cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correction of Two (or Often More) Vector Symbol Errors With the Outer Structure of a Hamming Single Error Correcting Code

The case of a concatenated code is considered where the inner code decoder reports multi-bit symbol decisions and can save the soft information used for the decision. Normally, an outer decoder using a Hamming single error correcting code cannot correct more than one error. But by using what is called soft information single error correction (SISEC) where a hypothesis that a particular symbol in some outer check set is the only error in the set can be confirmed or denied by the inner coder, a Hamming single error correcting code of any order can very easily correct, with high confidence, any pattern of two errors. In many cases > 2 errors can be corrected, up to a good fraction of even n-k errors of a (n,k) Hamming single error correcting code.
Dimensions of individual difference in the spoken syntax of school children.

Language produced by 180 children (aged five through 13 years) on a story-telling task was analyzed in terms of 57 variables (part-of-speech frequencies and proportions, syntactic elaboration index...
Rationalizing flow: agency in skilled unreflective action

In recent work, Peter Railton, Julia Annas, and David Velleman aim to reconcile the phenomenon of “flow”—broadly understood as describing the “unreflective” aspect of skilled action—with one or another familiar conception of agency. While there are important differences between their arguments, Railton, Annas, and Velleman all make, or are committed to, at least one similar pivotal claim. Each argues, directly or indirectly, that agents who perform skilled unreflective actions can, in principle, accurately answer “Anscombean” questions—”what” and “why” questions— about what they do. I argue against this claim and explore the ramifications for theories of skilled action and agency.
Second California Assessment: integrated climate change impacts assessment of natural and managed systems. Guest editorial

Since 2006 the scientific community in California, in cooperation with resource managers, has been conducting periodic statewide studies about the potential impacts of climate change on natural and managed systems. This Special Issue is a compilation of revised papers that originate from the most recent assessment that concluded in 2009. As with the 2006 studies that influenced the passage of California’s landmark Global Warming Solutions Act (AB32), these papers have informed policy formulation at the state level, helping bring climate adaptation as a complementary measure to mitigation. We provide here a brief introduction to the papers included in this Special Issue focusing on how they are coordinated and support each other. We describe the common set of downscaled climate and sea-level rise scenarios used in this assessment that came from six different global climate models (GCMs) run under two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios: B1 (low emissions) and A2 (a medium-high emissions). Recommendations for future state assessments, some of which are being implemented in an on-going new assessment that will be completed in 2012, are offered.
The Lightweight Nickel Fiber Electrode for Nickel-Based Battery Systems

Abstract Development of a high specific energy battery is one of the objectives of the lightweight nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) program at the NASA Lewis Research center. The approach has been to improve the nickel electrode by continuing combined in house and contract efforts to develop a more efficient and lighter weight electrode for the nickel-hydrogen cell. Small fiber diameter nickel plaques are used as conductive supports for the nickel hydrogen active material. These plaques have an advantage of increased surface area available for the deposition of active material. Initial tests include activation and capacity measurements at different discharge rates followed by life cycling.
Brillouin-Zone—Fermi-Surface Interactions in Pure and Lead-Doped Indium

Electrical resistivity anisotropies ($a\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$, direction referred to the $c$ axis) of pure indium containing 0-9-at.% lead have been measured at 4.2, 77, and 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For pure indium it was found that $a(77)=0.988\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, while $a(273)=1.037\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$; thus the direction of maximum resistivity changes from the $c$ to the $a$ direction as the temperature goes from 77 to 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This behavior is interpreted in terms of the resistivity anisotropy model of Klemens, Van Baarle, and Gorter, which is also used to qualitatively explain the observed anisotropies of the indium-lead alloys studied. Anomalies in the resistivity anisotropy were observed at 3.5- and 7.0 at.% lead, which were traced to anomalous behavior in the resistivity perpendicular to the $c$ axis. The behavior at 7.0-at.% lead is interpreted as the Fermi surface popping through the (200) zone boundary. The temperature-dependent resistivity anisotropies of indium-lead alloys at 77 and 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K were determined, and at 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the direction of maximum temperature-dependent resistivity was found to change from the $a$ to the $c$ direction between 6- and 7-at.% lead. This behavior is attributed to an increasing perturbation of the indium lattice periodic potential by the lead ions at the relatively high temperature of 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and it is interpreted in terms of a breakdown in the $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function potential approximation in the model of Klemens et al.
Young Adults' Attitudes toward Multiple Role Planning: The Influence of Gender, Career Traditionality, and Marriage Plans

