis of both methods that points to artefacts in the reanalyses.
Self-DNA at the Epicenter of SLE: Immunogenic Forms, Regulation, and Effects.

Self-reactive B cells generated through V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow or through accrual of random mutations in secondary lymphoid tissues are mostly purged or edited to prevent autoimmunity. Yet, 10-20% of all mature naive B cells in healthy individuals have self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs). In patients with serologically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the percentage increases up to 50%, with significant self-DNA reactivity that correlates with disease severity. Endogenous or self-DNA has emerged as a potent antigen in several autoimmune disorders, particularly in SLE. However, the mechanism(s) regulating or preventing anti-DNA antibody production remain elusive. It is likely that in healthy subjects, DNA-reactive B cells avoid activation due to the unavailability of endogenous DNA, which is efficiently degraded through efferocytosis and various DNA-processing proteins. Genetic defects, physiological, and/or pathological conditions can override these protective checkpoints, leading to autoimmunity. Plausibly, increased availability of immunogenic self-DNA may be the key initiating event in the loss of tolerance of otherwise quiescent DNA-reactive B cells. Indeed, mutations impairing apoptotic cell clearance pathways and nucleic acid metabolism-associated genes like DNases, RNases, and their sensors are known to cause autoimmune disorders including SLE. Here we review the literature supporting the idea that increased availability of DNA as an immunogen or adjuvant, or both, may cause the production of pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies and subsequent manifestations of clinical disease such as SLE. We discuss the main cellular players involved in anti-DNA responses; the physical forms and sources of immunogenic DNA in autoimmunity; the DNA-protein complexes that render DNA immunogenic; the regulation of DNA availability by intracellular and extracellular DNases and the autoimmune pathologies associated with their dysfunction; the cytosolic and endosomal sensors of immunogenic DNA; and the cytokines such as interferons that drive auto-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways leading to clinical disease. We propose that prevention of DNA availability by aiding extracellular DNase activity could be a viable therapeutic modality in controlling SLE.
Fitting neutrino masses in a realistic intersecting D-braneworld

The correct quark and charged lepton mass matrices along with a nearly correct Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix may be naturally accommodated in a Pati-Salam model constructed from intersecting D6 branes on a ${T}^{6}/({\mathbb{Z}}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbb{Z}}_{2})$ orientifold. Furthermore, near-tribimaximal mixing for neutrinos may arise naturally due to the structure of the Yukawa matrices. Consistency with the quark and charged lepton mass matrices in combination with obtaining near-tribimaximal mixing fixes the Dirac neutrino mass matrix completely. Then, applying the seesaw mechanism for different choices of right-handed neutrino masses and running the obtained neutrino parameters down to the electroweak scale via the renormalization group equations, we are able to make predictions for the neutrino masses and mixing angles. We obtain lepton mixing angles which are close to the observed values, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}=33.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}=46.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}=8.56\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. In addition, the neutrino mass-squared differences are found to be $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{m}_{32}^{2}=0.0025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0001\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{m}_{21}^{2}=0.000075\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000003\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ with ${m}_{1}=0.0150\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.0002\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, ${m}_{2}=0.0173\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, and ${m}_{3}=0.053\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ so that ${\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i}{m}_{i}=0.085\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.002\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, consistent with experimental observations.
Backward Orbit Conjecture for Lattès Maps

For a Lattes map defined over a number field K, we prove a conjecture on the integrality of points in the backward orbit of under
Generation of a hypoxia‐sensing mouse model

Oxygen (O2 ) homeostasis is essential to the metazoan life. O2 -sensing or hypoxia-regulated molecular pathways are intimately involved in a wide range of critical cellular functions and cell survival from embryogenesis to adulthood. In this report, we have designed an innovative hypoxia sensor (O2 CreER) based on the O2 -dependent degradation domain of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and Cre recombinase. We have further generated a hypoxia-sensing mouse model, R26-O2 CreER, by targeted insertion of the O2 CreER-coding cassette in the ROSA26 locus. Using the ROSAmTmG mouse strain as a reporter, we have found that this novel hypoxia-sensing mouse model can specifically identify hypoxic cells under the pathological condition of hind-limb ischemia in adult mice. This model can also label embryonic cells including vibrissal follicle cells in E13.5-E15.5 embryos. This novel mouse model offers a valuable genetic tool for the study of hypoxia and O2 sensing in mammalian systems under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Learning and generalization of within-category representations in a rule-based category structure

