cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PolB1 Is Sufficient for DNA Replication and Repair Under Normal Growth Conditions in the Extremely Thermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

The thermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has four DNA polymerases (DNAPs): PolB1, PolB2, PolB3, and Dbh (PolY). Previous in vitro studies suggested that PolB1 is the main replicative DNA polymerase of Sulfolobales whereas PolB2 and Y-family polymerases Dpo4 (Saccharolobus solfataricus) or Dbh are involved in DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis. On the other hand, there are various opinions about the role of PolB3, which remains to be clearly resolved. In order to examine the roles of the DNAPs of S. acidocaldarius through in vivo experiments, we constructed polB2, polB3, and dbh deletion strains and characterized their phenotypes. Efforts to construct a polB1 deletion strain were not successful; in contrast, it was possible to isolate triple gene-deletion strains lacking polB2, polB3, and dbh. The growth of these strains was nearly the same as that of the parent strains under normal growth conditions. The polB2, polB3, and dbh single-deletion strains were sensitive to some types of DNA-damaging treatments, but exhibited normal sensitivity to UV irradiation and several other damaging treatments. Overall, the genotype which exhibited the greatest sensitivity to the DNA-damaging treatments we tested was the ΔpolB2 ΔpolB3 combination, providing the first evidence of overlapping function for these two DNAPs in vivo. The results of our study strongly suggest that PolB1 is responsible for the DNA replication of both the leading and lagging strands and is sufficient to complete the repair of most DNA damage under normal growth conditions in S. acidocaldarius.
Moving beyond habitat analogs: Optimizing green roofs for a balance of ecosystem services

Abstract Green roofs are increasingly popular as a result of their ability to provide local ecosystem services in the urban landscape. The number and intensity of the services provided is a function of the abiotic and biotic design elements chosen for a given green roof design. We manipulated experimental semi-intensive green roof plots in order to uncover which combinations of design choices created the system most capable of providing ecosystem services with the lowest number of trade-offs. We monitored performance of planted vegetation, weeds, soil carbon, and stormwater runoff in a complete factorial experiment involving three different green roof system types (conventional green roof, blue-green roof, and quasi-traditional green roof), two plant community types (restoration and horticulture), and two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal treatments (inoculated or non-inoculated). We hypothesized that more natural designs (i.e., less engineered systems) had the potential to provide a greater amount of ecosystem services with fewer trade-offs. However, our results showed that natural design elements did not consistently perform better than engineered design choices, which does not support the idea that habitat templates should guide green roof design. We found system type to be most impactful on ecosystem services. In particular, the blue-green roof provided the most services with the lowest number of trade-offs and may represent the ideal intermediate worthy of further investigation.
Some spaces and barriers in postmortem multiple sclerosis.

Publisher Summary This report deals with the chemical anatomy of human postmortem “normal” (control) white matter, as well as postmortem normal-appearing white matter and areas of demyelinating (plaque tissue) in a primary demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis). An attempt is made to correlate the concentration of selected chemical constituents within an anatomical space in the normal-appearing white matter and in the plaque tissue. Furthermore, some tests to evaluate the blood–brain barrier in postmortem multiple sclerosis plaque tissue is presented. The chapter lists various methods including, patient material, histological methods, water and total lipid determination, hemoglobin, gangliosides, hydroxyproline, etc. Two types of experiments to test the blood-white matter or plaque tissue barrier in postmortem brain tissue is also described.
Heredity, stress and blood pressure, a family set method--II. Results of blood pressure measurement.

This second article, in a series of five, reports the blood pressure of the family set sample, excluding spouse of index. N = 1844 persons or 461 family sets. The blood pressures of members of these sets were tested for known eorrelates, specifically, sex. race. age and present overweight. Statistically significant relations were obtained between elevated pressure, both systolic and diastolic, and sex, race, age and per cent overweight. Age and per cent overweight appear as the most consistent predictors of blood pressure variance across sex-race groups among all continuous variables studied. In this sample, there was a higher per cent of diastolic hypertensive pressures than systolic in at1 race-sex groups. These findings are important in establishing ~onforl~ity of results with other studies. but more pertinent, the analyses describe certain critical influences on blood pressure which can be adjusted for or taken into account in estimating the influence of a genetic factor on blood pressure.
Transcranial motor evoked potential changes induced by provocative testing during embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in patients under total intravenous anesthesia.

