cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The incidence of hypertension long after poliomyelitis.

IN SEYERE poliomyelitis, with hypoxia of bulbar or other origin, arterial blood-pressure is often elevated, and this may outlast the acute phase of the disease by months (MCDOWELL and PLUM [l]). Hypertension long after the original illness was first recorded in 1940 by VICKERS [2] who found seven definite cases among 44 adults many years after they had had infantile paralysis. Although some of the hypertensives were badly crippled, most of them showed no muscle damage. ZIMANYI, and his co-workers [3] in 1959 observed among 336 children, chiefly young but a few in their ‘teens’, 88 instances (26 per cent) with systolic or diastolic pressures above the accepted norms for their age. The patients had been hospitalized for months or years, the vast majority for 5 yr or less, and of the hypertensives, 85 per cent were quadriplegic, with severe muscle damage in the remainder. OSTFELD [4] in 1961 compared bloodpressures found in cases in a Respiratory Center an average of 2 yr after their initial illness, with controls no longer in hospital but matched for age, sex and muscle-damage. Hypertension was frequent in all groups: 20 per cent over-all, with the incidence roughly paralleling the amount of muscle loss. NEUBAUER and MAINZER [5] in 1963 saw and photographed retinal arterial changes accompanying high blood-pressure in acutely ill patients with respiratory difficulty, and these changes sometimes lasted beyond the period of hypoxia. They suggested (as had often been hinted but rarely if ever put in print) that previous poliomyelitis in a mild or even non-paralytic form might be invoked to explain obscure hypertensive disease, perhaps through damage to medullary centers. BENEVOLO and co-workers (1963) [6] reported on 201 children observed at varying intervals after infantile paralysis. Approximately 20 per cent had blood-pressures higher than expected at their age. Of 39 children seen 4 or more yr after the initial disease, 15 per cent had diastolic pressures consistently above 90 mm of mercury. Most of them had severe paralysis. On the other hand, KEMP [7] in 1957 reported on 357 patients followed for periods up to 5 yr from onset, and concluded that: “. . . . neither children nor adults either mildly or severely affected had greater incidence of hypertension than individuals who had not had polio”. Since permanent elevation of blood-pressure after poliomyelitis might be favored by the aging process, as in the majority of hypertensive states, it appeared worth while to study a group of older survivors for the overall incidence of hypertension and for its possible relation to the degree of muscle damage.
Inhalation of a foreign body. A hazard of protective rubber sleeves on the jaws of mouth gags.

Summary A case is reported in which a young man who required tracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation for head and chest injuries, inhaled a foreign body after extubating himself. The unusual nature of the foreign body and the manner of its entering the tracheobronchial tree is reported. The case suggests that the practice of using protective rubber sleeves on the jaws of mouth gags be reviewed and highlights the need to inspect all instruments after use, particularly those that have been employed in the mouth and upper airways.
Reactive bands and rebounding trajectories in collinear F + H2

Abstract Bands of reactive and unreactive trajectories have been mapped for classical collinear F + H2 (υ = 0). The edges of the band are characterized by trajectories which undergo several reflections in the corner of the potential energy surface. Multiple reflections are seen to lead to less sharply defined band edges.
The New Huizinga and the Old Middle Ages

L'annee 1999 a ete le 80e anniversaire de la publication de l'ouvrage de J. Huizinga Le declin du moyen âge : etude des formes et vie de la pensee au 14e et 15e siecle en france et aux Pays-Bas. Cet anniversaire offre l'occasion d'etudier les experiences contrastees que les lecteurs anglais et neerlandais ont vecu a la lecture du livre mais aussi de reconsiderer les origines de ce livre, son evolution et ses transformations dans le temps, l'identite intellectuelle de son auteur, son argumentation et ses methodologies historiques.
The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes

Gene duplication has generally been viewed as a necessary source of material for the origin of evolutionary novelties, but it is unclear how often gene duplicates arise and how frequently they evolve new functions. Observations from the genomic databases for several eukaryotic species suggest that duplicate genes arise at a very high rate, on average 0.01 per gene per million years. Most duplicated genes experience a brief period of relaxed selection early in their history, with a moderate fraction of them evolving in an effectively neutral manner during this period. However, the vast majority of gene duplicates are silenced within a few million years, with the few survivors subsequently experiencing strong purifying selection. Although duplicate genes may only rarely evolve new functions, the stochastic silencing of such genes may play a significant role in the passive origin of new species.
A mechanical arm for spatial registration of two-dimensional echocardiographic sections

