cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulating valence and core electronic excitations of a transition-metal complex using UV/Vis and X-ray cavities

We demonstrate how optical cavities can be exploited to control both valence- and core-excitations in a prototypical model transition metal complex, ferricyanide ([Fe(iii)(CN)6]3-), in an aqueous environment. The spectroscopic signatures of hybrid light-matter polariton states are revealed in UV/Vis and X-ray absorption, and stimulated X-ray Raman signals. In an UV/Vis cavity, the absorption spectrum exhibits the single-polariton states arising from the cavity photon mode coupling to both resonant and off-resonant valence-excited states. We further show that nonlinear stimulated X-ray Raman signals can selectively probe the bipolariton states via cavity-modified Fe core-excited states. This unveils the correlation between valence polaritons and dressed core-excitations. In an X-ray cavity, core-polaritons are generated and their correlations with the bare valence-excitations appear in the linear and nonlinear X-ray spectra.
Crisis Prepared Foundations: Partnerships and Systems Awareness in Educational Institutions

This article focuses on the role partnerships play in creating innovation during a crisis and how partnerships prepare organizations for future crises. While the COVID-19 pandemic is taken as a major backdrop for this article, the focus in this article of building lasting partnerships and systems awareness before and during crises is applicable to many other institutions. The author believes that partnerships are the foundation to thriving and innovating during the most difficult of times.
Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations.

Early exposure to psychosocial adversity is among the most potent predictors of depression. Because depression commonly emerges prior to adulthood, we must consider the fundamental principles of developmental neuroscience when examining how experiences of childhood adversity, including abuse and neglect, can lead to depression. Considering that both the environment and the brain are highly dynamic across the period spanning gestation through adolescence, the purpose of this review is to discuss and integrate stress-based models of depression that center developmental processes. We offer a general framework for understanding how psychosocial adversity in early life disrupts or calibrates the biobehavioral systems implicated in depression. Specifically, we propose that the sources and nature of the environmental input shaping the brain, and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity involved, change across development. We contend that the effects of adversity largely depend on the developmental stage of the organism. First, we summarize leading neurobiological models that focus on the effects of adversity on risk for mental disorders, including depression. In particular, we highlight models of allostatic load, acceleration maturation, dimensions of adversity, and sensitive or critical periods. Second, we expound on and review evidence for the formulation that distinct mechanisms of neuroplasticity are implicated depending on the timing of adverse experiences, and that inherent within certain windows of development are constraints on the sources and nature of these experiences. Finally, we consider other important facets of adverse experiences (e.g., environmental unpredictability, perceptions of one’s experiences) before discussing promising research directions for the future of the field.
A modified surface EMG biomarker for gait assessment in spastic cerebral palsy.

Abstract Objective Muscle clinical metrics are crucial for spastic cocontraction management in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). We investigated whether the ankle plantar flexors cocontraction index (CCI) normalized with respect to the bipedal heel rise (BHR) approach provides more robust spastic cocontraction estimates during gait than those obtained through the widely accepted standard maximal isometric plantar flexion (IPF). Methods Ten control and 10 CP children with equinus gait pattern performed the BHR and IPF testing and walked barefoot 10-m distance. We compared agonist medial gastrocnemius EMG during both testing and CCIs obtained as the ratios of antagonist EMG during swing phase of gait and either BHR or IPF agonist EMG. Results Agonist EMG values from the BHR were: (i) internally reliable (Cronbach's α = 0.993), (ii) ~50 ± 0.4% larger than IPF, (iii) and positively correlated. Derived CCIs were significantly smaller (p Conclusion The bipedal heel rise approach may be accurate enough to reveal greater agonist activity of plantar flexors than the maximal isometric plantar flexion and seems to be more appropriate to obtain cocontraction estimates during swing of gait. Significance This modified biomarker may represent a step forward towards improved accuracy of spastic gait management in pediatric.
Algorithmic Game Theory: A Snapshot

Algorithmic game theory is the research area in the interface between the theories of algorithms, networks, and games, which emerged more than a decade ago motivated by the advent of the Internet. "Snapshot" means several things: very personal point of view, of topical and possibly ephemeral interest, and put together in a hurry.
A 3D finite element analysis of large‐scale nonlinear dynamic electromagnetic problems by harmonic balancing and domain decomposition

The dual–primal finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DP) method is applied together with the harmonic balance method and the fixed-point (FP) method to improve the efficiency of three-dimensional finite element analysis of large-scale nonlinear dynamic electromagnetic problems. The FETI-DP method decomposes the original problem into smaller subdomains problems. Combined with parallel computing techniques, the total computation time can be reduced significantly. To account for nonlinear B-H characteristics, the FP method is applied together with the polarization formulation. Because the FP method assumes a constant reluctivity, it decouples the systems of different harmonics. The FETI-DP method can then be applied to speed up the simulation of each harmonic in each FP iteration. Two benchmark problems and a three-phase inductor are simulated by the proposed method to validate the formulation and demonstrate its performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralized Detection with Signaling

