cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental posterolateral spinal fusion with beta tricalcium phosphate ceramic and bone marrow aspirate composite graft.

Background: Beta tricalcium phosphate is commonly used in metaphyseal defects but its use in posterolateral spinal fusion remains controversial. There are very few published animal studies in which use of beta tricalcium phosphate has been evaluated in the posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis model. Hence we conducted a study to evaluate the potential of composite graft of beta tricalcium phosphate and bone marrow aspirate in comparison to autologous bone graft, when used for posterolateral spinal fusion. Materials and Methods: Single level posterolateral lumbar fusion was performed in 40 adult male Indian rabbits, which were assigned randomly into one of the four groups based on graft materials implanted; a) 3 gm beta tricalcium phosphate plus 3 ml bone marrow aspirate (Group I); b) 3 ml bone marrow aspirate alone (Group II); c) 3 gm beta tricalcium phosphate (Group III) and d) 3 gm autologous bone graft (Group IV). Each group had 10 rabbits. Half of the rabbits were sacrificed by injecting Phenobarbitone intraperitoneally after eight weeks and the remaining after 24 weeks, and were evaluated for fusion by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, manual palpation test and histology. Results: Beta tricalcium phosphate used with bone marrow aspirate produced best results when compared to other groups (P =.0001). When beta tricalcium phosphate was used alone, fusion rates were better as compared to fusion achieved with autologous iliac crest bone graft though statistically not significant (P =0.07). Autologous bone graft showed signs of new bone formation. However, the rate of new bone formation was comparatively slow. Conclusion: Composite graft of beta tricalcium phosphate and bone marrow aspirate can be used as an alternative to autologous iliac crest bone graft.
Microanalysis of variable-interval performance during stimulus compounding

Additive summation is observed when more responses are emitted to the simultaneous presentation (tone-plus-light) of independently conditioned stimuli (tone and light) than to either stimulus presented alone. The current experiment sought to determine if this increased rate during tone-plus-light was a function of a new modal interresponse time (IRT) or a differential mixing of pauses with a modal IRT characteristic of the responding in tone and light alone. Three rats were trained on a three-component multiple schedule where tone and light were each associated with a variable-interval 30-sec schedule while a variable-interval 100-sec operated in the simultaneous absence of these stimuli, tone-off and light-out. Baseline response rates were 2–4 times as high in tone or light as in their absence. In testing, more responses were emitted to tone-plus-light than to tone or light by all animals, but the modal IRT was in the 0.2–0.4-sec IRT bin for all test conditions. Tone-plus-light controlled fewer long IRT values and more responses in the short modal category than tone or light alone. These results support the response mixing hypothesis of stimulus control; i.e., no “new” behavior was observed during the novel combination of stimulus elements, only a mixture of previously reinforced behavior patterns in different proportions.
Trauma, Attachment, and Intimate Relationships

Intimate relationships can both affect and be affected by trauma and its sequelae. This special issue highlights research on trauma, attachment, and intimate relationships. Several themes emerged. One theme is the exploration of the associations between a history of trauma and relational variables, with an emphasis on models using these variables as mediators. Given the significance of secure attachment for healthy relationships, it is not surprising that attachment emerges as another theme of this issue. Moreover, a key component of relationships is trust, and so a further theme of this issue is betrayal trauma (J. J. Freyd, 1996). As the work included in this special issue makes clear, intimate relationships of all types are important for the psychological health of those exposed to traumatic events. In order to best help trauma survivors and those close to them, it is imperative that research exploring these issues be presented to research communities, clinical practitioners, and the public in general....
Eating disorders in adolescence: what is the role of hormone replacement therapy?

Purpose of review To review the diagnostic criteria and clinical presentation of eating disorders in adolescence, to outline an approach to treatment, and examine evidence for prescribing hormone replacement therapy to increase bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa. Recent findings Eating disorders are prevalent in adolescents and can present with amenorrhea and menstrual disturbances. Reduced bone mineral density leading to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk is a frequent, severe, and potentially irreversible complication of anorexia nervosa. The degree of bone mineral density reduction depends on the duration of amenorrhea and degree of malnutrition. Limited evidence supports the use of hormone replacement therapy to increase bone mineral density in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Summary In adolescents with amenorrhea or menstrual disturbances, the gynecologist should consider the possibility of an eating disorder. The diagnosis can be made on history and physical examination. If an eating disorder is suspected, the patient should be referred for evaluation and treatment. Support for the use of hormone replacement therapy to increase bone mineral density in adolescents with anorexia nervosa is limited, and its routine use should be discouraged. Weight restoration, calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the resumption of spontaneous menses is the mainstay of treatment.
Mass transfer at high Péclet numbers for creeping flow in a packed‐bed reactor

