cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encoding activities and free recall of categorized and noncategorized pictures by young children

Free recall of categorized and noncategorized lists of pictures by children in kindergarten and second grade was studied under incidental memory conditions involving a semantic orient­ ing task (i.e.• niceness judgments) or a physical orienting task (i.e., color judgments) in com­ parison with an intentional memory condition. The recall scores in the intentional and the incidental/semantic conditions were equivalent and were significantly greater than those in the incidental/physical condition for children at both ages and for both categorized and noncategor­ ized lists. This paper describes an exploratory study of the notion of an interaction between the extent ofknowledge ­ base development and the effects ofdifferent orienting tasks (e.g., see lindberg, 1980). Certainly, if there are no semantic structures, then an orienting task designed to tap this type of structure should be no more effective than a task orienting the child to more physical attri­ butes of the material. However, as increasing amounts of semantic structure are added to the knowledge-base, processing that taps this structure should become in­ creasingly effective . On the other hand , semantic struc­ ture that is not accessed by a particular orienting task should play no role in mediating incidental recall (see Brown, Bransford , Ferrara, & Campione , 1983, and Eysenck , 1982, for reviews). In short, good incidental memory performance (at any age) would seem to require both mnemonically useful knowledge and an orienting task that taps that knowledge. This reasoning leads to several expectations about the development of incidental memory performance that are as yet untested. For example, a semantic orienting task would be expected to lead to greater recall than a physical orienting task at an earlier age with a cate­ gorized list than with a noncategorized list. This follows from other evidence that the usefulness of the organiza­ tional structure in a categorized list emerges earlier than that in a noncategorized list (e.g., see Ornstein , Naus,
The control dynamics of a loop in R2 and related differential game-theoretic problems

A distributed parameter model for a class of search and capture problems in the plane is derived. The output is a time-varying simple loop in R2 and the input a moving line segment. The applications discussed include destroyer search, oil spill clearance, forest fire control and fishing. Circular motion is shown to produce a non-trivial steady-state region whenever the velocity ratio between searcher and evader attains a computed critical value.
Analysis of In-Flight Vibration of a Single-Engine Propeller Aircraft

Shipping companies are employing the use of all modes of transportation, including air transport, to decrease the costs and amount of time associated with delivering goods on time to the end user. Packaged products therefore are introduced to a variety of hazards while being transported. One way to evaluate a packaged product’s ability to withstand these hazards is to perform laboratory simulated tests designed to replicate and reproduce field data results. Current industry standards employed for evaluating and testing shipments by aircraft are potentially too severe and can result in over testing and produce false results. A single-engine propeller aircraft was instrumented with a field data recorder and vibration data was collected and analyzed. By using the internal pressure sensor of the field data recorder, the vibration data could be separated based on ground and in-flight vibration. The results of this project showed the in-flight vibration intensity is much lower than what current industry standards have published. The resulting power spectral density (PSD) profile can be used to evaluate packages traveling in a small parcel environment where a single-engine propeller plane will be employed.
Orally administered diflunisal stabilizes transthyretin against dissociation required for amyloidogenesis

Objective. Rate-limiting transthyretin (TTR) tetramer dissociation and monomer misfolding enable misassembly into numerous aggregate morphologies including amyloid, a process genetically linked to and thought to cause amyloid pathology. T119M TTR trans-suppressor subunit inclusion into tetramers otherwise composed of disease-associated subunits ameliorates human amyloidosis by increasing the tetramer dissociation barrier. Diflunisal binding to the 99% unoccupied L-thyroxine binding sites in TTR also increases the tetramer dissociation barrier; hence, we investigated the feasibility of using diflunisal for the treatment of human TTR amyloidosis using healthy volunteers.Methods. Diflunisal (125, 250 or 500 mg bid) was orally administered to groups of 10 subjects for 7 days to evaluate serum diflunisal concentration, diflunisal binding stoichiometry to TTR, and the extent of diflunisal imposed TTR kinetic stabilization against urea- and acid-mediated TTR denaturation in human serum. The rates of urea-mediate...
The two stages of an equity carve-out and the price response of parent and subsidiary stock

This paper provides evidence that an equity carve-out is usually the first stage of a two-stage process either to dispose of parent interest in a subsidiary or eventually re-acquire the subsidiary's publicly traded snares. Both the initial carve-out announcement and subsequent sell-off announcement yield, on average, significantly positive abnormal returns to parent shareholders. In contrast, the parent's price response to a re-acquisition of subsidiary shares is, on average, insignificantly positive. Both sell-off and re-acquisition announcements have a strong positive impact on subsidiary share prices. These gains, however, are offset by the subsidiaries' below-average return performance preceding the second event.
Some Practical Issues of Curvature and Thermal Stress in Realistic Multilevel Metal Interconnect Structures

