cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mental Health and Service Needs of Young Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Supportive Data

As the visibility of domestic violence (DV) continues to increase, so too does our awareness of the needs of the children in violent families. This study documents the various needs and problems of over 40,000 children as reported by their battered caretakers. What follows is a description of the findings from data collected between 1990 and 1995 from approximately 50 DV agencies in a Midwestern state. The findings indicate that large proportions of children had emotional and social problems whereas about one quarter had physical health and educational difficulties. Common problems included being very protective of family members, discipline issues, mood swings, and difficulty leaving parents. The implications of these findings and ideas for future planning are identified.
A system for line profile studies at the 150-foot tower on Mount Wilson

We describe enhancements to the hardware and software for the 150-foot tower system on Mt. Wilson which make possible the acquisition of high precision line profile measurements. This system utilizes the 75-foot pit spectrograph with a photomultiplier detector system to scan line profiles repeatedly in order to study variations induced by the passage of waves vertically through the solar atmosphere. Oscillations of line profile parameters with an amplitude as low as 1.7 m s−1 have been detected with this system using integrated sunlight. Phase relations between oscillations of different parts of the line profile are appropriate to upward energy transport. Consistent with the previous conclusion by Mein and Schmieder (1981), we find that the magnitude of the energy transport is compatible with the 5-min oscillations making an important contribution to the heating of the low chromosphere.
A fluorescence-based fiber optic biosensor for the flow-injection analysis of penicillin.

A penicillin fiber optic sensor is described. The sensor is based on co-immobilization of a pH indicator, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and penicillinase on a preactivated biodyne B membrane attached to the end of a bifurcated optical fiber. The characteristics of the sensor are investigated in conjunction with a flow injection analysis system. The proposed sensor is reversible and responds to penicillin in the concentration range of 1 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−2 mol/L. The application of this sensor to penicillin analysis in some pharmaceutical samples is demonstrated.
Effects of Polypeptide Conformation and Surface Bonding on Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectra

For the first time, the α-helical homopolypeptide poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) was synthesized by solid-phase methods. A 10 residue PBLG sample (10-mer) was prepared which exhibited a β-sheet configuration, and a 15 repeat unit PBLG sample (15-mer) was made which displayed partial α-helical character. Solvent-cast thin films of these peptides were deposited on both gold and silver and analyzed by time-of-flight static secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SSIMS). The PBLG 10-mer spectra consisted of a strong molecular ion (cationized with Na or Ag) and less-pronounced fragments spaced by the benzyl glutamate mass (n-mers) attributed to SSIMS fragmentation. Contrary to this, the PBLG 15-mer did not provide an intact molecular ion, and only low-massn-mer species were observed. Thesen-mers are believed to be a product of SSIMS-induced molecular fragmentation that is enhanced by the peptide α-helical conformation. A disulfide moiety (SS) was also coupled to the 10-mer and 15-mer N-termini (10-merSS and 15-merSS) to provide a functional group for self-assembly on gold. Molecular ions were observed from solvent-cast films of these samples, verifying the presence of the SS cap. However, self-assembled monolayers of these peptides on gold generated weak SSIMS signals which primarily reflect the strong binding of the SS group to the substrate.
Laparoscopy-assisted ERCP: experience of a high-volume bariatric surgery center (with video)

Background Laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LAERCP) allows the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic conditions in patients with Roux-en-Y anatomy (RY). However, experience with this technique is limited. Objectives To report on the experience with LAERCP in consecutive patients from a high-volume bariatric surgery center and to evaluate success rates of ERCP with the laparoscopy-assisted approach. Design Retrospective case series. Setting High-volume bariatric surgery center. Patients Consecutive patients undergoing LAERCP between 2003 and 2009. Intervention LAERCP. Outcomes Immediate/delayed complications, biliary/pancreatic duct cannulation, endoscopic/laparoscopic interventions, postprocedure hospital stay, procedure duration. Results Ten patients underwent LAERCP: 9 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 1 after antrectomy with RY (9 female, 1 male; 9 white, 1 black). Indications for the procedure were choledocholithiasis (n=4), biliary stricture (n=3), and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (n=3). Endoscopic access was obtained to the gastric remnant (n=9) or biliopancreatic limb (n=1). Biliary cannulation was successfully achieved in 9 of 10 patients, biliary sphincterotomy was performed in all, pancreatography in 3 of 3, and sphincter of Oddi manometry in 2. In 1 patient, a 3F pancreatic duct stent was placed prophylactically. Mild post-ERCP pancreatitis developed in 2 patients, and 1 patient had a pneumothorax intraoperatively that was treated successfully. The mean duration of the procedure was 89 minutes (range 41-245), and the median postprocedure hospital stay was 2 days (mean 2.59, standard deviation 2.46). Limitations Single-center, retrospective design. Conclusion LAERCP is safe and successful for the diagnosis and therapy of biliopancreatic conditions in patients with RY. It additionally allows the diagnosis and treatment of internal hernias, a known complication of RYGB.
A comparison of generalized multinomial logit (GMNL) and latent class approaches to studying consumer heterogeneity with some extensions of the GMNL model by Peter J. Lenk

