cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESR-determined manganese partitioning ratios in dolomite synthesized at 180° and 250°C

Abstract In a continuing study of the relation between dolomite origin and its manganese partitioning ratios [ Mn PR = ( Mn ) Mg site ( Mn ) Ca site ] dolomite was synthesized hydrothermally at 180° and 250°C. Synthesis products include 100% to 0% calcite, 0% to 100% dolomite and 0% to 15% magnesite. Dolomites formed at 250°C averaged 52% Ca; those formed at 180°C averaged 54.1% Ca. Mn PR at 180°C ranged from 5 to 10; at 250°C Mn PR's were 10–20. The high Ca contents and low Mn PR's of dolomites formed in short-duration experiments and at the lowest temperatures are due to the temperature dependence of the rates of dissolution and precipitation. Composition trends toward stable values (low Ca, high Mn PR) as thermodynamic equilibrium is approached. Mn PR's in synthetic dolomites vary within the range of the Lumsden-Lloyd group-A dolomites. The collective results are consistent with a hypothesis that Mn PR's reflect two distinct modes of formation for dolomite.
Effect of Foot Orthotics on Single- and Double-Limb Dynamic Balance Tasks in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability

Deficits have been observed in patients with chronic ankle instability while performing dynamic balance tasks. Foot orthotic intervention has demonstrated improvements in static balance following l...
Et Tu PDE2

One of the hallmarks of cardiac failure is that despite persistent and often elevated sympathetic stimulation reflecting the body's effort to compensate for depressed systemic hemodynamics, the response by the heart is muted. This can be viewed as a protective mechanism, because unbridled
Structure-activity relationships of dietary indoles: a proposed mechanism of action as modifiers of xenobiotic metabolism.

In an effort to understand the mechanism by which dietary indoles inhibit chemically initiated tumorigenesis in experimental animals, we have investigated the potency of 3‐substituted and 1,3‐disubstituted indoles on the induction of intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P‐448‐dependent monooxygenases in the rat. Oral intubation with in‐dole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), 1‐methoxyindole‐3‐carbinol (NI3C), 1‐methoxyindole‐3‐carboxaldehyde (NCHO), and 3,3'‐diindolylmethane (I33) at 31 μmol/animal led to significant increases in hepatic ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase activity (EROD; 15, 7, 6, and 5‐fold over control, respectively), while intubation with indole (IND), 3‐methylindole (3MI), indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde (I3CHO), and indole‐3‐acetonitrile (IAN) did not increase this monooxygenase activity over control levels. For the eight indoles tested, there was a strong relationship between instability in acidic solution, as indicated by the generation of insoluble products, and capacity to induce hepatic EROD. Further experiments...
Establishment of the Precision of a Rapid-Angle Measurement Device for Superpave Gyratory Compactors

Superpave® hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens are compacted in the laboratory with the Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) through pressure and an applied angle of gyration. The original compaction specification for the SGC requires the angle of gyration to be 22 ± 0.35 mrad (1.25 ± 0.02 degrees), measured externally to the compaction mold. Questions concerning the ability of different compactors to produce HMA specimens of the same mix with the same density led to the development of the dynamic angle validation (DAV) kit, which measures the angle of gyration internally (on the inside of the mold). The DAV procedure requires the use of HMA to measure the internal angle of gyration. Because of practical limitations of performing measurements with HMA and questions concerning the "proper" HMA mix to use in the measurements, a device—the rapid-angle measurement (RAM)—was introduced to simulate effectively the load placed on the SGC by an HMA specimen. An inter-laboratory study was conducted in accordance with AS...
Fast Jacobian Mie Library for Terrestrial Hydrometeors

This paper presents an approach for the fast accurate computation of several useful Mie-based parameters for homogeneous, spherical, liquid water, and ice hydrometeor distributions over a wide range of frequencies, mean hydrometeor diameters, and physical temperatures as occur in the terrestrial atmosphere. The absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, backscattering coefficient, and phase asymmetry parameters are cast into functions of three independent variables: frequency, temperature, and mean diameter. An exponential drop size distribution with a constant fractional volume of is used to model polydispersed hydrometeors. The ranges used for frequency, temperature, and mean diameter are [1, 1000] GHz, , and [0.002, 20] mm, respectively. The functions are then sampled on a logarithmic grid. Trivariate cubic spline interpolation using nonuniform basis splines (B-splines) is then used to efficiently represent these 3-D functions in a compact library. By using this method, four important criteria are achieved: 1) fast random computability of any of these parameters given the values of frequency, temperature, and mean diameter; 2) minimal memory usage by storage of only B-spline coefficients; 3) representation of parameters using well-behaved functional forms amenable to analytical differentiation for the evaluation of Jacobians, or alternatively, for higher accuracy, B-spline coefficients calculated using true Jacobian values can be used; and 4) negligibly small and bounded error over the entire domain of the library. These procedures result in considerable acceleration of microwave radiative transfer simulations across a broad frequency spectrum, as demonstrated in calculations for both scattering and nonscattering atmospheres. The methods discussed can also be applied to other geophysical problems requiring rapid calculation of series-based functions of several independent variables, where the function evaluation is a time-consuming process, and maximum error bounds are critical.
Blowing in the wind: perceiving structure in trees and bushes.

