cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cooperativity in Proton Binding on the Net Charge of Proteins in Charge Ladders

This paper addresses the effects of cooperativity of proton binding on values of net charge and the change in net charge of a protein ΔZ due to the modification of charged groups. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and charge ladderscollections of protein derivatives that differ in chargeare used to measure the net charge of lysozyme and values of pKa of the N-terminal α-amino group of this protein with different numbers of Lys e-amino groups acetylated. Values of pKa serve as local thermodynamic reporters of electrostatic potentials and therefore provide a direct measure of cooperativity in proton binding. Measured values are compared with values calculated using a model which combines the Poisson−Boltzmann (PB) equation and atomically detailed models of the distribution of charges on lysozyme with Monte Carlo (MC) sampling of different protonation states of the protein to determine the average extent of protonation of each titratable residue as a function of pH. Calculations with the PB-MC model together wi...
Coming Out as Fat: Rethinking Stigma

This paper examines the surprising case of women who “come out as fat” to test and refine theories about social change, social mobilization, stigma, and stigma resistance. First, supporting theorie...
Investigation of the fragmentation and oxygen reactivity of endohedral metallofullerenes M@C60

Abstract The stability, fragmentation, and chemical reactivity of endohedral metallofullerenes M@C60 (M = Ca, Sr, La, and Gd) were examined with laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. A laser ablation/sublimation procedure was used to generate and purify M@C60 samples, which were then characterized by both time-of-flight and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometries. Collisional dissociation of the ionized endohedral fullerenes listed above revealed multiple C2 loss (either as sequential C2 loss or larger C2n eliminations) to generate similar terminal fragmentation products (i.e. MC44,46), which might be predicted due to the similar ionic radii of the encapsulated metals. The reactivity of the endohedral compounds with oxygenated compounds was found to be dependent on the charge state of the metallofullerene. Singly charged cations of the metallofullerenes (M@Cn+) were completely unreactive in the gas phase with oxygenated compounds such as ethylene oxide; however, the corresponding neutral species appear to react readily with oxygenated species. This point was demonstrated in that exposure of solid phase M@C60 to ambient conditions (laboratory air at room temperature) leads to the ultimate destruction of the metallofullerenes concomitant with the formation of metal oxides and carbonates.
Metabolic disposition of enciprazine, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, in rat, dog and man.

1. The excretion and metabolism of enciprazine, an anxiolytic drug, was examined in rat, dog and man.2. In rats and dogs that received 14C-enciprazine dihydrochloride orally and by i.v. injection, the drug was well absorbed. Radioactivity was excreted predominantly in the faeces of rats, equally in urine and faeces of dogs, and to a major extent in human urine.3. Metabolic profiles, which were evaluated in urine and in rat bile, were similar following oral and i.v. dosing to rats and dogs.4. Unchanged drug was not detected in rat, dog or human excreta. Glucuronide conjugates of 4-hydroxyenciprazine, m-desmethylenciprazine, p-desmethylenciprazine and enciprazine were detected in the excreta of all three species. A glycol metabolite was present only in rat bile and human urine. A metabolite desmethylated in the phenyl ring of the phenylpiperazine moiety also appeared to be present only in human urine.5. Structural confirmation of the major metabolites in human urine and rat bile was accomplished by h.p.l.c....
The stability of internal fixation in the proximal phalanx

A biomechanical study was performed to assess quantitative differences in the stability obtained with five commonly used types of internal fixation used in proximal phalangeal fractures. The techniques included dorsal plating, dorsal plating combined with an interfragmentary lag screw, two interfragmentary lag screws, tension-band technique, and crossed Kirschner wires. Rigidity and strength in apex palmar bending were determined after oblique osteotomy and fixation of the proximal phalanx. The failure modes for each fixation technique were also observed and described. The results showed that both of the techniques that used interfragmentary lag screws across the oblique osteotomies provided significantly more rigidity than did dorsal plating alone or the wired configurations but that measurements of strength were similar between all techniques tested. Dorsal plates were at a mechanical disadvantage on the compression surface in our apex palmar bend test and consequently provided no more rigidity and strength than did the wired techniques. The tension band technique represented a combination of stiff and flexible intraosseous wires without strict application of tension band principles and provided intermediate rigidity and strength. Rigidity and strength in intact proximal phalanges in the controls were significantly greater than in all techniques tested.
Determination of methylmercury in fish tissues by isotope dilution SPME-GC-ICP-MS

