cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 Research in Medical Ethics: The Role of Social Judgment Theory

Publisher Summary The major body of empirical research in medical ethics concerns the clinical debate about the use of life sustaining treatments such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and tube feeding. This debate involves the differential importance given to the many factors pertinent to the patient's management. Since these clinical decisions are based on multiple items of information that are used and interpreted differently by different observers, they represent fertile ground for the application of social judgment theory (SJT). This chapter reviews the empirical research in medical ethics concerning decisions to use the life sustaining treatments of CPR and tube feeding. It also discusses the potential role of SJT or linear models for capturing an individual's decision strategy in addressing some of the major unanswered questions that confront physicians and patients. The use of linear models could be extremely valuable in identifying those factors important to the decision to use life sustaining treatments such as tube feeding and CPR. The most important clinical factors could be identified in a preliminary phase using linear models of the physician's and patient's decision strategies.
Validation of Revised American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging for Gallbladder Cancer Based on a Single Institution Experience

Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy, which often goes undiagnosed until advanced stages of disease and is associated with poor prognosis. The only potentially curative treatment is surgical resection. This retrospective study aims to investigate the validity of the revised 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging criteria and determine prognostic factors. Forty-two patients with confirmed gallbladder cancer who underwent attempted curative resection from 1999 to 2012 at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center were reviewed. Survival probability was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Ten patients underwent laparoscopy, were deemed unresectable, and no further surgical intervention was performed. R0 surgical resection, which included radical portal lymphadenectomy, liver segment IVb/V resection, with or without bile duct resection, was performed in the remaining 32 patients. N2 nodes were resected if positive on frozen section. Overall survival probability for Stage I to II patients was 100 per cent. Overall survival probability for Stage III patients was 80 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI], 61 to 99%) and 39.3 per cent (95% CI, 28 to 78%) for Stage IV patients. This study demonstrates that 7th edition clinical stage, T stage, and liver involvement are statistically significant predictors of prognosis. These data also demonstrate a benefit to extended resection in patients even with Stage III and IV disease.
Thyroid purine nucleoside phosphorylase: II. Kinetic model by alternate substrate and inhibition studies

Abstract Nucleoside analog inhibition studies have been conducted on thyroidal purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) which catalyzed an ordered bi-bi type mechanism where the first substrate is inorganic phosphate and the last product is ribose 1-phosphate. Heterocyclic- and carbohydrate-modified nucleoside inhibitors demostrate mixed type inhibition suggesting such analogs show an affinity (Ki) for the freeze enzyme. A kinetic model is proposed which supports the observed inhibition patterns. These studies together with alternate substrate studies indicate that nucleoside binding requires a functional group capable of hydrogen bonding at the 6-position of the purine ring and that the orientation of the bound substrate may be syn. Proper geometry of the phosphate is dependent upon the 3′-substituent to be orientated below the furanose ring. The 5′-hydroxyl group is required for substrate activity. The proposed rate limiting step of the phosphorylase mechanism is the enzymatic protonation of the 7-N position of the nucleoside.
Distribution of plasma membrane-associated syntaxins 1 through 4 indicates distinct trafficking functions in the synaptic layers of the mouse retina

Background Syntaxins 1 through 4 are SNAP receptor (SNARE) proteins that mediate vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane. In retina, syntaxins 1 and 3 are expressed at conventional and ribbon synapses, respectively, suggesting that synaptic trafficking functions differ among syntaxin isoforms. To better understand syntaxins in synaptic signaling and trafficking, we further examined the cell- and synapse-specific expression of syntaxins 1 through 4 in the mouse retina by immunolabeling and confocal microscopy.
Type II alveolar cells in organotypic culture: A model system for the study of surfactant synthesis

Abstract 1. 1. Type II cells, maintained in an organotypic system where in vivo morphologic characteristics are retained, were utilized to study surfactant phospholipid and protein synthesis. Cellular components were separated into a surfactant and a residual fraction by sucrose density centrifugation. The major phospholipid of the surfactant fraction is phosphatidylcholine (70%). Phosphatidylglycerol accounts for 4.0% of the total surfactant phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine is also the major phospholipid of the residual fraction, constituting 50% of this fraction's phospholipids; phosphatidylglycerol is also present (4.2%). 2. 2. Type II cells in organotypic culture are capable of metabolizing exogenous glucose. The uptake of glucose from the incubation medium is concentration dependent. Glucose can be utilized by the type II cell for surfactant and residual phosphatidylcholine synthesis. The rate of incorporation of glucose into residual phosphatidylcholine is three times the incorporation rate into surfactant phosphatidylcholine. 3. 3. Palmitate and choline can also be utilized for surfactant and residual phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Palmitate incorporation into residual phosphatidylcholine is five times greater than the incorporation into surfactant phosphatidylcholine. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine is labelled with choline at a rate one-fourth that of residual phosphatidylcholine. In contrast to glucose and palmitate, choline incorporation into surfactant phosphatidylcholine is linear only after a 15 min lag period. The labelling of residual phosphatidylcholine with choline is biphasic. 4. 4. Type II cells in organotypic culture can also synthesize the protein moiety of surfactant. Leucine was found to incorporate linearly into surfactant proteins for approx. 8 h.
Some Ordered Sets in Computer Science