Abstract This study examined personal and relationship influences on attitudes toward multiple role planning, specifically preparing to combine work and partnership roles. Survey data were collected from 66 young adult heterosexual couples. Results revealed that marriage plans related positively to knowledge and certainty about multiple role planning. Gender and career traditionality interacted with marriage plans in its influence on commitment to and involvement in multiple roles. Moreover, attitudes toward multiple role planning mediated the association between marriage plans and planning activity for work–family balance. Implications for research and application in multiple role planning are addressed.
Repair of alkylation damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Repair of methylated bases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was measured by two methods: in vitro in cell extracts, and in vivo, by determining the loss of methylated bases from yeast DNA after treatment of stationary cultures with [3H]-N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Whereas no repair activity could be detected by the in vitro method, the methylated bases were removed in vivo very efficiently. These contradictory results of in vitro and in vivo repair measurements suggest that either the repair enzymes of yeast are sufficiently different from those of bacteria and mammalian cells that they are not active in the in vitro assay, or that methylated bases are repaired in yeast by a different pathway.
Beyond Compliance: Using Organizational Theory to Unleash the Potential of Assessment

This article illustrates how organizational theory can be used to support the development of authentic assessment practice among community college faculty, as well as guide research on implementation of assessment efforts. While many factors make implementing assessment difficult, the link between accreditation and assessment is a key element in distancing the practice from faculty. This dynamic arises not from the actions of accreditation agencies per se, but from the accountability narrative that has come to dominate both assessment and accreditation, the corresponding perception that assessment is “done to” faculty rather than by them, and a reliance among institutional leaders to echo this message in an effort to get assessment started. The result is implementation of assessment for compliance rather than meaningful program improvement. Understanding assessment as an innovation, and using organizational theory to guide implementation, may help community college leaders transcend this challenge and dev...
Reliability Aspects of 0.5μm and 1.0μm Gate Low Noise GaAs FETs

Reliability of GaAs FETs is an important concern and there are many change modes that can be considered failures. Catastrophic events, which make a unit unusable and the drift of various DC and RF parameters, are examples of some fairly obvious types of failures. Other long term phenomena, while not so obvious, can also be considered potential failure mechanisms. Two phenomena in this latter category are changes in Schottky gate characteristics and intermetallic reactions that can eventually cause loss of gate control. This paper presents results in both problem areas. Specifically, an explanation and solution will be given to the potential reliability problem of electrostatic discharge created changes in Schottky gate reverse leakage currents. These changes vary in degree from just discernable creation of a resistive reverse current to catastrophic eruption of gate metal, GaAs channel and source contact metal. Secondly, a very stable Al to Au metallization system will be described that allows excellent high temperature stability and low RF resistance connections without harmful intermetallic reactions.
A pilot investigation of the association of genetic polymorphisms regulating corticotrophin-releasing hormone with posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in medical-surgical intensive care unit survivors

Abstract Purpose To determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone binding protein (CRHBP, rs10055255) and CRH receptor type 1 ( CRHR1 , rs1876831) were associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms following medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization. Materials and Methods We extracted DNA for genotyping from saliva samples of 93 ICU patients enrolled in a prospective cohort investigation. Follow-up interviews conducted 3 and 12-months post-ICU included assessment of PTSD symptoms with the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version and depressive symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire–9. Results Homozygosity for the CRHBP rs10055255 T allele was associated with significantly fewer post-ICU PTSD ( β = − 10.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], − 17.7 to − 3.9; P = .002) and depressive symptoms ( β = − 3.7, 95% CI, − 6.7 to − 0.7; P = .02). Carrying a CRHR1 rs1876831 C allele was associated with significantly more post-ICU depressive symptoms compared to T/T homozygotes (C/T heterozygtes: β = 6.9, 95% CI, 1.2-12.6; P = .02; C/C homozygotes: β = 5.8; 95% CI: 0.2-11.3; P = .04). These associations remained significant after adjustment for age, race, illness severity, and in-ICU steroid exposure. Conclusions Despite a small sample size, our findings suggest a potential role for genetic variants of CRHBP and CRHR1 in the development of post-ICU psychiatric morbidity.
Robot planning for automated burn debridement

This research develops a robot plan for a system that automatically debrides burned tissue on burn victims using a high energy laser for the ablation of the burned tissue. The automated robotic system consists of: a robot whose end effector is equipped with a laser head whence the laser beam emanates and a vision system that is used to acquire the 3D coordinates of some points on the body surface; 3D surface modelling routines for generating the surface model of the treatment area; and control and interface hardware and software for control and integration of all the system components. The entire process of automated burn debridement is achieved in two phases: an initial survey phase during which a model of the treatment area on the skin is built and used to plan an appropriate trajectory for the robot in the subsequent phase--the treatment phase during which the laser surgery is performed. During the survey phase, the vision system acquires points on the surface of the patient's body by using a camera to capture the contour traced by a plane of low power laser light generated by the laser source gut distinct from the high power laser beam. During this phase, a robot plan is generated for moving the end effector along the correct direction so that the camera can capture enough contours needed to build an accurate surface model of the treatment are. During the treatment phase, the surface model developed during the survey phase is used to generate the robot plan for ablating the dead skin tissue. To achieve this, the burned area is first defined on the model. Then based on the shape of the patterns, the trajectory to be followed by the laser head to accomplish complete debridement of the dead tissue is generated. Fourthly, with the point interpolated trajectory necessary for effective treatment obtained, the robot plans the motions necessary for laser ablation of the dead tissue without an over- or under-cut. Accomplishing these steps leads to the generation of a plan for effective dead tissue ablation.
The Bristol Stool Scale and Its Relationship to Clostridium difficile Infection

