cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating Radiative Transfer with Filtered Spherical Harmonics

Abstract This Letter presents a novel application of filters to the spherical harmonics ( P N ) expansion for radiative transfer problems in the high-energy-density regime. The filter, which is based on non-oscillatory spherical splines, preserves both the equilibrium diffusion limit and formal convergence properties of the unfiltered expansion. While the method requires further mathematical justification and computational studies, preliminary results demonstrate that solutions to the filtered P N equations are (1) more robust and less oscillatory than standard P N solutions and (2) more accurate than discrete ordinates solutions of comparable order. The filtered P 7 solution demonstrates comparable accuracy to an implicit Monte Carlo solution for a benchmark hohlraum problem. Given the benefits of this method we believe it will enable more routine use of high-fidelity radiation-hydrodynamics calculations in the simulation of physical systems.
Determinants of Bank Credit in Emerging Market Economies

We examine changes in bank credit across a wide range of emerging market economies during the last decade. The rich time-series and cross-section information allows us to draw broader lessons compared to many existing researches, which focus on a specific set of emerging market economies or on shorter time periods. Our results show that domestic and foreign funding contribute positively and symmetrically to credit growth. The results also indicate that stronger economic growth leads to higher credit growth, and high inflation, while increasing nominal credit, is detrimental to real credit growth. We also find that loose monetary conditions, either domestic or global, result in more credit, and that the health of the banking sector also matters. Finally, we discuss some policy lessons.
Uptake, transformation and fixation of Se(VI) by a mixed selenium-tolerant ecosystem

The uptake, transformation and fate of Se, added as selenate to a mixed microbial ecosystem containing Se-tolerant bacteria and cyanobacteria, has been studied in simulated laboratory ponds. There was evidence of concerted activities of the microbial community in the system. Motile bacteria were responsible for transport into a surface mat and the combined actions of the microbial consortium provide chemical conditions under which the Se could be reduced to the elemental form and physically entrained in the mat. Strong qualitative indications of the formation of volatile alkylselenium compounds were also observed. The removal of Se from the water column was rapid and essentially quantitative. The advantages of such biological ecosystems for remediation of Se-contaminated aquatic ecosystems are discussed.
Origin and biological properties of a new feline sarcoma virus

Abstract A new strain of feline sarcoma virus (GR-FeSV) was isolated from a spontaneous sarcoma of an 8-year-old domestic house cat. The virus induced sarcomas at high incidence after a short latent period in fetal and newborn kittens and transformed cat embryo fibroblasts in vitro after 5 days. Compared to Gardner-Arnstein and the Snyder-Theilen strains of FeSV, GR-FeSV induced more pleomorphic sarcomas and larger, more rounded and discrete foci of cell transformation. GR-FeSV was shown to be defective for replication, and nonproducer transformed clones from several species were obtained at limiting GR-FeSV dilution. The defective sarcoma virus could be rescued from such transformants by superinfection with replication competent type-C viruses. The primary translational product of the GR-FeSV genome is a 70,000-dalton polyprotein that contains the amino-terminal domain of the FeLV gag gene precursor protein and a sarcoma virus-specific polypeptide. These results differentiate GR-FeSV from previously isolated FeSV strains, and establish it as an independent spontaneously occurring sarcomavirus isolate of the domestic cat.
Interactive visual tools for the planning and monitoring of power grids

In this contribution we argue that power grid design and monitoring is an application domain that could greatly benefit from novel visualization techniques as well as from advances in interactive graphics. To support our point of view we refer to some selected works including an interactive tool for planning grid extensions, and a simulation environment for micro grids.
Antisense inhibition of striatal GABAA receptor proteins decreases GABA-stimulated chloride uptake and increases cocaine sensitivity in rats

Abstract The functional status of striatal GABAA receptors appears to be inversely related to the magnitude of cocaine-induced behaviors. Exposure of striatum to antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASODNs) targeted to the mRNAs for the α2 and the β3 subunits of the GABAA receptor should decrease expression of receptor proteins and therefore might be expected to increase cocaine sensitivity. ASODNs, scrambled ODNs or saline were injected into right lateral ventricle of rats and behavioral responses to cocaine were tested 18–20 h after treatment. Animals injected separately with α2 or β3 ASODNs exhibited increased behavioral sensitivity to cocaine compared to rats injected with saline or scrambled ODNs including performing more 360° turns to the left than to the right. There was significantly less GABA-stimulated Cl uptake in right striatum compared to left striatum of ASODN-treated rats with no significant difference between sides in control animals. Specific binding to benzodiazepine and convulsant sites on the GABAA receptor was not selectively altered by ASODN treatment. Combined α2β3 ASODN treatment did not affect either cocaine sensitivity or GABAA receptor function. There was no difference between the density of Nissl stained cells in the left and right edges of striatum in control or ASODN-treated rats indicating the absence of significant neurotoxic effects of the ASODN treatment. Injection of fluorescein-conjugated ASODNs indicated that ASODN is present in striatum at times during which behavioral and neurochemical indices of GABA receptor function are decreased. Thus, the functional status of GABAA receptors in striatum may be involved in determining cocaine sensitivity.
On the timing and activation of glycogen catabolism in fertilized sea urchin eggs

