cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active learning accelerates ab initio molecular dynamics on reactive energy surfaces

Summary Modeling dynamical effects in chemical reactions typically requires ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations due to the breakdown of transition state theory (TST). Reactive AIMD simulations are limited to lower-accuracy electronic structure methods and weak statistics because quantum mechanical energies and forces must be evaluated at femtosecond time resolution over many replicas. We report a data-driven pipeline that allows for the treatment of dynamical effects with the same level of theory and overall cost as that of TST approaches. High-throughput ab initio calculations and autonomous data acquisition are coupled to graph convolutional neural-network interatomic potentials, allowing for inexpensive reactive AIMD simulations at quantum mechanical accuracy. We demonstrate the approach by accurately simulating post-TS dynamical effects in three distinct pericyclic reactions, including a challenging trispericyclic reaction with a complex bifurcating potential energy surface. This approach is broadly applicable to understanding dynamical effects and predicting reaction outcomes in large, previously intractable systems.
Courage under fire: Re-evaluating Black Hawk Down and the Battle of Mogadishu:

The current understanding of Black Hawk Down is based on two assumptions: allegations of tired tactics and claims by Somali National Alliance leader Mohammed Farrah Aideed. These assumptions, accep...
Are negative views of the self, world and future, mediators of the relationship between subjective social status and depressive symptoms?

BACKGROUND Elevated depressive symptoms are associated with impairments, reduced quality of life, and societal economic burden. A well-established stress-vulnerability model explaining depressive symptoms is Beck's cognitive theory (Beck, 1976). An independent line of research demonstrated that a person's perception of their status in comparison with others' (subjective social status, SSS) is a stressor associated with depressive symptoms. AIMS Theory-driven research investigating the interplay of different factors associated with depressive symptoms opens the door to improve the lives of the affected individuals and to reduce the overall societal burden. This study's aim was to examine if SSS can be integrated as a stressor into Beck's theory, looking specifically at whether it impacts depressive symptoms through the individual components (self, world and future) of the cognitive triad. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, 243 community college students (58.6% female; mean age 23.95 years) in the southern United States completed self-reports measuring SSS, negative views of the self, world and future, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS SSS is negatively associated with each view of the cognitive triad. SSS and views of the self and world are negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses displayed a significant direct effect between SSS and depressive symptoms, as well as two indirect effects via negative view of self and world. CONCLUSIONS While further research is needed, therapists might benefit from our findings when tailoring their treatment to a client by considering their SSS and which negative view is particularly detrimental for this specific client.
Correlates of Recovery from Substance Use Disorders

A sample of 263 respondents from 2 recovery networks were surveyed to explore the role recovery capital contributed to their recovery. Recovery capital was conceptualized as social support, affiliation with 12-step groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), spirituality, and respondents’ financial situation. It was hypothesized that greater levels of recovery capital are associated with higher levels of alcohol or drug abstinence self-efficacy. Findings revealed that recovery capital is a statistically significant predictor of alcohol and drug abstinence self-efficacy. Given the salience in positively influencing ongoing substance use recovery, the authors promoted the idea that social workers should be educated on the construct of recovery in its relevance to practice
Quantitation of the estrogenic effects of mestranol on human endometrium and vaginal mucosa

Abstract The responses of the vaginal and uterine mucosa to mestranol (MEE) were defined by establishing the karyopyknotic index (KI) and the degrees of endometrial proliferation in 6 menopausal women. Each woman received 3 dosages of MEE (5, 20, and 80 mcg. daily) during consecutive treatment courses lasting 14 days, with a 6 week rest period between courses. A change in the KI occurred between the 5 and 20 mcg. dosage with a rise from a mean of 6.6 to a mean of 42.2. The daily dosage of 80 mcg. caused a further slight rise of the KI, although the maximum proliferation of the vaginal mucosa was not achieved with a mean KI of only 5.38. The 5 mcg. MEE dosage did not induce endometrial proliferation; moderate proliferation occurred with the 20 mcg. dosage; late proliferation to mild hyperplasia was observed with the 80 mcg. dosage. More advanced degrees of proliferation did not occur with the dosages studied. Withdrawal bleeding occurred after the 80 mcg. dosage; only spotting occurred after 20 mcg., and occasional bleeding after the 5 mcg. dosage was caused by the biopsy. The prompt reaction of the KI to a specific dosage makes vaginal cytology suitable for detecting the “threshold” dosage for estrogens. Endometrial changes can be graded more precisely, thus enabling the establishment of a dose-related response.
Theorizing the Politics of (Homo)Sexualities Across Cultures

