cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating between local cytotoxicity, mitogenesis, and genotoxicity in carcinogen risk assessments: the case of vinyl acetate

Understanding the mode of action of carcinogens is critical to scientifically assessing exposure-related risk. Regulatory hazard classification schemes and dose-response assessment paradigms generally require basic knowledge of genotoxic potential to guide decisions on which scheme or paradigm is most appropriate. Although convention suggests that classification and dose-response assessment of genotoxic chemicals should be assessed using conservative assumptions of no threshold, several examples, such as vinyl acetate, exist that challenge this assumption. Vinyl acetate is carcinogenic at portals of entry (nasal cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract). Local metabolism of vinyl acetate produces DNA-reactive acetaldehyde but also produces acetic acid and protons, which contribute to intracellular acidification, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. This paper reviews their relative contributions to the overall mode of action. Elevated cellular proliferation, well understood to be a risk factor for carcinogenesis, is observed at concentrations associated with tumor formation. Cytotoxicity and compensatory tissue regeneration is one pathway for stimulating cellular proliferation while intracellular acidification is a mitogenic stimulus. Both of these pathways may be operative in nasal tissues while mitogenic proliferation alone appears to be induced in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model, quantitative relationships between critical tissue dosimeters and tissue responses are developed to assess the relative importance of genotoxicity and cell proliferation in the overall mode of action of vinyl acetate. This approach supports the concept that intracellular acidification is the sentinel response that precedes cytotoxicity and cellular proliferation. Secondarily, the carcinogenic potential of vinyl acetate is expressed only when tissue exposure to acetaldehyde is high and when cellular proliferation is simultaneously elevated. This mode of action suggests that exposure levels that do not increase intracellular acidification beyond homeostatic bounds will be adequately protective of adverse downstream responses including cancer. These mechanistic insights provide the scientific basis for a cancer classification that incorporates thresholds for cytotoxic and/or mitogenic cell proliferation secondary to intracellular acidification.
Regeneration in Antennularia

1) When pieces of a colony ofAntennularia antennina, 5 to 6 cm. long and variously oriented, are attached to the cork blades of a wheel (radius 7 cm.), making one revolution in 20 minutes, they regenerate stems in various directions, apparently independent of the influence of gravity. 2) In these experiments the pieces ofAntennularia produced practically no roots. It is therefore possible that regeneration of roots inA. antennina is dependent on the influence of gravity.
Modifications of Competitive Group Testing

Many fault-detection problems fall into the following model: There is a set of $n$ items, some of which are defective. The goal is to identify the defective items by using the minimum number of tests. Each test is on a subset of items and tells whether the subset contains a defective item or not. Let $M_{\alpha}(d, n) (M_{\alpha}(d\,|\,n))$ denote the maximum number of tests for an algorithm $\alpha$ to identify $d$ defectives from a set of $n$ items provided that $d$, the number of defective items, is known (unknown) before the testing. Let $M(d, n) = \min_{\alpha} M_{\alpha}(d, n)$. An algorithm $\alpha$ is called a {\it competitive algorithm\/} if there exist constants $c$ and $a$ such that for all $n > d > 0$, $M_{\alpha}(d\,|\,n) \leq cM(d, n) + a$. This paper confirms a recent conjecture that there exists a bisecting algorithm $A$ such that $M_A(d\,|\,n) \leq 2M(d, n) + 1$. Also, an algorithm $B$ such that $M_B(d\,|\,n) \leq 1.65M(d, n) + 10$ is presented.
Office surgical treatment of injuries of the knee

Abstract 1. 1. The importance of the knee is stressed as a functional, industrial and social asset. Treatment must be directed to the preservation of these qualities. 2. 2. Injuries to the knee which can be safely and effectively treated in the office are enumerated and their care described. 3. 3. Various disabilities are noted and their permanent effects stated. Their evaluation must be based on objective findings.
Toward a multi-disciplinary model for bio-robotic systems

The design of robotic systems involves contributions from several areas of science and engineering. Electrical, mechanical and software components must be integrated to form the final system. Increasingly, simulation tools are being introduced into the design flow as a means to verify the performance of particular subsystems. In order to accurately simulate the complete robotic system we propose a framework that allows designers to describe the robotic system as an interconnection of mechanical, electrical, and software components, with well defined mechanisms for communicating with each other. Through this, we form a multi-disciplinary model that captures both the dynamics of the individual subsystems, and the dynamics resulting from the interconnection of the above subsystems. As a case-study, we will apply the framework to a biologically inspired robotic snake.
Homology assessment and molecular sequence alignment

