cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond FATA: Exploring the Punjabi Militant Threat to Pakistan

Pakistan has a long history of patronizing militant proxies, and in recent years it has become a victim as well as a supporter of terrorism. The evolution of the jihadist insurgency in Pakistan's Federally-Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and neighboring Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Pashtun militants leading it, efforts to counter the insurgency, and the overall strategic threats to the state have merited significant study. With some notable exceptions, less attention has been paid to the role Punjabi militant organizations and their splinters have played in bringing the insurgency to Pakistan's heartland. The involvement of these actors in the revolutionary jihad against the state gives the FATA-based actors leading this insurgency power projection capabilities throughout the country. This article helps to fill that knowledge gap by bringing a more detailed level of analysis to the understanding of how anti-state Punjabi militant networks function at the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels. In doing so, it illust...
Similarity of Multivariate Methods to Establish Microarray Quality Control Standards

This article describes a multivariate method based on logistic regression that distinguishes between usable and low-quality digital image spots associated with DNA microarray data analysis.
The vanadyl chelate bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) increases the fractional uptake of 2-(fluorine-18)-2-deoxy-D-glucose by cultured human breast carcinoma cells

Detection of breast cancer by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 2-(fluorine-18)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) as the tracer molecule is limited in part by both tumor dimension and metabolic activity. While some types of aggressive breast cancers are associated with a high capacity for FDG uptake, more indolent breast cancers are characterized by low FDG uptake. Moreover, detection of malignant lesions in most clinical settings requires tumor dimensions ≥10 mm. Development of a method to increase the fractional uptake of FDG by cancer tissue would provide a means to detect smaller tumors. However, there is no clinically available pharmacologic reagent known to enhance the preferential uptake of FDG by cancer tissue. Because the vanadyl (VO2+) chelate bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(acac)2] is known to enhance cellular uptake of glucose, we have investigated whether VO(acac)2 facilitates enhanced uptake of FDG by cultured human breast carcinoma cells. We observed that the fractional uptake of FDG by cultured human MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells is increased in the presence of VO(acac)2 in a dose dependent manner. Preliminary results with xenograft tumors generated in severely compromised, immunodeficient (SCID) female mice showed that VO(acac)2 treatment of mice 3–4 h prior to FDG injection enhanced FDG uptake by the malignant tissue by a factor >2.0 compared with that by normal surrounding tissue.
A finite element method for the thermochemical decomposition of polymeric materials. I - Theory

The governing differential equations are developed to model the thermomechanical behavior of chemically decomposing, polymeric materials. These equations account for thermal and gaseous diffusion through a poroelastic, transversely isotropic solid. The Bubnov-Galerkin finite element method is applied to the governing equations to cast the coupled set into a single matrix equation. A method for solving these equations simultaneously at each time step is discussed.
A noninvasive extraction of the fetal electrocardiogram.

Abstract A noninvasive fetal ECG detection method is described. Three linearly independent thoracic signals orthogonalized by the Gram-Schmidt procedure are generated together with the proper coefficients for which to represent the abdominal ECG. This expansion is used in the cancellation of the maternal portion of the abdominal ECG. The method is suitable for digital processing and would result in a delay in the output of one or two maternal cardiac cycles.
Application of joint time-frequency domain reflectometry for electric power cable diagnostics

The integrity of the electric power cables is vital to the safety of an entire electrical system. To ensure the health of the cables, a technique is needed for both detecting/locating defects, and predicting hard defects before they occur. The theory and limitations of the classical wiring diagnostic techniques time domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) are discussed. This study then introduces joint time-frequency domain reflectometry (JTFDR) as a unique solution for the cable diagnostics and prognostics. By employing an interrogating incident signal and advanced post-processing of the reflected signals, JTFDR is shown to be capable of overcoming those limitations. JTFDR is experimentally proven to be successful for detecting and locating both hard and incipient defects. The prognostic capabilities of JTFDR are also demonstrated via accelerated ageing tests of an electric power cable. By utilising the incident/reflected signal information in the time and frequency domains simultaneously, JTFDR is proven to be a more effective diagnostic technique than the classical TDR and FDR. JTFDR can also be used to monitor incipient defects and better predict hard defects before they occur.
Submarine neutrino communication

We discuss the possibility to use a high energy neutrino beam from a muon storage ring to provide one way communication with a submerged submarine. Neutrino interactions produce muons which can be detected either, directly when they pass through the submarine or by their emission of Cerenkov light in sea water, which, in turn, can be exploited with sensitive photo detectors. Due to the very high neutrino flux from a muon storage ring, it is sufficient to mount either detection system directly onto the hull of the submersible. The achievable data transfer rates compare favorable with existing technologies and do allow for a communication at the usual speed and depth of submarines.
Menstrual and reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, and risk of thyroid carcinoma in postmenopausal women

Purpose To investigate the association of reproductive factors and hormone therapy, including type of hormone therapy, with risk of thyroid cancer in postmenopausal women.
Death and the Landscape of The Fortunes of Men

The grisly fates catalogued in the first half of the Old English gnomic poem The Fortunes of Men have been fruitfully read within a broader Germanic literary context. This article notes that these grim deaths also share a common setting in the natural landscape. While this pattern initially appears to underscore the familiar bleakness of the natural world in Anglo-Saxon literature, this article argues that the more significant danger in each of these fates is the expulsion from human society which stands at its root. The Fortunes of Men uses the illusion of a dangerous natural world to link together deaths for which other men are ultimately to blame.
State-resolved velocity map imaging of surface-scattered molecular flux.

