cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cave air ventilation and CO2 outgassing by radon-222 modeling: How fast do caves breathe?

Abstract In general, the rate and timing of calcite precipitation is in part affected by variations in cave air CO2 concentrations. Knowledge of cave ventilation processes is required to quantify the effect variations in CO2 concentrations have on speleothem deposition rates and thus paleoclimate records. In this study we use radon-222 (222Rn) as a proxy of ventilation to estimate CO2 outgassing from the cave to the atmosphere, which can be used to infer relative speleothem deposition rates. Hollow Ridge Cave, a wild cave preserve in Marianna, Florida, is instrumented inside and out with multiple micro-meteorological sensor stations that record continuous physical and air chemistry time-series data. Our time series datasets indicate diurnal and seasonal variations in cave air 222Rn and CO2 concentrations, punctuated by events that provide clues to ventilation and drip water degassing mechanisms. Average cave air 222Rn and CO2 concentrations vary seasonally between winter (222Rn = 50 dpm L− 1, where 1 dpm L− 1 = 60 Bq m− 3; CO2 = 360 ppmv) and summer (222Rn = 1400 dpm L− 1; CO2 = 3900 ppmv). Large amplitude diurnal variations are observed during late summer and autumn (222Rn = 6 to 581 dpm L− 1; CO2 = 360 to 2500 ppmv). We employ a simple first-order 222Rn mass balance model to estimate cave air exchange rates with the outside atmosphere. Ventilation occurs via density driven flow and by winds across the entrances which create a ‘venturi’ effect. The most rapid ventilation occurs 25 m inside the cave near the entrance: 45 h− 1 (1.33 min turnover time). Farther inside (175 m) exchange is slower and maximum ventilation rates are 3 h− 1 (22 min turnover time). We estimate net CO2 flux from the epikarst to the cave atmosphere using a CO2 mass balance model tuned with the 222Rn model. Net CO2 flux from the epikarst is highest in summer (72 mmol m− 2 day− 1) and lowest in late autumn and winter (12 mmol m− 2 day− 1). Modeled ventilation and net CO2 fluxes are used to estimate net CO2 outgassing from the cave to the atmosphere. Average net CO2 outgassing is positive (net loss from the cave) and is highest in late summer and early autumn (about 4 mol h− 1) and lowest in winter (about 0.5 mol h− 1). Modeling of ventilation, net CO2 flux from the epikarst, and CO2 outgassing to the atmosphere from cave monitoring time-series can help better constrain paleoclimatic interpretations of speleothem geochemical records.
Metabolism of N′-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N,N-dimethyl-formamidine (chlorphenamidine) and 4′-chloro-o-formotoluidide by rat hepatic microsomal and soluble enzymes☆

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolism of chlorphenamidine-14C acaricide and its primary hydrolysis product 4′-chloro-o-formotoluidide-14C by rat hepatic enzymes in vitro was studied. 2. 2. Demethylchlorphenamidine formed by microsomal N-demethylase action was the major chlorphenamidine metabolite; the system required molecular oxygen and exogenous NADPH to effect this conversion which was inhibited by SKF-525A. 3. 3. Rat liver soluble fraction contained a DFP-sensitive hydrolase that deformylated 4′-chloro-o-formotoluidide to 4-chloro-o-toluidine and probably N-formyl-5-chloro-anthranilic acid to 5-chloroanthranilic acid; it was speculated that this enzyme was formamidase (E.C. 3.5.1.9). 4. 4. Chlorphenamidine metabolites formed in vitro were qualitatively similar to those detected in urine from chlorphenamidine-treated mammals in other studies.
Inhibition of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus by continuous-flow cultures of human stool microflora with and without anaerobic gas supplementation.

A continuous-flow competitive exclusion (CFCE) culture model of human stool microflora was used to examine whether supplemental anaerobic gas is necessary for maintenance of anaerobes and inhibition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). CFCE cultures of human stool microflora were maintained with supplemental nitrogen, without supplemental nitrogen, or with percolated room air. Cultures with or without supplemental nitrogen maintained >9 log10 CFU mL−1 of obligate anaerobes and eliminated 106 CFU mL−1 of VRE. When room air was percolated into the culture, anaerobes were detected at ≤2 log10 CFU mL−1, and the same VRE inoculum was not eliminated (P < 0.001). These data demonstrate that human stool CFCE cultures maintain high levels of obligate anaerobes and inhibit VRE without the addition of supplemental anaerobic gas.
Proper efficiency and duality for a class of constrained multiobjective fractional optimal control problems containing arbitrary norms

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for properly efficient solutions of a class of nonsmooth nonconvex optimal control problems with multiple fractional objective functions, linear dynamics, and nonlinear inequality constraints on both the state and control variables. Subsequently, we utilize these proper efficiency criteria to construct two multiobjective dual problems and prove appropriate duality theorems. Also, we specialize and discuss these results for a particular case of our principal problem which contains square roots of positivesemidefinite quadratic forms. As special cases of the main proper efficiency and duality results, this paper also contains similar results for control problems with multiple, fractional, and ordinary objective functions.
Conserved Protein Flexibility And Pathways Of Energy Flow In Enzyme Catalysis