Cerebral motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring during arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolization is not well studied (Soderman et al. 2003). Alterations of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during cerebral embolization could cause ischemia/infarction to the cerebral cortex. Permanent loss of MEPs is correlated with a permanent motor deficit. We report a case of a patient undergoing AVM embolization during which transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (TCeMEP) reliably predicted changes to CBF induced by selective methohexital testing. Our finding demonstrated that MEPs are a useful means of intraoperative monitoring of motor pathway integrity and predicting changes. The loss of MEP predicted and prevented severe postoperative motor deficits. Intraoperative neuromonitoring with SSEP, TCeMEP and continuous EEG revealed no changes until the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), but not the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), was injected. TCeMEP may be superior to somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and EEG monitoring in predicting motor impairment during AVM surgery.
Long-Term Modeling of Plutonium Solubility at a Desert Disposal Site, Including CO2 Diffusion, Cellulose Decay, and Chelation

The solubility of plutonium was estimated for waste buried at the Greater Confinement Disposal site in Nevada. The EQ3/6 thermochemical database was modified to include recent data on Pu complex fo...
In-Memory Data Rearrangement for Irregular, Data-Intensive Computing

The data rearrangement engine (DRE) performs in-memory data restructuring to accelerate irregular, data-intensive applications. An emulation on a field-programmable gate array shows how the DRE could improve speedup, memory bandwidth, and energy consumption on three representative benchmarks.
High PR3 or ELA2 expression by CD34+ cells in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with improved outcome following allogeneic stem cell transplantation and may improve PR1 peptide–driven graft-versus-leukemia effects

The primary granule proteins elastase (ELA2) and proteinase 3 (PR3) both contain the nonapeptide PR1, which can induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. To investigate whether eradication of CML after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) was influenced by PR3 and ELA2 gene expression or PR1-specific CTL responses, we studied cells from 87 CML patients and 27 HLA-A*0201+ donors collected prior to T-cell–depleted HLA-identical sibling SCT. For patients in advanced phase (AdP), a higher expression of both PR3 and ELA2 in CD34+ progenitors before SCT was associated with a lower incidence of relapse-related death, improved leukemia-free survival (LFS), and overall survival (OS); in chronic phase patients, no differences were observed. PR1-CTL responses were detected in 7 of 27 HLA-identical sibling donors, and associated with improved LFS and OS after SCT on follow-up. PR1-CTL responses detected in 7 of 28 CML patients before transplantation were not predictive of outcome and correlated inversely with PR3 and ELA2 expression. These findings suggest that assessment of PR3 and ELA2 expression in leukemic progenitors is useful for predicting posttransplantation outcome in AdP patients undergoing SCT. The presence of a donor immune response against PR1 may be advantageous and could be exploited therapeutically.
Intracellular calcium and myocardial contractility V. Calcium uptake of sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions in hypertrophied and failing rabbit hearts

To evaluate calcium uptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SRF) in the hypertrophied and failing myocardium, SRF was prepared from hearts of rabbits with experimentally produced aortic insufficiency (AI). In SRF preparations from the hypertrophied hearts of animals killed shortly (2 weeks) after AI production calcium uptake was normal, 0.146 ± 0.001 compared to control values of 0.137 ± 0.010 μmol×mg−1×min−1. However, calcium uptake was reduced in SRF preparations from hypertrophied hearts removed from animals later (4 to 7 weeks) after AI production. In this latter group, some of the animals had no pathologic evidence of left ventricular failure but a significant reduction of calcium uptake was observed, 0.086 ± 0.002 μmol×mg−1×min−1 (P < 0.01). In other animals, with clear pathologic findings of failure, further reduction of calcium uptake was observed, 0.058 ± 0.006 μmol×mg−1×min−1. Ouabain was not effective in reversing these depressed activities, either when given in vivo or in vitro. These findings indicate that the decrease in SRF function is not a necessary accompaniment of ventricular hypertrophy, but may develop later as hypertrophy becomes more extensive and/or heart failure occurs. It remains to be demonstrated whether or not the abnormality of SRF uptake of calcium initiates the onset of heart failure or is in fact the result of the development of such depressed cardiac function.
Does quantification of smoking history correlate with initial bladder tumor grade and stage

The causal association between cigarette smoking and urothelial bladder cancer has been firmly established for several decades. However, the impact of smoking intensity on initial tumor aggressiveness is less established and is reviewed in this manuscript. Particular attention is given to the relation between smoking history with both muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This article also briefly reviews the epidemiologic evidence, smoking-associated carcinogenesis, and the limitations of quantifying smoking history. There is evidence to suggest that smokers have a three-fold increased risk of developing invasive bladder cancer compared to non-smokers, and smoking cessation can reduce this risk. Continued efforts should be made to raise awareness of bladder cancer in smokers and to advocate further for smoking cessation.
Demonstrating the need for injury prevention services in an urban community