Abstract When lights are mounted at the ends of the limbs of a tree and the surround darkened such that branches and trunk are not visible, viewers can nonetheless make systematic and precise judgments about the unseen structure of the tree through its motion. They seem to perform this task by picking up information about the relative arborization of the tree through the vector paths of the lights on the limbs. Theoretically speaking, the focus of this study is on the perception of second-order centers of moment; previous studies have focused on the perception of first-order centers. A second-order center in a tree-like structure is the location where limb meets trunk, and it is these that perceivers can infer from the dynamic display. The importance of this study is to demonstrate further that the study of centers of moment makes possible a detailed and differential study of event perception.
Quantum theory of a free particle interacting with a linearly dissipative environment.

The quantum-mechanical motion of a free particle coupled to a linearly dissipative environment is analyzed in the Hamiltonian formalism. The total Hamiltonian is diagonalized and its eigenstates displayed. These results are used to discuss the role of initial conditions on the subsequent motion. A widely used initial condition---heat bath uncoupled from particle---is compared with another one in which the initial off-diagonal coherence of the reduced density matrix is comparable to that in the state of thermal equilibrium of the coupled system. Different transient behaviors, on time scales longer than the inverse cutoff frequency of the bath are found. The mean-square momentum of the particle in the steady state is found to depend on this highest bath frequency. An analysis of the correlated states of particle and heat reservoir shows that the latter behaves in some sense like a position-measuring apparatus.
In situ detection of calcium ions with chemically modified microcantilevers.

Abstract We report a novel technique of micromechanical detection of trace amounts of calcium ions by using microcantilevers modified with ion-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The SAM-modified microcantilevers undergo bending due to selective adsorption of calcium ions. Experiments conducted under flow conditions show that the modified cantilevers respond sensitively to calcium ions (Ca2+); a Ca2+ concentration of 10−9 M can be detected with this technique. Other cations, such as Na+ and K+, do not have any effect on the deflection of these cantilevers. We demonstrate two different kinds of SAMs having selectivity for calcium ions.
Regime Shifts and Weakened Environmental Gradients in Open Oak and Pine Ecosystems

Fire suppression allows tree species that are intolerant of fire stress to increase their distribution, potentially resulting in disruption of historical species-environmental relationships. To measure changes between historical General Land Office surveys (1815 to 1850) and current USDA Forest Inventory and Assessment surveys (2004 to 2008), we compared composition, distribution, and site factors of 21 tree species or species groups in the Missouri Ozarks. We used 24 environmental variables and random forests as a classification method to model distributions. Eastern redcedar, elms, maples, and other fire-sensitive species have increased in dominance in oak forests, with concurrent reductions by oak species; specific changes varied by ecological subsection. Ordinations displayed loss of separation between formerly distinctive oak and fire-sensitive tree species groups. Distribution maps showed decreased presence of disturbance-dependent oak and pine species and increased presence of fire-sensitive species that generally expanded from subsections protected from fire along rivers to upland areas, except for eastern redcedar, which expanded into these subsections. Large scale differences in spatial gradients between past and present communities paralleled reduced influence of local topographic gradients in the varied relief of the Missouri Ozarks, as fire-sensitive species have moved to higher, drier, and sunnier sites away from riverine corridors. Due to changes in land use, landscapes in the Missouri Ozarks, eastern United States, and world-wide are changing from open oak and pine-dominated ecosystems to novel oak-mixed species forests, although at fine scales, forests are becoming more diverse in tree species today. Fire suppression weakened the influence by environmental gradients over species dominance, allowing succession from disturbance-dependent oaks to an alternative state of fire-sensitive species. Current and future research and conservation that rely on historical relationships and ecological principles based on disturbance across the landscape will need to incorporate modern interactions among species for resources into management plans and projections.
Treatment classification of Class III malocclusion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify Class III malocclusions within a pediatric practice that lend themselves to a more favorable treatment outcome at an earlier age (before 10 years) rather than initiating treatment at later adolescent growth stages and also to identify the degree of difficulty of the treatment of the Class III malocclusion.Methods: Review of the current dental literature pertaining to the different clinical types of Class III malocclusions and their respective treatment protocols was performed. Various classification systems were studied and compared. A new treatment classification system of Class III malocclusions utilizing three dentoalveolar and three skeletal components combined with cephalometric information derived from commonly used cephalometric analyses was developed.Results: Class III treatment types were conclusively identified: 1.) Early orthodontics only, 2.) Early combined orthodontics and orthopedics, 3.) Combined orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.Conclu...
Transfer functions: smooth robust estimates by least-squares and remote reference methods

