cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple-view approach for smooth information retrieval

Although various visualization techniques have been proposed for information retrieval tasks, most of them are based on a single strategy for viewing and navigating through the information space, and vague knowledge such as a fragment of the name of the object is not effective for the search. In contrast, people usually look for things using various vague clues simultaneously. For example, in a library, people can not only walk through the shelves to find a book they have in mind, but also they can be reminded of the author’s name by viewing the books on the shelf and check the index cards to get more information. To enable such realistic search strategies, we developed a multiple-view information retrieval system where data visualization, keyword search, and category search are integrated with the same smooth zooming interface, and any vague knowledge about the data can be utilized to narrow the search space. Users can navigate through the information space at will, by modifying the search area in each view.
Real-time synchrotron x-ray studies of low- and high-temperature nitridation of c-plane sapphire

The plasma nitridation kinetics of $c$-plane sapphire at both low $(200--300\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C})$ and high $(750\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C})$ substrate temperatures was examined using grazing-incidence real-time x-ray diffraction, in situ x-ray reflection and in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). These monitored the evolution of the nitride thickness, strain, and surface structure during nitridation. The evolution of the $\mathrm{AlN}(10\overline{1}0)$ peak showed that the heteroepitaxial strain in the first layer of nitride is already significantly relaxed relative to the substrate. Subsequent layers grow with increasing relaxation. In both the high- and low-temperature nitridation cases, the results suggest that the early stage nitridation is governed by a complex nucleation and growth process. Nitridation at both temperatures apparently proceeds in a two-dimensional growth mode with the initial nucleating islands consisting of several monolayers which grow laterally. At low temperature the growth slows or even stops after impingement of the nucleating islands covering the surface, possibly due to low diffusivities through the existing layer. Initial formation and growth rates of nucleating islands at high temperatures are comparable to those at low temperatures, but subsequent growth into the substrate is significantly enhanced over the low temperature case, consistent with activation energies of $0.1--0.25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Effect of malnutrition on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Summary One-month-old Lewis rats on low protein-isocaloric diets (malnutrition) since birth failed to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), while all control animals showed severe EAE 14–21 days after injection of guinea pig spinal cord or guinea pig basic protein emulsion in complete Freunds adjuvant. Two- or 3-month-old or adult malnourished animals were not protected from EAE. Weights of brains and spinal cords of malnourished animal were reduced by a factor of 15–30%, but myelin yielding per gram of fresh weight and myelin proteins were similar in control and malnourished animals. Qualitative differences in myelin proteins of malnourished and control animals were not detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It remains to be determined whether changes of myelin encephalitogenic proteins, immune suppression or both factors are responsible for the profound temporary inhibitory effect of malnutrition on EAE.
Burden of disease matters when it comes to systemic therapy for prostate cancer.

In this issue of European Urology, Azad et al. report on the real-world experience in Canada of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate (AA) with prednisone [1]. The investigators focused onmen with poor functional status as determined by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) score, given that patients with poor functional status were underrepresented in the phase 3 trials of AA and are actually more likely to receive this agent in practice compared with taxane-based chemotherapy for multiple reasons. Functional status can be determined by a number of host and tumor-specific factors, ranging from comorbidities and age to prior therapies, neuropathy, anemia, cancerrelated fatigue, or pain. The authors analyzed a number of prognostic factors, including prior castration sensitivity, the pattern ofmetastatic spread, and biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA); in the end, PS was clearly an important and independent factor in determining response and survivalwith AA in this population.What does this paper do to advance our knowledge and treatment decision making? The authors are to be commended for conducting this study in a population of mCRPC patients for whom there is currently a paucity of data: patients with ECOG PS 2. As drugs are approved, they are commonly used in broader populations than those included in clinical trials. AA, in particular, may be used in real-world patients with poorer PS preferentially over chemotherapies because of AA’s relatively tolerable adverse effect profile. As the authors
Optimal cycle times in multistage serial systems with set-up and inventory costs

Scheduling of multistage serial production systems under constant demand and infinite horizon is considered. The production stages operate with periodic shut-downs and startups. An integer nonlinear programming formulation is presented for determining a stationary, cyclic schedule with no stock-outs in any inventory and minimum sum of set-up and inventory costs. It allows a lot-sizing policy involving arbitrary, noninteger splitting/merging of lots. Three, almost optimal, heuristic algorithms and an exact branch and bound algorithm are developed using analytical results. Their evaluation using simulated problems shows the branch and bound algorithm to be the best, as it is fast even for systems with as many as 11 stages.
Some applications of smoothness priors in time series