This work describes a novel surface-scattering technique which combines resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) with velocity-map imaging (VMI) to yield quantum-state and 2D velocity component resolved distributions in the scattered molecular flux. As an initial test system, we explore hyperthermal scattering (Einc = 21(5) kcal mol−1) of jet cooled HCl from Au(111) on atomically flat mica surfaces at 500 K. The resulting images reveal 2D (vin-plane and vout-of-plane) velocity distributions dominated by two primary features: trapping/thermal-desorption (TD) and a hyperthermal, impulsively scattering (IS) distribution. In particular, the IS component is strongly forward scattered and largely resolved in the velocity map images, which allows us to probe correlations between rotational and translational degrees of freedom in the IS flux without any model dependent deconvolution from the TD fraction. These correlations reveal that HCl molecules which have undergone a large decrease in velocity parallel to scattering plane have actually gained the most rotational energy, reminiscent of a dynamical energy constraint between these two degrees of freedom. The data are reduced to a rotational energy map that correlates 〈Erot〉 with velocity along and normal to the scattering plane, revealing that exchange occurs primarily between rotation and the in-plane kinetic energy component, with vout-of-plane playing a relatively minor role.
Multiscale exponential Lévy-type models

We consider the problem of valuing a European option written on an asset whose dynamics are described by an exponential Levy-type model. In our framework, both the volatility and jump-intensity are allowed to vary stochastically in time through common driving factors—one fast-varying and one slow-varying. Using Fourier analysis we derive an explicit formula for the approximate price of any European-style derivative whose payoff has a generalized Fourier transform; in particular, this includes European calls and puts. From a theoretical perspective, our results extend the class of multiscale stochastic volatility models of Fouque et al. [Multiscale Stochastic Volatility for Equity, Interest Rate, and Credit Derivatives, 2011] to models of the exponential Levy type. From a financial perspective, the inclusion of jumps and stochastic volatility allow us to capture the term-structure of implied volatility, as demonstrated in a calibration to S&P500 options data.
A study of the division of global irradiance into direct and diffuse irradiance at thirty-three U.S. sites

Abstract Solar irradiance data obtained at 33 U.S. sites during parts or most of the period from January 1978 through December 1980 have been analyzed to study the division of global solar irradiance into its direct and diffuse components. New information concerning the dependence of this division upon the amount of global solar irradiance, solar elevation, surface albedo, atmospheric precipitable water and atmospheric turbidity has been obtained.
Black suburbanization in the 1980s

On the basis of research that indicated a marked increase in levels of residential integration, many social scientists working with data from the 1970s concluded that the pattern of residential racial segregation characteristic of the United States was eroding (for example, Massey and Denton 1987; McKinney 1989). This conclusion led to the hope that greater contact between the races would lead to less discrimination (Farley 1991). This optimism was fueled by the growth of a black middle class (Landry 1987) and by the concomitant expansion in blacks' ability to compete for housing in a larger range of neighborhoods and communities. Indeed, evidence of increased racial integration during the 1970s was found in each of the geographical contexts (central cities, suburban areas, and the movement of individuals between the two) that inform most studies of racially defined residential patterns. More recent studies, however, have doused the earlier optimism. For example, although Massey and Gross (1991) noted a general increase in urban integration, they suggested that integration arose mainly in areas where comparatively few blacks live and where "white preferences for limited interracial contact are not threatened by racial desegregation" (p. 15). Moreover, because of the low total numbers of blacks in these areas, the probability of black-white interaction remained low, even as the level of integration increased. Cities with large numbers of blacks, such as Chicago or Detroit, had little increase in integration; some cities, such as New York, became even more segregated. In a similar vein, Smith (1991) found that most integration in central cities was concentrated in what he termed "turnover tracts" and was temporary-a way station in the transition of communities from predominantly white to predominantly black. These turnover tracts constituted most of the central-city areas that appeared to be integrating. Additional indications of residential integration by blacks in the 1970s emerged from research that showed large numbers of blacks moving from central cities to suburbs (Clay 1979; Rose 1976). The suburban black population increased faster than the central-city black population over the decade (Long and DeAre 1981). The extent of this change was so dramatic that it has been compared to the movement of whites to the suburbs in the years following World War II (Frey 1985). Galster (1991), however, demonstrated that although blacks in the 1970s indeed moved to the suburbs in large numbers, they gained access primarily to suburbs adjacent to central cities. Because whites are likely to move increasingly farther out on the urban fringe, Galster argued that "the average black
Applications of Geostatistics in Optimal Design of Satellite Altimetry Orbits and Measurement Configurations