SUMMARY A method is described for finding the magnetotelluric transfer function that has the least amount of curvature consistent with most of the data and with a 1-D conductivity interpretation over the widest possible frequency range. This could be called an ‘Occam’ transfer function. It is represented by the transfer function for the best fitting 1-D conductivity model times a distortion function. The latter permits smooth departures of the transfer function from the 1-D case if the data are inconsistent with a 1-D interpretation. The transfer function, for single-station or remote reference magnetotelluric data, is found by a method of successive interations that is found to converge within six to eight iterations. The estimate of the transfer functions is made robust by using frequency and time weights that remove the effects of outliers in the time and frequency domain. If the weighted residuals for remote reference data satisfy certain necessary conditions for uncorrelated noise then the contribution to the noise by the electric and magnetic data can be estimated and used to evaluate the least-squares and remote reference estimates. Examples illustrate the application of this method to artificial and real data. The latter consist of hourly cable voltage data from the Florida Straits, 1/256-s remote reference magnetotelluric survey data from the Phillippines and daily magnetic data from Tucson and Honolulu.
Drag reduction by fibers

Drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow by means of boundary and centerline injection of long hair-like asbestos fibers has been investigated. Pressure drop and mean velocity profiles were measured at various Reynolds numbers and injection rates in order to study some mechanistic aspects of drag reduction in water-fiber and polymer-fiber systems. Drag reduction in a water-fiber system is attributed to a decrease in the momentum transfer in the turbulent-core region, whereas synergism has been found to be a wall phenomenon. On a etudie la diminution de la resistance au frottement dans le cas d'un ecoulement turbulent dans un tube; on a injecte a cette fin des fibres d'amiante a longs filaments au centre et a la paroi. On a mesure les profils de chute de pression et de vitesse moyenne, pour divers nombres de Reynolds et diverses vitesses d'injection, en vue d'etudier certains aspects mecanistiques de la diminution de la resistance au frottement dans des systemes fibres-eau, et fibres-polymeres. On attribue la diminution de la resistance au frottement dans un systeme fibre-eau, a une diminution de la resistance au frottement dans un systeme fibre-eau, a une diminution du transfert de quantite de mouvement dans la zone centrale turbulente; on a aussi constate que le synergisme etait un phenomene de paroi.
Fighting Dirty! Sustaining Operations in a CBRN Environment

The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) has identified problems with the way in which the Department of Defense addresses the growing threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. This article describes the conclusions and recommendations of the GAO report. It further analyzes the CBRN threat, the past response of the US Navy to the threat, and how that threat may affect future naval operations. The impact of the potential threat on warship design and performance is discussed. An ad hoc set of design guidelines that can minimize the impact of future threat developments on warship performance is presented.
Characterization of an unusual catecholamine-containing cell type in the toad hypothalamus. A correlated ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical study.

A nucleus of catecholamine-containing cells bordering the preoptic recess of the toad hypothalamus has been studied by both fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The perikarya of these cells form one to three rows immediately subjacent to the ependyma. They send brightly fluorescent apical processes between the ependymal cells to the ventricular surface, and also give rise to long basal processes, the proximal portions of which are also fluorescent. These cells contain two distinctive constitutents: juxtanuclear bundles of tightly packed filaments, the members of which are separated from one another by only ∼100 A, and large numbers of dense-cored vesicles (400–2200 A in diameter), which appear to arise from an agranular tubular reticulum distinct from the Golgi apparatus. Axons containing either clear vesicles alone or clear and dense-cored vesicles form synapses on the subependymal cells, but no evidence has been found that the subependymal cells themselves form presynaptic contacts, or that axons originate from them. The cytological characteristics of these catecholamine-containing cells, plus the fact that they border directly on the cerebrospinal fluid, suggest that they may be more closely related to peripheral chromaffin cells than to the other cell types intrinsic to the central nervous system, and the name "encephalo-chromaffin cells" is therefore proposed for them. The possible functions of such cells in the central nervous system are discussed.
Scalable, secure, and highly available distributed file access

A summary of and historical perspective on work done to implement easy-to-share distributed file systems based on the Unix model are presented. Andrew and Coda are distributed Unix file systems that embody many of the recent advances in solving the problem of data sharing in large, physically dispersed workstation environments. The Andrew architecture is presented, the scalability and security of the system are discussed. The Coda system is examined, with emphasis on its high availability. >
Immediate-early gene induction in hippocampus and cortex as a result of novel experience is not directly related to the stressfulness of that experience