This paper presents the results of a systematic study of curvature and stress evolution during thermal loading in single- and multilevel interconnect line structures which have been deposited on a much thicker substrate. Effects of line aspect ratio, passivation geometry, and metal density within a metalization level on thermal stress evolution in the lines are addressed. The current analytical stress model enables us to predict that interaction between lines on the same level, i.e., in the lateral direction, is so strong that it cannot be neglected. A two-dimensional (2-D) finite element method has been used to verify the accuracy of the current model, while available experimental data have been compared with theory. In order to capture the exact variation of the thermal stresses at different metalization levels, and to investigate the effect of the upper level line arrangements on the stress states at the lower level, a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis was employed. It can be seen that the interaction between levels in the vertical direction is quite weak when the thickness of the interlevel dielectric (ILD) layer becomes comparable to that of the metal layer.
Adiposity has no direct effect on carotid intima-media thickness in adolescents and young adults: Use of structural equation modeling to elucidate indirect & direct pathways.

Abstract Background Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is associated with CV events in adults. Thicker cIMT is found in youth with CV risk factors including obesity. Which risk factors have the most effect upon cIMT in youth and whether obesity has direct or indirect effects is not known. We used structural equation modeling to elucidate direct and indirect pathways through which obesity and other risk factors were associated with cIMT. Methods We collected demographics, anthropometrics and laboratory data on 784 subjects age 10–24 years (mean 18.0 ± 3.3 years). Common, bulb and internal carotid cIMT were measured by ultrasound. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess independent determinants of cIMT. Analyses were repeated with structural equation modeling to determine direct and indirect effects. Results Multivariable regression models explained 11%–22% of variation of cIMT. Age, sex and systolic blood pressure (BP) z-score were significant determinants of all cIMT segments. Body mass index (BMI) z-score, race, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and non-HDL were significant for some segments (all p = 0.05). The largest direct effect on cIMT was age (0.312) followed by BP (0.228), Blood glucose control (0.108) and non-HDL (0.134). BMI only had a significant indirect effect through blood glucose control, BP & non-HDL. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) had a small indirect effect through blood glucose control (all p = 0.05). Conclusions Age and BP are the major factors with direct effect on cIMT. Glucose and non-HDL were also important in this cohort with a high prevalence of T2DM. BMI only has indirect effects, through other risk factors. Traditional CV risk factors have important direct effects on cIMT in the young, but adiposity exerts its influence only through other CV risk factors.
Repugnant Foreign Judgments

I am between flights at Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport, sitting on a comfortable chair outside of Starbucks and thinking about an editorial that ran in the New York Times a few weeks earlier. It seems that an author, resident in New York State, had authored a book accusing a Saudi sheik of financing terrorism. The sheik sued the author in Great Britain for libel where it was reported only a few copies of her book were sold. She failed to appear or defend and a default judgment was entered against her.The author had no assets in Great Britain or Saudi Arabia so the sheik sought to enforce his judgment in New York under New York’s Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act (UFMJRA) which provides, with a few exceptions, that foreign judgments are final, conclusive and enforceable in the country where rendered and are deemed conclusive between the parties and enforceable by United States Courts. The Times was outraged because it believed that the author would have been able to assert First Amendment defenses had she been sued in the United States.The author goes on to explain how this situation was handled and finally resolved, with some additional comments on how this fits in with Maryland law.
Erratum to: Coming of Age on the Margins: Mental Health and Wellbeing Among Latino Immigrant Young Adults Eligible for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Undocumented immigrant young adults growing up in the United States face significant challenges. For those qualified, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program's protections may alleviate stressors, with implications for their mental health and wellbeing (MHWB). We conducted nine focus groups with 61 DACA-eligible Latinos (ages 18-31) in California to investigate their health needs. Participants reported MHWB as their greatest health concern and viewed DACA as beneficial through increasing access to opportunities and promoting belonging and peer support. Participants found that DACA also introduced unanticipated challenges, including greater adult responsibilities and a new precarious identity. Thus, immigration policies such as DACA may influence undocumented young adults' MHWB in expected and unexpected ways. Research into the impacts of policy changes on young immigrants' MHWB can guide stakeholders to better address this population's health needs. MHWB implications include the need to reduce fear of deportation and increase access to services.
Economic Threat and Protest Behavior in Comparative Perspective

Resurgent interest in the role of economic threat in fostering movement participation has highlighted the importance of economic change. However, many of the insights of this approach are drawn fro...
First Amendment Defenses in Trade Secrecy Cases