A method is described for the accurate and precise determination of monomethylmercury (MMHg) by species specific isotope dilution (ID) calibration using solid phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatographic (GC) separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection. Samples were digested with methanolic potassium hydroxide, derivatized in aqueous solution with sodium tetrapropylborate and headspace sampled with a polydimethylsiloxane coated SPME fused silica fiber. The analyte was then directly transferred from the fiber to the head of the GC column for desorption by insertion of the fiber through the heated injection port. Reverse spike ID analysis was performed to determine the accurate concentration of an in-house synthesized 198Hg-enriched monomethylmercury (MM198Hg) spike [candidate Certified Reference Material (CRM) EOM-1] using two natural abundance MMHg standards. Concentrations of 0.719 ± 0.015 and 4.484 ± 0.029 µg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 4) as Hg were obtained for MMHg in NRCC CRMs DOLT-2 and DORM-2, respectively, using the present method. These are in good agreement with the certified values of 0.693 ± 0.053 and 4.47 ± 0.32 µg g−1 (as 95% confidence interval). A MMHg concentration of 4.69 ± 0.12 µg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 4) as Hg in DORM-2 was subsequently determined by standard additions calibration using ethylmercury (EtHg) as an internal standard. A nearly 4-fold improvement in the precision of determination using ID was obtained, clearly demonstrating its superiority in providing more precise results compared to the method of standard additions. The method was applied to the determination of MMHg in a new biological CRM DOLT-3 and a concentration of 1.540 ± 0.025 µg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 6) as Hg was obtained. A method detection limit (3σ) of 2.1 ng g−1 was estimated for a 0.25 g of subsample, sufficiently low for the routine determination of MMHg in most biological samples.
Assessing the excitable gap in reentry by resetting. Implications for tachycardia termination by premature stimuli and antiarrhythmic drugs

Background The shortest excitable gap during reentry may determine responses to pacing and antiarrhythmic drugs. The resetting response has been used clinically to assess the excitable gap, but it cannot directly indicate the shortest excitable gap. Methods and Results We studied resetting in the in vitro canine atrial tricuspid ring using an adjustable reentry preparation in which the ring was cut and reconnected electronically with an adjustable delay to vary the cycle length and excitable gap. We reset the tachycardias using 31 delays in 12 experiments. Tachycardias were terminated by premature stimuli in 16 delays. The reset window overestimated the shortest excitable gap by 25±14 ms, and the maximum degree of advancement of tachycardia underestimated the shortest excitable gap by 22±11 ms. The slope of the increasing portion of the resetting response curve was steeper in tachycardias terminated by premature stimuli than in those not terminated (−0.69±0.2 versus −0.37±0.2, P<.01). The effective refrac...
The circannual variations on the serum protein fractions of the woodchuck (Marmota monax).

Abstract 1. 1. Serum proteins of the woodchuck were studied for a period of 1 year to determine seasonal variations and to compare these variations with those reported for other hibernating animals. 2. 2. Total protein, pre-albumin, alpha and beta fractions showed seasonal variations which corresponded to the seasonal activity of the animal. 3. 3. Maximum values occurred just prior to and on into the hibernating period. Minimum levels occurred just prior to and for a few weeks following arousal. 4. 4. The presence of pre-albumin and its significance in the transport of lipids is discussed. This band thus far appears to be absent in other hibernators.
Control of globin synthesis: the role of heme.

Abstract The initial rate of globin synthesis in reticulocyte lysates is close to the steady-state rate in intact reticulocytes, but the amount of globin made by these preparations is low because the initiation of new chains of globin becomes the rate-limiting step shortly after the start of cell-free incubation. The amount of globin made by a given lysate is constant and independent of the initial rate of protein synthesis if that rate is altered by making the incubations at low concentrations of cycloheximide or at different temperatures. There are two exceptions to these general observations: (1) below about 25 °C, the capacity to initiate is much more stable and protein synthesis continues at a constant rate to a level which exceeds the amount made at the initial rate for higher temperatures. (2) In the presence of 3 × 10−5 m-hemin, the initial rate of initiation is preserved for much longer than in the absence of added hemin. Lysates whose rate of protein synthesis has markedly declined may be reactivated by the addition of ribosome-free cytoplasm from a fresh lysate. A few lysates can be reactivated by the addition of hemin, but in this case synthesis resumes only after a lag of a few minutes. From these observations we draw the conclusion that initiation in reticulocyte lysates involves one or more “soluble” initiation factors which are inactivated by protein synthesis above 25 °C and which are stabilized by hemin.
The influence of impoundments on nutrient budgets in two catchments of Southeastern Michigan

