cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting root growth and water uptake under different soil water regimes

Abstract The model ROOTSIMU version 4.0 was used to predict soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr. ) root growth and water uptake under actual weather conditions. A comparison was made between simulated results from this model and measured data from companion rhizotron experiments. The experimental data were taken from rhizotron studies where ‘Braxton’ soybean plants were grown under irrigated (IR) and non-irrigated (NI) water regimes in a Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Paleudult). Detailed measurements of shoot and root growth and soil water content and potential were made. The environmental conditions used as forcing functions in the simulation model were identical to the physical ones measured in the actual field experiments. In ROOTSIMU version 4.0, no dry matter was partitioned into reproductile structures (e.g., flowers, pods, and seeds). Therefore, each simulation run was terminated after full pod development (R4) and the beginning of seed fill (R5), i.e. about 100 days after emergence. During the first 25 days of the simulation period, simulated plants showed only a gradual increase in dry matter; during the next 30-day growth period dry matter increased exponentially. Simulated vegetative growth plateaued at the time when pod and seed development began in the rhizotron-grown plants. As in the rhizotron experiments, predicted total shoot dry matter in the simulation model was greater for IR than for NI plants. Simulated soil water potential ( ψ soil ) at the 0·4 m depth declined for the NI treatment during periods of drought, similar to measured ψ soil with experimental plants. The model predicted an increase in ψ soil following periods of rain. Simulated ψ soil stayed fairly constant in the IR treatment during two drought periods, although a slight decrease in ψ soil was predicted by the model at the beginning of a dry period. No differences were indicated between the root systems of NI and IR simulated plants when early season growth was predicted in the model. During a drought period later in the season, however, the model showed that simulated NI plants had a much larger increase in total root length than IR plants. The difference between total root length of IR and NI plants was greater for the experimental data than for the simulated data. One reason for the discrepancy may be that the model used a constant factor to convert root dry matter into root length. The model does not consider changes in size of the taproot and, therefore, may have overestimated total root length for the IR treatment. The model was able to predict trends with the IR and NI treatments which were similar to those observed in the rhizotron grown plants during the 1981 growing season. Additional modifications may make the model predictions more accurate and are essential if growth responses during reproductive development are to be simulated.
LTE700/WWAN MIMO antenna system integrated with decoupling structure for isolation improvement

A novel decoupling structure which could be integrated into the system board of handheld wireless communication devices is proposed. By applying capacitor with the capacitance range of 1.8-3.3 pF, more than 260 MHz tunable isolation bandwidth could be achieved in the embodiment for the requirement of compact design area. The mutual coupling performance of dual-antenna module which having the spacing less than 0.1 wavelength is investigated and analyzed. The measured isolation characteristic of MIMO antenna operated at LTE700/GSM850/GSM900 frequency band is about 10 dB. In order to know the relations of antenna isolation performance and the variations of capacitance, a quantitative analysis in the antenna operating frequency range around 700-960 MHz is also developed. The simulated and the measured results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed decoupling structure.
Development of China's Real Estate Market

Over the past two decades, real estate has evolved from government-controlled to a commercial product, emerging and developing into an important component of China's financial markets. Although the overall gross domestic product (GDP) and income levels have been growing rapidly, the even-faster rising housing costs have exacerbated the problem of housing affordability. Real estate development has become a key factor in China's economic growth, as real estate has become an essential part of the overall functioning of the economy. Recent signs following the global financial crisis suggest that China's real estate market has bottomed and may be on its way to a rebound. In the long run, this market offers lucrative investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.
A highly sulfur resistant Pt-Rh/TiO2/Al2O3 storage catalyst for NOx reduction under lean-rich cycles

Abstract Pt-Rh/TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 was investigated as a NO x storage-reduction catalyst using lean-rich cycles. It was found to be highly effective for NO x reduction and highly resistant to SO 2 and H 2 O. In the presence of 100 ppm SO 2 and 2.3% H 2 O, approximately 90% of NO x conversion was obtained at 250°C and a GHSV of 30,000 h −1 after 5 h lean-rich cyclic runs. A model NO x trap catalyst, Pt-Rh/BaO/Al 2 O 3 , was used for comparison. In the absence of SO 2 and H 2 O, nearly complete removal of NO x was achieved. NO x conversion dropped to only 30% after SO 2 /H 2 O were introduced into the reactant gases at 300°C. With Pt-Rh/TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 , over 70% NO conversion was still obtained at 400°C. Although, the BaO containing catalyst has much higher capacity for NO x than that containing TiO 2 , it is much more susceptible to SO x poisoning. In situ FT-IR spectra of the titania catalyst showed that nitrate species was the final adspecies (i.e. at the end of the lean phase) on the storage catalyst and its intensity was only slightly weakened in the presence of SO 2 and H 2 O.
Effect of antimitotic agent colchicine on carbon tetrachloride toxicity.