Only rarely do defendants in trade secrecy cases raise First Amendment defenses to misappropriation claims. In a few cases, however, such defenses have not only been raised, but have been successful. These successes have been controversial. Some commentators and at least one court have opined that First Amendment defenses should never succeed in trade secret cases because trade secrets are property and property rights trump the First Amendment. Yet, other commentators and at least one court have argued that enjoining the use or disclosure of trade secrets is a prior restraint on speech that is presumptively unconstitutional. This article explores a middle ground. It explains why First Amendment defenses are so uncommon in trade secrecy cases, among them that trade secrecy law has some limiting doctrines (or "weaknesses") that mediate tensions that might otherwise occur between trade secrecy law and the First Amendment as applied to the use or disclosure of information. The article discusses at length the DVD CCA v. Bunner case in which an online activist was sued for trade secret misappropriation for posting DeCSS on the Internet because that code embodied information that DVD CCA asserted had been misappropriated by reverse engineering in breach of a shrinkwrap license. It refutes the California Supreme Court's analysis of First Amendment defenses as well as showing the inconsistency of this decision with other trade secrecy-First Amendment rulings. It argues that in ordinary trade secrecy cases, where disputes typically concern private uses and disclosures of information by firms that have wrongfully obtained it, no presumption of unconstitutionality is appropriate. However, when a third party, such as a journalist, obtains information that he or she knows has been obtained in breach of confidence and seeks to publicly disclose it because of its newsworthiness, First Amendment interests are implicated, and courts should take First Amendment defenses seriously. The article concludes with a discussion of First Amendment due process issues, such as the need for de novo review of constitutionally relevant facts.
Comparative I/O workload characterization of two leadership class storage clusters

The Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) is a leader in large-scale parallel file system development, design, deployment and continuous operation. For the last decade, the OLCF has designed and deployed two large center-wide parallel file systems. The first instantiation, Spider 1, served the Jaguar supercomputer and its predecessor, Spider 2, now serves the Titan supercomputer, among many other OLCF computational resources. The OLCF has been rigorously collecting file and storage system statistics from these Spider systems since their transition to production state.In this paper we present the collected I/O workload statistics from the Spider 2 system and compare it to the Spider 1 data. Our analysis show that the Spider 2 workload is more more write-heavy I/O compared to Spider 1 (75% vs. 60%, respectively). The data also show the OLCF storage policies such as periodic purges are effectively managing the capacity resource of Spider 2. Furthermore, due to improvements in tdm_multipath and ib_srp software, we are utilizing the Spider 2 system bandwidth and latency resources more effectively. The Spider 2 bandwidth usage statistics shows that our system is working within the design specifications. However, it is also evident that our scientific applications can be more effectively served by a burst buffer storage layer. All the data has been collected by monitoring tools developed for the Spider ecosystem. We believe the observed data set and insights will help us better design the next-generation Spider file and storage system. It will also be helpful to the larger community for building more effective large-scale file and storage systems.
A Preliminary Examination of Citizen Orientation and Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Performance

ABSTRACTIn this article, I discuss citizen orientated public management in relation to extant frameworks and theories in public management and organization research, including the role of the public servant, collaborative public management, citizen coproduction, and relational bureaucracy. Following the discussion, I hypothesize about the relationship between public organizations’ citizen orientations and multiple dimensions of organizational performance. I use data from approximately 900 New York City elementary and middle schools from 2008 to 2011 to examine the relationship. Preliminary findings indicate that a citizen orientation is positively related to multiple dimensions of public organization performance.
The Application of the CRASH-CT Prognostic Model for Older Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-Based Observational Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the performance of the Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head injury (CRASH) trial prognostic model in older patients with traumatic brain injury. SETTING The National Study on Costs and Outcomes of Trauma cohort, established at 69 hospitals in the United States in 2001 and 2002. PARTICIPANTS Adults with traumatic brain injury and an initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or less. DESIGN The CRASH-CT model predicting death within 14 days was deployed in all patients. Model performance in older patients (aged 65-84 years) was compared with that in younger patients (aged 18-64 years). MAIN MEASURES Model discrimination (as defined by the c-statistic) and calibration (as defined by the Hosmer-Lemeshow P value). RESULTS CRASH-CT model discrimination was not significantly different between the older (n = 356; weighted n = 524) and younger patients (n = 981; weighted n = 2602) and was generally adequate (c-statistic 0.83 vs 0.87, respectively; P = .11). CRASH-CT model calibration was adequate for the older patients and inadequate for younger patients (Hosmer-Lemeshow P values .12 and .001, respectively), possibly reflecting differences in sample size. Calibration-in-the-large showed no systematic under- or overprediction in either stratum. CONCLUSION The CRASH-CT model may be valid for use in a geriatric population.
Drainage of Choroidal Effusions