The task requirements during the course of category learning are critical for promoting within-category representations (e.g., correlational structure of the categories). Recent data suggest that for unidimensional rule-based structures, only inference training promotes the learning of within-category representations, and generalization across tasks is limited. It is unclear if this is a general feature of rule-based structures, or a limitation of unidimensional rule-based structures. The present work reports the results of three experiments further investigating this issue using an exclusive-or rule-based structure where successful performance depends upon attending to two stimulus dimensions. Participants were trained using classification or inference and were tested using inference. For both the classification and inference training conditions, within-category representations were learned and could be generalized at test (i.e., from classification to inference) and this result was dependent upon a congruence between local and global regions of the stimulus space. These data further support the idea that the task requirements during learning (i.e., a need to attend to multiple stimulus dimensions) are critical determinants of the category representations that are learned and the utility of these representations for supporting generalization in novel situations.
Layer-to-layer physical characteristics and compression behavior of 3D printed polymer metastructures fabricated using different process parameters:

The extrusion-based three-dimensional printing technology such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the widely used one owing to its low cost. The FDM method can be used to fabricate parts with di...
Improving the Quality of Cancer Care in Community Hospitals

Cancer patients treated in community hospitals receive less guideline-recommended care and experience poorer outcomes than those treated in academic medical centers or National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers. The Markey Cancer Center Affiliate Network (MCCAN) was designed to address this issue in Kentucky, the state with the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the U.S. Using data obtained from the Kentucky Cancer Registry, the study evaluated the impact of patients treated in MCCAN hospitals on four evidence-based Commission on Cancer (CoC) quality measures using a before-and-after matched-cohort study design. Each group included 13 hospitals matched for bed size, cancer patient volume, community population, and region (Appalachian vs. non-Appalachian). Compliance with quality measures was assessed for the 3 years before the hospital joined MCCAN (T1) and the 3 years afterward (T2). In T1, the control hospitals demonstrated greater compliance with two quality measures than the MCCAN hospitals. In T2, the MCCAN hospitals achieved greater compliance in three measures than the control hospitals. From T1 to T2, the MCCAN hospitals significantly increased compliance on three measures (vs. 1 measure for the control hospitals). Although most of the hospitals were not accredited by the CoC in T1, 92% of the MCCAN hospitals had achieved accreditation by the end of T2 compared with 23% of the control hospitals. After the MCCAN hospitals joined the Network, their compliance with quality measures and achievement of CoC accreditation increased significantly compared with the control hospitals. The unique academic/community-collaboration model provided by MCCAN was able to make a significant impact on improvement of cancer care. Future research is needed to adapt and evaluate similar interventions in other states and regions.
Beyond Uniqueness: Reimagining Tribal Courts' Jurisdiction

If there is one point about tribal status that the Supreme Court has stressed for decades if not centuries, it is the notion that tribes as political entities are utterly one of a kind. This is to some extent reasonable; tribes, unlike other governments, have suffered the painful history of colonial conquest, making some distinctive treatment eminently justifiable. But recent developments have demonstrated to many tribes that uniqueness has its disadvantages. In the past few decades, the Supreme Court has undertaken a near-complete dismantling of tribal civil jurisdiction over nonmembers. Under current law, tribes have virtually no authority to permit nonmembers to be haled into tribal courts – even when nonmembers have significant ties to the tribe and have come onto the reservation for personal gain. In this project of limiting tribal power, as with so much of the Court’s Indian law jurisprudence, the Supreme Court has emphasized tribes’ distinctive status, notably failing to consider the relevance of more generally applicable doctrines such as personal jurisdiction. Tribal uniqueness has thus come to include tribes’ singular inability to exercise jurisdiction over nonmembers, despite the reality that people and commerce move freely across tribal and non-tribal land. This is a mistake. Tribal court jurisdiction has much in common with broader notions of personal jurisdiction, and treating it in any other way limits and distorts courts’ analysis. Indeed, the field of jurisdiction presents a striking disparity between the absence of factors actually unique to the tribal context and the extreme idiosyncrasy of the Court’s doctrine. No good reason exists why existing personal jurisdiction doctrines could not be adapted to encompass the issues that tribal court jurisdiction presents; that is true even if one concedes various premises of the Court’s opinions, such as the idea that it is inherently burdensome in most cases for nonmembers to defend in tribal court. Further, because minimum contacts analysis allows courts to take a nuanced, flexible view of the degree of connection between the defendant and the forum, personal jurisdiction doctrine is perfectly suited to addressing the often-complex fact patterns that characterize modern disputes involving Indian country. For these reasons, the Article argues, limitations on tribal court jurisdiction over nonmembers should be recharacterized as limits on personal jurisdiction. This would both harmonize tribal courts’ jurisdiction with that of state courts, and do a better job than current doctrine in balancing the legitimate interests of both tribes and nonmember defendants.
Ontogeny of the social brain in utero and in infancy: risk factors and resilience in socioemotional development