Background Injuries from burns, scalds and carbon monoxide (CO) remain serious hazards in urban environments internationally. In preparation for a community intervention, trial baseline data was collected from a sample of homes in 12 census tracts to establish comparability between communities. Aims/Objectives/Purpose To report on baseline knowledge and observed safety behaviours for fire, scald and CO in a large urban sample. Methods Pairs of data collectors visited a random sample of homes in 12 census tracts. Residents completed an interview administered survey. The survey consisted of demographic data, knowledge and observed safety behaviours. Following the survey, data collectors tested the temperature of the hot water and all CO and smoke alarms. Results/Outcome Data were collected from 603 homes between July and December 2009. A majority of respondents were African American (61%), female (70%), between the ages of 25 and 54 (66%), and had a high school education or less (51%). A majority of respondents (74%) reported a per capita income of US$25 000 or less and (52%) reported renting their home. Children ( Significance/Contribution to the Field The study demonstrate the need for continued efforts to promote live saving injury prevention counter measures such as smoke alarms and CO alarms as well as the need for testing hot water temperatures in our urban environment.
Residential education: An emerging resource for improving educational outcomes for youth in foster care?☆

Abstract There is an increasing interest in the use of boarding schools for disadvantaged youth, including youth in the child welfare system. However, concerns about group placements and the failings of other congregate care services like residential treatment have raised questions about the role of residential schools for foster care youth. This study presents results from the first national survey of residential education programs. Based on a sample of 67 residential education programs, findings offer a description of enrolled students and the services they received through residential schools. Results suggest that the number of applications programs received was more than double the number of youth enrolled in residential schools and schools reported that almost half of program graduates enter college. Implications for policy and future research are also presented.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Phase Change Material Slurries in Circular Ducts

Conclusions Expressions for the analytical temperature distribution and ef ciency of a heat pipe  n were derived and compared with experimental data. Two heat pipe  n cases were studied,  ush mounted and inserted into the object. The derived expressions are useful as a design tool. They allow the designer to compare heat pipe  ns to standard  ns before doing a detailed heat pipe design. Further researchcould focus on variations in heat pipe design and geometry.Thesecouldincludenonconstantpropertiesandboundary conditions.For this work, the wall cross-sectionalarea, the internal convectioncoef cient, and the external convectioncoef cient were assumed constant. The impact of these assumptions on accuracy should be investigated. It would also be interesting to extend the analysis to  ns in radiation environments.
Nonparametric multiple expectile regression via ER-Boost

Expectile regression [Newey W, Powell J. Asymmetric least squares estimation and testing, Econometrica. 1987;55:819–847] is a nice tool for estimating the conditional expectiles of a response variable given a set of covariates. Expectile regression at 50% level is the classical conditional mean regression. In many real applications having multiple expectiles at different levels provides a more complete picture of the conditional distribution of the response variable. Multiple linear expectile regression model has been well studied [Newey W, Powell J. Asymmetric least squares estimation and testing, Econometrica. 1987;55:819–847; Efron B. Regression percentiles using asymmetric squared error loss, Stat Sin. 1991;1(93):125.], but it can be too restrictive for many real applications. In this paper, we derive a regression tree-based gradient boosting estimator for nonparametric multiple expectile regression. The new estimator, referred to as ER-Boost, is implemented in an R package erboost publicly available ...
An Examination of the Involvement of Phospholipases A2 and C in the α‐Adrenergic and γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Modulation of Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Rat Brain Slices

Experiments were undertaken to define the role of two calcium-associated enzyme systems in modulating transmitter-stimulated production of cyclic nucleotides in rat brain. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation was examined in cerebral cortical slices using a prelabeling technique. The enhancement of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production by alpha-adrenergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) agonists was reduced by exposing the tissue to EGTA, a chelator of divalent cations, or quinacrine, a nonselective inhibitor of phospholipase A2. Likewise, chronic (2 weeks) administration of corticosterone decreased the alpha-adrenergic and GABAB receptor modulation of second messenger production. Neither cyclooxygenase nor lipoxygenase inhibitors selectively influenced the facilitating response of alpha-adrenergic and GABAB agonists. Other experiments revealed that although norepinephrine and 6-fluoronorepinephrine stimulated inositol phosphate (IP) production in cerebral cortical slices with potencies equal to those displayed in the cyclic nucleotide assay, selective alpha 1-adrenergic agonists were less efficacious on IP formation and were without effect in the cAMP assay. Conversely, a selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist facilitated the cAMP response to a beta-adrenergic agonist without affecting IP formation. The rank orders of potency of a series of alpha-adrenergic antagonists suggest that IP accumulation is mediated solely by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, whereas the augmentation of cAMP accumulation is regulated by a mixed population of alpha-adrenergic sites. The results suggest that the alpha-adrenergic and GABAB receptor-mediated enhancement of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP formation appears to be more closely associated with phospholipase A2 than phospholipase C and may be mediated by arachidonate or some other fatty acid.
“Public Policy is Like Having a Vaudeville Act”: Languages of Duty and Difference among Think Tank-Affiliated Policy Experts