The suprachoroidal space is a potential space between the choroid and sclera in which fluid can accumulate resulting in a choroidal effusion. The most common type is serous, thought to be due to a decrease in intraocular pressure that creates a pressure differential across the choroidal capillary membrane with inflammation augmenting this process. Choroidal effusions may be asymptomatic, or may present with decreased vision. They appear as bullous detachments separated into quadrants. Funduscopy and ultrasonography can assist in diagnosis. Persistent large choroidal effusions can result in complications from a flat anterior chamber and can develop into the potentially devastating hemorrhagic type. Suprachoroidal effusions are usually self-limited and resolve with supportive treatment. Cycloplegia relaxes an anteriorly rotated ciliary body to deepen a shallow anterior chamber. Inflammation is treated with corticosteroids and the source of hypotony is identified and corrected. Surgical drainage is undertaken urgently for effusions with a flat anterior chamber and electively for effusions causing a significant reduction in vision. A circumferential conjunctival incision is placed approximately 4 mm from the limbus in the desired inferior quadrant. A radially directed sclerotomy is created approximately 4–7 mm posterior to the limbus. Xanthochromic fluid should flow from the incision with flattening of the effusions as the anterior chamber is reinflated through a corneal paracentesis site. Surgical drainage of choroidal effusions is an acceptable treatment option with good outcomes when indicated.
Fania Fénelon and the Inception of Playing for Time

In this chapter Eischeid answers the question, “Who was Fania Fenelon?” Fenelon’s personal biography is detailed as well as the impetus behind the creation of her Holocaust memoir. Co-author Marcelle Routier’s involvement is explored, as are the initial versions and subsequent editions of Playing for Time including Sursis pour l’orchestre, The Musicians of Auschwitz, and Das Madchenorchester in Auschwitz.
Nonlinear Vibration Energy Harvesting with High-Permeability Magnetic Materials

In this chapter, we introduce the recent demonstrations of high energy density nonlinear vibration energy harvesting with high-permeability magnetic materials, which show great promise for compact and wideband vibration energy harvesting systems. Two generations of nonlinear vibration energy harvesting technology based on high-permeability magnetic material will be discussed in this chapter. The first generation energy harvester design consists of a high-permeability magnetic cantilever beam, in a solenoid, and a hard magnet pair that provides the biasing field. The mutual interaction between the vibrating highly permeable beam and the bias magnetic field of the magnets leads to maximized flux change and therefore a large induced voltage. This harvester has shown a maximum power output of 74 mW, a power density of 1.07 mW/cm3 at 54 Hz under an applied acceleration of 0.57 × g (with g = 9.8 m/s2), and a bandwidth of 10 Hz (or 18.5% of the operating frequency). The second generation energy harvester design, which has two solenoids fixed on two sides of a spring supported hard magnet pair, has demonstrated a significant increase of the output power when compared with the first generation device. The improved design has an output voltage of 2.52 V, a power density of 20.84 mW/cm3 at 42 Hz, and a half-peak working bandwidth of 6 Hz (or 14%). The coexistence of magnetostatic and elastic potential energies in both designs results in a nonlinear effect, which produces the wide working bandwidth. Details of the two generation energy harvester designs, their performance, and the origin of the nonlinear behavior are detailed in this chapter.
Synthesis and characterization of Ce:YAG nano-phosphors and ceramics

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), Y3Al5O12 is one of the most important optical materials with many applications such as optical windows, laser host materials, detectors and phosphors. Nano YAG could offer many advantageous over bulk materials and large grain size phosphors. In this work Ce doped YAG (Ce:YAG) nanophosphors (NP) were synthesized using simple chemical methods and crystalized by annealing at 800, 900 and 1100°C. Luminescence was recorded in the range of 200 to 800 nm using X-ray induced luminescence technique to detect all emission centers in the sample and evaluate their relative intensities. The effect of annealing temperature and the use of different complexing and polymerization agents on the particle morphology and luminescence were investigated. Trapping phenomena were studied in Ce:YAG NP and bulk ceramics by thermally stimulated luminescence spectroscopy and a comparison was made between them and Ce:YAG single crystals. Measurements concluded that trapping is dominated by crystal defects in single crystals and by trapping sites at the grain boundaries in ceramics. Ce:YAG NPs -on the other hand- are free of traps, which seems to be characteristic of their small grain structure. This study illustrates the effect of chemical agents and annealing temperatures on the structural and optical properties of Ce:YAG nanophosphors and shed light on the nature and characteristics of traps in YAG, which greatly affect its performance in a wide range of applications. Furthermore it reveals that different trapping mechanisms take place among single crystals, bulk ceramics and NPs which could have impact on understanding the optical and scintillation properties of various luminescent materials.
Myth 11: A Free Market Nation Does Not Need a Society

Myth: It is individuals who are responsible for the nation’s achievements and not society. The term “society” serves as an excuse to deprive Americans of their individual freedom and not to improve the lives of the poor and middle class. The purpose is to promote liberal “do-good” projects that always fail miserably. The market should be allowed to prevail in more areas.
Meeting the demand of the future: a curriculum to stimulate interest in careers in primary care internal medicine.