Individual differences and early life experiences have a profound effect on later socioemotional functioning. Therefore, it is important to reflect on the emerging trends to understand the ontogeny of the social brain. Developmental trajectories are influenced by the interactive nature of individual variation in temperament and bio-behavioral development, environmental context and parent socialization processes. Research that integrates genetic and epigenetic antecedents to mental health will be highlighted, including those impacting emotional development. One novel component of this work is the study of social emotions such as empathy and jealousy. The ability of the parents to provide a supportive environment in which the infant can learn healthy relationship formation and retention skills will be underscored as the foundation of socioemotional adaptability for the dynamic social child. This review will highlight recent paradigms that inform an appreciation of the in utero and infancy periods that are foundational for social brain development.
Plain Talk about Interpretation on a Relativistic Model

Le relativisme peut etre construit de facon coherente et convaincante. Bien que les interpretations dans les arts et les sciences humaines semblent souvent incompatibles, elles peuvent etre validees par la pratique
Selective oxidative destruction of iron-sulfur clusters. Ferricyanide oxidation of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I.

Abstract The destructive oxidation of aerobically isolated 7Fe Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I [(7Fe)FdI] by Fe(CN) 6 3− is examined using low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and EPR. The results demonstrate that oxidation of the [3Fe-3S] cluster occurs only after essentially complete destruction of the [4Fe-4S] cluster. It is therefore feasible by controlled Fe(CN) 6 3− oxidation to obtain a partially metallated form of FdI, (3Fe)FdI, containing only a [3Fe-3S) cluster. The MCD and EPR data demonstrate that the [3Fe-3S] cluster in (3Fe)FdI is essentially identical in structure to that in the native protein.
Protein Purification Using PDZ Affinity Chromatography

PDZ domains function in nature as protein-binding domains within scaffold and membrane-associated proteins. They comprise approximately 90 residues and undergo specific, high-affinity interactions with complementary C-terminal peptide sequences, other PDZ domains, and/or phospholipids. We have previously shown that the specific, strong interactions of PDZ domains with their ligands make them well suited for use in affinity chromatography. This unit provides protocols for the PDZ affinity chromatography procedure that are applicable for the purification of proteins that contain PDZ domains or PDZ domain-binding ligands, either naturally or introduced by genetic engineering. We detail the preparation of affinity resins composed of PDZ domains or PDZ domain peptide ligands coupled to solid supports. These resins can be used to purify proteins containing endogenous or genetically introduced PDZ domains or ligands, eluting the proteins with free PDZ domain peptide ligands.
Towards squiggly refinement algebra

The algebra of functions and relations has been used so successfully in program construction that textbooks have appeared. Despite the importance of predicate transformers in imperative programming, the algebra of transformers has been less explored. To show its promise, we prove results on exponents and recursion on inductive data types, sufficient for carrying out a polytypic derivation that has been given as a substantial example for functions and relations. We also give a data refinement from exponents of specifications to the concrete exponents needed for program semantics.
A dichotomy for k -regular graphs with {0, 1}-vertex assignments and real edge functions

We prove a complexity dichotomy theorem for a class of Holant Problems over k-regular graphs, for any fixed k These problems can be viewed as graph homomorphisms from an arbitrary k-regular input graph G to the weighted two vertex graph on {0,1} defined by a symmetric function h We completely classify the computational complexity of this problem We show that there are exactly the following alternatives, for any given h Depending on h, over k-regular graphs: Either (1) the problem is #P-hard even for planar graphs; or (2) the problem is #P-hard for general (non-planar) graphs, but solvable in polynomial time for planar graphs; or (3) the problem is solvable in polynomial time for general graphs The dependence on h is an explicit criterion Furthermore, we show that in case (2) the problem is solvable in polynomial time over k-regular planar graphs, by exactly the theory of holographic algorithms using matchgates.
Pediatric melanoma: Analysis of an international registry

