cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resources of Gold in Phanerozoic Epithermal Deposits

We have estimated Earth’s endowment of gold in Phanerozoic epithermal deposits using a tectonic-diffusion model, which simulates the emplacement of deposits at a shallow crustal depth and their subsequent vertical tectonic migration in the crust. The calculation was calibrated by least-squares comparison of a calculated age-frequency distribution to the age-frequency distribution for 448 epithermal deposits of Phanerozoic age. Results indicate that ~17 percent of the epithermal deposits that formed through Phanerozoic time remain in the crust today whereas ~83 percent have been removed by erosion. Assuming a similar age distribution for all 1,181 epithermal deposits in our compilation indicates that ~307,000 deposits formed throughout Phanerozoic time, that ~63,000 of these remain in the crust, and that ~244,000 have been eroded. Grade and tonnage data of gold in 757 epithermal deposits in the compilation have an arithmetic average of 34.7 t and yield an estimate of 2.2 × 106 t of gold for epithermal deposits remaining in the crust. Using the model-based vertical distribution of deposits remaining in the crust, we estimate that epithermal deposits in the upper kilometer of the United States contain 2.9 × 104 t of gold. Adjusting for areas of outcropping volcanic rocks in each continent increases our estimate to 4.0 × 104 t. These estimates are similar to the 1.7 × 104 t gold resource estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey using completely different methods. Several comparisons based on these results provide insights into the efficiency of processes that form epithermal deposits and the outlook for sustainability. For instance, all of the epithermal deposits that formed through Phanerozoic time represent only about 0.03 percent of the gold in the crust. Only about 0.007 percent of crustal gold remains in epithermal deposits; the rest has been eroded and recycled. This is consistent with comparisons based on the flux of gold in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, which indicate that epithermal deposits trap only 0.1 to 0.2 percent of the gold that moves through convergent margin hydrothermal systems. Epithermal gold deposits that remain in the crust can supply current production from them for 1,400 to 5,000 years, depending on success of exploration and depth of mining. Finally, we are consuming gold from epithermal deposits about 17,000 times faster than Earth is replenishing the supply.
Empirical software maintenance studies during the 1980s

The authors examine empirical software maintenance research during the 1980s and categorize the research according to placement, origin, and nature to determine what has been done in the past. To aid in the investigation, an exhaustive electronic keyword search was made of abstracts found in Computer Database Abstracts and the INSPEC Computer and Control; Abstracts. The full abstracts for the articles found in the searches were scrutinized to determine whether they were appropriate. On the basis of the abstracts, full articles were examined to provide summary and trend statistics. The dimensions used to categorize and interpret the current state of empirical software maintenance research were derived from a survey conducted at the 1988 IEEE Conference on Software Maintenance. It was found that the volume of empirical software maintenance research apparently has increased over the decade. Second, the use of COBOL in empirical studies appears to be increasing. The use of only students in empirical studies has declined slightly through the decade, and the majority of software maintenance research continues to be accomplished by academic researchers. >
Collaborative software development: experimental results

The experimental results of a collaborative problem solving and program development model that takes into consideration the cognitive and social activities that occur during software development is presented in this paper. This collaborative model is based on the dual common model that focuses on individual cognitive aspects of problem solving and programming. The dual common model, shown to improve the problem solving and programming skills of individual programmer as stated in F. P. Deek (1997), was extended to integrate groupware needs. The model was tested using the groupware tool Groove. The study includes four conditions: groove and the collaborative model, Groove alone, the collaborative model alone, and neither groove or the collaborative model. The subjects were students of a graduate course in object oriented programming at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
A unified analysis of exact methods of inverting the 2-D exponential radon transform, with implications for noise control in SPECT

Exact methods of inverting the two-dimensional (2-D) exponential Radon transform have been proposed by Bellini et al. (1979) and by Inouye et al. (1989), both of whom worked in the spatial-frequency domain to estimate the 2-D Fourier transform of the unattenuated sinogram; by Hawkins et al. (1988), who worked with circularly harmonic Bessel transforms; and by Tretiak and Metz (1980), who followed filtering of appropriately-modified projections by exponentially-weighted backprojection. With perfect sampling, all four of these methods are exact in the absence of projection-data noise, but empirical studies have shown that they propagate noise differently, and no underlying theoretical relationship among the methods has been evident. Here, an analysis of the 2-D Fourier transform of the modified sinogram reveals that all previously-proposed linear methods can be interpreted as special cases of a broad class of methods, and that each method in the class can be implemented, in principle, by any one of four distinct techniques. Moreover, the analysis suggests a new member of the class that Is predicted to have noise properties better than those of previously-proposed members.
Characterization of the postacrosomal sheath of bovine spermatozoa

