cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ketamine on electroencephalographic and autonomic arousal and segmental reflex responses in the cat.

Abstract Objective To provide evidence concerning doses of ketamine that affect electroencephalographic (EEG) and autonomic signs of arousal during nociceptive stimulation. Study design Prospective psychophysical test in people. Single injection or progressively increasing infusions of ketamine in cats. Animals and people Seven people (20–60 years old) and three cats (3–5 kg) for EEG recording and six cats for EMG recordings. Methods In order to define innocuous and nociceptive stimulus intensities which could be applied to cats to evaluate arousal, psychophysical evaluations of sensations elicited by compression of the skin overlying phalangeal bones of the hand were obtained from human subjects. Then, following administration of ketamine, recordings of EEG frequency and of autonomic responses (heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure) were obtained before and during stimulation of the tails of cats at pressures identified by human observers as either innocuous or nociceptive. Observations of withdrawal reflexes of the hindlimbs following interdigital skin stimulation were interposed between recording periods. In separate sessions, stretch reflex activity was assessed during awake and anesthetic conditions by recording electromyographic activity from soleus muscles and resistive force to dorsiflexion of the tibiotarsal joint. Results There were no changes in either total EEG (0.5–30.0 Hz), low–frequency (0.6–7.5 Hz) or high–frequency (7.5–30.0 Hz) power produced by nociceptive stimulation for a period of 18–24 minutes following an intramuscular bolus dose of ketamine (33.0 mg kg−1), although withdrawal reflexes were present. Thereafter, nociceptive stimulation produced EEG arousal responses in the low–frequency and total power range and increased systolic blood pressure and respiration rate. In tests after intravenous infusion of ketamine (10.0–22.2 mg kg−1 hour−1), total and low–frequency EEG power and autonomic responses to nociceptive stimulation were eliminated. Organized motor responses were never elicited during IV infusion, but withdrawal reflexes were observed at each dosage. Also, stretch reflexes were shown by quantitative analysis to be retained at all doses of ketamine infusion. Conclusions and clinical relevance These results show that testing of withdrawal reflexes does not reveal the adequacy of ketamine anesthesia. Segmental stretch and withdrawal reflexes are preserved and can be investigated during infusion of ketamine at doses that eliminate arousal from brief periods of nociceptive stimulation.
The Lattice Vacancy in Si and Ge

The extended Huckel theory is used to study the electronic structure of the vacancy in Si and Ge. Localized levels associated with the vacancy are found in the forbidden gap near the valence-band edge. The equilibrium positions of the four neighboring atoms around the vacancy after symmetric relaxation are predicted for the four different charged states of the vacancy. Jahn-Teller effects are found to he small. The migration energies for vacancies in Si and Ge are also estimated. Results are compared with other calculations and experimental data. Mit Hilfe der erweiterten Huckel-Theorie wird die elektronische Struktur der Leerstelle in Si und Ge untersucht. Es werden lokalisierte, zur Leerstelle gehorende Niveaus gefunden, die in der verbotenen Zone nahe der Valenzbandkante liegen. Die Gleichgewichtslagen nach symmetrischer Relaxation der vier die Leerstelle umgehenden Nachbaratome werden fur die vier verschiedenen Ladungszustande der Leerstelle vorhergesagt. Der Jahn-Teller-Effekt erweist sich als klein. Die Wanderungsenergien fur Leerstellen in Si und Ge werden ebenfalls berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit anderen Berechnungen und experimentellen Daten verglichen.
Mechanical Strain-Induced Proliferation of Osteoblastic Cells Parallels Increased TGF-β1 mRNA

Abstract It is well known that mechanical stimulation can prompt healing of bone fractures. However, the mechanism involved is less clear. In this study, we found that a 0.17% cyclic, biaxial mechanical strain delivered at 1 Hz increased proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, a clonal osteoblastic cell line. Mechanical strain also increased the level of TGF-β1 mRNA determined by quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. Previous reports have shown that neomycin and W-7, which are inhibitors in the inositol phosphate/calmodulin pathway, blocked mechanical strain-induced proliferation of the osteoblast cells. Interestingly, we found that neomycin and W-7 can also block mechanical stimulation-induced elevation of TGF-β1 mRNA. Finally, using an antibody which blocked the action of TGF-β1, we found that the increased MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation induced by mechanical strain did not depend on the action of TGF-β1.
THE COULOMB SCATTERING OF DEUTERONS

Deviations from Rutherford scattering may be expected in the elastic scattering of deuterons by nuclei because (1) the deuteron is a loose structure with non-coincident centers of mass and charge and it may disintegrate on scattering, and (2) deuterons which penetrate through the barrier will encounter the nucleus and may initiate nuclear processes. We consider in this note the effects due to (1).
Peptide V: a VGF-derived neuropeptide purified from bovine posterior pituitary.

