cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete. 3rd ed.

James R. Andrews, Gary L. Harrelson, and Kevin E. Wilk, editors. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. 680 pages. $99.00. In this third edition, the authors have provided rehabilitation protocols, based on the most recent research evidence, for common sports injuries and postoperative conditions. The editors have enlisted the contributions of thirty-three authors who have expertise in sports rehabilitation. The authors of each chapter have attempted to provide a set of guidelines that can be tailored to the uniqueness of each athlete in terms of his or her pain and swelling and achievement of specific criteria or milestones for advancement. New chapters relating to the cervical spine, biomechanics of the shoulder and knee, considerations in rehabilitation of the female athlete, proprioception and neuromuscular control, plyometrics, and functional training and advanced rehabilitation have been added, as have rehabilitation guidelines for new surgical procedures that have come to the forefront since the previous edition. Each chapter includes a list of chapter objectives and a succinct summary of key concepts that were discussed in the chapter. The text makes extensive use of summary boxes and clinical pearls to highlight important concepts and information in the text. The illustrations are well done and add to the text. The chapters have extensive and up-to-date …
Occurrence of Phorid Fly (Diptera: Phoridae) Parasitoids of Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Georgia

Abstract Ten releases of Pseudacteon decapitating flies (Diptera: Phoridae), a classical biological control agent of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the southern United States, were made at 8 different sites in Georgia (USA) over a period spanning 2000 - 2012. Intensive monitoring and survey activities were initiated in 2008 to delineate the dispersal and occurrence of the Pseudacteon spp. in the state. Results show that all 159 counties in Georgia have at least 1 species of Pseudacteon; P. curvatus Borgmeier is established 129 of those counties, P. tricuspis Borgmeier is established in 70 counties, and P. obtusus Borgmeier is established in the county in which it was released. Both P. curvatus and P. tricuspis occur together in 39 counties, and all 3 of the Pseudacteon species occur in the 1 county in which all 3 species were released. These results help target supplemental or additional releases of P. tricuspis, P. curvatus, and P. obtusus as well as releases of other candidate Pseudacte...
Stabilized Pd-alloy/AlN/Si Hydrogen Sensors

In order to extend the dynamic range of a hydrogen sensor with a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) type structure, Pd-Cr and Pd-Ni alloy gated samples were studied. The PdCr gated sample shows quite stable and reproducible response, and could measure hydrogen concentrations from 100 to 50, 000 ppm. While the Pd-Ni gated sample shows turn-on/off response drift, this drift is probably due to the presence of oxygen on the surface of the insulator and the formation of metal hydride. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen on the sensors response was investigated; oxygen may deplete protons from the metal/insulator interface and could reduce the sensor’s response.
Loop ontogeny of the Late Triassic (Norian) terebratulid brachiopod Pseudorhaetina antimoniensis Sandy from Sonora, Mexico and its taxonomic significance

Juvenile specimens of the short-looped terebratulid brachiopod genus Pseudorhaetina Sandy have been investigated by the use of transverse serial sections. Internal structures indicate a simple brachidium (loop) is present with long flanges in adult specimens; the brachidium is approximately half the length of the dorsal valve; there is no complex loop metamorphosis in the central cavity of the brachiopod (i.e., no median septum). This combination of characters presents a taxonomic problem— Pseudorhaetina can neither be referred with confidence to superfamily Terebratuloidea, nor superfamily Loboidothyridoidea. Consequently Pseudorhaetina is, for the time being, assigned to a new and as yet unnamed superfamily representing a previously unrecognized part of the post-Paleozoic recovery and reradiation of Mesozoic articulate brachiopods (Rhynchonellata of Williams et al., 1996).
Irradiation of Cancer Following Injection of Colchicine.

SummaryX-rays were markedly more lethal to bits of carcinoma from colchicine-treated animals than to similar pieces of carcinoma from untreated animals, as shown by the infrequency of “takes” when implanted in susceptible animals. By administering colchicine to rats bearing actively growing carcinoma 15 to 18 hours before irradiation the effectiveness of X-rays in completely destroying or in retarding the growth of the cancer was increased. Light, frequent dosages of X-rays were less injurious to the rats and more effective in securing disappearance of the tumors than heavy, infrequent dosage.
Perioperative Management of Two Pediatric Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic disease of the heart and remains an important etiology of sudden cardiac death in adolescents and young adults. Autosomal dominant inheritance of a mutation in one of the numerous genes encoding for proteins in the myocardial sarcomere leads to an abnormal myocyte growth pattern with hypertrophy. Perioperative management of patients with HCM for any type of surgical procedure carries an increased risk of morbidity and mortality related to the propensity for arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia. During the perioperative period, myocardial function may be impacted by alterations in preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility related to the surgical procedure, anesthetic agents, and changes in intravascular volume. We present two pediatric patients with a known diagnosis of HCM who presented for non-cardiac, minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures. The perioperative implications of HCM are reviewed with particular emphasis placed on the potential cardiovascular alterations induced by the MIS procedure with increases in intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. J Med Cases. 2016;7(4):115-119 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2410w
Investigation of Relationships between Dislocations and Crystal Surface Ledges