We consider a sequential problem in decentralized detection. Two observers can make repeated noisy observations of a binary hypothesis on the state of the environment. At any time, any of the two observers can stop and send a final message to the other observer or it may continue to take more measurements. After an observer has sent its final message, it stops operating. The other observer is then faced with a different stopping problem. At each time instant, it can decide either to stop and declare a final decision on the hypothesis or take another measurement. At each time, the system incurs an operating cost depending on the number of observers that are active at that time. A terminal cost that measures the accuracy of the final decision is incurred at the end. We show that, unlike in other sequential detection problems, stopping rules characterized by two thresholds on an observer's posterior belief no longer guarantee optimality in this problem. Thus the potential for signaling among observers alters the nature of optimal policies. We obtain a new parametric characterization of optimal policies for this problem. I. INTRODUCTION Decentralized detection problems are motivated by appli- cations in large scale decentralized systems such as sensor networks, power systems and surveillance networks. In such networks, sensors receive different information about the environment but share a common objective, for example to decide if a fault has occurred or not in a power system, or to detect the presence of a target in a surveillance area. Sensors may be allowed to communicate but they are constrained
On the linear span of binary sequences obtained from finite geometries

A class of periodic binary sequences that are obtained from the incidence vectors of hyperplanes in finite geometries is defined, and a general method to determine their linear spans (the length of the shortest linear recursion over GF(2) satisfied by the sequence) is described. In particular, we show that the projective and affine hyperplane sequences of odd order both have full linear span. Another application involves the parity sequence of order n, which has period pn - 1 and linear span vL(s) where v = (pn - 1)/(p - 1) and L(s) is the linear span of a parity sequence of order 1. The determination of the linear span of the parity sequence of order 1 leads to an interesting open problem involving primes.
Eye1 and Eye2: gene loci that modulate eye size, lens weight, and retinal area in the mouse.

PURPOSE. Vision is critically dependent on genetic factors that influence the rate and duration of eye growth. The genetic basis of variation in eye size in mice was explored, and genes that modulate eye weight, lens weight, and retinal area were mapped. METHODS. Eyes of approximately 700 mice were weighed. Data were corrected by regression analysis to eliminate effects of sex, age, and body weight. Interval mapping was used to locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using recombinant inbred strains and F2 intercrosses between strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. RESULTS. Major QTLs were discovered near the centromere of chromosome 5 (Eyel: genomewide P < 0.005) and on proximal chromosome 17 near the mast cell protease 6 gene (Eye2, P < 0.05). Both QTLs have significant effects on eye size, lens weight, and retinal area. The DBA/2J alleles at Eyel and Eye2 are partially dominant and increase eye weight by as much as 1.0 mg. Analysis of 183 F2 progeny confirmed and refined the chromosomal assignments of both Eyel and Eye2. CONCLUSIONS. Eyel and Eye2 are the first loci known to control normal variation in eye size in any mammal. The hepatic growth factor gene (Hgf), a potent mitogen expressed in the retina, pigment epithelium, and choroid, is a strong candidate for Eyel. The human homolog of Eye2 should map to chromosome 6p, l6ql3-3, or 19ql3, whereas that of Eyel should map to 7q. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:817-825)
Chapter 13 – Services

Publisher Summary The PIX firewall can provide a variety of services, which are a convenient way to get added value from your firewall; rather than having to set up separate servers and applications to deliver these servers to your network, the firewall becomes an all-in-one appliance. The PIX supports a number of services that are designed to augment the value of the PIX beyond its core firewall functionality. DHCP allows the PIX to provide IP address and related assignment without the need for a separate server. The PIX's QoS functionality may be sufficient for your traffic prioritization needs, eliminating the need for another router that would otherwise be required. Furthermore, the routing functionality that is built in to the PIX provides a flexible set of unicast and multicast routing options that allow the PIX to establish full IP connectivity to the rest of the network. Finally, with the PIX's EasyVPN functionality, it is capable of acting as an EasyVPN server, where it can be configured to propagate a variety of policy settings to any number of EasyVPN clients.
Enhanced ethanol intake in preweanling rats following exposure to ethanol in a nursing context.