Hypotheses of homology are the basis of phylogenetic analysis. All character data are considered to be equivalent regardless of the source of those characters. Putative homology statements are designated based on observations of similarity. Pairwise sequence alignment using the Needleman Wunsch algorithm is the basis for similarity maximization between molecular sequences. Multiple sequence alignment uses this algorithm in a topologically hierarchical framework. The resulting hypotheses of homology are tested in conjunction with character congruence through parsimony. This review introduces some underlying principles of phylogenetic analysis as they pertain homology testing and DNA sequence alignment.
The New Localism: Re-examining Issues of Neighborhood and Community in Public Education

Introduction There is a re-emerging interest in the role of the locality in American education. This has been occurring directly alongside a more recent emphasis upon na-tional standards, state and federal mandat es, and international comparisons of gains in student achievement. “The New Localism,” as this movement is called, is not a denial and refutation of national goals and centralizing reforms. It is, rather, a refocusing of attention upon local districts, communities, and neighborhoods in the context of national and even global educational objec-tives. A nationalizing of education policy and the re-emergence of localism are closely linked. As Henig and Stone (2008) have noted, local schooling is no longer as fully insulated as in past de cades from broader societal agendas and competing, even clashing, “solutions” to school improvement. Despite its eroding autonomy, the locality is still the central point of responsibility and implementation in education. In fact, th e constraints of increased national and state prescriptiveness in policymaking are pulling local educators even more fully into the special details and nuances of their own particular contexts (see Henig & Stone, p. 203). Additionally, the notion that the “schools can’t do it alone” is gaining renewed strength. A rejuvenated interest in school-community relationships, and the development of locally-based social capital, for example, are just some of the categories of refocused attention in education amid national standards (see Rothman, 2007; Rothstein, 2004).
Mitigation of Radiation-Induced Damage by Targeting EGFR in Noncancerous Human Epithelial Cells

Methyl-2-cyano-3,12 dioxoolean-1,9 diene-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is an antioxidative, anti-inflammatory modulator, which activates the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. While CDDO-Me has radioprotective activity through Nrf2 activation in vitro and in vivo, its ability to mitigate radiation-induced damage when provided after irradiation has not been studied. Here we investigated whether CDDO-Me mitigates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage in immortalized normal human colonic epithelial cells (HCECs) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). DNA damage and clonogenic survival were assessed after treatment with CDDO-Me postirradiation. We observed that treatment with CDDO-Me within 30 min after irradiation improved both DNA damage repair and clonogenic survival independently of Nrf2. CDDO-Me activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related DNA repair responses. In the presence of CDDO-Me, EGFR is phosphorylated and translocates into the nucleus where it interacts with DNA-PKcs. CDDO-Me-mediated mitigation activity can be abrogated through depletion of EGFR, ectopic overexpression of mutant EGFR or inhibition of DNA-PKcs. While post-treatment of CDDO-Me protected noncancerous HCECs and HBECs against IR, cancer cells (HCT116 and MCF7) were not protected by CDDO-Me. These results suggest that targeting EGFR using CDDO-Me is a promising radiation mitigator with potential utility for first responders to nuclear accidents.
Trajectories of Antisocial Behavior and Psychosocial Maturity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Most theorizing about desistance from antisocial behavior in late adolescence has emphasized the importance of individuals’ transition into adult roles. In contrast, little research has examined how psychological development in late adolescence and early adulthood contributes desistance. The present study examined trajectories of antisocial behavior among serious juvenile offenders from 14 through 22 years of age and tested how impulse control, suppression of aggression, future orientation, consideration of others, personal responsibility, and resistance to peer influence distinguished between youths who persisted in antisocial behavior and youths who desisted. Different patterns of development in psychosocial maturity from adolescence to early adulthood, especially with respect to impulse control and suppression of aggression, distinguished among individuals who followed different trajectories of antisocial behavior. Compared with individuals who desisted from antisocial behavior, youths who persisted in antisocial behavior exhibited deficits in elements of psychosocial maturity, particularly in impulse control, suppression of aggression, and future orientation.
The Career Transitions Inventory: Measuring Internal Resources in Adulthood:

The purpose of this article is to describe the development and application of the Career Transition Inventory (CTI; Heppner, 1991). The CTI is designed to assess psychological resources, or conversely barriers, that adults may experience during a career transition. This article discusses the CTI scale construction, including its theoretical base, factor analysis, reliability, and validity estimates. In addition, information is provided on how to interpret the various scales to adults in career transition.
Automated detection of follow-up appointments using text mining of discharge records

