cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociated signals in human dentate gyrus and CA3 predict different facets of recognition memory.

A wealth of evidence has implicated the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe cortices in support of recognition memory. However, the roles of the various subfields of the hippocampus are poorly understood. In this study, we concurrently varied stimulus familiarization and repetition to engage different facets of recognition memory. Using high-resolution fMRI (1.5 mm isotropic), we observed distinct familiarity and repetition-related recognition signal profiles in the dentate gyrus (DG)/CA3 subfield in human subjects. The DG/CA3 demonstrated robust response suppression with repetition and familiarity-related facilitation. Both of these discrete responses were predictive of different aspects of behavioral performance. Consistent with previous work, we observed novelty responses in CA1 consistent with “match/mismatch detection,” as well as mixed recognition signaling distributed across medial temporal lobe cortices. Additional analyses indicated that the repetition and familiarity-related signals in the DG/CA3 were strikingly dissociated along the hippocampal longitudinal axis and that activity in the posterior hippocampus was strongly correlated with the retrosplenial cortex. These data provide novel insight into the roles of hippocampal subfields in support of recognition memory and further provide evidence of a functional heterogeneity in the human DG/CA3, particularly along the longitudinal axis.
Local field effects in current transport through molecular electronic devices: Current density profiles and local nonequilibrium electron distributions

We analyze non-equilibrium current transport in molecular electronic devices, using as an example devices formed by two terphenyl dithiol molecules attached to gold electrodes. Using a first-principles based self-consistent matrix Green's function method, we show that the spatially resolved current density profiles and local electrochemical potential drops provide valuable information regarding the local field effect on molecular transport, which depend on the internal structure of the molecules and cannot be obtained from measuring the current- and conductance-voltage characteristics alone.
Ethics in Stoic Philosophy

When examining the role of Stoic ethics within Stoic philosophy as a whole, it is useful for us to look at the Stoic view of the way in which philosophy is made up of parts. The aim is a synoptic and integrated understanding of the theoremata of all the parts, something which can be achieved in a variety of ways, either by subsequent integration of separate study of the three parts or by proceeding through 'mixed' presentations, which can be made at varying levels of understanding.In two presentations of Stoic ethics we find initially baffling claims about the life of virtue being 'the same as' or 'equivalent to' the life according to nature. These indicate approaches in which understanding of ethical concepts was enlarged and enriched by study of physics. Interpretation which makes physics in these passages into ethical foundations answers poorly to the ancient texts and raises severe difficulties as an interpretation of Stoicism. Two texts which have been taken to commit Stoics to a foundationalist view of the relation of ethics and physics do not in fact do so; rather, they fit well into the holistic view of philosophy and its parts.
JAK2 inhibitor therapy in myeloproliferative disorders: Rationale, preclinical studies and ongoing clinical trials

The recent identification of somatic mutations such as JAK2V617F that deregulate Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling has spurred development of orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitors that selectively target JAK2 kinase as an approach to pathogenesis-directed therapy of myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). In pre-clinical studies, these compounds inhibit JAK2V617F-mediated cell growth at nanomolar concentrations, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated in mouse models of JAK2V617F-induced disease. In addition, ex vivo growth of progenitor cells from MPD patients harboring JAK2V617F or MPLW515L/K mutations is also potently inhibited. JAK2 inhibitors currently in clinical trials can be grouped into those designed to primarily target JAK2 kinase (JAK2-selective) and those originally developed for non-MPD indications, but that nevertheless have significant JAK2-inhibitory activity (non-JAK2 selective). This article discusses the rationale for using JAK2 inhibitors for the treatment of MPD, as well as relevant aspects of clinical trial development for these patients. For instance, which group of MPD patients is appropriate for initial Phase I studies? Should JAK2V617F-negative MPD patients be included in the initial studies? What are the likely consequences of 'off-target' JAK3 and wild-type JAK2 inhibition? How should treatment responses be monitored?
A catalytic approach to the MH-031 lactone: application to the synthesis of geralcin analogs

Abstract A concise, 5-step synthesis of the hepatoprotective lactone MH-031 was achieved. Our approach utilizes several catalytic processes, namely, a Rauhut–Currier reaction, a chemoselective Fisher esterification, and a ring closing metathesis. Further elaboration of this lactone yielded the hydrazide natural product geralcin A and dihydrogeralcin B, a saturated analog of geralcin B. Biological evaluation of the latter indicated that the presence of the enehydrazide moiety in geralcin B is critical for anticancer activity.
A new approach to radiative transfer theory using Jones's vectors. I Fundamentals