The problem of this paper is politically theorizing sexuality from research across cultures that can inform intercultural normative dialogue and political action. This is a pressing issue for political science not only because “sexuality” has been problematical as a category for political analysis (e.g. when is it public and when is it private?) but also because theorizing across cultures often predicates a cosmopolitan perspective that has already universalized a historically- and culturally-specific conception of sexuality. From this point of departure of homosexual and heterosexual identities and sex/gender dimorphism, how can we address homophobic- and gender-based inequalities and violence without lapsing into a dilemma that pits cultural relativism against a globalized particularism (of “LGBT/Queer” identity politics)? One side of such debate then uses arguments from cultural integrity to combat cosmopolitan moral imperatives for sexual and gender diversity. This paper employs the perspective of comparative political theory to evaluate key concepts such as compulsory heterosexuality, homophobia, and, indeed, the notion of “having a ‘sexuality’,” in order to “indigenize” contemporary LGBT/Queer rights struggles. LGBT activism can thus be a window into the politics of gender and sexuality more generally across cultures, and inform expansion of international human rights formulations and advocacy accordingly.
Non-Renewable Resource Cartels: Who's in the Club?

In this paper, we analyze the question of membership in a non-renewable resource cartel, with specific application to OPEC. Using a simple model of a non-renewable resource market, we show that the benefits of cartel membership are related to the size of remaining reserves. Domestic petroleum consumption will also influence the incentives to join the cartel if countries care about consumer interests. Using data on reserves and consumption for all oil producing countries, we show econometrically that larger reserves and lower consumption are positively associated with OPEC membership. Our regressions correctly predict membership for the vast majority of oil-producing countries.
Predicted permeability of the cornea to topical drugs

Purpose. To develop a theoretical model to predict the passive, steady-state permeability of cornea and its component layers (epithelium, stroma, and endothelium) as a function of drug size and distribution coefficient (Φ). The parameters of the model should represent physical properties that can be independently estimated and have physically interpretable meaning.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED IMAGE ENRICHMENT FOR COOPERATIVE TELE-ASSISTANCE

There is an increasing need in complex environments for computerized assistance, both for the effective filtering and display of pertinent information or data, and also for the decision-making task itself. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques with image processing and graphics capabilities provides the foundation for building intelligent systems which act as mediaries between the human and the task domain. In the filed of tele-assistance, this type of system enables cooperative problem-solving between a remote semi-autonomous robot and a local human supervisor, this paper describes current work on such a system, with an emphasis on the development of knowledge-based image enhancement capabilities. These allow the intelligent assistant to request particular images related to a failure state, and to automatically enhance those image in such a manner that the local supervisor may quickly and effectively make a decision.
Gedi: a game engine for teaching videogame design and programming

We introduce Gedi, an open source game engine we maintain and support for teaching videogame design and programming in C++.
Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs*: Unlabeled Indications of Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs

Unlabeled (also called off-label) uses are defined as the use of a drug product for indications or in patient populations, doses, or routes of administration that are not included in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved labeling. The prevalence and clinical importance of prescribing FDA-approved drugs for unlabeled uses is substantial. In this report, the American Medical Association’s (AMA) Council on Scientific Affairs reviews and makes recommendations on four important subjects related to unlabeled uses: clinical significance and prescribing; coverage and reimbursement; dissemination of information by pharmaceutical manufacturers; and improving the Supplemental New Drug Application (SNDA) process. The recommendations in this report have been adopted as official policy of the AMA.
The Effect of Shareholder Proposals on Executive Compensation

We examine the various methods by which shareholders have tried to influence executive compensation. We then attempt to determine whether one of the most popular methods for individual investors, shareholder proposals using Rule 14a-8, has had any impact on the level and composition of CEO's compensation at target companies. We use data for the 1993-1997 proxy seasons on 168 executive compensation proposals submitted to 145 different companies to determine how shareholders have chosen their target companies and whether these companies' boards have responded to investors' proposals by reducing CEO pay levels or shifting the composition of their pay packages. Our analysis yields several interesting results. We find that shareholders generally target their proposals at relatively poorly performing companies exhibiting higher levels of executive compensation than other similar-sized firms in their industry. This is consistent with the claim that shareholder proposals are being used in an attempt to monitor excessive levels of executive compensation. We also find that shareholders are statistically more likely to support executive compensation proposals that attempt to restrict executive compensation than they are proposals that simply ask for more disclosure about executive compensation. Similarly, we find that shareholders are statistically more likely to support executive compensation proposals that raise corporate governance issues rather than those that raise social responsibility issues. Shareholder proposals concerning executive compensation may affect the level and composition of CEO compensation. We find that target companies do not increase average total CEO compensation levels as rapidly in the year after receiving a shareholder proposal as firms not receiving such proposals. In addition, we employ regression analysis to determine whether executive compensation levels at companies receiving shareholder proposals are affected by factors such as the level of voting support for the initiative, the type of sponsor of the proposal, and the nature of the proposal related to the proposal. We find some support for the hypothesis that higher levels of voting support for proposals are associated with smaller increases in CEO compensation at companies receiving proposals when compared to CEO pay levels at similar-sized companies in the same industry. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that boards of directors are responsive to shareholders' expressions of dissatisfaction with their firms' executive compensation pay packages, especially when they are raised as corporate governance issues.
The Function of the frizzled Pathway in the Drosophila Wing Is Dependent on inturned and fuzzy

