cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VASKULARER ENDOTHELIALER WACHSTUMSFAKTOR (VEGF) : THERAPEUTISCHE ANGIOGENESE UND VASKULOGENESE IN DER BEHANDLUNG KARDIOVASKULARER ERKRANKUNGEN

Die Bildung neuer Blutgefase ist bei einer Vielzahl von physiologischen Vorgangen, wie zum Beispiel der Embryogenese und dem weiblichen Reproduktionszyklus, sowie bei pathologischen Prozessen, wie zum Beispiel dem Tumorwachstum, der Wundheilung und der Neovaskularisation ischamischer Gewebe, von Bedeutung. Vaskulogenese und Angiogenese sind die Mechanismen, die fur die Neubildung von Gefasen verantwortlich sind. Wahrend die Angiogenese die Neubildung von Gefasen aus vorbestehenden Kapillaren im Embryo und im erwachsenen Organismus beschreibt, schien die Vaskulogenese, die Gefasneubildung aus in situ differenzierenden Endothelvorlauferzellen, bislang auf die Embryogenese beschrankt zu sein. Neueste Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch, das aus dem Knochenmark stammende endotheliale Vorlauferzellen in der erwachsenen Spezies im peripheren Blut nachweisbar und an der Neovaskularisation beteiligt sind. Molekular- und zellbiologische Untersuchungen deuten daraufhin, das verschiedene Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren stimulierend auf die Mobilisierung dieser endothelialen Vorlauferzellen aus dem Knochenmark wirken.
Photostory and relatedness methodology: the beginning of an Aboriginal-Kanaka Maoli research journey (part one)

This paper outlines how an Aboriginal researcher approached international indigenous research based on indigenous research practices and principles, indigenous worldview and Country-based ontologies. In particular, this paper discusses how relatedness functions as a methodology in collaborative indigenous work and how photostory, a modified version of the method termed 'photoyarn', was developed specifically for Kanaka Maoli young people attending boarding school with noho. To 'noho' means to 'commit to the establishment of the relationship and to maintain it with humility and respect' (Lopes 2016:32). Opening with the connections that bind Aboriginal, Maori, Kanaka Maoli and Native peoples of North America, this paper presents photostory as a method and outlines how cross-cultural research can function from an Aboriginal perspective.
Depression and Anxiety Are Associated With Increased Health Care Costs and Opioid Use for Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy: Analysis of a Claims Database.

Purpose To determine if opioid use and health care costs in the year before and following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) differ between those with or without depression or anxiety. Methods Using the Truven Health Marketscan database, FAI patients who underwent hip arthroscopy between October 2010 and December 2015 were identified (Current Procedural Terminology codes 29914 [femoroplasty], 29915 [acetabuloplasty], and/or 29916 [labral repair]). Patients were excluded if they had incomplete coverage for 1 year either before or following surgery. The number of patients with 1 or more claims related to depression or anxiety during the year before surgery was quantified (International Statistical Classification Diseases and Related Health-9 codes 296, 298, 300, 309, 311). Health care costs in the year before and following hip arthroscopy were compared between those with or without depression or anxiety. We also compared the number of patients in each group who filled a narcotic pain prescription within 180 days before surgery as well as >60 or >90 days after hip arthroscopy. Results Depression or anxiety claims were seen in 5,208/14,830 patients (35.1%) before surgery. A significantly greater proportion of those with preoperative depression or anxiety filled opioid-related prescriptions in the 6 months before surgery (36.2% vs 25.6%, P 60 days (31.3% vs 24.7%, P 90 days after surgery (29.5% vs 23.4%, P Conclusions Both before and following hip arthroscopy, opioid use and health care costs were significantly greater for FAI patients with comorbid depression or anxiety. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative therapeutic study.
Biological subtype, treatment response and outcomes in inflammatory breast cancer using data from the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND Although inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is postulated to be a distinct biological entity, practice guidelines and previous data suggest that treatment and outcomes are influenced by standard approximated biological subtype. The aim of this study was validation in a large recent National Cancer Database (NCDB) patient cohort. METHODS Patients with non-metastatic IBC treated in 2010-2015 with neoadjuvant systemic therapy and surgery were identified from the NCDB. Approximated biological subtypes were categorized as oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-), ER-/HER2- and HER2+. Total pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as ypT0/ypTis, ypN0. χ2 tests were used to compare pCR rates, and Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression to analyse overall survival. RESULTS Among 4068 patients with IBC (median age 56 years), the approximated biological subtype was ER+/HER2- in 1575 (38·7 per cent), HER2+ in 1323 (32·5 per cent) and ER-/HER2- in 1170 (28·8 per cent). A total of 3351 patients (84·0 per cent) were cN+ at presentation, with no differences across subtypes. Total pCR rates varied significantly by subtype: ER+/HER2- (6·2 per cent), HER2+ (38·8 per cent), ER-/HER2- (19·1 per cent) (P < 0·001), as did breast pCR rates (10·4, 44·5 and 25·2 per cent respectively) and nodal pCR rates (16·9, 56·9 and 33·1 per cent). The 5-year overall survival rate varied significantly across subtypes (ER+/HER2- 64·9 per cent, HER2+ 74·0 per cent, ER-/HER2- 44·0 per cent; P < 0·001) and by pCR within subtypes (all P < 0·001). In multivariable analysis, ER-/HER2- subtype (hazard ratio 2·89 versus HER2+ as reference; P < 0·001) and absence of total pCR (hazard ratio 3·23; P < 0·001) predicted worse survival. CONCLUSION Both treatment response and survival in patients with IBC varied with approximated biological subtype, as among other invasive breast cancers. These data support continued tailoring of systemic treatment to approximated biological subtype and highlight the recent improved outcomes in patients with HER2+ disease.
Citric acid modified granular activated carbon for enhanced defluoridation.