A variety of time series smoothing problems are considered from a Bayesian "smoothness priors" point of view. The origin of the subject is a smoothing problem posed by Whittaker (1923). Stationary time series and nonstationary mean and nonstationary covariance times series are modeled from a stochastic regression-linear model-Gaussian disturbances framework. Smoothness priors distributions on the model parameters are expressed either in terms of time domain stochastic difference equation or frequency domain constraints. A small number of (hyper) parameters specify very complex time series behavior. The critical computation is the likelihood of the Bayesian model. The computations are realized either by Householder transformation algorithms or Kalman filter state space model methods.
The oligopoly solution tested

Abstract Bresnahan's econometric technique for estimating the type of pricing behavior is applied to an early antitrust case. The empirical results are plausible and suggest that it may be appropriate to use this technique in future antitrust cases.
Behaviour Model Extraction from Software

Model extraction provides a means of automatically generating a model from an existing implementation, thus overcoming the problem of creating an abstraction of a system that can be used for validation and verification of properties. However, the use of model extraction creates a new problem, which is the gap between the constructs and data types of modern programming languages and the more abstract languages used to describe models. Bridging this gap using the correct mapping is essential to make the model useful for any sort of analysis. This paper describes some basic concepts and ideas involving model extraction and the most relevant existing approaches, considering their strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses the work that has been done on model extraction in our research group and challenges still open regarding the extraction of models from code.
A novel Akt/PKB-related kinase is essential for morphogenesis in Dictyostelium.

Abstract Background: Dictyostelium Akt/PKB is homologous to mammalian Akt/PKB and is required for cell polarity and proper chemotaxis during early development. The kinase activity of Akt/PKB kinase is activated in response to chemoattractants in neutrophils and in Dictyostelium by the chemoattractant cAMP functioning via a pathway involving a heterotrimeric G protein and PI3-kinase. Dictyostelium contains several kinases structurally related to Akt/PKB, one of which, PKBR-1, is investigated here for its role in cell polarity, movement and cellular morphogenesis during development. Results: PKBR-1 has a kinase and a carboxy-terminal domain related to those of Akt/PKB, but no PH domain. Instead, it has an amino-terminal myristoylation site, which is required for its constitutive membrane localization. Like Akt/PKB, PKBR-1 is activated by cAMP through a G-protein-dependent pathway, but does not require PI3-kinase, probably because of the constitutive membrane localization of PKBR-1. This is supported by experiments demonstrating the requirement for membrane association for activation and in vivo function of PKBR-1. PKBR-1 protein is found in all cells throughout early development but is then restricted to the apical cells in developing aggregates, which are thought to control morphogenesis. PKBR-1 null cells arrest development at the mound stage and are defective in morphogenesis and multicellular development. These phenotypes are complemented by Akt/PKB, suggesting functional overlap between PKBR-1 and Akt/PKB. Akt/PKB PKBR-1 double knockout cells exhibit growth defects and show stronger chemotaxis and cell-polarity defects than Akt/PKB null cells. Conclusions: Our results expand the previously known functions of Akt/PKB family members in cell movement and morphogenesis during Dictyostelium multicellular development. The results suggest that Akt/PKB and PKBR-1 have overlapping effectors and biological function: Akt/PKB functions predominantly during aggregation to control cell polarity and chemotaxis, whereas PKBR-1 is required for morphogenesis during multicellular development.
Determining indications for adult vaccination: patient self-assessment, medical record, or both?

Abstract Context Eight or more vaccines may be indicated for adults in the United States. Determining if any vaccines are needed requires integrating information on the patient's demographic and behavioral risk factors and health status, the health status of the patient's close contacts, and the patient's immunization history. This process can be time consuming for providers and their staff. We used patient self-assessment as a method of determining which vaccines are indicated for a patient and whether indicated vaccines had been received. Design, setting, and participants Cross-sectional convenience sample of 300 adults in three family practice settings. Participants completed a self-assessment tool to determine if influenza, pneumococcal, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), tetanus, hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines were indicated and previously received. A chart audit was then performed to obtain similar information. Main outcome measures Agreement (kappa statistic [ Results Agreement between the self-assessment tool and chart review was substantial or better only for pneumococcal and MMR vaccines (kappa = 0.65 and 0.85, respectively). For influenza vaccine, agreement improved (from kappa = 0.56 to kappa = 0.74) when indications attributable to health conditions of family members were excluded. Agreement regarding receipt of vaccines was highest for influenza vaccine (kappa = 0.70). Only 57% of patients correctly recalled tetanus vaccination that were documented in the medical record (kappa = −0.04). Kappa statistics were unreliable for hepatitis A and B vaccines because so few vaccinations had been received. Conclusions Discrepancies in agreement regarding indications for vaccines appeared to result from absence of information in the medical record regarding high risk behaviors and family contacts. Lack of agreement regarding vaccines that had been previously been received appeared due to both poor recall and lack of documentation. Combining medical record audit with self-assessment may be the most complete assessment of vaccination status of adults, but requires reconciling disagreements. Electronic medical records and registries that contain information about risk factors and previously administered vaccines may be necessary to overcome some these problems.
The Decline of Tenure in Higher Education Three Analyses of Causes and Consequences