Radiative transfer of partially polarized radiation in an anisotropically scattering, inhomogeneous atmosphere containing an arbitrary polydispersion of particles is described using Jones's (1941) amplitude vectors and matrices. This approach exploits the close analogy between the quantum-mechanical states of spin 1/2 systems and the polarization states of electromagnetic radiation described by Jones's vector. The complete equivalence between the transport equation for Jones's vectors and the classical radiative-transfer equation for Stokes's intensity vectors is demonstrated in two independent ways after deriving the transport equations for the polarization coherency matrices and for the quaternions corresponding to the Jones's vectors. A compact-operator formulation of the theory is provided and used to derive the necessary equations for both a local and a global description of the transport of Jones's vectors. The integro-differential equations for the amplitude reflection and transmission matrices are derived and related to the usual corresponding equations.
Tectonic control on facies distribution of the Camp Rice and Palomas Formations (Pliocene-Pleistocene) in the southern Rio Grande rift

The Pliocene-Pleistocene Camp Rice and Palomas Formations in the Rio Grande rift of southern New Mexico provide an excellent test of the role of basin symmetry in the distribution of piedmont and axial-fluvial facies. In the asymmetrical Palomas and northern Mesilla basins, the axial-fluvial facies is characterized by multistory channel sands and sandstones and is concentrated near the locus of maximum subsidence within a few kilometers of the footwall scarp. Fanglomerate derived from the footwall uplift extends only a few kilometers or less from the footwall scarp, whereas alluvial-fan and alluvial-flat conglomerate, sand, and mudstone deposited on the hanging-wall dip slope occupy a much wider outcrop belt. In the symmetrical Hatch-Rincon basin, the axial-fluvial facies extends to within a few kilometers of both the northern and southern basin margins and has a much higher percentage of fine-grained overbank deposits, some of which contain calcareous paleosols. In all three basins, a tongue of fanglomerate as much as 30 m thick prograded over the axial-fluvial facies near the end of Camp Rice and Palomas deposition. The distribution of facies of the Camp Rice and Palomas Formations supports previously published models that predict a two-stage history of asymmetrically subsiding basins. During tectonically active periods, axial-river channels preferentially avulse into the topographically lowest area of the alluvial plain, which is directly above the axis of maximum subsidence. During the postorogenic stage, when erosion rate exceeds subsidence rate, coarse, transverse-dispersed sediment progrades toward the center of the basin.
Television and embodiment: A speculative essay

This essay brings insights from classic scholarship on television (for instance, Raymond Williams) and moving image culture (Vivian Sobchack) into conversation with recent studies of affect to trace how lifestyle programming on Indian television might have recast consumption in contemporary India. In particular, I am concerned with how theories of affect enable us to understand the creation of aspirational subjects in post-liberalization India. I argue that lifestyle programming compels us to go beyond prevalent emphases on ideological interpellation to examine the sensuous knowledges created by television. Extrapolating from my speculations on the synaesthetic and kinaesthetic dimensions of our engagement with these programmes, I posit that television has extended our senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell and movement such that it is no longer possible to conceive of television (the medium as well as the message) as distinct from sociality and, indeed, from our subjectivities.
Prefetching in file systems for MIMD multiprocessors

The question of whether prefetching blocks on the file into the block cache can effectively reduce overall execution time of a parallel computation, even under favorable assumptions, is considered. Experiments have been conducted with an interleaved file system testbed on the Butterfly Plus multiprocessor. Results of these experiments suggest that (1) the hit ratio, the accepted measure in traditional caching studies, may not be an adequate measure of performance when the workload consists of parallel computations and parallel file access patterns, (2) caching with prefetching can significantly improve the hit ratio and the average time to perform an I/O (input/output) operation, and (3) an improvement in overall execution time has been observed in most cases. In spite of these gains, prefetching sometimes results in increased execution times (a negative result, given the optimistic nature of the study). The authors explore why it is not trivial to translate savings on individual I/O requests into consistently better overall performance and identify the key problems that need to be addressed in order to improve the potential of prefetching techniques in the environment. >
Density Functional Theory Studies of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine

Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) is a powerful initiating explosive belonging to the family of triperoxide energetic materials. Single-crystal X-ray studies of this compound have revealed e...
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NATIVE INSULATORS ON GERMANIUM.

Preliminary characterization of two native insulators on germanium is reported. A technique for preparing oxide by a room temperature chemical technique (wet chemical oxidation) is described. Compositional data based on IR transmission and ellipsometry, as well as characteristics of MOS capacitors based on this film are given. Also, compositional and electrical characterization of nitrided atmospheric pressure oxides are reported here. These films have very low fixed charge and interface state densities, and show excellent potential for use as gate insulators in a germanium MOS technology.
A method for determining the size and relative weight of penicillin particles and its importance in preparing adequate preparations of liquid penicillin in oil and wax

The efficiency of penicillin in oil and wax is influenced by the size and relative weight of penicillin particles. A method is described by which sizes and relative weights of penicillin particles may be determined. The results by the method described are correlated with blood levels obtained following injections of penicillin in oil and wax.
Rapid batch and continuous electroanalysis for the chloride ion