The Bristol stool form scale classifies the relative density of stool samples. In a prospective cohort study, we investigated the associations between stool density, C. difficile assay positivity, hospital-onset C. difficile infection, complications, and severity of C. difficile. We describe associations between the Bristol score, assay positivity, and clinical C. difficile infection.
Sequential Injection Renewable Separation Column Instrument for Automated Sorbent Extraction Separations of Radionuclides

A novel approach to the automation of sorbent extraction separations is described. An advanced sequential injection renewable separation column (SI-RSC) instrument was designed and optimized for automatically packing a separation column on-line, using it for a separation, and then disposing of the used separation material. Column packing/separation material disposal steps are accomplished fluidically using a frit restriction. Using a 250-μL renewable column, procedures were developed for the separation and analysis of 90Sr, 241 Am, and 99 Tc in aged nuclear waste samples employing Sr-resin, TRU-resin, and TEVA-resin sorbent extraction materials (Eichrom Industries). The separation performance of the RSC was identical to that of a freshly packed conventional column of similar size. With a renewable column, it is not necessary to elute all species from the column, carryover on the column from one separation to the next is eliminated, the same instrument can be used for multiple separations requiring different sorbent extraction media without physical changes to the instrument (sorbent extraction medium is selected in software), and the sorbent extraction material can be recovered for analysis of noneluted species.
Changes in EP and Inner Ear Ionic Concentrations in Experimental Endolymphatic Hydrops

Unilateral endolymphatic hydrops was created in guinea pigs by endolymphatic duct obstruction. Using microelectrodes, studies of endocochlear potential (EP) and inner ear ionic concentrations were performed. EP was significantly decreased whereas Na+, K+, and Cl− concentrations in both scala media and scala tympani were not significantly altered. The presence of a decreased EP after endolymphatic duct obstruction appears to be a reliable indicator for the presence of hydrops. This decrease in EP without ionic concentration changes suggests that it is the electrogenic portion of EP which is altered in hydrops.
Effects of moisture content and heat treatment on the physical properties of starch and poly(lactic acid) blends

Starch, a hydrophilic renewable polymer, has been used as a filler for environmentally friendly plastics for about 2 decades. Starch granules become swollen and gelatinized when water is added or when they are heated, and water is often used as a plasticizer to obtain desirable product properties. The objective of this research was to characterize blends from starch and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the presence of various water contents. The effects of processing procedures on the properties of the blends were also studied. Blends were prepared with a lab-scale twin-screw extruder, and tensile bars for mechanical testing were prepared with both compression and injection molding. Thermal and mechanical properties of the blends were analyzed, and the morphology and water absorption of the blends were evaluated. The initial moisture content (MC) of the starch had no significant effects on its mechanical properties but had a significant effect on the water absorption of the blends. The thermal and crystallization properties of PLA in the blend were not affected by MC. The blends prepared by compression molding had higher crystallinities than those prepared by injection molding. However, the blends prepared by injection molding had higher tensile strengths and elongations and lower water absorption values than those made by compression molding. The crystallinities of the blends increased greatly with annealing treatment at the PLA second crystallization temperature (155°C). The decomposition of PLA indicated that PLA was slightly degraded in the presence of water under the processing temperatures used. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3069–3082, 2001
Lifelong Learning in Otolaryngology: Self-Directed Learning

Although nothing in didactic form approaches the learning experience of the real world, the educational process up to graduation is based on a teacher-directed model of learning. Active engagement in self-planned learning activities tends to be more effective than passive learning. Lifelong learning involves finding and implementing solutions to everyday problems encountered in the clinic, emergency room, and operating room and on the wards. The process by which much of this education occurs is via self-directed learning, in which learners challenge themselves to pursue activities that arise from their own experiences using their own emerging styles. The acquisition of self-directed learning is a complex process that involves numerous skills and competencies relied upon to complete challenges.
Blood Fats During the Dietary Production of Fatty Livers in Dogs

ConclusionThe neutral fats of plasma are not elevated beyond the normal range during the production of fatty livers by a high fat diet or a fat diet plus alcohol. Fluctuations which do occur during the 24 hours following a meal are probably associated with varying rates of absorption.
Purinergic Receptor–Mediated Regulation of Lens Connexin43