A single administration of a subtoxic dose of CCl4 (100 μl/kg, i.p.) is known to induce hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair at 6 and 48 h in rats, permitting prompt recovery from the limited liver injury associated with that dose of CCl4. Substantial evidence has accumulated to indicate that the early-phase hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair are critical for recovery from halomethane hepatotoxicity. The objective of these studies was to test this concept in an experimental framework, wherein a selective ablation of the early-phase cell division should result in prolongation of liver injury followed by recovery. The studies were designed to evaluate the influence of the antimitotic agent colchicine (1 mg/kg, i.p. in saline) on CCl4 toxicity. Colchicine was administered 2 h prior to CCl4 or corn oil injection. Toxicological end points and markers of hepatocellular regeneration were assessed at various time points (2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h) after the injection of CCl4 to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatocellular injury was assessed through elevations of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and by histopathological examination of the liver. Incorporation of3H-thymidine in hepatocellular nuclear DNA and mitotic index were used as indices of hepatocellular regeneration. Hepatocellular regeneration stimulated by CCl4 at 2–6 h was blocked by colchicine as evidenced by the decreased3H-thymidine incorporation and mitotic index, without any significant effect on the second phase of cell division at 48 h. Ablation of this early phase of tissue repair resulted in prolongation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Rats treated with CCl4 alone recovered promptly within 24 h, whereas, colchicine pretreated rats recovered from liver injury after 48 h. Morphometric analysis of hepatocellular necrosis revealed that liver injury at 6 and 12 h after CCl4 was similar in rats regardless of colchicine pretreatment, indicating that prolongation of liver injury was due to delayed liver tissue healing mechanisms. The possibility that prolongation of hepatotoxicity is due to colchicine-induced enhancement of CCl4 metabolism was further investigated in vivo.14CCl4-derived14CO2 exhalation, covalent binding of14CCl4 and14CCl4-derived total radiolabel in the liver and lipid peroxidation were unaltered by colchicine pretreatment. These findings suggest the pivotal importance of the early- as well as the late-phase stimulation of hepatocellular regeneration and tissue healing processes in determining the final outcome of CCl4-induced liver injury.
A limited spectrum of mutations causes constitutive activation of the yeast alpha-factor receptor.

Activation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by binding of ligand is the initial event in diverse cellular signaling pathways. To examine the frequency and diversity of mutations that cause constitutive activation of one particular GPCR, the yeast α-factor receptor, we screened libraries of random mutations for constitutive alleles. In initial screens for mutant receptor alleles that exhibit signaling in the absence of added ligand, 14 different point mutations were isolated. All of these 14 mutants could be further activated by α-factor. Ten of the mutants also acquired the ability to signal in response to binding of desTrp1[Ala3]α-factor, a peptide that acts as an antagonist toward normal α-factor receptors. Of these 10 mutants, at least eight alleles residing in the third, fifth, sixth, and seventh transmembrane segments exhibit bona fide constitutive signaling. The remaining alleles are hypersensitive to α-factor rather than constitutive. They can be activated by low concentrations of endogenous ...
Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Three battles to watch in the 1990s.

HOWEVER the debate on national health care reform comes out, and whatever strategies are eventually used to achieve the seemingly incompatible goals of providing universal access, improving quality, and controlling costs, one thing is certain: The day-to-day decisions of those who actually provide health care will be put under ever-increasing stress. Reform will not solve the problems that have been causing the pressure on physician decision making over the last decade; it will rely on further pressure to solve the problems. We know this will occur for several reasons. Begin with the fact that of the three main goals of health care reform— access, quality, and cost—the driving force is cost. To be more precise, the driving force is therate of increasein costs—the fact that health care costs have been rising at about twice the rate of inflation. It is this feature of health care that has transformed
Fabrication and characterization of brookite-rich, visible light-active TiO2 films for water splitting

We report that mild oxidation of Ti foils in air results in brookite-rich titanium oxide (TiO2) films with similar spectral response to that of dye-sensitized TiO2. X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy show that the onset of brookite formation occurs at 500 8C, and the material is characterized by a strong absorption band in the visible spectral range. The first-principle calculations show that enhanced visible light absorption correlates with the presence of Ti interstitials. Photocurrent density measurements of water splitting reveal that the brookite-rich TiO2 exhibits the highest photocatalytic performance among the different forms of TiO2 produced by oxidation of Ti foils. With increasing oxidation temperature transformation to the rutile phase accompanied by declining visible range photoactivity is observed.
Hardware organization to achieve high-speed elliptic curve cryptography for mobile devices

