cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rewrite Rule Machine Node Architecture and Its Performance

The Rewrite Rule Machine (RRM) is a massively parallel MIMD/SIMD computer designed with the explicit purpose of supporting very-high-level parallel programming with rewrite rules. The RRM's node architecture consists of a SIMD processor, a SIMD controller, local memory, and network and I/O interfaces. A 64-node cluster board is already an attractive RRM system capable of extremely high performance on a variety of applications. A cluster is SIMD at the node level, but it is MIMD at the system level to flexibly exploit the parallelism of complex nonhomogeneous applications. In addition to reporting detailed simulation experiments used to validate the node design, we measure the performance of an RRM cluster on three relevant applications.
Cyclical production of antibody as a regulatory mechanism in the immune response.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses the regulation of the immune response of a single injection of antigen. It appears that cyclical production of antibody after a single injection of antigen is more common than has been realized in the past. Cyclical production of antibody has become obvious with the use of the hemolytic plaque assays to determine plaqueforming cells (PFC), as the appearance and disappearance of PFC occur much more rapidly than those of antibody in the serum. Cycling may be necessary in order to prevent exhaustive differentiation of competent lymphocytes as a result of constant stimulation by antigen. Although the cyclical nature of the immune response to certain antigens is a real biological phenomenon repeatedly observed in experimental animals, its implication in human diseases has not been established. Cycling in the immune response may be a requisite for conservation of competent memory cells and yet assure that circulating antibody is continuously present in order to keep persisting infections in check.
Quasi-Monte Carlo for Fast Statistical Simulation of Circuits

Continued device scaling has dramatically increased the statistical variability with which circuit designers must contend to ensure the reliability of a circuit to these variations. As discussed in the introduction to this thesis, traditional process corner analysis is no longer reliable because the variations are numerous and much more complex than can be handled by such simple techniques. Going forward, it is increasingly important that we account accurately for the statistics of these variations during circuit design. In a few special cases, we have analytical methods that can cast this inherently statistical problem into a deterministic formulation, e.g., optimal transistor sizing and threshold assignment in combinational logic under statistical yield and timing constraints, as in Mani et al. (Proc. IEEE/ACM Design Autom. Conf., 2005). Unfortunately, such analytical solutions remain rare. In the general case, some combination of complex statistics, high dimensionality, profound nonlinearity or non-normality, stringent accuracy, and expensive performance evaluation (e.g., SPICE simulation) thwart our analytical aspirations. This is where Monte Carlo methods (Glasserman, Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering, Springer, Berlin, 2004) come to our rescue as true statistical methods.
Evidence for a Gradient of Adhesive Specificity in the Developing Chick Retina

The evidence summarized in the preceding chapter by Glaser et al. shows that cell-cell receptors occur on developing brain cells. As might be expected from such a complex tissue, there appears to be a multitude of receptor specificities and these have both spatially and temporally different distributions. Recent success in extracting elements of these recognition systems has raised the hope of answering one of the basic questions about cell recognition by characterizing a receptor at the molecular level. Another major question, perhaps even more difficult to answer, concerns the functional role of cell-cell receptors during embryonic development. Work in this field proceeds on the assumption that such receptors play an essential role in the formation of tissues from cells, and while this is a reasonable guess, direct evidence showing cell-cell receptor involvement in tissue morphogenesis is lacking. Consequently experiments have been initiated to examine the relationship between patterns of cell-cell adhesion and normal cellular patterns which occur during the development of the brain.
Level Structure in Eu 145

Levels in $^{145}\mathrm{Eu}$ were investigated by the $^{144}\mathrm{Sm}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, d)$ reaction and by the decay of 25-min $^{145}\mathrm{Gd}$. At the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ energy used, i.e., 40.33 MeV, the angular distributions for the stripping reaction were found to be highly structured. This fact permitted reliable assignments of transferred orbital angular momenta to the residual levels. Singles $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra for the decay of $^{145}\mathrm{Gd}$ were measured with a 20-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge(Li) detector. The two sets of experimental data were then used to propose the following sequence of $^{145}\mathrm{Eu}$ levels: 0 (${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$), 330.1 (${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$), 716 ($^{\ensuremath{-}}\frac{11}{2}$), 808.4 (${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$), 1041.9 (${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$), 1599.9 (${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$), 1757.9 (${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$), 1844.7 ($\frac{3}{2}, {\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$), 1880.6 (\textonehalf{}, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$), 2112.0 ($\frac{3}{2}, {\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$), and a (${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$), ($\frac{3}{2}, {\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$) doublet at \ensuremath{\sim} 2480 keV. The salient features of this level scheme are that (1) the ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $d$) reaction predominantly populates the first five energy levels, and (2) the decay from $^{145}\mathrm{Gd}$ (${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$ proceeds mainly to the levels at 1757.9 and 1880.6 keV and not to the single-particle states at 808.4 and 1041.9 keV. The present results were compared with experimental systematics available for $N=82$ isotones and with the implications of a recent shell-model calculation for nuclei in this region.
Nonenforcement and the Dangers of Leveraging

