cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The synthesis and cationic photopolymerization of monomers based on dicyclopentadiene

Several new epoxide monomers based on dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) were prepared using straightforward reaction chemistry. Those monomer-bearing groups in addition to the epoxy moiety, which can stabilize free radicals, display a pronounced acceleration of the rate of cationic ring-opening polymerization in the presence of diaryliodonium salt photoinitiators. Mechanistic studies conducted with the aid of model compounds have shown that the apparent rate acceleration is due to the free radical chain-induced decomposition of the photoinitiator. One of the chain carriers in this reaction involves a monomer-derived free radical. Also prepared was dicyclopentadiene monomer (V) bearing polymerizable epoxide and 1-propenyl ether groups in the same molecule. The functional groups in V appear to undergo independent vinyl and epoxide ring-opening polymerization.
Influence of oxygen vacancies on the dielectric properties of hafnia : First-principles calculations

First-principles calculations were used to study the effects of neutral and $2+$ charged oxygen vacancies on the dielectric properties of crystalline $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. In agreement with previous results, the neutral vacancy is more stable on four fold-coordinated site, while the charged vacancy is more stable on a three fold-coordinated site. For both vacancy positions, $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ remains insulating whether the vacancy is neutral or in the $2+$ charge state. The dynamical matrix, Born effective charges, and electronic dielectric tensor were calculated for each structure. With one oxygen vacancy per 64 oxygen atoms, the static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{s}$ is increased by 1%--2% for neutral vacancies and suppressed by 1%--3% for $2+$ charged vacancies, with the larger changes for three fold-coordinated vacancies. The exact result in the case of a charged vacancy depends on how the neutralizing charge necessary for macroscopic charge neutrality is modeled. The increase in ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{s}$ for neutral oxygen vacancies arises from an enhancement of the electronic dielectric response due to a pair of electrons occupying an easily polarizable $F$-center defect state. The suppression in ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{s}$ for charged oxygen vacancies is due to phonon hardening, which reduces the ionic response. No evidence is found for characteristic localized phonons induced by oxygen vacancies that could be detected by infrared or Raman spectroscopy.
The exchanged EF-hands in calmodulin and troponin C chimeras impair the Ca2+-induced hydrophobicity and alter the interaction with Orai1: a spectroscopic, thermodynamic and kinetic study

Calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. Ca2+ binding to CaM triggers a conformational change, forming a hydrophobic patch that is important for target protein recognition. CaM regulates a Ca2+-dependent inactivation process in store-operated Ca2+ entry, by interacting Orai1. To understand the relationship between Ca2+-induced hydrophobicity and CaM/Orai interaction, chimera proteins constructed by exchanging EF-hands of CaM with those of Troponin C (TnC) are used as an informative probe to better understand the functionality of each EF-hand. ANS was used to assess the context of the induced hydrophobic surface on CaM and chimeras upon Ca2+ binding. The exchanged EF-hands from TnC to CaM resulted in reduced hydrophobicity compared with wild-type CaM. ANS lifetime measurements indicated that there are two types of ANS molecules with rather distinct fluorescence lifetimes, each specifically corresponding to one lobe of CaM or chimeras. Thermodynamic studies indicated the interaction between CaM and a 24-residue peptide corresponding to the CaM-binding domain of Orail1 (Orai-CMBD) is a 1:2 CaM/Orai-CMBD binding, in which each peptide binding yields a similar enthalpy change (ΔH = −5.02 ± 0.13 kcal/mol) and binding affinity (Ka = 8.92 ± 1.03 × 105 M−1). With the exchanged EF1 and EF2, the resulting chimeras noted as CaM(1TnC) and CaM(2TnC), displayed a two sequential binding mode with a one-order weaker binding affinity and lower ΔH than that of CaM, while CaM(3TnC) and CaM(4TnC) had similar binding thermodynamics as CaM. The dissociation rate constant for CaM/Orai-CMBD was determined to be 1.41 ± 0.08 s−1 by rapid kinetics. Stern-Volmer plots of Orai-CMBD Trp76 indicated that the residue is located in a very hydrophobic environment but becomes more solvent accessible when EF1 and EF2 were exchanged. Using ANS dye to assess induced hydrophobicity showed that exchanging EFs for all Ca2+-bound chimeras impaired ANS fluorescence and/or binding affinity, consistent with general concepts about the inadequacy of hydrophobic exposure for chimeras. However, such ANS responses exhibited no correlation with the ability to interact with Orai-CMBD. Here, the model of 1:2 binding stoichiometry of CaM/Orai-CMBD established in solution supports the already published crystal structure.
Detection of engineered silver nanoparticle contamination in pears.