I wish to congratulate the authors on their comparison of the newly proposed generalized multinomial logit (GMNL) of Fiebig et al. [1], henceforth ‘FKLW,’ with the widely-used, latent class or finite mixture model of Kamakura and Russell [2]. Both models use the same logistic regression likelihood for product choice but differ in their distributions for individual parameter heterogeneity. I am agnostic about the ‘best’ model for parameter heterogeneity. Ultimately, it is an empirical issue. When models are nested, the smaller model may be preferred because of its simplicity. Conversely, even when the smaller model has better AIC or BIC, a practitioner may choose the larger model if it provides useful information for marketing strategy. When models are not nested, as in this paper, comparisons beyond fit are more nuanced because the models have different foundations and implications. Academics who propose new models tend to be more focused on improved fit, while practitioners tend to look for new models that extend the set of functional problems that can be addressed. Aitchison and Bennet [3] introduced the probit model for product choice based on maximizing random ‘enjoyment,’ which has normal distributions. Partly because of limitations in computing power at the time and partly because of lack of visibility among economist, this work was superseded by the logistic random utility model of McFadden [4]. The random utility for subject i , product j , and choice occasion t is
WiSE video: using in-band wireless loss notification to improve rate-controlled video streaming

Both data and multimedia applications over the Internet are expected to perform some kind of congestion control, typically using packet loss as an indication for congestion. However, when packets are lost due to wireless errors, decreasing the rate unnecessarily harms the application's performance. The paper proposes to use an in-band notification mechanism, called WiSE (wireless signaling via ECN), to distinguish wireless errors from congestion losses and improve the performance of rate-controlled video streamed over wireless links. A WiSE agent on the wireless network identifies wireless errors and piggy-backs this information onto other video packets. The WiSE-aware video source can benefit from this notification (1) by avoiding unnecessary decreases in the sending rate in response to wireless errors, and (2) by accurately adjusting the error resilience for the wireless link. Simulations demonstrate that WiSE provides a significant improvement in video quality over a wide range of conditions.
The Conflict Interactions of the People's Republic of China, 1950-1970:

China scholars believe that increases in the levels of internal conflict have historically led the Chinese to seek foreign policies conflict. Until now, this generalization has not been empirically challenged. Data were collected on nine measures of domestic conflict and twelve measures of foreign conflict, over a 21-year period, 1950-1970. The results were mixed. While the principal finding of a moderate relationship did lend some support to the historical generalizations relating foreign and domestic conflict in the People's Republic of China, a second finding-foreign conflict predicted better to domestic conflict-was contrary to our hypothesized expectations. Thus, on the basis of the tentative findings, we would be justified in reformulating the traditional conflict model and proposing that the key toward understanding the relationship between foreign and domestic conflict in the PRC is not only its domestic conflict, but also the foreign conflict initiated by or directed toward the Chinese.
Intraoperative duplex ultrasound criteria for performing interposition bypass in the treatment of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

We present a case series of 3 surgical procedures (2 patients) in which intraoperative duplex ultrasound (IDUS) was used to determine whether the chronic compression of the popliteal artery caused by popliteal artery entrapment syndrome had injured the artery to such a degree that interposition bypass was required. Patients initially underwent standard clinical evaluation including history and physical examination and noninvasive diagnostic testing including postexercise ankle-brachial indexes and angiography with evocative maneuvers before surgery. IDUS was performed. Doppler was used to calculate peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and velocity ratios (VRs) across areas of suspected injury. B-mode was used to assess arterial wall thickness (AWT) and sclerotic changes. Patients were followed in the postoperative period with surveillance duplex ultrasound (US). Three limbs (2 patients) underwent IDUS evaluation after popliteal decompression. Limb 1 demonstrated an elevated intraoperative PSV of 295 cm/sec with an elevated VR of 2.52 (295/117 cm/sec) and AWT of 1.1 mm. Interposition bypass was performed after popliteal decompression. Postoperative surveillance duplex US revealed a reduction of the PSV to 90 cm/sec. Limb 2 showed a mildly elevated intraoperative PSV of 211.5 cm/sec with a VR of 1.86 (211.5/114 cm/sec) and AWT of 0.8 mm. An interposition bypass was not performed. Limb 3 demonstrated an elevated intraoperative PSV of 300 cm/sec with an elevated VR of 2.51 (300/119.5 cm/sec) and AWT of 1.0. Interposition bypass was performed. Postoperative surveillance duplex US revealed a reduction of the PSV to 115 cm/sec. IDUS was very helpful in the operative management and intraoperative decision making process for popliteal artery entrapment. An elevated PSV of 250–275 cm/sec or greater on IDUS and a VR of 2.0 or greater, in conjunction with B-mode demonstration of arterial wall injury, was useful in identifying severely injured popliteal arterial segments. Additional prospective studies are warranted to further investigate objective criteria that indicate the need for bypass.
SAMcast - A Scalable, Secure and Authenticated Multicast Protocol for Large Scale P2P Networks