Decreased glycogen radioactivity was followed as an indicator of glycogen utilization following activation of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Within 15 minutes of exposure to sperm or ammonia, egg glycogen radioactivity decreased. The level of radioactivity in control (unfertilized) eggs remained relatively constant. These results suggest enhanced egg glycogenolysis is a pH-sensitive event independent of the “respiratory burst”.
Regional Aspects of Ocean Management

Regional approaches to ocean management are but one component of global management systems. The world ocean is, in a sense, a single geographical unit, with various interacting forms and processes. At one end of the management spectrum are global rules and regulations, such as those developed by IMCO for issues of vessel source pollution. At the other end are national, state, and local standards which are applicable for internal and territorial waters. With the coming of the exclusive economic zone, some of these national standards will also come to apply out to 200 miles from shore. In between these extremes is the management of "regional"areas - that is, of some geographic entities which lie between national and global. In this article it is suggested that there are at least three geographical sub-categories within this group: subregional, regional and extra-regional.
Increased expression of NuSAP in recurrent prostate cancer is mediated by E2F1

Increasing evidence suggests that prostate cancer is overdiagnosed and overtreated, and prognostic biomarkers would aid in treatment selection. To define prognostic biomarkers for aggressive prostate cancer, we carried out gene-expression profiling of 98 prostate tumors and 52 benign adjacent prostate tissue samples with detailed clinical annotation. We identified 28 transcripts significantly associated with recurrence after radical prostatectomy including NuSAP, a protein that binds DNA to the mitotic spindle. Elevated NuSAP transcript levels were associated with poor outcome in two independent prostate cancer gene-expression datasets. To characterize the role and regulation of NuSAP in prostate cancer, we studied the expression of NuSAP in the LNCaP and PC3 human prostate cancer cell lines. Posttranscriptional silencing of the NuSAP gene severely hampered the ability of PC3 to invade and proliferate in vitro. The promoter region of the NuSAP gene contains two CCAAT boxes and binding sites for E2F. Transient transfection of an E2F1 cDNA and 431 bp of the NuSAP promoter demonstrated E2F1 as an important regulator of expression. Deletion of the E2F-binding site at nucleotide -246 negated the effects of E2F1 on NuSAP expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that nuclear extracts of cells overexpressing E2F1 bound directly to the E2F-binding site in the NuSAP promoter region. Finally, immunohistochemistry showed a strong correlation between E2F1 and NuSAP expression in human prostate cancer samples. NuSAP is a novel biomarker for prostate cancer recurrence after surgery and its overexpression appears to be driven in part by E2F1 activation.
Moth's eye anti-reflection gratings on germanium freeform surfaces

Germanium is commonly used for optical components in the infrared, but the high refractive index of germanium causes significant losses due to Fresnel reflections. Anti-reflection (AR) surfaces based on subwavelength “moth’s eye” gratings provide one means to significantly increase optical transmission. As found in nature, these gratings are conformal to the curved surfaces of lenslets in the eye of the moth. Engineered optical systems inspired by biological examples offer possibilities for increased performance and system miniaturization, but also introduce significant challenges to both design and fabrication. In this paper, we consider the design and fabrication of conformal moth’s eye AR structures on germanium freeform optical surfaces, including lens arrays and Alvarez lenses. Fabrication approaches and limitations based on both lithography and multi-axis diamond machining are considered. Rigorous simulations of grating performance and approaches for simulation of conformal, multi-scale optical systems are discussed.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF MUSCLE PROTEINS IN FLAVOR AND TENDERNESS OF MEAT

Evidence suggests that both the myofibrillar proteins and collagen play important roles in meat flavor and tenderness. The probable contributions of the purified proteins to flavor are reviewed in terms of their amino acid composition, especially the sulfur containing and certain other amino acids that have been implicated in meat flavor development. Myofibrils solubilized in sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) undergoproteolysis on warming to room temperature overnight or on storing for several days at 0–4°C as demonstrated by extra protein bands. The extra proteins appear to be due to the presence of indigenous muscle proteases. The implications of some indigenous muscle proteases are reviewed in terms of their probable role in tenderization of postmortem meat.
Structures of the Klebsiella aerogenes Urease Apoenzyme and Two Active-Site Mutants†,‡