Conformational fluctuations in enzymes have significant affect on catalysis. Several enzymes show the presence of a network of coupled motions associated with the catalytic step. Here, we describe our recent studies to identify and characterize coupled motions in members of a diverse family of enzymes namely the dinucleotide binding Rossmann fold proteins (DBRP), sharing a common sub-step of hydride transfer from the dinucleotide cofactor to the substrate.Results show that in spite of low sequence/structural homology, the overall intrinsic dynamical flexibility during the course of the enzyme reaction is conserved. These dynamical fluctuations span from the exterior surface regions to the active site of the protein and form pathways. These pathways are connected via hydrogen bonds/hydrophobic interactions, which are conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike.In order to characterize the energy flow within these pathways, we use an integrated information theoretic and biophysical approach to study how energy may propagate within the DBRP super-family. The studies reveal for the first time how energy is propagated from the exterior flexible surface regions of the protein to the active site of the protein.
An electron microscopic study of the neuroglia during postnatal development of the rat cerebrum.

The differentiation of spongioblasts from undifferentiated cells and into neuroglial cells has been studied in the postnatal rat cerebral cortex with the electron microscope. The nuclei of all the non-neural elements are characterized by clumping of dense chromatin, especially near the nuclear envelope. The undifferentiated cells possess only a thin rim of perinuclear cytoplasm containing few organelles. Spongioblasts are characterized by an increased number of cytoplasmic organelles, mostly mitochondria and Golgi complex, and by the growth of processes. These cells mature and take on either the features of oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. The multiple oligodendrocyte processes are thin and branching and develop intimate contacts with the developing axons. Early stages of myelination are characterized by the envelopment of axons by oligodendrocyte processes which overlap each other to form inner and outer tongues that are cheracteristic of central nervous system myelin. Astrocytes can be distinguished by the presence of cytoplasmic glycogen particles and fibrils. Processes of these latter cells develop intimate relations with the developing blood vessels. A variety of cell was occasionally encountered which is termed the polycystic cell. This cell may be quite large, contains numerous cysts and vesicles of various types and appears to be a form of spongioblast. No cells which would qualify as “microglia” were observed.
“All May Visit the Big Camp”: Race and the Lessons of the Civil War at the 1913 Gettysburg Reunion

Shaping historical memory means extracting lessons from the past. Those lessons frame the debate about the nature of the present. Just months after the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson, the attention of most of the nation focused on the events scheduled to commemorate the semi-centennial of what was by then increasingly viewed as “the turning point” of the Civil War. The reunion at Gettysburg in 1913 constituted the contemporary public exegesis of the status of American memory of the Civil War. In this respect, the reunion in Gettysburg reflected the erasure of the legacy of emancipation and the unfulfilled promise of equality for African-Americans. Yet, almost all the public discourse at Gettysburg reflected no sense of disappointment; rather, the battle now represented a triumph of the American spirit. The presence of AfricanAmerican veterans would have complicated the message of white reconciliation at the reunion. Reckoning with the honorable service of black troops was not something mainstream American society felt comfortable with in 1913. Whether or not black veterans attended the fiftieth anniversary of Gettysburg is a small detail which illuminates a profoundly broader pair of subjects: the meaning of the Civil War and the nature of American race relations in 1913. In answering this question of black veterans at the Gettysburg reunion, the broader context of the organization and execution of the reunion, the lessons drawn from the ceremonies in Gettysburg, explicit discussions of race at the reunion and contemporary African-American perspectives must all be explored. [excerpt]
Should Noninvasive Ventilation Be Used With the Do-Not-Intubate Patient?

Most of the large quantity of data on noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in acute respiratory failure is from patients who want all possible treatments and life-support. Few data are available on NIV in patients who have elected specific limits on life support and treatments (eg, patients with do-not-intubate [DNI] orders) and patients who are near the end of life and will receive comfort measures only (CMO). The most critical issue regarding NIV in DNI and CMO patients is informed consent. The patient must be informed of the risks and potential benefits of NIV, and must consent to NIV. We have few data on patients' attitudes about NIV at end of life. Data from cancer patients at end of life suggest that they want to maintain control over care decisions and may want treatment that delays death long enough that they can put their affairs in order. If informed consent and control of care decisions are assured, then NIV can be appropriate in DNI and CMO patients to reverse an acute respiratory failure that is not necessarily life-terminating, or to improve patient comfort, or to delay death.
Heparan sulfate Ndst1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel size and vascular remodeling