The stressful quality of an experience, as perceived by rats, is believed to be largely represented by the magnitude of a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response. The hippocampus may be especially important for assessing the stressfulness of psychological stressors such as novel experience. If such is the case then experience-dependent immediate-early gene expression levels within the hippocampus may parallel relative levels of HPA axis activity. We examined this prospect in rats that were placed in four different novel environments (empty housing tub, circular arena, elevated pedestal or restraint tube). Restraint and pedestal produced the largest magnitude of increased ACTH and corticosterone secretion, arena an intermediate level (Experiment 2) and tub the least magnitude of increase. We saw a very similar experience-dependent pattern of relative Fos protein, c-fos mRNA and zif268 mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, in hippocampus (and select regions of cortex), immediate-early gene expression was associated with the exploratory potential of the novel experience rather than level of HPA axis activity; pedestal and arena elicited the greatest immediate-early gene expression, tub an intermediate level and restraint the least amount of expression. We conclude that the stressfulness of psychological stressors is not represented by the amount of immediate-early gene induction elicited in hippocampus and cortex, nor does there appear to be a general enhancing or depressive influence of acute stress on immediate-early gene induction in those brain regions.
Dynamically computing fastest paths for intelligent transportation systems

In this paper I present a new approach to gathering data for intelligent transportation system applications over a continuous-flow of traffic rather than at discrete locations, as is the case with many existing technologies. Loop detectors and video cameras, among other devices, currently provide the primary means for gathering data, though it has now become possible using mobile and GPS technology to gather the speed and location of each vehicle in real-time over a continuous flow, which will allow more novel applications, such as incident identification and hazard alerts, to be developed. In addition, as vehicles transmit updated speeds to the system, the fastest path of each commuter from his current location to his desired destination can be determined. The pre-computed class of algorithms determines fastest paths more efficiently than existing algorithms, with the assumption that the graph edges are rather static though the weights can change frequently. Different shortest and fastest path algorithms are presented and analyzed using FreeSim (http://www.freewaysimulator.com), which contains an implementation of all of the algorithms discussed.
Ezrin-anchored Protein Kinase A Coordinates Phosphorylation-dependent Disassembly of a NHERF1 Ternary Complex to Regulate Hormone-sensitive Phosphate Transport

Congenital defects in the Na/H exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF1) are linked to disordered phosphate homeostasis and skeletal abnormalities in humans. In the kidney, these mutations interrupt parathyroid hormone (PTH)-responsive sequestration of the renal phosphate transporter, Npt2a, with ensuing urinary phosphate wasting. We now report that NHERF1, a modular PDZ domain scaffolding protein, coordinates the assembly of an obligate ternary complex with Npt2a and the PKA-anchoring protein ezrin to facilitate PTH-responsive cAMP signaling events. Activation of ezrin-anchored PKA initiates NHERF1 phosphorylation to disassemble the ternary complex, release Npt2a, and thereby inhibit phosphate transport. Loss-of-function mutations stabilize an inactive NHERF1 conformation that we show is refractory to PKA phosphorylation and impairs assembly of the ternary complex. Compensatory mutations introduced in mutant NHERF1 re-establish the integrity of the ternary complex to permit phosphorylation of NHERF1 and rescue PTH action. These findings offer new insights into a novel macromolecular mechanism for the physiological action of a critical ternary complex, where anchored PKA coordinates the assembly and turnover of the Npt2a-NHERF1-ezrin complex.
Noncoherent multiuser detection using array sensors

We consider a linear multiuser array detector (MUAD) for synchronous direct-sequence code division multiple access channels. It consists of a bank of decorrelating detectors followed by a user-dependent combining and decision scheme. Unlike a previous linear MUAD, this detector does not require interfering user parameter estimates; hence it retains its near-far resistant characteristics even in the presence of interfering user parameter mismatch. Given the decorrelating detector outputs, minimum variance unbiased estimates can be derived for the users' amplitudes, phases, and sensor phase offsets. Amplitude dependent and independent, coherent and noncoherent detection schemes for on-off keyed (OOK) signals are developed. Even when the phases and sensor phase offsets are unknown, this detector provides significant performance gains over the conventional coherent decorrelating detector. >
Levels of evidence

The concept of evidence based medicine (EBM) probably began with Professor Archie Cochrane, a British medical researcher in the 1970s who wrote in 1979 “It is surely a great criticism of our profession that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials” [1]. Subsequently, scientists such as David Eddy of North Carolina and Gordon Guyett and David Sackett of Hamilton advanced Cochranes’ work by promoting randomized trials and coined the term ‘evidence-based medicine”.
Radiation dose in close proximity to patients after myocardial perfusion imaging: potential implications for hospital personnel and the public.