normally taken by constitutionally defined bodies were repeatedly devolved to ad hoc agencies, including courts, designed to organize the populace to deal with what had been deemed exceptional circum stances, a state of "permanent emergency." To be sure, Neumann wrote before Naz ism's totalitarian and genocidal image had crystallized. Nevertheless, as someone who had been a lawyer and political scien tist in the Weimar Republic, he was struck simply by the amount of collectively enforced and casually observed brutality that could be brought about by such an administratively haphazard regime. Per haps something similar might be said about a society dominated by actor-networks? References
Homeostasis of Glutathione Is Associated with Polyamine-Mediated β-Lactam Susceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606

Glutathione is a tripeptide (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) thiol compound existing in many bacteria and maintains a proper cellular redox state thus protecting cells against toxic substances such as reactive oxygen species. Polyamines (spermine and spermidine) are low molecular weight aliphatic polycations ubiquitously presenting in all living cells and modulate many cellular functions. We previously reported that exogenous polyamines significantly enhanced β-lactam susceptibility of β-lactam-associated multidrug resistant A. baumannii . In this study, three genes differentially associated with the polyamine effects on β-lactam susceptibility were identified by transposon mutagenesis of A. baumannii ATCC 19606. All three genes encoded components of membrane transport systems. Inactivating one of the genes encoding a putative glutathione transport ATP-binding protein increased the accumulation of intracellular glutathione (∼150 to ∼200 %) with significantly decreased the polyamine effects on β-lactam susceptibility in A. baumannii ATCC 19606. When the cells were grown with polyamines, the levels of intracellular glutathione of A. baumannii ATCC 19606 significantly decreased from ∼0.5 to ∼0.2 nmol while the levels of extracellular glutathione were correspondingly increased. However, the levels of total glutathione (intra- plus extracellular) unchanged when the cells were grown with or without polyamines. Overall, these results suggest that exogenous polyamines induce the glutathione export resulting in decreased-levels of intracellular glutathione, which may produce improper cellular redox state that is associated with the polyamine-mediated β-lactam susceptibility of A. baumannii . This finding may provide a clue to develop new antimicrobial agents and/or novel strategies to treat multidrug resistant A. baumannii .
Closure of a Chronic, Non-Healing Tracheoesophageal Fistula With a New Over-the-Scope Clip

Tracheoesophageal fistulas can arise from both benign and malignant conditions, and often present clinically as increased secretions, coughing with or without hypoxia after swallowing, and recurrent aspiration pneumonia. We describe a tracheoesophageal fistula in a post-chemotherapy lymphoma patient that was closed with use of an over-the-scope Aponos clip.
Holding intruders accountable on the Internet

This paper addresses the problem of tracing intruders who obscure their identity by logging through a chain of multiple machines. After discussing previous approaches to this problem, we introduce thumbprints which are short summaries of the content of a connection. These can be compared to determine whether two connections contain the same text and are therefore likely to be part of the same connection chain. We enumerate the properties a thumbprint needs to have to work in practice, and then define a class of local thumbprints which have the desired properties. A methodology from multivariate statistics called principal component analysis is used to infer the best choice of thumbprinting parameters from data. Currently our thumbprints require 24 bytes per minute per connection. We develop an algorithm to compare these thumbprints which allows for the possibility that data may leak from one time-interval to the next. We present experimental data showing that our scheme works on a local area network. >
Characterization of inhibitory effects of NH2OH and its N-methyl derivatives on the O2-evolving complex of photosystem II

