cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation: an underutilized approach to coagulation system model evaluation.

Abstract Simulation and mathematical modeling have proven useful in evaluating diverse physiological and biochemical systems. However, simulation methods have had extremely limited application in the formulation and evaluation of models of the blood coagulation system. The utility of this tool is illustrated via a mathematical model of the interactions of thrombin with fibrinogen, antithrombin III, and heparin-antithrombin III complex. This model provides exemplary simulations consistent with several empirical characteristics of the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Simulation methods provide a powerful tool with which to characterize the dynamic nature of the hemostatic process and its responsiveness to endogenous perturbations or pharmacological interventions.
Role of extracellular matrix, growth factors and proto-oncogenes in metanephric development

Organogenesis in embryonic life constitutes a series of intricate processes that involve differentiation and rapid proliferation of pluripotent cells leading to the formation of a defined structuralized tissue mass, and is followed by a continuum of cell replication and terminal differentiation in most mammalian organs, with few exceptions, such as nervous system. These processes are modulated by various extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins [1], ECM receptors, that is, integrins [2], cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) [3], intracellular cytoskeletal proteins [I, growth factors or hormones and their receptors [5], DNA-binding proteins [6], proto-oncogenes [71, and ECM degrading enzymes and their inhibitors [8]. The activities of this diverse group of macromolecules in embryonic development are interwoven. For instance, ECM glycoproteins influence the intracellular events via their receptors, that is, integrins, and thereby, cell differentiation, migration and polarization. On the other hand, the transcription, translation and post-translational modification of ECM macromolecules has been shown to be regulated by various growth factors or hormones and their receptors, and the latter may be encoded by proto-oncogenes. Along with cell:matrix interactions [9], another set of macromolecules, CAMs, which influence intercellular adhesion and cell:cell (homotypic or heterotypic) interactions, also influence morphogenesis of various organs. Finally, critical to cell behavior during differentiation associated with organogenesis is the fundamental process of phosphoiylation of various integrins and hormoneor growth factor-receptors and proto-oncogenes, which contain tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase intracellular catalytic domains [10, 11]. During embryonic development, there is considerable variability in the cellular events and in the expression of various macromolecules, which are pre-determinants (required) for the formation of individual organ systems. For instance, the expression of various ECM glycoproteins varies considerably in different developing organ systems. This would suggest that the macromolecules with restricted genotypic or phenotypic expressions are relevant only to the morphogenesis of a particular organ system. Thus, "a
Gonadotroph Adenoma with Secondary Hypersecretion of Testosterone

Objective Gonadotroph pituitary adenomas are common, but the overwhelming majority are classified as nonfunctioning adenomas. Approximately one-third secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and/or luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in an increase in serum levels; however, the sex hormone levels are typically not elevated and the secreted gonadotropin hormones are thought to be biologically inactive. Rarely, gonadotroph adenomas induce an ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in females. In males, an increase in the testosterone level is even rarer. The authors report the case of a male patient with a gonadotroph pituitary adenoma causing hypersecretion of testosterone and review the medical literature. Case Description A 45-year-old man had progressive bilateral visual loss over a 4-year period. Bitemporal hemianopsia was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, but no other symptoms were reported. Neurosurgical evaluation was otherwise normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a large enhancing sellar and suprasellar tumor consistent with pituitary macroadenoma. Levels of FSH, LH, α-subunit, testosterone, free testosterone, and prolactin were elevated. The patient underwent transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary tumor. Pathologic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a population of cells with cytoplasmic staining for FSH but not for LH. The postoperative hormonal profile showed normalization of FSH and low LH, testosterone, morning cortisol level, and free thyroxine. The patient was treated with levothyroxine and hydrocortisone therapy for replacement. His vision subjectively improved at a formal visual testing follow-up to monitor the degree of improvement. Conclusions Gonadotroph adenomas are considered a type of nonfunctioning pituitary tumors, because the commonly associated increase in serum FSH and LH does not typically result in elevated sex hormone levels. Herein, we report a rare case of high testosterone level caused by a gonadotroph adenoma successfully treated with transsphenoidal resection. Interestingly, in adult males, the increase in sex hormones does not seem to lead to a recognizable clinical syndrome, and the clinical presentation remains similar to that of nonfunctioning adenomas.
Riemann's contribution to differential geometry

Abstract In order to make a reasonable assessment of the significance of Riemann's role in the history of differential geometry, not unduly influenced by his reputation as a great mathematician, we must examine the contents of his geometric writings and consider the response of other mathematicians in the years immediately following their publication.
Oral Erythromycin Prophylaxis vs Watchful Waiting in Caring for Newborns Exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis

Background Chlamydia trachomatisexposure at birth may cause conjunctivitis or pneumonia. Until recently, a course of oral erythromycin prophylaxis was recommended forC trachomatis– exposed neonates. However, recognition of an association between erythromycin and pyloric stenosis prompted a change to a watchful waiting recommendation under which only infants who develop symptomaticC trachomatisinfection are treated with oral erythromycin. Objective To compare erythromycin prophylaxis with watchful waiting for a hypothetical cohort of 100 000 neonates exposed toC trachomatis. Methods In a decision tree, potential outcomes wereC trachomatisconjunctivitis,C trachomatispneumonia (which could require inpatient or outpatient therapy), no clinical disease, and pyloric stenosis. Published data were reviewed to derive probability point estimates and ranges. Estimated charges served as outcome measures. Results Watchful waiting is less expensive than erythromycin prophylaxis ($15.1 million vs $28.3 million); prophylaxis prevents 5986 cases ofC trachomatispneumonia, including 1197 hospital admissions, but causes 3284 pyloric stenosis cases. (For every 30 infants given oral erythromycin prophylaxis, one additional case of pyloric stenosis would be expected to occur, and approximately 1.8 cases ofC trachomatispneumonia would be prevented.) In sensitivity analyses, if more than 3.4% of exposed neonates are hospitalized forC trachomatispneumonia, prophylaxis becomes favored. Conclusions This study supports the watchful waiting recommendation for asymptomaticC trachomatis–exposed neonates. However, there are wide plausible ranges for pyloric stenosis risk after erythromycin administration and for the incidence ofC trachomatispneumonia severe enough to require hospitalization; under some combinations of these rates, prophylaxis could be favored.
Lactose Fed-Batch Overexpression of Recombinant Metalloproteins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3): Process Control Yielding High Levels of Metal-Incorporated, Soluble Protein

A method for producing recombinant proteins in pilot scale fermentation equipment using a glucose fed-batch initial growth, followed by a midlog phase feeding of a glucose and lactose mixture is described. Using the host strain Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), the diiron protein stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta 9 desaturase has been overexpressed at a biomass level of up to 12 g x liter-1 dry cell weight, representing a 12-fold increase in volumetric productivity relative to that obtained from batch fermentations. Under these conditions, a maximum of 36% of the total cellular protein accumulates as the desaturase polypeptide. A correlation between the slowed growth rate of the fed-batch culture, a continued, albeit slower, exponential growth under inducing conditions, and a favorable partitioning between formation of the soluble holoprotein and inclusion bodies is reported. This correlation suggests that fed-batch techniques can be used to beneficially influence rate-limiting processes in the maturation of overexpressed proteins, such as metal uptake and incorporation proposed here. By using cells produced from the fed-batch method, the iron-containing, soluble desaturase can be purified in a yield of up to 66 mg x g-1 dry cell weight (approximately 500 mg x liter-1 culture), representing a three to fivefold increase in the yield relative to that obtained from batch fermentations. In addition, these methods are suitable for the production of the Anabena 7120 vegetative [2Fe 2S] ferredoxin in E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS, a host strain used for the overexpression of toxic proteins.
Property Rights and Public Interests: A Wyoming Agricultural Lands Study

Rocky Mountain states have experienced unprecedented growth as agricultural land is converted to residences. Preservation efforts meet with protest from private landholders claiming public efforts undermine private property rights. This paper explores the degree to which respondents think management of agricultural lands is a public versus a private matter. Data are from a Sublette County, Wyoming, mail survey. Results are relevant to many western counties having public lands and high growth rates. They suggest that landowners, wage earners, college graduates, and those who value the county’s rural community lifestyle support public management strategies. Well-established residents and those with economic reasons for living in the county support private management strategies.
Stiffness and Damping of an Eddy Current Magnetic Bearing

The perturbation method, aided by symbolic computation software, is employed to solve Maxwell's equations to obtain theoretical predictions of forces and stiffness and damping coefficients for a simplified eddy current magnetic bearing. The results show that this kind of bearing has low stiffness and extremely low damping compared to conventional bearings. In fact, the damping is probably negative in most cases. In addition, the cross-coupled stiffness is relatively high, further contributing to rotor-dynamic problems
The Ranking Regime and the Production of Knowledge: Implications for Academia

In this integrated review of literature, we address a powerful movement among interrelated organizations that we call the “ranking regime.” We argue that the ostensive purpose of this regime is to identify “world class” universities, and thus to organize postsecondary education into a competitive transnational market. Although extant research has addressed how rankings are reshaping the field of higher education, there is little work that addresses the influence of rankings on the evaluation of faculty work and the production of knowledge. Thus, we review existing studies that have focused on the intersection of this ranking regime, faculty work, and faculty evaluation in order to assess the implications of the ranking regime for the production of knowledge within academia and for faculty evaluation. We argue that the ranking regime affects the production and evaluation of knowledge by promoting individualism, standardization, commodification, and homogenization. We offer policy and practice implications as well as directions for future research.
Effect of removal of atherogenic diet on protein synthesis and cholesterol retention in rabbit aorta and lung