ABSTRACTBackground: There is a growing need for primary care physicians, but only a small percentage of graduating medical students enter careers in primary care.Purpose: To assess whether a Primary Care Intraclerkship within the Medicine clerkship can significantly improve students’ attitudes by analyzing scores on pre- and post-tests.Methods: Students on the Medicine clerkship at the University of Massachusetts Medical School participated in full-day ‘intraclerkships’,to demonstrate the importance of primary care and the management of chronic illness in various primary care settings. Pre-and post-tests containing students’ self-reported, five-point Likert agreement scale evaluations to 26 items (measuring perceptions about the roles of primary care physicians in patient care and treatment) were collected before and after each session. Eleven intraclerkships with 383 students were held between June 2010 and June 2013. Responses were analyzed using the GLM Model Estimate.Results: Results from the survey a...
Folk Platitudes as the Explananda of Philosophical Metaethics: Are They Accurate? And Do They Help or Hinder Inquiry?

The field of metaethics, the branch of moral philosophy that examines the nature and status of morality, is rich in theoretical diversity. Nonetheless, a majority of professional philosophers embrace a subset of theories that affirm the existence of objective moral facts. I suggest that this may be related to the very method that philosophers use to construct metaethical theories. This method involves analyzing how ordinary people think and argue about morality. Analysis of ordinary moral discourse is meant to reveal common platitudes (or truisms) about the nature of morality itself, including the platitude that morality trades in objective moral facts. But do philosophers investigate ordinary moral discourse in any systematic way? How do they arrive at such platitudes? On what grounds are they justified? In this paper, I critically examine these questions and argue that a) any such platitudes need to be investigated systematically through empirical research and b) philosophers ought to be engaged in this research themselves.
Hyperbaric oxygen as a treatment modality in cyclophosphamide‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Late-onset HC is a well-recognized complication associated with cyclophosphamide/acrolein-induced toxicity. It poses a management challenge when hyperhydration and bladder irrigation do not result in clinical improvement as desired. The data regarding use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2) as an early treatment modality in this clinical setting are limited. We present 2 cases, that were refractory to hyperhydration and bladder irrigation but responded to HBO2. They were treated with 20-30 daily sessions over weekdays with 100% oxygen for 90 minutes at 2 atmospheric pressure units (2 atm). Both patients reported improved symptoms within the first 15 sessions, and hematuria diminished by 20 sessions. Hyperbaric oxygen is a less invasive, outpatient therapy that is effective for treatment of HC and is tolerated well by young patients.
The Normal Moore Space Conjecture and Large Cardinals

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the connection of basic set theoretic tools with large cardinals. A space is normal if every discrete collection of closed sets is normalized. A space is collectionwise normal if every discrete family is separated. In view of Bing's theorem, the normal Moore space conjecture is a consequence of the statement that normalized collections can be separated in Moore spaces. The chapter further discusses the concept of Navy's space.
Real Estate and the Economy: Aggregate Implications of Irreversible Investment

While significant effort has been devoted to characterizing the role that irreversibility plays in individual agents' investment behavior, very little has been devoted to the aggregate economic implications of investment irreversibility. Yet irreversibility prevents the continual allocation of capital to its most productive use, with first-order economic consequences. Moreover, the asymmetric nature of the friction, which prevents disinvestment in bad times but allows investment in good times, means its impact varies over the business cycle. In order to study the aggregate effects of irreversibility, this paper introduces a general equilibrium model with two consumption goods and irreversible investment. After characterizing the optimal investment strategy of competitive heterogeneous developers, we show that this behavior endogenously generates a business cycle: periods of more intensive real estate development are associated with greater consumption growth, even when fundamental shocks are stationary. We also consider an array of business cycle-dependent macroeconomic implications, including the impact of irreversibility on the term structures of interest rates and interest rate volatility, consumption risk premia, forward prices and forward price volatilities, and the expected returns to real assets. Finally, we consider the role that irreversibility plays in both the time-series and cross-section of investment, generating "lumpy" investment at the firm level and heterogeneity across firms. There is less heterogeneity, in equilibrium, than is socially optimal. Competitive pressures drive developers to build too soon, and consequently on too small a scale, to efficiently utilize resources diverted to the housing sector.
Clinical outcomes with cumulative tumor suppressor gene (TSG) alterations in castration sensitive (CSPC) and resistant (CRPC) prostate cancer.

