cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Aflatoxigenic and Nonaflatoxigenic Isolates of Aspergillus flavus using DNA Amplification Fingerprinting Techniques

Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous fungus that produces mycotoxins in many food and feed crops, such as maize (Zea mays L.). Isolates were analyzed for toxin production by nucleic acid profiles in an attempt to differentiate aflatoxigenic from nonaflatoxigenic isolates. A total of 41 aflatoxigenic and 34 nonalfatoxigenic isolates were included in the study. The isolates were evaluated initially using DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) without clear resolution of the groups. A weak association of aflatoxigenic isolates was observed, as evidenced by their clustering in 18 of 81 trees recovered from maximum parsimony analysis of binary characters derived from arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP) data; nonaflatoxigenic isolates exhibited a pattern of paraphyletic laddering. Up to five markers unambiguously supported the aflatoxigenic isolate grouping, but the presence of alternative conflicting topologies in equally parsimonious trees precluded the observation of meaningful statistical support. With additional markers for genome of A. flavus, this method could be used to resolve toxigenic from nontoxigenic strains. This additional work could resolve aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus present on maize plants using ASAP, which would reduce labor intense costs and potentially lead to faster determination of resistant cultivars in breeding efforts.
VRE detection: A new gold standard?

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are becoming increasingly important pathogens. They are rife throughout health care facilities, causing problems for infection control teams, despite their numerous interventions. Although the genes encoding vancomycin resistance are well characterized, the methods used for their detection have not improved at the same rate as their prevalence. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are the most widely used methods for the identification of VRE carriers, yet it is known that culture lacks the sensitivity to detect those patients with low bacterial burdens, and susceptibility testing does not differentiate the various phenotypes. PCR is a promising alternative that can detect even one CFU per ml. Not only can it identify more carriers than culture, but it is also rapid and can detect the resistance genes. With newer real-time assays, a result can be obtained in under 4 h. PCR offers promise as a new “gold standard” that may help to turn the tide in the battle against this problematic pathogen.
Backstepping Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Robotic Arm

This paper investigates a nonlinear controller designed to stabilize a single-degree-of-freedom rotary shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated robotic arm. To this end, a bias-type robotic arm was built ...
Higher education, policy schools, and development studies: what should masters degree students be taught?

What are the distinctive skills and attributes that should be expected of Masters (as opposed to undergraduate and doctoral) graduates of international development programmes? Given the diversity of their academic and cultural backgrounds, the inherent uncertainty of their career trajectories, the variety of country contexts and organizational environments in which they will be working, and the range of constituent groups with which they are likely to interact on a regular basis, I argue that Masters degree programmes in development studies should focus on helping students acquire three core competencies—the skills of ‘detectives’ (data collection, analysis and interpretation), ‘translators’ (reframing given ideas for diverse groups), and ‘diplomats’ (negotiation, conflict mediation, deal making). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRACE ELEMENT TRAPPING IN PTEROPOD TESTS

Pteropod tests from the Gulf of Aqaba and the South Atlantic Ocean and “bulk” (soft tissue) plankton samples from Long Island S,ound were analyzed by instrumental neutron aativation analysis (INAA) for 11 trace metals (Fc, Ce, La, Sm, Eu, Th, SC, Cr, Co, Sb, SC) to study the trapping and transport mechanisms for these metals in the oceans and the capability of ptcropods to modify the composition of seawater during this process. The internal correlations among these metals strongly suggest that a finely particulate ( <O.2 p) authigenic iron-rich phase (hydrated oxide or phosphate) is trapped by both the soft and hard tissues of plankton and that this phase is the major carrier of several of the trace metals. Assuming that the iron-rich floc-trapping mechanism is applicable to all pelagic calcareous tests, then the downwarcl flux of iron and associated tract elements carried by these tests can bc assessed. To the precision of our knowlcdgc about the transport and dissolution of calcium carbonate in deep water, this assumption leads to the conclusion that the iron and the associated trace elements have residence times in the deep water of the same order of magnitude as that of the deep water itself. The role of organisms in modifying the composition of seawater and in transporting material to the ocean floor is clearly demonstrated by the presence of siliceous and calcarcous tests on the ocean floor and by the variations of alkalinity and silica concentration with depth in ocean water profiles. Similarly, phosphorus concentration profiles indicate that the soft tissues of plankton act as agents of transport in the water column. Certain trace metals are known to be associated, in significant concentrations, with the bulk plankton asscmblagc, but our understanding of the transport of these metals by plankton in the water column is hampered by the fact that the form of the trace clement entrapment is not well dcfined; thus the mechanism and depth of release of the metals in the water column is not explicitly known. Alkalinity and phosphorus profiles in scawatcr suggest that metals entrapped in the soft
Full-Spectrum k-Distribution Correlations for Carbon Dioxide Mixtures