Urease from Klebsiella aerogenes [Jabri et al. (1995) Science 268, 998-1004] is an (alpha beta gamma)3 trimer with each alpha-subunit having an (alpha beta)8-barrel domain containing a binickel active center. Here we examine structure-function relations for urease in more detail through structural analysis of the urease apoenzyme at 2.3 A resolution and mutants of two key catalytic residues (H219A and H320A) at 2.5 A resolution. With the exception of the active site, in which a water molecule takes the place of the missing carbamate and nickel atoms, the structure of the apoenzyme is nearly identical to that of the holoenzyme, suggesting a high degree of preorganization which helps explain the tight binding of nickel. In the structure of H219A, the major change involves a conformational shift and ordering of the active site flap, but a small shift in the side chain of Asp alpha 221 could contribute to the lower activity of H219A. In the H320A structure, the catalytic water, primarily a Ni-2 ligand in the holoenzyme, shifts into a bridging position. This shift shows that the nickel ligation is rather sensitive to the environment and the change in ligation may contribute to the 10(5)-fold lower activity of H320A. In addition, these results show that urease is resilient to the loss of nickel ions and mutations. Analysis of the urease tertiary/quaternary structure suggests that the stability of this enzyme may be largely due to its burial of an unusually large fraction of its residues: 50% in the gamma-subunit, 30% in the beta-subunit, and 60% in the alpha-subunit.
Differentiation of skeletal muscle and integration of myotubes with silicon microstructures using serum-free medium and a synthetic silane substrate.

Differentiation of skeletal muscle and integration of myotubes with silicon microstructures using serum-free medium and a synthetic silane substrate
Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences

In both biology and the human sciences, social groups are sometimes treated as adaptive units whose organization cannot be reduced to individual interactions. This group-level view is opposed by a more individualistic one that treats social organization as a byproduct of self-interest. According to biologists, group-level adaptations can evolve only by a process of natural selection at the group level. Most biologists rejected group selection as an important evolutionary force during the 1960s and 1970s but a positive literature began to grow during the 1970s and is rapidly expanding today. We review this recent literature and its implications for human evolutionary biology. We show that the rejection of group selection was based on a misplaced emphasis on genes as “replicators” which is in fact irrelevant to the question of whether groups can be like individuals in their functional organization. The fundamental question is whether social groups and other higher-level entities can be “vehicles” of selection. When this elementary fact is recognized, group selection emerges as an important force in nature and what seem to be competing theories, such as kin selection and reciprocity, reappear as special cases of group selection. The result is a unified theory of natural selection that operates on a nested hierarchy of units. The vehicle-based theory makes it clear that group selection is an important force to consider in human evolution. Humans can facultatively span the full range from self-interested individuals to “organs” of group-level “organisms.” Human behavior not only reflects the balance between levels of selection but it can also alter the balance through the construction of social structures that have the effect of reducing fitness differences within groups, concentrating natural selection (and functional organization) at the group level. These social structures and the cognitive abilities that produce them allow group selection to be important even among large groups of unrelated individuals.
Notes on plane partitions VI

Abstract We consider the problem of plane partitions with given minimal differences between parts along rows and columns. We obtain a formula for the generating function in the two row case.
Restriction sites containing CpG show a higher frequency of polymorphism in human DNA

Unique loci in the human genome were examined with restriction enzymes in order to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of 31 arbitrary loci, nine were detectably polymorphic, reflecting ten polymorphic restriction sites. Nine of the ten polymorphic sites were revealed with two restriction enzymes, Msp I and Taq I, whose recognition sequences have in common the dimer sequence CpG. The cytosines in the CpG sequence are known to be frequently methylated in mammals, and the occurrence of significant variation in Msp I and Taq I sites supports the view that methylated cytosine residues are hotspots for mutation in mammalian DNA.
Activation of the ATPase Activity of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep68 and Rep78 †

Rep68 and Rep78 DNA helicases, encoded by adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2), are required for replication of AAV viral DNA in infected cells. They bind to imperfect palindromic elements in the inverted terminal repeat structures at the 3'- and 5'-ends of virion DNA. The ATPase activity of Rep68 and Rep78 is stimulated up to 10-fold by DNA containing the target sequence derived from the inverted terminal repeat; nontarget DNA stimulates ATPase activity at 50-fold higher concentrations. Activation of ATPase activity of Rep68 by DNA is cooperative with a Hill coefficient of 1.8 +/- 0.2. When examined by gel filtration at 0.5 M NaCl in the absence of DNA, Rep68 self-associates in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of DNA containing the binding element, Rep68 (and Rep78) forms protein-DNA complexes that exhibit concentration-dependent self-association in gel filtration analysis. The ATPase activity of the isolated Rep68-DNA and Rep78-DNA complexes is not activated by additional target DNA. Results of sedimentation velocity experiments in the presence of saturating target DNA are consistent with Rep68 forming a hexamer of the protein with two copies of the DNA element. Activation of the ATPase activity of Rep68 is associated with the formation of a protein-DNA oligomer.
A Persistent α-Fluorocarbanion and Its Analogues: Preparation, Characterization, and Computational Study