5055Background: Alterations (alt) in TP53, PTEN and RB1 TSGs have been identified in some prostate cancers. Preclinical data suggest that cooperative loss of 2 or more TSGs drives development of mo...
A Guide to the Cosmology of William Blake

It is not surprising that visitors to Blake’s cosmology – the most elaborate in the history of British text and design – often demand a map in the form of a reference book. The entries in this volume benefit from the wide range of historical information made available in recent decades regarding the relationship between Blake’s text and design and his biographical, political, social, and religious contexts. Of particular importance, the entries take account of the re-interpretations of Blake with respect to race, gender, and empire in scholarship influenced by the groundbreaking theories that have arisen since the first half of the twentieth century. The intricate fluidity of Blake’s anti-Newtonian universe eludes the fixity of definitions and schema. Central to this guide to Blake's work and ideas is Kathryn S. Freeman's acknowledgment of the paradox of providing orientation in Blake’s universe without disrupting its inherent disorientation of the traditions whereby readers still come to it. In this innovative work, Freeman aligns herself with Blake’s demand that we play an active role in challenging our own readerly habits of passivity as we experience his created and corporeal worlds.
Searching for a face in the crowd: Pitfalls and unexplored possibilities

Finding a face in a crowd is a real-world analog to visual search, but extending the visual search method to such complex social stimuli is rife with potential pitfalls. We need look no further than the well-cited notion that angry faces "pop out" of crowds to find evidence that stimulus confounds can lead to incorrect inferences. Indeed, long before the recent replication crisis in social psychology, stimulus confounds led to repeated demonstrations of spurious effects that were misattributed to adaptive cognitive design. We will first discuss how researchers refuted these errors with systematic "face in the crowd" experiments. We will then contend that these more careful studies revealed something that may actually be adaptive, but at the level of the signal: Happy facial expressions seem designed to be detected efficiently. We will close by suggesting that participant-level manipulations can be leveraged to reveal strategic shifts in performance in the visual search for complex stimuli such as faces. Because stimulus-level effects are held constant across such manipulations, the technique affords strong inferences about the psychological underpinnings of searching for a face in the crowd.
Removing flat directions in standard model EFT fits: How polarized electron-ion collider data can complement the LHC

Effective field theory is used to characterize deviations from the Standard Model, but requires many measurements to explore the large parameter space. In this paper, the authors demonstrate how the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab can improve constraints on four-fermion operators in the Standard Model effective field theory approach. Thanks to its expected polarization capabilities the EIC can help disentangle combinations of operators which the LHC can't resolve.
Body Mass Index and Age Affect Maximum Mouth Opening in a Contemporary American Population.

Purpose Although a standard cutoff value of less than 35 mm in the maximum mouth opening (MMO) has been used to diagnose trismus, this value does not account for natural demographic variations. The present cross-sectional study investigated the effects of age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and gender on the MMO in a healthy, heterogeneous population. Materials and Methods A volunteer sample from multiple sites in Cincinnati, Ohio, without any reported head and neck pathologies or current dental prostheses and with intact natural incisors were included. The main outcome measure was the average MMO. Key demographic information was collected from each participant. Multivariate regression analysis was completed on the factors of age, gender, weight, and height. One-way analysis of variance was completed for binned categories of BMI. Results Data from 330 participants (age range, 18 to 86 years; mean, 42.13 ± 18.53 years; 171 men, 159 women) were collected. The range of MMO was 31 to 71 mm. Age, height, and weight were significant predictors of the MMO, and the final model accounted for ∼20% of the variation in the MMO [adjusted r2, 0.208; F(3,326) = 29.731; P = .001]. On average, individuals with a greater BMI had a greater MMO (BMI, ≤25 kg/m2, 50.57 ± 7.16 mm; BMI >25 but ≤30 kg/m2, 51.58 ± 7.13 mm; BMI >30 kg/m2, 53.53 ± 9.84 mm). Conclusions In a heterogeneous population of healthy adults, natural variations in age, height, and weight significantly affected the MMO.
Recommendations for Using PowerPoint 2016/2020 to Create Individualized Matching to Sample Sessions on the iPad

A recent tutorial by Cummings and Saunders (Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12, 483-490, 2019) described methods to arrange match-to-sample tasks using PowerPoint on laptops with touch screens. Similar paradigms may be used on tablet-based systems such as the iPad. Because iPads may be commonly used by behavior-analytic practitioners, modifications to the procedures described by Cummings and Saunders (2019) may facilitate the successful use of these systems in treatment programs. Here we describe additional procedures and settings that may increase practitioners' success when using match-to-sample instructional arrangements on the iPad.
Application of air-bubble cushioning to improve the shock absorption performance of type I industrial helmets

