cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Priorities for atmospheric research

Highest priorities for atmospheric sciences research during the coming decade should be to improve short-term weather predictions, to predict climatic response to urbanization and other surface changes, and to identify global atmospheric chemical cycles. These are the conclusions of a report by the National Research Council's Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, a part of NRC's Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Two other broad topics were suggested for ‘intensive investigation’: the effect of solar radiation on the atmosphere, and weather modification.
FACULTY AT WORK: Focus on Research, Scholarship, and Service

Within the framework of cognitive motivation theory, selected personal and environmental motivational variables for faculty in eight liberal arts and science departments from community colleges, liberal arts colleges, comprehensive colleges and universities, and research universities were regressed against faculty allocation of work effort given to research, scholarship, and service. The data came from a 1988 national survey of faculty.Gender, (sociodemographic), quality of graduate school attended, career age, andrank (career); self-competence andself-efficacy regarding research, scholarship, and service andpercent time prefer to give to research, scholarship, and service (self-valuations); andinstitutional preference, consensus andsupport, andcolleague commitment to research, scholarship, and service (perception of the environment) were entered into regressions.R 2s were generally strong (.64 for liberal arts-I institutions) and significant. For all institutional types,self-valuation (self-competence and-efficacy) motivators significantly accounted for the explained variance.Sociodemographic andcareer variables did not explain appreciable amounts of variance.
The transformation-specific proteins of avian (Fujinami and PRC-II) and feline (Snyder-Theilen and Gardner-Arnstein) sarcoma virsuses are immunologically related

Abstract The detection of protein kinase activity associated with transformation-specific gene products of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV), the Snyder-Theilen (ST), and Gardner-Arnstein (GA) strains of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) and the recently characterized Fujinami (FSV) and PRCII avian sarcoma viruses suggests that these viruses may induce oncogenic transformation by similar mechanisms. In spite of their similar enzymatic properties, the transformation-specific proteins of RSV or Ab-MuLV were not found to share common antigenic determinants with those of the ST or the GA strains of FeSV. These results suggest that vertebrates contain multiple unrelated genes that code for proteins with associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and oncogenic properties when incorporated into the genome of a retrovirus. In contrast, the transformation-specific proteins of ST and GA-FeSV were shown to be immunologically related to those of the FSV and PRCII avian sarcoma viruses. The antigenic determinants shared by these viral proteins have been mapped within their respective sarcoma virus-specific regions, suggesting that the cellular insertions present in these avian and feline sarcoma viruses are related. These observations indicate that potentially oncogenic sequences have been conserved during the evolution of feline and avian genomes and have been independently acquired by two sets of sarcoma viruses.
Cytokine Actions in the Central Nervous System

Cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in contributing to the initiation, propagation and regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Also, these soluble mediators have important roles in contributing to a wide array of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, AIDS Dementia Complex, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Cytokines and chemokines are synthesized within the central nervous system by glial cells and neurons, and have modulatory functions on these same cells via interactions with specific cell-surface receptors. In this article, I will discuss the ability of glial cells and neurons to both respond to, and synthesize, a variety of cytokines. The emphasize will be on three select cytokines; interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a cytokine with predominantly proinflammatory effects; interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties; and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a cytokine with predominantly immunosuppressive actions. The significance of these cytokines to neurological diseases with an immunological component will be discussed.
Two ways of being

This article discusses binary, or dichotomous, thinking as it develops in normal classification, in pathological splitting, and in shifts of cultural awareness such as that from Classicism to Romanticism. It relates these to states of subjective and objective self‐awareness as induced and regulated by the early parental environment. A number of clinical examples demonstrate how pathological splitting may arise and how the therapeutic process works to alter dichotomous thinking and raise it to higher levels of integration. It also suggests that a similar process of integration can take place over time in our historical understanding of cultural paradigm shifts. We do not know the Hells and Heavens of people we pass in the street. There are two possible perspectives. According to the first, on a miniscule ball of earth, in a smudge of mold called a city, some microorganisms move around, less durable than mayflies. And the internal states of [such] beings, deprived of any reason for their existence, perfectl...
Developmental switches in the immune system.