Strictly speaking the structures to be used are not lattices since as posets they will lack the top (or unit) element, but the adjunction of a top will make them complete lattices. The closure properties as posets, then, are closure underinf of any non-empty subset and sup of directed subsets. A family of subsets of a set closed underintersections of non-empty subfamilies and unions of directed subfamilies is a special type of poset with the closure properties where additionally every element is the directed sup (union) of the finite (“compact”) elements it contains. We call such posets finitary domains. (With a top they are just the well known algebraic lattices.) The continuous domains can be defined as the continuous retracts of finitary domains. A mapping between domains is continuous if it preserves direct sups. A map of a domain into itself is aretraction if it is idempotent. Starting with a finitary domain, the range (= fixed-point set) of a continuous retraction — as a poset — is a continuous domain. Numberless characterizations of continuous domains, both topological and order-theoretic, can be found in [2]. For the most part in the lectures we shall concentrate on the finitary domains, but the continuous domains find an interest as a generalization of interval analysis and by the connection with spaces of upper-semicontinuous functions.
Simulated annealing: a fast heuristic for some generic layout problems

It is shown that simulated annealing, with a properly designed annealing schedule and move-generation strategy, achieves significant speedups for high-quality solutions when compared with tailored heuristics on two well-studied problems: the traveling-salesman problem and the graph-partition problem. Efficient heuristics can be applied to power and ground routing for the traveling-salesman problem and to min-cut placement and logic partitioning for the graph-partition problem. >
VCAM-1 expression on CD8+ cells correlates with enhanced anti-HIV suppressing activity.

CD8 + cells from HIV-infected individuals showing the CD8 + cell noncytotoxic antiviral response unexpectedly revealed mRNA for VCAM-1, a cell surface molecule found on endothelial cells. Uninfected subjects had undetectable levels of VCAM-1 mRNA in their CD8 + cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that up to 12% of the CD8 + cells from HIV-positive individuals expressed VCAM-1 compared with 0.8% of the CD8 + cells of HIV-negative individuals. Enrichment of the CD8 + VCAM-1 + cell population and subsequent coculture with CD4 + cells acutely infected with HIV-1 showed that the VCAM-1 + CD8 + cells were able to suppress viral replication with 50% less input cells than the unseparated CD8 + cell population. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the expression of VCAM-1 on CD8 + cells. Moreover, the CD8 + VCAM-1 + cells show enhanced CD8 + cell noncytotoxic antiviral response activity that could have clinical importance in HIV infection.
Numerical simulation of taylor vortices in a spherical gap

A new technique to simulate Taylor vortices in a spherical gap has been developed and tested. The non-unique steady flow modes associated with the Taylor vortices are simulated through special ways. Routes leading to 0-, 1- and 2-vortex flows are designed heuristically. Fictitious symmetric boundaries near the equator are imposed during a time of the calculation. The choice of the location of the fictitious boundaries is determined by either l- or 2-vortex flow being simulated. The imposition of one or two fictitious symmetric boundaries during the initial calculation generates the state suitable for 1- or 2-vortex flow to exist. After taking out the fictitious boundaries, the flow settles down into its, own attractor. By this method, the three steady flow modes can be simulated by using half domain, ie, 0 < θ < π/2. The current numerical technique can converge to desired flows very fast.
Evaluation of the Ad-Hoc connectivity with the zone routing protocols

In this paper, we evaluate the novel routing protocol for a special class of ad-hoc networks, termed by us the Reconfigurable Wireless Networks (RWNs). The main features of the RWNs are: the increased mobility of the network nodes, the large number of nodes, and the large network span. We argue that the current routing protocols do not provide a satisfactory solution for routing in this type of an environment. We propose a scheme, coined the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), which dynamically adjusts itself to the operational conditions by sizing a single network parameter - the Zone Radius. More specifically, the ZRP reduces the cost of frequent updates of the constantly changing network topology by limiting the scope of the updates to the immediate neighborhood of the change - the Zone Radius. We study the performance of the scheme, evaluating the average number of control messages required to discover a route within the network. Furthermore, we compare the scheme’s performance, on one hand, with reactive flooding-based schemes, and, on the other hand, with proactive distance-vector schemes.
A comparative investigation of the effects of south Louisiana crude oil on the vegetation of fresh, brackish and salt marshes