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundant molecules in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. Heparan sulfate chains are composed of groups of disaccharides whose side chains are modified through a series of enzymatic reactions. Deletion of these enzymes alters heparan sulfate fine structure and leads to changes in cell proliferation and tissue development. The role of heparan sulfate modification has not been explored in the vessel wall. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that altering heparan sulfate fine structure would impact vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vessel structure, and remodeling in response to injury. A heparan sulfate modifying enzyme, N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) was deleted in smooth muscle resulting in decreased N- and 2-O sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1 led to a decrease in proliferating VSMCs and the circumference of the femoral artery in neonatal and adult mice. In response to vascular injury, mice lacking Ndst1 exhibited a significant reduction in lesion formation. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that modification of heparan sulfate fine structure through deletion of Ndst1 is sufficient to decrease VSMC proliferation and alter vascular remodeling.
Visualizing gradients in composite design and fabrication

Greater access to computer resources has prompted scientists, engineers, and designers in all disciplines to go beyond the "number crunching" paradigm and establish visual tools and methodologies that are discipline-independent. The tools most commonly used in mechanics and material science are visualizations of gradients in scalar properties (zeroth-order tensors) and various stress glyphs (second-order tensors). Inherent to the study of these properties is the eigenvalue problem whose eigenvalues (zeroth-order tensors) and eigenvectors (first-order tensors) can be used to characterize physical properties that are second, fourth, and higher order tensors. For example, when the eigenvalue problem models a stress state (a second order tensor), it is possible to create glyphs that visualize the stress state and scalar gradients that visualize its individual components. In this article, we describe two cases of visualizing scalar gradients to study residual stresses and cure properties in complex three-dimensional composite structures, then we show how the need to study the distribution of these properties in a continuum leads to the development of visual tools that allow researchers to see gradients in three, four, and five dimensions. Elsewhere we review the visualization of second-order tensors applied to mechanics and material science, and also extend these representations to fourth-order tensors. These visual tools provide more information for the kinds of analysis we describe here. >
Body‐wave traveltime and amplitude shifts from asymptotic travelling wave coupling

SUMMARY We explore the sensitivity of finite-frequency body-wave traveltimes and amplitudes to perturbations in 3-D seismic velocity structure relative to a spherically symmetric model. Using the approach of coupled travelling wave theory, we consider the effect of a structural perturbation on an isolated portion of the seismogram. By convolving the spectrum of the differential seismogram with the spectrum of a narrow window taper, and using a Taylor’s series expansion for wavenumber as a function of frequency on a mode dispersion branch, we derive semianalytic expressions for the sensitivity kernels. Far-field effects of wave interactions with the free surface or internal discontinuities are implicitly included, as are wave conversions upon scattering. The kernels may be computed rapidly for the purpose of structural inversions. We give examples of traveltime sensitivity kernels for regional wave propagation at 1 Hz. For the direct SV wave in a simple crustal velocity model, they are generally complicated because of
Ultrastructure of transplant glomerulopathy

Thirty-one specimens of tissue were obtained from 15 renal allografts 3-96 months after transplantation and studied by light, electron and in some cases also by immunofluorescence microscopy. All patients had a degree of renal insufficiency and almost all had proteinuria and moderate hypertension; nephrotic syndrome was present in one and hematuria in two. On histological examination one patient showed cellular proliferation suggestive of glomerulonephritis (recurrent or de novo) and another patient had numerous crescents. The most frequent glomerular lesion was widening of the lamina rara interna with subendothelial accumulation of finely granular material, formation of new subendothelial basement membrane and deposition of microfibrils and fine filaments. The mesangial changes were mainly those of mesangiolysis and mesangial sclerosis with deposition of mesangial matrix and microfibrils, but little cellular proliferation. Fragmented red blood cells were seen in nearly half of the patients. In another seven patients the lesion resembled focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. This combination of changes termed transplant glomerulopathy leads to diffuse glomerular sclerosis. Arterial intimal thickening and occasionally also thrombosis produced ischaemic changes in the kidney and in the glomeruli and contributed significantly to the process of transplant rejection.
New Approaches to Alcohol Interventions Among American Indian and Latino Communities: The Experience of the Southwest Addictions Research Group

ABSTRACT This introduction presents a bi-directional approach to developing alcohol interventions for American Indians, Latinos, and rural populations, which recognizes the need to translate knowledge from evidence-based practice to diverse minority communities, as well as to learn from the healing knowledge that emerges from the communities themselves. The overarching paradigm of Community Based Participatory Research is presented which emphasizes addressing health disparities through partnering with communities and building on their strengths. The articles in this volume are an outgrowth of the Southwest Addictions Research Group (SARG), which was founded to promote interventions with these populations through supporting the career development of investigators of color. Articles discuss investigator-piloted interventions and other cultural dimensions which support effective behavioral and preventive services for diverse populations.
Modeling Modern Network Attacks and Countermeasures Using Attack Graphs

By accurately measuring risk for enterprise networks, attack graphs allow network defenders to understand the most critical threats and select the most effective countermeasures. This paper describes substantial enhancements to the NetSPA attack graph system required to model additional present-day threats (zero-day exploits and client-side attacks) and countermeasures (intrusion prevention systems, proxy firewalls, personal firewalls, and host-based vulnerability scans). Point-to-point reachability algorithms and structures were extensively redesigned to support "reverse" reachability computations and personal firewalls. Host-based vulnerability scans are imported and analyzed. Analysis of an operational network with 84 hosts demonstrates that client-side attacks pose a serious threat. Experiments on larger simulated networks demonstrated that NetSPA's previous excellent scaling is maintained. Less than two minutes are required to completely analyze a four-enclave simulated network with more than 40,000 hosts protected by personal firewalls.
Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution.