Irving L. Weissman Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305 Introduction At its most basic, the immune system must be capable of recognizing and responding with specificity to foreign agents, while maintaining an indifferent stance to self- components. The immune response to a foreign agent must be capable of ridding these agents from any part of the body and of setting in place a memory of its first encounter so that recurrent infections are less severe than first encounters. The details of how the immune system divides its information for antigen receptors into multiple subunits that can undergo combinatorial rearrangement and association to give rise to complementary receptors that, as a population, recognize all antigenic shapes are now almost high school textbook information. But the solu- tion of the genetic mechanisms for generation of diversity of antigen receptors has only provided the first in a number of complex issues that have functional as well as develop- mental significance. An overview of these issues is pre- sented here with an emphasis on the developmental biol- ogy of the immune system. Many aspects of the immune response briefly touched upon here are explored further in other review articles in this issue of Cell. The immune system is particularly useful for studying the developmental biology of cell lineages because it is not only accessible, but cells can be isolated in relatively pure form. These cells can be transferred to genetically similar hosts wherein markers distinguish donor and host to establish cell lineages and clonogenic precursors within those lineages. We are currently still at the stage of defin- ing cell lineages and clonogenic precursors and have mainly been able to identify small steps along the way, both in terms of the constellation of phenotypic markers that define cells at a particular stage of differentiation as well as the functions of those cells or their effector progeny. What has become clear is that the immune system under- goes a number of well-defined developmental switches that are genetically, temporally, and geographically well defined. But even the knowledge of the phenotype and function of cells before and after a particular develop- mental switch has not yet led us to understand the internal clocks that trigger these switches, and therefore we can only imply the molecular events that set into motion the changing state of the cells as they move from one quanta1 stage to another. Lymphoid Organs and Morphological Events That Occur during an Immune Response There are two kinds of lymphoid organs: primary and sec- ondary. The primary organs are responsible for the devel- opment of immunocompetent cells from their precursors, whereas the secondary lymphoid organs are specialized
Tensor Contraction Engine: Abstraction and Automated Parallel Implementation of Configuration-Interaction, Coupled-Cluster, and Many-Body Perturbation Theories

We have developed a symbolic manipulation program and program generator (tensor contraction engine or TCE) that abstracts and automates the time-consuming, error-prone processes of deriving the wor...
C-QUAL: A system for computer-aided transcription of videotaped action sequences

C-QUAL is a system for the computer-aided transcription of action sequences from videotape. The system is designed for research on face-to-face interaction focusing on sequences of action involving speech and body motion. When the analyst indicates the beginning or the ending of a specified action, C-QUAL associates that event with the frame number on which it was transcribed and enters the information in a database. In this manner, all transcribed actions are located sequentially with respect to each other to the accuracy of a single video frame. Entered data can be superimposed on the video image for checking and editing. By using the Sequel-Analysis Module, an innovative device for visually representing speech, C-QUAL permits speech transcription (including syllables, pauses, intonation, and paralanguage) to be fully integrated with body-motion transcription. The system supports the transcription of both speech and body motion in either tape direction or at any tape speed, including stop frame.
Disruption and recovery of computing tasks: field study, analysis, and directions

We report on a field study of the multitasking behavior of computer users focused on the suspension and resumption of tasks. Data was collected with a tool that logged users' interactions with software applications and their associated windows, as well as incoming instant messaging and email alerts. We describe methods, summarize results, and discuss design guidelines suggested by the findings.
The effect of parallelism of CMUT cells on phase noise for chem/bio sensor applications

We investigated the effects of electrically connecting multiple microresonators on the frequency noise with a goal to improve the resolution of a chemical sensor based on the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology. We fabricated twenty-two 50-MHz CMUTs with varying number of cells and measured the input impedance characteristics. The impedance measurement results show a linear increase in quality factor as the number of cells increases. Further, a phase noise simulation of Colpitts oscillators employing these CMUTs verifies that the phase noise of the oscillator in the 1/f2 regime are influenced by the quality factor while the phase noise in the white noise regime are primarily affected by the motional impedance. The oscillator based on the CMUT with 1027 cells has 8.8 dB and 11.4 dB lower phase noise than that based on the CMUT with 397 cells at offset frequencies of 1 kHz and 5 MHz, respectively. Therefore, we demonstrated that electrically connecting multiple microresonators is an effective technique to improve the sensor resolution.
Regulation of HSP25 expression and phosphorylation in functionally overloaded rat plantaris and soleus muscles