BACKGROUND The management of pediatric melanoma (PM) has largely been extrapolated from adult data. However, the behavior of PM appears to differ from its adult counterparts. Therefore, an international PM registry was created and analyzed. METHODS Twelve institutions contributed deidentified clinicopathologic and outcome data for patients diagnosed with PM from 1953 through 2008. RESULTS Overall survival (OS) data were reported for 365 patients with invasive PM who had adequate follow-up data. The mean age of the patients was 16 years (range 1 year-21 years). The 10-year OS rate, 80.6%, tended to vary by patient age: 100% for those aged birth to 10 years, 69.7% for those aged > 10 years to 15 years, and 79.5% for those aged > 15 years to 20 years (P = .147). Patients with melanomas measuring ≤ 1 mm had a favorable prognosis (10-year OS rate of 97%), whereas survival was lower but similar for patients with melanomas measuring > 1 mm to 2 mm, > 2 mm to 4 mm, and > 4 mm (70%, 78%, and 80%, respectively; P = .0077). Ulceration and lymph node metastasis were found to be correlated with worse survival (P = .022 and P = .017, respectively). The 10-year OS rate was 94.1% for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I disease, 79.6% for those with stage II disease, and 77.1% for patients with stage III disease (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Tumor thickness, ulceration, lymph node status, and stage were found to be significant predictors of survival in patients with PM, similar to adult melanoma. There is a trend toward increased survival in children aged ≤ 10 years versus adolescents aged > 10 years. Further analyses are needed to probe for potential biological and behavioral differences in pediatric versus adult melanoma. Cancer 2013;119:4012–4019. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Long Wavelength Observations of Supernova Remnants

Low frequency or long wavelength (LW ≡ λ ≥ ∼ 1 m) observations offer unique insights into supernova remnants (SNRs) and their interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM). The relatively high surface brightness sensitivity and large field of view are well matched to the nonthermal radiation and extended morphology of SNRs. They address the incompleteness in SNR catalogs by uncovering new remnants, with discovery of the barrel-shaped SNR G7.06-0.12 presented here as an example. Continuum spectra constrain particle acceleration and cosmic ray theories, since the radio spectrum reflects the energy distribution of the synchrotron emitting relativistic electrons. Furthermore, LW observations compliment higher frequency images because spectral measurement errors are reduced due to the wide frequency coverage. They also can detect the unshocked ejecta inside young shell-type SNRs through absorption, and can also delineate other forms of ionized material inside remnants such as filaments. LW SNR observations can also constrain the distribution of ionized gas in the ISM by measuring the line of sight free-free absorption. Measurements of co-distant samples of SNRs in nearby galaxies are especially useful for studying the energetics, star formation history, ISM, and cosmic ray gas properties of external systems. These studies are enhanced by extending them to longer wavelengths if good angular resolution can be maintained, and new and planned ground-based systems such as the 74 MHz VLA, GMRT, and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) are beginning to achieve this. Extending such studies to space-based observations at even longer wavelengths will be even more powerful.
Models of surface diffusion: II. Tunneling

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to see if the diffusion behavior of 1 H, 2 H and 3 H at 27 K could be reproduced. The basic assumptions were that there is strong mass renormalization, which can depend on local environment and that local barrier heights are affected by adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. In order to account for the lack of diffusion anisotropy jumps resulting in displacements along (100) only, as well as “normal” jumps along (111) and concerted 2 atom tunneling events were also allowed. It was found that the maximum in the D versus θ curves at θ = 0.3 can be reproduced very well by the competition between repulsive nearest neighbor and attractive linear triplet interactions, and that such interactions are also in accord with what is known about the H/W (110) phase diagram. Several sets of interactions were used. All do a good job of reproducing the 1 H and 3 H curves and also lead to the upturn in D seen for 2 H at θ > 0.6, if the effect of quantum statistivs on 2 atom and (100) directed jumps is taken into account. Only one of the models reproduces the 2 H curve semiquantitatively, but the interactions used in this model do not lead to the correct phase diagram. Various deficiencies of the models are also discussed.
Interhemispheric Coordination of Premotor Neural Activity during Singing in Adult Zebra Finches