To the Editor: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is unique in that patients administered radioactive pharmaceuticals continue to emit radiation following study completion, with potential radiation exposure to others. Despite the wealth of data regarding increasing radiation exposure in patients
New Pyripyropene A Derivatives, Highly SOAT2-Selective Inhibitors, Improve Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Atherogenic Mouse Models

Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2; also known as ACAT2) is considered as a new therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Fungal pyripyropene A (PPPA: 1,7,11-triacyl type), the first SOAT2-selective inhibitor, proved orally active in vivo using atherogenic mouse models. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that the PPPA derivatives (PRDs) prove more effective in the mouse models than PPPA. Among 196 semisynthetic PPPA derivatives, potent, SOAT2-selective, and stable PRDs were selected. In vivo antiatherosclerotic activity of selected PRDs was tested in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe(-/-)) mice or low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr(-/-)) mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (0.2% cholesterol and 21% fat) for 12 weeks. During the PRD treatments, no detrimental side effects were observed. Among three PRDs, Apoe(-/-) mice treated with PRD125 (1-,11-O-benzylidene type) at 1 mg/kg/day had significantly lower total plasma cholesterol concentration by 57.9 ± 9.3%; further, the ratio of cholesteryl oleate to cholesteryl linoleate in low-density lipoprotein was lower by 55.6 ± 7.5%, respectively. The hepatic cholesteryl ester levels and SOAT2 activity in the small intestines and livers of the PRD-treated mice were selectively lowered. The atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortae of PRD125-treated mice were significantly lower at 62.2 ± 13.1%, respectively. Furthermore, both PRDs were also orally active in atherogenic Ldlr(-/-) mice. Among the PRDs tested, PRD125 was the most potent in both mouse models. These results suggest that SOAT2-selective inhibitors such as PRD125 have a high potential as poststatin agents for treatment and/or prevention in patients with atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.
Interactivity of social media in open government imperatives: an empirical study

Modern internet and communication technologies (ICT) are the enabling technologies of the open government initiative. ICT provide new and effective ways to share information, interact with diverse constituents, and establish mutually beneficial relationships among government agencies and with other public and private organisations. A rapidly growing list of a variety of social media tools is finding application in the implementation of the open government initiative in what has come to be called government 2.0. Practical guidance, largely from federal government practitioners and industry analysts, provides lessons learned including general guidance in implementation. This paper proposes a model for the assessment of social media tools as applied to open government to evaluate the application of social media tools by federal, state, and local governments. Results are analysed by level of government, tool use as per the model and correlation of social imperatives and demographic measures.
Iridium-dispersed carbon paste amino acid oxidase electrodes

ABSTRACT An amino acid biosensor based on the immobilization of L-or D-amino acid oxidase within an iridium-dispersed carbon paste electrode is described. The strong and preferential electrocatalytic activity of iridium towards hydrogen peroxide allows rapid measurements of amino acids at very low potentials where the possibilities of interferences are minimal. The detection limits, depending on the amino acid, are in the order of 10−5M. The influence of parameters such as flow rate, working potential, iridium and enzyme loadings are discussed.
Interfacial Tension of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervate Phases

We consider polyelectrolyte solutions which, under suitable conditions, phase separate into a liquid-like coacervate phase and a coexisting supernatant phase that exhibit an extremely low interfacial tension. Such interfacial tension provides the basis for most coacervate-based applications, but little is known about it, including its dependence on molecular weight, charge density, and salt concentration. By combining a Debye–Huckel treatment for electrostatic interactions with the Cahn–Hilliard theory, we derive explicit expressions for this interfacial tension. In the absence of added salts, we find that the interfacial tension scales as N–3/2(η/ηc–1)3/2 near the critical point of the demixing transition, and that it scales as η1/2 far away from it, where N is the chain length and η measures the electrostatic interaction strength as a function of temperature, dielectric constant, and charge density of the polyelectrolytes. For the case with added salts, we find that the interfacial tension scales with t...
Congenital Bleeding Disorders: Hemophilia and Von Willebrand's Disease

Le traitement general. Le remplacement des facteurs deficients. Le traitement des episodes de saignement, d'apres les localisations. La couverture pour la chirurgie. Les complications du traitement. Les malades porteurs d'inhibiteurs. La maladie de Van Willebrand. Les nouvelles facons d'envisager le traitement
Tuberculin Reaction. II. Cytotoxicity of Tuberculin for Splenic Explants of Desensitized Tuberculous Guinea Pigs.

SummaryExperiments are presented which show that the in vitro effects of tuberculin in suppressing the initial migration of leucocytes from splenic explants of tuberculous guinea pigs is markedly reduced by specific desensitization.This finding indicates that the cytotoxic effect of tuberculin on tissue explants of tuberculin-sensitive animals is the result of the interaction of a sessile antibody with specific antigen.
Identity Distancing and Targeted Advertisements: The Black Sheep Effect

ABSTRACTThis research examines the effect of target marketing using the black sheep effect, which occurs when individuals judge likable ingroup members more positively than similar outgroup members, while judging unlikable ingroup members more negatively than similar outgroup members. The results of two experiments show that individuals feel more targeted by ads that feature members of their ingroup that are more prototypical and likeable, and feel less targeted by advertisements featuring models who violate the group's positive image on some trait, making them nonprototypical and unlikeable. Theoretical implications regarding the impact of intragroup processes in consumer persuasion effects and target marketing are discussed.
Reserpine-like effects of harmine on isolated adrenal medullary vesicles.