Sexual dimorphism is a pervasive phenomenon among anthropoid primates. Comparative analyses over the past 30 years have greatly expanded our understanding of both variation in the expression of dimorphism among primates, and the underlying causes of sexual dimorphism. Dimorphism in body mass and canine tooth size is familiar, as is pelage and “sex skin” dimorphism. More recent analyses are documenting subtle differences in the pattern of skeletal dimorphism among primates. Comparative analyses have corroborated the sexual selection hypotheses, and have provided a more detailed understanding of the relationship between sexual selection, natural selection, and mating systems in primates. A clearer picture is emerging of the relative contribution of various selective and nonselective mechanisms in the evolution and expression of dimorphism. Most importantly, recent studies have shown that dimorphism is the product of changes in both male and female traits. Developmental studies demonstrate the variety of ontogenetic pathways that can lead to dimorphism, and provide additional insight into the selective mechanisms that influence dimorphism throughout the lifetime of an animal. Evidence from the fossil record suggests that dimorphism probably evolved in parallel twice, and the dimorphism in some extinct hominoids probably exceeded that of any living primate. Our advances in understanding the behavioral/ecological correlates of dimorphism in living primates have not improved our ability to reconstruct social systems in extinct species on the basis of dimorphism alone, beyond the inference of polygyny or intense male-male competition. However, our understanding of the behavioral/ecological correlates of growth and development, and of the expression of dimorphism as a function of separate changes in male and female traits, offers great potential for inferring evolutionary changes in behavior over time. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44:25–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical Use of Intravenous Iron: Administration, Efficacy, and Safety

This section reviews the history, pharmacology, administration, efficacy, and toxicity of intravenous iron. Intravenous iron offers advantages over oral iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia across a wide range of disease states associated with absolute and functional iron deficiency. However, there remain concerns about the acute safety profiles of the available preparations and the potential for long-term toxicity with their repeated administration. Seven intravenous iron formulations are available. Confusion concerning the relative toxicities of the different formulations abounds. The similarities and differences are discussed. Iron repletion has been associated with adverse outcomes in infections. The relationship, if any, between intravenous iron administration and infections is reviewed. The potential advantages of total dose infusion (TDI), complete repletion in a single setting, are highlighted. A new paradigm for iron replacement therapy in iron deficiency anemia is presented.
ATHENA: A knowledge-based hybrid backpropagation-grammatical evolution neural network algorithm for discovering epistasis among quantitative trait Loci

Background Growing interest and burgeoning technology for discovering genetic mechanisms that influence disease processes have ushered in a flood of genetic association studies over the last decade, yet little heritability in highly studied complex traits has been explained by genetic variation. Non-additive gene-gene interactions, which are not often explored, are thought to be one source of this "missing" heritability.
Agreement Between Patient Reports of Cardiovascular Disease and Patient Medical Records

OBJECTIVE To determine how well patient-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factor information agrees with medical record information. METHODS Information from Patient/Family History (PFH) questionnaires completed between 1996 and 1999 by residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, aged 20 years and older was compared with information available through the Mayo Clinic medical diagnostic index. Positive and negative agreement values were calculated by comparing agreement between the 2 data sources. Also, with the Mayo Medical Index serving as the criterion standard, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of questionnaire information were calculated overall and by subgroups of sex, age, and years of education. RESULTS Questionnaire responses were retrieved for 26,162 patients. Positive agreement values ranged from 31% for report of a medical problem or surgery related to arteries to the head, arms, or legs or the aorta to 78% for high blood pressure. Negative agreement values ranged from 90% for high cholesterol to 98% for medical problem or surgery related to arteries to the head, arms, or legs or the aorta. Sensitivity of questionnaire information ranged from 37% to 73%, whereas positive predictive values ranged from 27% to 86%. Positive agreement, sensitivity, and positive predictive values tended to increase with increasing age of the patient. Specificity and negative predictive values were 87% or greater, and negative agreement, specificity, and negative predictive values decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSION Positive patient reports of CVD conditions and risk factors are relatively inaccurate. However, negative self-reports of these conditions are unlikely to be noted in the medical record. Further development of the PFH questionnaire is necessary to ensure accurate patient reporting of CVD data.
Veränderungen der Epidermisdicke und des 3H‐Thymidin Labelling Index in der Epidermis nach Applikation von Pharmaka in zeitlicher Abhängigkeit vom Therapiebeginn