PURPOSE: To determine whether the purinergic receptor-mediated, delayed transient inhibition of lens cell-to-cell communication is due to the protein kinase C (PKC)-catalyzed phosphorylation of connexin (Cx)43. METHODS: The functional activity of gap junctions was determined in the presence of various pharmacologic agents by injecting fluorescent dye into a single cell in a confluent monolayer of HeLa cells that had been stably transfected with either wild-type or mutant Cx43, and the number of cells taking up dye was determined. RESULTS: Application of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Cx43-transfected HeLa cells resulted in a delayed, transient decrease in cell-to-cell transfer of fluorescent dye similar to the authors' previous report in sheep lens epithelial cell cultures. The ATP-mediated, delayed, transient decrease in dye transfer was prevented by the inhibition of PKC or phospholipase C, but not by calmodulin inhibition or by preloading the cells with BAPTA (bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N'N'-tetraacetic acid). This functional inhibition of Cx43 cell-to-cell dye transfer was sustained in the presence of the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue AMP-PNP (adenyl-5'-yl imidophosphate), the ectonucleotidase inhibitor ARL 67156, or the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. In experiments in HeLa cells transfected with Cx43(Delta 257), a Cx43 C terminus truncation mutant, or Cx43(S368A), a Cx43 point mutant, cell-to-cell coupling was unaffected by the addition of ATP. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the essential role of serine 368 in the ATP-dependent inhibition of Cx43. This novel mechanism of regulating Cx43 most likely plays an important role in maintaining the microcirculation that is essential for the movement of water and solutes in the intact lens.
Response of TLD-100 in mixed fields of photons and electrons.

Purpose: Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are routinely used for dosimetric measurements of high energy photon and electron fields. However, TLD response in combined fields of photon and electron beam qualities has not been characterized. This work investigates the response of TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) to sequential irradiation by high-energy photon and electron beam qualities. Methods: TLDs were irradiated to a known dose by a linear accelerator with a 6 MV photon beam, a 6 MeV electron beam, and a NIST-traceable {sup 60}Co beam. TLDs were also irradiated in a mixed field of the 6 MeV electron beam and the 6 MV photon beam. The average TLD response per unit dose of the TLDs for each linac beam quality was normalized to the average response per unit dose of the TLDs irradiated by the {sup 60}Co beam. Irradiations were performed in water and in a Virtual Water Trade-Mark-Sign phantom. The 6 MV photon beam and 6 MeV electron beam were used to create dose calibration curves relating TLD response to absorbed dose to water, which were applied to the TLDs irradiated in the mixed field. Results: TLD relative response per unit dose in the mixed field was less sensitive than the relative response inmore » the photon field and more sensitive than the relative response in the electron field. Application of the photon dose calibration curve to the TLDs irradiated in a mixed field resulted in an underestimation of the delivered dose, while application of the electron dose calibration curve resulted in an overestimation of the dose. Conclusions: The relative response of TLD-100 in mixed fields fell between the relative response in the photon-only and electron-only fields. TLD-100 dosimetry of mixed fields must account for this intermediate response to minimize the estimation errors associated with calibration factors obtained from a single beam quality.« less
Strain-Energy Release Rate Analysis of Plates with Postbuckled Delaminations

The objectives are to present the derivation of the new virtual crack closure technique, evaluate the accuracy of the technique, and finally to present the results of a limited parametric study of laminates with a postbuckled delamination. Although the new virtual crack closure technique is general, only homogeneous, isotropic laminates were analyzed. This was to eliminate the variation of flexural stiffness with orientation, which occurs even for quasi-isotropic laminates. This made it easier to identify the effect of geometrical parameters on G. The new virtual crack closure technique is derived. Then the specimen configurations are described. Next, the stress analyses is discussed. Finally, the virtual crack closure technique is evaluated and then used to calculate the distribution of G along the delamination front of several laminates with a postbuckled delamination.
Agrarian Moral Economies and Neoliberalism in Brazil: Competing Worldviews and the State in the Struggle for Land

The 1990s was the decade of neoliberalism in Brazil. During the successive administrations of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2003), public enterprises were privatized, import tariffs were slashed, regional free-trade markets were established, and fiscal discipline was prioritized in an attempt to control a massive public debt. As his first term progressed, however, Cardoso was forced to respond to the insistent popular demand for reform of the country's inequitable land-tenure structure. The issue became increasingly visible in the 1990s because of the strength of a grassroots social movement, the Movement of Landless Workers (MST). In response to the demands for agrarian reform, the government offered its support for an essentially neoliberal, market-based alternative to state-led distribution—an alternative favored by official development organizations throughout the Third World at this time. In this paper, I argue that the support for a market-led agrarian reform privileged the agrarian elit...
Sustainability: Environmentally Responsible Interior Design

