cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutational stability and passive control of spinning rockets with internal mass motion

Necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are developed for a symmetric spinning rocket with axial forcing and dissipative internal mass motion. Results show that spin about the axis of least inertia is asymptotically stable provided that three conditions are satisfied: 1) the axial thrust magnitude is sufficiently large, 2) the restoring forces for the internal mass motion are sufficiently large, and 3) the internal mass motion occurs aft of the system mass center. Under these same conditions, spin about the axis of largest inertia may be unstable. Numerical studies show that a passive control device with these characteristics can be used to attenuate the coning of prolate spinners such as those transfer orbit boost vehicles that have been plagued by unexpectedly pronounced coning instabilities. Nomenclature c = damping constant for particle motion F = magnitude of thrust (assumed constant) /i, /i, 73 = moments of inertia of (symmetric) rigid body for axes #1, #2, and 53, respectively k = spring constant for elastic restraint on particle M = mass of rigid body m = mass of particle li = m/(m -f M) Q = nominal spin rate of rigid body about #3 0)1,0)2 = components of rigid-body angular velocity for axes B\ and B2, respectively
Unsupervised BCM projection pursuit algorithms for classification of simulated radar presentations

Abstract A comparison of the unsupervised Projection Pursuit learning algorithm (BCM), with supervised backward propagation (BP) and a laterally inhibited version of BP (LIBP) was performed. Simulated inverse synthetic aperature radar (ISAR) presentations served as a testbed for evaluation. Symmetries of the artificial presentations make the use of localized moments a convenient preprocessing tool for the inputs. Although all three algorithms obtain classification rates comparable to trained human observers for this simulated data base, BCM obtains solutions that classify more effectively inputs that are corrupted by noise or errors in registration; in noise tolerance experiments, the best BCM solution represents a 10 dB improvement over the best BP solution. Recurrent and differential forms of BCM that could be applied to time-dependent classification problems are also developed.
From Labor to Finance Understanding the Failure of Socialist Economic Policies in Spain

This article seeks to explain the Spanish Socialist Party's (PSOE's) failure to reverse Spain's dismal employment record during the course of its long government tenure from 1982 until 1996. Most efforts to explain Spain's position at the extreme of the unemployment spectrum in Europe follow the prevalent tendency in the comparative political economy literature by giving causal primacy to labor market institutions. This article challenges this labor-market-centered view by arguing that the failure of the Socialist government's economic policy strategy is to be found in the interaction of two other factors: the biased course of financial liberalization and the perverse effects of the PSOE's macroeconomic policy strategy on inflation and on the process of social concertation (national wage bargaining). The article also seeks to explain the PSOE's choices in these policy areas.
Injury-induced kinematic compensations within the lower back: impact of non-lower back injuries

With the number of musculoskeletal disorders increasing in the workplace, the potential exists for multiple injuries due to compensations. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of non-lower back injuries on the trunk motions adopted by the individual during typical lifting tasks. A total of 32 injured subjects (eight for each injury group—shoulder, hand/wrist, knee and foot/ankle) and 32 matched (gender, height and weight) healthy subjects performed laboratory lifting tasks. The independent variables were task asymmetry (clockwise, sagittally symmetric and counter-clockwise), lift origin (waist, knee and floor) and box weight (2.27 and 6.82 kg). The dependent variables were peak trunk kinematics (as measured by the lumbar motion monitor) and moment arm between the box and lower back. The two injuries that had the greatest impact on the lower back kinematics were foot/ankle and hand/wrist. Individuals who suffered a foot/ankle injury produced greater three-dimensional trunk velocities (up ...
Contextual enrichment through hypermedia technology: implications for second-language learning

Abstract The results of this study showed that learners knew how to access the different contextual aids provided. When the target words were less familiar to the learners, the access to the contextual aids increased significantly. When the words were unfamiliar, nearly twice as much video context was accessed. Word definition was the most frequently accessed contextual aid regardless of word familiarity. Although it appeared that the advanced-achievement group accessed more context-strong aids than the low-achievement group, there was no indication that the number of times the contextual aids were accessed was correlated with the performance scores. Such findings have important implications for second-language learning. While the word definition, a traditional and familiar method of vocabulary learning, still plays a vital role for second-language learners, the use of visual context and word relation with other words can be important for learning unfamiliar vocabulary. The hypermedia technology can help provide a more authentic and visual language-learning environment.
Prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2 regulation of scavenger receptor CD36 modulates microglial Aβ42 phagocytosis.