Pharmakologische Einwirkungen auf die Epidermis konnen zu folgenden Reaktionen fuhren: 1. Atrophie mit verminderter Zellproliferation, 2. Proliferationsakanthose mit Verdickung der Epidermis und gesteigerter Zellproliferation, 3. Retentionsakanthose mit Verdickung der Epidermis und vergroserter Verweildauer der Zelle bei verlangerter DNS Synthese-Phase. Der zeitliche Verlauf dieser Reaktionen erweist sich bei Untersuchungen mit drei typischen Agentien als unterschiedlich: 1. 5 Fluorouracil fuhrt zu einer stark verzogert einsetzenden Reduktion der Zellproliferation und Epidermisatrophie; 2. TWEEN 60 bewirkt eine rasche und anhaltende Intensivierung der Zellproliferation und eine schnell einsetzende und bis zum 36. Tag weiterbestehende Epidermisverdickung; 3. Steinkohlenteer fuhrt zu einer schnell einsetzenden, dann aber bald abklingenden Verlangerung der DNS Synthesezeit mit einem zeitlich nachhinkenden Gipfel der Epidermisverdickung. Alterations in Thickness of Epidermis and 3H-Thymidin Labelling Index in Epidermis after Application of Drugs in Course of Time after Beginning of Therapy The actions of drugs on the epidermis can lead to the following reactions: 1. Atrophy with diminished cell proliferation, 2. Proliferation acanthosis with thickening of the epidermis and increased cell proliferation, 3. Retention acanthosis with thickening of the epidermis; the cells remain for a longer time in a prolonged phase of DNA synthesis. The time course of these reactions proves to be different in investigations with three typical agents: 1. 5-fluorouracil leads to a reduction of cell proliferation with a greatly delayed onset, and to epidermal atrophy; 2. TWEEN 60 brings about a rapid and sustained intensification of cell proliferation and an epidermal thickening of rapid onset and which persists up to the 36th day; 3. Coal tar leads to a prolongation of the DNA synthesis time which has a rapid onset but then fades away quickly; there is a peak of epidermal thickening somewhat later in time.
Designing heterostructures with predefined value of light-hole g factor for coherent solid-state quantum receiver

In this paper, we give a consistent theoretical analysis of the in-plane Zeeman e-ect for quantum-con!nedlight holes and evaluate possibilities to design structures with desired property of large g factor for these valence states. Numerical example is given for the technologically important InGaAs=InP both lattice-matchedandstrainedheterosystems suitable for 1 :3 and 1:55 � m optoelectronic applications. ? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen spillover at sub-2 nm Pt nanoparticles by electrochemical hydrogen loading

Hydrogen generation and storage is an essential component in the increasingly important field of energy storage. Electrochemical generation of hydrogen atoms at the surface of Pt like metals at select potentials is a widely accepted phenomenon. However, moving these adsorbed hydrogen atoms to high surface area support systems for storage is an issue. We show spillover of these adsorbed hydrogen atoms to the supporting structure for sub-2 nm Pt nanoparticles sputtered on Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) and on few layer graphene (FLG) supports. Evidence of size-dependent hydrogen spillover was observed for Pt nanoparticles deposited using tilted target sputtering and a correlation between nanoparticle size, crystallinity, support characteristics, and hydrogen spillover is also reported. Evidence of C–H bonds formed on the FLG surface due to H spillover from 0.9 nm Pt nanoparticles was also confirmed through XPS analysis.
The Effect of Insertion Species on Nanostructured Open Framework Hexacyanoferrate Battery Electrodes

Recent battery research has focused on the high power and energy density needed for portable electronics and vehicles, but the requirements for grid-scale energy storage are different, with emphasis on low cost, long cycle life, and safety. 1,2 Open framework materials with the Prussian Blue crystal structure offer the high power capability, ultra-long cycle life, and scalable, low cost synthesis and operation that are necessary for storage systems to integrate transient energy sources, such as wind and solar, with the electrical grid. We have demonstrated that two open framework materials, copper hexacyanoferrate and nickel hexacyanoferrate, can reversibly intercalate lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium ions at high rates. These materials can achieve capacities of up to 60 mAh/g. The porous, nanoparticulate morphology of these materials, synthesized by the use of simple and inexpensive methods, results in remarkable rate capabilities: e.g. copper hexacyanoferrate retains 84% of its maximum capacity during potassium cycling at a very high (41.7C) rate, while nickel hexacyanoferrate retains 66% of its maximum capacity while cycling either sodium or potassium at this same rate. These materials show excellent stability during the cycling of sodium and potassium, with minimal capacity loss after 500 cycles.
Expediting ramp-to-volume production