N and P budgets quantify inputs and outputs of nutrients at the catchment scale to allow evaluation of inputs and outputs as well as inferences about transport and processing based on unaccounted-for nutrients. N and P budgets were constructed for two catchments in southeastern Michigan with markedly different numbers of impoundments, over two years, to evaluate the influence of impoundments on nutrient fluxes from each catchment. The Huron, with 88 impoundments >10 ha, stored 156 kg P km−2 y−1, while the Raisin (with 14 impoundments) had a net export of 102 kg P km−2 y−1. The Huron catchment also stored and denitrified more N than the Raisin catchment – 2,418 kg N km−2 y−1 compared to 1,538 kg N km−2 y−1. Riverine export of N and P also varied markedly between the catchments, with the Huron River exporting 288 kg N and 7 kg P km−2 y−1 and the Raisin River exporting 1,268 kg N and 34 kg P km−2 y−1. We then re-calculated budget results from previous studies using the approach of the present study, altering input and outputs fluxes as well as system boundaries to obtain comparable budgets. For these comparable budgets, annual P outputs on average accounted for 77% of inputs whereas N outputs accounted for only 39% of N inputs. Across catchments, the percent of inputs exported by the river averaged 16% for N and 5% for P, indicating more effective retention of P than N.
Cracking and Rutting Performance of Composite Pavements Under Testing with Heavy Vehicle Simulator: Rubberized Hot-Mix Asphalt with Gap-Graded Aggregates over Portland Cement Concrete

As part of SHRP 2, the University of California Pavement Research Center conducted two accelerated pavement tests to evaluate the effects of overlay thickness on the cracking performance of composite pavement composed of rubberized hot-mix asphalt with gap-graded aggregates and portland cement concrete (RHMA-G–PCC) by using the heavy vehicle simulator. Cracking failure mechanisms in these tests included both reflective cracking near the PCC joints and fatigue cracking in the PCC slabs. Increasing overlay thickness led to a significant increase in cracking life but at the same time increased rutting susceptibility. The data collected provide insights for design of RHMA-G–PCC composite pavements as well as calibration of related mechanistic–empirical models. The observations and findings from the two accelerated pavement test sections are summarized.
Submitting for Dollars: Playing the Funding Game to Promote Transcultural Nursing

Research requires funding! Every researcher understands the crucial role that money plays in implementing a research study. Research for nursing is no different. In the current economic environment, funding sources have become limited. Therefore, researchers need to be prepared to submit grant proposals which will give them a competitive edge over other proposals. This paper will: (1) describe the development of a grant proposal for National Institutes of Health funding, and (2) provide suggestions to novice researchers about how to write a proposal that has the potential to receive a fundable score. This team of early stage investigators submitted a proposal which received a fundable score, but was not selected for funding. The proposal was revised, re-submitted, and received a highly competitive score that did result in funding. The lessons learned from this process can be useful for other nurses seeking to secure funding for their research projects.
Overview of TMD Factorization and Evolution

An overview is given of transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization and the associated evolution properties. Then a new method is presented for the scheme-independent comparison of different formalisms and fits.
1629 PRODUCTION OF THE LYMPHOKINE, SOLUBLE IMMUNE RESPONSE SUPPRESSOR (SIRS) BY PATIENTS WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Nephrotic patients often show suppressed immune responsiveness of unknown origin. At the last SPR meeting we reported that patients with active minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) excrete SIRS in their urine. This lymphokine, produced in vitro by interferon- or mitogen-activated suppressor T cells, inhibits division by normal and neoplastic cells and antibody secretion by B lymphocytes. SIRS activity disappears from urine after initiation of steroid therapy but before remission of nephrosis. To determine whether increased serum SIRS levels are also associated with these diseases, sera from four patients (3MCNS, 1MPGN) were assayed for SIRS activity. Patient sera, but not control sera, suppressed immunoglobulin production by pokeweed mitogen-activated lymphocytes by 55–70% at a final concentration of 2-10% in culture; suppressive activity was absorbed from serum by monoclonal anti-SIRS antibody. Lymphocytes obtained from two patients (1MCNS, 1MPGN) produced SIRS without requiring activation by exogenous agents. These data suggest that lymphocytes of nephrotic patients with MCNS or MPGN are continuously producing SIRS. This may account for the increased levels of SIRS in sera and urine and may also account for immunosuppression in these patients. Finally, hydrocortisone (10−6 to 10−7M) inhibited production of SIRS by activated lymphocytes; this may explain cessation of SIRS excretion after initiation of steroid therapy.
Uniform auxin triggers the Rho GTPase-dependent formation of interdigitation patterns in pavement cells

The investigation of Rho-family GTPases has uncovered mechanisms for spatiotemporal control of cellular processes such as cell polarization, movement, morphogenesis, and cell division. Now Rho GTPase plays another leading role in the discovery of a new signaling mechanism for auxin, a multi-functional hormone that regulates pattern formation in plants. Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs) develop the puzzle-piece cell shape with interlocking lobes and indentations via interdigitated cellular growth.1 Through the ABP1 (Auxin Binding Protein 1) cell surface receptor, auxin coordinately activates two mutually exclusive Rho GTPase signaling pathways that are activated in the complementary lobing and indenting sides of adjacent cells: the ROP2 pathway for lobe formation and the ROP6 pathway for promoting indentation. This new signaling mechanism also involves ROP2-dependent polar accumulation of PIN1 in the plasma membrane, a member of the PIN auxin efflux carrier family that is critical for the for...
Unsteady Natural Convection in a Horizontal Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation

The unsteady natural convection of a fluid within a horizontal cylinder with internal heat generation is considered. The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation are computed numerically for Rayleigh numbers in the range from 106 to 1010 to determine the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. For Rayleigh numbers below a critical value, RaR ≈ 108 , the unsteady solutions approach a steady-state solution that is symmetric about the vertical center line. Above the critical Rayleigh number, however, the flow becomes highly unsteady and evolves toward a quasi-periodic asymmetric oscillation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
MWIR and LWIR megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays

A mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array has been demonstrated with excellent imagery. MWIR focal plane has given noise equivalent differential temperature (NETD) of 19 mK at 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background and LWIR focal plane has given NEDT of 13 mK at 70K operating temperature with same optical and background conditions as MWIR array. Both of these focal plane arrays have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K and 70K operating temperatures with the same optics and background conditions. In this paper, we will discuss their performance in quantum efficiency, NETD, uniformity, and operability.
The Immune Self: A Selectionist Theory of Recognition, Learning, and Remembering within the Immune System

In this paper, I have briefly explored metaphors shared by the immune and nervous systems and shown that this exercise can lead to the elucidation of common principles of organization, as well as to predictions concerning how the immune system functions. Metaphor itself undoubtedly reflects the way in which we categorize and retrieve information 44], so it is not surprising that the deep processes of language tend to sample information from related data categories. Although the nervous and immune systems are obviously not the same and metaphors are indeed just that, my primary goal has been to suggest that by virtue of their having evolved in parallel over millions of years, the nervous and immune systems currently use the same archetypal principles and strategies to address related challenges in information processing and retrieval. Ultimately, nature is conservative. One need only look at a tree, a river, the airways, or the vascular bed in order to see how a fractal pattern of repetitive dichotomous branching has been used by each, in order to optimize the transport of fluids over large distances [45]. While each system has had to adopt different materials in order to solve the problem, the shape of their solutions is remarkably alike. In the immune and nervous systems, the elements used to produce optimal functional responses are also quite different, but again the solutions have been achieved by comparable strategies. I am certain that these two great systems of information processing, each responding with vastly different kinetics, will prove to be far more integrally interdependent than has been previously recognized. For example, should a swift response by the immune system be required in an overwhelming invasion by microbial pathogens, the immune system may be able to cooperate with the rapidly reacting nervous system to rid the host of the invaders. In this regard, we have shown that the beta-adrenergic hormone epinephrine rapidly increases the traffic of memory T-cells to mucosal sites, presumably representing an immune component of the fight-or-flight response [46]. Neural evolution appears to have as its goal the development of more efficient information processing systems that lead to higher levels of consciousness. However, in modern times, technologic advances in information processing have rapidly outstripped the slower adaptations that can be made by evolution. In order to satisfy his compulsive quest for information, man has recently developed and recruited the aid of computers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TRH: a possible mediator of thermoregulation.

FELDBERG and Myers1 have reported that intraventricular injections of amines produce changes in the rectal temperature of unanaesthetised cats. They noted that more than 50 µg noradrenaline produced temporary hypothermia whilst 200 µg 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) induced a sustained hyperthermia. These results, coupled with earlier findings that these amines were concentrated in the hypothalamus2,3, led them to speculate that the regulation of body temperature in the cat may be mediated by the release of noradrenaline and 5HT within the hypothalamus.
On GPU bus power reduction with 3D IC technologies

The complex buses consume significant power in graphics processing units (GPUs). In this paper, we demonstrate how the power consumption of buses in GPUs can be reduced with 3D IC technologies. Based on layout simulations, we found that partitioning and floorplanning of 3D ICs affect the power benefit amount, as well as the technology setup, target clock frequency, and circuit switching activity. For 3D IC technologies using two dies, we achieved the total power reductions of up to 21.5% over a baseline 2D design.
Comparative effectiveness for oral anti-diabetic treatments among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics: data-driven predictive analytics in healthcare

A difficult problem in healthcare is predicting who will become very sick in the near future. In our case, we find that the top 10% of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients account for 68% of healthcare utilization. In this paper, we demonstrate how the U.S. healthcare system can provide improved healthcare quality per unit of spend through better predictive data-based analytics applied to the increasingly available troves of healthcare claims data. Specifically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of data mining by applying machine learning methods to large-scale medical and pharmacy claims data for over 65,000 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a common and costly disease globally. This analysis reveals some important heretofore unknown patterns in the cost and quality among of the disease's common treatments and demonstrates the potential for using large-scale data mining for efficiently focusing further inquiry.
The hybridized front end electronics of the central drift chamber in the Stanford Linear Collider Detector