Fluoro power: In agreement with theoretical studies on alpha-fluorocarbanions an X-ray crystal structure shows the alpha-fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methide anion adopts a pyramidal configuration (see picture). High-level calculations and NMR spectroscopy studies demonstrate that electron-withdrawing substituents play a crucial role in modulating the properties of bis(phenylsulfonyl)methide anions.
Alteration of Sandstone Pipes, Laguna, New Mexico

Near Laguna, New Mexico, numerous vertical, cylindrical, collapsed, and brecciated bodies with down-faulted cores occur as distinctive geological features. They are believed to be breccia-pipe structures in sedimentary strata. Uranium-bearing pipes of the Woodrow and Jackpile deposits in the northern Laguna district are exposed in upper Morrison strata. Pipes in the southern Laguna district crop out predominantly in the Summerville and Bluff formations but thus far have not been found to be uranium-bearing. The structural similarity between the pipes of the two areas suggests a common origin. The red Summerville Formation within the breccia cores of the southern Laguna pipes is bleached white or greenish-white. Optical examination of thin sections and fragments discloses alteration of the potassic and sodic feldspar to kaolinite and sericite, accompanied by a removal of hematite cement and the introduction of abundant, upward-migratory calcite. Silicification may be observed in a few places. X-ray study of the clay matrices indicates that the Summerville siltstones are altered from predominantly montmorillonite-kaolinite mixtures to chlorite, illite (hydromica), mixed-layer montmorillonite-illite-chlorite, kaolinite mixtures. X-ray spectrochemical analyses confirm the optical and X-ray data. The structure, mineralization, and alteration features associated with the pipes indicate structural collapse with accompanying penetration by ascending hydrothermal solutions.
Assessment of a University‐Based Distance Education Mentoring Program from a Quality Management Perspective

This study describes assessment results from the Distance Education Mentoring Program (DEMP) at Purdue University Calumet, Indiana, USA. The program, sponsored by the university's Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, was made available to all teaching faculty who wished to become proteges and develop their skills at teaching online courses. The DEMP is a university initiative designed to enhance the development of high‐quality online courses by mentoring faculty in instructional design principles. Faculty member proteges who completed the mentoring program were surveyed using an anonymous questionnaire. Data were obtained from 34 faculty respondents who completed the program during the last three years. Using regression analysis, we found that the Pyramid Model explained 83% of the variance in perceptions of teaching improvement attributable to the DEMP. The program's process orientation, continuous improvement approach, and focus on customer satisfaction explained proteges' perceived improvement in teac...
Click chemistry in materials synthesis. III. Metal‐adhesive polymers from Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

1,2,3-Triazole-based polymers generated from the Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition between multivalent azides and acetylenes are effective adhesive materials for metal surfaces. The adhesive capacities of candidate mixtures of azide and alkyne components were measured by a modified peel test, using a customized adhesive tester. A particularly effective tetravalent alkyne and trivalent azide combination was identified, giving exceptional strength that matches or exceeds the best commercial formulations. The addition of Cu catalyst was found to be important for the synthesis of stronger adhesive polymers when cured at room temperature. Heating also accelerated curing rates, but the maximum adhesive strengths achieved at both room temperature and high temperature were the same, suggesting that crosslinking reaches the same advanced point in all cases. Polytriazoles also form adhesives to aluminum, but copper is bound more effectively, presumably because active Cu(I) ions may be leached from the surface to promote crosslinking and adhesion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5182–5189, 2007
On the Probability Distribution of the Outputs of the Diagonally Loaded Capon-MVDR Processor

The Capon-MVDR algorithm has been widely studied by several authors. The famous Capon-Goodman result on the probability distribution of the Capon-MVDR spectral estimator was also used to accurately predict the bias and variance of the Capon-MVDR algorithm due to finite sample effects. The goal of this present analysis is to extend these results to compute the probability distribution, and hence the bias and variance, of the output of the Capon-MVDR processor when the sample covariance matrix is diagonally loaded. Of particular interest is the computation, for the first time, in the snapshot deficient scenario where the diagonal loading is used to combat the ill-conditioned or rank deficient sample covariance matrix.
A Reconfiguration-based Defect Tolerance Method for Nanoscale Devices

In this paper, a novel defect tolerance and test method is proposed for highly defect prone reconfigurable nanoscale devices. The method is based on searching for a fault-free implementation of functions in each configurable nanoblock. The proposed method has the advantage of not relying on defect location information (defect map). It also removes the requirement of per chip placement and routing. A simulation tool is developed and several experiments are performed on MCNC benchmarks to evaluate defect tolerance and yield achievable by the proposed method. A greedy search algorithm is also developed in this simulation program that finds a fault-free configuration of each function of an application on a nanoblock of the device. The experiments are performed for different defect rates and under different values of redundancy provided for the device model. The results show that the proposed method can achieve high yields in acceptable amount of test and reconfiguration time under very high defect densities and with minimum amount of redundancy provided in the device.
Empirical processes and typical sequences