Do you remember when the discussions on sustainability evolved from cutting household costs through ‘‘energy efficiency’’ and ‘‘solar power’’ to a growing awareness that resource conservation includes social and cultural implications as well as physical and economic impacts? Perhaps it is enough to know that early on interior design educators and practitioners embraced the reality that our responsibility to the planet and its inhabitants included meeting diverse needs and expectations of the people who occupy the environments we design. There is hardly any topic or subject within interior design that doesn’t have a direct relationship with sustainability. More than a responsibility for selecting ‘‘green’’ materials, we now also acknowledge that sustainability in interior design aligns with client values and vision. For interior design, this involves not only space planning for efficiency and productivity, but also embracing a holistic approach to fostering sustainability for both individual workers and aggregate organizations. Sustainable environments include schools that are learning environments and hospitals that are healing environments. Interior design decisions can support and sustain community, culture, family, and individual identity. Designers elevate the most vulnerable when we design for equality and justice. Interior design projects an important voice in the sustainability movement.
Developmental and environmental sources of pheromone variation in Colias eurytheme butterflies

Body size, age, ambient temperature, wing wear, and flight activity were investigated as possible sources of variation in the quantities and relative proportions of the three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH), andn-nonacosane (C29)] of the male courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies. Size of the male has very little influence on the amount of any of the pheromone components present on the wings. Most of the deposition of all three components onto the surface of the hindwing occurs between 3 and 9 hr after emergence from the pupa. 13MH is deposited more rapidly than C27 and C29, and C27 more rapidly than C29. After the first 12 hr posteclosion, the pheromone phenotype of an individual male remains relatively constant through at least 96 hr of age. Experiments showed that none of the three chemicals volatilize to any appreciable extent at temperatures likely to be experienced in the field. The pheromones of actively searching and courting males did not differ from those of less-active feeding and resting males, suggesting that volatilization induced by flight activity is not an important source of pheromone variation. Loss of scales with age does seem to affect pheromone phenotype, but not in a readily interpretable way. Although the quantity of 13MH was lower in worn males than in fresh, C27 was higher.
Convergent Approach to (E)-Alkene and Cyclopropane Peptide Isosteres

Trisubstituted (E)-alkene isosteres (TEADIs) and novel cyclopropane amide bond isosteres (CPDIs) were synthesized by aldimine addition and three-component aldimine addition-cyclopropanation methodologies, respectively. These new peptide mimetics can serve as beta-turn promoters.
Nonlinear spin waves for the Heisenberg model and the ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic bifurcations

We present finite-amplitude spin-wave solutions for the nonlinear equations of the classical Heisenberg model on a general periodic lattice. These are families of periodic solutions bifurcating from the ferromagnetic (FR) and antiferromagnetic (AF or Neel) states which are fixed points of the flow. We allow for longitudinal anisotropy and constant uniform magnetic field in the direction of anisotropy. We find analytical expressions for the energy–frequency (e–w) curves of these families. In particular, we show that the AF families come in pairs of vertical lines. In the expression of both the FR and AF nonlinear spin waves (NLSWs), we are able to eliminate the amplitude in favour of the frequency and/or energy. All special cases of solutions are carefully analysed. We discover that the two AF families end on the FR family of a corresponding wavevector. This correspondence can be made precise without compromising the generality of the lattice. Our major point is the proof that these FR–AF intersections on the e–w plot are isochronous branchings. Hence, we establish a novel view of the AF NLSWs as bifurcations of the FR NLSWs.
Making Sense of Racial Disparities in Gastrointestinal Cancer Mortality

low absolute numbers of cancers diagnosed in the follow-up period, and lack of information on patients’ comorbidities, stage of cancer diagnosis, and cancer treatments received. Nonetheless, it provided insight into disproportionately increased burden of gastrointestinal cancers among blacks. Making sense of the suggested disparities in this study requires a detailed analysis of the potential explanations for the findings. There are three major issues that may be involved in the different risks of death from these cancers:
Crystal growth of CdPt3O6, MnPt3O6, Copt3O6 and β-PtO2

Single crystals of CdPt3O6, Mn1+xPt3-xO6 (x ∼ 0.2), CoPt3O6 and β-PtO2 were grown by a hydrothermal technique at 3 kbar in sealed platinum capsules utilizing a cooling sequence involving soak-quench-reheat-slow-cool cycles. Electrical conductivity measurements performed by the four-probe method are also reported for CoPt3O6, Mn1+xPt3-xO6, and β-PtO2.
Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus‐associated hodgkin disease is there a clue regarding the cause of hodgkin disease?