The impact of south Louisiana crude oil on the dominant vegetation, Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens and Sagittaria lancifolia, of three types of coastal wetlands, salt, brackish and freshwater marshes, respectively, was studied. In the greenhouse, south Louisiana crude oil was applied to natural marsh sods at rates of 0, 4, 8, 16 and 24 l m−2. The photosynthetic rate of S. patens significantly decreased with increasing oil dosage after 1 month of oil application, while the photosynthetic rate of S. alterniflora was not significantly reduced by oil application until 3 months. The photosynthetic rate of S. lancifolia was not detrimentally affected by the oil treatments. Four months after oil application, live above-ground biomass production was significantly reduced at higher oil dosages for S. patens, was not affected in S. alterniflora, while S. lancifolia exhibited significantly higher total biomass at 24 l m−2 compared to the controls. The year following oil application, no regrowth of S. patens and S. alterniflora occurred at oil levels above 8 l m−2. In contrast, the regrowth of above-ground biomass of S. lancifolia increased with increasing oil dosage and resulted in monospecific communities at 16 and 24 l m−2. Furthermore, the residual oil in the soil greatly differed among the three marsh-types, with the highest concentrations in the S. patens soil sods and the lowest concentrations in S. alterniflora soil sods. This difference in oil residue among the marsh-types was mainly due to differences in soil organic content. The sensitivity of these marsh-types to south Louisiana crude oil increased in the following order: S. lancifolia, S. alterniflora and S. patens.
The Relationship Between Stressors and Creativity: A Meta-Analysis Examining Competing Theoretical Models

Competing theoretical models and equivocal evidence leave unanswered questions regarding stressors' effect on creativity. The present meta-analysis of 76 experimental studies (including 82 independent samples) aims to clarify this association and identify factors that may explain differences between studies. Our results suggest that the effect of stressors on creative performance depends on how stress-inducing the stressor is and what type of stress is induced. We found a curvilinear relationship between evaluative stress and creativity such that low evaluative contexts increased creative performance over control conditions, whereas highly evaluative contexts decreased creative performance. We found a linearly negative relationship between uncontrollability and creativity such that more uncontrollability decreased creative performance. The results suggest that stressors' effect on creativity is more complex than previously assumed and points to the need for understanding boundary conditions that shed light on inconsistent findings.
Dispersive Magneto-Optical Phenomena in Semiconductors in Crossed Magnetic and Electric Fields

The semiclassical and quantum theories of the Faraday and Voigt effects due to transitions between two simple energy bands in the presence of crossed magnetic and electric fields are developed. The dispersive phenomena are found to complement and augment the information obtained from absorption. The decrease of instensity of $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0$ transitions, the finite probability of transitions with $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\ne}0$, and the shift of transitions to lower energies are found here, as they were in the optical absorption. The absorption constant due to second-order (forbidden) transitions is calculated and anisotropy with respect to electric-field direction is predicted. The experimental results of crossed-field Faraday rotation in gemanium are presented, and comparison with the theory is carried out, taking into account the degeneracy of the valence band. Good correlation between the theory and the experiment is obtained.
A new method of integration over polynomal finite element boundaries

In this note we are developing integration techniques for triangular regions in which one side is curved. Specifically, we are considering (a) general polynomial boundaries and (b) various combinations of elliptical boundaries. Integration is performed over all of these explicitly. One definite and considerable improvement achieved is the introduction of a new method of integration over polynomial type boundaries. This new method is not only exact for polynomials or other analytic functions, but also reduces the computing time considerably; for example, if for a sixth order polynomial the number of operations necessary (using previously available methods) to perform the integration was n, the method introduced here requires a number proportional to n1/6. Furthermore, coding time is also reduced considerably. It may be of value to mention that the availability of the results presented here could obviate the need for the use of isoparametric elements in some regions with curved boundaries. For completeness, explicit integration formulas for elliptic shaped regions are also listed.
characterization of the adrenal gland pathology of carney complex, and molecular genetics of the disease.

(1998). characterization of the adrenal gland pathology of carney complex, and molecular genetics of the disease. Endocrine Research: Vol. 24, No. 3-4, pp. 863-864.
The new nuclide nobelium-259

Abstract A new, relatively long-lived isotope of element 102 has been produced through the bombardment of 248 Cm with 18 O ions at both Oak Ridge and Berkeley. A maximum of approximately 20 nb occurs in the production cross section at a bombarding energy of 93 MeV. A total half-life of 58 ± 5 min was computed from the combined data of both laboratories. Five α-particle groups have been observed in the decay with the following energies and abundances: 7.685 (11%), 7.605(14%), 7.533 (23%), 7.500 (39%) and 7.455 MeV (13%). A spontaneous-fission branch of about 20% relative to the α-emission appears to accompany the decay. The atomic number was assigned on the basis of characteristic ion-exchange column behavior; the mass assignment was made from the growth of the α-decay daughter, 255 Fm, into chemically separated samples. The Z and A assignment is corroborated by Nuclear reaction data and consistent with α-decay energy systematies.
Self-Control and Addictive Behavior: Present Status and Prospects

The application of self-control techniques to the treatment of obesity, smoking, and alcohol and drug abuse is reviewed. Although the literature suggests that there is considerable commonality in the etiological and maintaining factors of the addictive behaviors, self-control techniques have not been applied equally in treating these behaviors. It is hypothesized that this differential application of self-control procedures can be accounted for by an examination of three sets of variables: pharmacological properties of the substance abused, models of the behaviors under investigation, and social consequences of abusing a specific substance. It is suggested that if models of addictive behavior and the procedures that stem from these models are revised to take into account the range of internal and external stimuli that affect an individual's continued use of a substance, then maintenance and generalization of behavior change occurring during treatment would be more likely.
Interpretation of creatine kinase and aldolase for statin-induced myopathy: Reliance on serial testing based on biological variation.