This research note uses in-depth interviews, ethnographic observations, and archival records to examine the self-understandings of think tank-affiliated policy experts. I argue that policy experts draw on a series of idioms—those of the academic scholar, the political aide, the entrepreneur, and the media specialist—to construct a unique albeit synthetic professional identity. The essence of the policy expert’s role lies in a continuous effort to balance and reconcile the contradictory imperatives associated with these idioms. An analysis of the policy expert’s mixed “professional psyche” offers a useful point of entry into the objective social structure of the think tank.
A History of the Community College Internship Program at North Carolina State University

Following World War II, North Carolina created public junior colleges and industrial education centers to meet the educational demands of veterans and expand the technical skills of the state's workforce. Despite the creation of these campuses, in the early 1960s North Carolina ranked 47th in the number of citizens in college, and 66 counties in state possessed no campus to serve the local area. A system of comprehensive community colleges created in 1963 to extend education in the state comprised 56 campuses that enrolled 387,000 students by 1972. Few of the leaders or upper administration of the rapidly expanding community college system possessed doctoral education. Created in 1966 to alleviate this problem, the Community College Internship Program was designed to provide an intensive two-year doctoral training for personnel from the community college system. The program played an instrumental role in the early development of the state's community colleges and the professionalization of its leadership.
Quantum chemistry: A lightning-fast change

A single photon can alter the shape of a molecule. It is now shown that quantum effects can play an important role in this change leading to conformation relaxation rates hundreds of times faster than previously expected.
Effect of tobacco diets on rodents.

THE habit of chewing snuff or tobacco has been associated in human beings with the occurrence of leukoplakia and cancer of the buccal mucosa1,2. In India, the chewing of dried and earth-cured tobacco along with betel nuts and slaked lime has been linked with oral cancer3,4. Differences in incidence of cancer for various communities occurs according to the site at which tobacco mass is kept in the mouth. The investigations on mice and rats recorded here show the effects of direct contact of tobacco with the buccal mucosa and effects on those organs responsible for its degradation.
Microring resonator-based diamond optothermal switch: a building block for a quantum computing network

The negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond has motivated many groups building scalable quantum information processors based on diamond photonics. This is owning to the long-lived electronic spin coherence and the capability for spin manipulation and readout of NV centers.1-4 The primitive operation is to create entanglement between two NV centers, based on schemes such as 'atom-photon entanglement' proposed by Cabrillo et al.5To scale this type of scheme beyond two qubits, one important component is an optical switch that allows light emitted from a particular device to be routed to multiple locations. With such a switch, one has choices of routing photons to specified paths and has the benefit of improving the entanglement speed by entangling multiple qubits at the same time. Yield of the existing diamond cavities coupled with NV centers are inevitably low, due to the nature of randomness for NV placement and orientation, variation of spectral stability, and variation of cavity resonance frequency and quality factor. An optical switch provides the capability to tolerate a large fraction of defective devices by routing only to the working devices. Many type of switching devices were built on conventional semiconductor materials with mechanisms from mechanical, thermal switching to carrier injection, photonics crystal, and polymer refractive index tuning .6-8 In this paper, we build an optical-thermal switch on diamond with micro-ring waveguides, mainly for the simplicity of the diamond fabrication. The the switching function was realized by locally tuning the temperature of the diamond waveguides. Switching efficiency of 31% at 'drop' port and 73% at 'through' port were obtained.
Conformational free energies of 1,2-dichloroethane in nanoconfined methanol.

Monte Carlo simulations have been used to construct free energy surfaces of 1,2-dichloroethane dissolved in methanol confined in hydrophobic spherical cavities of varying size (10−15 A) and solutio...
Effect of Dietary Buffer Additions on Gain, Efficiency, Duodenal pH, and Copper Concentration in Liver of Eimeria acervulina-lnfected Chicks

Three experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to investigate the effect of dietary additions of NaHCO3(1%), A1(OH)3(.5%), kaolin(1%), A1(OH)2NaCO3(.23%), CaCO3(.37%), and MgO(1%) on gain, efficiency, duodenal pH, and liver Cu concentration of Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks. Experimental coccidial infection consistently reduced chick gain, efficiency, and duodenal pH, but it increased liver Cu concentration of chicks fed excess Cu. Sodium bicarbonate addition improved chick gain and efficiency slightly, whereas the MgO addition reduced these performance criteria. Sodium bicarbonate improved gain more in coccidiosis-infected chicks than in uninfected chicks, but it failed to alleviate, to any extent, the coccidiosis-induced liver Cu increase of the duodenal pH decrease.
Acoustic attenuation rate in the Fermi-Bose model with a finite-range fermion-fermion interaction

We study the acoustic attenuation rate in the Fermi-Bose model describing a mixtures of bosonic and fermionic atom gases. We demonstrate the dramatic change of the acoustic attenuation rate as the fermionic component is evolved through the BEC-BCS crossover, in the context of a mean-field model applied to a finite-range fermion-fermion interaction at zero temperature, such as discussed previously by M.M. Parish et al. [Phys. Rev. B 71, 064513 (2005)] and B. Mihaila et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090402 (2005)]. The shape of the acoustic attenuation rate as a function of the boson energy represents a signature for superfluidity in the fermionic component.
Nutrient-based corn and soy products by twin-screw extrusion