Abstract Excess fluoride (F−, >1.5 mg F−/L) in drinking water affects >260 million people across the globe and leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis. In this study, commercially available granular activated carbon (GAC) was modified with 0.3 M citric acid to get citric acid modified GAC (CAGAC). Over 70% of fluoride was removed in the first 60 min by CAGAC, whereas unmodified GAC removed only 30%. There were negligible interferences by co-existing ions (NO3−, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, PO43−) and organic matters. Maximum adsorption capacity of CAGAC was two times (1.65 mg/g) that of unmodified GAC (0.88 mg/g). Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm described the experimental data well indicating that ion exchange was involved in fluoride removal. CAGAC worked effectively over a wide range of pH (2–10) even though the point-of-zero-charge (PZC) was 4.89, and so the removal was not controlled by electrostatic interaction alone; surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion were the rate-determining processes.
Drainage Performance of a Novel Catheter Designed to Reduce Drainage Catheter Failure

Objective Efficient flow of fluids through drainage/infusion catheters is affected by surrounding tissue, organ compression, and scar tissue development, limiting or completely obstructing flow through drainage holes. In this work, we introduce a novel three-dimensional (3D) drainage catheter with protected side holes to reduce flow blockages. We then compare its drainage performance to standard straight and pigtail catheters using computer-generated catheter designs and flow analysis software. Methods Drainage performance was computed as flow rate through the catheter for a given pressure differential. Each catheter contained drainage holes on the distal (insertion) end and a single outlet (hub) hole open to atmosphere. Computational fluid dynamics using ANSYS AIM 18.2 was used to simulate flow through the catheter and examine drainage performance based on variations to the following parameters: (1) side hole shape, (2) cross-sectional area of the catheters, (3) number of side holes, and (4) cross-sectional area of the side holes. Results Drainage through the newly introduced catheter in all simulations was nearly identical to standard pigtail and straight catheters. While working to optimize the 3D catheter design, we found that the changes in side hole shape and side hole cross-sectional area had little effect on the total flow rate through the catheters but had a large impact on flow rate through the side hole nearest to the hub (proximal hole). Additionally, the majority of flow in all catheters occurred at the most proximal 1 to 3 side holes closest to hub, with relatively little flow occurring at side holes more distally located (closest to insertion end). The 3D catheter demonstrated no changes in flow characteristics when the coiled segment was occluded, giving it an advantage over other catheter types when the catheter is compressed by surrounding tissue or other external obstruction. Conclusions The majority of fluid flow in catheters with a diameter of 4.67 mm (14 Fr) or smaller occurred at the most proximal 1 to 3 side holes. A novel 3D coiled catheter design can protect these proximal holes from external blockage while maintaining drainage performance compared with standard straight and pigtail catheters.
Religious Education in a Time of Globalization and Pluralism: The Example of the United States

The role of religion in public education in the United States can be traced back to motivation of the Pilgrims to protest against tyranny, and to follow their own conscience as dictated by religion. Ironically their settlement of Massachusetts was followed by a series of repressive measures directed against different religious beliefs. When the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution, the founding document of the country, the First Amendment dealt with religious freedoms among others. The first two clauses read: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” Over the years this has meant less and less religious influence in the public schools, but it has also meant more interest in private, sectarian public schools. And it has also motivated a drive to teach Bible and religion as academic courses in public schools. While the United States is not, nor should it be, the model for other liberal democracies, nevertheless because of an increase in religious pluralism worldwide the experience of the United States can be instructive for other countries.
Mirabegron Versus Solifenacin in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Overactive Bladder Symptoms: A Prospective Comparative Nonrandomized Study