Background. The occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated Hodgkin disease (HD) offers a unique opportunity to study the cause of HD and compare HIV–HD with the well-characterized HIV–non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods. Eight patients with HIV–HD and 17 with HIV–NHL were treated. Results. The complete remission (CR) rate in HIV–HD was 100% with mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone or doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (median survival, > 38.0 months). HIV–NHL patients were treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CR, 80%; median survival, 13.0±1.3 months). Durable CR was achieved with one to six cycles of chemotherapy (median, 4). There were no late relapses. The difference between the survival rate associated with chemotherapy-treated HIV–HD and chemotherapy-treated HIV–NHL approached statistical significance (P = 0.06). Analysis indicated that all patients with HIV–HD (n = 8) may have acquired HIV through intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) compared with 1 of 17 patients with HIV–NHL (P = 0.0001). A combined analysis (metaanalysis) of 157 patients with chemotherapy-treated HIV–NHL and 51 with chemotherapy-treated HIV–HD confirmed the significantly better survival of those with HIV–HD (P < 0.0001). Conclusions. Standard combination chemotherapy, truncated as necessary, offers survival outcomes that are at least equivalent and, perhaps, superior to previously published experimental approaches for HIV–NHL and HIV–HD. HIV–HD has a significantly better prognosis than HIV–NHL and is associated with IVDA. These data suggest that the etiologic agents of HIV–HD and HIV–NHL may be transmissible, identifiable, and unique.
Apoptotic natural cell death in developing primate dopamine midbrain neurons occurs during a restricted period in the second trimester of gestation

Natural cell death (NCD) by apoptosis is a normal developmental event in most neuronal populations, and is a determinant of the eventual size of a population. We decided to examine the timing and extent of NCD of the midbrain dopamine system in a primate species, as dopamine deficiency or excess has been implicated in several disorders. Genetic or environmental differences may alter the extent of NCD and predispose individuals to neurological or psychiatric diseases. In developing rats, NCD in the midbrain dopamine system has been observed to start at the end of gestation and peak in the postnatal period. In fetal monkey brains, apoptosis in midbrain DA neurons was identified histologically by chromatin clumping in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, and confirmed by TUNEL and active caspase-3 staining. A distinct peak of NCD occurred at about E80, midway through gestation in this species. We estimate that at least 50% of the population may be lost in this process. In other brains we determined biochemically that the onset of apoptosis coincides with the time of greatest rate of increase of striatal DA concentration. Thus, marked apoptotic NCD occurs in the primate midbrain dopamine system half-way through gestation, and appears to be associated with the rapid developmental increase in striatal dopamine innervation.
Correlation Measure-Based Stall Margin Estimation for a Single-Stage Axial Compressor

This paper presents a method for estimating compressor stall margin and the results of applying the estimation technique to an axial compressor rig. Stall margin estimation is accomplished through the use of a compressor stability detection parameter called the “correlation measure.” The correlation measure captures the periodicity of the pressure in the rotor tip region of the compressor. The downcrossing frequency of the correlation measure across some preset threshold is measured while operating the compressor rig at various steady-state points along the design speed characteristic line. These measurements are used to generate a relationship with stall margin as a function of downcrossing frequency. The estimation technique is evaluated by applying it while dynamically ramping the operating point of the compressor up the design speed line towards surge. A brief investigation on the effects of inlet distortions on the correlation measure-based estimation system is also given.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The distribution of polyol: NADP oxidoreductase in mammalian tissues.

Abstract Polyol:NADP oxidoreductase and L-gulonate:NADP oxidoreductase in the soluble fraction of rabbit and rat tissues can be separated and identified by a vertical starch-gel electrophoretic technique.The validity of the method was established by comparing the electrophoretic mobilities of partially purified polyol:NADP oxidoreductases and L-gulonate:NADP oxidoreductases with the bands of enzyme activity detected in the soluble fraction of the tissues from which they were isolated. Polyol:NADP oxidoreductase was found to be widely distributed in the tissues of the rabbit and rat; this suggests that polyol synthesis from aldoses may occur in many mammalian tissues.
The effect of N-(methoxy polyethylene glycol) p-hydroxymercuribenzamide, a polymeric sulfhydryl group reagent, on spermatozoan motility

Abstract The water-soluble, polymeric sulfhydryl group reagent N-(methoxy polyethylene glycol) p -hydroxymercuribenzamide (M W 5000) inhibited the motility of human spermatozoa. Its activity profile was very similar to that of p -hydroxymercuribenzene sulfonate, a charged sulfhydryl group reagent that is a very poor membrane penetrant. These results suggest that functional sulfhydryl groups of the spermatozoan membrane are easily accessible and externally oriented on the membrane surface.
Crystallization and liquid-liquid phase separation of monoclonal antibodies and fc-fusion proteins: Screening results