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is recognized as a fast cryptography system and has many applications in security systems. In this paper, a novel sharing scheme is proposed to significantly reduce the number of field multiplications and the usage of lookup tables, providing high speed operations for both hard-ware and software realizations.
Ibasho and the adjustment, satisfaction, and well-being of expatriate spouses

Abstract Success of the expatriate spouse has been repeatedly identified as a key to overall expatriate assignment success. However, little is known about how to increase the expatriate spouses’ adjustment to an overseas assignment. This study examines this problem from an occupational health viewpoint, looking at the relationships of stress with various outcomes related to success: satisfaction, adjustment, and well-being. In addition, the current study tests the effects of social support and a new construct, Ibasho, briefly defined as a sense of comfort and psychological security that a person feels in specific locations they regularly visit, as moderators of stressor–outcome relationships. Results suggest that stress is highly related to all outcomes measured. In addition, initial support for the independence and importance of the construct of Ibasho is established. Ibasho showed significant bivariate relationships with all of the measured variables. In addition, Ibasho accounted for unique variance in the prediction of general adjustment, personal adjustment, satisfaction, and depression above and beyond demographic control variables and social support. Finally, Ibasho interacted with stressors in order to significantly predict perceived stress.
The Effect of Feeding Calcium- and Phosphorus-Deficient Diets to Broiler Chickens During the Starting and Growing-Finishing Phases on Carcass Quality

There is considerable data on the effect of reducing inorganic Ca and P in broiler finisher diets on carcass quality. However, there is limited information on the effect of reducing dietary Ca and P during the different phases of growout. Two experiments were conducted from 0 to 35 d in floor pens. In both experiments, at least 4 replicates per treatment (50 chicks per replicate) were used. Corn-soybean meal and soybean oil-based diets deficient in Ca and P were fed. During the starter phase (ST), from 0 to 18 d, chicks were fed a 23% CP diet containing 0.60% Ca and 0.47% total P (tP). During the grower-finisher phase (GF), from 19 to 35 d, birds were fed a 19% CP diet containing 0.30% Ca and 0.37% tP. A combination of 1,000 phytase units/kg of Natuphos phytase and 5 microg/kg of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (P + 1alpha) was supplemented to some of the feed during the ST and GF. Diets containing adequate Ca and P were also fed during the ST (0.90% Ca and 0.68% tP) and GF (0.80% Ca and 0.67% tP). The level of tibia ash and the incidence of bone disease were measured at 18 and 35 d. At the end of the experiments, birds were processed and evaluated for muscle hemorrhages and broken bones. In both experiments, broilers fed diets that were not P + 1alpha supplemented demonstrated poor bone mineralization, considerable leg problems, and a high incidence of broken bones after processing. Broilers fed P + 1alpha throughout had more broken clavicles and femurs compared with birds fed the adequate diets. Day-18 tibia ash was significantly correlated to broken tibias and femurs during processing. Day-35 tibia ash was better correlated to bloody breast meat than to broken bones. It is concluded that carcass quality depends on the levels of Ca and P fed and the age of the bird. Tibia ash, traditionally used as an indication of bone strength, was better correlated to the incidence of bloody breasts.
Death threat with young adults who have lost a parent to death

Abstract Twenty people who had experienced the death of a parent between the ages of 12 and 18 were compared with 22 people whose parents had not divorced, separated, or died, using two measures of death threat, one based upon an Interpersonal Repertory Grid (IRG) and the second the povided from of the Threat Index (TIp). The death-loss group had significantly lower death threat mans than the control group on the IRG; this result did not hold for the TIp. Similarly, standard deviations for death threat scores on the IRG were significantly lower, for the death-loss group than the control group; again, this result did not hold for the TIp. Moderate correlations were found between death threat as measured on the IRG and the TIp for both groups combined. Moreover, higher correlations between threat as measured by these two instruments were found for the control group than the death-loss group. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed based on these results.
From ghetto school to college campus: Some discontinuities and continuities☆

This paper details some of the continuities and discontinuities encountered by black students who go from ghetto schools to predominantly white middle class colleges. Among the continuities they encounter are: (a) lack of preparation on the part of white high school and college teachers for dealing with black young people, (b) confusion on the part of teachers and administrators with regard to education and racial prejudice, and (c) lack of black male teachers to serve as role models for black students. Among the discontinuities are the following: (a) automatic promotion in the ghetto school as opposed to promotion on an academic basis in college, (b) failure attributed to lack of ability and intelligence in the ghetto school as opposed to blame of failure on cultural deprivation, and (c) school culture dominated by black majority and culture in the ghetto school versus college dominated by white majority and culture.
Hemagglutinin-based polyanhydride nanovaccines against H5N1 influenza elicit protective virus neutralizing titers and cell-mediated immunity