The song system, a neural network that mediates the learning and production of song by oscine songbirds, is investigated extensively as a model system for understanding the neural basis of complex skill learning. Part of the complexity of birdsong arises from the coordinated recruitment of multiple groups of muscles on both sides of the body. Although the song system is bilaterally organized, little is known about how premotor activities on the two sides are coordinated during singing. We investigated this by unilaterally recording neural activity in the forebrain song nucleus HVc (also known as the high vocal center) during singing and by forcing the premotor activities in the two hemispheres out of synchrony by perturbing neural activity in the contralateral HVc with electrical stimulation. Perturbing the activity in one HVc at any time during a song led to a short-latency readjustment of activity in the contralateral HVc. This readjustment consisted of a true resetting of the temporal pattern of activity in the contralateral HVc rather than merely a transient activity suppression overlaid on an unaltered pattern of premotor activity. These results strongly suggest that the output of song premotor areas in the forebrain is continuously monitored and that an active mechanism exists for resynchronizing the outputs from the two hemispheres whenever their gross temporal patterns differ significantly. The possible anatomical substrates for these coordinating mechanisms and their potential roles in song learning are discussed.
4‐Ethylhexahydro‐4‐methyl‐(4S,9aS)‐pyrrolo[1,2‐d][1,4]thiazepin‐5(4H)‐one

[481047-13-6] C11H19NOS (MW 213.34) InChI = 1S/C11H19NOS/c1-3-11(2)10(13)12-7-4-5-9(12)6-8-14-11/h9H,3-8H2,1-2H3/t9-,11-/m0/s1 InChIKey = GGNLYDGKZKRGPC-ONGXEEELSA-N (highly stereoselective chiral auxiliary for quaternary carbon center generation) Solubility: soluble in THF. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: successive alkylation of (7S)-1-aza-4-thiabicyclo[5.3.0]-2-decanone with ethyl iodide and methyl iodide (eq 1). Purification: flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes.
Distribution Factors for Short-Haul Vehicular Loads on Prestressed Concrete Open Box Beam (U-Beam) Bridges

The design and analysis of a bridge system is a complicated task. In order to simplify the design process, it is necessary to break the system into smaller, less complex, and more manageable subsystems. The AASHTO load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD) bridge design specifications provide the design methods and procedures to design the bridge components explicitly and on an individual basis. In particular, the AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications employs the beam-line method or distribution factor method to reduce the spatial dimensionality of bridge structures into line elements. The distribution factor is used to modify the load effects determined from the beam-line analysis to account for the effects at other locations in the structure. The published vehicular design loads adopted by the AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications are considered to be an “average design truck.” The average design truck loads exclude vehicles that are above the legal weight limits for the United States, but are regularly allowed to operate on the U.S. highway systems. These loads are short-haul vehicles such as solid waste trucks, aerial rescue fire trucks and concrete mixers. The most common type of bridge in the United States is the slab-girder bridge system. The principal function of the slab-girder bridge is to provide a roadway surface and transmit the applied loads of the roadway to the girder system supporting the roadway. This research examines the loading effects of the short-haul vehicular loads on a typical prestressed concrete open box beam (U-beam) bridge. This study consists of analytically determining the distribution factors of special vehicles such as, a concrete mixer, a solid waste truck, and an aerial fire rescue truck, and comparing the results to distribution factors recommended in the AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications.
Microbiological studies on materials which potentiate oral vitamin B12 therapy in Addisonian Anemia.

Abstract Strains of bacteria were isolated from stomach and jejunal juice of addisonian anemia patients, and most of these bacteria were found to have a strong tendency to absorb vitamin B12 from solution. Concentrates prepared from hog stomach mucosa when added to incubating mixtures prevented the consumption of vitamin B12 by the bacteria. Our studies support the theory that typical addisonian anemia is a disease caused by removal of vitamin B12 from the patient's digestive tract by a greatly increased microbial flora under conditions of achlorhydria and lack of intrinsic factor in the gastric region. Preparations of swine mucosa showing high potency in rendering vitamin B12 unavailable to bacteria are also rich in intrinsic factor activity, as determined with adequate doses administered along with vitamin B12 orally to patients, with resultant characteristic hematopoietic responses. Any conclusion concerning the identity of vitamin B12 absorption factor with the intrinsic factor of Castle awaits chemical purification and demonstration of both microbiological and clinical potency in the purified material.
Temperature effects on kerogen and on molecular and isotopic composition of organic matter in Pierre Shale near an igneous dike

