cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal cation binding to Sphagnum peat and sawdust: Relation to wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters

Interest in the potential use of constructed and naturally-occurring wetland systems as a low-cost, low-maintenance method for the treatment of metal-polluted water has increased considerably in recent years. Because metal cation binding to organic matter represents one mechanism by which metals are retained in wetlands, laboratory studies were conducted of the binding of metal cations to Sphagnum peat and sawdust, two substrates used in wetland construction for treatment of metal-polluted waters. The two substrates differed in initial cation exchange characteristics, organic matter fractionation, affinities for ten different metal cations, and metal binding capacities. Results suggest a simple method for quantitatively assessing the potential for different types of organic substrates to retain metals by binding when exposed to metal-polluted water of a particular chemical composition. For metals that are retained in wetlands principally by binding to organic matter, application of the method could lead to an improved ability to formulate a priori cost-benefit analyses for contemplated wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters.
Dynamics of a relativistic shell model for extended particles

The relativistic harmonic-oscillator model for extended particles with SO(3,2) internal symmetry is used to compute the elastic form factor of the ground state and the radiative decay rate of the $s=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s=0$ transition. The interactions considered do not test all possibilities of the model. The results are therefore only illustrations of effects due to the extended structure of the particles. The relativistic effects suppress the decay into final states with masses less than 17% of the initial mass, whereas the nonrelativistic decay rate is constant in this region. A representation of the excited states of the model by Hermite polynomials is given.
DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING STUDY OF REVERSE MICELLAR SYSTEMS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF IRON-BASED NANOFLUIDS

Iron nanoparticles dispersed in hydraulic oil were prepared by mixing two microemulsions containing iron (II) sulfate and sodium borohydride at a temperature of 60°C. Six values of ω0 = [water]/[surfactant] were used, namely 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30. Dynamic light scattering measurements of the hydrodynamic radius of the reverse micelles showed that the average size, surfactant shell thickness and water core radius, increased with ω0. The micelle size distribution for ω0 values of 5, 10, and 15, was in the nanometer regime, while for ω0 values of 20, 25, and 30 it was in the micrometer regime. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticle diameters were around 30 nm for the powders prepared using an ω0 = 10. In addition, a comparison between the particle size distribution of the iron nanoparticles dispersed in isopropyl alcohol and the iron nanoparticles in the reverse micellar solution was made. It was shown that once the particles are cleaned and separated from the micellar solution, they agglomerate into particles that are about 1 μm in size.
Selenium Deficiency and Impaired Reproduction in Japanese Quail

SummaryImpaired reproduction was observed in Japanese quail fed a diet low in both selenium and vitamin E from 1 day of age to maturity. Oviposition rate and fertility were not affected by the deficiency but hatchability of fertile eggs was markedly reduced and viability of both the adult females and the newly hatched chicks were reduced. Dietary supplementation with either selenium (1 ppm) or vitamin E (30 IU/kg) prevented the impaired reproduction but ethoxyquin (0.3%) was only partially effective.
Photoelectrochemical processes in polymer-tethered CdSe nanocrystals.

We demonstrate the electrochemical capture of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), with thiophene-terminated carboxylic acid capping ligands, at the surfaces of electrodeposited poly(thiophene) films (i) poly((diethyl)propylenedixoythiophene), P(Et)2ProDOT; (ii) poly(propylenedioxythiophene), PProDOT; and (iii) poly(ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, coupled with the exploration of their photoelectrochemical properties. Host polymer films were created using a kinetically controlled electrodeposition protocol on activated indium−tin oxide electrodes (ITO), producing conformal films that facilitate high rates of electron transfer. ProDOT-terminated, ligand-capped CdSe-NCs were captured at the outer surface of the host polymer films using a unique pulse-potential step electrodeposition protocol, providing for nearly close-packed monolayers of the NCs at the host polymer/solution interface. These polymer-confined CdSe NCs were used as sensitizers in the photoelectrochemical reduction of methyl viologen (MV+2)....
Basic Emergency Medicine Skills Workshop as the Introduction to the Medical School Clinical Skills Curriculum

Introduction: Most medical school curricula lack training in basic skills needed in a medical emergency. After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks, junior level medical students at our institution volunteered their time in the emergency department[ or at Ground Zero. They quickly realized they had little or no practical training for an emergency situation. Objectives: To correct this curriculum deficit, a five hour basic emergency medicine skills / first responder course for students in their first few weeks of medical school was designed. Methods: The course consists of lectures followed by related skills stations. Lectures include an introduction to the first responder concept, basic airway, breathing, and circulation management, and a rapid, systematic approach to common emergencies. Skills stations teach basic airway management, bag valve mask ventilation, splinting and immobilizing, and moving patients in the field, stressing improvisation. Multiple skills are practiced in a final simulation station using actors with wound moulage and scripted scenarios. Results: This course, instituted at Weill Cornell Medical School in 2002, has become a mainstay of the first year curriculum. Student evaluations have been uniformly superlative. There is strong student sentiment that this is the most practical course of the first year. Conclusion: After six years of experience, we have shown it is possible to present a truncated first responder course as part of the first year curriculum. The course generates tremendous interest and awareness regarding emergency medicine. Future research will examine whether skills taught in this course are retained and can be correctly applied later in medical school.
Effects of Forced Wall Vibration on the Onset of Flow Instability and Critical Heat Flux in Uniformly-Heated Microchannels