Full-spectrum k-distributions (or absorption-line blackbody distribution functions) have been calculated for CO 2 from the new HITEMP database for a large number of gas temperatures, and an approximate mathematical correlation is presented. This correlation supersedes the older one by Denison and Webb, which was based on the HITRAN92 database. Comparison between the correlations shows that, although giving excellent results for temperatures below 1000 K, the older correlation seriously underpredicts radiative losses at high temperatures
The presence of Tat protein or tumor necrosis factor alpha is critical for herpes simplex virus type 1-induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Tat-independent transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays an important role in virus life cycle before biologically significant levels of Tat protein have been accumulated. Using a latently infected T-cell line containing an integrated Tat-defective HIV-1 provirus, we examined whether factors known to up-regulate the HIV-1 expression in vitro can replace the requirement for a functional Tat protein and induce the expression of the Tat-defective HIV-1 provirus. Both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection stimulated transcription of the Tat-defective HIV-1 provirus to comparable levels, but in HSV-1-infected cells, the cytoplasmic HIV-1 transcripts were not efficiently translated in the absence of Tat protein and were excluded from the large polysomes. However, HSV-1 infection did not affect the distribution of cellular gamma-actin RNA or 28S RNA in the polysomal fractions. The translational block of HIV-1 RNA was not mediated by the virion-associated host cell shutoff protein (vhs); dissociation of HIV-1 transcripts from the polysomes and inefficient translation was also observed in cells infected with the vhs-defective mutant of HSV-1 (vhs-1). Overexpression of Rev protein did not rescue the synthesis of HIV-1 proteins in these cells; however, the observed inhibition of HIV-1 RNA translation was efficiently overcome in the presence of Tat protein or TNF-alpha. These findings suggest that, in contrast to TNF-alpha, HSV-1 infection is not able to induce a full cycle of HIV-1 replication and that cytokines and Tat have a critical role in the activation of HIV-1 provirus by HSV-1.
The Relationship between Hurricane Potential Intensity and CAPE

AbstractThe theoretical minimum eyewall pressure of tropical cyclones can be computed from convective available potential energy (CAPE) if the buoyancy in the CAPE is allowed to feed back on the surface pressure via hydrostatic balance. The relationship between this so-called hurricane CAPE and the surface pressure is exploited by a widely used algorithm for hurricane potential intensity (PI). For the observed atmosphere, the algorithm is shown to yield significantly weaker pressure intensity (20%–25%) and velocity intensity (5%–10%) than the most familiar analytical formulas. This discrepancy is found to come mostly from thermodynamic approximations in the formulas.The CAPE–PI algorithm makes a significant adjustment to the hurricane CAPE by subtracting the environmental CAPE. Most of the environmental profile becomes irrelevant as a result. Other steady-state theories retain the influence of the full environmental column. The impact of this choice on the pressure and velocity PI is analyzed. Another imp...
Age-related decline of visual processing components in change detection.

Previous research has suggested that an age-related decline in change detection may be due to older adults using a more conservative response criterion. However, this finding may reflect methodological limitations of the traditional change detection design, in which displays are presented continuously until a change is detected. Across 2 experiments, the authors assessed adult age differences in a version of change detection that required a response after each pair of pre- and postchange displays, thus reducing the potential contribution of response criterion. Older adults performed worse than younger adults, committing more errors and requiring a greater number of display cycles for correct detection. These age-related performance declines were substantially reduced after controlling statistically for elementary perceptual speed. Search strategy was largely similar for the 2 age groups, but perceptual speed was less successful in accounting for age-related variance in detectability when a more precise spatial localization of change was required (Experiment 2). Thus, the negative effect of aging in the present tasks lies in a reduction of detection efficiency due largely to processing speed, though some strategy-level effects may also contribute.
Designing Efficient Inductive Power Links for Implantable Devices

Due to limited battery life and size limitations, many implantable biomedical devices must be powered inductively. Because of weak coupling between implanted and external coils, obtaining high power efficiency is a challenge. Previous authors have addressed the issue of optimizing power efficiency in these systems. In this paper, we further this analysis for the case of planar spiral "pancake" coils at low RF frequencies (100 kHz -10 MHz). We consider practical design constraints such as component variation, power amplifier limitations, and coil voltage limits. We introduce a new, complete expression for total power link efficiency.
The effect of window rooms on critically ill patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted to intensive care.