Abstract The industrial helmet is the most used and effective personal protective equipment to reduce work-related traumatic brain injuries. The Type I industrial helmet is a basic helmet model that is commonly used in construction sites and manufacturers. The purpose of the current study was to investigate if shock absorption performance of these helmets could be improved by using an air-bubble cushioning liner to augment the helmet’s suspension system. Drop impact tests were performed using a commercial drop tower test machine according to the ANSI Z89.1 Type I drop impact protocol. Typical off-the-shelf Type I industrial helmets were utilized in the study. The effects of the air-bubble cushioning on the helmets’ shock absorption performance were evaluated by comparing the original off-the-shelf helmet samples to the helmets equipped with an air-bubble cushioning liner. The air-bubble cushioning liner (thickness 5 mm) was placed between the headform and the helmet when being tested. The impactor had a mass of 3.6 kg and was free-dropped from different heights. The maximal peak transmitted forces for each of the tests have been evaluated and compared. Our results show that the shock absorption effectiveness of the air-bubble cushioning is dependent on the magnitude of the impact force. At lower drop heights ( h 1.63 m), the air-bubble cushioning liner has little effect on the transmitted impact forces, however, at higher drop heights ( h ⩾ 1.73 m) the air-bubble cushioning liner effectively reduced the peak transmitted forces. At a drop height of 1.93 m (the highest drop height tested), the air-bubble cushioning liner reduced the peak transmitted force by over 80%. Our results indicate that adding an air-bubble cushioning liner into a basic Type I industrial helmet will substantially increase shock absorption performance for large impact forces.
On the effective hydrodynamics of the fractional quantum Hall effect

We present here a classical hydrodynamic model of a two-dimensional fluid which has many properties of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). This model incorporates the FQHE relation between the vorticity and density of the fluid and exhibits the Hall viscosity and Hall conductivity found in FQHE liquids. We describe the relation of the model to the Chern–Simons–Ginzburg–Landau theory of FQHE and show how Laughlin's wavefunction is annihilated by the quantum velocity operator.
Synchronized β cell response to glucose is lost concomitant with loss of islet architecture in Robo deficient islets of Langerhans in vivo

Abstract The spatial architecture of the islets of Langerhans is hypothesized to facilitate synchronized insulin secretion between β cells, yet testing this in vivo in the intact pancreas is challenging. Robo βKO mice, in which the genes Robo1 and Robo2 are deleted selectively in β cells, provide a unique model of altered islet spatial architecture without loss of β cell differentiation or islet damage from diabetes. Combining Robo βKO mice with intravital microscopy, we show here that Robo βKO islets lose synchronized intra-islet Ca2+ oscillations between β cells in vivo. We provide evidence that this loss is not due to a β cell-intrinsic function of Robo, loss of Connexin36 gap junctions, or changes in islet vascularization, suggesting that the islet architecture itself is required for synchronized Ca2+ oscillations. These results have implications for understanding structure-function relationships in the islets during progression to diabetes as well as engineering islets from stem cells.
Reassembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access [Book Review]

A review of Reassembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access.
Intraoperative radiotherapy with low-energy x-rays after neurosurgical resection of brain metastases-an Augsburg University Medical Center experience.

External-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is the predominant method for localized brain radiotherapy (LBRT) after resection of brain metastases (BM). Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with 50-kV x‑rays is an alternative way to focally irradiate the resection cavity after BM surgery, with the option of shortening the overall treatment time and limiting normal tissue irradiation. We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of all patients who underwent neurosurgical resection of BM and 50-kV x‑ray IORT between 2013 and 2020 at Augsburg University Medical Center. We identified 40 patients with 44 resected BM treated with 50-kV x‑ray IORT. Median diameter of the resected metastases was 2.8 cm (range 1.5–5.9 cm). Median applied dose was 20 Gy. All patients received standardized follow-up (FU) including 3‑monthly MRI of the brain. Mean FU was 14.4 months, with a median MRI FU for alive patients of 12.2 months. Median overall survival (OS) of all treated patients was 26.4 months (estimated 1‑year OS 61.6%). The observed local control (LC) rate of the resection cavity was 88.6% (estimated 1‑year LC 84.3%). Distant brain control (DC) was 47.5% (estimated 1‑year DC 33.5%). Only 25% of all patients needed WBI in the further course of disease. The observed radionecrosis rate was 2.5%. IORT with 50-kV x‑rays is a safe and appealing way to apply LBRT after neurosurgical resection of BM, with low toxicity and excellent LC. Close MRI FU is paramount to detect distant brain failure (DBF) early.
mmWave Beam Steering with Hierarchical Optimal Sampling for Unimodal Bandits

We propose a Multi-Armed Bandit algorithm for mmWave beam steering that approaches the performance of state-of-the-art Bayesian algorithms at a fraction of the complexity and without requiring Channel State Information. The algorithm, called Hierarchical Optimal Sampling of Unimodal Bandits, simultaneously exploits the benefits of hierarchical codebooks and the approximate unimodality of rewards to achieve fast beam steering, in a sense that we precisely define to provide fair comparison with existing algorithms. Extensive simulations over slow fading channels demonstrate the appealing performance versus complexity trade-off struck by the algorithm across a wide range of Signal-to-Noise Ratios.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Scientific Images and Other Large Data Sets