A purified head fraction was prepared from bovine epididymal spermatozoa and was utilized to identify the solubility characteristics and major polypeptide components of the postacrosomal sheath. Sperm heads extracted in nonionic-detergent-containing or high-salt-containing solutions retained an intact postacrosomal sheath, but it was readily solubilized by high pH extraction solutions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major polypeptide of 58,000 daltons (58-kD) in the high pH extract solution. Antibodies to the 58-kD polypeptide specifically reacted with the postacrosomal segment by immunofluorescence and by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry were shown to bind the postacrosomal sheath. We conclude that this 58-kD polypeptide is a constituent of the postacrosomal sheath and that its distribution is restricted to the postacrosomal segment.
Simulation and characterization of the Adriatic Sea mesoscale variability

[1] This paper presents simulations of the Adriatic Sea using the DieCAST model applied on a 1.2–min grid (about 2–km resolution). The simulations resolve the mesoscale variability because the grid size falls below the first baroclinic deformation radius (about 5–10 km) and DieCAST has very low horizontal dissipation. The model is initialized with seasonally averaged temperature and salinity data and forced with climatological winds and surface buoyancy fluxes (both heat flux and evaporation minus precipitation). River discharges are varied daily according to a perpetual year for every river, and the open-boundary conditions at Otranto Strait are obtained by nesting in two larger-scale models. The present simulations demonstrate that the DieCAST model allows mesoscale instabilities to develop at length scales of 5–20 km and over time scales of a few days. The simulated variability exhibits pronounced similarities with the actual mesoscale variability, in terms of location, nature and temporal evolution of the features. Meanders, swirls and eddies are noted along the relatively smooth Italian coast while offshore jets and filaments better describe the mesoscale activity along the more rugged coast of Croatia. In sum, DieCAST is highly suitable for the study of mesoscale variability in the Adriatic Sea. The present simulations also show that the seasonal hydrography of the Adriatic Sea is intrinsically unstable to mesoscale perturbations, and that the mesoscale variability along the Italian coast is the result of baroclinic instability of the Western Adriatic Current. It is shown how the properties of this instability are related to the local bottom topography.
Brother, can you spare some time? Sustaining prosperity and social inclusion in America's metropolitan regions

Understanding the factors and processes that help regions sustain economic growth has become a topic of increasing interest in recent years. We examine factors associated with the length of ‘growth spells’ for the 184 largest regions in the United States from the period 1990–2011. We find that growth duration is positively related to a number of factors one might expect, including lower levels of reliance on manufacturing and a higher proportion of the population with middle education levels. However, we also find that the length of growth spells is strongly related to lower levels of metropolitan income inequality and to measures of social and spatial segregation, suggesting that more equitable and more integrated regions are better able to sustain growth.
Distributed transactional memory for general networks

We consider the problem of implementing transactional memory in large-scale distributed networked systems. We present Spiral, a novel distributed directory-based protocol for transactional memory, and theoretically analyze and experimentally evaluate it for the performance boundaries of this approach from the worst-case perspective. Spiral is designed for the data-flow distributed implementation of software transactional memory which supports three basic operations: publish, allowing a shared object to be inserted in the directory so that other nodes can find it; lookup, providing a read-only copy of the object to the requesting node; move, allowing the requesting node to write the object locally after the node gets it. The protocol runs on a hierarchical directory construction based on sparse covers, where clusters at each level are ordered to avoid race conditions while serving concurrent requests. Given a shared object the protocol maintains a directory path pointing to the object. The basic idea is to use "spiral" paths that grow outward to search for the directory path of the object in a bottom-up fashion. For general networks, this protocol guarantees an $$\mathcal{O}(\log ^2 n\cdot \log D)$$ O ( log 2 n · log D ) approximation in sequential and one-shot concurrent executions of a finite set of move requests, where $$n$$ n is the number of nodes and $$D$$ D is the diameter of the network. It also guarantees poly-log approximation for any single lookup request. Our bounds are deterministic and hold in the worst-case. Moreover, this protocol requires only polylogarithmic bits of memory per node. Experimental evaluations in real networks also confirm our theoretical findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deterministic consistency protocol for distributed transactional memory that achieves poly-log approximation in general networks.
Electronic transport and mechanical stability of carboxyl linked single-molecule junctions