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed on two-dimensional, triangular lattice models. The program used to perform these simulations was based on codes developed by Farid F. Abraham at the IBM-Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA and by J.M. Haile, but also contained modifications to increase efficiency. These simulation models contain three constrained sides and a free surface, use a Lennard-Jones 6:12 interatomic potential, and initially exist with various amounts (∼ 5 to 10 %) of compressive strain. Our paper studies the formation of dislocations from atomic ledges during relaxation from a compressive state, as well as the subsequent motion of these dislocations. These simulations are particularly relevant to understanding morphological changes on the surface and nucleation of dislocations in heteroepitaxial thin films.
Measurements and Modeling Study on a High-Aromatic Diesel Fuel

The increasing cost of diesel fuel, potential for supply disruptions, and environmental concerns have resulted in a great deal of research to improve the performance and efficiency of diesel engines. This includes significant efforts in the reformulation of conventional diesel fuels and the development of renewable diesel fuels. An integral part of work on diesel fuels has been the measurement and modeling of the thermophysical properties of the fuels; this knowledge is critical to effective design and application. In this paper, we present the development of a model for thermodynamic and transport properties for a conventional diesel fuel based on our measurements of chemical composition, density, viscosity, and volatility. This information, along with the cetane number and heat of combustion, was used to develop surrogate mixture models. The models contain constituent fluids representative of those found in the fuel and were designed to represent thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, and volati...
Engineering the Optical Properties of Gold Nanorods: Independent Tuning of Surface Plasmon Energy, Extinction Coefficient, and Scattering Cross Section

The future integration of plasmonic nanoparticles, such as gold nanorods (Au NRs), into applications requires the ability to tune the components of their optical properties to optimize performance for the underlying technology. Verifying techniques that model the resonance energy and associated extinction, scattering, and absorption cross sections necessitate experimental data from series of Au NRs where structural features are independently tuned. Here, the extinction cross section and scattering efficiency are presented for Au NR series with high compositional and structural purity where effective volume, aspect ratio, length, and diameter are independently varied by factors of 25, 3, 2, and 4, respectively. The extinction cross sections quantitatively agree with prior calculations, confirming that the volume of the rod is the dominant factor. Comparisons of the scattering efficiency however are less precise, with both quantitative and qualitative differences between the role of rod volume and aspect ra...
Options for the Rational Design and Operation of Oxidation Ponds

Oxidation ponds can degrade wastewaters at low cost and provide a useful biomass if rational design, operation, and sludge removal practices are carried out. Here, the design of a plug flow Algal Bacterial Clay Treatment System (ABCT) is presented on the bases of both incident sunlight and incoming BOD concentration. Results of kinetic experimental studies are presented in order to determine both optimal and limiting operational parameters. From these experiments, it appeared to be critical to limit pH diurnal variations for effective operation of the treatment system. Empirical computer models were developed to predict reactor parameter variations due to diurnal effects. A computer model based on continuous oxidation reduction potential (redox) measurements appeared to be most useful for automated computer control of variations due to diurnal effects. Chemical addition of CaCl 2 facilitated algal biomass flocculation in order to prepare liquid effluents for plant discharge and to prepare biomass for possible beneficial use.
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation system using 3D printed Luneburg lens

A novel direction of arrival (DOA) estimation system based on a broadband 3D printed Luneburg lens is reported in this paper. Using the property of a Luneburg lens that the focus point of an incident plane wave is at the opposite side on the surface of the lens, 36 diode detectors with 10 degree spacing are mounted around the surface of a 3D printed Luneburg lens to estimate the DOA of a microwave signal in the azimuth plane (full 360 degrees coverage). A correlation algorithm is used to estimate the angle of the incoming signal.
SIMULATING KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION IN PEDESTRIAN EGRESS

Accurate pedestrian simulation is a difficult yet important task. One of the main challenges with pedestrian simulation is providing the simulated pedestrians with appropriate amounts of route knowledge to be used in the route selection algorithm. In this paper, we propose a novel use of reinforcement learning as a means to represent different amounts of route knowledge. Using this techniques we show the impact learning about route distances and average route congestion levels has upon the egress time of pedestrians. We also look at the effect that dynamic congestion information has upon the efficiency of pedestrian egress.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Angina Pectoris