Engineered nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been increasingly used in agriculture owning to their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, the contamination of Ag NPs in foods and water may pose a great risk to public health and the environment. In this study, the contamination of Ag NPs in pears was detected, characterized, and quantified by a combination of techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pear samples were treated with two different sizes (20 and 70 nm in diameter) of Ag NPs and stored for different times. Quantification results of Ag NPs in pear samples by ICP-OES demonstrate that there is a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.983) between the spiked values and recovered values. Residual Ag NPs of both 20 and 70 nm were still detected in samples after 4-day treatment followed by rinsing with water....
Implementation of a flexible wide-band on-board radio frequency interference mitigating digital back-end radiometer system

Recent passive space-borne microwave observing systems operating below 40GHz have shown an increase in the amount of man-made interference corrupting incoming natural thermal emissions (McKague et al., 2010 IGARSS). Many radiometer systems operate in bands (e.g. 18.7GHz) that are shared with space to ground-transmissions. Other space-borne systems (e.g. Aquarius, Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity - SMOS) operate in protected radio bands to avoid Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). Measurements from these missions have shown that RFI still persists even in protected bands. The RFI environment has forced many radiometer systems to operate in narrower bands than usual. This directly impacts the radiometric noise and instrument design, which in turn impacts the necessary fidelity required for retrieving the EDRs.
Increased response proportions for postal questionnaires in Texas veterinarians using incentives

Abstract Incentives are used to increase response proportions to postal questionnaires. Our objective was to compare the response proportions between incentive groups receiving a $1 bill, pen, both and none with a postal questionnaire for a veterinary public health survey conducted among veterinarians in Texas. We mailed questionnaires to a random sample of veterinarians (n = 683) from Texas with three types of incentives viz. $1 bill (n = 118), pen (n = 111), $1 bill with pen (n = 114), and questionnaire only (n = 340). A total of 303 (44%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 41–48) responses were received with the lowest response proportion of 37% (95% CI: 32–43) in the no incentive group and highest response proportion of 57% (95% CI: 47–66) in $1 bill incentive group. Compared to no incentive, the response proportions were significantly higher (P
Acetophenones with selective antimycobacterial activity

Aims: Mycobacteria are a serious cause of infections in humans, with limited treatment options, as no new antibiotics have been developed against mycobacteria since the 1960s. In this study, the antimycobacterial activity of a small library of acetophenone (AP) compounds was analysed. Methods and Results: Twenty-three AP derivatives were examined for activity against mycobacteria using a microbroth assay. The compounds were bacteriostatic, with the most effective (cyclohexylacetophenone and piperidinoacetophenone) having minimal inhibitory concentrations of 246 μm. Active compounds tended to be more hydrophobic, and may work by alkylation of as yet undetermined intracellular target protein(s). Cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells was also determined and appears to be unrelated to the bacteriostatic activity. Significance and Imapct of the Study: AP may serve as a novel group of useful therapeutics against the mycobacteria.
Recognition memory: can you teach an old dogma new tricks?

Familiarity and recollection are components of recognition memory. Whether these underlie two separate processes or a single process differing only in memory strength is a matter of continued debate. In this issue of Neuron , Haskins et al. provide further evidence in support of a dual-process perspective, whereas Shrager et al. provide evidence supporting a single-process viewpoint.
Self-consistent-field Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent-potential-approximation calculations in the atomic-sphere approximation

We have extended the recently formulated Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent-potential approximation (KKR-CPA) for the treatment of substitutionally disordered alloys within the KKR atomic-spheres approximation (ASA) to include charge self-consistency. To test the accuracy of the present approach we have carried out self-consistent-field (SCF) KKR-ASA-CPA calculations of Cu-Pd alloys. Our results are in good agreement with experimental results and previous SCF-KKR-CPA calculations. We also present a comparison of the electronic structures of the ordered with the disordered Cu-Pd alloys.
A silica immobilized cobalt complex: absorption of dioxygen and the redox ability in aqueous solution

Abstract A new dioxygen carrier supported on a solid matrix has been synthesized through the tethering of a dinuclear chelating ligand to the surface of mesoporous silica. The material thus prepared is extremely efficient for the selective absorption of dioxygen from gaseous mixtures. In aqueous solution, this material displays good catalytic ability for the disproportionation of H 2 O 2 .
Synchronizing Meanings and Other Day Laborer Organizing Strategies Lessons from Denver

Day labor centers have been proposed as a mechanism for curbing the exploitation and abusive conditions faced by immigrant day laborers soliciting work from urban street corners. Transitioning day laborers from street corners to centers is certainly not easy, and it involves active organizing. This article examines efforts to organize day laborers toward a day labor center in Denver, Colorado. The author finds that a key strategic consideration in organizing day laborers toward centers involves questions about the meanings and purposes of day labor centers. In Denver, organizers and day laborers held different notions of what centers should be and should mean, with organizers emphasizing solidarity and collective action and day laborers emphasizing material reward. Strategically, reconciling collectivist and materialist views of day labor centers is an important task of day labor organizing.
Collaboration between the innate immune receptors dectin-1, TLRs, and Nods