Abstract Background Statins are widely used drugs to reduce LDL cholesterol and risk for cardiovascular disease. Varying degrees of myopathies occur with statin use, ranging from mild myalgic symptoms alone to documented muscle damage and rhabdomyolysis. The activity of creatine kinase (CK) above a population-based reference range has been used to differentiate myalgias from documented myositic injury due to statins. However, because normal ranges for CK depend on gender, exercise, and ethnicity and are necessarily broad, it is possible for a patient to have myositic injury with a result that is within the reference range. Therefore, serial testing relative to baseline levels may be more effective in detecting mild increases in CK. Methods To properly interpret results of serial testing, we determined the biologic variation of CK and aldolase, another enzyme released from muscle, from biweekly blood collections for 8 weeks from 17 healthy subjects. Results Using log transformation, we calculated a reference change value of about + 140% and − 60% for both CK and aldolase. Conclusions The use of calculated RCV could help to improve the detection of those statin side effects promoting variation in CK values, which must be determined in clinical studies. The clinical significance of detecting more cases of statin-induced myopathy must also be examined.
An Overview of Optimization Formulations for Multiresponse Surface Problems

Many industrial applications involve more than one quality characteristic. For example, in robust parameter design, the quality characteristics include the process mean and process variance. Such applications lead to multiresponse surface problems in which it is necessary to determine optimal operating conditions according to some specified optimization criterion involving the quality characteristics. The purpose of this article is to address this problem from a multiobjective decision-making framework. The foremost approaches in multiresponse optimization are categorized and integrated. Guidelines are presented to help select appropriate formulations. Moreover, the applicability and computational aspects of the methods in various decision-making contexts are discussed. Numerical examples are also provided. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure-guided discovery of the metabolite carboxy-SAM that modulates tRNA function

The identification of novel metabolites and the characterization of their biological functions are major challenges in biology. X-ray crystallography can reveal unanticipated ligands that persist through purification and crystallization. These adventitious protein-ligand complexes provide insights into new activities, pathways and regulatory mechanisms. We describe a new metabolite, carboxy-S-adenosyl-l-methionine (Cx-SAM), its biosynthetic pathway and its role in transfer RNA modification. The structure of CmoA, a member of the SAM-dependent methyltransferase superfamily, revealed a ligand consistent with Cx-SAM in the catalytic site. Mechanistic analyses showed an unprecedented role for prephenate as the carboxyl donor and the involvement of a unique ylide intermediate as the carboxyl acceptor in the CmoA-mediated conversion of SAM to Cx-SAM. A second member of the SAM-dependent methyltransferase superfamily, CmoB, recognizes Cx-SAM and acts as a carboxymethyltransferase to convert 5-hydroxyuridine into 5-oxyacetyl uridine at the wobble position of multiple tRNAs in Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in expanded codon-recognition properties. CmoA and CmoB represent the first documented synthase and transferase for Cx-SAM. These findings reveal new functional diversity in the SAM-dependent methyltransferase superfamily and expand the metabolic and biological contributions of SAM-based biochemistry. These discoveries highlight the value of structural genomics approaches in identifying ligands within the context of their physiologically relevant macromolecular binding partners, and in revealing their functions.
The pressure and temperature stability limits of lawsonite: implications for H2O recycling in subduction zones