This paper proposes a new notion of a typical sequence over an abstract alphabet based on approximation of memoryless sources by empirical distributions, uniformly over a class of measurable “test functions.” In the finite-alphabet case, we can take all uniformly bounded functions and recover the usual notion of typicality under total variation distance. For a general alphabet, this function class is too large, and must be restricted. We develop our notion of typicality with respect to any Glivenko-Cantelli function class (which admits a Uniform Law of Large Numbers) and demonstrate its power by deriving fundamental limits on achievable rates in several settings that can be reduced to uniform approximation of general-alphabet memoryless sources with respect to a suitable function class.
The induction of collagenase and acid phosphatase by thyroxine in resorbing tadpole gills in vitro

Explants of tadpole gills were cultured in Hanks balanced salt solution or in Hanks supplemented with thyroid hormone. Gills in control media maintain their integrity in vitro while those treated with thyroxine undergo resorption. The activity of collagenase in the media increases in parallel with thyroxine induced resorption and is accompanied by a decrease in tissue collagen levels. T4 induced gill resorption is also associated with an increase in the specific activity of acid phosphatase. However, this increase is not the result of a significant increase in total enzyme activity but rather the result of a differential loss in total protein concentration in thyroxine treated gills as compared to control.
Fourteen-gauge ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy of breast masses

Objective. Large-core needle biopsy of the breast can be performed with stereotactic or ultrasonographic guidance. However, ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy has notable advantages, including the absence of ionizing radiation, increased patient comfort, and greater cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses. Methods. The study was a retrospective review of consecutive ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsies for indeterminate breast masses. A total 424 ultrasonographically guided core biopsies were performed in 367 patients with 1 or more breast masses. Ultrasonographically guided core biopsy was performed with a 14-gauge spring-loaded needle and a freehand technique. Correlation of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy pathologic findings with subsequent surgical pathologic findings or long-term imaging follow-up was performed. Results. Of 424 indeterminate breast lesions for which histopathologic findings were obtained by ultrasonographically guided core biopsy, 234 cancers were diagnosed. Twenty-eight additional lesions had either questionable but not definitively malignant pathologic features (n = 11) or radiologic-pathologic discordance (n = 17) and were surgically excised. Of these, 8 additional cancers were diagnosed. Patients or surgeons chose excision of 41 additional lesions that were benign on ultrasonographically guided core biopsy. No cancer was found in these surgical specimens. One additional cancer was diagnosed at a 6-month imaging follow-up because of interval growth. On the basis of surgical and long-term imaging follow-up, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma was 99.2% (95% confidence interval, 95.6%-99.9%) in 173 palpable breast masses and 93.2% (95% confidence interval, 87.1%-97%) in 251 nonpalpable masses. In cancers diagnosed on the basis of immediate surgical excision as a result of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy that showed either questionable pathologic features or radiologic-pathologic discordance, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer was 99.2%. Conclusions. Ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy is a sensitive percutaneous biopsy method for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses.
PRICE LIMITS AND STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY

Abstract We examine the relationship between price limits and stock market volatility. We find when price limits are made more (less) restrictive stock market volatility is usually not lower (higher). This finding contradicts conventional wisdom and the view of most regulators.
Maintenance of Anti-Sm/RNP Autoantibody Production by Plasma Cells Residing in Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue and Bone Marrow Memory B Cells

Although ectopic lymphoid tissue formation is associated with many autoimmune diseases, it is unclear whether it serves a functional role in autoimmune responses. 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane causes chronic peritoneal inflammation and lupus-like disease with autoantibody production and ectopic lymphoid tissue (lipogranuloma) formation. A novel transplantation model was used to show that transplanted lipogranulomas retain their lymphoid structure over a prolonged period in the absence of chronic peritoneal inflammation. Recipients of transplanted lipogranulomas produced anti-U1A autoantibodies derived exclusively from the donor, despite nearly complete repopulation of the transplanted lipogranulomas by host lymphocytes. The presence of ectopic lymphoid tissue alone was insufficient, as an anti-U1A response was not generated by the host in the absence of ongoing peritoneal inflammation. Donor-derived anti-U1A autoantibodies were produced for up to 2 mo by plasma cells/plasmablasts recruited to the ectopic lymphoid tissue by CXCR4. Although CD4 + T cells were not required for autoantibody production from the transplanted lipogranulomas, de novo generation of anti-U1A plasma cells/plasmablasts was reduced following T cell depletion. Significantly, a population of memory B cells was identified in the bone marrow and spleen that did not produce anti-U1A autoantibodies unless stimulated by LPS to undergo terminal differentiation. We conclude that 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane promotes the T cell–dependent development of class-switched, autoreactive memory B cells and plasma cells/plasmablasts. The latter home to ectopic lymphoid tissue and continue to produce autoantibodies after transplantation and in the absence of peritoneal inflammation. However, peritoneal inflammation appears necessary to generate autoreactive B cells de novo.
Reversible control of biofilm formation by Cellulomonas spp. in response to nitrogen availability