Summary: Microbes are complex and present a wide variety of structures that phagocytes may recognize using innate immune receptors. Recognition triggers anti-microbial killing mechanisms and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate host defense. As a general rule, no single receptor is likely to be the sole mediator of activation of protective immune responses. Recent studies highlight the importance of collaboration between Toll-like receptors, the nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod) proteins, and dectin-1 in regulating inflammatory responses. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of cross-talk and synergy between these receptors provide a framework in which to understand the importance of having multiple receptors recognize individual microbes.
PLASMA PRODUCTION BY TRAVELING RESONANT PERTURBATIONS

Plasma was produced by traveling resonant perturbations in an axially symmetric field. Particle losses along paths that were mirror images of those producing trapping initially were avoided by providing a nonreciprocal effect. This was accomplished by the use of traveling perturbations, which were achieved by spatial current distribution and polyphase excitation. Apparatus is described. (L.N.N.)
The Effect of Different Types of Nomination Forms on Teachers' Identification of Gifted Children.

The present study sought to determine the effect of three different types of teacher nomination forms on a group of teachers' effectiveness and efficiency in identifying gifted children; to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the three forms with each other, with that of the Renzulli-Hartman Scale for Rating Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students, and with that of a form that requested teachers to identify their gifted students; and to examine the relationship between the scores on the intelligence test, on the various nomination forms, and on the California Achievement Test (CAT). The subjects of the investigation were 183 children in grades K-5 and their teachers. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were reached. First, the use of a behavior rating scale teacher nomination form will result in the greatest number of gifted children being correctly identified. Secondly, it is possible to increase the effectiveness, without overly affecting the efficiency, of any teacher nomination form by making the criterion standard for giftedness sensitive to the specific population it is screening. Thirdly, while the relationship between the scores was relatively low, because of its high effectiveness, its acceptable completion time, and its scores having the highest positive relationship with the intelligence test scores of any of the forms used, Form C is recommended as the teacher nomination form to be considered to assist teachers in the identification of gifted children. Fourthly, in schools where a large majority of the children score very high on a standardized achievement test, some other measure of academic success must be found if academic achievement is to be a component in the screening process. Finally, while, as a group, teachers in a school all may appear to be very good identifiers of gifted children, careful examination across grade levels, and within grade levels if the teacher sample size per grade is large enough, may assist in the identification of groups of teachers for in-service training.
Insulin effects on glucose tolerance, hypermetabolic response, and circadian-metabolic protein expression in a rat burn and disuse model.

Insulin controls hyperglycemia after severe burns, and its use opposes the hypermetabolic response. The underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, and previous research in this area has...
Variable band filling and an insulator-to-metal transition in a structure-enforced molecular metal

Abstract Slurry electrochemical doping of the cofacially-joined phthalocyanine polymer [Si(Pc)O]n in Et4N+tosylate− /acetonitrile yields doped polymers of stoichiometry {[Si(Pc)O](tosylate)y}n, where y = 0.00 to 0.67. Charge transport data show a continous evolution of properties, from those of an insulator to those (at y ⪆ 0.20 ) of a molecular metal.
A survey of pion charge-exchange reactions with nuclei

Abstract A survey study of the elastic charge-exchange reactions is presented. The charge-exchange cross sections are evaluated in a coupled-channel framework with optical potentials obtained from the Kisslinger and Laplacian models for the pi-nucleon off-shell scattering amplitude. Considerable differences between these two modles are obtained for pion kinetic energies below the pi-nucleon (3, 3) resonance. The effect of two-nucleon correlations is included by calculating the second-order pi-nucleus optical potential. We find that this effect dominates the charge-exchange reactions at energies of about 100 MeV.
Regulating immune response using polyvalent nucleic acid-gold nanoparticle conjugates

The immune response of macrophage cells to internalized polyvalent nucleic acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles has been studied. This study finds that the innate immune response (as measured by interferon-beta levels) to densely functionalized, oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles is significantly less (up to a 25-fold decrease) when compared to a lipoplex carrying the same DNA sequence. The magnitude of this effect is inversely proportional to oligonucleotide density. It is proposed that the enzymes involved in recognizing foreign nucleic acids and triggering the immune response are impeded due to the local surface environment of the particle, in particular high charge density. The net effect is an intracelluar gene regulation agent that elicits a significantly lower cellular immune response than conventional DNA transfection materials.
SYNTHESIS AND HYDROLYTIC STABILITY OF SOME NEW PHOSPHONODITHIOITE, PHOSPHONODITHIOATE AND PHOSPHONOTRITHIOATE ESTERS