Inorganic cofactors (Mn, Ca2+ and Cl-) are essential for oxidation of H2O to O2 by Photosystem II. The Mn reductants NH2OH and its N-methyl derivatives have been employed as probes to further examine the interactions between these species and Mn at the active site of H2O oxidation. Results of these studies show that the size of a hydroxylamine derivative regulates its ability to inactivate O2 evolution activity, and that this size-dependent inhibition behavior arises from the protein structure of Photosystem II. A set of anions (Cl-, F- and SO42-) is able to slow NH2OH and CH3NHOH inactivation of intact Photosystem II membranes by exerting a stabilizing influence on the extrinsic 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides. In contrast to this non-specific anion effect, only Cl- is capable of attenuating CH3NHOH and (CH3)2NOH inhibition in salt-washed preparations lacking the 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides. However, Cl- fails to protect against NH2OH inhibition in salt-washed membranes. These results indicate that the attack by NH2OH and its N-methyl derivatives on Mn occurs at different sites in the O2-evolving complex. The small reductant NH2OH acts at a Cl--insensitive site whereas the inhibitions by CH3NHOH and (CH3)2NOH involve a site that is Cl- sensitive. These findings are consistent with earlier studies showing that the size of primary amines controls the Cl- sensitivity of their binding to Mn in the O2-evolving complex.
Transverse maxillary deficiency in Class II and Class III malocclusions: a cephalometric and morphometric study on postero‐anterior films

Structured Abstract Authors – Franchi L, Baccetti T Objectives – The aim of the present study is to evaluate the dentoskeletal features of subjects with either Class II or Class III malocclusions in the mixed dentition using both conventional cephalometric analysis and TPS morphometric analysis applied to posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms. Design – TPS analyses of PA cephalograms on 49 Cl-II, and 20 Cl-III subjects. Tracings were done by hand. Setting and Sample Population – The Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence. Outcome Measure – Size and shape differences between Cl-II and Cl-III malocclusions. Results – Maxillary width was smaller in both Cl-II and Cl-III subjects compared with normal as measured conventionally. The TPS analysis revealed transverse plane compression and extension in the vertical plane. Conclusion – In Cl-II and Cl-III subjects the maxillary width was smaller 2.5 and 4 mm, respectively. TPS analyses corroborate these findings.
Improved Telemanipulator Navigation During Display-Control Misalignments Using Augmented Reality Cues

An augmented reality (AR) cueing method designed to improve teleoperator performance under conditions of display-control misalignment is investigated. The teleoperation task was designed to mimic the operation of space robot arms, which are manipulated using hand controllers (HCs) to orient and translate the body-fixed coordinates at the end effector (EE). Cameras provide visual feedback. However, the pose of the EE seen through the camera hinders operator performance due to misalignments between the displayed EE axes and the HC axes. In this paper, the coordinate system of the EE is graphically overlaid in three dimensions on the video views with uniquely colored axes using AR. The same color scheme is used to label the corresponding axes on the HCs. Operators use these color cues to map each axis on the HCs to the corresponding colored axis of the augmented coordinates at the EE to obtain EE movement in the desired direction. Between-groups and within-participant experiments comparing EE trajectory distance, deviation from path, navigation errors, and HC axis usage were used to determine the effectiveness of the augmented coordinates over conventional teleoperation without augmented coordinates. Significant reductions in EE trajectory distance, deviation from path, navigation errors, and single-axis HC usage were observed when participants manipulated the remote robot with augmented coordinates. The results demonstrate that the use of simple AR cues in remote robot arm teleoperation is beneficial to the operator.
Regression-Based Algorithms for Structural Damage Identification and Localization

Early damage detection and localization is very important for maintenance and retrofit of civil structures. In the past decades, a lot of research has been conducted on structural condition prognosis using vibration measurements, which can be very conveniently procured in large quantities at a moderate cost. Many of these approaches, however, concern only the identification of structural damage existence, and do not attempt higher level damage detection. In this paper, three regressionbased damage detection algorithms are be presented and applied for damage identification in a two-span steel girder in the lab. All of them can perform local damage detection and evaluation to a certain extent. They have different modeling complexities, and thus have different performance levels. Damage identification/localization/severity evaluation results obtained from these algorithms are compared and contrasted.
Catch Me If You Can: Isolating Circulating Tumor Cells from Flowing Blood

Since the discovery that the concentration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood is a strong predictor of survival rate in metastatic breast cancer (1), there has been great enthusiasm for the potential of these cells as a marker for cancer progression. The technical challenge is to isolate these rare cells (1–100 cells/mL) from whole blood with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, while maintaining cell viability for postcapture analysis. The most widespread methods of CTC isolation are based on immunocapture of antigens highly expressed on CTCs. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule and prostate-specific membrane antigen are the most extensively characterized antigens used for immunologic detection of carcinomas (2). These antigens are often used in conjunction with cytokeratin, an epithelial marker, to discriminate CTCs from leukocytes. Immunocapture methods can be divided into bead-based approaches and microfluidic approaches. In bead-based approaches, antibody-coated magnetic nanoparticles bind to CTCs in a suspension of blood cells, and the CTCs are then separated with a magnetic field. This is the basis for Veridex's CellSearch®, the only CTC-enumeration assay cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (3). The disadvantage of this assay is that it requires multiple processing steps—centrifugation, dilution, capture, separation—and leaves the captured cells nonviable. In microfluidic approaches, whole blood is perfused through channels within which cells collide with antibodies immobilized on the channel walls or obstacles within the …
Development and Use of a Gold-Standard Data Set for Subjectivity Classifications