Forced convection using single-phase liquid water is a common cooling mechanism utilized in high power density engineering applications. Typically, design specifications require the coolant to remain subcooled throughout the heat transfer channel to ensure adequate cooling of the heated surfaces. Despite these planned steady state parameters, accident or transient conditions can cause boiling to take place within the channels. For this reason, it is important in the design and operation of heated channels to understand and predict the onset of boiling and two-phase flow instabilities that can lead to channel dryout and potential overheating and/or burnout of the heat transfer system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Prevalence of elevated troponin I in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis.

Objectives: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are receiving hemodialysis have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic heart disease. Currently, there is considerable controversy regarding the significance of elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels in patients with ESRD. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of elevated cTnI levels in asymptomatic patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study at an urban hospital outpatient dialysis center. Serum was collected pre- and postdialysis from patients on dialysis at this center over a two-week period. Samples were batched and analyzed for cTnI using the Asxym fluorescent antibody test. An elevated cTnI level was defined as [0.8 ng/dL. Results: Predialysis cTnI levels ranged from\0.1 to 0.7 ng/ dL, and postdialysis cTnI levels ranged from\0.1 to 0.6 ng/ dL. None of the patients had a cTnI level [0.8 ng/dL. Conclusions: cTnI levels are not falsely elevated in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. In a patient with ESRD, myocardial injury should be suspected if his or her cTnI level is [0.8 ng/dL. Key words: troponin; renal failure; dialysis; biomarkers; cardiac enzymes; acute coronary syndrome. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2004; 11:979‐981. There are more than 300,000 patients in the United States with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are receiving hemodialysis. 1 Patients with ESRD have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic heart disease because of the high incidence of comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, renal failure alone emerges as an independent risk factor for accelerated atherosclerosis. 2 Traditional biochemical markers used to aid in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction may be falsely elevated in patients with chronic renal failure. 3 This presents a diagnostic quandary when patients with ESRD present with a possible acute coronary syndrome. Whether cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels are falsely elevated in patients with ESRD is still controversial. 4‐7 The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of elevated cTnI levels in asymptomatic patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis. METHODS Study Design. This was a prospective cohort study of patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis. The study was approved by the institutional review board for human research. Informed consent was obtained from all patients enrolled in the study.
The treatment of polycythemia vera.

p” LYCYTHEMIA vera is a chronic disease of unknown etiology, the chief clinical manifestations of which are headaches, fatigability, dizziness, pruritus, splenomegaly, plethora, cyanosis, and systolic hypertension. Elevations of the erythrocyte level, the hemoglobin concentration, and the hematocrit value constitute the most consistent laboratory findings, but in the majority of cases the leukocyte count and the thrombocyte level are also elevated, occasionally strikingly so, which suggests that all of the principal cellular elements of the bone marrow participate in the hyperplastic process. From the standpoint of therapy, it is important to keep in mind that most of the clinical manifestations as well as one of the most feared complications of polycythemia vera (intravascular thrombosis) can be attributed directly or indirectly to three factors, (1) the increased total blood volume, (2) the increased viscosity of the blood, and (3) the thrombocytosis. Until the etiology of this disease is elucidated, the goal of therapy must be to relieve the symptoms of the disease, to minimize the danger of intravascular thrombosis, and to avoid, in so far as is possible, any procedure which significantly increases the incidence of, or hastens the appearance of, such dreaded complications as leukemia, leukemoid reactions, and myelofibrosis. The rapidity with which the feeling of fullness and aching in the head, the dizziness, and the fatigability characteristic of polycythemia vera can be relieved by repeated phlebotomies alone has contributed to the general belief that the increased blood volume is a major factor but it is known that the circulation time may be greatly prolonged in polycythemia vera with resultant visceral stasis, and it is apparent that increased blood viscosity is at least a contributory factor in this phenomenon. Studies by several investigator.+** indicate that there is a linear relationship between the hematocrit level and
Octopamine receptors in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain and their disruption by RNA-mediated interference