A description is given of the front-end electronics, which has been hybridized in order to accommodate high-packaging-density requirements. The hybrid package contains eight channels of amplifiers together with all the associated circuits for calibration, event recognition, and power-economy switching functions. A total of 1280 such hybrids are used. The amplifiers and associated circuits are described, and their performance is discussed. >
Why are some hysteresis loops shaped like a butterfly

In this paper we investigate the origins of butterfly-shaped hysteresis maps. In particular, we show that there exist 2-to-1 maps that transform oriented simple closed curves into multi-loop closed curves with loops of opposite orientations. As an illustrative application, the hysteretic input-output map of the preloaded two-bar linkage mechanism becomes a butterfly when a 2-to-1 map is applied to it. In this case, the application of the 2-to-1 map to the hysteresis loop is equivalent to plotting an alternative output variable. We also investigate the hysteretic maps of ferroelectric materials that are transformed into a butterfly through a 2-to-1 map.
The creation of evidence in ‘evidence-based’ drug prevention: a critique of the Strengthening Families Program Plus Life Skills Training evaluation

School-based curricula have become a mainstay of drug prevention policy in the United States and are increasing in popularity in other parts of the world. The promotion and dissemination of these interventions has been driven in large part by the creation of lists of programmes which, it is claimed, are grounded in scientific evidence demonstrating their effectiveness. Recently concerns have been raised about the data analysis and presentation practices used in evaluations of a number of programmes that appear on these lists. Here we examine a series of papers from an evaluation of an intervention that combined the Strengthening Families Program 10–14 and Life Skills Training Program, each of which is among the most widely advocated universal drug prevention programmes. The data analysis and presentation practices employed in the evaluation of this combined programme include one-tailed significance testing, alpha levels of 0.10, changes in outcome variables across publications and use of the post-test data as the baseline when assessing change over time. Taken together, these practices severely limit the claims that can be made about the results presented in the evaluation. Specifically, we believe that far from supporting the evaluators' claims concerning the rigour of the findings and their generalisability and public health significance, the results are very fragile, of little practical significance and quite possibly analysis-dependent.
Development and Testing of Polar WRF. Part III: Arctic Land*

Abstract A version of the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) has been developed for use in polar climates. The model known as “Polar WRF” is tested for land areas with a western Arctic grid that has 25-km resolution. This work serves as preparation for the high-resolution Arctic System Reanalysis of the years 2000–10. The model is based upon WRF version 3.0.1.1, with improvements to the Noah land surface model and snow/ice treatment. Simulations consist of a series of 48-h integrations initialized daily at 0000 UTC, with the initial 24 h taken as spinup for atmospheric hydrology and boundary layer processes. Soil temperature and moisture that have a much slower spinup than the atmosphere are cycled from 48-h output of earlier runs. Arctic conditions are simulated for a winter-to-summer seasonal cycle from 15 November 2006 to 1 August 2007. Simulation results are compared with a variety of observations from several Alaskan sites, with emphasis on the North Slope. Polar WRF simula...
Petrophysical properties of saprolites from the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, Tennessee

At the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the shallow saprolitic aquifer is contaminated by nitric acid, uranium, and metals originating from the former S3 settling ponds. To interpret low-frequency geophysical methods used to image contaminant plumes, we have characterized the petrophysical properties of three representative saprolite core samples. Their hydraulic conductivity ranges from 10 −7 to 10 −6 ms −1 in agreement with field data. Complex conductivity measurements, in the frequency range of 1 mHz to 45 kHz, were performed with NaCl solutions with electrical conductivities in the range 5 × 10 −3 to 2.35 Sm −1 ,a range representative of field conditions. The electrical conductivity data were well reproduced with a simple linear conductivity model between the saprolite conductivity and the pore water conductivity. The conductivity plots were used to estimate the formation factor (the cementation exponent was about 2.2 � 0.3) and the surface conductivity (0.007− 0.040 Sm −1 ). The magnitude of the surface conductivity depended on the degree of weathering and therefore on the amount of smectite and mixed layer (illite-smectite) clays present in the saprolite. The chargeability of the core samples was in the range of 20to800 mVV −1 and is strongly dependent on the salinity. We also performed streaming potential measurements with the same pore fluid composition as that used for the complex conductivity measurements. We found an excess of movable electrical charges on the order of 100 to 500 Cm −3 in agreement with previous investigations connecting the movable excess charge density to permeability. The zeta potential was in the range of −10 to −20mV independent on the salinity. The electrical measurements were consistent with an average cation exchange capacity in the range of 1.4 to 11 cmolkg −1 and a specific surface area on the order of 4000 to about 30,000 m 2 kg −1 .
Rural Woman Abuse The Voices of Kentucky Women