An isotropic, homogeneous packed-bed reactor is modeled as an array of sinusoidal periodically constricted tubes (PCT). The effective asymptotic bed-Sherwood number has been calculated for mass transfer at large Peclet number with a constant wall concentration and creeping flow hydrodynamics. The bed friction factor has also been calculated. The results for these macroscopic bed quantities depend upon two ratios of the microscopic PCT period length, average radius, and sinusoidal amplitude.
Review paper: recent advances in thermometry below 300 mK

The subject of temperature measurement below 0.3 K is reviewed, with particular attention paid to developments reported in the period 1970–1974. Sensors, measurement techniques, primary and secondary thermometers, and fixed points are discussed and attempts are made to assess the accuracy and relative merits of the various devices and methods.
Self-Assembly of Dendritic Crowns into Chiral Supramolecular Spheres

The synthesis and structural and retrostructural analysis of a library of dendronized cyclotriveratrylene containing seven nonchiral and seven chiral self-assembling dendrons is reported. These dendronized cyclotriveratrylenes exhibit a crown conformation that we named dendritic crown. Selected examples of dendritic crowns self-assemble into helical pyramidal columns that self-organize into columnar crystals or into 2-D columnar hexagonal lattices with intracolumnar order. A second group of dendritic crowns self-assembles into helical pyramidal columns and spherical supramolecular dendrimers that self-organize into cubic and tetragonal lattices. A third group of dendritic crowns self-assembles only in spherical supramolecular dendrimers. The helical pyramidal columns and spherical supramolecular dendrimers assembled from dendronized cyclotriveratrylene containing nonchiral dendrons are chiral but racemic while those generated from chiral dendrons exhibit amplified chirality. Structural analysis by a combi...
Segmenting the Market for Winter Vacations

This paper examines the value of market segmentation for a regional ski resort in New England. Customers from different user groups were surveyed along with a list of inquiries and a purchased list, and grouped according to their geographic location and stage in the family life cycle. An analysis of variance technique was used to determine if there were differences in preferences and trip behaviors between the various segments. The two approaches were also analyzed to determine if there were differences in family life cycles by region. It was concluded that the market segmentation approaches were both useful in determining differences between segments that can be helpful in target marketing and service design.
Photoelectric Device for Precise Polarimetry

A photoelectric attachment for a polarimeter has been assembled and tested for precision. The instrument utilizes common electronic components and can be used in conjunction with a visual-type polarimeter. When used with a Rudolph model 80 polarimeter, the precision of repeated measurements was better than 0.001 circular deg. The measurement technique used in the testing process is described.
Backscatter coefficient imaging using a clinical scanner.

A clinical ultrasound scanner has been integrated with a digital data acquisition system to record echo signals for off‐line processing of quantitative acoustic backscatter images. The method used to determine backscatter coefficients accounts for experimental factors related to the beam directivity function, the transmitting and receiving electronics, and the attenuation path of the beam. After characterization and calibration of the ultrasound scanner according to the data processing requirements, the quantitative backscatter coefficient for tissue‐mimicking phantoms are within 14% of a value predicted by scattering theory. On five normal volunteers, preliminary in vivo liver images of the acoustic backscatter coefficient are obtained. Results from this study are compared to previously published in vitro results.
Magnanimous albion: Free trade and British national income, 1841–1881