Octopamine plays important neuromodulatory roles in the honeybee brain. Accordingly, mRNA from a recently identified honeybee octopamine receptor (AmOA1) is distributed throughout the brain. We have evaluated the occurrence of AmOA1 in the antennal lobe (AL) as well as rest of the brain (RB) by western blotting using an antiserum raised against a peptide selected from AmOA1 sequence. In addition to an expected band (78 kDa in the AL), one additional band (72 kDa) was identified from the AL and four bands (48, 60, 72 and 78 kDa) were observed in the RB. These bands were also recognized with antiserum against a different peptide segment from an octopamine receptor ortholog from the fruitfly (OAMB). Significant sequence identity with the peptide segment used to generate the antiserum was only found with OAMB and its splice variants in fruitfly; it was less conserved in other biogenic amine receptors from honeybee and other insects. Furthermore, western blot analysis performed on brains with dsRNA-treated antennal lobes showed a decrease in the intensity of all four bands. This suggests that AmOA1 antiserum specifically recognizes one or more types of AmOA1 receptors in the honeybee brain. We extend our earlier study of RNAi to quantify the rate of spread of dsRNA from a localized injection to other neuropils.
Stimulation of a Cd-binding protein, and inhibition of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, by zinc or cadmium in organ-cultured embryonic chick duodenum

Abstract Embryonic chick duodenum maintained in organ culture responds to 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 in the culture medium by de novo synthesis of a specific calcium-binding protein (CaBP). The addition of Cd 2+ (3–5 × 10 −5 m ) or Zn 2+ (10 −5 -10 −4 m ) to the medium inhibited CaBP, but stimulated biosynthesis of a Cd-binding protein (CdBP). CdBP in duodenal homogenate supernatants was assessed in two ways: first, by its 109 Cd-binding activity ( 109 CdBA) using a competitive ion exchange procedure; and, second, by the extent of [ 35 S]-cystine incorporation into a specific peak or band after gel filtration or analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, respectively. Regardless of whether cadmium- or zinc-stimulated, the 35 S-labeled CdBP—the only protein significantly labeled under the conditions employed—migrated identically upon gel filtration and electrophoresis, and comigrated with purified chick liver Cd-metallothionein. Neither actinomycin D nor α-amanitin, in concentrations sufficient to severely inhibit CaBP, significantly reduced CdBP production. However, cycloheximide did inhibit either Cd 2+ - or Zn 2+ -stimulated CdBP by about 50% at an inhibitor concentration which abolished CaBP. The inhibitor studies, coupled with the observations of extensive incorporation of [ 35 S]cystine into CdBP, suggest that the metals stimulated biosynthesis by a mechanism operating at the translational level. The organcultured duodenum seems well suited for studies of the regulation of CdBP biosynthesis especially since it responds predictably to the steroid hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 , in the induction of another specific protein, CaBP, at the transcriptional level. The biosynthesis of CaBP thus may serve as a convenient control in studies of CdBP production under various experimental conditions.
Optical properties of core-shell structured Ag/SiO2 nanocomposites

Abstract Silver nanoclusters coated by SiO2 were synthesized by a reverse micelle technique to obtain a core–shell microstructure with tunable particle size less than 50 nm. The refractive indices of the Ag/SiO2 nanocomposites were calculated based on a theoretical model for binary composite materials which illustrated a strong correlation to the size of the metallic core and the dielectric shell. Dynamic light scattering analysis of the Ag/SiO2 nanocomposites revealed that the refractive index of the nanocomposites was about 2.40, which was well in the range predicted by theoretical modeling. Optical absorption spectra and silver quantum dot size induced color change of the Ag/SiO2 nanocomposites suspension were also investigated.
Analysis of the Summer 2004 ozone budget over the United States using Intercontinental Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) observations and Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART-4) simulations

[1] The origin of ozone over the summertime contiguous United States during summer 2004 was examined using the Intercontinental Transport Experiment (INTEX-A) Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS-04) over North America. We estimate the budget using the global chemistry transport Model of Ozone and Related Tracers version 4 (MOZART-4) with synthetic tracers that keep track of the ozone produced from selected NOx sources (stratosphere, lightning, anthropogenic, and biomass burning sources in Eurasia and the contiguous United States, and North American boreal fires). This “model budget” is analyzed in conjunction with results from a “laminar identification method” (LID), a more empirical approach to extracting information about contributions from ozone transported down from the stratosphere, advection, and convection. Both methods give comparable results for the contribution from stratospheric ozone, an average over all sites of 20 ± 7% for the LID budget and of 26 ± 6% for the model budget (the standard deviation gives the variability over the IONS sites). These results point toward the important contribution of downward transport of ozone from the stratosphere in assessing tropospheric ozone. The contributions for the other tracers are 25 ± 9% for U.S. sources, 13 ± 5% for Eurasian sources, 3 ± 2% for boreal fires and 10 ± 2% from lightning. In the boundary layer the dominant contribution generally comes from local (U.S.) sources. Eurasian sources can add up to 8% on average for some sites, lightning up to 4%, and North American boreal fires up to 10%. Variations in the tracer contributions across the different sites can be large, but the budget estimated by the model for the entire United States is similar to the budget averaged over the IONS-04 sites which lets us conclude that the sample of locations and launch days conveys a proper representation of the large-scale picture.
Quaternary Paleoclimatology of the Black Sea basin