There is a sturdy body of evidence that exercise radionuclide studies are both more sensitive and more specific than the exercise ECG in the diagnosis of suspected coronary disease. The two major radionuclide diagnostic-prognostic techniques used for coronaiy disease—perfusion imaging of myocardial blood flow and cardiac blood-pool imaging—are reviewed.
Marfan syndrome associated aortic disease in neonates and children: a clinical–morphologic review

Abstract Background Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a multisystem connective tissue disorder that can lead to aortic dilation requiring aortic root replacement. Neonatal MFS (nMFS) is a rare and severe form of MFS compared to classic MFS (cMFS). Aortic root histology in MFS is thought to demonstrate predominantly medial degeneration (MD) of a translamellar mucoid extracellular matrix accumulation (MEMA-T) vs. the intralamellar mucoid extracellular matrix accumulation (MEMA-I) seen in other aortopathies. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathologic features of nMFS and cMFS patients undergoing aortic root replacement. Methods Children with MFS who underwent aortic root replacement between 2000 and 2012 at a single institution were included. Medical records including clinical details, aortic dimensions (Z scores), and histology including MD type were obtained. Statistics were descriptive with univariate analysis of age at surgery and type of MD. Results Eleven patients, 3 (27%) with nMFS, were included. Root dilation at time of surgery was greater in nMFS compared to cMFS (Z = 12.8 vs. 7.6, P = .005), and nMFS patients were younger at time of surgery (7.3 vs. 18.8 years, P = .002). Histology in the nMFS group demonstrated MEMA-I in one and no MD in two. In the cMFS group, there were three with MEMA-T, four with MEMA-I, and one with both types. Conclusion In summary, nMFS has earlier root dilation often in the absence of MD. Both forms of MD were present in our cohort, and there was no correlation between age at surgery and type of MD.
Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy

Treatment-refractory epilepsy remains an important clinical problem. There is considerable recent interest by the public and physicians in using medical marijuana or its derivatives to treat seizures. The endocannabinoid system has a role in neuronal balance and ictal control. There is clinical evidence of success in diminishing seizure frequencies with cannabis derivatives, but also documentation about exacerbating epilepsy or of no discernible effect. There are lay indications and anecdotal reports of success in attenuating the severity of epilepsy, but without solid investigational corroboration. Marijuana remains largely illegal, and may induce adverse consequences. Clinical applications are not approved, thus are restricted and only recommended in selected treatment unresponsive cases, with appropriate monitoring.
The US Supreme Court in the Obama Years

This chapter makes two interrelated arguments about the Supreme Court during the Obama years. First, while the Roberts Court has often issued conservative decisions, its decisions have not been components of an overarching jurisprudential program of its own creation. Second, despite the absence of a programmatic constitutional agenda, the Court has nonetheless come to be seen by the public as a partisan political body, in part because of political forces beyond its control, and in part because of its own actions.
Two small molecular propellers and their rotational potential energy surfaces

Molecular propellers based upon the twisting of a disulfide bond are analyzed here as the locomotion source for fullerene nanoparticles. The HC(CCHSSHCC)3CH and related HC(CCHSSNC)3CH bicyclic compounds are optimized and linked to pyracyclene functioning as a model fullerene surface. It is shown that steric hinderance from the hydrogen atoms on both the bottom of the propeller blade and the linker to the fullerene surface can have significant effects on the rotational potential energy surface. Replacing the bottom CH groups on the molecular propeller with nitrogen atoms not only reduces these barriers significantly, but this action creates a strongly dipolar molecule in HC(CCHSSNC)3CH. Such a system would be responsive to and controllable with an external, rotating, magnetic or electric field. Endohedral fullerenes have known applications for targeted delivery, especially in nanomedicine. Providing further control with molecular propellers could enhance the feasibility and use of these technologies.
Estimation of repeatability, heritability and breed differences for lamb production.

Production records of crossbred ewes, including weight at mating (WTM), fertility (FRT), number of lambs born per ewe lambing (BRN), number of lambs weaned (WEN), litter weight in April (WTA) and litter weight at weaning (WTW), were analyzed for the estimation of breed differences, genotype x environment interactions and repeatability and heritability of ewe production. All ewes were from Suffolk- or Columbia-type dams. Breed of sire of ewe was Finnsheep, Dorset, North Country Cheviot or Romney, Suffolk-cross (SX) ewes were heavier at mating than Columbia-cross (CX) ewes. Cheviot-cross (NX) and Finnsheep-cross (FX) ewes were the most fertile on hill pastures, while Dorset-cross (DX) ewes were the most fertile on irrigated pastures. The FX ewes had larger litters at birth and at weaning. Columbia-cross ewes had larger litters than SX ewes on hill pastures, but the SX ewes had larger litters than CX ewes on irrigated pastures. Finnsheep-cross ewes on both types of pastures and DX ewes on irrigated pastures had heavier litter weights than NX or Romney-cross ewes at weaning. Repeatability estimates for WTM, FRT, BRN, WEN, WTA and WTW were .61, .15, .19, .08, .07 and .09, respectively. Heritabilities, from the sire-of-ewe component, were .40, .02, .12, .0, -.02 and -.05 for WTM, FRT, BRN, WEN, WTA and WTW, respectively.
Applying the Flask Security Architecture to Secure SoC Design