We characterize electron transport across Au–molecule–Au junctions of heterogeneous carboxyl and methyl sulfide terminated saturated and conjugated molecules. Low-bias conductance measurements are performed using the scanning tunneling microscopy based break-junction technique in the presence of solvents and at room temperature. For a series of alkanes with 1–4 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, our results show an exponential decrease in conductance with increasing molecule length characterized by a decay constant of 0.9 ± 0.1 per methylene group. Control measurements in pH 11 solutions and with COOMe terminations suggest that the carboxylic acid group binds through the formation of a COO−–Au bond. Simultaneous measurements of conductance and force across these junctions yield a rupture force of 0.6 ± 0.1 nN, comparable to that required to rupture a Au–SMe bond. By establishing reliable, in situ junction formation, these experiments provide a new approach to probe electronic properties of carboxyl groups at the single molecule level.
Chemical Etching and Patterning of Copper, Silver, and Gold Films at Low Temperatures

Copper, silver, and gold share unique properties that offer numerous application possibilities. For instance, low resistivity and high electromigration resistance make them attractive as interconnect layers in integrated circuits and microelectronic devices, while the optical properties of their nano-scale structures allow fabrication of plasmonic devices. Etching or patterning techniques are required in order to fabricate nano-structures, devices, and circuits. Although liquid or vapor phase techniques can be applied, plasma or glow discharge methods are typically invoked due to the need to generate anisotropic nanometer pattern sizes. Group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) form few volatile compounds at temperatures below 150◦C, which limits the approaches that can be used to perform etching/patterning. Halogenated plasmas are widely used to etch metal layers; however, the low volatility of Cu, Ag, and Au halides precludes low temperature processes. Group 11 metals form hydrides readily in plasmas containing hydrogen species. Despite the thermodynamic instability of these metal hydrides, they appear to form at low (below room) temperature and can be desorbed from the etching surface by ionor photon-assisted processes. Similarly, methylated metal etch products can be generated with hydrocarbon etching plasmas. As a result, etch rates above 12 ± 1 nm/min can be achieved, even when polymer forming plasmas (e.g., methane or other hydrocarbons) are used for patterning. These simple subtractive plasma etching approaches offer significant advantages relative to other vapor phase or liquid techniques in the manufacture of nano-scale devices and circuits. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0111501jss] All rights reserved.
Increasing business flexibility and SOA adoption through effective SOA governance

Most organizations understand the need to address service-oriented architecture (SOA) governance during SOA adoption. An abundance of information is available defining SOA governance: what it is and what it is not, why it is important, and why organizational change must be addressed. Increasingly business and information technology (IT) stakeholders, executive and technical, acknowledge that SOA governance is essential for realizing the benefits of SOA adoption: building more-flexible IT architectures, improving the fusion between business and IT models, and making business processes more flexible and reusable. However, what is not clear is how an organization gets started. What works and what does not work? More importantly, what is required in SOA governance for organizations to see sustained and realized benefits? This paper describes a framework, the SOA governance model, that can be used to scope and identify what is required for effective SOA governance. Based on client experiences, we describe four approaches to getting started with SOA governance, and we describe how to use these four approaches to make shared services (services used by two or more consumers), reuse, and flexibility a reality. We also discuss lessons learned in using these four approaches.
Automated face analysis by feature point tracking has high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding

The face is a rich source of information about human behavior. Available methods for coding facial displays, however, are human-observer dependent, labor intensive, and difficult to standardize. To enable rigorous and efficient quantitative measurement of facial displays, we have developed an automated method of facial display analysis. In this report, we compare the results with this automated system with those of manual FACS (Facial Action Coding System, Ekman & Friesen, 1978a) coding. One hundred university students were videotaped while performing a series of facial displays. The image sequences were coded from videotape by certified FACS coders. Fifteen action units and action unit combinations that occurred a minimum of 25 times were selected for automated analysis. Facial features were automatically tracked in digitized image sequences using a hierarchical algorithm for estimating optical flow. The measurements were normalized for variation in position, orientation, and scale. The image sequences were randomly divided into a training set and a cross-validation set, and discriminant function analyses were conducted on the feature point measurements. In the training set, average agreement with manual FACS coding was 92% or higher for action units in the brow, eye, and mouth regions. In the cross-validation set, average agreement was 91%, 88%, and 81% for action units in the brow, eye, and mouth regions, respectively. Automated face analysis by feature point tracking demonstrated high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding.
Design of an Instructional System for Flight Dispatcher Icing Training