Several studies have confirmed that diet selection patterns of adult rats are at least partially estabilished as a result of early experiences with food-related stimuli present in the milk of a lactating female (e.g., Capretta & Rawls, 1974; Galef & Clark, 1972; Galef & Henderson 1972). The present experiments were designed to investigate whether preweanling rats would similarly modify their acceptance of an ethanol solution following exposure to this cue in a nursing context. In Experiment 1, 8-, 12-, and 16-day-old rats were given ethanol, delivered intraorally in compound with milk, while given the opportunity to suckle an anesthetized dam. Subsequent testing revealed that 12- and 16-day-old subjects evidenced enhanced intake of the ethanol relative to controls, while 8-day-olds did not. Finally, the oldest (16 days of age) subjects also expressed a conditioned aversion to the milk when tested 24 hr after conditioning and ethanol-ingestion testing. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the critical factor for ethanol conditioning was the opportunity to suckle, rather than the simultaneous presence of milk. Finally, the aversion to milk observed in Experiment 1 was shown to have resulted from long-delay learning, due to the ingestion of a sufficient dose of ethanol during testing to serve as an aversive unconditioned stimulus (Exp. 3) © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PRESSURE INCREASE OF THE ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION IN SUPERCONDUCTING HEXAGONAL SILICON

Using an ab initio pseudopotential approach, the pressure dependence of the electron-phonon interaction parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and the phonon frequencies for metallic hexagonal phases of silicon is calculated. With changing pressure $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is found to go first through a minimum and then reach its maximum value near the phase transition from simple hexagonal (sh) to hexagonal close packed (hcp). At this point the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ is expected to be above 10 K. In the hcp phase Si is predicted to be superconducting with ${T}_{c}$ in the same range as in the sh phase.
Characterization of Anticholinesterase-Active 3-Alkylpyridinium Polymers from the Marine Sponge Reniera sarai in Aqueous Solutions

From the marine sponge Reniera sarai 3-alkylpyridinium oligomers and polymers have been isolated. 3-Alkylpyridinium polymers are potent anticholinesterase agents; in addition, they show hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Oligomers with a molecular weight lower than 3000 Da do not possess any significant activity. We report structural characterization of 3-alkylpyridinium polymers and their behavior in aqueous solutions. We found that biologically active polymers are composed of head-to-tail 3-alkylpyridinium units. According to MALDI-TOF spectrometry two species of polymers exist, the smaller with a molecular weight of 5520 Da and the larger with a molecular weight of 18 900 Da. Both polymers are soluble only in water, while low molecular oligomers are readily soluble in organic solvents. Polymers form large water-dissolved supramolecular structures with an average hydrodynamic radius of 23 ± 2 nm and, therefore, cannot be separated with size-exclusion chromatography.
p-Adic Dynamics and Angle Doubling ∗

We consider the squaring map over the p-adic numbers for an odd prime p, and study its symbolic dynamics on the unit circle in ℤ p , the p-adic integers. When the map is restricted to the set of squares, we show an equivalence to angle doubling (mod 1) for rational angles. For primes p ≡ 3 (mod 4), this map may be represented as a unitary permutation matrix of the type used in quantum phase estimation.
Empirical Study of Lane-Changing Behavior Along Different Types of High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities in California

Lane changing is one important aspect of vehicle maneuvers that has significant impacts on freeway operation. Most of the previous research on lane changing has focused on the microscopic modeling of lane change movements. Very few studies have investigated lane-changing behavior along high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities, especially in the context of comparing different access types. This paper describes work that extracted lane change data with high resolution in both time and space from videos and investigated lane-changing behavior on freeways with different types of HOV access configurations. Furthermore, the extracted lane change data were correlated with lane-by-lane flow and occupancy data from the California Freeway Performance Measurement System. Compared with continuous-access HOV facilities, limited-access HOV facilities were found to have a higher number of lane changes per unit distance and a shorter time gap when the subject vehicle moved out of the HOV lane. Also, most of the lane chang...
Containment problem for points on a reducible conic in P2

Abstract Given an ideal I in a Noetherian ring, one can ask the containment question: for which m and r is the symbolic power I ( m ) contained in the ordinary power I r ? C. Bocci and B. Harbourne study the containment question in a geometric setting, where the ideal I is in a polynomial ring over a field. Like them, we will consider special geometric constructs. In particular, we obtain a complete solution in two extreme cases of ideals of points on a pair of lines in P 2 ; in one case, the number of points on each line is the same, while in the other all the points but one are on one of the lines.
Minimum viable population size for lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) using an individual-based model of demographics and genetics

Population viability analysis is a useful tool to explore the relationship between extinction risk and population size, but often does not include genetic factors. Our objectives were to determine ...
Differential expression patterns of the dentin matrix proteins during mineralized tissue formation