Objective. To determine whether text mining can accurately detect specific follow-up appointment criteria in free-text hospital discharge records. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Mayo Clinic Rochester hospitals. Participants. Inpatients discharged from general medicine services in 2006 (n ¼ 6481). Interventions. Textual hospital dismissal summaries were manually reviewed to determine whether the records contained specific follow-up appointment arrangement elements: date, time and either physician or location for an appointment. The data set was evaluated for the same criteria using SAS w Text Miner software. The two assessments were compared to determine the accuracy of text mining for detecting records containing follow-up appointment arrangements. Main Outcome Measures. Agreement of text-mined appointment findings with gold standard (manual abstraction) including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Results. About 55.2% (3576) of discharge records contained all criteria for follow-up appointment arrangements according to the manual review, 3.2% (113) of which were missed through text mining. Text mining incorrectly identified 3.7% (107) follow-up appointments that were not considered valid through manual review. Therefore, the text mining analysis concurred with the manual review in 96.6% of the appointment findings. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 96.8 and 96.3%, respectively; and PPV and NPV were 97.0 and 96.1%, respectively. Analysis of individual appointment criteria resulted in accuracy rates of 93.5% for date, 97.4% for time, 97.5% for physician and 82.9% for location. Conclusion. Text mining of unstructured hospital dismissal summaries can accurately detect documentation of follow-up appointment arrangement elements, thus saving considerable resources for performance assessment and quality-related research.
RECOMBINATION AS A REQUIREMENT FOR SEGREGATION OF A PARTIALLY DIPLOID MUTANT OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

Conditions are described in which the pneumococcal mutant strain sulr-c, resistant to the drug sulfanilamide, gives rise to sensitive segregants resistant to nitrobenzoic acid at a frequency constant with time. This segregant frequency is markedly enhanced upon exposure of the cells to doses of ultraviolet light or mitomycin C that permit survival of 50% to 90% of the cells. Treatment with acridine orange diminishes the segregant frequency. From the known influences of these three agents on genetic recombination, we propose that a recombination event is necessary in the generation of segregants.--During a period of incubation following treatment with ultraviolet light or mitomycin C, cell division resumes and the original segregant frequency is restored. Thus potential segregants are either unable to replicate in the absence of selection, or they are under-represented among the cells dividing soon after treatment.--If the sulr-c mutation is introduced into a mutant pneumococcal strain lacking an ATP-dependent exonuclease activity and deficient in recombination with transforming DNA, segregant frequencies are unaffected. This fact may indicate limits upon the type of recombination event responsible for segregation.
The Use of Ultrasonic Energy for Cleaning Eggs

Abstract ULTRASONIC cleaning employs high frequency sound waves to build and collapse (cavitate and decavitate) thousands of microscopic bubbles within a liquid cleaning medium. The collapsing and reforming of these minute bubbles results in agitation, and a scrubbing effect on soil. The scrubbing action in a solution is accomplished by cavitation (Carlin, 1949). Sound waves, passing through a liquid, create small vacuum pockets which almost immediately collapse. The rapid implosion of thousands of these cavitations results in a scrubbing action, particularly at the interface between the product and the soil to be removed. A scrubbing action by itself, whether generated electronically or by any other means, is not sufficient. The primary purpose of agitation is to increase the physical and chemical soil-removing action of the cleaning solution. Once loosened, the soil must be held in suspension in the solution and must be kept from redeposition on the eggs. For this purpose, …
When is a Health Department not a Health Department? The Case of the US Department of Health and Human Services

Given the current policy debate over health reform in the United States, it is not possible to describe the organizational structure that might emerge from this process. This article explores five of the attributes that underpin the context for a discussion of the structure and operation of a health bureaucracy in the USA. First, ambivalence in the US society about a public commitment to health and a general scepticism about a significant public sector in this area. Second, separation within the system between types of activities (e.g. health research activities, provision of services, and financing of health efforts). Third, the health system operates in the context of a government with shared powers as well as federalism and an assumption that some issues belong to states, and sometimes localities, and not to the federal government. Fourth, difficulty in the US system when it attempts to focus on prevention activities. And fifth, the structure of HHS creates tensions between management initiatives and professional expertise and standards. The article concludes with a discussion of possible organizational alternatives.
Family history of lung cancer in never smokers with non-small-cell lung cancer and its association with tumors harboring EGFR mutations

Abstract Introduction Inherited susceptibility to lung cancer is understudied. Never smokers are an important subgroup of patients enriched for tumors harboring oncogene aberrations in the EGFR and ALK genes. We aimed to better characterize the incidence of family history of lung cancer among never smokers with NSCLC. Methods Clinicopathologic data, tumor genotype, family history of cancer, and specifically family history of lung cancer from 230 consecutive never smokers was retrospectively compiled and analyzed. Results In our cohort, the median age was 56 years, 67% were women, 75% were white, 59% had advanced NSCLC and 87% had adenocarcinoma histology. In these tumors, 98/230 (42%) had an EGFR mutation, 17/155 (11%) had KRAS mutations and 27/127 (21%) had an ALK translocation. Family history of any cancer was common (57%) and specific family history of lung cancer was present in 42/230 cases (18%). The percentage of cases with family history of lung cancer was higher in the EGFR mutated versus EGFR wild-type NSCLCs. Out of the cases with a family history of any cancer, 22/53 (41.5%) EGFR mutated, 1/5 (20%) KRAS mutated and 3/19 (15.5%) ALK translocated cohorts had a family history of lung cancer. The ratio of family history of lung cancer to family history of cancer was significantly higher in the EGFR mutated cohort when compared to the ALK translocated plus KRAS mutated cohorts ( p = 0.039). Conclusions Family history of lung cancer is common in never smokers with NSCLC, and there seems to be a particular link in families in which the proband has an EGFR mutated tumor when compared to ALK translocated or KRAS mutated tumors. Further study of families with EGFR -mutated NSCLC may yield insights into the pathogenesis of this tumor type.
Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in wurtzite aluminum nitride