During the forty years from Peel’s to Gladstone’s second ministry the commercial policy of the United Kingdom moved decisively from fettered to free trade. National income rose decisively as well, the income of labor with it. It was no surprise to free traders, of course, that the removal of a pernicious tax on enterprise, most particularly on the enterprise of industrial laborers and capitalists, brought with it greater wealth for all. They were even willing to concede that only a portion of the greater wealth, though a substantial portion, was attributable to free trade. After all, it was not the promise of material well being alone that buoyed their spirits in the struggle against protection. Their spiritual leader, Cobden, saw far beyond cheaper corn and better markets for British cotton textiles; he saw, indeed, “in the Free Trade principle that which shall act on the moral world as the principle of gravitation in the universe-drawing men together, thrusting aside the antagonism of race and creed, and language, and uniting us in the bonds of eternal peace.“’ Such cosmopolitan visions dimmed in later controversy, for, unlike the material promise, they had all too plainly not been fulfilled. Later critics of free trade, such as the “fair trade” historian, William Cunningham, could in the 1900s emphasize the * This essay was born in 1971 and has led since then a life of seminars and conferences, accumulating at them a long list of intellectual debts. The institutional debts are to the meetings of the Econometric Society in 1971, and to seminars at the Universities of Chicago,
Microhabitats of salt marsh foraminifera: St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Abstract Salt marsh foraminifera of St. Catherines Island, Georgia occupy a range of epibenthic to deep infaunal (to 30 cm) micro-habitats. Freshly collected specimens of Arenoparrella mexicana from 27 to 30 cm below the marsh surface extruded pseudopodial nets and actively collected foreign material about the aperture. Salt marsh foraminifera may be primarily epibenthic (0–1 cm), epibenthic to intermediate infaunal (0–10 cm), or deep infaunal (0–30 cm). Most of the twelve commonly occurring species in St. Catherines Island marshes are epibenthic to intermediate infaunal. Species distributional patterns differ with regard to: maximum depth of infaunal occurrences, infaunal microhabitat utilization in different marsh zones and environments, and the presence or absence of subsurface population maxima. Selective preservation impacts both calcareous and agglutinated foraminifera. Intense bioturbation primarily by halophytes and decapod crustaceans may contribute to the deep infaunal occurrences of foraminifera in these environments.
Micromachining technologies for miniaturized communication devices

An overview of the key micromachining technologies that enable communications applications for MEMS is presented with a focus on frequency-selective devices. In particular, micromechanical filters are briefly reviewed and key technologies needed to extend their frequencies into the high VHF and UHF ranges are anticipated. Series resistance in interconnect or structural materials is shown to be a common concern for virtually all RF MEMS components, from mechanical vibrating beams, to high-Q inductors and tunable capacitors, to switches and antennas. Environmental parasites--such as feedthrough capacitance, eddy currents, and molecular contaminants--are identified as major performance limiters for RF MEMS. Strategies for eliminating them via combination of monolithic integration and encapsulation packaging are described.
Plasma-induced efficiency enhancement in a backward wave oscillator.

A dense background plasma is observed through computer simulation to reduce the phase velocity of the most unstable mode in a backward-wave oscillator which results in a strong efficiency enhancement. The relatively weak beam-backward plasma-wave instability introduced by the rippled waveguide wall is found to exert minimal impact on the interaction efficiency.
An Automatic Approach for Duplicate Bibliographic Metadata Identification Using Classification

References are the main descriptive metadata used by digital libraries of scientific articles. These references can be represented by several formats and styles. Although considerable content variations can also occur in some metadata fields such as title, author names and publication venue. Duplicate records influence the quality of digital library services once they need to be appropriately identified and treated. This paper presents an approach to identifying duplicated bibliographic metadata. We extend our previous work so that instead of setting thresholds based on the scores returned by similarity functions, we use the scores to train classification algorithms which automatically identify duplicated references. The experiments show that the classifiers increases up to 11% the quality of results when compared to our unsupervised heuristic-based approach.
Combustion efficiency of a premixed continuous flow combustor

Exhaust gas temperature, velocity, and composition measurements at various radial locations at the combustor exit are presented for a swirling-flow continuous combustor of a confined concentric jet configuration operating on premixed propane or methane and air. The main objective of the study is to determine the effect of fuel substitution and of changes in outer flow swirl conditions on the combustor performance. It is found that there is no difference in observed properties for propane and methane firing; the use of either of the fuels results in nearly the same exit temperature and velocity profiles and the same efficiency for a given operating condition. A mechanism for combustion is proposed which explains qualitatively the changes in efficiency and pollutant emissions observed with changing swirl.
Percolation View of Novolak Dissolution. 7. The Effect of Salts

The increase in dissolution rate brought about by the addition of salt to alkaline developers is caused by the difference in the diffusivities of the OH - ions of the base and the anions of the salt. Adding salt increases the flux of cations into the film, allowing the flux of anions to increase too. The faster OH - ions, which alone control the dissolution of the resin film, benefit more from this opportunity than the salt anions. The base ions appear to diffuse about 5-10 times faster than the other anions, which suggests that OH - ions do not migrate by free volume diffusion but rather by a Grotthus-type proton transfer mechanism. The retardation-of-dissolution effects that set in at high salt concentrations can be understood in terms of a competition of ions for the available percolation sites.
Simulating physical phenomena by quantum networks