H5N1 avian influenza is a significant global concern with the potential to become the next pandemic threat. Recombinant subunit vaccines are an attractive alternative for pandemic vaccines compared to traditional vaccine technologies. In particular, polyanhydride nanoparticles encapsulating subunit proteins have been shown to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity and provide protection upon lethal challenge. In this work, a recombinant H5 hemagglutinin trimer (H5₃) was produced and encapsulated into polyanhydride nanoparticles. The studies performed indicated that the recombinant H5₃ antigen was a robust immunogen. Immunizing mice with H5₃ encapsulated into polyanhydride nanoparticles induced high neutralizing antibody titers and enhanced CD4(+) T cell recall responses in mice. Finally, the H5₃-based polyanhydride nanovaccine induced protective immunity against a low-pathogenic H5N1 viral challenge. Informatics analyses indicated that mice receiving the nanovaccine formulations and subsequently challenged with virus were similar to naive mice that were not challenged. The current studies provide a basis to further exploit the advantages of polyanhydride nanovaccines in pandemic scenarios.
Declination and inclination errors in experimentally deposited specularite-bearing sand

Abstract Naturally disaggregated specularite-bearing sandstone from the Triassic Moenkopi Formation, artificially deposited in controlled magnetic fields of ∼5 × 10−2 mT, acquires a stable remanent magnetization that has systematic errors in inclination and declination. Inclinations about 12° shallower than the applied fields are produced by deposition on a horizontal surface in still water. Deposition from flowing water on a surface inclined 6–10° results in inclination errors of as much as 20°. Water flowing obliquely to the applied field results in declination errors of about 10°, with declinations systematically rotated toward the upstream direction of current flow. These experimental results indicate that specularite-bearing sediment responds to the earth's field in a manner similar to magnetite-bearing sediment, and support observational evidence for a primary magnetization of depositional origin in specularite in red beds of the Moenkopi Formation.
Chirality transfer to iron in a photochemical reaction of a glucopyranosyliron compound

Abstract Photolysis (350 nm) of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl(η5-cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonyliron with triphenylphosphine in benzene results in ligand substitution affording 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(triphenylphosphine)carbonyliron in 85% yield. The process occurs with partial chirality transfer to iron giving a 70 30 mixture of diastereomers at that center. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to assign the (R) configuration to the iron center in the predominant diastereomer.
Reclaiming Theology for the Enlightenment: The Case of Siegmund Jacob Baumgarten (1706–1757)

The new millennium appears to be ushering in a new view of the Enlightenment. The synthesis of the 1930s to the 1970s had posited a unitary Enlightenment that was the matrix of a modern secular or secularizing culture. The authority of reason and science either fully displaced, or fundamentally challenged and thus forced the reconstruction of, the claims of belief and tradition. From the 1970s a social history of ideas and institutions explored the Enlightenment's seemingly infinite regional and national variations, subverting the unitary notion and yielding a mass of new information. The works of J.G.A. Pocock and Jonathan Israel, James E. Bradley and Dale K. Van Kley, have begun to build on this accumulated scholarship, offering a new synthesis that rests on two related notions.
Field-Current Identities, Broken Symmetries, Current-Mixing Model, and the Algebra of Gauge Fields

It is shown in general that the algebra of the massive gauge fields can recover the current-algebra relations only for the current-mixing model, and how the possible modifications of the spectral-function sum rules can be made within the framework of the gauge-field theory. It is also shown that the Oakes-Sakurai generalization of the first sum rule is a natural consequence of the current-mixing model.
Reduction of transfusion requirements during major hepatic resection for metastatic disease.