We explore a reference monitor (RM) design which borrows from the Flask security architecture. Our RM design goal is to achieve complete mediation by checking and verifying the authority and authenticity of every access to every system object. Access decisions are administered by a security logic server implemented as an extension of the peripheral bus. Initial results show a minimal increase in resource overhead and no significant impact on the performance.
Postprandial Hypoglycemia: Complication of Peptic Ulcer Surgery

Abstract Objective Billroth II procedures (gastrojejunostomy with vagotomy) are seldom performed now but were popular before the advent of histamine 2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors. Such procedures can be a cause of late postprandial hypoglycemia. Methods We performed a formal evaluation and discussion of postprandial hypoglycemia. Results We present a case of an 85-year-old man who presented to the endocrinology clinic with symptoms of "fainting spells after large meals." The patient previously had extensive evaluations by a neurologist and a cardiologist. Because of the history of Billroth II surgery and the description of his fainting spells, a 5-hour glucose tolerance test was performed in the clinic using the foods that uniformly resulted in symptoms. This confirmed that the late dumping syndrome with associated hypoglycemia was the cause of his spells. Conclusions Late dumping syndrome manifesting with hypoglycemia should be considered in the workup of patients with a history of gastric surgery and unusual postprandial symptoms. This case highlights the importance of an appropriate workup that can lead to avoidance of unnecessary testing in such patients.
Slew-down: analysis of slew relaxation for low-impact clock buffers

In the conventional ASIC design ﬂow, slew constraints are imposed on clock sinks and clock buﬀers uniformly. The slew constraint has a signiﬁcant aﬀect not only on the timing but also on power in high performance designs. This paper investigates relaxing tight slew constraints for the reduction of low-impact buﬀers in clock trees. This is motivated by the observation that buﬀers in a clock tree that directly drive clock sinks have a high impact on meeting timing constraints. Buﬀers that drive other buﬀers in the clock tree do not directly impact the sink timing within some bound. These buﬀers can be considered low-impact, but still consume signiﬁcant power. In order to reduce this power, the slew design constraint can be relaxed for low-impact buﬀers. Benchmarks from the ISPD2010 benchmark suite are synthesized to demonstrate the impact of a "slew-down" at the non-sink clock buﬀers of a clock tree with power and timing results from HSPICE. Results using a 20nm PTM FinFET technology at 4GHz shows that power savings of up to 50% (~10% on average) can be achieved compared to the minimum slew constraint while satisfying the same global slew constraint by a methodical slew-down process.
A Precis of One

One – as may be surmised from its title – is about what it is to be one. This might mean many things, but the oneness in question is metaphysical (rather than, say, political). The topic might soun...
Using Digital Microfluidics to Dispense, Combine, and Transport Low-Surface-Energy Fluids

AbstractSurfactant-containing water droplets were produced using a 75-Vrms pondermotive force operating at 10 kHz. Heat from a 30-V direct-current source, applied to a 2 × 0.1-mm region of the fluid, was instrumental in rupturing a low-surface-energy liquid membrane and forming the droplet. The low voltage allows quick and accurate dispensing of droplets without dielectric breakdown. Nanoliter-sized (~7.6-nL) butanol-styrene droplets were formed using 133 Vrms at 900 Hz. Microliter-sized oil droplets (~0.6 to 10.5 μL) were formed using high voltage (460 to 672 Vrms at 100 Hz). Oil-water emulsions were formed and moved horizontally, overcoming frictional and surface tension forces. Large oil droplets were also moved to a wider electrode spacing, where the emulsion can take the spherical shape of a target. This was only achieved by transporting the emulsion down an inclined slope (45 deg) using gravity to augment the electric force. All the steps are in place to form targets from oil-water-oil and water-oil...
Source Emissions in Multipollutant Air Quality Management