Abstract Rapid electroanalytical methods for analysis of the chloride content of saline waters are discussed. Special cells and instrumentation are described which allow electroanalysis to be carried out conveniently and accurately with batch-type static cells and with flow cells for continuously monitoring the chloride content of process streams. The theory of operation and analytical procedures are described for chronopotentiometry in unstirred solutions and in a flowing stream, for voltammetry in a flowing stream, and for an improved form of potentiometry.
Grid modification for the wave equation with attenuation

The wave equation with attenuation due to a linear friction is approximated by a new mixed finite element method which allows one to use different grids and basis functions at different times when necessary. This method enables one to track sharp moving wave fronts more efficiently and accurately. Error estimates with optimal convergent rates are established. Unconditional stability is also proved for this method.
Dilatometric determination of relatively pure systems.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of volume-temperature curves of thymol containing naphthalene as the impurity shows that dilatometry can be applied to purity determinations of organic substances. Although the technique is essentially founded on the same phenomena as the freezing curve method and is necessarily somewhat slower, it is shown to be basically more elegant and more sensitive.
A VIRTUAL GAS TURBINE LABORATORY FOR AN UNDERGRADUATE THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

Topics on gas turbine machinery have been successfully integrated into the thermodynamics course at the United States Military Academy (USMA). Because graduating cadets will encounter gas turbines throughout their service in the U.S. Army, it is important for all engineering students, not just mechanical engineering majors, to learn about gas turbines, their operation, and their applications. This is accomplished by four methods, one of which is an experimental analysis of an operational auxiliary power unit (APU) from an Army helicopter. Due to recent building issues, this gas turbine laboratory was improvised and offered as a fully digital virtual laboratory exercise. Since all undergraduate programs do not have the luxury of having a gas turbine laboratory, our experiences with the virtual laboratory are offered as an effective option. By digitally reproducing the laboratory setup, introduction, instrumentation, data collection and analysis, the virtual experience captures the essence of the laboratory. After viewing the web-based laboratory digital media files, students use one of two data sets, recorded from the data display panel in the real laboratory, in order to complete the laboratory report. While the tremendous advantage of actually seeing, testing, and analyzing the real engine cannot be denied, a well-planned and executed virtual laboratory adequately achieves learning objectives and provides students a unique opportunity to apply gas turbine fundamentals. An assessment of the virtual laboratory and results of student feedback are provided.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metastatic small cell carcinoma of the colon: A report of three cases

Small cell carcinoma of the large intestine is a rare, extremely aggressive malignancy often associated with an overlying adenoma. We report three cases of metastatic small cell carcinoma of the colon diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Two of the patients were women (ages 33 and 46 yr old) and one was a man (69 yr old). FNA biopsy established the diagnosis of metastatic small cell carcinoma involving the liver (2 cases) and soft tissue of the scapular region (1 case). In one patient, the FNA diagnosis of hepatic metastases preceded identification of the primary site. Subsequently, the patient was found to have a small cell carcinoma subadjacent to a colonic villous adenoma, illustrating the importance of investigating villous lesions of the colon in patients with metastatic small cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin (especially in non-smokers). All three cases showed the characteristic cytologic features of small cell carcinoma. Ancillary studies performed on aspirated material confirmed the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma in one case. Immunocytochemical studies revealed punctate cytokeratin and diffuse neuron-specific enolase (NSE) positivity of the malignant cells. Ultrastructurally neurosecretory granules were evident. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FNA cytologic report of metastatic small cell carcinoma of the large intestine. This FNA report also demonstrates when a small cell carcinoma is detected in a metastatic site in a patient lacking a lung primary, a likely primary site could be adjacent or beneath a polypoid lesion of the colon.
A Catalyzed and Highly Selective Ester Reduction in the Synthesis of an N-Acylpyrrolidine: Safe Design through Reaction Calorimetry and Modeling

The asymmetric synthesis of an N-acylpyrrolidine for HCV inhibition features a unique and highly selective reduction of an ester to an alcohol with NaBH4−MeOH catalyzed by NaB(OAc)3H. This reagent combination provides excellent chemoselectivity while avoiding formation of the thermodynamically favored but undesired epimer. Significant process safety issues including delayed onset of reaction initiation and latent, abrupt release of heat and hydrogen gas are encountered. The pyridine impurity responsible for the reaction inhibition is identified in the reaction calorimetry investigation. A series of reaction calorimetry and modeling studies have led to the safe design of a process which has been scaled up to 300 gallons for production of multikilogram quantities of the N-acylpyrrolidine target.
BTLA as a biomarker and mediator of sepsis-induced immunosuppression