Recent studies underline the potential relevance of microglial innate immune activation in Alzheimer disease. Primary mouse microglia that lack prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2 (EP2) show decreased innate immune-mediated neurotoxicity and increased amyloid β (Aβ) peptide phagocytosis, features that were replicated in vivo . Here, we tested the hypothesis that scavenger receptor CD36 is an effector of EP2-regulated Aβ phagocytosis. CD36 expression was 143-fold greater in mouse primary microglia than in primary astrocytes. Three different means of suppressing EP2 signaling increased and an agonist of EP2 decreased CD36 expression in primary wild-type microglia. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, TLR4, and TLR7, but not TLR2 or TLR9, reduced primary microglial CD36 transcription and cell surface CD36 protein and reduced Aβ 42 phagocytosis as well. At each step, the effects of innate immune activation on CD36 were reversed by at least 50% by an EP2 antagonist, and this partial rescue of microglia Aβ 42 phagocytosis was largely mediated by CD36 activity. Finally, we showed in hippocampus of wild-type mice that innate immune activation suppressed CD36 expression by an EP2-dependent mechanism. Taken together with results of others that found brain clearance of Aβ peptides and behavioral improvements mediated by CD36 in mice, regulation of CD36-mediated Aβ phagocytosis by suppression of EP2 signaling may provide a new approach to suppressing some aspects of Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
The active structure of local anesthetics. Effects on electrical and cholinesterase activity.

Abstract The potency of several local anesthetics as a function of pH has been tested both as to their inhibitory effect on purified acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) prepared from electric tissue, and their blocking action on the electrical activity of the isolated single electroplax. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in solution by the tertiary nitrogen derivatives procaine, dibucaine and tetracaine and the quaternary analogue of tetracaine decreases with an increase in pH from 6 to 9. When, however, the pH is raised from 7.5 to 9 the inhibiting effect of the tertiary compounds procaine and tetracaine decreases more strongly than that of the quaternary tetracaine. Carbamylcholine and quaternary tetracaine block electrical activity of the electroplax about equally well at pH 6 or 9. In contrast the tertiary tetracaine is more potent at the acid pH. The results provide further evidence that the cationic form is the more active structure of tertiary nitrogen-containing local anesthetics and support the view of the presence of an anionic group in the active site of the receptor comparable to that existing in the esterase.
Validity of the quasiharmonic analysis for surface thermal expansion of Ag(111).

For temperatures above ${0.6T}_{m}$ (the bulk melting temperature) we show that the quasiharmonic approximation leads to increasingly larger values of the surface thermal expansion of Ag(111) as compared to that obtained from molecular dynamics simulations based on fully anharmonic interaction potentials. The inadequacy of the quasiharmonic approximation is traced to the excessive softening of the surface phonon frequencies. We discuss the validity of the quasiharmonic approximation for surfaces at elevated temperature, in view of recent x-ray scattering data on Ag(111).
Serious Game Development: Case Study of the 2013 CDC Games For Health Game Jam

In this paper, we describe the use of a large-scale game jam weekend in coordination with HHS and CDC to leverage 300+ participants in developing 30 games focused on "winnable battles" in the field of public health. We present our scalable and repeatable process to focus participant creativity through constrained design to rapidly prototype games that have the potential for behavioral change intent and knowledge retention among players. Our initial results suggest that participant awareness of health issues and interest in healthcare careers can be positively improved.
Cultural factors in food consumption: An example from India

In preparing for this talk, I have been thinking about what I, as an anthropologist, can contribute to a panel discussing the subject of "Nutrition for an Expanding World Population." My knowledge is rather restricted; I have a rather typical anthropologist's background, which might be called the "head-of-a-pin-view." By "head-of-a-pin-view-" I mean "seeing "small" but not necessarily "thinking small"; that is, anthropologists tend to know one small population rather intimately and in depth, but rarely is this group even as large as a whole "tribe." My own major research experience has been concerned with a very small region in South India, an area in which my wife and I worked for a year and half. Consequently, most of what I say will be about South India. I shall begin, however, by making a brash generalization and shall refer to several other cultures. In all societies theres are customs regulating the consumption of food. In some, these are minimal-for instance, Australian aborigines have been noted for their lack of taboos regarding what foods are restricted from their diet, and in the protocol used in its cooking, serving and consumption. The food taboos that they have are primarily related to their kinship system, in which a group of kinsmen often refuse to consume the animal or plant
Enzymatic formation of cholesteryl ester from cholesterol by gallbladder mucosa

The formation of cholesteryl ester from cholesterol and acyl CoA catalyzed by the enzyme acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26) was studied in guinea pig gallbladder mucosa homogenate and the subcellular fractions. The enzymatic activity was enriched in the microsomal fraction. Highest activity was observed with palmitoyl, stearoyl or oleoyl CoA as substrate. Lowest activity was observed with linoleoyl CoA. These data elucidate one mechanism for the formation of cholesteryl ester from cholesterol by the gallbladder wall.
AlGaAs/GaAs HBT circuits for optical TDM communications