The stability relations of lawsonite, CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2H2O, have been investigated at pressures of 6 to 14 GPa and temperatures of 740 to ≈1150°C in a multi-anvil apparatus. Experiments used the bulk composition lawsonite+H2O to determine the maximum stability of lawsonite. Lawsonite is stable on its own bulk composition to a pressure of ≈13.5 GPa at 800°C, and between ≈6.5 and 12 GPa at 1000°C. Its composition does not change with pressure or temperature. All lawsonite reactions have grossular, vapour and two other phases in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (ASH) on their high-temperature side. A Schreinemakers analysis of the ASH phases was used to relate the reactions to each other. At the lowest pressures studied lawsonite breaks down to grossular+kyanite+coesite+vapour in a reaction passing through ≈980°C at 6 GPa and ≈1070°C at 9 GPa. Above 9 GPa the reactions coesite=stishovite and kyanite+vapour=topaz-OH are crossed. The maximum thermal stability of lawsonite is at ≈1080°C, at ≈9.4 GPa. At higher pressures the lawsonite breakdown reactions have negative slopes. The reaction lawsonite=grossular+topaz-OH+stishovite+vapour passes through ≈1070°C at 10 GPa and ≈1010°C at 12 GPa. At 14 GPa, ≈740–840°C, lawsonite is unstable relative to the assemblage grossular+diaspore+vapour+a hydrous phase with an Al:Si ratio of 1:1. Oxide totals in electron microprobe analyses suggest that the composition of this phase is AlSiO3(OH). Two experiments on the bulk composition lawsonite+pyrope [Mg3Al2Si3O12] show that at 10 GPa the reaction lawsonite=Gr-Pyss+topaz-OH+stishovite+vapour is displaced down temperature from the end-member reaction by ≈200°C for a garnet composition of Gr20Py80. Calculations suggest similar temperature displacements for reaction between lawsonite and Gr-Py-Alm garnets of compositions likely to occur in high-pressure eclogites. Temperatures in subduction zones remain relatively low to considerable depth, and therefore slab P-T paths can be within the stability field of lawsonite from the conditions of its crystallisation in blueschists and eclogites, up to pressures of at least 10 GPa. Lawsonite contains 11.5 wt% H2O, which when released may trigger partial melting of the slab or mantle, or be incorporated in hydrous phases such as the aluminosilicates synthesised here. These phases may then transport H2O to an even greater depth in the mantle.
Effect of Equalized Feed Intake on the Response of Chicks to Fish Meal

Abstract It has been amply demonstrated that the addition of certain crude supplements to both purified and simplified diets stimulates chick growth. The response has been interpreted as indicating the existence of unknown factors in the crude supplements required by the chick for maximum growth since the basal diets were formulated to be adequate in known nutrients. There are, however, alternative explanations that could in part, at least, account for the growth improvement. If, for example, the crude supplements enhence the balance of known nutrients or if they alter the microflora of the digestive tract in a manner favorable to the chick, an improvement in growth would be anticipated. That a crude supplement stimulates growth by enhancing feed comsumption per se warrants consideration and is the subject of the present report. A large population of male chicks from a mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females was fed a pretest …
Reflected Beam Light-Sheet Microscopy for Whole-Cell 3D Super-Resolution Imaging

Single molecule super-resolution (SM-SR) imaging is performed by localizing individual fluorophores within a densely labeled sample. SM-SR in 3D throughout a whole cell is hampered by wide-field activation because imaging light cannot be targeted to the in-focus image plane as done with TIRF. This results in high background fluorescence that severely degrades detection and localization precision. We have developed a technique, which we termed Reflected Beam Light-Sheet Microscopy (RB-LSM), that uses a common, single objective, inverted epi-fluorescence microscope along with a reflective surface to generate illumination only in the image focal plane. We use a reflective, planar surface which is placed at an angle of 45° on a cover slip to reflect the beam. This surface forms the side wall of a microfluidic channel incorporated into a microfluidic device. A light-sheet is generated through the objective and reflected by the surface such that it illuminates only the in-focal plane of the cell. The light-sheet is scanned through the cell for whole-cell imaging and an astigmatic lens in the emission light path enables the 3D localization of individual emitters, creating a whole-cell 3D super-resolution image. RB-LSM provides unprecedented localization accuracy due to ∼20 fold background reduction. An additional benefit comes from reduced photobleaching of un-imaged, out of focus fluorophores. The microfluidics device provides a closed environment that allows for fast and automated buffer exchange, which is utilized to maintain a reduced oxygen environment needed for many SM-SR probes. The RB-LSM is a system that is easily implemented on a regular wide-field fluorescence microscope. The development of this microscope and its imaging and analysis routines will therefore be of great value to investigators seeking a relatively straightforward, inexpensive method for whole-cell 3D super-resolution microscopy and high-speed live cell imaging.
Optical illusions: The visual representation of blacks and women in introductory criminal justice textbooks

A decade has passed since the findings of the Project on the Status and Education of Women were published. The report suggested that the college climate is “chilly” for women, especially in male dominated fields such as criminal justice. Textbooks are an integral part of the classroom experience. If women and black students fail to see themselves represented or if they see themselves in a negative light, the “chilling” effect may deter entry into the field. A content analysis of 22 introductory texts in print in 1989 revealed that women and blacks were underrepresented in photographs as authorities; women were overrepresented as victims; and blacks were over-represented as offenders.
Formulation and Characterization of Phytophenol-Carrying Antimicrobial Microemulsions