The objective of this study was to purify PRL-releasing factor (PRF) from the bovine posterior pituitary (PP) and determine its structure. Five hundred bovine PPs were acid extracted and fractionated using gel filtration chromatography followed by semipreparative and analytical HPLC. PRF activity was determined by an in vitro bioassay. After six chromatographic steps, a single peak with PRF activity was resolved. As determined by mass spectrometry and microsequencing, this peak contained a major peptide composed of 30 amino acids with a mol wt of 3708K. A synthetic peptide was then produced by solid-phase synthesis. When tested both in vivo and in vitro, the synthetic peptide lacked PRF activity. Further HPLC fractionation under different conditions resolved the synthetic peptide from a highly purified PRF activity. This indicated that the isolated peptide was coincidentally eluted with PRF during the purification. The major isolated peptide has 94% identity with a sequence at the C-terminus of a rat prot...
Digital object multimodel simulation formalism and architecture

The object-oriented approach known as heterogeneous behavior multimodeling has been developed, used, and reported elsewhere, to facilitate creation, modification, sharing, and reuse of object-oriented models and the simulations created from those models. The digital object extends multimodeling so that digital objects can be shared and combined in ways that ordinary multimodels cannot. We describe an abstract base multimodel and several derived instantiated multimodel types. We also describe a transformation which takes a digital object to a simulation program. We give formal definitions of multimodeling, digital object, and the transformation, then from these definitions prove correctness of execution sequencing of simulations created by applying the transformation to digital objects. Closure under coupling of digital objects follows as a corollary, subject to an assumption regarding experimental frame. We then construct an abstract base architecture for manufacture, flow, and persistence of digital objects. From the base architecture we derive and instantiate a suite of architectures, each targeted at a distinct set of requirements: one to operate locally, another with internet protocols, a third with web protocols, and a fourth to allow digital objects to interoperate with other kinds of simulations.
Nonlinear analysis of flow in an elastic tube (artery): steady streaming effects

We analyse the nonlinear flow of a Newtonian fluid in an elastic tube when subjected to an oscillatory pressure gradient with motivation from the problem of blood flow in arteries. Two parameters: the unsteadiness, α = R 0 (ω/ν) ½ and the diameter variation, e = ( R max − R 0 )/ R 0 , are important in characterizing the flow problem. The diameter variation (e) is taken to be small so that the perturbation method is valid, and asymptotic solutions for two limiting cases of the steady-streaming Reynolds number, R s = (αe) 2 (either small or large), are derived. The results indicate that nonlinear convective acceleration induces finite mean pressure gradient and mean wall shear rate even when no mean flow occurs. The magnitude of this effect depends on the amplitude of the diameter variation and the flow rate waveforms and the phase angle difference between them, which can be related to the impedance (pressure/flow) phase angle. Changes in the impedance phase angle, which is indicative of the degree of wave reflection, can change the direction of the induced mean flow. It is also shown that the induced mean wall shear rate is proportional to α when α is large. In addition, it is observed that the steady flow structure in the core can be influenced by wave reflection. The streamlines in the core are always parallel to the tube wall when there is no reflection. However, with total reflection, the induced mean flow recirculates between the nodes and points of maximum amplitude in a closed streamline pattern. Implications of the steady-streaming phenomena for physiological flow applications are discussed in a concluding section.
Endothelial cell traction and ECM density influence both capillary morphogenesis and maintenance in 3-D

Identifying the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in pathological conditions such as cancer and heart disease is crucial to develop successful therapies. The dependence of angiogenesis on characteristic properties of these conditions, such as alterations in tissue stiffness due to changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), may shed light on potential therapeutic strategies. Prior studies have suggested that ECM compliance regulates capillary morphogenesis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that ECM density, which influences substrate mechanics, may regulate angiogenesis via a mechanism involving actin-mediated cell-generated forces. To investigate this hypothesis, we utilized an in vitro model of angiogenesis in which endothelial cells coated on microcarrier beads are distributed within a three-dimensional (3-D) fibrin ECM. A monolayer of fibroblasts, which provides pro-angiogenic factors, is cultured on top of the gel. Variations in fibrin gel density, along with a library of pharmacological agents that inhibit forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton, were used to prove the necessity of cell-generated tractional forces in blood vessel formation. Our data demonstrate that cell-generated forces not only play a crucial role in the early sprouting stages of capillary morphogenesis but are also required in the later maintenance stages, and thereby suggest a broader interdependence among tissue stiffness, cell contractile forces, and angiogenesis.
Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: a meta-synthesis