The accurate calculation of left ventricular (LV) wall motion from two-dimensional echocardiographs will require the accurate registration of the position from which each two-dimensional (2-D) view was obtained. This paper describes a mechanical arm with five degrees of freedom that was developed so that the position and orientation of 2-D echo sections could be calculated in three-dimensional space. High precision potentiometers, direct or gear driven, permit calibration and measurement of each of the five movements. Using the length of the arm and the angles measured by these potentiometers, the position of a 2-D section can be calculated with respect to a fixed reference point outside the body. The measurement arm was extensively retested after six months of clinical use. In patient studies, 95% confidence interval for positioning a cross-section of the long axis is +/- 6 mm. This error is similar to the cross-plane resolution to most contemporary two-dimensional transducers. On the basis of an extensive analysis of variance, recommendations are made to improve the accuracy of the arm.
In the stem-cell debate, new concepts need new words

Confusion arises when the existing vocabulary we use is inadequate to describe new methodologies.
ERG abnormalities in relation to histopathologic findings in vitiligo mutant mice.

Abstract The vitiligo,mivit, mutation has several prenatal and perinatal effects on development of the retinal pigment epithelium, and later, leads to extensive, progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the neural retina of homozygous affected mice. The aim of the present study was to determine by functional criteria how early can abnormalities be detected in the neural retina. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were correlated with histopathological findings in the same animals. Congenic homozygous mutants, heterozygotes, and homozygous wild-type mice were studied at 2, 3, 6, 24 and 56 weeks of age, the same animals being tested serially at the three older time points. The nontested eye of each animal was embedded in Epon and sectioned at 1 μm for light microscopic study. ERG recordings from vitiligo homozygotes differed from heterozygous and wild-type mice, but the latter two groups did not differ from each other. As early as two weeks of age, homozygous mutants showed a significant reduction of rod dominated maximum ERG a-wave and b-wave amplitude. ERG b-wave sensitivity (σ) was significantly reduced, and ERG implicit times were delayed for homozygous mutants at 3 (a-wave) and 6 (b-wave) weeks of age. This is the first study to report reduced and delayed ERG a-waves and b-waves in this animal model, like the early functional abnormalities in human retinitis pigmentosa, and also the first to show short and disoriented rod outer segments, beginning retinal separation from the pigment epithelium, and a few macrophage-like cells already present in the subretinal space at 2 weeks of age (in three of four homozygous mutant eyes examined). Given these early functional and structural abnormalities in the neural retina, it remains to be determined whether themigene targets the retinal pigment epithelial cell, the photoreceptor cell, or both.
The structure of reinforcement-learning mechanisms in the human brain

Here we review recent developments in the application of reinforcement-learning theory as a means of understanding how the brain learns to select actions to maximize future reward, with a focus on human neuroimaging studies. We evaluate evidence for the distinction between model-based and model-free reinforcement-learning and their arbitration, and consider hierarchical reinforcement-learning schemes and structure learning. Finally we discuss the possibility of integrating across these different domains as a means of gaining a more complete understanding of how it is the brain learns from reinforcement.
Luminescence Properties of Charged Dislocations in Semi‐Insulating GaN : Zn

The properties of semi-insulating thick films of Zn-doped GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy have been studied using cathodoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy and electron holography techniques. We have mapped the depletion region in the vicinity of threading dislocations and we show that it is associated with sharp drops in cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity. The monochromatic CL images showed considerable intensity variations across the sample surface. These long-range variations in luminescence intensity were also found to be related to potential fluctuations in the regions between dislocations. Such variations could be due to surface states caused by polarization effects of dislocations and/or various surface treatments.
The shape of a Möbius band

The shape of a Mobius band made of a flexible material, such as paper, is determined. The band is represented as a bent, twisted elastic rod with a rectangular cross-section. Its mechanical equilibrium is governed by the Kirchhoff–Love equations for the large deflections of elastic rods. These are solved numerically for various values of the aspect ratio of the cross-section, and an asymptotic solution is found for large values of this ratio. The resulting shape is shown to agree well with that of a band made from a strip of plastic.
Feasibility Analysis of Using UHPC in Prestressed Bridge Girders

Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is an emerging material which develops very high compressive strengths and exhibits improved tensile strength and durability properties. Recent construction of three UHPC bridges in the United States has sparked interest in the use of UHPC for prestressed bridge girders in several states. UHPC offers many advantages including longer spans, improved durability, and smaller structural members, making it an appealing material to use in prestressed bridge construction. This paper presents a case study conducted to investigate the feasibility of implementing UHPC in bridge design in New Mexico. Using a modified LFD procedure, bridge designs were developed considering the compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of UHPC as well as design requirements for flexure and shear, girder cross-section geometry, and prestressing strand area. Comparisons with as-built bridge configurations show that using UHPC with compressive strengths between 100 MPa and 150 MPa may potentially lead to a reduction in required girder lines and reduce or eliminate mild steel shear reinforcement. Compared to regular concrete, a cubic yard of commercially available UHPC can cost as much as 10 times more, making designers and precasters hesitant to adopt this material. An economic analysis, assuming that local materials can be used to produce UHPC, indicates that the initial high cost can be offset by careful selection of materials, reduced construction time and maintenance, and the increased service life of the structure. Costs were evaluated based on local material prices, design parameters of the bridge, modified production practices, and a projected maintenance schedule. This study aids in the development of design procedures and recommendations for implementing UHPC as a prestressed concrete girder material.
Lead Content of Human Hair (1871-1971)

Samples of antique and contemporary human hair were analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antique hair contained a significantly greater amount of lead than did contemporary hair.
Optimization of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry interface.