Recent research indicates that T-lymphocyte dysfunction may contribute to sepsis-associated morbidity and mortality. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a co-inhibitory receptor expressed by T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that is important in regulating lymphocyte activation during inflammation and infection. Shubin and colleagues report that higher mean BTLA expression in critically ill patients may have value in identifying patients with infection. Further studies provide evidence that BTLA activation contributes to T-lymphocyte apoptosis during sepsis. Although this study will require follow-up and further investigation, the results advance current knowledge regarding potential mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced immunosuppression and identify BTLA as a candidate biomarker and mediator of T-cell dysfunction during sepsis.
Routing in Socially Selfish Delay Tolerant Networks

Existing routing algorithms for Delay Tolerant Networks(DTNs) assume that nodes are willing to forward packets for others. In the real world, however, most people are socially selfish; i.e., they are willing to forward packets for nodes with whom they have social ties but not others, and such willingness varies with the strength of the social tie. Following the philosophy of design for user, we propose a Social Selfishness Aware Routing (SSAR) algorithm to allow user selfishness and provide better routing performance in an efficient way. To select a forwarding node, SSAR considers both users' willingness to forward and their contact opportunity, resulting in a better forwarding strategy than purely contact-based approaches. Moreover, SSAR formulates the data forwarding process as a Multiple Knapsack Problem with Assignment Restrictions (MKPAR) to satisfy user demands for selfishness and performance. Trace-driven simulations show that SSAR allows users to maintain selfishness and achieves better routing performance with low transmission cost.
Continuous observation diffusion chamber for cell and organ cultures.

A diffusion chamber which allows the continuous observation of biological indicators is described. Cells can be microscopically monitored while they are exposed to soluble products diffusing across a semipermeable membrane. The chamber consists of a cylinder of selective membrane material, in which the indicator system is contained, bonded to a normal tissue culture dish. Various cell cultures (HeLa, HT29, L cells) and organ cultures (hamster trachea) have been propagated successfully in these dishes. This continuous observation diffusion chamber is simple to construct and manipulate, and appears to have widespread potential application.
The background of Kummer's proof of Fermat's last theorem for regular primes

This article contains a brief review of the circumstances which surrounded Kummer's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for “regular” prime exponents. The often-told story that this proof developed out of an earlier proof which was fallacious is questioned, and a new document, an unknown letter from Liouville to Dirichlet which is related to this history, is presented. Also presented is the little-known fact that Kummer's theory of “ideal complex numbers”, which was the basis of the proof, contained a serious flaw which went uncorrected for ten years.
Attrition of clients as a function of treatment modality and initial anxiety level.

of control cells did surface. The implications are discussed. This study was part of a larger study designed to ascertain whether treatment-traditional desensitization ( 12 ), self-control desensitization ( 3), a placebo control group, and a no-treatment control condition-interacts with locus of control (7). These two independent variables, treatment and locus of control, were varied by means of a 4 X 2 factorial design to determine their effect on test anxiety. The subjects were 85 adult coal company personnel enrolled in three Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-I) classes. The average age of these subjects was 32.64 yr. (SD of 5.32). Subjects were placed in one of two blocks, internal or external, based on their Rotter (7) I-E scores. The I-E scale cutting score used in the smdy was 7.5. Subjects who scored at 8 or above were classified as external, while those with I-E scores at 7 or below were placed in the internal group. This dichotomy did the best job of dividing the subjects into two equal groups, the crirerion Rotter originally suggested for establishing a cut-off score. In the present experimental sample the mean I-E score was 7.23 (SD of 3.92). Within each block, experimental subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a traditional desensitization group in which relaxation and imagery were employed along the lines originally proposed by Wolpe (12); (b) a self-control de. sensitization group which followed much the same format as (a) except that desensitization was stressed as a skill and the subjects were requested to use the anxiety "as a cue to relax" (3); and (c) a placebo control condition in which relaxation and imagery were not used, but where subjects were asked to talk about their feelings concerning each item on the anxiety hierarchy. The anxiety hierarchy of 15 items related to approaching a test situation, i.e., the practical examination, was the same for all three conditions. The no-treatment control group, sampled from a separate group of subjects, was also dichotomized into internal and external locus of control blocks, thus completing the
Challenges in paying for effective stays.

n their 2-part paper, "Toward a New Payment System for Inpatient Rehabilitation: Parts I and II," Carlo Saitto and colleagues,'2 provide an innovative alternative for rehabilitation services reimbursement in Italy. Their proposal suggests that linking reimbursement to effective stay, defined by patients' ongoing functional gain, will avoid the incentives for inappropriate early discharge inherent in discharge-based prospective payment systems (PPS) and the unnecessary long admissions promoted by per-day payment systems.
The Crystal Structure of a Collagen-like Polypeptide with 3(S)-Hydroxyproline Residues in the Xaa Position Forms a Standard 7/2 Collagen Triple Helix