Abstract The compounds RP(SCH2 5CH2 5CO2 5CH2 5CH3)2 (R = (CH3)3 C, C6 5H5) have been prepared from RPCI2 and HSCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3 and base. The compounds react with hydrogen peroxide and with sulfur to give RP(O)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3)2 and RP(S)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3)2 respectively. The 5-membered ring compound C6H5 has been synthesized from C6H5PCI2 and diethyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and base. The compound reacts with hydrogen peroxide and with sulfur to give C6H5 and C6H5 respectively. Reacting C6H5PCl2 with one equivalent of HSCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3 and base gives C6H5PCI(O)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3), which undergoes hydrolysis to give C6H5PH(O)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3). Except for C6H5 and C6HSPH(O)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3), the compounds do not undergo significant hydrolytic cleavage of the P-S bond. The hydrolysis of C6H5 likely proceeds via C6HSPH(O)(SCH(CO2CH2CH3)CH(CO2CH2CH3)SH). The increased hydrolysis rate of C6H,PH(O)(SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3) is possibly due to hydrogen bonding between water and the PH(O) functionality.
The changing face of the European space sector: the policies of Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom

Abstract The current international economic and technical climate has caused changes in the European space sector such that Italy is now struggling to maintain third place in the European hierarchy, the Franco-German relationship has become less dominant, while the UK is becoming more open towards European cooperation. This article analyses the current policies of Germany, the UK and Italy and examines their operating methods. The author speculates on the outlook for these countries in the next 10 years: neither the UK, nor Italy looks set to become a major player and German policy will depend on the success of its upcoming strategic plan. All these countries, and France, however, will need to engage in intensive bilateral consultations if they wish to compete in worldwide markets.
Interfacial adhesion and toughening mechanisms in an alloy of polycarbonate/polyethylene

Abstract Interfacial adhesion and toughening mechanisms in an alloy of polycarbonate/polyethylene (PC/PE) are investigated using transmission electron microscopy. In contrast to the general speculation, it is found that the PE particles strongly adhere to the PC matrix. The toughening mechanisms in the PC/PE blend are found to be debonding of the PC/PE interface, which relieves the triaxial tension in front of the crack tip, followed by shear banding of the PC matrix. Possible causes for such an unexpected strong interfacial adhesion between PC and PE are discussed. Also, the importance of the cavitational strength of the toughener phase in toughness optimization is addressed.
Estimating the economic burden of status epilepticus to the health care system

Summary Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) is a major neurological condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. No studies to evaluate the cost burden of SE have been performed to date. This study estimates the direct cost related to an inpatient admission for SE in an urban academic medical center. Methods: Cases of SE were defined based on a standard 30min or greater seizure duration. The inpatient claims data were analyzed for 192 patients admitted with SE from 1 July 1993 through 30 June 1994. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics associated with increased cost were identified using multiple regression. The direct costs for SE were compared with other common DRGs. Results: The median reimbursement for a patient with SE was $8417. The average length of stay for all SE patients was 12.9 days. Age groups (17–45 and 46–64) and etiology (acute CNS) were the only patient factors significantly associated with increased cost. SE patients had 30–60% higher reimbursements than patients admitted for other acute health problems including acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. Conclusions: The direct inpatient costs for SE are high compared with the direct costs of admissions for other major conditions such as acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. Data from this study were used to estimate a $4 billion annual direct cost for inpatient admissions for SE. Given the incidence and the high costs, further more detailed evaluation of these costs may be useful in assessing the adequacy of reimbursement for this subset of patients with epilepsy.
Carbon monoxide inhibits monooxygenation by the conceptus and embryotoxic effects of proteratogens in vitro

Evidence that Day 10 to 11 rat conceptuses can contain sufficient quantities of xenobiotic-oxidizing P-450(s) to catalyze the conversion of proteratogens to reactive teratogenic intermediates is presented. Quantities of reactive intermediates generated by conceptuses from 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) were sufficient to result in the appearance of gross morphologic abnormalities with a high incidence of neural tube anomalies. Carbon monoxide effectively inhibited the conversion of AAF to hydroxylated metabolites by rat conceptuses, and also inhibited the capacity of AAF to elicit neural tube anomalies in cultured embryos. Inhibition by CO of either parameter was observed only with conceptuses exposed in utero to the potent P-450 inducer, 3-methylcholanthrene.
The Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi: a Summary of Its Life History, Ecology, and Distribution