Blends were developed to provide 20% protein, 12% fat, 68% carbohydrate and 8% moisture. High protein soy products (full fat flakes, protein isolate and/or concentrate) were formulated with corn meal and soybean oil to provide high protein and fat. The blends were extruded to provide pre-cooked foods that could be reconstituted at 40°C to a porridge or gruel, eliminating prolonged cooking or degradation of heat labile nutrients. Two types of soy isolate and concentrate were evaluated under extrusion temperatures from 100 to 130°C and feed moistures 8.5 to 18%. The extrusion of lower valued concentrates at 100 to 115°C with moisture from 12 to 18% produced a precooked mix that was high in nutrients and contained the most available lysine.
The role of general accounting office evaluation in the post reform congress: The case of general revenue sharing

In this essay I examine the evolving role of General Accounting Office (GAO) evaluation in the post-reform Congress. While the GAO has become more active in recent years in program evaluation, it is less clear what effect this activity has had on legislative decision making. This analysis focuses on a particular case study - GAO evaluation of the General Revenue Sharing Program - from which we can derive some understanding of how the GAO conducts program evaluation. I conclude by noting the difficulties of assessing the influence of GAO evaluations on policy processes and outcomes.
Survival of the black hole's Cauchy horizon under noncompact perturbations

We study numerically the evolution of spacetime, and in particular of a spacetime singularity, inside a black hole under a class of perturbations of noncompact support. We use a very simplified toy model of a spherical charged black hole which is perturbed nonlinearly by a self-gravitating, spherical scalar field. The latter grows logarithmically with advanced time along an outgoing characteristic hypersurface. We find that for that class of perturbations a portion of the Cauchy horizon survives as a noncentral, null singularity.
Cocaine and serotonin neurochemistry

The neurochemical interactions between cocaine and the serotonin (5-HT) neuronal system are the subject of this Commentary. Attempts to understand the mechanisms through which the euphoric and rewarding properties of cocaine are mediated have focused on the brain dopamine system, with particular emphasis on the dopamine uptake site. However, increasing amounts of research have led to the realization that cocaine also exerts a powerful influence over the serotonin neuronal system. These data are briefly discussed from the standpoint of how cocaine alters the functional or synaptic activity of serotonin. Recent evidence also indicates that the reinforcing properties of cocaine can be reduced by treatments which interact directly or indirectly with the serotonin neuronal system.
Let's Not Throw the Baby Out with the Bathwater: A Comment on Management for MHC Diversity in Captive Populations

Genetic management of captive populations focuses on the design of breeding programs that minimize loss of genetic diversity (Rails & Ballou 1986). Because severe spatial and economic constraints limit the population sizes that can be maintained in most breeding programs, we agree with Hughes' (1991) assertion that breeding plans which focus strictly on the maintenance of heterozygosity will, nevertheless, lose a substantial proportion of the rare alleles (see also Allendorf 1986; Fuerst & Maruyama 1986; Nei et al. 1975). However, we disagree strongly with Hughes' assumption that "at most loci loss of diversity should not be a cause for concern, because the vast majority of genetic polymorphisms are selectively neutral." Based on this questionable assumption, Hughes proposes that we should breed individuals in captive populations to maintain allelic diversity for the subset of genes that is known to be under balancing selection, e.g., the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of vertebrates. We do not dispute the role that MHC diversity plays in the ability of vertebrates to respond to a broad variety of infectious agents; however, Hughes' willingness to discount the role of diversity at the "vast majority" of other loci is comparable to throwing the baby out with the bathwater. Hughes' assertion that most polymorphism is neutral is questionable. For example, 15 years of genetic surveys and debates have not resulted in a consensus on the adaptive significance versus neutrality of allozyme polymorphisms (Kimura 1983; Lewontin 1974). Yet, careful physiological studies have revealed substantial evidence for an adaptive role of several biochemical polymorphisms, such as aminopeptidase-I in the mussel Mytilus edulis (Koehn et al. 1983), and several enzymes in Drosophila (Zera et al. 1985). Furthermore, while the adaptive significance of many allozyme variants may be unknown, there are other types of genetic polymorphisms which appear to have fitness consequences. For example, many visible polymorphisms, such as melanism in the moth Biston betularia and color spot intensity in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, are known to have strong effects on fitness (Endler 1980; Kettlewell 1973). A comprehensive review of evidence for adaptive polymorphisms in nature is provided by Endler (1986). Apparently Hughes also discounts variation in continuous traits, such as fecundity, growth rate, and foraging behavior. Though it is difficult to determine the adaptive value of quantitative variation at any point in time, most evolutionary biologists agree that such variation provides the basis for rapid responses to physical and biotic challenges (Fisher 1930). Thus, we do not see the immediate health of captive populations as the only issue at stake in captive breeding. Maintaining evolution-
Patterns in Process: Intersection of Landscape and Ecosystem Ecology