Physical systems, characterized by an ensemble of interacting constituents, can be represented and studied by different algebras of operators (observables). For example, a fully polarized electronic system can be studied by means of the algebra generated by the usual fermionic creation and annihilation operators or by the algebra of Pauli (spin-1/2) operators. The Jordan-Wigner isomorphism gives the correspondence between the two algebras. As we previously noted, similar isomorphisms enable one to represent any physical system in a quantum computer. In this paper we evolve and exploit this fundamental observation to simulate generic physical phenomena by quantum networks. We give quantum circuits useful for the efficient evaluation of the physical properties (e.g., the spectrum of observables or relevant correlation functions) of an arbitrary system with Hamiltonian H.
The MMPI Is Less Sensitive to the Automated Testing Format than It Is to Repeated Testing: Item and Scale Effects

Abstract This study examines the magnitude of the effects of the computerized assessment format on MMPI responses, and discusses methodological considerations important in evaluating the sensitivity of personality inventories to different administration formats. Previous research suggested that subjects were more frank in impersonal assessment situations, and that computerized administration increases the use of the “Cannot Say” response. Although tending to minimize the effects of automated testing, the study designs and statistical procedures employed to date have been relatively insensitive to format differences. The present research analyzes item-level effects of computerized test administration using a crossover ANOVA design including the effects of order of administration, format of administration, and repeated testing. One hundred and fifty undergraduate subjects took a paper and pencil and computer-administered MMPI a week apart, in two different orders. Overall, the effects of the automated testing format are small compared with the effects of repeated testing when subjects; use of the “Cannot Say” response is controlled. Observed format differences are not in the direction of “frankness” or “candor” in the computer administration format. An index of each subject's sensitivity to computerized administration is computed and used to evaluate characteristics associated with shifting responses in the computerized testing format.
Lead pollution in soils in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Abstract An analysis of 372 samples collected throughout Milwaukee County, Wisconsin demonstrates that a significant lead pollution problem exists. A summary of the data broken down by neighborhood reveals that lead contamination is greatest in the Central City neighborhood of the Milwaukee County and that the magnitude and extent of the pollution decreases away from the Central City toward the suburban fringe. It is important to note, however, that soil samples containing hazardous levels of lead were found in all neighborhoods of the county. These data suggest that although lead is concentrated in the central portions of cities, lead education, abatement, and monitoring may be necessary in all portions of cities. This suggested approach is in conflict with current strategies of lead monitoring that target one geographic area or that select a population for monitoring based upon socioeconomic status.
Mitotic Responses to Injected Extracts of Larval and Adult Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata: Effects of Dose and Colchicine Treatment

Biomphalaria glabrata snails injected with extracts of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia, mother sporocyst excretory-secretory product, cercariae, and adults, showed increased mitotic activity in histological sections of the amebocyte-producing organ (APO) relative to water-injected controls. The mitotic response was generally higher to extracts adjusted to 1.0 mg protein/ml than to a 10-fold lower concentration, although in most cases this increase was not statistically significant. Colchicine treatment prior to fixation significantly increased the number of mitotic figures in APOs of all groups of extract-injected snails, both with respect to water-injected controls and, with 1 exception, relative to matched colchicine-untreated snails. Extracts of adult worms elicited a pronounced mitotic response, suggesting that adults may share a mitogenic molecule with larvae. The high variability in counts of mitotic figures may limit the usefulness of this histological method.
Non-Steady Pressure-Exchange Ejector

This paper will examine development of practical pressure-exchange ejector to useful level of performance, using our knowledge of aerodynamic design of a compressible fluid. A novel supersonic rotor-vane/pressure-exchange ejector system has been investigated both experimentally and numerically.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The synthesis of some substituted tetraarylporphyrins

The synthesis of six unsymmetrically substituted tetraarylporphyrins is reported. The compounds prepared are 5-(R),10,15,20-tritolylporphyrins, where R = 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-acet-amido, and 2,3 or 4-hydroxyphenyl. Four new tetrasubstituted tetraarylporphyrins (5,10,15,20-tetra-(R)-porphyrin) are also reported, where R = 3-pyridyl, 4-acetylphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl and 4-butoxyphenyl. The proton nmr spectra of these porphyrins are presented.
Geophysical evidence for Miocene extension and mafic magmatic addition in the California Continental Borderland