This chapter discusses emissions inventories and emission control technologies in the context of a risk-based, results-oriented multipollutant air quality management program. As contemporary emission control technologies often achieve reductions in more than one pollutant, the chapter reviews major emissions reduction in North America as examples of multipollutant reduction strategies for both criteria pollutants and air toxics. The chapter then comments on developments in these technologies that will be required in the future. The chapter reaches four principal conclusions regarding the development of emissions inventories for risk- and results-based air quality management: (1) the need to consider the full range of factors influencing source emissions, from fuels to end-of-pipe control technologies; (2) the need for measurements to determine the direct effects of emission reduction programs; (3) the need for better understanding of the emissions important to determining health and ecosystem effects; and (4) the capability to respond to the rapid changes in generation and end-use technologies that could result from actions taken to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes with a series of recommendations for addressing these challenges.
Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, and Maximum Likelihood

The history of statistical concepts usually hinges on subtle questions of definition, on what one sees as a crucial element in the concept. Is the simple statement of a goal crucial? Or do we require the investigation of the implications of pursuing that goal, perhaps including the discovery of anomalies that require specification of conditions under which a claimed property holds? Or the detailed successful exploration of those conditions? Such considerations certainly arise in the case of the method of maximum likelihood. If the object of study is the modern theory of maximum likelihood, of its efficiency in large samples in a parametric setting, then an argument could be made for beginning with Edgeworth (1908, 1909) (see Pratt (1976)), or Fisher (1912 or1922or1935) (see Edwards, 1974), or even Wald (1949) or Le Cam (1953). It might be thought that the question would be easy to resolve if instead of worrying about mathematical rigor and the deeper questions of inference, including the interpretation of statistical information, we only asked about the introduction of the idea of choosing, as an estimate, that value which maximizes the likelihood function, but that is not the case. Even at that level difficulties of interpretation arise. Was Gauss employing maximum likelihood in 1809 when he arrived at the method of least squares, or, as some of his development would lead you to believe, was he maximizing a posterior density with a uniform prior?
Ventilator Management for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Children with the most severe form of respiratory failure, pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS), account for approximately 1–4% of PICU admissions. Research in the care of these patients, expert opinion, and data extrapolated from adult studies have led to changes in clinical management over the last 20 years. Despite the paucity of definitive pediatric-specific data to guide clinical management, the overall mortality in PARDS has improved over time from an estimated 40% mortality before 2000 to approximately 18% since 2010. This chapter outlines the pathogenesis of ARDS, definition of PARDS, general management strategies, and clinical controversies in the management of those with PARDS.
Did Russell experience an epiphany in 1911

Bertrand Russell’s conception of philosophy evolved dramatically in 1911 — the year he fell in love with Lady Ottoline Morrell. For many years Russell had been an ardent advocate of the view that philosophers ought to look for truths that are certain. The co-author of Principia Mathematica altered his commitment to certainty in philosophy in 1911. An analysis of his published views and correspondence from this time strongly suggests that the radical transformation was induced by an epiphany brought about by his emotional entanglement with his lover.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Considerations in Diagnosis and Management for the Inpatient Dermatologist

Hospitalization of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients is frequent and most often due to disease flares and infection. Herein, we describe the clinical features and therapy for specific and nonspecific cutaneous manifestations of hospitalized lupus patients. New insights of the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE allow consideration of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. The precise role of these treatments for hospitalized SLE patients requires further study. Severe lupus-specific cutaneous eruptions important for the inpatient dermatologist include acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE), toxic-epidermal necrosis (TEN)-like ACLE, Rowell syndrome (RS), and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE). Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) and several chronic cutaneous lupus eruptions are also important considerations. Vascular manifestations and angioedema are non-specific cutaneous presentations that may cause significant morbidity and mortality. Careful assessment by a dermatologist will assist in the diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with SLE.
The Value of Architecture and Design Branch Libraries: A Case Study

The viability of branch libraries has been debated since long before the turn of the twentieth century. Arguments for both sides run rampant in the literature into the 1990s with neither side making a convincing argument in its favor. This study examines a representative sampling of the literature covering branch libraries in general, then focuses on branch libraries at institutions with accredited programs in architecture, and concludes with an examination of the use of the materials in the NA call number range at Iowa State University. As with other professional programs, such as law and medicine, the author recommends branch libraries located in close proximity for architecture programs when possible.
Disorders Affecting Glycosylation

Abstract Glycosylation is the cellular metabolic process of adding sugar chains (glycans) to proteins and lipids. These complex post-translational modifications occur in all cells generating thousands of glycan structures through nine major pathways. Mutations have been found in about 140 of the estimated 400 genes that produce or recognize glycans. In this chapter, we present a genetic, clinical and biochemical overview of selected congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Clinically, most types of CDG have multi-systemic, especially neurological, presentations. Inheritance is mostly autosomal recessive, but de novo, X-linked, and dominant CDGs are appearing. Therapies are few, but simple monosaccharide supplements can be useful.
Parents are stressed! Patterns of parent stress across COVID-19.