Atmospheric icing plays a critical role in the daily responsibilities and decision making of airline flight dispatchers. To maintain safety, airlines must be sure that dispatchers are trained to a deep understanding of this topic. It is difficult, however, for current training programs to review icing to the depth that is necessary. In addition, systematically designed training products focusing on atmospheric icing do not exist for flight dispatchers. Flight dispatchers and instructors express the need for systematically designed icing training products standardized for flight dispatchers. The field of instructional systems design (ISD) offers methods for the creation of such products. In recognition of the need for flight dispatcher centered training products, this paper discusses the development of a preliminary icing training system for flight dispatchers, framed within a modern ISD model. It focuses on the higher and lower level instructional goals, the content to achieve these goals, and the evaluation materials and strategy to assess the training system.
Mucinous Differentiation Correlates with Absence of EGFR Mutation and Presence of KRAS Mutation in Lung Adenocarcinomas with Bronchioloalveolar Features

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) are detected in a subset of lung adenocarcinomas, particularly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features (AWBF), and correlate with clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In contrast, lung adenocarcinomas refractory to TKIs often have activating mutations in KRAS but lack EGFR mutations. Some adenocarcinomas have mucinous histology, but the clinical and molecular significance of the mucinous pattern is less well studied. We analyzed 43 BAC and AWBF tumors submitted for EGFR mutation testing to identify histopathological features that predicted EGFR or KRAS mutations. EGFR mutations were detected in 14 of 30 (47%) nonmucinous tumors, whereas 0 of 13 mucinous tumors harbored an EGFR mutation (P = 0.003). Missense mutations in KRAS codon 12 were detected in six of seven (86%) mucinous adenocarcinomas but only 3 of 18 (17%) nonmucinous adenocarcinomas (P = 0.003). Thus, in BAC/AWBF mucinous differentiation was significantly correlated with the absence of EGFR mutation and presence of KRAS mutation, suggesting that mucinous BACs/AWBFs are unlikely to respond to TKIs. Therefore, our data suggest that EGFR sequence analysis could be avoided in BAC/AWBF when true mucinous morphology is identified, avoiding the associated testing costs.
School Maladjustment and External Locus of Control Predict the Daytime Sleepiness of College Students With ADHD.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether school maladjustment longitudinally predicts the daytime sleepiness of college students with ADHD above and beyond symptoms of ADHD ...
Anesthesia and sedation of foals

Physiologic similarities and differences between foals and adult horses, including response to pain, cardiopulmonary function, ability to compensate for dehydration and hemorrhage, and response to anesthetic drugs, are considered in this article. Preanesthetic evaluation, choice of anesthetic drugs, technique, and monitoring support requirements through to anesthetic recovery are based on these physiologic considerations. Anesthetic techniques discussed include drugs for premedication, parenteral or inhalational anesthetic induction, and maintenance using inhalational and parenteral anesthesia. Where possible, the cardiopulmonary response of foals to individual anesthetic drugs or a combination of them is provided.
Kolb's Learning Style Inventory: A Review of Its Applications in Nursing Research

This article reviews the application of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) in the examination of learning styles among nursing students, as reported in the current literature. In general, a lack of significant relationships between learning style and other variables was revealed in the research on nursing students. In addition, studies undertaken specifically to investigate the measurement properties of the LSI reported major criticisms which seem to have been ignored. In spite of numerous charges of serious instrument weakness, the Kolb LSI has become the most frequently used method of measuring learning styles among nursing students. Continued use of the Kolb LSI in nursing research or as an experiential technique is not recommended. There has been a veritable deluge of research on learning styles among health professionals in recent years. Upon examination of the learning style literature, one finds a sometimes puzzling array of research. Not only are the terms "learning styles" and "cognitive styles" used almost indiscriminately, but also the sheer numbers of instruments used to measure these constructs are baffling. Nursing students are among the most frequently studied groups of health professionals with regard to the learning style construct. Unfortunately, the innumerable instruments used to measure this construct are strikingly dissimilar. Not only are the instruments' designs grossly disparate, but the theoretical constructs upon which they are based contain tenuous connections to one another (Ferrell, 1983; Partridge, 1983). Each instrument yields a predominant learning style or several strong modes of learning, but the categories for the most part are not similar. The Kolb's LSI was the instrument used most frequently for measuring the learning styles of nursing students.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultrafast Pd/AAO Nanowell Hydrogen Sensor

Anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes consist of highly uniform and aligned nanopores with pore diameters ranging between 10 and 200 nm. Based on these nanoporous materials, we developed a new AAO nanowell structure that was synthesized through short-term anodization of aluminum foil. The nanowell structure was made of shallow wells that were oriented in a hexagonally closed packed configuration with well diameter around 50 nm and depth less than 100 nm. The chemical composition was amorphous alumina on aluminum substrate. Thin palladium film was then fabricated on the surface of the as-synthesized AAO nanowell to prepare a Pd/AAO nanowell structure. These devices demonstrated unexpectedly high hydrogen sensitivity. The response time ranged from a few hundred milliseconds to a few seconds with hydrogen concentration between 1 and 0.05%. They also showed modest responses at hydrogen concentration as low as 5 ppm.
Regio- and Stereoselective Monoepoxidation of Dienes using Methyltrioxorhenium: Synthesis of Allylic Epoxides

Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) complexed with pyridine was shown to be a highly effective catalyst for the regioselective monoepoxidation of conjugated di- and trienes using 30% H2O2 at or below room temperature. The resultant allylic epoxides, and the triols derived from them, are versatile synthetic intermediates as well as substructures present in many bioactive natural products. The site of epoxidation was dependent upon olefin substitution, olefin geometry (Z vs E), and the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on adjacent carbons. For 1-acyl(silyl)oxypenta-2,4-dienes, epoxidation of the distal olefin was generally favored in contrast to the adjacent regioselectivity characteristic of Sharpless, peracid, and other directed epoxidations of hydroxylated dienes.
Arrhythmia Surgery and Pacemaker Placement Not Associated with Fontan Conversion

Concomitant arrhythmia surgery in association with initial or repeat congenital heart repairs has assumed an important role in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The most common long-term complications after congenital heart repairs are arrhythmia and heart failure, which can lead to decreased functional class, multiple readmissions to the hospital, and sudden death. Many reports have documented the efficacy and utility of this approach.
The Investigation on the Incidence of Varicella in Gansu of Some Direct in 2010

OBJECTIVE To know the actual incidence of varicella in Gansu in 2010.METHODS One township of rural area and one community of urban area were selected and the children under 14 years was interviewed in home.RESULTS The adjusted incidence of the children under 14 years was 6086.26/100000,the estimated incidence of the entire population was 1103.09/100000.The incidence of 0～14years old in urban was 11491.05/100000,in rural was 5078.67/100 000.The peak of incidence was 5～12 age group.The incidence of male was 7377.63/100000,female was 7849.95/100000.CONCLUSION lots of cases were missed,the monitoring sensitivity was poor.With the growth of the age,the incidence shows ascendant trend and urban’s was higher than rural’s.
WE-G-204-00: Post-Graduate Training of the Next Generation of Academic Medical Physicists

While many indicators for academic medical physics are distressing – jobs are tight, demands on clinical time are high (and getting worse) and national funding has been flat for several years (meaning less money in reality) the present is perhaps one of the most exciting times in cancer research history, and medical physicists have an opportunity to make a difference. Many of us predict the impact of medical physics on cancer research over the next decade to be more significant than ever. Why is that? First, medical imaging is used for every cancer patient in developed countries. Every improvement in the acquisition, processing or analysis of radiological images has the potential to impact patients. The use of radiation therapy is at an all-time high – and virtually cannot be performed without medical physics. Many of the advances in both biomedical imaging and radiation oncology are the result of the hard work of academic medical physicists who are thinking of the next generation of technologies that will be used against cancer or an even broader spectrum of diseases. A career in academic medical physics is demanding, particularly for those with clinical responsibilities. As the demands for justification of their clinical effort become increasingly metricized, the ability to do “unfunded research” will become even more difficult. This means that many will have to generate external salary support to justify their efforts in research and development. This comes at a time when funding for research is compressed and harder to obtain. Generally speaking, if you are not contributing 50% or more of your effort to research, you are competing at a disadvantage and it is very unlikely you will get an NIH/NCI/NIBIB grant. Furthermore, in the ongoing effort to improve patient care and safety, we have developed credentialing pathways that now require at least two-years of residency training. This full-time clinical training creates a gap in the research trajectory of graduate students who aspire to academic positions with an expectation for extramural funding. To address this, several residency programs have created hybrid programs where the two-years of clinical training is combined with one or two years of research effort to allow candidates to further establish an academic identity and to ensure adequate academic productivity to compete for a beginning faculty position. In conclusion, while the path to a successful career in academic medical physics is steep and sometimes hard to follow, reaching the apex is worth the journey. Different paths to a career in medical physics are available, you just have to decide which one is right for you. If improving cancer care is your goal as a physicist, then academic medical physics is the job for you!
A Lesotho Comparison: Elusive Industrialisation and Labour Migration

In Chapters 2 and 3, the semi-periphery-periphery relationship between the political economies of Swaziland and South Africa was established to provide a context for analysing women and textile industrialisation. This chapter is devoted to an analysis of the Lesotho political economy for purposes of interperipheral comparison. In some of the literature on Swaziland, it has been suggested that instead of comparing it to Botswana and Lesotho a more apt comparison is Zimbabwe.1 Certainly, Swaziland’s sizeable European population distinguishes it from Botswana and Lesotho. However, there are historical similarities among these countries.
Confidence-Based State Estimation: A Novel Tool for Test and Evaluation of Human-Systems