Crystallization holds the potential to be used for protein purification and low-viscosity drug substance and drug product formulations. Twenty-two different proteins (20 monoclonal antibodies and two Fc-fusions) were examined to determine the breadth of applicability of crystallization to these therapeutic proteins. Vapor diffusion technique and an evaporative screening method were used to identify crystallization conditions using around a 100 initial conditions based on reagents that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Of 16 IgG2 s examined, at least four formed diffraction-quality crystals and four others formed crystal-like particles. At least three of the IgG2 s that crystallized well were also crystallized under the same set of operating conditions using inexpensive GRAS reagents. The crystals were formed to high-yields in a few hours and were dissolved quickly without impacting product quality. Although only a fraction of the proteins examined crystallized, all exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which could be used for their concentration or possibly purification. One of the Fc-fusions, for example, was concentrated by LLPS to a self-buffering solution at 150 g/L. Crystallization and LLPS in the salting-in region were shown to be feasible.
Oxygen isotopic disequilibrium in plagioclase-corundum-hercynite xenoliths from the Voisey's Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada

Abstract Xenoliths of metamorphic country rocks are locally abundant within breccia sequences in gabbroic to troctolitic rocks of the Voisey's Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada. Thermochemical interaction with mafic magma has produced restite assemblages in the xenoliths that are composed of Ca-rich plagioclase, corundum, hercynite and minor magnetite. Hercynite was produced as a result of the breakdown of garnet and pyroxene that were originally present in the metamorphic rocks, as well as by the replacement of corundum, which was itself a product of feldspar degradation during xenolith–magma interaction. Hercynite that replaces pyroxene and garnet is granular to bulbous, whereas that which replaces corundum is acicular to skeletal. Ion microprobe analyses indicate that oxygen isotopic equilibrium was neither established during retrograde cooling of the xenolith assemblage, nor during the replacement processes which led to both types of pseudomorphous hercynite. δ 18 O values of hercynite that replaces garnet and pyroxene range from 5 to 11.5‰, and in part reflect the elevated δ 18 O values of the protolith minerals. Hercynite that replaces acicular corundum is characterized by δ 18 O values between 2.5 and 7.6‰. Oxygen isotopic equilibration with mantle-derived magma having a δ 18 O value of ∼ 5.5‰ should have produced values of hercynite near 2.5‰. Values of Δ (plagioclase–corundum) range between 0.2 and 6.1‰, whereas D (hercynite–corundum) values, which are expected to be near 0, may be as large as 9.6‰ at the sub-millimeter scale. Oxygen isotopic disequilibrium may have resulted in the xenoliths due to rapid withdrawal of partial melt, and to the crystallization of plagioclase and biotite bands around the xenoliths which prevented isotopic communication of xenoliths with enclosing mafic magma. Although diffusive transport of oxygen in the xenoliths should have been a viable mechanism for isotopic exchange, the lack of isotopic equilibration during cooling and the preservation of steep isotopic gradients in composite hercynite–corundum grains suggest that reaction and crystallization were necessary to promote oxygen isotopic exchange among minerals in the xenoliths contained within the Voisey's Bay Intrusion.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A NEW UNIVERSAL PURCHASE VACCINE PROGRAM ON PHYSICIAN IMMUNIZATION REVENUE • 540

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A NEW UNIVERSAL PURCHASE VACCINE PROGRAM ON PHYSICIAN IMMUNIZATION REVENUE • 540
Methods for comparing the performance of different gamma cameras

Meaningful comparisons of different gamma cameras require the acquisition of numerical data characterizing each of the characteristics of interest. These include resolution, contrast, sensitivity, uniformity, dead time (and the resulting percent loss), and the maximum counting rate. Resolution is best determined by using a line source to measure the linespread function, from which the modulation transfer function can be calculated. Bar patterns are useful in showing the effect on resolution of different collimators and different source distances. Sensitivity comparisons depend on collimator choice, and require counting the same object under identical conditions. Accurate comparisons of dead times and maximum counting rates require extreme care that measurements are taken under identical conditions of scatter, source volume, window setting, etc. Comparisons of the intrinsic dead times should be made with the collimator off, while actual counting losses dhould be determined using the collimators and appropriate phantoms. With today's high resolution and high-speed gamma cameras, the conditions under which a camera is used would appear to play a large role in determining its performance than would the small differences in inherent capabilities between the cameras of various manufacturers.
Plasticity of Particle-Reinforced Composites With a Ductile Interphase

A homogenization theory is developed to determine the overall elastoplastic behavior of a particle-reinforced composite with a ductile interphase. Unlike most existing homogenization theories which are primarily concerned with the ordinary two-phase composites, the present one is confronted with two ductile phases, with one enclosing the other. The theory is developed with the aid of a linear comparison composite using a field-fluctuation method to calculate an energy-based effective stress of the ductile phases. In order to examine its accuracy, an exact elastic-plastic analysis under dilatational loading is also developed, and it was found that, despite its simplicity, the theory could provide plausible estimates for the overall behavior of the three-phase composite. The theory is applicable to a composite system regardless whether the interphase is more ductile or stiffer than the matrix, and when the interphase is more ductile, it is shown that even the presence of a thin layer can have a very significant effect on the plasticity of the overall composite.
Continuity of Bessel potentials