Introduction: Clinicians and specialty societies often emphasize the potential importance of natural light for quality care of critically ill patients, but few studies have examined patient outcomes associated with exposure to natural light. We hypothesized that receiving care in an intensive care unit (ICU) room with a window might improve outcomes for critically ill patients with acute brain injury. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. Seven ICU rooms had windows, and five ICU rooms did not. Admission to a room was based solely on availability. We analyzed data from 789 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) admitted to the neurological ICU at our hospital from August 1997 to April 2006. Patient information was recorded prospectively at the time of admission, and patients were followed up to 1 year to assess mortality and functional status, stratified by whether care was received in an ICU room with a window. Results: Of 789 SAH patients, 455 (57.7%) received care in a window room and 334 (42.3%) received care in a nonwindow room. The two groups were balanced with regard to all patient and clinical characteristics. There was no statistical difference in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at hospital discharge, 3 months or 1 year (44.8% with mRS scores of 0 to 3 with window rooms at hospital discharge versus 47.2% with the same scores in nonwindow rooms at hospital discharge; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.67 to 1.50, P = 0.98; 62.7% versus 63.8% at 3 months, aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.26, P = 0.42; 73.6% versus 72.5% at 1 year, aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.19, P = 0.25). There were also no differences in any secondary outcomes, including length of mechanical ventilation, time until the patient was able to follow commands in the ICU, need for percutaneous gastrostomy tube or tracheotomy, ICU and hospital length of stay, and hospital, 3-month and 1-year mortality. Conclusions: The presence of a window in an ICU room did not improve outcomes for critically ill patients with SAH admitted to the ICU. Further studies are needed to determine whether other groups of critically ill patients, particularly those without acute brain injury, derive benefit from natural light.
Using similarity of soil texture and hydroclimate to enhance soil moisture estimation

Estimating soil moisture typically involves calibrating models to sparse networks of in situ sensors, which introduces considerable error in locations where sensors are not available. We address this issue by calibrating parameters of a parsimonious soil moisture model, which requires only antecedent precipitation information, at gauged locations and then extrapolating these values to ungauged locations via a hydroclimatic classification system. Fifteen sites within the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) containing multiyear time series data for precipitation and soil moisture are used to calibrate the model. By calibrating at 1 of these 15 sites and validating at another, we observe that the best results are obtained where calibration and validation occur within the same hydroclimatic class. Additionally, soil texture data are tested for their importance in improving predictions between calibration and validation sites. Results have the largest errors when calibration–validation pairs differ hydroclimatically and edaphically, improve when one of these two characteristics are aligned, and are strongest when the calibration and validation sites are hydroclimatically and edaphically similar. These findings indicate considerable promise for improving soil moisture estimation in ungauged locations by considering these similarities.
Peptidergic CGRPα Primary Sensory Neurons Encode Heat and Itch and Tonically Suppress Sensitivity to Cold

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a classic molecular marker of peptidergic primary somatosensory neurons. Despite years of research, it is unknown whether these neurons are required to sense pain or other sensory stimuli. Here, we found that genetic ablation of CGRPα-expressing sensory neurons reduced sensitivity to noxious heat, capsaicin, and itch (histamine and chloroquine) and impaired thermoregulation but did not impair mechanosensation or β-alanine itch-stimuli associated with nonpeptidergic sensory neurons. Unexpectedly, ablation enhanced behavioral responses to cold stimuli and cold mimetics without altering peripheral nerve responses to cooling. Mechanistically, ablation reduced tonic and evoked activity in postsynaptic spinal neurons associated with TRPV1/heat, while profoundly increasing tonic and evoked activity in spinal neurons associated with TRPM8/cold. Our data reveal that CGRPα sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically cross-inhibit cold-responsive spinal neurons. Disruption of this crosstalk unmasks cold hypersensitivity, with mechanistic implications for neuropathic pain and temperature perception.
Self-assembled cyclic oligothiophene nanotubes: Electronic properties from a dispersion-corrected hybrid functional

The band structure and size scaling of electronic properties in self-assembled cyclic oligothiophene nanotubes are investigated using density functional theory. In these unique tubular aggregates, the π-π stacking interactions between adjacent monomers provide pathways for charge transport and energy migration along the periodic one-dimensional nanostructure. In order to simultaneously describe both the π-π stacking interactions and the global electronic band structure of these nanotubes, we utilize a dispersion-corrected Becke three-parameter Lee-Yang-Parr-D (B3LYP-D) hybrid functional in conjunction with all-electron basis sets and one-dimensional periodic boundary conditions. Based on our B3LYP-D calculations, we present simple analytical formulae for estimating the fundamental band gaps of these unique nanotubes as a function of size and diameter. Our results on these molecular nanostructures indicate that all of the oligothiophene nanotubes are direct-gap semiconductors with band gaps ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 eV, depending on tube diameter and oligothiophene orientation. These nanotubes have cohesive energies of up to 2.43 eV per monomer, indicating future potential use in organic electronic devices due to their tunable electronic band structure and high structural stability.
Dissociable cortico-striatal connectivity abnormalities in major depression in response to monetary gains and penalties.