Abstract A suite of siltstone samples from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale from the contact zone of a 130-cm thick igneous dike near Wolcott, Colorado, U.S.A., was taken from the contact to 170 cm from the dike to study the effects of temperature on the organic matter. The sampled bedding interval was about 10 cm thick, so variation in lithology and type of organic matter is minimal. Vitrinite reflectance values ( R 0 ) increase from 0.4 far from the dike, to 3.3% near the dike contact. Geochemical measurements show systematic thermal effects analogous to those often observed for catagenesis and metagenesis in the depth range of 1–4 km within a sedimentary basin. The H/C ratio of kerogen and the hydrogen index (Rock-Eval) decrease most rapidly in the 0.6–1.7% R 0 range, in which the transformation ratio (Rock-Eval) increases from 0.1 to 0.3. Based on extraction of C 15+ compounds, the main increase of hydrocarbons and total extractable organic matter occurs between 0.6 and 1.0% reflectance. The saturated/aromatic hydrocarbon ratio increases almost twofold in this range of maturity. However, the pristane/phytane ratio is essentially constant through the hydrocarbon generation zone but decreases slightly at high levels of thermal alteration ( R 0 > 1.2%). The δ 13 C values for aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons are about −27 and −29‰, respectively, and are constant to about 1.0% R 0 , then both become heavier by about 2‰ at higher R 0 values.
Reconstruction of multidimensional signals from zero crossings

In this paper we present and review recent results that we have developed on the reconstruction of multidimensional signals from zero-crossing or threshold-crossing information. Specifically, we develop theoretical results that state conditions under which multidimensional band-limited signals are uniquely specified to within a scale factor with this information. We also present an algorithm for recovering signals from zero-crossing or threshold-crossing information once it is known that the signals satisfy the appropriate constraints. Examples showing images recovered from threshold crossings are included.
Characterization of RF-Driven Slot Microplasmas using Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Summary form only given. We present measurements of optical emission spectra in the UV/VUV and visible regions from hollow-slot microplasmas operating at 13.56 and 60 MHz at atmospheric pressure. Spectra are presented for discharges that use helium gas flowing between the electrodes into open air, as well as helium with small admixtures of impurities (nitrogen and hydrogen). We observe that the microplasmas sustained at the higher frequency of 60 MHz operate with greater stability and can be sustained at relatively lower power as compared to the lower 13.56 MHz plasmas. Optical emission spectra from both atomic and molecular species are used to characterize various plasma properties including gas temperature, vibrational temperature, and relative rates of slow electron-metastable interactions. Optical emission spectra in the UV/VUV region indicate the role of secondary electrons emitted from electrode surfaces are markedly different for the two different excitation frequencies
Teaching social skills to children with autism spectrum disorders using tiers of support: A guide for school‐based professionals

The quintessential characteristic of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is having difficulty with basic social interactions. Due to the pervasiveness of their social skills difficulties, it is necessary that supports for increasing social skills of children with ASD are included as part of the educational plan within schools. The purpose of this article is to provide educators with a framework for using multiple tiers of instruction to teach social skills to children with ASD. Specifically, a number of evidence-based strategies for teaching social skills are summarized within a systemic, multitiered approach. It is anticipated that such a model proves helpful as educators address issues related to service delivery provisions for students with ASD. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical cross-frequency coupling predicts perceptual outcomes

Functional networks are comprised of neuronal ensembles bound through synchronization across multiple intrinsic oscillatory frequencies. Various coupled interactions between brain oscillators have been described (e.g., phase-amplitude coupling), but with little evidence that these interactions actually influence perceptual sensitivity. Here, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were made during a sustained-attention task to demonstrate that cross-frequency coupling has significant consequences for perceptual outcomes (i.e., whether participants detect a near-threshold visual target). The data reveal that phase-detection relationships at higher frequencies are dependent on the phase of lower frequencies, such that higher frequencies alternate between periods when their phase is either strongly or weakly predictive of visual-target detection. Moreover, the specific higher frequencies and scalp topographies linked to visual-target detection also alternate as a function of lower-frequency phase. Cross-frequency coupling between lower (i.e., delta and theta) and higher frequencies (e.g., low- and high-beta) thus results in dramatic fluctuations of visual-target detection.
Multifocal High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia is a Risk Factor for Subsequent Prostate Cancer