The impact of parental involvement on student academic achievement has been recognized by teachers, administrators, and policy-makers who consider parental involvement to be one of the integral parts of new educational reforms and initiatives. This study synthesized the results of nine meta-analyses that examined this impact and it identified generalizable findings across these studies. The results indicated that the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement was positive, regardless of a definition of parental involvement or measure of achievement. Furthermore, the findings revealed that this relationship was strongest if parental involvement was defined as parental expectations for academic achievement of their children. However, the impact of parental involvement on student academic achievement was weakest if parental involvement was defined as homework assistance. Finally, the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement was found to be consistent across d...
Mictomagnetism in FCC Co-Mn alloys

Abstract As the Mn content increases from 29 to 39%, the giant moments and the maximum ac susceptibility both decrease drastically, extrapolating to zero at 41% Mn, while T f increases and extrapolates to > 130 K at 41% Mn.
HEPARIN-INDUCED DECREASE IN CIRCULATING ANTITHROMBIN-III

Plasma-antithrombin-III (AT-III) concentrations were measured throughout therapy in 24 patients receiving continuous intravenous heparin infusion and in 2 patients treated with repeated intravenous heparin injections. In all patients, including 1 with congenital AT-III deficiency, heparin therapy was associated with a considerable progressive reduction in AT-III-binding capacity and antigenic protein. The net individual decrease in plasma-AT-III was 0-31 +/- 0-05 units/ml (normal plasma-AT-III was 1-00 units/ml) or 9-5 +/- 2-0 mg/dl and the decrease was independent of initial concentration. Plasma-AT-III returned to normal two to three days after heparin was stopped. There was no decrease in plasma-AT-III after a single dose of intravenous heparin. When present in blood for long periods heparin significantly reduced AT-III, the proteinase inhibitor that is responsible for the anticoagulant effect of this drug. The finding is very relevant to the interpretation of clinical data in patients treated with heparin and suggests that AT-III depletion may underly the thromboembolic complications sometimes encountered during heparin therapy.
Distortions in advanced photomasks from soft pellicles

The more stringent image placement error budgets for 157-nm lithography require a total assessment of photomask distortion sources and their eventual control. This includes proposed soft pellicle systems. Similar pellicles in use today have been previously identified as a major source of distortion. To characterize the many aspects of this problem, a numerical modeling and simulation program was initiated. Finite element results are reported in this paper along with correlations from experimental measurements.
School choice, housing prices, and residential sorting: Empirical evidence from inter-and intra-district choice

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between school choice and housing price as well as residential sorting using school choice reform in the Seoul metropolitan area. With the newly implemented choice program, students are able to choose high schools outside as well as within their school districts. I estimate hedonic models using boundary fixed approach and panel fixed approach together. With sales price, rental price and advertised price of apartments as dependent variables, the findings consistently reveal that school choice reform reduces housing prices in a high-performing school district relative to the housing prices in a low-performing school district by approximately 10–27%. In addition, after reform, people in a high-performing school district are more likely to outmigrate to other communities compared to one in a low-performing school district. This implies that school choice could have unintended consequences driven by change in housing price and student composition.
Feminist Political Theory: Contributions to a Conception of Citizenship

Abstract Recent political advances of American women can be maintained and furthered with a reformulated definition of feminism and the solidarity that stems from it. Such a definition acknowledges the past successes and failures of feminist theorizing and builds toward a new conception of citizenship. Over the past 20 years feminist political theory has been an arena from which such a redefinition can be drawn. Pertinent is relatively recent work from postmodern feminists, specifically ideas of reformulated rationality and personhood as difference rather than sameness, multiplicity rather than singularity, and fluidity rather than stasis. Following a political introduction and an intellectual contextualization, the author presents three theoretical phases leading to a new conception of citizenship: past for the present, difference out of sameness, and rationality to subjectivities.
Impact of commercial natural gas production on geochemistry and microbiology in a shale-gas reservoir

Abstract We consider the effect that commercial gas production has had on microbiology and water and gas geochemistry in the northern producing trend of the Antrim Shale, an unconventional gas reservoir in the Michigan Basin, USA. We analyzed gas, water, and microbial biomass samples collected from seven wells in 2009 and compared our findings to the result of analyses performed as early as 1991 on samples collected from the same wells. We also examined production records associated with six wells. Water production has decreased sharply over time and is currently at 0.2 to 14.6% of peak levels. While this has happened, the chemical and isotopic composition of gas and water produced from the wells has shifted. The proportion of CO2 has increased by as much as 15 mole% while CH4 content has correspondingly decreased. Isotopically, the δ13C and δD values of CH4 decreased for most wells by averages of 1.3‰ and 9‰, respectively, while δ13C values of CO2 increased for most wells by an average of 1.7‰. Alkalinity in the water from each well decreased by 10 mM on average and SO42− content increased from below 50 μM to over 200 μM on average in water from each well with initial values. Microorganisms most closely related to CO2-reducing methanogens were the most abundant group in archaeal clone libraries and SO42− reducers were the most abundant group in bacterial libraries. In contrast, no SO42− reducers were identified in a nucleic acid-based analysis of a sample collected in 2002 from one of the wells we sampled . Our results show that commercial gas production has not only caused chemical and isotopic changes in water and gas in the Antrim Shale but also an increase in the abundance of SO42−-reducing microorganisms, a change that can ultimately have a negative impact on biogenic CH4 formation. Processes that can explain these changes include ongoing biogeochemical reactions, groundwater flow, gas desorption, and open-system degassing.
Passwords decay, words endure: secure and re-usable multiple password mnemonics