Using an ethnographic method that relies heavily on 85 in-depth interviews, 50 of them with rural battered women, this article provides rich empirical data on the much-neglected topic of rural woman abuse in Kentucky. My interviews indicate women experience a considerable amount of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse by their husbands or partners. I contextualize this intimate violence against the physical and social isolation that characterizes the lives of many rural battered women. The article concludes with a discussion of how rural patriarchy necessitates certain social policy initiatives.
Diabetes and overweight associate with non‐APOE4 genotype in an alzheimer's disease population

Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), and studies suggest that pathogenic effects of diabetes and insulin resistance may be associated with non-APOE4 AD. Therefore, we examined association of the APOE4 allele with diabetes in an AD population. Retrospective and cross-sectional clinical and APOE-genotype data on 465 cases with probable or definite AD previously ascertained by the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative were analyzed by regression analysis. Dependent variables included presence of APOE4 alleles and AD onset age. Diabetes was the independent variable and covariates included gender, hypertension, and other potentially confounding variables. We also examined for interactions involving weight status as overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for insulin resistance, diabetes and AD. Prevalence of diabetes was 13% among AD cases without an APOE4 allele and 5-6% among AD cases with one or two APOE4 alleles. Odds ratio for diabetes was 0.26 [95% CI: 0.09-0.73; P = 0.011] by APOE4 status after adjusting for all covariates. Diabetes did not associate with AD onset age. Among other independent variables included in the model, APOE4 and diuretic medication treatment were associated with AD onset age. In a subset of cases with body mass index determinations, overweight also exhibited an inverse association with APOE4 and associated with decreased non-APOE4 AD onset age. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with diabetes and overweight are enriched in AD cases without an APOE4 allele.
Shelf-life of algin/calcium restructured turkey products held under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The shelf-life of restructured products made with ground turkey or turkey breast pieces and formulated with combinations of 0.5–1.0% sodium alginate, 0.1–0.2% calcium carbonate and 0.15–0.30% lactate (ACL) was compared to product containing a combination of 1.4% NaCl and 0.32% sodium tripolyphosphate and to no-additive controls stored at 4°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed between ACL and salt/phosphate restructured turkey products in the rate and extent of growth of psychrotrophs or lactic acid bacteria. The salt/phosphate combination, however, repressed (p<0.05) the growth of pseudomonads. Overall, inclusion of ACL did not influence spoilage of restructured turkey meat products held under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Pathogenicity to alder of Phytophthora species from riparian ecosystems in western Oregon

Summary Described as one of the most destructive pathogens of agricultural crops and forest trees, Phytophthora is a genus of microorganisms containing over 100 known species. Phytophthora alni has caused collar and root disease in alders throughout Europe, and a subspecies has recently been isolated in North America. Reports of canopy dieback in red alder, Alnus rubra, prompted a survey of their overall health and to determine whether P. alni was present in western Oregon riparian ecosystems. Over 1100 Phytophthora isolates were recovered, representing 20 species and 2 taxa. Phytophthora-type cankers were observed in many trees, and their incidence was positively correlated with canopy dieback. High levels of mortality for red alder were not observed, which suggests these Phytophthora species are not aggressive pathogens. To test this hypothesis, three stem wound inoculations and one root dip were conducted on red alder seedlings using 13 Phytophthora species recovered from the riparian survey. Ten of the 13 Phytophthora species produced significant lesions in at least one pathogenicity test. Phytophthora siskiyouensis produced the largest lesions on red alder from the two stem wound inoculation tests conducted under summer conditions, while P. taxon Pgchlamydo caused the largest lesions during the winter stem wound inoculation test. Phytophthora gonapodyides, P. taxon Pgchlamydo and P. siskiyouensis have previously been found associated with necrotic alder roots and bole cankers in the field, and with the pathogenicity results reported here, we have established these species as causes of Phytophthora root disease and Phytophthora bole canker of alder in Oregon. While none of the Phytophthora species were especially aggressive towards red alder in the pathogenicity tests, they did cause localized disease symptoms. By weakening the root systems or boles of alders, the Phytophthoras could be leaving alders more susceptible to other insects and pathogens.
Transient ζ‐potential measurements in hydrophobic, TOPAS microfluidic substrates

We utilize time-resolved electrokinetic measurements in order to study the electrokinetic properties of silica and TOPAS microfluidic channels as a function of the time history of the fluid-solid interface. In pressure-driven flow through TOPAS microchannels, the zeta-potential as inferred from streaming potential measurements decays exponentially by a factor of 1.5 with a characteristic decay time of 3 h after the initial formation of the fluid-solid interface. A similar exponential decay is observed immediately after water is exchanged for ethanol as the solvent in the system. In electroosmotically driven flow through TOPAS microchannels, the zeta-potential as inferred through current monitoring experiments was constant in time. No electrokinetic transients were observed in silica microchannels under these flow conditions.
Have Taxes Led Government Expenditures? The United States as a Test Case