The Drosophila epidermis is characterized by a dramatic planar or tissue polarity. The frizzled pathway has been shown to be a key regulator of planar polarity for hairs on the wing, ommatidia in the eye, and sensory bristles on the notum. We have investigated the genetic relationships between putative frizzled pathway downstream genes inturned, fuzzy, and multiple wing hairs (inturned-like genes) and upstream genes such as frizzled, prickle, and starry night (frizzled-like genes). Previous data showed that the inturned-like genes were epistatic to the frizzled-like genes when the entire wing was mutant. We extended those experiments and examined the behavior of frizzled clones in mutant wings. We found the domineering nonautonomy of frizzled clones was not altered when the clone cells were simultaneously mutant for inturned, multiple wing hairs, or dishevelled but it was blocked when the entire wing was mutant for inturned, fuzzy, multiple wing hairs, or dishevelled. Thus, for the domineering nonautonomy phenotype of frizzled, inturned and multiple wing hairs are needed in the responding cells but not in the clone itself. Expressing a number of frizzled pathway genes in a gradient across part of the wing repolarizes wing cells in that region. We found inturned, fuzzy, and multiple wing hairs were required for a gradient of frizzled, starry night, prickle, or spiny-legs expression to repolarize wing cells. These data argue that inturned, fuzzy, and multiple wing hairs are downstream components of the frizzled pathway. To further probe the relationship between the frizzled-like and inturned-like genes we determined the consequences of altering the activity of frizzled-like genes in wings that carried weak alleles of inturned or fuzzy. Interestingly, both increasing and decreasing the activity of frizzled and other upstream genes enhanced the phenotypes of hypomorphic inturned and fuzzy mutants. We also examined the relationship between the frizzled-like and inturned-like genes in other regions of the fly. For some body regions and cell types (e.g., abdomen) the inturned-like genes were epistatic to the frizzled-like genes, but in other body regions (e.g., eye) that was not the case. Thus, the genetic control of tissue polarity is body region specific.
Interaction of an electron with a multimode quantized radiation field

Photon operators that obey commutation relations form Lie algebras. By identifying the Hamiltonian of an interacting system of one electron and a multimode many-photon field in a momentum representation as an element of a Cartan subalgebra, we are able to find the automorphism that maps the Hamiltonian on to that of the noninteracting system. By this method we find the exact solutions as new solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation for the case of one electron in a multimode many-photon field. The solutions show the existence of both ponderomotive energy and momentum, which obey the rules of linear superposition among the photon modes.
Sensorineural hearing loss following stapedectomy.

Profound sensorineural hearing losses have occurred in 20 of 750 stapedecto-mies for an incidence of 2.66 %. Nineteen of the 20 losses can be related to surgical technique. Eleven of the losses are probably related to extensive drilling of bony growth, other factors being previous traumatic mobilization, hemorrhage and instrumental trauma.Surgical exploration performed on five ears following sensorineural hearing losses after stapedectomy revealed in one an excessively long prosthesis and, in four, fibrous tissue proliferation in the oval window and vestibule associated with resorption of the free graft. This reaction is identical with the serofibrinous type of labyrinthitis which is readily produced in animals by trauma or by creating a perilymphatic fistula in the oval or round window.The five types of inner ear reaction to traumatic stapes surgery are: hyd-rops, hypotonic atrophy, acoustic trauma, serofibrinous labyrinthitis and suppurative labyrinthitis.A set of human temporal bones acquired from a pa...
Photography as a therapeutic tool for substance abuse clients who have a history of sexual abuse

Symptoms of sexual abuse among persons in substance abuse treatment facilities may be difficult to recognise since presenting symptoms frequently mirror those associated with substance abuse. Additionally, treatment may be difficult due to a lack of previous verbal processing and shared negative defence mechanisms that are resistant to traditional talking therapy. The use of photography is presented here as a method of treatment initiation and exploration for substance abuse clients who have a history of sexual abuse. The paper reviews rationale, advantages, current applications and practitioner concerns associated with the use of photography as a therapeutic tool.
TCR signaling: another Abl-bodied kinase joins the cascade.