Research on password authentication systems has repeatedly shown that people choose weak passwords because of the difficulty of remembering random passwords. Moreover, users with multiple passwords for unrelated activities tend to choose almost similar passwords for all of them. Many password schemes have been proposed to alleviate this problem, but they either require modification to the password entry and processing infrastructure (e.g., graphical passwords) or they require the user to have some trusted computing power (e.g., smartcard-like portable devices, browser plugins, etc). We propose a scheme that is applicable to any existing system without any modification, as it does not require any form of involvement from the service provider (e.g., bank, brokerage). Nor does it require the user to have any computing device at hand (not even a calculator). Our approach consists of generating a mnemonic sentence that helps the users remember a multiplicity of truly random passwords, which are independently selected. The scheme is such that changes to passwords do not necessitate a change in the mnemonic sentence that the user memorizes. Hence, passwords can be changed without any additional burden on the memory of the user, thereby increasing the system's security. An adversary who breaks one of the passwords encoded in the mnemonic sentence does not gain information about the other passwords. A key idea is to split a password in two parts: One part is written down on a paper (helper card), another part is encoded in the mnemonic sentence. Both of these two parts are required for successfully reproducing the password, and the password reconstruction from these two parts is done using only simple table lookups. Passwords' renewal requires only the re-generation of the helper card. Our scheme resolves the apparent contradictory requirements from most password policies: That the password should be random, and that it should be memorized and never written down. This makes possible passwords that are more secure against an adversary who illicitly gains access to the password file, as a dictionary attack is now unlikely to succeed (the attacker now needs to carry out a more daunting brute force enumerative attack). Even if the adversary somehow obtains the helper card, it gets quantifiably limited information about the passwords of the user (so the helper card may be lost or stolen without disaster immediately striking the user). We quantify the time period required for this adversary to successfully crack the password.
Communication in conflict: Style‐strategy relationships

This study examines the relationships between scores on Rahim's measure of conflict styles and supervisors’ predictions of the communicative strategies they would use in conflicts with their subordinates. It finds that scores on some styles (integrating, compromising, and avoiding) predict initial communicative strategies, but not follow‐up strategies with noncompliant subordinates. Complex patterns of strategy shifts are examined in terms of style preferences and supervisor sex. While virtually all supervisors eventually shift to coercive communication with noncompliant subordinates, females do so more slowly.
Interface error analysis for numerical wave propagation

The numerical error associated with finite-difference simulation of wave propagation in discontinuous media consists of two components. The first component is a higher-order error that leads to grid dispersion; it can be controlled by higher-order methods. The second component results from misalignment between numerical grids and material interfaces. We provide an explicit estimate of the interface misalignment error for the second order in time and space staggered finite-difference scheme applied to the acoustic wave equation. Our analysis, confirmed by numerical experiments, demonstrates that the interface error results in a first-order time shift proportional to the distance between the interface and computational grids. A 2D experiment shows that the interface error cannot be suppressed by higher-order methods and indicates that our 1D analysis gives a good prediction about the behavior of the numerical solution in higher dimensions.
Richardson extrapolation of the step-characteristic method in rectangular geometry

Abstract The step-characteristic method for approximately solving the neutron transport equation in 2-D rectangular geometry is investigated. The properties of the numerical solution are studied as the spatial mesh becomes finer for a fixed set of discrete directions. It is shown that the error in the angular flux has the form c 1 h + O( h 2 ) where h is the maximum interval width in the x and y spatial variables and c 1 is a constant independent of h . Furthermore, the error expansion has this form even when singularities are present in the solution. Therefore, Richardson extrapolation can be applied to increase the accuracy of the approximate solution. Numerical examples indicate that an extrapolated step-characteristic method is competitive with standard methods for numerically solving the transport equation in rectangular geometry.
Foucault and the “Lesson” of the Prisoner Support Movement

Shocked by harsh prison conditions in France, Michel Foucault in February 1971 co-founded the Information Group on Prisons (GIP), a group dedicated to heightening public intolerance towards the prison system by facilitating the voices of prisoners themselves. Foucault immersed himself in the activities of the GIP for the better part of two years. This article explores the intricacies of Foucault's involvement in the group in order to elucidate his approach to theory and practice. The article submits that a kind of dialectic between Foucault's theory and practice emerged throughout the early 1970s, with his theories both arising from his participation in collective struggles against the prison and serving to inform such practices after his withdrawal from the prisoner support movement. Examining this dialectic helps us appreciate the extent to which resistance truly pervaded Foucault's seminal account of disciplinary power and the prison in his Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.
The use of acid-base measurements in the clinical evaluation and treatment of the sick neonate