For problems where there is a large number of inputs, such as an image where each pixel can be considered an input, a feed-forward neural network would have a truly huge number of weight and bias parameters to fit during training. For such problems rather than considering each input to be independent, we take advantage of the fact that the input has structure, even if we do not know what that structure is, by using convolutions. In a convolution we apply a function of particular form repeatedly over the inputs to create the hidden layer variables. In image data, this allows the network to highlight important features in an image. We begin the discussion of convolutions by defining and giving examples of 1-D convolutions for functions and for vectors, before extending to multiple dimensions. We then talk about a special type of operation applied in machine learning called pooling, before showing how convolutions work in neural networks. We apply convolutional neural networks to the Fashion MNIST data set and give a case study of using these networks, along with a concept called transfer learning, to find volcanoes on Venus.
The Range of Hardy Numbers for Comb Domains

Let $$D\ne \mathbb {C}$$ be a simply connected domain and f be a Riemann mapping from $$\mathbb {D}$$ onto D. The Hardy number of D is the supremum of all p for which f belongs in the Hardy space $${H^p}\left( \mathbb {D} \right) $$ . A comb domain is a domain whose complement is the union of an infinite number of vertical rays symmetric with respect to the real axis. In this paper we prove that, for $$p>0$$ , there is a comb domain with Hardy number equal to p if and only if $$p\in [1,+\infty ]$$ . It is known that the Hardy number is related to the moments of the exit time of Brownian motion from the domain. In fact, Burkholder proved that the Hardy number of a simply connected domain is twice the supremum of all $$p>0$$ for which the p-th moment of the exit time of Brownian motion is finite. Therefore, our result implies that given $$ p < q$$ there exists a comb domain with finite p-th moment but infinite q-th moment if and only if $$q\ge 1/2$$ . This answers a question posed by Boudabra and Markowsky.
Acoustic emission and stress-corrosion cracking of U-4 1/2 wt%Nb

Stress-corrosion crack propagation in U-4 1/2 wt%Nb has been monitored with crack-opening displacement and acoustic-emission techniques. Excellent correlation was obtained between the direct crack-velocity measurements and the emission count rate at all stress intensities. The data also show that, as the cracking velocity increases, the counts per unit area of new crack surface increase. The results of the investigation show the feasibility of acousticemission detection techniques as a useful stress-corrosion testing tool.
How to add a state-of-the-art component to your course

The desire to learn the state of the art that students bring to a course can be enhanced and sustained during the "drudgery" of learning the basics by requiring the students to read and take quizzes on carefully selected articles from current professional journals. This technique was utilized in several courses and evaluations are presented relative to how well the technique met a series of five objectives.
Distribution of charge and matter in nuclei: Charge density difference of 206Pb and 205Tl.

We contrast two calculations of the charge density difference of /sup 206/Pb and /sup 205/Tl. In the simplest model this difference in charge density is due to the occupation of an additional 3s/sub 1/2/ orbital in /sup 206/Pb. A standard mean-field calculation of the charge difference does not yield a satisfactory result. One may modify this result by assigning the 3s/sub 1/2/ orbital an occupation probability of seventy percent, with a corresponding increase to thirty percent of the occupation probability of a 2d/sub 3/2/ orbital. However, this modification of the mean-field analysis, while solving one problem, is seen to create a new problem in the fit to the data. In this work we present an alternative analysis: We maintain unit occupation probability for the 3s/sub 1/2/ orbital but use the medium-modified proton electromagnetic form factor we have calculated previously. Our model is able to give a better fit to the data without the introduction of free parameters into the analysis. Medium-modified form factors have recently been shown to be effective in explaining the charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb and their application to the interpretation of the /sup 206/Pb-/sup 205/Tl charge density difference yields a result which is consistent with themore » experimental data and superior to that obtained in the adjusted mean-field analysis described above.« less
To Have and Have Not -- Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the Public Trust Doctrine: Remembering the Land that Time Forgot

The Public Trust Doctrine, an ancient mandate under which the sovereign holds unique natural resources in trust for the benefit of the general public, has been adopted by the United States as a staple of American property law. While the federal government is the ultimate trustee of these lands, the states may flexibly interpret and administer this law to maximize the public benefit derived from trust resources. For instance, although most states own the land between the high and low tide lines in trust for its citizens, Massachusetts bases its common law interpretation of the Doctrine on the Colonial Ordinance of 1641-41, a statute passed by the early settlers of the commonwealth providing for private ownership of the ocean flats. However, the current application of the Doctrine to the beaches of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket directly contradicts the overall intent of the Doctrine. Although the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts have reasoned otherwise, there are strong historical, legal, and public policy arguments that these islands are instead subject to the traditional common law application of the Doctrine. But look! here come more crowds, pacing straight for the water, and seemingly bound for a dive. Strange! Nothing will content them but the extremist limit of land. . . . They must get just as near the water as they possibly can without falling in. Tell me, does the magnetic virtue of the needles of the compasses of all these ships attract them thither?