The California Continental Borderland is a key region for understanding the effect on crustal structure of tectonic processes associated with the initiation and elongation of the San Andreas transform system because the borderland lies near the point where the Pacific-Farallon spreading system first encountered the North American plate margin. Whereas the central and northern California margins have been extensively investigated by geophysical surveys in recent years, the crustal structure of the borderland, particularly the outer borderland, has received relatively little attention. This paper presents three gravity models that stretch from the Pacific ocean floor to shore; they provide new evidence that the crust of the entire California Continental Borderland has been extended and infiltrated by mafic melt since early Miocene time. The gravity models were constructed from interpretations of nearly 750 km of seismic reflection data, seismic refraction studies, and geologic maps, thus minimizing the nonuniqueness of the method. The evidence for extension in the models is that the crust of the accretionary complex and forearc basin that make up the borderland is only ∼22 km thick, ∼35% thinner than comparable crustal sections in central and northern California. Extension could well have been accommodated by eastward flow of accretionary-complex material during middle Miocene formation of a metamorphic core complex in the inner borderland. The gravity models also show that the accretionary complex is 100–200 kg/m 3 more dense than commonly observed to the north. This density difference may result from influx of basaltic melts due to mantle upwelling at the Rivera triple junction and beneath the highly extended inner borderland. The borderland models permit the occurrence of a discrete mafic layer that forms the base of the crust, as is seen along the central and northern California coast, but do not require such a layer9s presence anywhere except immediately inland of the shelf-slope break.
Genetic Mapping and Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Stalk Tunneling by the European Corn Borer in Maize

The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), is an important pest of temperate maize (Zea mays L.). Damage to the stalk could be minimized by breeding for resistant genotypes but selection is hindered by a laborious phenotypic assay. Knowledge of the position of quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to ECB tunneling could greatly simplify selection for this trait. This study was conducted to map QTL for resistance to ECB tunneling, plant height, and anthesis. Recombinant inbred lines of the maize single-cross population B73xB52, were grown at two locations in Iowa in 1997 and 1998. Genotypic and phenotypic data were obtained from each line to perform the QTL analysis. Nine QTL were detected for ECB tunneling, and they were associated with 59% of the genetic variation. Genetic effects for decreased tunneling were derived from the resistant parent, B52, at six QTL. One digenic interaction was detected between QTL for ECB tunneling. Eight and 10 QTL were detected for anthesis and plant height, respectively. ECB tunneling was not significantly correlated with either trait. Several QTL for ECB tunneling reported herein, QTL for ECB tunneling in other maize populations, and QTL for resistance to leaf damage by insect pests of tropical maize are located at similar positions of the maize genetic map.
Public health spending, tax reform, and long-run growth

Abstract Public health spending is introduced into an endogenous growth model to examine the effect of a tax reform on the growth and learning time. Unlike previous studies, the calibrated model produces an increase in the learning time, consistent with the US data.
Altered enteroendocrine cell expression in T cell receptor alpha chain knock-out mice.

Mice lacking T cell receptor alpha chain (TCRα−/−) develop inflammation of the colon. We have examined the effect of this inflammation on the colonic epithelium by studying markers of epithelial cuff, enteroendocrine, and immune cell differentiation. Using immunohistochemical techniques, colons were compared in normal C57/BL6 and murine TCR α−/− mice aged 2 and 3 weeks and 3–11 months. TCR α−/− mice aged 3–11 months had histologic evidence of inflammation with increased expression of CD45, CD4+, CD8+, and B220+ cells and a decrease in expression of IgA+ cells. There was a decrease in the number of cholecystokinin, serotonin, and neurotensin enteroendocrine expressing cells in the colon of TCR α−/− mice. These changes were not present in 2–3-week-old suckling/weaning mice. In contrast, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1, and gastrin expression did not change and small intestinal enteroendocrine cells remained unaltered. The change in colonic enteroendocrine cell expression appears to be a specific response, since only a subset of these cells was altered, and the epithelium was intact by histologic analysis. The absence of functional T cells in TCR α−/− colon has a marked effect on differentiation of a specific subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells, prior to loss of integrity of the epithelium. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51:112–120, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline copper

The mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials has been studied extensively for the past few years. Recent studies on artifact-free materials with nanosize grains less than 100 nm have been very fruitful. These nanograined metals have exhibited very high strengths with reasonably good ductility. While there have been a large number of studies on hardness and strength characteristics, studies on strain rate sensitivity (SRS) are very limited. We describe here some of our recent work in characterizing SRS as well as activation volumes of nanograined copper using different testing procedures. These tests have been carried out under iso-strain rate and iso-structural conditions.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE NORMAL CANINE NEONATAL BRAIN

One hundred eighty B-mode ultrasound examinations of the brain were performed in 34 neonatal dogs from six litters using the bregmatic fontanelle to provide an acoustic window. One image from a hydrocephalic neonate of another litter was included for comparison. Histologic verification of anatomic structures was done in 19 of the 34 subjects. Imaging of 15 additional animals indicated the bregmatic fontanelle could serve as a sonographic window during the first three to four weeks after birth. Measured values of the largest lateral ventricle with a normal histologic evaluation were: lateral ventricular height = 0.15 cm, ventricle-hemisphere ratio = 0.09, and ventricle-mantle ratio = 0.15. A Beagle neonate without histologic analysis had a lateral ventricular height of 0.31 cm, a ventricle-hemisphere ratio of 0.19 and a ventricle-mantle ratio of 0.19.
Changes in Employment Security in Asia