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused numerous unexpected challenges for many families, and these long-lasting demands likely contribute to higher stress for parents. The aim of this study was to describe changes in parent stress longitudinally from before (retrospective) to two timepoints during COVID-19. Stressors that influenced parenting and strategies to manage parenting difficulties at each timepoint during COVID-19 are also described. Methods : Parents (N=433; 95% female) in the US with > 1 child aged 5-18 years completed an online survey in May 2020 (T1; at the peak of stay-at-home mandates) and in September 2020 (T2; children's return to school). Surveys included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and questions on parenting-specific stress, stressors that influenced parenting, and strategies to manage parenting difficulties during COVID-19. Retrospective report of pre-COVID-19 stress was assessed at T1; current stress was assessed at T1 and T2. Repeated measures analysis of variance examined changes in stress over time. Results: Parent's stress increased from before COVID-19 to T1 (PSS score: 16.3±5.7 to 22.0±6.4, respectively; p<0.01), and decreased by T2 (19.2±6.0), but remained elevated above pre-COVID-19 values (p<0.01). Most parents (71.1%) reported an increase parenting-specific stress from before COVID-19 to T1, which continued to increase for 55% of parents at T2. Common stressors that impacted parenting during COVID-19 were changes in children's routines, worry about COVID-19, and online schooling demands. Common strategies parents used to manage parenting difficulties included doing family activities together, keeping in touch with family/friends virtually, and keeping children on daily routines. Conclusions: Parent stress increased substantially during COVID-19 and has not returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, suggesting the need for enhanced mental health resources and supports. Public health interventions should address parenting-specific stressors and effective strategies for managing parenting difficulties to mitigate their deleterious impact.
Beyond Distress and Fear: Differential Psychopathology Correlates of PTSD Symptom Clusters.

Abstract Background Research suggests that re-experiencing and avoidance are “core” PTSD symptoms, but there has been little research explicating their unique connections to psychopathology other than internalizing conditions such as depression and anxiety. We aim to unpack symptom heterogeneity within PTSD by exploring associations between re-experiencing and avoidance clusters and major psychopathology domains in a dimensional metastructural framework (e.g., the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, or HiTOP). Method We used a trauma-exposed community sample (n = 233, 66.1% female, mean age = 45 years) to compare re-experiencing and avoidance's associations with factor-analytically derived dimensions generally corresponding to HiTOP structure: Distress, Fear, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, Thought Disorder, and Compulsivity. Results Both re-experiencing and avoidance were robustly related to Fear. Re-experiencing was particularly related to Distress and Thought Disorder, whereas avoidance was related to domains involving overinhibition (e.g., Compulsivity). Relative to avoidance, re-experiencing had broader and more substantial associations with psychopathology, partly as a function of its greater saturation with dysphoria. Limitations Coverage of PTSD symptoms was limited to questionnaire measurement of re-experiencing and avoidance clusters. Results need to be replicated in samples selected for posttraumatic psychopathology. Conclusion Although they are strongly intercorrelated and both are robustly related to Fear, re-experiencing and avoidance differ substantially in their unique relations with other forms of psychopathology, and re-experiencing may be less specific to PTSD than previously thought. These differences can be used to understand the etiology and phenomenology of re-experiencing and avoidance in greater depth to inform more targeted and effective interventions for posttraumatic psychopathology.
Stateful Strategic Regression

Automated decision-making tools increasingly assess individuals to determine if they qualify for high-stakes opportunities. A recent line of research investigates how strategic agents may respond to such scoring tools to receive favorable assessments. While prior work has focused on the short-term strategic interactions between a decision-making institution (modeled as a principal) and individual decision-subjects (modeled as agents), we investigate interactions spanning multiple time-steps. In particular, we consider settings in which the agent's effort investment today can accumulate over time in the form of an internal state - impacting both his future rewards and that of the principal. We characterize the Stackelberg equilibrium of the resulting game and provide novel algorithms for computing it. Our analysis reveals several intriguing insights about the role of multiple interactions in shaping the game's outcome: First, we establish that in our stateful setting, the class of all linear assessment policies remains as powerful as the larger class of all monotonic assessment policies. While recovering the principal's optimal policy requires solving a non-convex optimization problem, we provide polynomial-time algorithms for recovering both the principal and agent's optimal policies under common assumptions about the process by which effort investments convert to observable features. Most importantly, we show that with multiple rounds of interaction at her disposal, the principal is more effective at incentivizing the agent to accumulate effort in her desired direction. Our work addresses several critical gaps in the growing literature on the societal impacts of automated decision-making - by focusing on longer time horizons and accounting for the compounding nature of decisions individuals receive over time.
Alterations in DNA Methylation May Be the Key to Early Detection and Treatment of Schistosomal Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancers arise from transformed urothelial cells that line the bladder. These cancers are urothelial or squamous cell carcinomas or, more rarely, additional histologic variants such as adenocarcinoma. The most important bladder cancer risk factors worldwide are arguably smoking and urogenital schistosomiasis. The parasitic Schistosoma haematobium worm causes urogenital schistosomiasis in approximately 112 million people, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East [1]. During infection, S. haematobium worms lay highly inflammatory eggs in the bladder wall. This inflammation is thought to promote carcinogenesis through unclear mechanisms. People with chronic urogenital schistosomiasis exhibit increased risk and earlier onset of bladder cancer (up to two decades earlier), with a predominance of squamous cell carcinoma [2]. Consequently, S. haematobium has been categorized as a Group I carcinogen (“carcinogenic to humans”) by the International Agency on Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization [3].
Who Supports International Law, and Why? The United States, the European Union, and International Law