This paper presents a case study of analyzing and improving intercoder reliability in discourse tagging using statistical techniques. Bias-corrected tags are formulated and successfully used to guide a revision of the coding manual and develop an automatic classifier.
Lesion stability characteristics outperform degree of stenosis in predicting outcomes following stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

Background Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Treatment decisions have most commonly been driven by the degree of luminal stenosis. This study compares ICAD lesion stability features with percentage stenosis for associations with adverse outcomes following treatment with stents. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis was performed of prospectively maintained procedure logs. Lesions were classified by symptom type as hypoperfusion, non-hypoperfusion, or indeterminate, and pretreatment asymptomatic intervals were noted. Hypoperfusion lesions and indeterminate or non-hypoperfusion lesions with ≥14 days of asymptomatic interval were classified as stable. Percentage stenosis was calculated and compared against these other symptom features for value in predicting technical complication, ischemic stroke, disability, or death at 90 days and 2 years using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results 130 lesions were treated in 124 patients. The only statistically significant percent stenosis finding was lesions with 60–99% stenosis were less likely to have technical complications. In univariate analysis, stroke at 2 years was less common with hypoperfusion and stable lesions. In multivariate analysis, only hypoperfusion status was associated with lower stroke rates at 2 years. Conclusions Lesion stability features, particularly non-hypoperfusion symptomatology, outperform percentage stenosis in predicting outcomes following treatment of ICAD with stents. Further examination is needed to better classify the natural history of ICAD and more precisely classify lesion stability.
Gravity routing in ad hoc networks: integrating geographical and topology-based routing

Gravity routing is a routing protocol that uses geographical routing such as GPSR to forward packets toward regions, where topology-based routing protocol such as DSR and AODV works well. That is, packets are "gravitated" toward these regions. This hybrid approach has two advantages: first, it can improve the performance of geographical routing by taking into account the existence of such regions; second, topology-based routing is limited to only run in small regions with fewer nodes where it works well. This paper describes the basic concepts of gravity routing, discusses design and implementation considerations, and provides simulation results demonstrating the superiority of the hybrid approach in nonuniform ad hoc networks. In addition, we describe a region-management-free method for gravity routing that avoids the need of maintaining regions.
Iridium, di‐µ‐chlorotetrakis[(1,2‐η)‐cyclooctene]di‐

[12246-51-4] C32H56Cl2Ir2 (MW 896.13) InChI = 1S/4C8H14.CH4Cl.ClH.2Ir/c4*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;1-2;;;/h4*1-2H,3-8H2;2H,1H3;1H;;/q;;;;+1;;;-1/b4*2-1-;;;; InChIKey = MWJHNEFJHWAYLC-XFCUKONHSA-N (reagent used for catalytic hydrosilylation of esters and secondary amides) Alternative Names: bis((µ-chloro)bis(cyclooctene)iridium), [Ir(coe)2Cl]2, where coe = cyclooctene. Physical Data: mp 150 °C (dec.).1 Solubility: soluble in toluene, benzene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone; insoluble in methanol and water. Form Supplied in: bright orange solid available from Strem. Analysis of Reagent Purity: elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: prepared from IrCl3 in isopropanol, cyclooctene, and water at 78 °C for 3 h in 59% yield.1 Can also be prepared from (NH4)3IrCl6 in isopropanol, cyclooctene, and water under reflux for 4 h in 80% yield.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the bright orange solid is air-sensitive. Upon exposure to air, it slowly decomposes to a black solid. The cyclooctene ligands can be readily displaced by ethylene.3
Identification of a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed during Xenopus development

To begin to determine the role of receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases during Xenopus development, we have isolated a cDNA predicted to encode receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase with significant amino acid sequence identity to mouse and human protein tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα). Xenopus PTPα (XPTPα) exists as a maternally expressed mRNA that decreases in expression during gastrulation and then maintains a constant lower level of expression through early tadpole stages. In situ hybridization reveals that XPTPα mRNA is expressed throughout the gastrula stage embryo. During subsequent development, XPTPα mRNA becomes restricted in its expression to various regions of the brain and the visceral arches. XPTPα mRNA is also expressed in several adult tissues and in Xenopus XTC cells. Immunoblot analysis demonstrates that XPTPα protein is expressed at relatively uniform levels throughout development. Expression of XPTPα protein in insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus results in a glycosylated polypeptide of 110–130 kDa with intrinsic phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity. The spatial and temporal patterns of expression of XPTPα indicate that it may play multiple roles during early development including development of the brain. Dev. Dyn. 1998;212:403–412. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nicotine-conditioned locomotor sensitization in rats: assessment of the US-preexposure effect