Overlay networks have shown tremendous potential in solving large scale data dissemination problem by employing peer-to-peer communication protocols. These networks, however, have mostly been used for illegal dissemination of copyrighted material. This paper is aimed at investigating an incentive driven approach to encourage users to actively participate in overlay activities. The users are also discouraged from indulging in illegal distribution of copyrighted material by employing an efficient public key based broadcast encryption scheme along with a deterministic traitor tracing mechanism. We note that public key based broadcast encryption schemes require some mechanism by which a peer can verify the integrity of contents downloaded from other peers. SAMcast is the first protocol, to the best of our knowledge, which provides an efficient integrity verification mechanism along with public key based broadcast encryption. Our experiment results show that the proposed broadcast encryption scheme is highly scalable and the integrity verification is extremely efficient both in terms of computation and communication.
Secchi disk science: Visual optics of natural waters1

The Secchi disk is a circular white disk that is lowered into a natural body of water by a human observer until it disappears from view. The depth of disappearance is a visual measure of the clarity of the water. This review examines the physical and physiological basis of the Secchi disk procedure. The theory of the white disk is detailed to show the underlying assumptions and the consequent strengths and limitations of the procedure. The theory shows how to use a calibrated Secchi disk to predict illuminance levels as a function of depth. In particular it is shown how to predict the euphotic depth of a medium. Ten laws of the Secchi disk are stated verbally and in mathematical form. The laws show how variations in properties of the disk and the surrounding light field affect the depth of disappearance of the disk. Theory and examples lead to the following three main conclusions of this paper: (i) the Secchi disk reading zs,, (in meters) yields a quantitative estimate of a single apparent optical property (CX + K) (in meter-') of a natural hydrosol, where (Y is the (photopic) beam attenuation coefficient and K the (photopic) diffuse attenuation coefficient of the medium; (ii) the primary function of a Secchi disk is to provide a simple visual index of water clarity via z,, or a! + K, (iii) to extend the use of the Secchi disk by auxiliary objective electronic measurements of a or of K, or both, is to risk obviating or abusing this primary function.
Primary myelofibrosis with concurrent precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of the spleen in a 26-year-old patient.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is rare myeloproliferative disease usually diagnosed in older patients. Reports of a concurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma in PMF are rare. We present a case of a 26-year old patient with PMF and precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma of the spleen and lymph nodes. The patient was treated with splenectomy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and remains in remission from both PMF and lymphoblastic lymphoma 6 months after the full strength allo-SCT. To our knowledge this is second report of concurrent PMF and precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, and first report of a successful treatment for both underlying conditions.
High efficiency and high linearity microwave power amplifiers based on ultra-high f/sub max/ selective buried sub-collector (SBSC) HBTs

This paper presents several microwave power amplifier designs that promise high power and broad bandwidth, while meeting the efficiency and linearity requirements of advanced radar and communication systems. Power amplifiers are designed based on an ultra-high f/sub max/ (>450 GHz) selective buried sub-collector (SBSC) HBT technology. SBSC HBTs are fabricated on pre-patterned sub-collector mesas. The active device region is carefully designed so that the overlap between the extrinsic base and the sub-collector is totally eliminated for minimizing the base collector capacitance and maximizing the device f/sub max/. Simulations on SBSC HBT microwave amplifiers show that >10 W output power may be achievable with PAE>50% and OIP3=40 dBm at 7-11 GHz (X-band) and >4 W output power with PAE=30% and OIP3=32 dBm at 28-32 GHz (Ka-band). These results show the great potential of using SBSC HBTs for broadband and high power microwave amplifiers with high efficiency and linearity.
Relation of Coronal Magnetic Structure to the Interplanetary Proton Events of August 2–9, 1972