High levels of integration have complicated the entire IC manufacturing process. Crucial steps such as ramp to volume production and yield improvement techniques are being challenged. In this paper, a diagnostic system that has been developed and deployed into a production environment is presented. Experiments conducted demonstrating the value of the diagnostic tool and its limitations are presented.
Beyond terrorism: data collection and responsibility for privacy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine privacy rights and the relationship between those rights and business and government interests in data collected from individuals.Design/methodology/approach – This paper approaches legal issues from the perspective of the consumer or citizen.Findings – While conducting research for this paper, it was found that the issues facing the citizenry on privacy protection have been addressed extensively in the not too distant past. The distinguishing characteristic is the speed with which data can be collected and disseminated and the infinitely more vast amount of personal data being collected not only by the government and businesses with whom consumers conduct transactions, but also by independent data brokers.Originality/value – Privacy rights are ephemeral and difficult to measure. Businesses, therefore, appear to have difficulty determining the value of protecting consumers' privacy. Additionally, governments from which citizens derive many social services ...
Institution animal care and use committees need greater ethical diversity

In response to public outrage stemming from exposes of animal abuse in research laboratories, the US Congress in 1985 mandated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) to oversee animal use at institutions receiving federal grants. IACUCs were enjoined to respect public concern about the treatment of animals in research, but they were not specifically instructed whether or not to perform ethical cost-benefit analyses of animal research protocols that IACUCs have chosen, with approval contingent upon a balancing of animal pain and suffering against a reasonable expectation of resultant human benefit. IACUCs have chosen not to make such ethical judgments but, rather, restrict themselves to an advisory role, often tweaking the details of animal-use protocols, but eventually approving all of them. This disinclination by IACUCs to take a broader ethical view of their authority and responsibilities may reflect a membership composition highly skewed towards animal researchers themselves (67%) and institutional veterinarians (15%), both with vested interests in continuing animal research. The resultant ethical monoculture may impair IACUC's ability to meet public concern for laboratory animal welfare. Psychological research has established that unconscious bias affects us all, that deliberations among the like-minded lead to adapting extremist positions, and that groupthink blinds organisations to alternatives that might be obvious to outsiders. Taken together, skewed IACUC membership composition and psychological research insights into unconscious bias and groupthink suggest that an infusion of ethical diversity by increasing the percentage of institutionally unaffiliated members on IACUCs would broaden their ethical perspectives and enable them to better address public concerns about laboratory animal welfare.
Thermochemical Models for Nuclear Waste Glass Subsystems–MgO-CaO and MgO-Al2O3

A relatively simple model, the associate species model, is being applied to nuclear waste glass compositions in order to accurately predict behavior and thermodynamic activities in the material. In the model, the glass is treated as a supercooled liquid, with the liquid species allowed to exist below their melting point. The approach requires an initial assembly of binary and ternary oxide liquid solution data that sufficiently reproduce the equilibrium phase diagrams. Two binary oxide subsystems, MgO-CaO and MgO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, have been modeled and results compared to published phase diagrams. Computed activities of the glass constituent species are plotted as a function of composition at 1,200 C.
LANSCE vacuum system improvements for higher reliability and availability

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator, an 800-MeV proton linac with a storage ring, has been operated over 30 years since early 1970s. Due to the aging and radiation damage of equipment, cables and connectors, the number of troubles is increasing. In order to reduce the time for unscheduled maintenance, we have implemented a system to catch a symptom of degrading vacuum and send an email automatically. We have been testing this system since July 2006. This paper describes LANSCE vacuum systems, the new alert system and our experience. In addition, we will describe our plan for modernizing the vacuum system in the next few years.
Diagnostic Imaging Services in Magnet and Non-Magnet Hospitals: Trends in Utilization and Costs.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to better understand trends in utilization and costs of diagnostic imaging services at Magnet hospitals (MHs) and non-Magnet hospitals (NMHs). Methods A data set was created by merging hospital-level data from the American Hospital Association's annual survey and Medicare cost reports, individual-level inpatient data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and Magnet recognition status data from the American Nurses Credentialing Center. A descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the trends in utilization and costs of CT, MRI, and ultrasound procedures among MHs and NMHs in urban locations between 2000 and 2006 from the following ten states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and Washington. Results When matched by bed size, severity of illness (case mix index), and clinical technological sophistication (Saidin index) quantiles, MHs in higher quantiles indicated higher rates of utilization of imaging services for MRI, CT, and ultrasound in comparison with NMHs in the same quantiles. However, average costs of MRI, CT, and ultrasounds were lower at MHs in comparison with NMHs in the same quantiles. Conclusions Overall, MHs that are larger in size (number of beds), serve more severely ill patients (case mix index), and are more technologically sophisticated (Saidin index) show higher utilization of diagnostic imaging services, although costs per procedure at MHs are lower in comparison with similar NMHs, indicating possible cost efficiency at MHs. Further research is necessary to understand the relationship between the utilization of diagnostic imaging services among MHs and its impact on patient outcomes.
Assignment of Two Enzyme Loci to the X Chromosome of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Species A