Abstract We present the steady-state, velocity-field characteristics of wurtzite aluminum nitride, determined using an ensemble Monte Carlo approach. A three valley model for the conduction band is employed and ionized impurity, polar optical phonon, piezoelectric, deformation potential and intervalley scattering mechanisms are considered. We find that aluminum nitride exhibits peak and saturation drift velocities of 1.7 × 10 7 cm s −1 and 1.4 × 10 7 cm s −1 , respectively, at a temperature of 300 K and a doping concentration of 1.0 × 10 17 cm −3 . The sensitivity of these steady-state results to variations in temperature and doping concentration is examined and is found to be much less than that of gallium arsenide. We also explore the sensitivity of our results to variations in the piezoelectric constant and demonstrate that piezoelectric scattering plays a significant role in determining the form of the wurtzite aluminum nitride velocity-field characteristic.
Profiling Virtual Employees The Impact of Managing Virtually

Leaders in the age of virtual work require an understanding of how this affects their employees' relations with management. From a survey of employees working in a variety of virtual and convention...
Optimal Mean-Square Noise Benefits in Quantizer-Array Linear Estimation

A new theorem shows that additive quantizer noise decreases the mean-squared error of threshold-array optimal and suboptimal linear estimators. The initial rate of this noise benefit improves as the number of threshold sensors or quantizers increases. The array sums the outputs of identical binary quantizers that receive the same random input signal. The theorem further shows that zero-symmetric uniform quantizer noise gives the fastest initial decrease in mean-squared error among all finite-variance zero-symmetric scale-family noise. These results apply to all bounded continuous signal densities and all zero-symmetric scale-family quantizer noise with finite variance.
1.6.4 Requirement Management Versus Models

This paper will discuss the experience of two projects that wanted to manage requirements and design their system using a model-based design process. The effect on the engineering community was significant. Trying to use requirement management tools that are specification-based in a model-based design process also had problems. The experiences of these projects will be used to form conclusions that will be of benefit to other projects that want to move into model-based design.
Specific minor groove solvation is a crucial determinant of DNA binding site recognition

The DNA sequence preferences of nearly all sequence specific DNA binding proteins are influenced by the identities of bases that are not directly contacted by protein. Discrimination between noncontacted base sequences is commonly based on the differential abilities of DNA sequences to allow narrowing of the DNA minor groove. However, the factors that govern the propensity of minor groove narrowing are not completely understood. Here we show that the differential abilities of various DNA sequences to support formation of a highly ordered and stable minor groove solvation network are a key determinant of non-contacted base recognition by a sequence-specific binding protein. In addition, disrupting the solvent network in the non-contacted region of the binding site alters the protein’s ability to recognize contacted base sequences at positions 5‐6 bases away. This observation suggests that DNA solvent interactions link contacted and noncontacted base recognition by the protein.
Influence of Plastic Deformation of Particulates on Flexure Toughness of Brittle Matrix Composite

In ductile-particulate reinforced composites with relatively low filler contents, the fracture toughness is dominated by the crack trapping effect. In this paper, this phenomenon is discussed in detail in context of R-curve analysis. The total fracture work is decomposed into the work of separation of matrix and the traction work associated with particulate rupture. It is concluded that, since the energy dissipation subsequent to the onset of unstable crack propagation does not affect the critical condition, the load bearing capacity of the particulates cannot be fully utilized. A closed-form expression relating the fracture toughness to the hardening behavior is obtained.
A Longitudinal Study of the New York Times Science Times Section

The weekly science section of the New York Times, Science Times, is an important and influential entity in science journalism. This article presents the results of an in-depth, longitudinal study of Science Times over twenty years. Sampling every five years from 1980 to 2000, the authors analyzed changes in the size of the section, advertising, and coverage emphasis in terms of disciplines and themes treated. Science Times grew from 1.7 pages per issue, on average (excluding advertising), in 1980 to 5.4 pages per issue in 2000. While the downturn in computerrelated advertising is often blamed for the demise of science sections in other newspapers, Science Times was bigger in 2000 than during the boom years of computer-related advertising. Medicine, health, and behavior received the most attention overall, although the proportion varied over time. While research findings were the most frequent theme, explanations, reviews, and profiles were a substantial component. The findings are discussed with regard to the institutional history of Science Times.
Computing the minimal polynomial by using Koenig's theorem