ABSTRACT Because most work with the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi has consisted of isolated collection records, published in a diverse array of journals, it is difficult to draw conclusions and generate testable hypotheses for future work. Here I compile and summarize the available information on the life history, ecology, and distribution of this unique freshwater invertebrate within the United States. The life cycle of C. sowerbyi contains both medusa and polyp stages, and although it has been collected primarily from artificial habitats (e.g., reservoirs), it has been found in both natural lentic and lotic habitats. Both polyps and medusae feed on a variety of prey types; however, because medusae are typically found at low densities, they probably do not influence zooplankton density. The distribution of C. sowerbyi appears to be concentrated in the Eastern United States, with collection records in the west limited to six states (California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Texas)....
Interleukin-1β induces the synthesis and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and the release of prostaglandin E2 in human amnion-derived WISH cells

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the expression and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) in relation to prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesis in human amnion-derived WISH cells in response to stimulation by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). cPLA 2 activity was characterized by sensitivity to heat and acid treatment, stability to dithiothreitol, and inhibition by the specific inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF 3 ). Treatment of WISH cells with IL-1β (0.01–1 ng/mL) for up to 24 h resulted in a significant increase in PGE 2 release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner accompanied by increases both in total cellular cPLA 2 activity and in cPLA 2 protein levels detected by Western blot analysis. The parallel increase in total cellular cPLA 2 activity and cPLA 2 protein level indicates that IL-1β may induce the synthesis of CPLA 2 . Incubation of the cells with 10 μM AACOCF 3 for 24 h significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced PGE 2 production strongly suggesting that cPLA 2 mediates IL-1β-induced PGE 2 formation. In unstimulated cells, there is appreciable total cellular cPLA 2 activity and protein, but these cells produce low amounts of PGE 2 until stimulated by IL-1β, suggesting that cPLA 2 translocation from cytosol to the membrane is necessary for its bioactivity. In contrast to IL-1β, treatment with phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, TPA, 10 −10 −10 −6 M) for 24 h significantly inhibited total cellular cPLA 2 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The amount of total cellular cPLA 2 protein seen on Western blot remained unchanged following TPA treatment. These data suggest that in WISH cells, IL-1β induces both translocation to the membrane and de novo synthesis of cPLA 2 protein to sustain prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. In contrast, TPA may only cause cPLA 2 translocation but no increase in cPLA 2 protein synthesis, resulting in limited PFG synthesis. Our results provide a mechanism for the effect of IL-1β on prostaglandin synthesis in human amnion cells and provide support for a role of cPLA 2 in the mechanism initiating human parturition.
A Shift from Reversible to Irreversible X Inactivation Is Triggered during ES Cell Differentiation

Xist is required for X inactivation. To study the initiation of X inactivation, we have generated a full-length mouse Xist cDNA transgene and an inducible expression system facilitating controlled Xist expression in ES cells and differentiated cultures. In ES cells, transgenic Xist RNA was stable and caused long-range transcriptional repression in cis. Repression was reversible and dependent on continued Xist expression in ES cells and early ES cell differentiation. By 72 hr of differentiation, inactivation became irreversible and independent of Xist. Upon differentiation, autosomal transgenes did not effect counting, but transgenic Xist RNA induced late replication and histone H4 hypoacetylation. Xist had to be activated within 48 hr of differentiation to effect silencing, suggesting that reversible repression by Xist is a required initiation step that might occur during normal X inactivation in female cells.
GROUP‐LEVEL COPING AS A MODERATOR BETWEEN HETEROSEXISM AND SEXISM AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN SEXUAL MINORITY WOMEN

The purpose of this study was: (1) to examine concurrently the relationship between heterosexist events and sexist events and psychological distress and (2) to investigate sexual orientation–based and gender-based group-level coping as potential moderators of the heterosexism–distress and sexism–distress links among 282 lesbian and bisexual women. Findings from the Internet survey revealed that, when examined together, both heterosexism and sexism were unique and additive predictors of psychological distress. Results also supported a moderating role of feminist group-level coping in the link between number of sexist events and psychological distress, with the difference between the high–and low–feminist-activity groups occurring at the lower levels of sexism. Thus, it appears that high involvement in feminist activities may provide a buffer against the negative effects of sexism, but only when sexist events are relatively low in number.
Amplification and excision of integrated polyoma dna sequences require a functional origin of replication

Cells transformed by Polyoma virus (Py) can undergo a high rate of excision or amplification of integrated viral DNA sequences, and these phenomena require the presence of homology (i.e., repeats) within the viral insertion as well as a functional viral large T antigen (T-Ag). To determine whether the main role of large T-Ag in excision and amplification was replicative or recombination-promoting, we studied transformed rat cell lines containing tandem insertions of a ts-a Py molecule (encoding a thermolabile large T-Ag) with a deletion of the origin of viral DNA replication. Culturing of these cells at the temperature permissive for large T-Ag function did not result in any detectable excision or amplification of integrated Py sequences. We then introduced into origin-defective lines a recombinant plasmid containing the viral origin of replication and the gene coding for resistance to the antibiotic G418. All G418-resistant clones analyzed readily amplified the integrated plasmid molecules when grown under conditions permissive for large T-Ag function, showing that these cells produced viral large T-Ag capable of promoting amplification in trans of DNA sequences containing the Py origin. These observations strongly suggest that Polyoma large T antigen promotes excision or amplification of viral DNA by initiating replication at the integrated origin, providing a favorable substrate for subsequent recombination.
The 1994 directory of evaluation training programs