Over the past several decades, it has become commonplace in both scholarly and political circles to contrast the positions of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) toward the rule of international law, with the US being characterized at best by ambivalence toward legal constraints, and at worst as a “rogue nation.” The EU, by contrast, has presented itself and been seen as a strong supporter of international law. The symposium introduced by this paper interrogates this conventional wisdom, applying and testing a theoretical framework that attempts to disaggregate both the nature and the causes of state support for international law. This introduction is organized in four parts. Part I problematizes the dependent variable, “support” for international law, disaggregating that concept into four discrete dimensions of leadership, consent, compliance, and internalization. Part II moves from characterizing to explaining attitudes toward international law, identifying four sets of factors or independent variables – international and domestic, political and legal – that might account for observed differences between the US and the EU. Part III introduces the five empirical papers in the symposium, which deal respectively with international human rights law, criminal law, environmental law, trade law, and the internalization of international law by US and EU high courts. Part IV concludes with preliminary findings about the nature and the determinants of US and EU support for international law. With respect to the dependent variable, we find considerable differences between the US and the EU, as suggested by the conventional wisdom, but we also identify important nuances in the nature of those differences, which center primarily around the dimensions of consent and internalization, albeit with important variations across issue-areas. In terms of the independent variables, we find that the roots of US and EU differences are complex and multi-causal, defying any effort to reduce those differences to simple contrasts such as American exceptionalism or the EU’s normative difference.
Precios máximos, mercados negros y colas : un estudio de la estructura de mercados

Black markets and queuing develop to restore market equilibrium when the structure of a competitive market is distorted by the imposition of a maximum price. This paper describes the conditions under which both black markets and official markets with queu
Improving Election Procedures and Practices in China: Some Modest Proposals

Based on a trip to observe villagers' committee and people's congress elections in rural Yunnan in December 2002, some suggestions are made concerning how to improve election procedures and practices. These include: encourage candidate nominations by voters to be less ritualistic; rethink the use of quotas and other means to ensure that sufficient numbers of minorities and women are elected; further institutionalize primaries; establish candidate self-registration; regulate proxy voting more carefully; consider the benefits of voters casting ballots individually at their convenience rather than at long meetings; promote greater political equality by adjusting election representation ratios; favor secret balloting over simple anonymous balloting; make vote-counting more transparent and mix up ballots before counting them; and most important of all, abolish the "oppose" (fandui) vote and the requirement that victors in the main election receive 50% of all ballots distributed in favor of a system where the candidate who receives the most votes wins.
Realizing underactuated bipedal walking with torque controllers via the ideal model resolved motion method

This paper presents experimentally realized bipedal robotic walking using ideal torque controllers via a novel approach termed the ideal model resolved motion method (IM-RMM), where a system's ideal closed-loop dynamics are integrated forward from the actual state of the hardware to provide desired positions and velocity commands to a PD controller. By combining this method with gaits generated using the Human-Inspired Control framework, walking was realized experimentally on the DURUS platform, designed and built by SRI, and achieved with minimal system identification. For comparison, two controllers, one using feedback linearization and one using Control Lyapunov Function based Quadratic Programs (CLF-QP), both realized through IM-RMM, are compared with a benchmark procedure, the Hybrid Zero Dynamics reconstruction, that is shown to provide reliable walking in literature. The results of both simulations and experiments are presented, with the CLF-QP implemented via IM-RMM resulting in the lowest experimental specific energetic cost of transport of c et = 0.63 achieved during sustained walking on the 31.5 kg bipedal robot.
Nonparametric change estimation in 2D random fields

We consider the problem of change estimation in a 2D random field. Our goal is to estimate the locations of changes when they occur. We propose a nonparametric change estimator which can be implemented efficiently. Consistency result is derived for the proposed estimator under certain conditions. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms under several new estimation criteria.
Deaf-Blind Interpreting: Building on What You Already Know

