cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staring infrared imaging spectroradiometer

A design approach for developing a staring-dispersive infrared imaging spectroradiometer utilizing a fiber-optic image formatter to simultaneously capture, at rates greater then 100 Hz, 256 high-resolution spectral images of a 2D scene is described. Detailed performance analyses confirm that the spectral radiance within the image scene can be measured to high absolute accuracy. The proposed low-risk prototype, based on commercial off-the-shelf components to minimize the development risk, can be cost-effectively upgraded to a final field instrument through replaceable optical, calibration, and detector modules. Producibility of the design, as described by mechanical layouts and manufacturing drawings of the optical, fiber-optic, and dispersive elements, has been confirmed by independent component manufacturers. The rugged design is sufficiently compact for use in high-performance military aircraft, and can be applied to numerous civilian applications such as environmental cleanup, mineral surveys, vegetation monitoring, and combustion analysis.
Transportation Networks and the Optimal Location of Human Activities: A Numerical Geography Approach. By Isabelle Thomas

Reviews the book 'Transportation Networks and the Optimal Location of Human Activities: A Numerical Geography Approach,' by Isabelle Thomas.
The existence of the thermodynamic limit in Coulomb-like systems

A Coulomb-like system is a system in which the usual 1/r Coulomb potential has been replaced by a potential that goes as 1/r α forα near one. Such potentials do not have the mean value property, which forms the basis of the Lebowitz-Lieb argument to control the long range Coulomb interaction [5], so whether or not such systems actually exhibit thermodynamic behavior is an interesting question. In this paper I generalize the proof of the limit for a crystal with Coulomb potential given by Charles Fefferman [1] to cover these Coulomb-like potentials.
The effect of addition of nitrous oxide to a sevoflurane anesthetic on BIS, PSI, and entropy.

Objective. N2O is a commonly used anesthetic that has amnestic and analgesic properties. Recently, devices that estimate depth of consciousness have been introduced in an attempt to better titrate anesthesia, however the effect of N2O on these monitors is unclear. Methods. General anesthesia was induced and titrated to maintain normal blood pressure and pulse in healthy adults. Data were collected in three 10 minute intervals (Sevo, Sevo + N2O, Sevo). In Phase A, sevoflurane concentration was held constant during the N2O trial in 60 subjects monitored with either BIS, PSI, or Entropy. In Phase B, sevoflurane concentration was reduced as N2O was added, maintaining a constant overall “MAC” in 20 subjects monitored concurrently with BIS and Entropy. Sample size for both phases was designed to detect a 10 unit change in measure of processed EEG with alpha = .05 and statistical power = .80. Results. In Phase A, supplementing sevoflurane with > 65% N2O increased MAC from 1.3 ± 0.05 to 2.2 ± 0.10, but did not significantly alter BIS nor PSI (p-value for differential MAC is 65% N2O with a concomitant reduction in sevoflurane resulted in an increase in both BIS (from 34 ± 5 to 53.9 ± 11.5) and SE (from 32 ± 8.2 to 55.4 ± 21.3). Conclusion. Supplementing sevoflurane with > 65% N2O did not result in a significant change in either BIS or PSI when sevoflurane concentration was kept constant. Entropy, however, significantly decreased as anesthetic depth increased. When sevoflurane concentration was reduced during N2O administration, both BIS and Entropy rose despite maintenance of anesthetic depth, indicating a variable concentration effect between volatiles and N2O.
Imagining peace in twentieth-century Europe

The first is what I term imperial warfare. At the time of the First Hague Convention in 1899, war spanned the globe. This should hardly be surprising in this, the first phase of what we now term globalisation. War's victims were global too, spreading from those who suffered in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion in China, in the Spanish-American war in Cuba and the Philippines, in the Boer war in South Africa, in the suppression of the Herero revolt in South West Africa and so on. What image of peace emerged from this violent period? The one imagined in the great Paris World's Fair of 1900, the greatest of them all, in which what the French term la mission civilisatrice, brought bounty and modernity to the dependant populations of the earth.
OXIDATION OF BENZYLAMINES TO AMIDES

Abstract A convenient method for the conversion of tertiary benzylamines to benzamides by phase transfer oxidation is described. Yields are good. Regioselectivities are reported.
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses.

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses. Study Design— Prospective clinical study. Animals or Sample Population— Eleven client-owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years. Methods— Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered through the instrument channel on the operative laparoscope, using a catheter with a needle attached. Testes were grasped with large laparoscopic forceps and exteriorized through the abdominal wall. Ligation and transection of the mesorchium was extracorporeal. The descended testes were removed using a standard standing technique. Results— Complications were minor, including mild colic in one horse. The mean surgical time for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy and castration of these colts was 58.9 ±24.3 minutes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, using the instrumentation described, is a safe and practical technique in young horses.
Detection of surface differences between two closely related cell populations by partitioning. Erythrocytes from inbred and out-bred rats and rat strains.