OBJECTIVE To determine the patient-perceived effectiveness and tolerability of mirabegron compared to solifenacin in a multiple sclerosis (MS) population with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS MS patients with OAB symptoms who were not on medication for their urinary symptoms at enrollment were prospectively recruited. Patients enrolled in years 1-2 were prescribed mirabegron, whereas patients enrolled in years 3-4 were prescribed solifenacin. At enrollment and 6-week follow-up, patients completed several patient reported outcome measures. The primary outcome was change in OAB Questionnaire Short Form (OAB-q SF) symptom severity and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement. The Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) was used to assess bowel function over the treatment period. RESULTS Sixty-one patients were enrolled. The majority of the mirabegron (70%) and the solifenacin (69%) group achieved the OAB-q SF symptom severity MCID. The solifenacin group had a statistically significant greater decrease in its end of study OAB-q SF score (Δ = −37.87 vs −20.43, P = .02). Constipation improved in the mirabegron group and worsened in the solifenacin group (ΔPAC-SYM = −0.38 vs +0.22; P = .02), with 30% of patients prescribed solifenacin experiencing worsening above the MCID threshold. CONCLUSION Among MS patients, we demonstrated similar response rates to mirabegron and solifenacin, with approximately 50%-70% achieving each patient reported outcome measure's MCID. Though this small study showed some short-term evidence that improvement in urinary symptom severity was greater with solifenacin, this potential benefit must be weighed against the observed risk of worsening constipation. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Follow-up Adherence and Barriers to Care for Pediatric Glaucomas at a Tertiary Care Center.

Purpose To determine the percent adherence to follow-up for patients with pediatric glaucomas seen at a tertiary care center and to elucidate risk factors. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients with pediatric glaucomas seen at the University of Minnesota over 8.5 years were classified as adherent, nonadherent, or lost to tertiary follow-up if they followed up within 0-30Â days, between 31 and 180Â days, or later than 180Â days of the recommended appointment time or never, respectively. Results Of 176 patients analyzed, 95 (54%) were adherent (51% male; mean [standard deviation (SD)] age: 56.1 [59.8] months), 5 (3%) were nonadherent (20% male; mean [SD] age: 25.0 [35.8] months), and 76 (43%) were lost to tertiary follow-up (55% male; mean [SD] age: 58.9 [53.1] months). Multiple logistic regression analysis of variables that were significant in isolation revealed that only race (white: odds ratio, 3.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-9.05; PÂ = .007) and distance from the eye clinic (per 50 miles: odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.92; PÂ = .003) significantly impacted adherence. Conclusions This is the first study of adherence to follow-up recommendations for patients with pediatric glaucomas. Percent adherence to follow-up appointments was alarmingly low, and decreased adherence was observed with non-white race and increased distance to the eye clinic. Physicians should consider these risk factors when risk-stratifying patients with pediatric glaucomas for nonadherence to follow-up. Additional studies to improve adherence through interventions that reduce biases and barriers to follow-up are needed.
Multicenter review of impression-based scleral devices.

Abstract Objective To describe outcomes using impression based-scleral devices for the management of anterior segment disease. Methods Retrospective chart review identified all patients who were fitted with impression-based scleral devices between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2019 at three specialty contact lens practices. Patient demographic data, indication for device use, visual and physiological outcomes, as well as details of the fitting process and survival of device use were determined. Results Forty-four patients (70 eyes) were included in the study. Primary indications for device use included corneal irregularity (28 patients, 44 eyes) and ocular surface disease (16 patients, 26 eyes). Fifty-four percent of patients had more than one ocular surface condition, and 39 % of patients had undergone at least one anterior segment surgical procedure. Twenty-nine patients had unsuccessfully attempted to wear standard scleral lenses prior to being fit with impression-based devices. Visual acuity improved significantly with impression-based devices compared to habitual correction (p Conclusion Patients with complex eye disease who are unable to successfully wear standard scleral lenses successfully may achieve visual and therapeutic success with impression-based devices.
Implementation Cost Analysis of an Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Program.

Abstract Objective To identify and measure the costs of implementing an intensive comprehensive aphasia program (ICAP). Design Retrospective cost analysis of a clinical ICAP. Cost inputs were gathered directly from the provider of the ICAP. We performed several sensitivity analyses to examine major cost drivers and to separate start-up costs from operating costs. Setting Urban rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults with aphasia. Main Outcome Measures Total implementation cost to the provider. Results Implementation cost of running the ICAP for the first time was $133,644 for a cohort of 8 participants with aphasia. Break-even charges per participant ranged from $15,278 for 10 participants to $19,700 for 6 participants. After accounting for start-up costs and efficiencies gained, the fourth and subsequent programs were estimated to cost $84,855 each. The majority of the costs were personnel costs, and the cost of the speech language pathologist’s time was the main cost driver in this analysis. Conclusions Initial implementation costs are high compared with subsequent programs. Future work should examine effectiveness of an ICAP compared with other treatments to determine its cost-effectiveness.
Higher affective congruency in the approach-avoidance task is associated with insular deactivation to dynamic facial expressions.