The microbial degradation of cellulose contributes greatly to the cycling of carbon in terrestrial environments and feedbacks to the atmosphere, a process that is highly responsive to nitrogen inputs. Yet how key groups of cellulolytic microorganisms adaptively respond to the global conditions of nitrogen limitation and/or anthropogenic or climate nitrogen inputs is poorly understood. The actinobacterial genus Cellulomonas is of special interest because it incorporates the only species known to degrade cellulose aerobically and anaerobically. Furthermore, despite their inability to fix nitrogen, they are active decomposers in nitrogen-limited environments. Here we show that nitrogen limitation induced biofilm formation in Cellulomonas spp., a process that was coupled to carbon sequestration and storage in a curdlan-type biofilm matrix. The response was reversible and the curdlan matrix was solubilized and used as a carbon and energy source for biofilm dispersal once nitrogen sources became available. The biofilms attached strongly to cellulosic surfaces and, despite the growth limitation, produced cellulases and degraded cellulose more efficiently. The results show that biofilm formation is a competitive strategy for carbon and nitrogen acquisition and provide valuable insights linking nitrogen inputs to carbon sequestration and remobilization in terrestrial environments.
An information-theoretic view of connectivity in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we study the connectivity properties of a wireless sensor network from an information-theoretic viewpoint. We consider both regular linear (one-dimensional) and planar (two-dimensional) networks with unreliable sensor nodes, i.e., each node is inactive/dead with a certain probability. We study the following problems: 1) what is the fundamental limit on the data rate that such a network can support for a single sensor node to the destination under transmission power and network-topology constraints? 2) What are the constraints on the network topology such that any (single) sensor can communicate with the destination at a desired rate? For problem 1), we provide upper and lower bounds on the achievable data rate, and for problem 2), we provide upper and lower bounds on the distance between the nodes required for communication at the desired rate.
Subsidizing the Cost of Collective Action: International Organizations and Protest among Polish Farmers during Democratic Transition

Polish farmers became politically contentious after democratization in 1989, despite their minimal involvement in the Solidarity movement. I test the effectiveness of social movement theories in explaining this phenomenon by examining frequency and intensity of protest from 1980–1995. I find that grievance models have little explanatory power, political opportunity accounts for the frequency of protest, and resource mobilization offers insight into both frequency and intensity of protests. Supplementing existing theories, I offer qualitative evidence that development programs designed to restructure agricultural cooperatives created mobilizing structures. The reforms were intended to help family farmers adapt to the new market economy, but because most protests targeted liberalization policies, I conclude that in their short-term success, development agencies inadvertently subsidized the cost of collection action against their long-term goals.
Chemical synthesis of D-ribo-phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, a potential modulator of cellular processes.

D - erythro -Sphingosine-1-phosphate ( 2 ), an inter- mediate in sphingosine metabolism, shows a diversity of biological activities. Comparable roles might be anticipated for D - ribo -phytosphingosine-1-phosphate ( 1 ). We describe an efficient three-step chemical synthesis of 1 from D - ribo - phytosphingosine. Our approach is based on standard phos- phoramidite methodology and on the finding of Boumendjel and Miller ( J. Lipid Res. 1994. 35: 2305-2311) that sphin- gosine can be monophosphorylated at the 1-hydroxyl without protection of the 3-hydroxyl. However, we were un- able to duplicate their reported synthesis of 2 without im- portant modifications in reagents and reaction conditions. Under the reported conditions for preparing 2 , we obtained a cyclic carbamate ( 14 ), which we have isolated and identi- fied. The structures of 1 and the cyclic carbamate 14 were elucidated by a combination of mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.— Li, S., W. K. Wilson, and G. J. Schroepfer, Jr. Chemical synthesis of D - ribo -phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, a potential modulator of cellular processes. J. Lipid. Res. 1999. 40: 117-125.
Arrhythmia discrimination using a smart phone

We hypothesize that our smartphone-based arrhythmia discrimination algorithm with data acquisition approach reliably differentiates between normal sinus rhythm (NSR), atrial fibrillation (AF), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and premature atrial contraction (PACs) in a diverse group of patients having these common arrhythmias. We combine root mean square of successive RR differences and Shannon entropy with Poincare plot (or turning point ratio method) and pulse rise and fall times to increase the sensitivity of AF discrimination and add new capabilities of PVC and PAC identification. To investigate the capability of the smartphone-based algorithm for arrhythmia discrimination, 99 subjects, including 88 study participants with AF at baseline and in NSR after electrical cardioversion, as well as seven participants with PACs and four with PVCs were recruited. Using a smartphone, we collected 2-min pulsatile time series from each recruited subject. This clinical application results show that the proposed method detects NSR with specificity of 0.9886, and discriminates PVCs and PACs from AF with sensitivities of 0.9684 and 0.9783, respectively.
Rationality and Psychology in International Politics