We describe experimental ultra-high-speed HBT circuits for lightwave communications applications. High speed circuits such as multiplexer/demultiplexers, variable gain amplifiers, (VGAs), and transimpedance amplifiers operating at high bit rates (>30 Gb/s) are required for the realization of high-performance lightwave systems using TDM or WDM. We have demonstrated 40 Gb/s 4:1 multiplexer, >30 Gb/s 1:4 demultiplexers, DC-26 GHz VGAs, DC-25 GHz transimpedance amplifiers, 30 Gb/s data and clock regenerators, 40 Gb/s differentiate-and-rectify timing recovery circuits, and 40 Gb/s delay-and-multiply timing recovery circuits, for use in such systems using a manufacturable hybrid digital/microwave HBT process.
An analysis of the transport of WGA-HRP in the cat's visual system

The increasing use of WGA-HRP as a neuroanatomical tracer has led us to examine two aspects of its uptake and transport. Microelectrophoretic deposits of WGA-HRP were centered in lamina A of the LGd to determine whether or not there is a discrepancy between the size of the deposit site and the effective uptake zone. For this purpose, the size of the deposit site was compared to the area of labeled ganglion cells in the retina. It was found that the effective uptake zone is approximately one half the size of the geniculate area containing reaction-product. Deposits of WGA-HRP in the optic tract, optic radiations and corpus callosum were made in order to determine if this tracer is incorporated and transported by intact fibers. In no case were labeled axon terminals or neuronal somata observed. However, application of the conjugated enzyme to cut fibers of the corpus callosum resulted in robust labeling.
Resource Allocation and Performance Analysis for Multiuser Video Transmission Over Doubly Selective Channels

We consider an uplink multicarrier system with multiple video users who want to send compressed video data to the base station. In the time domain, we model the time-varying channel using Jakes' model, and in the frequency domain, each subcarrier is assumed to be independently fading. The video is scalably coded in units of a group of pictures (GOP), and users have different video rate distortion (RD) functions. At the beginning of the GOP, the base station collects both the RD information and the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) for subcarrier allocation purposes. We design a cross-layer resource allocation algorithm to assign subcarriers to users based on both the demand of the video and the quality of the channel. Once the resource allocation decision is made, the users then periodically adapt the modulation format of the subcarriers allocated according to the evolution of the CSI for the duration of the GOP. We show that our cross-layer resource allocation robustly outperforms two baseline algorithms, each of which uses only one layer of information for resource allocation.
Science for All Americans.

Setting goals for student learning in fields of science, technology, and mathematics must receive institutionwide attention, setting expectations for what graduates should know and developing departmental and programmatic course offerings that ensure those expectations will be met.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Investigations of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2

This investigation utilizes surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy to detect and quantify human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), an oncogene product that is over-expressed in some aggressive forms of breast cancer. Specifically, the HER-2 trans-membrane protein p185 and its extra cellular fragment p105 are analytes targeted in this work by using a gold-based biosensor slide on which an anti-HER-2 antibody has been immobilized by attachment to Protein G that is fixed to the gold film. A detection limit of ≥11 ng/mL for p185 resulted when trastuzumab was used as the anti-HER-2 antibody on the biosensor slide. Experiments with semi-purified p105 revealed that it binds weakly and reversibly to trastuzumab, therefore complicating its detection and quantification. Results of studies that reacted a 13-amino-acid peptide (PP13) from the HER-2 kinase domain with its specific antibody were critically different than p185 and p105 studies. Spectral analysis of the reflectivity at constant bulk buffer refractive index revealed a progressive negative SPR shift over time. A negative shift suggests that a loss of protein mass from the anti-PP13 antibody–Protein G biosensor is occurring. Several possibilities that may explain these negative SPR shifts are discussed.
Soviet Nostalgia: An Impediment to Russian Democratization

Original survey research conducted by the authors, revealing that 16–29‐year‐old Russians are uneducated about democracy, ambivalent about Stalin, and confused about Russia's place in the world, suggests that Western democracy assistance should be reoriented from promoting institutions to the ideas that underpin them.
Dynamical implications of Jupiter's tropospheric ammonia abundance