Abstract Individuals exhibit a natural bias to approach positive social cues (e.g., smiling face) and to avoid negative ones, which may be altered in psychiatric conditions. Computerized approach/avoidance training to promote affectively congruent behavior has proven useful in modulating such biases. Here, we investigate how exposure to a higher rate of congruency impacts neural processing of social-affective cues. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), twenty-four individuals completed two versions of the approach-avoidance task (AAT), in which they had to approach or avoid dynamic facial expressions of either happiness or disgust. In the high congruency condition, congruent responses (i.e. approaching happy faces, avoiding disgusted faces) were more frequent. The balanced condition had equal amounts of congruent and incongruent responses. Processing of congruent approach-avoidance actions towards social cues was associated with lower recruitment of the right anterior insula in the congruency-intensive relative to the balanced condition. Differential activation between the high congruency and balanced condition in the right hippocampus was negatively related to individuals’ trait avoidance tendency. These findings are consistent with reduced affective neural processing of social cues when being exposed to congruent AAT contexts. These neural foci could be important targets when assessing the effectiveness of affective congruency training protocols.
Halogen-Bond Preferences in Co-crystal Synthesis

To examine the possibility of establishing a hierarchy of the relative importance of different halogen bonds in the solid state, twelve co-crystallization experiments were performed between three different ditopic halogen-bond acceptors, 1,1′-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-2,2′-biimidazole (A1), 1,1′-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2,2′-biimidazole (A2) and 1,1′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-2,2′-biimidazole (A3) and four perfluoroiodoalkanes. A ranking of potentially competing acceptor-sites was based on calculated molecular electrostatic surface potentials using DFT; the pyridine nitrogen atom found to be the best acceptor in all three acceptor molecules. An analysis of the outcome of all twelve attempted reactions using IR spectroscopy showed that eight of the twelve attempts resulted in a co-crystal, the equivalent of a 67 % total supramolecular yield. Six crystal structures were obtained and all show that halogen bonding involves the best acceptor site (pyridine) as ranked by the electrostatic potentials. The supramolecular yield increased with increasing charge on the acceptor site thereby underlying the importance of electrostatics in practical supramolecular synthesis of co-crystals driven by halogen bonding. A ranking of potentially competing halogen bond acceptor-sites was achieved using calculated molecular electrostatic surface potentials and successfully implemented in the practical synthesis of co-crystals with the desired connectivity.
GloBuddy, a dynamic broad context phrase book

GloBuddyis a dynamic broad-context phrase book that assists English speaking travelers in finding words and phrases, in a foreign language, that are relevant to their current situation or context. Unlike traditional phrase books, such as Berlitz, GloBuddyac hieves a broad range of contexts byusing common sense knowledge from the OpenMind database and the OMCSnet, in conjunction with a translation program. When GloBuddyis launched on a hand-held device travelers will be able to turn to it for help in anycon text or situation.
Interactive analysis of propagation in optical fibers

We have developed a set of computer codes that compute the propagation constants and field patterns for the propagating modes of cylindrical optical fibers. From a simple set of finite difference equations, solutions of the scalar Helmholtz wave-equation may be computed across a range of normalized frequencies to generate curves describing the dispersion characteristics of the fiber. Accurate cutoff frequencies for any mode can also be computed. We designed the computer codes around α-index profiles since these profiles have been extensively covered in the literature, but our system also supports arbitrary profiles within the limits of the "small index gradient" and "weakly guiding" approximations. The computer codes are accurate and fast. They may be used interactively to explore dispersion in optical fibers and the effects of finite cladding width on dispersion.
Optimal control of stochastic coverage strategies for robotic swarms

This paper addresses a trajectory planning and task allocation problem for a swarm of resource-constrained robots that cannot localize or communicate with each other and that exhibit stochasticity in their motion and task-switching policies. We model the population dynamics of the robotic swarm as a set of advection-diffusion-reaction partial differential equations (PDEs), a linear parabolic PDE model that is bilinear in the robots' velocity and task-switching rates. These parameters constitute a set of time-dependent control variables that can be optimized and broadcast to the robots prior to their deployment. The planning and allocation problem can then be formulated as a PDE-constrained optimization problem, which we solve using techniques from optimal control. Simulations of a commercial pollination scenario validate the ability of our control approach to drive a robotic swarm to achieve predefined spatial distributions of activity over a closed domain, which may contain obstacles.
Products from paradise: The social construction of Hawaii crops

Global competition has made thetraditional sugarcane and pineapple industriesincreasingly non-viable in Hawaii. One initiative torevive the agricultural sector calls for diversifyinginto non-traditional export crops that gains highervalue by attaching the paradise identity such as freshpineapples, macadamia nuts, or tropical flowers.Drawing from cases of pineapples and macadamia nuts,this paper examines how Hawaii's foodstuffs were ableto capture a premium value of place-association due tothe social construction of Hawaii as a place. Anexpansion of the niche markets, however, has allowedthe symbolic meaning of these products to beappropriated and reconstituted by global interests.Without confronting the fundamental problemsassociated with land and labor relations in Hawaii,Hawaii producers are caught in a niche-markettreadmill. They continuously seek new potentials forhigh-value crops, but are unable to maintain controlbeyond their inventive stage.
Nonexistence of proper eigenstates of squeeze operators