Nonenforcement discretion is often beneficial. Not only do agencies have limited resources, general prohibitions can be poor fits for specific situations. Hence, agency discretion to not to enforce the law often makes a great deal of sense. Unfortunately, such discretion can also be abused. This short symposium essay addresses one type of potential abuse: leveraging. An agency may forego enforcement in order to obtain ends that are beyond the mission Congress set for it and, in so doing, may pursue technical violations that would not otherwise be a priority in order to obtain greater leverage over a particular party. This essay first addresses leveraging as a concept, including when quid pro quo trades between regulators and regulated parties are appropriate. And second, it begins to sketch options to minimize the danger of leveraging. Although there is no easy fix, it may be possible to reduce the risk.
Documenting Sociopolitical Development via Participatory Action Research (PAR) With Women of Color Student Activists in the Neoliberal University

Political activism attests to the sociopolitical development and agency of young people. Yet the literature sparingly engages the intersectional subjectivities that inform the sociopolitical development of young people, especially women of color. Important questions remain in the theorizing of sociopolitical development among youth engaged in political activism within higher education settings. Thus, we focus on the following question: What experiences informed or catalyzed the sociopolitical development of women of color student activists within a racialized neoliberal university in the United States? In addressing this question we demonstrate how student-led participatory action research (PAR) within the neoliberal university can facilitate and support sociopolitical development. Of most value, this paper demonstrates how PAR can be used as a tool to support the intersectional sociopolitical development of student activists organizing within racialized neoliberal settings of higher education that threaten the academic thriving and overall wellbeing of students of color, specifically women of color. Sociopolitical development theorizing must engage elements of relational healing as a dimension of wellbeing. Therefore, our work contributes to these conversations by centering the experiences of women of color student activists.
Clinical factors associated with worse quality-of-life scores in United States thyroid cancer survivors

Abstract Introduction Thyroid cancer survivors are a rapidly growing population in the United States. The factors that drive health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in this population have not been well characterized. We hypothesized that more aggressive treatments and greater treatment-related adverse effects would be associated with worse HRQOL scores in thyroid cancer survivors. Methods Thyroid cancer survivors (18–89 years of age) completed an online survey regarding their clinical history in addition to the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 29 instrument. Univariable and multivariable modeling were performed to evaluate factors associated with worse HRQOL scores. We generated β-values and 95% confidence intervals to quantify the effect of each independent variable in the model. Results Thyroid cancer survivors (n = 1,743) reported a high incidence of complications related to surgery and radioactive iodine ablation. Postoperative dysphonia (s 1.83–3.07) and dysphagia (s 2.05–3.65) predicted worse HRQOL scores across multiple PROMIS domains. Younger patient age (age Conclusion The factors associated with significantly worse HRQOL scores across multiple PROMIS domains for thyroid cancer survivors included patient age
Inverse design optimization for efficient coupling of an electrically injected optical antenna-LED to a single-mode waveguide.

Efficient high-speed nanoscale optical sources are required for low-power next-generation data communication. Here we propose an integrated antenna-LED on a single-mode optical waveguide. By leveraging inverse design optimization, we achieved a waveguide coupling efficiency of 94% and an antenna efficiency of 64%, while maintaining a high average enhancement of 144 – potentially enabling >100GHz direct modulation.
Unified formalism for entropy production and fluctuation relations

Stochastic entropy production, which quantifies the difference between the probabilities of trajectories of a stochastic dynamics and its time reversals, has a central role in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In the theory of probability, the change in the statistical properties of observables due to reversals can be represented by a change in the probability measure. We consider operators on the space of probability measures that induce changes in the statistical properties of a process, and we formulate entropy production in terms of these change-of-probability-measure (CPM) operators. This mathematical underpinning of the origin of entropy production allows us to achieve an organization of various forms of fluctuation relations: All entropy production has a nonnegative mean value, admit the integral fluctuation theorem, and satisfy a rather general fluctuation relation. Other results such as the transient fluctuation theorem and detailed fluctuation theorems then are derived from the general fluctuation relation with more constraints on the operator of entropy production. We use a discrete-time, discrete-state-space Markov process to draw the contradistinction among three reversals of a process: time reversal, protocol reversal, and the dual process. The properties of their corresponding CPM operators are examined, and the domains of validity of various fluctuation relations for entropy production in physics and chemistry are revealed. We also show that our CPM operator formalism can help us rather easily extend other fluctuation relations for excess work and heat, discuss the martingale properties of entropy production, and derive the stochastic integral formulas for entropy production in constant-noise diffusion process with Girsanov theorem. Our formalism provides a general and concise way to study the properties of entropy-related quantities in stochastic thermodynamics and information theory.
A fast multipole boundary element method for the three dimensional linear water wave-structure interaction problem with arbitrary bottom topography