The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) aboard NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) is a pulse-limited laser that records measurements in a geophysical track-line ground pattern of single discrete points along a sub-satellite track. Spacing between tracks depends on latitude and repeat cycle. Derivation of digital elevation models (DEMs) of the ice surface from GLAS data requires interpolation, which due to the spatial data distribution is mathematically an extrapolation problem, best solved using a form of geostatistical estimation. In this article, we investigate the relationships between observing ice surface elevations with single-beam and multi-beam altimetry, regional coverage and spatial resolution, orbit ground track design and repeat-track spacing, analysis with ordinary and advanced universal Kriging algorithms and resultant DEM accuracy. The study is a contribution to the ICESat-2 ad-hoc Science Definition Team tasks and analyzes GLAS data and several potential multi-beam configurations proposed for the ICESat-2 instrumentation. Measurement of elevation change at the accuracy required by the U.S. National Research Council (2007) “Decadal Survey” recommendations requires understanding the effects of spatial variability of the elevation measurement, in particular for complex, rough or steep natural surfaces. This problem, which is important to correctly assess the cryosphere’s contribution to sea-level rise, is treated using scale-dependent simulation. Results indicate that multi-beam laser measurements are needed and provide a solution to the trade-off problem between repeat-mission and geodetical coverage. More generally, the article demonstrates links between space mission planning, orbit design, spatial distribution of measurements from future instrumentation and improved mathematical data processing algorithms.
A COMBINED 18S rDNA AND rbcL PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHLOROMONAS AND CHLAMYDOMONAS (CHLOROPHYCEAE, VOLVOCALES) EMPHASIZING SNOW AND OTHER COLD‐TEMPERATURE HABITATS1

An extensive phylogenetic analysis of the biflagellate genera, Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg and Chloromonas Gobi emend. Wille, was undertaken using 18S rDNA and rbcL gene sequence analysis. Emphasis was placed on 21 cold-tolerant taxa of which 10 are from snow. These taxa occurred in four distinct clades each in the 18S rDNA and rbcL phylogenies, and when taken together suggest at least five distinct origins in cold habitats. Most of these taxa occur in a single clade (A), and all snow species occurred in this clade. In the rbcL and combined rbcL-18S rDNA analyses, the snow taxa fell into three groups. Two groups occurred in subclade 1: Chlamydomonas augustae Skuja CU, Chlamydomonas augustae UTEX, and Chlamydomonas sp.-A and Chloromonas clathrata Korshikov, Chloromonas rosae Ettl CU, and Chloromonas rosae v. psychrophila var. nov. The third snow group, subclade 2, included three species with unique cell divisions, Chloromonas brevispina (Fritsch) Hoham, Roemer et Mullet, Chloromonas pichinchae (Lagerheim) Wille, and Chloromonas sp.-D, and the basal Chloromonas nivalis (Chodat) Hoham et Mullet with normal cell divisions. This suggests that the snow habitat has been colonized at least twice and possibly three times in the history of these biflagellates. In the 18S rDNA tree, one cold-tolerant Chloromonas species fell outside clade A: Chloromonas subdivisa (Pascher et Jahoda) Gerloff et Ettl. In the rbcL tree, three cold-tolerant Chloromonas species fell outside clade A: Chloromonas subdivisa, Chloromonas sp.-ANT1, and Chloromonas sp.-ANT3. These results support previous findings that pyrenoids have been gained and lost several times within this complex.
Untoward events in patients treated with growth hormone in the USA.

Since 1960 more than 30,000 children have been treated with growth hormone (GH) in the USA. Ten cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been associated with the use of GH purified from pituitaries in
Abstract IA13: Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy of cells and tissues

Light microscopy is an essential tool in biological research. However, the spatial resolution of light microscopy, classically limited by diffraction to a few hundred nanometers, is substantially larger than typical molecular length scales in cells. Hence many subcellular structures cannot be resolved by conventional light microscopy. We recently developed a new form of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), that breaks the diffraction limit. STORM uses single-molecule imaging and photo-switchable fluorescent probes to temporally separate the spatially overlapping images of individual molecules. This approach allows the localization of fluorescent probes with nanometer precision and the construction of sub-diffraction-limit images. Using this method, we have achieved multicolor and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of live cells and tissues with nanometer-scale resolution. In this talk, I will discuss the general concept, recent technological advances and biological applications of STORM. Citation Format: Xiaowei Zhuang. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy of cells and tissues [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Characteristics study of 2DEG transport properties of AlGaN/GaN and AlGaAs/GaAs-based HEMT