Abstract We have recently developed a new and powerful method capable of detecting, by purely physical means, surface differences between closely related red (or other) cell populations. The procedure consists of isotopically labeling (with [ 51 Cr]chromate) aliquots of red blood cell populations. Such labeled cells are mixed with an excess of unlabeled red cells to which they are to be compared. The mixtures are subjected to countercurrent distribution in either a charge-sensitive or a non-charge-sensitive dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous phase system. The distribution curves are analyzed for total cells (in terms of hemoglobin absorbance) and labeled cells (in terms of cpm). Changes in the relative specific activities through the distribution curves are indicative of subtle differences in surface properties between such cell populations. Using this method we have found that erythrocytes from arbitrarily chosen (presumably hematologically normal) individuals differ. In the current work we have examined the surface properties of erythrocytes from Sprague-Dawley and from Lewis rats. This was done with a view to determining whether (a) differences of the type found between different humans can also be detected in other species and (b), if such differences do exist, to examine, by study of the highly inbred Lewis rat strain, whether the differences appear to have a genetic or an acquired basis. It was found that the surface properties of erythrocytes from Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats differ as do erythrocytes among rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. No difference was found between red blood cells from different rats of the inbred Lewis strain. These results indicate that the surface differences between red blood cells from different rats detected by partitioning have a genetic rather than acquired origin.
The Degree of N-glycosylation Affects the Trafficking and Cell Surface Expression Levels of Kv1.4 Potassium Channels

Kv1.4 potassium channels are heavily glycosylated proteins involved in shaping action potentials and in neuronal excitability and plasticity. Kv1.4 N354Q, without an N-glycan, exhibited decreased protein stability and trafficking to the cell surface (Watanabe et al. in J Biol Chem 279:8879-8885, 2004). Here we investigated whether the composition of the N-glycan affected Kv1.4 cell surface expression. Kv1.4 proteins carrying N-glycans with different compositions were generated by adding glycosidase inhibitors or using N-glycosylation-deficient mutant cell lines. We found that oligomannose-type, hybrid-type, or incomplete complex-type N-glycans had a negative effect on surface protein expression of Kv1.4 compared with complex-type N-glycans. The decrease in surface protein level of Kv1.4 was mainly due to a reduction in total protein level, induced by altered N-glycan composition. Kv1.4 in CSTP-treated cells carried a unique oligomannose-type N-glycan that contains three glucose residues. This N-glycan had the most negative effect on cell surface expression of Kv1.4. It decreased Kv1.4 surface protein level by a combined mechanism of reducing total protein level and increasing ER-retention. Our data suggest that composition of the N-glycan plays an important role in protein stability and trafficking, and a sialylated complex-type N-glycan promoted high cell surface expression of Kv1.4.
Inhibition of intercellular adhesion in a cellular slime mould by univalent antibody against a cell-surface lectin

THE cellular slime moulds, Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium pallidum contain carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) that increase significantly in amount in soluble crude extracts as amoebae differentiate from the vegetative stage (when the cells do not associate) to the aggregation-competent stage (when the cells can form stable intercellular contacts)1–3. Lectins from the two species, assayed as agglutinins of erythrocytes, have been purified by affinity techniques and, on the basis of their carbohydrate-binding specificities, as well as several physicochemical properties, have been shown to be distinct proteins3–5. Distinct lectin activities have also been identified in four other species of slime moulds6. The lectins from D. discoideum and P. pallidum accumulate on the cell surface with development of aggregation competence as demonstrated by erythrocyte–rosette experiments1,2,7, immunofluorescent and immunoferritin techniques7,8, and lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of intact cells9. Both species also contain cell-surface receptors with a very high affinity for the homotypic lectin and a lesser affinity for the heterotypic lectin10, suggesting a possible basis for species-specific intercellular affinities. In the case of D. discoideum, we have shown that the high affinity receptor appears on the cell surface as amoebae differentiate into the cohesive state10.
Topographic Evidence for Geologically Recent Near-Polar Volcanism on Mars

Abstract The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) was used to measure the topography of several putative near-polar martian volcanic craterforms. We believe they were formed by effusive lava shield building eruptions and were not hydromagmatic events, as previously suggested. Furthermore, these craterforms appear to be geologically recent, with ages between 1 and 20 million years, and may provide new evidence of localized thermal anomalies in the upper martian crustal column.
Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Thermotropic Block Copolyetheresters