The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of cholesterol feeding in rabbits on the synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins in both aortic and lung tissues. Rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 30 or 60 days, followed by 30 days of a low cholesterol diet (i.e. 30-30 or 60-30). After 30 days of cholesterol feeding non-collagen protein synthetic rates were significantly elevated in aortic tissues, but not in the lung. After 60 days of cholesterol feeding, both collagen and non-collagen synthetic rates were elevated in the aorta but not in the lung. Both tissues demonstrated significant increases in cholesterol content. When cholesterol was removed from the diet, cholesterol continued to accumulate in the aorta but decreased in the lung. The 60-30 group demonstrated both the largest increase in aortic cholesterol, and the largest increase in the per cent of collagen being synthesized in the aorta. These data therefore demonstrate that cholesterol feeding stimulates both collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis and suggests that there may be some differences in the lag phase before significant changes are apparent in both parameters. Following removal of cholesterol from the diet the per cent collagen synthesized in the aorta increased further, due to an apparent reduction in non-collagen protein synthesis rather than a further acceleration of collagen synthesis. These changes may be important in explaining how intermittent-cholesterol feeding produces a more fibrous aortic lesion.
ACP Journal Club. Surgical masks were noninferior to N95 respirators for preventing influenza in health care providers.

Source Citation Loeb M, Dafoe N, Mahony J, et al. Surgical mask vs N95 respirator for preventing influenza among health care workers: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;302:1865-71. 19797474
Development and validation of implantable sensors for monitoring function of prosthetic heart valves: in vitro studies.

The development of a ‘smart’ heart valve prosthesis, with the intrinsic ability to monitor thrombus formation, mechanical failure and local haemodynamics and to relay this information externally, would be of significant help to clinicians. The first step towards such a valve is development of the sensors and examination of whether sensor output provides predictive information on function. Custom-made piezo-electric sensors were mounted onto the housing of mechanical valves with various layers of simulated thrombus and bioprosthetic valves with normal and stiffened leaflets. Sensor output was examined using joint time-frequency analysis. Sensors were able to detect leaflet opening and closing with high fidelity for all types of valve. The frequency content of the closing sounds for the mechanical valves contained several peaks between 100 Hz and 10 kHz, whereas closing sounds for the bioprosthetic valve contained energy in a lower frequency range (<1 kHz). A frequency peak of 47±15 Hz was seen for the normal bioprosthetic valve; this peak increased to 115±12 Hz for the valve with visibly stiffened leaflets. Total low-frequency (80–3500 Hz) energy content diminished predictably with increasing levels of thrombus for the mechanical valves. Lastly, closing sound intensity correlated well with closing pressure dynamics (dp/dt) (y=190x−443; r=0.90), indicating that the sensors also provide information on haemodynamics. These studies provide initial evidence regarding the use of embedded sensors to detect prosthetic valve function. Efforts to encapsulate these sensors with telemetry into a custom valve are currently underway.
Combined phase and ground distance relaying

A relaying system is described herein providing complete phase and ground distance ·relaying protection for transmission lines, which features a reduction in the necessary equipment over the 6 directional-reactance-distance relay system usually applied where three relays are connected to protect against 3phase, phase-to-phase, and double-phaseto- ground faults, and three relays are connected to protect against single-phase-toground faults. The reduction in equipment is achieved by causing the directional element of the ground-reactance relay to perform the double duty of detecting faults of a phase nature as well as faults of a ground nature. This new system also offers the advantage of providing complete phase and ground protection without the use of objectionable switching arrangements heretofore used to select the faulted-phase current or potential. The combined system is effected by adding to the basic directional-reactancedistance relay for ground fault protection a reactance relay which operates with the directional-fault-detecting element of the ground relay to provide the phase-fault protection.
Walt Whitman in Trimming Square

Describes the location of historic "Trimming Square" where Whitman taught in 1839 and 1840 and offers a photograph of the school building.
A New O(n) Method for Inverting the Mass Matrix for Serial Chains Composed of Rigid Bodies

Over the past several decades a number of O(n) methods for forward and inverse dynamics computations have been developed in the multibody dynamics and robotics literature. In this paper, a method developed in 1973 by Fixman for O(n) computation of the mass-matrix determinant for a polymer chain consisting of point masses is adapted and modified. In other recent papers, we and our collaborators recently extended this method in order for Fixman’s results to be applicable to robotic manipulator models with lumped masses. In the present paper we extend these ideas further to the case of serial chains composed of rigid-bodies. This requires the use of relatively deep mathematics associated with the rotation group, SO(3), and the special Euclidean group, SE(3), and how to differentiate functions of group-valued argument.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
MODELS OF HIGH ENERGY NUCLEAR COLLISIONS