We show that proper eigenstates of both single-mode and two-mode squeeze operators do not exist.
Penumbral Academic Freedom: Interpreting the Tenure Contract in a Time of Constitutional Impotence

This article recounts the deficiencies of constitutional law and common tenure contract language - the latter based on the 1940 Statement of Principles of the American Association of University Professors - in protecting the academic freedom of faculty on the modern university campus. The article proposes an Interpretation of that common language, accompanied by Illustrations, aiming to describe the penumbras of academic freedom - faculty rights and responsibilities that surround and emanate from the three traditional pillars of teaching, research, and service - that are within the scope of the tenure contract but not explicitly described by it, and therefore too readily subject to neglectful interpretation. This proposal means thus to provide more comprehensive protection for academic freedom at a time when the constitutional concept is near defunct, and thus more broadly to realize, through proper understanding of the written tenure contract, the ideal of the university as the quintessential marketplace of ideas.
Urea Metabolism: Clinical Chemistry of Urea

Urea is a simple compound of low molecular weight that has appeared at the crossroads of scientific discovery. It was first synthesized by Friedrich Wohler in 1828, a landmark achievement that helped to erase the mystical barriers between organic and inorganic chemistry. Wohler showed that urea, an organic compound, could be synthesized from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound. The synthesis of urea, representing a link between organic and inorganic chemistry was perhaps more significant than the synthesis of DNA. Although technically more difficult, the latter was accepted more readily by the scientific community than was the synthesis of urea.
Modeling of rider-bicycle interactions with learned dynamics on constrained embedding manifolds

Modeling and control of physical human-machine interactions (pHMI) are challenging due to the high-dimensional movement of human body. In this paper, we present a hybrid statistical/physical dynamic model scheme to capture the pHMI through a rider-bicycle interaction example. We use the Gaussian process dynamical model (GPDM) to capture the high-dimensional human movement into a low-dimensional latent space. We extend the GPDM by incorporating additional physical control inputs into the model. The GPDM control inputs are coupled with the physical dynamic model from the bicycle systems such as crank angle etc. The proposed statistical/physical dynamic model is further enhanced by constrained manifold learning algorithms so that we can use less training data sets to obtain the more accurate model. We illustrate the modeling scheme through a lower-limb pedaling example in human bicycling experiments.
The sensitivity of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, embryos to organophosphate pesticide induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Abstract Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, are common inhabitants of salt marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. Grass shrimp embryos are brooded externally on the abdomen of adult females for about 2 weeks prior to hatching. In South Carolina, the spring spawning period for grass shrimp coincides with the period of peak pesticide application on crops grown along the South Carolina coast. Thus, grass shrimp of all developmental stages are at risk of exposure to pesticides present in nonpoint source agricultural runoff. Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly applied agricultural chemicals which produce toxicity by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The purpose of this study was to examine the development of AChE activity in grass shrimp embryos and to assess their sensitivity to OP-induced AChE inhibition. Embryos were exposed for 24 h to either chlorpyrifos or malathion. All exposure concentrations were nominal and ranged from 0 to 2.00 μg l−1 for chlorpyrifos and from 0 to 120.00 μg l−1 for malathion. Quantifiable levels of AChE activity first appeared at Stage V of development and increased as embryonic development progressed. AChE inhibition by the OPs was assessed in Stage VI and Stage VII embryos. Both stages of embryos were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than malathion. The 24-h Effective Concentration (EC50) values for chlorpyrifos were 0.49 μg l−1 (95% C.I.=0.33–0.77 μg l−1) and 0.36 μg l−1 (95% C.I.=0.33–0.38 μg l−1) for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos, respectively. In comparison, malathion 24-h EC50 values were 55.53 μg l−1 (95% C.I.=22.08–80.73 μg l−1) for Stage VI embryos and 29.93 μg l−1 (95% C.I.=25.22–44.22 μg l−1) for Stage VII embryos. For both OPs, there were no significant differences in the EC50 values calculated for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos; however, AChE inhibition was significantly (P≤0.05) greater in Stage VII embryos at the two highest exposure concentrations for each insecticide. A comparison of the results of these embryo tests with those found for adult and larval toxicity tests indicated that embryos were at least as sensitive to both the OPs as larval and adult grass shrimp. Embryo bioassays provide a number of important advantages over traditional laboratory toxicity tests including reduced laboratory space requirements, large numbers of embryos from a few ovigerous females, and small volumes of waste.
To Dream the Impossible Dream: College Graduation in Four Years