Various block copolyetheresters with hard segment of poly(alkylene p,p′-bibenzoate) and soft segment of poly(tetramethylene ether) were prepared by melt polycondensation of dimethyl-p,p′-bibenzoate, an alkylene, diol, and a poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG) in the presence of tetrabutyl orthotitanate as catalyst. Their thermal properties were investigated by DSC. The melting temperature of the polyether segment was found to be about 17°C, thus the polyether segment was amorphous above room temperature. The thermal properties of poly(alkylene p,p′-bibenzoate) segment above room temperature were found to be dependent on both the type of alkylene diol and the sequence length of poly(alkylene p,p′-bibenzoate) segment. Theremotropic liquid crystalline behavior was found for some block copolyetheresters and originated from the hard segment.
Stability of System Matrices with Perturbed Coefficients

Given a stable nominal system matrix A, let some of the matrix coefficients a ij be perturbed by unknown but bounded amounts ?a ij . Sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the stability of the perturbed matrix under any combination of coefficient perturbations in the specified range.
A Relaxation Study of Poled Nonlinear Optical Polymers by Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy.

Abstract The relaxation of poled nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores in polymer films was characterized by infrared (i.r.) reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Both a guest-host system and a photocrosslinkable polymer system were investigated. Polymethylmethacrylate doped with either 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline or 4(4′-nitrophenylazo)aniline was studied. The photocrosslinkable polymer system, polyvinylcinnamate doped with 3-cinnamoyloxy-4-[4-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-cinnamoyloxy phenyl azo]nitrobenzene was also investigated. Doped NLO active molecules were aligned using the corona poling technique. i.r. spectra as a function of time were used to monitor the relaxation behavior of the oriented dyes after poling. Relaxation of NLO molecules was followed at various characteristic vibrational frequencies. The relaxation behavior of both systems were found to be consistent with those studied by the second harmonic generation technique.
Gender-segregated schooling and gender stereotyping

Concern has been raised that segregation of girls and boys into separate classes leads to increased gender stereotyping. We tested this in a sample of 365 seventh-grade students attending a junior high school that offers both gender-segregated (GS) and co-educational classes. It was found that for both boys and girls, the more GS classes they took in the fall, the more gender stereotyped they were in their responding in the spring (controlling for initial levels of gender stereotyping). We concluded that GS likely heightens the salience of gender in the classroom thereby reinforcing and increasing gender stereotypes. As such, we argue that GS is a misguided approach to addressing any educational difficulties girls and boys might be having.
Transition between the 1×1 and surface structures of GaN in the vapor-phase environment

Abstract Out-of-plane structures of the GaN (0 0 0 1) surface in the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) environment have been determined using in situ grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. We measured 11 2 l crystal truncation rod intensities at a variety of temperatures and ammonia partial pressures on both sides of the 1×1 to ( 3 ×2 3 ) R 30° surface phase transition. The out-of-plane structure of the ( 3 ×2 3 ) R 30° phase appears to be nearly independent of temperature below the transition, while the structure of the 1×1 phase changes increasingly rapidly as the phase transition is approached from above. A model for the structure of the 1×1 phase with a partially occupied top Ga layer agrees well with the data. The observed temperature dependence is consistent with a simple model of the equilibrium between the vapor phase and the surface coverage of Ga and N. In addition, we present results on the kinetics of reconstruction domain coarsening following a “quench” into the ( 3 ×2 3 ) R 30° phase field.
Characterizing planetary orbits and the trajectories of light in the Schwarzschild metric

Exact analytic expressions for planetary orbits and light trajectories in the Schwarzschild geometry are presented. A new parameter space is used to characterize all possible planetary orbits. Different regions in this parameter space can be associated with different characteristics of the orbits. The boundaries for these regions are clearly defined. Observational data can be directly associated with points in the regions. A possible extension of these considerations with an additional parameter for the case of Kerr geometry is briefly discussed.
Measured and calculated effects of mutations in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme on interactions in solution

Understanding the molecular determinants of protein interactions in solution has fundamental implications for understanding protein solution thermodynamics and, hence, processes as diverse as separations performance and cellular self-organization. Our earlier theoretical calculations indicate that the protein-protein interactions are dominated by a small number of configurations in which highly complementary surface regions are apposed, rather than by the overall colloidal interactions. To examine this paradigm more explicitly, we investigated the effects of protein structural modifications on protein-protein interactions. Experimental measurements are presented of B values of a set of mutants of Ser44 in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. Effects are seen with both charged and uncharged substitutions. The results with the charged substitutions follow the expected trends, whereas those with the uncharged substitutions may be explained by the impact of the mutations on the local protein geometry, which directly affects the complementarity of protein interactions. These effects are also captured well by molecular calculations that account for the mutations. The interaction energetics between protein pairs could provide information on the propensity for adventitious interactions, which can have important implications for separations and for normal and pathological self-assembly. Thus, protein structural data implicit in genomic information, coupled with appropriate calculational and experimental tools, can ultimately provide insights into protein interactions in vivo and in bioprocessing. Proteins 2000;41:123–132. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of air pollution patterns in New York City—II. Can one aerometric station represent the area surrounding it?