What do we know about nuclei? The literature of the last 20 or 30 years contains a wealth of fascinating detail about their structure, their energy levels and single particle aspects, their collective motion, and the way they interact with each other in collisions. Both the quantity and detail of the experimental data, and the sophistication of some of the theory is impressive. Yet what we know about nuclei concerns their properties at only one point on the graph of the equation of state of nuclear matter which is illustrated in Fig. 1. Aside from the trivial point at the origin, and the energy per nucleon at normal density, the curve drawn is a guess. The point where it crosses the axis at p/pc- 2 is based on nuclear matter calculations. We do not even know the curvature (compressibility) at normal density. Virtually everything we know about nuclei concerns their normal state!
13N as a tracer for studying glutamate metabolism

This mini-review summarizes studies my associates and I carried out that are relevant to the topic of the present volume [i.e. glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)] using radioactive (13)N (t(1/2) 9.96 min) as a biological tracer. These studies revealed the previously unrecognized rapidity with which nitrogen is exchanged among certain metabolites in vivo. For example, our work demonstrated that (a) the t(1/2) for conversion of portal vein ammonia to urea in the rat liver is ∼10-11s, despite the need for five enzyme-catalyzed steps and two mitochondrial transport steps, (b) the residence time for ammonia in the blood of anesthetized rats is ≤7-8s, (c) the t(1/2) for incorporation of blood-borne ammonia into glutamine in the normal rat brain is <3s, and (d) equilibration between glutamate and aspartate nitrogen in rat liver is extremely rapid (seconds), a reflection of the fact that the components of the hepatic aspartate aminotransferase reaction are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Our work emphasizes the importance of the GDH reaction in rat liver as a conduit for dissimilating or assimilating ammonia as needed. In contrast, our work shows that the GDH reaction in rat brain appears to operate mostly in the direction of ammonia production (dissimilation). The importance of the GDH reaction as an endogenous source of ammonia in the brain and the relation of GDH to the brain glutamine cycle is discussed. Finally, our work integrates with the increasing use of positron emission tomography (PET) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study brain ammonia uptake and brain glutamine, respectively, in normal individuals and in patients with liver disease or other diseases associated with hyperammonemia.
Student Differences and Environment Perceptions: How They Contribute to Student Motivation in Rural High Schools.

Abstract This research investigated relationships among characteristics of students and learning environments influencing variables related to motivation for learning and achievement in rural high schools. Participants were 625 students in all four grades, in 19 rural, public high schools. Questionnaires assessed two environmental factors, three self-perceptual characteristics, two motivational outcomes and three achievement-related outcomes. Regression analyses were utilized to identify differential predictive relationships. Overall, teacher characteristics appeared to more strongly predict students' positive self-perceptions and motivation than did peer characteristics. Perceived ability and valuing most strongly predicted learning and future goals, which, in turn, most strongly predicted motivation. Motivational outcomes strongly predicted grade in class, but not intention to complete high school or postsecondary aspirations. Important differences emerged by subject area. Implications for research and classroom practice are discussed.
Lower bounds on the constituent-quark mass differences.

Using a potential-model approximation to quantum chromodynamics and the masses of ground-state mesons and baryons as input, we obtain lower bounds on the constituent-quark mass differences. We find {ital m}{sub {ital d}}{minus}{ital m}{sub {ital u}}{gt}4.1{plus minus}0.3 MeV, {ital m}{sub {ital s}}{minus}{ital {bar m}}{gt}184{plus minus}4 MeV, {ital m}{sub {ital c}}{minus}{ital m}{sub {ital s}}{gt}1180{plus minus}4 MeV, and {ital m}{sub {ital b}}{minus}{ital m}{sub {ital c}}{gt}3343{plus minus}4 MeV, where {ital {bar m}} is the average mass of the {ital u} and {ital d} quarks.
Theory of free-electron-laser heating and current drive in magnetized plasmas

The introduction of a powerful new microwave source, the free-electron laser, provides new opportunities for novel heating and current-drive schemes to be used in toroidal fusion devices. This high-power, pulsed source has a number of technical advantages for these applications, and its use is predicted to lead to improved current-drive efficiencies and opacities in reactor-grade fusion plasmas in specific cases. The Microwave Tokamak Experiment at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory will provide a test for some of these new heating and current-drive schemes. Although the motivation for much of this research has derived from the application of a free-electron laser to the heating of a tokamak plasma at a frequency near the electron cyclotron frequency, the underlying physics, i.e., the highly nonlinear interaction of an intense, pulsed, coherent electromagnetic wave with an electron in a magnetized plasma including relativistic effects, is of general interest. Other relevant applications include ionospheric modification by radio-frequency waves, high-energy electron accelerators, and the propagation of intense, pulsed electromagnetic waves in space and astrophysical plasmas. This review reports recent theoretical progress in the analysis and computer simulation of the absorption and current drive produced by intense pulses, and of the possible complications that may arise, e.g., parametric instabilities, nonlinear self-focusing, trapped-particle sideband instability, and instabilities of the heated plasma.
Simulation of polyethylene-moderated plutonium neutron multiplicity measurements.