Because of its structural similarities to reserpine, the actions of harmine on adrenal medullary vesicles were examined in order to clarify the mechanisms involved in drug effects on amine uptake and storage. Harmine markedly inhibited the ATP-Mg2+-dependent incorporation of epinephrine into isolated rat adrenal medullary vesicles. The inhibition was both competitive and reversible; Km for epinephrine was 37 µM and K i for harmine was 3.2 µM. Metaraminol incorporation, which is predominantly ATP-Mg2+-independent and reserpine-insensitive, was decreased only 23% by equimolar concentrations of harmine (which caused 85% inhibition of epinephrine incorporation). Harmine had no effect on efflux of epinephrine from adrenal medullary vesicles, indicating that the effect on incorporation was due solely to inhibition of uptake. No temperature-dependent uptake of harmine into the vesicles was detected, implying that the effects on the uptake system are purely inhibitory. Harmine in equimolar concentrations inhibited binding of epinephrine and serotonin to bovine adrenal vesicle membranes by 43% and 13%, respectively, but did not inhibit binding of metaraminol. Harmine strongly inhibited monoamine oxidase but had no effect on the activities of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase, and dopamine β-hydroxylase. The data suggest that the β-carboline section of the harmine and reserpine structures is responsible for affinity for the amine uptake mechanism and for inhibition of uptake, while the remainder of the reserpine molecule confers irreversibility. A mobile carrier in the adrenal vesicle membrane may be the site of action.
Aplysia Californica as a Novel Source of Material for Biohybrid Robots and Organic Machines

Aplysia californica is presented as a novel source of actuator and scaffold material for biohybrid robots. Collagen isolated from the Aplysia skin has been fabricated into gels and electrocompacted scaffolds. Additionally, the I2 muscle from the Aplysia buccal mass had been isolated for use as an organic actuator. This muscle has been characterized and the maximum force was found to be 58.5 mN with a maximum muscle strain of 12 ± 3 %. Finally, a flexible 3D printed biohybrid robot has been fabricated which is powered by the I2 muscle and is capable of locomotion at 0.43 cm/min under field stimulation.
Behavioral Health Screening among Massachusetts Children Receiving Medicaid

Objective To assess the impact of a Massachusetts Medicaid policy change (the Children's Behavioral Health Initiative; CBHI, which required and reimbursed behavioral health [BH] screening with standardized tools at well child visits and developed intensive home- and community-based BH services) on primary care practice examining the relationship of BH screening to subsequent BH service utilization. Study design Using a repeated cross-sectional design, our 2010 and 2012 Medicaid study populations each included 2000 children/adolescents under the age of 21 years. For each year, the population was randomly selected and stratified into 4 age groups, with 500 members selected per group. Two data sources were used: medical records and Medicaid claims. Results The CBHI had a large impact on formal BH screening and treatment utilization among children/adolescents enrolled in Medicaid. Screening increased substantially (73%: 2010; 74%: 2012) since the baseline/premandate period (2007) when only 4% of well child visits included a formal screen. BH utilization increased among those formally screened but decreased among those with informal assessments. Conclusions CBHI implementation transformed the relationship between primary care and BH services. Changes in regulation and payment resulted in widespread BH screening in Massachusetts primary care practices caring for children/adolescents on Medicaid.
Learning the natural law as maturation in wisdom

Despite the technical character of natural law scholarship, most people who live in accord withthe natural law do not do so because they have been persuaded by technical argumentation. How do people truly come to know the natural law? Learning the natural law is essentially thesame process as maturing in wisdom. Building upon theological conceptions of natural lawand wisdom, this article concludes that wisdom is the suitable power by which peopleapprehend subjectively what the natural law prescribes objectively. Thus the way in which wegrow in wisdom – through a communal process of receiving instruction and observing andreflecting upon life experience – is also the primary way in which people come to know andpractice the natural law. This conclusion suggests a revised perspective on how natural lawyerspursue their work as they seek to address the moral fragmentation of our day.
Case retrieval through multiple indexing and heuristic search

We discuss the indexing of cases for use in precedent-based argument. Our focus is on how multiple, related indices into a case base of legal precedents are exploited by an argument-generation program called BankXX. This system's architecture and control scheme are rooted in a conceptualization of legal argument as heuristic search. Although our framing argument as search is not discussed in detail in this paper, we describe the main features of this view to provide context for a discussion of an indexing scheme that facilitates argument creation. We describe five inter-related index types--citation, prototypical story, factor, family resemblance, and legal theory indices-- and show how they can be used to access, view, widen, or filter a set of cases. The application domain is a U.S. Federal statute that governs the approval of bankruptcy plans.
A Multimodal Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging System for Monitoring Wound Healing in Below Knee Amputations