Use of optimized instrument parameters that result from statistical experimentation revealed that the sensitivity of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is greater than the sensitivity of an optimized Thermabeam™ LC/MS interface by about 3 orders of magnitude, when tested on aromatic compounds. APCI is one of the few LC/MS techniques in which the chromatogram is directly comparable with liquid chromatographs that use ultraviolet detection. The optimum instrument parameters for a Finnigan SSQ-7000 APCI LC/MS interface were found at low flow rates (e. g., 0. 1 mL/min), relatively low capillary heat (e. g., 225 °C), and high sheath-gas pressure (e. g., 60 lb/in2). The optimization was achieved by monitoring the responses of sensitivity, fragmentation, and cluster ion formation. The fine tuning for high sensitivity calls for a high percentage of water in the mobile phase. In contrast, a high percentage of organic content in the mobile phase is required to obtain abundant protonated molecular ions with respect to fragmentation and clustering. This is an important consideration for analyses of unknowns.
Fatty acid composition of traditional and novel forages.

Managing the fatty acid composition of grazing ruminant diets could lead to meat and milk products that have higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations, but forage fatty acid dynamics must be more fully understood for a range of forages before grazing systems can be specified. The fatty acid profiles of 13 different forages, including grasses, legumes, and forbs, grown under greenhouse conditions, were determined. Three separate harvests, at 3-week intervals, were made of each plant material. α-Linolenic [C18:3, 7.0−38.4 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM)], linoleic (C18:2, 2.0−10.3 mg g-1 of DM), and palmitic (C16:0, 2.6−7.5 mg g-1 of DM) acids were the most abundant fatty acids in all species at each harvest, together representing ∼93% of the fatty acids present. Concentrations of fatty acids declined as plants developed, but the fractional contribution of each fatty acid to total fatty acids remained relatively stable over time. Grasses had a uniform composition across species with a mean of 66% of to...
Cardiomyocytes overexpressing TNF-α attract migration of embryonic stem cells via activation of p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Stem cells are able to regenerate infarcted myocardium. This study investigated whether TNF-alpha was able to induce migration of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. We used a Transwell assay in which neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, with or without transfection of TNF-alpha cDNA, were plated in the lower compartments and mouse ESCs tagged with green fluorescent protein were added to the upper compartments. TNF-alpha level was significantly increased in the medium of the lower compartments seeded with TNF-alpha-transfected cardiomyocytes. Compared with the controls, overexpression of TNF-alpha significantly enhanced migration of ESCs to the lower compartments. This enhancement was attenuated by preincubation of ESCs with the antibody against the type II TNF-alpha receptor (TNF-RII), but not by the antibody against the type I TNF-alpha receptor (TNF-RI). Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylated protein levels of p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) were significantly increased in TNF-alpha-treated ESCs. Inhibition of the activity of p38 or JNK significantly attenuated TNF-alpha-induced ESC migration. Our data demonstrate that excessive TNF-alpha stimulates TNF-RII and enhances migration of ESCs in vitro. Activation of p38 and JNK is required for TNF-alpha-enhanced ESC migration.
Abstract A35: Identification of pro-survival rapamycin-dependent microRNA (Rapa-miRs) in tuberous sclerosis complex