Abstract Neutron multiplicity measurements are a useful technique for the characterization of special nuclear material. This technique relies on the detection of correlated neutrons from fission events. As correlated events are detected it is possible to determine the neutron multiplicity distribution for the sample. This distribution is useful for identifying the material and estimating the mass. This work focuses on the ability of the Monte Carlo code MCNP-PoliMi to simulate measured distributions. The experiment used as the basis of comparison consisted of a 4.5 kg plutonium metal sphere surrounded by up to 6 in. of polyethylene. A bank of 15 3He detectors was used to detect the correlated neutron events. MCNP-PoliMi was used to simulate the particle transport and a post-processing algorithm was developed to apply detector deadtime effects and to determine the neutron multiplicity distributions. These simulated distributions were then compared to the measured results. The simulation provided an adequate estimation of the measured data. However, we observed a systematic over-prediction in both the mean and the variance of the measured distribution.
The role of phosphatidic acid in the regulation of the Ras/MEK/Erk signaling cascade.

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important second messenger produced by the activation of numerous cell surface receptors. Recent data have suggested that PA regulates multiple cellular processes. This review addresses primarily the role of PA in the regulation of the Erk1/2 cascade pathway. A model for the regulation of Erk1/2 phosphorylation by cell surface receptors is presented. According to this model, agonists stimulate the binding of GTP to Ras and the activation of phospholipase D to generate phosphatidic acid. PA promotes the binding of cRaf-1 kinase to the membrane, where it interacts with Ras.GTP and other regulatory components of the pathway. Ras–Raf complexes remain bound to the surface of endosomes, where scaffolding complexes involving Ras, cRaf-1, MEK and Erk are formed. Complete activation and coupling of the cascade requires endocytosis, a process that is also modulated by PA.
A review of on-going epidemiologic research in the United States on the phenoxy herbicides and chlorinated dioxin contaminants

Abstract Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on the phenoxy herbicides and their associated chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins contaminants. The Veterans Administration in cooperation with other Federal agencies in the United States Government has initiated extensive health studies of veterans exposed to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant during the Vietnam Conflict. The basis for resolving phenoxy herbicides/dioxin controversies must in large measure stem from the results of scientific inquiry.
High assurance human-centric decision systems

Many future decision support systems will be human-centric, i.e., require substantial human oversight and control. Because these systems often provide critical services, high assurance will be needed that they satisfy their requirements. How to develop “high assurance human-centric decision systems” is unknown: while significant research has been conducted in areas such as agents, cognitive science, and formal methods, how to apply and integrate the design principles and disparate models in each area is unclear. This paper proposes a novel process for developing human-centric decision systems where AI (artificial intelligence) methods-namely, cognitive models to predict human behavior and agents to assist the human-are used to achieve adequate system performance, and software engineering methods, namely, formal modeling and analysis, to obtain high assurance. To support this process, the paper introduces a software engineering technique-formal model synthesis from scenarios-and two AI techniques-a model for predicting human overload and user model synthesis from participant studies data. To illustrate the process and techniques, the paper describes a decision system controlling unmanned air vehicles.
A comparison of aural and rectal temperature measurements in children with moderate and severe injuries

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare initial rectal and aural (i.e., ear-based) temperature measurements in children with moderate and severe injuries during their trauma care in the emergency department. Design A cross-sectional, prospective design was used to compare aural temperature and rectal temperatures in injured children. Sample/setting A convenience sample of 40 children who met the study inclusion criteria were enrolled at the level I pediatric regional resource trauma center in western Pennsylvania. Methods Aural temperature was measured by infrared technology (IVAC Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and rectal temperatures were measured with a thermistor (IVAC Corporation). Results The subjects (N=40) ranged in age from 1 to 14 years (mean 6.9 years; SD=4.4 years). The mean difference between rectal and aural temperature measurements (mean=−0.3° C; SD=0.76° C) was statistically significant when compared with a paired t test ( p r =0.85). Conclusion The moderate to high correlation between the two methods shows promise for use of aural infrared temperature measurements as a screening measure for children with moderate and severe injuries.
A study of the mechanism by which triphosphopyridine nucleotide affects human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract Triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) or TPNH has been found to protect glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase against inactivation ( Kirkman, 1959 ; Marks et , al. , 1959 ). Recently it was shown that purified preparations of G6P dehydrogenase can be activated by TPN or TPNH with an accompanying alteration in the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme Marks, 1961 , Marks et al., 1961 . These findings suggested that the enzyme may exist in different molecular forms. Evidence has now been obtained to indicate that the stabilization and activation of G6P dehydrogenase in the presence of TPN is associated with a molecular alteration in the protein characterized by an increase in its sedimentation velocity and in its catalytic activity relative to its antigenic activity.
Got Neurons? Teaching Neuroscience Mnemonically Promotes Retention and Higher-Order Thinking