Phytophenols were solubilized in nonionic surfactant micelles to form antimicrobially active and thermodynamically stable microemulsions. Formulation of phytophenols in microemulsions has previously been shown to improve their antimicrobial activity in model microbiological and food systems. Carvacrol and eugenol were incorporated in micellar solutions of two nonionic surfactants (Surfynol® 485W and Surfynol® 465) by mixing at room temperature. Particle size of formed microemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering, and structural information about the mixed micellar system was obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Uptake of carvacrol and eugenol in surfactant micelles as determined by ultrasonic velocity measurements was very rapid, e.g., below the maximum additive concentration, the phytophenols were completely solubilized in the micelles in less than 30 min. Depending on the surfactant–phytophenol combination, the self-assembled surfactant–phytophenol aggregates had mean particle diameters between 3 and 17 nm. Elucidation of the structure of aggregates by 1H NMR studies indicated that micelles had a “bracket-like” structure with phytophenols being located inside the palisade layer of the micelle in direct contact with adjacent surfactant monomers. Encapsulation of phytophenols in surfactant micelles enables the incorporation of large amounts of hydrophobic antimicrobials in aqueous phases. Formulation of antimicrobial microemulsions may thus offer a means to deliver high concentrations of phytophenols to the bacterial surfaces of foodborne pathogens to affect kill.
Comparing Linear Parameter-Varying Gain-Scheduled Control Techniques for Active Flutter Suppression

Two linear parameter-varying gain-scheduled controllers for active e utter suppression of the NASA Langley Research Center’ s Benchmark Active Control Technology (BACT) wing section are presented and compared to a previously presented gain-scheduled controller. The BACT wing section changes signie cantly as a function of Mach and dynamic pressure. The two linear parameter-varying (LPV) gain-scheduled controllers incorporate these changes as well as bounds on the rate of change of Mach and dynamic pressure. The inclusion of rate bounds in the design process allows for improved performance over a larger range of operating conditions than previously achieved by a linear fractional transformation gain-scheduled controller. The LPV controllers differ in that one primarily reduces coupling between the trailing-edge e ap and the pitch and plunge modes, whereas the second optimizes wind gust attenuation. Closed-loop stability and improved performance are demonstrated via time simulations in which both Mach and dynamic pressure are allowed to vary in the presence of a Dryden wind-gust disturbance.
Protein-bound iodine in various tissues after injection of elemental iodine.

In iodine returned toward normal the depressed growth rate of young thyroidectomized rats and lowered the cell height of the thyroid epithelium of thiouracil-treated animals. Both of these effects were interpreted as being due to the formation of thyroxine, but no demonstration of organic iodine formation was made. Nelson and Wheeler (1948) found that the disturbances of the estrous cycle produced in rats by thyroidectomy could be reversed by elemental iodine injections. Barker and Lipner (1948) showed an elevation of metabolic rate in thyroidectomized or thiouracil-treated rats injected with 16 mg. I2 per kilogram body weight per day and in thyroidectomized injected with 4; normal animals showed no effects at either dose level. The protein-bound iodine (PBI) of the blood plasma increased remarkably in all groups of animals to a greater extent than would be expected from the metabolic changes. The present work was undertaken to inquire further into the PBI changes in various tissues.
Localization of plastic deformation along grain boundaries in a hardening material

Abstract The deformation characteristics of ductile polycrystalline materials at elevated temperatures were studied numerically by considering a square segment of material subjected to different stress modes. The initial polycrystalline microstructure was generated numerically. The micromechanical modeling of the deformation was performed using the material point method. The constitutive behavior was taken to be isotropic, elastic–plastic with linear hardening. To effectively simulate the deformation at high homologous temperatures, the grain boundary region was assumed to be a layer of finite thickness, bearing a lower yield strength than the interior of the grain. Complex deformation patterns were observed. The deformation is dominated by the formation of zones of concentrated instantaneous deformation along grain boundaries. These zones form paths that vary with time, and depend on the microstructure and macroscopic loading mode. The macroscopic stress, as well as the microscopic stresses at various locations within the grain boundary and grain interior, were seen to correlate with the instantaneous deformation pattern throughout the deformation history. For the sample analyzed, with a relatively small macroscopic strain of 0.01, the grain boundary region experienced plastic strains as large as 0.20, a result which provided a strong indication that failure will initiate in the grain boundaries. Implications of this modeling study to actual creep deformation and failure are discussed.
Errors in “Effects of component optical activity in data reduction and calibration of rotating-analyzer ellipsometers”

Several typographical errors in an earlier paper [ D. Aspnes , J. Opt. Soc. Am.64, 812 ( 1974)] are corrected.
Consumer Comprehension of OTC Medication Labels and the Scope for Improvement in Font Size

Background:On March 17, 1999, the FDA mandated a new standardized format called “Drug Facts” and a minimum font size of 6 points for the labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Yet, some text legibility studies report consumer preference for font sizes of at least 10 points. The possibility therefore exists that the minimum font size mandated by the FDA might be too small for certain consumers to read.Objective:To compare the effectiveness of 3 labeling formats—old, new, and simulated labels (SLs)—using the OTC medication Label Evaluation Process Model (LEPM).Methods:A within-subjects experimental design was used. SLs designed for this study contained similar information as the new labels plus a larger font size. English-speaking consumers viewed these label formats and completed a questionnaire that requested consumer demographic information and measured their responses on 5 domains of the LEPM: ease of use, product knowledge, attitude toward product label, product evaluation, and purchase intent...
Representing uncertainty of area class maps with a correlated inter-map cell swapping heuristic