A s P i~ Y x i A T I O N at birth and the respiratory distress syndrome in the first day or two of life are the 2 major clinical problems that require an evaluation of the acid-base status of the infant during the neonatal period. In this commentary an at tempt will be made to provide some practical guidelines for the clinical use of acid-base measurements in deciding upon specific diagnosis and treatment of the acid base disorders which occur during these disturbances. I t will focus on those factors which should be taken into account in deciding what the possible relationships are between the numerical values obtained within the laboratory and the clinically estimated pathophysiologic status of the fetus or newborn infant. Pitfalls in the use of these determinations will be indicated. No attempt will be made to evaluate critically the results of treatment of acidbase abnormalities associated with particular diseases in the newborn infant. Some of the commentaries which wilI appear subsequently in this section will deal specifically with: the monitoring of the fetus by acidbase analysis of blood obtained from the
Linear solution to scale and rotation invariant object matching

Images of an object undergoing ego- or camera-motion often appear to be scaled, rotated, and deformed versions of each other. To detect and match such distorted patterns to a single sample view of the object requires solving a hard computational problem that has eluded most object matching methods. We propose a linear formulation that simultaneously finds feature point correspondences and global geometrical transformations in a constrained solution space. Further reducing the search space based on the lower convex hull property of the formulation, our method scales well with the number of candidate features. Our results on a variety of images and videos demonstrate that our method is accurate, efficient, and robust over local deformation, occlusion, clutter, and large geometrical transformations.
Evaluation of Prediction Methodology for Blade Loads on a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

The accurate prediction of horizontal axis, wind turbine cyclic blade loads is critical in the design of a machine that is fatigue life limited. A rotor code called LOADS has been developed that analyzes blade loads for rigid-hub rotors of simple geometry but includes blade flap-wise flexing and unsteady aerodynamics. The code is described and the results of its application to the SERI combined experiment tests using turbulent wind simulation are presented with some initial conclusions regarding the accuracy of the results.
Distributed CAD/GIS: implementation & use at Michigan State University

The implementation and use of the University Computer Aided Design and Drafting/Geographical Information System (CADD/GIS) system is discussed. The CADD/GIS system is a multipurpose system whose function includes management of campus utilities, university grounds management, and facilities planning and space management. Implementation of this project has been a major task in that the campus of Michigan State University serves over 40,000 students with 10,000 faculty and staff, and consists of 5,239 acres of land, over 7,000 kinds of trees, shrubs, and vines, and 17 colleges with 231 departments distributed over 703 buildings. All must be managed using the CADD/GIS system.This paper will review our experiences in the implementation of a distributed CADD/GIS system, evaluate the methods used, and outline our future course.
Nature or nurture? Steady-state lymphocyte formation in adults does not recapitulate ontogeny.

Summary: Substantial progress has been made in determining developmental relationships between lymphocyte precursors and those corresponding to other blood cell lineages. Indeed, exploitation of RAG1/GFP knock-in mice has recently made it possible to chart the entire sequence of lymphocyte differentiation events in adult bone marrow and thymus. However, the differentiation pathways proposed for fetal life are very different from this model. We review many examples where the results of gene targeting experiments are substantially dependent on developmental age. In mice, adult patterns of gene expression and corresponding properties of lymphocyte precursors are not fully established until several weeks after birth, and the same might be true for humans. Furthermore, examples are cited where fetal hematopoietic cells did not efficiently acquire those properties when transplanted to an adult environment. There are several important implications of these findings. Cognizance of developmental age-related changes might resolve apparent conflicts in the literature. Hematopoietic stem cells and their lymphoid lineage progeny appear in waves, and a direct connection is yet to be established between fetal stem cells and ones that sustain adult blood cell formation. There is the possibility that adult stem cells derive from founders with an unknown origin.
Cyclopentadienyl Ligand Effects on Enthalpies of Protonation of the Ru−Ru Bond in Cp‘2Ru2(CO)4 Complexes†

Basicities of a series of Cp‘2Ru2(CO)4 complexes were established by measuring the heats evolved (ΔHMHM) when the complexes were protonated by CF3SO3H in 1,2-dichloroethane at 25.0 °C. Spectroscopic studies show that the protonation occurs at the metal−metal bond to form [Cp‘2Ru2(CO)4(μ-H)]+CF3SO3-, in which all of the CO ligands are terminal. The basicities (−ΔHMHM) increase with the Cp‘2 ligands in the following order: (C5Me4CF3)2 < (C9H7)2 < C5H4C5H4 < C5H4CH2CH2C5H4 < (C5H5)2 < (C5Me5)2 < C5H4CH2C5H4. This trend can be understood in part by considering that more strongly donating Cp‘ ligands increase the basicity of the Ru−Ru bond. Another important factor is the CO-bridging or nonbridging form of each Cp‘2Ru2(CO)4 complex. A dimer with bridging CO groups is significantly less basic than another dimer with only terminal CO groups although the donor abilities of their Cp‘ ligands are nearly equal. The Ru−Ru bond in Cp2Ru2(CO)4 is substantially more basic than the Ru in the related mononuclear CpRu(CO)...
Biosynthesis of the Validamycins: Identification of Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Validamycin A by Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus

To study the biosynthesis of the pseudotrisaccharide antibiotic, validamycin A (1), a number of potential precursors of the antibiotic were synthesized in (2)H-, (3)H-, or (13)C-labeled form and fed to cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus. The resulting validamycin A from each of these feeding experiments was isolated, purified and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting, (2)H- or (13)C NMR or selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry (SIM-MS) techniques. The results demonstrate that 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone (9) is specifically incorporated into 1 and labels both cyclitol moieties. This suggests that 9 is the initial cyclization product generated from an open-chain C(7) precursor, D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (5), by a DHQ synthase-like cyclization mechanism. A more proximate precursor of 1 is valienone (11), which is also incorporated into both cyclitol moieties. The conversion of 9 into 11 involves first epimerization to 5-epi-valiolone (10), which is efficiently incorporated into 1, followed by dehydration, although a low level of incorporation of 2-epi-valienone (15) is also observed. Reduction of 11 affords validone (12), which is also incorporated specifically into 1, but labels only the reduced cyclitol moiety. The mode of introduction of the nitrogen atom linking the two pseudosaccharide moieties is not clear yet. 7-Tritiated valiolamine (8), valienamine (2), and validamine (3) were all not incorporated into 1, although each of these amines has been isolated from the fermentation, with 3 being most prevalent. Demonstration of in vivo formation of [7-(3)H]validamine ([7-(3)H]-3) from [7-(3)H]-12 suggests that 3 may be a pathway intermediate and that the nonincorporation of [7-(3)H]-3 into 1 is due to a lack of cellular uptake. We thus propose that 3, formed by amination of 12, and 11 condense to form a Schiff base, which is reduced to the pseudodisaccharide unit, validoxylamine A (13). Transfer of a D-glucose unit to the 4'-position of 13 then completes the biosynthesis of 1. Other possibilities for the mechanism of formation of the nitrogen bridge between the two pseudosaccharide units are also discussed.
Characterization of Uranium Particles Produced via Pulsed Laser Deposition

We have constructed an experimental apparatus for the synthesis (via pulsed laser deposition) and analysis of nanoparticles and thin films of plutonium and other actinides. In-situ analysis techniques include x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Also, the oxidation kinetics and the reaction kinetics of actinides with other gaseous species can be studied with this experimental apparatus. Preliminary results on depleted uranium are presented.
Deterministic broadside test generation for transition path delay faults

A deterministic broadside test generation procedure is proposed for transition path delay faults. Under this fault model, a path delay fault is detected if and only if all the individual transition faults along the path are detected by the same test. This is important for detecting both small and large delay defects. To handle the complexity of test generation, the procedure consists of five sub-procedures: a test generation procedure for transition faults, a preprocessing procedure that identifies undetectable transition path delay faults without performing test generation, a fault simulation procedure that identifies transition path delay faults that are detected by the tests for transition faults, a heuristic procedure similar to dynamic test compaction for transition faults that generates tests without backtracking on decisions made for previously detected faults, and a complete branch-and-bound procedure. Experimental results show that for most of the transition path delay faults in benchmark circuits either a test is found or the fault is identified as undetectable.
Ad-hoc voice-based group communication

People waste many hours driving each day. Although unavoidable, this time can be very boring to motorists. Similar to people taking mass transit who often pass the time socializing with those around them, motorists could benefit from social interactions if they were given broader social opportunities. Unfortunately, existing Multiparty Voice Communication (MVC) systems do not scale to large numbers of users and do not provide adequate access controls. We present RoadSpeak, a scalable MVC system that allows motorists to automatically join Voice Chat Groups (VCGs) along popular roadways. RoadSpeak achieves interruption-free communication through the use of voice chat message buffering, flow control and in-order delivery of voice messages to participants. We have implemented a RoadSpeak prototype on Nokia N95 smart phones using 3G cellular networking for voice message transfer. We have also built an MVC simulator to perform large-scale simulations that compare RoadSpeak with existing MVC systems. The results of our evaluation prove the feasibility of RoadSpeak and demonstrate that it performs similarly to a traditional MVC systems while supporting substantially larger groups of users.
Anterior fresh frozen structural allografts in the thoracic and lumbar spine : do they work if combined with posterior fusion and instrumentation in adult patients with kyphosis or anterior column defects ?