The purpose of this study was to determine whether introductory psychology students could make effective use of the mnemonic keyword method in: (a) initially acquiring 26 neuroscience terms; (b) retaining this information over time; and (c) applying what they learned to a task requiring some degree of higher-order thinking. In two separate classes, 70 participants were trained either to use the keyword method or their own best method to study the neuroscience terms. After a 5-day delay, students returned to complete an unannounced assessment of the neuroscience terms. Based on a reduced sample of 58 ‘eligible’ participants, results indicated that students using the keyword method outperformed their own-best-method counterparts on immediate, delayed, and higher-order thinking assessments. The findings support the literature on the utility and power of the keyword method in actual psychology classroom learning contexts.
A Thermo-Fluid/Electrochemical Model for Micro-SOFC

In this paper, a three dimensional thermo-fluid/electro-chemical model is proposed to simulate the heat and mass transfer phenomena in a micro-geometry co-flow solid oxide fuel cell. Governing equation of mass, momentum and energy conservation are simultaneously solved. A network circuit is applied to simulate the electrical potential, ohmic losses and activation polarization. Cyclic boundary conditions are imposed at the top and bottom of the model domains, while the lateral walls were assumed adiabatic and insulation. A parametric study examines the effect of micro-channel on the temperature field, concentration field, local current density and power density. Results demonstrate that microchannels can reduce temperature or concentration difference between reaction locations and stream. The local current density is much more uniform and output voltage is also improved. Numerical simulation will be expected to help optimize the design of a micro solid oxide fuel cell.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Material social support as a predictor of child adjustment in kindergarten

Abstract This study examines the relation between amount of maternal social support and children's adjustment in kindergarten. In the total sample, support related positively to child competence after controlling for maternal background, child intelligence, gender, and developmental problems. Using a stress-buffering model, three measures of stress were formed: (1) maternal demographics; (2) low child cognitive ability; and (3) child developmental problems. Groups reflecting high and low scores were formed and the relation between support and child adjustment was examined within groups. Within the group of mothers with stressful demographic backgrounds and the group of children with low cognitive ability, the relation between support and child competence was higher than in the total sample. There was a trend toward more support being related to less child competence in the group of children with developmental problems.
Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma: a statistical analysis of the utility of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 and estrogen receptor protein.

Abstract Background: For accurate classification of cutaneous metastatic carcinoma, reliable tumorspecific immunohistochemical markers would be valuable. Objective: Our purpose was to analyze the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) and estrogen receptor protein (ERP) for diagnosing cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma. Methods: Tissue sections from 68 consecutive cases of cutaneous metastatic carcinoma were stained for GCDFP-15 and ERP. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides and immunostained slides were reviewed in a blinded fashion before retrospective chart review to ascertain the underlying primary tumor type. Results: Of 42 cases of cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma, 30 were positive for GCDFP-15. Of 41 cases of metastatic breast carcinoma, 30 were positive for ERP. Calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for GCDFP-15 for diagnosing cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma were 71%, 91%, and 94%, respectively, and 73%, 100%, and 100% for ERP, respectively. Combined values of these indices for both stains were 83%, 91%, and 95%, respectively. Conclusion: GCDFP-15 and ERP are valuable markers for cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma and should be used in combination.
Deep-water chaunacid and lophiid anglerfishes (Pisces: Lophiiformes) off the south-eastern United States