Background Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are characterized by maladaptive responses to both positive and negative outcomes, which have been linked to localized abnormal activations in cortical and striatal brain regions. However, the exact neural circuitry implicated in such abnormalities remains largely unexplored.
Factors Affecting the Reduction of Acetylene by Rhizobium-Soybean Cell Associations in Vitro

The acetylene reduction assay was used to measure presumed N(2)-reducing activity in Rhizobium-soybean cell associations in vitro. No acetylene reduction was observed in liquid suspensions of these organisms, but cells plated onto an agar medium from a liquid suspension of Rhizobium and soybean cells exhibited acetylene-dependent production of ethylene after 7 to 14 days. Aggregates of soybean cells 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter were required for this activity. Decreasing oxygen from 0.20 atm to 0.10, 0.04, or 0.00 atm completely inhibited acetylene reduction. The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or kinetin increased endogenous ethylene production and inhibited acetylene-dependent ethylene production. Acetylene reduction was observed with three out of four strains of R. japonicum tested, and three rhizobial strains, which produce root nodules on cowpeas but not soybeans, formed an association capable of acetylene-dependent ethylene production.
Resection of ventricular rhabdomyomas in infants presenting with cardiac failure

Rhabdomyomas are the most common cardiac tumours in children. They sometimes cause significant obstruction of the ventricular out flow tracts. We report a series of 3 neonates diagnosed antenatally with multiple rhabdomyomas, who developed significant obstruction of the ventricular outflow tracts following birth. They underwent surgical resection in the neonatal period with good outcome. Antenatal diagnosis of obstructive cardiac tumours allows for planning for appropriate early intervention.
The Lost Promise of Reconciliation: New Left vs. Old Left

The dialogue between the Old and New Left during the past decade has resulted less in reconciliation than in rupture. This process has made quite clear and explicit the chief differences between the two movements, which are only roughly divided along generational lines. The differences discussed here are of four general kinds: (a) social roots and orientations, (b) political positions, (c) strategy and tactics, and (d) representative personalities and forums. References are made to the other articles in this issue where they fit into the schematic contrast here presented.
On the Magnitude-Color Relation for Cygnus X-2 and WX Centauri

While the short-term fluctuations in the brightness and color of the source Sco X-1 have been found to be correlated in the sense that the system is bluest when brightest, such a result does not appear in the observations of Cyg X-2 or WX Cen described here.
Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy Simulation Investigation of Lean Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) of a Siemens scaled combustor are compared against comprehensive experimental data. The steady RANS simulation modeled one quarter of the geometry with 8 M polyhedral cells using the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω model. Unsteady LES were performed on the quarter geometry (90 deg, 8 M cells) as well as the full geometry (360 deg, 32 M cells) using the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) subgrid model and dynamic evaluation of model coefficients. Aside from the turbulence model, all other models are identical for the RANS and LES. Combustion was modeled with the flamelet generated manifold (FGM) model, which represents the thermochemistry by mixture fraction and reaction progress. RANS simulations are performed using Zimont and Peters turbulent flame-speed (TFS) expressions with default model constants, as well as the kinetic rate from the FGM. The flame-speed stalls near the wall with the TFS models, predicting a flame brush that extends to the combustor outlet, which is inconsistent with measurements. The FGM kinetic source model shows improved flame position predictions. The LES predictions of mean and rms axial velocity, mixture fraction, and temperature do not show improvement over the RANS. All three simulations overpredict the turbulent mixing in the inner recirculation zone, causing flatter profiles than measurements. This overmixing is exacerbated in the 90 deg case. The experiments show evidence of heat loss, and the adiabatic simulations presented here might be improved by including wall heat-loss and radiation effects.
Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation and in vitro and in vivo expression of the IL-12 cytokine family.

Acute and chronic inflammation play essential roles in inflammatory/autoimmune conditions. Protective anti-inflammatory effects of the n-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were reported in animal models of colitis, sepsis, and stroke. Since dendritic cells (DC) represent the essential cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity and have a prominent role in tolerance for self-antigens, we sought to investigate the impact of DHA on DC maturation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Murine bone marrow-derived DC were treated with DHA and stimulated with various toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Flow cytometry was used to determine the levels of surface maturation markers and endocytic activity. Cytokine expression and secretion were measured by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA assays. PPARγ and NFκB activity in nuclear extracts were determined by binding to specific oligonucleotide sequences using ELISA-based assays. In vivo effects of DHA were assessed in splenic DC from LPS-inoculated mice maintained on a DHA-enriched diet. DHA maintained the immature phenotype in bone marrow-derived DC by preventing the upregulation of MHCII and costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and maintaining high levels of endocytic activity. DHA inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the IL-12 cytokine family (IL-12p70, IL-23, and IL-27), from DC stimulated with TLR2, 3, 4, and 9 ligands. DHA inhibition of IL-12 expression was mediated through activation of PPARγ and inhibition of NFκBp65 nuclear translocation. DHA exerted a similar inhibitory effect on IL-12 and IL-23 expression in vivo in LPS-inoculated mice maintained on a DHA-enriched diet. Exposure of bone marrow-derived DC to DHA resulted in the maintenance of an immature phenotype and drastic reduction in proinflammatory cytokine release. DHA inhibited the expression and secretion of the IL-12 cytokine family members (IL-12p70, IL-23 and IL-27), which play essential roles in the differentiation of the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 effector cells. The effect of DHA on IL-12 expression was mediated through activation of PPARγ and inhibition of NFκB. Inhibition of IL-12 and IL-23 expression was also evident in splenic DC from mice fed a DHA-enriched diet, suggesting that dietary DHA acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in vivo.
Clinical characteristics of eating disorder patients who report sexual or physical abuse