Analysis of isozyme variability in four natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Species A indicated that the loci for Malic enzyme (Me) and Mannose phosphate isomerase-1 (Mpi-1) are on the X chromosome. There were female heterozygotes, but no male heterozygotes were observed. Strains fixed for fast- and slow-migrating allozymes were devised and crossed. Progeny phenotypes conformed to expectations for sex linkage; female progeny were heterozygous, and male progeny were hemizygous for the maternal allele. The three-point cross, using the Me and Mpi-1 loci with the sex-linked mutant rose eye (ro), established the gene sequence Mpi-1-11.1-Me-40.8-ro.
Virtual rough samples to test 3D nanometer-scale scanning electron microscopy stereo photogrammetry.

ABSTRACT The combination of scanning electron microscopy for high spatia l resolution, images from multiple angles to provide 3Dinformation, and commercially available stereo photogrammetry software for 3D reconstruction offers promise fornanometer-scale dimensional metrology in 3D. A method is described to test 3D photogrammetry software by the use ofvirtual samplesmathematical samples from which simulated images are made for use as inputs to the software undertest. The virtual sample is constructed by wrapping a rough skin with any desired power spectral density around a smoothnear-trapezoidal line with rounded top corners. Reconstruction is performed with images simulated from different angularviewpoints. The softwares reconstructed 3D model is then compared to the known geometry of the virtual sample. Threecommercial photogrammetry softwa re packages were tested. Two of them produced results for line height and width thatwere within close to 1 nm of the correct values. All of the p ackages exhibited some difficulty in reconstructing details ofthe surface roughness.Keywords: critical dimension (CD), dimensional metrology, model-based metrology, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), simulation, stereo photogrammetry, surface roughness, virtual sample
Medicaid (In)Equity: The Factors Contributing to State Variation in the Delivery of Health Care to the 'Poor', an Empirical Inquiry

This working paper examines variation in the comparative (in)equity of state Medicaid programs from 1989‐2008. Three measures of equity are used: the per capita cost of a state’s Medicaid program; the per recipient benefits offered in a state; and, the level of access to Medicaid services experienced by the poor in a state. Related, the annual growth rate is also examined as a component of per capita costs. These components, of concern in every Medicaid program, correspond roughly to equity toward the taxpayers, the providers and the beneficiaries (i.e. the poor). A two‐way fixed effect regression is used to test the various hypotheses about what factors contribute to the inequity observed across the states. Mixed results partially support some, but not all, of proposed explanations. The results and conclusions, however, should be taken to be very tentative as the variables and model specification is further refined.
Novel supercritical fluid techniques for polymer fractionation and purification

Supercritical fluids which combine the properties of both gases and liquids also show very unusual pressure dependent dissolving power. When such fluids are used as solvents in various separation processes, it is possible to achieve effective fracticnation or purification in a number of different systems which are difficult to obtain by conventional techniques. In this communication a brief summary of the basic aspects of supercritical fluids will be given. The application of this novel technique for the fractionation and purification of polymeric and oligomeric organofunctional siloxanes will be illustrated.
ETS genes in breast cancer: A step in the right direction

Commentary to:Profile of Ets Gene Expression in Human Breast CarcinomaJin He, Yong Pan, Jianhua Hu, Constance Albarracin, Yun Wu and Jia Le Dai
A Rapid Diet Preparation Method for Antibiotic Phytochemical Bioassay

A simple, rapid method was developed for uniformly mixing antibiotic phytochemicals into diet for bioassay with lepidopterous larvae. Uniform mixture was obtained. The time required to work up a bioassay of one sample in 10 replicates was 15–20 min; however, total biological time for the bioassay was from 10–14 days.
Location of the Deep Epigastric Vessels in the Resting and Insufflated Abdomen.

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether the location of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels (deep epigastric vessels) change with abdominal insufflation. Design Descriptive study (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting Tertiary care academic institution. Patients Patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were recruited. A total of 35 subjects were enrolled. Interventions Subjects underwent color Doppler ultrasound assessment of deep epigastric vessel location preoperatively and intraoperatively following abdominal insufflation. The deep epigastric vessels were identified at 5 points along the abdomen (pubic symphysis, anterior superior iliac spine [ASIS], umbilicus, xiphoid, and midpoint from umbilicus to xiphoid), with the distance from vessels to midline measured. Paired t tests and split-plot analysis of variance were used as appropriate. Measurements and Main Results The mean patient age was 45.6 ± 16.5 years, and mean BMI was 29.8 ± 7.2. A significant difference between vessel location in the resting abdomen and insufflated abdomen was noted bilaterally at the ASIS, umbilicus, and midpoint from the umbilicus to the xiphoid. At each of these points, the deep epigastric vessels were found more laterally after insufflation on average, ranging from 0.6 ± 0.9 cm (p Conclusion The deep epigastric vessels shift laterally with abdominal insufflation, and may be found as far as 10.9 cm from the midline; this is more lateral than previously described and is clinically significant. Obesity is associated with a more lateral location of the deep epigastric vessels.
The Influence Rules of Flow Field with Dispensing Vent Structure Parameters