Abstract We present a numerical method that allows for the efficient solution of general linear water-wave problems with multiple arbitrarily shaped bodies and seabed geometry when the number of unknowns in the problem N is large. The problem domain is divided into an internal region that is modeled using a simple-source boundary integral equation and an outer domain of uniform water depth. The contribution of this work is in introducing an adpative fast-multipole method to the solution procedure, thereby changing the complexity of the problem from O(N3) (or O(N2) with iterative solvers) to O(N) when N is large. The memory requirements scale linearly with N as well. This methodology is needed when the number of bodies is large, when structures with complex shapes are modeled, or when the bottom topography for a problem varies considerably. We use the procedure developed to study the effects of topography over two case examples of floating bodies: 4 truncated vertical cylinders over a bottom protrusion, for which results indicate how variations in topography cause changes to wave loads on the bodies and a configuration of 16 cylinders (with N ~ 150, 000) and the effects of the variable ocean floor are again considered.
Socioeconomic restrictions slowdown COVID-19 far more effectively than favorable weather-evidence from the satellite.

We model the impact of restricting socioeconomic activities (SA) on the transmission of COVID-19 globally. Countries initiate public health measures to slow virus transmission, ranging from stringent quarantines including city lockdown to simpler social distancing recommendations. We use satellite readings of NO2, a pollutant emitted from socioeconomic activities, as a proxy for the level of social-economic restrictions, and discuss the implications under the influences of weather. We found that restricting SA has a leading contribution to lowering the reproductive number of COVID-19 by 18.3% ± 3.5%, while air temperature, the highest contributor among all weather-related variables only contributes 8.0% ± 2.6%. The reduction effects by restricting SA becomes more pronounced (23% ± 3.0%) when we limited the data to China and developed countries where the indoor climate is mostly controlled. We computed the spared infectees by restricting SA until mid-April. Among all polities, China spared 40,964 (95% CI 31,463-51,470) infectees with 37,727 (95% CI, 28,925-47,488) in the Hubei Province, the epicenter of the outbreak. Europe spared 174,494 (95% CI 139,202-210,841) infectees, and the United States (US) spared 180,336 (95% CI 142,860-219,445) with 79,813 (95% CI 62,887-97,653) in New York State. In the same period, many regions except for China, Australia, and South Korea see a steep upward trend of spared infectees due to restricting SA with the US and Europe far steeper, signaling a greater risk of reopening the economy too soon. Latin America and Africa show less reduction of transmissivity through the region-by-time fixed effects than other regions, indicating a higher chance of becoming an epicenter soon.
The Utility of Adding a Liquid-Nutrient Meal to Aid Interpretation of Small-Bowel Transit Scintigraphy

Small bowel transit scintigraphy (SBTS) evaluates the accumulation of a radiolabeled meal in the terminal ileal reservoir (TIR) 6 hours after meal ingestion. The TIR may be difficult to determine as anatomic information is limited; for equivocal studies, the patient is asked to return the next day to help determine the TIR location by potential transit into the colon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a liquid nutrient meal (LNM) at 6 hours can promote movement of the radiolabeled meal to aid in the interpretation of SBTS. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 117 SBTS from 2/2017 to 9/2019. Patients were fed a standardized mixed radiolabeled solid- liquid meal for gastric emptying with SBTS according to SNMMI Practice Guidelines. Additional LNM was given at 6 hr, and post-LNM images were obtained at least 20 minutes after the LNM. Two board-certified nuclear medicine physicians independently evaluated all images at 6 hours as equivocal or diagnostic. Results: Of the 117 patients (71.8% female, median age 42.0) undergoing SBTS, 37 were equivocal cases at 6 hours pre-LNM (31.6%, 95% CI=23.3%-40.9%) compared to 12 equivocal cases post-LNM (10.3%, 95% CI=5.4%-17.2%). Of the equivocal cases, 25 (69.4%, 95% CI=51.9%-83.7%) had a definitive result after LNM administration while 11 (30.6%, 95% CI=16.4%-48.1%) remained equivocal, and 1 showed rapid transit. In patients with gastroparesis, only 13/23 (57%) responded to LMN, while 0/3 IBS patients responded. Conclusion: The number of equivocal SBTS cases decreased after administration of a LNM at 6 hours, converting to a definitive result. This suggests that with use of a LNM a majority of patients can complete SBTS in one day without the need for repeat imaging at 24 hours. Administering a LNM appears to be less effective for patients with gastric disorders. However, the clinical significance remains to be explored and it is unclear if these patients have both a gastric and small bowel disorder, hence reducing any motility-promoting effect of the LNM.
Distributed Kalman filtering for spatially-invariant diffusion processes: the effect of noise on communication requirements