Lovett, Gary M., Clive G. Jones, Monica G. Turner, and Kathleen C. Weathers, editors. 2005. Ecosystem function in heterogeneous landscapes. Springer, New York. xxiv + 489 p. $139.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-0387-24089-3 (acid-free paper); $59.95 (paper), ISBN: 978-0387-24090-9 (acid-free paper).
A synopsis of the genus Poteranthera (Melastomeae: Melastomataceae) with the description of a new, apparently pollinator deceiving species

A synopsis of the annual genus Poteranthera is presented here. Three species are recognized including the newly described Poteranthera windischii. Poteranthera is characterized by its annual life cycle, generally linear leaves that have conspicuous gland-tipped hairs on the lamina margin, 5-merous flowers with a constriction at the level of the torus, one cycle of stamens reduced to staminodia or absent altogether, three locular ovary, and reniform seeds with a foveolate testa. The flowers of the new species P. windischii are strongly heterandrous, where the usual set of stamens that bees harvest pollen from is reduced to staminodia and the stamen set that deposits pollen on the bee has large yellow ventral appendages that possibly function as pollen mimics and result in deceit pollination. This hypothesis is supported by experiments that have demonstrated innate preferences of female bees for yellow, UV absorbing colors in flowers. Species of Poteranthera are extremely rare, known from very few specimens and possibly highly endangered.
Handedness and the Vividness of Dreams

We provided a constructive replication of a recently published paper by measuring the relationship between handedness and recall of vivid dreams. To do this we asked groups of right- (N = 174), mixed- (N = 16) and left-handed (N = 13) university students to respond to a dream scale. Our data were consistent with those of the recent study in question in that we demonstrated that left-handers were significantly more likely to recall types of dreams that classified as a vivid. These data seem consistent with the profile of right hemispheric talent that is thought to characterize left-handers.
Maintained prolongation of AV conduction time by acetylcholine

Although chronotropic responses to maintained cholinergic activation have been reported to fade during tonic vagal stimulation, discrepancy exists as to whether AV conduction behaves similarly. Since previous studies have examined only low grade AV block, we sought to more fully characterize the dromotropic responses to different degrees of maintained cholinergic activation. We used anesthetized mongrel dogs in which the nutrient artery supplying the AV node region was cannulated and perfused with either autologous blood or oxygenated Tyrode solution containing various concentrations of acetylcholine. Electrograms were recorded from the SA node, atrium, ventricle and His bundle. In ten of eleven animals, perfusion with high concentrations of acetylcholine for five min resulted in the production of complete heart block which was sustained for the duration of the infusion. Moderate concentrations of acetylcholine, perfused via the AV node artery, resulted in maintained second degree AV block in five of eight animals and oscillation between first and second degree block in the other three. Perfusion with lower concentrations of acetylcholine resulted in maintained prolongation of the AH interval, which appeared however, to be dependent upon continuous uninterrupted perfusion of the AV node artery with acetylcholine. These results suggest that, irrespective of the magnitude of the dromotropic response during acetylcholine perfusion, fading is not characteristic of AV conduction during maintained cholinergic activation. Thus acetylcholine affects chronotropic and dromotropic responses differently.
PKA catalytic subunit compartmentation regulates contractile and hypertrophic responses to β-adrenergic signaling.

Abstract β-Adrenergic signaling is spatiotemporally heterogeneous in the cardiac myocyte, conferring exquisite control to sympathetic stimulation. Such heterogeneity drives the formation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling microdomains, which regulate Ca 2 + handling and contractility. Here, we test the hypothesis that the nucleus independently comprises a PKA signaling microdomain regulating myocyte hypertrophy. Spatially-targeted FRET reporters for PKA activity identified slower PKA activation and lower isoproterenol sensitivity in the nucleus (t 50 = 10.6 ± 0.7 min; EC 50 = 89.0 nmol/L) than in the cytosol (t 50 = 3.71 ± 0.25 min; EC 50 = 1.22 nmol/L). These differences were not explained by cAMP or AKAP-based compartmentation. A computational model of cytosolic and nuclear PKA activity was developed and predicted that differences in nuclear PKA dynamics and magnitude are regulated by slow PKA catalytic subunit diffusion, while differences in isoproterenol sensitivity are regulated by nuclear expression of protein kinase inhibitor (PKI). These were validated by FRET and immunofluorescence. The model also predicted differential phosphorylation of PKA substrates regulating cell contractility and hypertrophy. Ca 2 + and cell hypertrophy measurements validated these predictions and identified higher isoproterenol sensitivity for contractile enhancements (EC 50 = 1.84 nmol/L) over cell hypertrophy (EC 50 = 85.9 nmol/L). Over-expression of spatially targeted PKA catalytic subunit to the cytosol or nucleus enhanced contractile and hypertrophic responses, respectively. We conclude that restricted PKA catalytic subunit diffusion is an important PKA compartmentation mechanism and the nucleus comprises a novel PKA signaling microdomain, insulating hypertrophic from contractile β-adrenergic signaling responses.
Verbal satiation and free recall