At initial contact in an eating disorders clinic, 712 female eating disorder patients were asked if they had been physically or sexually abused as children. They also completed a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and an Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). Their eating disorder symptom frequency and severity was determined. They were asked if they had alcohol problems, had attempted suicide, or had shoplifting problems. Twenty-nine percent reported sexual abuse. Twenty-five percent reported physical abuse. There was no correlation between reports of abuse and symptom frequency or severity. The abused subjects were more depressed on the BDI and showed more psychological disturbance on the EDI. Abused subjects were much more likely than nonabused subjects to report alcohol problems, suicide attempts, or shoplifting. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of heat pasteurisation on some egg white enzymes.

It has been shown by a potassium permanganate titration method that solutions of egg white decompose hydrogen peroxide. Using an oxygen electrode the 1st-order rate constants for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (during the first minute of the reaction) by different samples of newly laid and laboratory heat-treated egg white, have been calculated. An Arrhenius plot of calculated denaturation constants has shown that the activation enthalpy, free energy and entropy changes required for the heat inactivation of the catalase-like property' were 39.8 kcal mole−1, 22.6 kcal mole−1 and 51 entropy units, respectively. The effect of heat on the lyspzyme, the a-mannosidase and the N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase enzymes of egg white has also been studied and it has been shown that the activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase enzyme is reduced by heat at 53 to 57°. The activation enthalpy, free energy and entropy changes required for the heat inactivation of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were 62.9 kcal mole−1, 21.8 kcal mole−1 and 124.5 entropy units, respectively. The results are discussed with particular reference to the occurrence, disputed by some workers, of a catalase enzyme in egg white, and to a possible application of the effects of heat on the egg white enzymes as a method for measuring the effectiveness of heat pasteurisation processes.
REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS AND RACE: 1973‐1978*

. The intertemporal structure of regional nominal-wage differentials by race is estimated using panel data from 1973 through 1978. This allows for a more complete analysis of the time pattern of changes in wage differentials, which is not possible from cross-sectional studies. The findings indicate that, in addition to the presence of substantial locational differentials, there was a systematic change in the differentials over time.
Age differences in on-line syntactic processing.

Reading timeandcomprehensionfor subject-relative (e.g., The pilot that admired the nurse dominated the conversation) and object-relative (e.g., The pilot that the nurse admired dominated the conversation) constructions were compared among younger and older readers. Younger adults, but not older adults, differentially allocated time to the more taxing object-relative constructions. Although there were no age differences in comprehension of subject-relative constructions, older adults demonstrated lower levels of comprehension for object-relative sentences. Inconsistent with a modularity view positing preservation in ''interpretive'' processes with age, these results suggest that age-related differences in working-memory capacity limit responsiveness to text demands, thus compromising sentence comprehension.
Fabrics and Geophysical Properties (1963–1976)

The study of particle orientation to determine flow direction has been actively pursued since 1963, even though fabrics are generally used only when nothing else suffices. This activity includes some new techniques and some limited experimental studies. Much more significant, however, is the wide range of sediments in which dimensional fabrics have been studied. These include carbonate rocks, volcaniclastic deposits, and loess. Thus, after seeing the results from glacial tills and sandstones, sedimentologists and paleoecologists have applied these methods to other lithologies. On the other hand, there has been little or no progress in relating the orientation of framework grains to directional permeability and we know of only one earth science paper since 1963 on the theoretical aspects of particle orientation. This paper, by Bhattachuryya (1966), is an amplification of an earlier study by Rusnak* (1957b), who in turn followed Jeffery (1922). Many theoretical papers, of potential value to those sedimentologists who understand mathematics and theoretical hydrodynamics, are found in the chemical engineering literature (Condiff and Brenner, 1969; Henline and Condiff, 1970; Brenner and Condiff, 1972, 1974). These papers, mostly concerned with orientation of molecular particles in gases, are very well referenced and probably contain the basis for some significant contributions to sedimentology by those who are willing to take the trouble to master them.
Semi-leptonic neutral-current decays