An algorithm is given to determine the transfer function or minimal realisation of a finite-dimensional linear time-invariant system from its Markov parameters or time moments. The method makes a direct computation of the minimal polynomial by using Koenig's theorem.
Hannah Arendt: Towards a Democratic Architecture

Architecture is combination of the two Greek words archē and technē. Archē connotes the practice of power, sovereignty, dominion, and command but also initiation and action. Technē refers to technical knowledge that can be systematized but also something that is contrived as a skill or a practice. Though technē usually indicates a system of rules or method of making or doing it can also have the more allusive sense of an art. So architecture harbors two visions of power and knowledge. The first prioritizes an order that revolves around expert knowledge, hierarchy, and command. Architecture which prioritizes this kind of rule is perhaps most familiar. It is seen in the architecture that literally brings order to our daily experience of the world. In spite of its many benefits, however, this kind of architectural order would seem incompatible with a tradition of democratic politics that has its origins in agitation and revolution. According to this tradition of thought and practice, democratic politics is alternatively characterized by spontaneous agitation, for instance in protest politics or civil disobedience, or something like the less institutional but still widespread habits, moeurs, and customs that Tocqueville identified as the basis of democratic culture in America. In either version, democratic political knowledge appears distant from the rule that privileges technical expertise. But what of the second form of architecture suggested by the terms archē and technē? What would constitute an architecture of initiation that draws on more diffuse and experiential forms of knowledge? If this architecture were somehow more democratic, how could it avoid the fate of so many revolutionary movements which often pass out of the world as quickly as they appear? What kind of architecture might sustain the tension between stability and dynamism inherent in these two contending definitions of architecture? This paper turns to the twins concerns for stability and dynamism found in work of Hannah Arendt, along with her comments on the relationship of architecture to politics, to suggest what might constitute a 'democratic architecture.'
NMDA-induced calcium loads recycle across the mitochondrial inner membrane of hippocampal neurons in culture.

Mitochondria sequester N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced Ca2+ loads and regulate the shape of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) responses in neurons. When isolated mitochondria are expos...
Origin Stories, Archaeological Evidence, and Postclovis Paleoindian Bison Hunting on the Great Plains

Reconstructions of the Paleoindian period are archaeology's origin stories about the native people of North America. These reconstructions have strongly emphasized great differences between recent and ancient Native Americans, echoing a perspective with its roots in the nineteenth century. One central component of the differences archaeologists have seen lies in the way that Paleoindian groups moved across the landscape. Particularly on the Great Plains, these movements have been seen as unpredictable and nonrepetitive, with this view founded largely in interpretations of evidence from large bison kills. This paper compares the overall patterns of post-Clovis Paleoindian and post-Paleoindian communal bison hunting on the Plains, arguing that there is no evidence of rapid or substantial change in such hunting at the end of the Paleoindian period. Although hunting practices did not remain exactly the same over time, most of the basic characteristics of Paleoindian hunting were common on the Plains for millennia. Only the northern Plains stands out from this, and it does so only within the last 2,000 to 3,000 years, probably in reaction to the development of continent-wide exchange networks. Paleoindians certainly lived different lives than did later occupants of the Great Plains, but the literature significantly exaggerates the magnitude of this difference.
Community Politics and Urban Redevelopment: Poletown, Detroit, and General Motors

Faced with the imminent loss of its industrial base, Detroit undertook the Central Industrial Park Project to prepare a site for a proposed General Motors assembly plant. By recalculating the benefits and costs involved in that project, this article raises questions concerning the appropriateness of using benefit cost analysis as the sole determinant of local redevelopment policy, and offers a framework for understanding community power in the light of the experiences of Detroit. Rejecting pluralist and reformist notions of community power that focus on who directly benefits, this article suggests that the locus of community power rests with those factions in the community that succeed in maximizing their potential for future gain. Furthermore, any examination of community power at any given moment must also include an analysis of past outcomes. The range of possible outcomes in the present is constrained by the nature of past confrontations between factions within the community.
Mentoring and Self-Determination Theory: The Impact of Motivation upon the Phases of Mentoring.