Abstract In rats, stimulus–nicotine associations can be altered by preexposure to the nicotine US (unconditioned stimulus). This alteration differs with the conditioning preparation. In a conditioned taste avoidance preparation, preexposure to nicotine weakens conditioning. In contrast, nicotine preexposure enhances acquisition of a nicotine-conditioned place preference. No one has examined the effects of US preexposure on nicotine locomotor conditioning. In three separate experiments, we assessed the effects of nicotine preexposure on the subsequent expression of conditioned hyperactivity produced by a nicotine US. We found evidence for nicotine-conditioned locomotor sensitization in non-preexposed rats that received repeated pairings of a distinct context with the psychomotor effects of a 0.42 mg/kg dose of nicotine (free base). Conditioning was not observed at lower nicotine doses (0.18 and 0.11 mg/kg) in non-preexposed rats. Preexposure to the 0.42 and 0.18 mg/kg doses of nicotine (3 or 9 days) attenuated acute locomotor suppression and enhanced the development of locomotor sensitization to that same dose. Despite similar qualitative shifts in the locomotor profile induced by preexposure to the nicotine US, conditioned hyperactivity was only altered after 3 or 9 days of preexposure at the 0.18 mg/kg dose. Thus, similar to place conditioning, nicotine preexposure can enhance the subsequent effectiveness of the nicotine US in a locomotor conditioning preparation.
A 71dB dynamic range third-order ΔΣ TDC using charge-pump

A high resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture is proposed. The architecture combines the principles of noise-shaping quantization and charge-pump to build a third-order ΔΣ TDC with a dedicated feedback DAC. Fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process, the prototype TDC achieves better than 71dB DR and 67dB SNDR in 2.81MHz signal bandwidth (OSR=16) and consumes 2.58mW.
Sientra High-Strength Cohesive Shaped Technique: Roundtable Discussion

A panel of board-certified plastic surgeons chaired by Dr Michael Schwartz convened to discuss their respective experiences with the Sientra High-Strength Cohesive (HSC+) shaped silicone gel breast implants (Sientra, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA). The authors have implanted a combined total of over 700 patients. Preoperative planning, surgical techniques, and practice integration tips are among the topics reviewed. The surgeons also present breakthrough cases and describe how the HSC+ textured implants helped them achieve a successful outcome. Level of Evidence 5![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Patterns of Genetic Variability in Anopheles quadrimaculatis (sensu stricto) (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Eastern Arkansas

Electrophoretically detectable isozyme differences in 15 populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say) (sensu stricto) from eastern Arkansas were compared to measure levels of genetic diversity and study the sources of the variation. All of the enzyme loci had 2–7 alleles. Average levels of polymorphism per population were 88.9%. Heterozygotes for alleles of at least 1 of the 9 loci made up an average overall loci of 0.323 ± 0.078 of the individuals examined. F-statistic analysis suggested a small, but statistically significant interpopulation differentiation of heterozygote frequency. The reduced heterozygote frequency was not attributable to the presence of more than one species in any population nor to the preferential use of oviposition habitats by certain populations within the species. Nei’s distance values for pairwise population comparisons were small (<0.06). Correlation between genetic and geographic distance matrices was not significant. Migration among populations in the agricultural areas of the Arkansas delta region is apparently sufficient to homogenize most of the genetic divergence arising because of habitat or geographic isolation between populations in the region.
Trauma to the Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra

Urologic injury is usually initially unsuspected in the patient who has undergone trauma. Methods for detecting urologic injury are discussed and specific injuries to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and their means of repair are described.
Remarks on Holomorphicity in Three Settings: Complex, Quaternionic, and Bicomplex

We compare holomorphicity in three distinct settings: complex, quaternionic, and bicomplex variables. We show how the analysis in the complex case can be extended in substantially different directions when dealing with quaternions or bicomplex numbers. In particular, we highlight the different dimensionality of hyperfunctions in the three settings.
On the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction with super-hydrophobic surfaces