Much attention has been focused on the decline of traditional employment structures in the advanced indus trial countries. Lesser attention has focused on this issue in Asia. In this comparative article, we examine the changes in employment security in China, India, Japan and South Korea. We focus on the historical develop ment of the employment security social contract in these countries, noting the institutional features that gave rise to it in each country. We then examine the resilience of employment security norms under recent eco nomic pressures. We find that there has been substantial erosion in employment security during the nineties in all four countries due to both increased competition and economic liberalization, although there is some variation in both the rate of erosion as well as the prospects for revival of the social contract. We assess the possibilities of a revival in this particular social contract, and the impact of the erosion on unorganized workers.
Virtualization of heterogeneous machines hardware description in a synthesizable object-oriented language

Lime is a new Java-compatible and object-oriented language designed to make programming of reconflgurable hardware significantly more accessible to skilled software developers. Lime programs may run either in software (via Java bytecodes) or in hardware (via behavioral and logic synthesis). This paper illustrates the salient synthesis-oriented features of the language using a photo-mosaic algorithm with inherent bit, pipeline, and data parallelism. The result is a virtual machine abstraction that extends across a heterogeneous architecture comprising a CPU, FPGA, and other computational structures.
Fluorescence determination of enantiomeric composition of pharmaceuticals via use of ionic liquid that serves as both solvent and chiral selector.

A new method has been developed for the sensitive and accurate determination of enantiomeric compositions of a variety of drugs, including propranolol, naproxen, and warfarin. The method is based on the use of the Xuorescence technique to measure diastereomeric interactions between both enantiomeric forms of a drug with an optically active room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) followed by partial least squares analysis of the data. The chiral RTIL used in this study, S-[(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium] [bis((triXuoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide] (S-[CHTA] + [Tf2N] i ), is a novel chiral RTIL that has been synthesized successfully recently in our laboratory in optically pure form using a simple one-step reaction with commercially available reagents. The high solubility power and strong enantiomeric recognition ability make it possible to use this chiral RTIL to solubilize a drug and to induce diastereomeric interactions for the determination of enantiomeric purity, that is, to use it as both solvent and chiral selector. Enantiomeric compositions of a variety of pharmaceutical products with diVerent shapes, sizes, and functional groups can be determined sensitively (microgram concentration) and accurately (enantiomeric excess as low as 0.30% and enantiomeric impurity as low as 0.08%) by use of this method.
Chromogenic Media vs Real-Time PCR for Nasal Surveillance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Impact on Detection of MRSA-Positive Persons

Surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization can be an important element for infection control programs when managing a multidrug-resistant pathogen such as MRSA. The sensitivity and speed of laboratory testing affects the proportion of appropriate isolation days captured, which determines the success or failure of a MRSA control program. Chromogenic culture, CHROMagar MRSA (BBL, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and MRSASelect (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), with and without broth enrichment and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR; BD GeneOhm MRSA, BD Diagnostics, San Diego, CA), were compared and found to have a wide range of sensitivities (78.5%-98.2%), specificities (91.6%-100.0%), and turnaround times (2-72 hours). Real-time PCR provided the most rapid results and demonstrated the highest sensitivity followed by broth-enriched culture and then direct plating for MRSA detection in nasal swabs. There was no substantial difference in the labor required for any of the 3 approaches.
The dynamic architecture of photoreceptor ribbon synapses: cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix, and intramembrane proteins.

Rod and cone photoreceptors possess ribbon synapses that assist in the transmission of graded light responses to second-order bipolar and horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina. Proper functioning of the synapse requires the juxtaposition of presynaptic release sites immediately adjacent to postsynaptic receptors. In this review, we focus on the synaptic, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix proteins that help to organize photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the outer plexiform layer. We examine the proteins that foster the clustering of release proteins, calcium channels, and synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminals of photoreceptors adjacent to their postsynaptic contacts. Although many proteins interact with one another in the presynaptic terminal and synaptic cleft, these protein–protein interactions do not create a static and immutable structure. Instead, photoreceptor ribbon synapses are remarkably dynamic, exhibiting structural changes on both rapid and slow time scales.
A new set of electrical test structures for simultaneous single-wafer monitoring of ion implant shadowing, channeling, and dose uniformity