This work analyzes the communication requirements of Kalman filters for spatially-invariant diffusion processes with spatially-distributed sensing. In this setting Kalman filters exhibit an inherent degree of spatial localization or decentralization. We address the fundamental question of whether the statistical properties of process and measurement disturbances, namely variance and spatial-autocorrelations, can further enhance its inherent spatial localization. We show that when disturbances are spatially and temporally uncorrelated, the spatial localization of the filter depends on the ratio of model to measurement error. Building upon this result, we study exponentially-decaying spatially-autocorrelated process and measurement disturbances. We show that certain level of spatial-autocorrelation in the measurement noise reduces the communication burden of the Kalman filter: indeed, the filter is completely decentralized when a matching condition is satisfied. We also show that spatial autocorrelation of the process disturbance has no benefits in terms of communications, as the level of centralization of the filter increases with the autocorrelation length.
Sex differences in the incidence and mode of death in rats with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

New findings What is the central question of this study? Prior studies failed to address the role of sex in modifying the pathophysiology and response to therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), potentially introducing bias into translational findings. We aimed to explore sex differences in outcomes and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms in a well-established rat model of HFpEF. What is the main finding and its importance? Male rats with HFpEF exhibited worse survival compared with females and were at a higher risk for sudden death, attributable in part to QT prolongation, autonomic dysregulation and enhanced inflammation. These data might provide the basis for the development of sex-specific interventions in HFpEF targeting these abnormalities. Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for 50% of heart failure, and sudden death is the leading cause of mortality. We aimed to explore sex differences in outcomes in rats with HFpEF and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms. Dahl salt-sensitive rats of either sex were randomized into high-salt diet (HS diet; 8% NaCl, n = 46, 50% female) or low-salt diet (LS diet; 0.3% NaCl; n = 24, 50% female) at 7 weeks of age. After 6 and 10 weeks of LS or HS diets, the ECG, heart rate variability, cytokines and echocardiographic parameters were measured. The animals were monitored daily for development of HFpEF and survival. Over 6 weeks of HS diet, rats developed significant hypertension and signs of HFpEF. Compared with female HS diet-fed rats, males exhibited more left ventricular dilatation, a longer QT interval, and worse autonomic tone, as assessed by heart rate variability and elevated inflammatory cytokines. Ten of 23 (46%) male rats died during follow-up, compared with two of 23 (9%) female rats (P = 0.01). There were four sudden deaths in males (with ventricular tachycardia documented in one rat), whereas the females died of heart failure. In conclusion, male rats with HFpEF exhibit worse survival compared with females and are at a higher risk for sudden death, attributable in part to QT prolongation, autonomic dysregulation and enhanced inflammation. These data might provide the basis for the development of sex-specific interventions in HFpEF targeting these abnormalities.
Intimacy, Memory and Revelation: HIV/AIDS Representations in Néstor Perlongher’s and Caio Fernando Abreu’s Epistolary Writing

This article analyzes the epistolary works of writers Nestor Perlongher and Caio Fernando Abreu. Both authors share their experiences living with HIV/AIDS in their personal correspondence that has been recently published in different publishing houses in Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires (Agir and Santiago Arcos editor). This article reads through this affective archive that both authors left for posterity and suggests Perlongher and Abreu have a contrasting system of writing about the epidemic and what it represents for gay men in the region. Despite being authors that followed different paths to develop their literary interests, Perlongher and Abreu left for posterity an archive that provides a comprehensive understanding of the social, medical and political aspects of living with HIV/AIDS in Latin America.
A Fast-track Pathway for Emergency General Surgery at an Academic Medical Center.

ABSTRACT Background Fast Track Pathways (FTP) directed at reducing length of stay (LOS) and overall costs are being increasingly implemented for emergency surgeries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate implementation of a FTP for Emergency General Surgery (EGS) at an academic medical center (AMC). Methods The study included 165 patients at an AMC between 2016 and 2018 who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy (LA), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LI). The FTP group enrolled 89 patients, and 76 controls prior to FTP implementation were evaluated. Time to surgery (TTS), LOS, and post-operative LOS between groups were compared. Direct costs, reimbursements, and patient reported satisfaction (satisfaction 1 = never, 4 = always) were also studied. Results The sample was 60.6% female, with a median age of 40 years. Case distribution differed slightly (56.2% versus 42.1% LA, 40.4% versus 57.9% LC, FTP versus control), but TTS was similar between groups (11h39min versus 10h02min, P = 0.633). LOS was significantly shorter in the FTP group (15h17min versus 29h09min, P Conclusion In an era focused on decreasing cost, optimizing resources, and ensuring patient satisfaction, a FTP can play a significant role in EGS. At an AMC, an EGS FTP significantly decreased LOS, hospital bed utilization while not impacting reimbursement or patient satisfaction.
Genetic effects for reproductive performance of straightbred and crossbred Romosinuano and Angus cows in a temperate zone.