In order to interpret the time history of the ≥ 13.5 MeV protons observed on Pioneers 9 and 10 and IMP 5 from the flares of August 2, 4 and 7, we have estimated the coronal connection longitudes of the interplanetary field lines using the solar wind velocities measured on the spacecraft. Pioneer 9 was 46° east of the Earth-Sun line at 0.78 AU and Pioneer 10 was nearly on the same radial at 2.2 AU. We find reasonable agreement between the observed (preliminary) magnetic field polarity at Pioneer 9 and the equatorial chromospheric polarity (from Hα filtergrams) at the inferred connection longitudes. The protons appear to be released preferentially in a large magnetic neutral-line complex that surrounds the flare region (McMath 11976) from Carrington longitudes 0° to 60°. Although impulsive proton events were observed from all three flares by Pioneer 9, only the second two were seen at Earth, and Pioneer 10 never showed comparable impulsive response (the fluxes rose steadily August 3–6 and then decayed irregularly). These apparent descrepancies are resolved by comparison with magnetic neutral line structure. The long neutral line that passes through McMath 11976 and extends over more than 150° appears to separate regions of markedly different interplanetary proton fluxes.
Distribution of Myrmecocystus mexicanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Association with Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract We examined the spatial pattern of the ant Myrmecocystus mexicanus Wesmael. Although intraspecific dispersion is highly uniform, colonies were significantly associated with reproductively mature nests of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson). Colonies of M. mexicanus were more likely to be found within 3 m of P. occidentalis and less likely to be found as far as 10 m away. The protein component of the diet of M. mexicanus at this site is almost exclusively dead or moribund workers of P. occidentalis. M. mexicanus appears to associate with one of its consistent food sources.
Optimal Power Generation Unit Sizing for Base-Loaded Combined Heat and Power Systems Using Monthly vs. Hourly Time-Steps

In many applications combined heat and power (CHP) systems provide both cost and environmental benefits when used in place of traditional grid utility systems. The benefits of CHP systems, however, are very sensitive to the proper selection of the system’s components for given loading conditions, especially the power generation unit (PGU). The PGU size should be selected based on the facility’s electrical and thermal loading conditions to generate the maximum cost savings. Many researchers have presented methods for selecting the optimal PGU size using hourly load data. However, hourly load data is seldom available for a facility. For this reason, this paper provides a series of calculations that determine the optimal PGU size based on annual cost savings for a base-loaded CHP system using monthly load data, which is representative of a facility’s utility bills that are always available. Furthermore, because resale of excess electricity to the grid is widely available in the United States and other countries, this capability is included in the equations presented in this paper. Unfortunately, in some cases monthly-based calculations do not provide enough information to properly determine the optimal size of the PGU. A case study is performed to compare the results of monthly-based and hourly-based calculations for sixteen benchmark buildings in Albuquerque, NM and Baltimore, MD to investigate when monthly-based calculations can be used. It is noted that resale of excess electricity is considered in Baltimore, but not considered in Albuquerque for this study. A statistical analysis of the results uncovers that the magnitude of the coefficient of variation of the building’s heating demand indicates whether monthly-based calculations can be used, and furthermore, whether annual cost savings are possible. Results indicate that the proposed monthly-based calculations can determine the optimal PGU size, and calculate annual cost savings for approximately half of the facilities in Albuquerque and Baltimore. Further studies must be performed to determine a broader range of locations where this monthly-based calculation strategy is valid.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Sudden cardiac death screening in adolescent athletes: an evaluation of compliance with national guidelines

Objective In the USA, the preparticipation physical evaluation (PPE) is the standard of care for screening eight million high-school athletes for their risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Our aim was to evaluate both physician and school compliance with national guidelines for SCD screening. Methods We conducted a confidential survey of the Washington Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Washington Academy of Family Physicians (WAFP) and Washington State high-school athletic directors. Responses were evaluated for compliance with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for SCD screening. Results We received a response rate of 72% (559/776) from the AAP, 56% (554/990) from the WAFP and 78% (317/409) from the athletic directors. Only 6% of all providers and 0% of schools were in compliance with AHA guidelines. In addition, 47% of the physicians and 6% of athletic directors reported awareness of the guidelines. There was no difference in compliance between physician specialties (p=0.20). Physician location, years of experience and exposure to SCD were not significantly associated with compliance. Provider knowledge of the guidelines, number of PPE/month and frequency of referrals to cardiology were all positively associated with improved overall compliance (p Conclusions Despite the unaltered presence of the AHA SCD screening guidelines for the past 15 years, compliance with the recommendations is poor. Lack of compliance does not reflect clinical experience, but rather lack of knowledge of the guidelines themselves. New directions for provider education and policy requirements are needed to improve this implementation gap.
Hardware method of synchronising processes without using a clock

A system of asynchronous logic is described whose purpose is to keep operations taking place in several different devices in step with one another. The description includes details of control waveforms on the three bus lines that interconnect the devices, a suggested implementation and a state table showing how it operates.
The Population Problem of the netherlands