Drawing on both theoretical and empirical evidence, we propose a model that examines how the quality of one’s motivation influences the mentoring process and outcomes. More specifically, we utilize...
Noninvasive prenatal screening or advanced diagnostic testing: caveat emptor

The past few years have seen extraordinary advances in prenatal genetic practice led by 2 major technological advances; next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA in the maternal plasma to noninvasively identify fetal chromosome abnormalities, and microarray analysis of chorionic villus sampling and amniotic fluid samples, resulting in increased cytogenetic resolution. Noninvasive prenatal screening of cell-free DNA has demonstrated sensitivity and specificity for trisomy 21 superior to all previous screening approaches with slightly lower performance for other common aneuploidies. These tests have rapidly captured an increasing market share, with substantial reductions in the number of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis performed suggesting that physicians and patients regard such screening approaches as an equivalent replacement for diagnostic testing. Simultaneously, many clinical programs have noted significant decreases in patient counseling. In 2012 the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development funded a blinded comparison of karyotype with the emerging technology of array comparative genomic hybridization showing that in patients with a normal karyotype, 2.5% had a clinically relevant microdeletion or duplication identified. In pregnancies with an ultrasound-detected structural anomaly, 6% had an incremental finding, and of those with a normal scan, 1.6% had a copy number variant. For patients of any age with a normal ultrasound and karyotype, the chance of a pathogenic copy number variant is greater than 1%, similar to the age-related risk of aneuploidy in the fetus of a 38 year old. This risk is 4-fold higher than the risk of trisomy 21 in a woman younger than 30 years and 5- to 10-fold higher than the present accepted risk of a diagnostic procedure. Based on this, we contend that every patient, regardless of her age, be educated about these risks and offered the opportunity to have a diagnostic procedure with array comparative genomic hybridization performed.
New Method for Graded Quantization Based on ROI and JND at Low-bitrates Coding

According to the traditional graded quantization model,the frame can be divided into ROI and non-ROI in terms of the region of the eye interest in order to improve the subjective quality of the video with different quantitative parameters( QP) for the correspondingly specific region. However,the model can not reflect Human Visual System( HVS) well without the consideration of the internal character of ROI. Therefore,this paper presents a method for graded quantization based on ROI and Just-Noticeable-Distortion( JND),which is mainly used for video calling at low-bit rates coding in the settings such as Desktop Video,Handheld terminal with the subject of human face. JND model shows that the boundary area can conceal more distortion than the smooth region,thus according to this characteristic,the boundary in the ROI region( human face) can be detected for instance,eye,nose,mouth,and so on. And the graded quantization model is proposed with the basis of ROI and JND,which can direct the quantization of different regions. Compared with the traditional graded quantization modal,the results of the experiment demonstrated that for the application of the low bit video,the method could improve the subjective video quality at the same bit rate.
Case-control Study on Economic Impact of Nosocomial Rotavirus Infection in Children′s Hospital

OBJECTIVE To determine the extra-lengh of stay and the economic loss for nosocomial infections of group A rotavirus in children′s hospital. METHODS We performed a 1∶1 case-control study to determine the cost of nosocomial rotavirus infection. Data of hospitalized cases were collected from Jan 1 2007 to Dec 31 2007. RESULTS The average medical expenses in case and control group were 7589 yuan and 5319 yuan,the average increased cost per case was 2269 yuan,the expenses for medicine,treatment,laboratory test and bed accounted for 47.42%,19.96%,17.10% and 9.03%,respectively (P0.05). The average lengh of stay in case group was 14.95 days which were longer than that of control group (8.46 days) (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of nosocomial rotavirus infection can increase expenses and prolong hospitalization days in children,nosocomial rotavirus infection surveillance can achieve good economic and social benefit.
The Mathematical Work of David A. Vogan, Jr.

Over four decades David Vogan’s groundbreaking work in representation theory has changed the face of the subject. We give a brief summary here.
An Introduction to Big Data

This chapter provides an overview of big data, big data analytics, and some applications of big data analytics. It covers some big data technologies, particularly big data graph analytics and data streams. It also discusses some limitations of big data analytics.
Abstract 4465: Targeted disruption of HDAC3 induces terminal myogenic differentiation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), one of the most common and lethal pediatric sarcomas, is characterized by an arrest in myogenic differentiation. We have previously shown that treatment of ERMS cells with pan histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors promotes myogenic differentiation. However, the underlying mechanism specific to each HDAC in ERMS remains unknown. We have completed a high-efficiency CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout screen of class I and II HDAC genes, revealing HDAC3 as a major driver of myogenic suppression in ERMS. HDAC3-deficient ERMS cells showed robust terminal myogenic differentiation with the formation of multinucleated myotubes. Expanding on our in vitro studies, we developed a novel tamoxifen-inducible CRISPR gene-targeting system in ERMS xenografts established in immune-compromised mice. Disruption of HDAC3 in vivo significantly suppressed tumor growth by inducing myogenic differentiation of ERMS cells. By combining inducible CRISPR gene targeting with HDAC3 structure-function analysis, we showed that HDAC3 functions in concert with the nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCOR1 and NCOR2) complex to regulate gene transcription. HDAC3/NCOR binding and HDAC3 deacetylase activity are both required for suppressing myogenic differentiation in ERMS. RNA sequencing analysis of differentially expressed genes in HDAC3-deficient ERMS cells highlighted key pathways dysregulated in ERMS. Our results suggest that epigenetic silencing of the myogenic program is a major mechanism required for ERMS tumor growth. Identification of the essential interaction between HDAC3 and the NCOR transcriptional repressor complex as well as downstream genes and pathways provides important insights into the biology of ERMS tumorigenesis. Our findings highlight potential new drug targets specific to the activity of HDAC3 in order to improve treatment of ERMS patients. Citation Format: Michael Phelps, Jenna Bailey, Terra Vleeshouwer-Neumann, Eleanor Chen. Targeted disruption of HDAC3 induces terminal myogenic differentiation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4465.
Pairing, Stripes, Lattice Distortions, and Superconductivity in Cuprate Oxides