Growth of wide bandgap material over narrow bandgap material, results into a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the heterointerface due to the conduction band discontinuity. In this paper the 2DEG transport properties of AlGaN/GaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is discussed and its effect on various characteristics such as 2DEG density, C-V characteristics and Sheet resistances for different mole fractions are presented. The obtained results are also compared with AlGaAs/GaAs-based HEMT for the same structural parameter as like AlGaN/GaN-based HEMT. The calculated results of electron sheet concentration as a function of the Al mole fraction are in excellent agreement with some experimental data available in the literature.
Effect of inorganic additives on solutions of nonionic surfactants — XVI. Limiting cloud points of highly polyoxyethylated surfactants

Abstract As their degree of polyoxyethylation is increased, the cloud points (CPs) of three homologous series of nonionic surfactants (NSs) rise steeply at first but then level off, converging asymptotically to the temperature range of 114–118°C, which corresponds to the CP of polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight of 10 4 . Six of the 14 surfactants investigated were octoxynols, five were nonoxynols and three were polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers. Ten had an average number of oxyethylene units per molecule p >20 and a CP>100°C. Three of these CPs were measured directly on 2.00% surfactant solutions sealed into ampoules. To avoid additional measurements under pressure, the other surfactants had their CPs lowered below the normal boiling point of their 2.00% solutions by adding the salting-out, CP-lowering salt NaNO 3 at various concentrations, measuring the depressed CPs and extrapolating them to zero salt concentration. The CPs decrease linearlv with increasing molality m of NaNO 3 up to ca. 2.5 m and more steeply at higher concentration. For a given concentration of NaNO 3 , larger p values result in more extensive salting out: The more highly polyoxyethylated a surfactant is, the greater the reduction in CP it undergoes. As p increases, the curves of CP in water versus p for the octoxynols and nonoxynols rise steeply and nearly linearly, reaching 100 and 103°C at p =16, and then begin to level off. The sharpest inflections are at p =22–25. The nonoxynol curve becomes horizontal at p ≅40 and 115°C while the octoxynol curve rises gently from 3°C below the nonoxynol curve to merge with it at p =90 and 114°C. The CPs of the three polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers are slightly higher than those of the polyoxyethylated alkylphenols with comparable p values, peaking at 118°C. The most highly polyoxyethylated surfactant of each series contains 95% polyoxyethylene. Their CP range of 114–118°C equals that of polyethylene oxides with molecular weights between 8000 and 20 000. Published quantitative CP– p relations for polyoxyethylated NSs cover only CP values below 100°C and p values below 16. They fail to predict the levelling off of the CPs as the p values rise above 16.
Polarization-induced transport in ferroelectric organic field-effect transistors

Ferroelectric dielectrics, permitting access to nearly an order of magnitude range of dielectric constants with temperature as the tuning parameter, offer a great platform to monitor the changes in interfacial transport in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) as the polarization strength is tuned. Temperature-dependent transport studies have been carried out from pentacene-based OFETs using the ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) as a gate insulating layer. The thickness of the gate dielectric was varied from 20 nm to 500 nm. By fits to an Arrhenius-type dependence of the charge carrier mobility as a function of temperature, the activation energy in the ferroelectric phase is found to increase as the thickness of the PVDF-TrFE layer decreases. The weak temperature-dependence of the charge carrier mobility in the ferroelectric phase of PVDF-TrFE may be attributed to a polarization fluctuation driven transport, which results from a coupling of the charge ca...
The Two Meanings of How and the Gene Patenting Debate

(2002). The Two Meanings of How and the Gene Patenting Debate. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 26-28.
More data, fewer shifts: molecular insights into the evolution of the spinning apparatus in non-orb-weaving spiders.

Abstract All spiders produce silk and use it for various functions throughout their lives, but not all spiders produce the same silks, or use them for the same functions. These functions may include building shelters, protecting eggs, and trapping prey. The “RTA clade” of spiders (grass spiders, jumping-spiders, wolf spiders, hackled-band weavers, etc.) is an extremely diverse group (∼18,000 species, representing nearly half of all described species), with great variation in ecology and morphology, including variation in the cribellum, a specialized silk-producing organ. The loss of the cribellum, a structure that produces fibers contributing stickiness to prey snares and which is invariably associated with a set of accessory structures, has been studied in orb-web-weavers and shown to have been lost once during the evolutionary history of the group, but never regained. Relative to the orb-weavers, evolution of the structure remains less-thoroughly studied in the RTA clade. As the cribellum is one member of a suite of traits, the combined action of which is essential in prey-capture, its loss should have ecological correlates or physiological trade-offs of evolutionary interest. Using molecular data from nuclear genes (ribosomal DNAs 18S and 28S, and protein-coding Histone H3), as well as mitochondrial data (Cytochrome oxidase I) totaling ∼3400 base pairs, we developed a phylogenetic hypothesis for three-clawed lineages in this group, focusing on families where taxonomy and previous cladistic analyses suggest multiple losses, or possibly loss and secondary gain, of the cribellum. Results of Bayesian and direct-optimization (POY) analyses agree on a well-resolved and robust agelenid clade that includes the putative subfamilies Ageleninae, Tegenariinae, Textricinae and Coelotinae, but excludes the cribellate New Zealand genus Neoramia. Optimizing the pattern of cribellum evolution onto these trees shows that the cribellate state is conserved in large clades and has undergone fewer shifts than current taxonomy implies. The dominant pattern is one of repeated loss of the cribellum, though loss and regain remains a possibility in some groups.
Convergence and symmetry of infinite products of independent random variables