Abstract The objectives of this work were to: (1) estimate heterosis and breed direct effects for cow reproduction traits of Romosinuano, Angus, and F 1 cows in a temperate climate, and (2) assess the effects of the type of forage grazed (bermudagrass, endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue) during the breeding season on traits and genetic effects. Calving and weaning rate ( n =666 records) were evaluated for 145 cows from 2005 through 2012. Calving interval ( n =400) and day of conception within breeding season ( n =547) were recorded. Mixed models included combinations of fixed effects: year of record or cow age within year of record, breed type parameterized as main and interaction effects of sire breed and dam breed of cows with records. Additive genetic effects were included as a random component. The sire breed-dam breed interaction was characterized by lower ( P 1 ) for calving rate and ranged from 0.81±0.03 (F 1 sired by Angus) to 0.82±0.03 (Romosinuano-sired F 1 ) for weaning rate. Romosinuano cows conceived later ( P P P >0.24). Estimates of heterosis were 0.09±0.03, 0.11±0.04, and –3.7±2.0 d ( P P P
Lateral Waves in a One-Dimensionally Anisotropic Half-Space

Anisotropy in conductivity is found in various stratified media including alternating layers of dense rock with low conductivity and less dense rock with higher conductivity shown schematically in Fig. 9.1.1. In such media, the conductivity transverse to the bedding surfaces is always smaller than that along these surfaces (Parkhomenko 1967). For horizontal surfaces, this means that σ2z is smaller than σ2x = σ2y, e.g., σ2z ~ 0.002 S/m and σ2x = σ2y ~ 0.004 S/m. Anisotropy in conductivity is also found in only slightly stratified hard clay (for which the conductivity ratio of 2 is appropriate) and in rocks with different conductivities along the principal crystallographic axes. It may be added that a slightly inclined stratification must also exhibit different conductivities to the components of current parallel to the bedding surfaces and those perpendicular to them. In this case, σ2x and σ2y may differ somewhat from each other and more substantially from σ2z.
A History of Exile in the Roman Republic

1. Introduction 2. Exilium: legal and historical issues 3. The journey into exile: the early Republic to the Social War 4. Exilium from the Social War to the death of Julius Caesar 5. Topics of exile 6. Prosopography of Roman exiles.
Circadian rhythm of rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: Possible relevance to fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy

Abstract The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the initial, rate-limiting enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, was measured at various times over a 24-hr period in the livers of rats housed under standardized conditions of light and dark. Under “normal” conditions, i.e. lights on from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and off from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., a circadian rhythm of DPD activity was observed (P
Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy

Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer (1997) find that the share of the unofficial economy in GDP is determined by the extent of control rights held by politicians and bureaucrats in post-communist economies. Exploring in more detail the role of bribes and using a broader data set from the OECD, Latin America, and transition economies, we find that the unofficial economy accounts for a larger share of GDP when there is more corruption and when the rule of law is weaker. While these findings are consistent with the earlier results for transition economies, in the larger country sample we find it is not necessarily the case that more regulation or higher taxes directly increases the size of the unofficial economy. The problem appears to be not regulation or taxation per se, but whether the state administrative system can operate without corruption. A high level of regulatory discretion helps create the potential for corruption and drive firms into the unofficial economy.
Simulation of Lithography-caused Gate Length and Interconnect Linewidth Variational Impact on Circuit Performance in Nanoscale Semiconductor Manufacturing

As the critical dimension (CD) is scaled into nanometer dimensions, operating frequencies exceed a gigahertz, and more functional blocks are added into systems on chip (SoC), interconnect has become a bottleneck in achieving the system performance [1]. In addition, scaling increases the impact of systematic intra-die CD variation (gate and metal linewidth variations) and this variation interacts with the circuit design by degrading circuit speed [2]. One major source of CD variation is the optical lithography process [3]. To determine how the lithography variation impacts circuit performance, this paper introduces a method to incorporate the lithographycaused interconnect linewidth variation in timing simulation. ISCAS benchmark circuits are used to evaluate the circuit performance impact of each optical effect.
Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory

Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory. George H. Odell. ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.401 pp.
Apical Sorting of β-Secretase Limits Amyloid β-Peptide Production

Polarized cells such as neurons and endothelial cells appear to be involved in two invariant pathological features of Alzheimer's disease pathology, namely the formation of senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This implicates polarized sorting mechanisms in the production and accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). We have now studied polarized sorting of β-secretase (BACE) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The majority of BACE is sorted to the apical surface of MDCK cells where very little β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) is observed, because βAPP undergoes basolateral sorting. Consistent with the usage of similar mechanisms for polarized sorting, BACE was also found to be targeted to axons of hippocampal neurons. The remaining basolaterally sorted BACE competes with the highly polarized basolateral α-secretase activity. Therefore, substantial amounts of BACE are targeted away from βAPP to a non-amyloidogenic compartment, a cellular mechanism that limits Aβ generation. In addition, no α-secretase activity was observed on the apical side whereas γ-secretase activity is observed on the basolateral and the apical side. Consistent with this finding, substantial amounts of Aβ can be produced apically upon missorting of βAPP to the apical surface. These data demonstrate that Aβ production is limited in polarized cells by differential targeting of BACE and its substrate βAPP. Moreover, our findings suggest that βAPP may not be a major physiological substrate of BACE.
Force application and decay characteristics of untreated and treated polyurethane elastomeric chains