The ubiquitous yet inaccurate belief in international relations scholarship that cognitive biases and emotion cause only mistakes distorts the field's understanding of the relationship between rationality and psychology in three ways. If psychology explains only mistakes (or deviations from rationality), then (1) rationality must be free of psychology; (2) psychological explanations require rational baselines; and (3) psychology cannot explain accurate judgments. This view of the relationship between rationality and psychology is coherent and logical, but wrong. Although undermining one of these three beliefs is sufficient to undermine the others, I address each belief—or myth—in turn. The point is not that psychological models should replace rational models, but that no single approach has a lock on understanding rationality. In some important contexts (such as in strategic choice) or when using certain concepts (such as trust, identity, justice, or reputation), an explicitly psychological approach to rationality may beat a rationalist one.I thank Deborah Avant, James Caporaso, James Davis, Bryan Jones, Margaret Levi, Peter Liberman, Lisa Martin, Susan Peterson, Jason Scheideman, Jack Snyder, Michael Taylor, two anonymous reviewers, and especially Robert Jervis and Elizabeth Kier for their thoughtful comments and critiques. Jason Scheideman also helped with research assistance.
Vein of Galen Malformation with Diencephalic Syndrome: A Clinical Pathologic Report:

A vein of Galen malformation is a dural extracranial vascular anomaly resulting in direct arteriovenous fistulae between the choroid or quadrigeminal arteries and an overlying single venous sac. The disorder can be identified on prenatal ultrasound examination and presents with macrocrania, with or without congestive heart failure, or cranial bruit. Therapeutic measures have included surgical clipping of feeding arteries and transarterial placement of wire, coils, or "bird cages. "2 Recently, newer endovascular techniques involving both a transarterial and transvenous approach have been promising. Prognosis for infants with the disorder remains poor, although improved with new endovascular techniques. Morbidity and mortality have improved to approximately 40% with mild to severe neurologic deficits.3 One cause of significant pre- and posttreatment morbidity might be the presence of vascular steal leading to visual deterioration, seizures, and signs of parenchymal loss, at times with striking progression. ...
On the age of the β Pictoris moving group

Jeffries & Binks (2014) and Malo et al. (2014) have recently reported Li depletion boundary (LDB) ages for the {\beta} Pictoris moving group (BPMG) which are twice as old as the oft-cited kinematic age of $\sim$12 Myr. In this study we present (1) a new evaluation of the internal kinematics of the BPMG using the revised Hipparcos astrometry and best available published radial velocities, and assess whether a useful kinematic age can be derived, and (2) derive an isochronal age based on the placement of the A-, F- and G-type stars in the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD). We explore the kinematics of the BPMG looking at velocity trends along Galactic axes, and conducting traceback analyses assuming linear trajectories, epicyclic orbit approximation, and orbit integration using a realistic gravitational potential. None of the methodologies yield a kinematic age with small uncertainties using modern velocity data. Expansion in the Galactic X and Y directions is significant only at the 1.7{\sigma} and 2.7{\sigma} levels, and together yields an overall kinematic age with a wide range (13-58 Myr; 95 per cent CL). The A-type members are all on the zero age-main-sequence, suggestive of an age of $>$20Myr, and the loci of the CMD positions for the late-F- and G-type pre-main-sequence BPMG members have a median isochronal age of 22 Myr ($\pm$ 3 Myr stat., $\pm$ 1 Myr sys.) when considering four sets of modern theoretical isochrones. The results from recent LDB and isochronal age analyses are now in agreement with a median BPMG age of 23 $\pm$ 3 Myr (overall 1{\sigma} uncertainty, including $\pm$2 Myr statistical and $\pm$2 Myr systematic uncertainties).
Cytopathology of the Ovary

The ovaries are pelvic organs located bilaterally and attached to the uterine cornua and fallopian tubes by several ligaments that maintain their lateral location. There are various components of a normal ovary that are important to recognize. Many of these components undergo cyclical changes secondary to hormonal manifestations.
Implementation of an Education Value Unit (EVU) System to Recognize Faculty Contributions.