Test and evaluation (T&E) of complex human-in-the loop systems has been a challenge for system developers. Traditional methods for T&E rely on questionnaires given periodically in combination with task performance measures to quantify the effectiveness of a given system. This approach is inherently obtrusive and interferes with natural system interaction. Here, we propose a method to leverage unobtrusive wearable technology to create a system for continuously assessing human state. Previous efforts at this type of assessment have often failed to generalize beyond controlled laboratory environments due to increased variability in signal quality from both the wearable sensors and in human behavior. We propose a method to account for this variability using measures of confidence to create robust estimates of state capable of dynamically adapting to changes in behavior over time. We postulate that the confidence-based approach can provide high-resolution estimates of state that will augment T&E of complex systems.
Nonintrusive Occupant Identification by Sensing Body Shape and Movement

The ability to identify people has numerous applications including in smart buildings where the building can be customized to the needs of its occupants or for other applications such as in assisted living and customer behavior analysis in commercial settings. There are different methods used for occupant identification. Some are intrusive such as using cameras or microphone and others require the users to carry mobile gadgets to be identified. In this paper, we present a nonintrusive method to identify people by sensing their body shape and movement. Such information is derived from using ultrasonic sensors to measure the height and width as the occupant walks through the instrumental doorway. In fact, height and width are not unique to every occupant, but extracting a set of features from the variations in height and width makes identification possible. In this study, our system senses a stream of height and width data, recognizes the walking event when a person walks through the door, extracts features that capture a person's movement as well as physical shape. These features are fed to our clustering algorithm that associates each occupant with a distinct cluster. We deployed our system for 1 month. We found out that our approach achieves 95% accuracy with 20 occupants suggesting the suitability of our approach in commercial building settings. In addition, we found out that using girth to distinguish between occupants is more successful than using height.
Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation Unique to Pregnancy

Maternal cardiopulmonary arrest (MCPA) is a catastrophic event that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. A prepared, multidisciplinary team is necessary to perform basic and advanced cardiac life support specific to the anatomic and physiologic changes of pregnancy. MCPA is a challenging clinical scenario for any provider. Overall, it is an infrequent occurrence that involves 2 patients. However, key clinical intervention performed concurrently can save the life of both mother and baby.
Two-dimensional nanoscale correlations in the strong negative thermal expansion material ScF 3

We present diffuse x-ray scattering data on the strong negative thermal expansion (NTE) material ${\mathrm{ScF}}_{3}$ and find that two-dimensional nanoscale correlations exist at momentum-space regions associated with possibly rigid rotations of the perovskite octahedra. We address the extent to which rigid octahedral motion describes the dynamical fluctuations behind NTE by generalizing a simple model supporting a single floppy mode that is often used to heuristically describe instances of NTE. We find this model has tendencies toward dynamic inhomogeneities and its application to recent and existing experimental data suggest an intricate link between the nanometer correlation length scale, the energy scale for octahedral tilt fluctuations, and the coefficient of thermal expansion in ${\mathrm{ScF}}_{3}$. We then investigate the breakdown of the rigid limit and propose a resolution to an outstanding debate concerning the role of molecular rigidity in strong NTE materials.
Boundedness of para-product operators on spaces of homogeneous type

We obtain the boundedness of Calderon-Zygmund singular integral operators T of non-convolution type on Hardy spaces H p (X) for 1/(1 + e) < p ⩽ 1, where X is a space of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss (1971), and e is the regularity exponent of the kernel of the singular integral operator T. Our approach relies on the discrete Littlewood-Paley-Stein theory and discrete Calderon’s identity. The crucial feature of our proof is to avoid atomic decomposition and molecular theory in contrast to what was used in the literature.
Capacity evaluation of voided driven piles using embedded data collectors

This paper presents an application of a method that will be implemented in the embedded data collector (EDC) system in the near future, to estimate the capacity of driven piles with a combined soli...
What Patients Value About Reading Visit Notes: A Qualitative Inquiry of Patient Experiences With Their Health Information