We propose a model for a spatially modulated collective state of superconducting cuprates in which the electronic properties vary locally in space. In this model, the regions of higher hole density (called stripes) are described as Luttinger liquids and the regions of lower density (antiferromagnetic ladders) as an interacting bosonic gas of $${\text{d}}_{x^2 - y^2 } $$ hole pairs. We show that the transition to the superconducting state is topologic and driven by decay processes among these elementary excitations in the presence of vibrations.
Subthreshold resonances and resonances in the R -matrix method for binary reactions and in the Trojan horse method

In this paper we discuss the $R$-matrix approach to treat the subthreshold resonances for the single-level and one-channel and for the single-level and two-channel cases. In particular, the expression relating the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) with the observable reduced width, when the subthreshold bound state is the only channel or coupled with an open channel, which is a resonance, is formulated. Since the ANC plays a very important role in nuclear astrophysics, these relations significantly enhance the power of the derived equations. We present the relationship between the resonance width and the ANC for the general case and consider two limiting cases: wide and narrow resonances. Different equations for the astrophysical $S$ factors in the $R$-matrix approach are presented. After that we discuss the Trojan horse method (THM) formalism. The developed equations are obtained using the surface-integral formalism and the generalized $R$-matrix approach for the three-body resonant reactions. It is shown how the Trojan horse (TH) double-differential cross section can be expressed in terms of the on-the-energy-shell astrophysical $S$ factor for the binary subreaction. Finally, we demonstrate how the THM can be used to calculate the astrophysical $S$ factor for the neutron generator $^{13}\mathrm{C}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}n)^{16}\mathrm{O}$ in low-mass AGB stars. At astrophysically relevant energies this astrophysical $S$ factor is controlled by the threshold level $1/{2}^{+},{E}_{x}=6356$ keV. Here, we reanalyzed recent TH data taking into account more accurately the three-body effects and using both assumptions that the threshold level is a subthreshold bound state or it is a resonance state.
Using a mixed methods approach to explore factors associated with evidence-based cancer pain management practice among nurses

Patients with cancer pain often experience inadequate treatment despite availability of evidence-based clinical guidelines.1–3 Nurses’ use of best pain management practices ensures that patients receive optimal pain treatment. Evidence-based pain management (EBPM) requires integrating evidence-based practices through detailed, attentive nursing care which may be impacted by both nurse-level and organizational-level factors.4,5 A lack of research exists on the impact of these factors on EBPM practice among nurses caring for patients with cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify nurse-level and organizational-level factors associated with evidence-based cancer pain management practice as indicated by nurse documentation in the electronic health record (EHR).
Reflection of Plane Waves

Microscopically isotropic, infinite plane regular assemblies of discrete nodes capable of elastic axial interactions were shown in Chap. 5 to sustain both longitudinal and shear vertical plane waves for all values of the dimensionless scale parameter l = λ/η, where λ is the wavelength and η is the internodal distance. Ibidem, it was also shown that the incorporation of scale effects permits the modelling of physical observations that are otherwise intractable in terms of a general theory. Among these are the phenomena of dispersion and retardation of both P- and S-waves, which are incompatible with homogeneous continuum linear elasticity, but are successfully predicted employing the microstructure-accounting methods of multi-scale doublet mechanics (DM).
The role of new technology and social media in reversing language loss

The relationship between technology and language endangerment has experienced a shift in attitude, whereby previously perceived as a threat to the vitality of endangered and minority languages, new...
A study on New Urbanism and Compact city and their influence on urban mobility

There is a rapid urbanization happening throughout the world. Urban planners and policy makers are looking at various disruptive approaches for the revival of inner cities to accommodate the increasing urban population and their transportation demands. The effective utilization of mass transit systems and walkable cities are becoming the prime focus of urban development. On this backdrop, this paper studies the concepts of New Urbanism and Compact city to understand their capability and extent for a much needed urban restructure. This paper also touches on the new trends in urban mobility and influence of information and communication technology for the future growth of cities.
Late-Stage Microsomal Oxidation Reduces Drug-Drug Interaction and Identifies Phosphodiesterase 2A Inhibitor PF-06815189.