Abstract Groundbased radio observations indicate that Jupiter's ammonia is globally depleted from 0.6 bars to at least 4–6 bars relative to the deep abundance of ∼3 times solar, a fact that has so far defied explanation. The observations also indicate that (i) the depletion is greater in belts than zones, and (ii) the greatest depletion occurs within Jupiter's local 5-μm hot spots, which have recently been detected at radio wavelengths. Here, we first show that both the global depletion and its belt-zone variation can be explained by a simple model for the interaction of moist convection with Jupiter's cloud-layer circulation. If the global depletion is dynamical in origin, then important endmember models for the belt-zone circulation can be ruled out. Next, we show that the radio observations of Jupiter's 5-μm hot spots imply that the equatorial wave inferred to cause hot spots induces vertical parcel oscillation of a factor of ∼2 in pressure near the 2-bar level, which places important constraints on hot-spot dynamics. Finally, using spatially resolved radio maps, we demonstrate that low-latitude features exceeding ∼4000 km diameter, such as the equatorial plumes and large vortices, are also depleted in ammonia from 0.6 bars to at least 2 bars relative to the deep abundance of 3 times solar. If any low-latitude features exist that contain 3-times-solar ammonia up to the 0.6-bar ammonia condensation level, they must have diameters less than ∼4000 km.
Government-Sponsored Enterprises and Resource Allocation: Some Implications for Urban Economies

ing from refinancing, originations can be thought of as the marginal addition to the share in the stock, and the share of the stock can be thought of as the average. Clearly, the secular trend in the stock is mostly the average catching up with the marginal after a break in the marginal in1982. However, originations are not quite the marginal because they do not include payoffs. The more volatile line in the figure depicts the GSE share of growth in the stock, which does correspond to the marginal change in share. While it is more volatile than the origination percentage, it tells a similar story: a break in the early 80s and a recent decline. The difference between marginal and average is important. There is very little trading in used mortgages; mortgages are typically purchased by the GSEs shortly after origination and go into securities. So GSE activity and effect on the market is best viewed in terms of purchases of newly originated loans. Table 1 shows recent changes in product mix in the mortgage market. The key trend since 2001 has been a sharp decline in share of conventional conforming loans (those which are eligible for GSE purchase) and a sharp increase in the share of riskier subprime, AltA (loans between “prime” and subprime) and home equity loans. This has been 7 It is straightforward to show that GSE share of the outstanding stock will rise or fall depending on whether or not the GSE share of the increase in mortgage stock bigger or smaller than the GSE share of the stock. If GSEs have the same principle pay down rate (akin to depreciation rate) as the market as a whole, then share growth will depend on whether or not the GSE share of new originations is bigger or smaller than the GSE share of the stock. Otherwise there needs to be an adjustment for pay down rate differences. In the short run this adjustment can be important, especially in heavy refinancing booms, in part because the GSEs have relatively more fixed rate mortgages, which have more interest sensitive pay down rates than adjustable rate mortgages. 8 The changes in MDO or GSE stock are the difference between two numbers, purchases (or originations) and pay downs, which are both subject to measurement error. The ratio of these numbers can be expected to be quite volatile, especially in years when growth is low. Hence, the year to year volatility is artificially large.
HDEA, a periplasmic protein that supports acid resistance in pathogenic enteric bacteria.

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the Escherichia coli stress response protein HDEA has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The single domain α-helical protein is found in the periplasmic space, where it supports an acid resistance phenotype essential for infectivity of enteric bacterial pathogens, such as Shigella and E. coli . Functional studies demonstrate that HDEA is activated by a dimer-to-monomer transition at acidic pH, leading to suppression of aggregation by acid-denatured proteins. We suggest that HDEA may support chaperone-like functions during the extremely acidic conditions.
Salt effects on germination and seedling emergence of several vegetable crops and guayule

Salt effects on seed germination and seedling emergence of several crops are evaluated to understand poor plant stands occurring in furrow-irrigated fields in saline areas. The test crops were carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 58), chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. New Mexico 6-4), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M. cv. Rutgers), and guayule (Parthenium argentatum G. cv. 593). Seed germination was measured in petri-dishes containing saline solutions (0.8 to 32 dSm−1 with a Na to Ca + Mg ratio of about 2 : 1); and seedling emergence in potted fine loamy sand subirrigated in a greenhouse with saline waters (0.8 to 7.6 dSm−1 with SAR < 16). Seedling emergence through a thin layer of salted-loamy sand (having ECeup to 46 dSm−1) placed on emerging seedlings was also evaluated. Germination of tomato and carrot seeds began to decline at solution salinities of 12 and 18 dSm−1, respectively, and was virtually zero at 23 dSm−1, Chile pepper and guayule germinated well at 23 dSm−1, Tomato had the highest emergence, and guayule the lowest, showing less than 20% when subirrigated at 2.2 dSm−1, Seedling emergence which increased in the order of guayule, carrot, chile pepper and tomatoes did not quantitatively correlate with seed germination. However, it did correlate with the emergence through the thin layer of the salted-sand placed over emerging seedlings except in tomato. Salinity of the saturation extract of the surface 5 mm soil increased to 21 and 31 dSm−1, in 7 days when subirrigated with water of 4.3 and 6.4 dSm−1, respectively. Poor seedling emergence of guayule, carrots and, to some extent, chile pepper appeared to be caused by hypocotyl mortality associated with the salts accumulated at the soil surface, but not by reduced seed germination. The control of surface accumulated salts should be the target of management for improved emergence of these crops.
An automated laboratory control system: collection and analysis of behavioral and electro-physiological data.