Decision makers are often forced to rely on maps too imprecise for their GIS applications. Monte Carlo simulation, a technique that generates many versions of possible application results, is one method for representing uncertainty for applications using overly generalized maps. For the purposes of this paper, an overly-generalized map contains an area class map too coarse to be useful for a particular application. A conflation technique combining the generalized map and samples of application quality data defines a probability distribution of map classes and the spatial statistics desired in the set of Monte Carlo input maps. This paper introduces a combination of model components to better construct area class maps for Monte Carlo simulation, including a correlated inter-map cell swapping algorithm, a class probability model, and a new spatial statistic. Together, these components allow for the generation of area class maps for the purpose of representing spatial application uncertainty. This paper focuses its discussion on the cell swapping heuristic. This heuristic allows for a modular approach to simulation modeling, where each model component can be chosen for its particular benefits. A modular approach potentially allows spatial data uncertainty models to be more easily constructed.
Uptake and metabolism of prostaglandins by isolated perfused lung: Species comparison and the role of plasma protein binding

We have investigated the uptake and subsequent metabolism of the prostaglandins (PGs) PGE1, PGA1, and PGB1 by rat, guinea pig and rabbit isolated perfused lungs (IPL). Significant species differences were not observed in the uptake or metabolism of any PG on passage through the IPL. However, differences in the uptake of PGA1 and PGB1 and in the metabolism of PGA1 were observed with a given species when the composition of the perfusion medium was varied. The IPL removed minimal amounts (less than 20% of the supply rate) of PGA1, and PGB1 from the circulation when the perfusate contained 4.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the absence of BSA, however, both PGA1 and PGB1 were substantially removed from circulation (approximately 53% of the supply rate) and PGA1 was also metabolized. The composition of the perfusate had no effect on the uptake and metabolism of PGE1 which was always taken up and metabolized to a greater extent than was PGA1 and PGB1. Thus, the apparent species differences previously reported for the pulmonary biotransformation of PGA can result from differences in the perfusion medium used. Our data suggest that both plasma protein binding and a transport system play important roles in determining the selectively of the uptake of PGs by the lung.
Calcium- and vitamin D-regulated keratinocyte differentiation

Calcium and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) regulate the differentiation of keratinocytes. We have examined the mechanisms by which such regulation takes place, focusing primarily on the events leading to cornified envelope (CE) formation, in particular the mechanisms by which calcium and 1,25(OH)2D regulate the induction of involucrin, a component of the CE, and transglutaminase, the enzyme cross-linking involucrin and other substrates to form the CE. Both extracellular calcium (Cao) and 1,25(OH)2D raise intracellular free calcium (Cai) as a necessary step toward stimulating differentiation. Cells lacking the calcium sensing receptor (CaR) or phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) fail to respond to Cao or 1,25(OH)2D with respect to differentiation. Residing in the promoter of involucrin is a region responsive to calcium and 1,25(OH)2D, the calcium response element (CaRE). The CaRE contains an AP-1 site, mutations of which result in loss of responsiveness to Cao and 1,25(OH)2D, indicating a role for protein kinases C (PKC). PKCα is the major PKC isozyme involved at least for calcium-induced differentiation. Thus, the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by calcium and 1,25(OH)2D involves a number of signaling pathways including PLC and PKC activation, leading to the induction of proteins required for the differentiation process.
Sustainable energy at the 100 W level for scientific sites on the Antarctic Plateau: Lessons learned from the Polar Experiment Network for Geospace Upper atmosphere Investigations-Automatic Geophysical Observatory project

The need to provide power to unmanned instrumentation over the course of an entire year on the Antarctic plateau presents a large number of engineering and logistical challenges. Designs formulated in ideal laboratory environments often fail in the Antarctic due to the harsh operating conditions, and field experience is necessary to achieve year-round operation in the 100 W power range. In this paper we present our current power design for the Automatic Geophysical Observatories; a design based on over two decades of experience on the ice and allows for relatively continuous operation at the aforementioned power level. We also discuss our various implementation methods, both failures and successes, in an effort assist other unmanned deployments on the ice.
X-ray Survey of Centaurus A

An x-ray survey of Centaurus A has given marginal evidence of its x-ray flux. If taken as an upper limit on inverse Compton x-rays generated by scattering interactions between relativistic electrons and cosmological background photons, the observation implies an upper limit of close to 3 degrees K for the background radiation temperature.
The effects of dietary oat products on blood cholesterol