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem, hamartomatous disease associated with tumors of the brain, skin and kidney, as well as progressive cystic lung destruction characteristic of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). TSC is caused by mutations in TSC1 (hamartin) or TSC2 (tuberin), resulting in hyperactive mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. mTOR is part of two multimeric complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Rapamycin and related rapalogs inhibit mTORC1 activity and stabilize tumors in TSC patients, but tumor progression proceeds at pretreatment rates following cessation of therapy. We sought to determine whether miRNA contribute to the response of TSC2-deficient cells to mTOR inhibition. Methods: Using TSC2-deficient patient angiomyolipoma-derived 621-101 cells, we identified rapamycin-dependent miRNA (“Rapa-miRs”) with two separate platforms (Signosis and Exiqon) and validated them by qRT-PCR. Published expression profiling data were used in conjunction with network analysis overlayed with KEGG and Reactome data to identify Rapa-miR targeted pathways. Results: Rapamycin-dependent regulation of miR-29b, -21, -24, -221, -106a and -199a were common to both platforms and were classified as candidate “Rapa-miRs.” Interestingly, several Rapa-miRs, including miR-21 and -221, are known pro-survival oncogenic miRNA (oncomiRs). Rapamycin induced miR-21 in diverse cell lines, including C3H-10T1/2 with and without knockdown of TSC2, suggesting that rapamycin regulates Rapa-miRs in a TSC2-independent manner. Induction of miR-21 by rapamycin was associated with enhanced processing of pri-miRNA into pre- and mature miRNA, indicating mTORC1 may function in miRNA production. The catalytic mTOR inhibitor Torin 1 induced miR-221 and -29b, but did not induce miR-21. These data suggest that miR-21 induction by rapamycin requires active mTORC2 complex; however, this effect was Akt-independent as inhibition of Akt did not block the induction of miR-21 by rapamycin. Finally, network analysis using the Consolidated Interactome (CI) revealed that Rapa-miRs inhibit multiple key pro-apoptotic nodes, including cytochrome c and BAK1. These data suggest that Rapa-miRs regulate proteins critical for determination of cellular fate and survival in response to rapamycin treatment. Conclusions: Rapamycin induces pro-survival oncomiRs in TSC2-deficient cells; therefore, targeting Rapa-miRs may potentiate rapamycin therapy in TSC patients. Citation Format: Hilaire C. Lam, Anil J. Trindade, Douglas A. Medvetz, Jane Yu, Carmen Priolo, Stephen Y. Chan, Elizabeth P. Henske. Identification of pro-survival rapamycin-dependent microRNA (Rapa-miRs) in tuberous sclerosis complex. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A35.
The Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation Registry's experience with Ebstein's anomaly. Pediatric Electrophysiology Society.

Radiofrequency Ablation in Pediatric Ebstein's Anomaly. Introduction: Abnormal anatomy and complex electrophysiology in patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve may confound attempts at radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods and Results: Data for 65 pediatric Ebstein's patients (9.8 ± 5.4 years, 4 months to 20 years; 39 ± 25 kg, 5.1 to 108 kg) were obtained from the Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation Registry. The degree of tricuspid regurgitation (DOTR) and the degree of Ebstein's anomaly were assessed with echocardiography/Doppler. Leading indications were drug refractoriness (24 [37%] of 65 patients) and life-threatening arrhythmia (14 [22%] of 65 patients). For the 65 patients, 82 typical (nondecremental) accessory pathways (APs) (62% right free wall, 34% right septal, and 4% left sided), 17 other supraventricular tachycardias (1 ectopic atrial, 7 AV reentry, 5 Mahaim, and 4 intra-atrial reentry tachycardias), and 1 ventricular mechanism were mapped. Thirty-four (52%) of 65 patients had a single AP (21 right free wall, 10 septal, and 3 left); 19 (29%) of 65 patients multiple APs; 6 (9%) of 65 patients a single AP plus a non-AP mechanism; and 6 (9%) of 65 patients non-AP mechanism(s) only. REA acute success rates and recurrence rates for right free wall, right septal, and other mechanisms were 79%/32%, 89%/29%, and 75%/27%. Mild DOTR and a body surface area (BSA) ≤ 1.7 m2 independently predicted a better acute success rate. BSA ≤ 1.7 m2 also predicted long-term success. Conclusion: In this patient subset, life-threatening arrhythmias and multiple electrophysiologic mechanisms are commonly encountered during REA. Mild DOTR and a BSA ≥ 1.7 m2 predict a higher acute success rate. While acute success rates are relatively high, recurrence is frequent.
The effects of soil texture and ash thickness on the post-fire hydrological response from ash-covered soils

Summary Ash increases the post-fire hydrological response to rainfall in some situations but decreases it in others, and the reasons for this variability are not well defined. We used simulated rainfall experiments to determine whether the varying hydrological effect of ash can be attributed to differences in the underlying soil texture or the ash thickness. We compared the infiltration rates: (1) before and after controlled burns in 0.5 m2 plots underlain by two sharply contrasting soil textures (sandy loam and gravelly silt loam), and; (2) before and after the addition of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 cm of ash to the burned sandy loam plots with the original ash layer removed. The controlled burns left a ∼1 cm ash layer comprised mostly of silt and fine sand particles that clogged the largest pores in the sandy loam soil, reducing the final infiltration rate from 91 mm h−1 to 35 mm h−1, but had no effect on infiltration in the silt loam plots. Pore clogging also reduced the final infiltration rate by 20 mm h−1 (40%) and the total infiltration by 16 mm (24%) when 0.5 cm of ash was added to the sandy loam plots. However, increased storage in the ash layer combined with slight increases in the final infiltration rate (by 5 and 18 mm h−1, respectively), increased the total infiltration by 16 mm (30%) and 18 mm (26%), respectively with the thicker ash addition treatments. Thus, the varying effect of ash on infiltration and runoff can be at least partially attributed to between-site differences in soil texture and ash thickness. A thin ash layer (
A NEW SPECIES OF CLEPSIS GUENEE, 1845 (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) FROM THE SKY ISLANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Abstract Clepsis anderslaneyii, new species is described and illustrated from the “sky islands” (i.e., Chiricahua, Huachuca, and Santa Rita mountains) of southeastern Arizona, U.S.A. Superficially, it is most similar to Argyrotaenia dorsalana (Dyar 1903), but it is assigned unambiguously to Clepsis Guenee on the basis of the characteristically modified transtilla, which includes a narrow or obsolete mesal portion and a dentate subbasal swollen lobe. Among Nearctic congeners, the male genitalia of C. anderslaneyii are most similar to those of C. fucana (Walsingham 1879), but those of C anderslaneyii can be distinguished by the more broadly pointed valva, narrower transtilla, bulbous uncus, and broader tegumen. The extremely short ductus bursae of the female genitalia of C. anderslaneyii is unique among Clepsis.
Heat fluxes and roll circulations over the western Gulf Stream during an intense cold-air outbreak