The cost of higher education continues to climb, while calls for increased institutional accountability and the value of a “four-year degree” are ever present. This research sought to identify factors by which consumers might predict four-year graduation rates at institutions within the CCCU. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis of data from 80 CCCU institutions indicated that 48.6% of the variation in four-year graduation rates could be explained by the model, after adjusting for sample size. Five variables were identified as significantly contributing to the variation in four-year graduation rates: 1) institutional financial aid, 2) “real tuition cost” (tuition less institutional financial aid), 3) instructional expenditures per full-time equivalent student, (4) student-faculty ratio, and 5) average GPA of the incoming class. However, institutional aid and “real tuition cost” were the major contributors; once they were factored into the equation, student-faculty ratio and instructional expenditur...
Identification of the major urinary and fecal metabolites of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide in chickens and rats.

Abstract Colostomized chickens given oral doses of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide (nitromide) cleared nitromide predominantly through the urine (58% of dose) and feces (21% of dose). Rats cleared 52% of nitromide via urinary excretion and 44% via feces. Major urinary metabolites for both chickens and rats include: 3-amino-5-nitrobenzamide, 3-acetamido-5-nitrobenzamide, 3-acetamide-5-aminobenzamide, and 3,5-diacetamidobenzamide. The major fecal metabolite in chickens was 3-acetamido-5-nitrobenzamide (67% of fecal 14C) and 3-acetamido-5-aminobenzamide in rats (∼50%).
Growth factor control of extracellular proteolysis

Abstract The involvement of proteases and growth factors in angiogenesis is complex. The angiogenic factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induces increased synthesis of both plasminogen activator and collagenase in endothelial cells. In addition, bFGF increases the number of plasminogen activator receptors on the cell surface. Increased production of plasmin may be responsible for the release of soluble complexes of heparan sulfate-bFGF which may be the active form of bFGF. The activity of a negative regulator of angiogenesis, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), is also regulated by proteases since the released latent form of TGF-β is activated by a surface proteolytic assembly plasminogen activator and plasmin. Since TGF-β induces an inhibitor of plasminogen activator, the activation reaction is self-regulatory.
Chronic Hypoxemia Depresses Global Ventricular Function and Predisposes to the Depletion of High-Energy Phosphates during Cardioplegic Arrest: Implications for Surgical Repair of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects

Abstract Persistence of impaired ventricular function after repair of cyanotic congenital heart defects may be due to previous exposure to chronic hypoxemia or to perioperative ischemic injury. Clarification of this phenomenon was sought in a canine model of cyanotic cardiovascular disease (Group I), in which the left atrium was anastomosed proximal to the banded pulmonary artery. Animals that had pulmonary artery banding alone (Group II) or no prior surgical intervention (Group III) served as controls. All Group I animals became cyanotic during the study period (arterial oxygen tension, 38 ± 4 mm Hg; hematocrit, 55 ± 5%). Radionuclide-determined ejection fractions performed three months after operation showed significant depression of global biventricular function by 16 to 29% ( p p p
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL WIDTHS AND RESONANCE ENERGIES OF THE SINGLE-PARTICLE ANALOG RESONANCES IN $sup 209$Bi.

Excitation functions for the inelastic scattering of protons from $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been obtained for incident proton energies from 14 to 18 MeV. Resonances corresponding to the first seven single-neutron isobaric analog states (IAR) of $^{209}\mathrm{Pb}$ are observed. Many of the inelastic-scattering excitation functions show a resonance at only one of the IAR. These excitation functions were fitted with a five-parameter formula which consists of a resonance amplitude and an energy-independent background amplitude. For some excitation functions, additional resonance amplitudes were included. The analogs of the ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ (ground-state), ${i}_{\frac{11}{2}}(0.79\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{MeV})$, ${j}_{\frac{15}{2}}$ (1.41-MeV), ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ (1.56-MeV), ${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ (2.03-MeV), ${g}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ (2.47-MeV), and ${d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ (2.52-MeV) states are found to have total widths of 253\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, 224\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25, 308\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, 319\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15, 288\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20, and 279\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 keV, respectively. In respective order, the resonance laboratory energies are 14.918\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006, 15.716\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010, 16.336\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015, 16.496\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008, 16.965\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014, 17.430\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010, and 17.476\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 MeV.
Rate of release of spruce budworm pheromone from virgin females and synthetic lures.