DEMOGRAPHERS, conservationists, economists and others differ greatly among themselves as to the imminence of a world crisis stemming from the rapid growth of man's numbers. It is generally accepted that the population of the world at least doubled during the past one hundred years; considering, among other things, the advances that are currently being made in lowering the death rates in the "underdeveloped areas," it is anticipated that another doubling of the earth's population will occur long before another century has passed. William Vogt, Guy Burch, Elmer Pendell, Fairfield Osborn and others have repeated, with various contemporary modifications, the basic Malthusian concern that the depleted resources of the world will be shortly unable to provide for these ever increasing numbers of humans.' A more optimistic outlook is provided by scholars such as Juan de Castro and Kirtley Mather, who either have great faith in the possibilities of developing new sources of energy and improved techniques of food production, or who harbor the expectation that higher living standards, in one manner or another, may contribute to bring about a major decrease in birth rates.2 Whatever the merits and shortcomings of the positions mentioned, for several nations over-population is not a hypothetical possibility of the future; it is a pressing problem that demands immediate attention. The governing officials of these lands see more people entering the working force annually than the existing economy can absorb. The result is either unemployment or under-employment as a chronic condition. These leaders find it more and more difficult to enable their people to maintain the level of living which they have come to regard as appropriate. The Netherlands is an example of such a land.
Observations of Ferromagnetic Domains by Anomalous Transmission of X-Rays. The Effects of Variation in the Reflecting Plane

The ferromagnetic domain patterns observed by anomalous transmission of X-rays in Fe–3% Si crystals grown by secondary recrystallization are shown to depend on the choice of reflecting plane. The {110} reflection shows straight lines in the 〈100〉 directions which are sometimes resolved as zig-zag lines. The {200} reflections show surface closure domains which are the same as those seen in Bitter patterns; zig-zag boundaries and several other features are also seen. The importance of strain effects in determining the domain pattern is discussed. Es wird gezeigt, das die ferromagnetische Domanenstruktur in sekundar rekristallisierten Fe–3% Si-Einkristallen, die durch die anomale Durchlassigkeit fur Rontgenstrahlen beobachtet wurde, von der gewahlten Reflexionsebene abhangt. Der (110)-Reflex zeigt gerade Linien in den 〈100〉-Richtungen, die zuweilen als Zickzackwande aufgelost werden. Die (200)-Reflexe zeigen Oberflachenabschlusdomanen, die mit den Bittermustern ubereinstimmen. Zickzackwande und andere Strukturen werden ebenfalls beobachtet. Der Einflus von Dehnungen auf die Domanenstruktur wird diskutiert.
Accounting for Model Error in Ensemble-Based State Estimation and Forecasting

Abstract Accurate forecasts require accurate initial conditions. For systems of interest, even given a perfect model and an infinitely long time series of observations, it is impossible to determine a system's exact initial state. This motivates a probabilistic approach to both state estimation and forecasting. Two approaches to probabilistic state estimation, the ensemble Kalman filter, and a probabilistic approach to 4DVAR are compared in the perfect model framework using a two-dimensional chaotic map. Probabilistic forecasts are fed back into the probabilistic state estimation routines in the form of background weighting information. It is found that both approaches are capable of producing correct probabilistic forecasts when a perfect model is in hand, but the probabilistic approach to 4DVAR appears to be the least sensitive to nonlinearities. When only imperfect models are available (i.e., always), one does not have access to the distribution that produces truth, and it is therefore impossible to pr...
The Electromagnetic Interaction

The formulation of a covariant field theory of inertia that gives quantum mechanics as a linear approximation has been shown in the preceding chapter to necessarily entail an incorporation of the electromagnetic force (minimally) as well as gravity. The gravitational manifestations of interacting matter are expressed in this theory in terms of the quaternion metrical field, which was derived and discussed in detail in General Relativity and Matter [GRM, Ch. 6]. The general form of the electromagnetic field theory, according to general relativity, was also examined in detail in GRM (in Chapter 5). In this chapter we will briefly review the latter development of electromagnetism for the purpose of its necessary incorporation in the matter field equations, in the following chapters. The latter incorporation is a crucial ingredient in the derivation of important features of the field equations of inertia, such as the derivation from first principles of the Pauli exclusion principle (in Chapter 6).
Disease controllability moderates the effect of coping efficacy on positive affect

Objective: This study aims to test experimentally whether coping strategies (approach- vs. avoidance-oriented coping) have differential effects under conditions of high or low stressor controllability.Design: Undergraduates (62 women, 30 men) participated in a 2 × 2 experimental study where they were introduced to a fictitious disease (tisomerase enzyme deficiency) said to be either controllable or uncontrollable and an approach- or avoidance-oriented coping behaviour induction.Main Outcome Measures: Changes in positive and negative affect.Results: A significant disease control x coping interaction on positive affect (f2 = .07, p = .011) revealed that approach-coping condition participants had higher positive affect than avoidance-coping condition participants when disease control was high (d = .94, p = .003), but not when it was low (d = .11, p = .93). The experimental conditions did not significantly influence negative affect.Conclusion: Results demonstrate that disease control moderates the salubrious ...
Healing of chronic sickle cell disease-associated foot and ankle wounds using transdermal continuous oxygen therapy.