Late-stage oxidation using liver microsomes was applied to phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor 1 to reduce its clearance by cytochrome P450 enzymes, introduce renal clearance, and minimize the risk for victim drug–drug interactions. This approach yielded PF-06815189 (2) with improved physicochemical properties and a mixed metabolic profile. This example highlights the importance of C–H diversification methods to drug discovery.
Simulation, Analysis, and Assessment of CO2 Enhanced Biomass Gasification

Abstract Gasification of biomass using steam enables thermal treatment under a reducing atmosphere that leads to enhanced H2 production. Improved CO concentrations have been observed when CO2 is added as a co-reactive agent. In this work, a biomass gasification process using steam and CO2 in a fluidized-bed gasifier is modeled using ASPEN Plus. The model utilizes Gibbs free energy minimization to predict the effect of operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and oxidizing media (CO2 and steam) on biomass conversion and syngas composition. The model is validated with experimental data obtained from a real fluidized-bed gasifier at different operating conditions. A sensitivity analysis of product gas composition and a comprehensive sustainability assessment is conducted to evaluate the economic, environmental, and social performance of steam and CO2 enhanced biomass gasification.
Design and implementation of a 100 kW SiC filter-less PV inverter with 5 kW/kg power density and 99.2% CEC efficiency

With increased switching frequency and multilevel topology, it is possible for a wide-bandgap (WBG) device based converter to be connected to the grid without line filters. In this paper, a high power density filter-less Photovoltaic (PV) inverter is designed and experimentally demonstrated. A design is proposed to completely remove the AC side line filters, and thereby the size and weight of magnetic components are reduced. A 100 kW three-phase two stage prototype has been built in the laboratory, which achieves a power density of 5 kW/kg, and measured CEC efficiency of 99.2%.
Effects of Prolonged Reading on Dry Eye

Purpose To demonstrate the effects of prolonged silent reading on tear film and ocular surface parameters. Design Prospective, observational clinical study. Participants A total of 177 patients with dry eye and 34 normal controls aged 50 years and older. Methods After evaluating symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, the following tests were performed in consecutive order: automated noninvasive tear break-up time (TBUT), surface asymmetry and regularity indices, Schirmer’s testing without anesthesia, corneal staining using fluorescein, and conjunctival staining using lissamine green. The participants were then asked to read a 30-minute validated passage silently. The tests were repeated after the reading task. Main Outcome Measures Changes in tear film and ocular surface parameters after reading. Results All parameters, with the exception of surface asymmetry index, worsened after the reading task in patients with dry eye and in controls. The worsening reached a statistical significance for corneal and conjunctival staining in the dry eye group (P Conclusions Evaluating tear film and ocular surface parameters at rest may miss clinical findings brought about by common everyday tasks such as reading, leading to discordance between patient-reported symptoms and clinician-observed signs. Quantifying dry eye after visually straining activities such as prolonged silent reading may help better understand patient symptomatology.
Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides and Their Receptors in the Immune System

It has been known for many years that stressful situations can be a contributing factor in the development of a variety of bacterial, viral, and neoplastic diseases (Riley, 1981; Stein, 1985). Specifically, decreased immunocompetence seems to account for the increased susceptibility of stressed hosts for these disease states. An increasing interest in the biochemical basis for this stress-induced immune suppression has resulted in the emergence of a new discipline (Holden, 1980). This field has been referred to as psychoimmunology, neuroimmunoendocrinology, neu-roimmunomodulation, and behavioral medicine. Regardless of the title given to this new field, the question being addressed is the same: How are the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems interrelated?
The Dynamics of Adaptation in Living Systems

The topic of this essay is adaptation of a mature, adult organism to a challenging, sustained change in its environment. I do not consider here the evolutionary aspects of adaptation at the species level of organization, (As I pointed out in my companion Chapter — “Biological Views of Adaptation — Some Historical Accounts” — the ontogenetic adaptive capabilities of individuals need to be distinguished from the phylogenetic adaptations of species.) The approach I shall use is that of the branch of nonlinear mechanics coming to be known as general bifurcation theory, a splendid introductory account of which can be found in Abraham and Shaw (1982). It is an extended stability theory that claims to apply to the dynamics of complex, nonlinear systems. To general bifurcation theory, I shall add ideas from the physics of complex systems, that has been called “homeokinetics” (Soodak and Iberall, 1978).