Collagen has a triple helical structure comprising strands with a repeating Xaa-Yaa-Gly sequence. L-Proline (Pro) and 4(R)-hydroxyl-L-proline (4(R)Hyp) residues are found most frequently in the Xaa and Yaa positions. However, in natural collagen, 3(S)-hydroxyl-L-proline (3(S)Hyp) occurs in the Xaa positions to varying extents and is most common in collagen types IV and V. Although 4(R)Hyp residues in the Yaa positions have been shown to be critical for the formation of a stable triple helix, the role of 3(S)Hyp residues in the Xaa position is not well understood. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that the presence of 3(S)Hyp in the Xaa positions of collagen-like peptides actually has a destabilizing effect relative to peptides with Pro in these locations. Whether this destabilization is reflected in a local unfolding or in other structural alterations of the collagen triple helix is unknown. Thus, to determine what effect the presence of 3(S)Hyp residues in the Xaa positions has on the overall conformation of the collagen triple helix, we determined the crystal structure of the polypeptide H-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)3-(Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp)2-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)4-OH to 1.80 A resolution. The structure shows that, despite the presence of the 3(S)Hyp residues, the peptide still adopts a typical 7/2 superhelical symmetry similar to that observed in other collagen structures. The puckering of the Xaa position 3(S)Hyp residues, which are all down (Cgamma-endo), and the varphi/psi dihedral angles of the Xaa 3(S)Hyp residues are also similar to those of typical collagen Pro Xaa residues. Thus, the presence of 3(S)Hyp in the Xaa positions does not lead to large structural alterations in the collagen triple helix.
Al-reactions with GaAs (100) surfaces

Abstract The interactions of epitaxial Al-films with GaAs (100) surfaces, prepared by molecular beam epitaxy, have been investigated using a variety of surface sensitive techniques: Auger electron spectroscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. Depending on the substrate temperature, two entirely different reactions are observed, which result in two different crystallographic orientations of the Al-film. At elevated temperature a Ga-Al exchange reaction, similar to that reported for Al on the GaAs (110) surface, takes place. However, with the substrate near room temperature no evidence for such a reaction is found. The results are substantiated by comparison with measurements on thin Ga overlayers on AlAs, prepared to simulate surfaces with exchange reaction geometry.
Facilitated mitochondrial import of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside drugs by human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-3

human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-3 (hENT3) was recently reported as a pH-dependent, intracellular (lysosomal) transporter capable of transporting anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dideoxynucleosides (ddNs). Because most anti-HIV ddNs (e.g., zidovudine, AZT) exhibit clinical mitochondrial toxicity, we investigated whether hENT3 facilitates transport of anti-HIV ddNs into the mitochondria. Cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy studies in several human cell lines identified a substantial presence of hENT3 in the mitochondria, with additional presence at the cell surface of two placental cell lines (JAR, JEG3). Mitochondrial or cell surface hENT3 expression was confirmed in human hepatocytes and placental tissues, respectively. Unlike endogenous hENT3, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged hENT3 was partially directed to the lysosomes. Xenopus oocytes expressing NH2-terminal-deleted hENT3 (expressed at the cell surface) showed pH-dependent interaction with several classes of nucleosides (anti-HIV ddNs, gemcitabine, fialuridine, ribavirin) that produce mitochondrial toxicity. Transport studies in hENT3 gene-silenced JAR cells showed significant reduction in mitochondrial transport of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs. Our data suggest that cellular localization of hENT3 is cell type dependent and the native transporter is substantially expressed in mitochondria and/or cell surface. hENT3-mediated mitochondrial transport may play an important role in mediating clinically observed mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside drugs. In addition, our finding that hENT3 is a mitochondrial transporter is consistent with the recent finding that mutations in the hENT3 gene cause an autosomal recessive disorder in humans called the H syndrome.
AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with InGaN back-barriers

A GaN/ultrathin InGaN/GaN heterojunction has been used to provide a back-barrier to the electrons in an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). The polarization-induced electric fields in the InGaN layer raise the conduction band in the GaN buffer with respect to the GaN channel, increasing the confinement of the two-dimensional electron gas under high electric field conditions. The enhanced confinement is especially useful in deep-submicrometer devices where an important improvement in the pinchoff and 50% increase in the output resistance have been observed. These devices also showed excellent high-frequency performance, with a current gain cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) of 153 GHz and power gain cut-off frequency (f/sub max/) of 198 GHz for a gate length of 100 nm. At a different bias, a record f/sub max/ of 230 GHz was obtained.
Continuation Treatment of Delusional Depression in Older Adults