Abstract A system of man-machine interactive PDP-11 assembly language programs is described which presents stimuli to a subject and records and analyzes behavioral and evoked potential data. The system was designed for researchers with no knowledge of computer programming and enables the user to create complicated sequences of stimulus presentations (“trials”) and sequences of successive trials (“runs”), with no new programming required. The system is written for DEC.s DECLAB 11/40 system.
Abnormal first-trimester fetal nuchal translucency and Cornelia De Lange syndrome.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with delayed growth and characteristic facial features. There is no definitive biochemical or chromosomal marker for the prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome. We describe a case of Cornelia de Lange syndrome associated with an increased nuchal translucency in the first trimester. CASE: A large nuchal translucency was identified in a fetus during a first trimester ultrasound. Subsequent second- and third-trimester sonograms demonstrated severe fetal growth restriction, limb shortening, and abnormal facial features, despite normal fetal karyotype per chorionic villus sampling. Neonatal evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. CONCLUSION: Sonographic finding of an increased nuchal translucency in early pregnancy is associated with fetal aneuploidy and various structural and genetic abnormalities. Increased nuchal translucency may identify fetuses that require vigilant assessment, especially when found in association with other abnormalities.
Optical System Design For A Laser Printing System

The last ten years has seen the commercial introduction of many laser printing systems. These systems have generally been aimed at the very high end of the printer market, where high throughput and high image quality are necessary to justify an equally high price. The optical system of such a printer is typically required to provide the highest resolution and printing speed possible consistent with the properties of the remainder of the system. I would like to describe in this paper some of the trade offs involved in the design of one such optical system, that of the Hewlett Packard 2680.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lightweight Polypropylene Composites Reinforced by Long Switchgrass Stems

Switchgrass (SG) stems with lengths up to 10 cm have been used as reinforcement to make lightweight composites with polypropylene (PP) webs. The long SG stems, with simple cut or split and without chemical treatment, were used directly in the composites. Utilizing SG stems for composites not only increases the values of SG but also provides a green, sustainable and biodegradable material for the composites industry. Lightweight composites are preferred, especially for automotive applications due to the potential saving in energy. In this research, the effects of manufacturing parameters on the properties of composites have been studied. Although the tensile properties of SG stem are significantly worse than jute fiber, SG stem with low bulk density is found to better reinforce the lightweight composites. Compared with the jute-PP composites of the same density (0.47 g/cm3), composites reinforced by the split SG stems have 56% higher flexural strength, 19% higher modulus of elasticity, 15% higher impact resistance, 63% higher Young’s modulus, 52% lower tensile strength, and similar sound absorption property. The SG-PP composites with optimized properties have the potential to be used for industrial applications such as the support layers in automotive interiors, office panels and ceiling tiles.
An Anisotropic Hardening Rule for Saturated Clays

The paper describes a generalized anisotropic hardening rule that uses d ɛ ij p as a hardening parameter. It allows modeling of the change in the degree of anisotropy as a part of updating stress history, as well as inherent and induced anisotropy. The steady state K 0 nc expression based on this rule is a function of 4 soil parameters: λ, κ, φ’ υ, and its predictions compare well with the K 0 nc measurements reported in the literature.
The efficacy of psychological and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of chronic disease-related and non-disease-related pain

Abstract In the present article we selectively review controlled studies of psychological and pharmacological interventions for patients with disease-related and non-disease-related pain. We evaluate these studies in light of the criteria for empirically validated treatments set forth in the American Psychological Association's Division of Clinical Psychology Task Force Report on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures (Chambless et al., 1995). This review suggests that psychological and pharmacological interventions have proceeded along two relatively independent lines. Generally, the research indicates that psychological interventions are efficacious across a range of outcome measures and benefits are maintained over 1-year follow-up periods. Research on pharmacological interventions generally indicate that narcotic medications result in better pain control if delivered on fixed internal schedules rather than on an as needed basis. In addition, there is some evidence that antidepressants medications lead to pain reduction for some patients. This review suggest that future research should evaluate the relative efficacy of pharmacological versus psychological versus integrated approaches with more homogenous pain populations. Attention should be given to component analyses, treatment manuals, mechanism of action, cost effectiveness, checks on treatment integrity, and issues of clinical significance. Moreover, future research should focus on individual differences in psychological characteristics that influence response to treatment. Finally, experts in chronic pain need to educate policymakers and primary care providers about the multidimensional nature of chronic pain.
Extracting Edge Histogram Detector features from ground penetrating radar data without ground alignment