Abstract The occurrence of polyhaline, mesohaline and oligohaline diatom, silicoflagellate, ebridian and chrysomonad populations in late Quaternary Black Sea sediments (DSDP Leg 42B) forms the basis for reconstruction of surface water paleosalinities in the Black Sea basin over the last 3 million years. Four major periods with increased salinites are separated by extended freshwater periods. Based on paleosalinites, indicators of trophic freshwater conditions and changes in diatom species diversity, a correlation is made to the northern Europian glacial—interglacial stratigraphy and this correlation is used to place paleoenvironmental events into a chronostratigraphy. The ‘synchronous’ late Quaternary occurrence of sediments rich in organic carbon in both the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea supports this interpretation. Three different stages in the interaction between the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are defined: Stage A (exchange of freshwater and marine water similar to the present day flux) during the Holocene, Eemian, Holsteinian and Pliocene; Stage B (freshwater conditions with only occasional marine spills) during the Saalian, the Waalian, the Tiglian and the Praetiglian; and Stage C (freshwater conditions with no inflow of marine waters) during the Weichselian, the Elsterian and Eburonian.
Nucleotide sequence of the staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 gene and relatedness to other pyrogenic toxins

The nucleotide sequence for the structural gene entC1 encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 was determined. The gene contained 801 bp and coded for a protein of 266 amino acids. Of these, 27 comprised the signal peptide. Cleavage of the signal peptide resulted in a mature protein with 239 amino acids and a calculated molecular weight of 27,496. The nucleotide sequence of entC1 shared considerable homology (74% and 59%, respectively) with genes encoding enterotoxin B and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A. A similar degree of amino acid homology was observed after alignment of the respective proteins. Thus, certain regions of these three toxin molecules possess structural similarities that may be responsible for shared biological properties.
Factors affecting thermally induced furan formation.

Furan, a potential carcinogen, can be induced by heat from sugars, ascorbic acid, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of pH, phosphate, temperature, and heating time on furan formation. Heat-induced furan formation from free sugars, ascorbic acid, and linoleic acid was profoundly affected by pH and the presence of phosphate. In general, the presence of phosphate increased furan formation in solutions of sugars and ascorbic acid. In a linoleic acid emulsion, phosphate increased the formation of furan at pH 6 but not at pH 3. When an ascorbic acid solution was heated, higher amounts of furan were produced at pH 3 than at pH 6 regardless of phosphate’s presence. However, in linoleic acid emulsion, more furan was produced at pH 6 than at pH 3. The highest amount of furan was formed from the linoleic acid emulsion at pH 6. In fresh apple cider, a product with free sugars as the major components (besides water) and little fatty acids, ascorbic acid, or phosphate, small ...
Psychological distress among recent Russian immigrants in the United States

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological status of Russian immigrants who have recently come to the United States.Aims: The project included creation of a Russian version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) in order to identify anxiety and depression in members of the Russian-speaking immigrant population.Methods: Translation and adaptation included (a) cross-cultural adaptation; (b) translation; (c) pre-testing; and (d) analysis of validity, reliability and internal consistency. Seventeen Russian-speaking patients at a Russian psychiatric clinic were recruited for the study and were compared with a sample of 42 Russianspeaking members of the community.Results: The instrument showed internal consistency when evaluated with coefficient alpha. Clinic patients had significantly higher anxiety and depression symptom scores than community subjects. Russian immigrants' scores on the anxiety and depression scales were less than comparative data for the United States and no...
Biological Effects of Inhaled 239PuO2 in Beagles

Seven groups of 8–24 Beagle dogs, exposed to 239PuO2 aerosols by inhalation [mean initial lung depositions (ILD) of 0.0, 0.14, 0.63, 3.2, 13, 44 and 210 kBq] were observed throughout their lives to determine tissues at risk and dose-effect relationships. The mean average pulmonary retention half-time of 239Pu was 1,192 days. Most (70%) of the plutonium recovered at death in dogs surviving >10 years after exposure was found in the thoracic lymph nodes with ∼15% in lung, ∼10% in liver and ∼2% in bone. Eight dogs at the highest exposure levels died from radiation pneumonitis prior to a minimal 3-year latency period after exposure for the observation of lung tumors, with the first succumbing 337 days after exposure. Of 108 plutonium-exposed Beagles with ILD <100 kBq, 51 (47%) had lung tumors with significantly increased incidence in those dogs with total lung dose of ≥1.1 Gy at death. The primary non-neoplastic effects observed were lymphopenia, atrophy and fibrosis of the thoracic lymph nodes, radiation pneu...
Anatomical and Physiological Considerations in Vestibular Dysfunction and Compensation

Sensory information from the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory/proprioceptive systems are integrated in the brain in complex ways to produce a final motor output to muscle groups for maintaining gaze, head and body posture, and controlling static and dynamic balance. The balance system is complex, which can make differential diagnosis of dizziness quite challenging. On the other hand, this complex system is organized anatomically in a variety of pathways and some of these pathways have been well studied. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is one such pathway. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the VOR facilitates our understanding of normal and abnormal eye movements and research is advancing our understanding of the plasticity of the vestibular system. This review highlights anatomical and physiological features of the normal vestibular system, applies these concepts to explain some clinical findings in some common peripheral vestibular disorders, and discusses some of the research investigating the anatomical and physiological basis for vestibular compensation.
Kinetic study of competitive catalytic transfer hydrogenation on a multi-functional molecule: 4-benzyloxy-4′-chlorochalcone