In this study the effects of prestressing, environmental acidity, oxygen content, and temperature on mechanical properties were measured for three polyurethane-based orthodontic elastomeric chains. Specimens of each chain were treated for 10 and 100 days, and their mechanical properties were compared with those of the untreated specimens via stress-relaxation tests. Conditioning treatments were determined to affect the magnitude of residual load after relaxation, with the largest effect due to prestressing. Among the other variables studied, an increase in temperature of the environment appeared to significantly influence the degradation mechanism responsible for the deterioration of the mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers (p < 0.001); acidity and oxygen content had no significant effects. Force decay profiles from the specimens were derived using a Maxwell-Weichert model consisting of springs and dashpots. This model allows the orthodontist to predict load magnitude supplied by the chain at activation and at any time during treatment.
Development of Eye Colors in Drosophila: Fat Bodies and Malpighian Tubes in Relation to Diffusible Substances.

T HAS been shown that diffusible substances are involved in the differI entiation of certain eye colors in Drosophila melanogaster (EPHRUSSI and BEADLE 1937a; BEADLE and EPHRUSSI 1937). Fat bodies are concerned with the production of one of these substances (v+ substance); two substances (v+ and cn+ substances) can be obtained from the Malpighian tubes of flies of certain genotypes. Preliminary experiments having to do with fat bodies and Malpighian tubes have been reported (BEADLE 1937a). It is the purpose of this paper to report more extensive studies of the relation of fat bodies and Malpighian tubes to eye color development. In particular, tests of fat bodies and Malpighian tubes of various eye color mutant types are reported. Certain experiments have been directed toward determining whether Malpighian tubes produce the substances obtainable from them or, on the other hand, whether these substances are produced in other parts of the body and are merely taken up by Malpighian tubes. Certain results bear on the question whether flies of certain constitutions, cinnabar for example, are characterized by complete absence of certain diffusible substances, cn+ substance in the case of the cinnabar fly, or merely by what might be called sub-threshold concentrations.
Who will need long-term care? Creation and validation of an instrument that identifies older people at risk.

The aim of this study was to create and measure the predictive validity of a screening instrument that identifies older people who are at risk for developing a need for long-term care within a year. This was an observational study, with participants allocated to either a derivation cohort or a validation cohort, in the United States. A nationally representative sample of older community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries (n = 6,538) participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Questions addressed sociodemographic, functional, health-related, and utilization characteristics in 1991 and 1992, linked to records of Medicare payments for health services during 1991-1992. In the derivation cohort, 14 self-reported characteristics were significant predictors of developing a need for long-term care within 1 year. In the validation cohort, these 14 characteristics identified a high-risk subgroup (18%) that, during the following year, developed a need for long-term care at six times the rate of the low-ris...
High-speed digital color imaging pyrometry

Temperature measurements of high-explosive and combustion processes are difficult to obtain due to the speed and environment of the events. To overcome these challenges, we have characterized and calibrated a digital high-speed color camera that may be used to measure the temperature of such events. A two-color ratio method is used to calculate a temperature using the color filter array raw image data and a graybody assumption. If the raw image data are not available, temperatures may be calculated from the processed images or movies, depending on proper analysis of the digital color imaging pipeline. We analyze three transformations within the pipeline (demosaicing, white balance, and gamma correction) to determine their effect on the calculated temperature. Using this technique with a Phantom color camera, we have measured the temperature of exploded C-4 charges. The surface temperature of the resulting fireball was found to rapidly increase after detonation, and subsequently decayed to a constant value of approximately 1980 K.
Bladder neck closure and suprapubic catheter placement as definitive management of neurogenic bladder

AbstractObjectiveSurgical management for neurogenic bladder may require abandonment of the native urethra due to intractable urinary incontinence, irreparable urethral erosion, severe scarring from previous transurethral procedures, or urethrocutaneous fistula. In these patients, bladder neck closure (BNC) excludes the native urethra and provides continence while preserving the antireflux mechanism of the native ureters. This procedure is commonly combined with ileovesicostomy or continent catheterizable stoma, with or without augmentation enterocystoplasty. Alternatively, BNC can be paired with suprapubic catheter diversion. This strategy does not require a bowel segment, resulting in shorter operative times and less opportunity for bowel-related morbidity. The study purpose is to examine preoperative characteristics, indications, complications, and long-term maintenance of renal function of BNC patients.MethodsA retrospective review of medical records of 35 patients who underwent BNC with suprapubic cat...
Survival, activity and penetration of the first stage larvae of Camallanus oxycephalus Ward and Magatm, 1916☆