The possibility of testing neutral-current models in the strangeness-conserving semi-leptonic decays is discussed. The most reasonable experiment would seem to involve a search for parity-violating effects in Σ0→Λe+e-. However, we find anadditional order-of-magnitude suppression for this process due to the favored value of the mixing angle in the Weinberg-Salam theory. Other weak-interaction models and different processes are also discussed.
Authorized and Unauthorized Immigrant Parents: The Impact of Legal Vulnerability on Family Contexts

This study explores the social-ecological contexts of unauthorized immigrant families and their U.S.-born children, through examining how otherwise similarly low-income, urban, Latino immigrant fam...
Development of the Continental Shelf

Only a few decades ago, the engineer's only concern was to accurately assess the physical force at work in the ocean and to design a structure that would serve its required purpose. In recent years, man's technological advances, coupled with his increasing need for new sources of raw materials, has made offshore development more economically attractive in several areas. This has, in turn, led to multiuse conflicts so that now a shelf area like that of the upper-mid Atlantic faces the real danger of being unable to accomodate the competing demands of a large onshore population and a variety of public and commercial offshore uses. Of particular concern is the overloading of the natural system in the shelf area where unexpected and undesirable situations will develop quickly. The need is for well conceived resource development planning and straightforward management policies that will encourage industry to invest with confidence.
Micro Agenda Setters: The Effect of Social Media on Young Adults’ Exposure to and Attitude Toward News:

Social media services like Facebook and Twitter are playing an increasingly large role as sources of news. This article investigates the ways the composition of social media networks affects people...
Role Theory in View of Postmodernism and the “Author Effect”

Critics of postmodernism claim that this philosophy culminates in the destruction of culture and order, due to the epistemology that is advanced. The argument in this paper is that such a charge is inaccurate. Therefore, the image of knowledge and order promulgated by postmodems is discussed. Additionally, roles are illustrated to be compatible with postmodernism, as long as the traditional version of role theory is significantly altered. The social construction of order can be captured by roles, if these constructs are not portrayed in structural terms.
Does Biology Matter in Parent–Child Relationships? Examining Parental Warmth Among Adolescents From Low-Income Families

Family structure has long been a consideration in research focused on adolescent outcomes. The current study uses data derived from the Mobile Youth Survey to examine how parental warmth differs over time for male and female adolescents reporting biological parents and other parental figures (e.g., grandparents, aunts, and siblings). Using estimation of random and fixed growth effects, significant differences were noted for parental type and for adolescent gender. Paternal warmth trajectories decreased across time for biological fathers, while maternal warmth remained stable for biological mothers. Conversely, maternal and paternal warmth trajectories increased from ages 11 to 18 for other parental figures. Implications for adolescent–parent relations are discussed, with an emphasis on family structure and the contributions of other parental figures on adolescent outcomes in Black American families.
EVOLUTION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA.

We studied mitochondrial DNA variability in 19 natural Neurospora crassa isolates and one wild-type isolate to examine evolution of these fungi and their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We combined restriction endonuclease analysis of natural isolate mtDNA with DNA-DNA hybridization to cloned EcoR I fragments of a wild-type genome to discriminate between length mutations and site changes due to nucleotide substitution. Most variability was due to length mutations (insertions and deletions); genome size could vary 25% between pairs of isolates. Length-mutation distribution was not random, nor simply explained by the presence of coding versus noncoding regions. Restriction-site changes were few; the estimated amount of nucleotide substitution per nucleotide between the most divergent pair of isolates was 0.78%. Evolutionary relationships among isolates based on both types of mutations were compatible, and suggest that geographically distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA exist in the biological species, N. crassa. In contrast, no such correlation was shown by the previously determined distribution of nuclear heterokaryon incompatibility genes in the same isolates (Mylyk, 1975, 1976).
Organothorium-Catalyzed Hydroalkoxylation/Cyclization of Alkynyl Alcohols. Scope, Mechanism, and Ancillary Ligand Effects

Organothorium complexes bearing amide or alkyl proligands are active toward the highly selective hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of alkynyl alcohols. Substrates include primary and secondary alcohols, as well as terminal and internal alkynes. Catalysts with strongly binding ligation such as pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp* = C5Me5) or “constrained geometry catalysts” (CGC = Me2Si(η5-Me4C5)(tBuN)) remain soluble throughout the reaction, with the more sterically open (CGC)Th(NMe2)2 (1) exhibiting higher activity than Cp*2Th(CH2TMS)2 (2). The use of precatalyst [(Me3Si)2N]2Th[κ2-(N,C)-CH2Si(CH3)2N(SiMe3)] (3) leads to precipitation upon the addition of alcohol substrates, although catalytic activity is retained. The substrate scope for 1 includes primary and secondary alcohols as well as terminal and internal alkynes. In situ1H NMR spectroscopic monitoring indicates that the rate law is zero-order in [substrate] and first-order in [catalyst]. The rates of primary alcohols and terminal alkynes are significantly...
A Study on the Synthesis of Urushiol