Turbulence and heat fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) for three aircraft stacks near the western Gulf Stream front, observed during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) January 28, 1986 cold-air outbreak, has been studied using mixed-layer scaling. The GOES image and stability parameter indicates that these three stacks were in the roll vortex regime. The turbulence structure in the MABL is studied for this case, as well as the significance of roll vortices to heat fluxes. The roll circulations are shown to contribute significantly to the sensible (temperature) and latent heat (moisture) fluxes with importance increasing upward. The results suggest that the entrainment at the MABL top might affect the the budgets of temperature and humidity fluxes in the lower MABL, but not in the unstable surface layer.
Striatal and nigral D1 mechanisms involved in the antiparkinsonian effects of SKF 82958 (APB): studies of tremulous jaw movements in rats.

Rationale: Previous work has demonstrated that cholinomimetic-induced tremulous jaw movements in rats have temporal and pharmacological characteristics similar to parkinsonian tremor. Objective: This rodent model was used to characterize the putative antiparkinsonian effects of the full D1 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF 82958. Methods: Jaw movement activity was induced by the muscarine agonist pilocarpine (4.0 mg/kg IP), and a series of experiments studied the pharmacological characteristics of the reversal of pilocarpine-induced jaw movements by SKF 82958. Results: SKF 82958 (0.5–2.0 mg/kg IP) reduced the tremulous jaw movements induced by pilocarpine. The suppressive effects of SKF 82958 on jaw movements were dose-dependently reversed by systemic pretreatment with the selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.025–0.2 mg/kg IP); SCH 23390 was about 16 times more potent than the D2 antagonist raclopride at reversing the effects of SKF 82958. Intracranial injection of SCH 23390 (0.5–2.0 μg/side) into the ventrolateral striatum, the rodent homologue of the human ventral putamen, dose-dependently reversed the reduction of pilocarpine-induced jaw movements produced by SKF 82958. Intracranial injection of SCH 23390 (0.5–2.0 μg/side) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata also dose-dependently reversed the reduction by SKF 82958 of pilocarpine-induced jaw movements. Injections of SCH 23390 (2.0 μg/side) into control sites dorsal to the striatum or substantia nigra had no effects on the action of SKF 82958. Intranigral (SNr) injections of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline blocked the suppressive effect of systemically administered SKF 82958 on jaw movement activity. Conclusions: These data suggest that the antiparkinsonian actions of SKF 82958 may be due to stimulation of D1 receptors in the ventrolateral striatum and substantia nigra pars reticulata. In addition, these results indicate that GABA mechanisms in the substantia nigra pars reticulata may be important for the antiparkinsonian effects of D1 agonists.
Financing of technological innovation by small firms: Case studies in the medical devices industry

This paper summarizes the findings of 13 detailed case studies of medical device product innovations carried out by small firms. The case studies concentrate on the costs of innovative activity and the sources of funds used by the firms in the time period prior to the introduction of the innovation. Activities by organizations other than the small firm which was the primary innovator are also included.
Exercise Dependence among Competitive Power Lifters

Scores on exercise dependence examined among a sample of 14 competitive power lifters showed higher exercise dependence among lifters than those previously reported for endurance athletes.
Prosodic Boundaries in Adjunct Attachment