Sequential and reciprocal interactions between the oral ectoderm and neural crest-derived mesenchyme are responsible for tooth development. During dentin formation, there are three components that are necessary for proper mineralization, namely, collagen which forms a scaffold, noncollagenous proteins that can specifically bind to the collagen template and function as a mineral nucleator and crystalline calcium phosphate deposited in an ordered manner. It is well established that noncollagenous proteins play an important role during mineralized tissue formation. Here we demonstrate by in situ hybridization techniques that the noncollagenous dentin matrix proteins 1, 2 (DMP1, 2) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP) have characteristic temporal and spatial expression patterns within odontogenic tissues during dentin mineralization. DMP1, DMP2 and DSP mRNA are expressed in the odontoblasts at specific and overlapping time points and are thus presumably used for different functions during dentin formation. In developing rat incisors and molars, high levels of expression of DMP2 mRNA were seen in polarized odontoblasts and preameloblasts, while DSP mRNA was expressed at significantly lower levels and was expressed by highly differentiated odontoblasts. However, their expression was continuously maintained during the mineralization of the organic matrix. In the adult rats, DMP2 and DSP mRNA was also detected in the osteoblasts. The expression of DMP1 mRNA was found to coincide with the start of the mineral nucleation process and gradually decreased during the maturation of the mineralized matrix during odontogenesis. In this study, we have also correlated the expression of these proteins relative to the presence of type I collagen and calcium phosphate crystals. Thus, the temporal and spatial differences between DMP1, DMP2 and DSP might implicate a direct demonstration of the functional difference between these three genes during calcified tissue formation.
The Future of Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation has been the last of the solid organs to gain traction as a viable therapeutic option. Due to differing standards of care and the relatively low number of lung transplants performed, it has proven difficult to orchestrate prospective multicenter studies to determine best practice and explore novel therapies. Nonetheless, there have been incremental advances in lung transplantation, including liberalization of criteria for both suitable donor organs as well as acceptable recipients. This has resulted in increasing numbers of procedures being performed, and outcomes have improved despite an expanding cohort of sicker patients undergoing lung transplantation. This review will discuss current trends and future developments with a focus on the most pertinent of the pitfalls that may accompany lung transplantation.
Practical monitor and control of SEM astigmatism in manufacturing

Astigmatism in the modem scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a leading cause oftool drift and poor precision. A straightforward and productive way of assessing astigmatism in an SEM involves determining the best focus settings for neighboring sets ofparallel edges ofdifferent orientations, typically: vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. Clearly if best focus is the same for all targets, then the working astigmatism ofthe instrument is zero. When these readings are unequal, the degree ofastigmatism is proportional to the deviation of individual readings from the mean. This then provides a quantitative way to monitor the degree of astigmatism. Alternatively, this provides the basis for a rapid algorithm for correcting astigmatism with a minimum ofbeam writing. This paper presents methods for objectively monitoring and correcting astigmatism in any SEM with automatic focus. This work also discusses the optimal choice of focus and linewidth measurement targets to use in automatic statistical process control practices for best sensitivity to astigmatism.
Shape of the magnetosphere

The shape of the magnetosphere has been studied by using a global MHD model of the magnetosphere. It is found that MHD and the Chapman-Ferraro models agree in total magnetopause current distributions, but that the MHD model presents a very different physical picture from that of the Chapman-Ferraro model. In the MHD model with B(IMF) = 0 or northward, the cusp is not exposed directly to the solar wind because the dayside magnetic field lines drape around the nightside magnetosphere. Furthermore, in the MHD model a current sheet exists above the cusp region.
Specific fluorescent derivatives of macromolecules. Reaction of dansyl fluoride with serine proteinases.

Abstract 5-Dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl fluoride was evaluated as a reagent for the selective labeling of proteins. In a comparative study with Dns-chloride a greatly increased selectivity of the fluoride was found with a number of proteins. The reaction of Dns-fluoride with α-chymotrypsin, subtilisin Carlsberg and trypsin was found to be highly specific, resulting in a stoichiometric incorporation of the Dns label with concomitant loss of enzymatic activity. The reaction of Dns-chloride with the same proteinases is unspecific. Evidence was obtained to indicate that reaction of the serine esterases with Dns-fluoride occurs exclusively at the active serine residue. The stability of Dns-fluoride labeled chymotrypsin was investigated. The conjugate was found to be fairly stable in the pH range from 3 to 9 at 25 °C and is therefore suitable for fluorescence investigations of the chymotrypsin active-site. Molar extinction coefficients for Dns-labeled serine proteinases were determined using radioactive label.
Vibrational analysis of 2,3,4-trichloropentanes

Abstract One meso form and the racemic isomer of 2,3,4-trichloropentane have been synthesized, and their infrared and Raman spectra analysed on the basis of a general force field refined for multiply-chlorinated hydrocarbons. Previous results on 2,3-dichlorobutane have been incorporated in this study, thus providing a force field for detailed analyses of vicinally-chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Effects of chronic treatment with caffeine on kidney responses to angiotensin II.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrate that chronic administration of caffeine causes glomerular filtration to deteriorate in rats with high-renin renovascular hypertension. A partial explanation for these findings could be that chronic administration of caffeine alters the effects of angiotensin II on the kidney. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we compared the acute effects of intrarenal infusions of angiotensin II (3 ng/min) on renal function in control rats versus rats treated with 0.1% caffeine in their drinking water for 1 week. The renal responses to angiotensin II in a group of animals receiving acute intrarenal infusions of adenosine (10 μg/min) were also measured to determine whether caffeine and adenosine modulated renal responses to angiotensin II in opposite directions. All studies were performed in the in situ blood perfused rat kidney. Neither caffeine nor adenosine significantly altered angiotensin II-induced changes in renal blood flow, urinary excretory function or renin release. However, caffeine augmented and adenosine attenuated the increase in filtration fraction caused by angiotensin II. The fact that caffeine potentiates angiotensin II-induced increases in filtration fraction without affecting angiotensin II-induced reductions in renal blood flow is consistent with, but does not prove, the hypothesis that chronic administration of caffeine modifies the effects of angiotensin II on the renal microvasculature. If this inference is correct, caffeine could facilitate renal damage in high-renin hypertension by exacerbating angiotensin II-induced increases in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Triple Helix Clusters: Boundary Permeability at University—Industry—Government Interfaces as a Regional Innovation Strategy:

With this paper I discuss the importance of permeability among university—industry—government boundaries based on the experience of MIT and Boston, Stanford and Silicon Valley, the Research Triangl...
Manufacturing national attachments: gift-giving, market exchange and the construction of Irish and Zionist diaspora bonds

This article explores nation building as an organizational accomplishment and uses the concept of boundary object to explain how the groups that compose the nation cooperate. Specifically, the article examines the mechanisms devised to secure a flow of money from the Irish-American and Jewish-American diasporas to their respective homelands. To overcome problems associated with conventional philanthropy, Irish and Jewish nationalists issued bonds and sold them to their American compatriots as a hybrid of a gift and an investment. In the Irish case, disagreements about the entitlement to the proceeds resulted in the termination of the bond project. In the Jewish case, the bond served as a boundary object allowing American and Israeli Jews to cooperate despite ongoing tensions. The Israeli bond provided Jewish-Americans with an additional way to invest themselves financially and emotionally in Israel. This bond is an example of a socio-technical mechanism used to create national attachments.
Optimal use of laser resources for molecular detection

Similar molecules or materials have comparable composition, structure, and other properties thus making them difficult to discriminate for purposes of detection. Although the species may be spectrally similar, they each could have significantly different (quantum) dynamical behavior for detection. Optimal dynamic discrimination (ODD) aims to maximally draw out the differences among similar species by manipulating their molecular dynamics with optimized radiation resources. The highest degrees of discrimination arise upon exploiting control of the quantum dynamics of the species. Theoretical analysis shows that quantum systems differing even infinitesimally in character may be distinguished by means of their dynamics when acted upon by a suitably shaped control field. Simulations have demonstrated the capabilities of optimal discrimination in the presence of laser-pulse noise, signal detection errors, and imperfect signal detection resolution. Recent experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of ODD.
Accessing Power in New Democracies The Appointment of Female Ministers in Postcommunist Europe

This article seeks to improve our understanding of how women are gaining access to political power in third wave democracies. I extend the study of factors that affect the supply of and demand for ...
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) analog-to-feature converter chipsets for sub-wavelength acoustic source localization and bearing estimation

ABSTRACT Localization of acoustic sources using miniature microphone arrays poses a signicant challenge due to funda-mental limitations imposed by the physics of sound propagation. With sub-wavelength distances between themicrophones, resolving acute localization cues become dicult due to precision artifacts. In this work, we presentthe design of a miniature, microphone array sensor based on a patented Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO)analog-to-feature converter (AFC) ch ip-sets which overcomes the limitations due to precision artifacts. Measuredresults from fabricated prototypes demonstrate a beari ng range of 0 degrees to 90 degrees with a resolution lessthan 2 degrees. The power dissipation of the MIMO-ADC chip-set for this task was measured to be less than 75microwatts making it ideal for portable, battery powered sniper and gunshot detection applications.Keywords: Source localization, Bearing estimation, MIMO systems, Analog-to-feature conversion 1. INTRODUCTION One of several emerging areas where micro/nano-scale integration promises signicant breakthroughs is in theeld of acoustic sensing. It is envisioned that next generation of portable and networked surveillance deviceswill integrate hundreds of micro/nano-scale microphones
Effect of an optically thick water layer during 9.6-μm CO 2 laser irradiation on caries inhibition

Previous studies have shown that laser irradiation of dental enamel by a pulsed carbon dioxide laser can inhibit subsequent acid dissolution of the enamel surface. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of an applied water layer before laser irradiation by a 9.6-μm TEA laser on the dissolution kinetics of the dental enamel surface. Recent studies have shown that residual non-hydroxyapatite particles accumulate on the enamel surface if a water layer is not present before laser irradiation. Such non-hydroxyapatite mineral phases are expected to profoundly influence the surface dissolution rate. Bovine enamel blocks (3x3 mm 2 ) were irradiated at 9.6-μm wavelength with a 5-8 μs pulse duration laser and a fluence of 20 J/cm 2 . A motion control system and a liquid spray system were used to ensure uniform water application and uniform irradiation of the entire enamel surface. Surface acid dissolution profiles following irradiation were acquired with and without the water spray. Dissolution profiles without the water-spray manifested higher initial dissolution rates than the non-irradiated control group, followed by later rates lower than the control group. In contrast, dissolution rates with the applied water layer produced early low dissolution rates, lower than the control group, followed by a more rapid dissolution rate, similar to the control group. This study demonstrates that the application of a water layer before laser irradiation significantly alters the surface dissolution kinetics of dental enamel.
Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874-1939