This paper explores intertemporal relations between innovations in government receipts and expenditures, by type and in total, at federal and state-local levels in the United States over the period I955-82. A structural model is specified with tax and spending components as endogenous variables. After estimation with full information maximum likelihood techniques, residuals derived from the reduced form equations are used in causality tests. These tests show that where there is an indication of causality, spending tends to lead taxes. The lesson learned from past data thus appears to be that changing aggregate tax rates does not cause spending to change. Tax initiatives provide little leverage if changes in the growth of government are intended. So far this decade, conservative governments in several major industrial countries, most notably the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, have cast about for ways first to arrest the growth of government and then to reduce the extent of government. They meant to do so, for instance, by taking actions promising to lower the ratio of government spending to the gross national product (GNP) through faster growth in the economy than in the government sector. These efforts have extended also to other countries, (Tarschys, I985). Interpretations of trends in public spending beyond Wagner's 'law' are contained in Beck (i 982), Larkey et al. (i 98 I) and (i 984), Rose and Karran (i 984), and Abizadeh and Gray (i 985). Partly because supply-side economics had emphasized the disincentive effects of high marginal tax rates, the United States administration under President Reagan has opted for the strategy of cutting taxes first. The hope was that government expenditure reductions and faster economic * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Workshop on Socio-Economics,
Advanced methods for repeatable runout compensation [disc drives]

This paper presents and compares experimental results from two types of periodic disturbance compensation methods. The repeatable runout (RRO) cancellation techniques studied in this paper are adaptive feedforward cancellation (AFC) and repetitive control. Two modifications (phase advance and a feedthrough term) to the basic AFC structure are also studied experimentally. Of the AFC methods, the feedthrough technique is superior, but the repetitive controller provides better RRO rejection. Overall it is found that the removal of repeatable runout improved the tracking precision by as much as 53%. >
Dislocation Structure, Phase Stability and Yield Stress Behavior of Ultra-High Temperature L1 2 Intermetallics: Combined First Principles-Peierls-Nabarro Approach

We present results of comparative studies of the dislocation properties and the mechanical behavior for a class of intermetallic alloys based on platinum group metals (PGM) which are being developed for ultra-high temperature applications: Ir 3 X and Rh 3 X (where X = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta). For the analysis of dislocation structure and mobility, we employ a combined approach based on accurate first-principles calculations of the shear energetics and the modified semi-discrete 2D Peierls-Nabarro model with an ab-initio parametrization of the restoring forces. Based on our analysis of dislocation structure and mobility, we provide predictions of temperature yield stress behavior of PGM-based intermetallics, show that their dislocation properties are closely connected with features of the electronic structure and the L1 2 → D0 19 structural stability, and demonstrate the dramatic difference in dislocation structure and the mechanical behavior between PGM alloys with IVA and VA group elements.
Soil carbon and nitrogen in a Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland : Influence of vegetation, burning, and time

Much of the Great Basin, U.S. is currently dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate ssp. (Rydb.) Boivin) ecosystems. At intermediate elevations, sagebrush ecosystems are increasingly influenced by pinyon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.) and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma Torr.) expansion. Some scientists and policy makers believe that increasing woodland cover in the intermountain western US will create new carbon storage on the landscape; however, little is currently known about the distribution of carbon on these landscapes. This is especially true of below ground pools. Our objectives were to quantify the spatial distribution of soil carbon in expansion woodlands, and to determine prescribed fire's effect on soil C and N. We looked at two treatments (control and burn), three microsites (undertree, undershrub, and interspace), and four soil depths (0-8, 8-23, 23-38, and 38-52 cm). The study was conducted over a six year period with one year pre-fire and five years post-fire data. Results for both carbon and nitrogen were similar, indicating the close relationship between the two elements in this ecosystem. Undershrub microsites had higher soil C and N concentrations than interspace and undertree microsites; however, under tree microsites had higher C:N ratio than interspace and undershrub microsites. Carbon and nitrogen concentration tended to decrease with increasing depth at both control and burn sites. Prescribed burning caused immediate increases in surface soil C and N concentration, but over intermediate to longer periods of time no statistically detectable change in soil C or N content occurred from burning.
America's Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-first Century – By Peter W. Williams

The religious landscape of the United States has changed dramatically over the last decade. The election of a born‐again president in George W. Bush; the events of September 11, 2001; the effective...
Antipsychotic Drug Doses in a Schizophrenia Inpatient Unit