Abstract Analyses of the data from the forty station Aerometric Network in New York City indicate that the individual stations of the network do not adequately describe the day-to-day variation in the levels of air pollution of the areas they were designed to represent.
Rigid Designation and Anaphoric Theories of Reference

Few philosophers today doubt the importance of some notion of rigid designation, as suggested by Kripke and Putnam for names and natural kind terms. At the very least, most of us want our theories to be compatible with the most plausible elements of that account. Anaphoric theories of reference have gained some attention lately, but little attention has been given to how they square with rigid designation. Although the differences between anaphoric theories and many interpretations of the New Theory of reference are substantial, I argue that rigid designation and anaphoric theories can be reconciled with one another and in fact complement one another in important ways.
Phytotoxins. I. A 1-aminodimethylheptadecapentol from alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici

Abstract The products of alkaline hydrolysis of the host-specific phytotoxic fraction TA from A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici1 are identified as 1,2,3,-propanetricarboxylate and either 1-amino-11,15-dimethylheptadeca-2,4,5,13,14-pentol 1 or its 7,15-dimethy1 isomer.
Occurrence of the chromoplast protein ChrA correlates with a fruit-color gene in Capsicum annuum.

Plant geneticists have determined that the color of ripe fruits of sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) is determined by four genes: y, c1, c2and cl. We have compared the electrophoretic behavior of chromoplast membrane proteins of seven varieties of C. annuum which differ in these genes. ChrA was detected only in the varieties that had a y+genotype, and was not affected by variations in the other three genes. The identity of ChrA was verified by probing blots of SDS gels with antiserum to ChrA. The second known chromoplast-specific protein, ChrB, was found to be independent of all four genes. No proteins correlating with c1, c2or cl were detected in either one- or two-dimensional gels.
A magneto-structural correlation between the Heisenberg constant, J, and the MnOMn angle in [MnIV(μ-O)]2 dimers

Abstract In our ongoing studies of high valent manganese dimers of the general formula [MnIV(Schiff base)(μ-O)]2 as models for the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII), we now report several new Mn complexes that allow us to define a magneto-structural correlation between the Heisenberg exchange constant, J, from the Heisenberg exchange equation (H=−2J[S1 · S2]) and the MnOMn angle of the [MnIV(μ-O)]2 core. The new and unique structures of [MnIV(3,5-di-t-busalpn)(μ-O)]2 (2) and [MnIV(μ-3,5-di-Cl-salpn)(μ-O)]2 (3) exhibit unexpected structures compared with those of [MnIV(salpn)(μ-O)]2 (1) (H2(salpn)=N,N′-bis(salicylideneimino)-1,3-diaminopropane). The structure of 2, unlike that of 1, does not have a molecular inversion center due to a ‘rotation’ of one ligand. Instead, there exists a pseudo-C2 axis through the oxo bridges of the [MnIV(μ-O)]2 core. The MnMn distance of 2 is 2.7753(8) A and that of 3 is 2.7430(8) A. The 3,5-di-Cl-salpn2− ligand of 3 adopts an unexpected bridging mode between the manganese ions. The magneto-structural correlation is valid for these new Schiff base complexes and other non-Schiff base containing compounds. The J values range over 110 cm−1 versus a MnOMn range of 3.9°. The data imply that a ferromagnetically coupled [MnIV(μ-O)]2 would be unlikely to occur in the OEC, wherein such may be invoked to generate an S=5/2 ground state for the g=4.1 EPR signal observed in the S2 state.
Using a Master Sample to Integrate Stream Monitoring Programs

The need for aquatic resource condition surveys at scales that are too extensive to census has increased in recent years. Statistically designed sample surveys are intended to meet this need. Simple or stratified random sampling or systematic survey designs are often used to obtain a representative set of sites for data collection. However, such designs have limitations when applied to spatially distributed natural resources, like stream networks. Stevens and Olsen proposed a design that overcomes the key limitations of simple, stratified random or systematic designs by selecting a spatially balanced sample. The outcome of a spatially balanced sample is an ordered list of sampling locations with spatial distribution that balances the advantages of simple or stratified random samples or systematic samples. This approach can be used to select a sample of sites for particular studies to meet specific objectives. This approach can also be used to select a “master sample” from which subsamples can be drawn for particular needs. At the same time, these individual samples can be incorporated into a broader design that facilitates integrated monitoring and data sharing.
Constitutive and stimulated expression of ICAM-1 protein on pulmonary endothelial cells in vivo