Background: Our purpose was to determine whether the combination of total liver vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) and rapid hepatic transection with a clamp-crush technique results in significant reduction of blood loss and transfusion requirements during major hepatic resections. Methods: A series of 49 adult patients underwent major hepatic resections for metastatic disease between April 1, 1992, and March 31, 1998. Group 1 patients (n = 15) had standard hilar dissection and finger-fracture hepatic transection without total liver inflow occlusion. Group 2 patients (n = 34) had total liver inflow occlusion and clamp-crush parenchymal transection. Results: Median blood loss was 1600 mL for group 1 and 500 mL for group 2 (P = .001). Eleven (73%) patients in group 1 required intraoperative blood transfusion (median 2 units) compared with 7 (21%) in group 2 with a median of 0 units (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Of the 7 patients in group 2 who required transfusion, 3 had a preoperative hemoglobin below 10 g/dL, 1 required splenectomy for operative injury, and 1 underwent a concomitant complicated small bowel resection. Conclusions: Major hepatic resections can be performed without transfusion of blood products when preoperative hemoglobin is above 10 g/dL and concomitant major surgical procedures are not required. (Surgery 1999;125:166-71.)
Thymosin β4 affecting the cytoskeleton organization of the myofibroblasts

In previous studies, granulation tissue from subcutaneous sponge implants in rats receiving thymosin β4, a 43-amino acid actin-binding protein that advances wound repair, produced the unexpected absence of myofibroblast populations, along with uniform organized collagen fibers within the newly deposited connective tissue matrix. This result raised the question of whether the Tβ4 effect on blocking fibroblasts transformation into myofibroblasts a direct or indirect one. We report here work in progress to address this question. When human dermal fibroblasts are plated at low density, upon reaching confluence, they all express α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) within their cytoplasmic stress fibers, morphologically defining them as myofibroblasts. Treating low-density plated fibroblasts with Tβ4 prevents their expression of αSMA, as well as the generation an uneven distribution of microtubules within the cytoplasm. The speculation is that Tβ4 disruption of the distribution of microtubules alters the TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway, thus blocking fibroblast transformation into myofibroblasts.
Template Growth of Photoconductive Metal−CdSe−Metal Nanowires

Metal−CdSe−metal (metal = Au, Ni) nanowires were grown by electrochemical replication of porous aluminum oxide and polycarbonate track etch membranes with pore diameters of 350 and 70 nm, respectively. The lengths of the individual segments of the nanowires were controlled by varying the amount of charge that was passed. The composition of the CdSe segments was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A 1:1 ratio could be obtained, and Cd- and Se-rich stoichiometries were also made by adjusting the concentrations of Cd2+ and SeO2 in the aqueous plating solutions. X-ray powder diffraction showed the presence of both zinc blende and wurzite phases, and grain sizes on the order of 10 nm were observed by TEM. The nanowires were resistive in the dark but showed pronounced visible light photoconductivity.
Time on the Market: The Impact of Residential Brokerage.

This paper examines the impact of brokers, brokerage firms and marketing strategy on time on the market (TOM) in the residential housing market. Using a duration model methodology, the study finds duration dependence to be positive, suggesting that the probability of sale increases with TOM. Pricing-related marketing strategies are found to strongly influence TOM, but individual agent and firm characteristics are not statistically significant. These results are consistent with an efficient market within a multiple listing service—no group of agents or firms appears to possess special advantages enabling them to sell homes more quickly than their rivals.
Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are abundant cell-surface molecules that consist of a protein core to which heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. The functions of these molecules have remained mostly underappreciated by developmental biologists; however, the actions of important signalling molecules, for example Wnt and Hedgehog, depend on them. To understand both the mechanisms by which ligands involved in development interact with their receptors and how morphogens pattern tissues, biologists need to consider the functions of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in signalling and developmental patterning.
Validation of learning style measures: implications for medical education practice.

BACKGROUND It is unclear which learners would most benefit from the more individualised, student-structured, interactive approaches characteristic of problem-based and computer-assisted learning. The validity of learning style measures is uncertain, and there is no unifying learning style construct identified to predict such learners. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to validate learning style constructs and to identify the learners most likely to benefit from problem-based and computer-assisted curricula. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, 3 established learning style inventories were administered to 97 post-Year 2 medical students. Cognitive personality was measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test, information processing by the Learning Styles Inventory, and instructional preference by the Learning Preference Inventory. The 11 subscales from the 3 inventories were factor-analysed to identify common learning constructs and to verify construct validity. Concurrent validity was determined by intercorrelations of the 11 subscales. RESULTS A total of 94 pre-clinical medical students completed all 3 inventories. Five meaningful learning style constructs were derived from the 11 subscales: student- versus teacher-structured learning; concrete versus abstract learning; passive versus active learning; individual versus group learning, and field-dependence versus field-independence. The concurrent validity of 10 of 11 subscales was supported by correlation analysis. Medical students most likely to thrive in a problem-based or computer-assisted learning environment would be expected to score highly on abstract, active and individual learning constructs and would be more field-independent. CONCLUSIONS Learning style measures were validated in a medical student population and learning constructs were established for identifying learners who would most likely benefit from a problem-based or computer-assisted curriculum.
Integration of Psychodynamic and Behavioral Psychotherapies