This article focuses on visual considerations and describes the numerous similarities between video interpreting and deaf-blind interpreting. It also looks at linguistic considerations for deaf-blind interpreting and presents research findings showing similarities and differences between ASL and Tactile ASL. Because many interpreters are unfamiliar with tactile communication, there is a section that includes an overview of Tactile ASL. The issues, descriptions, and data presented in this article are based on situations in the United States and involve the use of ASL and Tactile ASL; however, it is highly likely that these discussions and findings also relate to deaf-blind interpreting done in other countries using other sign languages.
ROCK and cAMP promote lymphatic endothelial cell barrier integrity and modulate histamine and thrombin-induced barrier dysfunction.

Abstract Background: There is recent evidence that inflammatory signals can modulate lymphatic vessel permeability, but current understanding of the mechanisms regulating lymphatic endothelial barrier function is limited. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate whether inflammatory mediators that increase microvascular permeability also cause barrier dysfunction of lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers, and 2) determine the roles of signaling pathways that affect intercellular junctions and cell contraction in lymphatic endothelial barrier function. Methods and Results: Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of confluent adult human microlymphatic endothelial cells of dermal origin (HMLEC-d) served as an indicator of lymphatic endothelial barrier function. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used to model blood-tissue barrier function. The inflammatory mediators histamine and thrombin each caused a decrease in TER of HMLEC-d and HUVEC monolayers, with notable differences ...
The two-state solution: native and serializable continuations accord

Continuation-based Web servers provide advantages over traditional Web application development through the increase of expressive power they allow. This leads to fewer errors and more productivity for the programmers that adopt them. Unfortunately, existing implementation techniques force a hard choice between scalability and expressiveness.Our technique allows a smoother path to scalable, continuation-based Web programs. We present a modular program transformation that allows scalable Web applications to use third-party, higher-order libraries with higher-order arguments that cause Web interaction. Consequently, our system provides existing Web applications with more scalability through significantly less memory use than the traditional technique.
Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme at High Temperatures and Pressures

In situ high-temperature, high-pressure Raman experiments on 3 mM (pH 5) aqueous solutions of hen egg-white (HEW) lysozyme show a decrease in the relative height of the 505 cm-1 band associated with S-S stretching vibrations at 72 degrees C (1 bar). The peak height changes are accompanied by significant band broadening, and the integrated band intensity does not change within experimental error. The effect of increased pressure at 72 degrees C was to hinder broadening of the 505 cm-1 band. HEW lysozyme (2.4 mM, pH 5) was also heated at 76 degrees C, 80 degrees C, and 95 degrees C for different periods of time, and aliquots were quenched to room temperature for Raman and enzymatic activity measurements. After 9 hr at 76 degrees C, the protein exhibits enzyme activity less than 50% of the initial value, and approximately 50% reduction in activity is achieved after 3 hr at 80 degrees C or 1 hr at 95 degrees C. The Raman results suggest that different irreversibly denatured conformations are attained during prolonged exposures at these different temperatures. It is apparent from these studies that the S-S stretch intensity is decreased irreversibly.
Gender Differences in the Appraisal of Violent Crime Experiences: A Qualitative Study

To help understand why women are at greater risk than men for developing adverse reactions to trauma, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study qualitatively explores differences and similarities in the way men and women cognitively appraise their experience as violent crime survivors. Findings reveal differences in the way men and women (1) view the event as traumatic or scary, (2) compare their experience to other life experiences, (3) believe the crime changed their lives, and (4) view the probability that they would eventually experience a violent crime. Differences in the way men and women appraise these experience are linked to post-trauma sequelae.
Why does a school psychologist need to know about learning strategies

Abstract School psychologists need to know more about learning strategies because an understanding of these processes can facilitate the design and implementation of intervention programs and procedures. An effective learning strategy is any cognitive, affective, or behavioral activity that facilitates encoding, storing, retrieving, or using knowledge. Four categories of learning strategies are discussed (knowledge acquisition, comprehension monitoring, active study strategies, and support strategies). In addition, a case study is presented to demonstrate how knowledge about these strategies can be used by the school psychologist. Finally, principles in determining the possible involvement of learning strategy deficits in an achievement problem are presented.
Accurate determination of the dielectric parameters of spherical shells in suspension

A novel, self-consistent, algebraic method is developed within the framework of Maxwell-Wagner theory (i.e., 'mixture formula' and single shell model) for obtaining the dielectric parameters, such as epsilon(s), kappa(s) and f(Q) of spherical shells. The efficacy of the procedure that-in contrast to previous ones-is void of any approximations, was successfully tested by reanalyzing existing data on polystyrene microcapsules.