The procedures used to collect information for the Directory of Evaluation Training Programs are described, and the results of the survey are discussed. Tables list the programs identified in the United States, Canada, and Australia.
Framing the map of international education (1969-1998)

EnglishConsidering the period 1969-1998 and then building upon the detailed examination of research documents in the period 1893-1969 in two previous articles, this article seeks to complete consideration of how international education has been defined over the course of a century. Utilizing a matrix involving the concepts of international understanding and world citizenship, the article then seeks to place the major research figures of that century within a suggested framework.FrenchEn se concentrant sur la periode allant de 1969 a 1998 et en se basant sur deux articles precedemment publies qui examinaient en detail les travaux de recherche effectues entre 1893 et 1969, cet article tente de completer l'examen des facons dont l'education internationale a ete definie au cours d'un siecle. En utilisant un tableau comprenant les concepts de comprehension internationale et de citoyennete mondiale, cet article tente de placer les principaux chercheurs de cette periode dans un cadre suggere.SpanishEste articulo...
Foraging Ecology of the Bee Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), an Oligolege of Blueberries (Ericaceae: Vaccinium) in the Southeastern United States

The anthophorid bee, Habropoda (= Emphoropsis [R. W. Brooks, personal communication]) laboriosa (F.), is a locally abundant, vernal, univoltine species. It flies from February through April in Georgia and Alabama. In these states, females are oligolectic on Vaccinium spp., particularly V. ashei Reade and V. corymbosum L., with Gelsemium sempervirens (L.), Quercus alba L., and Cercis canadensis L. as minor, alternate pollen hosts. Pollen-harvesting female H. laboriosa sonicate V. ashei flowers to release pollen, averaging 5.7 buzzes during their average 2.6-s floral visit, which is a handling rate 3 times faster than coforaging Bombus spp. Furthermore, mean floral handling rates of H. laboriosa females at V. ashei are individually more uniform than those of coforaging, polylectic Bombus spp., a hitherto undemonstrated but expected evolutionary outcome of oligolecty. Sonicated pollen accumulates on a ventral cephalic “safe site” of both sexes, which is the common site of V. ashei stigmatic contact. Floral probes are strictly legitimate (no robbing). Based upon its relative abundance at Vaccinium spp., phenology, floral handling behaviors and rates, and pollen preferences in the southeastern United States, we conclude that H. laboriosa is an oligolege adapted to species of Vaccinium for its pollen and nectar resources.
A Research Note on the Dimensionality of Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Scale

Writing apprehension (WA) has been identified as an important construct for understanding the factors that influence student development of writing skills. Although the 1975 Daly and Miller scale has dominated the WA investigation, psychometric research has been limited to the identification of question groupings within the measure. All but the 1983 study by Boozer, Lally, and Stacks have presented the WA questions in the order specified on the original scale even though no theoretical basis for the ordering was provided. It is possible that items presented in the same order may consistently produce similar factors because an ordering effect exists rather than separate dimensions. The current study employs factor analysis and comparability analysis to investigate the impact of item order on the number of factors and the underlying factor structure stability of the WA construct. Results indicate that the randomized item factor structure was comparable with the original item order factor structure.
Physician–Patient Relationship in Type 2 Diabetes

To The Editors:— The qualitative study by Beverly and colleagues highlights the fact that both physicians and patients often assumed responsibilities for poor clinical outcomes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Patients felt defeated, depressed and expressed lack of self-efficacy, while physicians pointed to health system constraints and high expectations.1 Most primary care providers, according to a recent national survey by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, believe that unmet social needs—things like access to nutritious food, reliable transportation and adequate housing—are leading directly to worse health for all Americans.2 Additional studies are needed to explore the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors that support or impede the patient–physician relationship in diabetes or any chronic disease management, particularly the interaction of social determinants and self-management with quality measures and treatment goals.
Effects of thyroxine and naloxone administration on metabolism and ventilation in hamsters