Integrationism refers to the combination of alternative views or conceptual positions into a unified whole. In the context of clinical psychology, several areas can be identified in which alternative and seemingly conflicting conceptual positions are undergoing integration. Efforts toward integration might be viewed as a pervasive ecumenical spirit or heightened scholarship among professionals whose views have been in opposition. However, underlying the spirit of compromise and openness is the stark realization that simple answers to major questions and narrow conceptual positions do not begin to explain current evidence in many areas of research. The complexity of the findings in many areas within clinical psychology have helped foster an increased receptivity to integrationism and eclecticism.
LIMITED TO FOLLOW The Early Public Opinion Apparatus of the Herbert Hoover White House

This article adds to the recent literature on the development and institutionalization of the public opinion apparatus in the White House by exploring the internal process for gauging public opinion during the administration of Herbert Hoover. Although descriptions of the public opinion polling apparatus, which developed in the White House under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, are rich, there are few analytical descriptions of the early public opinion apparatus. This article explains the process of gauging public opinion during the Hoover Administration through the systematic collection, synthesis, and analysis of White House opinion data from newspaper editorials. In addition, this article describes the use of these data during three major events in the Hoover White House: the stock market crash in 1929, the outcome of the 1930 congressional elections, and the Soldiers’ Bonus Bill in 1931. In each case, institutional procedures primarily allowed President Hoover to follow, rather than manipulate, public opinion.
Ecotourism Along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: The Impacts of Foreign Investment

Ecotourism has been heralded as a potential economic and environmental savior in much of Latin America, though explosive foreign investment in ecotourism ventures raises questions about the validity of ecotourism as a tool of sustainable local development. This paper uses three case studies from coastal Belize and the Bay Islands of Honduras to illustrate the challenges that local communities face when attempting to derive ecotourism benefits. Whether these communities are poised to take advantage of foreign capital is largely dependent on their ability to direct the investment and establish control over their common property resources. This appears to require a marked cultural shift toward planning and politicization.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHANGES OF FLAVONOIDS IN MERLOT AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON WINES

Twenty components of an ethyl acetate extract from Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines were isolated by recycle preparative HPLC. A combination of paper chromatography, fluorescence behavior, gas chromatography, reaction with molybdate, reaction with vanillin/HCI, ultraviolet spectrometry and mass spectrometry was used to gain information about the identities of the isolated compounds. Seven of the isolated compounds were catechins, procyanidins or degradation products thereof. Three flavonol glycosides were isolated and one was characterized as an isorhamnetin-3-glycoside. Four compounds were isolated with identical molecular weights and an uncharacteristic blue reaction with vanillin/HCl. These components were interconvertable and thought to be cis-trans isomers of flavenes. The changes in these components during aging of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines are discussed.
IsoKEGG: A logic based system for querying biological pathways in KEGG

Understanding the interaction patterns among a set of biological entities in a pathway is an important exercise because it potentially could reveal the role of the entities in biological systems. Although a considerable amount of effort has been directed to the detection and mining of patterns in biological pathways in contemporary research, querying biological pathways remained relatively unexplored. Querying is principally different in which we retrieve pathways that satisfy a given property in terms of its topology, or constituents. One such property is subnetwork matching using various constituent parameters. In this paper, we introduce a logic based framework for querying biological pathways based on a novel and generic subgraph isomorphism computation technique. We cast this technique into a graphical interface called IsoKEGG to facilitate flexible querying of KEGG pathways. We demonstrate that IsoKEGG is flexible enough to allow querying based on isomorphic pathway topologies as well as matching any combination of node names, types, and edges. It also allows editing KGML represented query pathways and returns all possible pathways in KEGG that satisfy a given query condition that the users are able to investigate further.
Differentiation of motor planning ability in normal and learning-disabled children

Twenty children with learning disabilities (LD) and 40 normal children aged from seven to 12 years were studied to examine the relation between motor planning ability and learning disabilities. It was expected that children with LD would score significantly lower on a test of praxis than normal children, and different types of apraxia would be identified in LD children. In addition, the relation between apraxia and writing disability, speaking disability, distractibility, hand dominance and socio-economic factors was explored. Results indicated that the motor planning ability of children with LD is disturbed and that different types of apraxia occur. The child's failure on these tests has an influence on academic performance and daily life.
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: a narrative review of etiology, diagnosis, and conservative management

Objective To review current literature regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and conservative treatment of spondylolysis and spondylolytic spondylolisthesis.
Direct effects of inhaled nitric oxide on canine peripheral airways