Abstract Let X 1 , X 2 ,… be a sequence of independent random variables. Under very general assumptions we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the product (normalized product) of the X i 's to converge weakly to a random variable, and for the limiting distribution to be symmetric about zero.
Analyzing networks of static and dynamic geospatial entities for urban situational awareness

Motivated by the problem of uncovering networks of illicit actors in complex urban environments, we present a prototype system for intuitive navigation of vehicle track data via interacting map and network views. Our system combines 3D geospatial visualization, social network display and interactive track search software, and it provides a multi-touch interface for operators to navigate urban scenes and investigate potentially suspicious vehicle activity. We describe a case study to highlight the system's capabilities using ground truth vehicle data collected during a 2007 urban exercise. This data is most naturally viewed as tracks in space and time. But as cluttered track displays obscure potentially important actor relationships, our system provides a social network picture whose condensed format is easier to interpret. Through coordinated space-time/vehicle network searches, we demonstrate how analysts can uncover "Red" activities of tactical significance.
The spectrum of skew-shift Schrödinger operators contains intervals

Abstract I prove that the spectrum of a skew-shift Schrodinger operator contains large intervals in the semi-classical regime. In the semi-classical limit, these intervals approach the range of the potential.
The Interaction between the Regulatory Light Chain Domains on Two Heads Is Critical for Regulation of Smooth Muscle Myosin

Recent findings have suggested that the interaction between the two heads is critical for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of smooth muscle myosin. We hypothesized that the interaction between ...
Mobility, Business Process Management, Software Sourcing, and Maturity Model Trends: Propositions for the IS Organization of the Future

In this article, I argue that increased mobility, a continued emphasis on business process management, expanded options for the sourcing of enterprise system software, and IS maturity models are trends that will require new capabilities and skills for tomorrow's IS organization.
NSF cuts likely, says House panel

At key congressional hearings held recently on the National Science Foundation's budget for fiscal year 1993, the bottom line was clear: the agency should not expect the 18% increase it has requested. The chair of the House VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommitee, Bob Traxler (D.-Mich.), indicated his support for NSF, but added that his subcommittee “lives and dies by its 602(b) allocation.” This is the amount with which the subcommittee funds programs under its jurisdiction, including veterans' health care and housing support. Traxler said the administration had “shortchanged” some activities to provide the NSF increase, and that money would have to be returned to other programs. Throughout the hearings, Traxler spoke of a possible 4–6% increase for NSF in fiscal 1993, less than one-third the amount requested.
Effect of multiple scattering on SANS spectra from bicontinuous microemulsions.

Small-angle neutron scattering is a powerful tool for investigating the microstructure of self-assembled systems. The domain length, d, and the correlation length, ξ, are two measures of bicontinuous microemulsions that are often determined from coherent SANS spectra. Some microemulsions scatter strongly, however, so measured spectra can contain multiple coherent scattering, and neglect of that multiple scattering can lead to incorrect values of d and ξ. In addition, multiple scattering can give rise to artifacts in the spectra, most notably an apparent scattering peak at twice the value of the scattering vector of the main peak. Here, changes in the SANS spectra from strongly scattering microemulsions and the parameters derived from them are reported as a function of relative scattering probability by varying both sample thickness and scattering contrast. A linear extrapolation of the results to zero scattering probability yields good estimates for the microstructural parameters, and the numerical procedure of Schelten and Schmatz is used to calculate the specific effects of multiple scattering on typical bicontinuous microemulsion scattering spectra.
Hamiltonian formulations for surface waves

The formulation of Hamilton's principle for the Eulerian description of the motion of an ideal fluid leads to the identification of the pressure as a Lagrangian density. The resulting variational principle for irrotational gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid yields both Laplace's equation in the interior and the free-surface boundary conditions. The velocity potential at, and the displacement of, the free surface are canonical variables in Hamilton's sense. The corresponding canonical equations are of Boussinesq's type in the regime of weak dispersion and weak nonlinearity; they are valid only for relatively long waves but may be either stable or unstable with respect to short waves, depending on whether the corresponding Hamiltonian is or is not positive definite, as originally pointed out by Broer. The Korteweg-deVries and related equations are discussed.
Fully automated gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector system for the in situ determination of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons at low parts per trillion concentration