This study examined the interaction between hyperthyroidism and opioid receptor function on control of ventilation and metabolism in male Harlan hamsters 4 and 8 weeks after implanting thyroxine (T(4)) or placebo pellets. Metabolism, but not body temperature, increased in T(4)-treated hamsters relative to placebo-treated animals. After 4 weeks, body weights were greater in the T(4)-treated hamsters, but comparable to controls after 8 weeks. At that time, body length was greater in T(4)-treated hamsters than in controls. Thyroxine did not affect ventilation in air or in response to CO(2). Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, decreased metabolism in T(4)-treated, but not in placebo-treated hamsters without affecting ventilation in air in either group. In the placebo group naloxone augmented the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by increasing frequency. These results negate our hypotheses that: (1) hyperthyroid hamsters exhibit greater ventilation in air and in response to hypercapnia than controls; and (2) that naloxone augments these effects.
Three-dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography of Atrial Septal Defect Device Closure

Most secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) are amenable to device closure. Three- dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) can be used to obtain an en face view of the ASD and important surrounding structures which provides for analysis of the type, size, shape, orientation, number and position of orifices, ASD rims and important surrounding structures in a single live 3D echo view. Also, 3DTEE is ideal for monitoring the position and configuration of devices and delivery hardware using live real -time imaging techniques. In this chapter we will describe and illustrate the methods to obtain and optimize 3DTEE en face views of the ASD during device closure using 3D zoom, live 3D and 3D full volume plus iCrop modalities. The respective 3D TEE modalities, imaging protocols, advantages and limitations will be discussed. Because it is useful, accurate and fairly simple to use, we have adopted 3D TEE for routine clinical use during ASD device closure.
Elastic nailing for pediatric subtrochanteric and supracondylar femur fractures

Background Subtrochanteric and supracondylar femur fractures are difficult injuries to treat in children. Although elastic stable intramedullary nails are commonly used for pediatric femur shaft fractures, there is little information on their effectiveness for managing pediatric subtrochanteric and supracondylar femur fractures.
On the optimum number of hops in a multi-hop linear network with randomly located nodes

In this paper, we propose a novel linear network model to characterize the randomness in the node locations. Unlike most previous work which usually assumes that the nodes are uniformly distributed on a line, we consider a linear network with randomly located nodes. We model the randomness in distance and show that the proposed model is a reasonable approximation. We evaluate a performance bound on spectral efficiency, and then calculate the optimum number of hops. Simulation results verify the model.
Models for the wavelength dependence of the index of refraction of water.

Models for the index of refraction of water are reviewed and reduced to wavelength-dependent formulas. A simple three-term nonlinear model derived from Quan and Fry [Appl. Opt.34, 3477–3480 (1995)], originally developed for the visible region, fits the available data well over an extended range covering the UV to the near-IR (200–1100 nm).
Its a gray area

The article shows, as an introduction, the process of rationalization through which a human being may go when trying to internalize what a gray area stands for in his /her own context, paying special attention to the fact that for most of us it is a matter of not going beyond what is right, in other words, staying away from what is wrong. Then, it approaches the matter of analyzing the gray area from a perspective that goes beyond ethical issues, to bring it into more analytical grounds in the world of business, where decisions are not much to be made in terms of what is ethically right or wrong, but what such decisions may mean, and how they may benefit the organization. In addition, the article highlights the danger of entering the grey area, crossing the line of ethically acceptable behavior, because the line tends to become blurred, and one may end in the domain of unacceptable behavior. Finally, the article makes the reader reflect upon the complexity of getting used to accepting exceptions, since this may lead to confusion in the organizations. The advisable behavior would be being as close to absolutes as possible.
Introduction: Control of the autonomic nervous system and the multiple integrative roles it plays in regulating cardiovascular functions

Interest in the control and action of the autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular system function has waxed and waned over the years [3]. At present it has reached a new intensity. Old concepts are being reinvestigated and new fields are being explored. As is usually the case in physiology, many are following a reductionist approach and studying the minutia of structure and function of autonomic neurons and neuron complexes. Others are approaching the totality and dealing with the autonomically controlled cardiovascular components of reactions and behavior. The topics chosen for discussion in this symposium are representative of those under intensive consideration at the present time.
Methionine Importers in Soil Bacteria: Potential for Transporter-Component Crosstalk