When processing ground penetrating radar (GPR) data for the detection of subsurface objects it is common to align the data based on the location of the air-ground interface in order to eliminate the effects of antenna motion. This practice assumes that the ground is mostly flat and that variations in the measured ground locations are primarily due to antenna motion. In practice this assumption is often false so ground alignment will cause true ground contours to be flattened, potentially distorting signatures from subsurface objects. In this paper we investigate extracting edge histogram descriptor (EHD) features from GPR data with varying degrees of alignment: unaligned, fully aligned and aligned only in the downtrack direction, where the effects of antenna motion are most prevalent. One problem with not performing ground alignment is that features generated from the ground surface or subsurface layers that follow the contour of the ground may cause false alarms. To address this problem we also consider employing background subtraction prior to feature extraction on aligned data, independent of the alignment method used for feature extraction. We compare the detection performance of algorithms using each of these feature extraction approaches.
Studies on the biosynthesis of iodotyrosines: a soluble thyroidal iodide-peroxidase tyrosine-iodinase system.

A soluble enzyme functioning as an iodide-peroxidase and tyrosine-iodinase complex has been prepared from sheep thyroid tissue. The enzyme is detached from cell particles by chymotrypsin digestion in the presence of deoxycholate, followed by a butanol and acetone extraction procedure. It can be purified by diethyl-amino-ethyl cellulose column chromatography. During preparation specific activity of the enzyme is enhanced fiftyfold. The enzyme appears to be a basic protein which does not contain a porphyrin group. It has no cytochrome oxidase activity. Iodinase activity is thermolabile, and dependent on an H2O2 source. Under suitable conditions the enzyme forms both diiodotyrosine and monoiodotyrosine from soluble tyrosines, and iodinates proteins. Tyrosine and monoiodotyrosine are its only well-defined amino acid substrates. Methimazole behaves in the enzyme assay system as a strict competitive inhibitor of iodide.
Children in residential treatment — Policies for the '90s

Abstract During the past ten years there has been an emerging consensus that attention must be given to the growing number of troubled children and the lack of appropriate treatment resources for them. The result has been a paradigm shift in social policy from an institutional-based service system to a familycentered, community based system of care. This policy shift has caused a change in the characteristics of children in residential treatment as well as a change in expectations of treatment providers. This paper describes the public policies pertaining to residential treatment of children and adolescents and how they developed, and then raises questions regarding their implementation.
Aligning Brains and Minds

In this issue of Neuron, Haxby and colleagues describe a new method for aligning functional brain activity patterns across participants. Their study demonstrates that objects are similarly represented across different brains, allowing for reliable classification of one person's brain activity based on another's.
Calibration of Dual-Inlet Cyclones for “Respirable” Mass Sampling

Three commercially available stainless steel cyclones have been evaluated for their suitability as pre-collectors in two-stage “respirable” dust samplers. The three cyclones differ in size but are similar in basic design, each having two tangential inlets 180° apart. All three closely match the ACGIH sampler acceptance criteria at a specific flowrate: i.e., 25, 75 and 430 lpm for the Aerotec ¾, UNICO 240, and Aerotec 2 respectively. If these cyclones and the similar ½ inch diameter UNICO 18 cyclone are to be used for size-selective aerosol sampling, closer quality control tolerances must be established in their manufacture., At present they are all individually assembled, and it was found that some individual units from both manufacturers were significantly different in critical dimensions and collection characteristics than the properly fabricated units. The collection efficiency of the cyclones decreases with increasing dust concentration, but the deviations expected at concentrations encountered in bre...
Minimally invasive surgery for aortic stenosis in the geriatric patient: where are we now?

Minimally invasive aortic valve surgery has evolved with time and become the routine approach for aortic surgery in select surgical centers. The success of these procedures in the nonelderly has led some to embark on using minimal access techniques in the geriatric population as well. With the geriatric community often inflicted with the greatest disease burden, suffering not only from a valvular process but also cumulative comorbidities, geriatric patients may be the patients most likely to derive benefit from a minimally invasive approach. Alternative therapies for symptomatic aortic stenosis include conventional full-sternotomy aortic valve replacement in addition to transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Each option has its advantages and disadvantages. The role of minimal access aortic valve surgery and its impact on the progressively aging population in the face of conventional surgery and transcatheter technology is discussed.
Characterizing molecular probes for diffusion measurements in the brain.