Five studies explored the processing of ambiguous sentences like Martin maintained that the CEO lied when the investigation started/at the start of the investigation. The central question was why particular prosodic boundaries have the effects they do. A written questionnaire provided baseline preferences and suggested that clausal adjuncts (when the investigation started) receive more high attachments than nonclausal adjuncts (at the start of the investigation). Four auditory studies manipulated the prosodic boundary before the adjunct clause and the prosodic boundary between the matrix clause and its complement. They disconfirm every version of an account where only the local boundary before the adjunct is important, whether the account is based on the acoustic magnitude of the boundary or its phonological type (an intermediate boundary characterized by the presence of a phrase accent vs. an intonational phrase boundary characterized by both a phrase accent and a boundary tone). Instead the results support use of the global prosodic context, especially the relative size of the local boundary and the distant boundary.
A real options-driven theory of business incubation

This article employs real options-theoretic reasoning to develop a theory of business incubation. This theory seeks to predict and explain how business incubators and the process of business incubation increase the likelihood that new ventures will survive the early stages of development. It conceptualizes the incubator as an entrepreneurial firm that sources and macro-manages the innovation process within emerging organizations, infusing these organizations with resources at various developmental stage-gates while containing the cost of their potential failure. The incubator is the unit of analysis while incubation outcomes—measured in terms of incubatee growth and financial performance at the time of incubator exit—provide indicators of success. Our model of the incubation process and specification of the range of possible incubation outcomes offer implications for managerial practice and policy-making vis-a-vis incubator management and good entrepreneurial failure.
Challenges facing the anesthesiologist in the emergency department.

Purpose of review This review focuses on developments in airway management and concious sedation/analgesic techniques employed by anesthesiologists in the emergency department. Recent findings Emergency medicine physicians routinely employ airway devices and techniques that were previously reserved for anesthesiologists. An understanding of the uses and limitations of these devices are essential for successful outcomes. Anesthesiologists responding to the emergency department may be faced with soiled or traumatized airways. The use of newer devices in cervical trauma and the difficult airway is reviewed. Consious sedation in the emergency department is also reviewed. There are no published recommendations demonstrating the advantage of specific agents for sedation in the emergency department. A wide variety of medications and techniques are currently being employed. Studies indicate that the incidence of adverse effects from these agents range from less than 1% to almost 30%. Various organizations have published guidelines detailing the appropriate protocols and equipment that must be present in the emergency department to monitor patients undergoing conscious sedation. These recommendations have not been universally implemented, and several recent studies suggest that a substantial number of emergency departments may have major deficiencies. Summary The consultant anesthesiologist responding to a critical airway may face a variety of challenges, including traumatized or soiled airways, patients with cervical spine fractures, and patients who have undergone sedation techniques that may have progressed to deep and general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists may also face the challenge of responding to these emergent situations without all the equipment or adequately trained support staff necessary to handle those emergencies safely.
Alterations in pea root meristem proteins after butyrate exposure

Abstract One-dimensional PAGE has shown that butyrate upregulates two proteins of M r 25 and 38 k in comparison with controls in pea roots. Two-dimensional electrophoresis further supported these results by displaying an increase of two groups of basic proteins, one group at M r 24–26 k and the other group at about M r 35 k. The eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by a family of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), as well as many other regulatory proteins. Since the mode of action of these proteins and their interactions serve as regulators at various points in the cell cycle, butyrate may control gene expression and cell cycling.
Output Only Modal Analysis of a Nonuniform Beam Experiment by Using Decomposition Methods

This work explores the application of reduced-order mass-weighted proper orthogonal decomposition (RMPOD), state variable modal decomposition (SVMD), and smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) for extracting approximations of linear normal modes (LNMs) of a free vibrating thin lightly damped nonuniform beam experiment. The application of these decomposition methods involves organizing sensed outputs into ensemble matrices. The ensemble matrices are utilized to create correlation matrices, which are used in solving an eigenvalue problem. This is realized experimentally by sensing a thin nonuniform cantilevered beam, a saw blade, with eleven equally spaced accelerometers, during free vibration. The first mode was filtered out since its frequency was below the threshold of reliable accelerometers performance. RMPOD was able to extract the second, third, and fourth mode as implied by modal assurance criterion (MAC) in a comparison with an analytical approximation of the nonuniform Euler-Bernoulli beam modes. SVMD was able to extract an approximation to the LNMs and natural frequencies for the second, third, and fourth modes. SOD was able to extract the second, third, and fourth modes and natural frequencies successfully.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A new operating strategy for economizer dampers of VAV system

The paper proposes a new operating strategy for the outdoor, discharge, and recirculation air dampers of the economizer in VAV system, called split-signal damper control strategy. The strategy controls the outdoor air by only one damper while keeping the remaining dampers full open. The discharge or recirculation air damper is modulated to control the amount of outdoor air introduced into the system while keeping the two remaining dampers full open. Since at least two dampers are always kept fully open during the occupied times, the strategy can provide a minimum static pressure drop in economizer dampers and results in minimum energy use in return and supply fans. An additional advantage is that the proposed strategy prevents reverse airflow through the discharge air damper of a VAV system that uses a volume matching control strategy. The proposed strategy along with the existing strategies such as the three-coupled dampers used in most existing system and the two-coupled dampers are evaluated on an existing system using 1-year long measured data set, along with an economizer damper model developed and validated in this paper. The simulation results show that the annual energy savings in supply and return fans of an existing system, compared to the traditional strategy of three-coupled dampers, are 12% and 5%, respectively.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, synaptic plasticity and network oscillations