The mechanism of turbulent drag reduction (DR) with super-hydrophobic (SH) surfaces is investigated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) and analysis of the governing equations in channel flow. The DNS studies were performed using lattice Boltzmann methods in channels with ‘idealized’ SH surfaces on both walls, comprised of longitudinal micro-grooves (MG), transverse MG, or micro-posts. DRs of to , to , and to were realized in DNS with longitudinal MG, transverse MG, and micro-posts, respectively. By mathematical analysis of the governing equations, it is shown that, in SH channel flows with any periodic SH micro-pattern on the walls, the magnitude of DR can be expressed as , where the first term represents the DR resulting from the effective slip on the walls, and the second term represents the DR or drag increase (DI) resulting from modifications to the turbulence dynamics and any secondary mean flows established in the SH channel compared to a channel flow with no-slip walls at the same bulk Reynolds number as the SH channel. Comparison of this expression to DNS results shows that, with all SH surface micro-patterns studied, between 80 % and 100 % of the DR in turbulent flow arises from the effective slip on the walls. Modifications to the turbulence dynamics contribute no more than 20 % of the total DR with longitudinal MG or micro-posts of high shear-free fraction (SFF), and a DI with transverse MG or micro-posts of moderate SFF. The effect of the SH surface on the normalized dynamics of turbulence is found to be small in all cases, and confined to additional production of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) within a thin ‘surface layer’ of thickness of the order of the width of surface micro-indentations. Outside of this ‘surface layer’, the normalized dynamics of turbulence proceeds as in a turbulent channel flow with no-slip walls at the friction Reynolds number of the SH channel flow.
Problem Set: Inventory Flow Diagrams

This note contains exercises based on published data on inventory flow diagrams. It is intended to accompany "Inventory Flow Models"(UVA-OM-0120).
The Effect of Parenting Style on Social Smiling in Infants at High and Low Risk for ASD.

This study examined how parenting style at 9 months predicts growth in infant social engagement (i.e., social smiling) between 9 and 18 months during a free-play interaction in infants at high (HR-infants) and low (LR-infants) familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results indicated that across all infants, higher levels of maternal responsiveness were concurrently associated with higher levels of social smiling, while higher levels of maternal directiveness predicted slower growth in social smiling. When accounting for maternal directiveness, which was higher in mothers of HR-infants, HR-infants exhibited greater growth in social smiling than LR-infants. Overall, each parenting style appears to make a unique contribution to the development of social engagement in infants at high- and low-risk for ASD.
Balancing Behaviors: Design-Relevant Phenomena in Couples’ Argumentation via Different Media

Technological communication has not been designed with couples in mind. Technological communication has not been designed with discourses of dispute in mind. Yet couples argue, and couples argue over technology. To understand the significance of this and to enable future design of better technologies, we need to describe the constituent elements of these activities as they are lived. Using a body of work of couples’ discussions under different technological conditions, we explicate and elaborate the prior literature on discourses of dispute, drawing attention to previously unnoticed aspects of couple’s discourses of dispute. We use this to start deeper discussion about the meaning of technology and couples’ discourses of dispute.
On New Economic Geography:Introspection and Prospects

Although new economic geography(NEG)only has experienced a development history of near twenty years,NEG has risen to fame.NEG uses discontinuous and non-monotonic processes to explain the differences in regional economic development,and tries to uncover the mystery of unbalanced development of regional economy.Through serious introspection for the development of NEG,it is necessary for us to further expand the explanation scope of NEG and optimize the explanation capability of empirical analysis based on the reality in China to provide new ideas for the solution to the issues of economic development and make due contributions to economic development with Chinese characteristics.
Epidemiology of hand foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Yunnan,2008-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease( HFMD)outbreaks in Yunnan province,and provide evidence for the development of HFMD prevention and control measures.Methods The incidence data of HFMD outbreaks in Yunnan from 2008 to 2013 were collected to conduct descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results A total of 72 outbreaks of HFMD were reported in Yunnan during this period,involving1513 cases and 1 death. The attack rate was 4. 51%. The annual incidence peaks were during April-July and NovemberDecember. The 3 years old children in child care settings were mostly affected,and more cases occurred in boys than girls.Conclusion HFMD mainly affects the 3 years old children in child care settings during spring-summer and during autumnwinter. It is recommended to take multi samples in the response to the outbreak to increase the detection rate of the pathogens.
Risk Assessment of Water Pollution Exposure to Hazardous Waste Sites: A Case Study in Bexar County, Texas

ABSTRACTHazardous waste sites pose potential health risks for the public. Because water is one of the primary pathways of transporting waste site contaminants, it is critical to evaluate the risks of water pollution exposure to hazardous waste sites. Because risk assessment involves qualitative human reasoning processes and many uncertainties, fuzzy logic theory has been applied. This study conducted a risk assessment of water pollution exposure to hazardous waste sites in Bexar County in the state of Texas, using the human intake model under the fuzzy logic framework. Results from this study were compared against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates regarding the size of population at risk based on the field sampling in monitoring sites. This study can assist in the analysis of associations between exposure to hazardous waste sites and adverse health effects in epidemiologic studies and provide useful information for decision making.
Logic: The Laws of Truth