Study Design. This was a prospective study of 24 adult patients with kyphosis or anterior column spinal defects treated with anterior fresh frozen allograft for anterior column defects and posterior instrumentation and autogenous grafting. Objectives. The objectives of the study were to assess the effectiveness of the anterior allograft in maintaining sagittal correction and to assess anterior incorporation. Summary of Background Data. Twenty-four patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years (range, 2+ 0-5+4 years). Methods. Upright radiographs were analyzed before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the final followup examination to assess success of anterior fusion and maintenance of correction. A strict four-point grading system was used. Two independent observers analyzed the radiographic results. Results. Only two patients showed some collapse of their anterior allograft. The other 22 patients maintained correction, attaining a Grade I or Grade II fusion. Semiconstrained instrumentation was used posteriorly in the two patients who had graft collapse. Conclusions. Anterior structural allograft worked effectively to maintain correction of kyphosis if combined with posterior instrumentation and autogenous grafting. Rigid forms of posterior instrumentation were preferred
Energy Transfer between Ru(II) and Os(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Linked to Polystyrene

Energy transfer between RuII and OsII polypyridyl complexes covalently attached to polystyrene has been in studied in CH3CN. The polymer is a 1:1 styrene-p-aminomethylstyrene copolymer derivatized ...
Fragrance material review on 3,7-dimethyl-4,6-octadien-3-ol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3,7-dimethyl-4,6-octadien-3-ol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Molecular analysis of a California strain of Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus isolated from declining Syrah grapevines

The sequence of the genome of a Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (RSPaV) isolated from a declining Syrah grapevine in California, designated the Syrah strain (RSPaV-SY) was determined. The genome of this strain had an overall nucleotide identity of 77% in comparison with RSPaV sequences in GenBank; the coat protein was the most conserved gene among RSPaV sequences and the replicase was the least conserved gene. Phylogenetic analysis of partial coat protein and replicase gene sequences showed RSPaV-SY clustered independently from the majority of RSPaV isolates.
Early development of vascular vegetation of constructed wetlands in northwest Ohio receiving agricultural waters

Constructed wetlands are currently being explored for use in reducing non-point source (NPS) pollution. The Wetland Reservoir Subirrigation System (WRSIS) project links water management in agricultural fields, constructed wetlands and water storage reservoirs to enhance crop production and reduce delivery of agrichemicals and sediments to local waterways. Three WRSIS demonstration sites have been developed on prior converted cropland in the Maumee River watershed located in northwest Ohio. Construction of the wetlands was completed in 1996 and they were then allowed to passively revegetate while receiving drainage water from adjacent fields. The primary goal of this study was to characterize the initial development of vegetation, and the availability of propagules within these wetlands. Preliminary vegetation inventories conducted in 1998 identified moderate species richness but low percentage of wetland species. A germination study completed on soils from one location showed additional viable wetland species available in the seed bank. Passive revegetation of these three constructed wetlands associated with WRSIS systems has resulted in good vegetation cover, but it is lacking the desired percentage of wetland species to date. Passive revegetation may prove to be an effective and economical method of revegetating constructed wetlands within agricultural landscapes that have suitable propagule availability.
Expanding ring experiments to measure high-temperature adiabatic properties

High-temperature mechanical properties for metals are usually measured under quasi-isothermal conditions, where thermal equilibrium has been achieved by slowly preheating the samples to a predetermined temperature. However, there are several situations of practical interest where the material is heated rapidly, so thermal diffusion is negligible during the time of heat deposition and mechanical deformation. Hypervelocity impact and penetration, shaped charge jet formation, and pulsed heating in electromagnets are some such situations. Experimental evidence from electron beam heating indicates that high-temperature mechanical properties significantly depend on the rapidity of heat deposition. As the time duration of heating is reduced, the amount of local heat transfer decreases due to limited thermal diffusion. Thus, the thermodynamic process deviates from the isothermal process and approaches the adiabatic process for pulsed heating conditions. Therefore, it is imperative that mechanical properties be measured under appropriate thermodynamic conditions. We propose that the electromagnetically driven expanding ring experiment be used to measure the adiabatic mechanical properties of metals. While earlier expanding ring experiments were conducted primarily to obtain high-strain-rate strength and fragmentation data, our primary goal is to obtain high-temperature data under pulsed heating conditions approaching the adiabatic process. Our preliminary data suggest that the adiabatic mechanical properties are quite different from isothermal properties.
Inversive planes satisfying the bundle theorem

Abstract It is proved that all infinite inversive planes which satisfy the bundle theorem are egglike (ovoidal). For finite inversive planes this was previously proved by the author.
Ligation of D1-His332 and D1-Asp170 to the Manganese Cluster of Photosystem II from Synechocystis Assessed by Multifrequency Pulse EPR Spectroscopy