Abstract Protein tyrosine kinases have long been recognized as the most proximal actors in T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. Three non-receptor tyrosine kinase families (Src, ZAP-70 and Tec) are known to be critical, but a new study now shows that room needs to be made in this pathway for yet another protein tyrosine kinase family – Abl/Arg.
Studies of silylation of Cab-O-Sil with methoxymethylsilanes by diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy

Abstract Diffuse reflectance sampling technique and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the reaction of methoxymethylsilanes in dry toluene with Cab-O-Sil. Parameters investigated include the effect of surface-adsorbed water and postreaction curing temperature on relative surface silane concentration and extent of methoxy group hydrolysis. A comparison of the reactivities of trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, and methoxytrimethylsilane was made. In the absence of water, none of the silanes bonded to the silica surface after high-temperature curing. When surface-adsorbed water was present, postreaction curing at 140°C or higher resulted in a decrease in the OCH 3 /CH 3 band area ratio suggesting increased hydrolysis and condensation to form siloxane bonds. Results also showed an increase in the relative silane concentration as the number of methoxy groups in the silane increased.
Mechanoelectrical transduction of adult outer hair cells studied in a gerbil hemicochlea

Sensory receptor cells of the mammalian cochlea are morphologically and functionally dichotomized. Inner hair cells transmit auditory information to the brain, whereas outer hair cells (OHC) amplify the mechanical signal, which is then transduced by inner hair cells1. Amplification by OHCs is probably mediated by their somatic motility2,3 in a mechanical feedback process. OHC motility in vivo is thought to be driven by the cell's receptor potential. The first steps towards the generation of the receptor potential are the deflection of the stereociliary bundle4, and the subsequent flow of transducer current through the mechanosensitive transducer channels located at their tips5. Quantitative relations between transducer currents and basilar membrane displacements are lacking, as well as their variation along the cochlear length. To address this, we simultaneously recorded OHC transducer currents (or receptor potentials) and basilar membrane motion in an excised and bisected cochlea, the hemicochlea6. This preparation permits recordings from adult OHCs at various cochlear locations while the basilar membrane is mechanically stimulated. Furthermore, the stereocilia are deflected by the same means of stimulation as in vivo. Here we show that asymmetrical transducer currents and receptor potentials are significantly larger than previously thought, they possess a highly restricted dynamic range and strongly depend on cochlear location.
Modeling quark-hadron duality in polarization observables

We apply a model for the study of quark-hadron duality in inclusive electron scattering to the calculation of spin observables. The model is based on solving the Dirac equation numerically for a scalar confining linear potential and a vector color Coulomb potential. We qualitatively reproduce the features of quark-hadron duality for all potentials considered, and discuss the onset of scaling and duality for the responses, spin structure functions, and polarization asymmetries. Duality may be applied to gain access to kinematic regions which are hard to access in deep inelastic scattering, namely, for ${x}_{\mathrm{Bj}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$, and we discuss which observables are most suitable for this application of duality.
A prospective longitudinal study of high school dropouts: Examining multiple predictors across development.

Prior studies report a variety of demographic, school, individual, and family characteristics that are related to high school drop out. This study utilizes data from a 19-year prospective longitudinal study of “at-risk” children to explore multiple predictors of high school dropouts across development. The proposed model of dropping out emphasizes the importance of the early home environment and the quality of early caregiving influencing subsequent development. The results of this study demonstrate the association of the early home environment, the quality of early caregiving, socioeconomic status, IQ, behavior problems, academic achievement, peer relations, and parent involvement with dropping out of high school at age 19. These results are consistent with the view of dropping out as a dynamic developmental process that begins before children enter elementary school. Psychosocial variables prior to school entry predicted dropping out with power equal to later IQ and school achievement test scores. In our efforts to better understand processes influencing dropping out prior to high school graduation, early developmental features warrant further emphasis.
Emerging drug therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland caused by increases in number of both epithelial and stromal cells. Clinically, BPH leads to voiding dysfunction, which is most often referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Historically, the only treatments for LUTS due to BPH were watchful waiting or surgery (transurethral or open prostatectomy). However, over the last 20 years medical therapy has taken a prominent role in the management of BPH. Current medical treatments for BPH include alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, inhibitors of the 5-alpha reductase enzyme and various phytotherapies. These agents are generally effective and safe; however, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects or are refractory to medical management and require surgery. In light of this, many potential new therapies for the treatment of BPH are under development. Some represent a variation of current treatments, whereas others target novel molecular pathways within the prostate. The aim of this review is to examine current pharmacotherapies as well as to highlight emerging drugs that may improve our treatment of patients with LUTS secondary to BPH.
Fourier domain algorithm for the fitting step in multi-conjugate adaptive optics