A combined chemical and mathematical approach was used to study the reduction process of 4-benzyloxy-4′-chlorochalcone involving catalytic transfer hydrogenation with ammonium formate and palladium on carbon. Several solvents were investigated to evaluate the effect of solvent-type on competitive reduction rates. A mathematical model based on Michaelis–Menten reaction kinetics was developed using a least squares approximation method to estimate several model parameters according to time-dependent reduction data. The conjugated alkene was found to reduce fastest in all solvents except alcohols, which is likely related to the solvent’s ability to support partially-charged intermediate species in the RDS of aryl chloride hydrogenolysis. Substrate concentration and pH dependence of the reduction were also investigated to confirm prior mechanistic findings. Hydrogen transfer from the formate to palladium appears to be rate determining in multiple reactions. Also, catalyst poisoning by HCl may affect aryl chloride reduction more significantly than reduction of other functionalities.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) receptors induce intracellular calcium changes in mouse Leydig cells

Cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) changes evoked by adenosine 5(1)-triphosphate (ATP) were recorded in cultured individual Leydig cells within 10-18 h after cell dispersion. [Ca(2+)](i) was monitored using Fura-2AM loaded cells with a digital ratio imaging system. Five micromolars ATP induced biphasic [Ca(2+)](i) responses in most cells (94%,n=100), characterized by a fast increase from a basal level (126±5 nMSE,n=60 cells) to a peak (5-7 times above basal levels) within seconds, followed by a slow decrease toward a plateau level (2-3 times above basal) within 5 min. The peak phase of the [Ca(2+)](i) response increased with ATP concentrations (1-100 μM ATP) in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 5.9±1.2 μM, and it desensitized in a reversible manner with repeated application of 5 μM ATP at Adenosine diphosphate [ADP]>Adenosine> Adenosine monophosphate [AMP]) that was compatible with the expression of P(2) receptors. [Ca(2+)](i) responses were suppressed by the purinergic P(2) receptor antagonist, suramin. These results provide functional evidence for the expression of purinergic P(2) receptors in Leydig cells.
An Experimental Study of the Turbulent-Flow Boundary-Layer Development in Smooth Annuli

Boundary layer development concerning turbulent flow with negligible heat transfer of Newtonian fluid in smooth annuli
Hypermedia and learning: Contrasting interfaces to hypermedia systems

This study explores selected theoretical and design issues associated with the use of hypermedia learning environments to promote the recall, synthesis, integration and retention of information. The study contrasts two different hypermedia systems that contain resources on a complex historical domain. The experimental condition incorporates design features related to complexity, context-dependency and interconnectedness in order to highlight different aspects of its instructional content. The experimental condition was hypothesized to foster greater achievement on tests for synthesis, integration and retention of knowledge and to be more favorably rated by users. The control condition incorporates simple linear design features including several features that are antithetical to those of the experimental condition. The control condition presents the same instructional content in a more rigid and decontextualized manner and was hypothesized to foster greater mastery of factual recall but less synthesis, integration and retention of knowledge. Results however demonstrated that participants in the control condition were able to recall more facts, make more connections between themes in the test for synthesis and retain more facts than participants in the experimental condition. However, differences in overall performance for both hypermedia systems were not statistically significant: neither system had a different effect on learning.
Series capacitors in high-voltage lines of the Bonneville power administration

Two large series capacitor banks of the Bonneville Power Administration's transmission lines are described to point out some of the problems encountered with such installations. Particularly important is the protection against overvoltages caused by fault currents.
Effects of Time Frame on the Recall Reliability of CFS Symptoms

This study serves as an investigation of the reliability of symptom data as reported by individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), across three recall time frames (the past week, the past month, and the past 6 months), and at two assessment points (with 1 week in between each assessment). Multilevel model analyses were used to determine the optimal recall time frame, in terms of test -retest reliability, for each of the Fukuda et al. (1994) case defining symptoms. Results suggested that the optimal time frame for reliably reporting CFS symptoms was six months for sore throat, lymph node pain, muscle pain, post-exertional malaise, headaches, memory/concentration difficulties, and unrefreshing sleep. For joint pain, the optimal time frame was one month. Researchers who are interested in the assessment of CFS symptoms need to take recall time frame into account, especially when the intended goal is to standardize and improve the methods used to reliably and accurately diagnose this complex illness.
Mouse Down-regulated in Adenoma (DRA) Is an Intestinal Cl−/HCO3 − Exchanger and Is Up-regulated in Colon of Mice Lacking the NHE3 Na+/H+Exchanger