3- (Pentadeca-8', 11', -dienyl) veratrole and 3- (pentadeca-8', 11', 13'-trienyl) veratrole, diolefinic and triolefinic components of Urushiol dimethyl ether, were synthesized. 8- (2, 3-Dimethoxyphenyl) octanal was prepared by the reaction of octan-1, 8-dial monoacetal with 3-veratryl lithium, followed by dehydration, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation. Wittig's reaction of 8- (2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl) octanal and butanal with trimethylene bis-triphenylphosphonium bromide gave 3- (pentadeca-8', 11'-dienyl) veratrole.Similarly, 3- (pentadeca-8', 11', 13'-trienyl) -veratrole was prepared from 8- (2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl) octanal, crotonaldehyde and the bis phosphonium salt.
Diagnosis and Prevention of the Regression Fallacies

The regression phenomenon may seen simple to some technicians. Yet failure to grasp the underlying idea or to connect it to specific problems has led to frequent misinterpretation of data—the so-called “regression fallacy.”Actually, while there is only one regression phenomenon, there are two distinguishable regression fallacies. This article explains the regression phenomenon and shows how the two fallacies can be identified and avoided.
Distributed Networked Manufacturing System Application Based on COM/DCOM

Because of the distributed objects application ,the networked manufacturing system is more complicated than the integration of the intranet application. Based on the COM/DCOM, the distributed networked manufacturing system application can come into being.This paper discuss COMDCOM and how to use this standards to form appllication system. Facing the future , we present the way.
Analysis on Settlement and Stress in Box Culvert of New Type Supporting Structure of Highway Embankment

The structure mentioned in this paper is consisted of thin retaining wall,anchored steel,foundation and filling soil and there is a complicated forced state inside the structure.Because of the request of drainage,a box culvert is set inside.In order to understand the mechanics feature of the box culvert inside this special structure,in this paper,the finite element method is applied to the 3D numerical calculation of the box culvert in a new type supporting structure of highway embankment and the changing regulation of settlement and the distribution regulation of inner stress are analyzed in the box culvert.
Influence of mycoplasma pneumonia infection on Kawasaki disease children with coronary artery lesions

Objective To explore the influence of mycoplasma pneumonia infection on Kawasaki disease children with coronary artery lesions. Methods Kawasaki disease children complicated with coronary artery lesions were enrolled and divided into observation group( complicated with pneumonia mycoplasma infection) and control group( not complicated with pneumonia mycoplasma infection). Heart function index,myocardial enzymes index and immune function index were detected and compared between two groups. Results E peak,E /A ratio,LVEDD,LVEF of observation group were lower than control group. LDH,AST,CK,CK-MB,cTnI content of observation group were higher than control group. IgG,IgM,IgA levels of observation group were lower than control group. Conclusion Mycoplasma pneumonia infection can cause heart function damage,increase cardiac enzyme elevation and impair immune function in Kawasaki disease children complicated with coronary artery lesions. In the clinical treatment,more attention should be paid to the supplement of immunoglobulin.
The quality of life of the adolescent cardiac patient.

• What can be done for the adolescent cardiac patient to prevent progressive disease and complications?• What can the physician do to assist such patients in improving their future quality of life—social as well as physical?• What benefits are offered under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act and who is eligible to receive them?
Association of multiple ischemic strokes with mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: an application of multistate model to determine transition probabilities in a retrospective observational cohort.

Little is known about the effect of multiple, or subsequent, ischemic strokes in patients receiving hemodialysis. We undertook a retrospective cohort study of incident hemodialysis patients with Medicare coverage who had experienced a first ischemic stroke. Factors associated with either a subsequent ischemic stroke or death following a first new stroke were modeled. A multistate model with Cox proportional hazards was used to predict transition probabilities from first ischemic stroke to either subsequent stroke or to death, and the demographic and clinical factors associated with the respective transition probabilities were determined. Effect of a subsequent ischemic stroke on survival was quantified. Overall, 12,054 individuals (mean age 69.7 years, 41.3 % male, 53.0 % Caucasian and 34.0 % African-American) experienced a first new ischemic stroke. Female sex was associated with an increased risk of having a subsequent ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 1.37, 95 % confidence intervals 1.20 – 1.56, P 15 %, in absolute terms, from 0.254 to 0.096, with substantial drops observed at subsequent time points such that the probability of survival was more than halved. Likelihood of subsequent ischemic stroke and of survival in hemodialysis patients appears to vary by sex and race: females are more likely than males to experience a subsequent ischemic stroke, and Caucasians are more likely than African-Americans to die after a first new ischemic stroke. The risk of a transitioning to a subsequent stroke (after having had a first) increases until about 1 year, then decreases. Subsequent strokes are associated with decreased probability of survival, an effect which increases as time since first stroke elapses. This information may be of assistance to clinicians when counseling hemodialysis patients about the implications of recurrent ischemic stroke.
The effects of N(4-methylphenyl)diphenimide on lipid metabolism of Sprague Dawley rats.