Delusional depression responds poorly to acute antidepressant monotherapy but appears to respond to intensive combination pharmacotherapy, however with poor short-term outcomes after initial improvement, particularly in later life. The authors compared the efficacy and safety of continuation combination therapy to monotherapy among older patients after remission from a delusional depression. Twenty-nine older adults with SCID-diagnosed major depression with delusions received continuation treatment with nortriptyline-plus-perphenazine or nortriptyline-plus-placebo under randomized double-blind conditions after achieving remission after ECT. Of the 28 subjects included in efficacy analyses, 25% suffered relapses. The relapse frequency was nonsignificantly greater in combination therapy than in monotherapy subjects. However, combination subjects had significantly more extrapyramidal symptoms, an increased incidence of tardive dyskinesia, and a greater number of falls. Continuation treatment with a conventional antipsychotic does not decrease relapse rates but is associated with significant untoward adverse events in older persons after recovery from a delusional depression.
Selective training for hidden Markov models with applications to speech classification

Traditional maximum likelihood estimation of hidden Markov model parameters aims at maximizing the overall probability across the training tokens of a given speech unit. As such, it disregards any interaction or biases across the models in the training procedure. Often, the resulting model parameters do not result in minimum error classification in the training set. A new selective training method is proposed that controls the influence of outliers in the training data on the generated models. The resulting models are shown to possess feature statistics which are more clearly separated for confusable patterns. The proposed selective training procedure is used for hidden Markov model training, with application to foreign accent classification, language identification, and speech recognition using the E-set alphabet. The resulting error rates are measurably improved over traditional forward-backward training under open test conditions. The proposed method is similar in terms of its goal to maximum mutual information estimation training, however it requires less computation, and the convergence properties of maximum likelihood estimation are retained in the new formulation.
A New Approach to the Therapeusis of Hemolytic Streptococcal Infections

Conclusion1. In a series of 118 cases of general hemolytic strep tococcal infectims a mortality of but 12% has attended the administration of antisera prepared from 2 anomalous dissociants of a cellulitic strain of hemolytic streptococcus. 2. The objective of the treatment has been the ipt. Gvo transformation of the virulent types to dissociants whose virulence is diminished or absent. Clinical bacteriological evidence of this effect is submitted. 3. Associated with recovery of the patient is a return of the calcium-phosphorus product of the blood to normal. This product is usually lowered during the active stages of the disease.
Using the Property Tax to Appropriate Gains from Tourism

This article describes and evaluates the merits of Kauai County’s use of the property tax to capture rents from tourism and provide property tax relief to local homeowners. Because tourist accommodations are more capital intensive than other real estate, Kauai’s proposal to split the standard uniform rate into two separate rates—one on land and the other, higher rate on improvements—results in heavier tax burdens for the tourist industry relative to other sectors of the local economy. We conclude that such an approach works well for Kauai and communities that desire slower and lower-density development but may not work as well for others that wish to encourage tourism investment.
Simplification, expansion and enhancement of direct interior point algorithm for power system maximum loadability

Power system maximum loadability is a crucial index. The direct interior point algorithm was introduced by several researchers to calculate power system maximum loadability. This paper simplifies the direct interior point model and applies it to various optimization problems. Zone-based maximum loadability problems are discussed. Weight factors and tie line flows are included, ATC (available transfer capability) calculation is also investigated. The meaning and applications of "shadow price" are explained and shown. The principle of oscillation for this algorithm is explained. The factors that influence the algorithm's speed and convergence are investigated. Our research proves the interior point algorithm is a powerful tool that can handle various kinds of maximum loadability problems.
Escape of infective larvae of Brugia pahangi from Aedes aegypti into water.

Abstract Infective larvae of B. pahangi escape into water from Ae. aegypti killed by anaesthetics, insecticides, or trauma. Some larvae migrate within the host, especially to the abdomen where they remain alive for at least 72 hours. Once liberated into water some larvae survive for at least 24 hours.
Intravesical BCG: Current results, natural history and implicants for urothelial cancer prevention

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) has been shown in randomized trials to be the most effective agent against superficial bladder tumors. BCG therapy prevents or reduces tumore recurrences, abrogates tumor progression and improves survival over surgery alone. The optimal BCG schedule varies among patients, reflecting a heterogeneous tumor population. Multifociality, high grade (G2,3)and T1 tumors are risk factors for tumor recurrence or invation. Patients presentign with such features are most likely to benefit from BCG. An incomplete response to BCG portends a high risk of tumor progression. Non responders have a 40–60% risk of developing muscle invasion or metastases within 10 years, compared with 10–15% for BCG responders. Further, 80% of non-responders progress in the bladder within 3–5 years. After 5 years, replases are more common in the prostate (13–15%) and upper collecting system (15–33%); one half of these are invasive tumors. This suggests that intense therapy directed at premalignant and early bladder lesions coupled with a chemoprevention strategy designed to protect the whole urothelium will be required to reverse a panurothelial tumor diathesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations in lung cancer over multiple decades: an analysis of outcomes and cost at a single high-volume institution †