The multimodal reflectance hyperspectral imaging system presented here was developed in the Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, at the University of Texas at Arlington, UTA. This system is an extension of the visible hyperspectral imaging prototype developed at the National Institutes of Health, NIH. It uses visible and near-infrared, NIR, light and electro-optical components to obtain spectroscopic images, thereby rendering the name multimodal. The goal of this research plan is to fabricate and utilize this system for monitoring wound healing in below the knee amputations. The system illuminates the amputation area with a cold broadband light source, collects a series of spectroscopic images spanning the visible and NIR, in parallel, deconvolutes the acquisitioned hyperspectral data using chemometric methods for imaging the spatial distribution of inherent chromophores. This technique is non-invasive, eliminates the use of contrast dye injection. The images produced visualize changes in the deeper larger blood vessels, provided by the NIR component and the superficial microvascular capillaries, provided by the visible component.
INSULATED SERVER PACKS FOR TRANSPORTING FOOD FROM COMMISSARY TO THE TABLE

The insulated food server pack makes possible the placing of 9 oz portions in single service plastic containers of both hot and cold foods in a compartmentalized food tray at the commissary. When foods have initial temperatures of 180 F or above for hot food and 32–35 F for cold food, the food after 3 hr storage will have temperatures of 140 F or above for hot foods and 45 F or below for cold food at time of service. At 180 F, all disease-producing bacteria are destroyed in the foods and no contamination is possible during handling. The close seal between trays and compartments seals against dust contamination and heat transfer between compartments.
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for photodynamic therapy and cancer immunotherapy (Conference Presentation)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective anticancer procedure that relies on tumor localization of a photosensitizer followed by light activation to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. We recently reported the rational design of a Hf-porphyrin nanoscale metal-organic framework, DBP-UiO, as an exceptionally effective photosensitizer for PDT of resistant head and neck cancer. DBP-UiO efficiently generates singlet oxygen owing to site isolation of porphyrin ligands, enhanced intersystem crossing by heavy Hf centers, and facile singlet oxygen diffusion through porous DBP-UiO nanoplates. Consequently, DBP-UiO displayed greatly enhanced PDT efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, leading to complete tumor eradication in half of the mice receiving a single DBP-UiO dose and a single light exposure. The photophysical properties of DBP-UiO are however not optimum with the lowest energy absorption at 634 nm and a relatively small extinction coefficient of 2200 M-1·cm-1. We recently designed a chlorin-based NMOF, DBC-UiO, with much improved photophysical properties and PDT efficacy in two colon cancer mouse models. Reduction of the DBP ligands in DBP-UiO to the DBC ligands in DBC-UiO led to a 13 nm red-shift and an 11-fold extinction coefficient increase of the lowest energy Q-band. While inheriting the crystallinity, stability, porosity, and nanoplate morphology of DBP-UiO, DBC-UiO sensitizes more efficient singlet oxygen generation and exhibits much enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy on two colon cancer mouse models as a result of its improved photophysical properties. Both apoptosis and immunogenic cell death contributed to cancer cell-killing in DBC-UiO induced PDT. Our work has thus demonstrated that NMOFs represent a new class of highly potent PDT agents and hold great promise in treating resistant cancers in the clinic.
Wallace Fenn and the Journal of Applied Physiology

before 1948, the American Physiological Society (APS) sponsored only two publications: the American Journal of Physiology and Physiological Reviews. I first became aware that a third was being considered when Wallace Fenn casually mentioned it to some of us in the Physiology Department at Rochester
An interview with Ayanna Howard

This column is the fifth in our series profiling senior AI researchers. This month focuses on Ayanna Howard.
The Use of Force, Freedom of Commerce, and Double Standards in Prosecuting Pirates in Kenya

This Article has two primary objectives. The first is to trace the use of force to protect the freedom of travel on the high seas and the right to engage in commerce. This historical context shows that the use of force against piracy off the coast of Somalia is not unprecedented. However, given the increase in military capabilities and the lethality of war in the last century, the use of force against piracy must adhere to the requirements of necessity and proportionality. The second objective of this Article is to explore the many double standards faced by piracy suspects captured off the coast of Somalia. It argues that piracy prosecutions tend to be more successful in Kenya than they would be in the United States or Europe because of relatively low protections for defendants under Kenyan law. Furthermore, this Article examines the issues in piracy prosecutions in Kenya, including the propriety of long periods of pre-trial detention; the complications of gathering evidence on the high seas; the problem of witness attendance at the trials and its implications on the right to speedy trials; the legal issues relating to identifying the proper complainants; the overreaching of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as a third party in the prosecutions; the legal limitations on the production of video evidence; the decision by Kenyan courts to take judicial notice of certain facts rather than have the prosecution prove them; and the allegations of torture and mistreatment of the piracy suspects.
Spatial Clustering, Detection and Analysis of