Abstract Mutations in human DRA cause congenital chloride diarrhea, thereby raising the possibility that it functions as a Cl−/HCO3 − exchanger. To test this hypothesis we cloned a cDNA encoding mouse DRA (mDRA) and analyzed its activity in cultured mammalian cells. When expressed in HEK 293 cells, mDRA conferred Na+-independent, electroneutral Cl−/CHO3 − exchange activity. Removal of extracellular Cl− from medium containing HCO3 − caused a rapid intracellular alkalinization, whereas the intracellular pH increase following Cl−removal from HCO3 −-free medium was reduced greater than 7-fold. The intracellular alkalinization in Cl−-free, HCO3 −-containing medium was unaffected by removal of extracellular Na+ or by depolarization of the membrane by addition of 75 mm K+ to the medium. Like human DRA mRNA, mDRA transcripts were expressed at high levels in cecum and colon and at lower levels in small intestine. The expression of mDRA mRNA was modestly up-regulated in the colon of mice lacking the NHE3 Na+/H+ exchanger. These results show that DRA is a Cl−/HCO3 − exchanger and suggest that it normally acts in concert with NHE3 to absorb NaCl and that in NHE3-deficient mice its activity is coupled with those of the sharply up-regulated colonic H+,K+-ATPase and epithelial Na+ channel to mediate electrolyte and fluid absorption.
Microbial ecology of human skin in health and disease

Cultivation of human skin reveals numerous bacteria and at least one fungus to be normal inhabitants of this ecosystem; however, most of our knowledge about the microbiology of human skin was acquired decades ago. Modern techniques employing nucleic acid-based microbial identification methods demonstrate the limitations of cultivation for appreciating microbial diversity in many ecosystems. The application of modern molecular methods to the study of skin may offer new perspectives on the resident microfora, and new insights into the causes of antibiotic responsive dermatologic conditions, such as acne and rosacea.
Immunocytochemical detection of Fcγ receptors in human atherosclerotic lesions

Much evidence indicates that atherosclerotic lesions are largely of an inflammatory nature. Activated macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells laden with cholesterol esters are a major constituent of these lesions and can influence lesion formation via several potential mechanisms. One such mechanism is Fcgamma receptor activation and/or Fcgamma receptor-mediated clearance of immune complexes containing cholesterol, such as lipoprotein immune complexes. That this mechanism contributes to lesion formation would be further supported if Fcgamma receptor expression in arterial lesions were demonstrated. We therefore used monoclonal antibodies and immunocytochemical methods to analyze frozen sections of human arterial lesions for expression of each of the three primary classes of mononuclear phagocyte Fcgamma receptors. Approximately 800 sections of aorta, carotid, and coronary arteries obtained from five elderly donors were analyzed. The presence of macrophages was determined by assaying reactivity of a monoclonal antibody specific to CD163, which is expressed only on cells of the human mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Results indicate that highly cellular preatheromatous lesions contained numerous macrophages in the zone of proliferation that expressed each class of Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaRIA, FcgammaRIIA, and FcgammaRIIIA). Fcgamma receptor-positive cells were also present in medial and adventitial areas. Fcgamma receptor staining was both punctate and diffuse, the latter suggesting that soluble receptors were present in the extracellular matrix. These data further support that Fcgamma receptor-mediated clearance of immune complexes can occur in arterial lesions during atherogenesis. Expression of both the high affinity (FcgammaRIA) and lower affinity (FcgammaRIIA/FcgammaRIIIA) receptors indicates that mono- and multivalent IgG-containing immune complexes could engage Fcgamma receptors and influence lesion formation through several different inflammatory mechanisms triggered by receptor activation.
SU-E-T-861: Assessment of Collimator Jaw Optimization in Reducing Normal Tissue Irradiation with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate normal tissuedose reduction in step‐and‐shoot intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) on the Varian 2100 platform by tracking the multileaf collimator(MLC) apertures with the accelerator jaws. Methods: Clinical radiation treatment plans for 10 thoracic, 3 pediatric and 3 head and neck patients were converted to plans with the jaws tracking each segment's MLC apertures and compared to the original plans in a commercial radiation treatment planning system (TPS). Each segment was then renormalized to account for the change in collimator scatter to obtain target coverage within 1 % of that in the original plan. Reduction in normal tissuedose was evaluated in the new plan by using the parameters V5, V10, and V20 in the cumulative dose‐volume histogram for the following structures: total lung minus GTV (gross target volume), heart, esophagus, spinal cord, liver, parotids, and brainstem. In order to validate the accuracy of our beam model, MLCtransmission measurements were made and compared to those predicted by the TPS. Results: The greatest change between the original plan and new plan occurred at lower dose levels. The reduction in V20 was never more than 6.3% and was typically less than 1% for all patients. The reduction in V5 was 16.7% maximum and was typically less than 3% for all patients. The variation in normal tissuedose reduction was not predictable, and we found no clear parameters that indicated which patients would benefit most from jaw tracking. Our TPS model of MLC transmission agreed with measurements with absolute transmission differences of less than 0.1 % and thus uncertainties in the model did not contribute significantly to the uncertainty in the dose determination. Conclusion: The amount of dose reduction achieved by collimating the jaws around each MLC aperture in step and shoot IMRT is probably not clinically significant.
Size and DNA content of purified E. coli nucleoids observed by fluorescence microscopy

PREVIOUS studies of the physico-chemical properties of DNA as isolated in condensed bacterial chromosomes suggested that the DNA was packaged in particles with dimensions similar to the intracellular nucleoid1–3. This finding, if confirmed, is of significance for it indicates that current methods for isolating the condensed chromosomes preserve the conformational organisation of the DNA at least to the extent that the gross dimensions of the nucleoid are maintained.
The "adoption process" in the inpatient treatment of children and adolescents.