Background: Patients are increasingly asking for their health data. Yet, little is known about what motivates patients to engage with the electronic health record (EHR). Furthermore, quality-focused mechanisms for patients to comment about their records are lacking. Objective: We aimed to learn more about patient experiences with reading and providing feedback on their visit notes. Methods: We developed a patient feedback tool linked to OpenNotes as part of a pilot quality improvement initiative focused on patient engagement. Patients who had appointments with members of 2 primary care teams piloting the program between August 2014-2015 were eligible to participate. We asked patients what they liked about reading notes and about using a feedback tool and analyzed all patient reports submitted during the pilot period. Two researchers coded the qualitative responses (κ=.74). Results: Patients and care partners submitted 260 reports. Among these, 98.5% (256/260) of reports indicated that the reporting tool was valuable, and 68.8% (179/260) highlighted what patients liked about reading notes and the OpenNotes patient reporting tool process. We identified 4 themes describing what patients value about note content: confirm and remember next steps, quicker access and results, positive emotions, and sharing information with care partners; and 4 themes about both patients’ use of notes and the feedback tool: accuracy and correcting mistakes, partnership and engagement, bidirectional communication and enhanced education, and importance of feedback. Conclusions: Patients and care partners who read notes and submitted feedback reported greater engagement and the desire to help clinicians improve note accuracy. Aspects of what patients like about using both notes as well as a feedback tool highlight personal, relational, and safety benefits. Future efforts to engage patients through the EHR may be guided by what patients value, offering opportunities to strengthen care partnerships between patients and clinicians. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(7):e237]
Dynamic effects of biochar concentration and particle size on hydraulic properties of sand

Large‐scale application of biochar has been promoted as a strategy for improving soil quality in agricultural and contaminated lands, as biochar has the potential to alter soil physical and biogeochemical properties. Biochar at different concentrations has been shown to have inconsistent effects on soil hydrological properties, yet the cause of the inconsistency is not well understood. To investigate the relative roles of biochar size and concentration, we mixed pure sand with a commercially available biochar varying its concentrations and particle sizes and measured saturated (Kₛₐₜ) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water‐retention characteristics. An increase in the concentration of fine biochar (<2 mm) consistently decreased Kₛₐₜ and increased saturated moisture content. In contrast, an increase in the concentration of unsieved (mixture of coarse and fine) biochar up to 5% (by volume) increased Kₛₐₜ, whereas any further increases in unsieved biochar concentration decreased Kₛₐₜ. Increase in biochar concentration, irrespective of particle size, consistently decreased the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Measuring the changes in the characteristics of water‐retention curves of biochar–sand mixtures with biochar particle size, we showed that added biochar can either decrease (clog) or increase pore spaces in the mixture on the basis of the quantity of fine biochar fraction, which in turn could decrease or increase the hydraulic conductivity of the mixture. Thus, biochar concentration and particle size must be taken into consideration to maximize the intended hydrological benefits of biochar amendment.
Land–Atmosphere Interactions in South Asia: A Regional Earth Systems Perspective

Exchanges between the land and the atmosphere are complex and dynamic. Capturing these interactions provides a better understanding of the earth systems across multiple scales. Studies highlighting the energy budget partitioning and water cycle assessment have immensely contributed to defining better monsoon, weather and climate predictions as well as regional water vapor transport impacted by anthropogenic influences in South Asia. In this chapter, we provide examples of how the land–atmosphere interactions are influenced by changing soil moisture, evapotranspiration, water vapor transport, and planetary boundary layer depth over this region. Climate change adaptation requires the knowledge of how large-scale atmospheric and climate-induced forcings impact at a local scale. Therefore, proper physical understanding of the processes that influence the feedbacks between the vegetation, water, and atmosphere becomes essential for future management of natural resources and water management.
Model Selection and Interpretation

Concepts of MDS model fit are discussed, along with various fit indices. Interpretation of MDS solutions is explained; particularly I highlight the point that MDS is a visual tool using a two-dimensional space and interpretation should focus on clustering patterns of the MDS solution.
Toots, tastes and tester shots: user accounts of drug sampling methods for gauging heroin potency.