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has quickly progressed from a technical curiosity to a bona-fide tool for neurological research. The impetus has been due to the promising results obtained when using TMS to uncover neural processes in normal human subjects, as well as in the treatment of intractable neurological conditions, such as stroke, chronic depression and epilepsy. The basic principle of TMS is that most neuronal axons that fall within the volume of magnetic stimulation become electrically excited, trigger action potentials and release neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic neurons. What happens afterwards remains elusive, especially in the case of repeated stimulation. Here we discuss the likelihood that certain TMS protocols produce long-term changes in cortical synapses akin to long-term potentiation and long-term depression of synaptic transmission. Beyond the synaptic effects, TMS might have consequences on other neuronal processes, such as genetic and protein regulation, and circuit-level patterns, such as network oscillations. Furthermore, TMS might have non-neuronal effects, such as changes in blood flow, which are still poorly understood.
An instrument for measuring the behavioral dimension of social anxiety.

Summary.-A review of the literature suggested a need for a behavioral measure of characteristic social anxiety, and Rehm and Marston's (1968) roleplaying technique was adapted as an analog. This technique requires subjects to place themselves imaginatively in a series of anxiety-producing social situations which are described on a tape recording; their cask is to respond to a line of dialog spoken by someone in the siruation. Two equivalent test forms were prepared, each of which sampled a wide range of interpersonal situations relevant to both male and female students. Subjects' responses were videotaped and scored using a check list of behavioral anxiety indicators derived from Paul's (1966) list. Interrater reliabilities for the check list score were high (r = .92), and test-retest reliability over 11 wk. was acceptable (T = .57). The check list scores were unrelated to Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scores and weakly though positively related to self-repom anxiety measures. Limitations of the instrument were pointed out, and suggestions for further validation studies and possible modifications were noted.
Post‐Communist Moscow: Re‐Building the “Third Rome” in the Country of Missed Opportunities?

DESPITE THE RECENT demise of the Soviet Union, democracy is increasingly less evident in the views and actions of Russia's political elite. This is quite evident in Moscow's construction of new public monuments to glorify historical figures or in the rebuilding of monumental Church buildings destroyed during the Soviet era. Aside from the enormous cost of such building programs at a time of a widening social gulf between the haves and the have nots, these buildings and monuments are conspicuous by their ugliness and their remarkable ability to ignore the historical models which some of them are supposed to replicate. The lack of attention to public opinion and the small circle of official public artists and architects reveals both the corruption rampant in Russian society and the profoundly antidemocratic tendencies that now predominate. [Moscow, public art, politics, collective memory, contested history]
Tactical deception in covert selling: A persuasion knowledge perspective

In two studies, we examine consumers' perceptions of covert personal selling in relation to their product evaluation and salespersons' self-disclosure of the selling motive. Study 1 suggests that positive product evaluation can moderate the perceived deceptiveness of an overt selling attempt, but not that of its covert counterpart. Study 2 provides further evidence of consumer resistance against covert selling, even when the salespersons disclose their identities prior to consumers' purchase decisions. This research sheds further light on the compelling negative ramifications of tactical deception in covert marketing communications.
Trace metal storage in recent floodplain sediments along the Dill River, central Germany

Abstract Trace metals are stored in near-channel floodplain sediments along many rivers in industrial and mined watersheds of western European countries such as Germany. In this paper, I document the distribution of Cu, Pb, and Zn in 13 cores collected from near-channel floodplain sediments along a 25-km reach of the Dill River in central Germany. Mean concentrations of the three trace metals exceed background concentrations, an indication of anthropogenic enrichment along the study reach; many individual samples have concentrations several times the background levels and exceed standards for trace metals contained in the German Federal Soil Protection Act. Metal concentrations generally peak at depths of 0.2 to 0.7 m below the floodplain surface and are assumed to represent the period of maximum metal releases to the environment through upstream industrial activity, ore mining, or both. In eight of the cores, radiocarbon ages obtained below the depth of peak metal concentrations provide maximum dates for sediment accumulation of between 90 and 1700 years ago, with most ages clustering in the period of 90 to 300 years ago. The ages and depth to peak metal concentrations indicate 0.6 to 1.0 m of floodplain sedimentation over the last 150 to 300 years (0.3–0.4 cm y − 1 ), which exceed sedimentation amounts and rates found in surrounding watersheds. Surface sediments contain lower metal concentrations, suggesting deposition recently of cleaner sediments. Trace metals stored along the Dill River serve as a reminder that stores of contaminants exist in geomorphically sensitive locations of the fluvial system. These legacy sediments bear the chemical imprint of industrial or mining activities that no longer occur in the watershed.
Haptic contour following and feature detection with a contact location display