OBJECTIVE: This study reviews survival outcomes and cost of lung cancer care over multiple decades at a single high-volume institution. METHODS: All patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer were analysed at a single institution from 1959 to 2010. Data were extracted from a tumour registry, which was linked to a longitudinal medical record, clinical data repository and social security master death index. Indepth survival analyses by stage were performed using Kaplan–Meier methods from 1981 to 2010. The analysis contains hospital billing data on 1025 lung cancer patients from 2004 to 2010. RESULTS: A total of 17 025 patients with lung cancer were identified over the study period. The 1-year, 5-year and 10-year all-cause mortality rates were 41, 78 and 87%, respectively. Non-small-cell lung cancer comprised 73% (n= 12 361) of cases where the median survival = 2.5 years and the population was 94% Caucasian. Lung cancer was most prevalent between ages 60–79 years of life. Female gender and adenocarcinoma were increasingly more prevalent over the decades. The 5-, 10- and 15-year survival for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were 27, 15 and 5%, respectively. Death rates measured at 1 year after diagnosis were reduced; however, 5-year survival over each subsequent decade did not significantly change. In patients where the full scope of cost data were available, the median cost/ patient with any stage NSCLC = $40 500, where 63% of the cost is expended in the first year after diagnosis. The average length of treatment for NSCLC was 20.2 months. The greatest single category of expense was chemotherapy (31%), followed by surgery (24%), inpatient medical (17%), radiation therapy (12%) and diagnostics (5%). For surgically treated patients, Stage II–IV costs were roughly twice those of Stage I. CONCLUSIONS: There has been no evident improvement over the past 3 decades in 5-year survival (27%) in patients diagnosed with NSCLC at a single high-volume institution. Improvement in 1-year survival is thought to be attributed to improvements in diagnosing lung cancer earlier. Most of the healthcare expenditure for lung cancer is incurred during the first year after diagnosis despite stage.
Role for both DNA and RNA in GTP Hydrolysis by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae Signal Recognition Particle Receptor

The prokaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP) targeting system is a complex of two proteins, FtsY and Ffh, and a 4.5S RNA that targets a subset of proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane cotranslationally. We previously showed that Neisseria gonorrhoeae PilA is the gonococcal FtsY homolog. In this work, we isolated the other two components of the gonococcal SRP, Ffh and 4.5S RNA, and characterized the interactions among the three SRP components by using gel retardation and nitrocellulose filter-binding assays and enzymatic analyses of the two proteins. In the current model of prokaryotic SRP function, based on studies of the Escherichia coli and mammalian systems, Ffh binds to 4.5S RNA and the Ffh-4.5S RNA complex binds to the signal sequence of nascent peptides and then docks with FtsY at the membrane. GTP is hydrolyzed by both proteins synergistically, and the nascent peptide is transferred to the translocon. We present evidence that the in vitro properties of the gonococcal SRP differ from those of previously described systems. GTP hydrolysis by PilA, but not that by Ffh, was stimulated by 4.5S RNA, suggesting a direct interaction between PilA and 4.5S RNA that has not been reported in other systems. This interaction was confirmed by gel retardation analyses in which PilA and Ffh, both alone and together, bound to 4.5S RNA. An additional novel finding was that PpilE DNA, previously shown by us to bind PilA in vitro, also stimulates PilA GTP hydrolysis. On the basis of these data, we hypothesize that DNA may play a role in targeting proteins via the SRP.
National trends in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults.

Abstract Objective To assess national trends in hospital-treated self-harm events focusing on adults aged 45–64years. Method Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from 2001 ( N =7,452,727) to 2011 ( N =7,893,587) were used to assess national trends in hospital stays for suicide and self-inflicted injury among youth (0–24years), young adults (35–44years), middle-aged adults (45–64years) and older adults (≥65years). Results Among middle-aged adults, hospital-treated self-harm events increased from 5.1 (2001) to 7.1 (2011) per 10,000 population (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.2, 1.6). This increase was larger than corresponding changes among youth (5.2–4.9) (interaction P =.0003), young adults (10.0–10.6) (interaction P =.006) or older adults (2.2–2.4) (interaction P =.07). Among middle-aged adults, hospital-treated self-harm events per 100 hospital discharges significantly increased (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.3, 1.6), but there was not a significant increase in self-harm discharges per 100 mental disorder discharges (OR=1.2, 95% CI=1.0, 1.4). Conclusions Between 2001 and 2011, there was a disproportionate national increase in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults that mirrored national trends in suicide. Because the increase was largely accounted for by an overall increase in mental health hospitalizations of middle-aged adults, the rising rate of hospital-treated self-harm events may reflect broader population-based mental health challenges facing US middle-aged adults.
Colonizing Caster Semenya: Gender Transformation and the Makeover Genre