Twenty Ss were satiated on a word that was either related or not related to a list of eight nouns. After satiation, the list of eight nouns was presented, followed by immediate recall. Another 20 Ss saw the list first followed by satiation and recall. Satiation time was either 15 or 30 sec. The satiaeffect was found to be significant in the retroactive condition.
Circular polarisation and the magnetic dipole model

THE magnetic dipole model for a compact extragalactic radio source proposed by Sanders1,2 and discussed by Milgrom and Bahcall3 and by Sanders and DaCosta4, accounts for one of the features observed in a few of these sources—the apparently superluminal separation of two components (see ref. 5). However, the magnetic dipole model requires a strong, well-ordered magnetic field and predicts that the radio emission will have a substantial degree of circular polarisation unless the double source appears highly symmetric to the observer, or the radiation is by positrons and electrons in nearly equal numbers. For the past five years we have been monitoring extragalactic variable radio sources for circular polarisation at 8 GHz, and we have recently begun observations at 4.8 GHz. We present evidence here that the circular polarisation observations made by us and by other observers conflict with the predictions of the magnetic dipole model.
Graph theoretic metrics for spectral imagery with application to change detection

Many spectral algorithms that are routinely applied to spectral imagery are based on the following models: statistical, linear mixture, and linear subspace. As a result, assumptions are made about the underlying distribution of the data such as multivariate normality or other geometric restrictions. Here we present a graph based model for spectral data that avoids these restrictive assumptions and apply graph based metrics to quantify certain aspects of the resulting graph. The construction of the spectral graph begins by connecting each pixel to its k-nearest neighbors with an undirected weighted edge. The weight of each edge corresponds to the spectral Euclidean distance between the adjacent pixels. The number of nearest neighbors, k, is chosen such that the graph is connected i.e., there is a path from each pixel x i to every other. This requirement ensures the existence of inter-cluster connections which will prove vital for our application to change detection. Once the graph is constructed, we calculate a metric called the Normalized Edge Volume (NEV) that describes the internal structural volume based on the vertex connectivity and weighted edges of the graph. Finally, we demonstrate a graph based change detection method that applies this metric.
Personal computers and the office of the future

Abstract Personal computers (PCs) have had significant impacts on the workplace as well as the home. They have become a central idea in developing the “office of the future.” However, in order for the “office of the future” to become a feasible notion, integrated digital systems must be developed to more fully support the communication and the sharing of information between people. This paper addresses the role of personal computers in the “office of the future,” both from an individual and corporate viewpoint.
Facile dehydrobromination ofvic‐dibromo fatty acids: A one‐vessel bromination‐dehydrobromination of oleic acid to stearolic acid

The effects of time and temperature on the dehydrobromination by alcoholic KOH of 9,10-dibromostearic acid to 9(10)-bromo-9-octadecenoic and stearolic acid (9-octadecynoic acid) have been studied. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in n-propanol-KOH solution has been found to be an effective cosolvent-catalyst. In the absence of DMSO, the first monodehydrobromination step to the ethenylene bromide is quantitative in 5 min at 60 C and the second dehydrobromination step to the acetylenic acid is complete in about 6 hr at 100 C. In the presence of DMSO, the dehydrobromination to stearolic acid is quantitative at 100 C in 1–2 hr. A 1-vessel oleic acid bromination-dehydrobromination has been devised to give stearolic acid in 98% yield and purity.
Antigonadal effects of blinding in the presence of antibody against circulating melatonin

Abstract The effect of melatonin on reproductive function in the rat was studied. Reproductive organ weights and sex hormone levels were compared between sighted controls and animals which were either blinded, blinded and pinealectomized or blinded and immunized against circulating melatonin. Circulating androgens as measured by accessory sexual organ weights were significantly reduced by blinding. This effect was reversed by pinealectomy but not by immunization. Blinding also increased pineal melatonin levels but there were no differences in the plasma levels of luteinizing hormone. Circulating testosterone levels and pineal melatonin levels of immunized animals did not differ from those of blinded controls. These findings confirm reports that pineal stimulation by blinding enhances pineal melatonin content and inhibits accessory sex organ development. Circulating melatonin does not appear to be the mediator of the stimulated pineal's antigonadal effects in the rat since, in contrast to pinealectomy, neutralization of circulating melatonin failed to reverse accessory organ regression.
Cyproconazole Absorption through Sorghum Plasma Membranes