In this paper we present a Fourier-domain preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for the fitting step in Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) for extremely large telescopes. This algorithm is fast and robust, and it is convenient to implement with parallel processing in a real-time system. Simulation results are presented for an MCAO system for a 30-meter telescope with 2 deformable mirrors.
Electronic coupling and structural ordering of quantum dots using InAs quantum dot columns

In this article, recent investigations of vertically aligned quantum dot columns conducted at Stanford University are reviewed. The quantum dots are InAs in a matrix of GaAs. Both the quantum dots and quantum dot columns are formed through strain-induced islanding, without lithography. Two aspects of these columns are discussed. First, the electronic coupling of quantum dots within columns of up to ten quantum dots is demonstrated. The coupling is adjusted and improvements to a simple light-emitting diode are shown. Second, increased uniformity of a surface quantum dot layer is shown when a subsurface layer of these columns are used. The most impressive results occur when the columns contain a large number of islands. Reduced variations in average ensemble height and diameter, called size uniformity, and average nearest neighbor distances, called structural uniformity, are shown. A surface unit cell of islands is demonstrated and the lack of a surface lattice is discussed.
Evidence against a dedicated system for word learning in children

Children can learn aspects of the meaning of a new word on the basis of only a few incidental exposures and can retain this knowledge for a long period—a process dubbed 'fast mapping'1–8. It is often maintained that fast mapping is the result of a dedicated language mechanism, but it is possible that this same capacity might apply in domains other than language learning. Here we present two experiments in which three- and four-year-old children and adults were taught a novel name and a novel fact about an object, and were tested on their retention immediately, after a 1-week delay or after a 1-month delay. Our findings show that fast mapping is not limited to word learning, suggesting that the capacity to learn and retain new words is the result of learning and memory abilities that are not specific to language.
Progressive lymph node histology and its prognostic value in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex

Abstract Seventy-four sequential lymph node biopsies from 30 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients showed temporal histologic progression from explosive follicular hyperplasia (EFH) to mixed follicular hyperplasia/involution (mixed) to follicular involution (FI) to lymphocyte depletion (LD). This histologic progression correlated with symptoms, development of opportunistic infections (OI), and mortality. An initial biopsy, only 50% of the AIDS/ARC patients with EFH/mixed compared to 100% with FI LD were symptomatic with weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, fever, or fatigue. 31% of ARC patients with EFH and 63% with FI developed an OI in a median of 69 months and 5 months, respectively; 86% with LD had a concurrent or previous OI. Ninety percent of ARC patients progressing to FI LD died; 85% of those persisting with EFH/mixed remained alive 18 to 50 months after initial biopsy. AIDS patients with EFH lived twice as long as those with FI LD . Progressive histology did not correlate with lymphoma. The number of ARC patients developing Kaposi's sarcoma was too small to draw definitive conclusions.
Large deflection of rectangular sandwich plates

Abstract The governing differential equations and the boundary conditions for the large deflection of rectangular sandwich plates are derived using the principle of the complementary energy. The governing differential equations are transformed into systems of nonlinear algebraic equations using the finite difference method, and solved by successive iteration. For the purpose of illustration, deflection behavior of simply supported rectangular plates under uniform load is presented. The deflection behavior of plates with various values of shear rigidities and intensity of applied loads is studied. The change in the stress patterns of the face layers of the plate is also discussed.
Fronto-striatal dysfunction and potential compensatory mechanisms in male adolescents with fragile X syndrome

Response inhibition is an important facet of executive function. Fragile X syndrome (FraX), with a known genetic etiology (fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1) mutation) and deficits in response inhibition, may be an ideal condition for elucidating interactions among gene-brain-behavior relationships. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown evidence of aberrant neural activity when individuals with FraX perform executive function tasks, though the specific nature of this altered activity or possible compensatory processes has yet to be elucidated. To address this question, we examined brain activation patterns using fMRI during a go/nogo task in adolescent males with FraX and in controls. The critical comparison was made between FraX individuals and age, gender, and intelligent quotient (IQ)-matched developmentally delayed controls; in addition to a control group of age and gender-matched typically developing individuals. The FraX group showed reduced activation in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and right caudate head, and increased contralateral (left) VLPFC activation compared with both control groups. Individuals with FraX, but not controls, showed a significant positive correlation between task performance and activation in the left VLPFC. This potential compensatory activation was predicted by the interaction between FMR1 protein (FMRP) levels and right striatal dysfunction. These results suggest that right fronto-striatal dysfunction is likely an identifiable neuro-phenotypic feature of FraX and that activation of the left VLPFC during successful response inhibition may reflect compensatory processes. We further show that these putative compensatory processes can be predicted by a complex interaction between genetic risk and neural function.
A computer-supported communication approach for a child with severe communication, visual, and cognitive impairments: A case study