Functional overload (FO) is a powerful inducer of muscle hypertrophy and both oxidative and mechanical stress in muscle fibers. Heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) may protect against both of these stressors, and its expression can be regulated by changes in muscle loading and activation. The primary purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that chronic FO increases HSP25 expression and phosphorylation (pHSP25) in hypertrophying rat hindlimb muscle. HSP25 and pHSP25 levels were quantified in soluble and insoluble fractions of the soleus and plantaris to determine whether 3 or 7 days of FO increase translocation of HSP25 and/or pHSP25 to the insoluble fraction. p38 protein and phosphorylation (p-p38) was measured to determine its association with changes in pHSP25. HSP25 mRNA showed time-dependent increases in both the soleus and plantaris with FO. Three or seven days of FO increased HSP25 and pHSP25 in the soluble fraction in both muscles, with a greater response in the plantaris. In the insoluble fraction, HSP25 was increased after 3 or 7 days in both muscles, whereas pHSP25 was only increased in the 7-day plantaris. p38 and p-p38 increased in the plantaris at both time points. In the soleus, p-p38 only increased after 7 days. These results show that FO is associated with changes in HSP25 expression and phosphorylation and suggest its role in the remodeling that occurs during muscle hypertrophy. Increases in HSP25 in the insoluble fraction suggest that it may help to stabilize actin and/or other cytoskeletal proteins during the stress of muscle remodeling.
Rural‐urban differentials in children's household production time

This research examined the amount of time rural and urban children spent in household production activities, and several demographic factors related to that time use. Data were obtained from a multi-state family time-use survey, NE-113 ‘Use of Time in Rural and Urban Families’. Home interviews were conducted with 2,100 families in II states. The sample consisted of 1,045 rural children and 1,026 urban children, aged 6–17. The hypothesis, that the differentials in time spent in household production by rural and urban children will be due to assignment of tasks by sex, was confirmed. Boys spent similar amounts of time in housework regardless of place of residence, while rural girls spent more time than urban girls.
Use of Focus Groups to Inform a Youth Diabetes Prevention Model

Abstract Objective To explore minority adolescents' perceptions of their diabetes risk, barriers and facilitators to adopting lifestyle changes, and ideas for adapting a youth diabetes prevention model. Methods The study was conducted at collaborating community sites in East Harlem, NY. Trained moderators facilitated focus groups, which were audio taped and transcribed. Participants were 21 Latino and African American adolescents aged 14–18 years with a family history of diabetes and no reported personal history of diabetes. The phenomenon of interest was youth input in adapting a diabetes prevention model. Two researchers independently coded transcripts, identified major themes, compared findings, and resolved differences through discussion and consensus. Results Dominant themes included (1) the impact of diabetes on quality of life within adolescents' personal networks; (2) conflict between changing diet and activity and their current lifestyle; (3) lifestyle choices being dictated by cost, mood, body image, and environment, not health; and (4) family, social, and environmental pressures reinforcing sedentary behaviors and unhealthy diets. Conclusions and Implications Themes from youth focus groups were framed in the context of an existing youth diabetes prevention conceptual model, with results informing expansion of the model and identification and organization of potential intervention components.
Authorship attribution of web forum posts

Extracting useful information from user generated text on the web is an important ongoing research in natural language processing, machine learning, and data mining. Online tools like emails, news groups, blogs, and web forums provide an effective communication platform for millions of users around the globe and also provide an added advantage of anonymity. Millions of people post information on different web forums daily. The possibility of exchanging sensitive information between anonymous users on these web forums cannot be ruled out. This document proposes a two stage approach for combining unsupervised and supervised learning approaches for performing authorship attribution on web forum posts. During the first stage, the approach focuses on using clustering techniques to make an effort to group the data sets into stylistically similar clusters. The second stage involves using the resulting clusters from stage one as features to train different machine learning classifiers. This two stage approach is an effort towards reducing the complexity of the classification task and boosting the prediction accuracy.
Performance limits of a large passive array

The objective of this research is to determine the relative performance levels of several different detectors when the transmitted signal is propagated through the ocean and received by a large, passive array. The transmitted signal is narrowband with a Rayleigh envelope and known carrier frequency while the received signal is calculated by modeling the ocean as a waveguide with a realistic sound velocity profile. The contaminating noise is modeled as temporally independent and spatially dependent non-Gaussian noise. It is shown that the optimal Bayes detector and the locally optimal Bayes detector have similar performance levels if the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is small enough. When the SNR becomes large, the performance levels of the two detectors are substantially different for small probabilities of error. >
A MAC-Layer Retransmission Algorithm Designed for the Physical-Layer Characteristics of Clustered Sensor Networks