Multifrequency electron-spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy is used to ascertain the nature of the bonding interactions of various active site amino acids with the Mn ions that compose the oxygen-evolving cluster (OEC) in photosystem II (PSII) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 poised in the S2 state. Spectra of natural isotopic abundance PSII (14N-PSII), uniformly 15N-labeled PSII (15N-PSII), as well as 15N-PSII containing 14N-histidine (14N-His/15N-PSII) are compared. These complementary data sets allow for a precise determination of the spin Hamiltonian parameters of the postulated histidine nitrogen interaction with the Mn ions of the OEC. These results are compared to those from a similar study on PSII isolated from spinach. Upon mutation of His332 of the D1 polypeptide to a glutamate residue, all isotopically sensitive spectral features vanish. Additional Ka- and Q-band ESEEM experiments on the D1-D170H site-directed mutant give no indication of new 14N-based interactions.
Ketogenic and lipolytic effects of glucagon on liver.

Abstract The glycogenolytic effect of glucagon on liver has been extensively investigated. Increased glycogen breakdown and glucose production are apparent after both in vivo and in vitro administration, depending on the activation of phosphorylase, mediated by the formation of adenosine-3′5′-phosphate (cyclic AMP) by the adenyl cyclase system. In addition, glucagon has been shown to stimulate gluconeogenesis in livers of fasted rats ( Struck et al., 1965 ; Garcia et al., 1966 ). Other actions of glucagon on the liver include inhibition of incorporation of acetate into fatty acids and cholesterol ( Berthet, 1960 ) and increased ketogenesis. The ketogenic effect of glucagon is apparent in vivo ( Foa and Weinstein, 1951 ) and in vitro ( Haugaard and Haugaard, 1954 ; Berthet 1958 ). The present communication reports further experiments on increased ketogenesis due to glucagon, and suggests that the likely mechanism of this effect is activation of hepatic lipase, thus increasing the supply of fatty acids for β-oxidation within the liver.
Mario A. Pei (1901-1978)

Mario A. Pei, emerita profesoro pri latinida filologio en la Universitato Columbia, Novjorko, mortis la 2-an de marto, 1978, je la ago de 77 jaroj. Li instruis ce Columbia de 1937 al 1970; antau tio, ce la Novjorkurba Kolegio (1923 al 1937).Unue Pei dedicis sin al studo pri la vulgarlatina; lia disertacio ternis pri la lingvajo de la nordfrancaj tekstoj de la 8-a jarcento. Li restis ciam fidela al la teorio de sia profesoro, H.F. Muller, pri la absoluta respegulado, en la merovingaj latinaj tekstoj, de la parola lingvo de tiu epoko. Lia alia cefverko de tiu epoko, strikte pri latinida filologio, estis la libro "La itala lingvo" (1941), skizo pri la historiaj fonologio kaj morfo-logio de la norma lingvo.Kun la eniro de Usono en la Duan Mondmiliton, kaj la rezulta ekinteresigo pri fremdaj lingvoj kaj kulturoj, gis tiam malbone konataj, Pei lancis sin al la popularigo de la generala lingvistiko. Sekvis seso da tiaj libroj pri la generala lingvistiko, la angla kaj la latina kaj latinidaj lingvoj. Mario Pei ankau distingigis kiel romanverkisto. Verkante pri politiko, li montrigis iom konservema. Li verkis pri lingvistika terminaro, pri propraj nomoj kaj fremdaj esprimoj.La movado por internacia lingvo allogis lin. Li ne flue parolis Esperanton, sed li varme subtenis gian uzon kaj li laudis, en sia libro "Unu lingvo por la mondo", la Esperantistojn pro ilia agado favore al internacia lingvo, kontraste al aliaj grupoj, kiuj nur plendis pri la multeco de lingvoj, sen fari ion por la solvo de la problemo. Li igis redakciano de LMLP kaj de LPLP.La viva, foje emocia, retorika stilo de Pei altiris multajn legantojn al liaj libroj kaj studentojn al liaj kursoj. Audigis kritikoj, foje fortaj, pri lia pritrakto de lingvaj detal-oj. Sed la historio de la lingvistiko rememoros Marion Pei kiel majstran enkonduk-iston en la sciencon, kiu faciligis al komencantoj eventualan pliprofundigon.
Characterizing non-Gaussian properties of breast images with a noisy-Laplacian distribution

It is generally well known that the appearance of breast tissue in a mammogram is considerably more complex in a statistical sense than a simple random Gaussian texture, even when the correlation structure of the Gaussian has been set to match the power-law power spectrum of mammograms. However there has not been a systematic way to characterize the extent of departure from a Gaussian process. We address this topic here by proposing a noisy-Laplacian distribution to model response histograms derived from digital (or digitized) mammograms. We describe the distribution in terms of the probability density function and cumulative density function, as well as moments up to fourth order. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the new distribution by fitting it to responses from digital mammography.