In this study of late nineteenth-century moral reform, Peggy Pascoe examines four specific cases-a home for Chinese prostitutes in San Francisco, California; a home for polygamous Mormon women in Salt Lake City, Utah; a home for unmarried mothers in Denver, Colorado; and a program for American Indians on the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska-to tell the story of the women who established missionary rescue homes for women in the American West. Focusing on two sets of relationships-those between women reformers and their male opponents, and those between women reformers and the various groups of women they sought to shelter-Pascoe traces the gender relations that framed the reformers' search for female moral authority, analyzes the interaction between women reformers and the women who entered the rescue homes, and raises provocative questions about historians' understanding of the dynamics of social feminism, social control, and intercultural relations.
Analytically optimized frequency-modulation functions for adiabatic pulses

Abstract A new method is presented for generating analytic modulation functions for pulses that are insensitive to the radiofrequency field inhomogeneities over a predefined range of the RF field variations. This method is based on determining the relationship between the amplitude- and frequency-modulation functions that is required to satisfy the adiabatic condition over a given range of the RF field variations. This relation can be used to optimize existing modulation functions for adiabatic pulses to improve their insensitivity to the RF field inhomogeneities. It can also be used to generate new modulation functions for adiabatic pulses. The improved performance of the resulting modulation functions was confirmed by computer simulations and demonstrated by experiments on phantoms.
Interferon-α Induction of STATs1, -3 DNA Binding and Growth Arrest Is Independent of Lck and Active Mitogen-Activated Kinase in T Cells

Abstract Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that have antiviral and antiproliferative effects. Data regarding the processes by which these cytokines transduce signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus are becoming increasingly complex. The most characterized pathway is via JAK-STAT signaling. Previous studies established a potential role for the Src-family kinase Lck in JAK-STAT signaling. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the role of Lck in IFN-α signaling by using the Jurkat, JCam (an Lck-defective cell line derived from Jurkat), and JCam/Lck (JCam cells with Lck restored). The results show that IFN-α can induce MAPK activity, but only in cells containing Lck. Furthermore, STATs1 and -3 are effectively phosphorylated and activated to bind DNA in the absence of Lck expression in IFN-α-treated cells. Finally, the results demonstrate that IFN-α exerts an antiproliferative effect in all three cell lines. These data indicate that Lck and active MAPK do not affect IFN-α-induced growth arrest or induction of STAT1s1 and -3 DNA binding ability.
Variability in maps of identified neurons in the sea lamprey spinal cord examined by a wholemount technique.

Abstract A technique is described for preparing toluidine blue-stained wholemounts of lamprey spinal cords. By this technique virtually all the neurons in the spinal cord can be studied with respect to their soma size and shape, their primary dendrites, and sometimes secondary dendrites and proximal portions of the axon. Several cell types previously studied physiologically and described by others in cross section are described in wholemounts. These are dorsal cells, giant interneurons, edge cells and lateral cells. In addition, several unique cell types are noted in wholemount which were previously unremarked upon. These include obliquely oriented bipolar cells, tridentshaped cells located mostly in the rostral two-thirds of the spinal gray column, and small neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal and ventral axon tracts. Edge cells, which had previously been described as having large cell bodies close to the lateral edge of the lateral axon tracts with large medially oriented dendrites, are shown to be quite heterogeneous in size, location of soma and dendritic tree configuration. By use of the wholemount technique, 4 spinal cords of large sea lamprey larvae, close to transformation, were mapped for lateral cells, giant interneurons and dorsal cells. Considerable variability was noted in numbers and locations of these cells. The possible significance of this finding for the development of the vertebrate nervous system is discussed.
Fertilization in ungulates

Abstract The fertilization process is critical for the preservation of mammalian species. The range in sperm fertilizing potential (the magnitude of genetic and environmental variation present in the population) will influence the assay sensitivity required to detect differences in sperm fertilizing potential to determine the most fertile ejaculates. Interaction with the zona pellucida (ZP) and interaction with the oolemma are two bioassays suggested to assess variation in sperm fertilizing potential. Relatively fertile populations exhibit variation in sperm interaction with the ZP. Multiple sperm receptors for the ZP may exist, potentially with some redundancy in function. Interaction with receptors on the oolemma appears to contribute to the variation in sperm fertilizing potential observed within relatively fertile populations.
Chapter 23 Optimal policies for natural monopolies

Publisher Summary This chapter examines some of the optimal policies that are used to control a natural monopoly. Although the traditional view suggests that government intervention and natural monopoly go hand in hand, economic analysis since the late 1960s has suggested rather forcefully that there are ways to introduce competition for a market, even if a natural monopoly structure exists within a market. The chapter provides an overview of possible competitive approaches to the natural monopoly problem. It discusses some of the major concepts in optimal pricing in regulated industries. These include peak load pricing, Ramsey pricing, and nonlinear outlay schedules. The chapter reviews a set of issues related to the fairness of regulated prices is discussed in the context of cross-subsidy or interservice subsidy.
THALIDOMIDE INJURY TO AN IMPLANTED ARMADILLO BLASTOCYST.