Dose-effect studies have found that 600 mg/day of chlorpromazine (or its equivalent) is generally sufficient to treat acute psychosis. This paper reports on the doses of antipsychotic medication prescribed for inpatients in a Schizophrenia Unit at an Australian state hospital. Fifty five percent of patients received daily doses equivalent to more than 600 mg of chlorpromazine and 26% received daily doses equivalent to more than 1500 mg of chlorpromazine. Low potency drugs were prescribed in lower doses than high potency drugs. Patients prescribed depot medication tended to receive higher doses of medication than those prescribed oral medication only.
In vivo RNA interference screens identify regulators of antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation

Summary Classical genetic approaches to examine the requirements of genes for T cell differentiation during infection are time consuming. Here we developed a pooled approach to screen 30–100+ genes individually in separate antigen-specific T cells during infection using short hairpin RNAs in a microRNA context (shRNAmir). Independent screens using T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD4 + and CD8 + T cells responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) identified multiple genes that regulated development of follicular helper (Tfh) and T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and short-lived effector and memory precursor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Both screens revealed roles for the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) component Cyclin T1 ( Ccnt1 ). Inhibiting expression of Cyclin T1, or its catalytic partner Cdk9, impaired development of Th1 cells and protective short-lived effector CTL and enhanced Tfh cell and memory precursor CTL formation in vivo. This pooled shRNA screening approach should have utility in numerous immunological studies.
Scale-up and evaluation of high solid ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass

Background Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment is receiving significant attention as a potential process that enables fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass and produces high yields of fermentable sugars suitable for the production of renewable fuels. However, successful optimization and scale up of IL pretreatment involves challenges, such as high solids loading, biomass handling and transfer, washing of pretreated solids and formation of inhibitors, which are not addressed during the development stages at the small scale in a laboratory environment. As a first in the research community, the Joint BioEnergy Institute, in collaboration with the Advanced Biofuels Process Demonstration Unit, a Department of Energy funded facility that supports academic and industrial entities in scaling their novel biofuels enabling technologies, have performed benchmark studies to identify key challenges associated with IL pretreatment using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and subsequent enzymatic saccharification beyond bench scale.
Standards for Sequencing Viral Genomes in the Era of High-Throughput Sequencing

Thanks to high-throughput sequencing technologies, genome sequencing has become a common component in nearly all aspects of viral research; thus, we are experiencing an explosion in both the number of available genome sequences and the number of institutions producing such data. However, there are currently no common standards used to convey the quality, and therefore utility, of these various genome sequences. Here, we proposefive "standard" categories that encompass all stages of viral genomefinishing, and we define them using simple criteria that are agnostic to the technology used for sequencing. We also provide genomefinishing recommendations for various downstream applications, keeping in mind the cost-benefit trade- offs associated with different levels offinishing. Our goal is to define a common vocabulary that will allow comparison of ge- nome quality across different research groups, sequencing platforms, and assembly techniques.
The Thing in a Jar: Mushrooms and Ontological Speculations in Post-Yugoslavia

This essay thinks with things that ferment medical remedies in recycled jars and issue exuberant surpluses across kitchens in Bosnia and ex-Yugoslavia. While the jars are handled under the preferred sign of the mushroom and brewing recipes include instructions on non-commercial exchange, the nature of the things in the jar remains vague. Brewing in the kitchens and circling as gifts are buoyant life-forms that alter their hosts, inspire zones of unexpected connection and relational innovation, and direct home trials and ontological speculations around some burning, practical questions: How best to relate to the mushroom? With whom should one relate via the mushroom, and how? The texts explores the fungal materialities and pluripotencies with an ear for popular experiments, teasing out the banal as well as charmed interplay between imagination and association, knowledge and experience. I join the conversation on new materialisms and step into spaces of being and relating across formal differences, but do so in the idiom of kitchen fermentations rather than multispecies or multiethnic relations to attend to the kinds of things that act and inspire wonder outside ready-made rubrics and analytics.
An EM algorithm for shape classification based on level sets.

Abstract In this paper, we propose an expectation-maximization (EM) approach to separate a shape database into different shape classes, while simultaneously estimating the shape contours that best exemplify each of the different shape classes. We begin our formulation by employing the level set function as the shape descriptor. Next, for each shape class we assume that there exists an unknown underlying level set function whose zero level set describes the contour that best represents the shapes within that shape class. The level set function for each example shape in the database is modeled as a noisy measurement of the appropriate shape class’s unknown underlying level set function. Based on this measurement model and the judicious introduction of the class labels as the hidden data, our EM formulation calculates the labels for shape classification and estimates the shape contours that best typify the different shape classes. This resulting iterative algorithm is computationally efficient, simple, and accurate. We demonstrate the utility and performance of this algorithm by applying it to two medical applications.