Abstract SITS (1 m M ), a Cl − channel blocker, significantly decreased [ 14 C]UL-cyproconazole absorption in sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv Funk G522DR) seedling roots and shoots. DIDS (0.1 m M ), a Cl − channel blocker, significantly decreased [ 14 C]UL-cyproconazole absorption in Funk G522DR roots. Neither PCMBS (1 m M ), an H + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase inactivator, nor nifedipine (1 μ M ), a Ca 2+ channel blocker, significantly decreased [ 14 C]UL-cyproconazole absorption in shoots of four sorghum cultivars (i.e., Funk G522DR, SC574, SC283, and GP-10) but PCMBS did induce a minor inhibition of [ 14 C]UL-cyproconazole absorption in roots of the GP-10 cultivar.
ADOLESCENT PREVENTIVE SERVICES

Today, there are significant risks to the health of teenagers. Drugs (tobacco, alcohol, steroids and others), sex (pregnancy, STDs, date rape), nutrition (obesity and eating disorders), and violence (abuse, fighting) are unfortunately a part of many teens' lives. These risks increase throughout the teen years. Since each risk has a strong behavioral component, we hope to modify the behavior and minimize the risk. Prevention and health promotion are an important part of health care for teens. Primary care providers, such as family physicians, are in an excellent position to provide teen preventative care that is comprehensive and specific to the needs of each teen.
Diode-pumped Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 laser

A self-starting Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:KYWO42 laser directly end pumped by two 1.6-W diodes is demonstrated for what is to our knowledge the first time. Pulses as short as 71 fs with 120-mW average output power, at a center wavelength of 1057 nm, were obtained at a repetition rate of 110 MHz. A 10-nm tuning range was achieved with longer pulses and higher average output power.
EcoK restriction during in vitro packaging of coliphage lambda DNA.

Abstract The K restriction system of Escherichia coli works in vitro [Meselson and Yuan, Nature 217 (1968) 1110–1114]. E. coli C lac ks the K restriction system. I show that in vitro packaging in standard E. coli K-12-derived systems effects a loss of plaque-former output from K-unmodified λ DNA relative to K-modified λ DNA when compared with packaging in the E. coli C-derived system of Rosenberg et al. [Gene 38 (1985) 165–175]. I conclude that the Eco K restriction system is active in standard in vitro packaging systems. Eco K restriction during in vitro packaging could specifically depress recovery of some λ and cosmid clones of eukaryotic DNA or any other DNA not modified for Eco K restriction.
Discovery of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii Thymidylate Synthase for Opportunistic Infections

Infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (tg) can lead to toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients such as organ transplant, cancer, and HIV/AIDS patients. The bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) enzyme is crucial for nucleotide synthesis in T. gondii and represents a potential target to combat T. gondii infection. While species selectivity with drugs has been attained for DHFR, TS is much more conserved across species, and specificity is significantly more challenging. We discovered novel substituted-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles 1–3 with single-digit nanomolar Ki for tgTS, two of which, 2 and 3, are 28- and 122-fold selective over human TS (hTS). The synthesis of these compounds, and their structures in complex with tgTS-DHFR are presented along with binding measurements and cell culture data. These results show, for the very first time, that, in spite of the high degree of conservation of active site residues between hTS and the parasite TS, specificity has been accomp...
On the validity of the adiabatic spreading assumption in droplet impact cooling

Abstract The effect of heat transfer on the spreading of a water droplet impacting a heated surface has been numerically investigated. The aim is to assess the validity of commonly made assumptions in spray cooling models which ignore heat transfer during the droplet spreading period. The results of this study indicate that while the amount of heat transfer during the droplet spreading period may, itself, be small, its impact on the liquid coverage area and the subsequent heat transfer to the resulting liquid film may be substantial.
THE (NEO)MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES The Revolutions in Europe and the Resurgence of Universalism

The purpose of this article is to consider the development of the Olympic Games throughout the 20th century in light of the evolving social and political realities that have shaped the Games and at...
ANALYZING PSUEDO-TIME SERIES INTERVENTIONS

it as a "pseudo-time series" or PTS design. Statistically, PTS designs resemble replicated surveys that independently sample some population at successive time points. The substantive analogy is a program that services a rapidly changing clientele the members of which usually enter and exit the program on only one occasion. This article describes the distinguishing features of PTS designs, outlines a methodological strategy for analyzing PTS data, and shows how this strategy can be used to overcome design weaknesses in certain case-flow evaluation studies.
Influences in the Decision-Making Process for Careers as a Speech-Language Pathologist or an Audiologist

This study consisted of data obtained from 297 surveys about career decision-making influences for students and professionals in speech-language pathology and audiology. Decision-making factors were similar across both professions, with personal factors being the most influential. Employment and education factors were also critical in making professional decisions. Early course work played a significant role in the career paths of people in these professions.