We consider scenarios in which an event, such as a mobile node arriving to collect data or a data-request arriving at a node via the sensor network, initiates the collection of one packet of data from each node in the surrounding cluster of nodes. The node requesting the data broadcasts its identity and purpose to the cluster and assumes the role of clusterhead. This broadcast message is also used to synchronize all nodes in the cluster, which covers an area with a radius of several hundred meters, to within a few microseconds. We exploit this ability to synchronize the cluster to improve retransmission algorithms in CSMA/CA-based MAC protocols. The result is a retransmission algorithm that uses a synchronized, shared contention window (SSCW) that is easy to implement and results in fewer collisions than retransmission algorithms that use binary-exponential-backoff (BEB). A simple analytical approach is further proposed to optimize the size of the shared contention window. We show via analytical, numerical, and simulation results that an SSCW-based 802.11 DCF protocol performs significantly better in these scenarios we consider than both 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and BEB-based 802.11 DCF (WiFi). We also show that SSCW-based 802.11 is more fault-tolerant and fair than TDMA
Quantification of carbohydrate oxidation by respiratory gas exchange and isotopic tracers

Estimates of glucose oxidation measured by indirect respiratory calorimetry and by [U-13C]glucose tracer were compared as a function of respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in 14 studies performed on 9 healthy adult subjects. RER was varied between 0.7 and 1.04, either by fasting or by infusing glucose. 13C enrichment of plasma glucose and expired CO2 were measured by mass spectrometry. The two methods gave similar results when the nonprotein respiratory quotient (NPRQ) was between 0.76 and 0.90. Glucose oxidation by the tracer method was quantified to be higher than that by respiratory calorimetry when NPRQ was 0.90. The discrepancy between the two methods at low RER may represent the contribution of gluconeogenesis, whereas, at high RER, the discrepancy may be the consequence of lipogenesis. We conclude that respiratory calorimetry and [13C]glucose tracer give comparable results only in a narrow range of RER. These data are important when the disposal of glucose is compared using these techniques in different metabolic states with varying respiratory quotients.
"For the Wyves love of Bathe": Feminine Rhetoric and Poetic Resolution in the Roman de la Rose and the Canterbury Tales

One of the more notorious of Alison of Bath's wanderings by the way is her digression into the realm of classical scholarship. In the midst of an Arthurian romance she interposes an Ovidian epyllion, a version of the tale of Midas and his ass's ears. Her stated purpose is to show that "we wommen konne no thyng hele" (950),2 but despite this laudable attempt at selfcriticism her telling is both inaccurate and incomplete. The male servant of the original becomes Midas's wife, and the crucial conclusion, in which the reeds whisper Midas's secret abroad, is suppressed. No wonder, then, that modern commentators have seen the Wife's Ovidianism as evidence of her irrepressible loquacity, her bad scholarship, even her moral turpitude.3 But the very unanimity of these conclusions tempts a counterthought: does not the Wife here, as elsewhere, mean more than she says? When Ovid's famulus revealed his lord's shameful secret he did so, paradoxically, by hiding it. He dug a hole and buried his parva vox, his whisper; his words were literally covered over (obruta verba).4 In Alison's version the hiddenness of the wife's disclosure is imaged differently:
A Self-Similar Solution for the Growth Rate of a Compound Layer in Thin-Film Binary Diffusion Couples

The diffusion controlled growth of a compound phase AnB between two thin films of material A and B is studied with the nonlinear Kirkendall effect included. Previous models of the growth rate do not solve the diffusion equation, and thus do not fully utilize the predictive capability. This paper describes a self-similar transformation that reduces the nonlinear, time-dependent diffusion equation with two free boundaries into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation, which is solved numerically by a shooting method. It is found that the intrinsic diffusion coefficients of A and B in AnB can be determined from the positions of the interfaces without using the concentration profile. This provides a simpler method for measuring intrinsic diffusion coefficients.
Primary central nervous system non-hodgkin's lymphoma: Survival advantages with combined initial therapy?