The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on pulmonary endothelial cells after stimulus and subsequent binding of neutrophils is a first step leading to lung injury. A similar process may dictate the binding of tumor cells to the pulmonary endothelium during metastasis. We report the development of a new technique that allowed us to monitor the location and relative expression of ICAM-1 levels on the luminal surface of the pulmonary microvasculature in vivo. This technique uses intravital microscopy together with a two-step labeling procedure involving fluorescent microspheres. Constitutive expression of ICAM-1 was not detectable to a significant level by our model, but expression was observed after upregulation by the systemic administration of TNF alpha. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0-5.0 micrograms/kg TNF alpha and ICAM-1 expression was monitored through 24 hr. ICAM-1 expression was related to both the dose of TNF alpha administered and the time elapsed between injection of TNF alpha and observation. Injection of 5 micrograms/kg TNF alpha caused upregulation of ICAM-1 protein expression from 0.30 +/- 2.76 binding events/175,000 microns2 to 62.6 +/- 5.48 through 4 hr observation, after which levels returned to near baseline within 24 hr. The delay required for maximal expression is likely related to the time required for the cell to respond to the stimulus and generate ICAM-1 protein. Reductions in the relative numbers of ICAM-1 protein expressed between 4 and 24 hr in vivo are likely a result of protein turnover after the initial stimulus.
Using bootstrapping to identify protein locations

Automated methods that leverage both large quantities of text, and knowledge resources are increasingly being used to identify relations from the web. One of the challenges with these approaches is that quantity of relations identified makes it difficult to evaluate system performance. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate how bootstrapping can be used to identify subcellular location relations of proteins, which is a critically important to biologists in order to understand protein function. Specifically, we use protein-location pairs in the UniProt knowledge base and dependency paths from a collection of text, to infer new proteins, new locations and new protein-location pairs. Our second goal is to conduct a detailed manual analysis of the first iteration of the bootstrapping process. Such an analysis reveals pitfalls of this approach and enables us to conclude with specific recommendations to improve bootstrapping performance in subsequent iterations.
Apollo 12 lunar samples: trace element analysis of a core and the uniformity of the regolith.

Four core and soil samples from Apollo 12 are enriched in a number of trace elements of meteoritic origin to virtually the same degree as Apollo 11 soil. An average meteoritic influx rate of about 4 x 10 -9 gram per square centimeter per year thus seems to be valid for the entire moon. A sample from a light gray, coarse-grained layer in the core resembles lunar basalts in composition, but is enriched by factors of 10 4 to 10 5 in bismuth and cadmium.
Adipocyte fatty acid mobilization in vivo: effects of age and anatomical location.

The objectives of the present study were to determine if adipocyte trigly ceride fatty acid (TGFA) mobilization in vivo varied among the different adipose tissue depots and whether these rates were affected by age. In order to accomplish these objectives, two groups of rats were studied. The first group initially weighed 84±1 and the second group 333±2. Both groups were placed on a semisynthetic diet containing 6% corn oil (w/w) and 14% triundecanoin (w/w) for a period of 4 wk. Triundecanoin contains an 11-carbon (C-11) fatty acid (undecanoic acid) that was used to label the adipocyte TGFA. At the end of the 4-wk feeding period, triundecanoin was removed from the diet and replaced with an equivalent amount of corn oil. At this time and at weekly intervals for the next 4 wk, 5 rats from each age group were killed for the determination of TGFA composition in isolated dipocytes from the epididymal (Epi), perirenal (PR), subcutaneous (SC) and mesenteric (M) adipose tissue depots. When the content of C-11 was expressed as mole percent of the total fatty acids, mobilization was significantly more rapid from the PR and M depots than in the other two depots in the young rats. In the older rats mobilization was significantly slower in all depots compared to the younger group. The rates of mobilization were not different between the depots in the older animals. Since fat cell size continued to increase throughout the duration of the study, part of the decrease in C-11 content can be accounted for by dilution by newly acquired TGFA. When data were compared on the basis of the actual pmoles of C-11 per cell, rates of mobilization were not different between the depots nor was mobilization affected by age. These results emphasize again the impact the manner in which adipocyte metabolic data are expressed has on interpretation(s) when comparing adipocytes of different depots or from rats of different age.
Analysis of Networks with Complex Autotransformers III-Invariant Reduction for Purposes of Loss Formulas

An expression for an accurate loss model has been derived for general systems containing off-nominal or complex off-nominal autotransformers and impedances to ground. This was achieved by carrying the open-path-closed-path relations derived in earlier papers in this series through the necessary reference frames. The loss model derived in this manner can be implemented in modern dispatching computers.
Parent Power: A Holding Technique in the Treatment of Omnipotent Children.