Objective Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex cause of capillary stasis that can lead to lower extremity venous ulcers. Since SCD is characterised by impaired oxygen delivery that can be exacerbated by lower extremity venous stasis, we sought to determine if direct delivery of oxygen to a lower extremity ulcer associated with SCD could augment healing. Method We performed a pilot study of a portable device that delivers oxygen directly to the wound site to assess this possibility. The device was assessed in a single patient with three longstanding wounds of the lower extremities associated with SCD: the lateral right ankle, the medial aspect of the distal left leg, and the dorsal left foot. The left leg and left foot wounds received 15 weeks of treatment each. Results Both left lower extremity wounds healed, and neither wound has relapsed in the 42 months since the treatment was completed. At 36 months from the completion of treatment, the patient presented to the hospital with renal failure, and with ...
Policing Hoover's Ghost: The Privilege for Law Enforcement Techniques

Various legal doctrines have been devised over the years to ensure bureaucratic opacity — state secrets, classified information, executive privilege, legislative privilege, judicial privilege, deliberative process privilege, housekeeping privilege, informer’s privilege, investigative files privilege, and so on. The newest of these is the so-called law enforcement sensitive privilege, now regularly invoked to shield new (and sometimes not so new) techniques and methods used to investigate and prevent crime. In one notable recent criminal case, a federal judge in Arizona invoked this privilege to justify withholding evidence about an electronic device known as the “Stingray”, which the FBI had used to track down a suspect accused of identity theft and tax fraud. Until now, the paternity of this privilege has been obscure, although bits and pieces of the story are well-known and documented. This article attempts to assemble those pieces into a coherent genealogy. Our tale begins with three fascinating protagonists: a Barnard College alumna recruited as a Soviet spy while working under the government’s nose in the Justice Department; the most brilliant and influential federal judge never to sit on the Supreme Court; and the famously secretive law enforcement icon who built the FBI into the nation’s foremost crime-fighting force. All three came together at a seminal moment in the McCarthy Era, with a combustive force whose impact lingers to this day. This was the moment of conception for the law enforcement privilege.The balance of the article traces this doctrine’s growth to maturity, including (ironically) the passage of the Freedom of Information Act; subsequent DOJ-sponsored FOIA amendments exempting investigative files; early court decisions adopting a limited surveillance location privilege; and later decisions recognizing a qualified privilege for law enforcement “sensitive” information. Along the way we pause to relate a personal encounter with the FOIA exemption for law enforcement techniques. The article concludes with a handful of critiques, both practical and theoretical, that might curb the prevailing enthusiasm for this youngest member of the government privilege family.
Reproductive ecology of black-tailed prairie dogs in Montana

Reproductive ecology of black-tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) was studied on the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Montana (1978–1980 and 1985). Breeding took place from early March through early April in most years. Persistent snow cover and below normal temperatures in February and March of 1978 delayed the start of breeding. Litter size averaged 4.4 but varied significantly among years. Average yearly litter size was correlated (r 2 = 0.986) with summer (June-September) precipitation prior to the breeding season. Largest average yearly litter size (5.0) followed record precipitation, while the smallest average yearly litter size (3.8) followed extreme drought. More than half the yearling females failed to breed while 88% of the females two years and older bred. Testes weights were greatest early in the breeding season and regressed rapidly during April.
Philopatry, Site Fidelity, Dispersal, and Survival of Spotted Sandpipers

AsTRAcr.-We assessed philopatry, site fidelity, dispersal, and survival during the last eight years of an 18-year study of Spotted Sandpipers (Actitis macularia). The first 10 years of the study were of an island population. For the last eight years of the study, we expanded the study area to include a mainland subpopulation, 7 km from the primary island population. We also assessed between-site movement. Yearlings made up 7 to 36% of breeders recruited annually, and yearling return was negatively associated with number of fledglings the previous year. We found male-biased philopatry when all yearling returns were included, but no significant sex bias of birds that returned and bred. Return rate for males that successfully bred was 63%; for males that were not successful, 29% returned. For females, the return rate of successful breeders was 63% and for unsuccessful breeders 26%. Females changed territories between clutches more often after nest failure, and birds moved more often to the island than to the mainland. We used hatch and fledging success, philopatry, and site fidelity rates to construct male and female life tables, separating successful and unsuccessful breeders. From U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery records, dispersal distances ranged from 3.6 to 147 km. We conclude that expanding our study site gave a more accurate picture of philopatry, dispersal, and site fidelity. Birds apparently treated all study areas as a single site, with the island preferred to the mainland for breeding. Received 8 May 1992, accepted 28 January 1993.
Nonbacterial pneumonias: contributions of Maxwell Finland revisited.