N(4-Methylphenyl)diphenimide proved to be an effective hypolipidemic agent in rats at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day. Both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced significantly. Decreases in tissue lipids as well as VLDL cholesterol levels were observed. HDL-cholesterol was elevated even at 10 mg/kg/day. The agent was equally effective in hyperlipidemic diet-induced rats, lowering serum lipids and VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol while elevating HDL-cholesterol levels. The drug interfered with the incorporation of 3H-cholesterol and 3H-palmitic acid into chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL. The two precursors were incorporated at a higher rate into HDL.3H-Leucine was incorporated into chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL at a higher rate, but not into HDL. Reduced uptake of the precursor for lipid synthesis was noted in tissues after treatment with the drug.
Authors' Reply to: Critique of "Physical Activity Assessment Between Consumer- and Research-Grade Accelerometers: A Comparative Study in Free-Living Conditions" - Does Location of the Device Matter?

Background: Not applicable Objective: Not applicable Methods: Not applicable Results: Not applicable Conclusions: Not applicable ClinicalTrial: Not applicable [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(2):e13]
Welcome to the Era of Fake News

For the news industry, information is used to tell stories, which have traditionally been organized around “facts”. A growing problem, however, is that fact-based evidence is not relevant to a growing segment of the populace. Journalists need facts to tell stories, but they need data to understand how to engage audiences with this accurate information. The implementation of data is part of the solution to countering the erosion of trust and the decay of social discourse across networked spaces. Rather than following “trends”, news organizations should establish the groundwork to make facts “matter” by shaping the narrative instead of following deceptive statements.
A mouse model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: a brain-behavior approach to discover disease mechanisms and novel treatments

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain highly prevalent despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Although the most common forms of HAND are mild and identified through neuropsychological testing, there is evidence that with aging these mild forms become more prevalent and may advance to the most severe form of HAND, HIV-associated dementia. Therefore, novel therapies must be developed that can be used adjunctively with cART to prevent deterioration or restore normal cognitive function. In order to develop innovative treatments, animal models are used for preclinical testing. Ideally, a HAND animal model should portray similar mild cognitive deficits that are found in humans. A mouse model of HAND is discussed, which demonstrates mild behavioral deficits and has been used to investigate cART and novel treatments for HAND. This model also shows correlations between abnormal mouse behavior due to HIV in the brain and pathological parameters such as gliosis and neuronal abnormalities. A recent advancement utilizes the object recognition test to monitor mouse behavior before and after treatment. It is postulated that this model is well suited for preclinical testing of novel therapies and provides correlations of mild cognitive impairment with pathological markers that can give further insight into the pathophysiology of HAND.
Collective Impact Strategies: Introduction to the Special Issue

The societal and cultural issues facing humanity are far greater than any nonprofit, for-profit, university, or government agency to address adequately alone. Whether poverty, water shortages, socio-economic inequality, natural disasters with lasting effects, or any number of other challenges facing our communities, organizations must band together to secure the impact needed to truly create change. Increasingly, communities are turning to collective impact as an approach that brings together the collective resources of multiple institutions to address a community-identified problem or need. While a somewhat new approach, there is a growing body of evidence of supporting the effectiveness of using the collective impact approach to addressing wicked problems (Bridgeland et al., 2012; Christens and Inzeo, 2015; Kania, Hanleybrown, and Splansky Juster, 2014). As anchor institutions, Metropolitan Universities have a unique opportunity and responsibility to initiate and promote social change in a way that also advances their mission. Unlike other institutions for higher education, Metropolitan Universities are most suited for targeting social change because of the type of communities they serve and their location within large municipalities. Participating in collective impact is increasingly seen as one approach to this. This issue includes case studies and practical papers to prepare Metropolitan University administrators, faculty, and staff to initiate, facilitate, and strengthen collective impact initiatives in their communities.
Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water.

Increasing use of organic chemicals for agricultural purposes has caused great concern in recent years. Rachel Carson (1962) was one of the first to focus public attention on the possible hazards connected with pesticide use. Because of this concern, much work (Dugan et al. 1963, Anonymous 1964) has been done concerning the possible effects and extent of environmental contamination. Studies are being conducted by the federal government (Nicholson 1959, Dugan and Mcfarland 1967, Green and Love 1967, Johnson et at 1967, Sand et al. 1967, Yobs 1967) concerning pesticide concentrations in the population, in food, and in the entire environment of man.