Abstract A holding technique, previously described in its diagnostic application, is discussed here in relation to its use as a treatment tool when the parent has relinquished parental authority to the child. In this technique, the parent holds the child firmly on the lap until the child stops struggling and verbally acknowledges that the parent is the boss. We note the results of a follow-up study of its use with 25 children, and consider the reactions of children and their parents together with therapists' evaluations of the effectiveness of this treatment in changing familial interactions.
Event-Related Brain Potential Imaging of Semantic Encoding during Processing Single Words

Functional brain imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have identified blood flow changes in widely separated areas of brain during the performance of word processing tasks. In the present study we have utilized event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the temporal relationships among cortical areas previously identified by PET to be differentially activated when performing semantic tasks with visual words. ERPs revealed task-related differences over the central and left inferior frontal regions around 170 and 220 ms, respectively, over a left occipital region around 200 ms, over a large left parietotemporal region around 600 ms, and finally over the right temporal lobe around 800 ms after the word presentation. Analysis of topographic maps and dipole sources as well as PET data allowed relating frontal midline positivity around 170 ms to the anterior cingulate activation, and left inferior frontal positivity around 220 ms to the PET activation of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. The left parieto-temporal positivity around 600 ms seems to reflect the activity of Wernicke's area. The right anterior temporal negativity beginning around 800 ms and peaking around 1100 ms may reflect the activity of the right insula. The left occipital negativity around 200 ms is likely to reflect activation of a visual word-form area in the left occipital lobe. These results provide the time course for parts of the circuitry involved in semantic processing of words and also demonstrate how combining the spatial localization of PET with the temporal resolution of ERPs helps to understand the brain mechanisms involved in human cognition.
Discussion of “The Effect of Accounting Restatements on Earnings Revisions and the Estimated Cost of Capital”

The Hribar and Jenkins study (2004, this issue) investigates the effect of accounting restatements on firms' cost of equity capital. The authors document that the loss of market value associated with restatement announcements is attributable not only to a downward revision in expected future earnings but also to an increase in implied cost of capital. This finding is consistent with the conjecture that restatements lead to increased investors' uncertainty about management credibility and competence, as well as to concerns about overall earnings quality. My discussion evaluates the motivation for the research question, addresses a number of key research design issues, particularly the estimation of implied cost of capital, and offers some suggestions for future research.
Anisotropy of plastic flow and microstructure evolution during hot working of laser-deposited Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract Hot compression tests were conducted at subtransus temperatures both parallel and perpendicular to the columnar-grain direction of laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V. Negligible anisotropy in stress–strain behavior and the kinetics of dynamic globularization was noted, thus indicating the importance of alpha platelet thickness, not grain shape, on plastic flow and structure evolution.
Effects of postnatal blockade of cortical activity with tetrodotoxin upon lesion-induced reorganization of vibrissae-related patterns in the somatosensory cortex of rat

Abstract Previous studies have shown that postnatal blockade of thalamocortical activity with either tetrodotoxin (TTX) or the NMDA, receptor antagonist dl -2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) does not prevent the formation of vibrissae-related patterns. In the present study, blockade of cortical activity with TTX was combined with ablation of a row of vibrissae follicles or transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION, the trigeminal nerve branch that supplies the vibrissae follicles) to determine whether the cortical reorganization that follows these lesions in otherwise untreated animals was dependent upon neuronal activity that could be blocked with TTX. The results demonstrated that cortical TTX implants had no quantitative or qualitative effects upon the cortical reorganization that followed either vibrissae follicle cauterization or ION transection.
Semiconducting polymers as materials for photonic devices

Abstract High performance photonic devices fabricated from conjugated polymers have been demonstrated, including diodes, light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, field-effect transistors, polymer grid triodes, light-emitting electrochemical cells, optocouplers and lasers, that is essentially all the categories that characterize the field of photonic devices. Semiconducting polymer-based devices have reached performance levels comparable to their inorganic counterparts.
Testing for reach-scale adjustments of hydraulic variables to soluble and insoluble strata: Buckeye Creek and Greenbrier River, West Virginia

Abstract An open question exists as to whether channel geometries and hydraulics are adjusted in bedrock streams with stable, concave profiles in a manner analogous to alluvial rivers. As a test of this problem, a comparison was undertaken of channel geometries and hydraulics among reaches with substrates that are of high mechanical resistance, but of variable chemical resistance. Reaches were selected from Buckeye Creek and Greenbrier River, West Virginia, USA because these streams flow over sandstones, limestones, and shales. The limestones have Selby rock resistance scores similar to those of the sandstones. A total of 13 reaches consisting of between 6 and 26 cross sections were surveyed in the streams. HEC-RAS was used to estimate unit stream power ( ω ) and shear stress ( τ ) for each reach. The reaches were selected to evaluate the null hypothesis that that ω and τ are equal atop soluble versus insoluble bedrock. Hypothesis tests consisted of paired t -tests and simultaneous, multiple comparisons. Geomorphic setting was included for Greenbrier River because previous studies have suggested that bedrock streams are intimately coupled with hillslopes. Holding geomorphic setting constant, three separate comparisons of ω and τ reveal that these variables are lowest atop soluble substrates in Greenbrier River (significance ≤0.05) and that changes in ω and τ are mediated by changes in channel geometry. Similarly, headwater reaches of Buckeye Creek developed atop shale and sandstone boulders are statistically distinguishable from downstream reaches wherein corrosion of limestone is the primary means of incision. However, comparisons in each stream reveal that channel geometries, ω and τ , are not strictly controlled by bed solubility. For constant substrate solubility along the Greenbrier River, ω and τ are consistently higher where a bedrock cutbank is present or coarse, insoluble sediment enters the channel. The latter is also associated with locally high values of ω and τ in Buckeye Creek. Assuming that incision by corrosion requires lower values of ω and τ because the channel need not be adjusted for block detachment and tool acceleration, we posit that the statistically lower values of ω and τ are tentative evidence in favor of differential geometric and hydraulic adjustments to substrate resistance. We observe that these adjustments are not made independent of geomorphic setting.
Hypertension Guideline Adherence Among Nursing Home Patients