Abstract Brain diffusion properties are at present most commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion imaging. MR cannot easily distinguish between the extracellular and intracellular signal components, but the older technique of real-time iontophoresis (RTI) detects exclusively extracellular diffusion. Interpretation of the MR results would therefore benefit from auxiliary RTI measurements. This requires a molecular probe detectable by both techniques. Our aim was to specify a minimum set of requirements that such a diffusion probe should fulfill and apply it to two candidate probes: the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA+), used routinely in the RTI experiments, and the anion hexafluoroantimonate ( SbF 6 − ). Desirable characteristics of a molecular diffusion probe include predictable diffusion properties, stability, minimum interaction with cellular physiology, very slow penetration into the cells, and sufficiently strong and selective MR and RTI signals. These properties were evaluated using preparations of rat neocortical slices under normal and ischemic conditions, as well as solutions and agarose gel. While both molecules can be detected by MR and RTI, neither proved an ideal candidate. TMA+ was very stable but it penetrated into the cells and accumulated there within tens of minutes. SbF 6 − did not enter the cells as readily but it was not stable, particularly in ischemic tissue and at higher temperatures. Its presence also resulted in a decreased extracellular volume. These probe properties help to interpret previously published MR data on TMA+ diffusion and might play a role in other diffusion experiments obtained with them.
A degradation of gelsemine

Abstract An unusual reversible degradation of a quaternary gelsemine derivative is described.
Fast integral wavelet transform on a dense set of the time-scale domain

The objective of this paper is to introduce a fast algorithm for computing the integral wavelet transform (IWT) on a dense set of points in the time-scale domain. By applying the duality principle and using a compactly supported spline-wavelet as the analyzing wavelet, this fast integral wavelet transform (FIWT) is realized by applying only FIR (moving average) operations, and can be implemented in parallel. Since this computational procedure is based on a local optimal-order spline interpolation scheme and the FIR filters are exact, the IWT values so obtained are guaranteed to have zero moments up to the order of the cardinal spline functions. The semi-orthogonal (s.o.) spline-wavelets used here cannot be replaced by any other biorthogonal wavelet (spline or otherwise) which is not s.o., since the duality principle must be applied to some subspace of the multiresolution analysis under consideration. In contrast with the existing procedures based on direct numerical integration or an FFT-based multi-voice per octave scheme, the computational complexity of our FIWT algorithm does not increase with the increasing number of values of the scale parameter.
Long term ecological research and information management

Abstract The United States Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program has supported research in the ecological and environmental sciences for more than three decades. The Program has grown from six to 26 sites and has been the precursor to a worldwide network of International LTER sites. Extracting knowledge from the massive volume of disparate data collected across ecosystems and decades depends upon robust and evolving information management programs at each site as well as a growing, more centralized Network Information System that facilitates inter-site and network-wide data discovery, integration, and synthesis. This paper: (a) reviews the role of policies and governance in the evolution of LTER information management; (b) identifies the components of the human infrastructure that are employed to perform site- and network-level activities; (c) discusses information management functions that are supported at LTER sites grouped by data life cycle components—data acquisition, metadata annotation, incorporation into databases, data exploration/analysis/visualization, and data curation/preservation; and (d) presents the history of the evolution of network-level services within LTER and describes the overall architecture of the Network Information System. Finally, we review the factors that have driven the evolution of information management in LTER over the past three decades and postulate the factors that will guide further evolution of LTER information management during the upcoming decade.
Dystrophic Chicken Muscle: Altered Synaptic Acetylcholinesterase

Individual motor endplates in the skeletal muscles of chickens genetically homozygous for muscular dystrophy have been compared with those in normal chickens. Measurements were made there, by specific autoradiographic techniques, of the numbers of total cholinesterase-like molecules and of acetylcholinesterase molecules. The acetylcholinesterase is distinctly decreased at the endplates in dystrophic muscles. The various data available on these muscles are compatible with the concept that a neural factor which determines the synaptic acetylcholinesterase, along with a number of other characters in the muscle cell, is defective in this disorder.
Optimal tuning of bacterial sensing potential.