The development of chemotherapy, after treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia with specific antiserum to pneumococci was established, brought into clear focus the diverse and often nonbacterial etiology of pneumonic disease. It was an epic period in which Maxwell Finland was in the forefront of the recognition, diagnosis, and specific treatment of pneumonia. "We must think of it [pneumonia] as a group of specific infectious diseases caused by a variety of pathogenic agents, each of which produces an acute febrile illness associated with an inflammatory reaction in the lungs" [1]. His contributions revealed an expert clinician, an astute investigator, and a diligent scholar. Already his works have become classics to be studied for content and method. His thoughts permeate this manuscript and do the present author honor.
Modeling the adoption of social media by newspaper organizations

The study looks at the density dependence process driving the adoption of social media.Specifically, the adoption of Weibo by 2007 Chinese newspapers is examined.Party and non-party newspapers respond to the density changes in quite different ways. Although the ecological approach has been utilized in the field of communication, no prior research has applied this perspective to examine the organizational selection of social media. This study employs the framework of density dependence to understand what drives the adoption of social media by organizations. Fixed-effects negative binominal regression models were run to test the hypotheses that predicted the founding rates of 2007 Chinese newspaper organizations in 31 provincial units on Sina Weibo from August 2009 to June 2015. The results show that the founding rate of party newspapers exhibits inverted U-shaped relationships to local or non-local party newspaper density and non-party newspaper density. At the same time, the density dependence hypothesis is supported only for the effect of non-party newspaper density outside the provincial unit on the founding rate of non-party newspapers. Unexpectedly, non-party newspaper density within the provincial boundary exerts no significant influence on this founding rate. Both local and non-local party newspaper densities significantly and negatively influence the decisions to start homepages on Sina Weibo among non-newspaper organizations. Discussion and implications are provided.
Objective and design methods of new drug clinical trials

The clinical studies in new drug research and development are generally conducted by phases. The study purposes, questions expected to be solved and methods are quite different at different clinical study phases. The article based on the clinical trial protocol design describes the considerations for investigator reference.
Why Radial Access Is Better.

The introduction of the transradial approach has raised vascular access to a level of refinement unforeseen by the pioneers of cardiac catheterization, who relied on direct left ventricular puncture or transbronchial left atrial catheterization to make hemodynamic measurements in the 1950s [(1)][1
Combination Therapies with Antiangiogenic Treatments

Antiangiogenic treatment discussed in Chapters 5 and 6 is an indirect approach to cancer therapy that aims at limiting a tumor’s ability to grow by depriving it of the required vasculature. It initially provided a new hope in cancer treatment since targeting the healthy and genetically stable endothelial cells of the lining for the blood vessels showed no drug resistance, the curse of chemotherapy [141, 142]. However, since the treatment is only limiting the tumor’s support mechanism without actually killing the cancer cells, antiangiogenic therapy by itself only achieves a temporary, “pseudo-therapeutic effect” that goes away with time. In some cases, once treatment is halted, the tumor grows back even more vigorously than before. While antiangiogenic monotherapy thus is not considered a viable treatment option, it has become a staple of anticancer treatments in combination with radio- and chemotherapy. In this way, simultaneously two separate mechanisms that support cancer are targeted, the cancerous cells and the vasculature that supports them [283]. The idea simply is that antiangiogenic therapy can enhance the efficacy of traditional approaches by normalizing a tumor’s vasculature. For example, Jain and Munn argue that a normalization of a tumor’s irregular and dysfunctional vasculature [131, 132] through prior antiangiogenic treatment enhances the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and thus improves the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
Acculturation and changes in body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio among Filipino Americans with hypertension.

The purpose of this research study was to examine whether level of acculturation is a predictor of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio in Filipino Americans with hypertension in the United States. The Filipino Americans (N = 108) were recruited from a primary care clinic in the United States. Two instruments were used to collect and operationalize the variables, specifically: (1) Socioeconomic/Demographic Questionnaire and (2) A Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans. Descriptive statistics and partial least squares were used to calculate the results. The partial least square path model identified acculturation as a predictor of body mass index, wait circumference, and waist-hip ratio among Filipino Americans. The positive path coefficient (β = 0.384) was statistically significant (t = 5.92, P < .001). Health care providers need to stress the importance of the degree of acculturation when developing culturally appropriate lifestyle and health promotion interventions among immigrant patients with hypertension.
Device fabrication, characterization, and thermal neutron detection response of LiZnP and LiZnAs semiconductor devices