There are two complementary paradoxes about logic. The first arises from the following fact. We can talk about the formal properties of a sentence—those aspects of the sentence that have to do with...
China's auto industry: success despite policy

China's industrial policy aimed to foster 'national' producers of a low-cost 'people's car' based on domestic technology that would serve as an engine for exports. Toward that end the government employed a strategy of import substitution industrialisation (ISI). Narrowly interpreted, this policy has been an abject failure: national producers struggle, cars are neither utilitarian nor domestic in technology, while exports are limited. Nevertheless, China is today the world's largest producer of passenger vehicles, with high levels of local content and increasing levels of local engineering. It is poised to become a modest export base and a locus for vehicle engineering and development by global auto firms.
Use of concurrent chemoradiation in advanced staged (T4) laryngeal cancer

Abstract Hypothesis Patients with advanced laryngeal cancer sometimes desire organ preservation protocols even if it portends a worse outcome. Background To assess outcomes of patients with T4 laryngeal cancer treated with chemoradiation therapy. Methods Case series with chart review at a tertiary university hospital. Twenty-four patients with T4 laryngeal cancer all declined total laryngectomy with adjuvant radiation as the primary treatment modality and alternatively received concurrent chemoradiation therapy. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of tracheotomy dependence, gastric tube dependence, and need for salvage laryngectomy. Results All patients had T4 laryngeal disease, 71% had cartilage invasion and 59% had regional metastasis to the neck. Kaplan–Meier analysis determined 2-year and 5-year overall survival to be 64% and 59% respectively. The locoregional recurrence rate was 25%. The distant metastasis rate was 21%. The rate of salvage laryngectomy was 17%, which occurred at a mean of 56.5 months after the original diagnosis. The rate of tracheotomy dependence was 33% while gastric tube dependence was 25%. Conclusion Advanced T4 laryngeal cancer, particularly with cartilage invasion, remains a surgical disease best treated with total laryngectomy and adjuvant radiation. This data may help guide patients and practitioners considering concurrent chemoradiation therapy for definitive treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer.
Emergence of Multielectrode Mapping On the Road to Higher Resolution

The technological imperative is changing the field of electrophysiology, and we are currently at a crossroads in complex ablation. The rapid emergence of electroanatomic mapping with multielectrode catheters was spawned out of both intellectual necessity (desire for mechanistic insights into arrhythmias) and clinical necessity (to expedite mapping time). During the 1980s, mapping with single-point catheters and multielectrode catheters was proven to be useful for arrhythmia substrate characterization in the intraoperative setting.1,2 In 1999, single-point catheter-based mapping was first validated using the CARTO system by Callans et al3 in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. This validation was performed with 75 endocardial points, and the electroanatomic map obviated the reliance on fluoroscopic substrate-based ablation within regions of low voltage and quickly became the central platform for scar-based ventricular tachycardia (VT) procedures. Seventeen years later, the validation of an automated mapping system (Rhythmia; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) with microelectrodes on a miniature basket catheter was demonstrated in a porcine model, with an average of >8000 mapping points.4,5 It is a foregone conclusion that as a field, we are already on the road to higher resolution with multielectrode catheters becoming the new mainstay for mapping of complex arrhythmias. Several questions require further examination as the optimal role of multielectrode mapping remains to be fully defined (1) How did we get here? (2) What are the obstacles that lie ahead? (3) Where is our ultimate destination? See Article by Tschabrunn et al Multielectrode catheters have been implemented routinely for rapid diagnosis for supraventricular tachycardias using coronary sinus activation and in the anterolateral right atrium for cavotricuspid isthmus flutter since the early 1990s.6 However, simultaneous acquisition of this electrical information into electroanatomic mapping systems to detail scar did not gain popularity throughout the 1990s to early 2000s, …
Dendritic cells in host response to biologic scaffolds

Tissue regeneration and repair require a highly complex and orchestrated series of events that require inflammation, but can be compromised when inflammation is excessive or becomes chronic. Macrophages are one of the first cells to contact and respond to implanted materials, and mediate the inflammatory response. The series of events following macrophage association with biomaterials has been well-studied. Dendritic cells (DCs) also directly interact with biomaterials, are critical for specific immune responses, and can be activated in response to interactions with biomaterials. Yet, much less is known about the responses by DCs. This review discusses what we know about DC response to biomaterials, the underlying mechanisms involved, and how DCs can be influenced by the macrophage response to biomaterials. Lastly, I will discuss how biomaterials can be manipulated to enhance or suppress DC function to promote a specific desirable immune response - a major goal for implantable biologically active therapeutics.