Through production and sensing of small signal molecules, quorum sensing (QS) enables bacteria to detect changes in their density and regulate their functions accordingly. QS systems are tremendously diverse in terms of their specific sensory components, the biochemical and transport properties of signaling molecules, their target functions and the context in which QS-mediated functions are activated. Cutting across this diversity, however, the central architecture of QS systems is universal; it comprises signal synthesis, secretion, degradation and detection. We are thus able to derive a general metric for QS ‘sensing potential' based on this ‘core' module. The sensing potential quantifies the ability of a single bacterium to sense the dimensions of its microenvironment. This simple metric captures the dominant activation properties of diverse QS systems, giving a concise description of the sensing characteristics. As such, it provides a convenient quantitative framework to study the phenotypic effects of QS characteristics. As an example, we show how QS characteristics uniquely determine the scenarios in which regulation of a typical QS-controlled function, such as exoenzyme secretion, becomes advantageous.
Paths to community empowerment: Organizing at home

This study examines how low-income minority communities build on their strengths to improve material conditions and how these actions lead to further empowerment at the individual and group level, and increase engagement with civic life. Based on earlier qualitative research, low-income limited equity housing co-ops were chosen as research. Using quantitative questionnaire data, a path model was tested in which variables were organized into four levels.Level One: Attributes of the person and the context were conceptualized asexogenous variables leading to activities first at the co-op level.Level Two:co-op activities were thought to affect living conditions in the building and evaluations of co-op ownership, which comprisedLevel Three,quality of life in the building. All preceding levels were thought to influenceempowerment, as measured atLevel Four through an attitudinal measure of empowerment, and reported participation in civic activities in the broader community. The model, which emphasizes the collective and material nature of empowerment in addition to the psychological, seems justified by the data. It is especially significant that the aggregate measure of perceived participation of others predicted building quality, and that the aggregate measure of building quality went on to influence empowerment and voting behavior. Personal participation in building activities also proved a good predictor of empowerment, indicating that empowerment operates at both the individual and the group level. Furthermore, increased empowerment at the level of attitude did influence civic activities, in conjunction with personal characteristics and perceived neighborhood qualities. (Tests of causality in the opposite direction were not significant.) Our findings confirm the importance of all three components of empowerment, as articulated by Zimmerman and his colleagues (1992), that is, empowerment at the psychological, interactional, and behavioral level. It extends the conceptualization by introducing the group level of analysis.
Multifunctional high‐density polyethylene nanocomposites produced by incorporation of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets 2: Crystallization, thermal and electrical properties

This research investigates the effect of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) on the crystallization behavior, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/GNP nanocomposites. HDPE/GNP nanocomposites were fabricated by melt blending followed with injection molding. Results indicate that GNP is a good nucleating agent at low loading levels and as a result can significantly increase crystallization temperature and crystallinity of HDPE. At high GNP loadings, however, the close proximity of GNP particles retards the crystallization process. The thermal stability and thermal conductivity of HDPE/GNP nanocomposites were found to be significantly enhanced as a function of GNP concentration owing to the excellent thermal properties of GNP. Finally, the high percolation threshold of HDPE/GNP nanocomposites (∼10–15 vol%), prepared by melt blending and injection molding was successfully reduced to around 5 vol% of GNP loading by employing a novel compounding method, solid-state ball milling. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stochastic analysis of the motion of DNA nanomechanical bipeds

In this paper, we formulate and analyze a Markov process modeling the motion of DNA nanomechanical walking devices. We consider a molecular biped restricted to a well-defined one-dimensional track and study its asymptotic behavior. Our analysis allows for the biped legs to be of different molecular composition, and thus to contribute differently to the dynamics. Our main result is a functional central limit theorem for the biped with an explicit formula for the effective diffusivity coefficient in terms of the parameters of the model. A law of large numbers, a recurrence/transience characterization and large deviations estimates are also obtained. Our approach is applicable to a variety of other biological motors such as myosin and motor proteins on polymer filaments.
Differences in accumulation of PAHs and metals on the leaves of Tilia×euchlora and Pyrus calleryana

The accumulation of substances associated with PM2.5 [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals] on leaves of Pyrus calleryana (pear) and Tiliaxeuchlora (linden) along an urban road was investigated. These species have similar leaf morphology and were exposed to the identical environmental conditions. The accumulation of both PAHs and metals per leaf area was significantly higher on linden leaves than on pear leaves.
The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and The American Colonies

Few stones have remained unturned in an effort to reconstruct Anglo-American history in the critical years from the Treaty of Paris in 1763 to the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775. Much has been learned by investigating such problems as public finance, colonial administration, and mercantile policy within the context of an expanded British empire. It is not always realized, however, that by the Treaty of 1763 Great Britain acquired new fields for capital investment as well as vast new lands to govern. In addition to taxation and public expenditure, such problems were raised as capital recruitment and allocation, the modification of financial institutions, and the adjustment of debtor-creditor relationships. Though distinct in certain respects, public and private finance impinged upon each other in the period from 1763 to 1775. This was especially the case after the British credit crisis of 1772, when, in addition to the controversy over tea, debtor-creditor relations between the thirteen colonies and the mother country underwent marked deterioration.