Abstract A completely automated gas chromatography-flame ionization detector system with cryogenic sample freeze-out for measuring atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons was deployed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii during the MLOPEX II experiment, September 1991 through August 1992. The system was designed to (1) rapidly trap air samples of up to 4 litres volume to allow for sub-parts per trillion detection limits, (2) eliminate interferences from ambient ozone, water vapor carbon dioxide, (3) reduce to negligible levels any contamination in the analytical systems, and (4) allow for continuous, unattended operation. The instrumentation consisted of two parallel analytical systems, employing packed capillary chromatographic columns, which allowed quantification of C 2 –C 10 , non-methane hydrocarbons from sub-parts per trillion to parts per million concentrations. A dynamic dilution system was used to calibrate the analytical system over the range of concentrations measured (low parts per trillion to parts per billion) at this site.
The role of melanocortin 1 receptor in cutaneous malignant melanoma: along the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is an epidemic cancer in the United States. Survival rates for invasive CMM have not increased in past decades despite numerous clinical trials and the effective ...
Microsatellite Analysis of Population Structure in Alaska Eulachon with Application to Mixed-Stock Analysis

Abstract Estimation of genetic population structure, diversity, and effective population size (Ne ) is important for defining meaningful conservation units and assessing genetic health. Recent conservation concerns in Alaska have highlighted the need for research on Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus, a species about which relatively little is known. Therefore, genetic variation was assayed at 14 microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic population structure of Alaska Eulachon. This analysis revealed a low degree of genetic divergence (G ST = 0.005) that is structured by broad-scale northern and southern geographic regions. Overall, there is a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances, suggesting that gene flow is geographically restricted and follows an isolation-by-distance (IBD) model. However, closer analysis reveals an absence of IBD within regions and that gene flow is primarily restricted by the geographic distance between regions, a pattern that better approximates the hie...
Inherent and Centrifugal Forces in Newton

Over the last few years a resurgence of Newtonian studies has led to a deeper understanding of several aspects of his Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Besides the new translation of Newton's masterpiece, these contributions touched on his mathematical style, investigative method, experimental endeavors, and conceptual systematization of key notions in mechanics and the science of motion (I. Newton, The `Principia'. A new translation by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman assisted by Julia Budenz (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), hereafter New translation. Readers can find a useful bibliography on Newton in I.B. Cohen and G. Smith, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, hereafter Cambridge Companion), 465–80.). With regard to the last topic, recent works have identified two notions where Newton's choices look unclear and scholarly opinion is divided. These notions are materiae vis insita or vis inertiae, namely the inherent force of matter or force of inertia, and vis centrifuga or centrifugal force. It is my conviction that the two notions became inter-related in Newton's thought starting from the time of composition of the Principia and that a new look at them will simultaneously clarify matters about both. Newton's beliefs about the nature of centrifugal force did not affect his calculations of planetary and cometary orbits in the Principia, but they are none the less of considerable intellectual interest.
The HF-SCF energy of HIV-1 MNgp120 V3 hairpin loop conformers.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of the V3 loop of the HIV-1 gp120 molecule at the atomic level. The total energy of each member of the antibody-complexed 16-mer V3 conformer data set of Sharon et al. (PDB 1NJ0) was determined by the Hartree–Fock-self-consistent field (HF-SCF) method and with the GROMOS96 force field. There was no correlation between the results of the classical GROMOS96 force field analysis and the ab initio HF-SCF quantum mechanical analysis of the energy of the V3-loop-peptide conformers. HF-SCF optimization (AM1) of conformer geometries yielded structures in which HIS315 is displaced from its original position in the combining site of human antibody fragment 447-52D, but with the hairpin turn intact. The hairpin shape of the V3 loop remained detectable, albeit distorted, even with perturbation by a lithium dicationic electrostatic force field and by substitution of the PRO320 at the crown of the V3 hairpin by a GLY. These data suggest that the hairpin conformation is at least partially stable to long-range electrostatic perturbations, either with or without PRO in the tip of the crown of the V3-hairpin loop. Figure Molecular geometry of HIV-1 V3 conformer model 5 and a GLY320 substituted model 5. Space-filling models were obtained with ViewMol3D [Sharon et al. (2002) PDB 1NJ0]). Red=oxygen, blue=nitrogen, black=carbon, white=hydrogen and purple=lithium. End-to-end distance (D) was obtained with ViewMol3D and is in Angstroms. Geometry optimized GLY320 Model 5, D=4.74 A
Viscosity effects in plastic flow and internal friction