This report describes the assessment and instructional procedures used to introduce an augmentative and alternative communication device to a child with severe communication, visual, and cognitive impairments. The device consisted of a computer-supported expanded keyboard that produced synthetic speech output when tactile symbols were activated. A verbal prompt-free strategy was employed to teach the child to use the device. Data related to instruction and generalization in a classroom setting are reported. The advantages and limitations of the instructional strategies employed as well as some potential advantages of synthesized speech output for such learners are discussed. Future clinical and research needs are also included.
The Linguistic Society of America and North American Linguistics, 1950-1968

SUMMARYThe author, Secretary-Treasurer of the Linguistic Society of America during the crucial phase of the post-World War II growth of linguistics as an autonomous academic speciality, 1950-1968, reports on the events that shaped the LSA and the discipline in North America in general. Whereas the Society counted only 829 members, individual and institutional, in 1950, the total number had risen to 4,375 by 1968. The author narrates, in a year-by-year manner, the acitivities that held the Society together during this period and furthered the exchange of ideas among the different generations of linguists, namely, 1) the annual meetings, traditionally held at the end of December, at which both established scholars and fledgling researchers presented papers and had them discussed; 2) the annual summer institutes, first held for a number of years in a row at the University of Michigan and subsequently at several other campuses in the United States, and 3) the publication of Language, the Society's organ, ably edited by Bernard Bloch from 1941 until his death in 1965.RESUMEL'auteur, secretaire-tresorier de la Societe linguistique d'Amerique (LSA) pendant sa phase de croissance la plus importante et le developpement de la linguistique comme discipline autonome aux universites nord-americaines, de 1950 a 1968, rapporte les evenements qui ont forme cette science. Il est important de noter que l'adhesion a la LSA s'accroissait de 829 membres, individuels et institutionnels, en 1950 a un chiffre total de 4,375 en 1968. L'auteur raconte, d'une facon reguliere d'annee en annee, les activites de la Societe qui ont maintenu la discipline pendant cette periode, encourage l'echange d'idees entre les differentes generations et avance la discipline, a savoir, 1) les rencontres annuelles, traditionnellement a la fin de decembre, auxquels les erudits etablis aussi bien que les jeunes chercheurs faisaient des presentation et des discussions; 2) les institutions d'ete, organisees pendant nombre d'annees a l'Universite du Michigan et ensuite a d'autres universites des Etats-Unis, et 3) la publication de la revue de la LSA, Language, redigee avec beaucoup de pro-fessionalisme par Bernard Bloch de 1941 jusqu'a sa mort en 1965.
The Perceived Impact of Strengths-Based Family Worker Training: Workers’ Learning that Helped Empower Families:

This qualitative study explored what family workers trained in strengths-based family support learned that helped empower families. Fifteen workers and 25 family members participated. Data analysis uncovered three major skills workers employed that family members perceived as helpful: attending, processing, and meaning-making. Workers reported they learned from working with families, family-worker training, informal support networks, and pivotal disorienting life experiences. Study findings suggest the possibility of three developmental stages in worker learning: (a) socialization or learning to implement strengths-based practice, (b) internalization or resolving dissonance about limited abilities to mediate barriers to family empowerment, and (c) identification or recognizing tacit assumptions and the cultural context of empowerment. This article concludes with recommendations for workers, agency leaders, educators, and future research.
Operators' Monitoring Patterns and Fault Recovery in the Supervisory Control of a Semi-Automatic Process:

Although technological innovations have changed the role of operators from active participants to supervisors of semiautomatic processes, an understanding of the cognitive demands of supervisory co...
Examining Dynamic Visual Scene Displays: Implications for Arranging and Teaching Symbol Selection

Purpose Evidence supports using visual scene displays (VSDs) with young children using speech-generating devices. This study examined initial and subsequent performance during VSD use by children age 24–27 and 33–36 months to explore child characteristics that may relate to navigational skill differences. Method Children located 9 vocabulary items using a dynamic VSD. Tests of mean difference and analyses of variance were both completed to examine within- and between-age-group performance for accuracy and latency across 3 time points: at initial exposure, at criterion, and at a 2-week maintenance session for each of 2 linked navigational pages. Results Results indicated that, at initial exposure, older participants' symbol selections were significantly more accurate and significantly faster when navigating through each page of a 2-page dynamic VSD. Results also indicated that though younger participants required significantly more sessions to achieve mastery, when the effects of practice and language comp...
APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY FORMABILITY WITH VOLUME ACTUATION