Thalidomide injury to an implanted armadillo blastocyst is presented. This finding confirms the specific damage by thalidomide to the embryoblastic cells. The lack of damage to the trophoblast at this stage permits a normal implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine mucosa.
Numerical modeling of lower hybrid heating and current drive

Abstract The generation of currents in toroidal plasma by application of waves in the lower hybrid frequency range involves the interplay of several physical phenomena which include: wave propagation in toroidal geometry, absorption via wave-particle resonances, the quasilinear generation of strongly nonequilibrium electron and ion distribution functions, and the self-consistent evolution of the current density in such a nonequilibrium plasma. We describe a code, LHMOD, which we have developed to treat these aspects of current drive and heating in tokamaks. We present results obtained by applying the code to a computation of current ramp-up and to an investigation of the possible importance of minority hydrogen absorption in a deuterium plasma as the “density limit” to current drive is approached.
Response of cyclic nucleotides to stimulation by prostaglandin E1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine in stored human platelets

Abstract Levels of cyclic nucleotides and their response to stimulation by prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) and 5-hydroxytryptamine were studied in human platelets stored for up to 48 hr at 22°C and 4°C. During storage at 22°C for 48 hr platelet cAMP levels declined gradually by approximately 20% while cGMP registered a 50% decrease. Levels of both cyclic nucleotides remained relatively stable in platelets stored at 4°C. Compared to prestorage controls 22°C stored platelets showed enhanced PGEl-stimulated cAMP production but had a depressed 5-HT-induced cGMP response. The latter was increased in 4°C stored platelets. Kinetic studies indicated that the enhanced PGE 1 -stimulated cAMP production was due to an increase in the maximal capacity to produce cAMP while the depressed 5-HT-induced cGMP response was due to a decrease in the sensitivity to 5-HT of platelets stored at 22°C. Conversely,an increased sensitivity was responsible for the enhanced cGMP response to 5-HT stimulation in platelets stored at 4°C. These findings of our experiments are in accord with the documented changes in aggregability of stored platelets.
Patterns in the amino-acid sequences of the corticotropins.

THE complete amino-acid sequences of pig and sheep adrenocorticotropic hormone have been elucidated1–3. They have almost identical structures showing only minor variations in the C-terminal region. A striking similarity in pattern occurs in the acidic and basic portions of these proteins, although these regions are comprised for the most part of different amino-acids. This pattern becomes obvious when the amino-acid sequence 24–35 of the acidic portion is listed directly beneath sequence 12–23 of the basic portion. The actual sequences for amino-acids 12–35 are shown in Table 1a and b for the two proteins. Table 1d is a hypothetical sequence compiled from the best pattern correspondence in both. The other portions of both corticotropins, sequences 1–11 and 35–39, are identical.
Diels−Alder Adduct of Pentacene and Maleimide: Crystal Growth and the Influence of Solvent Molecules on Structure and Hydrogen Bonding

Crystals of the soluble Diels−Alder adduct of pentacene and maleimide, C26H17NO2, as well as of the corresponding 1:1 inclusion compounds with 1,2-dichlorobenzene and toluene and the 2:3 compound with pyridine, have been grown by either solution growth techniques (1, C26H17NO2·C6H4Cl2; 2, C26H17NO2·C6H5CH3; and 3, 2C26H17NO2·3C5H5N) or by vacuum sublimation (4, C26H17NO2). Each of the crystal structures are comprised of discrete C26H17NO2 molecules, with the maleimide moiety adding to the third (central) ring of the original pentacene molecule. The structures present several distinct hydrogen-bonding patterns, depending upon the character of the solvent used. Whereas the C26H17NO2 molecules in 4 (no solvent) are arranged in extended hydrogen-bonded (N−H···O) chains, in 1 and 2, the C26H17NO2 molecules form hydrogen-bonded (N−H···O) dimers, alternating with the included solvent molecules. In 3, the N−H···O bonds are replaced with N−H···N and weak C−H···O interactions between C26H17NO2 and pyridine molecule...
HIV and Chemically Dependent Women: Recommendations for Appropriate Health Care and Drug Treatment Services

Intravenous drug use is the single largest exposure category among women with AIDS in the United States (51 %). Tragically, there may be insufficient appreciation of the issues unique to IV drug usage among women. Few drug treatment programs are specifically designed for women, and fewer still are aimed at HIV positive women. Treatment models relevant to women in light of the AIDS epidemic should: include changes in admission criteria and treatment methods; provide comprehensive services (including parenting and employment skills workshops and access to health care); and incorporate research and evaluation components with planned dissemination of results.
Another Broken Symmetry.