Recent research cruises to deep (80–910 m) reef habitats off the south-eastern U.S. and in the northern Gulf of Mexico have provided new information on the diagnostic characteristics, behaviours, colour patterns in life, bottom associations, distributions and maximum sizes of species of the anglerfish genera Chaunax, Lophiodes and Sladenia. Chaunax stigmaeus occurred much further south than previously known (Blake Plateau off South Carolina), and all C. stigmaeus observed were found associated with dense beds of dead coral (Lophelia pertusa) rubble or on broken hard bottom. In contrast,Chaunaxsuttkusi was found on soft bottoms.Chaunaxstigmaeus andC.suttkusi appear to be sympatric over a major portion of their ranges. Because knowledge of pigmentation in live or freshly caughtChaunax is critical to distinguish some members of the genus, changes in the colouration ofC. suttkusi were noted and documented photographically immediately after death and after fixation. The yellow spots found on some, but not all specimens, temporarily disappeared completely after death, but they reappeared after fixation, slowly disappearing thereafter along with other carotenoid pigments.Lophiodesberoe andLophiodesmonodi were collected for the first time off the Atlantic coast of the U.S., being previously known only from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the northern coast of South America. For both species (L. beroe and L. monodi), the collections included the two largest known representatives of the species (400 and 325 mm standard length, respectively). Lophiodes beroe commonly occurred on L. pertusa rubble, and seemed to prefer this habitat. Occupying such a habitat that is deep and difficult to sample probably explains how this common species escaped detection. Only a single L. monodi was collected or observed, so this species appears to be uncommon in this geographic area or at least so on coral rubble habitat. Detailed aspects of the colour patterns of both species were noted. In particular,L.beroe displayed a characteristic pattern of white patches in life that were not apparent after death. The first photographic documentation of the colour pattern in life and of the pharyngeal pigmentation of Lophiodes reticulatus is provided. The third known specimen of Sladenia shaefersi, and the first to be taken in U.S. waters was collected from coral rubble near the base of a steep 200 m scarp on the Blake Plateau. # 2007 The Authors
Adolescents' Prosocial Behavior Toward Family, Friends, and Strangers: A Person-Centered Approach

This study examined longitudinal change in adolescents' prosocial behavior toward family, friends, and strangers. Participants included 491 mother–child dyads (average age of child at Time 1 = 11.5, 67% European American). Growth mixture modeling suggested that prosocial behavior toward family was generally stable or decreased over time, while prosocial behavior toward friends increased over time. However, findings highlighted unique developmental trajectories within subgroups of adolescents for prosocial behavior toward family and friends and found that maternal warmth and adolescent sympathy, self-regulation, and gender consistently distinguished between groups. Discussion focuses on the need for a more multidimensional approach to prosocial development.
Turbulent natural convection in a horizontal layer of small-prandtl-number fluid

Turbulent natural convection in a horizontal layer of liquid metal confined between two infinite rigid plates is studied theoretically. The layer, with uniformly distributed energy sources in the fluid, is heated from below and cooled from above. An approximate analysis of the Boussinesq equations of motion is performed for the case of small-Prandtl-number fluids to determine the temperature profiles in three different thermal regions of the layer. By matching these profiles in the regions of overlap, analytical expressions are derived for the lower and upper surface Nusselt numbers and the dimensionless turbulent core temperature as functions of the internal and external Rayleigh numbers defined respectively in terms of the volumetric heating rate and surface-to-surface temperature difference of the layer. Comparison of the present results with heat transfer data for liquid mercury is made and found to be good.
Molecular analysis of P element behavior in Drosophila simulans transformants

In this report we describe the successful transformation of Drosophila simulans with an autonomous P element from Drosophila melanogaster without the use of a selectable marker. This result demonstrates that there is no species barrier for P element transposition. Utilizing gel blotting and in situ hybridization techniques, we have monitored the behavior of newly-introduced P elements in several D. simulans transformed lines over twelve generations. In most instances, an overall increase in the number of P elements was observed. An examination of the frequency of P-element-bearing individuals in one line revealed the rapid spread of P elements through the population. Analysis of well-characterized sublines confirmed that P elements increase in number by transposition to new genomic sites. The formation of degenerate elements occurred in at least one case. These observations suggest that P elements may behave similarly in D. melanogaster and D. simulans.
An improved device for gasometric determination of carbonate in sediment

Simple modifications in carbonate bomb design allow more precise and more convenient determination of carbonate content in sediments. The modified device has been operated successfully in our laboratory for two years. Sample determination is rapid (10 to 18 preweighed samples per hour) with a daily precision of 0.3% CaCO 3 , for a typical one gram sample. Details for construction, calibration, and operation are described.
ENTROPY OF SELF-AVOIDING SURFACES ON THE LATTICE

Abstract We compute the entropy of latticized, self-avoiding planar surfaces in three dimensions, by computer simulation of surface fluctuations. Our data are consistent with the formula N S ∼ S γ e ϵ S , where N S is the number of surfaces of area S , and γ = −0.5 ± 0.05, ϵ = 0.531 ± 0.003. We also determine the phase structure of a field theory based on interacting surfaces, which reduces to Z 2 lattice gauge theory in the “non-interacting” limit.
Directed donations for pediatric patients.