We study the approximate formability of the boundary of a two-dimensional isotropic elastic medium with the use of uniform volume actuation in the interior of that medium. We show that care is required in the selection of formability criteria to ensure that formability corresponds with common sense notions of "shape control". Finally, we analyze what we define as approximate normal boundary formability in the case of a rectangular and a triangular region, showing that such formability does not obtain in the first instance but, with some smoothness assumptions, does obtain in the second.
Phylogenomic Analysis of the Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Superfamily

The spontaneous deamination of cytosine produces uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA, which will produce a mutation, unless repaired. In all domains of life, uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are responsible for the elimination of uracil from DNA. Thus, UDGs contribute to the integrity of the genetic information and their loss results in mutator phenotypes. We are interested in understanding the role of UDG genes in the evolutionary variation of the rate and the spectrum of spontaneous mutations. To this end, we determined the presence or absence of the five main UDG families in more than 1,000 completely sequenced genomes and analyzed their patterns of gene loss and gain in eubacterial lineages. We observe nonindependent patterns of gene loss and gain between UDG families in Eubacteria, suggesting extensive functional overlap in an evolutionary timescale. Given that UDGs prevent transitions at G:C sites, we expected the loss of UDG genes to bias the mutational spectrum toward a lower equilibrium G + C content. To test this hypothesis, we used phylogenetically independent contrasts to compare the G + C content at intergenic and 4-fold redundant sites between lineages where UDG genes have been lost and their sister clades. None of the main UDG families present in Eubacteria was associated with a higher G + C content at intergenic or 4-fold redundant sites. We discuss the reasons of this negative result and report several features of the evolution of the UDG superfamily with implications for their functional study. uracil-DNA glycosylase, mutation rate evolution, mutational bias, GC content, DNA repair, mutator gene.
High-efficiency multiple-quantum-well GaInNAs/GaNAs ridge-waveguide diode lasers

We present a new structure with nitrogen incorporation in barrier and new material with antimony for developing post-annealed long wavelength material. This new structure and new material result in a shift of the post-annealed luminescence out to 1.6 um. The new structure, nitrogen in barrier, reduces the blue-shift of the emission spectrum by suppressing nitrogen out-diffusion from the quantum wells (QWs) and decreasing carrier confinement between barriers and QWs. GaNAs or GaNAsSb barriers can also reduce the overall strain of the active region because the high indium mole fraction QWs are compressively strained and the barriers with nitrogen are tensely strained. By adding small amount of antimony, we were able to incorporate up to 46% indium. We will present results of high efficiency long wavelength multiple QW GaInNAs ridge-waveguide laser diodes using GaNAs barriers. We will also show GaInNAsSb QWs with GaNAsSb barriers ridge waveguide laser emitting at 1.465 um. We have observed photoluminescence up to 1.6 um with different indium and antimony concentrations. Our GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb ridge waveguide laser diodes have broad emission spectra covering 1.27 um to 1.465 um with pulsed operation up to 90 degree(s)C. The maximum output power at room temperature, under pulsed operation was 350 mW with a differential efficiency of 0.67 W/A.
Root fracture during insertion of prefabricated posts related to root size.

T he consequence of inappropriate post selection and/ or hasty insertion can result in tooth fracture and/or loss.’ It has been demonstrated that conical or parallelsided post design has a direct effect on root fracture during post insertion. * However, during experimentation it became apparent that root size and its relationship to post size had a direct effect on root fracture. This article correlates root size, post size, and fracture rate during insertion of prefabricated posts. portion of each tooth was removed with a high-speed fissure bur at the level of the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were reamed with a No. 50 reamer to the apex, coated with a thin Silastic (Dow-Corning, Midland, Mich.) membrane to simulate the periodontal ligament, and embedded in a resin block that fit the testing apparatus (Fig. 2). Each root was measured five times before it was embedded. The resin, Silastic, and root test specimen were stored in water until tested.
An application of fractal geometry to complex microstructures: Numerical characterization of graphite in cast irons

It is demonstrated how the complexities of graphite shapes and distributions in cast irons can be described by fractal geometry. A selection of typical graphite morphologies, flake-like and spherulitic, is described unambiguously by two numbers, a shape factor, a, and fractal exponent, D. The meaning of these numbers is discussed and their possible correlations with growth kinetics and mechanical properties are briefly explored.
Tracking Environmental Compliance and Remediation Trajectories Using Image-Based Anomaly Detection Methodologies