Abstract The survival, activity and the ability to penetrate the gut wall of the intermediate host were studied for the first stage larvae of Camallanus oxycephalus . Survival was affected by temperature and salinity. The penetration efficiency decreased in a logarithmic relationship with larval age and was more rapid at 25°C than at 20°C. Larval activity rates decreased in a linear relationship with age. Activity was shown to be the most important factor in penetration of the copepod gut wall. These processes were compared with Ancylostoma and Haemonchus larvae. A fundamental difference is believed to exist in the decline of activity rates between Camallanus and Ancylostoma and Haemonchus . This difference is related to the life cycles of the three nematodes.
A MATRIX METHOD FOR APPROXIMATING FRACTAL MEASURES

Let X be a bounded subset of Rn and let A be the Lebesgue measure on X. Let {X:τ1,…, τN} be an iterated function system (IFS) with attractor S. We associate probabilities p1,…, pN with τ1,…, τN, respectively. Let M(X) be the space of Borel probability measures on X, and let M: M(X)→M(X) be the Markov operator associated with the IFS and its probabilities given by: $\left( {Mv} \right)\left( A \right) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {p_i v\left( {\tau _i^{ - 1} A} \right)\,,} $ where A is a measurable subset of X. Then there exists a unique µ∈M (A) such that Mµ=µ; µ is referred to as the measure invariant under the iterated function system with the associated probabilities. The support of μ is the attractor S. We prove the existence of a sequence of step functions {fi}, which are the eigenvectors of matrices {Mi}, such that the measures {fidλ} converge weakly to µ. An algorithm is presented for the construction of Mi and an example is given.
Integrated Tools for Teleoperated Satellite Repair

Tools and tool handling techniques designed for demonstrating the use of the Advanced Teleoperation System at JPL in satellite repair operations are described in this paper. Our model for the repair demonstration is the Main Electronics Box (MEB) replacement on the Solar Maximum Satellite Repair (SMSR) procedure developed by NASA and successfully performed by the crew of Space Shuttle STS-13 in 1984. A summary of the repair procedure consists of uncovering thermal protection blankets on the satellite, removing screws from the MEB panel, opening the panel and clamping it in place, then removing electrical connectors from their sockets, cutting cords that hold electrical cables to the MEB panel, replacing the panel, and finally reversing the previous procedures. Methods for handling tools used in our SMSR procedure, along with details of the tool designs are discussed in this paper.
The Gorlin syndrome: a genetically determined disorder associated with cardiac tumor.

18. tory electrocardiographic monitoring. J Am Co11 Cardiol 2:798, 1983. Pratt CM, Francis MJ, Luck JC, Wyndham CR, Miller RR, Quinones MA: Analysis of ambulatory electrocardiogram in 15 patients during spontaneous ventricular fibrillations with special reference to preceding arrhythmic events. J Am Co11 Cardiol 2:789, 1983. Lewis BH, Antman EM, Graboys TB: Detailed analysis of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings during ventricular fibrillation or torsade de pointes. J Am Co11 Cardiol 2/3:426, 1983. Lie KI, Liem KL, Schuilenburg RM, David GK, Durrer D: Early identification of patients developing late in-hospital ventricular fibrillation after discharge from the coronary care unit. Am J Cardiol 41:674, 1978. Bigger JT, Heller CA, Wenger TL, Weld FM: Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 42:202, 1978. Cats VM, Lie KI, Van Capelle FJL, Durrer D: Limitation of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in predicting coronary events after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 44:1257, 1979. Schultze RA Jr, Strauss HW, Pitt B: Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction: Relation to ventricular premature contraction in the late hospital phase and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Med 62:192, 1977. Clusin WT, Bristow MR, Kavsagneozian HS, Katzung MB, Schroeder JS: Do calcium dependent ionic currents mediate ischemic ventricular fibrillation? Am J Cardiol 49:606, 1982. Zipes DP, Gillmor RT: Calcium antagonists and their potential role in the prevention of sudden coronary death. In Greenberg HM, Dwyer M Jr, editors: Sudden coronary death. New York, 1982, Ann NY Acad Sci 362:258. Dunn RF, Newman HN, Bernstein L, Harris PJ, Tonbin GS, Corns J, Kelly DT: The clinical features of isolated left circumflex coronary artery disease. Circulation 69:477, 1984. Nademanee K, Hendrickson JA, Cannon DS, Goldreyer BN, Jing BN: Control of refractory life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias by amiodarone. AM HEART J 101:7591, 1981. Hegger JJ, Pyrstowsky EN, Jackman WM, Naccarelli OV, Warfer KA, Rankenberger RL, Zipes DP: Amiodarone, clinical efficacy and electro-physiology during long-term therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 305:539, 1981. McComb JM, Logan KR, Khan MM, Geddes JS, Adyey AM: Amiodarone-induced ventricular fibrillation. Eur J Cardiol 11:381, 1980. Sclarovsky S, Lewin RF, Krakoff 0, Strassberg B, Arditti A, Agmon J: Amiodarone-induced polymorphous ventricular tachycardia. AM HEART J 1056, 1983.
Exercise response of the denervated heart in long-term cardiac transplant recipients.