Galileo's flat earth model for the motion of an unresisted projectile is commonly considered to be the genesis of mathematical physics. The simplicity and elegance of the model has great appeal and its analysis reveals a triad of beautiful symmetries. First there is the symmetry of the trajectory itself: the graceful arc of the trajectory is a parabola whose axis is the perpendicular bisector of the horizontal range of the projectile. There is also a temporal symmetry: the time of ascent from the launch point to the apex is the same as the time of descent from the apex to the impact point. Finally, there is a symmetry of inclination: two shots with launch angles symmetrically placed with respect to the 450 launch angle have equal horizontal ranges. Resistance is the enemy of symmetry. Various asymmetries associated with air resistance have been recognized since the beginnings of the scientific study of ballistics in the early sixteenth century. For example, da Vinci's conjectured trajectories (see, for example, [7]) and Tartaglia's flawed pseudo-analytic trajectories [2] display marked asymmetries. In the first half of the seventeenth century, Marin Mersenne and Rene Descartes performed experiments that showed an asymmetry of the ascent and descent times for a projectile in air (see [4] and the references cited therein). A rather cryptic remark by Edmund Halley [6] in the latter part of the seventeenth century indicated that he observed a systematic asymmetry in the horizontal range when the firing angles are symmetric with 450. The author has found that the study of the simplest model for resistance, that in which the resistive force is proportional to the velocity vector, is an excellent vehicle to illustrate a number of topics in elementary and intermediate mathematical analysis. Several notions from first-year calculus, fixed point theorems, implicit function theorems, and various aspects of modeling and computation based on the linear resistance model, have been illustrated by the author in classes in honors calculus, intermediate analysis, numerical analysis and mathematical modeling (see [3, Ch. 4, Sect. 2] for some examples). In [4] the nature of the asymmetry in the time of ascent-descent for the linear resistance model is explored, and the type of asymmetry of the range function with respect to the firing angle suggested by Halley's observation is rigorously established in [5]. In this note we relate how suggestions made by members of a class in mathematical modeling for in-service high school teachers led to a rigorous proof of a specific asymmetry in the trajectory in the linear resistance model. We first review the well known symmetries in the classical model.
Influence of added sodium chloride in grain ration on the freezing point of milk.

Abstract The effect of feeding grain mixtures containing 0, 1, 2, and 4% added sodium chloride on the freezing point of milk was determined by the use of eight Holstein cows in a modified Latin-square design. Feeding periods were two weeks on each mixture. Average freezing points were −0.548, −0.551, −0.552, and −0.553 C, respectively, when the grain contained 0, 1, 2, and 4% sodium chloride. Concentration of chloride in blood or milk did not change when salt intake was changed. Milk from three cows froze at average temperatures of −0.545, −0.550, and −0.553 and had total concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride ions of 162.3, 138.7, and 129.3 mmoles per liter, respectively. Total concentrations of the five elements in milk were more closely correlated with sodium and chloride than with potassium, calcium, or magnesium; but among cows total concentration was not significantly correlated with freezing point.
Kdm2b promotes induced pluripotent stem cell generation by facilitating gene activation early in reprogramming

Transcription-factor-directed reprogramming of somatic cells is inefficient but can be enhanced by the addition of enzymes that modulate chromatin modifications. Zhang and colleagues report that the Kdm2b H3K36me2 demethylase promotes reprogramming through its enzymatic activity and independently of its role in senescence, by enhancing the transcription of genes known to be activated early during the process, including cadherin.
The retrieval of controlled and automatic aspects of meaning on direct and indirect tests.

The literature concerning implicit memory presents conflicting evidence on the importance of meaning in recovering recently studied words. When thesame cues are used during testing, indirect instructions reduce levels of processing effects relative to those obtained with direct instructions, suggesting that meaning is not as likely to be retrieved on indirect tests. However, with certain cues, meaning set size of the studied words affects performance even under indirect instructions, suggesting that meaning is retrieved on such tests. The purpose of the present experiments was to resolve this apparent inconsistency. In Experiment 1, the effects of levels of processing and meaning set size were evaluated under direct and indirect test instructions, with the use of stem and word-fragment cues. In other experiments, beginning and ending stem cues were compared, and levels, set size, and instructional effects were evaluated using meaning cues. The findings indicated that levels effects were determined more by test instructions than by test cues, and that set size effects were determined more by test cues than by test instructions. Implications are discussed for transfer-appropriate processing viewpoints and for a model in which it is assumed that performance is determined by searching either explicit or implicit memories.