The rate of pheromone [(E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal] release from calling virginChoristoneura fumiferana females and synthetic lures was determined in both static and aerated atmospheres. In a static system ca. 2 ng/hr was recovered per female. Owing to the > 75% adsorption onto the females' bodies in static atmospheres, the actual release rate has to be corrected to roughly 9–27 ng/hr, depending on the percentage adsorbed. In the air-flow system, females were found to release between 4 and 20 ng/hr. On a 16∶8 light-dark cycle, calling began 1–2 hr before lights-off and continued nonstop until lights-on. Pheromone was emitted throughout calling, while no pheromone was detected during the noncalling periods.
Tribological investigation of cast iron air-conditioning compressor surfaces in CO2 refrigerant

Tribological investigations of air-conditioning compressors have been a topic of great interest in recent years and gray cast iron has been a commonly used material by various compressor manufacturers. The scope of this paper is to determine the role of oxygen and in particular carbon dioxide refrigerant (R744) in cast iron samples tribologically tested using an Ultra High Pressure Tribometer that is suitable for tribological testing of compressor contact interfaces that operate with carbon dioxide refrigerant. A series of experiments was performed in environments of air, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). While it was found that the presence of oxygen is beneficial, CO2 has a more positive effect on the surfaces than in the case of pure O2 suggesting that the use of CO2 promotes a different wear mechanism. Also, it was found that CO2 has better tribological performance over a range of pressures between 100 psi (0.69 MPa) to 600 psi (4.1 MPa), compared to lower pressures. Furthermore, CO2 was compared with tetrafluorethane (R134a), a common hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant and found to have superior tribological performance. Two surface chemical analysis techniques were utilized to examine the surfaces after tribological testing. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to track changes in the elemental composition while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was utilized to detect the different chemical states resulting from compound formation on the tribologically tested surfaces. It was found that CO2 leads to better tribological performance of the interface due to the formation of carbonates on the surface, which reduce friction and prevent wear.
Inhaled Technosphere Insulin: A Novel Delivery System and Formulation for the Treatment of Types 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Complications from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were reduced significantly with the introduction of insulin more than 90 years ago. Despite the proven benefits of normal glycemic levels, patients are deterred by the inconvenience and perceived pain related to multiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections. Inhaled insulin was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006, but because profit margins did not achieve expectations, the drug manufacturer discontinued sales 2 years later. The second-generation inhaled insulin, developed with Technosphere technology, received FDA approval in 2014. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical safety and efficacy, patient satisfaction, dosage and administration, warnings, precautions, contraindications, adverse effects, and place in therapy of inhaled Technosphere insulin are reviewed in this article.
A state-space model for chemical production scheduling

Abstract We express a general mixed-integer programming (MIP) scheduling model in state-space form, and show how common scheduling disruptions, which lead to rescheduling, can be modeled as disturbances in the state-space model. We also discuss how a wide range of scheduling models, with different types of decisions and processing constraints, can be expressed in state-space form. The proposed framework offers a natural representation of dynamic systems, thereby enabling researchers in the chemical process control area to study scheduling problems. It also facilitates the application of known results for hybrid systems, as well as the development of new tools necessary to address scheduling applications. We hope that it will lead to the development of scheduling solution methods with desired closed-loop properties, a topic that has received no attention in the process operations literature.
A Model of Caregiving Through the End of Life: Seeking Normal

Informal family caregivers provide significant contributions to end-of-life (EOL) care. A theoretical model of the phases and transitions of EOL caregiving was explicated using grounded theory methods to explore the experiences of 46 family caregivers of adults suffering a variety of life-limiting conditions. The derived model describes four phases of caregiving spanning prediagnosis through bereavement. Phases are demarcated by key transitions experienced when the illness progression manifestly challenges the established “steady state” achieved by the caregiver. The basic social process was defined as “seeking normal” as caregivers sought reliable patterns of everyday life while meeting the demands of caregiving. Understanding the progression of EOL caregiving enables clinicians to better support family caregivers as both coproviders and corecipients of care.
RIVAROXABAN IN THE SETTING OF CONTINUED DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY: FINDINGS FROM THE ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 TRIAL

In ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51, rivaroxaban reduced CV events in patients (pts) with a recent ACS. The present analysis is restricted to those pts who continued their background dual antiplatelet therapies during the trial, thus avoiding dilution by pts who did not receive such therapies and providing a
Selection Rules for the Dematerialization of a Particle into Two Photons

Selection rules governing the disintegration of a particle into two photons are derived from the general principle of invariance under rotation and inversion. The polarization state of the photons is completely fixed by the selection rules for initial particles with spin less than 2. These results which are independent of any specific assumption about the interactions may possibly offer a method of deciding the symmetry nature of mesons which decay into two photons.
Correlating auger electron spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy for the analysis of respirable particles

A method has been developed to characterize large populations of individual respirable particles. With the use of custom data collection and data correlation computer software, the same set of particles can be analyzed in multiple instruments. The method is demonstrated by the analysis of a sample of hard-metal particles. A series of particles are analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy, and then the same particles are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy.
Hybrid liquid helium cryostat for radio astronomy use