Abstract Purpose: Results of multiple radiation, chemotherapy, and combined treatment trials have shown that the fate of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients is very different from that of patients with similarly treated systemic IE non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This study was designed to improve the survival of PCNSL patients by the use of combined initial therapy. Methods and materials: Forty-six eligible primary PCNSL patients were treated with whole brain irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of preirradiation cyclophosphamide-adriamycin-vincristine-prednisome (CHOP) and postirradiation high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HDAC) as part of an ongoing Phase II Mayo/North Central Cancer Treatmetn Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (M/NCCTG/ECOG) intergroup effort, which opened in April 1986. Results: This cohort consisted of 23 men and 23 women with median age 63.5 years (range 24 to 75 years). Only 5% were under age 40; 36% were age 40 to 59, 37% were age 60 to 69, and 22% were age 70 and over. Forty-six percent had good performance scores of ECOG 0–1 at time of study entry. Forty-six patients were evaluated for treatment outcome as of October 6, 1993. Of these, 10 were still alive. Estimated median survival and 21-month survival were 45.3 weeks and 29%, respectively. There were deaths ranging from Day 9 to Day 15 (three drug-related, one from other complications), and two CHOP responders died at 32 and 35 days, soon after Cycle 2 of CHOP (one probably drug-related, one from other complications). There was no significant difference in survival according to baseline performance status. However, survival was consistently worse for patients > 60 years old than for the younger patients (≤ 60 years). With deaths recorded for 21 of 21 older patients, but only 9 of the 14 younger patients, 21-month survival for older vs. younger was 14 vs. 50% based on the 35 patients who entered the study at least 21 months ago ( p = 0.036). Of the 46 patients evaluable for response, 63% had objectie remission on CHOP and another 20% remained stable. Conclusion: Combined modality therapy in this study did not produce an overall survival advantage in treating PCNSL. The 50% 21-month survival of younger patients may be a reflection of age only.
Asthma problem behavior checklist: parental perceptions of the behavior of asthmatic children.

(1983). Asthma Problem Behavior Checklist: Parental Perceptions of the Behavior of Asthmatic Children. Journal of Asthma: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 97-104.
Run-time error detection in arrays based on the data-dependency graph

ITRED (input-driven time-redundancy error detection), a methodology based on dependency graphs for doing concurrent run-time error detection in systolic arrays and wavefront processors, is described. It combines the projection method of deriving systolic arrays from dependency graphs with the idea of input-triggered testing. Tests are triggered by inserting special symbols in the input, and so the approach gives the user flexibility in trading off throughput for error coverage. Correctness of timing is proved at the dependency graph level. The method requires no extra processing elements and little extra hardware. The general approach is presented, and corresponding constraints on the modified dependency graphs that guarantee correctness are derived. >
Capable and convivial design (CCD): a framework for designing information and communication technologies for human development

Scholarship and implementation in information and communication technologies for development (ICTD/ICT4D) have seen an exponential increase over the past decade. In spite of enormous headway in both research and application, ICTD lacks a clear unified framework that can guide contextually grounded user-focussed design of ICT. This shortcoming results largely from the field's unusual placement at the intersection of research, policy, and practice, each driven by different philosophical traditions and application intentions. We argue that this gap can be overcome by adopting design-based approaches in ICTD. Towards this end, we advance a design framework – capable and convivial design (CCD) – that appropriates Sen's idea of capabilities and Illich's notion of conviviality. We contend that these two sets of complementary theoretical traditions are markedly well suited to guide the design of contextually relevant and user empowering ICTs. We test the CCD framework against multiple input shared computing, a we...
Automatic memory reductions for RTL model verification

We present several techniques for automatically reducing memories in RTL designs. This includes a new memory abstraction algorithm that allows us to greatly reduce the size of memories and a technique based on-term rewriting that further improves the abstraction. In contrast to previously proposed methods for abstracting memories of RTL designs, our methods are general---e.g., they allow us to arbitrarily and directly compare memories---and they are sound and complete---e.g., there are no false positives or negatives. In addition, the combination of our techniques allows us to automatically verify RTL pipelined machine designs beyond the reach of current state-of-the-art methods, as our experimental results show.
Is Working Later in Life Good or Bad for Health? An Investigation of Multiple Health Outcomes

Objectives. To examine the mutual influences between changes in work status and multiple dimensions of health outcomes (immediate memory, physical disability, and depressive symptoms) over later years. Methods. We used a subsample of 8,524 older adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study from 1998 to 2008 and were 62 years or older in 1998 to examine work status and health outcomes after controlling for age and background characteristics. Results. We present results of cross-lagged auto-regressive models. Work status (level of work) predicted subsequent residual changes in immediate memory over time, whereas immediate memory predicted subsequent residual changes in work status over time, even after controlling for physical disability and depressive symptoms. Similar results were indicated for the associations between work status and physical disability and depressive symptoms over time. Discussion. Consistent with social causation and social selection traditions, the findings support bi-directional asso ciations among changes in work status (the level of work), immediate memory, physical disability, and depressive symp toms in later years. Practical implications are discussed.
Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere

There are now numerous observations of subtle right hemisphere (RH) contributions to language comprehension. It has been suggested that these contributions reflect coarse semantic coding in the RH. That is, the RH weakly activates large semantic fields---including concepts distantly related to the input word---whereas the left hemisphere (LH) strongly activates small semantic fields---limited to concepts closely related to the input (Beeman, 1993a,b). This makes the RH less effective at interpreting single words, but more sensitive to semantic overlap of multiple words. To test this theory, subjects read target words preceded by either “Summation” primes (three words each weakly related to the target) or Unrelated primes (three unrelated words), and target exposure duration was manipulated so that subjects correctly named about half the target words in each hemifield. In Experiment 1, subjects benefited more from Summation primes when naming target words presented to the left visual field-RH (Ivf-RH) than when naming target words presented to the right visual field-LH (rvf-LH), suggesting a RH advantage in coarse semantic coding. In Experiment 2, with a low proportion of related prime-target trials, subjects benefited more from “Direct” primes (one strong associate flanked by two unrelated words) than from Summation primes for rvf-LH target words, indicating that the LH activates closely related information much more strongly than distantly related information. Subjects benefited equally from both prime types for Ivf-RH target words, indicating that the RH activates closely related information only slightly more strongly, at best, than distantly related information. This suggests that the RH processes words with relatively coarser coding than the LH, a conclusion consistent with a recent suggestion that the RH coarsely codes visual input (Kosslyn, Chabris, Mar-solek, & Koenig, 1992).
Planning Motions for Virtual Demonstrators

In order to deliver information effectively, virtual human demonstrators must be able to address complex spatial constraints and at the same time replicate motion coordination patterns observed in human-human interactions. We introduce in this paper a whole-body motion planning and synthesis framework that coordinates locomotion, body positioning, action execution and gaze behavior for generic demonstration tasks among obstacles.
Now and Then, Here and There: A Review Essay on Khan, the Democratization of Invention, and Blind, et al., Software Patents

This Review Essay will appear in the Journal of Economic Literature. It covers two books: The Democratization of Innovation by Zorina Khan, and Knut Blind, et al., Software Patents. The Khan book argues that a wise intellectual property policy - in particular, a highly "democratic" legal order that effectively tapped the creative talents of all strata of American society - contributed significantly to American economic development between 1790 and 1920. The Blind et al. volume deals with contemporary European policy toward software patents, and aptly describes the prevailing European preference for a modest level of patent protection in this important industry. Taken together, the books raise fascinating historical and comparative issues. Khan describes how policymakers shaped nineteenth century U.S. patent law to promote economic development; her interweaving of legal history and economic data provides a very fine summary of this crucial period of economic history. Blind and coauthors also draw on extensive empirical data in their book, describing a large survey of European software companies. These companies' experiences with and attitudes toward patents are painstakingly summarized. The picture that emerges shows an interesting contrast with the very pro-IP attitudes that Khan describes (and largely champions). European software firms are largely content with the middling level of patent protection currently available in their home region; they show a fairly uniform resistance to the stronger patent protection offered for software in the U.S. This Review Essay explores how these attitudes diverge with those in the U.S., whose historical origins Khan chronicles so well. I then take issue with Khan's summary of the "benevolently" low protection for copyrighted books in the nineteenth century. I also tease out interesting evidence from the Blind et al. volume that some European software firms are figuring out ways to deploy patents for strategic advantage, despite the consensus there on the limited utility of patent protection in the industry. I conclude that these books serve as valuable roadmarkers for those interested in studying the economic effects of intellectual property rights. Their mix of theory, history, and empirics points the way to a more sophisticated understanding of this important field.
The yolk sac theory: closing the circle on why diabetes-associated malformations occur

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of yolk sac failure during organogenesis in the development of diabetes-associated embryopathy. The current literature regarding congenital malformations in diabetic pregnancies was reviewed to elucidate the precise role of the yolk sac in embryonic development and the relation between yolk sac injury and embryopathy. We and others have demonstrated that hyperglycemia produces a teratogenic effect during organogenesis. In addition, we have shown that the yolk sac appears to be the target site of injury induced by hyperglycemia. We have also presented evidence that cell membrane dysfunction leads to failed vitelline vessel formation and that arachidonic acid supplementation prevents many of the morphologic and biochemical alterations observed under hyperglycemic conditions. These data strongly support the teratogenic effect of hyperglycemia, the arachidonic acid deficiency state, the resultant maldevelopment of vitelline vessels, and the ability to prevent these changes by arachidonic acid supplementation. These studies have made significant inroads in explaining why diabetes-associated anomaties occur, and suggest a potential future role for prophylaxis against these organogenetic malformations using dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. (J Soc Gynecol Invest 1994;1:3–13)
Policy-oriented Nature of Agricultural Insurance and Corresponding Countermeasures