A DIRECTED or designated blood donation is one in which an individual donates blood that is reserved at the time of donation for the transfusion of a specific patient. The donor is usually a family member or close friend that has been selected by the patient. When infants and children are patients, directed donation and subsequent transfusion may be sought by the parents on behalf of their child because of concerns about the risks of blood transfusion; particularly transfusion transmitted infections such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis. In theory, parental knowledge of the health history and personal activities of family members and friends ensures that blood from these directed donors will be safer than that obtained from the blood bank inventory. This theory, to date, has not been demonstrated to be true, and no sound scientific or medical rationale exists to justify directed donation programs. However, they have been instituted by many blood centers, and a number of ethical, philosophical, legal, logistical and safety concerns have been raised by their presence. These general concerns have been discussed elsewhere in the lay and medical press, and they will not be reiterated
Aeronautical Propulsion: Present Status and Future Directions

The advancement of aeropropulsion systems continues to provide technology to various portions of the gas turbine field. It is recognized that this area is undergoing considerale change, which will result in substantially improved gas turbine components and systems. These changes are occurring in a number of technical areas including advanced analytical and physical measurement methods, the application of large scientific computers, the dynamic modeling of components and systems, the application of integrated control systems that optimize and improve performance and system condition monitoring, and the development of new and unique materials and structures. As these areas evolve, the ways in which technology will advance, and factors affecting the design and development of new systems, will probably be considerably different than those of today. It is also anticipated that the necessary skilled work force will be different. Certainly there will be changes, but the nature, extent, and rate of those changes can only be surmised at this time.
KAM tori are very sticky: rigorous lower bounds on the time to move away from an invariant Lagrangian torus with linear flow

Abstract Hamiltonian perturbation theory is used to derive rigorous Nekhoroshev type lower bounds on the time it takes to move away from an invariant Lagrangian torus when the flow on the torus is conjugate to a highly non-resonant linear flow. In particular these results give bounds on the time to move away from a KAM torus. If r is the distance from the torus then the lower bound on the time to double the distance from the torus is (C/r)e ( Kγ r ) α , where C and K are constants, α ≡ 1/(n + 2), n is the number of degrees of freedom and γ is a measure of the irrationality of the flow. We thus prove that nearby trajectories take an extremely long time to move away from such an invariant torus, and that the more irrational the linear flow, the ‘stickier’ the torus will be. These estimates do not require the steepness or quasi-convexity assumptions of Nekherosev's theorem.
Early Petrologic Processes on the Ureilite Parent Body

We present a petrographic and petrologic analysis of 21 olivine-pigeonite ureilites, along with new experimental results on melt compositions predicted to be in equilibrium with ureilite compositions. We conclude that these ureilites are the residues of a partial melting/smelting event. Textural evidence preserved in olivine and pigeonite record the extent of primary smelting. In pigeonite cores, we observe fine trains of iron metal inclusions that formed by the reduction of olivine to pigeonite and metal during primary smelting. Olivine cores lack metal inclusions but the outer grain boundaries are variably reduced by a late-stage reduction event. The modal proportion of pigeonite and percentage of olivine affected by late stage reduction are inversely related and provide an estimation of the degree of primary smelting during ureilite petrogenesis. In our sample suite, this correlation holds for 16 of the 21 samples examined. Olivine-pigeonite-liquid phase equilibrium constraints are used to obtain temperature estimates for the ureilite samples examined. Inferred smelting temperatures range from approximately 1150 C to just over 1300 C and span the range of estimates published for ureilites containing two or more pyroxenes. Temperature is also positively correlated with modal percent pigeonite. Smelting temperature is inversely correlated with smelting depth--the hottest olivine-pigeonite ureilites coming from the shallowest depth in the ureilite parent body. The highest temperature samples also have oxygen isotopic signatures that fall toward the refractory inclusion-rich end of the carbonaceous chondrite-anhydrous mineral (CCAM) slope 1 mixing line. These temperature-depth variations in the ureilite parent body could have been created by a heterogeneous distribution of heat producing elements, which would indicate that isotopic heterogeneities existed in the material from which the ureilite parent body was assembled.
The influence of bedrock weathering on the response of drainage basins and associated alluvial fans to Holocene climates, San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA

The primary factors that control alluvial fan evolution still remain in question particularly for the Holocene. Holocene centennial- and millennial-scale climate fluctuations are relatively subtle and more frequent than those of glacial/interglacial transitions, therefore intrinsic factors such as rock type or basin size are hypothesized to moderate significantly the influence of Holocene climate and climate change on alluvial fan processes. Here, we examine variability in styles and rates of alluvial fan aggradation along a single mountain front that is characterized by basins of varying size and rock type (carbonate versus granite). Basin rock type is more closely correlated to variability in the episodic nature and magnitude of alluvial fan aggradation than is basin area. Bedrock physical and chemical weathering properties control sediment delivery to the piedmont and thus influence alluvial fan aggradation. We suggest that the particle size of grus produced by weathering of granitic rocks fosters sedi...
A partial fraction algorithm

A computer program has been developed to find the partial fraction expansion of a ratio of two polynomials with real coefficients. The program is based on a method suggested by P. Henrici (Eidenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland) and utilizes real numbers only, thus dispensing with complex arithmetic. The program assumes nonrepeated roots for the denominator polynomial. Henrici's technique may be extended to ether situations.