The effects of nitric oxide on peripheral airways in vivo, and whether these effects occur via direct or indirect mechanisms, are unknown. We studied effects of inhaled nitric oxide on histamine-co...
DRUG THERAPY IN THE NURSING MOTHER

The benefits of breast-feeding on newborn and infant health and for the maternal-infant relationship are well established. It is a failing of health care providers that breast-feeding is too frequently interrupted because of unfounded concerns over the potential adverse effects of concurrent drug therapy in the nursing mother. An overwhelming minority of medications are contraindicated during lactation, while the vast majority are considered either safe to use or the risk versus benefit considerations clearly favor use with continuation of breast-feeding. For those drugs that may pose a potential concern to the newborn, there are practical suggestions and precautions that can be taken to minimize risk. These include such interventions as selection of alternative effective drug regimens with safer profiles in breast-feeding, timing of drug dosing to minimize accumulation in the breast milk, surveillance for newborn or infant symptomatology that may be a sign of toxicity, or even the determination of drug levels in the infant's circulation. With a commitment to the advantages of breast-feeding and the information contained both herein and elsewhere regarding the interaction of medical therapy, pharmacology, and lactation, it is hoped that the health care provider will be empowered both to encourage and counsel more effectively the parturient who wishes to breast-feed but is concerned about ongoing drug therapy during lactation.
Attachment Style Differences in the Parental Interactions and Adaptation Patterns of Divorcing Parents

Abstract A longitudinal design was used to explore attachment style differences in the positive (cohesion, expressiveness, support) and negative (conflict, verbal aggression) interactions of divorcing parents. One hundred men and women participated within one week of attending a court-mandated parenting workshop; 63 provided Time 2 data three months later. At Time 1, securely attached participants reported enhanced positive, and reduced negative, parental interactions compared to those with insecure attachment styles. Over time, participants experienced increases in positive parental interactions and decreases in negative interactions, a pattern most dramatic for those with insecure attachment styles. Implications of these individual differences for program development and implementation are discussed.
Analysis on spatial reuse and interference in 60-GHz wireless networks

This paper evaluates the potential for spatial reuse and the degree of interference in a dense 60 GHz wireless networking environment. A 60 GHz simulation model is developed to evaluate the performance and extensive simulations are conducted by varying a number of parameters that affects the spatial reuse gain and interference. The results show that there is abundant spatial reuse to exploit in a dense 60 GHz wireless network. However, the results also indicate that there are considerable scenarios where interference is present, for which interference mitigation mechanisms are needed.
Cytoplasmic localization of p27 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B/KIP1) in colorectal cancer: inverse correlations with nuclear p27 loss, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype

Cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 (CDKN1B/KIP1) is caused by activated AKT1 and has been associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. CIMP in colorectal cancer is characterized by extensive promoter methylation and is associated with MSI-MSI-H and BRAF mutations. We have recently shown a positive correlation between MSI/CIMP and loss of nuclear p27. However, no study has examined cytoplasmic p27 mislocalization in relation to CIMP and MSI in colorectal cancer. Using MethyLight assays, we quantified DNA methylation in 8 CIMP-specific gene promoters (CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3, and SOCS1) in 853 colorectal cancer samples obtained from 2 large prospective cohorts. We assessed expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic p27 and nuclear p53 by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic p27 expression was inversely associated with loss of nuclear p27 (P < .0001), CIMP-high (P < .0001), MSI-H (P < .0001), and BRAF mutations (P < .0001). The inverse association of cytoplasmic p27 with CIMP-high (or MSI-H) was independent of MSI (or CIMP) status. In addition, the inverse association of cytoplasmic p27 with CIMP-high was independent of KRAS/BRAF status. BRAF and CDKN2A (p16) methylation were not correlated with cytoplasmic p27 after stratification by CIMP status. The inverse associations of cytoplasmic p27 with MSI-H and CIMP-high were much more pronounced in p53-negative than p53-positive tumors. In conclusion, cytoplasmic p27 expression is inversely associated with MSI-H and CIMP-high, particularly in p53-negative tumors, suggesting interplay of functional losses of p27 and p53 in the development of various molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer.
Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law.

Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law. Sally Engle Merry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
The farmer as conservationist

Agricultural landscapes are essential for preserving biodiversity, even though agricultural activities are the leading cause of habitat degradation worldwide. About half of the Earth's productive land area is farmed or grazed, whereas only about 6% of the total land area is protected for native species and ecosystems. The ecological services of healthy ecosystems are fundamental to agriculture, and these services depend upon a large number of species interacting with each other and with inorganic nutrient cycles. Likewise, the quality of ecosystems between reserves is critical to the persistence of species and ecological processes within reserves. Thus, conservation-oriented farming methods are critically important for both agriculture and biodiversity. Three examples illustrate agricultural practices that benefit the farmers, the local ecosystem and the landscape: (1) In Minnesota, rotational grazing, evaluated by the collaborative research of farmers and scientists, improved soil, pasture and stream quality, and boosted the confidence of the farmers in developing more sustainable grazing practices. (2) Predator-friendly ranching in Montana, in which nonlethal methods are used to protect livestock from depredation by native predators, benefited the ranchers with premium prices for wool and meat. The persistence of native predators, many of which have been on endangered species lists for years, benefited the regional ecosystem. (3) Shade-grown coffee in Latin America, in which coffee shrubs grow under an intact forest canopy, often looks and behaves ecologically like native forest and may house high levels of native biodiversity. This system benefited farmers, as long as they received a price premium for shade-grown coffee. The economic viability of these conservation-oriented practices depends upon farmers receiving price premiums for their products and by society rewarding fanners for their practices. A vision of ecological farming as the dominant form of agriculture is presented, with benefits at the scale of the farm, the landscape and society.
Impact of Exercise Training on Adverse Event Risk and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure

This excerpt was created in the absence of an abstract . highlights the findings and application of Cochrane reviews and other evidence pertinent to the practice of physical therapy. The Cochrane Library is a respected source of reliable evidence related to health care. Cochrane systematic reviews explore the evidence for and against the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions—medications, surgery, education, nutrition, exercise—and the evidence for and against the use of diagnostic tests for specific conditions. Cochrane reviews are designed to facilitate the decisions of clinicians, patients, and others in health care by providing a careful review and interpretation of research studies published in the scientific literature.1 Each article in this PTJ series summarizes a Cochrane review or other scientific evidence on a single topic and presents clinical scenarios based on real patients or programs to illustrate how the results of the review can be used to directly inform clinical decisions. This article focuses on an 80-year-old woman with heart failure and the impact of exercise training on adverse event risk and quality of life. Can exercise training reduce the risk of adverse events and improve the quality of life in individuals with heart failure?
Practical control implementation for 100 kVA three-phase four-wire online voltage regulator

This paper presents high performance control algorithms for a 100 kVA three-phase four-wire online voltage regulator. The 100 kVA voltage regulator is composed of a PWM rectifier, a center-tapped DC bus, and an inverter. The rectifier connects with the grid through an LCL filter, providing power factor correction and DC-link voltage regulation. The inverter output power is fed forward to the rectifier side to generate an accurate instantaneous command for the current inner loop, thus achieving dynamic stiffness with step load. Moreover, the inherent drawback of DC capacitor voltage imbalance along with neutral available PWM rectifiers is eliminated by extracting and feeding back the DC component of inverter output. The inverter supplies a regulated sinusoidal voltage to either linear load or impulsive non-linear load. Load disturbance decoupling is incorporated at the inverter side to augment the state feedback control for better transient response and reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) under non-linear load. Finally, a 100% power test procedure is presented for hardware design verification in laboratories with less power capacity. Experimental results are given to verify each employed control strategy, showing high stability, low THD and fast dynamic responses.
ELF: efficient lightweight fast stream processing at scale

Stream processing has become a key means for gaining rapid insights from webserver-captured data. Challenges include how to scale to numerous, concurrently running streaming jobs, to coordinate across those jobs to share insights, to make online changes to job functions to adapt to new requirements or data characteristics, and for each job, to efficiently operate over different time windows. The ELF stream processing system addresses these new challenges. Implemented over a set of agents enriching the web tier of datacenter systems, ELF obtains scalability by using a decentralized "many masters" architecture where for each job, live data is extracted directly from webservers, and placed into memory-efficient compressed buffer trees (CBTs) for local parsing and temporary storage, followed by subsequent aggregation using shared reducer trees (SRTs) mapped to sets of worker processes. Job masters at the roots of SRTs can dynamically customize worker actions, obtain aggregated results for end user delivery and/or coordinate with other jobs. An ELF prototype implemented and evaluated for a larger scale configuration demonstrates scalability, high per-node throughput, sub-second job latency, and sub-second ability to adjust the actions of jobs being run.
Linear Theory of Thin Rings

The equations governing small, elastostatic displacements of circular rings of arbitrary cross section are derived using the principle of virtual work. The equations are shown to be interpretable as the classical equations of equilibrium and the stress resultant-displacement equations. Of particular significant is the natural occurrence of the warping moment and its relation to the twisting moment. A method of solution is proposed in which the displacements of arbitrarily loaded ring segments are obtained in Fourier series using the method of Lagrange multipliers to account for the boundary conditions.