After analyzing the urgency of developing policy-oriented agricultural insurance system in China,the author puts forward the following points: Above all,the policy-oriented agricultural insurance system should be differently developed in particular regions;second,the legislation and practice of related laws should be paid attention to;third,suitable organizational regulations should be made on the religion basis;besides,relatively stable working organizations should be established.
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Basic Principles and Techniques

Partial nephrectomy is a standard treatment for the management of small renal masses, and while laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has been shown to have excellent outcomes, it is technically challenging and has a prohibitive learning curve for many surgeons. Robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) offers technical advantages over LPN and may allow shorter warm ischemia times, reduced morbidity, and a shortened learning curve. We describe our RPN technique and discuss strategies for prevention and management of complications.
Paychecks, paydays, and the online platform economy: big data on income volatility

In this report the JPMorgan Chase Institute leverages de-identified administrative data on Chase customers between October 2012 and September 2015 to describe the key sources of income volatility among U.S. individuals and the size and growth of the Online Platform Economy. Our findings on income volatility are fourfold. First, while income volatility was prevalent across the board, it was most marked among the young, those in the bottom income quintile, and those living in the West. Second, median income individuals experienced nearly $500 in labor income fluctuations across months, with spikes in earnings larger but less frequent than dips. Third, most of the month-to-month volatility in take-home pay (86 percent) came from individuals staying in the same jobs. Finally, four in 10 individuals experienced a job transition in a given year, contributing 14 percent of the month-to-month volatility in labor income.To examine the Online Platform Economy, we assembled the largest sample of platform workers to date — a dataset of over 260,000 individuals who have offered goods or services on one of 30 distinct platforms. We provide several key insights. First, although only 1 percent of adults earned income from the Online Platform Economy in a given month, more than 4 percent participated from October 2012 to September 2015. We distinguish between labor platforms and capital platforms and find that, although labor platforms grew more rapidly than capital platforms, participation on capital platforms was more than 60 percent higher than participation on labor platforms in every month. Second, the platform economy was a secondary source of income for most people, and reliance on platform earnings did not increase for individuals over time. Third, earnings from labor platforms offset dips in non-platform income, but earnings from capital platforms supplemented non-platform income.
Two for One: The Ethical Pursuit of Justice in the Military, and Battlefield Success, Through Joint Prosecutorial Decisions

This Article outlines a reasoned alternative to recent legislative proposals regarding the exercise of prosecutorial discretion in the military. It proposes requiring that commanders and their military lawyers jointly make all prosecutorial decisions. Elevating the staff judge advocate to an equal role in prosecutorial decision-making emphasizes and promotes justice and fairness, and formalizes what typically already occurs in courts-martial decision-making. Simultaneously, this approach preserves a wide swath of the commander’s authority to determine appropriate responses to service member misconduct, including criminal acts. Such preservation is necessary to ensure that commanders maintain their essential responsibility and accountability for good order and discipline in their units, given both good order and discipline’s vital link to battlefield success and the military’s comprehensive reliance upon a commander-centric organizational and managerial model. This Article insists that such joint prosecutorial decision-making be complemented by a robust set of ethical guidelines as well as transparency initiatives, heretofore both lacking in the military justice system, to govern the appropriate criminal prosecution and administrative discipline of service-members, in addition to rigorous training regarding the same.
Elementary and Middle Level Biology Topics: A Content Analysis of "Science and Children" and "Science Scope" from 1990 to 2014.

Science and Children and Science Scope are peer-reviewed science practitioner journals that publish articles for science educators who teach children of ages 5–10 years and 10–13 years, respectivel...
Quantitation of Surface Coating on Nanoparticles Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Nanoparticles are critical components in nanomedicine and nanotherapeutic applications. Some nanoparticles, such as metallic nanoparticles, consist of a surface coating or surface modification to aid in its dispersion and stability. This surface coating may affect the behavior of nanoparticles in a biological environment, thus it is important to measure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to determine the amount of coating on the surface of the nanoparticle. TGA experiments run under inert atmosphere can also be used to determine residual metal content present in the sample. In this chapter, the TGA technique and experimental method are described.
Recurrent de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders: properties and clinical implications

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is now more accessible to clinicians and researchers. As a result, our understanding of the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has rapidly advanced over the past few years. NGS has led to the discovery of new NDD genes with an excess of recurrent de novo mutations (DNMs) when compared to controls. Development of large-scale databases of normal and disease variation has given rise to metrics exploring the relative tolerance of individual genes to human mutation. Genetic etiology and diagnosis rates have improved, which have led to the discovery of new pathways and tissue types relevant to NDDs. In this review, we highlight several key findings based on the discovery of recurrent DNMs ranging from copy number variants to point mutations. We explore biases and patterns of DNM enrichment and the role of mosaicism and secondary mutations in variable expressivity. We discuss the benefit of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) over whole-exome sequencing (WES) to understand more complex, multifactorial cases of NDD and explain how this improved understanding aids diagnosis and management of these disorders. Comprehensive assessment of the DNM landscape across the genome using WGS and other technologies will lead to the development of novel functional and bioinformatics approaches to interpret DNMs and drive new insights into NDD biology.
Gradient index metamaterials.