Abstract Over the past thirty years, research has suggested that the consumption of oat products has a beneficial effect on blood lipid levels. During the same period, however, conflicting reports have questioned how, and even whether, oat products directly reduce blood cholesterol levels. This review examines the existing data on oat-lipid interactions, including more recent studies that provide persuasive, if not conclusive, support that oat consumption is of benefit in the management of blood cholesterol levels. The conclusion from this review is that moderate daily consumption of oats can be expected to reduce blood total cholesterol levels in most persons by ∼5%. Individuals with higher initial serum cholesterol levels tend to experience greater percentage reductions, and the lipid fraction primarily affected is the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. Furthermore, post-menopausal women may comprise a subgroup that particularly benefits from oat consumption, but further study is needed to confirm this. Health professionals should recommend oat products as a useful, nutritious and relatively inexpensive addition to the usual dietary intervention for hypercholesterolemia.
Toughening mechanisms in thermoplastic-modified epoxies: 1. Modification using poly(phenylene oxide)

An epoxy based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) has been modified with poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and cured with piperidine. A two-phase alloy resulted, in which the DGEBA epoxy was the continuous phase. Several PPO loadings were investigated. The tensile yield strengths of these PPO-modified epoxies were found to be independent of PPO content. In contrast, the fracture toughness improved with PPO content in a linear fashion. The micromechanical mechanism responsible for the improvement in toughness was found to consist of crack bifurcation and microcracking. Some evidence of particle bridging was also observed, and it is thought that particle bridging may play an important role in the formation of a microcracked damage zone.
Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Immobilized on Type I Collagen Fibrils Facilitates Apatite Deposition in Vitro

During bone and dentin mineralization, the crystal nucleation and growth processes are considered to be matrix regulated. Osteoblasts and odontoblasts synthesize a polymeric collagenous matrix, which forms a template for apatite initiation and elongation. Coordinated and controlled reaction between type I collagen and bone/dentin-specific noncollagenous proteins are necessary for well defined biogenic crystal formation. However, the process by which collagen surfaces become mineralized is not understood. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is an acidic noncollagenous protein expressed during the initial stages of mineralized matrix formation in bone and dentin. Here we show that DMP1 bound specifically to type I collagen, with the binding region located at the N-telopeptide region of type I collagen. Peptide mapping identified two acidic clusters in DMP1 responsible for interacting with type I collagen. The collagen binding property of these domains was further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Transmission electron microscopy analyses have localized DMP1 in the gap region of the collagen fibrils. Fibrillogenesis assays further demonstrated that DMP1 accelerated the assembly of the collagen fibrils in vitro and also increased the diameter of the reconstituted collagen fibrils. In vitro mineralization studies in the presence of calcium and phosphate ions demonstrated apatite deposition only at the collagen-bound DMP1 sites. Thus specific binding of DMP1 and possibly other noncollagenous proteins on the collagen fibril might be a key step in collagen matrix organization and mineralization.
Hybrid modeling of interfacial region thermophysics and intrinsic stability of thin free liquid films

Abstract The film rupture process that dictates merging of adjacent bubbles is particularly important in nucleate boiling heat transfer, bubbly two-phase flow in small tubes, and the mechanisms that dictate the Leidenfrost transition. To understand the mechanisms of bubble merging in nanostructured boiling surfaces and in nanotubes, it is useful to explore film stability and onset of rupture at the molecular level. This paper reports the results of such an investigation using a hybrid analysis scheme that combines a new formulation of capillarity theory for free liquid films with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that use similar interaction potentials. Two forms of our molecular film capillarity theory are developed here: one for non-polar fluids based on a Lennard-Jones interaction potential, and a second specifically for water using a modified treatment of the SPC/E interaction potential that accounts for water dipole interactions. The hybrid model has the advantage that the capillarity theory provides theoretical relationships among parameters that govern film structure and thermophysical behavior, while the companion MD simulations allow more detailed molecular level exploration of the film thermophysics. Results obtained with the hybrid model indicate that wave instability predominates as an onset of rupture mechanism for liquid films of macroscopic extent, but for free liquid films with nanoscale lateral extent (in, for example, nanostructured boiling surfaces), lack of core stability is more likely to be the mechanism. The implications of these predictions for film rupture and bubble merging in nanostructured surfaces and nanotubes are examined in detail.
Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by simian restriction factors, TRIM5α and APOBEC3G

Old World monkey TRIM5alpha targets incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral capsid, whereas the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC)3 family hypermutate/degrade viral sequences. Here, we show the potentials of simian TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3G as therapeutic sequences for AIDS gene therapy. Both rhesus and African green monkey (agm) TRIM5alpha efficiently restrict HIV-1 vectors with divergent Gag from different HIV-1 subtypes. Human T cells genetically engineered to express agm-TRIM5alpha block or delay HIV-1 replication. Although agm-APOBEC3G expression alone only transiently suppresses HIV-1 replication, co-expression of agm-APOBEC3G and agm-TRIM5alpha successfully block the virus replication for more than 5 weeks.