Introduction: Faculty educational contributions are hard to quantify, but in an era of limited resources it is essential to link funding with effort. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of an educational value unit (EVU) system in an academic emergency department and to examine its effect on faculty behavior, particularly on conference attendance and completion of trainee evaluations. Methods: A taskforce representing education, research, and clinical missions was convened to develop a method of incentivizing productivity for an academic emergency medicine faculty. Domains of educational contributions were defined and assigned a value based on time expended. A 30-hour EVU threshold for achievement was aligned with departmental goals. Targets included educational presentations, completion of trainee evaluations and attendance at didactic conferences. We analyzed comparisons of performance during the year preceding and after implementation. Results: Faculty (N=50) attended significantly more didactic conferences (22.7 hours v. 34.5 hours, p<0.005) and completed more trainee evaluations (5.9 v. 8.8 months, p<0.005). During the pre-implementation year, 84% (42/50) met the 30-hour threshold with 94% (47/50) meeting post-implementation (p=0.11). Mean total EVUs increased significantly (94.4 hours v. 109.8 hours, p=0.04) resulting from increased conference attendance and evaluation completion without a change in other categories. Conclusion: In a busy academic department there are many work allocation pressures. An EVU system integrated with an incentive structure to recognize faculty contributions increases the importance of educational responsibilities. We propose an EVU model that could be implemented and adjusted for differing departmental priorities at other academic departments.
Introduction: Russian Formalism, 1915-1930

Russian Formalism was an active movement in literary criticism for only fifteen years, but has provoked a continuous flow of scholarship both in the Soviet Union and abroad since its earliest days.1 Discussion of this critical movement is still going on today. In the most recent book-length study of Russian Formalism, Peter Steiner noted that the designation "Formalist" can refer to works by various individuals and groups whose ideas on literature are widely divergent and sometimes irreconcilable.2 Broadly speaking, the Russian Formalists were students of literature or linguistics who were united by their interest in the difference between poetic language and ordinary speech. Their primary concern was with "literariness," that is, with what makes a text a work of art. They insisted that one could neither paraphrase an artistic work nor extract from it a basic message, since literary form was an indispensable part of that message. Similarly, they saw literary scholarship as a distinct, self-sufficient disc...
Headache and Migraine with Sickle Cell Disease

Investigators from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and other centers in the US and London, UK, studied risk factors for headache and migraine in 872 children, age 5 to 15 years (mean age, 9.1 years), with sickle cell disease (hemoglobinSS or hemoglobinSb-thalassemia) and no history of overt stroke or seizures.
Socializing American Expatriate Managers Overseas Tactics, Tenure, and Role Innovation

This study examined the impact of organizational socialization tactics and the moderating effect of organizational tenure on role innovation or the extent to which expatriate managers changed the procedures and objectives of their jobs. The results suggested that collective, serial, and rixed tactics had a significant relationship with role innovation. In addition, organizational tenure moderated the relationship between collective and serial tactics with role innovation.
Pacing Therapy in Children

BACKGROUND The importance of ventricular pacing site in pediatric pacemaker therapy has gradually become recognized. We reviewed our experience with a left ventricular (LV)-prioritized pacing strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2012, 60 patients underwent 76 permanent pacemaker implantations. Eight of the 29 reoperations involved ventricular lead repositioning for pacing-induced ventricular dysfunction. Freedom from ventricular lead failure was 96.3%, 86.8%, and 81.0% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The independent predictors of ventricular lead failure were age (P=0.026) and peak minimal energy threshold within 6 months (P=0.035). At the measured points, redo bipolar, steroid-eluting leads had significantly better pacing properties than did redo non-steroid-eluting, screw-in leads (P=0.0009-0.03). Ventricular lead repositioning was effective in the 5 patients with systemic LV pacing, whereas its efficacy was inconsistent in patients with single-ventricle or systemic right ventricular (RV) pacing. At a median follow-up of 59 months, the 28 patients with LV pacing had preserved ventricular function (LV fraction shortening, 0.34±0.09). CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this LV-prioritized pacing strategy in pediatric patients was excellent, demonstrating preserved ventricular function. Bipolar, steroid-eluting, epicardial pacing leads achieved good pacing properties, even in reoperation patients. In children with systemic LV and RV pacing-induced ventricular dysfunction, a conversion to LV apex pacing was an attractive alternative to cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Removal of a Broken Synthes Proximal Spiral Blade

Use of cephalomedullary nails is an option for treatment of subtrochanteric femur fractures. However, the magnitude of bending forces in this area of the femur often can lead to implant failure before union. We report on a case of hardware failure of a specific device (Synthes spiral blade) and a method for removal.
Field-determined growth rates of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster): observed patterns and environmental influences

We estimated growth rates of prairie voles from a population located near Lawrence, Kansas. Season, body mass, and sex all significantly affected growth rates. Growth decreased with mass in all seasons, and growth rates were generally higher in spring than in other seasons. Males and females responded differently to changes in mass and season; these differences may be due to changes associated with reproduction. Growth rates correlated positively with temperature, precipitation, and daylength, and negatively with population size. Seasonal patterns of change in growth rates make mass a poor predictor of age in voles. The seasonal variation in vole growth is not as extreme as seasonal change in growth of a sympatric population of cotton rats, and the different patterns result from different ecological and physiological responses to the seasonal Kansas environment.