We investigate the role of contact location information on the perception of local features during contour following in a virtual environment. An absolute identification experiment is conducted under force-alone and force-plus-contact-location conditions to investigate the effect of the contact location information. The results show that the participants identify the local features significantly better in terms of higher information transfer for the force-plus-contact-location condition, while no significant difference was found for measures of the efficacy of contour following between the two conditions. Further data analyses indicate that the improved identification of local features with contact location information is due to the improved identification of small surface features.
New Geographic Distribution Records and Host Specificity of Placobdella ali (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae)

Placobdella ali Huges and Siddall, 2007 has not been reported since its original description based on 3 specimens from Silver Mine Lake in Orange County, New York. The finding of 3 populations of P. ali in Connecticut along with further collection of this species from its type locality facilitated an investigation of host use by this leech, molecular characterization of the species, and observations on its natural history. Placobdella ali commonly occurred on substrate in Silver Mine Lake in Orange County, New York, and Clark's Pond and North Farms Reservoir in New Haven County, Connecticut. A single specimen was found in Lake Wintergreen in New Haven County, Connecticut. Placobdella ali was represented by individuals of a light-colored form and a melanic or dark-colored form. Sequences of 2 mitochondrial genes, CO-I and ND-1, were virtually identical among individuals from Connecticut and New York populations, as well as between the 2 color morphs. Placobdella ali was collected from 10 of 15 (66.7%) American snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in North Farms Reservoir. This observation in conjunction with the absence of P. ali on 55 eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) suggests a fairly high degree of host specificity. Two species of exotic turtles, 3 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), and a single southern painted turtle (Chrysemys dorsalis), which is a state record for Connecticut, indicate the potential of introduction of exotic turtles as a vehicle for the introduction of exotic leeches. One of the 3 (33.3%) red-eared sliders was infested with a single individual of P. ali.
Extended-use oral contraceptives and medically induced amenorrhea: attitudes, knowledge and prescribing habits of physicians

Abstract Background The study was conducted to determine whether geographic location, primary specialty, attitudes and knowledge influence the prescribing habits of physicians regarding extended-use oral contraceptives (OC) and medically induced amenorrhea. Study Design Practice characteristics, contraceptive prescription habits, menstrual cycle physiology knowledge and attitudes about medically induced amenorrhea of Oregon obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) and family medicine physicians were assessed using either a cross-sectional postal or electronic mail survey. Attitudes were assessed using a series of Likert-style questions; multiple-choice responses were used to evaluate knowledge and prescribing habits. Results Of the 713 physicians in the sample (email 575, paper 138), 233 returned the survey, for an overall response rate of 32.7%. Over 90% (211/233) of respondents prescribed OCs; of these, 73.9% (155/211) stated that they prescribed extended-use OCs either often (23.5%) or sometimes (50.5%). Without adjusting for other factors, physicians reporting an OBGYN specialty (odds ratio [OR] 8.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.40–18.91) or an urban practice location (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.42–5.30) were more likely to report prescribing extended-use OCs. However, after adjusting for other factors, attitude was the only factor which remained significantly associated with prescribing (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.41–2.42). Conclusion Physicians' attitudes regarding medically induced amenorrhea influence the use of extended-cycle OC more than any other characteristic.
Genetic Confirmation of 2 Independent Genes for Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in J05 Soybean Using SSR Markers

J05 soybean was previously identified to carry 2 independent genes, Rsv1 and Rsv3, for ‘‘soybean mosaic virus’’ (SMV) resistance by inheritance and allelism studies. The objective of this research was to confirm the 2 genes in J05 using molecular markers so that a marker-assisted selection can be implemented. The segregation of F2 plants from J05 Essex exhibited a good fit to a 3:1 ratio when inoculated with SMV G1. Three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers near Rsv1, Satt114, Satt510, and Sat_154, amplified polymorphic DNA fragments between J05 and Essex and were closely linked to the gene on soybean molecular linkage group (MLG) F, thus verifying the presence of Rsv1 in J05 for resistance to SMV G1. The presence of Rsv3 in J05 was confirmed by 2 closely linked SSR markers on MLG B2, Satt726 and Sat_424, in F2:3 lines that were derived from the SMV G1-susceptible F2 plants and segregated in a 1:2:1 ratio for reaction to SMV G7. Two closely linked markers for Rsv4, Satt296 and Satt542, segregated independently of SMV resistance, indicating the absence of Rsv4 in J05. These SSR markers for Rsv1 and Rsv3 can serve as a useful molecular tool for selection and pyramiding of genes in J05 for SMV resistance.