Abstract The discovery of the flow stress change in superconductors has provided a new tool which permits one to study separately the systematic (viscosity) and random (thermal fluctuation) aspects of dislocation phonon interactions. This leads to a more general Brownian motion theory of dislocation diffusion in a stress field incorporating inertial and viscosity effects which cannot be provided by the standard transition state theory. Quantities needed in the theory, such as viscosities and dislocation frequencies, are often accurately obtainable from internal friction or ultrasonic attenuation measurements. The theory unifies the subjects of plastic flow and internal friction and provides a more satisfactory basis for the description, classification, and understanding of plastic flow.
Factors in the transition to homelessness in the chronically mentally Ill

Although there is a great deal of literature on homelessness and mental illness, few studies have examined the factors which may lead to homelessness in the mentally ill. The objective of this research was to examine the factors in the length of time between when a client of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health entered the system and when he or she was first homeless on admission to a service (time before homelessness, TBH). Past psychiatric records of 142 currently homeless clients were examined through the Automated Information System of LACDMH. Results showed that total admissions to any service and total admissions to prison services were predictors of shorter TBH; being younger and being both African-American and female were predictors of longer TBH. TBH shortened dramatically from 1973 to 1993; mental health funding levels for theprevious year were significantly correlated with TBH. Results show that demographic, clinical, and system variables all impact on homelessness in the chronically mentally ill.
Journalism with flying robots

The use of unmanned aerial drones will revolutionize news reporting, but many issues need to be resolved before things can really take off.
Analysis and prediction of constriction resistance for contact between rough engineering surfaces

The constriction resistance of a semi-infinite cylinder terminating in the frustum of a cone in a gaseous environment is analyzed numerically. The variation of constriction resistance with the ratio of contact radius to cylinder radius, the cone angle, and the gas-to-substrate thermal conductivity ratio is investigated. Nonlinear curve fitting is used to develop a comprehensive predictive correlation for the constriction resistance as a function of these parameters. The parameters are investigated over a wide range of values covering the range expected in practical applications. The correlation could be used in conjunction with an appropriate surface deformation model to predict the thermal contact resistance between rough metallic surfaces.
The society of thoracic surgeons 30-day predicted risk of mortality score also predicts long-term survival.

Background The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (PROM) score is a well-validated predictor of 30-day mortality after cardiac procedures. This study investigated the ability of PROM to predict longer-term survival. Methods From January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2009, 24,222 patients with PROM scores underwent cardiac procedures at an academic center. Long-term all-cause mortality was determined from the Social Security Death Index. Logistic and Cox survival regression analyses evaluated the long-term predictive utility of the PROM. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve measured the discrimination of PROM at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were stratified by quartiles of PROM risk to compare long-term survival. All analyses were performed for the whole sample and for 30-day survivors. Results The overall 30-day mortality was 2.78% (674 of 24,222). PROM predicted 30-day mortality extremely well (area under the receiver operator characteristic, 0.794) and predicted longer-term survival almost as well. Among all patients and 30-day survivors, area under the receiver operator characteristic values for PROM at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years were remarkably similar to the 30-day end point for which PROM is calibrated. PROM was highly predictive of Kaplan-Meier survival for patients surviving beyond 30 days. Among 30-day survivors, each percent increase in PROM score was associated with a 9.6% increase (95% confidence interval, 9.3% to 10.0%) in instantaneous hazard of death ( p Conclusions The PROM algorithm accurately predicts death at 30-days and during 14 years of follow-up with almost equally strong discriminatory power. This may have profound implications for informed consent and for longitudinal comparative effectiveness studies.
Microfabricated passive vapor preconcentrator/injector designed for microscale gas chromatography

The design, fabrication, and preliminary testing of a micromachined-Si passive vapor preconcentrator/injector (μPPI) are described. Intended for incorporation in a gas chromatographic microsystem (μGC) for analyzing organic vapor mixtures, the μPPI captures vapors from the air at a known rate by means of passive diffusion (i.e., without pumping) and then desorbs the vapor sample thermally by means of an integrated heater and injects it downstream (with pumping). The μPPI chip comprises a 1.8 μL deep reactive-ion-etched (DRIE) Si cavity with a resistively heated membrane floor and a DRIE-Si cap containing >1500 parallel diffusion channels, each 54 × 54 × 200 μm. The cavity is packed with 750 μg of a commercial graphitized carbon adsorbent. Fluidic and heat-transfer modeling was used to guide the design process to ensure power-efficient sample transfer during thermal desorption. Experiments performed with toluene at concentrations of ∼1 ppm gave a constant sampling rate of 9.1 mL min−1 for up to 30 min, which is within 2% of theoretical predictions and corresponds to a linear dynamic mass uptake range of ∼1 μg. The cavity membrane could be heated to 250 °C in 0.23 s with 1 W of applied power and, with 50 mL min−1 of suction flow provided by a downstream pump, yielded >95% desorption/injection efficiency of toluene samples over an 8-fold range of captured mass.
Enantioselektive Katalyse mit kationischen Oxazaborolidinen