It is shown that certain capacities associated with potentials of functions in Lebesgue classes are non-increasing under orthogonal projection of sets. This inequality is then used to discuss continuity of traces of potentials on subspaces of possibly low dimension. The case of principal interest is the Bessel potential.
Different effects of infrared and one-half hot blade beak trimming on beak topography and growth

This study examined the effects of infrared beak treatment (IR-BT) and hot blade beak trimming (HB-BT) on beak length and production in laying hen pullets. Seventy-two 1-d-old birds were randomly assigned to the HB-BT, IR-BT, or control group. Birds were pair housed by treatment, and beak images and production indices were obtained posttreatment at fixed intervals for 10 wk. Immediately after treatment, HB-BT beaks were shorter than control or IR-BT beaks (P 0.05). For the most part, feed intake was higher in control birds, intermediate in birds in the IR-BT group, and lowest in birds in the HB-BT group until wk 9 posttreatment (P < 0.05). Similarly, feed waste was generally higher in control birds and least in birds in the HB-BT group (P < 0.05). The IR-BT treatment appeared to be more effective at inhibiting beak regrowth, with a less pronounced effect on feed intake than the HB-BT treatment in laying hen pullets.
César Daly, Paris and the emergence of modern urban planning

Cesar Daly (1811–93), an architect by training, was the editor from 1839 to 1888 of the Revue generale de l’architecture et des travaux publics (RGA), one of the leading architectural journals on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century and was himself an influential architectural critic. While his importance as such has been ably and thoroughly chronicled by historians, his interest in urban planning has not received the close attention that it deserves. This article explores Daly’s understanding of the nature of the city in the modern industrial age. His theorization of those elements that determined the underlying infrastructure of cities and their centres, modern as well as ancient, was modelled upon Second‐Empire Paris. Such a theory, which synthesized many early nineteenth century speculations on the modern city, was intended to serve as a rational foundation for urban reforms in the French capital. It represented, moreover, a theoretical reading of Haussmannization at a mid point in...
Recruiting and Recognizing Multiple Socially Situated Identities: Consonance and Contradiction in the Pedagogy of a Male Pre-Service Early Educator

In this article the author uses a socially situated view of identity to take a close look at how one male pre-service early educator shapes his professional identities during a fieldwork experience in a kindergarten classroom. In organizing his pedagogy and relationships this pre-service teacher simultaneously draws from his personal experiences and the discourses of his university teacher education program to perform his teacher identity. The synergy created from this crafting of selves brings a multiplicity to the identities this teacher enacts and recognizes, at times causing dissonance between his plans and his practices. This article suggests that taking a socially situated view of identity is necessary for teacher education, as it provides a theoretical framework for pre-service teachers to consider the multiplicity of identities they draw from when shaping their ‘teacher’ identity.
Hepatitis C screening trends in a large integrated health system.

Abstract Background As new hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies emerge, only 1%-12% of individuals are screened in the US for HCV infection. Presently, HCV screening trends are unknown. Methods We utilized the Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States' (KPMAS) data repository to investigate HCV antibody screening between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2012. We identified the proportion screened for HCV and 5-year cumulative incidence of screening, the screening positivity rate, the provider types performing HCV screening, patient-level factors associated with being screened, and trends in screening over time. Results There were 444,594 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 15.8% of the cohort was ever screened for HCV. Adult primary care and obstetrics and gynecology providers performed 75.9% of all screening. The overall test positivity rate was 3.8%. Screening was more frequent in younger age groups ( P P P Conclusion Screening for HCV is increasing but remains incomplete. Targeting screening to those with a history of injection drug will not likely expand screening, as nearly half of patients have no documented drug use history. Routine screening is likely the most effective approach to expand HCV screening.
Pseudo Noun Incorporation as Covert Noun Incorporation: Linearization and Crosslinguistic Variation

Pseudo noun incorporation (PNI) constructions in Sakha and Tamil obey a strict linear adjacency condition, such that not only the noun phrase (NP) but its head noun must be adjacent to the verb at phonological form (PF). I argue that this adjacency condition can be explained if the head of the NP adjoins to the verb to create a unit interpreted as a complex predicate at logical form (LF). The resulting structure can be linearized at PF if and only if no syntactic expression comes between the two copies of the noun, forcing adjacency on the construction. I also discuss two sources of variation in the syntax of pseudo noun incorporation: the fact that pseudo-incorporated nominals are invisible for case and agreement in some languages (Tamil and Sakha) but not others (Hindi and Hungarian), and the fact that the adjacency condition is canceled in languages like Hindi, where Verb-to-Tense movement serves to break up the verb-noun phrase (V-NP) cluster.