ABC transporters are widely distributed amongst kingdoms and are responsible for nutrient transport across cellular membranes. Certain soil bacteria contain a higher than average percentage of ABC transporters, representing 40-70% of encoded transporters. While studies of SBPs have indicated that permeases can interact with multiple SBPs with varying affinity and specificity, limited information exists regarding permease specificity for ATPases. The potential for permeases to interact with multiple ATPases was suggested given the high genetic redundancy of homologous types of ABC transporters in plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Genomic analyses of four Pseudomas fluorescens strains identified a tractable set of ABC-type amino acid importers with high sequence similarity to the structurally characterized E. coli methionine importer MetNI, sharing the presence of a C-terminal C2 regulatory domain on the ATPase. This domain inhibits methionine uptake by preventing ATP hydrolysis when intracellular methionine is bound.Using a dual-expression-vector strategy, both native complexes and ‘hybrid’ complexes were stably isolated. Native complexes utilize permease and ATPase components from an individual operon whereas hybrid complexes partner a permease domain from one operon with an ATPase domain from another. Interestingly, three target ATPases from strain PF-5 were able to form stable complexes with a single PF-5 permease target, suggesting this strain has high potential for hybrid interactions. These PF-5 hybrid complexes are shown to be dimers by gel filtration and functional by ATPase assays.The transinhibition mechanism of the C2 domain was also investigated, showing that D- and L-methionine differentially inhibit ATP hydrolysis of PF-5 hybrid complexes. Initial studies of SBPs associated with these complexes show a correlation between SBP ligands and compounds allosterically inhibiting ATPases. The ability for crosstalk could be especially significant for PGPB, allowing them to provide rapid and specific nutrient exchange with symbiotic species.
A Canonical Topological Model for Extensions of K4

Interpreting the diamond of modal logic as the derivative, we present a topological canonical model for extensions of K4 and show completeness for various logics. We also show that if a logic is topologically canonical, then it is relationally canonical.
Is major depressive disorder in childhood a distinct diagnostic entity

Abstract One approach to validation of the construct of major depressive disorder in childhood was examined. Multivariate analyses of parents' responses on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were undertaken to determine whether a depressive symptom component would emerge and whether a group of children with pure depressive disorder could be isolated. The study involved 284 childern (91 inpatients and 193 outpatients) aged 6 to 11 years. Principal components analyses identified a weak depression component among the CBCL items. Other components were aggressive, anxious, withdrawn, and immature. Cluster analyses designed to isolate a group of children with pure depressive disorder did not accomplish that goal. The results suggest that current enthusiasm for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder in children may be misplaced, and that a dimensional dysthymic syndrome that accompanies many other problems may better explain patterns of symptoms in children. The importance of the use of multiple methods to validate important psychiatric diagnoses is discussed.
SET-LRP of methyl methacrylate initiated with CCl4 in the presence and absence of air

Single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) represents a robust and versatile method for the rapid synthesis of macromolecules with defined architecture. The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) via SET-LRP in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by using CCl4 as initiator is demonstrated in this work. Resorting to a rather simple Cu(0)/Me6-TREN catalyst a method was established that allowed for the straightforward design of well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate). The reactions were performed at various temperatures (25, 50, 60, and 80 °C) and complete monomer conversion could be achieved. The polymerizations obeyed first order kinetic, the molecular weights increased linearly with conversion and the polymers exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions all indicating the livingness of the process. By providing a small amount of hydrazine to the reaction mixture the polymerization could be conducted in presence of air omitting the need for any elaborated deoxygenation procedures. This methodology offers an elegant way to synthesize functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) with perfect control over the polymerization process as well as molecular architecture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2243–2250, 2010
Faucet aerators: A source of patient colonization with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Abstract Background: Multiple nosocomial outbreaks have been linked to contaminated water sources within the hospital. We report in this article a cluster of patients in a surgical intensive care unit who were colonized or infected with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Methods: This study was conducted at an acute care academic hospital. Patients colonized or infected with S maltophilia were identified by prospective surveillance. Environmental isolates were obtained by culturing multiple water sources by using standard techniques. Patient and environmental isolates were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: Patients were colonized with 2 isolates of S maltophilia , which were found by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to be identical to strains isolated from the faucet aerators present in sinks in the patients' rooms. Multiple different strains, as defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, were isolated from patients during this outbreak. Conclusions: We believe that low level contamination of our potable water led to contamination of the faucet aerators with subsequent bacterial amplification on the aerator, which led to contamination of water after aeration. Cultures should be performed on faucet aerators when water sources are suspected as the reservoir for a nosocomial outbreak. If additional clusters of infected or colonized patients are linked to contaminated aerators, consideration should be given to routine disinfection or removal of the aerators. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 1999;27:59-63)
Father Involvement in Urban Low‐Income Fathers: Baseline Associations and Changes Resulting From Preventive Intervention

This study investigates father involvement among a sample of ethnically diverse, low-income men participating in a randomized controlled trial of a 14-hour relationship education program that teaches skills and principles for healthy relationships. Utilizing data from 137 fathers, we examined contextual, individual, and coparental relationship pretest correlates of father involvement and found the strongest predictors were income, religiosity, ethnicity, and parenting alliance. Pre-post analyses on a subsample of 112 fathers revealed that workshop participants increased father involvement compared to controls and men whose partner attended workshops alone. Among workshop attendees, increased father involvement was significantly predicted by increased parental alliance. Implications for improving fathering by targeting the couple relationship are discussed.