The distribution of geographical phenomena through space is autocorrelated if the measurement at one location is related to that at other locations. Positive spatial autocorrelation refers to the patterns where nearby or neighboring values are similar, while negative spatial autocorrelation refers to the patterns where nearby or neighboring values are dissimilar. Spatial cluster refers to positive spatial autocorrelation. Cluster detection is important for spatial pattern analysis since the presence of spatial clustering violates the common assumption of most statistics on the independence among the samples. Cluster detection and analysis fulfill two tasks: to test if the distribution is clustered and to detect the location and extent of clusters. These two tasks correspond to 1st-order and 2nd-order pattern analysis, which are carried out through global and local scale analyses, respectively. To evaluate the clustering of a distribution, the observed measurements are compared to the expected measurements that are derived from a random distribution or Monte Carlo simulation. Edge effects and scale issues are two major concerns for cluster detection. Clustering detection can be conducted for point, linear/flow, and areal data. The dynamics of spatial clustering patterns through time are revealed by space–time cluster analysis. When the correlation among multiple variables or different types of geographical events is concerned, multivariate spatial pattern analysis is conducted. Cross-scale spatial clustering analysis reveals the dynamics of clustering pattern of the same sample across different analysis scales.
Incidence of Drug Abuse in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Population

Substance abuse can have strong negative impacts on surgical outcomes. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of drug abuse in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Specifically, we identified revision TKA (RTKA): (1) incidence, (2) causes, (3) time to revision, and (4) patient demographics in patients with a history of drug abuse. The Medicare database within the PearlDiver Supercomputer (Warsaw, IN) was queried to identify 2,159,221 TKAs performed between 2005 and 2012. Drug abuse was subdivided into cocaine, cannabis, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics (SHA), amphetamines, and alcohol abusers. The effect of drug use on the incidence and cause for RTKA, time to revision, as well as patient demographics were correlated using multivariate, analysis of variance, and regression analyses. There was a significant increase in the number of primary TKAs in cocaine (p = 0.011), cannabis (p
User Engagement Associated with Web-Intervention Features to Attain Clinically Meaningful Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Rural Women.

Objective. Purely web-based weight loss and weight-loss maintenance interventions show promise to influence behavior change. Yet, little is known about user engagement with features of web-based interventions that predict clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5% bodyweight loss). This study examines level of website feature engagement with the likelihood of attaining ≥5% bodyweight loss after 6 and 18 months participation in a web-based intervention, among rural women at high risk of obesity-related diseases and disability. Methods. In this secondary analysis of clinical trial data of 201 rural women, we examined weight change and user engagement, measured as clicks on specific web-based intervention features (messaging and self-tracking), as associated with clinically meaningful weight loss (baseline to 6 months) and weight-loss maintenance (6 to 18 months). Results. Generalized estimating equations, adjusted for age, intervention group, and intervention phase, revealed high engagement with messaging predicted whether women achieved ≥5% weight loss at 6 months and at 18 months. There was no effect of self-tracking. Conclusions. Being engaged with messages was associated with attaining clinically meaningful short-term and longer-term weight loss. This trial is registered with NCT01307644 .
Development of Best Practices for Right-of-Way Valuations and Negotiations in Transportation Projects

The valuations of properties and the negotiations with property owners are two major tasks in the right-of-way acquisition process for transportation projects. If improved, those tasks can increase the overall project delivery efficiency. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) funded a research project that aimed to recommend some best practices for successful valuations and negotiations in Texas. The authors reviewed the different strategies and procedures followed in TxDOT by conducting interviews and surveys with right-of-way personnel. Guidelines supported by recommended practices were identified for both valuation and negotiation and then reviewed and validated by experts. Lastly, implementation guides were developed.
Do Menopausal Symptoms Account for the Declines in Cognitive Function During the Menopausal Transition

Women both report and show significant changes in cognition as they transition through the menopause. Changes in sex steroid hormones contribute to these changes, as do menopause symptoms. As measured by questionnaire or diary, vasomotor symptoms (VMS) do not reliably associate with cognitive performance at midlife. In contrast, emerging findings indicate that physiological VMS, measured with ambulatory skin conductance monitors, do associate with cognition. The extent to which physiologic hot flashes contribute to cognitive changes across the menopause is unknown. Psychological symptoms of the menopause, including depressive symptoms and anxiety, are associated with worse cognitive performance, but not appear to explain the change in cognition observed across the transition. Lastly, sleep disturbance is associated with worse cognitive performance at midlife, though the extent to which sleep accounts for cognitive changes as women transition through the menopause is unknown. Prospective studies using objective measures of VMS and sleep are needed to characterize the factors associated with cognitive changes in women at midlife.