Fluid dispensing process is in a controlled manner to achieve an accurate distribution of fluid and requires very good consistency of each cycle of the adhesive amount dispensed that is influenced by the vent structure parameters.This article establishes dynamic process modeling through the in-depth analysis of the micro-dispensing process and simulates the dispensed adhesive amount according to the change of the vent structure parameter with the help of the numerical simulation software of Fluent to obtain the influence rules it makes on the change of the vent length and diameter in determining the best vent structure parameters finally.
Intra-rater reliability when using a tympanic thermometer under different self-measurement conditions

[Purpose] This study investigated intra-rater reliability when using a tympanic thermometer under different self-measurement conditions. [Subjects and Methods] Ten males participated. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by comparing the values under three conditions of measurement using a tympanic thermometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess intra-rater reliability. [Results] According to the intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, reliability could be ranked according to the conditions of measurement. [Conclusion] The results showed that self-measurement of body temperature is more precise when combined with common sense and basic education about the anatomy of the eardrum.
A new equation of state for associating Lennard–Jones fluids with two sites: small bond angle

ABSTRACTWe developed a new equation of state for Lennard–Jones spheres with two short-ranged, directional association sites. The theory is novel in that association is dependent on bond angle between the two sites, and formation of self-assembled linear and cyclic clusters is predicted in the model. The competition between ring and chain formations at various densities and temperatures is predicted by the theory and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that closed-loop structures become important at low temperatures and densities. Also, at fixed association energy, intensifying the Lennard–Jones energy reduces the extent of association in the fluid. The theory and simulation are in excellent agreement.
Was heißt und zu welchem Ende praktiziert man Psychotherapie

Trotz einer mehr als hundertjahrigen Geschichte der Psychotherapie und umfanglicher Studien uber Wesen und Wirkfaktoren dieser Behandlung besteht bis zum heutigen Tag keine Einigkeit daruber, was genau unter Psychotherapie zu verstehen ist und welche Aspekte im Detail uber Erfolg oder Misserfolg dieser seelenarztlichen Intervention entscheiden. Jede Schulrichtung der Psychotherapie beantwortet diese Fragen divergent, und die Tatsache, dass es laufend neue Therapietechniken gibt, die von sich behaupten, das Ei des Columbus entdeckt zu haben, vereinfacht die Problemlage keineswegs. In der Folge werden Antworten auf die Fragen nach Wesen und Wirkung von Psychotherapie referiert, wobei diese als Suchbewegung hin zu personaler Identitat verstanden wird.
Dissecting Transcriptional Control Networks

Reconstructing how transcriptional networks function involves figuring out which promoters are affected by which transcription factors. Searching for functional regulatory sites bound by particular transcription factors in a genome is therefore of great importance. The chapter discusses efforts at building classifiers that separate promoters targeted by particular transcription factors from those that are not. We start with simple sequence classifiers based on Support Vector Machines and go on to discuss how to integrate different kind of data into the analysis.
Radiofrequency Ablation for Treating Resistant Intercostal Neuralgia.

Background: Intercostal neuralgia is a complex and difficult-to-treat condition. We present 2 cases that demonstrate the safe and effective use of thermal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to achieve significant pain relief. Case Reports: Our first patient was a 62-year-old female who developed chronic chest pain following lumpectomy for breast cancer and failed conservative management. Two intercostal diagnostic nerve blocks were performed with good results. One block provided pain relief for 3 weeks, and the other provided pain relief for 5 weeks. These blocks were followed by RFA that provided excellent improvement in her pain for >1 year. Our second patient was a 67-year-old female with a history of esophageal carcinoma and non–small cell lung cancer. She developed chronic chest pain following surgery and treatment. Conservative management was implemented at first without significant improvement in pain. The patient received intercostal diagnostic blocks that significantly improved her pain. She then underwent RFA for the same nerves and had resolution of her pain at 2-month follow-up. Conclusion: Our cases suggest that thermal RFA can be safely used to treat patients suffering from intercostal neuralgia. This unique treatment has significant implications for chronic pain physicians and warrants additional studies to elucidate its effectiveness, safety profile, and scope of use.
Magnetoentropic signatures of skyrmionic phase behavior in FeGe

We demonstrate that magnetocaloric measurements can rapidly reveal details of the phase diagrams of high-temperature skyrmion hosts, concurrently yielding quantitative latent heats of the field-driven magnetic phase transitions. Our approach addresses an outstanding issue in the phase diagram of the skyrmion host FeGe by showing that dc magnetic anomalies can be explained in terms of entropic signatures consistent with a phase diagram containing a single pocket of skyrmionic order and a Brazovskii transition.