This paper investigates a social-psychological process frequently complicating inpatient treatment of children and adolescents, a phenomenon we call the “Adoption Process.” An historical perspective is presented. Its manifestations within the clinical teams, the child patient and the parents are investigated, as well as the factors which contribute to the Adoption Process. Illustrations are given. The role of the Adoption Process in treatment impasse and group counter-transference reactions is emphasized. Implications for treatment and administrative management are explored.
In the absence of integration: Working in and against nation in erna brodber's Louisiana

Animated by the efforts of historians and sociologists over the past decade to conceptualize a ‘long’ civil rights period, this article examines how the conspicuous absence of the 1950s and 1960s from Jamaican writer Erna Brodber's novel Louisiana (1994) constitutes an act of ‘black ellipsis’ that opens up space to envision, from our post–civil rights standpoint, alternative courses of history. Using comparative historicist analyses, the article reads the nation-centric US identity promised by sanctioned forms of integration such as the Federal Writers’ Project against the alternative modes of identity found in Louisiana's recovered diasporic history and the Universal Negro Improvement Association's transnational delegation, for example. Focusing on Brodber's rehistoricization of black diasporic cultural and labor issues in the simultaneously US and global setting of southern Louisiana, ‘In the Absence of Integration’ argues that Brodber overwrites the nationalist thrust of US projects of racial integrati...
The finestructure of nerve branches and neuromuscular junctions in the coxal adductor of the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa.

The neuromuscular junctions of a fast coxal adductor of Gromphadorhina portentosa show great variability in both axon terminal diameter and extent of post-junctional sarcoplasmic specializaton. Finestructural equivalents of both cone and brush type nerve endings are present. The large motor axons innervating this muscle are surrounded by a pervasive lemnoblast sheath, leaving the axon surface exposed only in the area of synaptic contact. Connective tissue covers the nerve and fills the spaces between sheath cell processes in the nerve trunk, but is lost after it enters the muscle. The role of sheath cells in nerve function is discussed in the light of these findings.
785 PREMATURE TERMINATION OF OXIDATIVE BURST IN GLUTATHI-ONE PEROXIDASE DEFICIENT RAT NEUTROPHILS

In order to determine the role of the glutathione cycle in granulocyte (PMN) oxidative metabolism, rats were made glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) deficient(def), by feeding them a selenium def diet. After 12-15 weeks def rat PMN GSH-Px was 23 U/mg protein compared to 155 U/mg protein for controls. We studied the effect of GSH-Px deficiency on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated PMN hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity and O2− production. HMPS activity was similar for def and control rats for the first 5 min. of incubation with PMA. However, over 20 min., def PMN produce 480 cpm/2.5×106 cells and control 920 cpm/2.5×106 cells. When stimulated with L-amino acid oxidase and L-leucine HMPS was 220 in def and 570 cpm/20 min/2.5×106 cells in control PMN. Initial rates of PMA stimulated O2− production were the same in def and control (2.8, 2.78 nmol O2−/min/106 PMN). However, at 5, 10, and 20 min. the rates of O2− production in the def were 44%, 14%, and 3% of O2− produced at 2 min. This is compared to 52%, 36%, and 23% O2− produced at 2 min. in the control. Incubation of PMN with L-amino acid oxidase and L-leucine for 20 min. resulted in a loss of 85% of PMA stimulatable O2− production in def compared with 43% in controls. This effect was abolished with the concomittant addition of catalase. We conclude that H2O2 in the rat PMN is metabolized through the glutathione cycle and GSH-Px protects PMN against H2O2 mediated destruction of their O2− generating system.
Safety and Efficacy of the XIENCE V Everolimus-Eluting Stent Compared to First-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents in Contemporary Clinical Practice