Abstract Nowotny-Juza compounds continue to be explored as candidates for solid-state neutron detectors . Such a device would have greater efficiency, in a compact form, than present day gas-filled 3He and 10BF3 detectors. The 6Li(n,t)4He reaction yields a total Q-value of 4.78 MeV, larger than 10B, an energy easily identified above background radiations. Hence, devices fabricated from semiconductor compounds having either natural Li (nominally 7.5% 6Li) or enriched 6Li (usually 95% 6Li) as constituent atoms may provide a material for compact high efficiency neutron detectors. Starting material was synthesized by preparing equimolar portions of Li, Zn, and As sealed under vacuum (10−6 Torr) in quartz ampoules lined with boron nitride and subsequently reacted in a compounding furnace [1] . The raw synthesized material indicated the presence high impurity levels (material and electrical property characterizations). A static vacuum sublimation in quartz was performed to help purify the synthesized material [2] , [3] . Bulk crystalline samples were grown from the purified material [4] , [5] . Samples were cut using a diamond wire saw, and processed into devices. Bulk resistivity was determined from I–V curve measurements, ranging from 106–1011 Ω cm. Devices were characterized for sensitivity to 5.48 MeV alpha particles , 337 nm laser light, and neutron sensitivity in a thermal neutron diffracted beam at the Kansas State University TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor. Thermal neutron reaction product charge induction was measured with a LiZnP device, and the reaction product spectral response was observed.
Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infection: Hijacking the Acute-Phase Response

Tissue injury activates the acute-phase response mediated by the liver, which promotes coagulation, immunity, and tissue regeneration. To survive and disseminate, musculoskeletal pathogens express virulence factors that modulate and hijack this response. As the acute-phase reactants required by these pathogens are most abundant in damaged tissue, these infections are predisposed to occur in tissues following traumatic or surgical injury. Staphylococcus aureus expresses the virulence factors coagulase and von Willebrand binding protein to stimulate coagulation and to form a fibrin abscess that protects it from host immune-cell phagocytosis. After the staphylococcal abscess community reaches quorum, which is the colony density that enables cell-to-cell communication and coordinated gene expression, subsequent expression of staphylokinase stimulates activation of fibrinolysis, which ruptures the abscess wall and results in bacterial dissemination. Unlike Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes expresses streptokinase and other virulence factors to activate fibrinolysis and to rapidly disseminate throughout the body, causing diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Understanding the virulence strategies of musculoskeletal pathogens will help to guide clinical diagnosis and decision-making through monitoring of acute-phase markers such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fibrinogen.
Review: Urban China: Informal Cities

Urban China: Informal Cities. Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, 16 October 2010–3 April 2011. We live in an age of extreme urbanization. Nowhere is this more palpable then in the cities of China. In a country with the fastest urban growth rate recorded in human history, where a new cocktail of capitalist enterprise and socialist political regime pushes market boundaries and spatial conditions alike, and where the city is increasingly challenged and reconditioned beyond previous notions of urbanity, the public's inventiveness to engage these terrains is constantly tested. It is at this juncture between bureaucratic policy and public myth, political doctrine and vernacular improvisation, urban infrastructure and rural almanac, that a particularly vivid condition between the formal organizations of the city and the informal engagements with it can be observed. Urban China: Informal Cities, a recent exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, worked at exactly this intersection where formal impositions and informal engagements collide. Commissioned as part of the Three M Project (a series organized by the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York, the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago), the exhibition aimed to raise awareness about unprecedented urban expansion in China and its relationship to everyday urban inventions and activism. Originating in the research and publications of the only recognized Chinese magazine on urbanism, Urban China , led by editor- in-chief Jiang Jun, the material for the exhibition traveled from the streets of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou to museums in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. As the venues changed, the collection of urban facts and artifacts was rearranged, constructing an environment of impressions rather than communicating a single idea. At the MCA in Chicago, a wallpaper of graphics, images, objects, and short descriptions filled the gallery walls on the northern wing's third floor with a dizzying exhibition of multiple narratives …
GaN solar microinverter with only 4 low side devices

This paper presents the analyses and design of a GaN device based differential-mode Cuk inverter (DMCI). The DMCI follows a hybrid modulation scheme (HMS) that introduces discontinuity in modulation or yields topological switching, which results in enhanced energy conversion efficiency. Owing to very small device capacitance and high dv/dt of GaN devices, it becomes crucial to limit the leakage inductance in gate drive path and power loops. In light of the above, detailed guidelines for component selection and magnetics design are provided. Experimental results for startup transient, steady state operation and load switching are provided to display the efficacy of the designed inverter.
The Costs of College Attendance: Examining Variation and Consistency in Institutional Living Cost Allowances

ABSTRACTDiscussions of college costs often focus on tuition and fees, but living cost allowances for room, board, and other expenses account for more than half of the total cost of attending college. The allowances, developed by colleges and universities, also affect student eligibility for federal financial aid and the accuracy of accountability systems. This study examined institutional variation in living cost allowances and assessed the consistency of allowances by comparing them to living cost estimates specific to the college’s region. Results across multiple specifications indicated that nearly half of all colleges provide living-cost allowances at least 20% above or below estimated county-level living expenses.
Evaluation of Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) in Combination With Anticancer Hormones in Orthotopic Breast Cancer Models

Objective. To determine the impact on antitumor activity when active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) in combination with anticancer hormonal agents in orthotopic mouse models of human estrogen re...