In 2009, You magazine, a popular South African periodical, “made over” 19-year-old track star Caster Semenya. Semenya is intersex: having biological characteristics of both male and female sexes. Her ambiguous location on the gender binary made her ripe for a makeover. In this article, I explore the relationship between Semenya's makeover and the core elements of the makeover genre. I examine how Semenya's makeover confronts the instability of sexuality and gender by rhetorically tugging her into a socially acceptable gender role. I conclude by exploring how communication scholarship can increase our understanding of identity, power, and the makeover genre.
CYCLE Is a Second bHLH-PAS Clock Protein Essential for Circadian Rhythmicity and Transcription of Drosophila period and timeless

We report the identification, characterization, and cloning of another novel Drosophila clock gene, cycle (cyc). Homozygous cyc flies are completely arrhythmic. Heterozygous cyc/+ flies are rhythmic but have altered periods, indicating that the cyc locus has a dosage effect on period. The molecular circadian phenotype of homozygous cyc flies is like homozygous Clk flies presented in the accompanying paper: mutant flies have little or no transcription of the per and tim genes. Cloning of the gene indicates that it also encodes a bHLH-PAS transcription factor and is a Drosophila homolog of the human protein BMAL1. cyc is a nonsense mutation, consistent with its strong loss-of-function phenotype. We propose that the CYC:CLK heterodimer binds to per and tim E boxes and makes a major contribution to the circadian transcription of Drosophila clock genes.
ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC DEMONSTRATION OF PLASTIDS IN POLYTOMA.

SYNOPSIS. The subcortical network identified as a leucoplast in Polytoma by some light microscopists actually consists of a system of branching mitochondria. A starch-bearing plastid which may also contain stigma granules occurs beneath the mitochondrial layer. Tubular profiles in the plastid similar to those seen in a Chlamydomonas mutant may be significant to the hypothesis of the origin of Polytoma from a Chlamydomonas-like organism by step-wise loss of chlorophyll-synthesizing ability. The basal bodies of the two typical flagella are connected by an additional broad fibril which arches across the anterior papilla.
Young Jamaicans' attitudes toward mental illness: Experimental and demographic factors associated with social distance and stigmatizing opinions

Two large-scale studies assessed the nature and correlates of young Jamaicans' attitudes toward mental illness. In study 1, students viewed a videotaped job interview for a teacher whose history was manipulated to include a history of mental illness, or not. Students desired significantly less social distance (i.e., more contact) with the “normal” confederate, followed by those with a mental illness history. The putative cause of the mental illness (biomedical vs. psychosocial) made no difference. Study 2, a survey study, revealed the presence of negative attitudes toward people with mental illness and several demographic (age, gender, social class, and rural vs. urban location) differences. Implications of the results for community public health, education, and stigma-reduction programs, as well as a comparison with research on stigma and attitudes toward mental illness in American culture, are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing Perceptions of Risk: The Development of Agro‐Ecosystems in Southeast Asia

New long-term environmental sequences for Southeast Asia provide a basis for reevaluating the development of agroecosystems. Previous models depict agricultural development as a singular, relatively rapid response to various stimuli such as climate change and population growth. In contrast, the Southeast Asian data indicate that the development of tropical agro-ecosystems are the result of stresses separated in time and not part of a unitary developmental process. Two phases are evident: At the end of the Pleistocene, environmental data indicate a significant climatic change that would have affected the distribution of food resources. In some areas, this encouraged food production as previous food resources decreased or disappeared. In the second phase, during the mid- Holocene, increased cultural and social risks led to shifts in strategies that created agro-ecosystems—a more fundamental transformation of landscape ecology. This distinct two-phase pattern suggests groups were responding to very different challenges in each period These findings underscore the need to reexamine agricultural models that conflate separate and distinct processes of cultural change. [Keywords: Southeast Asia, tropical land use, phytoliths, agriculture, Thailand]
Highly uniform micro-cavity arrays in flexible elastomer film

Uniform hexagonal arrays of spherical micro-cavities are created in an elastomer film in a one-step process. The cavities are the imprints of water droplets condensed from saturated vapor in a heated closed container. The saturated vapor arises from evaporation of water from a reservoir within the container. Competition between droplet growth and curing of the elastomer film determines the structure of the resulting pattern.
A Novel Adipose-Specific Gene Deletion Model Demonstrates Potential Pitfalls of Existing Methods

Adipose-specific gene deletion in mice is crucial in determining gene function in adipocyte homeostasis and the development of obesity. We noted 100% mortality when the Hdac3 gene was conditionally deleted using Fabp4-Cre mice, the most commonly used model of adipose-targeted Cre recombinase. However, this surprising result was not reproduced using other models of adipose targeting of Cre, including a novel Retn-Cre mouse. These findings underscore the need for caution when interpreting data obtained using Fabp4-Cre mice and should encourage the use of additional or alternative adipose-targeting Cre mouse models before drawing conclusions about in vivo adipocyte-specific functions.