Purpose: The risk of under diagnosed or development of subsequent prostate cancer and the treatment of patients diagnosed with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia remain controversial. We evaluated the relationship between high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on initial biopsy and the future presence of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: From December 1997 to February 2008 a total of 328 men underwent a second prostate biopsy after being initially diagnosed with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Men with prostate cancer or atypia on initial biopsy were excluded from study. Another 335 men without high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostate cancer or atypia underwent a second prostate biopsy based on clinical suspicion alone. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the effect of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on the subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer after adjustment for prostate specific antigen, age, presence of inflam...
Incidence and outcome of acute renal failure complicating autologous stem cell transplantation for AL amyloidosis

Incidence and outcome of acute renal failure complicating autologous stem cell transplantation for AL amyloidosis. Background High-dose intravenous melphalan and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (HDM/SCT) is an effective treatment for AL amyloidosis but is associated with significant toxicity, including the development of acute renal failure (ARF). The incidence and outcome of ARF as a complication of such treatment is not known. Methods All AL amyloidosis patients treated with HDM/SCT at a single institution between July 1, 1994 and May 31, 2000 were included in the analysis unless they were dialysis-dependent prior to treatment. Baseline data were collected prospectively. Treatment-related data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database and medical record review. ARF was defined as either a ≥1mg/dL increase in serum creatinine or a doubling of serum creatinine to ≥1.5mg/dL for at least 2 days. Recovery of renal function was defined as a return of serum creatinine to less than or within 0.5mg/dL of the pretreatment value or the ability to discontinue dialysis initiated as a result of ARF. Results ARF occurred in 37 of 173 patients (21%). Initiation of dialysis was required in nine patients (5%). Forty-six percent of patients with ARF, including four of nine who required dialysis, had recovery of renal function. Baseline clinical variables that were independent predictors of transplant-associated ARF included creatinine clearance, proteinuria, and cardiac amyloidosis. Treatment-related variables associated with ARF included melphalan dose and bacteremia. ARF was associated with reduced survival at 90 days but did not have an impact on overall survival at a median follow-up of 2.9 years. Conclusion ARF is a frequent but often reversible complication of HDM/SCT for AL amyloidosis. Specific clinical and treatment-related factors are associated with the development of this complication.
Treatment of psoriasis. Part 2. Systemic therapies

The array of systemic medications used in the treatment of psoriasis is rapidly expanding. In the United States, methotrexate, retinoids, and cyclosporine are the only systemic drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of psoriasis. Monitoring and dosage recommendations for these medications are reviewed. Other drugs that are currently available include tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, hydroxyurea, 6-thioguanine, and sulfasalazine. Experience with these drugs is summarized, and dosage and monitoring recommendations in published literature are presented. Combinations of different treatments are addressed and investigational therapies that are in development are reviewed.
A complicated fetish

I'm just out of another seminar where participants have suggested, more than once, that the student whose work we are discussing ought to ‘complicate’ this or that concept, this or that analysis, t...
Processing conditions for boron nitride coatings in fiber bundles via chemical vapor deposition

A model for the transport and reaction of BCl[sub 3] and NH[sub 3] for the deposition of BN on individual filaments in a fiber bundle at low pressures has been developed using previously published kinetic data. An operating diagram is presented which summarizes the results of the model and facilitates the choice of deposition parameters for obtaining uniform coatings throughout the bundle. The uniformity of coatings deposited on individual fibers of Nicalon, Sumitomo-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] fiber bundles, and straight weave Nicalon cloth is consistent with the model predictions.
Optical Spectroscopy Of Materials With Restricted Dimensions

In this paper, we discuss various experimental advantages which are gained by using samples which have special dimensions and/or geometries. We limit our discussion here to the cylindrical geometry appropriate for optical fibers which are employed for various optoelectronic applications. We present results of laser spectroscopic studies of nominally pure and activated single crystal and glass fibers to illustrate some of these advantages. For example, we have succeeded for the first time in obtaining the dependence of the ruby R-lines and of the Raman spectra of sapphire on tensile stress. We further discuss a novel laser spectroscopic method, Dilution Narrowed Laser Spectroscopy or DNLS; we demonstrate this form of spectroscopy on single mode glass fibers activated with rare earth ions and consider the possibilities inherent in this technique.