Adherence to hypertension guidelines in the outpatient setting is low. To evaluate adherence to JNC VII guidelines in nursing home patients. Data were obtained from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS), a nationally representative sample of US nursing homes. Patients with hypertension were identified using ICD-9 codes. Adherence to JNC VII guidelines was defined as the use of a thiazide diuretic in patients without a compelling indication for a different class of antihypertensive medication, such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or a history of stroke. There were 13,507 patients in the 2004 NNHS survey, of whom 7,129 had hypertension. Of these 7,129 hypertensive patients, only 12.6% were on a thiazide. Out of the 7,129 hypertensive patients, 3,113 did not have diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or a history of stroke. Of these 3,113 patients, only 13.9% were on a thiazide. After excluding patients with a potential contraindication to a diuretic, such as hospice care or incontinence, only 18% were prescribed a thiazide. Of the 3,113 patients, 1,148 were on a single class of antihypertensive and more were prescribed a beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, calcium channel blocker, loop diuretic, and ARB than a thiazide diuretic. Adherence to hypertension guidelines among nursing home patients is low. The appropriate use of thiazide diuretics could reduce costs and improve blood pressure control and patient outcomes.
Atmospheric entry into Jupiter

Blunt and conical body optimum heat shield shapes for Jupiter atmospheric entry, noting shallow flight path
A theoretical study of the photolytic decomposition of ethane ethylene via a triplet-state ethylidene intermediate

Abstract The complete geometrically optimized triplet state of ethane, using the MINDO/2 method, spontaneously dissociates into CH 3 H; and H 2 . The reaction paths for rearrangement of CH 3 CH: to CH 2 CH 2 in the triplet state is calculated. The activation energy was determined to be 19.4 kcal/mole. These results are discussed in the context of previously reported experimental results for the gas phase photolyses of alkanes.
Student major field and text content: interactive effects on reading comprehension in the Test of English as a Foreign Language

It was hypothesized that a student's academic discipline would interact with the text content in determining performance on the reading passages of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)...
Speech Production Following Partial Glossectomy

Changes in the dimensions and patterns of articulation used by three speakers to compensate for different amounts of tongue tissue excised during partial glossectomy were investigated. Place of articulation was shifted to parts of the vocal tract congruent with the speakers' surgically altered lingual morphology. Certain metrical properties of the articulatory gestures, such as width of the sibilant groove, were maintained. Intelligibility data indicated that perceptually acceptable substitute sounds could be produced by such transposed gestures.
“We Are Multiculturalism”: A Self-study of Faculty of Colour With Pre-service Teachers of Colour

This paper reports a self-study of three faculty of colour engaged in teaching a special summer session geared to recruiting people of colour to teaching. Given our past experiences in institutions of higher education, we recognised the unique situation and potential of faculty of colour teaching a class made up almost exclusively of students of colour. We analysed our own reflective writings constructed while teaching the course. Using an emergent grounded research approach to data analysis, we identified common themes, and reconciled ambiguous information until a synthesis was achieved. Four themes rose to the surface: (1) creating connections; (2) the curriculum remains the same…mostly; (3) identity issues; and (4) a positive affective environment. We detail these themes and provide samples to tell our story about cultural identity, social justice and teaching. You know what? Nobody in this class needs multiculturalism. I looked around this class and I said, “We are multiculturalism.” (Tyrone)
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract Background One of the few combination approaches to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with encouraging support is the addition of an antipsychotic to a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Methods The study consisted of a 6-week, placebo-controlled addition of olanzapine 5–10 mg (6.1 ± 2.1 mg, mean ± SD) to fluoxetine in OCD subjects who were partial or nonresponders to an 8-week, open-label fluoxetine trial (40 mg in 43 subjects, 20 mg in 1 subject). Results Both the fluoxetine-plus-olanzapine ( n = 22) and fluoxetine-plus-placebo ( n = 22) groups improved significantly over 6 weeks [ F (3,113) = 11.64, p Conclusions These findings indicate no additional advantage of adding olanzapine for 6 weeks in OCD patients who have not had a satisfactory response to fluoxetine for 8 weeks, compared with extending the monotherapy trial.
Differences in Perceptions of Communication across Types of Relationships