A set of novel ion implant electrical test structures designed to measure shadowing channeling, and dose uniformity effects for the purpose of implanter calibration and evaluation has been designed and integrated onto one wafer, permitting the simultaneous monitoring of these effects in a single implant. The mask set has been designed so that it can be used in monitoring either p-type or n-type implants. It has been possible to fabricate eight different structures on a single wafer using only six mask levels. Results of experiments using these structures are presented and discussed. >
Examination of Frozen Cross Sections of Cervical Spinal Intersegments in Nine Horses with Cervical Vertebral Malformation: Lesions Associated with Spinal Cord Compression:

Nine horses with clinical and radiographic findings of cervical vertebral malformation that were necropsied and examined using frozen cervical spinal cord cross sections were reviewed. Only cases with actual distortion of the spinal cord due to compression were selected. The goal of the study was to determine the morphologic features responsible for narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. In individual cases, bony changes are associated with osteochondrosis and osteomyelitis of the dorsal articular facets and osteosclerosis of the dorsal cervical lamina. Soft tissue pathology associated with spinal cord compression included ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, joint capsule swelling and hypertrophy, and synovial cysts. In most cases, a combination of abnormalities was found in horses with spinal cord compression.
A Robust Coded MIMO FH-CDMA Transceiver for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we develop a coded MIMO FH-CDMA transceiver that is robust to partial-band jamming and the near-far problem for ad hoc networks with high mobility. Spatial and frequency diversity are achieved respectively by differential unitary space-time modulation (DUSTM) and coding/interleaving. Decision-feedback demodulation (DFD) and erasure insertion (EI) decoding are employed to mitigate fast Rayleigh fading and interference. A decision-directed adaptive estimator is also developed to estimate the required parameters in DFD and EI. The two proposed EI schemes are based on the Bayesian framework proposed by Baum and Pursley (1992) and a novel threshold test of the effective signal to noise and interference ratio (ESINR), respectively. Decoding error probability of the ESINR based EI is derived analytically. Performance of both EI schemes are examined under various interference conditions, and the effect of EI thresholds is carefully discussed. The Bayesian EI is shown to be insensitive to suboptimal threshold and achieves significantly better performance than error-only decoding. Furthermore, it is shown that analysis of the ESINR based EI scheme predicts the performance of the Bayesian EI when the interference is dominant.
Understanding Reactions to Workplace Injustice through Process Theories of Motivation: A Teaching Module and Simulation.

Management and organizational behavior students are often overwhelmed by the plethora of motivation theories they must master at the undergraduate level. This article o fers a teaching module geared toward helping students understand how two major process theories of motivation, equity and expectancy theories and theories of organizational justice, are related and can be used to manage behavior in the work setting. This integrated approach is suggested to provide a superior learning experience by enabling students to view and utilize extant theories in work motivation as a coherent body of knowledge rather than a distinct and somewhat disparate set of individual theories. Lecture notes and instructional examples covering relevant theories are provided, followed by an experiential exercise and suggestions for guiding class discussion of the exercise and theoretical material.
Prospects and Limitations for Large Numbers of Multi-Layers in Optical Data Storage

Fourth-generation technologies that use multiple layers are now under investigation. This presentation describes the inter-layer interference and crosstalk characteristics of multiple layers under several illumination conditions using Babinet decomposition of the recording structure. Limitations based on performance bounds are introduced for various film characteristics, like reflectivity, transmission and layer spacing. Primary results include that the total crosstalk is minimized for certain layer spacings for both coherent and incoherent illuminations. The incoherent illumination shows lower values of total crosstalk and more generous tolerances than the coherent illumination
Free breathing gated delivery (FBGD) of lung radiation therapy: analysis of factors affecting clinical patient throughput.