Abstract The left ventricular response to volume loading and graded supine bicycle exercise (3 minutes at 15, 45 and 90 watts) was assessed in nine long-term (more than 1 year) cardiac transplant recipients. Computer-aided fluoroscopy of radiopaque myocardial markers implanted in the left ventricle at the time of surgery was used to measure left ventricular dynamics. Pulmonary arterial and left ventricular pressures were monitored. Plasma norepinephrine was measured by radio-enzymatic assay at each level of exercise. Early in exercise mean end-diastolic volume (six patients) increased from a resting value of 125 to 138 ml (p
After the Holy Grail: Establishing a Molecular Basis for Mammalian Olfaction

The quest to identify mammalian odorant receptors was a triumph of molecular biology. The characterization of these molecules has provided extraordinary insight into the strategy used by one neuronal system to organize sensory structures and code complex information. The odorant receptor genes have also served as powerful tools in understanding genomic organization and gene regulation.
Vancomycin and the Kidney

V ANCOMYCIN, a glycopeptide antibiotic, obtained as a fermentation product from Nocardia orienta lis (formerly Streptomyces orientalis), was first developed in the mid-1950s. 1.2 Some closely related biologic products are copurified with the predominant active compound designated vancomycin B. Initially, vancomycin had a unique role in the treatment of penicillin-resistant grampositive infections. Subsequently, vancomycin use declined following the introduction of antistaphylococcal semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins. However, there recently has been a resurgence in usage \.3.4 due to (l) the increased frequency of infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci; (2) the increased recognition of the importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, particularly in patients with shunts, catheters, and prosthetic implants; (3) recognition of Clostridium difficile as the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis; and (4) the favorable pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing renal dialysis. Vancomycin is of particular interest to nephrologists and to other physicians who care for patients with renal diseases. Although this antibiotic is widely believed to be a potential cause of nephrotoxicity, it is frequently used in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD).5 This review will analyze available information concerning vancomycin and the kidney. The clinical implications of vancomycin pharmacokinetics in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency and the use of vancomycin in dialysis patients also will be discussed.
A family of heuristic solution methods for a class of nonlinear programming problems

Abstract A heuristic algorithm has been developed which is shown to be applicable to any nonlinear programming problem whose variables can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with a corresponding partition of the problem constraints. A number of applications of this heuristic method to specific problem types are discussed and computational results presented. In addition a Markov chain analysis of the performance of the algorithm for the transportation-location problem has been made to indicate why the algorithm performs well in practice. The relationship between problem structure and ease of solution is discussed, based on the results of this analysis.
Employment in nineteenth century Indian textiles

The “de-industrialization” of India has been a topic of extensive debate in the literature of political economy. Officials of the East India Company warned against it in the early days of the 18th century.’ That the growth of the Lancashire cotton mills came at the expense of Indian handicraft production has been widely accepted, especially among certain nationalist economic historians, led by Dutt (1956).’ A focal point in the recent academic discussion has been Morris’s (1963) article, reprinted, along with comments from other scholars, in the March 1968 issue of the Indiasl Economic and Social History Review, and in Morris et al. (1969), in which he declared “there is a strong likelihood that the traditional sector, generally speaking, did not decline absolutely in economic significance and therefore did not constitute a depressing element in the performance of the nineteenth century economy. It is even possible that absolute growth occurred, “3 Among other comments, critics painted to the weak statistical basis of Morris’s position. One important study he did cite is the Thorner (1962) analysis of the Indian census data of 1881 and 193 1)
Tensile behaviour of type 304 austenitic stainless steels in hydrogen atmosphere at low temperatures

AbstractThe tensile behaviour of solution annealed type 304L, solution annealed type 304, and solution annealed and sensitised type 304 stainless steels was investigated in hydrogen and helium under a pressure of 1·1 MPa over the temperature range 300–80 K at strain rates ranging from 4·2×10-5 to 4·2×10-2 s-1. For 304L steel, hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) increased with decreasing strain rate. For 304L and 304 steels, HEE increased with decreasing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased with further decrease in temperature: the decrease was particularly rapid near the minimum temperature for HEE. Sensitisation enhanced the HEE of 304 steel. Above the maximum HEE temperature, the HEE behaviour was similar to the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of materials in previous studies, but near the minimum temperature for HEE it was different. Three types of hydrogen induced brittle fracture were observed as a result of HEE: transgranular fracture along strain induced martensite laths and twi...