This study explored four variables in interpersonal communication, i.e., Solidarity, Attitude-Value Homophily, Uncertainty, and Safety across four types of relationships. Scores from 160 college students indicated that participants in close relationships perceived greater Solidarity, Attitude-Value Homophily, and Safety and less Uncertainty than participants in distant relationships.
In vitro and in vivo degradation of double-walled polymer microspheres

Abstract By exploiting the phenomenon of phase separation, double-walled microspheres consisting of a core of one polymer surrounded by a coating of a second polymer were formed using a modified process of solvent evaporation. This paper discusses the characterization and in vitro and in vivo degradation of these microspheres made of two biodegradable polymers with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the external layer and poly( 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxypropane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)) 20:80 (P(CPP:SA)20:80) as the inner core. The microspheres degraded in vitro were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The same methods were used to characterize the microspheres used in the in vivo study before intramuscular implantation. The tissue containing the microspheres was explanted and studied histologically by optical microscopy and SEM. The microspheres from both studies showed the same patterns of degradation, albeit at slightly different rates. The polyanhydride was hydrolyzed into oligomers first, with the PLA degrading more slowly, decreasing in molecular weight and increasing in fragility over the course of the study. The main difference between the two studies was that in vitro the inner core of degrading polyanhydride was trapped by the outer layer of PLA, even as long as 187 days while after only 72 days in vivo the polyanhydride had disappeared.
Delamination Specimens for Orthotropic Materials

A semi-infinite crack in an infinite strip of orthotropic material is analyzed. Analytic expressions for mixed-mode stress intensity factors are derived with only parameter undetermined, which is then extracted from numerical solutions to integral equations. The results are relatively simple and complete, and provide the flexibility to simulate a wide range of practical problems, such as fracture specimens and edge delamination phenomena of woods and fiber-reinforced composites. As an illustration, specimens with transverse splitting from notches are analyzed based on the general solution. The validity of using solutions for an isotropic material to calibrate some testing geometries of orthotropic materials is discussed.
Orthographic similarity: The case of “reversed anagrams”

How orthographically similar are words such as paws and swap, flow and wolf, or live and evil? According to the letter position coding schemes used in models of visual word recognition, these reversed anagrams are considered to be less similar than words that share letters in the same absolute or relative positions (such as home and hose or plan and lane). Therefore, reversed anagrams should not produce the standard orthographic similarity effects found using substitution neighbors (e.g., home, hose). Simulations using the spatial coding model (Davis, Psychological Review 117, 713-758, 2010), for example, predict an inhibitory masked-priming effect for substitution neighbor word pairs but a null effect for reversed anagrams. Nevertheless, we obtained significant inhibitory priming using both stimulus types (Experiment 1). We also demonstrated that robust repetition blindness can be obtained for reversed anagrams (Experiment 2). Reversed anagrams therefore provide a new test for models of visual word recognition and orthographic similarity.
Isolated hepatocytes are capable of excreting aflatoxin metabolites

The intra- and extra- cellular concentrations of AFB1, AFM1, AFP1, AFQ1 and their conjugates were quantitatively determined after 60 min of incubation with [3H]-AFB1 (1500 pmol/108 cells). Comparing the total concentrations of water-soluble conjugates, the eight fold greater amounts found in the medium (718 pmol) than in the cell (86 pmol) indicate that these detoxication products were excreted soon after they were formed. When the cells were perturbed with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a noncompetitive inhibitor of the mixed-function oxidases, accumulations of intracellular AFB1 and extracellular AFB1 were observed. In a cell-free microsomal system, the AFB1 was metabolized at a slower rate than in intact cells. When the activation of AFB1 is blocked, the accumulation of intracellular AFB1 and decreased internalization of AFB1 suggest that AFB1 uptake, translocation of AFB1 from site of entry to site of actions, oxidation by cytochrome P-450-dependent monoxygenase, metabolic detoxication and conjugation reactions, and excretion of water soluble metabolites are linked.
Improved fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry of large biomolecules.

Initial results from a Fourier-transform mass spectrometer with a 6.2 Tesla magnet using electrospray ionization show substantial improvements in resolution, mass accuracy, mass range, signal/noise, and tandem mass spectromehy capabilities compared to our earlier 2.8 T instrument that demonstrated the first unit resolution mass spectra of molecules as large as myoglobin (17 kDa). The new instrument exhibits greater than 106 and 105 resolving power for 8.6 and 29 kDa, respectively, proteins. Using an internal standard, the mass measuring error for myoglobin is less than 1 ppm. Nozzle-skimmer dissociation during electrospray of carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) has yielded 38 fragment ions for which both mass and charge are identifiable; of these, 21 have been assigned to expected oligopeptide fragments.