Internationally, overdose is the primary cause of death among people injecting drugs. However, since 2001, heroin-related overdose deaths in the United States (US) have risen sixfold, paralleled by a rise in the death rate attributed to synthetic opioids, particularly the fentanyls. This paper considers the adaptations some US heroin injectors are making to protect themselves from these risks. Between 2015 and 2016, a team of ethnographers collected data through semi-structured interviews and observation captured in field notes and video recording of heroin preparation/consumption. Ninety-one current heroin injectors were interviewed (Baltimore, n = 22; Chicago, n = 24; Massachusetts and New Hampshire, n = 36; San Francisco, n = 9). Experience injecting heroin ranged from < 1–47 years. Eight participants, who were exclusively heroin snorters, were also interviewed. Data were analyzed thematically. Across the study sites, multiple methods of sampling “heroin” were identified, sometimes used in combination, ranging from non-injecting routes (snorting, smoking or tasting a small amount prior to injection) to injecting a partial dose and waiting. Partial injection took different forms: a “slow shot” where the user injected a portion of the solution in the syringe, keeping the needle in the injection site, and continuing or withdrawing the syringe or a “tester shot” where the solution was divided into separate injections. Other techniques included getting feedback from others using heroin of the same batch or observing those with higher tolerance injecting heroin from the same batch before judging how much to inject themselves. Although a minority of those interviewed described using these drug sampling techniques, there is clearly receptivity among some users to protecting themselves by using a variety of methods. The use of drug sampling as a means of preventing an overdose from injection drug use reduces the quantity absorbed at any one time allowing users to monitor drug strength and titrate their dose accordingly. Given the highly unpredictable potency of the drugs currently being sold as heroin in the US, universal precautions should be adopted more widely. Further research is needed into facilitators and barriers to the uptake of these drug sampling methods.
Fencing enhances shrub survival and growth for Mojave desert revegetation

Fourteen species of native shrubs were transplanted to bare areas of the northern Mojave Desert in 1972 and 1973. By 1978 plants surrounded by small fences were larger (0.26 vs 0.11 m/sup 3/ overall average for several species) and survived better (42 percent versus 23 percent) than unfenced plants. These effects are primarily due to reduced grazing of shoots. Loss of shrubs to pocket gophers or other burrowing rodents was not prevented by fencing.
Biochemical and Molecular Methods for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders

Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (RCD) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases that can be caused by mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genome. Due to the complexity of the disorders and the consideration of the two genomes, diagnosis of these disorders can be difficult. Diagnosis requires the combination of clinical, biochemical, histopathological, imaging, and molecular evaluations. Usually, the disease is first suspected based on clinical assessment, followed by simple analyses of metabolic markers. The diagnosis of the disease maybe supported by non-invasive imaging evaluation, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS), or biochemical and histochemical studies of invasive muscle biopsies. The definitive diagnosis is usually arrived by the identification of the causative deleterious mutations in the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, respiratory chain function, or other mitochondrial structural/functional proteins. Based on years of clinical and diagnostic experience, a molecular testing algorithm has been developed. Various biochemical and molecular methods used in the diagnostic algorithms are described in this chapter. The application of novel technologies including oligonucleotide array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH), and massively parallel sequencing of target genes are reviewed. Capture of all genes targeting to the mitochondria followed by new generation high throughput sequencing may be the ultimate approach for a one-step comprehensive molecular diagnosis of complex dual genome mitochondrial disorders.
Inpatient psychiatric care following a suicide-related hospitalization: A pilot trial of Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy in a military medical center.

Abstract Objective Individuals with a recent suicidal crisis are typically admitted for inpatient psychiatric care. However, targeted inpatient interventions for suicide prevention remain sparse. Thus, this pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated a brief inpatient cognitive behavioral protocol, Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT) for the prevention of suicide. Methods United States service members and beneficiaries (N = 24) psychiatrically hospitalized at a military medical center due to a recent suicidal crisis were randomized to receive either PACT plus Enhanced Usual Care (PACT + EUC) or EUC alone. Blinded follow-up assessments were conducted at one-, two-, and three-months post discharge. The degree of change and variability of response to PACT for repeat suicide attempt(s) (primary outcome), as well as depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation (secondary outcomes) were examined. Results Significant between-group differences in re-attempt status were not found. Reliable Change Index analyses indicated that among the most clinically severe participants, a greater proportion of PACT + EUC participants compared with EUC participants met criteria for clinically significant reductions on depression (40% versus 25%), hopelessness (67% versus 50%), suicide ideation (45% versus 33%), and posttraumatic stress symptomatology (40% versus 25%). Conclusions PACT is a promising inpatient cognitive behavioral intervention for suicide risk reduction. The efficacy of PACT is currently being evaluated in a well-powered multi-site randomized controlled trial.
Practicing Islam in Egypt: Print Media and Islamic Revival

Following the ideological disappointment of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, an Islamic revival arose in Egypt. Yet, far from a mechanical reaction to the decline of secular nationalism, this religious shift was the product of impassioned competition among Muslim Brothers, Salafis and state institutions and their varied efforts to mobilize Egyptians to their respective projects. By pulling together the linked stories of these diverse claimants to religious authority and tracing the social and intellectual history of everyday practices of piety, Aaron Rock-Singer shows how Islamic activists and institutions across the political spectrum reshaped daily practices in an effort to persuade followers to adopt novel models of religiosity. In so doing, he reveals how Egypt's Islamic revival emerged, who it involved, and why it continues to shape Egypt today.