Recent interest in use of satellite remote sensing for environmental compliance and remediation assessment has been heightened by growing policy requirements and the need to provide more rapid and efficient monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. However, remote sensing solutions are attractive only to the extent that they can deliver environmentally relevant information in a meaningful and time-sensitive manner. Unfortunately, the extent to which satellite-based remote sensing satisfies the demands for compliance and remediation assessment under the conditions of an actual environmental accident or calamity has not been well documented. In this study a remote sensing solution to the problem of site remediation and environmental compliance assessment was introduced based on the use of the RDX anomaly detection algorithm and vegetation indices developed from the Tasseled Cap Transform. Results of this analysis illustrate how the use of standard vegetation transforms, integrated into an anomaly detection strategy, enable the time-sequenced tracking of site remediation progress. Based on these results credible evidence can be produced to support compliance evaluation and remediation assessment following major environmental disasters.
Regulation of two JunD isoforms by Jun N-terminal kinases.

The JunD transcription factor is one member of the Jun family of proteins that also includes c-Jun and JunB. Although c-Jun can function to promote cell proliferation and can cooperate with other oncogenes to transform cells, JunD slows proliferation of fibroblasts and antagonizes transformation by activatedras. Two isoforms of JunD, a full-length isoform containing 341 amino acids (JunD-FL) and a truncated isoform lacking 48 amino acids at the N terminus (ΔJunD), are generated through utilization of two translation start sites within a single mRNA. Here we show that both isoforms of JunD are phosphorylated by Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) at three identical residues and that both contain a docking domain that specifically binds JNKs. The JunD-FL isoform binds to and is phosphorylated by JNK more efficiently than ΔJunD in vitro; correspondingly, JunD-FL is a more potent transcriptional activator than ΔJunD. Although increased JNK signaling can activate both JunD isoforms, mutating either the JNK docking domain or the target JNK phosphorylation sites blocks this activation. These results identify two distinct isoforms of JunD with differential responses to JNK signaling pathways.
Shared Knowledge about Infants among Fathers and Mothers

Abstract Evidence for the exchange of parenting information between low-income White mothers and fathers of infants was found. Mothers had more accurate expectations for normative development than fathers, but more accurate fathers had spouses who were also more accurate—even when education was controlled. Though few significant differences were evident in help-seeking behavior when infant problems were encountered, fathers turned to fewer helpers than mothers and were somewhat more likely to rely solely on their spouse. These data indicate that researchers must consider the exchange of information between spouses, particularly when studying the socialization of parenting among fathers at this stage in the life cycle of the family.
Early Identification of Student Performance and Effort Using an Online Homework System: A Pilot Study

Two distinct student groups, in terms of academic performance, were identified early in the semester as either being under-performing students or over-performing students using an online homework system. The students who are identified as under-performing received, on average, lower grades than their fellow students but spent more time completing the homework assignments. These students are great candidates for targeted advertisement of student resources such as tutoring services. The students who are identified in the over-performing student population received higher grades than their fellow students, but spent less time completing the homework assignments. These students are great candidates for honors programs, independent research projects, and peer-tutoring programs. Incorporating these evaluation criteria to online homework systems will allow instructors to quickly identify students in these academic student populations.
Fine mapping of the ribosomal RNA genes of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA

Abstract A fine mapping study of the ribosomal RNA region of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA has been carried out by using as an approach the protection by hybridized 12 S and 16 S rRNA of the complementary sequences in DNA against digestion with the single strand-specific Aspergillus nuclease S 1 or Escherichia coli exonuclease VII. No inserts have been detected in the main body of the 12 S and 16 S rRNA cistrons, in contrast to the situation described in the large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene of some strains of yeast and of Neurospora crassa . Furthermore, it has been possible to assign more precisely than previously the positions of the 5′ and 3′-ends of the 12 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA genes in the Hpa II restriction map of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA.
Pion-muon mass ratio and classical electron models

At present, one regards the muon and electron as closely related particles because of their quantum electrodynamie and leptonie similarities. In contrast to this very reasonable view, this note will describe a model in which the pion and muon are treated as closely related particles, while the ordinary electron is left to a future development of the theory. The pion-muon model is based part ly on the classical Lorentz electron, but certain ambiguities involved in compensating the self-stress are utilized to introduee nonclassical ideas. The basic advantages of the model are the simplicity with which it resolves the charged pion-muon mass ratio, utilizes isospin in the eompensation mechanism, introduces the neutral pion, and admits of possible extrapolation to other particles. We recall the standard noneovariant expressions for the transformation of the energy and momentmn of the Lorentz electron, with the understanding that the divergent electrostatic self-energy in the rest frame has been cut off, and the finite quantity is denoted by U0, then with c = 1, we have