Data from randomized clinical trials have shown the safety and efficacy of the XIENCE V in selected populations. However, limited data are available comparing the XIENCE V to the first-generation CYPHER sirolimus-eluting stent. This study aimed to assess the long-term safety and clinical efficacy of the XIENCE V everolimus-eluting stent compared to first-generation stents in an unselected patient population. This retrospective analysis included 6,069 patients treated with CYPHER, TAXUS, and XIENCE stents from 2003 to 2009 at our institution. The patients were followed up for ≥1 year after the index procedure. The baseline characteristics were generally comparable among the 3 groups, with the exception of a significantly greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and a history of angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery among the XIENCE patients. The XIENCE patients also had a twofold greater rate of type C lesions. One-year follow-up data were available for 82% of the patients. The 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events rate was 9.3% for the XIENCE stent versus 9.8% for the CYPHER stent and 11.5% for the TAXUS stent (p = 0.11). Mortality was lower in the XIENCE group than in the CYPHER and TAXUS groups (3.6% vs 4.9% vs 7.2%, respectively, p <0.001), and target lesion revascularization was similar (5.9% vs 5.2% vs 5.6%, respectively; p = 0.34). Stent thrombosis was lower in the XIENCE patients (0.2% vs 1.2% vs 0.7%, p = 0.007). In conclusion, in a contemporary United States clinical practice with an unselected patient population, use of the XIENCE V stent was associated with an improved safety profile and reduction of all-cause mortality and stent thrombosis compared to first-generation drug-eluting stents. The XIENCE V failed to demonstrate superiority for overall major adverse cardiovascular events, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and revascularization rates.
Parameters for microwave-system reliability

LOWEST COST DESIGNS which meet user specifications are the objectives of the microwave system planner. To accomplish these objectives, each of the factors which affect system performance should be considered. Some of these factors are: propagation, initial system design, equipment, and maintenance. Since the selection of equipment and quality of maintenance are controlled by the user, only propagation and initial system design are considered in this digest.
Induced heterogeneity in trust experiments

Several non-experimental studies claim that heterogeneity among individuals reduces trust. A few experimental studies have examined the effects of naturally-occurring differences among subjects on trusting behavior, and in contrast, most have not supported these claims. We adopt a novel approach by inducing heterogeneity among subjects in a canonical trust experiment. We accomplish this by varying the show-up payments given to subjects for participating in the experiment. We find that this induced inequality does not consistently affect first- or second-mover behavior in the classic trust game in the manner predicted by either previous theoretical work or empirical studies of survey-based measures of trust. Further, the effect of inequality on trust, in terms of both sign and significance, depends on whether show-up payments are awarded publicly or privately.
Application of X-ray fluorescence imaging to ceramics from the American Southwest

Abstract We have used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging (XRFI) to examine sherds of painted ceramics from prehistoric cultures of the American Southwest. These sherds are very well suited to XRFI analysis. Paints can generally be detected and distinguished by the fluorescence intensities of their constituent elements. Spatial maps of element distributions yield the spatial distribution of pigments. Pigments can be distinguished that are (or have become) visually similar; layers that have been obscured by overpainting can be examined; and pigment residues can be distinguished from surface contaminants deposited after painting and firing. As a result, XRFI allows the painted motifs to be clarified and hidden features to be revealed. Furthermore, the very rapid scanning and high sensitivity elemental detection possible with synchrotron-based XRFI facilitate measurements on large collections of sherds, allowing an integrative rather than anecdotal analysis.
The birth of innate immunity.

Modern immunology has seen an apparent revolution with the recognition that human immune defense is not only the responsibility of bone marrow-derived leucocytes, but also dependent on a coordinated network of many cell types including epithelial cells, fibroblasts and neural elements. This classic paper by Alexander Fleming and V.D. Allison (British J of Exp Path, 111, 1922, 252) was largely forgotten for 75 years and describes the discovery that epithelia produce a protein with direct antimicrobial activity. Thus, this paper represents the birth of the field now referred to as innate immunity and first describes an antimicrobial protein (AMP).
Identification of nitrogenase and carboxylase genes in the photosynthetic bacteria and cloning of a carboxylase gene from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.

Abstract The presumptive genes for the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit and for nitrogenase-specific components from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and several other photosynthetic bacteria were identified and located by interspecific probing. Restriction digests of R. sphaeroides genomic DNA were hybridized under stringent conditions to cloned DNA from Rhodospirillum rubrum (plasmid pRR2119 carrying the carboxylase gene) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (pSA30 carrying the nitrogenase genes). The nitrogenase probe hybridized with different signal intensities to several distinct HindIII, BglII, EcoRI, BamHI and PvuII fragments of of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 .DNA. The carboxylase probe hybridized to only single R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 .DNA fragments produced with all five restriction enzymes. A 3000-bp EcoRI-BamHI R. sphaeroides 2.4.1.DNA fragment carrying the presumptive gene for the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was cloned into pBR322 and positively identified by probing with a 32P-labeled internal PstI fragment of the Rhodospirillum carboxylase gene.
Put a Little Color on That

Drawing on more than five years of extended fieldwork, this article explores the tropes through which dancers express and explain their participation in the Lindy Hop revival. In this reconstruction, the author extends Bourdieu's notions of symbolic power, symbolic violence, and misrecognition to show how racial domination is produced and perpetuated, denigrating and erasing African American cultural identity. As a result, the discourses of the Lindy Hop revival provide a window into understanding how the dominant racial logic of American society circulates even in the most apparently innocuous of cultural practices.