Summary Purpose Accurate radiation targeting and delivery within the chest and abdomen is greatly affected by the respiratory cycle. Prior methods to minimize respiratory effect include breath-hold and abdominal compression techniques; these are subject to error secondary to variable inspiration/expiration volumes, or by the nature of many cancer patients having inherently poor respiratory function. However, advanced technology called free breathing gated delivery (FBGD) allows patients to breath normally during treatment. The photon beam is on only during a particular prescribed percentage of the respiratory cycle where the target tumor volume is minimized. Consequently, by using an intermittent beam, the time required to treat a patient is increased. No previous study has described the patient throughput ramifications of FBGD. Patients and methods At Emory clinic, a gated treatment delivery system was inaugurated into clinical use beginning in June 2004. As of 12/31/2004, 15 patients have completed treatment with FBGD. The majority of patients had lung cancer (n = 12) with single cases of adrenal metastasis, thymoma, and atypical carcinoid. Over 900 gated treatment fields (∼375 treatment sessions) were reviewed on an IRB-approved retrospective protocol. Records from the record-and-verify (R&V) system were queried using automated database mining software to obtain the treatment room time, treatment field time, beam-on time (BOT), dose rate, and monitor units (MU) for each treatment. The presence or absence of a dynamic wedge was also noted, as was the prescribed percent of the respiratory cycle treated. For comparison purposes, 13 non-gated lung cancer patients (lesions were not moving with respiration) were selected from the R&V database. Results Patients receiving FBGD required significantly more time for treatment delivery. The time required for FBGD was, on average, 5.5 times greater (range 1.2–12.2) than calculated BOT without gating. Time was further increased with the use of a dynamic wedge, which occurred in 45% (28/62) of the planned fields. The use of MV imaging also increased the time for FBGD treatment sessions by more than 7.5 min on average. Conclusions FBGD uniformly increases the time required for RT delivery, and MV imaging and dynamic wedging even more so. Even though this technology more accurately targets tumor volumes while sparing normal tissue, the patient throughput issue may deter this technology from being implemented into busy clinical practices.
Melanoma treatment: where are we now and what's on the horizon?

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Comparison of Perioperative Analgesic Protocols for Dogs Undergoing Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy

Objective— To compare effects of 3 commonly used perioperative analgesic protocols (epidural injection, intra-articular injection, and intravenous [IV] injection) for management of postoperative pain in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Study Design— Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Animals— Fifty-six healthy dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Methods— Dogs were premedicated with IV hydromorphone and acepromazine and were randomly assigned to receive either E (preoperative epidural injection with morphine and bupivacaine), IA (pre- and postoperative intra-articular injections of bupivacaine), or C (neither epidural morphine and bupivacaine, nor intra-articular bupivacaine). All dogs were administered hydromorphone (0.05 mg/kg IV) at extubation and as needed to maintain comfort postoperatively. Patients were observed and monitored continuously for 24 hours and discomfort was assessed using visual analog pain scores (VASs), multifactorial pain scores (MPSs), and response to a pressure nociceptive threshold (PNT) measuring device. Time to 1st dose and the total doses of hydromorphone required to achieve adequate comfort for each dog were recorded. Results— No differences in measured indices of postoperative pain were observed between dogs of each treatment group; VAS (P=.190), MPS (P=.371), and PNT (P=.160). Time to 1st analgesic intervention was longer for Group E compared with Group C (P=.005) and longer for Group IA compared with Group C (P=.032). Although time to 1st intervention between Groups E and IA were longer for Group E, differences were not significant. To provide an adequate level of comfort, more analgesic interventions were administered to dogs in Group C compared with dogs in group E (P=.015). On average, more hydromorphone was administered to Group C compared with Group IA (P=.072) and to Group IA compared with Group E (P=.168), but statistical significance was not reached for these data. Conclusions— In this study population, significant differences were seen in time to 1st hydromorphone dose between Groups E and IA compared with Group C. As well, more supplemental analgesia was administered to Group C compared with Group E to maintain the same level of postoperative comfort. Although differences between Groups E and IA tended to favor the epidural group, differences were minimal and not statistically significant. Clinical Relevance— Our results suggest that regardless of analgesic protocol, measured indices of pain in dogs after TPLO can be minimized if dogs are continuously observed and appropriately supplemented with parenteral opioids. However, the frequency of postoperative opioid dosing can be minimized and may be a factor when contemplating supplementary use of epidural or intra-articular injections as part of a balanced analgesic approach.
Language and Emotional Knowledge: A Case Study on Ability and Disability in Williams Syndrome

Williams Syndrome provides a striking test case for discourses on disability, because the characteristics associated with Williams Syndrome involve a combination of “abilities” and “disabilities”. For example, Williams Syndrome is associated with disabilities in mathematics and spatial cognition. However, Williams Syndrome individuals also tend to “have a unique strength in their expressive language skills”, and are socially outgoing and unselfconscious when meeting new people. Children with Williams are said to be “typically unafraid of strangers and show a greater interest in contact with adults than with their peers.” This apparently keen social knowledge is a counterexample to the discussion of disability among academic philosophers, especially philosophers in the early modern period. Locke infamously used the example of disability to claim that Descartes’ arguments in favor of innate ideas were incorrect. On the contrary, Williams Syndrome may stand as an example of innate social knowledge; something that could benefit current discourse in philosophy, disability theory, and medical ethics.