Abstract A liquid helium cryostat, designed for cooling superconducting tunnel junction mixers, has been constructed with a sufficiently low boil-off rate to maintain 4 dm 3 of liquid helium at a temperature of 3.7 K for more than 10 days with full heat load. The cryostat has been used in the laboratory and on the new Caltech Submillimetre Telescope for the past two years and has been specifically designed for maximum liquid helium hold time, ease of use and to withstand the various forces arising from telescope operation.
Mental illness disclosure in Chinese immigrant communities

Support from social networks is imperative to mental health recovery of persons with mental illness. However, disclosing mental illness may damage a person's participation in networks due to mental illness stigma, especially in Chinese immigrant communities where social networks (the guanxi network) have specific social-cultural significance. This study focused on mental illness disclosure in Chinese immigrant communities in New York City. Fifty-three Chinese psychiatric patients were recruited consecutively from 2 Chinese bilingual psychiatric inpatient units from 2006 to 2010. Two bilingual psychologists interviewed each participant once in a semistructured interview, including 6 questions on mental illness disclosure. Conventional content analysis was applied to conceptualize the phenomenon. Results showed that participants voluntarily disclosed to a circle of people composed primarily of family and relatives. The decisions and strategies to disclose depended on participants' consideration of 3 critical elements of social relationships. Ganqing, affection associated with relationship building, ultimately determined who had the privilege to know. Renqing, the moral code of reciprocal kindness, further influenced disclosure decisions and what participants anticipated as responses to disclosure. Lastly, concerns over preserving face (lian), a construct representing personal and familial dignity, oftentimes prohibited disclosure. Additionally, in this tight-knit network, involuntary disclosure could happen without participants' permission or knowledge. Participants commonly suffered from stigma after disclosure. However, half of our participants reported situations in which they experienced little discriminatory treatment, and some experienced support and care as a result of cultural dynamics. Recommendations for culturally sensitive practice to facilitate mental illness disclosure among Chinese immigrants were discussed.
Wound-Induced Ethylene and Germination of Embryos Excised from Dormant Avena fatua L. Caryopses

Intact caryopses of dormant AN265 and M73 wild oat (Avena fatua L.) lines did not germinate when imbibed in water at 14°C, but germinated after exposure to ethylene during imbibition. Embryos excised from dormant caryopses and imbibed in water germinated readily. However, inhibitors of ethylene synthesis ([aminooxy]acetic acid and 2-[aminoethoxyvinyl] glycine) and ethylene action (2,5-norbornadiene and silver thiosulfate) delayed or almost completely inhibited germination of excised embryos. Embryos removed from inhibitor treatments after 15 d and incubated in water germinated normally. Except for 2,5-norbornadiene, inhibitors did not reduce germination of intact nondormant (afterripened) caryopses or embryos excised from nondormant caryopses. Reduced germination rates of embryos excised from dormant caryopses and incubated in 2,5-norbornadiene and 2-(aminoethoxyvinyl) glycine were reversed by applications of 0.05 μL/L ethylene. The results indicate that wound-induced ethylene synthesis may be responsible...
Development of an ED teaching program aimed at reducing prehospital delays for patients with chest pain.

Abstract Objective Delays in providing thrombolytic agents to patients with chest pain occur mainly in the prehospital arena. To reduce prehospital delay in treating patients with chest pain, we created a discharge teaching video that emphasized calling 911 in the event of a possible heart attack and a written action plan to be posted near the telephone. We also gave patients their EKG readings to bring with them on their next visit to the emergency department. Setting and sample All patients with chest pain admitted to the Chest Pain Observation Unit at Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Mass, were eligible for this teaching effort. We tracked 127 nonconsecutive patients from January 1997 to May 1997. Of these patients, 108 were included in the study. Results We interviewed 102 patients (94%) 3 days after they were discharged from the Chest Pain Observation Unit. Within this group, 92% were able to describe what a heart attack might feel like, and 81.4% said they would call 911 or go to the hospital if they had symptoms of a heart attack. If they thought that their symptoms might be indigestion, 69% said they would take an antacid, then go to the hospital if they did not feel better. Fifty-one percent remembered what to do with their EKG readings, and 60.7% knew how to take their nitroglycerin correctly. Conclusion We concluded that patients understood the message they were given and retained some of the material 3 days after discharge from the Chest Pain Observation Unit. The follow-up telephone calls revealed areas for improvement in the discharge teaching tools.
Ultralow noise midwave infrared InAs–GaSb strain layer superlattice avalanche photodiode

Eye-safe midwavelength infrared InAs–GaSb strain layer superlattice p+-n−-n homojunction avalanche photodiodes (APDs) grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy were fabricated and characterized. Maximum multiplication gain of 1800 was measured at −20V at 77K. Excess noise factors between 0.8 and 1.2 were measured up to gain of 300. Gain of 200 was measured at 120K. Exponential nature of the gain as a function of reverse bias along with low excess noise factor at higher gain confirms single carrier electron-only impact ionization in the avalanche regime. Decrease in the multiplication gain at higher temperatures correlates with standard APD characteristics.