Metamaterials—artificially structured materials with tailored electromagnetic response—can be designed to have properties difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional materials fabrication methods. Here we present a structured metamaterial, based on conducting split ring resonators sSRRsd, which has an effective index of refraction with a constant spatial gradient. We experimentally confirm the gradient by measuring the deflection of a microwave beam by a planar slab of the composite metamaterial over a range of microwave frequencies. The gradient index metamaterial may prove an advantageous alternative approach to the development of gradient index lenses and similar optics, especially at higher frequencies. In particular, the gradient index metamaterial we propose may be suited for terahertz applications, where the magnetic resonant response of SRRs has recently been demonstrated.
Diet and Its Role in Bladder Pain Syndrome and Comorbid Conditions

Many patients with Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS) have sensitivities to various comestibles. There are a variety of pathologic mechanisms suggested to be responsible for the relationship between dietary intake and symptom exacerbation. Based upon the current literature, certain food types affect symptoms of BPS and comorbid conditions more than others, suggesting that a controlled method to determine dietary sensitivities, such as the elimination diet, may play an important first-line role in the management of the BPS patient. When considering dietary intervention in patients with BPS, it is of utmost importance to take into account comorbid conditions when counseling patients.
Zonal cortical scarring and tubular thyroidization in kidney biopsies of patients with SLE-histologic indicator for antiphospholipid antibodies.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an acquired prothrombotic autoimmune disease caused by the presence of antibodies against anionic phospholipids or plasma proteins bound to phospholipids...
Expert Advice and Optimal Project Termination

I analyze how a firm should elicit advice from an expert on when to terminate a project with a stochastic lifespan. The firm cannot directly observe the project's lifespan, but imperfectly monitors its current state by observing incremental output. The expert directly observes the state of the project, but prefers to delay termination as much as possible. He possesses no capital and enjoys limited liability, so cannot be sold the project. The optimal long-term contract involves termination payments to the expert and a stochastic project deadline, which is calculated based on the counterfactual beliefs the firm would have held about the state of the project had it received no expert advice. I sharply characterize the efficiency impact of hiring an expert, and show how the optimal contract changes when the expert has initial capital, can be replaced, or can be assigned busywork on the job.
Linking wastes and climate change: Bandwagoning, contention, and global governance

In the light of long‐standing waste activist involvement in global climate negotiations, and the waste industry's condemnation of the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, this review examines the links between wastes and climate change as global problems. It describes the main technological and policy responses in utilizing waste and waste management to combat climate change—and the main sources of contention. Next, it scales up to the global level, demonstrating how waste‐climate linkages have entered the broader arena of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and associated agreements and organizations. This review incorporates the theoretical literature in the field of global environmental politics that can be brought to bear on this complex case. It focuses on the literature on linkages across issues and governance regimes, and work on climate “bandwagoning” (Jinnah, 2011)—strategic linkages whereby actors expand their mission to include climate‐oriented goals that might further their own agendas, looking at variants of this behavior that might explain the emerging relationships between global climate and global waste governance and politics. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Edge Breakdown Suppression of Avalanche Photodiodes Using Zn Diffusion and Selective Area Growth

Avalanche photodiodes are fabricated and characterized using a single diffusion fabrication process with the surface patterned by selective area growth prior to diffusion. Raster mapping of the photocurrent near the breakdown voltage is used to characterize the electric field distribution in the multiplication layer. Devices fabricated with the precursor CBrCl3 introduced during selective area epitaxy show a smoother surface morphology and effective edge breakdown suppression, while those fabricated without CBrCl3 have a rougher surface morphology and exhibit evidence of premature edge breakdown at the corners of the device along specific crystal orientations. Comparison of the dark current–voltage curves below breakdown shows a reduction in dark current associated with the use of CBrCl3, as well as with the inclusion of floating guard rings in the device design.
The Long March toward Revitalization: Developing Standpoint in Curriculum Studies.

Background/ContextThere historically exists significant epistemological and political tension within the field of curriculum studies. Further, although there is some application of standpoint theor...