Chirale Oxazaborolidine konnen mit starken Protonensauren oder durch Koordination von AlBr3 am Stickstoffatom aktiviert werden und bilden dabei sehr starke chirale Lewis-Sauren. Die entstehenden chiralen Bor-Elektrophile (siehe Struktur) sind leistungsfahige chirale Katalysatoren, die [4+2]-, [3+2]- und [2+2]-Cycloadditionen mit hoher Enantioselektivitat vermitteln. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat in der Chemie eine Revolution stattgefunden, die auserhalb unserer Disziplin – und selbst in anderen Wissenschaften – praktisch unbemerkt geblieben ist. Grundlegend gewandelt hat sich: 1) unser Verstandnis davon, wie chemische Reaktionen ablaufen, 2) unsere Fahigkeit, neue Reaktionen zu entwickeln, 3) unsere Fahigkeit, Reaktionen nutzbar zu machen, die zur Synthese einer riesigen Vielfalt an nutzlichen oder komplexen Molekulen gefuhrt haben, und 4) unsere Fahigkeit, chemische Prinzipien und chemisches Wissen zum Verstandnis biologischer und medizinischer Fragestellungen anzuwenden. Im Bereich der Synthesechemie ist eine ganz neue Art von Wissenschaft herangewachsen, die eine nahezu perfekte Kontrolle der absoluten und relativen Stereochemie ermoglicht und mit der gezielten Entwicklung von Katalysatoren einhergeht, deren Funktionsweisen vor Jahren noch unvorstellbar schienen. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit einem speziellen Aspekt dieser Chemie, der erst in den letzten Jahren aufgetaucht ist: der Erzeugung und Anwendung der supersauren chiralen Oxazaborolidiniumionen in der enantioselektiven Katalyse. Die Fortschritte in diesem Bereich sind vielschichtiger Natur und betreffen 1) die Bildung der Katalysatoren, 2) die Aufklarung der detaillierten Mechanismen, uber die sich Reaktionen steuern und beschleunigen lassen, 3) Erkenntnisse uber die katalysierten Reaktionen und 4) die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Syntheseverfahren.
The Challenges of Nanotechnology and Gigacomplexity

In his keynote address at the 2007 International Test Conference, Gadi Singer (vice president of the Mobility Group and general manager of the SOC Enabling Group at Intel) provided Intel's perspective on evolving computing trends, continuing and future challenges of nanoscale device integration, the resulting gigascale complexity, and the implications of all this for test.
Gene Therapy in Large Animal Models of Human Genetic Diseases

Amajor challenge to the medical sciences is the large number of disorders that are primarily genetic in origin or that involve a genetic predisposition to disease-producing factors in the environment. These disorders include a wide variety of debilitating and fatal illnesses for which few effective methods of treatment or prevention are available. Among the most common diseases in which genetic abnormalities play a role are congenital malformations, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Genetic variations also infl uence individual responses to pathogens and drugs. The structure and function of most genes in animals are homologous to those in humans, thus many genetic diseases that occur in humans also occur in animals. Gene mutations usually cause similar biochemical dysfunctions, resulting in pathologic changes at the molecular, cellular, organ, and organism levels. For these reasons, the knowledge gained through research in animals can be of direct benefi t to human as well as animal health. There have been dramatic advances in the science of genetics in recent years. The techniques of molecular biology have made it possible to understand the underlying mechanisms of genetic disease at the level of DNA, RNA, and protein molecules. The completion of the genome sequences of the human, mouse, dog, cat, and a growing list of other species as well as advances in genomics and related sciences represent the beginning of a new phase of understanding in which it will be possible to delineate the entire genetic program of individual types of cells and ultimately of whole tissues. Furthermore, these advances offer the prospect of correcting genetic defects and disease susceptibilities in animal and human patients through gene replacement therapy, manipulation of genetic pathways, engineering of stem cells, and delivery of recombinant proteins. The realization of practical benefi ts to animal and human health will depend on a great deal of future research. The increasing number and variety of transgenic, induced mutant, and naturally occurring animal models of genetic disease are vital for identifying new genes that cause disease, for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of genetic diseases, and for elucidating the genes involved in diseases with complex inheritance patterns. A major use of such models is translational—they help move gene therapy strategies from proof of concept in cells and rodent models toward human clinical trials by enabling the investigation and solution of problems in scale-up and treatment of individual animal patients. The participation of veterinarians in these investigations is critical because they have the knowledge and skills in animal physiology, pathology, medicine, and surgery that enable them, with the proper scientifi c training, to effectively investigate important aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of genetic and gene-infl uenced diseases in animal homologues of human disorders. Selection of Topics and Organization of This Issue